,,! ,,life ,,( ,,jesus ,,by ,,erne/ ,,r5an ,,introduction ,,by ,,john ,,haynes ,,holmes ,transcrib]'s note3 ,introduction by ,john ,haynes ,holmes n includ$ 9 ?is etext due to copyright re/rictions4 ,,mod]n ,,libr>y ,,new ,,york ,,introduction ,,copyright1 #aibg1 ,,by ,,! ,,mod]n ,,libr>y1 ,,inc4 ,r&om ,h\se ,,is ,,! ,,publi%] ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,libr>y ,,b5nett ,a4 ,,c]f 99 ,,donald ,s4 ,,klopp] 99 ,,rob]t ,k4 ,,haas ,manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,pr9t$ by ,p>kway ,pr9t+ ,company 99 ,b\nd by ,h4 ,wolff ,,to ,,! ,,pure ,,s\l ,,( ,,my ,,si/] ,,h5riette ,:o ,di$ at ,byblus on ! #bd? ( ,septemb]1 #ahfa ,do/ ?\ recall1 f ! bosom ( ,god :]e ?\ repose/1 ^? long days at ,ghazir1 9 :i*1 alone ) !e1 ,i wrote ^! pages1 inspir$ by ! places we _h visit$ toge!r8 ,sil5t at my side1 ?\ did/ read & copy ea* %eet z soon z ,i _h writt5 x1 :il/ ! sea1 ! villages1 ! rav9es1 & ! m\nta9s1 7 spread at our feet4 ,:5 ! ov]:elm+ light _h giv5 place to ! innum]able army ( />s1 ?y %rewd & subtle que/ions1 ?y discreet d\bts1 l$ me back to ! sublime object ( our common ?\ghts4 ,"o day ?\ did/ tell me t ?\ w\ld/ love ?is book--fir/1 because x _h be5 compos$ ) !e1 & also because x pleas$ !e4 ,?\gh at times ?\ did/ fe> = x ! n>r[ judgm5ts ( ! frivol\s1 yet w]t ?\ ev] p]suad$ t all truly religi\s s\ls w\ld ultimately take pleasure 9 x4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! sweet m$itations1 ! ,angel ( ,dea? /ruck u bo? ) 8 w+3 ! sleep ( fev] seiz$ u at ! same "t--,i awoke alone6444 ,?\ sleepe/ n[ 9 ! l& ( ,adonis1 ne> ! holy ,byblus & ! sacr$ /ream :]e ! wom5 ( ! anci5t my/]ies came to m+le _! te>s4 ,reveal to me1 ,o good g5ius1 to me :om ?\ lov$/1 ^? tru?s :i* conqu] dea?1 deprive x ( t]ror1 & make x almo/ belov$4 ,,preface ,9 pres5t+ an ,engli% v]sion ( ! celebrat$ "w ( ,m4 ,r5an1 ! translator is aw>e ( ! difficulty ( adequately r5d]+ a "w s admirable = its /yle & beauty ( composition4 ,x is n an easy task to reproduce ! t]s5ess & eloqu5ce :i* *>act]ize ! orig9al4 ,:atev] its success 9 ^! respects may be1 no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to give ! au?or's mean+4 ,! translation has be5 revis$ by highly compet5t p]sons2 b al?\gh great c>e has be5 tak5 9 ?is respect1 x is possible t a few errors may /ill h escap$ notice4 ,! great problem ( ! pres5t age is to pres]ve ! religi\s _s1 :il/ gett+ rid ( ! sup]/itions & absurdities t de=m x1 & :i* are alike oppos$ to sci5ce & common s5se4 ,! works ( ,mr4 ,f4,w4 ,newman & ( ,bi%op ,col5so1 & ! ,essays & ,reviews1 are r5d]+ great s]vice 9 ?is direction4 ,! "w ( ,m4 ,r5an w contribute to ?is object2 &1 if its utility may be measur$ by ! /orm :i* x has creat$ among/ ! obscuranti/s 9 ,france1 & ! he>t9ess ) :i* !y h condemn$ x1 its m]its 9 ?is respect mu/ be v great4 ,x ne$s only to be add$1 t :il/ w>mly sympa?iz+ ) ! e>ne/ _s :i* p]vades ! book1 ! translator by no means wi%es to be id5tifi$ ) all ! op9ions !re9 express$4 ,decemb] #h1 #ahfc4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,introduction1 by ,john ,haynes ,holmes #ae ,introduction1 9 ,:i* ! ,s\rces ( ,?is ,hi/ory ,are ,pr9cipally ,treat$ #be ,,*apt] ,i ,place ( ,jesus 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w #fg ,,*apt] ,,ii ,infancy & ,y\? ( ,jesus--,8 ,fir/ ,impressions #ha ,,*apt] ,,iii ,education ( ,jesus #hi ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,ord] ( ,?\ght ,:i* ,surr\nd$ ! ,developm5t ( ,jesus #ii ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,fir/ ,say+ ( ,jesus--,8 ,ideas ( a ,div9e ,fa!r & ( a ,pure ,religion--,fir/ ,disciples #aai ,,*apt] ,,vi ,john ! ,bapti/--,visit ( ,jesus to ,john1 & ,8 ,abode 9 ! ,des]t ( ,judea--,adoption ( ! ,baptism ( ,john #ace ,,*apt] ,,vii ,developm5t ( ! ,ideas ( ,jesus ,respect+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god #adh ,,*apt] ,,viii ,jesus at ,cap]naum #afj ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! ,disciples ( ,jesus #agc ,,*apt] ,x ,! ,prea*+s on ! ,lake #ahd ,,*apt] ,,xi ,! ,k+dom ( ,god ,conceiv$ z ! ,inh]itance ( ! ,poor #aid ,,*apt] ,,xii ,embassy f ,john 9 ,prison to ,jesus--,dea? ( ,john--,relations ( ,8 ,s*ool ) ,t ( ,jesus #bjf ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,fir/ ,attempts on ,j]usalem #bac ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,int]c\rse ( ,jesus ) ! ,pagans & ! ,sam>itans #bbg ,,*apt] ,,xv ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,leg5ds ,conc]n+ ,jesus--,8 ,own ,idea ( ,8 ,sup]natural ,"* #bce ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,miracles #bdh ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,def9itive ,=m ( ! ,ideas ( ,jesus ,respect+ ! ,k+dom ( ,god #bei ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,in/itutions ( ,jesus #bgc ,,*apt] ,,xix ,increas+ ,progression ( ,en?usiasm & ( ,exaltation #bhe ,,*apt] ,,xx ,opposition to ,jesus #bie ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,la/ ,j\rney ( ,jesus to ,j]usalem #cje ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,ma*9ations ( ! ,enemies ( ,jesus #cai ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,la/ ,week ( ,jesus #cbi ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,arre/ & ,trial ( ,jesus #cdd ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,dea? ( ,jesus #cfj ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,jesus 9 ! ,tomb #cgj ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,fate ( ! ,enemies ( ,jesus #cgf ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,ess5tial ,"* ( ! ,"w ( ,jesus #cha ,,au?or',s ,,introduction1 ,9 ,:i* ! ,s\rces ( ,?is ,hi/ory ,are ,pr9cipally ,treat$ ,a hi/ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity ought to embrace all ! obscure1 &1 if "o might s speak1 subt]ranean p]iods :i* ext5d f ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ?is religion up to ! mom5t :5 its exi/5ce became a public fact1 notori\s & evid5t to ! eyes ( all4 ,su* a hi/ory w\ld consi/ ( f\r books4 ,! fir/1 :i* ,i n[ pres5t to ! public1 treats ( ! p>ticul> fact :i* has s]v$ z ! />t+-po9t ( ! new religion1 & is entirely fill$ by ! sublime p]son ( ! ,f\nd]4 ,! second w\ld treat ( ! apo/les & _! imm$iate disciples1 or r1 ( ! revolutions :i* religi\s ?\ght und]w5t 9 ! fir/ two g5]ations ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,i w\ld close ?is ab\t ! ye> #ajj1 at ! "t :5 ! la/ fri5ds ( ,jesus 7 dead1 & :5 all ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 fix$ almo/ 9 ! =ms 9 :i* we n[ read !m4 ,! ?ird w\ld exhibit ! /ate ( ,*ri/ianity "u ! ,anton9es4 ,we %\ld see x develop itself sl[ly1 & su/a9 an almo/ p]man5t w> aga9/ ! empire1 :i* _h j rea*$ ! highe/ degree ( adm9i/rative p]fection1 &1 gov]n$ by philosoph]s1 combat$ 9 ! new-born sect a secret & !ocratic society :i* ob/9ately d5i$ & incessantly und]m9$ x4 ,?is book w\ld cov] ! entire p]iod ( ! second c5tury4 ,la/ly1 ! f\r? book w\ld %[ ! decisive progress :i* ,*ri/ianity made f ! "t ( ! ,syrian emp]ors4 ,we %\ld see ! le>n$ sy/em ( ! ,anton9es crumble1 ! decad5ce ( ! anci5t civilization become irrevocable1 ,*ri/ianity pr(it f its ru91 ,syria conqu] ! :ole ,we/1 & ,jesus1 9 company ) ! gods & ! deifi$ sages ( ,asia1 take possession ( a society = :i* philosophy & a purely civil gov]nm5t no long] suffic$4 ,x 0 !n t ! religi\s ideas ( ! races gr\p$ ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean became pr(\ndly modifi$2 t ! ,ea/]n religions ev]y:]e took prec$5ce2 t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 hav+ become v num]\s1 totally =got its dreams ( a mill5nium1 broke its la/ ties ) ,judaism1 & ent]$ completely into ! ,greek & ,roman _w4 ,! conte/s & ! lit]>y labors ( ! ?ird c5tury1 :i* 7 c>ri$ on )\t concealm5t1 w\ld be describ$ only 9 _! g5]al features4 ,i w\ld relate /ill m briefly ! p]secutions at ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ! la/ ef=t ( ! empire to return to its =m] pr9ciples1 :i* d5i$ to religi\s association any place 9 ! ,/ate4 ,la/ly1 ,i w\ld only =e%ad[ ! *ange ( policy :i*1 "u ,con/ant9e1 rev]s$ ! position1 & made ( ! mo/ free & spontane\s religi\s movem5t an (ficial wor%ip1 subject to ! ,/ate1 & p]secutor 9 its turn4 ,i "k n :e!r ,i %all h suffici5t life & /r5g? to complete a plan s va/4 ,i %all be satisfi$ if1 aft] hav+ writt5 ! ,life ( ,jesus1 ,i am p]mitt$ to relate1 z ,i und]/& x1 ! hi/ory ( ! apo/les1 ! /ate ( ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce dur+ ! weeks :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,jesus1 ! =mation ( ! cycle ( leg5ds conc]n+ ! resurrection1 ! fir/ acts ( ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem1 ! life ( ,sa9t ,paul1 ! crisis ( ! "t ( ,n]o1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,apocalypse1 ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 ! f\ndation ( ! ,hebrew-,*ri/ian sects ( ,batanea1 ! compilation ( ! ,gospels1 & ! rise ( ! great s*ools ( ,asia ,m9or orig9at$ by ,john4 ,ev]y?+ pales by ! side ( t m>vell\s fir/ c5tury4 ,by a peculi>ity r>e 9 hi/ory1 we see mu* bett] :at pass$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w f ! ye> #ej to ! ye> #ge1 ?an f ! ye> #ajj to ! ye> #aej4 ,! plan foll[$ 9 ?is hi/ory has prev5t$ ! introduction into ! text ( long critical diss]tations ^u controv]t$ po9ts4 ,a cont9u\s sy/em ( notes enables ! read] to v]ify f ! au?orities all ! /atem5ts ( ! text4 ,^! notes are /rictly limit$ to quotations f ! prim>y s\rces2 t is to say1 ! orig9al passages ^u :i* ea* ass]tion or conjecture re/s4 ,i "k t = p]sons little accu/om$ to /udies ( ?is k9d _m o!r explanations w\ld h be5 necess>y4 ,b x is n my practice to d ov] aga9 :at has be5 already done well4 ,to cite only books writt5 9 ,fr5*1 ^? :o w consult ! foll[+ excell5t writ+s#a w !re f9d expla9$ a numb] ( po9ts ^u :i* ,i h be5 oblig$ to be v brief3 ,etudes ,critiques sur l',evangile de sa9t ,mat?ieu1 p> ,m4 ,alb]t ,reville1 pa/eur de l'eglise ,wallonne de ,rott]dam4#b ,hi/oire de la ,!ologie ,*reti5ne au ,siecle ,apo/olique1 p> ,m4 ,reuss1 pr(esseur a la ,faculte de ,!ologie et au ,sem9aire ,prote/ant de ,/rasb\rg4#c ,des ,doctr9es ,religieuses des ,juifs p5dant les ,deux ,siecles ,ant]ieurs a l',ere ,*reti5ne1 p> ,m4 ,mi*el ,nicolas1 pr(esseur a la ,faculte de ,!ologie ,prote/ante de ,montauban4#d ,vie de ,jesus1 p> le ,dr4 ,/rauss2 traduite p> ,m4 ,littre1 ,membre de l',in/itut4#e ,revue de ,!ologie et de ,philosophie ,*reti5ne1 publiee s\s la direction de ,m4 ,colani1 de #ahej a #aheg4--,n\velle ,revue de ,!ologie1 faisant suite a la prec$5te depuis #aheh4f ,footnote #a3 ,:ile ?is "w 0 9 ! press1 a book has appe>$ :i* ,i d n hesitate to add to ?is li/1 al?\gh ,i h n read x ) ! att5tion x des]ves--,les ,evangiles1 p> ,m4 ,gu/ave d',ei*?al4 ,premi]e ,p>tie3 ,exam5 ,critique et ,comp>atif des ,trois ,premi]s ,evangiles4 ,p>is1 ,ha*ette1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #b3 ,leyde1 ,noo?ov5 van ,goor1 #ahfb4 ,p>is1 ,*]buliez4 ,a "w cr[n$ by ! ,society ( ,! ,hague = ! def5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,footnote #c3 ,/rasb\rg1 ,treuttel & ,wurtz4 #bnd edition4 #ahfj4 ,p>is1 ,*]buliez4 ,footnote #d3 ,p>is1 ,mi*el ,levy fr]es1 #ahfj4 ,footnote #e3 ,p>is1 ,ladrange4 #bnd edition1 #ahef4 ,footnote #f3 ,/rasb\rg1 ,treuttel & ,wurtz4 ,p>is1 ,*]buliez4 ,! criticism ( ! details ( ! ,gospel texts especially1 has be5 done by ,/rauss 9 a mann] :i* leaves little to be desir$4 ,al?\gh ,/rauss may be mi/ak5 9 8 !ory ( ! compilation ( ! ,gospels2#a & al?\gh 8 book has1 9 my op9ion1 ! fault ( tak+ up ! !ological gr\nd too mu*1 & ! hi/orical gr\nd too little1#b x w be necess>y1 9 ord] to und]/& ! motives :i* h guid$ me amid/ a cr[d ( m9utiae1 to /udy ! always judici\s1 ?\gh sometimes r subtle argum5t1 ( ! book1 s well translat$ by my le>n$ fri5d1 ,m4 ,littre4 ,footnote #a3 ,! great results obta9$ on ?is po9t h only be5 acquir$ s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ,/rauss's "w4 ,! le>n$ critic has1 besides1 done ju/ice to !m ) mu* c&or 9 8 aft] editions4 ,footnote #b3 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to repeat t n a ^w 9 ,/rauss's "w ju/ifies ! /range & absurd calumny by :i* x has be5 attempt$ to br+ into disrepute ) sup]ficial p]sons1 a "w s agreeable1 accurate1 ?\ghtful1 & consci5ti\s1 ?\gh spoil$ 9 its g5]al p>ts by an exclusive sy/em4 ,n only has ,/rauss nev] d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ,jesus1 b ea* page ( 8 book implies ?is exi/5ce4 ,! tru? is1 ,/rauss supposes ! individual "* ( ,jesus less di/9ct = u ?an x p]haps is 9 reality4 ,i d n believe ,i h neglect$ any s\rce ( in=mation z to anci5t evid5ces4 ,)\t speak+ ( a cr[d ( o!r scatt]$ data1 !re rema91 respect+ ,jesus1 & ! "t 9 :i* he liv$1 five great collections ( writ+s--#a/1 ,! ,gospels1 & ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 g5]al2 #b;d1 ,! compositions call$ ! ,apocrypha ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 #c;d1 ,! works ( ,philo2 #d?1 ,^? ( ,josephus2 #e?1 ,! ,talmud4 ,! writ+s ( ,philo h ! priceless advantage ( %[+ u ! ?\ghts :i*1 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 f]m5t$ 9 m9ds occupi$ ) great religi\s que/ions4 ,philo liv$1 x is true1 9 q a diff]5t prov9ce ( ,judaism to ,jesus1 b1 l him1 he 0 v free f ! littl5esses :i* reign$ at ,j]usalem2 ,philo is truly ! eld] bro!r ( ,jesus4 ,he 0 sixty-two ye>s old :5 ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e? 0 at ! height ( 8 activity1 & he surviv$ him at lea/ t5 ye>s4 ,:at a pity t ! *ances ( life did n conduct him into ,galilee6 ,:at w\ld he n h taught u6 ,josephus1 writ+ specially = pagans1 is n s c&id4 ,8 %ort notices ( ,jesus1 ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ( ,judas ! ,gaulonite1 are dry & colorless4 ,we feel t he seeks to pres5t ^! movem5ts1 s pr(\ndly ,jewi% 9 "* & _s1 "u a =m :i* w\ld be intelligible to ,greeks & ,romans4 ,i believe ! passage respect+ ,jesus#a to be au!ntic4 ,x is p]fectly 9 ! /yle ( ,josephus1 & if ?is hi/orian has made m5tion ( ,jesus1 x is ?us t he mu/ h spok5 ( him4 ,we feel only t a ,*ri/ian h& has ret\*$ ! passage1 has add$ a few words--)\t :i* x w\ld almo/ h be5 blasphem\s#b--;has p]haps retr5*$ or modifi$ "s expressions4#c ,x mu/ be recollect$ t ! lit]>y =tune ( ,josephus 0 made by ! ,*ri/ians1 :o adopt$ 8 writ+s z ess5tial docum5ts ( _! sacr$ hi/ory4 ,!y made1 probably 9 ! second c5tury1 an edition correct$ accord+ to ,*ri/ian ideas4#d ,at all ev5ts1 t :i* con/itutes ! imm5se int]e/ ( ,josephus on ! subject :i* occupies u1 is ! cle> light :i* he ?r[s ^u ! p]iod4 ,?anks to him1 ,h]od1 ,h]odias1 ,antipas1 ,philip1 ,annas1 ,caiaphas1 & ,pilate are p]sonages :om we c t\* ) ! f+]1 & :om we see liv+ be=e u ) a /rik+ reality4 ,footnote #a3 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 iii4 #c4 ,footnote #b3 ,if x be lawful to call him a man4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 place ( ,greek3 *ri/os outos en1 he c]ta9ly _h ^! ,greek3 *ri/os outos elegeto4--,cf4 ,ant41 ,,xx4 ix4 #a4 ,footnote #d3 ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 i4 #aa1 & ,demon/r4 ,evang41 iii4 #e7 cites ! passage respect+ ,jesus z we n[ read x 9 ,josephus4 ,orig5 7,contra ,celsus1 i4 #dg2 ii4 #ac7 & ,eusebius 7,hi/4 ,eccl41 ii4 #bc7 cite ano!r ,*ri/ian int]polation1 :i* is n f\nd 9 any ( ! manuscripts ( ,josephus :i* h come d[n to u4 ,! ,apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 especially ! ,jewi% "p ( ! ,sibyll9e v]ses1 & ! ,book ( ,eno*1 toge!r ) ! ,book ( ,daniel1 :i* is also really an ,apocrypha1 h a prim>y importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ,messianic !ories1 & = ! und]/&+ ( ! conceptions ( ,jesus respect+ ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! ,book ( ,eno* especially1 :i* 0 mu* read at ! "t ( ,jesus1#a gives u ! key to ! expression ,son ( ,man1 & to ! ideas atta*$ to x4 ,! ages ( ^! diff]5t books1 ?anks to ! labors ( ,alex&]1 ,ewald1 ,dillmann1 & ,reuss1 is n[ beyond d\bt4 ,e "o is agre$ 9 plac+ ! compilation ( ! mo/ important ( !m 9 ! second & fir/ c5turies be=e ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! date ( ! ,book ( ,daniel is /ill m c]ta94 ,! "* ( ! two languages 9 :i* x is writt51 ! use ( ,greek words1 ! cle>1 precise1 dat$ ann\ncem5t ( ev5ts1 :i* rea* ev5 to ! "t ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 ! incorrect descriptions ( ,anci5t ,babylonia1 !re giv51 ! g5]al tone ( ! book1 :i* 9 no respect recalls ! writ+s ( ! captivity1 b1 on ! contr>y1 responds1 by a cr[d ( analogies1 to ! beliefs1 ! mann]s1 ! turn ( imag9ation ( ! "t ( ! ,seleucidae2 ! ,apocalyptic =m ( ! visions1 ! place ( ! book 9 ! ,hebrew canon1 out ( ! s]ies ( ! prophets1 ! omission ( ,daniel 9 ! panegyrics ( ,*apt] xlix4 ( ,ecclesia/icus1 9 :i* 8 position is all b indicat$1 & _m o!r pro(s :i* h be5 d$uc$ a hundr$ times1 d n p]mit ( a d\bt t ! ,book ( ,daniel 0 b ! fruit ( ! great excitem5t produc$ among ! ,jews by ! p]secution ( ,antio*us4 ,x is n 9 ! old prophetical lit]ature t we mu/ class ?is book1 b r at ! head ( ,apocalyptic lit]ature1 z ! fir/ model ( a k9d ( composition1 aft] :i* come ! v>i\s ,sibyll9e poems1 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 ! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah1 & ! ,f\r? ,book ( ,esdras4 ,footnote #a3 ,jude ,epi/4 #ad4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,talmud has hi!rto be5 too mu* neglect$4 ,i ?9k ) ,m4 ,geig]1 t ! true notion ( ! circum/ances :i* surr\nd$ ! developm5t ( ,jesus mu/ be s\ght 9 ?is /range compilation1 9 :i* s mu* preci\s in=mation is mix$ ) ! mo/ insignificant s*ola/icism4 ,! ,*ri/ian & ! ,jewi% !ology hav+ 9 ! ma9 foll[$ two p>allel ways1 ! hi/ory ( ! "o _c well be und]/ood )\t ! hi/ory ( ! o!r4 ,innum]able important details 9 ! ,gospels f9d1 moreov]1 _! comm5t>y 9 ! ,talmud4 ,! va/ ,lat9 collections ( ,lightfoot1 ,s*oettg51 ,buxtorf1 & ,o?o conta9$ already a mass ( in=mation on ?is po9t4 ,i h impos$ on myself ! task ( v]ify+ 9 ! orig9al all ! citations :i* ,i h admitt$1 )\t a s+le exception4 ,! assi/ance :i* has be5 giv5 me = ?is "p ( my task by a le>n$ ,israelite1 ,m4 ,neubau]1 well v]s$ 9 ,talmudic lit]ature1 has enabl$ me to g fur!r1 & to cle> up ! mo/ intricate p>ts ( my subject by new rese>*es4 ,! di/9ction ( epo*s is "h mo/ important1 ! compilation ( ! ,talmud ext5d+ f ! ye> #bjj to ab\t ! ye> #ejj4 ,we h br\ght to x z mu* disc]nm5t z is possible 9 ! actual /ate ( ^! /udies4 ,dates s rec5t w excite "s fe>s among p]sons habituat$ to accord value to a docum5t only = ! p]iod 9 :i* x 0 writt54 ,b su* scruples w\ld "h be out ( place4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,jews f ! ,asmonean epo* d[n to ! second c5tury 0 pr9cipally oral4 ,we mu/ n judge ( ?is /ate ( intellig5ce by ! habits ( an age ( mu* writ+4 ,! ,v$as1 & ! anci5t ,arabian poems1 h be5 pres]v$ = ages f memory1 & yet ^! compositions pres5t a v di/9ct & delicate =m4 ,9 ! ,talmud1 on ! contr>y1 ! =m has no value4 ,let u add t be=e ! ,mi%nah ( ,judas ! ,sa9t1 :i* has caus$ all o!rs to be =gott51 !re 7 attempts at compilation1 ! comm5cem5t ( :i* is probably mu* e>li] ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,! /yle ( ! ,talmud is t ( loose notes2 ! collectors did no m probably ?an classify "u c]ta9 titles ! enorm\s mass ( writ+s :i* _h be5 accumulat+ 9 ! diff]5t s*ools = g5]ations4 ,x rema9s = u to speak ( ! docum5ts :i*1 pres5t+ !mselves z biographies ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 mu/ naturally hold ! fir/ place 9 a ,life ( ,jesus4 ,a complete treatise ^u ! compilation ( ! ,gospels w\ld be a "w ( itself4 ,?anks to ! excell5t rese>*es ( :i* ?is "q has be5 ! object dur+ ?irty ye>s1 a problem :i* 0 =m]ly judg$ insurm\ntable has obta9$ a solution :i*1 ?\gh x leaves room = _m unc]ta9ties1 fully suffices = ! necessities ( hi/ory4 ,we %all h occasion to return to ?is 9 our ,second ,book1 ! composition ( ! ,gospels hav+ be5 "o ( ! mo/ important facts = ! future ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! second half ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,we w t\* "h only a s+le aspect ( ! subject1 t :i* is indisp5sable to ! complet5ess ( our n>rative4 ,leav+ aside all :i* belongs to ! portraiture ( ! apo/olic times1 we w inquire only 9 :at degree ! data furni%$ by ! ,gospels may be employ$ 9 a hi/ory =m$ accord+ to rational pr9ciples4#a ,footnote #a3 ,p]sons :o wi% to read m ample explanations1 may consult1 9 addition to ! "w ( ,m4 ,reville1 previ\sly cit$1 ! writ+s ( ,reuss & ,s*]] 9 ! ,revue de ,!ologie1 vol4 x41 xi41 xv42 new s]ies1 ii41 iii41 iv42 & t ( ,nicolas 9 ! ,revue ,g]manique1 ,sept4 & ,dec41 #ahfb2 ,april & ,june1 #ahfc4 ,t ! ,gospels are 9 "p leg5d>y1 is evid5t1 s9ce !y are full ( miracles & ( ! sup]natural2 b leg5ds h n all ! same value4 ,no "o d\bts ! pr9cipal features ( ! life ( ,francis d',assisi1 al?\gh we meet ! sup]natural at e /ep4 ,no "o1 on ! o!r h&1 accords cr$it to ! ,life ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 because x 0 writt5 long aft] ! "t ( ! h]o1 & purely z a romance4 ,at :at "t1 by :at h&s1 "u :at circum/ances1 h ! ,gospels be5 compil$8 ,?is is ! prim>y "q ^u :i* dep5ds ! op9ion to be =m$ ( _! cr$ibility4 ,ea* ( ! f\r ,gospels be>s at its head ! "n ( a p]sonage1 kn[n ei!r 9 ! apo/olic hi/ory1 or 9 ! ,gospel hi/ory itself4 ,^! f\r p]sonages are n /rictly giv5 u z ! au?ors4 ,! =mulae accord+ to ,mat!w1 accord+ to ,m>k1 accord+ to ,luke1 accord+ to ,john1 d n imply t1 9 ! mo/ anci5t op9ion1 ^! recitals 7 writt5 f beg9n+ to end by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1#a !y m]ely signify t ^! 7 ! traditions proce$+ f ea* ( ^! apo/les1 & claim+ _! au?ority4 ,x is cle> t1 if ^! titles are exact1 ! ,gospels1 )\t ceas+ to be 9 "p leg5d>y1 are ( great value1 s9ce !y enable u to g back to ! half c5tury :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,jesus1 & 9 two in/ances1 ev5 to ! eye-witnesses ( 8 actions4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! same mann] we say1 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,egyptians4 ,fir/ly1 z to ,luke1 d\bt is sc>cely possible4 ,! ,gospel ( ,luke is a regul> composition1 f\nd$ on ant]ior docum5ts4#a ,x is ! "w ( a man :o selects1 prunes1 & comb9es4 ,! au?or ( ?is ,gospel is c]ta9ly ! same z t ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4#b ,n[1 ! au?or ( ! ,acts is a companion ( ,/4 ,paul1#c a title :i* applies to ,luke exactly4#d ,i "k t m ?an "o objection may be rais$ aga9/ ?is reason+2 b "o ?+1 at lea/1 is beyond d\bt1 namely1 t ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel & ( ! ,acts 0 a man ( ! second apo/olic g5]ation1 & t is suffici5t = our object4 ,! date ( ?is ,gospel c moreov] be det]m9$ ) mu* precision by consid]ations drawn f ! book itself4 ,! tw5ty-fir/ *apt] ( ,luke1 insep>able f ! re/ ( ! "w1 0 c]ta9ly writt5 aft] ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 & b a %ort "t aft]4#e ,we are "h1 !n1 ^u solid gr\nd2 = we are conc]n$ ) a "w writt5 entirely by ! same h&1 & ( ! mo/ p]fect unity4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke i4 #a-d4 ,footnote #b3 ,acts i4 #a4 ,comp>e ,luke i4 #a-d4 ,footnote #c3 ,f xvi4 #aj1 ! au?or repres5ts himself z eye-witness4 ,footnote #d3 #b ,tim4 iv4 #aa2 ,philemon #bd2 ,col4 iv4 #ad4 ,! "n ( ,lucas 7contraction ( ,lucanus7 be+ v r>e1 we ne$ n fe> "o ( ^? homonyms :i* cause s _m p]plexities 9 que/ions ( criticism relative to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,footnote #e3 ,v]ses #i1 #bj1 #bd1 #bh1 #cb4 ,comp4 xxii4 #cf4 ,! ,gospels ( ,mat!w & ,m>k h n ne>ly ! same /amp ( individuality4 ,!y are imp]sonal compositions1 9 :i* ! au?or totally disappe>s4 ,a prop] "n writt5 at ! head ( works ( ?is k9d does n am\nt to mu*4 ,b if ! ,gospel ( ,luke is dat$1 ^? ( ,mat!w & ,m>k are dat$ also2 = x is c]ta9 t ! ?ird ,gospel is po/]ior to ! fir/ two & exhibits ! "* ( a mu* m advanc$ compilation4 ,we h1 besides1 on ?is po9t1 an excell5t te/imony f a writ] ( ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury--namely1 ,papias1 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 a grave man1 a man ( traditions1 :o 0 all 8 life seek+ to collect :atev] c\ld be kn[n ( ! p]son ( ,jesus4#a ,aft] hav+ decl>$ t on su* matt]s he pref]r$ oral tradition to books1 ,papias m5tions two writ+s on ! acts & words ( ,*ri/3 ,fir/1 a writ+ ( ,m>k1 ! int]pret] ( ! apo/le ,pet]1 writt5 briefly1 incomplete1 & n arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]1 includ+ n>ratives & disc\rses1 7,greek3 le*!nta e pra*!nta17 compos$ f ! in=mation & recollections ( ! apo/le ,pet]2 second1 a collection ( s5t5ces 7,greek3 logia7 writt5 9 ,hebrew#b by ,mat!w1 & :i* ea* "o has translat$ z he c\ld4 ,x is c]ta9 t ^! two descriptions answ] pretty well to ! g5]al physiognomy ( ! two books n[ call$ ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k--! fir/ *>act]iz$ by its long disc\rses2 ! second1 above all1 by anecdote--mu* m exact ?an ! fir/ ^u small facts1 brief ev5 to dryness1 conta9+ few disc\rses1 & indiff]5tly compos$4 ,t ^! two works1 su* z we n[ read !m1 are absolutely simil> to ^? read by ,papias1 _c be su/a9$3 ,fir/ly1 because ! writ+s ( ,mat!w 7 to ,papias solely disc\rses 9 ,hebrew1 ( :i* !re 7 9 circulation v v>y+ translations2 &1 secondly1 because ! writ+s ( ,m>k & ,mat!w 7 to him pr(\ndly di/9ct1 writt5 )\t any k ( ea* o!r1 &1 z x seems1 9 diff]5t languages4 ,n[1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! texts1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w & ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k pres5t p>allel p>ts s long & s p]fectly id5tical1 t x mu/ be suppos$1 ei!r t ! f9al compil] ( ! fir/ _h ! second "u 8 eyes1 or vice v]sa1 or t bo? copi$ f ! same prototype4 ,t :i* appe>s ! mo/ likely1 is1 t we h n ! entirely orig9al compilations ( ei!r ,mat!w or ,m>k2 b t our fir/ two ,gospels are v]sions 9 :i* ! attempt is made to fill up ! gaps ( ! "o text by ! o!r4 ,e "o wi%$1 9 fact1 to possess a complete copy4 ,he :o _h 9 8 copy only disc\rses1 wi%$ to h n>ratives1 & vice v]sa4 ,x is ?us t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w is f\nd to h includ$ almo/ all ! anecdotes ( ,m>k1 & t ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k n[ conta9s num]\s features :i* come f ! ,logia ( ,mat!w4 ,e "o1 besides1 drew l>gely on ! ,gospel tradition !n curr5t4 ,?is tradition 0 s f> f hav+ be5 exhau/$ by ! ,gospels1 t ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & ! mo/ anci5t ,fa!rs quote _m words ( ,jesus :i* appe> au!ntic1 & are n f\nd 9 ! ,gospels we possess4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iii4 #ci4 ,no d\bt :atev] c be rais$ z to ! au!nticity ( ?is passage4 ,eusebius1 9 fact1 f> f exagg]at+ ! au?ority ( ,papias1 is emb>rass$ at 8 simple +5u\sness1 at 8 gross mill5>ianism1 & solves ! difficulty by treat+ him z a man ( little m9d4 ,comp4 ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]41 iii4 #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,t is to say1 9 ! ,semitic dialect4 ,x matt]s little = our pres5t object to pu% ?is delicate analysis fur!r1 & to endeavor to recon/ruct 9 "s mann]1 on ! "o h&1 ! orig9al ,logia ( ,mat!w1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! primitive n>rative su* z x left ! p5 ( ,m>k4 ,! ,logia are d\btless repres5t$ by ! great disc\rses ( ,jesus :i* fill a consid]able "p ( ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,^! disc\rses =m1 9 fact1 :5 deta*$ f ! re/1 a suffici5tly complete :ole4 ,z to ! n>ratives ( ! fir/ & second ,gospels1 !y seem to h = basis a common docum5t1 ( :i* ! text reappe>s sometimes 9 ! "o & sometimes 9 ! o!r1 & ( :i* ! second ,gospel1 su* z we read x to-day1 is b a slightly modifi$ reproduction4 ,9 o!r words1 ! s*eme ( ! ,life ( ,jesus1 9 ! synoptics1 re/s ^u two orig9al docum5ts--fir/1 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus collect$ by ,mat!w2 second1 ! collection ( anecdotes & p]sonal rem9isc5ces :i* ,m>k wrote f ! recollections ( ,pet]4 ,we may say t we h ^! two docum5ts /ill1 mix$ ) acc\nts f ano!r s\rce1 9 ! two fir/ ,gospels1 :i* be>1 n )\t reason1 ! "n ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w & ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k4 ,:at is indubitable1 9 any case1 is1 t v e>ly ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 7 writt5 9 ! ,aramean language1 & v e>ly also 8 rem>kable actions 7 record$4 ,^! 7 n texts def9$ & fix$ dogmatically4 ,besides ! ,gospels :i* h come to u1 !re 7 a numb] ( o!rs pr(ess+ to repres5t ! tradition ( eye-witnesses4#a ,little importance 0 atta*$ to ^! writ+s1 & ! pres]v]s1 su* z ,papias1 greatly pref]r$ oral tradition4#b ,z m5 /ill believ$ t ! _w 0 ne>ly at an end1 !y c>$ little to compose books = ! future2 x 0 suffici5t m]ely to pres]ve 9 _! he>ts a lively image ( him :om !y hop$ soon to see aga9 9 ! cl\ds4 ,h5ce ! little au?ority :i* ! ,gospel texts enjoy$ dur+ "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,!re 0 no scruple 9 ins]t+ additions1 9 v>i\sly comb9+ !m1 & 9 complet+ "s by o!rs4 ,! poor man :o has b "o book wi%es t x may conta9 all t is cle> to 8 he>t4 ,^! little books 7 l5t1 ea* "o transcrib$ 9 ! m>g9 ( 8 copy ! words1 & ! p>ables he f\nd else:]e1 :i* t\*$ him4#c ,! mo/ beautiful ?+ 9 ! _w has ?us proce$$ f an obscure & purely popul> elaboration4 ,no compilation 0 ( absolute value4 ,ju/91 :o (t5 appeals to t :i* he calls ,! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1#d _h "u 8 notice ,gospel docum5ts 9 a /ate v diff]5t f t 9 :i* we possess !m4 ,at all ev5ts1 he nev] c>es to quote !m textually4 ,! ,gospel quotations 9 ! pseudo-,clem5t9ian writ+s1 ( ,ebionite orig91 pres5t ! same "*4 ,! _s 0 ev]y?+2 ! lett] 0 no?+4 ,x 0 :5 tradition became weak5$1 9 ! second half ( ! second c5tury1 t ! texts be>+ ! names ( ! apo/les took a decisive au?ority & obta9$ ! =ce ( law4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke i4 #a1 #b2 ,orig51 ,hom4 9 ,luc4 #a init42 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,comm5t4 9 ,matt41 prol4 ,footnote #b3 ,papias1 9 ,eusebius1 ,h4,e41 iii4 #ci4 ,comp4 ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]41 ,,iii4 ii4 & iii4 ,footnote #c3 ,x is ?us t ! beautiful n>rative 9 ,john viii4 #a-aa has always float$1 )\t f9d+ a fix$ place 9 ! framework ( ! receiv$ ,gospels4 ,footnote #d3 ,greek3 ,ta apomnemoneumata ton apo/olon1 a kaleitai euangelia4 ,ju/91 ,apol4 i4 #cc1 #ff1 #fg2 ,dial4 cum ,tryph41 #aj1 #ajj-ajg4 ,:o does n see ! value ( docum5ts ?us compos$ ( ! t5d] remembrances1 & simple n>ratives1 ( ! fir/ two ,*ri/ian g5]ations1 /ill full ( ! /rong impression :i* ! illu/ri\s ,f\nd] _h produc$1 & :i* seem$ long to survive him8 ,let u add1 t ! ,gospels 9 "q seem to proce$ f t bran* ( ! ,*ri/ian family :i* /ood ne>e/ to ,jesus4 ,! la/ "w ( compilation1 at lea/ ( ! text :i* be>s ! "n ( ,mat!w1 appe>s to h be5 done 9 "o ( ! c\ntries situat$ at ! nor!a/ ( ,pale/9e1 su* z ,gaulonitis1 ,auranitis1 ,batanea1 :]e _m ,*ri/ians took refuge at ! "t ( ! ,roman w>1 :]e 7 f\nd relatives ( ,jesus#a ev5 9 ! second c5tury1 & :]e ! fir/ ,galilean t5d5cy 0 long] pres]v$ ?an 9 o!r p>ts4 ,footnote #a3 ,julius ,africanus1 9 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 i4 #g4 ,s f> we h only spok5 ( ! ?ree ,gospels nam$ ! synoptics4 ,!re rema9s a f\r?1 t :i* be>s ! "n ( ,john4 ,conc]n+ ?is "o1 d\bts h a mu* bett] f\ndation1 & ! "q is fur!r f solution4 ,papias--:o 0 connect$ ) ! s*ool ( ,john1 & :o1 if n "o ( 8 auditors1 z ,ir5aeus ?9ks1 associat$ ) 8 imm$iate disciples1 among o!rs1 ,ari/ion1 & ! "o call$ ,presbyt]os ,joannes--says n a ^w ( a ,life ( ,jesus1 writt5 by ,john1 al?\gh he _h zeal\sly collect$ ! oral n>ratives ( bo? ,ari/ion & ,presbyt]os ,joannes4 ,if any su* m5tion _h be5 f\nd 9 8 "w1 ,eusebius1 :o po9ts out ev]y?+ !re9 t c contribute to ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! apo/olic age1 w\ld d\btless h m5tion$ x4 ,! intr9sic difficulties drawn f ! p]usal ( ! f\r? ,gospel itself are n less /rong4 ,h[ is x t1 side by side ) n>ration s precise1 & s evid5tly t ( an eye-witness1 we f9d disc\rses s totally diff]5t f ^? ( ,mat!w8 ,h[ is x t1 connect$ ) a g5]al plan ( ! life ( ,jesus1 :i* appe>s mu* m satisfactory & exact ?an t ( ! synoptics1 ^! s+ul> passages occur 9 :i* we are s5sible ( a dogmatic int]e/ peculi> to ! compil]1 ( ideas =eign to ,jesus1 & sometimes ( indications :i* place u on our gu>d aga9/ ! good fai? ( ! n>rator8 ,la/ly1 h[ is x t1 unit$ ) views ! mo/ pure1 ! mo/ j1 ! mo/ truly evangelical1 we f9d ^! blemi%es :i* we w\ld fa9 reg>d z ! int]polations ( an ard5t sect>ian8 ,is x inde$ ,john1 son ( ,zeb$ee1 bro!r ( ,james 7( :om !re is n a s+le m5tion made 9 ! f\r? ,gospel71 :o is able to write 9 ,greek ^! lessons ( ab/ract metaphysics to :i* nei!r ! synoptics nor ! ,talmud (f] any analogy8 ,all ?is is ( great importance2 & = myself1 ,i d>e n be sure t ! f\r? ,gospel has be5 entirely writt5 by ! p5 ( a ,galilean fi%]man4 ,b t1 z a :ole1 ?is ,gospel may h orig9at$ t[>d ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 f ! great s*ool ( ,asia ,m9or1 :i* 0 connect$ ) ,john1 t x repres5ts to u a v]sion ( ! life ( ! ,ma/]1 wor?y ( high e/eem1 & (t5 to be pref]r$1 is demon/rat$1 9 a mann] :i* leaves u no?+ to be desir$1 bo? by ext]ior evid5ces & by exam9ation ( ! docum5t itself4 ,&1 fir/ly1 no "o d\bts t1 t[>d ! ye> #aej1 ! f\r? ,gospel did exi/1 & 0 attribut$ to ,john4 ,explicit texts f ,/4 ,ju/91#a f ,a!nagorus1#b f ,tatian1#c f ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1#d f ,ir5aeus1#e %[ t !nce=? ?is ,gospel mix$ 9 e controv]sy1 & s]v$ z corn]-/one = ! developm5t ( ! fai?4 ,ir5aeus is explicit2 n[1 ,ir5aeus came f ! s*ool ( ,john1 & betwe5 him & ! apo/le !re 0 only ,polyc>p4 ,! "p play$ by ?is ,gospel 9 ,gno/icism1 & especially 9 ! sy/em ( ,val5t9us1#f 9 ,montanism1#g & 9 ! qu>rel ( ! ,qu>todecimans1#h is n less decisive4 ,! s*ool ( ,john 0 ! mo/ influ5tial "o dur+ ! second c5tury2 & x is only by reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! ,gospel z co9cid5t ) ! rise ( ! s*ool1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! latt] c be und]/ood at all4 ,let u add t ! fir/ epi/le attribut$ to ,/4 ,john is c]ta9ly by ! same au?or z ! f\r? ,gospel1#i n[1 ?is epi/le is recogniz$ z f ,john by ,polyc>p1#aj ,papias1#aa & ,ir5aeus4#ab ,footnote #a3 ,apol41 #cb1 #fa2 ,dial4 cum ,tryph41 #hh4 ,footnote #b3 ,legatio pro ,*ri/1 #aj4 ,footnote #c3 ,adv4 ,graec41 #e1 #g2 ,cf4 ,eusebius1 ,h4,e41 iv4 #bi2 ,!odoret1 ,ha]etic4 ,fabul41 i4 #bj4 ,footnote #d3 ,ad ,autolycum1 ii4 #bb4 ,footnote #e3 ,adv4 ,ha]41 ,,ii4 xxii4 #e1 ,,iii4 #a4 ,cf4 ,eus41 ,h4,e41 v4 #h4 ,footnote #f3 ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]41 ,i4 iii4 #f2 ,,iii4 xi4 #g2 ,/4 ,hippolytus1 ,philosophum5a ,,vi4 ii4 #bi1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #g3 ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]41 ,,iii4 xi4 #i4 ,footnote #h3 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 v4 #bd4 ,footnote #i3 ,john1 i4 #c1 #e4 ,! two writ+s pres5t ! mo/ complete id5tity ( /yle1 ! same peculi>ities1 ! same favorite expressions4 ,footnote #aj3 ,epi/4 ad ,philipp41 #g4 ,footnote #aa3 ,9 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 ,,iii4 #ci4 ,footnote #ab3 ,adv4 ,ha]41 ,,iii4 xvi4 #e1 #h2 ,cf4 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 v4 #h4 ,b x is1 above all1 ! p]usal ( ! "w itself :i* is calculat$ to give ?is impression4 ,! au?or always speaks z an eye-witness2 he wi%es to pass = ! apo/le ,john4 ,if1 !n1 ?is "w is n really by ! apo/le1 we mu/ admit a fraud ( :i* ! au?or convicts himself4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! ideas ( ! "t respect+ lit]>y hone/y diff]$ ess5tially f ours1 !re is no example 9 ! apo/olic _w ( a falsehood ( ?is k9d4 ,besides1 n only does ! au?or wi% to pass = ! apo/le ,john1 b we see cle>ly t he writes 9 ! int]e/ ( ?is apo/le4 ,on ea* page he betrays ! desire to =tify 8 au?ority1 to %[ t he has be5 ! favorite ( ,jesus2#a t 9 all ! solemn circum/ances 7at ! ,"l's supp]1 at ,calv>y1 at ! tomb7 he held ! fir/ place4 ,8 relations on ! :ole frat]nal1 al?\gh n exclud+ a c]ta9 rivalry ) ,pet]2#b 8 hatr$1 on ! contr>y1 ( ,judas1#c a hatr$ probably ant]ior to ! betrayal1 seems to pi]ce ?r\gh "h & !re4 ,we are tempt$ to believe t ,john1 9 8 old age1 hav+ read ! ,gospel n>ratives1 on ! "o h&1 rem>k$ _! v>i\s inaccuracies1#d on ! o!r1 0 hurt at see+ t !re 0 n accord$ to him a suffici5tly high place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/2 t !n he comm5c$ to dictate a numb] ( ?+s :i* he knew bett] ?an ! re/1 ) ! int5tion ( %[+ t 9 _m in/ances1 9 :i* only ,pet] 0 spok5 (1 he _h figur$ ) him & ev5 be=e him4#e ,already dur+ ! life ( ,jesus1 ^! trifl+ s5tim5ts ( jeal\sy _h be5 manife/$ betwe5 ! sons ( ,zeb$ee & ! o!r disciples4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,james1 8 bro!r1 ,john rema9$ sole inh]itor ( ! intimate remembrances ( :i* ^! two apo/les1 by ! common cons5t1 7 ! deposit>ies4 ,h5ce 8 p]petual desire to recall t he is ! la/ surviv+ eye-witness1#f & ! pleasure :i* he takes 9 relat+ circum/ances :i* he alone c\ld "k4 ,h5ce1 too1 s _m m9ute details :i* seem l ! comm5t>ies ( an annotator--x 0 ! six? h\r2 x 0 night2 ! s]vant's "n 0 ,mal*us2 !y _h made a fire ( coals1 = x 0 cold2 ! coat 0 )\t seam4 ,h5ce1 la/ly1 ! disord] ( ! compilation1 ! irregul>ity ( ! n>ration1 ! disjo9t$ness ( ! fir/ *apt]s1 all s _m inexplicable features on ! supposition t ?is ,gospel 0 b a !ological !sis1 )\t hi/oric value1 & :i*1 on ! contr>y1 are p]fectly intelligible1 if1 9 con=mity ) tradition1 we see 9 !m ! remembrances ( an old man1 sometimes ( rem>kable fre%ness1 sometimes hav+ und]gone /range modifications4 ,footnote #a3 ,john xiii4 #bc1 xix4 #bf1 xx4 #b1 xxi4 #g1 #bj4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xviii4 #ae-af1 xx4 #b-f1 xxi4 #ae-af4 ,comp4 i4 #ce1 #dj1 #da4 ,footnote #c3 ,john vi4 #fe1 xii4 #f1 xiii4 #ba1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,ari/ion & ,presbyt]os ,joannes express$ !mselves on ! ,gospel ( ,m>k be=e ,papias 7,eusebius1 ,h4,e41 ,,iii4 #ci7 implies1 9 effect1 a fri5dly criticism1 or1 m prop]ly1 a sort ( excuse1 indicat+ t ,john's disciples _h bett] in=mation on ! same subject4 ,footnote #e3 ,comp>e ,john xviii4 #ae1 & foll[+1 ) ,mat!w xxvi4 #eh2 ,john xx4 #b to #f1 ) ,m>k xvi4 #g4 ,see also ,john xiii4 #bd1 #be4 ,footnote #f3 ,*ap4 i4 #ad1 xix4 #ce1 xxi4 #bd1 & foll[+4 ,comp>e ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john1 *ap4 i4 #c1 #e4 ,a prim>y di/9ction1 inde$1 ought to be made 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,on ! "o side1 ?is ,gospel pres5ts u ) a r\gh draft ( ! life ( ,jesus1 :i* diff]s consid]ably f t ( ! synoptics4 ,on ! o!r1 x puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus disc\rses ( :i* ! tone1 ! /yle1 ! treatm5t1 & ! doctr9es h no?+ 9 common ) ! ,logia giv5 u by ! synoptics4 ,9 ?is second respect1 ! diff]5ce is su* t we mu/ make *oice 9 a decisive mann]4 ,if ,jesus spoke z ,mat!w repres5ts1 he c\ld n h spok5 z ,john relates4 ,betwe5 ^! two au?orities no critic has ev] hesitat$1 or c ev] hesitate4 ,f> remov$ f ! simple1 dis9t]e/$1 imp]sonal tone ( ! synoptics1 ! ,gospel ( ,john %[s incessantly ! preoccupation ( ! apologi/--! m5tal res]vation ( ! sect>ian1 ! desire to prove a !sis1 & to conv9ce adv]s>ies4#a ,x 0 n by pret5ti\s tirades1 heavy1 badly writt51 & appeal+ little to ! moral s5se1 t ,jesus f\nd$ 8 div9e "w4 ,if ev5 ,papias _h n taught u t ,mat!w wrote ! say+s ( ,jesus 9 _! orig9al tongue1 ! natural1 ineffable tru?1 ! *>m beyond comp>ison ( ! disc\rses 9 ! synoptics1 _! pr(\ndly ,hebrai/ic idiom1 ! analogies :i* !y pres5t ) ! say+s ( ! ,jewi% doctors ( ! p]iod1 _! p]fect h>mony ) ! natural ph5om5a ( ,galilee--all ^! *>act]i/ics1 comp>$ ) ! obscure ,gno/icism1 ) ! di/ort$ metaphysics1 :i* fill ! disc\rses ( ,john1 w\ld speak l\dly en\gh4 ,?is by no means implies t !re are n 9 ! disc\rses ( ,john "s admirable gleams1 "s traits :i* truly come f ,jesus4#b ,b ! my/ic tone ( ^! disc\rses does n correspond at all to ! "* ( ! eloqu5ce ( ,jesus1 su* z we picture x accord+ to ! synoptics4 ,a new _s has brea!d2 ,gno/icism has already comm5c$2 ! ,galilean era ( ! k+dom ( ,god is f9i%$2 ! hope ( ! ne> adv5t ( ,*ri/ is m di/ant2 we ent] on ! b>r5ness ( metaphysics1 into ! d>kness ( ab/ract dogma4 ,! _s ( ,jesus is n !re1 &1 if ! son ( ,zeb$ee has truly trac$ ^! pages1 he _h c]ta9ly1 9 writ+ !m1 q =gott5 ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>e?1 & ! *>m+ disc\rses :i* he _h he>d ^u its %ores4 ,footnote #a3 ,see1 = example1 *aps4 ix4 & xi4 ,notice especially1 ! effect :i* su* passages z ,john xix4 #ce1 xx4 #ca1 xxi4 #bj-bc1 #bd1 #be1 produce1 :5 we recall ! abs5ce ( all comm5ts :i* di/+ui%es ! synoptics4 ,footnote #b3 ,= example1 *ap4 iv4 #a1 & foll[+1 xv4 #ab1 & foll[+4 ,_m words rememb]$ by ,john are f\nd 9 ! synoptics 7*ap4 xii4 #af1 xv4 #bj74 ,"o circum/ance1 moreov]1 :i* /rongly proves t ! disc\rses giv5 u by ! f\r? ,gospel are n hi/orical1 b compositions int5d$ to cov] ) ! au?ority ( ,jesus c]ta9 doctr9es de> to ! compil]1 is _! p]fect h>mony ) ! intellectual /ate ( ,asia ,m9or at ! "t :5 !y 7 writt54 ,asia ,m9or 0 !n ! !atre ( a /range movem5t ( syncretical philosophy2 all ! g]ms ( ,gno/icism exi/$ !re already4 ,john appe>s to h drunk deeply f ^! /range spr+s4 ,x may be t1 aft] ! crisis ( ! ye> #fh 7! date ( ! ,apocalypse7 & ( ! ye> #gj 7! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem71 ! old apo/le1 ) an ard5t & pla/ic _s1 disabus$ ( ! belief 9 a ne> appe>ance ( ! ,son ( ,man 9 ! cl\ds1 may h incl9$ t[>d ! ideas t he f\nd ar\nd him1 ( :i* sev]al agre$ suffici5tly well ) c]ta9 ,*ri/ian doctr9es4 ,9 attribut+ ^! new ideas to ,jesus1 he only foll[$ a v natural t5d5cy4 ,our remembrances are trans=m$ ) our circum/ances2 ! ideal ( a p]son t we h kn[n *anges z we *ange4#a ,consid]+ ,jesus z ! inc>nation ( tru?1 ,john c\ld n fail to attribute to him t :i* he _h come to consid] z ! tru?4 ,footnote #a3 ,x 0 ?us t ,napoleon became a lib]al 9 ! remembrances ( 8 companions 9 exile1 :5 ^!1 aft] _! return1 f\nd !mselves ?r[n 9 ! mid/ ( ! political society ( ! "t4 ,if we mu/ speak c&idly1 we w add t probably ,john himself _h little %>e 9 ?is2 t ! *ange 0 made ar\nd him r ?an by him4 ,"o is sometimes tempt$ to believe t preci\s notes1 com+ f ! apo/le1 h be5 employ$ by 8 disciples 9 a v diff]5t s5se f ! primitive ,gospel _s4 ,9 fact1 c]ta9 portions ( ! f\r? ,gospel h be5 add$ lat]2 su* is ! entire tw5ty-fir/ *apt]1#a 9 :i* ! au?or seems to wi% to r5d] homage to ! apo/le ,pet] aft] 8 dea?1 & to reply to ! objections :i* w\ld be drawn1 or already _h be5 drawn1 f ! dea? ( ,john himself1 7v]4 #ba-bc47 ,_m o!r places be> ! trace ( erasures & corrections4#b ,x is impossible at ?is di/ance to und]/& ^! s+ul> problems1 & )\t d\bt _m surprises w\ld be 9 /ore = u1 if we 7 p]mitt$ to p5etrate ! secrets ( t my/]i\s s*ool ( ,ephesus1 :i*1 m ?an once1 appe>s to h delight$ 9 obscure pa?s4 ,b !re is a decisive te/4 ,e "o :o sets himself to write ! ,life ( ,jesus )\t any pr$et]m9$ !ory z to ! relative value ( ! ,gospels1 lett+ himself be guid$ solely by ! s5tim5t ( ! subject1 w be l$ 9 num]\s in/ances to pref] ! n>ration ( ,john to t ( ! synoptics4 ,! la/ mon?s ( ! life ( ,jesus especially are expla9$ by ,john alone2 a numb] ( ! features ( ! passion1 un9telligible 9 ! synoptics1#c resume bo? probability & possibility 9 ! n>rative ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i d>e defy any "o to compose a ,life ( ,jesus ) any mean+1 f ! disc\rses :i* ,john attributes to him4 ,?is mann] ( incessantly prea*+ & demon/rat+ himself1 ?is p]petual argum5tation1 ?is /age-effect devoid ( simplicity1 ^! long argum5ts aft] ea* miracle1 ^! /iff & awkw>d disc\rses1 ! tone ( :i* is s (t5 false & unequal1#d w\ld n be tol]at$ by a man ( ta/e comp>$ ) ! delightful s5t5ces ( ! synoptics4 ,!re are "h evid5tly artificial portions1#e :i* repres5t to u ! s]mons ( ,jesus1 z ! dialogues ( ,plato r5d] u ! conv]sations ( ,socrates4 ,!y are1 s to speak1 ! v>iations ( a musician improvis+ on a giv5 !me4 ,! !me is n )\t "s au!nticity2 b 9 ! execution1 ! imag9ation ( ! arti/ has giv5 itself full scope4 ,we are s5sible ( ! factiti\s mode ( proc$ure1 ( rhetoric1 ( gloss4#f ,let u add t ! vocabul>y ( ,jesus _c be recogniz$ 9 ! portions ( :i* we speak4 ,! expression1 k+dom ( ,god1 :i* 0 s famili> to ! ,ma/]1#g occurs !re b once4#h ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /yle ( ! disc\rses attribut$ to ,jesus by ! f\r? ,gospel1 pres5ts ! mo/ complete analogy ) t ( ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john2 we see t 9 writ+ ! disc\rses1 ! au?or foll[$ n 8 recollections1 b r ! some:at monoton\s movem5t ( 8 own ?\ght4 ,q a new my/ical language is introduc$1 a language ( :i* ! synoptics _h n ! lea/ idea 7_w1 tru?1 life1 light1 d>kness1 etc474 ,if ,jesus _h ev] spok5 9 ?is /yle1 :i* has no?+ ( ,hebrew1 no?+ ,jewi%1 no?+ ,talmudic 9 x1 h[1 if ,i may ?us express myself1 is x t b a s+le "o ( 8 he>]s %\ld h s well kept ! secret8 ,footnote #a3 ,! v]ses1 *ap4 xx4 #cj1 #ca1 evid5tly =m ! orig9al conclusion4 ,footnote #b3 ,*ap4 vi4 #b1 #bb1 vii4 #bb4 ,footnote #c3 ,= example1 t :i* conc]ns ! ann\ncem5t ( ! betrayal by ,judas4 ,footnote #d3 ,see1 = example1 *aps4 ii4 #be1 iii4 #cb1 #cc1 & ! long disputes ( *apt]s vii41 viii41 & ix4 ,footnote #e3 ,we feel (t5 t ! au?or seeks pretexts = introduc+ c]ta9 disc\rses 7*aps4 iii41 v41 viii41 xiii41 & foll[+74 ,footnote #f3 ,= example1 *ap4 xvii4 ,footnote #g3 ,besides ! synoptics1 ! ,acts1 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 & ! ,apocalypse1 confirm x4 ,footnote #h3 ,john iii4 #c1 #e4 ,lit]>y hi/ory (f]s1 besides1 ano!r example1 :i* pres5ts ! greate/ analogy ) ! hi/oric ph5om5on we h j describ$1 & s]ves to expla9 x4 ,socrates1 :o1 l ,jesus1 nev] wrote1 is kn[n to u by two ( 8 disciples1 ,x5ophon & ,plato1 ! fir/ correspond+ to ! synoptics 9 8 cle>1 transp>5t1 imp]sonal compilation2 ! second recall+ ! au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 by 8 vigor\s individuality4 ,9 ord] to describe ! ,socratic tea*+1 %\ld we foll[ ! dialogues ( ,plato1 or ! disc\rses ( ,x5ophon8 ,d\bt1 9 ?is respect1 is n possible2 e "o *ooses ! disc\rses1 & n ! dialogues4 ,does ,plato1 h[ev]1 tea* u no?+ ab\t ,socrates8 ,w\ld x be good criticism1 9 writ+ ! biography ( ! latt]1 to neglect ! dialogues8 ,:o w\ld v5ture to ma9ta9 ?is8 ,! analogy1 moreov]1 is n complete1 & ! diff]5ce is 9 favor ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! au?or ( ?is ,gospel is1 9 fact1 ! bett] biograph]2 z if ,plato1 :o1 :il/ attribut+ to 8 ma/] fictiti\s disc\rses1 _h kn[n important matt]s ab\t 8 life1 :i* ,x5ophon ignor$ entirely4 ,)\t pron\nc+ ^u ! mat]ial "q z to :at h& has writt5 ! f\r? ,gospel1 & :il/ incl9$ to believe t ! disc\rses1 at lea/1 are n f ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 we admit /ill1 t x is inde$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ,john1 9 ! same s5se t ! fir/ & second ,gospels are ! ,gospels accord+ to ,mat!w1 & accord+ to ,m>k4 ,! hi/orical sket* ( ! f\r? ,gospel is ! ,life ( ,jesus1 su* z x 0 kn[n 9 ! s*ool ( ,john2 x is ! recital :i* ,ari/ion & ,presbyt]os ,joannes made to ,papias1 )\t tell+ him t x 0 writt51 or r atta*+ no importance to ?is po9t4 ,i mu/ add1 t1 9 my op9ion1 ?is s*ool 0 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! ext]ior circum/ances ( ! life ( ! ,f\nd] ?an ! gr\p ^: remembrances con/itut$ ! synoptics4 ,x _h1 especially ^u ! soj\rns ( ,jesus at ,j]usalem1 data :i* ! o!rs did n possess4 ,! disciples ( ?is s*ool treat$ ,m>k z an indiff]5t biograph]1 & devis$ a sy/em to expla9 8 omissions4#a ,c]ta9 passages ( ,luke1 :]e !re is1 z x 71 an e*o ( ! traditions ( ,john1#b prove also t ^! traditions 7 n entirely unkn[n to ! re/ ( ! ,*ri/ian family4 ,footnote #a3 ,papias1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #b3 ,= example1 ! p>don ( ! adult]ess2 ! k :i* ,luke has ( ! family ( ,be?any2 8 type ( ! "* ( ,m>?a respond+ to ! ,greek3 die*\ei ( ,john 7*ap4 xii4 #b72 ! incid5t ( ! woman :o wip$ ! feet ( ,jesus ) h] hair2 an obscure notion ( ! travels ( ,jesus to ,j]usalem2 ! idea t 9 8 passion he 0 se5 by ?ree witnesses2 ! op9ion ( ! au?or t "s disciples 7 pres5t at ! crucifixion2 ! k :i* he has ( ! "p play$ by ,annas 9 aid+ ,caiaphas2 ! appe>ance ( ! angel 9 ! agony 7comp4 ,john xii4 #bh1 #bi74 ,^! explanations w suffice1 ,i ?9k1 to %[1 9 ! c\rse ( my n>rative1 ! motives :i* h det]m9$ me to give ! pref]5ce to ?is or t ( ! f\r guides :om we h = ! ,life ( ,jesus4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i admit z au!ntic ! f\r canonical ,gospels4 ,all1 9 my op9ion1 date f ! fir/ c5tury1 & ! au?ors are1 g5]ally speak+1 ^? to :om !y are attribut$2 b _! hi/oric value is v div]se4 ,mat!w evid5tly m]its an unlimit$ confid5ce z to ! disc\rses2 !y are ! ,logia1 ! id5tical notes tak5 f a cle> & lively remembrance ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus4 ,a k9d ( spl5dor at once mild & t]rible--a div9e /r5g?1 if we may s speak1 emphasizes ^! words1 deta*es !m f ! context1 & r5d]s !m easily di/+ui%able4 ,! p]son :o imposes ^u himself ! task ( mak+ a cont9u\s n>rative f ! gospel hi/ory1 possesses1 9 ?is respect1 an excell5t t\*/one4 ,! real words ( ,jesus disclose !mselves2 z soon z we t\* !m 9 ?is *aos ( traditions ( v>i$ au!nticity1 we feel !m vibrate2 !y betray !mselves spontane\sly1 & %9e out ( ! n>rative ) unequal$ brilliancy4 ,! n>rative portions gr\p$ 9 ! fir/ ,gospel ar\nd ?is primitive nucleus h n ! same au?ority4 ,!re are _m n well def9$ leg5ds :i* h proce$$ f ! zeal ( ! second ,*ri/ian g5]ation4#a ,! ,gospel ( ,m>k is mu* firm]1 m precise1 conta9+ few] subsequ5t additions4 ,he is ! "o ( ! ?ree synoptics :o has rema9$ ! mo/ primitive1 ! mo/ orig9al1 ! "o to :om ! fewe/ aft]-elem5ts h be5 add$4 ,9 ,m>k1 ! facts are relat$ ) a cle>ness = :i* we seek 9 va9 among/ ! o!r evangeli/s4 ,he likes to report c]ta9 words ( ,jesus 9 ,syro-,*aldean4#b ,he is full ( m9ute obs]vations1 com+ d\btless f an eye-witness4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t our agree+ ) ,papias 9 reg>d+ ?is eye-witness1 :o evid5tly _h foll[$ ,jesus1 :o _h lov$ him & obs]v$ him v closely1 & :o _h pres]v$ a lively image ( him1 z ! apo/le ,pet] himself4 ,footnote #a3 ,*aps4 i41 ii41 especially4 ,see also *ap4 xxvii4 #c1 #ai1 #ea1 #ec1 #fj1 xxviii4 #b1 & foll[+1 9 comp>+ ,m>k4 ,footnote #b3 ,*ap4 v4 #da1 vii4 #cd1 xv4 #bd4 ,mat!w only pres5ts ?is peculi>ity once 7*ap4 xxvii4 #df74 ,z to ! "w ( ,luke1 its hi/orical value is s5sibly weak]4 ,x is a docum5t :i* comes to u second-h&4 ,! n>rative is m mature4 ,! words ( ,jesus are !re1 m delib]ate1 m s5t5ti\s4 ,"s s5t5ces are di/ort$ & exagg]at$4#a ,writ+ outside ( ,pale/9e1 & c]ta9ly aft] ! siege ( ,j]usalem1#b ! au?or indicates ! places ) less exactitude ?an ! o!r two synoptics2 he has an errone\s idea ( ! temple1 :i* he repres5ts z an oratory :]e p w5t to pay _! devotions4#c ,he subdues "s details 9 ord] to make ! diff]5t n>ratives agree2#d he s(t5s ! passages :i* _h become emb>rass+ on acc\nt ( a m exalt$ idea ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/2#e he exagg]ates ! m>vell\s2#f commits errors 9 *ronology2#g omits ,hebrai/ic comm5ts2#h quotes no ^w ( ,jesus 9 ?is language1 & gives to all ! localities _! ,greek names4 ,we feel we h to d ) a compil]--) a man :o has n himself se5 ! witnesses1 b :o labors at ! texts & wre/s _! s5se to make !m agree4 ,luke _h probably "u 8 eyes ! biographical collection ( ,m>k1 & ! ,logia ( ,mat!w4 ,b he treats !m ) mu* fre$om2 sometimes he fuses two anecdotes or two p>ables 9 "o2#i sometimes he divides "o 9 ord] to make two4#aj ,he int]prets ! docum5ts accord+ to 8 own idea2 he has n ! absolute impassibility ( ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,we might affirm c]ta9 ?+s ( 8 individual ta/es & t5d5cies2 he is a v exact devotee2#aa he insi/s t ,jesus _h p]=m$ all ! ,jewi% rites1#ab he is a w>m ,ebionite & democrat1 t is to say1 mu* oppos$ to prop]ty1 & p]suad$ t ! triumph ( ! poor is approa*+2#ac he likes especially all ! anecdotes %[+ prom95tly ! conv]sion ( s9n]s--! exaltation ( ! humble2#ad he (t5 modifies ! anci5t traditions 9 ord] to give !m ?is mean+2#ae he admits into 8 fir/ pages ! leg5ds ab\t ! infancy ( ,jesus1 relat$ ) ! long amplifications1 ! spiritual songs1 & ! conv5tional proce$+s :i* =m ! ess5tial features ( ! ,apocryphal ,gospels4 ,f9ally1 he has 9 ! n>rative ( ! la/ h\rs ( ,jesus "s circum/ances full ( t5d] feel+1 & c]ta9 words ( ,jesus ( delightful beauty1#af :i* are n f\nd 9 m au!ntic acc\nts1 & 9 :i* we detect ! pres5ce ( leg5d4 ,luke probably borr[$ !m f a m rec5t collection1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal aim 0 to excite s5tim5ts ( piety4 ,footnote #a3 ,*ap4 xiv4 #bf4 ,! rules ( ! apo/olate 7*ap4 x47 h !re a peculi> "* ( exaltation4 ,footnote #b3 ,*ap4 xix4 #da1 #dc1 #dd1 xxi4 #i1 #bj1 xxiii4 #bi4 ,footnote #c3 ,*ap4 ii4 #cg1 xviii4 #aj1 & foll[+1 xxiv4 #ec4 ,footnote #d3 ,= example1 *ap4 iv4 #af4 ,footnote #e3 ,*ap4 iii4 #bc4 ,he omits ,matt4 xxiv4 #cf4 ,footnote #f3 ,*ap4 iv4 #ad1 xxii4 #dc1 #dd4 ,footnote #g3 ,= example1 9 t :i* conc]ns ,quir9ius1 ,lysanias1 ,!udas4 ,footnote #h3 ,comp>e ,luke i4 #ca ) ,matt4 i4 #ba4 ,footnote #i3 ,= example1 *ap4 xix4 #ab-bg4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?us1 ( ! repa/ at ,be?any he gives two n>ratives1 *ap4 vii4 #cf-dh1 & x4 #ch-db4 ,footnote #aa3 ,*ap4 xxiii4 #ef4 ,footnote #ab3 ,*ap4 ii4 #ba1 #bb1 #ci1 #da1 #db4 ,?is is an ,ebioniti% feature4 ,cf4 ,philosophum5a ,,vii4 vi4 #cd4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! p>able ( ! ri* man & ,laz>us4 ,comp>e *ap4 vi4 #bj1 & foll[+1 #bd1 & foll[+1 xii4 #ac1 & foll[+1 xvi4 entirely1 xxii4 #ce4 ,acts ii4 #dd1 #de1 v4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! woman :o ano9ts 8 feet1 ,zac*eus1 ! p5it5t ?ief1 ! p>able ( ! ,ph>isee & ! publican1 & ! prodigal son4 ,footnote #ae3 ,= example1 ,m>y ( ,be?any is repres5t$ by him z a s9n] :o becomes conv]t$4 ,footnote #af3 ,jesus weep+ ov] ,j]usalem1 ! bloody sweat1 ! meet+ ( ! holy wom51 ! p5it5t ?ief1 c4 ,! spee* to ! wom5 ( ,j]usalem 7xxiii4 #bh1 #bi7 c\ld sc>cely h be5 conceiv$ except aft] ! siege ( ! ye> #gj4 ,a great res]ve 0 naturally en=c$ 9 pres5ce ( a docum5t ( ?is nature4 ,x w\ld h be5 z uncritical to neglect x z to employ x )\t disc]nm5t4 ,luke has _h "u 8 eyes orig9als :i* we no long] possess4 ,he is less an evangeli/ ?an a biograph] ( ,jesus1 a h>moniz]1 a corrector aft] ! mann] ( ,m>cion & ,tatian4 ,b he is a biograph] ( ! fir/ c5tury1 a div9e arti/1 :o1 indep5d5tly ( ! in=mation :i* he has drawn f m anci5t s\rces1 %[s u ! "* ( ! ,f\nd] ) a happ9ess ( treatm5t1 ) a uni=m inspiration1 & a di/9ctness :i* ! o!r two synoptics d n possess4 ,9 ! p]usal ( 8 ,gospel !re is ! greate/ *>m2 = to ! incomp>able beauty ( ! f\ndation1 common to !m all1 he adds a degree ( skill 9 composition :i* s+ul>ly augm5ts ! effect ( ! portrait1 )\t s]i\sly injur+ its tru?fulness4 ,on ! :ole1 we may say t ! synoptical compilation has pass$ ?r\gh ?ree /ages3 ,fir/1 ! orig9al docum5t>y /ate 7,greek3 logia ( ,mat!w1 ,greek3 le*!nta e pra*!nta ( ,m>k71 prim>y compilations :i* no long] exi/2 second1 ! /ate ( simple mixture1 9 :i* ! orig9al docum5ts are amalgamat$ )\t any ef=t at composition1 )\t !re appe>+ any p]sonal bias ( ! au?ors 7! exi/+ ,gospels ( ,mat!w & ,m>k72 ?ird1 ! /ate ( comb9ation or ( int5tional & delib]ate compil+1 9 :i* we are s5sible ( an attempt to reconcile ! diff]5t v]sions 7,gospel ( ,luke74 ,! ,gospel ( ,john1 z we h said1 =ms a composition ( ano!r ord]s & is entirely di/9ct4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ,i h made no use ( ! ,apocryphal ,gospels4 ,^! compositions ought n 9 any mann] to be put ^u ! same foot+ z ! canonical ,gospels4 ,!y are insipid & pu]ile amplifications1 hav+ ! canonical ,gospels = _! basis1 & add+ no?+ !reto ( any value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h be5 v att5tive to collect ! %r$s pres]v$ by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ( ! anci5t ,gospels :i* =m]ly exi/$ p>allel ) ! canonical ,gospels1 & :i* are n[ lo/--su* z ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,egyptians1 ! ,gospels /yl$ ^? ( ,ju/91 ,m>cion1 & ,tatian4 ,! fir/ two are pr9cipally important because !y 7 writt5 9 ,aramean1 l ! ,logia ( ,mat!w1 & appe> to con/itute "o v]sion ( ! ,gospel ( ?is apo/le1 & because !y 7 ! ,gospel ( ! ,ebionim--t is1 ( ^? small ,*ri/ian sects ( ,batanea :o pres]v$ ! use ( ,syro-,*aldean1 & :o appe> 9 "s respects to h foll[$ ! c\rse m>k$ out by ,jesus4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t 9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y h come to u1 ^! ,gospels are inf]ior1 z critical au?orities1 to ! compilation ( ,mat!w's ,gospel :i* we n[ possess4 ,x w n[ be se51 ,i ?9k1 :at k9d ( hi/orical value ,i attribute to ! ,gospels4 ,!y are nei!r biographies aft] ! mann] ( ,suetonius1 nor fictiti\s leg5ds 9 ! /yle ( ,philo/ratus2 !y are leg5d>y biographies4 ,i %\ld will+ly comp>e !m ) ! ,leg5ds ( ! ,sa9ts1 ! ,lives ( ,plot9us1 ,proclus1 ,isidore1 & o!r writ+s ( ! same k9d1 9 :i* hi/orical tru? & ! desire to pres5t models ( virtue are comb9$ 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,inexactitude1 :i* is "o ( ! features ( all popul> compositions1 is !re p>ticul>ly felt4 ,let u suppose t t5 or twelve ye>s ago ?ree or f\r old soldi]s ( ! ,empire _h ea* und]tak5 to write ! life ( ,napoleon f memory4 ,x is cle> t _! n>ratives w\ld conta9 num]\s errors1 & great discordances4 ,"o ( !m w\ld place ,wagram be=e ,m>5go3 ano!r w\ld write )\t hesitation t ,napoleon drove ! gov]nm5t ( ,robespi]re f ! ,tuil]ies2 a ?ird w\ld omit exp$itions ( ! highe/ importance4 ,b "o ?+ w\ld c]ta9ly result ) a great degree ( tru?fulness f ^! simple recitals1 & t is ! "* ( ! h]o1 ! impression :i* he made ar\nd him4 ,9 ?is s5se su* popul> n>ratives w\ld be wor? m ?an a =mal & (ficial hi/ory4 ,we may say z mu* ( ! ,gospels4 ,solely att5tive to br+ out /rongly ! excell5cy ( ! ,ma/]1 8 miracles1 8 tea*+1 ! evangeli/s display entire indiff]5ce to ev]y?+ t is n ( ! v _s ( ,jesus4 ,! contradictions respect+ "t1 place1 & p]sons 7 reg>d$ z insignificant2 = ! high] ! degree ( inspiration attribut$ to ! words ( ,jesus1 ! less 0 grant$ to ! compil]s !mselves4 ,! latt] reg>d$ !mselves z simple scribes1 & c>$ b = "o ?+--to omit no?+ !y knew4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ! passage f ,papias1 be=e cit$4 ,unque/ionably c]ta9 preconceiv$ ideas associat$ !mselves ) su* recollections4 ,sev]al n>ratives1 especially 9 ,luke1 are inv5t$ 9 ord] to br+ out m vividly c]ta9 traits ( ! "* ( ,jesus4 ,?is "* itself con/antly und]w5t alt]ation4 ,jesus w\ld be a ph5om5on unp>allel$ 9 hi/ory if1 ) ! "p :i* he play$1 he _h n e>ly become idealiz$4 ,! leg5ds respect+ ,alex&] 7 inv5t$ be=e ! g5]ation ( 8 companions 9 arms became ext9ct2 ^? respect+ ,/4 ,francis d',assisi began 9 8 lifetime4 ,a rapid metamorphosis op]at$ 9 ! same mann] 9 ! tw5ty or ?irty ye>s :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,jesus1 & impos$ ^u 8 biography ! peculi>ities ( an ideal leg5d4 ,dea? adds p]fection to ! mo/ p]fect man2 x frees him f all defect 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o h lov$ him4 ,) ! wi% to pa9t ! ,ma/]1 !re 0 also ! desire to expla9 him4 ,_m anecdotes 7 conceiv$ to prove t 9 him ! prophecies reg>d$ z ,messianic _h _h _! accompli%m5t4 ,b ?is proc$ure1 ( :i* we mu/ n d5y ! importance1 w\ld n suffice to expla9 ev]y?+4 ,no ,jewi% "w ( ! "t gives a s]ies ( prophecies exactly decl>+ :at ! ,messiah %\ld accompli%4 ,_m ,messianic allusions quot$ by ! evangeli/s are s subtle1 s indirect1 t "o _c believe !y all respond$ to a g5]ally admitt$ doctr9e4 ,sometimes !y reason$ ?us3 ,! ,messiah ought to d su* a ?+2 n[ ,jesus is ! ,messiah2 !re=e ,jesus has done su* a ?+4 ,at o!r times1 by an inv]se process1 x 0 said3 ,su* a ?+ has happ5$ to ,jesus2 n[ ,jesus is ! ,messiah2 !re=e su* a ?+ 0 to happ5 to ! ,messiah4#a ,too simple explanations are always false :5 analyz+ ^? pr(\nd creations ( popul> s5tim5t :i* baffle all sy/ems by _! fullness & inf9ite v>iety4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t1 ) su* docum5ts1 9 ord] to pres5t only :at is indisputable1 we mu/ limit ourselves to g5]al features4 ,9 almo/ all anci5t hi/ories1 ev5 9 ^? :i* are mu* less leg5d>y ?an ^!1 details op5 up innum]able d\bts4 ,:5 we h two acc\nts ( ! same fact1 x is extremely r>e t ! two acc\nts agree4 ,is n ?is a reason = anticipat+ _m difficulties :5 we h b "o8 ,we may say t among/ ! anecdotes1 ! disc\rses1 ! celebrat$ say+s :i* h be5 giv5 u by ! hi/orians1 !re is n "o /rictly au!ntic4 ,7 !re /5ograph]s to fix ^! fleet+ words8 ,0 !re an analy/ always pres5t to note ! ge/ures1 ! mann]s1 ! s5tim5ts ( ! actors8 ,let any "o endeavor to get at ! tru? z to ! way 9 :i* su* or su* contempor>y fact has happ5$2 he w n succe$4 ,two acc\nts ( ! same ev5t giv5 by diff]5t eye-witnesses diff] ess5tially4 ,mu/ we1 !re=e1 reject all ! color+ ( ! n>ratives1 & limit ourselves to ! b>e facts only8 ,t w\ld be to suppress hi/ory4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i ?9k t if we except c]ta9 %ort & almo/ mnemonic axioms1 none ( ! disc\rses report$ by ,mat!w are textual2 ev5 our /5ographic reports are sc>cely s4 ,i freely admit t ! admirable acc\nt ( ! ,passion conta9s _m trifl+ inaccuracies4 ,w\ld x1 h[ev]1 be writ+ ! hi/ory ( ,jesus to omit ^? s]mons :i* give to u 9 su* a vivid mann] ! "* ( 8 disc\rses1 & to limit ourselves to say+1 ) ,josephus & ,tacitus1 t he 0 put to dea? by ! ord] ( ,pilate at ! in/igation ( ! prie/s8 ,t w\ld be1 9 my op9ion1 a k9d ( inexactitude worse ?an t to :i* we are expos$ 9 admitt+ ! details suppli$ by ! texts4 ,^! details are n true to ! lett]1 b !y are true ) a sup]ior tru?1 !y are m true ?an ! nak$ tru?1 9 ! s5se t !y are tru? r5d]$ expressive & articulate--tru? idealiz$4 ,footnote #a3 ,see1 = example1 ,john xix4 #bc-bd4 ,i beg ^? :o ?9k t ,i h plac$ an exagg]at$ confid5ce 9 n>ratives 9 great "p leg5d>y1 to take note ( ! obs]vation ,i h j made4 ,to :at w\ld ! life ( ,alex&] be r$uc$ if x 7 conf9$ to t :i* is mat]ially c]ta98 ,ev5 p>tly errone\s traditions conta9 a portion ( tru? :i* hi/ory _c neglect4 ,no "o has blam$ ,m4 ,spr5g] = hav+1 9 writ+ ! life ( ,mahomet1 made mu* ( ! hadi? or oral traditions conc]n+ ! prophet1 & = (t5 hav+ attribut$ to 8 h]o words :i* are only kn[n ?r\gh ?is s\rce4 ,yet ! traditions respect+ ,mahomet are n sup]ior 9 hi/orical value to ! disc\rses & n>ratives :i* compose ! ,gospels4 ,!y 7 writt5 betwe5 ! ye> #ej & ! ye> #adj ( ! ,hegira4 ,:5 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% s*ools 9 ! ages :i* imm$iately prec$$ & foll[$ ! bir? ( ,*ri/ianity %all be writt51 no "o w make any scruple ( attribut+ to ,hillel1 ,%ammai1 ,gamaliel ! maxims ascrib$ to !m by ! ,mi%nah & ! ,gem>a1 al?\gh ^! great compilations 7 writt5 _m hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ! "t ( ! doctors 9 "q4 ,z to ^? :o believe1 on ! contr>y1 t hi/ory %\ld consi/ ( a simple reproduction ( ! docum5ts :i* h come d[n to u1 ,i beg to obs]ve t su* a c\rse is n all[able4 ,! f\r pr9cipal docum5ts are 9 flagrant contradiction "o ) ano!r4 ,josephus rectifies !m sometimes4 ,x is necess>y to make a selection4 ,to ass]t t an ev5t _c take place 9 two ways at once1 or 9 an impossible mann]1 is n to impose an a priori philosophy ^u hi/ory4 ,! hi/orian ought n to conclude t a fact is false because he possesses sev]al v]sions ( x1 or because cr$ulity has mix$ ) !m mu* t is fabul\s4 ,he ought 9 su* a case to be v cauti\s--to exam9e ! texts1 & to proce$ c>efully by induction4 ,!re is "o class ( n>ratives especially1 to :i* ?is pr9ciple mu/ necess>ily be appli$4 ,su* are n>ratives ( sup]natural ev5ts4 ,to seek to expla9 ^!1 or to r$uce !m to leg5ds1 is n to mutilate facts 9 ! "n ( !ory2 x is to make ! obs]vation ( facts our gr\ndwork4 ,none ( ! miracles ) :i* ! old hi/ories are fill$ took place "u sci5tific conditions4 ,obs]vation1 :i* has nev] once be5 falsifi$1 tea*es u t miracles nev] happ5 b 9 times & c\ntries 9 :i* !y are believ$1 & be=e p]sons dispos$ to believe !m4 ,no miracle ev] occurr$ 9 ! pres5ce ( m5 capable ( te/+ its miracul\s "*4 ,nei!r common p nor m5 ( ! _w are able to d ?is4 ,x requires great precautions & long habits ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,9 our days h we n se5 almo/ all respectable p dupes ( ! grosse/ frauds or ( pu]ile illusions8 ,m>vell\s facts1 atte/$ by ! :ole population ( small t[ns1 h1 ?anks to a sev]] scrut9y1 be5 explod$4#a ,if x is prov$ t no contempor>y miracle w be> inquiry1 is x n probable t ! miracles ( ! pa/1 :i* h all be5 p]=m$ 9 popul> ga!r+s1 w\ld equally pres5t _! %>e ( illusion1 if x 7 possible to criticise !m 9 detail8 ,footnote #a3 ,see ! ,gazette des ,tribunaux1 #aj? ,sept4 & #aa? ,nov41 #ahea1 #bh? ,may1 #aheg4 ,x is n1 !n1 9 ! "n ( ?is or t philosophy1 b 9 ! "n ( univ]sal exp]i5ce1 t we bani% miracle f hi/ory4 ,we d n say1 ,miracles are impossible4 ,we say1 ,up to ?is "t a miracle has nev] be5 prov$4 ,if to-morr[ a ?aumaturgus pres5t himself ) cr$5tials suffici5tly important to be discuss$1 & ann\nce himself z able1 say1 to raise ! dead1 :at w\ld be done8 ,a commission1 compos$ ( physiologi/s1 physici/s1 *emi/s1 p]sons accu/om$ to hi/orical criticism1 w\ld be nam$4 ,?is commission w\ld *oose a corpse1 w\ld assure itself t ! dea? 0 real1 w\ld select ! room 9 :i* ! exp]im5t %\ld be made1 w\ld arrange ! :ole sy/em ( precautions1 s z to leave no *ance ( d\bt4 ,if1 "u su* conditions1 ! resurrection 7 effect$1 a probability almo/ equal to c]ta9ty w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x ought to be possible always to repeat an exp]im5t--to d ov] aga9 :at has be5 done once2 & z1 9 ! ord] ( miracle1 !re c be no "q ( ease or difficulty1 ! ?aumaturgus w\ld be invit$ to reproduce 8 m>vell\s act "u o!r circum/ances1 ^u o!r corpses1 9 ano!r place4 ,if ! miracle succe$$ ea* "t1 two ?+s w\ld be prov$3 ,fir/1 t sup]natural ev5ts happ5 9 ! _w2 second1 t ! p[] ( produc+ !m belongs1 or is delegat$ to1 c]ta9 p]sons4 ,b :o does n see t no miracle ev] took place "u ^! conditions8 b t always hi!rto ! ?aumaturgus has *os5 ! subject ( ! exp]im5t1 *os5 ! spot1 *os5 ! public2 t1 besides1 ! p !mselves--mo/ commonly 9 consequ5ce ( ! inv9cible want to see some?+ div9e 9 great ev5ts & great m5--create ! m>vell\s leg5ds aft]w>d8 ,until a new ord] ( ?+s prevails1 we %all ma9ta9 !n ?is pr9ciple ( hi/orical criticism--t a sup]natural acc\nt _c be admitt$ z su*1 t x always implies cr$ulity or impo/ure1 t ! duty ( ! hi/orian is to expla9 x1 & seek to asc]ta9 :at %>e ( tru? or ( error x may conceal4 ,su* are ! rules :i* h be5 foll[$ 9 ! composition ( ?is "w4 ,to ! p]usal ( docum5t>y evid5ces ,i h be5 able to add an important s\rce ( in=mation--! sight ( ! places :]e ! ev5ts occurr$4 ,! sci5tific mission1 hav+ = its object ! exploration ( anci5t ,pho5icia1 :i* ,i direct$ 9 #ahfj & #ahfa1a l$ me to reside on ! fronti]s ( ,galilee & to travel !re frequ5tly4 ,i h trav]s$1 9 all directions1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,gospels2 ,i h visit$ ,j]usalem1 ,hebron1 & ,sam>ia2 sc>cely any important locality ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus has escap$ me4 ,all ?is hi/ory1 :i* at a di/ance seems to float 9 ! cl\ds ( an unreal _w1 ?us took a =m1 a solidity1 :i* a/oni%$ me4 ,! /rik+ agreem5t ( ! texts ) ! places1 ! m>vell\s h>mony ( ! ,gospel ideal ) ! c\ntry :i* s]v$ x z a framework1 7 l a revelation to me4 ,i _h be=e my eyes a fif? ,gospel1 torn1 b /ill legible1 & h5ce=w>d1 ?r\gh ! recitals ( ,mat!w & ,m>k1 9 place ( an ab/ract be+1 ^: exi/5ce might h be5 d\bt$1 ,i saw liv+ & mov+ an admirable human figure4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 hav+ to g up to ,ghazir1 9 ,lebanon1 to take a little repose1 ,i fix$1 9 rapid sket*es1 ! image :i* _h appe>$ to me1 & f !m result$ ?is hi/ory4 ,:5 a cruel b]eavem5t ha/5$ my dep>ture1 ,i _h b a few pages to write4 ,9 ?is mann] ! book has be5 compos$ almo/ entirely ne> ! v places :]e ,jesus 0 born1 & :]e 8 "* 0 develop$4 ,s9ce my return1 ,i h labor$ unceas+ly to v]ify & *eck 9 detail ! r\gh sket* :i* ,i _h writt5 9 ha/e 9 a ,m>onite cab91 ) five or six volumes ar\nd me4 ,footnote #a3 ,! "w :i* w conta9 ! results ( ?is mission is 9 ! press4 ,_m w regret1 p]haps1 ! biographical =m :i* my "w has ?us tak54 ,:5 ,i fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( a hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 :at ,i wi%$ to write 01 9 fact1 a hi/ory ( doctr9es1 9 :i* m5 & _! actions w\ld h h>dly _h a place4 ,jesus w\ld sc>cely h be5 nam$2 ,i %\ld h endeavor$ to %[ h[ ! ideas :i* h gr[n "u 8 "n took root & cov]$ ! _w4 ,b ,i h le>n$ s9ce t hi/ory is n a simple game ( ab/ractions2 t m5 are m ?an doctr9es4 ,x 0 n a c]ta9 !ory on ju/ification & r$emption :i* br\ght ab\t ! ,re=mation2 x 0 ,lu!r & ,calv94 ,p>seeism1 ,hell5ism1 ,judaism might h be5 able to h comb9$ "u e =m2 ! doctr9es ( ! ,resurrection & ( ! ,^w might h develop$ !mselves dur+ ages )\t produc+ ?is gr&1 unique1 & fruitful fact1 call$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is fact is ! "w ( ,jesus1 ( ,/4 ,paul1 ( ,/4 ,john4 ,to write ! hi/ory ( ,jesus1 ( ,/4 ,paul1 ( ,/4 ,john is to write ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ant]ior movem5ts belong to our subject only 9 s f> z !y s]ve to ?r[ light ^u ^! extraord9>y m51 :o naturally c\ld n h exi/$ )\t connection ) t :i* prec$$ !m4 ,9 su* an ef=t to make ! great s\ls ( ! pa/ live aga91 "s %>e ( div9ation & conjecture mu/ be p]mitt$4 ,a great life is an organic :ole :i* _c be r5d]$ by ! simple agglom]ation ( small facts4 ,x requires a pr(\nd s5tim5t to embrace !m all1 m\ld+ !m into p]fect unity4 ,! me?od ( art 9 a simil> subject is a good guide2 ! exquisite tact ( a ,goe! w\ld "k h[ to apply x4 ,! ess5tial condition ( ! creations ( art is1 t !y %all =m a liv+ sy/em ( :i* all ! p>ts are mutually dep5d5t & relat$4 ,9 hi/ories su* z ?is1 ! great te/ t we h got ! tru? is1 to h succe$$ 9 comb9+ ! texts 9 su* a mann] t !y %all con/itute a logical1 probable n>rative1 h>moni\s ?r\gh\t4 ,! secret laws ( life1 ( ! progression ( organic products1 ( ! melt+ ( m9ute di/9ctions1 ought to be consult$ at ea* mom5t2 = :at is requir$ to be reproduc$ is n ! mat]ial circum/ance1 :i* x is impossible to v]ify1 b ! v s\l ( hi/ory2 :at mu/ be s\ght is n ! petty c]ta9ty ab\t trifles1 x is ! correctness ( ! g5]al s5tim5t1 ! tru?fulness ( ! color+4 ,ea* trait :i* dep>ts f ! rules ( classic n>ration ought to w>n u to be c>eful2 = ! fact :i* has to be relat$ has be5 liv+1 natural1 & h>moni\s4 ,if we d n succe$ 9 r5d]+ x su* by ! recital1 x is surely because we h n succe$$ 9 see+ x aright4 ,suppose t1 9 re/or+ ! ,m9]va ( ,phidias accord+ to ! texts1 we produc$ a dry1 j>r+1 artificial :ole2 :at mu/ we conclude8 ,simply t ! texts want an appreciative int]pretation2 t we mu/ /udy !m quietly until !y dovetail & furni% a :ole 9 :i* all ! p>ts are happily bl5d$4 ,%\ld we !n be sure ( hav+ a p]fect reproduction ( ! ,greek /atue8 ,no2 b at lea/ we %\ld n h ! c>icature ( x2 we %\ld h ! g5]al _s ( ! "w--"o ( ! =ms 9 :i* x c\ld h exi/$4 ,?is idea ( a liv+ organism we h n hesitat$ to take z our guide 9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! n>rative4 ,! p]usal ( ! ,gospels w\ld suffice to prove t ! compil]s1 al?\gh hav+ a v true plan ( ! ,life ( ,jesus 9 _! m9ds1 h n be5 guid$ by v exact *ronological data2 ,papias1 besides1 expressly tea*es ?is4#a ,! expressions3 ,at ?is "t 444 aft] t 444 !n 444 & x came to pass 4441 etc41 are ! simple transitions int5d$ to connect diff]5t n>ratives ) ea* o!r4 ,to leave all ! in=mation furni%$ by ! ,gospels 9 ! disord] 9 :i* tradition supplies x1 w\ld only be to write ! hi/ory ( ,jesus z ! hi/ory ( a celebrat$ man w\ld be writt51 by giv+ pell-mell ! lett]s & anecdotes ( 8 y\?1 8 old age1 & ( 8 maturity4 ,! ,koran1 :i* pres5ts to u1 9 ! loose/ mann]1 fragm5ts ( ! diff]5t epo*s 9 ! life ( ,mahomet1 has yield$ its secret to an +5i\s criticism2 ! *ronological ord] 9 :i* ! fragm5ts 7 compos$ has be5 discov]$ s z to leave little room = d\bt4 ,su* a re>rangem5t is mu* m difficult 9 ! case ( ! ,gospels1 ! public life ( ,jesus hav+ be5 %ort] & less ev5tful ?an ! life ( ! f\nd] ( ,islamism4 ,mean:ile1 ! attempt to f9d a guid+ ?read ?r\gh ?is labyr9? ought n to be tax$ ) gratuit\s subtlety4 ,!re is no great abuse ( hypo!sis 9 suppos+ t a f\nd] ( a new religion comm5ces by atta*+ himself to ! moral aphorisms already 9 circulation 9 8 "t1 & to ! practices :i* are 9 vogue2 t1 :5 rip]1 & 9 full possession ( 8 idea1 he delights 9 a k9d ( calm & poetical eloqu5ce1 remote f all controv]sy1 sweet & free z pure feel+2 t he w>ms by degrees1 becomes animat$ by opposition1 & f9i%es by polemics & /rong invectives4 ,su* are ! p]iods :i* may pla9ly be di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,koran4 ,! ord] adopt$ ) an extremely f9e tact by ! synoptics1 supposes an analog\s progress4 ,if ,mat!w be att5tively read1 we %all f9d 9 ! di/ribution ( ! disc\rses1 a gradation p]fectly analog\s to t :i* we h j indicat$4 ,! res]v$ turns ( expression ( :i* we make use 9 unfold+ ! progress ( ! ideas ( ,jesus w also be obs]v$4 ,! read] may1 if he likes1 see 9 ! divisions adopt$ 9 do+ ?is1 only ! indisp5sable breaks = ! me?odical exposition ( a pr(\nd1 complicat$ ?\ght4 ,footnote #a3 ,loc4 cit4 ,if ! love ( a subject c help "o to und]/& x1 x w also1 ,i hope1 be recogniz$ t ,i h n be5 want+ 9 ?is condition4 ,to write ! hi/ory ( a religion1 x is necess>y1 fir/ly1 to h believ$ x 7o!rwise we %\ld n be able to und]/& h[ x has *>m$ & satisfi$ ! human consci5ce72 9 ! second place1 to believe x no long] 9 an absolute mann]1 = absolute fai? is incompatible ) s9c]e hi/ory4 ,b love is possible )\t fai?4 ,to ab/a9 f atta*+ "o's self to any ( ! =ms :i* captivate ! adoration ( m51 is n to deprive ourselves ( ! enjoym5t ( t :i* is good & beautiful 9 !m4 ,no transitory appe>ance exhau/s ! ,div9ity2 ,god 0 reveal$ be=e ,jesus--,god w reveal ,himself aft] him4 ,pr(\ndly unequal1 & s mu* ! m ,div9e1 z !y are gr&] & m spontane\s1 ! manife/ations ( ,god hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( ! human consci5ce are all ( ! same ord]4 ,jesus _c belong solely to ^? :o call !mselves 8 disciples4 ,he is ! common honor ( all :o %>e a common humanity4 ,8 glory does n consi/ 9 be+ relegat$ out ( hi/ory2 we r5d] him a tru] wor%ip 9 %[+ t all hi/ory is incompreh5sible )\t him4 ,,life ,,( ,,jesus ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,place ,,( ,,jesus ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,! great ev5t ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! _w is ! revolution by :i* ! noble/ portions ( humanity h pass$ f ! anci5t religions1 compris$ "u ! vague "n ( ,paganism1 to a religion f\nd$ on ! ,div9e ,unity1 ! ,tr9ity1 & ! ,inc>nation ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,x has tak5 ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s to accompli% ?is conv]sion4 ,! new religion _h itself tak5 at lea/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 its =mation4 ,b ! orig9 ( ! revolution 9 "q ) :i* we h to d is a fact :i* took place "u ! reigns ( ,augu/us & ,tib]ius4 ,at t "t !re liv$ a sup]ior p]sonage1 :o1 by 8 bold orig9ality1 & by ! love :i* he 0 able to inspire1 became ! object & fix$ ! />t+-po9t ( ! future fai? ( humanity4 ,z soon z man became di/+ui%$ f ! animal1 he became religi\s2 t is to say1 he saw 9 ,nature some?+ beyond ! ph5om5a1 & = himself some?+ beyond dea?4 ,?is s5tim5t1 dur+ "s ?\s&s ( ye>s1 became corrupt$ 9 ! /range/ mann]4 ,9 _m races x did n pass beyond ! belief 9 sorc]]s1 "u ! gross =m 9 :i* we /ill f9d x 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,oceania4 ,among "s1 ! religi\s s5tim5t deg5]at$ into ! %ameful sc5es ( but*]y :i* =m ! "* ( ! anci5t religion ( ,mexico4 ,among/ o!rs1 especially 9 ,africa1 x became pure ,feti*ism1 t is1 ! adoration ( a mat]ial object1 to :i* 7 attribut$ sup]natural p[]s4 ,l ! in/9ct ( love1 :i* at times elevates ! mo/ vulg> man above himself1 yet sometimes becomes p]v]t$ & f]oci\s1 s ?is div9e faculty ( religion dur+ a long p]iod seems only to be a canc] :i* mu/ be extirpat$ f ! human race1 a cause ( errors & crimes :i* ! wise ought to endeavor to suppress4 ,! brilliant civilizations :i* 7 develop$ f a v remote antiquity 9 ,*9a1 9 ,babylonia1 & 9 ,egypt1 caus$ a c]ta9 progress to be made 9 religion4 ,*9a arriv$ v e>ly at a sort ( m$iocre good s5se1 :i* prev5t$ great extravagances4 ,%e nei!r knew ! advantages nor ! abuses ( ! religi\s _s4 ,at all ev5ts1 %e _h n 9 ?is way any influ5ce 9 direct+ ! great curr5t ( humanity4 ,! religions ( ,babylonia & ,syria 7 nev] fre$ f a sub/ratum ( /range s5suality2 ^! religions rema9$1 until _! ext9ction 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ( our era1 s*ools ( immorality1 9 :i* at int]vals glimpses ( ! div9e _w 7 obta9$ by a sort ( poetic intuition4 ,egypt1 not)/&+ an app>5t k9d ( ,feti*ism1 _h v e>ly metaphysical dogmas & a l(ty symbolism4 ,b d\btless ^! int]pretations ( a ref9$ !ology 7 n primitive4 ,man has nev]1 9 ! possession ( a cle> idea1 amus$ himself by clo?+ x 9 symbols3 x is (t5] aft] long reflections1 & f ! impossibility felt by ! human m9d ( resign+ itself to ! absurd1 t we seek ideas "u ! anci5t my/ic images ^: mean+ is lo/4 ,moreov]1 x is n f ,egypt t ! fai? ( humanity has come4 ,! elem5ts :i*1 9 ! religion ( a ,*ri/ian1 pass+ ?r\gh a ?\s& trans=mations1 came f ,egypt & ,syria1 are ext]ior =ms ( little consequ5ce1 or dross ( :i* ! mo/ purifi$ wor%ips always reta9 "s portion4 ,! gr& defect ( ! religions ( :i* we speak 0 _! ess5tially sup]/iti\s "*4 ,!y only ?rew into ! _w millions ( amulets & *>ms4 ,no great moral ?\ght c\ld proce$ f races oppress$ by a secul> despotism1 & accu/om$ to in/itutions :i* preclud$ ! ex]cise ( individual lib]ty4 ,! poetry ( ! s\l--fai?1 lib]ty1 virtue1 devotion--made _! appe>ance 9 ! _w ) ! two great races :i*1 9 "o s5se1 h made humanity1 viz41 ! ,indo-,european & ! ,semitic races4 ,! fir/ religi\s intuitions ( ! ,indo-,european race 7 ess5tially naturali/ic4 ,b x 0 a pr(\nd & moral naturalism1 a lov+ embrace ( ,nature by man1 a delici\s poetry1 full ( ! s5tim5t ( ! ,inf9ite--! pr9ciple1 9 f9e1 ( all t :i* ! ,g]manic & ,celtic g5ius1 ( t :i* a ,%akespe>e & a ,goe! %\ld express 9 lat] times4 ,x 0 nei!r !ology nor moral philosophy--x 0 a /ate ( melan*oly1 x 0 t5d]ness1 x 0 imag9ation2 x 01 m ?an all1 e>ne/ness1 ! ess5tial condition ( morals & religion4 ,! fai? ( humanity1 h[ev]1 c\ld n come f !nce1 because ^! anci5t =ms ( wor%ips _h great difficulty 9 deta*+ !mselves f ,poly!ism1 & c\ld n atta9 to a v cle> symbol4 ,brahm9ism has only surviv$ to ! pres5t day by virtue ( ! a/oni%+ faculty ( cons]vation :i* ,india seems to possess4 ,buddhism fail$ 9 all its approa*es t[>d ! ,we/4 ,druidism rema9$ a =m exclusively national1 & )\t univ]sal capacity4 ,! ,greek attempts at re=m1 ,orpheism1 ! ,my/]ies1 did n suffice to give a solid alim5t to ! s\l4 ,p]sia alone succe$$ 9 mak+ a dogmatic religion1 almo/ ,mono!i/ic1 & skilfully organiz$2 b x is v possible t ?is organization itself 0 b an imitation1 or borr[$4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,p]sia has n conv]t$ ! _w2 %e h]self1 on ! contr>y1 0 conv]t$ :5 %e saw ! flag ( ! ,div9e unity z proclaim$ by ,mohamm$anism appe> on h] fronti]s4 ,x is ! ,semitic race#a :i* has ! glory ( hav+ made ! religion ( humanity4 ,f> beyond ! conf9es ( hi/ory1 re/+ "u 8 t5t1 free f ! ta9t ( a corrupt$ _w1 ! ,b$\9 patri>* prep>$ ! fai? ( mank9d4 ,a /rong antipa?y aga9/ ! voluptu\s wor%ips ( ,syria1 a gr& simplicity ( ritual1 ! complete abs5ce ( temples1 & ! idol r$uc$ to insignificant !raphim1 con/itut$ 8 sup]iority4 ,among all ! tribes ( ! nomadic ,semites1 t ( ! ,b5i-,israel 0 already *os5 = imm5se de/9ies4 ,anci5t relations ) ,egypt1 :5ce p]haps result$ "s purely mat]ial +r$i5ts1 did b augm5t _! repulsion to idolatry4 ,a ,law or ,?ora1 v anci5tly writt5 on tables ( /one1 & :i* !y attribut$ to _! great lib]ator ,moses1 _h become ! code ( ,mono!ism1 & conta9$1 z comp>$ ) ! in/itutions ( ,egypt & ,*aldea1 p[]ful g]ms ( social equality & morality4 ,a *e/ or portable ark1 hav+ /aples on ea* side to admit ( be>+ poles1 con/itut$ all _! religi\s mat]iel2 !re 7 collect$ ! sacr$ objects ( ! nation1 its relics1 its s\v5irs1 &1 la/ly1 ! book1#b ! j\rnal ( ! tribe1 always op51 b :i* 0 writt5 9 ) great discretion4 ,! family *>g$ ) be>+ ! ark & wat*+ ov] ! portable ar*ives1 be+ ne> ! book & hav+ ! control ( x1 v soon became important4 ,f h5ce1 h[ev]1 ! in/itution :i* 0 to control ! future did n come4 ,! ,hebrew prie/ did n diff] mu* f ! o!r prie/s ( antiquity4 ,! "* :i* ess5tially di/+ui%es ,israel among !ocratic peoples is1 t its prie/hood has always be5 subord9at$ to individual inspiration4 ,besides its prie/s1 ea* w&]+ tribe _h its nabi or prophet1 a sort ( liv+ oracle :o 0 consult$ = ! solution ( obscure que/ions suppos$ to require a high degree ( clairvoyance4 ,! nabis ( ,israel1 organiz$ 9 gr\ps or s*ools1 _h great influ5ce4 ,def5d]s ( ! anci5t democratic _s1 enemies ( ! ri*1 oppos$ to all political organization1 & to :atsoev] might draw ,israel into ! pa?s ( o!r nations1 !y 7 ! true au?ors ( ! religi\s preem95ce ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,v e>ly !y ann\nc$ unlimit$ hopes1 & :5 ! p1 9 "p ! victims ( _! impolitic c\nsels1 _h be5 cru%$ by ! ,assyrian p[]1 !y proclaim$ t a k+dom )\t b\nds 0 res]v$ = !m1 t "o day ,j]usalem w\ld be ! capital ( ! :ole _w1 & ! human race become ,jews4 ,j]usalem & its temples appe>$ to !m z a city plac$ on ! summit ( a m\nta91 t[>d :i* all p %\ld turn1 z an oracle :5ce ! univ]sal law %\ld proce$1 z ! c5tre ( an ideal k+dom1 9 :i* ! human race1 set at re/ by ,israel1 %\ld f9d aga9 ! joys ( ,ed54#c ,footnote #a3 ,i rem9d ! read] t ?is ^w means "h simply ! p :o speak or h spok5 "o ( ! languages call$ ,semitic4 ,su* a designation is entirely defective2 b x is "o ( ^? words1 l ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ,arabian num]als1 :i* we mu/ pres]ve to be und]/ood1 ev5 aft] we h demon/rat$ ! error t !y imply4 ,footnote #b3 ,i ,sam4 x4 #be4 ,footnote #c3 ,isa4 ii4 #a-d1 & especially *aps4 xl41 & foll[+1 lx41 & foll[+2 ,micah iv4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,x mu/ be recollect$ t ! second "p ( ! book ( ,isaiah1 beg9n+ at *ap4 xl41 is n by ,isaiah4 ,my/ical utt]ances already made !mselves he>d1 t5d+ to exalt ! m>tyrdom & celebrate ! p[] ( ! ,man ( ,sorr[s4 ,respect+ "o ( ^? sublime suff]]s1 :o1 l ,j]emiah1 /a9$ ! /reets ( ,j]usalem ) _! blood1 "o ( ! inspir$ wrote a song ^u ! suff]+s & triumph ( ! s]vant ( ,god1 9 :i* all ! prophetic =ce ( ! g5ius ( ,israel seem$ conc5trat$4#a ,= he %all gr[ up be=e him z a t5d] plant1 & z a root out ( a dry gr\nd3 he ha? no =m nor comel9ess4 ,he is despis$ & reject$ ( m52 & we hid1 z x 71 our faces f him2 he 0 despis$1 & we e/eem$ him n4 ,surely he ha? borne our griefs1 & c>ri$ our sorr[s2 yet we did e/eem him /rick51 smitt5 ( ,god1 & afflict$4 ,b he 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions1 he 0 bruis$ = our iniquities3 ! *a/isem5t ( our peace 0 ^u him2 & ) 8 /ripes we are heal$4 ,all we l %eep h gone a/ray2 we h turn$ e "o to 8 own way2 & ! ,"l ha? laid on him ! iniquity ( u all4 ,he 0 oppress$1 & he 0 afflict$1 yet he op5$ n 8 m\?3 he is br\ght z a lamb to ! slaught]1 & z a %eep be=e h] %e>]s is dumb1 s he op5e? n 8 m\?4 ,& he made 8 grave ) ! wick$4 ,:5 ?\ %alt make 8 s\l an (f]+ = s91 he %all see 8 se$1 he %all prolong 8 days1 & ! pleasure ( ! ,"l %all prosp] 9 8 h&4 ,footnote #a3 ,isa4 lii4 #ac1 & foll[+1 & liii4 entirely4 ,important modifications 7 made at ! same "t 9 ! ,?ora4 ,new texts1 pret5d+ to repres5t ! true law ( ,moses1 su* z ,deut]onomy1 7 produc$1 & inaugurat$ 9 reality a v diff]5t _s f t ( ! old nomads4 ,a m>k$ fanaticism 0 ! dom9ant feature ( ?is _s4 ,furi\s believ]s unceas+ly in/igat$ viol5ce aga9/ all :o w&]$ f ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah--!y succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a code ( blood1 mak+ dea? ! p5alty = religi\s faults4 ,piety br+s1 almo/ always1 s+ul> contradictions ( vehem5ce & mildness4 ,?is zeal1 unkn[n to ! co>s] simplicity ( ! "t ( ! ,judges1 inspir$ tones ( mov+ prophecy & t5d] unction1 :i* ! _w _h nev] he>d till !n4 ,a /rong t5d5cy t[>d social que/ions already made itself felt2 ,utopias1 dreams ( a p]fect society1 took a place 9 ! code4 ,! ,p5tateu*1 a mixture ( patri>*al morality & ard5t devotion1 primitive intuitions & pi\s subtleties1 l ^? :i* fill$ ! s\ls ( ,hezekiah1 ( ,josiah1 & ( ,j]emiah1 0 ?us fix$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* we n[ see x1 & became = ages ! absolute rule ( ! national m9d4 ,?is great book once creat$1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% p unfold$ itself ) an irresi/ible =ce4 ,! great empires :i* foll[$ ea* o!r 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 9 de/roy+ its hope ( a t]re/rial k+dom1 ?rew x into religi\s dreams1 :i* x *]i%$ ) a k9d ( sombre passion4 ,c>+ little = ! national dyna/y or political indep5d5ce1 x accept$ all gov]nm5ts :i* p]mitt$ x to practise freely its wor%ip & foll[ its usages4 ,israel w h5ce=w>d h no o!r guidance ?an t ( its religi\s en?usia/s1 no o!r enemies ?an ^? ( ! ,div9e unity1 no o!r c\ntry ?an its ,law4 ,& ?is ,law1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 0 entirely social & moral4 ,x 0 ! "w ( m5 p5etrat$ ) a high ideal ( ! pres5t life1 & believ+ t !y _h f\nd ! be/ means ( realiz+ x4 ,! conviction ( all 01 t ! ,?ora1 well obs]v$1 c\ld n fail to give p]fect felicity4 ,?is ,?ora has no?+ 9 common ) ! ,greek or ,roman ,laws1 :i*1 occupy+ !mselves ) sc>cely any?+ b ab/ract "r1 ent]$ little into que/ions ( private happ9ess & morality4 ,we feel be=eh& t ! results :i* w proce$ f x w be ( a social1 & n a political ord]1 t ! "w at :i* ?is p labors is a k+dom ( ,god1 n a civil republic2 a univ]sal in/itution1 n a nationality or a c\ntry4 ,not)/&+ num]\s failures1 ,israel admirably su/a9$ ?is vocation4 ,a s]ies ( pi\s m51 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,onias1 ! ,maccabees1 consum$ ) zeal = ! ,law1 succe$$ ea* o!r 9 ! def5se ( ! anci5t in/itutions4 ,! idea t ,israel 0 a holy p1 a tribe *os5 by ,god & b\nd to ,him by cov5ant1 took deep] & firm] root4 ,an imm5se expectation fill$ _! s\ls4 ,all ,indo-,european antiquity _h plac$ p>adise 9 ! beg9n+2 all its poets _h wept a vani%$ gold5 age4 ,israel plac$ ! age ( gold 9 ! future4 ,! p]5nial poesy ( religi\s s\ls1 ! ,psalms1 blossom$ f ?is exalt$ piety1 ) _! div9e & melan*oly h>mony4 ,israel became truly & specially ! p ( ,god1 :ile ar\nd x ! pagan religions 7 m & m r$uc$1 9 ,p]sia & ,babylonia1 to an (ficial *>latanism1 9 ,egypt & ,syria to a gross idolatry1 & 9 ! ,greek & ,roman _w to m]e p>ade4 ,t :i* ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrs did 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( our era1 t :i* ! victims ( p]secut+ or?odoxy h done1 ev5 9 ! bosom ( ,*ri/ianity1 up to our "t1 ! ,jews did dur+ ! two c5turies :i* prec$$ ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,!y 7 a liv+ prote/ aga9/ sup]/ition & religi\s mat]ialism4 ,an extraord9>y movem5t ( ideas1 end+ 9 ! mo/ opposite results1 made ( !m1 at ?is epo*1 ! mo/ /rik+ & orig9al p 9 ! _w4 ,_! disp]sion along all ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! use ( ! ,greek language1 :i* !y adopt$ :5 out ( ,pale/9e1 prep>$ ! way = a propag&ism1 ( :i* anci5t societies1 divid$ into small nationalities1 _h nev] (f]$ a s+le example4 ,up to ! "t ( ! ,maccabees1 ,judaism1 9 spite ( its p]si/5ce 9 ann\nc+ t x w\ld "o day be ! religion ( ! human race1 _h _h ! *>act]i/ic ( all ! o!r wor%ips ( antiquity1 x 0 a wor%ip ( ! family & ! tribe4 ,! ,israelite ?\ght1 inde$1 t 8 wor%ip 0 ! be/1 & spoke ) contempt ( /range gods2 b he believ$ also t ! religion ( ! true ,god 0 made = himself alone4 ,only :5 a man ent]$ into ! ,jewi% family did he embrace ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah4#a ,no ,israelite c>$ to conv]t ! /rang] to a wor%ip :i* 0 ! patrimony ( ! sons ( ,abraham4 ,! developm5t ( ! pieti/ic _s1 aft] ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 l$ to a mu* firm] & m logical conception4 ,judaism became ! true religion 9 a m absolute mann]2 to all :o wi%$1 ! "r ( ent]+ x 0 giv52#b soon x became a "w ( piety to br+ into x ! greate/ numb] possible4#c ,d\btless ! ref9$ s5tim5t :i* elevat$ ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,jesus1 & ,/4 ,paul above ! petty ideas ( race1 did n yet exi/2 =1 by a /range contradiction1 ^! conv]ts 7 little respect$ & 7 treat$ ) disda94#d ,b ! idea ( a sov]eign religion1 ! idea t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! _w sup]ior to c\ntry1 to blood1 to laws--! idea :i* makes apo/les & m>tyrs--0 f\nd$4 ,pr(\nd pity = ! pagans1 h[ev] brilliant might be _! worldly =tune1 0 h5ce=? ! feel+ ( e ,jew4#e ,by a cycle ( leg5ds de/9$ to furni% models ( immovable firmness1 su* z ! hi/ories ( ,daniel & 8 companions1 ! "m ( ! ,maccabees & h] sev5 sons1#f ! romance ( ! race-c\rse ( ,alex&ria#g--! guides ( ! p s\ght above all to inculcate ! idea1 t virtue consi/s 9 a fanatical atta*m5t to fix$ religi\s in/itutions4 ,footnote #a3 ,ru? i4 #af4 ,footnote #b3 ,e/h] ix4 #bg4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxiii4 #ae2 ,josephus1 ,vita1 #bc2 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 xvii4 #aj1 ,,vii4 iii4 #c2 ,ant41 ,,xx4 ii4 #d2 ,horat41 ,sat4 ,i41 iv41 #adc2 ,juv41 xiv4 #if1 & foll[+2 ,tacitus1 ,ann41 ,,ii4 #he2 ,hi/41 ,v4 #e2 ,dion ,cassius1 xxxvii4 #ag4 ,footnote #d3 ,mi%nah1 ,%ebiit1 ,x4 #i2 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,niddah1 fol4 #ac b2 ,jebamo?1 #dg b1 ,kiddu%im1 #gj b2 ,midra%1 ,jalkut ,ru?1 fol4 #afc d4 ,footnote #e3 ,apocryphal lett] ( ,b>u*1 9 ,fabricius1 ,cod4 pseud41 ,v4,t41 ii41 #adg1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,,ii4 ,book ( ,maccabees1 *4 vii4 & ! ,de ,maccabaeis1 attribut$ to ,josephus4 ,cf4 ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews xi4 #cc1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #g3 ,,iii4 ,book 7,apocr47 ( ,maccabees2 ,ruf91 ,suppl4 ad ,jos41 ,contra ,apionem1 ii4 #e4 ,! p]secutions ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes made ?is idea a passion1 almo/ a fr5zy4 ,x 0 some?+ v analog\s to t :i* happ5$ "u ,n]o1 two hundr$ & ?irty ye>s lat]4 ,rage & despair ?rew ! believ]s into ! _w ( visions & dreams4 ,! fir/ apocalypse1 ,! ,book ( ,daniel1 appe>$4 ,x 0 l a revival ( prophecy1 b "u a v diff]5t =m f ! anci5t "o1 & ) a mu* l>g] idea ( ! de/9ies ( ! _w4 ,! ,book ( ,daniel gave1 9 a mann]1 ! la/ expression to ! ,messianic hopes4 ,! ,messiah 0 no long] a k+1 aft] ! mann] ( ,david & ,solomon1 a !ocratic & ,mosaic ,cyrus2 he 0 a ,son ( man appe>+ 9 ! cl\ds#a--;a sup]natural be+1 inve/$ ) human =m1 *>g$ to rule ! _w1 & to preside ov] ! gold5 age4 ,p]haps ! ,sosio% ( ,p]sia1 ! great prophet :o 0 to come1 *>g$ ) prep>+ ! reign ( ,ormuzd1 gave "s features to ?is new ideal4#b ,! unkn[n au?or ( ! ,book ( ,daniel _h1 9 any case1 a decisive influ5ce on ! religi\s ev5t :i* 0 ab\t to trans=m ! _w4 ,he suppli$ ! mise-en-sc5e1 & ! te*nical t]ms ( ! new belief 9 ! ,messiah2 & we might apply to him :at ,jesus said ( ,john ! ,bapti/3 ,be=e him1 ! prophets2 aft] him1 ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,footnote #a3 ,*ap4 vii4 #ac1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,v5didad1 *ap4 xix4 #ah1 #ai2 ,m9okhir$1 a passage publi%$ 9 ! ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 morg5la5dis*5 ,gesells*aft1 *ap4 i4 #bfc2 ,b\ndehes*1 *ap4 xxxi4 ,! want ( c]ta9 *ronology = ! ,z5d & ,pehlvis texts leaves mu* d\bt hov]+ ov] ! relations betwe5 ! ,jewi% & ,p]sian beliefs4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t ?is pr(\ndly religi\s & s\l-/irr+ movem5t _h p>ticul> dogmas = its prim>y impulse1 z 0 ! case 9 all ! conflicts :i* h di/urb$ ! bosom ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,jew ( ?is epo* 0 z little !ological z possible4 ,he did n speculate ^u ! ess5ce ( ! ,div9ity2 ! beliefs ab\t angels1 ab\t ! de/9ies ( man1 ab\t ! ,div9e p]sonality1 ( :i* ! fir/ g]ms might already be p]ceiv$1 7 q optional--!y 7 m$itations1 to :i* ea* "o surr5d]$ himself accord+ to ! turn ( 8 m9d1 b ( :i* a great numb] ( m5 _h nev] he>d4 ,!y 7 ! mo/ or?odox ev51 :o did n %>e 9 ^! p>ticul> imag9ations1 & :o adh]$ to ! simplicity ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,no dogmatic p[] analog\s to t :i* or?odox ,*ri/ianity has giv5 to ! ,*ur* !n exi/$4 ,x 0 only at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 :5 ,*ri/ianity _h fall5 into ! h&s ( reason+ races1 mad ) dialectics & metaphysics1 t t fev] = def9itions comm5c$ :i* made ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* b ! hi/ory ( "o imm5se controv]sy4 ,!re 7 disputes also among ! ,jews--excit$ s*ools br\ght opposite solutions to almo/ all ! que/ions :i* 7 agitat$2 b 9 ^! conte/s1 ( :i* ! ,talmud has pres]v$ ! pr9cipal details1 !re is n a s+le ^w ( speculative !ology4 ,to obs]ve & ma9ta9 ! law1 because ! law 0 j1 & because1 :5 well obs]v$1 x gave happ9ess--su* 0 ,judaism4 ,no cr$o1 no !oretical symbol4 ,"o ( ! disciples ( ! bolde/ ,arabian philosophy1 ,moses ,maimonides1 0 able to become ! oracle ( ! synagogue1 because he 0 well v]s$ 9 ! canonical law4 ,! reigns ( ! la/ ,asmoneans1 & t ( ,h]od1 saw ! excitem5t gr[ /ill /rong]4 ,!y 7 fill$ by an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( religi\s movem5ts4 ,9 ! degree t p[] became secul>iz$1 & pass$ into ! h&s ( unbeliev]s1 ! ,jewi% p liv$ less & less = ! e>?1 & became m & m absorb$ by ! /range f]m5tation :i* 0 op]at+ 9 _! mid/4 ,! _w1 di/ract$ by o!r spectacles1 _h little k ( t :i* pass$ 9 ?is =gott5 corn] ( ! ,ea/4 ,! m9ds abrea/ ( _! age 71 h[ev]1 bett] in=m$4 ,! t5d] & cle>-sight$ ,virgil seems to answ]1 z by a secret e*o1 to ! second ,isaiah4 ,! bir? ( a *ild ?r[s him into dreams ( a univ]sal pal+5esis4#a ,^! dreams 7 ( e-day occurr5ce1 & %ap$ into a k9d ( lit]ature :i* 0 designat$ ,sibyll9e4 ,! q rec5t =mation ( ! empire exalt$ ! imag9ation2 ! great era ( peace on :i* x ent]$1 & t impression ( melan*oly s5sibility :i* ! m9d exp]i5ces aft] long p]iods ( revolution1 gave bir? on all sides to unlimit$ hopes4 ,footnote #a3 ,egl4 iv4 ,! ,cumaeum c>m5 7v4 #d7 0 a sort ( ,sibyll9e apocalypse1 borr[$ f ! philosophy ( hi/ory famili> to ! ,ea/4 ,see ,s]vius on ?is v]se1 & ,c>m9a ,sibyll9a1 iii4 #ig-hag2 cf4 ,tac41 ,hi/41 v4 #ac4 ,9 ,judea expectation 0 at its height4 ,holy p]sons--among :om may be nam$ ! ag$ ,simeon1 :o1 leg5d tells u1 held ,jesus 9 8 arms2 ,anna1 daught] ( ,phanuel1 reg>d$ z a prophetess#a--pass$ _! life ab\t ! temple1 fa/+1 & pray+1 t x might please ,god n to take !m f ! _w )\t hav+ se5 ! fulfillm5t ( ! hopes ( ,israel4 ,!y felt a p[]ful pres5tim5t2 !y 7 s5sible ( ! approa* ( some?+ unkn[n4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke ii4 #be1 & foll[+4 ,?is confus$ mixture ( cle> views & dreams1 ?is alt]nation ( deceptions & hopes1 ^! ceaseless aspirations1 driv5 back by an odi\s reality1 f\nd at la/ _! int]pretation 9 ! incomp>able man1 to :om ! univ]sal consci5ce has decre$ ! title ( ,son ( ,god1 & t ) ju/ice1 s9ce he has advanc$ religion z no o!r has done1 or probably ev] w be able to d4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,infancy ,,& ,,y\? ,,( ,,jesus--,,8 ,,fir/ ,,impressions4 ,jesus 0 born at ,naz>e?1#a a small t[n ( ,galilee1 :i* be=e 8 "t _h no celebrity4#b ,all 8 life he 0 designat$ by ! "n ( ! ,naz>5e1#c & x is only by a r emb>rass$ & r\nd-ab\t way1#d t1 9 ! leg5ds respect+ him1 he is made to be born at ,be?lehem4 ,we %all see lat]#e ! motive = ?is supposition1 & h[ x 0 ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! ,messianic "* attribut$ to ,jesus4#f ,! precise date ( 8 bir? is unkn[n4 ,x took place "u ! reign ( ,augu/us1 ab\t ! ,roman ye> #gej1 probably "s ye>s be=e ! ye> #a ( t era :i* all civiliz$ p date f ! day on :i* he 0 born4#g ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiii4 #ed1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,john i4 #de-df4 ,footnote #b3 ,x is nei!r nam$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 nor 9 ,josephus1 nor 9 ! ,talmud4 ,footnote #c3 ,m>k i4 #bd2 ,luke xviii4 #cg2 ,john xix4 #ai2 ,acts ii4 #bb1 iii4 #f4 ,h5ce ! "n ( ,naz>5es = a long "t appli$ to ,*ri/ians1 & :i* /ill designates !m 9 all ,mohamm$an c\ntries4 ,footnote #d3 ,! c5sus effect$ by ,quir9us1 to :i* leg5d attributes ! j\rney f ,be?lehem1 is at lea/ t5 ye>s lat] ?an ! ye> 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,luke & ,mat!w1 ,jesus 0 born4 ,! two evangeli/s 9 effect make ,jesus to be born "u ! reign ( ,h]od 7,matt4 ii4 #a1 #ai1 #bb2 ,luke i4 #e74 ,n[1 ! c5sus ( ,quir9us did n take place until aft] ! deposition ( ,ar*elaus1 i4e41 t5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,h]od1 ! #cg? ye> f ! era ( ,actium 7,josephus1 ,ant41 ,,xvii4 xiii4 #e1 ,,xviii4 i4 #a1 ii4 #a74 ,! inscription by :i* x 0 =m]ly pret5d$ to e/abli% t ,quir9us _h levi$ two c5suses is recogniz$ z false 7see ,orelli1 ,inscr4 ,lat41 ,no4 #fbc1 & ! supplem5t ( ,h5z5 9 ?is numb]2 ,borghesi1 ,fa/es ,consulaires yet unpubli%$1 9 ! ye> #gdb74 ,! c5sus 9 any case w\ld only be appli$ to ! p>ts r$uc$ to ,roman prov9ces1 & n to ! tetr>*ies4 ,! texts by :i* x is s\ght to prove t "s ( ! op]ations = /ati/ics & tribute comm&$ by ,augu/us ought to ext5d to ! dom9ion ( ! ,h]ods1 ei!r d n mean :at !y h be5 made to say1 or are f ,*ri/ian au?ors :o h borr[$ ?is /atem5t f ! ,gospel ( ,luke4 ,t :i* proves1 besides1 t ! j\rney ( ! family ( ,jesus to ,be?lehem is n hi/orical1 is ! motive attribut$ to x4 ,jesus 0 n ( ! family ( ,david 7see ,*ap4 ,,xv471 & if he _h be51 we %\ld /ill n imag9e t 8 p>5ts %\ld h be5 =c$1 = an op]ation purely regi/rative & f9ancial1 to come to enrol !mselves 9 ! place :5ce _! ance/ors _h proce$$ a ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,9 impos+ su* an obligation1 ! ,roman au?ority w\ld h sanction$ pret5sions ?reat5+ h] safety4 ,footnote #e3 ,*ap4 ,,xiv4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 ii4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,luke ii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,! omission ( ?is n>rative 9 ,m>k1 & ! two p>allel passages1 ,matt4 xiii4 #ed1 & ,m>k vi4 #a1 :]e ,naz>e? figures z ! c\ntry ( ,jesus1 prove t su* a leg5d 0 abs5t f ! primitive text :i* has furni%$ ! r\gh draft ( ! pres5t ,gospels ( ,mat!w & ,m>k4 ,x 0 to meet (t-repeat$ objections t !re 7 add$ to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w res]vations1 ! contradiction ( :i* ) ! re/ ( ! text 0 n s flagrant1 t x 0 felt necess>y to correct ! passages :i* _h at fir/ be5 writt5 f q ano!r po9t ( view4 ,luke1 on ! contr>y 7*ap4 iv4 #af71 writ+ m c>efully1 has employ$1 9 ord] to be consi/5t1 a m s(t5$ expression4 ,z to ,john1 he kn[s no?+ ( ! j\rney to ,be?lehem2 = him1 ,jesus is m]ely ( ,naz>e? or ,galilean1 9 two circum/ances 9 :i* x w\ld h be5 ( ! highe/ importance to recall 8 bir? at ,be?lehem 7*ap4 i4 #de1 #df1 vi4 #da1 #db74 ,footnote #g3 ,x is kn[n t ! calculation :i* s]ves z basis ( ! common era 0 made 9 ! six? c5tury by ,dionysius ! ,less4 ,?is calculation implies c]ta9 purely hypo!tical data4 ,! "n ( ,jesus1 :i* 0 giv5 him1 is an alt]ation f ,jo%ua4 ,x 0 a v common "n2 b aft]w>d my/]ies1 & an allusion to 8 "* ( ,savi\r1 7 naturally s\ght = 9 x4#a ,p]haps he1 l all my/ics1 exalt$ himself 9 ?is respect4 ,x is ?us t m ?an "o great vocation 9 hi/ory has be5 caus$ by a "n giv5 to a *ild )\t prem$itation4 ,ard5t natures nev] br+ !mselves to see aught ( *ance 9 :at conc]ns !m4 ,god has regulat$ ev]y?+ = !m1 & !y see a sign ( ! supreme w 9 ! mo/ insignificant circum/ances4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 i4 #ba2 ,luke i4 #ca4 ,! population ( ,galilee 0 v mix$1 z ! v "n ( ! c\ntry#a indicat$4 ,?is prov9ce c\nt$ among/ its inhabitants1 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 _m :o 7 n ,jews 7,pho5icians1 ,syrians1 ,arabs1 & ev5 ,greeks74#b ,! conv]sions to ,judaism 7 n r>e 9 ^! mix$ c\ntries4 ,x is !re=e impossible to raise "h any "q ( race1 & to seek to asc]ta9 :at blood fl[$ 9 ! ve9s ( him :o has contribut$ mo/ to efface ! di/9ction ( blood 9 humanity4 ,footnote #a3 ,gelil haggoyim1 ,circle ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,footnote #b3 ,/rabo1 ,,xvi4 ii4 #ce2 ,jos41 ,vita1 #ab4 ,he proce$$ f ! ranks ( ! p4#a ,8 fa!r1 ,joseph1 & 8 "m1 ,m>y1 7 p 9 humble circum/ances1 artisans liv+ by _! labor1#b 9 ! /ate s common 9 ! ,ea/1 :i* is nei!r ease nor pov]ty4 ,! extreme simplicity ( life 9 su* c\ntries1 by disp5s+ ) ! ne$ ( com=t1 r5d]s ! privileges ( weal? almo/ useless1 & makes e "o volunt>ily poor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! total want ( ta/e = art1 & = t :i* contributes to ! elegance ( mat]ial life1 gives a nak$ aspect to ! h\se ( him :o o!rwise wants = no?+4 ,ap>t f some?+ sordid & repulsive :i* ,islamism be>s ev]y:]e ) x1 ! t[n ( ,naz>e?1 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 did n p]haps mu* diff] f :at x is to-day4#c ,we see ! /reets :]e he play$ :5 a *ild1 9 ! /ony pa?s or little crossways :i* sep>ate ! dwell+s4 ,! h\se ( ,joseph d\btless mu* resembl$ ^? poor %ops1 light$ by ! door1 s]v+ at once = %op1 kit*51 & b$room1 hav+ = furniture a mat1 "s cu%ions on ! gr\nd1 "o or two clay pots1 & a pa9t$ *e/4 ,footnote #a3 ,we %all expla9 lat] 7,*ap4 ,,xiv47 ! orig9 ( ! g5ealogies int5d$ to connect him ) ! race ( ,david4 ,! ,ebionites suppress$ !m 7,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 ,,xxx4 #ad74 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xiii4 #ee2 ,m>k vi4 #c2 ,john vi4 #db4 ,footnote #c3 ,! r\gh aspect ( ! ru9s :i* cov] ,pale/9e proves t ! t[ns :i* 7 n con/ruct$ 9 ! ,roman mann] 7 v badly built4 ,z to ! =m ( ! h\ses1 x is1 9 ,syria1 s simple & s imp]i\sly regulat$ by ! climate1 t x c sc>cely ev] h *ang$4 ,! family1 :e!r x proce$$ f "o or _m m>riages1 0 r num]\s4 ,jesus _h bro!rs & si/]s1#a ( :om he seems to h be5 ! elde/4#b ,all h rema9$ obscure1 = x appe>s t ! f\r p]sonages :o 7 nam$ z 8 bro!rs1 & among :om "o1 at lea/--,james--_h acquir$ great importance 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 7 8 c\s9s-g]man4 ,m>y1 9 fact1 _h a si/] also nam$ ,m>y1#c :o m>ri$ a c]ta9 ,alpheus or ,cleophas 7^! two names appe> to designate ! same p]son#d71 & 0 ! "m ( sev]al sons :o play$ a consid]able "p among ! fir/ disciples ( ,jesus4 ,^! c\s9s-g]man :o adh]$ to ! "y ,ma/]1 :ile 8 own bro!rs oppos$ him1#e took ! title ( bro!rs ( ! ,"l4#f ,! real bro!rs ( ,jesus1 l _! "m1 became important only aft] 8 dea?4#g ,ev5 !n !y d n appe> to h equal$ 9 importance _! c\s9s1 ^: conv]sion _h be5 m spontane\s1 & ^: "* seems to h _h m orig9ality4 ,_! names 7 s little kn[n1 t :5 ! evangeli/ put 9 ! m\? ( ! m5 ( ,naz>e? ! enum]ation ( ! bro!rs accord+ to natural relation%ip1 ! names ( ! sons ( ,cleophas fir/ pres5t$ !mselves to him4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xii4 #df1 & foll[+1 xiii4 #ee1 & foll[+2 ,m>k iii4 #ca1 & foll[+1 vi4 #c2 ,luke viii4 #ai1 & foll[+2 ,john ii4 #ab1 vii4 #c1 #e1 #aj2 ,acts i4 #ad4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 i4 #be4 ,footnote #c3 ,t ^! two si/]s %\ld be> ! same "n is a s+ul> fact4 ,!re is probably "s error aris+ f ! habit ( giv+ ! "n ( ,m>y indiscrim9ately to ,galilean wom54 ,footnote #d3 ,!y are n etymologically id5tical4 ,greek3 ,alphaios is ! transcription ( ! ,syro-,*aldean "n ,halphai2 ,greek3 ,klopas or ,greek3 ,kleopas is a %ort5$ =m ( ,greek3 ,kleopatros4 ,b !re might h be5 an artificial sub/itution ( "o = ! o!r1 j z ,joseph 0 call$ ,hegissippus1 ! ,eliakim ,alcimus1 c4 ,footnote #e3 ,john vii4 #c1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,9 fact1 ! f\r p]sonages :o are nam$ 7,matt4 xiii4 #ee1 ,m>k vi4 #c7 z sons ( ,m>y1 "m ( ,jesus1 ,jacob1 ,joseph or ,joses1 ,simon1 & ,jude1 are f\nd aga9 a little lat] z sons ( ,m>y & ,cleophas4 7,matt4 xxvii4 #ef2 ,m>k xv4 #dj2 ,gal4 i4 #ai2 ,epi/4 ,james i4 #a2 ,epi/4 ,jude #a2 ,euseb41 ,*ron4 ad ann4 ,r4 ,,dcccx42 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iii4 #aa1 #cb2 ,con/it4 ,apo/41 vii4 #df47 ,! hypo!sis we (f] alone removes ! imm5se difficulty :i* is f\nd 9 suppos+ two si/]s hav+ ea* ?ree or f\r sons be>+ ! same names1 & 9 admitt+ t ,james & ,simon1 ! fir/ two bi%ops ( ,j]usalem1 designat$ z bro!rs ( ! ,"l1 may h be5 real bro!rs ( ,jesus1 :o _h begun by be+ ho/ile to him & !n 7 conv]t$4 ,! evangeli/1 he>+ ^! f\r sons ( ,cleophas call$ bro!rs ( ! ,"l1 has plac$ by mi/ake _! names 9 ! passage ,matt4 xiii4 #e ,m>k vi4 #c1 in/ead ( ! names ( ! real bro!rs1 :i* h always rema9$ obscure4 ,9 ?is matt] we may expla9 h[ ! "* ( ! p]sonages call$ bro!rs ( ! ,"l1 ( ,james1 = in/ance1 is s diff]5t f t ( ! real bro!rs ( ,jesus z !y are se5 del9eat$ 9 ,john vii4 #b1 & foll[+4 ,! expression bro!r ( ! ,"l evid5tly con/itut$1 9 ! primitive ,*ur*1 a k9d ( ord] simil> to t ( ! apo/les4 ,see especially #a ,cor4 ix4 #e4 ,footnote #g3 ,acts i4 #ad4 ,8 si/]s 7 m>ri$ at ,naz>e?1#a & he sp5t ! fir/ ye>s ( 8 y\? !re4 ,naz>e? 0 a small t[n 9 a holl[1 op5+ broadly at ! summit ( ! gr\p ( m\nta9s :i* close ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon on ! nor?4 ,! population is n[ f ?ree to f\r ?\s&1 & x c nev] h v>i$ mu*4#b ,! cold !re is %>p 9 w9t]1 & ! climate v heal?y4 ,! t[n1 l all ! small ,jewi% t[ns at ?is p]iod1 0 a heap ( huts built )\t /yle1 & w\ld exhibit t h>% & poor aspect :i* villages 9 ,semitic c\ntries n[ pres5t4 ,! h\ses1 x seems1 did n diff] mu* f ^? cubes ( /one1 )\t ext]ior or int]ior elegance1 :i* /ill cov] ! ri*e/ p>ts ( ! ,lebanon1 & :i*1 surr\nd$ ) v9es & fig-trees1 are /ill v agreeable4 ,! environs1 moreov]1 are *>m+2 & no place 9 ! _w 0 s well adapt$ = dreams ( p]fect happ9ess4 ,ev5 9 our times ,naz>e? is /ill a delightful abode1 ! only place1 p]haps1 9 ,pale/9e 9 :i* ! m9d feels itself reliev$ f ! burd5 :i* oppresses x 9 ?is unequal$ desolation4 ,! p are amiable & *e]ful2 ! g>d5s fre% & gre54 ,an?ony ! ,m>tyr1 at ! end ( ! six? c5tury1 drew an en*ant+ picture ( ! f]tility ( ! environs1 :i* he comp>$ to p>adise4#c ,"s valleys on ! we/]n side fully ju/ify 8 description4 ,! f\nta91 :]e =m]ly ! life & gaiety ( ! little t[n 7 conc5trat$1 is de/roy$2 its brok5 *annels conta9 n[ only a muddy /ream4 ,b ! beauty ( ! wom5 :o meet !re 9 ! ev5+--t beauty :i* 0 rem>k$ ev5 9 ! six? c5tury1 & :i* 0 look$ ^u z a gift ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y#d--;is /ill mo/ /rik+ly pres]v$4 ,x is ! ,syrian type 9 all its languid grace4 ,no d\bt ,m>y 0 !re almo/ e day1 & took h] place ) h] j> on h] %\ld] 9 ! file ( h] companions :o h rema9$ unkn[n4 ,an?ony ! ,m>tyr rem>ks t ! ,jewi% wom51 g5]ally disda9ful to ,*ri/ians1 7 "h full ( affability4 ,ev5 n[ religi\s animosity is weak] at ,naz>e? ?an else:]e4 ,footnote #a3 ,m>k vi4 #c4 ,footnote #b3 ,accord+ to ,josephus 7,b4,j41 ,,iii4 iii4 #b71 ! smalle/ t[n ( ,galilee _h m ?an five ?\s& inhabitants4 ,?is is probably an exagg]ation4 ,footnote #c3 ,it9]41 ,sec4 #e4 ,footnote #d3 ,ant4 ,m>tyr1 ,it9]41 ,sec4 #e4 ,! horizon f ! t[n is limit$4 ,b if we asc5d a little ! plateau1 swept by a p]petual breeze1 :i* ov]looks ! highe/ h\ses1 ! prospect is spl5did4 ,on ! we/ are se5 ! f9e outl9es ( ,c>mel1 t]m9at$ by an abrupt po9t :i* seems to plunge into ! sea4 ,be=e u are spread out ! d\ble summit :i* t[]s above ,megiddo2 ! m\nta9s ( ! c\ntry ( ,%e*em1 ) _! holy places ( ! patri>*al age2 ! hills ( ,gilboa1 ! small1 picturesque gr\p to :i* are atta*$ ! graceful or t]rible recollections ( ,%unem & ( ,endor2 & ,tabor1 ) its beautiful r\nd$ =m1 :i* antiquity comp>$ to a bosom4 ,?r\gh a depression betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,%unem & ,tabor are se5 ! valley ( ! ,jordan & ! high pla9s ( ,p]aea1 :i* =m a cont9u\s l9e f ! ea/]n side4 ,on ! nor?1 ! m\nta9s ( ,saf$1 9 incl9+ t[>d ! sea conceal ,/4 ,jean d',acre1 b p]mit ! ,gulf ( ,khaifa to be di/+ui%$4 ,su* 0 ! horizon ( ,jesus4 ,?is en*ant$ circle1 cradle ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 0 = ye>s 8 _w4 ,ev5 9 8 lat] life he dep>t$ b little beyond ! familial limits ( 8 *ildhood4 ,= yond]1 nor?w>d1 a glimpse is caught1 almo/ on ! flank ( ,h]mon1 ( ,caes>ea-,philippi1 8 fur!/ po9t ( advance into ! ,g5tile _w2 & "h s\?w>d1 ! m sombre aspect ( ^! ,sam>itan hills =e%ad[s ! dre>9ess ( ,judea beyond1 p>*$ z by a scor*+ w9d ( desolation & dea?4 ,if ! _w1 rema9+ ,*ri/ian1 b atta9+ to a bett] idea ( ! e/eem 9 :i* ! orig9 ( its religion %\ld be held1 %\ld ev] wi% to replace by au!ntic holy places ! mean & apocryphal sanctu>ies to :i* ! piety ( d>k ages atta*$ itself1 x is ^u ?is height ( ,naz>e? t x w rebuild its temple4 ,!re1 at ! bir?place ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! actions ( its ,f\nd]1 ! great *ur* ought to be rais$ 9 :i* all ,*ri/ians may wor%ip4 ,!re1 also1 on ?is spot :]e sleep ,joseph1 ! c>p5t]1 & ?\s&s ( =gott5 ,naz>5es :o nev] pass$ beyond ! horizon ( _! valley1 w\ld be a bett] /ation ?an any 9 ! _w beside = ! philosoph] to contemplate ! c\rse ( human affairs1 to console himself = _! unc]ta9ty1 & to reassure himself z to ! ,div9e end :i* ! _w pursues ?r\gh c\ntless falt]+s1 & 9 spite ( ! univ]sal vanity4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,education ,,( ,,jesus4 ,?is aspect ( ,nature1 at once smil+ & gr&1 0 ! :ole education ( ,jesus4 ,he le>n$ to read & to write1#a d\btless1 accord+ to ! ,ea/]n me?od1 :i* consi/$ 9 putt+ 9 ! h&s ( ! *ild a book1 :i* he repeat$ 9 cad5ce ) 8 little comrades1 until he knew x by he>t4#b ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if he und]/ood ! ,hebrew writ+s 9 _! orig9al tongue4 ,8 biograph]s make him quote !m accord+ to ! translations 9 ! ,aramean tongue2#c 8 pr9ciples ( exegesis1 z f> z we c judge ( !m by ^? ( 8 disciples1 mu* resembl$ ^? :i* 7 !n 9 vogue1 & :i* =m ! _s ( ! ,t>gums & ! ,midra%im4#d ,footnote #a3 ,john viii4 #f4 ,footnote #b3 ,te/am4 ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 ,levi4 #f4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #df2 ,m>k xv4 #cd4 ,footnote #d3 ,jewi% translations & comm5t>ies ( ! ,talmudic epo*4 ,! s*oolma/] 9 ! small ,jewi% t[ns 0 ! hazzan1 or read] 9 ! synagogues4#a ,jesus frequ5t$ little ! high] s*ools ( ! scribes or soph]im 7,naz>e? _h p]haps none ( !m71 & he _h none ( ^? titles :i* conf]1 9 ! eyes ( ! vulg>1 ! privileges ( k4#b ,x w\ld1 nev]!less1 be a great error to imag9e t ,jesus 0 :at we call ignorant4 ,s*ola/ic education among u draws a pr(\nd di/9ction1 9 respect ( p]sonal wor?1 betwe5 ^? :o h receiv$ & ^? :o h be5 depriv$ ( x4 ,x 0 n s 9 ! ,ea/1 nor1 9 g5]al1 9 ! good old times4 ,! /ate ( ignorance 9 :i*1 among u1 ow+ to our isolat$ & entirely individual life1 ^? rema9 :o h n pass$ ?r\gh ! s*ools1 0 unkn[n 9 ^? societies :]e moral culture1 & especially ! g5]al _s ( ! age1 0 transmitt$ by ! p]petual int]c\rse ( man ) man4 ,! ,arab1 :o has nev] _h a tea*]1 is (t51 nev]!less1 a v sup]ior man2 = ! t5t is a k9d ( s*ool always op51 :]e1 f ! contact ( well-educat$ m51 !re is produc$ a great intellectual & ev5 lit]>y movem5t4 ,! ref9em5t ( mann]s & ! acut5ess ( ! intellect h1 9 ! ,ea/1 no?+ 9 common ) :at we call education4 ,x is ! m5 f ! s*ools1 on ! contr>y1 :o are consid]$ badly tra9$ & p$antic4 ,9 ?is social /ate1 ignorance1 :i*1 among u1 condemns a man to an inf]ior rank1 is ! condition ( great ?+s & ( great orig9ality4 ,footnote #a3 ,mi%nah1 ,%abba?1 i4 #c4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xiii4 #ed1 & foll[+2 ,john vii4 #ae4 ,x is n probable t ,jesus knew ,greek4 ,?is language 0 v little spread 9 ,judea beyond ! classes :o p>ticipat$ 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & ! t[ns inhabit$ by pagans1 l ,caes>ea4#a ,! real "m tongue ( ,jesus 0 ! ,syrian dialect mix$ ) ,hebrew1 :i* 0 !n spok5 9 ,pale/9e4#b ,/ill less probably _h he any k ( ,greek culture4 ,?is culture 0 proscrib$ by ! doctors ( ,pale/9e1 :o includ$ 9 ! same mal$iction he :o re>s sw9e1 & he :o tea*es 8 son ,greek sci5ce4#c ,at all ev5ts x _h n p5etrat$ into little t[ns l ,naz>e?4 ,not)/&+ ! ana!ma ( ! doctors1 "s ,jews1 x is true1 _h already embrac$ ! ,hell5ic culture4 ,)\t speak+ ( ! ,jewi% s*ool ( ,egypt1 9 :i* ! attempts to amalgamate ,hell5ism & ,judaism _h be5 9 op]ation ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s1 a ,jew--,ni*olas ( ,damascus--_h become1 ev5 at ?is "t1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m51 "o ( ! be/ in=m$1 & "o ( ! mo/ respect$ ( 8 age4 ,josephus 0 de/9$ soon to furni% ano!r example ( a ,jew completely ,grecianiz$4 ,b ,ni*olas 0 only a ,jew 9 blood4 ,josephus decl>es t he himself 0 an exception among 8 contempor>ies2#d & ! :ole s*ismatic s*ool ( ,egypt 0 deta*$ to su* a degree f ,j]usalem t we d n f9d ! lea/ allusion to x ei!r 9 ! ,talmud or 9 ,jewi% tradition4 ,c]ta9 x is t ,greek 0 v little /udi$ at ,j]usalem1 t ,greek /udies 7 consid]$ z dang]\s1 & ev5 s]vile1 t !y 7 reg>d$1 at ! be/1 z a m]e womanly accompli%m5t4#e ,! /udy ( ! ,law 0 ! only "o acc\nt$ lib]al & wor?y ( a ?\ghtful man4#f ,que/ion$ z to ! "t :5 x w\ld be prop] to tea* *ildr5 ,greek wisdom1 a le>n$ rabbi _h answ]$1 ,at ! "t :5 x is nei!r day nor night2 s9ce x is writt5 ( ! ,law1 ,?\ %alt /udy x day & night4#g ,footnote #a3 ,mi%nah1 ,%ekalim1 iii4 #b2 ,talmud ( ,j]usalem1 ,megilla1 halaca xi42 ,sota1 vii4 #a2 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,baba ,kama1 #hc a2 ,megilla1 #h b1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,mat!w xxvii4 #df2 ,m>k iii4 #ag1 v4 #da1 vii4 #cd1 xiv4 #cf1 xv4 #cd4 ,! expression ,greek3 e patrios phone 9 ! writ]s ( ! "t1 always designates ! ,semitic dialect1 :i* 0 spok5 9 ,pale/9e 7,,ii4 ,macc4 vii4 #ba1 #bg1 xii4 #cg2 ,acts xxi4 #cg1 #dj1 xxii4 #b1 xxvi4 #ad2 ,josephus1 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 vi4 #aj1 xx4 sub f942 ,b4,j41 prooem ,i2 ,v4 vi4 #c1 ,v4 ix4 #b1 ,,vi4 ii4 #a3 ,aga9/ ,appian1 ,i4 #i2 ,de ,macc41 #ab1 #af74 ,we %all %[1 lat]1 t "s ( ! docum5ts :i* s]v$ z ! basis = ! synoptic ,gospels 7 writt5 9 ?is ,semitic dialect4 ,x 0 ! same ) _m ( ! ,apocrypha 7,,iv4 ,book ( ,macc4 xvi4 ad calcem1 c474 ,9 f9e1 ! sects issu+ directly f ! fir/ ,galilean movem5t 7,naz>5es1 ,ebionim1 c471 :i* cont9u$ a long "t 9 ,batanea & ,hauran1 spoke a ,semitic dialect 7,eusebius1 ,de ,situ et ,nom94 ,loc4 ,hebr41 at ! ^w ,greek3 ,*oba2 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xxix4 #g1 #i1 xxx4 #c2 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,9 ,matt41 xii4 #ac2 ,dial4 adv4 ,pelag41 iii4 #b74 ,footnote #c3 ,mi%nah1 ,sanh$rim1 xi4 #a2 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,baba ,kama1 #hb b & #hc a2 ,sota1 #di a & b2 ,m5a*o?1 #fd b2 comp4 ,,ii4 ,macc4 iv4 #aj1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,jos41 ,ant4 ,,xx4 xi4 #b4 ,footnote #e3 ,talmud ( ,j]usalem1 ,peah1 i4 #a4 ,footnote #f3 ,jos41 ,ant41 loc4 cit42 ,orig41 ,contra ,celsum1 ii4 #cd4 ,footnote #g3 ,talmud ( ,j]usalem1 ,peah1 i4 #a2 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,m5a*o?1 #ii b4 ,nei!r directly nor indirectly1 !n1 did any elem5t ( ,greek culture rea* ,jesus4 ,he knew no?+ beyond ,judaism2 8 m9d pres]v$ t free innoc5ce :i* an ext5d$ & v>i$ culture always weak5s4 ,9 ! v bosom ( ,judaism he rema9$ a /rang] to _m ef=ts (t5 p>allel to 8 own4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! asceticism ( ! ,ess5es or ! ,!rapeutae2#a on ! o!r1 ! f9e ef=ts ( religi\s philosophy put =? by ! ,jewi% s*ool ( ,alex&ria1 & ( :i* ,philo1 8 contempor>y1 0 ! +5i\s int]pret]1 7 unkn[n to him4 ,! frequ5t resemblances :i* we f9d betwe5 him & ,philo1 ^? excell5t maxims ab\t ! love ( ,god1 *>ity1 re/ 9 ,god1#b :i* are l an e*o betwe5 ! ,gospel & ! writ+s ( ! illu/ri\s ,alex&rian ?9k]1 proce$ f ! common t5d5cies :i* ! wants ( ! "t inspir$ 9 all elevat$ m9ds4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,!rapeutae ( ,philo are a bran* ( ! ,ess5es4 ,_! "n appe>s to be b a ,greek translation ( t ( ! ,ess5es 7,greek3 ,essaioi1 asaya1 doctors74 ,cf4 ,philo1 ,de ,vita ,contempl41 init4 ,footnote #b3 ,see especially ! treatises ,quis ,r]um ,div9>um ,ha]es ,sit & ,de ,philan?ropia ( ,philo4 ,happily = him1 he 0 also ignorant ( ! /range s*ola/icism :i* 0 taught at ,j]usalem1 & :i* 0 soon to con/itute ! ,talmud4 ,if "s ,ph>isees _h already br\ght x into ,galilee1 he did n associate ) !m1 & :51 lat]1 he enc\nt]$ ?is silly casui/ry1 x only inspir$ him ) disgu/4 ,we may suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! pr9ciples ( ,hillel 7 n unkn[n to him4 ,hillel1 fifty ye>s be=e him1 _h giv5 utt]ance to aphorisms v analog\s to 8 own4 ,by 8 pov]ty1 s meekly endur$1 by ! sweetness ( 8 "*1 by 8 opposition to prie/s & hypocrites1 ,hillel 0 ! true ma/] ( ,jesus1#a if inde$ x may be p]mitt$ to speak ( a ma/] 9 connection ) s high an orig9ality z 84 ,footnote #a3 ,pirke ,abo?1 *ap4 i4 & ii42 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,pesa*im1 vi4 #a2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,pesa*im1 #ff a2 ,%abba?1 #cj b & #ca a2 ,joma1 #ce b4 ,! p]usal ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t made mu* impression ^u him4 ,! canon ( ! holy books 0 compos$ ( two pr9cipal p>ts--! ,law1 t is to say1 ! ,p5tateu*1 & ! ,prophets1 su* z we n[ possess !m4 ,an ext5sive allegorical exegesis 0 appli$ to all ^! books2 & x 0 s\ght to draw f !m some?+ t 0 n 9 !m1 b :i* respond$ to ! aspirations ( ! age4 ,! ,law1 :i* repres5t$ n ! anci5t laws ( ! c\ntry1 b ,utopias1 ! factiti\s laws & pi\s frauds ( ! "t ( ! pieti/ic k+s1 _h become1 s9ce ! nation _h ceas$ to gov]n itself1 an inexhau/ible !me ( subtle int]pretations4 ,z to ! ,prophets & ! ,psalms1 ! popul> p]suasion 0 t almo/ all ! some:at my/]i\s traits t 7 9 ^! books _h ref]5ce to ! ,messiah1 & x 0 s\ght to f9d !re ! type ( him :o %\ld realize ! hopes ( ! nation4 ,jesus p>ticipat$ 9 ! ta/e :i* e "o _h = ^! allegorical int]pretations4 ,b ! true poetry ( ! ,bible1 :i* escap$ ! pu]ile exegeti/s ( ,j]usalem1 0 fully reveal$ to 8 gr& g5ius4 ,! ,law does n appe> to h _h mu* *>m = him2 he ?\ght t he c\ld d some?+ bett]4 ,b ! religi\s lyrics ( ! ,psalms 7 9 m>vell\s accordance ) 8 poetic s\l2 !y 71 all 8 life1 8 food & su/5ance4 ,! prophets--,isaiah 9 p>ticul>1 & 8 successor 9 ! record ( ! "t ( ! captivity1--) _! brilliant dreams ( ! future1 _! impetu\s eloqu5ce1 & _! invectives m+l$ ) en*ant+ pictures1 7 8 true tea*]s4 ,he read also1 no d\bt1 _m apocryphal works--i4e41 writ+s some:at mod]n1 ! au?ors ( :i*1 = ! sake ( an au?ority only grant$ to v anci5t writ+s1 _h clo!d !mselves ) ! names ( prophets & patri>*s4 ,"o ( ^! books especially /ruck him1 namely1 ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,?is book1 compos$ by an en?usia/ic ,jew ( ! "t ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 "u ! "n ( an anci5t sage1#a 0 ! resume ( ! _s ( ^? lat] times4 ,its au?or1 a true creator ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 _h = ! fir/ "t d>$ to see 9 ! m>* ( ! _w & ! succession ( empires1 only a purpose subord9ate to ! de/9ies ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,jesus 0 e>ly p5etrat$ by ^! high hopes4 ,p]haps1 also1 he _h read ! books ( ,eno*1 !n rev]$ equally ) ! holy books1#b & ! o!r writ+s ( ! same class1 :i* kept up s mu* excitem5t 9 ! popul> imag9ation4 ,! adv5t ( ! ,messiah1 ) 8 glories & 8 t]rors--! nations fall+ d[n "o aft] ano!r1 ! cataclysm ( heav5 & e>?--7 ! famili> food ( 8 imag9ation2 &1 z ^! revolutions 7 reput$ ne>1 & a great numb] ( p]sons s\ght to calculate ! "t :5 !y %\ld happ51 ! sup]natural /ate ( ?+s into :i* su* visions transport u1 appe>$ to him f ! fir/ p]fectly natural & simple4 ,footnote #a3 ,! leg5d ( ,daniel exi/$ z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 7,ezekiel xiv4 #ad & foll[+1 xxviii4 #c74 ,x 0 = ! necessities ( ! leg5d t he 0 made to live at ! "t ( ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,footnote #b3 ,epi/4 ,jude1 #ad & foll[+2 #b ,pet] ii4 #d1 #aa2 ,te/am4 ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 ,simeon1 #e2 ,levi1 #ad1 #af2 ,judah1 #ah2 ,zab41 #c2 ,dan1 #e2 ,naphtali1 #d4 ,! ,book ( ,eno* /ill =ms an integral "p ( ! ,e?iopian ,bible4 ,su* z we "k x f ! ,e?iopian v]sion1 x is compos$ ( pieces ( diff]5t dates1 ( :i* ! mo/ anci5t are f ! ye> #acj to #aej ,b4,c4 ,"s ( ^! pieces h an analogy ) ! disc\rses ( ,jesus4 ,comp>e *aps4 xcvi4-xcix4 ) ,luke vi4 #bd1 & foll[+4 ,t he _h no k ( ! g5]al /ate ( ! _w is app>5t f ea* feature ( 8 mo/ au!ntic disc\rses4 ,! e>? appe>$ to him /ill divid$ into k+doms w>r+ ) "o ano!r2 he seem$ to ignore ! ,roman peace1 & ! new /ate ( society :i* its age inaugurat$4 ,he _h no precise idea ( ! ,roman p[]2 ! "n ( ,caes> alone rea*$ him4 ,he saw build+1 9 ,galilee or its environs1 ,tib]ias1 ,julias1 ,diocaes>ea1 ,caes>ea1 gorge\s works ( ! ,h]ods1 :o s\ght1 by ^! magnific5t /ructures1 to prove _! admiration = ,roman civilization1 & _! devotion t[>d ! memb]s ( ! family ( ,augu/us1 /ructures ^: names1 by a caprice ( fate1 n[ s]ve1 ?\gh /rangely alt]$1 to designate mis]able hamlets ( ,b$\9s4 ,he also probably saw ,seba/e1 a "w ( ,h]od ! ,great1 a %[y city1 ^: ru9s w\ld lead to ! belief t x _h be5 c>ri$ !re ready made1 l a ma*9e :i* _h only to be put up 9 its place4 ,?is o/5tati\s piece ( ar*itecture arriv$ 9 ,judea by c>goes2 ^! hundr$s ( columns1 all ( ! same diamet]1 ! ornam5t ( "s insipid ,rue de ,rivoli ^! 7 :at he call$ ! k+doms ( ! _w & all _! glory4 ,b ?is luxury ( p[]1 ?is adm9i/rative & (ficial art1 displeas$ him4 ,:at he lov$ 7 8 ,galilean villages1 confus$ mixtures ( huts1 ( ne/s & holes cut 9 ! rocks1 ( wells1 ( tombs1 ( fig-trees1 & ( olives4 ,he always clung close to ,nature4 ,! c\rts ( k+s appe>$ to him z places :]e m5 we> f9e clo!s4 ,! *>m+ impossibilities ) :i* 8 p>ables ab\nd1 :5 he br+s k+s & ! mighty ones on ! /age1#a prove t he nev] conceiv$ ( ari/ocratic society b z a "y villag] :o sees ! _w ?r\gh ! prism ( 8 simplicity4 ,footnote #a3 ,see1 = example1 ,matt4 xxii4 #b1 & foll[+4 ,/ill less 0 he acqua9t$ ) ! new idea1 creat$ by ,grecian sci5ce1 :i* 0 ! basis ( all philosophy1 & :i* mod]n sci5ce has greatly confirm$1 to wit1 ! exclusion ( caprici\s gods1 to :om ! simple belief ( anci5t ages attribut$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,almo/ a c5tury be=e him1 ,lucretius _h express$1 9 an admirable mann]1 ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! g5]al sy/em ( ,nature4 ,! negation ( miracle--! idea t ev]y?+ 9 ! _w happ5s by laws 9 :i* ! p]sonal int]v5tion ( sup]ior be+s has no %>e--0 univ]sally admitt$ 9 ! great s*ools ( all ! c\ntries :i* _h accept$ ,grecian sci5ce4 ,p]haps ev5 ,babylon & ,p]sia 7 n /rang]s to x4 ,jesus knew no?+ ( ?is progress4 ,al?\gh born at a "t :5 ! pr9ciple ( positive sci5ce 0 already proclaim$1 he liv$ entirely 9 ! sup]natural4 ,nev]1 p]haps1 _h ! ,jews be5 m possess$ ) ! ?ir/ = ! m>vell\s4 ,philo1 :o liv$ 9 a great intellectual c5tre1 & :o _h receiv$ a v complete education1 possess$ only a *im]ical & inf]ior k ( sci5ce4 ,jesus1 on ?is po9t1 diff]$ 9 no respect f 8 companions4 ,he believ$ 9 ! devil1 :om he reg>d$ z a k9d ( evil g5ius1#a & he imag9$1 l all ! _w1 t n]v\s maladies 7 produc$ by demons :o possess$ ! pati5t & agitat$ him4 ,! m>vell\s 0 n ! exceptional = him2 x 0 8 normal /ate4 ,! notion ( ! sup]natural1 ) its impossibilities1 is co9cid5t ) ! bir? ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,! man :o is /range to all ideas ( physical laws1 :o believes t by pray+ he c *ange ! pa? ( ! cl\ds1 arre/ disease1 & ev5 dea?1 f9ds no?+ extraord9>y 9 miracle1 inasmu* z ! entire c\rse ( ?+s is to him ! result ( ! free w ( ! ,div9ity4 ,?is intellectual /ate 0 con/antly t ( ,jesus4 ,b 9 8 great s\l su* a belief produc$ effects q oppos$ to ^? produc$ on ! vulg>4 ,among ! latt]1 ! belief 9 ! special action ( ,god l$ to a fooli% cr$ulity1 & ! deceptions ( *>latans4 ,) him x l$ to a pr(\nd idea ( ! famili> relations ( man ) ,god1 & an exagg]at$ belief 9 ! p[] ( man--beautiful errors1 :i* 7 ! secret ( 8 p[]2 = if !y 7 ! means ( "o day %[+ 8 defici5cies 9 ! eyes ( ! physici/ & ! *emi/1 !y gave him a p[] ov] 8 own age ( :i* no individual _h be5 possess$ be=e 8 "t1 or has be5 s9ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 vi4 #ac4 ,8 di/9ctive "* v e>ly reveal$ itself4 ,leg5d delights to %[ him ev5 f 8 infancy 9 revolt aga9/ pat]nal au?ority1 & dep>t+ f ! common way to fulfill 8 vocation4#a ,x is c]ta91 at lea/1 t he c>$ little = ! relations ( k9%ip4 ,8 family d n seem to h lov$ him1#b & at times he seems to h be5 h>d t[>d !m4#c ,jesus1 l all m5 exclusively preoccupi$ by an idea1 came to ?9k little ( ! ties ( blood4 ,! bond ( ?\ght is ! only "o t natures ( ?is k9d recognize4 ,behold my "m & my bre?r51 said he1 9 ext5d+ 8 h& t[>d 8 disciples2 he :o does ! w ( my ,fa!r1 he is my bro!r & my si/]4 ,! simple p did n und]/& ! matt] ?us1 & "o day a woman pass+ ne> him cri$ out1 ,bless$ is ! womb t b>e !e1 & ! paps :i* gave !e suck6 ,b he said1 ,yea1 r bless$ are !y t he> ! ^w ( ,god1 & keep x4#d ,soon1 9 8 bold revolt aga9/ nature1 he w5t /ill fur!r1 & we %all see him trampl+ "u foot ev]y?+ t is human1 blood1 love1 & c\ntry1 & only keep+ s\l & he>t = ! idea :i* pres5t$ itself to him z ! absolute =m ( goodness & tru?4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke ii4 #db & foll[+4 ,! ,apocryphal ,gospels are full ( simil> hi/ories c>ri$ to ! grotesque4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xiii4 #eg2 ,m>k vi4 #d2 ,john vii4 #c1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xii4 #dh2 ,m>k iii4 #cc2 ,luke viii4 #ba2 ,john ii4 #d2 ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 9 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,dial4 adv4 ,pelag41 iii4 #b4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke xi4 #bg1 & foll[+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,?\ght ,,:i* ,,surr\nd$ ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,jesus4 ,z ! cool$ e>? no long] p]mits u to und]/& ! ph5om5a ( primitive creation1 because ! fire :i* p5etrat$ x is ext9ct1 s delib]ate explanations h always appe>$ some:at insuffici5t :5 apply+ our timid me?ods ( induction to ! revolutions ( ! creative epo*s :i* h decid$ ! fate ( humanity4 ,jesus liv$ at "o ( ^? times :5 ! game ( public life is freely play$1 & :5 ! /ake ( human activity is increas$ a hundr$fold4 ,e great "p1 !n1 entails dea?2 = su* movem5ts suppose lib]ty & an abs5ce ( prev5tive measures1 :i* c\ld n exi/ )\t a t]rible alt]native4 ,9 ^! days1 man risks little & ga9s little4 ,9 h]oic p]iods ( human activity1 man risk$ all & ga9$ all4 ,! good & ! wick$1 or at lea/ ^? :o believe !mselves & are believ$ to be su*1 =m opposite armies4 ,! apo!osis is rea*$ by ! scaffold2 *>act]s h di/9ctive features1 :i* engrave !m z et]nal types 9 ! memory ( m54 ,except 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 no hi/orical c5tre 0 z suitable z t 9 :i* ,jesus 0 =m$1 to develop ^? hidd5 =ces :i* humanity holds z 9 res]ve1 & :i* are n se5 except 9 days ( excitem5t & p]il4 ,if ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w 7 a speculative problem1 & ! greate/ philosoph] 7 ! man be/ fitt$ to tell 8 fell[s :at !y ought to believe1 x w\ld be f calmness & reflection t ^? great moral & dogmatic tru?s call$ religions w\ld proce$4 ,b x is n s4 ,if we except ,cakya-,m\ni1 ! great religi\s f\nd]s h n be5 metaphysicians4 ,buddhism itself1 ^: orig9 is 9 pure ?\ght1 has conqu]$ "o-half ( ,asia1 by motives :olly political & moral4 ,z to ! ,semitic religions1 !y are z little philosophical z possible4 ,moses & ,mahomet 7 n m5 ( speculation2 !y 7 m5 ( action4 ,x 0 9 propos+ action to _! fell[-c\ntrym51 & to _! contempor>ies1 t !y gov]n$ humanity4 ,jesus1 9 l mann]1 0 n a !ologian1 or a philosoph]1 hav+ a m or less well-compos$ sy/em4 ,9 ord] to be a disciple ( ,jesus1 x 0 n necess>y to sign any =mul>y1 or to pron\nce any confession ( fai?2 "o ?+ only 0 necess>y--to be atta*$ to him1 to love him4 ,he nev] disput$ ab\t ,god1 = he felt ,him directly 9 himself4 ,! rock ( metaphysical subtleties1 aga9/ :i* ,*ri/ianity broke f ! ?ird c5tury1 0 9 n[ise creat$ by ! ,f\nd]4 ,jesus _h nei!r dogma nor sy/em1 b a fix$ p]sonal resolution1 :i*1 exce$+ 9 int5sity e o!r creat$ w1 directs to ?is h\r ! de/9ies ( humanity4 ,! ,jewi% p _h ! advantage1 f ! captivity ( ,babylon up to ! ,middle ,ages1 ( be+ 9 a /ate ( ! greate/ t5sion4 ,?is is :y ! int]pret]s ( ! _s ( ! nation dur+ ?is long p]iod seem$ to write "u ! action ( an int5se fev]1 :i* plac$ !m con/antly ei!r above or bel[ reason1 r>ely 9 its middle pa?4 ,nev] did man seize ! problem ( ! future & ( 8 de/9y ) a m desp]ate c\rage1 m det]m9$ to g to extremes4 ,n sep>at+ ! lot ( humanity f t ( _! little race1 ! ,jewi% ?9k]s 7 ! fir/ :o s\ght = a g5]al !ory ( ! progress ( our species4 ,greece1 always conf9$ )9 itself1 & solely att5tive to petty qu>rels1 has _h admirable hi/orians2 b be=e ! ,roman epo*1 x w\ld be 9 va9 to seek 9 h] a g5]al sy/em ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 embrac+ all humanity4 ,! ,jew1 on ! contr>y1 ?anks to a k9d ( prophetic s5se :i* r5d]s ! ,semite at times m>vell\sly apt to see ! great l9es ( ! future1 has made hi/ory ent] into religion4 ,p]haps he owes a little ( ?is _s to ,p]sia4 ,p]sia1 f an anci5t p]iod1 conceiv$ ! hi/ory ( ! _w z a s]ies ( evolutions1 ov] ea* ( :i* a prophet presid$4 ,ea* prophet _h 8 haz>1 or reign ( a ?\s& ye>s 7*iliasm71 & f ^! successive ages1 analog\s to ! ,avata] ( ,india1 is compos$ ! c\rse ( ev5ts :i* prep>$ ! reign ( ,ormuzd4 ,at ! end ( ! "t :5 ! cycle ( *iliasms %all be exhau/$1 ! complete p>adise w come4 ,m5 !n w live happy2 ! e>? w be z "o pla92 !re w be only "o language1 "o law1 & "o gov]nm5t = all4 ,b ?is adv5t w be prec$$ by t]rible calamities4 ,dahak 7! ,satan ( ,p]sia7 w break 8 *a9s & fall ^u ! _w4 ,two prophets w come to console mank9d1 & to prep>e ! great adv5t4#a ,^! ideas ran ?r\gh ! _w1 & p5etrat$ ev5 to ,rome1 :]e !y inspir$ a cycle ( prophetic poems1 ( :i* ! fundam5tal ideas 7 ! division ( ! hi/ory ( humanity into p]iods1 ! succession ( ! gods correspond+ to ^! p]iods--a complete r5ovation ( ! _w1 & ! f9al adv5t ( a gold5 age4#b ,! book ( ,daniel1 ! book ( ,eno*1 & c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,sibyll9e books1#c are ! ,jewi% expression ( ! same !ory4 ,^! ?\ghts 7 c]ta9ly f> f be+ %>$ by all2 !y 7 only embrac$ at fir/ by a few p]sons ( lively imag9ation1 :o 7 incl9$ t[>d /range doctr9es4 ,! dry & n>r[ au?or ( ! book ( ,e/h] nev] ?\ght ( ! re/ ( ! _w except to despise x1 & to wi% x evil4#d ,! disabus$ epicurean :o wrote ,ecclesia/es1 ?\ght s little ( ! future1 t he consid]$ x ev5 useless to labor = 8 *ildr52 9 ! eyes ( ?is egoti/ical celibate1 ! highe/ /roke ( wisdom 0 to use 8 =tune = 8 own enjoym5t4#e ,b ! great a*ievem5ts ( a p are g5]ally wr\ght by ! m9ority4 ,not)/&+ all _! enorm\s defects1 h>d1 egoti/ical1 sc(f+1 cruel1 n>r[1 subtle1 & sophi/ical1 ! ,jewi% p are ! au?ors ( ! f9e/ movem5t ( dis9t]e/$ en?usiasm :i* hi/ory records4 ,opposition always makes ! glory ( a c\ntry4 ,! greate/ m5 ( a nation are ^? :om x puts to dea?4 ,socrates 0 ! glory ( ! ,a!nians1 :o w\ld n suff] him to live among/ !m4 ,sp9oza 0 ! greate/ ,jew ( mod]n times1 & ! synagogue expell$ him ) ignom9y4 ,jesus 0 ! glory ( ! p ( ,israel1 :o crucifi$ him4 ,footnote #a3 ,yacna1 xiii4 #bd3 ,!opompus1 9 ,plut41 ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 sec4 #dg2 ,m9okhir$1 a passage publi%$ 9 ! ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 morg5la5dis*5 ,gesells*aft1 i41 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #b3 ,virg41 ,ecl4 iv42 ,s]vius1 at v4 #d ( ?is ,eclogue2 ,nigidius1 quot$ by ,s]vius1 at v4 #aj4 ,footnote #c3 ,book iii41 #ig-hag4 ,footnote #d3 ,e/h] vi4 #ac1 vii4 #aj1 viii4 #g1 #aa-ag1 ix4 #a-bb2 & 9 ! apocryphal p>ts1 ix4 #aj1 #aa1 xiv4 #ac1 & foll[+1 xvi4 #bj1 #bd4 ,footnote #e3 ,eccl4 i4 #aa1 ii4 #af1 #ah-bd1 iii4 #ai-bb1 iv4 #h1 #ae1 #af1 v4 #ag1 #ah1 vi4 #c1 #f1 viii4 #ae1 ix4 #i1 #aj4 ,a gigantic dream haunt$ = c5turies ! ,jewi% p1 con/antly r5ew+ its y\? 9 its decrepitude4 ,a /rang] to ! !ory ( individual recomp5se1 :i* ,greece diffus$ "u ! "n ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ,judea conc5trat$ all its p[] ( love & desire ^u ! national future4 ,%e ?\ght %e possess$ div9e promises ( a b\ndless future2 & z ! bitt] reality1 f ! n9? c5tury be=e our era1 gave m & m ! dom9ion ( ! _w to physical =ce1 & brutally cru%$ ^! aspirations1 %e took refuge 9 ! union ( ! mo/ impossible ideas1 & attempt$ ! /range/ gyrations4 ,be=e ! captivity1 :5 all ! e>?ly hopes ( ! nation _h become weak5$ by ! sep>ation ( ! nor!rn tribes1 !y dreamt ( ! re/oration ( ! h\se ( ,david1 ! reconciliation ( ! two divisions ( ! p1 & ! triumph ( !ocracy & ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah ov] idolatry4 ,at ! epo* ( ! captivity1 a poet1 full ( h>mony1 saw ! spl5dor ( a future ,j]usalem1 ( :i* ! peoples & ! di/ant isles %\ld be tribut>ies1 "u colors s *>m+1 t "o might say a glimpse ( ! visions ( ,jesus _h rea*$ him at a di/ance ( six c5turies4#a ,footnote #a3 ,isaiah lx4 c4 ,! victory ( ,cyrus seem$ at "o "t to realize all t _h be5 hop$4 ,! grave disciples ( ! ,ave/a & ! ador]s ( ,jehovah believ$ !mselves bro!rs4 ,p]sia _h begun by bani%+ ! multiple devas1 & by trans=m+ !m into demons 7divs71 to draw f ! old ,arian imag9ations 7ess5tially naturali/ic7 a species ( ,mono!ism4 ,! prophetic tone ( _m ( ! tea*+s ( ,iran _h mu* analogy ) c]ta9 compositions ( ,hosea & ,isaiah4 ,israel repos$ "u ! ,a*em5idae1#a & "u ,x]xes 7,ahasu]us7 made itself fe>$ by ! ,iranians !mselves4 ,b ! triumphal & (t5 cruel entry ( ,greek & ,roman civilization into ,asia1 ?rew x back ^u its dreams4 ,m ?an ev] x invok$ ! ,messiah z judge & av5g] ( ! p4 ,a complete r5ovation1 a revolution :i* %\ld %ake ! _w to its v f\ndation1 0 necess>y 9 ord] to satisfy ! enorm\s ?ir/ ( v5geance excit$ 9 x by ! s5se ( its sup]iority1 & by ! sight ( its humiliation4#b ,footnote #a3 ,! :ole book ( ,e/h] brea!s a great atta*m5t to ?is dyna/y4 ,footnote #b3 ,apocryphal lett] ( ,b>u*1 9 ,fabricius1 ,cod4 pseud41 ,v4,t41 ii4 p4 #adg1 & foll[+4 ,if ,israel _h possess$ ! spirituali/ic doctr9e1 :i* divides man 9 two p>ts--! body & ! s\l--& f9ds x q natural t :ile ! body decays1 ! s\l %\ld survive1 ?is p>oxysm ( rage & ( en]getic prote/ation w\ld h _h no exi/5ce4 ,b su* a doctr9e1 proce$+ f ! ,grecian philosophy1 0 n 9 ! traditions ( ! ,jewi% m9d4 ,! anci5t ,hebrew writ+s conta9 no trace ( future rew>ds or puni%m5ts4 ,:il/ ! idea ( ! solid>ity ( ! tribe exi/$1 x 0 natural t a /rict retribution accord+ to individual m]its %\ld n be ?\ght (4 ,s mu* ! worse = ! pi\s man :o happ5$ to live 9 an epo* ( impiety2 he suff]$1 l ! re/1 ! public mis=tunes consequ5t on ! g5]al irreligion4 ,?is doctr9e1 bequea!d by ! sages ( ! patri>*al era1 con/antly produc$ unsu/a9able contradictions4 ,already at ! "t ( ,job x 0 mu* %ak52 ! old m5 ( ,teman :o pr(ess$ x 7 consid]$ beh9d ! age1 & ! "y ,elihu1 :o int]v5$ 9 ord] to combat !m1 d>$ to utt] z 8 fir/ ^w ?is ess5tially revolution>y s5tim5t1 ,great m5 are n always wise2 nei!r d ! ag$ und]/& judgm5t4#a ,) ! complications :i* _h tak5 place 9 ! _w s9ce ! "t ( ,alex&]1 ! old ,temanite & ,mosaic pr9ciple became /ill m intol]able4#b ,nev] _h ,israel be5 m fai?ful to ! ,law1 & yet x 0 subject$ to ! atroci\s p]secution ( ,antio*us4 ,only a declaim]1 accu/om$ to repeat old phrases d5ud$ ( mean+1 w\ld d>e to ass]t t ^! evils proce$$ f ! unfai?fulness ( ! p4#c ,:at6 ^! victims :o di$ = _! fai?1 ^! h]oic ,maccabees1 ?is "m ) h] sev5 sons1 w ,jehovah =get !m et]nally8 ,w he ab&on !m to ! corruption ( ! grave8#d ,worldly & incr$ul\s ,sadduceeism might possibly n recoil be=e su* a consequ5ce1 & a consummate sage1 l ,antigonus ( ,soco1#e might inde$ ma9ta9 t we mu/ n practise virtue l a slave 9 expectation ( a recomp5se1 t we mu/ be virtu\s )\t hope4 ,b ! mass ( ! p c\ld n be cont5t$ ) t4 ,"s1 atta*+ !mselves to ! pr9ciple ( philosophical immortality1 imag9$ ! righte\s liv+ 9 ! memory ( ,god1 glori\s =ev] 9 ! remembrance ( m51 & judg+ ! wick$ :o _h p]secut$ !m4#f ,!y live 9 ! sight ( ,god2 444 !y are kn[n ( ,god4#g ,t 0 _! rew>d4 ,o!rs1 especially ! ,ph>isees1 _h rec\rse to ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection4#h ,! righte\s w live aga9 9 ord] to p>ticipate 9 ! ,messianic reign4 ,!y w live aga9 9 ! fle%1 & = a _w ( :i* !y w be ! k+s & ! judges2 !y w be pres5t at ! triumph ( _! ideas & at ! humiliation ( _! enemies4 ,footnote #a3 ,job xxxiii4 #i4 ,footnote #b3 ,x is nev]!less rem>kable t ,jesus1 son ( ,sira*1 adh]es to x /rictly 7*ap4 xvii4 #bf-bh1 xxii4 #aj1 #aa1 xxx4 #d1 & foll[+1 xli4 #a1 #b1 xliv4 #i74 ,! au?or ( ! book ( ,wisdom holds q opposite op9ions 7iv4 #a1 ,greek text74 ,footnote #c3 ,e/h4 xiv4 #f1 #g 7apocr472 ! apocryphal ,epi/le ( ,b>u* 7,fabricius1 ,cod4 pseud41 ,v4,t41 ii4 p4 #adg1 & foll[+74 ,footnote #d3 #b ,macc4 vii4 ,footnote #e3 ,pirke ,abo?41 i4 #c4 ,footnote #f3 ,wisdom1 ii4-vi42 ,de ,rationis ,imp]io1 attribut$ to ,josephus1 #h1 #ac1 #af1 #ah4 ,/ill we mu/ rem>k t ! au?or ( ?is la/ treatise e/imates ! motive ( p]sonal recomp5se 9 a second>y degree4 ,! prim>y impulse ( m>tyrs is ! pure love ( ! ,law1 ! advantage :i* _! dea? w procure to ! p1 & ! glory :i* w atta* to _! "n4 ,comp4 ,wisdom1 iv4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,eccl4 xliv41 & foll[+2 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 viii4 #aj1 ,,iii4 viii4 #e4 ,footnote #g3 ,wisdom1 iv4 #a2 ,de ,rat4 ,imp41 #af1 #ah4 ,footnote #h3 #b ,macc41 vii4 #i1 #ad1 xii4 #dc1 #dd4 ,we f9d among ! anci5t p ( ,israel only v indecisive traces ( ?is fundam5tal dogma4 ,! ,sadducee1 :o did n believe x1 0 9 reality fai?ful to ! old ,jewi% doctr9e2 x 0 ! ,ph>isee1 ! believ] 9 ! resurrection1 :o 0 ! innovator4 ,b 9 religion x is always ! zeal\s sect :i* innovates1 :i* progresses1 & :i* has influ5ce4 ,besides ?is1 ! resurrection1 an idea totally diff]5t f t ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 proce$$ v naturally f ! ant]ior doctr9es & f ! position ( ! p4 ,p]haps ,p]sia also furni%$ "s ( its elem5ts4#a ,9 any case1 comb9+ ) ! belief 9 ! ,messiah1 & ) ! doctr9e ( a spe$y r5ewal ( all ?+s1 x =m$ ^? apocalyptic !ories :i*1 )\t be+ articles ( fai? 7! or?odox ,sanh$rim ( ,j]usalem does n seem to h adopt$ !m71 p]vad$ all imag9ations1 & produc$ an extreme f]m5tation f "o end ( ! ,jewi% _w to ! o!r4 ,! total abs5ce ( dogmatic rigor caus$ v contradictory notions to be admitt$ at "o "t1 ev5 ^u s prim>y a po9t ,sometimes ! righte\s 7 to await ! resurrection2#b sometimes !y 7 to be receiv$ at ! mom5t ( dea? into ,abraham's bosom2#c sometimes ! resurrection 0 to be g5]al2#d sometimes x 0 to be res]v$ only = ! fai?ful2#e sometimes x suppos$ a r5ew$ e>? & a new ,j]usalem2 sometimes x impli$ a previ\s annihilation ( ! univ]se4 ,footnote #a3 ,!opompus1 9 ,diog4 ,la]t41 ,proem1 #i4 ,b\ndehes*1 xxxi4 ,! traces ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection 9 ! ,ave/a are v d\btful4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xi4 #bd4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke xvi4 #bb4 ,cf4 ,de ,rationis ,imp41 #ac1 #af1 #ah4 ,footnote #d3 ,dan4 xii4 #b4 ,footnote #e3 #b ,macc4 vii4 #ad4 ,jesus1 z soon z he began to ?9k1 ent]$ into ! burn+ atmosph]e :i* 0 creat$ 9 ,pale/9e by ! ideas we h j /at$4 ,^! ideas 7 taught 9 no s*ool2 b !y 7 9 ! v air1 & 8 s\l 0 e>ly p5etrat$ by !m4 ,our hesitations & our d\bts nev] rea*$ him4 ,on ?is summit ( ! m\nta9 ( ,naz>e?1 :]e no man c sit to-day )\t an uneasy1 ?\gh x may be a frivol\s1 feel+ ab\t 8 de/9y1 ,jesus sat (t5 untr\bl$ by a d\bt4 ,free f selfi%ness--t s\rce ( our tr\bles1 :i* makes u seek ) eag]ness a rew>d = virtue beyond ! tomb--he ?\ght only ( 8 "w1 ( 8 race1 & ( humanity4 ,^? m\nta9s1 t sea1 t azure sky1 ^? high pla9s 9 ! horizon1 7 = him n ! melan*oly vision ( a s\l :i* int]rogates ,nature ^u h] fate1 b ! c]ta9 symbol1 ! transp>5t %ad[1 ( an invisible _w1 & ( a new heav54 ,he nev] atta*$ mu* importance to ! political ev5ts ( 8 "t1 & he probably knew little ab\t !m4 ,! c\rt ( ! ,h]ods =m$ a _w s diff]5t to 81 t he d\btless knew x only by "n4 ,h]od ! ,great di$ ab\t ! ye> 9 :i* ,jesus 0 born1 leav+ imp]i%able remembrances--monum5ts :i* mu/ compel ! mo/ malevol5t po/]ity to associate 8 "n ) t ( ,solomon2 nev]!less1 8 "w 0 incomplete1 & c\ld n be cont9u$4 ,pr(anely ambiti\s1 & lo/ 9 a maze ( religi\s controv]sies1 ?is a/ute ,idumean _h ! advantage :i* coolness & judgm5t1 /ripp$ ( morality1 give ov] passionate fanatics4 ,b 8 idea ( a secul> k+dom ( ,israel1 ev5 if x _h n be5 an ana*ronism 9 ! /ate ( ! _w 9 :i* x 0 conceiv$1 w\ld inevitably h misc>ri$1 l ! simil> project :i* ,solomon =m$1 ow+ to ! difficulties proce$+ f ! "* ( ! nation4 ,8 ?ree sons 7 only lieut5ants ( ! ,romans1 analog\s to ! rajahs ( ,india "u ! ,engli% dom9ion4 ,antipat]1 or ,antipas1 tetr>* ( ,galilee & ( ,p]aea1 ( :om ,jesus 0 a subject all 8 life1 0 an idle & useless pr9ce1#a a favorite & flatt]] ( ,tib]ius1#b & too (t5 misl$ by ! bad influ5ce ( 8 second wife1 ,h]odias4#c ,philip1 tetr>* ( ,gaulonitis & ,batanea1 into ^: dom9ions ,jesus made frequ5t j\rneys1 0 a mu* bett] sov]eign4#d ,z to ,ar*elaus1 e?n>* ( ,j]usalem1 ,jesus c\ld n "k him1 = he 0 ab\t t5 ye>s old :5 ?is man1 :o 0 weak & )\t "*1 ?\gh sometimes viol5t1 0 depos$ by ,augu/us4#e ,! la/ trace ( self-gov]nm5t 0 ?us lo/ to ,j]usalem4 ,unit$ to ,sam>ia & ,idumea1 ,judea =m$ a k9d ( dep5d5cy ( ! prov9ce ( ,syria1 9 :i* ! s5ator ,publius ,sulpicius ,quir9us1 well kn[n z consul1#f 0 ! imp]ial legate4 ,a s]ies ( ,roman procurators1 subord9ate 9 important matt]s to ! imp]ial legate ( ,syria--,coponius1 ,m>cus ,ambivius1 ,annius ,rufus1 ,val]ius ,gratus1 & la/ly 79 ! tw5ty-six? ye> ( our era71 ,pontius ,pilate#g--;foll[$ ea* o!r1 & 7 con/antly occupi$ 9 ext+ui%+ ! volcano :i* 0 see?+ b5ea? _! feet4 ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,viii4 v4 #a1 vii4 #a & #b2 ,luke iii4 #ai4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 ,,xviii4 ii4 #c1 iv4 #e1 v4 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,ibid41 ,,xviii4 vii4 #b4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid41 ,,xviii4 iv4 #f4 ,footnote #e3 ,ibid41 ,,xvii4 xii4 #b2 & ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 vii4 #c4 ,footnote #f3 ,orelli1 ,inscr4 ,lat41 ,no4 #cfic2 ,h5z51 ,suppl41 ,no4 #gjda2 ,fa/i pra5e/9i1 on ! #f? ( ,m>*1 & on ! #bh? ( ,april 79 ! ,corpus ,inscr4 ,lat41 i4 #cad1 #cag72 ,borghesi1 ,fa/es ,consulaires 7yet un$it$71 9 ! ye> #gdb2 ,r4 ,b]gmann1 ,de ,inscr4 ,lat4 ad4 ,p4,s4 ,quir9ium1 ut videtur1 ref]5da 7,b]l91 #ahea74 ,cf4 ,tac41 ,ann41 ii4 #cj1 iii4 #dh2 ,/rabo1 ,,xii4 vi4 #e4 ,footnote #g3 ,jos41 ,ant41 l4 ,,xviii4 ,cont9ual s$itions1 excit$ by ! zealots ( ,mosaism1 did n cease1 9 fact1 to agitate ,j]usalem dur+ all ?is "t4#a ,! dea? ( ! s$iti\s 0 c]ta92 b dea?1 :5 ! integrity ( ! ,law 0 9 "q1 0 s\ght ) avidity4 ,to ov]turn ! ,roman eagle1 to de/roy ! works ( art rais$ by ! ,h]ods1 9 :i* ! ,mosaic regulations 7 n always respect$#b--to rise up aga9/ ! votive escut*eons put up by ! procurators1 ! inscriptions ( :i* appe>$ ta9t$ ) idolatry#c--7 p]petual temptations to fanatics1 :o _h rea*$ t degree ( exaltation :i* removes all c>e = life4 ,judas1 son ( ,s>iphea1 ,mat?ias1 son ( ,m>galo?1 two v celebrat$ doctors ( ! law1 =m$ aga9/ ! e/abli%$ ord] a boldly aggressive p>ty1 :i* cont9u$ aft] _! execution4#d ,! ,sam>itans 7 agitat$ by movem5ts ( a simil> nature4#e ,! ,law _h nev] c\nt$ a great] numb] ( impassion$ disciples ?an at ?is "t1 :5 he already liv$ :o1 by ! full au?ority ( 8 g5ius & ( 8 great s\l1 0 ab\t to abrogate x4 ,! ,zelotes 7,k5aim71 or ,sic>ii1 pi\s assass9s1 :o impos$ on !mselves ! task ( kill+ :oev] 9 _! e/imation broke ! ,law1 began to appe>4#f ,repres5tatives ( a totally diff]5t _s1 ! ,?aumaturges1 consid]$ z 9 "s sort div9e1 obta9$ cr$5ce 9 consequ5ce ( ! imp]i\s want :i* ! age exp]i5c$ = ! sup]natural & ! div9e4#g ,footnote #a3 ,ibid41 ! books ,,xvi4 & ,,xviii4 entirely1 & ,b4,j41 books ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xv4 x4 #d4 ,comp>e ,book ( ,eno*1 xcvii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,footnote #c3 ,philo1 ,leg4 ad ,caium1 ,sec4 #ch4 ,footnote #d3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xvii4 vi4 #b1 & foll[+2 ,b4,j41 ,i4 xxxiii4 #c1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 iv4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,mi%nah1 ,sanh$rim1 ix4 #f2 ,john xvi4 #b2 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 book ,,iv41 & foll[+4 ,footnote #g3 ,acts viii4 #i4 ,v]se #aa leads u to suppose t ,simon ! magician 0 already fam\s 9 ! "t ( ,jesus4 ,a movem5t :i* _h mu* m influ5ce ^u ,jesus 0 t ( ,judas ! ,gaulonite1 or ,galilean4 ,( all ! exactions to :i* ! c\ntry newly conqu]$ by ,rome 0 subject$1 ! c5sus 0 ! mo/ unpopul>4#a ,?is measure1 :i* always a/oni%es p unaccu/om$ to ! requirem5ts ( great c5tral adm9i/rations1 0 p>ticul>ly odi\s to ! ,jews4 ,we see t already1 "u ,david1 a numb]+ ( ! p provok$ viol5t recrim9ations1 & ! m5aces ( ! prophets4#b ,! c5sus1 9 fact1 0 ! basis ( taxation2 n[ taxation1 to a pure !ocracy1 0 almo/ an impiety4 ,god be+ ! sole ,ma/] :om man ought to recognize1 to pay ti! to a secul> sov]eign 01 9 a mann]1 to put him 9 ! place ( ,god4 ,completely ignorant ( ! idea ( ! ,/ate1 ! ,jewi% !ocracy only act$ up to its logical induction--! negation ( civil society & ( all gov]nm5t4 ,! money ( ! public treasury 0 acc\nt$ /ol5 money4#c ,! c5sus ord]$ by ,quir9us 79 ! ye> #f ( ! ,*ri/ian era7 p[]fully reawak5$ ^! ideas1 & caus$ a great f]m5tation4 ,an insurrection broke out 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces4 ,"o ,judas1 ( ! t[n ( ,gamala1 ^u ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias1 & a ,ph>isee nam$ ,sadoc1 by d5y+ ! lawfulness ( ! tax1 creat$ a num]\s p>ty1 :i* soon broke out 9 op5 revolt4#d ,! fundam5tal maxims ( ?is p>ty 7--t !y ought to call no man ma/]1 ?is title belong+ to ,god alone2 & t lib]ty 0 bett] ?an life4 ,judas _h1 d\btless1 _m o!r pr9ciples1 :i* ,josephus1 always c>eful n to compromise 8 co-religioni/s1 design$ly suppresses2 = x is impossible to und]/& h[1 = s simple an idea1 ! ,jewi% hi/orian %\ld give him a place among ! philosoph]s ( 8 nation1 & %\ld reg>d him z ! f\nd] ( a f\r? s*ool1 equal to ^? ( ! ,ph>isees1 ! ,sadducees1 & ! ,ess5es4 ,judas 0 evid5tly ! *ief ( a ,galilean sect1 deeply imbu$ ) ! ,messianic idea1 & :i* became a political movem5t4 ,! procurator1 ,coponius1 cru%$ ! s$ition ( ! ,gaulonite2 b ! s*ool rema9$1 & pres]v$ its *iefs4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ,m5ahem1 son ( ! f\nd]1 & ( a c]ta9 ,eleaz>1 8 relative1 we f9d !m aga9 v active 9 ! la/ conte/s ( ! ,jews aga9/ ! ,romans4#e ,p]haps ,jesus saw ?is ,judas1 ^: idea ( ! ,jewi% revolution 0 s diff]5t f 8 own2 at all ev5ts1 he knew 8 s*ool1 & x 0 probably to avoid 8 error t he pron\nc$ ! axiom ^u ! p5ny ( ,caes>4 ,jesus1 m wise1 & f> remov$ f all s$ition1 pr(it$ by ! fault ( 8 pr$ecessor1 & dream$ ( ano!r k+dom & ano!r deliv]ance4 ,footnote #a3 ,disc\rse ( ,claudius at ,lyons1 ,tab4 ii4 sub f94 ,de ,boisseau1 ,inscr4 ,ant4 de ,lyon1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #b3 #b ,sam4 xxiv4 ,footnote #c3 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,baba ,kama1 #aac a2 ,%abba?1 #cc b4 ,footnote #d3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 i4 #a & #f2 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 viii4 #a2 ,acts v4 #cg4 ,previ\s to ,judas ! ,gaulonite1 ! ,acts place ano!r agitator1 ,!udas2 b ?is is an ana*ronism1 ! movem5t ( ,!udas took place 9 ! ye> #dd ( ! ,*ri/ian era 7,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 v4 #a74 ,footnote #e3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 xvii4 #h1 & foll[+4 ,galilee 0 ?us an imm5se furnace :]e9 ! mo/ div]se elem5ts 7 see?+4#a ,an extraord9>y contempt ( life1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 a k9d ( long+ = dea?1#b 0 ! consequ5ce ( ^! agitations4 ,exp]i5ce c\nts = no?+ 9 ^! great fanatical movem5ts4 ,alg]ia1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,fr5* occupation1 saw arise1 ea* spr+1 inspir$ m51 :o decl>$ !mselves invuln]able1 & s5t by ,god to drive away ! infidels2 ! foll[+ ye> _! dea? 0 =gott51 & _! successors f\nd no less cr$5ce4 ,! ,roman p[]1 v /]n on ! "o h&1 yet little dispos$ to m$dle1 p]mitt$ a good deal ( lib]ty4 ,^? great1 brutal despotisms1 t]rible 9 repression1 7 n s suspici\s z p[]s :i* h a fai? to def5d4 ,!y all[$ ev]y?+ up to ! po9t :5 !y ?\ght x necess>y to be sev]e4 ,x is n record$ t ,jesus 0 ev5 once int]f]$ ) by ! civil p[]1 9 8 w&]+ c>e]4 ,su* fre$om1 &1 above all1 ! happ9ess :i* ,galilee enjoy$ 9 be+ mu* less conf9$ 9 ! bonds ( ,ph>isaic p$antry1 gave to ?is di/rict a real sup]iority ov] ,j]usalem4 ,! revolution1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! belief 9 ! ,messiah1 caus$ "h a g5]al f]m5tation4 ,m5 deem$ !mselves on ! eve ( ! great r5ovation2 ! ,scriptures1 tortur$ into div]s mean+s1 fo/]$ ! mo/ colossal hopes4 ,9 ea* l9e ( ! simple writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t !y saw ! assurance1 &1 9 a mann]1 ! programme ( ! future reign1 :i* 0 to br+ peace to ! righte\s1 & to seal =ev] ! "w ( ,god4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke xiii4 #a4 ,! ,galilean movem5t ( ,judas1 son ( ,hezekiah1 does n appe> to h be5 ( a religi\s "*2 p]haps1 h[ev]1 its "* has be5 misrepres5t$ by ,josephus 7,ant41 ,,xvii4 x4 #e74 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xvi4 vi4 #b1 #c2 ,,xviii4 i4 #a4 ,f all "t1 ?is division into two p>ties1 oppos$ 9 int]e/ & _s1 _h be5 = ! ,hebrew nation a pr9ciple :i* contribut$ to _! moral gr[?4 ,e nation call$ to high de/9ies ought to be a little _w 9 itself1 includ+ opposite poles4 ,greece pres5t$1 at a few leagues' di/ance f ea* o!r1 ,sp>ta & ,a!ns--to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 ! two antipodes2 b1 9 reality1 rival si/]s1 necess>y to "o ano!r4 ,x 0 ! same ) ,judea4 ,less brilliant 9 "o s5se ?an ! developm5t ( ,j]usalem1 t ( ! ,nor? 0 on ! :ole mu* m f]tile2 ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( ! ,jewi% p h always proce$$ !nce4 ,a complete abs5ce ( ! love ( ,nature1 bord]+ ^u some?+ dry1 n>r[1 & f]oci\s1 has /amp$ all ! works purely ,hi]osolymite ) a degree ( gr&eur1 ?\gh sad1 arid1 & repulsive4 ,) its solemn doctors1 its insipid canoni/s1 its hypocritical & atrabili\s devotees1 ,j]usalem has n conqu]$ humanity4 ,! ,nor? has giv5 to ! _w ! simple ,%unammite1 ! humble ,canaanite1 ! impassion$ ,magdal5e1 ! good fo/]-fa!r ,joseph1 & ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,! ,nor? alone has made ,*ri/ianity2 ,j]usalem1 on ! contr>y1 is ! true home ( t ob/9ate ,judaism :i*1 f\nd$ by ! ,ph>isees1 & fix$ by ! ,talmud1 has trav]s$ ! ,middle ,ages1 & come d[n to u4 ,a beautiful ext]nal nature t5d$ to produce a mu* less au/]e _s--a _s less %>ply mono!i/ic1 if ,i may use ! expression1 :i* impr9t$ a *>m+ & idyllic "* on all ! dreams ( ,galilee4 ,! sadde/ c\ntry 9 ! _w is p]haps ! region r\nd ab\t ,j]usalem4 ,galilee1 on ! contr>y1 0 a v gre51 %ady1 smil+ di/rict1 ! true home ( ! ,song ( ,songs1 & ! songs ( ! well-belov$4#a ,dur+ ! two mon?s ( ,m>* & ,april1 ! c\ntry =ms a c>pet ( fl[]s ( an incomp>able v>iety ( colors4 ,! animals are small1 & extremely g5tle--delicate & lively turtle-doves1 blue-birds s light t !y re/ on a blade ( grass )\t b5d+ x1 cre/$ l>ks :i* v5ture almo/ "u ! feet ( ! travell]1 little riv] tortoises ) mild & lively eyes1 /orks ) grave & mode/ mi51 :i*1 lay+ aside all timidity1 all[ man to come q ne> !m1 & seem almo/ to invite 8 approa*4 ,9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w d ! m\nta9s spread !mselves out ) m h>mony1 or inspire high] ?\ghts4 ,jesus seems to h _h a peculi> love = !m4 ,! mo/ important acts ( 8 div9e c>e] took place ^u ! m\nta9s4 ,x 0 !re t he 0 ! mo/ inspir$2#b x 0 !re t he held secret communion ) ! anci5t prophets2 & x 0 !re t 8 disciples witness$ 8 transfiguration4#c ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,iii4 iii4 #a4 ,! horrible /ate to :i* ! c\ntry is r$uc$1 especially ne> ,lake ,tib]ias1 ought n to deceive u4 ,^! c\ntries1 n[ scor*$1 7 =m]ly t]re/rial p>adises4 ,! ba?s ( ,tib]ias1 :i* are n[ a frightful abode1 7 =m]ly ! mo/ beautiful places 9 ,galilee 7,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 ii4 #c47 ,josephus 7,bell4 ,jud41 ,,iii4 x4 #h7 extols ! beautiful trees ( ! pla9 ( ,g5nes>e?1 :]e !re is no long] a s+le "o4 ,an?ony ! ,m>tyr1 ab\t ! ye> #fjj1 consequ5tly fifty ye>s be=e ! ,mussulman invasion1 /ill f\nd ,galilee cov]$ ) delightful plantations1 & comp>es its f]tility to t ( ,egypt 7,it941 ,sec4 #e74 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 v4 #a1 xiv4 #bc2 ,luke vi4 #ab4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xvii4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,m>k ix4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,luke ix4 #bh1 & foll[+4 ,?is beautiful c\ntry has n[ become sad & gloomy ?r\gh ! ev]-impov]i%+ influ5ce ( ,islamism4 ,b /ill ev]y?+ :i* man _c de/roy brea!s an air ( fre$om1 mildness1 & t5d]ness1 & at ! "t ( ,jesus x ov]fl[$ ) happ9ess & prosp]ity4 ,! ,galileans 7 consid]$ en]getic1 brave1 & labori\s4#a ,if we except ,tib]ias1 built by ,antipas 9 honor ( ,tib]ius 7ab\t ! ye> #ae71 9 ! ,roman /yle1#b ,galilee _h no l>ge t[ns4 ,! c\ntry 01 nev]!less1 well peopl$1 cov]$ ) small t[ns & l>ge villages1 & cultivat$ 9 all p>ts ) skill4#c ,f ! ru9s :i* rema9 ( its anci5t spl5dor1 we c trace an agricultural p1 no way gift$ 9 art1 c>+ little = luxury1 indiff]5t to ! beauties ( =m & exclusively ideali/ic4 ,! c\ntry ab\nd$ 9 fre% /reams & 9 fruits2 ! l>ge f>ms 7 %ad$ ) v9es & fig-trees2 ! g>d5s 7 fill$ ) trees be>+ apples1 walnuts1 & pomegranates4#d ,! w9e 0 excell5t1 if we may judge by t :i* ! ,jews /ill obta9 at ,saf$1 & !y drank mu* ( x4#e ,?is cont5t$ & easily satisfi$ life 0 n l ! gross mat]ialism ( our peasantry1 ! co>se pleasures ( agricultural ,norm&y1 or ! heavy mir? ( ! ,flemi%4 ,x spiritualiz$ itself 9 e!real dreams--9 a k9d ( poetic my/icism1 bl5d+ heav5 & e>?4 ,leave ! au/]e ,bapti/ 9 8 des]t ( ,judea to prea* p5it5ce1 to inveigh )\t ceas+1 & to live on locu/s 9 ! company ( jackals4 ,:y %\ld ! companions ( ! bridegroom fa/ :ile ! bridegroom is ) !m8 ,joy w be a "p ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,is %e n ! daught] ( ! humble 9 he>t1 ( ! m5 ( good w8 ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,iii4 iii4 #b4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 ii4 #b2 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 ix4 #a2 ,vita1 #ab1 #ac1 #fd4 ,footnote #c3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,iii4 iii4 #b4 ,footnote #d3 ,we may judge ( ?is by "s enclosures 9 ! neighborhood ( ,naz>e?4 ,cf4 ,song ( ,solomon ii4 #c1 #e1 #ac1 iv4 #ac1 vi4 #f1 #aj1 vii4 #h1 #ab1 viii4 #b1 #e2 ,anton4 ,m>tyr1 l4c4 ,! aspect ( ! great f>ms is /ill well pres]v$ 9 ! s\? ( ! c\ntry ( ,tyre 7anci5t tribe ( ,a%]74 ,traces ( ! anci5t ,pale/9ian agriculture1 ) its tr\ghs1 ?re%+-floors1 w9e-presses1 mills1 c41 cut 9 ! rock1 are f\nd at e /ep4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 ix4 #ag1 xi4 #ai2 ,m>k ii4 #bb2 ,luke v4 #cg1 vii4 #cd2 ,john ii4 #c1 & foll[+4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( infant ,*ri/ianity has become 9 ?is mann] a delightful pa/oral4 ,a ,messiah at ! m>riage fe/ival--! c\rtezan & ! good ,zac*eus call$ to 8 fea/s--! f\nd]s ( ! k+dom ( heav5 l a bridal procession2 t is :at ,galilee has boldly (f]$1 & :at ! _w has accept$4 ,greece has drawn pictures ( human life by sculpture & by *>m+ poetry1 b always )\t backgr\nds or di/ant rec$+ p]spectives4 ,9 ,galilee 7 want+ ! m>ble1 ! practic$ workm51 ! exquisite & ref9$ language4 ,b ,galilee has creat$ ! mo/ sublime ideal = ! popul> imag9ation2 = beh9d its idyl moves ! fate ( humanity1 & ! light :i* illum9es its picture is ! sun ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,jesus liv$ & grew amid/ ^! en*ant+ sc5es4 ,f 8 infancy1 he w5t almo/ annually to ! fea/ at ,j]usalem4#a ,! pilgrimage 0 a sweet solemnity = ! prov9cial ,jews4 ,entire s]ies ( psalms 7 consecrat$ to celebrate ! happ9ess ( ?us j\rney+ 9 family companion%ip#b dur+ sev]al days 9 ! spr+ across ! hills & valleys1 ea* "o hav+ 9 prospect ! spl5dors ( ,j]usalem1 ! solemnities ( ! sacr$ c\rts1 & ! joy ( bre?r5 dwell+ toge!r 9 unity4#c ,! r\te :i* ,jesus ord9>ily took 9 ^! j\rneys 0 t :i* is foll[$ to ?is day ?r\gh ,g9aea & ,%e*em4#d ,f ,%e*em to ,j]usalem ! j\rney is v tiresome4 ,b ! neighborhood ( ! old sanctu>ies ( ,%iloh & ,be!l1 ne> :i* ! travell]s pass1 keeps _! int]e/ alive4 ,a9-el-,h>amie1#e ! la/ halt+-place1 is a *>m+ & melan*oly spot1 & few impressions equal t exp]i5c$ on encamp+ !re = ! night4 ,! valley is n>r[ & sombre1 & a d>k /ream issues f ! rocks1 full ( tombs1 :i* =m its banks4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 ! valley ( te>s1 or ( dropp+ wat]s1 :i* is describ$ z "o ( ! /ations on ! way 9 ! delightful ,eighty-f\r? ,psalm1#f & :i* became ! emblem ( life = ! sad & sweet my/icism ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,e>ly ! next day !y w\ld be at ,j]usalem2 su* an expectation ev5 n[ su/a9s ! c>avan1 r5d]+ ! night %ort & slumb] light4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke ii4 #da4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke ii4 #db-dd4 ,footnote #c3 ,see especially ,ps4 lxxxiv41 cxxii41 cxxxiii4 7,vulg41 lxxxiii41 cxxi41 cxxxii74 ,footnote #d3 ,luke ix4 #ea-ec1 xvii4 #aa2 ,john iv4 #d2 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 vi4 #a2 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 xii4 #c2 ,vita1 #eb4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ! pilgrims came by ,p]aea1 9 ord] to avoid ,sam>ia1 :]e !y incurr$ dang]s2 ,matt4 xix4 #a2 ,m>k x4 #a4 ,footnote #e3 ,accord+ to ,josephus 7,vita1 #eb7 x 0 ?ree days' j\rney4 ,b ! /age f ,%e*em to ,j]usalem 0 g5]ally divid$ into two4 ,footnote #f3 lxxxiii4 accord+ to ! ,vulgate1 v4 #g4 ,^! j\rneys1 9 :i* ! assembl$ nation ex*ang$ its ideas1 & :i* 7 almo/ always c5tres ( great agitation1 plac$ ,jesus 9 contact ) ! m9d ( 8 c\ntrym51 & no d\bt inspir$ him :il/ /ill "y ) a lively antipa?y = ! defects ( ! (ficial repres5tatives ( ,judaism4 ,x is suppos$ t v e>ly ! des]t _h great influ5ce on 8 developm5t1 & t he made long /ays !re4#a ,b ! ,god he f\nd 9 ! des]t 0 n 8 ,god4 ,x 0 r ! ,god ( ,job1 sev]e & t]rible1 acc\ntable to no "o4 ,sometimes ,satan came to tempt him4 ,he return$1 !n1 into 8 belov$ ,galilee1 & f\nd aga9 8 heav5ly ,fa!r 9 ! mid/ ( ! gre5 hills & ! cle> f\nta9s--& among ! cr[ds ( wom5 & *ildr51 :o1 ) joy\s s\l & ! song ( angels 9 _! he>ts1 await$ ! salvation ( ,israel4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke iv4 #db1 v4 #af4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,say+s ,,( ,,jesus--,,8 ,,ideas ,,( ,a ,,div9e ,,fa!r ,,& ,,( ,a ,,pure ,,religion--,,fir/ ,,disciples4 ,joseph di$ be=e 8 son _h tak5 any public "p4 ,m>y rema9$1 9 a mann]1 ! head ( ! family1 & ?is expla9s :y h] son1 :5 x 0 wi%$ to di/+ui% him f o!rs ( ! same "n1 0 mo/ frequ5tly call$ ! son ( ,m>y4#a ,x seems t hav+1 by ! dea? ( h] husb&1 be5 left fri5dless at ,naz>e?1 %e )drew to ,cana1#b f :i* %e may h come orig9ally4 ,cana#c 0 a little t[n at f two to two & a half h\rs' j\rney f ,naz>e?1 at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s :i* b\nd ! pla9 ( ,aso*is on ! nor?4#d ,! prospect1 less gr& ?an at ,naz>e?1 ext5ds ov] all ! pla91 & is b\nd$ 9 ! mo/ picturesque mann] by ! m\nta9s ( ,naz>e? & ! hills ( ,sepphoris4 ,jesus appe>s to h resid$ "s "t 9 ?is place4 ,"h he probably pass$ a "p ( 8 y\?1 & "h 8 greatness fir/ reveal$ itself4#e ,footnote #a3 ,?is is ! expression ( ,m>k vi4 #c2 cf4 ,matt4 xiii4 #ee4 ,m>k did n "k ,joseph4 ,john & ,luke1 on ! contr>y1 pref] ! expression son ( ,joseph4 ,luke iii4 #bc1 iv4 #bb2 ,john i4 #de1 iv4 #db4 ,footnote #b3 ,john ii4 #a1 iv4 #df4 ,john alone is in=m$ on ?is po9t4 ,footnote #c3 ,i admit1 z probable1 ! idea :i* id5tifies ,cana ( ,galilee ) ,kana el ,djelil4 ,we may1 nev]!less1 atta* value to ! argum5ts = ,kefr ,k5na1 a place an h\r or an h\r & a half's j\rney ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,naz>e?4 ,footnote #d3 ,n[ ,el-,buttauf4 ,footnote #e3 ,john ii4 #aa1 iv4 #df4 ,"o or two disciples 7 ( ,cana1 ,john xxi4 #b2 ,matt4 x4 #d2 ,m>k iii4 #ah4 ,he foll[$ ! trade ( 8 fa!r1 :i* 0 t ( a c>p5t]4#a ,?is 0 n 9 any degree humiliat+ or griev\s4 ,! ,jewi% cu/oms requir$ t a man devot$ to intellectual "w %\ld le>n a trade4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ doctors did s2#b ?us ,/4 ,paul1 ^: education _h be5 s c>efully t5d$1 0 a t5t-mak]4#c ,jesus nev] m>ri$4 ,all 8 p[] ( love c5tr$ ^u t :i* he reg>d$ z 8 cele/ial vocation4 ,! extremely delicate feel+ t[>d wom51 :i* we rem>k 9 him1 0 n sep>at$ f ! exclusive devotion :i* he _h = 8 mission4 ,l ,francis d',assisi & ,francis de ,sales1 he treat$ z si/]s ! wom5 :o 7 lov$ ( ! same "w z himself2 he _h 8 ,/4 ,cl>e1 8 ,frances de ,*antal4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t ^! lov$ him m ?an ! "w2 he 01 no d\bt1 m belov$ ?an lov+4 ,?us1 z (t5 happ5s 9 v elevat$ natures1 t5d]ness ( ! he>t 0 trans=m$ 9 him into an inf9ite sweetness1 a vague poetry1 & a univ]sal *>m4 ,8 relations1 free & intimate1 b ( an entirely moral k9d1 ) wom5 ( d\btful "*1 are also expla9$ by ! passion :i* atta*$ him to ! glory ( 8 ,fa!r1 & :i* made him jeal\sly anxi\s = all beautiful creatures :o c\ld contribute to x4#d ,footnote #a3 ,m>k vi4 #c2 ,ju/91 ,dial4 cum ,tryph41 #hh4 ,footnote #b3 ,= example1 ,rabbi ,johanan1 ! %oemak]1 ,rabbi ,isaac1 ! blacksmi?4 ,footnote #c3 ,acts xviii4 #c4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke vii4 #cg1 & foll[+2 ,john iv4 #g1 & foll[+2 viii4 #c1 & foll[+4 ,:at 0 ! progress ( ! ideas ( ,jesus dur+ ?is obscure p]iod ( 8 life8 ,?r\gh :at m$itations did he ent] ^u ! prophetic c>e]8 ,we h no in=mation on ^! po9ts1 8 hi/ory hav+ come to u 9 scatt]$ n>ratives1 )\t exact *ronology4 ,b ! developm5t ( "* is ev]y:]e ! same2 & !re is no d\bt t ! gr[? ( s p[]ful individuality z t ( ,jesus obey$ v rigor\s laws4 ,a high conception ( ! ,div9ity--:i* he did n owe to ,judaism1 & :i* seems to h be5 9 all its p>ts ! creation ( 8 great m9d--0 9 a mann] ! s\rce ( all 8 p[]4 ,x is ess5tial "h t we put aside ! ideas famili> to u1 & ! discussions 9 :i* little m9ds exhau/ !mselves4 ,9 ord] prop]ly to und]/& ! precise "* ( ! piety ( ,jesus1 we mu/ =get all t is plac$ betwe5 ! gospel & ourselves4 ,deism & ,pan!ism h become ! two poles ( !ology4 ,! paltry discussions ( s*ola/icism1 ! dryness ( _s ( ,desc>tes1 ! deep-root$ irreligion ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 by less5+ ,god1 & by limit+ ,him1 9 a mann]1 by ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ :i* is n ,8 v self1 h /ifl$ 9 ! brea/ ( mod]n rationalism all f]tile ideas ( ! ,div9ity4 ,if ,god1 9 fact1 is a p]sonal be+ outside ( u1 he :o believes himself to h peculi> relations ) ,god is a vision>y1 & z ! physical & physiological sci5ces h %[n u t all sup]natural visions are illusions1 ! logical ,dei/ f9ds x impossible to und]/& ! great beliefs ( ! pa/4 ,pan!ism1 on ! o!r h&1 9 suppress+ ! ,div9e p]sonality1 is z f> z x c be f ! liv+ ,god ( ! anci5t religions4 ,7 ! m5 :o h be/ compreh5d$ ,god--,cakya-,m\ni1 ,plato1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,francis d',assisi1 & ,/4 ,augu/9e 7at "s p]iods ( 8 fluctuat+ life7--,dei/s or ,pan!i/s8 ,su* a "q has no mean+4 ,! physical & metaphysical pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god 7 q indiff]5t to !m4 ,!y felt ! ,div9e )9 !mselves4 ,we mu/ place ,jesus 9 ! fir/ rank ( ?is great family ( ! true sons ( ,god4 ,jesus _h no visions2 ,god did n speak to him z to "o outside ( ,himself2 ,god 0 9 him2 he felt himself ) ,god1 & he drew f 8 he>t all he said ( 8 ,fa!r4 ,he liv$ 9 ! bosom ( ,god by con/ant communication ) ,him2 he saw ,him n1 b he und]/ood ,him1 )\t ne$ ( ! ?und] & ! burn+ bu% ( ,moses1 ( ! reveal+ tempe/ ( ,job1 ( ! oracle ( ! old ,greek sages1 ( ! famili> g5ius ( ,socrates1 or ( ! angel ,gabriel ( ,mahomet4 ,! imag9ation & ! halluc9ation ( a ,/4 ,!resa1 = example1 are useless "h4 ,! intoxication ( ! ,s\fi proclaim+ himself id5tical ) ,god is also q ano!r ?+4 ,jesus nev] once gave utt]ance to ! sacrilegi\s idea t he 0 ,god4 ,he believ$ himself to be 9 direct communion ) ,god2 he believ$ himself to be ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! highe/ consci\sness ( ,god :i* has exi/$ 9 ! bosom ( humanity 0 t ( ,jesus4 ,we und]/&1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ ,jesus1 />t+ ) su* a disposition ( _s1 c\ld nev] be a speculative philosoph] l ,cakya-,m\ni4 ,no?+ is fur!r f s*ola/ic !ology ?an ! ,gospel4#a ,! speculations ( ! ,greek fa!rs on ! ,div9e ess5ce proce$ f an entirely diff]5t _s4 ,god1 conceiv$ simply z ,fa!r1 0 all ! !ology ( ,jesus4 ,& ?is 0 n ) him a !oretical pr9ciple1 a doctr9e m or less prov$1 :i* he s\ght to inculcate 9 o!rs4 ,he did n argue ) 8 disciples2#b he dem&$ f !m no ef=t ( att5tion4 ,he did n prea* 8 op9ions2 he prea*$ himself4 ,v great & v dis9t]e/$ m9ds (t5 pres5t1 associat$ ) mu* elevation1 t "* ( p]petual att5tion to !mselves1 & extreme p]sonal susceptibility1 :i*1 9 g5]al1 is peculi> to wom54#c ,_! conviction t ,god is 9 !m1 & occupies ,himself p]petually ) !m1 is s /rong1 t !y h no fe> ( obtrud+ !mselves ^u o!rs2 our res]ve1 & our respect = ! op9ion ( o!rs1 :i* is a "p ( our weakness1 c\ld n belong to !m4 ,?is exaltation ( self is n egotism2 = su* m51 possess$ by _! idea1 give _! lives freely1 9 ord] to seal _! "w2 x is ! id5tification ( self ) ! object x has embrac$1 c>ri$ to its utmo/ limit4 ,x is reg>d$ z va9-glory by ^? :o see 9 ! new tea*+ only ! p]sonal phantasy ( ! f\nd]2 b x is ! f+] ( ,god to ^? :o see ! result4 ,! fool /&s side by side "h ) ! inspir$ man1 only ! fool nev] succe$s4 ,x has n yet be5 giv5 to insanity to influ5ce s]i\sly ! progress ( humanity4 ,footnote #a3 ,! disc\rses :i* ! f\r? ,gospel attributes to ,jesus conta9 "s g]ms ( !ology4 ,b ^! disc\rses be+ 9 absolute contradiction ) ^? ( ! synoptical ,gospels1 :i* repres5t1 )\t any d\bt1 ! primitive ,logia1 ought to c\nt simply z docum5ts ( apo/olic hi/ory1 & n z elem5ts ( ! life ( ,jesus4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,matt4 ix4 #i1 & o!r analog\s acc\nts4 ,footnote #c3 ,see1 = example1 ,john xxi4 #ae1 & foll[+4 ,d\btless1 ,jesus did n atta9 at fir/ ?is high affirmation ( himself4 ,b x is probable t1 f ! fir/1 he reg>d$ 8 relation%ip ) ,god z t ( a son ) 8 fa!r4 ,?is 0 8 great act ( orig9ality2 9 ?is he _h no?+ 9 common ) 8 race4#a ,nei!r ! ,jew nor ! ,mussulman has und]/ood ?is delightful !ology ( love4 ,! ,god ( ,jesus is n t tyrannical ma/] :o kills u1 damns u1 or saves u1 accord+ to ,8 pleasure4 ,! ,god ( ,jesus is our ,fa!r4 ,we he> ,him 9 li/5+ to ! g5tle inspiration :i* cries )9 u1 ,abba1 ,fa!r4#b ,! ,god ( ,jesus is n ! p>tial despot :o has *os5 ,israel = ,8 p1 & specially protects !m4 ,he is ! ,god ( humanity4 ,jesus 0 n a patriot1 l ! ,maccabees2 or a !ocrat1 l ,judas ! ,gaulonite4 ,boldly rais+ himself above ! prejudices ( 8 nation1 he e/abli%$ ! univ]sal fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,! ,gaulonite ma9ta9$ t we %\ld die r ?an give to ano!r ?an ,god ! "n ( ,ma/]2 ,jesus left ?is "n to any "o :o lik$ to take x1 & res]v$ = ,god a de>] "n4 ,:il/ he accord$ to ! p[]ful ( ! e>?1 :o 7 to him repres5tatives ( =ce1 a respect full ( irony1 he proclaim$ ! supreme consolation--! rec\rse to ! ,fa!r :i* ea* "o has 9 heav5--& ! true k+dom ( ,god1 :i* ea* "o be>s 9 8 he>t4 ,footnote #a3 ,! great s\l ( ,philo is 9 sympa?y "h1 z on s _m o!r po9ts1 ) t ( ,jesus4 ,de ,confus4 ,l+41 ,sec4 #ad2 ,de ,migr4 ,abr41 ,sec4 #a2 ,de ,somniis1 ii4 ,sec4 #da2 ,de ,agric4 ,noe1 ,sec4 #ab2 ,de ,mutatione ,nom9um1 ,sec4 #d4 ,b ,philo is sc>cely a ,jew 9 _s4 ,footnote #b3 ,galatians iv4 #f4 ,?is "n ( k+dom ( ,god1 or k+dom ( heav51#a 0 ! favorite t]m ( ,jesus to express ! revolution :i* he br\ght into ! _w4#b ,l almo/ all ! ,messianic t]ms1 x came f ! book ( ,daniel4 ,accord+ to ! au?or ( ?is extraord9>y book1 ! f\r pr(ane empires1 de/9$ to fall1 7 to be succe$$ by a fif? empire1 t ( ! sa9ts1 :i* %\ld la/ =ev]4#c ,?is reign ( ,god ^u e>? naturally l$ to ! mo/ div]se int]pretations4 ,to ,jewi% !ology1 ! k+dom ( ,god is mo/ frequ5tly only ,judaism itself--! true religion1 ! mono!i/ic wor%ip1 piety4#d ,9 ! lat] p]iods ( 8 life1 ,jesus believ$ t ?is reign w\ld be realiz$ 9 a mat]ial =m by a sudd5 r5ovation ( ! _w4 ,b d\btless ?is 0 n 8 fir/ idea4#e ,! admirable moral :i* he draws f ! idea ( ,god z ,fa!r1 is n t ( en?usia/s :o believe ! _w is ne> its end1 & :o prep>e !mselves by asceticism = a *im]ical cata/rophe2 x is t ( m5 :o h liv$1 & /ill w\ld live4 ,! k+dom ( ,god is )9 y1 said he to ^? :o s\ght ) subtlety = ext]nal signs4#f ,! reali/ic conception ( ! ,div9e adv5t 0 b a cl\d1 a transi5t error1 :i* 8 dea? has made u =get4 ,! ,jesus :o f\nd$ ! true k+dom ( ,god1 ! k+dom ( ! meek & ! humble1 0 ! ,jesus ( e>ly life#g--( ^? *a/e & pure days :5 ! voice ( 8 ,fa!r re-e*o$ )9 him 9 cle>] tones4 ,x 0 !n = "s mon?s1 p]haps a ye>1 t ,god truly dwelt ^u ! e>?4 ,! voice ( ! "y c>p5t] sudd5ly acquir$ an extraord9>y sweetness4 ,an inf9ite *>m 0 exhal$ f 8 p]son1 & ^? :o _h se5 him up to t "t no long] recogniz$ him4#h ,he _h n yet any disciples1 & ! gr\p :i* ga!r$ ar\nd him 0 nei!r a sect nor a s*ool2 b a common _s1 a sweet & p5etrat+ influ5ce 0 felt4 ,8 amiable "*1 accompani$ d\btless by "o ( ^? lovely faces#i :i* sometimes appe> 9 ! ,jewi% race1 ?rew ar\nd him a fasc9ation f :i* no "o 9 ! mid/ ( ^! k9dly & simple populations c\ld escape4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ^w heav5 9 ! rabb9ical language ( t "t is synonym\s ) ! "n ( ,god1 :i* !y avoid$ pron\nc+4 ,comp>e ,matt4 xxi4 #be2 ,luke xv4 #ah1 xx4 #d4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is expression occurs on ea* page ( ! synoptical ,gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & ,/4 ,paul4 ,if x only appe>s once 9 ,john 7iii4 #c1 #e71 x is because ! disc\rses relat$ 9 ! f\r? ,gospel are f> f repres5t+ ! true words ( ,jesus4 ,footnote #c3 ,dan4 ii4 #dd1 vii4 #ac1 #ad1 #bb1 #bg4 ,footnote #d3 ,mi%nah1 ,b]ako?1 ii4 #a1 #c2 ,talmud ( ,j]usalem1 ,b]ako?1 ii4 #b2 ,kiddu%91 i4 #b2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,b]ako?1 #ae a2 ,mekilta1 #db b2 ,siphra1 #agj b4 ,! expression appe>s (t5 9 ! ,m$ra%im4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 vi4 #cc1 xii4 #bh1 xix4 #ab2 ,m>k xii4 #cd2 ,luke xii4 #ca4 ,footnote #f3 ,luke xvii4 #bj1 #ba4 ,footnote #g3 ,! gr& !ory ( ! revelation ( ! ,son ( ,man is 9 fact res]v$1 9 ! synoptics1 = ! *apt]s :i* prec$e ! n>rative ( ! ,passion4 ,! fir/ disc\rses1 especially 9 ,mat!w1 are entirely moral4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 xiii4 #ed & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #b & foll[+2 ,john v4 #dc4 ,footnote #i3 ,! tradition ( ! pla9ness ( ,jesus 7,ju/91 ,dial4 cum ,tryph41 #he1 #hh1 #ajj7 spr+s f a desire to see realiz$ 9 him a pret5d$ ,messianic trait 7,isa4 liii4 #b74 ,p>adise w\ld1 9 fact1 h be5 br\ght to e>? if ! ideas ( ! "y ,ma/] _h n f> transc5d$ ! level ( ord9>y goodness beyond :i* x has n be5 f\nd possible to raise ! human race4 ,! bro!rhood ( m51 z sons ( ,god1 & ! moral consequ5ces :i* result !refrom1 7 d$uc$ ) exquisite feel+4 ,l all ! rabbis ( ! "t1 ,jesus 0 little incl9$ t[>d consecutive reason+s1 & clo!d 8 doctr9e 9 concise aphorisms1 & 9 an expressive =m1 at times enigmatical & /range4#a ,"s ( ^! maxims come f ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,o!rs 7 ! ?\ghts ( m mod]n sages1 especially ^? ( ,antigonus ( ,soco1 ,jesus1 son ( ,sira*1 & ,hillel1 :i* _h rea*$ him1 n f le>n$ /udy1 b z (t-repeat$ prov]bs4 ,! synagogue 0 ri* 9 v happily express$ s5t5ces1 :i* =m$ a k9d ( curr5t prov]bial lit]ature4#b ,jesus adopt$ almo/ all ?is oral tea*+1 b imbu$ x ) a sup]ior _s4#c ,exce$+ ! duties laid d[n by ! ,law & ! eld]s1 he dem&$ p]fection4 ,all ! virtues ( humility--=giv5ess1 *>ity1 abnegation1 & self-d5ial--virtues :i* ) good reason h be5 call$ ,*ri/ian1 if we mean by t t !y h be5 truly prea*$ by ,*ri/1 7 9 ?is fir/ tea*+1 ?\gh undevelop$4 ,z to ju/ice1 he 0 cont5t ) repeat+ ! well-kn[n axiom--,:atsoev] ye w\ld t m5 %\ld d to y1 d ye ev5 s to !m4#d ,b ?is old1 ?\gh some:at selfi% wisdom1 did n satisfy him4 ,he w5t to excess1 & said--,:osoev] %all smite !e on ?y "r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also4 ,& if any man w sue !e at ! law1 & take away ?y coat1 let him h ?y cloak also4#e ,if ?y "r eye (f5d !e1 pluck x out1 & ca/ x f !e4#f ,love y\r enemies1 d good to !m t hate y1 pray = !m t p]secute y4#g ,judge n1 t ye be n judg$4#h ,=give1 & ye %all be =giv54#i ,be ye !re=e m]ciful z y\r ,fa!r also is m]ciful4#aj ,x is m bless$ to give ?an to receive4#aa ,:osoev] %all exalt himself %all be abas$2 & he t %all humble himself %all be exalt$4#ab ,footnote #a3 ,! ,logia ( ,/4 ,mat!w jo9s sev]al ( ^! axioms toge!r1 to =m l5g!n$ disc\rses4 ,b ! fragm5t>y =m makes itself felt not)/&+4 ,footnote #b3 ,! s5t5ces ( ! ,jewi% doctors ( ! "t are collect$ 9 ! little book entitl$1 ,pirke ,abo?4 ,footnote #c3 ,! comp>isons w be made aft]w>d z !y pres5t !mselves4 ,x has be5 sometimes suppos$ t--! compilation ( ! ,talmud be+ lat] ?an t ( ! ,gospels--p>ts may h be5 borr[$ by ! ,jewi% compil]s f ! ,*ri/ian morality4 ,b ?is is inadmissible--a wall ( sep>ation exi/$ betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! ,synagogue4 ,! ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% lit]ature _h sc>cely any influ5ce on "o ano!r be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 vii4 #ab2 ,luke vi4 #ca4 ,?is axiom is 9 ! book ( ,tobit1 iv4 #af4 ,hillel us$ x habitually 7,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,%abba?1 #ca a71 & decl>$1 l ,jesus1 t x 0 ! sum ( ! ,law4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 v4 #ci1 & foll[+2 ,luke vi4 #bi4 ,comp>e ,j]emiah1 ,lam5tations iii4 #cj4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 v4 #bi1 #cj1 xviii4 #i2 ,m>k ix4 #df4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 v4 #dd2 ,luke vi4 #bg4 ,comp>e ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,%abba?1 #hh b2 ,joma1 #bc a4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 vii4 #a2 ,luke vi4 #cg4 ,comp>e ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,ke?ubo?1 #aje b4 ,footnote #i3 ,luke vi4 #cg4 ,comp>e ,lev4 xix4 #ah2 ,prov4 xx4 #bb2 ,ecclesia/icus xxviii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #aj3 ,luke vi4 #cf2 ,siphre1 #ea b 7,sultzba*1 #ahjb74 ,footnote #aa3 ,a say+ relat$ 9 ,acts xx4 #ce4 ,footnote #ab3 ,matt4 xxiii4 #ab2 ,luke xiv4 #aa1 xviii4 #ad4 ,! s5t5ces quot$ by ,/4 ,j]ome f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 7,comm5t4 9 ,epi/4 ad ,ephes41 v4 #d2 9 ,ezek4 xviii42 ,dial4 adv4 ,pelag41 iii4 #b71 are imbu$ ) ! same _s4 ,^u alms1 pity1 good works1 k9dness1 peacefulness1 & complete dis9t]e/$ness ( he>t1 he _h little to add to ! doctr9e ( ! synagogue4#a ,b he plac$ ^u !m an emphasis full ( unction1 :i* made ! old maxims appe> new4 ,morality is n compos$ ( m or less well-express$ pr9ciples4 ,! poetry :i* makes ! precept lov$1 is m ?an ! precept itself1 tak5 z an ab/ract tru?4 ,n[ x _c be d5i$ t ^! maxims borr[$ by ,jesus f 8 pr$ecessors1 produce q a diff]5t effect 9 ! ,gospel to t 9 ! anci5t ,law1 9 ! ,pirke ,abo?1 or 9 ! ,talmud4 ,x is nei!r ! anci5t ,law nor ! ,talmud :i* has conqu]$ & *ang$ ! _w4 ,little orig9al 9 itself--if we mean by t t "o might recompose x almo/ entirely by ! aid ( old] maxims--! morality ( ! ,gospels rema9s1 nev]!less1 ! highe/ creation ( human consci5ce--! mo/ beautiful code ( p]fect life t any morali/ has trac$4 ,footnote #a3 ,deut4 xxiv41 xxv41 xxvi41 c42 ,isa4 lviii4 #g2 ,prov4 xix4 #ag2 ,pirke ,abo?1 i42 ,talmud ( ,j]usalem1 ,peah1 i4 #a2 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,%abba?1 #fc a4 ,jesus did n speak aga9/ ! ,mosaic law1 b x is cle> t he saw its insuffici5cy1 & all[$ x to be se5 t he did s4 ,he repeat$ unceas+ly t m mu/ be done ?an ! anci5t sages _h comm&$4#a ,he =bade ! lea/ h>% ^w2#b he prohibit$ divorce1#c & all swe>+2#d he c5sur$ rev5ge2#e he condemn$ usury2#f he consid]$ voluptu\s desire z crim9al z adult]y2#g he insi/$ ^u a univ]sal =giv5ess ( injuries4#h ,! motive on :i* he re/$ ^! maxims ( exalt$ *>ity 0 always ! same4444 ,t ye may be ! *ildr5 ( y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav53 = ,he make? ,8 sun to rise on ! evil & ! good4 ,= if ye love !m :i* love y1 :at rew>d h ye8 d n ev5 ! publicans ! same8 ,& if ye salute y\r bre?r5 only1 :at d ye m ?an o!rs8 d n ev5 ! publicans s8 ,be ye !re=e p]fect1 ev5 z y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 is p]fect4#i ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 v4 #bj1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 v4 #bb4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 v4 #ca1 & foll[+4 ,comp>e ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,sanh$rim1 #bb a4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 v4 #cc1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 v4 #ch1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 v4 #db4 ,! ,law prohibit$ x also 7,deut4 xv4 #g1 #h71 b less =mally1 & cu/om au?oriz$ x 7,luke vii4 #da1 & foll[+74 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #bh4 ,comp>e ,talmud1 ,masseket ,kalla 7edit4 ,fu]?1 #agic71 fol4 #cd b4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 v4 #bc1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #i3 ,matt4 v4 #de1 & foll[+4 ,comp>e ,lev4 xi4 #dd1 xix4 #b4 ,a pure wor%ip1 a religion )\t prie/s & ext]nal obs]vances1 re/+ entirely on ! feel+s ( ! he>t1 on ! imitation ( ,god1#a on ! direct relation ( ! consci5ce ) ! heav5ly ,fa!r1 0 ! result ( ^! pr9ciples4 ,jesus nev] %rank f ?is bold conclusion1 :i* made him a ?or\gh revolutioni/ 9 ! v c5tre ( ,judaism4 ,:y %\ld !re be m$iators betwe5 man & 8 ,fa!r8 ,z ,god only sees ! he>t1 ( :at good are ^! purifications1 ^! obs]vances relat+ only to ! body8#b ,ev5 tradition1 a ?+ s sacr$ to ! ,jews1 is no?+ comp>$ to s9c]ity4#c ,! hypocrisy ( ! ,ph>isees1 :o1 9 pray+1 turn$ _! heads to see if !y 7 obs]v$1 :o gave _! alms ) o/5tation1 & put m>ks ^u _! g>m5ts1 t !y might be recogniz$ z pi\s p]sons--all ^! grimaces ( false devotion disgu/$ him4 ,!y h _! recomp5se1 said he2 b ?\1 :5 ?\ doe/ ?9e alms1 let n ?y left h& "k :at ?y "r h& doe?1 t ?y alms may be 9 secret1 & ?y ,fa!r1 :i* see? 9 secret1 ,himself %all rew>d !e op5ly4#d ,& :5 ?\ praye/1 ?\ %alt n be z ! hypocrites are3 = !y love to pray /&+ 9 ! synagogues1 & 9 ! corn]s ( ! /reets1 t !y may be se5 ( m54 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,!y h _! rew>d4 ,b ?\1 :5 ?\ praye/1 ent] into ?y closet2 & :5 ?\ ha/ %ut ?y door1 pray to ?y ,fa!r :i* is 9 secret2 & ?y ,fa!r1 :i* see? 9 secret1 %all rew>d !e op5ly4 ,b :5 ye pray1 use n va9 repetitions1 z ! hea!n d3 = !y ?9k t !y %all be he>d = _! mu* speak+4 ,y\r ,fa!r kn[e? :at ?+s ye h ne$ ( be=e ye ask ,him4#e ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ,philo1 ,de ,migr4 ,abr41 ,sec4 #bc & #bd2 ,de ,vita ,contemp41 ! :ole4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xv4 #aa1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vii4 #f1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,m>k vii4 #f1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 vi4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,comp>e ,ecclesia/icus xvii4 #ah1 xxix4 #ae2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,*agigah1 #e a2 ,baba ,ba?ra1 #i b4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 vi4 #e-h4 ,he did n affect any ext]nal signs ( asceticism1 cont5t+ himself ) pray+1 or r m$itat+1 ^u ! m\nta9s1 & 9 ! solit>y places1 :]e man has always s\ght ,god4#a ,?is high idea ( ! relations ( man ) ,god1 ( :i* s few m9ds1 ev5 aft] him1 h be5 capable1 is summ$ up 9 a pray] :i* he taught to 8 disciples3#b ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiv4 #bc2 ,luke iv4 #db1 v4 #af1 vi4 #ab4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 vi4 #i1 & foll[+2 ,luke xi4 #b1 & foll[+4 ,our ,fa!r :i* art 9 heav51 hall[$ be ?y "n2 ?y k+dom come2 ?y w be done on e>? z x is 9 heav54 ,give u ?is day our daily bread4 ,=give u our trespasses1 z we =give ^? :o trespass aga9/ u4 ,lead u n into temptation2 deliv] u f ! evil "o4#a ,he insi/$ p>ticul>ly ^u ! idea1 t ! heav5ly ,fa!r kn[s bett] ?an we :at we ne$1 & t we almo/ s9 aga9/ ,him 9 ask+ ,him = ?is or t p>ticul> ?+4#b ,footnote #a3 i4e41 ! devil4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xi4 #e1 & foll[+4 ,jesus 9 ?is only c>ri$ out ! consequ5ces ( ! great pr9ciples :i* ,judaism _h e/abli%$1 b :i* ! (ficial classes ( ! nation t5d$ m & m to despise4 ,! ,greek & ,roman pray]s 7 almo/ always m]e egoti/ical v]biage4 ,nev] _h ,pagan prie/ said to ! fai?ful1 ,if ?\ br+ ?y (f]+ to ! alt>1 & !re rememb]e/ t ?y bro!r ha? aught aga9/ !e2 leave !re ?y gift be=e ! alt>1 & g ?y way2 fir/ be reconcil$ ) ?y bro!r1 & !n come & (f] ?y gift4#a ,alone 9 antiquity1 ! ,jewi% prophets1 especially ,isaiah1 _h1 9 _! antipa?y to ! prie/hood1 caught a glimpse ( ! true nature ( ! wor%ip man owes to ,god4 ,to :at purpose is ! multitude ( y\r sacrifices unto me3 ,i am full ( ! burnt (f]+s ( rams1 & ! fat ( f$ bea/s2 & ,i delight n 9 ! blood ( bullocks1 or ( lambs1 or ( he-goats4444 ,inc5se is an abom9ation unto me3 = y\r h&s are full ( blood2 cease to d evil1 le>n to d well1 seek judgm5t1 & !n come4#b ,9 lat] times1 c]ta9 doctors1 ,simeon ! j1#c ,jesus1 son ( ,sira*1#d ,hillel1#e almo/ rea*$ ?is po9t1 & decl>$ t ! sum ( ! ,law 0 righte\sness4 ,philo1 9 ! ,judaeo-,egyptian _w1 atta9$ at ! same "t z ,jesus ideas ( a high moral sanctity1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* 0 ! disreg>d ( ! obs]vances ( ! ,law4#f ,%emaia & ,abtalion also m ?an once prov$ !mselves to be v lib]al casui/s4#g ,rabbi ,johanan ere long plac$ works ( m]cy above ev5 ! /udy ( ! ,law6#h ,jesus alone1 h[ev]1 proclaim$ ^! pr9ciples 9 an effective mann]4 ,nev] has any "o be5 less a prie/ ?an ,jesus1 nev] a great] enemy ( =ms1 :i* /ifle religion "u ! pretext ( protect+ x4 ,by ?is we are all 8 disciples & 8 successors2 by ?is he has laid ! et]nal f\ndation-/one ( true religion2 & if religion is ess5tial to humanity1 he has by ?is des]v$ ! ,div9e rank ! _w has accord$ to him4 ,an absolutely new idea1 ! idea ( a wor%ip f\nd$ on purity ( he>t1 & on human bro!rhood1 ?r\gh him ent]$ into ! _w--an idea s elevat$1 t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ought to make x its di/+ui%+ feature1 b an idea :i*1 9 our days1 only few m9ds are capable ( embody+4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 v4 #bc1 #bd4 ,footnote #b3 ,isaiah i4 #aa1 & foll[+4 ,comp>e ibid41 lviii4 entirely2 ,hosea vi4 #f2 ,mala*i i4 #aj1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,pirke ,abo?1 i4 #b4 ,footnote #d3 ,ecclesia/icus xxxv4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,pesa*im1 vi4 #a4 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ! same treatise #ff a2 ,%abba?1 #ca a4 ,footnote #f3 ,quod ,deus ,immut41 ,sec4 #a & #b2 ,de ,abrahamo1 ,sec4 #bb2 ,quis ,r]um ,div94 ,ha]es1 ,sec4 #ac1 & foll[+2 #ee1 #eh1 & foll[+2 ,de ,pr(ugis1 ,sec4 #g & #h2 ,quod ,omnis ,probus ,lib]1 entirely2 ,de ,vita ,contemp41 entirely4 ,footnote #g3 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,pesa*im1 #fg b4 ,footnote #h3 ,talmud ( ,j]us41 ,peah1 i4 #a4 ,an exquisite sympa?y ) ,nature furni%$ him ea* mom5t ) expressive images4 ,sometimes a rem>kable +5uity1 :i* we call wit1 adorn$ 8 aphorisms2 at o!r times1 _! livel9ess consi/$ 9 ! happy use ( popul> prov]bs4 ,h[ wilt ?\ say to ?y bro!r1 ,let me pull out ! mote out ( ?9e eye2 &1 behold1 a beam is 9 ?9e own eye8 ,?\ hypocrite1 fir/ ca/ out ! beam out ( ?9e own eye1 & !n ?\ %alt see cle>ly to ca/ out ! mote out ( ?y bro!r's eye4#a ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 vii4 #d1 #e4 ,comp>e ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,baba ,ba?ra1 #ae b1 ,era*91 #af b4 ,^! lessons1 long hidd5 9 ! he>t ( ! "y ,ma/]1 soon ga!r$ ar\nd him a few disciples4 ,! _s ( ! "t favor$ small *ur*es2 x 0 ! p]iod ( ! ,ess5es or ,!rapeutae4 ,rabbis1 ea* hav+ 8 di/9ctive tea*+1 ,%emaia1 ,abtalion1 ,hillel1 ,%ammai1 ,judas ! ,gaulonite1 ,gamaliel1 & _m o!rs1 ^: maxims =m ! ,talmud1#a appe>$ on all sides4 ,!y wrote v little2 ! ,jewi% doctors ( ?is "t did n write books2 ev]y?+ 0 done by conv]sations1 & 9 public lessons1 to :i* x 0 s\ght to give a =m easily rememb]$4#b ,! proclamation by ! "y c>p5t] ( ,naz>e? ( ^! maxims1 = ! mo/ "p already g5]ally kn[n1 b :i*1 ?anks to him1 7 to reg5]ate ! _w1 0 !re=e no /rik+ ev5t4 ,x 0 only "o rabbi m 7x is true1 ! mo/ *>m+ ( all71 & ar\nd him "s "y m51 eag] to he> him1 & ?ir/+ = k4 ,x requires "t to comm& ! att5tion ( m54 ,z yet !re 7 no ,*ri/ians2 ?\gh true ,*ri/ianity 0 f\nd$1 &1 d\btless1 x 0 nev] m p]fect ?an at ?is fir/ p]iod4 ,jesus add$ to x no?+ durable aft]w>d4 ,inde$1 9 "o s5se1 he compromis$ x2 = e movem5t1 9 ord] to triumph1 mu/ make sacrifices2 we nev] come f ! conte/ ( life unsca!d4 ,footnote #a3 ,see especially ,pirke ,abo?1 *4 i4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,talmud1 a resume ( ?is va/ movem5t ( ! s*ools1 0 sc>cely comm5c$ till ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,to conceive ! good1 9 fact1 is n suffici5t2 x mu/ be made to succe$ among/ m54 ,to accompli% ?is1 less pure pa?s mu/ be foll[$4 ,c]ta9ly1 if ! ,gospel 0 conf9$ to "s *apt]s ( ,mat!w & ,luke1 x w\ld be m p]fect1 & w\ld n n[ be op5 to s _m objections2 b w\ld ,jesus h conv]t$ ! _w )\t miracles8 ,if he _h di$ at ! p]iod ( 8 c>e] we h n[ rea*$1 !re w\ld n h be5 9 8 life a s+le page to w\nd u2 b1 great] 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 he w\ld h rema9$ unkn[n to m52 he w\ld h be5 lo/ 9 ! cr[d ( great unkn[n spirits1 himself ! greate/ ( all2 ! tru? w\ld n h be5 promulgat$1 & ! _w w\ld n h pr(it$ f ! great moral sup]iority ) :i* 8 ,fa!r _h end[$ him4 ,jesus1 son ( ,sira*1 & ,hillel1 _h utt]$ aphorisms almo/ z exalt$ z ^? ( ,jesus4 ,hillel1 h[ev]1 w nev] be acc\nt$ ! true f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 morals1 z 9 art1 precept is no?+1 practice is ev]y?+4 ,! idea :i* is hidd5 9 a picture ( ,raphael is ( little mom5t2 x is ! picture itself :i* is priz$4 ,s1 too1 9 morals1 tru? is b little priz$ :5 x is a m]e s5tim5t1 & only atta9s its full value :5 realiz$ 9 ! _w z fact4 ,m5 ( indiff]5t morality h writt5 v good maxims4 ,v virtu\s m51 on ! o!r h&1 h done no?+ to p]petuate 9 ! _w ! tradition ( virtue4 ,! palm is 8 :o has be5 mighty bo? 9 words & 9 works1 :o has disc]n$ ! good1 & at ! price ( 8 blood has caus$ its triumph4 ,jesus1 f ?is d\ble po9t ( view1 is )\t equal2 8 glory rema9s entire1 & w ev] be r5ew$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/--,,visit ,,( ,,jesus ,,to ,,john1 ,,& ,,8 ,,abode ,,9 ,,! ,,des]t ,,( ,,judea--,,adoption ,,( ,,! ,,baptism ,,( ,,john4 ,an extraord9>y man1 ^: position1 f ! abs5ce ( docum5t>y evid5ce1 rema9s to u 9 "s degree enigmatical1 appe>$ ab\t ?is "t1 & 0 unque/ionably to "s ext5t connect$ ) ,jesus4 ,?is connection t5d$ r to make ! "y prophet ( ,naz>e? deviate f 8 pa?2 b x sugge/$ _m important accessories to 8 religi\s in/itution1 &1 at all ev5ts1 furni%$ a v /rong au?ority to 8 disciples 9 recomm5d+ _! ,ma/] 9 ! eyes ( a c]ta9 class ( ,jews4 ,ab\t ! ye> #bh ( our era 7! fifte5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius7 !re spread ?r\gh\t ,pale/9e ! reputation ( a c]ta9 ,johanan1 or ,john1 a "y ascetic full ( zeal & en?usiasm4 ,john 0 ( ! prie/ly race1#a & born1 x seems1 at ,juttah ne> ,hebron1 or at ,hebron itself4#b ,hebron1 ! patri>*al city p> excell5ce1 situat$ at a %ort di/ance f ! des]t ( ,judea1 & )9 a few h\rs' j\rney ( ! great des]t ( ,arabia1 0 at ?is p]iod :at x is to-day--"o ( ! bulw>ks ( ,semitic ideas1 9 _! mo/ au/]e =m4 ,f 8 infancy1 ,john 0 ,nazir--t is to say1 subject$ by v[ to c]ta9 ab/95ces4#c ,! des]t by :i* he 01 s to speak1 surr\nd$1 e>ly attract$ him4#d ,he l$ !re ! life ( a ,yogi ( ,india1 clo!d ) sk9s or /uffs ( camel's hair1 hav+ = food only locu/s & wild honey4#e ,a c]ta9 numb] ( disciples 7 gr\p$ ar\nd him1 %>+ 8 life & /udy+ 8 sev]e doctr9e4 ,we might imag9e ourselves transport$ to ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 if p>ticul> traits _h n reveal$ 9 ?is recluse ! la/ desc5dant ( ! great prophets ( ,israel4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke i4 #e2 passage f ! ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites1 pres]v$ by ,epiphanius1 7,adv4 ,ha]41 xxx4 #ac47 ,footnote #b3 ,luke i4 #ci4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 n )\t probability1 t ! city ( ,juda m5tion$ 9 ?is passage ( ,luke1 is ! t[n ( ,jutta 7,jo%4 xv4 #ee1 xxi4 #af74 ,rob9son 7,biblical ,rese>*es1 i4 #did1 ii4 #bjf7 has discov]$ ?is ,jutta1 /ill be>+ ! same "n1 at two h\rs' j\rney s\? ( ,hebron4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke i4 #ae4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke i4 #hj4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 iii4 #d2 ,m>k i4 #f2 fragm4 ( ! ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites1 9 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xxx4 #ac4 ,f ! "t t ! ,jewi% nation _h begun to reflect ^u its de/9y ) a k9d ( despair1 ! imag9ation ( ! p _h rev]t$ ) mu* complac5cy to ! anci5t prophets4 ,n[1 ( all ! p]sonages ( ! pa/1 ! remembrance ( :om came l ! dreams ( a tr\bl$ night to awak5 & agitate ! p1 ! greate/ 0 ,elias4 ,?is giant ( ! prophets1 9 8 r\gh solitude ( ,c>mel1 %>+ ! life ( savage bea/s1 dwell+ 9 ! holl[s ( ! rocks1 :5ce he came l a ?und]bolt1 to make & unmake k+s1 _h become1 by successive trans=mations1 a sort ( sup]human be+1 sometimes visible1 sometimes invisible1 & z "o :o _h n ta/$ dea?4 ,x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ,elias w\ld return & re/ore ,israel4#a ,! au/]e life :i* he _h l$1 ! t]rible remembrances he _h left beh9d him--! impression ( :i* is /ill p[]ful 9 ! ,ea/#b--! sombre image :i*1 ev5 9 our own "t1 causes trembl+ & dea?--all ?is my?ology1 full ( v5geance & t]ror1 vividly /ruck ! m9d ( ! p1 & /amp$ z ) a bir?-m>k all ! creations ( ! popul> m9d4 ,:oev] aspir$ to act p[]fully ^u ! p1 mu/ imitate ,elias2 &1 z solit>y life _h be5 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ?is prophet1 !y 7 accu/om$ to conceive ! man ( ,god z a h]mit4 ,!y imag9$ t all ! holy p]sonages _h _h _! days ( p5it5ce1 ( solitude1 & ( au/]ity4#c ,! retreat to ! des]t ?us became ! condition & ! prelude ( high de/9ies4 ,footnote #a3 ,mala*i iv4 #e1 #f2 7iii4 #bc1 #bd1 accord+ to ! ,vulg472 ,ecclesia/icus xlviii4 #aj2 ,matt4 xvi4 #ad1 xvii4 #aj1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #ae1 viii4 #bh1 ix4 #aj1 & foll[+2 ,luke ix4 #h1 #ai2 ,john i4 #ba1 #be4 ,footnote #b3 ,! f]oci\s ,abdallah1 pa*a ( ,/4 ,jean d',acre1 ne>ly di$ f fright at see+ him 9 a dream1 /&+ erect on 8 m\nta94 ,9 ! pictures ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 he is surr\nd$ ) decapitat$ heads4 ,! ,mussulmans dread him4 ,footnote #c3 ,isaiah ii4 #i-aa4 ,no d\bt ?is ?\ght ( imitation _h occupi$ ,john's m9d4#a ,! an*orite life1 s oppos$ to ! _s ( ! anci5t ,jewi% p1 & ) :i* ! v[s1 su* z ^? ( ! ,nazirs & ! ,re*abites1 _h no relation1 p]vad$ all p>ts ( ,judea4 ,! ,ess5es or ,!rapeutae 7 gr\p$ ne> ! bir?place ( ,john1 on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea4#b ,x 0 imag9$ t ! *iefs ( sects ought to be recluses1 hav+ rules & in/itutions ( _! own1 l ! f\nd]s ( religi\s ord]s4 ,! tea*]s ( ! "y 7 also at times species ( an*orites1#c some:at resembl+ ! g\r\s#d ( ,brahm9ism4 ,9 fact1 might !re n 9 ?is be a remote influ5ce ( ! m\nis ( ,india8 ,p]haps "s ( ^? w&]+ ,buddhi/ monks :o ov]ran ! _w1 z ! fir/ ,franciscans did 9 lat] times1 prea*+ by _! actions & conv]t+ p :o knew n _! language1 might h turn$ _! /eps t[>d ,judea1 z !y c]ta9ly did t[>d ,syria & ,babylon8#e ,on ?is po9t we h no c]ta9ty4 ,babylon _h become = "s "t a true focus ( ,buddhism4 ,b\dasp 7,bodhisattva7 0 reput$ a wise ,*aldean1 & ! f\nd] ( ,sabeism4 ,sabeism 01 z its etymology indicates1#f baptism--t is to say1 ! religion ( _m baptisms--! orig9 ( ! sect /ill exi/+ call$ ,*ri/ians ( ,/4 ,john1 or ,m5daites1 :i* ! ,arabs call el-,mogtasila1 ! ,bapti/s4#g ,x is difficult to unravel ^! vague analogies4 ,! sects float+ betwe5 ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 ,baptism1 & ,sabeism1 :i* we f9d 9 ! region beyond ! ,jordan dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( our era1#h pres5t to criticism ! mo/ s+ul> problem1 9 consequ5ce ( ! confus$ acc\nts ( !m :i* h come d[n to u4 ,we may believe1 at all ev5ts1 t _m ( ! ext]nal practices ( ,john1 ( ! ,ess5es1#i & ( ! ,jewi% spiritual tea*]s ( ?is "t1 7 d]iv$ f influ5ces !n b rec5tly receiv$ f ! f> ,ea/4 ,! fundam5tal practice :i* *>act]iz$ ! sect ( ,john1 & gave x its "n1 has always _h its c5tre 9 l[] ,*aldea1 & con/itutes a religion :i* is p]petuat$ !re to ! pres5t day4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke i4 #ag4 ,footnote #b3 ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat41 v4 #ag2 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xix4 #a & #b4 ,footnote #c3 ,josephus1 ,vita1 #b4 ,footnote #d3 ,spiritual preceptors4 ,footnote #e3 ,i h develop$ ?is po9t else:]e4 ,hi/4 ,g5]4 des ,langues ,semitiques1 ,,iii4 iv4 #a2 ,j\rn4 ,asiat41 ,febru>y-,m>*1 #ahef4 ,footnote #f3 ,! ,aramean ^w seba1 orig9 ( ! "n ( ,sabians1 is synonym\s ) ,greek3 baptizo4 ,footnote #g3 ,i h treat$ ( ?is at great] l5g? 9 ! ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,nov4-,dec41 #ahec1 & ,augu/-,sept41 #ahee4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,el*asaites1 a ,sabian or ,bapti/ sect1 inhabit$ ! same di/rict z ! ,ess5es1 7! ea/]n bank ( ! ,dead ,sea71 & 7 conf\nd$ ) !m 7,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xix4 #a1 #b1 #d1 xxx4 #af1 #ag1 liii4 #a1 #b2 ,philosophum5a1 ,,ix4 iii4 #ae1 #af1 ,x4 xx4 #bi74 ,footnote #h3 ,see ! rem>ks ( ,epiphanius on ! ,ess5es1 ,hem]o-,bapti/s1 ,naz>ites1 ,oss5es1 ,naz>5es1 ,ebionites1 ,samsonites 7,adv4 ,ha]41 books i4 & ii471 & ^? ( ! au?or ( ! ,philosophum5a on ! ,el*asaites 7books ix4 & x74 ,footnote #i3 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xix41 xxx41 liii4 ,?is practice 0 baptism1 or total imm]sion4 ,ablutions 7 already famili> to ! ,jews1 z !y 7 to all religions ( ! ,ea/4#a ,! ,ess5es _h giv5 !m a peculi> ext5sion4#b ,baptism _h become an ord9>y c]emony on ! introduction ( proselytes into ! bosom ( ! ,jewi% religion1 a sort ( initiatory rite4#c ,nev] be=e ,john ! ,bapti/1 h[ev]1 _h ei!r ?is importance or ?is =m be5 giv5 to imm]sion4 ,john _h fix$ ! sc5e ( 8 activity 9 t "p ( ! des]t ( ,judea :i* is 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,dead ,sea4#d ,at ! p]iods :5 he adm9i/]$ baptism1 he w5t to ! banks ( ! ,jordan1#e ei!r to ,be?any or ,be?ab>a1#f ^u ! ea/]n %ore1 probably opposite to ,j]i*o1 or to a place call$ ,a,enon1 or ! ,f\nta9s1#g ne> ,salim1 :]e !re 0 mu* wat]4#h ,consid]able cr[ds1 especially ( ! tribe ( ,judah1 ha/5$ to him to be baptiz$4#i ,9 a few mon?s he ?us became "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial m5 9 ,judea1 & acquir$ mu* importance 9 ! g5]al e/imation4 ,footnote #a3 ,m>k vii4 #d2 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 v4 #b2 ,ju/91 ,dial4 cum ,tryph41 #ag1 #bi1 #hj2 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xvii4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 viii4 #e1 #g1 #i1 #ac4 ,footnote #c3 ,mi%nah1 ,pesa*im1 viii4 #h2 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,jebamo?1 #df b2 ,k]i?u?1 #i a2 ,aboda ,z>a1 #eg a2 ,masseket ,g]im 7edit4 ,kir*heim1 #ahea71 pp4 #ch-dj4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 iii4 #a2 ,m>k i4 #d4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke iii4 #c4 ,footnote #f3 ,john i4 #bh1 iii4 #bf4 ,all ! manuscripts say ,be?any2 b1 z no "o kn[s ( ,be?any 9 ^! places1 ,orig5 7,comm5t4 9 ,joann41 vi4 #bd7 has propos$ to sub/itute ,be?ab>a1 & 8 correction has be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,! two words h1 moreov]1 analog\s mean+s1 & seem to indicate a place :]e !re 0 a f]ry-boat to cross ! riv]4 ,footnote #g3 ,a,enon is ! ,*aldean plural1 ,a,enawan1 f\nta9s4 ,footnote #h3 ,john iii4 #bc4 ,! locality ( ?is place is d\btful4 ,! circum/ance m5tion$ by ! evangeli/ w\ld lead u to believe t x 0 n v ne> ! ,jordan4 ,nev]!less1 ! synoptics are agre$ 9 plac+ ! sc5e ( ! baptisms ( ,john on ! banks ( t riv] 7,matt4 iii4 #f2 ,m>k i4 #e2 ,luke iii4 #c74 ,! comp>ison ( v]ses #bb & #bc ( *ap4 iii4 ( ,john1 & ( v]ses #c & #d ( *ap4 iv4 ( ! same ,gospel1 w\ld lead u to believe t ,salim 0 9 ,judea1 & consequ5tly 9 ! oasis ( ,j]i*o1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,jordan2 s9ce x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 any o!r di/rict ( ! tribe ( ,judah a s+le natural bas9 9 :i* any "o might be totally imm]s$4 ,sa9t ,j]ome wi%es to place ,salim mu* m nor?1 ne> ,be?-,s*ean or ,scy?opolis4 ,b ,rob9son 7,bibl4 ,res41 iii4 #ccc7 has n be5 able to f9d any?+ at ^! places t ju/ifies ?is ass]tion4 ,footnote #i3 ,m>k i4 #e2 ,josephus1 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 v4 #b4 ,! p took him = a prophet1#a & _m imag9$ t x 0 ,elias :o _h ris5 aga94#b ,! belief 9 ^! resurrections 0 widely spread2#c x 0 ?\ght t ,god w\ld raise f ! tomb c]ta9 ( ! anci5t prophets to guide ,israel t[>d its f9al de/9y4 ,o!rs held ,john to be ! ,messiah himself1 al?\gh he made no su* pret5sions4#d ,! prie/s & ! scribes1 oppos$ to ?is revival ( prophetism1 & ! con/ant enemies ( en?usia/s1 despis$ him4 ,b ! popul>ity ( ! ,bapti/ aw$ !m1 & !y d>$ n speak aga9/ him4#e ,x 0 a victory :i* ! ideas ( ! multitude ga9$ ov] ! prie/ly ari/ocracy4 ,:5 ! *ief prie/s 7 compell$ to decl>e !mselves explicitly on ?is po9t1 !y 7 consid]ably emb>rass$4#f ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiv4 #e1 xxi4 #bf4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 vi4 #ad2 ,m>k vi4 #ae2 ,john i4 #ba4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xiv4 #b2 ,luke ix4 #h4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke iii4 #ae1 & foll[+2 ,john i4 #bj4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xxi4 #be1 & foll[+2 ,luke vii4 #cj4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt41 loc4 cit4 ,baptism ) ,john 0 only a sign de/9$ to make an impression1 & to prep>e ! m9ds ( ! p = "s great movem5t4 ,no d\bt he 0 possess$ 9 ! highe/ degree ) ! ,messianic hope1 & t 8 pr9cipal action 0 9 accordance ) x4 ,rep5t1 said he1 = ! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&4#a ,he ann\nc$ a great wra?1 t is to say1 t]rible calamities :i* %\ld come to pass1#b & decl>$ t ! axe 0 already laid at ! root ( ! tree1 & t ! tree w\ld soon be ca/ into ! fire4 ,he repres5t$ ! ,messiah ) a fan 9 8 h&1 collect+ ! good :eat & burn+ ! *aff4 ,rep5tance1 ( :i* baptism 0 ! type1 ! giv+ ( alms1 ! re=mation ( habits1#c 7 9 ,john's view ! great means ( prep>ation = ! com+ ev5ts1 ?\gh we d n "k exactly 9 :at light he conceiv$ !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t he prea*$ ) mu* p[] aga9/ ! same adv]s>ies z ,jesus1 aga9/ ri* prie/s1 ! ,ph>isees1 ! doctors1 9 "o ^w1 aga9/ (ficial ,judaism2 & t1 l ,jesus1 he 0 specially welcom$ by ! despis$ classes4#d ,he made no acc\nt ( ! title son ( ,abraham1 & said t ,god c\ld raise up sons unto ,abraham f ! /ones ( ! road4#e ,x does n seem t he possess$ ev5 ! g]m ( ! great idea :i* l$ to ! triumph ( ,jesus1 ! idea ( a pure religion2 b he p[]fully s]v$ ?is idea 9 sub/itut+ a private rite = ! legal c]emonies :i* requir$ prie/s1 z ! ,flagellants ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 ! precursors ( ! ,re=mation1 by depriv+ ! (ficial cl]gy ( ! monopoly ( ! sacram5ts & ( absolution4 ,! g5]al tone ( 8 s]mons 0 /]n & sev]e4 ,! expressions :i* he us$ aga9/ 8 adv]s>ies appe> to h be5 mo/ viol5t4#f ,x 0 a h>% & cont9u\s invective4 ,x is probable t he did n rema9 q a /rang] to politics4 ,josephus1 :o1 ?r\gh 8 tea*] ,ban\1 0 br\ght into almo/ direct connection ) ,john1 sugge/s z mu* by 8 ambigu\s words1#g & ! cata/rophe :i* put an end to ,john's life seems to imply ?is4 ,8 disciples l$ a v au/]e life1#h fa/$ (t51 & affect$ a sad & anxi\s demeanor4 ,we h at times glimpses ( communism--! ri* man be+ ord]$ to %>e all t he _h ) ! poor4#i ,! poor man appe>$ z ! "o :o w\ld be specially b5efit$ by ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 iii4 #b4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 iii4 #g4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke iii4 #aa-ad2 ,josephus1 ,ant4 ,,xviii4 v4 #b4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxi4 #cb2 ,luke iii4 #ab-ad4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 iii4 #i4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 iii4 #g2 ,luke iii4 #g4 ,footnote #g3 ,ant4 ,,xviii4 v4 #b4 ,we mu/ obs]ve t1 :5 ,josephus describ$ ! secret & m or less s$iti\s doctr9es ( 8 c\ntrym51 he suppress$ ev]y?+ :i* _h ref]5ce to ! ,messianic beliefs1 &1 9 ord] n to give umbrage to ! ,romans1 spread ov] ^! doctr9es a vulg> & commonplace air1 :i* made all ! heads ( ,jewi% sects appe> z m]e pr(essors ( morals or /oics4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 ix4 #ad4 ,footnote #i3 ,luke iii4 #aa4 ,al?\gh ! c5tre ( ,john's action 0 ,judea1 8 fame quickly p5etrat$ to ,galilee & rea*$ ,jesus1 :o1 by 8 fir/ disc\rses1 _h already ga!r$ ar\nd himself a small circle ( he>]s4 ,enjoy+ z yet little au?ority1 & d\btless impell$ by ! desire to see a tea*] ^: in/ruction _h s mu* 9 common ) 8 own1 ,jesus quitt$ ,galilee & repair$ ) 8 small gr\p ( disciples to ,john4#a ,! newcom]s 7 baptiz$ l e "o else4 ,john welcom$ ?is gr\p ( ,galilean disciples1 & did n object to _! rema9+ di/9ct f 8 own4 ,! two tea*]s 7 "y2 !y _h _m ideas 9 common2 !y lov$ "o ano!r1 & publicly vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 exhibitions ( k9dly feel+4 ,at ! fir/ glance1 su* a fact surprises u 9 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & we are tempt$ to call x 9 "q4 ,humility has nev] be5 a feature ( /rong ,jewi% m9ds4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t a "* s /ubborn1 a sort ( ,lam5nais always irritat$1 w\ld be v passionate1 & suff] nei!r rivalry nor half adhesion4 ,b ?is mann] ( view+ ?+s re/s ^u a false conception ( ! p]son ( ,john4 ,we imag9e him an old man2 he 01 on ! contr>y1 ( ! same age z ,jesus1#b & v "y accord+ to ! ideas ( ! "t4 ,9 m5tal developm5t1 he 0 ! bro!r r ?an ! fa!r ( ,jesus4 ,! two "y en?usia/s1 full ( ! same hopes & ! same hatr$s1 7 able to make common cause1 & mutually to support ea* o!r4 ,c]ta9ly an ag$ tea*]1 see+ a man )\t celebrity approa* him1 & ma9ta9 t[>d him an aspect ( indep5d5ce1 w\ld h rebell$2 we h sc>cely an example ( a lead] ( a s*ool receiv+ ) eag]ness 8 future successor4 ,b y\? is capable ( any sacrifice1 & we may admit t ,john1 hav+ recogniz$ 9 ,jesus a _s ak9 to 8 own1 accept$ him )\t any p]sonal res]vation4 ,^! good relations became aft]w>d ! />t+-po9t ( a :ole sy/em develop$ by ! evangeli/s1 :i* consi/$ 9 giv+ ! ,div9e mission ( ,jesus ! prim>y basis ( ! atte/ation ( ,john4 ,su* 0 ! degree ( au?ority acquir$ by ! ,bapti/1 t x 0 n ?\ght possible to f9d 9 ! _w a bett] gu>antee4 ,b f> f ,john abdicat+ 9 favor ( ,jesus1 ,jesus1 dur+ all ! "t t he pass$ ) him1 recogniz$ him z 8 sup]ior1 & only develop$ 8 own g5ius ) timidity4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 iii4 #ac1 & foll[+2 ,m>k i4 #i1 & foll[+2 ,luke iii4 #ba1 & foll[+2 ,john i4 #bi1 & foll[+2 iii4 #bb1 & foll[+4 ,! synoptics make ,jesus come to ,john1 be=e he _h play$ any public "p4 ,b if x is true1 z !y /ate1 t ,john recogniz$ ,jesus f ! fir/ & welcom$ him1 x mu/ be suppos$ t ,jesus 0 already a some:at r5[n$ tea*]4 ,! f\r? ,gospel br+s ,jesus to ,john twice1 ! fir/ "t :ile yet unkn[n1 ! second "t ) a b& ( disciples4 ,)\t t\*+ "h ! "q ( ! precise j\rneys ( ,jesus 7an insoluble "q1 see+ ! contradictions ( ! docum5ts & ! little c>e ! evangeli/s _h 9 be+ exact 9 su* matt]s71 & )\t d5y+ t ,jesus might h made a j\rney to ,john :5 he _h z yet no notoriety1 we adopt ! in=mation furni%$ by ! f\r? ,gospel 7iii4 #bb1 & foll[+71 namely1 t ,jesus1 be=e beg9n+ to baptize l ,john1 _h =m$ a s*ool4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 besides1 t ! fir/ pages ( ! f\r? ,gospel are notes tack$ toge!r )\t rigor\s *ronological arrangem5t4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke i41 al?\gh inde$ all ! details ( ! n>rative1 especially ^? :i* ref] to ! relation%ip ( ,john ) ,jesus1 are leg5d>y4 ,x seems1 9 fact1 t1 not)/&+ 8 pr(\nd orig9ality1 ,jesus1 dur+ "s weeks at lea/1 0 ! imitator ( ,john4 ,8 way z yet 0 n cle> be=e him4 ,at all times1 moreov]1 ,jesus yield$ mu* to op9ion1 & adopt$ _m ?+s :i* 7 n 9 exact accordance ) 8 own ideas1 or = :i* he c>$ little1 m]ely because !y 7 popul>2 b ^! accessories nev] injur$ 8 pr9cipal idea1 & 7 always subord9ate to x4 ,baptism _h be5 br\ght by ,john into v great favor2 ,jesus ?\ght himself oblig$ to d l ,john2 !re=e he baptiz$1 & 8 disciples baptiz$ also4#a ,no d\bt he accompani$ baptism ) prea*+1 simil> to t ( ,john4 ,! ,jordan 0 ?us cov]$ on all sides ) ,bapti/s1 ^: disc\rses 7 m or less successful4 ,! pupil soon equal$ ! ma/]1 & 8 baptism 0 mu* s\ght aft]4 ,!re 0 on ?is subject "s jeal\sy among ! disciples2#b ! disciples ( ,john came to compla9 to him ( ! gr[+ success ( ! "y ,galilean1 ^: baptism w\ld1 !y ?\ght1 soon supplant 8 own4 ,b ! two tea*]s rema9$ sup]ior to ?is meanness4 ,! sup]iority ( ,john 01 besides1 too indisputable = ,jesus1 /ill little kn[n1 to ?9k ( conte/+ x4 ,jesus only wi%$ to increase "u ,john's protection2 & ?\ght himself oblig$1 9 ord] to ga9 ! multitude1 to employ ! ext]nal means :i* _h giv5 ,john su* a/oni%+ success4 ,:5 he recomm5c$ to prea* aft] ,john's arre/1 ! fir/ words put into 8 m\? are b ! repetition ( "o ( ! famili> phrases ( ! ,bapti/4#c ,_m o!r ( ,john's expressions may be f\nd repeat$ v]bally 9 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus4#d ,! two s*ools appe> to h liv$ long on good t]ms ) ea* o!r2#e & aft] ! dea? ( ,john1 ,jesus1 z 8 tru/y fri5d1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to be in=m$ ( ! ev5t4#f ,footnote #a3 ,john iii4 #bb-bf1 iv4 #a1 #b4 ,! p>5!sis ( v]4 #b appe>s to be an int]polation1 or p]haps a t>dy scruple ( ,john correct+ himself4 ,footnote #b3 ,john iii4 #bf1 iv4 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 iii4 #b1 iv4 #ag4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 iii4 #g1 xii4 #cd1 xxiii4 #cc4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xi4 #b-ac4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 xiv4 #ab4 ,john1 9 fact1 0 soon cut %ort 9 8 prophetic c>e]4 ,l ! anci5t ,jewi% prophets1 he 01 9 ! highe/ degree1 a c5sur] ( ! e/abli%$ au?orities4#a ,! extreme vivacity ) :i* he express$ himself at _! exp5se c\ld n fail to br+ him into tr\ble4 ,9 ,judea1 ,john does n appe> to h be5 di/urb$ by ,pilate2 b 9 ,p]ea1 beyond ! ,jordan1 he came into ! t]ritory ( ,antipas4 ,?is tyrant 0 uneasy at ! political leav5 :i* 0 s little conceal$ by ,john 9 8 prea*+4 ,! great assemblages ( m5 ga!r$ ar\nd ! ,bapti/1 by religi\s & patriotic en?usiasm1 gave rise to suspicion4#b ,an entirely p]sonal grievance 0 also add$ to ^! motives ( /ate1 & r5d]$ ! dea? ( ! au/]e c5sor inevitable4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke iii4 #ai4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 v4 #b4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ *>act]s ( ?is tragical family ( ! ,h]ods 0 ,h]odias1 gr&daught] ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,viol5t1 ambiti\s1 & passionate1 %e dete/$ ,judaism1 & despis$ its laws4#a ,%e _h be5 m>ri$1 probably aga9/ h] w1 to h] uncle ,h]od1 son ( ,m>iamne1#b :om ,h]od ! ,great _h dis9h]it$1#c & :o nev] play$ any public "p4 ,! inf]ior position ( h] husb&1 9 respect to ! o!r p]sons ( ! family1 gave h] no peace2 %e det]m9$ to be sov]eign at :atev] co/4#d ,antipas 0 ! in/rum5t ( :om %e made use4 ,?is feeble man hav+ become desp]ately enamor$ ( h]1 promis$ to m>ry h]1 & to repudiate 8 fir/ wife1 daught] ( ,h>e?1 k+ ( ,petra1 & emir ( ! neighbor+ tribes ( ,p]ea4 ,! ,arabian pr9cess1 receiv+ a h9t ( ?is design1 resolv$ to fly4 ,conceal+ h] int5tion1 %e pret5d$ t %e wi%$ to make a j\rney to ,ma*]o1 9 h] fa!r's t]ritory1 & caus$ h]self to be conduct$ ?i!r by ! (fic]s ( ,antipas4#e ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 v4 #d4 ,footnote #b3 ,mat!w 7*ap4 xiv4 #c1 9 ! ,greek text7 & ,m>k 7*ap4 vi4 #ag7 h x t ?is 0 ,philip2 b ?is is c]ta9ly an inadv]t5cy 7see ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 v4 #a1 #d74 ,! wife ( ,philip 0 ,salome1 daught] ( ,h]odias4 ,footnote #c3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 iv4 #b4 ,footnote #d3 ,ibid41 ,,xviii4 vii4 #a1 #b1 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 ix4 #f4 ,footnote #e3 ,ibid41 ,,xviii4 v4 #a4 ,makaur1#a or ,ma*]o1 0 a colossal =tress built by ,alex&] ,jannaeus1 & rebuilt by ,h]od1 9 "o ( ! mo/ abrupt wadys to ! ea/ ( ! ,dead ,sea4#b ,x 0 a wild & desolate c\ntry1 fill$ ) /range leg5ds1 & believ$ to be haunt$ by demons4#c ,! =tress 0 j on ! b\nd>y ( ! l&s ( ,h>e? & ( ,antipas4 ,at t "t x 0 9 ! possession ( ,h>e?4#d ,! latt] hav+ be5 w>n$1 _h prep>$ ev]y?+ = ! flight ( 8 daught]1 :o 0 conduct$ f tribe to tribe to ,petra4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is =m is f\nd 9 ! ,talmud ( ,j]usalem 7,%ebiit1 ix4 #b71 & 9 ! ,t>gums ( ,jona?an & ( ,j]usalem 7,numb4 xxii4 #ce74 ,footnote #b3 ,n[ ,mkaur1 9 ! wady ,z]ka ,ma94 ,?is place has n be5 visit$ s9ce ,seetz5 0 !re4 ,footnote #c3 ,josephus1 ,de ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,vii4 vi4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 v4 #a4 ,! almo/ ince/u\s#a union ( ,antipas & ,h]odias !n took place4 ,! ,jewi% laws on m>riage 7 a con/ant rock ( (f5ce betwe5 ! irreligi\s family ( ! ,h]ods & ! /rict ,jews4#b ,! memb]s ( ?is num]\s & r isolat$ dyna/y be+ oblig$ to m>ry among/ !mselves1 frequ5t violations ( ! limits prescrib$ by ! ,law necess>ily took place4 ,john1 9 en]getically blam+ ,antipas1 0 ! e*o ( ! g5]al feel+4#c ,?is 0 m ?an suffici5t to decide ! latt] to foll[ up 8 suspicions4 ,he caus$ ! ,bapti/ to be arre/$1 & ord]$ him to be %ut up 9 ! =tress ( ,ma*]o1 :i* he _h probably seiz$ aft] ! dep>ture ( ! daught] ( ,h>e?4#d ,footnote #a3 ,lev4 xviii4 #af4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xv4 vii4 #aj4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xiv4 #d2 ,m>k vi4 #ah2 ,luke iii4 #ai4 ,footnote #d3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 v4 #b4 ,m timid ?an cruel1 ,antipas did n desire to put him to dea?4 ,accord+ to c]ta9 rumors1 he fe>$ a popul> s$ition4#a ,accord+ to ano!r v]sion1#b he _h tak5 pleasure 9 li/5+ to ! prison]1 & ^! conv]sations _h ?r[n him into great p]plexities4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! det5tion 0 prolong$1 & t ,john1 9 8 prison1 pres]v$ an ext5d$ influ5ce4 ,he correspond$ ) 8 disciples1 & we f9d him aga9 9 connection ) ,jesus4 ,8 fai? 9 ! ne> approa* ( ! ,messiah only became firm]2 he foll[$ ) att5tion ! movem5ts outside1 & s\ght to discov] 9 !m ! signs favorable to ! accompli%m5t ( ! hopes :i* he *]i%$4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiv4 #e4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k vi4 #bj4 ,i read ,greek3 eporei1 & n ,greek3 epoiei4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,jesus ,,respect+ ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god4 ,up to ! arre/ ( ,john1 :i* took place ab\t ! summ] ( ! ye> #bi1 ,jesus did n quit ! neighborhood ( ! ,dead ,sea & ( ! ,jordan4 ,an abode 9 ! des]t ( ,judea 0 g5]ally consid]$ z ! prep>ation = great ?+s1 z a sort ( retreat be=e public acts4 ,jesus foll[$ 9 ?is respect ! example ( o!rs1 & pass$ =ty days ) no o!r companions ?an savage bea/s1 ma9ta9+ a rigor\s fa/4 ,! disciples speculat$ mu* conc]n+ ?is soj\rn4 ,! des]t 0 popul>ly reg>d$ z ! resid5ce ( demons4#a ,!re exi/ 9 ! _w few regions m desolate1 m ab&on$ by ,god1 m %ut out f life1 ?an ! rocky declivity :i* =ms ! we/]n %ore ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,x 0 believ$ t dur+ ! "t :i* ,jesus pass$ 9 ?is frightful c\ntry1 he _h gone ?r\gh t]rible trials2 t ,satan _h assail$ him ) 8 illusions1 or tempt$ him ) s$uctive promises2 t aft]w>d1 9 ord] to recomp5se him = 8 victory1 ! angels _h come to m9i/] to him4#b ,footnote #a3 ,tobit viii4 #c2 ,luke xi4 #bd4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 iv4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,m>k i4 #ab1 #ac2 ,luke iv4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! /rik+ simil>ity t ^! n>ratives pres5t to ! analog\s leg5ds ( ! ,v5didad 7f>g4 xix47 & ( ! ,lalitavi/>a 7*ap4 xvii41 xviii41 xxi47 w\ld lead u to reg>d !m only z my?s4 ,b ! meagre & concise n>rative ( ,m>k1 :i* evid5tly repres5ts on ?is po9t ! primitive compilation1 leads u to suppose a real fact1 :i* furni%$ lat] ! !me ( leg5d>y developm5ts4 ,x 0 probably 9 com+ f ! des]t t ,jesus le>n$ ( ! arre/ ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,he _h no long] any reason to prolong 8 /ay 9 a c\ntry :i* 0 p>tly /range to him4 ,p]haps he fe>$ also be+ involv$ 9 ! sev]ities ex]cis$ t[>d ,john1 & did n wi% to expose himself1 at a "t 9 :i*1 see+ ! little celebrity he _h1 8 dea? c\ld 9 no way s]ve ! progress ( 8 ideas4 ,he rega9$ ,galilee1#a 8 true home1 rip5$ by an important exp]i5ce1 & hav+1 ?r\gh contact ) a great man1 v diff]5t f himself1 acquir$ a consci\sness ( 8 own orig9ality4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 iv4 #ab2 ,m>k i4 #ad2 ,luke iv4 #ad2 ,john iv4 #c4 ,on ! :ole1 ! influ5ce ( ,john _h be5 m hurtful ?an useful to ,jesus4 ,x *eck$ 8 developm5t2 = ev]y?+ leads u to believe t he _h1 :5 he desc5d$ t[>d ! ,jordan1 ideas sup]ior to ^? ( ,john1 & t x 0 by a sort ( concession t he incl9$ = a "t t[>d baptism4 ,p]haps if ! ,bapti/1 ^: au?ority x w\ld h be5 difficult = him to escape1 _h rema9$ free1 ,jesus w\ld n h be5 able to ?r[ (f ! yoke ( ext]nal rites & c]emonies1 & w\ld !n1 no d\bt1 h rema9$ an unkn[n ,jewi% sect>y2 = ! _w w\ld n h ab&on$ its old c]emonies m]ely = o!rs ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,x has be5 by ! p[] ( a religion1 free f all ext]nal =ms1 t ,*ri/ianity has attract$ elevat$ m9ds4 ,! ,bapti/ once imprison$1 8 s*ool 0 soon dim9i%$1 & ,jesus f\nd himself left to 8 own impulses4 ,! only ?+s he ow$ to ,john1 7 lessons 9 prea*+ & 9 popul> action4 ,f ?is mom5t1 9 fact1 he prea*$ ) great] p[]1 & spoke to ! multitude ) au?ority4#a ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 vii4 #bi2 ,m>k i4 #bb2 ,luke iv4 #cb4 ,x seems also t 8 soj\rn ) ,john _h1 n s mu* by ! influ5ce ( ! ,bapti/1 z by ! natural progress ( 8 own ?\ght1 consid]ably rip5$ 8 ideas on ! k+dom ( heav54 ,8 wat*word1 h5ce=?1 is ! good tid+s1 ! ann\ncem5t t ! k+dom ( ,god is at h&4#a ,jesus is no long] simply a delightful morali/1 aspir+ to express sublime lessons 9 %ort & lively aphorisms2 he is ! transc5d5t revolution>y1 :o essays to r5ovate ! _w f its v basis1 & to e/abli% ^u e>? ! ideal :i* he _h conceiv$4 ,to await ! k+dom ( ,god is h5ce=? synonym\s ) be+ a disciple ( ,jesus4#b ,?is phrase1 k+dom ( ,god1 or k+dom ( heav51 01 z we h said1 already long famili> to ! ,jews4 ,b ,jesus gave x a moral s5se1 a social application1 :i* ev5 ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,daniel1 9 8 apocalyptic en?usiasm1 _h sc>cely d>$ to imag9e4 ,footnote #a3 ,m>k i4 #ad1 #ae4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k xv4 #dc4 ,he decl>$ t 9 ! pres5t _w evil is ! reign+ p[]4 ,satan is ! pr9ce ( ?is _w1#a & ev]y?+ obeys him4 ,! k+s kill ! prophets4 ,! prie/s & ! doctors d n t :i* !y comm& o!rs to d2 ! righte\s are p]secut$1 & ! only portion ( ! good is weep+4 ,! _w is 9 ?is mann] ! enemy ( ,god & ,8 sa9ts3#b b ,god w awak5 & av5ge ,8 sa9ts4 ,! day is at h&1 = ! abom9ation is at its height4 ,! reign ( goodness w h its turn4 ,footnote #a3 ,john xii4 #ca1 xiv4 #cj1 xvi4 #aa4 7,comp4 #b ,cor4 iv4 #d2 ,ephes4 ii4 #b47 ,footnote #b3 ,john i4 #aj1 vii4 #g1 xiv4 #ag1 #bb1 #bg1 xv4 #ah1 & foll[+2 xvi4 #h1 #bj1 #cc1 xvii4 #i1 #ad1 #af1 #be4 ,?is mean+ ( ! ^w _w is especially appli$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,paul & ,john4 ,! adv5t ( ?is reign ( goodness w be a great & sudd5 revolution4 ,! _w w seem to be turn$ upside d[n2 ! actual /ate be+ bad1 9 ord] to repres5t ! future1 x suffices to conceive ne>ly ! rev]se ( t :i* exi/s4 ,! fir/ %all be la/4#a ,a new ord] %all gov]n humanity4 ,n[ ! good & ! bad are mix$1 l ! t>es & ! good gra9 9 a field4 ,! ma/] lets !m gr[ toge!r2 b ! h\r ( viol5t sep>ation w arrive4#b ,! k+dom ( ,god w be z ! ca/+ ( a great net1 :i* ga!rs bo? good & bad fi%2 ! good are pres]v$1 & ! re/ are ?r[n away4#c ,! g]m ( ?is great revolution w n be recognizable 9 its beg9n+4 ,x w be l a gra9 ( mu/>d-se$1 :i* is ! smalle/ ( se$s1 b :i*1 ?r[n into ! e>?1 becomes a tree "u ! foliage ( :i* ! birds repose2#d or x w be l ! leav5 :i*1 deposit$ 9 ! meal1 makes ! :ole to f]m5t4#e ,a s]ies ( p>ables1 (t5 obscure1 0 design$ to express ! sudd5ness ( ?is ev5t1 its app>5t inju/ice1 & its inevitable & f9al "*4#f ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xix4 #cj1 xx4 #af2 ,m>k x4 #ca2 ,luke xiii4 #cj4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xiii4 #bd1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xiii4 #dg1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xiii4 #ca1 & foll[+2 ,m>k iv4 #ca1 & foll[+2 ,luke xiii4 #ai1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xiii4 #cc2 ,luke xiii4 #ba4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 xiii4 entirely2 xviii4 #bc1 & foll[+2 xx4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,luke xiii4 #ah1 & foll[+4 ,:o 0 to e/abli% ?is k+dom ( ,god8 ,let u rememb] t ! fir/ ?\ght ( ,jesus1 a ?\ght s deeply root$ 9 him t x _h probably no beg9n+1 & =m$ "p ( 8 v be+1 0 t he 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! fri5d ( 8 ,fa!r1 ! do] ( 8 w4 ,! answ] ( ,jesus to su* a "q c\ld n !re=e be d\btful4 ,! p]suasion t he 0 to e/abli% ! k+dom ( ,god took absolute possession ( 8 m9d4 ,he reg>d$ himself z ! univ]sal re=m]4 ,! heav5s1 ! e>?1 ! :ole ( nature1 madness1 disease1 & dea?1 7 b 8 in/rum5ts4 ,9 8 p>oxysm ( h]oic w1 he believ$ himself all p[]ful4 ,if ! e>? w\ld n submit to ?is supreme trans=mation1 x w\ld be brok5 up1 purifi$ by fire1 & by ! brea? ( ,god4 ,a new heav5 w\ld be creat$1 & ! entire _w w\ld be peopl$ ) ! angels ( ,god4#a ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxii4 #cj4 ,a radical revolution1#a embrac+ ev5 nature itself1 0 ! fundam5tal idea ( ,jesus4 ,h5ce=w>d1 )\t d\bt1 he r5\nc$ politics2 ! example ( ,judas1 ! ,gaulonite1 _h %[n him ! inutility ( popul> s$itions4 ,he nev] ?\ght ( revolt+ aga9/ ! ,romans & tetr>*s4 ,8 0 n ! unbridl$ & an>*ical pr9ciple ( ! ,gaulonite4 ,8 submission to ! e/abli%$ p[]s1 ?\gh really d]isive1 0 9 appe>ance complete4 ,he paid tribute to ,caes>1 9 ord] to avoid di/urbance4 ,lib]ty & "r 7 n ( ?is _w1 :y %\ld he tr\ble 8 life ) va9 anxieties8 ,despis+ ! e>?1 & conv9c$ t ! pres5t _w 0 n wor? c>+ =1 he took refuge 9 8 ideal k+dom2 he e/abli%$ ! great doctr9e ( transc5d5t disda91#b ! true doctr9e ( lib]ty ( s\ls1 :i* alone c give peace4 ,b he _h n yet said1 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w4 ,mu* d>kness mix$ itself ) ev5 8 mo/ correct views4 ,sometimes /range temptations cross$ 8 m9d4 ,9 ! des]t ( ,judea1 ,satan _h (f]$ him ! k+doms ( ! e>?4 ,n kn[+ ! p[] ( ! ,roman empire1 he might1 ) ! en?usiasm !re 0 9 ! he>t ( ,judea1 & :i* end$ soon aft] 9 s t]rible an outbreak1 hope to e/abli% a k+dom by ! numb] & ! d>+ ( 8 p>tisans4 ,_m times1 p]haps1 ! supreme "q pres5t$ itself--w ! k+dom ( ,god be realiz$ by =ce or by g5tl5ess1 by revolt or by pati5ce8 ,"o day1 x is said1 ! simple m5 ( ,galilee wi%$ to c>ry him away & make him k+1#c b ,jesus fl$ into ! m\nta9 & rema9$ !re "s "t alone4 ,8 noble nature pres]v$ him f ! error :i* w\ld h made him an agitator1 or a *ief ( rebels1 a ,!udas or a ,b>kokeba4 ,footnote #a3 ,greek3 ,apo*ata/asis panton1 ,acts iii4 #ba4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xvii4 #bc-bf2 xxii4 #af-bb4 ,footnote #c3 ,john vi4 #ae4 ,! revolution he wi%$ to effect 0 always a moral revolution2 b he _h n yet begun to tru/ to ! angels & ! la/ trumpet = its execution4 ,x 0 ^u m5 & by ! aid ( m5 !mselves t he wi%$ to act4 ,a vision>y :o _h no o!r idea ?an ! proximity ( ! la/ judgm5t1 w\ld n h _h ?is c>e = ! amelioration ( man1 & w\ld n h giv5 utt]ance to ! f9e/ moral tea*+ t humanity has receiv$4 ,mu* vagu5ess no d\bt t+$ 8 ideas1 & x 0 r a noble feel+ ?an a fix$ design1 t urg$ him to ! sublime "w :i* 0 realiz$ by him1 ?\gh 9 a v diff]5t mann] to :at he imag9$4 ,x 0 inde$ ! k+dom ( ,god1 or 9 o!r words1 ! k+dom ( ! ,_s1 :i* he f\nd$2 & if ,jesus1 f ! bosom ( 8 ,fa!r1 sees 8 "w be> fruit 9 ! _w1 he may inde$ say ) tru?1 ,?is is :at ,i h desir$4 ,t :i* ,jesus f\nd$1 t :i* w rema9 et]nally 81 all[+ = ! imp]fections :i* mix !mselves ) ev]y?+ realiz$ by humanity1 is ! doctr9e ( ! lib]ty ( ! s\l4 ,greece _h already _h beautiful ideas on ?is subject4#a ,v>i\s /oics _h le>n$ h[ to be free ev5 "u a tyrant4 ,b 9 g5]al ! anci5t _w _h reg>d$ lib]ty z atta*$ to c]ta9 political =ms2 fre$om 0 p]sonifi$ 9 ,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton1 ,brutus & ,cassius4 ,! true ,*ri/ian enjoys m real fre$om2 "h bel[ he is an exile2 :at matt]s x to him :o is ! transitory gov]nor ( ?is e>?1 :i* is n 8 home8 ,lib]ty = him is tru?4#b ,jesus did n "k hi/ory suffici5tly to und]/& t su* a doctr9e came mo/ opportunely at ! mom5t :5 republican lib]ty end$1 & :5 ! small municipal con/itutions ( antiquity 7 absorb$ 9 ! unity ( ! ,roman empire4 ,b 8 admirable good s5se1 & ! truly prophetic in/9ct :i* he _h ( 8 mission1 guid$ him ) m>vel\s c]ta9ty4 ,by ! s5t5ce1 ,r5d] unto ,caes> ! ?+s :i* are ,caes>'s1 & to ,god ! ?+s :i* are ,god's1 he creat$ some?+ ap>t f politics1 a refuge = s\ls 9 ! mid/ ( ! empire ( brute =ce4 ,assur$ly1 su* a doctr9e _h its dang]s4 ,to e/abli% z a pr9ciple t we mu/ recognize ! legitimacy ( a p[] by ! inscription on its co9s1 to proclaim t ! p]fect man pays tribute ) scorn & )\t "q1 0 to de/roy republicanism 9 ! anci5t =m1 & to favor all tyranny4 ,*ri/ianity1 9 ?is s5se1 has contribut$ mu* to weak5 ! s5se ( duty ( ! citiz51 & to deliv] ! _w into ! absolute p[] ( exi/+ circum/ances4 ,b 9 con/itut+ an imm5se free association1 :i* dur+ ?ree hundr$ ye>s 0 able to disp5se ) politics1 ,*ri/ianity amply comp5sat$ = ! wrong x _h done to civic virtues4 ,! p[] ( ! /ate 0 limit$ to ! ?+s ( e>?2 ! m9d 0 fre$1 or at lea/ ! t]rible rod ( ,roman omnipot5ce 0 brok5 =ev]4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,/obaeus1 ,florilegium1 *4 lxii41 lxxvii41 lxxxvi41 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,john viii4 #cb1 & foll[+4 ,! man :o is especially preoccupi$ ) ! duties ( public life1 does n readily =give ^? :o atta* little importance to 8 p>ty qu>rels4 ,he especially blames ^? :o subord9ate political to social que/ions1 & pr(ess a sort ( indiff]5ce = ! =m]4 ,9 "o s5se he is "r1 = exclusive p[] is prejudicial to ! good gov]nm5t ( human affairs4 ,b :at progress h p>ties be5 able to effect 9 ! g5]al morality ( our species8 ,if ,jesus1 in/ead ( f\nd+ 8 heav5ly k+dom1 _h gone to ,rome1 _h exp5d$ 8 en]gies 9 conspir+ aga9/ ,tib]ius1 or 9 regrett+ ,g]manicus1 :at w\ld h become ( ! _w8 ,z an au/]e republican1 or zeal\s patriot1 he w\ld n h arre/$ ! great curr5t ( ! affairs ( 8 age1 b 9 decl>+ t politics are insignificant1 he has reveal$ to ! _w ?is tru?1 t "o's c\ntry is n ev]y?+1 & t ! man is be=e1 & high] ?an1 ! citiz54 ,our pr9ciples ( positive sci5ce are (f5d$ by ! dreams conta9$ 9 ! programme ( ,jesus4 ,we "k ! hi/ory ( ! e>?2 cosmical revolutions ( ! k9d :i* ,jesus expect$ are only produc$ by geological or a/ronomical causes1 ! connection ( :i* ) spiritual ?+s has nev] yet be5 demon/rat$4 ,b1 9 ord] to be j to great orig9ators1 !y mu/ n be judg$ by ! prejudices 9 :i* !y h %>$4 ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica1 ?\gh />t+ f v errone\s ideas2 ,newton believ$ 8 fooli% explanation ( ! ,apocalypse to be z true z 8 sy/em ( ! _w4 ,%all we place an ord9>y man ( our "t above a ,francis d',assisi1 a ,/4 ,b]n>d1 a ,joan ( ,arc1 or a ,lu!r1 because he is free f errors :i* ^! la/ h pr(ess$8 ,%\ld we measure m5 by ! correctness ( _! ideas ( physics1 & by ! m or less exact k :i* !y possess ( ! true sy/em ( ! _w8 ,let u und]/& bett] ! position ( ,jesus & t :i* made 8 p[]4 ,! ,deism ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & a c]ta9 k9d ( ,prote/antism1 h accu/om$ u to consid] ! f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? only z a great morali/1 a b5efactor ( mank9d4 ,we see no?+ m 9 ! ,gospel ?an good maxims2 we ?r[ a prud5t veil ov] ! /range intellectual /ate 9 :i* x 0 orig9at$4 ,!re are ev5 p]sons :o regret t ! ,fr5* ,revolution dep>t$ m ?an once f pr9ciples1 & t x 0 n br\ght ab\t by wise & mod]ate m54 ,let u n impose our petty & commonplace ideas on ^! extraord9>y movem5ts s f> above our e-day life4 ,let u cont9ue to admire ! morality ( ! gospel--let u suppress 9 our religi\s tea*+s ! *im]a :i* 0 its s\l2 b d n let u believe t ) ! simple ideas ( happ9ess1 or ( individual morality1 we /ir ! _w4 ,! idea ( ,jesus 0 mu* m pr(\nd2 x 0 ! mo/ revolution>y idea ev] =m$ 9 a human bra92 x %\ld be tak5 9 its totality1 & n ) ^? timid suppressions :i* deprive x ( precisely t :i* has r5d]$ x efficaci\s = ! reg5]ation ( humanity4 ,! ideal is ev] a ,utopia4 ,:5 we wi% n[adays to repres5t ! ,*ri/ ( ! mod]n consci5ce1 ! consol]1 & ! judge ( ! new times1 :at c\rse d we take8 ,t :i* ,jesus himself did eighte5 hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ago4 ,we suppose ! conditions ( ! real _w q o!r ?an :at !y are2 we repres5t a moral lib]ator break+ )\t weapons ! *a9s ( ! negro1 ameliorat+ ! condition ( ! poor1 & giv+ lib]ty to oppress$ nations4 ,we =get t ?is implies ! subv]sion ( ! _w1 ! climate ( ,virg9ia & t ( ,congo modifi$1 ! blood & ! race ( millions ( m5 *ang$1 our social complications re/or$ to a *im]ical simplicity1 & ! political /ratifications ( ,europe displac$ f _! natural ord]4 ,! re/itution ( all ?+s#a desir$ by ,jesus 0 n m difficult4 ,?is new e>?1 ?is new heav51 ?is new ,j]usalem :i* comes f above1 ?is cry3 ,behold ,i make all ?+s new6#b are ! common *>act]i/ics ( re=m]s4 ,! contra/ ( ! ideal ) ! sad reality1 always produces 9 mank9d ^? revolts aga9/ unimpassion$ reason :i* inf]ior m9ds reg>d z folly1 till ! day arrives 9 :i* !y triumph1 & 9 :i* ^? :o h oppos$ !m are ! fir/ to recognize _! reasonabl5ess4 ,footnote #a3 ,acts iii4 #ba4 ,footnote #b3 ,rev4 xxi4 #a1 #b1 #e4 ,t !re may h be5 a contradiction betwe5 ! belief 9 ! approa*+ end ( ! _w & ! g5]al moral sy/em ( ,jesus1 conceiv$ 9 prospect ( a p]man5t /ate ( humanity1 ne>ly analog\s to t :i* n[ exi/s1 no "o w attempt to d5y4#a ,x 0 exactly ?is contradiction t insur$ ! success ( 8 "w4 ,! mill5>ian alone w\ld h done no?+ la/+2 ! morali/ alone w\ld h done no?+ p[]ful4 ,! mill5>ianism gave ! impulse1 ! morali/ insur$ ! future4 ,h5ce ,*ri/ianity unit$ ! two conditions ( great success 9 ?is _w1 a revolution>y />t+-po9t1 & ! possibility ( cont9u\s life4 ,ev]y?+ :i* is int5d$ to succe$ ought to respond to ^! two wants2 = ! _w seeks bo? to *ange & to la/4 ,jesus1 at ! same "t t he ann\nc$ an unp>allel$ subv]sion 9 human affairs1 proclaim$ ! pr9ciples ^u :i* society has repos$ = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,footnote #a3 ,! mill5>ian sects ( ,engl& pres5t ! same contra/1 ,i mean ! belief 9 ! ne> end ( ! _w1 not)/&+ mu* good s5se 9 ! conduct ( life1 & an extraord9>y und]/&+ ( comm]cial affairs & indu/ry4 ,t :i* 9 fact di/+ui%es ,jesus f ! agitators ( 8 "t1 & f ^? ( all ages1 is 8 p]fect idealism4 ,jesus1 9 "s respects1 0 an an>*i/1 = he _h no idea ( civil gov]nm5t4 ,t gov]nm5t seem$ to him purely & simply an abuse4 ,he spoke ( x 9 vague t]ms1 & z a man ( ! p :o _h no idea ( politics4 ,e magi/rate appe>$ to him a natural enemy ( ! p ( ,god2 he prep>$ 8 disciples = conte/s ) ! civil p[]s1 )\t ?9k+ = a mom5t t !re 0 any?+ 9 ?is to be a%am$ (4#a ,b he nev] %[s any desire to put himself 9 ! place ( ! ri* & ! p[]ful4 ,he wi%es to annihilate ri*es & p[]1 b n to appropriate !m4 ,he pr$icts p]secution & all k9ds ( puni%m5t to 8 disciples2#b b nev] once does ! ?\ght ( arm$ resi/ance appe>4 ,! idea ( be+ all-p[]ful by suff]+ & resignation1 & ( triumph+ ov] =ce by purity ( he>t1 is inde$ an idea peculi> to ,jesus4 ,jesus is n a spirituali/1 = to him ev]y?+ t5d$ to a palpable realization2 he _h n ! lea/ notion ( a s\l sep>at$ f ! body4 ,b he is a p]fect ideali/1 matt] be+ only to him ! sign ( ! idea1 & ! real1 ! liv+ expression ( t :i* does n appe>4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 x4 #ag1 #ah2 ,luke xii4 #aa4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 v4 #aj1 & foll[+2 x4 entirely2 ,luke vi4 #bb1 & foll[+2 ,john xv4 #ah1 & foll[+2 xvi4 #b1 & foll[+1 #bj1 #cc2 xvii4 #ad4 ,to :om %\ld we turn1 to :om %\ld we tru/ to e/abli% ! k+dom ( ,god8 ,! m9d ( ,jesus on ?is po9t nev] hesitat$4 ,t :i* is highly e/eem$ among m51 is abom9ation 9 ! sight ( ,god4#a ,! f\nd]s ( ! k+dom ( ,god are ! simple4 ,n ! ri*1 n ! le>n$1 n prie/s2 b wom51 common p1 ! humble1 & ! "y4#b ,! great *>act]i/ic ( ! ,messiah is1 t ! poor h ! gospel prea*$ to !m4#c ,! idyllic & g5tle nature ( ,jesus "h resum$ ! sup]iority4 ,a great social revolution1 9 :i* rank w be ov]turn$1 9 :i* all au?ority 9 ?is _w w be humiliat$1 0 8 dream4 ,! _w w n believe him2 ! _w w kill him4 ,b 8 disciples w n be ( ! _w4#d ,!y w be a little flock ( ! humble & ! simple1 :o w conqu] by _! v humility4 ,! idea :i* has made ,*ri/ian ! anti!sis ( worldly1 has its full ju/ification 9 ! ?\ghts ( ! ma/]4#e ,footnote #a3 ,luke xvi4 #ae4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 v4 #c1 #aj1 xviii4 #c1 xix4 #ad1 #bc1 #bd1 xxi4 #ca1 xxii4 #b1 & foll[+2 ,m>k x4 #ad1 #ae1 #bc-be2 ,luke iv4 #ah1 & foll[+2 vi4 #bj1 xviii4 #af1 #ag1 #bd1 #be4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xi4 #e4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xv4 #ai1 xvii4 #ad1 #af4 ,footnote #e3 ,see especially *apt] xvii4 ( ,/4 ,john1 express+1 if n a real disc\rse deliv]$ by ,jesus1 at lea/ a s5tim5t :i* 0 v deeply root$ 9 8 disciples1 & :i* c]ta9ly came f him4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,jesus ,,at ,,cap]naum4 ,beset by an idea1 gradually becom+ m & m imp]i\s & exclusive1 ,jesus proce$s h5ce=? ) a k9d ( fatal impassibility 9 ! pa? m>k$ out by 8 a/oni%+ g5ius & ! extraord9>y circum/ances 9 :i* he liv$4 ,hi!rto he _h only communicat$ 8 ?\ghts to a few p]sons secretly attract$ to him2 h5ce=w>d 8 tea*+ 0 s\ght aft] by ! public4 ,he 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age4#a ,! little gr\p ( he>]s :o _h accompani$ him to ,john ! ,bapti/ _h1 d\btless1 increas$1 & p]haps "s disciples ( ,john _h atta*$ !mselves to him4#b ,x 0 ) ?is fir/ nucleus ( a *ur* t he boldly ann\nc$1 on 8 return into ,galilee1 ! good tid+s ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,?is k+dom 0 approa*+1 & x 0 he1 ,jesus1 :o 0 t ,son ( ,man :om ,daniel _h beheld 9 8 vision z ! div9e h]ald ( ! la/ & supreme revelation4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke iii4 #bc2 ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites1 9 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xxx4 #ac4 ,footnote #b3 ,john i4 #cg1 & foll[+4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 t 9 ! ,jewi% ideas1 :i* 7 av]se to art & my?ology1 ! simple =m ( man _h a sup]iority ov] t ( ,*]ubs1 & ( ! fanta/ic animals :i* ! imag9ation ( ! p1 s9ce x _h be5 subject$ to ! influ5ce ( ,assyria1 _h rang$ ar\nd ! ,div9e ,maje/y4 ,already 9 ,ezekiel1#a ! ,be+ seat$ on ! supreme ?rone1 f> above ! mon/]s ( ! my/]i\s *>iot1 ! great reveal] ( prophetic visions1 _h ! figure ( a man4 ,9 ! book ( ,daniel1 9 ! mid/ ( ! vision ( ! empires1 repres5t$ by animals1 at ! mom5t :5 ! great judgm5t comm5ces1 & :5 ! books are op5$1 a ,be+ l unto a ,son ( ,man1 advances t[>d ! ,anci5t ( days1 :o conf]s on him ! p[] to judge ! _w1 & to gov]n x = et]nity4#b ,son ( ,man1 9 ! ,semitic languages1 especially 9 ! ,aramean dialects1 is a simple synonym ( man4 ,b ?is *ief passage ( ,daniel /ruck ! m9d2 ! words1 ,son ( ,man1 became1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 s*ools1#c "o ( ! titles ( ! ,messiah1 reg>d$ z judge ( ! _w1 & z k+ ( ! new era ab\t to be inaugurat$4#d ,! application :i* ,jesus made ( x to himself 0 !re=e ! proclamation ( 8 ,messiah%ip1 & ! affirmation ( ! com+ cata/rophe 9 :i* he 0 to figure z judge1 clo!d ) ! full p[]s :i* _h be5 delegat$ to him by ! ,anci5t ( days4#e ,footnote #a3 ,*ap4 i4 #e1 #bf1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,daniel vii4 #ac1 #ad2 comp4 viii4 #ae1 x4 #af4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ,john xii4 #cd1 ! ,jews d n appe> to be aw>e ( ! mean+ ( ?is ^w4 ,footnote #d3 ,book ( ,eno*1 xlvi4 #a-c1 xlviii4 #b1 #c1 lxii4 #i1 #ad1 lxx4 #a 7division ( ,dilmann72 ,matt4 x4 #bc1 xiii4 #da1 xvi4 #bg1 #bh1 xix4 #bh1 xxiv4 #bg1 #cj1 #cg1 #ci1 #dd1 xxv4 #ca1 xxvi4 #fd2 ,m>k xiii4 #bf1 xiv4 #fb2 ,luke xii4 #dj1 xvii4 #bd1 #bf1 #cj1 xxi4 #bg1 #cf1 xxii4 #fi2 ,acts vii4 #ee4 ,b ! mo/ significant passage is ,john v4 #bg1 comp>$ ) ,rev4 i4 #ac1 xiv4 #ad4 ,! expression ,son ( woman1 = ! ,messiah1 occurs once 9 ! book ( ,eno*1 lxii4 #e4 ,footnote #e3 ,john v4 #bb1 #bg4 ,! success ( ! tea*+ ( ! new prophet 0 ?is "t decisive4 ,a gr\p ( m5 & wom51 all *>act]iz$ by ! same _s ( juv5ile frankness & simple innoc5ce1 adh]$ to him1 & said1 ,?\ art ! ,messiah4 ,z ! ,messiah 0 to be ! son ( ,david1 !y naturally conc$$ him ?is title1 :i* 0 synonym\s ) ! =m]4 ,jesus all[$ x ) pleasure to be giv5 to him1 al?\gh x might cause him "s emb>rassm5t1 8 bir? be+ well kn[n4 ,! "n :i* he pref]r$ himself 0 t ( ,son ( ,man1 an app>5tly humble title1 b "o :i* connect$ itself directly ) ! ,messianic hopes4 ,?is 0 ! title by :i* he designat$ himself1#a & he us$ ,! ,son ( ,man z synonym\s ) ! pron\n ,i1 :i* he avoid$4 ,b he 0 nev] ?us address$1 d\btless because ! "n 9 "q w\ld be fully applicable to him only on ! day ( 8 future appe>ance4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is title occurs eighty-?ree times 9 ! ,gospels1 & always 9 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus4 ,8 c5tre ( action1 at ?is epo* ( 8 life1 0 ! little t[n ( ,cap]naum1 situat$ on ! %ore ( ! lake ( ,g5nes>e?4 ,! "n ( ,cap]naum1 conta9+ ! ^w caph>1 village1 seems to designate a small t[n ( ! anci5t "*1 9 opposition to ! great t[ns built accord+ to ! ,roman me?od1 l ,tib]ias4#a ,t "n 0 s little kn[n t ,josephus1 9 "o passage ( 8 writ+s1#b takes x = ! "n ( a f\nta91 ! f\nta9 hav+ m celebrity ?an ! village situat$ ne> x4 ,l ,naz>e?1 ,cap]naum _h no hi/ory1 & _h 9 no way p>ticipat$ 9 ! pr(ane movem5t favor$ by ! ,h]ods4 ,jesus 0 mu* atta*$ to ?is t[n1 & made x a second home4#c ,soon aft] 8 return1 he attempt$ to comm5ce 8 "w at ,naz>e?1 b )\t success4#d ,he c\ld n p]=m any miracle !re1 accord+ to ! simple rem>k ( "o ( 8 biograph]s4#e ,! k :i* exi/$ !re ab\t 8 family1 n an important "o1 injur$ 8 au?ority too mu*4 ,p c\ld n reg>d z ! son ( ,david1 "o ^: bro!r1 si/]1 & bro!r-9-law !y saw e day1 & x is rem>kable besides1 t 8 family 7 /rongly oppos$ to him1 & pla9ly refus$ to believe 9 8 mission4#f ,! ,naz>5es1 mu* m viol5t1 wi%$1 x is said1 to kill him by ?r[+ him f a /eep rock4#g ,jesus aptly rem>k$ t ?is treatm5t 0 ! fate ( all great m51 & appli$ to himself ! prov]b1 ,no "o is a prophet 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,footnote #a3 ,x is true t ,tell-,h\m1 :i* is g5]ally id5tifi$ ) ,cap]naum1 conta9s ! rema9s ( some:at f9e monum5ts4 ,b1 besides ?is id5tification be+ d\btful1 ^! monum5ts may be ( ! second or ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,footnote #b3 ,b4,j41 ,,iii4 x4 #h4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 ix4 #a2 ,m>k ii4 #a4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xiii4 #ed1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,luke iv4 #af1 & foll[+1 #bc-bd2 ,john iv4 #dd4 ,footnote #e3 ,m>k vi4 #e2 cf4 ,matt4 xii4 #eh2 ,luke iv4 #bc4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 xiii4 #eg2 ,m>k vi4 #d2 ,john vii4 #c1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #g3 ,luke iv4 #bi4 ,probably ! rock ref]r$ to "h is ! peak :i* is v ne> ,naz>e?1 above ! pres5t *ur* ( ! ,m>onites1 & n ! pret5d$ ,m\nt ( ,precipitation1 at an h\r's j\rney f ,naz>e?4 ,see ,rob9son1 ii4 #cce1 & foll[+4 ,?is *eck f> f disc\rag$ him4 ,he return$ to ,cap]naum1#a :]e he met ) a mu* m favorable reception1 & f !nce he organiz$ a s]ies ( missions among ! small surr\nd+ t[ns4 ,! p ( ?is beautiful & f]tile c\ntry 7 sc>cely ev] assembl$ except on ,saturday4 ,?is 0 ! day :i* he *ose = 8 tea*+4 ,at t "t ea* t[n _h its synagogue1 or place ( meet+4 ,?is 0 a rectangul> room1 r small1 ) a portico1 decorat$ 9 ! ,greek /yle4 ,! ,jews n hav+ any ar*itecture ( _! own1 nev] c>$ to give ^! edifices an orig9al /yle4 ,! rema9s ( _m anci5t synagogues /ill exi/ 9 ,galilee4#b ,!y are all con/ruct$ ( l>ge & good mat]ials2 b _! /yle is some:at paltry1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pr(usion ( floral ornam5ts1 foliage1 & twi/$ "w1 :i* *>act]ize ! ,jewi% build+s4#c ,9 ! int]ior !re 7 seats1 a *air = public read+1 & a closet to conta9 ! sacr$ rolls4#d ,^! edifices1 :i* _h no?+ ( ! "* ( a temple1 7 ! c5tre ( ! :ole ,jewi% life4 ,!re ! p assembl$ on ! ,sabba? = pray]1 & read+ ( ! law & ! prophets4 ,z ,judaism1 except 9 ,j]usalem1 _h1 prop]ly speak+1 no cl]gy1 ! fir/ com] /ood up1 gave ! lessons ( ! day 7p>a%a & hapht>a71 & add$ !reto a midra%1 or entirely p]sonal comm5t>y1 9 :i* he express$ 8 own ideas4#e ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! homily1 ! f9i%$ model ( :i* we f9d 9 ! small treatises ( ,philo4 ,! audi5ce _h ! "r ( mak+ objections & putt+ que/ions to ! read]2 s t ! meet+ soon deg5]at$ into a k9d ( free assembly4 ,x _h a presid5t1#f eld]s1#g a hazzan1 i4e41 a recogniz$ read]1 or app>itor1#h deputies1#i :o 7 secret>ies or mess5g]s1 & conduct$ ! correspond5ce betwe5 "o synagogue & ano!r1 a %amma%1 or sacri/an4#aj ,! synagogues 7 ?us really little indep5d5t republics1 hav+ an ext5sive jurisdiction4 ,l all municipal corporations1 up to an advanc$ p]iod ( ! ,roman empire1 !y issu$ honor>y decrees1#aa vot$ resolutions1 :i* _h ! =ce ( law = ! community1 & orda9$ corporal puni%m5ts1 ( :i* ! hazzan 0 ! ord9>y executor4#ab ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 iv4 #ac2 ,luke iv4 #ca4 ,footnote #b3 ,at ,tell-,h\m1 ,irbid 7,arbela71 ,meiron 7,m]o71 ,jis* 7,giscala71 ,kasy\n1 ,nab>te91 & two at ,kefr-,b]eim4 ,footnote #c3 ,i d>e n decide ^u ! age ( ^? build+s1 nor consequ5tly affirm t ,jesus taught 9 any ( !m4 ,h[ great w\ld be ! int]e/ atta*+ to ! synagogue ( ,tell-,h\m 7 we to admit su* an hypo!sis6 ,! great synagogue ( ,kefr-,b]eim seems to me ! mo/ anci5t ( all4 ,its /yle is mod]ately pure4 ,t ( ,kasy\n be>s a ,greek inscription ( ! "t ( ,septimus ,sev]us4 ,! great importance :i* ,judaism acquir$ 9 ,upp] ,galilee aft] ! ,roman w>1 leads u to believe t sev]al ( ^! edifices only date back to ! ?ird c5tury--a "t 9 :i* ,tib]ias became a sort ( capital ( ,judaism4 ,footnote #d3 #b ,esdras viii4 #d2 ,matt4 xxiii4 #f2 ,epi/4 ,james ii4 #c2 ,mi%nah1 ,megilla1 iii4 #a2 ,ro% ,has%ana1 iv4 #g1 etc4 ,see especially ! curi\s description ( ! synagogue ( ,alex&ria 9 ! ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,sukka1 #ea b4 ,footnote #e3 ,philo1 quot$ 9 ,eusebius1 ,praep4 ,evang41 viii4 #g1 & ,quod ,omnis ,probus ,lib]1 ,sec4 #ab2 ,luke iv4 #af2 ,acts xiii4 #ae1 xv4 #ba2 ,mi%nah1 ,megilla1 iii4 #d1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,greek3 ,ar*isunagogos4 ,footnote #g3 ,greek3 ,presbyt]oi4 ,footnote #h3 ,greek3 ,hup]etes4 ,footnote #i3 ,greek3 ,apo/oloi1 or ,greek3 angeloi4 ,footnote #aj3 ,greek3 ,diakonos4 ,m>k v4 #bb1 #ce1 & foll[+2 ,luke iv4 #bj1 vii4 #c1 viii4 #da1 #di1 xiii4 #ad2 ,acts xiii4 #ae1 xviii4 #h1 #ag2 ,rev4 ii4 #a2 ,mi%nah1 ,joma1 vii4 #a2 ,ro% ,has%ana1 iv4 #i2 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,sanh$rim1 i4 #g2 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xxx4 #d1 #aa4 ,footnote #aa3 ,inscription ( ,b]5ice1 9 ! ,corpus ,inscr4 ,graec41 ,no4 #ecfa2 inscription ( ,kasy\n1 9 ! ,mission de ,ph5icie1 book iv4 9 ! press4 ,footnote #ab3 ,matt4 v4 #be1 x4 #ag1 xxiii4 #cd2 ,m>k xiii4 #i2 ,luke xx4 #aa1 xxi4 #ab2 ,acts xxii4 #ai1 xxvi4 #aa2 #b ,cor4 xi4 #bd2 ,mi%nah1 ,macco?1 iii4 #ab2 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,megilla1 #g b2 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xxx4 #aa4 ,) ! extreme activity ( m9d :i* has always *>act]iz$ ! ,jews1 su* an in/itution1 not)/&+ ! arbitr>y rigors x tol]at$1 c\ld n fail to give rise to v animat$ discussions4 ,?anks to ! synagogues1 ,judaism has be5 able to su/a9 intact eighte5 c5turies ( p]secution4 ,!y 7 l s _m little sep>ate worlds1 9 :i* ! national _s 0 pres]v$1 & :i* (f]$ a ready field = inte/9e /ruggles4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( passion 0 exp5d$ !re4 ,! qu>rels = prec$5ce 7 ( con/ant occurr5ce4 ,to h a seat ( honor 9 ! fir/ rank 0 ! rew>d ( great piety1 or ! mo/ envi$ privilege ( weal?4#a ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lib]ty1 accord$ to e "o1 ( in/itut+ himself read] & comm5tator ( ! sacr$ text1 af=d$ m>vel\s facilities = ! propagation ( new ideas4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! great in/rum5ts ( p[] wield$ by ,jesus1 & ! mo/ habitual means he employ$ to prop\nd 8 doctr9al in/ruction4#b ,he ent]$ ! synagogue1 & /ood up to read2 ! hazzan (f]$ him ! book1 he unroll$ x1 & read+ ! p>a%a or ! hapht>a ( ! day1 he drew f ?is read+ a lesson 9 con=mity ) 8 own ideas4#c ,z !re 7 few ,ph>isees 9 ,galilee1 ! discussion did n assume t degree ( vivacity1 & t tone ( acrimony aga9/ him1 :i* at ,j]usalem w\ld h arre/$ him at ! outset4 ,^! good ,galileans _h nev] he>d disc\rses s adapt$ to _! *e]ful imag9ations4#d ,!y admir$ him1 !y enc\rag$ him1 !y f\nd t he spoke well1 & t 8 reasons 7 conv9c+4 ,he answ]$ ! mo/ difficult objections ) confid5ce2 ! *>m ( 8 spee* & 8 p]son captivat$ ! p1 ^: simple m9ds _h n yet be5 cramp$ by ! p$antry ( ! doctors4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxiii4 #f2 ,epi/4 ,james ii4 #c2 ,talmud ( ,bab41 ,sukka1 #ea b4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 iv4 #bc1 ix4 #ce2 ,m>k i4 #ba1 #ci1 vi4 #b2 ,luke iv4 #ae1 #af1 #ca1 #dd1 xiii4 #aj2 ,john xviii4 #bj4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke iv4 #af1 & foll[+4 ,comp4 ,mi%nah1 ,joma1 vii4 #a4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 vii4 #bh1 xiii4 #ed2 ,m>k i4 #bb1 vi4 #a2 ,luke iv4 #bb1 #cb4 ,! au?ority ( ! "y ma/] ?us cont9u$ increas+ e day1 &1 naturally1 ! m p believ$ 9 him1 ! m he believ$ 9 himself4 ,8 sph]e ( action 0 v limit$4 ,x 0 conf9$ to ! valley 9 :i* ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias is situat$1 & ev5 9 ?is valley !re 0 "o region :i* he pref]r$4 ,! lake is five or six leagues long & ?ree or f\r broad2 al?\gh x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( an almo/ p]fect oval1 x =ms1 comm5c+ f ,tib]ias up to ! entrance ( ! ,jordan1 a sort ( gulf1 ! curve ( :i* measures ab\t ?ree leagues4 ,su* is ! field 9 :i* ! se$ s[n by ,jesus f\nd at la/ a well-prep>$ soil4 ,let u run ov] x /ep by /ep1 & endeavor to raise ! mantle ( aridity & m\rn+ ) :i* x has be5 cov]$ by ! demon ( ,islamism4 ,on leav+ ,tib]ias1 we f9d at fir/ /eep rocks1 l a m\nta9 :i* seems to roll into ! sea4 ,!n ! m\nta9s gradually rec$e2 a pla9 7,el ,gh\eir7 op5s almo/ at ! level ( ! lake4 ,x is a delightful copse ( ri* v]dure1 furr[$ by abundant /reams :i* proce$ p>tly f a great r\nd bas9 ( anci5t con/ruction 7,a9-,m$aw>a74 ,at ! entrance ( ?is pla91 :i* is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! c\ntry ( ,g5nes>e?1 !re is ! mis]able village ( ,m$jdel4 ,at ! o!r extremity ( ! pla9 7always foll[+ ! sea71 we come to ! site ( a t[n 7,khan-,m9yeh71 ) v beautiful /reams 7,a9-et-,t971 a pretty road1 n>r[ & deep1 cut out ( ! rock1 :i* ,jesus (t5 trav]s$1 & :i* s]ves z a passage betwe5 ! pla9 ( ,g5nes>e? & ! nor!rn slopes ( ! lake4 ,a qu>t] ( an h\r's j\rney f ?is place1 we cross a /ream ( salt wat] 7,a9-,tabiga71 issu+ f ! e>? by sev]al l>ge spr+s at a little di/ance f ! lake1 & ent]+ x 9 ! mid/ ( a d5se mass ( v]dure4 ,at la/1 aft] a j\rney ( =ty m9utes fur!r1 ^u ! arid declivity :i* ext5ds f ,a9-,tabiga to ! m\? ( ! ,jordan1 we f9d a few huts & a collection ( monum5tal ru9s1 call$ ,tell-,h\m4 ,five small t[ns1 ! names ( :i* mank9d w rememb] z long z ^? ( ,rome & ,a!ns1 71 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 scatt]$ 9 ! space :i* ext5ds f ! village ( ,m$jdel to ,tell-,h\m4 ,( ^! five t[ns1 ,magdala1 ,dalmanu?a1 ,cap]naum1 ,be?saida1 & ,*oraz91#a ! fir/ alone c be f\nd at ! pres5t "t ) any c]ta9ty4 ,! repulsive village ( ,m$jdel has no d\bt pres]v$ ! "n & ! place ( ! little t[n :i* gave to ,jesus 8 mo/ fai?ful female fri5d4#b ,dalmanu?a#c 0 probably ne> !re4 ,x is possible t ,*oraz9 0 a little m inl&1 on ! nor!rn side4#d ,z to ,be?saida & ,cap]naum1 x is 9 tru? almo/ at haz>d t !y h be5 plac$ at ,tell-,h\m1 ,a9-et-,t91 ,khan-,m9yeh1 & ,a9-,m$aw>a4#e ,we might say t 9 topography1 z well z 9 hi/ory1 a pr(\nd design has wi%$ to conceal ! traces ( ! great f\nd]4 ,x is d\btful :e!r we %all ev] be able1 ^u ?is ext5sively deva/at$ soil1 to asc]ta9 ! places :]e mank9d w\ld gladly come to kiss ! impr9t ( 8 feet4 ,footnote #a3 ,! anci5t ,k9n]e? _h disappe>$ or *ang$ its "n4 ,footnote #b3 ,we "k 9 fact t x 0 v ne> ,tib]ias4--,talmud ( ,j]usalem1 ,maas>o?1 iii4 #a2 ,%ebiit1 ix4 #a2 ,erub91 v4 #g4 ,footnote #c3 ,m>k viii4 #aj4 ,comp4 ,matt4 xv4 #ci4 ,footnote #d3 ,9 ! place nam$ ,khorazi or ,bir-k]azeh1 above ,tell-,h\m4 ,footnote #e3 ,! anci5t hypo!sis :i* id5tifi$ ,tell-,h\m ) ,cap]naum1 ?\gh /rongly disput$ "s ye>s s9ce1 has /ill num]\s def5d]s4 ,! be/ argum5t we c give 9 its favor is ! "n ( ,tell-,h\m itself1 ,tell ent]+ into ! names ( _m villages1 & be+ a sub/itute = ,caph>4 ,x is impossible1 on ! o!r h&1 to f9d ne> ,tell-,h\m a f\nta9 correspond+ to t m5tion$ by ,josephus 7,b4,j41 ,,iii4 x4 #h47 ,?is f\nta9 ( ,cap]naum seems to be ,a9-,m$aw>a1 b ,a9-,m$aw>a is half an h\r's j\rney f ! lake1 :ile ,cap]naum 0 a fi%+ t[n on ! bord]s ( ! lake 7,matt4 iv4 #ac2 ,john vi4 #ag47 ,! difficulties ab\t ,be?saida are /ill great]2 = ! hypo!sis1 some:at g5]ally admitt$1 ( two ,be?saidas1 ! "o on ! ea/]n1 ! o!r on ! we/]n %ore ( ! lake1 & at two or ?ree leagues f "o ano!r1 is r s+ul>4 ,! lake1 ! horizon1 ! %rubs1 ! fl[]s1 are all t rema9 ( ! little canton1 ?ree or f\r leagues 9 ext5t1 :]e ,jesus f\nd$ 8 ,div9e "w4 ,! trees h totally disappe>$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 9 :i* ! vegetation 0 =m]ly s brilliant t ,josephus saw 9 x a k9d ( miracle--,nature1 accord+ to him1 be+ pleas$ to br+ hi!r side by side ! plants ( cold c\ntries1 ! productions ( ! torrid zone1 & ! trees ( temp]ate climates1 lad5 all ! ye> ) fl[]s & fruits#a--;9 ?is c\ntry travell]s are oblig$ n[ to calculate a day be=eh& ! place :]e !y w ! next day f9d a %ady re/+-place4 ,! lake has become des]t$4 ,a s+le boat 9 ! mo/ mis]able condition n[ pl\ghs ! waves once s ri* 9 life & joy4 ,b ! wat]s are always cle> & transp>5t4#b ,! %ore1 compos$ ( rocks & pebbles1 is t ( a little sea1 n t ( a pond1 l ! %ores ( ,lake ,huleh4 ,x is clean1 neat1 free f mud1 & always beat5 9 ! same place by ! light movem5t ( ! waves4 ,small promontories1 cov]$ ) rose laurels1 tam>isks1 & ?orny cap] bu%es1 are se5 !re2 at two places1 especially at ! m\? ( ! ,jordan1 ne> ,t>i*ea1 & at ! b\nd>y ( ! pla9 ( ,g5nes>e?1 !re are en*ant+ p>t]res1 :]e ! waves ebb & fl[ ov] masses ( turf & fl[]s4 ,! rivulet ( ,a9-,tabiga makes a little e/u>y1 full ( pretty %ells4 ,cl\ds ( aquatic birds hov] ov] ! lake4 ,! horizon is dazzl+ ) light4 ,! wat]s1 ( an empyrean blue1 deeply imb$d$ amid burn+ rocks1 seem1 :5 view$ f ! height ( ! m\nta9s ( ,saf$1 to lie at ! bottom ( a cup ( gold4 ,on ! nor?1 ! sn[y rav9es ( ,h]mon are trac$ 9 :ite l9es ^u ! sky2 on ! we/1 ! high1 undulat+ plateaux ( ,gaulonitis & ,p]ea1 absolutely arid1 & clo!d by ! sun ) a sort ( velvety atmosph]e1 =m "o compact m\nta91 or r a long & v elevat$ t]race1 :i* f ,caes>ea ,philippi runs indef9itely t[>d ! s\?4 ,footnote #a3 ,b4,j41 ,,iii4 x4 #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,b4,j41 ,,iii4 x4 #g2 ,jac4 de ,vitri1 9 ! ,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos1 i4 #ajge4 ,! heat on ! %ore is n[ v oppressive4 ,! lake lies 9 a holl[ six hundr$ & fifty feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1#a & ?us p>ticipates 9 ! torrid conditions ( ! ,dead ,sea4#b ,an abundant vegetation =m]ly temp]$ ^! excessive heats2 x w\ld be difficult to und]/& t a furnace1 su* z ! :ole bas9 ( ! lake n[ is1 comm5c+ f ! mon? ( ,may1 _h ev] be5 ! sc5e ( great activity4 ,josephus1 moreov]1 consid]$ ! c\ntry v temp]ate4#c ,no d\bt !re has be5 "h1 z 9 ! campagna ( ,rome1 a *ange ( climate introduc$ by hi/orical causes4 ,x is ,islamism1 & especially ! ,mussulman reaction aga9/ ! ,crusades1 :i* has )]$ z ) a bla/ ( dea? ! di/rict pref]r$ by ,jesus4 ,! beautiful c\ntry ( ,g5nes>e? nev] suspect$ t b5ea? ! br[ ( ?is peaceful wayf>] its highe/ de/9ies lay hidd54 ,footnote #a3 ,?is is ! e/imate ( ,capta9 ,lyn* 79 ,ritt]1 ,erdkunde xv41 #a/ "p1 p4 #bj47 ,x ne>ly agrees ) t ( ,m4 de ,b]t\ 7,bullet9 de la ,soc4 de ,geogr41 #b;d s]ies1 xii41 p4 #adf47 ,footnote #b3 ,! depression ( ! ,dead ,sea is twice z mu*4 ,footnote #c3 ,b4,j41 ,,iii4 x4 #g & #h4 ,dang]\s c\ntryman6 ,jesus has be5 fatal to ! c\ntry :i* _h ! =midable honor ( be>+ him4 ,hav+ become a univ]sal object ( love or ( hate1 covet$ by two rival fanaticisms1 ,galilee1 z ! price ( its glory1 has be5 *ang$ to a des]t4 ,b :o w\ld say t ,jesus w\ld h be5 happi]1 if he _h liv$ obscure 9 8 village to ! full age ( man8 ,& :o w\ld ?9k ( ^! ungrateful ,naz>5es1 if "o ( !m _h n1 at ! risk ( compromis+ ! future ( _! t[n1 recogniz$ 8 ,fa!r1 & proclaim$ himself ! ,son ( ,god8 ,f\r or five l>ge villages1 situat$ at half an h\r's j\rney f "o ano!r1 =m$ ! little _w ( ,jesus at ! "t ( :i* we speak4 ,he appe>s nev] to h visit$ ,tib]ias1 a city inhabit$ = mo/ "p by ,pagans1 & ! habitual resid5ce ( ,antipas4#a ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 he w&]$ f 8 favorite region4 ,he w5t by boat to ! ea/]n %ore1 to ,g]gesa1 = in/ance4#b ,t[>d ! nor? we see him at ,paneas or ,caes>ea ,philippi1#c at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,h]mon4 ,la/ly1 he j\rney$ once 9 ! direction ( ,tyre & ,sidon1#d a c\ntry :i* mu/ h be5 m>vell\sly fl\ri%+ at t "t4 ,9 all ^! c\ntries he 0 9 ! mid/ ( ,paganism4#e ,at ,caes>ea1 he saw ! celebrat$ grotto ( ,panium1 ?\ght to be ! s\rce ( ! ,jordan1 & ) :i* ! popul> belief _h associat$ /range leg5ds2#f he c\ld admire ! m>ble temple :i* ,h]od _h erect$ ne> !re 9 honor ( ,augu/us2#g he probably /opp$ be=e ! num]\s votive /atues to ,pan1 to ! ,nymphs1 to ! ,e*o ( ! ,grotto1 :i* piety _h already begun to accumulate 9 ?is beautiful place4#h ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 ii4 #c2 ,vita1 #ab1 #ac1 #fd4 ,footnote #b3 ,i adopt ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,?omson 7,! ,l& & ! ,book1 ii4 #cd1 & foll[+71 accord+ to :i* ! ,g]gesa ( ,mat!w viii4 #bh1 id5tical ) ! ,canaanite t[n ( ,girga% 7,g54 x4 #af1 xv4 #ba2 ,deut4 vii4 #a2 ,jo%4 xxiv4 #aa71 w\ld be ! site n[ nam$ ,k]sa or ,g]sa1 on ! ea/]n %ore1 ne>ly opposite ,magdala4 ,m>k v4 #a1 & ,luke viii4 #bf1 "n ,gad>a or ,g]asa in/ead ( ,g]gesa4 ,g]asa is an impossible read+1 ! evangeli/s tea*+ u t ! t[n 9 "q 0 ne> ! lake & opposite ,galilee4 ,z to ,gad>a1 n[ ,om-,keis1 at a j\rney ( an h\r & a half f ! lake & f ! ,jordan1 ! local circum/ances giv5 by ,m>k & ,luke sc>cely suit x4 ,x is possible1 moreov]1 t ,g]gesa may h become ,g]asa1 a mu* m common "n1 & t ! topographical impossibilities :i* ?is latt] read+ (f]$ may h caus$ ,gad>a to be adopt$4--,cf4 ,orig41 ,comm5t4 9 ,joann41 vi4 #bd1 x4 #aj2 ,eusebius & ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,de situ et nom94 loc4 hebr41 at ! words ,greek3 ,g]gesa1 ,greek3 ,g]gasei4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xvi4 #ac2 ,m>k viii4 #bg4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xv4 #ba2 ,m>k vii4 #bd1 #ca4 ,footnote #e3 ,jos41 ,vita1 #ac4 ,footnote #f3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xv4 x4 #c2 ,b4,j41 ,i4 xxi4 #c1 ,,iii4 x4 #g2 ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 p4 #df1 edit4 ,a%]4 ,footnote #g3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xv4 x4 #c4 ,footnote #h3 ,corpus inscr4 gr41 ,nos4 #decg1 #dech1 #dech b1 #deci4 ,a rationali/ic ,jew1 accu/om$ to take /range gods = deifi$ m5 or = demons1 w\ld consid] all ^! figurative repres5tations z idols4 ,! s$uctions ( ! naturali/ic wor%ips1 :i* intoxicat$ ! m s5sitive nations1 nev] affect$ him4 ,he 0 d\btless ignorant ( :at ! anci5t sanctu>y ( ,melk>?1 at ,tyre1 might /ill conta9 ( a primitive wor%ip m or less analog\s to t ( ! ,jews4#a ,! ,paganism :i*1 9 ,pho5icia1 _h rais$ a temple & a sacr$ grove on e hill1 all ?is aspect ( great indu/ry & pr(ane ri*es1#b int]e/$ him b little4 ,mono!ism takes away all aptitude = compreh5d+ ! ,pagan religion2 ! ,mussulman1 ?r[n into poly!i/ic c\ntries1 seems to h no eyes4 ,jesus assur$ly le>n$ no?+ 9 ^! j\rneys4 ,he return$ always to 8 well-belov$ %ore ( ,g5nes>e?4 ,!re 0 ! c5tre ( 8 ?\ghts2 !re he f\nd fai? & love4 ,footnote #a3 ,lucianus 7ut f]tur71 ,de ,dea ,syria1 #c4 ,footnote #b3 ,! traces ( ! ri* ,pagan civilization ( t "t /ill cov] all ! ,bel$-,be%>rah1 & especially ! m\nta9s :i* =m ! gr\p ( ,cape ,blanc & ,cape ,nak\ra4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,disciples ,,( ,,jesus4 ,9 ?is t]re/rial p>adise1 :i* ! great revolutions ( hi/ory _h till !n sc>cely t\*$1 !re liv$ a population 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! c\ntry itself1 active1 hone/1 joy\s1 & t5d]-he>t$4 ,! ,lake ( ,tib]ias is "o ( ! be/ suppli$ ) fi% ( any 9 ! _w4#a ,v productive fi%]ies 7 e/abli%$1 especially at ,be?saida1 & at ,cap]naum1 & _h produc$ a c]ta9 degree ( weal?4 ,^! families ( fi%]m5 =m$ a g5tle & peaceable society1 ext5d+ by num]\s ties ( relation%ip ?r\gh ! :ole di/rict ( ! lake :i* we h describ$4 ,_! comp>atively easy life left entire fre$om to _! imag9ation4 ,! ideas ab\t ! k+dom ( ,god f\nd 9 ^! small companies ( wor?y p m cr$5ce ?an any:]e else4 ,no?+ ( t :i* we call civilization1 9 ! ,greek & worldly s5se1 _h rea*$ !m4 ,nei!r 0 !re any ( our ,g]manic & ,celtic e>ne/ness2 b1 al?\gh goodness among/ !m 0 (t5 sup]ficial & )\t dep?1 _! habits 7 quiet1 & !y 7 9 "s degree intellig5t & %rewd4 ,we may imag9e !m z some:at analog\s to ! bett] populations ( ! ,lebanon1 b ) ! gift1 n possess$ by ! latt]1 ( produc+ great m54 ,jesus met "h 8 true family4 ,he in/all$ himself z "o ( !m2 ,cap]naum became 8 own city2#b 9 ! c5tre ( ! little circle :i* ador$ him1 he =got 8 sceptical bro!rs1 ungrateful ,naz>e? & its mock+ incr$ulity4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 iv4 #ah2 ,luke v4 #dd1 & foll[+2 ,john i4 #dd1 xxi4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,iii4 x4 #g2 ,jac4 de ,vitri1 9 ! ,ge/a ,dei p] ,francos1 i4 p4 #ajge4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 ix4 #a2 ,m>k ii4 #a1 #b4 ,"o h\se especially at ,cap]naum (f]$ him an agreeable refuge & devot$ disciples4 ,x 0 t ( two bro!rs1 bo? sons ( a c]ta9 ,jonas1 :o probably 0 dead at ! p]iod :5 ,jesus came to /ay on ! bord]s ( ! lake4 ,^! two bro!rs 7 ,simon1 surnam$ ,cephas or ,pet]1 & ,&rew4 ,born at ,be?saida1#a !y 7 e/abli%$ at ,cap]naum :5 ,jesus comm5c$ 8 public life4 ,pet] 0 m>ri$ & _h *ildr52 8 "m-9-law liv$ ) him4#b ,jesus lov$ ?is h\se & dwelt !re habitually4#c ,&rew appe>s to h be5 a disciple ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ,jesus _h p]haps kn[n him on ! banks ( ! ,jordan4#d ,! two bro!rs cont9u$ always1 ev5 at ! p]iod 9 :i* x seems !y mu/ h be5 mo/ occupi$ ) _! ma/]1 to foll[ _! bus9ess z fi%]m54#e ,jesus1 :o lov$ to play ^u words1 said at times t he w\ld make !m fi%]s ( m54#f ,9 fact1 among all 8 disciples he _h none m fai?fully atta*$4 ,footnote #a3 ,john i4 #dd4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 viii4 #ad2 ,m>k i4 #cj2 ,luke iv4 #ch2 #a ,cor4 ix4 #e2 #a ,pet] v4 #ac2 ,clem4 ,alex41 ,/rom41 iii4 #f1 vii4 #aa2 ,pseudo-,clem41 ,recogn41 vii4 #be2 ,eusebius1 ,h4,e41 iii4 #cj4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 viii4 #ad1 xvii4 #bd2 ,m>k i4 #bi-ca2 ,luke iv4 #ch4 ,footnote #d3 ,john i4 #dj1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 iv4 #ah2 ,m>k i4 #af2 ,luke v4 #c2 ,john xxi4 #c4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 iv4 #ai2 ,m>k i4 #ag2 ,luke v4 #aj4 ,ano!r family1 t ( ,zabdia or ,zeb$ee1 a well-to-d fi%]man & own] ( sev]al boats1#a gave ,jesus a welcome reception4 ,zeb$ee _h two sons3 ,james1 :o 0 ! eld]1 & a y\ng] son1 ,john1 :o lat] 0 call$ to play s prom95t a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( infant ,*ri/ianity4 ,bo? 7 zeal\s disciples4 ,salome1 wife ( ,zeb$ee1 0 also mu* atta*$ to ,jesus1 & accompani$ him until 8 dea?4#b ,footnote #a3 ,m>k i4 #bj2 ,luke v4 #aj1 viii4 #c2 ,john xix4 #bg4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ef2 ,m>k xv4 #dj1 xvi4 #a4 ,wom51 9 fact1 receiv$ him ) eag]ness4 ,he manife/$ t[>d !m ^? res]v$ mann]s :i* r5d] a v sweet union ( ideas possible betwe5 ! two sexes4 ,! sep>ation ( m5 f wom51 :i* has prev5t$ all ref9$ developm5t among ! ,semitic peoples1 0 no d\bt !n1 z 9 our days1 mu* less rigor\s 9 ! rural di/ricts & villages ?an 9 ! l>ge t[ns4 ,?ree or f\r devot$ ,galilean wom5 always accompani$ ! "y ma/]1 & disput$ ! pleasure ( li/5+ to & ( t5d+ him 9 turn4#a ,!y infus$ into ! new sect an elem5t ( en?usiasm & ( ! m>vell\s1 ! importance ( :i* _h already begun to be und]/ood4 ,"o ( !m1 ,m>y ( ,magdala1 :o has r5d]$ ! "n ( ?is poor t[n s celebrat$ 9 ! _w1 appe>s to h be5 ( a v en?usia/ic temp]am5t4 ,accord+ to ! language ( ! "t1 %e _h be5 possess$ by sev5 demons4#b ,t is1 %e _h be5 affect$ ) n]v\s & app>5tly inexplicable maladies4 ,jesus1 by 8 pure & sweet beauty1 calm$ ?is tr\bl$ nature4 ,! ,magdal5e 0 fai?ful to him1 ev5 unto ,golgo?a1 & on ! day b "o aft] 8 dea?1 play$ a prom95t "p2 =1 z we %all see lat]1 %e 0 ! pr9cipal means by :i* fai? 9 ! resurrection 0 e/abli%$4 ,joanna1 wife ( ,*uza1 "o ( ! /ew>ds ( ,antipas1 ,susanna1 & o!rs :o h rema9$ unkn[n1 foll[$ him con/antly & m9i/]$ unto him4#c ,"s 7 ri*1 & by _! =tune enabl$ ! "y prophet to live )\t foll[+ ! trade :i* he _h until !n practic$4#d ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ee1 #ef2 ,m>k xv4 #dj1 #da2 ,luke viii4 #b1 #c1 xxiii4 #di4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k xvi4 #i2 ,luke viii4 #b2 cf4 ,tobit iii4 #h1 vi4 #ad4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke viii4 #c1 xxiv4 #aj4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke viii4 #c4 ,_m o!rs foll[$ him habitually1 & recogniz$ him z _! ma/]--a c]ta9 ,philip ( ,be?saida2 ,na?anael1 son ( ,tolmai or ,ptolemy1 ( ,cana1 p]haps a disciple ( ! fir/ p]iod2#a & ,mat!w1 probably ! "o :o 0 ! ,x5ophon ( ! infant ,*ri/ianity4 ,! latt] _h be5 a publican1 &1 z su*1 d\btless h&l$ ! ,kalam m easily ?an ! o!rs4 ,p]haps x 0 ?is t sugge/$ to him ! idea ( writ+ ! ,logia1#b :i* are ! basis ( :at we "k ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus4 ,among ! disciples are also m5tion$ ,?omas1 or ,didymus1#c :o d\bt$ sometimes1 b :o appe>s to h be5 a man ( w>m he>t & ( g5]\s sympa?ies2#d "o ,lebbaeus1 or ,?addeus2 ,simon ,zelotes1#e p]haps a disciple ( ,judas ! ,gaulonite1 belong+ to ! p>ty ( ! ,k5aim1 :i* 0 =m$ ab\t t "t1 & :i* 0 soon to play s great a "p 9 ! movem5ts ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,la/ly1 ,judas1 son ( ,simon1 ( ! t[n ( ,k]io?1 :o 0 an exception 9 ! fai?ful flock1 & drew ^u himself su* a t]rible notoriety4 ,he 0 ! only "o :o 0 n a ,galilean4 ,k]io? 0 a t[n at ! extreme s\? ( ! tribe ( ,judah1#f a day's j\rney beyond ,hebron4 ,footnote #a3 ,john i4 #dd1 & foll[+2 xxi4 #b4 ,i admit ! id5tification ( ,na?anael ) ! apo/le :o figures 9 ! li/s "u ! "n ( ,b>?olomew4 ,footnote #b3 ,papias1 9 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iii4 #ci4 ,footnote #c3 ,?is second "n is ! ,greek translation ( ! fir/4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xi4 #af1 xx4 #bd1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 x4 #d2 ,m>k iii4 #ah2 ,luke vi4 #ae2 ,acts i4 #ac2 ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites1 9 ,epiphanes1 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xxx4 #ac4 ,footnote #f3 ,n[ ,kuryete91 or ,k]eite94 ,we h se5 t 9 g5]al ! family ( ,jesus 7 little incl9$ t[>d him4#a ,james & ,jude1 h[ev]1 8 c\s9s by ,m>y ,cleophas1 h5ce=? became 8 disciples1 & ,m>y ,cleophas h]self 0 "o ( ! wom5 :o foll[$ him to ,calv>y4#b ,at ?is p]iod we d n see 8 "m beside him4 ,x 0 only aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus t ,m>y acquir$ great importance1#c & t ! disciples s\ght to atta* h] to !mselves4#d ,x 0 !n1 also1 t ! memb]s ( ! family ( ! f\nd]1 "u ! title ( bro!rs ( ( ! ,"l1 =m$ an influ5tial gr\p1 :i* 0 a long "t at ! head ( ! *ur* ( ,j]usalem1 & :i*1 aft] ! sack ( ! city1 took refuge 9 ,batanea4#e ,! simple fact ( hav+ be5 famili> ) him became a decisive advantage1 9 ! same mann] z1 aft] ! dea? ( ,mahomet1 ! wives & daught]s ( ! prophet1 :o _h no importance 9 8 life1 became great au?orities4 ,footnote #a3 ,! circum/ance relat$ 9 ,john xix4 #be-bg seems to imply t at no p]iod ( ! public life ( ,jesus did 8 own bro!rs become atta*$ to him4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ef2 ,m>k xv4 #dj2 ,john xix4 #be4 ,footnote #c3 ,acts i4 #ad4 ,comp>e ,luke i4 #bh1 ii4 #ce1 already imply+ a great respect = ,m>y4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xix4 #be1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,julius ,africanus1 9 ,eusebius1 ,h4,e41 i4 #g4 ,9 ?is fri5dly gr\p ,jesus _h evid5tly 8 favorites1 &1 s to speak1 an inn] circle4 ,! two sons ( ,zeb$ee1 ,james & ,john1 appe> to h be5 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,!y 7 full ( fire & passion4 ,jesus _h aptly surnam$ !m sons ( ?und]1 on acc\nt ( _! excessive zeal1 :i*1 if x c\ld h controll$ ! ?und]1 w\ld (t5 h made use ( x4#a ,john1 especially1 appe>s to h be5 on v famili> t]ms ) ,jesus4 ,p]haps ! w>m affection :i* ! ma/] felt = ?is disciple has be5 exagg]at$ 9 8 ,gospel1 9 :i* ! p]sonal int]e/s ( ! writ] are n suffici5tly conceal$4#b ,! mo/ significant fact is1 t1 9 ! synoptical ,gospels1 ,simon ,b>-jona1 or ,pet]1 ,james1 son ( ,zeb$ee1 & ,john1 8 bro!r1 =m a sort ( intimate c\ncil1 :i* ,jesus calls at c]ta9 times1 :5 he suspects ! fai? & intellig5ce ( ! o!rs4#c ,x seems1 moreov]1 t !y 7 all ?ree associat$ 9 _! fi%+4#d ,! affection ( ,jesus = ,pet] 0 /rong4 ,! "* ( ! latt]--upright1 s9c]e1 impulsive--pleas$ ,jesus1 :o at times p]mitt$ himself to smile at 8 resolute mann]s4 ,pet]1 little ( a my/ic1 communicat$ to ! ma/] 8 simple d\bts1 8 repugnances1 & 8 entirely human weaknesses1#e ) an hone/ frankness :i* recalls t ( ,jo9ville t[>d ,/4 ,l\is4 ,jesus *id$ him1 9 a fri5dly mann]1 full ( confid5ce & e/eem4 ,z to ,john1 8 y\?1#f 8 exquisite t5d]ness ( he>t1#g & 8 lively imag9ation1#h mu/ h _h a great *>m4 ,! p]sonality ( ?is extraord9>y man1 :o has ex]t$ s peculi> an influ5ce on infant ,*ri/ianity1 did n develop itself till aft]w>d4 ,:5 old1 he wrote t /range ,gospel1#i :i* conta9s su* preci\s tea*+1 b 9 :i*1 9 our op9ion1 ! "* ( ,jesus is falsifi$ ^u _m po9ts4 ,! nature ( ,john 0 too p[]ful & too pr(\nd = him to b5d himself to ! imp]sonal tone ( ! fir/ evangeli/s4 ,he 0 ! biograph] ( ,jesus1 z ,plato 0 ( ,socrates4 ,accu/om$ to pond] ov] 8 recollections ) ! fev]i% re/lessness ( an excit$ m9d1 he trans=m$ 8 ma/] 9 wi%+ to describe him1 & sometimes he leaves x to be suspect$ 7unless o!r h&s h alt]$ 8 "w7 t p]fect good fai? 0 n inv>iably 8 rule & law 9 ! composition ( ?is s+ul> writ+4 ,footnote #a3 ,m>k iii4 #ag1 ix4 #cg1 & foll[+2 x4 #ce1 & foll[+2 ,luke ix4 #di1 & foll[+2 #ed1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xiii4 #bc1 xviii4 #ae1 & foll[+1 xix4 #bf1 #bg1 xx4 #b1 #d1 xxi4 #g1 #bj1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xvii4 #a1 xxvi4 #cg2 ,m>k v4 #cg1 ix4 #a1 xiii4 #c1 xiv4 #cc2 ,luke ix4 #bh4 ,! idea t ,jesus _h communicat$ to ^! ?ree disciples a ,gnosis1 or secret doctr9e1 0 v e>ly spread4 ,x is s+ul> t ,john1 9 8 ,gospel1 does n once m5tion ,james1 8 bro!r4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 iv4 #ah-bb2 ,luke v4 #aj2 ,john xxi4 #b1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xiv4 #bh1 xvi4 #bb2 ,m>k viii4 #cb1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,he appe>s to h liv$ till ne> ! ye> #ajj4 ,see 8 ,gospel1 xxi4 #ae-bc1 & ! anci5t au?orities collect$ by ,eusebius1 ,h4,e41 iii4 #bj1 #bc4 ,footnote #g3 ,see ! epi/les attribut$ to him1 :i* are c]ta9ly by ! same au?or z ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,footnote #h3 ,nev]!less we d n mean to affirm t ! ,apocalypse is by him4 ,footnote #i3 ,! common tradition seems suffici5tly ju/ifi$ to me on ?is po9t4 ,x is evid5t1 besides1 t ! s*ool ( ,john ret\*$ 8 ,gospel 7see ! :ole ( *ap4 xxi47 ,no hi]>*y1 prop]ly speak+1 exi/$ 9 ! new sect4 ,!y 7 to call ea* o!r bro!rs2 & ,jesus absolutely proscrib$ titles ( sup]iority1 su* z rabbi1 ma/]1 fa!r--he alone be+ ma/]1 & ,god alone be+ fa!r4 ,! greate/ 0 to become ! s]vant ( ! o!rs4#a ,simon ,b>-jona1 h[ev]1 0 di/+ui%$ among/ 8 fell[s by a peculi> degree ( importance4 ,jesus liv$ ) him1 & taught 9 8 boat2#b 8 h\se 0 ! c5tre ( ! ,gospel prea*+4 ,9 public he 0 reg>d$ z ! *ief ( ! flock2 & x is to him t ! ov]se]s ( ! tolls address !mselves to collect ! taxes :i* 7 due f ! community4#c ,he 0 ! fir/ :o _h recogniz$ ,jesus z ! ,messiah4#d ,9 a mom5t ( unpopul>ity1 ,jesus1 ask+ ( 8 disciples1 ,w ye also g away8 ,simon answ]$1 ,"l1 to :om %\ld we g8 ,?\ ha/ ! words ( et]nal life4#e ,jesus1 at v>i\s times1 gave him a c]ta9 priority 9 8 *ur*2#f & gave him ! ,syrian surname ( ,kepha 7/one71 by :i* he wi%$ to signify by t1 t he made him ! corn]-/one ( ! edifice4#g ,at "o "t he seems ev5 to promise him ! keys ( ! k+dom ( heav51 & to grant him ! "r ( pron\nc+ ^u e>? decisions :i* %\ld always be ratifi$ 9 et]nity4#h ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xviii4 #d1 xx4 #be-bf1 xxiii4 #h-ab2 ,m>k ix4 #cd1 x4 #db-df4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke v4 #c4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xvii4 #bc4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xvi4 #af1 #ag4 ,footnote #e3 ,john vi4 #fh-gj4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 x4 #b2 ,luke xxii4 #cb2 ,john xxi4 #ae1 & foll[+2 ,acts i41 ii41 v41 etc42 ,gal4 i4 #ah1 ii4 #g1 #h4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 xvi4 #ah2 ,john i4 #db4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 xvi4 #ai4 ,else:]e1 x is true 7,matt4 xviii4 #ah71 ! same p[] is grant$ to all ! apo/les4 ,no d\bt1 ?is priority ( ,pet] excit$ a little jeal\sy4 ,jeal\sy 0 k9dl$ especially 9 view ( ! future--& ( ?is k+dom ( ,god1 9 :i* all ! disciples w\ld be seat$ ^u ?rones1 on ! "r & on ! left ( ! ma/]1 to judge ! twelve tribes ( ,israel4#a ,!y ask$ :o w\ld !n be ne>e/ to ! ,son ( man1 & act 9 a mann] z 8 prime m9i/] & assessor4 ,! two sons ( ,zeb$ee aspir$ to ?is rank4 ,preoccupi$ ) su* a ?\ght1 !y prompt$ _! "m ,salome1 :o "o day took ,jesus aside1 & ask$ him = ! two places ( honor = h] sons4#b ,jesus evad$ ! reque/ by 8 habitual maxim t he :o exalte? himself %all be humbl$1 & t ! k+dom ( heav5 w be possess$ by ! l[ly4 ,?is creat$ "s di/urbance 9 ! community2 !re 0 great discont5t aga9/ ,james & ,john4#c ,! same rivalry appe>s to %[ itself 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john1 :]e ! n>rator unceas+ly decl>es himself to be ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 to :om ! ma/] 9 dy+ confid$ 8 "m1 & seeks sy/ematically to place himself ne> ,simon ,pet]1 & at times to put himself be=e him1 9 important circum/ances :]e ! old] evangeli/s _h omitt$ m5tion+ him4#d ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xviii4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,m>k ix4 #cc2 ,luke ix4 #df1 xxii4 #cj4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xx4 #bj1 & foll[+2 ,m>k x4 #ce1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,m>k x4 #da4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xviii4 #ae1 & foll[+1 xix4 #bf1 #bg1 xx4 #b1 & foll[+1 xxi4 #g1 #ba4 ,comp4 i4 #ce1 & foll[+1 9 :i* ! disciple ref]r$ to is probably ,john4 ,among ! prec$+ p]sonages1 all ^? ( :om we "k any?+ _h begun by be+ fi%]m54 ,at all ev5ts1 none ( !m belong$ to a socially elevat$ class4 ,only ,mat!w or ,levi1 son ( ,alpheus1#a _h be5 a publican4 ,b ^? to :om !y gave ?is "n 9 ,judea 7 n ! f>m]s-g5]al ( taxes1 m5 ( elevat$ rank 7always ,roman patricians71 :o 7 call$ at ,rome publicani4#b ,!y 7 ! ag5ts ( ^! contractors1 employes ( l[ rank1 simply (fic]s ( ! cu/oms4 ,! great r\te f ,acre to ,damascus1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t r\tes ( ! _w1 :i* cross$ ,galilee1 skirt+ ! lake1#c made ?is class ( employe v num]\s !re4 ,cap]naum1 :i* 0 p]haps on ! road1 possess$ a num]\s /aff ( !m4#d ,?is pr(ession is nev] popul>1 b ) ! ,jews x 0 consid]$ q crim9al4 ,taxation1 new to !m1 0 ! sign ( _! subjection2 "o s*ool1 t ( ,judas ! ,gaulonite1 ma9ta9$ t to pay x 0 an act ( paganism4 ,! cu/oms-(fic]s1 also1 7 abhorr$ by ! zealots ( ! law4 ,!y 7 only nam$ 9 company ) assass9s1 highway robb]s1 & m5 ( infam\s life4#e ,! ,jews :o accept$ su* (fices 7 excommunicat$1 & became incapable ( mak+ a w2 _! money 0 accurs$1 & ! casui/s =bade ! *ang+ ( money ) !m4#f ,^! poor m51 plac$ "u ! ban ( society1 visit$ among/ !mselves4 ,jesus accept$ a d9n] (f]$ him by ,levi1 at :i* !re 71 accord+ to ! language ( ! "t1 _m publicans & s9n]s4 ,?is gave great (f5se4#g ,9 ^! ill-reput$ h\ses !re 0 a risk ( meet+ bad society4 ,we %all (t5 see him ?us1 c>+ little to %ock ! prejudices ( well-dispos$ p]sons1 seek+ to elevate ! classes humiliat$ by ! or?odox1 & ?us expos+ himself to ! livelie/ reproa*es ( ! zealots4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 ix4 #i1 x4 #c2 ,m>k ii4 #ad1 iii4 #ah2 ,luke v4 #bg1 vi4 #ae2 ,acts i4 #ac4 ,gospel ( ! ,ebionites1 9 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xxx4 #ac4 ,we mu/ suppose1 h[ev] /range x may seem1 t ^! two names 7 borne by ! same p]sonage4 ,! n>rative1 ,matt4 ix4 #i1 conceiv$ 9 accordance ) ! ord9>y model ( leg5ds1 describ+ ! call to apo/le%ip1 is1 x is true1 some:at vague1 & has c]ta9ly n be5 writt5 by ! apo/le 9 "q4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t1 9 ! exi/+ ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 ! only "p :i* is by ! apo/le consi/s ( ! ,disc\rses ( ,jesus4 ,see ,papias1 9 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 ,,iii4 #ci4 ,footnote #b3 ,cic]o1 ,de ,prov9c4 ,consul>41 #e2 ,pro ,plancio1 #i2 ,tac41 ,ann41 ,,iv4 #f2 ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat41 ,,xii4 #cb2 ,appian1 ,bell4 ,civ41 ,,ii4 #ac4 ,footnote #c3 ,x rema9$ celebrat$1 up to ! "t ( ! ,crusades1 "u ! "n ( ,via ,m>is4 ,cf4 ,isaiah ix4 #a2 ,matt4 iv4 #ac-ae2 ,tobit1 i4 #a4 ,i ?9k t ! road cut 9 ! rock ne> ,a9-et-,t9 =m$ "p ( x1 & t ! r\te 0 direct$ f !nce t[>d ! ,bridge ( ! ,daught]s ( ,jacob1 j z x is n[4 ,a "p ( ! road f ,a9-et-,t9 to ?is bridge is ( anci5t con/ruction4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 ix4 #i1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 v4 #df1 #dg1 ix4 #aj1 #aa1 xi4 #ai1 xviii4 #ag1 xxi4 #ca1 #cb2 ,m>k ii4 #ae1 #af2 ,luke v4 #cj1 vii4 #cd1 xv4 #a1 xviii4 #aa1 xix4 #g2 ,lucian1 ,necyomant1 ii42 ,dio ,*ryso/41 orat4 iv41 p4 #he1 orat4 xiv41 p4 #bfi 7edit4 ,emp]ius72 ,mi%nah1 ,n$>im1 iii4 #d4 ,footnote #f3 ,mi%nah1 ,baba ,kama1 x4 #a2 ,talmud ( ,j]usalem1 ,demai1 ii4 #c2 ,talmud ( ,bab41 ,sanh$rim1 #be b4 ,footnote #g3 ,luke v4 #bi1 & foll[+4 ,jesus ow$ ^! num]\s conque/s to ! inf9ite *>m ( 8 p]son & 8 spee*4 ,a p5etrat+ ^w1 a look fall+ ^u a simple consci5ce1 :i* only want$ awak5+1 gave him an ard5t disciple4 ,sometimes ,jesus employ$ an innoc5t artifice1 :i* ,joan ( ,arc also us$3 he affect$ to "k some?+ intimate respect+ him :om he wi%$ to ga91 or he w\ld p]haps recall to him "s circum/ance de> to 8 he>t4 ,x 0 ?us t he attract$ ,na?anael1#a ,pet]1#b & ! ,sam>itan woman4#c ,conceal+ ! true s\rce ( 8 /r5g?--8 sup]iority ov] all t surr\nd$ him--he p]mitt$ p to believe 79 ord] to satisfy ! ideas ( ! "t--ideas :i*1 moreov]1 fully co9cid$ ) 8 own7 t a revelation f on high reveal$ to him all secrets & laid b>e all he>ts4 ,e "o ?\ght t ,jesus liv$ 9 a sph]e sup]ior to t ( humanity4 ,!y said t he conv]s$ on ! m\nta9s ) ,moses & ,elias2#d !y believ$ t 9 8 mom5ts ( solitude ! angels came to r5d] him homage1 & e/abli%$ a sup]natural int]c\rse betwe5 him & heav54#e ,footnote #a3 ,john i4 #dh1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,john i4 #db4 ,footnote #c3 ,john iv4 #ag1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xvii4 #c2 ,m>k ix4 #c2 ,luke ix4 #cj-ca4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 iv4 #aa2 ,m>k i4 #ac4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,prea*+s ,,on ,,! ,,lake4 ,su* 0 ! gr\p :i*1 on ! bord]s ( ! lake ( ,tib]ias1 ga!r$ ar\nd ,jesus4 ,! ari/ocracy 0 repres5t$ !re by a cu/oms-(fic] & by ! wife ( "o ( ,h]od's /ew>ds4 ,! re/ 7 fi%]m5 & common p4 ,_! ignorance 0 extreme2 _! intellig5ce 0 feeble2 !y believ$ 9 app>itions & spirits4#a ,n "o elem5t ( ,greek culture _h p5etrat$ ?is fir/ assembly ( ! sa9ts4 ,!y _h v little ,jewi% in/ruction2 b he>t & good-w ov]fl[$4 ,! beautiful climate ( ,galilee made ! life ( ^! hone/ fi%]m5 a p]petual delight4 ,!y truly prelud$ ! k+dom ( ,god--simple1 good1 & happy--rock$ g5tly on _! delightful little sea1 or at night sleep+ on its %ores4 ,we d n realize to ourselves ! intoxication ( a life :i* ?us glides away 9 ! face ( heav5--! sweet yet /rong love :i* ?is p]petual contact ) ,nature gives1 & ! dreams ( ^! nights pass$ 9 ! brightness ( ! />s1 "u an azure dome ( inf9ite expanse4 ,x 0 dur+ su* a night t ,jacob1 ) 8 head re/+ ^u a /one1 saw 9 ! />s ! promise ( an innum]able po/]ity1 & ! my/]i\s ladd] by :i* ! angels ( ,god came & w5t f heav5 to e>?4 ,at ! "t ( ,jesus ! heav5s 7 n clos$1 nor ! e>? gr[n cold4 ,! cl\d /ill op5$ above ! ,son ( man2 ! angels asc5d$ & desc5d$ ^u 8 head2#b ! visions ( ! k+dom ( ,god 7 ev]y:]e1 = man c>ri$ !m 9 8 he>t4 ,! cle> & mild eyes ( ^! simple s\ls contemplat$ ! univ]se 9 its ideal s\rce4 ,! _w unveil$ p]haps its secret to ! div9ely enlight5$ consci5ce ( ^! happy *ildr51 ^: purity ( he>t des]v$ "o day to behold ,god4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiv4 #bf2 ,m>k vi4 #di2 ,luke xxiv4 #ci2 ,john vi4 #ai4 ,footnote #b3 ,john i4 #ea4 ,jesus liv$ ) 8 disciples almo/ always 9 ! op5 air4 ,sometimes he got into a boat1 & in/ruct$ 8 he>]s1 :o 7 cr[d$ ^u ! %ore4#a ,sometimes he sat ^u ! m\nta9s :i* bord]$ ! lake1 :]e ! air is s pure & ! horizon s lum9\s4 ,! fai?ful b& l$ ?us a joy\s & w&]+ life1 ga!r+ ! inspirations ( ! ma/] 9 _! fir/ bloom4 ,an innoc5t d\bt 0 sometimes rais$1 a "q slightly sceptical2 b ,jesus1 ) a smile or a look1 sil5c$ ! objection4 ,at ea* /ep--9 ! pass+ cl\d1 ! g]m9at+ se$1 ! rip5+ corn--!y saw ! sign ( ! ,k+dom draw+ nigh1 !y believ$ !mselves on ! eve ( see+ ,god1 ( be+ ma/]s ( ! _w2 te>s 7 turn$ into joy2 x 0 ! adv5t ^u e>? ( univ]sal consolation4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiii4 #a1 #b2 ,m>k iii4 #i1 iv4 #a2 ,luke v4 #c4 ,bless$1 said ! ma/]1 are ! poor 9 _s3 = !irs is ! k+dom ( heav54 ,bless$ are !y t m\rn3 = !y %all be com=t$4 ,bless$ are ! meek3 = !y %all inh]it ! e>?4 ,bless$ are !y :i* d hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness3 = !y %all be fill$4 ,bless$ are ! m]ciful3 = !y %all obta9 m]cy4 ,bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t3 = !y %all see ,god4 ,bless$ are ! peacemak]s3 = !y %all be call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,bless$ are !y :i* are p]secut$ = righte\sness' sake3 = !irs is ! k+dom ( heav54#a ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 v4 #c-aj2 ,luke vi4 #bj-be4 ,8 prea*+ 0 g5tle & pleas+1 brea?+ ,nature & ! p]fume ( ! fields4 ,he lov$ ! fl[]s1 & took f !m 8 mo/ *>m+ lessons4 ,! birds ( heav51 ! sea1 ! m\nta9s1 & ! games ( *ildr51 furni%$ 9 turn ! subject ( 8 in/ructions4 ,8 /yle _h no?+ ( ! ,grecian 9 x1 b approa*$ mu* m to t ( ! ,hebrew p>aboli/s1 & especially ( s5t5ces f ! ,jewi% doctors1 8 contempor>ies1 su* z we read !m 9 ! ,pirke ,abo?4 ,8 tea*+s 7 n v ext5d$1 & =m$ a species ( sorites 9 ! /yle ( ! ,koran1 :i*1 jo9$ toge!r1 aft]w>d compos$ ^? long disc\rses :i* 7 writt5 by ,mat!w4#a ,no transition unit$ ^! div]se pieces2 g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! same inspiration p5etrat$ !m & made !m "o4 ,x 01 above all1 9 p>able t ! ma/] excell$4 ,no?+ 9 ,judaism _h giv5 him ! model ( ?is delightful /yle4#b ,he creat$ x4 ,x is true t we f9d 9 ! ,buddhi/ books p>ables ( exactly ! same tone & ! same "* z ! ,gospel p>ables2#c b x is difficult to admit t a ,buddhi/ influ5ce has be5 ex]cis$ 9 ^!4 ,! _s ( g5tl5ess & ! dep? ( feel+ :i* equally animate infant ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism1 suffice p]haps to expla9 ^! analogies4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is is :at ! ,greek3 ,logia kuriaka 7 call$4 ,papias1 9 ,eusebius1 ,h4,e41 iii4 #ci4 ,footnote #b3 ,! apologue1 z we f9d x 9 ,judges ix4 #h1 & foll[+1 #b ,sam4 xii4 #a1 & foll[+1 only resembles ! ,gospel p>able 9 =m4 ,! pr(\nd orig9ality ( ! latt] is 9 ! ?\ght ) :i* x is fill$4 ,footnote #c3 ,see especially ! ,lotus ( ! ,good ,law1 *ap4 iii4 & iv4 ,a total indiff]5ce to ext]ior life & ! va9 appanage ( ! com=table1 :i* our dre>i] c\ntries make necess>y to u1 0 ! consequ5ce ( ! sweet & simple life liv$ 9 ,galilee4 ,cold climates1 by compell+ man to a p]petual conte/ ) ext]nal nature1 cause too mu* value to be atta*$ to rese>*es aft] com=t & luxury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c\ntries :i* awak5 few desires are ! c\ntries ( idealism & ( poesy4 ,! accessories ( life are !re insignificant comp>$ ) ! pleasure ( liv+4 ,! embelli%m5t ( ! h\se is sup]flu\s1 = x is frequ5t$ z little z possible4 ,! /rong & regul> food ( less g5]\s climates w\ld be consid]$ heavy & disagreeable4 ,& z to ! luxury ( g>m5ts1 :at c rival t :i* ,god has giv5 to ! e>? & ! birds ( heav58 ,labor 9 climates ( ?is k9d appe>s useless2 :at x gives is n equal to :at x co/s4 ,! animals ( ! field are bett] clo!d ?an ! mo/ opul5t man1 & !y d no?+4 ,?is contempt1 :i*1 :5 x is n caus$ by idl5ess1 contributes greatly to ! elevation ( ! s\l1 inspir$ ,jesus ) "s *>m+ apologues3 ,lay n up = y\rselves treasures ^u e>?1 said he1 :]e mo? & ru/ do? corrupt1 & :]e ?ieves break ?r\gh & /eal1 b lay up = y\rselves treasures 9 heav51 :]e nei!r mo? nor ru/ do? corrupt1 & :]e ?ieves d n break ?r\gh nor /eal3 = :]e y\r treasure is1 !re w y\r he>t be also4#a ,no man c s]ve two ma/]s3 = ei!r he w hate ! "o & love ! o!r2 or else he w hold to "o & despise ! o!r4 ,ye _c s]ve ,god & ,mammon4#b ,!re=e ,i say unto y1 take no ?\ght = y\r life1 :at ye %all eat1 or :at ye %all dr9k2 nor yet = y\r body1 :at ye %all put on4 ,is n ! life m ?an meat1 & ! body ?an raim5t8 ,behold ! f[ls ( ! air3 = !y s[ n1 nei!r d !y reap1 nor ga!r into b>ns2 yet y\r heav5ly ,fa!r fe$e? !m4 ,are ye n mu* bett] ?an !y8 ,:i* ( y by tak+ ?\ght c add "o cubit unto 8 /ature8 ,& :y take ye ?\ght = raim5t8 ,consid] ! lilies ( ! field1 h[ !y gr[2 !y toil n1 nei!r d !y sp92 & yet ,i say unto y1 ,t ev5 ,solomon 9 all 8 glory 0 n array$ l "o ( ^!4 ,:]e=e1 if ,god s clo! ! grass ( ! field1 :i* to-day is1 & to-morr[ is ca/ into ! ov51 %all he n mu* m clo! y1 ,o ye ( little fai?8 ,!re=e take no ?\ght1 say+1 ,:at %all we eat8 or1 ,:at %all we dr9k8 or1 ,:]e)al %all we be clo!d8 ,= aft] all ^! ?+s d ! ,g5tiles seek2 = y\r heav5ly ,fa!r kn[e? t ye h ne$ ( all ^! ?+s4 ,b seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god1#c & 8 righte\sness2 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y4 ,take !re=e no ?\ght = ! morr[3 = ! morr[ %all take ?\ght ( ! ?+s ( itself4 ,suffici5t unto ! day is ! evil !re(4#d ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,baba ,ba?ra1 #aa a4 ,footnote #b3 ,! god ( ri*es & hidd5 treasures1 a k9d ( ,plutus 9 ! ,pho5ician & ,syrian my?ology4 ,footnote #c3 ,i "h adopt ! read+ ( ,la*mann & ,tis*5dorf4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 vi4 #ai-ba1 #bd-cd4 ,luke xii4 #bb-ca1 #cc1 #cd1 xvi4 #ac4 ,comp>e ! precepts 9 ,luke x4 #g1 #h1 full ( ! same simple s5tim5t1 & ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,sota1 #dh b4 ,?is ess5tially ,galilean s5tim5t _h a decisive influ5ce on ! de/9y ( ! infant sect4 ,! happy flock1 rely+ on ! heav5ly ,fa!r = ! satisfaction ( its wants1 _h = its fir/ pr9ciple ! reg>d+ ( ! c>es ( life z an evil :i* *ok$ ! g]m ( all good 9 man4#a ,ea* day !y ask$ ( ,god ! bread = ! morr[4#b ,:y lay up treasure8 ,! k+dom ( ,god is at h&4 ,sell t ye h & give alms1 said ! ma/]4 ,provide y\rselves bags :i* wax n old1 a treasure 9 ! heav5s t faile? n4#c ,:at m fooli% ?an to heap up treasures = heirs :om ?\ wilt nev] behold8#d ,z an example ( human folly1 ,jesus lov$ to cite ! case ( a man :o1 aft] hav+ enl>g$ 8 b>ns & amass$ weal? = long ye>s1 di$ be=e hav+ enjoy$ x6#e ,! brig&age :i* 0 deeply root$ 9 ,galilee1#f gave mu* =ce to ^! views4 ,! poor1 :o did n suff] f x1 w\ld reg>d !mselves z ! favor$ ( ,god2 :il/ ! ri*1 hav+ a less sure possession1 7 ! truly dis9h]it$4 ,9 our societies1 e/abli%$ ^u a v rigor\s idea ( prop]ty1 ! position ( ! poor is horrible2 !y h lit]ally no place "u ! sun4 ,!re are no fl[]s1 no grass1 no %ade1 except = him :o possesses ! e>?4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ^! are gifts ( ,god :i* belong to no "o4 ,! proprietor has b a sl5d] privilege2 nature is ! patrimony ( all4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiii4 #bb2 ,m>k iv4 #ai2 ,luke viii4 #ad4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 vi4 #aa2 ,luke xi4 #c4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,greek3 epi\sios4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke xii4 #cc1 #cd4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke xii4 #bj4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke xii4 #af1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xvii4 x4 #d1 & foll[+3 ,vita1 #aa1 etc4 ,! infant ,*ri/ianity1 moreov]1 9 ?is only foll[$ ! foot/eps ( ! ,ess5es1 or ,!rapeutae1 & ( ! ,jewi% sects f\nd$ on ! mona/ic life4 ,a communi/ic elem5t ent]$ into all ^! sects1 :i* 7 equally dislik$ by ,ph>isees & ,sadducees4 ,! ,messianic doctr9e1 :i* 0 entirely political among ! or?odox ,jews1 0 entirely social among/ !m4 ,by means ( a g5tle1 regulat$1 contemplative exi/5ce1 leav+ its %>e to ! lib]ty ( ! individual1 ^! little *ur*es ?\ght to inaugurate ! heav5ly k+dom ^u e>?4 ,utopias ( a bless$ life1 f\nd$ on ! bro!rhood ( m5 & ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 occupi$ elevat$ s\ls1 & produc$ f all sides bold & s9c]e1 b %ort-liv$ attempts to realize ^! doctr9es4 ,jesus1 ^: relations ) ! ,ess5es are difficult to det]m9e 7resemblances 9 hi/ory n always imply+ relations71 0 on ?is po9t c]ta9ly _! bro!r4 ,! community ( goods 0 = "s "t ! rule 9 ! new society4#a ,covet\sness 0 ! c>d9al s94#b ,n[ x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! s9 ( covet\sness1 aga9/ :i* ,*ri/ian morality has be5 s sev]e1 0 !n ! simple atta*m5t to prop]ty4 ,! fir/ condition ( becom+ a disciple ( ,jesus 0 to sell "o's prop]ty & to give ! price ( x to ! poor4 ,^? :o recoil$ f ?is extremity 7 n admitt$ into ! community4#c ,jesus (t5 repeat$ t he :o has f\nd ! k+dom ( ,god ought to buy x at ! price ( all 8 goods1 & t 9 s do+ he makes an advantage\s b>ga94 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is l unto treasure hid 9 a field2 ! :i* :5 a man ha? f\nd1 he hide?1 & = joy !re( goe? & selle? all t he ha? & buye? t field4 ,aga91 ! k+dom ( heav5 is l unto a m]*antman seek+ goodly pe>ls2 :o1 :5 he _h f\nd "o pe>l ( great price1 w5t & sold all t he _h & b\ght x4#d ,alas6 ! inconv5i5ces ( ?is plan 7 n long 9 mak+ !mselves felt4 ,a treasur] 0 want$4 ,!y *ose = t (fice ,judas ( ,k]io?4 ,rightly or wrongly1 !y accus$ him ( /eal+ f ! common purse2#e x is c]ta9 t he came to a bad end4 ,footnote #a3 ,acts iv4 #cb1 #cd-cg2 v4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xiii4 #bb2 ,luke xii4 #ae1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xix4 #ba2 ,m>k x4 #ba1 & foll[+1 #bi1 #cj2 ,luke xviii4 #bb1 #bc1 #bh4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xiii4 #dd-df4 ,footnote #e3 ,john xii4 #f4 ,sometimes ! ma/]1 m v]s$ 9 ?+s ( heav5 ?an ^? ( e>?1 taught a /ill m s+ul> political economy4 ,9 a /range p>able1 a /ew>d is prais$ = hav+ made himself fri5ds among ! poor at ! exp5se ( 8 ma/]1 9 ord] t ! poor might 9 _! turn introduce him into ! k+dom ( heav54 ,! poor1 9 fact1 becom+ ! disp5s]s ( ?is k+dom1 w only receive ^? :o h giv5 to !m4 ,a prud5t man1 ?9k+ ( ! future1 ought !re=e to seek to ga9 _! favor4 ,& ! ,ph>isees also1 says ! evangeli/1 :o 7 covet\s1 he>d all ^! ?+s3 & !y d]id$ him4#a ,did !y also he> ! =midable p>able :i* foll[s8 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 ri* man1 :i* 0 clo!d 9 purple & f9e l951 & f>$ sumptu\sly e day3 & !re 0 a c]ta9 begg> nam$ ,laz>us1 :i* 0 laid at 8 gate1 full ( sores1 & desir+ to be f$ ) ! crumbs :i* fell f ! ri* man's table3 moreov] ! dogs came & lick$ 8 sores4 ,& x came to pass1 t ! begg> di$1 & 0 c>ri$ by ! angels into ,abraham's bosom3 ! ri* man also di$1 & 0 buri$2#b & 9 hell he lift$ up 8 eyes1 be+ 9 torm5ts1 & see? ,abraham af> (f1 & ,laz>us 9 8 bosom4 ,& he cri$ & said1 ,fa!r ,abraham1 h m]cy on me1 & s5d ,laz>us t he may dip ! tip ( 8 f+] 9 wat]1 & cool my tongue2 = ,i am torm5t$ 9 ?is flame4 ,b ,abraham said1 ,son1 rememb] t ?\ 9 ?y lifetime receiv$/ ?y good ?+s2 & likewise ,laz>us evil ?+s3 b n[ he is com=t$ & ?\ art torm5t$4#c ,:at m j8 ,aft]w>d ?is p>able 0 call$ t ( ! wick$ ri* man4 ,b x is purely & simply ! p>able ( ! ri* man4 ,he is 9 hell because he is ri*1 because he does n give 8 weal? to ! poor1 because he d9es well1 :ile o!rs at 8 door d9e badly4 ,la/ly1 9 a less extravagant mom5t1 ,jesus does n make x obligatory to sell "o's goods & give !m to ! poor except z a sugge/ion t[>d great] p]fection4 ,b he /ill makes ?is t]rible decl>ation3 ,x is easi] = a camel to g ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le ?an = a ri* man to ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god4#d ,footnote #a3 ,luke xvi4 #a-ad4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ! ,greek text4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke xvi4 #ai-be4 ,luke1 ,i am aw>e1 has a v decid$ communi/ic t5d5cy 7comp4 vi4 #bj1 #ba1 #be1 #bf71 & ,i ?9k he has exagg]at$ ?is %ade ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,b ! features ( ! ,greek3 ,logia ( ,mat!w are suffici5tly significant4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xix4 #bd2 ,m>k x4 #be2 ,luke xviii4 #be4 ,?is prov]bial phrase is f\nd 9 ! ,talmud 7,bab41 ,b]ako?1 #ee b1 ,baba metsia1 #ch b7 & 9 ! ,koran 7,sur41 vii4 #ch47 ,orig5 & ! ,greek int]pret]s1 ignorant ( ! ,semitic prov]b1 ?\ght t x meant a cable 7,greek3 kamilos74 ,an admirable idea gov]n$ ,jesus 9 all ?is1 z well z ! b& ( joy\s *ildr5 :o accompani$ him & made him = et]nity ! true creator ( ! peace ( ! s\l1 ! great consol] ( life4 ,9 dis5gag+ man f :at he call$ ! c>es ( ! _w1 ,jesus might g to excess & injure ! ess5tial conditions ( human society2 b he f\nd$ t high spiritualism :i* = c5turies has fill$ s\ls ) joy 9 ! mid/ ( ?is vale ( te>s4 ,he saw ) p]fect cle>ness t man's inatt5tion1 8 want ( philosophy & morality1 come mo/ly f ! di/ractions :i* he p]mits himself1 ! c>es :i* besiege him1 & :i* civilization multiplies beyond measure4#a ,! ,gospel1 9 ?is mann]1 has be5 ! mo/ effici5t rem$y = ! we>9ess ( ord9>y life1 a p]petual sursum corda1 a p[]ful div]sion f ! mis]able c>es ( e>?1 a g5tle appeal l t ( ,jesus 9 ! e> ( ,m>?a--,m>?a1 ,m>?a1 ?\ art c>eful & tr\bl$ ab\t _m ?+s2 b "o ?+ is ne$ful4 ,?anks to ,jesus1 ! dulle/ exi/5ce1 t mo/ absorb$ by sad or humiliat+ duties1 has _h its glimpse ( heav54 ,9 our busy civilizations ! remembrance ( ! free life ( ,galilee has be5 l p]fume f ano!r _w1 l ! dew ( ,h]mon1#b :i* has prev5t$ dr\ght & b>r5ness f entirely invad+ ! field ( ,god4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiii4 #bb4 ,footnote #b3 ,psalm cxxxiii4 #c4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god ,,conceiv$ ,,z ,,! ,,inh]itance ,,( ,,! ,,poor4 ,^! maxims1 good = a c\ntry :]e life is n\ri%$ by ! air & ! light1 & ?is delicate communism ( a b& ( *ildr5 ( ,god repos+ 9 confid5ce on ! bosom ( _! ,fa!r1 might suit a simple sect con/antly p]suad$ t its ,utopia 0 ab\t to be realiz$4 ,b x is cle> t !y c\ld n satisfy ! :ole ( society4 ,jesus und]/ood v soon1 9 fact1 t ! (ficial _w ( 8 "t w\ld by no means adopt 8 k+dom4 ,he took 8 resolution ) extreme boldness4 ,leav+ ! _w1 ) its h>d he>t & n>r[ prejudices on "o side1 he turn$ t[>d ! simple4 ,a va/ sub/itution ( classes w\ld take place4 ,! k+dom ( ,god 0 made--#a/1 = *ildr51 & ^? :o resemble !m2 #b;d1 = ! outca/s ( ?is _w1 victims ( t social arrogance :i* repulses ! good b humble man2 #c;d1 = h]etics & s*ismatics1 publicans1 ,sam>itans1 & ,pagans ( ,tyre & ,sidon4 ,an en]getic p>able expla9$ ?is appeal to ! p & ju/ifi$ x4#a ,a k+ has prep>$ a w$d+ fea/1 & s5ds 8 s]vants to seek ^? invit$4 ,ea* "o excuses himself2 "s ill-treat ! mess5g]s4 ,! k+1 !re=e1 takes a decid$ /ep4 ,! great p h n accept$ 8 invitation4 ,be x s4 ,8 gue/s %all be ! fir/ com]s2 ! p collect$ f ! highways & byways1 ! poor1 ! begg>s1 & ! lame2 x matt]s n :o1 ! room mu/ be fill$4 ,= ,i say unto y1 said he1 t none ( ^? m5 :i* 7 bidd5 %all ta/e ( my supp]4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxii4 #b1 & foll[+2 ,luke xiv4 #af1 & foll[+4 ,comp4 ,matt4 viii4 #aa1 #ab1 xxi4 #cc1 & foll[+4 ,pure ,ebionism--t is1 ! doctr9e t ! poor 7ebionim7 alone %all be sav$1 t ! reign ( ! poor is approa*+--01 !re=e1 ! doctr9e ( ,jesus4 ,woe unto y t are ri*1 said he1 = ye h receiv$ y\r consolation4 ,woe unto y t are full1 = ye %all hung]4 ,woe unto y t laugh n[1 = ye %all m\rn & weep4#a ,!n said he also to him t bade him1 ,:5 ?\ make/ a d9n] or a supp]1 call n ?y fri5ds1 nor ?y bre?r51 nei!r ?y k9sm51 nor ?y ri* neighbors1 le/ !y also bid !e aga91 & a recomp5se be made !e4 ,b :5 ?\ make/ a fea/1 call ! poor1 ! maim$1 ! lame1 ! bl9d3 & ?\ %alt be bless$2 = !y _c recomp5se !e2 = ?\ %alt be recomp5s$ at ! resurrection ( ! j4#b ,x is p]haps 9 an analog\s s5se t he (t5 repeat$1 ,be good bank]s#c--t is to say1 make good inve/m5ts = ! k+dom ( ,god1 9 giv+ y\r weal? to ! poor1 con=mably to ! old prov]b1 ,he t ha? pity ^u ! poor1 l5de? unto ! ,"l4#d ,footnote #a3 ,luke vi4 #bd1 #be4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xiv4 #ab1 #ad4 ,footnote #c3 ,a say+ pres]v$ by v anci5t tradition1 & mu* us$1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,/rom4 i4 #bh4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,orig51 ,/4 ,j]ome1 & a great numb] ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,footnote #d3 ,prov4 xix4 #ag4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n a new fact4 ,! mo/ exalt$ democratic movem5t ( :i* humanity has pres]v$ ! remembrance 7! only "o1 also1 :i* has succe$$1 = x alone has ma9ta9$ itself 9 ! doma9 ( pure ?\ght71 _h long di/urb$ ! ,jewi% race4 ,! ?\ght t ,god is ! av5g] ( ! poor & ! weak1 aga9/ ! ri* & ! p[]ful1 is f\nd 9 ea* page ( ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ,israel is ( all hi/ories t 9 :i* ! popul> _s has mo/ con/antly pr$om9at$4 ,! prophets1 ! true1 &1 9 "o s5se1 ! bolde/ tribunes1 _h ?und]$ incessantly aga9/ ! great1 & e/abli%$ a close relation1 on ! "o h&1 betwe5 ! words ri*1 impi\s1 viol5t1 wick$1 &1 on ! o!r1 betwe5 ! words poor1 g5tle1 humble1 pi\s4#a ,"u ! ,seleucidae1 ! ari/ocrats hav+ almo/ all apo/atiz$ & gone ov] to ,hell5ism1 ^! associations ( ideas only became /rong]4 ,! ,book ( ,eno* conta9s /ill m viol5t mal$ictions ?an ^? ( ! ,gospel aga9/ ! _w1 ! ri*1 & ! p[]ful4#b ,luxury is !re depict$ z a crime4 ,! ,son ( man1 9 ?is /range ,apocalypse1 de?rones k+s1 te>s !m f _! voluptu\s life1 & precipitates !m into hell4#c ,! initiation ( ,judea into secul> life1 ! rec5t introduction ( an entirely worldly elem5t ( luxury & com=t1 provok$ a furi\s reaction 9 favor ( patri>*al simplicity4 ,woe unto y :o despise ! humble dwell+ & inh]itance ( y\r fa!rs6 ,woe unto y :o build y\r palaces ) ! sweat ( o!rs6 ,ea* /one1 ea* brick1 ( :i* x is built1 is a s94#d ,! "n ( poor 7ebion7 _h become a synonym ( sa9t1 ( fri5d ( ,god4 ,?is 0 ! "n t ! ,galilean disciples ( ,jesus lov$ to give !mselves2 x 0 = a long "t ! "n ( ! ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians ( ,batanea & ( ! ,hauran 7,naz>5es1 ,hebrews7 :o rema9$ fai?ful to ! tongue1 z well z to ! primitive in/ructions ( ,jesus1 & :o boa/$ t !y possess$ among/ !mselves ! desc5dants ( 8 family4#e ,at ! end ( ! second c5tury1 ^! good sect>ies1 hav+ rema9$ beyond ! rea* ( ! great curr5t :i* _h c>ri$ away all ! o!r *ur*es1 7 treat$ z h]etics 7,ebionites71 & a pret5d$ h]etical lead] 7,ebion7 0 inv5t$ to expla9 _! "n4#f ,footnote #a3 ,see1 9 p>ticul>1 ,amos ii4 #f2 ,isa4 lxiii4 #i2 ,ps4 xxv4 #i1 xxxvii4 #aa1 lxix4 #cc2 &1 9 g5]al1 ! ,hebrew diction>ies1 at ! words3 ,hebrew3 evion1 dal1 ani1 anav1 *asid1 a%ir1 holelim1 aritz4 ,footnote #b3 ,*4 lxii41 lxiii41 xcvii41 c41 civ4 ,footnote #c3 ,eno*1 *4 xlvi4 #d-h4 ,footnote #d3 ,eno*1 xcix4 #ac1 #ad4 ,footnote #e3 ,julius ,africanus 9 ,eusebius1 ,h4,e41 i4 #g2 ,eus41 ,de situ et nom4 loc4 hebr41 at ! ^w ,greek3 ,*oba2 ,orig41 ,contra ,celsus1 ii4 #a1 v4 #fa2 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xxix4 #g1 #i1 xxx4 #b1 #ah4 ,footnote #f3 ,see especially ,orig51 ,contra ,celsus1 ii4 #a2 ,de ,pr9cipiis1 iv4 #bb4 ,comp>e ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xxx4 #ag4 ,ir5aeus1 ,orig51 ,eusebius1 & ! apo/olic ,con/itutions1 ignore ! exi/5ce ( su* a p]sonage4 ,! au?or ( ! ,philosophum5a seems to hesitate 7vii4 #cd & #ce1 x4 #bb & #bc47 ,x is by ,t]tullian1 & especially by ,epiphanes1 t ! fable ( "o ,ebion has be5 spread4 ,besides1 all ! ,fa!rs are agre$ on ! etymology1 ,greek3 ,ebion ,greek3 pto*os4 ,we may see1 9 fact1 )\t difficulty1 t ?is exagg]at$ ta/e = pov]ty c\ld n be v la/+4 ,x 0 "o ( ^? ,utopian elem5ts :i* always m+le 9 ! orig9 ( great movem5ts1 & :i* "t rectifies4 ,?r[n into ! c5tre ( human society1 ,*ri/ianity v easily cons5t$ to receive ri* m5 into h] bosom1 j z ,buddhism1 exclusively monki% 9 its orig91 soon began1 z conv]sions multipli$1 to admit ! laity4 ,b ! m>k ( orig9 is ev] pres]v$4 ,al?\gh x quickly pass$ away & became =gott51 ,ebionism left a leav5 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian in/itutions :i* has n be5 lo/4 ,! collection ( ! ,logia1 or disc\rses ( ,jesus1 0 =m$ 9 ! ,ebioniti% c5tre ( ,batanea4#a ,pov]ty rema9$ an ideal f :i* ! true foll[]s ( ,jesus 7 nev] aft] sep>at$4 ,to possess no?+ 0 ! truly evangelical /ate2 m5dicancy became a virtue1 a holy condition4 ,! great ,umbrian movem5t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :i*1 among all ! attempts at religi\s con/ruction1 mo/ resembles ! ,galilean movem5t1 took place entirely 9 ! "n ( pov]ty4 ,francis d',assisi1 ! man :o1 m ?an any o!r1 by 8 exquisite goodness1 by 8 delicate1 pure1 & t5d] int]c\rse ) univ]sal life1 mo/ resembl$ ,jesus1 0 a poor man4 ,! m5dicant ord]s1 ! innum]able communi/ic sects ( ! middle ages 7,pauvres de ,lyon1 ,beg>ds1 ,bons-,hommes1 ,fratricelles1 ,humilies1 ,pauvres evangeliques1 c47 gr\p$ "u ! bann] ( ! ,ev]la/+ ,gospel1 pret5d$ to be1 & 9 fact 71 ! true disciples ( ,jesus4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case ! mo/ impracticable dreams ( ! new religion 7 fruitful 9 results4 ,pi\s m5dicity1 s impati5tly borne by our indu/rial & well-organiz$ communities1 0 9 its day1 & 9 a suitable climate1 full ( *>m4 ,x (f]$ to a multitude ( mild & contemplative s\ls ! only condition suit$ to !m4 ,to h made pov]ty an object ( love & desire1 to h rais$ ! begg> to ! alt>1 & to h sanctifi$ ! coat ( ! poor man1 0 a ma/]-/roke :i* political economy may n appreciate1 b 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* ! true morali/ _c rema9 indiff]5t4 ,humanity1 9 ord] to be> its burd5s1 ne$s to believe t x is n paid entirely by wages4 ,! greate/ s]vice :i* c be r5d]$ to x is to repeat (t5 t x lives n by bread alone4 ,footnote #a3 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xix41 xxix41 & xxx41 especially xxix4 #i4 ,l all great m51 ,jesus lov$ ! p1 & felt himself at home ) !m4 ,! ,gospel1 9 8 idea1 is made = ! poor2 x is to !m he br+s ! glad tid+s ( salvation4#a ,all ! despis$ ones ( or?odox ,judaism 7 8 favorites4 ,love ( ! p1 & pity = its weakness 7! s5tim5t ( ! democratic *ief1 :o feels ! _s ( ! multitude live 9 him1 & recognize him z its natural int]pret]71 %9e =? at ea* mom5t 9 8 acts & disc\rses4#b ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xi4 #e2 ,luke vi4 #bj1 #ba4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 ix4 #cf2 ,m>k vi4 #cd4 ,! *os5 flock pres5t$1 9 fact1 a v mix$ "*1 & "o likely to a/oni% rigor\s morali/s4 ,x c\nt$ 9 its fold m5 ) :om a ,jew1 respect+ himself1 w\ld n h associat$4#a ,p]haps ,jesus f\nd 9 ?is society1 unre/ra9$ by ord9>y rules1 m m9d & he>t ?an 9 a p$antic & =mal middle-class1 pr\d ( its app>5t morality4 ,! ,ph>isees1 exagg]at+ ! ,mosaic prescriptions1 _h come to believe !mselves defil$ by contact ) m5 less /rict ?an !mselves2 9 _! meals !y almo/ rivall$ ! pu]ile di/9ctions ( ca/e 9 ,india4 ,despis+ ^! mis]able ab]rations ( ! religi\s s5tim5t1 ,jesus lov$ to eat ) ^? :o suff]$ f !m2#b by 8 side at table 7 se5 p]sons said to lead wick$ lives1 p]haps only s call$ because !y did n %>e ! follies ( ! false devotees4 ,! ,ph>isees & ! doctors prote/$ aga9/ ! sc&al4 ,see1 said !y1 ) :at m5 he eats6 ,jesus return$ subtle answ]s1 :i* exasp]at$ ! hypocrites3 ,!y t be :ole ne$ n a physician4#c ,or aga93 ,:at man ( y1 hav+ an hundr$ %eep1 if he lose "o ( !m1 do? n leave ! n9ety & n9e 9 ! wild]ness1 & g aft] t :i* is lo/ until he f9d x8 ,& :5 he ha? f\nd x1 he laye? x on 8 %\ld]s rejoic+4#d ,or aga93 ,! ,son ( ,man is come to save t :i* 0 lo/4#e ,or aga93 ,i am n come to call ! righte\s1 b s9n]s4#f ,la/ly1 t delightful p>able ( ! prodigal son1 9 :i* he :o is fall5 is repres5t$ z hav+ a k9d ( privilege ( love above him :o has always be5 righte\s4 ,weak or guilty wom51 surpris$ at s mu* t 0 *>m+1 & realiz+1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! attractions ( contact ) virtue1 approa*$ him freely4 ,p 7 a/oni%$ t he did n repulse !m4 ,n[ :5 ! ,ph>isee :i* _h bidd5 him saw x1 he spake )9 himself1 say+1 ,?is man1 if he 7 a prophet1 w\ld h kn[n :o & :at mann] ( woman ?is is t t\*e? him3 = %e is a s9n]4 ,jesus repli$ by ! p>able ( a cr$itor :o =gives 8 debtors' unequal debts1 & he did n hesitate to pref] ! lot ( him to :om 0 remitt$ ! great] debt4#g ,he appreciat$ conditions ( s\l only 9 proportion to ! love m+l$ !re94 ,wom51 ) te>ful he>ts1 & dispos$ ?r\gh _! s9s to feel+s ( humility1 7 ne>] to 8 k+dom ?an ord9>y natures1 :o (t5 h little m]it 9 n hav+ fall54 ,we may conceive1 on ! o!r h&1 t ^! t5d] s\ls1 f9d+ 9 _! conv]sion to ! sect an easy means ( re/oration1 w\ld passionately atta* !mselves to him4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 ix4 #aj1 & foll[+2 ,luke xv4 entirely4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 ix4 #aa2 ,m>k ii4 #af2 ,luke v4 #cj4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 ix4 #ab4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke xv4 #d1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xviii4 #aa2 ,luke xix4 #aj4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 ix4 #ac4 ,footnote #g3 ,luke vii4 #cf1 & foll[+4 ,luke1 :o likes to br+ out 9 relief ev]y?+ t relates to ! =giv5ess ( s9n]s 7comp4 x4 #cj1 & foll[+1 xv4 entirely1 xvii4 #af1 & foll[+1 xix4 #b1 & foll[+1 xxiii4 #ci-dc71 has includ$ 9 ?is n>rative passages f ano!r hi/ory1 t ( ! ano9t+ ( feet1 :i* took place at ,be?any "s days be=e ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,b ! p>don ( s9ful wom5 0 und\bt$ly "o ( ! ess5tial features ( ! anecdotes ( ! life ( ,jesus4--,cf4 ,john viii4 #c1 & foll[+2 ,papias1 9 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iii4 #cj4 ,f> f seek+ to soo! ! murmurs /irr$ up by 8 disda9 = ! social susceptibilities ( ! "t1 he seem$ to take pleasure 9 excit+ !m4 ,nev] did any "o av[ m l(tily ?is contempt = ! _w1 :i* is ! ess5tial condition ( great ?+s & ( great orig9ality4 ,he p>don$ a ri* man1 b only :5 ! ri* man1 9 consequ5ce ( "s prejudice1 0 dislik$ by society4#a ,he greatly pref]r$ m5 ( equivocal life & ( small consid]ation 9 ! eyes ( ! or?odox lead]s4 ,! publicans & ! h>lots g into ! k+dom ( ,god be=e y4 ,= ,john came unto y & ye believ$ him n3 b ! publicans & ! h>lots believ$ him4#b ,we c und]/& h[ gall+ ! reproa* ( n hav+ foll[$ ! good example set by pro/itutes mu/ h be5 to m5 mak+ a pr(ession ( s]i\sness & rigid morality4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke xix4 #b1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxi4 #ca1 #cb4 ,he _h no ext]nal affectation or %[ ( au/]ity4 ,he did n fly f pleasure2 he w5t will+ly to m>riage fea/s4 ,"o ( 8 miracles 0 p]=m$ to enliv5 a w$d+ at a small t[n4 ,w$d+s 9 ! ,ea/ take place 9 ! ev5+4 ,ea* "o c>ries a lamp2 & ! lights com+ & go+ produce a v agreeable effect4 ,jesus lik$ ?is gay & animat$ aspect1 & drew p>ables f x4#a ,su* conduct1 comp>$ ) t ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 gave (f5ce4#b ,"o day1 :5 ! disciples ( ,john & ! ,ph>isees 7 obs]v+ ! fa/1 x 0 ask$1 ,:y d ! disciples ( ,john & ! ,ph>isees fa/1 b ?y disciples fa/ n8 ,& ,jesus said unto !m1 ,c ! *ildr5 ( ! bride*amb] fa/1 :ile ! bridegroom is ) !m8 ,z long z !y h ! bridegroom ) !m1 !y _c fa/4 ,b ! days w come :5 ! bridegroom %all be tak5 away f !m1 & !n !y %all fa/ 9 ^? days4#c ,8 g5tle gaiety f\nd expression 9 lively ideas & amiable pleasantries4 ,b :]eunto1 said he1 %all ,i lik5 ?is g5]ation8 ,x is l unto *ildr5 sitt+ 9 ! m>kets1 & call+ unto _! fell[s1 & say+1 ,we h pip$ unto y1 & ye h n danc$2 we h m\rn$ unto y1 & ye h n lam5t$4#d ,= ,john came nei!r eat+ nor dr9k+1 & !y say1 ,he ha? a devil4 ,! ,son ( man came eat+ & dr9k+1 & !y say1 ,behold a man glutton\s1 & a w9ebibb]1 a fri5d ( publicans & s9n]s4 ,b ,wisdom is ju/ifi$ ( h] *ildr54#e ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxv4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k ii4 #ah2 ,luke v4 #cc4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 ix4 #ad1 & foll[+2 ,m>k ii4 #ah1 & foll[+2 ,luke v4 #cc1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,an allusion to "s *ildr5's game4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xi4 #af1 & foll[+2 ,luke vii4 #cd1 & foll[+4 ,a prov]b :i* means ,! op9ion ( m5 is bl9d4 ,! wisdom ( ! works ( ,god is only proclaim$ by ,8 works !mselves4 ,i read ,greek3 ergon1 ) ! manuscript ,b4 ( ! ,vatican1 & n ,greek3 teknon4 ,he ?us trav]s$ ,galilee 9 ! mid/ ( a cont9ual fea/4 ,he rode on a mule4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ?is is a good & safe mode ( travel+2 ! l>ge1 black eyes ( ! animal1 %ad$ by long eyela%es1 give x an expression ( g5tl5ess4 ,8 disciples sometimes surr\nd$ him ) a k9d ( ru/ic pomp1 at ! exp5se ( _! g>m5ts1 :i* !y us$ z c>pets4 ,!y plac$ !m on ! mule :i* c>ri$ him1 or ext5d$ !m on ! e>? 9 8 pa?4#a ,8 ent]+ a h\se 0 consid]$ a joy & a bless+4 ,he /opp$ 9 ! villages & ! l>ge f>ms1 :]e he receiv$ an eag] hospitality4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! h\se into :i* a /rang] ent]s becomes at once a public place4 ,all ! village assembles !re1 ! *ildr5 invade x1 & ?\gh disp]s$ by ! s]vants1 always return4 ,jesus c\ld n p]mit ^! simple auditors to be treat$ h>%ly2 he caus$ !m to be br\ght to him & embrac$ !m4#b ,! mo!rs1 enc\rag$ by su* a reception1 br\ght him _! *ildr5 9 ord] t he might t\* !m4#c ,wom5 came to p\r oil ^u 8 head1 & p]fume on 8 feet4 ,8 disciples sometimes repuls$ !m z tr\blesome2 b ,jesus1 :o lov$ ! anci5t usages1 & all t indicat$ simplicity ( he>t1 repair$ ! ill done by 8 too zeal\s fri5ds4 ,he protect$ ^? :o wi%$ to honor him4#d ,?us *ildr5 & wom5 ador$ him4 ,! reproa* ( ali5at+ f _! families ^! g5tle creatures1 always easily misl$1 0 "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t *>ges ( 8 enemies4#e ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxi4 #g1 #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xix4 #ac1 & foll[+2 ,m>k ix4 #ce1 x4 #ac1 & foll[+2 ,luke xviii4 #ae1 #af4 ,footnote #c3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #g1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xiv4 #c1 & foll[+2 ,luke vii4 #cg1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,gospel ( ,m>cion1 addition to v]4 #b ( *ap4 xxiii4 ( ,luke 7,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xlii4 #aa74 ,if ! suppressions ( ,m>cion are )\t critical value1 su* is n ! case ) 8 additions1 :5 !y proce$1 n f a special view1 b f ! condition ( ! manuscripts :i* he us$4 ,! new religion 0 ?us 9 _m respects a movem5t ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,! latt] 7 l a "y gu>d ar\nd ,jesus = ! inauguration ( 8 innoc5t royalty1 & gave him little ovations :i* mu* pleas$ him1 call+ him son ( ,david1 cry+ ,hosanna1#a & be>+ palms ar\nd him4 ,jesus1 l ,savon>ola1 p]haps made !m s]ve z in/rum5ts = pi\s missions2 he 0 v glad to see ^! "y apo/les1 :o did n compromise him1 ru% into ! front & give him titles :i* he d>$ n take himself4 ,he let !m speak1 & :5 he 0 ask$ if he he>d1 he repli$ 9 an evasive mann] t ! praise :i* comes f "y lips is ! mo/ agreeable to ,god4#b ,footnote #a3 ,a cry :i* 0 rais$ at ! fea/ ( tab]nacles1 amid/ ! wav+ ( palms4 ,mi%nah1 ,sukka1 iii4 #i4 ,?is cu/om /ill exi/s among ! ,israelites4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxi4 #ae1 #af4 ,he lo/ no opportunity ( repeat+ t ! little ones are sacr$ be+s1#a t ! k+dom ( ,god belongs to *ildr51#b t we mu/ become *ildr5 to ent] !re1#c t we ought to receive x z a *ild1#d t ! heav5ly ,fa!r hides 8 secrets f ! wise & reveals !m to ! little ones4#e ,! idea ( disciples is 9 8 m9d almo/ synonym\s ) t ( *ildr54#f ,on "o occasion1 :5 !y _h "o ( ^? qu>rels = prec$5ce1 :i* 7 n uncommon1 ,jesus took a little *ild1 plac$ him 9 _! mid/1 & said to !m1 ,:osoev] !re=e %all humble himself z ?is little *ild1 ! same is greate/ 9 ! k+dom ( heav54#g ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xviii4 #e1 #aj1 #ad2 ,luke xvii4 #b4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xix4 #ad2 ,m>k x4 #ad2 ,luke xviii4 #af4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xviii4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,m>k ix4 #cc1 & foll[+2 ,luke ix4 #df4 ,footnote #d3 ,m>k x4 #ae4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xi4 #be2 ,luke x4 #ba4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 x4 #db1 xviii4 #e1 #ad2 ,m>k ix4 #cf2 ,luke xvii4 #b4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 xviii4 #d2 ,m>k ix4 #cc-cf2 ,luke ix4 #df-dh4 ,x 0 infancy1 9 fact1 9 its div9e spontaneity1 9 its simple bewild]m5ts ( joy1 :i* took possession ( ! e>?4 ,e "o believ$ at ea* mom5t t ! k+dom s mu* desir$ 0 ab\t to appe>4 ,ea* "o already saw himself seat$ on a ?rone#a beside ! ma/]4 ,!y divid$ among/ !mselves ! positions ( honor 9 ! new k+dom1#b & /rove to reckon ! precise date ( its adv5t4 ,?is new doctr9e 0 call$ ! ,good ,tid+s2 x _h no o!r "n4 ,an old ^w1 p>adise1 :i* ! ,hebrew1 l all ! languages ( ! ,ea/1 _h borr[$ f ! ,p]sian1 & :i* at fir/ designat$ ! p>ks ( ! ,a*aem5idae1 summ$ up ! g5]al dream2 a delightful g>d51 :]e ! *>m+ life :i* 0 l$ "h bel[ w\ld be cont9u$ =ev]4#c ,h[ long ?is intoxication la/$ we "k n4 ,no "o1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is magical app>ition1 measur$ "t any m ?an we measure a dream4 ,duration 0 susp5d$2 a week 0 an age4 ,b :e!r x fill$ ye>s or mon?s1 ! dream 0 s beautiful t humanity has liv$ ^u x ev] s9ce1 & x is /ill our consolation to ga!r its weak5$ p]fume4 ,nev] did s mu* joy fill ! brea/ ( man4 ,= a mom5t humanity1 9 ?is ! mo/ vigor\s ef=t %e ev] made to rise above ! _w1 =got ! lead5 weight :i* b9ds h] to e>? & ! sorr[s ( ! life bel[4 ,happy he :o has be5 able to behold ?is div9e unfold+1 & to %>e1 7 x b = "o day1 ?is unexampl$ illusion6 ,b /ill m happy1 ,jesus w\ld say to u1 is he :o1 fre$ f all illusion1 %all reproduce 9 himself ! cele/ial vision1 &1 ) no mill5>ian dream1 no *im]ical p>adise1 no signs 9 ! heav5s1 b by ! uprightness ( 8 w & ! poetry ( 8 s\l1 %all be able to create anew 9 8 he>t ! true k+dom ( ,god6 ,footnote #a3 ,luke xxii4 #cj4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k x4 #cg1 #dj1 #da4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke xxiii4 #dc2 #b ,cor4 xii4 #d4 ,comp4 ,c>m4 ,sibyll41 prooem1 #cf2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,*agigah1 #ad b4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,embassy ,,f ,,john ,,9 ,,prison ,,to ,,jesus--,,dea? ,,( ,,john--,,relations ,,( ,,8 ,,s*ool ,,) ,,t ,,( ,,jesus4 ,:il/ joy\s ,galilee 0 celebrat+ 9 fea/s ! com+ ( ! well-belov$1 ! sorr[ful ,john1 9 8 prison ( ,ma*]o1 0 p9+ away ) expectation & desire4 ,! success ( ! "y ma/]1 :om he _h se5 "s mon?s be=e z 8 auditor1 rea*$ 8 e>s4 ,x 0 said t ! ,messiah pr$ict$ by ! prophets1 he :o 0 to re-e/abli% ! k+dom ( ,israel1 0 come1 & 0 prov+ 8 pres5ce 9 ,galilee by m>vel\s works4 ,john wi%$ to inquire into ! tru? ( ?is rumor1 & z he communicat$ freely ) 8 disciples1 he *ose two ( !m to g to ,jesus 9 ,galilee4#a ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xi4 #b1 & foll[+2 ,luke vii4 #ah1 & foll[+4 ,! two disciples f\nd ,jesus at ! height ( 8 fame4 ,! air ( gladness :i* reign$ ar\nd him surpris$ !m4 ,accu/om$ to fa/s1 to p]sev]+ pray]1 & to a life ( aspiration1 !y 7 a/oni%$ to see !mselves transport$ sudd5ly into ! mid/ ( ! joys att5d+ ! welcome ( ! ,messiah4#a ,!y told ,jesus _! message3 ,art ?\ he t %\ld come8 ,or d we look = ano!r8 ,jesus1 :o f t "t hesitat$ no long] respect+ 8 peculi> "* z ,messiah1 enum]at$ ! works :i* ought to *>act]ize ! com+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god--su* z ! heal+ ( ! sick1 & ! good tid+s ( a spe$y salvation prea*$ to ! poor4 ,he did all ^! works4 ,& bless$ is he1 said ,jesus1 :osoev] %all n be (f5d$ 9 me4 ,we "k n :e!r ?is answ] f\nd ,john ! ,bapti/ liv+1 or 9 :at temp] x put ! au/]e ascetic4 ,did he die consol$ & c]ta9 t he :om he _h ann\nc$ already liv$1 or did he rema9 d\btful z to ! mission ( ,jesus8 ,!re is no?+ to in=m u4 ,see+1 h[ev]1 t 8 s*ool cont9u$ to exi/ a consid]able "t p>allel ) ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 we are l$ to ?9k t1 not)/&+ 8 reg>d = ,jesus1 ,john did n look ^u him z ! "o :o 0 to realize ! div9e promises4 ,dea? came1 moreov]1 to end 8 p]plexities4 ,! untamable fre$om ( ! ascetic 0 to cr[n 8 re/less & /ormy c>e] by ! only end :i* 0 wor?y ( x4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 ix4 #ad1 & foll[+4 ,! l5i5cy :i* ,antipas _h at fir/ %[n t[>d ,john 0 n ( long duration4 ,9 ! conv]sations :i*1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian tradition1 ,john _h _h ) ! tetr>*1 he did n cease to decl>e to him t 8 m>riage 0 unlawful1 & t he ought to s5d away ,h]odias4#a ,we c easily imag9e ! hatr$ :i* ! gr&daught] ( ,h]od ! ,great mu/ h conceiv$ t[>d ?is importunate c\nsellor4 ,%e only wait$ an opportunity to ru9 him4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiv4 #d1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #ah1 & foll[+2 ,luke iii4 #ai4 ,h] daught]1 ,salome1 born ( h] fir/ m>riage1 & l h] ambiti\s & dissolute1 ent]$ into h] designs4 ,t ye> 7probably ! ye> #cj7 ,antipas 0 at ,ma*]o on ! anniv]s>y ( 8 bir?day4 ,h]od ! ,great _h con/ruct$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! =tress a magnific5t palace1 :]e ! tetr>* frequ5tly resid$4#a ,he gave a great fea/ !re1 dur+ :i* ,salome execut$ "o ( ^? dances 9 "* :i* 7 n consid]$ 9 ,syria z unbecom+ a di/+ui%$ p]son4 ,antipas be+ mu* pleas$1 ask$ ! danc] :at %e mo/ desir$1 & %e repli$1 at ! in/igation ( h] "m1 ,give me "h ,john ,bapti/'s head 9 a *>g]4#b ,antipas 0 sorry1 b he did n l to refuse4 ,a gu>d took ! di%1 w5t & cut (f ! head ( ! prison]1 & br\ght x4#c ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,de ,bello jud41 ,,vii4 vi4 #b4 ,footnote #b3 ,a portable di% on :i* liquors & vi&s are s]v$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xiv4 #c1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #ad-bi2 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 v4 #b4 ,! disciples ( ! ,bapti/ obta9$ 8 body & plac$ x 9 a tomb1 b ! p 7 mu* displeas$4 ,six ye>s aft]1 ,h>e?1 hav+ attack$ ,antipas1 9 ord] to recov] ,ma*]o & av5ge ! di%onor ( 8 daught]1 ,antipas 0 completely beat52 & 8 defeat 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z a puni%m5t = ! murd] ( ,john4#a ,footnote #a3 ,josephus1 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 v4 #a1 #b4 ,! news ( ,john's dea? 0 br\ght to ,jesus by ! disciples ( ! ,bapti/4#a ,john's la/ act t[>d ,jesus _h effectually unit$ ! two s*ools 9 ! mo/ intimate bonds4 ,jesus1 fe>+ an increase ( ill-w on ! "p ( ,antipas1 took precautions & retir$ to ! des]t1#b :]e _m p foll[$ him4 ,by ex]cis+ an extreme frugality1 ! holy b& 0 enabl$ to live !re1 & 9 ?is !re 0 naturally se5 a miracle4#c ,f ?is "t ,jesus always spoke ( ,john ) r$\bl$ admiration4 ,he decl>$ unhesitat+ly#d t he 0 m ?an a prophet1 t ! ,law & ! anci5t prophets _h =ce only until he came1#e t he _h abrogat$ !m1 b t ! k+dom ( heav5 w\ld displace him 9 turn4 ,9 f9e1 he attribut$ to him a special place 9 ! economy ( ! ,*ri/ian my/]y1 :i* con/itut$ him ! l9k ( union betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! adv5t ( ! new reign4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiv4 #ab4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xiv4 #ac4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xiv4 #ae1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #ce1 & foll[+2 ,luke ix4 #aa1 & foll[+2 ,john vi4 #b1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xi4 #g1 & foll[+2 ,luke vii4 #bd1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xi4 #ab1 #ac2 ,luke xvi4 #af4 ,! prophet ,mala*i1 ^: op9ion 9 ?is matt] 0 soon br\ght to be>1#a _h ann\nc$ ) mu* en]gy a precursor ( ! ,messiah1 :o 0 to prep>e m5 = ! f9al r5ovation1 a mess5g] :o %\ld come to make /raight ! pa?s be=e ! elect$ "o ( ,god4 ,?is mess5g] 0 no o!r ?an ! prophet ,elias1 :o1 accord+ to a widely spread belief1 0 soon to desc5d f heav51 :i!r he _h be5 c>ri$1 9 ord] to prep>e m5 by rep5tance = ! great adv5t1 & to reconcile ,god ) 8 p4#b ,sometimes !y associat$ ) ,elias1 ei!r ! patri>* ,eno*1 to :om = "o or two c5turies !y _h attribut$ high sanctity2#c or ,j]emiah1#d :om !y consid]$ z a sort ( protect+ g5ius ( ! p1 con/antly occupi$ 9 pray+ = !m be=e ! ?rone ( ,god4#e ,?is idea1 t two anci5t prophets %\ld rise aga9 9 ord] to s]ve z precursors to ! ,messiah1 is discov]$ 9 s /rik+ a =m 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,p>sees t we feel mu* incl9$ to believe t x comes f t s\rce4#f ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x =m$ at ! "t ( ,jesus an integral portion ( ! ,jewi% !ories ab\t ! ,messiah4 ,x 0 admitt$ t ! appe>ance ( two fai?ful witnesses1 clo!d 9 g>m5ts ( rep5tance1 w\ld be ! preamble ( ! great drama ab\t to be unfold$1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! univ]se4#g ,footnote #a3 ,mala*i iii4 & iv42 ,ecclesia/icus xlviii4 #aj4 ,see ante1 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xi4 #ad1 xvii4 #aj2 ,m>k vi4 #ae1 viii4 #bh1 ix4 #aj1 & foll[+2 ,luke ix4 #h1 #ai4 ,footnote #c3 ,ecclesia/icus xliv4 #af4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xvi4 #ad4 ,footnote #e3 #b ,macc4 v4 #ac1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,texts cit$ by ,anquetil-,dup]ron1 ,z5d-,ave/a1 i4 #b;d "p1 p4 #df1 correct$ by ,spiegel1 9 ! ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 morg5la5dis*5 ,gesells*aft1 i4 #bfa1 & foll[+2 extracts f ! ,jamasp-,nameh1 9 ! ,ave/a ( ,spiegel1 i41 p4 #cd4 ,none ( ! ,p>see texts1 :i* truly imply ! idea ( resuscitat$ prophets & ( precursors1 are anci5t2 b ! ideas conta9$ 9 !m appe> to be mu* ant]ior to ! "t ( ! compilation itself4 ,footnote #g3 ,rev4 xi4 #c1 & foll[+4 ,x w be se5 t1 ) ^! ideas1 ,jesus & 8 disciples c\ld n hesitate ab\t ! mission ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,:5 ! scribes rais$ ! objection t ! ,messiah c\ld n h come because ,elias _h n yet appe>$1#a !y repli$ t ,elias 0 come1 t ,john 0 ,elias rais$ f ! dead4#b ,by 8 mann] ( life1 by 8 opposition to ! e/abli%$ political au?orities1 ,john 9 fact recall$ t /range figure 9 ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,israel4#c ,jesus 0 n sil5t on ! m]its & excell5cies ( 8 =]unn]4 ,he said t none great] 0 born among ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,he en]getically blam$ ! ,ph>isees & ! doctors = n hav+ accept$ 8 baptism1 & = n be+ conv]t$ at 8 voice4#d ,footnote #a3 ,m>k ix4 #aj4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xi4 #ad1 xvii4 #aj-ac2 ,m>k vi4 #ae1 ix4 #aj-ab2 ,luke ix4 #h2 ,john i4 #ba-be4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke i4 #ag4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxi4 #cb2 ,luke vii4 #bi1 #cj4 ,! disciples ( ,jesus 7 fai?ful to ^! pr9ciples ( _! ma/]4 ,?is respect = ,john cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian g5]ation4#a ,he 0 suppos$ to be a relative ( ,jesus4#b ,9 ord] to e/abli% ! mission ( ! latt] ^u te/imony admitt$ by all1 x 0 decl>$ t ,john1 at ! fir/ sight ( ,jesus1 proclaim$ him ! ,messiah2 t he recogniz$ himself 8 inf]ior1 unwor?y to unloose ! lat*ets ( 8 %oes2 t he refus$ at fir/ to baptize him1 & ma9ta9$ t x 0 he :o ought to be baptiz$ by ,jesus4#c ,^! 7 exagg]ations1 :i* are suffici5tly refut$ by ! d\btful =m ( ,john's la/ message4#d ,b1 9 a m g5]al s5se1 ,john rema9s 9 ! ,*ri/ian leg5d t :i* he 0 9 reality--! au/]e =]unn]1 ! gloomy prea*] ( rep5tance be=e ! joy on ! arrival ( ! bridegroom1 ! prophet :o ann\nces ! k+dom ( ,god & dies be=e behold+ x4 ,?is giant 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?is eat] ( locu/s & wild honey1 ?is r\gh r$ress] ( wrongs1 0 ! bitt] :i* prep>$ ! lip = ! sweetness ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,8 behead+ by ,h]odias inaugurat$ ! era ( ,*ri/ian m>tyrs2 he 0 ! fir/ witness = ! new fai?4 ,! worldly1 :o recogniz$ 9 him _! true enemy1 c\ld n p]mit him to live2 8 mutilat$ corpse1 ext5d$ on ! ?re%old ( ,*ri/ianity1 trac$ ! bloody pa? 9 :i* s _m o!rs 7 to foll[4 ,footnote #a3 ,acts xix4 #d4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke i4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 iii4 #ad1 & foll[+2 ,luke iii4 #af2 ,john i4 #ae1 & foll[+1 v4 #cb1 #cc4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xi4 #b1 & foll[+2 ,luke vii4 #ah1 & foll[+4 ,! s*ool ( ,john did n die ) its f\nd]4 ,x liv$ "s "t di/9ct f t ( ,jesus1 & at fir/ a good und]/&+ exi/$ betwe5 ! two4 ,_m ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! two ma/]s1 p 7 baptiz$ ) ! baptism ( ,john4 ,c]ta9 p]sons belong$ to ! two s*ools at ! same "t--= example1 ! celebrat$ ,apollos1 ! rival ( ,/4 ,paul 7t[>d ! ye> #ej71 & a l>ge numb] ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,ephesus4#a ,josephus plac$ himself 7ye> #ec7 9 ! s*ool ( an ascetic nam$ ,ban\1#b :o pres5ts ! greate/ resemblance to ,john ! ,bapti/1 & :o 0 p]haps ( 8 s*ool4 ,?is ,ban\#c liv$ 9 ! des]t1 clo!d ) ! leaves ( trees2 he support$ himself only on wild plants & fruits1 & baptiz$ himself frequ5tly1 bo? day & night1 9 cold wat]1 9 ord] to purify himself4 ,james1 he :o 0 call$ ! bro!r ( ! ,"l 7!re is "h p]haps "s confusion ( homonyms71 practis$ a simil> asceticism4#d ,aft]w>d1 t[>d ! ye> #hj1 ,baptism 0 9 /rife ) ,*ri/ianity1 especially 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,john ! evangeli/ appe>s to combat x 9 an indirect mann]4#e ,"o ( ! ,sibyll9e#f poems seems to proce$ f ?is s*ool4 ,z to ! sects ( ,hem]o-bapti/s1 ,bapti/s1 & ,el*asaites 7,sabi5s ,mogtasila ( ! ,arabian writ]s#g71 :o1 9 ! second c5tury1 fill$ ,syria1 ,pale/9e & ,babylonia1 & ^: repres5tatives /ill exi/ 9 our days among ! ,m5daites1 call$ ,*ri/ians ( ,/4 ,john2 !y h ! same orig9 z ! movem5t ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 r ?an an au!ntic desc5t f ,john4 ,! true s*ool ( ! latt]1 p>tly mix$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 became a small ,*ri/ian h]esy1 & di$ out 9 obscurity4 ,john _h =ese5 di/9ctly ! de/9y ( ! two s*ools4 ,if he _h yield$ to a mean rivalry1 he w\ld to-day h be5 =gott5 9 ! cr[d ( sect>ies ( 8 "t4 ,by 8 self-abnegation he has atta9$ a glori\s & unique position 9 ! religi\s pan!on ( humanity4 ,footnote #a3 ,acts xviii4 #be1 xix4 #a-e4 ,cf4 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xxx4 #af4 ,footnote #b3 ,vita1 #b4 ,footnote #c3 ,w\ld ?is be ! ,b\nai :o is reckon$ by ! ,talmud 7,bab41 ,sanh$rim1 #dc a7 among/ ! disciples ( ,jesus8 ,footnote #d3 ,hegesippus1 9 ,eusebius1 ,h4,e41 ii4 #bc4 ,footnote #e3 ,gospel1 i4 #bf1 #cc1 iv4 #b2 #a/ ,epi/le1 v4 #f4 ,cf4 ,acts x4 #dg4 ,footnote #f3 ,book iv4 ,see especially v4 #aeg1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #g3 ,sabi5s is ! ,aramean equival5t ( ! ^w ,bapti/s4 ,mogtasila has ! same mean+ 9 ,arabic4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,fir/ ,,attempts ,,on ,,j]usalem4 ,jesus1 almo/ e ye>1 w5t to ,j]usalem = ! fea/ ( ! passov]4 ,! details ( ^! j\rneys are little kn[n1 = ! synoptics d n speak ( !m1#a & ! notes ( ! f\r? ,gospel are v confus$ on ?is po9t4#b ,x 01 x appe>s1 9 ! ye> #ca1 & c]ta9ly aft] ! dea? ( ,john1 t ! mo/ important ( ! visits ( ,jesus to ,j]usalem took place4 ,_m ( ! disciples foll[$ him4 ,al?\gh ,jesus atta*$ f t "t little value to ! pilgrimage1 he con=m$ himself to x 9 ord] n to w\nd ,jewi% op9ion1 ) :i* he _h n yet brok54 ,^! j\rneys1 moreov]1 7 ess5tial to 8 design2 = he felt already t 9 ord] to play a lead+ "p1 he mu/ g f ,galilee1 & attack ,judaism 9 its /ronghold1 :i* 0 ,j]usalem4 ,footnote #a3 ,!y1 h[ev]1 imply !m obscurely 7,matt4 xxiii4 #cg2 ,luke xiii4 #cd74 ,!y knew z well z ,john ! relation ( ,jesus ) ,joseph ( ,arima!a4 ,luke ev5 7x4 #ch-db7 knew ! family ( ,be?any4 ,luke 7ix4 #ea-ed7 has a vague idea ( ! sy/em ( ! f\r? ,gospel respect+ ! j\rneys ( ,jesus4 ,_m disc\rses aga9/ ! ,ph>isees & ! ,sadducees1 said by ! synoptics to h be5 deliv]$ 9 ,galilee1 h sc>cely any mean+1 except z hav+ be5 giv5 at ,j]usalem4 ,& aga91 ! lapse ( eight days is mu* too %ort to expla9 all t happ5$ betwe5 ! arrival ( ,jesus 9 t city & 8 dea?4 ,footnote #b3 ,two pilgrimages are cle>ly indicat$ 7,john ii4 #ac1 & v4 #a71 )\t speak+ ( 8 la/ j\rney 7vii4 #aj71 aft] :i* ,jesus return$ no m to ,galilee4 ,! fir/ took place :ile ,john 0 /ill baptiz+4 ,x w\ld belong consequ5tly to ! ,ea/] ( ! ye> #bi4 ,b ! circum/ances giv5 z belong+ to ?is j\rney are ( a m advanc$ p]iod4 7,comp4 especially ,john ii4 #ad1 & foll[+1 & ,matt4 xxi4 #ab1 #ac2 ,m>k xi4 #ae-ag2 ,luke xix4 #de1 #df47 ,!re are evid5tly transpositions ( dates 9 ^! *apt]s ( ,john1 or r he has mix$ ! circum/ances ( diff]5t j\rneys4 ,! little ,galilean community 7 "h f> f be+ at home4 ,j]usalem 0 !n ne>ly :at x is to-day1 a city ( p$antry1 acrimony1 disputes1 hatr$s1 & littl5ess ( m9d4 ,its fanaticism 0 extreme1 & religi\s s$itions v frequ5t4 ,! ,ph>isees 7 dom9ant2 ! /udy ( ! ,law1 pu%$ to ! mo/ insignificant m9utiae1 & r$uc$ to que/ions ( casui/ry1 0 ! only /udy4 ,?is exclusively !ological & canonical culture contribut$ 9 no respect to ref9e ! intellect4 ,x 0 some?+ analog\s to ! b>r5 doctr9e ( ! ,mussulman fakir1 to t empty sci5ce discuss$ r\nd ab\t ! mosques1 & :i* is a great exp5diture ( "t & useless argum5tation1 by no means calculat$ to advance ! "r discipl9e ( ! m9d4 ,! !ological education ( ! mod]n cl]gy1 al?\gh v dry1 gives u no idea ( ?is1 = ! ,r5aissance has introduc$ into all our tea*+s1 ev5 ! mo/ irregul>1 a %>e ( belles lettres & ( me?od1 :i* has infus$ m or less ( ! humanities into s*ola/icism4 ,! sci5ce ( ! ,jewi% doctor1 ( ! s(] or scribe1 0 purely b>b>\s1 unmitigat$ly absurd1 & d5ud$ ( all moral elem5t4#a ,to cr[n ! evil1 x fill$ ) ridicul\s pride ^? :o _h we>i$ !mselves 9 acquir+ x4 ,! ,jewi% scribe1 pr\d ( ! pret5d$ k :i* _h co/ him s mu* tr\ble1 _h ! same contempt = ,greek culture :i* ! le>n$ ,mussulman ( our "t has = ,european civilization1 & :i* ! old ca?olic !ologian _h = ! k ( m5 ( ! _w4 ,! t5d5cy ( ?is s*ola/ic culture 0 to close ! m9d to all t 0 ref9$1 to create e/eem only = ^? difficult trifl+s on :i* !y _h wa/$ _! lives1 & :i* 7 reg>d$ z ! natural occupation ( p]sons pr(ess+ a degree ( s]i\sness4#b ,footnote #a3 ,we may judge ( x by ! ,talmud1 ! e*o ( ! ,jewi% s*ola/icism ( t "t4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 xi4 #b4 ,?is odi\s society c\ld n fail to weigh heavily on ! t5d] & susceptible m9ds ( ! nor?4 ,! contempt ( ! ,hi]osolymites = ! ,galileans r5d]$ ! sep>ation /ill m complete4 ,9 ! beautiful temple :i* 0 ! object ( all _! desires1 !y (t5 only met ) insult4 ,a v]se ( ! pilgrim's psalm1#a ,i _h r be a doorkeep] 9 ! h\se ( my ,god1 seem$ made expressly = !m4 ,a contemptu\s prie/hood laugh$ at _! simple devotion1 z =m]ly 9 ,italy ! cl]gy1 famili>iz$ ) ! sanctu>ies1 witness$ coldly & almo/ je/+ly ! f]vor ( ! pilgrim come f af>4 ,! ,galileans spoke a r corrupt dialect2 _! pronunciation 0 vici\s2 !y conf\nd$ ! diff]5t aspirations ( lett]s1 :i* l$ to mi/akes :i* 7 mu* laugh$ at4#b ,9 religion1 !y 7 consid]$ z ignorant & some:at het]odox2#c ! expression1 fooli% ,galileans1 _h become prov]bial4#d ,x 0 believ$ 7n )\t reason7 t !y 7 n ( pure ,jewi% blood1 & no "o expect$ ,galilee to produce a prophet4#e ,plac$ ?us on ! conf9es ( ,judaism1 & almo/ outside ( x1 ! poor ,galileans _h only "o badly int]pret$ passage 9 ,isaiah to build _! hopes ^u4#f ,l& ( ,zebulon1 & l& ( ,naphtali1 way ( ! sea1 ,galilee ( ! nations6 ,! p t walk$ 9 d>kness h se5 a great light3 !y t dwell 9 ! l& ( ! %ad[ ( dea?1 ^u !m ha? ! light %9$4 ,! reputation ( ! native city ( ,jesus 0 p>ticul>ly bad4 ,x 0 a popul> prov]b1 ,c !re any good ?+ come out ( ,naz>e?8#g ,footnote #a3 ,ps4 lxxxiv4 7,vulg4 lxxxiii47 #aa4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #gc2 ,m>k xiv4 #gj2 ,acts ii4 #g2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,erub91 #ec a1 & foll[+2 ,b]es*i? ,rabba1 #bf c4 ,footnote #c3 ,passage f ! treatise ,erub91 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #d3 ,erub91 loc4 cit41 #ec b4 ,footnote #e3 ,john vii4 #eb4 ,footnote #f3 ,isa4 ix4 #a1 #b2 ,matt4 iv4 #ac1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #g3 ,john i4 #df4 ,! p>*$ appe>ance ( ,nature 9 ! neighborhood ( ,j]usalem mu/ h add$ to ! dislike ,jesus _h = ! place4 ,! valleys are )\t wat]2 ! soil arid & /ony4 ,look+ into ! valley ( ! ,dead ,sea1 ! view is some:at /rik+2 else:]e x is monoton\s4 ,! hill ( ,mizpeh1 ar\nd :i* clu/] ! mo/ anci5t hi/orical remembrances ( ,israel1 alone relieves ! eye4 ,! city pres5t$1 at ! "t ( ,jesus1 ne>ly ! same =m t x does n[4 ,x _h sc>cely any anci5t monum5ts1 =1 until ! "t ( ! ,asmoneans1 ! ,jews _h rema9$ /rang]s to all ! arts4 ,john ,hyrcanus _h begun to embelli% x1 & ,h]od ! ,great _h made x "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t cities ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ,h]odian con/ructions1 by _! gr& "*1 p]fection ( execution1 & beauty ( mat]ial1 may dispute sup]iority ) ! mo/ f9i%$ works ( antiquity4#a ,a great numb] ( sup]b tombs1 ( orig9al ta/e1 7 rais$ at ! same "t 9 ! neighborhood ( ,j]usalem4#b ,! /yle ( ^! monum5ts 0 ,grecian1 b appropriate to ! cu/oms ( ! ,jews1 & consid]ably modifi$ 9 accordance ) _! pr9ciples4 ,! ornam5tal sculptures ( ! human figure :i* ! ,h]ods _h sanction$1 to ! great discont5t ( ! puri/s1 7 bani%$1 & replac$ by floral decorations4 ,! ta/e ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,pho5icia & ,pale/9e = monoli?s 9 solid /one seem$ to be reviv$ 9 ^! s+ul> tombs cut 9 ! rock1 & 9 :i* ,grecian ord]s are s /rangely appli$ to an ar*itecture ( troglodytes4 ,jesus1 :o reg>d$ works ( art z a pomp\s display ( vanity1 view$ ^! monum5ts ) displeasure4#c ,8 absolute spiritualism1 & 8 settl$ conviction t ! =m ( ! old _w 0 ab\t to pass away1 left him no ta/e except = ?+s ( ! he>t4 ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xv4 viii4-xi42 ,b4,j41 ,v4 v4 #f2 ,m>k xiii4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #b3 ,tombs1 namely1 ( ! ,judges1 ,k+s1 ,absalom1 ,ze*>iah1 ,jeho%aphat1 & ( ,/4 ,james4 ,comp>e ! description ( ! tomb ( ! ,maccabees at ,mod9 7#a ,macc4 xiii4 #bg1 & foll[+74 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxiii4 #bg1 #bi1 xxiv4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xiii4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,luke xix4 #dd1 xxi4 #e1 & foll[+4 ,comp>e ,book ( ,eno*1 xcvii4 #ac1 #ad2 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,%abba?1 #cc b4 ,! temple1 at ! "t ( ,jesus1 0 q new1 & ! ext]ior works ( x 7 n complet$4 ,h]od _h begun its recon/ruction 9 ! ye> #bj or #ba be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 9 ord] to make x uni=m ) 8 o!r edifices4 ,! body ( ! temple 0 f9i%$ 9 eighte5 mon?s2 ! porticos took eight ye>s2#a & ! accessory portions 7 cont9u$ sl[ly1 & 7 only f9i%$ a %ort "t be=e ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem4#b ,jesus probably saw ! "w progress+1 n )\t a degree ( secret vexation4 ,^! hopes ( a long future 7 l an insult to 8 approa*+ adv5t4 ,cle>]-sight$ ?an ! unbeliev]s & ! fanatics1 he =esaw t ^! sup]b edifices 7 de/9$ to endure b = a %ort "t4#c ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xv4 xi4 #e1 #f4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 ix4 #g2 ,john ii4 #bj4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxiv4 #b1 xxvi4 #fa1 xxvii4 #dj2 ,m>k xiii4 #b1 xiv4 #eh1 xv4 #bi2 ,luke xxi4 #f2 ,john ii4 #ai1 #bj4 ,! temple =m$ a m>vel\sly impos+ :ole1 ( :i* ! pres5t h>am1#a not)/&+ its beauty1 sc>cely gives u any idea4 ,! c\rts & ! surr\nd+ porticos s]v$ z ! daily r5dezv\s = a consid]able numb] ( p]sons--s mu* s1 t ?is great space 0 at once temple1 =um1 tribunal1 & univ]sity4 ,all ! religi\s discussions ( ! ,jewi% s*ools1 all ! canonical in/ruction1 ev5 ! legal processes & civil causes--9 a ^w1 all ! activity ( ! nation 0 conc5trat$ !re4#b ,x 0 an ar5a :]e argum5ts 7 p]petually cla%+1 a battlefield ( disputes1 res\nd+ ) sophisms & subtle que/ions4 ,! temple _h ?us mu* analogy ) a ,mahometan mosque4 ,! ,romans at ?is p]iod treat$ all /range religions ) respect1 :5 kept )9 prop] limits1#c & c>efully refra9$ f ent]+ ! sanctu>y2 ,greek & ,lat9 inscriptions m>k$ ! po9t up to :i* ^? :o 7 n ,jews 7 p]mitt$ to advance4#d ,b ! t[] ( ,antonia1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,roman =ces1 comm&$ ! :ole enclosure1 & all[$ all t pass$ !re9 to be se54#e ,! gu>d+ ( ! temple belong$ to ! ,jews2 ! entire sup]9t5d5ce 0 committ$ to a capta91 :o caus$ ! gates to be op5$ & %ut1 & prev5t$ any "o f cross+ ! enclosure ) a /ick 9 8 h&1 or ) du/y %oes1 or :5 c>ry+ p>cels1 or to %ort5 8 pa?4#f ,!y 7 especially scrupul\s 9 wat*+ t no "o ent]$ )9 ! inn] gates 9 a /ate ( legal impurity4 ,! wom5 _h an entirely sep>ate c\rt4 ,footnote #a3 ,! temple & its enclosure d\btless occupi$ ! site ( ! mosque ( ,om> & ! h>am1 or ,sacr$ ,c\rt1 :i* surr\nds ! mosque4 ,! f\ndation ( ! h>am is1 9 "s p>ts1 especially at ! place :]e ! ,jews g to weep1 ! exact base ( ! temple ( ,h]od4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke ii4 #df1 & foll[+2 ,mi%nah1 ,sanh$rim1 x4 #b4 ,footnote #c3 ,suet41 ,aug4 #ic4 ,footnote #d3 ,philo1 ,legatio ad ,caium1 ,sec4 #ca2 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,v4 v4 #b1 ,,vi4 ii4 #d2 ,acts xxi4 #bh4 ,footnote #e3 ,consid]able traces ( ?is t[] are /ill se5 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! h>am4 ,footnote #f3 ,mi%nah1 ,b]ako?1 ix4 #e2 ,talm4 ( ,babyl41 ,jebamo?1 #f b2 ,m>k xi4 #af4 ,x 0 9 ! temple t ,jesus pass$ 8 days1 :il/ he rema9$ at ,j]usalem4 ,! p]iod ( ! fea/s br\ght an extraord9>y conc\rse ( p into ! city4 ,associat$ 9 p>ties ( t5 to tw5ty p]sons1 ! pilgrims invad$ ev]y:]e1 & liv$ 9 t disord]$ /ate 9 :i* ,ori5tals delight4#a ,jesus 0 lo/ 9 ! cr[d1 & 8 poor ,galileans gr\p$ ar\nd him 7 ( small acc\nt4 ,he probably felt t he 0 9 a ho/ile _w :i* w\ld receive him only ) disda94 ,ev]y?+ he saw set him aga9/ x4 ,! temple1 l mu*-frequ5t$ places ( devotion 9 g5]al1 (f]$ a n v edify+ spectacle4 ,! accessories ( wor%ip entail$ a numb] ( repulsive details1 especially ( m]cantile op]ations1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* real %ops 7 e/abli%$ )9 ! sacr$ enclosure4 ,!re 7 sold bea/s = ! sacrifices2 !re 7 tables = ! ex*ange ( money2 at times x seem$ l a baza>4 ,! inf]ior (fic]s ( ! temple fulfill$ _! functions d\btless ) ! irreligi\s vulg>ity ( ! sacri/ans ( all ages4 ,?is pr(ane & he$less air 9 ! h&l+ ( holy ?+s w\nd$ ! religi\s s5tim5t ( ,jesus1 :i* 0 at times c>ri$ ev5 to a scrupul\s excess4#b ,he said t !y _h made ! h\se ( pray] into a d5 ( ?ieves4 ,"o day1 x is ev5 said1 t1 c>ri$ away by 8 ang]1 he sc\rg$ ! v5dors ) a sc\rge ( small cords1 & ov]turn$ _! tables4#c ,9 g5]al1 he _h little love = ! temple4 ,! wor%ip :i* he _h conceiv$ = 8 ,fa!r _h no?+ 9 common ) sc5es ( but*]y4 ,all ^! old ,jewi% in/itutions displeas$ him1 & he suff]$ 9 be+ oblig$ to con=m to !m4 ,except among ! ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians1 nei!r ! temple nor its site inspir$ pi\s s5tim5ts4 ,! true disciples ( ! new fai? held ?is anci5t sanctu>y 9 av]sion4 ,con/ant9e & ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]ors left ! pagan con/ruction ( ,adrian exi/+ !re1#d & only ! enemies ( ,*ri/ianity1 su* z ,julian1 rememb]$ ! temple4#e ,:5 ,om> ent]$ into ,j]usalem1 he f\nd ! site design$ly pollut$ 9 hatr$ ( ! ,jews4#f ,x 0 ,islamism1 t is to say1 a sort ( resurrection ( ,judaism 9 its exclusively ,semitic =m1 :i* re/or$ its glory4 ,! place has always be5 anti-,*ri/ian4 ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 xiv4 #c1 ,,vi4 ix4 #c4 ,comp4 ,ps4 cxxxiii4 7,vulg4 cxxxii47 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k xi4 #af4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxi4 #ab1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xi4 #ae1 & foll[+2 ,luke xix4 #de1 & foll[+2 ,john ii4 #ad1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,it94 a ,burdig4 ,hi]us41 p4 #aeb 7edit4 ,s*ott72 ,s4 ,j]ome1 9 ,is4 i4 #h1 & 9 ,matt4 xxiv4 #ae4 ,footnote #e3 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxiii4 #a4 ,footnote #f3 ,euty*ius1 ,ann41 ,,ii4 #bhf1 & foll[+ 7,ox=d #afei74 ,! pride ( ! ,jews complet$ ! discont5t ( ,jesus1 & r5d]$ 8 /ay 9 ,j]usalem pa9ful4 ,9 ! degree t ! great ideas ( ,israel rip5$1 ! prie/hood lo/ its p[]4 ,! in/itution ( synagogues _h giv5 to ! int]pret] ( ! ,law1 to ! doctor1 a great sup]iority ov] ! prie/4 ,!re 7 no prie/s except at ,j]usalem1 & ev5 !re1 r$uc$ to functions entirely ritual1 almo/1 l our p>i% prie/s1 exclud$ f prea*+1 !y 7 surpass$ by ! orator ( ! synagogue1 ! casui/1 & ! s(] or scribe1 al?\gh ! latt] 0 only a layman4 ,! celebrat$ m5 ( ! ,talmud 7 n prie/s2 !y 7 le>n$ m5 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! "t4 ,! high prie/hood ( ,j]usalem held1 x is true1 a v elevat$ rank 9 ! nation2 b x 0 by no means at ! head ( ! religi\s movem5t4 ,! sov]eign pontiff1 ^: dignity _h already be5 degrad$ by ,h]od1#a became m & m a ,roman function>y1#b :o 0 frequ5tly remov$ 9 ord] to divide ! pr(its ( ! (fice4 ,oppos$ to ! ,ph>isees1 :o 7 v w>m lay zealots1 ! prie/s 7 almo/ all ,sadducees1 t is to say1 memb]s ( t unbeliev+ ari/ocracy :i* _h be5 =m$ ar\nd ! temple1 & :i* liv$ by ! alt>1 :ile !y saw ! vanity ( x4#c ,! sac]dotal ca/e 0 sep>at$ to su* a degree f ! national s5tim5t & f ! great religi\s movem5t :i* dragg$ ! p along1 t ! "n ( ,sadducee 7sadoki71 :i* at fir/ simply designat$ a memb] ( ! sac]dotal family ( ,sadok1 _h become synonym\s ) ,mat]iali/ & ) ,epicurean4 ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xv4 iii4 #a1 #c4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid41 ,,xviii4 ii4 ,footnote #c3 ,acts iv4 #a1 & foll[+1 v4 #ag2 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 ix4 #a2 ,pirke ,abo?1 i4 #aj4 ,a /ill worse elem5t _h begun1 s9ce ! reign ( ,h]od ! ,great1 to corrupt ! high-prie/hood4 ,h]od hav+ fall5 9 love ) ,m>iamne1 daught] ( a c]ta9 ,simon1 son ( ,boe?us ( ,alex&ria1 & hav+ wi%$ to m>ry h] 7ab\t ! ye> #bh ,b4,c471 saw no o!r means ( ennobl+ 8 fa!r-9-law & rais+ him to 8 own rank ?an by mak+ him high-prie/4 ,?is intrigu+ family rema9$ ma/]1 almo/ )\t int]ruption1 ( ! sov]eign pontificate = ?irty-five ye>s4#a ,closely alli$ to ! reign+ family1 x did n lose ! (fice until aft] ! deposition ( ,ar*elaus1 & recov]$ x 7! ye> #db ( our era7 aft] ,h]od ,agrippa _h = "s "t re-enact$ ! "w ( ,h]od ! ,great4 ,"u ! "n ( ,boe?usim1#b a new sac]dotal nobility 0 =m$1 v worldly1 & little devotional1 & closely alli$ to ! ,sadokites4 ,! ,boe?usim1 9 ! ,talmud & ! rabb9ical writ+s1 are depict$ z a k9d ( unbeliev]s1 & always reproa*$ z ,sadducees4#c ,f all ?is !re result$ a m9iature c\rt ( ,rome ar\nd ! temple1 liv+ on politics1 little incl9$ to excesses ( zeal1 ev5 r fe>+ !m1 n wi%+ to he> ( holy p]sonages or ( innovators1 = x pr(it$ f ! e/abli%$ r\t9e4 ,^! epicurean prie/s _h n ! viol5ce ( ! ,ph>isees2 !y only wi%$ = quietness2 x 0 _! moral indiff]5ce1 _! cold irreligion1 :i* revolt$ ,jesus4 ,al?\gh v diff]5t1 ! prie/s & ! ,ph>isees 7 ?us conf\nd$ 9 8 antipa?ies4 ,b a /rang]1 & )\t influ5ce1 he 0 long compell$ to re/ra9 8 discont5t )9 himself1 & only to communicate 8 s5tim5ts to ! intimate fri5ds :o accompani$ him4 ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant4 ,,xv4 ix4 #c1 ,,xvii4 vi4 #d1 xiii4 #a1 ,,xviii4 i4 #a1 ii4 #a1 ,,xix4 vi4 #b1 viii4 #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is "n is only f\nd 9 ! ,jewi% docum5ts4 ,i ?9k t ! ,h]odians ( ! gospel are ! ,boe?usim4 ,footnote #c3 ,! treatise ( ,abo? ,na?an1 #e2 ,s(]im1 iii41 hal4 #e2 ,mi%nah1 ,m5a*o?1 x4 #c2 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,%abba?1 #aah a4 ,! "n ( ,boe?usim is (t5 *ang$ 9 ! ,talmudic books ) t ( ! ,sadducees1 or ) ! ^w ,m9im 7h]etics74 ,comp>e ,?osiphta1 ,joma1 i41 ) ! ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ! same treatise1 i4 #e1 & ,talm4 ( ,bab41 same treatise1 #ai b2 ,?os4 ,sukka1 iii4 ) ! ,talm4 ( ,bab41 same treatise1 #dc b2 ,?os4 ibid41 fur!r on1 ) ! ,talm4 ( ,bab41 same treatise1 #dh b2 ,?os4 ,ro% has%ana1 i4 ) ,mi%nah1 same treatise ii4 #a2 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 same treatise1 ii4 #a2 & ,talm4 ( ,bab41 same treatise1 #bb b2 ,?os4 ,m5a*o?1 x4 ) ,mi%nah1 same treatise1 x4 #c2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 same treatise1 #fe a2 ,mi%nah1 ,*agigah1 ii4 #d2 & ,megilla? ,taani?1 i42 ,?os4 ,iadaim1 ii4 ) ,talm4 ( ,j]us42 ,baba ,ba?ra1 viii4 #a2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 same treatise1 #aae b2 & ,megilla? ,taani?1 v4 ,be=e 8 la/ /ay1 :i* 0 by f> ! longe/ ( all t he made at ,j]usalem1 & :i* 0 t]m9at$ by 8 dea?1 ,jesus endeavor$1 h[ev]1 to obta9 a he>+4 ,he prea*$2 p spoke ( him2 & !y conv]s$ respect+ c]ta9 de$s ( 8 :i* 7 look$ ^u z miracul\s4 ,b f all t1 !re result$ nei!r an e/abli%$ *ur* at ,j]usalem nor a gr\p ( ,hi]osolymite disciples4 ,! *>m+ tea*]1 :o =gave e "o provid$ !y lov$ him1 c\ld n f9d mu* sympa?y 9 ?is sanctu>y ( va9 disputes & obsolete sacrifices4 ,! only result 0 t he =m$ "s valuable fri5d%ips1 ! advantage ( :i* he reap$ aft]w>d4 ,he does n appe> at t "t to h made ! acqua9tance ( ! family ( ,be?any1 :i*1 amid/ ! trials ( ! latt] mon?s ( 8 life1 br\ght him s mu* consolation4 ,b v e>ly he attract$ ! att5tion ( a c]ta9 ,nicodemus1 a ri* ,ph>isee1 a memb] ( ! ,sanh$rim1 & a man occupy+ a high position 9 ,j]usalem4#a ,?is man1 :o appe>s to h be5 upright & s9c]e1 felt himself attract$ t[>d ! "y ,galilean4 ,n wi%+ to compromise himself1 he came to see ,jesus by night1 & _h a long conv]sation ) him4#b ,he d\btless pres]v$ a favorable impression ( him1 = aft]w>d he def5d$ ,jesus aga9/ ! prejudices ( 8 colleagues1#c &1 at ! dea? ( ,jesus1 we %all f9d him t5d+ ) pi\s c>e ! corpse ( ! ma/]4#d ,nicodemus did n become a ,*ri/ian2 he _h too mu* reg>d = 8 position to take "p 9 a revolution>y movem5t :i* z yet c\nt$ no m5 ( note among/ its adh]5ts4 ,b he evid5tly felt great fri5d%ip = ,jesus1 & r5d]$ him s]vice1 ?\gh unable to rescue him f a dea? :i* ev5 at ?is p]iod 0 all b decre$4 ,footnote #a3 ,x seems t he is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,talmud4 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,taani?1 #bj a2 ,gitt91 #ef a2 ,ketubo?1 #ff b2 treatise ,abo? ,na?an1 vii42 ,midra% ,rabba1 ,eka1 #fd a4 ,! passage ,taani? id5tifies him ) ,b\nai1 :o1 accord+ to ,sanh$rim 7see ante1 p4 #bab1 note #b71 0 a disciple ( ,jesus4 ,b if ,b\nai is ! ,ban\ ( ,josephus1 ?is id5tification w n hold good4 ,footnote #b3 ,john iii4 #a1 & foll[+1 vii4 #ej4 ,we are c]ta9ly free to believe t ! exact text ( ! conv]sation is b a creation ( ,john's4 ,footnote #c3 ,john vii4 #ej1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xix4 #ci4 ,z to ! celebrat$ doctors ( ! "t1 ,jesus does n appe> to h _h any connection ) !m4 ,hillel & ,%ammai 7 dead2 ! greate/ au?ority ( ! "t 0 ,gamaliel1 gr&son ( ,hillel4 ,he 0 ( a lib]al _s1 & a man ( ! _w1 n oppos$ to secul> /udies1 & incl9$ to tol]ance by 8 int]c\rse ) good society4#a ,unlike ! v /rict ,ph>isees1 :o walk$ veil$ or ) clos$ eyes1 he did n scruple to gaze ev5 ^u ,pagan wom54#b ,?is1 z well z 8 k ( ,greek1 0 tol]at$ because he _h access to ! c\rt4#c ,aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 he express$ v mod]ate views respect+ ! new sect4#d ,/4 ,paul sat at 8 feet1#e b x is n probable t ,jesus ev] ent]$ 8 s*ool4 ,footnote #a3 ,mi%nah1 ,baba ,metsia1 v4 #h2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,sota1 #di b4 ,footnote #b3 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,b]ako?1 ix4 #b4 ,footnote #c3 ,passage ,sota1 be=e cit$1 & ,baba ,kama1 #hc a4 ,footnote #d3 ,acts v4 #cd1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,acts xxii4 #c4 ,"o idea1 at lea/1 :i* ,jesus br\ght f ,j]usalem1 & :i* h5ce=? appe>s root$ 9 8 m9d1 0 t !re 0 no union possible betwe5 him & ! anci5t ,jewi% religion4 ,! abolition ( ! sacrifices :i* _h caus$ him s mu* disgu/1 ! suppression ( an impi\s & haughty prie/hood1 &1 9 a g5]al s5se1 ! abrogation ( ! law1 appe>$ to him absolutely necess>y4 ,f ?is "t he appe>s no m z a ,jewi% re=m]1 b z a de/roy] ( ,judaism4 ,c]ta9 advocates ( ! ,messianic ideas _h already admitt$ t ! ,messiah w\ld br+ a new law1 :i* %\ld be common to all ! e>?4#a ,! ,ess5es1 :o 7 sc>cely ,jews1 also appe> to h be5 indiff]5t to ! temple & to ! ,mosaic obs]vances4 ,b ^! 7 only isolat$ or unav[$ in/ances ( boldness4 ,jesus 0 ! fir/ :o d>$ to say t f 8 "t1 or r f t ( ,john1#b ! ,law 0 aboli%$4 ,if sometimes he us$ m measur$ t]ms1#c x 0 9 ord] n to (f5d exi/+ prejudices too viol5tly4 ,:5 he 0 driv5 to extremities1 he lift$ ! veil entirely1 & decl>$ t ! ,law _h no long] any =ce4 ,on ?is subject he us$ /rik+ comp>isons4 ,no man putte? a piece ( new clo? into an old g>m5t1 nei!r d m5 put new w9e into old bottles4#d ,?is 0 really 8 *ief *>act]i/ic z tea*] & creator4 ,! temple exclud$ all except ,jews f its enclosure by scornful ann\ncem5ts4 ,jesus _h no sympa?y ) ?is4 ,! n>r[1 h>d1 & un*>itable ,law 0 only made = ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham4 ,jesus ma9ta9$ t e well-dispos$ man1 e man :o receiv$ & lov$ him1 0 a son ( ,abraham4#e ,! pride ( blood appe>$ to him ! great enemy :i* 0 to be combat$4 ,9 o!r words1 ,jesus 0 no long] a ,jew4 ,he 0 9 ! highe/ degree revolution>y2 he call$ all m5 to a wor%ip f\nd$ solely on ! fact ( _! be+ *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,he proclaim$ ! rights ( man1 n ! rights ( ! ,jew2 ! religion ( man1 n ! religion ( ! ,jew2 ! deliv]ance ( man1 n ! deliv]ance ( ! ,jew4#f ,h[ f> remov$ 0 ?is f a ,gaulonite ,judas or a ,mat?ias ,m>galo?1 prea*+ revolution 9 ! "n ( ! ,law6 ,! religion ( humanity1 e/abli%$1 n ^u blood1 b ^u ! he>t1 0 f\nd$4 ,moses 0 sup]s$$1 ! temple 0 r5d]$ useless1 & 0 irrevocably condemn$4 ,footnote #a3 ,orac4 ,sib41 book iii4 #egc1 & foll[+1 #gae1 & foll[+1 #gef-eh4 ,comp>e ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an1 ,isa4 xii4 #c4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xvi4 #af4 ,! passage 9 ,matt4 xi4 #ab1 #ac1 is less cle>1 b c h no o!r mean+4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 v4 #ag1 #ah 7,cf4 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,%abba?1 #aaf b74 ,?is passage is n 9 contradiction ) ^? 9 :i* ! abolition ( ! ,law is impli$4 ,x only signifies t 9 ,jesus all ! types ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are realiz$4 ,cf4 ,luke xvi4 #ag4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 ix4 #af1 #ag2 ,luke v4 #cf1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke xix4 #i4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 xxiv4 #ad1 xxviii4 #ai2 ,m>k xiii4 #aj1 xvi4 #ae2 ,luke xxiv4 #dg4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,int]c\rse ,,( ,,jesus ,,) ,,! ,,pagans ,,& ,,! ,,sam>itans4 ,foll[+ out ^! pr9ciples1 ,jesus despis$ all religion :i* 0 n ( ! he>t4 ,! va9 practices ( ! devotees1#a ! ext]ior /rictness1 :i* tru/$ to =mality = salvation1 _h 9 him a mortal enemy4 ,he c>$ little = fa/+4#b ,he pref]r$ =giv5ess to sacrifice4#c ,! love ( ,god1 *>ity & mutual =giv5ess1 7 8 :ole law4#d ,no?+ c\ld be less prie/ly4 ,! prie/1 by 8 (fice1 ev] advocates public sacrifice1 ( :i* he is ! appo9t$ m9i/]2 he disc\rages private pray]1 :i* has a t5d5cy to disp5se ) 8 (fice4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xv4 #i4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 ix4 #ad1 xi4 #ai4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 v4 #bc1 & foll[+1 ix4 #ac1 xii4 #g4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxii4 #cg1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xii4 #bh1 & foll[+2 ,luke x4 #be1 & foll[+4 ,we %\ld seek 9 va9 9 ! ,gospel = "o religi\s rite recomm5d$ by ,jesus4 ,baptism to him 0 only ( second>y importance2#a & ) respect to pray]1 he prescribes no?+1 except t x %\ld proce$ f ! he>t4 ,z is always ! case1 _m ?\ght to sub/itute m]e good-w = g5u9e love ( goodness1 & imag9$ !y c\ld w9 ! k+dom ( heav5 by say+ to him1 ,rabbi1 ,rabbi4 ,he rebuk$ !m1 & proclaim$ t 8 religion consi/$ 9 do+ good4#b ,he (t5 quot$ ! passage 9 ,isaiah1 :i* says3 ,?is p honor me ) _! lips1 b _! he>t is f> f me4#c ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 iii4 #ae2 #a ,cor4 i4 #ag4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 vii4 #ba2 ,luke vi4 #df4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xv4 #h2 ,m>k vii4 #f4 ,cf4 ,isaiah xxix4 #ac4 ,! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? 0 ! pr9cipal po9t ^u :i* 0 rais$ ! :ole edifice ( ,ph>isaic scruples & subtleties4 ,?is anci5t & excell5t in/itution _h become a pretext = ! mis]able disputes ( casui/s1 & a s\rce ( sup]/iti\s beliefs4#a ,x 0 believ$ t ,nature obs]v$ x2 all int]mitt5t spr+s 7 acc\nt$ ,sabbatical4#b ,?is 0 ! po9t ^u :i* ,jesus lov$ be/ to defy 8 adv]s>ies4#c ,he op5ly violat$ ! ,sabba?1 & only repli$ by subtle raill]y to ! reproa*es t 7 heap$ ^u him4 ,he despis$ /ill m a multitude ( mod]n obs]vances1 :i* tradition _h add$ to ! ,law1 & :i* 7 de>] ?an any o!r to ! devotees on t v acc\nt4 ,ablutions1 & ! too subtle di/9ctions betwe5 pure & impure ?+s1 f\nd 9 him a pitiless oppon5t3 ,!re is no?+ f )\t a man1 said he1 t ent]+ into him c defile him3 b ! ?+s :i* come out ( him1 ^? are !y t defile ! man4 ,! ,ph>isees1 :o 7 ! propagators ( ^! mumm]ies1 7 unceas+ly d5\nc$ by him4 ,he accus$ !m ( exce$+ ! ,law1 ( inv5t+ impossible precepts1 9 ord] to create occasions ( s93 ,bl9d lead]s ( ! bl9d1 said he1 take c>e le/ ye also fall into ! dit*4 ,o g5]ation ( vip]s1 h[ c ye1 be+ evil1 speak good ?+s8 = out ( ! abundance ( ! he>t ! m\? speake?4#d ,footnote #a3 ,see especially ! treatise ,%abba? ( ! ,mi%nah & ! ,livre des ,jubiles 7translat$ f ! ,e?iopian 9 ! ,jahrbue*] ( ,ewald1 ye>s #b & #c71 *ap4 ,i4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,vii4 v4 #a2 ,pl9y1 ,h4,n41 xxxi4 #ah4 ,cf4 ,?omson1 ,! ,l& & ! ,book1 i4 #djf1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xii4 #a-ad2 ,m>k ii4 #bc-bh2 ,luke vi4 #a-e1 xiii4 #ad1 & foll[+1 xiv4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xii4 #cd1 xv4 #a1 & foll[+1 #ab1 & foll[+1 xxiii4 entirely2 ,m>k vii4 #a1 & foll[+1 #ae1 & foll[+2 ,luke vi4 #de1 xi4 #ci1 & foll[+4 ,he did n "k ! ,g5tiles suffici5tly to ?9k ( f\nd+ any?+ la/+ ^u _! conv]sion4 ,galilee conta9$ a great numb] ( pagans1 b1 z x appe>s1 no public & organiz$ wor%ip ( false gods4#a ,jesus c\ld see ?is wor%ip display$ 9 all its spl5dor 9 ! c\ntry ( ,tyre & ,sidon1 at ,caes>ea ,philippi & 9 ! ,decapolis1 b he paid little att5tion to x4 ,we nev] f9d 9 him ! we>isome p$antry ( ! ,jews ( 8 "t1 ^? declamations aga9/ idolatry1 s famili> to 8 co-religioni/s f ! "t ( ,alex&]1 & :i* fill1 = in/ance1 ! book ( ,wisdom4#b ,t :i* /ruck him 9 ! pagans 0 n _! idolatry1 b _! s]vility4#c ,! "y ,jewi% democrat agree+ on ?is po9t ) ,judas ! ,gaulonite1 & admitt+ no ma/] b ,god1 0 hurt at ! honors ) :i* !y surr\nd$ ! p]sons ( sov]eigns1 & ! frequ5tly m5daci\s titles giv5 to !m4 ,) ?is exception1 9 ! great] numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* he comes 9 contact ) pagans1 he %[s great indulg5ce to !m2 sometimes he pr(esses to conceive m hope ( !m ?an ( ! ,jews4#d ,! k+dom ( ,god w\ld be transf]r$ to !m4 ,:5 ! "l1 !re=e1 ( ! v9ey>d come?1 :at w he d unto ^! husb&m58 ,he w mis]ably de/roy ^? wick$ m51 & w let out 8 v9ey>d unto o!r husb&m51 :i* %all r5d] him ! fruits 9 _! seasons4#e ,jesus adh]$ s mu* ! m to ?is idea1 z ! conv]sion ( ! ,g5tiles 01 accord+ to ,jewi% ideas1 "o ( ! sure/ signs ( ! adv5t ( ! ,messiah4#f ,9 8 k+dom ( ,god he repres5ts1 z seat$ at a fea/1 by ! side ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 m5 come f ! f\r w9ds ( heav51 :il/ ! lawful heirs ( ! k+dom are reject$4#g ,sometimes1 x is true1 !re seems to be an entirely contr>y t5d5cy 9 ! comm&s he gives to 8 disciples3 he seems to recomm5d !m only to prea* salvation to ! or?odox ,jews1#h he speaks ( pagans 9 a mann] con=mable to ! prejudices ( ! ,jews4#i ,b we mu/ rememb] t ! disciples1 ^: n>r[ m9ds did n %>e 9 ?is supreme indiff]5ce = ! privileges ( ! sons ( ,abraham1 may h giv5 ! in/ruction ( _! ma/] ! b5t ( _! own ideas4 ,besides1 x is v possible t ,jesus may h v>i$ on ?is po9t1 j z ,mahomet speaks ( ! ,jews 9 ! ,koran1 sometimes 9 ! mo/ honorable mann]1 sometimes ) extreme h>%ness1 z he _h hope ( w9n+ _! favor or o!rwise4 ,tradition1 9 fact1 attributes to ,jesus two entirely opposite rules ( proselytism1 :i* he may h practis$ 9 turn3 ,he t is n aga9/ u is on our "p4 ,he t is n ) me1 is aga9/ me4#aj ,impassion$ conflict involves almo/ necess>ily ?is k9d ( contradictions4 ,footnote #a3 ,i believe ! pagans ( ,galilee 7 f\nd especially on ! fronti]s--at ,k$es1 = example2 b t ! v he>t ( ! c\ntry1 ! city ( ,tib]ias except$1 0 entirely ,jewi%4 ,! l9e :]e ! ru9s ( temples end1 & ^? ( synagogues beg91 is to-day pla9ly m>k$ z f> nor? z ,lake ,huleh 7,sama*onites74 ,! traces ( pagan sculpture1 :i* 7 ?\ght to h be5 f\nd at ,tell-,h\m1 are d\btful4 ,! coa/--! t[n ( ,acre1 9 p>ticul>--did n =m "p ( ,galilee4 ,footnote #b3 ,*ap4 ,,xiii4 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xx4 #be2 ,m>k x4 #db2 ,luke xxii4 #be4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 viii4 #e1 & foll[+1 xv4 #bb1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vii4 #be1 & foll[+2 ,luke iv4 #be1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xxi4 #da2 ,m>k xii4 #i2 ,luke xx4 #af4 ,footnote #f3 ,isa4 ii4 #b1 & foll[+1 lx42 ,amos ix4 #aa1 & foll[+2 ,j]4 iii4 #ag2 ,mal4 i4 #aa2 ,tobit1 xiii4 #ac1 & foll[+2 ,orac4 ,sibyll41 iii4 #gae1 & foll[+4 ,comp4 ,matt4 xxiv4 #ad2 ,acts xv4 #ae1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 viii4 #aa1 #ab1 xxi4 #cc1 & foll[+1 xxii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 vii4 #f1 x4 #e1 #f1 xv4 #bd1 xxi4 #dc4 ,footnote #i3 ,matt4 v4 #df1 & foll[+1 vi4 #g1 #cb1 xviii4 #ag2 ,luke vi4 #cb1 & foll[+1 xii4 #cj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,matt4 xii4 #cj2 ,m>k ix4 #ci2 ,luke ix4 #ej1 xi4 #bc4 ,x is c]ta9 t he c\nt$ among 8 disciples _m m5 :om ! ,jews call$ ,hell5es4#a ,?is ^w _h 9 ,pale/9e div]s mean+s4 ,sometimes x designat$ ! pagans2 sometimes ! ,jews1 speak+ ,greek1 & dwell+ among ! pagans2#b sometimes m5 ( pagan orig9 conv]t$ to ,judaism4#c ,x 0 probably 9 ! la/-nam$ category ( ,hell5es t ,jesus f\nd sympa?y4#d ,! affiliation ) ,judaism _h _m degrees2 b ! proselytes always rema9$ 9 a /ate ( inf]iority 9 reg>d to ! ,jew by bir?4 ,^? 9 "q 7 call$ proselytes ( ! gate1 or m5 fe>+ ,god1 & 7 subject to ! precepts ( ,noah1 & n to ^? ( ,moses4#e ,?is v inf]iority 0 d\btless ! cause :i* drew !m to ,jesus1 & ga9$ !m 8 favor4 ,footnote #a3 ,josephus confirms ?is 7,ant41 ,,xviii4 iii4 #c74 ,comp4 ,john vii4 #ce1 xii4 #bj1 #ba4 ,footnote #b3 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,sota1 vii4 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,see 9 p>ticul>1 ,john vii4 #ce1 xii4 #bj2 ,acts xiv4 #a1 xvii4 #d1 xviii4 #d1 xxi4 #bh4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xii4 #bj2 ,acts viii4 #bg4 ,footnote #e3 ,mi%nah1 ,baba ,metsia1 ix4 #ab2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,sanh41#ef b2 ,acts viii4 #bg1 x4 #b1 #bb1 #ce1 xiii4 #af1 #bf1 #dc1 #ej1 xvi4 #ad1 xvii4 #d1 #ag1 xviii4 #g2 ,gal4 ii4 #c2 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xiv4 vii4 #b4 ,he treat$ ! ,sam>itans 9 ! same mann]4 ,%ut 91 l a small isl&1 betwe5 ! two great prov9ces ( ,judaism 7,judea & ,galilee71 ,sam>ia =m$ 9 ,pale/9e a k9d ( enclosure 9 :i* 0 pres]v$ ! anci5t wor%ip ( ,g]izim1 closely resembl+ & rivall+ t ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is poor sect1 :i* _h nei!r ! g5ius nor ! le>n$ organization ( ,judaism1 prop]ly s call$1 0 treat$ by ! ,hi]osolymites ) extreme h>%ness4#a ,!y plac$ !m 9 ! same rank z pagans1 b hat$ !m m4#b ,jesus1 f a feel+ ( opposition1 0 well dispos$ t[>d ,sam>ia1 & (t5 pref]r$ ! ,sam>itans to ! or?odox ,jews4 ,if1 at o!r times1 he seems to =bid 8 disciples prea*+ to !m1 conf9+ 8 gospel to ! ,israelites prop]1#c ?is 0 no d\bt a precept aris+ f special circum/ances1 to :i* ! apo/les h giv5 too absolute a mean+4 ,sometimes1 9 fact1 ! ,sam>itans receiv$ him badly1 because !y ?\ght him imbu$ ) ! prejudices ( 8 co-religioni/s2#d--;9 ! same mann] z 9 our days ! ,european free-?9k] is reg>d$ z an enemy by ! ,mussulman1 :o always believes him to be a fanatical ,*ri/ian4 ,jesus rais$ himself above ^! misund]/&+s4#e ,he _h _m disciples at ,%e*em1 & he pass$ at lea/ two days !re4#f ,on "o occasion he meets ) gratitude & true piety f a ,sam>itan only4#g ,"o ( 8 mo/ beautiful p>ables is t ( ! man w\nd$ on ! way to ,j]i*o4 ,a prie/ passes by & sees him1 b goes on 8 way2 a ,levite also passes1 b does n /op2 a ,sam>itan takes pity on him1 approa*es him1 & p\rs oil into 8 w\nds1 & b&ages !m4#h ,jesus argues f ?is t true bro!rhood is e/abli%$ among m5 by *>ity1 & n by cre$s4 ,! neighbor :o 9 ,judaism 0 specially ! co-religioni/1 0 9 8 e/imation ! man :o has pity on 8 k9d )\t di/9ction ( sect4 ,human bro!rhood 9 its wide/ s5se ov]fl[s 9 all 8 tea*+4 ,footnote #a3 ,ecclesia/icus l4 #bg1 #bh2 ,john viii4 #dh2 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,ix4 xiv4 #c1 ,,xi4 viii4 #f1 ,,xii4 v4 #e2 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,aboda z>a1 v4 #d2 ,pesa*im1 i4 #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 x4 #e2 ,luke xvii4 #ah4 ,comp4 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,*ol91 #f a4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 x4 #e1 #f4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke ix4 #ec4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke ix4 #ef4 ,footnote #f3 ,john iv4 #ci-dc4 ,footnote #g3 ,luke xvii4 #af4 ,footnote #h3 ,luke x4 #cj1 & foll[+4 ,^! ?\ghts1 :i* beset ,jesus on 8 leav+ ,j]usalem1 f\nd _! vivid expression 9 an anecdote :i* has be5 pres]v$ respect+ 8 return4 ,! road f ,j]usalem into ,galilee passes at ! di/ance ( half an h\r's j\rney f ,%e*em1#a 9 front ( ! op5+ ( ! valley comm&$ by m\nts ,ebal & ,g]izim4 ,?is r\te 0 9 g5]al avoid$ by ! ,jewi% pilgrims1 :o pref]r$ mak+ 9 _! j\rneys ! long det\r ?r\gh ,p]ea1 r ?an expose !mselves to ! insults ( ! ,sam>itans1 or ask any?+ ( !m4 ,x 0 =bidd5 to eat & dr9k ) !m4#b ,x 0 an axiom ( c]ta9 casui/s1 t a piece ( ,sam>itan bread is ! fle% ( sw9e4#c ,:5 !y foll[$ ?is r\te1 provisions 7 always laid up be=eh&2 yet !y r>ely avoid$ conflict & ill-treatm5t4#d ,jesus %>$ nei!r ^! scruples nor ^! fe>s4 ,hav+ come to ! po9t :]e ! valley ( ,%e*em op5s on ! left1 he felt fatigu$1 & /opp$ ne> a well4 ,! ,sam>itans 7 !n z n[ accu/om$ to give to all ! localities ( _! valley names drawn f patri>*al rem9isc5ces4 ,!y reg>d$ ?is well z hav+ be5 giv5 by ,jacob to ,joseph2 x 0 probably ! same :i* is n[ call$ ,bir-,iak\b4 ,! disciples ent]$ ! valley & w5t to ! city to buy provisions4 ,jesus seat$ himself at ! side ( ! well1 hav+ ,g]izim be=e him4 ,footnote #a3 ,n[ ,nabl\s4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke ix4 #ec2 ,john iv4 #i4 ,footnote #c3 ,mi%nah1 ,%ebiit1 viii4 #aj4 ,footnote #d3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 v4 #a2 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 xii4 #c2 ,vita1 #eb4 ,x 0 ab\t noon4 ,a woman ( ,%e*em came to draw wat]4 ,jesus ask$ h] to let him dr9k1 :i* excit$ great a/oni%m5t 9 ! woman1 ! ,jews g5]ally =bidd+ all int]c\rse ) ! ,sam>itans4 ,won by ! conv]sation ( ,jesus1 ! woman recogniz$ 9 him a prophet1 & expect+ "s reproa*es ab\t h] wor%ip1 %e anticipat$ him3 ,sir1 said %e1 our fa!rs wor%ipp$ 9 ?is m\nta91 & ye say t 9 ,j]usalem is ! place :]e m5 ought to wor%ip4 ,jesus sai? unto h]1 ,woman1 believe me1 ! h\r come? :5 ye %all nei!r 9 ?is m\nta91 nor yet at ,j]usalem1 wor%ip ! ,fa!r4 ,b ! h\r come?1 & n[ is1 :5 ! true wor%ipp]s %all wor%ip ! ,fa!r 9 _s & 9 tru?4#a ,footnote #a3 ,john iv4 #ba-bc4 ,v]se #bb1 at lea/ ! latt] clause ( x1 :i* expresses an idea oppos$ to t ( v]ses #ba & #bc1 appe>s to h be5 int]polat$4 ,we mu/ n insi/ too mu* on ! hi/orical reality ( su* a conv]sation1 s9ce ,jesus1 or 8 int]locutor1 alone w\ld h be5 able to relate x4 ,b ! anecdote 9 *apt] iv4 ( ,john1 c]ta9ly repres5ts "o ( ! mo/ intimate ?\ghts ( ,jesus1 & ! great] "p ( ! circum/ances h a /rik+ appe>ance ( tru?4 ,! day on :i* he utt]$ ?is say+1 he 0 truly ,son ( ,god4 ,he pron\nc$ = ! fir/ "t ! s5t5ce ^u :i* w repose ! edifice ( et]nal religion4 ,he f\nd$ ! pure wor%ip1 ( all ages1 ( all l&s1 t :i* all elevat$ s\ls w practice until ! end ( "t4 ,n only 0 8 religion on ?is day ! be/ religion ( humanity1 x 0 ! absolute religion2 & if o!r planets h inhabitants gift$ ) reason & morality1 _! religion _c be diff]5t f t :i* ,jesus proclaim$ ne> ! well ( ,jacob4 ,man has n be5 able to ma9ta9 ?is position3 = ! ideal is realiz$ b transitorily4 ,?is s5t5ce ( ,jesus has be5 a brilliant light amid/ gross d>kness2 x has requir$ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s = ! eyes ( mank9d 7:at d ,i say6 = an inf9itely small portion ( mank9d7 to become accu/om$ to x4 ,b ! light w become ! full day1 &1 aft] hav+ run ?r\gh all ! cycles ( error1 mank9d w return to ?is s5t5ce1 z ! immortal expression ( its fai? & its hope4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,! ,,leg5ds ,,conc]n+ ,,jesus--,,8 ,,own ,,idea ,,( ,,8 ,,sup]natural ,,"*4 ,jesus return$ to ,galilee1 hav+ completely lo/ 8 ,jewi% fai?1 & fill$ ) revolution>y ardor4 ,8 ideas are n[ express$ ) p]fect cle>ness4 ,! innoc5t aphorisms ( ! fir/ "p ( 8 prophetic c>e]1 9 "p borr[$ f ! ,jewi% rabbis ant]ior to him1 & ! beautiful moral precepts ( 8 second p]iod1 are ex*ang$ = a decid$ policy4 ,! ,law w\ld be aboli%$2 & x 0 to be aboli%$ by him4#a ,! ,messiah _h come1 & he 0 ! ,messiah4 ,! k+dom ( ,god 0 ab\t to be reveal$2 & x 0 he :o w\ld reveal x4 ,he knew well t he w\ld be ! victim ( 8 boldness2 b ! k+dom ( ,god c\ld n be conqu]$ )\t viol5ce2 x 0 by crises & commotions t x 0 to be e/abli%$4#b ,! ,son ( man w\ld reappe> 9 glory1 accompani$ by legions ( angels1 & ^? :o _h reject$ him w\ld be conf\nd$4 ,footnote #a3 ,! hesitancy ( ! imm$iate disciples ( ,jesus1 ( :om a consid]able portion rema9$ atta*$ to ,judaism1 might cause objections to be rais$ to ?is4 ,b ! trial ( ,jesus leaves no room = d\bt4 ,we %all see t he 0 !re treat$ z a corrupt]4 ,! ,talmud gives ! proc$ure adopt$ aga9/ him z an example ( t :i* ought to be foll[$ aga9/ corrupt]s1 :o seek to ov]turn ! ,law ( ,moses4 7,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,sanh$rim1 xiv4 #af2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,sanh$rim1 #dc a1 #fg a47 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xi4 #ab2 ,luke xvi4 #af4 ,! boldness ( su* a conception ought n to surprise u4 ,long be=e ?is1 ,jesus _h reg>d$ 8 relation to ,god z t ( a son to 8 fa!r4 ,t :i* 9 o!rs w\ld be an insupportable pride1 ought n 9 him to be reg>d$ z presumption4 ,! title ( ,son ( ,david 0 ! fir/ :i* he accept$1 probably )\t be+ conc]n$ 9 ! innoc5t frauds by :i* x 0 s\ght to secure x to him4 ,! family ( ,david _h1 z x seems1 be5 long ext9ct2#a ! ,asmoneans be+ ( prie/ly orig91 c\ld n pret5d to claim su* a desc5t = !mselves2 nei!r ,h]od nor ! ,romans dreamt = a mom5t t any repres5tative :atev] ( ! anci5t dyna/y exi/$ 9 _! mid/4 ,b f ! close ( ! ,asmonean dyna/y ! dream ( an unkn[n desc5dant ( ! anci5t k+s1 :o %\ld av5ge ! nation ( its enemies1 fill$ e m9d4 ,! univ]sal belief 01 t ! ,messiah w\ld be son ( ,david1 & l him w\ld be born at ,be?lehem4#b ,! fir/ idea ( ,jesus 0 n precisely ?is4 ,! remembrance ( ,david1 :i* 0 upp]mo/ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,jews1 _h no?+ 9 common ) 8 heav5ly reign4 ,he believ$ himself ! ,son ( ,god1 & n ! son ( ,david4 ,8 k+dom1 & ! deliv]ance :i* he m$itat$1 7 ( q ano!r ord]4 ,b public op9ion on ?is po9t made him d viol5ce to himself4 ,! imm$iate consequ5ce ( ! proposition1 ,jesus is ! ,messiah1 0 ?is o!r proposition1 ,jesus is ! son ( ,david4 ,he all[$ a title to be giv5 him1 )\t :i* he c\ld n hope = success4 ,he end$1 x seems1 by tak+ pleasure !re91 = he p]=m$ mo/ will+ly ! miracles :i* 7 ask$ ( him by ^? :o us$ ?is title 9 address+ him4#c ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r circum/ances ( 8 life1 ,jesus yield$ to ! ideas :i* 7 curr5t 9 8 "t1 al?\gh !y 7 n precisely 8 own4 ,he associat$ ) 8 doctr9e ( ! k+dom ( ,god all t c\ld w>m ! he>t & ! imag9ation4 ,x 0 ?us t we h se5 him adopt ! baptism ( ,john1 al?\gh x c\ld n h be5 ( mu* importance to him4 ,footnote #a3 ,x is true t c]ta9 doctors--su* z ,hillel1 ,gamaliel--are m5tion$ z be+ ( ! race ( ,david4 ,b ^! are v d\btful allegations4 ,if ! family ( ,david /ill =m$ a di/9ct & prom95t gr\p1 h[ is x t we nev] see x figure1 by ! side ( ! ,sadokites1 ,boe?usians1 ! ,asmoneans1 & ,h]ods1 9 ! great /ruggles ( ! "t8 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 ii4 #e1 #f1 xxii4 #db2 ,luke i4 #cb2 ,john vii4 #da1 #db2 ,acts ii4 #cj4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 ix4 #bg1 xii4 #bc1 xv4 #bb1 xx4 #cj1 #ca2 ,m>k x4 #dg1 #eb2 ,luke xviii4 #ch4 ,"o great difficulty pres5t$ itself--8 bir? at ,naz>e?1 :i* 0 ( public notoriety4 ,we d n "k :e!r ,jesus /rove aga9/ ?is objection4 ,p]haps x did n pres5t itself 9 ,galilee1 :]e ! idea t ! son ( ,david %\ld be a ,be?lehemite 0 less spread4 ,to ! ,galilean ideali/1 moreov]1 ! title ( son ( ,david 0 suffici5tly ju/ifi$1 if he to :om x 0 giv5 reviv$ ! glory ( 8 race1 & br\ght back ! great days ( ,israel4 ,did ,jesus au?orize by 8 sil5ce ! fictiti\s g5ealogies :i* 8 p>tisans inv5t$ 9 ord] to prove 8 royal desc5t8#a ,did he "k any?+ ( ! leg5ds inv5t$ to prove t he 0 born at ,be?lehem2 & p>ticul>ly ( ! attempt to connect 8 ,be?lehemite orig9 ) ! c5sus :i* _h tak5 place by ord] ( ! imp]ial legate1 ,quir9us8#b ,we "k n4 ,! inexactitude & ! contradictions ( ! g5ealogies#c lead to ! belief t !y 7 ! result ( popul> ideas op]at+ at v>i\s po9ts1 & t none ( !m 7 sanction$ by ,jesus4#d ,nev] does he designate himself z son ( ,david4 ,8 disciples1 mu* less enlight5$ ?an he1 frequ5tly magnifi$ t :i* he said ( himself2 b1 z a rule1 he _h no k ( ^! exagg]ations4 ,let u add1 t dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies1 consid]able portions ( ,*ri/5dom#e ob/9ately d5i$ ! royal desc5t ( ,jesus & ! au!nticity ( ! g5ealogies4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 i4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,luke iii4 #bc1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 ii4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,luke ii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,! two g5ealogies are q contradictory1 & d n agree ) ! li/s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! n>rative ( ,luke on ! c5sus ( ,quir9us implies an ana*ronism4 ,see ante1 p4 #ha1 note #d4 ,x is natural to suppose1 besides1 t ! leg5d may h laid hold ( ?is circum/ance4 ,! c5sus made a great impression on ! ,jews1 ov]turn$ _! n>r[ ideas1 & 0 rememb]$ by !m = a long p]iod4 ,cf4 ,acts v4 #cg4 ,footnote #d3 ,julius ,africanus 79 ,eusebius1 ,h4,e41 i4 #g7 supposes t x 0 ! relations ( ,jesus1 :o1 hav+ tak5 refuge 9 ,batanea1 attempt$ to recompose ! g5ealogies4 ,footnote #e3 ,! ,ebionites1 ! ,hebrews1 ! ,naz>5es1 ,tatian1 ,m>cion4 ,cf4 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xxix4 #i1 xxx4 #c1 #ad1 xlvi4 #a2 ,!odoret1 ,ha]et4 fab41 i4 #bj2 ,isidore ( ,pelusium1 ,epi/4 i4 #cga1 ad ,pansophium4 ,! leg5ds ab\t him 7 ?us ! fruit ( a great & entirely spontane\s conspiracy1 & 7 develop$ ar\nd him dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,no great ev5t 9 hi/ory has happ5$ )\t hav+ giv5 rise to a cycle ( fables2 & ,jesus c\ld n h put a /op to ^! popul> creations1 ev5 if he _h wi%$ to d s4 ,p]haps a sagaci\s obs]v] w\ld h recogniz$ f ?is po9t ! g]m ( ! n>ratives :i* 7 to attribute to him a sup]natural bir?1 & :i* arose1 x may be1 f ! idea1 v preval5t 9 antiquity1 t ! incomp>able man c\ld n be born ( ! ord9>y relations ( ! two sexes2 or1 x may be1 9 ord] to respond to an imp]fectly und]/ood *apt] ( ,isaiah1#a :i* 0 ?\ght to =etell t ! ,messiah %\ld be born ( a virg92 or1 la/ly1 x may be 9 consequ5ce ( ! idea t ! brea? ( ,god1 already reg>d$ z a div9e hypo/asis1 0 a pr9ciple ( fecundity4#b ,already1 p]haps1 !re 0 curr5t m ?an "o anecdote ab\t 8 infancy1 conceiv$ ) ! int5tion ( %[+ 9 8 biography ! accompli%m5t ( ! ,messianic ideal2#c or1 r1 ( ! prophecies :i* ! allegorical exegesis ( ! "t ref]r$ to ! ,messiah4 ,at o!r times !y connect$ him f 8 bir? ) celebrat$ m51 su* z ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,h]od ! ,great1 ,*aldean a/rolog]s1 :o1 x 0 said1 visit$ ,j]usalem ab\t ?is "t1#d & two ag$ p]sons1 ,simeon & ,anna1 :o _h left memories ( great sanctity4#e ,a r loose *ronology *>act]iz$ ^! comb9ations1 :i* = ! mo/ "p 7 f\nd$ ^u real facts trave/i$4#f ,b a s+ul> _s ( g5tl5ess & goodness1 a pr(\ndly popul> s5tim5t1 p]meat$ all ^! fables1 & made !m a supplem5t to 8 prea*+4#g ,x 0 especially aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus t su* n>ratives became greatly develop$2 we may1 h[ev]1 believe t !y circulat$ ev5 dur+ 8 life1 excit+ only a pi\s cr$ulity & simple admiration4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 i4 #bb1 #bc4 ,footnote #b3 ,g54 i4 #b4 ,= ! analog\s idea among ! ,egyptians1 see ,h]odotus1 iii4 #bh2 ,pomp4 ,mela1 i4 #i3 ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 symp41 ,,viii4 i4 #c2 ,de ,isid4 et ,osir41 #dc4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 i4 #ae1 #bc2 ,isa4 vii4 #ad1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 ii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke ii4 #be1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,?us ! leg5d ( ! massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts probably ref]s to "s cruelty ex]cis$ by ,h]od ne> ,be?lehem4 ,comp4 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xiv4 ix4 #d4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 i41 ii42 ,luke i41 ii42 ,s4 ,ju/91 ,dial4 cum ,tryph41 #gh1 #ajf2 ,protoevang4 ( ,james 7,apoca471 #ah & foll[+4 ,t ,jesus nev] dreamt ( mak+ himself pass = an inc>nation ( ,god1 is a matt] ab\t :i* !re c be no d\bt4 ,su* an idea 0 entirely =eign to ! ,jewi% m9d2 & !re is no trace ( x 9 ! synoptical gospels1#a we only f9d x indicat$ 9 portions ( ! ,gospel ( ,john1 :i* _c be accept$ z express+ ! ?\ghts ( ,jesus4 ,sometimes ,jesus ev5 seems to take precautions to put d[n su* a doctr9e4#b ,! accusation t he made himself ,god1 or ! equal ( ,god1 is pres5t$1 ev5 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john1 z a calumny ( ! ,jews4#c ,9 ?is la/ ,gospel he decl>es himself less ?an 8 ,fa!r4#d ,else:]e he av[s t ! ,fa!r has n reveal$ ev]y?+ to him4#e ,he believes himself to be m ?an an ord9>y man1 b sep>at$ f ,god by an inf9ite di/ance4 ,he is ,son ( ,god1 b all m5 are1 or may become s1 9 div]s degrees4#f ,e "o ought daily to call ,god 8 fa!r2 all :o are rais$ aga9 w be sons ( ,god4#g ,! div9e son-%ip 0 attribut$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t to be+s :om x 0 by no means pret5d$ 7 equal ) ,god4#h ,! ^w son has ! wide/ mean+s 9 ! ,semitic language1 & 9 t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4#i ,besides1 ! idea ,jesus _h ( man 0 n t l[ idea :i* a cold ,deism has introduc$4 ,9 8 poetic conception ( ,nature1 "o brea? alone p5etrates ! univ]se2 ! brea? ( man is t ( ,god2 ,god dwells 9 man1 & lives by man1 ! same z man dwells 9 ,god1 & lives by ,god4#aj ,! transc5d5t idealism ( ,jesus nev] p]mitt$ him to h a v cle> notion ( 8 own p]sonality4 ,he is 8 ,fa!r1 8 ,fa!r is he4 ,he lives 9 8 disciples2 he is ev]y:]e ) !m2#aa 8 disciples are "o1 z he & 8 ,fa!r are "o4#ab ,! idea to him is ev]y?+2 ! body1 :i* makes ! di/9ction ( p]sons1 is no?+4 ,footnote #a3 ,c]ta9 passages1 su* z ,acts ii4 #bb1 expressly exclude ?is idea4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xix4 #ag2 ,m>k x4 #ah2 ,luke xviii4 #ai4 ,footnote #c3 ,john v4 #ah1 & foll[+1 x4 #cc1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xiv4 #bh4 ,footnote #e3 ,m>k xiii4 #ce4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 v4 #i1 #de2 ,luke iii4 #ch1 vi4 #ce1 xx4 #cf2 ,john i4 #ab1 #ac1 x4 #cd1 #ce4 ,comp4 ,acts xvii4 #bh1 #bi2 ,rom4 viii4 #ad1 #ai1 #ba1 ix4 #bf2 #b ,cor4 vi4 #ah2 ,gal4 iii4 #bf2 & 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,deut4 xiv4 #a2 & especially ,wisdom1 ii4 #ac1 #ah4 ,footnote #g3 ,luke xx4 #cf4 ,footnote #h3 ,g54 vi4 #b2 ,job i4 #f1 ii4 #a1 xxviii4 #g2 ,ps4 ii4 #g1 lxxxii4 #f2 #b ,sam4 vii4 #ad4 ,footnote #i3 ,! *ild ( ! devil 7,matt4 xiii4 #ch2 ,acts xiii4 #aj72 ! *ildr5 ( ?is _w 7,m>k iii4 #ag2 ,luke xvi4 #h1 xx4 #cd72 ! *ildr5 ( light 7,luke xvi4 #h2 ,john xii4 #cf72 ! *ildr5 ( ! resurrection 7,luke xx4 #cf72 ! *ildr5 ( ! k+dom 7,matt4 viii4 #ab1 xiii4 #ch72 ! *ildr5 ( ! bride-*amb] 7,matt4 ix4 #ae2 ,m>k ii4 #ai2 ,luke v4 #cd72 ! *ildr5 ( hell 7,matt4 xxiii4 #ae72 ! *ildr5 ( peace 7,luke x4 #f71 c4 ,let u rememb] t ! ,jupit] ( paganism is ,greek3 pat] &ron te !on te4 ,footnote #aj3 ,comp4 ,acts xvii4 #bh4 ,footnote #aa3 ,matt4 xviii4 #bj1 xxviii4 #bj4 ,footnote #ab3 ,john x4 #cj1 xvii4 #ba4 ,see 9 g5]al ! lat] disc\rses ( ,john1 especially *ap4 xvii41 :i* express "o side ( ! psy*ological /ate ( ,jesus1 ?\gh we _c reg>d !m z true hi/orical docum5ts4 ,! title ,son ( ,god1 or simply ,son1#a ?us became = ,jesus a title analog\s to ,son ( man1 &1 l t1 synonym\s ) ! ,messiah1 ) ! sole diff]5ce t he call$ himself ,son ( man1 & does n seem to h made ! same use ( ! phrase1 ,son ( ,god4#b ,! title1 ,son ( man1 express$ 8 "* z judge2 t ( ,son ( ,god 8 p[] & 8 p>ticipation 9 ! supreme designs4 ,?is p[] _h no limits4 ,8 ,fa!r _h giv5 him all p[]4 ,he _h ! p[] to alt] ev5 ! ,sabba?4#c ,no "o c\ld "k ! ,fa!r except ?r\gh him4#d ,! ,fa!r _h delegat$ to him exclusively ! "r ( judg+4#e ,nature obey$ him2 b %e obeys also all :o believe & pray1 = fai? c d ev]y?+4#f ,we mu/ rememb] t no idea ( ! laws ( ,nature m>k$ ! limit ( ! impossible1 ei!r 9 8 own m9d1 or 9 t ( 8 he>]s4 ,! witnesses ( 8 miracles ?ank$ ,god = hav+ giv5 su* p[] unto m54#g ,he p>don$ s9s2#h he 0 sup]ior to ,david1 to ,abraham1 to ,solomon1 & to ! prophets4#i ,we d n "k 9 :at =m1 nor to :at ext5t1 ^! affirmations ( himself 7 made4 ,jesus ought n to be judg$ by ! law ( our petty conv5tionalities4 ,! admiration ( 8 disciples ov]:elm$ him & c>ri$ him away4 ,x is evid5t t ! title ( ,rabbi1 ) :i* he 0 at fir/ cont5t$1 no long] suffic$ him2 ev5 ! title ( prophet or mess5g] ( ,god respond$ no long] to 8 ideas4 ,! position :i* he attribut$ to himself 0 t ( a sup]human be+1 & he wi%$ to be reg>d$ z su/a9+ a high] relation%ip to ,god ?an o!r m54 ,b x mu/ be rem>k$ t ^! words1 sup]human & sup]natural1 borr[$ f our petty !ology1 _h no mean+ 9 ! exalt$ religi\s consci\sness ( ,jesus4 ,to him ,nature & ! developm5t ( humanity 7 n limit$ k+doms ap>t f ,god--paltry realities subject$ to ! laws ( a hopeless empiricism4 ,!re 0 no sup]natural = him1 because !re 0 no ,nature4 ,intoxicat$ ) inf9ite love1 he =got ! heavy *a9 :i* holds ! _s captive2 he cle>$ at "o b\nd ! abyss1 impossible to mo/1 :i* ! weakness ( ! human faculties has creat$ betwe5 ,god & man4 ,footnote #a3 ,! passages 9 support ( ?is are too num]\s to be ref]r$ to "h4 ,footnote #b3 ,x is only 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john t ,jesus uses ! expression ,son ( ,god1 or ,son1 9 speak+ ( himself4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xii4 #h2 ,luke vi4 #e4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xi4 #bg4 ,footnote #e3 ,john v4 #bb4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 xvii4 #ah1 #ai2 ,luke xvii4 #f4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 ix4 #h4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 ix4 #b1 & foll[+2 ,m>k ii4 #e1 & foll[+2 ,luke v4 #bj1 vii4 #dg1 #dh4 ,footnote #i3 ,matt4 xii4 #da1 #db2 xxii4 #dc1 & foll[+2 ,john viii4 #eb1 & foll[+4 ,we _c mi/ake 9 ^! affirmations ( ,jesus ! g]m ( ! doctr9e :i* 0 aft]w>d to make ( him a div9e hypo/asis1#a 9 id5tify+ him ) ! ,^w1 or second ,god1#b or elde/ ,son ( ,god1#c or ,angel ,meta?ronos1#d :i* ,jewi% !ology creat$ ap>t f him4#e ,a k9d ( necessity caus$ ?is !ology1 9 ord] to correct ! extreme rigor ( ! old ,mono!ism1 to place ne> ,god an assessor1 to :om ! et]nal ,fa!r is suppos$ to delegate ! gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,! belief t c]ta9 m5 are inc>nations ( div9e faculties or p[]s1 0 widespread2 ! ,sam>itans possess$ ab\t ! same "t a ?aumaturgus nam$ ,simon1 :om !y id5tifi$ ) ! great p[] ( ,god4#f ,= ne>ly two c5turies1 ! speculative m9ds ( ,judaism _h yield$ to ! t5d5cy to p]sonify ! div9e attributes1 & c]ta9 expressions :i* 7 connect$ ) ! ,div9ity4 ,?us1 ! brea? ( ,god1 :i* is (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is consid]$ z a sep>ate be+1 ! ,holy ,_s4 ,9 ! same mann] ! ,wisdom ( ,god & ! ,^w ( ,god became di/9ct p]sonages4 ,?is 0 ! g]m ( ! process :i* has eng5d]$ ! ,sephiro? ( ! ,cabbala1 ! ,a,eons ( ,gno/icism1 ! hypo/asis ( ,*ri/ianity1 & all t dry my?ology1 consi/+ ( p]sonifi$ ab/ractions1 to :i* ,mono!ism is oblig$ to resort :5 x wi%es to pluralize ! ,deity4 ,footnote #a3 ,see especially ,john xiv41 & foll[+4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r we h "h ! au!ntic tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,footnote #b3 ,philo1 cit$ 9 ,eusebius1 ,praep4 ,evang41 vii4 #ac4 ,footnote #c3 ,philo1 ,de migr4 ,abraham1 ,sec4 #a2 ,quod ,deus immut41 ,sec4 #f2 ,de confus4 l+41 ,sec4 #i1 #ad & #bh2 ,de pr(ugis1 ,sec4 #bj2 ,de ,somniis1 i4 ,sec4 #cg2 ,de ,agric4 ,noe1 ,sec4 #ab2 ,quis r]um div94 ha]es1 ,sec4 #be1 & foll[+1 #dh1 & foll[+1 c4 ,footnote #d3 ,greek3 ,meta?ronos1 t is1 %>+ ! ?rone ( ,god2 a k9d ( div9e secret>y1 keep+ ! regi/] ( m]its & dem]its2 ,b]e%i? ,rabba1 v4 #f c2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,sanh$r41 #ch b2 ,*agigah1 #ae a2 ,t>gum ( ,jona?an1 ,g541 v4 #bd4 ,footnote #e3 ,?is !ory ( ! ,greek3 ,logos conta9s no ,greek elem5ts4 ,! comp>isons :i* h be5 made betwe5 x & ! ,honov] ( ! ,p>sees are also )\t f\ndation4 ,! ,m9okhir$ or ,div9e ,intellig5ce1 has mu* analogy ) ! ,jewi% ,greek3 ,logos4 7,see ! fragm5ts ( ! book entitl$ ,m9okhir$ 9 ,spiegel1 ,p>si-,grammatik1 pp4 #afa1 #afb47 ,b ! developm5t :i* ! doctr9e ( ! ,m9okhir$ has tak5 among ! ,p>sees is mod]n1 & may imply a =eign influ5ce4 ,! ,div9e ,intellig5ce 7,maiyu-,khratu7 appe>s 9 ! ,z5d books2 b x does n !re s]ve z basis to a !ory2 x only ent]s into "s invocations4 ,! comp>isons :i* h be5 attempt$ betwe5 ! ,alex&rian !ory ( ! ,^w & c]ta9 po9ts ( ,egyptian !ology may n be entirely )\t value4 ,b no?+ indicates t1 9 ! c5turies :i* prec$$ ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,pale/9ian ,judaism _h borr[$ any?+ f ,egypt4 ,footnote #f3 ,acts viii4 #aj4 ,jesus appe>s to h rema9$ a /rang] to ^! ref9em5ts ( !ology1 :i* 7 soon to fill ! _w ) b>r5 disputes4 ,! metaphysical !ory ( ! ,^w1 su* z we f9d x 9 ! writ+s ( 8 contempor>y ,philo1 9 ! ,*aldean ,t>gums1 & ev5 9 ! book ( ,wisdom1#a is nei!r se5 9 ! ,logia ( ,mat!w1 nor 9 g5]al 9 ! synoptics1 ! mo/ au!ntic int]pret]s ( ! words ( ,jesus4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,^w1 9 fact1 _h no?+ 9 common ) ,messianism4 ,! ,^w ( ,philo1 & ( ! ,t>gums1 is 9 no s5se ! ,messiah4 ,x 0 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 or 8 s*ool1 :o aft]w>d endeavor$ to prove t ,jesus 0 ! ,^w1 & :o creat$1 9 ?is s5se1 q a new !ology1 v diff]5t f t ( ! k+dom ( ,god4#b ,! ess5tial "* ( ! ,^w 0 t ( ,creator & ( ,provid5ce4 ,n[1 ,jesus nev] pret5d$ to h creat$ ! _w1 nor to gov]n x4 ,8 (fice 0 to judge x1 to r5ovate x4 ,! position ( presid5t at ! f9al judgm5t ( humanity 0 ! ess5tial attribute :i* ,jesus atta*$ to himself1 & ! "* :i* all ! fir/ ,*ri/ians attribut$ to him4#c ,until ! great day1 he w sit at ! "r h& ( ,god1 z 8 ,meta?ronos1 8 fir/ m9i/]1 & 8 future av5g]4#d ,! sup]human ,*ri/ ( ! ,byzant9e apsides1 seat$ z judge ( ! _w1 9 ! mid/ ( ! apo/les 9 ! same rank ) him1 & sup]ior to ! angels :o only assi/ & s]ve1 is ! exact repres5tation ( t conception ( ! ,son ( man1 ( :i* we f9d ! fir/ features s /rongly indicat$ 9 ! book ( ,daniel4 ,footnote #a3 ix4 #a1 #b1 xvi4 #ab4 ,comp4 vii4 #ab1 viii4 #e1 & foll[+1 ix41 & 9 g5]al ix4-xi4 ,^! prosopopoeia ( ,wisdom p]sonifi$ are f\nd 9 mu* old] books4 ,prov4 viii41 ix42 ,job xxviii42 ,rev4 xix4 #ac4 ,footnote #b3 ,john1 ,gospel1 i4 #a-ad2 #a ,epi/le v4 #g2 moreov]1 x w be rem>k$1 t1 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john1 ! expression ( ! ,^w does n occur except 9 ! prologue1 & t ! n>rator nev] puts x into ! m\? ( ,jesus4 ,footnote #c3 ,acts x4 #db4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #fd2 ,m>k xvi4 #ai2 ,luke xxii4 #fi2 ,acts vii4 #ee2 ,rom4 viii4 #cd2 ,ephes4 i4 #bj2 ,coloss4 iii4 #a2 ,heb4 i4 #c1 #ac1 viii4 #a1 x4 #ab1 xii4 #b2 #a ,pet] iii4 #bb4 ,see ! passages previ\sly cit$ on ! "* ( ! ,jewi% ,meta?ronos4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! /rictness ( a /udi$ !ology by no means exi/$ 9 su* a /ate ( society4 ,all ! ideas we h j /at$ =m$ 9 ! m9d ( ! disciples a !ological sy/em s little settl$1 t ! ,son ( ,god1 ?is species ( div9e duplicate1 is made to act purely z man4 ,he is tempt$--he is ignorant ( _m ?+s--he corrects himself#a--;he is ca/ d[n1 disc\rag$--he asks 8 ,fa!r to sp>e him trials--he is submissive to ,god z a son4#b ,he :o is to judge ! _w does n "k ! day ( judgm5t4#c ,he takes precautions = 8 safety4#d ,soon aft] 8 bir?1 he is oblig$ to be conceal$ to avoid p[]ful m5 :o wi% to kill him4#e ,9 exorcisms1 ! devil *eats him1 & does n come out at ! fir/ comm&4#f ,9 8 miracles we are s5sible ( pa9ful ef=t--an exhau/ion1 z if some?+ w5t out ( him4#g ,all ^! are simply ! acts ( a mess5g] ( ,god1 ( a man protect$ & favor$ by ,god4#h ,we mu/ n look "h = ei!r logic or sequ5ce4 ,! ne$ ,jesus _h ( obta9+ cr$5ce1 & ! en?usiasm ( 8 disciples1 heap$ up contradictory notions4 ,to ! ,messianic believ]s ( ! mill5>ian s*ool1 & to ! en?usia/ic read]s ( ! books ( ,daniel & ( ,eno*1 he 0 ! ,son ( man--to ! ,jews hold+ ! ord9>y fai?1 & to ! read]s ( ,isaiah & ,micah1 he 0 ! ,son ( ,david--to ! disciples he 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 or simply ! ,son4 ,o!rs1 )\t be+ blam$ by ! disciples1 took him = ,john ! ,bapti/ ris5 f ! dead1 = ,elias1 = ,j]emiah1 con=mable to ! popul> belief t ! anci5t prophets 7 ab\t to reappe>1 9 ord] to prep>e ! "t ( ! ,messiah4#i ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 x4 #e1 comp>$ ) xxviii4 #ai4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ci2 ,john xii4 #bg4 ,footnote #c3 ,m>k xiii4 #cb4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xii4 #ad-af1 xiv4 #ac2 ,m>k iii4 #f1 #g1 ix4 #bi1 #cj2 ,john vii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 ii4 #bj4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 xvii4 #bj2 ,m>k ix4 #be4 ,footnote #g3 ,luke viii4 #de1 #df2 ,john xi4 #cc1 #ch4 ,footnote #h3 ,acts ii4 #bb4 ,footnote #i3 ,matt4 xiv4 #b1 xvi4 #ad1 xvii4 #c1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #ad1 #ae1 viii4 #bh2 ,luke ix4 #h1 & foll[+1 #ai4 ,an absolute conviction1 or r ! en?usiasm1 :i* fre$ him f ev5 ! possibility ( d\bt1 %r\d$ all ^! boldnesses4 ,we little und]/&1 ) our cold & scrupul\s natures1 h[ any "o c be s entirely possess$ by ! idea ( :i* he has made himself ! apo/le4 ,to ! deeply e>ne/ races ( ! ,we/1 conviction means s9c]ity to "o's self4 ,b s9c]ity to "o's self has n mu* mean+ to ,ori5tal peoples1 little accu/om$ to ! subtleties ( a critical _s4 ,hone/y & impo/ure are words :i*1 9 our rigid consci5ces1 are oppos$ z two irreconcilable t]ms4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 !y are connect$ by numb]less subtle l9ks & w9d+s4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,apocryphal books 7( ,daniel & ( ,eno*1 = in/ance71 m5 highly exalt$1 9 ord] to aid _! cause1 committ$1 )\t a %ad[ ( scruple1 an act :i* we %\ld t]m a fraud4 ,! lit]al tru? has little value to ! ,ori5tal2 he sees ev]y?+ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 ideas1 8 int]e/s1 & 8 passions4 ,hi/ory is impossible1 if we d n fully admit t !re are _m /&>ds ( s9c]ity4 ,all great ?+s are done ?r\gh ! p2 n[ we c only lead ! p by adapt+ ourselves to its ideas4 ,! philosoph] :o1 kn[+ ?is1 isolates & =tifies himself 9 8 integrity1 is highly praisewor?y4 ,b he :o takes humanity ) its illusions1 & seeks to act ) x & ^u x1 _c be blam$4 ,caes> knew well t he 0 n ! son ( ,v5us2 ,france w\ld n be :at x is1 if x _h n = a ?\s& ye>s believ$ 9 ! ,holy ,ampulla ( ,rheims4 ,x is easy = u1 :o are s p[]less1 to call ?is falsehood1 &1 pr\d ( our timid hone/y1 to treat ) contempt ! h]oes :o h accept$ ! battle ( life "u o!r conditions4 ,:5 we h effect$ by our scruples :at !y accompli%$ by _! falsehoods1 we %all h ! "r to be sev]e ^u !m4 ,at lea/1 we mu/ make a m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 societies l our own1 :]e ev]y?+ takes place 9 ! full light ( reflection1 & simple & cr$ul\s communities1 9 :i* ! beliefs t h gov]n$ ages h be5 born4 ,no?+ great has be5 e/abli%$ :i* does n re/ on a leg5d4 ,! only culprit 9 su* cases is ! humanity :i* is will+ to be deceiv$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,miracles4 ,two means ( pro(--miracles & ! accompli%m5t ( prophecies--c\ld alone1 9 ! op9ion ( ! contempor>ies ( ,jesus1 e/abli% a sup]natural mission4 ,jesus1 & especially 8 disciples1 employ$ ^! two processes ( demon/ration 9 p]fect good fai?4 ,= a long "t1 ,jesus _h be5 conv9c$ t ! prophets _h writt5 only 9 ref]5ce to him4 ,he recogniz$ himself 9 _! sacr$ oracles2 he reg>d$ himself z ! mirror 9 :i* all ! prophetic _s ( ,israel _h read ! future4 ,! ,*ri/ian s*ool1 p]haps ev5 9 ! lifetime ( its f\nd]1 endeavor$ to prove t ,jesus respond$ p]fectly to all t ! prophets _h pr$ict$ ( ! ,messiah4#a ,9 _m cases1 ^! comp>isons 7 q sup]ficial1 & are sc>cely appreciable by u4 ,!y 7 mo/ frequ5tly =tuit\s or insignificant circum/ances 9 ! life ( ! ma/] :i* recall$ to ! disciples c]ta9 passages ( ! ,psalms & ! ,prophets1 9 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( _! con/ant preoccupation1 !y saw images ( him4#b ,! exegesis ( ! "t consi/$ ?us almo/ entirely 9 a play ^u words1 & 9 quotations made 9 an artificial & arbitr>y mann]4 ,! synagogue _h no (ficially settl$ li/ ( ! passages :i* relat$ to ! future reign4 ,! ,messianic ref]5ces 7 v lib]ally creat$1 & con/itut$ artifices ( /yle r ?an s]i\s reason+4 ,footnote #a3 ,= example1 ,matt4 i4 #bb1 ii4 #e1 #f1 #ae1 #ah1 iv4 #ae4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 i4 #bc1 iv4 #f1 #ad1 xxvi4 #ca1 #ed1 #ef1 xxvii4 #i1 #ce2 ,m>k xiv4 #bg1 xv4 #bh2 ,john xii4 #ad4 #ae1 xviii4 #i1 xix4 #ai1 #bd1 #bh1 #cf4 ,z to miracles1 !y 7 reg>d$ at ?is p]iod z ! indisp5sable m>k ( ! div9e1 & z ! sign ( ! prophetic vocation4 ,! leg5ds ( ,elijah & ,eli%a 7 full ( !m4 ,x 0 commonly believ$ t ! ,messiah w\ld p]=m _m4#a ,9 ,sam>ia1 a few leagues f :]e ,jesus 01 a magician1 nam$ ,simon1 acquir$ an almo/ div9e "* by 8 illusions4#b ,aft]w>d1 :5 x 0 s\ght to e/abli% ! reputation ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 & to prove t 8 life _h be5 ! soj\rn ( a god ^u ! e>?1 x 0 n ?\ght possible to succe$ !re9 except by inv5t+ a va/ cycle ( miracles4#c ,! ,alex&rian philosoph]s !mselves1 ,plot9us & o!rs1 are report$ to h p]=m$ sev]al4#d ,jesus 01 !re=e1 oblig$ to *oose betwe5 ^! two alt]natives--ei!r to r5\nce 8 mission1 or to become a ?aumaturgus4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t all antiquity1 ) ! exception ( ! great sci5tific s*ools ( ,greece & _! ,roman disciples1 accept$ miracles2 & t ,jesus n only believ$ !re91 b _h n ! lea/ idea ( an ord] ( ,nature regulat$ by fix$ laws4 ,8 k on ?is po9t 0 9 no way sup]ior to t ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,nay1 m1 "o ( 8 mo/ deeply root$ op9ions 01 t by fai? & pray] man has entire p[] ov] ,nature4#e ,! faculty ( p]=m+ miracles 0 reg>d$ z a privilege frequ5tly conf]r$ by ,god ^u m51#f & x _h no?+ surpris+ 9 x4 ,footnote #a3 ,john vii4 #cd2 ,,iv4 ,esdras1 xiii4 #ej4 ,footnote #b3 ,acts viii4 #i1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,see 8 biography by ,philo/ratus4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ! ,lives ( ! ,sophi/s1 by ,eunapius2 ! ,life ( ,plot9us1 by ,porphyry2 t ( ,proclus1 by ,m>9us2 & t ( ,isidorus1 attribut$ to ,damascius4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xvii4 #ai1 xxi4 #ba1 #bb2 ,m>k xi4 #bc1 #bd4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 ix4 #h4 ,! lapse ( "t has *ang$ t :i* con/itut$ ! p[] ( ! great f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity into some?+ (f5sive to our ideas1 & if ev] ! wor%ip ( ,jesus loses its hold ^u mank9d1 x w be precisely on acc\nt ( ^? acts :i* orig9ally inspir$ belief 9 him4 ,criticism exp]i5ces no emb>rassm5t 9 pres5ce ( ?is k9d ( hi/orical ph5om5on4 ,a ?aumaturgus ( our days1 unless ( an extreme simplicity1 l t manife/$ by c]ta9 /igmati/s ( ,g]many1 is odi\s2 = he p]=ms miracles )\t believ+ 9 !m2 & is a m]e *>latan4 ,b1 if we take a ,francis d',assisi1 ! "q becomes altoge!r diff]5t2 ! s]ies ( miracles att5d+ ! orig9 ( ! ord] ( ,/4 ,francis1 f> f (f5d+ u1 af=ds u real pleasure4 ,! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity liv$ 9 z complete a /ate ( poetic ignorance z did ,/4 ,clair & ! tres socii4 ,! disciples deem$ x q natural t _! ma/] %\ld h int]views ) ,moses & ,elias1 t he %\ld comm& ! elem5ts1 & t he %\ld heal ! sick4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 besides1 t e idea loses some?+ ( its purity1 z soon z x aspires to realize itself4 ,success is nev] atta9$ )\t "s injury be+ done to ! s5sibility ( ! s\l4 ,su* is ! feebl5ess ( ! human m9d t ! be/ causes are (ttimes ga9$ only by bad argum5ts4 ,! demon/rations ( ! primitive apologi/s ( ,*ri/ianity are support$ by v poor reason+s4 ,moses1 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ,mahomet1 h only triumph$ ov] ob/acles by con/antly mak+ all[ance = ! weakness ( m51 & by n always giv+ ! true reasons = ! tru?4 ,x is probable t ! he>]s ( ,jesus 7 m /ruck by 8 miracles ?an by 8 em95tly div9e disc\rses4 ,let u add1 t d\btless popul> rumor1 bo? be=e & aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 exagg]at$ enorm\sly ! numb] ( occurr5ces ( ?is k9d4 ,! types ( ! gospel miracles1 9 fact1 d n pres5t mu* v>iety2 !y are repetitions ( ea* o!r & seem fa%ion$ f a v small numb] ( models1 accommodat$ to ! ta/e ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is impossible1 among/ ! miracul\s n>ratives s t$i\sly enum]at$ 9 ! ,gospels1 to di/+ui% ! miracles attribut$ to ,jesus by public op9ion f ^? 9 :i* he cons5t$ to play an active "p4 ,x is especially impossible to asc]ta9 :e!r ! (f5sive circum/ances att5d+ !m1 ! groan+s1 ! /ruggl+s1 & o!r features savor+ ( juggl]y1#a are really hi/orical1 or :e!r !y are ! fruit ( ! belief ( ! compil]s1 /rongly imbu$ ) !urgy1 & liv+1 9 ?is respect1 9 a _w analog\s to t ( ! spirituali/s ( our times4#b ,almo/ all ! miracles :i* ,jesus ?\ght he p]=m$1 appe> to h be5 miracles ( heal+4 ,m$ic9e 0 at ?is p]iod 9 ,judea1 :at x /ill is 9 ! ,ea/1 t is to say1 9 no respect sci5tific1 b absolutely surr5d]$ to individual inspiration4 ,sci5tific m$ic9e1 f\nd$ by ,greece five c5turies be=e1 0 at ! "t ( ,jesus unkn[n to ! ,jews ( ,pale/9e4 ,9 su* a /ate ( k1 ! pres5ce ( a sup]ior man1 treat+ ! diseas$ ) g5tl5ess1 & giv+ him by "s s5sible signs ! assurance ( 8 recov]y1 is (t5 a decisive rem$y4 ,:o w\ld d>e to say t 9 _m cases1 always except+ c]ta9 peculi> injuries1 ! t\* ( a sup]ior be+ is n equal to all ! res\rces ( ph>macy8 ,! m]e pleasure ( see+ him cures4 ,he gives only a smile1 or a hope1 b ^! are n 9 va94 ,footnote #a3 ,luke viii4 #de1 #df2 ,john xi4 #cc & #ch4 ,footnote #b3 ,acts ii4 #b1 & foll[+1 iv4 #ca1 viii4 #ae1 & foll[+1 x4 #dd & foll[+4 ,= ne>ly a c5tury1 ! apo/les & _! disciples dream$ only ( miracles4 ,see ! ,acts1 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! extracts f ,papias1 9 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iii4 #ci1 c4 ,comp4 ,m>k iii4 #ae1 xvi4 #ag1 #ah1 #bj4 ,jesus _h no m idea ?an 8 c\ntrym5 ( a rational m$ical sci5ce2 he believ$1 l e "o else1 t heal+ 0 to be effect$ by religi\s practices1 & su* a belief 0 p]fectly consi/5t4 ,f ! mom5t t disease 0 reg>d$ z ! puni%m5t ( s91#a or z ! act ( a demon1#b & by no means z ! result ( physical causes1 ! be/ physician 0 ! holy man :o _h p[] 9 ! sup]natural _w4 ,heal+ 0 consid]$ a moral act2 ,jesus1 :o felt 8 moral p[]1 w\ld believe himself specially gift$ to heal4 ,conv9c$ t ! t\*+ ( 8 robe1#c ! imposition ( 8 h&s1#d did good to ! sick1 he w\ld h be5 unfeel+1 if he _h refus$ to ^? :o suff]$1 a solace :i* x 0 9 8 p[] to be/[4 ,! heal+ ( ! sick 0 consid]$ z "o ( ! signs ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 & 0 always associat$ ) ! emancipation ( ! poor4#e ,bo? 7 ! signs ( ! great revolution :i* 0 to end 9 ! r$ress ( all infirmities4 ,footnote #a3 ,john v4 #ad1 ix4 #a1 & foll[+1 #cd4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 ix4 #cb1 #cc1 xii4 #bb2 ,luke xiii4 #aa1 #af4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke viii4 #de1 #df4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke iv4 #dj4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xi4 #e1 xv4 #cj1 #ca2 ,luke ix4 #a1 #b1 #f4 ,"o ( ! species ( cure :i* ,jesus mo/ frequ5tly p]=m$1 0 exorcism1 or ! expulsion ( demons4 ,a /range disposition to believe 9 demons p]vad$ all m9ds4 ,x 0 a univ]sal op9ion1 n only 9 ,judea1 b 9 ! :ole _w1 t demons seiz$ hold ( ! bodies ( c]ta9 p]sons & made !m act contr>y to _! w4 ,a ,p]sian div1 (t5 nam$ 9 ! ,ave/a1#a ,aes*ma-daeva1 ! div ( concupisc5ce1 adopt$ by ! ,jews "u ! "n ( ,asmodeus1#b became ! cause ( all ! hy/]ical afflictions ( wom54#c ,epilepsy1 m5tal & n]v\s maladies1#d 9 :i* ! pati5t seems no long] to belong to himself1 & infirmities1 ! cause ( :i* is n app>5t1 z deafness1 dumbness1#e 7 expla9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! admirable treatise1 ,on ,sacr$ ,disease1 by ,hippocrates1 :i* set =? ! true pr9ciples ( m$ic9e on ?is subject1 f\r c5turies & a half be=e ,jesus1 _h n bani%$ f ! _w s great an error4 ,x 0 suppos$ t !re 7 processes m or less efficaci\s = driv+ away ! demons2 & ! occupation ( exorci/ 0 a regul> pr(ession l t ( physician4#f ,!re is no d\bt t ,jesus _h 9 8 lifetime ! reputation ( possess+ ! greate/ secrets ( ?is art4#g ,!re 7 at t "t _m lunatics 9 ,judea1 d\btless 9 consequ5ce ( ! great m5tal excitem5t4 ,^! mad p]sons1 :o 7 p]mitt$ to g at l>ge1 z !y /ill are 9 ! same di/ricts1 inhabit$ ! ab&on$ sepul*ral caves1 :i* 7 ! ord9>y retreat ( vagrants4 ,jesus _h great influ5ce ov] ^! un=tunates4#h ,a ?\s& s+ul> incid5ts 7 relat$ 9 connection ) 8 cures1 9 :i* ! cr$ulity ( ! "t gave itself full scope4 ,b /ill ^! difficulties mu/ n be exagg]at$4 ,! disord]s :i* 7 expla9$ by possessions 7 (t5 v slight4 ,9 our times1 9 ,syria1 !y reg>d z mad or possess$ by a demon 7^! two ideas 7 express$ by ! same ^w1 m$jn\n#i7 p :o are only some:at ecc5tric4 ,a g5tle ^w (t5 suffices 9 su* cases to drive away ! demon4 ,su* 7 d\btless ! means employ$ by ,jesus4 ,:o kn[s if 8 celebrity z exorci/ 0 n spread almo/ )\t 8 own k8 ,p]sons :o reside 9 ! ,ea/ are occasionally surpris$ to f9d !mselves1 aft] "s "t1 9 possession ( a great reputation1 z doctors1 sorc]]s1 or discov]]s ( treasures1 )\t be+ able to acc\nt to !mselves = ! facts :i* h giv5 rise to ^! /range fancies4 ,footnote #a3 ,v5didad1 xi4 #bf2 ,yacna1 x4 #ah4 ,footnote #b3 ,tobit1 iii4 #h1 vi4 #ad2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,gitt91 #fh a4 ,footnote #c3 ,comp4 ,m>k xvi4 #i2 ,luke viii4 #b2 ,gospel ( ! ,infancy1 #af1 #cc2 ,syrian ,code1 publi%$ 9 ! ,anecdota ,syriaca ( ,m4 ,l&1 i41 p4 #aeb4 ,footnote #d3 ,jos41 ,bell4 ,jud41 ,,vii4 vi4 #c2 ,lucian1 ,philopseud41 #af2 ,philo/ratus1 ,life ( ,apoll41 iii4 #ch1 iv4 #bj2 ,aretus1 ,de causis morb4 *ron41 i4 #d4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 ix4 #cc1 xii4 #bb2 ,m>k ix4 #af1 #bd2 ,luke xi4 #ad4 ,footnote #f3 ,tobit1 viii4 #b1 #c2 ,matt4 xii4 #bg2 ,m>k ix4 #ch2 ,acts xix4 #ac2 ,josephus1 ,ant41 ,,viii4 ii4 #e2 ,ju/91 ,dial4 cum ,tryph41 #he2 ,lucian1 ,epigr41 xxiii4 7xvii4 ,d9dorf74 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 xvii4 #bj2 ,m>k ix4 #bd1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 viii4 #bh1 ix4 #cd1 xii4 #dc1 & foll[+1 xvii4 #ad1 & foll[+1 #bj2 ,m>k v4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,luke viii4 #bg1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #i3 ,! phrase1 ,daemonium habes 7,matt4 xi4 #ah3 ,luke vii4 #cc2 ,john vii4 #bj1 viii4 #dh1 & foll[+1 x4 #bj1 & foll[+7 %\ld be translat$ by3 ,?\ art mad1 z we %\ld say 9 ,arabic3 ,m$jn\n ente4 ,! v]b ,greek3 daimonan has also1 9 all classical antiquity1 ! mean+ ( to be mad4 ,_m circum/ances1 moreov]1 seem to indicate t ,jesus only became a ?aumaturgus late 9 life & aga9/ 8 incl9ation4 ,he (t5 p]=ms 8 miracles only aft] he has be5 bes\ght to d s1 & ) a degree ( reluctance1 reproa*+ ^? :o ask$ !m = ! grossness ( _! m9ds4#a ,"o s+ul>ity1 app>5tly inexplicable1 is ! c>e he takes to p]=m 8 miracles 9 secret1 & ! reque/ he addresses to ^? :om he heals to tell no "o4#b ,:5 ! demons wi% to proclaim him ! ,son ( ,god1 he =bids !m to op5 _! m\?s2 b !y recognize him 9 spite ( himself4#c ,^! traits are especially *>act]i/ic 9 ,m>k1 :o is pre-em95tly ! evangeli/ ( miracles & exorcisms4 ,x seems t ! disciple1 :o has furni%$ ! fundam5tal tea*+s ( ?is ,gospel1 importun$ ,jesus ) 8 admiration ( ! wond]ful1 & t ! ma/]1 we>i$ ( a reputation :i* weigh$ ^u him1 _h (t5 said to him1 ,see ?\ say no?+ to any man4 ,once ?is discordance evok$ a s+ul> outbur/1#d a fit ( impati5ce1 9 :i* ! annoyance ^! p]petual dem&s ( weak m9ds caus$ ,jesus1 breaks =?4 ,"o w\ld say1 at times1 t ! "* ( ?aumaturgus 0 disagreeable to him1 & t he s\ght to give z little publicity z possible to ! m>vels :i*1 9 a mann]1 grew "u 8 feet4 ,:5 8 enemies ask$ a miracle ( him1 especially a cele/ial miracle1 a sign f heav51 he ob/9ately refus$4#e ,we may !re=e conclude t 8 reputation ( ?aumaturgus 0 impos$ ^u him1 t he did n resi/ x mu*1 b also t he did no?+ to aid x1 & t1 at all ev5ts1 he felt ! vanity ( popul> op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xii4 #ci1 xvi4 #d1 xvii4 #af2 ,m>k viii4 #ag1 & foll[+1 ix4 #ah2 ,luke ix4 #da4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 viii4 #d1 ix4 #cj1 #ca1 xii4 #af1 & foll[+2 ,m>k i4 #dd1 vii4 #bd1 & foll[+1 viii4 #bf4 ,footnote #c3 ,m>k i4 #bd1 #be1 #cd1 iii4 #ab2 ,luke iv4 #da4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xvii4 #af2 ,m>k ix4 #ah2 ,luke ix4 #da4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xii4 #ch1 & foll[+1 xvi4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,m>k viii4 #aa4 ,we %\ld neglect to recognize ! fir/ pr9ciples ( hi/ory if we atta*$ too mu* importance to our repugnances on ?is matt]1 & if1 9 ord] to avoid ! objections :i* might be rais$ aga9/ ! "* ( ,jesus1 we attempt$ to suppress facts :i*1 9 ! eyes ( 8 contempor>ies1 7 consid]$ ( ! greate/ importance4#a ,x w\ld be conv5i5t to say t ^! are ! additions ( disciples mu* inf]ior to _! ,ma/] :o1 n be+ able to conceive 8 true gr&eur1 h s\ght to magnify him by illusions unwor?y ( him4 ,b ! f\r n>rators ( ! life ( ,jesus are unanim\s 9 extoll+ 8 miracles2 "o ( !m1 ,m>k1 int]pret] ( ! apo/le ,pet]1#b insi/s s mu* on ?is po9t1 t1 if we trace ! "* ( ,*ri/ only accord+ to ?is ,gospel1 we %\ld repres5t him z an exorci/ 9 possession ( *>ms ( r>e efficacy1 z a v pot5t sorc]]1 :o inspir$ fe>1 & :om ! p wi%$ to get rid (4#c ,we w admit1 !n1 )\t hesitation1 t acts :i* w\ld n[ be consid]$ z acts ( illusion or folly1 held a l>ge place 9 ! life ( ,jesus4 ,mu/ we sacrifice to ^! un9vit+ features ! sublim] aspect ( su* a life8 ,god =bid4 ,a m]e sorc]]1 aft] ! mann] ( ,simon ! magician1 w\ld n h br\ght ab\t a moral revolution l t effect$ by ,jesus4 ,if ! ?aumaturgus _h effac$ 9 ,jesus ! morali/ & ! religi\s re=m]1 !re w\ld h proce$$ f him a s*ool ( !urgy1 & n ,*ri/ianity4 ,footnote #a3 ,josephus1 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 iii4 #c4 ,footnote #b3 ,papias1 9 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iii4 #ci4 ,footnote #c3 ,m>k iv4 #dj1 v4 #ae1 #ag1 #cc1 #cf1 vi4 #ej1 x4 #cb2 cf4 ,matt4 viii4 #bg1 #cd1 ix4 #h1 xiv4 #bg1 xvii4 #f1 #g1 xxviii4 #e1 #aj2 ,luke iv4 #cf1 v4 #ag1 viii4 #be1 #ce1 #cg1 ix4 #cd4 ,! ,apocryphal ,gospel1 said to be by ,?omas ! ,israelite1 c>ries ?is feature to ! mo/ (f5sive absurdity4 ,comp>e ! ,miracles ( ! ,infancy1 9 ,philo1 ,cod4 ,apocr4 ,n4,t41 p4 cx41 note4 ,! problem1 moreov]1 pres5ts itself 9 ! same mann] ) respect to all sa9ts & religi\s f\nd]s4 ,?+s n[ consid]$ morbid1 su* z epilepsy & see+ ( visions1 7 =m]ly pr9ciples ( p[] & greatness4 ,physicians c designate ! disease :i* made ! =tune ( ,mahomet4#a ,almo/ 9 our own day1 ! m5 :o h done ! mo/ = _! k9d 7! excell5t ,v9c5t de ,paul himself67 71 :e!r !y wi%$ x or n1 ?aumaturgi4 ,if we set out ) ! pr9ciple t e hi/orical p]sonage to :om acts h be5 attribut$1 :i* we 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury hold to be irrational or savor+ ( quack]y1 0 ei!r a madman or a *>latan1 all criticism is nullifi$4 ,! s*ool ( ,alex&ria 0 a noble s*ool1 b1 nev]!less1 x gave itself up to ! practices ( an extravagant !urgy4 ,socrates & ,pascal 7 n exempt f halluc9ations4 ,facts ought to expla9 !mselves by proportionate causes4 ,! weaknesses ( ! human m9d only eng5d] weakness2 great ?+s h always great causes 9 ! nature ( man1 al?\gh !y are (t5 develop$ amid/ a cr[d ( littl5esses :i*1 to sup]ficial m9ds1 eclipse _! gr&eur4 ,footnote #a3 ,hy/]ia ,muscul>is ( ,%o5le94 ,9 a g5]al s5se1 x is !re=e true to say t ,jesus 0 only ?aumaturgus & exorci/ 9 spite ( himself4 ,miracles are ord9>ily ! "w ( ! public mu* m ?an ( him to :om !y are attribut$4 ,jesus p]si/5tly %unn$ ! p]=mance ( ! wond]s :i* ! multitude w\ld h creat$ = him2 ! greate/ miracle w\ld h be5 8 refusal to p]=m any2 nev] w\ld ! laws ( hi/ory & popul> psy*ology h suff]$ s great a d]ogation4 ,! miracles ( ,jesus 7 a viol5ce done to him by 8 age1 a concession =c$ f him by a pass+ necessity4 ,! exorci/ & ! ?aumaturgus h alike pass$ away2 b ! religi\s re=m] w live et]nally4 ,ev5 ^? :o did n believe 9 him 7 /ruck ) ^! acts1 & s\ght to be witnesses ( !m4#a ,! pagans1 & p]sons unacqua9t$ ) him1 exp]i5c$ a s5tim5t ( fe>1 & s\ght to remove him f _! di/rict4#b ,_m ?\ght p]haps to abuse 8 "n by connect+ x ) s$iti\s movem5ts4#c ,b ! purely moral & 9 no respect political t5d5cy ( ! "* ( ,jesus sav$ him f ^! entanglem5ts4 ,8 k+dom 0 9 ! circle ( disciples1 :om a l fre%ness ( imag9ation & ! same =eta/e ( heav5 _h gr\p$ & reta9$ ar\nd him4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiv4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #ad2 ,luke ix4 #g1 xxiii4 #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 viii4 #cd2 ,m>k v4 #ag1 viii4 #cg4 ,footnote #c3 ,john vi4 #ad1 #ae4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,def9itive ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,jesus ,,respect+ ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,god4 ,we suppose t ?is la/ phase ( ! activity ( ,jesus cont9u$ ab\t eighte5 mon?s f ! "t ( 8 return f ! ,passov] ( ! ye> #ca1 until 8 j\rney to ! fea/ ( tab]nacles ( ! ye> #cb4a ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! m9d ( ,jesus does n appe> to h be5 enri*$ by ! addition ( any new elem5t2 b all 8 old ideas grew & develop$ ) an ev]-increas+ degree ( p[] & boldness4 ,footnote #a3 ,john v4 #a1 vii4 #b4 ,we foll[ ! sy/em ( ,john1 accord+ to :om ! public life ( ,jesus la/$ ?ree ye>s4 ,! synoptics1 on ! contr>y1 gr\p all ! facts )9 ! space ( "o ye>4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ,jesus f ! beg9n+1 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,b ?is k+dom ( ,god1 z we h already said1 appe>s to h be5 und]/ood by ,jesus 9 v diff]5t s5ses4 ,at times1 we %\ld take him = a democratic lead] desir+ only ! triumph ( ! poor & ! dis9h]it$4 ,at o!r times1 ! k+dom ( ,god is ! lit]al accompli%m5t ( ! apocalyptic visions ( ,daniel & ,eno*4 ,la/ly1 ! k+dom ( ,god is (t5 a spiritual k+dom1 & ! approa*+ deliv]ance is a deliv]ance ( ! _s4 ,9 ?is la/ s5se ! revolution desir$ by ,jesus 0 ! "o :i* has really tak5 place2 ! e/abli%m5t ( a new wor%ip1 pur] ?an t ( ,moses4 ,all ^! ?\ghts appe> to h exi/$ at ! same "t 9 ! m9d ( ,jesus4 ,! fir/ "o1 h[ev]--t ( a temporal revolution--does n appe> to h impress$ him mu*2 he nev] reg>d$ ! e>? or ! ri*es ( ! e>?1 or mat]ial p[]1 z wor? c>+ =4 ,he _h no worldly ambition4 ,sometimes by a natural consequ5ce1 8 great religi\s importance 0 9 dang] ( be+ conv]t$ into m]e social importance4 ,m5 came reque/+ him to judge & arbitrate on que/ions affect+ _! mat]ial int]e/s4 ,jesus reject$ ^! proposals ) haught9ess1 treat+ !m z insults4#a ,full ( 8 heav5ly ideal1 he nev] ab&on$ 8 disda9ful pov]ty4 ,z to ! o!r two conceptions ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 ,jesus appe>s always to h held !m simultane\sly4 ,if he _h be5 only an en?usia/1 l$ away by ! apocalypses on :i* ! popul> imag9ation f$1 he w\ld h rema9$ an obscure sect>y1 inf]ior to ^? ^: ideas he foll[$4 ,if he _h be5 only a puritan1 a sort ( ,*ann+ or ,savoy>d vic>1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 unsuccessful4 ,! two p>ts ( 8 sy/em1 or1 r1 8 two conceptions ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 re/ "o on ! o!r1 & ?is mutual support has be5 ! cause ( 8 incomp>able success4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 dream]s1 liv+ 9 a circle ( ideas :i* we %\ld t]m vision>y2 b1 at ! same "t1 !y 7 ! h]oes ( t social w> :i* has result$ 9 ! enfran*isem5t ( ! consci5ce1 & 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a religion f :i* ! pure wor%ip1 proclaim$ by ! f\nd]1 w ev5tually proce$4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke xii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,! apocalyptic ideas ( ,jesus1 9 _! mo/ complete =m1 may ?us be summ$ up4 ,! exi/+ condition ( humanity is approa*+ its t]m9ation4 ,?is t]m9ation w be an imm5se revolution1 an angui% simil> to ! pa9s ( *ild-bir?2 a pal+5esis1 or1 9 ! words ( ,jesus himself1 a new bir?1#a prec$$ by d>k calamities & h]ald$ by /range ph5om5a4#b ,9 ! great day1 !re w appe> 9 ! heav5s ! sign ( ! ,son ( man2 x w be a />tl+ & lum9\s vision l t ( ,s9ai1 a great /orm r5d+ ! cl\ds1 a fi]y meteor fla%+ rapidly f ea/ to we/4 ,! ,messiah w appe> 9 ! cl\ds1 clo!d 9 glory & maje/y1 to ! s\nd ( trumpets & surr\nd$ by angels4 ,8 disciples w sit by 8 side ^u ?rones4 ,! dead w !n arise1 & ! ,messiah w proce$ to judgm5t4#c ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xix4 #bh4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxiv4 #c1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xiii4 #d1 & foll[+2 ,luke xvii4 #bb1 & foll[+1 xxi4 #g1 & foll[+4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! picture ( ! end ( "t attribut$ to ,jesus by ! synoptics1 conta9s _m features :i* relate to ! siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,luke wrote "s "t aft] ! siege 7xxi4 #i1 #bj1 #bd74 ,! compilation ( ,mat!w1 on ! contr>y 7xxvi4 #ae1 #af1 #bb1 #bi71 c>ries u back exactly to ?is precise p]iod1 or v %ortly aft]w>d4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ,jesus pr$ict$ t great t]rors w\ld prec$e 8 reappe>ance4 ,^! t]rors 7 an integral "p ( all ! ,jewi% apocalypses4 ,eno*1 xcix41 c41 cii41 ciii4 7division ( ,dillman72 ,c>m4 sibyll41 iii4 #ccd1 & foll[+1 #fcc1 & foll[+1 iv4 #afh1 & foll[+1 v4 #eaa1 & foll[+4 ,accord+ to ,daniel also1 ! reign ( ! sa9ts w only come aft] ! desolation %all h rea*$ its height4 ,*ap4 vii4 #be1 & foll[+1 viii4 #bc1 & foll[+1 ix4 #bf1 #bg1 xii4 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xvi4 #bg1 xix4 #bh1 xx4 #ba1 xxiv4 #cj1 & foll[+1 xxv4 #ca1 & foll[+1 xxvi4 #fd2 ,m>k xiv4 #fb2 ,luke xxii4 #cj2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #eb2 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #ae1 & foll[+4 ,at ?is judgm5t m5 w be divid$ into two classes accord+ to _! de$s4#a ,! angels w be ! executors ( ! s5t5ces4#b ,! elect w ent] into delightful mansions1 :i* h be5 prep>$ = !m f ! f\ndation ( ! _w2#c !re !y w be seat$1 clo!d ) light1 at a fea/ presid$ ov] by ,abraham1#d ! patri>*s & ! prophets4 ,!y w be ! small] numb]4#e ,! re/ w dep>t into ,geh5na4 ,geh5na 0 ! we/]n valley ( ,j]usalem4 ,!re ! wor%ip ( fire _h be5 practis$ at v>i\s times1 & ! place _h become a k9d ( sew]4 ,geh5na 01 !re=e1 9 ! m9d ( ,jesus1 a gloomy1 fil?y valley1 full ( fire4 ,^? exclud$ f ! k+dom w !re be burnt & eat5 by ! nev]-dy+ worm1 9 company ) ,satan & 8 rebel angels4#f ,!re1 !re w be wail+ & gna%+ ( tee?4#g ,! k+dom ( heav5 w be z a clos$ room1 light$ f )91 9 ! mid/ ( a _w ( d>kness & torm5ts4#h ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiii4 #ch1 & foll[+1 xxv4 #cc4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xiii4 #ci1 #da1 #di4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxv4 #cd4 ,comp4 ,john xiv4 #b4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 viii4 #aa1 xiii4 #dc1 xxvi4 #bi2 ,luke xiii4 #bh1 xvi4 #bb1 xxii4 #cj4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke xiii4 #bc1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 xxv4 #da4 ,! idea ( ! fall ( ! angels1 detail$ 9 ! ,book ( ,eno*1 0 univ]sally admitt$ 9 ! circle ( ,jesus4 ,epi/le ( ,jude #f1 & foll[+2 #b;d ,epi/le attribut$ to ,sa9t ,pet]1 ii4 #d4 #aa2 ,revelation xii4 #i2 ,gospel ( ,john viii4 #dd4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 v4 #bb1 viii4 #ab1 x4 #bh1 xiii4 #dj1 #db1 #ej1 xviii4 #h1 xxiv4 #ea1 xxv4 #cj2 ,m>k ix4 #dc1 c4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 viii4 #ab1 xxii4 #ac1 xxv4 #cj4 ,comp4 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,iii4 viii4 #e4 ,?is new ord] ( ?+s w be et]nal4 ,p>adise & ,geh5na w h no end4 ,an impassable abyss sep>ates ! "o f ! o!r4#a ,! ,son ( man1 seat$ on ! "r h& ( ,god1 w preside ov] ?is f9al condition ( ! _w & ( humanity4#b ,footnote #a3 ,luke xvi4 #bh4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k iii4 #bi2 ,luke xxii4 #fi2 ,acts vii4 #ee4 ,t all ?is 0 tak5 lit]ally by ! disciples & by ! ma/] himself at c]ta9 mom5ts1 appe>s cle>ly evid5t f ! writ+s ( ! "t4 ,if ! fir/ ,*ri/ian g5]ation _h "o pr(\nd & con/ant belief1 x 0 t ! _w 0 ne> its end1#a & t ! great revelation#b ( ,*ri/ 0 ab\t to take place4 ,! />tl+ proclamation1 ,! "t is at h&1#c :i* comm5ces & closes ! ,apocalypse2 ! incessantly reit]at$ appeal1 ,he t ha? e>s to he> let him he>6#d 7 ! cries ( hope & enc\ragem5t = ! :ole apo/olic age4 ,a ,syrian expression1 ,m>an a?a1 ,our ,"l come?6#e became a sort ( password1 :i* ! believ]s us$ among/ !mselves to /r5g!n _! fai? & _! hope4 ,! ,apocalypse1 writt5 9 ! ye> #fh ( our era1#f decl>es t ! end w come 9 ?ree ye>s & a half4#g ,! ,asc5sion ( ,isaiah#h adopts a calculation v simil> to ?is4 ,footnote #a3 ,acts ii4 #ag1 iii4 #ai1 & foll[+2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #bc1 #bd1 #eb2 #a ,!ss4 iii4 #ac1 iv4 #ad1 & foll[+1 v4 #bc2 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #h2 #a ,tim4 vi4 #ad2 #b ,tim4 iv4 #a2 ,tit4 ii4 #ac2 ,epi/le ( ,james v4 #c1 #h2 ,epi/le ( ,jude #ah2 #b;d ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 iii4 entirely2 ,revelations entirely1 & 9 p>ticul>1 i4 #a1 ii4 #e1 #af1 iii4 #aa1 xi4 #ad1 xxii4 #f1 #g1 #ab1 #bj4 ,comp4 #d? ,book ( ,esdras1 iv4 #bf4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xvii4 #cj2 #a ,cor4 i4 #g1 #h2 #b ,!ss4 i4 #g2 #a ,pet] i4 #g1 #ac2 ,revelations i4 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,revelations i4 #c1 xxii4 #aj4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xi4 #ae1 xiii4 #i1 #dc2 ,m>k iv4 #i1 #bc1 vii4 #af2 ,luke viii4 #h1 xiv4 #ce2 ,revelations ii4 #g1 #aa1 #bg1 #bi1 iii4 #f1 #ac1 #bb1 xiii4 #i4 ,footnote #e3 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #bb4 ,footnote #f3 ,revelations xvii4 #i1 & foll[+4 ,! six? emp]or1 :om ! au?or repres5ts z reign+1 is ,galba4 ,! dead emp]or1 :o 0 to return1 is ,n]o1 ^: "n is giv5 9 figures 7xiii4 #ah74 ,footnote #g3 ,revelations xi4 #b1 #c1 xii4 #ad4 ,comp4 ,daniel vii4 #be1 xii4 #g4 ,footnote #h3 ,*ap4 iv41 v4 #ab & #ad4 ,comp4 ,c$r5us1 p4 #fh 7,p>is1 #afdg74 ,jesus nev] indulg$ 9 su* precise details4 ,:5 he 0 int]rogat$ z to ! "t ( 8 adv5t1 he always refus$ to reply2 once ev5 he decl>$ t ! date ( ?is great day 0 kn[n only by ! ,fa!r1 :o _h reveal$ x nei!r to ! angels nor to ! ,son4#a ,he said t ! "t :5 ! k+dom ( ,god 0 mo/ anxi\sly expect$1 0 j t 9 :i* x w\ld n appe>4#b ,he con/antly repeat$ t x w\ld be a surprise1 z 9 ! times ( ,noah & ( ,lot2 t we mu/ be on our gu>d1 always ready to dep>t2 t ea* "o mu/ wat* & keep 8 lamp trimm$ z = a w$d+ procession1 :i* arrives un=ese52#c t ! ,son ( man w\ld come l a ?ief1 at an h\r :5 he w\ld n be expect$2#d t he w\ld appe> z a fla% ( lightn+1 runn+ f "o end ( ! heav5s to ! o!r4#e ,b 8 decl>ations on ! ne>ness ( ! cata/rophe leave no room = any equivocations4#f ,?is g5]ation1 said he1 %all n pass till all ^! ?+s be fulfill$4 ,!re be "s /&+ "h1 :i* %all n ta/e ( dea?1 till !y see ! ,son ( man com+ 9 8 k+dom4#g ,he reproa*es ^? :o d n believe 9 him1 = n be+ able to read ! signs ( ! future k+dom4 ,:5 x is ev5+1 ye say1 ,x w be fair wea!r2 = ! sky is r$4 ,& 9 ! morn+1 ,x w be f\l wea!r to-day2 = ! sky is r$ & l[]+4 ,o ye hypocrites1 ye c disc]n ! face ( ! sky2 b c ye n disc]n ! signs ( ! times8#h ,by an illusion common to all great re=m]s1 ,jesus imag9$ ! end to be mu* ne>] ?an x really 02 he did n take into acc\nt ! sl[ness ( ! movem5ts ( humanity2 he ?\ght to realize 9 "o day t :i*1 eighte5 c5turies lat]1 has /ill to be accompli%$4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxiv4 #cf2 ,m>k xiii4 #cb4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xvii4 #bj4 ,comp4 ,talmud ( ,babyl41 ,sanh$rim1 #ig a4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxiv4 #cf1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xiii4 #cb1 & foll[+2 ,luke xii4 #ce1 & foll[+1 xvii4 #bj1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke xii4 #dj2 #b ,pet] iii4 #aj4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke xvii4 #bd4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 x4 #bc1 xxiv41 xxv4 entirely1 & especially xxiv4 #bi1 #cd2 ,m>k xiii4 #cj2 ,luke xiii4 #ce1 xxi4 #bh1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 xvi4 #bh1 xxiii4 #cf1 #ci1 xxiv4 #cd2 ,m>k viii4 #ci2 ,luke ix4 #bg1 xxi4 #cb4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 xvi4 #b-d2 ,luke xii4 #ed-ef4 ,^! =mal decl>ations preoccupi$ ! ,*ri/ian family = ne>ly sev5ty ye>s4 ,x 0 believ$ t "s ( ! disciples w\ld see ! day ( ! f9al revelation be=e dy+4 ,john1 9 p>ticul>1 0 consid]$ z be+ ( ?is numb]2#a _m believ$ t he w\ld nev] die4 ,p]haps ?is 0 a lat] op9ion sugge/$ t[>d ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 by ! advanc$ age :i* ,john seems to h rea*$2 ?is age hav+ giv5 rise to ! belief t ,god wi%$ to prolong 8 life indef9itely until ! great day1 9 ord] to realize ! words ( ,jesus4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 at 8 dea? ! fai? ( _m 0 %ak51 & 8 disciples atta*$ to ! pr$iction ( ,*ri/ a m subdu$ mean+4#b ,footnote #a3 ,john xxi4 #bb1 #bc4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xxi4 #bb1 #bc4 ,*apt] xxi4 ( ! f\r? ,gospel is an addition1 z is prov$ by ! f9al clause ( ! primitive compilation1 :i* concludes at v]se #ca ( *apt] xx4 ,b ! addition is almo/ contemporane\s ) ! publication ( ! ,gospel itself4 ,at ! same "t t ,jesus fully admitt$ ! ,apocalyptic beliefs1 su* z we f9d !m 9 ! apocryphal ,jewi% books1 he admitt$ ! doctr9e1 :i* is ! complem5t1 or r ! condition ( !m all1 namely1 ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,?is doctr9e1 z we h already said1 0 /ill some:at new 9 ,israel2 a numb] ( p ei!r did n "k x1 or did n believe x4#a ,x 0 ! fai? ( ! ,ph>isees1 & ( ! f]v5t adh]5ts ( ! ,messianic beliefs4#b ,jesus accept$ x unres]v$ly1 b always 9 ! mo/ ideali/ic s5se4 ,_m imag9$ t 9 ! resuscitat$ _w !y w\ld eat1 dr9k1 & m>ry4 ,jesus1 inde$1 admits into 8 k+dom a new passov]1 a table1 & a new w9e2#c b he expressly excludes m>riage f x4 ,! ,sadducees _h on ?is subject an app>5tly co>se argum5t1 b "o :i* 0 really 9 con=mity ) ! old !ology4 ,x w be rememb]$ t accord+ to ! anci5t sages1 man surviv$ only 9 8 *ildr54 ,! ,mosaic code _h consecrat$ ?is patri>*al !ory by a /range in/itution1 ! levirate law4 ,! ,sadducees drew f !nce subtle d$uctions aga9/ ! resurrection4 ,jesus escap$ !m by =mally decl>+ t 9 ! life et]nal !re w\ld no long] exi/ diff]5ces ( sex1 & t m5 w\ld be l ! angels4#d ,sometimes he seems to promise resurrection only to ! righte\s1#e ! puni%m5t ( ! wick$ consi/+ 9 complete annihilation4#f ,(t5]1 h[ev]1 ,jesus decl>es t ! resurrection %all br+ et]nal confusion to ! wick$4#g ,footnote #a3 ,m>k ix4 #i2 ,luke xx4 #bg1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,dan4 xii4 #b1 & foll[+2 #b ,macc4 vii4 entirely1 xii4 #de1 #df1 xiv4 #df2 ,acts xxiii4 #f1 #h2 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 i4 #c2 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 viii4 #ad1 ,,iii4 viii4 #e4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #bi2 ,luke xxii4 #cj4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxii4 #bd1 & foll[+2 ,luke xx4 #cd-ch2 ,ebionite ,gospel1 entitl$1 ,( ! ,egyptians1 9 ,clem4 ( ,alex41 ,/rom4 ii4 #i1 #ac2 ,clem4 ,rom41 ,epi/4 ii4 #ab4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke xiv4 #ad1 xx4 #ce1 #cf4 ,?is is also ! op9ion ( ,/4 ,paul3 #a ,cor4 xv4 #bc1 & foll[+2 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #ab1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,comp4 #d? book ( ,esdras1 ix4 #bb4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 xxv4 #cb1 & foll[+4 ,x w be se5 t no?+ 9 all ^! !ories 0 absolutely new4 ,! ,gospels & ! writ+s ( ! apo/les sc>cely conta9 any?+ z reg>ds apocalyptic doctr9es b :at might be f\nd already 9 ,daniel1#a ,eno*1#b & ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles1#c ( ,jewi% orig94 ,jesus accept$ ! ideas1 :i* 7 g5]ally receiv$ among 8 contempor>ies4 ,he made !m 8 basis ( action1 or r "o ( 8 bases2 = he _h too pr(\nd an idea ( 8 true "w to e/abli% x solely ^u su* fragile pr9ciples--pr9ciples s liable to be decisively refut$ by facts4 ,footnote #a3 ,see especially *aps4 ii41 vi4-viii41 x4-xiii4 ,footnote #b3 ,*aps4 i41 xiv41 lii41 lxii41 xciii4 #i1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,book iii4 #egc1 & foll[+2 #feb1 & foll[+2 #gff1 & foll[+2 #gie1 & foll[+4 ,x is evid5t1 inde$1 t su* a doctr9e1 tak5 by itself 9 a lit]al mann]1 _h no future4 ,! _w1 9 cont9u+ to exi/1 caus$ x to crumble4 ,"o g5]ation ( man at ! mo/ 0 ! limit ( its endurance4 ,! fai? ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian g5]ation is intelligible1 b ! fai? ( ! second g5]ation is no long] s4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,john1 or ( ! la/ survivor1 :oev] he might be1 ( ! gr\p :i* _h se5 ! ma/]1 ! ^w ( ,jesus 0 convict$ ( falsehood4#a ,if ! doctr9e ( ,jesus _h be5 simply belief 9 an approa*+ end ( ! _w1 x w\ld c]ta9ly n[ be sleep+ 9 oblivion4 ,:at is x1 !n1 :i* has sav$ x8 ,! great bread? ( ! ,gospel conceptions1 :i* has p]mitt$ doctr9es suit$ to v diff]5t intellectual conditions to be f\nd "u ! same cre$4 ,! _w has n end$1 z ,jesus ann\nc$1 & z 8 disciples believ$4 ,b x has be5 r5ew$1 & 9 "o s5se r5ew$ z ,jesus desir$4 ,x is because 8 ?\ght 0 two-sid$ t x has be5 fruitful4 ,8 *im]a has n _h ! fate ( s _m o!rs :i* h cross$ ! human m9d1 because x conceal$ a g]m ( life :i* hav+ be5 introduc$1 ?anks to a cov]+ ( fable1 into ! bosom ( humanity1 has ?us br\ght =? et]nal fruits4 ,footnote #a3 ,^! pangs ( ,*ri/ian consci5ce are r5d]$ ) simplicity 9 ! second epi/le attribut$ to ,/4 ,pet]1 iii4 #h1 & foll[+4 ,& let u n say t ?is is a b5evol5t int]pretation1 imag9$ 9 ord] to cle> ! honor ( our great ma/] f ! cruel contradiction inflict$ on 8 dreams by reality4 ,no1 no3 ?is true k+dom ( ,god1 ?is k+dom ( ! _s1 :i* makes ea* "o k+ & prie/2 ?is k+dom :i*1 l ! gra9 ( mu/>d-se$1 has become a tree :i* ov]%ad[s ! _w1 & amid/ ^: bran*es ! birds h _! ne/s1 0 und]/ood1 wi%$ =1 & f\nd$ by ,jesus4 ,by ! side ( ! false1 cold1 & impossible idea ( an o/5tati\s adv5t1 he conceiv$ ! real city ( ,god1 ! true pal+5esis1 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! apo!osis ( ! weak1 ! love ( ! p1 reg>d = ! poor1 & ! re-e/abli%m5t ( all t is humble1 true1 & simple4 ,?is re-e/abli%m5t he has depict$ z an incomp>able arti/1 by features :i* w la/ et]nally4 ,ea* ( u owes t :i* is be/ 9 himself to him4 ,let u p>don him 8 hope ( a va9 apocalypse1 & ( a second com+ 9 great triumph ^u ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,p]haps ^! 7 ! errors ( o!rs r ?an 8 own2 & if x be true t he himself %>$ ! g5]al illusion1 :at matt]s x1 s9ce 8 dream r5d]$ him /rong aga9/ dea?1 & su/a9$ him 9 a /ruggle1 to :i* he might o!rwise h be5 unequal8 ,we mu/1 !n1 atta* sev]al mean+s to ! div9e city conceiv$ by ,jesus4 ,if 8 only ?\ght _h be5 t ! end ( "t 0 ne>1 & t we mu/ prep>e = x1 he w\ld n h surpass$ ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,to r5\nce a _w ready to crumble1 to deta* "o's self little by little f ! pres5t life1 & to aspire to ! k+dom ab\t to come1 w\ld h =m$ ! gi/ ( 8 prea*+4 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus _h always a mu* l>g] scope4 ,he propos$ to himself to create a new /ate ( humanity1 & n m]ely to prep>e ! end ( t :i* 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,elias or ,j]emiah1 reappe>+ 9 ord] to prep>e m5 = ! supreme crisis1 w\ld n h prea*$ z he did4 ,?is is s true t ?is morality1 attribut$ to ! latt] days1 is f\nd to be ! et]nal morality1 t :i* has sav$ humanity4 ,jesus himself 9 _m cases makes use ( modes ( spee* :i* d n accord ) ! apocalyptic !ory4 ,he (t5 decl>es t ! k+dom ( ,god has already comm5c$2 t e man be>s x )9 himself2 & c1 if he be wor?y1 p>take ( x2 t ea* "o sil5tly creates ?is k+dom by ! true conv]sion ( ! he>t4#a ,! k+dom ( ,god at su* times is only ! highe/ =m ( good4#b ,a bett] ord] ( ?+s ?an t :i* exi/s1 ! reign ( ju/ice1 :i* ! fai?ful1 accord+ to _! ability1 ought to help 9 e/abli%+2 or1 aga91 ! lib]ty ( ! s\l1 some?+ analog\s to ! ,buddhi/ deliv]ance1 ! fruit ( ! s\l's sep>ation f matt] & absorption 9 ! div9e ess5ce4 ,^! tru?s1 :i* are purely ab/ract to u1 7 liv+ realities to ,jesus4 ,ev]y?+ 9 8 m9d 0 concrete & sub/antial4 ,jesus1 ( all m51 believ$ mo/ ?or\ghly 9 ! reality ( ! ideal4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 vi4 #aj1 #cc2 ,m>k xii4 #cd2 ,luke xi4 #b1 xii4 #ca1 xvii4 #bj1 #ba1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,see especially ,m>k xii4 #cd4 ,9 accept+ ! ,utopias ( 8 "t & 8 race1 ,jesus ?us 0 able to make high tru?s ( !m1 ?anks to ! fruitful misconceptions ( _! import4 ,8 k+dom ( ,god 0 no d\bt ! approa*+ apocalypse1 :i* 0 ab\t to be unfold$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,b x 0 /ill1 & probably above all ! k+dom ( ! s\l1 f\nd$ on lib]ty & on ! filial s5tim5t :i* ! virtu\s man feels :5 re/+ on ! bosom ( 8 ,fa!r4 ,x 0 a pure religion1 )\t =ms1 )\t temple1 & )\t prie/2 x 0 ! moral judgm5t ( ! _w1 delegat$ to ! consci5ce ( ! j man1 & to ! arm ( ! p4 ,?is is :at 0 de/9$ to live2 ?is is :at has liv$4 ,:51 at ! end ( a c5tury ( va9 expectation1 ! mat]iali/ic hope ( a ne> end ( ! _w 0 exhau/$1 ! true k+dom ( ,god became app>5t4 ,accommodat+ explanations ?rew a veil ov] ! mat]ial k+dom1 :i* 0 !n se5 to be incapable ( realization4 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 ! *ief canonical book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1#a be+ too =mally ti$ to ! idea ( an imm$iate cata/rophe1 became ( second>y importance1 0 held to be un9telligible1 tortur$ 9 a ?\s& ways & almo/ reject$4 ,at lea/1 its accompli%m5t 0 adj\rn$ to an indef9ite future4 ,"s poor b5ight$ ones :o1 9 a fully enlight5$ age1 /ill pres]v$ ! hopes ( ! fir/ disciples1 became h]etics 7,ebionites1 ,mill5>ians71 lo/ 9 ! %all[s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,mank9d _h pass$ to ano!r k+dom ( ,god4 ,! degree ( tru? conta9$ 9 ! ?\ght ( ,jesus _h prevail$ ov] ! *im]a :i* obscur$ x4 ,footnote #a3 ,ju/91 ,dial4 cum ,tryph41 #ha4 ,let u n1 h[ev]1 despise ?is *im]a1 :i* has be5 ! ?ick r9d ( ! sacr$ fruit on :i* we live4 ,?is fanta/ic k+dom ( heav51 ?is endless pursuit aft] a city ( ,god1 :i* has con/antly preoccupi$ ,*ri/ianity dur+ its long c>e]1 has be5 ! pr9ciple ( t great in/9ct ( futurity :i* has animat$ all re=m]s1 p]si/5t believ]s 9 ! ,apocalypse1 f ,joa*im ( ,flora d[n to ! ,prote/ant sect>y ( our days4 ,?is impot5t ef=t to e/abli% a p]fect society has be5 ! s\rce ( ! extraord9>y t5sion :i* has always made ! true ,*ri/ian an a?lete /ruggl+ aga9/ ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s4 ,! idea ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 & ! ,apocalypse1 :i* is ! complete image ( x1 are ?us1 9 a s5se1 ! highe/ & mo/ poetic expressions ( human progress4 ,b !y h necess>ily giv5 rise to great errors4 ,! end ( ! _w1 susp5d$ z a p]petual m5ace ov] mank9d1 01 by ! p]iodical panics :i* x caus$ dur+ c5turies1 a great h9drance to all secul> developm5t4 ,society be+ no long] c]ta9 ( its exi/5ce1 contract$ !refrom a degree ( trepidation1 & ^? habits ( s]vile humility1 :i* r5d]$ ! ,middle ,ages s inf]ior to anci5t & mod]n times4#a ,a pr(\nd *ange _h also tak5 place 9 ! mode ( reg>d+ ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,:5 x 0 fir/ ann\nc$ to mank9d t ! end ( ! _w 0 ab\t to come1 l ! infant :i* receives dea? ) a smile1 x exp]i5c$ ! greate/ access ( joy t x has ev] felt4 ,b 9 gr[+ old1 ! _w became atta*$ to life4 ,! day ( grace1 s long expect$ by ! simple s\ls ( ,galilee1 became to ^! iron ages a day ( wra?3 ,dies irae1 dies illa6 ,b1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( b>b>ism1 ! idea ( ! k+dom ( ,god cont9u$ fruitful4 ,9 spite ( ! feudal *ur*1 ( sects1 & ( religi\s ord]s1 holy p]sons cont9u$ to prote/1 9 ! "n ( ! ,gospel1 aga9/ ! iniquity ( ! _w4 ,ev5 9 our days1 tr\bl$ days1 9 :i* ,jesus has no m au!ntic foll[]s ?an ^? :o seem to d5y him1 ! dreams ( an ideal organization ( society1 :i* h s mu* analogy ) ! aspirations ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian sects1 are only 9 "o s5se ! blossom+ ( ! same idea4 ,!y are "o ( ! bran*es ( t imm5se tree 9 :i* g]m9ates all ?\ght ( a future1 & ( :i* ! k+dom ( ,god w be et]nally ! root & /em4 ,all ! social revolutions ( humanity w be graft$ on ?is phrase4 ,b1 ta9t$ by a co>se mat]ialism1 & aspir+ to ! impossible1 t is to say1 to f\nd univ]sal happ9ess ^u political & economical measures1 ! sociali/ attempts ( our "t w rema9 unfruitful until !y take z _! rule ! true _s ( ,jesus1 ,i mean absolute idealism--! pr9ciple t1 9 ord] to possess ! _w1 we mu/ r5\nce x4 ,footnote #a3 ,see1 = example1 ! prologue ( ,gregory ( ,t\rs to 8 ,hi/oire ,ecclesia/ique des ,francs1 & ! num]\s docum5ts ( ! fir/ half ( ! ,middle ,ages1 beg9n+ by ! =mula1 ,on ! approa* ( ! night ( ! _w4444 ,! phrase1 k+dom ( ,god1 expresses also1 v happily1 ! want :i* ! s\l exp]i5ces ( a supplem5t>y de/9y1 ( a comp5sation = ! pres5t life4 ,^? :o d n accept ! def9ition ( man z a comp\nd ( two sub/ances1 & :o reg>d ! ,dei/ical dogma ( ! immortality ( ! s\l z 9 contradiction ) physiology1 love to fall back ^u ! hope ( a f9al rep>ation1 :i* "u an unkn[n =m %all satisfy ! wants ( ! he>t ( man4 ,:o kn[s if ! highe/ t]m ( progress aft] millions ( ages may n evoke ! absolute consci5ce ( ! univ]se1 & 9 ?is consci5ce ! awak5+ ( all t has liv$8 ,a sleep ( a million ( ye>s is n long] ?an ! sleep ( an h\r4 ,/4 ,paul1 on ?is hypo!sis1 0 "r 9 say+1 ,9 ictu oculi6#a ,x is c]ta9 t moral & virtu\s humanity w h its rew>d1 t "o day ! ideas ( ! poor b hone/ man w judge ! _w1 & t on t day ! ideal figure ( ,jesus w be ! confusion ( ! frivol\s :o h n believ$ 9 virtue1 & ( ! selfi% :o h n be5 able to atta9 to x4 ,! favorite phrase ( ,jesus cont9ues1 !re=e1 full ( an et]nal beauty4 ,a k9d ( exalt$ div9ation seems to h ma9ta9$ x 9 a vague sublimity1 embrac+ at ! same "t v>i\s ord]s ( tru?s4 ,footnote #a3 #a ,cor4 xv4 #eb4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,in/itutions ,,( ,,jesus4 ,t ,jesus 0 nev] entirely absorb$ 9 8 apocalyptic ideas is prov$1 moreov]1 by ! fact t at ! v "t he 0 mo/ preoccupi$ ) !m1 he laid ) r>e =e?\ght ! f\ndation ( a *ur* de/9$ to endure4 ,x is sc>cely possible to d\bt t he himself *ose f among 8 disciples ^? :o 7 pre-em95tly call$ ! apo/les1 or ! twelve1 s9ce on ! day aft] 8 dea? we f9d !m =m+ a di/9ct body1 & fill+ up by election ! vacancies t _h aris5 9 _! mid/4#a ,!y 7 ! two sons ( ,jonas2 ! two sons ( ,zeb$ee2 ,james1 son ( ,cleophas2 ,philip2 ,na?aniel b>-,tolmai2 ,?omas2 ,levi1 or ,mat!w1 ! son ( ,alphaeus2 ,simon ,zelotes2 ,?addeus or ,lebbaeus2 & ,judas ( ,k]io?4#b ,x is probable t ! idea ( ! twelve tribes ( ,israel _h _h "s %>e 9 ! *oice ( ?is numb]4#c ,footnote #a3 ,acts i4 #ae1 & foll[+2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #e2 ,gal4 i4 #aj4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 x4 #b & foll[+2 ,m>k iii4 #af1 & foll[+2 ,luke vi4 #ad1 & foll[+2 ,acts i4 #ac2 ,papias1 9 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iii4 #ci4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xix4 #bh2 ,luke xxii4 #cj4 ,! twelve1 at all ev5ts1 =m$ a gr\p ( privileg$ disciples1 among :om ,pet] ma9ta9$ a frat]nal priority1#a & to !m ,jesus confid$ ! propagation ( 8 "w4 ,!re 0 no?+1 h[ev]1 :i* pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a regul>ly organiz$ sac]dotal s*ool4 ,! li/s ( ! twelve1 :i* h be5 pres]v$1 conta9 _m unc]ta9ties & contradictions2 two or ?ree ( ^? :o figure 9 !m h rema9$ completely obscure4 ,two1 at lea/1 ,pet] & ,philip1#b 7 m>ri$ & _h *ildr54 ,footnote #a3 ,acts i4 #ae1 ii4 #ad1 v4 #b1 #c1 #bi1 viii4 #ai1 xv4 #g2 ,gal4 i4 #ah4 ,footnote #b3 ,= ,pet]1 see ante1 p4 #agd2 = ,philip1 see ,papias1 ,polycrates1 & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iii4 #cj1 #ca1 #ci1 v4 #bd4 ,jesus evid5tly confid$ secrets to ! twelve1 :i* he =bade !m to communicate to ! _w4#a ,x seems z if 8 plan at times 0 to surr\nd himself ) a degree ( my/]y1 to po/pone ! mo/ important te/imony respect+ himself till aft] 8 dea?1 & to reveal himself completely only to 8 disciples1 confid+ to !m ! c>e ( demon/rat+ him aft]w>d to ! _w4#b ,:at ,i tell y 9 d>kness1 t speak ye 9 light2 & :at ye he> 9 ! e>1 t prea* ye ^u ! h\setops4 ,?is sp>$ him ! necessity ( too precise decl>ations1 & creat$ a k9d ( m$ium betwe5 ! public & himself4 ,x is cle> t !re 7 c]ta9 tea*+s conf9$ to ! apo/les1 & t he expla9$ _m p>ables to !m1 ! mean+ ( :i* 0 ambigu\s to ! multitude4#c ,an enigmatical =m & a degree ( oddness 9 connect+ ideas 7 cu/om>y 9 ! tea*+s ( ! doctors1 z may be se5 9 ! s5t5ces ( ! ,pirke ,abo?4 ,jesus expla9$ to 8 intimate fri5ds :atev] 0 peculi> 9 8 apo!gms or 9 8 apologues1 & %[$ !m 8 mean+ /ripp$ ( ! weal? ( illu/ration :i* sometimes obscur$ x4#d ,_m ( ^! explanations appe> to h be5 c>efully pres]v$4#e ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xvi4 #bj1 xvii4 #i2 ,m>k viii4 #cj1 ix4 #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 x4 #bf1 #bg2 ,m>k iv4 #ba1 & foll[+2 ,luke viii4 #ag1 xii4 #b1 & foll[+2 ,john xiv4 #bb4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xiii4 #aj1 & foll[+1 #cd & foll[+2 ,m>k iv4 #aj1 & foll[+1 #cc1 & foll[+2 ,luke viii4 #i1 & foll[+2 xii4 #da4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xvi4 #f1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vii4 #ag-bc4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xiii4 #ah1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vii4 #ah1 & foll[+4 ,dur+ ! lifetime ( ,jesus1 ! apo/les prea*$1#a b )\t ev] dep>t+ f> f him4 ,_! prea*+1 moreov]1 0 limit$ to ! ann\ncem5t ( ! spe$y com+ ( ! k+dom ( ,god4#b ,!y w5t f t[n to t[n1 receiv+ hospitality1 or r tak+ x !mselves1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4 ,! gue/ 9 ! ,ea/ has mu* au?ority2 he is sup]ior to ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 :o has ! greate/ confid5ce 9 him4 ,?is fireside prea*+ is admirably adapt$ to ! propagation ( new doctr9es4 ,! hidd5 treasure is communicat$1 & paym5t is ?us made = :at is receiv$2 polit5ess & good feel+ l5d _! aid2 ! h\sehold is t\*$ & conv]t$4 ,remove ,ori5tal hospitality1 & x w\ld be impossible to expla9 ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,jesus1 :o adh]$ greatly to good old cu/oms1 enc\rag$ 8 disciples to make no scruple ( pr(it+ by ?is anci5t public "r1 probably already aboli%$ 9 ! great t[ns :]e !re 7 ho/elries4#c ,! labor]1 said he1 is wor?y ( 8 hire6 ,once in/all$ 9 any h\se1 !y 7 to rema9 !re1 eat+ & dr9k+ :at 0 (f]$ !m1 z long z _! mission la/$4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke ix4 #f4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke x4 #aa4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,greek ^w ,greek3 p&okeion1 9 all ! languages ( ! ,semitic ,ea/1 designates an ho/elry4 ,jesus desir$ t1 9 imitation ( 8 example1 ! mess5g]s ( ! glad tid+s %\ld r5d] _! prea*+ agreeable by k9dly & poli%$ mann]s4 ,he direct$ t1 on ent]+ into a h\se1 !y %\ld give ! salaam or greet+4 ,"s hesitat$2 ! salaam be+ !n1 z n[1 9 ! ,ea/1 a sign ( religi\s communion1 :i* is n risk$ ) p]sons ( a d\btful fai?4 ,fe> no?+1 said ,jesus2 if no "o 9 ! h\se is wor?y ( y\r salute1 x w return unto y4#a ,sometimes1 9 fact1 ! apo/les ( ! k+dom ( ,god 7 badly receiv$1 & came to compla9 to ,jesus1 :o g5]ally s\ght to soo! !m4 ,"s ( !m1 p]suad$ ( ! omnipot5ce ( _! ma/]1 7 hurt at ?is =be>ance4 ,! sons ( ,zeb$ee want$ him to call d[n fire f heav5 ^u ! inhospitable t[ns4#b ,jesus receiv$ ^! outbur/s ) a subtle irony1 & /opp$ !m by say+3 ,! ,son ( man is n come to de/roy m5's lives1 b to save !m4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 x4 #aa1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #aj1 & foll[+2 ,luke x4 #e1 & foll[+4 ,comp4 #b ,epi/le ( ,john1 #aj1 #aa4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke ix4 #eb1 & foll[+4 ,he s\ght 9 e way to e/abli% z a pr9ciple t 8 apo/les 7 z himself4#a ,x 0 believ$ t he _h communicat$ 8 m>vell\s virtues to !m4 ,!y ca/ out demons1 prophesi$1 & =m$ a s*ool ( r5[n$ exorci/s1#b al?\gh c]ta9 cases 7 beyond _! p[]4#c ,!y also wr\ght cures1 ei!r by ! imposition ( h&s1 or by ! ano9t+ ) oil1#d "o ( ! fundam5tal processes ( ,ori5tal m$ic9e4 ,la/ly1 l ! ,psylli1 !y c\ld h&le s]p5ts & c\ld dr9k deadly potions ) impunity4#e ,! fur!r we get f ,jesus--! m (f5sive does ?is !urgy become4 ,b !re is no d\bt t x 0 g5]ally receiv$ by ! primitive ,*ur*1 & t x held an important place 9 ! e/imation ( ! _w ar\nd4#f ,*>latans1 z g5]ally happ5s1 took advantage ( ?is movem5t ( popul> cr$ulity4 ,ev5 9 ! lifetime ( ,jesus1 _m1 )\t be+ 8 disciples1 ca/ out demons 9 8 "n4 ,! true disciples 7 mu* displeas$ at ?is1 & s\ght to prev5t !m4 ,jesus1 :o saw t ?is 0 really an homage paid to 8 r5[n1 0 n v sev]e t[>d !m4#g ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 moreov]1 t ! ex]cise ( ^! gifts _h to "s degree become a trade4 ,c>ry+ ! logic ( absurdity to ! extreme1 c]ta9 m5 ca/ out demons by ,beelzebub1#h ! pr9ce ( demons4 ,!y imag9$ t ?is sov]eign ( ! inf]nal regions mu/ h entire au?ority ov] 8 subord9ates1 & t 9 act+ ?r\gh him !y 7 c]ta9 to make ! intrud+ _s dep>t4#i ,"s ev5 s\ght to buy f ! disciples ( ,jesus ! secret ( ! miracul\s p[]s :i* _h be5 conf]r$ ^u !m4#aj ,! g]m ( a *ur* f ?is "t began to appe>4 ,?is f]tile idea ( ! p[] ( m5 9 association 7ecclesia7 0 d\btless d]iv$ f ,jesus4 ,full ( ! purely ideali/ic doctr9e t x is ! union ( love :i* br+s s\ls toge!r1 he decl>$ t :5ev] m5 assembl$ 9 8 "n1 he w\ld be 9 _! mid/4 ,he confid$ to ! ,*ur* ! "r to b9d & to unb9d 7t is to say1 to r5d] c]ta9 ?+s lawful or unlawful71 to remit s9s1 to reprim&1 to w>n ) au?ority1 & to pray ) ! c]ta9ty ( be+ he>d favorably4#aa ,x is possible t _m ( ^! words may h be5 attribut$ to ! ma/]1 9 ord] to give a w>rant to ! collective au?ority :i* 0 aft]w>d s\ght to be sub/itut$ = t ( ,jesus4 ,at all ev5ts1 x 0 only aft] 8 dea? t p>ticul> *ur*es 7 e/abli%$1 & ev5 ?is fir/ con/itution 0 made purely & simply on ! model ( ! synagogue4 ,_m p]sonages :o _h lov$ ,jesus mu*1 & _h f\nd$ great hopes ^u him1 z ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 ,laz>us1 ,m>y ,magdal51 & ,nicodemus1 did n1 x seems1 jo9 ^! *ur*es1 b clung to ! t5d] or respectful memory :i* !y _h pres]v$ ( him4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 x4 #dj1 #db1 xxv4 #ce1 & foll[+2 ,m>k ix4 #dj2 ,luke x4 #af2 ,john xiii4 #bj4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 vii4 #bb1 x4 #a2 ,m>k iii4 #ae1 vi4 #ac2 ,luke x4 #ag4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xvii4 #ah1 #ai4 ,footnote #d3 ,m>k vi4 #ac1 xvi4 #ah2 ,epi/4 ,jas4 v4 #ad4 ,footnote #e3 ,m>k xvi4 #ah2 ,luke x4 #ai4 ,footnote #f3 ,m>k xvi4 #bj4 ,footnote #g3 ,m>k ix4 #cg1 #ch2 ,luke ix4 #di1 #ej4 ,footnote #h3 ,an anci5t god ( ! ,phili/9es1 trans=m$ by ! ,jews into a demon4 ,footnote #i3 ,matt4 xii4 #bd1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #aj3 ,acts viii4 #ah1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #aa3 ,matt4 xviii4 #ag1 & foll[+2 ,john xx4 #bc4 ,moreov]1 !re is no trace1 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 ( an appli$ morality or ( a canonical law1 ev] s slightly def9$4 ,once only1 respect+ m>riage1 he spoke decid$ly1 & =bade divorce4#a ,nei!r 0 !re any !ology or cre$4 ,!re 7 indef9ite views respect+ ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,_s1#b f :i*1 aft]w>d1 7 drawn ! ,tr9ity & ! ,inc>nation1 b !y 7 !n only 9 a /ate ( indet]m9ate imag]y4 ,! lat] books ( ! ,jewi% canon recogniz$ ! ,holy ,_s1 a sort ( div9e hypo/asis1 sometimes id5tifi$ ) ,wisdom or ! ,^w4#c ,jesus insi/$ ^u ?is po9t1#d & ann\nc$ to 8 disciples a baptism by fire & by ! _s1#e z mu* pref]able to t ( ,john1 a baptism :i* !y believ$ !y _h receiv$1 aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 9 ! =m ( a great w9d & tongues ( fire4#f ,! ,holy ,_s ?us s5t by ! ,fa!r 0 to tea* !m all tru?1 & te/ify to t :i* ,jesus himself _h promulgat$4#g ,9 ord] to designate ?is ,_s1 ,jesus made use ( ! ^w ,p]aklit1 :i* ! ,syro-,*aldaic _h borr[$ f ! ,greek 7,greek3 p>akletos71 & :i* appe>s to h _h 9 8 m9d ! mean+ ( advocate1#h c\nsellor1#i & sometimes t ( int]pret] ( cele/ial tru?s1 & ( tea*] *>g$ to reveal to m5 ! hi!rto hidd5 my/]ies4#aj ,he reg>d$ himself z a ,p]aklit to 8 disciples1#aa & ! ,_s :i* 0 to come aft] 8 dea? w\ld only take 8 place4 ,?is 0 an application ( ! process :i* ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian !ologies w\ld foll[ dur+ c5turies1 & :i* 0 to produce a :ole s]ies ( div9e assessors1 ! ,meta?ronos1 ! ,synadelphe or ,s&alphon1 & all ! p]sonifications ( ! ,cabbala4 ,b 9 ,judaism1 ^! creations 7 to rema9 free & individual speculations1 :il/ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 comm5c+ ) ! f\r? c5tury1 !y 7 to =m ! v ess5ce ( or?odoxy & ( ! univ]sal doctr9e4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xix4 #c1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxviii4 #ai4 ,comp4 ,matt4 iii4 #af1 #ag2 ,john xv4 #bf4 ,footnote #c3 ,sap4 i4 #g1 vii4 #g1 ix4 #ag1 xii4 #a2 ,eccles4 i4 #i1 xv4 #e1 xxiv4 #bg2 xxxix4 #h2 ,judi? xvi4 #ag4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 x4 #bj2 ,luke xii4 #ab1 xxiv4 #di2 ,john xiv4 #bf1 xv4 #bf4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 iii4 #aa2 ,m>k i4 #h2 ,luke iii4 #af2 ,john i4 #bf1 iii4 #e2 ,acts i4 #e1 #h1 x4 #dg4 ,footnote #f3 ,acts ii4 #a-d1 xi4 #ae1 xix4 #f4 ,cf4 ,john vii4 #ci4 ,footnote #g3 ,john xv4 #bf1 xvi4 #ac4 ,footnote #h3 ,to ,p]aklit 0 oppos$ ,katigor1 7,greek3 kategoros71 ! accus]4 ,footnote #i3 ,john xiv4 #af2 #a/ ,epi/le ( ,john ii4 #a4 ,footnote #aj3 ,john xiv4 #bf1 xv4 #bf1 xvi4 #g1 & foll[+4 ,comp4 ,philo1 ,de ,mundi opificio1 ,sec4 #f4 ,footnote #aa3 ,john xiv4 #af4 ,comp4 ! epi/le be=e cit$1 l4c4 ,x is unnecess>y to rem>k h[ remote f ! ?\ght ( ,jesus 0 ! idea ( a religi\s book1 conta9+ a code & articles ( fai?4 ,n only did he n write1 b x 0 contr>y to ! _s ( ! infant sect to produce sacr$ books4 ,!y believ$ !mselves on ! eve ( ! great f9al cata/rophe4 ,! ,messiah came to put ! seal ^u ! ,law & ! ,prophets1 n to promulgate new ,scriptures4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,apocalypse1 :i* 0 9 "o s5se ! only reveal$ book ( ! infant ,*ri/ianity1 all ! o!r writ+s ( ! apo/olic age 7 works evok$ by exi/+ circum/ances1 mak+ no pret5sions to furni% a completely dogmatic :ole4 ,! ,gospels _h at fir/ an entirely p]sonal "*1 & mu* less au?ority ?an tradition4#a ,footnote #a3 ,papias1 9 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iii4 #ci4 ,_h ! sect1 h[ev]1 no sacram5t1 no rite1 no sign ( union8 ,x _h "o :i* all tradition ascribes to ,jesus4 ,"o ( ! favorite ideas ( ! ma/] 0 t he 0 ! new bread1 bread v sup]ior to manna1 & on :i* mank9d 0 to live4 ,?is idea1 ! g]m ( ! ,eu*>i/1 0 at times express$ by him 9 s+ul>ly concrete =ms4 ,on "o occasion especially1 9 ! synagogue ( ,cap]naum1 he took a decid$ /ep1 :i* co/ him sev]al ( 8 disciples4 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 ,moses gave y n t bread f heav52 b my ,fa!r give? y ! true bread f heav54#a ,& he add$1 ,i am ! bread ( life3 he t come? to me %all nev] hung]1 & he t believe? on me %all nev] ?ir/4#b ,^! words excit$ mu* murmur+4 ,! ,jews !n murmur$ at him because he said1 ,i am ! bread :i* came d[n f heav54 ,& !y said1 ,is n ?is ,jesus ! son ( ,joseph1 ^: fa!r & "m we "k8 h[ is x !n t he sai?1 ,i came d[n f heav58 ,b ,jesus insi/+ ) /ill m =ce1 said1 ,i am t bread ( life2 y\r fa!rs did eat manna 9 ! wild]ness & are dead4 ,?is is ! bread :i* come? d[n f heav51 t a man may eat !re(1 & n die4 ,i am ! liv+ bread :i* came d[n f heav52 if any man eat ( ?is bread1 he %all live = ev]3 & ! bread t ,i w give is my fle%1 :i* ,i w give = ! life ( ! _w4#c ,! (f5ce 0 n[ at its height3 ,h[ c ?is man give u 8 fle% to eat8 ,jesus go+ /ill fur!r1 said3 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 except ye eat ! fle% ( ! ,son ( man1 & dr9k 8 blood1 ye h no life 9 y4 ,:oso eate? my fle% & dr9ke? my blood1 ha? et]nal life1 & ,i w raise him up at ! la/ day4 ,= my fle% is meat inde$1 & my blood is dr9k inde$4 ,he t eate? my fle% & dr9ke? my blood dwelle? 9 me1 & ,i 9 him4 ,z ! liv+ ,fa!r has s5t me1 & ,i live by ! ,fa!r3 s he t eate? me1 ev5 he %all live by me4 ,?is is t bread :i* came d[n f heav53 n z y\r fa!rs did eat manna1 & are dead3 he t eate? ( ?is bread %all live = ev]4 ,sev]al ( 8 disciples 7 (f5d$ at su* ob/9acy 9 p>adox1 & ceas$ to foll[ him4 ,jesus did n retract2 he only add$3 ,x is ! _s t quick5e?2 ! fle% pr(ite? no?+4 ,! words t ,i speak unto y1 !y are _s1 & !y are life4 ,! twelve rema9$ fai?ful1 not)/&+ ?is /range prea*+4 ,x gave to ,cephas1 9 p>ticul>1 an opportunity ( %[+ 8 absolute devotion1 & ( proclaim+ once m1 ,?\ art t ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,footnote #a3 ,john vi4 #cb1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,we f9d an analog\s =m ( expression provok+ a simil> misund]/&+1 9 ,john iv4 #aj1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,a#aa ^! disc\rses be> too /rongly ! impr9t ( ! /yle peculi> to ,john1 = !m to be reg>d$ z exact4 ,! anecdote relat$ 9 *apt] vi4 ( ! f\r? ,gospel _c1 h[ev]1 be entirely /ripp$ ( hi/orical reality4 ,x is probable t f t "t1 9 ! common repa/s ( ! sect1 !re 0 e/abli%$ "s cu/om :i* 0 d]iv$ f ! disc\rse s badly receiv$ by ! m5 ( ,cap]naum4 ,b ! apo/olic traditions on ?is subject are v div]se & probably int5tionally incomplete4 ,! synoptical gospels suppose t a unique sacram5tal act s]v$ z basis to ! my/]i\s rite1 & decl>e ?is to h be5 ! la/ supp]4 ,john1 :o has pres]v$ ! incid5t at ! synagogue ( ,cap]naum1 does n speak ( su* an act1 al?\gh he describes ! la/ supp] at great l5g?4 ,else:]e we see ,jesus recogniz$ 9 ! break+ ( bread1#a z if ?is act _h be5 to ^? :o associat$ ) him ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( 8 p]son4 ,:5 he 0 dead1 ! =m "u :i* he appe>$ to ! pi\s memory ( 8 disciples1 0 t ( presid5t ( a my/]i\s banquet1 tak+ ! bread1 bless+ x1 break+ & pres5t+ x to ^? pres5t4#b ,x is probable t ?is 0 "o ( 8 habits1 & t at su* times he 0 p>ticul>ly lov+ & t5d]4 ,"o mat]ial circum/ance1 ! pres5ce ( fi% ^u ! table 7a /rik+ indication1 :i* proves t ! rite _h its bir? on ! %ore ( ,lake ,tib]ias#c71 0 itself almo/ sacram5tal1 & became a necess>y "p ( ! conceptions ( ! sacr$ fea/4#d ,footnote #a3 ,luke xxiv4 #cj1 #ce4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke l4c42 ,john xxi4 #ac4 ,footnote #c3 ,comp4 ,matt4 vii4 #aj1 xiv4 #ag1 & foll[+1 xv4 #cd1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #ch1 & foll[+2 ,luke ix4 #ac1 & foll[+1 xi4 #aa1 xxiv4 #db2 ,john vi4 #i1 & foll[+1 xxi4 #i1 & foll[+4 ,! di/rict r\nd ,lake ,tib]ias is ! only place 9 ,pale/9e :]e fi% =ms a consid]able portion ( ! diet4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xxi4 #ac2 ,luke xxiv4 #db1 #dc4 ,comp>e ! olde/ repres5tations ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 relat$ or correct$ by ,m4 de ,rossi1 9 8 diss]tation on ! ,greek3 ,,i*?ys 7,spicilegium ,solesm5se de dom ,pitra1 v4 iii41 p4 #efh1 & foll[+74 ,! mean+ ( ! anagram :i* ! ^w ,greek3 ,,i*?ys conta9s1 0 probably comb9$ ) a m anci5t tradition on ! place ( fi% 9 ! ,gospel repa/s4 ,_! repa/s 7 among ! sweete/ mom5ts ( ! infant community4 ,at ^! times !y all assembl$2 ! ma/] spoke to ea* "o1 & kept up a *>m+ & lively conv]sation4 ,jesus lov$ ^! seasons1 & 0 pleas$ to see 8 spiritual family ?us gr\p$ ar\nd him4#a ,! p>ticipation ( ! same bread 0 consid]$ z a k9d ( communion1 a reciprocal bond4 ,! ma/] us$1 9 ?is respect1 extremely /rong t]ms1 :i* 7 aft]w>d tak5 9 a v lit]al s5se4 ,jesus 01 at ! same "t1 v ideali/ic 9 8 conceptions1 & v mat]iali/ic 9 8 expression ( !m4 ,wi%+ to express ! ?\ght t ! believ] only lives by him1 t altoge!r 7body1 blood1 & s\l7 he 0 ! life ( ! truly fai?ful1 he said to 8 disciples1 ,i am y\r n\ri%m5t--a phrase :i*1 turn$ 9 figurative /yle1 became1 ,my fle% is y\r bread1 my blood y\r dr9k4 ,add$ to ?is1 ! modes ( spee* employ$ by ,jesus1 always /rongly subjective1 c>ri$ him /ill fur!r4 ,at table1 po9t+ to ! food1 he said1 ,i am "h--hold+ ! bread--?is is my body2 & ( ! w9e1 ,?is is my blood--all modes ( spee* :i* 7 equival5t to1 ,i am y\r n\ri%m5t4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke xxii4 #ae4 ,?is my/]i\s rite obta9$ great importance 9 ! lifetime ( ,jesus4 ,x 0 probably e/abli%$ "s "t be=e ! la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem1 & x 0 ! result ( a g5]al doctr9e mu* m ?an a det]m9ate act4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 x became ! great symbol ( ,*ri/ian communion1#a & x is to ! mo/ solemn mom5t ( ! life ( ! ,savi\r t its e/abli%m5t is ref]r$4 ,x 0 wi%$ to see1 9 ! consecration ( bread & w9e1 a f>ewell memorial :i* ,jesus1 at ! mom5t ( quitt+ life1 _h left to 8 disciples4#b ,!y recogniz$ ,jesus himself 9 ?is sacram5t4 ,! :olly spiritual idea ( ! pres5ce ( s\ls1 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ famili> to ! ,ma/]1 :i* made him say1 = in/ance1 t he 0 p]sonally ) 8 disciples#c :5 !y 7 assembl$ 9 8 "n1 r5d]$ ?is easily admissible4 ,jesus1 we h already said1 nev] _h a v def9$ notion ( t :i* con/itutes individuality4 ,9 ! degree ( exaltation to :i* he _h atta9$1 ! ideal surpass$ ev]y?+ to su* an ext5t t ! body c\nt$ = no?+4 ,we are "o :5 we love "o ano!r1 :5 we live 9 dep5d5ce on ea* o!r2 x 0 ?us t he & 8 disciples 7 "o4#d ,8 disciples adopt$ ! same language4 ,^? :o = ye>s _h liv$ ) him1 _h se5 him con/antly take ! bread & ! cup betwe5 8 holy & v5]able h&s1#e & ?us (f] himself to !m4 ,x 0 he :om !y ate & drank2 he became ! true passov]1 ! =m] "o hav+ be5 abrogat$ by 8 blood4 ,x is impossible to translate into our ess5tially det]m9$ idiom1 9 :i* a rigor\s di/9ction betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! metaphorical mu/ always be obs]v$1 habits ( /yle ! ess5tial "* ( :i* is to attribute to metaphor1 or r to ! idea x repres5ts1 a complete reality4 ,footnote #a3 ,acts ii4 #db1 #df4 ,footnote #b3 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bj1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xviii4 #bj4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xii4 entirely4 ,footnote #e3 ,canon ( ! ,greek ,masses & ! ,lat9 ,mass 7v anci5t74 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,increas+ ,,progression ,,( ,,en?usiasm ,,& ,,( ,,exaltation4 ,x is cle> t su* a religi\s society1 f\nd$ solely on ! expectation ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 mu/ be 9 itself v incomplete4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian g5]ation liv$ almo/ entirely ^u expectations & dreams4 ,on ! eve ( see+ ! _w come to an end1 !y reg>d$ z useless ev]y?+ :i* only s]v$ to prolong x4 ,possession ( prop]ty 0 int]dict$4#a ,ev]y?+ :i* atta*es man to e>?1 ev]y?+ :i* draws him aside f heav51 0 to be avoid$4 ,al?\gh sev]al ( ! disciples 7 m>ri$1 !re 0 to be no m m>riage on becom+ a memb] ( ! sect4#b ,! celibate 0 greatly pref]r$2 ev5 9 m>riage cont95ce 0 recomm5d$4#c ,at "o "t ! ma/] seems to approve ( ^? :o %\ld mutilate !mselves 9 prospect ( ! k+dom ( ,god4#d ,9 ?is he 0 consi/5t ) 8 pr9ciple--,if ?y h& or ?y foot (f5d !e1 cut !m (f1 & ca/ !m f !e2 x is bett] = !e to ent] into life halt or maim$1 r ?an hav+ two h&s or two feet to be ca/ into ev]la/+ fire4 ,& if ?9e eye (f5d !e1 pluck x out1 & ca/ x f !e2 x is bett] = !e to ent] into life ) "o eye1 r ?an hav+ two eyes to be ca/ into hell-fire4#e ,! cessation ( g5]ation 0 (t5 consid]$ z ! sign & condition ( ! k+dom ( ,god4#f ,footnote #a3 ,luke xiv4 #cc2 ,acts iv4 #cb1 & foll[+1 v4 #a-aa4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xix4 #aj1 & foll[+2 ,luke xviii4 #bi1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,?is is ! con/ant doctr9e ( ,paul4 ,comp4 ,rev4 xiv4 #d4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xix4 #ab4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xviii4 #h1 #i4 ,cf4 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,niddah1 #ac b4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 xxii4 #cj2 ,m>k xii4 #be2 ,luke xx4 #ce2 ,ebionite ,gospel1 entitl$ ,( ! ,egyptians1 9 ,clem4 ( ,alex41 ,/rom4 iii4 #i1 #ac1 & ,clem4 ,rom41 ,epi/4 ii4 #ab4 ,nev]1 we p]ceive1 w\ld ?is primitive ,*ur* h =m$ a la/+ society b = ! great v>iety ( g]ms deposit$ by ,jesus 9 8 tea*+4 ,x requir$ m ?an a c5tury = ! true ,*ri/ian ,*ur*--t :i* has conv]t$ ! _w--to dis5gage itself f ?is little sect ( latt]-day sa9ts1 & to become a framework applicable to ! :ole ( human society4 ,! same ?+1 inde$1 took place 9 ,buddhism1 :i* at fir/ 0 f\nd$ only = monks4 ,! same ?+ w\ld h happ5$ 9 ! ord] ( ,/4 ,francis1 if t ord] _h succe$$ 9 its pret5sion ( becom+ ! rule ( ! :ole ( human society4 ,ess5tially ,utopian 9 _! orig91 & succe$+ by _! v exagg]ation1 ! great sy/ems ( :i* we h j spok5 h only laid hold ( ! _w by be+ pr(\ndly modifi$1 & by ab&on+ _! excesses4 ,jesus did n advance beyond ?is fir/ & entirely mona*al p]iod1 9 :i* x 0 believ$ t ! impossible c\ld be attempt$ ) impunity4 ,he made no concession to necessity4 ,he boldly prea*$ w> aga9/ nature1 & total sev]ance f ties ( blood4 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 said he1 !re is no man t ha? left h\se1 or p>5ts1 or bre?r51 or wife1 or *ildr51 = ! k+dom ( ,god's sake1 :o %all n receive manifold m 9 ?is pres5t "t1 & 9 ! _w to come life ev]la/+4#a ,footnote #a3 ,luke xviii4 #bj1 #cj4 ,! tea*+s :i* ,jesus is reput$ to h giv5 to 8 disciples brea! ! same exaltation4#a ,he :o 0 s tol]ant to ! _w outside1 he :o cont5t$ himself sometimes ) half adhesions1#b ex]cis$ t[>d 8 own an extreme rigor4 ,he w\ld h no all buts4 ,we %\ld call x an ord]1 con/itut$ by ! mo/ au/]e rules4 ,fai?ful to 8 idea t ! c>es ( life tr\ble man1 & draw him d[nw>d1 ,jesus requir$ f 8 associates a complete deta*m5t f ! e>?1 an absolute devotion to 8 "w4 ,!y 7 n to c>ry ) !m ei!r money or provisions = ! way1 n ev5 a scrip1 or *ange ( raim5t4 ,!y mu/ practise absolute pov]ty1 live on alms & hospitality4 ,freely ye h receiv$1 freely give1#c said he1 9 8 beautiful language4 ,arre/$ & arraign$ be=e ! judges1 !y 7 n to prep>e _! def5ce2 ! ,p]aklit1 ! heav5ly advocate1 w\ld inspire !m ) :at !y ought to say4 ,! ,fa!r w\ld s5d !m 8 ,_s f on high1 :i* w\ld become ! pr9ciple ( all _! acts1 ! director ( _! ?\ghts1 & _! guide ?r\gh ! _w4#d ,if driv5 f any t[n1 !y 7 to %ake ! du/ f _! %oes1 decl>+ always ! proximity ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 t none might plead ignorance4 ,ye %all n h gone ov] ! cities ( ,israel1 add$ he1 till ! ,son ( man be come4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 x41 entirely1 xxiv4 #i2 ,m>k vi4 #h1 & foll[+1 ix4 #dj1 xiii4 #i-ac2 ,luke x4 #c1 & foll[+1 x4 #a1 & foll[+1 xii4 #d1 & foll[+1 xxi4 #ag2 ,john xv4 #ah1 & foll[+1 xvii4 #ad4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k ix4 #ch1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 x4 #h4 ,comp4 ,midra% ,ialk\t1 ,deut41 sect4 #hbd4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 x4 #bj2 ,john xiv4 #af1 & foll[+1 #bf1 xv4 #bf1 xvi4 #g1 #ac4 ,a /range ardor animates all ^! disc\rses1 :i* may 9 "p be ! creation ( ! en?usiasm ( 8 disciples1#a b :i* ev5 9 t case came indirectly f ,jesus1 = x 0 he :o _h inspir$ ! en?usiasm4 ,he pr$ict$ = 8 foll[]s sev]e p]secutions & ! hatr$ ( mank9d4 ,he s5t !m =? z lambs 9 ! mid/ ( wolves4 ,!y w\ld be sc\rg$ 9 ! synagogues1 & dragg$ to prison4 ,bro!r %\ld deliv] up bro!r to dea?1 & ! fa!r 8 son4 ,:5 !y 7 p]secut$ 9 "o c\ntry !y 7 to flee to ano!r4 ,! disciple1 said he1 is n above 8 ma/]1 nor ! s]vant above 8 "l4 ,fe> n !m :i* kill ! body1 b are n able to kill ! s\l4 ,are n two sp>r[s sold = a f>?+8 & "o ( !m %all n fall to ! gr\nd )\t y\r ,fa!r4 ,b ! v hairs ( y\r head are all numb]$4 ,fe> ye n1 !re=e1 ye are ( m value ?an _m sp>r[s4#b ,:osoev]1 !re=e1 cont9u$ he1 %all confess me be=e m51 him w ,i confess also be=e my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54 ,b :osoev] %all d5y me be=e m51 him w ,i also d5y be=e my ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav54#c ,footnote #a3 ,! expressions 9 ,matt4 x4 #ch1 xvi4 #bd2 ,m>k viii4 #cd2 ,luke xiv4 #bg1 c only h be5 conceiv$ aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 x4 #bd-ca2 ,luke xii4 #d-g4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 x4 #cb1 #cc2 ,m>k viii4 #ch2 ,luke ix4 #bf1 xii4 #h1 #i4 ,9 ^! fits ( sev]ity he w5t s f> z to aboli% all natural ties4 ,8 requirem5ts _h no long] any b\nds4 ,despis+ ! heal?y limits ( man's nature1 he dem&$ t he %\ld exi/ only = him1 t he %\ld love him alone4 ,if any man come to me1 said he1 & hate n 8 fa!r1 & "m1 & wife1 & *ildr51 & bre?r51 & si/]s1 & 8 own life also1 he _c be my disciple4#a ,s likewise1 :osoev] he be ( y t =sake? n all t he ha?1 he _c be my disciple4#b ,!re 01 at su* times1 some?+ /range & m ?an human 9 8 words2 !y 7 l a fire utt]ly consum+ life1 & r$uc+ ev]y?+ to a frightful wild]ness4 ,! h>% & gloomy feel+ ( di/a/e = ! _w1 & ( excessive self-abnegation :i* *>act]izes ,*ri/ian p]fection1 0 orig9at$1 n by ! ref9$ & *e]ful morali/ ( e>li] days1 b by ! sombre giant :om a k9d ( gr& pres5tim5t 0 )draw+1 m & m1 out ( ! pale ( humanity4 ,we %\ld almo/ say t1 9 ^! mom5ts ( conflict ) ! mo/ legitimate crav+s ( ! he>t1 ,jesus _h =gott5 ! pleasure ( liv+1 ( lov+1 ( see+1 & ( feel+4 ,employ+ /ill m unmeasur$ language1 he ev5 said1 ,if any man w come aft] me1 let him d5y himself & foll[ me4 ,he t love? fa!r or "m m ?an me1 is n wor?y ( me2 & he t love? son or daught] m ?an me1 is n wor?y ( me4 ,he t f9de? 8 life %all lose x1 & he t lose? 8 life = my sake & ! gospel's1 %all f9d x4 ,:at is a man pr(it$ if he %all ga9 ! :ole _w1 & lose 8 own s\l8#c ,two anecdotes ( ! k9d we _c accept z hi/orical1 b :i*1 al?\gh !y 7 exagg]ations1 7 int5d$ to repres5t a *>act]i/ic feature1 cle>ly illu/rate ?is defiance ( nature4 ,he said to "o man1 ,foll[ me6--,b he said1 ,"l1 suff] me fir/ to g & bury my fa!r4 ,jesus answ]$1 ,let ! dead bury _! dead3 b g ?\ & prea* ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,ano!r said to him1 ,"l1 ,i w foll[ !e2 b let me fir/ g bid !m f>ewell1 :i* are at home at my h\se4 ,jesus repli$1 ,no man1 hav+ put 8 h& to ! pl\gh1 & look+ back1 is fit = ! k+dom ( ,god4#d ,an extraord9>y confid5ce1 & at times acc5ts ( s+ul> sweetness1 rev]s+ all our ideas ( him1 caus$ ^! exagg]ations to be easily receiv$4 ,come unto me1 cri$ he1 all ye t labor & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/4 ,take my yoke ^u y1 & le>n ( me3 = ,i am meek & l[ly 9 he>t3 & ye %all f9d re/ unto y\r s\ls4 ,= my yoke is easy1 & my burd5 is light4#e ,footnote #a3 ,luke xiv4 #bf4 ,we mu/ "h take into acc\nt ! exagg]ation ( ,luke's /yle4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xiv4 #cc4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 x4 #cg-ci1 xvi4 #bd1 #be2 ,luke ix4 #bc-be1 xiv4 #bf1 #bg1 xvii4 #cc2 ,john xii4 #be4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 viii4 #ba1 #bb2 ,luke ix4 #ei-fb4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xi4 #bh-cj4 ,a great dang] ?reat5$ ! future ( ?is exalt$ morality1 ?us express$ 9 hyp]bolical language & ) a t]rible en]gy4 ,by deta*+ man f e>? ! ties ( life 7 sev]$4 ,! ,*ri/ian w\ld be prais$ = be+ a bad son1 or a bad patriot1 if x 0 = ,*ri/ t he resi/$ 8 fa!r & f\ght aga9/ 8 c\ntry4 ,! anci5t city1 ! p>5t republic1 ! /ate1 or ! law common to all1 7 ?us plac$ 9 ho/ility ) ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,a fatal g]m ( !ocracy 0 introduc$ into ! _w4 ,f ?is po9t1 ano!r consequ5ce may be p]ceiv$4 ,?is morality1 creat$ = a tempor>y crisis1 :5 introduc$ into a peaceful c\ntry1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a society assur$ ( its own duration1 mu/ seem impossible4 ,! ,gospel 0 ?us de/9$ to become a ,utopia = ,*ri/ians1 :i* few w\ld c>e to realize4 ,^! t]rible maxims w\ld1 = ! great] numb]1 rema9 9 pr(\nd oblivion1 an oblivion enc\rag$ by ! cl]gy itself2 ! ,gospel man w\ld prove a dang]\s man4 ,! mo/ selfi%1 pr\d1 h>d & worldly ( all human be+s1 a ,l\is ,,xiv4 = in/ance1 w\ld f9d prie/s to p]suade him1 9 spite ( ! ,gospel1 t he 0 a ,*ri/ian4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re w\ld always be f\nd holy m5 :o w\ld take ! sublime p>adoxes ( ,jesus lit]ally4 ,p]fection be+ plac$ beyond ! ord9>y conditions ( society1 & a complete ,gospel life be+ only possible away f ! _w1 ! pr9ciple ( asceticism & ( mona/icism 0 e/abli%$4 ,*ri/ian societies w\ld h two moral rules2 ! "o mod]ately h]oic = common m51 ! o!r exalt$ 9 ! extreme = ! p]fect man2 & ! p]fect man w\ld be ! monk1 subject$ to rules :i* pr(ess$ to realize ! gospel ideal4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is ideal1 if only on acc\nt ( ! celibacy & pov]ty x impos$1 c\ld n become ! common law4 ,! monk w\ld be ?us1 9 "o s5se1 ! only true ,*ri/ian4 ,common s5se revolts at ^! excesses2 & if we are guid$ by x1 to dem& ! impossible1 is a m>k ( weakness & error4 ,b common s5se is a bad judge :]e great matt]s are 9 "q4 ,to obta9 little f humanity we mu/ ask mu*4 ,! imm5se moral progress :i* we owe to ! ,gospel is ! result ( its exagg]ations4 ,x is ?us t x has be51 l /oicism1 b ) inf9itely great] fulness1 a liv+ argum5t = ! div9e p[]s 9 man1 an exalt$ monum5t ( ! pot5cy ( ! w4 ,we may easily imag9e t to ,jesus1 at ?is p]iod ( 8 life1 ev]y?+ :i* 0 n ! k+dom ( ,god _h absolutely disappe>$4 ,he 01 if we may say s1 totally outside nature3 family1 fri5d%ip1 c\ntry1 _h no long] any mean+ = him4 ,no d\bt f ?is mom5t he _h already sacrific$ 8 life4 ,sometimes we are tempt$ to believe t1 see+ 9 8 own dea? a means ( f\nd+ 8 k+dom1 he delib]ately det]m9$ to all[ himself to be kill$4#a ,at o!r times1 al?\gh su* a ?\ght only aft]w>d became a doctr9e1 dea? pres5t$ itself to him z a sacrifice1 de/9$ to appease 8 ,fa!r & to save mank9d4#b ,a s+ul> ta/e = p]secution & torm5ts#c possess$ him4 ,8 blood appe>$ to him z ! wat] ( a second baptism ) :i* he ought to be baptiz$1 & he seem$ possess$ by a /range ha/e to anticipate ?is baptism1 :i* alone c\ld qu5* 8 ?ir/4#d ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xvi4 #ba-bc1 xvii4 #ab1 #ba1 #bb4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k x4 #de4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke vi4 #bb1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke xii4 #ej4 ,! gr&eur ( 8 views ^u ! future 0 at times surpris+4 ,he did n conceal f himself ! t]rible /orm he 0 ab\t to cause 9 ! _w4 ,?9k n1 said he1 ) mu* boldness & beauty1 t ,i am come to s5d peace on e>?3 ,i came n to s5d peace1 b a sword4 ,!re %all be five 9 "o h\se divid$1 ?ree aga9/ two1 & two aga9/ ?ree4 ,i am come to set a man at v>iance aga9/ 8 fa!r1 & ! daught] aga9/ h] "m1 & ! daught]-9-law aga9/ h] "m-9-law4 ,& a man's foes %all be !y ( 8 own h\sehold4#a ,i am come to s5d fire on ! e>?2 & :at w ,i1 if x be already k9dl$8#b ,!y %all put y out ( ! synagogues1 he cont9u$2 yea1 ! "t come?1 t :osoev] kille? y1 w ?9k t he doe? ,god s]vice4#c ,if ! _w hate y1 ye "k t x hat$ me be=e x hat$ y4 ,rememb] ! ^w t ,i said unto y3 ,! s]vant is n great] ?an 8 "l4 ,if !y h p]secut$ me1 !y w also p]secute y4#d ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 x4 #cd-cf2 ,luke xii4 #ea-ec4 ,comp>e ,micah vii4 #e1 #f4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xii4 #di4 ,see ! ,greek text4 ,footnote #c3 ,john xvi4 #b4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xv4 #ah-bj4 ,c>ri$ away by ?is fe>ful progression ( en?usiasm1 & gov]n$ by ! necessities ( a prea*+ becom+ daily m exalt$1 ,jesus 0 no long] free2 he belong$ to 8 mission1 &1 9 "o s5se1 to mank9d4 ,sometimes "o w\ld h said t 8 reason 0 di/urb$4 ,he suff]$ great m5tal angui% & agitation4#a ,! great vision ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 gli/5+ be=e 8 eyes1 bewild]$ him4 ,8 disciples at times ?\ght him mad4#b ,8 enemies decl>$ him to be possess$4#c ,8 excessively impassion$ temp]am5t c>ri$ him incessantly beyond ! b\nds ( human nature4 ,he laugh$ at all human sy/ems1 & 8 "w n be+ a "w ( ! reason1 t :i* he mo/ imp]i\sly requir$ 0 fai?4#d ,?is 0 ! ^w mo/ frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ! little gue/-*amb]4 ,x is ! wat*word ( all popul> movem5ts4 ,x is cle> t none ( ^! movem5ts w\ld take place if x 7 necess>y t _! au?or %\ld ga9 8 disciples "o by "o by =ce ( logic4 ,reflection leads only to d\bt4 ,if ! au?ors ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 = in/ance1 _h _h to be previ\sly conv9c$ by l5g!n$ m$itations1 !y w\ld all h become old )\t accompli%+ any?+2 ,jesus1 9 l mann]1 aim$ less at conv9c+ 8 he>]s ?an at excit+ _! en?usiasm4 ,urg5t & imp]ative1 he suff]$ no opposition3 m5 mu/ be conv]t$1 no?+ less w\ld satisfy him4 ,8 natural g5tl5ess seem$ to h ab&on$ him2 he 0 sometimes h>% & caprici\s4#e ,8 disciples at times did n und]/& him1 & exp]i5c$ 9 8 pres5ce a feel+ ak9 to fe>4#f ,sometimes 8 displeasure at ! slighte/ opposition l$ him to commit inexplicable & app>5tly absurd acts4#g ,footnote #a3 ,john xii4 #bg4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k iii4 #ba1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,m>k iii4 #bb2 ,john vii4 #bj1 viii4 #dh1 & foll[+1 x4 #bj1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 viii4 #aj1 ix4 #b1 #bb1 #bh1 #bi1 xvii4 #ai2 ,john vi4 #bi1 etc4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xvii4 #af2 ,m>k iii4 #e1 ix4 #ah2 ,luke viii4 #de1 ix4 #da4 ,footnote #f3 ,x is 9 ,m>k especially t ?is feature is visible2 iv4 #dj1 v4 #ae1 ix4 #ca1 x4 #cb4 ,footnote #g3 ,m>k xi4 #ab-ad1 #bj1 & foll[+4 ,x 0 n t 8 virtue det]iorat$2 b 8 /ruggle = ! ideal aga9/ ! reality became insupportable4 ,contact ) ! _w pa9$ & revolt$ him4 ,ob/acles irritat$ him4 ,8 idea ( ! ,son ( ,god became di/urb$ & exagg]at$4 ,! fatal law :i* condemns an idea to decay z soon z x seeks to conv]t m5 appli$ to him4 ,contact ) m5 degrad$ him to _! level4 ,! tone he _h adopt$ c\ld n be su/a9$ m ?an a few mon?s2 x 0 "t t dea? came to lib]ate him f an endurance /ra9$ to ! utmo/1 to remove him f ! impossibilities ( an int]m9able pa?1 & by deliv]+ him f a trial 9 dang] ( be+ too prolong$1 introduce him h5ce=? s9less into cele/ial peace4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,opposition ,,to ,,jesus4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( 8 c>e]1 x does n appe> t ,jesus met ) any s]i\s opposition4 ,8 prea*+1 ?anks to ! extreme lib]ty :i* 0 enjoy$ 9 ,galilee1 & to ! numb] ( tea*]s :o arose on all h&s1 made no noise beyond a re/rict$ circle4 ,b :5 ,jesus ent]$ ^u a pa? brilliant ) wond]s & public successes1 ! /orm began to ga!r4 ,m ?an once he 0 oblig$ to conceal himself & fly4#a ,antipas1 h[ev]1 did n int]f]e ) him1 al?\gh ,jesus express$ himself sometimes v sev]ely respect+ him4#b ,at ,tib]ias1 8 usual resid5ce1 ! ,tetr>* 0 only "o or two leagues di/ant f ! di/rict *os5 by ,jesus = ! c5tre ( 8 activity2 he he>d speak ( 8 miracles1 :i* he d\btless took to be clev] tricks1 & desir$ to see !m4#c ,! incr$ul\s 7 at t "t v curi\s ab\t ?is class ( illusions4#d ,) 8 ord9>y tact1 ,jesus refus$ to gratify him4 ,he took c>e n to prejudice 8 position by m+l+ ) an irreligi\s _w1 :i* wi%$ to draw f him an idle amusem5t2 he aspir$ only to ga9 ! p2 he res]v$ = ! simple1 means suitable to !m alone4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xii4 #ad-af2 ,m>k iii4 #g1 ix4 #bi1 #cj4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k viii4 #ae2 ,luke xiii4 #cb4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke ix4 #i1 xxiii4 #h4 ,footnote #d3 ,lucius2 attribut$ to ,lucian1 #d4 ,on "o occasion ! report 0 spread t ,jesus 0 no o!r ?an ,john ! ,bapti/ ris5 f ! dead4 ,antipas became anxi\s & uneasy2#a & employ$ artifice to rid 8 dom9ions ( ! new prophet4 ,c]ta9 ,ph>isees1 "u ! pret5ce ( reg>d = ,jesus1 came to tell him t ,antipas 0 seek+ to kill him4 ,jesus1 not)/&+ 8 great simplicity1 saw ! sn>e1 & did n dep>t4#b ,8 peaceful mann]s1 & 8 remot5ess f popul> agitation1 ultimately reassur$ ! ,tetr>* & dissipat$ ! dang]4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xiv4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vi4 #ad1 & foll[+2 ,luke ix4 #g1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xiii4 #ca1 & foll[+4 ,! new doctr9e 0 by no means receiv$ ) equal favor 9 all ! t[ns ( ,galilee4 ,n only did incr$ul\s ,naz>e? cont9ue to reject him :o 0 to become h] glory2 n only did 8 bro!rs p]si/ 9 n believ+ 9 him1#a b ! cities ( ! lake !mselves1 9 g5]al well-dispos$1 7 n all conv]t$4 ,jesus (t5 compla9$ ( ! incr$ulity & h>dness ( he>t :i* he enc\nt]$1 & al?\gh x is natural t 9 su* reproa*es we make all[ance = ! exagg]ation ( ! prea*]1 al?\gh we are s5sible ( t k9d ( convicium seculi :i* ,jesus affect$ 9 imitation ( ,john ! ,bapti/1#b x is cle> t ! c\ntry 0 f> f yield+ itself entirely a second "t to ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,woe unto !e1 ,*oraz96 woe unto !e1 ,be?saida6 cri$ he2 = if ! mighty works :i* 7 done 9 y _h be5 done 9 ,tyre & ,sidon1 !y w\ld h rep5t$ long ago 9 sackclo? & a%es4 ,b ,i say unto y1 x %all be m tol]able = ,tyre & ,sidon at ! day ( judgm5t ?an = y4 ,& ?\1 ,cap]naum1 :i* art exalt$ unto heav51 %alt be br\ght d[n to hell2 = if ! mighty works :i* h be5 done 9 !e _h be5 done 9 ,sodom1 x w\ld h rema9$ until ?is day4 ,b ,i say unto y1 ,t x %all be m tol]able = ! l& ( ,sodom 9 ! day ( judgm5t ?an = !e4#c ,! que5 ( ! s\?1 add$ he1 %all rise up 9 ! judgm5t ( ?is g5]ation1 & %all condemn x3 = %e came f ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>? to he> ! wisdom ( ,solomon2 & behold1 a great] ?an ,solomon is "h4 ,! m5 ( ,n9eveh %all rise 9 judgm5t ) ?is g5]ation1 & %all condemn x3 because !y rep5t$ at ! prea*+ ( ,jonas2 & behold1 a great] ?an ,jonas is "h4#d ,8 w&]+ life1 at fir/ s full ( *>m1 n[ began to weigh ^u him4 ,! foxes1 said he1 h holes1 & ! birds ( ! air h ne/s2 b ! ,son ( man ha? n :]e to lay 8 head4#e ,bitt]ness & reproa* took m & m hold ^u him4 ,he accus$ unbeliev]s ( n yield+ to evid5ce1 & said t1 ev5 at ! mom5t 9 :i* ! ,son ( man %\ld appe> 9 8 cele/ial glory1 !re w\ld /ill be m5 :o w\ld n believe 9 him4#f ,footnote #a3 ,john vii4 #e4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xii4 #ci1 #de1 xiii4 #ae1 xvi4 #d2 ,luke xi4 #bi4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xi4 #ba-bd2 ,luke x4 #ab-ae4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xii4 #da1 #db2 ,luke xi4 #ca1 #cb4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 viii4 #bj2 ,luke ix4 #eh4 ,footnote #f3 ,luke xviii4 #h4 ,jesus1 9 fact1 0 n able to receive opposition ) ! coolness ( ! philosoph]1 :o1 und]/&+ ! reason ( ! v>i\s op9ions :i* divide ! _w1 f9ds x q natural t all %\ld n agree ) him4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal defects ( ! ,jewi% race is its h>%ness 9 controv]sy1 & ! abusive tone :i* x almo/ always infuses into x4 ,!re nev] 7 9 ! _w su* bitt] qu>rels z ^? ( ! ,jews among !mselves4 ,x is ! faculty ( nice disc]nm5t :i* makes ! poli%$ & mod]ate man4 ,n[1 ! lack ( ?is faculty is "o ( ! mo/ con/ant features ( ! ,semitic m9d4 ,subtle & ref9$ works1 ! dialogues ( ,plato1 = example1 are altoge!r unkn[n to ^! nations4 ,jesus1 :o 0 exempt f almo/ all ! defects ( 8 race1 & ^: lead+ quality 0 precisely an inf9ite delicacy1 0 l$ 9 spite ( himself to make use ( ! g5]al /yle 9 polemics4#a ,l ,john ! ,bapti/1#b he employ$ v h>% t]ms aga9/ 8 adv]s>ies4 ,( an exquisite g5tl5ess ) ! simple1 he 0 irritat$ at incr$ulity1 h[ev] little aggressive4#c ,he 0 no long] ! mild tea*] :o deliv]$ ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :o _h met ) nei!r resi/ance nor difficulty4 ,! passion t und]lay 8 "* l$ him to make use ( ! ke5e/ invectives4 ,?is s+ul> mixture ought n to surprise u4 ,m4 de ,lam5nais1 a man ( our own times1 has /rik+ly pres5t$ ! same contra/4 ,9 8 beautiful book1 ! ,words ( a ,believ]1 ! mo/ immod]ate ang] & ! sweete/ rel5t+s alt]nate1 z 9 a mirage4 ,?is man1 :o 0 extremely k9d 9 ! int]c\rse ( life1 became madly intractable t[>d ^? :o did n agree ) him4 ,jesus1 9 l mann]1 appli$ to himself1 n )\t reason1 ! passage f ,isaiah3#d ,he %all n /rive1 nor cry2 nei!r %all any man he> 8 voice 9 ! /reets4 ,a bruis$ re$ %all he n break1 & smok+ flax %all he n qu5*4#e ,& yet _m ( ! recomm5dations :i* he address$ to 8 disciples conta9 ! g]ms ( a true fanaticism1#f g]ms :i* ! ,middle ,ages 7 to develop 9 a cruel mann]4 ,mu/ we reproa* him = ?is8 ,no revolution is effect$ )\t "s h>%ness4 ,if ,lu!r1 or ! actors 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 _h be5 compell$ to obs]ve ! rules ( polit5ess1 nei!r ! ,re=mation nor ! ,revolution w\ld h tak5 place4 ,let u congratulate ourselves 9 l mann] t ,jesus enc\nt]$ no law :i* puni%$ ! invectives he utt]$ aga9/ "o class ( citiz5s4 ,_h su* a law exi/$1 ! ,ph>isees w\ld h be5 inviolate4 ,all ! great ?+s ( humanity h be5 accompli%$ 9 ! "n ( absolute pr9ciples4 ,a critical philosoph] w\ld h said to 8 disciples3 ,respect ! op9ion ( o!rs2 & believe t no "o is s completely "r t 8 adv]s>y is completely wrong4 ,b ! action ( ,jesus has no?+ 9 common ) ! dis9t]e/$ speculation ( ! philosoph]4 ,to "k t we h t\*$ ! ideal = a mom5t1 & h be5 det]r$ by ! wick$ness ( a few1 is a ?\ght insupportable to an ard5t s\l4 ,:at mu/ x h be5 = ! f\nd] ( a new _w8 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xii4 #cd1 xv4 #ad1 xxiii4 #cc4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 iii4 #g4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xii4 #cj2 ,luke xxi4 #bc4 ,footnote #d3 ,isa4 xlii4 #b1 #c4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xii4 #ai-bj4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 x4 #ad1 #ae1 #ba1 & foll[+1 #cd1 & foll[+2 ,luke xix4 #bg4 ,! inv9cible ob/acle to ! ideas ( ,jesus came especially f or?odox ,judaism1 repres5t$ by ! ,ph>isees4 ,jesus became m & m ali5at$ f ! anci5t ,law4 ,n[1 ! ,ph>isees 7 ! true ,jews2 ! n]ve & s9ew ( ,judaism4 ,al?\gh ?is p>ty _h its c5tre at ,j]usalem1 x _h adh]5ts ei!r e/abli%$ 9 ,galilee1 or :o (t5 came !re4#a ,!y 71 9 g5]al1 m5 ( a n>r[ m9d1 c>+ mu* = ext]nals2 _! dev\tness 0 haughty1 =mal1 & self-satisfi$4#b ,_! mann]s 7 ridicul\s1 & excit$ ! smiles ( ev5 ^? :o respect$ !m4 ,! epi!ts :i* ! p gave !m1 & :i* savor ( c>icature1 prove ?is4 ,!re 0 ! b&y-legg$ ,ph>isee 7,nikfi71 :o walk$ 9 ! /reets dragg+ 8 feet & knock+ !m aga9/ ! /ones2 ! bloody-br[$ ,ph>isee 7,kizai71 :o w5t ) 8 eyes %ut 9 ord] n to see ! wom51 & da%$ 8 head s mu* aga9/ ! walls t x 0 always bloody2 ! pe/le ,ph>isee 7,m$9kia71 :o kept himself b5t d\ble l ! h&le ( a pe/le2 ! ,ph>isee ( /rong %\ld]s 7,%ikmi71 :o walk$ ) 8 back b5t z if he c>ri$ on 8 %\ld]s ! :ole burd5 ( ! ,law2 ! ,:at-is-!re-to-d8-,i-d-x ,ph>isee1 always on ! se>* = a precept to fulfil2 &1 la/ly1 ! dy$ ,ph>isee1 ^: ext]nals ( devotion 7 b a v>ni% ( hypocrisy4#c ,?is /rictness 01 9 fact1 (t5 only app>5t1 & conceal$ 9 reality great moral laxity4#d ,! p1 nev]!less1 7 dup$ by x4 ,! p1 ^: in/9ct is always "r1 ev5 :5 x is mo/ a/ray respect+ individuals1 is v easily deceiv$ by false devotees4 ,t :i* x loves 9 !m is good & wor?y ( be+ lov$2 b x has n suffici5t p5etration to di/+ui% ! appe>ance f ! reality4 ,footnote #a3 ,m>k vii4 #a2 ,luke v4 #ag1 & foll[+1 vii4 #cf4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 vi4 #b1 #e1 #af1 ix4 #aa1 #ad1 xii4 #b1 xxiii4 #e1 #ae1 #bc2 ,luke v4 #cj1 vi4 #b1 #g1 xi4 #ci1 & foll[+1 xviii4 #ab2 ,john ix4 #af2 ,pirke ,abo?1 i4 #af2 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xvii4 ii4 #d1 ,,xviii4 i4 #c2 ,vita1 #ch2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,sota1 #bb b4 ,footnote #c3 ,talmud ( ,j]usalem1 ,b]ako?1 ix41 sub f942 ,sota1 v4 #g2 ,talmud ( ,babylon1 ,sota1 #bb b4 ,! two compilations ( ?is curi\s passage pres5t consid]able diff]5ces4 ,we h1 9 g5]al1 foll[$ ! ,babylonian compilation1 :i* seems mo/ natural4 ,cf4 ,epiph41 ,adv4 ,ha]41 xvi4 #a4 ,! passages 9 ,epiphanes1 & sev]al ( ^? ( ! ,talmud1 may1 besides1 relate to an epo* po/]ior to ,jesus1 an epo* 9 :i* ,ph>isee _h become synonym\s ) devotee4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 v4 #bj1 xv4 #d1 xxiii4 #c1 #af1 & foll[+2 ,john viii4 #g2 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xii4 ix4 #a2 ,,xiii4 x4 #e4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! antipa?y :i*1 9 su* an impassion$ /ate ( society1 mu/ necess>ily break out betwe5 ,jesus & p]sons ( ?is "*4 ,jesus recogniz$ only ! religion ( ! he>t1 :il/ t ( ! ,ph>isees consi/$ almo/ exclusively 9 obs]vances4 ,jesus s\ght ! humble & outca/s ( all k9ds1 & ! ,ph>isees saw 9 ?is an insult to _! religion ( respectability4 ,! ,ph>isee 0 an infallible & faultless man1 a p$ant always "r 9 8 own conceit1 tak+ ! fir/ place 9 ! synagogue1 pray+ 9 ! /reet1 giv+ alms to ! s\nd ( a trumpet1 & c>+ greatly = salutations4 ,jesus ma9ta9$ t ea* "o ought to await ! k+dom ( ,god ) fe> & trembl+4 ,! bad religi\s t5d5cy repres5t$ by ,ph>isaism did n reign )\t opposition4 ,_m m5 be=e or dur+ ! "t ( ,jesus1 su* z ,jesus1 son ( ,sira* 7"o ( ! true ance/ors ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?71 ,gamaliel1 ,antigonus ( ,soco1 & especially ! g5tle & noble ,hillel1 _h taught mu* m elevat$1 & almo/ ,gospel doctr9es4 ,b ^! good se$s _h be5 *ok$4 ,! beautiful maxims ( ,hillel1 summ+ up ! :ole law z equity1#a ^? ( ,jesus1 son ( ,sira*1 mak+ wor%ip consi/ 9 do+ good1#b 7 =gott5 or ana!matiz$4#c ,%ammai1 ) 8 n>r[ & exclusive _s1 _h prevail$4 ,an enorm\s mass ( traditions _h /ifl$ ! ,law1#d "u pretext ( protect+ & int]pret+ x4 ,d\btless ^! cons]vative measures _h _! %>e ( usefulness2 x is well t ! ,jewi% p lov$ its ,law ev5 to excess1 s9ce x is ?is frantic love :i*1 9 sav+ ,mosaism "u ,antio*us ,epiphanes & "u ,h]od1 has pres]v$ ! leav5 f :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 to emanate4 ,b tak5 9 !mselves1 all ^! old precautions 7 only pu]ile4 ,! synagogue1 :i* 0 ! depository ( !m1 0 no m ?an a p>5t ( error4 ,its reign 0 end$2 & yet to require its abdication 0 to require ! impossible1 t :i* an e/abli%$ p[] has nev] done or be5 able to d4 ,footnote #a3 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,%abba?1 #ca a2 ,joma1 #ce b4 ,footnote #b3 ,eccles4 xvii4 #ba1 & foll[+1 xxxv4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,sanh$rim1 xi4 #a2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,sanh$rim1 #ajj b4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xv4 #b4 ,! conflicts ( ,jesus ) (ficial hypocrisy 7 cont9ual4 ,! ord9>y tactics ( ! re=m]s :o appe>$ 9 ! religi\s /ate :i* we h j describ$1 & :i* might be call$ traditional =malism1 7 to oppose ! text ( ! sacr$ books to traditions4 ,religi\s zeal is always an innovator1 ev5 :5 x pret5ds to be 9 ! highe/ degree cons]vative4 ,j z ! neo-,ca?olics ( our days become m & m remote f ! ,gospel1 s ! ,ph>isees left ! ,bible at ea* /ep m & m4 ,?is is :y ! ,puritan re=m] is g5]ally ess5tially ,biblical1 tak+ ! un*angeable text = 8 basis 9 criticis+ ! curr5t !ology1 :i* has *ang$ ) ea* g5]ation4 ,?us act$ lat] ! ,k>aites & ! ,prote/ants4 ,jesus appli$ ! axe to ! root ( ! tree mu* m en]getically4 ,we see him sometimes1 x is true1 invoke ! text aga9/ ! false ,masores or traditions ( ! ,ph>isees4#a ,b 9 g5]al he dwelt little on exegesis--x 0 ! consci5ce to :i* he appeal$4 ,) "o /roke he cut ?r\gh bo? text & comm5t>ies4 ,he %[$1 inde$1 to ! ,ph>isees t !y s]i\sly p]v]t$ ,mosaism by _! traditions1 b he by no means pret5d$ himself to return to ,mosaism4 ,8 mission 0 conc]n$ ) ! future1 n ) ! pa/4 ,jesus 0 m ?an ! re=m] ( an obsolete religion2 he 0 ! creator ( ! et]nal religion ( humanity4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xv4 #b1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vii4 #b1 & foll[+4 ,disputes broke out especially respect+ a numb] ( ext]nal practices introduc$ by tradition1 :i* nei!r ,jesus nor 8 disciples obs]v$4#a ,! ,ph>isees reproa*$ him %>ply = ?is4 ,:5 he d9$ ) !m1 he sc&aliz$ !m mu* by n obs]v+ ! cu/om>y ablutions4 ,give alms1 said he1 ( su* ?+s z ye h2 & behold1 all ?+s are clean unto y4#b ,t :i* 9 ! highe/ degree hurt 8 ref9$ feel+ 0 ! air ( assurance :i* ! ,ph>isees c>ri$ into religi\s matt]s2 _! paltry wor%ip1 :i* end$ 9 a va9 seek+ aft] prec$5ts & titles1 to ! utt] neglect ( ! improvem5t ( _! he>ts4 ,an admirable p>able r5d]$ ?is ?\ght ) inf9ite *>m & ju/ice4 ,two m51 said he1 w5t up into ! temple to pray2 ! "o a ,ph>isee & ! o!r a publican4 ,! ,ph>isee /ood & pray$ ?us ) himself1 ,god1 ,i ?ank !e1 t ,i am n z o!r m5 are1 extortion]s1 unju/1 adult]]s1 or ev5 z ?is publican4 ,i fa/ twice 9 ! week1 ,i give ti!s ( all t ,i possess4 ,& ! publican1 /&+ af> (f1 w\ld n lift up s mu* z 8 eyes unto heav51 b smote ^u 8 brea/1 say+1 ,god1 be m]ciful to me a s9n]4 ,i tell y1 ?is man w5t d[n to 8 h\se ju/ifi$ r ?an ! o!r4#c ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xv4 #b1 & foll[+2 ,m>k vii4 #d1 #h2 ,luke v4 sub f94 & vi4 init41 xi4 #ch1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xi4 #da4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke xviii4 #i-ad2 comp4 ibid41 xiv4 #g-aa4 ,a hate1 :i* dea? alone c\ld satisfy1 0 ! consequ5ce ( ^! /ruggles4 ,john ! ,bapti/ _h already provok$ enmities ( ! same k9d4#a ,b ! ari/ocrats ( ,j]usalem1 :o despis$ him1 _h all[$ simple m5 to take him = a prophet4#b ,9 ! case ( ,jesus1 h[ev]1 ! w> 0 to ! dea?4 ,a new _s _h appe>$ 9 ! _w1 caus+ all t prec$$ to pale be=e x4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 completely a ,jew2 ,jesus 0 sc>cely "o at all4 ,jesus always appeal$ to ! delicacy ( ! moral s5tim5t4 ,he 0 only a disputant :5 he argu$ aga9/ ! ,ph>isees1 8 oppon5ts =c+ him1 z g5]ally happ5s1 to adopt _! tone4#c ,8 exquisite irony1 8 ar* & provok+ rem>ks1 always /ruck home4 ,!y 7 ev]la/+ /igmas1 & h rema9$ fe/]+ 9 ! w\nd4 ,?is ,nessus-%irt ( ridicule :i* ! ,jew1 son ( ! ,ph>isees1 has dragg$ 9 tatt]s aft] him dur+ eighte5 c5turies1 0 wov5 by ,jesus ) a div9e skill4 ,ma/]pieces ( f9e raill]y1 _! features are writt5 9 l9es ( fire ^u ! fle% ( ! hypocrite & ! false devotee4 ,incomp>able traits1 wor?y ( a son ( ,god6 ,a god alone kn[s h[ to kill aft] ?is fa%ion4 ,socrates & ,moli]e only t\*$ ! sk94 ,he c>ri$ fire & rage to ! v m>r[4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 iii4 #g1 & foll[+1 xvii4 #ab1 #ac4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xiv4 #e1 xxi4 #bf2 ,m>k xi4 #cb2 ,luke xx4 #f4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xii4 #c-h1 xxiii4 #af1 & foll[+4 ,b x 0 also j t ?is great ma/] ( irony %\ld pay = 8 triumph ) 8 life4 ,ev5 9 ,galilee1 ! ,ph>isees s\ght to ru9 him1 & employ$ aga9/ him ! manoeuvre :i* ultimately succe$$ at ,j]usalem4 ,!y endeavor$ to int]e/ 9 _! qu>rel ! p>tisans ( ! new political faction :i* 0 e/abli%$4#a ,! facilities ,jesus f\nd = escape 9 ,galilee1 & ! weakness ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,antipas1 baffl$ ^! attempts4 ,he ran into dang] ( 8 own free w4 ,he saw cle>ly t 8 action1 if he rema9$ conf9$ to ,galilee1 0 necess>ily limit$4 ,judea drew him z by a *>m2 he wi%$ to try a la/ ef=t to ga9 ! rebelli\s city2 & seem$ anxi\s to fulfill ! prov]b--t a prophet mu/ n die outside ,j]usalem4#b ,footnote #a3 ,m>k iii4 #f4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xiii4 #cc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,la/ ,,j\rney ,,( ,,jesus ,,to ,,j]usalem4 ,jesus _h = a long "t be5 s5sible ( ! dang]s t surr\nd$ him4#a ,dur+ a p]iod ( "t :i* we may e/imate at eighte5 mon?s1 he avoid$ go+ on a pilgrimage to ,j]usalem4#b ,at ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles ( ! ye> #cb 7accord+ to ! hypo!sis we h adopt$71 8 relations1 always malevol5t & incr$ul\s1#c press$ him to g !re4 ,! evangeli/ ,john seems to ins9uate t !re 0 "s hidd5 project to ru9 him 9 ?is invitation4 ,dep>t h5ce1 & g into ,judea1 t ?y disciples also may see ! works t ?\ doe/4 ,= !re is no man t doe? any?+ 9 secret1 & he himself seeke? to be kn[n op5ly4 ,if ?\ d ^! ?+s1 %[ ?yself to ! _w4 ,jesus1 suspect+ "s trea*]y1 at fir/ refus$2 b :5 ! c>avan ( pilgrims _h set out1 he />t$ on ! j\rney1 unkn[n to e "o1 & almo/ alone4#d ,x 0 ! la/ f>ewell :i* he bade to ,galilee4 ,! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles fell at ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,six mon?s /ill _h to elapse be=e ! fatal d5\em5t4 ,b dur+ ?is int]val1 ,jesus saw no m 8 belov$ prov9ces ( ! nor?4 ,! pleasant days _h pass$ away2 he mu/ n[ trav]se1 /ep by /ep1 ! pa9ful pa? t w t]m9ate only 9 ! angui% ( dea?4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xvi4 #bj1 #ba2 ,m>k viii4 #cj1 #ca4 ,footnote #b3 ,john vii4 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,john vii4 #e4 ,footnote #d3 ,john vii4 #aj4 ,8 disciples1 & ! pi\s wom5 :o t5d$ him1 met him aga9 9 ,judea4#a ,b h[ mu* ev]y?+ 0 *ang$ = him !re6 ,jesus 0 a /rang] at ,j]usalem4 ,he felt t !re 0 a wall ( resi/ance he c\ld n p5etrate4 ,surr\nd$ by sn>es & difficulties1 he 0 unceas+ly pursu$ by ! ill-w ( ! ,ph>isees4#b ,in/ead ( t illimitable faculty ( belief1 happy gift ( y\?ful natures1 :i* he f\nd 9 ,galilee--in/ead ( ^? good & g5tle p1 among/ :om objections 7always ! fruit ( "s degree ( ill-w & indocility7 _h no exi/5ce1 he met !re at ea* /ep an ob/9ate incr$ulity1 ^u :i* ! means ( action t _h s well succe$$ 9 ! nor? _h little effect4 ,8 disciples 7 despis$ z be+ ,galileans4 ,nicodemus1 :o1 on "o ( 8 =m] j\rneys1 _h _h a conv]sation ) him by night1 almo/ compromis$ himself ) ! ,sanh$rim1 by hav+ wi%$ to def5d him4 ,art ?\ also ( ,galilee8 !y said to him4 ,se>* & look3 = out ( ,galilee arise? no prophet4#c ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ee2 ,m>k xv4 #da2 ,luke xxiii4 #di1 #ee4 ,footnote #b3 ,john vii4 #bj1 #be1 #cj1 #cb4 ,footnote #c3 ,john vii4 #ej1 & foll[+4 ,! city1 z we h already said1 displeas$ ,jesus4 ,until !n he _h always avoid$ great c5tres1 pref]r+ = 8 action ! c\ntry & ! t[ns ( small importance4 ,_m ( ! precepts :i* he gave to 8 apo/les 7 absolutely inapplicable1 except 9 a simple society ( humble m54#a ,hav+ no idea ( ! _w1 & accu/om$ to ! k9dly communism ( ,galilee1 rem>ks cont9ually escap$ him1 ^: simplicity w\ld at ,j]usalem appe> v s+ul>4#b ,8 imag9ation & 8 love ( ,nature f\nd !mselves con/ra9$ )9 ^! walls4 ,true religion does n proce$ f ! tumult ( t[ns1 b f ! tranquil s]5ity ( ! fields4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 x4 #aa-ac2 ,m>k vi4 #aj2 ,luke x4 #e-h4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxi4 #c1 xxvi4 #ah2 ,m>k xi4 #c1 xiv4 #ac1 #ad2 ,luke xix4 #ca1 xxii4 #aj-ab4 ,! arrogance ( ! prie/s r5d]$ ! c\rts ( ! temple disagreeable to him4 ,"o day "s ( 8 disciples1 :o knew ,j]usalem bett] ?an he1 wi%$ him to notice ! beauty ( ! build+s ( ! temple1 ! admirable *oice ( mat]ials1 & ! ri*ness ( ! votive (f]+s t cov]$ ! walls4 ,see/ ?\ ^! build+s8 said he2 !re %all n be left "o /one ^u ano!r4#a ,he refus$ to admire any?+1 except x 0 a poor wid[ :o pass$ at t mom5t1 & ?rew a small co9 into ! box4 ,%e has ca/ 9 m ?an !y all1 said he2 = all ^! h ( _! abundance ca/ 9 unto ! (f]+s ( ,god2 b %e ( h] p5ury ha? ca/ 9 all ! liv+ t %e _h4#b ,?is mann] ( criticis+ all he obs]v$ at ,j]usalem1 ( prais+ ! poor :o gave little1 ( slight+ ! ri* :o gave mu*1#c & ( blam+ ! opul5t prie/hood :o did no?+ = ! good ( ! p1 naturally exasp]at$ ! sac]dotal ca/e4 ,z ! seat ( a cons]vative ari/ocracy1 ! temple1 l ! ,mussulman h>am :i* succe$$ x1 0 ! la/ place 9 ! _w :]e revolution c\ld prosp]4 ,imag9e an innovator go+ 9 our days to prea* ! ov]turn+ ( ,islamism r\nd ! mosque ( ,om>6 ,!re1 h[ev]1 0 ! c5tre ( ! ,jewi% life1 ! po9t :]e x 0 necess>y to conqu] or die4 ,on ?is ,calv>y1 :]e c]ta9ly ,jesus suff]$ m ?an at ,golgo?a1 8 days pass$ away 9 disputation & bitt]ness1 9 ! mid/ ( t$i\s controv]sies respect+ canonical law & exegesis1 = :i* 8 great moral elevation1 in/ead ( giv+ him ! advantage1 positively unfitt$ him4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxiv4 #a1 #b2 ,m>k xiii4 #a1 #b2 ,luke xix4 #dd1 xxi4 #e1 #f4 ,cf4 ,m>k xi4 #aa4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k xii4 #da1 & foll[+2 ,luke xxi4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,m>k xii4 #da4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is tr\bl$ life1 ! s5sitive & k9dly he>t ( ,jesus f\nd a refuge1 :]e he enjoy$ mom5ts ( sweetness4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ ! day disput+ 9 ! temple1 t[>d ev5+ ,jesus desc5d$ into ! valley ( ,k$ron1 & re/$ a :ile 9 ! or*>d ( a f>m+ e/abli%m5t 7probably = ! mak+ ( oil7 nam$ ,ge?semane1#a :i* s]v$ z a pleasure g>d5 to ! inhabitants4 ,!nce he proce$$ to pass ! night ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 :i* limits ! horizon ( ! city on ! ea/4#b ,?is side is ! only "o1 9 ! environs ( ,j]usalem1 :i* (f]s an aspect 9 any degree pleas+ & v]dant4 ,! plantations ( olives1 figs1 & palms 7 num]\s !re1 & gave _! names to ! villages1 f>ms1 or enclosures ( ,be?phage1 ,ge?semane1 & ,be?any4#c ,!re 7 ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,olives two great c$>s1 ! memory ( :i* 0 long pres]v$ among/ ! disp]s$ ,jews2 _! bran*es s]v$ z an asylum to cl\ds ( doves1 & "u _! %ade 7 e/abli%$ small baza>s4#d ,all ?is prec9ct 0 9 a mann] ! abode ( ,jesus & 8 disciples2 !y knew x field by field & h\se by h\se4 ,footnote #a3 ,m>k xi4 #ai2 ,luke xxii4 #ci2 ,john xviii4 #a1 #b4 ,?is or*>d c\ld n be v f> f ! place :]e ! piety ( ! ,ca?olics has surr\nd$ "s old olive-trees by a wall4 ,! ^w ,ge?semane seems to signify oil-press4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xxi4 #cg1 xxii4 #ci2 ,john viii4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #c3 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,pesa*im1 #ec a4 ,footnote #d3 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,taani?1 iv4 #h4 ,! village ( ,be?any1 9 p>ticul>1#a situat$ at ! summit ( ! hill1 ^u ! incl9e :i* comm&s ! ,dead ,sea & ! ,jordan1 at a j\rney ( an h\r & a half f ,j]usalem1 0 ! place especially belov$ by ,jesus4#b ,he !re made ! acqua9tance ( a family compos$ ( ?ree p]sons1 two si/]s & a bro!r1 ^: fri5d%ip _h a great *>m = him4#c ,( ! two si/]s1 ! "o1 nam$ ,m>?a1 0 an oblig+1 k9d1 & assidu\s p]son2#d ! o!r1 nam$ ,m>y1 on ! contr>y1 pleas$ ,jesus by a sort ( languor1#e & by h] /rongly develop$ speculative in/9cts4 ,seat$ at ! feet ( ,jesus1 %e (t5 =got1 9 li/5+ to him1 ! duties ( real life4 ,h] si/]1 ^u :om fell all ! duty at su* times1 g5tly compla9$4 ,m>?a1 ,m>?a1 said ,jesus to h]1 ?\ art tr\bl$1 & c>e/ ab\t _m ?+s2 n[1 "o ?+ only is ne$ful4 ,m>y has *os5 ! bett] "p1 :i* w n be tak5 away4#f ,h] bro!r1 ,eleaz>1 or ,laz>us1 0 also mu* belov$ by ,jesus4#g ,la/ly1 a c]ta9 ,simon1 ! lep]1 :o 0 ! own] ( ! h\se1 =m$1 x appe>s1 "p ( ! family4#h ,x 0 !re1 9 ! enjoym5t ( a pi\s fri5d%ip1 t ,jesus =got ! vexations ( public life4 ,9 ?is tranquil home he consol$ himself = ! bick]+s ) :i* ! scribes & ! ,ph>isees unceas+ly surr\nd$ him4 ,he (t5 sat on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 fac+ ,m\nt ,moriah1#i hav+ b5ea? 8 view ! spl5did p]spective ( ! t]races ( ! temple1 & its ro(s cov]$ ) glitt]+ plates ( metal4 ,?is view /ruck /rang]s ) admiration2 at ! ris+ ( ! sun1 especially1 ! sacr$ m\nta9 dazzl$ ! eyes1 & appe>$ l a mass ( sn[ & ( gold4#aj ,b a pr(\nd feel+ ( sadness poison$ = ,jesus ! spectacle t fill$ all o!r ,israelites ) joy & pride4 ,he cri$ out1 9 8 mom5ts ( bitt]ness1 ,o ,j]usalem1 ,j]usalem1 ?\ t kille/ ! prophets1 & /one/ !m :i* are s5t unto !e1 h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y *ildr5 toge!r1 ev5 z a h5 ga!re? h] *ick5s "u h] w+s1 & ye w\ld n4#aa ,footnote #a3 ,n[ ,el-,az]ie 7f ,el-,azir1 ! ,arabic "n ( ,laz>us72 9 ! ,*ri/ian texts ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,laz>ium4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxi4 #ag1 #ah2 ,m>k xi4 #aa1 #ab4 ,footnote #c3 ,john xi4 #e4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke x4 #ch-db2 ,john xii4 #b4 ,footnote #e3 ,john xi4 #bj4 ,footnote #f3 ,luke x4 #ch1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #g3 ,john xi4 #ce1 #cf4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #f2 ,m>k xiv4 #c2 ,luke vii4 #dj-dc2 ,john xii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #i3 ,m>k xiii4 #c4 ,footnote #aj3 ,josephus1 ,b4,j41 ,v4 v4 #f4 ,footnote #aa3 ,matt4 xxiii4 #cg2 ,luke xiii4 #cd4 ,x 0 n t _m good p "h1 z 9 ,galilee1 7 n t\*$2 b su* 0 ! p[] ( ! dom9ant or?odoxy1 t v few d>$ to confess x4 ,!y fe>$ to discr$it !mselves 9 ! eyes ( ! ,hi]osolymites by plac+ !mselves 9 ! s*ool ( a ,galilean4 ,!y w\ld h risk$ be+ driv5 f ! synagogue1 :i*1 9 a mean & bigot$ society1 0 ! greate/ degradation4#a ,excommunication1 besides1 c>ri$ ) x ! confiscation ( all possessions4#b ,by ceas+ to be a ,jew1 a man did n become a ,roman2 b rema9$ )\t protection1 9 ! p[] ( a !ocratic legislation ( ! mo/ atroci\s sev]ity4 ,"o day1 ! inf]ior (fic]s ( ! temple1 :o _h be5 pres5t at "o ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus1 & _h be5 en*ant$ ) x1 came to confide _! d\bts to ! prie/s3 ,h any ( ! rul]s or ( ! ,ph>isees believ$ on him8 0 ! reply to !m2 b ?is p :o kn[e? n ! ,law are curs$4#c ,jesus rema9$ ?us at ,j]usalem1 a prov9cial admir$ by prov9cials l himself1 b reject$ by all ! ari/ocracy ( ! nation4 ,! *iefs ( s*ools & ( sects 7 too num]\s = any "o to be /irr$ by see+ "o m appe>4 ,8 voice made little noise 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! prejudices ( race & ( sect1 ! direct enemies ( ! _s ( ! ,gospel1 7 too deeply root$ !re4 ,footnote #a3 ,john vii4 #ac1 xii4 #db1 #dc1 xix4 #ch4 ,footnote #b3 #a ,esdr4 x4 #h2 ,epi/le to ,hebrews x4 #cd2 ,talmud ( ,j]us41 ,mo$katon1 iii4 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,john vii4 #de1 & foll[+4 ,8 tea*+ 9 ?is new _w necess>ily became mu* modifi$4 ,8 beautiful disc\rses1 ! effect ( :i* 0 always obs]vable ^u y\?ful imag9ations & consci5ces morally pure1 "h fell ^u /one4 ,he :o 0 s mu* at 8 ease on ! %ores ( 8 *>m+ little lake1 felt con/ra9$ & n at home 9 ! company ( p$ants4 ,8 p]petual self-ass]tion appe>$ some:at fa/idi\s4#a ,he 0 oblig$ to become controv]siali/1 juri/1 exegeti/1 & !ologian4 ,8 conv]sations1 g5]ally s full ( *>m1 became a roll+ fire ( disputes1#b an int]m9able tra9 ( s*ola/ic battles4 ,8 h>moni\s g5ius 0 wa/$ 9 insipid argum5tations ^u ! ,law & ! prophets1#c 9 :i* we %\ld h pref]r$ n see+ him sometimes play ! "p ( aggressor4#d ,he l5t himself ) a condesc5sion we _c b regret to ! capti\s criticisms to :i* ! m]ciless cavill]s subject$ him4#e ,9 g5]al1 he extricat$ himself f difficulties ) mu* skill4 ,8 reason+s1 x is true1 7 (t5 subtle 7simplicity ( m9d & subtlety t\* ea* o!r2 :5 simplicity reasons1 x is (t5 a little sophi/ical72 we f9d t sometimes he c\rt$ misconceptions1 & prolong$ !m int5tionally2#f 8 reason+1 judg$ accord+ to ! rules ( ,ari/otelian logic1 0 v weak4 ,b :5 ! unequal$ *>m ( 8 m9d c\ld be display$1 he 0 triumphant4 ,"o day x 0 int5d$ to emb>rass him by pres5t+ to him an adult]ess & ask+ him :at 0 to be done to h]4 ,we "k ! admirable answ] ( ,jesus4#g ,! f9e raill]y ( a man ( ! _w1 temp]$ by a div9e goodness1 c\ld n be express$ 9 a m exquisite mann]4 ,b ! wit :i* is alli$ to moral gr&eur is t :i* fools =give ! lea/4 ,9 pron\nc+ ?is s5t5ce ( s j & pure a ta/e3 ,he t is )\t s9 among y1 let him fir/ ca/ a /one at h]1 ,jesus pi]c$ hypocrisy to ! he>t1 & ) ! same /roke seal$ 8 own dea?-w>rant4 ,footnote #a3 ,john viii4 #ac1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxi4 #bc-cg4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxii4 #bc1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxii4 #db1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xxii4 #cf1 & foll[+1 #df4 ,footnote #f3 ,see especially ! discussions report$ by ,john1 *apt] viii41 = example2 x is true t ! au!nticity ( su* passages is only relative4 ,footnote #g3 ,john viii4 #c1 & foll[+4 ,?is passage did n at fir/ =m "p ( ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john2 x is want+ 9 ! m anci5t manuscripts1 & ! text is r unsettl$4 ,nev]!less1 x is f ! primitive ,gospel traditions1 z is prov$ by ! s+ul> peculi>ities ( v]ses #f & #h1 :i* are n 9 ! /yle ( ,luke1 & compil]s at second h&1 :o admitt$ no?+ t does n expla9 itself4 ,?is hi/ory is f\nd1 z x seems1 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 7,papias1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iii4 #ci47 ,x is probable1 9 fact1 t b = ! exasp]ation caus$ by s _m bitt] %afts1 ,jesus might long h rema9$ unnotic$1 & h be5 lo/ 9 ! dreadful /orm :i* 0 soon ab\t to ov]:elm ! :ole ,jewi% nation4 ,! high prie/hood & ! ,sadducees _h r disda9$ ?an hat$ him4 ,! great sac]dotal families1 ! ,boe?usim1 ! family ( ,hanan1 7 only fanatical 9 _! cons]vatism4 ,! ,sadducees1 l ,jesus1 reject$ ! traditions ( ! ,ph>isees4#a ,by a v /range s+ul>ity1 x 0 ^! unbeliev]s :o1 d5y+ ! resurrection1 ! oral ,law1 & ! exi/5ce ( angels1 7 ! true ,jews4 ,or r1 z ! old ,law 9 its simplicity no long] satisfi$ ! religi\s wants ( ! "t1 ^? :o /rictly adh]$ to x1 & reject$ mod]n inv5tions1 7 reg>d$ by ! devotees z impi\s1 j z an evangelical ,prote/ant ( ! pres5t day is reg>d$ z an unbeliev] 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,at all ev5ts1 f su* a p>ty no v /rong reaction aga9/ ,jesus c\ld proce$4 ,! (ficial prie/hood1 ) its att5tion turn$ t[>d political p[]1 & intimately connect$ ) x1 did n compreh5d ^! en?usia/ic movem5ts4 ,x 0 ! middle-class ,ph>isees1 ! innum]able s(]im1 or scribes1 liv+ on ! sci5ce ( traditions1 :o took ! al>m1 & ^: prejudices & int]e/s 7 9 reality ?reat5$ by ! doctr9e ( ! new tea*]4 ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xiii4 x4 #f1 ,,xviii4 i4 #d4 ,"o ( ! mo/ con/ant ef=ts ( ! ,ph>isees 0 to involve ,jesus 9 ! discussion ( political que/ions1 & to compromise him z connect$ ) ! p>ty ( ,judas ! ,gaulonite4 ,^! tactics 7 clev]2 = x requir$ all ! deep wisdom ( ,jesus to avoid collision ) ! ,roman au?ority1 :il/ proclaim+ ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,!y want$ to break ?r\gh ?is ambiguity1 & compel him to expla9 himself4 ,"o day1 a gr\p ( ,ph>isees1 & ( ^? politicians nam$ ,h]odians 7probably "s ( ! ,boe?usim71 approa*$ him1 &1 "u pret5se ( pi\s zeal1 said unto him1 ,ma/]1 we "k t ?\ art true1 & tea*e/ ! way ( ,god 9 tru?1 nei!r c>e/ ?\ = any man4 ,tell u1 !re=e1 :at ?9ke/ ?\8 ,is x lawful to give tribute unto ,caes>1 or n8 ,!y hop$ = an answ] :i* w\ld give !m a pretext = deliv]+ him up to ,pilate4 ,! reply ( ,jesus 0 admirable4 ,he made !m %[ him ! image on ! co93 ,r5d]1 said he1 unto ,caes> ! ?+s :i* are ,caes>'s2 & unto ,god ! ?+s t are ,god's4#a ,pr(\nd words1 :i* h decid$ ! future ( ,*ri/ianity6 ,words ( a p]fect$ spiritualism1 & ( m>vell\s ju/ness1 :i* h e/abli%$ ! sep>ation betwe5 ! spiritual & ! temporal1 & laid ! basis ( true lib]alism & civilization6 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxii4 #ae1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xii4 #ac1 & foll[+2 ,luke xx4 #bj1 & foll[+4 ,comp4 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,sanh$rim1 ii4 #c4 ,8 g5tle & p5etrat+ g5ius inspir$ him :5 alone ) 8 disciples1 ) acc5ts full ( t5d]ness4 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 he t ent]e? n by ! door into ! %eepfold1 b climbe? up "s o!r way1 ! same is a ?ief & a robb]4 ,b he t ent]e? 9 by ! door is ! %eph]d ( ! %eep4 ,! %eep he> 8 voice3 & he calle? 8 own %eep by "n1 & leade? !m out4 ,he goe? be=e !m1 & ! %eep foll[ him2 = !y "k 8 voice4 ,! ?ief come? n1 b = to /eal1 & to kill1 & to de/roy4 ,b he t is an hirel+1 & n ! %eph]d1 ^: own ! %eep are n1 see? ! wolf com+1 & leave? ! %eep1 & flee?4 ,i am ! good %eph]d1 & "k my %eep1 & am kn[n ( m9e2 & ,i lay d[n my life = ! %eep4#a ,! idea t ! crisis ( humanity 0 close at h& frequ5tly recurr$ to him4 ,n[1 said he1 le>n a p>able ( ! fig-tree3 ,:5 8 bran* is yet t5d]1 & putte? =? leaves1 ye "k t summ] is nigh4 ,lift up y\r eyes1 & look on ! fields2 = !y are :ite already to h>ve/4#b ,footnote #a3 ,john x4 #a-af4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxiv4 #cb2 ,m>k xiii4 #bh2 ,luke xxi4 #cj2 ,john iv4 #ce4 ,8 p[]ful eloqu5ce always bur/ =? :5 cont5d+ ) hypocrisy4 ,! scribes & ,ph>isees sit 9 ,moses' seat4 ,all1 !re=e1 :atsoev] !y bid y obs]ve1 t obs]ve & d2 b d n ye aft] _! works3 = !y say & d n4 ,= !y b9d heavy burd5s & griev\s to be borne1 & lay !m on m5's %\ld]s2 b !y !mselves w n move !m ) "o ( _! f+]s4 ,b all _! works !y d to be se5 ( m52 !y make broad _! phylact]ies1#a enl>ge ! bord]s ( _! g>m5ts1#b & love ! upp]mo/ rooms at fea/s1 & ! *ief seats 9 ! synagogues1 & greet+s 9 ! m>kets1 & to be call$ ( m51 ,rabbi1 ,rabbi4 ,woe unto !m6444 ,footnote #a3 ,totafo? or tefill91 plates ( metal or /rips ( p>*m5t1 conta9+ passages ( ! ,law2 :i* ! dev\t ,jews wore atta*$ to ! =ehead & left arm1 9 lit]al fulfilm5t ( ! passages 7,ex4 xiii4 #i2 ,deut4 vi4 #h1 xi4 #ah47 ,footnote #b3 ,zizi?1 r$ bord]s or fr+es :i* ! ,jews wore at ! corn] ( _! cloaks to di/+ui% !m f ! pagans 7,num4 xv4 #ch1 #ci2 ,deut4 xxii4 #ab47 ,woe unto y1 scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 = ye h tak5 away ! key ( k1 %ut up ! k+dom ( heav5 aga9/ m56#a = ye nei!r g 9 y\rselves1 nei!r suff] ye !m t are ent]+ to g 94 ,woe unto y1 = ye dev\r wid[s' h\ses1 &1 = a pret5se1 make long pray]s3 !re=e ye %all receive ! great] damnation4 ,woe unto y1 = ye compass sea & l& to make "o proselyte2 & :5 he is made1 ye make him tw(old m ! *ild ( hell ?an y\rselves6 ,woe unto y1 = ye are z graves :i* appe> n2 & ! m5 t walk ov] !m are n aw>e ( !m4#b ,footnote #a3 ,! ,ph>isees exclud$ m5 f ! k+dom ( ,god by _! fa/idi\s casui/ry1 :i* r5d]$ entrance into x too difficult1 & disc\rag$ ! unle>n$4 ,footnote #b3 ,contact ) ! tombs r5d]$ any "o impure4 ,great c>e 01 !re=e1 tak5 to m>k _! ext5t on ! gr\nd4 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,baba ,ba?ra1 #eh a2 ,baba ,metsia1 #de b4 ,jesus "h reproa*$ ! ,ph>isees = hav+ inv5t$ a numb] ( small precepts :i* might be violat$ unwitt+ly1 & :i* only s]v$ to multiply infr+em5ts ( ! law4 ,ye fools1 & bl9d6 = ye pay ti! ( m9t & anise & cumm91 & h omitt$ ! weighti] matt]s ( ! law1 judgm5t1 m]cy1 & fai?3 ^! ought ye to h done1 & n to leave ! o!r undone4 ,ye bl9d guides1 :i* /ra9 at a gnat1 & swall[ a camel4 ,woe unto y6 ,woe unto y1 scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 = ye make clean ! outside ( ! cup & ( ! platt]2#a b )9 !y are full ( extortion & excess4 ,?\ bl9d ,ph>isee1#b cleanse fir/ t :i* is )9 ! cup & platt]1 t ! outside ( !m may be clean also4#c ,footnote #a3 ,! purification ( vessels 0 subject$1 among/ ! ,ph>isees1 to ! mo/ complicat$ laws 7,m>k vii4 #d47 ,footnote #b3 ,?is epi!t1 (t5 repeat$ 7,matt4 xxiii4 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bd1 #bf71 p]haps conta9s an allusion to ! cu/om :i* c]ta9 ,ph>isees _h ( walk+ ) clos$ eyes 9 affectation ( sanctity4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke 7xi4 #cg1 & foll[+7 supposes1 n )\t reason1 t ?is v]se 0 utt]$ dur+ a repa/1 9 answ] to ! va9 scruples ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,woe unto y1 scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites2 = ye are l unto :it$ sepul*res1#a :i* inde$ appe> beautiful outw>d1 b are )9 full ( dead m5's bones1 & ( all uncleanness4 ,ev5 s ye also outw>dly appe> righte\s unto m51 b )9 ye are full ( hypocrisy & iniquity4 ,footnote #a3 ,! tombs be+ impure1 x 0 cu/om>y to :it5 !m ) lime1 to w>n p]sons n to approa* !m4 ,see p4 #cae1 note #c1 & ,mi%nah1 ,maas> h5si1 v4 #a2 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,%ekalim1 i4 #a2 ,maas> %5i1 v4 #a2 ,mo$ katon1 i4 #b2 ,sota1 ix4 #a2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,mo$ katon1 #e a4 ,p]haps !re is an allusion to ! dy$ ,ph>isees 9 ?is comp>ison :i* ,jesus uses4 ,woe unto y1 scribes & ,ph>isees1 hypocrites6 because ye build ! tombs ( ! prophets1 & g>ni% ! sepul*res ( ! righte\s1 & say1 ',if we _h be5 9 ! days ( our fa!rs1 we w\ld n h be5 p>tak]s ) !m 9 ! blood ( ! prophets4' ,:]e=e1 ye be witnesses unto y\rselves1 t ye are ! *ildr5 ( !m :i* kill$ ! prophets4 ,fill ye up !n ! measure ( y\r fa!rs4 ',!re=e1 also1' said ! ,wisdom ( ,god1#a ',i w s5d unto y prophets1 & wise m51 & scribes2 & "s ( !m ye %all kill & crucify2 & "s ( !m %all ye sc\rge 9 y\r synagogues1 & p]secute !m f city to city4 ,t ^u y may come all ! righte\s blood %$ ^u ! e>?1 f ! blood ( righte\s ,abel unto ! blood ( ,za*>ias1 son ( ,b>a*ias1#b :om ye slew betwe5 ! temple & ! alt>4' ,v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 all ^! ?+s %all come ^u ?is g5]ation4#c ,footnote #a3 ,we are ignorant f :at book ?is quotation is tak54 ,footnote #b3 ,!re is a slight confusion "h1 :i* is also f\nd 9 ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an 7,lam5t4 ii4 #bj71 betwe5 ,za*>ias1 son ( ,jehoiadas1 & ,za*>ias1 son ( ,b>a*ias1 ! prophet4 ,x is ! =m] t is spok5 ( 7#b ,p>al4 xxiv4 #ba47 ,! book ( ! ,p>alipom5es1 9 :i* ! assass9ation ( ,za*>ias1 son ( ,jehoiadas1 is relat$1 closes ! ,hebrew canon4 ,?is murd] is ! la/ 9 ! li/ ( murd]s ( righte\s m51 drawn up accord+ to ! ord] 9 :i* !y are pres5t$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,t ( ,abel is1 on ! contr>y1 ! fir/4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxiii4 #b-cf2 ,m>k xii4 #ch-dj2 ,luke xi4 #ci-eb1 xx4 #df1 #dg4 ,8 t]rible doctr9e ( ! sub/itution ( ! ,g5tiles--! idea t ! k+dom ( ,god 0 ab\t to be transf]r$ to o!rs1 because ^? = :om x 0 de/9$ w\ld n receive x1#a is us$ z a fe>ful m5ace aga9/ ! ari/ocracy4 ,! title ,son ( ,god1 :i* he op5ly assum$ 9 /rik+ p>ables1#b :]e9 8 enemies appe>$ z murd]]s ( ! heav5ly mess5g]s1 0 an op5 defiance to ! ,judaism ( ! ,law4 ,! bold appeal he address$ to ! poor 0 /ill m s$iti\s4 ,he decl>$ t he _h come t !y :i* see n might see1 & t !y :i* see might be made bl9d4#c ,"o day1 8 dislike ( ! temple =c$ f him an imprud5t spee*3 ,i w de/roy ?is temple t is made ) h&s1 & )9 ?ree days ,i w build ano!r made )\t h&s4#d ,8 disciples f\nd /ra9$ allegories 9 ?is s5t5ce2 b we d n "k :at mean+ ,jesus atta*$ to x4 ,b z only a pretext 0 want$1 ?is s5t5ce 0 quickly laid hold (4 ,x reappe>$ 9 ! preamble ( 8 dea?-w>rant1 & rang 9 8 e>s amid/ ! la/ agonies ( ,golgo?a4 ,^! irritat+ discussions always end$ 9 tumult4 ,! ,ph>isees ?rew /ones at him2#e 9 do+ :i* !y only fulfill$ an article ( ! ,law1 :i* comm&$ e prophet1 ev5 a ?aumaturgus1 :o %\ld turn ! p f ! anci5t wor%ip1 to be /on$ )\t a he>+4#f ,at o!r times !y call$ him mad1 possess$1 ,sam>itan1#g & ev5 s\ght to kill him4#h ,^! words 7 tak5 note ( 9 ord] to invoke aga9/ him ! laws ( an intol]ant !ocracy1 :i* ! ,roman gov]nm5t _h n yet abrogat$4#i ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 viii4 #aa1 #ab1 xx4 #a1 & foll[+1 xxi4 #bh1 & foll[+1 #cc1 & foll[+1 #dc1 xxii4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xii4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,luke xx4 #i1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxi4 #cg1 & foll[+2 ,john x4 #cf1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,john ix4 #ci4 ,footnote #d3 ,! mo/ au!ntic =m ( ?is s5t5ce appe>s to be 9 ,m>k xiv4 #eh1 xv4 #bi4 ,cf4 ,john ii4 #ai2 ,matt4 xxvi4 #fa1 xxvii4 #dj4 ,footnote #e3 ,john viii4 #ci1 x4 #ca1 xi4 #h4 ,footnote #f3 ,deut]4 xiii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,comp4 ,luke xx4 #f2 ,john x4 #cc2 #b ,cor4 xi4 #be4 ,footnote #g3 ,john x4 #bj4 ,footnote #h3 ,john v4 #ah1 vii4 #a1 #bj1 #be1 #cj1 viii4 #cg1 #dj4 ,footnote #i3 ,luke xi4 #ec1 #ed4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,ma*9ations ,,( ,,! ,,enemies ,,( ,,jesus4 ,jesus pass$ ! autumn & a "p ( ! w9t] at ,j]usalem4 ,?is season is !re r cold4 ,! portico ( ,solomon1 ) its cov]$ aisles1 0 ! place :]e he habitually walk$4#a ,?is portico consi/$ ( two gall]ies1 =m$ by ?ree r[s ( columns1 & cov]$ by a ceil+ ( c>v$ wood4#b ,x comm&$ ! valley ( ,k$ron1 :i* 0 d\btless less cov]$ ) debris ?an x is at ! pres5t "t4 ,! dep? ( ! rav9e c\ld n be measur$1 f ! height ( ! portico2 & x seem$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! angle ( ! slopes1 z if an abyss op5$ imm$iately b5ea? ! wall4#c ,! o!r side ( ! valley ev5 at t "t 0 adorn$ ) sumptu\s tombs4 ,"s ( ! monum5ts1 :i* may be se5 at ! pres5t day1 7 p]haps ^? c5otaphs 9 honor ( anci5t prophets#d :i* ,jesus po9t$ out1 :51 seat$ "u ! portico1 he d5\nc$ ! (ficial classes1 :o cov]$ _! hypocrisy or _! vanity by ^! colossal piles4#e ,footnote #a3 ,john x4 #bc4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,v4 v4 #b4 ,comp4 ,ant41 ,,xv4 xi4 #e1 ,,xx4 ix4 #g4 ,footnote #c3 ,jos41 places cit$4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ante1 p4 #caf4 ,i am l$ to suppose t ! tombs call$ ^? ( ,za*>iah & ( ,absalom 7 monum5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,cf4 ,it94 a ,burdig4 ,hi]us41 p4 #aec 7edit4 ,s*ott47 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xxiii4 #bi2 ,luke xi4 #dg4 ,at ! end ( ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 he celebrat$ at ,j]usalem ! fea/ e/abli%$ by ,judas ,maccabeus 9 memory ( ! purification ( ! temple aft] ! sacrileges ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4#a ,x 0 also call$ ! ,fea/ ( ,lights1 because1 dur+ ! eight days ( ! fea/1 lamps 7 kept light$ 9 ! h\ses4#b ,jesus und]took soon aft] a j\rney into ,p]ea & to ! banks ( ! ,jordan--t is to say1 into ! v c\ntry he _h visit$ "s ye>s previ\sly1 :5 he foll[$ ! s*ool ( ,john1#c & 9 :i* he _h himself adm9i/]$ baptism4 ,he seems to h reap$ consolation f ?is j\rney1 especially at ,j]i*o4 ,?is city1 z ! t]m9us ( sev]al important r\tes1 or1 x may be1 on acc\nt ( its g>d5s ( spices & its ri* cultivation1#d 0 a cu/oms /ation ( importance4 ,! *ief receiv]1 ,zac*eus1 a ri* man1 desir$ to see ,jesus4#e ,z he 0 ( small /ature1 he climb$ a sycamore tree ne> ! road :i* ! procession _h to pass4 ,jesus 0 t\*$ ) ?is simplicity 9 a p]son ( consid]ation1 & at ! risk ( giv+ (f5se1 he det]m9$ to /ay ) ,zac*eus4 ,!re 0 mu* dissatisfaction at 8 honor+ ! h\se ( a s9n] by ?is visit4 ,9 p>t+1 ,jesus decl>$ 8 ho/ to be a good son ( ,abraham2 &1 z if to add to ! vexation ( ! or?odox1 ,zac*eus became a ,*ri/ian2 he gave1 x is said1 ! half ( 8 goods to ! poor1 & re/or$ f\rfold to ^? :om he might h wrong$4 ,b ?is 0 n ! only pleasure :i* ,jesus exp]i5c$ !re4 ,on leav+ ! t[n1 ! begg> ,b>timeus#f pleas$ him mu* by p]si/+ 9 call+ him son ( ,david1 al?\gh he 0 told to be sil5t4 ,! cycle ( ,galilean miracles appe>$ = a "t to recomm5ce 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* 0 9 _m respects simil> to ! prov9ces ( ! nor?4 ,! delightful oasis ( ,j]i*o1 at t "t well wat]$1 mu/ h be5 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful places 9 ,syria4 ,josephus speaks ( x ) ! same admiration z ( ,galilee1 & calls x1 l ! latt] prov9ce1 a div9e c\ntry4#g ,footnote #a3 ,john x4 #bb4 ,comp4 #a ,macc4 iv4 #eb1 & foll[+2 #b ,macc4 x4 #f1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xii4 vii4 #g4 ,footnote #c3 ,john x4 #dj4 ,cf4 ,matt4 xix4 #a2 ,m>k x4 #a4 ,?is j\rney is kn[n to ! synoptics4 ,b !y seem to ?9k t ,jesus made x by com+ f ,galilee to ,j]usalem ?r\gh ,p]ea4 ,footnote #d3 ,eccles4 xxiv4 #ah2 ,/rabo1 ,,xvi4 ii4 #da2 ,ju/941 xxxvi4 #c2 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,iv4 vi4 #a1 ,,xiv4 iv4 #a1 ,,xv4 iv4 #b4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke xix4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 xx4 #bi2 ,m>k x4 #df1 & foll[+2 ,luke xviii4 #ce4 ,footnote #g3 ,b4,j41 ,,iv4 viii4 #c4 ,comp4 ibid41 ,i4 vi4 #f1 ,i4 xviii4 #e1 & ,antiq41 ,,xv4 iv4 #b4 ,aft] ,jesus _h complet$ ?is k9d ( pilgrimage to ! sc5es ( 8 e>lie/ prophetic activity1 he return$ to 8 belov$ abode 9 ,be?any1 :]e a s+ul> ev5t occurr$1 :i* seems to h _h a p[]ful influ5ce on ! rema9+ days ( 8 life4#a ,tir$ ( ! cold reception :i* ! k+dom ( ,god f\nd 9 ! capital1 ! fri5ds ( ,jesus wi%$ = a great miracle :i* %\ld /rike p[]fully ! incr$ulity ( ! ,hi]osolymites4 ,! resurrection ( a man kn[n at ,j]usalem appe>$ to !m mo/ likely to c>ry conviction4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! ess5tial condition ( true criticism is to und]/& ! div]sity ( times1 & to rid ourselves ( ! in/9ctive repugnances :i* are ! fruit ( a purely rational education4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t 9 ?is dull & impure city ( ,j]usalem1 ,jesus 0 no long] himself4 ,n by any fault ( 8 own1 b by t ( o!rs1 8 consci5ce _h lo/ some?+ ( its orig9al purity4 ,desp]ate1 & driv5 to extremity1 he 0 no long] 8 own ma/]4 ,8 mission ov]:elm$ him1 & he yield$ to ! torr5t4 ,z always happ5s 9 ! lives ( great & inspir$ m51 he suff]$ ! miracles op9ion dem&$ ( him r ?an p]=m$ !m4 ,at ?is di/ance ( "t1 & ) only a s+le text1 be>+ evid5t traces ( artifices ( composition1 x is impossible to decide :e!r 9 ?is in/ance ! :ole is fiction1 or :e!r a real fact :i* happ5$ at ,be?any has s]v$ z a basis to ! rumors :i* 7 spread ab\t x4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 h[ev]1 t ! way ,john n>rates ! incid5t diff]s widely f ^? descriptions ( miracles1 ! (fspr+ ( ! popul> imag9ation1 :i* fill ! synoptics4 ,let u add1 t ,john is ! only evangeli/ :o has a precise k ( ! relations ( ,jesus ) ! family ( ,be?any1 & t x is impossible to believe t a m]e creation ( ! popul> m9d c\ld exi/ 9 a collection ( remembrances s entirely p]sonal4 ,x is1 !n1 probable t ! miracle 9 "q 0 n "o ( ^? purely leg5d>y ones = :i* no "o is responsible4 ,9 o!r words1 we ?9k t some?+ really happ5$ at ,be?any :i* 0 look$ ^u z a resurrection4 ,footnote #a3 ,john xi4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,fame already attribut$ to ,jesus two or ?ree works ( ?is k9d4#a ,! family ( ,be?any might be l$1 almo/ )\t suspect+ x1 into tak+ "p 9 ! important act :i* 0 desir$4 ,jesus 0 ador$ by !m4 ,x seems t ,laz>us 0 sick1 & t 9 consequ5ce ( receiv+ a message f ! anxi\s si/]s ,jesus left ,p]ea4#b ,!y ?\ght t ! joy ,laz>us w\ld feel at 8 arrival might re/ore him to life4 ,p]haps1 also1 ! ard5t desire ( sil5c+ ^? :o viol5tly d5i$ ! div9e mission ( ,jesus1 c>ri$ 8 en?usia/ic fri5ds beyond all b\nds4 ,x may be t ,laz>us1 /ill pallid ) disease1 caus$ himself to be wrapp$ 9 b&ages z if dead1 & %ut up 9 ! tomb ( 8 family4 ,^! tombs 7 l>ge vaults cut 9 ! rock1 & 7 ent]$ by a squ>e op5+1 clos$ by an enorm\s /one4 ,m>?a & ,m>y w5t to meet ,jesus1 & )\t all[+ him to ent] ,be?any1 conduct$ him to ! cave4 ,! emotion :i* ,jesus exp]i5c$ at ! tomb ( 8 fri5d1 :om he believ$ to be dead1#c might be tak5 by ^? pres5t = ! agitation & trembl+#d :i* accompani$ miracles4 ,popul> op9ion requir$ t ! div9e virtue %\ld manife/ itself 9 man z an epileptic & convulsive pr9ciple4 ,jesus 7if we foll[ ! above hypo!sis7 desir$ to see once m him :om he _h lov$2 &1 ! /one be+ remov$1 ,laz>us came =? 9 8 b&ages1 8 head cov]$ ) a w9d+-%eet4 ,?is reappe>ance w\ld naturally be reg>d$ by e "o z a resurrection4 ,fai? kn[s no o!r law ?an ! int]e/ ( t :i* x believes to be true4 ,reg>d+ ! object :i* x pursues z absolutely holy1 x makes no scruple ( invok+ bad argum5ts 9 support ( its !sis :5 good ones d n succe$4 ,if su* & su* a pro( be n s\nd _m o!rs are6 ,if su* & su* a wond] be n real1 _m o!rs h be56 ,be+ intimately p]suad$ t ,jesus 0 a ?aumaturgus1 ,laz>us & 8 two si/]s may h aid$ 9 ! execution ( "o ( 8 miracles1 j z _m pi\s m5 :o1 conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( _! religion1 h s\ght to triumph ov] ! ob/9acy ( _! oppon5ts by means ( ^: weakness !y 7 well aw>e4 ,! /ate ( _! consci5ce 0 t ( ! /igmati/s1 ( ! convulsioni/s1 ( ! possess$ ones 9 conv5ts1 drawn1 by ! influ5ce ( ! _w 9 :i* !y live1 & by _! own belief1 into feign$ acts4 ,z to ,jesus1 he 0 no m able ?an ,/4 ,b]n>d or ,/4 ,francis d',assisi to mod]ate ! avidity = ! m>vell\s1 display$ by ! multitude1 & ev5 by 8 own disciples4 ,dea?1 moreov]1 9 a few days w\ld re/ore him 8 div9e lib]ty1 & release him f ! fatal necessities ( a position :i* ea* day became m exact+1 & m difficult to su/a94 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 ix4 #ah1 & foll[+2 ,m>k v4 #bb1 & foll[+2 ,luke vii4 #aa1 & foll[+1 viii4 #da1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xi4 #c1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,john xi4 #ce1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xi4 #cc1 #ch4 ,ev]y?+1 9 fact1 seems to lead u to believe t ! miracle ( ,be?any contribut$ s5sibly to ha/5 ! dea? ( ,jesus4#a ,! p]sons :o _h be5 witnesses ( x1 7 disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! city1 & spoke mu* ab\t x4 ,! disciples relat$ ! fact1 ) details z to its p]=mance1 prep>$ 9 expectation ( controv]sy4 ,! o!r miracles ( ,jesus 7 transitory acts1 spontane\sly accept$ by fai?1 exagg]at$ by popul> fame1 & 7 n aga9 ref]r$ to aft] !y _h once tak5 place4 ,?is 0 a real ev5t1 held to be publicly notori\s1 & "o by :i* x 0 hop$ to sil5ce ! ,ph>isees4#b ,! enemies ( ,jesus 7 mu* irritat$ at all ?is fame4 ,!y endeavor$1 x is said1 to kill ,laz>us4#c ,x is c]ta91 t f t "t a ,c\ncil ( ! *ief prie/s#d 0 assembl$1 & t 9 ?is c\ncil ! "q 0 cle>ly put3 ,c ,jesus & ,judaism exi/ toge!r8 ,to raise ! "q 0 to resolve x2 & )\t be+ a prophet1 z ?\ght by ! evangeli/1 ! high prie/ c\ld easily pron\nce 8 cruel axiom3 ,x is exp$i5t t "o man %\ld die = ! p4 ,footnote #a3 ,john xi4 #dj1 & foll[+1 xii4 #b1 #i1 & foll[+1 #ag1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xii4 #i1 #aj1 #ag1 #ah4 ,footnote #c3 ,john xii4 #aj4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xi4 #dg1 & foll[+4 ,! high prie/ ( t same ye>1 to use an expression ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 :i* well expresses ! /ate ( abasem5t to :i* ! sov]eign pontificate 0 r$uc$1 0 ,joseph ,kaiapha1 appo9t$ by ,val]ius ,gratus1 & entirely devot$ to ! ,romans4 ,f ! "t t ,j]usalem _h be5 "u ! gov]nm5t ( procurators1 ! (fice ( high prie/ _h be5 a tempor>y "o2 *anges 9 x took place ne>ly e ye>4#a ,kaiapha1 h[ev]1 held x long] ?an any "o else4 ,he _h assum$ 8 (fice 9 ! ye> #be1 & he did n lose x till ! ye> #cf4 ,8 "* is unkn[n to u1 & _m circum/ances lead to ! belief t 8 p[] 0 only nom9al4 ,9 fact1 ano!r p]sonage is always se5 9 conjunction )1 & ev5 sup]ior to him1 :o1 at ! decisive mom5t we h n[ rea*$1 seems to h ex]cis$ a prepond]at+ p[]4 ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xv4 iii4 #a1 ,,xviii4 ii4 #b1 v4 #c1 ,,xx4 ix4 #a1 #d4 ,?is p]sonage 0 ,hanan or ,annas1#a son ( ,se?1 & fa!r-9-law ( ,kaiapha4 ,he 0 =m]ly ! high prie/1 & _h 9 reality pres]v$ amid/ ! num]\s *anges ( ! pontificate all ! au?ority ( ! (fice4 ,he _h receiv$ ! high prie/hood f ! legate ,quir9ius1 9 ! ye> #g ( our era4 ,he lo/ 8 (fice 9 ! ye> #ad1 on ! accession ( ,tib]ius2 b he rema9$ mu* respect$4 ,he 0 /ill call$ high prie/1 al?\gh he 0 out ( (fice1#b & he 0 consult$ ^u all important matt]s4 ,dur+ fifty ye>s ! pontificate cont9u$ 9 8 family almo/ un9t]rupt$ly2 five ( 8 sons successively su/a9$ ?is dignity1#c besides ,kaiapha1 :o 0 8 son-9-law4 ,8 0 call$ ! prie/ly family1 z if ! prie/hood _h become h]$it>y 9 x4#d ,! *ief (fices ( ! temple 7 almo/ all fill$ by !m4#e ,ano!r family1 t ( ,boe?us1 alt]nat$1 x is true1 ) t ( ,hanan's 9 ! pontificate4#f ,b ! ,boe?usim1 ^: =tunes 7 ( n v honorable orig91 7 mu* less e/eem$ by ! pi\s middle class4 ,hanan 0 !n 9 reality ! *ief ( ! prie/ly p>ty4 ,kaiapha did no?+ )\t him2 x 0 cu/om>y to associate _! names1 & t ( ,hanan 0 always put fir/4#g ,x w be und]/ood1 9 fact1 t "u ?is regime ( an annual pontificate1 *ang$ accord+ to ! caprice ( ! procurators1 an old high prie/1 :o _h pres]v$ ! secret ( ! traditions1 :o _h se5 _m y\ng] ?an himself succe$ ea* o!r1 & :o _h reta9$ suffici5t influ5ce to get ! (fice delegat$ to p]sons :o 7 subord9ate to him 9 family rank1 mu/ h be5 a v important p]sonage4 ,l all ! ari/ocracy ( ! temple1#h he 0 a ,sadducee1 a sect1 says ,josephus1 p>ticul>ly sev]e 9 its judgm5ts4 ,all 8 sons also 7 viol5t p]secutors4#i ,"o ( !m1 nam$ l 8 fa!r1 ,hanan1 caus$ ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 to be /on$1 "u circum/ances n unlike ^? :i* surr\nd$ ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,! _s ( ! family 0 haughty1 bold1 & cruel2#aj x _h t p>ticul> k9d ( pr\d & sull5 wick$ness :i* *>act]izes ,jewi% politicians4 ,!re=e1 ^u ?is ,hanan & 8 family mu/ re/ ! responsibility ( all ! acts :i* foll[$4 ,x 0 ,hanan 7or ! p>ty he repres5t$7 :o kill$ ,jesus4 ,hanan 0 ! pr9cipal actor 9 ! t]rible drama1 & f> m ?an ,kaiapha1 f> m ?an ,pilate1 ought to be> ! weight ( ! mal$ictions ( mank9d4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,ananus ( ,josephus4 ,x is ?us t ! ,hebrew "n ,johanan became 9 ,greek ,joannes or ,joannas4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xviii4 #ae-bc2 ,acts iv4 #f4 ,footnote #c3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 ix4 #a4 ,footnote #d3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xv4 iii4 #a2 ,b4,j41 ,,iv4 v4 #f & #g2 ,acts iv4 #f4 ,footnote #e3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 ix4 #c4 ,footnote #f3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xv4 ix4 #c1 ,,xix4 vi4 #b1 viii4 #a4 ,footnote #g3 ,luke iii4 #b4 ,footnote #h3 ,acts v4 #ag4 ,footnote #i3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 ix4 #a4 ,footnote #aj3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 ix4 #a4 ,x is 9 ! m\? ( ,kaiapha t ! evangeli/ places ! decisive words :i* l$ to ! dea? ( ,jesus4#a ,x 0 suppos$ t ! high prie/ possess$ a c]ta9 gift ( prophecy2 8 decl>ation ?us became an oracle full ( pr(\nd mean+ to ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,b su* an expression1 :oev] he might be t pron\nc$ x1 0 ! feel+ ( ! :ole sac]dotal p>ty4 ,?is p>ty 0 mu* oppos$ to popul> s$itions4 ,x s\ght to put d[n religi\s en?usia/s1 rightly =esee+ t by _! excit$ prea*+s !y w\ld lead to ! total ru9 ( ! nation4 ,al?\gh ! excitem5t creat$ by ,jesus 0 9 n[ise temporal1 ! prie/s saw1 z an ultimate consequ5ce ( ?is agitation1 an aggravation ( ! ,roman yoke & ! ov]turn+ ( ! temple1 ! s\rce ( _! ri*es & honors4#b ,c]ta9ly ! causes :i*1 ?irty-sev5 ye>s aft]1 7 to effect ! ru9 ( ,j]usalem1 did n arise f infant ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y arose 9 ,j]usalem itself1 & n 9 ,galilee4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 say t ! motive alleg$ 9 ?is circum/ance by ! prie/s 0 s improbable t we mu/ necess>ily reg>d x z ins9c]e4 ,9 a g5]al1 s5se1 ,jesus1 if he _h succe$$1 w\ld h really effect$ ! ru9 ( ! ,jewi% nation4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples univ]sally admitt$ by all anci5t polity1 ,hanan & ,kaiapha 7 "r 9 say+3 ,bett] ! dea? ( "o man ?an ! ru9 ( a p6 ,9 our op9ion ?is reason+ is dete/able4 ,b x has be5 t ( cons]vative p>ties f ! comm5cem5t ( all human society4 ,! p>ty ( ord] 7,i use ?is expression 9 its mean & n>r[ s5se7 has ev] be5 ! same4 ,deem+ ! highe/ duty ( gov]nm5t to be ! prev5tion ( popul> di/urbances1 x believes x p]=ms an act ( patriotism 9 prev5t+1 by judicial murd]1 ! tumultu\s effusion ( blood4 ,little ?\ghtful ( ! future1 x does n dream t 9 decl>+ w> aga9/ all innovations1 x incurs ! risk ( cru%+ ideas de/9$ "o day to triumph4 ,! dea? ( ,jesus 0 "o ( ! ?\s& illu/rations ( ?is policy4 ,! movem5t he direct$ 0 entirely spiritual1 b x 0 /ill a movem5t2 h5ce ! m5 ( ord]1 p]suad$ t x 0 ess5tial = humanity n to be di/urb$1 felt !mselves b\nd to prev5t ! new _s f ext5d+ itself4 ,nev] 0 se5 a m /rik+ example ( h[ mu* su* a c\rse ( proc$ure defeats its own object4 ,left free1 ,jesus w\ld h exhau/$ himself 9 a desp]ate /ruggle ) ! impossible4 ,! un9tellig5t hate ( 8 enemies decid$ ! success ( 8 "w1 & seal$ 8 div9ity4 ,footnote #a3 ,john xi4 #di1 #ej4 ,cf4 ibid41 xviii4 #ad4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xi4 #dh4 ,! dea? ( ,jesus 0 ?us resolv$ ^u f ! mon? ( ,febru>y or ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*4#a ,b he /ill escap$ = a %ort "t4 ,he )drew to an obscure t[n call$ ,ephraim or ,ephron1 9 ! direction ( ,be!l1 a %ort day's j\rney f ,j]usalem4#b ,he sp5t a few days !re ) 8 disciples1 lett+ ! /orm pass ov]4 ,b ! ord] to arre/ him ! mom5t he appe>$ at ,j]usalem 0 giv54 ,! fea/ ( ! ,passov] 0 draw+ nigh1 & x 0 ?\ght t ,jesus1 accord+ to 8 cu/om1 w\ld come to celebrate x at ,j]usalem4#c ,footnote #a3 ,john xi4 #ec4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xi4 #ed4 ,cf4 #b ,*ron4 xiii4 #ai2 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,iv4 ix4 #i2 ,eusebius & ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,de situ et nom4 loc4 hebr41 at ! words ,greek3 ,ephron & ,greek3 ,ephraim4 ,footnote #c3 ,john xi4 #ee1 #ef4 ,= ! ord] ( ! ev5ts1 9 all ?is "p we foll[ ! sy/em ( ,john4 ,! synoptics appe> to h little in=mation z to ! p]iod ( ! life ( ,jesus :i* prec$es ! ,passion4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,la/ ,,week ,,( ,,jesus4 ,jesus did 9 fact set out ) 8 disciples to see once m1 & = ! la/ "t1 ! unbeliev+ city4 ,! hopes ( 8 companions 7 m & m exalt$4 ,all believ$1 9 go+ up to ,j]usalem1 t ! k+dom ( ,god 0 ab\t to be realiz$ !re4#a ,! impiety ( m5 be+ at its height1 0 reg>d$ z a great sign t ! consummation 0 at h&4 ,! p]suasion 9 ?is respect 0 su*1 t !y already disput$ = prec$5ce 9 ! k+dom4#b ,?is 01 x is said1 ! mom5t *os5 by ,salome to ask1 on behalf ( h] sons1 ! two seats on ! "r & left ( ! ,son ( man4#c ,! ,ma/]1 on ! o!r h&1 0 beset by grave ?\ghts4 ,sometimes he all[$ a gloomy res5tm5t aga9/ 8 enemies to appe>2 he relat$ ! p>able ( a nobleman1 :o w5t to take possession ( a k+dom 9 a f> c\ntry2 b no soon] _h he gone ?an 8 fell[-citiz5s wi%$ to get rid ( him4 ,! k+ return$1 & comm&$ ^? :o _h conspir$ aga9/ him to be br\ght be=e him1 & _h !m all put to dea?4#d ,at o!r times he summ>ily de/roy$ ! illusions ( ! disciples4 ,z !y m>*$ along ! /ony roads to ! nor? ( ,j]usalem1 ,jesus p5sively prec$$ ! gr\p ( 8 companions4 ,all reg>d$ him 9 sil5ce1 exp]i5c+ a feel+ ( fe>1 & n d>+ to int]rogate him4 ,already1 on v>i\s occasions1 he _h spok5 to !m ( 8 future suff]+s1 & !y _h li/5$ to him reluctantly4#e ,jesus at la/ spoke to !m1 & no long] conceal+ 8 pres5tim5ts1 disc\rs$ to !m ( 8 approa*+ end4#f ,!re 0 great sadness 9 ! :ole company4 ,! disciples 7 expect+ soon to see ! sign appe> 9 ! cl\ds4 ,! inaugural cry ( ! k+dom ( ,god3 ,bless$ is he t come? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1#g res\nd$ already 9 joy\s acc5ts 9 _! e>s4 ,! fe>ful prospect he =e%ad[$1 tr\bl$ !m4 ,at ea* /ep ( ! fatal road1 ! k+dom ( ,god became ne>] or m remote 9 ! mirage ( _! dreams4 ,z to ,jesus1 he became confirm$ 9 ! idea t he 0 ab\t to die1 b t 8 dea? w\ld save ! _w4#h ,! misund]/&+ betwe5 him & 8 disciples became great] ea* mom5t4 ,footnote #a3 ,luke xix4 #aa4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xxii4 #bd1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xx4 #bj1 & foll[+2 ,m>k x4 #ce1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke xix4 #ab-bg4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xvi4 #ba1 & foll[+2 ,m>k viii4 #ca1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,matt4 xx4 #ag1 & foll[+2 ,m>k x4 #ca1 & foll[+2 ,luke xviii4 #ca1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 xxiii4 #ci2 ,luke xiii4 #ce4 ,footnote #h3 ,matt4 xx4 #bh4 ,! cu/om 0 to come to ,j]usalem sev]al days be=e ! ,passov]1 9 ord] to prep>e = x4 ,jesus arriv$ late1 & at "o "t 8 enemies ?\ght !y 7 fru/rat$ 9 _! hope ( seiz+ him4#a ,! six? day be=e ! fea/ 7,saturday1 #h? ( ,nisan1 equal to ! #bh? ,m>*#b7 he at la/ rea*$ ,be?any4 ,he ent]$1 accord+ to 8 cu/om1 ! h\se ( ,laz>us1 ,m>?a & ,m>y1 or ( ,simon ! lep]4 ,!y gave him a great reception4 ,!re 0 a d9n] at ,simon ! lep]'s1#c :]e _m p]sons 7 assembl$1 drawn ?i!r by ! desire ( see+ him1 & also ( see+ ,laz>us1 ( :om = "s "t s _m ?+s _h be5 relat$4 ,laz>us 0 seat$ at ! table1 & attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,m>?a s]v$1 accord+ to h] cu/om4#d ,x seems t !y s\ght1 by an increas$ %[ ( respect1 to ov]come ! coolness ( ! public1 & to ass]t ! high dignity ( _! gue/4 ,m>y1 9 ord] to give to ! ev5t a m fe/ive appe>ance1 ent]$ dur+ d9n]1 be>+ a vase ( p]fume :i* %e p\r$ ^u ! feet ( ,jesus4 ,%e aft]w>d broke ! vase1 accord+ to an anci5t cu/om by :i* ! vessel t _h be5 employ$ 9 ! ent]ta9m5t ( a /rang] ( di/9ction 0 brok54#e ,!n1 to te/ify h] wor%ip 9 an extraord9>y mann]1 %e pro/rat$ h]self at ! feet ( h] ,ma/] & wip$ !m ) h] long hair4#f ,all ! h\se 0 fill$ ) ! odor ( ! p]fume1 to ! great delight ( e "o except ! av>ici\s ,judas ( ,k]io?4 ,consid]+ ! economical habits ( ! community1 ?is 0 c]ta9ly prodigality4 ,! gre$y treasur] calculat$ imm$iately h[ mu* ! p]fume might h be5 sold =1 & :at x w\ld h realiz$ = ! poor4 ,?is n v affectionate feel+1 :i* seem$ to place some?+ above ,jesus1 dissatisfi$ him4 ,he lik$ to be honor$1 = honors s]v$ 8 aim & e/abli%$ 8 title ( ,son ( ,david4 ,!re=e1 :5 !y spoke to him ( ! poor1 he repli$ r %>ply3 ,ye h ! poor always ) y2 b me ye h n always4 ,&1 exalt+ himself1 he promis$ immortality to ! woman :o 9 ?is critical mom5t gave him a tok5 ( love4#g ,footnote #a3 ,john xi4 #ef4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,passov] 0 celebrat$ on ! #ad? ( ,nisan4 ,n[ 9 ! ye> #cc1 ! #a/ ( ,nisan correspond$ ) ,saturday1 #ba/ ( ,m>*4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #f2 ,m>k xiv4 #c4 ,cf4 ,luke vii4 #dj1 #dc1 #dd4 ,footnote #d3 ,x is cu/om>y1 9 ! ,ea/1 = a p]son :o is atta*$ to any "o by a tie ( affection or ( dome/icity1 to att5d ^u him :5 he goes to eat at ! h\se ( ano!r4 ,footnote #e3 ,i h se5 ?is cu/om /ill practis$ at ,s\r 7,zo>47 ,footnote #f3 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! feet ( ! gue/s 7 n1 z among/ u1 conceal$ "u ! table1 b ext5d$ on a level ) ! body on ! divan1 or tricl9ium4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #f1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xiv4 #c1 & foll[+2 ,john xi4 #b1 xii4 #b1 & foll[+4 ,comp>e ,luke vii4 #cf1 & foll[+4 ,! next day 7,sunday1 #i? ( ,nisan71 ,jesus desc5d$ f ,be?any to ,j]usalem4#a ,:51 at a b5d ( ! road1 ^u ! summit ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 he saw ! city spread be=e him1 x is said he wept ov] x1 & address$ to x a la/ appeal4#b ,at ! base ( ! m\nta91 at "s /eps f ! gate1 on ent]+ ! neighbor+ portion ( ! ea/]n wall ( ! city1 :i* 0 call$ ,be?phage1 no d\bt on acc\nt ( ! fig-trees ) :i* x 0 plant$1#c he _h exp]i5c$ a mom5t>y pleasure4#d ,8 arrival 0 nois$ abroad4 ,! ,galileans :o _h come to ! fea/ 7 highly elat$1 & prep>$ a little triumph = him4 ,an ass 0 br\ght to him1 foll[$1 accord+ to cu/om1 by its colt4 ,! ,galileans spread _! f9e/ g>m5ts ^u ! back ( ?is humble animal z saddle-clo?s1 & seat$ him !reon4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 spread _! g>m5ts ^u ! road1 & /rew$ x ) gre5 bran*es4 ,! multitude :i* prec$$ & foll[$ him1 c>ry+ palms1 cri$3 ,hosanna to ! son ( ,david6 ,bless$ is he t come? 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l6 ,"s p]sons ev5 gave him ! title ( k+ ( ,israel4#e ,ma/]1 rebuke ?y disciples1 said ! ,ph>isees to him4 ,if ^! %\ld hold _! peace1 ! /ones w\ld imm$iately cry out1 repli$ ,jesus1 & he ent]$ into ! city4 ,! ,hi]osolymites1 :o sc>cely knew him1 ask$ :o he 04 ,x is ,jesus1 ! prophet ( ,naz>e?1 9 ,galilee1 0 ! reply4 ,j]usalem 0 a city ( ab\t #ej1jjj s\ls4#f ,a trifl+ ev5t1 su* z ! entrance ( a /rang]1 h[ev] little celebrat$1 or ! arrival ( a b& ( prov9cials1 or a movem5t ( p to ! av5ues ( ! city1 c\ld n fail1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 to be quickly nois$ ab\t4 ,b at ! "t ( ! fea/1 ! confusion 0 extreme4#g ,j]usalem at ^! times 0 tak5 possession ( by /rang]s4 ,x 0 among/ ! latt] t ! excitem5t appe>s to h be5 mo/ lively4 ,"s proselytes1 speak+ ,greek1 :o _h come to ! fea/1 _h _! curiosity piqu$1 & wi%$ to see ,jesus4 ,!y address$ !mselves to 8 disciples2#h b we d n "k ! result ( ! int]view4 ,jesus1 accord+ to 8 cu/om1 w5t to pass ! night at 8 belov$ village ( ,be?any4#i ,! ?ree foll[+ days 7,monday1 ,tuesday1 & ,w$nesday7 he desc5d$ regul>ly to ,j]usalem2 &1 aft] ! sett+ ( ! sun1 he return$ ei!r to ,be?any1 or to ! f>ms on ! we/]n side ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 :]e he _h _m fri5ds4#aj ,footnote #a3 ,john xii4 #ab4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xix4 #da1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,mi%nah1 ,m5a*o?1 xi4 #b2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,sanh$rim1 #ad b2 ,pesa*im1 #fc b1 #ia a2 ,sota1 #de a2 ,baba metsia1 #he a4 ,x foll[s f ^! passages t ,be?phage 0 a k9d ( poma]ium1 :i* ext5d$ to ! foot ( ! ea/]n basem5t ( ! temple1 & :i* _h itself its wall ( inclosure4 ,! passages ,matt4 xxi4 #a1 ,m>k xi4 #a1 ,luke xix4 #bi1 d n pla9ly imply t ,be?phage 0 a village1 z ,eusebius & ,/4 ,j]ome h suppos$4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxi4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xi4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,luke xix4 #bi1 & foll[+2 ,john xii4 #ab1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke xix4 #ch2 ,john xii4 #ac4 ,footnote #f3 ,! numb] ( #abj1jjj1 giv5 by ,hecataeus 79 ,josephus1 ,contra ,apion1 ,i4 xxii471 appe>s exagg]at$4 ,cic]o speaks ( ,j]usalem z ( a paltry little t[n 7,ad ,atticum1 ,,ii4 ix47 ,! anci5t b\nd>ies1 :i*ev] calculation we adopt1 d n all[ ( a population quadruple ( t ( ! pres5t "t1 :i* does n rea* #ae1jjj4 ,see ,rob9son1 ,bibl4 ,res41 i4 #dba1 #dbb 7#b;d edition72 ,f]gusson1 ,topogr4 ( ,j]us41 p4 #ea2 ,=/]1 ,syria & ,pale/9e1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #g3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 xiv4 #c1 ,,vi4 ix4 #c4 ,footnote #h3 ,john xii4 #bj1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #i3 ,matt4 xxi4 #ag2 ,m>k xi4 #aa4 ,footnote #aj3 ,matt4 xxi4 #ag1 #ah2 ,m>k xi4 #aa1 #ab1 #ai2 ,luke xxi4 #cg1 #ch4 ,a deep melan*oly appe>s1 dur+ ^! la/ days1 to h fill$ ! s\l ( ,jesus1 :o 0 g5]ally s joy\s & s]5e4 ,all ! n>ratives agree 9 relat+ t1 be=e 8 arre/1 he und]w5t a %ort exp]i5ce ( d\bt & tr\ble2 a k9d ( anticipat$ agony4 ,accord+ to "s1 he sudd5ly exclaim$1 ,n[ is my s\l tr\bl$4 ,o ,fa!r1 save me f ?is h\r4#a ,x 0 believ$ t a voice f heav5 0 he>d at ?is mom5t3 o!rs said t an angel came to console him4#b ,accord+ to "o widely spread v]sion1 ! incid5t took place 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane4 ,jesus1 x 0 said1 w5t ab\t a /one's ?r[ f 8 sleep+ disciples1 tak+ ) him only ,pet] & ! two sons ( ,zeb$ee1 & fell on 8 face & pray$4 ,8 s\l 0 sad ev5 unto dea?2 a t]rible angui% weigh$ ^u him2 b resignation to ! div9e w su/a9$ him4#c ,?is sc5e1 ow+ to ! in/9ctive art :i* regulat$ ! compilation ( ! synoptics1 & (t5 l$ !m 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! n>rative to /udy adaptability & effect1 has be5 giv5 z occurr+ on ! la/ night ( ! life ( ,jesus1 & at ! precise mom5t ( 8 arre/4 ,if ?is v]sion 7 ! true "o1 we %\ld sc>cely und]/& :y ,john1 :o _h be5 ! intimate witness ( s t\*+ an episode1 %\ld n m5tion x 9 ! v circum/antial n>rative :i* he has furni%$ ( ! ev5+ ( ! ,?ursday4#d ,all t we c safely say is1 t1 dur+ 8 la/ days1 ! enorm\s weight ( ! mission he _h accept$ press$ cruelly ^u ,jesus4 ,human nature ass]t$ itself = a "t4 ,p]haps he began to hesitate ab\t 8 "w4 ,t]ror & d\bt took possession ( him1 & ?rew him into a /ate ( exhau/ion worse ?an dea?4 ,he :o has sacrific$ 8 repose1 & ! legitimate rew>ds ( life1 to a great idea1 always exp]i5ces a feel+ ( revulsion :5 ! image ( dea? pres5ts itself to him = ! fir/ "t1 & seeks to p]suade him t all has be5 9 va94 ,p]haps "s ( ^? t\*+ rem9isc5ces :i* ! /ronge/ s\ls pres]ve1 & :i* at times pi]ce l a sword1 came ^u him at ?is mom5t4 ,did he rememb] ! cle> f\nta9s ( ,galilee :]e he 0 wont to refre% himself2 ! v9e & ! fig-tree "u :i* he _h repos$1 & ! "y maid5s :o1 p]haps1 w\ld h cons5t$ to love him8 ,did he curse ! h>d de/9y :i* _h d5i$ him ! joys conc$$ to all o!rs8 ,did he regret 8 too l(ty nature1 &1 victim ( 8 greatness1 did he m\rn t he _h n rema9$ a simple artisan ( ,naz>e?8 ,we "k n4 ,= all ^! int]nal tr\bles evid5tly 7 a seal$ lett] to 8 disciples4 ,!y und]/ood no?+ ( !m1 & suppli$ by simple conjectures t :i* 9 ! great s\l ( _! ,ma/] 0 obscure to !m4 ,x is c]ta91 at lea/1 t 8 div9e nature soon rega9$ ! supremacy4 ,he might /ill h avoid$ dea?2 b he w\ld n4 ,love = 8 "w su/a9$ him4 ,he 0 will+ to dr9k ! cup to ! dregs4 ,h5ce=? we behold ,jesus entirely himself2 8 "* uncl\d$4 ,! subtleties ( ! polemic1 ! cr$ulity ( ! ?aumaturgus & ( ! exorci/1 are =gott54 ,!re rema9s only ! incomp>able h]o ( ! ,passion1 ! f\nd] ( ! rights ( free consci5ce1 & ! complete model :i* all suff]+ s\ls w contemplate 9 ord] to =tify & console !mselves4 ,footnote #a3 ,john xii4 #bg1 & foll[+4 ,we c easily imag9e t ! exalt$ tone ( ,john1 & 8 exclusive preoccupation ) ! div9e "* ( ,jesus1 may h effac$ f ! n>rative ! circum/ances ( natural weakness relat$ by ! synoptics4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke xxii4 #dc2 ,john xii4 #bh1 #bi4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #cf1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xiv4 #cb1 & foll[+2 ,luke xxii4 #ci1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is is ! less to be und]/ood1 z ,john is affect$ly p>ticul> 9 notic+ ! circum/ances :i* 7 p]sonal to him1 or ( :i* he _h be5 ! only witness 7xiii4 #bc1 & foll[+1 xviii4 #ae1 & foll[+1 xix4 #bf1 & foll[+1 #ce1 xx4 #b1 & foll[+1 xxi4 #bj1 & foll[+47 ,! triumph ( ,be?phage--t bold act ( ! prov9cials 9 celebrat+ at ! v gates ( ,j]usalem ! adv5t ( _! ,messiah-,k+--complet$ ! exasp]ation ( ! ,ph>isees & ! ari/ocracy ( ! temple4 ,a new c\ncil 0 held on ! ,w$nesday 7#ab? ( ,nisan7 9 ! h\se ( ,joseph ,kaiapha4#a ,! imm$iate arre/ ( ,jesus 0 resolv$ ^u4 ,a great idea ( ord] & ( cons]vative policy gov]n$ all _! plans4 ,! desire 0 to avoid a sc5e4 ,z ! fea/ ( ! ,passov]1 :i* comm5c$ t ye> on ! ,friday ev5+1 0 a "t ( bu/le & excitem5t1 x 0 resolv$ to anticipate x4 ,jesus be+ popul>1#b !y fe>$ an outbreak2 ! arre/ 0 !re=e fix$ = ! next day1 ,?ursday4 ,x 0 resolv$1 also1 n to seize him 9 ! temple1 :]e he came e day1#c b to obs]ve 8 habits1 9 ord] to seize him 9 "s retir$ place4 ,! ag5ts ( ! prie/s s\nd$ 8 disciples1 hop+ to obta9 useful in=mation f _! weakness or _! simplicity4 ,!y f\nd :at !y s\ght 9 ,judas ( ,k]io?4 ,?is wret*1 actuat$ by motives impossible to expla91 betray$ 8 ,ma/]1 gave all ! necess>y in=mation1 & ev5 und]took himself 7al?\gh su* an excess ( vil5ess is sc>cely cr$ible7 to guide ! troop :i* 0 to effect 8 arre/4 ,! remembrance ( horror :i* ! folly or ! wick$ness ( ?is man has left 9 ! ,*ri/ian tradition has d\btless giv5 rise to "s exagg]ation on ?is po9t4 ,judas1 until !n1 _h be5 a disciple l ! o!rs2 he _h ev5 ! title ( apo/le2 & he _h p]=m$ miracles & driv5 out demons4 ,leg5d1 :i* always uses /rong & decisive language1 describes ! occupants ( ! little supp]-room z elev5 sa9ts & "o reprobate4 ,reality does n proce$ by su* absolute categories4 ,av>ice1 :i* ! synoptics give z ! motive ( ! crime 9 "q1 does n suffice to expla9 x4 ,x w\ld be v s+ul> if a man :o kept ! purse1 & :o knew :at he w\ld lose by ! dea? ( 8 *ief1 7 to ab&on ! pr(its ( 8 occupation#d 9 ex*ange = a v small sum ( money4#e ,_h ! self-love ( ,judas be5 w\nd$ by ! rebuff :i* he _h receiv$ at ! d9n] at ,be?any8 ,ev5 t w\ld n expla9 8 conduct4 ,john w\ld h u reg>d him z a ?ief1 an unbeliev] f ! beg9n+1#f = :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is no probability4 ,we w\ld r ascribe x to "s feel+ ( jeal\sy or to "s diss5sion among/ ! disciples4 ,! peculi> hatr$ ,john manife/s t[>d ,judas#g confirms ?is hypo!sis4 ,less pure 9 he>t ?an ! o!rs1 ,judas _h1 f ! v nature ( 8 (fice1 become unconsci\sly n>r[-m9d$4 ,by a caprice v common to m5 engag$ 9 active duties1 he _h come to reg>d ! int]e/s ( ! treasury z sup]ior ev5 to ^? ( ! "w = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,! treasur] _h ov]come ! apo/le4 ,! murmur+s :i* escap$ him at ,be?any seem to indicate t sometimes he ?\ght ! ,ma/] co/ 8 spiritual family too de>4 ,no d\bt ?is mean economy _h caus$ _m o!r collisions 9 ! little society4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #a1 #e2 ,m>k xiv4 #a1 #b2 ,luke xxii4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxi4 #df4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ee4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xii4 #f4 ,footnote #e3 ,john does n ev5 speak ( a paym5t 9 money4 ,footnote #f3 ,john vi4 #fe1 xii4 #f4 ,footnote #g3 ,john vi4 #fe1 #ga1 #gb1 xii4 #f2 xiii4 #b1 #bg1 & foll[+4 ,)\t d5y+ t ,judas ( ,k]io? may h contribut$ to ! arre/ ( 8 ,ma/]1 we /ill believe t ! curses ) :i* he is load$ are some:at unju/4 ,!re 01 p]haps1 9 8 de$ m awkw>dness ?an p]v]sity4 ,! moral consci5ce ( ! man ( ! p is quick & correct1 b un/able & inconsi/5t4 ,x is at ! m]cy ( ! impulse ( ! mom5t4 ,! secret societies ( ! republican p>ty 7 *>act]iz$ by mu* e>ne/ness & s9c]ity1 & yet _! d5\nc]s 7 v num]\s4 ,a trifl+ spite suffic$ to conv]t a p>tisan into a traitor4 ,b if ! fooli% desire = a few pieces ( silv] turn$ ! head ( poor ,judas1 he does n seem to h lo/ ! moral s5tim5t completely1 s9ce :5 he _h se5 ! consequ5ces ( 8 fault he rep5t$1#a &1 x is said1 kill$ himself4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #c1 & foll[+4 ,ea* mom5t ( ?is ev5tful p]iod is solemn1 & c\nts m ?an :ole ages 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,we h arriv$ at ! ,?ursday1 #ac? ( ,nisan 7#b;d ,april74 ,! ev5+ ( ! next day comm5c$ ! fe/ival ( ! ,passov]1 begun by ! fea/ 9 :i* ! ,pas*al lamb 0 eat54 ,! fe/ival cont9u$ = sev5 days1 dur+ :i* unleav5$ bread 0 eat54 ,! fir/ & ! la/ ( ^! sev5 days 7 peculi>ly solemn4 ,! disciples 7 already occupi$ ) prep>ations = ! fea/4#a ,z to ,jesus1 we are l$ to believe t he knew ( ! trea*]y ( ,judas1 & t he suspect$ ! fate t await$ him4 ,9 ! ev5+ he took 8 la/ repa/ ) 8 disciples4 ,x 0 n ! ritual fea/ ( ! passov]1 z 0 aft]w>d suppos$1 ow+ to an error ( a day 9 reckon+1#b b = ! primitive *ur* ?is supp] ( ! ,?ursday 0 ! true passov]1 ! seal ( ! new cov5ant4 ,ea* disciple connect$ ) x 8 mo/ *]i%$ remembrances1 & num]\s t\*+ traits ( ! ,ma/] :i* ea* "o pres]v$ 7 associat$ ) ?is repa/1 :i* became ! corn]-/one ( ,*ri/ian piety1 & ! />t+-po9t ( ! mo/ fruitful in/itutions4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xiv4 #ab2 ,luke xxii4 #g2 ,john xiii4 #bi4 ,footnote #b3 ,?is is ! sy/em ( ! synoptics 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ag1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xiv4 #ab1 & foll[+2 ,luke xxii4 #g1 & foll[+1 #ae47 ,b ,john1 ^: n>rative ( ?is portion has a great] au?ority1 expressly /ates t ,jesus di$ ! same day on :i* ! ,pas*al lamb 0 eat5 7xiii4 #a1 #b1 #bi1 xviii4 #bh1 xix4 #ad1 #ca47 ,! ,talmud also makes ,jesus to die on ! eve ( ! ,passov] 7,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,sanh$rim1 #dc a1 #fg a47 ,d\btless ! t5d] love :i* fill$ ! he>t ( ,jesus = ! little *ur* :i* surr\nd$ him ov]fl[$ at ?is mom5t1#a & 8 /rong & s]5e s\l became buoyant1 ev5 "u ! weight ( ! gloomy preoccupations t beset him4 ,he _h a ^w = ea* ( 8 fri5ds2 two among !m especially1 ,john & ,pet]1 7 ! objects ( t5d] m>ks ( atta*m5t4 ,john 7at lea/ accord+ to 8 own acc\nt7 0 recl9+ on ! divan1 by ! side ( ,jesus1 8 head re/+ ^u ! brea/ ( ! ,ma/]4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! repa/1 ! secret :i* weigh$ ^u ! he>t ( ,jesus almo/ escap$ him3 he said1 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 t "o ( y %all betray me4#b ,to ^! simple m5 ?is 0 a mom5t ( angui%2 !y look$ at ea* o!r1 & ea* que/ion$ himself4 ,judas 0 pres5t2 p]haps ,jesus1 :o _h = "s "t _h reasons to suspect him1 s\ght by ?is expression to draw f 8 looks or f 8 emb>rass$ mann] ! confession ( 8 fault4 ,b ! unfai?ful disciple did n lose c\nt5ance2 he ev5 d>$1 x is said1 to ask ) ! o!rs3 ,ma/]1 is x ,i8 ,footnote #a3 ,john xiii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ba1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xiv4 #ah1 & foll[+2 ,luke xx4 #ba1 & foll[+2 ,john xiii4 #ba1 & foll[+1 xxi4 #bj4 ,mean:ile1 ! good & upright s\l ( ,pet] 0 9 torture4 ,he made a sign to ,john to endeavor to asc]ta9 ( :om ! ,ma/] spoke4 ,john1 :o c\ld conv]se ) ,jesus )\t be+ he>d1 ask$ him ! mean+ ( ?is enigma4 ,jesus hav+ only suspicions1 did n wi% to pron\nce any "n2 he only told ,john to obs]ve to :om he 0 go+ to (f] a sop4 ,at ! same "t he soak$ ! bread & (f]$ x to ,judas4 ,john & ,pet] alone _h cognizance ( ! fact4 ,jesus address$ to ,judas words :i* conta9$ a bitt] reproa*1 b :i* 7 n und]/ood by ^? pres5t2 & he left ! company4 ,!y ?\ght t ,jesus 0 simply giv+ him ord]s = ! morr['s fea/4#a ,footnote #a3 ,john xiii4 #ba1 & foll[+1 :i* %[s ! improbabilities ( ! n>rative ( ! synoptics4 ,at ! "t1 ?is repa/ /ruck no "o2 & ap>t f ! appreh5sions :i* ! ,ma/] confid$ to 8 disciples1 :o only half und]/ood !m1 no?+ extraord9>y took place4 ,b aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 !y atta*$ to ?is ev5+ a s+ul>ly solemn mean+1 & ! imag9ation ( believ]s spread a color+ ( sweet my/icism ov] x4 ,! la/ h\rs ( a *]i%$ fri5d are ^? we be/ rememb]4 ,by an inevitable illusion1 we attribute to ! conv]sations we h !n _h ) him a mean+ :i* dea? alone gives to !m2 we conc5trate into a few h\rs ! memories ( _m ye>s4 ,! great] "p ( ! disciples saw _! ,ma/] no m aft] ! supp] ( :i* we h j spok54 ,x 0 ! f>ewell banquet4 ,9 ?is repa/1 z 9 _m o!rs1 ,jesus practis$ 8 my/]i\s rite ( ! break+ ( bread4 ,z x 0 e>ly believ$ t ! repa/ 9 "q took place on ! day ( ! ,passov]1 & 0 ! ,pas*al fea/1 ! idea naturally arose t ! ,eu*>i/ic in/itution 0 e/abli%$ at ?is supreme mom5t4 ,/>t+ f ! hypo!sis t ,jesus knew be=eh& ! precise mom5t ( 8 dea?1 ! disciples 7 l$ to suppose t he res]v$ a numb] ( important acts = 8 la/ h\rs4 ,z1 moreov]1 "o ( ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 0 t ! dea? ( ,jesus _h be5 a sacrifice1 replac+ all ^? ( ! anci5t ,law1 ! ,la/ ,supp]1 :i* 0 suppos$ to h tak5 place1 once = all1 on ! eve ( ! ,passion1 became ! supreme sacrifice--! act :i* con/itut$ ! new alliance--! sign ( ! blood %$ = ! salvation ( all4#a ,! bread & w9e1 plac$ 9 connection ) dea? itself1 7 ?us ! image ( ! new te/am5t t ,jesus _h seal$ ) 8 suff]+s--! commemoration ( ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/ until 8 adv5t4#b ,footnote #a3 ,luke xxii4 #bj4 ,footnote #b3 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bf4 ,v e>ly ?is my/]y 0 embodi$ 9 a small sacram5tal n>rative1 :i* we possess "u f\r =ms1#a v simil> to "o ano!r4 ,john1 preoccupi$ ) ! ,eu*>i/ic ideas1#b & :o relates ! ,la/ ,supp] ) s mu* prolixity1 connect+ ) x s _m circum/ances & disc\rses#c--;& :o 0 ! only "o ( ! evangeli/s ^: te/imony on ?is po9t has ! value ( an eye-witness--does n m5tion ?is n>rative4 ,?is is a pro( t he did n reg>d ! ,eu*>i/ z a peculi>ity ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,= him ! special rite ( ! ,la/ ,supp] 0 ! wa%+ ( feet4 ,x is probable t 9 c]ta9 primitive ,*ri/ian families ?is latt] rite obta9$ an importance :i* x has s9ce lo/4#d ,no d\bt1 ,jesus1 on "s occasions1 _h practis$ x to give 8 disciples an example ( bro!rly humility4 ,x 0 connect$ ) ! eve ( 8 dea?1 9 consequ5ce ( ! t5d5cy to gr\p ar\nd ! ,la/ ,supp] all ! great moral & ritual recomm5dations ( ,jesus4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #bf-bh2 ,m>k xiv4 #bb-bd2 ,luke xxii4 #ai-ba2 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bc-be4 ,footnote #b3 ,*ap4 vi4 ,footnote #c3 ,*aps4 xiii4-xvii4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xiii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,cf4 ,matt4 xx4 #bf1 & foll[+2 ,luke xxii4 #bf1 & foll[+4 ,a high s5tim5t ( love1 ( concord1 ( *>ity1 & ( mutual def]5ce1 animat$1 moreov]1 ! remembrances :i* 7 *]i%$ ( ! la/ h\rs ( ,jesus4#a ,x is always ! unity ( 8 ,*ur*1 con/itut$ by him or by 8 ,_s1 :i* is ! s\l ( ! symbols & ( ! disc\rses :i* ,*ri/ian tradition ref]r$ to ?is sacr$ mom5t3 ,a new comm&m5t ,i give unto y1 said he1 t ye love "o ano!r2 z ,i h lov$ y1 t ye also love "o ano!r4 ,by ?is %all all m5 "k t ye are my disciples1 if ye h love "o to ano!r4 ,h5ce=? ,i call y n s]vants2 = ! s]vant kn[e? n :at 8 "l doe?3 b ,i h call$ y fri5ds2 = all ?+s t ,i h he>d ( my ,fa!r ,i h made kn[n unto y4 ,^! ?+s ,i comm& y1 t ye love "o ano!r4#b ,at ?is la/ mom5t !re 7 aga9 evok$ rivalries & /ruggles = prec$5ce4#c ,jesus rem>k$1 t if he1 ! ,ma/]1 _h be5 9 ! mid/ ( 8 disciples z _! s]vant1 h[ mu* m ought !y to submit !mselves to "o ano!r4 ,accord+ to "s1 9 dr9k+ ! w9e1 he said1 ,i w n dr9k h5ce=? ( ?is fruit ( ! v9e until t day :5 ,i dr9k x new ) y 9 my ,fa!r's k+dom4#d ,accord+ to o!rs1 he promis$ !m soon a cele/ial fea/1 :]e !y w\ld be seat$ on ?rones at 8 side4#e ,footnote #a3 ,john xiii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,! disc\rses plac$ by ,john aft] ! n>rative ( ! ,la/ ,supp] _c be tak5 z hi/orical4 ,!y are full ( peculi>ities & ( expressions :i* are n 9 ! /yle ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus2 & :i*1 on ! contr>y1 are v simil> to ! habitual language ( ,john4 ,?us ! expression little *ildr5 9 ! vocative 7,john xiii4 #cc7 is v frequ5t 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john4 ,x does n appe> to h be5 famili> to ,jesus4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xiii4 #cc-ce1 xv4 #ab-ag4 ,footnote #c3 ,luke xxii4 #bd-bg4 ,cf4 ,john xiii4 #d1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #bi2 ,m>k xiv4 #be2 ,luke xxii4 #ah4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke xxii4 #bi1 #cj4 ,x seems t1 t[>d ! end ( ! ev5+1 ! pres5tim5ts ( ,jesus took hold ( ! disciples4 ,all felt t a v s]i\s dang] ?reat5$ ! ,ma/]1 & t !y 7 approa*+ a crisis4 ,at "o "t ,jesus ?\ght ( precautions1 & spoke ( swords4 ,!re 7 two 9 ! company4 ,x is en\gh1 said he4#a ,he did n1 h[ev]1 foll[ out ?is idea2 he saw cle>ly t timid prov9cials w\ld n /& be=e ! arm$ =ce ( ! great p[]s ( ,j]usalem4 ,pet]1 full ( zeal1 & feel+ sure ( himself1 swore t he w\ld g ) him to prison & to dea?4 ,jesus1 ) 8 usual acut5ess1 express$ d\bts ab\t him4 ,accord+ to a tradition1 :i* probably came f ,pet] himself1 ,jesus decl>$ t ,pet] w\ld d5y him be=e ! cr[+ ( ! cock4 ,all1 l ,pet]1 swore t !y w\ld rema9 fai?ful to him4#b ,footnote #a3 ,luke xxii4 #cf-ch4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ca1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xiv4 #bi1 & foll[+2 ,luke xxii4 #cc1 & foll[+2 ,john xiii4 #cf1 & foll[+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,arre/ ,,& ,,trial ,,( ,,jesus4 ,x 0 nightfall#a :5 !y left ! room4#b ,jesus1 accord+ to 8 cu/om1 pass$ ?r\gh ! valley ( ,k$ron2 &1 accompani$ by 8 disciples1 w5t to ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane1 at ! foot ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1#c & sat d[n !re4 ,ov]aw+ 8 fri5ds by 8 inh]5t greatness1 he wat*$ & pray$4 ,!y 7 sleep+ ne> him1 :5 all at once an arm$ troop appe>$ be>+ light$ tor*es4 ,x 0 ! gu>ds ( ! temple1 arm$ ) /aves1 a k9d ( police "u ! control ( ! prie/s4 ,!y 7 support$ by a deta*m5t ( ,roman soldi]s ) _! swords4 ,! ord] = ! arre/ emanat$ f ! high prie/ & ! ,sanh$rim4#d ,judas1 kn[+ ! habits ( ,jesus1 _h indicat$ ?is place z ! "o :]e he might mo/ easily be surpris$4 ,judas1 accord+ to ! unanim\s tradition ( ! e>lie/ times1 accompani$ ! deta*m5t himself2#e & accord+ to "s1#f he c>ri$ 8 hateful conduct ev5 to betray+ him by a kiss4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t !re 0 "s %[ ( resi/ance on ! "p ( ! disciples4#g ,"o ( !m 7,pet]1 accord+ to eye-witnesses#h7 drew 8 sword1 & w\nd$ ! e> ( "o ( ! s]vants ( ! high prie/1 nam$ ,mal*us4 ,jesus re/ra9$ ?is opposition1 & gave himself up to ! soldi]s4 ,weak & incapable ( effectual resi/ance1 especially aga9/ au?orities :o _h s mu* pre/ige1 ! disciples took flight1 & became disp]s$2 ,pet] & ,john alone did n lose sight ( _! ,ma/]4 ,ano!r unkn[n "y man foll[$ him1 cov]$ ) a light g>m5t4 ,!y s\ght to arre/ him1 b ! "y man fl$1 leav+ 8 tunic 9 ! h&s ( ! gu>ds4#i ,footnote #a3 ,john xiii4 #cj4 ,footnote #b3 ,! s++ ( a religi\s hymn1 relat$ by ,matt4 xxvi4 #cj1 & ,m>k xiv4 #bf1 proce$s f ! op9ion ent]ta9$ by ^! two evangeli/s t ! la/ repa/ ( ,jesus 0 ! ,pas*al fea/4 ,be=e & aft] ! ,pas*al fea/1 psalms 7 sung4 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,pesa*im1 cap4 ix4 hal4 #c1 & fol4 #aah a1 etc4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #cf2 ,m>k xiv4 #cb2 ,luke xxii4 #ci2 ,john xviii4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #dg2 ,m>k xiv4 #dc2 ,john xviii4 #c1 #ab4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #dg2 ,m>k xiv4 #dc2 ,luke xxii4 #dg2 ,john xviii4 #c2 ,acts i4 #af4 ,footnote #f3 ,?is is ! tradition ( ! synoptics4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ,john1 ,jesus decl>es himself4 ,footnote #g3 ,! two traditions are agre$ on ?is po9t4 ,footnote #h3 ,john xviii4 #aj4 ,footnote #i3 ,m>k xiv4 #ea1 #eb4 ,! c\rse :i* ! prie/s _h resolv$ to take aga9/ ,jesus 0 q 9 con=mity ) ! e/abli%$ law4 ,! proc$ure aga9/ ! corrupt] 7mesi?71 :o s\ght to injure ! purity ( religion1 is expla9$ 9 ! ,talmud1 ) details1 ! naive impud5ce ( :i* provokes a smile4 ,a judicial ambu% is !re made an ess5tial "p ( ! exam9ation ( crim9als4 ,:5 a man 0 accus$ ( be+ a corrupt]1 two witnesses 7 suborn$ :o 7 conceal$ beh9d a p>tition4 ,x 0 arrang$ to br+ ! accus$ into a contigu\s room1 :]e he c\ld be he>d by ^! two )\t 8 p]ceiv+ !m4 ,two c&les 7 light$ ne> him1 9 ord] t x might be satisfactorily prov$ t ! witnesses saw him4#a ,he 0 !n made to repeat 8 blasphemy1 & urg$ to retract x4 ,if he p]si/$1 ! witnesses :o _h he>d him conduct$ him to ! tribunal1 & he 0 /on$ to dea?4 ,! ,talmud adds1 t ?is 0 ! mann] 9 :i* !y treat$ ,jesus2 t he 0 condemn$ on ! fai? ( two witnesses :o _h be5 suborn$1 & t ! crime ( corruption is1 moreov]1 ! only "o = :i* ! witnesses are ?us prep>$4#b ,footnote #a3 ,9 crim9al matt]s1 eye-witnesses alone 7 admitt$4 ,mi%nah1 ,sanh$rim1 iv4 #e4 ,footnote #b3 ,talm4 ( ,j]us41 ,sanh$rim1 xiv4 #af2 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 same treatise1 #dc a1 #fg a4 ,cf4 ,%abba?1 #ajd b4 ,we le>n f ! disciples ( ,jesus !mselves t ! crime ) :i* _! ,ma/] 0 *>g$ 0 t ( corruption2#a & ap>t f "s m9utiae1 ! fruit ( ! rabb9ical imag9ation1 ! n>rative ( ! ,gospels corresponds exactly ) ! proc$ure describ$ by ! ,talmud4 ,! plan ( ! enemies ( ,jesus 0 to convict him1 by ! te/imony ( witnesses & by 8 own av[als1 ( blasphemy1 & ( outrage aga9/ ! ,mosaic religion1 to condemn him to dea? accord+ to law1 & !n to get ! condemnation sanction$ by ,pilate4 ,! prie/ly au?ority1 z we h already se51 0 9 reality entirely 9 ! h&s ( ,hanan4 ,! ord] = ! arre/ probably came f him4 ,x 0 be=e ?is p[]ful p]sonage t ,jesus 0 fir/ br\ght4#b ,hanan que/ion$ him z to 8 doctr9e & 8 disciples4 ,jesus1 ) prop] pride1 refus$ to ent] into long explanations4 ,he ref]r$ ,hanan to 8 tea*+s1 :i* _h be5 public2 he decl>$ he _h nev] held any secret doctr9e2 & desir$ ! ex-high prie/ to int]rogate ^? :o _h li/5$ to him4 ,?is answ] 0 p]fectly natural2 b ! exagg]at$ respect ) :i* ! old prie/ 0 surr\nd$ made x appe> audaci\s2 & "o ( ^? pres5t repli$ to x1 x is said1 by a bl[4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #fc2 ,john vii4 #ab1 #dg4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xviii4 #ac1 & foll[+4 ,?is circum/ance1 :i* we only f9d 9 ,john1 is ! /ronge/ pro( ( ! hi/oric value ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,pet] & ,john _h foll[$ _! ,ma/] to ! dwell+ ( ,hanan4 ,john1 :o 0 kn[n 9 ! h\se1 0 admitt$ )\t difficulty2 b ,pet] 0 /opp$ at ! entrance1 & ,john 0 oblig$ to beg ! port] to let him pass4 ,! night 0 cold4 ,pet] /opp$ 9 ! ante*amb]1 & approa*$ a brasi]1 ar\nd :i* ! s]vants 7 w>m+ !mselves4 ,he 0 soon recogniz$ z a disciple ( ! accus$4 ,! un=tunate man1 betray$ by 8 ,galilean acc5t1 & pe/]$ by que/ions f ! s]vants1 "o ( :om1 a k9sman ( ,mal*us1 _h se5 him at ,ge?semane1 d5i$ ?rice t he _h ev] _h ! lea/ connection ) ,jesus4 ,he ?\ght t ,jesus c\ld n he> him1 & nev] imag9$ t ?is c[>dice1 :i* he s\ght to hide by 8 dissimulation1 0 exce$+ly di%onorable4 ,b 8 bett] nature soon reveal$ to him ! fault he _h committ$4 ,a =tuit\s circum/ance1 ! cr[+ ( ! cock1 recall$ to him a rem>k t ,jesus _h made4 ,t\*$ to ! he>t1 he w5t out & wept bitt]ly4#a ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #fi1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xiv4 #ff1 & foll[+2 ,luke xxii4 #ed1 & foll[+2 ,john xviii4 #ae1 & foll[+1 #be1 & foll[+4 ,hanan1 al?\gh ! true au?or ( ! judicial murd] ab\t to be accompli%$1 _h n p[] to pron\nce ! s5t5ce ^u ,jesus2 he s5t him to 8 son-9-law1 ,kaiapha1 :o bore ! (ficial title4 ,?is man1 ! bl9d in/rum5t ( 8 fa!r-9-law1 w\ld naturally ratify ev]y?+ t _h be5 done4 ,! ,sanh$rim 0 assembl$ at 8 h\se4#a ,! inquiry comm5c$2 & sev]al witnesses1 prep>$ be=eh& accord+ to ! inquisitorial process describ$ 9 ! ,talmud1 appe>$ be=e ! tribunal4 ,! fatal s5t5ce :i* ,jesus _h really utt]$3 ,i am able to de/roy ! temple ( ,god & to build x 9 ?ree days1 0 cit$ by two witnesses4 ,to blaspheme ! temple ( ,god 01 accord+ to ! ,jewi% law1 to blaspheme ,god himself4#b ,jesus rema9$ sil5t1 & refus$ to expla9 ! incrim9at$ spee*4 ,if we may believe "o v]sion1 ! high prie/ !n adjur$ him to say if he 7 ! ,messiah2 ,jesus confess$ x1 & proclaim$ be=e ! assembly ! ne> approa* ( 8 heav5ly reign4#c ,! c\rage ( ,jesus1 :o _h resolv$ to die1 r5d]s ?is n>rative sup]flu\s4 ,x is probable t "h1 z :5 be=e ,hanan1 he rema9$ sil5t4 ,?is 0 9 g5]al 8 rule ( conduct dur+ 8 la/ mom5ts4 ,! s5t5ce 0 settl$2 & !y only s\ght = pretexts4 ,jesus felt ?is1 & did n und]take a useless def5se4 ,9 ! light ( or?odox ,judaism1 he 0 truly a blasphem]1 a de/roy] ( ! e/abli%$ wor%ip4 ,n[1 ^! crimes 7 puni%$ by ! law ) dea?4#d ,) "o voice1 ! assembly decl>$ him guilty ( a capital crime4 ,! memb]s ( ! c\ncil :o secretly lean$ to him1 7 abs5t or did n vote4#e ,! frivolity :i* *>act]izes old e/abli%$ ari/ocracies1 did n p]mit ! judges to reflect long ^u ! consequ5ces ( ! s5t5ce !y _h pass$4 ,human life 0 at t "t v lightly sacrific$2 d\btless ! memb]s ( ! ,sanh$rim did n dream t _! sons w\ld h to r5d] acc\nt to an angry po/]ity = ! s5t5ce pron\nc$ ) su* c>eless disda94 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xvi4 #eg2 ,m>k xiv4 #ec2 ,luke xxii4 #ff4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxiii4 #af1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #fd2 ,m>k xiv4 #fb2 ,luke xxii4 #fi4 ,john kn[s no?+ ( ?is sc5e4 ,footnote #d3 ,levit4 xxiv4 #ad1 & foll[+2 ,deut4 xiii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,luke xxiii4 #ej1 #ea4 ,! ,sanh$rim _h n ! "r to execute a s5t5ce ( dea?4#a ,b 9 ! confusion ( p[]s :i* !n reign$ 9 ,judea1 ,jesus 01 f t mom5t1 none ! less condemn$4 ,he rema9$ ! re/ ( ! night expos$ to ! ill-treatm5t ( an infam\s pack ( s]vants1 :o sp>$ him no indignity4#b ,footnote #a3 ,john xviii4 #ca2 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 ix4 #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxvi4 #fg1 #fh2 ,m>k xiv4 #fe2 ,luke xxii4 #fc-fe4 ,9 ! morn+ ! *ief prie/s & ! eld]s aga9 assembl$4#a ,! po9t 01 to get ,pilate to ratify ! condemnation pron\nc$ by ! ,sanh$rim1 :i*1 s9ce ! occupation ( ! ,romans1 0 no long] suffici5t4 ,! procurator 0 n inve/$1 l ! imp]ial legate1 ) ! disposal ( life & dea?4 ,b ,jesus 0 n a ,roman citiz52 x only requir$ ! au?orization ( ! gov]nor 9 ord] t ! s5t5ce pron\nc$ aga9/ him %\ld take its c\rse4 ,z always happ5s1 :5 a political p subjects a nation 9 :i* ! civil & ! religi\s laws are conf\nd$1 ! ,romans _h be5 br\ght to give to ! ,jewi% law a sort ( (ficial support4 ,! ,roman law did n apply to ,jews4 ,! latt] rema9$ "u ! canonical law :i* we f9d record$ 9 ! ,talmud1 j z ! ,arabs 9 ,alg]ia are /ill gov]n$ by ! code ( ,islamism4 ,al?\gh neutral 9 religion1 ! ,romans ?us v (t5 sanction$ p5alties inflict$ = religi\s faults4 ,! situation 0 ne>ly t ( ! sacr$ cities ( ,india "u ! ,engli% dom9ion1 or r t :i* w\ld be ! /ate ( ,damascus if ,syria 7 conqu]$ by a ,european nation4 ,josephus ass]ts1 ?\gh ?is may be d\bt$1 t if a ,roman trespass$ beyond ! pill>s :i* bore inscriptions =bidd+ pagans to advance1 ! ,romans !mselves w\ld h deliv]$ him to ! ,jews to be put to dea?4#b ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #a2 ,m>k xv4 #a2 ,luke xxii4 #ff1 xxiii4 #a2 ,john xviii #bh4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xv4 xi4 #e2 ,b4,j41 ,,vi4 ii4 #d4 ,! ag5ts ( ! prie/s !re=e b\nd ,jesus & l$ him to ! judgm5t-hall1 :i* 0 ! =m] palace ( ,h]od1#a adjo9+ ! ,t[] ( ,antonia4#b ,x 0 ! morn+ ( ! day on :i* ! ,pas*al lamb 0 to be eat5 7,friday ! #ad? ( ,nisan1 our #c;d ( ,april74 ,! ,jews w\ld h be5 defil$ by ent]+ ! judgm5t-hall1 & w\ld n h be5 able to %>e 9 ! sacr$ fea/4 ,!y !re=e rema9$ )\t4#c ,pilate be+ in=m$ ( _! pres5ce1 asc5d$ ! bima#d or tribunal1 situat$ 9 ! op5 air1#e at ! place nam$ ,gabba?a1 or 9 ,greek1 ,li?o/rotos1 on acc\nt ( ! pavem5t :i* cov]$ ! gr\nd4 ,footnote #a3 ,philo1 ,legatio ad ,caium1 ,sec4 #ch4 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 xiv4 #h4 ,footnote #b3 ,! exact place n[ occupi$ by ! s]aglio ( ! ,pa*a ( ,j]usalem4 ,footnote #c3 ,john xviii4 #bh4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,greek ^w ,greek3 ,bema _h pass$ into ! ,syro-,*aldaic4 ,footnote #e3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 ix4 #c1 xiv4 #h2 ,matt4 xxvii4 #bg2 ,john xviii4 #cc4 ,he _h sc>cely be5 in=m$ ( ! accusation1 be=e he display$ 8 annoyance at be+ mix$ up ) ?is affair4#a ,he !n %ut himself up 9 ! judgm5t-hall ) ,jesus4 ,!re a conv]sation took place1 ! precise details ( :i* are lo/1 no witness hav+ be5 able to repeat x to ! disciples1 b ! t5or ( :i* appe>s to h be5 well div9$ by ,john4 ,8 n>rative1 9 fact1 p]fectly accords ) :at hi/ory tea*es u ( ! mutual position ( ! two int]locutors4 ,footnote #a3 ,john xviii4 #bi4 ,! procurator1 ,pontius1 surnam$ ,pilate1 d\btless on acc\nt ( ! pilum or javel9 ( honor ) :i* he or "o ( 8 ance/ors 0 decorat$1#a _h hi!rto _h no relation ) ! new sect4 ,indiff]5t to ! int]nal qu>rels ( ! ,jews1 he only saw 9 all ^! movem5ts ( sect>ies1 ! results ( intemp]ate imag9ations & disord]$ bra9s4 ,9 g5]al1 he did n l ! ,jews1 b ! ,jews dete/$ him /ill m4 ,!y ?\ght him h>d1 scornful1 & passionate1 & accus$ him ( improbable crimes4#b ,footnote #a3 ,virg41 ,a,en41 ,,xii4 #aba2 ,m>tial1 ,epigr41 ,i4 xxxii41 ,x4 xlviii42 ,plut>*1 ,life ( ,romulus1 #bi4 ,comp>e ! ha/a pura1 a milit>y decoration4 ,orelli & ,h5z51 ,inscr4 ,lat41 ,nos4 #cegd1 #fheb1 etc4 ,pilatus is1 on ?is hypo!sis1 a ^w ( ! same =m z ,torquatus4 ,footnote #b3 ,philo1 ,leg4 ad ,caium1 ,sec4 #ch4 ,j]usalem1 ! c5tre ( a great national f]m5tation1 0 a v s$iti\s city1 & an insupportable abode = a =eign]4 ,! en?usia/s pret5d$ t x 0 a fix$ design ( ! new procurator to aboli% ! ,jewi% law4#a ,_! n>r[ fanaticism1 & _! religi\s hatr$s1 disgu/$ t broad s5tim5t ( ju/ice & civil gov]nm5t :i* ! humble/ ,roman c>ri$ ev]y:]e ) him4 ,all ! acts ( ,pilate :i* are kn[n to u1 %[ him to h be5 a good adm9i/rator4#b ,9 ! e>li] p]iod ( ! ex]cise ( 8 (fice1 he _h difficulties ) ^? subject to him :i* he _h solv$ 9 a v brutal mann]2 b x seems t ess5tially he 0 "r4 ,! ,jews mu/ h appe>$ to him a p beh9d ! age2 he d\btless judg$ !m z a lib]al prefect =m]ly judg$ ! ,bas-,bretons1 :o rebell$ = su* trifl+ matt]s z a new road1 or ! e/abli%m5t ( a s*ool4 ,9 8 be/ projects = ! good ( ! c\ntry1 notably 9 ^? relat+ to public works1 he _h enc\nt]$ an impassable ob/acle 9 ! ,law4 ,! ,law re/rict$ life to su* a degree t x oppos$ all *ange1 & all amelioration4 ,! ,roman /ructures1 ev5 ! mo/ useful ones1 7 objects ( great antipa?y on ! "p ( zeal\s ,jews4#c ,two votive escut*eons ) inscriptions1 :i* he _h set up at 8 resid5ce ne> ! sacr$ prec9cts1 provok$ a /ill m viol5t /orm4#d ,pilate at fir/ c>$ little = ^! susceptibilities2 & he 0 soon involv$ 9 sangu9>y suppressions ( revolt1#e :i* aft]w>d end$ 9 8 removal4#f ,! exp]i5ce ( s _m conflicts _h r5d]$ him v prud5t 9 8 relations ) ?is intractable p1 :i* av5g$ itself ^u its gov]nors by compell+ !m to use t[>d x hateful sev]ities4 ,! procurator saw himself1 ) extreme displeasure1 l$ to play a cruel "p 9 ?is new affair1 = ! sake ( a law he hat$4#g ,he knew t religi\s fanaticism1 :5 x has obta9$ ! sanction ( civil gov]nm5ts to "s act ( viol5ce1 is aft]w>d ! fir/ to ?r[ ! responsibility ^u ! gov]nm5t1 & almo/ accuses !m ( be+ ! au?or ( x4 ,supreme inju/ice2 = ! true culprit is1 9 su* cases1 ! in/igator6 ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 iii4 #a1 init4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 ii4-iv4 ,footnote #c3 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,%abba?1 #cc b4 ,footnote #d3 ,philo1 ,leg4 ad ,caium1 ,sec4 #ch4 ,footnote #e3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 iii4 #a & #b2 ,luke xiii4 #a4 ,footnote #f3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 iv4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #g3 ,john xviii4 #ce4 ,pilate1 !n1 w\ld h lik$ to save ,jesus4 ,p]haps ! dignifi$ & calm attitude ( ! accus$ made an impression ^u him4 ,accord+ to a tradition1#a ,jesus f\nd a support] 9 ! wife ( ! procurator himself4 ,%e may h se5 ! g5tle ,galilean f "s w9d[ ( ! palace1 ov]look+ ! c\rts ( ! temple4 ,p]haps %e _h se5 him aga9 9 h] dreams2 & ! idea t ! blood ( ?is beautiful "y man 0 ab\t to be spilt1 weigh$ ^u h] m9d4 ,c]ta9 x is t ,jesus f\nd ,pilate prepossess$ 9 8 favor4 ,! gov]nor que/ion$ him ) k9dness1 & ) ! desire to f9d an excuse = s5d+ him away p>don$4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ai4 ,! title ( ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 :i* ,jesus _h nev] tak5 ^u himself1 b :i* 8 enemies repres5t$ z ! sum & sub/ance ( 8 acts & pret5sions1 0 naturally t by :i* x 0 s\ght to excite ! suspicions ( ! ,roman au?ority4 ,!y accus$ him on ?is gr\nd ( s$ition1 & ( treason aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,no?+ c\ld be m unju/2 = ,jesus _h always recogniz$ ! ,roman gov]nm5t z ! e/abli%$ p[]4 ,b cons]vative religi\s bodies d n g5]ally %r9k f calumny4 ,not)/&+ 8 own explanation1 !y drew c]ta9 conclusions f 8 tea*+2 !y trans=m$ him into a disciple ( ,judas ! ,gaulonite2 !y pret5d$ t he =bade ! paym5t ( tribute to ,caes>4#a ,pilate ask$ him if he 0 really ! k+ ( ! ,jews4#b ,jesus conceal$ no?+ ( :at he ?\ght4 ,b ! great ambiguity ( spee* :i* _h be5 ! s\rce ( 8 /r5g?1 & :i*1 aft] 8 dea?1 0 to e/abli% 8 k+%ip1 injur$ him on ?is occasion4 ,an ideali/ t is to say1 n di/+ui%+ ! _s f ! sub/ance1 ,jesus1 ^: words1 to use ! image ( ! ,apocalypse1 7 z a two-edg$ sword1 nev] completely satisfi$ ! p[]s ( e>?4 ,if we may believe ,john1 he av[$ 8 royalty1 b utt]$ at ! same "t ?is pr(\nd s5t5ce3 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w4 ,he expla9$ ! nature ( 8 k+dom1 decl>+ t x consi/$ entirely 9 ! possession & proclamation ( tru?4 ,pilate und]/ood no?+ ( ?is gr& idealism4#c ,jesus d\btless impress$ him z be+ an in(f5sive dream]4 ,! total abs5ce ( religi\s & philosophical proselytism among ! ,romans ( ?is epo* made !m reg>d devotion to tru? z a *im]a4 ,su* discussions annoy$ !m1 & appe>$ to !m devoid ( mean+4 ,n p]ceiv+ ! elem5t ( dang] to ! empire t lay hidd5 9 ^! new speculations1 !y _h no reason to employ viol5ce aga9/ !m4 ,all _! displeasure fell ^u ^? :o ask$ !m to inflict puni%m5t = :at appe>$ to !m to be va9 subtleties4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft]1 ,gallio /ill adopt$ ! same c\rse t[>d ! ,jews4#d ,until ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 ! rule :i* ! ,romans adopt$ 9 adm9i/ration1 0 to rema9 completely indiff]5t to ^! sect>ian qu>rels4#e ,footnote #a3 ,luke xxiii4 #b1 #e4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #aa2 ,m>k xv4 #b2 ,luke xxiii4 #c2 ,john xviii4 #cc4 ,footnote #c3 ,john xviii4 #ch4 ,footnote #d3 ,acts xviii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,footnote #e3 ,tacitus 7,ann41 xv4 #dd7 describes ! dea? ( ,jesus z a political execution by ,pontius ,pilate4 ,b at ! epo* 9 :i* ,tacitus wrote1 ! ,roman policy t[>d ! ,*ri/ians 0 *ang$2 !y 7 held guilty ( secretly conspir+ aga9/ ! /ate4 ,x 0 natural t ! ,lat9 hi/orian %\ld believe t ,pilate1 9 putt+ ,jesus to dea?1 _h be5 actuat$ by a desire = ! public safety4 ,josephus is mu* m exact 7,ant41 ,,xviii4 iii4 #c47 ,an exp$i5t sugge/$ itself to ! m9d ( ! gov]nor by :i* he c\ld reconcile 8 own feel+s ) ! dem&s ( ! fanatical p1 ^: pressure he _h already s (t5 felt4 ,x 0 ! cu/om to deliv] a prison] to ! p at ! "t ( ! ,passov]4 ,pilate1 kn[+ t ,jesus _h only be5 arre/$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! jeal\sy ( ! prie/s1#a tri$ to obta9 = him ! b5efit ( ?is cu/om4 ,he appe>$ aga9 ^u ! bima1 & propos$ to ! multitude to release ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,! proposition made 9 ^! t]ms1 ?\gh ironical1 0 *>act]iz$ by a degree ( lib]ality4 ,! prie/s saw ! dang] ( x4 ,!y act$ promptly1#b & 9 ord] to combat ! proposition ( ,pilate1 !y sugge/$ to ! cr[d ! "n ( a prison] :o enjoy$ great popul>ity 9 ,j]usalem4 ,by a s+ul> co9cid5ce1 he also 0 call$ ,jesus1#c & bore ! surname ( ,b>-,abba1 or ,b>-,rabban4#d ,he 0 a well-kn[n p]sonage1#e & _h be5 arre/$ = tak+ "p 9 an upro> 9 :i* murd] _h be5 committ$4#f ,a g5]al clamor 0 rais$1 ,n ?is man2 b ,jesus ,b>-,rabban2 & ,pilate 0 oblig$ to release ,jesus ,b>-,rabban4 ,footnote #a3 ,m>k xv4 #aj4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #bj2 ,m>k xv4 #aa4 ,footnote #c3 ,! "n ( ,jesus has disappe>$ 9 ! great] "p ( ! manuscripts4 ,?is read+ has1 nev]!less1 v great au?orities 9 its favor4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #af4 ,footnote #e3 ,cf4 ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,9 ,matt4 xxvii4 #af4 ,footnote #f3 ,m>k xv4 #g2 ,luke xxiii4 #ai4 ,john 7xviii4 #dj71 :o makes him a robb]1 appe>s "h too mu* fur!r f ! tru? ?an ,m>k4 ,8 emb>rassm5t increas$4 ,he fe>$ t too mu* indulg5ce %[n to a prison]1 to :om 0 giv5 ! title ( ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 might compromise him4 ,fanaticism1 moreov]1 compels all p[]s to make t]ms ) x4 ,pilate ?\ght himself oblig$ to make "s concession2 b /ill hesitat+ to %$ blood1 9 ord] to satisfy m5 :om he hat$1 wi%$ to turn ! ?+ into a je/4 ,affect+ to laugh at ! pomp\s title !y _h giv5 to ,jesus1 he caus$ him to be sc\rg$4#a ,sc\rg+ 0 ! g5]al prelim9>y ( crucifixion4#b ,p]haps ,pilate wi%$ x to be believ$ t ?is s5t5ce _h already be5 pron\nc$1 hop+ t ! prelim9>y w\ld suffice4 ,!n took place 7accord+ to all ! n>ratives7 a revolt+ sc5e4 ,! soldi]s put a sc>let robe on 8 back1 a cr[n =m$ ( bran*es ( ?orns ^u 8 head1 & a re$ 9 8 h&4 ,?us attir$1 he 0 l$ to ! tribunal 9 front ( ! p4 ,! soldi]s defil$ be=e him1 /rik+ him 9 turn1 & knelt to him1 say+1 ,hail6 ,k+ ( ! ,jews4#c ,o!rs1 x is said1 spit ^u him1 & /ruck 8 head ) ! re$4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ,roman dignity c\ld /oop to acts s %ameful4 ,x is true t ,pilate1 9 ! capacity ( procurator1 _h "u 8 comm& sc>cely any b auxili>y troops4#d ,roman citiz5s1 z ! legion>ies 71 w\ld n h degrad$ !mselves by su* conduct4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #bf2 ,m>k xv4 #ae2 ,john xix4 #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 xiv4 #i1 ,v4 xi4 #a1 ,,vii4 vi4 #d2 ,titus-,livy1 ,,xxxiii4 #cf2 ,qu9tus ,curtius1 ,,vii4 xi4 #bh4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #bg1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xv4 #af1 & foll[+2 ,luke xxiii4 #aa2 ,john xix4 #b1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,inscript4 ,rom4 ( ,alg]ia1 ,no4 #e1 fragm4 ,b4 ,did ,pilate ?9k by ?is display t he fre$ himself f responsibility8 ,did he hope to turn aside ! bl[ :i* ?reat5$ ,jesus by conc$+ some?+ to ! hatr$ ( ! ,jews1#a & by sub/itut+ = ! tragic d5\em5t a grotesque t]m9ation1 to make x appe> t ! affair m]it$ no o!r issue8 ,if su* 7 8 idea1 x 0 unsuccessful4 ,! tumult increas$1 & became an op5 riot4 ,! cry ,crucify him6 crucify him6 res\nd$ f all sides4 ,! prie/s becom+ increas+ly urg5t1 decl>$ ! law 9 p]il if ! corrupt] 7 n puni%$ ) dea?4#b ,pilate saw cle>ly t to save ,jesus he w\ld h to put d[n a t]rible di/urbance4 ,he /ill tri$1 h[ev]1 to ga9 "t4 ,he return$ to ! judgm5t-hall1 & asc]ta9$ f :at c\ntry ,jesus came1 ) ! hope ( f9d+ a pretext = decl>+ 8 inability to adjudicate4#c ,accord+ to "o tradition1 he ev5 s5t ,jesus to ,antipas1 :o1 x is said1 0 !n at ,j]usalem4#d ,jesus took no "p 9 ^! well-meant ef=ts2 he ma9ta9$1 z he _h done be=e ,kaiapha1 a grave & dignifi$ sil5ce1 :i* a/oni%$ ,pilate4 ,! cries f )\t became m & m m5ac+4 ,! p _h already begun to d5\nce ! lack ( zeal 9 ! function>y :o protect$ an enemy ( ,caes>4 ,! greate/ adv]s>ies ( ! ,roman rule 7 sudd5ly trans=m$ into loyal subjects ( ,tib]ius1 t !y might h ! "r ( accus+ ! too tol]ant procurator ( treason4 ,we h no k+1 said !y1 b ,caes>4 ,if ?\ let ?is man g1 ?\ art n ,caes>'s fri5d3 :osoev] make? himself a k+ speake? aga9/ ,caes>4#e ,! feeble ,pilate yield$2 he =esaw ! report t 8 enemies w\ld s5d to ,rome1 9 :i* !y w\ld accuse him ( hav+ protect$ a rival ( ,tib]ius4 ,once be=e1 9 ! matt] ( ! votive escut*eons1#f ! ,jews _h writt5 to ! emp]or1 & _h receiv$ satisfaction4 ,he fe>$ = 8 (fice4 ,by a compliance1 :i* 0 to deliv] 8 "n to ! scorn ( hi/ory1 he yield$1 ?r[+1 x is said1 ^u ! ,jews all ! responsibility ( :at 0 ab\t to happ54 ,! latt]1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ians1 fully accept$ x1 by exclaim+1 ,8 blood be on u & on our *ildr56#g ,footnote #a3 ,luke xxiii4 #af1 #bb4 ,footnote #b3 ,john xix4 #g4 ,footnote #c3 ,john xix4 #i4 ,cf4 ,luke xxiii4 #f1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #d3 ,x is probable t ?is is a fir/ attempt at a ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels4 ,luke mu/ h _h be=e him a n>rative 9 :i* ! dea? ( ,jesus 0 errone\sly attribut$ to ,h]od4 ,9 ord] n to sacrifice ?is v]sion entirely he mu/ h comb9$ ! two traditions4 ,:at makes ?is m likely is1 t he probably _h a vague k t ,jesus 7z ,john tea*es u7 appe>$ be=e ?ree au?orities4 ,9 _m o!r cases1 ,luke seems to h a remote idea ( ! facts :i* are peculi> to ! n>ration ( ,john4 ,moreov]1 ! ?ird ,gospel conta9s 9 its hi/ory ( ! ,crucifixion a s]ies ( additions :i* ! au?or appe>s to h drawn f a m rec5t docum5t1 & :i* _h evid5tly be5 arrang$ ) a special view to edification4 ,footnote #e3 ,john xix4 #ab1 #ae4 ,cf4 ,luke xxiii4 #b4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! exactitude ( ! description ( ?is sc5e 9 ! evangeli/s1 see ,philo1 ,leg4 ad ,caium1 ,sec4 #ch4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ante1 p4 #cea4 ,footnote #g3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #bd1 #be4 ,7 ^! words really utt]$8 ,we may d\bt x4 ,b !y are ! expression ( a pr(\nd hi/orical tru?4 ,consid]+ ! attitude :i* ! ,romans _h tak5 9 ,judea1 ,pilate c\ld sc>cely h act$ o!rwise4 ,h[ _m s5t5ces ( dea? dictat$ by religi\s intol]ance h be5 extort$ f ! civil p[]6 ,! k+ ( ,spa91 :o1 9 ord] to please a fanatical cl]gy1 deliv]$ hundr$s ( 8 subjects to ! /ake1 0 m blameable ?an ,pilate1 = he repres5t$ a m absolute p[] ?an t ( ! ,romans at ,j]usalem4 ,:5 ! civil p[] becomes p]secut+ or m$dlesome at ! solicitation ( ! prie/hood1 x proves its weakness4 ,b let ! gov]nm5t t is )\t s9 9 ?is respect ?r[ ! fir/ /one at ,pilate4 ,! secul> arm1 beh9d :i* cl]ical cruelty %elt]s itself1 is n ! culprit4 ,no "o has a "r to say t he has a horror ( blood :5 he causes x to be %$ by 8 s]vants4 ,x 01 !n1 nei!r ,tib]ius nor ,pilate :o condemn$ ,jesus4 ,x 0 ! old ,jewi% p>ty2 x 0 ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,accord+ to our mod]n ideas1 !re is no transmission ( moral dem]it f fa!r to son2 no "o is acc\ntable to human or div9e ju/ice except = t :i* he himself has done4 ,consequ5tly1 e ,jew :o suff]s to-day = ! murd] ( ,jesus has a "r to compla91 = he might h act$ z did ,simon ! ,cyr5ean2 at any rate1 he might n h be5 ) ^? :o cri$ ,crucify him6 ,b nations1 l individuals1 h _! responsibilities1 & if ev] crime 0 ! crime ( a nation1 x 0 ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,?is dea? 0 legal 9 ! s5se t x 0 prim>ily caus$ by a law :i* 0 ! v s\l ( ! nation4 ,! ,mosaic law1 9 its mod]n1 b /ill 9 its accept$ =m1 pron\nc$ ! p5alty ( dea? aga9/ all attempts to *ange ! e/abli%$ wor%ip4 ,n[1 !re is no d\bt t ,jesus attack$ ?is wor%ip1 & aspir$ to de/roy x4 ,! ,jews express$ ?is to ,pilate ) a tru?ful simplicity3 ,we h a law1 & by our law he ought to die2 because he has made himself ! ,son ( ,god4#a ,! law 0 dete/able1 b x 0 ! law ( anci5t f]ocity2 & ! h]o :o (f]$ himself 9 ord] to abrogate x1 _h fir/ ( all to endure its p5alty4 ,footnote #a3 ,john xix4 #g4 ,alas6 x has requir$ m ?an eighte5 hundr$ ye>s = ! blood t he %$ to be> its fruits4 ,tortures & dea? h be5 inflict$ = ages 9 ! "n ( ,jesus1 on ?9k]s z noble z himself4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 9 c\ntries :i* call !mselves ,*ri/ian1 p5alties are pron\nc$ = religi\s (f5ces4 ,jesus is n responsible = ^! errors4 ,he c\ld n =esee t p1 ) mi/ak5 imag9ations1 w\ld "o day imag9e him z a frightful ,molo*1 gre$y ( burnt fle%4 ,*ri/ianity has be5 intol]ant1 b intol]ance is n ess5tially a ,*ri/ian fact4 ,x is a ,jewi% fact 9 ! s5se t x 0 ,judaism :i* fir/ introduc$ ! !ory ( ! absolute 9 religion1 & laid d[n ! pr9ciple t e innovator1 ev5 if he br+s miracles to support 8 doctr9e1 ought to be /on$ )\t trial4#a ,! pagan _w has also _h its religi\s viol5ces4 ,b if x _h _h ?is law1 h[ w\ld x h become ,*ri/ian8 ,! ,p5tateu* has ?us be5 9 ! _w ! fir/ code ( religi\s t]rorism4 ,judaism has giv5 ! example ( an immutable dogma arm$ ) ! sword4 ,if1 in/ead ( pursu+ ! ,jews ) a bl9d hatr$1 ,*ri/ianity _h aboli%$ ! regime :i* kill$ its f\nd]1 h[ mu* m consi/5t w\ld x h be56--h[ mu* bett] w\ld x h des]v$ ( ! human race6 ,footnote #a3 ,deut4 xiii4 #a1 & foll[+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,jesus4 ,al?\gh ! real motive = ! dea? ( ,jesus 0 entirely religi\s1 8 enemies _h succe$$1 9 ! judgm5t-hall1 9 repres5t+ him z guilty ( treason aga9/ ! /ate2 !y c\ld n h obta9$ f ! sceptical ,pilate a condemnation simply on ! gr\nd ( het]odoxy4 ,consi/5tly ) ?is idea1 ! prie/s dem&$1 ?r\gh ! p1 ! crucifixion ( ,jesus4 ,?is puni%m5t 0 n ,jewi% 9 its orig92 if ! condemnation ( ,jesus _h be5 purely ,mosaic1 he w\ld h be5 /on$4#a ,crucifixion 0 a ,roman puni%m5t1 res]v$ = slaves1 & = cases 9 :i* x 0 wi%$ to add to dea? ! aggravation ( ignom9y4 ,9 apply+ x to ,jesus1 !y treat$ him z !y treat$ highway robb]s1 brig&s1 b&its1 or ^? enemies ( inf]ior rank to :om ! ,romans did n grant ! honor ( dea? by ! sword4#b ,x 0 ! *im]ical ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 n ! het]odox dogmati/1 :o 0 puni%$4 ,foll[+ out ! same idea1 ! execution 0 left to ! ,romans4 ,we "k t among/ ! ,romans1 ! soldi]s1 _! pr(ession be+ to kill1 p]=m$ ! (fice ( execution]s4 ,jesus 0 !re=e deliv]$ to a cohort ( auxili>y troops1 & all ! mo/ hateful features ( executions introduc$ by ! cruel habits ( ! new conqu]ors1 7 exhibit$ t[>d him4 ,x 0 ab\t noon4#c ,!y re-clo!d him ) ! g>m5ts :i* !y _h remov$ = ! f>ce enact$ at ! tribunal1 & z ! cohort _h already 9 res]ve two ?ieves :o 7 to be execut$1 ! ?ree prison]s 7 tak5 toge!r1 & ! procession set out = ! place ( execution4 ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 ix4 #a4 ,! ,talmud1 :i* repres5ts ! condemnation ( ,jesus z entirely religi\s1 decl>es1 9 fact1 t he 0 /on$2 or1 at lea/1 t aft] hav+ be5 hang$1 he 0 /on$1 z (t5 happ5$ 7,mi%nah1 ,sanh$rim1 vi4 #d47 ,talmud ( ,j]usalem1 ,sanh$rim1 xiv4 #af4 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 same treatise1 #dc a1 #fg a4 ,footnote #b3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xvii4 x4 #aj1 ,,xx4 vi4 #b2 ,b4,j41 ,v4 xi4 #a2 ,apuleius1 ,metam41 iii4 #i2 ,suetonius1 ,galba1 #i2 ,lampridius1 ,alex4 ,sev41 #bc4 ,footnote #c3 ,john xix4 #ad4 ,accord+ to ,m>k xv4 #be1 x c\ld sc>cely h be5 eight o'clock 9 ! morn+1 s9ce t evangeli/ relates t ,jesus 0 crucifi$ at n9e o'clock4 ,! sc5e ( ! execution 0 at a place call$ ,golgo?a1 situat$ outside ,j]usalem1 b ne> ! walls ( ! city4#a ,! "n ,golgo?a signifies a skull2 x corresponds ) ! ,fr5* ^w ,*aumont1 & probably designat$ a b>e hill or ris+ gr\nd1 hav+ ! =m ( a bald skull4 ,! situation ( ?is hill is n precisely kn[n4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly on ! nor? or nor?we/ ( ! city1 9 ! high1 irregul> pla9 :i* ext5ds betwe5 ! walls & ! two valleys ( ,k$ron & ,h9nom1#b a r un9t]e/+ region1 & made /ill worse by ! objectionable circum/ances aris+ f ! neighborhood ( a great city4 ,x is difficult to id5tify ,golgo?a z ! precise place :i*1 s9ce ,con/ant9e1 has be5 v5]at$ by entire ,*ri/5dom4#c ,?is place is too mu* 9 ! int]ior ( ! city1 & we are l$ to believe t1 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 x 0 compris$ )9 ! circuit ( ! walls4#d ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #cc2 ,m>k xv4 #bb2 ,john xix4 #bj2 ,heb4 xiii4 #ab4 ,footnote #b3 ,golgo?a1 9 fact1 seems n entirely unconnect$ ) ! hill ( ,g>eb & ! locality ( ,goa?1 m5tion$ 9 ,j]emiah xxxi4 #ci4 ,n[1 ^! two places appe> to h be5 at ! nor?we/ ( ! city4 ,i %\ld incl9e to fix ! place :]e ,jesus 0 crucifi$ ne> ! extreme corn] :i* ! exi/+ wall makes t[>d ! we/1 or p]haps ^u ! m\nds :i* comm& ! valley ( ,h9nom1 above ,birket-,mamilla4 ,footnote #c3 ,! pro(s by :i* x has be5 attempt$ to e/abli% t ! ,holy ,sepul*re has be5 displac$ s9ce ,con/ant9e are n v /rong4 ,footnote #d3 ,m4 de ,voguee has discov]$1 ab\t #hc y>ds to ! ea/ ( ! traditional site ( ,calv>y1 a fragm5t ( a ,jewi% wall analog\s to t ( ,hebron1 :i*1 if x belongs to ! inclosure ( ! "t ( ,jesus1 w\ld leave ! above-m5tion$ site outside ! city4 ,! exi/5ce ( a sepul*ral cave 7t :i* is call$ ,tomb ( ,joseph ( ,arima!a71 "u ! wall ( ! cupola ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 w\ld also lead to ! supposition t ?is place 0 outside ! walls4 ,two hi/orical consid]ations1 "o ( :i* is r /rong1 may1 moreov]1 be invok$ 9 favor ( ! tradition4 ,! fir/ is1 t x w\ld be s+ul> if ^?1 :o1 "u ,con/ant9e1 s\ght to det]m9e ! topography ( ! ,gospels1 _h n hesitat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! objection :i* results f ,john xix4 #bj1 & f ,heb4 xiii4 #ab4 ,:y1 be+ free to *oose1 %\ld !y h wantonly expos$ !mselves to s grave a difficulty8 ,! second consid]ation is1 t !y might h _h to guide !m1 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 ! rema9s ( an edifice1 ! temple ( ,v5us on ,golgo?a1 erect$ by ,adrian4 ,we are1 !n1 at times l$ to believe t ! "w ( ! dev\t topograph]s ( ! "t ( ,con/ant9e 0 e>ne/ & s9c]e1 t !y s\ght = indications1 & t1 ?\gh !y might n refra9 f c]ta9 pi\s frauds1 !y 7 guid$ by analogies4 ,if !y _h m]ely foll[$ a va9 caprice1 !y might h plac$ ,golgo?a 9 a m conspicu\s situation1 at ! summit ( "s ( ! neighbor+ hills ab\t ,j]usalem1 9 accordance ) ! ,*ri/ian imag9ation1 :i* v e>ly ?\ght t ! dea? ( ,*ri/ _h tak5 place on a m\nta94 ,b ! difficulty ( ! inclosures is v s]i\s4 ,let u add1 t ! erection ( a temple ( ,v5us on ,golgo?a proves little4 ,eusebius 7,vita ,con/41 iii4 #bf71 ,socrates 7,h4,e41 i4 #ag71 ,sozom5 7,h4,e41 ii4 #a71 ,/4 ,j]ome 7,epi/4 xlix41 ad ,paul9471 say1 inde$1 t !re 0 a sanctu>y ( ,v5us on ! site :i* !y imag9$ to be t ( ! holy tomb2 b x is n c]ta9 t ,adrian _h erect$ x2 or t he _h erect$ x 9 a place :i* 0 9 8 "t call$ ,golgo?a2 or t he _h int5d$ to erect x at ! place :]e ,jesus _h suff]$ dea?4 ,he :o 0 condemn$ to ! cross1 _h himself to c>ry ! in/rum5t ( 8 execution4#a ,b ,jesus1 physically weak] ?an 8 two companions1 c\ld n c>ry 84 ,! troop met a c]ta9 ,simon ( ,cyr5e1 :o 0 return+ f ! c\ntry1 & ! soldi]s1 ) ! (f-h& proc$ure ( =eign g>risons1 =c$ him to c>ry ! fatal tree4 ,p]haps !y made use ( a recogniz$ "r ( =c+ labor1 ! ,romans n be+ all[$ to c>ry ! infam\s wood4 ,x seems t ,simon 0 aft]w>d ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,8 two sons1 ,alex&] & ,rufus1#b 7 well kn[n 9 x4 ,he relat$ p]haps m ?an "o circum/ance ( :i* he _h be5 witness4 ,no disciple 0 at ?is mom5t ne> to ,jesus4#c ,footnote #a3 ,plut>*1 ,de ,s]a ,num4 ,v9d41 #ai2 ,artemidorus1 ,onirocrit41 ii4 #ef4 ,footnote #b3 ,m>k xv4 #ba4 ,footnote #c3 ,! circum/ance1 ,luke xxiii4 #bg-ca1 is "o ( ^? 9 :i* we are s5sible ( ! "w ( a pi\s & lov+ imag9ation4 ,! words :i* are !re attribut$ to ,jesus c\ld only h be5 writt5 aft] ! siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,! place ( execution 0 at la/ rea*$4 ,accord+ to ,jewi% cu/om1 ! suff]]s 7 (f]$ a /rong aromatic w9e1 an intoxicat+ dr9k1 :i*1 ?r\gh a s5tim5t ( pity1 0 giv5 to ! condemn$ 9 ord] to /upefy him4#a ,x appe>s t ! ladies ( ,j]usalem (t5 br\ght ?is k9d ( w9e to ! un=tunates :o 7 l$ to execution2 :5 none 0 pres5t$ by !m1 x 0 pur*as$ f ! public treasury4#b ,jesus1 aft] hav+ t\*$ ! edge ( ! cup ) 8 lips1 refus$ to dr9k4#c ,?is m\rnful consolation ( ord9>y suff]]s did n accord ) 8 exalt$ nature4 ,he pref]r$ to quit life ) p]fect cle>ness ( m9d1 & to await 9 full consci\sness ! dea? he _h will$ & br\ght ^u himself4 ,he 0 !n dive/$ ( 8 g>m5ts1#d & fa/5$ to ! cross4 ,! cross 0 compos$ ( two beams1 ti$ 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,t4#e ,x 0 n mu* elevat$1 s t ! feet ( ! condemn$ almo/ t\*$ ! e>?4 ,!y comm5c$ by fix+ x1#f !n !y fa/5$ ! suff]] to x by driv+ nails into 8 h&s2 ! feet 7 (t5 nail$1 ?\gh sometimes only b\nd ) cords4#g ,a piece ( wood 0 fa/5$ to ! upright portion ( ! cross1 t[>d ! middle1 & pass$ betwe5 ! legs ( ! condemn$1 :o re/$ ^u x4#h ,)\t t1 ! h&s w\ld h be5 torn & ! body w\ld h sunk d[n4 ,at o!r times1 a small horizontal re/ 0 fix$ b5ea? ! feet1 & su/a9$ !m4#i ,footnote #a3 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,sanh$rim1 fol4 #dc a4 ,comp4 ,prov4 xxi4 #f4 ,footnote #b3 ,talm4 ( ,bab41 ,sanh$rim1 l4c4 ,footnote #c3 ,m>k xv4 #bc2 ,matt4 xxvii4 #cd1 falsifies ?is detail1 9 ord] to create a ,messianic allusion f ,ps4 lxix4 #bj4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ce2 ,m>k xv4 #bd2 ,john xix4 #bc4 ,cf4 ,artemidorus1 ,onirocr41 ii4 #ec4 ,footnote #e3 ,lucian1 ,jud4 ,voc41 #ab4 ,comp>e ! grotesque crucifix trac$ at ,rome on a wall ( ,m\nt ,palat9e4 ,civilta ,cattolica1 fasc4 clxi4 p4 #ebi1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #f3 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,vii4 vi4 #d2 ,cic41 ,9 ,v]r41 v4 #ff2 ,x5oph4 ,ephes41 ,ephesiaca1 iv4 #b4 ,footnote #g3 ,luke xxiv4 #ci2 ,john xx4 #be-bg2 ,plautus1 ,mo/ell>ia1 ,,ii4 i4 #ac2 ,lucan41 ,ph>s41 vi4 #edc1 & foll[+1 #edg2 ,ju/91 ,dial4 cum ,tryph41 #ig2 ,t]tullian1 ,adv4 ,m>cionem1 iii4 #ai4 ,footnote #h3 ,ir5aeus1 ,adv4 ,ha]41 ii4 #bd2 ,ju/91 ,dial4 cum ,tryphone1 #ia4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ! graffito quot$ be=e4 ,jesus ta/$ ^! horrors 9 all _! atrocity4 ,a burn+ ?ir/1 "o ( ! tortures ( crucifixion1#a dev\r$ him1 & he ask$ to dr9k4 ,!re /ood ne>1 a cup ( ! ord9>y dr9k ( ! ,roman soldi]s1 a mixture ( v9eg> & wat]1 call$ posca4 ,! soldi]s _h to c>ry ) !m _! posca on all _! exp$itions1#b ( :i* an execution 0 consid]$ "o4 ,a soldi] dipp$ a sponge 9 ?is dr9k1 put x at ! end ( a re$1 & rais$ x to ! lips ( ,jesus1 :o suck$ x4#c ,! two robb]s 7 crucifi$1 "o on ea* side4 ,! execution]s1 to :om 7 usually left ! small effects 7pannicul>ia7 ( ^? execut$1#d drew lots = 8 g>m5ts1 &1 seat$ at ! foot ( ! cross1 kept gu>d ov] him4#e ,accord+ to "o tradition1 ,jesus pron\nc$ ?is s5t5ce1 :i* 0 9 8 he>t if n ^u 8 lips3 ,fa!r1 =give !m1 = !y "k n :at !y d4#f ,footnote #a3 ,see ! ,arab text publi%$ by ,koseg>t51 ,*re/4 ,arab41 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #b3 ,sp>tianus1 ,life ( ,adrian1 #aj2 ,vulcatius ,gallicanus1 ,life ( ,avidius ,cassius1 #e4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #dh2 ,m>k xv4 #cf2 ,luke xxiii4 #cf2 ,john xix4 #bh-cj4 ,footnote #d3 ,dig41 ,,xlvii4 xx41 ,de bonis damnat41 #f4 ,adrian limit$ ?is cu/om4 ,footnote #e3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #cf4 ,cf4 ,petronius1 ,satyr41 cxi41 cxii4 ,footnote #f3 ,luke xxiii4 #cd4 ,9 g5]al1 ! la/ words attribut$ to ,jesus1 especially su* z ,luke records1 are op5 to d\bt4 ,! desire to edify or to %[ ! accompli%m5t ( prophecies is p]ceptible4 ,9 ^! cases1 moreov]1 e "o he>s 9 8 own way4 ,! la/ words ( celebrat$ prison]s1 condemn$ to dea?1 are always collect$ 9 two or ?ree entirely diff]5t %apes1 by ev5 ! ne>e/ witnesses4 ,accord+ to ! ,roman cu/om1 a writ+ 0 atta*$ to ! top ( ! cross1 be>+1 9 ?ree languages1 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat91 ! words3 ,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,! ,,jews4 ,!re 0 some?+ pa9ful & insult+ to ! nation 9 ?is inscription4 ,! num]\s pass]s-by :o read x 7 (f5d$4 ,! prie/s compla9$ to ,pilate t he ought to h adopt$ an inscription :i* w\ld h impli$ simply t ,jesus _h call$ himself ,k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,b ,pilate1 already tir$ ( ! :ole affair1 refus$ to make any *ange 9 :at _h be5 writt54#a ,footnote #a3 ,john xix4 #ai-bb4 ,8 disciples _h fl$4 ,john1 nev]!less1 decl>es himself to h be5 pres5t1 & to h rema9$ /&+ at ! foot ( ! cross dur+ ! :ole "t4#a ,x may be affirm$1 ) m c]ta9ty1 t ! devot$ wom5 ( ,galilee1 :o _h foll[$ ,jesus to ,j]usalem & cont9u$ to t5d him1 did n ab&on him4 ,m>y ,cleophas1 ,m>y ,magdal51 ,joanna1 wife ( ,kh\za1 ,salome1 & o!rs1 /ay$ at a c]ta9 di/ance1#b & did n lose sight ( him4#c ,if we mu/ believe ,john1#d ,m>y1 ! "m ( ,jesus1 0 also at ! foot ( ! cross1 & ,jesus see+ 8 "m & 8 belov$ disciple toge!r1 said to ! "o1 ,behold ?y "m6 & to ! o!r1 ,behold ?y son6 ,b we d n und]/& h[ ! synoptics1 :o "n ! o!r wom51 %\ld h omitt$ h] ^: pres5ce 0 s /rik+ a feature4 ,p]haps ev5 ! extreme elevation ( ! "* ( ,jesus does n r5d] su* p]sonal emotion probable1 at ! mom5t :51 solely preoccupi$ by 8 "w1 he no long] exi/$ except = humanity4#e ,footnote #a3 ,john xix4 #be1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,! synoptics are agre$ 9 plac+ ! fai?ful gr\p af> (f ! cross4 ,john says1 at ! side (1 gov]n$ by ! desire :i* he has ( repres5t+ himself z hav+ approa*$ v ne> to ! cross ( ,jesus4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ee1 #ef2 ,m>k xv4 #dj1 #da2 ,luke xxiii4 #di1 #ee2 xxiv4 #aj2 ,john xix4 #be4 ,cf4 ,luke xxiii4 #bg-ca4 ,footnote #d3 ,john xix4 #be1 & foll[+4 ,luke1 :o always adopts a middle c\rse betwe5 ! fir/ two synoptics & ,john1 m5tions also1 b at a di/ance1 all 8 acqua9tance 7xxiii4 #di74 ,! expression1 ,greek3 gno/oi1 may1 x is true1 mean k9dr$4 ,luke1 nev]!less 7ii4 #dd71 di/+ui%es ! ,greek3 gno/oi f ! ,greek3 sung5eis4 ,let u add1 t ! be/ manuscripts be> ,greek3 oi gno/oi auto1 & n ,greek3 oi gno/oi aut\4 ,9 ! ,acts 7i4 #ad71 ,m>y1 "m ( ,jesus1 is also plac$ 9 company ) ! ,galilean wom52 else:]e 7,gospel1 *ap4 ii4 #ce71 ,luke pr$icts t a sword ( grief w pi]ce h] s\l4 ,b ?is r5d]s 8 omission ( h] at ! cross ! less explicable4 ,footnote #e3 ,?is is1 9 my op9ion1 "o ( ^? features 9 :i* ,john betrays 8 p]sonality & ! desire he has ( giv+ himself importance4 ,john1 aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus1 appe>s 9 fact to h receiv$ ! "m ( 8 ,ma/] into 8 h\se1 & to h adopt$ h] 7,john xix4 #bg47 ,! great consid]ation :i* ,m>y enjoy$ 9 ! e>ly *ur*1 d\btless l$ ,john to pret5d t ,jesus1 ^: favorite disciple he wi%$ to be reg>d$1 _h1 :5 dy+1 recomm5d$ to 8 c>e all t 0 de>e/ to him4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is preci\s tru/ ne> ,john1 insur$ him a k9d ( prec$5ce ov] ! o!r apo/les1 & gave 8 doctr9e a high au?ority4 ,ap>t f ?is small gr\p ( wom51 ^: pres5ce consol$ him1 ,jesus _h be=e him only ! spectacle ( ! bas5ess or /upidity ( humanity4 ,! pass]s-by insult$ him4 ,he he>d ar\nd him fooli% sc(fs1 & 8 greate/ cries ( pa9 turn$ into hateful je/s3 ,he tru/$ 9 ,god2 let him deliv] him n[1 if he w h him3 = he said1 ,i am ! ,son ( ,god4 ,he sav$ o!rs1 !y said aga92 himself he _c save4 ,if he be ! k+ ( ,israel1 let him n[ come d[n f ! cross1 & we w believe him6 ,ah1 ?\ t de/roye/ ! temple1 & builde/ x 9 ?ree days1 save ?yself4#a ,"s1 vaguely acqua9t$ ) 8 apocalyptic ideas1 ?\ght !y he>d him call ,elias1 & said1 ,let u see :e!r ,elias w come to save him4 ,x appe>s t ! two crucifi$ ?ieves at 8 side also insult$ him4#b ,! sky 0 d>k2#c & ! e>?1 z 9 all ! environs ( ,j]usalem1 dry & gloomy4 ,= a mom5t1 accord+ to c]ta9 n>ratives1 8 he>t fail$ him2 a cl\d hid f him ! face ( 8 ,fa!r2 he endur$ an agony ( despair a ?\s& times m acute ?an all 8 torture4 ,he saw only ! +ratitude ( m52 he p]haps rep5t$ suff]+ = a vile race1 & exclaim$3 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\ =sak5 me8 ,b 8 div9e in/9ct /ill prevail$4 ,9 ! degree t ! life ( ! body became ext+ui%$1 8 s\l became cle>1 & return$ by degrees to its cele/ial orig94 ,he rega9$ ! idea ( 8 mission2 he saw 9 8 dea? ! salvation ( ! _w2 he lo/ sight ( ! hide\s spectacle spread at 8 feet1 &1 pr(\ndly unit$ to 8 ,fa!r1 he began ^u ! gibbet ! div9e life :i* he 0 to live 9 ! he>t ( humanity ?r\gh inf9ite ages4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #dj1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xv4 #bi1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #dd2 ,m>k xv4 #cb4 ,luke has "h modifi$ ! tradition1 9 accordance ) 8 ta/e = ! conv]sion ( s9n]s4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #de2 ,m>k xv4 #cc2 ,luke xxiii4 #dd4 ,! peculi> atrocity ( crucifixion 0 t "o might live ?ree or f\r days 9 ?is horrible /ate ^u ! in/rum5t ( torture4#a ,! haemorrhage f ! h&s quickly /opp$1 & 0 n mortal4 ,! true cause ( dea? 0 ! unnatural position ( ! body1 :i* br\ght on a frightful di/urbance ( ! circulation1 t]rible pa9s ( ! head & he>t1 &1 at l5g?1 rigidity ( ! limbs4 ,^? :o _h a /rong con/itution only di$ ( hung]4#b ,! idea :i* sugge/$ ?is cruel puni%m5t 0 n directly to kill ! condemn$ by positive injuries1 b to expose ! slave nail$ by ! h& ( :i* he _h n kn[n h[ to make good use1 & to let him rot on ! wood4 ,! delicate organization ( ,jesus pres]v$ him f ?is sl[ agony4 ,ev]y?+ leads to ! belief t ! in/antane\s rupture ( a vessel 9 ! he>t br\ght him1 at ! end ( ?ree h\rs1 to a sudd5 dea?4 ,"s mom5ts be=e yield+ up 8 s\l1 8 voice 0 /ill /rong4#c ,all at once1 he utt]$ a t]rible cry1#d :i* "s he>d z3 ,fa!r1 into ?y h&s ,i comm5d my _s6 b :i* o!rs1 m preoccupi$ ) ! accompli%m5t ( prophecies1 r5d]$ by ! words1 ,x is f9i%$6 ,8 head fell ^u 8 brea/1 & he expir$4 ,footnote #a3 ,petronius1 ,sat41 cxi41 & foll[+2 ,orig51 ,9 ,matt4 ,comm5t4 s]ies1 #adj ,arab text publi%$ 9 ,koseg>t51 op4 cit41 p4 #fc1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,eusebius1 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 viii4 #h4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #df2 ,m>k xv4 #cd4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #ej2 ,m>k xv4 #cg2 ,luke xxiii4 #df2 ,john xix4 #cj4 ,re/ n[ 9 ?y glory1 noble initiator4 ,?y "w is complet$2 ?y div9ity is e/abli%$4 ,fe> no m to see ! edifice ( ?y ef=ts crumble ?r\gh a flaw4 ,h5ce=?1 beyond ! rea* ( frailty1 ?\ %alt be pres5t1 f ! height ( ?y div9e peace1 9 ! inf9ite consequ5ces ( ?y acts4 ,at ! price ( a few h\rs ( suff]+1 :i* h n ev5 t\*$ ?y great s\l1 ?\ ha/ pur*as$ ! mo/ complete immortality4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ! _w w extol !e4 ,bann] ( our contradictions1 ?\ wilt be ! sign ar\nd :i* w be f\ght ! fi]ce/ battles4 ,a ?\s& times m liv+1 a ?\s& times m lov$ s9ce ?y dea? ?an dur+ ! days ( ?y pilgrimage "h bel[1 ?\ wilt become to su* a degree ! corn]-/one ( humanity1 t to te> ?y "n f ?is _w w\ld be to %ake x to its f\ndations4 ,betwe5 !e & ,god1 m5 w no long] di/+ui%4 ,complete conqu]or ( dea?1 take possession ( ?y k+dom1 :i!r1 by ! royal road ?\ has trac$1 ages ( ador]s w foll[ !e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,jesus ,,9 ,,! ,,tomb4 ,x 0 ab\t ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 accord+ to our mann] ( reckon+1#a :5 ,jesus expir$4 ,a ,jewi% law#b =bade a corpse susp5d$ on ! cross to be left beyond ! ev5+ ( ! day ( ! execution4 ,x is n probable t 9 ! executions p]=m$ by ! ,romans ?is rule 0 obs]v$2 b z ! next day 0 ! ,sabba?1 & a ,sabba? ( peculi> solemnity1 ! ,jews express$ to ! ,roman au?orities#c _! desire t ?is holy day %\ld n be pr(an$ by su* a spectacle4#d ,_! reque/ 0 grant$2 ord]s 7 giv5 to ha/5 ! dea? ( ! ?ree condemn$ ones1 & to remove !m f ! cross4 ,! soldi]s execut$ ?is ord] by apply+ to ! two ?ieves a second puni%m5t mu* m spe$y ?an t ( ! cross1 ! crurifragium1 or break+ ( ! legs1#e ! usual puni%m5t ( slaves & ( prison]s ( w>4 ,z to ,jesus1 !y f\nd him dead1 & did n ?9k x necess>y to break 8 legs4 ,b "o ( !m1 to remove all d\bt z to ! real dea? ( ! ?ird victim1 & to complete x1 if any brea? rema9$ 9 him1 pi]c$ 8 side ) a spe>4 ,!y ?\ght !y saw wat] & blood fl[1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z a sign ( ! cessation ( life4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #df2 ,m>k xv4 #cg2 ,luke xxiii4 #dd4 ,comp4 ,john xix4 #ad4 ,footnote #b3 ,deut4 xxi4 #bb1 #bc2 ,jo%4 viii4 #bi1 x4 #bf1 & foll[+4 ,cf4 ,jos41 ,b4,j41 ,,iv4 v4 #b2 ,mi%nah1 ,sanh$rim1 vi4 #e4 ,footnote #c3 ,john says1 ,to ,pilate2 b t _c be1 = ,m>k 7xv4 #dd1 #de7 /ates t at night ,pilate 0 /ill ignorant ( ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,footnote #d3 ,comp>e ,philo1 ,9 ,flaccum1 ,sec4 #aj4 ,footnote #e3 ,!re is no o!r example ( ! crurifragium appli$ aft] crucifixion4 ,b (t51 9 ord] to %ort5 ! tortures ( ! suff]]1 a f9i%+ /roke 0 giv5 him4 ,see ! passage f ,ibn-,his*am1 translat$ 9 ! ,zeits*rift fu] die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1 i4 p4 #ii1 #ajj4 ,john1 :o pr(esses to h se5 x1#a insi/s /rongly on ?is circum/ance4 ,x is evid5t1 9 fact1 t d\bts arose z to ! reality ( ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,a few h\rs ( susp5sion on ! cross appe>$ to p]sons accu/om$ to see crucifixions entirely insuffici5t to lead to su* a result4 ,!y cit$ _m in/ances ( p]sons crucifi$1 :o1 remov$ 9 "t1 _h be5 br\ght to life aga9 by p[]ful rem$ies4#b ,orig5 aft]w>d ?\ght x ne$ful to invoke miracle 9 ord] to expla9 s sudd5 an end4#c ,! same a/oni%m5t is f\nd 9 ! n>rative ( ,m>k4#d ,to speak truly1 ! be/ gu>antee t ! hi/orian possesses ^u a po9t ( ?is nature is ! suspici\s hatr$ ( ! enemies ( ,jesus4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! ,jews 7 at t "t preoccupi$ ) ! fe> t ,jesus might pass = resuscitat$2 b1 9 any case1 !y mu/ h made sure t he 0 really dead4 ,:atev]1 at c]ta9 p]iods1 may h be5 ! neglect ( ! anci5ts 9 all t belong$ to legal pro( & ! /rict conduct ( affairs1 we _c b believe t ^? int]e/$ "h _h tak5 "s precautions 9 ?is respect4#e ,footnote #a3 ,john xix4 #ca-ce4 ,footnote #b3 ,h]odotus1 vii4 #aid2 ,jos41 ,vita1 #ge4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ,matt4 ,comm5t4 s]ies1 #adj4 ,footnote #d3 ,m>k xv4 #dd1 #de4 ,footnote #e3 ,! necessities ( ,*ri/ian controv]sy aft]w>d l$ to ! exagg]ation ( ^! precautions1 especially :5 ! ,jews _h sy/ematically begun to ma9ta9 t ! body ( ,jesus _h be5 /ol54 ,matt4 xxvii4 #fb1 & foll[+1 xxviii4 #aa-ae4 ,accord+ to ! ,roman cu/om1 ! corpse ( ,jesus ought to h rema9$ susp5d$ 9 ord] to become ! prey ( birds4#a ,accord+ to ! ,jewi% law1 x w\ld h be5 remov$ 9 ! ev5+1 & deposit$ 9 ! place ( infamy set ap>t = ! burial ( ^? :o 7 execut$4#b ,if ,jesus _h _h = disciples only 8 poor ,galileans1 timid & )\t influ5ce1 ! latt] c\rse w\ld h be5 adopt$4 ,b we h se5 t1 9 spite ( 8 small success at ,j]usalem1 ,jesus _h ga9$ ! sympa?y ( "s important p]sons :o expect$ ! k+dom ( ,god1 & :o1 )\t confess+ !mselves 8 disciples1 7 /rongly atta*$ to him4 ,"o ( ^! p]sons1 ,joseph1 ( ! small t[n ( ,arima!a 7,ha-rama?aim#c71 w5t 9 ! ev5+ to ask ! body f ! procurator4#d ,joseph 0 a ri* & honorable man1 a memb] ( ! ,sanh$rim4 ,! ,roman law1 at ?is p]iod1 comm&$1 moreov]1 t ! body ( ! p]son execut$ %\ld be deliv]$ to ^? :o claim$ x4#e ,pilate1 :o 0 ignorant ( ! circum/ance ( ! crurifragium1 0 a/oni%$ t ,jesus 0 s soon dead1 & summon$ ! c5turion :o _h sup]9t5d$ ! execution1 9 ord] to "k h[ ?is 04 ,pilate1 aft] hav+ receiv$ ! assurances ( ! c5turion1 grant$ to ,joseph ! object ( 8 reque/4 ,! body probably _h already be5 remov$ f ! cross4 ,!y deliv]$ x to ,joseph1 t he might d ) x z he pleas$4 ,footnote #a3 ,horace1 ,epi/les1 ,i4 xvi4 #dh2 ,juv5al1 xiv4 #gg2 ,lucan41 vii4 #edd2 ,plautus1 ,miles glor41 ,,ii4 iv4 #ai2 ,artemidorus1 ,onir41 ii4 #ec2 ,pl9y1 xxxvi4 #bd2 ,plut>*1 ,life ( ,cleom5es1 #ci2 ,petronius1 ,sat41 cxi4-cxii4 ,footnote #b3 ,mi%nah1 ,sanh$rim1 vi4 #e4 ,footnote #c3 ,probably id5tical ) ! anci5t ,rama ( ,samuel1 9 ! tribe ( ,ephraim4 ,footnote #d3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #eg1 & foll[+2 ,m>k xv4 #db1 & foll[+2 ,luke xxiii4 #ej1 & foll[+2 ,john xix4 #ch1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #e3 ,dig4 ,,xlviii4 xxiv41 ,de cadav]ibus puntorum4 ,ano!r secret fri5d1 ,nicodemus1#a :om we h already se5 employ+ 8 influ5ce m ?an once 9 favor ( ,jesus1 came =w>d at ?is mom5t4 ,he arriv$1 be>+ ample provision ( ! mat]ials necess>y = embalm+4 ,joseph & ,nicodemus int]r$ ,jesus accord+ to ! ,jewi% cu/om--t is to say1 !y wrapp$ him 9 a %eet ) myrrh & aloes4 ,! ,galilean wom5 7 pres5t1#b & no d\bt accompani$ ! sc5e ) pi]c+ cries & te>s4 ,footnote #a3 ,john xix4 #ci1 & foll[+4 ,footnote #b3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #fa2 ,m>k xv4 #dg2 ,luke xxiii4 #ee4 ,x 0 late1 & all ?is 0 done 9 great ha/e4 ,! place _h n yet be5 *os5 :]e ! body w\ld be f9ally deposit$4 ,! c>ry+ ( ! body1 moreov]1 might h be5 delay$ to a late h\r1 & h involv$ a violation ( ! ,sabba?--n[ ! disciples /ill consci5ti\sly obs]v$ ! prescriptions ( ! ,jewi% law4 ,a tempor>y int]m5t 0 det]m9$ ^u4#a ,!re 0 at h&1 9 ! g>d51 a tomb rec5tly dug out 9 ! rock1 :i* _h nev] be5 us$4 ,x belong$1 probably1 to "o ( ! believ]s4#b ,! fun]al caves1 :5 !y 7 de/9$ = a s+le body1 7 compos$ ( a small room1 at ! bottom ( :i* ! place = ! body 0 m>k$ by a tr\gh or c\* let into ! wall1 & surm\nt$ by an ar*4#c ,z ^! caves 7 dug out ( ! sides ( slop+ rocks1 !y 7 ent]$ by ! floor2 ! door 0 %ut by a /one v difficult to move4 ,jesus 0 deposit$ 9 ! cave1 & ! /one 0 roll$ to ! door1 z x 0 int5d$ to return 9 ord] to give him a m complete burial4 ,b ! next day be+ a solemn ,sabba?1 ! labor 0 po/pon$ till ! day foll[+4#d ,footnote #a3 ,john xix4 #da1 #db4 ,footnote #b3 ,"o tradition 7,matt4 xxvii4 #fj7 designates ,joseph ( ,arima!a himself z own] ( ! cave4 ,footnote #c3 ,! cave :i*1 at ! p]iod ( ,con/ant9e1 0 consid]$ z ! tomb ( ,*ri/1 0 ( ?is %ape1 z may be ga!r$ f ! description ( ,arculphus 79 ,mabillon1 ,acta ,,ss4 ,ord4 ,s4 ,b5$41 sec4 iii41 p>s ii41 p4 #ejd71 & f ! vague traditions :i* /ill exi/ at ,j]usalem among ! ,greek cl]gy on ! /ate ( ! rock n[ conceal$ by ! little *apel ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re4 ,b ! indications by :i*1 "u ,con/ant9e1 x 0 s\ght to id5tify ?is tomb ) t ( ,*ri/1 7 feeble or wor?less 7see especially ,sozom51 ,h4,e41 ii4 #a47 ,ev5 if we 7 to admit ! position ( ,golgo?a z ne>ly exact1 ! ,holy ,sepul*re w\ld /ill h no v reliable "* ( au!nticity4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! aspect ( ! places has be5 totally modifi$4 ,footnote #d3 ,luke xxiii4 #ef4 ,! wom5 retir$ aft] hav+ c>efully notic$ h[ ! body 0 laid4 ,!y employ$ ! h\rs ( ! ev5+ :i* rema9$ to !m 9 mak+ new prep>ations = ! embalm+4 ,on ! ,saturday all re/$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,luke xxiii4 #ed-ef4 ,on ! ,sunday morn+1 ! wom51 ,m>y ,magdal5 ! fir/1 came v e>ly to ! tomb4#a ,! /one 0 displac$ f ! op5+1 & ! body 0 no long] 9 ! place :]e !y _h laid x4 ,at ! same "t1 ! /range/ rumors 7 spread 9 ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,! cry1 ,he is ris56 quickly spread among/ ! disciples4 ,love caus$ x to f9d ready cr$5ce ev]y:]e4 ,:at _h tak5 place8 ,9 treat+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! apo/les we %all h to exam9e ?is po9t & to make inquiry into ! orig9 ( ! leg5ds relative to ! resurrection4 ,= ! hi/orian1 ! life ( ,jesus f9i%es ) 8 la/ sigh4 ,b su* 0 ! impression he _h left 9 ! he>t ( 8 disciples & ( a few devot$ wom51 t dur+ "s weeks m x 0 z if he 7 liv+ & consol+ !m4 ,_h 8 body be5 tak5 away1#b or did en?usiasm1 always cr$ul\s1 create aft]w>d ! gr\p ( n>ratives by :i* x 0 s\ght to e/abli% fai? 9 ! resurrection8 ,9 ! abs5ce ( oppos+ docum5ts ?is c nev] be asc]ta9$4 ,let u say1 h[ev]1 t ! /rong imag9ation ( ,m>y ,magdal5#c play$ an important "p 9 ?is circum/ance4#d ,div9e p[] ( love6 ,sacr$ mom5ts 9 :i* ! passion ( "o possess$ gave to ! _w a resuscitat$ ,god6 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 xxviii4 #a2 ,m>k xvi4 #a2 ,luke xxiv4 #a2 ,john xx4 #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,matt4 xxviii4 #ae2 ,john xx4 #b4 ,footnote #c3 ,%e _h be5 possess$ by sev5 demons 7,m>k xvi4 #i2 ,luke viii4 #b47 ,footnote #d3 ,?is is obvi\s1 especially 9 ! n9? & foll[+ v]ses ( *ap4 xvi4 ( ,m>k4 ,^! v]ses =m a conclusion ( ! second ,gospel1 diff]5t f ! conclusion at xvi4 #a-h1 ) :i* _m manuscripts t]m9ate4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel 7xx4 #a1 #b1 #aa1 & foll[+1 #ah71 ,m>y ,magdal5 is also ! only orig9al witness ( ! resurrection4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,fate ,,( ,,! ,,enemies ,,( ,,jesus4 ,accord+ to ! calculation we adopt1 ! dea? ( ,jesus happ5$ 9 ! ye> #cc ( our era4#a ,x c\ld n1 at all ev5ts1 be ei!r be=e ! ye> #bi1 ! prea*+ ( ,john & ,jesus hav+ comm5c$ 9 ! ye> #bh1b or aft] ! ye> #ce1 s9ce 9 ! ye> #cf1 & probably be=e ! passov]1 ,pilate & ,kaiapha bo? lo/ _! (fices4#c ,! dea? ( ,jesus appe>s1 moreov]1 to h _h no connection :atev] ) ^! two removals4#d ,9 8 retirem5t1 ,pilate probably nev] dreamt = a mom5t ( ! =gott5 episode1 :i* 0 to transmit 8 pitiful r5[n to ! mo/ di/ant po/]ity4 ,z to ,kaiapha1 he 0 succe$$ by ,jona?an1 8 bro!r-9-law1 son ( ! same ,hanan :o _h play$ ! pr9cipal "p 9 ! trial ( ,jesus4 ,! ,sadducean family ( ,hanan reta9$ ! pontificate a long "t1 & m p[]ful ?an ev]1 cont9u$ to wage aga9/ ! disciples & ! family ( ,jesus1 ! implacable w> :i* !y _h comm5c$ aga9/ ! ,f\nd]4 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* ow$ to him ! def9itive act ( its f\ndation1 ow$ to him also its fir/ m>tyrs4 ,hanan pass$ = "o ( ! happie/ m5 ( 8 age4#e ,he :o 0 truly guilty ( ! dea? ( ,jesus end$ 8 life full ( honors & respect1 nev] hav+ d\bt$ = an in/ant t he _h r5d]$ a great s]vice to ! nation4 ,8 sons cont9u$ to reign ar\nd ! temple1 kept d[n ) difficulty by ! procurators1#f (ttimes disp5s+ ) ! cons5t ( ! latt] 9 ord] to gratify _! haughty & viol5t in/9cts4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ye> #cc corresponds well ) "o ( ! data ( ! problem1 namely1 t ! #ad? ( ,nisan 0 a ,friday4 ,if we reject ! ye> #cc1 9 ord] to f9d a ye> :i* fulfils ! above condition1 we mu/ at lea/ g back to ! ye> #bi1 or g =w>d to ! ye> #cf4 ,footnote #b3 ,luke iii4 #a4 ,footnote #c3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 iv4 #b & #c4 ,footnote #d3 ,! contr>y ass]tion ( ,t]tullian & ,eusebius arises f a wor?less apocryphal writ+ 7,see ,philo1 ,cod4 ,apocr41 ,n4,t41 p4 #hac1 & foll[+47 ,! suicide ( ,pilate 7,eusebius1 ,h4,e41 ii4 #g2 ,*ron4 ad annl4 ,caii7 appe>s also to be d]iv$ f leg5d>y records4 ,footnote #e3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xx4 ix4 #a4 ,footnote #f3 ,jos41 l4c4 ,antipas & ,h]odias soon disappe>$ also f ! political sc5e4 ,h]od ,agrippa hav+ be5 rais$ to ! dignity ( k+ by ,caligula1 ! jeal\s ,h]odias swore t %e also w\ld be que54 ,press$ incessantly by ?is ambiti\s woman1 :o treat$ him z a c[>d1 because he suff]$ a sup]ior 9 8 family1 ,antipas ov]came 8 natural indol5ce1 & w5t to ,rome to solicit ! title :i* 8 nephew _h j obta9$ 7! ye> #ci ( our era74 ,b ! affair turn$ out 9 ! wor/ possible mann]4 ,injur$ 9 ! eyes ( ! emp]or by ,h]od ,agrippa1 ,antipas 0 remov$1 & dragg$ out ! re/ ( 8 life 9 exile at ,lyons & 9 ,spa94 ,h]odias foll[$ him 9 8 mis=tunes4#a ,a hundr$ ye>s1 at lea/1 7 to elapse be=e ! "n ( _! obscure subject1 n[ become deifi$1 %\ld appe> 9 ^! remote c\ntries to br& ^u _! tombs ! murd] ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,footnote #a3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 vii4 #a1 #b2 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 ix4 #f4 ,z to ! wret*$ ,judas ( ,k]io?1 t]rible leg5ds 7 curr5t ab\t 8 dea?4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ t he _h b\ght a field 9 ! neighborhood ( ,j]usalem ) ! price ( 8 p]fidy4 ,!re 01 inde$1 on ! s\? ( ,m\nt ,zion1 a place nam$ ,hakeldama 7! field ( blood#a74 ,x 0 suppos$ t ?is 0 ! prop]ty acquir$ by ! traitor4#b ,accord+ to "o tradition1#c he kill$ himself4 ,accord+ to ano!r1 he _h a fall 9 8 field1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* 8 b[els gu%$ out4#d ,accord+ to o!rs1 he di$ ( a k9d ( dropsy1 accompani$ by repulsive circum/ances1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z a puni%m5t f heav54#e ,! desire ( %[+ 9 ,judas ! accompli%m5t ( ! m5aces :i* ! ,psalmi/ pron\nces aga9/ ! p]fidi\s fri5d#f may h giv5 rise to ^! leg5ds4 ,p]haps1 9 ! retirem5t ( 8 field ( ,hakeldama1 ,judas l$ a quiet & obscure life2 :ile 8 =m] fri5ds conqu]$ ! _w1 & spread 8 infamy abroad4 ,p]haps1 also1 ! t]rible hatr$ :i* 0 conc5trat$ on 8 head1 drove him to viol5t acts1 9 :i* 7 se5 ! f+] ( heav54 ,footnote #a3 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,de situ et nom4 loc4 hebr4 at ! ^w ,a*eldama4 ,eusebius 7ibid47 says to ! nor?4 ,b ! ,it9]>ies confirm ! read+ ( ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,! tradition :i* /yles ! necropolis situat$ at ! foot ( ! valley ( ,h9nom ,haceldama1 dates back1 at lea/1 to ! "t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,footnote #b3 ,acts i4 #ah1 #ai4 ,mat!w1 or r 8 int]polator1 has "h giv5 a less satisfactory turn to ! tradition1 9 ord] to connect ) x ! circum/ance ( a cemet]y = /rang]s1 :i* 0 f\nd ne> !re4 ,footnote #c3 ,matt4 xxvii4 #e4 ,footnote #d3 ,acts1 l4c42 ,papias1 9 ,oecum5ius1 ,en>r4 9 ,act4 ,apo/41 ii41 & 9 ,fr4 ,mu5t]1 ,fragm4 ,patrum ,graec4 7,hafniae1 #aghh71 fasc4 i4 p4 #ag1 & foll[+2 ,!ophylactus1 9 ,matt4 xxvii4 #e4 ,footnote #e3 ,papias1 9 ,mu5t]1 l4c42 ,!ophylactus1 l4c4 ,footnote #f3 ,psalms lxix4 & cix4 ,! "t ( ! great ,*ri/ian rev5ge 01 moreov]1 f> di/ant4 ,! new sect _h no "p :atev] 9 ! cata/rophe :i* ,judaism 0 soon to und]go4 ,! synagogue did n und]/& till mu* lat] to :at x expos$ itself 9 practis+ laws ( intol]ance4 ,! empire 0 c]ta9ly /ill fur!r f suspect+ t its future de/roy] 0 born4 ,dur+ ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s x pursu$ its pa? )\t suspect+ t at its side pr9ciples 7 gr[+ de/9$ to subject ! _w to a complete trans=mation4 ,at once !ocratic & democratic1 ! idea ?r[n by ,jesus into ! _w 01 toge!r ) ! invasion ( ! ,g]mans1 ! mo/ active cause ( ! dissolution ( ! empire ( ! ,caes>s4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! "r ( all m5 to p>ticipate 9 ! k+dom ( ,god 0 proclaim$4 ,on ! o!r1 religion 0 h5ce=? sep>at$ 9 pr9ciple f ! /ate4 ,! rights ( consci5ce1 )drawn f political law1 result$ 9 ! con/itution ( a new p[]--! spiritual p[]4 ,?is p[] has m ?an once beli$ its orig94 ,= ages ! bi%ops h be5 pr9ces1 & ! ,pope has be5 a k+4 ,! pret5d$ empire ( s\ls has %[n itself at v>i\s times z a frightful tyranny1 employ+ ! rack & ! /ake 9 ord] to ma9ta9 itself4 ,b ! day w come :5 ! sep>ation w be> its fruits1 :5 ! doma9 ( ?+s spiritual w cease to be call$ a p[]1 t x may be call$ a lib]ty4 ,sprung f ! consci5ce ( a man ( ! p1 =m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p1 belov$ & admir$ fir/ by ! p1 ,*ri/ianity 0 impress$ ) an orig9al "* :i* w nev] be effac$4 ,x 0 ! fir/ triumph ( revolution1 ! victory ( ! popul> idea1 ! adv5t ( ! simple 9 he>t1 ! inauguration ( ! beautiful z und]/ood by ! p4 ,jesus ?us1 9 ! ari/ocratic societies ( antiquity1 op5$ ! brea* ?r\gh :i* all w pass4 ,! civil p[]1 9 fact1 al?\gh innoc5t ( ! dea? ( ,jesus 7x only c\nt]sign$ ! s5t5ce1 & ev5 9 spite ( itself71 ought to be> a great %>e ( ! responsibility4 ,9 presid+ at ! sc5e ( ,calv>y1 ! /ate gave itself a s]i\s bl[4 ,a leg5d full ( all k9ds ( disrespect prevail$1 & became univ]sally kn[n--a leg5d 9 :i* ! con/itut$ au?orities play$ a hateful "p1 9 :i* x 0 ! accus$ t 0 "r1 & 9 :i* ! judges & ! gu>ds 7 leagu$ aga9/ ! tru?4 ,s$iti\s 9 ! highe/ degree1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,passion1 spread by a ?\s& popul> images1 display$ ! ,roman eagles z sanction+ ! mo/ iniquit\s ( executions1 soldi]s execut+ x1 & a prefect comm&+ x4 ,:at a bl[ = all e/abli%$ p[]s6 ,!y h nev] entirely recov]$ f x4 ,h[ c !y assume infallibility 9 respect to poor m51 :5 !y h on _! consci5ce ! great mi/ake ( ,ge?semane8#a ,footnote #a3 ,?is popul> s5tim5t exi/$ 9 ,brittany 9 ! "t ( my *ildhood4 ,! g5d>me 0 !re reg>d$1 l ! ,jew else:]e1 ) a k9d ( pi\s av]sion1 = x 0 he :o arre/$ ,jesus6 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,ess5tial ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,jesus4 ,jesus1 x w be se51 limit$ 8 action entirely to ! ,jews4 ,al?\gh 8 sympa?y = ^? despis$ by or?odoxy l$ him to admit pagans into ! k+dom ( ,god--al?\gh he _h resid$ m ?an once 9 a pagan c\ntry1 & once or twice we surprise him 9 k9dly relations ) unbeliev]s#a--;x may be said t 8 life 0 pass$ entirely 9 ! v re/rict$ _w 9 :i* he 0 born4 ,he 0 nev] he>d ( 9 ,greek or ,roman c\ntries2 8 "n appe>s only 9 pr(ane au?ors ( a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 & !n 9 an indirect mann]1 9 connection ) s$iti\s movem5ts provok$ by 8 doctr9e1 or p]secutions ( :i* 8 disciples 7 ! object4#b ,ev5 on ,judaism1 ,jesus made no v durable impression4 ,philo1 :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #ej1 _h n ! slighte/ k ( him4 ,josephus1 born 9 ! ye> #cg1 & writ+ 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 m5tions 8 execution 9 a few l9es1#c z an ev5t ( second>y importance1 & 9 ! enum]ation ( ! sects ( 8 "t1 he omits ! ,*ri/ians altoge!r4#d ,9 ! ,mi%nah1 also1 !re is no trace ( ! new s*ool2 ! passages 9 ! two ,gem>as 9 :i* ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity is nam$1 d n g fur!r back ?an ! f\r? or fif? c5tury4#e ,! ess5tial "w ( ,jesus 0 to create ar\nd him a circle ( disciples1 :om he inspir$ ) b\ndless affection1 & among/ :om he deposit$ ! g]m ( 8 doctr9e4 ,to h made himself belov$1 to ! degree t aft] 8 dea? !y ceas$ n to love him1 0 ! great "w ( ,jesus1 & t :i* mo/ /ruck 8 contempor>ies4#f ,8 doctr9e 0 s little dogmatic1 t he nev] ?\ght ( writ+ x or ( caus+ x to be writt54 ,m5 did n become 8 disciples by believ+ ?is ?+ or t ?+1 b 9 be+ atta*$ to 8 p]son & 9 lov+ him4 ,a few s5t5ces collect$ f memory1 & especially ! type ( "* he set =?1 & ! impression x _h left1 7 :at rema9$ ( him4 ,jesus 0 n a f\nd] ( dogmas1 or a mak] ( cre$s2 he infus$ into ! _w a new _s4 ,! lea/ ,*ri/ian m5 71 on ! "o h&1 ! doctors ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 :o1 beg9n+ f ! f\r? c5tury1 entangl$ ,*ri/ianity 9 a pa? ( pu]ile metaphysical discussions1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! s*ola/ics ( ! ,lat9 ,middle ,ages1 :o wi%$ to draw f ! ,gospel ! ?\s&s ( articles ( a colossal sy/em4 ,to foll[ ,jesus 9 expectation ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 0 all t at fir/ 0 impli$ by be+ ,*ri/ian4 ,footnote #a3 ,matt4 viii4 #e1 & foll[+2 ,luke vii4 #a1 & foll[+2 ,john xii4 #bj1 & foll[+4 ,comp4 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 iii4 #c4 ,footnote #b3 ,tacitus1 ,ann41 xv4 #de2 ,suetonius1 ,claudius1 #be4 ,footnote #c3 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 iii4 #c4 ,?is passage has be5 alt]$ by a ,*ri/ian h&4 ,footnote #d3 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 i42 ,b4,j41 ,,ii4 viii42 ,vita1 #b4 ,footnote #e3 ,talm4 ( ,j]usalem1 ,sanh$rim1 xiv4 #af2 ,aboda z>a1 ii4 #b2 ,%abba?1 xiv4 #d2 ,talm4 ( ,babylon1 ,sanh$rim1 #dc a1 #fg a2 ,%abba?1 #ajd b1 #aaf b4 ,comp4 ,*agigah1 #d b2 ,gitt91 #eg a1 #ij a4 ,! two ,gem>as d]ive ! great] "p ( _! data respect+ ,jesus f a burlesque & obsc5e leg5d1 inv5t$ by ! adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( no hi/orical value4 ,footnote #f3 ,jos41 ,ant41 ,,xviii4 iii4 #c4 ,x w ?us be und]/ood h[1 by an exceptional de/9y1 pure ,*ri/ianity /ill pres]ves1 aft] eighte5 c5turies1 ! "* ( a univ]sal & et]nal religion4 ,x is1 9 fact1 because ! religion ( ,jesus is 9 "s respects ! f9al religion4 ,produc$ by a p]fectly spontane\s movem5t ( s\ls1 fre$ at its bir? f all dogmatic re/ra9t1 hav+ /ruggl$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s = lib]ty ( consci5ce1 ,*ri/ianity1 9 spite ( its failures1 /ill reaps ! results ( its glori\s orig94 ,to r5ew itself1 x has b to return to ! ,gospel4 ,! k+dom ( ,god1 z we conceive x1 diff]s notably f ! sup]natural app>ition :i* ! fir/ ,*ri/ians hop$ to see appe> 9 ! cl\ds4 ,b ! s5tim5t introduc$ by ,jesus into ! _w is inde$ ours4 ,8 p]fect idealism is ! highe/ rule ( ! unblemi%$ & virtu\s life4 ,he has creat$ ! heav5 ( pure s\ls1 :]e is f\nd :at we ask = 9 va9 on e>?1 ! p]fect nobility ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 absolute purity1 ! total removal ( ! /a9s ( ! _w2 9 f9e1 lib]ty1 :i* society excludes z an impossibility1 & :i* exi/s 9 all its amplitude only 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght4 ,! great ,ma/] ( ^? :o take refuge 9 ?is ideal k+dom ( ,god is /ill ,jesus4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to proclaim ! royalty ( ! m9d2 ! fir/ to say1 at lea/ by 8 actions1 ,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w4 ,! f\ndation ( true religion is inde$ 8 "w3 aft] him1 all t rema9s is to develop x & r5d] x fruitful4 ,*ri/ianity has ?us become almo/ a synonym ( religion4 ,all t is done outside ( ?is great & good ,*ri/ian tradition is b>r54 ,jesus gave religion to humanity1 z ,socrates gave x philosophy1 & ,ari/otle sci5ce4 ,!re 0 philosophy be=e ,socrates & sci5ce be=e ,ari/otle4 ,s9ce ,socrates & s9ce ,ari/otle1 philosophy & sci5ce h made imm5se progress2 b all has be5 built ^u ! f\ndation :i* !y laid4 ,9 ! same way1 be=e ,jesus1 religi\s ?\ght _h pass$ ?r\gh _m revolutions2 s9ce ,jesus1 x has made great conque/s3 b no "o has improv$1 & no "o w improve ^u ! ess5tial pr9ciple ,jesus has creat$2 he has fix$ =ev] ! idea ( pure wor%ip4 ,! religion ( ,jesus 9 ?is s5se is n limit$4 ,! ,*ur* has _h its epo*s & its phases2 x has %ut itself up 9 cre$s :i* are1 or w be b tempor>y3 b ,jesus has f\nd$ ! absolute religion1 exclud+ no?+1 & det]m9+ no?+ unless x be ! _s4 ,8 cre$s are n fix$ dogmas1 b images susceptible ( indef9ite int]pretations4 ,we %\ld seek 9 va9 = a !ological proposition 9 ! ,gospel4 ,all confessions ( fai? are trave/ies ( ! idea ( ,jesus1 j z ! s*ola/icism ( ! ,middle ,ages1 9 proclaim+ ,ari/otle ! sole ma/] ( a complet$ sci5ce1 p]v]t$ ! ?\ght ( ,ari/otle4 ,ari/otle1 if he _h be5 pres5t 9 ! debates ( ! s*ools1 w\ld h repudiat$ ?is n>r[ doctr9e2 he w\ld h be5 ( ! p>ty ( progressive sci5ce aga9/ ! r\t9e :i* %ield$ itself "u 8 au?ority2 he w\ld h applaud$ 8 oppon5ts4 ,9 ! same way1 if ,jesus 7 to return among u1 he w\ld recognize z disciples1 n ^? :o pret5d to enclose him entirely 9 a few cate*ismal phrases1 b ^? :o labor to c>ry on 8 "w4 ,! et]nal glory1 9 all great ?+s1 is to h laid ! fir/ /one4 ,x may be t 9 ! ,physics1 & 9 ! ,meteorology ( mod]n times1 we may n discov] a ^w ( ! treatises ( ,ari/otle :i* be> ^! titles2 b ,ari/otle rema9s no less ! f\nd] ( natural sci5ce4 ,:atev] may be ! trans=mations ( dogma1 ,jesus w ev] be ! creator ( ! pure _s ( religion2 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt w nev] be surpass$4 ,:atev] revolution takes place w n prev5t u atta*+ ourselves 9 religion to ! gr& intellectual & moral l9e at ! head ( :i* %9es ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,9 ?is s5se we are ,*ri/ians1 ev5 :5 we sep>ate ourselves on almo/ all po9ts f ! ,*ri/ian tradition :i* has prec$$ u4 ,& ?is great f\ndation 0 inde$ ! p]sonal "w ( ,jesus4 ,9 ord] to make himself ador$ to ?is degree1 he mu/ h be5 adorable4 ,love is n enk9dl$ except by an object wor?y ( x1 & we %\ld "k no?+ ( ,jesus1 if x 7 n = ! passion he inspir$ 9 ^? ab\t him1 :i* compels u /ill to affirm t he 0 great & pure4 ,! fai?1 ! en?usiasm1 ! con/ancy ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian g5]ation is n explicable1 except by suppos+ at ! orig9 ( ! :ole movem5t1 a man ( surpass+ greatness4 ,at ! sight ( ! m>vell\s creations ( ! ages ( fai?1 two impressions equally fatal to good hi/orical criticism arise 9 ! m9d4 ,on ! "o h& we are l$ to ?9k ^! creations too imp]sonal2 we attribute to a collective action1 t :i* has (t5 be5 ! "w ( "o p[]ful w1 & ( "o sup]ior m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we refuse to see m5 l ourselves 9 ! au?ors ( ^? extraord9>y movem5ts :i* h decid$ ! fate ( humanity4 ,let u h a l>g] idea ( ! p[]s :i* ,nature conceals 9 h] bosom4 ,our civilizations1 gov]n$ by m9ute re/rictions1 _c give u any idea ( ! p[] ( man at p]iods 9 :i* ! orig9ality ( ea* "o _h a fre] field :]e9 to develop itself4 ,let u imag9e a recluse dwell+ 9 ! m\nta9s ne> our capitals1 com+ out f "t to "t 9 ord] to pres5t himself at ! palaces ( sov]eigns1 compell+ ! s5t9els to /& aside1 &1 ) an imp]i\s tone1 ann\nc+ to k+s ! approa* ( revolutions ( :i* he _h be5 ! promot]4 ,! v idea provokes a smile4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 ,elias2 b ,elias ! ,ti%bite1 9 our days1 w\ld n be able to pass ! gate ( ! ,tuil]ies4 ,! prea*+ ( ,jesus1 & 8 free activity 9 ,galilee1 d n deviate less completely f ! social conditions to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,free f our poli%$ conv5tionalities1 exempt f ! uni=m education :i* ref9es u1 b :i* s greatly dw>fs our individuality1 ^! mighty s\ls c>ri$ a surpris+ en]gy into action4 ,!y appe> to u l ! giants ( an h]oic age1 :i* c\ld n h be5 real4 ,pr(\nd error6 ,^? m5 7 our bro!rs2 !y 7 ( our /ature1 felt & ?\ght z we d4 ,b ! brea? ( ,god 0 free 9 !m2 ) u1 x is re/ra9$ by ! iron bonds ( a mean society1 & condemn$ to an irrem$iable m$iocrity4 ,let u place1 !n1 ! p]son ( ,jesus at ! highe/ summit ( human greatness4 ,let u n be misl$ by exagg]at$ d\bts 9 ! pres5ce ( a leg5d :i* keeps u always 9 a sup]human _w4 ,! life ( ,francis d',assisi is also b a tissue ( miracles4 ,has any "o1 h[ev]1 d\bt$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ,francis d',assisi1 & ( ! "p play$ by him8 ,let u say no m t ! glory ( ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity belongs to ! multitude ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 & n to him :om leg5d has deifi$4 ,! inequality ( m5 is mu* m m>k$ 9 ! ,ea/ ?an ) u4 ,x is n r>e to see arise !re1 9 ! mid/ ( a g5]al atmosph]e ( wick$ness1 *>act]s ^: greatness a/oni%es u4 ,s f> f ,jesus hav+ be5 creat$ by 8 disciples1 he appe>$ 9 ev]y?+ z sup]ior to 8 disciples4 ,! latt]1 ) ! exception ( ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john1 7 m5 )\t ei!r inv5tion or g5ius4 ,/4 ,paul himself be>s no comp>ison ) ,jesus1 & z to ,/4 ,john1 ,i %all %[ h]eaft]1 t ! "p he play$1 ?\gh v elevat$ 9 "o s5se1 0 f> f be+ 9 all respects irreproa*able4 ,h5ce ! imm5se sup]iority ( ! ,gospels among ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,h5ce ! pa9ful fall we exp]i5ce 9 pass+ f ! hi/ory ( ,jesus to t ( ! apo/les4 ,! evangeli/s !mselves1 :o h bequea!d u ! image ( ,jesus1 are s mu* b5ea? him ( :om !y speak1 t !y con/antly disfigure him1 f _! inability to atta9 to 8 height4 ,_! writ+s are full ( errors & misconceptions4 ,we feel 9 ea* l9e a disc\rse ( div9e beauty1 transcrib$ by n>rators :o d n und]/& x1 & :o sub/itute _! own ideas = ^? :i* !y h only half und]/ood4 ,on ! :ole1 ! "* ( ,jesus1 f> f hav+ be5 embelli%$ by 8 biograph]s1 has be5 l[]$ by !m4 ,criticism1 9 ord] to f9d :at he 01 ne$s to disc>d a s]ies ( misconceptions1 aris+ f ! inf]iority ( ! disciples4 ,^! pa9t$ him z !y und]/ood him1 & (t5 9 ?9k+ to raise him1 !y h 9 reality l[]$ him4 ,i "k t our mod]n ideas h be5 (f5d$ m ?an once 9 ?is leg5d1 conceiv$ by ano!r race1 "u ano!r sky1 & 9 ! mid/ ( o!r social wants4 ,!re are virtues :i*1 9 "s respects1 are m con=mable to our ta/e4 ,! virtu\s & g5tle ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ! humble & g5tle ,sp9oza1 n hav+ believ$ 9 miracles1 h be5 free f "s errors t ,jesus %>$4 ,sp9oza1 9 8 pr(\nd obscurity1 _h an advantage :i* ,jesus did n seek4 ,by our extreme delicacy 9 ! use ( means ( conviction1 by our absolute s9c]ity & our dis9t]e/$ love ( ! pure idea1 we h f\nd$--all we :o h devot$ our lives to sci5ce--a new ideal ( morality4 ,b ! judgm5t ( g5]al hi/ory ought n to be re/rict$ to consid]ations ( p]sonal m]it4 ,m>cus ,aurelius & 8 noble tea*]s h _h no p]man5t influ5ce on ! _w4 ,m>cus ,aurelius left beh9d him delightful books1 an execrable son1 & a decay+ nation4 ,jesus rema9s an inexhau/ible pr9ciple ( moral reg5]ation = humanity4 ,philosophy does n suffice = ! multitude4 ,!y mu/ h sanctity4 ,an ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 ) 8 miracul\s leg5d1 is necess>ily m successful ?an a ,socrates ) 8 cold reason4 ,socrates1 x 0 said1 leaves m5 on ! e>?1 ,apollonius transports !m to heav52 ,socrates is b a sage1 ,apollonius is a god4#a ,religion1 s f>1 has n exi/$ )\t a %>e ( asceticism1 ( piety1 & ( ! m>vell\s4 ,:5 x 0 wi%$1 aft] ! ,anton9es1 to make a religion ( philosophy1 x 0 requisite to trans=m ! philosoph]s into sa9ts1 to write ! ,edify+ ,life ( ,py?agoras or ,plot9us1 to attribute to !m a leg5d1 virtues ( ab/95ce1 contemplation1 & sup]natural p[]s1 )\t :i* nei!r cr$5ce nor au?ority 7 f\nd 9 t age4 ,footnote #a3 ,philo/ratus1 ,life ( ,apollonius1 i4 #b1 vii4 #aa1 viii4 #g2 ,unapius1 ,lives ( ! ,sophi/s1 pages #ded1 #ejj 7edition ,didot74 ,pres]ve u1 !n1 f mutilat+ hi/ory 9 ord] to satisfy our petty susceptibilities6 ,:i* ( u1 pigmies z we are1 c\ld d :at ! extravagant ,francis d',assisi1 or ! hy/]ical sa9t ,!resa1 has done8 ,let m$ic9e h names to express ^! gr& errors ( human nature2 let x ma9ta9 t g5ius is a disease ( ! bra92 let x see1 9 a c]ta9 delicacy ( morality1 ! comm5cem5t ( consumption2 let x class en?usiasm & love z n]v\s accid5ts--x matt]s little4 ,! t]ms heal?y & diseas$ are entirely relative4 ,:o w\ld n pref] to be diseas$ l ,pascal1 r ?an heal?y l ! common h]d8 ,! n>r[ ideas :i* are spread 9 our times respect+ madness1 mislead our hi/orical judgm5ts 9 ! mo/ s]i\s mann]1 9 que/ions ( ?is k9d4 ,a /ate 9 :i* a man says ?+s ( :i* he is n consci\s1 9 :i* ?\ght is produc$ )\t ! summons & control ( ! w1 exposes him to be+ conf9$ z a lunatic4 ,=m]ly ?is 0 call$ prophecy & inspiration4 ,! mo/ beautiful ?+s 9 ! _w are done 9 a /ate ( fev]2 e great creation involves a brea* ( equilibrium1 a viol5t /ate ( ! be+ :i* draws x =?4 ,we ackn[l$ge1 inde$1 t ,*ri/ianity is too complex to h be5 ! "w ( a s+le man4 ,9 "o s5se1 entire humanity has co-op]at$ !re94 ,!re is no "o s %ut 91 z n to receive "s influ5ce f )\t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! human m9d is full ( /range co9cid5ces1 :i* cause v remote portions ( ! human species1 )\t any communication ) ea* o!r1 to arrive at ! same "t at almo/ id5tical ideas & imag9ations4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,lat9s1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,syrians1 ! ,jews1 & ! ,mussulmans1 adopt$ s*ola/icism1 & v ne>ly ! same s*ola/icism f ,york to ,sam>c&2 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury e "o 9 ,italy1 ,p]sia1 & ,india1 yield$ to ! ta/e = my/ical allegory2 9 ! sixte5?1 art 0 develop$ 9 a v simil> mann] 9 ,italy1 at ,m\nt ,a?os1 & at ! c\rt ( ! ,great ,moguls1 )\t ,/4 ,?omas1 ,b>hebraeus1 ! ,rabbis ( ,n>bonne1 or ! ,motecallem9 ( ,bagdad1 hav+ kn[n ea* o!r1 )\t ,dante & ,petr>* hav+ se5 any s(i1 )\t any pupil ( ! s*ools ( ,p]\se or ( ,flor5ce hav+ be5 at ,delhi4 ,we %\ld say !re are great moral influ5ces runn+ ?r\gh ! _w l epidemics1 )\t di/9ction ( fronti] & ( race4 ,! int]*ange ( ideas 9 ! human species does n take place only by books or by direct in/ruction4 ,jesus 0 ignorant ( ! v "n ( ,buddha1 ( ,zoroa/]1 & ( ,plato2 he _h read no ,greek book1 no ,buddhi/ ,sudra2 nev]!less1 !re 0 9 him m ?an "o elem5t1 :i*1 )\t 8 suspect+ x1 came f ,buddhism1 ,p>seeism1 or f ! ,greek wisdom4 ,all ?is 0 done ?r\gh secret *annels & by t k9d ( sympa?y :i* exi/s among ! v>i\s portions ( humanity4 ,! great man1 on ! "o h&1 receives ev]y?+ f 8 age2 on ! o!r1 he gov]ns 8 age4 ,to %[ t ! religion f\nd$ by ,jesus 0 ! natural consequ5ce ( t :i* _h gone be=e1 does n dim9i% its excell5ce2 b only proves t x _h a reason = its exi/5ce t x 0 legitimate1 t is to say1 con=mable to ! in/9ct & wants ( ! he>t 9 a giv5 age4 ,is x m j to say t ,jesus owes all to ,judaism1 & t 8 greatness is only t ( ! ,jewi% p8 ,no "o is m dispos$ ?an myself to place high ?is unique p1 ^: p>ticul> gift seems to h be5 to conta9 9 its mid/ ! extremes ( good & evil4 ,no d\bt1 ,jesus proce$$ f ,judaism2 b he proce$$ f x z ,socrates proce$$ f ! s*ools ( ! ,sophi/s1 z ,lu!r proce$$ f ! ,middle ,ages1 z ,lam5nais f ,ca?olicism1 z ,r\sseau f ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,a man is ( 8 age & 8 race ev5 :5 he reacts aga9/ 8 age & 8 race4 ,f> f ,jesus hav+ cont9u$ ,judaism1 he repres5ts ! rupture ) ! ,jewi% _s4 ,! g5]al direction ( ,*ri/ianity aft] him does n p]mit ! supposition t 8 idea 9 ?is respect c\ld lead to any misund]/&+4 ,! g5]al m>* ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 to remove itself m & m f ,judaism4 ,x w become p]fect 9 return+ to ,jesus1 b c]ta9ly n 9 return+ to ,judaism4 ,! great orig9ality ( ! f\nd] rema9s !n undim9i%$2 8 glory admits no legitimate %>]4 ,d\btless1 circum/ances mu* aid$ ! success ( ?is m>vell\s revolution2 b circum/ances only second t :i* is j & true4 ,ea* bran* ( ! developm5t ( humanity has its privileg$ epo*1 9 :i* x atta9s p]fection by a sort ( spontane\s in/9ct1 & )\t ef=t4 ,no labor ( reflection w\ld succe$ 9 produc+ aft]w>d ! ma/]pieces :i* ,nature creates at ^? mom5ts by inspir$ g5iuses4 ,t :i* ! gold5 age ( ,greece 0 = arts & lit]ature1 ! age ( ,jesus 0 = religion4 ,jewi% society exhibit$ ! mo/ extraord9>y moral & intellectual /ate :i* ! human species has ev] pass$ ?r\gh4 ,x 0 truly "o ( ^? div9e h\rs 9 :i* ! sublime is produc$ by comb9ations ( a ?\s& hidd5 =ces1 9 :i* great s\ls f9d a flood ( admiration & sympa?y to su/a9 !m4 ,! _w1 deliv]$ f ! v n>r[ tyranny ( small municipal republics1 enjoy$ great lib]ty4 ,roman despotism did n make itself felt 9 a disa/r\s mann] until mu* lat]1 & x 01 moreov]1 always less oppressive 9 ^? di/ant prov9ces ?an 9 ! c5tre ( ! empire4 ,our petty prev5tive int]f]5ces 7f> m de/ructive ?an dea? to ?+s ( ! _s7 did n exi/4 ,jesus1 dur+ ?ree ye>s1 c\ld lead a life :i*1 9 our societies1 w\ld h br\ght him tw5ty times be=e ! magi/rates4 ,our laws ^u ! illegal ex]cise ( m$ic9e w\ld alone h suffic$ to cut %ort 8 c>e]4 ,! unbeliev+ dyna/y ( ! ,h]ods1 on ! o!r h&1 occupi$ itself little ) religi\s movem5ts2 "u ! ,asmoneans1 ,jesus w\ld probably h be5 arre/$ at 8 fir/ /ep4 ,an innovator1 9 su* a /ate ( society1 only risk$ dea?1 & dea? is a ga9 to ^? :o labor = ! future4 ,imag9e ,jesus r$uc$ to be> ! burd5 ( 8 div9ity until 8 sixtie? or sev5tie? ye>1 los+ 8 cele/ial fire1 we>+ out little by little "u ! burd5 ( an unp>allel$ mission6 ,ev]y?+ favors ^? :o h a special de/9y2 !y become glori\s by a sort ( inv9cible impulse & comm& ( fate4 ,?is sublime p]son1 :o ea* day /ill presides ov] ! de/9y ( ! _w1 we may call div9e1 n 9 ! s5se t ,jesus has absorb$ all ! div9e1 or has be5 adequate to x 7to employ an expression ( ! s*oolm571 b 9 ! s5se t ,jesus is ! "o :o has caus$ 8 fell[-m5 to make ! greate/ /ep t[>d ! div9e4 ,mank9d 9 its totality (f]s an assemblage ( l[ be+s1 selfi%1 & sup]ior to ! animal only 9 t its selfi%ness is m reflective4 ,f ! mid/ ( ?is uni=m m$iocrity1 !re are pill>s t rise t[>d ! sky1 & be> witness to a nobl] de/9y4 ,jesus is ! highe/ ( ^! pill>s :i* %[ to man :5ce he comes1 & :i!r he ought to t5d4 ,9 him 0 cond5s$ all t is good & elevat$ 9 our nature4 ,he 0 n s9less2 he has conqu]$ ! same passions t we combat2 no angel ( ,god com=t$ him1 except 8 good consci5ce2 no ,satan tempt$ him1 except t :i* ea* "o be>s 9 8 he>t4 ,9 ! same way t _m ( 8 great qualities are lo/ to u1 ?r\gh ! fault ( 8 disciples1 x is also probable t _m ( 8 faults h be5 conceal$4 ,b nev] has any "o s mu* z he made ! int]e/s ( humanity pr$om9ate 9 8 life ov] ! littl5esses ( self-love4 ,unres]v$ly devot$ to 8 mission1 he subord9at$ ev]y?+ to x to su* a degree t1 t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 ! univ]se no long] exi/$ = him4 ,x 0 by ?is access ( h]oic w t he conqu]$ heav54 ,!re nev] 0 a man1 ,cakya-,m\ni p]haps except$1 :o has to ?is degree trampl$ "u foot1 family1 ! joys ( ?is _w1 & all temporal c>e4 ,jesus only liv$ = 8 ,fa!r & ! div9e mission :i* he believ$ himself de/9$ to fulfill4 ,z to u1 et]nal *ildr51 p[]less z we are1 we :o labor )\t reap+1 & :o w nev] see ! fruit ( t :i* we h s[n1 let u b[ be=e ^! demi-gods4 ,!y 7 able to d t :i* we _c d3 to create1 to affirm1 to act4 ,w great orig9ality be born aga91 or w ! _w cont5t itself h5ce=? by foll[+ ! ways op5$ by ! bold creators ( ! anci5t ages8 ,we "k n4 ,b :atev] may be ! unexpect$ ph5om5a ( ! future1 ,jesus w n be surpass$4 ,8 wor%ip w con/antly r5ew its y\?1 ! tale ( 8 life w cause ceaseless te>s1 8 suff]+s w s(t5 ! be/ he>ts2 all ! ages w proclaim t among ! sons ( m51 !re is none born :o is great] ?an ,jesus4 ,,! ,,end4 ,mod]n ,libr>y ( ! ,_w's ,be/ ,books ,,complete ,,li/ ,,( ,,titles ,,9 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,libr>y ,= conv5i5ce 9 ord]+ use numb] at "r ( title 99 99 99 99 99 ,,adams1 ,,h5ry ,! ,education ( ,h5ry ,adams #gf ,,aik51 ,,conrad ,a ,compreh5sive ,an?ology ( ,am]ican ,poetry #aja ,,aik51 ,,conrad #bj?-,c5tury ,am]ican ,poetry #abg ,,&]son1 ,,%]wood ,w9esburg1 ,ohio #ajd ,,aqu9as1 ,,/4 ,,?omas ,introduction to ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as #bei ,,ari/otle ,introduction to ,ari/otle #bdh ,,ari/otle ,politics #bbh ,,balzac ,droll ,/ories #aic ,,balzac ,p]e ,goriot & ,eug5ie ,gr&et #bde ,,be]bohm1 ,,max ,zuleika ,dobson #aaf ,,bellamy1 ,,edw>d ,look+ ,backw>d #bb ,,b5nett1 ,,arnold ,! ,old ,wives' ,tale #ahd ,,b]gson1 ,,h5ri ,creative ,evolution #bca ,,bi]ce1 ,,ambrose ,9 ! ,mid/ ( ,life #acc ,,boccaccio ,! ,decam]on #ga ,,bronte1 ,,*>lotte ,jane ,eyre #fd ,,bronte1 ,,emily ,wu!r+ ,heights #ajf ,,buck1 ,,pe>l ,! ,good ,e>? #ae ,,burk1 ,,john ,n4 ,! ,life & ,works ( ,bee?ov5 #bda ,,burton1 ,,ri*>d ,! ,arabian ,nights #bja ,,butl]1 ,,samuel ,ere:on & ,ere:on ,revisit$ #acf ,,butl]1 ,,samuel ,! ,way ( ,all ,fle% #ac ,,byrne1 ,,donn ,mess] ,m>co ,polo #dc ,,caldwell1 ,,ersk9e ,god's ,little ,acre #ea ,,caldwell1 ,,ersk9e ,tobacco ,road #bdi ,,canfield1 ,,doro?y ,! ,deep5+ ,/ream #bjj ,,c>roll1 ,,lewis ,alice 9 ,wond]l&1 etc4 #gi ,,casanova1 ,,jacques ,memoirs ( ,casanova #afe ,,cell9i1 ,,b5v5uto ,autobiography ( ,cell9i #aej ,,c]vantes ,don ,quixote #agd ,,*auc] ,! ,cant]bury ,tales #afa ,,commag]1 ,,h5ry ,,/eele ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #bce ,,confucius ,! ,wisdom ( ,confucius #g ,,conrad1 ,,joseph ,he>t ( ,d>kness 7,9 ,great ,mod]n ,%ort ,/ories #afh7 ,,conrad1 ,,joseph ,"l ,jim #ahf ,,conrad1 ,,joseph ,victory #ahf ,,corneille & ,,rac9e ,six ,plays ( ,corneille & ,rac9e #aid ,,corvo1 ,,fr$]ick ,,b>on ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,borgias #aib ,,crane1 ,,/eph5 ,! ,r$ ,badge ( ,c\rage #acj ,,cumm+s1 ,e4,e4 ,! ,enorm\s ,room #bad ,,dana1 ,,ri*>d ,,h5ry ,two ,ye>s ,be=e ! ,ma/ #bcf ,,dante ,! ,div9e ,com$y #bjh ,,day1 ,,cl>5ce ,life ) ,fa!r #bcj ,,defoe1 ,,daniel ,rob9son ,crusoe & ,a ,j\rnal ( ! ,plague ,ye> #ib ,,defoe1 ,,daniel ,moll ,fl&]s #abb ,,dewey1 ,,john ,human ,nature & ,conduct #agc ,,dick5s1 ,,*>les ,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities #ahi ,,dick5s1 ,,*>les ,david ,copp]field #aaj ,,dick5s1 ,,*>les ,pickwick ,pap]s #bjd ,,dick9son1 ,,emily ,select$ ,poems ( #be ,,d9es51 ,,isak ,sev5 ,go?ic ,tales #ed ,,dos ,,passos1 ,,john ,?ree ,soldi]s #bje ,,do/oyevsky1 ,,fyodor ,crime & ,puni%m5t #aii ,,do/oyevsky1 ,,fyodor ,! ,bro!rs ,k>amazov #aea ,,do/oyevsky1 ,,fyodor ,! ,possess$ #ee ,,d\glas1 ,,norman ,s\? ,w9d #e ,,doyle1 ,,sir ,,ar?ur ,,conan ,! ,adv5tures & ,memoirs ( ,%]lock ,holmes #bjf ,,dreis]1 ,,!odore ,si/] ,c>rie #h ,,dumas1 ,,alex&re ,camille #fi ,,dumas1 ,,alex&re ,! ,?ree ,muskete]s #adc ,,du ,,mauri]1 ,,daphne ,rebecca #bbg ,,du ,,mauri]1 ,,george ,pet] ,ibbetson #bjg ,,edman1 ,,irw9 ,! ,philosophy ( ,plato #aha ,,edman1 ,,irw9 ,! ,philosophy ( ,santayana #bbd ,,ellis1 ,,havelock ,! ,dance ( ,life #afj ,,em]son1 ,,ralph ,,waldo ,essays & ,o!r ,writ+s #ia ,,fa/1 ,,h[>d ,! ,unvanqui%$ #bci ,,faulkn]1 ,,william ,sanctu>y #fa ,,faulkn]1 ,,william ,! ,s\nd & ! ,fury & ,z ,i ,lay ,dy+ #ahg ,,field+1 ,,h5ry ,joseph ,&rews #aag ,,field+1 ,,h5ry ,tom ,jones #ahe ,,flaub]t1 ,,gu/ave ,madame ,bov>y #bh ,,=e/]1 ,c4,s4 ,! ,african ,que5 #ajb ,,=/]1 ,e4,m4 ,a ,passage to ,india #bah ,,france1 ,,anatole ,p5gu9 ,isl& #baj ,,frankl91 ,,b5jam9 ,autobiography1 etc4 #ci ,,fro/1 ,,rob]t ,! ,poems ( #bdb ,,galswor?y1 ,,john ,! ,apple ,tree 7,9 ,great ,mod]n ,%ort ,/ories #afh7 ,,gauti]1 ,,!ophile ,mlle4 ,de ,maup9 & ,"o ( ,cleopatra's ,nights #ec ,,george1 ,,h5ry ,progress & ,pov]ty #cf ,,godd51 ,,rum] ,black ,n>cissus #bef ,,goe! ,fau/ #agg ,,goe! ,! ,sorr[s ( ,w]!r 7,9 ,collect$ ,g]man ,/ories #ajh7 ,,gogol1 ,,nikolai ,dead ,s\ls #dj ,,graves1 ,,rob]t ,i1 ,claudius #bj ,,hammett1 ,,da%iell ,! ,maltese ,falcon #de ,,hamsun1 ,,knut ,gr[? ( ! ,soil #ab ,,h>dy1 ,,?omas ,jude ! ,obscure #ace ,,h>dy1 ,,?omas ,! ,mayor ( ,ca/]bridge #ag ,,h>dy1 ,,?omas ,! ,return ( ! ,native #aba ,,h>dy1 ,,?omas ,tess ( ! ,d',urb]villes #gb ,,h>t ,,& ,,kaufman ,six ,plays by #bcc ,,h>te1 ,,bret ,! ,be/ ,/ories ( #bej ,,haw?orne1 ,,na?aniel ,! ,sc>let ,lett] #ic ,,hellman1 ,,lillian ,f\r ,plays by #bbc ,,hem+way1 ,,erne/ ,a ,f>ewell to ,arms #ai ,,hem+way1 ,,erne/ ,! ,sun ,also ,rises #agj ,,hemon1 ,,l\is ,m>ia ,*apdela9e #aj ,,h5ry1 ,o4 ,be/ ,%ort ,/ones ( #d ,,h]odotus ,! ,complete ,works ( #bee ,,h]sey1 ,,john ,a ,bell = ,adano #af ,,hom] ,! ,iliad #aff ,,hom] ,! ,odyssey #afg ,,horace ,! ,complete ,works ( #ada ,,hudson1 ,w4,h4 ,gre5 ,mansions #hi ,,hudson1 ,w4,h4 ,! ,purple ,l& #bd ,,hughes1 ,,ri*>d ,a ,high ,w9d 9 ,jamaica #aab ,,hugo1 ,,victor ,! ,hun*back ( ,notre ,dame #ce ,,huxley1 ,,ald\s ,antic ,hay #bji ,,huxley1 ,,ald\s ,po9t ,c\nt] ,po9t #ahj ,,ibs51 ,,h5rik ,a ,doll's ,h\se1 ,gho/s1 etc4 #f ,,irv+1 ,,wa%+ton ,select$ ,writ+s ( ,wa%+ton ,irv+ #bdj ,,jackson1 ,,*>les ,! ,lo/ ,week5d #beh ,,james1 ,,h5ry ,! ,portrait ( a ,lady #ajg ,,james1 ,,h5ry ,! ,turn ( ! ,screw #afi ,,james1 ,,h5ry ,! ,w+s ( ! ,dove #bdd ,,james1 ,,william ,! ,philosophy ( ,william ,james #aad ,,james1 ,,william ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce #gj ,,jeff]s1 ,,william ,roan ,/allion2 ,tam> & ,o!r ,poems #aah ,,jeff]son1 ,,?omas ,! ,life & ,select$ ,writ+s ( #bcd ,,joyce1 ,,james ,dubl9]s #abd ,,joyce1 ,,james ,a ,portrait ( ! ,arti/ z a ,"y ,man #ade ,,kaufman ,,& ,,h>t ,six ,plays by #bcc ,,koe/l]1 ,,ar?ur ,d>kness at ,noon #gd ,,kupr91 ,,alex&re ,yama #bjc ,,laotse ,! ,wisdom ( #bfb ,,l>dn]1 ,,r+ ,! ,collect$ ,%ort ,/ories ( #baa ,,lawr5ce1 ,d4,h4 ,! ,ra9b[ #abh ,,lawr5ce1 ,d4,h4 ,sons & ,lov]s #aji ,,lawr5ce1 ,d4,h4 ,wom5 9 ,love #fh ,,lewis1 ,,s9clair ,arr[smi? #db ,,lewis1 ,,s9clair ,babbitt #afb ,,lewis1 ,,s9clair ,dodswor? #beb ,,longfell[1 ,,h5ry ,w4 ,poems #ef ,,l\ys1 ,,pi]re ,aphrodite #gg ,,ludwig1 ,,emil ,napoleon #ie ,,ma*iavelli ,! ,pr9ce & ,! ,disc\rses ( ,ma*iavelli #fe ,,malraux1 ,,&re ,man's ,fate #cc ,,mann1 ,,?omas ,dea? 9 ,v5ice 7,9 ,collect$ ,g]man ,/ories #ajh7 ,,mansfield1 ,,ka!r9e ,! ,g>d5 ,p>ty #abi ,,m>qu&1 ,,john ,p4 ,! ,late ,george ,apley #ahb ,,m>x1 ,,k>l ,capital & ,o!r ,writ+s #bjb ,,maugham1 ,w4 ,,som]set ,( ,human ,bondage #agf ,,maugham1 ,w4 ,,som]set ,! ,moon & ,sixp5ce #bg ,,maupassant1 ,,guy ,,de ,be/ ,%ort ,/ories #ih ,,maurois1 ,,&re ,disraeli #df ,mc,f,e,e1 ,,william ,casuals ( ! ,sea #aie ,,melville1 ,,h]man ,moby ,dick #aai ,,m]$i?1 ,,george ,diana ( ! ,crossways #ad ,,m]$i?1 ,,george ,! ,ordeal ( ,ri*>d ,fev]el #acd ,,m]$i?1 ,,george ,! ,egoi/ #bec ,,m]ejk[ski1 ,,dmitri ,! ,romance ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci #ach ,,milton1 ,,john ,! ,complete ,poetry & ,select$ ,prose ( ,john ,milton #acb ,,miscellane\s ,an ,an?ology ( ,am]ican ,negro ,lit]ature #afc ,an ,an?ology ( ,light ,v]se #dh ,be/ ,am]4 ,humor\s ,%ort ,/ories #hg ,be/ ,russian ,%ort ,/ories1 includ+ ,bun9's ,! ,g5tleman f ,san ,francisco #ah ,eight ,fam\s ,elizabe?an ,plays #id ,fam\s ,gho/ ,/ories #gc ,five ,great ,mod]n ,iri% ,plays #cj ,f\r ,fam\s ,greek ,plays #aeh ,f\rte5 ,great ,detective ,/ories #add ,great ,g]man ,%ort ,novels & ,/ories #ajh ,great ,mod]n ,%ort ,/ories #afh ,great ,tales ( ! ,am]ican ,we/ #bch ,outl9e ( ,abnormal ,psy*ology #aeb ,outl9e ( ,psy*oanalysis #ff ,! ,consolation ( ,philosophy #bbf ,! ,f$]ali/ #aci ,! ,mak+ ( ,man3 ,an ,outl9e ( ,an?ropology #adi ,! ,mak+ ( ,society3 ,an ,outl9e ( ,sociology #ahc ,! ,poetry ( ,fre$om #age ,! ,sex ,problem 9 ,mod]n ,society #aih ,! ,%ort ,bible #eg ,?ree ,fam\s ,fr5* ,romances #he ,sapho1 by ,alphonse ,daudet ,manon ,lescaut1 by ,anto9e ,prevo/ ,c>m51 by ,prosp] ,m]imee ,,moli]e ,plays #gh ,,morley1 ,,*ri/oph] ,p>nassus on ,:eels #aij ,,na%1 ,,ogd5 ,! ,select$ ,v]se ( ,ogd5 ,na% #aia ,,nev9s1 ,,allan ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #bce ,,nietzs*e1 ,,fri$ri* ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra #i ,,no/radamus ,oracles ( #ha ,,odets1 ,,clif=d ,six ,plays ( #fg ,o',,neill1 ,,eug5e ,! ,emp]or ,jones1 ,anna ,*ri/ie & ,! ,hairy ,ape #adf ,o',,neill1 ,,eug5e ,! ,long ,voyage ,home & ,sev5 ,plays ( ! ,sea #aaa ,,palgrave1 ,,francis ,! ,gold5 ,treasury #bcb ,,p>k]1 ,,doro?y ,! ,collect$ ,%ort ,/ories ( #abc ,,p>k]1 ,,doro?y ,! ,collect$ ,poetry ( #bcg ,,pascal1 ,,blaise ,p5sees & ,! ,prov9cial ,lett]s #afd ,,pat]1 ,,walt] ,m>ius ! ,epicurean #ij ,,pat]1 ,,walt] ,! ,r5aissance #hf ,,paul1 ,,elliot ,! ,life & ,dea? ( a ,spani% ,t[n #bbe ,,pe>son1 ,,edmund ,/udies 9 ,murd] #aac ,,pepys1 ,,samuel ,samuel ,pepys' ,di>y #ajc ,,p]elman1 ,s4,j4 ,! ,be/ ( #bdg ,,petronius ,,arbit] ,! ,satyricon #aef ,,plato ,! ,philosophy ( ,plato #aha ,,plato ,! ,republic #aec ,,poe1 ,,edg> ,,allan ,be/ ,tales #hb ,,polo1 ,,m>co ,! ,travels ( ,m>co ,polo #aif ,,pope1 ,,alex&] ,select$ ,works ( #beg ,,port]1 ,,ka!r9e ,,anne ,fl[]+ ,judas #hh ,,pr\/1 ,,m>cel ,swann's ,way #ei ,,pr\/1 ,,m>cel ,)9 a ,budd+ ,grove #agb ,,pr\/1 ,,m>cel ,! ,gu]mantes ,way #bac ,,pr\/1 ,,m>cel ,cities ( ! ,pla9 #bbj ,,pr\/1 ,,m>cel ,! ,captive #abj ,,pr\/1 ,,m>cel ,! ,sweet ,*eat ,gone #bfj ,,rawl+s1 ,,m>jorie ,,k9nan ,! ,ye>l+ #bdf ,,reade1 ,,*>les ,! ,cloi/] & ! ,he>? #fb ,,re$1 ,,john ,t5 ,days t ,%ook ! ,_w #bae ,,r5an1 ,,erne/ ,! ,life ( ,jesus #adj ,,ro/&1 ,,edmond ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac #aed ,,r\sseau1 ,,jean ,,jacques ,! ,confessions ( ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau #bdc ,,russell1 ,,b]tr& ,select$ ,pap]s ( ,b]tr& ,russell #acg ,,s*op5hau] ,! ,philosophy ( ,s*op5hau] #eb ,,%akespe>e1 ,,william ,trag$ies1 #a1 #a;,a--complete1 #b vols4 ,,%akespe>e1 ,,william ,com$ies1 #b1 #b;,a--complete1 #b vols4 ,,%akespe>e1 ,,william ,hi/ories1 #c ,hi/ories1 ,poems1 #c;,a complete1 #b vols4 ,,%eean1 ,,v9c5t ,p]sonal ,hi/ory #cb ,,smollett1 ,,tobias ,humphry ,cl9k] #aei ,,sn[1 ,,edg> ,r$ ,/> ,ov] ,*9a #abf ,,sp9oza ,! ,philosophy ( ,sp9oza #fj ,,/e9beck1 ,,john ,9 ,dubi\s ,battle #aae ,,/e9beck1 ,,john ,( ,mice & ,m5 #bi ,,/e9beck1 ,,john ,! ,grapes ( ,wra? #adh ,,/e9beck1 ,,john ,tortilla ,flat #baf ,,/5dhal ,! ,r$ & ! ,black #aeg ,,/]ne1 ,,laur5ce ,tri/ram ,%&y #adg ,,/ew>t1 ,,george ,r4 ,/orm #bed ,,/ok]1 ,,bram ,dracula #ca ,,/one1 ,,irv+ ,lu/ = ,life #aa ,,/[e1 ,,h>riet ,,bee*] ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 #bfa ,,/ra*ey1 ,,lytton ,em95t ,victorians #bab ,,suetonius ,lives ( ! ,twelve ,caes>s #ahh ,,swift1 ,,jona?an ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 ,a ,tale ( a ,tub1 ,! ,battle ( ! ,books #ajj ,,sw9burne1 ,,*>les ,poems #bc ,,symonds1 ,,john ,a4 ,! ,life ( ,mi*elangelo #di ,,tacitus ,! ,complete ,works ( #bbb ,,t*ekov1 ,,anton ,%ort ,/ories #ej ,,t*ekov1 ,,anton ,sea ,gull1 ,*]ry ,or*>d1 ,?ree ,si/]s1 etc4 #aga ,,?ack]ay1 ,,william ,h5ry ,esmond #hj ,,?ack]ay1 ,,william ,vanity ,fair #aca ,,?ompson1 ,,francis ,complete ,poems #ch ,,?oreau1 ,,h5ry ,,david ,wald5 & ,o!r ,writ+s #aee ,,?ucydides ,! ,complete ,writ+s ( #eh ,,tol/oy1 ,,leo ,anna ,k>59a #cg ,,toml9son1 ,h4,m4 ,! ,sea & ! ,jungle #ii ,,trollope1 ,,an?ony ,b>*e/] ,t[]s & ,! ,w>d5 #da ,,trollope1 ,,an?ony ,! ,eu/ace ,diamonds #bea ,,turg5ev1 ,,ivan ,fa!rs & ,sons #ba ,,van ,,loon1 ,,h5drik ,w4 ,anci5t ,man #aje ,,vebl51 ,,?or/e9 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,leisure ,class #fc ,,virgil',s ,,works ,includ+ ,! ,a5eid1 ,eclogues1 & ,georgics #ge ,,voltaire ,c&ide #dg ,,walpole1 ,,hugh ,=titude #agh ,,walton1 ,,izaak ,! ,compleat ,angl] #bf ,,webb1 ,,m>y ,preci\s ,bane #bai ,,wells1 ,h4,g4 ,tono ,bungay #aig ,,:>ton1 ,,edi? ,! ,age ( ,innoc5ce #bbi ,,:itman1 ,,walt ,leaves ( ,grass #ig ,,wilde1 ,,osc> ,dorian ,gray1 ,de ,pr(undis #abe ,,wilde1 ,,osc> ,poems & ,fairy ,tales #hd ,,wilde1 ,,osc> ,! ,plays ( ,osc> ,wilde #hc ,,woolf1 ,,virg9ia ,mrs4 ,dall[ay #if ,,woolf1 ,,virg9ia ,to ! ,ligh?\se #bag ,,wright1 ,,ri*>d ,native ,son #bba ,,yeats1 ,w4,b4 ,iri% ,fairy & ,folk ,tales #dd ,,"y1 ,g4,f4 ,! ,m$ici #agi ,,zola1 ,,emile ,nana #adb ,,zweig1 ,,/efan ,amok 7,9 ,collect$ ,g]man ,/ories #ajh7 ,,mod]n ,,libr>y ,,giants ,a s]ies ( full-siz$ libr>y editions ( books t =m]ly 7 available only 9 cumb]some & exp5sive sets4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,libr>y ,,giants ,,repres5t ,a ,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,greate/ ,,books ,_m are illu/rat$ & "s ( !m are ov] #abjj pages long4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g#a4 ,,tol/oy1 ,,leo4 ,w> & ,peace4 ,g#b4 ,,boswell1 ,,james4 ,life ( ,samuel ,johnson4 ,g#c4 ,,hugo1 ,,victor4 ,les ,mis]ables4 ,g#d4 ,,! ,,complete ,,poems ,,( ,,keats ,,& ,,%elley4 ,g#e4 ,,plut>*',s ,,lives 7,! ,dryd5 ,translation74 ,g#f4 ,,gibbon1 ,,edw>d4 ,! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,g#g4 ,empire 7,complete 9 ?ree volumes74 ,g#h4 ,g#i4 ,,"y1 ,g4,f4 ,! ,m$ici 7,illu/rat$74 ,g#aj4 ,,twelve ,,fam\s ,,re/oration ,,plays 7#affj-ahbj7 7,congreve1 ,wy*]ley1 ,gay1 ,goldsmi?1 ,%]idan1 etc47 ,g#aa4 ,,james1 ,,h5ry4 ,! ,%ort ,/ories (4 ,g#ab4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,popul> ,,novels ,,( ,,sir ,,walt] ,,scott 7,qu5t9 ,durw>d1 ,ivanhoe & ,k5ilwor?74 ,g#ac4 ,,c>lyle1 ,,?omas4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,g#ad4 ,,bulf9*',s ,,my?ology 7,illu/rat$74 ,g#ae4 ,,c]vantes4 ,don ,quixote 7,illu/rat$74 ,g#af4 ,,wolfe1 ,,?omas4 ,look ,homew>d1 ,angel4 ,g#ag4 ,,! ,,poems ,,& ,,plays ,,( ,,rob]t ,,br[n+4 ,g#ah4 ,,elev5 ,,plays ,,( ,,h5rik ,,ibs54 ,g#ai4 ,,! ,,complete ,,works ,,( ,,hom]4 ,g#bj4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,writ+s ,,( ,,abraham ,,l9coln4 ,g#ba4 ,,sixte5 ,,fam\s ,,am]ican ,,plays4 ,g#bc4 ,,tol/oy1 ,,leo4 ,anna ,k>59a4 ,g#bd4 ,,lamb1 ,,*>les4 ,! ,complete ,works & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,lamb4 ,g#be4 ,,! ,,complete ,,plays ,,( ,,gilb]t ,,& ,,sullivan4 ,g#bf4 ,,m>x1 ,,k>l4 ,capital4 ,g#bg4 ,,d>w91 ,,*>les4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species & ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,g#bh4 ,,! ,,complete ,,works ,,( ,,lewis ,,c>roll4 ,g#bi4 ,,prescott1 ,,william ,h4 ,! ,conque/ ( ,mexico & ,! ,conque/ ( ,p]u4 ,g#cj4 ,,my]s1 ,,gu/avus4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,am]ican ,=tunes4 ,g#ca4 ,,w]fel1 ,,franz4 ,! ,=ty ,days ( ,musa ,dagh4 ,g#cb4 ,,smi?1 ,,adam4 ,! ,weal? ( ,nations4 ,g#cc4 ,,coll9s1 ,,wilkie4 ,! ,moon/one & ,! ,woman 9 ,:ite4 ,g#cd4 ,,nietzs*e1 ,,fri$ri*4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,nietzs*e4 ,g#ce4 ,,bury1 ,j4,b4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,g#cf4 ,,do/oyevsky1 ,,fyodor4 ,! ,bro!rs ,k>amazov4 ,g#cg4 ,,! ,,complete ,,novels ,,& ,,select$ ,,tales ,,( ,,na?aniel ,,haw?orne4 ,g#ch4 ,,roll&1 ,,roma94 ,jean-,*ri/ophe4 ,g#ci4 ,,! ,,basic ,,writ+s ,,( ,,sigmund ,,freud4 ,g#dj4 ,,! ,,complete ,,tales ,,& ,,poems ,,( ,,edg> ,,allan ,,poe4 ,g#da4 ,,f>rell1 ,,james ,t4 ,/uds ,lonigan4 ,g#db4 ,,! ,,poems ,,& ,,plays ,,( ,,t5nyson4 ,g#dc4 ,,dewey1 ,,john4 ,intellig5ce 9 ! ,mod]n ,_w3 ,john ,dewey's ,philosophy4 ,g#dd4 ,,dos ,,passos1 ,,john4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,g#de4 ,,lewisohn1 ,,ludwig4 ,! ,/ory ( ,am]ican ,lit]ature4 ,g#df4 ,a ,,new ,,an?ology ,,( ,,mod]n ,,poetry4 ,g#dg4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,philosoph]s ,,f ,,bacon ,,to ,,mill4 ,g#dh4 ,,! ,,metropolitan ,,op]a ,,guide4 ,g#di4 ,,twa91 ,,m>k4 ,tom ,sawy] & ,huckleb]ry ,f9n4 ,g#ej4 ,,:itman1 ,,walt4 ,leaves ( ,grass4 ,g#ea4 ,,! ,,be/-,,kn[n ,,novels ,,( ,,george ,,eliot4 ,g#eb4 ,,joyce1 ,,james4 ,ulysses4 ,g#ec4 ,,sue1 ,,eug5e4 ,! ,w&]+ ,jew4 ,g#ed4 ,,field+1 ,,h5ry4 ,tom ,jones4 ,g#ee4 ,o',,neill1 ,,eug5e4 ,n9e ,plays by4 ,g#ef4 ,,/]ne1 ,,laur5ce4 ,tri/ram ,%&y & ,a ,s5tim5tal ,j\rney4 ,g#eg4 ,,brooks1 ,,van ,,wyck4 ,! ,fl[]+ ( ,new ,engl&4 ,g#eh4 ,,! ,,complete ,,novels ,,( ,,jane ,,au/54 ,g#ei4 ,,hem+way1 ,,erne/4 ,! ,%ort ,/ories (4 ,g#fj4 ,,do/oyevsky1 ,,fyodor4 ,! ,idiot4 7,illu/rat$ by ,bo>dman ,rob9son74 ,g#fa4 ,,spae?1 ,,sigmund4 ,a ,guide to ,great ,or*e/ral ,music4 ,g#fb4 ,,! ,,poems1 ,,prose ,,& ,,plays ,,( ,,pu%k94 ,g#fc4 ,,sixte5 ,,fam\s ,,briti% ,,plays4 ,g#fd4 ,,melville1 ,,h]man4 ,moby ,dick4 ,g#fe4 ,,! ,,complete ,,works ,,( ,,rabelais4 ,g#ff4 ,,?ree ,,fam\s ,,murd] ,,novels ,be=e ! ,fact1 ,francis ,iles4 ,tr5t's ,la/ ,case1 ,e4,c4 ,b5tley4 ,! ,h\se ( ! ,arr[1 ,a4,e4,w4 ,mason4 ,g#fg4 ,,an?ology ,,( ,,fam\s ,,engli% ,,& ,,am]ican ,,poetry4 ,g#fh4 ,,! ,,select$ ,,"w ,,( ,,tom ,,pa9e4 ,g#fi4 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,"o ,,ye>s' ,,ent]ta9m5t4 ,g#gj4 ,,! ,,complete ,,poetry ,,( ,,john ,,donne ,,& ,,william ,,blake4 ,g#ga4 ,,sixte5 ,,fam\s ,,european ,,plays4 ,g#gb4 ,,great ,,tales ,,( ,,t]ror ,,& ,,! ,,sup]natural4 ,g#gc4 ,a ,,subtreasury ,,( ,,am]ican ,,humor4