,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engli% ,,agriculture ,,by ,w4,h4,r4 ,,curtl] ,,ox=d ,,at ,,! ,,cl>5don ,,press #aiji ,,h5ry ,,fr[de1 ,m4,a4 ,,publi%] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,london1 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,,& ,,melb\rne ,,preface ',a husb&man'1 said ,m>kham1 'is ! ma/] ( ! e>?1 turn+ b>r5ness into fruitfulness1 :]eby all commonweal?s are ma9ta9$ & upheld4 ,8 lab\r give? lib]ty to all vocations1 arts1 & trades to foll[ _! sev]al functions ) peace & indu/rie4 ,:at c we say 9 ?is _w is pr(itable :]e husb&ry is want+1 x be+ ! great n]ve & s9ew :i* holde? toge!r all ! jo9ts ( a mon>*y8' ,& he is confirm$ by ,"y3 ',agriculture is1 beyond all d\bt1 ! f\ndation ( e o!r art1 bus9ess1 & pr(ession1 & x has !re=e be5 ! ideal policy ( e wise & prud5t p to enc\rage x to ! utmo/4' ,yet ( ?is important indu/ry1 /ill ! greate/ 9 ,engl&1 !re is no hi/ory cov]+ ! :ole p]iod4 ,x is to rem$y ?is defect t ?is book is (f]$1 ) mu* diffid5ce1 & ) _m ?anks to ,mr4 ,c4,r4,l4 ,flet*] ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 = 8 valuable assi/ance 9 revis+ ! pro( %eets1 & to ! ,rev4 ,a4,h4 ,johnson ( ,all ,s\ls = "s v useful in=mation4 ,z ! agriculture ( ! ,middle ,ages has (t5 be5 ably describ$1 ,i h devot$ ! great] "p ( ?is "w to ! agricultural hi/ory ( ! subsequ5t p]iod1 especially ! sev5te5?1 eighte5?1 & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,w4,h4,r4 ,,curtl]4 ,may #bb1 #aiji4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,communi/ic ,f>m+4--,gr[? ( ! ,manor4--,e>ly ,prices4--,! ,organization & ,agriculture ( ! ,manor ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,?irte5? ,c5tury4--,! ,manor at its ,z5i?1 ) ,se$s ( ,decay already visible4--,walt] ( ,h5ley ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4--,decl9e ( ,agriculture4--,! ,black ,dea?4-- ,/atute ( ,lab\r]s ,,*apt] ,,iv ,h[ ! ,classes connect$ ) ! ,l& liv$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,break-up ( ! ,manor4--,spread ( ,leases4--,! ,peasants' ,revolt4--,fur!r ,attempts to regulate ,wages4--,a ,h>ve/ ,home4--,beg9n+ ( ! ,corn ,laws4--,"s ,surrey ,manors ,,*apt] ,,vi #adjj-aedj4 ,! s-call$ ',gold5 ,age ( ! ,lab\r]' 9 a ,p]iod ( ,g5]al ,di/ress ,,*apt] ,,vii ,enclosure ,,*apt] ,,viii ,fitzh]b]t4--,! ,regulation ( ,h\rs & ,wages ,,*apt] ,,ix #aedj-afjj4 ,progress at la/--,hop-gr[+4--,progress ( ,enclosure4-- ,h>rison's ,description ,,*apt] ,x #aedj-afjj4 ,live ,/ock4--,flax4--,saffron4--,! ,potato4--,! ,assessm5t ( ,wages ,,*apt] ,,xi #afjj-agjj4 ,clov] & ,turnips4--,great ,rise 9 ,prices4--,m ,enclosure4--,a ,f>m+ ,cal5d> ,,*apt] ,,xii ,! ,great ,agricultural ,writ]s ( ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4--,fruit-gr[+4 --,a ,sev5te5?-c5tury ,or*>d ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,! ,evils ( ,common ,fields4--,hops4--,implem5ts4--,manures4 --,gregory ,k+4--,corn ,laws ,,*apt] ,,xiv #agjj-fe4 ,g5]al ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4--,crops4 --,cattle4--,dairy+4--,p\ltry4--,tull & ! ,new ,husb&ry4--,bad ,times4--,fruit-gr[+ ,,*apt] ,,xv #agjj-fe4 ,t[n%5d4--,%eep-rot4--,cattle ,plague4--,fruit-gr[+ ,,*apt] ,,xvi #agfe-ic4 ,ar?ur ,"y4--,crops & _! ,co/4--,! ,lab\r]s' ,wages & ,diet4--,! ,prosp]ity ( ,f>m]s4--,! ,c\ntry ,squire4--,elk+ton4--,bakewell4--,! ,roads4--,coke ( ,holkham ,,*apt] ,,xvii #agic-ahae4 ,! ,great ,fr5* ,w>4--,! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4--,high ,prices1 & ,heavy ,taxation ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,enclosure4--,! ,small ,own] ,,*apt] ,,xix #ahaf-cg4 ,depression ,,*apt] ,,xx #ahcg-ge4 ,revival ( ,agriculture4--,! ,royal ,agricultural ,society4--,corn ,law ,repeal4--,a ,tempor>y ,set-back4--,! ,halcyon ,days ,,*apt] ,,xxi #ahge-aijh4 ,agricultural ,di/ress aga94--,=eign ,competition4-- ,agricultural ,hold+s ,act4--,new ,implem5ts4--,agricultural ,commissions4--,! ,situation 9 #aijh ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,imports & ,exports4--,live ,/ock ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,mod]n ,f>m ,live ,/ock ,,app5dices ,i4 ,av]age ,prices f #abei to #agjj ,,ii4 ,exports & ,imports ( ,:eat & ,fl\r f & into ,engl&1 unimportant ye>s omitt$ ,,iii4 ,av]age ,prices p] ,imp]ial ,qu>t] ( ,briti% ,corn 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 9 ea* ye> f #agga to #aijg inclusive ,,iv4 ,miscellane\s ,in=mation ,,l&m>ks ,,9 ,,engli% ,,agriculture #ajhf4 ,domesday inque/1 mo/ cultivat$ l& 9 tillage4 ,annual value ( l& ab\t #b;d4 an acre4 #abaf-gb4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,assize ( ,bread & ,ale4 #abgb-acjg4 ,edw>d ,i4 ,g5]al progress4 ,walt] ( ,h5ley4 #acjg4 ,edw>d ,,ii4 ,decl9e4 #acae4 ,great fam9e4 #accg4 ,export ( wool prohibit$4 #acdh-i4 ,black ,dea?4 ,heavy bl[ to manorial sy/em4 ,_m demesne l&s let1 & mu* l& laid d[n to grass4 #acea4 ,/atute ( ,lab\r]s4 #acfj4 ,export ( corn =bidd54 #acha4 ,ville9s' revolt4 #acic4 ,ri*>d ,,ii all[s export ( corn "u c]ta9 conditions4 #adfc4 ,import ( :eat "u #fs4 #h;d4 prohibit$4 ,end ( fifte5? c5tury4 ,increase ( enclosure4 #aebc4 ,fitzh]b]t's ,survey+ & ,husb&ry4 #aedj4 ,g5]al rise 9 prices & r5ts beg9s4 #aedi4 ,kett's rebellion4 ,! la/ attempt ( ! ,engli% peasant to obta9 r$ress by =ce4 #aehf4 ,potatoes introduc$4 #afja4 ,poor ,law ,act ( ,elizabe?4 #afde4 ,turnips & clov] introduc$ z field crops4 #affb4 ,/atute ( ,p>o*ial ,settlem5t4 #affd4 ,importation ( cattle1 %eep1 & sw9e =bidd54 #afhh4 ,b\nty ( #es4 p] qu>t] on export ( :eat1 & high duty on import4 #agcc4 ,tull publi%es 8 ,horse-hoe+ ,husb&ry4 #agci4 ,great %eep-rot4 #agej4 ,exports ( corn rea*$ _! maximum4 #agfj4 ,bakewell began exp]im5t+4 #agfj 7ab\t74 ,indu/rial & agr>ian revolution1 & great increase ( enclosure4 #agfd4 ,elk+ton's new dra9age sy/em4 #aggc4 ,:eat all[$ to be import$ at a nom9al duty ( #f;d4 a qu>t] :5 ov] #dhs4 #aggg4 ,ba? & ,we/ ( ,engl& ,society e/abli%$1 ! fir/ 9 ,engl&4 #aghi4 ,engl& def9itely becomes a corn-import+ c\ntry4 #agic4 ,bo>d ( ,agriculture e/abli%$4 #agie4 ,spe5haml& ,act4 ,ab\t same date sw$es fir/ gr[n4 #ahae4 ,duty on :eat rea*$ its maximum4 #ahae-ce4 ,agricultural di/ress4 #ahbe4 ,export ( wool all[$4 #ahce4 ,smi? ( ,dean/on1 ! fa!r ( mod]n dra9age4 #ahch4 ,f\ndation ( ,royal ,agricultural ,society4 #ahdf4 ,repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws4 #ahee-ge4 ,great agricultural prosp]ity4 #ahge4 ,engli% agriculture feels ! full effect ( unre/rict$ competition ) disa/r\s results4 ,fir/ ,agricultural ,hold+s ,act4 #ahgi-hj4 ,excessive ra9fall1 %eep-rot1 & g5]al di/ress4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,communi/ic ,,f>m+4--,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,manor4--,,e>ly ,,prices4--,,! ,,organization ,,& ,,agriculture ,,( ,,! ,,manor ,:5 ! e>ly b&s ( ,engli% invad]s came ov] to take ,brita9 f its ,celtic own]s1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! soil 0 held by gr\ps & n by individuals1 & z ?is 0 ! practice ( ! conqu]ors also !y readily fell 9 ) ! sy/em !y f\nd4#a ,^! ,engli%1 unlike _! desc5dants ( to day1 7 a race ( c\ntrym5 & f>m]s & dete/$ ! t[ns1 pref]r+ ! l&s ( ! ,britons to ! t[ns ( ! ,romans4 ,co-op]ation 9 agriculture 0 necess>y because to ea* h\sehold 7 allott$ sep>ate /rips ( l&1 ne>ly equal 9 size1 9 ea* field set ap>t = tillage1 & a %>e 9 ! mead[ & wa/e l&4 ,! /rips ( arable 7 unf5c$ & pl\gh$ by common teams1 to :i* ea* family w\ld contribute4 ,app>5tly1 z ! l& 0 cle>$ & brok5 up x 0 dealt out acre by acre to ea* cultivator2 & suppos+ ea* gr\p consi/$ ( t5 families1 ! typical hold+ ( #abj acres 0 assign$ to ea* family 9 acre /rips1 & ^! /rips 7 n all contigu\s b mix$ up ) ^? ( o!r families4 ,! reason = ?is mixture ( /rips is obvi\s to any "o :o kn[s h[ l& ev5 9 ! same field v>ies 9 quality2 x 0 to give ea* family its %>e ( bo? good & bad l&1 = ! h\sehold]s 7 all equal & ! pr9ciple on :i* ! orig9al di/ribution ( ! l& dep5d$ 0 t ( equaliz+ ! %>es ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! community4#b ,9 attribut+ own]%ip ( l&s to communities we mu/ be c>eful n to conf\nd communities ) corporations4 ,maitl& ?9ks ! e>ly l&-own+ communities bl5d$ ! "* ( corporations & ( co-own]s1 & co-own]%ip is own]%ip by individuals4#c ,! vills or villages f\nd$ on _! arrival 9 ,brita9 by our ,engli% =efa!rs resembl$ ^? !y left at home1 & ev5 !re ! /rips into :i* ! arable fields 7 divid$ 7 own$ 9 sev]alty by ! h\sehold]s ( ! village4 ,!re 0 co-op]ation 9 work+ ! fields b no communi/ic division ( ! crops1 & ! individual's hold ^u 8 /rips develop$ rapidly into an inh]itable & p>tible own]%ip4 ',at ! op5+ ( ,anglo-,saxon hi/ory absolute own]%ip ( l& 9 sev]alty 0 e/abli%$ & becom+ ! rule4'#d ,9 ! managem5t ( ! mead[ l& communal features 7 mu* m cle>ly br\ght out2 ! arable 0 n reallott$1#e b ! mead[ 01 annually2 :ile ! woods & pa/ures1 ! "r ( us+ :i* belong$ to ! h\sehold]s ( ! village1 7 own$ by ! village 'community'4 ,!re may h be5 at ! "t ( ! ,engli% conque/ ,roman 'villas' ) slaves & coloni cultivat+ ! own]s' demesnes1 :i* pass$ bodily to ! new ma/]s2 b ! =m] !ory seems true ( ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,at fir/ 'ext5sive' cultivation 0 practis$2 t is1 e ye> a fre% arable field 0 brok5 up & ! "o cultivat$ la/ ye> ab&on$1 = a "t at all ev5ts2 b gradually 'int5sive' culture sup]s$$ ?is1 probably n till aft] ! ,engli% _h conqu]$ ! l&1 & ! same field 0 cultivat$ ye> aft] ye>4#f ,aft] ! v>i\s families or h\seholds _h f9i%$ cutt+ ! grass 9 _! allott$ portions ( mead[1 & ! corn on _! /rips ( tillage1 bo? grass & /ubble became common l& & 7 ?r[n op5 = ! :ole community to turn _! /ock ^u4 ,! size ( ! /rips ( l& 9 ! arable fields v>i$1 b 0 g5]ally an acre1 9 mo/ places a furlong 7furr[ long7 or #bbj y>ds 9 l5g?1 & #bb y>ds broad2 or 9 o!r words1 #dj rods ( #e-a_/b y>ds 9 l5g? & #d 9 bread?4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 little uni=mity 9 measurem5t be=e ! ,norman ,conque/1 ! rod by :i* ! furlongs & acres 7 measur$ v>y+ 9 l5g? f #ab to #bd feet1 s t "o acre might be f\r times z l>ge z ano!r4#g ,! acre 01 r\ghly speak+1 ! am\nt t a team c\ld pl\gh 9 a day1 & seems to h be5 f e>ly times ! unit ( measur+ ! area ( l&4#h ,( necessity ! real acre & ! ideal acre 7 also diff]5t1 = ! reason t ! =m] _h to cont5d ) ! inequalities ( ! e>?'s surface & v>i$ mu* :5 no sci5tific measurem5t 0 possible4 ,z late z #ahbj ! acre 0 ( _m diff]5t sizes 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,b$=d%ire x 0 #b roods1 9 ,dorset #acd p]*es in/ead ( #afj1 9 ,l9coln%ire #e roods1 9 ,/af=d%ire #b-a_/d acres4 ,to-day ! ,*e%ire acre is #aj1bdj squ>e y>ds4 ,z1 h[ev]1 an acre 0 & is a day's pl\gh+ = a team1 we may assume t ! mo/ usual acre 0 ! same area !n z n[4 ,!re 7 also half-acre /rips1 b :atev] ! size ! /rips 7 divid$ "o f ano!r by n>r[ grass pa?s g5]ally call$ 'balks'1 & at ! end ( a gr\p ( ^! /rips 0 ! 'headl&' :]e ! pl\gh turn$1 ! "n be+ common to-day4 ,_m ( ^! common fields rema9$ until well on 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 9 #ahae half ! c\nty ( ,hunt+don 0 9 ?is condition1 & a few /ill exi/4#i ,cultivat+ ! same field ye> aft] ye> naturally exhau/$ ! soil1 s t ! two-field sy/em came 91 "u :i* "o 0 cultivat$ & ! o!r left fall[2 & ?is 0 foll[$ by ! ?ree-field sy/em1 by :i* two 7 cropp$ 9 any "o ye> & "o lay fall[1 ! la/-nam$ becom+ g5]al z x yield$ bett] results1 ?\gh ! =m] cont9u$1 especially 9 ! ,nor?4 ,"u ! ?ree-field plan ! husb&man e>ly 9 ! autumn w\ld pl\gh ! field t _h be5 ly+ fall[ dur+ summ]1 & s[ :eat or rye2 9 ! spr+ he broke up ! /ubble ( ! field on :i* ! la/ :eat crop _h be5 gr[n & s[$ b>ley or oats2 9 ,june he pl\gh$ up ! /ubble ( ! la/ spr+ crop & fall[$ ! field4#aj ,z soon z ! crops began to gr[ 9 ! arable fields & ! grass 9 ! mead[s to spr+1 !y 7 c>efully f5c$ to prev5t trespass ( man & bea/2 &1 z soon z ! crops came (f1 ! fields became common = all ! village to turn _! /ock ^u1 ! arable fields be+ usually common f ,lammas 7,augu/ #a7 to ,c&lemas 7,febru>y #b7 & ! mead[s f ,july #f1 old ,midsumm] ,day1 to ,c&lemas#aa2 b z 9 ?is climate ! season bo? ( hay & corn h>ve/ v>ies consid]ably1 ^! dates _c h be5 fix$4 ,! /ock1 !re=e1 besides ! common pa/ure1 _h aft] h>ve/ ! graz+ ( ! common arable fields & ( ! mead[s4 ,! common pa/ure 0 e>ly '/9t$' or limit$1 ! usual cu/om be+ t ! villag] c\ld turn out z _m /ock z he c\ld keep on 8 hold+4 ,! tr\ble ( pull+ up & tak+ d[n ^! f5ces e ye> mu/ h be5 enorm\s1 & we f9d legislation on ?is important matt] at an e>ly date4 ,ab\t #gjj ! laws ( ,ine1 ,k+ ( ,wessex1 provid$ t if '*urls h a common mead[ or o!r p>tible l& to f5ce1 & "s h f5c$ _! "p & "s h n1 & cattle /ray 9 & eat up _! common corn or grass2 let ^? g :o own ! gap & comp5sate to ! o!rs :o h f5c$ _! "p ! damage :i* !n may be done1 & let !m dem& su* ju/ice on ! cattle z may be "r4 ,b if !re be a bea/ :i* breaks h$ges & goes 9 ev]y:]e1 & he :o owns x w n or _c re/ra9 x1 let him :o f9ds x 9 8 field take x & slay x1 & let ! own] take its sk9 & fle% & =feit ! re/4' ,engl& 0 n giv5 ov] to "o p>ticul> type ( settlem5t1 al?\gh villages 7 m common ?an hamlets 9 ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry4#ab ,! vill or village answ]s to ! mod]n civil p>i%1 & ! t]m may be appli$ to bo? ! true or 'nucleat$' village ( clu/]$ h\ses & ! village ( scatt]$ hamlets1 ea* ( a few h\ses1 exi/+ *iefly on ! ,celtic fr+e4 ,! population ( "s ( ! villages at ! "t ( ! ,norman ,conque/ 0 num]\s1 #ajj h\seholds or #ejj p2 b ! av]age t[n%ips conta9$ f #aj to #bj h\seholds4#ac ,!re 0 also ! s+le f>m1 su* z t at ,e>disley 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 describ$ 9 ,domesday1 ly+ 9 ! middle ( a =e/1 p]haps1 z 9 o!r simil> cases1 a pione] settlem5t ( "s "o m adv5tur\s ?an 8 fell[s4#ad 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* 0 ! e>ly village community 9 ,engl&1 a community ( free l&hold]s4 ,b a *ange began e>ly to come ov] x4#ae ,! k+ w\ld grant to a *ur* all ! rights he _h 9 ! village1 res]v+ only ! tr9oda necessitas1 ^! rights includ+ ! feorm or f>m1 or prov5d] r5t :i* ! k+ d]iv$ f ! l&--( cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 ale1 honey1 c4--:i* he collect$ by visit+ 8 villages1 ?us lit]ally eat+ 8 r5ts4 ,! *ur*m5 did n cont9ue ^! visits1 !y rema9$ 9 _! mona/]ies1 & _h ! feorm br\ght !m regul>ly2 !y _h an ov]se] 9 ! village to see to ?is1 & s !y tight5$ _! hold on ! village4 ,!n ! small] p1 ! peasants1 make gifts to ! ,*ur*4 ,!y give _! l&1 b !y also want to keep x1 = x is _! livelihood2 s !y surr5d] ! l& & take x back z a lifelong loan4 ,probably on ! dea? ( ! donor 8 heirs are suff]$ to hold ! l&4 ,!n lab\r s]vices are sub/itut$ = ! old prov5d] r5ts1 & ?us ! ,*ur* acquires a demesne1 & ?us ! f\ndations ( ! manorial sy/em1 /ill to be trac$ all ov] ! c\ntry1 7 laid4 ,!gns1 ! pr$ecessors ( ! ,norman b>ons1 become ! recipi5ts ( grants f ! *ur*es & f k+s1 & h\sehold]s 'comm5d' !mselves & _! l& to !m also1 s t !y acquir$ demesnes4 ,?is 'comm5dation' 0 fur!r$ by ! fact t dur+ ! long-drawn out conque/ ( ,brita9 ! old k9dr$ gr\ps ( ! ,engli% lo/ _! corporate s5se1 & ! c5tral p[] be+ too weak to protect ! ord9>y h\sehold]1 :o c\ld n /& alone1 he _h to seek ! protection ( an ecclesia/ical corporation or ( "s !gn1 fir/ = himself & !n = 8 l&4 ,! jurisdictional rights ( ! k+ also pass$ to ! "l1 :e!r *ur* or !gn2 !n came ! danegeld1 ! tax = buy+ (f ! ,danes t subsequ5tly became a fix$ l& tax1 :i* 0 collect$ f ! "l1 z ! peasants 7 too poor = ! ,/ate to deal ) !m2 ! "l paid ! geld = _! l&1 consequ5tly _! l& 0 84 ,9 ?is way ! free ceorl ( ,anglo-,saxon times gradually becomes ! 'villanus' ( ,domesday4 ,l&lord%ip 0 well e/abli%$ 9 ! two c5turies be=e ! ,conque/1 & ! l& ( ,engl& m or less 'c>v$ into t]ritorial lord%ips'4#af ,!re=e :5 ! ,normans br\ght _! wond]ful g5ius = organization to ?is c\ntry !y f\nd ! mat]ial conditions ( manorial life 9 full gr[?2 x 0 _! task to develop its legal & economic side4#ag ,z ! manorial sy/em ?us sup]impos$ ^u ! village community 0 ! basis ( ,engli% rural economy = c5turies1 !re ne$ be no apology = describ+ x at "s l5g?4 ,! t]m 'manor'1 :i* came 9 ) ! ,conque/1#ah has a te*nical mean+ 9 ,domesday1 ref]r+ to ! sy/em ( taxation1 & did n always co9cide ) ! vill or village1 ?\gh x commonly did s1 except 9 ! ea/]n portion ( ,engl&4 ,! village 0 ! agr>ian unit1 ! manor ! fiscal unit2 s t :]e ! manor compris$ m ?an "o village1 z 0 frequ5tly ! case1 !re w\ld be m ?an "o village organization = work+ ! common fields4#ai ,! manor !n 0 ! 'con/itutive cell' ( ,engli% m$iaeval society4#bj ,! /ructure is always ! same2 "u ! head%ip ( ! "l we f9d two lay]s ( population1 ! ville9s & ! freehold]s2 & ! t]ritory is divid$ into demesne l& & tribut>y l& ( two classes1 viz4 t ( ! ville9s & t ( ! freehold]s4 ,! cultivation ( ! demesne 7:i* usually means ! l& directly occupi$ & cultivat$ by ! "l1 ?\gh legally x has a wid] mean+ & includes ! ville9 t5em5ts71 dep5ds to a c]ta9 ext5t on ! "w suppli$ by ! t5ants ( ! tribut>y l&4 ,r5ts are collect$1 lab\r sup]9t5d$1 adm9i/rative bus9ess transact$ by a set ( manorial (fic]s4 ,we may divide ! till]s ( ! soil at ! "t ( ,domesday into five great classes#ba 9 ord] ( dignity & fre$om3 #a4 ,lib]i hom9es1 or freem54 #b4 ,socm54 #c4 ,ville9s4 #d4 ,bord>ii1 cot>ii1 buri or colib]ti4 #e4 ,slaves4 ,! two fir/ ( ^! classes 7 to be f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 ,l9coln%ire1 ,nott+ham%ire1 ,leice/]%ire1 & ,nor?ampton%ire4 ,x is n easy to draw ! l9e betwe5 !m1 b ! *ief di/9ction lay 9 ! latt] be+ m burd5$ ) s]vice & cu/om>y dues & m especially subject to ! jurisdictional au?ority ( ! "l4#bb ,!y 7 bo? free1 b bo? r5d]$ s]vices to ! "l = _! l&4 ,bo? ! freem5 & ! slaves by #ajhf 7 rapidly decreas+ 9 numb]4 ,! mo/ num]\s class#bc on ! manors 0 ! ?ird1 t ( ! ville9s or non-free t5ants1 :o held _! l& by paym5t ( s]vices to ! "l4 ,! position ( ! ville9 "u ! feudal sy/em is mo/ complicat$4 ,he bo? 0 & 0 n a freeman4 ,he 0 absolutely at ! disposal ( ! "l1 :o c\ld sell him ) 8 t5em5t1 & he c\ld n leave 8 l& )\t 8 "l's p]mission4 ,he lab\r$ "u _m disabilities1 su* z ! m]*et or f9e = m>ry+ 8 daught]1 & f9es = sell+ horse or ox4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he 0 free aga9/ e "o b 8 "l1 & ev5 aga9/ ! "l 0 protect$ f ! =feiture ( 8 'wa9age' or in/rum5ts ( lab\r & f injury to life & limb4#bd ,8 usual hold+ 0 a virgate ( #cj acres ( arable1 ?\gh ! virgate diff]$ 9 size ev5 9 ! same manors2 b 9 addition to ?is he w\ld h 8 mead[ l& & 8 %>e 9 ! common pa/ure & wood1 altoge!r ab\t #ajj acres ( l&4 ,= ?is he r5d]$ ! foll[+ s]vices to ! "l ( ! manor3 #a4 ,week "w1 or lab\r on ! "l's demesne = two or ?ree days a week dur+ mo/ ( ! ye>1 & f\r or five days 9 summ]4 ,x 0 n always ! ville9 himself1 h[ev]1 :o r5d]$ ^! s]vices1 he might s5d 8 son or ev5 a hir$ lab\r]2 & x 0 ! hold+ & n ! hold] t 0 consid]$ prim>ily responsible = ! r5d]+ ( s]vices4#be #b4 ,prec>ii or boon days3 t is1 "w g5]ally dur+ h>ve/1 at ! "l's reque/1 sometimes in/ead ( week "w1 sometimes 9 addition4 #c4 ,gafol or tribute3 fix$ paym5ts 9 money or k9d1 & su* s]vices z 'fold soke'1 :i* =c$ ! t5ants' %eep to lie on ! "l's l& = ! sake ( ! manure2 & suit ( mill1 by :i* ! t5ant 0 b\nd to gr9d 8 corn 9 ! "l's mill4 ,) reg>d to ! 'boon days' 9 h>ve/1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t h>ve/ "t 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 a mo/ important ev5t4 ,agriculture 0 ! great indu/ry1 & :5 ! corn 0 ripe ! :ole village turn$ out to ga!r x1 ! only exceptions be+ ! h\sewives & sometimes ! m>riageable daught]s4 ,ev5 ! l>g] t[ns susp5d$ "w t ! t[nsm5 might assi/ 9 ! h>ve/1 & our long vacation 0 probably int5d$ orig9ally to cov] ! :ole "w ( ga!r+ 9 ! corn & hay4 ,on ! occasion ( ! 'boon-day' "w1 ! "l usually f\nd food = ! lab\r]s :i*1 ! ,inquisition ( ,ardley#bf tells u1 might be ( ! foll[+ description3 = two m51 porridge ( beans & peas & two loaves1 "o :ite1 ! o!r ( 'mixtil' bread2 t is1 :eat1 b>ley1 & rye mix$ toge!r1 ) a piece ( meat1 & be] = _! fir/ meal4 ,!n 9 ! ev5+ !y _h a small loaf ( mixtil bread & two 'lescas' ( *eese4 ,:ile h>ve/ "w 0 go+ on ! bett]-(f t5ants1 usually ! free ones1 7 sometimes employ$ to ride ab\t1 rod 9 h&1 sup]9t5d+ ! o!rs4 ,! s]vices ( ! ville9s 7 (t5 v compreh5sive1 & ev5 includ$ su* tasks z prep>+ ! "l's ba?2 b on "s manors _! s]vices 7 v light4#bg ,:5 ! ?ird ( ! above obligations1 ! gafol or tribute1 0 paid 9 k9d x 0 mo/ commonly made 9 corn2 & next came honey1 "o ( ! mo/ important articles ( ! ,middle ,ages1 z x 0 us$ = bo? light+ & sweet5+ purposes4 ,ale 0 also common1 & p\ltry & eggs1 & sometimes ! mat]ial = implem5ts4 ,^! obligations 7 impos$ = ! mo/ "p on free & unfree t5ants alike1 ?\gh ^? ( ! free 7 mu* light] ?an ^? ( ! unfree2 ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 z f> z t5ure ( ! l& w5t1 lay 9 ! fact t ! =m] c\ld ex]cise propriet>y rights ov] 8 hold+ m or less freely1 ! latt] _h none4#bh ,x seems v curi\s to ! mod]n m9d t ! ville91 a man :o f>m$ ab\t #ajj acres ( l&1 %\ld h be5 9 su* a s]vile condition4 ,! am\nt ( "w due f ea* ville9 came to be fix$ by ! ext5t or survey ( ! manor1 b ! quality ( x 0 n#bi2 t is1 ea* "o knew h[ _m days he _h to "w1 b n :e!r he 0 to pl\gh1 s[1 or h>r[1 c4 ,x is surpris+ to f9d1 t on ! fe/ival days ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* 7 v num]\s & obs]v$ z holy days1 ! "l lo/ by no "w be+ done1 & ! same 0 ! case 9 wet wea!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important duties ( ! t5ant 0 ! 'av]agium'1 or duty ( c>ry+ = ! "l1 especially necess>y :5 8 manors 7 (t5 a long way ap>t4 ,he w\ld (t5 h to c>ry corn to ! ne>e/ t[n = sale1 ! products ( "o manor to ano!r1 also to haul manure on to ! demesne4 ,if he own$ nei!r horse nor ox1 he w\ld sometimes h to use 8 own back4#cj ,! hold+ ( ! ville9 did n admit ( p>tition by sale or desc5t1 x rema9$ undivid$ & entire4 ,:5 ! hold] di$ all ! l& w5t to "o ( ! sons if !re 7 sev]al1 (t5 to ! y\nge/4 ,! o!rs s\ght "w on ! manor z craftsm5 or lab\r]s1 or rema9$ on ! family plot4 ,! hold+ !re=e might conta9 m ?an "o family1 b to ! "l rema9$ "o & undivid$4#ca ,9 ! f\r? class came ! bord>ii1 ! cot>ii1 & ! colib]ti or buri2 or1 z we %\ld say1 ! cr(t]s1 ! cottag]s1 & ! boors4 ,! bord>ii numb]$ #hb1fjj 9 ,domesday1 & 7 subject to ! same k9d ( s]vices z ! ville9s1 b ! am\nt ( ! s]vice 0 consid]ably less4#cb ,_! usual hold+ 0 #e acres1 & !y are v (t5 f\nd on ! demesne ( ! manor1 evid5tly 9 ?is case lab\r]s on ! demesne1 settl$ 9 cottages & provid$ ) a bit ( l& ( _! own4 ,! "n fail$ to take root 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! bord>ii seem to become ville9s or cotti]s4#cc ,! cot>ii1 cotti]s or cottag]s1 7 #f1hjj 9 numb]1 ) small pieces ( l& sometimes rea*+ #e acres4#cd ,di/9ctly inf]ior to ! ville9s1 bord>ii1 & cott>s1 b di/9ctly sup]ior to ! slaves1 7 ! buri or colib]ti :o1 ) ! bord>s & cott>s1 w\ld =m a res]ve ( lab\r to supplem5t ! ord9>y work+ days at times :5 "w 0 press+1 z 9 hay "t & h>ve/4 ,at ! bottom ( ! social ladd] 9 ,domesday came ! slaves1 "s #be1jjj 9 numb]1 :o 9 ! ma9 _h no legal rights1 a class :i* _h app>5tly already dim9i%$ & 0 dim9i%+ 9 numb]s1 s t = ! cultivation ( ! demesne ! "l 0 com+ to rely m on ! lab\r ( 8 t5ants1 & consequ5tly ! lab\r s]vices ( ! ville9s 7 be+ augm5t$4#ce ,! agricultural lab\r] z we und]/& him1 a l&less man work+ solely = wages 9 ca%1 0 almo/ unkn[n4 ,all ! arrangem5ts ( ! manor aim$ at supply+ lab\r = ! cultivation ( ! "l's demesne1 & he _h ?ree *ief (fic]s to sup]9t5d x3 #a4 ,! s5es*al1 :o answ]s to our mod]n /ew>d or l& ag5t1 & :]e !re 7 sev]al manors sup]vis$ all ( !m4 ,he att5d$ to ! legal bus9ess & held ! manor c\rts4 ,x 0 8 duty to be acqua9t$ ) e p>ticul> ( ! manor1 its cultivation1 ext5t1 numb] ( teams1 condition ( ! /ock1 c4 ,he 0 also ! legal advis] ( 8 "l2 9 fact1 v mu* l 8 mod]n successor4 #b4 ,! bailiff = ea* manor1 :o collect$ r5ts1 w5t to m>ket to buy & sell1 survey$ ! timb]1 sup]9t5d$ ! pl\gh+1 m[+1 reap+1 c41 t 7 due z s]vices f ! t5ants on ! "l's demesne2 & accord+ to ,fleta he 0 to prev5t _! 'ca/+ (f be=e ! "w 0 done'1 & to measure x :5 done4#cf ,& consid]+ t ^? he sup]9t5d$ 7 n paid = _! "w1 b r5d]+ m or less unwelcome s]vices1 8 task c\ld n h be5 easy4 #c4 ,! praepositus or reeve1 an (fice obligatory on e hold] ( a c]ta9 small quantity ( l&2 a sort ( =eman nom9at$ f among ! ville9s1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t repres5t+ _! int]e/s4 ,8 duties 7 supplem5t>y to ^? ( ! bailiff3 he look$ aft] all ! live & dead /ock ( ! manor1 saw to ! manur+ ( ! l&1 kept a tally ( ! day's "w1 _h *>ge ( ! gran>y1 & deliv]$ !refrom corn to be bak$ & malt to be brew$4#cg ,besides ^! ?ree (fic]s1 on a l>ge e/ate !re w\ld be a messor :o took *>ge ( ! h>ve/1 & _m less] (fic]s1 su* z ^? ( ! ak]manni1 or lead]s ( ! unwieldy pl\gh teams2 oxh]ds1 %eph]ds1 & sw9eh]ds to t5d cattle1 %eep1 & pigs :5 !y 7 turn$ on ! common fields or w&]$ 9 ! wa/e2 also w>d5s ( ! woods & f5ces1 (t5 paid by a %>e 9 ! pr(its connect$ ) _! *>ge2 = in/ance1 ! sw9eh]d ( ,gla/onbury ,abbey receiv$ a suck+-pig a ye>1 ! int]ior p>ts ( ! be/ pig1 & ! tails ( all ! o!rs slaught]$4#ch ,on ! great e/ates ^! (fices t5d$ to become h]$it>y1 & _m families did treat !m z h]$it>y prop]ty1 & 7 a great nuisance 9 consequ5ce to _! lords4 ,at ,gla/onbury we f9d ! *ief %eph]d s important a p]son t he 0 p>ty to an agreem5t conc]n+ a consid]able quantity ( l&4#ci ,!re 7 also on "s manors 'cadav]atores'1 ^: duty 0 to look into & report on ! losses ( cattle & %eep f murra91 a melan*oly tale ( ! unheal?y conditions ( agriculture4 ,! sup]vision ( ! t5ants 0 (t5 incessant & m9ute4 ,accord+ to ! ,c\rt ,rolls ( ! ,manor ( ,manyd[n 9 ,hamp%ire1 t5ants 7 br\ght to book = all k9ds ( transgressions4 ,! f9es are s num]\s t x almo/ appe>s t e p]son on ! e/ate 0 am]c$ f "t to "t4 ,9 #acfe sev5 t5ants 7 convict$ ( hav+ pigs 9 _! "l's crops1 "o let 8 horse run 9 ! gr[+ corn1 two _h cattle among ! peas1 f\r _h cattle on ! "l's pa/ure1 ?ree _h made default 9 r5t or s]vice1 f\r 7 convict$ ( assault1 n9e broke ! assize ( be]1 two _h fail$ to repair _! h\ses or build+s4 ,9 all ?irty-f\r 7 9 tr\ble out ( a population ( "s sixty families4 ,! acc\nt is eloqu5t ( ! irritat+ re/rictions ( ! manor1 & ( ! inconv5i5ces ( common f>m+4#dj ,x is impossible to comp>e ! receipts ( ! "l ( ! manor at ?is p]iod ) mod]n r5ts1 or ! position ( ! ville9 ) ! agricultural lab\r]2 x may be said t ! "l receiv$ a lab\r r5t = ! ville9's hold+1 or t ! ville9 receiv$ 8 hold+ z wages = ! s]vices done = ! "l1#da & "p ( ! return due to ! "l 0 = ! use ( ! ox5 ) :i* he _h /ock$ ! ville9's hold+4 ,?\gh 9 #ajff !re 7 _m free villages1 yet by ! "t ( ,domesday !y 7 fa/ disappe>+ & !re 7 manors ev]y:]e1 usually co9cid+ ) ! village :i* we may picture to ourselves z self-suffic+ e/ates1 (t5 isolat$ by /ret*es ( d5se woodl& & moor f "o ano!r1 & mak+ ea* v]itably a little _w 9 itself4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5t f ! ext5t ( arable l& describ$ 9 ,domesday t _m manors 7 n greatly isolat$1 & pa/ure gr\nd 0 (t5 common to two or m villages4#db ,if we picture to ourselves ! typical manor1 we %all see a l>ge "p ( ! "l's demesne =m+ a compact area )9 :i* /ood 8 h\se2 ?is be+ 9 addition to ! "l's /rips 9 ! op5 fields int]mix$ ) ^? ( 8 t5ants4 ,! mansion h\se 0 usually a v simple affair1 built ( wood & consi/+ *iefly ( a hall2 :i* ev5 z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 "s cases s]v$ z kit*51 d9+ room1 p>l\r1 & sleep+ room = ! m52 & "o or two o!r rooms4#dc ,x is probable t 9 e>ly times ! !gns possess$ 9 mo/ cases only "o manor apiece1#dd s t ! manor h\se 0 !n ne>ly always inhabit$ by ! "l1 b aft] ! ,conque/1 :5 manors 7 be/[$ by scores & ev5 hundr$s by ,william on 8 successful soldi]s1 _m ( !m c only h act$ z ! tempor>y lodg+ ( ! "l :5 he came to collect 8 r5t1 or z ! h\se ( ! bailiff4 ,accord+ to ! ,g]efa1 writt5 ab\t #ajjj--;& !re 0 v little alt]ation = a long "t aft]w>ds--! mansion 0 adjac5t to a c\rt or y>d :i* ! quadrangul> home/ead surr\nd$ ) its b>ns1 horse & cattle /alls1 %eep p5s & f[lh\se4 ,)9 ?is c\rt 7 ov5s1 kilns1 salt-h\se1 & malt-h\se1 & p]haps ! hayricks & wood piles4 ,outside & surr\nd+ ! home/ead 7 ! enclos$ arable & grass fields ( ! portion ( ! demesne :i* may be call$ ! home f>m1 a kit*5 g>d51 & probably a v9ey>d1 !n common 9 ,engl&4 ,! g>d5 ( ! manor h\se w\ld n h a l>ge v>iety ( vegetables2 "s onions1 leeks1 mu/>d1 peas1 p]haps cabbage2 & apples1 pe>s1 *]ries1 probably damsons1 plums1#de /rawb]ries1 pea*es1 qu9ces1 & mulb]ries4 ,n f> (f 0 ! village or t[n ( ! t5ants1 ! h\ses all clu/]+ close toge!r1 ea* h\se /&+ 9 a t(t or y>d ) "s build+s1 & built ( wood1 turf1 clay1 or wattles1 ) only "o room :i* ! t5ant %>$ ) 8 live /ock1 z 9 p>ts ( ,irel& to-day4 ,inde$1 9 "s p>ts ( ,york%ire at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?is primitive simplicity /ill prevail$1 live /ock 7 /ill kept 9 ! h\se1 ! floors 7 ( clay1 & ! family slept 9 boxes r\nd ! solit>y room4 ,examples ( f>mh\ses clu/]$ toge!r at "s di/ance f _! respective hold+s /ill survive1 ?\gh g5]ally built ( /one4 ,next ! village1 ?\gh n always1 = !y 7 sometimes at a di/ance by ! banks ( a /ream1 7 ! mead[s1 & "r r\nd /ret*$ ! ?ree op5 arable fields1 beyond :i* 0 ! common pa/ure & wood1#df &1 encircl+ all1 hea?1 =e/1 & swamp1 (t5 cutt+ (f ! manor f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,! basis ( ! :ole s*eme ( measurem5t 9 ,domesday 0 ! hide1 usually ( #abj acres1 ! am\nt ( l& t c\ld be pl\gh$ by a team ( #h ox5 9 a ye>2 a qu>t] ( ?is 0 ! virgate1 an eigh? ! bovate1 :i* w\ld !re=e supply "o ox to ! common team4 ,^! teams1 h[ev]1 v>i$2 on ! manors ( ,s4 ,paul's ,ca!dral 9 #abbb !y 7 sometimes compos$ ( horses & ox51 or ( #f horses only1 sometimes #aj ox54#dg ,! f>m+ ye> began at ,mi*aelmas :51 9 addition to ! s[+ ( :eat & rye1 ! cattle 7 c>efully /all$ & f$ only on hay & /raw1 = roots 7 9 ! di/ant future1 & ! corn 0 ?re%$ ) ! flail & w9n[$ by h&4 ,9 ! spr+1 aft] ! pl\gh+ ( ! second arable field1 ! v9ey>d1 :]e !re 0 "o1 0 set out1 & ! op5 dit*es1 app>5tly ! only dra9age !n kn[n1 cleans$4 ,9 ,may x 0 "t to set up ! tempor>y f5ces r\nd ! mead[s & arable fields1 & to beg9 fall[+ ! ?ird field4 ,a valuable docum5t1 describ+ ! duties ( a reeve1 gives _m int]e/+ details ( elev5?-c5tury f>m+3-- ',9 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july "o may h>r[1 c>ry out manure1 set up %eep hurdles1 %e> %eep1 d repairs1 h$ge1 cut wood1 we$1 & make folds4 ,9 h>ve/ "o may reap2 9 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 & 9 ,octob] "o may m[1 set woad ) a dibble1 ga!r home _m crops1 ?at* !m & cov] !m ov]1 cleanse ! folds1 prep>e cattle %$s & %elt]s ere too sev]e a w9t] come to ! f>m1 & also dilig5tly prep>e ! soil4 ,9 w9t] "o %\ld pl\gh & 9 sev]e fro/s cleave timb]1 make an or*>d1 & d _m affairs indoors1 ?re%1 cleave wood1 put ! cattle 9 /alls & ! sw9e 9 pig/yes1 & provide a h5 roo/4 ,9 spr+ "o %\ld pl\gh & graft1 s[ beans1 set a v9ey>d1 make dit*es1 hew wood = a wild de] f5ce2 & soon aft] t1 if ! wea!r p]mit1 set madd]1 s[ flax se$ & woad se$1 plant a g>d5 & d _m ?+s :i* ,i _c fully enum]ate t a good /ew>d ought to provide4'#dh ,! me?ods ( cultivation 7 simple4 ,! pl\gh1 if we may judge by contempor>y illu/rations1 _h 9 ! elev5? c5tury a l>ge :eel & v %ort h&les4#di ,9 ! twelf? c5tury ,neckham describes its p>ts3 a beam1 h&les1 tongue1 m\ldbo>d1 c\lt]1 & %>e4#ej ,break+ up ! clods 0 done by ! mattock or beetle1 & h>r[+ 0 done by h& ) :at looks l a l>ge rake2 ! scy!s ( ! haymak]s & ! sickles ( ! reap]s 7 v l ^? t /ill l+] on 9 "s di/ricts to-day4 ,"h is a li/ ( tools & implem5ts = ! home/ead3 an axe1 adze1 bill1 awl1 plane1 saw1 spoke%ave1 tie hook1 aug]1 mattock1 lev]1 %>e1 c\lt]1 goad-iron1 scy!1 sickle1 we$-hook1 spade1 %ovel1 woad dibble1 b>r[1 besom1 beetle1 rake1 =k1 ladd]1 horse comb1 %e>s1 fire tongs1 weigh+ scales1 & a long li/ ( sp9n+ implem5ts necess>y :5 f>m]s made _! own clo!s4 ,! au?or wisely rem>ks t "o ought to h cov]+s = wa9s1 pl\gh ge>1 h>r[+ tackle1 c42 & adds ano!r li/ ( in/rum5ts & ut5sils3 a caldron1 kettle1 ladle1 pan1 crock1 fir$og1 di%es1 b[ls ) h&les1 tubs1 buckets1 a *urn1 *eese vat1 baskets1 crates1 bu%els1 sieves1 se$ basket1 wire sieve1 hair sieve1 w9n[+ fans1 tr\ghs1 a%wood pails1 hives1 honey b9s1 be] b>rels1 ba?+ tub1 di%es1 cups1 /ra9]s1 c&le/icks1 salt cell>1 spoon case1 pepp] horn1 foot/ools1 *airs1 bas9s1 lamp1 lant]n1 lea!rn bottles1 comb1 iron b91 fodd] rack1 meal ark or box1 oil flask1 ov5 rake1 dung %ovel2 altoge!r a v complete li/1 ! compil] ( :i* ends by say+ t ! reeve ought to neglect no?+ t %\ld prove useful1 n ev5 a m\setrap1 nor ev51 :at is less1 a peg = a hasp4 ,manors 9 #ajhf 7 ( all sizes1 f "o virgate to enorm\s organizations l ,taunton or ,leom9/]1 conta9+ villages by ! score & hundr$s ( dep5d5t hold+s4#ea ,! ord9>y size1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,domesday manor 0 f f\r to t5 hides ( #abj acres ea*1 or say f #ejj to #a1bjj acres1#eb & ! ,manor ( ,seg5eh\ 9 ,b$=d%ire may be reg>d$ z typical4 ,held by ,walt] bro!r ( ,seih] x _h z mu* l& z t5 pl\ghs c\ld "w1 f\r pl\gh l&s belong+ to ! demesne & six to ! ville9s1 ( :om !re 7 tw5ty-f\r1 ) f\r bord>ii & ?ree s]fs2 ?us ! ville9s _h #cj acres ea*1 ! normal hold+4 ,! manorial sy/em 0 9 fact a comb9ation ( l>ge f>m+ by ! lords1 & small f>m+ by ! t5ants4 ,nor mu/ we comp>e x to an ord9>y e/ate2 = x 0 a dom9ion )9 :i* ! "l _h au?ority ov] subjects ( v>i\s ranks2 he 0 n only a proprietor b a pr9ce ) c\rts ( 8 own1 ! arbit] ( 8 t5ants' rights z well z own] ( ! l&4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! ,domesday survey is ! l>ge quantity ( arable l& & ! small quantity ( mead[1 :i* usually 0 ! only l& :5ce !y obta9$ _! hay1 = ! common pa/ure _c (t5 h be5 m[n4#ec ,inde$1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ !y f$ _! /ock 9 h>d w9t]s4 ,accord+ to ! returns1 9 _m c\nties m acres 7 pl\gh$ 9 #ajhf ?an to-day2 9 "s twice z mu*4 ,9 ,som]set 9 #ajhf !re 7 #egg1jjj acres ( arable2 9 #aijg1 #agh1ifg4 ,9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 9 #ajhf1 #ehi1jjj acres2 9 #aijg1 #bch1def4ed ,^! are extreme in/ances2 b ! prepond]ance ( arable is />tl+1 ev5 if we all[ = ! rec5t conv]sion ( arable to pa/ure on acc\nt ( ! l[ price ( corn4 ,betwe5 ! elev5? c5tury & ! sixte5?1 ! lay+ d[n ( l& to grass mu/ h proce$$ on a gigantic scale1 = ,h>rison tells u t 9 8 day ,engl& 0 ma9ly a graz+ c\ntry4 ,no wond] ,h>rison's contempor>ies compla9$ ( ! decay ( tillage4 ,m$iaeval prices & /ati/ics are1 x is well kn[n1 to be tak5 ) great caution2 b we may assume t ! normal annual value ( l& "u cultivation 9 #ajhf 0 ab\t #b;d4 an acre4#ee ,l& inde$1 ap>t f ! /ock ^u x1 0 wor? v little3 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies x appe>s t ! hide1 normally ( #abj acres1 0 only wor? #e to buy1 app>5tly ) ! /ock ^u x4 ,9 ! "t ( ,a!l/an a horse 0 wor? #abj;d41 an ox #cj;d41 a c[ #bj;d41 a %eep #e;d41 a hog #h;d41 a slave #a--s t a slave 0 wor? #h ox5#ef2 & ^! prices d n seem to h advanc$ by ! ,domesday p]iod4 ,accord+ to ! ,pipe ,roll ( #aaef1 :eat 0 #as4 #f;d4 a qu>t]2 b prices !n dep5d$ entirely on seasons1 & we d n "k :e!r t 0 good or bad4 ,h[ev]1 _m ye>s lat]1 9 #abdc x 0 only #bs4 a qu>t] at ,haw/$4#eg ,9 de> ye>s1 ne>ly always ! result ( wet seasons1 x w5t up enorm\sly2 9 #ajbd ! ,engli% ,*ronicle tells u ! acre se$ ( :eat1 t is ab\t #b bu%els1 sold = #ds41#eh #c bu%els ( b>ley = #fs4 & #d bu%els ( oats = #ds4 ,9 #aaij ,hol9%$ says t1 ow+ to a great de>?1 ! qu>t] ( :eat 0 #ahs4 #h;d4 ,! av]age price1 h[ev]1 9 ! twelf? c5tury 0 probably ab\t #ds4 a qu>t]4 ,9 #aaid ,rog] ( ,hov$5#ei says an ox1 a c[1 & a pl\gh horse 7 ! same price1 #ds42 a %eep ) f9e wool #aj;d41 ) co>se wool #f;d42 a s[ #ab;d41 a bo> #ab;d4 ,sometimes prices 7 kept d[n by imports2 #abeh 0 a bad & de> ye>1 'mo/ "p ( ! corn rott$ on ! gr\nd1' & 0 n all got 9 till aft] ,novemb] #a1 s excessive 0 ! wet & ra94 ,& ^u ! de>? a sore dea? & mortality foll[$ = want ( necess>y food to su/a9 ! p9+ bodies ( ! poor p1 :o di$ s ?ick t !re 7 great pits made 9 *ur*y>ds to lay ! dead bodies 94 ,& corn _h be5 de>] if great /ore _h n come out ( ,alma9e1 b !re came fifty great %ips ) :eat & b>ley1 meal & bread out ( ,dut*l&1 :i* greatly reliev$ ! poor4#fj ,7 ! manors z isolat$ z "s writ]s h ass]t$8 ,g5]ally speak+1 we may say ! means ( communication 7 bad & _m an e/ate cut (f almo/ completely f ! outside _w1 yet ! manors mu/ (t5 h be5 connect$ by wat]ways1 & sometimes by good roads1 ) o!r manors & ) ! t[ns4 ,riv]s 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 f> m us$ z means ( communication ?an to-day1 & _m /reams n[ silt$ up & %all[ 7 navigable accord+ to ,domesday4 ,wat] c>riage 01 z always1 mu* *eap] ?an l& c>riage1 & corn c\ld be c>ri$ f ,h5ley to ,london = #b;d4 or #c;d4 a qu>t]4 ,! roads left by ! ,romans1 ow+ to ! excell5ce ( _! con/ruction1 rema9$ 9 use dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & mu/ h be5 a great advantage to ^? liv+ ne> !m2 b ! o!r roads c h be5 little bett] ?an mud tracks1 except 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! few l>ge t[ns4 ,! keep+ ( ! roads 9 repair1 "o "p ( ! tr9oda necessitas 0 impos$ on all l&s2 b ! results (t5 seem to h be5 v indiff]5t1 & !y appe> l>gely to h dep5d$ on *ance1 or ! goodwill or devotion ( neighb\r+ l&[n]s4#fa ,p]haps !y w\ld1 except 9 ! case ( ! ,roman roads1 h be5 impassable b = ! fact t ! great lords & abbots 7 con/antly visit+ _! scatt]$ e/ates1 & !re=e 7 int]e/$ 9 keep+ su* roads 9 ord]4 ,b 9 ^? days p 7 cont5t$ ) v little1 & ?\gh ,edw>d ,i en=c$ ! g5]al improvem5t ( roads 9 #abhe1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury !y 7 decay+4 ,p>liam5t adj\rn$ ?rice betwe5 #acca & #achj because ! /ate ( ! roads kept _m ( ! memb]s away4 ,9 #acec ! high road runn+ f ,temple ,b>1 !n ! we/]n limit ( ,london1 to ,we/m9/] 0 's full ( holes & bogs' t ! traffic 0 dang]\s = m5 & c>riages2 & a little lat] all ! roads ne> ,london 7 s bad1 t c>ri]s 'are (t5times ,9 p]il ( los+ :at !y br+4' ,:at mu/ remote c\ntry roads h be5 l :5 ^! important highways 7 9 ?is /ate8 ,if memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 ri* m5 rid+ good horses1 c\ld n get to ,london1 h[ did ! clumsy wagons & c>ts ( ! day f>e8 ,! ,*ur* might well pity ! travell]1 & class him ) ! sick '& ! captive among ! un=tunates :om %e recomm5d$ to ! daily pray]s ( pi\s s\ls4'#fb ,riv]s 7 ma9ly cross$ by =d or f]ry1 ?\gh !re 7 "s excell5t bridges1 a few ( :i* /ill rema91 ma9ta9$ by ! tr9oda necessitas1 by gilds1 by 'indulg5ces' promis$ to b5efactors1 & by toll1 ! "r to levy :i*1 call$ pontage1 0 (t5 sp5t o!rwise ?an on ! repair ( ! bridge4 ,a few ( ! old op5 fields /ill exi/1 & ! be/ surviv+ example ( an op5-field p>i% is t ( ,laxton 9 ,nott+ham%ire4#fc ,ne>ly half ! area ( ! p>i% rema9s 9 ! =m ( two great arable fields1 & two small] ones :i* are treat$ z two p>ts ( ! ?ird field4 ,! diff]5t hold+s1 freehold & leasehold1 consi/ 9 "p ( /rips ( l& scatt]$ all ov] ^! fields4 ,! ?ree-c\rse sy/em is rigidly adh]$ to1 fir/ ye> :eat1 second ye> spr+ corn1 ?ird ye> fall[4 ,9 a corn] ( ! p>i% is ,laxton ,hea?1 a common cov]$ ) co>se grass :]e ! %eep are graz$ accord+ to a '/9t' rec5tly det]m9$ ^u1 = :5 x 0 un/9t$ ! common 0 ov]/ock$4 ,! commonable mead[s :i* ! p>i% once _h 7 enclos$ at a date beyond anyone's recollection1 ?\gh ! neighb\r+ p>i% ( ,eakr+ /ill has "s4 ,!re are o!r enclosures 9 ! remote p>ts ( ! p>i% :i* app>5tly repres5t ! old woodl&4 ,! inconv5i5ce ( ! common-field sy/em 0 extreme4 ,s\? ,luff5ham 9 ,rutl&1 n enclos$ till #ahgi1 consi/$ ( #a1jgd acres divid$ among tw5ty-two own]s into #a1bch pieces4 ,9 "s places furr[s s]v$ to divide ! l&s in/ead ( turf balks1 :i* 7 ( c\rse always be+ alt]$4 ,ano!r difficulty arose f !re be+ no *eck to high w9ds1 :i* w\ld sometimes sweep ! :ole ( ! crops belong+ to diff]5t f>m]s 9 an inextricable heap aga9/ ! ne>e/ ob/ruction4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,v9ograd(f1 ,gr[? ( ! ,manor1 p4 #ah2 ,m$ley1 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory1 p4 #ae4 #b ,v9ograd(f1 ,ville9age 9 ,engl&1 p4 #beg4 #c ,maitl&1 ,domesday ,book & ,beyond1 pp4 #cda et seq4 #d ,/ubbs1 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory1 #cf4 #e ,v9ograd(f1 ,engli% ,society 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 p4 #bhb1 says1 ',z a rule x 0 n subject to r$ivision4' #f ,cunn+ham1 ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #db4 #g ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfh4 #h ,anonym\s ,treatise on ,husb&ry1 ,royal ,hi/orical ,society1 pp4 xli4 & #fh4 ,ab\t #abcj1 ,smy?1 9 8 ,lives ( ! ,b]keleys1 i4 #aac1 says1 ',at ?is "t lay all l&s 9 common fields1 9 "o acre or ridge1 "o man's int]mixt ) ano!r4' #i ,see bel[4 #aj ,cunn+ham1 ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #gd4 ,maitl& ?9ks ! two-field sy/em 0 z common z ! ?ree-field1 bo? 9 e>ly & m$iaeval times4 ,domesday ,book & ,beyond1 p4 #cff4 #aa ,nasse1 ,agricultural ,community ( ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #e4 ,to-day h>ve/ g5]ally comm5ces ab\t ,augu/ #a1 s t ?is1 l ! gr[? ( grapes 9 m$iaeval times1 seems to %[ our climate has gr[n cold]4 #ab ,v9ograd(f1 ,engli% ,society 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 p4 #bfd4 #ac ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 p4 #ag4 #ad ,v9ograd(f1 ,engli% ,society 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 p4 #bfe4 #ae ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cah et seq4 #af ,v9ograd(f1 ,engli% ,society 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 p4 #cde4 #ag ,v9ograd(f1 ,engli% ,society 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 p4 #cci4 #ah ,maitl&1 ,domesday ,book1 p4 #aaj #ai ,v9ograd(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #cie4 #bj ,v9ograd(f1 ,ville9age 9 ,engl&1 pp4 #bbe et seq4 #ba ,maitl&1 op4 cit4 p4 #bc4 #bb ,v9ograd(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #dcc4 #bc ,9 ,domesday !y numb] #ajh1ejj4 ,maitl&1 ,domesday ,book4 #bd ,maitl&1 op4 cit44 #be ,v9ograd(f1 ,engli% ,society 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 p4 #cjj4 #bf ,domesday ( ,s4 ,paul1 p4 lxviii4 #bg ,maitl&1 ,domesday ,book1 p4 #ef4 #bh ,cunn+ham1 ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #aff4 ,9 "s manors free t5ants c\ld sell _! l&s )\t ! "l's lic5ce1 9 o!rs n4 #bi ,v9ograd(f1 ,ville9age 9 ,engl&1 p4 #bgi4 #cj ,v9ograd(f1 ,ville9age 9 ,engl&1 p4 #bhe4 #ca ,ibid4 p4 #bdf2 & ,engli% ,society 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 p4 #ddh4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 default ( sons1 l&s 9 "s manors 9 ,%rop%ire desc5d$ to ! y\nge/ daught]4--,bi%ton1 ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,agriculture ( ,%rop%ire1 p4 #agh4 #cb ,v9ograd(f1 ,engli% ,society 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 p4 #def4 #cc ,maitl&1 ,domesday ,book1 p4 #dj4 #cd ,ibid4 #ce ,maitl&1 ,domesday ,book1 p4 #ce4 #cf ,fleta1 c4 #gc4 #cg ,domesday ( ,s4 ,paul1 xxxv4 ,fleta1 'an anonym\s "w drawn up 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury to assi/ l&[n]s 9 manag+ _! e/ates' says1 ! reeve '%all rise e>ly1 & h ! pl\ghs yok$1 & !n walk 9 ! fields to see t all is "r & note if ! m5 be idle1 or if !y knock (f "w be=e ! day's task is fully done4' #ch ,v9ograd(f1 ,ville9age 9 ,engl&1 p4 #cba4 #ci ,ibid4 p4 #cbd4 #dj ,manor ( ,manyd[n1 ,hamp%ire ,record ,society1 p4 #ag4 ,break+ ! assize ( be] meant sell+ x )\t a lic5ce1 or ( bad quality4 ,! village p\nd 0 ! consequ5ce ( ! p]petual /ray+ ( animals1 & lat] on ! vic> sometimes kept x4 ,see ibid4 p4 #ajd4 #da ,cunn+ham1 ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #ajf4 #db ,v9ograd(f1 ,ville9age 9 ,engl&1 p4 #bfd4 #dc ,&rews1 ,old ,engli% ,manor1 p4 #aaa4 #dd ,domesday ( ,s4 ,paul1 p4 xxxvii4 #de ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,agriculture & ,prices1 i4 #ag3 ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #ee3 ,neckham1 ,de ,natura ,r]um1 ,rolls ,s]ies1 *4 clxvi4 ,rog]s says !re 7 no plums1 b ,neckham m5tions !m4 ,see also ,d5ton1 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 p4 #fd4 ,mat!w ,p>is says ! sev]e w9t] 9 #abeg de/roy$ *]ries1 plums & figs4 ,*ron4 ,maj41 ,rolls ,s]ies1 v4 #ffj4 #df ,woods 7 us$ z mu* = pa/ure z = cutt+ timb] & und]wood4 ,n only did ! pigs fe$ !re on ! ma/ ( oak1 bee*1 & *e/nut1 b goats & horn$ cattle graz$ on ! grassy portions4 #dg ,! illu/rations ( contempor>y ,,mss4 usually %[ teams 9 ! pl\gh ( #b or #d ox51 & #d 0 probably ! team g5]ally us$1 accord+ to ,v9ograd(f1 op4 cit4 p4 #bec4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 h v>i$ accord+ to ! soil4 ,bir*1 9 8 ,domesday1 p4 #bai1 says he has nev] f\nd a team ( #h 9 contempor>y illu/rations4 ,to-day ox5 c be /ill se5 pl\gh+ 9 teams ( two only4 ,h[ev]1 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ox5 7 9 common use1 we f9d teams ( #h1 z 9 ,%rop%ire1 = a s+le-furr[ pl\gh1 's z to "w !m easily4' ,six h\rs a day 0 ! usual day's "w1 & :5 m 0 requir$ "o team 0 work$ 9 ! morn+1 ano!r 9 ! aft]noon4--,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory3 ,%rop%ire1 ,agriculture4 ,walt] ( ,h5ley says ! team /opp$ "w at ?ree4 #dh ,cunn+ham1 ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #egj4 #di ,see ! excell5t reproductions ( ! ,cal5d> ( ! ,cott4 ,,mss4 9 ,gre5's ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 illu/rat$ edition1 i4 #aee4 #ej ,de ,natura ,r]um1 ,rolls ,s]ies1 p1 #bhj4 #ea ,v9ograd(f1 ,engli% ,society 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 p4 #cjg4 #eb ,ibid4 p4 #cab4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! small] manors is t !y 7 con/antly be+ swall[$ up by ! l>g]4 #ec ,z "s ( ! common pa/ure 0 held 9 sev]alty1 ?is may p]haps h be5 m[n 9 sc>ce ye>s4 ,walt] ( ,h5ley m5tions m[+ ! wa/e1 see bel[1 p4 #cd4 #ed ,maitl&1 ,domesday ,book1 #dcf2 ,bo>d ( ,agriculture ,returns1 #aijg4 #ee ,v9ograd(f1 ,engli% ,society 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5tury1 p4 #caj2 ,bir*1 ,domesday1 p4 #ahc4 #ef ,maitl&1 ,domesday ,book4 #dd2 ,cunn+ham1 ,gr[? ( ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #aga2 ,domesday ( ,s4 ,paul1 pp4 xliii4 & xci4 #eg ,cullum1 ,hi/ory ( ,haw/$1 p4 #aha4 #eh ,rolls ,s]ies1 ii4 #bbj4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! price ( a bu%el ( :eat reckon$ 9 mod]n money 0 #c 9 t ye> #ei ,ibid4 iii4 #bbj4 #fj ,hol9%$1 :o is support$ by ,william ( ,malmesbury 9 ! ass]tion t 9 "t ( sc>city ,engl& import$ corn4 ,mat!w ,p>is1 ,*ron4 ,maj41 v4 #fgc4 #fa ,juss]&1 ,engli% ,wayf>+ ,life1 p4 #gi4 #fb ,juss]&1 ,engli% ,wayf>+ ,life1 p4 #hi4 #fc ,gilb]t ,slat]1 ,! ,engli% ,peasantry & ! ,enclosure ( ,common ,fields1 p4 #h4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury4--,,! ,,manor ,,at ,,its ,,z5i?1 ,,) ,,se$s ,,( ,,decay ,,already ,,visible4--,,walt] ,,( ,,h5ley ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! manorial sy/em may be said to h be5 9 its z5i?2 ! description !re=e ( ,cuxham ,manor 9 ,ox=d%ire at t date is ( special int]e/4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,?orold ,rog]s#fd !re 7 two pr9cipal t5ants1 ea* hold+ ! f\r? "p ( a milit>y fee4 ,! prior ( ,holy ,tr9ity1 ,wall+=d1 held a messuage1 a mill1 & #f acres ( l& 9 free alms2 i4e4 "u no obligation or liability o!r ?an (f]+ pray]s on behalf ( ! donor4 ,a free t5ant _h a messuage & #c-c_/d acres1 ! r5t ( :i* 0 #cs4 a ye>4 ,he also _h ano!r messuage & n9e acres1 = :i* he paid ! annual r5t ( #a lb4 ( pepp]1 wor? ab\t #as4 #c;d4 ,! rector ( ! p>i% _h "p ( a furr[1 i4e4 "o ( ! divisions ( ! common arable field1 & paid #b;d4 a ye> = x4 ,ano!r t5ant held a cottage 9 ! demesne "u ! obligation ( keep+ two lamps light$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,ano!r p]son 0 t5ant-at-w ( ! p>i% mill1 at a r5t ( #djs4 a ye>4 ,! re/ ( ! t5ants 7 ville9s or cottag]s1 ?irte5 ( ! =m] & eight ( ! latt]4 ,ea* ( ! ville9s _h a messuage & half a virgate1 #ab to #ae acres ( arable l& at lea/1 = :i* 8 r5t 0 *iefly corn & lab\r1 ?\gh !re 7 two money paym5ts1 a halfp5ny on ,novemb] #ab & a p5ny :5ev] he brew$4 ,he _h to pay a qu>t] ( se$ :eat at ,mi*aelmas1 a peck ( :eat1 #d bu%els ( oats1 & #c h5s on ,novemb] #ab1 & at ,*ri/mas a cock1 two h5s1 & two p5nywor? ( bread4 ,8 lab\r s]vices 7 to pl\gh1 s[1 & till half an acre ( ! "l's l&1 & give 8 "w z direct$ by ! bailiff except on ,sundays & fea/ days4 ,9 h>ve/ "t he 0 to reap ?ree days ) "o man at 8 own co/4 ,"s ( ^! t5ants held1 besides _! half virgates1 o!r plots ( l& = :i* ea* _h to make hay = "o day = ! "l1 ) a comrade1 & receiv$ a halfp5ny2 also to m[1 ) ano!r1 ?ree days 9 h>ve/ "t1 at _! own *>ges1 & ano!r ?ree days :5 ! "l f$ !m4 ,aft] h>ve/ six p5nywor? ( be] 0 divid$ among !m1 ea* receiv$ a loaf ( bread1 & e ev5+ :5 "w 0 ov] ea* reap] might c>ry away ! l>ge/ %eaf ( corn he c\ld lift on 8 sickle4 ,! cottag]s paid f #as4 #b;d4 to #bs4 a ye> = _! hold+s1 & 7 oblig$ to "w a day or two 9 ! hay-mak+1 receiv+ !re= a halfp5ny4 ,!y also _h to d f "o to f\r days' h>ve/ "w1 dur+ :i* !y 7 f$ at ! "l's table4 ,= ! re/ ( ! ye> !y 7 free lab\r]s1 t5d+ cattle or %eep on ! common = wages or work+ at ! v>i\s crafts usual 9 ! village4 ,?is manor 0 a small "o1 & conta9$ 9 all tw5ty-f\r h\seholds1 numb]+ f sixty to sev5ty inhabitants4#fe ,on mo/ manors1 z 9 ,=ncett1#ff :i* conta9$ ab\t #b1gjj acres1 f ! prepond]ance ( arable1 ! *ief s\rce ( income to ! "l 0 f ! gra9 crops2 o!r s\rces may be se5 f ! foll[+ table ( ! "l's receipts & exp5ses 9 #abgb-c3 ,,receipts4 s4 d4 ,fix$ r5ts #ah #c #g-c_/d ,f>m ( m>ket #j #b #f ,*evage#fg #j #h #f ,foldage #j #c #i-a_/b ,sale ( works #e #ac #b-c_/d ,h]bage #a #j #d ,hay #b #ab #aa ,turf1 c4 #a #ac #f-a_/b ,und]wood #e #aj #b ,gra9 #fa #ab #c-a_/d ,cid] #a #a #aa-a_/d ,/ock #e #c #j ,dairy #d #c #j-c_/d ,pleas #ad #j #j ,tallage #af #ac #d ------------------ #abh #b #b-c_/d ,,exp5ses4 s4 d4 ,r5ts paid & all[$ #j #c #b-a_/b ,pl\ghs & c>ts #b #ag #d ,build+s & walls #d #e #aj-a_/b ,small necess>ies #j #g #aj-c_/d ,dairy #j #d #c-a_/d ,?re%+ #a #ae #e-a_/b ,mead[ & autumn exp5ses #j #a #d ,/ock #j #af #g ,bailiff #a #ai #j ,/ew>d #a #f #i-a_/b ,gra9 #h #b #d-a_/b ,exp5ses ( acct4 #a #j #h-a_/b ------------------ #bc #j #i-c_/d ,! manor 0 almo/ entirely self-suffic+2 ( necessity1 = t[ns 7 few & di/ant1 & ! roads to !m bad4 ,ea* w\ld h its smi?1 millwright1 ?at*]1 c41 paid g5]ally 9 k9d = _! s]vices4 ,!re 0 little trade ) ! outside _w1 except = salt--an invaluable article :5 meat _h to be salt$ d[n e autumn = w9t] use1 s9ce !re 7 no roots to keep ! cattle on--& iron = "s ( ! implem5ts4 ,ne>ly ev]y?+ 0 made 9 ! village4 ,! m$iaeval sy/em ( tillage 0 compulsory2 ev5 ! freehold]s c\ld n manage _! plots z !y wi%$1 because all ! soil ( ! t[n%ip =m$ "o :ole & 0 manag$ by ! entire village4 ,ev5 ! "l#fh _h to con=m to ! cu/oms ( ! community4 ,any o!r sy/em ?an ?is1 :i* mu/ h be5 gall+ to ! m ent]pris+1 0 impossible1 = z ! v>i\s hold+s lay 9 unf5c$ /rips all ov] ! great common fields1 individual initiative 0 out ( ! "q4 ,z may be imag9$1 ! great numb] ( /rips all mix$ toge!r (t5 l$ to great confusion1 sometimes #b or #c acres c\ld n be f\nd at all1 & disputes ow+ to c>eless measurem5t 7 frequ5t4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! s]vices by :i* ! ville9s paid r5t = _! hold+s to ! "l v e>ly began to be commut$ = money2 x 0 mu* m conv5i5t to bo? p>ties2 & ) ?is *ange f a 'natural economy' to a 'money economy' ! de/ruction ( ! manorial sy/em comm5c$1 ?\gh x 0 to take c5turies to effect x4 ,! fir/ money paym5ts app>5tly date f z e>ly z #ijj1fi b mu/ !n h be5 v few1 & s]vices 7 ! rule 9 ! ?irte5? & e>li] c5turies1 ?\gh at ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? we f9d a great numb] ( r5t-pay+ t5ants4#gj ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury money began to be m g5]ally available1 & ! process ( commutation grew /eadily2 a process greatly accel]at$ by ! de/ruction ( l>ge numb]s ( t5ants :o paid r5t 9 s]vices by ! ,black ,dea? ( #acdh-i1 :i* =c$ lords ( manors to let _! l&s = money or "w !m !mselves ) hir$ lab\r4 ,be=e t visitation1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t commutation ( lab\r s]vices = fix$ annual paym5ts _h made v little progress4#ga ,:5 ^! s]vices 7 commut$ = money 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies !y 7 put at #a;d4 a day 9 w9t]1 & #b;d4 a day 9 summ]1 & r m 9 h>ve/#gb2 & we may put ! ord9>y agricultural lab\r]s' wages f #abej-acej all ! ye> r\nd at #b;d4 a day1 & f #acej-adjj at #c;d41 b few 7 paid 9 ?is way4 ,_m 7 paid by ! ye>1 ) all[ances ( food besides & sometimes clo!s1 & _m 7 9 h>ve/ at all ev5ts paid by ! piece4 ,at ,crondal 9 ,hamp%ire 9 #abdh a c>t] by ! ye> receiv$ #ds41 a h]dsman #bs4 #c;d41 a day a or dairymaid1 #bs4#gc ,! *ange to money paym5ts 0 b5eficial to bo? p>ties2 x /opp$ _m ( ! di%one/ practices ( ! "l's bailiff1 ap>t f ! fact t f>m+ by (ficials 0 an exp5sive me?od4 ,x meant1 too1 t religi\s fe/ivals & bad wea!r w\ld no long] dim9i% ! "l's pr(its2 on ! o!r h&1 ! t5ant c\ld devote himself entirely to 8 hold+ free f annoy+ lab\r s]vices4#gd ,! /ate ( agriculture at ! "t ( ,domesday 0 app>5tly v l[1 judg+ by ! small returns ( manors1#ge b by ! "t ( ,edw>d ,i x _h made consid]able progress4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii ,engl& _h gr[n 9 opul5ce1 & cont9u$ to d s "u 8 great son1 :o f\nd "t f 8 manifold tasks to enc\rage agriculture & horticulture4 ,fruit & =e/ trees1 %rubs & fl[]s1 7 introduc$ f ! cont95t1 & we are told t ! hop fl\ri%$ 9 ! royal g>d5s4#gf ,at 8 dea? ,engl& 0 prosp]\s1 ! p progress+ 9 com=t1 ! population advanc+1 ! agricultural lab\r]s 7 increas+ 9 numb]s1 ! value ( ! l& _h ris5 & 0 ris+4 ,!n came a reaction f :i* ,engl& did n recov] = two c5turies1 & ,h>rison1 :o wrote 8 description ( ,engl& at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 says t _m ( ! improvem5ts began to be neglect$ 9 process ( "t1 s t f ,h5ry ,,iv till ! latt] end ( ,h5ry ,,vii !re 0 little or no use = !m 9 ,engl&1 'b !y rema9$ unkn[n4' ,! ,hundr$ ,rolls ( ,edw>d ,i1 :i* embody ! results ( ! lab\rs ( a commission appo9t$ by t mon>* to inquire into encroa*m5ts on royal l&s & royal jurisdiction1 %[ cle>ly t !re _h be5 s9ce ! ,domesday ,survey a v great gr[? 9 ! rural population1 a sure sign t agriculture 0 fl\ri%+2 & on "s e/ates ! numb] ( free t5ants _h increas$ l>gely1 b ! burd5s ( ! ville9s 7 n less on]\s ?an !y _h be54 ,x 0 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury t ! practice ( keep+ /rict & m9ute acc\nts became g5]al1 & ! acc\nts ( ! bailiff ( ^? days w\ld be a revelation to ! bailiff ( ^!4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ n =get t ! e>lie/ improvem5ts 9 ,engli% agriculture 7 l>gely due to ! monks1 :o f _! con/ant j\rneys abroad 7 able to br+ back new plants & se$s2 :ile x is well kn[n t _m ( ! religi\s h\ses1 ! ,ci/]cians especially1 :o always settl$ 9 ! remote c\ntry1 7 mo/ en]getic f>m]s1 _! en]gy be+ mat]ially assi/$ by _! weal?4 ,x is said t ! great ,becket :5 he visit$ a mona/]y did n disda9 to lab\r 9 ! field4 ,among o!r b5efits t ! l&$ int]e/ ga9$ at ?is "t 0 ! m easy transf]5ce ( l& provid$1 int] alia1 by ! /atute ( ,quia ,emptores1 :i* l$ to _m t5ants sell+ _! l&s1 provid$ ! rights ( ! "l 7 pres]v$1 & to a great increase consequ5tly ( free t5ants1 _m ( :om _h q small hold+s4#gg ,! amalgamation ( hold+s by ! m indu/ri\s & skilful has1 z we %\ld expect1 be5 a well-m>k$ t5d5cy all ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ,engli% agriculture1 & began e>ly4 ,= in/ance1 accord+ to ! records ( ,s4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 ,john ,durant1 ^: ance/or 9 #abbb held only "o virgate 9 ',cad5don'1 _h 9 #abgi eight or t5 at lea/4 ,at ',bel*amp'1 ,m>t9 de ,su?m]e1 "o ( ! free t5ants1 held #bde acres by himself & 8 t5ants1 tw5ty-two 9 numb]1 :o r5d]$ s]vice to him2 "o ( !m be+ de ,v]e1 ,e>l ( ,ox=d1 :o held #ag acres "u ,m>t94 ,to su* a position _h ! abl] ( ! small hold]s ( a c5tury or s be=e already pu%$ _! way1 9 spite ( ! heavy h& ( feudalism1 :i* did mu* to h9d] individual initiative4 ,at ?is p]iod & until ,tudor times ,engl&1 z reg>ds ! cultivat$ l&1 0 ess5tially a corn-gr[+ c\ntry2 ! great] "p ( ! "l's demesne 0 arable1 & ! tillage fields ( ! ville9s l>gely exce$$ _! mead[s4 ,= in/ance1 9 #abhe ! cultivat$ l&s at ,haw/$ 9 ,suffolk 7 ne>ly all "u ! pl\gh2 9 sev5 hold+s !re 7 #ifh acres ( arable & only #dj ( mead[1 a proportion ( #bd to #a4 ,no d\bt !re 0 pl5ty ( common pa/ure1 b we _c call ?is cultivat$ l&4 ,! sev5 hold+s 7 z foll[s3#gh ,acres4 ,arable4 ,mead[4 ,wood4 ,?omas ,fitzeu/ace1 "l ( ! manor #bdj #aj #aj ,william ,tallema*e #bhj #ab #bd ,philip ,noel #abj #d #g ,rob]t de ,ros #ef #c #e ,walt] de ,/anton #hj #c #a ,william de ,camaville #adj #f #h ,john ,beylham #eb #b #c --- -- -- #ifh #dj #eh ,^! 7 ! l>g] t5ants2 among ! small] sev]al _h no mead[ at all4 ,we mu/ n =get t ! graz+ ( ! tillage fields aft] ! crops 7 (f 0 ( great assi/ance to ^? :o kept /ock2 = !re 0 pl5ty to eat on ! /ubbles4 ,! :eat 0 cut high1 ! /raw (t5 app>5tly left /&+ #ah in*es or #b feet high2 we$s ( all k9ds ab\nd$1 = ! l& 0 badly clean$2 & (t5 only ! upp] "p ( ! high ridges1 into :i* ! l& 0 ?r[n = purposes ( dra9age1 0 cultivat$1 ! l[] p>ts be+ left to natural grass4#gi ,! greate/ au?ority = ! f>m+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury is ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 :o wrote1 ab\t ! middle ( x1 a "w :i* held ! field z an agricultural textbook until ,fitzh]b]t wrote 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & mu* ( 8 advice is valuable to-day4 ,!re 0 f 8 "t until ! days ( ,william ,m>%all1 :o wrote five c5turies aft]w>ds1 a controv]sy z to ! respective m]its ( horses & ox5 z draught animals1 & x is a curi\s fact t ! lat] writ] agre$ ) ! e>li] z to ! sup]iority ( ox54 ',a pl\gh ( ox5'1 says ,walt]1 'w g z f> 9 ! ye> z a pl\gh ( horses1 because ! malice ( ! pl\ghman w n all[ ! pl\gh ( horses to g beyond _! pace1 no m ?an ! pl\gh ( ox54 ,fur!r1 9 v h>d gr\nd :]e ! pl\gh ( horses w /op1 ! pl\gh ( ox5 w pass4 ,& ! horse co/s m ?an ! ox1 = he is oblig$ to h ! six? "p ( a bu%el ( oats e night1 wor? a halfp5ny at lea/1 & twelve p5nywor? ( grass 9 ! summ]4 ,besides1 ea* week he co/s m or less a p5ny a week 9 %oe+1 if he mu/ be %od on all f\r feet2' :i* 0 n ! univ]sal cu/om4 ',b ! ox has only to h #c-a_/b %eaves ( oats p] week 7t5 %eaves yield+ a bu%el ( oats71 wor? a p5ny1 & ! same am\nt ( grass z ! horse4#hj ,& :5 ! horse is old & worn out !re is no?+ b 8 sk91 b :5 ! ox is old ) t5 p5nywor? ( grass he %all be fit = ! l>d]4'#ha ,! lab\r] ( ! ,middle ,ages c\ld n compla9 ( lack ( holidays2 ,walt] ( ,h5ley tells u t1 besides ,sundays1 eight weeks 7 lo/ 9 ! ye> f holidays & o!r h9drances4#hb ,he advises ! s[+ ( spr+ se$ on clay or on /ony l& e>ly1 because if x is dry 9 ,m>* ! gr\nd w h>d5 too mu* & ! /ony gr\nd become dry & op52 !re=e =e s[ e>ly t corn may be n\ri%$ by w9t] moi/ure4 ,*alky & s&y gr\nd ne$ n be s[n e>ly4 ,at s[+1 moreov]1 d n pl\gh l>ge furr[s1 b little & well laid toge!r1 t ! se$ may fall ev5ly4 ,let y\r l& be clean$ & we$$ aft] ,s4 ,john's ,day1 ,june #bd1 = be=e t is n a good "t2 & if ?i/les are cut be=e ,s4 ,john's ,day '= e "o w come two or ?ree4' ,d n sell y\r /raw2 if y take away ! lea/ y lose mu*2 words :i* _m a l&lord to-day d\btless wi%es 7 fix$ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 t5ants4 ,manure %\ld be mix$ ) e>?1 = x la/s only two or ?ree ye>s by itself1 b ) e>? x w la/ twice z long2 = :5 ! manure & ! e>? are h>r[$ toge!r ! e>? %all keep ! manure s t x _c wa/e by desc5d+ 9 ! soil1 :i* x is apt to d4 ',fe$ y\r work+ ox5 be=e "s "o1 & ) *aff4 ,:y8 ,i w tell y4 ,because x (t5 happ5s t ! oxh]d /eals ! prov5d]4' ,! ox5 7 also to be ba!d1 & curri$ :5 dry ) a wisp ( /raw1 :i* w\ld cause !m to lick !mselves4 ',*ange y\r se$ e ye> at ,mi*aelmas2 = se$ gr[n on o!r gr\nd w br+ m pr(it ?an t :i* is gr[n on y\r own4' ,app>5tly ! only dra9age !n practis$ 0 t ( furr[ & op5 dit*2 & we f9d him say+ t to free y\r l&s f too mu* wat]1 let ! m>%y gr\nd be well ridg$1 & ! wat] made to run1 & s ! gr\nd may be fre$ f wat]4 ,"h is 8 e/imate ( ! co/ ( :eat gr[+#hc3 ',y "k surely t an acre s[n ) :eat takes ?ree pl\gh+s1 except l&s :i* are s[n ye>ly2 & t ea* pl\gh+ is wor? #f;d4 & ! h>r[+ #a;d41 & on ! acre x is necess>y to s[ at lea/ two bu%els4 ,n[ two bu%els at ,mi*aelmas are wor? at lea/ #ab;d41 & we$+ #a_/b;d41 & reap+ #e;d41 & c>ry+ 9 ,augu/ #a;d41 & ! /raw w pay = ! ?re%+4'#hc ,! return 0 wret*$3 'at ?ree times y\r s[+ y ought to h #f bu%els1 wor? #cs4' ,! total co/ is ?us #cs4 #a-a_/b;d42 & )\t debit+ any?+ = r5t & manure1 ! loss w\ld be #a-a_/b;d4 an acre4 ,! anonym\s ,treatise on ,husb&ry ( ab\t ! same date says1 h[ev]1 t ':eat ought to yield to ! fif? gra91 oats to ! f\r?1 b>ley to ! eigh?1 beans & peas to ! six?4'#hd ,9 ! ye>s #abdc-h ! av]age yield ( :eat at ,combe1 ,ox=d%ire1 0 #e bu%els p] acre1 ( b>ley a little ov] #e1 oats #g4 ,9 ! ,manor ( ,=ncett1 9 v>i\s ye>s f #abij to #acjf1 :eat yield$ ab\t #aj bu%els1 oats f #ab to #af1 b>ley #af1 & peas f #d to #ab bu%els p] acre4#he ,z = ! dairy1 #b c[s1 says ,walt]1 %\ld yield a wey1 7#b cwt7 ( *eese annually1 & half a gallon ( butt] a week1 'if sort$ out & f$ 9 pa/ure ( salt m>%2' b '9 pa/ure ( wood or 9 mead[s aft] m[+1 or 9 /ubble1 x %\ld take #c c[s = ! same4' ,tw5ty ewes1 :i* x 0 !n ! cu/om to milk1 f$ 9 pa/ure ( salt m>%1 ought to yield ! same z ! #b c[s4 ,a gallon ( butt] 0 wor? #f;d41 & weigh$ #g lb4 ,& ! anonym\s treatise says ea* c[ ought to yield f ! day aft] ,mi*aelmas until ! fir/ kal5ds ( ,may1 tw5ty-eight weeks1 #aj;d4 m or less2 & f ! fir/ kal5ds ( ,may till ,mi*aelmas1 tw5ty-f\r weeks1 ! milk ( a c[ %\ld be wor? #cs4 #f;d42 & %e %\ld give also #f /ones 7#ad lb4 p] /one7 ( *eese1 & 'z mu* butt] z %all make z mu* *eese4'#hf ,x 0 a common practice all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 & survives 9 localities to-day1 to let out ! c[s by ! ye>1 at f #cs4 to #fs4 #h;d4 a head1 (t5 to ! daya or dairymaid1 ! own] supply+ ! food1 & ! lessee agree+ to re/ore !m 9 equal numb] & condition at ! end ( ! t]m4#hg ,! anonym\s treatise tells u t 'if y wi% to f>m out y\r /ock y c take #ds4 #f;d4 cle> = ea* c[ & ! ti!1 & = a %eep #f;d4 & ! ti!1 & a s[ %\ld br+ y #fs4 #f;d4 a ye> & acquit ! ti!1 & ea* h5 #i;d4 & ! ti!2 & ,walt] says1 ',:5 ,i 0 bailiff ! dairymaids _h ! geese & h5s to f>m1 ! geese at #ab;d4 & ! h5s at #c;d4' ,among o!r in=mation convey$ by ^! two treatises we le>n t ! poor s]vants or lab\r]s 7 accu/om$ to be f$ on ! diseas$ %eep1 salt$ & dri$2 b ,walt] adds1 ',i d n wi% y to d ?is4' ,nor c we po9t ! f+] ( scorn at ?is3 = 9 ! disa/r\s season ( #ahgi numb]s ( rott5 %eep 7 sold to ! but*] & consum$ by ! unsuspect+ public )\t ev5 be+ salt$ & dri$4 ,he fur!r tells u t 'y c well h #c acres we$$ = #a;d41 & an acre ( mead[ m[n = #d;d41 & an acre ( wa/e mead[ = #c-a_/b;d4 ,& "k t #e m5 c well reap & b9d #b acres a day ( ea* k9d ( corn1 & :]e ea* takes #b;d4 a day !n y mu/ give #e;d4 an acre4'#hh ',"o ought to ?re% a qu>t] ( :eat or rye = #b;d4 & a qu>t] ( oats = #a;d4 ,a s[ ought to f>r[ twice a ye>1 hav+ ea* "t at lea/ #g pigs2 & ea* goose #e gosl+s a ye> & ea* h5 #aae eggs & #g *icks1 #c ( :i* ought to be made capons2 & = #e geese y mu/ h "o g&]1 & = #e h5s "o cock4' ,! lay+ qualities ( ! h51 9 spite ( ! talk ( ! #bjj-;egg bird1 7 evid5tly z good !n z to-day4 ,9 ^? days ( self-support+ f>ms x 0 ! cu/om to put toge!r ! f>m implem5ts at home1 & ! f>m] is advis$ t x w be well if he c h c>t]s & pl\ghm5 :o %\ld "k h[ to "w all _! own wood1 ?\gh x %\ld be necess>y to pay !m m4#hi ,! village smi?1 h[ev]1 seems1 z we %\ld expect1 to h done mo/ ( ! iron "w t 0 ne$$4#ij ,^! extracts h giv5 ! read] "s insight into ?irte5?-c5tury prices1 prices :i* 9 ! case ( gra9 alt]$ v little = ne>ly #cjj ye>s3 = in/ance1 ! av]age price ( :eat f #abei to #adjj 0 #es4 #aj-c_/d;d4 a qu>t]1 & f #adja to #aedj #es4 #aa-c_/d;d42 ( b>ley1 #ds4 #c-c_/d;d4 f #abei to #adjj1 #cs4 #h-c_/d;d4 f #adja to #aedj2 ( oats1 #bs4 #e-c_/d;d4 & #bs4 #b-a_/d;d4 9 ! same two p]iods respectively2 ( rye1 #ds4 #e;d4 & #ds4 #g-c_/d;d42 & ( beans1 #ds4 #c-a_/b;d4 & #cs4 #i-a_/d;d4#ia ,:eat fluctuat$ consid]ably1 be+ z we h se5 #bs4 a qu>t] at ,haw/$ 9 #abdc & 9 #abij #ads4 #aj;d41 a mo/ exceptional price4 ,ox51 :i* 7 *iefly valu$ z work+ animals1 7 ab\t #acs4 apiece#ib2 c[s1 #is4 #e;d4 ,f>m horses 7 ( two v>ieties3 ! 'aff]' or '/ott'1 a r\gh small animal1 g5]ally wor? ab\t #acs4 #e;d41 & ! c>t-horse1 probably ! ance/or ( our %ire horses1 ^: av]age price 0 #ais4 #d;d4 ,a good saddle-horse fet*$ z mu* z #e4 ,%eep 7 f #as4 #b;d4 to #as4 #e;d4 ea*4 ,9 ,hamp%ire 9 #abdh %oe+ t5 f>m horses = ! pl\gh = a ye> co/ #es42 mak+ a gate co/ #ab;d4 ,z ,walt] ( ,h5ley said1 x co/ a p5ny a week to %oe a horse on all f\r feet2 ^! horses mu/ h be5 v r\ghly %od4#ic ,x is evid5t1 f :at ,walt] ( ,h5ley says1 t horses 7 n always %od on all f\r feet1 & _! %oes 7 g5]ally v light4 ,! roads 7 m]e tracks )\t any metall+1 s t !re 0 little necessity = heavy %oes2 & z ,pr(essor ,?orold ,rog]s sugge/s1 x is q possible t ! ho(s ( our horses h become weak] by reason ( ! cont9ual p>+ & protection :i* mod]n %oe+ involves4#id ,!y weigh$ usually less ?an half a p\nd1 & co/ ab\t #ds4 a hundr$4 ,! mo/ /rik+ fact ab\t agricultural prices at ?is date is ! l[ price ( l& comp>$ ) t ( its products4 ,! annual r5t ( l& 0 f #d;d4 to #f;d4#ie an acre1 & x 0 wor? ab\t t5 ye>s' pur*ase4 ,consequ5tly1 a qu>t] ( :eat 0 (t5 wor? m ?an an acre ( l&1 a good ox ?ree times z mu*1 a good c>t-horse f\r times1 :ile a good w>-horse 0 wor? ! fee-simple ( a small f>m4 ,a great] bread? ( :eat 0 s[n ?an ( any o!r crop2 b x seems t none 0 ev] /or$ except 9 ! ca/les & mona/]ies1 = 9 spite ( successive abundant h>ve/s a bad season w\ld s5d ! price up at once4 ,b>ley 01 z n[1 *iefly us$ = mak+ be]1 :i* 0 also made f oats & :eat1 ( c\rse )\t hops1 :i* 7 n us$ till ! fifte5? c5tury2 & sometimes x 0 made ( oats1 b>ley1 & :eat1 a concoction wor? #c_/d;d4 a gallon 9 #abhc4if ,cid] 0 also drunk1 & 0 sold at ,exm9/] 9 ,devon%ire 9 #abhf at #a_/b;d4 a gallon1 & apples fet*$ #b;d4 a bu%el4 ,?orold ,rog]s#ig says t :eat 0 ! *ief food ( ! ,engli% lab\r] f ! e>lie/ times until p]haps ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! enorm\s prices 7 prohibitive2 b ?is /atem5t mu/ be tak5 ) res]ve1 z mu/ t ( ,mr4 ,pro!ro#ih t rye 0 ! bread-/uff ( ! peasantry4 ,:]e ! lab\r]'s food is m5tion$ z "p ( 8 wages1 :eat1 b>ley1 & rye all occur1 :eat & rye be+ (t5 mix$ toge!r z 'mixtil'2 & x is mo/ probable t 9 "o di/rict :eat1 9 ano!r "o ( ! o!r c]eals1 =m$ 8 *ief bread-/uff1 accord+ to ! crop be/ adapt$ to ! soil ( ! locality4 ,walt] ( ,h5ley m5tions :eat z if x 0 ! *ief crop1 = he selects x z be/ illu/rat+ ! co/ ( corn-gr[+#ii2 & f ! enorm\s numb] ( entries enum]at$ by ,?orold ,rog]s 9 8 m$iaeval /ati/ics x 0 app>5tly m gr[n ?an o!r c]eals4 ,! *ief meat ( ! l[] classes !n1 z to-day1 0 bacon f ! innum]able h]ds ( sw9e :o roam$ 9 ! woods & wa/es1 b 9 bad ye>s1 :5 food 0 sc>ce1 ! poor ate nuts1 acorns1 f]n roots1 b>k1 & vet*es4#ajj ,z ! cattle ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 l ! m\nta9 cattle ( to-day1 s 7 ! %eep l _m ( ! %eep to be se5 9 ! ,wel% m\nta9s2 yet1 unlike ! cattle1 an attempt seems to h be5 made1 judg+ by ! high price ( rams1 to improve ! bre$2 b !y 7 probably poor animals wor? f #as4 to #as4 #f;d4 ea*1 ) a small fleece weigh+ ab\t a p\nd & a half1 wor? #c;d4 a lb4 or a little m4 ,,footnotes3 #fd ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages1 p4 #ci4 ,no "o c write on ,engli% agriculture )\t ackn[l$g+ a deep debt to 8 monum5tal indu/ry1 ?\gh 8 op9ions are (t5 op5 to "q4 #fe ,comp>e ! acc\nt ( ! manors 9 ,hunt+don%ire belong+ to ,romsey ,abbey giv5 9 ,page ,end ( ,ville9age 9 ,engl&1 pp4 #bh et seq4 #ff ,dav5port1 ,a ,norfolk ,manor1 p4 #cf2 & see ,hall1 ,pipe ,roll ( ,bi%opric ( ,w9*e/]1 p4 xxv4 #fg ,*evage1 poll money1 paid to ! "l4 #fh ,v9ograd(f1 ,ville9age 9 ,engl&1 p4 #bcj4 #fi ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #aag4 #gj ,v9ograd(f1 ,ville9age 9 ,engl&1 p4 #cjg4 ,on ! ,b]keley e/ates 9 #aahi-abbj money 0 s sc>ce ) ! t5ants t ! r5ts1 app>5tly ev5 :]e s]vices _h be5 commut$1 7 commonly paid 9 ox54--,smy?1 ,lives ( ! ,b]keleys1 i4 #aja4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! lab\r s]vices ( ! ville9s 7 /rict] ?an 9 ! elev5?4 ,v9ograd(f1 op4 cit4 #bih4 #ga ,page1 ,end ( ,ville9age1 p4 #ci4 #gb ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 i4 #hb4 #gc ,hamp%ire ,record ,society1 i4 #fd4 ,see ,app5dix1 i4 #gd ,hasba*1 ,engli% ,agricultural ,lab\r]1 p4 #ad4 #ge ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages1 iii4 #cfa #gf ,d5ton1 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 p4 #ef4 #gg ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #bgc4 #gh ,cullum1 ,hi/ory ( ,haw/$1 #aghd ed41 p4 #ahj4 #gi ,ball>d1 ,domesday1 p4 #bjg4 #hj ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 ,royal ,hi/orical ,society1 p4 #ab4 #ha ,walt] reckons ! above food ( ! horse at #abs4 #c;d41 & ( ! ox at #cs4 #a;d42 b bo? are wrong4 #hb ,ibid4 p4 #ae4 #hc ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 ,royal ,hi/orical ,society1 p4 #ai4 #hd ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 ,royal ,hi/orical ,society1 p4 #ga4 #he ,dav5port1 ,a ,norfolk ,manor1 pp4 #bi et seq4 ,see also ,hall1 ,pipe ,roll ( ! ,bi%opric ( ,w9*e/]1 p4 xxvi1 :i* gives an av]age yield ( :eat ov] a l>ge area 9 #abih-i at #d4c bu%els p] acre4 #hf ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 ,royal ,hi/orical ,society1 p4 #gg4 #hg ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,agriculture & ,prices1 i4 #cig2 ,ar*aeologia1 xviii4 #bha4 #hh ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 pp4 #fi1 #ge4 ,9 ,lanca%ire1 at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 m[+ #fj-a_/b acres co/ #ags4 #g-a_/b;d4 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory1 ,lanca%ire1 ,agriculture1 & ,two ,compoti ( ! ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire ,manors ( ,h5ry de ,lacy 7,*ee?am ,society74 #hi ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 p4 #fc4 #ij ,crondall1 ,records1 ,hamp%ire ,record ,society1 i4 #fe4 #ia ,see ,?orold ,rog]s1 v>i\s tables 9 vol4 i4 ( ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices4 ,comp>e ^! ) ! prices on ! ,b]keley e/ates f #abha to #acjg1 omitt+ ye>s ( sc>city3 :eat1 #bs4 #d;d4 to #es42 ox51 #ajs4 to #abs42 c[s1 #is4 to #ajs42 bacon hogs1 #es42 fat %eep1 #as4 #f;d4 to #bs42 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,edw>d ,,iii's reign1 :eat1 #es4 #d;d4 to #ajs42 ox51 #ads4 to #bds4 ,o!r prices ab\t ! same4--,smy?1 ,lives ( ! ,b]keleys1 i4 #afj4 #ib ,if x is true1 z g5]ally /at$1 t ! m$iaeval ox 0 "o-?ird ! size ( 8 mod]n successor1 x is app>5t t he 0 a v de> animal4 ,cattle at ?is date suff]$ f ! ravages ( wolves4 #ic ,crondall1 ,records1 ,hamp%ire ,record ,society1 i4 #fd4 #id ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 i4 #ebh4 #ie ,seebohm1 ,transactions ( ,royal ,hi/orical ,society1 ,new ,s]ies1 xvii4 #bhh1 says t r5t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 commonly #d;d42 ! usual av]age is /at$ at #f;d4 an acre4 #if ,domesday ( ,s4 ,paul1 ,camd5 ,society1 p4 li4 #ig ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 i4 #bf4 #ih ,pione]s ( ,agriculture1 p4 #ac4 #ii ,ed4 ,lamond1 ,royal ,hi/orical ,society1 p4 #ai4 #ajj ,d5ton1 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 p4 #ic4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,f\rte5? ,,c5tury4--,,decl9e ,,( ,,agriculture4--,,! ,,black ,,dea?4-- ,,/atute ,,( ,,lab\r]s ,aft] ! dea? ( ,edw>d ,i 9 #acjg ! progress ( ,engli% agriculture came to a /&/ill1 & little advance 0 made till aft] ! battle ( ,boswor? 9 #adhe4 ,! weak gov]nm5t ( ,edw>d ,,ii1 ! long ,fr5* ,w> comm5c$ by ,edw>d ,,iii & la/+ ov] a hundr$ ye>s1 & ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses1 all comb9$ to impov]i% ! c\ntry4 ,engl&1 too1 0 repeat$ly afflict$ dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies by pe/il5ces1 sometimes caus$ by fam9es1 sometimes com+ ) no app>5t cause2 all probably aggravat$1 if n caus$1 by ! insanit>y habits ( ! p4 ,! m5tion ( plagues1 inde$1 at ?is "t is s frequ5t t we may call !m *ronic4 ,at ?is p]iod corn & wool 7 ! two ma9 products ( ! f>m]2 corn to fe$ 8 h\sehold & lab\r]s1 & wool to put money 9 8 pocket1 a some:at r>e ?+4 ,engli% wool1 :i* came to be call$ '! fl[] & /r5g? & rev5ue & blood ( ,engl&'1 0 fam\s 9 v e>ly times1 & 0 export$ long be=e ! ,conque/4 ,9 ,edg>'s reign ! price 0 fix$ by law1 to prev5t x gett+ into ! h&s ( ! =eign] too *eaply2 a wey1 or weigh1 0 to be sold = #abj;d4#aja ,patriotic ,engli%m5 ass]t$ x 0 ! be/ 9 ! _w1 & ,h5ry ,,ii1 ,edw>d ,,iii1 & ,edw>d ,,iv are said to h improv$ ! ,spani% bre$ by pres5ts ( ,engli% %eep4 ,spani% wool1 h[ev]1 0 consid]$ ! be/ f ! e>lie/ times until ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 :5 ! ,saxon & ,silesian wools depos$ x f its pride ( place4 ,smi?1 9 8 ,memoirs ( ,wool1#ajb is ( ! op9ion t ,engl& 'borr[$ "s p>ts ( its bre$ f !nce1 z x c]ta9ly did ! :ole f "o place or ano!r4' ,spani% wool1 too1 0 import$ into ,engl& at an e>ly date1 ! manufacture ( x be+ c>ri$ on at ,&ov] 9 #abfb4ajc ,yet until ! f\rte5? c5tury x 0 n produc$ 9 suffici5t quantities to compete s]i\sly ) ,engli% wool 9 ! m>kets ( ! ,cont95t2 & x appe>s to h be5 ! long wools1 su* z ^? ( ! mod]n ,leice/] & ,l9coln1 f :i* ,engl& *iefly d]iv$ its fame z a wool-produc+ c\ntry4 ,our e>ly exports w5t to ,fl&]s1 :]e weav+ _h be5 introduc$ a c5tury be=e ! ,conque/1 &1 9 spite ( ! gr[? ( ! weav+ indu/ry 9 ,engl&1 to t c\ntry ! bulk ( x cont9u$ to g1 all ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages1 ?\gh 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury a det]m9$ ef=t 0 made to div]t a l>g] %>e ( ,engli% wool to ,italy4#ajd ,dur+ ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies ! export ( wool 0 frequ5tly =bidd51#aje sometimes = political objects1 b also to ga9 ! manufacture ( clo? = ,engl& by keep+ our wool f ! =eign]2 b ^! measures did n /op ! export1 !y only hamp]$ x & enc\rag$ mu* smuggl+4 ,x comm&$ :at seems to u an a/oni%+ price1 = #c;d4 a lb4 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies is probably equal to ne>ly #ds4 9 our money4 ,its value1 & ! ease ) :i* x c\ld be pack$ & c>ri$1 made x an object ( great importance to ! f>m]4 ,9 #accgajf we h a s*$ule ( ! price ( wool 9 ! v>i\s c\nties ( ,engl&1 = 9 t ye> #cj1jjj sacks ( ! be/ wool 0 ord]$ to be b\ght 9 v>i\s di/ricts by m]*ants = ,edw>d ,,iii1 to provide ! s9ews ( w> aga9/ ,france4 ,! price = ! be/ wool 0 to be fix$ by ! k+1 8 c\ncil1 & ! m]*ants2 ! 'gross' wool be+ b\ght by agreem5t betwe5 buy] & sell]4 ,( ! =m] ! highe/ price fix$ 0 = ! wool ( ,h]e=d1 !n & = long aft]w>ds fam\s = its excell5t quality1 #ab m>ks ! sack ( #cfd lb42 & ! l[e/ = t ( ! nor!rn c\nties1 #e m>ks ! sack4 ,some:at m ?an a c5tury aft]w>ds we h ano!r simil> li/ ( wool prices1 :5 9 #aded ! ,commons petition$ ! k+ t 'z ! wools gr[+ )9 ?is realm h hi!rto be5 ! great commodity1 enri*+1 & welf>e ( ?is l&1 & h[ ( late ! price is greatly decay$ s t ! ,commons 7 n able to pay _! r5ts to _! lords'1 ! k+ w\ld fix c]ta9 prices "u :i* wools %\ld n be b\ght4 ,! highe/ price fix$ 0 = ! wool ( ',h]e=d1 9 ,leom9/]'1 #ac a sack2 ! l[e/ = t ( ,suffolk1 #b #abs4#ajg2 ! av]age be+ ab\t #d #ajs4 ,! manorial acc\nts ( ! ,knights' ,hospitall]s1 :o !n held l& all ov] ,engl&1 af=d valuable in=mation z to agriculture 9 #acch4ajh ,f ^! we ga!r t ! r5t ( arable l& v>i$ f #b;d4 to #bs4 an acre2 b ! latt] sum 0 v exceptional1 & !re are only two in/ances ( x giv51 9 ,l9coln%ire & ,k5t4 ,mo/ ( ! tillage r5t$ = less ?an #as4 an acre1 m ?an half be+ at #f;d4 or "u1 & ! av]age ab\t #f;d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mead[ l& is seldom ( less value ?an #bs4 an acre1 & 9 ,w>wick%ire1 ,ox=d%ire1 & ,norfolk rose to #cs4 ,?is is "o ( ! num]\s pro(s ( ! great value ( mead[ l& at a "t :5 hay 0 almo/ ! sole w9t] food ( /ock2 9 "s places x 0 eight or t5 times z valuable z ! arable4#aji ,! pa/ure on ! ,hospitall]s' e/ates 0 divid$ into sev]al & common pa/ure1 ! =m] (t5 rea*+ #as4 an acre & sometimes #bs41 ! latt] r>ely exce$+ #d;d4 ,! mo/ usual way1 h[ev]1 ( /at+ ! value ( pa/ure 0 by reckon+ ! annual co/ ( fe$+ /ock p] head1 c[s be+ valu$ at #bs41 ox5 at #as41 a horse at a little less ?an an ox1 a %eep at #a;d4 ,! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii 0 a great era = wool-gr[]s1 & ! ,hospitall]s at ,hampton 9 ,middlesex _h a flock ( #b1jjj %eep ^: annual produce 0 six sacks ( wool ( #cfd lb4 ea*1 wor? #d a sack1 :i* w\ld make ! fleeces weigh a little m ?an #a lb4 ea*4 ,! pr(it ( c[s on "o ( _! manors 0 reckon$ at #bs4 p] head1 on ano!r at #cs42 & ! pr(it ( #ajj %eep at #bjs4#aaj ,! wages paid to ! lab\r]s = day "w 7 #b;d4 a day1 & we mu/ rememb] t :5 he 0 paid by ! day 8 wages 7 rightly high] ?an :5 regul>ly employ$1 = day lab\r 0 irregul> & casual4 ,! t5ants ab\t ! same date obta9$ ! foll[+ prices#aaa = "s ( _! /ock3-- s4 d4 ,a good ox1 alive1 fatt$ on corn #a #d #j n on corn #af #j ,a fatt$ c[ #ab #j ,a two-ye>-old hog #c #d ,a %eep & its fleece #a #h ,a fatt$ %eep1 %orn #a #b goose #j #c ,h5s1 ea*#aab #j #b #bj eggs #j #a ,9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury occurr$ ! fam\s ,black ,dea?1 ! wor/ infliction t has ev] visit$ ,engl&4 ,its /ory is too well kn[n = repetition1 & x suffices to say t x 0 l ! bubonic plague 9 ! ,ea/ ( to-day3 x rag$ 9 #acdh-i1 & kill$ f "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! p4#aac ,x is said to h effect$ m important economic results ?an any o!r ev5t 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,x is probable t ! prices ( lab\r 7 ris+ be=e ?is t]rible calamity2 ! dreadful fam9e ( #acae-f1aad foll[$ by pe/il5ce1 :5 :eat w5t up to #bfs4 a qu>t]1 & accord+ to ! contempor>y *ronicl]s1 9 "s cases mu* high]1 de/roy$ a l>ge numb] ( ! population1 & o!r plagues _h done _! %>e to make lab\r sc>ce1 b aft] ! ,black ,dea? ! advance 0 /rongly m>k$4 ,x also accel]at$ ! break-up ( ! manorial sy/em4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! free lab\r]s 7 swept away1 & _! lab\r lo/ to ! "l ( ! manor2 ! s]vices ( ! ville9s 7 l>gely dim9i%$ f ! same cause2 _m ( ! t5ants1 bo? free & unfree1 7 dead1 & ! l& ?r[n on ! "l's h&s4 ,flocks & h]ds 7 w&]+ ab\t ov] ! c\ntry because !re 0 no "o to t5d !m4 ,9 %ort1 mo/ manors 7 9 a /ate ( an>*y1 & _! lords on ! v]ge ( ru94 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 t !y imm$iately adopt$ /rong measures to save !mselves & _! prop]ty &1 no d\bt !y ?\ght1 ! :ole c\ntry4 ,engli%m5 _h by ?is "t le>nt to turn to ,p>liam5t to rem$y _! ills1 b z ! plague 0 /ill rag+ a proclamation 0 issu$ ( :i* ! preamble /ates t wages _h already gone up greatly4 ',_m1 see+ ! necessity ( ma/]s & great sc>city ( s]vants1 w n s]ve unless !y get excessive wages'1 & x is1 !re=e1 h>d to till ! l&4 ,e "o "u ! age ( #fj1 x 0 ord]$1 free or ville91 :o c "w1 & has no o!r means ( livelihood1 is n to refuse to "w = any "o :o (f]s ! accu/om$ wages2 no lab\r] is to receive m wages ?an he did be=e ! plague1 & none are to give m wages "u sev]e p5alties4 ,b besides regulat+ wages1 ! proclamation also insi/s on reasonable prices = food & ! necess>ies ( life3 x 0 a fair attempt n only to protect ! l&lords b ! lab\r]s also1 by keep+ bo? wages & prices at _! =m] rate1 s t its object 0 n tyrann\s z has be5 /at$4#aae ,x 0 at once disreg>d$1 a fate :i* met _m ( ! proclamations & /atutes ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* (t5 seem to h be5 reg>d$ z m]e pi\s aspirations4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,/atute ( #acea1 #be ,edw4 ,,iii1 ,/at4 #b1 c4 #a1 /ates t ! s]vants _h paid no reg>d to ! ord9ance regulat+ wages1 'b to _! ease & s+ul> covetise d )draw !mselves unless !y h liv]y & wages to ! d\ble or treble ( t !y 7 wont to take'4 ,accord+ly1 x 0 aga9 laid d[n t !y 7 to take liv]ies & wages z be=e ! ,black ,dea?1 & ':]e :eat 0 wont to be giv5 !y %all take = ! bu%el #aj;d4 7#fs4 #h;d4 a qu>t]71#aaf or :eat at ! w ( ! giv]4 ,& t !y be hir$ to s]ve by ! :ole ye> or by o!r usual t]ms1 & n by ! day1 & t none pay 9 ! "t ( s>cl+ 7we$+7 or hay-mak+ b a p5ny a day1 & a m[] ( mead[s = ! acre #e;d41 or by ! day #e;d41 & reap]s ( corn 9 ! fir/ week ( ,augu/ #b;d41 & ! second #c;d41 )\t meat or dr9k4' ,& none 7 to take = ! ?re%+ ( a qu>t] ( :eat or rye m ?an #b;d41 & = ! qu>t] ( beans1 peas1 & oats m ?an #a;d4 ,^! prices are c]ta9ly difficult to und]/&4 ,hay-mak+ has usually be5 paid = at a rate above ! ord9>y1 because ( ! long] h\rs2 & "h we f9d ! price fix$ at half ! usual wages1 :ile m[+ is five times z mu*1 & d\ble ! price paid = reap+1 ?\gh !y 7 normally ab\t ! same price4#aag ,x is int]e/+ to le>n f ! /atute t !re 0 a consid]able migration ( lab\r]s at ?is date = ! h>ve/1 f ,/af=d1 ,lanca/]1 ,d]by1 ,crav51 ! ,m>*es ( ,wales & ,scotl&1 & o!r places4 ,su* 0 ! fir/ attempt made to control ! lab\r]s' wages by ! legislature1 & l o!r legislation ( ! k9d x fail$ 9 its object1 ?\gh ! attempt 0 hone/ly made2 & if ! rate ( wages fix$ 0 some:at l[1 its inequity 0 f> surpass$ by ! exorbitance ( ! lab\r]s' dem&s4#aah ,x 0 an endeav\r to set aside economic laws1 & its futility 0 r5d]$ m c]ta9 by ! depreciation ( ! co9age 9 #acea1 :i* l$ to an advance 9 prices1 & compell$ ! lab\r]s to p]sev]e 9 _! dem&s = high] wages4#aai ,bo? wages & prices1 except ^? ( gra91 cont9u$ to increase1 & lab\r s]vices 7 n[ l>gely commut$ = money paym5ts1#abj ) ! result t ! manorial sy/em began to break up rapidly4 ,ow+ to ! de>? ( lab\r]s = hire1 & ! loss ( _m ( ! s]vices ( _! ville9s1 ! lords f\nd x v h>d to f>m _! demesne l&s4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 too1 t an additional h>d%ip f :i* !y suff]$ at ?is "t 0 t ! quit r5ts paid to !m 9 lieu ( s]vices by t5ants :o _h already become free 71 ow+ to ! rise 9 prices1 v mu* depreciat$4 ,_! *ief rem$y 0 to let _! demesne l&s4 ,! condition ( ! ,manor ( ,=ncett 9 ,norfolk well illu/rates ! *anges t 7 n[ go+ on4 ,!re1 9 ! p]iod #abgb-acjg1 !re 7 _m free t5ants z well z ville9s1 & ! hold+s ( ! latt] 7 small1 usually only #e acres4 ,x is also to be notic$ t 9 no ye> 7 all ! lab\r s]vices actually p]=m$1 "s 7 always sold = money4 ,yet 9 ! p]iod nam$ !re 0 n mu* progress 9 ! g5]al commutation ( s]vices = money paym5ts1 & ! same 0 ! case 9 ! manors1 ^: records betwe5 #acbe & #acej ,mr4 ,page exam9$ = 8 ,end ( ,ville9age 9 ,engl&4#aba ,! reap+ & b9d+ ( ! entire gra9 crop ( ! demesne at ,=ncett 0 done by ! t5ants exclusively1 )\t ! aid ( any hir$ lab\r4#abb ,h[ev]1 9 ! p]iod #acjg-acgf ! manor und]w5t a great *ange4 ,! economic position ( ! ville9s1 ! adm9i/ration ( ! demesne1 & ! :ole organization ( ! manor 7 revolutioniz$4 ,mu* ( ! t5ants' l& _h rev]t$ to ! "l1 p>tly by ! dea?s 9 ! great pe/il5ce1 p>tly because t5ants _h left ! manor2 !y _h run away & left _! burd5some hold+s 9 ord] to get high wages z free lab\r]s4 ,?is ( c\rse l$ to a dim9ution ( lab\r r5ts1 s ! l&lord let mo/ ( ! demesne = a t]m ( ye>s1#abc a process :i* w5t on all ov] ,engl&2 & ?us we h ! orig9 ( ! mod]n t5ant f>m]4 ,a fact ( mu* importance 9 connexion ) ! ,peasants' ,revolt1 soon to take place1 0 t ! av]age money r5t ( l& p] acre 9 ,=ncett 9 #acgh 0 #aj;d41 :ile ! lab\r r5ts = l&1 :]e !y 7 /ill paid by ville9s :o _h n commut$ or run away1 71 ow+ to ! rise 9 ! value ( lab\r1 wor? two or ?ree times ?is4 ,we _c wond] t ! poor ville9s 7 pr(\ndly discont5t$4 ,on ?is manor1 z on o!rs1 "s ( ! ville9s1 9 spite ( ! _m disadvantages "u :i* !y lay1 manag$ to accumulate "s little weal?4 ,9 #acgh & 9 #adaj "o bond t5ant _h two messuages & #gh acres ( l&2 9 #adda ano!r di$ seiz$ ( #e messuages & #eb acres2 "s _h a numb] ( s]vants 9 _! h\seholds1 b ! majority 7 v poor4 ,!re are sev]al in/ances ( bondm5 flee+ f ! manor2 & ! (fic]s ( ! manor fail$ to cat* !m4 ,?is 0 common 9 o!r manors1 & ! ')drawal' ( ville9s play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! disappe>ance ( s]fdom & ! break-up ( ! sy/em4#abd ,! foll[+ table %[s ! gradual disappe>ance ( ville9s 9 ! ,manor ( ,=ncett3 ,9 #adjj ! s]vile families :o _h l& numb]$ #af #aejj #h #aebe #e #aeej #c #aege #j ,!re is no ev5t ( great] importance 9 ! agr>ian hi/ory ( ,engl&1 or :i* has l$ to m important consequ5ces1 ?an ! dissolution ( ?is community 9 ! cultivation ( ! l&1 :i* _h be5 9 use s long1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! complete indep5d5ce & sep>ation ( "o prop]ty f ano!r4#abe ,z soon z ! manorial sy/em began to give way1 & m5 to h a free h&1 ! sub/itution ( l>ge = small hold+s set 9 ) fre% vig\r1 = we h already se5 t x _h begun4 ,x 0 "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! /agnation ( agriculture 9 ! ,middle ,ages t x lay "u ! heavy h& ( feudalism1 by :i* individualism 0 *eck$ & h9d]$4 ,e "o _h 8 allott$ position on ! l&1 & x 0 h>d to get out ( x1 ?\gh "s exceptional m5 did s2 z a rule !re 0 no *ance ( /rik+ out a new l9e = oneself4 ,! ville9 0 b\nd to ! "l1 & no "l w\ld will+ly surr5d] 8 s]vices4 ,!re c\ld be little improvem5t 9 f>m+ :5 ! cu/om ( ! manor & ! collective own]%ip ( ! teams b\nd all to ! same sy/em ( f>m+4#abf ,9 fact1 agriculture "u feudalism suff]$ f _m ( ! evils ( socialism4 ,b1 ?\gh h>d hit1 ! old sy/em 0 to endure = _m g5]ations1 & ! mod]n triumvirate ( l&lord1 t5ant1 & lab\r] 0 n completely e/abli%$ 9 ,engl& until ! era ( ! fir/ ,re=m ,bill4 ,,footnotes3 #aja ,cunn+ham1 ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #acj4 ,a weigh 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 #ahb lbs41 or half a sack4 #ajb ,second edition1 i4 #ej n4 ,see also ,burnley1 ,hi/ory ( ,wool1 p4 #ag4 #ajc ,gross1 ,gild ,m]*ant1 ii4 #d4 ,x is f ! ,spani% m]9o1 cross$ ) ,leice/]s & ,s\?d[ns1 t ! va/ ,au/ralian flocks ( to-day are desc5d$4 #ajd ,cunn+ham1 op4 cit4 i4 #fbh4 #aje ,a%ley1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,wooll5 ,indu/ry1 p4 #cd4 #ajf ,cal5d> ( ,close ,rolls1 #accg-i1 pp4 #adh-i4 #ajg ,rolls ( ,p>liam5t1 v4 #bge4 #ajh ,! ,hospitall]s 9 ,engl&1 ,camd5 ,society4 #aji ,d5ton1 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 p4 #adg4 #aaj ,hospitall]s 9 ,engl&1 p4 xxvi4 #aaa ,ibid4 pp4 #a1 li4 #aab ,p\ltry-keep+ 0 wellnigh univ]sal1 judg+ by ! numb] ( r5ts paid 9 f[ls & eggs4 #aac #acdh seems also to h be5 an excessively ra9y ye>4 ,! wet season 0 v disa/r\s to live /ock2 accord+ to ! acc\nts ( ! manors ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,cant]bury1 ab\t ?is "t 7,hi/orical ,,mss4 ,commission1 #e? ,report1 #ddd7 !re di$ ( ! murra9 on _! e/ates #beg ox51 #eaa c[s1 #d1ehe %eep4 ,murra9 0 ! "n giv5 to all diseases ( /ock 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & is ( con/ant occurr5ce 9 old records4 #aad ,! cause ( ?is z usual 0 incessant ra9 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! summ]2 ! *ronicles ( ! "t say t n only 7 ! crops v %ort b ^? t did gr[ 7 diseas$ & yield$ no n\ri%m5t4 ,! 'murra9' 0 s deadly to ox5 & %eep t1 accord+ to ,wals+ham1 dogs & rav5s eat+ !m dropp$ d[n dead4 #aae ,see ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #cce4 ,also 9 an age :5 ! idea ( ,competitive price _h n yet be5 evolv$1 & :5 regulation by au?ority 0 ! cu/om1 x 0 natural & "r t ! ,gov]nm5t 9 su* a crisis %\ld try to *eck ! dem&s ( bo? lab\r]s & produc]s1 :i* w5t f> beyond :at employ]s or consum]s c\ld pay4 ,putnam1 ,en=cem5t ( ! ,/atute ( ,lab\r]s1 #bbj4 #aaf ,! av]age price ( :eat 9 #acea 0 #ajs4 #b-a_/b;d41 :i* w5t d[n to #gs4 #b;d4 next ye>1 & #ds4 #b-a_/b;d4 ! ye> aft]2 b judg+ by ! ineffectiv5ess ( ! /atute to r$uce wages1 x probably _h little effect 9 caus+ ?is fall4 #aag ,see ,app5dix ,i4 #aah ,putnam1 op4 cit41 #bba4 ,! /atute = ! fir/ t5 ye>s1 h[ev]1 kept wages f asc5d+ z high z might h be5 ! case4 #aai ,mc,pherson1 ,annals ( ,comm]ce1 i4 #edc1 says t z ! plague dim9i%$ ! numb] ( employ]s z well z lab\r]s1 ! dem& = lab\r c\ld n h be5 mu* great] ?an be=e1 & w\ld h _h little effect on ! rate ( if ,edw>d ,,iii _h n debas$ ! co9age4 ,b if ! own]s did decrease ! l&s w\ld only accumulate 9 few] h&s1 & w\ld /ill require cultivation4 #abj ,page1 ,end ( ,ville9age1 pp4 #ei et seq4 #aba ,ibid4 p4 #dd4 #abb ,transactions1 ,royal ,hi/orical ,society1 ,new ,s]ies1 xiv4 #abc4 #abc ,?is _h be5 done be=e1 b 0 n[ mu* m frequ5t4 ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #ag4 #abd ',aft] ! ,black ,dea? ! flight ( ville9s 0 extremely common4'--,page1 op4 cit41 p4 #dj4 #abe ,nasse1 ,agricultural ,community ( ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #a4 #abf ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #acg4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,h[ ,,! ,,classes ,,connect$ ,,) ,,! ,,l& ,,liv$ ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,! ca/les ( ! great l&[n]s h be5 s (t5 describ$ t !re is no ne$ to d ?is aga94 ,! popul> idea ( a b>on ( ! ,middle ,ages is ( a man :o :5 he 0 n fight+ 0 j\/+ or hunt+4 ,su* 71 no d\bt1 8 *ief recreations2 s fond 0 he ( hunt+1 inde$1 t 8 own broad l&s 7 n en\gh1 & he 0 a frequ5t trespass] on ^? ( o!rs2 ! records ( ! "t are full ( cases :i* %[ t poa*+ 0 q a fa%ionable amusem5t among ! upp] classes4 ,b among ! b>ons 7 _m m5 :o1 l _! successors to-day1 did _! duty z l&lords4 ,( "o ( ! ,lords ( ,b]keley 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x 0 said he 0 'sometyme 9 husb&ry at home1 sometyme at sport 9 ! field1 sometyme 9 ! campe1 sometyme 9 ! ,c\rt & ,c\ncil ( ,/ate1 ) t promptness & cel]ity t 8 body might h b5e believ$ to be ubiquit>y'4 ,_m ( !m 7 f>m]s on a v l>ge scale1 ?\gh !y might n h s mu* "t to devote to x z ^? excell5t l&lords ! monks4 ,?omas ,"l ,b]keley1 :o held ! ,b]keley e/ates f #acbf to #acfa1 f>m$ ! demesnes ( a quantity ( manors1 z 0 ! cu/om1 & kept !reon great flocks ( %eep1 rang+ f #cjj to #a1ejj on ea* manor4#abg ,! /ock ( ! ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 by an inquisition tak5 at 8 dea? 9 #acfg1 am\nt$ to #abg draught horses1 #a1eef head ( black cattle1 & #ab1ajd %eep & lambs4 ,almo/ e manor _h "o or two pigeon h\ses1 & ! numb] ( pigeons re>$ is a/oni%+2 f "o manor ,"l ,b]keley obta9$ #b1aea pigeons 9 a s+le ye>4 ,no "o b ! "l 0 all[$ to keep !m1 & !y 7 "o ( ! *ief grievances ( ! ville9s1 :o saw _! se$ dev\r$ by ^! pe/s )\t r$ress4 ,_! dung1 too1 0 "o ( ! mo/ valu$ manures4 ,"l ,b]keley1 l o!r l&lords1 w5t (t5 9 progress f "o ( 8 manors & f>mh\ses to ano!r1 mak+ 8 /ay at ea* ( !m = "o or two nights1 ov]see+ & direct+ ! husb&ry4 ,! ca/le ( ! great noble consum$ an enorm\s am\nt ( food 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>2 f two manors on ! ,b]keley e/ate came to ! '/&+h\se' ( ! "l 9 twelve mon?s1 #ag1jjj eggs1 #a1jjh pigeons1 #ia capons1 #aib h5s1 #bhh ducks1 #chh *ick5s1 #aid pigs1 #de calves1 #cae qu>t]s ( :eat1 #cjd qu>t]s ( oats2 & f sev]al o!r manors came ! l or great] /ore1 besides goats1 %eep1 ox51 butt]1 *eese1 nuts1 honey1 c4#abh ,ev5 ! lavi% hospitality ( ! lords1 & ! great numb] ( _! reta9]s1 mu/ h _h "s difficulty 9 dispos+ ( ^! huge supplies4 ,! exam9+ ( _! bailiff's acc\nts mu/ h tak5 a consid]able portion ( ! l&lord's "t1 = ^? ( ea* manor 7 kept mo/ m9utely1 & set =?1 among o!r items1 '9 :at sort he husb&$' ! demesne f>ms1 ':at sorts ( cattle he kept 9 !m1 & :at k9ds ( gra9e he ye>ly s[$ accord+ to ! quality & condition ( ! gr\nd1 & h[ ^? k9ds ( gra9e ea* second or ?ird ye>e 7 ex*ang$ or br\ght f "o manor to ano!r z ! vale corne into an upl& soyle1 & contr>ily'4 ,& we are told incid5tally he 'set ) h&1 n s[$ 8 beanes'4 ,he 0 also accu/om$ to move 8 live /ock f "o manor to ano!r1 z !y ne$$ x4 ,! acc\nts also /at$ :at days' works 7 due f ea* t5ant accord+ to ! season ( ! ye>1 & at ! end ( ea* ye> !re 0 a c>eful valuation ( live & dead /ock4#abi ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! small] g5try & ! m important yeom5#acj :o f>m$ _! own l& mu/ h be5 v slight4 ,no d\bt bo? ( !m 7 v r\gh & ignorant m51 :o knew a great deal ab\t ! cultivation ( _! l& & v little ab\t any?+ else4 ,we may be sure t ! ord9>y h\se ( bo? 0 g5]ally ( wood2 z !re is no /one 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 & bricks 7 n re9troduc$ till ! f\rte5? c5tury & spread sl[ly4 ,ev5 9 ,elizabe?'s reign1 ,h>rison#aca tells u t '! anci5t h\ses ( our g5try are yet = ! mo/ "p ( /rong timb]'1 & he ev5 ?9ks t h\ses made ( oak 7 luxuri\s1 = 9 times pa/ m5 _h be5 cont5t$ ) h\ses ( will[1 plum1 & elm1 b n[ no?+ b oak 0 good en\gh2 & he qua9tly says t ! m5 :o liv$ 9 ! will[ h\ses 7 z t\gh z oak1 & ^? :o liv$ 9 ! oak z s(t z will[4 ,!re are v few mansions left ( ! "t be=e ,edw>d ,,iii1 = be+ ( timb] !y naturally decay$4 ,9 a lease1 dat$ #aaeb1 ( a manor h\se belong+ to ,s4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1#acb is a description ( a manor h\se :i* conta9$ a hall #ce feet long1 #cj feet broad1 & #bb feet high2 t is1 #aa feet to ! tie beam & #aa feet f t to ! ridge bo>d2 %[+ t ! ro( 0 op5 & t !re 7 no upp] rooms4 ,!re 0 a *amb] betwe5 ! hall & ! ?alamus or inn] room :i* 0 #ab feet long1 #ag feet broad1 & #ag feet high1 ! ro( be+ op5 z 9 ! hall2 & ! ?alamus 0 #bb feet long1 #af feet broad1 & #ah feet high4 ,ab\t ! same date ! ,manor h\se ( ,?orp 0 l>g]1 & conta9$ a hall1 a *amb]1 tresantia 7app>5tly "p ( ! hall or *amb] sep>at$ by a scre5 to =m an ante*amb]71 two private rooms1 a kit*51 brew-h\se1 malt-h\se1 dairy1 ox %$1 & ?ree small h5-h\ses4 ,! ord9>y manor h\se ( ! ,middle ,ages conta9$ ?ree rooms at lea/1 ( mean aspect1 ! floor ev5 ( ! hall1 :i* 0 ! pr9cipal eat+ & sleep+ room1 be+ ( dirt2 & :5 !re 0 an upp] room or sol> add$1 :i* began to be done at ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1#acc access to x 0 (t5 obta9$ by an outside /aircase4 ,if ! manor h\se belong$ to ! own] ( _m manors1 x 0 sometimes inhabit$ by 8 bailiff4 ,! b>ns on ! demesnes 7 (t5 z important build+s z ! manor h\ses2 "o at ,wickham1 belong+ to ! canons ( ,s4 ,paul's#acd 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 0 #ee feet long1 #ac feet high f ! floor to ! pr9cipal beam1 & #aj-a_/b feet m to ! ridge bo>d2 ! bread? betwe5 ! pill>s 0 #ai-a_/b feet1 & on ea* side x _h a w+ or aisle #f-a_/b feet wide & #f-a_/b feet high4 ,! am\nt ( corn 9 ! b>n 0 (t5 scor$ on ! door-po/s4#ace ,9 ! manor h\ses *imneys r>ely exi/$1 ! fire be+ made 9 ! middle ( ! hall4 ,ev5 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,*e%ire !re 7 no *imneys 9 ! f>mh\ses1 & !re ! ox5 7 kept "u ! same ro( z ! f>m] & 8 family4#acf ,:5 *imneys did come 9 !y 7 n mu* ?\ght (4 ',n[ we h *imneys our t5d]l+s compla9 ( rheums1 cat>rhs1 & poses 7colds72' = ! smoke n only h>d5$ ! timb]s1 b 0 said by ,h>rison to be an excell5t m$ic9e = man4 ,in/ead ( glass !re 0 mu* lattice1 & t made ei!r ( wick] or f9e rifts ( oak 9 *eck]wise1 & horn 0 also us$4 ,b$s1 ( c\rse1 7 a luxury1 ! own] ( ! manor1 8 gue/s1 & reta9]s flung !mselves d[n on ! hall floor aft] supp] & all slept toge!r1 ?\gh sometimes r\gh mattresses 7 br\ght 94 ,furniture 0 rude & scanty4 ,9 #aaej ! f>m implem5ts & h\sehold furniture on ! ,manor ( ',waleton' 0 valu$ & consi/$ ( #d c>ts1 #c baskets1 a basket us$ 9 w9n[+ corn1 a pair ( mill/ones1 #aj tubs1 #d b>rels1 #b boil]s ( lead ) /oves1 #b wood5 b[ls1 #c ?ree-legg$ tables1 #bj di%es or platt]s1 #b tableclo?s wor? #f;d41 #f metal b[ls1 half a load ( ! invaluable salt1 #b axes1 a table ) tre/les 7! usual =m ( table71 & #e beehives made ( ru%es4#acg ,^! articles 7 h&$ d[n f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 & 9 a lease made #aej ye>s aft]w>ds ( ! same manor mo/ ( !m reappe>4 ,! great] "p ( ! furniture1 until ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 mo/ likely made by migratory workm51 :o travell$ f village to village2 = except ! rude/ pieces x 0 beyond ! village c>p5t]1 & %ops !re 7 none4 ,x is n to be expect$ t :5 ! ma/] liv$ 9 ?is mann] ! lot ( ! lab\r] 0 a v good "o4 ,8 home 0 mis]ably poor1 g5]ally ( 'wattle & dab'1 sometimes :olly ( mud & clay2 _m ) only "o room = all purposes4 ,a bill is /ill 9 exi/5ce = a h\se1 if x c be call$ "o1 built 9 #acjf = two lab\r]s by ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d1 :i* co/ #bjs4 9 all1 & 0 a m]e hovel )\t floor1 ceil+1 or *imney4#ach ,_! wret*$ h\ses appe> to h be5 built on ! b>e e>?1 & unfloor$4 ,p]haps z "t w5t on a rude upp] /orey 0 add$1 ! floor ( :i* 0 made ( r\gh poles or hurdles & 0 rea*$ by a ladd]4 ,! furniture 0 mis]ably poor2 a few pots & pans1 cups & di%es1 & "s tools w\ld exhau/ ! li/4#aci ,! goods & *attels ( a l&less lab\r] 9 #adca consi/$ ( a di%1 an adze1 a brass pot1 #b plates1 #b aug]s1 an axe1 a ?ree-legg$ /ool1 & a b>rel4#adj ,engli%m5 ( all classes 7 hopelessly dirty 9 _! habits2 ev5 till ! sixte5? c5tury !y 7 not$ above o!r c\ntries = ! pr(us5ess ( _! diet & _! unclean ways4 ,erasmus spoke ( ! floor ( 8 h\se z inconceivably fil?y4 ,to save fuel1 ! lab\r]'s family 9 ! cold season all lay huddl$ 9 a heap on ! floor1 'pleasantly & hot'1 z ,b>clay ! poet tells u2 & if he ev] _h a b$ x 0 a bundle ( f]n or /raw ?r[n d[n1 ) 8 cloak z a cov]let1 ?\gh ?us he 0 j z well (f z 8 social sup]iors1 = ) !m ! loose cloak ( ! day 0 a common cov]+ = ! night4 ,he 0 con/antly expos$ to disease1 = sanit>y precautions 7 ignor$2 at ! entrance ( 8 hovel 0 a huge heap ( decay+ refuse1 poison+ air & wat]4 ,ev5 9 ! sixte5? c5tury a =eign] notic$ t '! peasants dwell 9 small huts & pile up _! refuse out ( doors 9 heaps s high t y _c see _! h\ses'4#ada ,diseas$ animals 7 con/antly eat51 vegetables 7 few1 & 9 ! w9t] !re 0 no fre% meat = any "o1 except game & rabbits &1 = ! well-to-d1 fi%1 b we may d\bt if ! peasant got any b salt fi%4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t leprosy & k9dr$ ailm5ts 7 common2 & we d n wond] t plagues 7 frequ5t & slew ! p l flies4 ,! peasants' food consi/$ l>gely ( corn4 ,9 ! bailiff's acc\nts ( ! ,manor ( ,wood/ock 9 #abdb1 six s]vants at ,h&bor\gh receiv$ #da-a_/b bu%els ( corn ea*1 #b ox h]ds at ,combe receiv$ ! same1 & #d s]vants at ,bladon _h #cf bu%els ea*4 ,9 #abgd at ,bo%am1 & 9 #abhh at ,/\ghton 9 ,sussex1 ! all[ance 0 ! same4#adb ,! writ] ( ! anonym\s ,treatise on ,husb&ry says t 9 8 "t1 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! av]age annual all[ance ( corn to a lab\r] 0 #cf bu%els4#adc ,fi%1 too1 seem to h =m$ a l>ge portion ( 8 diet2 all classes ate enorm\s quantities ( fi%1 be=e ! ,re=mation1 9 ,l5t & on fa/ days1 & ! lab\r] 0 con/antly giv5 salt h]r+s z "p ( 8 pay4 ,9 #acei1 at ,haw/$1 ! ville9s :5 work+ 7 all[$ #b h]r+s a day1 "s milk1 a loaf1 & "s dr9k4#add ,ed5#ade says 8 food consi/$ ( a few fi%1 pr9cipally h]r+s1 a loaf ( bread1 & "s be]2 b we mu/ c]ta9ly add pork1 :i* 0 8 /&-by !n z n[4#adf ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 at all ev5ts1 !re 7 ?ree k9ds ( bread 9 use--:ite bread1 ration bread1 & black bread2 & x 0 no d\bt ! latt] t ! peasant ate4#adg ,clo?+ 0 de> & clo? co>se1 ! mo/ valuable p]sonal prop]ty consi/+ ( clo?+ & metal vessels4 ,%irts 7 ! subject ( *>itable gifts4#adh ,by #cg ,edw4 ,,iii1 c4 #ad1 lab\r]s 7 n to we> any mann] ( clo? b 'blanket & russet wool ( #ab;d4' & girdles ( l954 ,if !y wore any?+ m extravagant x 0 =feit$ to ! k+4 ,to ! lab\r] ( mod]n times ! life ( 8 =efa!rs w\ld h seem$ unutt]ably dull4 ,no books1 no newspap]s1 no *ange ( sc5e by *eap excursions1 no village s*ool1 no politics4 ,! v cultivation ( ! soil by ! old ?ree-c\rse sy/em 0 monoton\s4 ,b !re 7 bright spots 9 8 exi/5ce3 ! village *ur* n only af=d$ him ! consolations ( religion b also ent]ta9m5ts & society4 ,religion 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 a "p ( ! p's daily life1 & its influ5ce p]meat$ ev5 _! amusem5ts4 ,miracles & my/]y plays1 play$ 9 ! *ur*es & *ur*y>ds1 7 a common feature 9 village life2 z 7 ! *ur* ales or p>i% meet+s held f\r or five times a ye>1 :]e cakes & be] 7 pur*as$ f ! *ur*w>d5 & consum$ = ! good ( ! p>i%4 ,inde$1 !re c be no d\bt t !re 0 mu* m sociability ?an to-day1 9 ! c\ntry at lea/4 ,lab\r 0 light5$ by ! co-op]ation ( ! common fields2 common %eph]ds & h]dsm5 wat*$ ! %eep & cattle ( ! diff]5t t5ants1 'a common mill gr\nd ! corn1 a common ov5 bak$ ! bread1 a common smi? work$ at a common =ge4' ,8 exi/5ce1 moreov]1 0 enliv5$ by a consid]able numb] ( sports4 ,a /atute at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7#ab ,ric4 ,,ii1 c4 #f7 says he 0 fond ( play+ at t5nis7671 football1 quoits1 dice1 ca/+ ! /one1 & o!r games1 :i* ?is /atute =bad him1 & enact$ t he %\ld use 8 b[ & arr[s on ,sundays & holidays in/ead ( su* idle sport4 ,?is is a =eta/e ( ! mod]n s5tim5t t seeks to wean him f wat*+ football mat*es & take to m9iature rifle clubs4 ,he 0 also1 l "s ( 8 successors1 fond ( poa*+1 ?\gh he appe>s to h be5 ra% en\gh to indulge 9 x by day4 #ac ,ric4 ,,ii1 c4 #ac1 says he 0 prone on holidays1 :5 good ,*ri/ian p be 9 *ur* he>+ div9e s]vice1 to g hunt+ ) greyh\nds & o!r dogs1 9 ! p>ks & w>r5s ( ! "l & ( o!rs1 & sometimes ^! hunts 7 turn$ into conf]5ces & conspiracies1' = to rise & disobey _! allegiance'1 su* z prec$$ ! ,peasants' ,revolt ( #acha2 & accord+ly no "o :o did n own l&s wor? #djs4 a ye> 0 to keep a dog to hunt1 or f]rets o!r 'eng9es'3 ! fir/ game law on ! ,engli% /atute book4 ,,footnotes3 #abg ,smy?1 ,lives ( ! ,b]keleys1 i4 #cjb4 ,no d\bt ! ri*es ( ! ,b]keleys 7 consid]ably great] ?an ^? ( _m ( ! b>ons4 #abh ,lives ( ! ,b]keleys1 i4 #aff4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt ,smy?1 z he wrote ) ! orig9al acc\nts be=e him4 #abi ,lives ( ! ,b]keleys1 i4 #aef4 #acj ,! yeoman is said to h made 8 appe>ance 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 b ! small freehold]s ( ! manor be=e t date 7 to all int5ts & purposes yeom54 ,no d\bt1 z trade grew 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies successful tradesm5 b\ght small freeholds 9 ! c\ntry & swell$ ! numb]s ( yeom54 #aca ,h>rison1 ,description ( ,brita91 ,f4,j4 ,furnivall edn41 p4 #ccg4 #acb ,domesday ( ,s4 ,paul1 ,camd5 ,society1 p4 #abi4 #acc ,turn]1 ,dome/ic ,ar*itecture1 i4 #ei4 #acd ,domesday ( ,s4 ,paul1 p4 #abc4 #ace ,hi/orical ,,mss4 ,commission ,report1 v4 #ddd4 #acf ,orm]od1 ,hi/ory ( ,*e%ire1 i4 #abi4 #acg ,domesday ( ,s4 ,paul1 p4 xcvii4 #ach ,d5ton1 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 #aci ,ed51 ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 i4 #ba4 #adj ,see ,cullum1 ,hi/ory ( ,haw/$4 #ada ,h>rison1 ,description ( ,brita91 ,app5dix ii1 lxxxi4 ,9 "s manors1 h[ev]1 !re 7 c>eful regulations = public heal?4 ,accord+ to ! ,durham ,halmote ,rolls1 publi%$ by ! ,surtees ,society1 village (ficials wat*$ ov] ! wat] supply1 prev5t$ ! f\l+ ( /reams2 bye-laws 7 enact$ z to ! regulation ( ! common place = clo!s wa%+1 & ! times = empty+ & cleans+ ponds & mill-dams4 #adb ,ball>d1 ,domesday1 ,antiqu>y ,s]ies1 p4 #bji4 #adc ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 ,royal ,hi/orical ,society1 p4 #ge4 #add ,cullum1 ,haw/$1 #aghd ed41 p4 #ahb4 #ade ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 i4 #ae4 #adf ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 i4 #cb4 #adg ,see ,knights ,hospitall]s 9 ,engl&1 ,camd5 ,society1 ,introduction4 #adh ,?orold ,rog]s1 op4 cit4 i4 #ff4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,break-,,up ,,( ,,! ,,manor4--,,spread ,,( ,,leases4--,,! ,,peasants' ,,revolt4--,,fur!r ,,attempts ,,to ,,regulate ,,wages4--,a ,,h>ve/ ,,home4-- ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,corn ,,laws4--,,"s ,,surrey ,,manors ,we h se5 t ! l&lords' pr(its 7 s]i\sly dim9i%$ by ! ,black ,dea?1 & !y ca/ ab\t !m = new ways ( increas+ _! incomes4 ,arable l& _h be5 until n[ l>gely 9 excess ( pa/ure1 ! cultivation ( corn 0 ! *ief object ( agriculture1 bread =m+ a mu* l>g] proportion ( m5's diet ?an n[4 ,?is began to *ange4 ,mu* ( ! l& 0 laid d[n to grass1 & !re 0 a /eady increase 9 %eep f>m+2 ?us comm5c$ t revolution 9 f>m+ :i* 9 ! sixte5? c5tury l$ ,h>rison to say t ,engl& 0 ma9ly a /ock-rais+ c\ntry4 ,! lords also let a consid]able am\nt ( _! demesne l& on leases = ye>s4 ',!n began ! times to alt]' says ,smy? ( ! ,"l ,b]keley ( ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 '& hee ) !m1 & he began to tack o!r m5's cattle on 8 pa/ure by ! week1 mon?1 & qu>t]1 & to sell 8 mead[ gr\nds by ! acre4 ,& 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,iv /ill m & m 0 let1 & 9 succe$+ times4 ,z = ! days' works ( ! copyhold t5ants1 !y also 7 turn$ into money4'#adi ,su* leases _h be5 us$ long be=e ?is1 b ?is is ! date ( _! great increase4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury a lease ( #b acres ( arable l& 9 ,n[ton1 ,suffolk1 let ! l& at #f;d4 an acre p] annum = a t]m ( six ye>s4#aej ,x conta9s no clauses ab\t cultivation2 ! l&lord w>rants ! said #b acres to ! t5ant1 & ! t5ant agrees to give !m up at ! end ( ! t]m freely & peaceably4 ,! de$ 0 ind5t$1 seal$1 & witness$ by sev]al p]sons4 ,! impov]i%$ l&lords also let mu* ( _! l& on /ock & l& leases4 ,! cu/om ( /ock+ ! t5ants' l& 0 a v anci5t "o3 ! "l _h always f\nd ! ox5 = ! pl\gh teams ( ! ville9s4 ,9 ! leases ( ! manors ( ,s4 ,paul's 9 ! twelf? c5tury ! t5ant = life receiv$ /ock bo? live & dead1 :i* :5 he ent]$ 0 c>efully enum]at$ 9 ! lease1 & at ! end ( ! t5ancy he _h to leave beh9d ! same quantity4#aea ,x 0 a common practice also1 be=e ! ,black ,dea?1 = ! "l to let out c[s & %eep at s mu* p] head p] annum4#aeb ,! /ock & l& lease !re=e 0 no novelty4 ,9 #adaj !re is a lease ( ! demesne l&s at ,haw/$ by :i* ! l&lord kept ! manor h\se & its appurt5ances 9 8 own h&s1 ! t5ant app>5tly hav+ ! f>m build+s1 :i* he 0 to keep 9 repair4 ,he 0 to receive at ! beg9n+ ( ! t]m #bj c[s & "o bull1 wor? #is4 ea*2 #d /otts1 wor? #ajs4 ea*2 & #d ox51 wor? #acs4 #d;d4 ea*2 :i*1 or _! value 9 money1 7 to be deliv]$ up at ! end ( ! t]m4 ,! t5ant 0 also to leave at ! end ( ! lease z _m acres well pl\gh$1 s[n1 & manur$ z he f\nd at ! beg9n+4 ,o!rwise ! l&lord 0 n to int]f]e ) ! cultivation4 ,if ! r5t or any "p !re( 0 9 arre> = a =tnight aft] ! two fix$ days = paym5t1 ! l&lord might di/ra92 & if = a mon?1 he might re-ent]3 & bo? p>ties b\nd !mselves to =feit ! !n huge sum ( #ajj ^u ! violation ( any clause ( ! lease4#aec ,!re is a lease#aed ( a subsequ5t date 7! tw5tie? ye> ( ,h5ry ,,viii71 b "o :i* well illu/rates ! cu/om n[ s preval5t1 grant$ by ! ,prior ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,la! 9 ,som]set to ,william ,pole ( ,combe1 ,edi? 8 wife1 & ,?omas 8 son1 = _! lives4 ,) ! l& w5t #cfj we!rs4 ,= ! l& !y paid #af qu>t]s ( be/ :eat1 'purelye ?ressyd & wyn[$1' #bb qu>t]s ( be/ b>ley1 & 7 to c>ry #d loads ( wood & fatt5 "o ox = ! prior ye>ly2 ! ox to be fatt5$ 9 /all ) ! be/ hay1 ! only way !n kn[n ( fatt5+ ox54 ,= ! flock ( we!rs !y paid #f ye>ly4 ,! t5ants 7 b\nd to keep h$ges1 dit*es1 & gates 9 repair4 ,also !y 7 b\nd by a 'writ+ obligatory' 9 ! sum ( #ajj to deliv] up ! we!r flock :ole & s\nd1 'n rott51 banyd1#aee nor o!rwise diseas$4' ,! consequ5ce ( ! spread ( leases 0 t ! portion ( ! demesne l&s :i* ! lords f>m$ !mselves dw9dl$ greatly1 or x 0 turn$ f arable into grass4 ,/ock & l& leases surviv$ 9 "s p>ts till ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 x 0 /ill ! cu/om = ! l&lord to /ock ! l& & receive half ! crop = r5t4#aef ,accord+ to ! ,domesday ( ,s4 ,paul1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 a survey ( eighte5 manors conta9+ #bd1jjj acres %[$ ?ree-eigh?s ( ! l& 9 demesne1 ! re/ 9 ! h&s ( ! t5ants4 ,9 #acei ! "l ( ! pr9cipal manor at ,haw/$ held 9 8 own h& #egb acres ( arable l&1 wor? #d;d4 to #f;d4 an acre r5t1 & #ej acres ( mead[1 wor? #bs4 an acre4#aeg ,he _h also pa/ure = #bd c[s1 :i* 0 consid]$ wor? #cfs4 a ye>1 & = #ab horses & #ab ox5 wor? #dhs4 a ye>1 ) #dj acres ( wood1 e/imat$ at #as4 an acre4 ,9 #achg1 h[ev]1 ! arable l& _h decreas$ to #cbj acres1 b ! /ock _h increas$1 & n[ numb]$ #d c>t horses1 #f /otts or small] horses1 #aj ox51 #a bull1 #bf c[s1 #f heif]s1 #f calves1 #ib we!rs1 #bj hogg]ells or two-ye>-old %eep1 #a g&]1 #d geese1 #cj capons1 #bf h5s1 & only "o cock4 ,! dairy ( #bf c[s 0 let out1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! "t1 = #h a ye>2 & we are told t ! ox5 7 f$ on oats1 & %od 9 ! w9t] only4 ,b if ! position ( ! lords 0 sev]ely affect$ by ! great pe/il5ce t ( ! ville9s 0 also4 ,! ville9 himself 0 becom+ a copyhold]2 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! nature ( 8 hold+ _h be5 writt5 on ! c\rt roll1 be=e long he 0 giv5 a copy ( ! roll1 & by ! fifte5? c5tury he 0 a copyhold]4#aeh ,!re 01 too1 a new _s abroad 9 ?is c5tury ( disorganization & re=m1 :i* /irr$ ev5 ! ville9s ) a desire = bett] conditions ( life4 ,^! m51 ?us ris+ to a m assur$ position & animat$ by new hopes1 saw all r\nd !m hir$ lab\r]s obta9+1 9 spite ( ! ,/atute ( ,lab\r]s1 d\ble ! am\nt ( wages !y _h =m]ly receiv$1 :ile !y 7 b\nd d[n to ! same s]vices z be=e4 ,! advance 9 prices 0 fur!r increas$ by ! k+'s issu+ 9 #acea an entirely new co9age1 ( ! same f95ess b ( less weight ?an ! old2 s t ! dem&s ( ! lab\r]s aft] ! ,black ,dea? 7 l>gely ju/ifi$ by ! depreciation 9 ! curr5cy4#aei ,!re _h also aris5 at ?is "t1 ow+ to ! increase 9 ! weal? ( ! c\ntry1 a new class ( l&lords :o did n c>e = ! old sy/em#afj2 & x is probably ^! m5 :o are meant by ! /atute ,i ,ric4 ,,ii1 c4 #f1 :i* compla9s t ! ville9s daily )drew _! s]vices to _! lords at ! in/igation ( v>i\s c\nsellors & abettors1 :o made x appe> by 'col\r ( c]ta9 exemplifications made out ( ! ,book ( ,domesday' t !y 7 dis*>g$ f _! s]vices1 & moreov] ga!r$ !mselves 9 great r\ts & agre$ to aid ea* o!r 9 resi/+ _! lords1 s t ju/ices 7 appo9t$ to *eck ?is evil4 ,b !re 7 o!r 'c\nsellors & abettors' ( ! ,peasants' ,revolt ?an ! new l&lords4 ,"o ( its mo/ int]e/+ features to mod]n read]s is its ?or\gh organization4 ,travell+ ag5ts & agitators l ,john ,ball 7 all ov] ! c\ntry1 money 0 subscrib$ & collect$1 & ev]y?+ 0 ripe = ! great ris+ ( #acha1 :i* 0 br\ght to a head by ! bad grad+ ( ! poll tax ( ,k+ ,ri*>d4 ,x has be5 said t ! *ief grievance ( ! ville9s 0 t ! lords ( manors 7 attempt+ to reimpose commut$ s]vices1 b judg+ by ! petition to ! ,k+ :5 he met !m at ,mile-end !re c be no d\bt t ! *ief grievance 0 ! cont9uance ( exi/+ s]vices4 ',we w'1 said !y1 't ye make u free = ev]1 & t we be call$ no m bond1 or s reput$4' ,also1 z ,wals+ham says1#afa !y 7 c>eful to de/roy ! rolls & anci5t records :]eby _! s]vices 7 fix$1 & to put to dea? p]sons le>n$ 9 ! law4 ,z e "o kn[s1 ! revolt 0 a failure2 & :e!r x ultimately help$ mu* to ext+ui% s]fdom is d\btful4 ,x probably1 l ! pe/il5ce1 accel]at$ a movem5t :i* _h be5 = "s "t 9 progress & 0 inevitable4 ,!re is ample evid5ce to prove t !re 0 a v g5]al cont9uance ( pr$ial s]vices aft] ! revolt1 ?\gh !y w5t on rapidly decreas+4 ,"o ( ! *ief me?ods adopt$ by ! ville9s to ga9 _! fre$om 0 des]tion1 & s common did ?is become t app>5tly ! m]e ?reat ( des]tion enabl$ ! ville9 to obta9 almo/ any concession f 8 "l1 :o 0 afraid le/ 8 l& %\ld be utt]ly des]t$4 ,! result 0 t by ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! abolition ( lab\r s]vices 0 approa*+ completion4#afb ,x l+]$ on1 & ,fitzh]b]t lam5t$ 9 ,elizabe?'s reign ! cont9uance ( ville9age z a disgrace to ,engl&2 b x _h !n ne>ly disappe>$1 & 0 unhe>d ( aft] ! reign ( ,james ,i4#afc ,sev5 ye>s aft] ! ,peasants' ,revolt ano!r attempt 0 made to regulate agricultural wages by ! /atute #ab ,ric4 ,,ii1 c4 #d1 :i* /at$ t '! hires ( ! said s]vants & lab\r]s h n be5 put on c]ta9ty be=e ?is "t'1 ?\gh we h se5 t ! ,act ( #acea tri$ to settle wages4 ,9 ! preamble x is said t ! /atute 0 enact$ because lab\r]s 'h refus$ = a long season to "w )\t outrage\s & excessive hire'1 & ow+ to ! sc>city ( lab\r]s 'husb&s' c\ld n pay _! r5ts1 a s5t5ce :i* %[s ! g5]al use ( money r5ts4 ,! wages 7 z foll[s1 app>5tly ) food3-- s4 d4 ,a bailiff annually1 & clo?+ once a ye> #ac #d ,a ma/] h9d1 )\t clo?+ #aj #j ,a c>t]1 #aj #j ,a %eph]d1 #aj #j ,an ox or c[ h]d #f #h ,sw9e h]d or female lab\r]1 )\t clo?+ #f #j ,a pl\gh driv]1 )\t clo?+ #g #j ,! f>m s]vants' food w\ld be wor? consid]ably m ?an ! actual ca% he receiv$2 a qu>t] ( :eat1 b>ley1 & rye mix$ e n9e weeks 0 no unusual all[ance1 :i* at #ds4 #d;d4 w\ld be wor? ab\t #bes4 a ye>4 ,he w\ld also h 8 h>ve/ all[ance1 ?\gh ! /atute above =bids any p]quisites1 wor? ab\t #cs41 & sometimes x 0 accompani$ by ! gift ( a pig1 "s be]1 or "s h]r+s4#afd ,8 wife also1 at a "t :5 wom5 did ! same "w z ! m51 c\ld e>n #a;d4 a day1 & 8 boy p]haps #a_/b;d4 ,if 8 wages 7 :olly paid 9 money1 we may say t 9 ! la/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ord9>y lab\r] e>n$ #c;d4 a day1 s t z corn & pork1 8 *ief food1 _h n ris5 at all1 he 0 mu* bett] (f ?an 9 ! prec$+ #ajj ye>s4 ,cullum1 9 8 invaluable ,hi/ory ( ,haw/$1 gives u a picture ( h>ve/+ on ! demesne l&s 9 #achi :i* %[s an extraord9>ily busy sc5e4 ,!re 7 #bjj acres ( all k9ds ( corn to be ga!r$ 91 & ov] #cjj p took "p2 ?\gh app>5tly su* a cr[d 0 only collect$ = ! two pr9cipal days ( ! h>ve/1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! t[ns 7 empti$ into ! c\ntry at ?is important season4 ,! numb] ( p = "o day compris$ a c>t]1 pl\ghman1 head reap]1 cook1 bak]1 brew]1 %eph]d1 daya 7dairymaid72 #bba hir$ reap]s2 #dd pit*]s1 /ack]s1 & reap]s 7n hir$1 evid5tly ville9s pay+ _! r5ts by "w72 #bb o!r reap]s1 hir$ = goodwill 7de amore72 & #bj cu/om>y t5ants4 ,?is small army ( m5 consum$ #bb bu%els ( :eat1 #h p5nywor? ( be]1 & #da bu%els ( malt1 wor? #ahs4 #i-a_/b;d42 meat to ! value ( #is4 #aa-a_/b;d42 fi% & h]r+s1 #es4 #a;d42 *eese1 butt]1 milk1 & eggs1 #hs4 #c-a_/b;d42 oatmeal1 #e;d4 salt1 #c;d42 pepp] & saffron1 #aj;d41 ! latt] app>5tly introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii1 & mu* us$ = cook+ & m$ic9e1 b x gradually w5t out ( fa%ion1 & by ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 only cultivat$ 9 "o or two c\nties1 notably ,essex :]e ,saffron ,wald5 recalls its use2 c&les1 #f;d42 & #e pairs ( gloves #aj;d4#afe ,! pres5tation ( gloves 0 a common cu/om 9 ,engl&2 & ^! w\ld be pres5t$ z a sign ( good husb&ry1 z 9 ! case ( ! rural bridegroom 9 ! acc\nt ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s visit to ,k5ilwor? :o wore gloves to %[ he 0 a good f>m]4 ,tuss] bids ! f>m] give gloves to 8 reap]s4 ,! cu/om 0 /ill obs]v$ at ,haw/$ 9 #aghd1 & 9 ,ed5's "t1 #agig1 ! burs>s ( ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 pres5t$ ea* ( _! t5ants ) two pairs1 :i* ! recipi5ts display$ on ! foll[+ ,sunday at *ur* by conspicu\sly hang+ _! h&s ov] ! pew to %[ _! neighb\rs !y _h paid _! r5t4 ,9 ?is acc\nt ( ! ,haw/$ h>ve/ ! l>ge numb] ( hir$ m5 & ! few cu/om>y t5ants is notewor?y z a sign ( ! times1 = be=e ! ,black ,dea? ! h>ve/ "w on ! demesne 0 ! special "w ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! long s]ies ( corn laws 0 comm5c$ :i* 0 to agitate ,engli%m5 = c5turies1 & aft] an app>5tly f9al settlem5t 9 #ahdf to reappe> 9 our day4#aff ,x 0 ! policy ( ,edw>d ,,iii to make food pl5tiful & *eap = ! :ole nation1 )\t special reg>d to ! agricultural int]e/3 & by #cd ,edw4 ,,iii1 c4 #bj1 ! export ( corn to any =eign "p except ,calais & ,gascony1 !n ,briti% possessions1 or to c]ta9 places :i* ! k+ might p]mit1 0 =bidd54 ,ri*>d ,,ii1 h[ev]1 rev]s$ ?is policy 9 answ] to ! compla9ts ( agriculturi/s ^: r5ts 7 fall+1#afg & endeav\r$ to enc\rage ! f>m] & especially ! corn-gr[]2 = he saw ! l&lords turn+ _! att5tion to %eep in/ead ( corn1 ow+ to ! high price ( lab\r4 ,accord+ly1 to give ! corn-gr[]s a wid] m>ket1 he all[$ 8 subjects by ! /atute #ag ,ric4 ,,ii1 c4 #g1 to c>ry corn1 on pay+ ! duties due1 to :at p>ts !y pleas$1 except to 8 enemies1 subject h[ev] to an ord] ( ! ,c\ncil2 & ow+ to ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,c\ncil ! law probably became a dead lett]1 at all ev5ts we f9d x confirm$ & am5d$ by #d ,h54 ,,vi1 c4 #e4 ,! prohibition ( export mu/ h be5 a s]i\s bl[ to ^? c\nties ne> ! sea1 = x 0 mu* easi] to s5d corn by %ip to =eign p>ts ?an ov] ! bad roads ( ,engl& to "s di/ant m>ket4#afh ,inde$1 judg+ by ! great & frequ5t discrepancy ( prices 9 diff]5t places at ! same date1 ! dispat* ( corn f "o inl& locality to ano!r 0 n v frequ5t4 ,ri*>d also attempt$ to /op ! movem5t1 :i* _h ev5 !n set 91 ( ! c\ntrym5 to ! gr[+ t[ns1 =bidd+ by #ab ,ric4 ,,ii1 c4 #e1 ^? :o _h s]v$ 9 agriculture until #ab ye>s ( age to be appr5tic$ 9 ! t[ns1 b to 'abide 9 husb&ry'4 ,"o ( ! mo/ unju/ cu/oms ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 t :i* bade ! t5ants ( manors1 except ^? :o held ! jus faldae1 fold _! %eep on ! l& ( ! "l1 ?us los+ bo? ! manure & ! valuable tread+4#afi ,h[ev]1 sometimes1 z 9 ,surrey1 ! %eepfold 0 9 a fix$ place & ! manure f x 0 f "t to "t tak5 out & spread on ! l&4#agj ,9 ! same di/rict horses _h be5 hi!rto us$ = f>m "w1 z x 0 consid]$ wor?y ( note t ox5 7 beg9n+ to be add$ to ! horse teams4 ,! milk ( two good c[s 9 tw5ty-f\r weeks 0 consid]$ able to make a wey ( *eese1 & 9 addition half a gallon ( butt] a week2 & ! milk ( #bj ewes 0 equal to t ( #c c[s4 ,on ! ,manor ( ,flaun*=d1 ne> ,reigate1 ! demesne l& am\nt$ to #ef acres ( arable & two mead[s1 b !re mu/ h be5 ! usual pa/ure 9 addition to keep ! foll[+ head ( /ock3 #ac c[s1 :o 9 ! w9t] 7 f$ f ! racks 9 ! y>d2 #d calves1 b\ght at #as4 ea*2 #ab ox5 = pl\gh+1 ^: food 0 oats & hay--a v l>ge numb] = #ef acres ( arable1 & !y 7 probably us$ on ano!r manor2 #a /ott1 us$ = h>r[+2 a goat1 & a s[4 s4 d4 ,9 #achb ! total receipts ( ?is manor 7 #h #a #i-a_/b ,! total exp5ses #g #j #e -------------- ,pr(it #a #a #d-a_/b ,among ! receipts 73-- ,= ! "l's pl\gh1 let to f>m]s 7p]haps ?is acc\nts = ! l>ge team ( ox5 kept7 #f #h #ad bu%els ( apples #a #b #e loads ( *>coal #af #h ,a c[ #aj #j ,among ! paym5ts3-- ,= keep+ pl\gh 9 repair1 & ! wages ( a blacksmi?1 "o ye> by agreem5t #f #h ,mak+ a new pl\gh f ! "l's timb] #f ,m[+ #b acres ( mead[ #a #j ,mak+ & c>ry+ hay ( ditto1 ) help ( "l's s]vants #d ,?re%+ :eat1 peas1 & t>es1 p] qu>t] #d oats1 p] qu>t] #a-a_/b ,w9n[+ #c qu>t]s ( corn #a ,cutt+ & b9d+ :eat & oats1 p] acre #f ,on ! ,manor ( ,dork+ ! h>ve/ la/$ five weeks z a rule2 ! =e feet only ( ox5 us$ = pl\gh+1 & ( heif]s us$ = h>r[+1 7 %od4 ,= wa%+ & %e>+ %eep #aj;d4 a hundr$ 0 ! price2 pl\gh+ = w9t] corn co/ #f;d4 an acre1 & h>r[+ #a_/b;d4 #cj-a_/b acres ( b>ley produc$ #da-a_/b qu>t]s2 #bh acres ( oats produc$ #ch-a_/b qu>t]s2 #ac c[s 7 let = ! season at #es4 ea*4 ,9 ! same reign1 at ,m]/ham1 ! demesne l&s ( #aff-a_/b acres 7 let on lease ) all ! live & dead /ock1 :i* 0 valu$ at #bb #is4 #c;d41 & ! r5t 0 #cf or ab\t #ds4 #d;d4 an acre1 an enorm\s price ev5 includ+ ! /ock4 ,,footnotes3 #adi ,smy?1 ,lives ( ! ,b]keleys1 ii4 #e4 ,!re is no d\bt ! lease sy/em 0 gr[+ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,ab\t #abdj ! writ ,qu>e ejecit infra t]m9um protect$ ! p]son ( a t5ant = a t]m ( ye>s1 :o =m]ly _h be5 reg>d$ z hav+ no m ?an a p]sonal "r en=ceable by an action ( cov5ant4 ,v9ograd(f1 ,ville9age 9 ,engl&1 p4 #ccj2 b leases = lives & n = ye>s seem ! rule at t date4 #aej ,cullum1 ,haw/$1 p4 #age4 #aea ,see ,domesday ( ,s4 ,paul1 ,introduction4 #aeb ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 i4 #be4 #aec ,cullum1 ,haw/$1 p4 #aie4 #aed ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #ehf4 #aee ,banyd1 afflict$ ) %eep rot4 #aef ,ed51 ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 i4 #ee4 #aeg ,cullum1 ,haw/$1 p4 #ahb4 ,ano!r in/ance ( ! diff]5ce 9 value betwe5 arable & tillage4 ,at ! inquisition ( ! ,manor ( ,great ,tey 9 ,essex1 #acbf1 ! jury f\nd t #ejj acres ( arable l& 0 wor? #f;d4 an acre r5t1 #bj acres ( mead[ #cs4 an acre1 & #aj acres ( pa/ure #as4 an acre4 ,ar*aeologia1 xii4 #cj4 #aeh ,m$ley1 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory1 p4 #eb4 #aei ,cunn+ham1 op4 cit4 i4 #cbh1 & #cce-f4 #afj ,domesday ( ,s4 ,paul1 p4 lvii4 #afa ,hi/4 ,angl41 ,rolls ,s]ies1 i4 #dee4 ,! o!r political & social causes ( ! revolt d n conc]n u "h4 ,! attempt to m9imize its agr>ian importance is /range 9 ! light ( ! words & acts above m5tion$4 #afb ,page1 op4 cit4 p4 #gg4 #afc ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #djb1 #ecd2 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,hi/orical ,society1 ,new ,s]ies1 xvii4 #bce4 ,fitzh]b]t probably ref]r$ m to ville9 /atus1 :i* cont9u$ long] ?an ville9 t5ure4 #afd ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 i4 #bgh1 #bhh4 #afe ,h>rison1 ,description ( ,brita91 p4 #bcc1 says ! produce ( an acre ( saffron 0 usually wor? #bj4 #aff ,exportation ( corn is m5tion$ 9 #aaha1 :5 a f9e 0 paid to ! k+ = lic5ce to %ip corn f ,norfolk & ,suffolk to ,norway4--,mc,pherson1 ,annals ( ,comm]ce1 i4 #cde4 ,z e>ly z ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii1 ,h5ry ( ,hunt+don says1 ,g]man silv] came to buy our mo/ preci\s wool1 our milk 7no d\bt conv]t$ into butt] & *eese71 & our innum]able cattle4--,rolls ,s]ies1 p4 #e4 ,9 #adjj1 ! ,*ronicle ( ,london says ! c\ntry 0 sav$ f de>? by ! importation ( rye f ,prussia4 #afg ,hasba*1 op4 cit44 p4 #cb4 #afh ,"l ,b]keley1 ab\t #acfj1 _h a %ip ( 8 own = export+ wool & corn & br++ back =eign w9e & w>es4--,smy?1 ,lives ( ! ,b]keleys1 i4 #cfe4 #afi ,nasse1 ,agricultural ,community ( ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #ff4 #agj ,cu/oms 9 "s ,surrey manors 9 ! "t ( ,ri*>d ,,ii1 ,ar*aeologia1 xviii4 #bha4 ,,*apt] ,,vi #adjj-aedj ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ',,gold5 ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,lab\r]' ,,9 ,a ,,p]iod ,,( ,,g5]al ,,di/ress ,9 ?is p]iod ! av]age prices ( gra9 rema9$ almo/ un*ang$ until ! la/ ?ree decades1 :5 !y began sl[ly & /eadily to creep up1 ?is advance be+ help$ to "s ext5t by defective h>ve/s4 ,9 #aebg1 accord+ to ,hol9%$ x ra9$ f ,april #ab to ,june #c e day or night2 9 ,may ?irty h\rs )\t ceas+2 & ! floods did mu* damage to ! corn4 ,9 #aebh incessant deluges ( ra9 prev5t$ ! corn be+ s[n 9 ! spr+1 & gra9 _h to be import$ f ,g]many4 ,! price ( :eat 0 a trifle high] ?an 9 ! p]iod #abei-adjj2 b>ley1 oats1 & beans l[]2 rye high]4#aga ,ox5 & c[s 7 de>]1 horses ab\t ! same1 %eep a little high]1 pigs ! same1 p\ltry & eggs de>]1 wool ! same1 *eese & butt] de>]4 ,! price ( :eat 0 sometimes subject to a/oni%+ fluctuations3 9 #adci x v>i$ f #hs4 to #bfs4 #h;d42 9 #addj f #ds4 #b;d4 to #bes4 ,! r5t ( l& cont9u$ ! same1 arable av]ag+ #f;d4 an acre1#agb ?\gh ?is 0 p>tly due to ! fact t r5ts1 al?\gh n[ g5]ally paid 9 money1 7 /ill fix$ & cu/om>y2 = ! pur*ase value ( l& _h n[ ris5 to tw5ty ye>s in/ead ( twelve4#agc ,! art ( f>m+ h>dly made any progress1 & ! produce ( ! l& 0 consequ5tly ab\t ! same or a little bett] ?an 9 ! prec$+ p]iod4#agd ,at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ord9>y :eat crop at ,haw/$ 0 9 fav\rable ye>s ab\t a qu>t] to ! acre1 b x 0 (t5 n m ?an #f bu%els2 & ?is 0 on demesne l&1 usually bett] till$ ?an non-demesne l&4#age ,z = ! lab\r]1 x is well kn[n t ,?orold ,rog]s calls ! fifte5? c5tury 8 gold5 age1 & see+ t 8 days' wages1 if he 'f\nd himself'1 7 n[ #d;d4 & prices 7 h>dly any high] all r\nd ?an :5 he e>n$ half ! money 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 !re is mu* to support 8 view4 ,z to :e!r he 0 bett] (f ?an ! mod]n lab\r] x is some:at difficult to det]m9e2 z f> z wages w5t he c]ta9ly 01 = 8 #d;d4 a day 0 equal to ab\t #ds4 n[2 x is true t on ! innum]able holidays ( ! ,*ur* he sometimes did n "w1#agf b no d\bt he !n busi$ himself on 8 bit ( common4 ,b s _m factors ent] into ! "q ( ! g5]al mat]ial com=t ( ! lab\r] 9 diff]5t ages t x is almo/ impossible to come to a satisfactory conclusion4 ,d5ton pa9ts a v gloomy picture ( him at ?is "t#agg2 s does ,mr4 ,jessop1 :o says1 ! agricultural lab\r]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury 71 comp>$ ) ^? ( to-day1 'm wret*$ 9 _! pov]ty1 incomp>ably less prosp]\s 9 _! prosp]ity2 worse clad1 worse f$1 worse h\s$1 worse taught1 worse gov]n$2 !y 7 suff]]s f loa?some diseases1 ( :i* _! desc5dants "k no?+2 ! v bea/s ( ! field 7 dw>f$ & /unt$2 ! disreg>d ( to sell _! corn at l[ prices to ! detrim5t ( ! :ole k+dom3 a typical example ( ! political economy ( ! "t1 :i* consid]$ ! prosp]ity ( agriculture indisp5sable to ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry1 ev5 if ! consum] suff]$4 ,accord+ly1 x 0 enact$ t :eat c\ld be export$ )\t a lic5ce :5 x 0 "u #fs4 #h;d4 a qu>t]1 except to ! k+'s enemies4 ,on imports ( corn !re _h be5 no re/riction until #adfc1 :5 #c ,edw4 ,,iv1 c4 #b =bade ! import ( corn :5 "u #fs4 #h;d3 a /atute due p>tly to ! fe> t ! increase ( pa/ure 0 a dang] to tillage l& & ! national food supply1 & p>tly to ! fact t ! l&$ int]e/ _h become by n[ fully awake to ! importance ( protect+ !mselves by promot+ ! ga9s ( ! f>m]4#agh ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 if mu* :eat 0 import$ except 9 em]g5cies at ?is "t1 = _m c\ntries =bade export4 ,^! two /atutes 7 practically unalt]$ till #aega1agi & by t ( #adfc 0 initiat$ ! policy :i* held ! field = ne>ly #djj ye>s4 ,?orold ,rog]s d5\nces ! l&lords = legislat+ ) ! object ( keep+ up r5ts1 b1 z ,mr4 ,cunn+ham has po9t$ out1 ?is ignores ! fact t ! l& 0 ! great fund ( national weal? f :i* taxation 0 paid2 if r5ts !re=e rose x 0 a ga9 to ! :ole c\ntry1 s9ce ! fund f :i* ! rev5ue 0 drawn 0 increas$4#ahj ,9 spite ( ! high wages ( agricultural lab\r]s1 ! movem5t t[>ds ! t[ns notic$ by ,ri*>d ,,ii cont9u$4 ,! /atute #g ,h54 ,,iv1 c4 #ag1 ass]ts t !re is a great sc>city ( lab\r]s 9 husb&ry & t g5tlem5 are mu* impov]i%$ by ! rate ( wages2 ! cause ( ! sc>city ly+ 9 ! fact t _m p 7 becom+ weav]s1#aha & x !re=e re-enact$ #ab ,ric4 ,,ii1 c4 #e1 :i* orda9$ t no "o :o _h be5 a s]vant 9 husb&ry until #ab ye>s old %\ld be b\nd appr5tice1 & fur!r enact$ t no p]son ) less ?an #bjs4 a ye> 9 l& %\ld be able to appr5tice 8 son4 ,l _m o!r /atutes ( ! "t ?is seems to h be5 inop]ative1 = we f9d #bc ,h54 ,,vi1 c4 #ab 7#addd71 enact+ t if a s]vant 9 husb&ry purpos$ leav+ 8 ma/] he 0 to give him w>n+1 & 0 oblig$ ei!r to engage ) a new "o or cont9ue ) ! old4 ,x also regulat$ ! wages anew1 ^? fix$ %[+ a sub/antial increase s9ce ! /atute ( #achh4 ,by ! ye>3-- ,a bailiff 0 to h #a #cs4 #d;d41 & #es4 wor? ( clo!s4 ,a *ief h9d1 c>t]1 or %eph]d1 #a1 & #ds4 wor? ( clo!s4 ,a common s]vant 9 husb&ry1 #aes41 & #cs4 #d;d4 wor? ( clo!s4 ,a woman s]vant1 #ajs41 & #ds4 wor? ( clo!s4 ,all ) meat & dr9k4 ,by ! day1 9 h>ve/1 wages 7 to be3-- ,a m[]1 ) meat & dr9k1 #d;d42 )\t1 #f;d4 ,a reap] or c>t]1 ) meat & dr9k1 #c;d42 )\t1 #e;d4 ,a woman or lab\r]1 ) meat & dr9k1 #b;d42 )\t1 #d;d4 ,9 ! next reign ! lab\r]'s dress 0 aga9 regulat$ = him1 & he 0 =bidd5 to we> any clo? exce$+ #bs4 a y>d 9 price1 nor any 'close hos5'1 app>5tly tight long /ock+s1 nor any hos5 at all :i* co/ m ?an #ad;d4#ahb ,yeom5 & ^? bel[ !m 7 =bidd5 to we> any bol/]s or /uff ( wool1 cotton wadd+1 or o!r /uff 9 _! d\blets1 b only l9+2 & some:at gratuit\sly x 0 ord]$ t no "o "u ! degree ( a g5tleman %\ld we> pikes to 8 %oes4 ,9 #adee ,engl&'s ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 ! ,w> ( ! ,roses1 began1 & agriculture receiv$ ano!r set back4 ,! view t ! w> 0 a m]e faction fight betwe5 nobles & _! reta9]s1 :ile ! re/ ( ! c\ntry w5t ab\t _! bus9ess1 is some:at exagg]at$4 ,no d\bt1 ! mass ( ,engli%m51 z 9 ! civil w> ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 pref]r$ to 'sit /ill'1 z ,cl>5don said1 b ! bus9ess ( _m mu/ h be5 v mu* upset4 ,! v>i\s armies 7 compell$ to obta9 _! supplies f ! c\ntry1 & ) ! lawless habits ( ! times plund]$ fri5d & foe alike1 z ,cavali] & ,r\ndhead did aft]w>ds2 & _m a f>m] mu/ h se5 all 8 /ock driv5 (f & 8 gra9 seiz$ to fe$ ! combatants4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 said be=e ! battle call$ ,ea/] ,day ,field t all ! t5ants ( ,abbot's ,ripton 9 ,hunt+don%ire 7 copyhold]s ( ! ,abbot ( ,ramsey1 & ! nor!rn army lay !re s long t !y impov]i%$ ! c\ntry & ! t5ants _h to give up _! copyholds ?r\gh pov]ty4#ahc ,! loss ( life1 too1 mu/ h told heavily on a c\ntry already suff]+ f frequ5t pe/il5ce4 ,x is calculat$ t ab\t "o-t5? ( ! :ole population ( ! c\ntry 7 kill$ 9 battle or di$ ( w\nds & disease dur+ ! w>2 & z ^! mu/ h be5 ne>ly all m5 9 ! prime ( life1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! effect on ! lab\r m>ket 0 n m m>k$4 ,! enclos+ ( l& = pa/ure f>ms1 :i* we %all next h to consid]1 0 probably 9 _m cases an absolute necessity1 = ! numb] ( m5 left to till ! soil mu/ h be5 s]i\sly dim9i%$4 ,,footnotes3 #aga ,see table at end ( volume4 ,! %r9kage ( prices :i* occurr$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 due to ! sc>city ( preci\s metals4 #agb ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 iv4 #abh4 ,! r5t ( arable l& on ,"l ,d]by's e/ate 9 ,wirral 9 #aebb 0 a little "u #f;d4 a /atute acre2 ( mead[1 ab\t #as4 #f;d4--,*e%ire ,%eaf 7,s]4 #c71 iv4 #bc4 #agc ,?orold ,rog]s1 op4 cit4 iv4 #c4 #agd ,?orold ,rog]s1 op4 cit4 iv4 #ci4 #age ,cullum1 ,haw/$1 p4 #ahg4 ,! am\nt ( se$ = ! v>i\s crops 01 :eat #b bu%els p] acre1 b>ley #d1 oats #b-a_/b4 #agf ,by #d ,h54 ,,iv1 c4 #ad1 lab\r]s 7 to receive no hire = holy days1 or on ! eves ( fea/s = m ?an half a day2 b ! /atute 0 l>gely disreg>d$4 #agg ,see ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 p4 #aje3 ',! undra9$ neglect$ soil1 ! %all[ /agnant wat]s :i* lay on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! unheal?y homes ( all classes1 insuffici5t & un:olesome food1 ! abundance ( /ale fi% eat51 & ! scanty supply ( vegetables pr$ispos$ rural & t[n population to disease4' #agh ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #ddh4 #agi ,mc,culloch1 ,comm]cial ,diction>y 7#aheb71 p4 #dab4 ,9 #addi ,p>liam5t _h decid$ t all =eign m]*ants import+ corn %\ld sp5d ! money s obta9$ on ,engli% goods to prev5t x leav+ ! c\ntry4--,mc,pherson1 ,annals ( ,comm]ce1 i4 #fee4 #ahj ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #aia4 #aha ,mu* ( ! weav+1 h[ev]1 0 done 9 rural di/ricts4 #ahb ,see #c ,edw4 ,,iv1 c4 #e2 ,rot4 ,p>l4 v4 #aje2 #bb ,edw4 ,,iv1 c4 #a4 #ahc ,cunn+ham1 op4 cit4 i4 #def4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,enclosure ,we h n[ rea*$ a "t :5 ! enclosure "q 0 becom+ ( p>am\nt importance1#ahd & began to cause con/ant anxiety to legislators1 :ile ! writ]s ( ! day are full ( x4 ,enclosure 0 ( f\r k9ds3 #a4 ,enclos+ ! common arable fields = graz+1 g5]ally 9 l>ge tracts4 #b4 ,enclos+ ! same by divid+ !m into small] fields1 g5]ally ( arable4 #c4 ,enclos+ ! common pa/ure1 = graz+ or tillage4 #d4 ,enclos+ ! common mead[s or m[+ gr\nds4 ,x is ! fir/ ma9ly1 & to a less degree ! ?ird ( ^!1 :i* 7 s frequ5t a s\rce ( compla9t 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies2 = ! fir/1 besides displac+ ! small hold]1 ?rew out ( employm5t a l>ge numb] ( p :o _h hi!rto ga9$ _! livelihood by ! v>i\s "w connect$ ) tillage1 & ! ?ird depriv$ a l>ge numb] ( _! common rights4 ,! fir/ ,enclosure ,act 0 ! ,/atute ( ,m]ton1 pass$ 9 #abce1 #bj ,h5ry ,,iii1 c4 #d1 :i* p]mitt$ lords ( manors to add to _! demesnes su* p>ts ( ! wa/e pa/ure & woods z 7 beyond ! ne$s ( ! t5ants4 ,!re is evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t enclosure1 probably ( wa/e l&1 0 go+ on be=e ?is /atute1 z ! *>t] ( ,john1 by :i* all ,devon%ire except ,d>tmoor & ,exmoor 0 de=e/$1 expressly =bids ! mak+ ( h$ges1 a pro( ( enclosure1 9 ^? two =e/s4#ahe ,we may be sure t ! ne$s ( ! t5ants 7 by an arbitr>y "l e/imat$ at a v l[ figure4 ,at ! same "t _m proce$$ 9 due legal =m4 ,?omas1 ,"l ,b]keley1 ab\t ! p]iod ( ! ,act r$uc$ great quantities ( gr\nd into enclosures by procur+ _m releases ( common l& f freehold]s4#ahf ,8 successor1 ,"l ,maurice1 0 n s obs]vant ( legality4 ,he _h a wood :]e9 _m ( 8 t5ants & freehold]s _h "r ( pa/ure4 ,he wi%$ to make ?is into a p>k1 & treat$ ) !m = t purpose2 b ?+s n go+ smoo?ly1 he made ! wood into a p>k )\t _! leave1 & !n treat$ ) 8 t5ants1 mo/ ( :om p]=ce fell 9 ) 8 highh&$ plan2 ^? :o did n 'fell aft] ^u 8 sonne ) suits1 9 _! small com=t & less ga9es4'#ahg ,sometimes ! ri* made ! law aid _! covet\sness1 z did ,rog] ,mortim] ! p>am\r ( ! ',%e ,wolf ( ,france'4 ,"s m5 _h common ( pa/ure 9 ,k+'s ,norton ,wood1 ,worce/]%ire1 :o1 :5 ,mortim] enclos$ "p ( _! common l& ) a dike1 fill$ ! dike up1 = !y 7 depriv$ ( _! inh]itance4 ,!reupon ,mortim] br\ght an action ( trespass aga9/ !m 'by means ( jurors dwell+ f> f ! said l&'1 :o 7 put on ! panel by 8 /ew>d1 :o 0 also %]iff ( ! c\nty1 & ! common]s 7 convict$ & ca/ 9 damages ( #cjj1 n d>+ to appe> at ! "t = fe> ( assault1 or ev5 dea?4#ahh ,nei!r d>$ !y say a ^w ab\t ! matt] till ,mortim] 0 dead1 :5 x is satisfactory to le>n t ,edw>d ,,iii gave !m all _! money back save #bj m>ks4 ,we are told t ,"l ,maurice ,b]keley consolidat$ mu* ( 8 demesne l&s1 ?r[+ toge!r ! scatt]$ /rips & ex*ang+ ^? t lay f> ap>t f ! manor h\ses = ^? t lay ne>2 try+ evid5tly to get ! home f>ms into a r+ f5ce z we %\ld t]m x4#ahi ,9 ?is policy he 0 foll[$ by 8 successor ,?omas ! ,second1 :o dur+ 8 own]%ip ( ! e/ate f #abha to #acbj1 to ! great pr(it ( 8 t5ants & himself1 enc\rag$ !m to make ex*anges1 s z to make _! l&s lie 9 conv5i5t p>cels in/ead ( scatt]$ /rips1 by :i* he rais$ ! r5t ( an acre f #d;d4 & #f;d4 to #as4 #f;d4#aij ,!re is a de$ ( enclosure made 9 ! ye> #abej1 pres]v$1 by :i* ! free m5 ( ,nor? ,di*ton 'appropriat$ & divid$ betwe5 !m & s kept = ev] 9 fee all t place call$ ,sywynel&1 ) ! moor1' & !y 7 to h lic5ce to appropriate t place1 :i* 0 common pa/ure 7! b\nd>ies ( :i* are giv571 'save1 h[ev]1 to ! grantor ,william de ,ros & 8 heirs' common ( pa/ure 9 a portion !re( nam$ by b\nds1 ) entry & exit = bea/s aft] ! :eat is c>ri$4 ,! m5 ( ,nor? ,di*ton 7 also to h all ! wood call$ ,r\h[?wicke1 & to d :at !y lik$ ) x4#aia ,9 return !y gave ! "l #aj m>ks ( silv] & a concession z reg>ds a c]ta9 wood4 ,x has be5 notic$ t ! ,black ,dea?1 besides caus+ _m ( ! l&lords to let _! demesnes1 also made !m turn mu* tillage into grass to save lab\r1 :i* _h gr[n s de>4 ,we h also se5 t ! /atutes regulat+ wages 7 ( little effect1 & !y w5t on ris+1 s t m l& 0 laid d[n to grass4 ,! l&[n]s may be said to h giv5 up ord9>y f>m+ & turn$ to %eep rais+4 ,engli% wool c\ld always f9d a ready sale1 al?\gh ,spani% %eep f>m+ _h develop$ greatly2 & ! pr(itable trade ( gr[+ wool attract$ ! new capitali/ class :o _h sprung up1 s t !y (t5 inve/$ _! rec5tly made =tunes 9 x1 buy+ up _m ( ! great e/ates t 7 scatt]$ dur+ ! w>4#aib ,! increase ( %eep f>m+ 0 assi/$ by ! fact t ! dome/ic sy/em ( ! manufacture ( wool1 :i* supplant$ ! guild sy/em1 l$1 ow+ to its rapid & successful gr[?1 to a con/ant & increas+ dem& = wool4 ,at ! same "t ?is developm5t ( ! clo? indu/ry help$ to alleviate ! evils x _h itself caus$ by giv+ employm5t to _m :om ! agricultural *anges :olly or p>tially depriv$ ( "w4 ',x is important to rememb]1 t :]e peasant proprietor%ip & small f>m+ did ma9ta9 _! gr\nd x 0 l>gely due to ! dome/ic indu/ries :i* supplem5t$ ! pr(its ( agriculture4'#aic ,mu* ( ! l& laid d[n to grass 0 demesne l&1 b _m ( ! common arable fields 7 enclos$ & laid d[n4 ,john ,ross ( ,w>wick ab\t #adfj comp>es ! c\ntry z he knew x ) ! picture pres5t$ by ! ,hundr$ ,rolls 9 ,edw>d ,i's "t1 %[+ h[ _m villages _h be5 depopulat$2 & he m5tions ! inconv5i5ce to travell]s 9 hav+ to get d[n frequ5tly to op5 ! gates ( enclos$ fields4#aid ,enclosure 0 really a sure sign ( agricultural progress2 ne>ly all ! agricultural writ]s f ,fitzh]b]t onw>ds are agre$ t enclos$ l& produc$ mu* m ?an un9clos$4 ,fitzh]b]t1 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 said an acre ( l& r5t$ = #f;d4 un9clos$ 0 wor? #h;d4 :5 enclos$4 ,gabriel ,plattes1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 said an acre enclos$ 0 wor? f\r 9 common4 ,9 fact1 ! hi/ory ( enclosures is "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! great revolution 9 agriculture by :i* ! manorial sy/em 0 conv]t$ into ! mod]n sy/em z we "k x to-day ( sev]al own]%ip & ! triumvirate ( l&lord1 t5ant f>m]1 & lab\r]4 ,no "o c\ld h object$ to ! enclosure ( wa/e2 x 0 t ( ! common arable fields & ( ! common pa/ure t excit$ ! indignation ( contempor>ies4 ,!y saw _m ( ! small hold]s displac$ & ! c\ntryside depopulat$2 _m ( ! lab\r]s 7 also ?r[n out ( employm5t1 = !re 0 no ne$ 9 enclos$ fields ( ! sw9eh]d & %eph]d & oxh]d :o _h t5d$ ! common flocks ( ! villag]s 9 ! old unf5c$ fields4 ,b mu* ( ! opposition 0 f\nd$ on ignorance & hatr$ ( *ange2 ,engl& _h be5 = ages ma9ly a corn-gr[+ l&1 &1 _m ?\ght1 ought to rema9 s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :at mu* ( ! arable l& want$ 0 lay+ d[n to grass2 x 0 worn out & ne$$ a re/4 ,! common field sy/em 0 wa/eful2 ! l&1 = in/ance1 c\ld nev] be prop]ly pl\gh$1 = ! long n>r[ /rips c\ld n be cross-pl\gh$1 & mu* ( x mu/ h suff]$ griev\sly f want ( manure at a "t :5 h>dly any /ock 0 kept 9 ! w9t] to make manure4 ,! b5eficial effect ( ! re/ is %[n by ! fact t at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 "s ( ! l& came to be brok5 up1 ! produce p] acre ( :eat _h gone up l>gely4#aie ,m>l+ & lim+ ! l&1 too1 :i* _h be5 ! salvation ( mu* ( x = c5turies1 _h gone out p>tly because ( insecurity ( t5ure1 p>tly because 9 ! unsettl$ /ate ( ,engl& m5 knew n if !y c\ld reap any b5efit !refrom2 & p>tly because1 says ,fitzh]b]t1 m5 7 lazi] ?an _! fa!rs4 ,!re c be no d\bt t enclosures 7 (t5 accompani$ ) great h>d%ips & inju/ice4 ,dugdale1 speak+ ( ,/retton 9 ,w>wick%ire1#aif says t 9 ,h5ry ,,vii's "t ,?omas ,twy=d1 hav+ begun ! depopulation !re(1 decay+ f\r messuages & ?ree cottages :]eunto #afj acres ( 'errable' l& belong$1 sold x to ,h5ry ,smi?2 :i* ,h5ry1 foll[+ t example1 enclos$ #fdj acres ( l& m1 :]eby twelve messuages & f\r cottages fell to ru9s & eighty p]sons !re inhabit+1 be+ employ$ ab\t tillage & husb&ry1 7 con/ra9$ to dep>t !nce & live mis]ably4 ,by means :]e( ! *ur* grew to su* ru9 t x 0 ( no o!r use ?an = ! %elt] ( cattle4 ,a sad picture1 & true ( _m di/ricts1 b mu* ( ! depopulation ascrib$ to enclosures 0 due to ! deva/ation ( ! ,civil ,w>s4 ,9 spite ( ^! enclosures1 :i* began to *ange ! ,engl& ( op5 fields into ! c\ntry we "k ( h$g][s & w9d+ roads1 great "p ( ! l& 0 9 a wild & uncultivat$ /ate ( f51 hea?1 & wood1 ! latt] sometimes gr[+ "r up to ! walls ( ! t[ns4#aig ,an unbrok5 s]ies ( woods & f5s /ret*$ "r across ,engl& f ,l9coln to ! ,m]sey1 & nor?w>ds f ! ,m]sey to ! ,solway & ! ,twe$2 ,w>wick%ire1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 & ,leice/]%ire 7 l>gely cov]$ by =e/s1 & ,%]wood ,=e/ ext5d$ ov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ,notts4 ,cannock ,*ase 0 cov]$ ) oaks1 & 9 ! =e/ ( ,ne$wood 9 ,camd5's "t ! neighb\r+ g5try eag]ly pursu$ ! *e]ful sport ( hunt+4 ,! great =e/ ( ,&r$esweald1 ?\gh mu* dim9i%$1 /ill cov]$ a l>ge "p ( ,sussex1 & ! ,*ilt]n di/rict 9 ,bucks & ,ox=d%ire 0 ?ick ) woods :i* hid _m a robb]4 ,! great f5 9 ! ea/ cov]$ #cjj1jjj acres ( l& 9 six c\nties1 9 spite ( v>i\s ef=ts to reclaim ! l&1 & 0 to rema9 9 a /ate ( m>% & %all[ wat] till ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,nor? & we/ ( ! great f5 0 ,hatfield ,*ase1 #ahj1jjj acres mo/ly swamp & bog1 ) "h & !re a /rip ( cultivat$ l&1 mu* ( :i* _h be5 till$ & neglect$2 a great "p too ( ,york%ire 0 swamp1 hea?1 & =e/1 & ( ,lanca%ire m>%es & mosses1 "s ( :i* 7 n dra9$ till rec5t times4 ,! be/ corn-gr[+ c\nties 7 ^? ly+ imm$iately to ! nor? ( ,london1 /ret*+ f ,suffolk to ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & includ+ ! s\!rn portions ( ,/af=d%ire & ,leice/]%ire2 ,essex 0 a great *eese c\nty2 ,hants1 ,cambridge%ire1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 & ,b$=d%ire 7 fam\s = malt1 & ,leice/]%ire = peas & beans4 ,! population ( ,engl& 9 #adhe 0 probably f two to two & a half millions4 ,at ! "t ( ,domesday x 0 "u two millions1 & f t date increas$ p]haps to ne>ly f\r millions at ! "t ( ! ,black ,dea? 9 #acdh-i1 :i* swept away f "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! p1 & repeat$ w>s & pe/il5ces seem to h kept x f increas+ until ,tudor times4 ,( ! :ole population no few] ?an elev5-twelf?s 7 employ$ 9 agriculture4#aih ,x 0 s\ght to rem$y enclosure & depopulation by legislation1 & ! /atute ( #d ,h54 ,,vii1 c4 #ai1 0 pass$1 :i* /at$ 9 its preamble t :]e 9 "s t[ns 7mean+ t[n%ips or villages7 #bjj p]sons us$ to be occupi$ & liv$ by _! lawful lab\rs1 n[ !re are occupi$ only two or ?ree h]dsm51 s t ! residue fall into idl5ess1 & husb&ry is greatly decay$1 *ur*es de/roy$1 ! bodies !re buri$ n pray$ =1 ! p>sons & curates wrong$1 & ! def5ce ( ?is l& enfeebl$ & impair$2 ! latt] po9t be+ wisely deem$ "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s defects 9 ! new sy/em ( f>m+4 ,inde$1 ! enc\ragem5t ( tillage 0 l>gely prompt$ by ! desire to see ! p f$ on good home-gr[n corn & made /rong & heal?y by rural lab\r = ! def5ce ( ,engl&4 ,x !re=e enact$ t h\ses :i* )9 ?ree ye>s be=e _h be5 let = f>ms ) #bj acres ( tillage l& %\ld be kept 9 t condition1 "u a p5alty ( =feit+ half ! pr(its to ! k+ or ! "l ( ! fee4 ,soon aft] ,h5ry ,,viii asc5d$ ! ?rone came ano!r /atute1 #f ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #e1 t all t[n%ips1 villages1 c41 decay$ & turn$ f husb&ry & tillage into pa/ure1 %all by ! own] be rebuilt & ! l& made mete = tillage )9 "o ye>2 & ?is 0 repeat$ & made p]petual by a law ( ! next ye>4#aii ,b legislation 0 9 va92 ! price ( wool 0 n[ beg9n+ to advance s t ! attraction ( %eep f>m+ 0 irresi/ible1 & laws1 :i* ask$ l&[n]s & f>m]s to turn f :at 0 pr(itable to :at 0 n1 7 little likely to be obs]v$1 especially z ! adm9i/ration ( ^! laws 0 9 ! h&s ( ^? ^: int]e/ x 0 t !y %\ld n be obs]v$4 ,_! ill success1 h[ev]1 did n det] ! ,p>liam5t f fre% ef=ts4 #be ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #ac1 sets =? ! condition ( affairs 9 its preamble3 z _m p]sons h accumulat$ into few1 great multitude ( f>ms & great pl5ty ( cattle1 especially %eep1 putt+ su* l& z !y c get into pa/ure1 & enhanc$ ! old r5ts & rais$ ! prices ( corn1 cattle1 wool1 & p\ltry almo/ d\ble1 'by reason :]e( a m]vayl\s multitude & nombre ( ! p ( ?is realme be n able to provide drynke & clo!s necess>y = !mselves1 b be s discorag$ ) mys]ie & pov]tie t !y fall dayly to !fte & robb]ye or pitifully dye = hung] & colde4' ,s gre$y & covet\s 7 "s ( ^! accumulators t !y _h z _m z #bd1jjj %eep2 & a good %eep1 t 0 us$ to be sold = #bs4 #d;d4 or #cs4 at ! mo/1 0 n[ f #ds4 to #fs42 & a /one ( clo?+ wool1 t 9 "s %ires 0 accu/om$ to be sold = #ah;d4 or #bj;d41 is n[ #cs4 #d;d4 to #ds42 & 9 o!rs1 :]e x 0 #bs4 #d;d4 to #cs4 x is n[ #ds4 #h;d4 to #es4 ,x 0 !re=e enact$ t no man1 ) "s exceptions1 0 to keep m ?an #b1jjj %eep at "o "t 9 any "p ( ! realm1 ?\gh lambs "u "o ye> 7 n to c\nt4 ,! frequ5cy ( ^! laws proves _! inefficacy1 & ! conduct ( ,h5ry ,,viii 0 ! *ief cause ( x2 = :ile ,p>liam5t 0 compla9+ ( ! decrease ( tillage he gave huge tracts ( l& tak5 f ! mona/]ies to gre$y c\rti]s1 :o evict$ ! t5ants & liv$ on ! pr(its ( %eep f>m+4#bjj ,= ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies 0 n[ tak+ ,place1#bja & ! be/ l&[n]s 9 ,engl&1 "s ( :om f>m$ _! own l& long aft] mo/ ( ! lay l&lords _h giv5 x up or turn$ x into grass1 & ^: l&s are said to h fet*$ a high] r5t ?an any o!rs1 7 robb$ & ru9$4 ,includ+ ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies & ! confiscation ( ! *antry l&s 9 #aedi by ,edw>d ,,vi1 ab\t "o-fifte5? ( ! l& ( ,engl& *ang$ h&s at ?is "t4 ,! transf] ( ! abbey l&s to ,h5ry's fav\rites 0 v prejudicial to f>m+2 x 0 a s\rce ( s]i\s dislocation ( agricultural indu/ry1 m>k$ by all ! inconv5i5ce1 inju/ice1 & loss t att5ds a viol5t transf] ( prop]ty4 ,x is probable also t _m ( ! mona/ic l&s 7 let on /ock & l& leases2 & ! /ock 0 confiscat$1 ) inevitable ru9 to ! t5ant z well z ! l&lord4#bjb ,& n only 0 a s]i\s injury wr\ght to agriculture by ! spoliation ( a l>ge numb] ( l&lords g5]ally not$ = _! g5]osity & good f>m+1 b ) ! religi\s h\ses disappe>$ a l>ge numb] ( consum]s ( c\ntry produce1 ! am\nt ( :i* may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ li/ ( /ores ( ! great ,abbey ( ,f\nta9s at ! dissolution3 #b1cef horn$ cattle1 #a1cbf %eep1 #hf horses1 #gi sw9e1 & l>ge quantities ( :eat1 oats1 rye1 & malt1 ) #cib loads ( hay4#bjc ,x mu/ inde$ h seem$ to _m z if ! poor f>m] 0 nev] to h any re/2 no soon] 7 ! long w>s ov] & pe/il5ces 9 "s s5se dim9i%$1 ?an ! evils ( enclosure & ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies came ^u him4 ,_m ills 7 popul>ly ascrib$ to ! fall ( ! mona/]ies2 9 an old ballad 9 ,p]cy's ,reliques "o ( ! *>act]s says1 9 we/]n dialect3-- ',*ill tell ! :at1 good vell[e1 ,be=e ! fri]s w5t h5ce1 ,a bu%el ( ! be/ :eate ,0 zold vor vorte5 p5ce1 ,& vorty eggs a p5ny ,t 7 bo? good & newe4' ,,note4--,if any fur!r pro( 7 ne$$ ( ! con/ant att5tion giv5 by ,p>liam5t to agricultural matt]s1 x w\ld be furni%$ by ! ,acts = ! de/ruction ( v]m94#bjd ,our =efa!rs _h no d\bt t rooks did m h>m ?an good1 ye>ly de/roy+ a 'wond]full & m>vel\s greate quantitie ( corne & gra9e'2 & de/roy+ ! 'cov]tures ( ?at*$ h\s]y1 b]nes1 rekes1 /akkes1 & o!r su* l'2 s t all p]sons 7 to d _! be/ to kill !m1 'on pa9 ( a grev\s am]ciam5t'4 ,,footnotes3 #ahd ,mu* ! same t5d5cies 7 at "w 9 o!r c\ntries1 especially 9 ,g]many4 #ahe ,slat]1 ,engli% ,peasantry & ,enclosure1 #bdh4 #ahf ,smy?1 ,lives ( ! ,b]keleys1 i4 #aac4 #ahg ,cal4 ,pat4 ,rolls1 #acca1 p4 #abg4 #ahh ,lives ( ! ,b]keleys1 i4 #ada4 #ahi ,ibid4 i4 #ada4 #aij ,lives ( ! ,b]keleys1 i4 #afj4 #aia ,hi/orical ,,mss4 ,commission1 #f? ,report1 p4 #cei4 #aib ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #cgi4 #aic ,a%ley1 ,engli% ,wooll5 ,indu/ry1 pp4 #hj-a4 ,broadly speak+1 !re are f\r /ages 9 ! developm5t ( indu/ry--! family sy/em1 ! guild sy/em1 ! dome/ic sy/em1 & ! factory sy/em4 #aid ,hi/4 ,reg4 ,angl41 p4 #abj4 #aie ,gisborne1 ,agricultural ,essays1 pp4 #ahf-i4 #aif ,antiquities ( ,w>wick%ire #bnd ed41 p4 #ea4 #aig ,d5ton1 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 p4 #ace4 #aih ,see ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #cca2 ,d5ton1 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 p4 #abg4 #aii #g ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #a4 #bjj ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #dhi4 #bja ,dissolution ( small mona/]ies1 #aecf2 ( great]1 #aeci-dj4 #bjb ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 iv4 #abi4 #bjc ,dugdale1 ,mona/icon1 v1 #bia4 #bjd #bd ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #aj2 #h ,eliz4 c4 #ae2 #ad ,eliz4 c4 #aa2 #ci ,eliz4 c4 #ah4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,fitzh]b]t4--,,! ,,regulation ,,( ,,h\rs ,,& ,,wages ,! f>m+ ( ?is p]iod is portray$ = u by ,fitzh]b]t1 ! fir/ agricultural writ] ( any m]it s9ce ,walt] ( ,h5ley 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 "o ( ! ,ju/ices ( ,common ,pleas1 & _h be5 a f>m] = =ty ye>s be=e he wrote 8 books on husb&ry1 & on survey+ 9 #aebc1 s t he knew :at he 0 writ+ ab\t2 '!re is no?+ t\*+ husb&ry conta9$ 9 ?is book b ,i h _h exp]i5ce !re( & prov$ ! same4' ,9 spite ( ! increase ( graz+ 9 8 "t he says ! 'pl\gh is ! mo/ necess>ie in/rum5t t an husb&man c occupy'1 & describes ^? us$ 9 v>i\s c\nties2 9 ,k5t1 = in/ance1 '!y h "s g ) :eeles z !y d 9 _m o!r places'2 b ! pl\gh ( 8 "t is app>5tly ! same z t ( ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 & alt]$ little till ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! rud5ess ( x may be judg$ f ! fact t 9 "s places x only co/ #aj;d4 or #as4 ?\gh 9 o!r p>ts !y 7 z mu* z #fs4 or ev5 #hs4 ,he says#bje x 0 too co/ly = a f>m] to buy all 8 implem5ts1 :]e=e x is necess>y = him to le>n to make !m1 z he _h done 9 ! ,middle ,ages be=e ! era ( ready-made implem5ts1 :5 he always b\ght ! mat]ials & put !m toge!r at home4 ,on ! vex$ "q ( :e!r to use horses or ox5 = pl\gh+1 he says x dep5ds on ! locality2 = in/ance1 ox5 w pl\gh 9 t\gh clay & ^u hilly gr\nd1 :]eas horses w /& /ill2 b horses g fa/] ?an ox5 on ev5 gr\nd & light gr\nd1 & are 'quicke = c>riages1 b !y be f> m co/ly to keep 9 w9t]4' ,accord+ to him1 ox5 _h no %oes z horses _h4#bjf ,"h is 8 description ( a h>r[3 x is 'made ( six f9al peeces ( timb] call$ h>[ bulles1 made ei!r ( a%e or oke2 !y be two y>des long1 & z mu* z ! small ( a man's leg2 9 e bulle are five %>pe peeces ( iron call$ h>[ tyndes1 set some:at a slope =w>d4' ,?is h>r[1 drawn by ox51 0 good to break ! big clods1 & !n ! horse h>r[ came aft] to break ! small] clods4 ,x diff]$ slightly f ! =m]1 "s hav+ wood5 t9es4 ,= we$+ corn ! *ief in/rum5t 'is a pair ( tongs made ( wood1 & 9 dry wea!r ye mu/ h a we$+ hoke ) a socket set ^u a /affe a y>d long4'#bjg ,he recomm5ds t grass be m[n e>ly1 = ! y\ng] & gre5] ! grass is ! s(t] & sweet] x w be :5 x is hay1 & ! se$s w be 9 x in/ead ( fall5 out z :5 left late2 advice :i* _m slov5ly f>m]s ne$ to-day4 ,he does n approve ( ! cu/om ( reap+ rye & :eat high up & m[+ !m aft]1 b advises t !y be cut clean2 b>ley & oats1 h[ev]1 %\ld be commonly m[n4 ,bo? :eat & rye 7 to be s[n at ,mi*aelmas1 & 7 ca/ ^u ! fall[ & pl\gh$ "u1 two ,london bu%els ( :eat & rye be+ ! necess>y am\nt ( se$ p] acre4 ,9 spite ( 8 praise ( ! pl\gh he all[s t ! %eep 'is ! mo/ pr(itable/ cattel t a man c h'1 & he gives a li/ ( _! diseases1 among ! ?+s t rot !m be+ a grass call$ sp]ewort1 ano!r call$ p5y grass1 :ile m>%y gr\nd1 mildew$ grass1 & grass gr[+ ^u fall[ & !re=e full ( we$s 7 all conducive to rot4 ,! *ief cause1 h[ev]1 is mildew1 ! sign ( ^: pres5ce is ! honeydew on ! oak leaves4 ,9 buy+ cattle to fe$ ! pur*as] is to see t ! hair />e n1 & t ! bea/ lacks no tee?1 has a broad rib1 a ?ick hide1 & be loose sk9n$1 = if x /ick h>d to 8 ribs he w n fe$#bjh2 x %\ld be h&l$ to see if x be s(t on ! =ecrop1 beh9d ! %\ld]1 on ! h9d]mo/ rib ^u ! huck bone1 & at ! na*e by ! tail4 ,among o!r diseases ( cattle he m5tions ! g\t1 'commonly 9 ! h9d] feet'2 b he nev] knew a man :o c\ld f9d a rem$y4 ,he 0 a great advocate ( enclosures2 = x 0 mu* bett] to h sev]al closes & pa/ures to put 8 cattle 91 :i* %\ld be well quick-sett$1 dit*$1 & h$g$1 s z to divide ^? ( diff]5t ages1 z ?is 0 m pr(itable ?an to h 8 cattle g be=e ! h]dsman 79 ! common field74 ,x w be se5 f ! above t ,fitzh]b]t made no idle boa/ 9 say+ he wrote ( :at he knew1 & mu* ( 8 advice is applicable to-day1 ?\gh ! "t is pa/ = ! f>m]'s wife to 'wyn[e all mann] ( cornes1 to make malte1 to %]e corne1 & 9 "t ( n$e to helpe h] husb&e to fyll ! mucke wayne or d\nge c>te1 dryve ! pl\gh1 lode heye1 corne1 & su* o!r'2 ?\gh %e may g or ride to ! m>ket 'to sel butt]1 *eese1 milke1 eggs1 *ekyns1 h5nes1 & geese4'#bji ,x appe>s t ! horses ( ,engl& at ?is "t _h consid]ably det]iorat$1 = ! /atute #bg ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #f1 m5tions ! great decay ( ! bre$1 ! cause x is /at$ be+ t '9 mo/ places ( ?is ,realme little horsis & naggis ( small /ature & valeu be suff]$ to depa/ure & also to cov\r m>ys & felys ( v small /ature'2 !re=e own]s & f>m]s ( de] p>ks %all keep 9 e su* p>k two brood m>es ( #ac 'h& fulles' 7h&s7 at lea/4 ,ano!r /atute1 #cb ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #ac1 /rove to rem$y ?is evil by enact+ t no entire horse "u #ae h&s 0 to fe$ on any =e/1 *ase1 wa/e1 or common l&4 ,?is /atute 0 a useful "o1 s also 0 #ba ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #h1 :i* =bade = ?ree ye>s ! kill+ ( calves betwe5 ,janu>y #a & ,may #a1 "u a p5alty ( #fs4 #h;d41 because s _m _h be5 kill$ by 'covet\s p]sons' t ! cattle ( ! c\ntry 7 dw9dl+ 9 numb]4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 7 m]ely m$dlesome1 & direct$ aga9/ t unpopul> man ! deal]4 ,= in/ance1 own]s refus+ to sell cattle at assess$ prices 7 to answ] fir/ 9 ! ,/> ,*amb] 7#be ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #a72 & by #c & #d ,edw4 ,,vi1 c4 #ai1 no cattle 7 to be b\ght b 9 op5 fair or m>ket1 & n to be resold !n alive1 ?\gh a man might buy cattle any:]e = 8 own use4 ,no p]son1 aga91 0 to resell cattle )9 five weeks aft] he b\ght !m 7#e ,edw4 ,,vi1 c4 #ad72 & a common drov] _h by ! same ,act to h a lic5ce f ?ree ju/ices be=e he c\ld buy & sell cattle4 ,we may be sure t ^! laws 7 m hon\r$ 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance1 z !y des]v$ to be4 ,hops 7 said to h be5 introduc$ f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries ab\t ! middle ( ,h5ry ,,viii's reign2 b !re c be no d\bt t ?is is a mi/ake4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ t !y fl\ri%$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ,edw>d ,i1 & a di/+ui%$ au?ority#baj says ! hop may ) probability be reckon$ a native ( ,brita92 b x 0 fir/ us$ z a salad or vegetable = ! table1 ! "y spr\ts hav+ ! flav\r ( asp>agus & com+ e>li]4 ,ha/$1 ! hi/orian ( ,k5t1 /ates#baa t a petition 0 pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t aga9/ ! hop plant 9 #adbh :]e9 x 0 call$ a 'wick$ we$'4 ,h>rison says1 ',hops 9 "t pa/ 7 pl5tiful 9 ?is l&1 aft]w>ds _! ma9t5ance did cease1 & n[ 7cir4 #aehj7 be+ reviv$ :]e are anie bett] to be f\nd8'#bab ,ev5 !n gr[]s _h to face =eign competition1 z ! cu/oms acc\nts prove t consid]able quantities 7 import$ into ,engl&4 ,9 #adhb a cwt4 0 sold = #hs4 & #a cwt4 #ba lb4 = #ais4 #f;d41 an e>ly example ( t fluctuation 9 price :i* has long *>act]iz$ !m4#bac ,_! av]age price ab\t ?is "t seems to h be5 #ads4 #a_/b;d4 a cwt4 ,dur+ ! ,tudor p]iod ! numb] ( day lab\r]s increas$1 l>gely ow+ to ! enclosures hav+ depriv$ ! small hold] & common] ( _! l& & rights4 ,b judg+ by ! /atutes ^? paid ye>ly & bo>d$ 9 ! f>m h\se 7 /ill mo/ num]\s4 ,9 #adie ! h\rs ( lab\r]s 7 fir/ regulat$ by law4 ,! /atute ,,ii ,h54 ,,vii1 c4 #bb1 says t #bc ,h54 ,,vi1 c4 #ab1bad 0 insuffici5tly obs]v$2 & besides increas+ wages slightly set =? ! foll[+ h\rs = "w on ! f>m3 ! lab\r] 0 to be at 8 "w f ! middle ( ,m>* to ! middle ( ,septemb] be=e #e a4m41 & h half an h\r = breakfa/ & an h\r & a half = d9n] & sleep1 :5 sleep 0 all[$1 t is f ! middle ( ,may to ! middle ( ,augu/2 :5 sleep 0 n all[$1 an h\r = d9n] & half an h\r = 8 nonemete or lun*2 & he 0 to "w till betwe5 #g & #h p4m4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye> he 0 to "w f daylight to d>k4 ,! attempt to regulate h\rs1 :i* seem fair & reasonable1 no d\bt met ) bett] success ?an t to regulate wages1 = #f ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #c 7#aead71 says ! previ\s /atutes _h be5 v mu* disreg>d$1 & sets d[n ! rates once m3-- ,a bailiff's ye>ly wages1 ) diet1 7 to be n m ?an #a #fs4 #h;d41 & #es4 = clo!s4 ,a *ief h9d1 c>t]1 or *ief %eph]d1 ) diet1 n m ?an #a1 & #es4 = clo!s4 ,a common s]vant or lab\r]1 ) diet1 n m ?an #afs4 #h;d41 & #ds4 = clo!s4 ,a woman s]vant1 ) diet1 n m ?an #ajs41 & #ds4 = clo!s4 ,by ! day1 except 9 h>ve/1 a common lab\r] f ,ea/] to ,mi*aelmas 0 to h #b;d4 ) food & dr9k1 #d;d4 )\t2 & f ,mi*aelmas to ,ea/] #a-a_/b;d4 ) food & dr9k1 & #c;d4 )\t4 ,9 h>ve/3-- ,a m[]1 ) food1 #d;d4 a day2 )\t1 #f;d4 ,a reap]1 ) food1 #c;d4 a day2 )\t1 #e;d4 ,a c>t]1 ) food1 #c;d42 )\t1 #e;d4 ,o!r lab\r]s1 ) food1 #b-a_/b;d42 )\t1 #d-a_/b;d4 ,wom51 ) food1 #b-a_/b;d42 )\t1 #d-a_/b;d4 ,,footnotes3 #bje ,booke ( ,husb&ry 7ed4 #aefh71 fol4 #e4 ,! surveyor ( ,fitzh]b]t's day comb9$ "s ( ! duties ( ! mod]n bailiff & l& ag5t3 he b\ght & sold = 8 employ]1 valu$ 8 prop]ty1 & sup]vis$ ! r5ts4 #bjf ,booke ( ,husb&ry 7ed4 #aefh71 fol4 vi4 #bjg ,ibid4 fol4 xv4 #bjh ,booke ( ,husb&ry 7ed4 #aefh71 fol4 xxix4 #bji ,fitzh]b]t adds pigs & all mann] ( cornes1 s altoge!r ! f>m]'s wife seems to h done z mu* z ! f>m]4 #baj ,sir ,jas4 ,e4 ,smi?1 ,engli% ,flora1 iv4 #bda4 #baa ,hi/ory ( ,k5t 7ed4 #aggh71 i4 #abc4 #bab ,description ( ,brita9 7,furnivall ed471 p4 #cbe4 #bac ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 iii4 #bed4 #bad ,see above4 ,,*apt] ,,ix #aedj-afjj ,,progress ,,at ,,la/4--,,hop-,,gr[+4--,,progress ,,( ,,enclosure4--,,h>rison',s ',,description' ,! p]iod we h n[ rea*$ 0 "o ( /eady gr[? 9 ! value ( l& & its products4 ,9 #aedc ,h5ry ,,viii1 :o _h giv5 away or squ&]$1 9 addition to ! great treasure left him by 8 ?rifty fa!r1 all ! weal? obta9$ f ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies1 debas$ ! co9age 9 ord] to get m money into 8 insatiable h&s1 & prices w5t up 9 consequ5ce4 ,b !re 7 o!r causes3 ! influx ( preci\s metals f newly discov]$ ,am]ica into ,europe _h comm5c$ to make itself felt1 & ! population ( ! c\ntry began to gr[ /eadily4 ,also1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! seasons1 :i* 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury _h be5 normal1 7 = ! next sixty ye>s frequ5tly ra9y & bad4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t ?is mu/ h l>gely help$ to raise ! price ( corn4 ,! av]age price ( :eat f #aedj-aehc 0 #acs4 #aj-a_/b;d4 a qu>t]2 f #aehc-agjb1 #cis4 #j-a_/b;d4 ,corn 0 /ill subject to extraord9>y fluctuations3 9 #aeeg1 ,hol9%$ says be=e h>ve/ :eat 0 #ecs4 #d;d4 a qu>t]1 malt #dds4 ,aft] h>ve/ :eat 0 #es41 malt #fs4 #h;d41 ! =m] prices be+ due to a t]rible dr\ght 9 ,engl&4 ,ox5 9 ! p]iod #aehc-agjc 7 wor? #ges4 in/ead ( "u #a 9 ! p]iod #adjj-aedj4 ,wool 0 f #i;d4 to #as4 a lb4 in/ead ( ab\t #c-a_/b;d41 & all o!r f>m products increas$ ) ^!4#bae ,hops 7 f #aedj-aehb ab\t #bfs4 #h;d4 a cwt41 & f #aehc-agjj1 #hbs4 #i-a_/b;d4 ,9 #aegd ,reynold ,scott publi%$ ! fir/ ,engli% treatise on hops1#baf 9 :i* he says1 '"o man may well keep #b1jjj hils1 ^u e hil well ord]$ y %all h #c lb4 ( hoppes at ! lea/1 "o hundr$ p\nds ( ^! hoppes are commonly wor? #bfs4 #h;d41 "o acre ( gr\nd & ! ?ird "p ( "o man's lab\r ) small co/ beside1 %all yield unto him t ord]e? ! same well1 =tie m>ks ye>ly & t = ev]1' an optimi/ic e/imate t _m gr[]s to-day w\ld l to see realiz$4 ',9 ! prep>ation ( a hop g>d5'1 says ! same writ]1 'if y\r gr\nd be grasse1 x %\ld be fir/ s[5 ) hempe or beanes :i* make? ! gr\nd mel[e1 de/roye? we$es1 & leave? ! same 9 good season = ?is purpose4#bag ,at ! end ( ,m>*e1 repayre to "s good g>d5 to comp\nd ) ! own] = *oice rootes1 :i* 9 "s places w co/ #e;d4 an hundr$?4 ,& n[ y mu/ *oose ! bigge/ rootes y c f9d1 su* z are ?ree or f\r in*es ab\t1 & let e root be n9e or t5 in*es long1 & conta9 ?ree jo9ts4' ,holes 7 !n to be dug at lea/ #h feet ap>t1 "o foot squ>e1 & "o foot deep1 & 9 ea* two or ?ree roots plant$ & well hill$ up4 ,tuss]1 h[ev]1 recomm5d$ !m mu* clos]3 ',five foot f ano!r ea* hillock %\ld /&1 ,z /raight z a levell$ l9e ) ! h&4 ,let e hillock be f\r foot wide4 ,?ree poles to a hillock1 ,i pas n h[ long1 ,%all yield ! m pr(it set deeplie & /rong4' ,?ree or f\r poles 7 to be set to ea* hill #ae or #af feet long1 unless ! gr\nd 0 v ri*1 ! poles #i or #aj in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! butt1 s z to la/ long] & /& ! w9d well4 ,aft] !y 7 put up1 ! gr\nd r\nd ! poles 0 to be well ramm$4 ,ru%es or grass 7 us$ = tie+ ! hops4 ,dur+ ! gr[? ( ! hops1 n m ?an two or ?ree b9es 7 to be all[$ to ea* pole2 & aft] ! fir/ ye> ! hills 7 to be gradually rais$ f ! alleys betwe5 ! r[s until1 accord+ to ! illu/rations 9 ,scott's book1 !y 7 #c or #d feet high1 ! 'great] y make y\r hylles ! m hoppes y %all h ^u y\r poals'4 ,:5 ! "t = pick+ came1 ! b9es :5 cut 7 c>ri$ to a 'floore prep>$ = ! purpose'1 app>5tly ( h>d5$ e>?1 :]e !y 7 /ripp$ into baskets1 & ,scott ?\ght t 'x is n hurtfull greatly ?\gh ! small] leaves be m+l$ ) ! hoppes'4 ,9 wet wea!r ! hops 7 to be /ripp$ 9 ! h\se4 ,! fire = dry+ hops 0 ( wood1 & "s dri$ _! hops 9 ! sun1 bo? processes to u appe>+ v risky2 z ! fir/ w\ld be too quick1 & ! latt] next to impossible 9 ,septemb] 9 ,engl&4 ,!y 7 sometimes pack$ 9 b>rels1 z ,tuss] tells u1 ',"s close !m up drie 9 a hog%ead or vat1 yet canvas or sontage 7co>se clo?7 is bett] ?an t4' ,by ?is "t ,engl& _h l>gely *ang$ f a corn-gr[+ to a /ock-rais+ c\ntry2 ,h>rison1 writ+ 9 ! middle ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign1 says1 '! soile ( ,brita9e is m incl9$ to fe$+ & graz+ ?an pr(itable = tillage & be>+ ( corne 444 & su* /ore is !re ( cattle 9 ev]ie place t ! f\r? "p ( ! l& is sc>cely manur$ = ! provision ( gra9e4' ,b ?is /atem5t seems exagg]at$4 ,we "k t by ,h>rison's "t enclosures _h affect$ b a small area1 & ! great] "p ( ! cultivat$ l& 0 9 op5 arable fields4 ,! yield ( corn 0 n[ mu* great] ?an 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 rye or :eat well till$ & dress$ n[ produc$ #ae to #bj bu%els to ! acre in/ead ( #f or #h1 b>ley #cf bu%els1 oats #d or #e qu>t]s#bah1 ?\gh 9 ! nor?1 :i* 0 /ill greatly beh9d ! re/ ( ,engl&1 crops 7 small]4 ,no d\bt ?is 0 p>tly due to ! mu*-abus$ enclosures3 ! indu/ri\s f>m] c\ld n[ d :at he lik$ ) 8 own1 )\t h9drance f 8 lazy or unskilful neighb\r4 ,tuss]'s pref]5ce = ! 'sev]al' field is v decid$2 comp>+ x ) ! '*ampion' or common field he says3-- ,! c\ntrie inclos$ ,i praise ! to!r delighte? me n1 ,!re sw9eh]d t keepe? ! hog !re nee!rd ) cur & 8 horne1 ,!re %eph]d ) :i/le & dog be f5ce to ! m$[e & corne1 ,!re horse be+ tide on a balke is readie ) !efe = to walke1 ,:]e all ?+s 9 common do? re/e corne field ) ! pa/ure & meade1 ,?o' common ye d = ! be/ yet :at do? x /& ye 9 /eade8 ,m pl5tie ( mutton & beefe corne butt] & *eese ( ! be/ ,m weal? any :]e 7to be briefe7 m p1 m h&some & pre/ 7neat47 ,:]e f9d ye8 7g se>* any coa/e7 ?an !re :]e enclosure is mo/4 ,m "w = ! lab\r+ man z well 9 ! t[ne z ! fielde4 ,= commons ^! common]s crie inclos+ !y may n abide1 ,yet "s be n able to bie a c[ ) h] calf by h] side4 ,nor laie 7int5d7 n to live by _! wurke1 ,b ?ievi%ly loit] & lurke4 ,:at footpa?s are made & h[ brode ,annoiance too mu* to be borne1 ,) horse & ) cattle :at rode is made ?or[e erie man's come4 ,b ! ri* grazi]s boa/$ t !y did n gr[ corn because !y c\ld buy x *eap] 9 ! m>ket2 & !y are said to h trad$ on ! necessity ( ! poor f>m] to sell at ,mi*aelmas 9 ord] to pay 8 r5t1 & :5 !y _h got ! corn into _! h&s !y rais$ ! price4 ,! corn-deal]s ( ! "t 7 look$ ^u ) dislike by e "o2 _m ( ! de>?s !n s frequ5t1 & ne>ly always caus$ by bad seasons1 7 ascrib$ to 'engross]s buy+ ( corn & )old+ x = sale'4 ,by a /atute ( #aeeb ! fre$om ( int]nal corn trade 0 entirely suppress$1 & no "o c\ld c>ry corn f "o "p ( ,engl& to ano!r )\t a lic5ce1 & any "o :o b\ght corn to sell x aga9 0 liable to two mon?s' imprisonm5t & =feit$ 8 corn4 ,al?\gh we %all see t ?is policy 0 rev]s$ 9 ! next c5tury1 ! feel+ aga9/ corn-deal]s surviv$ = _m ye>s & 0 l\dly express$ dur+ ! ,napoleonic w>2 inde$1 we may d\bt if x is ext9ct to-day4 ,_m ( ! fruits & g>d5 produce1 :i* _h be5 neglect$ s9ce ! fir/ ,edw>d1 _h by n[ come into use aga91 'n onlie among ! poor commons1 ,i meane ( melons1 pompions1 g\rds1 cucumb]s1 radi%es1 skirets 7probably a sort ( c>rot71 p>sneps1 c>rots1 cabbages1 navewes 7turnip radi%es 78771 turnips1#bai & all k9ds ( salad h]bes1 b also at ! tables ( delicate m]*ants1 g5tlem51 & ! nobilitie4'#bbj ',also we h mo/ delicate apples1 plummes1 pe>s1 walnuts1 filb]ts1 c41 & ^? ( sundrie sorts1 plant$ )9 =tie ye>s pa/1 9 comp>ison ( :i* mo/ ( ! old trees are no?+ wor?3 s h we no less /ore ( /range fruite1 z abricotes1 almonds1 pea*es1 figges1 cornetrees 7probably cornels7 9 noblem5's or*>ds4 ,i h se5 cap]s1 or5ges1 & lemmons1 & he>d ( wild olives gr[+ "h1 besides o!r /range trees4'#bba ,z a pro( ( ! gr[? ( grass 9 proportion to tillage betwe5 ! f\rte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ,ed5 gives sev]al examples1#bbb ( :i* ! foll[+ are significant3-- ,arable4 ,grass4 acres4 acres4 #acci4 #ah messuages 9 ,norfolk _h #afj #fj #aced4 a ,norfolk manor #cjj #ei #acie4 #b messuages 9 ,w>wick%ire #djj #fj #aefj4 #b messuages 9 ,w>wick%ire #fjj #ffj #aefg4 a ,norfolk e/ate #bjj #djj #aefi4 manor #fj #fj ',our %eepe are v excell5t = sweetness ( fle%1 & our woolles are pref]r$ be=e ^? ( ,milesia & o!r places4'#bbc ,s ?\ght ,h>rison & _m ,engli% l&[n]s & f>m]s too1 s t legislation 0 p[]less to /op ! spread ( %eep f>m+4 ,9 #aeag a commission ( inquiry in/igat$ by ,wolsey held inquisition on enclosures & ! decay ( tillage1 & x seems to h be5 ! only hone/ ef=t to /op ! evil4 ,x 0 to inquire :at decays1 conv]sions1 & p>k enclosures _h be5 made s9ce #adhi1 b ! result ev5 ( ?is attempt 0 small4 ,9 #aece a fre% /atute1 #bg ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #bb1 /at$ t ! ,act limit+ ! numb] ( %eep to be kept _h only be5 obs]v$ on l&s held ( ! k+1 :]eon _m h\ses _h be5 rebuilt & mu* pa/ure reconv]t$ to tillage2 b on l&s hold5 ( o!r lords ?is 0 n ! case1 !re=e ! k+ 0 to h ! moiety ( ! pr(its ( su* l&s z _h be5 conv]t$ f tillage to pa/ure s9ce #d ,h54 ,,vii until a prop] h\se 0 built & ! l& return$ to tillage2 b ! ,act only appli$ to f\rte5 c\nties !re9 enum]at$4 ,! enclos+ = %eep-runs /ill w5t on1 h[ev]1 (t5 ) ru?less selfi%ness2 h\ses & t[n%ips 7 levell$1 says ,sir ,?omas ,m1 & no?+ left /&+ except ! *ur*1 :i* 0 turn$ into a %eep-h\se3 ',! t[ns g d[n1 ! l& decays1 ,( corn-fields pla9 lays1 ,great m5 make? n[adays ,a %eepcot ( ! *ur*'1 said a contempor>y ballad4 ,latim] wrote1 ':]e !re 7 a great _m h\sehold]s & inhabitants !re is n[ b a %eph]d & 8 dog4' ',i am sorie to report x1' says ,h>rison1#bbd 'b mo/ sorr[ful ( all to und]/& t m5 ( great port & c\nt5ance are s f> f suff]+ _! f>m]s to h anie ga9e at all t !y !mselves become grazi]s1 but*]s1 tann]s1 %eepma/]s1 & woodm51 !reby to enri* !mselves4' ,! ,act aga9/ pull+ d[n f>mh\ses 0 evad$ by repair+ "o room = ! use ( a %eph]d2 a s+le furr[ 0 driv5 across a field to prove x 0 /ill "u ! pl\gh2 to avoid hold+ illegal numb]s ( %eep flocks 7 held 9 ! names ( sons & s]vants4#bbe ,! c\ntry sw>m$ ) heaps ( mis]able paup]s1 '/urdy & valiant' begg>s1 & ?ieves :o1 ?\gh hang$ tw5ty at a "t on a s+le gall[s1 /ill infe/$ all ! c\ntryside1 _! numb]s be+ swoll5 by ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies & ! break+ up ( ! b&s ( reta9]s kept by ! great nobles4 ,r5ts also 7 ris+ rapidly4 ,latim]'s acc\nt ( 8 fa!r's f>m is too well kn[n to be aga9 quot$2 8 op9ions 7 %>$ by all ! writ]s ( ! day4 ,sir ,william ,=re/1 ab\t #aedj1 says t l&lords n[ dem& f\rfold r5ts1 s t ! f>m] has to raise 8 prices 9 proportion1 & beef & mutton 7 s de> t a poor man c\ld n 'bye a morsell'4 ',h[e joyne !y lord%yp to lord%yppe1 mann] to mann]1 f]me to f]me4 ,h[ d ! ry* m51 & especially su* z be %epemong]s1 oppresse ! k+'s p by dev\rynge _! common pa/ures ) ! %epe s t ! poore are n able to keepe a c[e1 b are l to />ve4 ,& yet :5 0 beef ev] s d]e or mutton1 wool n[ #hs4 a /one4 ',n['1 says ano!r1 lat] 9 ! c5tury1 ',i c nev] get a horse %o$ "u #aj;d4 or #ab;d41 :5 ,i h also se5 ! common pryce 0 #f;d4 ,& _c y\r neighb\r rememb] t )9 ^! ?irty ye>s ,i c\ld bye ! be/ pigge or goose t ,i c\ld lay my h& on = f\r p5ce :i* n[ co/e? #ab;d41 a good capon = #c;d4 or #d;d41 a h5 = #b;d41 :i* n[ co/e? me d\ble & triple4'#bbf ,p>liam5t1 ( c\rse1 tri$ to regulate ! price ( food2 an ,act ( #aecb1 #bd ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #c1 orda9$ t beef & pork %\ld be #a_/b;d4 a lb4 & mutton & veal #e_/h;d4 a lb4 ,! decrease 9 ! numb] ( c[s also receiv$ its att5tion2 #b & #c ,philip & ,m>y1 c4 #c1 /ates t =asmu* ( late ye>s a great numb] ( p]sons h f$ 9 _! pa/ures %eep & cattle ) no reg>d to bre$+1 s t !re 0 great sc>city ( /ock1 !re=e = e #fj %eep kept "o milk c[ %all be kept1 & = e #abj %eep "o calf %all be br$1 & = e #aj head ( horn$ cattle %all be kept "o milk c[1 & = e two c[s s kept "o calf %all be br$4 ,! ,act 0 to la/ sev5 ye>s1 b #ac ,eliz4 c4 #be made x p]petual4 ,9 #aedi came ! ris+ ( ,rob]t ,kett 9 ,norfolk1 ! la/ attempt ( ! ,engli% lab\r] to obta9 r$ress ( 8 wrongs by =ce ( arms1 ?\gh ,kett himself belong$ to ! l&lord class & took ! side ( ! p probably by accid5t4 ,! petition ( grievances drawn up by 8 foll[]s aim$ at dim9i%+ ! p[] ( lords ( manors z reg>ds enclosures1 ! keep+ ( dove-cots1 & o!r feudal wrongs4 ',we pray'1 said ! insurg5ts1 't all bondm5 may be made free1 = ,god made all free ) ,8 preci\s blood-%$d+4' ,! rebellion came to no?+1 & "s ( ! abuses at :i* x 0 aim$ 7 dy+ a natural dea?1 ?\gh enclosure (t5 act$ h>dly on ! poor man4 ,! manorial sy/em w5t on /eadily decay+1 & by ?is "t ! demesne l&s _h mu* dim9i%$ 9 area on mo/ manors4 ,_m p>cels _h be5 sold to ! new l&lord class1 :o _h made _! =tunes 9 ! t[ns &1 l mo/ ,engli%m51 desir$ to become c\ntry g5tlem54 ,mu* ( ! demesne _h be5 sold 9 small lots to well-(f tradesm51 & z ! ville9s _h become copyhold]s a l>ge "p ( ! l& 0 own$ or occupi$ by yeom5 or t5ant f>m]s1 :o cultivat$ f #bj to #aej acres4 ,_m ( ! lab\r]s also own$ or r5t$ cottages ) #d or #e acres atta*$ to !m4 ,su* 0 ! rural society at ! end ( ! ,tudor p]iod4 ,! progress ( enclosures help$ to de/roy ?is1 = ! lab\r]s gradually ceas$ to own or occupy l&1 f>ms increas$ 9 size1 ! own]%ip ( l& came to be m & m ! privilege ( ! ri*1 & p flock$ 9 increas+ numb]s to ! t[ns4#bbg;a ,9 five ,norfolk manors 9 ,elizabe?'s "t only f "o-sev5? to "o-t5? 0 9 demesne1 & little ( :at 0 left 0 f>m$ by ! "l1 b let to f>m]s on leases4#bbg;b ,on "s manors ! demesne l& lay 9 compact blocks ne> ! manor h\se2 on o!rs x 0 9 scatt]$ /rips ( v>i\s size2 9 o!rs x lay 9 blocks & /rips4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( a manor 9 ,norfolk give a good picture ( an e/ate 9 #aehf-h1 ! t5ants on x1 _! rank1 & ! size ( _! hold+s3-- ,hor/ead ) ,/an+hall1 #b1gdf acres4 ,! t5ants ) messuages 9 ! village 73-- ,acres4 #a4 ,j4 ,topliffe1 g5tleman #bhj #b4 ,f4 ,woodh\se1 ,esquire #bgj #c4 ,r4 ,w>d1 g5tleman #bfe #d4 ,h4 ,%reve #ahj #e4 ,a4 ,pightl+1 wid[ #abj #f4 ,w4 ,rose's heirs #aaj #g4 ,g4 ,b]de #fj #h4 ,a4 ,!t=d1 g5tleman #fj #i4 ,t4 ,pightl+ #fj #aj4 ,r4 ,pightl+ #fj #aa4 ,j4 ,rose #dj #ab4 ,r4 ,l9coln #dj #ac4 ,w4 ,jeckell #bj #ad4 ,w4 ,bulw] #bj #ae4 ,e4 ,new]by1 g5tleman #ae #af4 ,t4 ,b>n>d #ab #ag4 ,e4 ,sp>ke #aj ,!re 7 also #ab t5ants )\t h\ses1 hold+ f #a to #bj acres2 ! demesne 0 #bcj acres2 !re 7 two glebes conta9+ #hd acres1 & t[n l&s ( #g acres4 ,! wa/e am\nt$ to #cej acres1 :i* by #aeii _h all disappe>$4 ,on ?is manor ! h\ses 7 n collect$ toge!r 9 a village z usual 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl&1 b scatt]$ ab\t ! e/ate4 ,9 two o!r manors ! am\nt ( wa/e rema9+ at ?is p]iod 0 v small1 b 9 ?ree o!rs little _h be5 'approv$' & mu* consequ5tly rema9$2 mo/ ( ! 'approvem5ts'1 :]e made1 seem to h be5 ( long /&+1 & all ! enclosures made 7 = tillage1 n = grass z we %\ld expect4 ,! #cej acres ( wa/e t rema9$ at ,hor/ead 9 #aehf-h 0 enclos$ 9 #aeii by agreem5t betwe5 ! lords ( ! manor & ! t5ants on ! foll[+ t]ms3-- #a4 ,lords to take #hj acres 9 sev]alty4 #b4 ,lords to res]ve all rights to treasure trove1 m9]als1 waifs1 c41 ) "r ( entry to take ! same4 #c4 ,all rights ( pa/ure1 %ack1 & foldage 7 to be ext+ui%$ on all l&s 9 ! village4 #d4 ,! t5ants 7 to pay an annual quit r5t ( #g #ads4 #e;d4 = _! %>es ( ! common4 ,be=e a man enclos$ he consolidat$ 8 hold+ by ex*ange1 s z to br+ x into a compact p>cel in/ead ( scatt]$ /rips1 a v l5g?y process2 !n he pl\gh$ up ! b\nds betwe5 ! /rips2 aft] :i* he *ang$ ! direction ( ! pl\gh+1 pl\gh+ ! l& crossways1 a v necess>y *ange1 z x _h all be5 pl\gh$ l5g?ways = c5turies2 & la/ly he erect$ 8 f5ces3 ! b\nds ( ! /rips1 h[ev]1 7 sometimes left to %[ :i* 7 freehold & :i* copyhold4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 exceptions to ! curtailm5t ( ! demesne3 on an ,ox=d%ire manor ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! great] "p ( ! #fd y>d-l&s ( :i* x consi/$ _h by !n pass$ f ! possession ( ! peasants to ! private use ( ! "l ( ! manor4#bbh ,to ea* y>d-l& belong$ a h\se & f>my>d1 #bd to #bh-c_/d acres ( arable l&1 a %>e 9 ! commonable mead[s :i* = ea* occupi] came to "s #h acres1 also ! "r to turn out #h ox5 or c[s1 or #f horses & #dj %eep on to ! common pa/ure4 ,probably1 z 9 o!r manors 9 anci5t times1 ea* occupi] _h a "r to z mu* firewood z 0 necess>y1 & timb] = build+ purposes & f5ces4 ,! arable l& lay 9 num]\s small plots ( half an acre ea* & less1 m+l$ toge!r 9 a /ate ( great confusion1 & 0 f>m$ on ! f\r-field sy/em--:eat1 beans1 oats1 fall[--?\gh #bjj ye>s be=e ! ?ree-field sy/em _h be5 mo/ common 9 ! di/rict4 ,_m ( ! common arable fields evid5tly (t5 conta9$1 9 ^? days ( poor cultivation & ineffici5t dra9age1 pat*es ( boggy & poor l& :i* 7 left uncultivat$4#bbi ,9 ! rolls ( ! ,manor ( ,scott] 9 ,l9coln%ire1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 no "o 0 to all[ 8 horses to depa/ure 9 ! arable fields unless !y 7 te!r$ on ^! bad spots to prev5t !m w&]+ into ! gr[+ corn4#bcj ,_m ( ! o!r regulations ( ?is manor ?r[ a flood ( light on ! f>m+ ( ! day4 ,9 #aeeg x 0 ord]$ t no man %\ld drive 8 cattle unyok$ ?r\gh ! corn-field "u a p5alty ( #cs4 #d;d4 ,e man %all keep a suffici5t f5ce aga9/ 8 neighb\r "u ! same p5alty4 ,no man %all make a footpa? ov] ! corn-field1 ! p5alty = s do+ be+ #d;d4 ,e "o %all bo? r+ & yoke _! sw9e be=e ,s4 ,ell5's ,day 7probably ,may #c71 "u a p5alty ( #fs4 #h;d41 ! cu/om ( yok+ sw9e to prev5t !m break+ f5ces be+ common until rec5t times4 ,x 0 ! cu/om 9 "s manors to s[ peas 9 a plot especially set ap>t = ! poor4 ,ano!r rule 0 t no "o %\ld bake or brew by night = fe> ( burn+ d[n ! flimsy h\ses & build+s4 ,! p5alty = pl\gh+ up ! balks :i* divid$ ! /rips1 or me]e 7m>c7 furr[s z !y 7 call$ 9 ,l9coln%ire1 0 #b;d41 a v light "o = s s]i\s an (f5ce4 ,9 #aefe a p5alty ( #ajs4 0 impos$ on ,?omas ,dawson = break+ 8 hemp1 i4e4 sep>at+ ! fibre f ! b>k 9 8 l>ge op5 *imney on w9t] nights1 a habit :i* ! manor c\rts sev]ely puni%$ ow+ to ! risk ( fire1 = hemp refuse is v inflammable4 ,x #aegh x 0 laid d[n t e "o 0 to s[ ! outside portion ( _! arable l&s1 & n leave x wa/e = we$s to ! damage ( 8 neighb\rs2 & t ^? :o 7 too poor to keep %eep %\ld n ga!r wool be=e #h o'clock 9 ! morn+1 9 ref]5ce to ! cu/om ( all[+ ! poor to pick refuse wool f\nd on bu%es & ?orns1 & ?is rule 0 to prev5t !m te>+ wool f ! %eep at night "u t pretext4 ,no man 0 to keep any bea/s ap>t f ! h]dsman1 = if ! h]dsman did n "k ! animals he c\ld n tell !m f /rays4 ,e "o 0 to sweep _! *imney f\r times a ye>1 = fe> ( sp>ks fall+ on ! ?at*4 ,no man 0 to suff] ! ne/s ( cr[s or magpies 9 8 gr\nd1 b pull !m d[n be=e ,may ,day4 ,9 ! mead[s1 be=e ea* man began to m[ 8 grass he 0 to m>k ! exact limits ( 8 own l& ) 'wad/icks' or tall rods1 s t !re c\ld be no mi/ake z to b\nd>ies4 ,! heal? ( ! community & ( ! live /ock also receiv$ att5tion3 9 #aehc "o ,pattynson 0 f9$ #as4 = all[+ a 'scabb$' horse to g on ! common2 dead cattle 7 to be buri$ ! day aft] dea?1 & all un:olesome meat 0 to be buri$4 ,h>rison praises ! f>m] ( 8 day highly3 '! soyle is ev5 n[ 9 ^! oure dayes gr[ne to be mu* m fruitfulle2 ! cause is t our c\ntry m5 are gr[n m skilful & c>eful ?r[e recomp5se ( gayne4' ,he 0 also do+ well by means ( 8 skill & c>e2 & 9 spite ( ! rais+ ( r5ts by ! mu*-abus$ l&lords2 = 9 =m] times '= all _! frugality !y 7 sc>cely able to live & pay _! r5ts on r5t day )\t sell+ a c[ or a horse'4 ,su* also us$ to be _! pov]ty1 t if a f>m] w5t to ! aleh\se1 'a ?+ greatly us$ 9 ^? days1' & !re1 '9 a brav]ie to %[ :at /ore he _h1 did ca/e d[ne 8 purse & !re9 a noble or #f %ill+s 9 silv] unto !m1 x 0 v likely t all ! re/ c\ld n lay d[ne s mu* aga9/ x4' ,& ,9 ,h5ry's "t1 ?\gh r5ts ( #d _h increas$ to #dj1 #ej1 or #ajj1 yet ! f>m] g5]ally _h at ! end ( 8 t]m sav$ six or sev5 ye>s' r5t1 besides a 'fair g>ni% ( pewt] on 8 cupbo>d'1 & odd vessels1 also '?ree or f\r fea!r b$s1 s manie cov]lids & c>pets ( tape/ry1 a silv] salt1 a b[le = w9e1 & a dozz5 ( spoones to furni% up ! sute'4 ,8 food consi/$ pr9cipally ( beef1 & 'su* food z ! but*] selle?'1 mutton1 veal1 lamb1 pork1 besides s\se1 brawn1 bacon1 fruit1 fruit pies1 *eese1 butt]1 & eggs4#bca ,9 fea/+1 ! husb&man or f>m] exce$$1 especially at bridals1 purifications ( wom51 & su* o!r meet+s1 :]e 'x is incr$ible to tell :at meat is consum$ & sp5t'4 ,b1 besides ^!1 !re 7 _m poor] f>m]s :o liv$ at home ') h>d & p9*+ diet'4 ,:eat5 bread 0 at ?is "t a luxury conf9$ to ! g5tility1 ! f>m]'s loaf1 accord+ to ,tuss]1 0 sometimes :eat1 sometimes rye1 sometimes ma/l91 a mixture ( :eat & rye1 ?\gh ! poor] f>m] on un9clos$ l& ate bread made ( beans4 ,! poor ate bread ( rye or b>ley1 & 9 "t ( de>? ( beans1 peas1 & oats1 & sometimes acorns4#bcb ,accord+ to ,tuss]1 ! lab\r] 0 all[$ roa/ meat twice a week1 ',good pl[m5 looke weekly ( cu/om & "r1 ,= roa/ meate on ,sundaies1 & ,?ursdaies at night'2 & ,latim] calls bacon '! necess>y meate' ( ! lab\r]1 & x seems to h be5 8 great /&-by !n z n[4 ,! bread & bacon 7 supplem5t$ l>gely by milk & porridge4#bcc ,! /atute1 #bd ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #c1 says t all food1 & especially beef1 mutton1 pork1 & veal1 ':i* is ! common fe$+ ( mean & poor p]sons4' 0 too de> = !m to buy1 & fix$ ! price ( beef & pork at #a_/b;d4 a lb4 & ( mutton & veal at #e_/h;d4 a lb42 b ! /atute1 l o!rs ( ! k9d1 0 ( little avail1 & ! price ( beef 0 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ab\t #a;d4 a lb4 or #h;d4 9 our money4 ,z ! av]age price ( :eat at ! same date 0 #ads4 a qu>t]1 or ab\t #aabs4 9 our money1 fre% meat 0 comp>atively mu* *eap]1 & x is no wond] t ev5 ! f>m] c\ld n af=d :eat5 bread regul>ly4 ,moryson1 writ+ 9 ,elizabe?'s reign1 says ',engli%m5 eate b>ley & rye br[n bread1 & pref] x to :ite z abid+ long] 9 ! /omeck & n s soon dige/$'4#bcd ,a ti! dispute at ,nor? ,luff5ham 9 ,rutl&%ire ?r[s consid]able light on ! f9ancial position ( ! v>i\s classes int]e/$ 9 ! l& ab\t #aegf4 ,at ! trial sev]al witnesses 7 exam9$1 :o all made /atem5ts z to ! am\nt ( _! worldly weal?1 & x is a notewor?y fact t ev5 ! humble/ _h sav$ some?+2 p]haps because !re 0 no poor law or ,/ate p5sion fund to disc\rage ?rift4#bce ,?omas ,blackburne1 a husb&man1 :o _h s]v$ 8 ma/] z '*ief baylie ( 8 husb&rie'1 _h at ! end ( a long life sav$ #dj4 ,ano!r1 ,william ,walk]1 eighty ye>s ( age1 dur+ =ty ye>s ( s]vice to ,mr4 ,john ,wym>ke _h put by #aj4 ,rob]t ,scul?orp1 :o _h at "o "t be5 a f>m]1 0 wor? #bf #fs4 #h;d41 b ! size ( 8 f>m is un=tunately n told u4 ,rol& ,wym>ke1 a g5tleman f>m]1 :o _h f>m$ = =ty ye>s at ,nor? ,luff5ham1 0 little bett] (f ?an ,?omas ,blackburne1 ! baylie1 = he e/imat$ 8 capital at #ej4 #ej1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be tak5 z repres5t+ ! av]age weal? ( a 'g5tleman'1 ?\gh a few hundr$ p\nds 0 !n consid]$ a consid]able =tune4 ,9 #aegg ,?omas ,corny1 a prosp]\s l&lord at ,bass+?orpe1 ,l9coln%ire1 _h a h\se ) a hall1 ?ree p>l\rs1 sev5 *amb]s1 a high g>ret1 maid's g>ret1 five *amb]s = yeom5 h9ds1 %eph]d1 c41 two kit*5s1 two l>d]s1 milk-h\se1 brew-h\se1 butt]y1 & cell>2 & x 0 furni%$ ) tables1 c>pets1 cu%ions1 pictures1 b$s1 curta9s1 *airs1 *e/s1 & num]\s kit*5 & o!r ut5sils1 besides a quantity ( plate1 :i* 0 !n look$ ^u n only z a useful luxury b z a safe =m ( inve/m5t4 ,! small squire 0 n ne>ly s well (f z ?is4 ,9 #aebg ! h\se ( ,john ,as=dby1 :o 0 ( t degree1 conta9$ a hall1 p>l\r1 small p>l\r1 l[ p>l\r1 a *amb] ov] ! p>l\r1 gall]y *amb]1 butt]y1 & kit*51 & furniture 0 scanty1 b ! plate cupbo>d 0 well fill$4#bcf ,a prosp]\s yeoman 0 (t5 comp>atively bett] (f ?an ! small squire4 ,ri*>d ,cu/1 ( ,p9*beck 9 ! same c\nty1 ?\gh 8 h\se 0 small1 consi/+ only ( a hall1 p>l\r ) *amb] ov]1 kit*5 ) *amb] ov]1 brew-h\se1 milne-h\se 7mill-h\se71 & milk-h\se1 0 ri*] 9 furniture1 possess+ a fold+-table1 #d *airs1 #f cu%ions1 #bg pieces ( pewt]1 #aj c&le/icks1 #d bas9s1 #a lav]1 #f b$s1 & o!r articles4#bcg ,,footnotes3 #bae ,see table at end1 & ,?orold ,rog]s's prices 9 ,vol4 ,v4 ( 8 great "w4 #baf ',a p]fite plat=me ( a ,hoppeg>d5'1 9 ,arte ( ,g>d5+1 by ,r4 ,scott1 #aegd4 #bag ,tuss] recomm5ds t ! hopy>d be dug4 ,?omas ,tuss] 0 born 9 ,essex1 ab\t #aebe1 & di$ 9 #aehj4 ,he l$ a rov+ life1 :i* includ$ a good deal ( f>m+2 b ! /atem5t t he di$ poor appe>s to be inaccurate4 ,mu* ( 8 advice is n v valuable4 #bah ,h>rison1 ,description ( ,brita91 p4 #aaj4 #bai ,usually gr[n 9 g>d5s1 until ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,tuss] also m5tions !m4 #bbj ,description ( ,brita91 ii4 #cbd 7,furnivall ed474 #bba ,h>rison1 ,description ( ,brita91 ii4 #cbi4 #bbb ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 i4 #dh-i4 ,blomefield's ,norfolk1 iv4 #efi1 i4 #ea1 i4 #fdi4 ,dugdale1 ,w>wick%ire1 p4 #eeg4 #bbc ,description ( ,brita91 iii4 #e4 #bbd ,description ( ,brita9 7ed4 ,furnivall71 ii4 #bdc4 #bbe ,fr\de1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 v4 ,,iii4 #bbf ',a comp5di\s or brief exam9ation ( c]ta9 ord9>y compla9ts'1 quot$ by ,ed51 ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 #a4 #aai4 #bbg;a ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,hi/orical ,society 7,new ,s]ies71 xix4 #ajc4 #bbg;b ,ibid4 xi4 #gd sq4 #bbh ,nasse1 ,agricultural ,community ( ! ,middle ,ages1 p4 #i4 ,ar*aeologia1 xxxiii4 #bgj4 #bbi ,9 ! /ill surviv+ op5 fields at ,laxton1 m5tion$ above1 !re are c]ta9 unpl\gh$ portions call$ 'sicks'1 or grassy pat*es1 nev] cultivat$4--,slat]1 op4 cit4 p4 #i4 #bcj ,ar*aeologia1 xlvi4 #cgd4 #bca ,description ( ,brita91 ii4 #aej4 #bcb ,9 ! reign ( ,m>y1 '! pla9 poor p did make v mu* ( acorns4' ,cullum1 ,haw/$1 p4 #aha4 #bcc ,ed51 ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 i4 #aaf4 #bcd ,it9]>y1 iii4 #adj4 #bce ,rutl& ,magaz9e1 i4 #fd4 #bcf ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory3 ,l9coln%ire1 ii4 #cca4 #bcg ,see ,records ( ,cu/ ,family1 i4 #ef4 ,,*apt] ,x #aedj-afjj ,,live ,,/ock4--,,flax4--,,saffron4--,,! ,,potato4 ,,! ,,assessm5t ,,( ,,wages ,! cattle & %eep ( ?is p]iod h g5]ally be5 describ$ z poor animals1 & no d\bt !y w\ld seem small to u4 ,to ,jacob ,ra?gib1 a travell]1 writ+ 9 #aeib1 !y seem$ wor?y ( praise3 ',engl& has beautiful ox5 & c[s1 ) v l>ge horns1 l[ & heavy & = ! mo/ "p black2 !re is abundance ( %eep & we!rs1 :i* graze by !mselves w9t] & summ] )\t %eph]ds4' ,! heavie/ we!rs1 accord+ to him1 weigh$ #fj lb4 & _h at ! mo/ #f lb4 ( wool1 a mu* heavi] fleece ?an is g5]ally ascrib$ to !m2 o!rs _h #d or #e lb4 ,horses 7 abundant1 &1 ?\gh l[ & small1 7 v fleet2 ! rid+ horses be+ geld+s & g5]ally excell5t4 ,imm5se numb]s ( sw9e 7 9 ! c\ntry1 'l>g] ?an 9 any o!r4' ,six ye>s lat] ano!r travell]1 ,h5tzn]1 notic$ t ! soil ab\nd$ ) cattle1 & ! inhabitants 7 m incl9$ to fe$+ ?an pl\gh+4 ,he saw1 too1 a ,b]k%ire h>ve/-home3 ',z we 7 return+ to our inn 7at ,w9dsor7 we happ5$ to meet "s c\ntry p celebrat+ _! h>ve/-home1 _! la/ load ( corn !y cr[n ) fl[]s1 hav+ besides an image ri*ly dress$ by :i* p]haps !y w\ld signify ,c]es2 ?is !y keep mov+ ab\t1 :ile m5 & wom51 m5 & maid-s]vants1 rid+ ?r\gh ! /reets 9 ! c>t1 %\t z l\d z !y c till !y arrive at ! b>n4' ,h>rison#bch tells u1 no d\bt ) patriotic bias1 t 'our ox5 are su* z ! l are n to be f\nd 9 any c\ntry ( ,europe bo? = greatness ( body & sweetness ( fle%1 _! horns a y>d betwe5 ! tips4' ,c[s _h d\bl$ 9 price 9 8 "t1 f #bfs4 #h;d4 to #ecs4 #d;d4 ',our horses are high1 b n ( su* huge greatness z 9 o!r places1' yet rem>kable = ! eas9ess ( _! pace2 & #e or #f c>t-horses w draw #cj cwt4 a long j\rney1 & a pack-horse w c>ry #d cwt4 )\t any hurt1--a /atem5t :i* is "o m pro( ( ! poorness ( ! roads4 ,! *ief horse fairs 7 at ',ripon1 ,newportpond1 ,wolfpit1 & ,h>bor[1' :]e horse deal]s 7 z great rogues z ev]4 ,pigeons 7 /ill ! curse ( ! f>m]1 & _! cotes 7 call$ d5s ( ?ieves4 ,by ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 c]ta9ly by ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5?1 ! ville91 :o 9 ! ,middle ,ages _h =m$ ! bulk ( ! population1 _h disappe>$4#bci ,x is probable t ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,tudor p]iod ! great majority ( ! bondm5 _h become free1 & t ! s]f !n only =m$ "o p] c5t4 ( ! population1 & _m ( ^? _h left ! c\ntry & become artizans 9 ! t[ns1 = p]sonal s]fdom _h outla/$ demesne f>m+2 ?\gh ev5 !re ! heavy h& ( ! "l 0 ^u !m & en=c$ ! anci5t cu/oms4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury flax 0 app>5tly gr[n ^u mo/ f>ms1 ! /atutes #cd ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #d1 & #e ,eliz41 c4 #e1 oblig+ e p]son occupy+ #fj acres ( tillage to h a qu>t] ( an acre 9 flax or hemp1 & ,moryson says ! husb&m5 wore g>m5ts ( co>se clo? made at home1 s did _! wives1 & '9 g5]all' _! l95 0 co>se & made at home4#bdj ',good flax & good hemp to h ( h] own ,9 ,maie a good h\sewife w see x be s[ne'1 s+s ,tuss]4 ,! /atute ( ,h5ry ,,viii enjo9$ ! s[+ ( flax & hemp because ( ! great increase ( idle p 9 ! realm1 to :i* ! num]\s imports1 especially l95 clo?1 contribut$4 ,saffron also 0 mu* gr[n1 t at ,saffron ,wald5 9 ,essex 0 said to be ! be/ 9 ! _w1 ! pr(it f x be+ reckon$ at #ac an acre4 ,its virtues 7 innum]able1 if we may believe ! contempor>y writ]s2 x flav\r$ di%es1 help$ dige/ion1 0 good = %ort w9d1 kill$ mo?s1 help$ deafness1 dissolv$ gravel1 &1 la/ly1 'drunk 9 w9e do? ha/e on drunk5esse4' ,! mo/ important novelty ( ?is c5tury 0 ! potato1 :i* ! coloni/s1 s5t out 9 #aehf by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 br\ght f ,virg9ia to ,irel&1 ?\gh x _h be5 introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,spani>ds be=e ?is4 ,accord+ to ,g]>d1 ! old ,engli% botani/1 x 01 on its fir/ introduction f ,am]ica1 only cultivat$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ! nobility & g5try z a curi\s exotic2 & 9 #afjf x occurs among ! vegetables consid]$ necess>y = a nobleman's h\sehold4#bda ,x is curi\s to f9d ,g]>d comp>+ x to :at he calls ! 'common potato'1 9 reality ! sweet potato br\ght to ,engl& by ,drake & ,hawk9s e>li] 9 ! c5tury4 ,9 ,james ,i's reign ! root 0 consid]$ a great delicacy1 & 0 sold to ! que5's h\sehold at #bs4 a lb41 an enorm\s price4 ,l mo/ agricultural novelties x spread v sl[ly1 b ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury began to be plant$ out 9 ! fields 9 small pat*es 9 ,lanca%ire1 :5ce x spread all ov] ! k+dom & to ,france4#bdb ,at ?is date x 0 look$ ^u z a v second-rate article ( food1 if we may judge by ! ,spectator 7,no4 #bcb71 :i* alludes to x z ! diet ( begg>s4 ,ab\t #afij1 ,h\ghton says1 'n[ !y beg9 to spread all ! k+dom ov]1' & recomm5ds !m boil$ or roa/$ & eat5 ) butt] & sug>4#bdc ,ed5 notes its increas+ popul>ity dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 & by 8 "t 7! end ( t c5tury7 9 _m p>ts x 0 ! /aple article ( food = ! poor2 9 ,som]set ! *ildr5 ma9ly subsi/$ on x1 & 9 ,devon x 0 made into bread4 ,its cultivation on a l>ge scale 9 ! field did n1 h[ev]1 spread all ov] ,engl& till ! ,napoleonic w>1 & ! ignorance & prejudice aga9/ x la/$ = long2 ev5 ,cobbett call$ x '! lazy root1' & :ole potatoes 7 us$ = se$ reg>dless ( ! numb] ( eyes4 ,9 #aefc 0 pass$ ! fam\s ,act1 #e ,eliz41 c4 #d1 :i* ,?orold ,rog]s has ass]t$ to be ! comm5cem5t ( a conspiracy = *eat+ ! ,engli% workman ( 8 wages1 to tie him to ! soil1 to deprive him ( hope1 & to degrade him into irrem$iable pov]ty4#bdd ,! viol5ce ( ?is language is a prima facie reason = d\bt+ ! correctness ( 8 ass]tion1 :i* on exam9ation is f\nd to be grossly exagg]at$4 ,"u ,ri*>d ,,ii ! ju/ices 7 au?oriz$ to fix ! rate ( wages1 provid$ !y did n exce$ ! maximum fix$ by ,p>liam5t4 ,! ,elizabe?an /atute aboli%$ ! maximum & left ! ju/ices to fix reasonable rates4 ,s f> f be+ an attempt to keep wages d[n x seems to h be5 an hone/ ef=t to regulate !m accord+ to prices1#bde :]eas mo/ previ\s /atutes _h m]ely r$uc$ wages4 ,! preamble ( ! ,act /ates ?is cle>ly en\gh1 say+ t ! exi/+ laws ) reg>d to ! hir+ & wages ( s]vants 7 insuffici5t2 *iefly because ! wages 'are 9 dyv]s places to small & n answ]able to ?is "t respect+ ! advancem5t ( prices 9 all ?+s t belong to ! said s]vants & lab\r]s1 ! said lawes _c conv5i5tly )\t ! great greefe & burd5 ( ! poore lab\r] & hir$ man be put 9 due execution4' ,b z sev]al ( ^! ,acts 7 /ill b5eficial x 0 propos$ to consolidate !m into "o /atute 9 ord] to bani% idl5ess1 advance husb&ry1 & give ! lab\r] dec5t wages4 ,x 0 enact$ !re=e t all p]sons betwe5 ! ages ( twelve ye>s & sixty1 n be+ o!rwise occupi$1 'nor be+ a g5tleman born1 nor hav+ l&s ( ! ye>ly value ( #djs41 nor goods to ! value ( #aj1' %\ld be compellable to s]ve 9 husb&ry ) 'any p]son t keepe? husb&ry' by ! ye>1 & ! h\rs ( "w 7 re-enact$4 ,! rates ( wages ( artific]s1 husb&m51 c41 7 to be asc]ta9$ ye>ly by ! ju/ices & ! %]iff1 'if he conv5i5tly may1' at qu>t] sessions1 'call+ unto !m su* discrete & grave p]sons z !y %all ?9ck meete & conf]r+ toge!r respect+ ! pl5tie or sc>citie ( ! tyme & o!r circum/ances necess>y to be consid]$1' & ! wages fix$ 7 to be c]tifi$ into ,*anc]y4 ,!n proclamations ( ! wages ?us det]m9$ 7 to be made 9 ! cities & m>ket t[ns4 ,e p]son :o gave high] wages ?an ^? e/abli%$ by ! proclamation 0 to be imprison$ = t5 days & f9$ #e1 e receiv] to be imprison$ tw5ty-"o days4 ,! importance /ill atta*$ to ! h>ve/ season is %[n by ! section t all artific]s & o!rs 7 compellable to "w 9 h>ve/ or be put 9 ! /ocks two days & a night4 ,= ! bett] advancem5t ( husb&ry & tillage e h\sehold] f>m+ #fj acres ( tillage or m might receive an appr5tice 9 husb&ry1 b no tradesman or m]*ant might take an appr5tice save 8 own son1 unless 8 p>5ts _h freehold ( ! annual value ( #djs42 & no p]son 0 to use 'any art mi/]y or manual occupation n[ 9 use' unless he _h s]v$ sev5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip to x4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! clauses la/ quot$ conf9$ a l>ge portion ( ! population to agricultural "w1 b z we "k t ! p 7 des]t+ ! c\ntry & flock+ to ! t[ns1 ?is mu/ h seem$ to ! fram]s ( ! law v desirable4 ,?is me?od ( fix+ wages 0 9 =ce until #ahad1 & its repeal !n 0 entirely contr>y to ! op9ion ( ! artizan class2 b x may be d\bt$ if ! magi/rates ext5sively us$ ! p[]s giv5 !m by ! ,act1 & wages seem to h be5 settl$ g5]ally by competition4 ,sev]al in/ances rema91 h[ev]1 ( wages drawn up "u ?is ,act4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft] x 0 pass$1 9 ,june #aefd1 ! ,rutl& magi/rates met "u ! ,act1 & /at$ t ! prices ( l951 wooll51 lea!r1 corn1 & o!r victuals 7 great1 s !y drew up ! foll[+ li/ ( wages#bdf3-- ,a bailiff 9 husb&ry1 hav+ *>ge ( two pl\gh l&s1 at lea/ %\ld h by ! ye> #djs41 & #hs4 = 8 liv]y4 ,a *ief s]vant 9 husb&ry1 :i* c eire 7pl\gh71 s[1 m[1 ?re%1 make a rick1 ?at* & h$ge1 & c kill & dress a hog1 %eep1 & calf1 by ! ye> #djs41 & #fs4 = 8 liv]y4 ,a common s]vant 9 husb&ry1 :i* c m[1 s[1 ?re%1 & load a c>t1 & _c exp]tly make a rick1 h$ge1 & ?at*1 & _c kill & dress a hog1 %eep1 or calf1 by ! ye> #ccs4 #d;d41 & #es4 = 8 liv]y4 ,a mean s]vant 9 husb&ry1 :i* c drive ! pl\gh1 pit* ,! c>t1 & ?re%1 & _c exp]tly s[1 m[1 ?re%1 & load a c>t1 nor make a rick1 nor ?at*1 by ! ye> #bds41 & #es4 = 8 liv]y4 ,! *ief %eph]d is only to receive #bjs4 & #es4 = 8 liv]y2 b ?is mu/ be an error1 z 9 ! /atutes #f ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #c1 & #bc ,h54 ,,vi1 c4 #ab1 he 0 plac$ next ! bailiff z we %\ld expect4 ,^! wages 7 evid5tly ') diet'1 & %[ a consid]able advance on ^? fix$ by #f ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #c4bdg ,by ! day ! ord9>y lab\r] 0 to h #f;d4 9 w9t]1 #g;d4 9 summ]1 & #h;d4 to #aj;d4 9 h>ve/ "t1 'f9d+ himself4' ,a m[] ) meat e>n$ #e;d41 )\t meat #aj;d4 a day2 a man reap] ) meat #d;d41 )\t #h;d42 a woman reap] #c;d41 & #f;d4 ,z ! price ( corn & meat 0 ?ree times :at x _h be5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & ! lab\r]s' wages1 tak+ into consid]ation 8 h>ve/ pay1 n q d\ble1 ! ,rutl& magi/rates h>dly obs]v$ ! _s ( ! ,act4 ,rutl&1 moreov]1 judg+ by ! assessm5ts ( ! "t1 0 a c\nty :]e agriculture 0 v fl\ri%+2 & ?irty ye>s aft] we f9d 9 ,york%ire t ! w9t] wages ( ! lab\r] 7 #d;d4 & ! summ] #e;d4 a day3 t is1 he _h little m wages ?an 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ) provisions ris5 ?reefold4 ,at ,*e/] at ! same date 8 day's wages 7 to be #d;d4 all ! ye> r\nd4#bdh ,9 #afaj ! ,rutl& magi/rates at ,oakham#bdi decre$ t an ord9>y lab\r] 0 to h #f;d4 a day 9 w9t] & #g;d4 9 summ]1 ! same wages z 9 #aefd1 yet :eat 9 t ye> av]ag$ #cbs4 #g;d4 a qu>t]4 ,a bailiff by ! ye> 0 n[ advanc$ to #ebs41 a mans]vant ( ! be/ sort1 equal no d\bt to ! *ief s]vant 9 husb&ry1 to #ejs41 a 'common s]vant' to #djs41 & a 'mean s]vant' to #bis41 b all )\t liv]y4 ,at ,*elms=d1 9 #afea1 !re 0 a v diff]5t rate fix$1 ! ord9>y lab\r] gett+ f #as4 to #as4 #b;d4 a day2 b ?is seems to h be5 exceptional1 z at ,w>wick 9 #afhd he 0 only to h #h;d41 & z late z #agbe 9 ,lanca%ire #i;d4 to #aj;d4 a day4#bej ,9 #afhb1 by ! ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds assessm5t1 a common lab\r] got #aj;d4 a day 9 w9t] & #as4 9 summ]1 & a reap] 9 h>ve/ #as4 #h;d4 ,by ! ye> a bailiff 0 paid #f1 a c>t] #e1 & a common s]vant #c #ajs41 ( c\rse ) food4#bea ,^! figures cle>ly prove t ! wages fix$ by ! magi/rates 7 (t5 t]ribly inadequate1 ?\gh x mu/ be said 9 _! def5ce t ! great rise 9 prices probably /ruck !m z abnormal & n likely to la/4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 too1 t besides 8 wages ! lab\r] & 8 family _h (t5 bye indu/ries su* z weav+ to fall back ^u1 & 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl& /ill a piece ( common l& to help him4 ,,footnotes3 #bch ,description ( ,brita91 iii4 #b4 #bci ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,hi/orical ,society 7,new ,s]ies71 xvii4 #bce4 #bdj ,moryson1 ,it9]>y 7ed4 #afag71 iii4 #agi4 #bda ,ar*aeologia xiii4 #cga4 #bdb ,9 #afej x 0 mu* cultivat$ ab\t ,london4 #bdc ,collections on ,husb&ry & ,trade1 ii4 #dfh4 #bdd ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages1 p4 #cih4 #bde ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 ii4 #ch4 ,! ,/atute ( ,lab\r]s ( #acea made ! same ef=t1 see p4 #dc4 #bdf ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 iv4 #abj2 & ,"w & ,wages1 p4 #chi4 #bdg ,see above4 #bdh ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,"w & ,wages1 pp4 #cij-a4 #bdi ,ar*aeologia1 xi4 #bjj4 #bej ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages1 p4 #cif4 #bea ,cullum1 ,haw/$1 p4 #bae4 ,x is /range to f9d food reckon$ s highly2 if ! common lab\r] at ,haw/$ receiv$ 8 food1 he 0 only paid #e;d4 a day 9 w9t]1 & #f;d4 9 summ]2 if "o man's food 0 reckon$ at half 8 wages1 h[ f> did ! o!r half g 9 fe$+ & clo?+ 8 family8 ,,*apt] ,,xi #afjj-agjj ,,clov] ,,& ,,turnips4--,,great ,,rise ,,9 ,,prices4 ,,m ,,enclosure4--,a ,,f>m+ ,,cal5d> ,! sev5te5? c5tury 0 "o ( consid]able progress 9 ,engli% agriculture4 ,! decay ( common-field f>m+ 0 enabl+ individual ent]prise to h its way4 ,! population 0 rapidly gr[+2 by #afhh ! returns ( ! he>? tax prove t ! nor!rn c\nties 7 ne>ly z ?ickly populat$ z ! s\!rn1 & prices dur+ ! fir/ half 7 cont9ually ris+1 ?\gh aft] t !y rema9$ almo/ /ation>y1 s9ce ! effect ( ! influx ( preci\s metals f ! ,new ,_w 0 exhau/$4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury ,john ,smy? ascribes ! advance ( r5ts to ! ,ca/ilian voyages op5+ ! ,new ,_w1 :]eby su* floods ( treasure h fl[$ into ,europe t ! rates ( ,*ri/5dom are rais$ ne> tw5tyfold'4 ,b ! greate/ agricultural ev5t ( ! c5tury 0 ! introduction ( clov] & ! enc\ragem5t ( turnips z gr[n 9 ,holl&1 by ,sir ,ri*>d ,we/on1 ab\t #afde4 ,no d\bt ! turnip 0 already well kn[n 9 ,engl&4 ,tuss] & ,fitzh]b]t bo? m5tion x1 app>5tly z a g>d5 root only2 b ,g]>d 9 8 ,h]bal1 #aeig1 says x grew 9 fields '& div]s v9ey>ds or hoppe g>d5s 9 mo/ places ( ,engl&'1 :i* c]ta9ly po9ts to an ef=t hav+ be5 made g5]ally to use x z a field crop :5ev] an enclos$ space gave x "s protection f ! depr$ations ( ! common h]ds4 ,h[ev]1 its cultivation mu/ h decl9$1 z long aft] ?is x 0 reg>d$ z a novelty z a field crop 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl&4#beb ,9 ,holl& x _h be5 us$ 9 ! field univ]sally1 & ?is use ) t ( 'great'1 z x 0 call$1 or broad clov]1 ,we/on press$ on ! ,engli% f>m]4 ,b _! progress 0 w(ully sl[4 ,at ,haw/$ 9 ,suffolk clov] & turnips 7 fir/ s[n ab\t #agjj1 & ! ea/]n portion ( ,engl& 0 f> ahead ( ! nor? & we/2 z late z #aggb ,ar?ur ,"y wrote t 'sa9fo91 cabbages1 potatoes1 & c>rots are n common crops 9 ,engl&2 ,i d n imag9e above half or at mo/ two-?irds ( ! nation cultivate clov]4'#bec ,yet _! introduction mu/ h be5 ( ! greate/ b5efit to ! f>m] & ! public2 8 /ock ( hay 0 increas$1 he c\ld utilize 8 fall[s1 & keep a mu* l>g] head ( /ock ?r\gh ! w9t]1 :o w\ld give him a great] quantity ( manure4 ,e "o :]e turnips 7 gr[n c\ld n[ h fre% meat dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! sl[ progress ( ^! great bless+s is p]haps ! /ronge/ te/imony 9 our hi/ory ( ! innate cons]vatism ( ! f>m]4 ,! gre5 crop 0 = long consid]$ to be suit$ only to ! g>d51 & z our =efa!rs 7 prejudic$ aga9/ ! spade x 0 difficult to get su* crops cultivat$ ev5 !re2 b x %\ld also be rememb]$ t no crop 0 possible 9 ! common fields :i* did n come to maturity be=e ,lammas1 unless "s special agreem5t 0 made z to x4#bed ,clov]1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,we/on said1 ?rives be/ :5 s[n on ! wor/ & b>r5e/ gr\nd1 :i* 0 to be p>$ & burnt1 & unslak$ lime add$ to ! a%es4 ,!n x 0 to be well pl\gh$ & h>r[$1 & ab\t #aj lb4 ( se$ s[n p] acre 9 ! end ( ,m>* or 9 ,april4 ',x w /& five ye>s1 & !n :5 pl\gh$ up w yield ?ree or f\r ye>s runn+ ri* crops ( :eat1 & !n a crop ( oats1 aft] :i* y may s[ clov] aga94' ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! practice ( lim+ & m>l+1 :i* _h be5 l>gely discont9u$ s9ce ! f\rte5? c5tury1 0 reviv$ 7,we/cote1 9 8 ,view ( ,devon 9 #afcj1 calls lim+1 c41 a new inv5tion71 & !re 0 also a great improvem5t 9 implem5ts4 ,pat5ts 7 tak5 out = dra9+ ma*9es 9 #afbh1 = new manures 9 #afcc-f1 pl\ghs #afbc-g & #afcd1 me*anical s[+ #afcd-i4 ,only six 7 tak5 out1 h[ev]1 betwe5 #afdj & #agfj t conc]n$ agriculture4#bee ,! ,civil ,w> *eck$ ! improvem5t1 = ?\gh ! great mass ( ! p _h no?+ to d ) ei!r p>ty1 ! c\ntry 0 ( necessity 9 a v unsettl$ /ate1 & bo? sides plund]$ indiscrim9ately4 ,yet 9 "s p>ts1 z 9 ,devon%ire1 s _m ( ! able m5 s]v$ 9 ! two armies1 t few b old m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 left to manage ! f>ms1 & ev5 !y 7 afraid to gr[ m ?an en\gh to supply !mselves s9ce bo? armies seiz$ ! crops4#bef ,^! bad effects la/$ = "s "t aft]w>ds2 ,*apple1 a ,devon%ire l& ag5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 says he _h talk$ ) p :o rememb]$ ! /ate ( husb&ry 9 ! la/ t5 or twelve ye>s ( ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii1 :5 9 _m p>ts ( ,devon%ire an acre or two ( :eat 0 e/eem$ a r>ity4 ,t ! rate ( progress 9 ! c5tury 0 n m rapid is attribut$ by ,bly? to sev]al causes#beg3-- #a4 ,want ( leases1 by :i* t5ants 7 depriv$ ( security4 #b4 ,disc\ragem5t to flood 7irrigate7 l&1 f ! risk ( law suits ) neighb\rs4 #c4 ,int]mixture ( diff]5t prop]ties 9 common fields4 #d4 ,unlimit$ pa/urage on commons1 by :i* !y 7 ov]/ock$4 #e4 ,! want ( a law compell+ all m5 to kill moles4 #f4 ,! excessive numb] ( wat]-mills1 to ! great de/ruction ( mu* gallant l&4 ,! av]age price ( :eat dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 #das4 a qu>t]1 ( b>ley #bbs41 & oats #ads4 #h-a_/b;d4 ,ox5 av]ag$ ab\t #e apiece1 c[s mu* less1 ab\t #c1 & !re 0 n mu* *ange 9 _! value dur+ ! c5tury4 ,%eep 7 ab\t #ajs4 #f;d41 & a c>t-horse 9 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury f #e to #aj1 9 ! second half f #h to #ae4 ,beef rose f #b;d4 a lb4 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury to #c;d4 at ! close ( x4 ,wool rema9$ /ation>y at f #i;d4 to #as4 p] lb4 #beh;,a proclamation ( #afcc fix$ ! foll[+ prices = ,london p\lt]]s & victuall]s3-- s4 d4 ,be/ turkey-cock #d #d ,duck #h ,be/ h5 #a #j #c eggs #a #a lb4 be/ fre% butt] 9 w9t] #f #a lb4 be/ fre% butt] 9 summ] #e #a lb4 be/ salt butt] #d-a_/b ,be/ fat goose #b #j cramm$ capon #b #f pullet #a #f *ick5 #f ,accord+ to ! ,manyd[n ,manor ,rolls ! ,wootton *ur*w>d5s 9 #afjj paid f #hs4 to #aas4 = calves1 #ds4 #d;d4 = a fat lamb1 #hs4 = a %eep1 #fs4 #h;d4 = a b>r5 ewe1 #f;d4 = a c\ple ( *ick5s1 #as4 #f;d4 = #ejj faggots4#bei ,aft] ! re/oration 9 #affj ano!r p]iod ( prosp]ity set 91#bfj & altoge!r ! c5tury 0 a prosp]\s "o = f>m]s & manufactur]s4 ,! newly e/abli%$ ,royal ,society mat]ially help$ agriculture4 ',s9ce 8 maje/y's mo/ happy re/oration ! :ole l& ha? be5 f]m5t$ & /irr$ up by ! pr(itable h9ts x ha? receiv$ f ! ,royal ,society1 by :i* means p>ks h be5 disp>k$1 commons enclos$1 woods turn$ into arable1 & pa/ure l&s improv$ by clov]1 ,/4 fo9e1 turnips1 cole-se$1 & _m o!r good husb&ries1 s t ! food ( cattle is increas$ z fa/1 if n fa/]1 ?an ! consumption1 & by ^! means ! r5t ( ! k+dom is f> great] ?an ev] x 04'#bfa ,! c5tury 0 di/+ui%$ also = ! curi\s numb] ( cycles ( good & bad seasons2 #afdf-ej 7 ye>s ( prolong$ de>?1 :eat rea*+ an enorm\s price1 & #affa-b1 7 fam9e ye>s1 :ile ! end ( ! c5tury 0 long fam\s = its b>r5 ye>s4 ,) ! prices ( produce r5ts rose enorm\sly4 ,v e>ly 9 ! c5tury#bfb r5ts ( arable l& _h increas$ n9efold1 s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury1 & by #afhh ,dav5ant & ,k+ e/imat$ ! av]age r5t ( arable l& 9 ,engl& at #es4 #f;d4 p] acre & ( p]man5t grass at #hs4 #h;d4 ,p]haps ?is is too high an e/imate1 z on ! ,belvoir e/ate ( #ag1hcg acres 9 #afib ! r5tal all r\nd 0 #cs4 #i-a_/d;d4 an acre = l& above ! av]age 9 quality1 ?\gh x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,e>ls & ,dukes ( ,rutl& 7 indulg5t l&lords4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,haw/$ af=ds a valuable index ( ! increase ( r5ts at ?is p]iod4#bfc ,9 #aejj ! av]age r5t 0 #as4 #d;d4 an acre2 9 #aegb1 #ci acres ( arable1 mead[1 & pa/ure 7 let = #bs4 #c;d4 an acre1 ! l&lord1 x is int]e/+ to notice1 res]v+ ! "r ( hawk+1 nett+ rabbits1 hunt+1 & f[l+2 & ab\t ! same date o!r l&s on ! e/ate 7 let at #as4 #c;d4 & #as4 #f;d4 an acre1 s t !re _h n g5]ally be5 mu* advance s9ce #aejj1 :i* is :at we %\ld expect1 z ! great rise took place at ! end ( ! sixte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5turies4 ,9 #aehi1 !re=e1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t #dj acres ( mead[ & pa/ure let at #es4 an acre1 & 9 #afaa "s build+s & #aee acres ( p>k at #aas4 an acre4 ,9 #afaf1 #cff acres ( arable & pa/ure & #ci acres ( mead[ 7 valu$ at #abs4 an acre = lett+1 & ! ,hall ,f>m ( #age acres 7#h-a_/b acres mead[7 at #ajs42 & ,great ,pip]s ,f>m ( #ach acres 7#h mead[7 at #gs41 :ile mead[ & pa/ure ne> ! mansion 0 valu$ at #bas4 an acre4 ,9 #afeh ! r5t ( ! ,hall ,f>m _h advanc$ f #ajs4 an acre to ab\t #acs41 ?\gh 9 #afhb x w5t d[n to #aas4 #f;d4#bfd ,accord+ to ! survey ( ! ,manor ( ,manyd[n 9 ,hamp%ire 9 #afej1 mead[ l& 0 wor? #bjs4 an acre1 pa/ure #hs4 to #ajs41 arable f #bs4 to #ajs41 ! latt] %[+ a great v>iation 9 quality4#bfe ,9 #agbc ,bry]s ,wood ,f>m at ,haw/$1 :i* _h be5 let 9 #afbj = #ae1 0 let at #bi #es4 ,^! r5ts are consid]ably high] ?an ! e/imate ( ,dav5ant & ,k+2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y 7 = l& 9 ! p>ts ( ,engl&1 :]e f>m+ 0 at its be/1 & !y1 9 acc\nt+ = ! :ole c\ntry1 _h to take into consid]ation a va/ am\nt ( l& 9 ! nor? & we/ :i* 0 wor? v little4 ,9 ! ,rawl9son ,collection#bff 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y is a r5tal ( ,"l ,k+/on's e/ate 9 nor? ,nott+ham%ire 9 #afhi1 ! r5ts av]ag+ #ajs4 an acre2 b ?is 0 an exceptionally good e/ate1 mu* ( ! prop]ty be+ mead[ & pa/ure4 ,! f>mh\ses also 7 above ! av]age1 :ile 9 two ( ! p>i%es ! t5ants _h rights ( common1 & 9 two o!rs ! t5ancies 7 ti! free4 ,!re 0 v little arable l& on ! e/ate1 ?ree small hold+s lett+ = #fs4 #h;d4 an acre2 & "s ( ! pa/ure l& 0 let at #ads41 #aes4 #f;d41 & ev5 #ahs4 an acre4 ,! l>ge/ f>m1 ,saundby ,hall1 ( #fjg acres1 ne>ly all mead[ & pa/ure1 0 #is4 #aj;d4 an acre4 ,! cottages 7 =tunate 9 hav+ pieces ( l& atta*$ to !m4 ,9 ,saundby1 ,ri*>d ,ffydall r5t$ a cottage & #b acres ( arable l& = #a #acs4 #d;d42 ,wid[ ,johnson a cottage & y>d = #acs4 #d;d42 ,william ,daubney a cottage ) #f-a_/b acres ( arable & #e-a_/b acres ( pa/ure = #g #ahs4 #f;d4 ,a f>m 9 ,scrooby1 consi/+ ( a messuage1 cottage1 & #aac acres ( arable1 mead[1 & pa/ure1 only let at #bc4 ,z to ! freehold value ( l&1 9 #afba1 accord+ to ,d',ewes1 x 0 wor? f sixte5 to tw5ty ye>s' pur*ase2 yet1 9 #afhh1 ,sir ,josiah ,*ild said t l&s n[ sell at tw5ty ye>s' pur*ase1 :i* fifty or sixty ye>s be=e sold at eight or t52 & he also /ates1 '! same f>ms or l&s to be n[ sold w\ld yield treble & 9 "s cases six times ! money !y 7 sold = fifty ye>s ago'4#bfg ,dav5ant puts l& at twelve ye>s' pur*ase 9 #afjj1 at eighte5 ye>s 9 #afhh4bfh ,9 #agbi ! price ( l& 0 said to be tw5ty-sev5 ye>s' pur*as$4#bfi ,! legislation aga9/ lay+ d[n tillage to grass 0 cont9u$ until ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! /atute #ci ,eliz41 c4 #a1 repeal$ #d ,h54 ,,vii1 c4 #ai1 & all o!r ,acts aga9/ pull+ d[n h\ses1 & provid$ t a h\se ( husb&ry %\ld be a h\se t ha? or ha? _h #bj acres ( arable l&4 ,all su* h\ses :i* _h be5 de/roy$ dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s 7 to be rebuilt1 & if de/roy$ m ?an sev5 ye>s only "o-half 0 to be rebuilt2 b to ea* ( !m at lea/ #dj acres ( l& 7 to be atta*$4 ,! next /atute1 #ci ,eliz41 c4 #b1 sets =? once m ! advantages ( tillage1 viz4 ! increase & multiply+ ( p = s]vice 9 ! w>s1 & 9 "t ( peace ! employm5t ( a great] numb] ( p1 ! keep+ ( p f pov]ty1 ! disp]sal ( ! weal? ( ! k+dom 9 _m h&s1 & '! /&+ ( ?is realm ^u itself )\t dep5d+ ^u =eign c\ntries'#bgj2 & !re=e enacts t l&s conv]t$ f tillage to pa/ure %all be re/or$ to tillage )9 ?ree ye>s1 & l&s !n 9 tillage %\ld be s cont9u$2 b ?is 0 only to ext5d to tw5ty-?ree c\nties1 & omitt$ mo/ ( ^? 9 ! s\?-we/4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a reaction set 92 ! price ( corn _h ris5 imm5sely & cont9u$ to d s1 ! price ( wool rema9$ /ation>y1 & tillage 0 z pr(itable z grass4 ,9 #afbj ,coke speaks ( ! man :o only kept a %eph]d & a dog z "o :o nev] prosp]$4 ,9 #afbd sev]al ( ! tillage laws 7 repeal$4#bga ,z an example ( ! un5clos$ fields1 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 we may take ! common fields at ,dav5try1 :i* 7 ?ree 9 numb]1 conta9+ respectively #cfh1 #chc1 & #ebd acres1 divid$ into furlongs1 a t]m :i* _h n[ a v wide signification1 ea* ( :i* 0 subdivid$ into l&s ne>ly always half an acre 9 ext5t1 sev]al ( ^! l&s :5 adjo9+ be+ (t5 held n[ by ! same own]4 ,"o furlong may be tak5 z an example4 ,x 0 #cg acres #a rood 9 ext5t1 & conta9$ n9ety-six l&s1 own$ by sev5te5 p4 ,! mead[s 7 divid$ /ill m m9utely1 "s ( ! small] portions be+ only a qu>t] ( an acre ea*4 ,! l>ge/ mead[ conta9$ #ej acres1 divid$ among fifty-?ree p4 ,9 ! manor1 besides ! arable & mead[1 !re 7 #cjj acres ( common pa/ure1 a p>k1 & a small wood4 ,!re 7 =ty-"o freehold]s & _m leasehold t5ants1 ! av]age freehold be+ #cd acres1 ! av]age leasehold only half an acre1 small hold+s be+ ! usual feature ( ! un5clos$ t[n%ip4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! price ( wool ceas$ to op]ate z a cause ( enclosure1 b 9 _m p>ts ! *ange to pa/ure cont9u$1 ow+ to ! rise 9 price ( cattle & ( wages4 ,! same reason1 too1 = lay+ d[n l& to grass t _h be5 s p[]ful 9 ! prec$+ c5turies /ill exi/$1 ! common arable fields ne$$ re/ f cont9ual cropp+ & poor manur+1 :ile good crops ( corn c\ld be gr[n f ! virg9 soil ( ! newly enclos$ wa/e4 ,! preamble ( ! ,durham decrees cle>ly /ates ?is3 '! l& is wa/$ & worn ) cont9ual pl[e+1 & !reby made b>e1 b>r51 & v unfruitful4'#bgb ,we may1 !re=e1 take ,coke's words z inapplicable to _m di/ricts4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury !re 7 sev]al me?ods ( enclos+4 ,sometimes ! "l ( ! manor enclos$ & left ! l& ( ! t5ants /ill 9 common2 or a t5ant enclos$ piece by piece2 or enclosures 7 made by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ! e>lie/ ( :i* = common fields 0 pass$ 9 ! "t ( ,james ,i1 a me?od at ?is p]iod v seldom us$2 or !re 0 an agreem5t betwe5 "l & t5ants (t5 au?oriz$ by ! ,c\rts ( ,*anc]y or ,ex*equ]4 ,besides enclosure1 ano!r process 0 go+ on1 ! consolidation ( f>ms by ! amalgamation ( small hold+s into l>g] ones4 ,f>mh\ses1 z we see !m to-day1 began to appe> on ! hold+s ?us consolidat$1 in/ead ( be+ gr\p$ toge!r 9 villages4 ,a writ] 9 #afjd says1 'we may see _m ( _! h\ses built alone l rav5's ne/s1 no birds build+ ne]e !m' s unwont$ 0 ! sight ( isolat$ dwell+s 9 mo/ places at ! "t4 ,h[ev]1 9 #afcj ,*>les ,i w5t back to ! policy ( 8 =efa!rs & issu$ lett]s to c]ta9 ( ! ,midl& c\nties ord]+ all enclosures ( ! la/ two ye>s to be remov$1 & ,commissions 7 issu$ to inquire into ! matt] 9 #afcb1 #afce1 & #afcf1bgc ! *ief evil fe>$ f enclosures be+ depopulation1 & enclos]s 7 prosecut$ 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,/> ,*amb]4 ,! ass]tion t enclosures ceas$ dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury has be5 prov$ inaccurate by mod]n rese>*1 & !re is no d\bt t !y w5t on cont9u\sly4 ,9 #afjg1 9 ! ,midl&s1 ! enclos+ ( l& produc$ s]i\s arm$ resi/ance1 probably because ! ,midl& c\nties 7 !n ! great corn-gr[+ di/rict ( ,engl&1 & ! *ange to pa/ure & ! consolidation ( f>ms displac$ a l>g] population !re ?an else:]e4 ,betwe5 #afbh & #afcj enclosures 9 ,leice/]%ire1 = in/ance1 7 v num]\s1 no less ?an #aj1jjj acres be+ enclos$ 9 t "t1 mo/ ( :i* 0 conv]t$ to pa/ure4 ,! attempt ( ! ,gov]nm5t to *eck ! movem5t1 initiat$ by ,*>les ,i1 seems to h _h consid]able effect1 b di$ away ) ! ,civil ,w>1 & ?\gh o!r attempts 7 made "u ! ,commonweal? !y came to no?+1 & f ?is "t enclosures w5t on un*eck$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1#bgd & 7 soon to h its active support4 ,yet !re 0 a va/ am\nt /ill 9 common field3 ! :ole ( ! cultivat$ l& ( ,engl& 9 #afhe 0 /at$ by ,k+ & ,dav5ant to am\nt to n mu* m ?an half ! total area1 & ( ?is cultivat$ portion ?ree-fif?s 0 /ill f>m$ on ! old common-field sy/em4 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,leice/]%ire1 ,rutl&1 ,hunt+don%ire1 & ,b$=d%ire 7 comp>atively un5clos$4#bge ,f ! books & maps ( ! day 'x is cle> t _m r\tes :i* n[ pass ?r\gh an endless succession ( or*>ds1 corn-fields1 hay-fields1 & bean-fields !n ran ?r\gh no?+ b hea?1 swamp1 & w>r54 ,9 ! draw+s ( an ,engli% l&scape made 9 t age = ! ,gr& ,duke ,cosmo sc>ce a h$g][ is to be se54444 ,at ,enfield1 h>dly out ( sight ( ! smoke ( ! capital1 0 a region ( five-&-tw5ty miles 9 circumf]5ce :i* conta9$ only ?ree h\ses & sc>cely any enclos$ fields4'#bgf ,! enclosure ( ^! areas 0 to be ma9ly ! "w ( ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? & ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5turies4 ,! am\nt ( enclosure 9 ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5turies 01 accord+ to ! late/ rese>*1 mu*1 & p]haps v naturally1 exagg]at$ by contempor>ies4 ,betwe5 #adee-afjg ! enclosures 9 tw5ty-f\r c\nties are said to h am\nt$ to "s #ejj1jjj acres1 or #b4gf ( _! total area1#bgg b ! evid5ce = ?is is by no means conclusive4 ,h[ev]1 !re seems no reason to d\bt t ! enclosure ( ?is p]iod 0 b a fa9t beg9n+ ( t great outbur/ ( x t m>k$ ! agr>ian revolution ( ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & t x 0 ma9ly conf9$ to ! ,midl& c\nties1 ,mr4 ,johnson1 9 8 rec5t ,=d ,lectures1 has /at$ t ! enclosure ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies 0 n accompani$ by v mu* direct eviction ( freehold]s or bona fide copyhold]s ( inh]itance2 yet ! small hold] suff]$ 9 _m ways1 e4g4 by ! "l disprov+ ! h]$it>y "* ( ! copyhold1 or by *ang+ copyholds ( inh]itance into copyholds = lives or leases = lives or ye>s4 ,he & 8 successors c\ld !n refuse to r5ew at ! t]m9ation ( lives or ye>s except on paym5t ( a practically prohibitory f9e4 ,9 %ort1 ?\gh !re 0 n mu* violation ( legal "r !re 0 mu* inju/ice1 & enclosure1 ?\gh its effects 7 exagg]at$ at ?is p]iod1 c]ta9ly t5d$ to displace ! small l&hold]4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t ! mod]ate-siz$ proprietors 7 s]i\sly affect$4 ,_m ( ! l>g] freehold]s & copyhold]s on manors enclos$ on _! own acc\nt1 & p]haps increas$ at ! exp5se ( ! v l>ge & ! v small4 ,inde$1 ! decrease ( small l&[n]s 0 *iefly due to political & social causes4 ,! old self-suffic+1 agricultural economy ( ,engl&1 :i* we h se5 beg9n+ to break up 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 0 becom+ ?or\ghly dis9tegrat$4 ,! capitali/ class 0 increas+2 ! successful m]*ant & lawy] 7 acquir+ l& & becom+ squires2 !re 0 an int5se l& hung]4 ,simon ,degge1 wilt+ ( ,/af=d%ire 9 #affi1 says t 9 ! previ\s sixty ye>s half ! l&s _h *ang$ own]s1 n s mu* z ( old !y 7 wont to d1 by m>riage1 b by pur*ase2 & he notices h[ _m lawy]s & tradesm5 h supplant$ ! g5try4#bgh ,9 fact1 !re 0 a mu* fre] disposal ( l&s f ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ! fam\s ,talt>um's case enabl$ entail$ e/ates to be b>r$1 until ! ,re/oration1 ?an !re has be5 be=e or s9ce4 ,= ^! two hundr$ ye>s ! c\rts ( law & p>liam5t resi/$ e ef=t to re-e/abli% ! sy/em ( entails2 ! own]s ( l& con/antly multipli$1 & ?is t5d5cy mu/ h c\nt]act$ ! displacem5t ( ! small hold] by enclosure4 ,sir ,?omas ,smi?1 writ+ t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 says t x 0 ! yeom5 :o b\ght ! l&s ( 'un?rifty g5tlem52' & ,moryson tells u t '! buy]s 7except+ lawy]s7 are = ! mo/ "p citiz5s & vulg> m5'4#bgi ,x became "o ( ! boa/s ( ,engl& t %e _h a l>ge numb] ( yeom5 f>m+ _! own l&4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 h[ev]1 x became important to l&[n]s to protect _! prop]ties 9 ! int]e/ ( *ildr5 & desc5dants f =feiture = treason4 ,! judges l5t _! aid1 & ! sy/em ( /rict family settlem5ts 0 devis$1 "u :i* ! great bulk ( ! e/ates 9 ,engl& are n[ held4 ,?is sy/em fav\r$ ! accumulation ( l&s 9 a few h&s & ! aggregation ( great e/ates1 & 0 l>gely responsible = ! disappe>ance ( ! small freehold]4 ,9 review+ ! progress ( agriculture 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! dra9age ( ! f5 c\ntry ( ,l9coln%ire & ! adjo9+ c\nties mu/ n be =gott54 ,x _h be5 = c5turies ! sc5e ( dra9age op]ations on a m or less ext5d$ scale1 few ( :i*1 h[ev]1 met ) success2 b 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! gr[+ value ( l& caus$ a s]i\s revival ( ^! ef=ts4 ,attempts made "u ,elizabe? & ,james ,i _h only succe$$ 9 rescu+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( l& = pa/ure1#bhj b 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,i ! s*eme ( ,cornelius ,v]muyd5 0 m successful4 ,8 sy/em1 h[ev]1 0 defective1 & 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii ! ,b$=d ,level 0 9 a lam5table /ate & 9 dang] ( rev]t+ to its primitive condition4 ,_m ( ! works too 7 de/roy$ by ! '/iltwalk]s'1 & 9 #agic ,maxwell /ates t out ( #dd1jjj acres ( f5 l& 9 ,hunt+don%ire only #h1jjj or #aj1jjj 7 productive#bha2 & 9 #agid ,/one tells u t ! commons r\nd ! ,isle ( ,axholme 7 *iefly cov]$ ) wat]4#bhb ,/ill to ,v]muyd5 & 8 contempor>ies mu/ be assign$ ! cr$it ( ! fir/ compreh5sive s*eme = rescu+ ^! f]tile l&s f ! wat]s t cov]$ !m4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is important c5tury an old cal5d> ( #afjfbhc cle>ly sets =? ! f>m+ "w ( ! ye>3-- ,janu>y & ,febru>y are ! be/ mon?s = pl\gh+ = peas1 beans1 & oats1 & to h peas soon 9 ! ye> foll[+ s[ !m 9 ! wane ( ! moon at ,s4 ,&rew/ide be=e ,*ri/mas2 :i* may be comp>$ to ,tuss]'s advice = ,febru>y1 ',g pl[ 9 ! /ubble1 = n[ is ! season ,= s[+ ( fit*es ( beans & ( peason4' ',clean gr\nds ( all su* rubbi% z bri>s1 brambles1 black?orns1 & %rubbs' 7!n m (t5 *ok+ ! gr\nd ?an n[71 :i* are to be fagot$ z good fuel = bak+ & brew+4 ',d n pl\gh 9 ra9y wea!r1 = x impov]i%e? ! e>?4' ,m>* & ,april4 ,take up colts f grass to be brok54 ,s[ beans1 peas1 & oats4 ,9 ^! mon?s are all gr\nds :]e cattle w5t 9 ! la/ w9t] to be fur!d 7app>5tly manag$7 & cle>$ & ! mole-hills scatt]$1 t ! fre% spr+ ( grass may gr[ bett]4 ,all h$ges & dit*es to be made betwixt 'sev]als'1 evid5tly enclosures z di/+ui%$ f common fields4 ,f ,m>* #be to ,may #a summ] pa/ures are to be sp>$1 t !y may h "t to get head be=e summ] cattle be put 94 ,9 ! meantime su* cattle are to be be/[$ 9 mead[s till ,may ,day1 & aft] t date su* mead[s are to be cleans$ & sp>$ until ! crops ( hay be tak5 (f4 ,f n[ till midsumm] sell fat cattle & %eep1 & ) ! money buy lean cattle & %eep4 ,s[ b>ley4 ,may & ,june4 ,sort all cattle = _! summ] pa/ure on ,may ,day1 viz4 draught ox5 by !mselves1 mil* c[s by !mselves1 wean+ calves1 ye>l+s1 two-ye>-olds1 ?ree- & f\r-ye>-olds1 e sort by !mselves1 :i* be+ divid$ 9 pa/ure fitt+ = !m w make l>g] & fair] cattle4 ,sep>ate ! horses 9 ! same way4 ,wa% %eep & %e> f\r or five days aft]1 :i* done ! wool is to be well w\nd & weigh$1 & safely laid up 9 "s place :]e !re is n too mu* air or x w lose weight1 nor :]e x is damp or x w increase too mu* 9 weight4 ,cleanse w9t] corn f ?i/les & we$s4 ,july & ,augu/4 ,fir/ ( all comes hay-mak+4 ,9 ,augu/ wean lambs1 & put !m 9 good pa/ure1 & 9 w9t] put !m 9 fre% pa/ure until spr+1 & !n put !m ) ! 'hold+' %eep4 ,9 ^! mon?s is corn to be '%ornne or m[5 d[ne' 7! writ]1 x is to be notic$1 has no pref]5ce = ei!r me?od72 & aft] ! corn is c>ri$ put draught horses & ox5 into ! av]i% 7corn /ubble71 to ease o!r pa/ures2 & aft] !m put hogs 94 ,ga!r crabs 9 woods & h$g][s = mak+ v]juice4 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,h all pl[s & h>r[s neat & fit = s[+ ( :eat1 rye1 mesl+ 7:eat & rye mix$71 & vet*es4#bhd ,pick hops4 ,buy /ore cattle1 bo? /e]s & heif]s1 ( ?ree or f\r ye>s old1 :i* be+ well w9t]$ at grass1 or on /raw at ! b>n doors1 w be ! soon] f$ ! summ] foll[+1 & !y w soon] fe$ aft] /raw ?an grass4 ,f ,octob] to ,may are calves to be re>$1 because !n !y be m h>dly br$ & become ! /rong] cattle4 ,fe$ brawns1 bacons1 l>ds1 & porkets on ma/ if !re is any1 if n on corn4 ',9 ^! mon?s cleanse p\ndes or pools1 ?is season be+ ! drie/2' an extraord9>y ass]tion1 unless ! climate has *ang$1 see+ t accord+ to ! mon?ly av]ages f #ahda-aijf1 tak5 at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 ,octob] is ! wette/ mon? 9 ! ye>4#bhe ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,sort all k9ds ( %eep until ,lady ,day1 viz4 we!rs by !mselves1 & wean+ lambs by !mselves2 & d n put rams to ! ewes be=e ,s4 ,luke/ide1 ,octob] #ah1 = ^? lambs fall ab\t ,m>* #be1 & if !y fall be=e !n ! sc>city ( grass & ! cold w s nip & *ill !m t !y w die or be weakl+s4 ,x is good at ?is "t to take draught cattle & horses f grass into ! h\se be=e any great /orms beg94 ,?ra% corn n[ aft] x ha? _h a good sweat 9 ! m[1 & s dri$ aga91 & give ! /raw to ! draught ox5 & cattle at ! /&axe or at ! b>n doors = sp>+ ( hay1 advice :i* ,tuss] also gives3 ',s]ve rie /raw out fir/1 !n :eat /raw & peas1 ,!n ote /raw & b>ley1 !n hay if ye please4' ,,footnotes3 #beb ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahif1 pp4 #gg sq41 & ,g]>d1 ,h]bal 7ed4 #afcc71 p4 #bcb4 #bec ,ab\t #afhd1 ,john ,worlidge wrote to ,h\ghton t %eep fatt$ on clov] 7 n su* delicate meat z ! hea? cropp]s1 & t %eep fatt5 v well on turnips4 ,h\ghton1 ,collection = ,improvem5t ( ,husb&ry1 iv4 #adb4 ,?is is said to be ! fir/ notice ( turnips be+ giv5 to %eep4 #bed ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahif1 p4 #gg4 ,"o ( ! pro(s ( ! r>ity ( vegetables among ! poor] classes ( ,engl&1 especially 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 is ! fact t r5ts paid 9 k9d nev] includ$ !m4 #bee ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahib1 p4 #ai4 #bef ,*apple1 ,review ( ,risdon's ,survey ( ,devon 7#aghe71 p4 #ag n4 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory3 ,devon%ire1 ,agriculture4 #beg ,bly? 0 a great advocate ( enclosure4 ',live ! common]s d inde$'1 he says1 'v _m 9 a mean1 l[ condition1 ) hung] & ease4 ,bett] d ^! 9 ,bridewell4 ,:at !y get !y sp5d4 ,& c !y make ev5 at ! ye>'s r5t8' #beh ,rym]1 ,fo$]a 7,orig4 ed471 xix4 #eab4 #bei ,manyd[n ,manor ,rolls1 ,hamp%ire ,record ,society1 p4 #agb4 #bfj ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,"w & ,wages1 p4 #dei4 #bfa ,h\ghton1 ,collections1 c41 ii4 #ddh4 #bfb ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 v4 p4 vii4 ,cf4 p4 #aci infra4 #bfc ,cullum1 ,haw/$1 pp4 #aif et seq4 ,9 ! ,haw/$ leases1 at ! end ( ! sixte5? & beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5turies1 x is notewor?y t !re 71 at a "t ( repeat$ compla9ts aga9/ lay+ d[n l& to pa/ure1 clauses aga9/ break+ up pa/ure l&4 #bfd ,9 #afgg !re 7 compla9ts ( a fall 9 r5ts4 #bfe ,manyd[n ,manor ,rolls1 ,hamp%ire ,record ,society1 pp4 #agh et seq4 #bff ,rawl4 ,a4 #agj1 ,no4 #aja4 #bfg ,mc,pherson1 ,annals ( ,comm]ce1 ii4 #dhc4 #bfh ,ibid4 ii4 #fcj4 #bfi ,ibid4 iii4 #adg4 ,! r5tal ( ! l&s 9 ,engl& 9 #afjj 0 e/imat$ by ,dav5ant at #f1jjj1jjj1 9 #afhh at #ad1jjj1jjj2 & 9 #agbf by ,phillips at #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,ibid4 iii4 #acc4 ,9 #ahej1 ,caird e/imat$ x at #cg1dab1jjj4 #bgj ,) :at horror w\ld ^? legislators h contemplat$ ,engl&'s position to-day1 :5 a tempor>y loss ( ! comm& ( ! sea w\ld probably ru9 ! c\ntry4 #bga #ba ,jac4 #a1 c4 #bh4 #bgb ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,hi/orical ,society 7,new ,s]ies71 xix4 #aaf4 #bgc ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,hi/orical ,society 7,new ,s]ies71 xix4 #abg4 #bgd ,ibid4 #acj4 #bge ,see article 9 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,hi/orical ,society 7,new ,s]ies71 xix4 #bgf ,macaulay1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *4 iii4 #bgg ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,economics1 xvii4 #ehg4 ,consid]+ t ! legislature ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 aga9/ enclosure & depopulation1 x is h>d to und]/& #ca ,eliz41 c4 #g1 :i* =bade cottages to be erect$ unless #d acres ( l& 7 atta*$ !reto1 9 ord] to avoid ! great inconv5i5ce caus$ by ! 'buyld+e ( great nomb]s & multitude ( cottages1 :i* are daylie m & m increas$ 9 _m p>tes ( ?is realme'4 ,h[ 0 x t cottages _h increas$ s mu* 9 rural di/ricts1 :i* are ( c\rse allud$ to1 9 spite ( enclosure8 #bgh ,h>wood1 ,erdeswick4 #bgi ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #dd4 #bhj ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #ahg4 #bha ,g5]al ,view ( ,hunts41 p4 #h4 #bhb ,g5]al ,view ( ,l9coln1 p4 #bi4 #bhc ,f>m+ ,cal5d>1 f an orig9al ,,ms41 pr9t$ 9 ,ar*aeologia1 xiii4 #cgc et seq4 #bhd ,cf4 ,tuss]3 ',octob] = :eat-s[+ calle? z fa/'2 & ',:5 :eat ^u eddi% 7/ubble71 ye m9d to be/[e ,let t be ! fir/ ( ! :eat ye d s[e'2 & ',:o s[e? 9 ra9e1 he %all reap x ) te>s'4 #bhe ,! writ] ( ! di>y probably meant ?is "w %\ld be done 9 ,septemb]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,great ,,agricultural ,,writ]s ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury4--,,fruit ,,gr[+4 ,a ,,sev5te5?-,,c5tury ,,or*>d ,! sev5te5? c5tury is di/+ui%$ by a numb] ( agricultural writ]s ^: works1 z !y af=d ! be/ acc\nt ( ! f>m+ ( ! "t1 we may be p>don$ = freely quot+4 ,! be/ kn[n ( !m 71 ,sir ,john ,nord51 ,g]vase ,m>kham1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,we/on1 ,bly!1 ,h>tlib1 ,sir ,hugh ,plat1 ,john ,evelyn1 ,john ,worlidge1 & ,h\ghton4 ,sir ,john ,nord5 pr9t$ 8 ,surveyor's ,dialogue 9 #afjh1 :i* is 9 ! =m ( a conv]sation betwe5 a f>m] & a surveyor1 ! =m] at ! outset tell+ ! latt] t m5 ( 8 pr(ession 7 !n v unpopul> because 'y pry into m5's titles & e/ates1 & (t5times y are ! cause t m5 lose _! l&1 & cu/oms are alt]$1 brok51 & sometimes p]v]t$ by y\r means4 ,& above all1 y look into ! values ( m5's l&s1 :]e=e ! lords ( manors d reckon _! t5ants to a high] r5t1 & !re=e n only ,i b _m poore t5ants h good cause to speak aga9/ ! pr(ession'4#bhf ,! surveyor attributes ! increase 9 prices to f>m]s outbidd+ "o ano!r = f>ms1 = ! r5ts ( f>ms & prices gr[ toge!r2 a /atem5t :i* seems to h be5 q true & disposes ( ! ass]tion t ! l&lords rais$ ! r5ts unfairly1 = !y 7 q entitl$ to :at r5t !y c\ld get 9 ! op5 m>ket1 ! f>m]s be+ presumably wise en\gh n to (f] r5ts :i* w\ld preclude a pr(it4 ,he fur!r blames ! f>m] ( 8 day = be+ discont5t$ ) 8 lot3 9 =m] times 'f>m]s & _! wives 7 cont5t ) mean dyet & base attire & held _! *ildr5 to "s au/]e gov]nm5t1 )\t haunt+ aleh\ses1 tav]ns1 dice1 & c>ds2 n[ ! husb&man w be equal to ! yeoman1 ! yeoman to ! g5tleman1 ! g5tleman to ! squire1 & !re is at ?is day ?irty times z mu* va9ely sp5t 9 a family ( l multitude & quality z 0 9 =m] ages'2 a compla9t t has be5 common 9 all ages4 ,contr>y to :at is ! practice to-day1 & app>5tly to common s5se1 ! surveyor recomm5ds t op5 dra9s be made z n>r[ above z at ! bottom1 at ! mo/ n m ?an a foot & a half broad4#bhg ,hops1 he says1 7 !n gr[n 9 ,suffolk1 ,essex1 & ,surrey1 '9 y\r loose & spongie gr\nds1 tr5*$4' ',c>ret' roots 7 rais$ 9 ,suffolk & ,essex1 & beg9n+ to increase 9 all p>ts ( ! realm#bhh2 b if he alludes to _! cultivation 9 ! op5 field ! /atem5t mu/ be tak5 ) consid]able qualification1 z !y 7 n s gr[n g5]ally until ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury or ! beg9n+ ( ! next4 ,k5t 0 !n1 z n[1 ! great fruit c\nty ( ,engl&2 'above all o!rs ,i ?9k ! ,k5ti%m5 be mo/ apt & indu/ri\s 9 plant+ or*>ds ) pipp9s & *]ries1 especially ne> ! ,?ames ab\t ,fev]%am & ,sitt+b\rne4' ,b ,devon & ,h]e=d 7 also fam\s2 ,we/cote ab\t #afcj says ! ,devon%ire m5 _h ( late mu* enl>g$ _! or*>ds1 & 'are v curi\s 9 plant+ & graft+ all k9ds ( fruit'#bhi2 & ,john ,beale 9 #afef tells u ,h]e=d 'is reput$ ! or*>d ( ,engl&'#bij2 :ile ,h>tlib says !re 7 _m or*>ds 9 ,worce/]%ire & ,gl\ce/]%ire4#bia ,he calls ',t&eane' ne> ,taunton ! ,p>adise ( ,engl&1 :]e ! husb&ry 0 excell5t1 ! l& fruitful by nature & improv$ by ! art & indu/ry ( ! f>m]s2 '!y take extraord9>y pa9s 9 soyl+1 pl\gh+1 & dress+ _! l&s1 & aft] ! pl[ !re goe? "s ?ree or f\r ) mattocks to break ! clods & to draw up ! e>? out ( ! furr[s t ! l&s may lye r\nd1 & t ! wat] annoy n ! se$ 7! wat] evid5tly (t5 ly+ long 9 ! furr[s betwe5 ! great high ridges71 & to t end !y mo/ c>efully cut gutt]s & tr5*es 9 all places4 ,& = ! bett] enri*+ ( _! pl\gh+ l&s !y cut up1 ca/1 & c>ry 9 ! unpl[$ headl&s & places ( no use4 ,_! he>ts1 h&s1 eyes1 & all _! p[]s concurre 9 "o to =ce ! e>? to yield h] utmo/ fruit2 & ! crops ( :eat t rew>d$ ?is indu/ry 7 sometimes #h & #aj qu>t]s to an acre4 ,a %ort pamphlet call$ ! ,fruit]]'s ,secrets1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #afjd1 imp>ts "s int]e/+ & curi\s in=mation ab\t fruit gr[+4#bib ,!re 7 !n f\r sorts ( *]ries 9 ,engl&1 ,flemi%1#bic ,engli%1 ,gascoyne1 & black1 & ! pres]v+ ( !m f birds1 always a burd5 on ! gr[]1 ! au?or says c be done by a gun or a sl+2 ! wor/ enemies be+ jays & bullf9*es1 :o ate /ones & all4 ,/one fruit %\ld be ga!r$ 9 dry wea!r1 & aft] ! dew is (f1 = if ga!r$ wet x loses col\r & becomes mildew$4 ,if nettles newly ga!r$ are laid at ! bottom ( ! basket & on ! top ( ! fruit1 !y w ha/5 ! rip5+ ( fruit pick$ unripe1 & make x keep its col\r4 ,^? ,engli% f>m]s :o /ill %ake _! apples f ! trees to fall & be bruis$ on ! gr\nd _h bett] li/5 to ! c>eful directions = plac+ ! ladd] on ! trees :]e x w d no damage1 z to ! use ( ! ga!r+ hook s t ! bran*es c be br\ght )9 easy rea* ( ! pick] on 8 ladd]1 ! we>+ ( a ga!r+ apron1 & ! empty+ ( x g5tly into ! baskets4 ,gre5 f]n has ! same effect on pe>s pack$ = c>riage z nettles on /one fruit2 :ile apples %\ld be pack$ 9 :eat1 or bett] /ill 9 rye /raw4 ,= long j\rneys ! ,am]ican sy/em ( pack+ 9 b>rels is anticipat$1 ! apples be+ c>efully put 9 by h&1 & ! b>rels l9$ at bo? ends ) /raw1 b n at ! sides to avoid heat+1 :ile holes %\ld be bor$ at ei!r end to prev5t heat4 ,pipp9s1 ,john ,apples1 ,pe>ma9s1 & o!r 'keep]s' ne$ n be turn$ until ! week be=e ,*ri/mas1 & aga9 at ! end ( ,m>*1 :5 !y mu/ be turn$ (t5]2 b nev] t\* fruit dur+ a fro/ or a ?aw1 or 9 ra9y wea!r1 or x w turn black4 ,h>tlib1 a few ye>s aft]1 reckon$ no less ?an #ejj sorts ( apples 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh d\btless _m ( ^! 7 id5tical1 s9ce ! same apple (t5 has two or ?ree names 9 "o p>i%4 ,! be/ = ! table 7 ! ,j5net+s1 ,h>vey ,apple1 ,gold5 ,pipp91 ,summ] & ,w9t] ,pe>ma9s1 ,john ,apple1 c42 = cid] ! ,r$ ,/reak 7! great fav\rite71 ,j5net ,moyle1 ,eliot1 ,/ock+ ,apple1 c4 ,he 0 told t 9 ,h]e=d%ire a t5ant b\ght ! f>m he r5t$ ) ! fruit crop ( "o ye>2 #aj to #ae hav+ be5 giv5 p] acre = *]ries & m = apples & pe>s4 ,pe>s = ! table 7 ! ,w9dsor1 ',burgamet1' ',boon ,*ri/ians'6 ,gre5field1 & o!rs2 & = p]ry1 :i* ,john ,beale1 a well-kn[n writ] ( ! day consid]$ 'a weak dr9k1 fit = our h9des & g5]ally refus$ by our g5try z bre$+ w9d 9 ! /omack'1 ! ,horse ,pe>1 ,bosbury1 ,*oak1 c4#bid ,!re 7 _m k9ds ( plums1 among !m ! ,mi/le ,plum1 ,damaz5e1 ,violet1 & ,premord54 ,f\r k9ds ( graft+ 7 practis$3 9 ! cleft1 & 9 ! b>k1 ! two mo/ usual ways2 %\ld] or :ip graft+1 & graft+ by approa*1#bie ! la/ ':]e ! /ock y int5d to graft on & ! tree f :i* y take y\r graft /& s ne> toge!r t !y may be jo9$1 !n take ! sprig y int5d to graft & p>e away ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g? ( ! r9d & wood ne> unto ! v pi?1 & cut also ! /ock on :i* y int5d to graft ! same aft] ! same mann] t !y may ev5ly jo9 ea* o!r1 & s b9d !m & cov] !m ) clay or wax4' ,inoculation 0 also practis$1 ':5 ! sap is at ! fulle/ 9 ! summ]1 ! buds y int5d to inoculate be+ n too "y b suffici5tly gr[n4' ,= transplant+ ! middle ( ,octob] is recomm5d$1 & ! wise advice add$1 'plant n too deep1' & 9 clay plant z ne> ! surface z possible1 = ! roots w seek _! way d[nw>d b r>ely upw>d2 & 9 transplant+ 'y may prune ! bran*es z well z ! roots ( apples & pe>s1 b n ( plums4' ,! be/ di/ance ap>t 9 an or*>d = apples & pe>s 0 consid]$ to be f #bj to #cj feet1 ! fur!r ap>t ! m !y b5efit f ! sun & air1 a piece ( advice :i* _m a subsequ5t plant] has neglect$4 ,= *]ries & plums #ae to #bj feet 0 ?\ght "r4 ,worlidge's directions = prun+ are m9ute & c>eful1 & %\ld be well hamm]$ into _m slov5ly f>m]s to-day4 ,cid]-mak+ 0 p]=m$ mu* z x is 9 old-fa%ion$ f>ms to-day1 by ma%+ ! apples 9 a tr\gh by means ( a mill/one set edgeways1 & !n press+ ! juice out ?r\gh hair mats1 ! juice1 says ,h>tlib1 'hav+ be5 let /& a day or two & ! black scum t arise? 9 t "t tak5 (f !y tunne x1 & 9 ! b>rels x cont9ue? to "w "s days long]1 j z be] use? to d4#bif ,ano!r me?od 0 to put ! fruit 9 a clean vessel or tr\gh1 & bruise or cru% x ) beetles1 !n put ! cru%$ fruit 9 a bag ( hair-clo? & press x4#big ,aft] ! cid] 0 9 ! b>rels !re 0 plac$ 9 !m a l95 bag conta9+ cloves1 mace1 c9namon1 g+]1 & lemon peel :i* 0 said to make ! cid] ta/e z pleasantly z ,rh5i% w9e4 ,worlidge gives u :at is p]haps ! fir/ m5tion ( a p\ltry f>m1 & /rangely en\gh x seems to h paid4 ',i h be5 cr$ibly in=m$ t a good f>m ha? be5 :olly /ock$ ) p\ltry1 sp5d+ ! :ole crop ^u !m & keep+ sev]all to att5d !m1 & t x ha? r$\nd$ to a v consid]able improvem5t'4#bih ,incubators ( a v rude sort 7 us$1 ?ree or f\r doz5 eggs be+ plac$ 9 a 'lamp furnace made ( a few bo>ds'1 & hat*$ by ! heat ( a lamp or c&le4 ,x mu/ /rike ! read] t ! accusation levell$ aga9/ ! ,engli% f>m]1 ( hav+ made little progress 9 8 art f ! ,middle ,ages to ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii is h>dly w>rant$4 ,_! k & skill 9 _! bus9ess 7 evid5tly su* z to make consid]able progress inevitable1 & !n z n[ !y 7 9 "s cases assi/$ by _! l&lords1 z 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 :]e ,"l ,scudamore1 aft] ! assass9ation ( 8 fri5d ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 devot$ 8 en]gies to ! culture ( fruit1 & ) o!r public-spirit$ g5tlem5 turn$ t c\nty into '"o entire or*>d'1 besides improv+ ! pa/ures & woods#bii2 ?\gh ,h>tlib lam5ts t g5tlem5 try s few exp]im5ts = ! advancem5t ( agriculture1 & t bo? l&[n]s & f>m]s in/ead ( communicat+ _! k to ea* o!r kept x jeal\sly to !mselves4#cjj ,! *ief h9drance to l&lord & t5ant 0 t ! heavy h& ( anci5t cu/om lay ^u !m1 ) its antiquat$ communi/ic sy/em ( f>m+1 :i* /ill 9 ! great] "p ( ! l& ( ,engl& utt]ly prev5t$ good husb&ry & /ifl$ individual ef=t4 ,x 0 "o ( ^! ,h]e=d%ire g5tlem54 ,r[l& ,vaughan1 :o 9 #afaj wrote :at is probably ! fir/ acc\nt ( irrigation 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh ! art 0 m5tion$ by ,fitzh]b]t & mu/ h be5 kn[n 9 ,devon & ,hamp%ire long be=e 8 "t2 inde$1 x is ano!r in/ance ( ! !n isolation ( c\ntry di/ricts t he speaks z if he _h made a new discov]y4 ,he tells u t 'hav+ soj\rn$ two ye>s 9 8 fa!r's h\se1 we>i$ 9 do+ no?+ & fe>+ 8 =tunes _h be5 ov]?r[n1 he ca/ ab\t :at 0 be/ to be done to retrieve 8 reputation'4 ,& "o day he saw f a mole-hill on ! side ( a brook on 8 prop]ty a little /ream ( wat] issu+ d[n ! work+ ( ! mole1 :i* made ! gr\nd 'pleas+ gre5'1 & f ?is he 0 l$ on to :at he calls '! dr[n+ ( 8 l&s'4 ,?is 0 s successful t he improv$ ! value ( 8 e/ate f #dj to #cjj a ye>1 & 8 neighb\rs1 :o ( c\rse _h fir/ sc(f$ at him1 came to le>n f him4 ,n _m ye>s aft] 'dr[n+' 0 said to h become "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal & advantage\s improvem5ts 9 ,engl&4#cja ,vaughan says t he _h c\nt$ z _m z #cjj p]sons glean+ 9 "o field aft] h>ve/1 & t 9 ! m\nta9s ne> eggs 7 #bj a p5ny1 & a good bullock #bfs4 #c;d41 b ?is 0 a backw>d region4#cjb ,betwe5 #afag & #afba ! price ( :eat fell f #dcs4 #c;d4 to #bas4 a qu>t]1 & imm$iately affect$ ! paym5t ( r5t4#cjc ,mr4 ,john ,*amb]la91 9 ,febru>y1 #afbj1 wrote to ,sir ,dudley ,c>leton1 ',we are "h 9 a /range /ate to compla9 ( pl5ty1 b s x is t corn be>e? s l[ a price t f>m]s are v backw>d to pay _! r5ts & 9 _m places plead disability3 = rem$y :]e( ! ,c\ncil h writt5 lett]s into e %ire to provide a gran>y ) a /ock to buy corn & keep x = a de> ye>4' ,sir ,symonds ,d',ewes notes 9 8 di>y t 'at ?is "t 7#afba7 ! rates ( all sorts ( corn 7 s extremely l[ z x made ! v prices ( l& fall f tw5ty ye>s' pur*ase to sixte5 or sev5te54 ,= ! be/ :eat 0 sold = #bs4 #h;d4 & #bs4 #f;d4 ! bu%el1 ! ord9>y at #bs4 ,b>ley & rye at #as4 #d;d4 & #as4 #c;d4 ! bu%el1 & ! wors] ( ^? gra9s at a mean] rate1 ! poor] sort t w\ld h be5 glad b a few ye>s be=e ( co>se rye bread1 did n[ usually trav]se ! m>kets to f9d out ! f9] :eats z if no?+ else w\ld please _! palates'4 ,in/ead ( be+ glad t !y 7 = once hav+ a small %>e ( ! good ?+s ( ?is _w1 he rejoices t _! un?ankfulness & da9t9ess 0 soon puni%$ by high prices & de>ness ( all sorts ( gra94#cjd ,! ye> #afcj 0 ! comm5cem5t ( a s]ies ( de> seasons1 :5 = n9e consecutive ye>s ! price ( :eat did n fall bel[ #djs4 a qu>t] & actually t\*$ #hfs4 ,! re/ra9ts laid on corn-deal]s _h1 s9ce ! pr9ciples ( comm]ce 7 be+ bett] und]/ood1 be5 modifi$ 9 #afbd1 b ! high prices reviv$ ! old hatr$ aga9/ !m1 & we f9d ,sir ,john ,w+field writ+ f ,rutl& t he has 'tak5 ord] t +ross]s ( corne %all be c>efullie se5 unto & t !re is no ,badg] 7corn-deal]7 lic5s$ to c>ry corne out ( ?is c\ntrye nor any />* made ( any k9d ( gra9e'4 ,he adds t he _h 'refrayn$ ! maul/]s f excessive mak+ ( mault1 & _h suppress$ #bj aleh\ses'4#cje ,h[ev]1 ! s5seless policy ( prev5t+ trade 9 corn receiv$ a sev]e bl[ f ! /atute #ae ,c>4 ,,ii1 c4 #g1 :i* enact$ t :5 corn 0 "u #dhs4 p]sons 7 to be all[$ to buy & /ore corn & sell ! same aga9 )\t p5alty1 provid$ !y did n sell x 9 ! same m>ket )9 ?ree mon?s ( buy+ x1 a /atute :i* ,adam ,smi? said contribut$ m to ! progress ( agriculture ?an any previ\s law 9 ! /atute book4 ,g]vase ,m>kham1 :o 0 born ab\t #aefh & di$ 9 #afcg1 gives u a description ( ! day's "w ( ! ,engli% f>m]4 ,he is to rise at f\r 9 ! morn+1 fe$ 8 cattle & clean 8 /able4 ,:ile !y are fe$+ he is to get 8 h>ness ready1 :i* w take him two h\rs4 ,!n he is to h 8 breakfa/1 = :i* half an h\r is all[$4 ,gett+ ! h>ness on 8 horses or cattle1 he is to />t by sev5 to 8 "w & keep at x till betwe5 two & ?ree 9 ! aft]noon4 ,!n he %all br+ 8 team home1 clean !m & give !m _! food1 d9e himself1 & at f\r g back to 8 cattle & give !m m fodd]1 & gett+ into 8 b>n make ready _! food = next day1 n =gett+ to see !m aga9 be=e go+ to 8 own supp] at six4 ,aft] supp] he is to m5d %oes by ! fireside = himself & 8 family1 or beat & knock hemp & flax1 or pit* & /amp apples or crabs = cid] or v]juice1 or else gr9d malt1 pick c&le-ru%es1 or 'd "s husb&ry (fice )9 doors till x befall eight o'clock'4 ,!n he %all take 8 lant]n1 visit 8 cattle once m1 & g ) all 8 h\sehold to re/4 ,! f>m roll] ( ?is "t1 accord+ to ,m>kham1 0 made ( a r\nd piece ( wood #cj in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 #f feet long1 hav+ at ea* end a /rong p9 ( iron to :i* %afts 7 made fa/4#cjf ,he m5tions wood5 & iron h>r[s1 b ?is ref]s only to ! t9es1 ! wood5 ones be+ made ( a%4 ,f an illu/ration ( a h>r[ :i* he gives1 x appe>s x 0 mu* l ,fitzh]b]t's & _m us$ to-day3 a wood5 frame1 ) ! tee? set p]haps m closely ?an ours2 ! s+le h>r[ #d feet squ>e drawn by "o horse1 ! d\ble h>r[ #g feet squ>e by two ox5 at lea/4 ,:eat he says1 :5 ! l& is dug #ae in*es deep1 & ! se$ dibbl$ 91 w produce twelve times z mu* z :5 pl\gh$2 b he admits ! 'intricacy & tr\ble' ( ?is me?od4#cjg ,z to ! "q ( m[+ or reap+ corn1 he is ( op9ion t ?\gh 'x is a cu/om 9 _m c\ntries ( ?is k+dom n to %e>e ! :eat b to m[ x1 9 my conceit x is n s good1 = x bo? make? ! :eate f\le & full ( we$e'4 ,b>ley1 h[ev]1 %\ld be m[n close to ! gr\nd1 ?\gh _m reap x2 oats too 7 to be m[n4 ,8 directions = plant+ an or*>d#cjh are int]e/+1 bo? z %[+ ! k9ds ( fruit !n gr[n1 ! numb] ( diff]5t sorts plant$ toge!r1 & ! gr[? ( ! olive 9 ,engl&4#cji ,! or*>d1 he says1 %\ld be a squ>e1 divid$ into f\r qu>t]s by alleys1 & 9 ! fir/ qu>t] %\ld be apples ( all sorts1 9 ! second pe>s & w>d5s ( all sorts1 9 ! ?ird qu9ces & *e/nuts1 9 ! f\r? m$l>s & s]vices4 ,a wall is ! be/ f5ce1 & on ! nor? wall1 'aga9/ :i* ! sunne reflects1 y %all plant ! abricot1 v]do*io1 pea*e1 & damaske plumbe2 aga9/ ! ea/ side ! :ite muskad9e grape1 ! pescod plumbe1 & ! ,emp]iale plumbe2 aga9/ ! we/1 ! graft$ *]ries & ! olive tree2 & aga9/ ! s\? side ! almond & ! figge tree4' ,z if ?is extraord9>y mixture 7 n en\gh1 'r\nd ab\t ! skirts ( ! alleys' 7 to be plant$ plums1 damsons1 *]ries1 filb]ts & nuts ( all sorts1 & ! 'horse clog' & 'bulleye'1 ! two latt] be+ inf]ior wild plums4 ,plums 7 to be #e feet ap>t1 apples & o!r l>ge fruit #ab feet4 ,"y trees %\ld be wat]$ morn+ & ev5+ 9 dry summ]s1 & old ones %\ld h ! e>? dug away f ! upp] "p ( ! roots f ,novemb] to ,m>*1 !n ! e>?1 mix$ ) dung or soap a%es1 replac$4 ,moss 0 c>efully to be scrap$ (f ! trees ) ! back ( an old knife1 &1 to prev5t x1 ! trees manur$ ) sw9e's dung4 ,m9ute di/9ctions are giv5 z to prun+ & wa%+ ! trees ) /rong br9e ( wat] & salt1 ei!r ) a g>d5 pump plac$ 9 a tub or ) 'squirtes :i* h _m hoales'1 ! =]unn] ( mod]n spray+4 ,cid] 0 !n mo/ly made 9 ! we/1 z 9 ,devon%ire & ,cornwall1 & p]ry 9 ,worce/]%ire & ,gl\ce/]%ire2 b he leaves out ,h]e=d%ire1 :]e x 0 c]ta9ly made at ?is "t4#caj ,a curi\s help to fatt5+ bea/s1 says ,m>kham1 is a lean horse or two kept ) !m1 = ! bea/s delight to fe$ ) !m4 ,fatt5+ cattle 7 to h fir/ bite at ! pa/ures1 !n draught cattle1 & !n %eep2 aft] ,midsumm]1 :5 !re is an extraord9>y sweetness 9 ! grass1 suff] ! cattle to eat ! grass clos] till ,lammas 7,augu/ #a74 ,?\gh "s d n hold ) him1 he ?9ks read+ & writ+ n unpr(itable to a husb&man1 b n mu* mat]ial 'to 8 bailiff'2 = !re is m tru/ 9 an hone/ score *alk$ on a tr5*] ?an '9 a comm5 writ5 scr[le'4 ,l&[n]s d]iv$ a good income f _! woods & coppices4 ,an acre ( und]wood ( tw5ty-"o ye>s' gr[?1 0 at ?is "t wor? f #bj to #cj2 ( twelve ye>s' gr[?1 #e to #f2 b on _m ( ! be/ l&s x 0 only cut e ?irty ye>s4#caa ,9 #agdb-c oak timb] 0 wor? f #ae;d4 to #ah;d4 p] cubic foot & a% ab\t #aj;d4 ,dur+ ! ,napoleonic w> oak sold = #ds4 #f;d4 a foot4 ,9 ,bly?'s ,improv] ,improv$ we h "o ( ! fir/ acc\nts ( cov]$ dra9s4 ,! dra9+ tr5* 0 to be made deep en\gh to g ! bottom ( ! 'cold spew+ moi/ wat]' t fe$s ! flags & ! ru%es2 z = ! wid? 'use ?9e own lib]ty' b be sure make x z /raight z possible4 ,! bottom 0 to be fill$ 9 ) faggots or /ones to a dep? ( #ae in*es1 a me?od 9 "s p>ts reta9$ till comp>atively mod]n times1 ) ! top turf laid ^u !m grass d[nw>d1 & ! dra9 fill$ 9 ) ! e>? dug out ( x4 ,a c\ntry g5tleman at ?is date c\ld keep up a good e/abli%m5t on an income :i* to-day w\ld compel him to live economically 9 a cottage4 ,f ! acc\nts ( ,mr4 ,ma/]1 a l&[n] ne> ,*iselhur/1 x appe>s t a man ) an income ( #cjj or #djj a ye> c\ld live 9 "s luxury1 keep a /ud ( horses1 & a consid]able numb] ( s]vants4#cab ,"s ( !m _h no scruples ab\t add+ to _! incomes by turn+ corn-deal]s1 ev5 sell+ su* small quantities z pecks ( peas1 bu%els ( rye1 & half pecks ( oatmeal4 ,f ! acc\nts ( "o ( !m1 ,h5ry ,be/1#cac ( ,elmswell1 we le>n _m valuable details conc]n+ f>m+ 9 ,york%ire ab\t #afda4 ,x 0 ! cu/om to put ! ram to ! ewes ab\t ,octob] #ah1 b ,be/ did s ab\t ,mi*aelmas1 & g5]ally us$ "o ram to #cj or #dj ewes1 & he consid]$ x necess>y t ! ewes %\ld be two-%e>4 ',good h&some ewes'1 he says1 c\ld h be5 b\ght at ,kilham fair = #cs4 #f;d4 ea*1 a price f> bel[ ! av]age ( ! "t4 ,z = wages1 m[]s ( grass _h #aj;d4 a day1 & f\nd _! own food & _! scy!s1 :i* co/ !m ab\t #bs4 #c;d4 ea*4 ,haymak]s got #d;d4 a day1 & _h to 'meat !mselves' & f9d _! own =ks & rakes4 ,%e>]s or reap]s 7 paid f #h;d4 to #aj;d41 & f\nd _! own sickles2 b9d]s & /ack]s1 #h;d42 m[]s ( 'hav]'1 or oats1 #aj;d41 a good m[] cutt+ #d acres a day4 ,9 #afda he sold oats = #ads4 a qu>t]1 be/ b>ley = #bbs41 rye #bgs4 #f;d41 :eat #cjs4#cad ,! roads 7 dreadful1 & produce ne>ly all s5t to m>ket on pack-horses4 ',wee seldome s5d few] ?an #h horse loads to ! m>ket at a "t1 & ) !m two m51 = "o man _c guide ! poakes 7sacks7 ( above f\r horses4 ,:5 wee s5de oats to ! m>ket wee sack !m up 9 #c bu%el poakes & lay #f bu%els on a horse2 :5 wee s5de :eate1 rye1 or masseld5e 7rye & :eat7 & b>ley to m>ket wee put x into mette poakes 7#b bu%el sacks71 sometimes into half qu>t] sacks1 & ^! we lay on horses t are %ort c\pl$ & well back$4' ,:5 ! s]vants got to m>ket !y 7 *>g$ a halfp5ny a horse = /abl+ & hay1 b if !y d9$ at ! inn !y paid no?+ = _! horses1 & _! d9n]s co/ !m #d;d4 a head4 ,butt] 0 sold by ! lb41 or ! 'cake' ( #b lb41 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,l5t 0 #e;d4 a lb41 by ,april #bj1 #c;d41 9 ! middle ( ,may1 #b-a_/b;d4 ,:5 ,william ,p9d] took #ej acres ( l& '( my ,"l ,haye' he paid a f9e ( #fj & a r5t ( #dj2 b ?is mu/ h be5 an extremely *oice piece ( l&1 = arable l& r5t$ app>5tly at less ?an #cs4 an acre4#cae ,! r5t ( a cottage 0 usually #ajs4 a ye>1 '?\gh !y h n s mu* z a y>d or any backe side belong+ to !m4' ,!re is m evid5ce1 if su* 7 ne$$1 ( ! b5eficial effect ( enclosure1 :i* 0 said to treble ! value ( pa/ure4 ,good mead[ l& fet*$ a great price3 ',! m$[ ,sykes is ab\t #e acres ( gr\nde1 & 0 lett5 9 ! ye> #afbh at #f p] annum1 & 9 #afce at #f #acs4 #d;d4 ,! requirem5ts ( a =eman on a f>m 7 t he c\ld s[1 m[1 /ack peas1 g well ) #d horses1 & be accu/om$ to m>ket+2 & = ?is :5 hir$ by ! ye> he receiv$ #e m>ks1 & p]haps half a cr[n z e>ne/ money4 ,! next man got #ejs41 ! next #dfs4 #f;d41 ! f\r? #ces4 ',*ri/oph] ,pe>son _h ! fir/ ye> he dwelt "h #c #es4 #j;d4 wages p] annum & #es4 to a ,god's p5ny 7e>ne/ money72 next ye> he _h #d wages1 & he 0 bo? a good se$sman1' be=e ! inv5tion ( drills a v valuable qualification1 '& did s[ all our se$ bo? ! ye>s4 ,:5 y are ab\t to hire a s]vant y are to call !m aside & talk privately ) !m conc]n+ _! wage1 & if ! s]vants /& 9 ! *ur*y>d !y usually call !m aside & walk to ! back side ( ! *ur* & !re treat ( _! wage4 ,i he>d a s]vant ask$ :at he c\ld d1 :o made ?is answ]3 ,i c s[e1 ,i c m[e1 ,& ,i c /acke2 ,& ,i c doe ,my ma/] too ,:5 my ma/] turns 8 backe4' ,if we are to judge by ! food provid$ = ! ?at*]s1 :o 7 little bett] ?an ord9>y lab\r]s1 ! ,york%ire f>m-h& f>$ well on pl5ty ( simple food1 8 ?ree meals a day consi/+ ( butt]1 milk1 *eese1 & ei!r eggs1 pies1 or bacon1 sometimes porridge in/ead ( milk4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 few c\ntry g5tlem5 7 su* indu/ri\s f>m]s z ,be/2 _m ( !m pass$ _! days mo/ly 9 hunt+ & f[l+ & _! ev5+s 9 dr9k+1 ?\gh we "k too t !re 7 exceptions :o did n c>e = ?is rude exi/5ce4 ,de] hunt+1 & we mu/ add de] poa*+1 0 ! great sport ( ! weal?y1 b ! small] g5try _h to be cont5t ) simpl] =ms ( ! *ase4 ,= fox hunt+ ea* squire _h 8 own little pack1 & hunt$ only ov] 8 own e/ate & ^? ( 8 fri5ds4 ,he _h also ! ott]1 ! badg]1 & ! h>e to amuse him4 ,f[l+ 0 conduct$1 z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 by hawk or net1 = ! %ot gun _h n yet come into use1 & 0 =bidd5 by an old law4#caf ,! p>tridge & pheasant1 z n[1 7 ! *ief game birds4 ,aft] ! ,re/oration ! c\ntry g5tlem5 seem to h be5 infect$ by ! dissipation ( ! ,c\rt1 & f>m+ 0 left to ! t5ant f>m] & yeoman3 'our g5try'1 says ,pepys1 'h gr[n ignorant ( ev]y?+ 9 good husb&ry4' ,! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 ! ,gold5 ,age ( ! yeoman :o own$ & f>m$ 8 l&2 ev5 at ! end ( ! ,/u>t p]iod1 :5 _! decl9e _h already begun1 ,gregory ,k+ e/imat$ _! numb]s at #afj1jjj families1 or ab\t "o-sev5? ( ! population4 ,! class includ$ all ^? betwe5 ! man :o own$ freehold l& wor? #djs4 a ye> & ! weal?i] yeoman :o 0 h>dly di/+ui%able f ! small g5tleman4 ,own+ _! own l& !y 7 a /urdy & indep5d5t class1 & !y 'took a jolly pride 9 vot+ z 9 fight+ on ! opposite side ( ! neighb\r+ squire'4 ',! yeomanry'1 wrote ,full]1 'is an e/ate ( p almo/ peculi> to ,engl&2' he 'we>s russet clo!s b makes gold5 paym5t1 hav+ t9 9 8 buttons & silv] 9 8 pocket ,he seldom goes abroad1 & 8 cr$it /ret*es f>!r ?an 8 travel4' ,! t5ant f>m]s 7 ne>ly z num]\s1 ,k+ e/imat+ !m at #aej1jjj families2 economically !y 7 ab\t on a level ) ! yeoman1 _! social /&+1 h[ev]1 0 consid]ably inf]ior4 ,! greate/ improvem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! introduction f ,holl& ( turnips & clov]1 0 ov]-e/imat$ by its au?or1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,we/on2 = he tells 8 sons t by s[+ flax1 turnips1 & clov] !y might 9 five ye>s improve #ejj acres ( poor l& s z to br+ 9 #g1jjj a ye>4#cag ,to br+ ab\t ?is desirable consummation1 he provides 8 sons ) acc\nts z to ! co/1 "o ( :i* %[s ! co/ ( gr[+ an acre ( flax & ! pr(it !reon1 ?\gh ?is g5tleman's e/imates are cle>ly optimi/ic3 ,,dr4 s4 d4 ,devon%ir+1 i4e4 p>+ & burn+ #a #j #j ,lime #j #ab #j ,pl\gh+ & h>r[+ #j #f #j #c bu%els ( se$ #b #j #j ,we$+ #j #a #j ,pull+ & b9d+ #j #aj #j ,grass+ ! se$ f ! flax #j #f #j ,wat]+1 dry+1 sw++1 & beat+ #d #aj #j ---------- #i #e #j ,,cr4 s4 d4 #ijj lb4 ( flax #dj #j #j #i #e #j ----------- ,balance pr(it #cj #ae #j ,turnips 7 to come aft] flax1 & 7 to be giv5 to ! c[s z !y did 9 ,fl&]s2 t is1 wa% !m clean1 put !m 9 a tr\gh :]e !y 7 to be /amp$ toge!r ) a spitt] or small spade2 & ! turnips 7 to be foll[$ by clov]4 ,all ^!1 says ,we/on1 7 already gr[n 9 ,engl&1 b '!re is z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 :at gr[e? "h & !re z is betwe5 ! same ?+ :i* gr[e? 9 a g>d5 & t :i* gr[e? wild 9 ! fields'4 ,worlidge soon aft] recomm5d$ t clov] be s[n on b>ley or oats ab\t ! end ( ,m>* or 9 ,april1 & h>r[$ 91 or by itself2 & says1 ) optimism equal to ,we/on's1 "o acre ( clov] w fe$ y z _m c[s z #f acres ( ord9>y grass & make ! milk ri*]4#cah ,x has be5 notic$ t ! price ( wool alt]$ little dur+ ! c5tury1 & f ! private acc\nts ( ,sir ,abel ,b>k]#cai ( ,hambleton1 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,rutl&1 we le>n t 9 #afdb he sold 8 wool to 8 'lov+ fri5d ,mr4 ,william ,glad/one' = #a a tod1 ?\gh by #afdh x _h gone up to #bis41 a good price = ^? days4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> "s ( ,b>k]'s horses 7 c>ri$ (f = ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate1 & he values !m at #h a piece1 a fair price !n4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 = m[+ #dd acres ( grass he sets d[n 9 8 acc\nt #b #gs4 #j;d41 = mak+ ! same #b #cs4 #j;d41 & /ack+ x #cs4 ,simon ,h>tlib1 a ,dut*man by bir? & a fri5d ( ,john ,milton1 publi%$ 8 ,legacy 9 #afea1 conta9+ bo? ra% /atem5ts & useful in=mation4 ,we c]ta9ly _c believe him :5 he /ates t pa/ure employs m h&s ?an tillage4 ,8 e/imate ( a good crop ( :eat 0 f #ab to #af bu%els p] acre1 & he speaks /rongly ( ! great fluctuations 9 prices1 = he _h kn[n b>ley sell at ,nor?ampton at #f;d4 a bu%el1 & )9 #ab mon?s at #es41 & :eat 9 ,london 9 "o ye> v>i$ f #cs4 #f;d4 to #aes4 a bu%el4 ,! enorm\s numb] ( dovecotes 0 /ill a great nuisance1 & ! pigeons 7 reckon$ to eat #f1jjj1jjj qu>t]s ( gra9 annually4 ,h>tlib recomm5ds 8 c\ntrym5 to s[ 'a se$ commonly call$ ,sa9t ,fo9e1 :i* 9 ,engl& is z mu* z to say ,holy ,hay1' z !y d 9 ,france3 especially on b>r5 l&s1 advice :i* "s ( !m foll[$1 & 9 ,wilts41 soon aft]1 sa9fo9 is said to h s improv$ poor l& t f a noble 7#fs4 #h;d47 p] acre1 ! r5t _h increas$ to #cjs4#cbj ,!y 7 also to use 'ano!r sort ( fodd] :i* !y call ,la ,luc]n at ,p>is = dry & b>r5 gr\nds'4 ,s wa/eful 7 !y ( lab\r 9 "s p>ts t 9 ,k5t 7 to be se5 #ab horses & ox5 draw+ "o pl\gh4#cba ,! use ( ! spade 0 long look$ askance at by ,engli% husb&m52 old m5 9 ,surrey _h told ,h>tlib t !y knew ! fir/ g>d5]s t came into ^? p>ts to plant cabbages & 'collefl[]s'1 & to s[ turnips1 c>rots1 & p>snips1 & t !y gave #h an acre = _! l&4 ,! latt] /atem5t mu/ be an exagg]ation1 z x is equival5t to a r5t ( ab\t #dj 9 our money2 b we may give "s cr$5ce to him :5 he says t ! own] 0 anxi\s le/ ! spade %\ld spoil 8 gr\nd1 's ignorant 7 we ( g>d5+ 9 ^? days4' ,?\gh x 0 n ! case 9 ,elizabe?'s "t1 by n[ ! licorice1 saffron1 *]ries1 apples1 pe>s1 hops1 & cabbages ( ,engl& 7 ! be/ 9 ! _w2 b _m ?+s 7 defici5t1 = in/ance1 _m onions came f ,fl&]s & ,spa91 madd] f ,zeal&1 & roses f ,france4#cbb ',x is a great defici5cy 9 ,engl& t we h n m or*>ds plant$4 ,x is true t 9 ,k5t1 & ab\t ,london1 & 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,h]e=d%ire1 & ,worce/]%ire#cbc !re are _m gallant or*>ds1 b 9 o!r c\ntry places !y are v r>e & ?91 ,i "k 9 ,k5t "s advance _! gr\nd f #es4 p] acre to #e by ?is means'1 & #cj acres ( *]ries ne> ,sitt+b\rne _h realiz$ #a1jjj 9 "o ye>4 ,8 recipe = mak+ old fruit trees be> well sav\rs ( a "t :5 old wom5 7 /ill burnt z wit*es4 ',fir/ split 8 root1 !n apply a compo/ ( pigeon's dung1 lees ( w9e1 or /ale w9e1 & a little brim/one'4 ,! ti!s ( w9e 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire 7 '9 div]s p>i%es consid]ably great'1 & w9e 0 !n made 9 ,k5t & ,surrey1 notably by ,sir ,pet] ,ric>d1 :o made #f or #h hog%eads ye>ly4#cbd ,!re is no d\bt t ! v9e has be5 gr[n 9 ! op5 9 ,engl& f v e>ly times until comp>atively rec5t ones4 ,! ,britons 7 taught to plant x by ! ,romans 9 ,a4,d4 #bhj4cbe ,9 ,domesday !re are #ch examples ( v9ey>ds1 *iefly 9 ! s\? c5tral c\nties4 ,neckham1 :o wrote 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 says ! v9ey>d 0 an important adjunct to ! m$iaeval mansion4#cbf ,william ( ,malmesbury prais$ ! v9es & w9e ( ,gl\ce/]%ire2 & says t ! v9e 0 ei!r all[$ to trail on ! gr\nd1 or tra9$ to small /akes fix$ to ea* plant4 ,inde$1 ! m5tion ( !m 9 m$iaeval *ronicles is frequ5t4 ,two bu%els ( gre5 grapes 9 #accb fet*$ #gs4 #f;d4#cbg ,ri*>d ,,ii plant$ v9es 9 great pl5ty1 accord+ to ,/[1 )9 ! upp] p>k ( ,w9dsor1 & sold "s "p to 8 p4 ,! w9e made 9 ,engl& 0 sweet5$ ) honey1 & probably flav\r$ & col\r$ ) blackb]ries4#cbh ,at ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies !re 0 a v9ey>d at ,b>k+ ,nunn]y4 ',we might h a reasonable good w9e gr[+ 9 _m places ( ?is realme'1 says ,b>naby ,googe1 ab\t #aegg1 'z d\btless we _h imm$iately aft] ! ,conque/1 tyll1 p>tly by slo?fulnesse1 p>tly by civil discord long cont9u$1 x 0 left1 & s ) "t lo/4444 ,!re is besides ,nott+ham an anci5t h\se call$ ,*ylwel 9 :i* rema9e? yet z an anci5t monum5t 9 a great wynd[e ( glasse1 ! :ole ord] ( plant+1 proyn+1 /amp+1 & press+ ( v9es4 ,^u _m cliffes & hills are yet to be se5 ! rootes & old rema9es ( v9es4' ,plot1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,/af=d%ire1#cbi says '! v9e has be5 improv$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,lyttelton at ,ov] 7,upp]7 ,arley1 :i* is situate l[ & w>m1 s t he has made w9e !re undi/+ui%able f ! be/ ,fr5* by ! mo/ judici\s palates1 b ?is ,i suppose 0 done only 9 "s ov] hot summ]1 & ,dr4 ,ba?ur/ made v good cl>et at ,oxon 9 #afhe1 a v mean ye> = ! purpose4' ,9 #agbj ! fam\s v9ey>d at ,ba? ( #f acres1 plant$ ) ! ':ite muscad5e' & ! 'black ,*e/] grape1' produc$ #ff hog%eads ( w9e wor? #aj a hog%ead1 b 9 unfav\rable ye>s grew v little4'#ccj ,mr4 ,pet] ,coll9son1 writ+ f ,middlesex 9 #agdg1 says1 '! v9ey>ds turn to good pr(it1 mu* w9e be+ made ?is ye> 9 ,engl&2' & aga9 9 #agdh1 'my v9ey>ds are v ripe2 a consid]able quantity ( w9e w ?is ye> be made 9 ,engl&4'#cca ,h[ev]1 ! attempt made to gr[ v9es on ! und]cliff at ,v5tnor at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury by ,sir ,ri*>d ,worsley end$ 9 dismal failure1 & x is probable t ! ,engli% climate 9 its normal ye>s seldom produc$ good grapes out ( doors :atev] x may h done 9 exceptionally hot ones1 unless we assume t x has *ang$ consid]ably1 = :i* !re is little gr\nd4 ,h>tlib 0 no fri5d ( commons2 !y made ! poor idle & tra9$ !m = ! gall[s or begg>y1 & !re 7 fewe/ poor :]e !re 7 fewe/ commons1#ccb z 9 ,k5t--a /atem5t re-e*o$ by _m obs]vant writ]s2 he also recomm5ds enclosures1 because !y gave w>m? & consequ5t f]tility to ! soil4 ,he tells u t an ef=t _h be5 made by ,james ,i to enc\rage ! gr[? ( mulb]ry trees & ! bre$+ ( silkworms1 ! lords-lieut5ant ( ! diff]5t c\nties be+ urg$ to see to x1 b x _h little effect4#ccc ,! numb] ( diff]5t sorts ( :eat 0 by ?is "t consid]able4 ,h>tlib gives ! :ite1 r$1 be>d$ 7':i* is n subject to mildews z o!rs'72 "s sorts ) two r[s1 o!rs ) f\r & six2 "s ) "o e> on a /alk1 o!rs ) two2 ! r$ /alk :eat ( ,bucks2 w9t] :eat & summ] :eat4 ,!re 7 also tw5ty v>ieties ( peas t he knew1 & ! :ite1 black1 nak$4 ,scot*1 & ,pol& oats4 ,m>kham adds ! :ole /raw :eat1 ! great br[n poll>d1 ! :ite poll>d1 ! organ1 ! flax51 & ! *ilt] :eat4 ,!re 0 a sad lack ( ent]prise 9 ! bre$+ ( /ock n[ & = _m g5]ations be=e2 inde$1 x may be d\bt$ if ?is important bran* ( f>m+1 except p]haps 9 ! case ( %eep1 0 mu* att5d$ to until ! "t ( ,bakewell & ! ,coll+s4 ,9 ,elizabe?'s "t a ,fr5*man _h twitt$ ,engl& ) hav+ only #c1jjj or #d1jjj horses wor? any?+1 :i* 0 "o ( ! reasons t induc$ ! ,spani>ds to invade u4#ccd ',we are neglig5t1 too1 9 our k9e1 t we advance n ! be/ species4' ,! size ( cattle at ?is date1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 great] ?an is (t5 /at$4 ,! ,report ( ! ,select ,committee on ! ,cultivation ( ,wa/e ,l&s 9 #agie1 /ates t ! av]age weight1 dress$1 ( cattle at ,smi?field 9 #agaj 0 only #cgj lb41#cce yet ! ,h\sehold ,book ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury says t an ox %\ld weigh #fjj lb4 ! f\r qu>t]s1 & co/ ab\t #i #ajs41 a %eep ab\t #de lb41 s t ! latt] 7 app>5tly relatively small] ?an ! ox54 ,9 #afjc ox5 7 sold at ,to/ock 9 ,suffolk weigh+ #a1jjj lb4 apiece1 dead weight4#ccf ,accord+ to ! records ( ,w9*e/] ,college1 ! ox5 sold !re 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury av]ag$1 dress$1 ab\t #ege lb42 9 #afgg1 #ce ox5 sold !re av]ag$ #gcj lb4 ',"s k9e1' x 0 said at ! end ( ! c5tury1 'h gr[n to be v bulky & a great _m are sold = #aj or #ab apiece2 !re 0 lately sold ne> ,bury a bea/ = #cj1 & 'twas fatt$ ) cabbage leaves4 ,an ox ne> ,ripon weigh$1 dress$1 #ac-a_/d cwt4'#ccg ,!y 71 ( c\rse1 *iefly valu$ z bea/s ( draught1 & no d\bt ! "o ,evelyn saw 9 #afdi1 'br$ 9 ,k5t1 #ag foot 9 l5g?1 & mu* high] ?an ,i c\ld rea*1' 0 a p[]ful animal = ?is purpose4 ,! "y ones 7 taught to draw by yok+ two ( !m1 toge!r ) two old ones be=e & two beh9d1 ) a man on ea* side ! "y ones1 'to keep !m 9 ord] & speak !m fair1' = if mu* beat5 !y seldom did well3 = ! fir/ two or ?ree days !y 7 work$ only ?ree or f\r h\rs a day1 b soon !y work$ z long z ! old] ones1 t is f #f to #aa1 !n a bait ( hay & re/ till #a1 ) "w aga9 till #e1 at lea/ 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,!y 7 kept 9 ! yoke till n9e or t5 ye>s old1 !n turn$ on to ! be/ grass 9 ,may1 & sold to ! but*]4#cch ,,footnotes3 #bhf ,surveyor's ,dialogue 7ed4 #afjh71 p4 #b4 #bhg ,surveyor's ,dialogue1 p4 #ahh4 #bhh ,ibid4 p4 #bjg4 #bhi ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory3 ,devon1 ,agriculture4 #bij ,h]e=d%ire ,or*>ds a ,patt]n = ,all ,engl& 7ed4 #agbd74 #bia ,see infra1 p4 #acf4 #bib ,^! extracts are f ! orig9al edition 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y4 #bic ',! ,fl&]s *]ry excels'1 says ,worlidge1 ,sy/4 ,agr41 p4 #ig4 #bid ,bradley1 9 #agbf1 gives a long li/ ( pe>s all ) ,fr5* names1 h>dly any ( :i* are n[ kn[n 9 ,engl&4 #bie ,worlidge1 ,sy/ema ,agriculturae1 p4 #ajg4 #bif ,annotation ^u ! ,legacie ( ,husb&ry1 #afea1 p4 #aje4 #big ,m>kham1 i4 #agd 7ed4 #afce74 #bih ,sy/ema ,agriculturae1 p4 #aeb4 #bii ,evelyn1 ,pomona 7ed4 #affd71 p4 #b4 #cjj ,compleat ,husb&man 7ed4 #afei71 p4 #ge4 #cja ,mo/ ,approv$ & ,long ,exp]i5c$ ,wat]works4 ,london1 #afaj4 #cjb ,see ,worlidge1 ,sy/ema ,agriculturae 7ed4 #affi71 p4 #aee4 #cjc ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 i4 #bc4 #cjd ,life ( ,sir ,s4 ,d',ewes1 i4 #ahj4 #cje ,cal5d> ( ,/ate ,pap]s1 ,dome/ic1 #afbi-ca1 p4 #dad4 #cjf ,:ole ,art ( ,husb&ry 7ed4 #afce71 i4 #ej4 #cjg ,ibid4 i4 #ajj4 #cjh ,ibid4 i4 #aba4 #cji ,an a/oni%+ /atem5t2 cf4 ,d5ton1 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 p4 #ef1 ,neckham1 ,de ,natura ,r]um1 cap4 clxvi4 & above1 p4 #ic4 #caj ,:ole ,art ( ,husb&ry 7ed4 #afce71 i4 #agc4 #caa ,:ole ,art ( ,husb&ry 7ed4 #afce71 ii4 #add4 & ,,ms4 acc\nts ( ,mr4 ,*evalli] ( ,aspall ,hall1 ,suffolk4 #cab ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 v4 #bh4 #cac ,f>m+ & ,acc\nt ,books ( ,h5ry ,be/ ( ,elmswell1 #afda1 ,surtees ,society1 xxxiii4 #aeg4 #cad ,ibid4 p4 #ii4 #cae ,f>m+ & ,acc\nt ,books ( ,h5ry ,be/ ( ,elmswell1 #afda4 ,surtees ,society1 xxxiii4 #abd4 ,_m di/ricts 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& 7 /ill mu* beh9d ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 #caf ,trevelyan1 ,engl& "u ! ,/u>ts1 #h sq4 ,?\gh1 z we h se51 p4 #aeg1 ! writ] ( ! ,fruit]]'s ,secrets recomm5ds ! gun = sc>+ birds 9 #afjd4 #cag ,! ,husb&ry ( ,brabant & ,fl&]s 7ed4 #afeb71 p4 #ah4 #cah ,sy/ema ,agriculturae1 p4 #bf4 #cai ,,ms4 acc\nts ( ,sir ,abel ,b>k]1 9 ! possession ( ,g4,w4,p4 ,conant1 ,esq4 #cbj ,worlidge1 ,sy/ema ,agriculturae1 p4 #bh4 #cba ,compleat ,husb&man 7#afei71 p4 #e4 #cbb ,ibid4 p4 #i4 #cbc ,cf4 supra1 p4 #acf4 #cbd ,compleat ,husb&man 7#afei71 p4 #bc4 #cbe ,ar*aeologia1 i4 #cbd2 iii4 #ec4 #cbf ,de ,natura ,r]um1 ,rolls ,s]41 lxi4 #cbg ,d5ton1 ,engl& 9 ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 #eg n4 #cbh ,ibid4 #cbi ,ed4 #afhf1 p4 #chj4 #ccj ,r4 ,bradley1 ,a ,g5]al ,treatise ( ,husb&ry 7ed4 #agbf71 ii4 #eb4 #cca ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices i4 #dd4 ,br&y 0 made 9 ! eighte5? c5tury f grapes gr[n 9 ! ,beaulieu v9ey>ds 9 ,hamp%ire1 & a bottle ( x long kept at ! abbey4--,hamp%ire ,notes & ,qu]ies1 vi4 #fb4 ,!re are two v9ey>ds to-day1 ( #b-c_/d & #d acres respectively1 on ! e/ates ( ! ,m>quis ( ,bute 9 ,glamorgan%ire2 b a v9tage is only obta9$ once 9 f\r or five ye>s f !m1 & !y are n pr(itable4 #ccb ,compleat ,husb&man1 #afei1 p1 #db4 #ccc ,compleat ,husb&man1 #afei1 p4 #eg4 #ccd ,ibid4 p4 #gc4 #cce ,9 ?is app>5tly repeat+ ,dav5ant's /atem5t4 ,see ,mc,culloch1 ,comm]cial ,diction>y1 #aheb1 p4 #bga4 #ccf ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 v4 #ccb4 #ccg ,h\ghton1 ,collections = ,improvem5t ( ,husb&ry1 i4 #bid4 #cch ,ibid41 ,collections = ,husb&ry & ,trade 7ed4 #agbh71 iv4 #ccf4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,evils ,,( ,,common ,,fields4--,,hops4--,,implem5ts4--,,manu res4--,,gregory ,,k+--,,corn ,,laws ,f :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ pages1 x w be ga!r$ t a va/ am\nt ( compassion has be5 wa/$ on ! enclosure ( commons1 = x is abundantly evid5t f contempor>y writ]s t !re 7 a l>ge numb] ( p dragg+ out a mis]able exi/5ce on !m1 by liv+ on ! produce ( a c[ or two1 or "s %eep & a few p\ltry1 ) :at game !y c\ld sometimes cat*1 & refus+ regul> "w4 ,dymock1 ,h>tlib's contempor>y1 que/ions ':e!r commons d n r make poore by caus+ idl5esse ?an ma9ta9e !m2' & he also asks h[ x is t !re are fewe/ poor :]e !re are fewe/ commons4 ,9 ! common fields1 too1 !re 0 cont9ual /rife & cont5tion caus$ by ! inf9ite numb] ( trespasses t !y 7 subject to4#cci ,! abs5ce ( h$ges1 too1 9 ^! great op5 fields 0 bad = ! crops1 = !re 0 no?+ to mitigate dry+ & scor*+ w9ds1 :ile 9 ! op5 wa/e & mead[s ! live /ock mu/ h sadly ne$$ %elt] & %ade1 'los+ m fle% 9 "o hot day ?an !y ga9$ 9 ?ree cool days4' ,worlidge1 a ,hamp%ire man1 jo9s 9 ! *orus ( praise ( enclosures1 = !y br\ght employm5t to ! poor1 & ma9ta9$ treble '! numb] ( inhabitants' t ! op5 fields did2 & he gives fur!r pro( ( ! enclosure ( l& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 he m5tions '! great quantities ( l& t h )9 our memories la9 op51 & 9 common ( little value1 yet :5 enclos$ h prov$ excell5t good l&4' ,:y !n 0 ?is mo/ obvi\s improvem5t n m g5]ally effect$8 ,because !re 0 a great imp$im5t to x 9 ! num]\s int]e/s & div]sity ( titles & claims to almo/ e common field & piece ( wa/e l& 9 ,engl&1 :]eby "o or m envi\s or ignorant p]sons c\ld ?w>t ! w ( ! majority4#cdj ,ano!r h9drance1 he says1 0 t _m roads pass$ ov] ! commons & wa/es1 :i* a /atute 0 ne$$ to /op4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury hop gr[+ 0 n ne>ly s common 9 ,engl& z 9 ! prec$+1 :5 ,h>rison _h said1 9 8 ,description ( ,brita91 '!re are few f>m]s or occupi]s 9 ! c\ntry :i* h n g>d5s & hops gr[+ ( _! own1 & ^? f> bett] ?an d come f ,fl&]s4' ,!re seems1 inde$1 to h be5 a prejudice aga9/ ! hop2 ,worlidge#cda says x 0 e/eem$ an un:olesome h]b = ! use x 0 usually put to1 ':i* may also be suppli$ ) sev]al o!r :olesome & bett] h]bs4' ,john ,evelyn 0 v mu* aga9/ !m1 probably because he 0 su* an advocate ( cid]3 ',x is little m ?an an age1' he says1 's9ce hopps transmut$ our :olesome ale into be]1 :i* d\btless mu* alt]$ our con/itutions4 ,t "o +r$i5t1 by "s n unwor?ily suspect$1 pres]v+ dr9k inde$1 & s by cu/om made agreeable1 yet repay+ ! pleasure ) torm5t+ diseases1 & a %ort] life1 may des]v$ly abate our fondness = x1 especially if ) ?is be consid]$ likewise ! casualties 9 plant+ x1 z seldom succe$+ m ?an once 9 ?ree ye>s4'#cdb ,! ,city ( ,london petition$ aga9/ hops z spoil+ ! ta/e ( dr9k4 ,yet its cultivation is said to h advanc$ ! price ( l& to #dj1 #ej1 & sometimes #ajj an acre1 ! latt] an almo/ incr$ible price if we consid] ! value ( money !n4 ,!re 7 n en\gh plant$ to s]ve ! k+dom1 & ,flemi% hops _h to be import$1 ?\gh n ne>ly s good z ,engli%4 ,a great deal ( di%one/y1 moreov]1 0 %[n by ! =eign import]s1 s t 9 #afjc a /atute 7#a ,jac4 ,i1 c4 #ah7 0 pass$ aga9/ ! 'false pack+e ( =re9e hops1' by :i* x appe>s t ! sacks 7 fill$ up ) leaves1 /alks1 p[d]1 s&1 /raw1 wood1 & ev5 soil1 = increas+ ! weight1 by :i* ,engli% gr[]s x is said lo/ #bj1jjj a ye>4 ,su* hops 7 to be =feit$1 & brew]s us+ !m 7 to =feit _! value4 ,! *ief cause ( _! decrease 0 t few f>m]s w\ld take ! tr\ble & c>e requir$ to gr[ !m1 9 spite ( ! (t5 excell5t prices1 :i* at ,w9*e/] at ?is date av]ag$ f #ejs4 to #hjs4 a cwt41 sometimes1 h[ev]1 rea*+ ov] #bjjs41 z 9 #affe & #afhg1 ?\gh !n z n[ !y 7 subject to great fluctuations1 & 9 #afia 7 only #cas4 ,_m1 too1 7 disc\rag$ by ! fact '!y are ! mo/ ( any plant t gr[s subject to ! v>i\s mutations ( ! air1 mildews sometimes totally de/roy+ !m1' no d\bt an allusion to ! aphis blight4 ,hop y>ds 7 (t5 protect$ at ?is e>ly date by h$ges ( tall trees1 usually a% or popl>1 ! elm be+ disapprov$ ( z contract+ mildews4 ,m>kham#cdc says t ,h]t=d%ire !n conta9$ z good hops z he _h se5 any:]e1 & !re ! cu/om 0 #bej hills to e rood1 '& e hill w be> #b-a_/b lb41 wor? on an av]age #d nobles a cwt4 7a noble #fs4 #h;d472' hills 7 to be #f ft4 ap>t at lea/1 poles #af to #ah ft4 long & #i or #aj in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! butt1 ( a%1 oak1 bee*1 ald]1 maple or will[4 ,"s plant$ ! hills 9 'pla9 squ>es *equ]wise1 :i* is ! be/ way if y int5d to pl\gh ) horses betwe5 ! hills4 ,o!rs plant !m 9 =m ( a qu9cunx1 :i* is bett] = ! hop1 & w d v well :]e y\r gr\nd is b small t y may ov]come x ) ei!r ! brea/ pl\gh or spade4' ,! manure recomm5d$ by ,worlidge 0 good m\ld1 or dung & e>? mix$4 ,! hills 7 l mole-hills #c feet high1 & sometimes 7 l>ge en\gh to h z _m z #bj poles1 s t "s hop y>ds mu/ h look$ v diff]5t !n f :at !y d n[1 ev5 :5 poles are reta9$2 b f two to five poles p] hill 0 ! m usual numb]4 ,cultivation 0 mu* ! same z 9 ,reynold ,scott's "t1 & pick+ 0 /ill done on a 'floor' prep>$ by levell+ ! hills1 wat]+1 tread+1 & sweep+ ! gr\nd1 r\nd :i* ! pick]s sat & pick$ into baskets1 b ! hop crib 0 also us$4 ,x 0 consid]$ bett] n to let ! hops get too ripe1 z ! gr[]s 7 aw>e ( ! value ( a fre%1 gre5-look+ sample2 & ,worlidge advises ! c>eful exclusion ( leaves & /alks1 ?\gh ,m>kham does n agree ) him4 ,kilns 7 ( two sorts3 ! ,engli% kiln made ( wood1 la?1 & clay2 ! ,fr5* ( brick1 lime1 & s&1 n s liable to burn z ! =m] & !re=e bett]4#cdd ,"o me?od ( dry+ 0 f9ely to b$ ! kiln ) :eat /raw laid on ! hair-clo?1 ! hops be+ spread #h in*es ?ick ov] ?is1 '& !n y %all keepe a fire a little m f]v5t ?an = ! dry+ ( a kiln full ( malt1' ! fire n to be ( wood1 = t made ! hops smoky & ta/$ ! be]1 b ( /raw6 ,worlidge1 /rangely1 recomm5d$ ! b$ ( ! kiln to be cov]$ ) t91 z mu* bett] ?an hair-clo?1 = !n any sort ( fuel w\ld d z well z *>coal1 s9ce ! smoke did n pass ?r\gh ! hops4 ,besides ,h]t=d%ire1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,ox=d%ire1 ,leice/]%ire1 & ,rutl&%ire2 ,l9coln%ire & ,cambridge%ire 7 recomm5d$ by ,m>kham = hop gr[+1 ! great hop c\nties ( to-day be+ pass$ ov] by him4 ,! gr[? ( hemp & flax _h by ?is "t consid]ably decay$1 ow+ to ! want ( enc\ragem5t to trade 9 ^! commodities1 ! lack ( exp]i5ce 9 gr[+ !m1 & ! ti!s :i* 9 "s ye>s am\nt$ to m ?an ! pr(its4#cde ,an acre ( good flax 0 wor? f #g to #ab2 b if 'wr\ght up fit to sell 9 ! m>ket' f #ae to #bj4 ,woad 0 consid]$ a 'v ri* commodity'1 b accord+ to ,bly? x robb$ ! l& if long cont9u$ ^u x1 al?\gh if mod]ately us$ x prep>$ l& = corn1 draw+ a 'diff]5t juice f :at ! corn requires'4 ,x m ?an d\bl$ ! r5t ( l&1 & _h be5 sold at f #f to #bj a ton1 ! produce ( an acre4 ,john ,lawr5ce1 :o wrote 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 says woad 0 9 8 "t cultivat$ by companies ( p1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 :o hir$ ! l&1 built huts1 & grew & prep>$ ! crop = ! dy]'s use1 !n mov$ on to ano!r place4#cdf ,!re 7 pro(s t man's inv5tive g5ius 0 at "w among f>m implem5ts4 ,worlidge m5tions#cdg an eng9e = sett+ corn1 inv5t$ by ,gabriel ,plat1 made ( two bo>ds bor$ ) wide holes #d 94 ap>t1 set 9 a frame1 ) a funnel to ea* hole4 ,x 0 fitt$ ) iron p9s #e 94 long to 'play up & d[n'1 & dibble holes into :i* ! corn 0 to g f ! funnels4 ,?is ma*9e 0 s intricate & clumsy t ,worlidge f\nd no use = x4 ,h[ev]1 he recomm5ds ano!r in/rum5t :i* c]ta9ly seems to anticipate ,tull's drill1 ?\gh ,tull is said to h /at$ :5 ,bradley %[$ him a cut ( x t x 0 only a proposal & x nev] got f>!r ?an ! cut4#cdh ,x consi/$ ( a frame ( small squ>e pieces ( timb] #b in*es ?ick2 ! bread? ( ! frame #b feet1 ! height #ah in*es1 l5g? #d feet1 plac$ on f\r good-siz$ :eels4 ,9 ! middle ( ! frame a c\lt] 0 fix$ to make a furr[ = ! corn1 :i* fell ?r\gh a wood5 pipe beh9d1 t dropp$ ! corn out ( a hopp] conta9+ ab\t a bu%el1 ! fall ( ! corn f ! hopp] be+ regulat$ by a wood5 :eel 9 its neck4 ,! same frame might conta9 two c\lt]s1 pipes1 & hopp]s1 & ! in/rum5t c\ld be work$ ) "o horse & "o man4 ,x 0 consid]$ a great advance on s[+ broadca/1 & by ! use ( x 'y may also cov] y\r gra9 ) any ri* compo/ y %all prep>e = t purpose1 ei!r ) pigeon dung1 dry or granulat$1 or any o!r sal9e or lixirial 7alkal9e1 or ( pota%7 sub/ance1 :i* may drop aft] ! corn f ano!r hopp] beh9d ! "o t drops ! corn1 or f a sep>ate drill'4 ,! corn ?us s[n 9 r[s 0 f\nd easi] to we$ & hoe1 s t x is cle> t ?is advantage 0 well und]/ood be=e ,tull's "t4 ,!re 0 a great div]sity ( pl\ghs at ?is date1 almo/ e c\nty hav+ "s v>iation4#cdi ,! pr9cipal sorts 7 ! d\ble-:eel pl\gh1 useful ^u h>d l&1 usually drawn ) horses or ox5 two abrea/1 ! :eels #ah 94 to #bj 94 high4 ,! "o-:eel pl\gh1 :i* c\ld be us$ on almo/ any sort ( l&2 x 0 v 'light & nimble'1 s t x c\ld be drawn by "o horse & held by "o man1 & ?us pl\gh$ an acre a day4 ,!n !re 0 a 'pla9 pl\gh )\t ei!r :eel or foot'1 v easy to "w & fit = any l&s2 a d\ble pl\gh work$ by f\r horses & two m51 ( two k9ds1 "o pl\gh+ a d\ble furr[1 ! o!r a d\ble dep?4 ,!re 7 also pl\ghs ) a h>r[ atta*$1 o!rs con/ruct$ to pl\gh1 s[1 & h>r[1 b n ( mu* value2 & a turf+ pl\gh = burn+ sod4 ,c>ts & waggons 7 ( _m sorts1 accord+ to ! locality1 ! great] :eels ( ! waggon be+ usually #ah feet 9 circumf]5ce ! less] #i feet4 ,a useful implem5t 0 ! tr5*+ pl\gh us$ on grass l& to cut out ! sides ( tr5*es or dra9s1 ) a long h&le & beam & ) a c\lt] or knife fix$ 9 x & sometimes a :eel or :eels4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( o!r implem5ts !n consid]$ necess>y = a f>m4 ,= ! field4 ,h>r[s ,mole spe> ,beetles ,=ks ,mole traps ,roll] ,sickles ,we$hooks ,cradle scy! ,reaphooks ,pit*=ks ,se$lip#cej ,sl$ds ,rakes ,= ! b>n & /able4 ,flails ,pannels 7pillions7 ,pails ,w9n[+ fan ,pack-saddles ,mane combs ,sieves ,c>t l9es ,goads ,sacks ,ladd]s ,yokes ,b9s ,corn measures ,wanteyes#cea ,curry combs ,brooms ,suff+les 7surc+les87 ,:ips ,skeps 7baskets7 ,scre5s = corn4 ,h>ness ,= ! mead[s & pa/ures4 ,scy!s ,pit*=ks ,cutt+ spade = hayrick ,rakes ,fett]s & clogs ,horse-locks4 ,besides _m tools4 ,a consid]able v>iety ( manures 7 9 use1 *alk1 lime1 m>l1 full]'s e>?1 clay1 s&1 sea-we$1 riv]-we$1 oy/] %ells1 fi%1 dung1 a%es1 soot1 salt1 rags1 hair1 malt du/1 bones1 horns1 & ! b>k ( trees4 ,( ! oy/] %ells ,worlidge says1 ',i am cr$ibly in=m$ t an +5i\s g5tleman liv+ ne> ! seaside laid on 8 l&s great quantities1 :i* made 8 neighb\rs laugh at him 7z usually !y d at any?+ besides _! own cl[ni% road or cu/om ( ignorance71' & aft] a ye> or two's exposure to ! wea!r '!y exce$+ly enri*$ 8 l& = _m ye>s aft]4' ,! bones !n us$ 7 m>r[-bones & fi% bones1 or ':atev] ha? any oil9ess or fatness 9 x'1 b ! bones ( horses & o!r animals 7 also us$1 burnt be=e be+ appli$ to ! l&1 cru%+ n be+ ?\ght ( till _m ye>s aft]4 ,9 #afhh ,gregory ,k+1#ceb :o 0 mu* m accurate ?an mo/ /ati/icians ( 8 "t1 gave ! foll[+ e/imate ( ! l& ( ,engl& & ,wales3-- ,acres4 ,p] acre4 ,arable #i1jjj1jjj wor? to r5t #es4 #f;d4 ,pa/ure & mead[ #ab1jjj1jjj #hs4 #h;d4 ,woods & coppices #c1jjj1jjj #es4 ,=e/s & p>ks #c1jjj1jjj #cs4 #h;d4 ,b>r5 l& #aj1jjj1jjj #as4 ,h\ses1 g>d5s1 *ur*es1 c4 #a1jjj1jjj ,wat] & roads #a1jjj1jjj ---------- ,total3 #ci1jjj1jjj ,he valu$ ! live /ock ( ,engl& & ,wales at #ah-a_/d millions1 & e/imat$ ! produce ( ! arable l& 9 ,engl& at3 ,million ,value bu%els4 p] bu%el4 ,:eat #ad #cs4 #f;d4 ,rye #aj #bs4 #f;d4 ,b>ley #bg #bs4 #j;d4 ,oats #af #as4 #f;d4 ,peas #g #bs4 #f;d4 ,beans #d #bs4 #f;d4 ,vet*es #a #bs4 #f;d4 ,! same /ati/ician drew up a s*eme ( ! income & exp5diture ( ! 'sev]al families' 9 ,engl& 9 #afhh1 ! population be+ #e-a_/b millions#cec3-- ,no4 ( families ,class4 ,income4 9 class4 #afj ,temporal lords #c1bjj #j #j #hjj ,b>onets #hhj #j #j #fjj ,knights #fej #j #j #c1jjj ,esquires #dej #j #j #aa1jjj ,g5tlem5 #bhj #j #j #b1jjj ,em95t m]*ants #djj #j #j #h1jjj ,less] m]*ants #aih #j #j #aj1jjj ,lawy]s #aed #j #j #b1jjj ,em95t cl]gy #gb #j #j #h1jjj ,less] cl]gy #ej #j #j ,yeoman3 #dj1jjj ,freehold]s ( ! bett] sort #ia #j #j #abj1jjj ,freehold]s ( ! less] sort #ee #j #j #abj1jjj 7,t5ant7 f>m]s #db #aj #j #ej1jjj ,%opkeep]s & tradesm5 #de #j #j #fj1jjj ,artisans #ch #j #j #cfd1jjj ,lab\r+ p & outs]vants #ae #j #j #djj1jjj ,cottag]s & paup]s #f #aj #j ,he calculat$ t ! freehold] ( ! bett] sort sav$ on an av]age #h #aes4 #j;d4 a ye> p] family ( #g2 & ! less] sort #b #aes4 #j;d4 a ye> ) a family ( #e-a_/b4 ,! t5ant f>m] ) a family ( #e1 only sav$ #bes4 a ye>1 :ile lab\r+ families :o1 he said1 av]ag$ #c-a_/b 7c]ta9ly an "u e/imate71 lo/ annually #gs41 & cottag]s & paup]s ) families ( #c-a_/d 7also an "u e/imate7 lo/ #afs4 #c;d4 a ye>4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! t5ant f>m]s1 lab\r]s1 & cottag]s1 ! bulk ( ^? :o work$ on ! l&1 7 v badly (f2 ! t5ant f>m] sav$ consid]ably less ?an ! artisan4 ,x w also be notic$ t ! rural population ( ,engl& 0 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! :ole4#ced ,! w9t] ( #afhc-d 0 m>k$ by "o ( ! sev]e/ fro/s t h ev] visit$ ,engl&4 ,ice on ! ,?ames is said to h be5 elev5 in*es ?ick2 by ,jan4 #i !re 7 /reets ( boo?s on x2 & by ! #bd?1 ! fro/ cont9u+ m & m sev]e1 all sorts ( %ops & trades fl\ri%$ on ! riv]1 'ev5 to a pr9t+ press1 :]e ! p & ladies took a fancy to h _! names pr9t$ & ! day & ye> set d[n :5 pr9t$ on ! ,?ames4' ,coa*es pli$1 !re 0 bull-bait+1 horse & coa* races1 puppet plays & int]ludes1 tippl+ '& o!r lewd places'--a regul> c>nival on ! wat]4#cee ,altoge!r ! fro/ :i* began at ,*ri/mas la/$ n9ety-"o days & did mu* damage on l&1 _m ( ! trees 7 split z if /ruck by lightn+1 & m5 & cattle p]i%$ 9 "s p>ts4 ,p\ltry & o!r birds & _m plants & vegetables also p]i%$4 ,:eat1 h[ev]1 0 little affect$1 z ! av]age price 0 "u #djs4 a qu>t]4 ,9 #afib a s]ies ( v bad seasons comm5c$1 la/+1 ) a break 9 #afid1 until #afih1 always kn[n z ! 'ill' or 'b>r5' seasons1 & ! cause 0 ! usual "o 9 ,engl&1 excessive cold & wet4 ,9 #afic :eat 0 ov] #fjs4 a qu>t]1 & 9 ,k5t turnips 7 made into bread = ! poor4#cef ,! diff]5ce 9 ! price ( f>m produce 9 v>i\s localities 0 /rik+1 & an eloqu5t te/imony to ! wret*$ means ( communication4 ,at ,new>k1 = in/ance1 9 #afib-c :eat 0 f #cfs4 to #djs4 a qu>t]1 :ile at ,br5t=d x t\*$ #gfs42 next ye> 9 ! same two places x 0 #cbs4 & #hfs4 respectively4 ,9 #afie-f hay at ,new>k 0 #acs4 #d;d4 a ton1 at ,nor?ampton x 0 f #ces4 to #djs4 ,9 #affb 0 pass$ ! fam\s /atute ( p>o*ial settlem5t1 #ad ,c>4 ,,ii1 c4 #ab1 :i* =g$ cruel fett]s = ! poor1 & is said to h caus$ ! iron ( slav]y to ent] into ! s\l ( ! ,engli% lab\r]4#ceg ,! ,act /ates1 t ! reason = pass+ x 0 ! cont9ual increase ( ! poor ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 :i* _h become exce$+ burd5some ow+ to ! defects 9 ! law4 ,poor p1 moreov]1 w&]$ f "o p>i% to ano!r 9 ord] 'to settle :]e !re is ! be/ ,/ocke1 ! l>ge/ commons or wa/es to build cotages1 & ! mo/ woods = !m to burn & de/roy4'#ceh ,x 0 !re=e det]m9$ to /op ^! w&]+s1 & mo/ effectually 0 x done4 ,two ju/ices 7 emp[]$ to remove any p]son :o settl$ 9 any t5em5t "u ! ye>ly value ( #aj )9 =ty days to ! place :]e he 0 la/ legally settl$1 unless he gave suffici5t security = ! dis*>ge ( ! p>i% 9 case he became a paup]4 ,x is true t c]ta9 relaxations 7 subsequ5tly made4 ,! ,act ( #afia1 #c ,w4 ,m41 c4 #b1 all[$ d]ivative settlem5ts on paym5t ( taxes = "o ye>1 s]v+ an annual (fice1 hir+ = a ye>1 & appr5tice%ip2 :ile ! ,act ( #afif1 #h #i ,wm4 ,,iii1 c4 #cj1 all[$ ! grant ( a c]tificate ( settlem5t1 "u :i* safegu>d ! hold] c\ld migrate to a di/rict :]e 8 lab\r 0 requir$1 ! new p>i% be+ assur$ he w\ld n become *>geable to x1 & !re=e n tr\bl+ to remove him till !re 0 actual ne$3 b ! /atute act$ z an effectual *eck on migration & prev5t$ ! lab\r] c>ry+ 8 "w :]e x 0 want$4#cei ,x became ! object ( p>i%es to h z few cottages & !re=e z few poor z possible4 ,9 'close' p>i%es1 i4e4 :]e all ! l& belong$ to "o own]1 z di/+ui%$ f 'op5' ones :]e x belong$ to sev]al1 all ! cottages 7 (t5 pull$ d[n s t lab\r]s com+ to "w 9 x _h to travel long di/ances 9 all wea!rs4 ,we %all see fur!r relaxation 9 ! law 9 #agie1 b x 0 n until mod]n times t ?is abom9able sy/em 0 de/roy$4 ,! agricultural lab\r]'s difficulty 9 build+ a h\se 0 aggravat$ by ! /atute #ca ,eliz41 c4 #g1 be=e notic$1 :i* 9 ord] to re/ra9 ! build+ ( cottages enact$ t none1 except 9 t[ns & c]ta9 o!r places1 7 to be built unless #d acres ( l& 7 atta*$ to !m1 "u a p5alty ( #aj1 & #djs4 a mon? = cont9u+ to ma9ta9 x4 ,?is ,act 0 n repeal$ until ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ,h[ev]1 x seems to h be5 frequ5tly w9k$ at4 ,9 ,%rop%ire1 = in/ance1 ! f9e (t5 0 only nom9al2 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ord]s au?oriz+ ! build+ ( cottages on ! wa/e 7 freely giv5 by ! ,c\rt ( ,qu>t] ,sessions1 & ord]s 7 also made by ! ,c\rt = ! erection ( cottages else:]e4#cfj ,at ! re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii ! corn laws _h practically be5 unalt]$ s9ce #aega1cfa :5 x _h be5 enact$ t corn might be export$ f c]ta9 ports 9 c]ta9 %ips at all times :5 proclamation 0 n made to ! contr>y1 on a paym5t ( #ab;d4 a qu>t] on :eat & #h;d4 a qu>t] on o!r gra94 ,n[ bo? export & import 7 subject$ to heavy duties1 b ^! caus$ su* high prices 9 corn t !y 7 r$uc$ 9 #affc2 yet high duties 7 aga9 impos$ 9 #afgc1 :i* cont9u$ until ! revolution4 ,!n1 ow+ to good crops & l[ prices1 :i* br\ght di/ress on ! l&$ int]e/1 a new policy 0 introduc$3 export duties 7 aboli%$ & ! o!r extreme resort$ to1 viz4 a b\nty on export ( #es4 9 ! qu>t] z long z ! home price did n exce$ #dhs4 ,at ! same "t import duties rema9$ high1 & ?is sy/em la/$ till #aggc4 ,nev] _h ! corn-gr[]s ( ,engl& be5 s ?or\ghly protect$1 yet1 ow+ to causes ov] :i* ! legislators _h no control1 namely b\ntiful seasons1 ! prices ( :eat = ! next sev5ty ye>s 0 f #ae to #bj p] c5t4 *eap] ?an 9 ! previ\s =ty4 ,mod]n economi/s h describ$ ?is sy/em z "o ( ! wor/ in/ances ( a class us+ _! legislative p[] to subsidize !mselves at ! exp5se ( ! community4 ,z a matt] ( fact x 0 ! firm conviction ( ! /atesm5 & economi/s ( ! "t1 t husb&ry1 be+ ! ma9 indu/ry & prop ( ,engl&1 & ! f\ndation on :i* ! :ole political p[] ( ! c\ntry 0 bas$1 %\ld receive e enc\ragem5t4 ,at all ev5ts1 9 _m ways ! policy 0 successful4#cfb ,x enc\rag$ inve/m5t 9 l&1 & mat]ially assi/$ ! agricultural improvem5t = :i* ! eighte5? c5tury 0 not$1 ! export too employ$ ,engli% %ipp+1 & ?us aid$ indu/ry4 ,ar?ur ,"y said x 0 ! s+ul> felicity ( ?is c\ntry to h devis$ a plan :i* accompli%$ ! /range p>adox ( at once l[]+ ! price ( corn & enc\rag+ agriculture1 = by ! sy/em 9 vogue till #aggc if corn 0 sc>ce x 0 import$1 :ile if !re 0 a glut at home export 0 assi/$ s t great fluctuations 9 price 7 prev5t$4#cfc ,x seem$ ( ! utmo/ importance to m5 ( t "t t ,engl& %\ld be self-support+ & indep5d5t ( possible adv]s>ies = ! necess>ies ( life2 ! wisdom ( ! policy 0 nev] que/ion$1 & 0 accept$ by /atesm5 ( e p>ty4#cfd ,to blame ! l&[n]s = adopt+ :at seem$ ! wise/ c\rse to e s5sible p]son is m]ely an in/ance ( p>tisan spite4 ,at ! ,peace ( ,p>is 9 #agfc ! "q z to :e!r ,engl& or ,france 0 to be ! great coloniz+ c\ntry ( ! _w 0 f9ally settl$1 & a great developm5t ( ,engli% trade ensu$4 ,x 0 accompani$ by a great increase ( population1 exports ( corn 7 l>gely r$uc$1 & ! balance began to incl9e ! o!r way1 s t ! next ,act ( importance 0 t ( #aggc :i* p]mitt$ ! import ( =eign :eat at a nom9al duty ( #f;d4 a qu>t] :5 x 0 ov] #dhs41 b prohibit$ export & ! b\nty on export :5 :eat 0 at or above #dds4 ,?is 0 ! ne>e/ approa* to free trade be=e #ahdf4 ,! "t1 h[ev]1 0 n yet ripe = ?is1 & ! nom9al duty on imports 0 too small = l&lords & f>m]s1 s t 9 #agia ! price :5 ! same nom9al duty 0 to come into =ce 0 rais$ to #eds41 :ile betwe5 #ejs4 & #eds4 a duty ( #bs4 #f;d4 0 impos$1 & "u #ejs4 a duty ( #bds4 #c;d42 & export 0 all[$ )\t b\nty :5 :eat 0 "u #dfs4 ,export ( corn1 h[ev]1 by ?is "t _h become a matt] ( little mom5t1 ,engl& hav+ def9itely ceas$ to be an export+ c\ntry aft] #aghi4 ,n only 7 ,engli% l&[n]s aft] ! ,re/oration anxi\s to protect _! corn1 b !y also took al>m at ! imports ( ,iri% cattle :i* !y said l[]$ ,engli% r5ts1 s t 9 #affe & #afhj 7#ah ,c>4 ,,ii1 c4 #b1 & #cb ,c>4 ,,ii1 c4 #b7 laws 7 fram$ absolutely prohibit+ ! import ( ,iri% cattle1 %eep1 & sw9e1 z well z ( beef1 pork1 bacon1 & mutton1 & ev5 butt] & *eese4 ,! /atute #ab ,c>4 ,,ii1 c4 #d1 also virtually exclud$ ,iri% wool f ,engl& by duties am\nt+ to prohibition4 ,x 0 n until #agei t free imports ( cattle f ,irel& 7 all[$ = five ye>s1#cfe a p]iod prolong$ by #e ,geo4 ,,iii1 c4 #aj1 & a /atute ( #aggb4 ,9 #afii wool 0 all[$ to be %ipp$ f six specifi$ ports 9 ,irel& to eight specifi$ ports 9 ,engl&1#cff & by #af ,geo4 ,,ii1 c4 #aa1 wool might be s5t f ,irel& to any port 9 ,engl& "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,,footnotes3 #cci ,worlidge1 ,sy/ema ,agriculturae 7ed4 #affi71 p4 #aj4 #cdj ,ibid4 p4 #abd4 #cda ,ibid4 p4 #abd4 #cdb ,pomona 7ed4 #affd71 p4 #a4 #cdc ,ed4 #afce1 ,book i1 p4 #age4 #cdd ,m>kham1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahh4 #cde ,worlidge1 ,sy/ema ,agriculturae1 p4 #ch4 ,plot1 h[ev]1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,/af=d%ire1 #afhf1 says hemp & flax 7 s[n 9 small quantities all ov] ! c\nty1 p4 #aji4 #cdf ,new ,sy/em ( ,agriculture 7ed4 #agbf71 p4 #aac4 ,woad is /ill gr[n '9 "s di/ricts 9 ,engl&' 7,morton1 ,cyclopa$ia ( ,agriculture1 ii4 #aaei71 b 9 ! ,agricultural ,returns ( #aijg app>5tly occupies too small an acreage to entitle x to a sep>ate m5tion4 #cdg ,worlidge1 ,sy/ema ,agriculturae1 p4 #dc4 #cdh ,tull1 9 8 ,horse%oe+ ,husb&ry 7p4 #adg71 speaks ( ! drill z if already 9 use4 #cdi ,worlidge1 ,sy/ema ,agriculturae1 p4 #bje4 #cej ,! se$lip 0 a long-%ap$ basket susp5d$ f ! s[]'s %\ld] & 0 usually made ( wood4 #cea ,horse-gir?s = secur+ pack-saddles4 #ceb ,h\ghton1 ab\t ! same "t1 said ,engl& conta9$ #bh to #bi million acres1 ( :i* #ab millions lay wa/e 7,collections1 iv4 ,,ii74 ,9 #aijg ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture return$ ! total area ( ,engl& & ,wales1 exclud+ wat]1 at #cg1acj1cdd acres4 #cec ,ed51 ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 i4 #bbh4 #ced ,if we all[ t mo/ ( ! two la/ classes enum]at$ 7 c\ntry folk4 ,= ! decl9e ( ! yeoman class1 see *ap4 xviii4 #cee ,evelyn's ,di>y4 #cef ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 i4 #bc4 #ceg ,f[le1 ,poor ,law1 p4 #fc4 #ceh ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #ff1 says1 '! abuses compla9$ ( 9 ! preamble 7( ! ,act7 did actually exi/4' #cei ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fg1 #acd1 says ! /atute ( #affb did n entail s mu* evil by h9d]+ migration z is g5]ally suppos$4 #cfj ,%rop%ire ,c\nty ,records3 ,ab/racts ( ! ord]s made by ! ,c\rt ( ,qu>t] ,sessions1 #afch-aghb1 pp4 xxiv1 xxv4 #cfa ,see above1 p4 #gj4 #ac ,eliz41 c4 #ac4 ,mc,culloch1 ,comm]cial ,diction>y 7#aheb71 p4 #dab4 #cfb ,cunn+ham1 ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 ii4 #cga4 #cfc ,political ,ari?metic1 pp4 #bg-cd1 #aic1 #bgf4 #cfd ,lecky1 ,engl& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 vi4 #aib4 #cfe ,mc,pherson1 ,annals ( ,comm]ce1 iii4 #caa4 #cff ,ibid4 ii4 #gjf2 iii4 #bba1 #bic4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv #agjj-agfe ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury4--,,crops4--,,cattle4-- ,,dairy+4--,,p\ltry4--,,tull ,,& ,,! ,,new ,,husb&ry4--,,bad ,,times4 --,,fruit-,,gr[+ ,! hi/ory ( agriculture 9 ! eighte5? c5tury is rem>kable = sev]al features ( great importance4 ,x fir/ saw ! application ( capital 9 l>ge quantities to f>m+1 ! improvem5ts ( ! "t be+ l>gely initiat$ by ri* l&[n]s :om ,"y praises rightly z public-spirit$ m5 :o des]v$ well ( _! c\ntry1 ?\gh ,?orold ,rog]s attributes a mean] motive = ! improvem5t ( _! e/ates1 namely1 _! desire n to be out%one by ! weal?y m]*ants4#cfg ,!y 7 (t5 ably assi/$ by t5ant f>m]s1 _m ( :om 7 n[ m5 ) consid]able capital1 = :om ! small] f>ms 7 amalgamat$ into l>ge ones4 ,aft] ! agricultural revolution ( ! latt] half ( ! c5tury1 ! t5d5cy to consolidate small hold+s into l>ge f>ms grew apace & 0 look$ on z a decid$ m>k ( progress4 ,?is agricultural revolution 0 l>gely a result ( ! indu/rial revolution t !n took place 9 ,engl&4 ,ow+ to me*anical inv5tions & ! consequ5t gr[? ( ! factory sy/em1 ! great manufactur+ t[ns arose1 :5ce came a great dem& = food1 &1 to supply ?is dem&1 f>ms1 in/ead ( be+ small self-suffic+ hold+s j gr[+ en\gh = ! f>m] & 8 family & s]vants1 grew l>g]1 & became manufactories ( corn & meat4 ,! c5tury 0 also rem>kable = ano!r great *ange4 ,engl&1 hi!rto an export+ c\ntry1 became an import+ "o4 ,! progress ( ! c5tury 0 fur!r$ by a b& ( m5 ^: names are1 or ought to be1 h\sehold words ) ,engli% f>m]s3 ,je?ro ,tull1 ,"l ,t[n%5d1 ,ar?ur ,"y1 ,bakewell1 ,coke ( ,holkham1 & ! ,coll+s4 ,fur!r ! c5tury witness$ a great numb] ( enclosures1 especially :5 x 0 draw+ to its close4 ,accord+ to ! ,report ( ! ,committee on ,wa/e ,l&s 9 #agig1 ! numb] ( ,enclosure ,acts 03 "u ,anne1 #b ,acts1 enclos+ #a1dci acres2 "u ,geo4 ,i1 #af ,acts1 enclos+ #ag1ifj acres2 "u ,geo4 ,,ii1 #bbf ,acts1 enclos+ #cah1ggh acres2 f #agfj to #agig1 #a1ecb ,acts1 enclos+ #b1hjd1aig acres4 ,! p]iod f #agjj to #agfe has be5 call$ ! gold5 age ( ! agricultural classes1 z ! fifte5? c5tury has be5 call$ ! gold5 age ( ! lab\r]1 b ! f>m] & l&lord 7 (t5 h>d press$2 rates 7 l[1 wages 7 fair1 & ! dem& = ! produce ( ! f>m con/ant ow+ to ! gr[? ( ! population1 yet prices = :eat1 /ock1 & wool 7 (t5 unremun]ative to ! f>m]1 & we are told 9 #agcd1 'necessity has compell$ our f>m]s to m c>efulness & frugality 9 lay+ out _! money ?an !y 7 accu/om$ to 9 bett] times4'#cfh ,! lab\r]'s wages v>i$ accord+ to locality4 ,! assessm5t ( wages by ! magi/rates 9 ,lanca%ire = #agbe rema9s1 & accord+ to t ! ord9>y lab\r] e>n$ #aj;d4 a day 9 ! summ] & #i;d4 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 ) extras 9 h>ve/1 & ?is may be tak5 z ! av]age pay at t date4 ,?re%+ & w9n[+ :eat by piece-"w co/ #bs4 a qu>t]1 oats #as4 a qu>t]4 ,mak+ a dit* #d feet wide at ! top1 #ah in*es wide at ! bottom1 & #c feet deep1 d\ble set ) quicks1 co/ #as4 a rood 7#h y>ds71 #aj;d4 if )\t ! quick4#cfi ,! magi/rates rem>k$ 9 _! proclamation on ! pl5ty ( ! times & 7 afraid t = ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\nty1 :i* 0 !n v backw>d1 ! wages 7 too lib]al4 ,:eat 01 un=tunately1 t ye> #dfs4 #a;d4 a qu>t]1 b a few ye>s be=e & aft] t date x 0 *eap--#bjs41 #bds41 #bhs4 a qu>t]--& fre% meat 0 only #c;d4 a lb41 s t _! wages w5t a long way4#cgj ,a consid]able portion ( ! wages 0 paid 9 k9d1 n only 9 dr9k b 9 food1 ?\gh ?is cu/om became less frequ5t z ! c5tury w5t on4#cga ,z = 8 food1 ,ed5 tells u#cgb t ! diet ( ,b$=d workh\se 9 #agcj 0 mu* bett] ?an t ( ! mo/ indu/ri\s lab\r] 9 8 own home1 & ?is 0 ! diet3 bread & *eese or bro? = breakfa/1 boil$ beef hot or cold1 sometimes ) suet pudd+ = d9n]1 & bread & *eese or bro? = supp]4 ,?is mu/ h be5 suffici5tly monoton\s1 & we may be sure ! lab\r] at home v seldom _h boil$ beef = d9n]2 b 9 ! nor? he 0 mu* clev]] ?an 8 s\!rn bro!r 9 cook+ c]eal foods su* z oatmeal porridge1 cr[die 7also ( oatmeal71 frum5ty or b>ley milk1 b>ley bro?1 c4#cgc ,! village ( ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury conta9$ a mu* bett] grad$ society ?an ! village ( to-day4 ,x _h few gaps1 s t !re 0 a ladd] f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ ranks1 ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( _m small hold]s ( v>i\s degree1 soon to be dim9i%$ by enclosure & consolidation4#cgd ,!re 0 a great increase 9 ! numb] ( live /ock ow+ to ! spread1 gradual ?\gh x 01 ( roots & clov]1 :i* increas$ ! w9t] food2 '( late ye>s1' x 0 said 9 #agci1 '!re h be5 improvem5ts made 9 ! bre$ ( %eep by *ang+ ( rams1 & s[+ ( turnips1 grass se$s1 c4'#cge ,crops1 too1 7 improv+2 & enclos$ l&s ab\t #agbf 7 said to produce ov] #bj bu%els ( :eat to ! acre4#cgf ,?\gh ! numb] ( ,enclosure ,acts at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury 0 no?+ l ! numb] at ! end1 ! process 0 /eadily go+ on1 (t5 by non-p>liam5t>y enclosure1 & 0 approv$ by ne>ly e "o4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 7 oppos$ to x4 ,john ,c[p]1 :o wrote an essay on ',enclos+ ,commons' 9 #agcb1 said1 a common 0 (t5 ! *ief support ( =ty or fifty poor families1 & ev5 ?\gh _! rights 7 b\ght out !y 7 "u ! necessity ( leav+ _! old homes1 = _! occupation 0 gone2 b he says no?+ ( ! well-kn[n increas$ dem& = lab\r on ! enclos$ l&s4 ,! =ce ( 8 argum5ts may be gaug$ f 8 answ] to ,lawr5ce's /atem5t t enclosure is ! greate/ b5efit to good husb&ry1 & a rem$y = idl5ess4 ,on ! contr>y1 says he1 :o among ! c\ntry p live lazi] lives ?an ! grazi] & ! dairyman8 ,all ! dairyman has to d is to call 8 c[s toge!r to be milk$6 ,worlidge 9 #affi _h lam5t$ t turnips 7 s little gr[n by ,engli% f>m]s 9 ! field1 & t x 0 a plant 'usually n\ri%$ 9 g>d5s'1#cgg & 9 a lett] to ,h\ghton 9 #afhd1 he is ! fir/ to m5tion ! fe$+ ( turnips to %eep4#cgh ,h[ev]1 9 #agbf x 0 said t no?+ ( late ye>s _h turn$ to great] pr(it to ! f>m]1 :o n[ f\nd x "o ( 8 *ief treasures2 & !re 7 !n ?ree sorts3 ! r\nd :i* 0 mo/ common1 ! yell[1 & ! long4#cgi ,= w9t] use !y 7 to be s[n f ! beg9n+ ( ,june to ! middle ( ,augu/1 on fall[ :i* _h be5 br\ght to a good til?1 ! se$ h>r[$ 9 ) a bu% h>r[1 & if necess>y roll$4 ,:5 ! plants _h two or ?ree leaves ea* !y 7 to be ho$ out1 leav+ !m five or six in*es ap>t1 ?\gh "s slov5ly f>m]s did n tr\ble to d ?is2 b !re is no m5tion ( hoe+ betwe5 ! r[s4 ,! fly 0 already recogniz$ z a pe/1 & soot & common salt 7 us$ to fight x4 ,fold+ %eep 9 w9t] on turnips 0 !n little practis$1 ?\gh ,lawr5ce /rongly recomm5ds x4 ,accord+ to ,defoe1#chj ,suffolk 0 rem>kable = be+ ! fir/ c\nty :]e ! fe$+ & fatt5+ ( %eep & o!r cattle ) turnips 0 fir/ practis$ 9 ,engl&1 to ! great improvem5t ( ! l&1 ':5ce'1 he says1 '! practice is spread ov] mo/ ( ! ea/ & s\?1 to ! great enri*+ ( f>m]s & increase ( fat cattle4' ,!re 7 great disputes z to collect+ ! ti!1 always a sore subject1 on turnips2 & ! cu/om seems to h be5 t if !y 7 eat5 (f by /ore %eep !y w5t ti! free1 if %eep 7 fatt5$ on !m ! ti! 0 paid4#cha ,clov]1 ! o!r great novelty ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 n[ g5]ally s[n ) b>ley1 oats1 or rye grass1 ab\t #ae lb4 p] acre4 ,?is am\nt1 s[n on #b acres ( b>ley1 w\ld next ye> produce #b loads wor? ab\t #e4 ,! next crop /ood = se$1 :i* 0 cut 9 ,augu/1 ! hay be+ wor? #i1 & ! se$ out ( x1 #cjj lb41 0 sold mu* ( x = #af;d4 a lb41 ! sum realiz$ 9 t ye> f ! #b acres be+ #cj1 )\t c\nt+ ! aft]ma?4 ,at ?is "t mo/ ( ! se$ 0 /ill import$ f ,fl&]s4#chb ,mu* ( ! common & wa/e l& ( ,engl&1 n previ\sly wor? #f;d4 an acre1 _h be5 by #agcb va/ly improv$ ?r\gh s[+ artificial grasses on x1 s t v>i\s p _h ga9$ consid]able e/ates4#chc ,c>rots 7 also n[ gr[n z a field crop 9 places1 especially ne> ,london1 two sorts be+ kn[n1 ! yell[ & r$1 us$ *iefly by f>m]s = fe$+ _! hogs4#chd ,( :eat ! names 7 _m1 b !re 7 app>5tly only sev5 di/9ct sorts1 ! ,d\ble-e>$1 ,egg%ell1 ,r$ or ,k5ti%1 ,great-be>d$1 ,poll>d1 ,grey1 & ,flax5 or ,lammas4#che ,! gr[? ( saffron _h decl9$1 ?\gh ! ,engli% v>iety 0 ! be/ 9 ! _w1 accord+ to ,lawr5ce1 & except 9 ,cambridge%ire & ab\t ,saffron ,wald5 x 0 little kn[n4 ,?\gh x 0 /ill "s "t be=e ! days ( ,bakewell1 increas$ att5tion 0 giv5 to cattle-bre$+2 x 0 urg$ t a well-%ap$ bull be put to c[s1 "o t _h 'a broad & curl$ =ehead1 long horns1 fle%y neck1 & a belly long & l>ge4'#chf ,su* 9 #agbf 0 ! ideal type ( ! long-horns ( ! ,midl& & ! nor?1 b x 0 notic$ t ( late ye>s & especially 9 ! nor? ! ,dut* bre$ 0 mu* s\ght aft]1 :i* _h %ort horns & long necks1 ! bre$ ) :i* ! ,coll+s 7 to "w su* wond]s4 ,! !n great price ( #bj _h be5 giv5 = a c[ ( ?is bre$4 ,bradley1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany at ,cambridge1 & a well-kn[n writ] on agriculture1 divid$ ! cattle ( ,engl& into ?ree sorts accord+ to _! col\r3 ! black1 :ite1 & r$4#chg ,! black1 commonly ! smalle/1 0 ! /ronge/ = lab\r1 *iefly f\nd 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries2 also br$ *iefly 9 ,*e%ire1 ,york%ire1 ,lanca%ire1 & ,d]by%ire1 sixty ye>s be=e ?is1 & 9 ^? days ,*e%ire *eese came f ^! cattle1 app>5tly v mu* l ! mod]n ,wel% bre$4#chh ,! :ite 7 mu* l>g]1 & v common 9 ,l9coln%ire at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,!y gave m milk ?an ! black sort b w5t dry soon]4 ,!y 7 also f\nd 9 ,suffolk & ,surrey4 ,! r$ cattle 7 ! l>ge/ 9 ,engl&1 _! milk ri* & n\ri%+1 s mu* s t x 0 giv5 specially to consumptives4 ,!y 7 fir/ br$ 9 ,som]set1 :]e 9 ,bradley's "t p>ticul> att5tion 0 paid to _! bre$+1 & 7 evid5tly ! ance/ors ( ! mod]n ,devons4 ,ab\t ,london ^! c[s 7 (t5 f$ on turnips1 giv5 !m tops & all1 :i* made _! milk bitt]4 ,!y 7 also f\nd 9 ,l9coln%ire & "s o!r c\nties1 :]e '!y 7 f$ on ! m>%es'1 & ,defoe saw1 9 ! ,weald ( ,k5t1 'l>ge ,k5ti% bullocks1 g5]ally all r$ ) _! horns crook$ inw>d4' ,bradley gives ! foll[+ balance %eet = a dairy ( n9e c[s3#chi ,,dr4 s4 d4 #f mon?s' grass keep at #as4 #f;d4 p] week p] head #ag #aa #j #f mon?s' w9t] keep 7/raw1 hay1 turnips1 & gra9s7 at #bs4 p] week p] head #bc #h #j --------- #dj #ai #j ,,cr4 #ac1adj gallons ( milk #acf #ag #f #dj #ai #j --------- ,balance 7pr(it7 #ie #ah #f ,a correspond5t1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out to ,bradley t ?is yield & pr(it 0 f> above ! av]age1 :i* 0 ab\t #e a c[1 on :om ,bradley retort$ t x c\ld be made1 ?\gh x 0 exceptional4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! great trade ( driv+ ,scotti% cattle to ,london began1 ,walt] ,scott's gr&fa!r be+ ! pione]4 ,! r\te foll[$ div]g$ f ! ,great ,nor? ,road 9 ,york%ire 9 ord] to avoid turnpikes1 & ! cattle1 graz+ leisurely on ! /rips ( grass by ! roadside1 g5]ally arriv$ at ,smi?field 9 good condition4#cij ,defoe tells u t mo/ ( ! ,scotti% cattle :i* came ye>ly into ,engl& 7 br\ght to ! village ( ,s4 ,fai?s1 nor? ( ,norwi*1 ':]e ! ,norfolk grazi]s g & buy !m4 ,^! ,scots runts1 com+ out ( ! cold & b>r5 highl&s1 fe$ s eag]ly on ! ri* pa/ure 9 ^! m>%es t !y gr[ v fat4 ,!re are above #dj1jjj ( ^! ,scots cattle f$ 9 ?is c\nty e ye>4 ,! g5tlem5 ( ,gall[ay g to ,engl& ) _! droves ( cattle & take ! money !mselves4'#cia ,x 0 no uncommon ?+ = a ,gall[ay nobleman to s5d #d1jjj black cattle & #d1jjj %eep to ,engl& 9 a ye>1 & altoge!r f #ej1jjj to #fj1jjj cattle 7 said to come to ,engl& f ,gall[ay ye>ly4 ,g5tlem5 on ! ,bord] be=e ! ,union got a v pretty liv+ by tolls f ^! cattle2 & ! ,e>l ( ,c>lisle made a good income 9 ?is way4 ,cattle 7 sometimes ( a great size4 ,9 #afig1 9 ! p>k ( ,sir ,john ,fagg ne> ,/eyn+1 ,defoe saw f\r bullocks ( ,sir ,john's own bre$+ = :i* 0 refus$ 9 ,defoe's he>+ #bf apiece4 ,!y 7 driv5 to ,smi?field & realiz$ #be ea*1 hav+ probably sunk on ! way1 b dress$ !y weigh$ #hj /one a qu>t]6#cib ,^! weights mu/ h be5 v exceptional1 b g to prove t cattle !n c\ld be gr[n to mu* great] size ?an is g5]ally cr$it$4 ,a good price = a bullock 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 f #g to #aj4 ,! be/ p\ltry at ! same date 7#agcf7 7 said to be '! :ite-fea!r$ sort'1 especially ^? t _h %ort & :ite legs1 :i* 7 e/eem$ = ! :it5ess ( _! fle%2 b ^? t _h long yell[ legs & yell[ beaks 7 consid]$ good = no?+4#cic ,c>e 0 to be us$ 9 ! *oice ( a cock1 = ^? ( ! game k9d 7 to be avoid$ z unpr(itable4 ,bradley gives a balance %eet = #ab h5s & #b cocks :o _h a free run 9 a f>my>d & an or*>d3#cid ,,dr4 s4 d4 #ci bu%els ( b>ley #c #e #j ,balance1 pr(it #af #j ---------- #d #a #j ,,cr4 s4 d4 ,eggs 7numb] un=tunately n giv57 #a #e #j #bj e>ly *ick5s at #as4 #a #j #j #gb late *ick5s at #f;d4 #a #af #j ---------- #d #a #j ,he also recomm5ds t 9 /ock+ a f>m ( #bjj a ye> ! foll[+ p\ltry %\ld be pur*as$3 s4 d4 #bd *ick5s at #d;d4 #h #j #bj geese #a #j #j #bj turkeys #a #j #j #bd ducks #ab #j #f pair ( pigeons #ab #j ,! be/ way to fatt5 *ick5s1 accord+ to ,bradley1 0 to put !m 9 coops & fe$ !m ) b>ley meal1 be+ c>eful to put a small quantity ( brickdu/ 9 _! wat] to give !m an appetite4#cie ,on ?is f>m 7 #bj acres ( c[ pa/ure besides common1 & ?is ) "s turnips kept #i c[s1 :i* gave ab\t ?ree gallons ( milk a day at lea/1 ! milk be+ wor? #a;d4 a qu>t4 ,8 pigs 7 ( ! ',black ,ban?am' bre$1 :i* 7 bett] ?an ! l>ge sort common 9 ,engl&1 = ! fle% 0 mu* m delicate4 ,suffolk 0 fam\s = supply+ ,london ) turkeys4#cif ,?ree hundr$ droves ( turkeys1 ea* numb]+ f #cjj to #ajjj1 _h 9 "o season pass$ ov] ,/rat=d ,bridge on ! road f ,ipswi* to ,london4 ,geese also travell$ on foot to ,london 9 prodigi\s numb]s f ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 & ! ,f5 c\ntry1 (t5 #a1jjj to #c1jjj 9 a drove1 />t+ 9 ,augu/ :5 h>ve/ 0 ne>ly ov]1 s t ! geese might fe$ on ! /ubble by ! way2 '& ?us !y hold on to ! end ( ,octob]1 :5 ! roads beg9 to be too /iff & deep = _! broad feet & %ort legs to m>* on4' ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a m rapid me?od ( gett+ p\ltry to ! great m>ket1 by means ( c>ts ( f\r /ages or /ories1 "o above ano!r1 to c>ry ! birds 91 drawn by two horses1 :i* by means ( relays travell$ night & day1 & cov]$ z mu* z #ajj miles 9 two days & "o night1 ! driv] sitt+ on ! topmo/ /age4 ,hop gr[+ 9 #agbi1 accord+ to ,ri*>d ,bradley1 paid well2 he says1 'gr\nd nev] e/eem$ be=e wor? a %ill+ an acre p] annum1 is r5d]$ wor? =ty1 fifty1 or sometimes m p\nds a ye> by plant+ hops judici\sly4 ,an acre ( hops %all br+ to ! own] cle> pr(it ab\t #cj ye>ly2 b ,i h kn[n hop gr\nds t h cle>$ above #ej ye>ly p] acre4' ,at ?is date #ab1jjj acres 9 ,engl& 7 plant$ ) hops4 ,! great m>ket = hops 0 ,/\rbridge ,fair1 once ! greate/ m>t 9 ,engl& & /ill pres]v+ mu* ( its =m] importance3 '!re is sc>ce any price fix$ = hops 9 ,engl& till !y "k h[ !y sell 9 ,/\rbridge ,fair4'#cig ,?i!r !y came f ,*elms=d1 ,cant]bury1 ,maid/one1 & ,f>nham1 :]e ! bulk ( ! hops 9 ,engl& 7 !n gr[n1 ?\gh "s 7 to be f\nd at ,wilton ne> ,salisbury1 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 & ,worce/]%ire4 ,r\nd ,cant]bury ,defoe says !re 7 #f1jjj acres ( hops1 all plant$ )9 liv+ memory#cih2 b ! ,maid/one di/rict 0 call$ '! "m ( hop gr\nds'1 & ) ! c\ntry r\nd ,fev]%am 0 fam\s = apples & *]ries4 ,! f9e/ wool /ill1 x seems1 came f ne> ,leom9/]1 :]e ! %eep 9 ,m>kham's "t 7 describ$ z small-bon$ & black-fac$1 ) a light fleece1 & app>5tly !y /ill _h ! same appe>ance at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury#cii2 & l>ge-bon$ %eep ) co>s] wool 7 to be f\nd 9 ! c\nties ( ,w>wick1 ,leice/]1 ,buck+ham1 ,nor?ampton1 & ,nott+ham2 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& too 7 big-bon$ %eep ) inf]ior wool1 ! l>ge/ ) co>se wool be+ f\nd 9 ! m>%es ( ,l9coln%ire4 ,ab\t ?is "t wool _h fall5 mu* 9 price3 ',has nobody told y1' writes a we/ c\ntry f>m] to 8 abs5tee l&lord 9 #agcg1 't wool has fall5 to ne> half its price1 & t we _c f9d pur*as]s = a great "p ( x at any price :atsoev]4 ,:5 mo/ ( our e/ates 7f>ms7 7 tak5 wool 0 g5]ally #g;d41 #h;d41 or m by ! p\nd2 ! same is n[ #d;d4 & /ill fall+4'#djj ,b ! latt] price 0 exceptionally l[2 ,smi?#dja gives ! foll[+ av]age prices p] tod ( #bh lb43 #agjf #ags4 #f;d4 #agag-h #bcs4 to #bgs4 #agcg-db #aas4 to #ads4 #agdc #bjs4 #agdc-ec #bds4 ,aft] #agec x fell aga91 l>gely ow+ to ! great plague among cattle1 :i* br\ght ab\t a 'prodigi\s increase ( %eep'#djb2 & ab\t #aggj ,"y#djc fav\r$ corn r ?an wool1 = !re 0 always a m>ket = ! =m]1 b ! =eign dem& = clo? 0 dim9i%+1 especially 9 ! case ( ,france1 besides prohibition ( export kept d[n ! price4#djd ,yet al?\gh wool 0 be+ des]t$ = corn x _h 9 ,"y's "t 'be5 s long suppos$ ! /aple & f\ndation ( all our weal?1 t x is some:at dang]\s to haz>d an op9ion n consonant to its enc\ragem5t'4 ,at ! end ( ! c5tury1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a rapid increase 9 ! price1 p>tly due to increas$ dem& by sp9n]s & weav]s :o1 ow+ to ma*9]y1 7 work+ m economically2 & p>tly to ! enclosure ( commons1 & ! pl\gh+ up ( l& = corn4#dje ,*e%ire _h long be5 fam\s = *eese4 ,b>naby ,googe1 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 says1 '9 ,engl& ! be/ *eese is ! ,*e%yre & ! ,%rop%yre1 !n ! ,banbury *eese1 next ! ,suffolk & ! ,essex1 & ! v wor/ ! ,k5ti% *eese4' ,camd51 :o di$ 9 #afbc1 tells u t '! grasse & fodd] 79 ,*e%ire7 is ( t goodness & v]tue t *eeses be made "h 9 great numb]1 & ( a mo/ pleas+ & delicate ta/e su* z all ,engl& aga9 af=de? n ! l1 no ?\gh ! be/ dairywom5 o!rwise & skillfulle/ 9 *eese mak+ be _h f h5ce2' & a little lat] x 0 said no o!r c\nty 9 ! realm c\ld comp>e ) ,*e%ire1 n ev5 t wond]ful agricultural c\ntry ,holl& f :i* ,engl& le>nt s mu*4#djf ,9 ,lawr5ce's "t ,*$d> *eese 0 also fam\s1 & !re x _h long be5 a cu/om = sev]al neighb\rs to jo9 _! milk toge!r to make *eeses1 :i* 7 ( a l>ge size1 weigh+ f #cj lb4 to #ajj lb4 ,good *eese came also f ,gl\ce/]%ire & ,w>wick%ire4 ,! ,*e%ire m5 s5t great quantities by sea to ,london1 a long & t$i\s voyage1 or else by l& to ,burton-on-,tr5t1 & d[n t riv] to ,hull & !n by sea to ,london4 ,! ,gl\ce/]%ire m5 took x to ,le*lade & s5t x d[n ! ,?ames2 f ,w>wick%ire x w5t by l& all ! way1 or to ,ox=d & !nce d[n ! ,?ames to ,london4 ,/ilton1 too1 _h lately become fam\s1 & 0 consid]$ ! be/ ( all1 sell+ = ! !n great price ( #as4 a lb4 on ! f>m1 & #bs4 #f;d4 at ! ,bell ,inn1 ,/ilton1 :]e x seems to h fir/ be5 sold 9 l>ge quantities1 ?\gh ,leice/]%ire p]haps claims ! hon\r ( fir/ mak+ x4#djg ,! ea/]n side ( ,suffolk 01 9 ,defoe's "t1 fam\s = ! be/ butt] & p]haps ! wor/ *eese 9 ,engl&1 ! butt] be+ 'b>rell$ & sometimes pickl$ up 9 small casks'4#djh ,rabbits 7 occasionally kept 9 l>ge numb]s = pr(it2 at ,auborne ,*ase 9 ,wilts1 !re 0 a w>r5 ( #gjj acres surr\nd$ by a wall--a mo/ effective way ( prev5t+ escape1 b some:at exp5sive4 ,9 w9t] "t !y 7 f$ on hay1 & hazel bran*es f :i* !y ate ! b>k4 ,!y 7 nev] all[$ to get bel[ #h1jjj head1 & f ^!1 aft] d$uct+ losses by poa*]s1 weazles1 polecats1 foxes1 c41 #bd1jjj 7 sold annually4 ,^! rabbits1 ow+ to ! quality ( ! grass1 7 fam\s = ! sweetness ( _! fle%4 ,! proprietor1 ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 began to kill !m at ,b>?olomewtide1 ,aug4 #bd1 & f !n to ,mi*aelmas obta9$ #is4 a doz5 = !m deliv]$ free 9 ,london2 b ^? f ,mi*aelmas to ,*ri/mas realiz$ #ajs4 #f;d4 a doz54 ,! diff]5ce 9 price at ! two p]iods is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t _! sk9s 7 mu* bett] 9 ! latt]1 & ! rabbits kept long] :5 kill$2 !y mu/ also h be5 l>g]4 ,a sk9 be=e ,mi*aelmas 0 only wor? #a;d41 b soon aft] ne>ly #f;d42 & 9 ,h]t=d%ire 0 a w>r5 :]e rabbit sk9s ) silv]y hair fet*$ #as4 ea*4#dji ,we h n[ rea*$ ! p]iod :5 ! result ( ,je?ro ,tull's lab\rs 0 giv5 to ! _w1 8 ,horse-hoe+ ,husb&ry appe>+ 9 #agcc4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t agriculture owes m to ,tull ?an to any o!r man2 ! pr9ciples =mulat$ 9 8 fam\s book revolutioniz$ ,briti% agriculture1 ?\gh we %all see t x took a long "t to d x4 ,he has inde$ be5 describ$ z '! greate/ individual improv] agriculture ev] knew'4 ,he fir/ realiz$ t deep & p]fect pulv]ization is ! great secret ( vegetable nutrition1 & 0 ?us l$ on to p]fect ! sy/em ( drill+ se$ wide en\gh ap>t to admit ( tillage 9 ! int]vals1 & ab&on+ ! wide ridges 9 vogue1 laid ! l& into n>r[ ridges #e feet or #f feet wide4 ,he 0 born at ,basildon 9 ,b]k%ire1 heir to a good e/ate1 & 0 call$ to ! b> 9 #afii1 b on 8 m>riage 9 ! same ye> settl$ on ! pat]nal f>m ( ,h[b]ry 9 ,ox=d%ire4 ,9 8 preface to 8 book he ?r[s a fla% ( light on c\ntry life at a "t :5 ! roads 7 ne>ly z bad z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 s t !y effectually isolat$ diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl&1 :5 he speaks ( 'a long conf9em5t )9 ! limits ( a lonely f>m1 9 a c\ntry :]e ,i am a /rang]1 hav+ deb>r$ me f all conv]sation'4#daj ,he took to agriculture m by necessity ?an by *oice1 = he knew too mu* '! inconv5i5cy & slav]y att5d+ ! exorbitant p[] ( husb&ry s]vants'1 & he fur!r gives ?is extraord9>y "* ( ! f>m lab\r] ( 8 day3 '',tis ! mo/ =midable objection aga9/ our agriculture t ! defection ( lab\r]s is su* t few g5tlem5 c keep _! l& 9 _! own h&s1 b let !m = a little to t5ants :o c be> to be insult$1 assault$1 kick$1 cuff$1 & ,bridewell$1 ) m pati5ce ?an g5tlem5 are end[$ )4'#daa ,tull wrote j be=e x became ! fa%ion = g5tlem5 to g into f>m+1 & lam5ts t ! l&s ( ! c\ntry 7 all1 or mo/ly1 9 ! h&s ( rack-r5t]s1 ^: suppos$ int]e/ x 0 t !y %\ld nev] be improv$ = fe> ( f9es & increas$ r5ts4 ,g5tlem5 !n knew s little ( f>m+ t !y 7 unable to manage _! e/ates4 ,no d\bt 8 sca?+ rem>ks help$ to initiate ! well-kn[n *ange 9 ?is respect1 & soon1 ov] all ,engl&1 g5tlem5 ( education & position 7 engag$ 9 remov+ ?is reproa* f _! class4 ,! same compla9t z to _! ignorance ( matt]s connect$ ) _! l& crops up aga9 dur+ ! great ,fr5* w>1 b !y !n _h a good excuse1 z !y 7 busy fight+ ! ,fr5*4 ,tull inv5t$ 8 drill ab\t #agja at ,h[b]ry4 ,! fir/ occasion = mak+ x1 he says1 0 t x '0 v difficult to f9d a man t c\ld s[ clov] tol]ably2 !y _h a habit to ?r[ x once ) ! h& to two l>ge /rides & g twice 9 ea* ca/2 ?us1 ) #i or #aj lb4 ( se$ to an acre1 two-?irds ( ! gr\nd 0 unplant$4 ,to rem$y ?is ,i made a hopp]1 to be drawn by a boy1 t plant$ an acre suffici5tly ) #f lb4 ( se$2 b :5 ,i add$ to ?is hopp] an exce$+ light pl\gh t made #f *annels eight in*es asund]1 into :i* #b lb4 to an acre be+ drill$ ! gr\nd 0 z well plant$4 ,?is drill 0 easily drawn by a man1 & sometimes by a boy4' ,8 inv5tion 0 l>gely prompt$ by 8 desire to d )\t ! insol5t f>m s]vant :om he has describ$ above1 & ! ye> aft] x 0 inv5t$ he c]ta9ly _h 8 wi%1 = !y /ruck 9 a body & 7 dismiss$3 'x 7 m easy to tea* ! bea/s ( ! field ?an to drive ! pl\ghman out ( 8 way4' ,8 ideas 7 l>gely d]iv$ f ! me*anism ( ! organ :i*1 be+ fond ( music1 he _h ma/]$ 9 8 y\?--a rot>y me*anism1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( all agricultural s[+ implem5ts4 ,8 fir/ inv5tion may be describ$ z a drill pl\gh to s[ :eat & turnip se$ 9 drills ?ree r[s at a "t1 a h>r[ to cov] ! se$ be+ atta*$4 ,aft]w>ds he inv5t$ a turnip drill1 s arrang$ z reg>ds dropp+ ! se$ & its subsequ5t cov]+ ) soil t half ! se$ %\ld come up e>li] ?an ! re/1 to enable a portion at lea/ to escape ! dread$ fly4 ,he 0 a great believ] 9 do+ ev]y?+ himself1 & work$ s h>d at 8 drill t he _h to g abroad = 8 heal?4 ,he 0 some:at c>ri$ away by 8 inv5tion1 & ass]ts t ! exp5se ( a drill$ crop ( :eat 0 "o-n9? ( t s[n 9 ! old way1 giv+ ! foll[+ figures to prove 8 ass]tion3 ,! ,old ,way s4 d4 ,se$1 #b-a_/b bu%els1 at #cs4 #g #f ,?ree pl\gh+s1 h>rr[+1 & s[+ #af #j ,we$+ #b #j ,r5t ( prec$+ fall[ #aj #j ,manure #b #aj #j ,reap+ #d #f --------- #d #aj #jdab ,! ,new ,way ,se$1 #c pecks #b #c ,tillage #d #j ,drill+ #f ,we$+ #f ,uncov]+ 7remov+ clods fall5 on ! :eat7 #b ,br9e & lime #a ,reap+ #b #f ----- #aj #j ,x %\ld be not$ t he has omitt$ to *>ge r5t = ! ye> 9 :i* ! crop 0 gr[n 9 bo? cases4 ,he consid]$ fall[+ & manure unnecess>y1 & grew )\t manure #ac successive :eat crops on ! same piece ( gr\nd1 gett+ bett] crops ?an 8 neighb\rs :o pursu$ ! ord9>y c\rse ( f>m+4 ,8 ?ree great pr9ciples1 inde$1 7 drill+1 r$uction ( se$1 & abs5ce ( we$s1 & he saw t dung 0 a great c>ri] ( ! latt] b lack$ a due appreciation ( its *emical action4 ,( c\rse1 l all improv]s1 he 0 met ) unlimit$ opposition1 & on ! publication ( 8 book he 0 assail$ ) abuse1 :i*1 be+ a s5sitive man1 caus$ him extreme annoyance4 ,8 heal? 0 bad1 8 tr\bles ) 8 lab\r]s un5d+1 8 son a sp5d?rift1 & he di$ at 8 n[ fam\s home1 ,prosp]\s ,f>m1 ne> ,hung]=d1 9 #agda1 hav+ said n long be=e 8 dea?1 ',"s1 all[$ z good judges1 h ^u a full view & exam9ation ( my practice decl>$ _! op9ion t x w\ld "o day become ! g5]al husb&ry ( ,engl&4'#dac ,scotl& 0 ! fir/ to p]ceive ! m]its ( ! sy/em1 & x gradually work$ s\?w>ds into ,engl&1 b = _m ye>s _h to fight aga9/ ignorance & prejudice1 ev5 s intellig5t a man z ,ar?ur ,"y be+ oppos$ to x4 ,f>m leases _h by ?is "t assum$ _! mod]n =m1 & cultivation clauses 7 num]\s4 ,9 "o ( #agcb1 at ,haw/$1 ! t5ant 0 to keep ! h$ges 9 repair1 be+ all[$ bu%es & /akes = s do+4 ,he 0 also to be/[ on "s "p ( ! l&s "o load ( good rott5 muck ov] & above :at 0 made on ! f>m = e load ( hay1 /raw1 or /ov] 7fodd]7 :i* he %\ld c>ry (f4#dad ,9 ano!r ( #agdj1 he 0 to leave 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! t5ancy "o-?ird ( ! arable l& summ] till$1 pl\gh$1 & fall[$1 = :i* he 0 to be paid accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #agec1 9 ! lease ( ,p9=d ,end ,f>m1 !re 0 a p5alty ( #aj an acre = break+ up pa/ure2 a great increase 9 ! am\nt ( ! p5alty4 ,all compo/1 dung1 soil1 & a%es aris+ on ! f>m 7 to be be/[$ ^u x4 ,only two crops successively 7 to be tak5 on any ( ! arable l&1 b l& s[n ) clov] & rye-grass1 if f$ (f1 or ) turnips :i* 7 f$ on "s "p ( ! f>m1 7 n to c\nt z crops4 ,! a%es m5tion$ 7 ^? f wood1 :i* 7 n[ c>efully look$ aft]1 z x _h become ! cu/om to sell !m to ! soap-boil]s1 :o came r\nd to e f>m collect+ !m4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ m5tion 9 a ,haw/$ lease ( rye-grass1 clov]1 & turnips1 ?\gh clov] & turnips _h be5 fir/ cultivat$ !re ab\t #agjj1 & soon spread4 ,! w9t] ( #agjh-i 0 v sev]e1 a great fro/ la/+ f ,octob] until ! spr+2 :eat 0 #has4 #i;d4 a qu>t]1 & high prices la/$ until #agae4dae ,f #agae to #agfe 0 an era ( good seasons & l[ prices g5]ally2 9 t half-c5tury ,tooke says !re 7 only five bad seasons4 ,9 #agcb prices ( corn 7 v l[1 :eat be+ ab\t #bds4 a qu>t]1 s t we are n surpris$ to f9d t its cultivation (t5 did n pay at all4#daf ,at ,little ,gadsd5 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 9 t ye> a fair season1 & on enclos$ l&1 ! foll[+ is ! balance %eet = an acre3 ,,dr4 s4 d4 ,r5t #ab #j ,dress+ 7manur+7 #a #j #j #b-a_/b bu%els ( se$ #g #f ,pl\gh+ fir/ "t #f #j twice m #h #j ,h>r[+ #f ,reap+ & c>ry+ #f #f ,?re%+ #c #i -------- #c #d #c ,,cr4 s4 d4 #ae bu%els ( :eat 7a poor crop1 z #bj bu%els 0 n[ ab\t ! av]age7 #b #b #j ,/raw #aa #f #b #ac #f -------- ,,loss #aj #i ,on b>ley1 wor? ab\t #a a qu>t]1 ! loss 0 #cs4 #f;d4 an acre2 on oats1 wor? #acs4 a qu>t]1 h[ev]1 ! pr(it 0 #bas42 on beans1 #bfs4 #f;d41 ^! be+ t ye> exceptionally good & wor? #bjs4 a qu>t]4#dag ,ellis object$ to ! new mode ( drill+ :eat because1 he said1 ! r[s are m expos$ to ! viol5ce ( ! w9ds1 ra9s1 c41 by gr[+ ap>t1 ?an if close toge!r1 :5 ! /alks support ea* o!r4#dah ,?is e/imate may be comp>$ to t ( ,tull = ! 'old way' ( s[+ :eat1#dai & to ! foll[+ e/imate ( fifty ye>s lat] 9 ,surrey1 :5 :eat 0 a mu* bett] price3-- ,,dr4 s4 d4 ,r5t1 ti!1 taxes #a #j #j ,team1 c4 #a #j #j #b bu%els ( se$ #aj #j ,c>t+ & spread+ manure & wat] furr[+ #b #f ,br9+ #f ,we$+ #a #f ,reap+ & c>ry+ #i #j ,?re%+ & clean+ #g #f ,b9d+ /raw #a #f --------- #c #ab #fdbj ,,cr4 #bj bu%els at #es4 #e #j #j #a-a_/b loads ( /raw #a #b #f --------- #f #b #f ,! pr(it 0 ?us #b #ajs4 #j;d4 an acre1 & = b>ley x 0 #c #cs4 #f;d41 = oats #a #ais4 #aj;d41 = beans #a #acs4 #j;d4#dba ,?is crop ( :eat 0 n v good1 z ! av]age 9 t di/rict 0 f #bj to #be bu%els p] acre1 & ,"y be=e ?is saw crops ( #cj bu%els p] acre gr[+4 ,! ov] frequ5t use ( fall[s1 :i* _h s long m>k$ agriculture1 0 9 ! e>ly half ( ! eighte5? c5tury beg9n+ to be /rongly disapprov$ (4 ,bradley advocat$ ! cont9u\s cultivation ( ! gr\nd ) diff]5t k9ds ( crops1 '= ,i f9d'1 he said1 'by exp]i5ce t if su* crops are s[n z are full ( fibr\s roots1 su* roots greatly help to op5 ! p>ts ( gr\nds incl9+ to too mu* /iffness4'#dbb ,,footnotes3 #cfg ,six ,c5turies ( ,"w & ,wages1 p4 #dgb4 #cfh ,see ,bak]1 ,record ( ,seasons & ,prices1 p4 #ahe4 #cfi ,ed51 ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 iii p4 cvii2 ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,"w & ,wages1 p4 #cif4 #cgj ,9 ,h]e=d%ire at ?is "t x 0 #a-a_/b;d4 p] lb4 #cga ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #hf4 #cgb ,ed51 op4 cit4 i4 #bhf4 #cgc ,ibid4 i4 #dih4 #cgd ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #ga4 #cge ,smi?1 ,memoirs ( ,wool1 ii4 #ic4 #cgf ,john ,lawr5ce1 ,new ,sy/em ( ,agriculture1 p4 #de4 ,9 #agab1 a normal season1 #dh acres ( :eat at ,s\?wick 9 ,hants produc$ #af bu%els p] acre1 #de acres ( b>ley #ab bu%els p] acre1 #cj acres ( oats #bd bu%els p] acre2 at ! same place #bdj %eep realiz$ #hs4 ea*1 c[s #fes41 calves #a1 horses #f1 hay #bes4 a ton 7,hamp%ire ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 #abj74 #cgg ,worlidge1 ,sy/ema ,agriculturae1 p4 #db4 #cgh ,collections1 iv4 #adb4 #cgi ,lawr5ce1 ,new ,sy/em ( ,agriculture1 p4 #aji4 #chj ,t\r 7ed4 #agbd71 i4 #hg4 #cha ,ellis1 ,*ilt]n & ,vale ,f>m+1 p4 #cec4 #chb ,bradley1 ,g5]al ,treatise1 i4 #age4 #chc ,ellis1 ,*ilt]n & ,vale ,f>m+1 p4 #bfj4 #chd ,j4 ,lawr5ce1 ,new ,sy/em ( ,agriculture1 p4 #aab4 #che ,ibid4 p4 #ib4 ,ab\t #ageg ,luc]ne1 hi!rto little gr[n 9 ,engl&1 took its place 9 ! rotation ( crops4 #chf ,ibid4 p4 #acj4 #chg ,a ,g5]al ,treatise on ,husb&ry 7#agbf71 i4 #gb2 cf4 c4 #chh ,! black cattle seem to h be5 spread v g5]ally ov] ,engl&1 accord+ to previ\s writ]s & to ,defoe1 :o (t5 m5tions !m4 ,he saw a 'prodigi\s quantity' 9 ! mead[s by ! ,wav5ey 9 ,norfolk4--,t\r1 i4 #ig4 #chi ,bradley1 ,g5]al ,treatise1 i4 #gf4 #cij ,slat]1 ,engli% ,peasantry1 p4 #eb4 #cia ,t\r 7ed4 #agbd71 i4 7#a7 #ig1 & iii4 7#b7 #gc4 #cib ,ibid4 i4 #fc4 #cic ,j4 ,lawr5ce1 ,new ,sy/em ( ,agriculture1 p4 #aea4 #cid ,bradley1 ,g5]al ,treatise1 i4 #aaj4 #cie ,c\ntry ,g5tleman & ,f>m]'s ,director 7#agbf71 p4 #g4 #cif ,defoe1 ,t\r1 i4 #hg4 #cig ,defoe1 ,t\r 7#crd ed471 i4 #ha4 #cih ,defoe1 ,t\r 7ed4 #agbd71 ii4 #a1 #acd4 #cii ,bradley1 ,g5]al ,treatise1 i4 #afj2 see also ,smi?1 ,memoirs ( ,wool1 ii4 #afi1 :]e ! %eep ( ,leom9/]1 ( ,cotteswold1 & ( ! ,isle ( ,wight are said to be ! be/ 9 #agai4 ,! great m>ket = %eep 0 ,weyhill ,fair1 & ,/\rbridge ,fair 0 a great wool m>ket4 #djj ,! ,we/ ,c\ntry ,f>m]1 a ,repres5tation ( ! ,decay ( ,trade1 #agcg4 #dja ,memoirs ( ,wool1 ii4 #bdc4 #djb ,ibid4 ii4 #cii4 #djc ,f>m]'s ,lett]s 7#crd ed471 p4 #bg4 #djd ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 ii4 #chd4 #dje ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 ii4 #deh4 #djf ,orm]od1 ,*e%ire1 i4 #abi4 ,^! words 7 writt5 ab\t #afef4 #djg ,see ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory3 ,rutl&1 ,agriculture4 ,/ilton 0 eat5 9 ! same condition z _m pref] x n[1 ') ! mites r\nd x s ?ick t !y br+ a spoon = y to eat !m4' #djh ,defoe1 ,t\r1 i4 7#a7 #gh4 ,*e%ire *eese 0 #b;d4 to #b-a_/b;d4 p] lb41 ,*$d> #f;d4 to #h;d4 9 #agbd1 an extraord9>y diff]5ce4 #dji ,bradley1 i4 #agb4 #daj ,preface to ,horse-hoe+ ,husb&ry1 7ed4 #agcc74 #daa ,horse-hoe+ ,husb&ry1 p4 vi4 #dab ,! ,we/ ,c\ntry ,f>m]1 above quot$1 says :eat gr[+ 79 #agcg7 paid little4 ,be=e a bu%el c be sold x co/s #d an acre1 & ! crop probably fet*es half ! money4 #dac ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rn4 7#crd ,s]471 ii4 #bj4 #dad ,cullum1 ,haw/$1 p4 #baf4 #dae ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 i4 #ce4 #daf ,:eat av]ag$3 #agah-bb ab\t #bgs4 #agcj ab\t #cjs4 #agej ab\t #cjs4 #agbd #cfs4 #agcb #bds4 #agee #ces4 #agbe #dfs4 #agcf #cjs4 #agfj #chs4 #agbf #ces4 #agdj #dbs4 #agfe #dbs4 #agbh #ebs4 #agdd #bcs4 #dag ,ellis1 ,*ilt]n & ,vale ,f>m+1 p4 #bji4 ,no?+ is *>g$ = ti! & taxes4 #dah ,ibid4 p4 #ceb4 #dai ,see above1 p4 #agg1 also p4 #aii = ,"y's e/imate 9 #aggj4 #dbj ,no?+ is *>g$ = ! manure :i* 0 c>t$ & spread4 #dba ,john ,trusl]1 ,practical ,husb&ry1 p4 #bh4 #dbb ,c\ntry ,g5tleman & ,f>m]'s ,director 7#agbf71 p4 xiii4 ,,*apt] ,,xv #agjj-agfe ,,t[n%5d4--,,%eep-,,rot4--,,cattle ,,plague4 ,,fruit-,,gr[+ ,9 #agcj ,*>les1 second ,visc\nt ,t[n%5d1 retir$ f politics1 on 8 qu>rel ) 8 bro!r-9-law ,walpole1 :o rem>k$ t 'z long z ! firm 0 ,t[n%5d & ,walpole ! utmo/ h>mony prevail$1 b x no soon] became ,walpole & ,t[n%5d ?an ?+s w5t wrong'4 ,he devot$ himself to ! managem5t ( 8 ,norfolk e/ates & set an example to ,engli% l&lords 9 wisely & dilig5tly exp]im5t+ 9 f>m practice :i* 0 soon foll[$ on all sides1 ! names ( ,lords ,ducie1 ,pet]bor\gh1 & ,bol+broke be+ ! be/ kn[n ( 8 fell[-lab\r]s4 ,a g5]ation aft]w>ds ,"y wrote1 'half ! ,c\nty ( ,norfolk )9 ! memory ( man yield$ no?+ b %eep fe$1 :]eas ^? v tracts ( l& are n[ cov]$ ) z f9e b>ley & rye z any 9 ! _w & great quantities ( :eat besides4'#dbc ,!re c be no d\bt f ?is /atem5t1 made by an eyewitness ( exceptional capacity1 t he comm5c$ ! "w s nobly c>ri$ on by ,coke4 ,! same au?ority tells u t :5 ,t[n%5d began 8 improvem5ts ne> ,norwi* mu* ( ! l& 0 an ext5sive hea? )\t ei!r tree or %rub1 only a %eepwalk to ano!r f>m2 s _m c>riages cross$ x t !y w\ld sometimes be a mile abrea/ ( ea* o!r 9 pursuit ( ! be/ track4 ,by #agfj !re 0 an excell5t turnpike road1 enclos$ on ea* side ) a good quickset h$ge1 & all ! l& let out 9 enclosures & cultivat$ on ! ,norfolk sy/em 9 sup]ior /yle2 ! :ole be+ let at #aes4 an acre1 or t5 times its orig9al value4 ,t[n%5d's two special hobbies 7 ! field cultivation ( turnips1 & improvem5t 9 ! rotation ( crops4 ,pope says 8 conv]sation 0 l>gely ( turnips1 & he 0 s zeal\s 9 advocat+ !m t he 0 nicknam$ ',turnip ,t[ns5d'4#dbd ,he initiat$ ! ,norfolk or f\r-c\rse sy/em ( cropp+1 9 :i* roots1 grasses1 & c]eals 7 wisely bl5d$1 viz4 turnips1 b>ley1 clov] & rye grass1 :eat4 ,he also re9troduc$ m>l+ to ! light l&s ( ,norfolk1 & foll[$ ,tull's sy/em ( drill+ & horse-hoe+ turnips1 ) ! result t ! poor l& ( :i* 8 e/ate 0 l>gely compos$ 0 conv]t$ into good corn & cattle-gr[+ f>ms4 ,l all ! progressive agriculturi/s ( ! day1 he 0 an advocate ( enclosures1 & he _h no small %>e 9 ! gr[? ( ! movem5t by :i*1 9 ! reigns ( ,anne & ! fir/ two ,georges1 #bdd enclosure ,acts 7 pass$ & #cch1agg acres enclos$4 ,! progress ( enclosure 0 alleg$ z a pro( t ,engl& 0 nev] m prosp]\s ?an "u ,walpole2 ! numb] ( private g5tlem5 9 ,brita9 ( ample e/ates 0 said to exce$ t ( any c\ntry 9 ! _w proportionately1 & 0 f> great] ?an 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,! value ( l& at tw5ty-six or tw5ty-sev5 ye>s' pur*ase 0 a conclusive pro( ( ! weal? ( ,engl&4#dbe ,?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury 0 g5]ally prosp]\s !re 7 bad times = f>m] & l&lord4 ,we h se5 t :eat-gr[+ paid little1 al?\gh f #afhi to #aggc ! f>m] 0 protect$ aga9/ imports & aid$ by a b\nty on exports4 ,9 #agch ,"l ,lyttelton wrote3 ',9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl&1 g5tlem5's r5ts are s ill paid & ! weight ( taxes lies s heavy ^u !m t ^? :o h no?+ f ! ,c\rt c sc>ce support _! families4'#dbf ,%eep 9 ! damp climate ( ,engl& h always be5 subject to rot1 & 9 #agce !re 01 accord+ to ,ellis1 ! mo/ g5]al rot 9 ! memory ( man ow+ to a v wet season2 &1 z 9 ! disa/r\s ye> ( #ahgi1 :i* mu/ be fre% 9 _m f>m]s' memories1 o!r animals1 de]1 h>es1 & rabbits1 7 affect$ also2 & ! dead bodies ( rott5 %eep 7 s num]\s 9 road & field t ! /5* 0 (f5sive to e "o4 ,ano!r bad outbreak occurr$ 9 #agdg4 ,x is well kn[n t f>m]s are always grumbl]s1 probably ) an eye to ! r5t2 b ev5 9 ^! mu* prais$ times !y app>5tly made small pr(its4 ,! we/ c\ntry f>m] quot$ be=e1 :o _h be5 fifty ye>s on ! same e/ate1 & writes ) ! /amp ( s9c]ity1 admits 9 #agcg t ') all ! skill & dilig5ce 9 ! _w he c h>dly keep ! c>t ^u ! :eels4 ,wool _h gone d[n1 :eat didn't pay & grazi]s 7 do+ badly2 ?o' =m]ly our cattle & wool 0 always a sure c>d'4 ,he says t ! pr(its ( graz+ 7 reckon$ at "o-?ird ( ! improvem5t t ensu$ f ! graz+1 b ! grazi] 0 n n[ gett+ ?is4 ,he attribut$ mu* ( ! di/ress1 h[ev]1 to ! extravagance ( ! times4 ,l&lords1 includ+ 8 own1 pref]r$ ,london to ! c\ntry1 & sp5t _! money !re4 ,h[ diff]5t 0 ! behavi\r ( 8 l&lord's gr&fa!r4 ',_m a "t w\ld 8 wor%ip s5d = me to g a-hunt+ or %oot+ ) him2 (t5 w\ld he take me ) him on 8 visits & w\ld introduce me z 8 fri5d4 ,! c\ntry g5tlewoman & ! p>son's wife1 t us$ to /it* = !mselves1 are n[ s hurri$ ) dress+s & visits & o!r attractions t !y hire an ,abigail to d x4' ,he ?\ght1 too1 ! lab\r]s 7 gett+ too high wages2 '!y are s puff$ up by our prov5d] z to (f] u _! heels & ?reat5 on any occasion to leave u to d our "w ourselves4' ,"o w\ld l to he> ! lab\r]s' op9ion on ?is po9t1 b !y 7 dumb4 ,9 spite ( high] wages ! "y m5 & "y wom5 flock$ to ! cities1 & ^? :o rema9 7 lazy & extravagant1 ev5 ! c\ntry w5*es cont5d+ ab\t 'd\ble caps1 huge petticoats1 clock /ock+s1 & o!r trump]y'4#dbg ,! b\nty n[ paid on ! export ( :eat 0 naturally res5t$ by ! common p1 z x rais$ ! price ( _! bread4 ,9 #agcg a load belong+ to ,f>m] ,wat]s ( ,bur=d1 travell+ along ! road to ,r$bridge = exportation1 0 /opp$ ne> ,:ite p>i% by a cr[d ( p :o knock$ d[n ! lead+ horse1 broke ! wagon 9 pieces1 cut ! sacks1 & /rew$ ab\t ! corn1 ) ?reats t !y w\ld d ! l to all :o sold :eat to export4#dbh ,:ile ,engl& 0 pay+ f>m]s to export :eat %e 0 also import+1 ?\gh 9 pl5tiful ye>s import]s _h a v bad "t4 ,9 #agcj !re 7 ly+ at ,liv]pool #cc1jjj w9dles 7a w9dle--#bbj lb47 ( import$ corn1 unsaleable ow+ to ! great crop 9 ,engl&4#dbi ,! ye> #agdj 0 di/+ui%$ by "o ( ! sev]e/ w9t]s on record4 ,f ,janu>y #a to ,febru>y #e ! !rmomet] seldom rea*$ #cb1 & ! cold 0 s int5se t h5s & ducks1 ev5 cattle 9 _! /alls di$ ( x1 trees 7 split asund]1 cr[s & o!r birds fell to ! gr\nd froz5 9 _! flight4 ,?is extraord9>y w9t] 0 foll[$ by a cold & late spr+2 no v]dure _h appe>$ by ,may2 9 ,july x 0 /ill cold1 & ?\s&s ( acres ( turnips rott$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,among m9or mis=tunes may be notic$ ! sw>ms ( gras%opp]s :o deva/at$ ! pa/ures ne> ,bri/ol at ! end ( ,augu/ #agdb1dcj & ! sw>ms ( locu/s :o came to ,engl& 9 #agdh & consum$ ! vegetables4#dca ,! cattle plague ( #agdedcb 0 s sev]e t ow+ to ! sc>city ( /ock great quantities ( grass l& 7 pl\gh$ up1 :i* help$ to acc\nt = ! fact t 9 #agej ! export ( corn f ,engl& rea*$ its maximum2 ?\gh ! ma9 cause ( ?is 0 ! long s]ies ( excell5t seasons t set 9 aft] #agdj4dcc ,! cattle plague also rag$ 9 #aged 9 spite ( an ,ord] 9 ,c\ncil t all infect$ cattle %\ld be %ot & buri$ #d ft4 deep1 & pit*1 t>1 ros91 & gunp[d] burnt :]e infect$ cattle _h di$1 & c[-h\ses wa%$ ) v9eg> & wat]4 ,su* 7 ! sanit>y precautions ( ! "t4#dcd ,9 #agef came ano!r bad ye>1 corn 0 s sc>ce t !re 7 _m riots2 ! k+ express$ to ,p>liam5t 8 conc]n at ! suff]+ ( ! poor1 & ! export ( corn 0 tempor>ily prohibit$4 ,! fluctuations 9 price are rem>kable3 9 #agef1 be=e ! defici5cy ( ! h>ve/ 0 realiz$1 :eat 0 #bbs4 & x w5t up at ! foll[+ rate3 ,jan41 #ageg1 #dis42 ,feb41 #eas42 ,m>*1 #eds42 ,april1 #fds42 ,june1 #gbs4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury1 if we may judge f ! ,compleat ,cyd]man writt5 9 #aged by exp]i5c$ h&s liv+ 9 ,devon1 ,cornwall1 ,h]e=d%ire1 & else:]e1 fruit-gr[+ receiv$ an am\nt ( att5tion :i* dim9i%$ greatly 9 aft] ye>s4 ,! au?ors fully realiz$ t an or*>d "u tillage causes apple trees to gr[ z fa/ aga9 z "u grass1 & ?is 0 well und]/ood & practis$ 9 ,k5t1 :]e crops ( corn 7 gr[n betwe5 ! trees4 ,a ,devon%ire 'cyd]i/' urg$ t or*>ds %\ld be well %elt]$ f ! ea/ w9ds1 :i* 'br+ ov] ! n>r[ sea sw>ms ( imp]ceptible eggs1 or insects 9 ! air1 f ! va/ tracts ( ,t>t>ian & o!r l&s1 f :i* proce$$ inf9ite numb]s ( lice1 flies1 bugs1 cat]pill>s1 cobwebs1 c4' ,! be/ protection 0 a scre5 ( trees1 & ! be/ tree = ! purpose1 a p]ry pe> tree4 ,9 ! h>d fro/s ( #agji1 #agaf1 & #agdj great numb]s ( fruit & o!r trees _h be5 de/roy$4 ,9 ,devon :at 0 call$ ! ',s\?ams me?od' 0 us$ = top-dress+ ! roots ( old apple trees1 :i* 0 done 9 ,novemb] ) soil f ! roads & dit*es1 or lime or *alk1 laid on furze sometimes1 #f in*es ?ick1 = #d or #e ft4 all r\nd ! trees4 ,great att5tion 0 paid !re to keep+ ! heads ( fruit trees 9 good ord]1 s t bran*es did n int]f]e ) ea* o!r1#dce & ! heads 7 made to spread z mu* z possible4 ,_m ( ! trees 7 gr[n ) ! fir/ bran*es comm5c+ #d ft4 #f 94 f ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 claim$ t ,devon excell$ all o!r p>ts ( ,engl& 9 ! managem5t ( fruit trees1 a reputation t 0 n ma9ta9$1 accord+ to ! works ( half a c5tury lat]4 ,! be/ cid] apple ,9 ! c\nty !n 0 ! ,:ite-s\r1 :ite 9 col\r1 ( a middl+ size1 & e>ly ripe2 o!r good ones 7 ! ',deux-,anns1 ,j]sey1 ,fr5* ,longtail1 ,royal ,wild+1 ,culv]+1 ,russet1 ,holl& ,pipp91 & ,c[ley ,crab4' ,9 ,h]e=d%ire x 0 ! cu/om to op5 ! e>? ab\t ! roots ( ! apple trees & lay !m b>e & expos$ = ! 'twelve days ( ! ,*ri/mas holidays'1 t ! w9d might loos5 !m4 ,!n !y 7 cov]$ ) a compo/ ( dung1 m\ld1 & a little lime4 ',! be/ way' to plant 0 to take (f ! turf & lay x by itself1 !n ! next e>? or virg9 m\ld1 to be laid also by itself4 ,next put horse litt] ov] ! bottom ( ! hole ) "s ( ! virg9 m\ld on t1 on :i* place ! tree1 scatt]+ "s m virg9 m\ld ov] ! roots1 !n spread "s old horse-dung ov] ?is & ^u t ! turf1 leav+ x 9 a bas9 %ape4 ,! gr\nd betwe5 ! trees 9 ,devon%ire 9 "y or*>ds 0 fir/ plant$ ) cabbage plants1 next ye> ) potatoes1 next ) beans1 & s on until ! heads ( ! trees became l>ge en\gh1 :5 ! l& 0 all[$ to return to pa/ure1 a proce$+ :i* 0 q contr>y to _! previ\sly quot$ ass]tion t tillage 0 be/ = fruit trees4 ,! cid]-mak]s 7 q conv9c$1 z _m are to-day1 t rott5 apples 7 invaluable = cid]1 & ! lady :o 0 fam\s = ! be/ cid] 9 ! c\nty nev] all[$ "o to be ?r[n away4 ,a g5]ation lat] ?an ?is ,m>%all#dcf not$ t 9 ,h]e=d%ire ! managem5t ( or*>ds & _! produce 0 f> f be+ well und]/ood1 ?\gh 'x has ev] borne ! "n ( ! fir/ cid] c\nty'4 ,all ! old fruits 7 lo/ or decl9+ 9 quality1 ! fam\s ,r$ ,/reak ,apple 0 giv5 up & ! ,squa% ,pe> no long] made to fl\ri%4 ,z = prices1 9 #agjg apples 7 sell+ at ,liv]pool = #bs4 #f;d4 a bu%el1#dcg a v good price if we all[ = ! diff]5ce 9 ! value ( money1 b prices !n 7 entirely dep5d5t on ! ,engli% seasons2 no =eign apples 7 import$1 & a night's fro/ w\ld treble prices 9 a day4 ,9 #agdb at ,aspall ,hall1 ,suffolk1 apples1 app>5tly = cid]1 7 #aj;d4 a bu%el1 9 #agde #as4 a bu%el1 9 #agdf only #d;d41 & 9 #agdg cid] !re 0 wor? #f;d4 a gallon4#dch ,at ! end ( ! c5tury1 9 '! great hit' ( #aghd1 common apples 7 less ?an #f;d4 a bu%el1 ! be/ ab\t #bs4 9 #aghf ! price 0 twice z high1 ow+ to a %ort crop4 ,incid5tally !re is m5tion$ 9 ! ,compleat ,cyd]man a novel implem5t1 'a mo/ pr(itable new inv5t$ five-hoe pl\gh1 t aft] ! gr\nd has be5 once pl\gh$ ) a common pl\gh w pl\gh f\r or five acres 9 "o day ) only f\r horses1 & by a little alt]ation is fitt$ to hoe turnips or rape crops z x is n[ practis$ by ! ord9>y f>m]s'2 mu* too fav\rable an e/imate ( ! ord9>y f>m]1 z ,"y f\nd horse-hoe+ r>e4 ,an acre ( good or*>d l& at ?is "t 0 let at #b an acre2 & ?is is a fair balance %eet = an acre#dci3-- ,,dr4 s4 d4 ,r5t ( "o acre #b #j #j ,ti! on #aj hog%eads1 #f;d4 #e #j ,ga!r+1 mak+1 & c>riage to & f ! p\nd1 #cs4 #f;d4 a hog%ead #a #ae #j ,rack+ twice1 #f;d4 #e #j ,casks & coop]age #h #j --------- #d #ac #j ,,cr4 s4 d4 #aj hog%eads dim9i%$ by rack+ & wa/e to #h1 #abs4 #f;d4 #e #j #j ,leav+ a balance ( #gs4 = spoil+1 c41 s !re 0 n mu* pr(it 9 cid]-mak+ !n4 ,! same au?ority sets d[n ! co/ ( plant+ an acre ( apples z3-- s4 d4 #acb trees1 #bs4 #ac #d #j 7,! cu/om _h be5 to plant #afj trees to ! acre1 b ?is 0 consid]$ too close47 ,c>riage p] tree1 #b;d42 manure p] tree1 #c;d42 plant+ p] tree1 #c;d4 #d #h #j ,int]e/ on #ag #abs4 #j;d4 = fifte5 ye>s be=e or*>d is pr(itable1 #e p] c5t4 #ac #b #f ,loss ( half ! r5t ( ! l& = ! same p]iod1 #ajs4 an acre #g #aj #j ,build+ cell>age = product p] acre #e #j #j --------- #dc #d #f ,= ?is outlay ! l&[n] w\ld ga9 an additional r5t ( #a a ye>1 s t1 accord+ to ?is au?ority1 gr[+ cid] fruit at t "t paid nei!r l&lord nor t5ant4 ,,footnotes3 #dbc ,f>m]'s ,lett]s1 i4 #aj4 #dbd ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#crd ,s]ies71 iii4 #a4 #dbe ,see ! ,hyp ,doctor1 ,no4 #di4 #dbf ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 i4 #db4 #dbg ,cf4 ?is & ,tull's "* ( s]vants ) ,defoe's accusation ( _! laz9ess4 #dbh ,salisbury newspap]1 quot$ by ,bak]1 ,seasons & ,prices1 p4 #ahg4 #dbi ,see ,autobiography ( ,wm4 ,/\t1 ed4 by ,j4 ,h>l&4 #dcj ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #agdb4 #dca ,bak]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aid4 #dcb ,a ,def5ce ( ! ,f>m]s ( ,great ,brita9 7#ahad71 p4 #cj4 #dcc ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 i4 #db4 #dcd ,see a curi\s pamphlet call$ ,an ,exhortation to all ,p to ,consid] ! ,afflict+ ,h& ( ,god 7#aged71 p4 #f4 ,! plague la/$ f #agde to #agef4 #dce ,! ,compleat ,cyd]man1 p4 #df4 #dcf ,rural ,economy ( ,gl\ce/]%ire 7#aghh71 ii4 #bjf4 #dcg ,blundell's ,di>y1 p4 #ee4 #dch ,,ms4 acc\nts ( ,mr4 ,*evalli]1 ( ,aspall ,hall4 #dci ,! ,case ) ! ,c\nty ( ,devon ) respect to ! ,new ,excise ,duty on ,cid] 7#agfc74 ,! duty 0 #ds4 a hog%ead1 b ! opposition 0 s /rong x 0 tak5 (f4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi #agfe-agic ,,ar?ur ,,"y4--,,crops ,,& ,,_! ,,co/4--,,! ,,lab\r]s' ,,wages ,,& ,,diet4--,,! ,,prosp]ity ,,( ,,f>m]s4--,,! ,,c\ntry ,,squire4--,,elk+ton4--,,bakewell4--,,! ,,roads4--,,coke ,,( ,,holkham4 ,! hi/ory ( ,engli% agriculture 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury has be5 s well describ$ by ,ar?ur ,"y t any acc\nt ( x at t "t mu/ l>gely be an epitome ( 8 writ+s4 ,! greate/ ( ,engli% writ]s on agriculture 0 born 9 #agda1 & began f>m+ e>ly2 b1 z he confesses himself1 0 a complete failure4 ,:5 he 0 tw5ty-six he took a f>m ( #cjj acres at ,sam=d ,hall 9 ,essex1 & aft] five ye>s ( x paid a f>m] #ajj to take x (f 8 h&s1 :o !reupon made a =tune out ( x4 ,he _h already begun writ+ on agriculture1 & x mu/ be confess$ t he began to advise p conc]n+ ! art ( agriculture on a v limit$ exp]i5ce4 ,x paid him1 h[ev]1 mu* bett] ?an f>m+1 = betwe5 #agff & #agge he realiz$ #c1jjj on 8 works1 among :i* 7 ,! ,f>m]'s ,lett]s1 ,! ,s\!rn1 ,nor!rn1 & ,ea/]n ,t\rs4 ,^! are 8 qualifications = writ+ on agriculture1 f 8 own p53 ',i h be5 a f>m] ^! _m ye>s' 7he 0 n yet ?irty71 '& t n 9 a s+le field or two b ^u a tract ( ne> #cjj acres mo/ "p ( ! "t4 ,i h cultivat$ on v>i\s soils mo/ ( ! vegetables common 9 ,engl& & _m nev] introduc$ into field husb&ry4 ,i h always kept a m9ute regi/] ( my bus9ess 9 e detail ( culture1 exp5ses1 & produce1 & an accurate comp>ison ( ! old & new husb&ry4'#ddj ,x is said t ?\gh he really und]/ood ! !ory & practice ( f>m+ he fail$ utt]ly 9 small economies4 ,he 0 also f> too vivaci\s & fond ( society = ! monoton\s "w ( ! pla9 f>m]4 ,at ! same "t 8 failures gave 8 obs]vant m9d a cle> insight into ! pr9ciples ( agriculture4 ,he 0 indefatigable 9 inquiries1 rese>*es1 & exp]im5ts2 & ! be/ pro( ( ! value ( 8 works is t !y 7 translat$ into ,russian1 ,g]man1 & ,fr5*4 ,he tells u 9 ! preface to ,rural ,economy t 8 con/ant employm5t = ! previ\s sev5 ye>s1 ':5 out ( my fields1 has be5 regi/]+ exp]im5ts4' ,8 pet av]sions 7 abs5tee l&lords1 obsolete me?ods ( cultivation1 wa/es & commons1 & small hold+s 7?\gh t[>ds ! end ( 8 life he *ang$ 8 op9ion z to ! la/72 & ! foll[+1 accord+ to him1 7 ! especially ne$$ improvem5ts ( ! "t3-- ,! k ( good rotations ( crops s z to d away ) fall[s1 :i* 0 to be effect$ by ! g5]al use ( turnips1 beans1 peas1 t>es1 clov]1 c41 z prep>ation = :ite corn2 cov]$ dra9s2 m>l+1 *alk+1 & clay+2 irrigation ( mead[s2 cultivation ( c>rots1 cabbages1 potatoes1 sa9fo91 & luc]ne2 pl\gh+1 c41 ) z few cattle z possible2 ! use ( h>ness = ox52 cultivation ( madd5 liquorice1 hemp1 & flax :]e suitable4#dda ,above all1 ! cultivation ( wa/e l&s1 :i* he 0 to live to see s l>gely effect$4 ,!re 0 little k ( ! v>i\s sorts ( grasses at ?is "t1 & to ,"y is due ! cr$it ( introduc+ ! cocksfoot1 & cre/$ dog's tail4 ,9 #agij he contemplat$ retir+ to ,france or ,am]ica1 s heavy 0 taxation 9 ,engl&4 ',m5 ( l>ge =tune & ! poor'1 he said1 9 words :i* _m to-day w he>tily endorse1 'h reason to ?9k ! gov]nm5t ( ?is c\ntry ! fir/ 9 ! _w2 ! middle classes be> ! brunt4' ,p]haps to-day 'm5 ( l>ge =tune' h alt]$ _! op9ion & only '! poor' are satisfi$4 ,h[ev]1 he only visit$ ,france1 & gave u 8 vivid picture ( t c\ntry be=e ! great revolution4 ,9 #agic ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture 0 =m$1 & ,"y 0 made secret>y ) a sal>y ( #djj a ye>4 ,ab\t #ahaj he wrote t ! prec$+ half-c5tury _h be5 by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! progress ( agriculture1 & ascribes ! increase ( int]e/ 9 x to ! publication ( 8 ,t\rs4 ,george ,,iii told him he always took ) him ! ,f>m]'s ,lett]s4 ,! improvem5t1 ,"y said1 _h be5 l>gely due to individual ef=t1 = comm]ce _h be5 pr$om9ant 9 ,p>liam5t & agriculture _h begun to be neglect$2 a /atem5t :i*1 see+ t ,p>liam5t 0 !n almo/ entirely compos$ ( l&[n]s1 mu/ be accept$ ) "s res]ve4 ,"y di$ 9 #ahbj1 hav+ be5 totally bl9d = "s "t1 a mis=tune :i* did n prev5t him work+ h>d4 ,9 8 well-kn[n ,t\rs he (t5 _h mu* difficulty 9 obta9+ in=mation1 & confesses t he 0 =c$ to make m ?an "o f>m] drunk be=e he got any?+ out ( him4 ,! exodus f ! c\ntry to ! t[ns !n1 z s (t5 9 hi/ory1 0 not$ by ?9k+ p1 b ,"y says x 0 m]ely a natural consequ5ce ( ! dem& = pr(itable employm5t & 0 n to be regrett$2 b he wrote 9 a "t :5 ! c\ntry population 0 /ill num]\s1 & !re 0 little dang] ( ,engl& becom+1 :at %e is to-day1 a c\ntry )\t a solid f\ndation1 ) no res]voir ( good c\ntry blood to supply ! wa/e ( ! t[ns4 ,:5 ,"y began to write1 ! example ( ,t[n%5d & 8 contempor>ies 0 be+ foll[$ on all sides1 & ?is good movem5t 0 /imulat$ by ,"y's writ+s4 ,f>m+ 0 ! reign+ ta/e ( ! day4 ,!re 0 sc>ce a nobleman )\t 8 f>m1 mo/ ( ! c\ntry g5tlem5 7 f>m]s1 & att5d$ closely to _! bus9ess in/ead ( leav+ x to /ew>ds1 ':o gov]n$ 9 matt]s ( :eat & b>ley z absolutely z 9 cov5ants ( leases1' & ! squire delight$ 9 sett+ ! c\ntry a />+ at ! novelties he introduc$4 ,ev5 ! /able & ! k5nel 7 ou/$ by f>m+ f rural talk1#ddb & citiz5s :o brea!d ! smoke ( ,london five days a week 7 f>m]s ! o!r two1 & _m "y fell[s ( small =tune :o _h be5 br\ght up 9 ! c\ntry took f>ms1 & ! fa%ion 0 foll[$ by doctors1 lawy]s1 cl]gym51 soldi]s1 sailors1 & m]*ants4 ,! ,am]ican & ,fr5* ,w> ( #agge-hc & ! great conflict ) ,france f #agic to #ahae 71 h[ev]1 to div]t _m ( ! upp] classes f agriculture1 = !y v prop]ly ?\ght _! duty 0 !n to fight = _! c\ntry2 s t we aga9 h num]\s compla9ts ( ag5ts & /ew>ds manag+ e/ates :o knew no?+ :atev] ab\t _! bus9ess4 ,x 0 n to be wond]$ at t all ?is activity br\ght ab\t consid]able progress4 ',!re h be51' said ,"y ab\t #aggj1 'm exp]im5ts1 m discov]ies1 & m g5]al good s5se display$ )9 ^! t5 ye>s ?an 9 a hundr$ prec$+ ones1' a /atem5t :i* p]haps did n atta* suffici5t importance to ! "w ( ,t[n%5d & 8 contempor>ies1 & to ! 'new husb&ry' ( ,tull1 :i* ,"y did n appreciate at its full value4#ddc ,! place subsequ5tly tak5 by ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 & 9 our "t by ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 0 !n occupi$ by ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,comm]ce1 :i* (f]$ premiums = su* objects z ! cultivation ( c>rots 9 ! field = /ock1 !n little practis$2 = ga!r+ ! diff]5t sorts ( grass se$s & keep+ !m clean & free f all mixture ) o!r grasses1 a v r>e ?+ at t "t2 = exp]im5ts 9 ! comp>ative m]its ( ! old & new husb&ry2 = ! gr[? ( madd]2 #bj = a turnip-slic+ ma*9e1 !n app>5tly unkn[n1 & = exp]im5ts :e!r roll+ or h>r[+ grass l& 0 bett]1 'at pres5t "o ( ! mo/ disput$ po9ts ( husb&ry4' ,9 spite ( ?is progress1 _m crops introduc$ ye>s be=e 7 unkn[n to _m f>m]s4 ,sa9fo91 cabbages1 potatoes1 c>rots1 7 n common crops 9 e "p ( ,engl&1 ?\gh e "o ( !m 0 well kn[n 9 "s "p or o!r2 n m ?an half1 or at mo/ two-?irds1 ( ! nation cultivat$ clov]4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 ( ! nobility & g5try 9 ! nor? _h gr[n cabbages ) amaz+ success1 lately1 #cj gu9eas an acre be+ sometimes ! value ( ! crop4 ,half ! cultivat$ l&s1 9 spite ( ! progress ( enclosure = c5turies1 7 /ill f>m$ on ! old common-field sy/em4 ,:5 any?+ out ( ! common 0 to be done on common f>ms1 all common "w came to a /&/ill4 ',to c>ry out corn /ops ! pl\ghs1 p]haps at a critical season2 ! fall[s are frequ5tly se5 ov]run ) we$s because x is se$ "t2 9 a ^w1 "s bus9ess is ev] neglect$4'#ddd ,z = ! outcry aga9/ enclos+ commons & wa/es1 p =got t ! f>m]s z well z ! poor _h a "r ( common & took special c>e by _! l>ge numb] ( /ock to />ve e animal ! poor put on ! common4#dde ,ab\t ! same "t t ,"y wrote ^! words !re appe>$ a pamphlet writt5 by ',a ,c\ntry ,g5tleman' on ! advantages & disadvantages ( enclos+ wa/e l&s & common fields1 :i* puts ! argum5ts aga9/ enclosure v =cibly4#ddf ,! writ]'s op9ion 0 t x 0 cle>ly to ! l&[n]'s ga9 to promote enclosures1 b t ! impropriator ( ti!s reap$ mo/ b5efit & ! small freehold] lea/1 because 8 exp5ses increas$ inv]sely to ! smallness ( 8 allotm5t4 ,z to dim9ution ( employm5t1 he reckon$ t enclos$ arable employ$ ab\t t5 families p] #a1jjj acres1 op5 field arable tw5ty families1 a /atem5t oppos$ to ! op9ion ( ne>ly all ! agricultural writ]s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,x is surely an inconte/able fact t enclos$ l& meant mu* bett] tillage1 & bett] tillage meant m lab\r1 ! excessive am\nt ( fall[ necess>y "u ! common-field sy/em1 f ! inability to gr[ roots except by special arrangem5t1 is alone en\gh to prove ?is4 ,! same writ] admitt$ t common pa/ures1 wa/es1 c41 employ$ only "o family p] #b1jjj acres1 b enclos$ pa/ure five families p] #a1jjj acres1 & enclos$ wa/es sixte5 families4 ,a ',c\ntry ,f>m]'1 :o wrote 9 #aghf1 /ates t _m ( ! small f>m]s displac$ by enclosures sold _! few possessions & emigrat$ to ,am]ica4#ddg ,! gr[+ manufactur+ t[ns also absorb$ a consid]able numb]4 ,t !re 0 a consid]able am\nt ( h>d%ip inflict$ on small hold]s & common]s is c]ta91 b indu/rial progress is frequ5tly att5d$ by ! dislocation ( indu/ry & consequ5t di/ress2 ! introduction ( ma*9]y1 = in/ance1 (t5 caus+ great suff]+ to h&-work]s1 b ev5tually b5efit+ ! :ole community4 ,h[ _m m5 has ! self-b9d+ reap+ ma*9e ?r[n = a "t out ( "w8 ,s enclosure caus$ di/ress to _m individuals1 b 0 = ! good ( ! :ole nation4 ,! hi/ory ( enclosure is really ! hi/ory ( progress 9 f>m+2 ! conv]sion ( l& badly till$ 9 ! old common fields1 & ( wa/e l& little m valuable ?an ! prairies2 into well-manag$ fruitful f>ms4 ,t mu* ( ! common-field l& :5 enclos$ 0 laid d[n to grass is c]ta9ly true1 & c]ta9ly inevitable if x paid be/ "u grass4#ddh ,no "o c expect ! hold]s ( l& naturally be/ suit$ = grass to keep x "u tillage = philan?ropic purposes4 ,a va/ numb] ( ! common]s too 7 idle ?riftless be+s1 ^: rights on a few acres enabl$ !m to live a life ( pilf]+ & poa*+2 & x 0 a v good ?+ :5 su* p 7 induc$ to lead a m regul> & respectable exi/5ce4 ,! great blot on ! process 0 t x made ! ,engli% lab\r] a l&less man4 ,comp5sation 0 giv5 him at ! "t ( enclosure 9 ! %ape ( allotm5ts or sums ( money1 b ! =m] he 0 g5]ally compell$ to give up ow+ to ! exp5se he _h be5 put to at allotm5t1 & ! latt] he (t5 sp5t 9 ! public-h\se4 ,at ?is date ! proprietors ( l>ge e/ates :o wi%$ to enclose by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 g5]ally settl$ all ! p>ticul>s among !mselves be=e call+ any meet+ ( ! re/ ( ! proprietors4 ,! small proprietor _h v little say ei!r 9 regulat+ ! clauses ( ! ,act1 or 9 ! *oice ( commission]s4 ,any own] ( "o-fif? ( ! l&1 h[ev]1 c\ld negative ! measure & (t5 us$ 8 "r to impose unreasonable clauses4 ,x is well kn[n t ! legal exp5ses & f5c+ 7 v co/ly4 ,! enclosure commission]s too (t5 divid$ ! l& 9 an arbitr>y & ignorant mann]1 & !re 0 no appeal f !m except by fil+ a bill 9 ,*anc]y4 ,acc\nts 7 h>dly ev] %[n by ! commission]s1 & if a proprietor refus$ to pay ! sums levi$ !y 7 emp[]$ to di/ra9 imm$iately4 ,all ^! evils att5d+ enclosure made _m :o 7 eag] to b5efit by x v *>y 9 comm5c+ x4#ddi ,!n1 z n[1 "o ( ! commone/ errors ( f>m]s 0 t ( tak+ too mu* l& = _! capital2 ,"y consid]$ #f an acre necess>y on an av]age1 equal to m ?an #ab to-day2 a sum :i* few f>m]s at any "t h 9 h& :5 !y take a f>m4 ,z = g5tlem5 f>m]s1 :o 7 !n ru%+ into ! bus9ess1 !y 7 w>n$ t !y _h no *ance ( success if !y kept any company or amus$ !mselves ) any?+ b _! own bus9ess1 unless p]haps !y _h a good bailiff4 ,lime1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( manures1 0 !n ! mo/ commonly us$ 9 ,engl&1 #hj to #ajj loads an acre be+ a common dress+1 b _m f>m]s 7 v ignorant ( its prop] use4 ,m>l1 :i* to-day is seldom us$1 0 consid]$ to la/ = tw5ty ye>s1 ?\gh = ! fir/ ye> no b5efit 0 obs]vable1 & v little ! second & ! ?ird1 its value !n becom+ v app>5t4 ,9 ! la/ five ye>s1 h[ev]1 its value 0 ne>ly worn out4 ,b x 0 mu* to be que/ion$ :e!r m>l 9 its be/ /ate any:]e yields an increase ( produce equal to t :i* a good manur+ ( dung w give4#dej ,m>l 0 appli$ 9 huge quantities on arable & grass1 & (t5 made ! latt] look l arable l& s ?ickly 0 x spread4 ,at ?is date 7#aggj7 ! av]age crops on poor1 & on good l& 7#dea3 ,on l& wor? #es4 an acre3 ,:eat #ab bu%els p] acre4 ,rye #af ,b>ley #af ,oats #bj ,turnips1 to ! value ( #a4 ,clov] ,on l& wor? #bjs4 an acre3 ,:eat #bh bu%els p] acre4 ,b>ley #dj ,oats #dh ,beans #dj ,turnips1 to ! value ( #c4 ,clov] ,! co/ ( cultivat+ ! latt]1 :i* may be giv5 9 full1 z x af=ds an excell5t example ( ! price ( gr[+ v>i\s crops1 & ! me?ods ( _! cultivation at ?is p]iod1 0 z foll[s3 ,fir/ ye>1 turnips3 s4 d4 ,r5t #a #j #j ,ti! & 't[n *>ges' #h #j ,five pl\gh+s1 #ds4 #a #j #j ,?ree h>r[+s #a #j ,se$ #f ,s[+ #c ,twice h&-hoe+ #g #j ----------- #b #af #i ,x w be notic$ !re 0 no horse-hoe+4 ,second ye>1 b>ley3 s4 d4 ,r5t1 ti!1 c4 #a #h #j ,?ree pl\gh+s #ab #j ,?ree h>r[+s #a #j ,se$ #h #j ,s[+ #c ,m[+ & h>ve/+ #c #j ,wat] furr[+ #f ,?re%+1 #as4 a qu>t] #e #j ----------- #b #ag #i ,?ird ye>1 clov]3 s4 d4 ,r5t1 c4 #a #h #j ,se$ #e #j ,s[+ #c ---------- #a #ac #c ,f\r? ye>1#deb :eat3 s4 d4 ,r5t1 c4 #a #h #j ,"o pl\gh+ #d #j ,?ree h>r[+s #a #j ,se$ #aj #j ,s[+ #c ,wat] furr[+ #i ,?i/l+ #a #f ,reap+ & h>ve/+ #g #j ,?re%+1 #bs4 a qu>t] #g #j ---------- #b #ai #f ,fif? ye>1 beans3 s4 d4 ,r5t1 c4 #a #h #j ,two pl\gh+s #h #j ,se$1 #b bu%els #h #j ,s[+ #f ,twice h&-hoe+ #ab #j ,twice horse-hoe+ #c #j ,reap+ & h>ve/+ #h #j ,?re%+ #e #j ---------- #c #ab #f ,six? ye>1 oats3 s4 d4 ,r5t1 c4 #a #h #j ,once pl\gh+ #d #j ,two h>r[+s #h ,f\r bu%els ( se$ #f #j ,s[+ #c ,m[+ & h>ve/+ #c #j ,?re%+1 #as4 a qu>t] #f #j ---------- #b #g #aa ,good l& at a high r5t is always bett] ?an poor l& at a l[ r5t2 ! av]age pr(it p] acre on #es4 l& 0 !n ab\t #hs4 #h;d41 on #bjs4 l&1 #bis4 ,grass 0 mu* m pr(itable ?an tillage1 ! pr(it on #bj acres ( arable 9 n9e ye>s am\nt$ to #hh1 :]eas on grass x 0 #bab1 or #is4 #i;d4 an acre p] annum = ! =m] & #bcs4 = ! latt]4#dec ,yet dairy+1 at all ev5ts1 0 !n on ! :ole badly manag$ & unpr(itable4 ,! av]age c[ ate #b-a_/b acres ( grass1 & ! r5t ( ?is ) lab\r & o!r exp5ses made ! co/ #e a ye> p] c[1 & its av]age produce 0 n wor? m ?an #e #fs4 #c;d4#ded ,?is scanty pr(it 0 due to ! fact t few f>m]s us$ roots1 cabbages1 c41 = _! c[s1 & to _! wrong managem5t ( pigs1 kept on ! surplus dairy food4 ,by good managem5t ! nett return c\ld be made z mu* z #d #aes4 #j;d4 p] c[4 ,! managem5t ( %eep 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& 0 wret*$4 ,9 ,nor?umb]l& ! pr(it 0 reckon$ at #as4 a head1 p>tly d]iv$ f *eese made f ewes' milk4 ,! fleeces av]ag$ #b lb41 & ! wool 0 s bad z n to be wor? m ?an #c;d4 or #d;d4 p] lb4#dee ,pigs c\ld be made to pay well1 z ! foll[+ acc\nt te/ifies3 ,food & produce ( a s[ 9 "o ye> 7#agfc71 :i* produc$ sev5 pigs 9 ,april & elev5 9 ,octob]3 ,,dr4 s4 d4 ,gra9s #aj #d ,cutt+ a litt] #a #f #e qu>t]s peas #e #b #j #aj bu%els b>ley #a #j #j ,exp5ses 9 sell+#def #aa #f #aj bu%els peas #a #f #c ---------- #h #aa #g ,,cr4 s4 d4 ,a pig #b #c ,a fat hog #a #i #j ,ano!r1 #aaj lb4 wt4 #a #ab #i ,ano!r1 #aaf lb4 wt4 #b #j #j ,heads #e #c #c fat hogs #f #g #j #a fat hog #b #j #j #aj "y pigs #d #af #f ----------- #ah #ab #i #h #aa #g ----------- ,pr(it #aj #a #b ,we h se5 t ,"y ?\ght little ( ! 'new husb&ry'2 he does n ev5 give ,tull ! cr$it ( inv5t+ ! drill3 ',mr4 ,tull p]haps aga9 inv5t$ x4 ,he practis$ x ^u an ext5t ( gr\nd f> beyond t ( any p]son prec$+ him3 ! _s ( drill+ di$ ) ,mr4 ,tull & 0 n reviv$ till )9 a few ye>s4'#deg ,x 0 d\btful if #ej acres ( corn 7 !n annually drill$ 9 ,engl&4 ,lately drill+ _h be5 reviv$ & !re 7 ke5 disputes z to ! old & new me?ods ( husb&ry1 ! efficacy ( ! new be+ f> f decid$4 ,! cause ( ! sl[ adoption ( drill husb&ry 0 ! inf]iority ( ! drills hi!rto inv5t$4 ,!y 7 complex 9 con/ruction1 exp5sive1 & h>d to procure4 ,x seem$ impossible to make a drill or drill pl\gh z x 0 call$1 = su* x !n 0--a comb9ation ( drill1 pl\gh1 & h>r[--capable ( s[+ at v>i\s dep?s & wid?s1 & at ! same "t light en\gh = ord9>y use4 ,all ! drills hi!rto made 7 too light to /& ! r\gh use ( f>m lab\r]s3 'common pl\ghs & h>r[s ! fell[s tumble ab\t 9 s viol5t a mann] t if !y 7 n /r5g? itself !y w\ld drop to pieces4 ,9 draw+ su* in/rum5ts into ! field ! m5 g5]ally m\nt ! horses1 & drag !m aft] !m2 9 pass+ gateways tw5ty to "o !y draw !m aga9/ ! gate po/4' ,"s ( '^! fell[s' are /ill to be se56 ,ano!r defect 9 drill+ 0 t ! drill pl\gh fill$ up all ! wat] furr[s1 :i*1 at a "t :5 dra9age 0 (t5 neglect$1 7 deem$ ( especial importance1 & !y all _h to be op5$ aga94 ,fur!r1 said ! advocates ( ! old husb&ry1 x 0 a "q :e!r all ! horse-hoe+s1 h&-hoe+s1 & we$+s ( ! new husb&ry1 ?\gh und\bt$ly b5eficial1 really paid4 ,x 0 v h>d to get en\gh lab\r]s = ^! op]ations4 ,) m reason !y object$ to ! pr9ciples ( disc>d+ manure & s[+ a l>ge numb] ( :ite /raw crops 9 succession1 b admitt$ ! new sy/em 0 admirably adapt$ = beans1 turnips1 cabbages1 & luc]ne4 ,h[ev]1 !re 7 _m foll[]s ( ,tull4 ,! ,au?or ( ,diss]tations on ,rural ,subjects#deh ?\ght ! drill pl\gh an excell5t inv5tion1 z x sav$ se$ & facilitat$ hoe+2 b he said ,tull's drill 0 defective 9 t ! di/ances betwe5 ! r[s c\ld n be alt]$1 a defect :i* ! writ] claims to h rem$i$4 ,"y's desire = a /rong] drill seems to h be5 soon answ]$1 z ! same writ] says ! b>rel drill inv5t$ by ,du-,hamel & improv$ by ,craik 0 /rong1 *eap1 & easily manag$4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! latt] half ( ! c5tury 0 decid$ly 9 fav\r ( l>g] f>ms2 x 0 a bad ?+ = ! small hold]s1 b x 0 an economic t5d5cy :i* c\ld n be resi/$4 ,! l>g] f>m]s _h m capital1 7 m able & ready to execute improvem5ts2 !y dra9$ _! l&1 o!rs (t5 did n2 hav+ suffici5t capital !y 7 able bo? to buy & sell to ! be/ advantage & n sacrifice _! produce at a l[ price to meet ! r5t1 z ! small f>m] s (t5 did & does4 ,!y c\ld pay bett] wages & s get bett] m51 kept m /ock & bett]1 & m effici5t implem5ts4 ,!y also _h a great advantage 9 be+ able by _! good teams to haul home pl5ty ( pur*as$ manure1 :i* ! small f>m] (t5 c\ld n d4 ,! small t5ants1 :o _h no by-indu/ry1 !n1 z n[1 _h to "w & live h>d] ?an ! ord9>y lab\r] to pay _! way4 ,"y calculat$ z e>ly z #agfh t ! av]age size ( f>ms ov] ! great] "p ( ,engl& 0 slightly "u #cjj acres4#dei ,9 8 ,t\r 9 ,france ,"y1 speak+ ( ! smallness ( ,fr5* f>ms z comp>$ ) ,engli% ones1 & ( ! consequ5t great inf]iority ( ,fr5* f>m+1 says1 ',:]e is ! little f>m] to be f\nd :o w cov] 8 :ole f>m ) m>l at ! rate ( #ajj to #aej tons p] acre2 :o w dra9 8 l& at ! exp5se ( #b to #c an acre2 :o w1 to improve ! bre$ ( 8 %eep1 give #a1jjj gu9eas = ! use ( a s+le ram = a s+le season2 :o w s5d across ! k+dom to di/ant prov9ces = new implem5ts & = m5 to use !m8 ,d$uct f agriculture all ! practices t h made x fl\ri%+ 9 ?is isl&1 & y h precisely ! managem5t ( small f>ms4' ,9 #ahfh ! ,report ( ! ,commission on ! ,agriculture ( ,france#dfj agre$ ) ,"y1 not+ ! grave consequ5ces ( ! excessive subdivision ( l&1 loss ( "t1 wa/e ( lab\r1 difficulties 9 rotation ( crops1 & ( lib]ty ( cultivation4 ,= /ock+ an arable f>m ( #gj acres ,"y consid]$ ! foll[+ exp5diture necess>y1 ! items ( :i* give u int]e/+ in=mation z to prices ab\t #aggj3-- s4 d4 ,r5t1 ti!1 & t[n *>ges = fir/ ye> #gj #j #j ,h\sehold furniture #cj #j #j ,wagon #be #j #j ,c>t ) ladd]s #ab #j #j ,tumbril #aj #j #j ,roll] = broad l&s 7( wood7 #b #j #j n>r[ #a #ae #j ,c>t h>ness = #d horses #h #ag #j ,pl\gh #b #af #j #b pl\ghs #c #j #j ,a pair ( h>r[s #a #ae #j ,scre51 bu%el1 fan1 sieves1 =ks1 rakes1 c4 #h #j #j ,dairy furniture #c #j #j #bj sacks #b #aj #j #d horses #cb #j #j ,we> & te>1 & %oe+ "o ye> #ac #j #j ,keep ( #d horses f ,mi*aelmas to ,may ,day1 #bs4 #f;d4 ea* a week #ad #j #j #e c[s #bj #j #j #bj %eep #e #aj #j ,"o s[ #ae #j ,"o s]vant's bo>d & wages = "o ye> #ae #j #j ,a lab\r]'s wages = "o ye> #bj #j #j ,se$ = fir/ ye>1 #db acres1 #aas4 #f;d4 #bd #c #j ,h>ve/ lab\r #a #aj #j ------------ #cbf #aa #j ,or ne>ly #e an acre4 ,ab\t ! same date ! ,complete ,engli% ,f>m] reckon$ t ! occupi] ( a f>m ( #ejj acres 7#cjj arable1 #bjj pa/ure71 ought to h a capital ( #a1ejj1 & e/imat$ t1 aft] pay+ exp5ses & ma9ta9+ 8 family1 he c\ld put by #ej a ye>2 'b ?is capital 0 mu* beyond :at f>m]s 9 g5]al c atta9 to4'#dfa ,! controv]sy ( horses v]sus ox5 = work+ purposes 0 /ill rag+1 & ,"y fav\r$ ! use ( ox52 = ! food ( horses co/ m1 s did _! h>ness & _! %oe+1 !y are mu* m liable to disease1 & ox5 :5 done ) c\ld be sold = beef4 ,"o /\t lad1 moreov]1 c\ld att5d to #h or #aj ox51 = all he _h to d 0 to put _! fodd] 9 ! racks & clean ! %$2 no rubb+1 no curry+ or dress+ be+ necess>y4 ,no bea/s fatt5$ bett] ?an ox5 t _h be5 work$4 ,a yoke ( ox5 w\ld pl\gh z mu* z a pair ( horses & c>ry a deep] & tru] furr[1 :ile !y 7 j z h&y z horses 9 wagons1 c>ts1 roll]s1 c4 ,william ,m>%all1 ! o!r great agricultural writ] ( ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 agre$ ) ,"y1 yet 9 spite ( all ^! advantages horses 7 cont9ually supplant+ ox54 ,among ! improvem5ts 9 agriculture 0 ! introduction ( broad-:eel$ wagons2 n>r[-:eel$ ones 7 usual1 & ^! on ! turnpikes 7 only all[$ to be drawn by #d horses s t ! load 0 small1 b broad-:eel$ wagons might use #h horses4 ,! co/ ( ! latt] 0 #ej aga9/ #be = ! =m]4#dfb ,"y's op9ion ( ! lab\r+ man1 l ,tull's1 0 n a high "o4 ',i nev] yet knew'1 he says1 '"o in/ance ( any poor man's work+ dilig5tly :ile "y & 9 heal? to escape com+ to ! p>i% :5 ill or old4' ,?is is d\btless too sweep+4 ,!re mu/ h be5 o!rs l ,george ,b>well1 :om ,m>%all tells ( 9 8 ,rural ,economy ( ! ,midl&s1 :o _h br\ght up a family ( five or six sons & daught]s on a wage ( #es4 to #gs4 a week1 & aft] !y 7 out 9 ! _w sav$ en\gh to support him 9 8 old age4 ,! majority1 h[ev]1 long be=e ! cru%+ times ( ! ,fr5* ,w>1 seem to h be5 ?or\ghly demoraliz$ by indiscrim9ate p>i% relief1 & habitually look$ to ! p>i% to ma9ta9 !m 9 sickness & old age4 ,cullum#dfc a few ye>s lat]1 rem>ks on ! poor dem&+ assi/ance )\t ! scruple & delicacy !y us$ to h1 & says '! pres5t age seems to aim at aboli%+ all subord9ation & dep5d5ce & r$uc+ all ranks z ne> a level z possible4'6 ,idl5ess1 drunk5ness1 & :at 0 !n (t5 look$ on ) disgu/ & contempt1 excessive tea-dr9k+1 7 rife4 ,tea !n 0 v exp5sive1 #hs4 or #ajs4 a lb4 be+ an ord9>y price1 s t ! poor _h to put up ) a v mu* adult]at$ article1 mo/ p]nici\s to heal?4 ,! immod]ate use ( ?is 0 /at$ to h worse effects ?an ! immod]ate use ( spirits4 ,! consumption ( x 0 l>gely caus$ by ! defici5cy ( ! milk supply1 ow+ to ! decrease ( small f>ms2 ! l>ge f>m]s did n retail su* small commodities z milk & butt]1 b s5t !m to ! t[ns s t ! poor (t5 w5t )\t4#dfd ,9 #agfg ,"y f\nd wages diff]+ accord+ to ! di/ance f ,london#dfe3-- s4 d4 #bj miles f ,london !y 7 p] week #aj #i ,f #bj to #fj #g #h #fj to #aaj #f #d #aaj to #agj #f #c ,giv+ an av]age ( #gs4 #i;d4 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 (t5 exce$$ z !re 0 mu* piece-"w :i* enabl$ ! m5 to e>n m4 ,"y drew up a diet>y = a lab\r]1 8 wife1 & a family ( ?ree *ildr51 :i* he decl>$ to be suffici5t3-- s4 d4 ,food1 #fs4 p] week#dff2 p] ye> #ae #ab #j ,r5t #a #aj #j ,clo!s #b #aj #j ,soap & c&les #a #e #j ,loss ( "t ?r\gh illness1 & m$ic9e #a #j #j ,fuel #b #j #j ---------- #bc #ag #j s4 d4 ,! man's wages 71 #as4 #c;d4 a day1 = ! ye> #ai #aj #j ,! woman's1 #c-c_/d;d4 a day1 = ! ye> #d #ag #f ,! boy ( fifte5 c\ld e>n #i #j #j ,! boy ( t5 c\ld e>n #d #g #f ---------- #cg #ae #j ,:i* w\ld give ! family a surplus ( #ac #ahs4 #j;d4 a ye>4 ,:at ! man's food %\ld consi/ ( is %[n by a li/ ( 'sev5 days' messes = a /\t man'3-- s4 d4 #a/ day4 #b lb4 ( bread made ( :eat1 rye1 & potatoes--'no bread exce$s x' #b ,*eese1 #b oz4 #d;d4 a lb #a_/b ,be]1 #b qu>ts #a #bnd day4 ,?ree messes ( s\p #b #crd day4 ,rice pudd+ #b-a_/b #d? day4 #a_/d lb4 ( fat meat & potatoes bak$ toge!r #b-c_/d ,be] #a #e? day4 ,rice milk #b #f? day4 ,same z fir/ day #c-a_/b #g? day4 ,potatoes1 fat meat1 *eese1 & be] #d --------- #a #i-a_/d ,z ,"y 0 a man ( l>ge practical exp]i5ce we may assume t ?is1 ?\gh x seems a v insuffici5t diet1 0 n unlike ! food ( "s lab\r]s at t date4 ,h[ev]1 ! bread he recomm5ds 0 n t eat5 by a l>ge numb] ( !m4 ,ed5#dfg /ates t 9 #agfd ab\t half ! p ( ,engl& 7 e/imat$ to be us+ :eat5 bread1 & at ! end ( ! c5tury1 al?\gh prices _h ris5 greatly1 he says t 9 ! ,home ,c\nties :eat5 bread 0 univ]sal among ! peasant class4 ,"y1 inde$1 ackn[l$ges t _m insi/$ on :eat5 bread4#dfh ,9 ,suffolk1 accord+ to ,cullum1#dfi pork & bacon 7 ! lab\r]'s delicacies1 bread & *eese 8 ord9>y diet4 ,! nor? ( ,engl& 0 m ?rifty ?an ! s\?4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury b>ley & oat5 bread 7 mu* us$ !re4 ,lanca%ire p f$ l>gely on oat bread1 leav5$ & unleav5$2 ! #ccrd ,regim5t1 :i* w5t by ! "n ( ! ',hav]cake lads'1 0 usually recruit$ f ! ,we/ ,rid+ :]e oat bread 0 9 common use1 & 0 fam\s = hav+ f9e m5 9 its ranks4#dgj ,! lab\r]s ( ! nor? 7 also not$ = _! skill 9 mak+ s\ps 9 :i* b>ley 0 an important +r$i5t4 ,9 _m ( ! s\!rn c\nties tea 0 drunk at breakfa/1 d9n]1 & supp] by ! poor1 (t5 )\t milk or sug>2 b alcoholic liquors 7 also consum$ 9 great quantities1 ! s\!rn] app>5tly always dr9k+ a consid]able am\nt1 ! nor!rn] at r>e int]vals dr9k+ deep4 ,! dr9k+ 9 cid] c\nties seems always to h be5 worse z f> z quantity goes ?an else:]e1 & ! dr9k bills on f>ms 7 enorm\s4 ,m>%all says t 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire dr9k+ a gallon 'bottle'1 g5]ally a little wood5 b>rel1 at a draught 0 no uncommon feat2 & 9 ! ,vale ( ,eve%am a lab\r] :o want$ to be ev5 ) 8 ma/] = %ort paym5t empti$ a two-gallon bottle )\t tak+ x f 8 lips4 ,ev5 ?is feat 0 excell$ by 'f\r well-season$ yeom51 :o resolv$ to h a fre% hog%ead tapp$1 & sett+ foot to foot empti$ x at "o sitt+4'#dga ,yet 9 ! be]-dr9k+ c\nties great quantities 7 consum$2 a gallon a day p] man all ! ye> r\nd be+ no uncommon all[ance4#dgb ,! sup]ior ?rift ( ! nor? 0 %[n 9 clo!s z well z food1 ! midl& & s\!rn lab\r] at ! end ( ! c5tury buy+ all 8 clo!s1 ! nor!rn] mak+ !m almo/ all at home2 !re 7 _m respectable families 9 ! nor? :o _h nev] b\ght a pair ( /ock+s1 coat1 or wai/coat 9 _! lives1 & a pur*as$ coat 0 consid]$ a m>k ( extravagance & pride4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ,"y's diet>y is t gre5 vegetables are absolutely ignor$4 ,! peasant 0 suppos$ to ne$ !m z little z 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,h[ev]1 ,"y admits t v few lab\r]s liv$ z *eaply z ?is1 & he f\nd ! actual ord9>y budget = ! same family to be3-- s4 d4 ,food1 p] week1 #gs4 #f;d42 p] ye> #ai #aj #j ,be] #as4 #f;d4 #c #ah #j ,soap & c&les #a #e #j ,r5t #a #aj #j ,clo!s #b #aj #j ,fuel #b #j #j ,illness1 c4 #a #j #j ,infant #b #ab #j ---------- #cd #e #j ,?is1 ) ! same ,income z be=e1 left him ) a surplus ( #c #ajs4 #j;d42 b z x 0 n likely 8 wife c\ld "w all ! ye> r\nd1 or t bo? 8 elde/ *ildr5 %\ld be boys1 x appe>s t 8 exp5ses mu/ (t5 h exce$$ 8 income4 ,?is be+ s1 x is n surpris+ t he 0 (t5 drunk5 & reckless1 & ready to come on ! p>i% = relief4 ,to lab\r incessantly1 (t5 ) wife & boys1 to live v poorly1 yet n ev5 make bo? ends meet1 0 en\gh to kill all _s 9 any "o4 ,a great evil f :i* ! lab\r] suff]$ 0 ! re/rictions ?r[n on him ( settl+ 9 ano!r p>i%4 ,if he desir$ to take 8 lab\r to a bett] m>ket he (t5 f\nd x clos$ to him4 ,8 m>riage 0 disc\rag$1#dgc because a s+le man did n want a cottage & a m>ri$ "o did4 ,to ease ! rates !re 0 op5 w> aga9/ cottages1 & _m 7 pull$ d[n4#dgd ,if a lab\r] 9 a p>i% to :i* he did n legally belong signifi$ 8 int5tion ( m>ry+1 he imm$iately _h notice to quit ! p>i% & retire to 8 own1 unless he c\ld procure a c]tificate t nei!r he nor 8 w\ld be *>geable4 ,if he w5t to 8 own p>i% he came (f v badly1 = !y didn't want him1 & cottages be+ sc>ce he probably _h to put up ) %>+ "o ) "o or m families4 ,s5sible m5 cri$ out = ! total abolition ( ! poor laws1 ! wor/ effects ( :i* 7 /ill to be felt4 ,yet !re 0 a consid]able migration ( lab\r at h>ve/ "t :5 additional h&s 7 ne$$4 ,lab\r]s came f neighb\r+ c\nties1 artisans left _! work%ops 9 ! t[ns1 ,scots came to ! ,nor!rn c\nties1 ,wel%m5 to ! we/]n1 & ,iri%m5 appe>$ 9 _m p>ts2 & !y 7 z a rule suppli$ by a contractor4#dge ,london 0 reg>d$ z a s\rce ( great evil to ! c\ntry by attract+ ! "y & en]getic ?i!r4 ,x us$1 m5 said1 to be no su* easy matt] to get !re :5 a /age coa* 0 f\r or five days creep+ #ajj miles & f>es 7 high2 b 9 #aggj a c\ntry fell[ #ajj miles f ,london jump$ on a coa* 9 ! morn+ & = #hs4 or #ajs4 got to t[n by night1 '& t5 times ! boa/s are s\nd$ 9 ! e>s ( c\ntry fools by ^? :o h se5 ,london to induce !m to quit _! heal?y clean fields = a region ( dirt1 /9k1 & noise4' ,a prejudice might well h be5 ent]ta9$ aga9/ ! metropolis at ?is "t1 = x lit]ally dev\r$ ! p ( ,engl&1 ! dea?s exce$+ ! bir?s by #h1jjj a ye>4 ,"o ( ! causes t _h hi!rto kept p f ,london 0 ! dread ( ! small-pox1 b t 0 n[ said to be remov$ by inoculation4 ,among ! tr\bles f>m]s _h to cont5d ) 7 ! audaci\s depr$ations caus$ by poa*]s1 g5]ally lab\r]s1 :o sw>m$ 9 _m villages4 ,!y took ! f>m]'s horses out ( 8 fields aft] !y _h done a h>d day's "w & rode !m all night to drive ! game into _! nets1 blund]+ ov] ! h$ges1 sometimes /ak+ ! horses1 rid+ ov] /&+ corn1 or any?+ t 0 cov] = p>tridges1 & :5 !y _h sold _! ill-gott5 game sp5t ! money op5ly at ! ne>e/ aleh\se4 ,!n !y w\ld g back & "w = ! f>m]s !y _h robb$1 drunk1 asleep1 or idle ! :ole day4 ,! subscription packs ( foxh\nds 7 also a great nuisance1 _m ( ! foll[]s be+ t[nsm5 :o bor$ ?r\gh h$ges & sma%$ ! gates & /iles1 conduct n unkn[n to-day4 ,9 spite ( ^! drawbacks ! long p]iod ( great abundance f #agae to #agfe & ! consequ5t *eapness ( food ) an increase ( wages 0 att5d$ ) a great improvem5t 9 ! condition & habits ( ! p4 ,adam ,smi? ref]s to '! peculi>ly happy circum/ances ( ! c\ntry'2 ,hallam describ$ ! reign ( ,george ,,ii z '! mo/ prosp]\s p]iod t ,engl& has ev] exp]i5c$'#dgf2 & x 0 ,"y's op9ion ab\t #aggj t ,engl& 0 9 a mo/ ri* & fl\ri%+ situation1 'h] agriculture is ^u ! :ole good & spirit$ & e day improv+1 h] indu/ri\s poor are well f$1 clo!d1 & lodg$ at reasonable rates1 ! prices ( all necess>ies be+ mod]ate1 our population increas+1 ! price ( lab\r g5]ally high4'#dgg ,! great degree ( luxury to :i* ! c\ntry _h arriv$ )9 a few ye>s 'is n only a/oni%+ b almo/ dreadful to ?9k (4 ,"t 0 :5 ^? articles ( indulg5ce :i* n[ e me*anic aims at ! possession ( 7 enjoy$ only by ! b>on or "l4'#dgh ,great t[ns became ! w9t] resid5ce ( ^? :o c\ld n af=d ,london1 & ! c\ntry 0 said to be ev]y:]e des]t$1 an evil l>gely attribut$ to ! improvem5t ( po/+ & coa*es4 ,! true c\ntry g5tleman 0 seldom to be f\nd1 ! luxuries ( ! age _h s(t5$ d[n ! h>dy r\ghness ( =m] times & ! 'c\ntry1 l ! capital1 is "o sc5e ( dissipation4' ,! private g5tleman ( #cjj or #djj a ye> mu/ h 8 horses1 dogs1 c>riages1 pictures1 & p>ties1 & ?us goes to ru94 ,! articles ( liv+1 says ! same writ]1 7 #ajj p] c5t4 de>] ?an "s "t back4 ,?is is a v diff]5t picture f t 9 :i* ,"y repres5ts e "o ru%+ into f>m+1 b no d\bt depicts "o phase ( national life4 ,an excell5t obs]v]#dgi notic$ 9 #agib t ! prec$+ =ty or fifty ye>s _h witness$ ! total de/ruction 9 ,engl& ( ! once common type ( ! small c\ntry squire4 ,he 03-- ',an indep5d5t g5tleman ( #cjj p] annum :o commonly appe>$ 9 a pla9 drab or plu% coat1 l>ge silv] buttons1 a jockey cap1 & r>ely )\t boots4 ,8 travels nev] exce$$ ! di/ance ( ! c\nty t[n1 & t only at assize or session "t1 or to att5d an election4 ,once a week he commonly d9$ at ! next m>ket t[n ) ! attorneys & ju/ices4 ,he w5t to *ur* regul>ly1 read ! weekly j\rnal1 settl$ ! p>o*ial disputes1 & aft]w>ds adj\rn$ to ! neighb\r+ aleh\se1 :]e he g5]ally got drunk = ! good ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he 0 commonly foll[$ by a c\ple ( greyh\nds & a po9t]1 & ann\nc$ 8 arrival at a neighb\r's h\se by smack+ 8 :ip & giv+ a view halloo4 ,8 dr9k 0 g5]ally ale1 except on ,*ri/mas ,day1 ! ,fif? ( ,novemb]1 or "s o!r gala day1 :5 he w\ld make a b[l ( /rong br&y4 ,! mansion ( "o ( ^! squires 0 ( pla/] /rip$ ) timb]1 n unaptly call$ callimanco "w1 or ( r$ brick ) l>ge casem5t$ b[ w9d[s2 a por* ) seats 9 x & ov] x a /udy3 ! eaves ( ! h\se well inhabit$ by swall[s1 & ! c\rt set r\nd ) hollyhocks2 ne> ! gate a horse-block = m\nt+4 ,! hall 0 furni%$ ) flit*es ( bacon1 & ! mantelpiece ) guns & fi%+-rods ( diff]5t dim5sions1 accompani$ by ! broadsword1 p>tisan1 & dagg] borne by 8 ance/or 9 ! ,civil ,w>s4 ,aga9/ ! wall 0 po/$ ,k+ ,*>les's ,gold5 ,rules1 ,v9c5t ,w+'s ,almanac & a portrait ( ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh2 9 8 w9d[ lay ,bak]'s ,*ronicle1 ,foxe's ,book ( ,m>tyrs1 ,glanvill ,on ,app>itions1 ,qu9cey's ,disp5satory1 ,! ,complete ,ju/ice1 & a ,book ( ,f>ri]y4 ,9 a corn] by ! fireside /ood a l>ge wood5 two-arm$ *air ) a cu%ion1 & )9 ! *imney corn] 7 a c\ple ( seats4 ,"h at ,*ri/mas he ent]ta9$ 8 t5ants1 assembl$ r\nd a gl[+ fire made ( ! roots ( trees2 & told & he>d ! tradition>y tales ( ! village ab\t gho/s & wit*es :ile a jorum ( ale w5t r\nd4 ,^! m5 & _! h\ses are no m4' ,! f>m]1 9 "s p>ts at all ev5ts1 0 becom+ a m civiliz$ individual2 ! late race _h liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( _! enlight5$ neighb\rs l be+s ( ano!r ord]#dhj2 9 _! p]sonal lab\r !y 7 indefatigable1 9 _! f>e h>d1 9 _! dress homely1 9 _! mann]s rude4 ,! ,fr5* & ,am]ican ,w> ( #agge-hc 0 a v prosp]\s "t1 & ! f>m]'s mode ( liv+ greatly improv$4 ,f>mh\ses 9 ,engl&1 x 0 notic$1 7 9 g5]al well furni%$ ) e conv5i5t accommodation4 ,into _m ( !m a 'b>omet] _h ( late ye>s be5 introduc$'4 ,! teapot & ! mug ( ale jo9tly possess$ ! breakfa/ table1 & meat & pudd+ smok$ on ! bo>d e noon4 ,=m]ly "o might see at *ur* :at 0 ! cut ( a coat half a c5tury ago1 n[ dress 0 spruce & mod]n4#dha ,z a pro( ( ! _s ( improvem5t among f>m]s1 ,m>%all in/ances ! cu/om 9 ! ,midl&s ( plac+ _! sons z pupils on o!r f>ms to wid5 _! exp]i5ce4 ',_! ent]ta9m5ts are z exp5sive z !y are elegant1 = x is no uncommon ?+ = "o ( ^! new-creat$ f>m]s to sp5d #aj or #ab1 at "o ent]ta9m5t1 & to h ! mo/ exp5sive w9es2 to set (f ! ent]ta9m5t 9 ! greate/ spl5d\r an elegant sidebo>d ( plate is provid$ 9 ! newe/ fa%ion4'#dhb ,z to dress1 no "o c\ld tell ! f>m]'s daught] f ! duke's4 ,m>%all notic$ t 9 ,w>wick%ire ! h>ness ( ! f>m]'s teams 0 (t5 ridicul\sly ornam5t$1 & ! horses 7 ov]f$ & und]work$ to save _! looks4 ,be=e enclosure ! f>m] ent]ta9$ 8 fri5ds ) bacon f$ by himself1 wa%$ d[n ) ale brew$ f 8 own malt1 9 a br[n jug1 or a glass if he 0 extravagant4 ,he wore a coat ( wooll5 /uff1 ! gr[? ( 8 own flock1 spun by 8 wife & daught]s1 8 /ock+s came f ! same qu>t]1 s did ! clo!s ( 8 family4 ,"s ( ^! f>m]s 7 do+ _! %>e 9 help+ ! progress ( agriculture4 ,9 #agfd ,joseph ,elk+ton1 ( ,pr9ce?orpe 9 ,w>wick%ire1 0 ! fir/ to practise ! "u dra9age ( slop+ l& t 0 dr[n$ by ! bur/+ ( spr+s4 ,he dra9$ "s fields at ,pr9ce?orpe :i* 7 v wet1 & dug a tr5* #d or #e feet deep = ?is purpose2 b f9d+ ?is did n rea* ! pr9cipal body ( subjac5t wat]1 he drove an iron b> #d feet bel[ ! bottom ( 8 tr5* & on )draw+ x ! wat] gu%$ out4 ,he 0 ?us l$ to comb9e ! sy/em ( cutt+ dra9s1 aid$ :5 necess>y by aug] holes4 ,8 ma9 pr9ciples 7 ?ree3 7#a7 ,f9d+ ! ma9 spr+1 or cause ( ! mis*ief4 7#b7 ,tak+ ! level ( t spr+ & asc]ta9+ its subt]ranean be>+s1 = if ! dra9 is cut a y>d bel[ ! l9e ( ! spr+ ! wat] issu+ f x _c be rea*$1 b on asc]ta9+ ! l9e by levell+ ! spr+ c be cut effectually4 7#c7 ,us+ ! aug] to tap ! spr+ :5 ! dra9 0 n deep en\gh = ! purpose4#dhc ,x 0 ow+ to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture at ! end ( ! c5tury t he obta9$ ! vote ( #a1jjj f ,p>liam5t1 & a skilful surveyor 0 appo9t$ to obs]ve 8 me?ods & give !m to ! public1 = he 0 too ignorant himself to give an intelligible acc\nt ( 8 sy/em4 ,aft] ! publication ( ! report 8 sy/em 0 foll[$ g5]ally until ,smi? ( ,dean/on 9 #ahce gave ! me?od n[ 9 use to 8 c\ntry4 ,rob]t ,bakewell1 :o did m to improve live /ock ?an any o!r man1 0 born at ,di%ley1 ,leice/]%ire1 9 #agce1 & succe$+ to ! managem5t ( 8 fa!r's f>m 9 #agfj began to make exp]im5ts 9 bre$+4#dhd ,he scorn$ ! old idea t ! blood mu/ be con/antly v>i$ by ! mixture ( diff]5t bre$s1 & 8 new sy/em diff]$ f ! old 9 two *ief po9ts3 7#a7 small v]sus l>ge bone1 & consequ5tly a great] proportion ( fle% & a great] t5d5cy to fatt52 7#b7 p]missible 9-bre$+ v]sus p]petual cross+ ) /range bre$s4 ,he took imm5se pa9s 9 select+ ! be/ animals to bre$ f1 & _h at ,di%ley a museum ( skeletons & pickl$ specim5s = ! comp>ison ( "o g5]ation ) ano!r1 & he conduct$ c>eful po/-mortem exam9ations on 8 /ock4 ,8 great production 0 ! new ,leice/] bre$ ( %eep1#dhe :i* 9 half a c5tury spread ov] e "p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 z well z to ,europe & ,am]ica1 & gave ,engl& #b lb4 ( meat :]e %e _h "o be=e4 ,%eep at ?is "t 7 divid$ into two ma9 classes3 7#a7 %ort-wooll$ or field %eep1 f$ 9 ! op5 fields2 7#b7 long-wooll$ or pa/ure %eep1 f$ 9 enclosures4 ,t !y 7 n at a v high /ate ( p]fection may be ga!r$ f ?is description ( ! *ief v>iety ( ! latt]1 ! ',w>wick%ire' bre$3 '8 frame l>ge & loose1 8 bones heavy1 8 legs long & ?ick1 8 *9e z well z 8 rump z %>p z a hat*et1 8 sk9 rattl+ on 8 ribs l a skeleton cov]$ ) p>*m5ts4' ,! orig9 ( ! new ,leice/] %eep is unc]ta91 b app>5tly ! old ,l9coln bre$ 0 ! basis ( x1 ?\gh ?is1 l o!r l>ge bre$s ( ,engli% %eep1 0 itself an introduction ( ! la/ half c5tury4 ,! new %eep 0 describ$ z hav+ a clean head1 /raight broad flat back1 b>rel-l body1 f9e small eyes1 ?9 feet1 mutton fat1 f9e-gra9$ & ( good flav\r1 wool #h lb4 to ! fleece1 & we!rs at two ye>s old weigh$ f #bj to #cj lb4 a qu>t]4 ,by #aggj 8 rams 7 hir$ = #be gu9eas a season1 & soon aft] he made #c1jjj a ye> by _! hire1 "o nam$ ',two-p\nd]' br++ him #a1bjj gu9eas 9 "o ye>4 ,"o ( 8 !ories 0 t ! poor] ! l& ! m x dem&$ well-made %eep1 :i* is no d\bt true to a c]ta9 ext5t2 b x has be5 prov$ conclusively s9ce t ! quality ( ! bre$ gradually drops to ! level ( ! l& unless artificially assi/$4 ,at 8 dea? he left two di/9ct bre$s ( %eep1 = he improv$ on 8 own new ,leice/]1 s t ! improv$ became ! ',new ,leice/]' & ! =m] ! ',old ,leice/]4' ,h[ev]1 at ! "t &1 aft]w>ds1 8 %eep 7 g5]ally call$ ',new ,leice/]s'1 & sometimes ! ',di%ley bre$'4 ,!re 0 mu* prejudice among f>m]s aga9/ ! new bre$2 9 ! ,midl&s mo/ ( ! f>m]s w\ld h no?+ to d ) !m1 & '_! gr\nds 7 /ock$ ) creatures t w\ld disgrace ! meane/ l&s 9 ! k+dom4' ,yet 9 ,april1 #aghf1 ye>l+ we!rs ( ! new bre$ 7 sold = #bhs4 :ile ^? ( ! old 7 #afs4 ,! cattle :i* he set to "w to improve 7 ! fam\s old longhorn bre$1 ! prevail+ bre$ ( ! ,midl&s1 :i* _h already be5 consid]ably improv$ by ,web/] ( ,canley 9 ,w>wick%ire1 & o!rs1 especially 9 ,lanca%ire & ! nor?4 ,! k9d ( cattle e/eem$ hi!rto _h be5 '! l>ge1 long-bodi$1 big-bon$1 co>se1 flat-sid$ k9d1 & (t5 ly]y or black-fle%$4'#dhf ,he f\nd$ 8 h]d ^u two heif]s ( ,web/]'s & a bull f ,we/morel&1 & f ^! br$ all 8 cattle4 ,! celebrat$ bull ',twop5ny' 0 a son ( ! ,we/morel& bull & "o ( ^! heif]s1 :o came to be celebrat$ 9 agricultural hi/ory z ',old ,comely'1 = %e 0 slaught]$ at ! age ( tw5ty-six4 ,he br$ 8 cattle s t !y produc$ an enorm\s am\nt ( fat1 z hi!rto !re _h be5 a difficulty 9 produc+ animals to fatt5 readily2 b ?is he pu%$ to too great an extreme1 s t !re has be5 a reaction4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( a six-ye>-old bull1 got by ',twop5ny' out ( a ,canley c[3 ',8 head1 *e/1 & neck rem>kably f9e & clean2 8 *e/ extraord9>ily deep2 8 brisket be>+ d[n to 8 knees2 8 *9e ?91 lo9 n>r[ at ! *9e1 b rem>kably wide at ! hips4 ,qu>t]s long1 r\nd bones snug1 b ?ighs r full & rem>kably let d[n4 ,! c>case ?r\gh\t1 *9e except$1 l>ge1 roomy1 deep1 & well spread4'#dhg ,! new longhorn1 h[ev] good = ! grazi]1 0 n a good milk]4 ,bakewell 0 a great believ] 9 /raw z a food1 & /rongly object$ to hav+ x trodd5 into manure2 8 bea/s 7 l>gely f$ on x1 9 su* small quantities t !y gre$ily ate :at 0 be=e !m & wa/$ little4 ,8 activity 0 n conf9$ to ! bre$+ ( cattle & %eep1 = he also produc$ a bre$ ( black horses1 ?ick & %ort 9 ! body1 ) v %ort legs & v p[]ful1 two pl\gh+ #d acres a day1 a /atem5t :i* seems mu* exagg]at$2 & 0 fam\s = 8 skill 9 irrigat+ mead[s1 by :i* he c\ld cut grass f\r times a ye>4 ,he 0 a firm believ] 9 ! wisdom ( treat+ /ock g5tly & k9dly1 & 8 %eep 7 kept z clean z racehorses4 ,a visitor to ,di%ley saw a bull ( huge proportions1 ) enorm\s horns1 l$ ab\t by a boy ( sev54 ,he travell$ mu*1 & admir$ ! f>ms ( ,norfolk mo/ 9 ,engl&1 & ^? ( ,holl& & ,fl&]s abroad1 f\nd+ 8 own sy/em on ^!4 ,x 0 8 op9ion t ! ,devon bre$ ( cattle 7 incapable ( improvem5t by a cross ( any o!r bre$1 & t f ! ,we/ ,highl& heif] ! be/ bre$ ( cattle might be produc$4 ,he di$ 9 #agie1 & app>5tly did n keep :at he made1 ow+ l>gely to 8 b\ndless hospitality1 :i* _h ent]ta9$ ,russian pr9ces1 ,g]man royal dukes1 ,engli% pe]s1 & travell]s f all c\ntries4 ,8 bre$ ( cattle has completely disappe>$1 unless traces survive 9 ! lately resuscitat$ longhorn bre$1 b 8 pr9ciples are /ill act$ ^u1 viz4 ! correlation ( =m1 & ! practice ( consangu9e\s bre$+ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,bakewell's e>lie/ pupil 0 ,george ,culley1 :o devot$ himself to improv+ ! bre$ ( cattle1 & became "o ( ! mo/ fam\s agriculturi/s at ! end ( ! eighte5? & ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5turies4 ,ano!r f>m] to :om ,engli% agriculture owes mu* 0 ,john ,ellman ( ,glynde1 born 9 #agec1 :o by c>eful selection firmly e/abli%$ ! reputation ( ! ,s\?d[n %eep :i* _h previ\sly be5 h>dly recogniz$4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,smi?field ,cattle ,%[ 9 #agic1 :i* help$ mat]ially to improve ! live /ock ( ! c\ntry4 ,! relations betwe5 l&lord & t5ant1 judg+ f ! acc\nts ( contempor>y writ]s1 7 g5]ally good4 ,leases 7 less frequ5t ?an agreem5ts voidable by six mon?s' notice on ei!r side1 & :5 !re 0 a t5ancy-at-w ! t5ant :o ent]$ z a "y man 0 (t5 expect$ to h& on ! hold+ to 8 po/]ity1 & !re=e execut$ improvem5ts at 8 own co/1 s complete 0 ! tru/ betwe5 l&lord & t5ant4 ,t5ants !n did mu* t !y w\ld refuse to d to-day1 z ! foll[+ lease1 common 9 ! ,midl&s 9 #aghf1 %[s#dhh3 ,t5ant agrees to take1 c41 & to pay ! /ipulat$ r5t )9 =ty days1 )\t any d$uction = taxes1 & d\ble r5t s long z he cont9ues to hold aft] notice giv54 ,to repair build+s1 accid5ts by fire except$4 ,to repair gates & f5ces4 ,:5 requir$1 to cut & pla% ! h$ges1 & make ! dit*es #c feet by #b feet1 or pay or cause to be paid to ! l&lord #as4 p] rood = su* z %all n be done aft] ?ree mon?s' notice has be5 giv5 9 writ+4 ,n to break up c]ta9 l&s specifi$ 9 ! s*$ule1 '"u #bj an acre4' ,n to pl\gh m ?an a specifi$ numb] ( acres ( ! re/ ( ! l& 9 any "o ye>1 "u ! same p5alty4 ,to =feit ! same sum = e acre t %all be pl\gh$ = any long] "t ?an ?ree crops successively1 )\t mak+ a clean summ] fall[ !re( aft] ! ?ird crop4 ,& ! l sum = e acre ov] & above a specifi$ numb] 7clov] except$7 t %all be m[n 9 any "o ye>4 ,at ! "t ( lay+ d[n arable l&s to grass he %all manure !m ) #h qu>t]s ( lime p] acre1 & s[ ! same ) #ab lb4 ( clov] se$s1 & "o bu%el ( rye-grass p] acre4 ,%all sp5d on ! premises all hay1 /raw1 & manure1 or leave !m at ! end ( ! t]m4 ,t5ant on quitt+ to be all[$ = hay left on ! premises1 = clov] & rye-grass s[n 9 ! la/ ye>1 & = all fall[s made )9 t "t4'#dhi ,a /rik+ picture ( ! conditions prevail+ 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& at ?is p]iod is giv5 by ,mr4 ,lo* 9 8 acc\nt ( ! e/ates ( ! ,m>quis ( ,/af=d4#dij ,:5 ?is nobleman inh]it$ 8 prop]ty 9 ,/af=d%ire & ,%rop%ire1 mu* ( ! l&1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,engl&1 0 held on leases = ?ree lives1 a sy/em said to h be5 ru9\s 9 its effects4 ,al?\gh ! f>ms 7 held at "o-?ird ( _! value1 no?+ c\ld be worse ?an ! c\rse ( cultivation pursu$1 no improvem5ts 7 c>ri$ out1 & all t c\ld be hop$ = 0 t ! l& w\ld n be entirely run out :5 ! lease expir$4 ,! closes 7 extremely small & ( ! mo/ irregul> %ape2 ! /raggl+ f5ces occupi$ a l>ge portion ( ! l&2 ! crook$ness ( ! dit*es1 by keep+ ! wat] /agnant1 add$ to1 r ?an reliev$1 ! wetness ( ! soil4 ,f>ms 7 mu* scatt]$1 & to enable ! occupi]s to get at _! l&1 lanes w\nd backw>ds & =w>ds f field to field1 cov]+ a l>ge quantity ( gr\nd4 ,x is to ! great cr$it ( ! ,m>quis ( ,/af=d t ?is mis]able /ate ( ?+s 0 swept away4 ,l&s 7 laid toge!r1 ! size ( ! fields enl>g$1 h$ges & dit*es /raight5$1 ! dra9age conduct$ accord+ to a uni=m plan1 new & sub/antial build+s erect$1 inde$ ! :ole c\ntryside trans=m$4 ,ano!r evil cu/om on ! e/ate _h be5 to p]mit huts ( mis]able con/ruction to be erect$ to ! numb] ( sev]al hundr$s by ! poore/1 & 9 _m in/ances ! mo/ pr(ligate1 ( ! population4 ,!y 7 n regul>ly ent]$ 9 ! r5tal acc\nt1 b _h a nom9al paym5t fix$ ^u !m :i* 0 paid annually at ! c\rt leet4 ,^! cottages 7 built on ! sides ( ! roads & on ! "l's wa/e1 :i* 0 gradually absorb$ by ! encroa*m5t1 :i* ! occupi]s ( ^! huts made f "t to "t by enclos+ ! l& t lay next !m4 ,^! wret*$ hold+s gradually fell into ! h&s ( a body ( middlem51 :o und]let !m at an extravagant r5t to ! occupi]s2 & ^! m5 began to consid] t !y _h an int]e/ indep5d5t ( ! l&lord1 & _h at times actually mortgag$1 sold1 & devis$ x4 ,?is abuse 0 also put an end to1 ! cottag]s be+ made imm$iate t5ants ( ! l&lord1 to _! great ga91 b to ?is day small aggregations ( h\ses 9 ,%rop%ire call$ ',hea?s' m>k ! encroa*m5ts ( ^! squatt]s on ! roadside wa/es4 ,?is class1 inde$1 has be5 well kn[n 9 ,engl& s9ce ! ,middle ,ages4 ,nord5 speaks ( !m 9 #afjb1 & s d _m subsequ5t writ]s4 ,numb]s ( small hold+s exi/ to-day obta9$ 9 ?is mann]1 & ! cu/om mu/ to "s ext5t h c\nt]act$ ! effect ( enclosure4#dia ,! roads ( ,engl& up to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 g5]ally 9 a disgraceful condition4 ,"s improvem5t 0 effect$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury1 b x 0 n until ! days ( ,tel=d & ,macadam t !y assum$ ! appe>ance ) :i* we are famili>2 & long aft] t1 ?\gh ! ma9 roads 7 excell5t1 ! by-roads 7 (t5 atroci\s1 z read]s ( su* books z ,h&ley ,cross1 writt5 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 w rememb]4 ,defoe 9 8 t\r 9 #agbd f\nd ! road betwe5 ,s4 ,albans & ,nott+ham 'p]fectly frightful1' & ! great numb] ( horses kill$ by ! 'lab\r ( ^! heavy ways a great *>ge to ! c\ntry'4 ,he notes1 h[ev]1 an improvem5t f turnpikes4 ,_m ( ! roads 7 mu* worn by ! cont9ual pass+ ( droves ( heavy cattle on _! way to ,london4 ,%eep c\ld n travel 9 ! w9t] to ,london z ! roads 7 too heavy1 s t ! price ( mutton at t season 9 t[n 0 high4 ,bre$]s 7 (t5 compell$ to sell !m *eap be=e !y got to ,london1 because ! roads became impassable = _! flocks :5 ! bad wea!r set 94#dib ,9 #agcd ,"l ,ca?c>t wrote 9 8 di>y3 ',all w5t well until ,i arriv$ )9 #c miles ( ,donca/]1 :5 sudd5ly my horse fell ) a cra% & ) me "u him4 ,i fanci$ myself cru%$ to dea?4 ,i slept at ,donca/] & _h a bad night4 ,i 0 s bad all day1 t ,i c\ld get no fur!r ?an ,we!rby4 ,next day ,i 0 all "r aga94 ,i _h ano!r t]rible fall betwe5 ,nor? ,all]ton & ,d>l+ton1 b 0 n a bit ! worse4'#dic ,x 0 ow+ to ?is defective condition ( ! roads t ! prices ( corn /ill diff]$ greatly 9 v>i\s localities2 !re w\ld be a glut 9 "o place & a defici5cy 9 ano!r1 ) no means ( equaliz+ matt]s4 ,to ! same cause mu/ be attribut$ 9 great measure ! sl[ progress made 9 ! improvem5t ( agriculture4 ,new discov]ies travell$ v sl[ly2 ! exp5se ( procur+ manure beyond t produc$ on ! f>m 0 prohibitive2 & ! unc]ta9 returns :i* arose f su* conf9$ m>kets caus$ ! f>m] to lack bo? _s & ability to ex]t himself 9 ! cultivation ( 8 l&4#did ,!re=e f>m+ 0 limit$ to procur+ ! subsi/5ce ( p>ticul> f>ms r ?an fe$+ ! public4 ,! opposition to bett] roads 0 due 9 great measure to ! l&[n]s1 :o fe>$ t if ! m>kets 9 _! neighb\rhood 7 r5d]$ accessible to di/ant f>m]s _! e/ates w\ld suff]4 ,b !y 7 n alone 9 _! opposition2 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne ! p ( ,nor?ampton 7 aga9/ any improvem5t 9 ! navigation ( ! ,n5e1 because !y fe>$ t corn f ,hunt+don & ,cambridge w\ld come up ! riv] & spoil _! m>ket4#die ,horn] 0 v en?usia/ic ov] ! improvem5t rec5tly effect$3 'our v c>riages travel ) almo/ w+$ exp$ition betwe5 e t[n ( consequ5ce 9 ! k+dom & ! metropolis' & inl& navigation 0 soon likely to be e/abli%$ 9 e "p1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! dem& = ! produce ( ! l& increas$ & ! l& itself became m valuable & r5ts rose4 ',!re nev] 0 a m a/oni%+ revolution accompli%$ 9 ! int]nal sy/em ( any c\ntry'2 & ! c>riage ( gra9 0 effect$ ) half ! =m] numb] ( horses4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t he 0 easily satisfi$1 & ?is op9ion mu/ be comp>$ ) ! /atem5ts ( ,"y & ,m>%all1 :o 7 cont9ually travell+ all ov] ,engl& "s "t aft] x 0 writt51 & f\nd ! roads1 9 _m p>ts1 9 a v bad /ate4 ,ev5 ne> ,london !y 7 (t5 t]rible4 ',( all ! curs$ roads t ev] disgrac$ ?is k+dom 9 ! v ages ( b>b>ism1 none ev] equall$ t f ,bill]icay to ! ,k+'s ,head at ,tilbury4#dif ,x is = ne> #ab miles s n>r[ t a m\se _c pass by any c>riage4 ,i saw a fell[ creep "u 8 wagon to assi/ me to lift1 if possible1 my *aise ov] a h$ge4 ,! ruts are ( an incr$ible dep?1 & ev]y:]e *alk wagons 7 /uck fa/ till #bj or #cj horses tack$ to ea* drew !m out "o by "o' ,o!rs said t turnpike roads 7 ! enemies ( *eapness2 z soon z !y op5$ up seclud$ spots1 l[ prices vani%$ & all t5d$ to "o level4 ,ow+ to ! "w ( ,tel=d & ,macadam1 ! high roads by ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury atta9$ a high pit* ( excell5ce2 & 7 ?rong$ ) traffic1 coa*es1 po/*aises1 private c>riages1 eque/rians1 c>ts & wagons3 s animat$ a sight t our =efa!rs built small h\ses call$ 'gazebos' on ! sides ( ! road1 :]e !y met to take tea & wat* ! ev] v>y+ /ream4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 too1 t ! inns1 :]e numb]s ( horses put up1 7 spl5did m>kets = ! f>m]s' oats1 hay1 & /raw4 ,! seasons 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 di/+ui%$ = be+ frequ5tly bad4 ,9 #aggd ,gilb]t ,:ite wrote1 ',su* a run ( wet seasons z we h _h ! la/ t5 or elev5 ye>s w\ld h produc$ a fam9e a c5tury or two ago4' ,ow+ to ! de>ness ( bread 9 #agfg riots broke out 9 _m places1 _m lives 7 lo/1 & ! gaols 7 fill$ ) prison]s4#dig #aggi 01 h[ev]1 a ye> ( great f]tility & prices 7 l[ all r\nd3 :eat #ccs4 #h;d41 b>ley #bfs41 oats #acs4 #f;d41 wool #abs4 a tod ( #bh lb43 & !re 7 _m compla9ts ( ru9$ f>m]s & di/ress$ l&lords4 ,?\gh ,engl& 0 n[ becom+ an import+ c\ntry1 ! am\nt ( corn import$ 0 insuffici5t to h any appreciable effect on prices1 :i* 7 ma9ly influ5c$ by ! seasons1 z ! foll[+ in/ance ( ! fluctuations caus$ by a s+le bad season 7#aghb7 te/ifies#dih3 ,prices aft] h>ve/ ( #agha4 ,prices aft] h>ve/ ( #aghb4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,:eat1 p] bu%el #e #j ,:eat1 p] bu%el #aj #f ,b>ley #b #i ,b>ley #g #b ,dut* oats = se$ #a #h ,dut* oats = se$ #c #f ,clov] se$1 p] cwt4 #a #aa #f ,clov] se$1 p] cwt4 #e #aj #j ,! summ] ( #aghc 0 amaz+ & port5t\s & full ( horrible ph5om5a1 accord+ to ,:ite1 ) a peculi> haze or smoky fog prevail+ = _m weeks4 ',! sun at noon look$ z blank z a cl\d$ moon1 & %$ a ru/-col\r$ f]rug9\s light on ! gr\nd & floors ( rooms4' ,?is 0 succe$$ by a v sev]e w9t]1 ! !rmomet] on ,decemb] #aj be+ #a bel[ z]o2 ! wor/ s9ce #agci-dj4 ,9 #aghh occurr$ a sev]e dr\ght 9 ! summ]1 #e1jjj horn$ cattle p]i%+ = lack ( wat]4#dii ,9 #agia !re 0 a rem>kable *ange ( temp]ature 9 ! middle ( ,june1 ! !rmomet] 9 a few days fall+ f #ge to #be1 & ! hills ( ,k5t & ,surrey 7 cov]$ ) sn[4 ,we h n[ to deal ) "o ( ^? l&[n]s ^: great example is "o ( ! glories ( ,engli% agriculture4 ,coke ( ,holkham began 8 great agricultural "w ab\t #aggf on an e/ate :]e1 z old ,lady ,t[n%5d said1 'all y w see w be "o blade ( grass & two rabbits fight+ = t2' 9 fact x 0 little bett] ?an a rabbit w>r54 ,x has be5 said t all ! :eat consum$ 9 ! c\nty ( ,norfolk 0 at ?is "t import$ f abroad2 b ?is is 9 direct contradiction to ,"y's ass]tion1 already not$1 t !re 7 9 #agfg great quantities ( :eat besides o!r crops 9 ! c\nty4 ,coke's e/ate inde$ seems to h be5 consid]ably beh9d _m p>ts ( ! %ire :5 he began 8 f>m+ c>e]4#ejj ,:5 ,coke came into 8 e/ate1 9 five leases :i* 7 ab\t to expire ! f>ms 7 held at #cs4 #f;d4 an acre2 & 9 ! previ\s leases !y _h be5 #as4 #f;d4 an acre4 ,we may judge ( ! quality ( ?is l& by comp>+ x ) ! av]age r5t ( #ajs4 :i* ,"y says prevail$ at ?is "t4 ,) a view to rem$y ?is /ate ( ?+s he /udi$ ! agriculture ( o!r c\nties1 & 8 obs]vations !reon reveal a v poor k9d ( f>m+ 9 _m places3 9 ,*e%ire ! ri* pa/ure 0 wa/$ & ! poor impov]i%$ by %e] ignorance1 9 ,york%ire luxuriant grass 0 und]/ock$1 9 ,%rop%ire !re 7 h>dly any %eep2 9 8 own "p ( ,norfolk ! usual rotation 0 ?ree :ite /raw crops & !n broadca/ turnips4#eja ,?is ,coke *ang$ to two :ite crops & two ye>s pa/ure1 & he dug up & br\ght to ! surface ! ri* m>l :i* lay "u ! fl9t & s&1 s t clov] & grasses began to gr[4 ,s successful 0 he 9 ?is t 9 #agif he cut ne>ly #djj tons ( sa9fo9 f #ajd acres ( l& previ\sly valu$ at #abs4 an acre4 ,he increas$ 8 flock ( %eep f #hjj wor?less animals ) backs z n>r[ z rabbits1 ! description ( ! ,norfolk %eep ( ! day1 to #b1ejj good ,s\?d[ns4 ,enc\rag$ by ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 ano!r great agriculturi/1 he />t$ a h]d ( ,nor? ,devons1 &1 fatt5+ two ,devons aga9/ "o ,%or?orn1 f\nd ! =m] weigh$ #adj /one1 ! latt] #aaj1 & ! ,%or?orn _h eat5 m food ?an ! two ,devons4 ,h[ev]1 a s+le exp]im5t ( ?is k9d is n v conclusive4 ,! pl\ghs ( ,norfolk 71 z 9 _m o!r c\nties1 absurdly ov]-hors$1 f ?ree to five be+ us$ :5 only two 7 necess>y2 s ,coke set ! example ( us+ two :5ev] possible1 & won a bet ) ,sir ,john ,sebright by pl\gh+ an acre ( /iff l& 9 ,h]t=d%ire 9 a day ) a pair ( horses4 ,he trans=m$ ! bleak b>e c\ntryside by plant+ #ej acres ( trees e ye> until he _h #c1jjj acres well cov]$1 & 9 #ahcb _h probably ! unique exp]i5ce ( emb>k+ 9 a %ip :i* 0 built ( oak gr[n f ! acorns he _h himself plant$4#ejb ,betwe5 #aggf & #ahdb 7! date ( 8 dea?7 he is said to h sp5t #ecf1iib on improv+ 8 e/ate1 )\t reckon+ ! l>ge sums sp5t on 8 h\se & demesne1 ! home f>m1 & 8 m>% f>m ( #dei acres4 ,?is exp5diture paid 9 ! long run1 b :5 he ent]$ ^u x1 x mu/ h seem$ v d\btful if ?is w\ld be ! case4 ,a good und]/&+ betwe5 l&lord & t5ant 0 ! basis ( 8 policy1 & to fur!r ?is he let 8 f>ms on long leases1 at mod]ate r5ts1 ) few re/rictions4 ,:5 f>m]s improv$ _! hold+s on 8 e/ate ! r5t 0 n rais$ on !m1 s t ! e/ate b5efit$ greatly1 & good t5ants 7 (t5 rew>d$ by hav+ excell5t h\ses built = !m2 s good1 inde$1 t 8 political oppon5ts ! ,tories1 :om he1 z a /aun* ,:ig dete/$1 made x "o ( _! compla9ts aga9/ him t he built palaces = f>mh\ses4 ,at fir/ he met ) t /olid opposition to progress :i* seems ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ic ( ! f>m]4 ,= sixte5 ye>s no "o foll[$ him 9 ! use ( ! drill1 ?\gh x 0 no new ?+2 & :5 x 0 adopt$ he reckon$ its use spread at ! rate ( a mile a ye>4 ,yet ev5tually he _h 8 rew>d2 8 e/ate came to comm& ! pick ( ,engli% t5ant f>m]s1 :o nev] left x except ?r\gh old age1 & w\ld nev] live "u any o!r l&lord4 ,ev5 ! ,radical ,cobbett1 to :om1 z to mo/ ( 8 p>ty1 l&lords 71 & are1 ! objects ( invet]ate hatr$1 said t e "o :o knew him spoke ( him ) affection4 ,coke 0 ! fir/ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! adaptability ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( grass se$s to diff]5t soils1 & !reby made ! hi!rto b>r5 l&s ( 8 e/ate bett] pa/ure l& ?an t ( _m ri* c\nties4 ,c>elessness ab\t ! quality ( grasses s[n 0 univ]sal = a long "t4 ,! f>m] took 8 se$s f 8 own f\l hayrick1 or s5t to 8 neighb\r = a supply ( rubbi%2 ev5 ,bakewell d]iv$ 8 /ock f 8 hayl(t4 ,x 0 n until ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts (f]$ prizes = clean hay se$s t "s improvem5t 0 noticeable4 ,9 ,norfolk1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,engl&1 !re 0 at ?is "t a /rong prejudice aga9/ potatoes2 ! villag]s ( ,holkham refus$ to h any?+ to d ) !m1 b ,coke's inv9cible p]si/5cy ov]came ?is unreason+ dislike & soon !y refus$ to d )\t !m4 ,coke 0 a great advocate = s[+ :eat e>ly & v ?ick 9 ! r[s1 & = cutt+ x :5 e> & /em 7 gre5 & ! gra9 s(t1 decl>+ t by s do+ he got #bs4 a qu>t] m = x2 he also believ$ 9 ! e>ly cutt+ ( oats & peas4 ,x 0 8 cu/om to drill #d bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 :i* he said prev5t$ till]+ & mildew4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to gr[ sw$es on a l>ge scale4#ejc ,! fam\s ,holkham ,%eep-%e>+s1 kn[n locally z ',coke's ,clipp+s'1 :i* began 9 #aggh & la/$ till #ahba1 arose f 8 practice ( ga!r+ f>m]s toge!r = consultation on matt]s agricultural1 & develop$ into _w-fam\s meet+s att5d$ by all nationalities & all ranks1 m5 j\rney+ f ,am]ica especially to att5d !m1 & ,lafayette express$ x z "o ( 8 great regrets t he _h nev] att5d$ "o4 ,at ^! ga!r+s all 7 equal1 ! sugge/ion ( ! smalle/ t5ant f>m] 0 li/5$ to ) respect1 & ! same c\rtesy & hospitality 7 %[n to all :e!r pr9ce or f>m]4 ,at ! la/ meet+ 9 #ahba no less ?an #g1jjj p 7 pres5t4 ,8 skill1 en]gy1 & p]sev]ance work$ a revolution 9 ! crops2 8 own :eat crops 7 f #aj to #ab coombs an acre1 8 b>ley sometimes ne>ly #bj4 ,! annual income ( timb] & und]wood 0 #b1gjj1 & f #aggf to #ahaf he increas$ ! r5t roll ( 8 e/ate f #b1bjj to #bj1jjj1 :i*1 ev5 aft] all[+ = ! great advance 9 prices dur+ t p]iod1 is a wond]ful rise4 ,x is a v significant fact t !re 0 n an aleh\se on ! e/ate1 & 9 connexion ) ?is1 & ) ! fact t 8 improvem5ts made a con/ant dem& = lab\r1 we are n surpris$ to le>n t ! workh\se 0 pull$ d[n z useless1 = x 0 always empty1 & ?is at a "t :5 ! work+-classes ( ,engl& 7 paup]iz$ to an al>m+ degree4 ,! ye> #ahah 0 "o ( t]rible di/ress all ov] ,engl& 9 c\ntry & t[n1 yet at 8 %eep-%e>+ ( t ye> ,coke 0 enabl$ to say he _h trebl$ ! population ( 8 e/ate & n a s+le p]son 0 out ( employm5t1 ?\gh ev]y:]e else f>m]s 7 turn+ (f h&s & cutt+ d[n wages4 ,pr9cipally ?r\gh 8 ag5cy1 betwe5 #ahjd & #ahba1 no less ?an #aec enclosures took place 9 ,norfolk1 :ile betwe5 #agij & #ahaj1 #b1jjj1jjj acres ( wa/e l& 9 ,engl& 7 br\ght "u cultivation l>gely by 8 ef=ts4 ,he is said1 inde$1 to h trans=m$ agriculture ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 &1 b = t1 ! c\ntry w\ld n h be5 able to gr[ en\gh food = its support dur+ ! w> ) ,napoleon1 & mu/ h succumb$4 ,,footnotes3 #ddj ,nor!rn ,t\r1 i4 #i4 ,= an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,"y1 see ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#crd ,s]ies71 iv4 #a4 #dda ,9 #agbf ,bradley _h urg$ ! use ( liquorice1 madd]1 woad1 & c>away z improv]s ( ! l& 9 ! ,preface to ! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman4 #ddb ,rural ,economy 7#agga71 pp4 #agc-e4 ,trusl]1 :o wrote 9 #aghj1 m5tions '! g5]al rage = f>m+ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4'--,practical ,husb&ry1 p4 ,i4 #ddc ,9 #aghj ,sir ,?omas ,b]n>d1 travell+ ?r\gh ,nor?umb]l&1 saw 'luxuriant plantations1 neat h$ges1 ri* crops ( corn1 com=table f>mh\ses' 9 a c\nty :]e( ! great] "p 0 b>r5 moor de>ly r5t$ at #as4 #f;d4 an acre ?irty ye>s be=e1 & he said ! c\nty _h increas$ 9 annual value f\rfold1 7,contempor>y ,,ms41 unpubli%$47 #ddd ,rural ,economy1 p4 #bf4 #dde ,f>m]'s ,lett]s 7#crd ed471 p4 #hi4 #ddf ,slat]1 ,engli% ,peasantry & ,enclosure1 p4 #ie4 #ddg ,ibid4 p4 #aja4 #ddh ,"y1 ,nor!rn ,t\r1 iv4 #cdj1 ab\t #aggj e/imates ! cultivat$ l& ( ,engl& to be half pa/ure & half arable1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( reliable /ati/ics1 8 op9ion on ?is po9t is c]ta9ly ! be/ available4 ,! conv]sion ( a l>ge portion ( ! ri*] l& f arable to grass 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 comp5sat$ =1 accord+ to ,"y1 by ! conv]sion1 on enclosure1 ( poor s&y soils & hea?s or moors into corn l&4 ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 pp4 #cgj-a4 #ddi ,"y1 ,nor!rn ,t\r1 i4 #bbb4 #dej ,rural ,economy1 p4 #beb4 #dea ,ibid4 p4 #bga4 #deb ,cf4 above1 p4 #ahj4 #dec ,f>m]'s ,lett]s 7#crd ed71 p4 #cgb4 #ded ,nor!rn ,t\r1 iv4 #afg4 #dee ,ibid4 iv4 #ahf4 #def ,?is l>ge item is expla9$ by ! fact t a bailiff 0 employ$ to sell1 & no bailiff c\ld f9d cu/om]s ')\t feel+ ! same dr\ght z /age coa*m5 :5 !y see a sign'4--,"y1 ,f>m]'s ,lett]s1 p4 #djc4 #deg ,rural ,economy1 p4 #cad4 #deh #agge1 pp4 x-xiii4 #dei ,nor!rn ,t\r1 iv4 #aib-bjb4 #dfj ,see ,p>liam5t>y ,reports ,commission 7#ahha71 xvi4 #bfj4 #dfa ,diss]tations on ,rural ,subjects1 p4 #bgh4 #dfb ,f>m]'s ,lett]s1 p4 #dcc4 #dfc ,hi/ory ( ,haw/$1 p4 #afi4 #dfd ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #abg2 ,k5t1 ,h9ts to ,g5tlem51 p4 #aeb4 #dfe ,s\!rn ,t\r1 p4 #cbd4 ,he says no?+ ( ! manufactur+ t[ns1 :i* _h n yet began to influ5ce ! wages ( f>m lab\r]s ne> !m z !y soon aft]w>ds did4 #dff ,"s prices at ?is "t 73 bread p] lb41 #b;d42 butt]1 #e-a_/b;d4 to #h;d42 *eese1 #c-a_/b;d4 to #d;d42 beef1 #c;d4 to #e;d42 mutton1 #c-a_/b;d4 to #e;d4 #dfg ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 i4 #efb4 #dfh ,accord+ to ,walt] ,h>te1 ?\gh ! yeoman 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ate bread ( rye & b>ley 7masl971 9 #agff ev5 ! poor cottag]s look$ ^u x ) horror & dem&$ be/ :eat5 bread4 ,yet 9 #agff ! qu>t]n loaf 9 ,london 0 #as4 #f;d4--,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 i4 #fh4 #dfi ,hi/ory ( ,haw/$1 p4 #ahd4 #dgj ,ed51 ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 i4 #eac4 #dga ,rural ,economy ( ,gl\ce/]%ire1 i4 #ec4 #dgb ,ed51 op4 cit4 i4 #edg4 #dgc ,f>m]'s ,lett]s1 i4 #cjj #dgd ,! pull+ d[n ( cottages began to be compla9$ ( 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 !y h>b\r$ ! poor1 :o 7 a *>ge ^u ! p>i%1 & repairs 7 sav$4--,transactions ,royal ,hi/orical ,society 7,new ,s]ies71 xix4 #abj4 #dge ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 #hb2 ,cl>ke1 ,g5]al ,view ( ,h]e=d%ire1 p4 #bi2 ,m>%all1 ,review ( ,nor!rn ,dep>tm5t1 p4 #cge4 #dgf ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 i4 #ej2 ,hallam1 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory1 iii4 #cjb4 #dgg ,nor!rn ,t\r1 iv4 #dbj4 ,! increase 9 population 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 sl[2 aft] ! ,peace ( ,p>is 9 #agfc1 :5 ! comm]ce & manufactures ( ! c\ntry 7 ext5d$ 9 an unprec$5t$ degree1 x 0 rapid4 #dgh ,! ,way to be ,ri* & ,respectable1 ,london1 #aghj4 #dgi ,grose1 ,olio1 pp4 #da-d2 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 vi4 #afi et4 seq4 #dhj ,cullum1 ,hi/ory ( ,haw/$1 p4 #bai4 #dha ,cullum1 ,hi/ory ( ,haw/$1 p4 #bbe4 #dhb ,?\ghts on ,enclosure1 by a ,c\ntry ,f>m] 7#aghf71 p4 #ba4 #dhc ,john/one1 ,acc\nt ( ,elk+ton's ,dra9+ 7#agig71 pp4 #h-i4 #dhd ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#ahid71 p4 #aa1 f :i* ?is acc\nt ( ,bakewell is ma9ly tak54 #dhe ,accord+ to "s1 ,joseph ,allom orig9at$ ! bre$1 & ,bakewell va/ly improv$ x4 ,we may safely give ! *ief cr$it to s c>eful & gift$ a bre$] z ,bakewell4 #dhf ,culley on ,live ,/ock 7#ahjg71 p4 #ef4 #dhg ,m>%all1 ,rural ,economy ( ! ,midl& ,c\nties1 i4 #bgc4 #dhh ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory3 ,w>wick%ire1 ,agriculture4 #dhi ,9 ,lanca%ire at ?is date x 0 n uncommon1 :5 a t5ant wi%$ = 8 f>m or a p>ticul> field to be improv$ by dra9+1 m>l+1 lim+1 or lay+ d[n to grass1 to h& x ov] to ! l&lord = ! process2 :o1 :5 complet$1 return$ x to ! t5ant ) an advanc$ r5t ( #aj p] c5t4 ^u ! improvem5ts4--,m>%all1 ,review ( ,reports to ,bo>d ( ,agriculture 7"u ,lanca%ire74 #dij #ahbj1 p4 #agc et seq4 #dia ,see ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 pp4 #gg sq42 ,annals ( ,agriculture1 xxxvi4 #dig2 ,scrutton1 ,commons & ,common ,fields1 p4 #aci4 #dib ,defoe1 ,t\r1 ii4 #agh et seq4 #dic ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#crd ,s]471 ii4 #i4 #did ,horn]1 ,inquiry into ! ,means ( ,pres]v+ ! ,public ,roads 7#agfg71 pp4 #d et seq4 #die ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory3 ,nor?ants41 ii4 #bej4 #dif ,"y1 ,s\!rn ,t\r 7ed4 #b71 p4 #hh4 #dig ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 i4 #fh4 ,x is difficult to und]/& ! price ( ! qu>t]n loaf1 #as4 #f;d4 9 #agff1 z :eat 0 only #dcs4 #a;d4 a qu>t]4 ,prices ( :eat 9 ^! ye>s 73 s4 d4 #agfg #dg #d #agfh #ec #i #agfi #dj #g #aggj #dc #f #agga #dg #b #aggb #ej #h #aggc #ea #j #aggd #eb #h #agge #dh #d #aggf #ch #b #aggg #de #f #aggh #db #j #aggi #cc #h ,^! returns diff] f ^? ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture2 see ,app5dix ,,iii4 #dih ,annals ( ,agriculture1 iii4 #cff4 #dii ,bak]1 ,seasons & ,prices1 pp4 #bbd et seq4 #ejj ,a4 ,/irl+1 ,coke ( ,holkham1 i4 #bdi4 #eja ,b 9 o!r p>ts ( x ! cultivation ( turnips 0 well und]/ood1 = ! ,complete ,f>m]1 s4v4 ,turnips 7ed4 #c71 says t ab\t #agej ,norfolk f>m]s boa/$ t turnips _h d\bl$ ! value ( _! hold+s1 & ,norfolk m5 7 fam\s = und]/&+ hoe+ & ?9n+1 :i* 7 little practis$ else:]e4 ,fur!r1 ,"y1 ,s\!rn ,t\r1 p4 #bgc1 says3 '! ext5sive use ( turnips is kn[n b little ( except 9 ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 & ,essex4 ,i f\nd no f>m]s b 9 ^! c\nties t und]/ood any?+ ( fatt+ cattle ) !m2 fe$+ lean %eep be+ ! only use !y put !m to4' #ejb ,a4 ,/irl+1 op4 cit4 i4 #bfd4 #ejc ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#ahie71 p4 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii #agic-ahae ,,! ,,great ,,fr5* ,,w>4--,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,agriculture4--,,high ,,prices1 ,,& ,,heavy ,,taxation4 ,?is p]iod1 t ( ! great w> ) ,france1 0 "o g5]ally ( high prices & prosp]ity = l&[n]s & f>m]s4 ,x 0 a prosp]ity1 h[ev]1 t 0 l>gely fictiti\s1 & :5 ! high prices ( ! w> "t 7 ov]1 x 0 succe$$ by _m disa/r\s ye>s4 ,! prosp]ity1 too1 0 also l>gely neutraliz$ by a cru%+ weight ( taxation & rates1 :ile ! lab\r]1 al?\gh 8 wages 7 increas$1 f\nd prices gr[ at a mu* great] rate1 & x 01 z ,?orold ,rog]s has said1 ! mo/ mis]able p]iod 9 8 hi/ory4 ,its comm5cem5t 0 m>k$ by ! f\ndation ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,on ,may #ae1 #agic1 ,sir ,john ,s9clair#ejd mov$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 't ,8 ,maje/y w\ld take into 8 consid]ation ! advantages :i* might be d]iv$ f ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a bo>d1 = ?\gh 9 "s p>ticul> di/ricts improv$ me?ods ( cultivat+ ! soil 7 practis$1 yet 9 ! greate/ "p ( ^! k+doms ! pr9ciples ( agriculture are n suffici5tly und]/ood1 nor are ! implem5ts ( husb&ry or ! /ock ( ! f>m] br\ght to t p]fection ( :i* !y are capable4 ,8 ,maje/y's fai?ful ,commons 7 p]suad$ t if x 7 f\nd$ a _s ( improvem5t might be enc\rag$1 :i* w\ld result 9 important national b5efits4 ,! motion 0 c>ri$ by #aja to #bf4 ,by its *>t] ! bo>d consi/$ ( a presid5t1 #af ex-(ficio & #cj ord9>y memb]s1 ) honor>y & correspond+ memb]s4 ,x 0 n a ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5t 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m1 b a society = ! enc\ragem5t ( agriculture1 z ! ,royal ,society is = ! enc\ragem5t ( sci5ce4 ,x 01 inde$1 support$ by p>liam5t>y grants1 receiv+ a sum ( #c1jjj a ye>1 b ! ,gov]nm5t _h only a limit$ control ov] its affairs ?r\gh ! ex-(ficio memb]s1 among :om 7 ! ,ar*bi%ops ( ,cant]bury & ,york1 ! ,"l ,*ancellor1 ! ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,admiralty1 & ! ,speak]4 ,! fir/ presid5t 0 ,sir ,john ,s9clair1 & ! fir/ secret>y ,ar?ur ,"y1 ) a sal>y ( #djj a ye>1 :i* he ?\ght insuffici5t4#eje ,! fir/ task ( ! new bo>d 0 t ( prep>+ /ati/ical acc\nts ( ,engli% agriculture1 & x 0 int5d$ to take 9 h& ! commutation ( ti!s1 :i* w\ld h be5 a great boon to f>m]s1 ) :om ! prevail+ sy/em ( collect+ ti!s 0 v unpopul>2 b ! ,primate's opposition /opp$ ?is4 ,! bo>d appo9t$ lectur]s1 procur$ a rew>d = ,elk+ton = 8 dra9+ sy/em1 enc\rag$ ,macadam 9 8 plans = improv+ roads1 & ,meikle ! inv5tor ( ! ?ra%+ ma*9e1 & obta9$ ! removal ( taxes on dra9+ tiles1 & o!r taxes injuri\s to agriculture4 ,x also recomm5d$ ! allotm5t sy/em1 & ,s9clair desir$ #c acres & a c[ = e indu/ri\s cottag]4 ,dur+ ! abnormally high prices ( provisions f #agid-f1 ! qu>t]n loaf 9 ,london 9 #agie be+ #as4 #f;d41 ?\gh next ye> x dropp$ to #g-c_/d;d41#ejf ! bo>d made exp]im5ts 9 mak+ bread ) sub/itutes = :eat1 :i* result$ 9 a public exhibition ( eighty diff]5t sorts ( bread4 ,its ef=ts 7 g5]ally foll[$ by increas$ zeal among agriculturi/s2 b ,s9clair1 an able b impetu\s man1#ejg appe>s to h tak5 ?+s too mu* into 8 own h&s & pu%$ !m too spe$ily4 ,f9ancial difficulties came1 *iefly ow+ to ! co/ ( ! surveys1 :i* _h be5 hurri$ on ) undue ha/e & (t5 ) great c>elessness1 ! surveyors sometimes be+ m5 :o knew no?+ ( ! subject4 ,s9clair 0 depos$ f ! presid5cy 9 #agih1 & succe$$ by ,"l ,som]ville4 ,he aga9 0 succe$$ by ,"l ,c>r+ton1 "u ^: presid5cy ! bo>d (f]$ premiums 7! fir/ ( #bjj71 ow+ to ! high price ( :eat & consequ5t di/ress1 = essays on ! be/ means ( conv]t+ c]ta9 portions ( grass l& into tillage )\t exhau/+ ! soil1 & ( return+ ! same to grass1 aft] a c]ta9 p]iod1 9 an improv$ /ate1 or at lea/ )\t injury4 ,! g5]al report1 bas$ on ! in=mation d]iv$ f ^! essays1 /ates t no high price ( corn or tempor>y di/ress w\ld ju/ify ! pl\gh+ up ( old mead[s or ri* pa/ures1 & t on c]ta9 soils well adapt$ to grass age improves ! quality ( ! pa/ure to a degree :i* no sy/em ( managem5t on l&s brok5 up & laid d[n c equal4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ! cupidity ( l&[n]s & f>m]s1 :5 :eat 0 a gu9ea a bu%el or at prices ne> x1 l$ to ! pl\gh+ up ( mu* spl5did grass l&1 :i* 0 nev] laid d[n aga9 until1 p]haps 9 rec5t ye>s1 ow+ to ! l[ price ( gra92 s t "s ( ! l& at all ev5ts has1 ow+ to bad times1 return$ to ! /ate be/ suit$ to x4 ,! bo>d look$ ^u ! enclosure & cultivation ( wa/e l&s1 :i* 9 ,engl& !y e/imat$ at #f1jjj1jjj acres1#ejh z a panacea = ! prevail+ di/ress1 & aft] mu* opposition !y manag$ to pass ?r\gh bo? ,h\ses 9 #ahja a ,bill *eap5+ & facilitat+ ! process ( p>liam5t>y enclosure4 ,?is ,act1 #da ,geo4 ,,iii1 c4 #aji1 'extract$ a numb] ( clauses f v>i\s private ,acts & enact$ t !y %\ld hold good 9 all cases :]e ! special ,act did n expressly provide to ! contr>y4' ,ano!r b5efit r5d]$ to agriculture 0 ! e/abli%m5t 9 #ahjc ( lectures on agricultural *emi/ry1 ! fir/ lectur] engag$ be+ ,mr41 aft]w>ds ,sir ,humphry1 ,davy1 :o may be reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( agricultural *emi/ry4 ,9 #ahjf ,s9clair 0 re-elect$ presid5t1 & 8 second t]m 0 ma9ly devot$ to complet+ ! agricultural surveys ( ! diff]5t c\nties1 :i*1 be=e 8 retirem5t 9 #ahac1 he _h ) "o or two exceptions ! satisfaction ( see+ f9i%$4 ,?\gh ov]-impetu\s1 he r5d]$ valuable s]vice to agriculture1 n only by 8 own en]gy b by /irr+ up en]gy 9 o!rs2 z ,william ,wilb]=ce ! philan?rophi/ said1 ',i h myself se5 collect$ 9 t small room sev]al ( ! noblem5 & g5tlem5 ( ! greate/ prop]ties 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 all ( !m cat*+ & cultivat+ an agricultural _s1 & go+ =? to sp5d 9 ! employm5t ( lab\r]s1 & ,i hope 9 ! improvem5t ( l&1 imm5se sums :i* might o!rwise h be5 lavi%$ on h\nds & horses1 or squ&]$ on !atricals4' ,among ! num]\s subjects into :i* ! bo>d inquir$ 0 ! div9+ rod = f9d+ wat]1 :i* 0 te/$ 9 ,hyde ,p>k 9 #ahja1 & successfully /ood ! te/4 ,9 #ahje1 ,davy ! *emi/ report$ on a sub/ance 9 ,s\? ,am]ica call$ 'guana'1 :i* he _h analys$ & f\nd to conta9 "o-?ird ( ammoniacal salt ) o!r salts & c>bon1 b its use 0 n to come = ano!r g5]ation4 ,f ! "t ( ,s9clair's retirem5t 9 #ahac ! bo>d decl9$4 ,ar?ur ,"y1 its secret>y1 _h become bl9d & 8 capacity !re=e impair$4 ,"o ye> its lack ( en]gy 0 %[n by ! return ( #b1jjj ( ! ,gov]nm5t grant to ! ,treasury because x _h no?+ to sp5d x on4 ,! ,prime ,m9i/]1 ,"l ,liv]pool1 0 aga9/ x1 ! cl]gy fe>$ ! commutation ( ti! :i* ! bo>d advocat$1 ! legal pr(ession 0 aga9/ ! ,enclosure ,act1 ! l&$ int]e/ ?\ght ! surveys 7 int5d$ = purposes ( taxation2 & ! grant be+ )drawn1 an ef=t to ma9ta9 ! bo>d by volunt>y subscription fail$1 s t x dissolv$ 9 #ahbb1 aft] do+ mu* valuable "w = ,engli% agriculture4 ,be=e its ext9ction x _h held 9 #ahba1 at ,aldridge's ,repository1 ! fir/ national agricultural %[4 #fhe 0 giv5 9 prizes1 & ! entries includ$ #aj bulls1 #i c[s & heif]s1 sev]al fat /e]s & c[s1 #g p5s ( ,leice/] & ,cotswold rams & ewes2 #ab p5s ( ,d[n1 & #i or #aj p5s ( ,m]9o rams & ewes4#eji ,mo/ ( ! cattle %[n 7 ,%or?orn1 or ,durham1 z !y 7 !n call$1 ) "s ,h]e=ds1 ,devons1 ,longhorns1 & ,ald]neys4 ,!re 7 also exhibits ( grass1 turnip-se$1 roots1 & implem5ts4 ,?is fir/ national %[ _h be5 prec$$ by _m local ones4#eaj ,! end ( ! eighte5? & beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5turies saw ! e/abli%m5t all ov] ,engl& ( f>m]s' clubs1 cattle %[s1 & pl\gh+ mat*es4 ,! p]iod n[ be=e u is m>k$ by ! great "w ( ! ,coll+s1 :o next to ,bakewell did mo/ to improve ! cattle ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,*>les ,coll+ 0 born 9 #agea1 & ! sc5e ( 8 fam\s lab\rs 0 ,ketton ne> ,d>l+ton4 ,he _h le>nt f ,bakewell ! all-importance ( quality 9 cattle1 & det]m9$ to improve ! local ,%or?orn bre$ ne> 8 own home1 :i* _h be5 describ$ 9 #agdd z '! mo/ pr(itable bea/s = ! dairyman1 but*]1 & grazi]1 ) _! wide bags1 %ort horns1 & l>ge bodies4' ,he 0 to make ^! 'pr(itable bea/s' ! be/ all-r\nd cattle 9 ! _w1 & to succe$ :]e ,george ,culley _h fail$4 ,! fir/ bull ( m]it he possess$ 0 ',hubback'1#eaa describ$ z a little yell[1 r$1 & :ite five-ye>-old1 :i* 0 mat$ ) c[s aft]w>ds to be fam\s1 nam$ ,du*ess1 ,daisy1 ,*]ry1 & ,lady ,mayn>d4 ,at fir/ ,coll+ 0 aga9/ 9-bre$+1 & n until #agic did he adopt x1 m by accid5t ?an int5tion1 b ! exp]im5t be+ successful he became an en?usia/4 ,! exp]im5t 0 ! putt+ ( ,pho5ix to ,"l ,bol+broke1 :o 0 bo? h] half-bro!r & h] nephew1 & ! result 0 ! fam\s ,fav\rite4 ,a "y f>m] :o saw ,fav\rite & 8 si/] at ,d>l+ton 9 #agii1 0 s /ruck by !m t he paid ,coll+ ! fir/ #ajj gu9eas ev] giv5 = a ,%or?orn c[4#eab ,"o ( ,hubback's daught]s _h 9 #agie1 by ,fav\rite1 a roan calf :i* grew to be ! celebrat$ ,durham ,ox1 :i* at five & a half ye>s weigh$ #c1jbd lb41 & 0 sold = #adj4 ,x 0 sold aga9 = #bej1 ! second pur*as] refus+ #b1jjj = x1 & tak+ x r\nd ,engl& on %[ made a pr(itable bus9ess out ( x1 9 "o day 9 ,london mak+ #ig4 ,a /ill m fam\s animal 0 ! bull ,comet1 born #ahjd1 :i* at ! great sale 9 #ahaj fet*$ #a1jjj gu9eas4 ,?is bull 0 ! cr[n+ triumph ( ,coll+'s c>e] & ! result ( v close bre$+1 be+ describ$ z ! be/ bull ev] se51 ) a f9e mascul9e head1 broad & deep *e/1 %\ld]s well laid back1 lo9s good1 h9d-qu>t]s long1 /raight & well pack$1 ?ighs ?ick1 ) nice /raight hocks & h9d legs4 ,p]haps ,coll+ ?\ght he _h pursu$ 9-&-9 bre$+ too f>1 at all ev5ts 9 #ahaj he disp]s$ 8 fam\s h]d4 ,! sale 0 held at a mo/ propiti\s "t1 = ! ,durham ,ox _h adv]tis$ ! "n ( ,coll+ f> & wide1 & ow+ to ! w> prices 7 v high4 ,comet fet*$ #a1jjj gu9eas1 & ! o!r =ty-sev5 lots av]ag$ #aea #hs4 #e;d41 an unhe>d-( sale1 yet all ! auctione] got 0 #e gu9eas1 mu* ( ! "w ( ! sale fall+ on ! own]1 & ! =m] sold ! /ock ) a s&-glass4 ,aft] ! sale at ,ketton1 ,brampton1 ! f>m ( ,*>les's bro!r ,rob]t1 became ! c5tre ( int]e/ to ! ,%or?orn _w4 ,rob]t obta9$ excell5t prices = 8 /ock1 five daught]s ( 8 fam\s bull ,george fet*+ #bjj gu9eas ea*4 ,probably he1 l 8 bro!r1 pursu$ 9-&-9 bre$+ too f>1 & 9 #ahah !re 0 ano!r great sale2 b w>-prices _h gone & agriculture 0 depress$1 s t ! cattle fet*$ less ?an at ,ketton1 b /ill av]ag$ #abh #ads4 #i;d4 = #fa lots1 & #bb rams av]ag$ #ci #fs4 #d;d4 ,rob]t di$ 9 #ahbj1 8 bro!r 9 #ahcf4 ,x _c be said t ! ,coll+s 7 ! f\nd]s ( a new bre$ ( cattle2 !y 7 ! collectors & pres]v]s ( an anci5t bre$ t might o!rwise h disappe>$4#eac ,! object ( good bre$]s 0 n[ to get _! cattle fat at an e>ly age1 & !y s f> succe$$ z to sell ?ree-ye>-old /e]s = #bj apiece1 g5]ally f$ ?us3 9 ! fir/ w9t]1 hay & turnips2 ! foll[+ summ]1 co>se pa/ure2 ! second w9t]1 /raw 9 ! foldy>d & a few turnips2 next summ]1 tol]able good pa/ure2 & ! ?ird w9t]1 z _m turnips z !y c\ld eat4#ead ,cattle at ?is "t 7 classifi$ ?us3 ,%or?orns1 ,devons1 ,sussex1 ,h]e=ds 7! two latt] said by ,culley to be v>ieties ( ! ,devon71 ,longhorn$1 ,gall[ay or ,poll$1 ,suffolk ,duns1 ,kyloes1 & ,ald]neys4 ,%eep ?us3 ! ,di%ley ,bre$ 7,new ,leice/]s71 ,l9colns1 ,teeswat]s1 ,devon%ire ,notts1 ,exmoor1 ,dorset%ire1 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,s\?d[n1 ,norfolk1 ,hea?1 ,h]dwick1 ,*eviot1 ,dunfac$1 ,%etl&1 ,iri%4#eae ,) ! increas$ dem& = corn & meat f ! t[ns ! necessity ( new & bett] implem5ts became app>5t1 & _m pat5ts 7 tak5 out3 by ,pra$1 = drill pl\ghs1 9 #agha2 by ,horn1 = s[+ ma*9es1 9 #aghd2 by ,heaton1 = h>r[s1 9 #aghg2 = s[+ ma*9es1 by ,s&il&s1 #aghh2 = reap+ ma*9es1 by ,boyce1 #agii2 w9n[+ ma*9es1 by ,coo*1 #ahjj2 haymak]s1 by ,salmon1 #ahaf2 & = sc>ifi]s1 *aff-cutt]s1 turnip-slic]s1 & food-cru%]s4#eaf ,b ! great innovation 0 ! ?re%+ ma*9e ( ,meikle4 ,l mo/ inv5tions1 x _h =]unn]s4 ,! fir/ ?re%+ ma*9e is m5tion$ 9 ! ,select ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,improv]s 9 ! ,k ( ,agriculture 9 ,scotl&1 publi%$ 9 #agdc by ,maxwell4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,mi*ael ,m5zies1 & by x "o man c\ld d ! "w ( six4 ,"o ma*9e 0 work$ by a great wat]-:eel & triddles1 ano!r by a little :eel ( #c feet diamet]1 mov$ by a small quantity ( wat]4 ,! fir/ attempts to sub/itute horse or o!r p[] = manual 9 ?re%+ 7 direct$ to ! revolution ( jo9t$ flails1 :i* %\ld /rike ! floor on :i* ! corn 0 spread1 b ?is prov$ unsatisfactory1 s t rubb+ ! gra9 out ( ! /raw by revolv+ cyl9d]s 0 tri$1#eag ,"y1 9 8 nor!rn t\r1 met a ,mr4 ,cl>ke at ,bel=d 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 :o 0 fam\s = me*anics1#eah among 8 inv5tions be+ a ?re%+ ma*9e work$ by "o horse1 :i* does n seem to h effect$ mu*4 ,ev5tually ,mr4 ,a4 ,meikle1 ( ,h\/on ,mill ne> ,hadd+ton1 9 #agih erect$ a ma*9e ! pr9ciples ( :i*1 mu* modifi$1 are ^? ( to-day2 & 9 #ahjc ,mr4 ,ait*ison1 ( ,drumore 9 ,ea/ ,lo?ian1 fir/ appli$ /eam to ?re%+4 ,x 0 "s "t1 h[ev]1 be=e ?is b5efic5t inv5tion 0 g5]ally us$1 & :5 ! ma*9es 7 us$ !y 7 usually driv5 by horse--or wat]-p[] until ab\t #ahej4 ,9 #ahhc ,messrs4 ,h[>d1 ( ,b$=d1 adapt$ a %eaf-b9d+ app>atus to ! ?re%+ ma*9e4 ,) new implem5ts came new crops2 ! ,sw$e turnip 0 gr[n on "s f>ms 9 ,notts j be=e #ahjj1 b x is n kn[n :o introduc$ x4#eai ,! mangel wurzel 0 introduc$ ab\t #aghj-e by ,p>kyns1 & prickly comfrey 9 #ahaa4 ,! ye> #agie 0 "o ( great sc>city ow+ to ! wet & /ormy summ]1 & 9 ,augu/ :eat w5t up to #ajhs4 a qu>t]4#ebj ,z usual _m o!r causes b ! "r "o 7 put =?1 & ! old accusations ( monopoly1 =e/all+1 & regrat+ 7 he>d aga94 ,! w> ) ,france1 ) m reason1 0 consid]$ to h help$ 9 rais+ prices1 b ! *ief cause 0 ! bad season4 ,! memb]s ( bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t b\nd !mselves to r$uce ! consumption ( bread 9 _! homes by "o-?ird1 & recomm5d$ o!rs to a simil> r$uction4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( t]rible di/ress = ! agricultural lab\r]4 ,8 wages 7 ab\t #is4 a week1 & x 0 impossible = him to live on !m1 s t :at is kn[n z '! all[ance sy/em' came 94 ,at ,spe5haml& 9 ,b]k%ire1 9 ?is ye>1 ! magi/rates agre$ t x 0 n exp$i5t to help ! lab\r] by regulat+ 8 wages accord+ to ! /atute ( ,elizabe?1 b recomm5d$ ! f>m]s to increase _! pay 9 proportion to ! pres5t price ( provisions1 & !y also grant$ relief to all poor & indu/ri\s m5 accord+ to ! price ( bread4 ,!y 7 m]ely giv+ effect to ,gilb]t's ,act ( #aghb1 :i* legaliz$ ! supplem5t+ ( ! wages ( able-bodi$ m5 f ! rates1 & ! decision 0 nicknam$ ! ',spe5haml& ,act' because x 0 s g5]ally foll[$4 ,h[ev] well meant1 ! effect 0 mo/ demoraliz+ & ! ,engli% lab\r]1 already too prone to look to ! ,/ate = help1 0 induc$ to dep5d less on 8 own ex]tions4 ,! real rem$y w\ld h be5 a sub/antial increase ( 8 scanty wages4 ,z x 01 l&[n] & f>m] 7 (t5 pay+ ! lab\r] 9 rates money t w\ld f> bett] h come to him 9 wages1 & ! rates 9 "s di/ricts became s burd5some t l& 0 ?r[n out ( cultivation4 ,9 ! same ye> z ! ,spe5haml& ,act ! /atute #cf ,geo4 ,,iii1 c4 #bc1 =bade ! removal ( p]sons f any p>i% until !y 7 9 actual ne$ ( support2 b al?\gh ! law 0 ?us relax$1 ! fix$ pr9ciple :i* caus$ ! refusal ( all p]man5t relief to lab\r]s :o _h no settlem5t 9 ! p>i% act$ z a v effici5t *eck on migration1 ?\gh1 z we h se51 x did n entirely *eck x4 ,9 #agif ! "q ( regulat+ ! lab\r]s' wages by ,p>liam5t 0 rais$2 b ,pitt1 rememb]+ su* s*emes _h always fail$1 0 ho/ile1 & ! matt] dropp$4#eba ,9 ! same ye> ,ed5 made 8 inquiries conc]n+ ! rate ( wages & ! co/ ( liv+4 ,9 ,b$=d1 he f\nd ! agricultural lab\r] 0 gett+ #as4 #b;d4 a day & be]1 ) extras 9 h>ve/#ebb2 b bacon 0 #aj;d4 a lb4 & :eat #abs4 a bu%el4 ,h[ev]1 p>i% all[ances 7 lib]al1 a man1 8 wife1 & f\r *ildr5 sometimes receiv+ #aas4 a week f t s\rce4 ,9 ,cumb]l& ! lab\r] 0 be+ paid #aj;d4 to #as4 a day ) food1 or #as4 #f;d4 to #as4 #h;d4 )\t2 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 #as4 #f;d4 a day2 9 ,suffolk1 #as4 #d;d4 a day & be]4 ,ne>ly ev]y:]e 8 exp5diture 0 mu* 9 excess ( 8 e>n+s1 ! ye>ly budgets ( fifty-?ree families 9 twelve diff]5t c\nties %[$ g5]ally l>ge annual defici5cies1 am\nt+ 9 "o case to #ba #ahs4 #d;d4 ,9 "o case 9 ,l9dsey1 :]e ! defici5cy 0 small1 ! family liv$ on bread alone4 ,! factory sy/em1 too1 _h already depriv$ ! lab\r] ( _m ( 8 by-indu/ries1 & ?us help$ ! paup]ism = :i* l&lord & f>m] _h to pay 9 rates4 ,ab\t #aghh ,sir ,william ,"y propos$ to s5d ! unemploy$ lab\r]s r\nd to ! p>i%ion]s to get "w1 _! wages be+ paid by _! employ]s & by ! p>i%4 ,?is me?od ( obta9+ "w 0 kn[n z ! 'r\ndsman sy/em'4#ebc ,l&lords1 h[ev]1 & f>m]s 7 pr(it+ greatly by ! high prices1 :i* =tunately receiv$ a *eck by ! abundant h>ve/ ( #agif1 :i*1 ) l>ge imports1#ebd caus$ ! price ( :eat to fall to #egs4 #c;d41 & 9 #agih to #dgs4 #aj;d4 ,x is difficult to conceive :at in/ability1 speculation1 & disa/] su* fluctuations mu/ h l$ to4 ,9 #agig ! ,bank ,re/riction ,act 0 pass$1 susp5d+ ca% paym5ts1 & !reby caus+ a huge gr[? 9 cr$it transactions1 a great factor 9 ! inflat$ prosp]ity ( ?is p]iod4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #agii1 wool 0 #bs4 a lb41 & prices at ,smi?field3 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,beef1 p] /one ( #h lb4 #c #j to #c #d ,mutton #c #j #d #b ,pork #b #h #c #h ,! summ] ( t ye> 0 un9t]rupt$ly wet2 "s corn 9 ! nor? 0 uncut 9 ,novemb]1 s t :eat w5t up to #ids4 #b;d41 & 9 ,june1 #ahjj1 0 #acds4 #e;d41 ! sc>city be+ aggravat$ by ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t lay+ an emb>go on ,briti% %ipp+4#ebe ,yet ,pitt d5i$ t ! high prices 7 due to ! w>4#ebf ,!y 7 due1 inde$1 to sev]al causes3 #a4 ,frequ5t ye>s ( sc>city4 #b4 ,increase ( consumption1 ow+ to ! great gr[? ( ! manufactur+ population1 ,engl& dur+ ! w> hav+ almo/ a monopoly ( ! trade ( ,europe4 #c4 ,napoleon's ob/ructions to importation4 #d4 ,! unprec$5t$ fall ( =eign ex*anges4 #e4 ,! rise 9 ! price ( lab\r1 scanty z x 04 #f4 ,susp5sion ( ca% paym5ts1 :i* produc$ a m$ium ( circulation ( an unlimit$ nature1 & l$ to speculation4#ebg ,9 ,m>*1 #ahja1 :eat 0 #aefs42 beef at ,smi?field1 #es4 to #fs4 #f;d4 a /one2 & mutton1 #fs4 #f;d4 to #hs4 ,a rise 9 wages 0 all[$ on all sides to be imp]ative1 b ! lab\r] ev5 n[ got on an av]age little m ?an #is4 a week1#ebh a v inadequate pittance1 ?\gh g5]ally supplem5t$ by ! p>i%4 ,ar?ur ,"y#ebi tells ( a p]son liv+ ne> ,bury 9 #ahja1 :o1 be=e ! era ( high prices1 e>n$ #es4 a week1 & ) t c\ld pur*ase3 ,a bu%el ( :eat4 malt4 #a lb4 ( butt]4 #a lb4 ( *eese4 ,a p5nywor? ( tobacco4 ,b 9 #ahja ! same articles co/ him3 s4 d4 ,a bu%el ( :eat #af #j malt #i #j #a lb4 ( butt] #a #j #a lb4 ( *eese #d ,tobacco #a -------- #a #f #e ,8 wages 7 n[ #is41 & 8 all[ance f ! rates #fs41 s t !re 0 a defici5cy ( #aas4 #e;d4 ,! increase 9 ! co/ ( liv+ 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ table3 #aggc4 #agic4 #agii4 #ahjj4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,coomb ( malt #ab #j #a #c #j #a #c #j #b #j #j ,*aldron ( coals #a #aa #f #b #j #f #b #f #j #b #aa #j ,coomb ( oats #e #j #ac #j #af #j #a #a #j ,load ( hay #b #b #j #d #aj #j #e #e #j #g #j #j ,meat1 p] lb4 #d #e #g #i ,butt]1 #f #aa #aa #a #d ,loaf sug>1 p] lb4 #h #a #j #a #c #a #d ,poor rates1 9 ! #a #j #b #f #c #j #e #j ,x 0 aga9 propos$ by ,mr4 ,:itbread 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons t wages %\ld be regulat$ by ! price ( provisions1 & a m9imum wage fix$2 b !re 0 en\gh s5se 9 ! ,h\se to reject ?is return to obsolete me?ods4 ,aft] ,m>*1 #ahja1 prices comm5c$ to fall1 ow+ to a fav\rable season & ! reop5+ ( ! ,baltic ports1 :i* all[$ imports to come 9 m freely1 = mo/ ( our =eign corn at ?is "t came f ,g]many & ,d5m>k4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> :eat av]ag$ #ges4 #f;d41 & ) fair seasons x came d[n 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahjd to #dis4 #f;d4 ,beef at ,smi?field 0 f #ds4 to #es4 #d;d4 a /one1 mutton f #ds4 to #ds4 #f;d4#ecj ,?is great drop 9 prices 0 accompani$ by an increase 9 wages1 ! lab\r] f #ahjd to #ahaj gett+ on an av]age #abs4 a week#eca2 ! co/ ( implem5ts rose1 s did ! rate ( int]e/1 & ! cry ( agricultural di/ress 9 #ahjd 0 he>d ev]y:]e4 ,m protection 0 dem&$ by ^? int]e/$ 9 ! l&1 & accord+ly a duty ( #bds4 #c;d4 0 impos$ :5 ! price 0 #fcs4 or "u2 a b\nty 0 paid on export :5 x 0 #djs4 or "u2 & :eat might be export$ )\t b\nty up to #eds4 ,h[ev]1 #ahjd 0 a v defici5t h>ve/1 ow+ to blight & mildew1 & by ! end ( ! ye> :eat 0 #hfs4 #b;d4 ,! h>ve/s till #ahjh 7 n z bad z t ( #ahjd1 b n good en\gh to l[] ! prices4 ,also1 ow+ to ! ,b]l9 & ,milan ,decrees ( ,napoleon & ! ,non-int]c\rse ,act ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 imports 7 re/rict$ s t at ! end ( #ahjh :eat 0 #ibs4 ,9 ?is ye> ! exports ( :eat exce$$ ! imports1 b x 0 due to ! requirem5ts ( our army 9 ,spa92 & #aghi 0 ! la/ ye> :5 exports 7 great] "u normal circum/ances4#ecb #ahji 0 a bad h>ve/1 s 0 #ahaj2 9 ! =m] rot be+ v preval5t among %eep2 & by ,augu/1 #ahaj1 hay 0 #aa a load & :eat #aafs41 only l>ge imports 7#a1efg1abf qu>t]s7 prev5t+ a fam9e4 ,d[n wool 0 #bs4 #a;d4 p] lb41 beef & mutton #h-a_/b;d41 *eese #h;d4#ecc ,9 #ahaa ! :ole ( ,july & "p ( ,augu/ 7 wet & cold2 & 9 ,augu/1 #ahab1 :eat av]ag$ #aees41 ! f9e/ ,dantzic sell+ at ,m>k ,lane = #ahjs41 & oats rea*$ #hds4 ,z our imports ( corn !n *iefly came f ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe1 :i* has a climate v simil> to our own1 crops !re 7 (t5 defici5t f bad seasons 9 ! same ye>s z our own1 & ! price consequ5tly high4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a pro( t produce w f9d ! be/ m>ket reg>dless ( h9drances1 t mu* ( our corn at ?is "t came f ,france4 ,corn 9 #ahac 0 seiz$ on ) su* avidity t !re 0 no ne$ to %[ samples4 ,z high prices _h n[ prevail$ = "s "t & 7 /ill ris+1 l&lords & f>m]s jump$ to ! conclusion t !y w\ld be p]man5t2 s t ?is is ! p]iod :5 r5ts exp]i5c$ _! greate/ increase1 9 "s cases hav+ increas$ fivefold s9ce #agij1 & speculations 9 l& 7 mo/ g5]al4 ,l& sold = =ty ye>s' pur*ase1 _m m5 ( _s & adv5ture v diff]5t f f>m]s '7 tempt$ to risk _! prop]ty 9 agricultural speculations'1#ecd & l>ge sums 7 sunk 9 l&s & improvem5ts 9 ! _s ( m]cantile ent]prise4 ,! l& 0 consid]$ z a k9d ( manufactur+ e/abli%m5t1 & 'su* p[]s ( capital & lab\r 7 appli$ z =c$ almo/ /]ility itself to become f]tile4' ,ev5 good pa/ures 7 pl\gh$ up to gr[ :eat at a gu9ea a bu%el1 & mu* wor?less l& 0 s[n ) corn4 ,manure 0 procur$ f ! mo/ remote qu>t]s1 & we are told a new sci5ce rose up1 agricultural *emi/ry1 :i*1 ') mu* frivolity & _m ref9em5ts remote f common s5se1 0 n )\t great op]ation on ! productive p[]s ( l&4' ,l& jobb+ & speculation became g5]al1 & cr$it came to ! aid ( capital4 ,! l>g] f>m]s1 z we h se51 7 be=e ! w> incl9$ to an extravagance t amaz$ _! old] contempor>ies2 n[ we are told1 "s insi/$ on be+ call$ esquire1 & "s kept liv]i$ s]vants4#ece ,x is some:at curi\s to le>n t "o ( ! drawbacks f :i* f>m]s suff]$ at ?is "t 0 ! ravages ( pigeons1 :i* seem to h be5 z num]\s z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! "l's dovecote 0 ! sc\rge ( ! ville9's crops4 ,9 #ahac !re 0 said to be #bj1jjj pigeon h\ses 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 ea* on an av]age conta9+ #ajj pairs ( old pigeons4#ecf ,ano!r pe/ 0 ! l>ge numb] ( 'v]m9'1 ^: de/ruction _h long be=e be5 consid]$ important en\gh to dem& ! att5tion ( ! legislature4#ecg ,"s p>i%es devot$ l>ge portions ( _! funds to ?is object2 9 #aghf ,ea/ ,budleigh 9 ,devon%ire1 out ( a total receipt ( #bj #as4 #h-a_/b;d41 vot$ #e #ajs4 = v]m9 kill+4 ,t n[ sacr$ animal ! fox 0 !n treat$ ) scant respect1 f>m]s & l&lords pay+ = 8 de/ruction z 'v]m9'#ech2 ! p>i% acc\nts ( ,a%burton 9 ,devon%ire1 = in/ance1 f #agfa-ahbj include paym5ts = kill+ #ah foxes & #d vix5s1 ) no less ?an #aec badg]s4 ,b ! edifice ( artificial prosp]ity 0 already tott]+4 ,aft] #ahab prices fell /eadily1#eci ! abundant h>ve/ ( #ahac & ! op5+ ( ! cont95tal ports accel]at$ ?is1 & by ,decemb]1 #ahac1 :eat 0 #gcs4 #c;d4 ,yet agriculture _h made solid progress4 ,! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons :i* inquir$ into ! /ate ( ! corn trade 9 #ahac /at$ t ?r\gh ! ext5sion (1 & improvem5ts 91 agriculture ! agricultural produce ( ! k+dom _h increas$ "o-f\r? 9 ! prec$+ t5 ye>s4#edj ,! high prices _h attract$ a l>ge am\nt ( capital to ! l&1 s t !re 0 v rapid & ext5sive progress1 ! me?ods ( tillage 7 improv$1 l>ge tracts ( inf]ior pa/ure conv]t$ into arable1 mu*1 h[ev]1 ( :i* 0 soon to rev]t to we$s2 !re 7 _m enclosures1 & _m f5s1 commons1 & wa/es reclaim$4 ,b !re 0 a rev]se side to ?is picture ( prosp]ity1 ev5 9 ! case ( l&lord & f>m]4 ,! burd5 ( taxation 0 cru%+2 a contempor>y writ]1 a f>m] ( tw5ty-five ye>s /&+1#eda wrote t1 ) ! l& tax rema9+ ! same1 !re 0 a high prop]ty tax1 h\se & w9d[ taxes 7 d\bl$1 poor rates 9 "s places trebl$1 highway1 *ur*1 & con/able rates d\bl$ & trebl$1 & !re 7 oppressive taxes on malt & horses1 bo? nags & f>m animals4 ,a man r5t+ a f>m at #gj & keep+ two f>m-horses1 a nag1 & a dog1 w\ld pay taxes = !m ( #e #js4 #f;d41 a f\rte5? ( 8 r5t4#edb ,inde$1 poor rates ( #afs4 & #bjs4 9 ! 7 kn[n1#edc & !y 7 occasionally m ?an ! :ole r5t receiv$ by ! l&lord =ty ye>s be=e4 ,a ,devon%ire l&[n] compla9$ t sev5-sixte5?s out ( ! annual value ( e e/ate 9 ! c\nty 0 tak5 f own]s & occupi]s 9 direct taxes4#edd ,& ! ,committee on ,agricultural ,depression ( #ahbb ass]t$ t dur+ ! w> taxes & rates 7 quadrupl$4#ede ,blacksmi?s1 :itesmi?s1 coll> mak]s1 rop]s1 c>p5t]s1 & _m o!r tradesm5 ) :om ! f>m] dealt1 rais$ _! prices ?reefold2 & x 0 op5ly ass]t$ t ! high prices ( gra9 & /ock 7 n proportionate to ! increase ( o!r prices4 ,mu* ( ! grass l& brok5 up 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! w> 0 be=e ! close 9 a mis]able condition1 = x 0 cropp$ ye> aft] ye> )\t manure1 & 0 worn out4 ,on ! :ole x may be d\bt$ if ! bulk ( ! f>m]s ( ,engl& made l>ge pr(its dur+ ! w>2 _m no d\bt pr(it$ by ! extraord9>y fluctuations 9 prices1 & x 0 ^? m5 :o 'kept liv]i$ s]vants'2 b !re mu/ h be5 _m :o lo/ heavily by ! same means1 & ! rise ( r5t1 taxes1 rates1 lab\r1 & tradesm5's prices l>gely disc\nt$ ! prices ( corn & /ock4 ,! l&[n]s at ?is p]iod h g5]ally be5 describ$ z fl\ri%+ at ! exp5se ( ! community1 b _! increas$ r5ts 7 greatly neutraliz$ by ! weight ( taxation & ! g5]al rise 9 prices4 ,a contempor>y writ] says t ow+ to ! heavy taxes1 ev5 9 ! w> "t1 he '(t5 _h n a %ill+ at ! end ( ! ye>4'#edf ,! foll[+ acc\nts1 drawn up 9 #ahje1edg d n %[ t f>m]s 7 mak+ mu* money ) :eat at #ajs4 a bu%el3 ,acc\nt ( ! culture ( an acre ( :eat on good fall[ l&3 ,dr4 s4 d4 ,two ye>s' r5t #b #j #j ,haul+ dung f fold #aj #j ,f\r pl\gh+s #b #j #j ,two h>r[+s #d #j ,lime #a #ah #j ,se$1 #b-a_/b bu%els #a #e #j ,reap+ #e #j ,?re%+ #aj #j ,wages #e #j ,ti!s & taxes #ae #j -------- #i #ab #j ,cr4 s4 d4 #bj bu%els ( :eat at #ajs #aj #j #j ,! /raw 0 set aga9/ ! value ( ! dung4 ,! tail5d :eat 0 ,eat5 by ! family6 --------- #aj #j #j ,& on a f>m on good l& 9 ! same c\nty ! foll[+ w\ld be ! annual balance %eet at ! same date3 ,dr4 s4 d4 ,r5t #bjj #j #j ,ti!s #dj #j #j ,wages #eh #j #j ,extra h>ve/m5 #g #j #j ,tradesm5's bills #ej #j #j ,taxes & rates #eh #j #j ,malt1 hops1 & cid] #fj #j #j ,lime #bj #j #j ,hop poles #aj #j #j ,exp5ses at fairs & m>kets #h #j #j ,clo?+1 groc]ies1 c41 = ! family #de #j #j ,int]e/ on #a1ejj capital1 at #e p] c5t4 #ge #j #j ,sundries #ae #j #j ---------- #fdf #j #j ,cr4 s4 d4 #cfj bu%els ( :eat1 #aj s4 #ahj #j #j #cjj bu%els ( b>ley1 #fs4 #ij #j #j #ajj bu%els ( peas1 #fs4 #cj #j #j #bj cwt4 hops #fj #j #j ,sale ( ox51 c[s & calves #aej #j #j ,pr(its f %eep #ajj #j #j f pigs1 p\ltry1 dairy1 & sundries #ej #j #j ---------- #ffj #j #j ,accord+ to ?is ! f>m] did little m ?an pay r5t1 int]e/ on capital1 & get a liv+4 ,yet prices ( :at he _h to sell _h gone up greatly3 :eat 9 ,h]e=d%ire 9 #agfj 0 #cs4 a bu%el1 9 #ahje1 #ajs42 but*]'s meat 9 #agfj 0 #a-a_/b;d4 a lb41 9 #ahjd1 #g;d42 fre% butt] #d-a_/b;d4 9 #agfj1 #as4 #c;d4 9 #ahjd2 a fat goose 9 ,h]e=d m>ket 9 #agdj1 #aj;d42 #agfj1 #as42 #ahjd1 #ds42 a c\ple ( f[ls 9 #agdj1 #f;d42 #agfj1 #g;d42 #ahjd1 #bs4 #d;d4#edh ,! w9t] ( #ahac-d 0 extraord9>ily sev]e1 & ! :eat crop 0 s]i\sly injur$1 b ! increas$ bread? ( cultivation1 a l>ge surplus1 & great importations kept ! price d[n4 ,_m %eep1 h[ev]1 7 kill$ by ! h>d w9t]1 :i* also r$uc$ ! quality ( ! cattle1 s t meat 0 high] 9 #ahad ?an at any previ\s p]iod4#edi ,at ,smi?field beef 0 #fs4 to #gs4 a /one1 mutton #gs4 to #hs4 #f;d4 ,) ! peace ( #ahad ! fictiti\s prosp]ity came to an end1 a l>ge am\nt ( pap] 0 )drawn f circulation1 :i* l[]$ ! price ( all commodities1 & a l>ge numb] ( c\ntry banks fail$4 ,! fir/ suff]]s 7 ! agricultural classes1 :o happ5$ at t "t to hold l>g] supplies ?an usual1 ! value ( :i* fell at once2 ! incomes ( all 7 dim9i%$1 & ! capital ( _m annihilat$4#eej ,at ! same "t ! dem& = our manufactures f abroad fell (f2 ! t[ns 7 impov]i%$1 & b\ght less f ! f>m]4 ,! %ort p]iod ( w> 9 #ahae _h little effect on prices1 & 9 ,janu>y1 #ahaf1 :eat 0 #ebs4 #f;d41 & ! prices ( live /ock _h fall5 consid]ably4 ,9 #ahae protection rea*$ its highe/ limit1 ! ,act ( t ye> prohibit+ import ( :eat :5 ! price 0 "u #hjs4 a qu>t]1 & o!r gra9 9 proportion4#eea ,h[ev]1 x 0 ( no avail2 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahaf ! compla9ts ( agricultural di/ress 7 s l\d & deep t ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture issu$ circul> lett]s to e "p ( ! k+dom1 ask+ = in=mation on ! /ate ( agriculture4 ,accord+ to ! answ]s giv51 r5t _h already fall5 on an av]age #be p] c5t4 & agriculture 0 9 a 'deplorable /ate4'#eeb ,bankruptcies1 seizures1 executions1 imprisonm5ts1 7 rife1 _m f>m]s _h become p>i% paup]s4 ,r5t 0 mu* 9 arre>1 ti!s & poor rates unpaid1 improvem5ts g5]ally discont9u$1 live /ock dim9i%$2 al>m+ gangs ( poa*]s & o!r depr$ators rang$ ! c\ntry4 ,! loss 0 great] on arable ?an on grass l&1 & 'flock f>ms' _h suff]$ less ?an o!rs1 ?\gh !y _h begun to feel x heavily4 ,all classes connect$ ) ! l& suff]$ sev]ely2 ! l&lords c\ld n get _m ( _! r5ts2 ! f>m]'s /ock _h depreciat$ #dj p] c5t4#eec2 _m lab\r]s1 :o dur+ ! w> _h be5 gett+ f #aes4 to #afs4 a week & #ahs4 9 summ]1#eed 7 walk+ ! c\ntry se>*+ = employm5t4 ,_m t5ants ?rew up _! f>ms1 & x 0 (t5 notic$ t l&lords1 'kn[+ v little ( agriculture & tak5 by surprise1' c\ld n manage ! f>ms ?r[n on _! h&s1 & !y w5t uncultivat$4 ,"s f>m]s paid up _! r5t to date1 sold _! /ock1 & w5t (f )\t any notice2 o!rs1 less scrupul\s1 drove (f _! /ock & mov$ _! h\sehold furniture 9 ! night )\t settl+4#eee ,f>m]s & l&[n]s 7 ask$ to /ate ! rem$ies requir$4 ,"s ask$ = m r5t r$uction & fur!r prohibition ( import1 b ! mo/ g5]al cry 0 = ! less5+ ( taxation4 ,a ,h]e=d%ire f>m]#eef /at$ t 9 #ahae ! taxes on a f>m ( #cjj acres 9 t c\nty 73 s4 d4 ,prop]ty tax1 l&lord & t5ant #ie #af #aj ,great ti!s #fd #ag #f ,less] ti!s #bi #ae #j ,l& tax #ad #j #j ,w9d[ lights #bd #a #f ,poor rates1 l&lord #aj #j #j t5ant #dj #j #j ,c>t-horse duty1 l&lord1 #c horses #b #aa #j ,two saddle horses1 l&lord #i #j #j ,gig #f #f #j ,c>t-horse duty1#eeg t5ant #g #b #j ,"o saddle horse1 t5ant #b #ac #f ,l&lord's malt duty on #fj bu%els ( b>ley #ba #j #j ,t5ant's duty = mak+ #abj bu%els ( b>ley into malt #db #j #j ,new rate = build+ %ire hall1 paid by l&lord #i #j #j t5ant #c #j #j ,sur*>ge #b #h #j ------------ #chc #aa #d ,! p>i% ( ,k5t*ur*1 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 paid 9 direct taxes a great] sum ?an ! l&s ( ! :ole p>i% c\ld be let =4 ,ano!r v g5]al compla9t 0 ( ! collection ( ti! 9 k9d1 a mo/ awkw>d & (f5sive me?od1 caus+ great exp5se & wa/e1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h giv5 way 9 _m places to comp\nd+4 ,su* is ! picture ( agriculture aft] tw5ty ye>s ( high prices & protection4#eeh ,"o may naturally ask1 if mu* money _h be5 made by f>m]s dur+ ^! ye>s1 :]e _h x all gone to t !y 7 r$uc$ at ! fir/ brea? ( adv]sity to su* /raits8 ,"s all[ance mu/ be made = ! fact t ^! acc\nts come f ^? int]e/$ 9 ! l&1 :o 7 always ready to make ! mo/ ( mis=tune ) a view to fur!r protection1 & ! f>m] is a notori\s grumbl]4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t mo/ l&lords & t5ants believ$ t ! high prices w\ld la/ = ev]1 & liv$ accord+ly1 &1 z we h se51 _m made no pr(it at all because ( _! increas$ burd5s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 bo? 7 grumbl+ because prices _h come back to _! natural level aft] an unnatural inflation4#eei ,hemp at ?is date 0 /ill gr[n 9 ,l9coln%ire & ,som]set1 & ,m>%all tells u t 9 #ahjc !re 0 a consid]able quantity ( hemp gr[n 9 ,%rop%ire4#efj ,9 t c\nty !re 0 a small plot ( gr\nd1 call$ '! hemp-y>d1' app5dant to almo/ e f>m-h\se & to _m ( ! be/ sort ( cottages4 ,:5ev] a cottag] _h #aj or #ae p]*es ( l& to 8 cottage1 wor? f #as4 #f;d4 to #bs4 #f;d4 a ye>1 ) ! aid ( 8 wife's indu/ry x enabl$ him to pay 8 r5t4 ,a peck ( hempse$1 co/+ #bs41 s[$ ab\t #aj p]*es ( l&1 & ?is produc$ f #bd to #cf lb4 ( t[ :5 dress$ & fit = sp9n+4 ,a doz5 p\nds ( t[ made #aj ells ( clo?1 wor? g5]ally ab\t #cs4 an ell4 ,?us a good crop on #aj p]*es ( l& br\ght 9 #d #ajs4 #j;d41 half ( :i* 0 nett pr(it4 ,! hemp 0 pull$ a little be=e h>ve/1 & imm$iately spread on grass l&1 :]e x lay = a mon? or six weeks4 ,! m ra9 !re 0 ! soon] x 0 ready to take (f ! grass4 ,:5 ! r9d peel$ easily f ! woody "p1 x 01 on a dry day1 tak5 into ! h\se1 & :5 h>ve/ 0 ov] well dri$ 9 f9e wea!r & dress$1 be+ !n fit = ! t[ dress]1 :o prep>$ x = sp9n+4 ,aft] ! crop ( hemp ! l& 0 s[n ) turnips1 a valuable res\rce = ! w9t]4 ,s9ce #ahae little hemp or flax has be5 gr[n 9 ,engl&#efa2 9 #aijg !re 71 accord+ to ! ,agricultural ,returns1 #cee acres ( flax gr[n 9 ,engl&1 & hemp 0 n m5tion$4 ,,footnotes3 #ejd ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahif1 p4 #a1 & #ahih1 p4 #a4 #eje ,autobiography1 p4 #bdb4 #ejf ,ed51 ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 i4 #ah4 #ejg ',_h 8 indu/ry be5 "u ! direction ( a bett] judgem5t1 he w\ld h be5 an admirable presid5t4'--,"y1 ,autobiography1 p4 #caf4 #ejh ,! ,report ( ! ,committee on ,wa/e ,l&s1 #agie1 e/imat$ wa/es & commons at #g1hjj1jjj acres1 p4 #bba4 #eji ,! ,m]9o 0 l>gely import$ into ,engl& by ! ef=ts ( ,george ,,iii1 & a ,m]9o ,society 0 =m$ 9 #ahaa2 b _m circum/ances made x ( su* little pr(it to cultivate x 9 pref]5ce to native bre$s1 t x 0 div]t$ to ,au/ralia4--,burnley1 ,hi/ory ( ,wool1 p4 #ag4 #eaj ,! fir/1 ! ,ba? & ,we/ ( ,engl&1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aggg4 #eaa ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahii1 p4 #g4 #eab ,high] prices _h be5 realiz$ = ! improv$ ,longhorns2 9 #agia1 at ! sale ( ,mr4 ,f[l] ( ,little ,rollright1 ,sultan a two-ye>-old bull fet*$ #baj gu9eas1 & a c[ #bfj gu9eas2 & at ,mr4 ,paget's sale 9 #agic1 a bull ( ! same bre$ sold = #djj gu9eas4--,culley on ,live ,/ock1 p4 #ei4 #eac ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahii1 p4 #bh4 #ead ,culley on ,live ,/ock 7#ahjg71 pp4 #df-g4 #eae ,culley on ,live ,/ock1 p4 vi4 #eaf ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahib1 p4 #bg4 #eag ,morton1 ,cyclopa$ia ( ,agriculture1 ii4 #ifd4 #eah ,nor!rn ,t\r1 iii4 #di4 ,cl>ke also exp]im5t$ on ! effect ( electricity on vegetables1 electrify+ turnips 9 boxes ) ! result t gr[? 0 quick5$ & weight increas$4 #eai ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahif1 p1 #ic4 #ebj ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 p4 #ahb4 #eba ,autobiography ( ,a4 ,"y1 p4 #bef4 #ebb ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 i4 #efe et seq42 ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,"w & ,wages1 p4 #dhg4 ,x is difficult to calculate ! exact income ( ! lab\r]2 besides extras 9 h>ve/1 & relief f ! p>i%1 he might h a small hold+1 or common rights1 also paym5ts 9 k9d & ! e>n+s ( 8 wife & *ildr54 #ebc ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #aha2 ,ed51 op4 cit4 li4 #bg4 #ebd ,imports ( :eat & fl\r 9 #agif 7 #hgi1bjj qu>t]s4 #ebe ,yet imports 7 comp>atively l>ge2 #a1bfd1ebj qu>t]s ( :eat1 aga9/ #dfc1ahe qu>t]s 9 #agii4 #ebf ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 p4 #bai4 #ebg ,f>m]'s ,magaz9e1 #ahag1 p4 #fj4 #ebh ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,"w & ,wages1 c4 #ah4 #ebi ,annals ( ,agriculture1 xxxvii4 #bfe4 ,9 #ahje1 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 ! lab\r] 0 gett+ ab\t #fs4 #f;d4 a week--,see ,duncumb1 ,g5]al ,view ( ,agriculture ( ,h]e=d%ire4 ,^? :o liv$ 9 ! f>m-h\se (t5 f>$ be/3 9 #ahjh ! diet ( a ,hamp%ire f>m s]vant 01 = breakfa/1 bacon1 bread1 & skim milk2 = lun*1 bread & *eese & small be]2 = d9n]1 betwe5 #c p4m4 & #d p4m41 pickl$ pork or bacon ) potatoes1 cabbages1 turnips1 or gre5s1 & bro?s ( :eat-fl\r & g>d5 /uff4 ,supp] consi/$ ( bread & *eese & a p9t ( ale4 ,8 bread 0 usually made ( :eat1 :i*1 consid]+ ! price1 is rem>kable4 ,on ,sundays he _h fre% meat4 ,! f>m]s liv$ 9 _m cases little bett]2 a /atem5t :i* mu/ be comp>$ ) o!rs ascrib+ great extravagance to !m4--,vanc\v]1 ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,agriculture ( ,hants 7#ahjh71 p4 #chc4 #ecj ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 i4 #bcf4 #eca ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,"w & ,wages1 c4 #ah4 ,9 _m cases he 0 gett+ #aes4 & #afs4 a week all ! ye> r\nd4 ,! ,p>liam5t>y ,committee ( #ahbb put 8 wages dur+ ! w> at f #aes4 to #afs4 a week4 ,p>liam5t>y ,reports ,committees1 v4 #gb2 b x is difficult to say h[ mu* he receiv$ z wages1 & h[ mu* z p>i% relief4 ,recruit+ = ! w> help$ to raise wages1 z did ! increas$ gr[? ( corn4 #ecb ,mc,culloch1 ,comm]cial ,diction>y 7#ahdg71 p4 #dch4 ,see ,app5dix1 ii4 #ecc ,tooke1 i4 #cai1 & ,pamphlete]1 vi4 #bjj 7,a4 ,"y74 ,s9ce #aggj1 says ! latt]1 lab\r by #ahaj-aa _h d\bl$1 b meat _h ris5 #adf p] c5t41 *eese #aec p] c5t41 bread #ajj p] c5t4 ,wages !re=e _h n ris5 9 proportion to prices4 #ecd ,inquiry into ,agricultural ,di/ress 7#ahbb71 p4 #ch4 #ece ,?\ghts on ,pres5t ,depress$ ,/ate ( ,agricultural ,indu/ry 7#ahag71 p4 #f4 #ecf ,vanc\v]1 ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,agriculture ( ,devon1 p4 #ceg4 #ecg ,see #ad ,eliz41 c4 #aa1 & #ci ,eliz41 c4 #ah4 #ech ,transactions ( ! ,devon ,association1 xxix4 #bia-cdi4 #eci ,av]age annual prices ( :eat 73 #ahab1 #abfs4 #f;d42 #ahac1 #ajis4 #i;d42 #ahad1 #gds4 #d;d42 #ahae1 #fes4 #g;d4 #edj ,port]1 ,progress ( ! ,nation1 p4 #adi4 #eda ,a ,def5ce ( ! ,f>m]s & ,l&[n]s ( ,great ,brita9 7#ahad71 p4 #di4 #edb ,ibid4 p4 x4 #edc ,ibid4 p4 #g4 #edd ,agricultural ,/ate ( ! ,k+dom1 p4 #fg4 #ede ,p>liam5t>y ,reports 7,committees71 v4 #gb4 #edf ,?\ghts on ! ,pres5t ,depress$ ,/ate ( ! ,agricultural ,int]e/ 7#ahag71 p4 #d4 #edg ,duncumb1 ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,agriculture ( ,h]e=d1 #ahje4 ,! writ] ( ,a ,def5ce ( ! ,f>m]s & ,l&[n]s ( ,great ,brita9 7#ahad7 puts ! av]age crop ( :eat 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom at #ae or #af bu%els an acre1 p4 #bh4 ,a v l[ e/imate4 #edh ,duncumb1 ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,agriculture ( ,h]e=d1 p4 #adj4 #edi ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 ii4 #d4 #eej ,f>m]'s ,magaz9e 7#ahag71 p4 #fi4 #eea ,! duties 7 (t5 evad$ by smuggl+2 coa/+ vessels met ! =eign corn %ips at sea1 receiv$ _! c>goes1 & l&$ !m s z to escape ! duty4 #eeb ,agricultural ,/ate ( ! ,k+dom1 p4 #e4 #eec ,obs]vations = ! ,use ( ,l&$ ,g5tlem5 7#ahag71 p4 #g4 #eed ,def5ce ( ! ,f>m]s1 c4 7#ahad72 & ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 v4 #gb4 #eee ,agricultural ,/ate ( ! ,k+dom1 p4 #fd4 #eef ,ibid4 p4 #aje4 #eeg ,! agricultural horse tax 0 repeal$ 9 #ahba1 ! tax on ponies & mules 9 #ahbc4 #eeh ,!re 7 "s exceptions1 b ! ov]:elm+ majority ( replies to ! lett]s 7 c\*$ 9 ! above _s4 #eei ,at a "t :5 l&lords =m$ ! majority 9 ,p>liam5t1 x is curi\s to f9d a sub/antial f>m] ass]t+ t '! l&$ int]e/ has be51 s9ce ! corn law ( #aggc1 held 9 a /ate ( complete vassalage to ! comm]cial & manufactur+1 & ! f>m]s ( ! c\ntry 9 a /ate v little sup]ior to t ( ,poli% peasants4' #efj ,review ( ,we/]n ,dep>tm5t1 pp4 #bdi1 #bej4 #efa ,morton1 ,cyclopa$ia ( ,agriculture1 ii4 #bf4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,enclosure--,,! ,,small ,,own] ,! w> p]iod 0 "o ( great activity 9 enclosure2 f #agih to #ahaj !re 7 #ief ,bills2 f #ahaa-bj1 #gga4efb ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! numb] ( ,acts is n a conclusive te/ ( ! am\nt ( enclosure1 z !re 0 a l>ge am\nt t 0 non-p>liam5t>y3 by ! pr9cipal l&lord1 & by freehold]s :o agre$ to amicable *anges & transf]1 z at ,pick]+1 9 ,york%ire4#efc ,r\ghly speak+1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! ,acts 7 = enclos+ commonable wa/e1 ! re/ = enclos+ op5 & commonable fields & l&s4#efd ,ow+ to ! exp5se an ,act 0 only obta9$ 9 ! la/ res\rce4 ,x 0 also because ( ! exp5se#efe t _m l&lords desir\s to enclose 7 unable to d s1 & !re=e devot$ _! att5tion to ! improvem5t ( ! common fields4 ,t agriculture b5efit$ by enclosure !re is no possible d\bt1 b x 0 att5d$ ) great h>d%ips4 ,! l&[n] g5]ally ga9$1 = 8 r5ts increas$ l>gely4 ,9 tw5ty-?ree p>i%es ( ,l9coln%ire1 = in/ance1 8 r5ts d\bl$ on enclosure4 ,b ! exp5ses 7 s heavy t 8 ga9 0 (t5 v small1 & sometimes he 0 a los] by ! process4 ,z = ! f>m]s1 ! poor] ones suff]$1 = m capital 0 ne$$ = enclos$ l&s1 & ! process g5]ally 0 s sl[1 tak+ f two to six ye>s be=e ! f9al aw>d 0 giv51 t _m f>m]s 7 ?r[n out 9 ! managem5t ( _! f>ms1 = !y did n "k :]e _! future l&s w\ld be allott$4 ,t ! poor suff]$ greatly is indubitable3 ',by n9ete5 ,enclosure ,acts out ( tw5ty ! poor are injur$1 9 "s cases grossly injur$1' wrote ,"y 9 #ahja4eff ,9 ! ,acts x 0 endeav\r$ to treat !m fairly1#efg & allotm5ts 7 made to !m1 or money paid on enclosure 9 lieu ( _! rights ( common1 or small plots ( l&2 b ! exp5se ( enclos+ small allotm5ts 0 proportionately v great1 g5]ally too great1 & !y _h to be sold1 :ile ! sums ( money 7 (t5 sp5t 9 ! aleh\se4 ,! results ( sixty-eight ,acts 7 inve/igat$ 9 ! ea/]n c\nties1 ) ! result t 9 all b fifte5 ! poor 7 injur$4 ,x 0 g5]ally f\nd t !y _h lo/ _! c[s4 ,its effect on ! smallhold] is well describ$ by ,davis 9 8 ,report on ,wilts4#efh ,!re1 be=e enclosure1 ! t5ants usually occupi$ y>d-l&s consi/+ ( a home/ead1 #b acres ( mead[1 #ah acres ( arable1 g5]ally 9 eighte5 or tw5ty /rips1 ) a "r on ! common mead[s1 common fields & d[ns = #dj %eep1 & z _m cattle z ! t5ant c\ld w9t] ) ! fodd] he grew4 ,! #dj %eep 7 kept by a common %eph]d ) ! common h]d1 7 tak5 e day to ! d[ns & br\ght back e night to be fold$ on ! arable fields1 ! rule be+ to fold #a1jjj %eep on a 't5antry' acre 7?ree-qu>t]s ( a /atute acre7 e night4#efi ,9 bre$+ %eep reg>d 0 _h to 'fold+ quality1' i4e4 ! prop5sity to drop manure only aft] be+ fold$ at night1 z mu* z to quality & quantity ( wool & meat4 ,on enclosure ! common flock 0 brok5 up4 ,! small f>m] _h no long] any common to turn 8 horses on4 ,! d[n on :i* he f$ 8 %eep 0 l>gely curtail$1 ! common %eph]d 0 aboli%$1 & ! f>m] _h too few %eep to enable him individually to employ a %eph]d4 ,!re=e he _h to "p ) 8 flock4 ,hav+ no c[ common & v little pa/ure l& he c\ld n keep c[s4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! small f>m]1 aft] a few ye>s1 succumb$ & became a lab\r]1 or emigrat$1 or w5t to ! t[ns4 ,9 a pamphlet call$ ,! ,case ( ,lab\r]s 9 ,husb&ry1 #agie1 ! ,rev4 ,david ,davies said1 'by enclosure an amaz+ numb] ( p h be5 r$uc$ f a com=table /ate ( p>tial indep5d5ce to ! prec>i\s condition ( m]e hirel+s1 :o :5 out ( "w imm$iately come on ! p>i%4' ,x has (t5 be5 said t ! poor 7 robb$ ( _! %>e 9 ! l& by ! l&[n]s2 b z a matt] ( fact x 0 ! exp5se ( secur+ ! comp5sation all[$ !m1 mu* great] 9 proportion on small hold+s ?an on l>ge1 :i* w5t into ! pockets ( surveyors & lawy]s1 t did ?is4 ,x 0 also (t5 ?r\gh ! f>m] t ! lab\r] 0 depriv$ ( 8 l& :5 he _h reta9$ an acre or two aft] enclosure4 ,wi%+ to make ! lab\r] dep5d5t on him1 he p]suad$ ! ag5t to let ! cottages ) ! f>m1 & ! ag5t 9 ord] to avoid collect+ a numb] ( small r5ts cons5t$4 ,z soon z ! f>m] _h ! cottages he took ! l& f !m & add$ x to 8 own4 ,! peasant's losses engag$ ! s]i\s att5tion ( _m l&lords2 ne> ,tewkesbury1 9 #aggc1 ! "l ( ! manor on enclosure1 besides res]v+ #be acres = ! use ( ! poor1 all[$ l& to ea* cottage suffici5t to keep a horse or a c[1 (t5 add$ a small build+1 & gave /ocks = rais+ or*>ds4 ,ev5 "s ( ! idle/ 7 !reby made indu/ri\s1 poor rates sank to #d;d4 9 ! 1 ?\gh ! population increas$1 & ! lab\r] always _h = sale "s p\ltry1 or ! produce ( 8 c[1 or "s fruit4#egj ,9 #ahjj ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 compos$ almo/ entirely ( l&[n]s1 notic+ t ! poor ( ,rutl& & ,l9coln%ire1 :o _h l& = "o or two c[s & "s potatoes1 _h n appli$ = poor relief1 (f]$ a gold m$al = ! mo/ satisfactory acc\nt ( ! be/ means ( support+ c[s on poor l&1 9 a me?od applicable to cottag]s4#ega ,"y recomm5d$ t 9 ! case ( ext5sive wa/es e cottage on enclosure %\ld be secur$ suffici5t l& on :i* to keep a c[1 ! l& to be inali5able f ! cottage & ! own]%ip ve/$ 9 ! p>i%4 ,"l ,w9*elsea#egb urg$ t a good g>d5 %\ld always g ) a cottage1 & set ! example himself1 "o :i* has be5 g5]ally foll[$ 9 ,engl& by ! great] l&lords ) mu* success4 ,z may be imag9$1 ^! s*emes or o!rs simil> to !m 7 put into effect by ! consci5ti\s & en]getic1 b n by ! apa!tic & c>eless4 ,fur!r1 an ,act 0 pass$ 9 ! fifty-n9? ye> ( ,george ,,iii1 :i* enabl$ p>i%es to lease or buy #bj acres ( l& = ! employm5t ( _! poor4 ,9 _m cases1 x mu/ be all[$1 ! graz+ ( ! commons 0 (t5 wor? v little4 ,let "o man1 x 0 said 9 #agie1 put a c[ on a common 9 spr+ = no?+1 & let ano!r pay a f>m] #as4 #f;d4 a week to keep a c[ ( equal value on enclos$ l&4 ,:5 bo? are driv5 to m>ket at ,mi*aelmas ! extra weight ( ! latt] w m ?an repay ! co/ ( ! keep1 :ile h] fl[ ( milk mean:ile has be5 mu* sup]ior4 ,! ,committee on ,wa/e ,l&s ( #agie attribut$ ! great increase 9 ! weight ( cattle n only to ! improv$ me?ods ( bre$+1 b to _! be+ f$ on good enclos$ l&s in/ead ( wa/es & commons4#egc ,ev5 :5 commons 7 /9t$ !y 7 9 g5]al ov]/ock$1 :ile disease 0 always be+ spread ) enorm\s loss to ! common]s4 ,! l>g] hold]s1 too1 :o _h common rights1 (t5 cr[d$ out ! small]4 ,!re 7 (t51 z we h se51 a l>ge numb] ( 'squatt]s' on commons :o _h seiz$ & occupi$ l& )\t any legal title4 ,z a rule1 if ^! p _h be5 9 possession tw5ty-"o ye>s _! title 0 respect$2 if n1 no reg>d 0 v ju/ly paid to !m on enclosure1 & !y 7 depriv$ ( :at !y _h seiz$4 ,ed5 wrote :5 enclosure 0 at its height2 he 0 a compet5t & accurate obs]v]1 & ?is is 8 picture ( ! 'common]'3#egd ',! advantages :i* cottag]s & poor p d]ive f commons & wa/es are r app>5t ?an real2 in/ead ( /ick+ regul>ly to lab\r !y wa/e _! "t 9 pick+ up a few dry /icks or 9 grubb+ on "s bleak moor4 ,_! />v$ pig or two1 toge!r ) a few w&]+ gosl+s1 besides involv+ !m 9 p]petual alt]cations ) _! neighb\rs1 are de>ly paid = 9 c>e1 "t1 & b\ght food4 ,!re are ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( acres 9 ! k+dom1 n[ ! sorry pa/ures ( geese1 hogs1 asses1 half-gr[n horses1 & half-/>v$ cattle1 :i* want b to be enclos$ to be z ri* z any l& n[ 9 tillage4' ,enclosure work$ an important social revolution4 ,be=e x ! entirely l&less lab\r] 0 r>e3 he ne>ly always _h "s hold+ 9 ! common field or a "r on ! common pa/ure4 ,) enclosure 8 hold+ or "r _h g5]ally disappe>$1 & he det]iorat$ socially4 ,x 0 v un=tunate1 too1 t :5 enclosure 0 mo/ active dome/ic indu/ries1 su* z weav+1 decay$1 & depriv$ ! lab\r] & 8 family ( a badly ne$$ addition to 8 scanty income4 ,9 its physical & moral effects ! sy/em ( dome/ic manufactures 0 imm5sely pref]able to t ( ! cr[d$ factory1 :ile economically x enabl$ ! till]s ( ! soil to exi/ on f>ms :i* c\ld n support !m by agriculture alone4 ,?is uproot+ ( a great "p ( ! agricultural population f ! soil by irresi/ible economic causes br\ght ) x grave moral evils1 & creat$ divisions & antagonisms ( int]e/ f :i* we are suff]+ to-day4#ege ,if "s su* s*eme z t ( ,ar?ur ,"y or ,"l ,w9*elsea _h be5 univ]sally adopt$1 ?is blot on an inevitable movem5t might h be5 remov$1 & a heal?y rural population plant$ on ,engli% soil4 ,ano!r result foll[$1 ! lab\r] no long] bo>d$ z a rule 9 8 employ]'s h\se1 :]e ! f>m] work$ & liv$ ) 8 m52 ! tie ( mutual int]e/ 0 loos5$1 & he work$ = ?is or t ma/] indiff]5tly4 ,"o advantage1 h[ev]1 arose1 9 t1 hav+ to f9d a home ( 8 own1 he m>ri$ e>ly1 b ?is 0 vitiat$ by 8 k t ! p>i% w\ld support 8 *ildr51 on :i* k he 0 induc$ to rely4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f>m] (t5 rose 9 ! social scale4 ,) ! ab&onm5t ( ! h&icaps & re/rictions ( ! common-field sy/em ! effici5t came m spe$ily to ! front4 ,x 0 !y :o _h amass$ capital1 & capital 0 n[ ne$$ m ?an ev]1 s !y add$ field to field1 & consolidat$ hold+s4 ,! ,act ( #ahde did away ) ! necessity = private ,enclosure ,acts1 /ill fur!r r$uc+ ! exp5se2 & s9ce t date !re h be5 #hj1jjj or #ij1jjj acres ( common arable fields & mead[s enclos$ )\t p>liam5t>y sanction1 & #aci1eag acres ( ! same h be5 enclos$ ) x1#egf besides _m acres ( commons & wa/e4 ,9 ! ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,enclosures ( #ahdd1egg !re is a curi\s description ( ! way 9 :i* common fields 7 sometimes allott$4 ,!re 7 9 "s op5 fields1 l&s call$ 'panes'1 conta9+ =ty or sixty diff]5t l&s1 & on a c]ta9 day ! be/ man ( ! p>i% appe>$ to take possession ( any lot he ?\ght fit4 ,if 8 "r 0 call$ 9 "q !re 0 a fight = x1 & ! survivor took ! fir/ lot1 & s !y w5t on ?r\gh ! p>i%4 ,!re 0 also ! old 'lot mead[' 9 :i* ! own]s drew lots = *oice ( portions4 ,on "s ( ! graz+ l&s ! "r ( graz+ %eep belong$ to a man call$ a 'flockma/]'1 :o dur+ c]ta9 mon?s ( ! ye> _h ! exclusive "r ( turn+ 8 %eep on all ! l&s ( ! p>i%4 ,closely connect$ ) ! subject ( enclosure is t ( ! p>tial disappe>ance ( ! small own]1 bo? ! yeoman :o f>m$ 8 own little e/ate & ! peasant proprietor4 ,we h notic$ above#egh ,gregory ,k+'s /atem5t z to ! numb] ( small freehold]s 9 ,engl& 9 #afhh1 no less ?an #afj1jjj1 or ) _! families ab\t "o-sev5? ( ! population ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is date1 t ( ! ,revolution1 m>ks an epo* 9 _! hi/ory1 = f t "t !y began to dim9i% 9 proportion to ! population4 ,_! numb] 9 #afhh is a suffici5t answ] to ! exagg]at$ /atem5t ( contempor>ies 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies z to ! depopulation caus$ by enclosures4 ,*amb]layne1 9 8 ,/ate ( ,great ,brita91 publi%$ at ab\t ! same "t z ,gregory ,k+'s figures1 says !re 7 m freehold]s 9 ,engl& ?an 9 any c\ntry ( l ext5t 9 ,europe3 '#dj or #ej a ye> is v ord9>y1 #ajj or #bjj 9 "s c\nties is n r>e1 sometimes 9 ,k5t & 9 ! ,weald ( ,sussex #ejj or #fjj p] annum1 & #c1jjj or #d1jjj ( /ock4' ,9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury he 0 a prom95t figure4 ,defoe#egi describes ! numb] & prosp]ity ( ! ,greycoats ( ,k5t 7z !y 7 call$ f _! homespun g>m5ts71 '^: int]e/ is s consid]able t :oev] !y vote = is always sure to c>ry x4' ,:y has ?is /urdy class s dw9dl$ 9 numb]s1 & left ,engl& inf9itely ! weak] = _! decrease8 ,! causes are sev]al2 social1 economic1 & political4 ,! *ief1 p]haps1 is ! peculi> =m ( ,gov]nm5t :i* came 9 ) ! ,revolution4 ,! l&$ g5try by t ev5t became supreme1 ! national & local adm9i/ration 0 entirely 9 _! h&s1 & l& be+ ! f\ndation ( social & political influ5ce 0 eag]ly s\ght by !m :]e x 0 n already 9 _! h&s4#ehj ,at ! same "t ! successful bus9ess m51 ^: numb]s n[ increas$ rapidly f ! developm5t ( trade1 b\ght l& to 'make !mselves g5tlem5'4 ,bo? ^! classes b\ght out ! yeom51 :o d n seem to h be5 v loa? to "p ) _! l&4 ,! rec5tly devis$ sy/em ( /rict family settlem5ts enabl$ ! old & ! new g5tlem5 to keep ?is l& 9 _! families4 ,! complicat$ title to l& made its transf] difficult & co/ly1 s t !re 0 little break+ up ( e/ates to correspond ) ! con/ant buy+ up ( small own]s4 ,to ! small] freehold]1 z has be5 notic$1 ! enclosure ( wa/e l& did mu* h>m1 = x 0 necess>y to 8 hold+4 ,aga91 small] arable f>ms did n pay z well z l>ge ones1 s !y t5d$ to disappe>4 ,! decay ( home indu/ries 0 also a heavy bl[ to ! small] yeoman & ! peasant proprietor4 ,"u ?is comb9ation ( circum/ances _m ( ! yeom5 left ! l&4 ,yet ?\gh ,"y1 less ?an a c5tury aft] ,k+ & ,dav5ant1 said t ! small freehold] _h practically disappe>$1 !re 7 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury _m left all ov] ,engl&1 :o h[ev] l>gely disappe>$ dur+ ! w> & 9 ! bad times aft] ! w>4#eha ,b a contr>y t5d5cy 0 at "w :i* help$ to repl5i% ! class4 ,! desire ( ! ,engli%man = l& is n conf9$ to ! weal?y classes4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury m5 :o _h made small =tunes 9 trade 7 buy+ small prop]ties & tak+ ! place ( ! yeom54#ehb ,9 ! great ,fr5* ,w> ( #agic-ahae1 _m yeom51 attract$ by ! high prices ( l&1 sold _! prop]ties1 b at ! same "t _m f>m]s1 attract$ by ! high prices ( produce1 :i* _h (t5 enri*$ !m1 b\ght l&4#ehc ,dur+ ! 'good times' ( #ahec-ge _m small hold]s1 l ^? ( ,axholme1 notic$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,agricultural ,commission ( #ahic1 b\ght l&4 ,a new class ( small own]s also has sprung up1 :o1 dwell+ 9 or ne> t[ns & railway /ations1 h b\ght small freeholds4 ,! return ( ! own]s ( l& ( #ahgb-f gave ! foll[+ numb]s ( ^? own+ l& 9 ,engl& & ,wales#ehd3 ,total numb] ( own]s (3 ,numb]4 ,acreage4 less ?an "o acre #gjc1bhi #aea1aga #a acre & "u #aj #aba1ihc #dgh1fgi #aj #ej #gb1fdj #a1gej1jgi #ej #ajj #be1hci #a1gia1fje #ajj #ejj #cb1cag #f1hbg1cdf ,! great majority ( ! fir/ class "h enum]at$1 ^? own+ less ?an "o acre1 d n conc]n u1 z !y 7 evid5tly m]ely h\ses & g>d5s n ( an agricultural "*1 b a l>ge numb] ( ! second class & mo/ ( ! o!r ?ree mu/ h be5 agricultural1 ?\gh un=tunately no di/9ction is made4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t !re 7 a consid]able numb] ( small own]s 9 ,engl& 9 #ahgb1 & _! numb]s h probably increas$ s9ce4 ,_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 are ( ! new class m5tion$ above1 & !re appe>s to be no d\bt t ! numb] ( ! peasant proprietors & ( ! yeom5 ( ! old sort has mu* dim9i%$1 especially 9 proportion to ! gr[? ( population4 ,,footnotes3 #efb ,cf4 supra1 p4 #afc4 #efc ,r4 ,m>%all1 ,rural ,economy ( ,york%ire1 p4 #ag et seq4 #efd ,slat]1 ,engli% ,peasantry & ,enclosure1 p4 #g4 #efe ,x 0 /at$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,committee on ,enclosures 7#ahdd71 p4 #ca1 t ! ord9>y exp5se ( obta9+ an ,enclosure ,act 0 f #a1jjj to #a1ejj4 ,9 #ahad ! enclosure ( ?ree f>ms1 am\nt+ to #egj acres1 includ+ subdivision f5ces & money paid to a t5ant = rel9qui%+ 8 agreem5t1 co/ ! l&lord ne>ly #d1jjj4--;,agricultural ,/ate ( ! ,k+dom 7#ahaf71 p4 #aaf4 #eff ,enquiry into ! ,propriety ( ,supply+ ,wa/es to ! bett] ,support ( ! ,poor1 p4 #db4 #efg ,! usual clause 9 ,enclosure ,acts /at$ t ! l& %\ld be 'allott$ accord+ to ! sev]al & respective rights ( all :o _h rights & int]e/s' 9 ! enclos$ prop]ty1 & exp5ses 7 to be borne '9 proportion to ! respective %>es ( ! p int]e/$'4 #efh pp4 #h et seq4 ,slat]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aac4 #efi ,cf4 ,m>%all's acc\nt ( ! common-field t[n%ips 9 ,hamp%ire at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,ea* occupi] ( l& 9 ! common fields contribut$ to ! t[n flock a numb] ( %eep 9 proportion to 8 hold+1 :i* 7 plac$ "u a %eph]d :o f$ !m & fold$ !m on all p>ts ( ! t[n%ip4 ,a simil> practice 0 obs]v$ ) ! common h]d ( c[s1 :i* 7 plac$ "u "o c[h]d :o t5d$ !m by day & br\ght !m back at night to be milk$1 di/ribut+ !m among _! respective own]s1 & 9 ! morn+ !y 7 collect$ by ! s\nd ( ! horn4--,rural ,economy ( ,s\!rn ,c\nties1 ii4 #cea4 #egj ,report ( ,committee on ,wa/e ,l&s 7#agie71 p4 #bjd4 ,gr\nd 0 frequ5tly left by ! ,acts = ! erection ( cottages = ! poor1 & special allotm5ts 7 made to ,gu>dians = ! use ( ! poor1 9 addition to ! l& allott$ to all accord+ to _! respective claims4 ,c any "o d\bt t if !re _h be5 a sy/ematic robb]y ( ! small] hold]s on enclosure !y w\ld n h ris5 'en masse'8 #ega ,slat]1 op4 cit4 p4 #acc4 #egb ,agricultural ,/ate ( ! ,k+dom 7#ahaf71 p4 #h4 #egc ,report1 p4 #bjd4 #egd ,/ate ( ! ,poor1 pp4 i1 xviii4 #ege ,lecky1 ,engl& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 vi4 #aia4 #egf ,slat]1 op4 cit4 p4 #aia4 #egg ,report1 p4 #bg4 #egh ,see above4 ,ano!r e/imate puts !m at #ahj1jjj4 #egi ,t\r1 i4 7#b71 #cg1 #ch4 #ehj ,toynbee1 ,indu/rial ,revolution1 p4 #fb4 #eha ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #ga4 #ehb ,m>%all1 ,review ( ,agriculture1 ,reports ,we/]n ,dep>tm5t1 p4 #ah4 #ehc ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahig71 xv4 #cb4 #ehd ,p>liam5t>y ,acc\nts & ,pap]s1 lxxx4 #ba4 ,! numb] ( ^? own+ ov] #ejj acres does n conc]n ! small own] or ! yeoman class1 b !y 73 f #ejj acres to #a1jjj1 #d1gii2 f #a1jjj to #b1jjj1 #b1gai2 f #b1jjj to #e1jjj1 #a1hae2 f #e1jjj to #aj1jjj1 #eha2 f #aj1jjj to #bj1jjj1 #bbc2 f #bj1jjj to #ej1jjj1 #ff2 f #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj1 #c2 ov] #ajj1jjj1 #a4 ,= ! numb]s ( ! 'hold+s' ( v>i\s sizes 9 #ahge & #aijg see bel[1 p4 #ccd4 ,! t]m 'hold+s'1 h[ev]1 includes freeholds & leaseholds4 ,,*apt] ,,xix #ahaf-ahcg ,,depression ,! summ] ( #ahaf 0 wret*$2 ! di/ress1 aggravat$ by ! bad season1 caus$ riots ev]y:]e4 ,at ,bide=d ! mob int]f]$ to prev5t ! export ( a c>go ( potatoes2 at ,bridport !y broke into ! bak]s' %ops4 ,inc5di>y fires broke out night aft] night 9 ! ea/]n c\nties4 ,at ,swanage six p out ( sev5 7 paup]s1 & 9 "o p>i% 9 ,cambridge%ire e p]son b "o 0 a paup] or a bankrupt4#ehe ,corn rose aga93 by ,june1 #ahag1 x 0 #aags41 b fell to #ggs4 9 ,septemb]4 ,9 #ahah occurr$ a dr\ght ( f\r mon?s1 la/+ f ,may till ,septemb]1 & great prep>ations 7 made to w>d (f ! expect$ fam9e2 imm5se quantities ( :eat came f ! ,baltic1 ( maize f ,am]ica1 & beans & maize f ,italy & ,egypt1 ) hay f ,new ,york1 z x 0 sell+ at #aj a ton4 ,h[ev]1 ra9 fell 9 ,septemb]1 br[n fields sudd5ly became gre51 turnips sprang up :]e none _h appe>$1 & ev5 spr+ corn t _h la9 9 ! p>*$ gr\nd began to gr[1 s ! fe> ( sc>city pass$4 ,9 #ahbb came a good season1 :i* produc$ a great crop ( :eat2 9 ! lifetime ( ! exi/+ g5]ation old m5 decl>$ t su* a h>ve/ _h be5 kn[n only once be=e2 imports also came f ,irel& to ! am\nt ( ne>ly a million qu>t]s1 s t ! price at ! end ( ! ye> 0 #chs41 & ! av]age price = ! ye> 0 #dds4 #g;d4 ,beef w5t d[n to #bs4 #e;d4 a /one & mutton to #bs4 #b;d4 ,! cry ( agricultural di/ress aga9 rose l\dly4 ,f>m]s 7 /ill1 ?\gh "s ( ! w> taxes _h be5 remitt$1 heavily tax$2 = ! taxes on malt1 soap1 salt1 c&les1 lea!r1 all press$ heavily4#ehf ,! *ief cause ( ! di/ress 0 ! long-felt reaction aft] ! w>1 b x 0 aggravat$ by ! return to ca% paym5ts 9 #ahai4 ,gold _h fall5 to its real value1 & ! fall 9 gold _h be5 foll[$ by a fall 9 ! prices ( e o!r article4#ehg ,! produce ( _m ?\s& acres 9 ,engl& did n sell t ye> = z mu* money z 0 exp5d$ 9 gr[+ x1 )\t reckon+ r5t1 taxes1 & int]e/ on capital4#ehh ,e/ates wor? #c1jjj a ye>1 says ! same writ]1 "s ye>s s9ce1 7 n[ wor? #a1jjj4 ,bacon _h gone d[n f #fs4 #f;d4 to #bs4 #d;d4 a /one2 ,s\?d[n ewes f #ejs4 to #aes41 & lambs f #dbs4 to #es4 ,a ,dorset f>m] told ! ,p>liam5t>y committee t s9ce #ahae he knew ( fifty f>m]s1 f>m+ #bd1jjj acres1 :o _h fail$ entirely4#ehi ,9 ! ,tyne ,m]cury ( ,octob] #cj1 #ahba1 x 0 record$ t ,mr4 ,?os4 ,coop] ( ,b[ pur*as$ #c mil* c[s & #dj %eep = #ah #afs4 #f;d4 :i* sum f\r ye>s previ\sly w\ld only h b\ght _! sk9s4 ,prime beef 0 sold 9 ,salisbury m>ket at #d;d4 retail1 & good jo9ts ( mutton at #c-a_/b;d4#eij ,ev]y:]e ! f>m]s 7 compla9+ bitt]ly1 b 'hang+ on l sailors to ! ma/s or hull ( a wreck'4 ,9 ,sussex lab\r]s 7 be+ employ$ to dig holes & fill !m 9 aga91 pro( en\gh ( di/ress b also ( great folly4 ,_m ?\s&s ( acres 7 n[ a mass ( ?i/les & we$s1 once fair grass l& pl\gh$ up dur+ ! w> = :eat1 & ab&on$ at ! fall ( prices4 ,!re 7 no less ?an #dge petitions on agricultural di/ress pres5t$ to ! ,h\se f #ahbj to ,m>* #ca1 #ahbb4 ,9 #ahbb1 x 0 propos$ t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld pur*ase :eat gr[n 9 ,engl& to ! value ( "o million /]l+ & /ore x2 also t :5 ! av]age price ( :eat 0 "u #fjs4 ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld advance money on su* corn gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom z %\ld be deposit$ 9 c]ta9 w>eh\ses1 to an ext5t n exce$+ two-?irds ! value ( ! corn4#eia ,!re 7 n want+ m51 h[ev]1 :o put ! o!r side ( ! "q4 ,9 a tract call$ ,! ,refutation ( ! ,argum5ts us$ on ! ,subject ( ! ,agricultural ,petition1 writt5 9 #ahai1 x 0 said t ! increase 9 ! f>m]'s exp5diture 0 ! cause ( 8 discont5t4 ',he n[ assumes ! mann]s & dem&s ! equipage ( a g5tleman1 keeps a table l 8 l&lord1 anticipates seasons 9 _! productions1 is z *oice 9 8 w9es1 8 horses1 & 8 furniture4' ,let him be m ?rifty4 ',let him dismiss 8 /ew>d1 a "* a few ye>s back only kn[n to ! great l&[n]1 & cease f degrad+ ! ,briti% f>m] into a synonym = prodigality4' ,"l ,liv]pool1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 9 a spee* :i* r\s$ great opposition among agriculturi/s1 m9imiz$ ! di/ress2 di/ress !re 01 he admitt$1 b x 0 n conf9$ to ,engl&1 x 0 _w-wide2 nei!r 0 x produc$ by excessive taxation1 = s9ce #ahae taxation _h be5 r$uc$ #be p] c5t41 :ile ?\gh r5ts & prices _h fall5 !y 7 mu* high] ?an be=e ! w>4 ,ano!r writ] said at ! "t1 ',individuals ( all classes h ( late be5 z x 7 inflat$ above _! natural size3 let ?is unnatural gr[? be r$uc$2 let !m resume _! prop] places & appe>ances1 & ! quantum ( sub/antial enjoym5t1 real com=t & happ9ess1 w n be f\nd less5$4' ,x 0 also ass]t$ t ! taxes on malt1 lea!r1 soap1 salt1 & c&les1 7 n v press+4 ,! p]si/5t cries ( di/ress produc$ a ,bill giv+ /ill fur!r protection to corn-gr[]s1 :i* 0 =tunately n c>ri$ into effect4 ,!re 0 no d\bt1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! reality ( ! crisis ?r\gh :i* ! l&$ classes 7 pass+4 ,_m ( ! l&[n]s 7 heavily 9 debt4 ,mortgages _h be5 multipli$ dur+ ! w>1 & :ile prices 7 high paym5t ( int]e/ 0 easy2 b :5 prices fell & ! t5ant ?rew up 8 f>m1 ! l&lord c\ld n ?r[ ov] ! mortgage1 & ! int]e/ hung l a dead weight r\nd 8 neck4#eib ,! price to :i* :eat fell at ! end ( #ahbb 0 to be ! l[e/ = "s ye>s2 x soon recov]$1 & until #ahcd ! av]age annual prices rang$ f #ecs4 to #fhs4 #f;d41 :ile 9 #ahbe beef at ,smi?field 0 #es4 & mutton #es4 #d;d4 a /one4 ,9 #ahbc !re 0 a m>k$ improvem5t1 & ! k+'s spee* congratulat$ ! c\ntry on '! gradual abatem5t ( ^? difficulties "u :i* agriculture has s long suff]$4'#eic ,9 #ahbd 'agriculture 0 recov]+ f ! depression "u :i* x lab\r$4'#eid ,9 #ahbe x 0 said1 '!re nev] 0 a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry :5 all ! great int]e/s ( ! nation 7 9 s ?riv+ a condition4'#eie ,9 t ye> ov]-speculation produc$ a panic & agricultural di/ress 0 aga9 evid5t4 ,9 #ahbf ,cobbett said1 '! pres5t /ock ( ! f>ms is n 9 "o-half ! cases ! prop]ty ( ! f>m]1 x is borr[$ /ock4'#eif ,9 #ahbh all ! f>m]s 9 ,k5t 7 said to be insolv5t4#eig ,at ! meet+ ( ,p>liam5t 9 #ahcj ! k+ lam5t$ ! /ate ( affairs1 & ascrib$ x to unfav\rable seasons & o!r causes beyond ! rea* ( legislative rem$y4 ,_m _h le>nt t high protection 0 no protection = f>m]s1 & x 0 /at$ m ?an once t ! l>ge =eign supply ( gra91 ?\gh only !n ab\t "o-?ird ( ! home-gr[n1 depress$ our m>kets4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be admitt$ t agriculture1 l all o!r indu/ries1 0 suff]+ f ! crisis ( #ahbe4 ,9 #ahcj1 ! c\ntry 0 fill$ ) unre/1 9 :i* ! f>m lab\r] %>$4 ,8 motives1 h[ev]1 7 h>dly political4 ,he _h a root$ belief t ma*9]y 0 injur+ him1 ! ?re%+ ma*9e especially2 & he av5g$ himself by burn+ ! ricks ( obnoxi\s f>m]s4 ,lett]s 7 s5t to employ]s dem&+ high] wages & ! disuse ( ma*9es1 & notices sign$ ',sw+' 7 affix$ to gates & build+s4 ,night aft] night inc5di>y fires broke out1 & embold5$ by impunity ! riot]s proce$$ to pillage by day4 ,9 ,hamp%ire !y mov$ 9 bodies #a1ejj /rong4 ,a special ,commission 0 appo9t$1 & ! disord]s put d[n at la/ ) a firm h&4 ,9 #ahbh !re _h be5 a relaxation 9 ! duties on corn1 ! object ( ! ,act pass$ 9 t ye> be+ to secure ! f>m] a con/ant price ( #hs4 a bu%el in/ead ( #ajs4 z 9 #ahae1 & by a slid+ scale to prev5t ! disa/r\s fluctuations 9 prices4 ,! be/ pro( ( its failure is af=d$ by ! appo9tm5t ( ano!r p>liam5t>y committee 9 #ahcc to inquire into ! di/ress$ /ate ( agriculture4 ,at ?is inquiry _m witnesses ass]t$ t ! cultivation ( inf]ior soils & heavy clays _h dim9i%$ f "o-f\r? to "o-fif?4#eih ,x 0 also ass]t$ t f>m]s 7 pay+ r5t out ( capital4#eii ,tooke1 h[ev]1 ?\ght !re 0 mu* exagg]ation ( ! di/ress1 :i* 0 prov$ by ! way ! f>m]s wea!r$ ! l[ prices ( #ahce1 :5 :eat1 aft] a succession ( f\r rem>kably good seasons1 av]ag$ #cis4 #d;d4 = ! ye>4 ,9 ^! abundant ye>s1 too1 he ass]ts t ! home supply 0 equal to ! dem&1#fjj ?\gh ! committee ( #ahcc _h /at$ t ?is _h ceas$ to be ! case4#fja ,ano!r committee1 ! la/ = _m ye>s1 sat 9 #ahce to consid] ! di/ress2 b al?\gh prices 7 l[ ! :ole t5or ( ! evid5ce e/abli%$ ! improvem5t ( f>m+1 ! ext5sion ( cultivation1 & ! increase ( produce1 & x 0 notic$ at ?is "t t t[ns dep5d5t on agriculture 7 uni=mly prosp]\s4#fjb ,on ! :ole1 9 spite ( exagg]ation f int]e/$ motives1 ! di/ress = ! tw5ty ye>s aft] ! battle ( ,wat]loo 0 real & deep2 tw5ty ye>s ( depression succe$$ ! same p]iod ( false exaltation4 ,! progress1 too1 dur+ t "t 0 real1 & made1 z 0 rem>k$1 because ( adv]sity4 ,f ?is "t agriculture sl[ly reviv$4 ,on "o po9t bo? ( ! two la/ committees 7 agre$1 t ! condition ( ! lab\r] 0 improv$1 & !y said he 0 bett] (f ?an at any =m] p]iod1 = 8 wages rema9$ ! same1 :ile prices ( necess>ies _h fall54 ,t 8 wages w5t fur!r is true1 b !y 7 /ill mis]ably l[1 & he 0 (t5 h\s$ worse ?an ! animals on ! f>m4 ',wattle & dab' 7or mud & /raw7 =m$ ! walls ( 8 cottage1 ! floors 7 (t5 ( mud1 & all ages & bo? sexes frequ5tly slept 9 "o room4 ,a block ( t5 cottages 7 put up 9 ! p>i% ( ,holm]#fjc at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* 7 said to h comb9$ 'com=t1 conv5i5ce1 & economy2' !y ea* conta9$ "o room #ab feet by #ad feet & #f feet high ) a b$room ov]1 & co/ #cb #ajs4 ea*4 ,!y 7 evid5tly consid]$ q sup]ior dwell+s1 f> bett] ?an ! ord9>y run ( lab\r]'s cottages4 ,cobbett gives u a picture ( "s 9 ,leice/]%ire 9 #ahbf2 'hovels made ( mud & /raw1 bits ( glass1 or ( old ca/-(f w9d[s1 )\t frames or h+es frequ5tly1 & m]ely /uck 9 ! mud wall4 ,ent] !m & look at ! bits ( *airs or /ools1 ! wret*$ bo>ds tack$ toge!r to s]ve = a table1 ! floor ( pebble1 brok5 brick1 or ( ! b>e gr\nd2 look at ! ?+ call$ a b$1 & survey ! rags on ! backs ( ! wret*$ inhabitants4'#fjd ,! *ief exceptions to ?is /ate ( affairs 7 ! e/ates ( _m ( ! great l&lords4 ,on t ( ! ,e>l ( ,w9*elsea 9 ,rutl&1 ! cottages he _h built conta9$ a kit*51 p>l\r1 dairy1 two b$rooms1 & a c[-h\se1 & sev]al _h small hold+s atta*$ ( f #e to #bj acres4#fje ,n long be=e1 wages 9 ,hamp%ire & ,wilt%ire 7 #es4 & #fs4 a week4#fjf ,9 #ahbb x 0 /at$ t 'beef & mutton are ?+s ! ta/e ( :i* 0 unkn[n to ! mass ( lab\r]s4 ,no "o has liv$ m 9 cottages ?an ,i1 & ,i decl>e solemnly ,i nev] rememb] once to h se5 su* a ?+4'#fjg ,a gr\p ( wom5 lab\r]s1 :om ,cobbett saw by ! roadside 9 ,hamp%ire1 pres5t$ 'su* an assemblage ( rags z ,i nev] saw be=e ev5 among/ ! hopp]s at ,f>nham4'#fjh ,! lab\r]'s wages may h gone a little fur!r1 b he _h lo/ 8 by-indu/ries1 8 bit ( l& & rights ( common1 & w\ld h _h a v diff]5t tale to tell f t ( ! fram]s ( ! reports above quot$4 ,9 spite ( ! compla9ts made t ! improvem5ts ( ! coa*es & ( ! roads drew ! c\ntryman to ! t[ns1 _m /irr$ h>dly at all f _! native p>i%1 & _! lives 7 n[ inf9itely dull] ?an 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! great ev5t ( ! ye> 0 ! h>ve/ home1 :i* 0 usually a sc5e ( great m]ry-mak+4 ,9 ,devon%ire1 :5 a f>m]'s :eat 0 ripe he s5t r\nd notice to ! neighb\rhood1 & m5 & wom5 f all sides came to reap ! crop4 ,z e>ly z elev5 or twelve1 s mu* ale & cid] _h be5 drunk t ! %\ts & ribald jokes ( ! company 7 he>d to a consid]able di/ance1 attract+ m help]s1 :o came f f> & ne>1 b none 7 all[$ to come aft] #ab o'clock4 ,betwe5 #ab & #a came d9n]1 ) copi\s libations ( ale & cid]1 :i* la/$ till #b1 :5 reap+ 0 resum$ & w5t on )\t int]ruption except f ! squabbles ( ! company till #e1 :5 :at 7 call$ 'dr9k+s'1 or m food & dr9k1 7 tak5 into ! field & consum$4 ,aft] ?is ! corn reap$ 0 b\nd into %eaves till ev5+1 :5 aft] ! sport ( ?r[+ _! reap+ hooks at a %eaf :i* _h be5 set up z a m>k = a prize1 all proce$$ to supp] & m ale & cid] till ! small h\rs4#fji ,no wages 7 paid at ^! h>ve/+s1 b ! unlimit$ am\nt ( eat+ & dr9k+ 0 v exp5sive1 & ab\t ?is date ! practice ( us+ hir$ lab\r _h l>gely sup]s$$ ?is old cu/om4 ,! close ( ?is p]iod 0 m>k$ by two ,acts ( great b5efit to f>m]s3 ! ,poor ,law ,am5dm5t ,act ( #ahcd 7#d #e ,wm4 ,,iv1 c4 #gf71 :i* r$uc$ ! rates1#faj & m>k$ '! beg9n+ ( a p]iod ( sl[ recov]y 9 ! lab\r]'s /&>d ( life1 moral & mat]ial1 ?\gh at fir/ x br\ght him n a little adv]sity'#faa2 & ! ,ti! ,commutation ,act ( #ahcf 7#f #g ,wm4 ,,iv1 c4 #ga71 :i* sub/itut$ = ! ti! paid 9 k9d or ! fluctuat+ commut$ ti!1 a ti! r5t *>ge equival5t to ! m>ket value1 on a sept5nial av]age1 ( ! exact quantities ( :eat1 b>ley1 & oats1 :i* made up ! legal ti!s by ! e/imate 9 #ahcf4 ,?us 0 remov$ a p]petual s\rce ( dispute & antagonism betwe5 ti!-pay] & ti!-own]4 ,! sy/em hi!rto pursu$1 moreov]1 0 wa/eful4 ,9 exceptionally fav\rable circum/ances ! cl]gy did n receive m ?an two-?irds ( ! value ( ! ti! 9 k9d4 ,! delays 7 a frequ5t s\rce ( loss4 ,9 ra9y wea!r1 :5 ! f>m] desir$ to get 8 crops 9 quickly1 he 0 oblig$ to %ock 8 crops1 give ! ti!-own]s notice to set out _! ti!s1 & wait = _! arrival2 9 ! meantime ! crop1 p]haps1 be+ badly damag$4#fab ,,footnotes3 #ehe ,walpole1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 i4 #afa4 #ehf ,inquiry into ,agricultural ,di/ress 7#ahbb71 p4 #dj4 #ehg ,walpole1 op4 cit4 ii4 #bb4 #ehh ,a ,lett] to ! ,e>l ( ,liv]pool by an ,old ,tory1 #ahbb4 ,! ,committee on ,agricultural ,di/ress f\nd t f>m]s 7 pay+ r5t out ( capital 7,p>liam5t>y ,reports4 ,committees1 v4 #ga71 & t leases fix$ on ! basis ( ! high prices ( ! w> meant ru9 to ! f>m] if held to 8 engagem5t4 #ehi ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,committees1 ix4 #ach4 #eij ,cobbett1 ,rural ,rides 7ed4 #ahhe71 i4 #c1 #af4 #eia ,report ( ! ,committee on ,agricultural ,depression 7#ahbb71 pp4 #c1 #d4 #eib ,walpole1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ii4 #bc4 #eic ,hans>d1 ix4 #aedd4 #eid ,ibid4 x4 #a1 #b4 #eie ,ibid4 xii4 #a4 #eif ,rural ,rides1 ii4 #aii4 #eig ,walpole1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ii4 #ebf4 ,! di/ress 0 aggravat$ by rot among %eep1 :i* is said to h de/roy$ "o-f\r? ( ^? 9 ! k+dom4 ,see ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahcf71 viii 7#b71 p4 #aih4 #eih ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 ii4 #bbg4 #eii ,report ( #ahcc1 p4 #f4 #fjj ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 ii1 #bch4 #fja ,imports fell consid]ably at ?is date2 !y 73 #ahcb #a1bed1cea qu>t]s4 #ahcc #a1aff1deg #ahcd #iha1dhf #ahce #gej1hjh #ahcf #hfa1aef #ahcg #a1aji1dib #ahch #a1ibc1djj ,!re 7 also consid]able exports3 #ahcb #bhi1eeh qu>t]s4 #ahcc #if1bab #ahcd #aei1dhb #ahce #acd1jgf #ahcf #bef1igh #ahcg #cjh1dbj #ahch #aeh1fba ,mc,culloch1 ,comm]cial ,diction>y 7#ahdg71 p4 #dch4 #fjb ,port]1 ,progress ( ! ,nation1 p4 #aea4 #fjc ,see ,duncumb1 ,g5]al ,view ( ,h]e=d%ire1 7#ahje74 #fjd ,rural ,rides1 ii4 #cdh4 #fje ,london1 ,encyclopa$ia ( ,agriculture 7#ahca71 p4 #aaef4 #fjf ,cobbett1 ,rural ,rides1 i4 #adi4 ,! av]age1 h[ev]1 n[ 0 ab\t #is42 see ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 v4 #gb4 #fjg ,a ,lett] to ! ,e>l ( ,liv]pool by an ,old ,tory 7#ahbb71 p4 #af4 #fjh ,rural ,rides1 i4 #ah4 #fji ,moore1 ,hi/ory ( ,devon%ire1 i4 #dcj4 #faj ,by ?is ,act & ! v>i\s am5d+ ,acts ! law ( settlem5t1 s long a burd5 on ! lab\r]1 is n[ settl$ ?us3 a settlem5t may be acquir$ by bir?1 p>5tage1 m>riage1 r5t+ a t5em5t1 by be+ b\nd appr5tice & inhabit+1 by e/ate1 paym5t ( taxes1 & by resid5ce4--,/eph51 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,laws ( ,engl& 7#aijc71 iii4 #hg4 #faa ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 p4 #bag4 #fab ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#aija71 p4 #i4 ,,*apt] ,,xx #ahcg-ahge ,,revival ,,( ,,agriculture4--,,! ,,royal ,,agricultural ,,society4--,,corn ,,law ,,repeal4--,a ,,tempor>y ,,set-,,back4--,,! ,,halcyon ,,days ,! revival ( agriculture r\ghly co9cid$ ) ! accession ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,x 0 prov$ t ,scot* f>m]s :o _h f>m$ highly _h wea!r$ ! /orm4 ,in/ead ( repeat$ly call+ on ,p>liam5t to help !m !y _h help$ !mselves1 by sp5d+ l>ge sums 9 dra9+ & manur+ ! l&2 !y _h adopt$ ! subsoil pl\gh1 & ! dra9age sy/em ( ,smi? ( ,dean/on1 us$ ma*9]y to economize lab\r1 & improv$ ! bre$ ( /ock4 ,?is 0 an object-lesson = ! ,engli% f>m]1 & he began to pr(it by x4 ,x 0 high "t t he did4 ,9 spite ( ! und\bt$ progress made1 f>m+ 0 /ill (t5 t]ribly backw>d4 ,little or no ma*9]y 0 us$1 implem5ts 7 (t5 bad1 teams too l>ge1 drill+ little practis$1 dra9age utt]ly ineffici5t2 9 fact1 :ile "o f>m] us$ all ! improvem5ts made1 a hundr$ _h little to d ) !m4 ,b bett] times 7 at h&4 ,ab\t #ahce ,elk+ton's sy/em ( dra9age1 :i* among ! m advanc$ agriculturi/s1 at any rate1 _h be5 us$ = half a c5tury1 0 sup]s$$ by t ( ,james ,smi? ( ,dean/on1 a sy/em ( ?or\gh dra9age & deep pl\gh+1 :i* effect$ a complete revolution 9 ! art ( dra9+1 & holds ! field to-day4 ,hi!rto ! dra9+ ( l& _h be5 done by a few dra9s :]e !y 7 ?\ght necess>y1 :i* 0 (t5 a failure4 ,smi? initiat$ a complete sy/em ( p>allel und]gr\nd dra9s1 ne> en\gh to ea*1 o!r to cat* all ! sup]flu\s wat]1 runn+ into a ma9 dra9 :i* ran along ! l[e/ "p ( ! gr\nd4 ,8 sy/em has also be5 call$ 'furr[ or frequ5t dra9+'1 z ! dra9s 7 g5]ally laid 9 ! furr[s f two to two-&-a-half feet deep at %ort int]vals4 ,ev5 !n ! tribut>y dra9s 7 at fir/ fill$ 9 ) /ones #ab in*es deep1 z !y _h be5 = c5turies1 & sometimes ) ?orns1 or ev5 turves1 z tiles 7 /ill exp5sive2 & ! ma9 0 made ( /onework4 ,h[ev]1 ! inv5tion ( ma*9es = mak+ tiles *eap5$ !m1 & ! sub/itution ( cyl9drical pipes = horse-%oe tiles laid on flat soles /ill fur!r l[]$ ! co/ & increas$ ! effici5cy4#fac ,9 #ahdh1 ,peel introduc$ ,gov]nm5t ,dra9age ,loans1 repayable by tw5ty-two in/alm5ts ( #f #a_/b p] c5t4 ,?is 0 consequ5tly an era ( ext5sive dra9age works all ov] ,engl&1 :i* sorely ne$$ x2 b ev5 n[ ! "w 0 (t5 badly done4 ,9 "s cases x 0 ! cu/om = ! t5ant to put 9 z _m tiles z 8 l&lord gave him1 & !y 7 (t5 m]ely buri$4 ,at ,/ratfieldsaye1 = in/ance1 :]e ! ,iron ,duke 0 a g5]\s & capable l&lord1 ! dra9s 7 sometimes a foot deep1 :ile o!rs 7 #f feet deep & #fj feet ap>t1#fad al?\gh ! soil requir$ no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,va/ sums 7 also sp5t on f>m-build+s1 /ill (t5 old & rickety1 ) defici5t & insanit>y accommodation2 9 ,devon%ire ! f>m] 0 b\nd by 8 lease to repair 'old mud & wood5 h\ses'1 at a co/ ( #aj p] c5t4 on 8 r5t1 & !re 7 _m su* all ov] ,engl&4 ,f>m-build+s 7 (t5 at ! extreme end ( ! hold+1 ! cattle 7 cr[d$ toge!r 9 draughty %$s1 & ! f>my>d 0 g5]ally a mass ( fil? & spoil+ manure1 spoil+ because all ! liquid 0 dra9+ away f x into ! pool :]e ! live /ock drank2 a picture1 alas1 (t5 true to-day4 ,x 0 to br+ ! great mass ( l&lords & f>m]s into l9e ) ^? :o _h made ! mo/ ( :at progress !re _h be51 t ! ,royal ,society 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahch1 9 imitation ( ! ,highl& ,society1 b also ow+ to ! realization ( ! great b5efits conf]r$ on f>m+ dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury by ! ex]tions ( ,agricultural ,societies1 ! ,smi?field ,club ,%[s hav+ especially aid$ ! bre$+ ( live /ock4 ,writ+ on ! subject ( ! ,society1 ,mr4 ,h&ley#fae spoke ( ! wret*$ modes ( f>m+ /ill to be se5 9 ! c\ntry1 especially 9 ! case ( arable l&1 ?\gh !re _h be5 a m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! bre$+ ( /ock4 ,prejudice1 z ev]1 0 rampant4 ,bone manure1 ?\gh 9 ! previ\s tw5ty ye>s x _h work$ wond]s1 0 9 _m p>ts unus$4 ,x 0 felt t :at ! ,engli% f>m] ne$$ 0 'practice ) sci5ce'4 ,! fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,society 0 ,e>l ,sp5c]1 & x at once set vigor\sly to "w1 recomm5d+ prizes = essays on tw5ty-f\r subjects1 "s ( :i* are 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,society's ,j\rnal4 ,prizes 7 also (f]$ = ! be/ dra9+-pl\gh1 ! be/ implem5t = cru%+ gorse1 = a pl\gh+ mat* to be held at ! fir/ c\ntry meet+ ( ! ,society fix$ at ,ox=d 9 #ahci1 = ! be/ cultivat$ f>m 9 ,ox=d%ire & ! adjac5t c\nties1 & = ! inv5tion ( any new agricultural implem5t4 ,9 #ahdj ! ,society 0 grant$ a *>t] "u ! title ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 & its c>e] s9ce !n has be5 "o ( cont9u$ usefulness1 & =ms a prom95t feature 9 ! agricultural hi/ory ( ! times4 ,9 #ahcifaf ! fir/ c\ntry meet+ ( ! ,society 0 held at ,ox=d1 & its #bdg entries ( live /ock & #ed ( implem5ts 7 describ$ z con/itut+ a %[ ( unprec$5t$ magnitude4 ,accord+ to ,bell's ,weekly ,mess5g] = ,july #bb1 #ahci1 ! %[ = "s "t _h be5 ! all-absorb+ topic ( conv]sation n only among agriculturi/s1 b among ! community at l>ge1 & ! fir/ day #bj1jjj p att5d$ ! %[1 _m hav+ come great di/ances by road4 ,ev]ybody & e exhibit _h to get to ,ox=d by road2 "s ,%or?orn cattle1 belong+ to ! fam\s ,?omas ,bates ( ,kirkleav+ton1 took ne>ly ?ree weeks on ! road1 com+ f ,london to ,aylesbury by canal4 ,b su* a j\rney 0 n unusual !n1 = cattle 7 (t5 two or ?ree weeks on ! road to great fairs1 & /ood ! j\rney be/ on hay2 x 0 surpris+ h[ fre% & s\nd !y f9i%$4#fag ,! %[ gr\nd cov]$ #g acres1 & among ! implem5ts te/$ 0 a subsoil pl\gh1 ,biddell's ,sc>ifi]1 & a drill = deposit+ manure aft] turnips4 ,!re 7 only six classes = cattle--,%or?orns1 ,h]e=ds1 ,devons1 ,cattle ( any o!r bre$1 ,dairy ,cattle1 & ,ox52 "o class = horses1 & ?ree = %eep--,leice/]s1 ,s\?d[n or o!r ,%ort ,wool1 & ,long ,wooll$2 ) "o = pigs4#fah ,! ,%or?orns1 ) ! exception ( ! ,kirkleav+tons1 7 br$ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & _m good judges said long aft]w>ds t a f9] lot _h n be5 se5 s9ce4 ,! ,du*esses especially impress$ all :o saw !m4 ,! re/ ( ! live /ock 0 9 no way rem>kable4 ,f ?is small beg9n+1 !n ?\ght s mu* (1 ! %[ grew fa/1 & ! ,w>wick meet+#fai ( #ahib1 aft] sev]al ye>s ( agricultural depression1 illu/rates ! excell5t "w ( ! ,society & ! enorm\s progress made by ,engli% agriculture4 ,! %[ gr\nd cov]$ #ij acres2 horses 7 n[ divid$ into ,?or\ghbr$ ,/allions1 ,hunt]s1 ,coa* ,horses1 ,hackneys1 ,ponies1 ,h>ness ,horses & ,ponies1 ,%ires1 ,clydesdales1 ,suffolks1 & ,agricultural ,horses4 ,cattle 7 classifi$ z ,%or?orns1 ,h]e=ds1 ,devons1 ,sussex1 ,longhorns 7describ$ z few 9 numb] & ( no p>ticul> quality1 'a bre$ :i* has n[ be5 _m ye>s on ! wane'1 b has rec5tly be5 reviv$71#fbj ,wel%1 ,r$ ,poll$1 ,j]seys1 ,gu]nseys1 ,k]ry & ,dext]-,k]ry4 ,! increas$ v>iety ( %eep 0 also /rik+2 ,leice/]s1 ,cotswolds1 ,l9colns1 ,ox=d ,d[ns1 ,%rop%ires1 ,s\?d[ns1 ,hamp%ire ,d[ns1 ,suffolks1 ,bord] ,leice/]s1 ,clun ,=e/1 & ,wel% ,m\nta94 ,pigs 7 divid$ into ,l>ge1 ,middle1 & ,small :ite ,b]k%ires1 any o!r black bre$1 & ,tamwor?s4 ,altoge!r ! total numb] ( /ock exhibit$ 0 #a1heh1 & ! numb] ( implem5ts 0 #e1dcj4 ,9 #ahdj appe>$ ,liebig's ,*emi/ry 9 its ,application to ,agriculture & ,physiology1 trac+ ! relations betwe5 ! nutrition ( plants & ! composition ( ! soil1 a book :i* 0 receiv$ ) en?usiasm1 & completely *ang$ ! attitude :i* agriculturi/s g5]ally _h ma9ta9$ t[>ds *emi/ry2 "o ( contempt1 f\nd$ on ignorance4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,pro!ro has said1#fba 'if ! new agriculture 0 born 9 ! laboratory ( ,gliss51 x grew into /r5g? at ! exp]im5tal /ation ( ,ro?am/$4' ,!re1 = m ?an half a c5tury1 ,lawes & ,gilb]t conduct$ exp]im5ts1 ( va/ b5efit to agriculture1 9 ! objects1 me?od1 & effect ( manur+2 ! sci5tific bases = ! rotation ( crops1 & ! results ( v>i\s foods on animals 9 ! production ( meat1 milk1 & manure4 ,! use ( artificial manures n[ spread rapidly2 bones1 us$ long be=e uncru%$1 are said to h be5 fir/ cru%$ 9 #aggb1 & _! value 0 realiz$ by ,coke ( ,holkham1 b = long !y 7 cru%$ by hamm] or horse mill1 & _! use 0 consequ5tly limit$4 ,!n iron roll]s work$ by /eam gr\nd !m *eaply & effectively1 & _! use soon spread1 ?\gh x 0 n till ab\t #ahdj t x c be said to h become g5]al4 ,its effects 7 (t5 describ$ z wond]ful4 ,9 ,*e%ire1 *eese-mak+ _h exhau/$ ! soil1 & x 0 said t by bon+ & dra9+ an additional c[ c\ld be kept = e #d acres1 & t5ants readily paid #g p] c5t4 to _! l&lords = exp5diture 9 bone manure4 ,its use _h inde$ rais$ _m /ruggl+ f>m]s to comp>ative indep5d5ce4#fbb ,a v l>ge quantity ( ! bones us$ came f ,s\? ,am]ica4#fbc ,port] also notic$ t 's9ce #ahdj an ext5sive trade has be5 c>ri$ on 9 an article call$ ,guano'1 ! guana ( ,davy1 'f ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific & (f ! coa/ ( ,africa'4 ,nitrate ( soda 0 j com+ 91 b 0 n mu* us$ till "s ye>s lat]4 ,9 #ahdj ,liebig sugge/$ ! treatm5t ( bones ) sulphuric acid1 & 9 #ahdc ,lawes pat5t$ ! process & set up 8 works at ,dept=d4#fbd ,italian rye grass1 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! old ,engli% ray grass1 _h be5 introduc$ by ,?omson ( ,ban*ory1 9 #ahcd1 f ,muni*2#fbe & ?\gh ! sw$e 0 kn[n at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 _m p>ts x _h only j become common4 ,9 ,notts x 0 9 #ahdd describ$ z hav+ rec5tly become '! %eet-an*or ( ! f>m]'4#fbf ,9 ,*e%ire a writ] at ! same date said1 '9 ! ye> #ahad !re 7 n #e acres ( ,sw$i% turnips gr[n 9 ! p>i% :]e ,i reside2 n[ !re are f #fj to #hj1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\nty ! increase has be5 9 a mu* great] ratio4'#fbg ,ab\t ?is "t a rem$y 0 f\nd 9 ! s\? = leav+ ! l& idle dur+ ! n9e mon?s betwe5 h>ve/+ ! corn crop 9 ,augu/1 & s[+ ! turnip crop 9 ! foll[+ ,june1 by s[+ rye1 :i* 0 eat5 gre5 by ! %eep 9 ,may1 a good prep>ation = ! succe$+ w9t] crop4 ,turnip cutt]s 7 at la/ be+ us$1 & corn & cake cru%]s soon foll[$4 ,! seasons f #ahch to #ahda 7 bad1 & mu/ be *>act]iz$ z a p]iod ( de>?1 :eat keep+ at a good price4#fbh ,t ( #ahdd-e 0 rem>kable = ! fir/ g5]al appe>ance ( ! potato disease1 n only 9 ^! isl&s b on ! cont95t ( ,europe4#fbi ,9 ,augu/1 #ahdf1 ! wor/ appreh5sions ( ! failure ( ! crop 7 m ?an realiz$1 & ! t]rible results 9 ,irel& are well kn[n4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #ahdg !re 0 a fe> ( sc>city 9 corn1 & ! price ( :eat rose to #ajbs4 #e;d4 9 spite ( an importation ( #d1ejj1jjj qu>t]s1 b ?is 0 l>gely ow+ to ! abs5ce ( any reliable agricultural /ati/ics1 :i* 7 n furni%$ till #ahff1 & ! price soon fell4#fcj ,we h n[ rea*$ ! p]iod ( free trade1 :5 ! ,corn ,laws1 :i* _h protect$ agriculture m or less effectually = s long1 7 def9itely ab&on$4 ,t !y _h fail$ to prev5t great fluctuations 9 ! price ( corn is abundantly evid5t1 x is also equally evid5t t !y kept up ! av]age price2 9 ! t5 ye>s f #ahcg to #ahdf1 ! av]age price ( :eat 0 #ehs4 #g;d4 a qu>t]1 9 ! sev5 ye>s f #ahdh to #ahec1 ! av]age price 0 #dhs4 #b;d4#fca ,! av]age imports ( :eat & fl\r = ! same p]iod 7 #b1afa1hac & #d1dja1jjj qu>t]s respectively4 ,b to obta9 ! real effect ( free trade on prices1 ! prices = ! p]iod betwe5 #ahae & #ahdf mu/ be comp>$ ) ^? betwe5 #ahdf & ! pres5t day1 :5 ! fall is enorm\s4 ,! ,act ( #ahae1 :i* ,tooke said _h fail$ to secure any "o ( ! objects aim$ at by its promot]s1 _h receiv$ two important alt]ations4 ,9 #ahbh 7#i ,geo4 ,,iv1 c4 #fj7 a duty ( #cfs4 #h;d4 0 impos$ :5 ! price 0 #ejs41 decreas+ to #as4 :5 x 0 #gcs4 ,9 #ahdc 7#e ,vict4 c4 #ad7 a duty ( #bjs4 0 impos$ :5 ! price 0 #ejs41 & ! duty became #gs4 :5 ! price rea*$ #fes4 ,a contempor>y writ] d5ies t ^! duties b5efit$ ! f>m] at all3 'if ! pres5t %ift+ scale ( duty 0 int5d$ to protect ! f>m]1 keep ! prices ( corn /eady1 insure a supply to ! consum] at a mod]ate price1 & b5efit ! rev5ue1 x has signally fail$4 ,dur+ ! cont9uation ( ! ,corn ,laws ! f>m]s h suff]$ ! greate/ privations4 ,! v>iations 9 price h be5 extreme1 & :5 a supply ( =eign corn has be5 requir$ x has only rea*$ ! consum] at a high price1 & b5efit$ ! rev5ue little4'#fcb ,r5ts ( f>ms 7 (t5 calculat$ n on ! m>ket price ( :eat1 b on ! price ?\ght to be fix$ by ! duties1 :i* 0 occasionally mu* high]4#fcc ,x 0 also said t b = ! re/rictions t _h be5 impos$ 9 ! suppos$ int]e/s ( agriculture1 ! skill & ent]prise ( f>m]s w\ld h be5 bett] direct$ ?an x _h be54 ,by means ( ^! re/rictions & ! consequ5t enhancem5t ( ! co/ ( liv+1 ! cultivation ( ! l& _h be5 injuri\sly re/rict$1 = ! en]gies ( f>m]s _h be5 limit$ to produc+ c]ta9 descriptions ( food1 & !y _h neglect$ o!rs :i* w\ld h be5 f>#fcd m pr(itable4 ,! l&lord _h pr(it$ by high] r5ts1 b1 accord+ to ,caird1 a mo/ compet5t obs]v]1 _h g5]ally speak+ be5 induc$ by a reliance on protection to neglect 8 duty to 8 e/ates1 s t build+s 7 poor1 & dra9age neglect$4 ,! lab\r] 0 little if any bett] (f ?an eighty ye>s be=e4 ,x 0 a my/]y ev5 to f>m]s h[ !y liv$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 'our common dr9k1' said "o1 'is burnt cru/ tea1 we nev] "k :at x is to get en\gh to eat4'#fce ,aga9/ ^! disadvantages c only be put ! fact t protection _h kept up ! price ( corn1 a calamity = ! mass ( ! p4 ,! am\nt ( :eat import$ into ,engl& be=e ! era ( ,corn ,law repeal 0 inconsid]able4 ,mr4 ,port] has %[n#fcf h[ v small a proportion ( :eat us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 0 import$ f #ahja-dd4 ,f #ahja to #ahaj ! av]age annual import ( :eat into ! k+dom 0 #fjj1idf qu>t]s1 or a little ov] a peck annually p] head1 ! av]age annual consumption p] head be+ ab\t eight bu%els4 ,betwe5 #ahaa & #ahbj ! av]age importation 0 #deh1egh qu>t]s1 or = ! increas$ population a gallon-&-a-half p] head1 & ! same %>e = ea* p]son 0 import$ 9 ! next decade #ahba-cj4 ,f #ahca-dj ! av]age imports arose to #fjg1fch qu>t]s1 or two-&-a-qu>t] gallons p] head1 & 9 #ahda-d an av]age import ( #a1ija1die qu>t]s rais$ ! av]age supply to f\r-&-a-half gallons p] p]son1 /ill a v small proportion ( ! am\nt consum$4 ,9 #ahcf a small association _h be5 =m$ 9 ,london = advocat+ ! repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws1 & 9 #ahch a simil> association 0 =m$ 9 ,man*e/]4#fcg ,at "o ( its e>lie/ meet+s appe>$ ,ri*>d ,cobd51 "u ^: guidance ! association became ! ,anti-,corn ,law ,league1 & at ^: invitation ,john ,bright jo9$ ! ,league4 ,"u ^! two m5 ! ,anti-,corn ,law ,league comm5c$ its great agitation1 its object be+ 'to conv9ce ! manufactur] t ! ,corn ,laws 7 int]f]+ ) ! gr[? ( trade1 to p]suade ! p t !y 7 rais+ ! price ( food1 to tea* ! agriculturi/ t !y _h n ev5 ! solit>y m]it ( secur+ a fix$ price = corn'4 ,! c\ntry 0 delug$ ) pamphlets1 back$ up by con/ant public meet+s2 & ^! ef=ts1 aid$ by unfav\rable seasons1 conv9c$ _m ( ! errors ( protection4 ,9 #ahdj ! ,league sp5t #e1gjj 9 di/ribut+ #afj1jjj circul>s & #aej1jjj pamphlets1 & 9 deliv]+ #djj lectures to #hjj1jjj p4 ,bak]s 7 p]suad$ to bake tax$ & untax$ %ill+ loaves1 &1 on ! pur*as] *oos+ ! l>g]1 to dem& ! tax f ! l&lord2 9 #ahdc ! ,league collect$ #ej1jjj1 next ye> #ajj1jjj1 & 9 #ahde #bej1jjj 9 support ( _! agitation4 ,yet = "s ye>s !y _h little success 9 ,p>liam5t2 ev5 9 #ahdb ,peel only am5d$ ! laws2 & x 0 n until #ahdf t1 conv9c$ by ! ,league's argum5ts1 z he himself confess$1 & /imulat$ by ! fam9e 9 ,irel&1 he introduc$ ! fam\s ,act1 #i #aj ,vict4 c4 #bb4 ,by ?is ! maximum duty on import$ :eat 0 at once to be r$uc$ to #ajs4 a qu>t] :5 ! price 0 "u #dhs41 to #es4 on b>ley :5 ! price 0 "u #bfs41 & to #ds4 on oats :5 ! price 0 "u #ahs41 ) l[] duties z prices rose above ^! figures1 b ! mo/ important "p ( ! ,act 0 t on ,febru>y #a1 #ahdi1 ^! duties 7 to cease1 & only a nom9al duty ( #as4 a qu>t] on =eign corn be reta9$1 :i* 0 aboli%$ 9 #ahfj4 ,by #i & #aj ,vict4 c4 #bc ! duties on live /ock 7 also aboli%$ entirely4 ,d[n to #ahdb ! importation ( horn$ cattle1 %eep1 hogs1 & o!r animals us$ z food 0 /rictly prohibit$1#fch b 9 t ye> ! prohibition 0 )drawn & !y 7 all[$ to ent] ! c\ntry on a paym5t ( #bjs4 a head on ox5 & bulls1 #aes4 on c[s1 #cs4 on %eep1 #es4 on hogs2 :i* duties cont9u$ till #ahdf4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t s %rewd an obs]v] z ,mc,culloch did n expect any great increase 9 ! imports ( live animals f ! r$uction ( ! duties1 b he anticipat$ a great increase 9 salt$ meat f abroad2 cold /orage be+ !n undreamt (4 ,! full effect ( ?is mom5t\s *ange 0 n to be felt = a g5]ation1 b ! imm$iate effect 0 an agricultural panic app>5tly ju/ifi$ by fall+ prices4 ,9 #ahej :eat av]ag$ #djs4 #c;d4 & 9 #ahea #chs4 #f;d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 /ock f>m]s 7 do+ well4 ,b on ! corn l&s ! prices ( ! protection era _h to come d[n2 _m f>ms 7 ?r[n up1 "s arable turn$ into pa/ure2 di/ress 0 widespread4 ,ow+ to ! depress$ /ate ( agriculture 9 #ahej1 ! ,times s5t ,james ,caird on a t\r ?r\gh ,engl&1 & "o ( ! mo/ important conclusions arriv$ at 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 t\r is1 t ow+ to protection1 ! majority ( l&[n]s _h neglect$ _! l&2 b ano!r cause ( neglect 0 t ! great body ( ,engli% l&lords knew no?+ ( ! managem5t ( _! e/ates1 & committ$ x to ag5ts :o knew little m & m]ely receiv$ ! r5ts4 ,! important bus9ess ( be+ a l&[n] is ! only "o = :i* no special tra9+ is provid$4 ,_m ( ! l&lords1 h[ev]1 !n1 z n[1 7 unable to improve _! e/ates if !y desir$ to d s1 z !y 7 hopelessly encumb]$1 & ! exp5se ( sale 0 almo/ prohibitive4 ,! contra/ betwe5 good & bad f>m]s 0 m m>k$ 9 #ahej ?an to-day1 ! ef=ts ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society to raise ! g5]al /&>d ( f>m+ _h n yet borne mu* fruit4 ,9 _m c\nties1 side by side1 7 f>m]s :o us$ e mod]n improvem5t1 & ^? :o /ill employ$ ! me?ods ( ! eighte5? c5tury3 on "o f>m :eat produc+ #dj bu%els an acre1 ?re%$ by /eam at a co/ ( #cs4 #f;d41 on ! next #bj bu%els to ! acre ?re%$ by ! flail at a co/ ( #is4#fci ,dra9age 9 ! c\nties :]e x 0 ne$$ _h made consid]able progress1 ! removal ( useless h$g][s (t5 cr[d$ ) timb]1 t kept ! sun f ! crops & ^: roots absorb$ mu* ( ! n\ri%m5t ( ! soil1 0 sl[ly ext5d+1 b f>m-build+s almo/ ev]y:]e 7 defective4 ',! inconv5i5t ill-arrang$ hovels1 ! rickety wood & ?at* b>ns & %$s devoid ( e kn[n improvem5t = economiz+ lab\r1 food1 & manure1 :i* are to be met ) 9 e c\nty 9 ,engl&1 are a reproa* to ! l&lords 9 ! eyes ( all good f>m]s4'#fdj ,! f>m-build+s ( ,belgium1 ,holl&1 ,france1 & ! ,rh5i% ,prov9ces 7 mu* sup]ior4 ,9 p>ts ( ,engl& inde$ no progress seems to h be5 made = g5]ations at ?is date4 ,?\s&s ( acres ( peat moss 9 ,lanca%ire 7 unreclaim$1 & _m p>ts ( ! ,fylde di/rict 7 difficult ev5 to trav]se4 ,ev5 9 ,w>wick%ire1 9 ! he>t ( ,engl&1 betwe5 ,kn[le & ,tamwor?1 in/ead ( signs ( indu/ry & improvem5t 7 n>r[ w9d+ lanes lead+ to no?+1 trav]s$ by lean pigs & r\gh cattle1 broad copse-l h$ges1 small & irregul> fields ( c\*1 amid/ :i* /raggl$ ! /alks ( "s smo!r$ c]eal2 ^! ) gipsy encampm5ts & ! occasional s\nd ( ! poa*]'s gun f woods & ?ickets ar\nd 7 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! di/rict4#fda ,leases 7 ! exception ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 ?\gh m preval5t 9 ! we/4#fdb ,! great] proportion ( f>ms 7 held on ye>ly agreem5ts t]m9able by six mon?s' notice on ei!r side1 a sy/em pref]r$ by ! l&lord z enabl+ him to reta9 a great] hold ov] 8 l&1 & acquiesc$ 9 by ! t5ant because ( easy r5ts4 ,9 spite ( ?is insecurity ( t5ure & ! abs5ce ( ,agricultural ,hold+s ,acts1 ! t5ants inve/$ _! capital l>gely ) no o!r security ?an ! l&lord's "*1 '= 9 no c\ntry ( ! _w does ! "* ( any class ( m5 /& s high = fair & g5]\s deal+ z t ( ! great body ( ! ,engli% l&lords4' ,! cu/om ( t5ant-"r 0 unkn[n except 9 c]ta9 c\nties1 ,surrey1 ,sussex1 ! ,weald ( ,k5t1 ,l9coln1 ,nor? ,notts1 & 9 "p ( ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire4#fdc ,:]e x exi/$1 ! agriculture 0 on ! :ole inf]ior to t ( ! di/ricts :]e x did n1 & x _h frequ5tly l$ to fraud 9 a great] or less degree4 ,_m f>m]s 7 9 ! practice ( 'work+ up to a quitt+'1 or mak+ a pr(it by ! diff]5ce :i* _! +5uity & t ( _! valu] enabl$ !m to dem& at leav+ z comp>$ ) :at !y paid on entry4 ,! be/ f>m]s z well z ! l&lords 7 said to be disgu/$ ) ! sy/em4 ,! dislike = leases 9 ! days imm$iately be=e ! repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws 0 p>tly due to ! unc]ta9ty h[ long protection w\ld la/2 b *iefly !n1 z aft]w>ds1 to ! fact t if a man improv$ 8 f>m "u a lease he _h ne>ly always to pay an increas$ r5t on r5ewal1 b if he held f ye> to ye> 8 improvem5t1 if any1 0 s gradual & imp]ceptible t x 0 h>dly notic$ & ! r5t 0 n rais$4 ,x may also be attributable to ! mod]n dis9cl9ation to be b\nd d[n to a p>ticul> spot = a long p]iod4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! g5]al dislike ( f>m]s = leases is a curi\s comm5t>y on ! ass]tions ( ^? writ]s :o said t leases 7 8 *ief necessity4 ,! disp>ity ( ! lab\r]'s wages 9 #ahej 0 mo/ rem>kable1 rang+ f #aes4 a week 9 p>ts ( ,lanca%ire to #fs4 9 ,s\? ,wilts1 ! av]age ( ! nor!rn c\nties be+ #aas4 #f;d41 & ( ! s\!rn #hs4 #e;d4 a diff]5ce due :olly to ! influ5ce ( manufactures1 :i* is /ill fur!r prov$ by ! fact t 9 ,lanca%ire 9 #aggj wages 7 bel[ ! av]age = ,engl&4 ,9 fact s9ce ,"y's "t wages 9 ! nor? _h increas$ #ff p] c5t41 9 ! s\? only #ad p] c5t4 ,9 ,b]k%ire & ,wilt%ire !re _h be5 no increase 9 t p]iod1 & 9 ,suffolk an actual decrease4 ,x is n surpris+ to le>n t 9 "s s\!rn c\nties wages 7 n suffici5t = heal?y su/5ance1 & ! consequ5ce 01 t !re1 ! av]age am\nt ( poor relief p] head ( population 0 #hs4 #h-a_/b;d41 b 9 ! nor? #ds4 #g-c_/d;d41 & ! p]c5tage ( paup]s 0 twice z great 9 ! =m] z 9 ! latt]4 ,?is 0 ma9ly due to two causes3 7#a7 ! ratepay]s ( p>i%es 9 ! s\? 7 accu/om$ to divide among !mselves ! surplus lab\r1 n accord+ to _! requirem5ts b 9 proportion to ! size ( _! f>ms1 s t a f>m] :o 0 a good economi/ ( lab\r 0 r$uc$ by ?is sy/em to ! same level z 8 unskilful neighb\rs1 & ! lab\r] himself _h no motive to d 8 be/1 z e "o1 good & bad1 0 employ$ at ! same rate4 7#b7 ,to ! sy/em ( close & op5 p>i%es1 by :i* l>ge proprietors c\ld drive ! lab\r] f ! p>i% :]e he work$ to live 9 "s di/ant village 9 case he %\ld become *>geable to ! rates1 s t x 0 a common ?+ to see lab\r]s walk+ ?ree or f\r miles ea* day to _! "w & back1 & 9 "o c\nty f>m]s provid$ donkeys = !m4 ,betwe5 #ahdj & #ahej ! lab\r] _h1 h[ev]1 already b5efit$ by free trade1 = ! price ( _m articles he consum$ fell #cj2 on ! o!r h& ! r5t ( 8 cottage 9 eighty ye>s _h increas$ #ajj1 & meat #gj1 :i* h[ev] did n1 un=tunately1 affect him mu*4 ,! great developm5t ( railway con/ruction also help$ him by absorb+ mu* surplus lab\r1 & ! "w ( 8 wife & *ildr5 0 m freely exploit$ at ?is date to swell ! family budget4#fdd ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! wages ( ! nor? & ! s\? is a cle> pro( t ! wages ( ! agricultural lab\r] are n dep5d5t on ! prices ( agricultural produce1 = ^? 7 ! same 9 bo? regions4 ,x 0 unmi/akably due to ! great] dem& = lab\r 9 ! nor?4 ,! h\s+ ( ! lab\r] 01 especially 9 ! s\?1 (t5 a black blot on ,engli% civilization4 ,f _m in/ances collect$ by an inquir] 9 #ahdd ! foll[+ may be tak54 ,at ,/\rpa9e 9 ,dorset1 "o b$room 9 a cottage conta9$ ?ree b$s occupi$ by elev5 p ( all ages & bo? sexes1 ) no curta9 or p>tition :atev]4 ,at ,milton ,abbas1 on ! av]age ( ! la/ c5sus !re 7 ?irty-six p]sons 9 ea* h\se1 & s cr[d$ 7 !y t cottag]s ) a desire = dec5cy w\ld comb9e & place all ! males 9 "o cottage1 & all ! females 9 ano!r4 ,b ?is 0 r>e1 & lic5ti\sness & immorality ( ! wor/ k9d 7 frequ5t4#fde ,z = ! f>m]1 ! /ock rais] 0 do+ bett] ?an ! corn gr[]4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! r5t ( cultivat$ l& p] acre1 ! produce ( :eat p] acre 9 bu%els1 ! price ( provisions1 wages ( lab\r1 & r5t ( cottages 9 ,engl& at ! date ( ,"y's t\rs1 ab\t #aggj1 & ( ,caird's 9 #ahejfdg3 ,r5t ( ,produce ( cultivat$ l& ,:eat ,price p] lb4 ( p] acre4 p] acre4 ,bread4 ,meat4 ,butt]4 #aggj #acs4 #d;d4 #bc #a-a_/b;d4 #c-a_/d;d4 #f;d4 #ahej #bfs4 #aj;d4 #bf-c_/dfdf #a-a_/d;d4 #e;d4 #as4 ,price ( ,wool ,cottage ,lab\r]'s wages p] lb4 r5ts4 p] week4 #aggj #e-a_/b;d4 #cds4 #h;d4 #gs4 #c;d4 #ahej #as4 #gds4 #f;d4 #is4 #g;d4 ,?us 9 eighty ye>s ! av]age r5t ( arable l& rose #ajj1 ! av]age :eat crop #ad1 :ile ! price ( bread _h decreas$ #af4 ,b meat _h increas$ #gj1 wool ov] #ajj1 butt] #ajj4 ,! *ief b5efit to ! f>m] !re=e lay 9 ! increas$ value ( live /ock & its products1 & x 0 f\nd !n1 z 9 ! pres5t depression1 t ! hold]s ( /rong :eat l& suff]$ mo/1 :i* 0 fur!r illu/rat$ by ! fact t ! r5t ( ! corn-gr[+ c\nties ( ! ea/ coa/ av]ag$ #bcs4 #h;d4 p] acre2 t ( ! mix$ corn & grass c\nties 9 ! midl&s & we/1 #cas4 #e;d4 ,writ+ 9 #ahdg1 ,port] said r5ts _h d\bl$ s9ce #agij4fdh ,9 ,essex f>ms c\ld be po9t$ out :i* 7 let 9 #agij at less ?an #ajs4 an acre1 b dur+ ! w> at f #des4 to #ejs4 ,9 #ahah ! r5t w5t d[n to #ces41 & 9 #ahdg 0 #bjs4 ,9 ,b]ks4 & ,wilts4 f>ms let at #ads4 p] acre 9 #agij1 rose by #ahaj to #gjs41 or fivefold2 sank 9 #ahbj to #ejs41 & 9 #ahdg to #cjs4 ,9 ,/af=d%ire f>ms on "o e/ate let = #hs4 an acre 9 #agij1 rose dur+ ! w> to #ces41 & at ! peace 7 l[]$ to #bjs41 at :i* price !y rema9$4 ,ow+ to bett] f>m+ light soils _h be5 appli$ to uses = :i* heavy l&s alone _h =m]ly be5 consid]$ fit1 ) a consid]able increase ( r5t4 ,on ! ,duke ( ,rutl&'s#fdi ,belvoir e/ate1 ( f #ah1jjj to #bj1jjj acres ( above av]age quality1 r5ts 7 9-- #agii #ais4 #c-c_/d;d4 an acre4 #ahab #bes4 #h-c_/d;d4 #ahcj #bes4 #a-c_/d;d4 #ahej #cfs4 #h;d4 ,b ! ,dukes ( ,rutl& 7 indulg5t l&lords & evid5tly took no undue advantage ( ! high prices dur+ ! w>1 a policy ^: wisdom 0 fully ju/ifi$ aft]w>ds4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( mo/ compet5t judges1 ev5 aft] ! abolition ( ! ,corn ,laws1 t ,engli% l& w\ld cont9ue to rise 9 value4 ,port] /at$ t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom c\ld nev] be habitually dep5d5t on ! soil ( o!r c\ntries = ! food ( its p1 !re 0 n en\gh %ipp+ to transport x if x c\ld4#fej ,caird prophesi$ t 9 ! next eighty ye>s ! value ( l& 9 ,engl& w\ld m ?an d\ble4 ,! wellnigh univ]sal op9ion 0 t z ! l& ( ,engl& c\ld n increase1 & ! population 0 con/antly increas+1 l& mu/ become de>]4 ,m5 fail$ to =esee ! op5+ ( millions ( acres ( virg9 soil 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & ! improvem5t ( transport to su* an ext5t t :eat has occasionally be5 c>ri$ z balla/4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s aft] ^! prophecies _! fallacy began to be cruelly expos$4#fea ,ab\t #ahecfeb matt]s began to m5d1 *iefly ow+ to ! great expansion 9 trade t foll[$ ! great gold discov]ies 9 ,am]ica & ,au/ralia4 ,!n1 came ! ,crimean ,w>1 ) ! clos+ ( ! ,baltic to ! export ( ,russian corn1 :eat 9 #ahee av]ag+ #gds4 #h;d41 & 9 ! next decade ! ,am]ican ,w> crippl$ ano!r competitor1 ! imports ( :eat f ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9k+ f #af1adj1jjj cwt 9 #ahfb1 to #fce1jjj cwt4 9 #ahff4 ,f #ahec until #ahge ,engli% agriculture prosp]$ exce$+ly1 assi/$ l>gely by good seasons4 ,betwe5 #ahed & #ahfe !re 7 t5 good h>ve/s1 & only two bel[ ! av]age4 ,prices ( produce rose almo/ cont9u\sly1 & ! price & r5t ( l& ) !m4 ,! trade ( ! c\ntry 0 good1 & ! dem& = ! f>m]'s products /eadily grew2 ! capital value ( ! l&1 live /ock1 & crops ^u x1 increas$ 9 ?is p]iod by #dde1jjj1jjj4fec ,x appe>$ z if ! abolition ( ! ,corn ,laws 0 n to h any great effect aft] all4 ,n[ at la/ ! great body ( f>m]s began to approa* ! /&>d set !m long be=e by ! m en]getic & ent]pris+4 ,e>ly maturity 9 f9i%+ live /ock = ! m>ket by sci5tific fe$+ probably add$ a f\r? to _! weight ,! produce ( crops p] acre grew1 & dra9age & improvem5ts 7 c>ri$ out on all sides1 ! greate/ improvem5t be+ made 9 ! cultivation & managem5t ( /rong l&s1 ( :i* dra9age 0 ! f\ndation1 & enabl$ ! occupi] to add sw$es to 8 c\rse ( cropp+4#fed ,x 0 9 ?is p]iod t ,%or?orns1 ,h]e=ds1 & ,devons atta9$ a /&>d ( excell5ce :i* has made !m s\ght aft] by ! :ole _w2 & o!r bre$s 7 p]fect$1 ! ,sussex & ,ab]de5 ,angus especially2 :ile 9 %eep ! improvem5t 0 p]haps ev5 great]4#fee ,! improv$ ,l9colns1 ,ox=d ,d[ns1 ,hamp%ire ,d[ns1 & ,%rop%ires took _! place z /&>d bre$s at ?is p]iod4 ,9 #ahff1 aft] _m ye>s ( expectation & disappo9tm5t1 agriculturi/s 7 furni%$ ) /ati/ics :i* are tru/wor?y = practical purpose1 b are some:at vitiat$ by ! fact t ! live /ock c5sus 0 tak5 on ,m>* #e1 :i* obvi\sly omitt$ a l>ge numb] ( "y /ock2 s t ^? = #ahfg1 :5 ! c5sus 0 tak5 on ,june #be1 are bett] = purposes ( comp>ison ) ^? ( subsequ5t ye>s1 :5 ! c5sus has be5 tak5 on ,june #d or #e4 ,betwe5 #ahfg & #ahgh ! cattle 9 ,engl& & ,wales _h increas$ f #d1jac1efd to #d1fdb1fda1 ?\gh %eep _h dim9i%$ f #bb1jbe1dih to #ba1cfi1haj4fef ,! total acreage "u cultivation _h increas$ f #be1dea1ebf acres to #bg1afd1cbf acres 9 ! same p]iod4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 "o black %ad[ 9 ?is fair picture3 9 #ahfe ,engl& 0 invad$ by ! r9d]pe/1 :i* spread ) al>m+ rapidity1 kill+ #b1jjj c[s 9 a mon? f its fir/ appe>ance1 & )9 six mon?s infect+ ?irty-six c\nties4#feg ,! al>m 0 g5]al1 & t[n & c\ntry meet+s 7 held 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts :]e ! disease appe>$ to conc]t measures ( def5ce4 ,! ,privy ,c\ncil issu$ an ord] emp[]+ ,ju/ices to appo9t inspectors au?oriz$ to seize & slaught] any animal lab\r+ "u su* diseases2 b1 9 spite ( ?is1 ! plague rag$ ) r$\bl$ fury ?r\gh\t ,septemb]4 ,!re 0 gross mismanagem5t 9 combat+ x1 = ! inspectors 7 (t5 ignorant m51 & no comp5sation 0 paid = slaught]1 s t f>m]s (t5 sold (f mo/ ( _! diseas$ /ock be=e hoi/+ ! black flag4 ,! ravages ( ! disease 9 ! ,london c[-h\ses 0 fe>ful1 z might be expect$1 & !y are said to h be5 left empty2 by no means an unmix$ evil1 z ! keep+ ( c[-h\ses 9 t[ns 0 a gl>+ defiance ( ! mo/ obvi\s sanit>y laws4 ,9 ,octob] a ,commission 0 appo9t$ to inve/igate ! orig9 & nature ( ! disease1 & ! fir/ return %[$ a total ( #ag1fgc animals attack$4 ,by ,m>* #i1 #ahff1 #aag1ffd animals _h di$ f ! plague1 & #bf1ace be5 kill$ 9 ! attempt to /ay x4 ,by ! end ( ,augu/ ! disease _h be5 br\ght )9 v n>r[ limits1 & 0 ev5tually /amp$ out by ! resolute slaught] ( all infect$ animals4 ,by ,novemb] #bd ! numb] ( diseas$ animals t _h di$ or be5 kill$ 0 #bji1ccb1feh & ! loss to ! nation 0 reckon$ at #c1jjj1jjj4 ,! disease 0 br\ght by animals export$ f ,russia1 :o came f ,revel1 via ! ,baltic1 to ,hull4 ,9 #ahgb1 cattle br\ght to ! same port infect$ ! cattle ( ! ,ea/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 b ?is outbreak 0 *eck$ be=e mu* damage _h be5 done1 & s9ce #ahgg !re has be5 no trace ( ?is dread$ disease 9 ! k+dom4 ,! cattle plague1 r9d]pe/1 or /eppe murra91 is said#fei to h fir/ appe>$ 9 ,engl& 9 #affe1 ! ye> ( ! ,great ,plague1 & reappe>$ 9 #agad1 :5 x came f ,holl&1 b did little damage1 be+ *iefly conf9$ to ! neighb\rhood ( ,london4 ,! next outbreak 0 9 #agde1 & la/$ = twelve ye>s1 und\bt$ly com+ f ,holl&2 x is said to h caus$ su* de/ruction among ! cattle1 t mu* ( ! grass l& 9 ,engl& 0 pl\gh$ up & plant$ ) corn1 s t ! exports ( gra9 increas$ l>gely4 ,9 #agfi x came aga91 b only affect$ a few localities1 & disappe>$ 9 #agga1 n to return till #ahfe4 ,foot & m\? disease 0 fir/ obs]v$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahci1ffj & x 0 malignant 9 #ahdj-a1 :5 cattle1 %eep1 & pigs 7 attack$ z !y 7 dur+ ! s]i\s outbreak ( #ahga-b4 ,9 #ahhc no less ?an #bai1bhi cattle 7 attack$1 besides #bag1dib %eep1 & #bd1ccb pigs1 :5 ! disease 0 worse ?an x has ev] be5 9 ,engl&4 ,s9ce !n1 ?\gh !re h be5 occasional outbreaks1 x has mu* abat$4 ,ano!r dread sc\rge ( cattle1 pleuro-pneumonia1 0 at its wor/ 9 #ahgb1 a mo/ calamit\s ye> 9 ?is respect1 :5 #g1ihc cattle 7 attack$4 ,9 #ahij ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture assum$ p[]s ) respect to x "u ! ,diseases ( ,animals ,act ( t ye>1 & _! consequ5t action has be5 att5d$ ) great success 9 gett+ rid ( ! disease4 ,at ! end ( ?is halcyon p]iod f>m]s _h to cont5d ) a new difficulty1 ! dem& = high] wages by _! lab\r]s at ! in/igation ( ,joseph ,ar*4#ffa ,?is fam\s agitator 0 born at ,b>=d 9 ,w>wick%ire 9 #ahbf1 & z a boy work$ = neighb\r+ f>m]s1 educat+ himself 9 8 sp>e "t4 ,! mis]able /ate ( ! lab\r] :i* he saw all ar\nd him ent]$ into 8 s\l1 meat 0 r>ely se5 on 8 table1 ev5 bacon 0 a luxury 9 _m cottages4 ,tea 0 #fs4 to #gs4 a lb41 sug> #h;d41 & o!r prices 9 proportion2 ! lab\r]s /ole turnips = food1 & e o!r man 0 a poa*]4 ,ar* made himself ma/] ( ev]y?+ he und]took1 became fam\s z a h$g]1 m[]1 & pl\ghman1 & be+ consequ5tly employ$ all ov] ! ,midl&s & ,s\? ,wales1 began to gauge ! discont5t ( ! lab\r] :o 0 !n voiceless1 voteless1 & hopeless4 ,8 wages by #ahgb _h increas$ to #abs4 a week1 b _h n kept pace ) ! rise 9 prices4 ,bread 0 #g-a_/b;d4 a loaf2 ! lab\r] _h lo/ ! b5efit ( 8 *ildr5's lab\r1 = !y _h n[ all gone to s*ool2 8 food 0 'usually potatoes1 dry bread1 gre5s1 h]bs1 kettle bro? made by putt+ bread 9 ! kettle1 weak tea1 bacon sometimes1 fre% meat h>dly ev]4'#ffb ,x is difficult to realize t at ! end ( ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ,glad/one said ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry 0 advanc+ 'by leaps & b\nds'1 t any class ( ! community 9 full "w c\ld live "u su* wret*$ conditions4 ,ar* came to ! conclusion t lab\r c\ld only improve its position :5 organiz$1 & ! ,agricultural ,lab\r]s' ,union 0 initiat$ 9 #ahgb4 ,n t ! idea ( obta9+ bett] conditions by comb9ation 0 new to ! rural lab\r]4 ,x 0 attempt$ 9 #ahcb 9 ,dorset1 b spe$ily cru%$1 & n till #ahfe 0 a new union f\nd$ 9 ,scotl&1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a /rike 9 ,buck+ham%ire 9 #ahfg1 & ! f\ndation ( a union 9 ,h]e=d%ire 9 #ahga4ffc ,x 0 det]m9$ to ask = #afs4 a week & a #i-a_/b h\rs' work+ day1 :i* ! f>m]s refus$ to grant1 & ! m5 /ruck4 ,! agitation spread all ov] ,engl&1 & 0 (t5 conduct$ unwisely & ) a bitt] _s1 b ! lab\r] 0 embitt]$ by g5]ations ( sordid mis]y4 ,v reluctantly ! f>m]s gave way1 & g5]ally speak+ wages w5t up dur+ ! agitation to #ads4 or #aes4 a week1 ?\gh ,ar* himself admits t ev5 dur+ ! height ( x !y 7 (t5 only #aas4 & #abs4 ,) ! bad times1 ab\t #ahgi1 wages began to fall aga91 & m5 7 leav+ ! ,agricultural ,union2 by #ahhb ,ar* says _m 7 aga9 tak+ :at ! f>m] *ose to give4 ,f #ahhd ! ,union /eadily decl9$1 & aft] a tempor>y revival ab\t #ahij1 practically collaps$ 9 #ahid4 ,o!r unions _h be5 />t$1 b 7 !n go+ d[n hill1 & 9 #aijf only two rema9$ 9 a moribund condition4 ,_! ma9 object1 to raise ! lab\r]'s wages1 0 l>gely c\nt]act$ by ! acute depression 9 agriculture1 & ?\gh !re has s9ce be5 consid]able recov]y1 !re are di/ricts 9 ,engl& to-day :]e he only gets #aas4 & #abs4 a week4 ,! ,lab\r]s' ,union help$ to deal a sev]e bl[ to ! 'gang sy/em'1 :i* _h gr[n up at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury 7:5 ! high corn prices l$ to ! break+ up ( l& :]e !re 7 no lab\r]s1 s t 'gangs' 7 collect$ to cultivate x#ffd71 by :i* ov]se]s1 (t5 co>se bullies1 employ$ & sweat$ gangs sometimes numb]+ #fj or #gj p]sons1 includ+ small *ildr51 & wom51 ! latt] frequ5tly v bad specim5s ( _! sex4 ,^! gangs w5t turnip-s+l+1 bean-dropp+1 we$+ c41 :ile pea-pick+ gangs ran to #djj or #ejj4 ,?\gh "s ( ^! gangs 7 prop]ly manag$1 ! sy/em 0 a bad "o1 & ! ,union & ! ,education ,acts help$ its disappe>ance4 ,,footnotes3 #fac ,cyl9drical pipes came 9 ab\t #ahdc1 ?\gh !y _h be5 recomm5d$ 9 #agbg by ,switz]4 #fad ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#a/ s]ies71 xxii4 #bfj4 #fae ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahij1 pp4 #a sq4 #faf ,ibid41 #ahid1 pp4 #bje sq4 #fag ,mc,combie1 ,cattle & ,cattle ,bre$]s1 p4 #cc4 #fah ,^! classes1 h[ev]1 did n comprise all ! !n kn[n bre$s ( live /ock4 #fai ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahib1 pp4 #dgi sq4 #fbj ,at ! %[ at ,birm+ham ,9 #ahih !re 7 #bb entries ( ,longhorns2 9 #ahii a ,longhorn ,cattle ,society 0 e/abli%$1 & ! h]d-book resuscitat$4 ,m ?an tw5ty h]ds ( ! bre$ are n[ well e/abli%$4 #fba ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #aija1 p4 #bd4 #fbb ,caird1 ,engli% ,agriculture 9 #ahej-a1 pp4 #beb sq4 #fbc ,port]1 ,progress ( ! ,nation1 p4 #adb4 #fbd ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #aija1 p4 #be4 #fbe ,ibid4 #ahif1 p4 #if4 #fbf ,ibid4 7#a/ s]471 vi4 #b4 #fbg ,ibid4 7#a/ s]471 v4 #ajb4 #fbh #ahch1 #fds4 #g;d2 #ahci1 #gjs4 #h;d42 #ahdj1 #ffs4 #d;d42 #ahda1 #fds4 #d;d4 #fbi ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 iv4 #ai4 #fcj ,c4 ,wr5 ,hoskyns1 ,agricultural ,/ati/ics1 p4 #e4 #fca ,! abnormal prices dur+ ! ,crimean ,w> _c fairly be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! home & =eign supplies ( :eat & fl\r f #ahci-df 73-- ,home ,supplies4 ,=eign ,supplies4 qrs4 qrs4 #ahci-dj #d1jbb1jjj #a1gfb1dhb #ahdj-a #c1hgj1fdh #a1ibe1bda #ahda-b #c1fbf1agc #b1ihe1dbb #ahdb-c #e1jgh1ihi #b1dje1bag #ahdc-d #e1bac1ded #a1fjf1iab #ahdd-e #f1ffd1cfh #dgf1aij #ahde-f #e1fii1ifi #b1gcb1acd 7,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 iv4 #dad47 #ahdd-e 0 a v abundant crop1 & ! ?reat5$ repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws induc$ f>m]s to s5d all ! corn possible to m>ket4 #fcb ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 iv4 #cb4 #fcc ,cobd5's ,spee*1 ,m>* #ab1 #ahdd4 #fcd ,tooke1 ,hi/ory ( ,prices1 iv4 #adb4 #fce ,f evid5ce collect$ by ,mr4 ,au/9 9 ! s\!rn c\nties4 #fcf ,progress ( ,nation1 pp4 #acg sq4 ,= ! am\nt import$ be=e t date1 see ,app5dix #b4 #fcg ,walpole1 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 iv4 #fc sq4 ,cobd5 app>5tly nev] contemplat$ su* l[ prices = corn z h prevail$ s9ce #ahhc4 ,9 8 spee* ( ,m>* #ab1 #ahdd1 he m5tion$ #ejs4 a qu>t] z a probable price "u free trade1 & he di$ be=e ! full effect ( =eign competition 0 felt by ! ,engli% f>m]4 #fch ,mc,culloch1 ,comm]cial ,diction>y1 #ahdg1 p4 #bgd4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #cbe sq4 #fci ,caird1 ,engli% ,agriculture 9 #ahej-a1 p4 #dih4 #fdj ,ibid4 p4 #dij4 #fda ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory3 ,w>wick%ire1 ii4 #bgg4 #fdb ,caird1 op4 cit41 p4 #dha4 #fdc ,caird1 op4 cit4 p4 #ejg4 #fdd ,hasba*1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bbj1 #bbf4 #fde ,cobd5's ,spee*1 ,m>* #ab1 #ahdd4 #fdf ,mr4 ,pusey1 "o ( ! be/ in=m$ agriculturi/s ( ! day1 e/imat$ ! produce ( :eat p] acre 9 #ahdj at #bf bu%els4--,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahij1 p4 #bj4 #fdg ,caird1 ,engli% ,f>m+ 9 #ahej-a1 p4 #dgd4 #fdh ,progress ( ! ,nation4 #fdi ,?orold ,rog]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 v4 #bi4 #fej ,progress ( ! ,nation1 pp4 #acg-i4 #fea ,yet z ! gr[? ( population ov]takes ! corn & meat supply1 ^! prophets may 9 ! end prove correct4 #feb ,! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea 0 said to h widely diffus$ ! use ( improv$ implem5ts4--,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahef1 p4 #ed4 #fec ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahij1 p4 #cd4 #fed ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahef1 p4 #fj4 #fee ,ibid4 #aija1 p4 #cj4 ,see bel[1 p4 #cdc4 #fef ,bo>d ( ,agriculture ,returns1 #ahgh1 & ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahfh1 p4 #bci4 ,"y e/imat$ ! numb] ( cattle 9 ,engl& 9 #aggj at #b1heb1jdh1 includ+ #fhd1dia draught cattle4--,ea/]n ,t\r1 iv4 #def4 #feg ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 7#bnd s]471 ii4 #bcj4 #feh ,ibid4 iii4 #dcj4 #fei ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#bnd s]471 ii4 #bgj4 #ffj ,see ,autobiography ( ,joseph ,ar*4 #ffa ,ibid4 ix4 #bgd4 #ffb ,9 _m di/ricts1 h[ev]1 8 food 0 bett] ?an ?is4 #ffc ,hasba*1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bgf-g4 #ffd ,hasba*1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aic1 et seq4 ,! ,gangs ,act 7#cj #ca ,vict4 c4 #acj7 _h already br\ght ! sy/em "u control4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi #ahge-aijh ,,agricultural ,,di/ress ,,aga94--,,=eign ,,competition4--,,agricultural ,,hold+s ,,acts4--,,new ,,implem5ts4--,,agricultural ,,commissions4--,,! ,,situation ,,9 #aijh ,ab\t ! ye> #ahge ! good times came to an end4 ,! full =ce ( free trade 0 at la/ felt4 ,! seasons assi/$ ! decl9e1 & !re 0 n[ no comp5sation 9 ! %ape ( high] prices4 ,9 ! eight ye>s betwe5 #ahgd & #ahhb !re 7 only two good crops4 ,a new & =midable competitor _h ent]$ ! field2 betwe5 #ahfj & #ahhj ! produce ( :eat 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h trebl$4 ,va/ /ret*es ( virg9 soil 7 op5$ up ) ! mo/ a/oni%+ rapidity by railroads1 & ,european immigrants p\r$ 94 ,! co/ ( transport fell greatly1 & ,engl& 0 flood$ ) =eign corn & meat4 ,engli% l& :i* _h to support ! l&lord1 ! ti!-own]1 ! l& ag5t1 ! f>m]1 ! lab\r]1 & a l>ge army ( paup]s1#ffe _h to compete ) l& :]e (t5 "o man 0 own]1 f>m]1 & lab\r]1 ) no ti! & no poor rates4 ,yet prices held up fairly well until #ahhd1 :5 !re 0 a collapse f :i* !y h n yet recov]$4 ,9 #ahgg :eat 0 #efs4 #i;d41 9 #ahhc #das4 #g;d41 & 9 #ahhd #ces4 #h;d42 by #ahid ! av]age price = ! ye> 0 #bbs4 #aj;d4#fff ,f>m]s' capital 0 r$uc$ f #cj to #ej p] c5t41 & r5ts & ! pur*ase value ( l& 9 a simil> proportion4 ,poor clays only fit = :eat & beans w5t out ( cultivation1 ?\gh mu* has s9ce be5 laid d[n to grass1 & mu* has 'tumbl$ d[n'4 ,9 fact mo/ ( ! increas$ value ( ! good p]iod betwe5 #ahec-ge disappe>$4 ,! ye> #ahgi w long be rememb]$ z '! ,black ,ye>'4 ,x 0 ! wor/ ( a succession ( wet seasons 9 ! midl&1 we/]n & s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl&1 ! av]age ra9fall be+ "o-f\r? above ! av]age1 & #ahhj 0 little bett]4 ,! l&1 saturat$ & *ill$1 produc$ co>s] h]bage1 ! f9] grasses langui%$ or 7 de/roy$1 fodd] & gra9 7 imp]fectly matur$4 ,m\ld & ergot 7 preval5t among plants1 & flukes produc+ liv]-rot among live /ock1 especially %eep4 ,9 #ahgi 9 ,engl& & ,wales #c1jjj1jjj %eep di$ or 7 sacrific$ f rot1#ffg by #ahha #e1jjj1jjj _h p]i%$ at an e/imat$ loss ( #aj1jjj1jjj1 & _m1 alas6 7 s5t to m>ket full ( disease4 ,cattle also 7 infect$1 & h>es1 rabbits1 & de] suff]$4 ,9 "s cases entire flocks ( %eep disappe>$4 ,! disease 0 naturally wor/ on l[-ly+ & ill-dra9$ pa/ures1 b occurr$ ev5 on ! dri] upl&s hi!rto p]fectly free f liv]-rot1 c>ri$ ?i!r no d\bt by ! dropp+s ( infect$ %eep1 h>es1 & rabbits1 & p]haps by ! feet ( m5 & animals4 ,ap>t f m$ic9e1 conc5trat$ dry food giv5 sy/ematically1 ! regul> use ( common salt1 & ( c\rse removal f l[-ly+ & damp l&s1 7 f\nd ! be/ prev5tives4 ,besides ?is great calamity1 ?is ye> 0 di/+ui%$ by "o ( ! wor/ h>ve/s ( ! c5tury1 outbreaks ( foot & m\? disease1 ( pleuro-pneumonia1 & a disa/r\s attack ( foot-rot4 ,! mis=tunes ( ! l&$ int]e/ produc$ a ,commission 9 #ahgi "u ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 :i* conduct$ a mo/ labori\s & compreh5sive inquiry4 ,_! report1 issu$ 9 #ahhb1 /at$ t !y 7 unanim\sly conv9c$ ( ! great int5sity & ext5t ( ! di/ress t _h fall5 ^u ! agricultural community4 ,own] & occupi] _h alike be5 involv$4 ,yet1 ?\gh agricultural di/ress _h prevail$ ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 ! degree _h v>i$ 9 diff]5t c\nties1 & 9 "s cases 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same c\nties4 ,*e%ire1 = in/ance1 _h n suff]$ to any?+ l ! same ext5t z o!r c\nties1 nor 0 ! depression s sev]e 9 ,cumb]l&1 ,we/morel&1 ,nor?umb]l&1 & p>ts ( ,york%ire4 ,! ra9fall _h be5 less 9 ! nor!rn c\nties4 ,9 ! midl&s1 ! ea/]n1 & mo/ ( ! s\!rn c\nties ! di/ress 0 sev]e1 9 ,essex ! /ate ( agriculture 0 deplorable1 b ,k5t1 ,devon1 & ,cornwall 7 n h>dly hit4#ffh ,! *ief causes ( ! depression 7 said to be ^!3-- #a4 ,! succession ( unfav\rable seasons1 caus+ crops defici5t 9 quantity & quality1 & losses ( live /ock4 #b4 ,l[ prices1 p>tly due to =eign imports & p>tly to ! inf]ior quality ( ! home production4 #c4 ,increas$ co/ ( production4 #d4 ,increas$ pressure ( local taxation by ! imposition ( new rates1 viz4 ! education rate & ! sanit>y rate2 & ! increase ( old rates1 especially ! highway rate1 9 consequ5ce ( ! abolition ( turnpikes4 ,"s exceptionally bad in/ances ( ?is 7 giv54 ,9 ! p>i% ( ,didm>ton1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ! av]age am\nt ( rates paid = ! five ye>s end+ ,m>* #ca1 #aheh1 0 #bf #fs4 #c;d41 = ! five ye>s end+ ,m>* #ca1 #ahgh1 #aah #aas4 #g;d4 ,9 ! ,nor?lea* ,union ! rates _h increas$ ?us 9 dec5nial p]iods f #ahej3-- #ahej-a #e1dga #ahfj-a #e1ecd #ahgj-a #h1ebe #ahgh-i #aj1jhi ,on "o small prop]ty 9 ,/af=d%ire ! increase ( rates1 o!r ?an poor rates1 am\nt$ to #cs4 #f;d4 9 ! on ! rateable value4 #e4 ,excessive rates *>g$ by railway companies = ! conveyance ( produce1 & pref]5tial rates giv5 to =eign agricultural produce2 ! railway companies alleg+1 9 def5ce ( ?is1 t =eign produce 0 consign$ 9 mu* great] bulk1 by few consignors1 ?an home gr[n1 & c\ld be convey$ mu* m economically ?an if pick$ up at diff]5t /ations 9 small quantities4 ,z to ! effect ( re/rictive cov5ants on ! depression1 ! balance ( evid5ce did n incl9e ei!r way4#ffi ,! ,agricultural ,hold+s ,act ( #ahge 0 /at$ to h done mu* good 9 ! matt] ( comp5sation to t5ants = improvem5ts1 not)/&+ its m]ely p]missive "*1 z x _h rev]s$ ! presumption ( law 9 relation to improvem5ts effect$ by ! t5ant1 prescrib$ ! am\nt ( comp5sation1 & ! mode 9 :i* x %\ld be giv54 ,z to ! important subject ( fre$om ( cropp+ & sale ( produce1 !re 7 div]se op9ions1 "s advocat+ x :olly1 o!rs n believ+ 9 x at all1 o!rs say+ ea* l&lord & ea* t5ant %\ld make _! own b>ga9s s9ce ea* f>m /&s on its own foot+1 o!rs aga9 fav\r+ modifi$ re/rictions4 ,! prepond]ance ( op9ion 0 9 fav\r ( a modification ( ! law ( di/ress4 ,! ,commission fur!r said t ! pressure ( =eign competition 0 greatly 9 excess ( ! anticipations ( ! support]s & ( ! appreh5sions ( ! oppon5ts ( ,corn ,law ,repeal2 if x _h n be5 = ?is1 ,engli% f>m]s w\ld h be5 p>tly comp5sat$ = ! defici5t yield by high] prices4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f>m] _h _h ! advantage ( an increas$ & *eap5$ supply ( fe$+ /uffs1 su* z maize1 l9se$ & cotton cakes1 & ( artificial manures import$ f abroad4 ,at ! same "t ! b5efit to ! community f *eap food 0 imm5se4 ,x seem$ j1 h[ev]1 t z agriculture 0 suff]+ f l[ prices1 by :i* ! c\ntry ga9$ z a :ole1 t ! proportion ( taxation impos$ on ! l& %\ld be less5$2 x 0 especially unju/ t p]sonal prop]ty 0 exempt$ f local rates1 contr>y to ! ,act ( #dc ,eliz4 c4 #b1 & ! :ole burd5 ?r[n on real prop]ty4 ,! difficulties ( f>m]s 7 aggravat$ by ! high price ( lab\r1 :i* _h increas$ #be p] c5t4 9 tw5ty ye>s1 l>gely ow+ to ! competition ( o!r indu/ries1 & at ! same "t become less effici5t4 ,z provisions 7 *eap1 & employm5t abundant1 ! lab\r] _h be5 sc>cely affect$ by ! di/ress4 ,8 cottage1 h[ev]1 especially if 9 ! h&s ( a small own]1 ) nei!r ! means nor ! w to exp5d money on improvem5ts1 0 (t5 /ill v defective4 ,f>m]s 7 already compla9+ ( ! results ( ! new sy/em ( education1 = :i* !y _h to pay1 :ile x depriv$ !m ( ! lab\r ( boys1 & dra9$ f ! l& ! s\rces ( future lab\r by mak+ ! "y discont5t$ ) f>m "w4 ,! ,commission d5i$ t r5ts _h be5 unduly rais$ previ\s to #ahgefgj2 & 9 ! exceptional cases :]e !y _h be51 x 0 due to ! imprud5t competition ( t5ant f>m]s enc\rag$ by advances made by c\ntry bank]s1 ! sudd5 )drawal ( :i* _h greatly contribut$ to ! pres5t di/ress4 ,di/ricts :]e dairy+ 0 c>ri$ on _h suff]$ lea/1 yet ! yield ( milk 0 mu* dim9i%$1 & ! quality det]iorat$1 ow+ to ! inf]iority ( grass f a cont9uance ( wet seasons4 ,! production & sale ( milk 0 increas+ l>gely1 s t ! att5tion ( f>m]s & l&lords 0 be+ drawn to ?is important bran* ( f>m+1 milk-sell]s necess>ily suff]+ less f =eign competition ?an any o!r f>m]s4 ,let u turn once m to ! hop y>ds3 9 #ahgh ! acreage ( hops 9 ,engl& rea*$ its maximum4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury hop y>ds cov]$ #ab1jjj acres2 :i* betwe5 #agej & #aghj increas$ to #be1jjj1 & by #ahjj to #cb1jjj4 ,9 #ahgh1 #ga1ghi acres 7 gr[n4 ,! great increase prior to t ye> 0 due to ! abolition ( ! excise duty 9 #ahfb1 :i* on an av]age 0 equal to an annual *>ge ( ne>ly #g an acre4#fga ,?is enc\rag$ hop-gr[+ m ?an ! tak+ (f ( ! import duty 9 ! same ye> disc\rag$ x4 ,9 #ahhb !re 0 a v small crop 9 ,engl&1 :i* rais$ ! av]age price to #ah #ajs4 a cwt42 "s *oice samples fet*+ #cj a cwt42 gr[]s :o _h good crops realiz+ mu* m ?an ! freehold value ( ! hop y>ds4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 mo/ un=tunate = !m1 z x l$ to a great increase 9 ! use ( hop sub/itutes1 su* z quassia1 *iretta1 colombo1 g5tian1 c41 :i*1 ) ! decreas+ consumption ( be] & ! dem& = light] be]1 has done m ?an =eign competition to l[] ! price & !reby cause s l>ge an area to be grubb$ up z unpr(itable1 t 9 #aijg x 0 r$uc$ to #dd1ich acres4 ,yet ! quality ( ! hops has 9 ! la/ g5]ation greatly improv$ 9 condition1 quality1 & appe>ance4 ,gr[]s also h 9 ! same p]iod (t5 incurr$ great exp5se 9 sub/itut+ v>i\s me?ods ( wire-"w = poles2 & wa%+1 g5]ally ) quassia *ips & s(t soap & wat]1 has become wellnigh univ]sal1 s t ! exp5se ( gr[+ ! crop has increas$1 :ile ! price has be5 fall+4#fgb ,! crop has always be5 an exp5sive "o to gr[2 ,m>%all 9 #agih put x at #bj an acre1 exclusive ( pick+1 dry+1 & m>ket+#fgc2 & ,"y e/imat$ ! total co/ at ! same date at #ca #ajs4 an acre#fgd2 to-day #dj an acre is by no means an outside price4 ,x may be "s enc\ragem5t to gr[]s to rememb] t hops h always be5 subject to great fluctuations 9 price2 betwe5 #afic & #agjj1 = in/ance1 !y v>i$ f #djs4 to #bdjs4 a cwt41 s t !y may yet see !m at a remun]ative figure4 ',^u ! :ole'1 says an eighte5?-c5tury writ]1 '?\gh _m h acquir$ l>ge e/ates by hops1 _! real advantage is p]haps que/ionable4 ,by engross+ ! att5tion ( ! f>m] !y )draw him f sl[] & m c]ta9 s\rces ( weal?1 & enc\rage him to rely too mu* ^u *ance = 8 r5t1 r ?an ! hone/ lab\r ( ! pl\gh4 ,to ! l&lord ! cultivation ( hops is an evil1 defraud+ ! arable l& ( its prop] quantity ( manure & !reby impov]i%+ 8 e/ate4' ,x 0 by ?is "t ! g5]al op9ion ( m5 ) a ?or\gh exp]i5ce ( f>m+1 t 9 _m p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 no suffici5t comp5sation 0 secur$ to ! t5ant = 8 unexhau/$ improvem5ts4 ,9 "s c\nties & di/ricts ?is comp5sation 0 giv5 by e/abli%$ cu/oms1 9 o!rs cu/oms exi/$ :i* 7 insuffici5t1 9 _m !y did n exi/ at all4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t (t5 :5 a t5ant leaves 8 f>m !re is m comp5sation due to ! l&lord ?an to ! t5ant4 ,human nature be+ :at x is1 ! temptation to get z mu* out ( ! l& j be=e leav+ x is wellnigh irresi/ible to _m f>m]s4 ,9 ^! days1 :5 ! l&lord is (t5 call$ ^u by ! t5ant to d :at ! t5ant us$ to d himself1 ! "q ( comp5sation to ! t5ant mu/ on _m e/ates appe> to ! l&lord extremely ironical4 ,x is1 9 ! great] numb] ( cases1 ! l&lord :o %\ld receive comp5sation1 & n ! t5ant2 & ?\gh he has p[] to dem& x1 su* p[] is ov] & ov] aga9 n put 9 =ce4 ,at ! same "t !re are bad m5 9 ! l&lord class z 9 any o!r1 & f !m ! t5ant requir$ protection4 ,by ! ,agricultural ,hold+s 7,engl&7 ,act ( #ahge1 #ch #ci ,vict4 c4 #ib1 improvem5ts = :i* comp5sation c\ld be claim$ by ! t5ant 7 divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,fir/ class improvem5ts1 su* z dra9age ( l&1 erection or enl>gem5t ( build+s1 lay+ d[n ( p]man5t pa/ure1 c41 requir$ ! previ\s cons5t 9 writ+ ( ! l&lord to entitle ! t5ant to comp5sation4 ,second class improvem5ts1 su* z bon+ ( l& ) undissolv$ bones1 *alk+1 clay+1 lim+1 & m>l+ ! l&1 ! latt] n[ h>dly ev] practis$1 requir$ notice 9 writ+ by ! t5ant to ! l&lord ( 8 int5tion1 & if notice to quit _h be5 giv5 or receiv$1 ! cons5t 9 writ+ ( ! l&lord 0 necess>y4 ,= ?ird class improvem5ts1 su* z ! application to ! l& ( pur*as$ manure1 & consumption on ! hold+ by cattle1 %eep1 or pigs1 ( cake or o!r fe$+ /uff n produc$ on ! hold+1 no cons5t or notice 0 requir$4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! fir/ class 7 deem$ to be exhau/$ 9 tw5ty ye>s1 9 ! second 9 sev51 & 9 ! ?ird 9 two4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,ri*mond ,commission ( #ahgi t1 not)/&+ ! b5eficial effects ( ?is ,act1 no suffici5t comp5sation = 8 unexhau/$ improvem5ts 0 secur$ to ! t5ant4 ,! l&lord & t5ant also might agree 9 writ+ t ! ,act %\ld n apply to _! contract ( t5ancy1 s 9 #ahhc :5 ! ,agricultural ,hold+s ,act ( t ye> 7#df #dg ,vict4 c4 #fa7fge 0 pass$1 x 0 made compulsory z f> z reg>d$ comp5sation1 & ! "t limit z reg>ds ! t5ant's claims = improvem5ts 0 aboli%$1 ! basis = comp5sation = all improvem5ts recogniz$ by ! ,act be+ laid d[n z '! value ( ! improvem5t to an incom+ t5ant'4 ,improvem5ts = :i* comp5sation c\ld be claim$ 7 aga9 divid$ into ?ree classes z be=e1 b ! dra9age ( l& 0 plac$ 9 ! second class in/ead ( ! fir/1 & s only requir$ notice to ! l&lord4 ,?is 0 ! only improvem5t 9 ! second class2 ! o!r improvem5ts :i* _h be5 9 ! second class 9 ! ,act ( #ahge 7 n[ plac$ 9 ! ?ird1 :]e no cons5t or notice 0 requir$4 ,! ,act also effect$ ?ree o!r important alt]ations 9 ! law2 fir/1 z to ',notices to ,quit'1 a ye>'s notice be+ necess>y :]e half a ye>'s notice _h be5 suffici5t1 ?\gh ?is section might be exclud$ by agreem5t2 secondly1 aft] ,janu>y #a1 #ahhe1 ! l&lord c\ld only di/ra9 = "o ye>'s r5t in/ead ( six ye>s z =m]ly2 & ?irdly1 z to fixtures4 ,^! =m]ly became ! prop]ty ( ! l&lord on ! det]m9ation ( ! t5ancy1 b by #ad #ae ,vict4 c4 #be an agricultural t5ant 0 enabl$ to remove fixtures put up by him ) ! cons5t ( 8 l&lord = agricultural purposes4 ,n[ all fixtures erect$ aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,act 7 ! prop]ty ( & removable by ! t5ant1 b ! l&lord might elect to pur*ase !m4 ,?is ,act 0 am5d$ by ! ,act ( #aijj 7#fc #fd ,vict4 #ej71 & has be5 mu* alt]$ by ! ,agricultural ,hold+s ,act ( #aijf 7#f ,edw4 ,,vii1 c4 #ef71 :i* has treat$ ! l&lord ) a degree ( sev]ity1 :i* consid]+ ! excell5t relations t h = ! mo/ "p exi/$ betwe5 ,engli% l&lords & t5ants = g5]ations1 is utt]ly unw>rant$4 ,9 sev]al respects inde$ he has be5 treat$ by ! ,act z if ! l& did n belong to him1 :ile fre$om ( contract1 until rec5t ye>s "o ( ! mo/ *]i%$ pr9ciples ( our law1 is arbitr>ily int]f]$ )4 ,! *ief alt]ations made by ! ,act ( #aijf 73-- #a4 ,improvem5ts4--,by ! ,act ( #ahhc1 9 ! valuation = improvem5ts "u ! fir/ s*$ule1 su* "p ( ! improvem5t z is ju/ly due to ! inh]5t capabilities ( ! soil 0 n cr$it$ to ! t5ant ,?is provision is repeal$ by ! ,act ( #aijf1 9 ref]5ce to :i* x mu/ be said t ! lat5t f]tility ( ! soil1 sometimes v consid]able1 may be develop$ by a small outlay on ! "p ( ! t5ant = :i* outlay he is c]ta9ly entitl$ to comp5sation4 ,b ! great] "p ( ! improvem5t may be due to ! soil :i* belongs to ! l&lord1 yet ! ,act cr$its ! t5ant ) ! :ole ( ?is improvem5t4 ,an addition is made to ! li/ ( improvem5ts :i* a t5ant may make )\t 8 l&lord's cons5t & = :i* he is entitl$ on quitt+ to comp5sation1 viz4 repairs to build+s1 be+ build+s necess>y = ! prop] work+ ( ! hold+1 o!r ?an repairs :i* ! t5ant is oblig$ to execute4 #b4 ,damage by ,game4 ,a t5ant may n[ claim comp5sation = damage to crops by de]1 pheasants1 p>tridges1 gr\se1 & black game4 #c4 ,fre$om ( ,cropp+ & ,disposal ( ,produce4 ,prior to ?is ,act x _h be5 ! cu/om = g5]ations to ins]t cov5ants 9 agreem5ts provid+ = ! prop] cultivation ( ! f>m2 z1 = in/ance1 =bidd+ ! removal f ! hold+ ( hay1 /raw1 roots1 gre5 crops1 & manure made on ! f>m4 ,^! & o!r cov5ants 7 m]ely 9 ! int]e/s ( good f>m+1 & to prev5t ! soil det]iorat+4 ,9 rec5t times vexati\s cov5ants =m]ly ins]t$ _h practically disappe>$1 & :]e /ill exi/+ 7 seldom en=c$4 ,by ?is ,act1 not)/&+ any cu/om ( ! c\ntry or any contract or agreem5t1 ! t5ant may foll[ any sy/em ( cropp+1 & dispose ( any ( 8 produce z he pleases1 b aft] s do+ he mu/ make suitable & adequate provision to protect ! f>m f injury !reby3 a proviso vague & difficult to en=ce1 & n suffici5t to prev5t an unscrupul\s t5ant greatly injur+ 8 f>m4 #d4 ,comp5sation = unreasonable di/urbance4 ,if a l&lord )\t good cause1 & = reasons inconsi/5t ) good e/ate managem5t1 t]m9ates a t5ancy by notice to quit2 or refuses to grant a r5ewal ( ! t5ancy if s reque/$ at lea/ "o ye> be=e ! expiration !re(2 or if a t5ant quits 8 hold+ 9 consequ5ce ( a dem& by ! l&lord = an increas$ r5t1 su* dem& be+ due to an increas$ value 9 ! hold+ ow+ to improvem5ts done by ! t5ant2 9 ei!r ( su* ev5ts ! t5ant is entitl$ to comp5sation4 ,?is comp5sation = di/urbance is 9 direct opposition to ! recomm5dation ( ! ,commission ( #ahid1fgf & seems to be an unw>rantable int]f]5ce ) ! own]'s managem5t ( 8 own l&4 ,ano!r b5efit1 & "o long ne$$1 0 conf]r$ on f>m]s by ! ,gr\nd ,game ,act ( #ahhj1 #dc #dd ,vict41 c4 #dg4 ,be=e ! ,act ! t5ant _h by common law ! exclusive "r to ! game1 includ+ h>es & rabbits1 unless x 0 res]v$ to ! l&lord1 :i* 0 usually ! case4 ,by ?is ,act ! "r to kill gr\nd game1 :i* (t5 work$ t]rible havoc 9 ! t5ant's crops1 0 r5d]$ insep>able f ! occupation ( ! l&1 ?\gh ! own] may res]ve to himself a concurr5t "r4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is ,act has be5 t ! h>e has disappe>$ f _m p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,! greate/ improvem5t 9 implem5ts dur+ ?is p]iod 0 9 ! direction ( reap+ & m[+ ma*9es1 :i* h n[ atta9$ a high degree ( p]fection4 ,z e>ly z #aghj ! ,society ( ,arts (f]$ a gold m$al = a reap+ ma*9e1 b x 0 n till #ahab t ,john ,common ( ,d5wick1 ,nor?umb]l&1 inv5t$ a ma*9e :i* embodi$ all ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! mod]n reap]4 ,popul> ho/ility to ! ma*9e 0 s great t ,common made 8 e>ly trials by moonlight1 & he ceas$ f work+ on !m4#fgg ,8 ma*9e 0 improv$ by ! ,br[ns ( ,alnwick1 :o sold "s numb]s 9 #ahbb1 & %ortly aft]w>ds emigrat$ to ,canada tak+ ) !m models ( ,common's reap]s4 ,mc,cormick1 ! reput$ inv5tor ( ! reap+ ma*9e1 knew ! ,br[ns1 & obta9$ f !m a model ( ,common's ma*9e :i* 0 almo/ c]ta9ly ! fa!r ( ! fam\s ma*9e exhibit$ by him at ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,v>i\s o!r inv5tors h assi/$ 9 improv+ ?is implem5t1 & 9 #ahgc ! fir/ wire b9d] 0 exhibit$ 9 ,europe by ! ,am]ican1 ,w4,a4 ,wood1 wire soon giv+ place to /r+ ow+ to ! outcry ( f>m]s & mill]s4 ,! self-b9d+ reap] is ! mo/ +5i\s ( agricultural ma*9es1 & has be5 ( enorm\s b5efit to f>m]s 9 sav+ lab\r4 ,?\gh ! hay-t$d+ ma*9e 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahad x is only dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s t its use has become common1 ! spread ( ! m[+ ma*9e mak+ x a necessity1 cutt+ ! grass s fa/ t only a v l>ge numb] ( m5 ) ! old =ks c\ld keep up ) x4 ,! t$d] also r5d]$ rak+ by h& too sl[1 & ! horse-rake1 pat5t$ fir/ 9 #ahda1 has imm5sely improv$ 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,ano!r enorm\s lab\r sav] is ! hay & /raw elevator1 hav+ endless *a9s furni%$ ) c>ry+ =ks at int]vals ( a few feet1 driv5 by horse ge>4 ,! /eam cultivator inv5t$ by ,john ,f[l] is mu* us$1 b _c be said to h sup]s$$ ! ord9>y work+ /ock ( ! f>m1 ?\gh = deep pl\gh+ on l>ge f>ms ( heavy l& x is invaluable4 ,improvem5ts 9 dairy+ appliances h also be5 great1 b ! ,engli% f>m] has g5]ally f\ght %y ( factories or cream]ies1 s t 8 butt] /ill lacks ! uni=m quality ( 8 =eign rivals4 ,9 manures ! mo/ important innovation 9 ! la/ g5]ation has be5 ! con/antly gr[+ use ( basic slag1 =m]ly left neglect$ at ! pit m\? & n[ g5]ally recogniz$ z a wond]ful produc] ( clov]4 ,mo/ ( ! sugge/ions ( ! ,commission ( #ahgi 7 c>ri$ into effect4 ,r5ts 7 l>gely r$uc$1 s t betwe5 #ahhj & #ahhd ! annual value ( agricultural l& 9 ,engl& sank #e1gej1jjj4fgh ,grants 7 made by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 aid ( local burd5s1 cottages 7 improv$ al?\gh ! l&[n]s' capital 0 con/antly dw9dl+1 ,settl$ ,l& ,acts assi/$ ! transf] ( limit$ e/ates1 a ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahhi1 & 9 #ahia ! paym5t ( ! ti! 0 transf]r$ f ! t5ant to ! l&lord1 :i* g5]ally meant t ! :ole burd5 0 n[ borne by ! latt]4 ,/ill =eign imports cont9u$ to p\r 9 & prices to fall4 ,:eat l&1 :i* 0 subject to ! fi]ce/ competition1 began to be conv]t$ to o!r uses1 & betwe5 #ahgh & #aijg _h fall5 9 ,engl& f #c1jda1bad acres to #a1ecg1bjh1 mo/ ( x be+ conv]t$ to pa/ure or 'tumbl+ d[n' to grass1 :ile a l>ge quantity 0 us$ = oats4 ,! price ( live /ock 0 n[ fall+ greatly be=e increas+ imports ( live animals & dead meat1 :ile *eese1 butt]1 wool1 & fruit 7 also p\r+ 94 ,f>m+1 too1 0 n[ suff]+ f a new enemy1 gambl+ 9 f>m produce1 :i* began to %[ itself ab\t #ahhj & has s9ce mat]ially contribut$ to l[]+ prices4#fgi ,! enorm\s gold premium 9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 ) ! /eady fall 9 silv]1 0 ano!r factor4 ,z ,mr4 ,pro!ro says1 ',ent]prise gradually weak5$1 l&lords lo/ _! ability to help1 & f>m]s _! recup]ative p[]4 ,! capital bo? ( l&lords & t5ants 0 s r$uc$ t nei!r c\ld af=d to sp5d an unnecess>y p5ny4 ,l& det]iorat$ 9 condition1 dra9age 0 practically discont9u$ 444 less cake & less manure 7 b\ght1 lab\r bills 7 r$uc$1 & ! numb] ( males employ$ 9 f>m+ dw9dl$ z ! :eat area contract$4'#fhj ,! ye> #ahic 0 rem>kable = a prolong$ dr\ght 9 ! spr+2 f ,m>* #b to ,may #ad h>dly any ra9 fell1 & live /ock 7 mu* r$uc$ 9 quality f ! p>*+ ( ! h]bage1 :ile 9 _m p>ts ! difficulty ( supply+ !m ) wat] 0 imm5se4 ,9 ! same ye> ano!r ,commission on ,agriculture 0 appo9t$1 ^: description ( ! condition ( agriculture 0 a lam5table "o4 ,! ,commission 9 _! f9al report#fha /at$ t ! seasons s9ce #ahhb _h on ! :ole be5 satisfactory f an agricultural po9t ( view1 & ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d %[$ t ! exi/+ depression 0 to be ma9ly attribut$ to ! fall 9 prices ( f>m produce4 ,?is fall _h be5 mo/ m>k$ 9 ! case ( gra91 p>ticul>ly :eat1 & wool also _h fall5 heavily4 ,x 0 n surpris+ !re=e to f9d t ! arable c\nties#fhb _h suff]$ mo/2 9 c\nties :]e dairy+1 m>ket g>d5+1 p\ltry f>m+1 & o!r special indu/ries prevail$ ! di/ress 0 less acute1 b no "p ( ! c\ntry c\ld be said to h escap$4 ,9 nor? ,devon1 not$ = /ock re>+1 r5ts _h only fall5 #aj to #ae p] c5t4 s9ce #ahha1 & 9 _m cases !re _h be5 no r$uction at all4 ,9 ,h]e=d%ire & ,worce/]%ire good grass l&s1 hop l&s1 & dairy f>ms _h ma9ta9$ _! r5ts 9 _m in/ances1 & ! r$uctions _h app>5tly seldom exce$$ #ae p] c5t42 on ! heavy arable l&s1 h[ev]1 ! r$uction 0 f #bj to #dj p] c5t4 ,9 ,*e%ire1 devot$ ma9ly to dairy+1 !re _h be5 no g5]al r$uction ( r5t1 ?\gh !re _h be5 remissions1 & 9 "s cases r$uctions1 ( #aj p] c5t4 ,9 fact1 graz+ & dairy l&s1 :i* comprise s l>ge an area ( ! nor!rn & we/]n c\nties1 7 n badly affect$1 ?\gh ! depreciation 9 ! value ( live /ock & ! fall 9 wool _h consid]ably dim9i%$ f>m pr(its & r5ts4 ,b ( ! ea/]n c\nties1 ^? 9 :i* !re are /ill l>ge quantities ( arable l&1 a diff]5t tale 0 told4 ,9 ,essex mu* ( ! clay l& 0 go+ out ( cultivation2 _m f>ms1 aft] ly+ d]elict = a few ye>s1 7 let z grass runs = /ock at a nom9al r5t ,! r5t ( an e/ate ne> ,*elms=d ( #a1dah acres _h fall5 f #a1cad 9 #ahgi to #dae 9 #ahib1 or f #ahs4 #f;d4 an acre to #es4 #aj;d4#fhc ,! net r5tal ( ano!r _h fall5 f #g1fhb 9 #ahha to #b1bbd 9 #ahib1 & ! l&lord's income f 8 e/ate ( #ac1jji acres 9 #ahib-c 0 #as4 an acre4 ,! balance %eet ( ! e/ate = ! same ye> is an eloqu5t example ( ! l&[n]'s pr(its 9 ^! depress$ times#fhd3 #aa3ab ,,am #g_/be_/bjje,,receipts4 s4 d4 ,ti! receiv$ #gih #e #i ,cottage r5ts #die #h #f ,g>d5 #bac #e #aj ,e/ate #g1deb #ad #h ,ti!s refund$ by t5ants #ecj #ae #b -------------- #i1dij #i #aa ,,paym5ts4 s4 d4 ,ti!1 rates & taxes #b1ifd #a #i ,r5t-*>ge & fee f>m r5ts #agi #j #d ,gates & f5c+ #h #g #h ,e/ate repairs & build+s #d1cej #ab #h ,dra9+ #agj #f #a ,bricky>d #agj #a #h ,managem5t #icf #ad #g ,insurances #eh #aa #e ,balance pr(it #feb #ac #i --------------- #i1dij #i #aa ,9 ! great agricultural c\nty ( ,l9coln r5ts _h fall5 f #cj to #ge p] c5t4#fhe ,! av]age am\nt realiz$ on an acre ( :eat _h fall5 f #aj #fs4 #c;d4 9 #ahgc-g to #b #ahs4 #aa;d4 9 #ahibfhf2 & ! fall 9 ! price ( cattle betwe5 #ahhb & #ahic 0 a little ov] #cj p] c5t4 ,_m ( ! l>ge f>m]s 9 ,l9coln%ire be=e #ahge _h liv$ 9 consid]able com=t & ev5 luxury1 z became m5 :o _h inve/$ l>ge sums1 sometimes #bj1jjj1 9 _! bus9ess4 ,!y _h c>riages1 hunt]s1 & s]vants1 & gave _! *ildr5 an excell5t />t 9 life4 ,b all ?is 0 *ang$2 a day's hunt+ occasionally 0 ! utmo/ !y c\ld af=d1 & wives & daught]s took ! "w f ! s]vants4 ,! small f>m]s _h suff]$ m ?an ! l>ge ones1 & ! condition ( ! small freehold]s 0 said to be deplorable2 a fact to be not$ by ^? :o ?9k small hold+s a panacea = di/ress4#fhg ,ev5 ne> ,bo/on1 :]e ! soil is fav\rable = m>ket g>d5+1 ! evid5ce ( ! small hold] 0 's+ul>ly unanim\s' z to _! un=tunate condition4 ,! small occupi]s 7 bett] (f ?an ! freehold]s1 because _! r5ts _h be5 r$uc$ & !y c\ld leave _! f>ms if !y did n pay2 b _! position 0 v unsatisfactory4 ,f ! evid5ce giv5 to ! assi/ant commission] x is cle> t ! small occupi] & freehold] c\ld only get on by work+ h>d] & liv+ h>d] ?an ! lab\r]4 ',we all live h>d & nev] see fre% meat1' said "o4 ',we c't af=d but*]'s meat1' said ano!r4 ,ano!r said1 ',9 ! summ] ,i "w f #d a4m4 to #h p4m41 & (t5 d n take m ?an an h\r (f = meals4 ,t is p5al s]vitude1 except y h y\r lib]ty4 ,a =eman :o e>ns #a a week is bett] (f ?an ,i am4 ,he has no anxiety1 & n half ! "w4' ,^! in/ances c\ld be multipli$ _m times1 s t x is n surpris+ t ! *ildr5 ( ^! m5 h flock$ to ! t[ns4 ,9 ,norfolk1 'tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago1 no class connect$ ) ! l& held _! heads high]' ?an ! f>m]s4 ,_m ( !m own$ ! :ole or a "p ( ! l& !y f>m$1 & liv$ 9 good /yle4 ,all ?is 0 n[ l>gely *ang$4 ',! typical ,norfolk f>m] ( to-day is a h>ass$ & h>dwork+ man1' engag$ 9 ! /ruggle to make bo? ends meet4 ,_m 7 ru9$4 ,h[ev]1 !re 7 f>m]s :o1 by skill1 ent]prise1 & c>eful managem5t1 made _! bus9ess pay ev5 9 ^! times1 su* z ! t5ant ( ! f>m at ,papplewick 9 ,nott+ham%ire :o ga9$ ! fir/ prize 9 ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society's f>m competition 9 #ahhh4fhh4 ,?is f>m consi/$ ( #ebb acres1 ( :i* only #fa 7 grass1 b *iefly ow+ to ! tr\ble tak5 9 gr[+ f9e root crops1 a l>ge numb] ( live /ock 7 annually pur*as$ & sold (f1 ! foll[+ balance %eet %[+ a pr(it ( #c #as4 #j;d4 p] acre3 ,,dr4 ,r5t1 ti!s1 rates1 taxes1 c4 #bgh ,wages #chg ,pur*ase ( cake1 corn1 se$s1 manure1 c4 #fhh ,pur*ase ( live /ock #b1fed ----- #d1jjg ,pr(it #a1ehi ------ #e1eif ,,cr4 ,corn1 hay1 potatoes1 & l product sold #fee ,live /ock1 p\ltry1 dairy produce1 & wool sold #d1ida ------ #e1eif ,! r$uctions ( r5ts 9 v>i\s c\nties 7 e/imat$ ?us#fhi3 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,nor?umb]l& #bj to #be ,h]e=d #bj to #cj ,cumb]l& #bj to #dj ,som]set #bj to #dj ,york #aj to #ej ,ox=d #be to #ej ,lanca/] #e to #cj ,suffolk up to #gj ,/af=d #aj to #be ,essex #be to #ajj ,leice/] #dj ,k5t #ae to #ajj ,nott+ham #ad to #ej ,hants #be to #ajj ,w>wick #be to #fj ,wilts #aj to #ge ,hunt+ton #dj to #ej ,devon #aj to #be ,d]by #ad to #be ,cornwall #aj to #ajj ,?is l>ge r$uction 9 ! r5t rolls ( l&[n]s has mat]ially affect$ _! position & weak5$ _! p[]4 ,_m1 inde$1 h be5 driv5 f _! e/ates1 :ile o!rs c only live on !m by lett+ ! mansion h\se & ! %oot+1 & occupy+ "s small h\se on ! l&s !y are reluctant to leave4 ,! agricultural depression1 :i* set 9 ab\t #ahge1 may 9 %ort be said to h effect$ a m9or social revolution1 & to h complet$ ! ru9 ( ! old l&$ ari/ocracy z a class4 ,! depreciation ( _! r5ts may be judg$ f ! foll[+ figures#fij3 ,gross annual value ( l&s1 includ+ ti!s1 "u ,s*$ule ,a 9 ,engl&4 ,decrease4 #ahgi-hj #ahic-d ,am\nt4 ,p] c5t4 #dh1ecc1cdj #cf1iii1hdf #aa1ecc1did #bc4g ,^! figures1 h[ev]1 are f> f indicat+ ! full ext5t ( ! decl9e 9 ! r5tal value ( purely agricultural l&1 z !y include ornam5tal gr\nds1 g>d5s1 & o!r prop]ties1 & d n take into acc\nt tempor>y remissions ( r5t4 ,sir ,james ,caird1 z e>ly z #ahhf1 e/imat$ ! av]age r$uction on agricultural r5ts at #cj p] c5t4 ,! loss 9 ! capital value ( l& has inevitably be5 great f ?is r$uction 9 r5ts1 & has be5 aggravat$ by ! fact t ! confid5ce ( ! public 9 agricultural l& z an inve/m5t has be5 mu* %ak54 ,9 #ahge ?irty ye>s' pur*ase on ! gross annual value ( l& 0 ! capital value1 9 #ahid only eighte5 ye>s' pur*ase2 & :]eas ! capital value ( l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 0 9 #ahge #b1jjg1ccj1jjj1 9 #ahid x 0 #a1jja1hbi1bab1 a decrease ( #di4f p] c5t4 ,moreov]1 l&lords h incurr$ increas$ exp5diture on repairs1 dra9age1 & build+s1 & taxation has gr[n enorm\sly4 ,on ! occupi]s ( l& ! effect ( ! depression 0 no less s]i\s1 _! pr(its hav+ fall5 on an av]age #dj p] c5t4#fia ,occupy+ own]s _h suff]$ z mu* z any o!r class1 bo? yeom5 :o f>m$ consid]able f>ms & small freehold]s4 ,_m ( ! =m] _h b\ght l& 9 ! good times :5 l& 0 de> & left a l>ge portion ( ! pur*ase money on mortgage1 ) ! result t ! int]e/ on ! mortgage 0 n[ m ?an ! r5t ( ! l&4#fib ,!y 7 ?us worse (f ?an ! t5ant f>m]1 = !y paid a high] r5t 9 ! %ape ( int]e/2 moreov]1 !y c\ld n leave _! l&1 = x c\ld only be sold at a ru9\s loss4 ,! '/atesm5' ( ,cumb]l& 7 weigh$ d[n by ! same burd5s & _! disappe>ance fur!r$2 = in/ance1 9 ! p>i% ( ,abbey ,qu>t]1 betwe5 #aghj & #ahab _! numb] decreas$ f #ea to #ch4 ,by #ahcg x 0 #cj2 by #ahfd1 #ba2 & 9 #ahid only #i rema9$4 ,! small freehold]s 7 also l>gely burd5$ ) mortgages1 & ev5 9 ! ,isle ( ,axholme 7 said to h suff]$ m ?an any o!r class2 l>gely because ( _! passion = acquir+ l& at high prices1 leav+ mo/ ( ! pur*ase money on mortgage1 & />t+ ) insuffici5t capital4 ,z reg>ds ! agricultural lab\r]1 ! *ief effect ( ! depression _h be5 a r$uction ( ! numb] employ$ & a consequ5t decrease 9 ! regul>ity ( employm5t4 #fic ,_! mat]ial condition _h ev]y:]e improv$1 ?\gh !re 7 /ill /rik+ diff]5ces 9 ! wages paid 9 diff]5t p>ts2 & ! improvem5t1 ?\gh p>tly due to increas$ e>n+s1 0 ma9ly attributable to ! *eap5+ ( ! necess>ies ( life4#fid ,! great majority ( ord9>y lab\r]s 7 hir$ by ! week1 except ^? bo>d$ 9 ! f>m-h\se1 :o 7 g5]ally hir$ by ! ye>4 ,m51 also1 :o look$ aft] ! live /ock 7 hir$ by ! ye>4 ,weekly wages rang$ f #ajs4 9 ,wilts1 & ,dorset to #ahs4 9 ,lanca%ire1 & av]ag$ #acs4 #f;d4 = ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! fall 9 ! prices ( agricultural produce is be/ repres5t$ 9 tabul> =m3 ,,tri5nial ,,av]age ,,( ,,briti% ,,:eat1 ,,b>ley1 ,,& ,,oats ,,p] ,,qu>t]4 ,:eat4 ,b>ley4 ,oats4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 #ahgf-h #di #i #ch #d #be #f #ahic-e #bd #a #bd #j #af #i ,?us :eat _h fall5 #ec p] c5t41 b>ley #cg1 & oats #cd4 ,,tri5nial ,,av]age ,,prices ,,( ,,briti% ,,cattle1 ,,p] ,,/one ,,( #h ,,lb4 ,inf]ior quality4 ,second quality4 ,fir/ quality4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 #ahgf-h #d #e #e #f #f #j #ahic-e #b #h #d #j #d #g ,or a fall ( #bd p] c5t4 9 ! be/ quality1 & #dj p] c5t4 9 inf]ior grades4 ,! decl9e 9 ! prices ( all classes ( %eep am\nt$ on ! av]age to f s to #cj p] c5t41 & 9 ! price ( wool ( f #dj to #ej p] c5t42 t is1 f an av]age ( #as4 #f;d4 a lb4 9 #ahgd-f1 to a little ov] #i;d4 9 #ahic-e4 ,milk1 butt]1 & *eese 7 /at$ to h fall5 f #be to #cc p] c5t4 betwe5 #ahgd & #ahia1 & !re _h be5 a fur!r fall s9ce4 ,9 di/ricts1 h[ev]1 ne> l>ge t[ns !re _h be5 mu* less r$uction 9 ! price ( milk4 ,?is g5]al fall 9 prices seems to h be5 directly connect$ ) ! increase ( =eign competition4#fie ,:eat has be5 mo/ affect$ by ?is developm5t1 & at ! date ( ! ,commission ! home production _h sunk to #be p] c5t4 ( ! total quantity ne$$ = consumption4 ,o!r home-gr[n c]eals _h n be5 simil>ly displac$1 b ! l>ge consumption ( maize _h affect$ ! price ( fe$+ b>ley & oats4 ,z reg>ds meat1 :ile =eign beef & mutton _h s]i\sly affect$ ! price ( inf]ior ,briti% grades1 ! influ5ce on sup]ior qualities _h be5 mu* less m>k$4 ,=eign competition _h be51 on ! :ole1 p]haps m sev]e 9 pork ?an 9 o!r classes ( meat1 b _h be5 conf9$ ma9ly to bacon & hams4 ,! successful competition ( ! =eign] 9 our butt] & *eese m>kets 0 attribut$ ma9ly to ! fact t ! dairy indu/ry is bett] organiz$ abroad ?an 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! ,commission f\nd t ano!r cause ( ! depression 0 ! increas$ co/ ( production1 n s mu* f ! increase ( wages1 z f ! small] am\nt ( "w done = a giv5 sum4 ,:]e wages 9 ! previ\s tw5ty ye>s _h rema9$ /ation>y1 ! co/ ( "w _h increas$ because ! lab\r] did n "w s h>d or s well z 8 =efa!rs4 ,! foll[+ table#fif is a /rik+ pro( ( ! increas$ ratio ( ! co/ ( lab\r to gross pr(its3 ,ratio ( ,av]age co/ ( ,acreage ,p]iod ,av]age annual ,av]age lab\r ( ( gross co/ ( co/ p] to gross ,c\nty4 f>m4 acct4 pr(it4 lab\r4 acre4 pr(its4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 ,p] c5t4 ,suffolk #eij #ahci-dc #a1egg #ac #c #ggc #aa #j #bf #b #di4jc #ahfc-fg #a1ede #j #i #hcf #i #j #bh #d #ed4jg #ahga-ge #a1gbe #j #a #a1jbf #ad #h #ce #b #ei4dh #ahij-id #gbh #aj #e #igc #a #e #cc #j #acc4ej ,on a f>m 9 ,wilts41 betwe5 #aheh & #ahic1 ! ratio ( ! co/ ( lab\r to gross pr(its _h increas$ f #dg4j p] c5t4 to #hh4c p] c5t42 on "o 9 ,hamp%ire1 betwe5 #ahgc & #ahij1 f #dd4d p] c5t4 to #ahd4c p] c5t42 & _m simil> in/ances are giv51 illu/rat+ v =cibly ! economic revolution :i* has l$ to ! transf] ( a l>g] %>e ( ! produce ( ! l& to ! lab\r]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is ,commission f\nd1 l ! la/1 t ! f>m] _h d]iv$ consid]able b5efit f ! decrease 9 co/ ( cake & artificial manure1 :ile ! l[ price ( corn _h l$ to its be+ l>gely us$ 9 place ( l9se$ & cotton cakes4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( ?is fam\s ,commission x is well to /ate ! answ] ( ,sir ,john ,lawes1 ?an :om !re 0 no high] au?ority1 to ! (t-repeat$ ass]tion t high f>m+ w\ld c\nt]act l[ prices4 ',! result ( all our exp]im5ts1' he said1 'is t ! rev]se is ! case4 ,z y increase y\r crops s ea* bu%el aft] a c]ta9 am\nt co/s y m & m 444 ! la/ bu%el always co/s y m ?an all ! o!rs4' ,z prices w5t l[] 'we mu/ contract our f>m+ to :at ,i %\ld call ! av]age ( ! seasons'2 & 9 ! corn di/ricts1 ! high] ! f>m] _h f>m$ 8 l& by add+ manure ! worse _h be5 ! f9ancial results4#fig ,9 #ahif ! inju/ice ( ! incid5ce ( rates on agricultural l& 0 p>tly rem$i$1 ! occupi] be+ reliev$ ( half ! rates on ! l& ap>t f ! build+s1 :i* ,act 0 cont9u$ 9 #aija4fih ,b ! sy/em is /ill inequitable1 = a f>m] :o pays a r5t ( #bdj a ye> ev5 n[ probably pays m rates ?an ! occupi] ( a h\se rat$ at #abj a ye>4 ,yet ! f>m]'s income w\ld v likely n be m ?an #bjj a ye>1 :]eas ! occupi] ( ! h\se rat$ at #abj might h an income ( #b1jjj a ye>4 ,9 #aija & #aijb ,mr4 ,rid] ,hagg>d1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,"y1 ,m>%all1 & ,caird1 made an agricultural t\r ?r\gh ,engl&4 ,he consid]$ t1 aft] =eign competition1 ! great dang] to ,engli% f>m+ 0 ! lack ( lab\r1#fii = "y m5 & wom5 7 ev]y:]e leav+ ! c\ntry = ! t[ns1 attract$ by ! nom9ally high wages1 (t5 delusive1 & by ! glam\r ( ! pavem5t4 ,yet ! lab\r] has come bett] out ( ! depression ( ! la/ g5]ation ?an ei!r l&[n] or f>m]3 he is bett] h\s$1 bett] f$1 bett] clo!d1 bett] paid1 b fill$ ) discont5t4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,hagg>d wrote1 h[ev]1 !re seems to be a reaction1 small inde$ b /ill m>k$1 aga9/ ! t[nw>d movem5t1 & 9 mo/ places ! supply ( lab\r is suffici5t4 ,! quality1 h[ev]1 is almo/ univ]sally describ$ z inf]ior2 ! lab\r] takes no pride 9 8 "w1 & good h$g]s1 ?at*]s1 milk]s1 & m5 :o und]/& live /ock are h>d to obta9#gjj2 & ! reason = ?is is 9 l>ge measure due to ! mod]n sy/em ( education :i* keeps a boy f f>m "w until he is too old to take to x4 ,8 wages to-day 9 mo/ p>ts are good2 ne> manufactur+ t[ns ! ord9>y f>m h& is paid f #ahs4 to #bjs4 a week ) extras 9 h>ve/1 & 9 purely agricultural di/ricts f #acs4 to #aes4 a week1 (t5 ) a cottage r5t free at ! l[] figure4 ,8 cottage has improv$ va/ly1 especially on l>ge e/ates1 ?\gh (t5 leav+ mu* to be desir$1 & ! r5t usually paid is #d or #e a ye>1 ris+ to #g & #h ne> l>ge t[ns4 ,! wise cu/om ( giv+ him a g>d5 has spread1 & is ne>ly always f\nd to be mu* m helpful ?an an allotm5t4 ,! sup]ior or m skill$ workm51#gja su* z ! wagon]1 /ockman1 or %eph]d1 e>ns 9 agricultural c\nties l ,h]e=d%ire f #ads4 to #ahs4 a week1 & 9 manufactur+ c\nties l ,lanca%ire f #bjs4 to #bbs4 a week1 ) extras su* z #c;d4 a lamb 9 lamb+ "t4 ,at ! l[] wages he (t5 has a cottage & g>d5 r5t free4 ,! improv$ me?ods ( cutt+ & h>ve/+ crops h s enabl$ ! f>m] to economize lab\r t ! once famili> figure ( ! ,iri% lab\r] ) 8 knee-bree*es & tall hat1 :o came ov] = ! h>ve/1 has almo/ disappe>$4 ,wom51 :o =m]ly %>$ ) ! m5 mo/ ( ! f>m "w1 n[ are little se5 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl& at "w 9 ! fields1 & are bett] occupi$ 9 att5d+ to _! homes4 ,! divorce ( ! lab\r] f ! l& by enclosure _h e>ly ex]cis$ m5's m9ds1 & _m ef=ts 7 made to rem$y ?is4 ,ab\t #ahcf especially1 sev]al l&[n]s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl& introduc$ allotm5ts1 & ! movem5t spread rapidly1 s t 9 #ahic ! ,royal ,commission on ,lab\r /at$ t 9 mo/ places ! supply 0 equal to or 9 excess ( ! dem&4#gjb ,h[ev]1 previ\s ,allotm5ts & ,small ,hold+s ,acts n be+ consid]$ s successful z 0 desir$1 9 #aijg an ef=t 0 made to give m effect to ! cry ( 'back to ! l&' by a ,small ,hold+s & ,allotm5ts ,act#gjc :i* enables ,c\nty ,c\ncils to pur*ase l& by agreem5t or take x on lease1 &1 if unable to acquire x by agreem5t1 to d s compulsorily1 9 ord] to provide small hold+s = p]sons desir+ to lease !m4 ,! ,c\nty ,c\ncil may also arrange ) any ,bor\gh ,c\ncil or ,urban ,di/rict ,c\ncil to act z its ag5t 9 provid+ & manag+ small hold+s4 ,! duty ( supply+ allotm5ts re/s 9 ! fir/ in/ance ) ! ,rural ,p>i% ,c\ncils1 ?\gh if !y d n take prop] /eps to provide allotm5ts1 ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil may itself provide !m4 ,x is a praisewor?y ef=t1 ?\gh m>k$ by arbitr>y me?ods & t contempt = ! rights ( prop]ty1 provid$ x belongs to "s "o else1 t is a *>act]i/ic ( to-day4 ,t x w succe$ :]e ! small hold] has "s o!r trade1 & 9 exceptionally fav\r$ situations1 is v probable2 mo/ ( ! small hold]s :o 7 successful be=e ! ,act _h some?+ to fall back ^u3 !y 7 deal]s1 hawk]s1 but*]s1 small tradesm51 c4 ,!re is no d\bt1 too1 t an allotm5t helps bo? ! t[n artisan & ! c\ntry lab\r] to tide ov] slack times4 ,:e!r x w succe$ 9 plant+ a rural population on ,engli% soil is ano!r matt]4 ,x is a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$1 = a c\ntry )\t a s\nd res]ve ( heal?y c\ntry-p is b\nd to det]iorate4 ,! small hold]1 pure & simple1 )\t any by-indu/ry1 has hi!rto only be5 able to keep 8 head above wat] by a life :i* )\t exagg]ation may be call$ "o ( incessant toil & frequ5t privation1 su* a life z ! great mass ( our 'febrile factory elem5t' c\ld n endure4 ,& if !re is "o t5d5cy m m>k$ ?an ano!r 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% agriculture1 x is ! disappe>ance ( ! small hold+4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x is probable t ! av]age size ( a man's f>m 0 #cj acres1 ) its att5dant wa/e & wood2 s9ce !n amalgamation has be5 almo/ con/ant4 ,x is true t ! occupi] ( a few acres (t5 br+s to be> on x an am\nt ( indu/ry :i* is great] 9 proportion ?an t be/[$ on a l>ge f>m2 b ! l>ge f>m] has1 z ,"y po9t$ out long ago1 v great advantages4 ,he is ne>ly always a man ( sup]ior intellig5ce & tra9+4 ,he has m capital1 & c buy & sell 9 ! be/ m>kets2 he c pur*ase bett] /ock1 & save lab\r & ! co/ ( production by us+ ! be/ ma*9]y4 ,by buy+ 9 l>ge quantities he gets manures1 cakes1 se$s1 c41 bett] & *eap] ?an ! small hold]4 ,besides ! small hold]s :o h outside indu/ries to fall back ^u1 ^? :o are aid$ by "s exceptionally fav\rable elem5t 9 ! soil or climate1 or proximity to good m>kets1 %\ld d well4 ,yet 9 ! ,isle ( ,axholme1 ! p>adise ( small hold]s1 we h se5 t ! ,commission ( #ahid report$ t di/ress 0 sev]e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 l>gely due to ! exagg]at$ l&-hung] 9 ! good times1 :i* induc$ ! t5ants to buy l&s at too high a price2 & "u normal conditions1 su* z !y are n[ return+ to1 ! t5ants seem to ?rive4 ,9 ?is di/rict ! pref]5ce = own]%ip z oppos$ to t5ancy is1 9 spite ( rec5t exp]i5ces1 unqualifi$1 ?\gh x is admitt$ t ! be/ way is to beg9 by r5t+ & save en\gh to buy4#gjd ,! soil is peculi>ly fav\rable to ! production ( cel]y & e>ly potatoes2 & l>ge tracts ( l& are divid$ into unf5c$ /rips locally kn[n z 'selions' ( f a qu>t] ( an acre to #c acres ea*1 cultivat$ by m5 :o live 9 ! villages1 ea* hav+ "o or m /rips1 "s z mu* z #bj acres1 & x is consid]$ t #aj acres is ! smalle/ area on :i* a man c support a family )\t any o!r indu/ry to help him4 ,yet 9 ! f5 di/ricts & on ! m>% l&s betwe5 ,bo/on & ! ea/ coa/ ( ,l9coln%ire1 :]e ! l& is naturally v productive1 _m p are mak+ liv+s out ( #e or #f acres1 ma9ly by cel]y & e>ly potatoes4#gje ,o!r di/ricts adapt$ naturally to small hold+s are ^? ( ,rock & ,f> ,=e/1 ! fam\s ,vale ( ,eve%am1 ! ,s&y & ,biggleswade di/rict ( ,b$=d%ire2 ,upwey1 ,dorset2 ,cal/ock & ,/4 ,dom9ick1 ,cornwall2 ,wisbe*1 ,cambridge%ire2 & ,tiptree1 ,essex4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f by-indu/ries1 & exceptional climate1 soil1 & situation1 ! small hold+ = ! purpose ( rais+ corn & meat1 z di/+ui%$ f t :i* is devot$ to dairy+1 fruit-gr[+1 & m>ket g>d5+1 does n seem to-day to h mu* *ance ( success4 ,if f>ms 7 /ill self-suffic+1 & simply provid$ food & clo?+ = ! f>m]1 ! small produc] ev5 ( corn & meat might d z well z ! l>g] f>m] on a l[] scale1 b su* conditions h gone2 all hold+s n[ are *iefly manufactories ( food1 & ! small] manufactory has little *ance 9 competition ) ! great]4 ,! example ( =eign c\ntries is usually held up to ,engli%m5 9 ?is connexion1 & ! argum5t naturally us$ is t 'if small hold+s answ] 9 ,france & ,belgium1 :y c !y n d s 9 ,engl&8' ,on ?is po9t ! te/imony ( ,sir ,john ,lawes is wor? quot+4#gjf ',9 mo/1 if n 9 all cont95tal c\ntries' he says1 '! success ( small hold+s dep5ds v mat]ially on :e!r or n ! soil & ! climate are suitable = :at may be call$ indu/rial crops3 su* z tobacco1 hops1 sug> beet1 colza1 flax1 hemp1 grapes1 & o!r fruit & vegetables2 :]e ^! conditions d n exi/ ! condition ( ! cultivators is su* z w\ld n be tol]at$ 9 ?is c\ntry4' ,t is ! reason probably :y small hold+s1 ap>t f exceptional conditions1 d n answ] 9 ,engl&2 ! ,engli%man ( to-day is n anxi\s to face ! h>d & gr9d+ conditions "u :i* ! cont95tal small hold] lives4 ,s9ce ,mr4 ,hagg>d's t\r ! black cl\ds :i* h s long l[]$ ov] agriculture h %[n signs ( lift+4 ,r5ts h be5 adju/$ to a figure at :i* ! f>m] has "s *ance ( compet+ ) ! =eign]1#gjg ?\gh ! price ( gra9 keeps wret*$ly l[2 /ock has improv$1 & !re is und\bt$ly to-day 7#aijh7 a brisk] dem& = f>ms1 & 9 "s localities r5ts h ev5 advanc$ slightly4 ,! yeoman--t is1 ! man :o owns & f>ms 8 own l&1 p]haps ! mo/ s\nd & indep5d5t class 9 ! community--has1 un=tunately = ,engl&1 l>gely disappe>$4 ,ev5 ( ^? :o rema91 "s pref] to let _! prop]ty & r5t hold+s f o!rs6 ,x has be5 notic$ t ! lab\r]'s lot has improv$ 9 ?is g5]ation ( adv]sity2 & well x might1 = 8 previ\s condition 0 mis]able 9 ! extreme4 ,! f>m]s h suff]$ sev]ely1 _m los+ all _! capital & becom+ f>m lab\r]s4 ,! l&lords h suff]$ mo/2 !y h n be5 able to ?r[ up _! l& l ! f>m]1 & until q rec5tly h wat*$ x becom+ poor] & poor]4 ,! depression1 9 %ort1 has driv5 f _! e/ates _m :o _h own$ !m = g5]ations4 ,^? :o h surviv$ h usually be5 m5 ) incomes f o!r s\rces ?an l&1 & !y h g5]ally des]v$ well ( _! c\ntry by keep+ _! e/ates 9 good condition 9 spite ( fall+ r5ts & increas+ taxation4 ,no class ( m51 inde$1 h be5 m virul5tly & consi/5tly abus$ ?an ! l&lords ( ,engl&1 & none ) less ju/ice4 ,!re h be5 _m :o h =gott5 t prop]ty has its duties z well z its rights2 !y h err$ l o!r m51 b z a rule !y play _! "p well4 ,ev5 ! wor/ are to "s ext5t oblig$ by _! v position to be public spirit$1 = ! m]e possession ( an e/ate involves ! employm5t ( a numb] ( p 9 heal?y outdoor occupations :i* ,engli%m5 to-day s especially ne$ to c\nt]act ! deg5]at+ influ5ces ( t[n life4 ,_m ( ! great e/ates#gjh are c>ri$ on at a positive loss to _! own]s1 & x may be d\bt$ :e!r agricultural prop]ty pays ! possessor a return ( #b p] c5t4 p] annum2 :i* is z mu* z to say t ! l&lord furni%es ! t5ant ) capital 9 ! =m ( l& at t rate = ! purpose ( 8 bus9ess4 ,:at o!r class is cont5t ) su* a scanty return8 ,!y are (t5 *>g$ ) n manag+ _! e/ates on bus9ess pr9ciples1 & no *>ge is worse f\nd$4 ,x w\ld be a sad day = ! t5ants on _m an e/ate if !y 7 manag$ on comm]cial l9es4 ,"o ( ! fir/ results w\ld be t _m prop]ties w\ld be giv5 up z a dead loss4 ,!y c\ld only be made to pay by rais+ ! r5ts or cutt+ d[n ! ev]-recurr+ exp5diture on repairs & build+s :i* are necess>y = ! welf>e ( ! t5ants4 ,! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 9 8 ,/ory ( a ,great ,e/ate1 has said t ! r5t has completely disappe>$ f ?ree ( 8 e/ates4 ,on ! ,?orney & ,woburn e/ates ov] #gej1jjj 0 sp5t on new works & p]man5t improvem5ts alone betwe5 #ahaf & #ahie1 & ! result1 ow+ to agricultural depression & increas$ burd5s on ! l&1 0 a net loss ( #g1jjj a ye>2 & e "o ) any k ( ! managem5t ( l& kn[s t ?is is no isolat$ case1 ?\gh x may be on an exceptionally l>ge scale4 ,:]e w\ld _m t5ants be if comm]cial pr9ciples rul$ on r5t audit days8 ,! l>g] ,engli% l&lords ( to-day are z a rule n dep5d5t on _! r5t rolls4 ,to _! great advantage1 & to ! advantage ( _! t5ants1 !y g5]ally own o!r prop]ty1 s t !y ne$ n reg>d ! l& z a comm]cial inve/m5t4 ,!y c !re=e support ! necess>y outlay on a l>ge e/ate1 ! capital exp5diture on improvem5ts ( all k9ds1 & ?us relieve ! t5ant ( any exp5se ( ?is k9d4 ,! f>ms are let at mod]ate1 n rack r5ts1 su* z ! t5ants c easily pay4 ,also ! l&lord c make l>ge r$uctions ( r5t 9 ye>s ( exceptional di/ress4#gji ,r5ts are g5]ally collect$ ?ree mon?s aft] !y are due1 a consid]able concession2 & ev5 !n arre>s are num]\s1 = any reasonable excuse = be+ beh9d ) ! r5t is g5]\sly li/5$ to4 ,x is ow+ to =be>ance 9 ?is & o!r matt]s t ! relations betwe5 l&lord & t5ant are g5]ally excell5t4 ,:]e are ! be/ f>m build+s1 :]e ! be/ cottages1 :]e does ! own] c>ry on a home f>m (t5 = ! assi/ance ( ! t5ant by lett+ him h ! use ( entire horses1 well-br$ bulls1 & rams1 if n on ! l>g] e/ates8 ,! re/rictions 9 leases1 s mu* decri$ ( late ye>s1 7 ne>ly always 9 ! int]e/ ( good f>m+1 & _! abolition w lead to ! det]ioration ( _m a hold+4 ,bacon said1 ',:]e m5 ( great weal? d /oop to husb&ry1 x multiplie? ri*es exce$+ly' & wis] words 7 nev] utt]$4 ,yet ^! are ! m5 :o are s+l$ out = attack by agitators1 :o are only li/5$ to because ! great] numb] ( mod]n ,engli%m5 are ignorant ( ! l& & ev]y?+ connect$ ) x4 ,at a "t :5 r5ts h dw9dl$1 9 "s cases almo/ to vani%+ po9t1 taxation has increas$1 & confiscatory s*emes & m$dlesome re/rictions h fright5$ away capital f ! l&4 ,_m ( ! l&lords ( ,engl& w\ld cle>ly ga9 by ca/+ (f ! burd5 ( _! heavily weight$ prop]ty1 b !y ne>ly all /ick nobly to _! duty1 & hope = t re/oration ( confid5ce 9 ! sanctity ( prop]ty & ( respect = fre$om ( contract :i* w\ld d s mu* t[>ds ! rehabilitation ( :at is /ill ! greate/ & mo/ important indu/ry 9 ! c\ntry4 ,,footnotes3 #ffe ,& an ev] increas+ burd5 ( taxation4 #fff ,see ,app5dix ,,iii4 #ffg ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahha1 pp4 #adb1 #aii4 #ffh ,p>liam5t>y ,reports ( ,commission]s1 #ahhb1 xiv4 pp4 #i sq4 #ffi ,p>liam5t>y ,reports ( ,commission]s1 #ahhb1 xiv4 #ad4 #fgj ,! rise betwe5 #aheg & #ahgh has be5 e/imat$ at #bj p] c5t41 & betwe5 #ahfg & #ahgg at #aa-a_/b p] c5t4 ,hasba*1 op4 cit41 p4 #bia4 #fga ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal1 #ahij1 p4 #cbd4 #fgb ,see infra1 p4 #ccj4 #fgc ,rural ,economy ( ,s\!rn ,c\nties1 i4 #bhe-f4 #fgd ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory3 ,h]e=d1 ,agriculture4 #fge ,9 "o respect ! ,act ( #ahhc re/rict$ ! rights ( t5ants to comp5sation1 = :ile ! ,act ( #ahge _h expressly res]v$ ! rights ( ! p>ties "u 'cu/om ( ! c\ntry'1 ! ,act ( #ahhc provid$ t a t5ant '%all n claim comp5sation by cu/om or o!rwise ?an 9 mann] au?oriz$ by ?is ,act = any improvem5t = :i* he is entitl$ to comp5sation "u ?is ,act' 7 #eg74 #fgf ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahig71 xv4 #if4 #fgg ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#ahib71 p4 #fc4 #fgh ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#aija71 p4 #cc4 ,cf4 infra1 p4 #caj4 #fgi ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#ahic71 p4 #bhf2 7#ahid71 p4 #fgg4 ,sometimes to artificially rais+ !m4 #fhj ,ibid4 7#aija71 p4 #cd4 #fha ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahig71 xv4 #fhb ,broadly speak+1 ! arable section1 or ea/]n gr\p1 includ$ ! c\nties ( ,b$=d1 ,b]ks41 ,bucks1 ,cambridge1 ,essex1 ,hants1 ,h]t=d1 ,hunt+don1 ,k5t1 ,leice/]1 ,l9coln1 ,middlesex1 ,norfolk1 ,nor?ampton1 ,notts1 ,ox=d1 ,rutl&1 ,suffolk1 ,surrey1 ,sussex1 ,w>wick1 & ! ,ea/ ,rid+ ( ,york2 ! grass section1 or we/]n gr\p1 includ$ ! rema9+ c\nties4 #fhc ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahid71 xvi4 7#a71 ,app4 ,b4 ii4 #fhd ,ibid4 ,app4 ,b4 iii4 #fhe ,ibid4 7#ahie71 xvi4 #afi4 #fhf ,ibid4 p4 #afd4 #fhg ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahie71 xvi4 #ahg-h4 #fhh ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#bnd s]471 xxiv4 #ech #fhi ,ibid4 7#ahid71 p4 #fha4 #fij ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahig71 xv4 #bb4 ,cf4 p4 #cai n4 #fia ,ibid4 pp4 #cj-a4 #fib ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahig71 xv4 #ca4 #fic ,ibid4 p4 #cg3 ,,numb] ,,( ,,agricultural ,,lab\r]s ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales4 #ahga4 #ahha4 #ahia4 #aija4 #iif1fdb #hij1agd #gih1iab #eie1gjb ,! figures = #aija are f ,summ>y ,tables1 ,p>liam5t>y ,blue ,book 7,c1 d4 #a1 #ebc71 p4 #bjb1 ,table xxxvi4 #fid ,accord+ to ! ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,lab\r1 #ahic-d1 ! lab\r] 0 'bett] f$1 bett] dress$1 8 education & language improv$1 8 amusem5ts less gross1 8 cottage g5]ally improv$1 ?\gh g5]ally on small e/ates !re 7 _m bad ones /ill'4--,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 #ahic1 xxxv4 ,index #e et seq4 #fie ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahig71 xv4 #ec1 #he4 ,sir ,rob]t ,giff5 sugge/$ t ! decl9e 9 ! price ( :eat pay be p>tly attribut$ to ! great increase 9 ! supply & consumption ( meat4 #fif ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahig71 xv4 ,app4 iii4 ,table viii4 ,f an exam9ation ( ! acc\nts ( sev5ty-sev5 f>ms1 ! av]age exp5diture on lab\r 0 f\nd to be #ca4d p] c5t4 ( ! total outlay4 #fig ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahig71 xv4 #ajf4 ,b see above1 p4 #bga4 #fih #ei #fj ,vict41 c4 #af2 ,i ,edw4 ,,vii1 c4 #ac4 #fii ,rural ,engl&1 ii4 #eci4 ,yet ! c5sus returns ( #ahga1 #ahha1 & #ahia gave no support to ! idea t "y m5 7 leav+ agriculture = ! t[ns4 ,see ,p>l4 ,reports 7#ahic71 xxxviii4 7#b7 #cc4 #gjj ,! au?or speaks f in=mation d]iv$ f answ]s to que/ions address$ to l&[n]s1 f>m]s1 & ag5ts 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 to :om he is greatly indebt$4 #gja ,x is1 h[ev]1 a fallacy to assume1 z is ne>ly always done1 t ! ord9>y f>m lab\r]1 at all ev5ts ( ! old type1 is unskill$4 ,a good man1 :o c pl\gh well1 ?at*1 h$ge1 dit*1 & d ! innum]able tasks requir$ on a f>m effici5tly1 is a mu* m skill$ work] ?an _m :o are s call$ 9 ! t[ns4 #gjb ,p>l4 ,reports 7#ahic71 xxxv4 ,index4 #gjc #g ,edw4 ,,vii1 c4 #ed1 am5d+ ! ,allotm5ts ,acts ( #ahhg & #ahij & ! ,small ,hold+s ,act ( #ahib4 ,! ,allotm5ts ,act ( #ahhg def9$ an 'allotm5t' z any p>cel ( l& ( n m ?an #b acres held by a t5ant "u a l&lord2 b = ! purposes ( ! ,acts ( #ahib & #aijg a 'small hold+' means an agricultural hold+ :i* exce$s "o acre & ei!r does n exce$ #ej acres or1 if exce$+ #ej acres1 is ( an annual value n exce$+ #ej4 ,at ! same "t ! ,act def9es an allotm5t z a hold+ ( any size up to #e acres1 s t up to t size a p>cel ( l& may be treat$ z a small hold+ or an allotm5t4 #gjd ,jebb1 ,small ,hold+s1 p4 #be4 #gje ,jebb1 op4 cit41 p4 #bh4 #gjf ,allotm5ts & ,small ,hold+s 7#ahib71 p4 #ai et seq4 #gjg ,! gross income d]iv$ f ! own]%ip ( l&s 9 ,great ,brita91 z return$ "u ,s*$ule ,a ( ! ,income ,tax1 decreas$ f #ea1haa1bcd 9 #ahgf-g to #cf1fji1hhd 9 #aije-f4 ,9 #ahej ,caird e/imat$ ! r5tal ( ,engli% l&1 exclusive ( ,middlesex1 at #cg1dab1jjj4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #caj4 #gjh ,accord+ to ! ,commission ( #ahid1 ! am\nt exp5d$ on improvem5ts & repairs alone on "s great e/ates 03 ,on ,"l ,d]by's1 9 ,lanca%ire1 ( #dc1bag acres1 #bjj1jjj 9 twelve ye>s1 or #af1ejj1 or #gs4 #h;d4 an acre1 ea* ye>4 ,on ,"l ,sefton's1 ( #ah1jjj acres1 #bhf1jjj 9 tw5ty-two ye>s1 or ab\t #ac1jjj1 or #ads4 an acre1 ea* ye>4 ,on ! ,e>l ( ,anca/]'s e/ates 9 ,l9coln%ire1 ( #ec1iic acres1 #fhi1jjj 0 sp5t 9 twelve ye>s1 or #aas4 #g;d4 an acre ea* ye>2 & _m simil> in/ances are giv54--,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahig71 xv4 #bhg-i4 #gji ,%aw ,lefevre1 ,agr>ian ,t5ures1 p4 #ai4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,imports ,,& ,,exports4--,,live ,,/ock ,x is a curi\s fact t ! b>ri]s :i* protect$ ! ,briti% f>m] 7 ?r[n d[n %ortly be=e he became by un=ese5 causes expos$ to ! competition ( ! :ole _w4 ,d[n to #ahdf ,g]many suppli$ m ?an half ! :eat t 0 import$ into ,engl&1 ,d5m>k s5t m ?an ,russia1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates h>dly any4 ,o!r competitors :o h s9ce aris5 7 !n unkn[n4 ,by ! end ( ! next decade ,russia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5t l>ge quantities1 z may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ table #gaj3 ,,annual ,,av]age ,,imports ,,( ,,:eat ,,& ,,fl\r ,,= ,,! ,,sev5 ,,ye>s #ahei-ahfe4 ,cwt4 ,russia #e1cej1hfa ,d5m>k & ! ,du*ies #ifi1hij ,g]many #f1ceh1bbi ,france #c1hbh1fia ,spa9 #cca1dfc ,walla*ia & ,moldavia #bie1dge ,turki% dom9ions1 n o!rwise specifi$ #ebh1efh ,egypt #a1dbc1aic ,canada #b1bbc1hji ,unit$ ,/ates #aj1jhj1iaa ,o!r c\ntries #a1jcf1ifh ,9 ! ye>s #ahga-e ! ,unit$ ,/ates held ! fir/ place1 ,russia came next1 & ,g]many ?ird ) only ab\t "o-six? ( ! ,am]ican imports1 & ,canada 0 runn+ ,g]many close4 ,o!r =midable competitors 7 n[ aris+1 & by #aija ! *ief import+ c\ntries#gaa 73 ,cwt4 ,arg5t9a #h1cji1gjf ,russia#gab #b1ehj1hje ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica #ff1hee1jbe ,au/ralia #f1aig1jai ,canada #h1egg1ifj ,india #c1cda1ejj ,s9ce !n ! imports ( :eat & fl\r f ! ,unit$ ,/ates h decreas$1 & 9 #aijd ,india took ! fir/ place1 ,russia ! second1 ,arg5t9a ! ?ird1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! f\r?4 ,h[ev]1 9 #aijg ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5t m ?an any o!r c\ntry1 foll[$ by ,arg5t9a1 ,india1 ,canada1 ,russia1 & ,au/ralia1 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,x is probable 9 ! ne> future t ! imports f ! ,unit$ ,/ates w decl9e consid]ably1 = 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury its population has increas$ #fh p] c5t4 & its :eat area only #be p] c5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! population ( ,canada increas$ #cc p] c5t4 & h] :eat area #aeh p] c5t4 9 ! same "t2 :ile 9 ,arg5t9a an addition ( #gj p] c5t4 to ! population has be5 accompani$ by an increase ( ! :eat area f half a million to f\rte5 million acres4 ,x is probable also t ,india & ,au/ralia w cont9ue to s5d l>ge supplies1 & !re are said to be va/ :eat-gr[+ tracts op5$ up by ! ,sib]ian ,railway1 s t !re seems little *ance ( :eat ris+ v mu* 9 price = _m ye>s to come1 ap>t f exceptional causes su* z bad seasons & 'corn]s'4 ,mc,culloch1 writ+ 9 #ahdc1gac says t1 except ,d5m>k & ,irel&1 no c\ntry ( ,we/]n ,europe 'has be5 9 ! habit ( export+ cattle'4 ,dani% cattle1 h[ev]1 c\ld r>ely be sold 9 ,london at a pr(it1 & ,iri% cattle alone di/urb$ ! equanimity ( ! ,engli% f>m]4 ,= a few ye>s aft] ! repeal ( ! corn laws & ( ! prohibition ( imports ( live /ock1 ! imports ( live /ock1 meat1 & dairy produce 71 except f ,irel&1 almo/ nil#gad2 s9ce !n !y h increas$ enorm\sly1 & 9 #aijg ! value ( live cattle1 %eep1 & pigs import$ 0 #h1bgc1fdj1 n s great1 h[ev]1 z "s ye>s be=e1 ow+ to re/rictions impos$2 b ?is decrease has be5 made up by ! increase 9 ! imports ( meat1 :i* 9 #aijg t\*$ _! highe/ figure ( #ah4gea1eee cwt1 valu$ at ! l>ge sum ( #da1fig1ije4gae ,=ty ye>s ago h>dly any =eign butt] or *eese 0 import$2 to-day x is p]haps no exagg]ation to say t n "o hundr$? "p ( ! butt] eat5 9 ,london is ,briti%2 9 #aijg ! am\nt ( butt] import$ 0 #d1caj1aef cwt41 & ( *eese1 #b1cgb1bcc cwt4 ,! increase 9 ! imports 0 l>gely assi/$ by ! fact t 9 ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,engli% f>m]s _h direct$ _! att5tion *iefly to meat-produc+ animals & neglect$ ! mil* c[4 ,h[ev]1 ( late ye>s great ef=ts h be5 made to recov] lo/ gr\nd1 & 9 ,engl& ! numb] ( c[s & heif]s 9 milk or 9 calf has increas$ f #a1efg1ghi 9 #ahgh to #b1jbj1cdj 9 #aijf4 ,! regulation ( ! imports & exports ( live /ock did n conc]n ! legislature s e>ly z ^? ( corn4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ /atutes on ! subject is ,,ii ,h54 ,,vii1 c4 #ac1 :i* =bade ! export ( horses & ( m>es wor? m ?an #fs4 #h;d41 because _m _h be5 convey$ out ( ! l&1 s t !re 7 few left = its def5ce & ! price ( horses _h be5 !reby increas$4 ,a subsequ5t /atute1 #bb ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #g1 says ?is law 0 disobey$ by _m :o secretly export$ horses1 s x 0 enact$ t no "o %\ld export a horse )\t a lic5ce2 & #a ,edw4 ,,vi1 c4 #e1 cont9u$ ?is4 ,b aft] ?is date ! export ( horses does n seem to h occupi$ ! att5tion ( ,p>liam5t4 #bb ,h54 ,,viii1 c4 #g1 also =bade ! export ( cattle & %eep )\t a lic5ce because s _m _h be5 c>ri$ out ( ! realm t victual 0 sc>ce & cattle de>4 ,by #bb ,c>4 ,,ii1 c4 #ac1 ox5 might be export$ on paym5t ( a duty ( #as4 ea*1 ! la/ /atute on ! subject4 ,z = %eep1 _! export )\t ! k+'s lic5ce _h be5 =bidd5 by #c ,h54 ,,vi1 c4 #b1 because m5 _h be5 9 ! habit ( tak+ !m to ,fl&]s & o!r c\ntries1 :]e !y %e>$ !m & sold ! wool & ! mutton4 #h ,eliz41 c4 #c1 =bade _! export1 & #ac & #ad ,c>4 ,,ii1 c4 #ah1 decl>$ ! export ( %eep & wool a felony4 ,! importation ( cattle 0 =bidd5 by #ae ,c>4 ,,ii1 c4 #g1 :i* /at$ t ! 'come+ 9 ( late ( va/ numb]s ( cattle already fatt$' _h caus$ 'a v great "p ( ! l& ( ?is k+dom to be mu* fall5 & l dayly to fall m 9 _! r5ts & values'2 !re=e e head ( great cattle import$ 0 to pay #bjs4 to ! k+1 #ajs4 to ! in=m]1 & #ajs4 to ! poor aft] ,july #a1 #affd4 ,by #ah ,c>4 ,,ii1 c4 #b1 ! importation ( cattle 0 decl>$ a common nuisance1 & if any cattle1 %eep1 or sw9e 7 import$ !y 7 to be seiz$ & =feit$4 ,by #cb ,c>4 ,,ii1 c4 #b1 ?is 0 made p]petual & cont9u$ 9 =ce till #ahdb1 ?\gh x 0 repeal$ z to ,irel&1 z we h se54#gaf ,x appe>s f ! laws deal+ ) ! matt] t 9 ! "t ( ! ,plantag5ets ,engl& export$ butt] & *eese4 ,9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii !y 7 m]*&ise ( ! /aple1 & !re=e :5 export$ _h to g to ,calais :5 ! /aple 0 fix$ !re4 ,?is caus$ great damage1 x is said1 to div]s p]sons 9 ,engl&1 = ! butt] & *eese w\ld n keep until buy]s came2 !re=e #c ,h54 ,,vi1 c #d1 enact$ t ! *ancellor might grant lic5ce to export butt] & *eese to o!r places ?an to ! /aple4 ,! regulation ( ! export ( wool frequ5tly occupi$ ! att5tion ( ,p>liam5t ,x has be5 notic$#gag t ! laws ( ,edg> fix$ its price = export1 & ,h5ry ( ,hunt+don m5tions its export 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 :ile dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i x 0 = "s "t =bidd5 except by lic5ce1 :i* l$ to its be+ smuggl$ out 9 w9e casks4#gah ,! ,hundr$ ,rolls give ! names ( sev]al ,italian m]*ants :o 7 engag$ 9 buy+ wool = export1 ! ecclesia/ical h\ses1 especially ! ,ci/]cians1 furni%+ a great quantity1 & ! *ief port !n = ! wool trade 0 ,bo/on1 ,! export 0 aga9 prohibit$ 9 #accg1 ! great object be+ to make ! =eign] pay de>ly = our /aple product3 an object :i* 0 c]ta9ly effect$1 = :5 ,que5 ,philippa r$eem$ h] cr[n f pawn at ,cologne 9 #acdb by a quantity ( ,engli% wool1 #as4 #c-a_/b;d4 a lb4 0 ! price1 & x 0 ev5 said to sell 9 ,fl&]s at #cs4 a lb41 a price :i*1 express$ 9 mod]n money1 seems fabul\s4#gai ,h[ev]1 9 ! next reign ,engli% wool began to decl9e 9 price1 ow+ probably to *anges 9 fa%ion1 b ! long wools ma9ta9$ _! sup]iority & _! export 0 =bidd5 by ,h5ry ,,vi & ,elizabe?4#gbj ,9 ! reign ( ,james ,i x 0 confess$ 't ! clo? ( ?is k+dom ha? want$ bo? e/imation & v5t 9 =eign p>ts1 & t ! wools are fall5 f _! /at$ values'1 s t export 0 prohibit$ entirely2 & #ac & #ad ,c>4 ,,ii1 c4 #ah1 decl>$ ! export ( wool a felony1 ?\gh #g & #h ,w4 ,,iii1 c4 #bh1 says ?is did n det] p f export+ x1 s t ! law 0 made m /r+5t on ! subject1 & export cont9u$ to be =bidd5 until #ahbe4gba ,9 a lett] writt5 9 #afgg ! fall ( r5ts 9 ,engl&1 :i* _h caus$ ! value ( e/ates to s9k f tw5ty-"o to sixte5 or sev5te5 ye>s' pur*ase1 is ascrib$ ma9ly to ! l[ price ( wool1#gbb ow+ to ! prohibition ( export & increas$ imports f ,irel& & ,spa94 ,x 0 n[1 said ! writ]1 wor? #g;d4 in/ead ( #ab;d41 & a great quantity ( ,spani% wool 0 be+ sold 9 ,engl& at l[ rates4 ,^! 'l[ rates' 7 #bs4 & #bs4 #b;d4 a lb4 = ! be/ wool1 :]eas 9 #affj ! be/ ,spani% wool 0 #ds4 & #ds4 #b;d4 a lb4 ,we h se5#gbc t ,spani% wool 0 import$ into ,engl& 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 #afgg1 accord+ to ,smi?1#gbd ,engl& import$ #b1jjj bags ( #bjj lb4 ea* f ,spa9#gbe2 9 ! ?ree ye>s #agji-aa1 #ad1jjj bags2 9 ! ?ree ye>s #agac-ad1 #bj1jjj bags2 & ab\t #agcj "s came f ,jamaica1 ,m>yl&1 & ,virg9ia1 & d[n to #ahjb imports 7 free4#gbf ,9 t ye> a duty ( #es4 #c;d4 a cwt4 0 impos$1 :i* 9 #ahai 0 rais$ to #efs4 a cwt41 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 r$uc$ to #a;d4 a lb4 on #as4 wool & #a_/b;d4 a lb4 on wool "u #as4 9 #ahbd4 ,9 #ahbe colonial wool 0 admitt$ free1 & 9 #ahdd ! duty tak5 (f altoge!r1 & imports f our colonies & =eign c\ntries soon assum$ enorm\s proportions4 ,d[n to #ahad ne>ly all our imports ( wool came f ,spa92 aft] t ! great] "p came f ,g]many & ! ,ea/ ,indies2 b ,russia & ,india soon began to s5d l>ge quantities1 & 9 rec5t times ,au/ralasia has be5 our *ief import]1 9 #aijg s5d+ #cba1dgj1eed lb41 :ile ,new ,zeal& s5t #aeh1djf1bee lb4 out ( a total import ( #gfd1bhf1fbe lb4 ,ab\t #ahjj our imports ( wool 7 #h1fji1cfh lb46#gbg ,( our enorm\s imports ( wool1 h[ev]1 a v l>ge quantity is re-export$4 ,9 #ahbh x 0 /at$ be=e ! ,h\se ( ,lords t ,engli% wool _h det]iorat$ consid]ably dur+ ! previ\s ?irty ye>s1 ow+ *iefly to ! f>m] increas+ ! weight ( ! c>case & ! quantity ( wool1 s t f95ess ( fleece 0 injur$4 ,! great ext5sion ( turnips & ! introduction ( a l>ge bre$ ( %eep also appe>$ to h less5$ ! value ( ! fleece1 yet ,engli% wool to-day /ill comm&s a high price 9 comp>ison ) t ( o!r c\ntries1 ?\gh ! price 9 rec5t ye>s has decl9$ greatly2 9 #ahga x 0 #as4 #e-a_/b;d4 a lb41 9 #ahgb #as4 #i-a_/b;d41 9 #ahgc #as4 #g;d4 ,9 #aijg ,leice/] wool 0 #ab-a_/b;d41 ,s\?d[n #ad;d4 to #ae;d41 & ,l9coln #ab;d4 a lb42 ,au/ralian at ! same date be+ #aa;d41 & ,new ,zeal& #aa-a_/b;d4 ,! fruit-gr[] has also _h to cont5d ) an enorm\s =eign supply1 :i* ne>ly always has a bett] appe>ance ?an t gr[n 9 ^! isl&s1 ?\gh ! quality is (t5 inf]ior4 ,9 #ahfj apples 7 includ$ ) o!r raw fruits 9 ! returns1 s t ! exact figures are n giv51 b app>5tly ab\t #ejj1jjj cwt4 came 92 by #aijc ?is _h increas$ to #d1efi1edf bu%els1 & 9 #aijg #c1ebf1bcb bu%els arriv$4 ,enorm\s =eign supplies ( grapes1 pe>s1 plums1 *]ries1 & ev5 /rawb]ries h also comb9$ to keep ! home price d[n4 ,! decrease 9 ! acreage ( hops1 f its maximum ( #ga1ghi acres 9 #ahgh to #dd1ich 9 #aijg1 0 ascrib$ by ! rec5t ,commission to ! less5+ dem& = be] 9 ,engl&1 ! dem& = light] k9ds ( be]1 & ! use ( hop sub/itutes1 & n to increase 9 =eign competition2 :i* ! foll[+ figures seem to be> out3 ,,imports ,,( ,,hops4 ,cwt4 #ahfa #adi1agf #ahfg #bif1aag #ahfi #cbb1eae #ahgj #abg1hec #ahge #bef1ddd #ahgg 7! ye> be=e ! record acreage plant$7 #bej1jci #ahgi #bfb1gfe #aijc #aac1iih #aijd #cac1ffg #aije #ajh1iec #aijf #bcb1fai #aijg #bjb1cbd ,9 rec5t ye>s !y h be5 a loss to ! gr[]2 z ! av]age crop is a little "u #i cwt4 p] acre1 & ! total co/ ( gr[+ & m>ket+ f #ce to #de an acre1 x is obvi\s t prices ( ab\t #c p] cwt41 :i* h rul$ lately1 are unremun]ative4 ,h[ev] disa/r\s to ! f>m] & l&[n]1 ! increas$ quantities & l[ prices ( food ?us obta9$ h be5 ( ine/imable b5efit to ! cr[d$ population ( ,engl&4 ,9 #ahea ! :ole corn supply1 bo? ,engli% & =eign1 af=d$ #cag lb4 p] annum p] head ( ! population ( #bg millions4 ,9 #ahhi ! total supply gave #djj lb4 p] head to a population ( #cg-a_/b millions at a greatly r$uc$ co/4#gbh ,! supply ( animal food pres5ts simil> contra/s2 9 #ahea ea* p]son obta9$ #ij lb41 9 #ahhi #aae lb4 ,! av]age value ( ! imports ( food p] head 9 ! p]iod #ahei-fe 0 ab\t #bes42 9 ! p]iod #aija-g1 #fes4#gbi ,! products :i* h /ood be/ aga9/ =eign competition are fre% milk1 hay & /raw1 ! s(t] k9ds ( fruit t w n be> c>riage well1 & /ock ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,^! isl&s /ill ma9ta9 _! great reputation = ! excell5t quality ( _! live /ock1 & exports1 *iefly ( p$igree animals1 t\*$ _! highe/ figure 9 #aijf3 ,av]age p] ,no4 ,total ,value4 head4 ,cattle #e1faf #cbg1cce #eh ,%eep #ab1gaf #bjd1jfa #af ,pigs #b1bba #bj1bib #i #ahgg4gcj ,acreage "u crops & grass 9 ,engl& #bd1cab1jcc ,corn crops4 ,:eat #b1ihg1abi ,b>ley or b]e #b1jjj1eca ,oats #a1dhi1iii ,rye #dh1fjd ,beans #dgj1aec ,peas #cjf1cef --------- ,total #g1cjb1ggb ,gre5 crops4 ,potatoes #cjc1ifd ,turnips & sw$es #a1die1hhe ,mangels #cdh1bhi ,c>rots #ad1dde ,cabbage1 kohl rabi1 & rape #agf1bah ,vet*es & o!r gre5 crops #dbj1cgc --------- ,total #b1gei1agd ,flax #g1baj ,hops #ga1bci ,b>efall[ or uncropp$ arable #egf1bce ,clov]1 sa9fo91 & grasses "u rotation #b1gcg1chg ---------- ,total arable #ac1ded1jag ,p]man5t grass1 exclusive ( m\nta9 or hea? l& #aj1heh1jaf ---------- #bd1cab1jcc #aijg4 ,total acreage "u crops & grass #bd1ehe1dee ,corn crops4 ,:eat #a1ecg1bjh ,b>ley #a1daa1afc ,oats #a1ifg1fhb ,rye #ec1hcg ,beans #bif1ahf ,peas #afd1cbf ----------- ,total #e1dcj1djb ,potatoes #cha1hia ,turnips & sw$es #a1jeh1bib ,mangels #dcf1aic ,cabbage #fe1bfb ,kohl rabi #bj1egb ,rape #gi1iac ,vet*es or t>es #ade1jfg ,luc]ne #fc1cgi ,hops #dd1ich ,small fruit #gc1cgb ,clov]1 sa9fo91 & grasses "u rotation #b1faa1gbb ,o!r crops #aag1iad ,b>e fall[ #bdh1fgh ---------- ,total arable #aj1ggg1eie ,p]man5t grass #ac1hjg1hfj ---------- #bd1ehe1dee ,! small fruit 0 divid$ into3 ,/rawb]ries #bc1fbc ,raspb]ries #f1dgi-a_/b ,currants & gooseb]ries #bd1agh-c_/d ,o!rs #ai1jij --------------- #gc1cga-a_/d ,z arable l& has suff]$ mu* m ?an grass f =eign imports1 x 0 inevitable t ?is c\ntry %\ld become m pa/oral2 9 #ahgg ! arable l& ( ,engl& am\nt$ to #ac1ded1jag acres1 & p]man5t grass to #aj1heh1jaf4 ,by #aijg ?is 0 practically rev]s$1 ! p]man5t grass am\nt+ to #ac1hjg1hfj acres & ! arable to #aj1ggg1eie4 ,9 corn crops ! great decrease has be5 9 ! acreage ( :eat1 b b>ley1 beans1 & peas h also dim9i%$1 :ile oats h increas$4 ,9 gre5 crops !re has be5 a great decrease 9 turnips & sw$es1 comp5sat$ to "s ext5t by an increase 9 mangels1 & a sad decrease 9 hops4 ,! *anges 9 ?irty ye>s c be ga!r$ f ! tables ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture giv5 on p4 #cca4 ,9 #ahgg no sep>ate return ( small fruit 0 made1 b 9 #ahgh ! or*>ds ( ,engl&1 includ+ fruit trees ( any k9d1 cov]$ #afa1bbh acres1 :i* by #aijg _h gr[n to a total area "u fruit ( #bid1iaj acres1 among :i* 7 #afh1egf acres ( apples1 #h1cfe ( pe>s1 #aa1ieb ( *]ries1 & #ad1ega ( plums4 ,mu* ( ! small fruit is includ$ 9 ! or*>ds4 ',o!r crops' 7 fur!r divid$ into3 ,acres4 ,c>rots #aa1hig ,onions #c1daf ,buck:eat #e1bbf ,flax #cee ,o!rs #ig1jbj ------- #aag1iad ,! av]age yield p] acre ( v>i\s crops 9 ,engl& = ! t5 ye>s #ahig-aijf 03 ,bu%els4 ,:eat #ca4agca ,b>ley #cb4hh ,oats #da4ch ,beans #bi4bh ,peas #bg4ae ,tons4 ,potatoes #e4gd ,turnips & sw$es #ab4ai ,mangels #ai4bd ,cwt4 ,hay f clov]1 & grasses "u rotation #bi4dj ,hay f p]man5t grass #bd4cc ,hops #h4ha ,! live /ock 9 #ahgg consi/$ (3 ,horses us$ solely = purposes ( agriculture #gfa1jhi ,unbrok5 horses & m>es kept solely = bre$+ #cji1aai --------- #a1jgj1bjh --------- ,cattle4 ,c[s & heif]s 9 milk or 9 calf #a1eeg1egd ,two ye>s old & ov] #a1jgb1djg ,"u two ye>s ( age #a1cdi1ffi --------- #c1igi1fej --------- ,%eep #ah1ccj1cgg ,pigs #b1aad1gea ,9 #aijg3 ,horses us$ solely = agriculture #hfc1hag ,unbrok5 #cbe1ccj --------- #a1ahi1adg --------- ,cattle4 ,c[s & heif]s 9 milk or 9 calf #b1jcb1bhd ,two ye>s old & ov] #a1jdc1jcd ,"u two ye>s ( age #a1iab1dac --------- #d1ihg1gca --------- ,%eep#gcb #ae1jih1ibh ,pigs #b1beg1acf ,! decrease 9 %eep & ! increase 9 cattle & horses 7?\gh ( late ye>s ! latt] h %[n a t5d5cy to decrease7 are to be not$4 ,! numb] ( live /ock p] #a1jjj acres ( cultivat$ l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & o!r c\ntries is3 ,c\ntry4 ,cattle4 ,%eep4 ,pigs4 ,total4 ,unit$ ,k+dom #bdg #fai #gf #idb ,belgium #daa #ed #bdj #gje ,d5m>k #bfd #abf #bji #eii ,france #afg #bjg #hh #dfb ,g]many #bba #ij #baf #ebg ,holl& #cbb #aaf #afd #fjb ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 cattle ! ,unit$ ,k+dom comes out badly1 b is pre-em95t 9 %eep & has ! l>ge/ total2 ?\gh1 z cattle require m acreage1 ,belgium ne>ly equals its aggregate produce = #a1jjj acres4 ,z reg>ds prices at ! two p]iods #ahga-e & #aijf-g1 if we take #ajj z ! price at ! =m] ! foll[+ are ! prices at ! latt]3 ,beef #ga ,mutton #ic ,bacon #aba ,:eat #ef ,butt] #ig ,*eese #ajj ,turn+ once m to ! occupation ( l&1 ! p]c5tage ( l& occupi$ by own]s 9 #aijg 9 ,engl& 0 #ab4d1 ! re/ be+ occupi$ by t5ants1 & ! foll[+ is a /atem5t ( ! numb] ( agricultural hold+s ( v>i\s sizes 9 #ahge & #aijg3 #ahge4gcc #ej acres #ej to #ajj to #cjj to #ejj to ,above & #ajj #cjj #ejj #a1jjj #a1jjj "u4 acres4 acres4 acres4 acres4 acres4 #bic1dfi #dd1hdb #eh1dej #aa1bde #c1hga #dfc #aijg4 ,above #a & ,above #e & ,above #ej & ,above n exce$+ n exce$+ n exce$+ #cjj #e acres4 #ej acres4 #cjj acres4 acres4 #hj1iba #afe1ige #aji1ibg #ad1feb ,,footnotes3 #gaj ,mc,culloch1 ,comm]cial ,diction>y 7#ahhb71 p4 #ddi4 #gaa ,see ,returns ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 #gab ,! imports f ,russia 7 t ye> exceptionally small4 #gac ,mc,culloch1 ,comm]cial ,diction>y 7#aheb71 p4 #bgd4 #gad ,9 #ahfj ! numb] ( live cattle import$ 0 #ajd1efi2 9 #ahig1 #fah1cba2 9 #aijg1 #dgb1jae4 #gae ,9 #ahfj ! quantity ( beef import$ 0 #bhc1ccb cwt42 9 #aijg1 #f1jcc1gcf cwt4 #gaf ,see above4 #gag ,supra1 p4 #ch4 #gah ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 i4 #agf1 #aib2 ,hundr$ ,rolls1 i4 #dje1 #dad4 #gai ,burnley1 ,hi/ory ( ,wool1 p4 #fe4 #gbj ,ibid4 p4 #gj4 #gba ,cf4 supra1 p4 #agb4 #gbb ,smi?1 ,memoirs ( ,wool1 i4 #bbb4 #gbc ,see above4 #gbd ,smi?1 ,memoirs ( ,wool1 ii4 #beb4 #gbe ,mc,pherson1 ,annals ( ,comm]ce1 iii4 #aef4 #gbf ,mc,culloch1 ,comm]cial ,diction>y1 p4 #adca4 ,= imports see ,app5dix1 p4 #ced4 #gbg ,( :i* #f1jjj1jjj lb4 came f ,spa94 ,! fir/ ,spani% ,m]9o %eep 7 introduc$ into ,au/ralia 9 #agig4 ,see ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 ii4 #ech1 & cf4 bel[4 #gbh ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#ahij71 p4 #bi4 #gbi ,bo>d ( ,agriculture ,returns 7#aijg71 p4 #ahg4 #gcj ,cf4 ,app5dix ,,iv4 #gca ,9 #aijg ! av]age :eat crop 0 #cc4if bu%els p] acre 9 ,engl& & #ci4ah 9 ,scotl&4 ,! av]age yield p] acre ( :eat 9 ,holl& is #cd4a bu%els2 ,belgium1 #cd2 ,g]many1 #cj4c2 ,d5m>k1 #bh4b ,france1 #aig4 #gcb ,! total numb] ( %eep 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #ahgg 0 #bh1afa1afd2 9 #aijg1 #bf1aae1dee4 ,9 #afhh ,y\att e/imates x at #ab1jjj1jjj2 ,9 #agda1 #ag1jjj1jjj2 9 #ahjj #bf1jjj1jjj2 9 #ahcj #cb1jjj1jjj4 #gcc ,un=tunately ! class #ej acres & "u at ?is "t includ$ hold+s "u "o acre1 s t x is useless = ! comp>ison ( ! numb] ( small hold+s at ! two dates1 = 9 #aijg none appe> "u "o acre4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,mod]n ,,f>m ,,live ,,/ock ,,c>t ,,horses ,ar?ur ,"y at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd only two k9ds ( c>t horses wor?y ( m5tion1 ! ,%ire & ! ,suffolk ,pun*2 to-day1 besides ^! two1 we h ! ,clydesdale4 ,! ,%ire horse1 accord+ to ,sir ,walt] ,gilbey1 is ! pure/ survival ( ! ,great ,horse ( m$iaeval times1 kn[n also z ! ,w> ,horse1 & ! ,old ,engli% ,black ,horse4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( draught horses1 atta9+ a height ( #ag to #ag4c h&s & a weight ( #b1bjj lb41 its g5]al *>act]i/ics be+ imm5se /r5g?1 symmetrical proportions1 bold free action1 & docile disposition4 ,9 #ahgh ! ,%ire ,horse ,society 0 e/abli%$ to improve ! bre$1 & di/ribute s\nd & heal?y sires ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,! ,clydesdale1 ^: native home is ! valley ( ! ,clyde1 is n s l>ge z ! ,%ire1 b /rong1 active1 & a f9e work]4 ,!y are ei!r d]iv$ f a cross betwe5 ,flemi% /allions & ,lan>k%ire m>es1 or are an improvem5t ( ! old ,lan>k bre$4#gcd ,! ,suffolk ,pun* looks :at he is-a ?or\gh f>m horse4 ,he /&s l[] ?an ! two =m] bre$s1 b weighs heavily1 (t5 #b1jjj lb4 ,!y are g5]ally *e/nut or light dun 9 col\r1 & _! legs are )\t ! fea!r ( ! ,clydesdale & ,%ire4 ,!y h be5 long associat$ ) ,suffolk1 & 7 m5tion$ by ,camd5 9 #aehf4 ,accord+ to ! ,suffolk ,/ud ,book ( #ahhj1 ! ,suffolk horses ( to-day are ) few exceptions ! desc5dants 9 ! direct male l9e ( ! orig9al bre$ describ$ by ,ar?ur ,"y4 ,,cattle ,:at 0 ! orig9al bre$ ( cattle 9 ?is isl& is unc]ta94 ,! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 #ahhg fav\rs ! view t ! h]ds ( wild cattle1 su* z /ill exi/ at ,*ill+ham1 repres5t ! orig9al bre$ ( ,great ,brita94 ,x /ates t ! 'urus' 0 ! only indig5\s wild ox 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! s\rce ( all our dome/icat$ bre$s z well z ( ! few wild ones t rema91 su* z ! ,*ill+ham bre$1 :i* is small1 :ite1 ) ! inside ( ! e> r$1 & a br[ni% muzzle4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ass]t !y are m]ely ! desc5dants ( a dome/icat$ bre$ run wild1 :i* h rev]t$ some:at to ! anci5t type4#gce ,accord+ to ,?orold ,rog]s1 ! cattle ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 small r\gh animals l ! m\nta9 bre$s ( to-day1 & at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury we h se5 !y _h l>ge horns1 7 l[ & heavy1 & = ! mo/ "p black4#gcf ,! great v>iety ( cattle 9 ,great ,brita9 may be due to _! be+ ! desc5dants ( sev]al species1 or to diff]5ce ( climate & soil1 or to spontane\s v>iation1 b ! *ief cause is ! dilig5t selection ( bre$]s4 ,m>%all is q positive#gcg t ! ,h]e=d1 ,devon1 ,sussex1 & ! black m\nta9 bre$s ( ,scotl& & ,wales are all desc5d$ f ! orig9al native bre$ ( ?is isl&1 t ! ,%or?orns came f ! ,cont95t1 & ! ,longhorns probably f ,irel&4 ,bradley's division ( cattle into black1 :ite1 & r$ tells u little4#gch ,!re 0 v little attempt at improvem5t until ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 = peace 0 necess>y = long cont9u$ ef=t1 & #agdf1 ! date ( ,cullod51 ! la/ battle f\ght on ,briti% soil1 may be tak5 practically z ! comm5cem5t ( ! era ( progress4 ,! ,%or?orn is ! mo/ fam\s & widely-spread bre$ ( ?is c\ntry1 if n 9 ! _w2 x exce$s 9 numb] any o!r bre$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & mo/ cross-br$s h ,%or?orn blood 9 !m4 ,x adapts itself to any climate1 & is equally not$ = beef-mak+ & milk-yield+4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,%or?orns is unc]ta92 !y orig9at$ f ! ,teeswat] & ,hold]ness v>ieties1 b :]e ^! came f is a matt] ( dispute4 ,"y1 9 8 ,nor!rn ,t\r1#gci says1 ',9 ,york%ire ! common bre$ 0 ! %ort-horn$ k9d ( cattle call$ ,hold]ness1 b really ! ,dut* sort'2 & _m h said ! ,hold]ness & ! ,teeswat] bre$s bo? came f ,holl&1 & 7 practically ! same1 :ile o!rs ass]t ! orig9al home ( ! ,teeswat]s 0 ! ,we/ ,highl&s4#gdj ,john ,lawr5ce speaks ( ! ,dut* bre$ ) %ort horns 9 #agbf2gda b1 unless !y 7 smuggl$ ov]1 x c]ta9ly seems /range t any ,dut* cattle %\ld h be5 import$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 = ! importation ( cattle 0 /rictly =bidd5 dur+ ! :ole c5tury4 ,x 0 ,george ,culley's op9ion t !y came f ,holl&1 because few 7 f\nd except along ! ea/]n coa/2 he also knew f>m]s :o w5t ov] to ,holl& to buy bulls4#gdb ,be ?is z x may1 x 0 ! cattle ( ! ,teeswat] di/rict 9 ,durham t ! ,coll+s improv$1 & !y are /ill call$ ,durhams 9 _m p>ts4 ,! "w ( ! ,coll+s#gdc 0 c>ri$ on by ,?omas ,boo?1 :o f>m$ 8 own e/ate ( ,kill]by 9 ,york%ire1 :]e he turn$ 8 att5tion to ,%or?orns ab\t #agij1 & by #ahad he 0 z well kn[n z ! ,coll+s4 ,he improv$ ! ,%or?orns by r$uc+ ! bone1 especially ! l5g? & co>s5ess ( ! legs1 ! too prom95t hips1 & ! heavy %\ld] bones4 ,9 #ahai he remov$ to ,w>laby1 & di$ !re 9 #ahce1 hav+ giv5 up ! ,kill]by e/ate to 8 son ,john1 :o ) 8 bro!r ,ri*>d ably su/a9$ _! fa!r's reputation4 ',boo? /ra9s' equally ) ',bates /ra9s'1 ! results ( ! "w ( ,bates ( ,kirkleav+ton1 ^: cattle we h se5 at ! ,ox=d ,%[ 9 #ahci1 & ^: h]d 0 disp]s$ 9 #ahej1 h be5 ! f\ndation ( _m fam\s h]ds1 & c be trac$ 9 _m a p$igree animal ( to-day4 ,! palmy days ( ! ,%or?orns 7 ! 'sev5ties' ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 !y made fabul\s prices4 ,at ! great sale at ,new ,york ,mills1 9 #ahgc1 elev5 females ( ! ,du*ess tribe av]ag$ #d1ebb #ads4 #b;d41 & "o c[ sold = #h1deh #fs4 #h;d4 ,9 #ahgg ,mr4 ,lod] b\ght ,?ird ,du*ess ( ,hillhur/ = #d1ajj gu9eas2 9 #ahgf ,"l ,bective gave #d1cjj gu9eas = ,fif? ,du*ess ( ,hillhur/1 !n #af mon?s old2 & 9 #ahge ! bull ,duke ( ,connaught sold = #d1ejj gu9eas4 ,x 0 n likely t ) ! adv5t ( bad times ^! prices w\ld cont9ue1 & no?+ l !m 9 ! ,%or?orn _w has occurr$ s9ce4 ,h]e=ds4#gdd ,h]e=d%ire cattle h long be5 fam\s z "o ( ! f9e/ bre$s 9 ! _w4 ,m>%all1 writ+ 9 #aghh1 does n hesitate to say1 ',! ,h]e=d%ire bre$ ( cattle1 tak+ x all 9 all1 may )\t risque be deem$ ! fir/ bre$ ( cattle 9 ! l&4' ,_! orig9 has be5 acc\nt$ = 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"s say !y 7 orig9ally br[n or r$di%-br[n f ,norm&y or ,devon1 o!rs t !y came f ,wales1 :ile x is record$ t ,"l ,scudamore 9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury introduc$ r$ c[s ) :ite faces f ,fl&]s4 ,h[ev]1 !y d n em]ge f obscurity until ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,messrs4 ,tomk9s1 ,weyman1 ,yeomans1 ,hew]1 & ,tully devot$ _! en]gies to e/abli%+ a c\nty bre$4 ,!re 7 f\r v>ieties ( ,h]e=ds1 :i* h n[ practically m]g$ into ! r$ ) :ite face1 mane1 & ?roat3 ! mottle face1 ) r$ m>ks int]mix$ ) ! p>ts usually :ite2 ! d>k greys2 light greys2 & ! r$ ) ! :ite face4 ,! rivalry betwe5 ! bre$]s ( ! :ite & ! mottle faces almo/ caus$ ! failure ( ! ,h]d-,book comm5c$ 9 #ahde by ,mr4 ,eyton4 ,! mottle-fac$ p>ty seems to h be5 !n ! mo/ influ5tial1 b ! d>k & light grey v>ieties also _h /rong adh]5ts4 ,9 #aheg ,mr4 ,duckham took ov] ! managem5t ( ! ,h]d-,book1 & to 8 ex]tions ! bre$ owes a deep debt ( gratitude4 ,"o ( ! greate/ support]s ( ! ,h]e=d%ire bre$ 0 ,mr4 ,we/c> ( ,cresl[1 :o1 />t+ 9 #aggi1 att5d$ ,h]e=d ,octob] ,fair = =ty ye>s1 & :5 ! ,smi?field ,%[ comm5c$ 9 #agii won innum]able fir/ prizes !re ) ,h]e=d%ire cattle4 ,betwe5 #agii & #ahaa tw5ty ( 8 ,h]e=d%ire prize ox5 av]ag$ #ajf #fs4 ea*1 & at ! sale ( ,mr4 ,b5 ,tomk9s's h]d aft] 8 dea? 9 #ahai tw5ty-eight bre$+ animals av]ag$ #aeb1 "o c[ fet*+ #bfb #aes4 ,h]e=ds are fam\s = _! fe$+ qualities at grass1 & good /ores are sc>ce1 ! be/ be+ fatt5$ on _! native pa/ures4 ,!y are n only almo/ ! only bre$ 9 _! own c\nty1 b few ,engli% c\nties s\? ( ,%rop%ire are )\t !m2 !y h done well 9 ,irel&1 & 9 ,canada1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia h atta9$ great success4 ,!y are n s well qualifi$ = cross+ z ,%or?orns1 b h bl5d$ well ) t bre$1 & produc$ good crosses ) ,ayr%ires & ,j]seys1 b n ) ,devons4 ,x has be5 said t !y are n a fav\rite sort ) ,london but*]s1 z !y require "t to rip51 :i* does n suit a hurry+ age4 ,h5ce !y probably fl\ri%$ be/ "u ! old s*ool ( grazi]s1 :o sometimes kept !m to six or sev5 ye>s old4 ,at all ev5ts !y are a v f9e bre$ = beef purposes1 _! meat be+ p>ticul>ly t5d]1 juicy1 & f9e-gra9$4 ,!y are seldom kept = dairy purposes1 be+ poor milk]s2 consequ5tly ! calf is ne>ly always all[$ to run ) ! dam1 :i* acc\nts = ! fact t "o seldom sees pure-br$ ,h]e=ds t are n well gr[n4 ,! highe/ price paid = a ,h]e=d 0 #d1jjj gu9eas = ,"l ,wilton 9 #ahhd4 ,devons4 ,! cattle ( ,nor? ,devon c be trac$ z ! peculi> bre$ ( ! c\nty f :i* !y take _! "n f ! e>lie/ records4 ,bradley m5tion$ ! r$ cattle ( ,som]set 9 #agbf1 & no d\bt !re 7 _m 9 ,devon%ire4#gde ,william ,m>%all /ates 7#ahje71 & he is support$ by subsequ5t writ]s1 t '!y are ( ! middle horn class'1 & 9 8 "t s ne>ly resembl$ ! ,h]e=d%ire bre$ 9 frame1 col\r1 & horn1 z n to be di/+ui%able f !m1 except 9 ! great] cleanness ( ! head & =e-qu>t]s1 & _! small] size4 ,yet !y c\ld n h _h ! :ite faces & ?roats ( ! ,h]e=ds1 z !y h always be5 fam\s = _! uni=mity 9 col\r--a f9e d>k r$4#gdf ,he also comp>es !m to ! cattle ( ,sussex & ! native cattle ( ,norfolk4#gdg ,! ,devons !n diff]$ v mu* 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\nty2 ^? ( ,nor? ,devon tak+ ! lead1 be+ 'ne>ly :at cattle ought to be'4 ,!y 71 consid]$ z draught animals1 ! be/ work]s any:]e beyond all comp>ison1 ?\gh r small1 = :i* defici5cy !y made up 9 ex]tion & agility4 ,z dairy cattle !y 7 n v good1 s9ce re>+ = ! ea/ c\ntry grazi]s _h long be5 ! ma9 object ( ,devon cattle f>m]s1 b z graz+ cattle !y 7 excell5t4 ,vanc\v]1 a few ye>s aft] ?is1 prais$ _! activity 9 "w & _! unrivall$ aptitude to fatt51 b says !y 7 !n decl9+ 9 _! g5]al /&>d ( excell5ce1 & 9 numb]s1 ow+ to ! great dem& = !m f o!r p>ts ( ,engl&1 :]e ! buy]s 7,mr4 ,coke1 :o _h e/abli%$ a valuable h]d ( !m1 & o!rs7 sp>$ nei!r pa9s nor price to obta9 ^? ( ! highe/ excell5ce4 ,?is dang] 0 cle>ly p]ceiv$ by ,francis ,qu>tly ( ,moll&1 :o set to "w to rem$y x by sy/ematically buy+ ! *oice/ c[s he c\ld procure4 ,z ! reputation & p]haps cont9uance ( ! ,devon bre$ is due to him m ?an to any o!r man1 8 acc\nt ( 8 own ef=ts on behalf ( x is specially valuable4#gdh ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! pr9cipal ,nor? ,devon yeom5 7 all bre$]s1 & e week y might see 9 ! ,molton ,m>ket1 _! natural locality1 animals t w\ld n[ be call$ *oice4 ,!re 7 few cattle %[s 9 ^? days1 & !re=e ! relative value ( animals 0 n s easily te/$4 ,! w> prices tempt$ _m f>m]s to sell _! be/ bulls & c[s out ( ! di/rict1 s t good animals 7 becom+ sc>ce1 & ! bre$ g5]ally go+ back4 ,mr4 ,qu>tly !re=e = ye>s b\ght all ! be/ animals he c\ld f9d ) r>e skill & judgem5t1 & cont9u$ to improve 8 /ock till he br\ght x to p]fection4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahcd cattle %[s began at ,exet]1 & = ! fir/ ye> or two ,mr4 ,qu>tly did n compete2 !n he all[$ 8 nephews to ent] 9 all ! classes1 & !y br\ght home all ! prizes4 ,?is lead !y kept1 & at ! ,royal ,%[ at ,exet] 9 #ahej _! /ock obta9$ n9e out ( ! t5 prizes = ,devons4 ,! ,devon ,h]d-,book 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahea by ,capta9 ,t4,t4 ,davy1 & a writ] 9 #aheh says t ( tw5ty-n9e prize bulls 9 ! fir/ ?ree volumes tw5ty-sev5 7 desc5d$ f ! ,qu>tly bull ,=e/]1 & ( ?irty-f\r prize c[s tw5ty-n9e f ! c[ ,curly1 also ( _! /ock4 ,among o!r fam\s bre$]s ( ,devons contempor>y ) ,qu>tly 7 ,messrs4 ,m]son1 ,davy1 ,mi*ael ,?orne1 ,yapp1 ,buck+ham1 ! ,halses1 & ,george ,turn]4 ,9 #ahbi ,moore says1 ',! "y heif]s ( ,nor? ,devon1 ) _! tap] legs1 ! exact symmetry ( _! =m1 & _! cle> coats ( d>k r$1 are pictures ( elegance4' ,_! sup]iority = graz+ & draught 0 prov$ by ! high prices dem&$ = !m1 b !y 7 n equally e/eem$ z dairy animals1#gdi ?\gh ( late ye>s ?is reproa* has be5 remov$4 ,! pl\gh+ ( two acres ( fall[ l& 0 ! common "w ( f\r ox51 :i*1 :5 fatt5$ at five ye>s old1 w\ld rea* elev5 score a qu>t]4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! ,h]d-,book1 ,devons h spread all ov] ! _w1 to ,mexico1 ,jamaica1 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 ,france1 & ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! fact t 9 _! orig9al home !y h be5 l>gely kept by t5ant f>m]s proves !m a good r5t-pay+ bre$4 ,yet x _c be pret5d$ t away f _! native c\ntry !y are z mu* valu$ z ! ,%or?orn & ,h]e=d4 ,! ,s\? ,hams bre$ ( ,s\? ,devon is a di/9ct v>iety1 ?\gh x is believ$ to be desc5d$ f ! ',rubies'#gej & app>5tly has at "s "t be5 cross$ ) ! ,gu]nsey2 !y are good milk]s & atta9 a great size1 b ! quality ( ! meat is decid$ly inf]ior to t ( ,nor? ,devon4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ! real ,devon col\r has be5 r$1 v>y+ f a d>k to a light] or almo/ *e/nut %ade2 half a c5tury ago ! light] ones 7 m num]\s ?an at pres5t1 & !y are (t5 ( ri*] quality ?\gh less h>dy ?an ! d>k ones4 ,! ,sussex is l>g] & co>s] ?an ! ,devon1 ( a deep br[n *e/nut col\r1 v h>dy1 a beef-produc+ b n a milk-yield+ sort4 ,longhorns1#gea a g5]ation ago ne>ly ext9ct1 once ! fav\rite cattle ( ! midl&s & portions ( ! nor?1 are desc5d$ f a bre$ long e/abli%$ 9 ! ,crav5 di/rict ( ,york%ire4 ',! true ,lanca%ire1' said ,"y 9 #aggj1 '7 ,longhorns1 & 9 ,d]by%ire 7 a ba/>d sort ( ,lanca%ires4'#geb ,x 0 ?is bre$ t ,bakewell improv$1 & ( late ye>s great ef=ts1 *iefly 9 ,w>wick%ire & ,leice/]%ire1 h be5 made to revive x4 ,! ,r$ ,poll$1 or ,norfolk ,poll$1 is ! only hornless bre$ ( ,engli% cattle1 & !y are good milk]s & fatt5]s4 ,! ,l9coln ,r$ is a small r$ v>iety ( ! ,%or?orn4 ,_m ( ! ,wel% bre$s h spread into ! adjac5t p>ts ( ,engl&1 & may be classifi$ z ,nor? & ,s\? ,wel%1 or ,angleseys & ,ca/le ,m>t9s2 black 9 col\r1 & g5]ally ) long horns4 ,! ,scotti% cattle--! ,ab]de5 ,angus1 ! ,gall[ays1 ! ,highl& bre$1 & ! ,ayr%ires--are also se5 9 ,engl&1 b n s (t5 z ! ,j]seys & ,gu]nseys f ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 :ile ! small ,dext]s & ,k]rys f ,irel& are fav\rites ) "s ,engli% f>m]s4 ,,%eep ,! %eep ( ! ,briti% ,isles may be divid$ into ?ree ma9 classes3-- #a4 ,longwools1 conta9+ ,leice/]s1 ,bord] ,leice/]'s1 ,cotswolds1 ,l9colns1 ,k5ti%1 ,devon ,longwool1 ,s\? ,devon1 ,w5sleydale1 & ,roscommon4 #b4 ,%ortwools3 ! ,ox=d ,d[ns1 ,s\?d[ns1 ,%rop%ires1 ,hamp%ire ,d[ns1 ,suffolks1 ,ryel&s1 ,som]set & ,dorset ,horn$1 & ,clun ,=e/4 #c4 ,m\nta9 bre$s3 ,*eviots1 ,blackfac$ ,m\nta91 ,h]dwick1 ,lonk1 ,d>tmoor1 ,exmoor1 ,wel% ,m\nta91 & ,lime/one4 ,^! are all ,engli% except ! ,bord] ,leice/]1 ,*eviot1 & ,blackfac$ ,m\nta91 :i* are ,scot*2 ! ,wel% ,m\nta9 is ( c\rse ,wel%1 & ! ,roscommon ,iri%4 #a4 ,! ,leice/]s1 ! l>ge/ & 9 _m respects ! mo/ important ( ,briti% longwool %eep1 are ! %eep :i* ,bakewell improv$ s greatly4 ,!y are capable ( be+ br\ght to a great weight1 & _! long f9e wool av]ages #g lb4 to ! fleece4 ,! ,bord] ,leice/]s are an (f%oot ( ! la/ nam$1 br$ on ! ,scotti% ,bord]1 & orig9at+ f ! flock :i* ,george & ,mat!w ,culley 9 #agfg took f ! ,tees to ! ,twe$4 ,! ,cotswolds h be5 on ! ,gl\ce/]%ire hills = ages1 & h long be5 fam\s = ! l5g? ( _! fleece1 h>d9ess1 & bre$+ qualities4 ,! ,l9coln is ! result ( ! old native bre$ ( ! c\nty improv$ by ,leice/] blood4 ,!y h l>g] heads & d5s] & heavi] wool ?an ! ,leice/]s1 av]ag+ #h to #i lb4 to ! fleece1 b h be5 kn[n to yield #ad lb4 ,! ,k5ti% or ,romney ,m>% h long exi/$ 9 ! di/rict :5ce !y obta9 _! "n1 b are n mu* kn[n away f t locality4 ,! ,devon ,longwool is a result ( ! infusion ( ,leice/] blood among ! old ,bampton /ock ( ,devon%ire call$ ,bampton ,notts or poll$ %eep4 ,! ,s\? ,devons or ,s\? ,hams are ano!r local bre$1 & are a result ( ! improvem5t ( ! ,s\? ,hams ,notts by ! ,leice/]4 ,! ,w5sleydales are desc5dants ( ! old ,teeswat] bre$1 itself a v>iety ( ! old ,leice/] & improv$ by ! new ,leice/]s ( ,culley4 #b4 ,ox=d ,d[ns1 a mod]n black-fac$ bre$1 n[ widely spread all ov] ! midl& c\nties1 are a mixture ( ,cotswolds ) ,hamp%ire ,d[ns & ,s\?d[ns1 & orig9at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,que5 ,victoria's reign1 b 7 n def9itely s call$ till #aheg4 ,?is cross ( two di/9ct v>ieties1 ! long & ! %ort wool1 has approximat$ to ! %ortwool type4 ,! ,s\?d[n1 =m]ly ,sussex ,d[n1 an old bre$ br$ = ages on ! *alky soils ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 is 'p]haps'1 says ,y\att1 '! mo/ valuable bre$ 9 ! k+dom4' ,x 0 to ,john ,ellman ( ,glynde1 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t !y owe _! pres5t p]fection1 & !y h ex]cis$ z mu* influ5ce among ! %ortwools z ! ,leice/]s among ! longwools4 ,! ,%rop%ire %eep is a desc5dant ( ! orig9al ,longmynd or old ,%rop%ire %eep1 :i* began to be cross$ by ! ,s\?d[n at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4#gec ,!y 7 recogniz$ z a di/9ct bre$ 9 #ahec1 & s9ce !n h become "o ( ! mo/ valu$ bre$s1 comb9+ ! symmetry & quality ( ! ,s\?d[n ) ! weight ( ! ,cotswold & ! fatt5+ t5d5cy ( ! ,leice/]1 ) a h>di] con/itution4 ,! ,hamp%ire ,d[n is ano!r in/ance ( ! widespread influ5ce ( ! ,s\?d[n1 be+ ! result ( cross+ t bre$ ) ! old ,wilt%ire %eep1 :i* _h long curl+ horns1 & ! ,b]k%ire ,knott4 ,!y are heavi] ?an ! ,%rop%ire1 & are p]haps m di/+ui%$ = e>ly maturity ?an any o!r bre$4 ,! ,suffolk is d]iv$ f ! old horn$ ,norfolk ewe mat$ ) ! ,s\?d[n1 & 0 fir/ grant$ its "n 9 #ahei4 ,! ,ryel& is a small1 hornless1 :ite-fac$ bre$ :i* has be5 9 ,h]e=d%ire = c5turies1 b ( late ye>s has dw9dl$ 9 numb]s be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,%rop%ire4 ,! ,som]set & ,dorset ,horn$ is ano!r old bre$1 pres]v$ 9 a pure /ate1 mu* improv$ 9 mod]n times1 & v h>dy4 ,! ,clun ,=e/ bre$ ( ,we/ ,%rop%ire & ! adjac5t p>ts ( ,wales is a mixture ( ! ,ryel&1 ,%rop%ire1 & ,wel% bre$s4 #c4 ,! ,*eviot is f\nd on bo? sides ( ! hills ( t "n1 ?\gh ,nor?umb]l& is said to be its orig9al home1 & x 0 improv$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by cross+ ) ! ,l9coln4 ,! ,blackfac$ ,m\nta9 bre$ is f\nd *iefly 9 ,scotl&1 b ?rives on ! bleak graz+ l&s ( ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,! ,h]dwicks' home is ! hills ( ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel&1 :]e !y are h>dy en\gh to fatt5 on ! poor1 ?9 pa/ure4 ,! ,lonk is ! l>ge/ m\nta9 bre$1 belong+ to ! fells ( ,york%ire & ,lanca%ire4 ,! ,d>tmoors & ,exmoors almo/ c]ta9ly came f "o /ock1 ?\gh ! =m] are n[ ! l>g]1 & are ! few real survivors ( ! old =e/ or m\nta9 bre$s ( ,engl&4 ,! ,exmoor is horn$1 ! ,d>tmoor hornless4 ,! ,wel% ,m\nta9 is a small1 h>dy1 s(t-wooll$ bre$1 _! mutton hav+ ! be/ flav\r ( any %eep1 & _! wool mak+ ! fam\s ,wel% flannel4 ,! ,lime/one is little kn[n outside ! fells ( ,we/morel&4 ,,pigs ,our pigs may be r\ghly divid$ into :ite1 black1 & r$2 ! fir/ compris+ ! ,l>ge1 ,middle1 & ,small ,:ites1 =m]ly call$ ,york%ires2 ! second ! ,small ,black 7,suffolk or ,essex71 ! ,l>ge ,black only rec5tly recogniz$1 b app>5tly v anci5t1 & ! ,b]k%ire1 :i* (t5 has :ite m>ks on face1 legs1 or tail4 ,! r$ is ! ,tamwor?1 "o ( ! olde/ bre$s1 its sk9 be+ r$ ) d>k spots4 ,,footnotes3 #gcd ,y\att1 ,complete ,grazi] 7#aijj71 p4 #chh2 cf4 pp4 #ajd-e4 #gce ,y\att1 ,complete ,grazi] 7#aijj71 p4 #f4 #gcf ,see above4 #gcg ,rural ,economy ( ,we/ ( ,engl&1 i4 #bce cf4 above1 p4 #bce4 #gch ,see above4 #gci ii4 #abf2 ab\t #aggj4 #gdj ,y\att1 ,complete ,grazi]1 p4 #ah1 & see ',druid'1 ,saddle & ,sirlo94 #gda ,cf4 supra1 p4 #afg4 #gdb ,culley on ,live ,/ock 7#ahjg71 p4 #db4 #gdc ,see p4 #bcc4 #gdd ,mu* ( ^! acc\nts ( ,h]e=ds & ,devons is f ! au?or's articles 9 ! ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory4 #gde ,see above4 #gdf ,risdon1 ,survey 7#ahaj71 ,introd4 p4 viii4 #gdg ,rural ,economy ( ,we/ ( ,engl&1 i4 #bce4 ,risdon says ( ,devon%ire3 ',z to cattle1 no "p ( ! ,k+dom is bett] suppli$ ) bea/s ( all sorts1 :e!r = pr(it or pleasure1' ^? = pleasure be+ app>5tly wild ones kept 9 p>ks4--,*apple's ,review ( ,risdon's ,survey1 p4 #bc4 #gdh ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#a/ s]471 xi4 #fhj4 ,see also ibid4 xix4 #cfh1 & 7#bnd s]47 v4 #ajg2 xiv4 #ffc2 xx4 #fia4 #gdi ,hi/ory ( ,devon1 i4 #def4 #gej ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#crd s]471 i4 #ebg4 #gea ,see above4 #geb ,nor!rn ,t\r1 ii4 #abf4 #gec ,r4,a4,s4,e4 ,j\rnal 7#aheh71 p4 #db4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,av]age ,,prices ,,f #abei ,,to #agjjged ,,corn ,,p] ,,qu>t]4 ,,:eat4 ,,b>ley4 ,,oats4 #abei-adjj #es4 #aj-c_/d;d4 #ds4 #c-c_/d;d4 #bs4 #e-c_/d;d4 #adja-aedj #es4 #aa-c_/d;d4 #cs4 #h-c_/d;d4 #bs4 #b-a_/d;d4 #aeda-hb #acs4 #aj-a_/b;d4 #hs4 #e-c_/d;d4 #es4 #e-a_/b;d4 #aehc-agjj #cis4 #j-a_/b;d4 #bas4 #d;d4 #acs4 #aj;d4 ,,rye4 ,,beans4 #abei-adjj #ds4 #d-g_/h;d4 #ds4 #c-a_/b;d4 #adja-aedj #ds4 #g-c_/d;d4 #cs4 #i-a_/d;d4 #aeda-hb -- #is4 #a-a_/b;d4 #aehc-agjj -- #bbs4 #c-a_/d;d4 ,,live ,,/ock4 ,,ox54 ,,c[s4 ,,c>t ,,horses4#gee #abei-adjj #acs4 #a-a_/d;d4 #is4 #e;d4 #afs4 #d;d4 #adja-aedj mod]ate increase #ads4 unalt]$ #aeda-hb #ees4 #cbs4 great increase #aehc-agjj #ajjs4 #fjs4 #aehj-afdj #e to #aj #afdj-agjj #h to #ae ,,pigs ,,%eep4 ,,lambs4 7,,gr[n74 ,,bo>s4 #abei-adjj #as4 #b;d4 to #as4 #e;d4 #h;d4 #cs4 #ds4 #g;d4 #adja-aedj mod]ate increase #i;d4 unalt]$ #fs4 #aeda-hb #cs4 to #ds4 #f;d4 #bs4 to #cs4 #fs4 #h;d4 to #hs4 -- #aehc-agjj #ajs4 #g;d4 -- great increase ,,p\ltry ,,& ,,eggs4 ,,h5s4 ,,ducks4 ,,geese4 ,,eggs4 #abei-adjj #a-f_/h;d4 #b;d4 #c-e_/h;d4 #d-a_/b;d4 p] #abj #adja-aedj #b-a_/d;d4 #b-a_/d;d4 #d-c_/d;d4 #f-a_/b;d #aeda-hb #d-c_/d;d4 #d-c_/d;d4 #aj;d4 #g-a_/b;d4 #aehc-agjj #h;d4-#as4 #i-a_/d;d4 #bs4 #cs4 #c;d4 ,,wool4 ,,*eese4 ,,butt]4 ,p] lb4 #abei-adjj #c-e_/g;d4 #d-a_/b;d4 p] #g lb4 #d-c_/d;d4 p] #g lb4 #adja-aedj #c-e_/g;d4 #a_/b;d4 p] lb4 #a;d4 p] lb4 #aeda-hb #g-a_/b;d4 #a;d4 #c;d4 #aehc-agjb #i;d4-#as4 #c-a_/b;d4 #d-a_/b;d4 ,,hay4 ,,hops4 ,p] load4 ,p] cwt4 #abei-adjj #cs4 #h;d4 -- #adja-aedj unalt]$ #ads4 #j-a_/b;d4 #aeda-hb #is4 #f;d4 #bfs4 #h;d4 #aehc-agjb #bfs4 #d;d4 #hbs4 #i;d4 ,,lab\r4 ,reap+ ,reap+ ,lab\r] p] :eat oats ,m[+ day )\t p] acre4 p] acre4 p] acre4 food4 #abfa-acej #e-e_/h;d4 #d-g_/h;d4 #e-a_/d;d4 #b;d4 #acea-adjj #h-a_/b;d4 #h-a_/d;d4 #g;d4 #c;d4 #adja-aedj #i-c_/d;d4 #h-a_/d;d4 #h-a_/h;d4 #d;d4 #aeda-hb --#gef -- -- #f-a_/b;d4 #aehc-afdj -- -- #as4 #g;d4 #h-a_/b;d4 #afdj-agjj -- -- #as4 #h;d4 #aj;d4 ,,price ,,( ,,l& ,,p] ,,acre4 ,to ,r5t4 ,to ,buy4 ,arable4 ,grass4 #abfa-acej #d;d4-#f;d4 #as4-#bs4 #ab ye>s' pur*ase #acea-adjj #f;d4 #bs4 #adja-aedj #f;d4 #bs4 #ae-bj ye>s #aeda-hb slight increase unalt]$ #aehc-afdj great increase #bj ye>s #afda-agjj #es4 #hs4 #aggj #ajs4 #cj ye>s ,,footnotes3 #ged ,summ>iz$ f ,?orold ,rog]s' prices 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,agriculture & ,prices1 ) "s alt]ations4 #gee ,affri1 #acs4 #e;d4 c>t horses1 #ais4 #d;d4 ,a good saddle horse ab\t #acjj 0 wor? #e4 ,by #aehj x 0 wor? #aj to #ae1 by #agjj #bj to #be4 #gef ,a decid$ increase1 b prices fluctuate s mu* t x is h>d to /rike an av]age4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,table ,,%[+ ,,exports ,,& ,,imports ,,( ,,:eat ,,& ,,fl\r ,,f ,,& ,,into ,,engl&1 ,,unimportant ,,ye>s ,,omitt$ ,exports4 ,imports4 ,qu>t]s4 ,qu>t]s4 ,engl&4 #afig #ad1fii #djj #agjc #aff1fae #ej #agag #bb1ied none #agbh #c1hag #gd1egd #agcc #dbg1aii #g #agej #idg1fjb #bgi ,great ,brita94 #ageg #aa1ede #ada1efb #ageh #i1bcd #bj1cec #agfa #dda1ief none #agfg #e1jga #dig1ije #aggj #ge1ddi #cd #agge #ia1jcg #efj1ihh #aggf #baj1ffd #bj1egh #aghj #bbd1jei #c1iae #aghf #bje1dff #ea1dfc #aghg #abj1ecf #ei1cci #aghi #adj1jad #aab1fef #agia #gj1fbf #dfi1jef #agif #bd1fgi #hgi1bjj #ahja #bh1djf #a1dbd1gfe #ahjh #ih1jje #hd1hhi #ahaj #ge1ghe #a1efg1abf #ahae #bbg1idg #chd1dge #ahbe #ch1gif #ghg1fjf #ahcg #cjh1dbj #a1aji1dib #ahci #db1eab #c1aaj1gbi #ahdb #fh1jdg #c1aaa1bij ,! above figures are tak5 f ,mc,culloch's ,comm]cial ,diction>y1 #ahdg1 p4 #dch1 & agree r\ghly ) ^? giv5 by ,mc,pherson1 ,annals ( ,comm]ce1 iii4 #fgd1 & iv4 #baf & #ecb4 ,aft] #ahdb1 exports play$ a v small "p1 & imports cont9u$ to increase2 9 #ahdg1 #d1fab1aaj qu>t]s ( :eat & fl\r came 92 & ! foll[+ figures %[ _! gr[? 9 rec5t times3-- ,,av]age ,,( ,,annual ,,imports ,,( ,,:eat ,,& ,,fl\r ,,9 ,,cwts4 #ahfa-e #cd1fea1edi #ahff-gj #cg1bgc1fgh #ahga-e #ej1die1abg #ahgf-hj #fc1cji1hgd #ahha-e #gg1bhe1hha #ahhf-ij #gg1gid1chj #ahia-e #if1ehb1hfc #ahif-aijj #ie1ief1cgf #aija-e #aaa1fch1hag ,) reg>d to ! exports & imports ( all k9ds ( corn1 l>ge quantities 7 export$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 #agcc1 #hjj1jjj qu>t]s 7 s5t to ,france1 ,portugal1 ,spa91 & ,italy1#geg & exports rea*$ _! maximum 9 #agej ) #a1ffg1ggh qu>t]s1 b by #agfj _h decreas$ to #fjj1jjj1 & aft] t fell consid]ably2 9 #agga1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ ye> ( ! corn regi/]1 !y only am\nt$ to #ha1ffe qu>t]s1 :]eas imports 7 #bjc1abb4 ,! figures ( ! imports 7 swoll5 by ! l>ge quantities ( oats :i* came into ,engl& at ?is "t4 ,! foll[+ ye>s are typical ( ! fluctuations 9 ! trade3-- ,exports4 ,imports4 #aggd #dg1ifa #hjc1hdd #aggf #cgf1bdi #ddd1aba #aghj #djj1djh #bai1jic #aghb #bgh1iee #acc1ffc #aghc #ajd1bgd #heb1chi #aghd-h l>ge excess ( imports1 ma9ly oats #aghi #feb1gfd #dgh1dbf ! la/ ye> :5 exports ( all k9ds ( corn exce$$ imports4#geh ,to sum up1 accord+ to ^! figures1 ,engl&'s exports ( :eat regul>ly exce$$ h] imports f #afig until #ageg1 ) ! exception ( ! ye>s #agbh-i2 !n !y fluctuat$ till #aghi1 ! la/ ye> 9 :i* exports ( :eat exce$$ imports1 & z ! same ye> is ! la/ "t :5 our exports ( all k9ds ( corn exce$$ our imports1 ,engl& at t date ceas$ to be an export+ c\ntry4#gei ,,footnotes3 #geg ,mc,pherson1 ,annals ( ,comm]ce1 iii4 #aih4 #geh ,ibid4 iii4 #fgd2 iv4 #baf1 #ecb4 #gei ,! excess ( exports ( :eat 9 #ahjh 0 accid5tally due to ! requirem5ts ( ! army 9 ,spa94 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,av]age ,,prices ,,p] ,,imp]ial ,,qu>t] ,,( ,,briti% ,,corn ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales1 ,,9 ,,ea* ,,ye> ,,f #agga ,,to #aijg ,,inclusive1 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,returns ,,( ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,agriculture ,,ye>s4 ,,:eat4 ,,b>ley4 ,,oats4 s4 d4 s4 d4 s4 d4 #agga #dh #g #bf #e #ag #b #aggb #eb #c #bf #a #af #h #aggc #eb #g #bi #b #ag #h #aggd #ed #c #bi #d #ah #d #agge #di #aj #bf #i #ag #j #aggf #ci #d #bj #i #ae #e #aggg #df #aa #ba #a #af #a #aggh #dc #c #bc #d #ae #g #aggi #cd #h #bj #a #ad #e #aghj #cf #i #ag #f #ac #b #agha #df #j #ag #h #ad #a #aghb #di #c #bc #b #ae #g #aghc #ed #c #ca #c #bj #e #aghd #ej #d #bh #h #ah #aj #aghe #dc #a #bd #i #ag #h #aghf #dj #j #be #a #ah #f #aghg #db #e #bc #d #ag #b #aghh #df #d #bb #h #af #a #aghi #eb #i #bc #f #af #f #agij #ed #i #bf #c #ai #e #agia #dh #g #bf #aj #ah #a #agib #dc #j #bg #g #af #i #agic #di #c #ca #a #bj #f #agid #eb #c #ca #i #ba #c #agie #ge #b #cg #e #bd #e #agif #gh #g #ce #d #ba #aj #agig #ec #i #bg #b #af #c #agih #ea #aj #bi #j #ai #e #agii #fi #j #cf #b #bg #f #ahjj #aac #aj #ei #aj #ci #d #ahja #aai #f #fh #f #cg #j #ahjb #fi #aj #cc #d #bj #d #ahjc #eh #aj #be #d #ba #f #ahjd #fb #c #ca #j #bd #c #ahje #hi #i #dd #f #bh #d #ahjf #gi #a #ch #h #bg #g #ahjg #ge #d #ci #d #bh #d #ahjh #ha #d #dc #e #cc #d #ahji #ig #d #dg #j #ca #e #ahaj #ajf #e #dh #a #bh #g #ahaa #ie #c #db #c #bg #g #ahab #abf #f #ff #i #dd #f #ahac #aji #i #eh #f #ch #f #ahad #gd #d #cg #d #be #h #ahae #fe #g #cj #c #bc #g #ahaf #gh #f #cc #aa #bg #b #ahag #if #aa #di #d #cb #e #ahah #hf #c #ec #aj #cb #e #ahai #gd #f #de #i #bh #b #ahbj #fg #aj #cc #aj #bd #b #ahba #ef #a #bf #j #ai #f #ahbb #dd #g #ba #aj #ah #a #ahbc #ec #d #ca #f #bb #aa #ahbd #fc #aa #cf #d #bd #aj #ahbe #fh #f #dj #j #be #h #ahbf #eh #h #cd #d #bf #h #ahbg #eh #f #cg #g #bh #b #ahbh #fj #e #cb #aj #bb #f #ahbi #ff #c #cb #f #bb #i #ahcj #fd #c #cb #g #bd #e #ahca #ff #d #ch #j #be #d #ahcb #eh #h #cc #a #bj #e #ahcc #eb #aa #bg #f #ah #e #ahcd #df #b #bi #j #bj #aa #ahce #ci #d #bi #aa #bb #j #ahcf #dh #f #cb #aj #bc #a #ahcg #ee #aj #cj #d #bc #a #ahch #fd #g #ca #e #bb #e #ahci #gj #h #ci #f #be #aa #ahdj #ff #d #cf #e #be #h #ahda #fd #d #cb #aj #bb #e #ahdb #eg #c #bg #f #ai #c #ahdc #ej #a #bi #f #ah #d #ahdd #ea #c #cc #h #bj #g #ahde #ej #aj #ca #h #bb #f #ahdf #ed #h #cb #h #bc #h #ahdg #fi #i #dd #b #bh #h #ahdh #ej #f #ca #f #bj #f #ahdi #dd #c #bg #i #ag #f #ahej #dj #c #bc #e #af #e #ahea #ch #f #bd #i #ah #g #aheb #dj #i #bh #f #ai #a #ahec #ec #c #cc #b #ba #j #ahed #gb #e #cf #j #bg #aa #ahee #gd #h #cd #i #bg #e #ahef #fi #b #da #a #be #b #aheg #ef #d #db #a #be #j #aheh #dd #b #cd #h #bd #f #ahei #dc #i #cc #f #bc #b #ahfj #ec #c #cf #g #bd #e #ahfa #ee #d #cf #a #bc #i #ahfb #ee #e #ce #a #bb #g #ahfc #dd #i #cc #aa #ba #b #ahfd #dj #b #bi #aa #bj #a #ahfe #da #aj #bi #i #ba #aj #ahff #di #aa #cg #e #bd #g #ahfg #fd #e #dj #j #bf #j #ahfh #fc #i #dc #j #bh #a #ahfi #dh #b #ci #e #bf #j #ahgj #df #aa #cd #g #bb #aj #ahga #ef #h #cf #b #be #b #ahgb #eg #j #cg #d #bc #b #ahgc #eh #h #dj #e #be #e #ahgd #ee #i #dd #aa #bh #aj #ahge #de #b #ch #e #bh #h #ahgf #df #b #ce #b #bf #c #ahgg #ef #i #ci #h #be #aa #ahgh #df #e #dj #b #bd #d #ahgi #dc #aj #cd #j #ba #i #ahhj #dd #d #cc #a #bc #a #ahha #de #d #ca #aa #ba #i #ahhb #de #a #ca #b #ba #aj #ahhc #da #g #ca #aj #ba #e #ahhd #ce #h #cj #h #bj #c #ahhe #cb #aj #cj #a #bj #g #ahhf #ca #j #bf #g #ai #j #ahhg #cb #f #be #d #af #c #ahhh #ca #aj #bg #aj #af #i #ahhi #bi #i #be #aj #ag #i #ahij #ca #aa #bh #h #ah #g #ahia #cg #j #bh #b #bj #j #ahib #cj #c #bf #b #ai #aj #ahic #bf #d #be #g #ah #i #ahid #bb #aj #bd #f #ag #a #ahie #bc #a #ba #aa #ad #f #ahif #bf #b #bb #aa #ad #i #ahig #cj #b #bc #f #af #aa #ahih #cd #j #bg #b #ah #e #ahii #be #h #be #g #ag #j #aijj #bf #aa #bd #aa #ag #g #aija #bf #i #be #b #ah #e #aijb #bh #a #be #h #bj #b #aijc #bf #i #bb #h #ag #b #aijd #bh #d #bb #d #af #d #aije #bi #h #bd #d #ag #d #aijf #bh #c #bd #b #ah #d #aijg #cj #g #be #a #ah #aj ,,app5dix ,,iv ,,miscellane\s ,,in=mation ,gregory ,k+1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 e/imat$ ! acreage ( ,engl& & ,wales at #ci1jjj1jjj--n at all a bad e/imate1 ! area1 exclud+ wat]1 accord+ to ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture ,returns ( #aijg1 be+ #cg1acj1cdd4 ,! diff]5t e/imates by ,grew1 ,templeman1 ,petty1 ,"y1 ,halley1 ,middleton1 & o!rs v>i$ betwe5 #ca1fdh1jjj & #df1iaf1jjj acres4 ,! la/1 t ( ,ar?ur ,"y1 0 actually adopt$ by ,pitt = 8 e/imate ( ! income-tax4#gfj 99 99 99 99 99 ,caird 9 #ahejgfa e/imat$ ! cultivat$ l&s ( ,engl& at #bg1jjj1jjj acres 79 #aijg !y 7 #bd1ehe1dee acres71 cultivat$ ?us3-- ,p]man5t grass #ac1ccc1jjj ,arable #ac1ffg1jjj ! latt] be+ divid$ z foll[s3-- ,acres4 ,bu%els ,produce1 p] acre4 qu>t]s4 ,:eat #c1daf1gej #bg #aa1eca1eca ,b>ley #a1daf1gej #ch #f1gbi1efb ,oats & rye #b1jjj1jjj #dd #aa1jjj1jjj ,clov] & se$s #b1bgg1gej ,beans & peas #a1aci1jjj #cj #d1bga1bej ,turnips1 m>igolds1 potatoes #b1aaf1gej ,rape & fall[ #a1cjj1jjj ,dav5ant1 at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 made ! foll[+ e/imate %[+ ! importance ( wool 9 ,engli% trade#gfb3-- ,annual income ( ,engl& #dc1jjj1jjj ,ye>ly r5t ( l& #aj1jjj1jjj ,value ( wool %orn ye>ly #b1jjj1jjj wooll5 manufactures #aj1jjj1jjj ,?us ! r5ts ( l& =m$ ne>ly "o-f\r? ! total income ( ! c\ntry1 & wool paid "o-fif? ( ! r5ts4#gfc ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury a great quantity ( wool 0 smuggl$ out ( ,engl& 9 defiance ( ! law2 9 ! space ( f\r mon?s 9 #aged1 #d1jjj tods 0 'run' into ,b\logne4#gfd ,,=eign ,,& ,,colonial ,,wool ,,import$ ,,into ,,engl&4#gfe lb4 #agff #a1ibf1jjj #agga #a1hbi1jjj #aghj #cbc1jjj #agij #b1ehb1jjj #ahjj #h1fji1jjj #ahaj #aj1iad1jjj #ahbj #i1gge1jjj #ahcj #cb1cje1jjj #ahdj #di1dcf1jjj #ahej #gd1cbf1jjj #ahee #ii1cjj1jjj #aheg #abg1cij1jjj ,,prices ,,( ,,lab\r ,,9 ,,surrey ,,9 #aghj4gff s4 d4 ,day lab\r]1 p] day1 9 w9t] #a #d 9 summ] #a #f ,reap+ :eat1 p] acre #g #j & accord+ to ! crop up to #ab #j ,m[+ b>ley1 p] acre #b #f oats1 #as4 #f;d4 to #b #j grass #b #f ,h&-hoe+ turnips1 p] acre1 fir/ "t #f #j second "t #d #j ,?at*+ hayricks1 p] squ>e ( #ajj ft4 #a #j ,wa%+ & %e>+ %eep1 p] score #c #j ,pl\gh+ light l&1 p] acre #e #j /iff #gs4 to #aj #j ,common hurdles1 ea* #e ,,occupi]s ,,( ,,l&4 ,9 #ahaf !re 7 said to be #ehi1cgd occupi]s ( l& 9 ,great ,brita9#gfg-- ,) incomes "u #ej #aad1ggh ,betwe5 #ej & #aej #dcb1ecd ,ov] #aej #db1jfb ------- #ehi1cgd ,9 #aijg !re 7 #eaj1ied occupi]s ( "o acre & m4 ,,mulhall',s ,,calculation ,,( ,,av]age ,,annual ,,wages ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,bailiff4 ,%eph]d4 ,lab\r]4 ,woman4 ,boy4 #ahjj #bj #af #ab #h #f #ahej #dj #be #bj #aj #h #ahhj #eb #cf #cj #ae #aj ,! av]age annual co/ ( liv+ ( an agricultural family ( five 0 9 #ahbc #ca1 9 #ahhc1 #cg4 ,,comp>ative ,,/atem5t ,,by ,a4 ,,"y ,,( ,,prices ,,& ,,wages ,,9 ,,engl& ,,f #abjj ,,to #ahaj ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,repres5t+ ,,facts ,,9 #ahaj ,,by ,,! ,,numb] #bj1 ,,& ,,! ,,facts ,,( ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,p]iods ,,by ,,! ,,proportion ,,borne ,,by ,,!m ,,to ,,t ,,numb]4 ,lab\r]'s ,p]iods4 ,:eat4 ,meat4 ,wool4 ,wages4 ,horses4 #abjj-ii #e-a_/b 444 #c-a_/b 444 #acjj-ii #f-a_/d 444 #d-c_/d 444 #adjj-ii #c 444 #e-a_/b 444 #aejj-ii #f 444 #e-a_/b 444 #afjj-ii #i-a_/d 444 #h 444 #agjj-ff #g-c_/d #g-a_/b #ab #aj #ae-c_/d #agfg-hi #aa #aa-a_/b #ae-a_/c #ab-a_/b #ag-a_/d #agij-ahjc #ac #af-a_/b #af-a_/f #af-c_/d #ai-a_/b #ahjd-aj #bj #bj #bj #bj #bj ,?us :eat 9 #ahjd-aj _h ris5 #bcc p] c5t4 s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,,! ,,lab\r]',s ,,wages4 ,! foll[+ table1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,b>ton 9 #ahag1gfh %[s ! depreciation ( ! lab\r]'s wages 9 pur*as+ p[] betwe5 #agdb & #ahjh3-- ,weekly ,price ( ,wages 9 ,p]iod4 pay4 :eat4 p9ts ( s4 d4 s4 d4 bread4 #agdb-eb #f #j #cj #j #ajb #agfa-gj #g #f #db #f #ij #aghj-ij #h #j #ea #b #hj #agie-i #i #j #gj #h #fe #ahjj-h #aa #j #hf #h #fj ,9 answ] to inquiries s5t by ! ,poor ,law ,commission]s 9 #ahcd to #ijj p>i%es 9 ,engl& ! av]age weekly wages ( lab\r]s 7-- 9 summ]1 s4 d4 9 #bed p>i%es1 ) be] or cid] #aj #d-c_/d #ebb )\t be] or cid] #aj #e-a_/b 9 w9t]1 9 #bjj ) be] or cid] #i #b-a_/d #edd )\t be] or cid] #i #aa-c_/d ,! annual av]age inclusive e>n+s ( ! lab\r] s4 d4 himself 7 /at$ at #bg #ag #aj & ( 8 wife & *ildr5 #ac #ai #aj ------------ #da #ag #h ,x w ?us be se5 t ! wife & *ildr5 provid$ a ?ird ( ! income4 ,! majority ( ! p>i%es said ! lab\r] c\ld ma9ta9 8 family on ^! wages4 ,"h is ! weekly budget ( a lab\r] ) an av]age family 9 #ahjj3--gfi ,cr4 s4 d4 ,wages #ae #j ,g>d5 #a #f ,extras #a #j ----- #ag #f ,dr4 s4 d4 ,r5t #a #g-a_/b ,bread #f #j ,bacon #b #f ,tea & sug> #a #c ,*eese #a #f ,butt] #a #f ,fuel #a #c ,c&les & soap #j #f ,clo!s #a #f ,s*ool+ #j #c ,sundries #j #f --------- #ah #d-a_/b ,!re is no fre% meat1 & x is h>d to say :]e any economy c\ld be practis$4 ,,contract ,,prices ,,( ,,but*]',s ,,meat ,,p] ,,cwt4 ,,at ,,gre5wi* ,,hospital1 #agcj-ahdb4ggj s4 d4 #agcj #a #e #h #agdj #a #h #j #agej #a #f #f #agfj #a #aa #f #aggj #a #h #f #aghj #a #ab #f #agij #a #af #aj #ahjj #d #d #ahaj #c #ab #j #ahae #c #h #j #ahbj #c #aj #d #ahbe #b #ai #f #ahcj #b #c #f #ahce #b #j #g #ahdj #b #ad #j #ahdb #b #ab #h ,,footnotes3 #gfj ,c4 ,wr5 ,hoskyns1 ,pamphlet on ,agricultural ,/ati/ics1 p4 #ai4 #gfa ,engli% ,agriculture 9 #ahej-a1 p4 #eba4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #cca4 #gfb ,smi?1 ,memoirs ( ,wool1 i4 #aeg4 #gfc ,9 #aijh ! r5tal ( agricultural l& 0 #c-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ! total income ( ! c\ntry4 ,see ,! ,times ,may #ac1 #aiji4 #gfd ,ibid4 ii4 #bfd4 #gfe ,cunn+ham1 ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 ii4 #fic4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #cbh4 #gff ,trusl]1 ,practical ,husb&ry1 p4 #aec4 #gfg ,f>m]'s ,magaz9e 7#ahag71 p4 #f4 ,/ati/ics at ?is date1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak5 ) caution4 ,!y 7 usually e/imates4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #ccd1 = hold+s 9 ,engl&4 #gfh ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahha71 xvi1 #cje4 #gfi ,p>liam5t>y ,reports1 ,commission]s 7#ahha71 xvi4 #caj4 #ggj ,mc,culloch1 ,comm]cial ,diction>y 7#aheb71 p4 #bga4 ,,index ,a ,abbot's ,ripton1 #gb4 ,ab]de5 ,angus cattle1 #bhh1 #cdc4 ,acc\nts1 keep+1 #bi1 #di4 ,accumulation ( e/ates1 #abc4 ,acre1 #b2 t5antry1 #bec4 ,advantages ( l>ge f>ms1 #bjb4 ,aff]1 !1 #ce4 ,agricultural ,hold+s ,acts1 #bhc1 #bif1 #bii-cjc4 ,agricultural revolution1 !1 ( eighte5? c5tury1 #afb4 ,agriculture1 /ate (1 #bh1 #ch1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aae1 #abc1 #acb1 #afj1 #afb1 #aib1 #bjd1 #baa1 #bba1 #bbi1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bej1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bgd1 #bhg1 #cje2 sev5te5?-c5tury writ]s on1 #abg2 /ate (1 9 eighte5? c5tury1 #afb1 #aib1 #bba1 #bbi2 n9ete5?1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bfb-gj1 #bga1 #bhg4 ,ait*ison1 #bcg4 ,ak]manni1 #ac4 ,ald]ney cattle1 #bcc4 ,ale1 #aj4 ,allotm5ts1 #aif1 #bcj1 #bec1 #been41 #cae-g4 ,all[ance sy/em1 #bcg4 ,all[ances1 p>i%1 #bch1 #bda1 #beg1 #bhd4 ,alma9e1 corn f1 #bj4 ,almonds1 #ic1 #acf4 ,amalgamation ( f>ms1 #bi1 #df1 #dg1 #ie1 #aai1 #abj1 #afb1 #bjb1 #beh1 #cag4 ,am]ica1 gold discov]ies 91 #bhg2 imports f1 #bfb1 #bic1 #cbc-d4 ,anca/]1 ,e>l (1 e/ate (1 #cba4 ,&ov]1 #ci4 ,anti-,corn ,law ,league1 #bhj4 ,apples1 #ae1 #fe1 #ic1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #ace-f1 #adc1 #aga1 #ahf-i1 #cbi1 #ccb4 7,see ,prices47 ,appr5tices1 #ajh4 ,apricots1 #ic1 #acf4 ,arable di/rict ( ,engl& 7#ahic71 #cjfn4 ,arable fields1 #a1 #b1 #d1 #af1 #gc4 ,arable l&1 #ef1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aie2 am\nt (1 9 #afhh1 #aee2 decrease (1 #ei2 ext5t (1 9 ,domesday1 #ai2 9 #aggj1 #aii2 9 #ahej1 #cec2 9 #ahgg & #aijg1 #ccb2 prepond]ance (1 #be1 #cj2 produce (1 9 #afhh1 #aee2 suff]s m ?an grass1 #bdh1 #bff1 #bha1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #cjf2 value (1 #ai1 #dj1 #eh1 #aae-g1 #aci4 ,ar*1 ,joseph1 #bij-b4 ,ardley1 ,inquisition (1 #i4 ,arg5t9a1 imports f1 #cbd4 ,arley1 ,upp]1 w9e made at1 #ade4 ,artificial grasses1 see ,clov]1 improve commons1 #aff4 ,a% timb]1 value (1 #acg4 ,assize ( be]1 #ac1 #adn4 ,association1 ,briti%1 #ccf4 ,av]age crops ( corn 7#aggj71 #aig4 7,see "u ,:eat1 ,oats1 ,b>ley1 c47 ,av]age size ( f>ms 9 #agfh1 #bjb4 ,av]agium1 #aj4 ,au/ralia1 gold discov]ies 91 #bhg2 imports f1 #cbd2 %eep introduc$ into1 #cbh2 wool f1 #cbh4 ,axholme1 #abc1 #bfj1 #caa1 #cah4 ,ayr%ires1 #cci1 #cdc4 ,b ,bacon1 ,"l1 #cbb1 ,bacon1 '! necess>y meate' ( ! lab\r]1 #ajb1 #adj2 price (1 see ,prices4 ,badg]1 a corn deal]1 #acd4 ,bailiff1 #ab1 #bi1 #di1 #ea1 #fa1 #ga1 #ajc1 #aji1 #aaj1 #acg1 #aci1 #cee4 ,bakewell1 #adf1 #afc-g1 #bad-g1 #bbf1 #bcc1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,balance %eet1 e/ate1 #cjg2 f>m1 9 #ahje1 #bdg2 9 #ahhh1 #cji4 ,balks1 #c4 ,ball1 ,john1 #fj4 ,banbury *eese1 #agc4 ,bank ,re/riction ,act1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bfc4 ,b>k+ ,nunn]y1 v9ey>d at1 #add4 ,b>ley1 #bj1 #cc1 #cf1 #fe1 #ia1 #abd1 #ace1 #adb1 #aee1 #ahb1 #bbg1 #cca-b1 #cec2 co/ (1 p] acre1 #aih2 produce1 p] acre1 #afen41 #aig-h2 pr(it on1 #agi1 #ahj4 7,see ,prices47 ,b>ns1 size (1 #ea4 ,b>r5 ye>s at end ( sev5te5? c5tury1 #aae1 #aeg4 ,basic slag1 #cjd4 ,bass+?orpe1 #ajc4 ,bates1 ,?omas1 #bgd1 #cch4 ,ba?1 w9e made at1 #ade4 ,beale1 ,john1 #abh1 #acj4 ,beans1 #ag1 #cc1 #di1 #abd1 #aee1 #ahg1 #bja1 #bfb1 #cca-b1 #cec2 co/ ( gr[+1 #aii2 pr(it on1 #ahj4 7,see ,prices47 ,b$=d1 ,duke (1 #bbe1 #cah1 #cba4 ,b$=d%ire1 #c1 #ah1 #gi1 #abj1 #abc1 #bch1 #cjf4 ,beef1 price (1 see ,prices4 ,be]1 #cf1 #cbi4 ,belgium1 live /ock 91 #ccd2 :eat crops 91 #ccbn4 ,belvoir e/ate1 #aae1 #bhf4 ,b]keley e/ates1 #c1 #bgn41 #cen41 #dh1 #ef1 #fd1 #gd1 #ge4 ,b]k%ire1 #ajd1 #age1 #bcg1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #cjfn4 ,b]k%ire ,knotts1 #cde2 pigs1 #cdf4 ,b]l9 decrees1 #bdb4 ,be/1 ,h5ry1 acc\nts (1 #ach-dj4 ,bide=d1 #bfb4 ,biggleswade1 #cah4 ,birds eat+ fruit1 #abi4 ,black ,dea?1 #bg1 #da-c1 #ei1 #ge4 ,black ,ye>1 !1 #bid4 ,blight1 ,hop1 #aej4 ,bly?1 #aac1 #abg1 #acg1 #aeb4 ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 #aib1 #aic1 #bad1 #bbi-cc1 #bee2 7,gov]nm5t71 #bij4 ,bones = manure1 #aed-e1 #bgc1 #bge-f1 #bii4 ,boo?1 ,?omas1 #ccg-h4 ,bord>ii1 #h1 #aa4 ,bo/on1 #cjh1 #cah1 #cbg4 ,boys' wages1 #bjf4 ,bradley1 #aeb1 #afg1 #afh-i1 #agj1 #aga1 #aha1 #ccf4 ,brampton1 #bce4 ,bread1 diff]5t k9ds (1 #ed1 #ajb1 #bjf-g1 #bcj2 rye1 #aja1 #acd1 #bjf2 :eat51 a luxury1 #aja2 common1 #bjg1 #bdj2 made ( turnips1 #aeg2 price ( 7see ,prices74 ,bre$+ ( /ock1 #cg1 #adf1 #afg1 #bae-g1 #bef1 #bgc4 ,br5t=d1 #aeg4 ,bridport1 #bfb4 ,bright1 ,john1 #bhj4 ,buck+ham%ire1 #gh1 #adf1 #agb1 #bia1 #cjfn4 ,buck:eat1 #ccb4 ,budget1 lab\r]'s weekly1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #cef4 ,build+s1 f>m1 & repairs1 #ea1 #bgb1 #bgi1 #bhb1 #bii1 #cjb1 #cjg1 #caj4 ,bull1 description ( a 7#agbf71 #afg4 ,bur=d1 riot at1 #ahe4 ,buri1 #h1 #aa4 ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 #aaj1 #adg4 ,butt]1 #cc1 #fcn41 #ff1 #aad1 #ach1 #adj1 #afa1 #agd1 #bje1 #bjfn41 #bda1 #bdg 7see ,prices71 #cjd1 #cje1 #cac1 #cbe2 exports (1 #cbf-g4 ,by-indu/ries ( peasant1 #aaj1 #bci1 #bej1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bfi1 #cag4 ,c ,cabbages1 #aab1 #adc1 #ahg1 #aia1 #aid1 #bjj1 #bja1 #cca4 ,cadav]atores1 #ac4 ,caird1 ,sir ,james1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #caj1 #cad1 #cain4 ,cake1 #bif1 #cjj1 #cje1 #cad4 ,cal/ock1 #cah4 ,calves1 kill+ (1 =bidd51 #hf2 re>+1 #abe4 ,cambridge%ire1 #gi1 #aea1 #afg1 #bbb1 #bfb1 #cjfn41 #cah4 ,camd51 #agc1 #cce4 ,canada1 imports f1 #cbc-d4 ,cant]bury1 hops f1 #aga4 ,capital ( f>m]s1 #aig1 #bjc-d4 ,c>r+ton1 ,"l1 #bca4 ,c>rots1 #aab1 #abh1 #adc1 #afg1 #aia1 #aid1 #cca4 #ccb4 ,c>t]1 wages (1 #aaj4 ,c>t-horses1 price (1 #ce1 #aad4 ,c>ts1 #aec4 ,cattle1 ,*ill+ham1 #ccf2 diseases1 #he2 export (1 #cbf1 #ccj2 improvem5t 91 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch 7see ,cattle1 size (72 numb] (1 9 #ahfg & #ahgh1 #bhh2 9 #aijg1 #ccc-d2 orig9al bre$ (1 #ccf2 price (1 see ,prices2 size (1 #cg1 #ajd1 #adf1 #afi1 #bhh1 #ccf1 #cdb2 sep>ation (1 = summ] pa/ure1 #abd2 sorts ( 7#agbf71 #afg 7see "u ,v>i\s bre$s72 ab\t #ahjj1 #bce2 9 #ahci1 #bgd2 9 #ahib1 #bgd1 #ccf2 "t to buy1 #abe4 7,see ,bakewell1 ,coll+s1 ,exports1 & ,imports47 ,cattle plagues1 ( eighte5? c5tury1 #agb1 #ahe-f1 #bij2 ( n9ete5? c5tury1 #bhi-ij1 #bid4 ,caulifl[]s1 #adc4 ,causes ( high prices at end ( eighte5? c5tury1 #bdj4 ,cel]y1 #cah4 ,*amb]layne1 #bei4 ,*$d> *eese1 #agc4 ,*eese1 #cc1 #fcn41 #ff1 #afa1 #agc1 #agd1 #bjj1 #bjfn41 #bgf1 #cje1 #cac1 #cbe4 7,see ,prices1 ,exports1 & ,imports47 ,*elms=d1 #aaj1 #aga1 #cjg4 ,*emi/ry1 agricultural1 #bcb1 #bdc1 #bge4 ,*]ries1 #ae1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #acf1 #adc1 #aga1 #cbi1 #ccb4 ,*e%ire1 #c1 #aaj1 #afg1 #agc1 #bbd1 #bgf1 #bie1 #cjf4 ,*e/nuts1 #acf4 ,*eviots1 #cdd1 #cdf1 ,*ild1 ,josiah1 #aag4 ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,cant]bury1 #db4 ,cid]1 #cg1 #acj1 #aca1 #ace-f1 #adi1 #ahg-i1 #bjg1 #bfi4 ,ci/]cians1 good f>m]s1 #bi1 #cbg4 ,civil ,w>1 *ecks improvem5t1 #aac2 family settlem5ts aft]1 #abc4 ,cl>et made 9 ,ox=d%ire1 #ade4 ,cl>ke1 #bcf4 ,close p>i%es1 #aeh1 #bhd4 ,clo? made 9 ,engl&1 #fi1 #gj4 ,clo!s1 "p ( wages1 #bh1 #aji2 ( lab\r]1 #ed1 #ga1 #aji1 #ahe1 #bjf-h1 #baa1 #caa2 ( f>m]1 #aje1 #bac4 ,clov]1 co/ ( gr[+1 #aih2 ext5t (1 #cca1 #ccc1 #cec2 introduc$1 #aaa1 #aab2 spread (1 #aae1 #ada-b1 #afd1 #aff1 #agh1 #agi1 #aia1 #aid2 se$1 price (1 #bbc2 s[n ) corn1 #aff4 ,clun ,=e/ %eep1 #cdd1 #cdf4 ,clydesdale horse1 #cce4 ,cobbett1 #ajg1 #bbf1 #bfe1 #bfh4 ,cobd51 ,ri*>d1 #bgin41 #bhj1 #bhen4 ,co9age1 depreciation (1 #dd1 #ei1 #hi4 ,coke ( ,holkham1 #afc1 #ahb1 #bbd-h1 #bge1 #cda4 ',coke's ,clipp+s'1 #bbg4 ,colese$1 #aae4 ,colib]ti1 #h4 ,coll+s1 !1 #adf1 #afc1 #afg1 #bcc-e1 #ccg4 ,combe1 #ec4 ',comet1' #bcd1 #bce4 ,commissions1 ,royal1 on ,agriculture1 c41 #bfj1 #bff1 #bhi1 #bid-f1 #cjj1 #cjc1 #cjd1 #cje1 #caa-ad1 #caf1 #cah1 #cbj1 #cbi4 ,committees1 ,p>liam5t>y1 #bef1 #beh1 #bfcn41 #bff1 #bfg4 ,common1 ,john1 #cjc4 ,common fields1 #bb1 #bf1 #gh1 #aab1 #aac1 #aah-i1 #abj1 #aid1 #bec1 #beh4 ,common l&1 #c1 #ade1 #adh2 evils (1 #adh1 #aid1 #bef1 #beg2 improvem5t (1 #aff4 ,common pa/ure1 see ,pa/ure & ,mead[s4 ,commons1 advantages (1 #afe2 ext5t (1 9 #agie1 #bca2 rights (1 lo/1 #bec4 ,communities & corporations contra/$1 #b4 ,commutation ( lab\r s]vices = money1 #bg1 #de4 ,comp5sation = improvem5ts1 #bif1 #bii-cjb4 ,competition1 =eign1 #bif1 #big1 #cab1 #cae1 #cai1 #cbc-cj4 ,consolidation ( f>ms1 see ,amalgamation4 ,contractors = lab\r1 #bji4 ,co-op]ation 9 agriculture1 #a4 ,copyhold]s1 #ei1 #aba-b4 ,corn laws1 #fc1 #fd1 #fi1 #gj1 #aei1 #afj1 #bdb1 #bdh1 #bej1 #bfe-f1 #bgg-hj4 ,cornwall1 #acf1 #ahf1 #bie1 #cji1 #cah4 ,co/ ( liv+ 7#aggc-ahjj71 #bda4 ,cot>ii1 #h1 #aa1 #be4 ,cotswold %eep1 #bcc1 #bge1 #cdc1 #cdd2 wool1 fam\s1 #agb4 ,cottages1 #eb1 #aag1 #aban41 #aci1 #aeh1 #aei1 #bjf1 #bji1 #bej1 #bed1 #bee1 #bfg-h1 #bhe1 #big1 #cjd1 #caan41 #cae-f4 ,c\rt ,rolls1 ( ,manyd[n1 #ac4 ,c[p]1 ,john1 #afe4 ,c[s1 decrease 9 numb] (1 #if2 increase1 #cbe2 let out by ! ye>1 #cd1 #eg1 #fe2 yield (1 #cc1 #fd4 7,see ,prices ( ,cattle47 ,craik improves drill1 #bjb4 ,crav51 migration f1 #dd4 ,crimean ,w>1 effect (1 #bggn41 #bhg4 ,crondall1 #bh4 ,cr[s' & magpies' ne/s to be de/roy$1 #ajj4 ,culley1 ,george1 #bag1 #bcd1 #ccg1 #cdd4 ,cultivat$ l&1 am\nt (1 9 #afhe1 #abj2 9 #ahfg1 #bhh4 ,cultivation1 ,walt] ( ,h5ley on1 #cb2 ( ,engl&1 9 #afhh1 #aee2 ! old & new ways (1 #agg1 #ahj1 #aid1 #bjj-b4 ,cultivation1 clauses1 #eg1 #agh1 #bah1 #bif1 #cjb1 #cbb4 ,cumb]l&1 #bch1 #bie1 #cji1 #caa1 #cdf4 ,currants1 #cca4 ,cu/om ( ! c\ntry1 #bii1 #cjjn41 #cjb 7see ,t5ant "r74 ,cuxham1 manor (1 #bd4 ,cyl9drical dra9 pipes1 #bgb4 ,d ,dairy1 !1 & dairy+1 #cc1 #ei1 #afh1 #agj1 #agc1 #aii-bjj1 #big1 #cjg1 #cjf1 #cac1 #cai1 #cbe1 #cdj-a4 7,see ,butt]1 ,*eese1 & ,milk47 ,damsons1 #ae1 #acf4 ,danegeld1 #f4 ,d>tmoor %eep1 #cdd1 #cdf4 ,dav5ant1 #aae1 #aag1 #abj1 #bfj1 #ced4 ,dav5try1 common fields at1 #aae1 #aag1 #abj1 #bfj1 #ced4 ,davy1 ,sir ,h41 #bcb1 #bgf2 ,t4,t41 #cdb4 ,deal]s1 legislation aga9/1 #hf1 #ic1 #acd2 compla9ts aga9/1 #bcg4 ,defoe1 ,daniel1 #aff1 #afh1 #afi1 #aga1 #agd1 #bbj1 #bei4 ,degge1 ,simon1 #abb4 ,demesne1 #g1 #ae1 #cj1 #de1 #ef1 #eh1 #fe1 #gd1 #ig1 #ii4 ,d5m>k1 imports f1 #bda1 #bfb1 #cbc-d2 live/ock 91 #ccd2 :eat crops 91 #ccbn4 ,depression1 agricultural1 #afc1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bbc1 #bbh1 #bdb1 #bdh1 #bfb-gj1 #bha1 #bib1 #bic-f1 #cje-ad4 ,d]by1 ,"l1 e/ate (1 #cbjn4 ,d]by%ire1 #dd1 #afg1 #cji1 #cdc4 ,devon cattle1 #afh1 #bag1 #bbe1 #bcc1 #bgd1 #bhh1 #ccf1 #cci1 #cdj-c4 7,see ,s\?ams47 ,devon %eep1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,devon%ire1 #cg1 #gc1 #ajg1 #aac1 #abh1 #acb1 #acf1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bfi1 #bgb1 #bie1 #cjf1 #cji1 #cch4 ,devon%ir+1 #ada4 ,d',ewes1 ,sir ,s41 quot$1 #aag1 #acc4 ,dext]s1 #cdc4 ,dibbl+ :eat1 #ace4 ,digg+ = :eat1 #ace4 ,diseases ( ,animals ,act 7#ahij71 #bij4 ,di%ley1 #bad-f4 ,di/ress1 law (1 #bif1 #cja2 p]iods (1 #db1 #fh 7see ,depression1 agricultural71 #bcg1 #bdb4 ,div9+ rod1 #bcb4 ,domesday1 #e1 #ad1 #af1 #ai1 #fj1 #gi1 #add4 ,donca/]1 roads ne>1 #bba4 ,dork+1 manor (1 #fe4 ,dorset1 #c1 #bfc1 #bhe1 #bia1 #cab1 #cah2 %eep1 #cdd1 #cdf4 ,dovecotes1 see ,pigeons4 ,dra9age1 #af1 #cb1 #aac1 #abh1 #abi1 #acg1 #aed1 #afc1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bac-d1 #bai1 #bcj1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bgi1 #bhb1 #bhh1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cje1 #cjg1 #caj4 ,drills1 #aac1 #aeb1 #age-g1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #bjj-b1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bga1 #bgd4 ,dr9k+ habits1 #bjg-h1 #bfi4 ,dry+ hops1 #aea4 ,du*esses1 !1 #bcd1 #bgd1 #cch4 ,duckham1 ,mr41 #cci4 ,ducks1 #agj 7see ,p\ltry74 ,dugdale1 #gg4 ,du-,hamel1 #bjb4 ,durham1 #aai1 #ccg4 ,durham ox1 #bcd1 #bce4 ,dut* bre$ ( cattle1 see ,%or?orns4 ,e ,eakr+1 common mead[s at1 #bb4 ,e>disley1 #e4 ,ea/ ,indies1 wool f1 #cbh4 ,ed51 acc\nt ( potatoes1 #ajf1 #bjg1 #bch1 #bef4 ,education ,acts1 #bib1 #big4 ,egypt1 imports f1 #cbc4 ,eighte5? c5tury1 g5]al *>act]i/ics (1 #afb4 ,electricity appli$ to vegetables1 #bcf4 ,elevator1 hay & /raw1 #cjd4 ,elk+ton ( ,pr9ce?orpe1 #bac-d1 #bcj1 #bga4 ,ellis1 ,*ilt]n & ,vale ,f>m+1 #ahj4 ,ellman1 ,john1 #bag1 #cde4 ,enclos]s prosecut$ 9 ,/> ,*amb]1 #abj4 ,enclosure1 #gd-hb1 #he1 #ib1 #if1 #ig1 #aai1 #agc1 #ahb1 #aid1 #bbh1 #beb-bfa2 agreem5t z to1 #ih2 acts (1 #aai1 #afc1 #aif1 #bca1 #bcc1 #beb1 #bec1 #beh2 am\nt (1 exagg]at$1 #aba2 diff]5t k9ds (1 #gc1 #aai1 #afe1 #aif2 eighte5? c5tury1 #afc1 #afe1 #agc1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #aid1 #aif1 #bec2 evils (1 #aid1 #aie1 #beb-c1 #bed-fa1 #caf2 exp5se (1 #aif1 #beb2 non-p>liam5t>y1#afe1 #bec2 a de$ (1 #ge2 a sign ( progress1 #gf1 #aad1 #aci1 #ade-h1 #bec2 legislation aga9/1 #gi1 #hj1 #abj2 *eck$1 #abj4 ,engl&1 appe>ance (1 9 fifte5? c5tury1 #gh2 9 ! sev5te5?1 #abj-a4 ,engli% invad]s1 #a4 ,entails1 b>r$1 #abb4 ,essex1 #fb1 #gh1 #ajf1 #abh1 #agc1 #aij1 #bbe1 #bhf1 #bie1 #cjf1 #cji1 #cai4 ,e/ates1 great1 accumulation (1 #abc2 advantages (1 #cbb2 (t5 a loss1 #cba4 ,evelyn1 ,john1 #abg1 #adi4 ,eve%am1 ,vale (1 #cah4 ,ewes1 milk+ (1 #cc1 #fd1 #bjj4 ,exhibition1 ,great1 #bhg1 #cjd4 ,exmoor %eep1 #cdd1 #cdf4 ,export+ c\ntry1 ,engl& ceases to be an1 #afa1 #afc4 ,exports ( butt] & *eese1 #cbf-g4 ,exports ( corn1 #fcn41 #fd1 #gj1 #aei-afa1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #bdb1 #bfg1 #cdh-i2 rea*es its maximum1 #ahf2 ( live/ock1 #cbe-f2 ( wool1 #ci1 #fi1 #agb1 #cbg4 ,ext5sive cultivation1 #b4 ,ext5t ( ! ,manor1 #aj4 ,eyton1 ,mr41 #cci4 ,f ,faggots1 price (1 #aad4 ,fairs = hops1 #aga2 horses1 #aje2 %eep1 #agbn42 wool1 #agbn4 ,fall[s1 utiliz$1 #aab1 #agg1 #aha1 #aia1 #aie2 9 #ahgg1 #aijg1 #cca2 9 #ahej1 #cec4 ,families employ$ on common & on enclos$ l&1 #aie4 ,f>m or feorm1 #e4 ,f>m]1 day's "w (1 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #acd2 discont5t (1 #abg-h1 #ahd2 f9ancial position (1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aef1 #afb1 #ahd1 #aie1 #bjd1 #bab-c1 #bdc1 #bdg1 #beg-h1 #bfd-e1 #bic1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #caj1 #cbj2 gr[+ m skilful1 #aja1 #acb4 ,f>m]'s ,lett]s1 ,"y's1 #aib4 ,f>mh\ses1 #ea1 #aja1 #aaf1 #aai1 #bac1 #bbf4 ,f>m+1 bad1 #bgc1 #bha2 improvem5t 91 #bh1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aae1 #acb1 #afj1 #afb1 #aib1 #bjd1 #baa1 #bba1 #bbi1 #bdd1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bga1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bha1 #bhh4 ,f>m+ cal5d>1 #ag1 #abd4 ,f>ms1 9 sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 #aaf-g2 size ( 7#agfh71 #bjb4 ,f>nham1 hops1 #aga4 ,fa%ion1 f>m+ becomes !1 #aib1 #aic4 ,fatt5+ ox51 #ca1 #eh1 #abe1 #acf-g1 #aff1 #bad1 #baf1 #bben41 #bce1 #bhh2 %eep1 #aab1 #aff1 #bben42 *ick5s1 #agj4 ',fav\rite'1 #bcd4 ,fe$+ pigs1 #af1 #abe4 ,f5ces1 legislation z to1 #d4 ,f5s1 !1 #gh1 #abc1 #agj1 #cah4 ,fev]%am1 fruit gr[+ ne>1 #abh1 #aga4 ,fifte5? c5tury1 "* (1 #fh4 ,figs1 #ae1 #ic1 #acf4 ,filb]ts1 #ic1 #acf4 ,fitzh]b]t1 #ca1 #fa1 #gf1 #gg1 #hc-e1 #aaa1 #acb1 #ace4 ,fixtures1 #cja4 ,fl&]s1 cattle1 #cch2 clov] f1 #aaa1 #aff2 hops f1 #hf1 #aej2 wool export$ to1 #ci1 #cbg2 %eep export$ to1 #cbf4 ,flax1 #ag1 #aje1 #ace1 #ada1 #aea-b1 #aia1 #bea1 #cca1 #ccb4 ,fleece1 weight (1 #cg1 #da1 #ajd1 #bjj1 #bae4 ,fleta1 quot$1 #ab1 #ac4 ,floor1 = hop-pick+1 #ia1 #aea4 ,fl\r1 exports & imports (1 #cdh-i4 ,fluctuations 9 price ( corn1 #ce1 #ff1 #hi1 #acc1 #adb1 #aeg1 #ahf1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bgg4 ,fold soke1 #i4 ,fold+ quality1 ( %eep1 #bec4 ,food1 lab\r]'s1 #i1 #be1 #cd1 #cg1 #ec1 #ed1 #fa1 #fb1 #ajb1 #aaj1 #acd1 #aci-dj1 #afd1 #bjj-h1 #baa1 #bdjn41 #bfh1 #bij-a1 #big1 #cjh1 #caa2 f>m]'s1 #aja1 #abh1 #bac1 #bdjn41 #bdf1 #cjh4 ,foot-&-m\? disease1 see ,cattle ,plagues4 ,foot-rot1 #bid4 ,=eman1 requirem5ts (1 #aci4 ,=ncett1 manor (1 #be1 #de1 #df4 ,f\nta9s ,abbey1 #ha4 ,f\r-c\rse rotation1 #ahc4 ,f\r-field sy/em1 #ii4 ,f\rte5? c5tury1 *>act]i/ics (1 #ch4 ,f[l]1 ,john1 #cjd4 ,fox1 !1 #adj1 #bdd4 ,france1 exports to1 #cdi2 imports f1 #bdc1 #cbc2 live/ock 91 #ccd2 small hold]s (1 #bjb-c2 :eat crops 91 #ccb4 ,freehold]s1 see also ,yeoman1 #aai1 #aba-b4 ,freem51 #g4 ,free t5ants1 #bd1 #bi1 #de4 ,free trade1 #afa1 #bgg-ha1 #cbc2 effect (1 #bha1 #bhd1 #bhh1 #bic1 #bif4 ,fr5* ,w>1 great1 see ,w>s4 ,fruit1 #ae1 #ic1 #abh1 #adc2 imports ( #cje4 ,fruit-gr[+ 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #abi-aca1 #acb1 #acf2 9 eighte5? c5tury1 #aga1 #ahf-i2 9 n9ete5? c5tury1 #cai1 #cbi1 #ccj4 ,furlongs1 #c1 #aah4 ,furniture ( manor h\se1 #eb2 lab\r]'s home1 #eb4 ,g ,gafol1 #i1 #aj4 ,gall[ay cattle1 #afi1 #cdc4 ,game1 damage by1 #cjb4 ,game law1 ! fir/1 #ee4 ,gang sy/em1 #bib4 ,geese1 #cd1 #agj4 7,see ,p\ltry47 ,g5try1 at ! ,revolution1 #aef2 e/ates ( "u ,walpole1 #ahc2 /atus ( #ej1 #ig2 supplant$1 #abb1 #abh1 #acg1 #adj1 #aef1 #ahd1 #baa1 #cab1 #caj4 7,see ,l&lords & ,squire74 ,g]>d1 #ajf1 #aaa4 ',g]efa1 !'1 #ae4 ,g]many1 exports to1 #fc2 imports f1 #bj1 #ff1 #fi1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bfb1 #cbc-d1 #cbh2 live/ock 91 #ccd2 :eat crops 91 #ccbn4 ,gilb]t1 #bge4 ,gilb]t's ,act1 #bcg4 ,gilbey1 ,sir ,w41#cce4 ,glamorgan%ire1 v9ey>ds 91 #ade4 ,gla/onbury ,abbey1 #ac4 ,glean+1 #acc4 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 #ai1 #gh1 #abh1 #acf1 #adc1 #add1 #agc1 #bjg1 #bie1 #cdd4 ,gloves1 gifts (1 #fb4 ,gold premium1 #cje4 ,googe1 ,b>naby1 #add1 #agc4 ,gooseb]ries1 #cca4 ,graft+ 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #acj4 ,gra9 crops1 *ief s\rce ( "l's income1 #be4 ,grapes1 #acf1 #cbi 7see ,v9ey>ds74 ,grass1 acreage "u1 9 #ahgg & #aijg1 #cca-b2 9 #ahej1 #cec2 arable l& laid d[n to1 #ef1 #eh1 #ge1 #gi1 #ia1 #ic-d1 #aag-i1 #abj1 #aif1 #bai1 #bca1 #cje2 conv]t+1 to tillage1 #bca1 #bfc2 m pr(itable ?an arable1 #aii2 se$s1 #afe1 #aia1 #aid1 #bbf-g4 ,grass l&1 price (1 see ,pa/ure & mead[1 price (2 pl\gh$ up1 #ahf1 #bah1 #bde4 ,grass section ( ,engl& 9 #ahic1 #cjfn4 ,gras%opp]s1 plague (1 #ahe4 ,grazi]s1 pr(its (1 #ahd1 ,greycoats ( ,k5t1 #bei4 ,gr\nd ,game ,act1 #cjc4 ,guano1 #bcb1 #bgf4 ,gu]nsey cattle1 #cdb1 #cdc4 ,gun1 !1 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #adj4 ,h ,hagg>d1 ,rid]1 ,mr41 #cad-e4 ,hallam1 #baj4 ,hambleton1 ,sir ,a4 ,b>k] (1 #adb4 ,hamlets1 #e4 ,hamp%ire1 #bh1 #cf1 #gi1 #aaf1 #acb1 #ade1 #afen41 #bdj1 #bec1 #bff1 #bfh1 #cjfn41 #cji1 #cad2 %eep1 #bge1 #bhh1 #cdd1 #cde4 ,h&bor\gh1 #ec4 ,h>rison1 ',description ( ,engl&1' #ai1 #bh1 #ej1 #ef1 #hf1 #ia1 #ie1 #aja1 #ajd1 #adi4 ,h>r[1 !1 & h>r[+1 #ag1 #fe1 #hd1 #abe1 #ace1 #ada1 #aec-d1 #aff1 #agf1 #agf1 #agi1 #aid1 #bja1 #bjc1 #bdf4 ,h>tlib1 ,simon1 #abg1 #abh1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #adb-c4 ,h>ve/1 importance (1 #i1 #ajh4 ,h>ve/ homes1 #ajd1 #bfi4 ,h>ve/ "w1 #be1 #fb1 #abe1 #ach1 #bji4 ,hatfield ,*ase1 #gh4 ,haw/$1 #bj1 #cj1 #ce1 #ed1 #eg1 #eh1 #fb1 #fc1 #fg1 #aab1 #aae1 #aaf1 #agh1 #agi1 #bje1 #bjg4 ,hay1 #aab2 price (1 see ,prices2 c>ry+ (f1 #agh1 #bai1 #cjb2 imports (1 #bfb4 ,hay t$d]1 #cjd4 ,haymak+1 #d1 #dd1 #abd1 #abe1 #ach1 #adb4 ,headl&s1 #c4 ',hea?s'1 ,%rop%ire1 #bbj4 ,h$ges1 #abd1 #adh1 #aej1 #afc1 #agh1 #bhb4 ,hemp1 #ajj1 #aje1 #ace1 #aea4 ,h5ley1 ,walt] (1 #ain41 #ca1 #cf1 #hc4 ,h5ry ( ,hunt+don1 #cbg4 ,h5s1 numb] ( eggs f1 #ce4 ,h]dwick %eep1 #cdd1 #cdf4 ,h]e=d cattle1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bgd1 #bhh1 #ccf1 #cch-dj1 #cdb4 ,h]e=d%ire1 #e1 #dj1 #abh1 #acj1 #acb1 #acf1 #adc1 #aga1 #ahf-g1 #ahh1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bfg1 #bia1 #cjf1 #cji1 #caf4 ,h]t=d%ire1 #aej1 #agd1 #agi1 #bbe1 #bch1 #cjfn4 ,h5tzn]'s description ( ,engli% fann+1 #ajd4 ,hide1 #af4 ,highl&1 ,we/1 cattle1 #bag1 #cdc4 ,hoe+1 #aec1 #aff1 #ahh1 #bja-b1 #ced2 horse1 #aih1 #bja4 ,hold]1 ! small1 #gc1 #gf1 #aai1 #aba-b1 #afd1 #aia1 #aie1 #bjb1 #bje1 #bbj1 #bec-fa1 #bfh1 #cjh1 #caj1 #caa1 #caf-i2 decrease (1 causes (1 #abb1 #bei2 new class (1 #bfj4 ,hold]ness cattle1 #ccg4 ,hold+s1 v>i\s sizes (1 #ccd4 ,holl&1 ,%or?orns f1 #ccg2 live /ock 91 #ccd2 :eat crops 91 #ccbn4 ,honey1 #aj1 #add4 ,hops1 #bh1 #hf-g1 #hi-ia1 #aaa1 #abe1 #abh1 #adc1 #adi1 #aej1 #aga1 #big-i1 #cbi-cj1 #cca2 acreage (1 9 #agbi1 #aga1 #big-h1 #cbi2 av]age crop1 #ccc2 duty on1 #big-h2 imports (1 #cbi-cj2 pr(it on1 #ij1 #aej1 #aga1 #bih-i1 #ccj2 sub/itutes1 #bih1 #cbi4 ,horse fairs1 #aje4 ,horse %oes1 #cf4 ,horses1 det]ioration (2 #he1 #adf2 export (1 #cbe-f2 k9ds (1 #bgd1 #cce2 numb] (1 #ccc2 size (1 #ajd1 #aje1 #bag2 tax on1 #bdi2 work+ p[]s (1 #ca1 #aec1 #bjd4 7,see ,prices47 ,h\ghton1 acc\nt ( potatoes1 #ajf1 #abg1 #afe4 ,h\ses1 wood51 #ej 7see ,f>mh\ses72 ( ! squire & yeoman1 #ajc1 #bab4 ,h\s+ cattle & horses1 #abf4 ,h[b]ry1 #age-f4 ',hubback'1 #bcd4 ,hundr$ ,rolls1 #bh1 #gf1 #cbg4 ,hunt+1 #adj1 #baj4 ,hunt+don%ire1 #c1 #ben41 #gb1 #abj1 #abc1 #bbb1 #cjfn41 #cji4 ,hurdles1 #ced4 ,husb&ry1 old & new1 see ,cultivation4 ,i ,implem5ts1 co/ (1 rises1 #bdb2 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #ace1 #aeb-c1 #aed2 9 eighte5? c5tury1 #ahh1 #aid1 #bjc1 #bbi1 #bcf2 9 n9ete5? c5tury1 #bga1 #bgc-e1 #bgf1 #bhgn41 #cjc-d1 #caf2 improvem5t 91 #aac2 li/ (1 9 elev5? c5tury1 #ag-eb2 prices (1 #hc1 #ach4 ,import+ c\ntry1 ,engl& becomes an1 #afc4 ,imports cause l[ prices1 #bie4 ,imports ( clov] se$1 #aff2 ( corn1 #bj1 #fcn41 #ff1 #fi1 #gj1 #aei-fa1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bcj1 #bdj1 #bda-d1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bgg-hj1 #bhg1 #bic1 #cje1 #cbc-d1 #ccj1 #cdh-i2 ( dairy produce1 #cbe2 ( fruit1 #ahh1 #cbi2 ( hops1 #aej2 ( l951 #aje2 ( live/ock1 #afa1 #bhj-a1 #cje1 #cbd-f1 #ccg2 ( meat1 #afa1 #cje1 #cbe1 #ccj2 ( wool1 #ci1 #afa1 #cje1 #cbh1 #ced4 ,improvem5ts1 am\nt exp5d$ 91 #cbj-a2 ne$$ 9 eighte5? c5tury1 #aia2 9 f>m+ 9 eighte5? c5tury1 #aib 7see ,agriculture1 /ate (71 #aic1 #bjd 7see ,f>m+74 ,inbre$+1 ,bakewell &1 #bad2 ! ,coll+s &1 #bcd-e4 ,income & exp5diture ( l&$ classes 7#afhh71 #aef4 ,incubators1 e>ly1 #acb4 ,india1 imports f1 #cbd2 wool f1 #cbh4 ,ine1 laws (1 z to f5c+1 #e4 ,inh]5t capabilities ( ! soil1 #cja4 ,inns1 m>kets = produce1 #cbc4 ,inoculation ( fruit trees1 #aca4 ,int5sive cultivation1 #b4 ,iri% imports1 #afa1 #bfb1 #cbd-e1 #cbh2 lab\r]s1 #bji1 #cjf4 ,irrigation1 #aac1 #acb1 #bag4 ,isle ( ,wight1 #agbn4 ,italy1 exports to1 #cdi2 wool export$ to1 #ci1 #cbg4 ,j ,jamaica1 wool f1 #cbh4 ,j]sey cattle1 #bge1 #cci1 7,see ,ald]ney47 ,jus faldae1 #fd4 ,ju/ices regulate wages1 #ajg4 ,k ,k5t1 #dj1 #abh1 #adc-g1 #aeg1 #aga1 #agc1 #ahf1 #bei1 #bfe1 #bhc1 #bie1 #cjfn41 #cji4 ,k5ti% cattle1 #afh2 %eep1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,k]ry cattle1 #cdc4 ,kett1 ris+ (1 #if4 ,ketton1 #bcc1 #bce4 ,kilns1 hop1 #aea4 ,k+'s1 ,gregory1 /ati/ics1 #abj1 #adj1 #ada1 #aee1 #beh-i1 #bfj1 #cec4 ,k+/on1 ,"l1 e/ate r5ts (1 #aaf4 ,knights ,hospitall]s' e/ates1 #dj4 ,l ,lab\r1 co/ (1 p] acre1 #cac2 s]vices1 #f1 #ab1 #be1 #bg1 #db1 #de1 #ef1 #fa4 ,lab\r]1 "* (1 9 eighte5? c5tury1 #age1 #ahd1 #bja1 #bjd1 #bje1 #baj2 condition (1 at end ( eighte5? c5tury1 #bcg-i2 condition (1 9 n9ete5? c5tury1 #beg1 #bff-h1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgi1 #bhc-d1 #bhe1 #bij-b1 #big1 #caa-b1 #cac-d1 #cae1 #cbj1 #cee2 decrease (1 #cje1 #caan41 #cae2 life (1 9 ,middle ,ages1#ec1 #ed1 #fg1 #ga1 #ajc2 made a l&-less man by enclosure1 #aif1 #beg2 numb] ( 7#afhh71 #aef2 sav+s (1 #ajb-c1 #aef2 sports (1 #ee2 ! home ( !1 #eb1 #aeh2 wages (1 see ,wages4 ,lambs1 to fall ,m>* #be1 #abf4 ,lammas1 #d1 #aab1 #acg4 ,lanca%ire1 #dd1 #gh1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #adg1 #afc1 #afg1 #bjg1 #baf1 #bai1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #cji1 #cab1 #caf1 #cbj1 #cdc1 #cdf4 ,l&1 value (1 #ai1 #cf1 #dj1 #ff1 #aag1 #acc1 #adi1 #ahc1 #bdc1 #bhf-g1 #bic1 #cjd1 #caj1 #cbh1 #cdh4 ,l&lords1 abs5tee1 #ahd1 #aia2 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 #dh2 new class (1 #ei2 h\ses ( ! #ajc 7see ,cottages72 improve e/ates1 #acb1 #afb1 #bbd1 #bcb1 #bee1 #bfh1 #cbj2 protectioni/s1 #afj-a2 ignorant ( e/ate managem5t1 #age1 #aic1 #bdi1 #bha2 9 n9ete5? c5tury1 #bfe1 #bha1 #cjd1 #cjg1 #cji1 #cbj-b2 position1 weak5$1 #cji2 relations (1 & t5ant1 #bah1 #bbf1 #bhb-c1 #bii1 #cja1 #cbb2 suff]$ mo/ f pres5t depression1 #cbj2 res]ve sport+ rights1 #aae2 take to f>m+1 #ahb4 ,l&lord%ip1 #f4 ,lawes1 ,sir ,john1 #bge1 #bgf1 #cad1 #cai4 ,lawr5ce1 ,john1 #aeb1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #agc1 #ccg4 ,laxton1 ,notts1 #bb4 ,leases1#de1 #ef1 #eg1 #fe1 #ha1 #ig1 #aac1 #aae-f1 #aba-b1 #agh1 #bah1 #bai1 #bfcn41 #bgb1 #bhb1 #bhc4 ,leice/] %eep1 #bae-f1 #bce1 #bgd1 #bge1 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,leice/]%ire1 #h1 #gh1 #gi1 #abj1 #aea1 #agb1 #agd1 #bad-f1 #bfh1 #cjfn41 #cji1 #cdc4 ',lemmons'1 #ic4 ,leom9/]1 manor (1 #ah2 wool1 #dj1 #aga1 #agbn4 ,lib]i hom9es1 #g4 ,liebig1 #bge1 #bgf4 ,lime1 #aab1 #ada1 #agg1 #ahg1 #aig4 ,lime/one %eep1 #cdd1 #cdf4 ,lim+ ! l&1 #gg1 #aac1 #bah1 #bai1 #bdf1 #cjj4 ,l9coln r$ cattle1 #cdc2 %eep1 #bae1 #bce1 #bge1 #bhh1 #cdc1 #cdd1 #cdf4 ,l9coln%ire1 #c1 #h1 #dj1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #abc1 #aea1 #afh1 #agb1 #bej1 #beb1 #bee1 #bhc1 #cjfn41 #cjg1 #cah1 #cba4 ,liquorice1 #adc1 #aia4 ,liv]pool1 apples at1 #ahh2 :eat at1 #ahe4 ,liv]pool1 ,"l1 #bcb1 #bfd4 ,live /ock1 depreciation (1 #cjf1 #ccj2 exports (1 #cbe-f1 #ccj2 numb] ( 7#ahgg & #aijg71 #ccc-d2 9 ,engl& 7#afhh71 #aee1 #afd2 duty on1 repeal$1 #bhj4 ,locu/s 9 ,engl&1 #ahe4 ,london1 affects wages1 #bje2 attracts c\ntry folk1 #bji1 #baj2 potato gr[n ne>1 #ajf2 c>rots gr[n ne>1 #afg1 #afh2 roads ne>1 #bbb2 %eep & cattle driv5 to1 #bba4 ,longhorn cattle1 #afg1 #baf-g1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bgd1 #bgen41 #ccf1 #cdc4 ,longmynd1 #cde4 ,lonk %eep1 #cdd1 #cdf4 ,"l ( ! manor1 #f1 #ad1 #ai1 #be1 #db1 #aba1 #abg1 #bee2 small hold] suff]s at 8 h&1 #aba4 ',"l ,wilton'1 #cdj4 ,luc]ne1 #adc1 #afgn41 #aia1 #bja4 ,luff5ham1 ,s\?1 #bb2 ,nor?1 #ajc4 ,luxury1 spread (1 an1 #bdc1 #bfd4 ,lyttelton1 ,sir ,h41 #ade2 ,"l1 #ahc4 ,m ,macadam1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bcj4 ,ma*9]y1 use (1 #bga4 ,madd]1 #ag1 #adc1 #aia1 #aid4 ,maid/one hops1 #aga4 ,maize1 imports (1 #bfb1 #bif1 #cac4 ,mangolds1 #bcg1 #cca-b1 #ccc1 #cec4 ,manor1 regulations ( !1 #ac1 #ii4 ,manor1 ! typical1 #ad4 ,manorial balance %eets1 #bf1 #fe4 ,manorial sy/em1 #f1 #g1 #ah1 #bd1 #de1 #gf1 #ig4 ,manors1 #f1 #g1 #ad1 #ah1 #be1 #db1 #de1 #fe1 #ig1 #ii1 #aah4 ,mansion h\se1 #ad1 #ej4 ,manufactures1 influ5ce (1 on wages1 #bhd1 #big1 #cae4 ,manures1 #aac1 #aai1 #acf1 #add1 #aej-d1 #agg1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahg1 #aia1 #aig1 #bja1 #bai1 #bba1 #bed1 #bge-f1 #bif1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cad4 ,manyd[n1 ,hants1 #ac4 ,m>ket g>d5+1 #cjf1 #cjh1 #cai4 ,m>kham1 ,g]vase1 #abg1 #acd-g1 #adf1 #aea1 #aga4 ,m>l+1 #gg1 #aac1 #ahc1 #aia1 #aig1 #bjb1 #bai1 #cjj4 ,m>%all1 ,william1 #ahh1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #bac1 #bbb1 #bih1 #cad1 #ccf1 #cch1 #cdj4 ,m>yl&1 wool f1 #cbh4 ,mattocks = break+ clods1 #abi4 ,mc,cormick1 #cjc4 ,mc,culloch1 #bha1 #cbd1 #cdi4 ,mead[l&1 #b1 #ai1 #bb1 #dj1 #eh1 #aee4 ,mead[s1 #af1 #cj1 #gc1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aah1 #abd1 #adh1 #bec1 #beh2 value (1 #dj1 #eh1 #aae-f1 #aci1 #bca4 ,meat1 imports (1 #afa1 #cje1 #cbe4 ,m$l>s1 #acf4 ,meikle1 #bcj1 #bcf4 ,m5zies1 #bcf4 ,m]9o %eep1 #bcc1 #cbhn4 ,messor1 !1 #ac4 ,middlesex1 #da1 #ade1 #cjfn4 ,midl& c\nties1 enclosure 91 #abj2 %eep 91 #baf1 #bah4 ,migration ( lab\r]s1 #dd1 #aehn41 #bji1 #bch4 ,milk1 #fcn41 #afh 7see ,dairy71 #agj1 #bje1 #bge1 #big1 #ccj4 ,mill1 suit (1 #i4 ,mills1 excessive numb] (1 #aad4 ,m9imum wage propos$1 #bda4 ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture1 #cje4 ,mixtil1 or ma/l91 or mesl+1 #i1 #ajb1 #abe1 #ach1 #bjgn4 ,moles1 #aad1 #abd4 ,molton ,m>ket1 #cda4 ,mona/]ies1 #fh1 #ha4 ,money paym5ts1 #bd1 #bg1 #de1 #ef4 ,mortim] abuses ! law1 #gd4 ,moryson1 #ajb1 #aje1 #abb4 ,m\nta9 %eep1 #cdd1 #cdf4 ,m[+ corn1 ,fitzh]b]t's advice1 #hd1 #abe1 #ace1 #ach1 #aii1 #ced2 ma*9es =1 #cjc-d4 ,m[+ grass1 co/ (1 #cd1 #dd1 #fe1 #ga1 #aji1 #ach1 #adb1 #cdh1 #ced2 ,fitzh]b]t's advice1 #hd4 ,mulb]ries1 #ae1 #adf4 ,murra91 #ac1 #dbn41 #fh4 ,mutton1 price (1 see ,prices4 ,n ,new _w1 influx ( preci\s metals f1 #hi1 #aaa4 ,new ,zeal&1 wool f1 #cbh4 ,new>k1 #aeg4 ,nitrate ( soda1 #bgf4 ,non-int]c\rse ,act ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bdb4 ,nord51 ,sir ,john1 #abg-h1 #bbj4 ,norfolk1 #h1 #dj1 #de1 #fcn41 #id1 #if1 #ig1 #afgn41 #afi1 #agj1 #ahb1 #bag1 #bbd-h1 #cjfn41 #cjh1 #cdj4 ,norfolk1 or f\r-c\rse rotation1 #ahc4 ,norm&y1 #cch4 ,nor?1 diff]5ce ( wages betwe51 & ,s\?1 #bhc-e2 sup]ior ?rift 91 #bjg-h4 ,nor?ampton%ire1 #h1 #gh1 #gi1 #abj1 #aea1 #aeg1 #agb1 #bbb1 #cjfn4 ,nor?lea*1 rates at1 #bie4 ,nor?umb]l&1 #aicn41 #bef1 #bie1 #cjc1 #cji1 #cdf4 ,norwi*1 #afi1 #ahb4 ,nott+ham%ire1 #h1 #bb1 #gh1 #aaf1 #add1 #agb1 #bcg1 #bgf1 #bhc1 #cjfn41 #cjh1 #cji4 ,n[ton1 ,suffolk1 #eg4 ,nucleat$ villages1 #e4 ,nuts1 #acf4 ,o ,oak timb]1 value (1 #acg2 ,coke's1 #bbe-f4 ,oakham1 #aaj4 ,oats1 #bj1 #cc1 #fe1 #ia1 #abd1 #ace-h1 #adb1 #aee1 #bbg1 #cje1 #cca-b1 #cec2 co/ ( gr[+1 9 #aggj1 #aii2 produce1 p] acre1 9 #agab1 #ajen42 9 #aggj1 #aig-i2 pr(it on1 #ahj4 7,see ,prices47 ,occupi]s ( l&1 #cee4 ',old ,comely'1 #baf4 ,olives1 #ic1 #acf4 ,onions1 #adc1 #ccb4 ,op5 p>i%es1 #aeh1 #bhd4 ,oranges1 #ic4 ,or*>ds1 #ag1 #abh1 #aca1 #adc1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #bee1 #ccb2 sev5te5? c5tury1 #ace-f4 ,own]s & occupi]s1 p]c5tage (1 #ccd4 ,own]s ( ,l&1 return1 #bfj-a4 ,own]s1 small1 see ,hold]s1 small4 ,ox teams1 #af1 #ca1 #fd1 #hd1 #adc1 #adg1 #aec1 #aia1 #bjd1 #cdj4 ,ox51 description (1 9 #aeib1 #ajd2 value (1 #ai1 #bj1 #ce1 #eg1 #ff1 #aad4 7,see ,cattle1 price (47 ,ox=d1 #fc1 #bgc1 #cch4 ,ox=d ,d[n %eep1 #bge1 #bhh1 #cdd1 #cde4 ,ox=d%ire1 #bd1 #dj1 #gh1 #ii1 #ade1 #aea4 ,p ,pack-horses1 use (1 #ach4 ,pack+ fruit 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #abi1 #acj4 ,p>+ & burn+1 #ada1 #aec4 ,p>snips1 #adc4 ,pa/ure1 break+ up1 #bah4 ,pa/ure1 common1 #b1 #d1 #af1 #ai1 #gc1 #ii1 #aac1 #aie2 (t5 wor? little1 #bef2 p]man5t1 9 ,hold+s ,act1 #bii2 ext5t (1 9 #afhh1 #aee2 9 #aggj1 #aif2 pl\gh$ up dur+ ,fr5* ,w>1 #bdc2 sp>+1 #abd4 ,pa/ure l&1 price (1 #da1 #ei1 #aae-g1 #aci4 ,pat5ts1 #aac1 #bcf4 ,pea*es1 #ae1 #ic1 #acf4 ,pe>s1 #ae1 #ic1 #acj1 #aca1 #acf1 #adc1 #cbi1 #ccc4 ,peas1 #cc1 #fi1 #abd1 #aee1 #bjj1 #bbg1 #cca-b1 #cec4 ,peasants' revolt1 #fj4 ,peel's dra9age loans1 #bgb4 ,p5alty = break+ up pa/ure1 #agh4 ,p]ry1 #acj4 ,pe/il5ces1 #ch1 #db1 #fh1 #gi4 ,piecework1 #bh1 #afc1 #bjf4 ,pigeons1 numb] (1 #di1 #if1 #aje1 #adc1 #bdd1 #bgd1 #bge4 ,pigs1 export (1 #ccj2 fe$+1 #af1 #abe2 foot-&-m\? disease attacks1 #bij2 import (1 #cbf2 numb] (1 #ccc-d2 pr(it on1 9 #agfc1 #bjj2 size (1 9 #aeib1 #ajd2 value (1 #bj1 #cen41 #if1 #bjj-c2 v>ieties (1 #agj1 #cdf4 7,see ,prices47 ,p9*beck1 #ajc4 ,pitt1 ,william1 #bch1 #bci4 ,plat1 ,sir ,hugh1 #abg1 #aeb4 ,plattes1 ,gabriel1 #gf1 #abg4 ,pleuro-pneumonia1 see ,cattle plagues4 ,plot1 #ade4 ,pl\gh1 elev5?- & twelf?-c5tury1 #ag4 ,pl\gh+1 co/ (1 #cc1 #fe1 #ace1 #ada1 #agg1 #agi1 #bdf2 mon?s =1 #ag1 #abd4 ,pl\ghl&1 !1 #af1 #ah4 ,pl\ghs & pl\gh+1 #fe1 #hc1 #aac1 #abe1 #abi1 #ace1 #adc1 #aej1 #aec1 #agg1 #aia1 #bjc1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbe1 #bgc1 #cdb1 #ced4 ,plums1 #ae1 #ic1 #acj1 #aca1 #acf1 #cbi1 #ccb4 ,poa*+1 #dh2 by lab\r]s1 #ee1 #baj1 #bdh1 #bhb1 #bia4 ,population ( ,engl&1 #gi1 #hi1 #aaa1 #abj1 #adj1 #aef1 #afj1 #afc1 #baa1 #bdj1 #bhg4 ,pork1 price (1 see ,prices4 ,port]1 ',progress ( ,nation1' #bgf1 #bgi1 #bhf1 #bhg4 ,portugal1 exports to1 #cdi4 ,potatoes1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aab1 #ahg1 #aia1 #aid1 #bbg1 #cah1 #cca-c1 #cec2 disease1 #bgg4 ,p\ltry1 #dan41 #ff1 #hj1 #acb1 #afi1 #agj 7see ,prices72 c>ry+1 to ,london1#aga4 ,praepositus1 #ab4 ,prec>ii1 or boon days1 #i4 ,preci\s metals1 influx (1 #hi1 #aaa2 sc>city (1 #ffn4 ,prices3 ,apples1 #ae1 #fe1 #ahh1 #ahi4 ,bacon & pork1 #if1 #ajb1 #bch1 #bci1 #bfc1 #cac1 #ccd4 ,b>ley1 #bj1 #ce1 #fi1 #aad1 #acc1 #ach1 #adb1 #aee1 #agi1 #bbc1 #bdg1 #cab1 #cdg1 #cej-c4 ,beans1 #ce1 #aee1 #ahj1 #cdg4 ,beef1 #if1 #ajb1 #aad1 #afd1 #bjfn41 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdg1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfe4 ,bread1 #bjfn41 #bjgn41 #bbc1 #bcj1 #bdbn41 #bhj1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bia4 ,butt]1 #cc1 #ff1 #aad1 #bjfn41 #bda1 #bdg1 #bhe-f1 #cab1 #ccd1 #cdg4 ,c>ts1 #bjc4 ,cattle1 #ai1 #bj1 #ce1 #da1 #fe1 #hi1 #aje1 #aad1 #aai1 #acc1 #adf1 #afc1 #afen41 #afg1 #afi1 #bjc1 #bce1 #bfc1 #cjg1 #cab1 #cdg4 ,*eese1 #agc-d1 #bjfn41 #bda1 #bdb1 #cab1 #ccd1 #cdg4 ,clov]1 #aff4 ,eighte5? c5tury1 #ade1 #afj1 #afc1 #afd1 #afen41 #aff1 #afg1 #afi1 #agj1 #agb1 #agc-d1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bjfn41 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bhe1 #cda1 #cee4 ,fifte5? c5tury1 #dj1 #ff1 #fi1 #cee4 ,f\rte5? c5tury1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #ei1 #fe1 #cbg1 #cee4 ,flax1#aeb4 ,grapes1 #add4 ,h>ness1 #bjc4 ,hay1 #aeg1 #afen41 #aff1 #bda-b1 #bfb1 #cdg4 ,hops1 #hg1 #hi1 #aej1 #bdg1 #bih1 #ccj1 #cdg4 ,horses1 #ai1 #bj1 #ce1 #cf1 #aad1 #adb1 #afen41 #bjc1 #cdg1 #cee4 ,horse-%oes1#if4 ,implem5ts1 #hc1 #ach4 ,malt1 #hi1 #bdj1 #bda4 ,milk1 #afh1 #agj1 #cab4 ,mutton1 #if1 #aj-b1 #bjfn41 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #cac1 #ccd4 ,n9ete5? c5tury1 #bbg1 #bce1 #bdj1 #bdb-d1 #bde1 #bdg-h1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfd-f1 #bfg1 #bgg-ha1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #bic1 #bie1 #bif1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cab1 #cbd1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #ccd4 ,oats1 #bj1 #ce1 #fi1 #aad1 #ach1 #aee1 #ahj1 #bbc1 #bda1 #cab1 #cdg1 #cej-c4 ,peas1 #fi1 #aee1 #bjj1 #bdg4 ,p$igree cattle1 #bcd1 #bce4 ,pigs1 #bj1 #da1 #if1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #cdg4 ,potatoes1 #ajf4 ,p\ltry & eggs1 #da1 #if1 #aad1 #acc1 #agj1 #bdg1 #cdg4 ,rabbits1#agd4 ,rams1 #bjb1 #bae1 #bce4 ,roll]s1 #bjc4 ,rye1 #d1 #af1 #ia1 #abe1 #acc1 #ach1 #aee1 #cdg4 ,saffron1 #ajf4 ,sev5te5? c5tury1 #hi1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aah1 #aai1 #abg1 #acc-d1 #ach1 #adb1 #add1 #adf1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj1 #cbh1 #cee4 ,%eep1 #bj1 #ceaa41 #cf1 #da1 #hj1 #aad1 #ach1 #afen41 #bjc1 #bjfn41 #bfc1 #cab1 #cdg4 ,sixte5? c5tury1 #hj1 #hg1 #hi1 #ie1 #if1 #ajb-f1 #aji1 #cee4 ,/raw1 #agi1 #ahj4 ,t5? c5tury1 #ai4 ,?irte5? c5tury1 #cc1 #ce1 #ci1 #cee4 ,twelf? c5tury1 #bj4 ,vet*es1 #aee4 ,waggons1 #bjc-d4 ,:eat1 #bj1 #ce1 #ff1 #fi1 #hi1 #aaj1 #aad1 #acc1 #acd1 #ach1 #adb1 #aee1 #aeg1 #afj1 #afc1 #afd1 #agi1 #ahf1 #bbc1 #bca1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdb-d1 #bdg-h1 #bfb1 #bfe1 #bgg-h1 #bha1 #bic1 #cjf1 #cab1 #ccd1 #cdg1 #cej-c1 #cee4 ,w9e1 #ade4 ,wool1 #ci1 #dj1 #hj1 #hi1 #if1 #aad1 #aah1 #aai1 #adb1 #afc1 #agb1 #agc1 #bbc1 #bci1 #bdb1 #bhe-f1 #cjf1 #cab1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #cdg4 ,prickly comfrey1 #bcg4 ,proclamation z to wages & prices1 #db4 ,production1 increas$ co/ (1 #bie1 #cac4 ,prosp]ity1 agricultural1 #bh1 #aja1 #aad1 #ajc1 #ahc1 #baj-a1 #bbi1 #bdc-d1 #bdf1 #bfd1 #bhg2 dur+ ,fr5* ,w>1 #bdc-f1 #bdg1 #bfd4 ,protect+ fruit f blight1 ,sec41 #ahg4 ,protection1 effect (1 #bej1 #bgh-i1 #bha2 highe/ limit (1 #bdh2 #bfe1 #bff1 #bgg-i4 ,prov5d] r5ts1 #f4 ,prun+ fruit trees1 #aca1 #acf4 ,pulv]ization ( soil1 #age4 ,q ,qu>t] ,sessions1 assessm5t ( wages by1 #ajh4 ,qu>tly1 ,francis1 #cda4 ,quiet ,emptores1 /atute (1 #bi4 ,qu9ces1 #ae1 #acf4 ,quit1 notice to1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjb4 ,r ,rabbits1 re>+1 #agd2 res]v$ to l&lord1 #aae4 ,railway rates1 #bie-f4 ,rake1 horse1 #cjd4 ,raleigh introduces potatoes1 #ajf4 ,rams1 ewes to1 #abf1 #ach2 price (1 #bjb1 #bae1 #bce4 ,ramsey1 #gb4 ,raspb]ries1 #cca4 ,rates1 #bbi1 #bch1 #bda1 #bde1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bee1 #bfi1 #bhd1 #bie1 #bif1 #cjg1 #cad4 ,ra?gib1 ,jacob1 #ajd41 ,reap+1 co/ (1 #cd1 #dd1 #fe1 #ga1 #aji1 #aaj1 #ach1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahj1 #bdf1 #cdh1 #ced2 ma*9es1 #cjc-d2 "t =1 #abd2 v]sus m[+ corn1 #ace4 ,r$ ,poll$ cattle1 #cdc4 ,reeve1 #ab2 duties ( a1 #ag4 ,reigate1 ,flaun*=d ne>1 #fd4 ,r5ts3 ,twelf? c5tury1 #bg4 ,?irte5? c5tury1 #cf1 #eg1 #ge1 #cdh4 ,f\rte5? c5tury1 #dj1 #da1 #df1 #fe1 #ge1 #cdh4 ,fifte5? c5tury1 #eg1 #eh1 #ff1 #cdh4 ,sixte5? c5tury1 #ff1 #gf1 #ie1 #aae1 #aaf1 #cdh4 ,sev5te5? c5tury1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abg1 #acc1 #aci1 #adc1 #aee1 #afa1 #cdh1 #ced4 ,eighte5? c5tury1 #aaf1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahi1 #aicn41 #bbd1 #bbg1 #cbh1 #cdh4 ,n9ete5? c5tury1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bgh1 #bhe-f1 #bhg1 #big1 #cjd1 #cjf-i1 #caj1 #cain41 #cba-b4 ,repairs1 see ,build+s1 f>m4 ,re/rictive cov5ants1 see ,cultivation clauses4 ,revival1 rec5t1 9 agriculture1 #cbj4 ,revolt1 ,peasants'1 #fj4 ,revolution1 agricultural & indu/rial1 #afb4 ,ridges1 high1 #abi1 #age4 ,r9d]pe/1 see ,cattle plagues4 ,riots1 #ahe1 #bbc1 #bfb1 #cff1 ,ripon1 #adg4 ,roads1 #ba1 #fh1 #aje1 #ach1 #aga1 #age1 #ahb1 #bjd1 #baj1 #bai1 #bbj-c1 #bfi1 #bgd1 #bie4 ,rock & ,f> ,=e/ di/rict1 #cah1 ,rog]s1 ,?orold1 #ajg1 #bbi4 ,roll]1 f>m1 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #ace4 ,roll+1 #aff1 #aid4 ,romney ,m>% %eep1 #cdd4 ,romsey ,abbey1 #aen4 ,roots1 few1 us$ = c[s1 #bjj 7see ,turnips74 ,roscommon %eep1 #cdc4 ,roses1 #adc4 ,ross1 ,john1 ( ,w>wick1 #gf4 ,rot1 see ,%eep rot4 ,rotation ( crops 7see ,f\r-c\rse & ,?ree-field sy/em7 #bbe1 #bge4 ,ro?am/$1 #bge4 ,r\ndsman sy/em1 #bci4 ,royal ,agrlctttonal ,society1 #bgc-d1 #bha1 #cjh4 ,royal ,society1 helps agriculture1 #aad4 ,russia1 imports rom1 #cbc-d2 wool f1 #cbh4 ,rutl&1 #bb1 #ajb1 #aji1 #aaj1 #abj1 #acd1 #adc1 #aea1 #bee1 #bfh1 #cjfn42 ,dukes (1 #aae1 #bhf4 ,rye1 #d1 #af1 #ia1 #abe1 #acc1 #ach1 #aee2 9 ,norfolk1 #ahb1 #bgf2 produce1 p] acre1 9 #aggj1 #aig4 ,rye-grass1 #agh-i1 #bah1 #bgf4 ,ryel& %eep1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,s ,saffron1 #fb1 #ajf1 #adc1 #afg2 ,wald51 #ajf1 #afg4 ,sa9fo91 #aab1 #aae1 #adc1 #aia1 #aid1 #bbe1 #cca4 ,sa9t ,paul's1 manors (1 #af1 #bi1 #ej1 #eg1 #eh4 ,sales1 fam\s1 #bcdn41 #bce1 #cch1 #cci4 ,salt1 value (1 #bf4 ,sam=d ,hall1 #aij4 ,scotl&1 cattle (1 #ccf1 #cdc2 :eat crop 91 #ccbn4 ,scott1 ,reynold1 #hi1 #aea4 ,scotti% cattle1 #afh-i4 ,scudamore1 ,"l1 #acb1 #ch4 ,seasons1 bad1 #bj1 #dbn41 #ff1 #fi1 #hi1 #aae1 #aeg1 #agi1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #baj1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdg1 #bfb1 #bfe1 #bgg1 #bib1 #bic1 #bid1 #bie1 #big1 #cje2 good1 #bci1 #bdd1 #bfb1 #bff1 #bhg4 ,se$1 am\nt (1 = :eat1 #cc1 #fgn41#hd1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahj1 #bbg1 #bdf2 = clov]1 #aab1 #aff1 #agf1 #bah2 clov]1 price (1 #aff4 ,sefton1 ,"l1 e/ate (1 #cbjn4 ,selions1 #cah4 ,self-b9d+ reap]1 #cjd4 ,s5es*al1 #ab4 ,settl$ ,l& ,acts1 #cje4 ,settlem5t1 law ( p>o*ial1 #aeg-h1 #bji1 #bch1 #bfin41 #bhd4 ,settlem5ts1 family1 #abc1 #bei-fj4 ,sev5te5? c5tury1 *>act]i/ics (1 #aaa4 ,%eaf-b9d+ app>atus1 #bcg4 ,%e>+ %eep1 #abe4 ,%eep1 #id1 #ajd1 #abf1 #acg1 #adf1 #afa1 #bjj1 #bbe1 #bcc1 #bcf1 #bfc1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bhh1 #bij2 diseases (1 #hd2 export (1 #cbf1 #ccj 7see ,live /ock72 improvem5t (1 #cg1 #afd1 #bjb2 numb] (1 9 #ahfg1 #bhh2 9 #ahgg & #aijg1 #ccc-d2 price (1 see ,prices2 v>ieties (1 #aga1 #agb1 #bae-g1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bge1 #bhh1 #cdc-f2 wa%+1 co/ (1 #fe1 #abe1 #ced4 ,%eep-rot1 #ahd1 #bdb1 #bfen41 #bid4 ,%eph]d1 wages (1 #fa1 #ga1 #hg1 #aji4 ,%ire horse1 #ce1 #cce2 ,society1 #cce4 ,%oe+1 #cf1 #fe1 #hd1 #bjc4 ,%or?orn cattle1 #afg1 #bbe1 #bcc-e1 #bgd1 #bhh1 #ccf-h1 #cci1 #cdb4 ,%[s1 ,agricultural1 #bcc1 #bgc-e1 #cda4 ,%rop%ire1 #aan41 #afn41 #aei1 #agc1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbe1 #bej1 #cci2 %eep1 #bge1 #bhh1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,sib]ian ,railway1 #cbd4 ,sicks1 uncultivat$ pat*es1 #iin4 ,s9clair1 ,sir ,j41 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcb4 ,sitt+b\me1 #abh1 #adc4 ,sixte5? c5tury1 "* (1 #hi4 ,slaves1 #h1 #aa1 #bj4 ,smi?1 ,adam1 #acd1 #baj4 ,smi? ( ,dean/on1 #bad1 #bga-b4 ,smi?field1 #afh1 #afi2 cattle %[1 #bah1 #bgc1 #cci2 prices at1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bfe4 ,smy?1 ,john1 #aaa4 ,society1 ,royal ,agricultural1 #aic4 ,society = ,enc\ragem5t ( ,arts1 c41 #aid #bbg1 #cjc4 ,socm51 #g4 ,som]set1 #ai1 #eh1 #ajg1 #afh1 #bej1 #cji1 #cdj2 %eep1 #cdd4 ,som]ville1 ,loid1 #bca4 ,s\?ams cattle1 #cdb4 ,s\?d[n %eep1 #bag1 #bbe1 #bcc1 #bcf1 #bfc1 #bgd1 #bge1 #cdd1 #cde4 ,spade1 prejudice aga9/1 #aab1 #adc2 = hops1 #aej4 ,spa91 exports to1 #cdi2 imports f1 #cbc4 ,spani% wool1 #ch-i1 #cbh4 ,speculation1 9 l&1 #bdc2 9 produce1 #cje4 ,spe5haml& ,act1 #bcg-h4 ,sp5c]1 ,e>l1 #bgc4 ,sport+ rights res]v$1 #aae4 ,spray+ fruit1 #acf4 ,squatt]s1 #bbj1 #bef4 ,squire1 !1 #ajc1 #abh1 #acg1 #adj1 #aic1 #baa-b4 ,/af=d1 ,m>quis (1 #bai4 ,/af=d%ire1 #c1 #dd1 #gh1 #abb1 #bai1 #bhf1 #bie1 #cji4 ,/atesm51 #caa4 ,/ati/ics1 agricultural1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bgg1 #bhh 7see ,k+1 ,gregory71 #cca-b1 #cec4 ,/atute ( lab\r]s1 #dc4 ,/atutes quot$3 #bj ,h54 ,,iii4 c4 #d1 #gc4 #be ,edw4 ,,iii4 #b4 c4 #a1 #dc4 #cd ,edw4 ,,iii4 c4 #bj1 #fc4 #ab ,ric4 ,,ii4 c4 #d1 #fa4 #ab ,ric4 ,,ii4 c4 #e1 #fd4 #ab ,ric4 ,,ii4 c4 #f1 #ee4 #ac ,ric4 ,,ii4 c4 #ac1 #ee4 #ae ,ric4 ,,ii4 c4 #e1 #ga4 #ag ,ric4 ,,ii4 c4 #g1 #fc4 #d ,h54 ,,iv4 c4 #ad1 #fgn4 #g ,h54 ,,iv4 c4 #ag1 #gj4 #i ,h54 ,v4 c4 #e1 #fhn4 #c ,h54 ,,vi4 c4 #b1 #cbf4 #c ,h54 ,,vi4 c4 #d1 #cbg4 #d ,h54 ,,vi4 c4 #e1 #fd4 #ae ,h54 ,,vi4 c4 #b1 #fi4 #bc ,h54 ,,vi4 c4 #ab1 #ga1 #hg4 #c ,edw4 ,,iv4 c4 #b1 #gj4 #c ,edw4 ,,iv4 c4 #e1 #g;94 #bb ,edw4 ,,iv4 c4 #a1 #g;94 #d ,h54 ,,vii4 c4 #ai1 #gi1 #id1 #aag4 #aa ,h54 ,,vii4 c4 #ac1 #cbe4 #aa ,h54 ,,vii4 c4 #bb1 #hg4 #f ,h54 ,,viii4 c4 #c1 #hg4 #f ,h54 ,,viii4 c4 #e1 #gi4 #ba ,h54 ,,viii4 c4 #h1 #hf4 #bb ,h54 ,,viii4 c4 #g1 #cbf4 #bd ,h54 ,,viii c4 #c1 #ajb4 #bd ,h54 ,,viii4 c4 #d1 #aje4 #bd ,h54 ,,viii4 c4 #aj1 #hbn4 #be ,h51 ,,viii4 c4 #a1 #hf4 #be ,h54 ,,viii4 c4 #ac1 #hj4 #bg ,h54 ,,viii4 c4 #f1 #he4 #bg ,h54 ,,viii4 c4 #bb1 #id4 #cb ,h54 ,,viii4 c4 #ac1 #he4 ,i ,edw4 ,,vi4 c4 #e1 #cbf4 #c & #d ,edw4 ,,vi4 c4 #ai1 #hf4 #e ,edw4 ,,vi4 c4 #ad1 #hf4 #b & #c ,phil4 & ,m>y1 c4 #c1 #if4 #e ,eliz4 c4 #d1 #ajg4 #e ,eliz4 c4 #e1 #aje4 #h ,eliz4 c4 #c1 #cbf4 #h ,eliz4 c4 #ae1 #hbn4 #ac ,eliz4 c4 #be1 #if4 #ad ,eliz4 c4 #aa1 #hbn4 #ca ,eliz4 c4 #g1 #aban41 #aei4 #ci ,eliz4 c4 #a1 #aag4 #ci ,eliz1 c4 #b1 #aah4 #ci ,eliz4 c4 #ah1 #hbn4 #dc ,eliz4 c4 #b1 #bif4 #a ,jac4 ,i4 c4 #ah1 #aej4 #ba ,jac4 ,i4 c4 #bh1 #aahn4 #ab ,c>4 ,,ii4 c4 #d1 #afa4 #ac & #ad ,c>4 ,,ii4 c4 #ah1 #cbf1 #cbg4 #ad ,c>4 ,,ii4 c4 #ab1 #aeg4 #ae ,c>4 ,,ii4 c4 #g1 #acd1 #cbf4 #ah ,c>4 ,,ii4 c4 #b1 #afa1 #cbf4 #bb ,c>4 ,,ii4 c4 #ac1 #cbf4 #cb ,c>4 ,,ii4 c4 #b1 #afa1 #cbf4 #c ,w4 & ,m4 c4 #b1 #aeh4 #h & #i ,w4 & ,m4 c4 #cj1 #aeh4 #g & #h ,wm4 ,,iii4 c4 #bh1 #cbg4 #cf ,geo4 ,,iii4 c4 #bc1 #bch4 #da ,geo4 ,,iii4 c4 #aji1 #bca-b4 #i ,geo4 ,,iv4 c4 #fj1 #bgh4 #d & #e ,wm4 ,,iv4 c4 #gf1 #bfi4 #f & #g ,wm4 ,,iv4 c4 #ga1 #bgj4 #e ,vict4 c4 #ad1 #bgh4 #i & #aj ,vict4 c4 #bb1 #bhj4 #i & #aj ,vict4 c4 #bc1 #bhj4 #ad & #ae ,vict4 c4 #be1 #cja4 #cj & #ca ,vict4 c4 #acj1 #bib4 #ch & #ci ,vict4 c4 #ib1 #bii4 #dc & #dd ,vict4 c4 #dg1 #cjc4 #df & #dg ,vict4 c4 #fa1 #cjj4 #ei & #fj ,vict4 c4 #af1 #cadn4 #fc & #fd ,vict4 c4 #ej1 #cja4 #a ,edw4 ,,vii4 c4 #ac1 #cadn4 #f ,edw4 ,,vii4 c4 #ef1 #cja4 #g ,edw4 ,,vii4 c4 #ed1 #caf4 ,/eam1 appli$ to ?re%+1 #bcg2 cultivator1 #cjd4 ,/ilton *eese1 #agc-d4 ,/9t+ ! common pa/ure1 #d4 ,/ock & l& leases1 #eg4 ,/ock+ a f>m1 #agj1 #bjc4 ,/ores1 public gra91 #acc1 #bfd4 ,/ott1 !1 or aff]1 #ce1 #eg1 #fe4 ,/\rbridge ,fair1 #aga1 #agbn4 ,/ratfieldsaye1 #bgb4 ,/raw1 z w9t] food = cattle1 #abf1 #bag2 c>ry+ (f1 #agh1 #bai1 #cjb2 price (1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ccj4 ,/rawb]ries1 #ae1 #cbi1 #cca4 ,/ubble1 graz+ (1 #d1 #abe4 ,suffolk1 #h1 #cj1 #dj1 #eg1 #fcn41 #gh1 #aab1 #abh1 #adg1 #aff1 #afh1 #agj1 #agc1 #agd1 #ahh1 #bjg1 #bbe1 #bch1 #bhd1 #cjfn41 #cji1 #cac2 ,pun*1 #cce2 %eep1 #bge1 #cdd1 #cde4 ,supplies ( com p] head1 #ccj 7see ,:eat1 home supplies74 ,surrey1 #fd1 #abh1 #adc1 #add1 #afh1 #ahj1 #bhc1 #cjfn4 ,surveyor1 ! sev5teeii?-c5tury1 #abg4 ,sussex1 #ed1 #gh1 #bei1 #bfc1 #bhc1 #cjfn42 cattle1 #bgd1 #bhh1 #ccf1 #cdj1 #cdc4 ,swanage1 #bfb4 ,sw$es1 #bbg1 #bcg1 #bgf1 #bhh1 #cca-b1 #ccc4 ',sw+' riots1 #bff4 ,t ,talt>um's case1 effect (1 #abb4 ,tamwor? pigs1 #cdf4 ,taunton1 manor (1 #ah2 good fann+ ne>1 #abh4 ,taxes1 #bdg1 #bfc-d1 #cjg1 #caj2 weight (1 #ahc1 #aia1 #bbi1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bfc1 #cbj1 #cba4 ,tea1 dr9k+1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bac1 #bia2 price (1 #bje4 ,teams1 composition (1 #af4 ,tel=d1 #bbj1 #bbb4 ,t5ant f>m]s1 assi/ 9 agricultural progress1 #afb2 numb] (1 #ada1 #aef2 orig9 (1 #df1 #aai4 ,t5ant-"r1 #bhc4 ,teeswat] cattle1 #ccg4 ,tewkesbury1 #bee4 ,?at*]s1 #aci1 #ced4 ,?omson ( ,ban*ory1 #bgf4 ,?orney & ,woburn e/ates1 #cba4 ,?ree-field sy/em1 #d1 #ii4 ,?re%+1 co/ (1 #cd1 #dd1 #fe1 #afc1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aih-i1 #bdf2 ma*9e1 #bcj1 #bcf-g1 #bhb2 "t =1 #ag1 #abf4 ,tillage1 decrease (1 #gi1 #hj1 #id2 enc\ragem5t (1 #gi1 #ajh1 #aag-h2 reaction aga9/1 #aah4 7,see ,arable1 & ,grass47 ,timb] 7see ,oak timb]71 #bbg2 spoils crops1 #bhb4 ,tiptree1 #cai4 ,ti!1 dispute1 #ajb2 on turnips1 #aff2 r5t *>ge1 #bgj4 ,ti!s1 #aaf1 #add1 #aea1 #ahi1 #aie1 #bcj1 #ccb1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bgj1 #cje1 #cjg4 ,tooke1 #agi1 #bff4 ,t\rs1 ,"y's1 #aij1 #aib4 ,t[ns1 movem5t ( rural population t[>ds1 #fd1 #gj1 #ajh1 #ahe1 #aib1 #aie1 #bji1 #cae1 #caf-g4 ,t[n%5d1 ,"l1 #afc1 #ahb-c1 #aib1 #aic4 ,treatise on ,husb&ry1 #cc1 #ed4 ,tull1 ,je?ro1 #aeb1 #afc1 #agd-g1 #agh1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #aic1 #bjj-a1 #bjd4 ,turkeys1 #agj4 ,turki% dom9ions1 imports f1 #cbc4 ,turnip cutt]s1 #bgf4 ,turnip fly1 rem$ies =1 #aff4 ,turnips1 #ic1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aae1 #ada1 #adc1 #aeg1 #afd1 #aff1 #afh1 #agh1 #ahc1 #bea1 #cca-b1 #ccc2 co/ ( gr[+1 9 #aggj1 #aih2 injure wool1 #cbi2 %eep fir/ fatt5$ on1 #aab2 spread (1 9 eighte5? c5tury1 #afe1 #aff1 #agi1 #aia1 #aid1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bbe2 v>ieties (1 9 #agbj1 #afe4 ,tuss]1 #fc1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aaa1 #abd1 #abf4 ,two-field sy/em1 #c4 ',twop5ny'1 #baf4 ,u ,und]wood1 value (1 9 sev5te5? c5tury1 #acg4 ,unions1 ,agricultural ,lab\r]s'1 #bia-b4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 see ,am]ica4 ,unreasonable di/urbance1 #cjb4 ,upwey1 #cah4 ,v ,vanghan1 ,r[l&1 #acb-c4 ,vegetables1 #ae1 #ic1 #ajf1 #aabn41 #adc1 #bcfn4 ,v5tnor1 v9ey>d at1 #ade4 ,v]m91 de/ruction (1 #hb1 #ajj1 #bdd4 ,v]muyd51 ,cornelius1 #abc4 ,vet*es1 #abe1 #aee1 #cca4 ,village1 !1 ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 #afd4 ,village smi?1 !1 #ce4 ,ville9s1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #ah1 #bd1 #bi1 #db1 #de2 disappe>ance (1 #df1 #ei1 #fj1 #aje4 ,vills or villages1 #b1 #e1 #g1 #ae1 #ih1 #aai4 ,v9ey>ds1 #ae1 #af1 #aaa1 #add-e4 ,virgate1 #h4 ,virg9ia1 potatoes f1 #ajf2 wool f1 #cbh4 ,w ,wages3 ,twelf? c5tury1 #bg4 ,?irte5? c5tury1 #bg1 #bh1 #cd1 #cdh1 #cee4 ,f\rte5? c5tury1 #bg1 #bh1 #da1 #dc1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb1 #cdh1 #cee4 ,fifte5? c5tury1 #fg1 #ga1 #cdh1 #cee4 ,sixte5? c5tury1 #fg1 #hg1 #cdh1 #cee4 ,sev5te5? c5tury1 #aai1 #ach1 #aci1 #cdh1 #cee4 ,eighte5? c5tury1 #afc1 #afd1 #ahd1 #bjc1 #bje-f1 #baj1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bhe1 #cdh1 #ced-e4 ,n9ete5? c5tury1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdi1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bhc-d1 #bhe1 #bij-b1 #big1 #cji1 #caa1 #cab1 #cac1 #cae1 #cee1 #cef4 ,wages1 on a f>m 9 #ahje1 #bdg2 regulat$ by /atute1 #dc1 #fa1 #ga1 #hg2 by ,ju/ices1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,waggons1 #aec1 #bjd4 ,wa9age1 #h4 ,wales1 cattle (1 #afg1 #ccf1 #cch1 #cdc4 ,walla*ia & ,moldavia1 imports f1 #cbc4 ,wals+ham /ates dem&s ( ville9s1 #fj4 ,w>s1 effect (1 #ch1 #fh1 #ga1 #aic1 #bje1 #bab1 #bbi1 #bcg1 #bfj1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #cda4 ,w>wick%ire1 #dj1 #gg1 #gh1 #id1 #aaj1 #agb1 #agc1 #bac1 #bae1 #baf1 #bgb1 #bhb1 #bij1 #cjfn41 #cji1 #cdc4 ,wa/e l&1 #bca2 committee on1 #been41 #bef2 good crops f !1 #aai2 ,"y &1 #aia4 ,wat] c>riage1 *eapness (1 #ba1 #agc4 ,wean+ lambs1 "t =1 #abe4 ,weav+1 #gj1 #gf1 #aaj1 #beg4 ,web/] ( ,canley1 #baf4 ,we$+ hook & tongs1 #hd1 #aeb4 ,we$s1 #abe1 #ahj1 #bja4 ,week "w1 #h4 ,wel% m\nta9 %eep1 #cdd1 #cdf4 ,w5sleydale %eep1 #cdc1 #cde4 ,we/c> ( ,cresl[1 #cci4 ,we/cote1 #abh4 ,we/morel&1 #baf1 #bie1 #cdf4 ,we/on1 ,sir ,r41 introduces clov]1 #aaa1 #abg1 #ada4 ,weyhill ,fair1 #agb4 ,:eat1 acreage t9d]1 9 #aijg1 #cca-b2 consumption (1 p] head1 #bgi2 co/ ( gr[+1 #agg1 #ahj1 #aih1 #aii1 #bdf1 #cjg2 crops1 #cc1 #fg1 #gg1 #ia1 #abi1 #adb1 #aee1 #afe1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aig-i1 #bbg1 #bdf1 #bhb1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #ccb2 cultivation (1 #d1 #af1 #cb1 #cf1 #aac1 #abe1 #ace1 #agg-i1 #ahj1 #ahd1 #cec2 diff]5t k9ds (1 #adf1 #ajg2 home supplies (1 #bgg1 #bgi1 #cac1 #ccj2 price (1 see ,prices4 ,:ite1 ,gilb]t1 #bbc4 ,wilton1 hops ne>1 #aga4 ,wilt%ire1 #adc1 #agd1 #bec1 #bfh1 #bhc1 #bhf1 #cji1 #cab1 #cac2 %eep1 #cde4 ,w9*elsea1 ,"l1 #bee1 #beg1 #bfh4 ,w9*e/]1 #adg1 #aej4 ,w9e1 #add-e4 ,wire b9d]1 #cjd4 ,wirral1 #ff4 ,wisbe*1 #cah4 ,woad1 #ag1 #aeb4 ,wom51 "w (1 on ! f>m1 #fb1 #he1 #bjf1 #caf4 ,wood1 ,w4 ,a41 #cjd4 ,woods1 #b1 #af1 #ei1 #gd1 #gh1 #aae1 #abe1 #acf1 #aee4 ,wood/ock1 #ec4 ,wool1 #cg1 #ch-da1 #fi1 #ge1 #hj1 #id1 #ajd1 #aad1 #aah1 #aai1 #adb1 #afa1 #afc1 #aga-c1 #ahd1 #bbc1 #bhe1 #cbi1 #ced1 #cee2 export (1 see ,exports2 import (1 see ,imports2 price (1 see ,prices4 ,wool1 cu/om ( pick+ refuse1 #ajj2 /or+1 #abe4 ,worce/]%ire1 #gd1 #abh1 #acf1 #adc1 #aga1 #cjf4 ,"w1 h\rs (1 #hg1 #adg1 #bia4 ,worlidge1 ,john1 #abg1 #aca1 #acb1 #adb-h1 #aej-d1 #afe4 ,worsley1 ,sir ,r41 #ade4 ,y ,yeoman1 !1 #ej1 #ga1 #abc1 #abh1 #adj1 #aef1 #bjg1 #beh-fa1 #caj1 #cbj2 h\se (1 #ajc4 ,yeom5 pur*ase l&s ( g5try1 #abb4 ,york%ire1 #ae1 #gh1 #aaj1 #ach-i1 #afg1 #afh1 #bjg1 #bbe1 #bec1 #bhc1 #bie1 #cjfn41 #cji1 #ccg1 #cdc1 #cdf4 ,"y1 ,ar?ur1 #afj1 #afb1 #afc1 #agb1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahh1 #aij-c1 #aid1 #aig1 #bjj-f1 #baj1 #baa1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bcf1 #bdj1 #bec1 #bee1 #beg1 #bfj1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #bhhn41 #bih1 #cad1 #cag1 #cce1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cdc1 #cec1 #cee2 oppos$ to drill+1 #agh2 pet av]sions (1 #aia2 /atem5ts (1 z to gr[? ( clov]1 #aab4