,illustration3 ,,the ,,great ,,round    
,,world ,,and ,,what ,,is ,,going ,,on  
,,in ,,it4      ,,vol4 #a   ,,december  
#cj1 #ahig4   ,,no4 #fj  ,copyright1    
#ahig1 by ,,the ,,great ,,round ,,world 
,publishing ,company4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,the     
heavens are affording us an interesting 
study just now4  ,our kind old friend1  
the sun1 it is who is giving us this    
benefit4  ,one of the largest sun-spots 
which has ever been observed is now to  
be seen4  ,so large is this spot that it
 is not necessary to look through a     
telescope to see it4 ,by using a smoked 
glass1 to dim the intense light of the  
sun1 any one can look at the spot for   
himself4  ,nowadays1 when all persons   
connected with the daily papers are on  
the lookout for some startling fact that
 shall sell their newspapers1 such an   
occurrence as the enormous increase in  
the size of a sun-spot is too good to be
 let slip by them4  ,extra editions     
about the sun-spot were issued by some  

of the most enterprising journals1 which
 contained sensational pictures1 and    
statements that the sun-spot was in fact
 a new world which was about to burst   
forth from the body of the sun4         
,according to these accounts1 the new   
world was to be sent whirling through   
space1 hurled1 as it were1 at our earth1
 which was to be shattered to pieces by 
it4  ,except that such stories serve to 
call the attention of unscientific      
people to scientific facts1 and teach   
them to observe the wonders of the      
universe1 it really seems a shame that  
such marvels should be used as bogies to
 scare the ignorant and superstitious4  
,as a matter of fact1 very little is    
known about these sun-spots4 ,they occur
 in greatest numbers in periods of about
 eleven years apart1 and astronomers and
 geologists agree that periods of rainy 
and dry seasons seem to correspond with 
the sun-spot periods4  ,when the        
greatest number of spots are visible on 
the sun1 scientists agree that the      

climatic conditions on the earth are    
normal and even4 ,when there are fewest 
spots on the sun we have extreme        
temperature and sudden changes4 ,when we
 say that astronomers and geologists    
agree on this point1 we must also admit 
that some astronomers are not quite     
satisfied that the fact has been proved4
  ,the only fact that has been actually 
proved to everybody's satisfaction is   
that1 during the time when the most     
spots are visible on the sun1 there are 
always more magnetic storms and displays
 of the aurora borealis4  ,a magnetic   
storm is a disturbance of the magnetic  
field which surrounds the earth2 its    
presence is shown by a disturbance of   
the needle of the compass1 and it often 
interferes with the electrical currents1
 making it difficult and sometimes      
impossible to use the telegraph-wires4  
,the aurora borealis is a wonderful     
light seen in the sky in high latitudes1
 and less frequently in other parts of  
the world--except during the activity of

 the sun-spots4  ,it appears as         
irregular patches and dancing columns of
 light which flame across the sky4 ,red1
 white1 pale green--these shafts are now
 dim1 now bright1 seeming to throb and  
pulse as they glow and pale4 ,as you    
watch them they change their form1 and1 
from being pillars of fire1 change to   
masses of glowing color4  ,a flash-light
 dancing across the sky gives you some1 
though a very poor notion1 of an aurora4
 ,the aurora has thousands of such      
flashes of light1 changing form and     
color as you watch them--filmy shafts of
 light1 coming you know not whence4     
,the spots on the sun are described as  
being dark patches which are visible on 
the bright surface of the sun4 ,they    
often appear in groups1 and frequently  
the larger spots will break up into     
smaller ones4 ,they are great           
depressions or holes in the surface of  
the sun1 and are supposed to be formed  
by descending currents of gases4        
,sun-spots are generally found in the   

neighborhood of the sun's equator1 and  
last from a few hours to a few months4  
,the presence of these spots has enabled
 scientists to prove that the sun1 like 
the earth1 revolves on its axis4  ,the  
last period of activity for sun-spots   
was in #ahic1 and1 according to the     
eleven-year theory1 there should be few1
 if any1 at this time4 ,prof4 ,garret   
,p4 ,serviss1 however1 tells us that at 
times during the quiet period of the    
sun1 large spots like the present one   
will appear on its surface1 and after   
assuming immense proportions1 vanish4   
,the present phenomenon appears to be   
about one hundred thousand miles in     
length1 and some people insist that they
 can see it gradually detaching itself  
from the sun and forming itself into a  
new world4  ,this is regarded as a hoax 
by scientific men who understand such   
matters4  ,it is hard to prove exactly  
whether the present great sun-spot is a 
large hole in the surface of the sun1 or
 a large mass of the body of the sun    

which is about to be detached from it2  
but in all such matters it is wiser to  
take the most practical and least       
sensational view4 ,similar phenomena to 
that which is now interesting us have   
been observed before1 and so1 until we  
have proof to the contrary1 it is more  
sensible to believe it is a sun-spot    
than to listen to sensational tales of a
 new world running wild through space4  
,sun-spots were first observed about    
#afaj by ,galileo1 so they have been    
known long enough for us to believe that
 they are not new worlds about to be    
flung into space4  ,galileo was the     
great ,italian astronomer who invented  
the telescope4  ,the chances are that   
the present sun-spot may give us an     
opportunity of seeing a fine aurora4 ,in
 #ahib1 when the last large spot was    
visible1 there was a notable aurora4    
,the light rays reached so far south    
that to the people in ,new ,york it     
appeared like the reflection on the sky 
from a great fire4         99       99  

99       99       99  ,francis          
,kossuth's effort to get the            
,austro-,hungarian bill delayed has not 
been successful4  ,you remember he tried
 to get the bill referred to a certain  
committee4  ,his motion was defeated by 
a large majority4  ,this looks rather   
promising for the bill which ,baron     
,banffy is trying to get through the    
,house1 and which1 you remember1 is to  
prolong the contract between the two    
nations for another year2 at the same   
time1 the best friends of the measure   
are doubtful if it will be possible to  
pass it4  ,the mass of the ,hungarian   
people are in sympathy with ,kossuth1   
and would be glad if ,hungary could     
regain her freedom4 ,it is therefore    
supposed that when the bill comes up for
 a final hearing1 ,kossuth will use all 
his fiery eloquence to dissuade the     
people from passing it1 and that it will
 be defeated4  ,persons who are able to 
look at both sides of the question are  
of opinion that separation would be a   

great misfortune for both countries4    
,austro-,hungary is now a great and     
powerful kingdom1 holding a position in 
,europe which enables her to preserve   
the balance of peace in the eastern     
portion of that troubled continent4     
,with ,austria and ,hungary divided into
 two small kingdoms with separate aims  
and interests1 ,turkey could not be held
 in check any longer1 and the ,russians1
 who are so full of ambition for power  
in the ,east1 could do pretty much as   
they pleased4  ,the ,hungarians are     
supposed to be a very wide-awake people1
 and able to comprehend the true meaning
 of a political situation4 ,it is       
therefore supposed that in the present  
crisis they are not striving so much for
 freedom1 which would be a disadvantage 
to them1 as for the supremacy in the two
 kingdoms4  ,this idea is outlined by   
,kossuth in a speech made by him the    
other day1 in which he said3 ,we want a 
separate army and separate treasury4    
,the ,king of ,hungary should be        

,emperor of ,austria as a sort of extra 
occupation4 ,vienna 7the capital of     
,austria7 is already a suburb of        
,budapest 7the capital of ,hungary71 and
 in time ,austria will become a         
collection of provinces attached to     
,hungary4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,rioting still continues in
 ,prague4 ,the troops are patrolling the
 street1 and special guards have been   
stationed at the places where outbreaks 
are feared4  ,numbers of arrests have   
been made1 and it is said that the      
prisons are so full that it has been    
found necessary to take no note of the  
smaller offenders1 and only hold those  
persons who are accused of serious      
crimes4  ,in ,vienna there has been a   
demonstration1 unfriendly to both       
,hungarians and ,bohemians4  ,one       
morning the inhabitants of the city     
awoke to find the town covered with     
flaming red placards4  ,some of them    
read1 ,no new compact between ,austria  
and ,hungary2 and others1 ,no language  

laws4 ,german is the national language4 
,these placards naturally aroused a     
great deal of angry feeling between the 
opposing parties4 ,the police tore them 
down1 and made every effort to find the 
persons who had posted them1 but without
 any result4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,the ,treaty of   
,peace between ,turkey and ,greece has  
been finally signed by the ,powers      
interested4  ,little notice has1        
however1 been taken of the fact2 matters
 in ,europe are looking so threatening  
that the affair of ,greece is almost    
forgotten4  ,it is said that war will   
break out in the ,balkan provinces in   
the spring1 a war which will involve    
both ,turkey and ,austria4  ,the ,balkan
 provinces are ,servia1 ,roumania1      
,bulgaria1 and ,montenegro4 ,if you look
 at your map1 you will see that they lie
 between ,hungary and ,turkey4  ,the    
,sultan of ,turkey is so convinced that 
such a war cannot be avoided1 that he is
 doing everything in his power to raise 

money for it4  ,he has given orders that
 the taxes must all be collected by the 
new year1 instead of ,may1 in which     
month they are generally paid4  ,to     
accomplish this the unfortunate people1 
particularly the ,christian population1 
are being very roughly dealt with4  ,it 
is stated that the ,sultan will not     
recall his troops from ,thessaly until  
the war indemnity has been paid1 and    
that ,germany is upholding him in his   
determination4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,the reports of   
the various officers of our ,government 
have followed the ,message of ,president
 ,mc,kinley4  ,every one is somewhat    
shocked to find that the tariff bill1   
which was to put such a lot of money in 
our treasury1 has fallen far short of   
the expected results1 and1 indeed1 has  
not produced enough revenue to pay the  
expenses of the ,government4  ,if the   
receipts from customs are not larger    
during the next few months than they    
have been during the last1 the country  

will be #fe1jjj1jjj behind at the end of
 the year1 and ,congress will have to   
devise some plan for raising this sum of
 money4  ,this means that some new tax  
will be imposed upon us1 for the        
,government must have the money it      
needs1 and the people must help to make 
up what is lacking4  ,the friends of the
 ,dingley ,bill hope that the custom    
receipts will increase1 and think that  
the reason they have been so small is   
that the merchants brought so much stuff
 into the country before the bill went  
into effect1 that they have not needed  
to get fresh supplies so far4 ,in short1
 they claim the ,dingley ,bill needs a  
longer trial4  ,the enemies of the      
measure point out that1 as a means of   
providing an income for the ,government1
 the ,dingley ,bill has been a failure4 
,we told you about the discussion as to 
the exact hour at which the bill became 
a law4  ,the question is not as yet     
settled4  ,the importers1 if you        
remember1 declared that the bill only   

became a law from the exact hour it was 
signed2 the ,government insists that it 
was a law from early morning of the day 
on which it was signed4  ,seventy-three 
importers have protested against paying 
duty for all day ,july #bdth1 because   
the bill was not signed until six       
minutes past four in the afternoon4  ,it
 is expected that a final decision will 
be given shortly1 which will put an end 
to the disagreement4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,side by   
side with the fact that there is not    
enough money in the treasury to meet the
 country's expenses1 the armor-plate    
question has come into prominence once  
more4  ,the naval officers and experts  
are all crying out against the folly of 
the ,government engaging in the         
manufacture of armor-plate4  ,the board 
of naval officers appointed to look into
 the subject stated1 in their report to 
the ,government1 that if such a factory 
is to be maintained1 ,congress must     
order the building of three new         

battleships every year4  ,the reason    
they give for this is that specially    
trained workmen are required to operate 
an armor-plate factory4 ,they think it  
would be necessary to provide sufficient
 work every year to keep the factory    
going4 ,if the factory were to be shut  
down and the hands discharged1 the naval
 officers declare that the time and     
money that would have to be spent in    
training fresh men to undertake the work
 then would cost the country more than  
keeping the works open right along4     
,the ,carnegie and ,bethlehem people    
have succeeded in getting the           
,government to test one of their plates 
made by the new ,krupp process4  ,the   
result of the trial1 it is expected1    
will decide whether the ,government     
shall buy its armor-plate as of old1 or 
enter into the manufacture itself4  ,if 
the ,krupp process is satisfactory1     
armor-plates will not have to be made so
 thick1 and the smaller quantity of     
steel in them will perhaps make them    

cheaper and enable the ,government and  
the manufacturers to agree upon a price 
that will be satisfactory to both4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,secretary of the ,treasury has    
handed in the ,currency report mentioned
 by the ,president in his ,message4  ,it
 proves to be very dry reading for all  
but men interested in the money market1 
and would not interest you at all4  ,he 
suggests a plan1 which is supposed to be
 a very wise one1 for removing all      
uncertainty about the soundness of our  
money4 ,it is1 however1 thought that the
 plan cannot be put into effect at      
present4  ,the ,secretary of the        
,treasury has also made a report on     
filibustering1 which is much more       
interesting4  ,spain has accused us of  
not taking proper steps to prevent these
 unlawful expeditions4  ,if she can     
prove the truth of these accusations1   
she can demand that we pay her a large  
sum of money as damages for every       
expedition that has reached ,cuba4  ,she

 would be quite justified in making     
these demands if the ,united ,states    
willingly and wilfully helped ,cuba to  
defy ,spain1 for every shipload of      
supplies landed enables the ,cubans to  
hold out so much longer against ,spain4 
,under these circumstances1 it is       
interesting to learn from the official  
statement of the ,secretary of the      
,treasury that we have done our duty to 
the best of our ability4  ,mr4 ,gage's  
report1 like the ,cuban remarks in the  
,message1 has an added interest from the
 fact that it is absolutely true4  ,many
 of the reports we get through the      
newspapers have to be changed or        
contradicted1 no matter how careful the 
news-gatherers may have been in         
selecting their information4 ,this is   
because the reporters do not have access
 to the official documents1 and are     
obliged to base their reports upon      
rumors or uncertain information4  ,when1
 however1 a report comes direct from the
 ,government1 there is no hearsay in the

 matter4 ,each department of the        
,government has the documents relating  
to its business1 and the reports it     
issues are made from the actual letters 
that have passed between                
countries--despatches and diplomatic    
documents which no outsider can ever    
hope to see4  ,here1 then1 is ,mr4      
,gage's report on filibustering4  ,he   
says that during two years and a half   
only six ,american vessels are said to  
have successfully landed filibustering  
expeditions from the ,united ,states in 
,cuba4 ,three foreign vessels are said  
to have been successful in the same     
effort4  ,with the vessels referred to  
it is said that a dozen harbor tugs1    
three or four lighters1 a few small     
steamers1 and about a dozen small sloops
 and schooners have been associated4    
,that only six ,american vessels out of 
all our large merchant navy succeeded in
 reaching ,cuba is1 the ,secretary      
thinks1 a proof of the law-abiding      
spirit of the ,american people4  ,he    

says that eight revenue-cutters1 with   
#cag men1 have cruised #ge1gfh miles1   
patrolling the coast to prevent         
filibustering4 ,these vessels captured  
seven ships and #aae men1 and broke up  
two expeditions4  ,he goes into the     
close examination of sixty expeditions  
which ,spain complains of4  ,twenty of  
these he shows were stopped through the 
efforts of the ,treasury1 five by the   
,united ,states ,navy1 four by ,spain1  
two were wrecked1 and one driven back by
 storm4 ,one which is laid to our credit
 the ,secretary declines to acknowledge 
as belonging to us at all4  ,of the     
successful expeditions1 ,mr4 ,gage      
points out that much was due to the     
weakness of the ,spanish patrol4 ,in all
 the cases where the offenders have been
 caught1 he shows that they have either 
been punished or are awaiting trial4    
,concerning the case of the ,silver     
,heels1 the ,secretary says that the    
,collector of the ,port of ,new ,york   
informed him that a representative of   

the ,spanish ,consul stated to him that 
he did not desire the vessel to be      
seized at the dock1 but captured after  
departure therefrom4 ,it was not1       
therefore1 so much negligence on the    
part of the ,government1 as speed on the
 part of the ,silver ,heels1 which      
enabled her to slip away from her       
pursuers4  ,while we are on the subject 
of the ,silver ,heels1 it will interest 
you to know that she has been taken into
 custody4  ,she arrived at ,wilmington  
the other day1 and was at once seized by
 the collector of that port4  ,an       
examination was made of the vessel1 but 
nothing was found on board to indicate  
that the ship had been engaged in       
unlawful work4  ,the crew have been     
subjected to a severe examination4 ,each
 man has had to make a statement before 
the court4  ,the master and mate of the 
vessel swore that the ,silver ,heels    
left ,new ,york bound for ,wilmington1  
,n4,c4 ,her cargo consisted of one      
hundred tons of coal designed for sale  

in ,wilmington4  ,on account of head    
winds she could not approach the coast1 
but was buffeted about until a few days 
ago1 when she cast anchor in ,wilmington
 harbor4  ,the two officers declared    
that no other cargo than the coal had   
been on board1 and that there had been  
no passengers4  ,the collector found the
 amount of coal in the ship that the    
master and mate swore was there--and so 
far everything goes to prove that they  
have been telling the truth4  ,the      
statements of the crew have been sent on
 to the ,government1 and the vessel will
 be kept in custody as long as it is    
necessary in order that a proper        
investigation may be made4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,after   
thinking matters over1 the ,spaniards   
have decided that ,president            
,mc,kinley's ,message was not so        
friendly to them as they at first       
supposed4  ,they have arrived at the    
conclusion that the part of the ,message
 which refers to intervention on our    

part in case ,home ,rule does not       
succeed1 is highly offensive to them4   
,seor ,sagasta is reported to have said 
that if the ,united ,states should try  
to interfere between ,spain and ,cuba1  
,spain would be found ready to protect  
herself and defend her national honor4  
,the heads of the ,government then      
decided that ,spain ought to increase   
her navy1 so that she should be ready in
 case of trouble4 ,an endeavor has been 
made to raise funds for this purpose1   
and one of the ,spanish ,senators has   
suggested that a public subscription be 
opened for the purpose4  ,a meeting of  
the ,carlists has been called to protest
 against the interference clause of the 
,message1 and the ,spaniards generally  
are much annoyed over it4  ,general     
,weyler has not allowed the opportunity 
offered him by the present unpopularity 
of the ,united ,states to pass him by4  
,he has been doing his best to convince 
the people that his recall was due to   
our interference1 and that1 had he been 

allowed to remain in ,cuba1 the island  
would have been pacified in a very short
 space of time4  ,he and his friends    
have been working industriously to raise
 him to the position of a popular hero1 
and1 taking advantage of some of the    
,president's remarks about the cruel    
methods of warfare employed in ,cuba1 he
 says that he feels proud of the fact   
that the ,president attacks him1 as it  
is a proof that his conduct was         
displeasing to ,spain's enemies4        
,following up these remarks1 which were 
published in all the ,spanish papers1   
,weyler determined to visit ,madrid and 
pay his respects to the ,queen4  ,he and
 his friends evidently hoped that there 
would be some popular demonstration in  
favor of their idol4  ,a holiday was    
chosen for his arrival1 so that the     
lower classes might be free to greet    
him1 and a party of his admirers1       
several hundred strong1 went in a body  
to the depot to receive him4  ,sagasta1 
learning of these arrangements1 feared  

that some hot heads might make an attack
 on the ,american embassy1 and sent a   
special guard to protect it4  ,he might1
 however1 have spared himself the       
anxiety4 ,the people took very little   
notice of the great man's arrival1 and  
made no demonstration whatever4 ,his    
arrival in the city seemed to be of very
 small importance to any but his own    
personal friends4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,you will be glad 
to hear that ,gen4 ,rius ,rivera1 the   
insurgent leader1 has been released from
 the ,cabana fortress by a royal decree4
  ,he has sailed for ,cadiz1 ,spain1    
where he will remain in exile4  ,it is  
said that ,general ,blanco sent for     
,rivera1 and asked him if he would      
promise not to take up arms against     
,spain if he were set free4  ,rivera    
replied that as soon as he was free he  
would return to the insurgent camp and  
fight for ,cuba till the last drop of   
his blood was spilled4  ,general ,blanco
 then asked him if he would go to the   

rebels and offer ,home ,rule to them4   
,this was met by another firm refusal4  
,the ,cubans are feeling very proud of  
his bravery and firmness4  ,you will    
remember ,general ,sanguilly promised1  
if he were freed1 never to fight against
 ,spain1 but ,rivera prefers            
imprisonment or exile to giving a pledge
 which he could never keep4  ,rius      
,rivera was the general who took        
,maceo's command after that leader had  
been killed4 ,he was captured last      
,march1 while severely wounded4  ,there 
is a rumor that ,gen4 ,julio ,sanguilly 
has gone over to the ,spanish cause and 
offered his services to ,general        
,blanco4  ,it is impossible as yet to   
learn the truth of this rumor4 ,the     
,general1 over his own signature1       
indignantly denies it1 and begs his     
friends to deny it for him4  ,in spite  
of the fact that when he was released1  
through the intervention of our         
,government1 he had to sign an agreement
 not to return to ,cuba1 it is said that

 ,sanguilly would willingly head an     
expedition against ,spain to-morrow1 if 
he only had the chance4  ,the ,cuban    
,junta 7or council7 will not1 however1  
send him1 and it is said that his       
willingness to go back on his promised  
word has made the ,cubans suspicious of 
him4 ,they think that a man of honor    
would never have made a promise he did  
not intend to keep1 and therefore1 in   
this hour of trouble1 when he is accused
 of being a traitor to his cause1 he    
finds few people willing to believe in  
him4  ,if he is indeed true to the      
cause1 he is in a very sad position4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,it has been officially announced that  
,general ,pando has been heard from4 ,he
 is fighting ,gomez1 and from all we    
hear has the old ,cuban leader at a     
disadvantage4  ,gomez1 so the story     
goes1 is being forced to retreat before 
him in hot haste4  ,it is also said that
 none of the messengers has returned who
 were sent out by ,pando to offer ,home 

,rule to the ,cuban army4  ,it is       
supposed that they have been killed by  
the insurgents4  ,there is much         
discouragement in ,havana over the      
present aspect of affairs4 ,there seems 
to be no hope for a speedy end to the   
revolution4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,we have had        
inquiries about the ,esquimaux who were 
brought over here by ,lieutenant ,peary1
 when he brought the great meteorite    
from the ,arctic regions4  ,these poor  
people have not been having a happy time
 of it4  ,this climate is so much warmer
 than their own and so different from it
 in every respect1 that they had not    
been here very long before they all fell
 ill4  ,the attendants at the ,natural  
,history ,museum1 where they were taken1
 said that they first learned there was 
anything the matter with their charges  
by hearing them give voice to strange   
and grunting noises4  ,the party of     
,esquimaux were allowed to wander at    
will through the museum1 and they spent 

much of their time roaming from room to 
room looking at the exhibits4 ,no one   
interfered with them4  ,the museum is a 
place for study1 and loud talking is    
never permitted4 ,when1 therefore1 the  
attendants heard these very peculiar    
grunts1 they began to look around to    
find who was daring to make so much     
noise4  ,i am afraid they suspected that
 some small boys were playing tricks4   
,they were much surprised to find that  
these dismal sounds came from the       
,esquimaux4  ,one of the officials1     
being unable to pacify them1 took them  
all in charge and hurried them off to a 
quiet part of the building1 sending at  
the same time for a doctor4  ,on        
examination it was found that the poor  
creatures had caught cold from the      
warmth of our climate1 and were         
suffering from bronchitis4  ,they were  
all hurried off to ,bellevue ,hospital1 
where they were given the kindest care4 
,it was found that they could not stand 
the heat of the hospital wards1 and so a

 nice cool cellar was prepared for them1
 and they gradually got better4         
,lieutenant ,peary1 who had been told of
 their illness1 telegraphed from the    
,west1 where he was lecturing1 that they
 must have plenty of fresh air2 so1 as  
soon as they were able to leave the     
hospital1 they were taken out of the    
city4  ,a cottage was hired for them at 
,high ,bridge1 which is a little village
 on the ,harlem ,river1 a few miles out 
of ,new ,york4  ,the ,esquimaux are     
allowed to wander about there pretty    
much as they please1 and it is hoped    
they will continue in good health       
throughout the winter4  ,they have not  
been able to do any work as yet1 having 
been too ill to attempt it4 ,as soon as 
they are quite well again they will     
probably begin their task1 but great    
care will be taken to have the          
temperature right for them the next time
 they are in the museum4  ,it is said   
that they were well pleased with the    
wretched fogs we have been having of    

late4 ,fogs are very frequent in        
,greenland1 and the inclement weather   
made the ,esquimaux feel much more at   
home4  ,they are looking forward        
anxiously to the spring1 when           
,lieutenant ,peary has promised that he 
will take them home4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,january   
#ast will be an important day for the   
citizens of ,new ,york4  ,it will be the
 birthday of the city of ,greater ,new  
,york1 which will take its rank as the  
second largest capital in the world4    
,the mayor1 ,mr4 ,strong1 is anxious to 
have some celebration which shall mark  
the passing away of the old ,new ,york  
city4  ,many people are1 however1       
opposed to this4 ,they think that the   
first thing in people's minds should be 
the glory of the great new city which is
 to be born1 and declare that anything  
else would only amount to holding       
funeral services over the old city4     
,this view seems hardly the correct one 
to take4 ,there is so much of the       

nation's early history wound around the 
old city of ,new ,york1 that it seems   
only fit and proper that some suitable  
exercises should be held1 to impress    
upon the younger generation the         
importance of the old city1 before it   
passes away and loses its identity in   
the larger city4  ,if ,boston was the   
scene of the beginning of the ,war of   
,independence1 ,new ,york witnessed its 
close4  ,on ,november #beth1 #aghb1 the 
,british finally evacuated the city of  
,new ,york1 their last stronghold1 and  
the long and painful war was over4  ,the
 history of ,new ,york begins in #aebd1 
when ,giovanni ,verrazano1 an ,italian  
navigator1 entered the beautiful bay of 
,new ,york1 with his vessel1 the        
,dauphine4 ,gomez is said to have sailed
 along the coast as far as ,new ,york   
the following year4  ,fifty years later1
 ,hendrik ,hudson sailed up ,new ,york  
,bay1 and discovered the beautiful river
 which flows by the city1 the river     
which still bears his name4  ,this is   

the same ,hudson who searched for the   
,northwest ,passage--the passage which  
was to make a short cut from the        
,atlantic ,ocean to the ,pacific1 along 
the north shore of ,america1 and afford 
a highway between ,europe and ,asia1    
saving the long trip around the ,cape of
 ,good ,hope1 which had just been       
discovered by the ,portuguese4 ,south   
,america and ,cape ,horn were as yet    
undiscovered4  ,on this search for the  
,northwest ,passage1 ,hudson's sailors  
mutinied1 and put their great commander 
and eight companions ashore in an open  
boat in the bleak1 ice-bound ,hudson    
,bay4  ,for this cruel deed the spirits 
of the crew of ,hudson's vessel were    
supposed to wander up and down the      
shores of the ,hudson ,river1 unable to 
find rest even in death4  ,in           
,washington ,irving's fanciful tale of  
,rip ,van ,winkle1 ,rip encounters a    
strange1 ghostly company of seafaring   
men1 and it is often supposed that      
,hudson's crew was intended by the      

author4  ,when ,hudson went back to     
,holland after his voyage up the ,hudson
 ,river1 he told such wonderful tales of
 the friendliness of the ,indians1 the  
number of fur-bearing animals he had    
seen1 and the wonders he had met with1  
that the ,hollanders became much excited
 and determined to send out and claim   
the newly discovered country4  ,in #afaj
 a vessel was sent out1 and the ,indians
 proving friendly and the trade         
satisfactory1 a colony was finally      
established in #afac on the southern    
point of ,manhattan ,island4  ,this was 
near where the ,battery now is4  ,the   
first permanent settlement was made in  
#afbb1 the ,dutch having taken          
possession of the country around the    
,hudson ,river1 calling it ,new         
,netherlands4  ,in #afbf the ,west      
,india ,company sent out a settlement   
under ,gov4 ,peter ,minuit4  ,he landed 
on the island of ,manhattan1 and soon   
entered into a trade with the ,indians1 
buying from them the entire island of   

,manhattan1 fourteen thousand acres in  
size1 for twenty-four dollars' worth of 
scarlet cloth1 brass buttons1 and other 
trinkets4  ,the ,dutch gave the island  
the name of ,new ,amsterdam1 and        
established on it a settlement          
consisting of a fort1 a stone warehouse1
 and a cluster of log-huts4  ,after the 
,dutch had established their colony of  
,new ,amsterdam1 they endeavored to     
colonize it on the ,patroon system4  ,by
 this system1 any man who undertook to  
bring fifty settlers to the colony      
within five years was given the title of
 ,patroon1 and was allowed to lay claim 
to and hold all the land he desired and 
could properly cultivate4  ,it was in   
this way that the ,van ,rensselaers1 the
 ,schuylers1 and the ,van ,cortlandts   
became important families in ,new ,york4
  ,in #afdg ,peter ,stuyvesant came out 
to ,new ,amsterdam as governor4 ,he was 
the last governor of the province4  ,he 
was familiarly known as ,old ,silverleg1
 because1 having lost one limb in       

battle1 he had it replaced by a sturdy  
wooden leg securely bound with silver4  
,many of our traditions date back to the
 time of this hot-tempered1 headstrong1 
and fine old gentleman4  ,his estate was
 called the ,great ,bouery1 and there   
was a long and beautiful lane leading   
from the city to it1 which was known as 
,bouery ,lane--our present ,bowery4     
,the ,governor's house is supposed to   
have stood near ,tenth ,street1 a little
 east of ,third ,avenue1 now called     
,stuyvesant ,place4  ,beyond ,governor  
,stuyvesant's ,great ,bouery stretched  
swamps1 woods1 and clearings1 until a   
little village was reached at the       
junction of the ,haarlem and ,east      
rivers1 which was called ,new ,haarlem4 
,peter ,stuyvesant made many            
improvements in the city of ,new        
,amsterdam4 ,in order better to protect 
it1 he built a high and strong wooden   
palisade on the north of the town2 in   
time houses grew up along this wall1 and
 the street which they formed was called

 ,wall ,street4  ,the ,wall ,street of  
to-day1 where so many fortunes are made 
and lost1 stands on the site of the old 
wall built by ,peter ,stuyvesant to     
protect the city4  ,the first windmill  
was built in #affb4  ,in #affd ,charles 
,,ii4 of ,england1 jealous of the       
productiveness of this ,dutch colony1   
determined to secure it4  ,in #afba     
,james ,i4 had claimed it by right of   
first occupancy4  ,in #afcb ,charles ,i4
 reasserted this claim2 and in #afed    
,cromwell ordered an expedition for the 
conquest of the ,new ,netherlands4  ,the
 treaty with ,holland stopped these     
proceedings1 and the colony was left in 
peace until #affd1 when ,charles ,,ii4  
granted the entire territory to his     
brother1 the ,duke of ,york4  ,in       
,august of that year an expedition      
arrived to capture the city1 which      
surrendered to the ,english fleet       
without resistance4 ,the name of the    
city was then changed to ,new ,york1 in 
honor of its ducal owner4  ,in #afgc the

 ,dutch recaptured the city1 and        
christened it ,new ,orange4 ,the        
following year1 by a treaty of peace    
with ,holland1 it was restored to the   
,english and again called ,new ,york4   
,in #agjb ,wall ,street was paved1 and  
in #agaa a regular slave market was     
established4  ,in #agge1 at the         
beginning of the war1 ,new ,york        
declared for independence1 but in #aggf 
it fell into the hands of the ,english1 
who retained possession until #aghc1    
when they finally evacuated it4  ,in    
#aghh ,new ,york celebrated the adoption
 of the ,constitution--the great        
,constitution under which we live to-day
 and enjoy our freedom4 ,a ship1        
representing the ,ship of ,state1 was   
drawn through the streets of the city by
 ten milk-white horses4  ,alexander     
,hamilton had done so much to convince  
the ,state of the wisdom of adopting the
 ,constitution1 that in recognition of  
his great services the platform         
upholding the ,ship of ,state was       

inscribed in large letters with his     
name4  ,new ,yorkers must never forget  
that it was in their city that the first
 ,president was inaugurated1 and that   
that ,president was ,george ,washington4
 ,to ,new ,york belongs the greatest    
honor any ,american city can boast1 in  
having placed the sceptre of government 
in the hands of the greatest man the    
country has ever produced4  ,on ,march  
#dth1 #aghi1 the new ,constitution went 
into operation1 but it was not until    
,april #cjth that the ,president took   
the oath of office4  ,standing on the   
balcony of a building in front of       
,federal ,hall1 where ,congress met1 and
 in the presence of an immense          
multitude1 ,george ,washington took the 
following oath3  ,i do solemnly swear   
that ,i will faithfully execute the     
office of ,president of the ,united     
,states2 and to the best of my ability1 
preserve1 protect1 and defend the       
,constitution of the ,united ,states4   
,then1 amid the ringing of bells1 the   

firing of cannon1 a great shout went up1
 ,long live ,george ,washington1        
,president of the ,united ,states4  ,it 
was the streets of ,new ,york that first
 resounded to this glorious cry6        
,federal ,hall was the old ,city ,hall4 
,it stood on the northeast corner of    
,wall and ,nassau streets1 on ground now
 occupied by the ,united ,states        
,sub-,treasury4  ,new ,yorkers have much
 to be proud of in their city4          
,g4,h4 ,,rosenfeld4