,,pha$o  ,by ,plato   ,translat$ by     
,b5jam9 ,j[ett     ,,introduction4      
,aft] an int]val ( "s mon?s or ye>s1 &  
at ,phlius1 a t[n ( ,peloponnesus1 !    
tale ( ! la/ h\rs ( ,socrates is n>rat$ 
to ,e*ecrates & o!r ,phliasians by      
,pha$o ! 'belov$ disciple4' ,! ,dialogue
 necess>ily takes ! =m ( a n>rative1    
because ,socrates has to be describ$    
act+ z well z speak+4 ,! m9ute/         
p>ticul>s ( ! ev5t are int]e/+ to di/ant
 fri5ds1 & ! n>rator has an equal int]e/
 9 !m4  ,dur+ ! voyage ( ! sacr$ %ip to 
& f ,delos1 :i* has occupi$ ?irty days1 
! execution ( ,socrates has be5 def]r$4 
7,comp>e ,x54 ,mem47 ,! "t has be5 pass$
 by him 9 conv]sation ) a select company
 ( disciples4 ,b n[ ! holy season is    
ov]1 & ! disciples meet e>li] ?an usual 
9 ord] t !y may conv]se ) ,socrates = ! 
la/ "t4 ,^? :o 7 pres5t1 & ^? :o might h
 be5 expect$ to be pres5t1 are m5tion$  
by "n4 ,!re are ,simmias & ,cebes       
7,crito71 two disciples ( ,philolaus :om
 ,socrates 'by 8 en*antm5ts has attract$

 f ,!bes' 7,mem471 ,crito ! ag$ fri5d1 !
 att5dant ( ! prison1 :o is z good z a  
fri5d--^! take "p 9 ! conv]sation4 ,!re 
are pres5t also1 ,h]mog5es1 f :om       
,x5ophon d]iv$ 8 in=mation ab\t ! trial 
( ,socrates 7,mem471 ! 'madman'         
,apollodorus 7,symp471 ,euclid &        
,t]psion f ,meg>a 7comp>e ,!aet471      
,ctesippus1 ,anti/h5es1 ,m5ex5us1 & "s  
o!r less-kn[n memb]s ( ! ,socratic      
circle1 all ( :om are sil5t auditors4   
,ari/ippus1 ,cleombrotus1 & ,plato are  
not$ z abs5t4 ,almo/ z soon z ! fri5ds (
 ,socrates ent] ! prison ,xan?ippe & h] 
*ildr5 are s5t home 9 ! c>e ( "o (      
,crito's s]vants4 ,socrates himself has 
j be5 releas$ f *a9s1 & is l$ by ?is    
circum/ance to make ! natural rem>k t   
'pleasure foll[s pa94' 7,obs]ve t ,plato
 is prep>+ ! way = 8 doctr9e ( !        
alt]nation ( opposites47 ',aesop w\ld h 
repres5t$ !m 9 a fable z a two-head$    
creature ( ! gods4' ,! m5tion ( ,aesop  
rem9ds ,cebes ( a "q :i* _h be5 ask$ by 
,ev5us ! poet 7comp>e ,apol473 ',:y     

,socrates1 :o 0 n a poet1 :ile 9 prison 
_h be5 putt+ ,aesop into                
v]se8'--',because sev]al times 9 8 life 
he _h be5 w>n$ 9 dreams t he %\ld       
practise music2 & z he 0 ab\t to die & 0
 n c]ta9 ( :at 0 meant1 he wi%$ to      
fulfil ! admonition 9 ! lett] z well z 9
 ! _s1 by writ+ v]ses z well z by       
cultivat+ philosophy4 ,tell ?is to      
,ev5us2 & say t ,i w\ld h him foll[ me 9
 dea?4' ',he is n at all ! sort ( man to
 comply ) y\r reque/1 ,socrates4' ',:y1 
is he n a philosoph]8' ',yes4' ',!n he w
 be will+ to die1 al?\gh he w n take 8  
own life1 = t is held to be unlawful4'  
,cebes asks :y suicide is ?\ght n to be 
"r1 if dea? is to be acc\nt$ a good8    
,well1 7#a7 accord+ to "o explanation1  
because man is a prison]1 :o mu/ n op5 !
 door ( 8 prison & run away--?is is !   
tru? 9 a 'my/]y4' ,or 7#b7 r1 because he
 is n 8 own prop]ty1 b a possession ( ! 
gods1 & has no "r to make away ) t :i*  
does n belong to him4 ,b :y1 asks       
,cebes1 if he is a possession ( ! gods1 

%\ld he wi% to die & leave !m8 ,= he is 
"u _! protection2 & surely he _c take   
bett] c>e ( himself ?an !y take ( him4  
,simmias expla9s t ,cebes is really     
ref]r+ to ,socrates1 :om !y ?9k too     
unmov$ at ! prospect ( leav+ ! gods & 8 
fri5ds4 ,socrates answ]s t he is go+ to 
o!r gods :o are wise & good1 & p]haps to
 bett] fri5ds2 & he pr(esses t he is    
ready to def5d himself aga9/ ! *>ge (   
,cebes4 ,! company %all be 8 judges1 &  
he hopes t he w be m successful 9       
conv9c+ !m ?an he _h be5 9 conv9c+ !    
c\rt4  ,! philosoph] desires dea?--:i* !
 wick$ _w w ins9uate t he also des]ves3 
& p]haps he does1 b n 9 any s5se :i* !y 
are capable ( und]/&+4 ,en\gh ( !m3 !   
real "q is1 ,:at is ! nature ( t dea?   
:i* he desires8 ,dea? is ! sep>ation (  
s\l & body--& ! philosoph] desires su* a
 sep>ation4 ,he w\ld l to be fre$ f !   
dom9ion ( bodily pleasures & ( ! s5ses1 
:i* are always p]turb+ 8 m5tal vision4  
,he wants to get rid ( eyes & e>s1 & ) !
 light ( ! m9d only to behold ! light ( 

tru?4 ,all ! evils & impurities &       
necessities ( m5 come f ! body4 ,& dea? 
sep>ates him f ^! corruptions1 :i* 9    
life he _c :olly lay aside4 ,:y !n %\ld 
he rep9e :5 ! h\r ( sep>ation arrives8  
,:y1 if he is dead :ile he lives1 %\ld  
he fe> t o!r dea?1 ?r\gh :i* alone he c 
behold wisdom 9 h] purity8  ,besides1 ! 
philosoph] has notions ( good & evil    
unlike ^? ( o!r m54 ,= !y are c\rage\s  
because !y are afraid ( great] dang]s1 &
 temp]ate because !y desire great]      
pleasures4 ,b he disda9s ?is balanc+ (  
pleasures & pa9s1 :i* is ! ex*ange (    
comm]ce & n ( virtue4 ,all ! virtues1   
includ+ wisdom1 are reg>d$ by him only z
 purifications ( ! s\l4 ,& ?is 0 ! mean+
 ( ! f\nd]s ( ! my/]ies :5 !y said1 ',_m
 are ! w&-be>]s b few are ! my/ics4'    
7,comp>e ,matt4 xxii43 ',_m are call$ b 
few are *os54'7 ,& 9 ! hope t he is "o (
 ^! my/ics1 ,socrates is n[ dep>t+4 ,?is
 is 8 answ] to any "o :o *>ges him )    
indiff]5ce at ! prospect ( leav+ ! gods 
& 8 fri5ds4  ,/ill1 a fe> is express$ t 

! s\l ^u leav+ ! body may vani% away l  
smoke or air4 ,socrates 9 answ] appeals 
fir/ ( all to ! old ,orphic tradition t 
! s\ls ( ! dead are 9 ! _w bel[1 & t !  
liv+ come f !m4 ,?is he attempts to f\nd
 on a philosophical assumption t all    
opposites--e4g4 less1 great]2 weak]1    
/rong]2 sleep+1 wak+2 life1 dea?--are   
g5]at$ out ( ea* o!r4 ,nor c ! process (
 g5]ation be only a passage f liv+ to   
dy+1 = !n all w\ld end 9 dea?4 ,!       
p]petual sleep] 7,endymion7 w\ld be no  
long] di/+ui%$ f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,!     
circle ( nature is n complete unless !  
liv+ come f ! dead z well z pass to !m4 
,! ,platonic doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce is !n 
adduc$ z a confirmation ( ! pre-exi/5ce 
( ! s\l4 ,"s pro(s ( ?is doctr9e are    
dem&$4 ,"o pro( giv5 is ! same z t ( !  
,m5o1 & is d]iv$ f ! lat5t k (          
ma!matics1 :i* may be elicit$ f an      
unle>n$ p]son :5 a diagram is pres5t$ to
 him4 ,aga91 !re is a p[] ( association1
 :i* f see+ ,simmias may rememb] ,cebes1
 or f see+ a picture ( ,simmias may     

rememb] ,simmias4 ,! lyre may recall !  
play] ( ! lyre1 & equal pieces ( wood or
 /one may be associat$ ) ! high] notion 
( absolute equality4 ,b "h obs]ve t     
mat]ial equalities fall %ort ( !        
conception ( absolute equality ) :i* !y 
are comp>$1 & :i* is ! measure ( !m4 ,& 
! measure or /&>d mu/ be prior to t :i* 
is measur$1 ! idea ( equality prior to !
 visible equals4 ,& if prior to !m1 !n  
prior also to ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses :i*
 recall !m1 & !re=e ei!r giv5 be=e bir? 
or at bir?4 ,b all m5 h n ?is k1 nor h  
any )\t a process ( rem9isc5ce2 :i* is a
 pro( t x is n innate or giv5 at bir?1  
unless inde$ x 0 giv5 & tak5 away at !  
same in/ant4 ,b if n giv5 to m5 9 bir?1 
x mu/ h be5 giv5 be=e bir?--?is is !    
only alt]native :i* rema9s4 ,& if we _h 
ideas 9 a =m] /ate1 !n our s\ls mu/ h   
exi/$ & mu/ h _h intellig5ce 9 a =m]    
/ate4 ,! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l /&s or     
falls ) ! doctr9e ( ideas4  ,x is       
object$ by ,simmias & ,cebes t ^!       
argum5ts only prove a =m] & n a future  

exi/5ce4 ,socrates answ]s ?is objection 
by recall+ ! previ\s argum5t1 9 :i* he  
_h %[n t ! liv+ come f ! dead4 ,b ! fe> 
t ! s\l at dep>t+ may vani% into air    
7especially if !re is a w9d bl[+ at !   
"t7 has n yet be5 *>m$ away4 ,he        
proce$s3 ,:5 we fe> t ! s\l w vani%     
away1 let u ask ourselves :at is t :i*  
we suppose to be liable to dissolution8 
,is x ! simple or ! comp\nd1 ! un*ang+  
or ! *ang+1 ! invisible idea or !       
visible object ( s5se8 ,cle>ly ! latt] &
 n ! =m]2 & !re=e n ! s\l1 :i* 9 h] own 
pure ?\ght is un*angeable1 & only :5 us+
 ! s5ses desc5ds into ! region ( *ange4 
,aga91 ! s\l comm&s1 ! body s]ves3 9 ?is
 respect too ! s\l is ak9 to ! div9e1 & 
! body to ! mortal4 ,& 9 e po9t ( view !
 s\l is ! image ( div9ity & immortality1
 & ! body ( ! human & mortal4 ,& :]eas !
 body is liable to spe$y dissolution1 ! 
s\l is almo/ if n q indissoluble4       
7,comp>e ,tim47 ,yet ev5 ! body may be  
pres]v$ = ages by ! embalm]'s art3 h[   
unlikely1 !n1 t ! s\l w p]i% & be       

dissipat$ into air :ile on h] way to !  
good & wise ,god6 ,%e has be5 ga!r$ into
 h]self1 hold+ alo( f ! body1 & practis+
 dea? all h] life long1 & %e is n[      
f9ally releas$ f ! errors & follies &   
passions ( m51 & = ev] dwells 9 !       
company ( ! gods4  ,b ! s\l :i* is      
pollut$ & engross$ by ! corporeal1 & has
 no eye except t ( ! s5ses1 & is weigh$ 
d[n by ! bodily appetites1 _c atta9 to  
?is ab/raction4 ,9 h] fe> ( ! _w bel[ %e
 l+]s ab\t ! sepul*re1 loa? to leave !  
body :i* %e lov$1 a gho/ly app>ition1   
saturat$ ) s5se1 & !re=e visible4 ,at   
l5g? ent]+ into "s animal ( a nature    
cong5ial to h] =m] life ( s5suality or  
viol5ce1 %e takes ! =m ( an ass1 a wolf 
or a kite4 ,& ( ^! e>?ly s\ls ! happie/ 
are ^? :o h practis$ virtue )\t         
philosophy2 !y are all[$ to pass into   
g5tle & social natures1 su* z bees &    
ants4 7,comp>e ,republic1 ,m5o47 ,b only
 ! philosoph] :o dep>ts pure is p]mitt$ 
to ent] ! company ( ! gods4 7,comp>e    
,pha$rus47 ,?is is ! reason :y he ab/a9s

 f fle%ly lu/s1 & n because he fe>s loss
 or disgrace1 :i* is ! motive ( o!r m54 
,he too has be5 a captive1 & ! will+    
ag5t ( 8 own captivity4 ,b philosophy   
has spok5 to him1 & he has he>d h]      
voice2 %e has g5tly entreat$ him1 &     
br\ght him out ( ! 'miry clay1' & purg$ 
away ! mi/s ( passion & ! illusions (   
s5se :i* envelope him2 8 s\l has escap$ 
f ! influ5ce ( pleasures & pa9s1 :i* are
 l nails fa/5+ h] to ! body4 ,to t      
prison-h\se %e w n return2 & !re=e %e   
ab/a9s f bodily pleasures--n f a desire 
( hav+ m or great] ones1 b because %e   
kn[s t only :5 calm & free f ! dom9ion (
 ! body c %e behold ! light ( tru?4     
,simmias & ,cebes rema9 9 d\bt2 b !y are
 unwill+ to raise objections at su* a   
"t4 ,socrates wond]s at _! reluctance4  
,let !m reg>d him r z ! swan1 :o1 hav+  
sung ! praises ( ,apollo all 8 life     
long1 s+s at 8 dea? m lu/ily ?an ev]4   
,simmias ackn[l$ges t !re is c[>dice 9 n
 prob+ tru? to ! bottom4 ',& if tru?    
div9e & inspir$ is n to be _h1 !n let a 

man take ! be/ ( human notions1 & ^u ?is
 frail b>k let him sail ?r\gh life4' ,he
 proce$s to /ate 8 difficulty3 ,x has   
be5 argu$ t ! s\l is invisible &        
incorporeal1 & !re=e immortal1 & prior  
to ! body4 ,b is n ! s\l ackn[l$g$ to be
 a h>mony1 & has %e n ! same relation to
 ! body1 z ! h>mony--:i* l h] is        
invisible--has to ! lyre8 ,& yet !      
h>mony does n survive ! lyre4 ,cebes has
 also an objection1 :i* l ,simmias he   
expresses 9 a figure4 ,he is will+ to   
admit t ! s\l is m la/+ ?an ! body4 ,b !
 m la/+ nature ( ! s\l does n prove h]  
immortality2 = aft] hav+ worn out _m    
bodies 9 a s+le life1 & _m m 9          
successive bir?s & dea?s1 %e may at la/ 
p]i%1 or1 z ,socrates aft]w>ds re/ates !
 objection1 ! v act ( bir? may be !     
beg9n+ ( h] dea?1 & h] la/ body may     
survive h]1 j z ! coat ( an old weav] is
 left beh9d him aft] he is dead1 al?\gh 
a man is m la/+ ?an 8 coat4 ,& he :o    
w\ld prove ! immortality ( ! s\l1 mu/   
prove n only t ! s\l outlives "o or _m  

bodies1 b t %e outlives !m all4  ,!     
audi5ce1 l ! *orus 9 a play1 = a mom5t  
int]pret ! feel+s ( ! actors2 !re is a  
tempor>y depression1 & !n ! enquiry is  
resum$4 ,x is a melan*oly reflection t  
argum5ts1 l m51 are apt to be deceiv]s2 
& ^? :o h be5 (t5 deceiv$ become        
di/ru/ful bo? ( argum5ts & ( fri5ds4 ,b 
?is un=tunate exp]i5ce %\ld n make u    
ei!r hat]s ( m5 or hat]s ( argum5ts4 ,! 
want ( heal? & tru? is n 9 ! argum5t1 b 
9 ourselves4 ,socrates1 :o is ab\t to   
die1 is s5sible ( 8 own weakness2 he    
desires to be imp>tial1 b he _c help    
feel+ t he has too great an int]e/ 9 !  
tru? ( ! argum5t4 ,& !re=e he w\ld h 8  
fri5ds exam9e & refute him1 if !y ?9k t 
he is 9 error4  ,at 8 reque/ ,simmias & 
,cebes repeat _! objections4 ,!y d n g  
to ! l5g? ( d5y+ ! pre-exi/5ce ( ideas4 
,simmias is ( op9ion t ! s\l is a h>mony
 ( ! body4 ,b ! admission ( !           
pre-exi/5ce ( ideas1 & !re=e ( ! s\l1 is
 at v>iance ) ?is4 7,comp>e a p>allel   
difficulty 9 ,!aet47 ,= a h>mony is an  

effect1 :]eas ! s\l is n an effect1 b a 
cause2 a h>mony foll[s1 b ! s\l leads2 a
 h>mony admits ( degrees1 & ! s\l has no
 degrees4 ,aga91 ^u ! supposition t !   
s\l is a h>mony1 :y is "o s\l bett] ?an 
ano!r8 ,are !y m or less h>moniz$1 or is
 !re "o h>mony )9 ano!r8 ,b ! s\l does n
 admit ( degrees1 & _c !re=e be m or    
less h>moniz$4 ,fur!r1 ! s\l is (t5     
engag$ 9 resi/+ ! affections ( ! body1 z
 ,hom] describes ,odysseus 'rebuk+ 8    
he>t4' ,c\ld he h writt5 ?is "u ! idea t
 ! s\l is a h>mony ( ! body8 ,nay r1 are
 we n contradict+ ,hom] & ourselves 9   
affirm+ any?+ ( ! sort8  ,! goddess     
,h>monia1 z ,socrates playfully t]ms !  
argum5t ( ,simmias1 has be5 happily     
dispos$ (2 & n[ an answ] has to be giv5 
to ! ,!ban ,cadmus4 ,socrates           
recapitulates ! argum5t ( ,cebes1 :i*1 z
 he rem>ks1 involves ! :ole "q ( natural
 gr[? or causation2 ab\t ?is he proposes
 to n>rate 8 own m5tal exp]i5ce4 ,:5 he 
0 "y he _h puzzl$ himself ) physics3 he 
_h enquir$ into ! gr[? & decay (        

animals1 & ! orig9 ( ?\ght1 until at la/
 he began to d\bt ! self-evid5t fact t  
gr[? is ! result ( eat+ & dr9k+2 & s he 
arriv$ at ! conclusion t he 0 n meant = 
su* enquiries4 ,nor 0 he less p]plex$ ) 
notions ( comp>ison & numb]4 ,at fir/ he
 _h imag9$ himself to und]/& diff]5ces (
 great] & less1 & to "k t t5 is two m   
?an eight1 & ! l4 ,b n[ ^? v notions    
appe>$ to him to conta9 a contradiction4
 ,= h[ c "o be divid$ into two8 ,or two 
be comp\nd$ into "o8 ,^! are            
difficulties :i* ,socrates _c answ]4 ,( 
g5]ation & de/ruction he kn[s no?+4 ,b  
he has a confus$ notion ( ano!r me?od 9 
:i* matt]s ( ?is sort are to be         
inve/igat$4 7,comp>e ,republic2 ,*>m47  
,!n he he>d "s "o read+ out ( a book (  
,anaxagoras1 t m9d is ! cause ( all ?+s4
 ,& he said to himself3 ,if m9d is !    
cause ( all ?+s1 surely m9d mu/ dispose 
!m all = ! be/4 ,! new tea*] w %[ me ?is
 'ord] ( ! be/' 9 man & nature4 ,h[     
great _h be5 8 hopes & h[ great 8       
disappo9tm5t6 ,= he f\nd t 8 new fri5d 0

 any?+ b consi/5t 9 8 use ( m9d z a     
cause1 & t he soon introduc$ w9ds1      
wat]s1 & o!r ecc5tric notions4 7,comp>e 
,ari/4 ,metaph47 ,x 0 z if a p]son _h   
said t ,socrates is sitt+ "h because he 
is made up ( bones & muscles1 in/ead (  
tell+ ! true reason--t he is "h because 
! ,a!nians h ?\ght good to s5t5ce him to
 dea?1 & he has ?\ght good to await 8   
s5t5ce4 ,_h 8 bones & muscles be5 left  
by him to _! own ideas ( "r1 !y w\ld    
long ago h tak5 !mselves (f4 ,b surely  
!re is a great confusion ( ! cause &    
condition 9 all ?is4 ,& ?is confusion   
also leads p into all sorts ( errone\s  
!ories ab\t ! position & motions ( !    
e>?4 ,none ( !m "k h[ mu* /rong] ?an any
 ,atlas is ! p[] ( ! be/4 ,b ?is 'be/'  
is /ill undiscov]$2 & 9 enquir+ aft] !  
cause1 we c only hope to atta9 ! second 
be/4  ,n[ !re is a dang] 9 !            
contemplation ( ! nature ( ?+s1 z !re is
 a dang] 9 look+ at ! sun dur+ an       
eclipse1 unless ! precaution is tak5 (  
look+ only at ! image reflect$ 9 ! wat]1

 or 9 a glass4 7,comp>e ,laws2          
,republic47 ',i 0 afraid1' says         
,socrates1 't ,i might injure ! eye ( ! 
s\l4 ,i ?\ght t ,i _h bett] return to ! 
old & safe me?od ( ideas4 ,?\gh ,i d n  
mean to say t he :o contemplates exi/5ce
 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ideas sees only ?r\gh a
 glass d>kly1 any m ?an he :o           
contemplates actual effects4'  ,if !    
exi/5ce ( ideas is grant$ to him1       
,socrates is ( op9ion t he w !n h no    
difficulty 9 prov+ ! immortality ( !    
s\l4 ,he w only ask = a fur!r           
admission3--t beauty is ! cause ( !     
beautiful1 greatness ! cause ( ! great1 
smallness ( ! small1 & s on ( o!r ?+s4  
,?is is a safe & simple answ]1 :i*      
escapes ! contradictions ( great] & less
 7great] by reason ( t :i* is small]671 
( addition & subtraction1 & ! o!r       
difficulties ( relation4 ,^! subtleties 
he is = leav+ to wis] heads ?an 8 own2  
he pref]s to te/ ideas by ! consi/5cy ( 
_! consequ5ces1 &1 if ask$ to give an   
acc\nt ( !m1 goes back to "s high] idea 

or hypo!sis :i* appe>s to him to be !   
be/1 until at la/ he arrives at a       
re/+-place4 7,republic2 ,phil47  ,!     
doctr9e ( ideas1 :i* has long ago       
receiv$ ! ass5t ( ! ,socratic circle1 is
 n[ affirm$ by ! ,phliasian auditor to  
comm& ! ass5t ( any man ( s5se4 ,!      
n>rative is cont9u$2 ,socrates is       
desir\s ( expla9+ h[ opposite ideas may 
appe> to co-exi/ b d n really co-exi/ 9 
! same ?+ or p]son4 ,= example1 ,simmias
 may be said to h greatness & also      
smallness1 because he is great] ?an     
,socrates & less ?an ,pha$o4 ,& yet     
,simmias is n really great & also small1
 b only :5 comp>$ to ,pha$o & ,socrates4
 ,i use ! illu/ration1 says ,socrates1  
because ,i want to %[ y n only t ideal  
opposites exclude "o ano!r1 b also !    
opposites 9 u4 ,i1 = example1 hav+ !    
attribute ( smallness rema9 small1 & _c 
become great3 ! smallness :i* is 9 me   
drives out greatness4  ,"o ( ! company  
"h rem>k$ t ?is 0 inconsi/5t ) ! old    
ass]tion t opposites g5]at$ opposites4  

,b t1 replies ,socrates1 0 affirm$1 n ( 
opposite ideas ei!r 9 u or 9 nature1 b (
 opposition 9 ! concrete--n ( life &    
dea?1 b ( individuals liv+ & dy+4 ,:5   
?is objection has be5 remov$1 ,socrates 
proce$s3 ,?is doctr9e ( ! mutual        
exclusion ( opposites is n only true ( !
 opposites !mselves1 b ( ?+s :i* are    
insep>able f !m4 ,= example1 cold & heat
 are oppos$2 & fire1 :i* is insep>able f
 heat1 _c co-exi/ ) cold1 or sn[1 :i* is
 insep>able f cold1 ) heat4 ,aga91 !    
numb] ?ree excludes ! numb] f\r1 because
 ?ree is an odd numb] & f\r is an ev5   
numb]1 & ! odd is oppos$ to ! ev54 ,?us 
we are able to proce$ a /ep beyond '!   
safe & simple answ]4' ,we may say1 n    
only t ! odd excludes ! ev51 b t ! numb]
 ?ree1 :i* p>ticipates 9 oddness1       
excludes ! ev54 ,& 9 l mann]1 n only    
does life exclude dea?1 b ! s\l1 ( :i*  
life is ! insep>able attribute1 also    
excludes dea?4 ,& t ( :i* life is !     
insep>able attribute is by ! =ce ( !    
t]ms imp]i%able4 ,if ! odd pr9ciple 7   

imp]i%able1 !n ! numb] ?ree w\ld n p]i% 
b remove1 on ! approa* ( ! ev5 pr9ciple4
 ,b ! immortal is imp]i%able2 & !re=e ! 
s\l on ! approa* ( dea? does n p]i% b   
removes4  ,?us all objections appe> to  
be f9ally sil5c$4 ,& n[ ! application   
has to be made3 ,if ! s\l is immortal1  
':at mann] ( p]sons ought we to be8'    
hav+ reg>d n only to "t b to et]nity4 ,=
 dea? is n ! end ( all1 & ! wick$ is n  
releas$ f 8 evil by dea?2 b e "o c>ries 
) him into ! _w bel[ t :i* he is or has 
become1 & t only4  ,= aft] dea? ! s\l is
 c>ri$ away to judgm5t1 & :5 %e has     
receiv$ h] puni%m5t returns to e>? 9 !  
c\rse ( ages4 ,! wise s\l is consci\s ( 
h] situation1 & foll[s ! att5dant angel 
:o guides h] ?r\gh ! w9d+s ( ! _w bel[2 
b ! impure s\l w&]s hi!r & ?i!r )\t     
companion or guide1 & is c>ri$ at la/ to
 h] own place1 z ! pure s\l is also     
c>ri$ away to h]s4 ',9 ord] t y may     
und]/& ?is1 ,i mu/ fir/ describe to y ! 
nature & con=mation ( ! e>?4'  ,n[ !    
:ole e>? is a globe plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! 

heav5s1 & is ma9ta9$ !re by ! p]fection 
( balance4 ,t :i* we call ! e>? is only 
"o ( _m small holl[s1 :]e9 collect !    
mi/s & wat]s & ! ?ick l[] air2 b ! true 
e>? is above1 & is 9 a f9] & subtl]     
elem5t4 ,& if1 l birds1 we c\ld fly to !
 surface ( ! air1 9 ! same mann] t fi%es
 come to ! top ( ! sea1 !n we %\ld      
behold ! true e>? & ! true heav5 & !    
true />s4 ,our e>? is ev]y:]e corrupt$ &
 corrod$2 & ev5 ! l& :i* is fair] ?an ! 
sea1 = t is a m]e *aos or wa/e ( wat] & 
mud & s&1 has no?+ to %[ 9 comp>ison ( !
 o!r _w4 ,b ! heav5ly e>? is ( div]s    
col\rs1 sp>kl+ ) jewels bright] ?an gold
 & :it] ?an any sn[1 hav+ fl[]s & fruits
 innum]able4 ,& ! inhabitants dwell "s  
on ! %ore ( ! sea ( air1 o!rs 9 'islets 
( ! ble/1' & !y hold conv]se ) ! gods1 &
 behold ! sun1 moon & />s z !y truly    
are1 & _! o!r bless$ness is ( a piece ) 
?is4  ,! holl[s on ! surface ( ! globe  
v>y 9 size & %ape f t :i* we inhabit3 b 
all are connect$ by passages & p]=ations
 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,& !re is "o huge 

*asm or op5+ call$ ,t>t>us1 into :i*    
/reams ( fire & wat] & liquid mud are   
ev] fl[+2 ( ^! small portions f9d _! way
 to ! surface & =m seas & riv]s &       
volcanoes4 ,!re is a p]petual inhalation
 & exhalation ( ! air ris+ & fall+ z !  
wat]s pass into ! dep?s ( ! e>? & return
 aga91 9 _! c\rse =m+ lakes & riv]s1 b  
nev] desc5d+ bel[ ! c5tre ( ! e>?2 = on 
ei!r side ! riv]s fl[+ ei!r way are     
/opp$ by a precipice4 ,^! riv]s are _m &
 mighty1 & !re are f\r pr9cipal ones1   
,oceanus1 ,a*]on1 ,pyriphlege?on1 &     
,cocytus4 ,oceanus is ! riv] :i*        
encircles ! e>?2 ,a*]on takes an        
opposite direction1 & aft] fl[+ "u ! e>?
 ?r\gh des]t places1 at la/ rea*es !    
,a*]usian lake1--?is is ! riv] at :i* ! 
s\ls ( ! dead await _! return to e>?4   
,pyriphlege?on is a /ream ( fire1 :i*   
coils r\nd ! e>? & fl[s into ! dep?s (  
,t>t>us4 ,! f\r? riv]1 ,cocytus1 is t   
:i* is call$ by ! poets ! ,/ygian riv]1 
& passes into & =ms ! lake ,/yx1 f !    
wat]s ( :i* x ga9s new & /range p[]s4   

,?is riv]1 too1 falls into ,t>t>us4  ,! 
dead are fir/ ( all judg$ accord+ to _! 
de$s1 & ^? :o are incurable are ?ru/    
into ,t>t>us1 f :i* !y nev] come out4   
,^? :o h only committ$ v5ial s9s are    
fir/ purifi$ ( !m1 & !n rew>d$ = ! good 
:i* !y h done4 ,^? :o h committ$ crimes1
 great inde$1 b n unp>donable1 are ?ru/ 
into ,t>t>us1 b are ca/ =? at ! end ( a 
ye> by way ( ,pyriphlege?on or ,cocytus1
 & ^! c>ry !m z f> z ! ,a*]usian lake1  
:]e !y call ^u _! victims to let !m come
 out ( ! riv]s into ! lake4 ,& if !y    
prevail1 !n !y are let out & _! suff]+s 
cease3 if n1 !y are borne unceas+ly into
 ,t>t>us & back aga91 until !y at la/   
obta9 m]cy4 ,! pure s\ls also receive _!
 rew>d1 & h _! abode 9 ! upp] e>?1 & a  
select few 9 /ill fair] 'mansions4'     
,socrates is n prep>$ to insi/ on !     
lit]al accuracy ( ?is description1 b he 
is confid5t t some?+ ( ! k9d is true4   
,he :o has s\ght aft] ! pleasures ( k & 
reject$ ! pleasures ( ! body1 has reason
 to be ( good hope at ! approa* ( dea?2 

^: voice is already speak+ to him1 & :o 
w "o day be he>d call+ all m54  ,! h\r  
has come at :i* he mu/ dr9k ! poison1 & 
n mu* rema9s to be done4 ,h[ %all !y    
bury him8 ,t is a "q :i* he refuses to  
ent]ta91 = !y are bury+1 n him1 b 8 dead
 body4 ,8 fri5ds _h once be5 sureties t 
he w\ld rema91 & !y %all n[ be sureties 
t he has run away4 ,yet he w\ld n die   
)\t ! cu/om>y c]emonies ( wa%+ & burial4
 ,%all he make a libation ( ! poison8 ,9
 ! _s he w1 b n 9 ! lett]4 ,"o reque/ he
 utt]s 9 ! v act ( dea?1 :i* has be5 a  
puzzle to aft] ages4 ,) a sort ( irony  
he rememb]s t a trifl+ religi\s duty is 
/ill unfulfill$1 j z above he desires   
be=e he dep>ts to compose a few v]ses 9 
ord] to satisfy a scruple ab\t a        
dream--unless1 inde$1 we suppose him to 
mean1 t he 0 n[ re/or$ to heal?1 & made 
! cu/om>y (f]+ to ,asclepius 9 tok5 ( 8 
recov]y4  9999999999  #a4 ,! doctr9e ( !
 immortality ( ! s\l has sunk deep into 
! he>t ( ! human race2 & m5 are apt to  
rebel aga9/ any exam9ation ( ! nature or

 gr\nds ( _! belief4 ,!y d n l to       
ackn[l$ge t ?is1 z well z ! o!r 'et]nal 
ideas2 ( man1 has a hi/ory 9 "t1 :i* may
 be trac$ 9 ,greek poetry or philosophy1
 & also 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,!y    
conv]t feel+ into reason+1 & ?r[ a      
network ( dialectics ov] t :i* is really
 a deeply-root$ in/9ct4 ,9 ! same temp] 
:i* ,socrates reproves 9 himself !y are 
dispos$ to ?9k t ev5 fallacies w d no   
h>m1 = !y w die ) !m1 & :ile !y live !y 
w ga9 by ! delusion4 ,& :5 !y consid] ! 
numb]less bad argum5ts :i* h be5 press$ 
into ! s]vice ( !ology1 !y say1 l !     
companions ( ,socrates1 ',:at argum5t c 
we ev] tru/ aga98' ,b !re is a bett] &  
high] _s to be ga!r$ f ! ,pha$o1 z well 
z f ! o!r writ+s ( ,plato1 :i* says t   
fir/ pr9ciples %\ld be mo/ con/antly    
review$ 7,pha$o & ,crat471 & t ! highe/ 
subjects dem& ( u ! greate/ accuracy    
7,republic72 also t we mu/ n become     
misologi/s because argum5ts are apt to  
be deceiv]s4  #b4 ,9 =m] ages !re 0 a   
cu/om>y r ?an a reason$ belief 9 !      

immortality ( ! s\l4 ,x 0 bas$ on !     
au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 on ! necessity ( su*
 a belief to morality & ! ord] (        
society1 on ! evid5ce ( an hi/orical    
fact1 & also on analogies & figures (   
spee* :i* fill$ up ! void or gave an    
expression 9 words to a *]i%$ in/9ct4 ,!
 mass ( mank9d w5t on _! way busy ) !   
affairs ( ?is life1 h>dly /opp+ to ?9k  
ab\t ano!r4 ,b 9 our own day ! "q has   
be5 reop5$1 & x is d\btful :e!r ! belief
 :i* 9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity 0 !    
/ronge/ motive ( action c survive !     
conflict ) a sci5tific age 9 :i* ! rules
 ( evid5ce are /rict] & ! m9d has become
 m s5sitive to criticism4 ,x has fad$   
into ! di/ance by a natural process z x 
0 remov$ fur!r & fur!r f ! hi/orical    
fact on :i* x has be5 suppos$ to re/4   
,argum5ts d]iv$ f mat]ial ?+s su* z !   
se$ & ! e> ( corn or transitions 9 !    
life ( animals f "o /ate ( be+ to ano!r 
7! *rysalis & ! butt]fly7 are n '9 p>i  
mat]ia' ) argum5ts f ! visible to !     
invisible1 & are !re=e felt to be no    

long] applicable4 ,! evid5ce to !       
hi/orical fact seems to be weak] ?an 0  
once suppos$3 x is n consi/5t ) itself1 
& is bas$ ^u docum5ts :i* are ( unkn[n  
orig94 ,! immortality ( man mu/ be prov$
 by o!r argum5ts ?an ^! if x is aga9 to 
become a liv+ belief4 ,we mu/ ask       
ourselves afre% :y we /ill ma9ta9 x1 &  
seek to discov] a f\ndation = x 9 !     
nature ( ,god & 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples (    
morality4  #c4 ,at ! outset ( !         
discussion we may cle> away a confusion4
 ,we c]ta9ly d n mean by ! immortality (
 ! s\l ! immortality ( fame1 :i* :e!r   
wor? hav+ or n c only be ascrib$ to a v 
select class ( ! :ole race ( mank9d1 &  
ev5 ! int]e/ 9 ^! few is comp>atively   
%ort-liv$4 ,to h be5 a b5efactor to !   
_w1 :e!r 9 a high] or a l[] sph]e ( life
 & ?\ght1 is a great ?+3 to h !         
reputation ( be+ "o1 :5 m5 h pass$ out (
 ! sph]e ( e>?ly praise or blame1 is    
h>dly wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! memory ( 
a great man1 s f> f be+ immortal1 is    
really limit$ to 8 own g5]ation3--s long

 z 8 fri5ds or 8 disciples are alive1 s 
long z 8 books cont9ue to be read1 s    
long z 8 political or milit>y successes 
fill a page 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry4 ,!   
praises :i* are be/[$ ^u him at 8 dea?  
h>dly la/ long] ?an ! fl[]s :i* are     
/rew$ ^u 8 c(f9 or ! 'immortelles' :i*  
are laid ^u 8 tomb4 ,lit]ature makes !  
mo/ ( its h]oes1 b ! true man is well   
aw>e t f> f enjoy+ an immortality (     
fame1 9 a g5]ation or two1 or ev5 9 a   
mu* %ort] "t1 he w be =gott5 & ! _w w   
get on )\t him4  #d4 ,mod]n philosophy  
is p]plex$ at ?is :ole "q1 :i* is       
sometimes fairly giv5 up & h&$ ov] to ! 
realm ( fai?4 ,! p]plexity %\ld n be    
=gott5 by u :5 we attempt to submit !   
,pha$o ( ,plato to ! requirem5ts (      
logic4 ,= :at idea c we =m ( ! s\l :5   
sep>at$ f ! body8 ,or h[ c ! s\l be     
unit$ ) ! body & /ill be indep5d5t8 ,is 
! s\l relat$ to ! body z ! ideal to !   
real1 or z ! :ole to ! p>ts1 or z !     
subject to ! object1 or z ! cause to !  
effect1 or z ! end to ! means8 ,%all we 

say ) ,ari/otle1 t ! s\l is ! entele*y  
or =m ( an organiz$ liv+ body8 or )     
,plato1 t %e has a life ( h] own8 ,is ! 
,py?agorean image ( ! h>mony1 or t ( !  
monad1 ! tru] expression8 ,is ! s\l     
relat$ to ! body z sight to ! eye1 or z 
! boatman to 8 boat8 7,ari/4 de ,anim47 
,& 9 ano!r /ate ( be+ is ! s\l to be    
conceiv$ ( z vani%+ into inf9ity1 h>dly 
possess+ an exi/5ce :i* %e c call h]    
own1 z 9 ! pan!i/ic sy/em ( ,sp9oza3 or 
z an individual in=m+ ano!r body & ent]+
 into new relations1 b reta9+ h] own "*8
 7,comp>e ,gorgias47 ,or is ! opposition
 ( s\l & body a m]e illusion1 & ! true  
self nei!r s\l nor body1 b ! union ( !  
two 9 ! ',i' :i* is above !m8 ,& is dea?
 ! ass]tion ( ?is individuality 9 !     
high] nature1 & ! fall+ away into       
no?+ness ( ! l[]8 ,or are we va9ly      
attempt+ to pass ! b\nd>ies ( human     
?\ght8 ,! body & ! s\l seem to be       
insep>able1 n only 9 fact1 b 9 our      
conceptions ( !m2 & any philosophy :i*  
too closely unites !m1 or too widely    

sep>ates !m1 ei!r 9 ?is life or 9 ano!r1
 di/urbs ! balance ( human nature4 ,no  
?9k] has p]fectly adju/$ !m1 or be5     
entirely consi/5t ) himself 9 describ+  
_! relation to "o ano!r4 ,nor c we wond]
 t ,plato 9 ! infancy ( human ?\ght %\ld
 h confus$ my?ology & philosophy1 or h  
mi/ak5 v]bal argum5ts = real ones4  #e4 
,aga91 believ+ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 
we mu/ /ill ask ! "q ( ,socrates1 ',:at 
is t :i* we suppose to be immortal8' ,is
 x ! p]sonal & individual elem5t 9 u1 or
 ! spiritual & univ]sal8 ,is x !        
pr9ciple ( k or ( goodness1 or ! union (
 ! two8 ,is x ! m]e =ce ( life :i* is   
det]m9$ to be1 or ! consci\sness ( self 
:i* _c be got rid (1 or ! fire ( g5ius  
:i* refuses to be ext+ui%$8 ,or is !re a
 hidd5 be+ :i* is alli$ to ! ,au?or (   
all exi/5ce1 :o is because he is p]fect1
 & to :om our ideas ( p]fection give u a
 title to belong8 ,:atev] answ] is giv5 
by u to ^! que/ions1 !re /ill rema9s !  
necessity ( all[+ ! p]man5ce ( evil1 if 
n = ev]1 at any rate = a "t1 9 ord] t ! 

wick$ 'may n h too good a b>ga94' ,= !  
annihilation ( evil at dea?1 or ! et]nal
 duration ( x1 seem to involve equal    
difficulties 9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( !     
univ]se4 ,sometimes we are l$ by our    
feel+s1 r ?an by our reason1 to ?9k ( ! 
good & wise only z exi/+ 9 ano!r life4  
,:y %\ld ! mean1 ! weak1 ! idiot1 !     
infant1 ! h]d ( m5 :o h nev] 9 any prop]
 s5se ! use ( reason1 reappe> ) bl9k+   
eyes 9 ! light ( ano!r _w8 ,b our second
 ?\ght is t ! hope ( humanity is a      
common "o1 & t all or none w be p>tak]s 
( immortality4 ,reason does n all[ u to 
suppose t we h any great] claims ?an    
o!rs1 & exp]i5ce may (t5 reveal to u    
unexpect$ fla%es ( ! high] nature 9 ^?  
:om we _h despis$4 ,:y %\ld ! wick$     
suff] any m ?an ourselves8 _h we be5    
plac$ 9 _! circum/ances %\ld we h be5   
any bett] ?an !y8 ,! wor/ ( m5 are      
objects ( pity r ?an ( ang] to !        
philan?ropi/2 mu/ !y n be equally su* to
 div9e b5evol5ce8 ,ev5 m ?an ! good !y h
 ne$ ( ano!r life2 n t !y may be puni%$1

 b t !y may be educat$4 ,^! are a few ( 
! reflections :i* arise 9 our m9ds :5 we
 attempt to assign any =m to our        
conceptions ( a future /ate4  ,!re are  
"s o!r que/ions :i* are di/urb+ to u    
because we h no answ] to !m4 ,:at is to 
become ( ! animals 9 a future /ate8 ,h  
we n se5 dogs m fai?ful & intellig5t ?an
 m51 & m5 :o are m /upid & brutal ?an   
any animals8 ,does _! life cease at     
dea?1 or is !re "s 'bett] ?+ res]v$'    
also = !m8 ,!y may be said to h a %ad[  
or imitation ( morality1 & imp]fect     
moral claims ^u ! b5evol5ce ( man & ^u !
 ju/ice ( ,god4 ,we _c ?9k ( ! lea/ or  
l[e/ ( !m1 ! insect1 ! bird1 !          
inhabitants ( ! sea or ! des]t1 z hav+  
any place 9 a future _w1 & if n all1 :y 
%\ld ^? :o are specially atta*$ to man  
be deem$ wor?y ( any exceptional        
privilege8 ,:5 we reason ab\t su* a     
subject1 almo/ at once we deg5]ate into 
nons5se4 ,x is a pass+ ?\ght :i* has no 
real hold on ! m9d4 ,we may argue = !   
exi/5ce ( animals 9 a future /ate f !   

attributes ( ,god1 or f texts (         
,scripture 7',are n two sp>r[s sold = "o
 f>?+8' etc471 b ! tru? is t we are only
 fill+ up ! void ( ano!r _w ) our own   
fancies4 ,aga91 we (t5 talk ab\t ! orig9
 ( evil1 t great bugbe> ( !ologians1 by 
:i* !y fright5 u into believ+ any       
sup]/ition4 ,:at answ] c be made to !   
old commonplace1 ',is n ,god ! au?or (  
evil1 if he kn[+ly p]mitt$1 b c\ld h    
prev5t$ x8' ,ev5 if we assume t !       
inequalities ( ?is life are rectifi$ by 
"s transposition ( human be+s 9 ano!r1  
/ill ! exi/5ce ( ! v lea/ evil if x c\ld
 h be5 avoid$1 seems to be at v>iance ) 
! love & ju/ice ( ,god4 ,& s we arrive  
at ! conclusion t we are c>ry+ logic too
 f>1 & t ! attempt to frame ! _w accord+
 to a rule ( div9e p]fection is oppos$  
to exp]i5ce & _h bett] be giv5 up4 ,!   
case ( ! animals is our own4 ,we mu/    
admit t ! ,div9e ,be+1 al?\gh p]fect    
himself1 has plac$ u 9 a /ate ( life 9  
:i* we may "w toge!r ) him = good1 b we 
are v f> f hav+ atta9$ to x4  #f4 ,aga91

 ideas mu/ be giv5 ?r\gh some?+2 & we   
are always prone to argue ab\t ! s\l f  
analogies ( outw>d ?+s :i* may s]ve to  
embody our ?\ghts1 b are also p>tly     
delusive4 ,= we _c reason f ! natural to
 ! spiritual1 or f ! outw>d to ! inw>d4 
,! progress ( physiological sci5ce1 )\t 
br++ u ne>] to ! great secret1 has t5d$ 
to remove "s errone\s notions respect+ !
 relations ( body & m9d1 & 9 ?is we h ! 
advantage ( ! anci5ts4 ,b no "o imag9es 
t any se$ ( immortality is to be disc]n$
 9 our mortal frames4 ,mo/ p h be5      
cont5t to re/ _! belief 9 ano!r life on 
! agreem5t ( ! m enlight5$ "p ( mank9d1 
& on ! insep>able connection ( su* a    
doctr9e ) ! exi/5ce ( a ,god--also 9 a  
less degree on ! impossibility ( d\bt+  
ab\t ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ^? :om we love 
& rev]5ce 9 ?is _w4 ,& aft] all has be5 
said1 ! figure1 ! analogy1 ! argum5t1   
are felt to be only approximations 9    
diff]5t =ms to an expression ( ! common 
s5tim5t ( ! human he>t4 ,t we %all live 
aga9 is f> m c]ta9 ?an t we %all take   

any p>ticul> =m ( life4  #g4 ,:5 we     
speak ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 we mu/   
ask fur!r :at we mean by ! ^w           
immortality4 ,= ( ! duration ( a liv+   
be+ 9 c\ntless ages we c =m no          
conception2 f> less ?an a ?ree ye>s' old
 *ild ( ! :ole ( life4 ,! nak$ eye might
 z well try to see ! fur!/ /> 9 !       
inf9ity ( heav54 ,:e!r "t & space really
 exi/ :5 we take away ! limits ( !m may 
be d\bt$2 at any rate ! ?\ght ( !m :5   
unlimit$ u s ov]:elm+ to u z to lose all
 di/9ctness4 ,philosoph]s h spok5 ( !m z
 =ms ( ! human m9d1 b :at is ! m9d )\t  
!m8 ,z !n inf9ite "t1 or an exi/5ce out 
( "t1 :i* are ! only possible           
explanations ( et]nal duration1 are     
equally inconceivable to u1 let u       
sub/itute = !m a hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s  
aft] dea?1 & ask n :at w be our         
employm5t 9 et]nity1 b :at w happ5 to u 
9 t def9ite portion ( "t2 or :at is n[  
happ5+ to ^? :o pass$ out ( life a      
hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,d we imag9e 
t ! wick$ are suff]+ torm5ts1 or t !    

good are s++ ! praises ( ,god1 dur+ a   
p]iod long] ?an t ( a :ole life1 or ( t5
 lives ( m58 ,is ! suff]+ physical or   
m5tal8 ,& does ! wor%ip ( ,god consi/   
only ( praise1 or ( _m =ms ( s]vice8 ,:o
 are ! wick$1 & :o are ! good1 :om we   
v5ture to divide by a h>d & fa/ l9e2 & 9
 :i* ( ! two classes %\ld we place      
ourselves & our fri5ds8 ,may we n       
suspect t we are mak+ diff]5ces ( k9d1  
because we are unable to imag9e         
diff]5ces ( degree8--putt+ ! :ole human 
race into heav5 or hell = ! great]      
conv5i5ce ( logical division8 ,are we n 
at ! same "t describ+ !m bo? 9          
sup]latives1 only t we may satisfy !    
dem&s ( rhetoric8 ,:at is t pa9 :i* does
 n become dead5$ aft] a ?\s& ye>s8 or   
:at is ! nature ( t pleasure or happ9ess
 :i* nev] we>ies by monotony8 ,e>?ly    
pleasures & pa9s are %ort 9 proportion z
 !y are ke52 ( any o!rs :i* are bo?     
int5se & la/+ we h no exp]i5ce1 & c =m  
no idea4 ,! words or figures ( spee* :i*
 we use are n consi/5t ) !mselves4 ,=   

are we n imag9+ ,heav5 "u ! similitude (
 a *ur*1 & ,hell z a prison1 or p]haps a
 madh\se or *amb] ( horrors8 ,& yet to  
be+s con/itut$ z we are1 ! monotony (   
s++ psalms w\ld be z great an infliction
 z ! pa9s ( hell1 & might be ev5        
pleasantly int]rupt$ by !m4 ,:]e are !  
actions wor?y ( rew>ds great] ?an ^? :i*
 are conf]r$ on ! greate/ b5efactors (  
mank9d8 ,& :]e are ! crimes :i* accord+ 
to ,plato's m]ciful reckon+1--m m]ciful1
 at any rate1 ?an ! et]nal damnation (  
s-call$ ,*ri/ian tea*]s1--= e t5 ye>s 9 
?is life des]ve a hundr$ ( puni%m5t 9 ! 
life to come8 ,we %\ld be ready to die (
 pity if we c\ld see ! lea/ ( ! suff]+s 
:i* ! writ]s ( ,inf]nos & ,purgatorios h
 attribut$ to ! damn$4 ,yet ^! joys &   
t]rors seem h>dly to ex]cise an         
appreciable influ5ce ov] ! lives ( m54  
,! wick$ man :5 old1 is n1 z ,plato     
supposes 7,republic71 m agitat$ by !    
t]rors ( ano!r _w :5 he is ne>] to !m1  
nor ! good 9 an ec/asy at ! joys ( :i*  
he is soon to be ! p>tak]4 ,age numbs ! 

s5se ( bo? worlds2 & ! habit ( life is  
/ronge/ 9 dea?4 ,ev5 ! dy+ "m is dream+ 
( h] lo/ *ildr5 z !y 7 =ty or fifty ye>s
 be=e1 'patt]+ ov] ! bo>ds1' n ( reunion
 ) !m 9 ano!r /ate ( be+4 ,mo/ p]sons :5
 ! la/ h\r comes are resign$ to ! ord] (
 nature & ! w ( ,god4 ,!y are n ?9k+ (  
,dante's ,inf]no or ,p>adiso1 or ( !    
,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,heav5 & hell are 
n realities to !m1 b words or ideas2 !  
outw>d symbols ( "s great my/]y1 !y     
h>dly "k :at4 ,_m noble poems & pictures
 h be5 sugge/$ by ! traditional         
repres5tations ( !m1 :i* h be5 fix$ 9   
=ms ( art & c no long] be alt]$4 ,_m    
s]mons h be5 fill$ ) descriptions (     
cele/ial or inf]nal mansions4 ,b h>dly  
ev5 9 *ildhood did ! ?\ght ( heav5 &    
hell supply ! motives ( our actions1 or 
at any "t s]i\sly affect ! sub/ance (   
our belief4  #h4 ,ano!r life mu/ be     
describ$1 if at all1 9 =ms ( ?\ght & n (
 s5se4 ,to draw pictures ( heav5 & hell1
 :e!r 9 ! language ( ,scripture or any  
o!r1 adds no?+ to our real k1 b may     

p]haps disguise our ignorance4 ,! true/ 
conception :i* we c =m ( a future life  
is a /ate ( progress or education--a    
progress f evil to good1 f ignorance to 
k4 ,to ?is we are l$ by ! analogy ( !   
pres5t life1 9 :i* we see diff]5t races 
& nations ( m51 & diff]5t m5 & wom5 ( ! 
same nation1 9 v>i\s /ates or /ages (   
cultivation2 "s m & "s less develop$1 & 
all ( !m capable ( improvem5t "u        
fav\rable circum/ances4 ,!re are        
puni%m5ts too ( *ildr5 :5 !y are gr[+ up
 inflict$ by _! p>5ts1 ( eld] (f5d]s :i*
 are impos$ by ! law ( ! l&1 ( all m5 at
 all times ( life1 :i* are atta*$ by !  
laws ( nature to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9     
actions4 ,all ^! puni%m5ts are really   
educational2 t is to say1 !y are n      
int5d$ to retaliate on ! (f5d]1 b to    
tea* him a lesson4 ,also !re is an      
elem5t ( *ance 9 !m1 :i* is ano!r "n =  
our ignorance ( ! laws ( nature4 ,!re is
 evil too insep>able f good 7comp>e     
,lysis72 n always puni%$ "h1 z good is n
 always rew>d$4 ,x is capable ( be+     

indef9itely dim9i%$2 & z k increases1 ! 
elem5t ( *ance may m & m disappe>4  ,=  
we d n argue m]ely f ! analogy ( !      
pres5t /ate ( ?is _w to ano!r1 b f !    
analogy ( a probable future to :i* we   
are t5d+4 ,! greate/ *anges ( :i* we h  
_h exp]i5ce z yet are due to our        
increas+ k ( hi/ory & ( nature4 ,!y h   
be5 produc$ by a few m9ds appe>+ 9 ?ree 
or f\r fav\r$ nations1 9 a comp>atively 
%ort p]iod ( "t4 ,may we be all[$ to    
imag9e ! m9ds ( m5 ev]y:]e work+ toge!r 
dur+ _m ages = ! completion ( our k8    
,may n ! sci5ce ( physiology trans=m !  
_w8 ,aga91 ! majority ( mank9d h really 
exp]i5c$ "s moral improvem5t2 almo/ e "o
 feels t he has t5d5cies to good1 & is  
capable ( becom+ bett]4 ,& ^! g]ms (    
good are (t5 f\nd to be develop$ by new 
circum/ances1 l /unt$ trees :5          
transplant$ to a bett] soil4 ,!         
diff]5ces betwe5 ! savage & ! civiliz$  
man1 or betwe5 ! civiliz$ man 9 old &   
new c\ntries1 may be indef9itely        
increas$4 ,! fir/ diff]5ce is ! effect (

 a few ?\s&1 ! second ( a few hundr$    
ye>s4 ,we congratulate ourselves t      
slav]y has become indu/ry2 t law &      
con/itutional gov]nm5t h sup]s$$        
despotism & viol5ce2 t an e?ical        
religion has tak5 ! place ( ,feti*ism4  
,!re may yet come a "t :5 ! _m may be z 
well (f z ! few2 :5 no "o w be weigh$   
d[n by excessive toil2 :5 ! necessity ( 
provid+ = ! body w n int]f]e ) m5tal    
improvem5t2 :5 ! physical frame may be  
/r5g!n$ & develop$2 & ! religion ( all  
m5 may become a reasonable s]vice4      
,no?+ !re=e1 ei!r 9 ! pres5t /ate ( man 
or 9 ! t5d5cies ( ! future1 z f> z we c 
ent]ta9 conjecture ( !m1 w\ld lead u to 
suppose t ,god gov]ns u v9dictively 9   
?is _w1 & !re=e we h no reason to inf] t
 he w gov]n u v9dictively 9 ano!r4 ,!   
true argum5t f analogy is n1 ',?is life 
is a mix$ /ate ( ju/ice & inju/ice1 (   
great wa/e1 ( sudd5 casualties1 (       
disproportionate puni%m5ts1 & !re=e ! l 
inconsi/5cies1 irregul>ities1 inju/ices 
are to be expect$ 9 ano!r2' b ',?is life

 is subject to law1 & is 9 a /ate (     
progress1 & !re=e law & progress may be 
believ$ to be ! gov]n+ pr9ciples (      
ano!r4' ,all ! analogies ( ?is _w w\ld  
be aga9/ unmean+ puni%m5ts inflict$ a   
hundr$ or a ?\s& ye>s aft] an (f5ce _h  
be5 committ$4 ,suff]+ !re might be z a  
"p ( education1 b n hopeless or         
protract$2 z !re might be a             
retrogression ( individuals or ( bodies 
( m51 yet n su* z to int]f]e ) a plan = 
! improvem5t ( ! :ole 7comp>e ,laws47   
#i4 ,b "s "o w say3 ,t we _c reason f ! 
se5 to ! unse51 & t we are creat+ ano!r 
_w aft] ! image ( ?is1 j z m5 9 =m] ages
 h creat$ gods 9 _! own lik5ess4 ,& we1 
l ! companions ( ,socrates1 may feel    
disc\rag$ at he>+ our fav\rite 'argum5t 
f analogy' ?us summ>ily dispos$ (4 ,l   
himself1 too1 we may adduce o!r argum5ts
 9 :i* he seems to h anticipat$ u1 ?\gh 
he expresses !m 9 diff]5t language4 ,=  
we feel t ! s\l p>takes ( ! ideal &     
invisible2 & c nev] fall into ! error ( 
confus+ ! ext]nal circum/ances ( man ) 8

 high] self2 or 8 orig9 ) 8 nature4 ,x  
is z repugnant to u z x 0 to him to     
imag9e t our moral ideas are to be      
attribut$ only to c]ebral =ces4 ,! value
 ( a human s\l1 l ! value ( a man's life
 to himself1 is ine/imable1 & _c be     
reckon$ 9 e>?ly or mat]ial ?+s4 ,! human
 be+ alone has ! consci\sness ( tru? &  
ju/ice & love1 :i* is ! consci\sness (  
,god4 ,& ! s\l becom+ m consci\s ( ^!1  
becomes m consci\s ( h] own immortality4
  #aj4 ,! la/ gr\nd ( our belief 9      
immortality1 & ! /ronge/1 is ! p]fection
 ( ! div9e nature4 ,! m]e fact ( !      
exi/5ce ( ,god does n t5d to %[ !       
cont9u$ exi/5ce ( man4 ,an evil ,god or 
an indiff]5t ,god might h _h ! p[]1 b n 
! w1 to pres]ve u4 ,he might h reg>d$ u 
z fitt$ to m9i/] to 8 s]vice by a       
succession ( exi/5ces1--l ! animals1 )\t
 attribut+ to ea* s\l an incomp>able    
value4 ,b if he is p]fect1 he mu/ w t   
all rational be+s %\ld p>take ( t       
p]fection :i* he himself is4 ,9 ! words 
( ! ,timaeus1 he is good1 & !re=e he    

desires t all o!r ?+s %\ld be z l       
himself z possible4 ,& ! mann] 9 :i* he 
accompli%es ?is is by p]mitt+ evil1 or r
 degrees ( good1 :i* are o!rwise call$  
evil4 ,= all progress is good relatively
 to ! pa/1 & yet may be comp>atively    
evil :5 reg>d$ 9 ! light ( ! future4    
,good & evil are relative t]ms1 &       
degrees ( evil are m]ely ! negative     
aspect ( degrees ( good4 ,( ! absolute  
goodness ( any f9ite nature we c =m no  
conception2 we are all ( u 9 process (  
transition f "o degree ( good or evil to
 ano!r4 ,! difficulties :i* are urg$    
ab\t ! orig9 or exi/5ce ( evil are m]e  
dialectical puzzles1 /&+ 9 ! same       
relation to ,*ri/ian philosophy z !     
puzzles ( ! ,cynics & ,meg>ians to !    
philosophy ( ,plato4 ,!y arise out ( !  
t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to reg>d good &    
evil bo? z relative & absolute2 j z !   
riddles ab\t motion are to be expla9$ by
 ! d\ble conception ( space or matt]1   
:i* ! human m9d has ! p[] ( reg>d+ ei!r 
z cont9u\s or discrete4  ,9 speak+ (    

div9e p]fection1 we mean to say t ,god  
is j & true & lov+1 ! au?or ( ord] & n (
 disord]1 ( good & n ( evil4 ,or r1 t he
 is ju/ice1 t he is tru?1 t he is love1 
t he is ord]1 t he is ! v progress ( :i*
 we 7 speak+2 & t :]ev] ^! qualities are
 pres5t1 :e!r 9 ! human s\l or 9 ! ord] 
( nature1 !re is ,god4 ,we might /ill   
see him ev]y:]e1 if we _h n be5 mi/ak5ly
 seek+ = him ap>t f u1 in/ead ( 9 u2    
away f ! laws ( nature1 in/ead ( 9 !m4  
,& we become unit$ to him n by my/ical  
absorption1 b by p>tak+1 :e!r consci\sly
 or unconsci\sly1 ( t tru? & ju/ice &   
love :i* he himself is4  ,?us ! belief 9
 ! immortality ( ! s\l re/s at la/ on ! 
belief 9 ,god4 ,if !re is a good & wise 
,god1 !n !re is a progress ( mank9d     
t[>ds p]fection2 & if !re is no progress
 ( m5 t[>ds p]fection1 !n !re is no good
 & wise ,god4 ,we _c suppose t ! moral  
gov]nm5t ( ,god ( :i* we see ! beg9n+s 9
 ! _w & 9 ourselves w cease :5 we pass  
out ( life4  #aa4 ,consid]+ ! 'feebl5ess
 ( ! human faculties & ! unc]ta9ty ( !  

subject1' we are incl9$ to believe t !  
few] our words ! bett]4 ,at ! approa* ( 
dea? !re is n mu* said2 good m5 are too 
hone/ to g out ( ! _w pr(ess+ m ?an !y  
"k4 ,!re is p]haps no important subject 
ab\t :i*1 at any "t1 ev5 religi\s p     
speak s little to "o ano!r4 ,9 ! fulness
 ( life ! ?\ght ( dea? is mo/ly awak5$  
by ! sight or recollection ( ! dea? (   
o!rs r ?an by ! prospect ( our own4 ,we 
mu/ also ackn[l$ge t !re are degrees ( !
 belief 9 immortality1 & _m =ms 9 :i* x 
pres5ts itself to ! m9d4 ,"s p]sons w   
say no m ?an t !y tru/ 9 ,god1 & t !y   
leave all to ,him4 ,x is a great "p (   
true religion n to pret5d to "k m ?an we
 d4 ,o!rs :5 !y quit ?is _w are com=t$ )
 ! hope ',t !y w see & "k _! fri5ds 9   
heav54' ,b x is bett] to leave !m 9 !   
h&s ( ,god & to be assur$ t 'no evil    
%all t\* !m4' ,!re are o!rs aga9 to :om 
! belief 9 a div9e p]sonality has ceas$ 
to h any long] a mean+2 yet !y are      
satisfi$ t ! end ( all is n "h1 b t     
some?+ /ill rema9s to u1 '& "s bett] ?+ 

= ! good ?an = ! evil4' ,!y are p]suad$1
 9 spite ( _! !ological nihilism1 t !   
ideas ( ju/ice & tru? & hol9ess & love  
are realities4 ,!y *]i% an en?usia/ic   
devotion to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( morality4
 ,?r\gh ^! !y see1 or seem to see1      
d>kly1 & 9 a figure1 t ! s\l is         
immortal4  ,b besides diff]5ces (       
!ological op9ion :i* mu/ ev] prevail    
ab\t ?+s unse51 ! hope ( immortality is 
weak] or /rong] 9 m5 at "o "t ( life ?an
 at ano!r2 x ev5 v>ies f day to day4 ,x 
comes & goes2 ! m9d1 l ! sky1 is apt to 
be ov]cl\d$4 ,o!r g5]ations ( m5 may h  
sometimes liv$ "u an 'eclipse ( fai?1'  
to u ! total disappe>ance ( x might be  
comp>$ to ! 'sun fall+ f heav54' ,& we  
may sometimes h to beg9 aga9 & acquire !
 belief = ourselves2 or to w9 x back    
aga9 :5 x is lo/4 ,x is really weake/ 9 
! h\r ( dea?4 ,= ,nature1 l a k9d "m or 
nurse1 lays u to sleep )\t fright5+ u2  
physicians1 :o are ! witnesses ( su*    
sc5es1 say t "u ord9>y circum/ances !re 
is no fe> ( ! future4 ,(t51 z ,plato    

tells u1 dea? is accompani$ ')          
pleasure4' 7,tim47 ,:5 ! end is /ill    
unc]ta91 ! cry ( _m a "o has be51       
',pray1 t ,i may be tak54' ,! la/ ?\ghts
 ev5 ( ! be/ m5 dep5d *iefly on !       
accid5ts ( _! bodily /ate4 ,pa9 soon    
ov]p[]s ! desire ( life2 old age1 l !   
*ild1 is laid to sleep almo/ 9 a mom5t4 
,! long exp]i5ce ( life w (t5 de/roy !  
int]e/ :i* mank9d h 9 x4 ,s v>i\s are ! 
feel+s ) :i* diff]5t p]sons draw ne> to 
dea?2 & /ill m v>i\s ! =ms 9 :i*        
imag9ation clo!s x4 ,= ?is alt]nation ( 
feel+ comp>e ! ,old ,te/am5t1--,psalm   
vi42 ,isaiah2 ,eccles4  #ab4 ,:5 we ?9k 
( ,god & ( man 9 8 relation to ,god2 ( !
 imp]fection ( our pres5t /ate & yet ( !
 progress :i* is obs]vable 9 ! hi/ory ( 
! _w & ( ! human m9d2 ( ! dep? & p[] (  
our moral ideas :i* seem to p>take ( ! v
 nature ( ,god ,himself2 :5 we consid] !
 contra/ betwe5 ! physical laws to :i*  
we are subject & ! high] law :i* raises 
u above !m & is yet a "p ( !m2 :5 we    
reflect on our capacity ( becom+ !      

'spectators ( all "t & all exi/5ce1' & (
 fram+ 9 our own m9ds ! ideal ( a p]fect
 ,be+2 :5 we see h[ ! human m9d 9 all ! 
high] religions ( ! _w1 includ+         
,buddhism1 not)/&+ "s ab]rations1 has   
t5d$ t[>ds su* a belief--we h reason to 
?9k t our de/9y is diff]5t f t (        
animals2 & ?\gh we _c altoge!r %ut out !
 *ildi% fe> t ! s\l ^u leav+ ! body may 
'vani% into ?9 air1' we h /ill1 s f> z !
 nature ( ! subject admits1 a hope (    
immortality ) :i* we com=t ourselves on 
suffici5t gr\nds4 ,! d5ial ( ! belief   
takes ! he>t out ( human life2 x l[]s m5
 to ! level ( ! mat]ial4 ,z ,goe! also  
says1 ',he is dead ev5 9 ?is _w :o has  
no belief 9 ano!r4'  #ac4 ,x is well    
also t we %\ld sometimes ?9k ( ! =ms (  
?\ght "u :i* ! idea ( immortality is mo/
 naturally pres5t$ to u4 ,x is cle> t to
 our m9ds ! ris5 s\l c no long] be      
describ$1 z 9 a picture1 by ! symbol ( a
 creature half-bird1 half-human1 nor 9  
any o!r =m ( s5se4 ,! multitude (       
angels1 z 9 ,milton1 s++ ! ,almighty's  

praises1 are a noble image1 & may furni%
 a !me = ! poet or ! pa9t]1 b !y are no 
long] an adequate expression ( ! k+dom (
 ,god :i* is )9 u4 ,nei!r is !re any    
mansion1 9 ?is _w or ano!r1 9 :i* !     
dep>t$ c be imag9$ to dwell & c>ry on _!
 occupations4 ,:5 ?is e>?ly tab]nacle is
 dissolv$1 no o!r habitation or build+ c
 take !m 93 x is 9 ! language ( ideas   
only t we speak ( !m4  ,fir/ ( all !re  
is ! ?\ght ( re/ & fre$om f pa92 !y h   
gone home1 z ! common say+ is1 & ! c>es 
( ?is _w t\* !m no m4 ,secondly1 we may 
imag9e !m z !y 7 at _! be/ & brighte/1  
humbly fulfill+ _! daily r\nd (         
duties--selfless1 *ildlike1 unaffect$ by
 ! _w2 :5 ! eye 0 s+le & ! :ole body    
seem$ to be full ( light2 :5 ! m9d 0    
cle> & saw into ! purposes ( ,god4      
,?irdly1 we may ?9k ( !m z possess$ by a
 great love ( ,god & man1 work+ out ,8 w
 at a fur!r /age 9 ! heav5ly pilgrimage4
 ,& yet we ackn[l$ge t ^! are ! ?+s :i* 
eye ha? n se5 nor e> he>d & !re=e x ha? 
n ent]$ into ! he>t ( man 9 any s5sible 

mann] to conceive !m4 ,f\r?ly1 !re may h
 be5 "s mom5ts 9 our own lives :5 we h  
ris5 above ourselves1 or be5 consci\s ( 
our tru] selves1 9 :i* ! w ( ,god has   
sup]s$$ our wills1 & we h ent]$ into    
communion ) ,him1 & be5 p>tak]s = a     
brief season ( ! ,div9e tru? & love1 9  
:i* l ,*ri/ we h be5 inspir$ to utt] !  
pray]1 ',i 9 !m1 & ?\ 9 me1 t we may be 
all made p]fect 9 "o4' ,^! preci\s      
mom5ts1 if we h ev] kn[n !m1 are ! ne>e/
 approa* :i* we c make to ! idea (      
immortality4  #ad4 ,return+ n[ to !     
e>li] /age ( human ?\ght :i* is         
repres5t$ by ! writ+s ( ,plato1 we f9d t
 _m ( ! same que/ions h already aris53  
!re is ! same t5d5cy to mat]ialism2 !   
same inconsi/5cy 9 ! application ( !    
idea ( m9d2 ! same d\bt :e!r ! s\l is to
 be reg>d$ z a cause or z an effect2 !  
same fall+ back on moral convictions4 ,9
 ! ,pha$o ! s\l is consci\s ( h] div9e  
nature1 & ! sep>ation f ! body :i* has  
be5 comm5c$ 9 ?is life is p]fect$ 9     
ano!r4 ,beg9n+ 9 my/]y1 ,socrates1 9 !  

int]m$iate "p ( ! ,dialogue1 attempts to
 br+ ! doctr9e ( a future life into     
connection ) 8 !ory ( k4 ,9 proportion z
 he succe$s 9 ?is1 ! individual seems to
 disappe> 9 a m g5]al notion ( ! s\l2 ! 
contemplation ( ideas '"u ! =m (        
et]nity' takes ! place ( pa/ & future   
/ates ( exi/5ce4 ,8 language may be     
comp>$ to t ( "s mod]n philosoph]s1 :o  
speak ( et]nity1 n 9 ! s5se ( p]petual  
duration ( "t1 b z an ev]-pres5t quality
 ( ! s\l4 ,yet at ! conclusion ( !      
,dialogue1 hav+ 'arriv$ at ! end ( !    
intellectual _w' 7,republic71 he        
replaces ! veil ( my?ology1 & describes 
! s\l & h] att5dant g5ius 9 ! language (
 ! my/]ies or ( a disciple ( ,zoroa/]4  
,nor c we fairly dem& ( ,plato a        
consi/5cy :i* is want+ among ourselves1 
:o ackn[l$ge t ano!r _w is beyond !     
range ( human ?\ght1 & yet are always   
seek+ to repres5t ! mansions ( heav5 or 
hell 9 ! col\rs ( ! pa9t]1 or 9 !       
descriptions ( ! poet or rhetorician4   
#ae4 ,! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l 

0 n new to ! ,greeks 9 ! age (          
,socrates1 b1 l ! unity ( ,god1 _h a    
f\ndation 9 ! popul> belief4 ,! old     
,hom]ic notion ( a gibb]+ gho/ flitt+   
away to ,hades2 or ( a few illu/ri\s    
h]oes enjoy+ ! isles ( ! ble/2 or ( an  
exi/5ce divid$ betwe5 ! two2 or !       
,hesiodic1 ( righte\s spirits1 :o become
 gu>dian angels1--_h giv5 place 9 !     
my/]ies & ! ,orphic poets to            
repres5tations1 p>tly fanciful1 ( a     
future /ate ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4       
7,laws47 ,! retic5ce ( ! ,greeks on     
public occasions & 9 "s "p ( _!         
lit]ature respect+ ?is 'und]gr\nd'      
religion1 is n to be tak5 z a measure ( 
! diffusion ( su* beliefs4 ,if ,p]icles 
9 ! fun]al oration is sil5t on !        
consolations ( immortality1 ! poet ,p9d>
 & ! trag$ians on ! o!r h& con/antly    
assume ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! dead 9 an  
upp] or "u _w4 ,d>ius & ,laius are /ill 
alive2 ,antigone w be de> to h] bre?r5  
aft] dea?2 ! way to ! palace ( ,cronos  
is f\nd by ^? :o 'h ?rice dep>t$ f      

evil4' ,! trag$y ( ! ,greeks is n       
'r\nd$' by ?is life1 b is deeply set 9  
decrees ( fate & my/]i\s work+s ( p[]s  
b5ea? ! e>?4 ,9 ! c>icature (           
,ari/ophanes !re is also a witness to ! 
common s5tim5t4 ,! ,ionian & ,py?agorean
 philosophies arose1 & "s new elem5ts 7 
add$ to ! popul> belief4 ,! individual  
mu/ f9d an expression z well z ! _w4    
,ei!r ! s\l 0 suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! =m ( a
 magnet1 or ( a p>ticle ( fire1 or (    
light1 or air1 or wat]2 or ( a numb] or 
( a h>mony ( numb]2 or to be or h1 l !  
/>s1 a pr9ciple ( motion 7,ari/4 de     
,anim474 ,at l5g? ,anaxagoras1 h>dly    
di/+ui%+ betwe5 life & m9d1 or betwe5   
m9d human & div9e1 atta9$ ! pure        
ab/raction2 & ?is1 l ! o!r ab/ractions (
 ,greek philosophy1 sank deep into !    
human intellig5ce4 ,! opposition ( !    
intelligible & ! s5sible1 & ( ,god to ! 
_w1 suppli$ an analogy :i* assi/$ 9 !   
sep>ation ( s\l & body4 ,if ideas 7     
sep>able f ph5om5a1 m9d 0 also sep>able 
f matt]2 if ! ideas 7 et]nal1 ! m9d t   

conceiv$ !m 0 et]nal too4 ,z ! unity (  
,god 0 m di/9ctly ackn[l$g$1 !          
conception ( ! human s\l became m       
develop$4 ,! succession1 or alt]nation (
 life & dea?1 _h occurr$ to ,h]acleitus4
 ,! ,eleatic ,p>m5ides _h /umbl$ ^u !   
mod]n !sis1 t '?\ght & be+ are ! same4' 
,! ,ea/]n belief 9 transmigration def9$ 
! s5se ( individuality2 & "s1 l         
,emp$ocles1 fanci$ t ! blood :i* !y _h  
%$ 9 ano!r /ate ( be+ 0 cry+ aga9/ !m1 &
 t = ?irty ?\s& ye>s !y 7 to be         
'fugitives & vagabonds ^u ! e>?4' ,!    
desire ( recogniz+ a lo/ "m or love or  
fri5d 9 ! _w bel[ 7,pha$o7 0 a natural  
feel+ :i*1 9 t age z well z 9 e o!r1 has
 giv5 di/9ctness to ! hope (            
immortality4 ,nor 7 e?ical consid]ations
 want+1 p>tly d]iv$ f ! necessity (     
puni%+ ! great] sort ( crim9als1 :om no 
av5g+ p[] ( ?is _w c\ld rea*4 ,! voice (
 consci5ce1 too1 0 he>d rem9d+ ! good   
man t he 0 n altoge!r innoc5t4          
7,republic47 ,to ^! indi/9ct long+s &   
fe>s an expression 0 giv5 9 ! my/]ies & 

,orphic poets3 a 'heap ( books'         
7,republic71 pass+ "u ! names ( ,musaeus
 & ,orpheus 9 ,plato's "t1 7 fill$ )    
notions ( an "u-_w4  #af4 ,yet aft] all 
! belief 9 ! individuality ( ! s\l aft] 
dea? _h b a feeble hold on ! ,greek m9d4
 ,l ! p]sonality ( ,god1 ! p]sonality ( 
man 9 a future /ate 0 n insep>ably b\nd 
up ) ! reality ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,= !        
di/9ction betwe5 ! p]sonal & imp]sonal1 
& also betwe5 ! div9e & human1 0 f> less
 m>k$ to ! ,greek ?an to ourselves4 ,& z
 ,plato readily passes f ! notion ( !   
good to t ( ,god1 he also passes almo/  
imp]ceptibly to himself & 8 read] f !   
future life ( ! individual s\l to !     
et]nal be+ ( ! absolute s\l4 ,!re has   
be5 a cle>] /atem5t & a cle>] d5ial ( ! 
belief 9 mod]n times ?an is f\nd 9 e>ly 
,greek philosophy1 & h5ce ! comp>ative  
sil5ce on ! :ole subject :i* is (t5     
rem>k$ 9 anci5t writ]s1 & p>ticul>ly 9  
,ari/otle4 ,= ,plato & ,ari/otle are n  
fur!r remov$ 9 _! tea*+ ab\t !          
immortality ( ! s\l ?an !y are 9 _! !ory

 ( k4  #ag4 ,liv+ 9 an age :5 logic 0   
beg9n+ to m\ld human ?\ght1 ,plato      
naturally ca/ 8 belief 9 immortality    
into a logical =m4 ,& :5 we consid] h[  
mu* ! doctr9e ( ideas 0 also "o ( words1
 x is n surpris+ t he %\ld h fall5 into 
v]bal fallacies3 e>ly logic is always   
mi/ak+ ! tru? ( ! =m = ! tru? ( ! matt]4
 ,x is easy to see t ! alt]nation (     
opposites is n ! same z ! g5]ation ( !m 
out ( ea* o!r2 & t ! g5]ation ( !m out (
 ea* o!r1 :i* is ! fir/ argum5t 9 !     
,pha$o1 is at v>iance ) _! mutual       
exclusion ( ea* o!r1 :e!r 9 !mselves or 
9 u1 :i* is ! la/4 ,= ev5 if we admit ! 
di/9ction :i* he draws betwe5 !         
opposites & ! ?+s :i* h ! opposites1    
/ill individuals fall "u ! latt] class2 
& we h to pass out ( ! region ( human   
hopes & fe>s to a conception ( an       
ab/ract s\l :i* is ! imp]sonation ( !   
ideas4 ,su* a conception1 :i* 9 ,plato  
himself is b half express$1 is unmean+  
to u1 & relative only to a p>ticul> /age
 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,! doctr9e (       

rem9isc5ce is also a fragm5t ( a =m] _w1
 :i* has no place 9 ! philosophy ( mod]n
 times4 ,b ,plato _h ! wond]s (         
psy*ology j op5+ to him1 & he _h n !    
explanation ( !m :i* is suppli$ by !    
analysis ( language & ! hi/ory ( ! human
 m9d4 ,! "q1 ',:5ce come our ab/ract    
ideas8' he c\ld only answ] by an imag9>y
 hypo!sis4 ,nor is x difficult to see t 
8 cr[n+ argum5t is purely v]bal1 & is b 
! expression ( an in/9ctive confid5ce   
put into a logical =m3--',! s\l is      
immortal because x conta9s a pr9ciple ( 
imp]i%abl5ess4' ,nor does he himself    
seem at all to be aw>e t no?+ is add$ to
 human k by 8 'safe & simple answ]1' t  
beauty is ! cause ( ! beautiful2 & t he 
is m]ely reass]t+ ! ,eleatic be+ 'divid$
 by ! ,py?agorean numb]s1' aga9/ !      
,h]acleitean doctr9e ( p]petual         
g5]ation4 ,! answ] to ! 'v s]i\s "q' (  
g5]ation & de/ruction is really ! d5ial 
( !m4 ,= ?is he w\ld sub/itute1 z 9 !   
,republic1 a sy/em ( ideas1 te/$1 n by  
exp]i5ce1 b by _! consequ5ces1 & n      

expla9$ by actual causes1 b by a high]1 
t is1 a m g5]al notion4 ,consi/5cy )    
!mselves is ! only te/ :i* is to be     
appli$ to !m4 7,republic1 & ,pha$o47    
#ah4 ,to deal fairly ) su* argum5ts1 !y 
%\ld be translat$ z f> z possible into  
_! mod]n equival5ts4 ',if ! ideas ( m5  
are et]nal1 _! s\ls are et]nal1 & if n !
 ideas1 !n n ! s\ls4' ,su* an argum5t   
/&s ne>ly 9 ! same relation to ,plato & 
8 age1 z ! argum5t f ! exi/5ce ( ,god to
 immortality among ourselves4 ',if ,god 
exi/s1 !n ! s\l exi/s aft] dea?2 & if   
!re is no ,god1 !re is no exi/5ce ( !   
s\l aft] dea?4' ,= ! ideas are to 8 m9d 
! reality1 ! tru?1 ! pr9ciple (         
p]man5ce1 z well z ( intellig5ce & ord] 
9 ! _w4 ,:5 ,simmias & ,cebes say t !y  
are m /rongly p]suad$ ( ! exi/5ce (     
ideas ?an !y are ( ! immortality ( !    
s\l1 !y repres5t fairly en\gh ! ord] (  
?\ght 9 ,greek philosophy4 ,& we might  
say 9 ! same way t we are m c]ta9 ( !   
exi/5ce ( ,god ?an we are ( !           
immortality ( ! s\l1 & are l$ by !      

belief 9 ! "o to a belief 9 ! o!r4 ,!   
p>allel1 z ,socrates w\ld say1 is n     
p]fect1 b agrees 9 z f> z ! m9d 9 ei!r  
case is reg>d$ z dep5d5t on some?+ above
 & beyond h]self4 ,! analogy may ev5 be 
press$ a /ep fur!r3 ',we are m c]ta9 (  
our ideas ( tru? & "r ?an we are ( !    
exi/5ce ( ,god1 & are l$ on 9 ! ord] (  
?\ght f "o to ! o!r4' ,or m correctly3  
',! exi/5ce ( "r & tru? is ! exi/5ce (  
,god1 & c nev] = a mom5t be sep>at$ f   
,him4'  #ai4 ,! ma9 argum5t ( ! ,pha$o  
is d]iv$ f ! exi/5ce ( et]nal ideas (   
:i* ! s\l is a p>tak]2 ! o!r argum5t ( !
 alt]nation ( opposites is replac$ by   
?is4 ,& !re h n be5 want+ philosoph]s ( 
! ideali/ s*ool :o h imag9$ t ! doctr9e 
( ! immortality ( ! s\l is a !ory ( k1 &
 t 9 :at has prec$$ ,plato is           
accommodat+ himself to ! popul> belief4 
,su* a view c only be elicit$ f ! ,pha$o
 by :at may be t]m$ ! transc5d5tal me?od
 ( int]pretation1 & is obvi\sly         
inconsi/5t ) ! ,gorgias & ! ,republic4  
,^? :o ma9ta9 x are imm$iately compell$ 

to r5\nce ! %ad[ :i* !y h grasp$1 z a   
play ( words only4 ,b ! tru? is1 t      
,plato 9 8 argum5t = ! immortality ( !  
s\l has collect$ _m elem5ts ( pro( or   
p]suasion1 e?ical & my?ological z well z
 dialectical1 :i* are n easily to be    
reconcil$ ) "o ano!r2 & he is z mu* 9   
e>ne/ ab\t 8 doctr9e ( retribution1 :i* 
is repeat$ 9 all 8 m e?ical writ+s1 z   
ab\t 8 !ory ( k4 ,& :ile we may fairly  
translate ! dialectical into ! language 
( ,hegel1 & ! religi\s & my?ological    
into ! language ( ,dante or ,bunyan1 !  
e?ical speaks to u /ill 9 ! same voice1 
& appeals to a common feel+4  #bj4 ,two 
argum5ts ( ?is e?ical "* occur 9 !      
,pha$o4 ,! fir/ may be describ$ z !     
aspiration ( ! s\l aft] ano!r /ate (    
be+4 ,l ! ,ori5tal or ,*ri/ian my/ic1 ! 
philosoph] is seek+ to )draw f          
impurities ( s5se1 to leave ! _w & ! ?+s
 ( ! _w1 & to f9d 8 high] self4 ,plato  
recognizes 9 ^! aspirations ! =eta/e (  
immortality2 z ,butl] & ,addison 9 mod]n
 times h argu$1 ! "o f ! moral t5d5cies 

( mank9d1 ! o!r f ! progress ( ! s\l    
t[>ds p]fection4 ,9 us+ ?is argum5t     
,plato has c]ta9ly confus$ ! s\l :i* has
 left ! body1 ) ! s\l ( ! good & wise4  
7,comp>e ,republic47 ,su* a confusion 0 
natural1 & arose p>tly out ( ! anti!sis 
( s\l & body4 ,! s\l 9 h] own ess5ce1 & 
! s\l 'clo!d ^u' ) virtues & graces1 7  
easily int]*ang$ ) "o ano!r1 because on 
a subject :i* passes expression !       
di/9ctions ( language c h>dly be        
ma9ta9$4  #ba4 ,! e?ical pro( ( !       
immortality ( ! s\l is d]iv$ f !        
necessity ( retribution4 ,! wick$ w\ld  
be too well (f if _! evil de$s came to  
an end4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t an      
,ardiaeus1 an ,ar*elaus1 an ,ism5ias    
c\ld ev] h suff]$ ! p5alty ( _! crimes 9
 ?is _w4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is retribution 
is accompli%$ ,plato repres5ts "u !     
figures ( my?ology4 ,d\btless he felt t 
x 0 easi] to improve ?an to inv5t1 & t 9
 religion especially ! traditional =m 0 
requir$ 9 ord] to give v]isimilitude to 
! my?4 ,! my? too is f> m probable to t 

age ?an to ours1 & may fairly be reg>d$ 
z '"o guess among _m' ab\t ! nature ( ! 
e>?1 :i* he clev]ly supports by !       
indications ( geology4 ,n t he insi/s on
 ! absolute tru? ( 8 own p>ticul>       
notions3 'no man ( s5se w be confid5t 9 
su* matt]s2 b he w be confid5t t some?+ 
( ! k9d is true4' ,z 9 o!r passages     
7,gorg41 ,tim41 comp>e ,crito71 he w9s  
belief = 8 fictions by ! mod]ation ( 8  
/atem5ts2 he does n1 l ,dante or        
,sw$5borg1 all[ himself to be deceiv$ by
 8 own creations4  ,! ,dialogue mu/ be  
read 9 ! light ( ! situation4 ,& fir/ ( 
all we are /ruck by ! calmness ( ! sc5e4
 ,l ! spectators at ! "t1 we _c pity    
,socrates2 8 mi5 & 8 language are s     
noble & fe>less4 ,he is ! same t he ev] 
01 b mild] & g5tl]1 & he has 9 no degree
 lo/ 8 int]e/ 9 dialectics2 he w n =ego 
! delight ( an argum5t 9 compliance ) ! 
jail]'s intimation t he %\ld n heat     
himself ) talk+4 ,at su* a "t he        
naturally expresses ! hope ( 8 life1 t  
he has be5 a true my/ic & n a m]e reta9]

 or w&-be>]3 & he ref]s to passages ( 8 
p]sonal hi/ory4 ,to 8 old enemies !     
,comic poets1 & to ! proce$+s on !      
trial1 he alludes playfully2 b he       
vividly rememb]s ! disappo9tm5t :i* he  
felt 9 read+ ! books ( ,anaxagoras4 ,!  
return ( ,xan?ippe & 8 *ildr5 indicates 
t ! philosoph] is n 'made ( oak or      
rock4' ,"s o!r traits ( 8 "* may be     
not$2 = example1 ! c\rte\s mann] 9 :i*  
he incl9es 8 head to ! la/ objector1 or 
! ironical t\*1 ',me already1 z ! tragic
 poet w\ld say1 ! voice ( fate calls2'  
or ! depreciation ( ! argum5ts ) :i* 'he
 com=t$ himself & !m2' or 8 fe> (       
'misology2' or 8 ref]5ces to ,hom]2 or !
 playful smile ) :i* he 'talks l a book'
 ab\t great] & less2 or ! allusion to ! 
possibility ( f9d+ ano!r tea*] among    
b>b>\s races 7comp>e ,polit472 or !     
my/]i\s ref]5ce to ano!r sci5ce         
7ma!matics87 ( g5]ation & de/ruction =  
:i* he is va9ly feel+4 ,!re is no *ange 
9 him2 only n[ he is inve/$ ) a sort (  
sacr$ "*1 z ! prophet or prie/ ( ,apollo

 ! ,god ( ! fe/ival1 9 ^: hon\r he fir/ 
( all composes a hymn1 & !n l ! swan    
p\rs =? 8 dy+ lay4 ,p]haps ! extreme    
elevation ( ,socrates above 8 own       
situation1 & ! ord9>y int]e/s ( life    
7comp>e 8 jeu d'esprit ab\t 8 burial1 9 
:i* = a mom5t he puts on ! ',sil5us     
mask'71 create 9 ! m9d ( ! read] an     
impression /rong] ?an c\ld be d]iv$ f   
argum5ts t su* a "o has 9 him 'a        
pr9ciple :i* does n admit ( dea?4'  ,!  
o!r p]sons ( ! ,dialogue may be consid]$
 "u two heads3 7#a7 private fri5ds2 7#b7
 ! respond5ts 9 ! argum5t4  ,fir/ !re is
 ,crito1 :o has be5 already introduc$ to
 u 9 ! ,eu?ydemus & ! ,crito2 he is !   
equal 9 ye>s ( ,socrates1 & /&s 9 q a   
diff]5t relation to him f 8 y\ng]       
disciples4 ,he is a man ( ! _w :o is ri*
 & prosp]\s 7comp>e ! je/ 9 !           
,eu?ydemus71 ! be/ fri5d ( ,socrates1 :o
 wants to "k 8 comm&s1 9 ^: pres5ce he  
talks to 8 family1 & :o p]=ms ! la/ duty
 ( clos+ 8 eyes4 ,x is obs]vable too t1 
z 9 ! ,eu?ydemus1 ,crito %[s no aptitude

 = philosophical discussions4 ,nor among
 ! fri5ds ( ,socrates mu/ ! jail] be    
=gott51 :o seems to h be5 introduc$ by  
,plato 9 ord] to %[ ! impression made by
 ! extraord9>y man on ! common4 ,! g5tle
 nature ( ! man is indicat$ by 8 weep+  
at ! ann\ncem5t ( 8 err& & !n turn+     
away1 & also by ! words ( ,socrates to 8
 disciples3 ',h[ *>m+ ! man is6 s9ce ,i 
h be5 9 prison he has be5 always com+ to
 me1 & is z good z c\ld be to me4' ,we  
are rem9d$ too t he has reta9$ ?is g5tle
 nature amid sc5es ( dea? & viol5ce by !
 contra/s :i* he draws betwe5 ! behavi\r
 ( ,socrates & ( o!rs :5 ab\t to die4   
,ano!r p]son :o takes no "p 9 !         
philosophical discussion is ! excitable 
,apollodorus1 ! same :o1 9 ! ,symposium1
 ( :i* he is ! n>rator1 is call$ '!     
madman1' & :o te/ifies 8 grief by ! mo/ 
viol5t emotions4 ,pha$o is also pres5t1 
! 'belov$ disciple' z he may be t]m$1 :o
 is describ$1 if n 'lean+ on 8 bosom1' z
 seat$ next to ,socrates1 :o is play+ ) 
8 hair4 ,he too1 l ,apollodorus1 takes  

no "p 9 ! discussion1 b he loves above  
all ?+s to he> & speak ( ,socrates aft] 
8 dea?4 ,! calmness ( 8 behavi\r1 veil+ 
8 face :5 he c no long] re/ra9 8 te>s1  
contra/s ) ! passionate outcries ( !    
o!r4 ,at a p>ticul> po9t ! argum5t is   
describ$ z fall+ be=e ! attack (        
,simmias4 ,a sort ( despair is introduc$
 9 ! m9ds ( ! company4 ,! effect ( ?is  
is height5$ by ! description ( ,pha$o1  
:o has be5 ! eye-witness ( ! sc5e1 & by 
! sympa?y ( 8 ,phliasian auditors :o are
 beg9n+ to ?9k 't !y too c nev] tru/ an 
argum5t aga94' ,& ! int5se int]e/ ( !   
company is communicat$ n only to ! fir/ 
auditors1 b to u :o 9 a di/ant c\ntry   
read ! n>rative ( _! emotions aft] m ?an
 two ?\s& ye>s h pass$ away4  ,! two    
pr9cipal int]locutors are ,simmias &    
,cebes1 ! disciples ( ,philolaus !      
,py?agorean philosoph] ( ,!bes4 ,simmias
 is describ$ 9 ! ,pha$rus z fond] ( an  
argum5t ?an any man liv+2 & ,cebes1     
al?\gh f9ally p]suad$ by ,socrates1 is  
said to be ! mo/ incr$ul\s ( human be+s4

 ,x is ,cebes :o at ! comm5cem5t ( !    
,dialogue asks :y 'suicide is held to be
 unlawful1' & :o fir/ supplies ! doctr9e
 ( recollection 9 confirmation ( !      
pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l4 ,x is ,cebes :o    
urges t ! pre-exi/5ce does n necess>ily 
involve ! future exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 z is  
%[n by ! illu/ration ( ! weav] & 8 coat4
 ,simmias1 on ! o!r h&1 raises ! "q ab\t
 h>mony & ! lyre1 :i* is naturally put  
into ! m\? ( a ,py?agorean disciple4 ,x 
is ,simmias1 too1 :o fir/ rem>ks on !   
unc]ta9ty ( human k1 & only at la/      
conc$es to ! argum5t su* a qualifi$     
approval z is consi/5t ) ! feebl5ess ( !
 human faculties4 ,cebes is ! deep] & m 
consecutive ?9k]1 ,simmias m sup]ficial 
& rhetorical2 !y are di/+ui%$ 9 mu* !   
same mann] z ,adeimantus & ,glaucon 9 ! 
,republic4  ,o!r p]sons1 ,m5ex5us1      
,ctesippus1 ,lysis1 are old fri5ds2     
,ev5us has be5 already satiriz$ 9 !     
,apology2 ,aes*9es & ,epig5es 7 pres5t  
at ! trial2 ,euclid & ,t]psion w reappe>
 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,!aetetus1      

,h]mog5es has already appe>$ 9 !        
,cratylus4 ,no inf]5ce c fairly be drawn
 f ! abs5ce ( ,ari/ippus1 nor f !       
omission ( ,x5ophon1 :o at ! "t (       
,socrates' dea? 0 9 ,asia4 ,! m5tion (  
,plato's own abs5ce seems l an          
expression ( sorr[1 & may1 p]haps1 be an
 indication t ! report ( ! conv]sation  
is n to be tak5 lit]ally4  ,! place ( ! 
,dialogue 9 ! s]ies is d\btful4 ,!      
doctr9e ( ideas is c]ta9ly c>ri$ beyond 
! ,socratic po9t ( view2 9 no o!r ( !   
writ+s ( ,plato is ! !ory ( !m s        
completely develop$4 ,:e!r ! belief 9   
immortality c be attribut$ to ,socrates 
or n is unc]ta92 ! sil5ce ( !           
,memorabilia1 & ( ! e>li] ,dialogues (  
,plato1 is an argum5t to ! contr>y4 ,yet
 9 ! ,cyropa$ia ,x5ophon has put        
language into ! m\? ( ! dy+ ,cyrus :i*  
recalls ! ,pha$o1 & may h be5 d]iv$ f ! 
tea*+ ( ,socrates4 ,x may be fairly urg$
 t ! greate/ religi\s int]e/ ( mank9d   
c\ld n h be5 :olly ignor$ by "o :o pass$
 8 life 9 fulfill+ ! comm&s ( an oracle1

 & :o recogniz$ a ,div9e plan 9 man &   
nature4 7,x54 ,mem47 ,& ! language ( !  
,apology & ( ! ,crito confirms ?is view4
  ,! ,pha$o is n "o ( ! ,socratic       
,dialogues ( ,plato2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c
 x be assign$ to t lat] /age ( !        
,platonic writ+s at :i* ! doctr9e (     
ideas appe>s to be =gott54 ,x belongs r 
to ! int]m$iate p]iod ( ! ,platonic     
philosophy1 :i* r\ghly corresponds to ! 
,pha$rus1 ,gorgias1 ,republic1          
,!aetetus4 ,)\t pret5d+ to det]m9e !    
real "t ( _! composition1 ! ,symposium1 
,m5o1 ,eu?yphro1 ,apology1 ,pha$o may be
 conv5i5tly read by u 9 ?is ord] z      
illu/rative ( ! life ( ,socrates4 ,ano!r
 *a9 may be =m$ ( ! ,m5o1 ,pha$rus1     
,pha$o1 9 :i* ! immortality ( ! s\l is  
connect$ ) ! doctr9e ( ideas4 ,9 ! ,m5o 
! !ory ( ideas is bas$ on ! anci5t      
belief 9 transmigration1 :i* reappe>s   
aga9 9 ! ,pha$rus z well z 9 ! ,republic
 & ,timaeus1 & 9 all ( !m is connect$ ) 
a doctr9e ( retribution4 ,9 ! ,pha$rus !
 immortality ( ! s\l is suppos$ to re/  

on ! conception ( ! s\l z a pr9ciple (  
motion1 :]eas 9 ! ,republic ! argum5t   
turns on ! natural cont9uance ( ! s\l1  
:i*1 if n de/roy$ by h] own prop] evil1 
c h>dly be de/roy$ by any o!r4 ,! s\l ( 
man 9 ! ,timaeus is d]iv$ f ! ,supreme  
,creator1 & ei!r returns aft] dea? to h]
 k9dr$ />1 or desc5ds into ! l[] life ( 
an animal4 ,! ,apology expresses ! same 
view z ! ,pha$o1 b ) less confid5ce2 !re
 ! probability ( dea? be+ a long sleep  
is n exclud$4 ,! ,!aetetus also         
describes1 9 a digression1 ! desire ( ! 
s\l to fly away & be ) ,god--'& to fly  
to him is to be l him4' ,! ,symposium   
may be obs]v$ to resemble z well z to   
diff] f ! ,pha$o4 ,:ile ! fir/ notion ( 
immortality is only 9 ! way ( natural   
procreation or ( po/hum\s fame & glory1 
! high] revelation ( beauty1 l ! good 9 
! ,republic1 is ! vision ( ! et]nal     
idea4 ,s deeply root$ 9 ,plato's m9d is 
! belief 9 immortality2 s v>i\s are !   
=ms ( expression :i* he employs4  ,z 9  
sev]al o!r ,dialogues1 !re is m ( sy/em 

9 ! ,pha$o ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,! 
succession ( argum5ts is bas$ on previ\s
 philosophies2 beg9n+ ) ! my/]ies & !   
,h]acleitean alt]nation ( opposites1 &  
proce$+ to ! ,py?agorean h>mony &       
transmigration2 mak+ a /ep by ! aid (   
,platonic rem9isc5ce1 & a fur!r /ep by !
 help ( ! n\s ( ,anaxagoras2 until at   
la/ we re/ 9 ! conviction t ! s\l is    
insep>able f ! ideas1 & belongs to ! _w 
( ! invisible & unkn[n4 ,!n1 z 9 !      
,gorgias or ,republic1 ! curta9 falls1 &
 ! veil ( my?ology desc5ds ^u ! argum5t4
 ,aft] ! confession ( ,socrates t he is 
an int]e/$ p>ty1 & ! ackn[l$gm5t t no   
man ( s5se w ?9k ! details ( 8 n>rative 
true1 b t some?+ ( ! k9d is true1 we    
return f speculation to practice4 ,he is
 himself m confid5t ( immortality ?an he
 is ( 8 own argum5ts2 & ! confid5ce :i* 
he expresses is less /rong ?an t :i* 8  
*e]fulness & composure 9 dea? inspire 9 
u4  ,difficulties ( two k9ds occur 9 !  
,pha$o--"o k9d to be expla9$ out (      
contempor>y philosophy1 ! o!r n admitt+ 

( an entire solution4 7#a7 ,! difficulty
 :i* ,socrates says t he exp]i5c$ 9     
expla9+ g5]ation & corruption2 !        
assumption ( hypo!ses :i* proce$ f !    
less g5]al to ! m g5]al1 & are te/$ by  
_! consequ5ces2 ! puzzle ab\t great] &  
less2 ! resort to ! me?od ( ideas1 :i*  
to u appe> only ab/ract t]ms1--^! are to
 be expla9$ out ( ! position ( ,socrates
 & ,plato 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,!y 7
 liv+ 9 a twilight betwe5 ! s5sible & ! 
intellectual _w1 & saw no way ( connect+
 !m4 ,!y c\ld nei!r expla9 ! relation ( 
ideas to ph5om5a1 nor _! correlation to 
"o ano!r4 ,! v idea ( relation or       
comp>ison 0 emb>rass+ to !m4 ,yet 9 ?is 
intellectual unc]ta9ty !y _h a          
conception ( a pro( f results1 & ( a    
moral tru?1 :i* rema9$ un%ak5 amid !    
que/ion+s ( philosophy4 7#b7 ,! o!r is a
 difficulty :i* is t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,republic
 z well z 9 ! ,pha$o1 & is common to    
mod]n & anci5t philosophy4 ,plato is n  
altoge!r satisfi$ ) 8 safe & simple     
me?od ( ideas4 ,he wants to h prov$ to  

him by facts t all ?+s are = ! be/1 & t 
!re is "o m9d or design :i* p]vades !m  
all4 ,b ?is 'p[] ( ! be/' he is unable  
to expla92 & !re=e takes refuge 9       
univ]sal ideas4 ,& are n we at ?is day  
seek+ to discov] t :i* ,socrates 9 a    
glass d>kly =esaw8  ,"s resemblances to 
! ,greek drama may be not$ 9 all !      
,dialogues ( ,plato4 ,! ,pha$o is !     
trag$y ( :i* ,socrates is ! protagoni/ &
 ,simmias & ,cebes ! second>y p]=m]s1   
/&+ to !m 9 ! same relation z to        
,glaucon & ,adeimantus 9 ! ,republic4   
,no ,dialogue has a great] unity (      
subject & feel+4 ,plato has c]ta9ly     
fulfill$ ! condition ( ,greek1 or r (   
all art1 :i* requires t sc5es ( dea? &  
suff]+ %\ld be clo!d 9 beauty4 ,! ga!r+ 
( ! fri5ds at ! comm5cem5t ( !          
,dialogue1 ! dismissal ( ,xan?ippe1 ^:  
pres5ce w\ld h be5 out ( place at a     
philosophical discussion1 b :o returns  
aga9 ) h] *ildr5 to take a f9al f>ewell1
 ! dejection ( ! audi5ce at ! tempor>y  
ov]?r[ ( ! argum5t1 ! picture (         

,socrates play+ ) ! hair ( ,pha$o1 !    
f9al sc5e 9 :i* ,socrates alone reta9s 8
 composure--are ma/]pieces ( art4 ,& !  
*orus at ! end might h int]pret$ ! feel+
 ( ! play3 ',!re c no evil happ5 to a   
good man 9 life or dea?4'  ',! art (    
conceal+ art' is n[h]e m p]fect ?an 9 ^?
 writ+s ( ,plato :i* describe ! trial & 
dea? ( ,socrates4 ,_! *>m is _!         
simplicity1 :i* gives !m v]isimilitude2 
& yet !y t\*1 z if incid5tally1 &       
because !y 7 suitable to ! occasion1 on 
"s ( ! deepe/ tru?s ( philosophy4 ,!re  
is no?+ 9 any trag$y1 anci5t or mod]n1  
no?+ 9 poetry or hi/ory 7) "o           
exception71 l ! la/ h\rs ( ,socrates 9  
,plato4 ,! ma/] c\ld n be m fitly       
occupi$ at su* a "t ?an 9 disc\rs+ (    
immortality2 nor ! disciples m div9ely  
consol$4 ,! argum5ts1 tak5 9 ! _s & n 9 
! lett]1 are our argum5ts2 & ,socrates  
by anticipation may be ev5 ?\ght to     
refute "s 'ecc5tric notions2 curr5t 9   
our own age4 ,= !re are philosoph]s     
among ourselves :o d n seem to und]/& h[

 mu* /rong] is ! p[] ( intellig5ce1 or (
 ! be/1 ?an ( ,atlas1 or me*anical =ce4 
,h[ f> ! words attribut$ to ,socrates 7 
actually utt]$ by him we =be> to ask2 = 
no answ] c be giv5 to ?is "q4 ,& x is   
bett] to resign ourselves to ! feel+ ( a
 great "w1 ?an to l+] among critical    
unc]ta9ties4     ,,pha$o   ,,p]sons ,,( 
,,! ,,dialogue3  ,pha$o1 :o is ! n>rator
 ( ! dialogue to ,e*ecrates ( ,phlius4  
,socrates1 ,apollodorus1 ,simmias1      
,cebes1 ,crito & an ,att5dant ( !       
,prison4  ,,sc5e3 ,! ,prison (          
,socrates4  ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,n>ration3 
,phlius4    ,,e*ecrates3 ,7 y y\rself1  
,pha$o1 9 ! prison ) ,socrates on ! day 
:5 he drank ! poison8  ,,pha$o3 ,yes1   
,e*ecrates1 ,i 04  ,,e*ecrates3 ,i %\ld 
s l to he> ab\t 8 dea?4 ,:at did he say 
9 8 la/ h\rs8 ,we 7 in=m$ t he di$ by   
tak+ poison1 b no "o knew any?+ m2 = no 
,phliasian ev] goes to ,a!ns n[1 & x is 
a long "t s9ce any /rang] f ,a!ns has   
f\nd 8 way hi!r2 s t we _h no cle>      
acc\nt4  ,,pha$o3 ,did y n he> ( !      

proce$+s at ! trial8  ,,e*ecrates3 ,yes2
 "s "o told u ab\t ! trial1 & we c\ld n 
und]/& :y1 hav+ be5 condemn$1 he %\ld h 
be5 put to dea?1 n at ! "t1 b long      
aft]w>ds4 ,:at 0 ! reason ( ?is8        
,,pha$o3 ,an accid5t1 ,e*ecrates3 ! /]n 
( ! %ip :i* ! ,a!nians s5d to ,delos    
happ5$ to h be5 cr[n$ on ! day be=e he 0
 tri$4  ,,e*ecrates3 ,:at is ?is %ip8   
,,pha$o3 ,x is ! %ip 9 :i*1 accord+ to  
,a!nian tradition1 ,!seus w5t to ,crete 
:5 he took ) him ! f\rte5 y\?s1 & 0 !   
savi\r ( !m & ( himself4 ,& !y 7 said to
 h v[$ to ,apollo at ! "t1 t if !y 7    
sav$ !y w\ld s5d a ye>ly mission to     
,delos4 ,n[ ?is cu/om /ill cont9ues1 & !
 :ole p]iod ( ! voyage to & f ,delos1   
beg9n+ :5 ! prie/ ( ,apollo cr[ns ! /]n 
( ! %ip1 is a holy season1 dur+ :i* !   
city is n all[$ to be pollut$ by public 
executions2 & :5 ! vessel is deta9$ by  
contr>y w9ds1 ! "t sp5t 9 go+ & return+ 
is v consid]able4 ,z ,i 0 say+1 ! %ip 0 
cr[n$ on ! day be=e ! trial1 & ?is 0 !  
reason :y ,socrates lay 9 prison & 0 n  

put to dea? until long aft] he 0        
condemn$4  ,,e*ecrates3 ,:at 0 ! mann] (
 8 dea?1 ,pha$o8 ,:at 0 said or done8 ,&
 :i* ( 8 fri5ds 7 ) him8 ,or did !      
au?orities =bid !m to be pres5t--s t he 
_h no fri5ds ne> him :5 he di$8         
,,pha$o3 ,no2 !re 7 sev]al ( !m ) him4  
,,e*ecrates3 ,if y h no?+ to d1 ,i wi% t
 y w\ld tell me :at pass$1 z exactly z y
 c4  ,,pha$o3 ,i h no?+ at all to d1 & w
 try to gratify y\r wi%4 ,to be rem9d$ (
 ,socrates is always ! greate/ delight  
to me1 :e!r ,i speak myself or he> ano!r
 speak ( him4  ,,e*ecrates3 ,y w h      
li/5]s :o are ( ! same m9d ) y1 & ,i    
hope t y w be z exact z y c4  ,,pha$o3  
,i _h a s+ul> feel+ at be+ 9 8 company4 
,= ,i c\ld h>dly believe t ,i 0 pres5t  
at ! dea? ( a fri5d1 & !re=e ,i did n   
pity him1 ,e*ecrates2 he di$ s          
fe>lessly1 & 8 words & be>+ 7 s noble & 
graci\s1 t to me he appe>$ bless$4 ,i   
?\ght t 9 go+ to ! o!r _w he c\ld n be  
)\t a div9e call1 & t he w\ld be happy1 
if any man ev] 01 :5 he arriv$ !re1 &   

!re=e ,i did n pity him z might h seem$ 
natural at su* an h\r4 ,b ,i _h n !     
pleasure :i* ,i usually feel 9          
philosophical disc\rse 7= philosophy 0 !
 !me ( :i* we spoke74 ,i 0 pleas$1 b 9 !
 pleasure !re 0 also a /range admixture 
( pa92 = ,i reflect$ t he 0 soon to die1
 & ?is d\ble feel+ 0 %>$ by u all2 we 7 
laugh+ & weep+ by turns1 especially !   
excitable ,apollodorus--y "k ! sort (   
man8  ,,e*ecrates3 ,yes4  ,,pha$o3 ,he 0
 q beside himself2 & ,i & all ( u 7     
greatly mov$4  ,,e*ecrates3 ,:o 7       
pres5t8  ,,pha$o3 ,( native ,a!nians !re
 71 besides ,apollodorus1 ,critobulus & 
8 fa!r ,crito1 ,h]mog5es1 ,epig5es1     
,aes*9es1 ,anti/h5es2 likewise          
,ctesippus ( ! deme ( ,paeania1         
,m5ex5us1 & "s o!rs2 ,plato1 if ,i am n 
mi/ak51 0 ill4  ,,e*ecrates3 ,7 !re any 
/rang]s8  ,,pha$o3 ,yes1 !re 72 ,simmias
 ! ,!ban1 & ,cebes1 & ,pha$ondes2       
,euclid & ,t]pison1 :o came f ,meg>a4   
,,e*ecrates3 ,& 0 ,ari/ippus !re1 &     
,cleombrotus8  ,,pha$o3 ,no1 !y 7 said  

to be 9 ,aeg9a4  ,,e*ecrates3 ,any "o   
else8  ,,pha$o3 ,i ?9k t ^! 7 ne>ly all4
  ,,e*ecrates3 ,well1 & :at did y talk  
ab\t8  ,,pha$o3 ,i w beg9 at ! beg9n+1 &
 endeav\r to repeat ! entire            
conv]sation4 ,on ! previ\s days we _h   
be5 9 ! habit ( assembl+ e>ly 9 ! morn+ 
at ! c\rt 9 :i* ! trial took place1 &   
:i* is n f> f ! prison4 ,!re we us$ to  
wait talk+ ) "o ano!r until ! op5+ ( !  
doors 7= !y 7 n op5$ v e>ly72 !n we w5t 
9 & g5]ally pass$ ! day ) ,socrates4 ,on
 ! la/ morn+ we assembl$ soon] ?an      
usual1 hav+ he>d on ! day be=e :5 we    
quitt$ ! prison 9 ! ev5+ t ! sacr$ %ip  
_h come f ,delos1 & s we arrang$ to meet
 v e>ly at ! accu/om$ place4 ,on our    
arrival ! jail] :o answ]$ ! door1 in/ead
 ( admitt+ u1 came out & told u to /ay  
until he call$ u4 ',= ! ,elev51' he     
said1 'are n[ ) ,socrates2 !y are tak+  
(f 8 *a9s1 & giv+ ord]s t he is to die  
to-day4' ,he soon return$ & said t we   
might come 94 ,on ent]+ we f\nd         
,socrates j releas$ f *a9s1 & ,xan?ippe1

 :om y "k1 sitt+ by him1 & hold+ 8 *ild 
9 h] arms4 ,:5 %e saw u %e utt]$ a cry &
 said1 z wom5 w3 ',o ,socrates1 ?is is !
 la/ "t t ei!r y w conv]se ) y\r fri5ds1
 or !y ) y4' ,socrates turn$ to ,crito &
 said3 ',crito1 let "s "o take h] home4'
 ,"s ( ,crito's p accord+ly l$ h] away1 
cry+ out & beat+ h]self4 ,& :5 %e 0     
gone1 ,socrates1 sitt+ up on ! c\*1 b5t 
& rubb$ 8 leg1 say+1 z he 0 rubb+3 ,h[  
s+ul> is ! ?+ call$ pleasure1 & h[      
curi\sly relat$ to pa91 :i* might be    
?\ght to be ! opposite ( x2 = !y are    
nev] pres5t to a man at ! same in/ant1 &
 yet he :o pursues ei!r is g5]ally      
compell$ to take ! o!r2 _! bodies are   
two1 b !y are jo9$ by a s+le head4 ,& ,i
 _c help ?9k+ t if ,aesop _h rememb]$   
!m1 he w\ld h made a fable ab\t ,god    
try+ to reconcile _! /rife1 & h[1 :5 he 
c\ld n1 he fa/5$ _! heads toge!r2 & ?is 
is ! reason :y :5 "o comes ! o!r foll[s1
 z ,i "k by my own exp]i5ce n[1 :5 aft] 
! pa9 9 my leg :i* 0 caus$ by ! *a9     
pleasure appe>s to succe$4  ,^u ?is     

,cebes said3 ,i am glad1 ,socrates1 t y 
h m5tion$ ! "n ( ,aesop4 ,= x rem9ds me 
( a "q :i* has be5 ask$ by _m1 & 0 ask$ 
( me only ! day be=e ye/]day by ,ev5us !
 poet--he w be sure to ask x aga91 &    
!re=e if y w\ld l me to h an answ] ready
 = him1 y may z well tell me :at ,i %\ld
 say to him3--he want$ to "k :y y1 :o   
nev] be=e wrote a l9e ( poetry1 n[ t y  
are 9 prison are turn+ ,aesop's fables  
into v]se1 & also compos+ t hymn 9 hon\r
 ( ,apollo4  ,tell him1 ,cebes1 he      
repli$1 :at is ! tru?--t ,i _h no idea (
 rivall+ him or 8 poems2 to d s1 z ,i   
knew1 w\ld be no easy task4 ,b ,i want$ 
to see :e!r ,i c\ld purge away a scruple
 :i* ,i felt ab\t ! mean+ ( c]ta9       
dreams4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my life ,i h (t5 _h
 intimations 9 dreams 't ,i %\ld compose
 music4' ,! same dream came to me       
sometimes 9 "o =m1 & sometimes 9 ano!r1 
b always say+ ! same or ne>ly ! same    
words3 ',cultivate & make music1' said !
 dream4 ,& hi!rto ,i _h imag9$ t ?is 0  
only int5d$ to exhort & enc\rage me 9 ! 

/udy ( philosophy1 :i* has be5 ! pursuit
 ( my life1 & is ! noble/ & be/ ( music4
 ,! dream 0 bidd+ me d :at ,i 0 already 
do+1 9 ! same way t ! competitor 9 a    
race is bidd5 by ! spectators to run :5 
he is already runn+4 ,b ,i 0 n c]ta9 (  
?is1 = ! dream might h meant music 9 !  
popul> s5se ( ! ^w1 & be+ "u s5t5ce (   
dea?1 & ! fe/ival giv+ me a respite1 ,i 
?\ght t x w\ld be saf] = me to satisfy !
 scruple1 &1 9 ob$i5ce to ! dream1 to   
compose a few v]ses be=e ,i dep>t$4 ,&  
fir/ ,i made a hymn 9 hon\r ( ! god ( ! 
fe/ival1 & !n consid]+ t a poet1 if he  
is really to be a poet1 %\ld n only put 
toge!r words1 b %\ld inv5t /ories1 & t  
,i h no inv5tion1 ,i took "s fables (   
,aesop1 :i* ,i _h ready at h& & :i* ,i  
knew--!y 7 ! fir/ ,i came ^u--& turn$ !m
 into v]se4 ,tell ?is to ,ev5us1 ,cebes1
 & bid him be ( good *e]2 say t ,i w\ld 
h him come aft] me if he be a wise man1 
& n t>ry2 & t to-day ,i am likely to be 
go+1 = ! ,a!nians say t ,i mu/4         
,simmias said3 ,:at a message = su* a   

man6 hav+ be5 a frequ5t companion ( 8 ,i
 %\ld say t1 z f> z ,i "k him1 he w nev]
 take y\r advice unless he is oblig$4   
,:y1 said ,socrates1--is n ,ev5us a     
philosoph]8  ,i ?9k t he is1 said       
,simmias4  ,!n he1 or any man :o has !  
_s ( philosophy1 w be will+ to die1 b he
 w n take 8 own life1 = t is held to be 
unlawful4  ,"h he *ang$ 8 position1 &   
put 8 legs (f ! c\* on to ! gr\nd1 &    
dur+ ! re/ ( ! conv]sation he rema9$    
sitt+4  ,:y d y say1 enquir$ ,cebes1 t a
 man ought n to take 8 own life1 b t !  
philosoph] w be ready to foll[ ! dy+8   
,socrates repli$3 ,& h y1 ,cebes &      
,simmias1 :o are ! disciples (          
,philolaus1 nev] he>d him speak ( ?is8  
,yes1 b 8 language 0 obscure1 ,socrates4
  ,my words1 too1 are only an e*o2 b !re
 is no reason :y ,i %\ld n repeat :at ,i
 h he>d3 & inde$1 z ,i am go+ to ano!r  
place1 x is v meet = me to be ?9k+ &    
talk+ ( ! nature ( ! pilgrimage :i* ,i  
am ab\t to make4 ,:at c ,i d bett] 9 !  
int]val betwe5 ?is & ! sett+ ( ! sun8   

,!n tell me1 ,socrates1 :y is suicide   
held to be unlawful8 z ,i h c]ta9ly he>d
 ,philolaus1 ab\t :om y 7 j n[ ask+1    
affirm :5 he 0 /ay+ ) u at ,!bes3 & !re 
are o!rs :o say ! same1 al?\gh ,i h nev]
 und]/ood :at 0 meant by any ( !m4  ,d n
 lose he>t1 repli$ ,socrates1 & ! day   
may come :5 y w und]/&4 ,i suppose t y  
wond] :y1 :5 o!r ?+s :i* are evil may be
 good at c]ta9 times & to c]ta9 p]sons1 
dea? is to be ! only exception1 & :y1 :5
 a man is bett] dead1 he is n p]mitt$ to
 be 8 own b5efactor1 b mu/ wait = ! h& (
 ano!r4  ,v true1 said ,cebes1 laugh+   
g5tly & speak+ 9 8 native ,boeotian4  ,i
 admit ! appe>ance ( inconsi/5cy 9 :at  
,i am say+2 b !re may n be any real     
inconsi/5cy aft] all4 ,!re is a doctr9e 
:isp]$ 9 secret t man is a prison] :o   
has no "r to op5 ! door & run away2 ?is 
is a great my/]y :i* ,i d n q und]/&4   
,yet ,i too believe t ! gods are our    
gu>dians1 & t we are a possession (     
!irs4 ,d y n agree8  ,yes1 ,i q agree1  
said ,cebes4  ,& if "o ( y\r own        

possessions1 an ox or an ass1 = example1
 took ! lib]ty ( putt+ himself out ( !  
way :5 y _h giv5 no intimation ( y\r wi%
 t he %\ld die1 w\ld y n be angry ) him1
 & w\ld y n puni% him if y c\ld8        
,c]ta9ly1 repli$ ,cebes4  ,!n1 if we    
look at ! matt] ?us1 !re may be reason 9
 say+ t a man %\ld wait1 & n take 8 own 
life until ,god summons him1 z he is n[ 
summon+ me4  ,yes1 ,socrates1 said      
,cebes1 !re seems to be tru? 9 :at y    
say4 ,& yet h[ c y reconcile ?is seem+ly
 true belief t ,god is our gu>dian & we 
8 possessions1 ) ! will+ness to die :i* 
we 7 j n[ attribut+ to ! philosoph]8 ,t 
! wise/ ( m5 %\ld be will+ to leave a   
s]vice 9 :i* !y are rul$ by ! gods :o   
are ! be/ ( rul]s1 is n reasonable2 =   
surely no wise man ?9ks t :5 set at     
lib]ty he c take bett] c>e ( himself ?an
 ! gods take ( him4 ,a fool may p]haps  
?9k s--he may argue t he _h bett] run   
away f 8 ma/]1 n consid]+ t 8 duty is to
 rema9 to ! end1 & n to run away f !    
good1 & t !re w\ld be no s5se 9 8 runn+ 

away4 ,! wise man w want to be ev] ) him
 :o is bett] ?an himself4 ,n[ ?is1      
,socrates1 is ! rev]se ( :at 0 j n[     
said2 = ^u ?is view ! wise man %\ld     
sorr[ & ! fool rejoice at pass+ out (   
life4  ,! e>ne/ness ( ,cebes seem$ to   
please ,socrates4 ,"h1 said he1 turn+ to
 u1 is a man :o is always inquir+1 & is 
n s easily conv9c$ by ! fir/ ?+ :i* he  
he>s4  ,& c]ta9ly1 add$ ,simmias1 !     
objection :i* he is n[ mak+ does appe>  
to me to h "s =ce4 ,= :at c be ! mean+ (
 a truly wise man want+ to fly away &   
lightly leave a ma/] :o is bett] ?an    
himself8 ,& ,i r imag9e t ,cebes is     
ref]r+ to y2 he ?9ks t y are too ready  
to leave u1 & too ready to leave ! gods 
:om y ackn[l$ge to be our good ma/]s4   
,yes1 repli$ ,socrates2 !re is reason 9 
:at y say4 ,& s y ?9k t ,i ought to     
answ] y\r indictm5t z if ,i 7 9 a c\rt8 
,we %\ld l y to d s1 said ,simmias4  ,!n
 ,i mu/ try to make a m successful      
def5ce be=e y ?an ,i did :5 be=e !      
judges4 ,= ,i am q ready to admit1      

,simmias & ,cebes1 t ,i ought to be     
griev$ at dea?1 if ,i 7 n p]suad$ 9 !   
fir/ place t ,i am go+ to o!r gods :o   
are wise & good 7( :i* ,i am z c]ta9 z  
,i c be ( any su* matt]s71 & secondly   
7?\gh ,i am n s sure ( ?is la/7 to m5   
dep>t$1 bett] ?an ^? :om ,i leave beh9d2
 & !re=e ,i d n grieve z ,i might h     
done1 = ,i h good hope t !re is yet     
some?+ rema9+ = ! dead1 & z has be5 said
 ( old1 "s f> bett] ?+ = ! good ?an = ! 
evil4  ,b d y mean to take away y\r     
?\ghts ) y1 ,socrates8 said ,simmias4 ,w
 y n imp>t !m to u8--= !y are a b5efit 9
 :i* we too are entitl$ to %>e4         
,moreov]1 if y succe$ 9 conv9c+ u1 t w  
be an answ] to ! *>ge aga9/ y\rself4  ,i
 w d my be/1 repli$ ,socrates4 ,b y mu/ 
fir/ let me he> :at ,crito wants2 he has
 long be5 wi%+ to say some?+ to me4     
,only ?is1 ,socrates1 repli$ ,crito3--! 
att5dant :o is to give y ! poison has   
be5 tell+ me1 & he wants me to tell y1 t
 y are n to talk mu*1 talk+1 he says1   
increases heat1 & ?is is apt to int]f]e 

) ! action ( ! poison2 p]sons :o excite 
!mselves are sometimes oblig$ to take a 
second or ev5 a ?ird dose4  ,!n1 said   
,socrates1 let him m9d 8 bus9ess & be   
prep>$ to give ! poison twice or ev5    
?rice if necess>y2 t is all4  ,i knew q 
well :at y w\ld say1 repli$ ,crito2 b ,i
 0 oblig$ to satisfy him4  ,nev] m9d    
him1 he said4  ,& n[1 ,o my judges1 ,i  
desire to prove to y t ! real philosoph]
 has reason to be ( good *e] :5 he is   
ab\t to die1 & t aft] dea? he may hope  
to obta9 ! greate/ good 9 ! o!r _w4 ,&  
h[ ?is may be1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 ,i w  
endeav\r to expla94 ,= ,i deem t ! true 
vot>y ( philosophy is likely to be      
misund]/ood by o!r m52 !y d n p]ceive t 
he is always pursu+ dea? & dy+2 & if ?is
 be s1 & he has _h ! desire ( dea? all 8
 life long1 :y :5 8 "t comes %\ld he    
rep9e at t :i* he has be5 always pursu+ 
& desir+8  ,simmias said laugh+ly3 ,?\gh
 n 9 a laugh+ hum\r1 y h made me laugh1 
,socrates2 = ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! _m :5  
!y he> y\r words w say h[ truly y h     

describ$ philosoph]s1 & our p at home w 
likewise say t ! life :i* philosoph]s   
desire is 9 reality dea?1 & t !y h f\nd 
!m out to be des]v+ ( ! dea? :i* !y     
desire4  ,& !y are "r1 ,simmias1 9 ?9k+ 
s1 ) ! exception ( ! words '!y h f\nd !m
 out'2 = !y h n f\nd out ei!r :at is !  
nature ( t dea? :i* ! true philosoph]   
des]ves1 or h[ he des]ves or desires    
dea?4 ,b en\gh ( !m3--let u discuss !   
matt] among ourselves3 ,d we believe t  
!re is su* a ?+ z dea?8  ,to be sure1   
repli$ ,simmias4  ,is x n ! sep>ation ( 
s\l & body8 ,& to be dead is !          
completion ( ?is2 :5 ! s\l exi/s 9      
h]self1 & is releas$ f ! body & ! body  
is releas$ f ! s\l1 :at is ?is b dea?8  
,j s1 he repli$4  ,!re is ano!r "q1 :i* 
w probably ?r[ light on our pres5t      
inquiry if y & ,i c agree ab\t          
x3--,ought ! philosoph] to c>e ab\t !   
pleasures--if !y are to be call$        
pleasures--( eat+ & dr9k+8  ,c]ta9ly n1 
answ]$ ,simmias4  ,& :at ab\t !         
pleasures ( love--%\ld he c>e = !m8  ,by

 no means4  ,& w he ?9k mu* ( ! o!r ways
 ( indulg+ ! body1 = example1 !         
acquisition ( co/ly raim5t1 or s&als1 or
 o!r adornm5ts ( ! body8 ,in/ead ( c>+  
ab\t !m1 does he n r despise any?+ m ?an
 nature ne$s8 ,:at d y say8  ,i %\ld say
 t ! true philosoph] w\ld despise !m4   
,w\ld y n say t he is entirely conc]n$ )
 ! s\l & n ) ! body8 ,he w\ld l1 z f> z 
he c1 to get away f ! body & to turn to 
! s\l4  ,q true4  ,9 matt]s ( ?is sort  
philosoph]s1 above all o!r m51 may be   
obs]v$ 9 e sort ( way to dissev] ! s\l f
 ! communion ( ! body4  ,v true4        
,:]eas1 ,simmias1 ! re/ ( ! _w are (    
op9ion t to him :o has no s5se (        
pleasure & no "p 9 bodily pleasure1 life
 is n wor? hav+2 & t he :o is indiff]5t 
ab\t !m is z good z dead4  ,t is also   
true4  ,:at aga9 %all we say ( ! actual 
acquirem5t ( k8--is ! body1 if invit$ to
 %>e 9 ! enquiry1 a h9d]] or a help]8 ,i
 mean to say1 h sight & he>+ any tru? 9 
!m8 ,are !y n1 z ! poets are always     
tell+ u1 inaccurate witnesses8 & yet1 if

 ev5 !y are inaccurate & indi/9ct1 :at  
is to be said ( ! o!r s5ses8--= y w all[
 t !y are ! be/ ( !m8  ,c]ta9ly1 he     
repli$4  ,!n :5 does ! s\l atta9        
tru?8--= 9 attempt+ to consid] any?+ 9  
company ) ! body %e is obvi\sly deceiv$4
  ,true4  ,!n mu/ n true exi/5ce be     
reveal$ to h] 9 ?\ght1 if at all8  ,yes4
  ,& ?\ght is be/ :5 ! m9d is ga!r$ into
 h]self & none ( ^! ?+s tr\ble h]--nei!r
 s\nds nor sights nor pa9 nor any       
pleasure1--:5 %e takes leave ( ! body1 &
 has z little z possible to d ) x1 :5 %e
 has no bodily s5se or desire1 b is     
aspir+ aft] true be+8  ,c]ta9ly4  ,& 9  
?is ! philosoph] di%on\rs ! body2 8 s\l 
runs away f 8 body & desires to be alone
 & by h]self8  ,t is true4  ,well1 b !re
 is ano!r ?+1 ,simmias3 ,is !re or is   
!re n an absolute ju/ice8  ,assur$ly !re
 is4  ,& an absolute beauty & absolute  
good8  ,( c\rse4  ,b did y ev] behold   
any ( !m ) y\r eyes8  ,c]ta9ly n4  ,or  
did y ev] rea* !m ) any o!r bodily      
s5se8--& ,i speak n ( ^! alone1 b (     

absolute greatness1 & heal?1 & /r5g?1 & 
( ! ess5ce or true nature ( ev]y?+4 ,has
 ! reality ( !m ev] be5 p]ceiv$ by y    
?r\gh ! bodily organs8 or r1 is n !     
ne>e/ approa* to ! k ( _! sev]al natures
 made by him :o s ord]s 8 intellectual  
vision z to h ! mo/ exact conception ( !
 ess5ce ( ea* ?+ :i* he consid]s8       
,c]ta9ly4  ,& he atta9s to ! pure/ k (  
!m :o goes to ea* ) ! m9d alone1 n      
introduc+ or intrud+ 9 ! act ( ?\ght    
sight or any o!r s5se toge!r ) reason1 b
 ) ! v light ( ! m9d 9 h] own cle>ness  
se>*es into ! v tru? ( ea*2 he :o has   
got rid1 z f> z he c1 ( eyes & e>s &1 s 
to speak1 ( ! :ole body1 ^! be+ 9 8     
op9ion di/ract+ elem5ts :i* :5 !y infect
 ! s\l h9d] h] f acquir+ tru? & k--:o1  
if n he1 is likely to atta9 ! k ( true  
be+8  ,:at y say has a wond]ful tru? 9  
x1 ,socrates1 repli$ ,simmias4  ,& :5   
real philosoph]s consid] all ^! ?+s1 w  
!y n be l$ to make a reflection :i* !y w
 express 9 words some?+ l ! foll[+8 ',h 
we n f\nd1' !y w say1 'a pa? ( ?\ght :i*

 seems to br+ u & our argum5t to !      
conclusion1 t :ile we are 9 ! body1 &   
:ile ! s\l is infect$ ) ! evils ( !     
body1 our desire w n be satisfi$8 & our 
desire is ( ! tru?4 ,= ! body is a s\rce
 ( endless tr\ble to u by reason ( ! m]e
 requirem5t ( food2 & is liable also to 
diseases :i* ov]take & imp$e u 9 ! se>* 
aft] true be+3 x fills u full ( loves1 &
 lu/s1 & fe>s1 & fancies ( all k9ds1 &  
endless fool]y1 & 9 fact1 z m5 say1     
takes away f u ! p[] ( ?9k+ at all4     
,:5ce come w>s1 & fight+s1 & factions8  
:5ce b f ! body & ! lu/s ( ! body8 w>s  
are occasion$ by ! love ( money1 & money
 has to be acquir$ = ! sake & 9 ! s]vice
 ( ! body2 & by reason ( all ^!         
imp$im5ts we h no "t to give to         
philosophy2 &1 la/ & wor/ ( all1 ev5 if 
we are at leisure & betake ourselves to 
"s speculation1 ! body is always break+ 
9 ^u u1 caus+ turmoil & confusion 9 our 
enquiries1 & s amaz+ u t we are prev5t$ 
f see+ ! tru?4 ,x has be5 prov$ to u by 
exp]i5ce t if we w\ld h pure k ( any?+  

we mu/ be quit ( ! body--! s\l 9 h]self 
mu/ behold ?+s 9 !mselves3 & !n we %all 
atta9 ! wisdom :i* we desire1 & ( :i* we
 say t we are lov]s1 n :ile we live1 b  
aft] dea?2 = if :ile 9 company ) ! body1
 ! s\l _c h pure k1 "o ( two ?+s        
foll[s--ei!r k is n to be atta9$ at all1
 or1 if at all1 aft] dea?4 ,= !n1 & n   
till !n1 ! s\l w be p>t$ f ! body & exi/
 9 h]self alone4 ,9 ?is pres5t life1 ,i 
reckon t we make ! ne>e/ approa* to k :5
 we h ! lea/ possible int]c\rse or      
communion ) ! body1 & are n surfeit$ ) !
 bodily nature1 b keep ourselves pure   
until ! h\r :5 ,god himself is pleas$ to
 release u4 ,& ?us hav+ got rid ( !     
fooli%ness ( ! body we %all be pure &   
hold conv]se ) ! pure1 & "k ( ourselves 
! cle> light ev]y:]e1 :i* is no o!r ?an 
! light ( tru?4' ,= ! impure are n      
p]mitt$ to approa* ! pure4 ,^! are !    
sort ( words1 ,simmias1 :i* ! true lov]s
 ( k _c help say+ to "o ano!r1 & ?9k+4  
,y w\ld agree2 w\ld y n8  ,und\bt$ly1   
,socrates4  ,b1 ,o my fri5d1 if ?is is  

true1 !re is great reason to hope t1 go+
 :i!r ,i g1 :5 ,i h come to ! end ( my  
j\rney1 ,i %all atta9 t :i* has be5 !   
pursuit ( my life4 ,& !re=e ,i g on my  
way rejoic+1 & n ,i only1 b e o!r man :o
 believes t 8 m9d has be5 made ready & t
 he is 9 a mann] purifi$4  ,c]ta9ly1    
repli$ ,simmias4  ,& :at is purification
 b ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body1 z ,i 0 
say+ be=e2 ! habit ( ! s\l ga!r+ &      
collect+ h]self into h]self f all sides 
out ( ! body2 ! dwell+ 9 h] own place   
alone1 z 9 ano!r life1 s also 9 ?is1 z  
f> z %e c2--! release ( ! s\l f ! *a9s (
 ! body8  ,v true1 he said4  ,& ?is     
sep>ation & release ( ! s\l f ! body is 
t]m$ dea?8  ,to be sure1 he said4  ,& ! 
true philosoph]s1 & !y only1 are ev]    
seek+ to release ! s\l4 ,is n !         
sep>ation & release ( ! s\l f ! body _! 
especial /udy8  ,t is true4  ,&1 z ,i 0 
say+ at fir/1 !re w\ld be a ridicul\s   
contradiction 9 m5 /udy+ to live z ne>ly
 z !y c 9 a /ate ( dea?1 & yet rep9+ :5 
x comes ^u !m4  ,cle>ly4  ,& ! true     

philosoph]s1 ,simmias1 are always       
occupi$ 9 ! practice ( dy+1 :]e=e also  
to !m lea/ ( all m5 is dea? t]rible4    
,look at ! matt] ?us3--if !y h be5 9 e  
way ! enemies ( ! body1 & are want+ to  
be alone ) ! s\l1 :5 ?is desire ( !irs  
is grant$1 h[ inconsi/5t w\ld !y be if  
!y trembl$ & rep9$1 in/ead ( rejoic+ at 
_! dep>ture to t place :]e1 :5 !y       
arrive1 !y hope to ga9 t :i* 9 life !y  
desir$--& ?is 0 wisdom--& at ! same "t  
to be rid ( ! company ( _! enemy4 ,_m a 
man has be5 will+ to g to ! _w bel[     
animat$ by ! hope ( see+ !re an e>?ly   
love1 or wife1 or son1 & conv]s+ ) !m4  
,& w he :o is a true lov] ( wisdom1 & is
 /rongly p]suad$ 9 l mann] t only 9 ! _w
 bel[ he c wor?ily enjoy h]1 /ill rep9e 
at dea?8 ,w he n dep>t ) joy8 ,surely he
 w1 ,o my fri5d1 if he be a true        
philosoph]4 ,= he w h a firm conviction 
t !re & !re only1 he c f9d wisdom 9 h]  
purity4 ,& if ?is be true1 he w\ld be v 
absurd1 z ,i 0 say+1 if he 7 afraid (   
dea?4  ,he w\ld1 inde$1 repli$ ,simmias4

  ,& :5 y see a man :o is rep9+ at !    
approa* ( dea?1 is n 8 reluctance a     
suffici5t pro( t he is n a lov] (       
wisdom1 b a lov] ( ! body1 & probably at
 ! same "t a lov] ( ei!r money or p[]1  
or bo?8  ,q s1 he repli$4  ,& is n      
c\rage1 ,simmias1 a quality :i* is      
specially *>act]i/ic ( ! philosoph]8    
,c]ta9ly4  ,!re is temp]ance aga91 :i*  
ev5 by ! vulg> is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! 
control & regulation ( ! passions1 & 9 !
 s5se ( sup]iority to !m--is n temp]ance
 a virtue belong+ to ^? only :o despise 
! body1 & :o pass _! lives 9 philosophy8
  ,mo/ assur$ly4  ,= ! c\rage &         
temp]ance ( o!r m51 if y w consid] !m1  
are really a contradiction4  ,h[ s8     
,well1 he said1 y are aw>e t dea? is    
reg>d$ by m5 9 g5]al z a great evil4  ,v
 true1 he said4  ,& d n c\rage\s m5 face
 dea? because !y are afraid ( yet great]
 evils8  ,t is q true4  ,!n all b !     
philosoph]s are c\rage\s only f fe>1 &  
because !y are afraid2 & yet t a man    
%\ld be c\rage\s f fe>1 & because he is 

a c[>d1 is surely a /range ?+4  ,v true4
  ,& are n ! temp]ate exactly 9 ! same  
case8 ,!y are temp]ate because !y are   
intemp]ate--:i* might seem to be a      
contradiction1 b is nev]!less ! sort (  
?+ :i* happ5s ) ?is fooli% temp]ance4 ,=
 !re are pleasures :i* !y are afraid (  
los+2 & 9 _! desire to keep !m1 !y ab/a9
 f "s pleasures1 because !y are ov]come 
by o!rs2 & al?\gh to be conqu]$ by      
pleasure is call$ by m5 intemp]ance1 to 
!m ! conque/ ( pleasure consi/s 9 be+   
conqu]$ by pleasure4 ,& t is :at ,i mean
 by say+ t1 9 a s5se1 !y are made       
temp]ate ?r\gh intemp]ance4  ,su* appe>s
 to be ! case4  ,yet ! ex*ange ( "o fe> 
or pleasure or pa9 = ano!r fe> or       
pleasure or pa91 & ( ! great] = ! less1 
z if !y 7 co9s1 is n ! ex*ange ( virtue4
 ,o my bless$ ,simmias1 is !re n "o true
 co9 = :i* all ?+s ought to be          
ex*ang$8--& t is wisdom2 & only 9       
ex*ange = ?is1 & 9 company ) ?is1 is    
any?+ truly b\ght or sold1 :e!r c\rage  
or temp]ance or ju/ice4 ,& is n all true

 virtue ! companion ( wisdom1 no matt]  
:at fe>s or pleasures or o!r simil>     
goods or evils may or may n att5d h]8 ,b
 ! virtue :i* is made up ( ^! goods1 :5 
!y are sev]$ f wisdom & ex*ang$ ) "o    
ano!r1 is a %ad[ ( virtue only1 nor is  
!re any fre$om or heal? or tru? 9 h]2 b 
9 ! true ex*ange !re is a purg+ away (  
all ^! ?+s1 & temp]ance1 & ju/ice1 &    
c\rage1 & wisdom h]self are ! purgation 
( !m4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! my/]ies w\ld appe>  
to h _h a real mean+1 & 7 n talk+       
nons5se :5 !y intimat$ 9 a figure long  
ago t he :o passes unsanctifi$ &        
un9itiat$ into ! _w bel[ w lie 9 a      
sl\gh1 b t he :o arrives !re aft]       
initiation & purification w dwell ) !   
gods4 ,= '_m1' z !y say 9 ! my/]ies1    
'are ! ?yrsus-be>]s1 b few are !        
my/ics1'--mean+1 z ,i int]pret ! words1 
'! true philosoph]s4' ,9 ! numb] ( :om1 
dur+ my :ole life1 ,i h be5 seek+1      
accord+ to my ability1 to f9d a         
place2--:e!r ,i h s\ght 9 a "r way or n1
 & :e!r ,i h succe$$ or n1 ,i %all truly

 "k 9 a little :ile1 if ,god w1 :5 ,i   
myself arrive 9 ! o!r _w--su* is my     
belief4 ,& !re=e ,i ma9ta9 t ,i am "r1  
,simmias & ,cebes1 9 n griev+ or rep9+  
at p>t+ f y & my ma/]s 9 ?is _w1 = ,i   
believe t ,i %all equally f9d good ma/]s
 & fri5ds 9 ano!r _w4 ,b mo/ m5 d n     
believe ?is say+2 if !n ,i succe$ 9     
conv9c+ y by my def5ce bett] ?an ,i did 
! ,a!nian judges1 x w be well4  ,cebes  
answ]$3 ,i agree1 ,socrates1 9 ! great] 
"p ( :at y say4 ,b 9 :at conc]ns ! s\l1 
m5 are apt to be incr$ul\s2 !y fe> t :5 
%e has left ! body h] place may be      
n[h]e1 & t on ! v day ( dea? %e may p]i%
 & come to an end--imm$iately on h]     
release f ! body1 issu+ =? disp]s$ l    
smoke or air & 9 h] flight vani%+ away  
into no?+ness4 ,if %e c\ld only be      
collect$ into h]self aft] %e has obta9$ 
release f ! evils ( :i* y are speak+1   
!re w\ld be good reason to hope1        
,socrates1 t :at y say is true4 ,b      
surely x requires a great deal ( argum5t
 & _m pro(s to %[ t :5 ! man is dead 8  

s\l yet exi/s1 & has any =ce or         
intellig5ce4  ,true1 ,cebes1 said       
,socrates2 & %all ,i sugge/ t we conv]se
 a little ( ! probabilities ( ^! ?+s8   
,i am sure1 said ,cebes1 t ,i %\ld      
greatly l to "k y\r op9ion ab\t !m4  ,i 
reckon1 said ,socrates1 t no "o :o he>d 
me n[1 n ev5 if he 7 "o ( my old        
enemies1 ! ,comic poets1 c\ld accuse me 
( idle talk+ ab\t matt]s 9 :i* ,i h no  
conc]n3--,if y please1 !n1 we w proce$ )
 ! inquiry4  ,suppose we consid] ! "q   
:e!r ! s\ls ( m5 aft] dea? are or are n 
9 ! _w bel[4 ,!re comes into my m9d an  
anci5t doctr9e :i* affirms t !y g f h5ce
 into ! o!r _w1 & return+ hi!r1 are born
 aga9 f ! dead4 ,n[ if x be true t !    
liv+ come f ! dead1 !n our s\ls mu/ exi/
 9 ! o!r _w1 = if n1 h[ c\ld !y h be5   
born aga98 ,& ?is w\ld be conclusive1 if
 !re 7 any real evid5ce t ! liv+ are    
only born f ! dead2 b if ?is is n s1 !n 
o!r argum5ts w h to be adduc$4  ,v true1
 repli$ ,cebes4  ,!n let u consid] !    
:ole "q1 n 9 relation to man only1 b 9  

relation to animals g5]ally1 & to       
plants1 & to ev]y?+ ( :i* !re is        
g5]ation1 & ! pro( w be easi]4 ,are n   
all ?+s :i* h opposites g5]at$ out ( _! 
opposites8 ,i mean su* ?+s z good &     
evil1 j & unju/--& !re are innum]able   
o!r opposites :i* are g5]at$ out (      
opposites4 ,& ,i want to %[ t 9 all     
opposites !re is ( necessity a simil>   
alt]nation2 ,i mean to say1 = example1 t
 any?+ :i* becomes great] mu/ become    
great] aft] be+ less4  ,true4  ,& t :i* 
becomes less mu/ h be5 once great] & !n 
h become less4  ,yes4  ,& ! weak] is    
g5]at$ f ! /rong]1 & ! swift] f ! sl[]4 
,v true4  ,& ! worse is f ! bett]1 & ! m
 j is f ! m unju/4  ,( c\rse4  ,& is ?is
 true ( all opposites8 & are we conv9c$ 
t all ( !m are g5]at$ out ( opposites8  
,yes4  ,& 9 ?is univ]sal opposition (   
all ?+s1 are !re n also two int]m$iate  
processes :i* are ev] go+ on1 f "o to ! 
o!r opposite1 & back aga92 :]e !re is a 
great] & a less !re is also an          
int]m$iate process ( increase &         

dim9ution1 & t :i* gr[s is said to wax1 
& t :i* decays to wane8  ,yes1 he said4 
,& !re are _m o!r processes1 su* z      
division & composition1 cool+ & heat+1  
:i* equally involve a passage into & out
 ( "o ano!r4 ,& ?is necess>ily holds (  
all opposites1 ev5 ?\gh n always        
express$ 9 words--!y are really g5]at$  
out ( "o ano!r1 & !re is a pass+ or     
process f "o to ! o!r ( !m8  ,v true1 he
 repli$4  ,well1 & is !re n an opposite 
( life1 z sleep is ! opposite ( wak+8   
,true1 he said4  ,& :at is x8  ,dea?1 he
 answ]$4  ,& ^!1 if !y are opposites1   
are g5]at$ ! "o f ! o!r1 & h !re _! two 
int]m$iate processes also8  ,( c\rse4   
,n[1 said ,socrates1 ,i w analyze "o ( !
 two pairs ( opposites :i* ,i h m5tion$ 
to y1 & also its int]m$iate processes1 &
 y %all analyze ! o!r to me4 ,"o ( !m ,i
 t]m sleep1 ! o!r wak+4 ,! /ate ( sleep 
is oppos$ to ! /ate ( wak+1 & out (     
sleep+ wak+ is g5]at$1 & out ( wak+1    
sleep+2 & ! process ( g5]ation is 9 ! "o
 case fall+ asleep1 & 9 ! o!r wak+ up4  

,d y agree8  ,i entirely agree4  ,!n1   
suppose t y analyze life & dea? to me 9 
! same mann]4 ,is n dea? oppos$ to life8
  ,yes4  ,& !y are g5]at$ "o f ! o!r8   
,yes4  ,:at is g5]at$ f ! liv+8  ,!     
dead4  ,& :at f ! dead8  ,i c only say 9
 answ]--! liv+4  ,!n ! liv+1 :e!r ?+s or
 p]sons1 ,cebes1 are g5]at$ f ! dead8   
,t is cle>1 he repli$4  ,!n ! inf]5ce is
 t our s\ls exi/ 9 ! _w bel[8  ,t is    
true4  ,& "o ( ! two processes or       
g5]ations is visible--= surely ! act (  
dy+ is visible8  ,surely1 he said4  ,:at
 !n is to be ! result8 ,%all we exclude 
! opposite process8 ,& %all we suppose  
nature to walk on "o leg only8 ,mu/ we n
 r assign to dea? "s correspond+ process
 ( g5]ation8  ,c]ta9ly1 he repli$4  ,&  
:at is t process8  ,return to life4  ,& 
return to life1 if !re be su* a ?+1 is !
 bir? ( ! dead into ! _w ( ! liv+8  ,q  
true4  ,!n "h is a new way by :i* we    
arrive at ! conclusion t ! liv+ come f !
 dead1 j z ! dead come f ! liv+2 & ?is1 
if true1 af=ds a mo/ c]ta9 pro( t ! s\ls

 ( ! dead exi/ 9 "s place out ( :i* !y  
come aga94  ,yes1 ,socrates1 he said2 ! 
conclusion seems to fl[ necess>ily out (
 our previ\s admissions4  ,& t ^!       
admissions 7 n unfair1 ,cebes1 he said1 
may be %[n1 ,i ?9k1 z foll[s3 ,if       
g5]ation 7 9 a /raight l9e only1 & !re 7
 no comp5sation or circle 9 nature1 no  
turn or return ( elem5ts into _!        
opposites1 !n y "k t all ?+s w\ld at la/
 h ! same =m & pass into ! same /ate1 & 
!re w\ld be no m g5]ation ( !m4  ,:at d 
y mean8 he said4  ,a simple ?+ en\gh1   
:i* ,i w illu/rate by ! case ( sleep1 he
 repli$4 ,y "k t if !re 7 no alt]nation 
( sleep+ & wak+1 ! tale ( ! sleep+      
,endymion w\ld 9 ! end h no mean+1      
because all o!r ?+s w\ld be asleep1 too1
 & he w\ld n be di/+ui%able f ! re/4 ,or
 if !re 7 composition only1 & no        
division ( sub/ances1 !n ! *aos (       
,anaxagoras w\ld come aga94 ,& 9 l      
mann]1 my de> ,cebes1 if all ?+s :i*    
p>took ( life 7 to die1 & aft] !y 7 dead
 rema9$ 9 ! =m ( dea?1 & did n come to  

life aga91 all w\ld at la/ die1 & no?+  
w\ld be alive--:at o!r result c\ld !re  
be8 ,= if ! liv+ spr+ f any o!r ?+s1 &  
!y too die1 mu/ n all ?+s at la/ be     
swall[$ up 9 dea?8 7,b comp>e           
,republic47  ,!re is no escape1         
,socrates1 said ,cebes2 & to me y\r     
argum5t seems to be absolutely true4    
,yes1 he said1 ,cebes1 x is & mu/ be s1 
9 my op9ion2 & we h n be5 delud$ 9 mak+ 
^! admissions2 b ,i am confid5t t !re   
truly is su* a ?+ z liv+ aga91 & t !    
liv+ spr+ f ! dead1 & t ! s\ls ( ! dead 
are 9 exi/5ce1 & t ! good s\ls h a bett]
 portion ?an ! evil4  ,cebes add$3 ,y\r 
favorite doctr9e1 ,socrates1 t k is     
simply recollection1 if true1 also      
necess>ily implies a previ\s "t 9 :i* we
 h le>n$ t :i* we n[ recollect4 ,b ?is  
w\ld be impossible unless our s\l _h be5
 9 "s place be=e exi/+ 9 ! =m ( man2 "h 
!n is ano!r pro( ( ! s\l's immortality4 
,b tell me1 ,cebes1 said ,simmias1      
int]pos+1 :at argum5ts are urg$ 9 fav\r 
( ?is doctr9e ( recollection4 ,i am n v 

sure at ! mom5t t ,i rememb] !m4  ,"o   
excell5t pro(1 said ,cebes1 is af=d$ by 
que/ions4 ,if y put a "q to a p]son 9 a 
"r way1 he w give a true answ] (        
himself1 b h[ c\ld he d ?is unless !re 7
 k & "r reason already 9 him8 ,& ?is is 
mo/ cle>ly %[n :5 he is tak5 to a       
diagram or to any?+ ( t sort4 7,comp>e  
,m5o47  ,b if1 said ,socrates1 y are    
/ill incr$ul\s1 ,simmias1 ,i w\ld ask y 
:e!r y may n agree ) me :5 y look at !  
matt] 9 ano!r way2--,i mean1 if y are   
/ill incr$ul\s z to :e!r k is           
recollection4  ,incr$ul\s1 ,i am n1 said
 ,simmias2 b ,i want to h ?is doctr9e ( 
recollection br\ght to my own           
recollection1 &1 f :at ,cebes has said1 
,i am beg9n+ to recollect & be conv9c$2 
b ,i %\ld /ill l to he> :at y 7 go+ to  
say4  ,?is is :at ,i w\ld say1 he       
repli$3--,we %\ld agree1 if ,i am n     
mi/ak51 t :at a man recollects he mu/ h 
kn[n at "s previ\s "t4  ,v true4  ,& :at
 is ! nature ( ?is k or recollection8 ,i
 mean to ask1 ,:e!r a p]son :o1 hav+ se5

 or he>d or 9 any way p]ceiv$ any?+1    
kn[s n only t1 b has a conception (     
some?+ else :i* is ! subject1 n ( ! same
 b ( "s o!r k9d ( k1 may n be fairly    
said to recollect t ( :i* he has !      
conception8  ,:at d y mean8  ,i mean :at
 ,i may illu/rate by ! foll[+           
in/ance3--,! k ( a lyre is n ! same z ! 
k ( a man8  ,true4  ,& yet :at is !     
feel+ ( lov]s :5 !y recognize a lyre1 or
 a g>m5t1 or any?+ else :i* ! belov$ has
 be5 9 ! habit ( us+8 ,d n !y1 f kn[+ ! 
lyre1 =m 9 ! m9d's eye an image ( ! y\? 
to :om ! lyre belongs8 ,& ?is is        
recollection4 ,9 l mann] any "o :o sees 
,simmias may rememb] ,cebes2 & !re are  
endless examples ( ! same ?+4  ,endless1
 inde$1 repli$ ,simmias4  ,&            
recollection is mo/ commonly a process (
 recov]+ t :i* has be5 already =gott5   
?r\gh "t & inatt5tion4  ,v true1 he     
said4  ,well2 & may y n also f see+ !   
picture ( a horse or a lyre rememb] a   
man8 & f ! picture ( ,simmias1 y may be 
l$ to rememb] ,cebes8  ,true4  ,or y may

 also be l$ to ! recollection ( ,simmias
 himself8  ,q s4  ,& 9 all ^! cases1 !  
recollection may be d]iv$ f ?+s ei!r l  
or unlike8  ,x may be4  ,& :5 !         
recollection is d]iv$ f l ?+s1 !n ano!r 
consid]ation is sure to arise1 :i*      
is--:e!r ! lik5ess 9 any degree falls   
%ort or n ( t :i* is recollect$8  ,v    
true1 he said4  ,& %all we proce$ a /ep 
fur!r1 & affirm t !re is su* a ?+ z     
equality1 n ( "o piece ( wood or /one ) 
ano!r1 b t1 ov] & above ?is1 !re is     
absolute equality8 ,%all we say s8  ,say
 s1 yes1 repli$ ,simmias1 & swe> to x1 )
 all ! confid5ce 9 life4  ,& d we "k !  
nature ( ?is absolute ess5ce8  ,to be   
sure1 he said4  ,& :5ce did we obta9 our
 k8 ,did we n see equalities ( mat]ial  
?+s1 su* z pieces ( wood & /ones1 & ga!r
 f !m ! idea ( an equality :i* is       
diff]5t f !m8 ,= y w ackn[l$ge t !re is 
a diff]5ce4 ,or look at ! matt] 9 ano!r 
way3--,d n ! same pieces ( wood or /one 
appe> at "o "t equal1 & at ano!r "t     
unequal8  ,t is c]ta94  ,b are real     

equals ev] unequal8 or is ! idea (      
equality ! same z ( inequality8         
,impossible1 ,socrates4  ,!n ^!         
7s-call$7 equals are n ! same ) ! idea (
 equality8  ,i %\ld say1 cle>ly n1      
,socrates4  ,& yet f ^! equals1 al?\gh  
diff]+ f ! idea ( equality1 y conceiv$ &
 atta9$ t idea8  ,v true1 he said4  ,:i*
 might be l1 or might be unlike !m8     
,yes4  ,b t makes no diff]5ce2 :5ev] f  
see+ "o ?+ y conceiv$ ano!r1 :e!r l or  
unlike1 !re mu/ surely h be5 an act (   
recollection8  ,v true4  ,b :at w\ld y  
say ( equal portions ( wood & /one1 or  
o!r mat]ial equals8 & :at is !          
impression produc$ by !m8 ,are !y equals
 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* absolute equality  
is equal8 or d !y fall %ort ( ?is p]fect
 equality 9 a measure8  ,yes1 he said1 9
 a v great measure too4  ,& mu/ we n    
all[1 t :5 ,i or any "o1 look+ at any   
object1 obs]ves t ! ?+ :i* he sees aims 
at be+ "s o!r ?+1 b falls %ort (1 & _c  
be1 t o!r ?+1 b is inf]ior1 he :o makes 
?is obs]vation mu/ h _h a previ\s k ( t 

to :i* ! o!r1 al?\gh simil>1 0 inf]ior8 
,c]ta9ly4  ,& has n ?is be5 our own case
 9 ! matt] ( equals & ( absolute        
equality8  ,precisely4  ,!n we mu/ h    
kn[n equality previ\sly to ! "t :5 we   
fir/ saw ! mat]ial equals1 & reflect$ t 
all ^! app>5t equals /rive to atta9     
absolute equality1 b fall %ort ( x8  ,v 
true4  ,& we recognize also t ?is       
absolute equality has only be5 kn[n1 & c
 only be kn[n1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( sight or 
t\*1 or ( "s o!r ( ! s5ses1 :i* are all 
alike 9 ?is respect8  ,yes1 ,socrates1 z
 f> z ! argum5t is conc]n$1 "o ( !m is !
 same z ! o!r4  ,f ! s5ses !n is d]iv$ !
 k t all s5sible ?+s aim at an absolute 
equality ( :i* !y fall %ort8  ,yes4  ,!n
 be=e we began to see or he> or p]ceive 
9 any way1 we mu/ h _h a k ( absolute   
equality1 or we c\ld n h ref]r$ to t    
/&>d ! equals :i* are d]iv$ f !         
s5ses8--= to t !y all aspire1 & ( t !y  
fall %ort4  ,no o!r inf]5ce c be drawn f
 ! previ\s /atem5ts4  ,& did we n see & 
he> & h ! use ( our o!r s5ses z soon z  

we 7 born8  ,c]ta9ly4  ,!n we mu/ h     
acquir$ ! k ( equality at "s previ\s "t8
  ,yes4  ,t is to say1 be=e we 7 born1  
,i suppose8  ,true4  ,& if we acquir$   
?is k be=e we 7 born1 & 7 born hav+ !   
use ( x1 !n we also knew be=e we 7 born 
& at ! in/ant ( bir? n only ! equal or !
 great] or ! less1 b all o!r ideas2 = we
 are n speak+ only ( equality1 b (      
beauty1 goodness1 ju/ice1 hol9ess1 & (  
all :i* we /amp ) ! "n ( ess5ce 9 !     
dialectical process1 bo? :5 we ask & :5 
we answ] que/ions4 ,( all ?is we may    
c]ta9ly affirm t we acquir$ ! k be=e    
bir?8  ,we may4  ,b if1 aft] hav+       
acquir$1 we h n =gott5 :at 9 ea* case we
 acquir$1 !n we mu/ always h come into  
life hav+ k1 & %all always cont9ue to "k
 z long z life la/s--= kn[+ is ! acquir+
 & reta9+ k & n =gett+4 ,is n =gett+1   
,simmias1 j ! los+ ( k8  ,q true1       
,socrates4  ,b if ! k :i* we acquir$    
be=e bir? 0 lo/ by u at bir?1 & if      
aft]w>ds by ! use ( ! s5ses we recov]$  
:at we previ\sly knew1 w n ! process :i*

 we call le>n+ be a recov]+ ( ! k :i* is
 natural to u1 & may n ?is be rightly   
t]m$ recollection8  ,v true4  ,s mu* is 
cle>--t :5 we p]ceive some?+1 ei!r by ! 
help ( sight1 or he>+1 or "s o!r s5se1 f
 t p]ception we are able to obta9 a     
notion ( "s o!r ?+ l or unlike :i* is   
associat$ ) x b has be5 =gott54 ,:5ce1 z
 ,i 0 say+1 "o ( two alt]natives        
foll[s3--ei!r we _h ?is k at bir?1 &    
cont9u$ to "k ?r\gh life2 or1 aft] bir?1
 ^? :o are said to le>n only rememb]1 & 
le>n+ is simply recollection4  ,yes1 t  
is q true1 ,socrates4  ,& :i*           
alt]native1 ,simmias1 d y pref]8 ,_h we 
! k at our bir?1 or did we recollect !  
?+s :i* we knew previ\sly to our bir?8  
,i _c decide at ! mom5t4  ,at any rate y
 c decide :e!r he :o has k w or w n be  
able to r5d] an acc\nt ( 8 k8 ,:at d y  
say8  ,c]ta9ly1 he w4  ,b d y ?9k t e   
man is able to give an acc\nt ( ^! v    
matt]s ab\t :i* we are speak+8  ,w\ld t 
!y c\ld1 ,socrates1 b ,i r fe> t        
to-morr[1 at ?is "t1 !re w no long] be  

any "o alive :o is able to give an      
acc\nt ( !m su* z ought to be giv54  ,!n
 y are n ( op9ion1 ,simmias1 t all m5 "k
 ^! ?+s8  ,c]ta9ly n4  ,!y are 9 process
 ( recollect+ t :i* !y le>n$ be=e8      
,c]ta9ly4  ,b :5 did our s\ls acquire   
?is k8--n s9ce we 7 born z m58  ,c]ta9ly
 n4  ,& !re=e1 previ\sly8  ,yes4  ,!n1  
,simmias1 our s\ls mu/ also h exi/$ )\t 
bodies be=e !y 7 9 ! =m ( man1 & mu/ h  
_h intellig5ce4  ,unless inde$ y        
suppose1 ,socrates1 t ^! notions are    
giv5 u at ! v mom5t ( bir?2 = ?is is !  
only "t :i* rema9s4  ,yes1 my fri5d1 b  
if s1 :5 d we lose !m8 = !y are n 9 u :5
 we are born--t is admitt$4 ,d we lose  
!m at ! mom5t ( receiv+ !m1 or if n at  
:at o!r "t8  ,no1 ,socrates1 ,i p]ceive 
t ,i 0 unconsci\sly talk+ nons5se4  ,!n 
may we n say1 ,simmias1 t if1 z we are  
always repeat+1 !re is an absolute      
beauty1 & goodness1 & an absolute ess5ce
 ( all ?+s2 & if to ?is1 :i* is n[      
discov]$ to h exi/$ 9 our =m] /ate1 we  
ref] all our s5sations1 & ) ?is comp>e  

!m1 f9d+ ^! ideas to be pre-exi/5t & our
 inborn possession--!n our s\ls mu/ h _h
 a prior exi/5ce1 b if n1 !re w\ld be no
 =ce 9 ! argum5t8 ,!re is ! same pro( t 
^! ideas mu/ h exi/$ be=e we 7 born1 z t
 our s\ls exi/$ be=e we 7 born2 & if n !
 ideas1 !n n ! s\ls4  ,yes1 ,socrates2  
,i am conv9c$ t !re is precisely ! same 
necessity = ! "o z = ! o!r2 & ! argum5t 
retreats successfully to ! position t ! 
exi/5ce ( ! s\l be=e bir? _c be sep>at$ 
f ! exi/5ce ( ! ess5ce ( :i* y speak4 ,=
 !re is no?+ :i* to my m9d is s pat5t z 
t beauty1 goodness1 & ! o!r notions (   
:i* y 7 j n[ speak+1 h a mo/ real &     
absolute exi/5ce2 & ,i am satisfi$ ) !  
pro(4  ,well1 b is ,cebes equally       
satisfi$8 = ,i mu/ conv9ce him too4  ,i 
?9k1 said ,simmias1 t ,cebes is         
satisfi$3 al?\gh he is ! mo/ incr$ul\s (
 mortals1 yet ,i believe t he is        
suffici5tly conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l 
be=e bir?4 ,b t aft] dea? ! s\l w       
cont9ue to exi/ is n yet prov5 ev5 to my
 own satisfaction4 ,i _c get rid ( !    

feel+ ( ! _m to :i* ,cebes 0 ref]r+--!  
feel+ t :5 ! man dies ! s\l w be        
disp]s$1 & t ?is may be ! ext9ction (   
h]4 ,= admitt+ t %e may h be5 born      
else:]e1 & fram$ out ( o!r elem5ts1 & 0 
9 exi/5ce be=e ent]+ ! human body1 :y   
aft] hav+ ent]$ 9 & gone out aga9 may %e
 n h]self be de/roy$ & come to an end8  
,v true1 ,simmias1 said ,cebes2 ab\t    
half ( :at 0 requir$ has be5 prov52 to  
wit1 t our s\ls exi/$ be=e we 7 born3--t
 ! s\l w exi/ aft] dea? z well z be=e   
bir? is ! o!r half ( :i* ! pro( is /ill 
want+1 & has to be suppli$2 :5 t is giv5
 ! demon/ration w be complete4  ,b t    
pro(1 ,simmias & ,cebes1 has be5 already
 giv51 said ,socrates1 if y put ! two   
argum5ts toge!r--,i mean ?is & ! =m] "o1
 9 :i* we admitt$ t ev]y?+ liv+ is born 
( ! dead4 ,= if ! s\l exi/s be=e bir?1 &
 9 com+ to life & be+ born c be born    
only f dea? & dy+1 mu/ %e n aft] dea?   
cont9ue to exi/1 s9ce %e has to be born 
aga98--,surely ! pro( :i* y desire has  
be5 already furni%$4 ,/ill ,i suspect t 

y & ,simmias w\ld be glad to probe !    
argum5t fur!r4 ,l *ildr51 y are haunt$ )
 a fe> t :5 ! s\l leaves ! body1 ! w9d  
may really bl[ h] away & scatt] h]2     
especially if a man %\ld happ5 to die 9 
a great /orm & n :5 ! sky is calm4      
,cebes answ]$ ) a smile3 ,!n1 ,socrates1
 y mu/ argue u out ( our fe>s--& yet1   
/rictly speak+1 !y are n our fe>s1 b !re
 is a *ild )9 u to :om dea? is a sort ( 
hobgobl92 him too we mu/ p]suade n to be
 afraid :5 he is alone 9 ! d>k4         
,socrates said3 ,let ! voice ( ! *>m] be
 appli$ daily until y h *>m$ away ! fe>4
  ,& :]e %all we f9d a good *>m] ( our  
fe>s1 ,socrates1 :5 y are gone8         
,hellas1 he repli$1 is a l>ge place1    
,cebes1 & has _m good m51 & !re are     
b>b>\s races n a few3 seek = him among  
!m all1 f> & wide1 sp>+ nei!r pa9s nor  
money2 = !re is no bett] way ( sp5d+ y\r
 money4 ,& y mu/ seek among y\rselves   
too2 = y w n f9d o!rs bett] able to make
 ! se>*4  ,! se>*1 repli$ ,cebes1 %all  
c]ta9ly be made4 ,& n[1 if y please1 let

 u return to ! po9t ( ! argum5t at :i*  
we digress$4  ,by all means1 repli$     
,socrates2 :at else %\ld ,i please8  ,v 
good4  ,mu/ we n1 said ,socrates1 ask   
ourselves :at t is :i*1 z we imag9e1 is 
liable to be scatt]$1 & ab\t :i* we fe>8
 & :at aga9 is t ab\t :i* we h no fe>8  
,& !n we may proce$ fur!r to enquire    
:e!r t :i* suff]s disp]sion is or is n (
 ! nature ( s\l--our hopes & fe>s z to  
our own s\ls w turn ^u ! answ]s to ^!   
que/ions4  ,v true1 he said4  ,n[ !     
comp\nd or composite may be suppos$ to  
be naturally capable1 z ( be+ comp\nd$1 
s also ( be+ dissolv$2 b t :i* is       
uncomp\nd$1 & t only1 mu/ be1 if any?+  
is1 indissoluble4  ,yes2 ,i %\ld imag9e 
s1 said ,cebes4  ,& ! uncomp\nd$ may be 
assum$ to be ! same & un*ang+1 :]eas !  
comp\nd is always *ang+ & nev] ! same4  
,i agree1 he said4  ,!n n[ let u return 
to ! previ\s discussion4 ,is t idea or  
ess5ce1 :i* 9 ! dialectical process we  
def9e z ess5ce or true exi/5ce--:e!r    
ess5ce ( equality1 beauty1 or any?+     

else--are ^! ess5ces1 ,i say1 liable at 
times to "s degree ( *ange8 or are !y   
ea* ( !m always :at !y are1 hav+ ! same 
simple self-exi/5t & un*ang+ =ms1 n     
admitt+ ( v>iation at all1 or 9 any way1
 or at any "t8  ,!y mu/ be always !     
same1 ,socrates1 repli$ ,cebes4  ,& :at 
w\ld y say ( ! _m beautiful--:e!r m5 or 
horses or g>m5ts or any o!r ?+s :i* are 
nam$ by ! same names & may be call$     
equal or beautiful1--are !y all un*ang+ 
& ! same always1 or q ! rev]se8 ,may !y 
n r be describ$ z almo/ always *ang+ &  
h>dly ev] ! same1 ei!r ) !mselves or )  
"o ano!r8  ,! latt]1 repli$ ,cebes2 !y  
are always 9 a /ate ( *ange4  ,& ^! y c 
t\* & see & p]ceive ) ! s5ses1 b !      
un*ang+ ?+s y c only p]ceive ) ! m9d--!y
 are invisible & are n se58  ,t is v    
true1 he said4  ,well1 !n1 add$         
,socrates1 let u suppose t !re are two  
sorts ( exi/5ces--"o se51 ! o!r unse54  
,let u suppose !m4  ,! se5 is ! *ang+1 &
 ! unse5 is ! un*ang+8  ,t may be also  
suppos$4  ,&1 fur!r1 is n "o "p ( u     

body1 ano!r "p s\l8  ,to be sure4  ,& to
 :i* class is ! body m alike & ak98     
,cle>ly to ! se5--no "o c d\bt t4  ,& is
 ! s\l se5 or n se58  ,n by man1        
,socrates4  ,& :at we mean by 'se5' & 'n
 se5' is t :i* is or is n visible to !  
eye ( man8  ,yes1 to ! eye ( man4  ,& is
 ! s\l se5 or n se58  ,n se54  ,unse5   
!n8  ,yes4  ,!n ! s\l is m l to ! unse51
 & ! body to ! se58  ,t foll[s          
necess>ily1 ,socrates4  ,& 7 we n say+  
long ago t ! s\l :5 us+ ! body z an     
in/rum5t ( p]ception1 t is to say1 :5   
us+ ! s5se ( sight or he>+ or "s o!r    
s5se 7= ! mean+ ( p]ceiv+ ?r\gh ! body  
is p]ceiv+ ?r\gh ! s5ses7--7 we n say+ t
 ! s\l too is !n dragg$ by ! body into !
 region ( ! *angeable1 & w&]s & is      
confus$2 ! _w sp9s r\nd h]1 & %e is l a 
drunk>d1 :5 %e t\*es *ange8  ,v true4   
,b :5 return+ into h]self %e reflects1  
!n %e passes into ! o!r _w1 ! region (  
purity1 & et]nity1 & immortality1 &     
un*angeabl5ess1 :i* are h] k9dr$1 & ) !m
 %e ev] lives1 :5 %e is by h]self & is n

 let or h9d]$2 !n %e ceases f h] err+   
ways1 & be+ 9 communion ) ! un*ang+ is  
un*ang+4 ,& ?is /ate ( ! s\l is call$   
wisdom8  ,t is well & truly said1       
,socrates1 he repli$4  ,& to :i* class  
is ! s\l m ne>ly alike & ak91 z f> z may
 be inf]r$ f ?is argum5t1 z well z f !  
prec$+ "o8  ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t1 9 !   
op9ion ( e "o :o foll[s ! argum5t1 ! s\l
 w be inf9itely m l ! un*angeable--ev5 !
 mo/ /upid p]son w n d5y t4  ,& ! body  
is m l ! *ang+8  ,yes4  ,yet once m     
consid] ! matt] 9 ano!r light3 ,:5 ! s\l
 & ! body are unit$1 !n nature ord]s !  
s\l to rule & gov]n1 & ! body to obey & 
s]ve4 ,n[ :i* ( ^! two functions is ak9 
to ! div9e8 & :i* to ! mortal8 ,does n !
 div9e appe> to y to be t :i* naturally 
ord]s & rules1 & ! mortal to be t :i* is
 subject & s]vant8  ,true4  ,& :i* does 
! s\l resemble8  ,! s\l resembles !     
div9e1 & ! body ! mortal--!re c be no   
d\bt ( t1 ,socrates4  ,!n reflect1      
,cebes3 ( all :i* has be5 said is n ?is 
! conclusion8--t ! s\l is 9 ! v lik5ess 

( ! div9e1 & immortal1 & intellectual1 &
 uni=m1 & indissoluble1 & un*angeable2 &
 t ! body is 9 ! v lik5ess ( ! human1 & 
mortal1 & un9tellectual1 & multi=m1 &   
dissoluble1 & *angeable4 ,c ?is1 my de> 
,cebes1 be d5i$8  ,x _c4  ,b if x be    
true1 !n is n ! body liable to spe$y    
dissolution8 & is n ! s\l almo/ or      
altoge!r indissoluble8  ,c]ta9ly4  ,& d 
y fur!r obs]ve1 t aft] a man is dead1 ! 
body1 or visible "p ( him1 :i* is ly+ 9 
! visible _w1 & is call$ a corpse1 &    
w\ld naturally be dissolv$ & decompos$ &
 dissipat$1 is n dissolv$ or decompos$  
at once1 b may rema9 = a = "s "t1 nay   
ev5 = a long "t1 if ! con/itution be    
s\nd at ! "t ( dea?1 & ! season ( ! ye> 
fav\rable8 ,= ! body :5 %runk & embalm$1
 z ! mann] is 9 ,egypt1 may rema9 almo/ 
entire ?r\gh inf9ite ages2 & ev5 9      
decay1 !re are /ill "s portions1 su* z !
 bones & ligam5ts1 :i* are practically  
inde/ructible3--,d y agree8  ,yes4  ,&  
is x likely t ! s\l1 :i* is invisible1 9
 pass+ to ! place ( ! true ,hades1 :i* l

 h] is invisible1 & pure1 & noble1 & on 
h] way to ! good & wise ,god1 :i!r1 if  
,god w1 my s\l is also soon to g1--t !  
s\l1 ,i repeat1 if ?is be h] nature &   
orig91 w be bl[n away & de/roy$         
imm$iately on quitt+ ! body1 z ! _m say8
 ,t c nev] be1 my de> ,simmias & ,cebes4
 ,! tru? r is1 t ! s\l :i* is pure at   
dep>t+ & draws aft] h] no bodily ta9t1  
hav+ nev] volunt>ily dur+ life _h       
connection ) ! body1 :i* %e is ev]      
avoid+1 h]self ga!r$ into h]self2--&    
mak+ su* ab/raction h] p]petual         
/udy--:i* means t %e has be5 a true     
disciple ( philosophy2 & !re=e has 9    
fact be5 always engag$ 9 ! practice (   
dy+8 ,= is n philosophy ! practice (    
dea?8--  ,c]ta9ly--  ,t s\l1 ,i say1    
h]self invisible1 dep>ts to ! invisible 
_w--to ! div9e & immortal & rational3   
?i!r arriv+1 %e is secure ( bliss & is  
releas$ f ! error & folly ( m51 _! fe>s 
& wild passions & all o!r human ills1 & 
= ev] dwells1 z !y say ( ! initiat$1 9  
company ) ! gods 7comp>e ,apol474 ,is n 

?is true1 ,cebes8  ,yes1 said ,cebes1   
beyond a d\bt4  ,b ! s\l :i* has be5    
pollut$1 & is impure at ! "t ( h]       
dep>ture1 & is ! companion & s]vant ( ! 
body always1 & is 9 love ) & fasc9at$ by
 ! body & by ! desires & pleasures ( !  
body1 until %e is l$ to believe t ! tru?
 only exi/s 9 a bodily =m1 :i* a man may
 t\* & see & ta/e1 & use = ! purposes ( 
8 lu/s1--! s\l1 ,i mean1 accu/om$ to    
hate & fe> & avoid ! intellectual       
pr9ciple1 :i* to ! bodily eye is d>k &  
invisible1 & c be atta9$ only by        
philosophy2--d y suppose t su* a s\l w  
dep>t pure & unalloy$8  ,impossible1 he 
repli$4  ,%e is held fa/ by ! corporeal1
 :i* ! cont9ual association & con/ant   
c>e ( ! body h wr\ght into h] nature4   
,v true4  ,& ?is corporeal elem5t1 my   
fri5d1 is heavy & weighty & e>?y1 & is t
 elem5t ( sight by :i* a s\l is depress$
 & dragg$ d[n aga9 into ! visible _w1   
because %e is afraid ( ! invisible & ( !
 _w bel[--pr[l+ ab\t tombs & sepul*res1 
ne> :i*1 z !y tell u1 are se5 c]ta9     

gho/ly app>itions ( s\ls :i* h n dep>t$ 
pure1 b are cloy$ ) sight & !re=e       
visible4  7,comp>e ,milton1 ,comus3--   
',b :5 lu/1      ,by un*a/e looks1 loose
 ge/ures1 & f\l talk1      ,b mo/ by    
lewd & lavi% act ( s91      ,lets 9     
defilem5t to ! inw>d p>ts1      ,! s\l  
gr[s clott$ by contagion1               
,imbodies1 & imbrutes1 till %e q lose1  
,! div9e prop]ty ( h] fir/ be+4         
,su* are ^? ?ick & gloomy %ad[s damp    
,(t se5 9 *>nel vaults & sepul*res1     
,l+]+1 & sitt+ by a new made grave1     
,z loa? to leave ! body t x lov'd1      
,& l9k$ itself by c>nal s5suality       
,to a deg5]ate & degrad$ /ate4'7  ,t is 
v likely1 ,socrates4  ,yes1 t is v      
likely1 ,cebes2 & ^! mu/ be ! s\ls1 n ( 
! good1 b ( ! evil1 :i* are compell$ to 
w&] ab\t su* places 9 paym5t ( ! p5alty 
( _! =m] evil way ( life2 & !y cont9ue  
to w&] until ?r\gh ! crav+ aft] !       
corporeal :i* nev] leaves !m1 !y are    
imprison$ f9ally 9 ano!r body4 ,& !y may
 be suppos$ to f9d _! prisons 9 ! same  

natures :i* !y h _h 9 _! =m] lives4     
,:at natures d y mean1 ,socrates8  ,:at 
,i mean is t m5 :o h foll[$ aft]        
gluttony1 & wantonness1 & drunk5ness1 & 
h _h no ?\ght ( avoid+ !m1 w\ld pass    
into asses & animals ( t sort4 ,:at d y 
?9k8  ,i ?9k su* an op9ion to be        
exce$+ly probable4  ,& ^? :o h *os5 !   
portion ( inju/ice1 & tyranny1 &        
viol5ce1 w pass into wolves1 or into    
hawks & kites2--:i!r else c we suppose  
!m to g8  ,yes1 said ,cebes2 ) su*      
natures1 beyond "q4  ,& !re is no       
difficulty1 he said1 9 assign+ to all ( 
!m places answ]+ to _! sev]al natures & 
prop5sities8  ,!re is n1 he said4  ,"s  
are happi] ?an o!rs2 & ! happie/ bo? 9  
!mselves & 9 ! place to :i* !y g are ^? 
:o h practis$ ! civil & social virtues  
:i* are call$ temp]ance & ju/ice1 & are 
acquir$ by habit & att5tion )\t         
philosophy & m9d4 7,comp>e ,republic47  
,:y are !y ! happie/8  ,because !y may  
be expect$ to pass into "s g5tle &      
social k9d :i* is l _! own1 su* z bees  

or wasps or ants1 or back aga9 into ! =m
 ( man1 & j & mod]ate m5 may be suppos$ 
to spr+ f !m4  ,v likely4  ,no "o :o has
 n /udi$ philosophy & :o is n entirely  
pure at ! "t ( 8 dep>ture is all[$ to   
ent] ! company ( ! ,gods1 b ! lov] ( k  
only4 ,& ?is is ! reason1 ,simmias &    
,cebes1 :y ! true vot>ies ( philosophy  
ab/a9 f all fle%ly lu/s1 & hold out     
aga9/ !m & refuse to give !mselves up to
 !m1--n because !y fe> pov]ty or ! ru9 (
 _! families1 l ! lov]s ( money1 & ! _w 
9 g5]al2 nor l ! lov]s ( p[] & hon\r1   
because !y dread ! di%on\r or disgrace (
 evil de$s4  ,no1 ,socrates1 t w\ld n   
become !m1 said ,cebes4  ,no inde$1 he  
repli$2 & !re=e !y :o h any c>e ( _! own
 s\ls1 & d n m]ely live m\ld+ & fa%ion+ 
! body1 say f>ewell to all ?is2 !y w n  
walk 9 ! ways ( ! bl9d3 & :5 philosophy 
(f]s !m purification & release f evil1  
!y feel t !y ought n to resi/ h]        
influ5ce1 & :i!r %e leads !y turn &     
foll[4  ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8  ,i w 
tell y1 he said4 ,! lov]s ( k are       

consci\s t ! s\l 0 simply fa/5$ & glu$  
to ! body--until philosophy receiv$ h]1 
%e c\ld only view real exi/5ce ?r\gh !  
b>s ( a prison1 n 9 & ?r\gh h]self2 %e 0
 wall[+ 9 ! mire ( e sort ( ignorance2 &
 by reason ( lu/ _h become ! pr9cipal   
accomplice 9 h] own captivity4 ,?is 0 h]
 orig9al /ate2 & !n1 z ,i 0 say+1 & z ! 
lov]s ( k are well aw>e1 philosophy1    
see+ h[ t]rible 0 h] conf9em5t1 ( :i* %e
 0 to h]self ! cause1 receiv$ & g5tly   
com=t$ h] & s\ght to release h]1 po9t+  
out t ! eye & ! e> & ! o!r s5ses are    
full ( deception1 & p]suad+ h] to retire
 f !m1 & ab/a9 f all b ! necess>y use ( 
!m1 & be ga!r$ up & collect$ into       
h]self1 bidd+ h] tru/ 9 h]self & h] own 
pure appreh5sion ( pure exi/5ce1 & to   
mi/ru/ :atev] comes to h] ?r\gh o!r     
*annels & is subject to v>iation2 = su* 
?+s are visible & tangible1 b :at %e    
sees 9 h] own nature is intelligible &  
invisible4 ,& ! s\l ( ! true philosoph] 
?9ks t %e ought n to resi/ ?is          
deliv]ance1 & !re=e ab/a9s f pleasures &

 desires & pa9s & fe>s1 z f> z %e is    
able2 reflect+ t :5 a man has great joys
 or sorr[s or fe>s or desires1 he suff]s
 f !m1 n m]ely ! sort ( evil :i* might  
be anticipat$--z = example1 ! loss ( 8  
heal? or prop]ty :i* he has sacrific$ to
 8 lu/s--b an evil great] f>1 :i* is !  
greate/ & wor/ ( all evils1 & "o ( :i*  
he nev] ?9ks4  ,:at is x1 ,socrates8    
said ,cebes4  ,! evil is t :5 ! feel+ ( 
pleasure or pa9 is mo/ int5se1 e s\l (  
man imag9es ! objects ( ?is int5se feel+
 to be !n pla9e/ & true/3 b ?is is n s1 
!y are really ! ?+s ( sight4  ,v true4  
,& is n ?is ! /ate 9 :i* ! s\l is mo/   
en?rall$ by ! body8  ,h[ s8  ,:y1       
because ea* pleasure & pa9 is a sort (  
nail :i* nails & rivets ! s\l to ! body1
 until %e becomes l ! body1 & believes t
 to be true :i* ! body affirms to be    
true2 & f agree+ ) ! body & hav+ ! same 
delights %e is oblig$ to h ! same habits
 & haunts1 & is n likely ev] to be pure 
at h] dep>ture to ! _w bel[1 b is always
 infect$ by ! body2 & s %e s9ks into    

ano!r body & !re g]m9ates & gr[s1 & has 
!re=e no "p 9 ! communion ( ! div9e &   
pure & simple4  ,mo/ true1 ,socrates1   
answ]$ ,cebes4  ,& ?is1 ,cebes1 is !    
reason :y ! true lov]s ( k are temp]ate 
& brave2 & n = ! reason :i* ! _w gives4 
,c]ta9ly n4  ,c]ta9ly n6 ,! s\l ( a     
philosoph] w reason 9 q ano!r way2 %e w 
n ask philosophy to release h] 9 ord] t 
:5 releas$ %e may deliv] h]self up aga9 
to ! ?raldom ( pleasures & pa9s1 do+ a  
"w only to be undone aga91 weav+ in/ead 
( unweav+ h] ,p5elope's web4 ,b %e w    
calm passion1 & foll[ reason1 & dwell 9 
! contemplation ( h]1 behold+ ! true &  
div9e 7:i* is n matt] ( op9ion71 & !nce 
d]iv+ n\ri%m5t4 ,?us %e seeks to live   
:ile %e lives1 & aft] dea? %e hopes to g
 to h] own k9dr$ & to t :i* is l h]1 &  
to be fre$ f human ills4 ,nev] fe>1     
,simmias & ,cebes1 t a s\l :i* has be5  
?us nurtur$ & has _h ^! pursuits1 w at  
h] dep>ture f ! body be scatt]$ & bl[n  
away by ! w9ds & be n[h]e & no?+4  ,:5  
,socrates _h done speak+1 = a           

consid]able "t !re 0 sil5ce2 he himself 
appe>$ to be m$itat+1 z mo/ ( u 71 on   
:at _h be5 said2 only ,cebes & ,simmias 
spoke a few words to "o ano!r4 ,&       
,socrates obs]v+ !m ask$ :at !y ?\ght ( 
! argum5t1 & :e!r !re 0 any?+ want+8 ,=1
 said he1 !re are _m po9ts /ill op5 to  
suspicion & attack1 if any "o 7 dispos$ 
to sift ! matt] ?or\ghly4 ,%\ld y be    
consid]+ "s o!r matt] ,i say no m1 b if 
y are /ill 9 d\bt d n hesitate to say   
exactly :at y ?9k1 & let u h any?+ bett]
 :i* y c sugge/2 & if y ?9k t ,i c be ( 
any use1 all[ me to help y4  ,simmias   
said3 ,i mu/ confess1 ,socrates1 t d\bts
 did arise 9 our m9ds1 & ea* ( u 0 urg+ 
& incit+ ! o!r to put ! "q :i* we want$ 
to h answ]$ & :i* nei!r ( u lik$ to ask1
 fe>+ t our importunity might be        
tr\blesome "u pres5t at su* a "t4       
,socrates repli$ ) a smile3 ,o ,simmias1
 :at are y say+8 ,i am n v likely to    
p]suade o!r m5 t ,i d n reg>d my pres5t 
situation z a mis=tune1 if ,i _c ev5    
p]suade y t ,i am no worse (f n[ ?an at 

any o!r "t 9 my life4 ,w y n all[ t ,i h
 z mu* ( ! _s ( prophecy 9 me z ! swans8
 ,= !y1 :5 !y p]ceive t !y mu/ die1 hav+
 sung all _! life long1 d !n s+ m lu/ily
 ?an ev]1 rejoic+ 9 ! ?\ght t !y are    
ab\t to g away to ! god ^: m9i/]s !y    
are4 ,b m51 because !y are !mselves     
afraid ( dea?1 sl&]\sly affirm ( ! swans
 t !y s+ a lam5t at ! la/1 n consid]+ t 
no bird s+s :5 cold1 or hungry1 or 9    
pa91 n ev5 ! night+ale1 nor ! swall[1   
nor yet ! hoopoe2 :i* are said inde$ to 
tune a lay ( sorr[1 al?\gh ,i d n       
believe ?is to be true ( !m any m ?an ( 
! swans4 ,b because !y are sacr$ to     
,apollo1 !y h ! gift ( prophecy1 &      
anticipate ! good ?+s ( ano!r _w1 :]e=e 
!y s+ & rejoice 9 t day m ?an !y ev] did
 be=e4 ,& ,i too1 believ+ myself to be !
 consecrat$ s]vant ( ! same ,god1 & !   
fell[-s]vant ( ! swans1 & ?9k+ t ,i h   
receiv$ f my ma/] gifts ( prophecy :i*  
are n inf]ior to !irs1 w\ld n g out (   
life less m]rily ?an ! swans4 ,nev] m9d 
!n1 if ?is be y\r only objection1 b     

speak & ask any?+ :i* y l1 :ile ! elev5 
magi/rates ( ,a!ns all[4  ,v good1      
,socrates1 said ,simmias2 !n ,i w tell y
 my difficulty1 & ,cebes w tell y 84 ,i 
feel myself1 7& ,i d>esay t y h ! same  
feel+71 h[ h>d or r impossible is !     
atta9m5t ( any c]ta9ty ab\t que/ions su*
 z ^! 9 ! pres5t life4 ,& yet ,i %\ld   
deem him a c[>d :o did n prove :at is   
said ab\t !m to ! utt]mo/1 or ^: he>t   
fail$ him be=e he _h exam9$ !m on e     
side4 ,= he %\ld p]sev]e until he has   
a*iev$ "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r he %\ld       
discov]1 or be taught ! tru? ab\t !m2   
or1 if ?is be impossible1 ,i w\ld h him 
take ! be/ & mo/ irrefragable ( human   
!ories1 & let ?is be ! raft ^u :i* he   
sails ?r\gh life--n )\t risk1 z ,i      
admit1 if he _c f9d "s ^w ( ,god :i* w m
 surely & safely c>ry him4 ,& n[1 z y   
bid me1 ,i w v5ture to "q y1 & !n ,i    
%all n h to reproa* myself h]eaft] ) n  
hav+ said at ! "t :at ,i ?9k4 ,= :5 ,i  
consid] ! matt]1 ei!r alone or ) ,cebes1
 ! argum5t does c]ta9ly appe> to me1    

,socrates1 to be n suffici5t4  ,socrates
 answ]$3 ,i d>e say1 my fri5d1 t y may  
be "r1 b ,i %\ld l to "k 9 :at respect !
 argum5t is insuffici5t4  ,9 ?is        
respect1 repli$ ,simmias3--,suppose a   
p]son to use ! same argum5t ab\t h>mony 
& ! lyre--might he n say t h>mony is a  
?+ invisible1 incorporeal1 p]fect1      
div9e1 exi/+ 9 ! lyre :i* is h>moniz$1 b
 t ! lyre & ! /r+s are matt] & mat]ial1 
composite1 e>?y1 & ak9 to mortality8 ,& 
:5 "s "o breaks ! lyre1 or cuts & r5ds !
 /r+s1 !n he :o takes ?is view w\ld     
argue z y d1 & on ! same analogy1 t !   
h>mony survives & has n p]i%$--y _c     
imag9e1 he w\ld say1 t ! lyre )\t !     
/r+s1 & ! brok5 /r+s !mselves :i* are   
mortal rema91 & yet t ! h>mony1 :i* is (
 heav5ly & immortal nature & k9dr$1 has 
p]i%$--p]i%$ be=e ! mortal4 ,! h>mony   
mu/ /ill be some:]e1 & ! wood & /r+s w  
decay be=e any?+ c happ5 to t4 ,! ?\ght1
 ,socrates1 mu/ h occurr$ to y\r own m9d
 t su* is our conception ( ! s\l2 & t :5
 ! body is 9 a mann] /rung & held toge!r

 by ! elem5ts ( hot & cold1 wet & dry1  
!n ! s\l is ! h>mony or due             
proportionate admixture ( !m4 ,b if s1  
:5ev] ! /r+s ( ! body are unduly loos5$ 
or ov]/ra9$ ?r\gh disease or o!r injury1
 !n ! s\l1 ?\gh mo/ div9e1 l o!r        
h>monies ( music or ( works ( art1 (    
c\rse p]i%es at once1 al?\gh ! mat]ial  
rema9s ( ! body may la/ = a consid]able 
"t1 until !y are ei!r decay$ or burnt4  
,& if any "o ma9ta9s t ! s\l1 be+ !     
h>mony ( ! elem5ts ( ! body1 is fir/ to 
p]i% 9 t :i* is call$ dea?1 h[ %all we  
answ] him8  ,socrates look$ fix$ly at u 
z 8 mann] 01 & said ) a smile3 ,simmias 
has reason on 8 side2 & :y does n "s "o 
( y :o is bett] able ?an myself answ]   
him8 = !re is =ce 9 8 attack ^u me4 ,b  
p]haps1 be=e we answ] him1 we _h bett]  
also he> :at ,cebes has to say t we may 
ga9 "t = reflection1 & :5 !y h bo?      
spok51 we may ei!r ass5t to !m1 if !re  
is tru? 9 :at !y say1 or if n1 we w     
ma9ta9 our position4 ,please to tell me 
!n1 ,cebes1 he said1 :at 0 ! difficulty 

:i* tr\bl$ y8  ,cebes said3 ,i w tell y4
 ,my feel+ is t ! argum5t is :]e x 01 & 
op5 to ! same objections :i* 7 urg$     
be=e2 = ,i am ready to admit t ! exi/5ce
 ( ! s\l be=e ent]+ into ! bodily =m has
 be5 v +5i\sly1 &1 if ,i may say s1 q   
suffici5tly prov52 b ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l  
aft] dea? is /ill1 9 my judgm5t1        
unprov54 ,n[ my objection is n ! same z 
t ( ,simmias2 = ,i am n dispos$ to d5y t
 ! s\l is /rong] & m la/+ ?an ! body1   
be+ ( op9ion t 9 all su* respects ! s\l 
v f> excels ! body4 ,well1 !n1 says !   
argum5t to me1 :y d y rema9             
unconv9c$8--,:5 y see t ! weak] cont9ues
 9 exi/5ce aft] ! man is dead1 w y n    
admit t ! m la/+ mu/ also survive dur+ !
 same p]iod ( "t8 ,n[ ,i w ask y to     
consid] :e!r ! objection1 :i*1 l        
,simmias1 ,i w express 9 a figure1 is ( 
any weight4 ,! analogy :i* ,i w adduce  
is t ( an old weav]1 :o dies1 & aft] 8  
dea? somebody says3--,he is n dead1 he  
mu/ be alive2--see1 !re is ! coat :i* he
 himself wove & wore1 & :i* rema9s :ole 

& undecay$4 ,& !n he proce$s to ask ( "s
 "o :o is incr$ul\s1 :e!r a man la/s    
long]1 or ! coat :i* is 9 use & we>2 &  
:5 he is answ]$ t a man la/s f> long]1  
?9ks t he has ?us c]ta9ly demon/rat$ !  
survival ( ! man1 :o is ! m la/+1       
because ! less la/+ rema9s4 ,b t1       
,simmias1 z ,i w\ld beg y to rem>k1 is a
 mi/ake2 any "o c see t he :o talks ?us 
is talk+ nons5se4 ,= ! tru? is1 t !     
weav] a=esaid1 hav+ wov5 & worn _m su*  
coats1 outliv$ sev]al ( !m1 & 0 outliv$ 
by ! la/2 b a man is n !re=e prov$ to be
 slight] & weak] ?an a coat4 ,n[ !      
relation ( ! body to ! s\l may be       
express$ 9 a simil> figure2 & any "o may
 v fairly say 9 l mann] t ! s\l is la/+1
 & ! body weak & %ortliv$ 9 comp>ison4  
,he may argue 9 l mann] t e s\l we>s out
 _m bodies1 especially if a man live _m 
ye>s4 ,:ile he is alive ! body          
deliquesces & decays1 & ! s\l always    
weaves ano!r g>m5t & repairs ! wa/e4 ,b 
( c\rse1 :5ev] ! s\l p]i%es1 %e mu/ h on
 h] la/ g>m5t1 & ?is w survive h]2 & !n 

at l5g?1 :5 ! s\l is dead1 ! body w %[  
its native weakness1 & quickly decompose
 & pass away4 ,i w\ld !re=e r n rely on 
! argum5t f sup]ior /r5g? to prove !    
cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,=   
grant+ ev5 m ?an y affirm to be         
possible1 & ackn[l$g+ n only t ! s\l    
exi/$ be=e bir?1 b also t ! s\ls ( "s   
exi/1 & w cont9ue to exi/ aft] dea?1 & w
 be born & die aga9 & aga91 & t !re is a
 natural /r5g? 9 ! s\l :i* w hold out & 
be born _m times--nev]!less1 we may be  
/ill incl9$ to ?9k t %e w we>y 9 !      
lab\rs ( successive bir?s1 & may at la/ 
succumb 9 "o ( h] dea?s & utt]ly p]i%2 &
 ?is dea? & dissolution ( ! body :i*    
br+s de/ruction to ! s\l may be unkn[n  
to any ( u1 = no "o ( u c h _h any      
exp]i5ce ( x3 & if s1 !n ,i ma9ta9 t he 
:o is confid5t ab\t dea? has b a fooli% 
confid5ce1 unless he is able to prove t 
! s\l is altoge!r immortal & imp]i%able4
 ,b if he _c prove ! s\l's immortality1 
he :o is ab\t to die w always h reason  
to fe> t :5 ! body is disunit$1 ! s\l   

also may utt]ly p]i%4  ,all ( u1 z we   
aft]w>ds rem>k$ to "o ano!r1 _h an      
unpleasant feel+ at he>+ :at !y said4   
,:5 we _h be5 s firmly conv9c$ be=e1 n[ 
to h our fai? %ak5 seem$ to introduce a 
confusion & unc]ta9ty1 n only into !    
previ\s argum5t1 b into any future "o2  
ei!r we 7 incapable ( =m+ a judgm5t1 or 
!re 7 no gr\nds ( belief4  ,,e*ecrates3 
,!re ,i feel ) y--by heav5 ,i d1 ,pha$o1
 & :5 y 7 speak+1 ,i 0 beg9n+ to ask    
myself ! same "q3 ,:at argum5t c ,i ev] 
tru/ aga98 ,= :at c\ld be m conv9c+ ?an 
! argum5t ( ,socrates1 :i* has n[ fall5 
into discr$it8 ,t ! s\l is a h>mony is a
 doctr9e :i* has always _h a wond]ful   
attraction = me1 &1 :5 m5tion$1 came    
back to me at once1 z my own orig9al    
conviction4 ,& n[ ,i mu/ beg9 aga9 & f9d
 ano!r argum5t :i* w assure me t :5 !   
man is dead ! s\l survives4 ,tell me1 ,i
 implore y1 h[ did ,socrates proce$8    
,did he appe> to %>e ! unpleasant feel+ 
:i* y m5tion8 or did he calmly meet !   
attack8 ,& did he answ] =cibly or       

feebly8 ,n>rate :at pass$ z exactly z y 
c4  ,,pha$o3 ,(t51 ,e*ecrates1 ,i h     
wond]$ at ,socrates1 b nev] m ?an on t  
occasion4 ,t he %\ld be able to answ] 0 
no?+1 b :at a/oni%$ me 01 fir/1 ! g5tle 
& pleasant & approv+ mann] 9 :i* he     
receiv$ ! words ( ! "y m51 & !n 8 quick 
s5se ( ! w\nd :i* _h be5 inflict$ by !  
argum5t1 & ! read9ess ) :i* he heal$ x4 
,he might be comp>$ to a g5]al rally+ 8 
defeat$ & brok5 army1 urg+ !m to        
accompany him & return to ! field (     
argum5t4  ,,e*ecrates3 ,:at foll[$8     
,,pha$o3 ,y %all he>1 = ,i 0 close to   
him on 8 "r h&1 seat$ on a sort ( /ool1 
& he on a c\* :i* 0 a good deal high]4  
,he /rok$ my head1 & press$ ! hair ^u my
 neck--he _h a way ( play+ ) my hair2 & 
!n he said3 ,to-morr[1 ,pha$o1 ,i       
suppose t ^! fair locks ( y\rs w be     
sev]$4  ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i suppose t !y
 w1 ,i repli$4  ,n s1 if y w take my    
advice4  ,:at %all ,i d ) !m8 ,i said4  
,to-day1 he repli$1 & n to-morr[1 if ?is
 argum5t dies & we _c br+ x to life     

aga91 y & ,i w bo? %ave our locks2 & if 
,i 7 y1 & ! argum5t got away f me1 & ,i 
c\ld n hold my gr\nd aga9/ ,simmias &   
,cebes1 ,i w\ld myself take an oa?1 l ! 
,argives1 n to we> hair any m until ,i  
_h r5ew$ ! conflict & defeat$ !m4  ,yes1
 ,i said1 b ,h]acles himself is said n  
to be a mat* = two4  ,summon me !n1 he  
said1 & ,i w be y\r ,iolaus until ! sun 
goes d[n4  ,i summon y r1 ,i rejo9$1 n z
 ,h]acles summon+ ,iolaus1 b z ,iolaus  
might summon ,h]acles4  ,t w d z well1  
he said4 ,b fir/ let u take c>e t we    
avoid a dang]4  ,( :at nature8 ,i said4 
,le/ we become misologi/s1 he repli$1 no
 worse ?+ c happ5 to a man ?an ?is4 ,= z
 !re are misan?ropi/s or hat]s ( m51 !re
 are also misologi/s or hat]s ( ideas1 &
 bo? spr+ f ! same cause1 :i* is        
ignorance ( ! _w4 ,misan?ropy arises out
 ( ! too great confid5ce (              
inexp]i5ce2--y tru/ a man & ?9k him     
altoge!r true & s\nd & fai?ful1 & !n 9 a
 little :ile he turns out to be false & 
knavi%2 & !n ano!r & ano!r1 & :5 ?is has

 happ5$ sev]al times to a man1          
especially :5 x happ5s among ^? :om he  
deems to be 8 own mo/ tru/$ & famili>   
fri5ds1 & he has (t5 qu>rel$ ) !m1 he at
 la/ hates all m51 & believes t no "o   
has any good 9 him at all4 ,y mu/ h     
obs]v$ ?is trait ( "*8  ,i h4  ,& is n !
 feel+ discr$itable8 ,is x n obvi\s t   
su* an "o hav+ to deal ) o!r m51 0      
cle>ly )\t any exp]i5ce ( human nature2 
= exp]i5ce w\ld h taught him ! true /ate
 ( ! case1 t few are ! good & few !     
evil1 & t ! great majority are 9 !      
int]val betwe5 !m4  ,:at d y mean8 ,i   
said4  ,i mean1 he repli$1 z y might say
 ( ! v l>ge & v small1 t no?+ is m      
uncommon ?an a v l>ge or v small man2 & 
?is applies g5]ally to all extremes1    
:e!r ( great & small1 or swift & sl[1 or
 fair & f\l1 or black & :ite3 & :e!r !  
in/ances y select be m5 or dogs or any?+
 else1 few are ! extremes1 b _m are 9 ! 
mean betwe5 !m4 ,did y nev] obs]ve ?is8 
,yes1 ,i said1 ,i h4  ,& d y n imag9e1  
he said1 t if !re 7 a competition 9     

evil1 ! wor/ w\ld be f\nd to be v few8  
,yes1 t is v likely1 ,i said4  ,yes1 t  
is v likely1 he repli$2 al?\gh 9 ?is    
respect argum5ts are unlike m5--!re ,i 0
 l$ on by y to say m ?an ,i _h int5d$2 b
 ! po9t ( comp>ison 01 t :5 a simple man
 :o has no skill 9 dialectics believes  
an argum5t to be true :i* he aft]w>ds   
imag9es to be false1 :e!r really false  
or n1 & !n ano!r & ano!r1 he has no     
long] any fai? left1 & great disput]s1 z
 y "k1 come to ?9k at la/ t !y h gr[n to
 be ! wise/ ( mank9d2 = !y alone p]ceive
 ! utt] uns\ndness & in/ability ( all   
argum5ts1 or inde$1 ( all ?+s1 :i*1 l ! 
curr5ts 9 ! ,euripus1 are go+ up & d[n 9
 nev]-ceas+ ebb & fl[4  ,t is q true1 ,i
 said4  ,yes1 ,pha$o1 he repli$1 & h[   
melan*oly1 if !re be su* a ?+ z tru? or 
c]ta9ty or possibility ( k--t a man %\ld
 h light$ ^u "s argum5t or o!r :i* at   
fir/ seem$ true & !n turn$ out to be    
false1 & in/ead ( blam+ himself & 8 own 
want ( wit1 because he is annoy$1 %\ld  
at la/ be too glad to transf] ! blame f 

himself to argum5ts 9 g5]al3 & = ev]    
aft]w>ds %\ld hate & revile !m1 & lose  
tru? & ! k ( realities4  ,yes1 inde$1 ,i
 said2 t is v melan*oly4  ,let u !n1 9 !
 fir/ place1 he said1 be c>eful ( all[+ 
or ( admitt+ into our s\ls ! notion t   
!re is no heal? or s\ndness 9 any       
argum5ts at all4 ,r say t we h n yet    
atta9$ to s\ndness 9 ourselves1 & t we  
mu/ /ruggle manfully & d our be/ to ga9 
heal? ( m9d--y & all o!r m5 hav+ reg>d  
to ! :ole ( y\r future life1 & ,i myself
 9 ! prospect ( dea?4 ,= at ?is mom5t ,i
 am s5sible t ,i h n ! temp] ( a        
philosoph]2 l ! vulg>1 ,i am only a     
p>tisan4 ,n[ ! p>tisan1 :5 he is engag$ 
9 a dispute1 c>es no?+ ab\t ! rights ( !
 "q1 b is anxi\s only to conv9ce 8 he>]s
 ( 8 own ass]tions4 ,& ! diff]5ce betwe5
 him & me at ! pres5t mom5t is m]ely    
?is--t :]eas he seeks to conv9ce 8 he>]s
 t :at he says is true1 ,i am r seek+ to
 conv9ce myself2 to conv9ce my he>]s is 
a second>y matt] ) me4 ,& d b see h[ mu*
 ,i ga9 by ! argum5t4 ,= if :at ,i say  

is true1 !n ,i d well to be p]suad$ ( ! 
tru?1 b if !re be no?+ aft] dea?1 /ill1 
dur+ ! %ort "t t rema9s1 ,i %all n      
di/ress my fri5ds ) lam5tations1 & my   
ignorance w n la/1 b w die ) me1 & !re=e
 no h>m w be done4 ,?is is ! /ate ( m9d1
 ,simmias & ,cebes1 9 :i* ,i approa* !  
argum5t4 ,& ,i w\ld ask y to be ?9k+ ( !
 tru? & n ( ,socrates3 agree ) me1 if ,i
 seem to y to be speak+ ! tru?2 or if n1
 )/& me might & ma91 t ,i may n deceive 
y z well z myself 9 my en?usiasm1 & l ! 
bee1 leave my /+ 9 y be=e ,i die4  ,& n[
 let u proce$1 he said4 ,& fir/ ( all   
let me be sure t ,i h 9 my m9d :at y 7  
say+4 ,simmias1 if ,i rememb] rightly1  
has fe>s & misgiv+s :e!r ! s\l1 al?\gh a
 fair] & div9] ?+ ?an ! body1 be+ z %e  
is 9 ! =m ( h>mony1 may n p]i% fir/4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 ,cebes appe>$ to grant t !   
s\l 0 m la/+ ?an ! body1 b he said t no 
"o c\ld "k :e!r ! s\l1 aft] hav+ worn   
out _m bodies1 might n p]i% h]self &    
leave h] la/ body beh9d h]2 & t ?is is  
dea?1 :i* is ! de/ruction n ( ! body b (

 ! s\l1 = 9 ! body ! "w ( de/ruction is 
ev] go+ on4 ,are n ^!1 ,simmias &       
,cebes1 ! po9ts :i* we h to consid]8    
,!y bo? agre$ to ?is /atem5t ( !m4  ,he 
proce$$3 ,& did y d5y ! =ce ( ! :ole    
prec$+ argum5t1 or ( a "p only8  ,( a "p
 only1 !y repli$4  ,& :at did y ?9k1 he 
said1 ( t "p ( ! argum5t 9 :i* we said t
 k 0 recollection1 & h5ce inf]r$ t ! s\l
 mu/ h previ\sly exi/$ some:]e else be=e
 %e 0 enclos$ 9 ! body8  ,cebes said t  
he _h be5 wond]fully impress$ by t "p ( 
! argum5t1 & t 8 conviction rema9$      
absolutely un%ak54 ,simmias agre$1 &    
add$ t he himself c\ld h>dly imag9e !   
possibility ( 8 ev] ?9k+ diff]5tly4  ,b1
 rejo9$ ,socrates1 y w h to ?9k         
diff]5tly1 my ,!ban fri5d1 if y /ill    
ma9ta9 t h>mony is a comp\nd1 & t ! s\l 
is a h>mony :i* is made out ( /r+s set 9
 ! frame ( ! body2 = y w surely nev]    
all[ y\rself to say t a h>mony is prior 
to ! elem5ts :i* compose x4  ,nev]1     
,socrates4  ,b d y n see t ?is is :at y 
imply :5 y say t ! s\l exi/$ be=e %e    

took ! =m & body ( man1 & 0 made up (   
elem5ts :i* z yet _h no exi/5ce8 ,=     
h>mony is n l ! s\l1 z y suppose2 b fir/
 ! lyre1 & ! /r+s1 & ! s\nds exi/ 9 a   
/ate ( discord1 & !n h>mony is made la/ 
( all1 & p]i%es fir/4 ,& h[ c su* a     
notion ( ! s\l z ?is agree ) ! o!r8  ,n 
at all1 repli$ ,simmias4  ,& yet1 he    
said1 !re surely ought to be h>mony 9 a 
disc\rse ( :i* h>mony is ! !me4  ,!re   
ought1 repli$ ,simmias4  ,b !re is no   
h>mony1 he said1 9 ! two propositions t 
k is recollection1 & t ! s\l is a       
h>mony4 ,:i* ( !m w y reta98  ,i ?9k1 he
 repli$1 t ,i h a mu* /rong] fai?1      
,socrates1 9 ! fir/ ( ! two1 :i* has be5
 fully demon/rat$ to me1 ?an 9 ! latt]1 
:i* has n be5 demon/rat$ at all1 b re/s 
only on probable & plausible gr\nds2 &  
is !re=e believ$ by ! _m4 ,i "k too well
 t ^! argum5ts f probabilities are      
impo/ors1 & unless great caution is     
obs]v$ 9 ! use ( !m1 !y are apt to be   
deceptive--9 geometry1 & 9 o!r ?+s too4 
,b ! doctr9e ( k & recollection has be5 

prov5 to me on tru/wor?y gr\nds2 & !    
pro( 0 t ! s\l mu/ h exi/$ be=e %e came 
into ! body1 because to h] belongs !    
ess5ce ( :i* ! v "n implies exi/5ce4    
,hav+1 z ,i am conv9c$1 rightly accept$ 
?is conclusion1 & on suffici5t gr\nds1  
,i mu/1 z ,i suppose1 cease to argue or 
all[ o!rs to argue t ! s\l is a h>mony4 
,let me put ! matt]1 ,simmias1 he said1 
9 ano!r po9t ( view3 ,d y imag9e t a    
h>mony or any o!r composition c be 9 a  
/ate o!r ?an t ( ! elem5ts1 out ( :i* x 
is comp\nd$8  ,c]ta9ly n4  ,or d or     
suff] any?+ o!r ?an !y d or suff]8  ,he 
agre$4  ,!n a h>mony does n1 prop]ly    
speak+1 lead ! p>ts or elem5ts :i* make 
up ! h>mony1 b only foll[s !m4  ,he     
ass5t$4  ,= h>mony _c possibly h any    
motion1 or s\nd1 or o!r quality :i* is  
oppos$ to its p>ts4  ,t w\ld be         
impossible1 he repli$4  ,& does n !     
nature ( e h>mony dep5d ^u ! mann] 9 :i*
 ! elem5ts are h>moniz$8  ,i d n und]/& 
y1 he said4  ,i mean to say t a h>mony  
admits ( degrees1 & is m ( a h>mony1 & m

 completely a h>mony1 :5 m truly & fully
 h>moniz$1 to any ext5t :i* is possible2
 & less ( a h>mony1 & less completely a 
h>mony1 :5 less truly & fully h>moniz$4 
,true4  ,b does ! s\l admit ( degrees8  
or is "o s\l 9 ! v lea/ degree m or     
less1 or m or less completely1 a s\l ?an
 ano!r8  ,n 9 ! lea/4  ,yet surely ( two
 s\ls1 "o is said to h intellig5ce &    
virtue1 & to be good1 & ! o!r to h folly
 & vice1 & to be an evil s\l3 & ?is is  
said truly8  ,yes1 truly4  ,b :at w ^?  
:o ma9ta9 ! s\l to be a h>mony say ( ?is
 pres5ce ( virtue & vice 9 ! s\l8--w !y 
say t "h is ano!r h>mony1 & ano!r       
discord1 & t ! virtu\s s\l is h>moniz$1 
& h]self be+ a h>mony has ano!r h>mony  
)9 h]1 & t ! vici\s s\l is inh>monical &
 has no h>mony )9 h]8  ,i _c tell1      
repli$ ,simmias2 b ,i suppose t some?+ (
 ! sort w\ld be ass]t$ by ^? :o say t ! 
s\l is a h>mony4  ,& we h already       
admitt$ t no s\l is m a s\l ?an ano!r2  
:i* is equival5t to admitt+ t h>mony is 
n m or less h>mony1 or m or less        

completely a h>mony8  ,q true4  ,& t :i*
 is n m or less a h>mony is n m or less 
h>moniz$8  ,true4  ,& t :i* is n m or   
less h>moniz$ _c h m or less ( h>mony1 b
 only an equal h>mony8  ,yes1 an equal  
h>mony4  ,!n "o s\l n be+ m or less     
absolutely a s\l ?an ano!r1 is n m or   
less h>moniz$8  ,exactly4  ,& !re=e has 
nei!r m nor less ( discord1 nor yet (   
h>mony8  ,%e has n4  ,& hav+ nei!r m nor
 less ( h>mony or ( discord1 "o s\l has 
no m vice or virtue ?an ano!r1 if vice  
be discord & virtue h>mony8  ,n at all  
m4  ,or speak+ m correctly1 ,simmias1 ! 
s\l1 if %e is a h>mony1 w nev] h any    
vice2 because a h>mony1 be+ absolutely a
 h>mony1 has no "p 9 ! inh>monical4     
,no4  ,& !re=e a s\l :i* is absolutely a
 s\l has no vice8  ,h[ c %e h1 if !     
previ\s argum5t holds8  ,!n1 if all s\ls
 are equally by _! nature s\ls1 all s\ls
 ( all liv+ creatures w be equally good8
  ,i agree ) y1 ,socrates1 he said4  ,& 
c all ?is be true1 ?9k y8 he said2 = ^! 
are ! consequ5ces :i* seem to foll[ f ! 

assumption t ! s\l is a h>mony8  ,x _c  
be true4  ,once m1 he said1 :at rul] is 
!re ( ! elem5ts ( human nature o!r ?an !
 s\l1 & especially ! wise s\l8 ,d y "k (
 any8  ,inde$1 ,i d n4  ,& is ! s\l 9   
agreem5t ) ! affections ( ! body8 or is 
%e at v>iance ) !m8 ,= example1 :5 !    
body is hot & ?ir/y1 does n ! s\l incl9e
 u aga9/ dr9k+8 & :5 ! body is hungry1  
aga9/ eat+8 ,& ?is is only "o in/ance   
out ( t5 ?\s& ( ! opposition ( ! s\l to 
! ?+s ( ! body4  ,v true4  ,b we h      
already ackn[l$g$ t ! s\l1 be+ a h>mony1
 c nev] utt] a note at v>iance ) !      
t5sions & relaxations & vibrations & o!r
 affections ( ! /r+s out ( :i* %e is    
compos$2 %e c only foll[1 %e _c lead !m8
  ,x mu/ be s1 he repli$4  ,& yet d we n
 n[ discov] ! s\l to be do+ ! exact     
opposite--lead+ ! elem5ts ( :i* %e is   
believ$ to be compos$2 almo/ always     
oppos+ & co]c+ !m 9 all sorts ( ways    
?r\gh\t life1 sometimes m viol5tly ) !  
pa9s ( m$ic9e & gymna/ic2 !n aga9 m     
g5tly2 n[ ?reat5+1 n[ admoni%+ !        

desires1 passions1 fe>s1 z if talk+ to a
 ?+ :i* is n h]self1 z ,hom] 9 !        
,odyssee repres5ts ,odysseus do+ 9 !    
words--  ',he beat 8 brea/1 & ?us       
reproa*$ 8 he>t3 ,endure1 my he>t2 f>   
worse ha/ ?\ endur$6'  ,d y ?9k t ,hom] 
wrote ?is "u ! idea t ! s\l is a h>mony 
capable ( be+ l$ by ! affections ( !    
body1 & n r ( a nature :i* %\ld lead &  
ma/] !m--h]self a f> div9] ?+ ?an any   
h>mony8  ,yes1 ,socrates1 ,i q ?9k s4   
,!n1 my fri5d1 we c nev] be "r 9 say+ t 
! s\l is a h>mony1 = we %\ld contradict 
! div9e ,hom]1 & contradict ourselves4  
,true1 he said4  ,?us mu*1 said         
,socrates1 ( ,h>monia1 y\r ,!ban        
goddess1 :o has graci\sly yield$ to u2 b
 :at %all ,i say1 ,cebes1 to h] husb&   
,cadmus1 & h[ %all ,i make peace ) him8 
,i ?9k t y w discov] a way ( propitiat+ 
him1 said ,cebes2 ,i am sure t y h put !
 argum5t ) ,h>monia 9 a mann] t ,i c\ld 
nev] h expect$4 ,= :5 ,simmias 0 m5tion+
 8 difficulty1 ,i q imag9$ t no answ]   
c\ld be giv5 to him1 & !re=e ,i 0       

surpris$ at f9d+ t 8 argum5t c\ld n     
su/a9 ! fir/ onset ( y\rs1 & n          
impossibly ! o!r1 :om y call ,cadmus1   
may %>e a simil> fate4  ,nay1 my good   
fri5d1 said ,socrates1 let u n boa/1 le/
 "s evil eye %\ld put to flight ! ^w :i*
 ,i am ab\t to speak4 ,t1 h[ev]1 may be 
left 9 ! h&s ( ^? above1 :ile ,i draw   
ne> 9 ,hom]ic fa%ion1 & try ! mettle (  
y\r words4 ,"h lies ! po9t3--,y want to 
h x prov5 to y t ! s\l is imp]i%able &  
immortal1 & ! philosoph] :o is confid5t 
9 dea? appe>s to y to h b a va9 & fooli%
 confid5ce1 if he believes t he w f>e   
bett] 9 ! _w bel[ ?an "o :o has l$ ano!r
 sort ( life1 unless he c prove ?is2 & y
 say t ! demon/ration ( ! /r5g? &       
div9ity ( ! s\l1 & ( h] exi/5ce prior to
 our becom+ m51 does n necess>ily imply 
h] immortality4 ,admitt+ ! s\l to be    
longliv$1 & to h kn[n & done mu* 9 a =m]
 /ate1 /ill %e is n on t acc\nt         
immortal2 & h] entrance into ! human =m 
may be a sort ( disease :i* is ! beg9n+ 
( dissolution1 & may at la/1 aft] !     

toils ( life are ov]1 end 9 t :i* is    
call$ dea?4 ,& :e!r ! s\l ent]s into !  
body once only or _m times1 does n1 z y 
say1 make any diff]5ce 9 ! fe>s (       
individuals4 ,= any man1 :o is n devoid 
( s5se1 mu/ fe>1 if he has no k & c give
 no acc\nt ( ! s\l's immortality4 ,?is1 
or some?+ l ?is1 ,i suspect to be y\r   
notion1 ,cebes2 & ,i design$ly recur to 
x 9 ord] t no?+ may escape u1 & t y may1
 if y wi%1 add or subtract any?+4  ,b1  
said ,cebes1 z f> z ,i see at pres5t1 ,i
 h no?+ to add or subtract3 ,i mean :at 
y say t ,i mean4  ,socrates paus$ a:ile1
 & seem$ to be absorb$ 9 reflection4 ,at
 l5g? he said3 ,y are rais+ a trem5d\s  
"q1 ,cebes1 involv+ ! :ole nature (     
g5]ation & corruption1 ab\t :i*1 if y l1
 ,i w give y my own exp]i5ce2 & if any?+
 :i* ,i say is likely to avail t[>ds !  
solution ( y\r difficulty y may make use
 ( x4  ,i %\ld v mu* l1 said ,cebes1 to 
he> :at y h to say4  ,!n ,i w tell y1   
said ,socrates4 ,:5 ,i 0 "y1 ,cebes1 ,i 
_h a prodigi\s desire to "k t dep>tm5t (

 philosophy :i* is call$ ! inve/igation 
( nature2 to "k ! causes ( ?+s1 & :y a  
?+ is & is creat$ or de/roy$ appe>$ to  
me to be a l(ty pr(ession2 & ,i 0 always
 agitat+ myself ) ! consid]ation (      
que/ions su* z ^!3--,is ! gr[? ( animals
 ! result ( "s decay :i* ! hot & cold   
pr9ciple contracts1 z "s h said8 ,is !  
blood ! elem5t ) :i* we ?9k1 or ! air1  
or ! fire8 or p]haps no?+ ( ! k9d--b !  
bra9 may be ! orig9at+ p[] ( !          
p]ceptions ( he>+ & sight & smell1 &    
memory & op9ion may come f !m1 & sci5ce 
may be bas$ on memory & op9ion :5 !y h  
atta9$ fixity4 ,& !n ,i w5t on to exam9e
 ! corruption ( !m1 & !n to ! ?+s (     
heav5 & e>?1 & at la/ ,i conclud$ myself
 to be utt]ly & absolutely incapable (  
^! enquiries1 z ,i w satisfactorily     
prove to y4 ,= ,i 0 fasc9at$ by !m to   
su* a degree t my eyes grew bl9d to ?+s 
:i* ,i _h seem$ to myself1 & also to    
o!rs1 to "k q well2 ,i =got :at ,i _h   
be=e ?\ght self-evid5t tru?s2 e4g4 su* a
 fact z t ! gr[? ( man is ! result (    

eat+ & dr9k+2 = :5 by ! dige/ion ( food 
fle% is add$ to fle% & bone to bone1 &  
:5ev] !re is an aggregation ( cong5ial  
elem5ts1 ! less] bulk becomes l>g] & !  
small man great4 ,0 n t a reasonable    
notion8  ,yes1 said ,cebes1 ,i ?9k s4   
,well2 b let me tell y some?+ m4 ,!re 0 
a "t :5 ,i ?\ght t ,i und]/ood ! mean+ (
 great] & less pretty well2 & :5 ,i saw 
a great man /&+ by a little "o1 ,i      
fanci$ t "o 0 tall] ?an ! o!r by a head2
 or "o horse w\ld appe> to be great] ?an
 ano!r horse3 & /ill m cle>ly did ,i    
seem to p]ceive t t5 is two m ?an eight1
 & t two cubits are m ?an "o1 because   
two is ! d\ble ( "o4  ,& :at is n[ y\r  
notion ( su* matt]s8 said ,cebes4  ,i   
%\ld be f> en\gh f imag9+1 he repli$1 t 
,i knew ! cause ( any ( !m1 by heav5 ,i 
%\ld2 = ,i _c satisfy myself t1 :5 "o is
 add$ to "o1 ! "o to :i* ! addition is  
made becomes two1 or t ! two units add$ 
toge!r make two by reason ( ! addition4 
,i _c und]/& h[1 :5 sep>at$ f ! o!r1 ea*
 ( !m 0 "o & n two1 & n[1 :5 !y are     

br\ght toge!r1 ! m]e juxtaposition or   
meet+ ( !m %\ld be ! cause ( _! becom+  
two3 nei!r c ,i und]/& h[ ! division (  
"o is ! way to make two2 = !n a diff]5t 
cause w\ld produce ! same effect1--z 9 !
 =m] in/ance ! addition & juxtaposition 
( "o to "o 0 ! cause ( two1 9 ?is !     
sep>ation & subtraction ( "o f ! o!r    
w\ld be ! cause4 ,nor am ,i any long]   
satisfi$ t ,i und]/& ! reason :y "o or  
any?+ else is ei!r g5]at$ or de/roy$ or 
is at all1 b ,i h 9 my m9d "s confus$   
notion ( a new me?od1 & c nev] admit !  
o!r4  ,!n ,i he>d "s "o read+1 z he     
said1 f a book ( ,anaxagoras1 t m9d 0 ! 
dispos] & cause ( all1 & ,i 0 delight$  
at ?is notion1 :i* appe>$ q admirable1 &
 ,i said to myself3 ,if m9d is !        
dispos]1 m9d w dispose all = ! be/1 &   
put ea* p>ticul> 9 ! be/ place2 & ,i    
argu$ t if any "o desir$ to f9d out !   
cause ( ! g5]ation or de/ruction or     
exi/5ce ( any?+1 he mu/ f9d out :at /ate
 ( be+ or do+ or suff]+ 0 be/ = t ?+1 & 
!re=e a man _h only to consid] ! be/ =  

himself & o!rs1 & !n he w\ld also "k !  
worse1 s9ce ! same sci5ce compreh5d$    
bo?4 ,& ,i rejoic$ to ?9k t ,i _h f\nd 9
 ,anaxagoras a tea*] ( ! causes (       
exi/5ce su* z ,i desir$1 & ,i imag9$ t  
he w\ld tell me fir/ :e!r ! e>? is flat 
or r\nd2 & :i*ev] 0 true1 he w\ld proce$
 to expla9 ! cause & ! necessity ( ?is  
be+ s1 & !n he w\ld tea* me ! nature ( !
 be/ & %[ t ?is 0 be/2 & if he said t ! 
e>? 0 9 ! c5tre1 he w\ld fur!r expla9 t 
?is position 0 ! be/1 & ,i %\ld be      
satisfi$ ) ! explanation giv51 & n want 
any o!r sort ( cause4 ,& ,i ?\ght t ,i  
w\ld !n g on & ask him ab\t ! sun & moon
 & />s1 & t he w\ld expla9 to me _!     
comp>ative swiftness1 & _! return+s &   
v>i\s /ates1 active & passive1 & h[ all 
( !m 7 = ! be/4 ,= ,i c\ld n imag9e t :5
 he spoke ( m9d z ! dispos] ( !m1 he    
w\ld give any o!r acc\nt ( _! be+ z !y  
are1 except t ?is 0 be/2 & ,i ?\ght t :5
 he _h expla9$ to me 9 detail ! cause ( 
ea* & ! cause ( all1 he w\ld g on to    
expla9 to me :at 0 be/ = ea* & :at 0    

good = all4 ,^! hopes ,i w\ld n h sold =
 a l>ge sum ( money1 & ,i seiz$ ! books 
& read !m z fa/ z ,i c\ld 9 my eag]ness 
to "k ! bett] & ! worse4  ,:at          
expectations ,i _h =m$1 & h[ griev\sly 0
 ,i disappo9t$6 ,z ,i proce$$1 ,i f\nd  
my philosoph] altoge!r =sak+ m9d or any 
o!r pr9ciple ( ord]1 b hav+ rec\rse to  
air1 & e!r1 & wat]1 & o!r ecc5tricities4
 ,i might comp>e him to a p]son :o began
 by ma9ta9+ g5]ally t m9d is ! cause ( !
 actions ( ,socrates1 b :o1 :5 he       
endeav\r$ to expla9 ! causes ( my sev]al
 actions 9 detail1 w5t on to %[ t ,i sit
 "h because my body is made up ( bones &
 muscles2 & ! bones1 z he w\ld say1 are 
h>d & h jo9ts :i* divide !m1 & ! muscles
 are ela/ic1 & !y cov] ! bones1 :i* h   
also a cov]+ or environm5t ( fle% & sk9 
:i* conta9s !m2 & z ! bones are lift$ at
 _! jo9ts by ! contraction or relaxation
 ( ! muscles1 ,i am able to b5d my      
limbs1 & ?is is :y ,i am sitt+ "h 9 a   
curv$ po/ure--t is :at he w\ld say1 & he
 w\ld h a simil> explanation ( my talk+ 

to y1 :i* he w\ld attribute to s\nd1 &  
air1 & he>+1 & he w\ld assign t5 ?\s&   
o!r causes ( ! same sort1 =gett+ to     
m5tion ! true cause1 :i* is1 t !        
,a!nians h ?\ght fit to condemn me1 &   
accord+ly ,i h ?\ght x bett] & m "r to  
rema9 "h & und]go my s5t5ce2 = ,i am    
incl9$ to ?9k t ^! muscles & bones ( m9e
 w\ld h gone (f long ago to ,meg>a or   
,boeotia--by ! dog !y w\ld1 if !y _h be5
 mov$ only by _! own idea ( :at 0 be/1 &
 if ,i _h n *os5 ! bett] & nobl] "p1    
in/ead ( play+ truant & runn+ away1 (   
endur+ any puni%m5t :i* ! /ate inflicts4
 ,!re is surely a /range confusion (    
causes & conditions 9 all ?is4 ,x may be
 said1 inde$1 t )\t bones & muscles & ! 
o!r p>ts ( ! body ,i _c execute my      
purposes4 ,b to say t ,i d z ,i d       
because ( !m1 & t ?is is ! way 9 :i* m9d
 acts1 & n f ! *oice ( ! be/1 is a v    
c>eless & idle mode ( speak+4 ,i wond] t
 !y _c di/+ui% ! cause f ! condition1   
:i* ! _m1 feel+ ab\t 9 ! d>k1 are always
 mi/ak+ & misnam+4 ,& ?us "o man makes a

 vortex all r\nd & /eadies ! e>? by !   
heav52 ano!r gives ! air z a support to 
! e>?1 :i* is a sort ( broad tr\gh4 ,any
 p[] :i* 9 arrang+ !m z !y are arranges 
!m = ! be/ nev] ent]s into _! m9ds2 &   
in/ead ( f9d+ any sup]ior /r5g? 9 x1 !y 
r expect to discov] ano!r ,atlas ( ! _w 
:o is /rong] & m ev]la/+ & m conta9+ ?an
 ! good2--( ! obligatory & conta9+ p[] (
 ! good !y ?9k no?+2 & yet ?is is !     
pr9ciple :i* ,i w\ld fa9 le>n if any "o 
w\ld tea* me4 ,b z ,i h fail$ ei!r to   
discov] myself1 or to le>n ( any "o     
else1 ! nature ( ! be/1 ,i w exhibit to 
y1 if y l1 :at ,i h f\nd to be ! second 
be/ mode ( enquir+ into ! cause4  ,i    
%\ld v mu* l to he>1 he repli$4         
,socrates proce$$3--,i ?\ght t z ,i _h  
fail$ 9 ! contemplation ( true exi/5ce1 
,i ought to be c>eful t ,i did n lose ! 
eye ( my s\l2 z p may injure _! bodily  
eye by obs]v+ & gaz+ on ! sun dur+ an   
eclipse1 unless !y take ! precaution (  
only look+ at ! image reflect$ 9 ! wat]1
 or 9 "s simil> m$ium4 ,s 9 my own case1

 ,i 0 afraid t my s\l might be bl9d$    
altoge!r if ,i look$ at ?+s ) my eyes or
 tri$ to appreh5d !m by ! help ( !      
s5ses4 ,& ,i ?\ght t ,i _h bett] h      
rec\rse to ! _w ( m9d & seek !re ! tru? 
( exi/5ce4 ,i d>e say t ! simile is n   
p]fect--= ,i am v f> f admitt+ t he :o  
contemplates exi/5ces ?r\gh ! m$ium (   
?\ght1 sees !m only '?r\gh a glass      
d>kly1' any m ?an he :o consid]s !m 9   
action & op]ation4 ,h[ev]1 ?is 0 ! me?od
 :i* ,i adopt$3 ,i fir/ assum$ "s       
pr9ciple :i* ,i judg$ to be ! /ronge/1 &
 !n ,i affirm$ z true :atev] seem$ to   
agree ) ?is1 :e!r relat+ to ! cause or  
to any?+ else2 & t :i* disagre$ ,i      
reg>d$ z untrue4 ,b ,i %\ld l to expla9 
my mean+ m cle>ly1 z ,i d n ?9k t y z   
yet und]/& me4  ,no inde$1 repli$       
,cebes1 n v well4  ,!re is no?+ new1 he 
said1 9 :at ,i am ab\t to tell y2 b only
 :at ,i h be5 always & ev]y:]e repeat+ 9
 ! previ\s discussion & on o!r          
occasions3 ,i want to %[ y ! nature ( t 
cause :i* has occupi$ my ?\ghts4 ,i %all

 h to g back to ^? famili> words :i* are
 9 ! m\? ( e "o1 & fir/ ( all assume t  
!re is an absolute beauty & goodness &  
greatness1 & ! l2 grant me ?is1 & ,i    
hope to be able to %[ y ! nature ( !    
cause1 & to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l4
  ,cebes said3 ,y may proce$ at once ) !
 pro(1 = ,i grant y ?is4  ,well1 he     
said1 !n ,i %\ld l to "k :e!r y agree ) 
me 9 ! next /ep2 = ,i _c help ?9k+1 if  
!re be any?+ beautiful o!r ?an absolute 
beauty %\ld !re be su*1 t x c be        
beautiful only 9 z f> z x p>takes (     
absolute beauty--& ,i %\ld say ! same ( 
ev]y?+4 ,d y agree 9 ?is notion ( !     
cause8  ,yes1 he said1 ,i agree4  ,he   
proce$$3 ,i "k no?+ & c und]/& no?+ (   
any o!r ( ^? wise causes :i* are alleg$2
 & if a p]son says to me t ! bloom (    
col\r1 or =m1 or any su* ?+ is a s\rce (
 beauty1 ,i leave all t1 :i* is only    
confus+ to me1 & simply & s+ly1 & p]haps
 fooli%ly1 hold & am assur$ 9 my own m9d
 t no?+ makes a ?+ beautiful b ! pres5ce
 & p>ticipation ( beauty 9 :atev] way or

 mann] obta9$2 = z to ! mann] ,i am     
unc]ta91 b ,i /\tly cont5d t by beauty  
all beautiful ?+s become beautiful4 ,?is
 appe>s to me to be ! safe/ answ] :i* ,i
 c give1 ei!r to myself or to ano!r1 &  
to ?is ,i cl+1 9 ! p]suasion t ?is      
pr9ciple w nev] be ov]?r[n1 & t to      
myself or to any "o :o asks ! "q1 ,i may
 safely reply1 ,t by beauty beautiful   
?+s become beautiful4 ,d y n agree ) me8
  ,i d4  ,& t by greatness only great   
?+s become great & great] great]1 & by  
smallness ! less become less8  ,true4   
,!n if a p]son 7 to rem>k t ,a is tall] 
by a head ?an ,b1 & ,b less by a head   
?an ,a1 y w\ld refuse to admit 8        
/atem5t1 & w\ld /\tly cont5d t :at y    
mean is only t ! great] is great] by1 & 
by reason (1 greatness1 & ! less is less
 only by1 & by reason (1 smallness2 &   
?us y w\ld avoid ! dang] ( say+ t !     
great] is great] & ! less less by !     
measure ( ! head1 :i* is ! same 9 bo?1 &
 w\ld also avoid ! mon/r\s absurdity (  
suppos+ t ! great] man is great] by     

reason ( ! head1 :i* is small4 ,y w\ld  
be afraid to draw su* an inf]5ce1 w\ld y
 n8  ,inde$1 ,i %\ld1 said ,cebes1      
laugh+4  ,9 l mann] y w\ld be afraid to 
say t t5 exce$$ eight by1 & by reason (1
 two2 b w\ld say by1 & by reason (1     
numb]2 or y w\ld say t two cubits exce$ 
"o cubit n by a half1 b by magnitude8-= 
!re is ! same liability to error 9 all  
^! cases4  ,v true1 he said4  ,aga91    
w\ld y n be cauti\s ( affirm+ t !       
addition ( "o to "o1 or ! division ( "o1
 is ! cause ( two8 ,& y w\ld l\dly      
assev]ate t y "k ( no way 9 :i* any?+   
comes into exi/5ce except by            
p>ticipation 9 its own prop] ess5ce1 &  
consequ5tly1 z f> z y "k1 ! only cause (
 two is ! p>ticipation 9 duality--?is is
 ! way to make two1 & ! p>ticipation 9  
"o is ! way to make "o4 ,y w\ld say3 ,i 
w let alone puzzles ( division &        
addition--wis] heads ?an m9e may answ]  
!m2 inexp]i5c$ z ,i am1 & ready to />t1 
z ! prov]b says1 at my own %ad[1 ,i _c  
af=d to give up ! sure gr\nd ( a        

pr9ciple4 ,& if any "o assails y !re1 y 
w\ld n m9d him1 or answ] him1 until y _h
 se5 :e!r ! consequ5ces :i* foll[ agree 
) "o ano!r or n1 & :5 y are fur!r       
requir$ to give an explanation ( ?is    
pr9ciple1 y w\ld g on to assume a high] 
pr9ciple1 & a high]1 until y f\nd a     
re/+-place 9 ! be/ ( ! high]2 b y w\ld n
 confuse ! pr9ciple & ! consequ5ces 9   
y\r reason+1 l ! ,eri/ics--at lea/ if y 
want$ to discov] real exi/5ce4 ,n t ?is 
confusion signifies to !m1 :o nev] c>e  
or ?9k ab\t ! matt] at all1 = !y h ! wit
 to be well pleas$ ) !mselves h[ev]     
great may be ! turmoil ( _! ideas4 ,b y1
 if y are a philosoph]1 w c]ta9ly d z ,i
 say4  ,:at y say is mo/ true1 said     
,simmias & ,cebes1 bo? speak+ at once4  
,,e*ecrates3 ,yes1 ,pha$o2 & ,i d n     
wond] at _! ass5t+4 ,any "o :o has !    
lea/ s5se w ackn[l$ge ! wond]ful        
cle>ness ( ,socrates' reason+4  ,,pha$o3
 ,c]ta9ly1 ,e*ecrates2 & su* 0 ! feel+ (
 ! :ole company at ! "t4  ,,e*ecrates3  
,yes1 & equally ( ourselves1 :o 7 n ( ! 

company1 & are n[ li/5+ to y\r recital4 
,b :at foll[$8  ,,pha$o3 ,aft] all ?is  
_h be5 admitt$1 & !y _h t ideas exi/1 & 
t o!r ?+s p>ticipate 9 !m & d]ive _!    
names f !m1 ,socrates1 if ,i rememb]    
rightly1 said3--  ,?is is y\r way (     
speak+2 & yet :5 y say t ,simmias is    
great] ?an ,socrates & less ?an ,pha$o1 
d y n pr$icate ( ,simmias bo? greatness 
& smallness8  ,yes1 ,i d4  ,b /ill y    
all[ t ,simmias does n really exce$     
,socrates1 z ! words may seem to imply1 
because he is ,simmias1 b by reason ( ! 
size :i* he has2 j z ,simmias does n    
exce$ ,socrates because he is ,simmias1 
any m ?an because ,socrates is          
,socrates1 b because he has smallness :5
 comp>$ ) ! greatness ( ,simmias8       
,true4  ,& if ,pha$o exce$s him 9 size1 
?is is n because ,pha$o is ,pha$o1 b    
because ,pha$o has greatness relatively 
to ,simmias1 :o is comp>atively small]8 
,t is true4  ,& !re=e ,simmias is said  
to be great1 & is also said to be small1
 because he is 9 a mean betwe5 !m1      

exce$+ ! smallness ( ! "o by 8          
greatness1 & all[+ ! greatness ( ! o!r  
to exce$ 8 smallness4 ,he add$1 laugh+1 
,i am speak+ l a book1 b ,i believe t   
:at ,i am say+ is true4  ,simmias       
ass5t$4  ,i speak z ,i d because ,i want
 y to agree ) me 9 ?9k+1 n only t       
absolute greatness w nev] be great &    
also small1 b t greatness 9 u or 9 !    
concrete w nev] admit ! small or admit (
 be+ exce$$3 in/ead ( ?is1 "o ( two ?+s 
w happ51 ei!r ! great] w fly or retire  
be=e ! opposite1 :i* is ! less1 or at ! 
approa* ( ! less has already ceas$ to   
exi/2 b w n1 if all[+ or admitt+ (      
smallness1 be *ang$ by t2 ev5 z ,i1 hav+
 receiv$ & admitt$ smallness :5 comp>$ )
 ,simmias1 rema9 j z ,i 01 & am ! same  
small p]son4 ,& z ! idea ( greatness _c 
condesc5d ev] to be or become small1 9 l
 mann] ! smallness 9 u _c be or become  
great2 nor c any o!r opposite :i* rema9s
 ! same ev] be or become its own        
opposite1 b ei!r passes away or p]i%es 9
 ! *ange4  ,t1 repli$ ,cebes1 is q my   

notion4  ,h]eupon "o ( ! company1 ?\gh  
,i d n exactly rememb] :i* ( !m1 said3  
,9 heav5's "n1 is n ?is ! direct contr>y
 ( :at 0 admitt$ be=e--t out ( ! great] 
came ! less & out ( ! less ! great]1 & t
 opposites 7 simply g5]at$ f opposites2 
b n[ ?is pr9ciple seems to be utt]ly    
d5i$4  ,socrates incl9$ 8 head to !     
speak] & li/5$4 ,i l y\r c\rage1 he     
said1 9 rem9d+ u ( ?is4 ,b y d n obs]ve 
t !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! two cases4 ,= !n
 we 7 speak+ ( opposites 9 ! concrete1 &
 n[ ( ! ess5tial opposite :i*1 z is     
affirm$1 nei!r 9 u nor 9 nature c ev] be
 at v>iance ) itself3 !n1 my fri5d1 we 7
 speak+ ( ?+s 9 :i* opposites are inh]5t
 & :i* are call$ aft] !m1 b n[ ab\t !   
opposites :i* are inh]5t 9 !m & :i* give
 _! "n to !m2 & ^! ess5tial opposites w 
nev]1 z we ma9ta91 admit ( g5]ation into
 or out ( "o ano!r4 ,at ! same "t1 turn+
 to ,cebes1 he said3 ,are y at all      
disconc]t$1 ,cebes1 at our fri5d's      
objection8  ,no1 ,i d n feel s1 said    
,cebes2 & yet ,i _c d5y t ,i am (t5     

di/urb$ by objections4  ,!n we are agre$
 aft] all1 said ,socrates1 t ! opposite 
w nev] 9 any case be oppos$ to itself8  
,to t we are q agre$1 he repli$4  ,yet  
once m let me ask y to consid] ! "q f   
ano!r po9t ( view1 & see :e!r y agree ) 
me3--,!re is a ?+ :i* y t]m heat1 &     
ano!r ?+ :i* y t]m cold8  ,c]ta9ly4  ,b 
are !y ! same z fire & sn[8  ,mo/       
assur$ly n4  ,heat is a ?+ diff]5t f    
fire1 & cold is n ! same ) sn[8  ,yes4  
,& yet y w surely admit1 t :5 sn[1 z 0  
be=e said1 is "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 !y w
 n rema9 sn[ & heat2 b at ! advance ( ! 
heat1 ! sn[ w ei!r retire or p]i%8  ,v  
true1 he repli$4  ,& ! fire too at !    
advance ( ! cold w ei!r retire or p]i%2 
& :5 ! fire is "u ! influ5ce ( ! cold1  
!y w n rema9 z be=e1 fire & cold4  ,t is
 true1 he said4  ,& 9 "s cases ! "n ( ! 
idea is n only atta*$ to ! idea 9 an    
et]nal connection1 b any?+ else :i*1 n  
be+ ! idea1 exi/s only 9 ! =m ( ! idea1 
may also lay claim to x4 ,i w try to    
make ?is cle>] by an example3--,! odd   

numb] is always call$ by ! "n ( odd8  ,v
 true4  ,b is ?is ! only ?+ :i* is call$
 odd8 ,are !re n o!r ?+s :i* h _! own   
"n1 & yet are call$ odd1 because1 al?\gh
 n ! same z oddness1 !y are nev] )\t    
oddness8--t is :at ,i mean to ask--:e!r 
numb]s su* z ! numb] ?ree are n ( !     
class ( odd4 ,& !re are _m o!r examples3
 w\ld y n say1 = example1 t ?ree may be 
call$ by its prop] "n1 & also be call$  
odd1 :i* is n ! same ) ?ree8 & ?is may  
be said n only ( ?ree b also ( five1 & (
 e alt]nate numb]--ea* ( !m )\t be+     
oddness is odd1 & 9 ! same way two &    
f\r1 & ! o!r s]ies ( alt]nate numb]s1   
has e numb] ev51 )\t be+ ev5ness4 ,d y  
agree8  ,( c\rse4  ,!n n[ m>k ! po9t at 
:i* ,i am aim+3--n only d ess5tial      
opposites exclude "o ano!r1 b also      
concrete ?+s1 :i*1 al?\gh n 9 !mselves  
oppos$1 conta9 opposites2 ^!1 ,i say1   
likewise reject ! idea :i* is oppos$ to 
t :i* is conta9$ 9 !m1 & :5 x approa*es 
!m !y ei!r p]i% or )draw4 ,= example2 ,w
 n ! numb] ?ree endure annihilation or  

any?+ soon] ?an be conv]t$ into an ev5  
numb]1 :ile rema9+ ?ree8  ,v true1 said 
,cebes4  ,& yet1 he said1 ! numb] two is
 c]ta9ly n oppos$ to ! numb] ?ree8  ,x  
is n4  ,!n n only d opposite ideas repel
 ! advance ( "o ano!r1 b also !re are   
o!r natures :i* repel ! approa* (       
opposites4  ,v true1 he said4  ,suppose1
 he said1 t we endeav\r1 if possible1 to
 det]m9e :at ^! are4  ,by all means4    
,are !y n1 ,cebes1 su* z compel ! ?+s ( 
:i* !y h possession1 n only to take _!  
own =m1 b also ! =m ( "s opposite8  ,:at
 d y mean8  ,i mean1 z ,i 0 j n[ say+1 &
 z ,i am sure t y "k1 t ^? ?+s :i* are  
possess$ by ! numb] ?ree mu/ n only be  
?ree 9 numb]1 b mu/ also be odd4  ,q    
true4  ,& on ?is oddness1 ( :i* ! numb] 
?ree has ! impress1 ! opposite idea w   
nev] intrude8  ,no4  ,& ?is impress 0   
giv5 by ! odd pr9ciple8  ,yes4  ,& to ! 
odd is oppos$ ! ev58  ,true4  ,!n ! idea
 ( ! ev5 numb] w nev] arrive at ?ree8   
,no4  ,!n ?ree has no "p 9 ! ev58       
,none4  ,!n ! triad or numb] ?ree is    

unev58  ,v true4  ,to return !n to my   
di/9ction ( natures :i* are n oppos$1 & 
yet d n admit opposites--z1 9 ! in/ance 
giv51 ?ree1 al?\gh n oppos$ to ! ev51   
does n any ! m admit ( ! ev51 b always  
br+s ! opposite into play on ! o!r side2
 or z two does n receive ! odd1 or fire 
! cold--f ^! examples 7& !re are _m m ( 
!m7 p]haps y may be able to arrive at ! 
g5]al conclusion1 t n only opposites w n
 receive opposites1 b also t no?+ :i*   
br+s ! opposite w admit ! opposite ( t  
:i* x br+s1 9 t to :i* x is br\ght4 ,&  
"h let me recapitulate--= !re is no h>m 
9 repetition4 ,! numb] five w n admit ! 
nature ( ! ev51 any m ?an t51 :i* is !  
d\ble ( five1 w admit ! nature ( ! odd4 
,! d\ble has ano!r opposite1 & is n     
/rictly oppos$ to ! odd1 b nev]!less    
rejects ! odd altoge!r4 ,nor aga9 w p>ts
 9 ! ratio #c3b1 nor any fraction 9 :i* 
!re is a half1 nor aga9 9 :i* !re is a  
?ird1 admit ! notion ( ! :ole1 al?\gh !y
 are n oppos$ to ! :ole3 ,y w agree8    
,yes1 he said1 ,i entirely agree & g    

along ) y 9 t4  ,& n[1 he said1 let u   
beg9 aga92 & d n y answ] my "q 9 ! words
 9 :i* ,i ask x3 let me h n ! old safe  
answ] ( :i* ,i spoke at fir/1 b ano!r   
equally safe1 ( :i* ! tru? w be inf]r$  
by y f :at has be5 j said4 ,i mean t if 
any "o asks y ':at t is1 ( :i* ! inh]5ce
 makes ! body hot1' y w reply n heat    
7?is is :at ,i call ! safe & /upid      
answ]71 b fire1 a f> sup]ior answ]1 :i* 
we are n[ 9 a condition to give4 ,or if 
any "o asks y ':y a body is diseas$1' y 
w n say f disease1 b f fev]2 & in/ead ( 
say+ t oddness is ! cause ( odd numb]s1 
y w say t ! monad is ! cause ( !m3 & s (
 ?+s 9 g5]al1 z ,i d>e say t y w und]/& 
suffici5tly )\t my adduc+ any fur!r     
examples4  ,yes1 he said1 ,i q und]/& y4
  ,tell me1 !n1 :at is t ( :i* ! inh]5ce
 w r5d] ! body alive8  ,! s\l1 he       
repli$4  ,& is ?is always ! case8  ,yes1
 he said1 ( c\rse4  ,!n :atev] ! s\l    
possesses1 to t %e comes be>+ life8     
,yes1 c]ta9ly4  ,& is !re any opposite  
to life8  ,!re is1 he said4  ,& :at is  

t8  ,dea?4  ,!n ! s\l1 z has be5        
ackn[l$g$1 w nev] receive ! opposite (  
:at %e br+s4  ,impossible1 repli$       
,cebes4  ,& n[1 he said1 :at did we j n[
 call t pr9ciple :i* repels ! ev58  ,!  
odd4  ,& t pr9ciple :i* repels !        
musical1 or ! j8  ,! unmusical1 he said1
 & ! unju/4  ,& :at d we call ! pr9ciple
 :i* does n admit ( dea?8  ,! immortal1 
he said4  ,& does ! s\l admit ( dea?8   
,no4  ,!n ! s\l is immortal8  ,yes1 he  
said4  ,& may we say t ?is has be5      
prov58  ,yes1 abundantly prov51         
,socrates1 he repli$4  ,suppos+ t ! odd 
7 imp]i%able1 mu/ n ?ree be imp]i%able8 
,( c\rse4  ,& if t :i* is cold 7        
imp]i%able1 :5 ! w>m pr9ciple came      
attack+ ! sn[1 mu/ n ! sn[ h retir$ :ole
 & unmelt$--= x c\ld nev] h p]i%$1 nor  
c\ld x h rema9$ & admitt$ ! heat8       
,true1 he said4  ,aga91 if ! uncool+ or 
w>m pr9ciple 7 imp]i%able1 ! fire :5    
assail$ by cold w\ld n h p]i%$ or h be5 
ext+ui%$1 b w\ld h gone away unaffect$8 
,c]ta9ly1 he said4  ,& ! same may be    

said ( ! immortal3 if ! immortal is also
 imp]i%able1 ! s\l :5 attack$ by dea? _c
 p]i%2 = ! prec$+ argum5t %[s t ! s\l w 
n admit ( dea?1 or ev] be dead1 any m   
?an ?ree or ! odd numb] w admit ( ! ev51
 or fire or ! heat 9 ! fire1 ( ! cold4  
,yet a p]son may say3 ',b al?\gh ! odd w
 n become ev5 at ! approa* ( ! ev51 :y  
may n ! odd p]i% & ! ev5 take ! place ( 
! odd8' ,n[ to him :o makes ?is         
objection1 we _c answ] t ! odd pr9ciple 
is imp]i%able2 = ?is has n be5          
ackn[l$g$1 b if ?is _h be5 ackn[l$g$1   
!re w\ld h be5 no difficulty 9 cont5d+ t
 at ! approa* ( ! ev5 ! odd pr9ciple & !
 numb] ?ree took _! dep>ture2 & ! same  
argum5t w\ld h held good ( fire & heat &
 any o!r ?+4  ,v true4  ,& ! same may be
 said ( ! immortal3 if ! immortal is    
also imp]i%able1 !n ! s\l w be          
imp]i%able z well z immortal2 b if n1 "s
 o!r pro( ( h] imp]i%abl5ess w h to be  
giv54  ,no o!r pro( is ne$$1 he said2 = 
if ! immortal1 be+ et]nal1 is liable to 
p]i%1 !n no?+ is imp]i%able4  ,yes1     

repli$ ,socrates1 & yet all m5 w agree t
 ,god1 & ! ess5tial =m ( life1 & !      
immortal 9 g5]al1 w nev] p]i%4  ,yes1   
all m51 he said--t is true2 & :at is m1 
gods1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 z well z m54   
,see+ !n t ! immortal is inde/ructible1 
mu/ n ! s\l1 if %e is immortal1 be also 
imp]i%able8  ,mo/ c]ta9ly4  ,!n :5 dea? 
attacks a man1 ! mortal portion ( him   
may be suppos$ to die1 b ! immortal     
retires at ! approa* ( dea? & is pres]v$
 safe & s\nd8  ,true4  ,!n1 ,cebes1     
beyond "q1 ! s\l is immortal &          
imp]i%able1 & our s\ls w truly exi/ 9   
ano!r _w6  ,i am conv9c$1 ,socrates1    
said ,cebes1 & h no?+ m to object2 b if 
my fri5d ,simmias1 or any "o else1 has  
any fur!r objection to make1 he _h bett]
 speak out1 & n keep sil5ce1 s9ce ,i d n
 "k to :at o!r season he c def] !       
discussion1 if !re is any?+ :i* he wants
 to say or to h said4  ,b ,i h no?+ m to
 say1 repli$ ,simmias2 nor c ,i see any 
reason = d\bt aft] :at has be5 said4 ,b 
,i /ill feel & _c help feel+ unc]ta9 9  

my own m9d1 :5 ,i ?9k ( ! greatness ( ! 
subject & ! feebl5ess ( man4  ,yes1     
,simmias1 repli$ ,socrates1 t is well   
said3 & ,i may add t fir/ pr9ciples1 ev5
 if !y appe> c]ta91 %\ld be c>efully    
consid]$2 & :5 !y are satisfactorily    
asc]ta9$1 !n1 ) a sort ( hesitat+       
confid5ce 9 human reason1 y may1 ,i ?9k1
 foll[ ! c\rse ( ! argum5t2 & if t be   
pla9 & cle>1 !re w be no ne$ = any fur!r
 enquiry4  ,v true4  ,b !n1 ,o my       
fri5ds1 he said1 if ! s\l is really     
immortal1 :at c>e %\ld be tak5 ( h]1 n  
only 9 respect ( ! portion ( "t :i* is  
call$ life1 b ( et]nity6 ,& ! dang] (   
neglect+ h] f ?is po9t ( view does inde$
 appe> to be awful4 ,if dea? _h only be5
 ! end ( all1 ! wick$ w\ld h _h a good  
b>ga9 9 dy+1 = !y w\ld h be5 happily    
quit n only ( _! body1 b ( _! own evil  
toge!r ) _! s\ls4 ,b n[1 inasmu* z ! s\l
 is manife/ly immortal1 !re is no       
release or salvation f evil except !    
atta9m5t ( ! highe/ virtue & wisdom4 ,= 
! s\l :5 on h] progress to ! _w bel[    

takes no?+ ) h] b nurture & education2 &
 ^! are said greatly to b5efit or       
greatly to injure ! dep>t$1 at ! v      
beg9n+ ( 8 j\rney ?i!r4  ,= aft] dea?1 z
 !y say1 ! g5ius ( ea* individual1 to   
:om he belong$ 9 life1 leads him to a   
c]ta9 place 9 :i* ! dead are ga!r$      
toge!r1 :5ce aft] judgm5t has be5 giv5  
!y pass into ! _w bel[1 foll[+ ! guide1 
:o is appo9t$ to conduct !m f ?is _w to 
! o!r3 & :5 !y h !re receiv$ _! due &   
rema9$ _! "t1 ano!r guide br+s !m back  
aga9 aft] _m revolutions ( ages4 ,n[ ?is
 way to ! o!r _w is n1 z ,aes*ylus says 
9 ! ,telephus1 a s+le & /raight pa?--if 
t 7 s no guide w\ld be ne$$1 = no "o    
c\ld miss x2 b !re are _m p>t+s ( !     
road1 & w9d+s1 z ,i inf] f ! rites &    
sacrifices :i* are (f]$ to ! gods bel[ 9
 places :]e ?ree ways meet on e>?4 ,!   
wise & ord]ly s\l foll[s 9 ! /raight pa?
 & is consci\s ( h] surr\nd+s2 b ! s\l  
:i* desires ! body1 & :i*1 z ,i 0 relat+
 be=e1 has long be5 flutt]+ ab\t !      
lifeless frame & ! _w ( sight1 is aft]  

_m /ruggles & _m suff]+s h>dly & )      
viol5ce c>ri$ away by h] att5dant g5ius1
 & :5 %e arrives at ! place :]e ! o!r   
s\ls are ga!r$1 if %e be impure & h done
 impure de$s1 :e!r f\l murd]s or o!r    
crimes :i* are ! bro!rs ( ^!1 & ! works 
( bro!rs 9 crime--f t s\l e "o flees &  
turns away2 no "o w be h] companion1 no 
"o h] guide1 b alone %e w&]s 9 extremity
 ( evil until c]ta9 times are fulfill$1 
& :5 !y are fulfill$1 %e is borne       
irresi/ibly to h] own fitt+ habitation2 
z e pure & j s\l :i* has pass$ ?r\gh    
life 9 ! company & "u ! guidance ( !    
gods has also h] own prop] home4  ,n[ ! 
e>? has div]s wond]ful regions1 & is    
inde$ 9 nature & ext5t v unlike !       
notions ( geograph]s1 z ,i believe on ! 
au?ority ( "o :o %all be nameless4  ,:at
 d y mean1 ,socrates8 said ,simmias4 ,i 
h myself he>d _m descriptions ( ! e>?1 b
 ,i d n "k1 & ,i %\ld v mu* l to "k1 9  
:i* ( ^! y put fai?4  ,& ,i1 ,simmias1  
repli$ ,socrates1 if ,i _h ! art (      
,glaucus w\ld tell y2 al?\gh ,i "k n t !

 art ( ,glaucus c\ld prove ! tru? ( my  
tale1 :i* ,i myself %\ld nev] be able to
 prove1 & ev5 if ,i c\ld1 ,i fe>1       
,simmias1 t my life w\ld come to an end 
be=e ! argum5t 0 complet$4 ,i may       
describe to y1 h[ev]1 ! =m & regions ( !
 e>? accord+ to my conception ( !m4  ,t1
 said ,simmias1 w be en\gh4  ,well1 !n1 
he said1 my conviction is1 t ! e>? is a 
r\nd body 9 ! c5tre ( ! heav5s1 & !re=e 
has no ne$ ( air or any simil> =ce to be
 a support1 b is kept !re & h9d]$ f     
fall+ or incl9+ any way by ! equability 
( ! surr\nd+ heav5 & by h] own          
equipoise4 ,= t :i*1 be+ 9 equipoise1 is
 9 ! c5tre ( t :i* is equably diffus$1 w
 n incl9e any way 9 any degree1 b w     
always rema9 9 ! same /ate & n deviate4 
,& ?is is my fir/ notion4  ,:i* is      
surely a correct "o1 said ,simmias4     
,also ,i believe t ! e>? is v va/1 & t  
we :o dwell 9 ! region ext5d+ f ! riv]  
,phasis to ! ,pill>s ( ,h]acles inhabit 
a small portion only ab\t ! sea1 l ants 
or frogs ab\t a m>%1 & t !re are o!r    

inhabitants ( _m o!r l places2 = ev]y:]e
 on ! face ( ! e>? !re are holl[s (     
v>i\s =ms & sizes1 into :i* ! wat] & !  
mi/ & ! l[] air collect4 ,b ! true e>?  
is pure & situat$ 9 ! pure heav5--!re   
are ! />s also2 & x is ! heav5 :i* is   
commonly spok5 ( by u z ! e!r1 & ( :i*  
our own e>? is ! s$im5t ga!r+ 9 ! holl[s
 b5ea?4 ,b we :o live 9 ^! holl[s are   
deceiv$ into ! notion t we are dwell+   
above on ! surface ( ! e>?2 :i* is j z  
if a creature :o 0 at ! bottom ( ! sea 7
 to fancy t he 0 on ! surface ( ! wat]1 
& t ! sea 0 ! heav5 ?r\gh :i* he saw !  
sun & ! o!r />s1 he hav+ nev] come to ! 
surface by reason ( 8 feebl5ess &       
sluggi%ness1 & hav+ nev] lift$ up 8 head
 & se51 nor ev] he>d f "o :o _h se51 h[ 
mu* pur] & fair] ! _w above is ?an 8    
own4 ,& su* is exactly our case3 = we   
are dwell+ 9 a holl[ ( ! e>?1 & fancy t 
we are on ! surface2 & ! air we call !  
heav51 9 :i* we imag9e t ! />s move4 ,b 
! fact is1 t ow+ to our feebl5ess &     
sluggi%ness we are prev5t$ f rea*+ !    

surface ( ! air3 = if any man c\ld      
arrive at ! ext]ior limit1 or take ! w+s
 ( a bird & come to ! top1 !n l a fi% :o
 puts 8 head out ( ! wat] & sees ?is _w1
 he w\ld see a _w beyond2 &1 if ! nature
 ( man c\ld su/a9 ! sight1 he w\ld      
ackn[l$ge t ?is o!r _w 0 ! place ( !    
true heav5 & ! true light & ! true e>?4 
,= our e>?1 & ! /ones1 & ! entire region
 :i* surr\nds u1 are spoilt & corrod$1 z
 9 ! sea all ?+s are corrod$ by ! br9e1 
nei!r is !re any noble or p]fect gr[?1 b
 cav]ns only1 & s&1 & an endless sl\gh (
 mud3 & ev5 ! %ore is n to be comp>$ to 
! fair] sights ( ?is _w4 ,& /ill less is
 ?is our _w to be comp>$ ) ! o!r4 ,( t  
upp] e>? :i* is "u ! heav51 ,i c tell y 
a *>m+ tale1 ,simmias1 :i* is well wor? 
he>+4  ,& we1 ,socrates1 repli$         
,simmias1 %all be *>m$ to li/5 to y4  ,!
 tale1 my fri5d1 he said1 is z          
foll[s3--,9 ! fir/ place1 ! e>?1 :5     
look$ at f above1 is 9 appe>ance /reak$ 
l "o ( ^? balls :i* h lea!r cov]+s 9    
twelve pieces1 & is deck$ ) v>i\s       

col\rs1 ( :i* ! col\rs us$ by pa9t]s on 
e>? are 9 a mann] samples4 ,b !re ! :ole
 e>? is made up ( !m1 & !y are bright]  
f> & cle>] ?an ours2 !re is a purple (  
wond]ful lu/re1 also ! radiance ( gold1 
& ! :ite :i* is 9 ! e>? is :it] ?an any 
*alk or sn[4 ,( ^! & o!r col\rs ! e>? is
 made up1 & !y are m 9 numb] & fair] ?an
 ! eye ( man has ev] se52 ! v holl[s 7( 
:i* ,i 0 speak+7 fill$ ) air & wat] h a 
col\r ( _! own1 & are se5 l light gleam+
 amid ! div]sity ( ! o!r col\rs1 s t !  
:ole pres5ts a s+le & cont9u\s appe>ance
 ( v>iety 9 unity4 ,& 9 ?is fair region 
ev]y?+ t gr[s--trees1 & fl[]s1 &        
fruits--are 9 a l degree fair] ?an any  
"h2 & !re are hills1 hav+ /ones 9 !m 9 a
 l degree smoo!r1 & m transp>5t1 & fair]
 9 col\r ?an our highly-valu$ em]alds & 
s>donyxes & jasp]s1 & o!r gems1 :i* are 
b m9ute fragm5ts ( !m3 = !re all ! /ones
 are l our preci\s /ones1 & fair] /ill  
7comp>e ,republic74 ,! reason is1 t !y  
are pure1 & n1 l our preci\s /ones1     
infect$ or corrod$ by ! corrupt br9y    

elem5ts :i* coagulate among u1 & :i*    
bre$ f\lness & disease bo? 9 e>? &      
/ones1 z well z 9 animals & plants4 ,!y 
are ! jewels ( ! upp] e>?1 :i* also %9es
 ) gold & silv] & ! l1 & !y are set 9 ! 
light ( day & are l>ge & abundant & 9   
all places1 mak+ ! e>? a sight to gladd5
 ! behold]'s eye4 ,& !re are animals &  
m51 "s 9 a middle region1 o!rs dwell+   
ab\t ! air z we dwell ab\t ! sea2 o!rs 9
 isl&s :i* ! air fl[s r\nd1 ne> !       
cont95t3 & 9 a ^w1 ! air is us$ by !m z 
! wat] & ! sea are by u1 & ! e!r is to  
!m :at ! air is to u4 ,moreov]1 !       
temp]am5t ( _! seasons is su* t !y h no 
disease1 & live mu* long] ?an we d1 & h 
sight & he>+ & smell1 & all ! o!r s5ses1
 9 f> great] p]fection1 9 ! same        
proportion t air is pur] ?an wat] or !  
e!r ?an air4 ,also !y h temples & sacr$ 
places 9 :i* ! gods really dwell1 & !y  
he> _! voices & receive _! answ]s1 & are
 consci\s ( !m & hold conv]se ) !m1 & !y
 see ! sun1 moon1 & />s z !y truly are1 
& _! o!r bless$ness is ( a piece ) ?is4 

,su* is ! nature ( ! :ole e>?1 & ( ! ?+s
 :i* are ar\nd ! e>?2 & !re are div]s   
regions 9 ! holl[s on ! face ( ! globe  
ev]y:]e1 "s ( !m deep] & m ext5d$ ?an t 
:i* we inhabit1 o!rs deep] b ) a n>r[]  
op5+ ?an ours1 & "s are %all[] & also   
wid]4 ,all h num]\s p]=ations1 & !re are
 passages broad & n>r[ 9 ! int]ior ( !  
e>?1 connect+ !m ) "o ano!r2 & !re fl[s 
out ( & into !m1 z into bas9s1 a va/    
tide ( wat]1 & huge subt]ranean /reams (
 p]5nial riv]s1 & spr+s hot & cold1 & a 
great fire1 & great riv]s ( fire1 &     
/reams ( liquid mud1 ?9 or ?ick 7l !    
riv]s ( mud 9 ,sicily1 & ! lava /reams  
:i* foll[ !m71 & ! regions ab\t :i* !y  
happ5 to fl[ are fill$ up ) !m4 ,& !re  
is a sw++ or see-saw 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?
 :i* moves all ?is up & d[n1 & is due to
 ! foll[+ cause3--,!re is a *asm :i* is 
! va/e/ ( !m all1 & pi]ces "r ?r\gh !   
:ole e>?2 ?is is t *asm :i* ,hom]       
describes 9 ! words1--       ',f> (f1   
:]e is ! inmo/ dep? b5ea? ! e>?2'  & :i*
 he 9 o!r places1 & _m o!r poets1 h     

call$ ,t>t>us4 ,& ! see-saw is caus$ by 
! /reams fl[+ into & out ( ?is *asm1 &  
!y ea* h ! nature ( ! soil ?r\gh :i* !y 
fl[4 ,& ! reason :y ! /reams are always 
fl[+ 9 & out1 is t ! wat]y elem5t has no
 b$ or bottom1 b is sw++ & surg+ up &   
d[n1 & ! surr\nd+ w9d & air d ! same2 !y
 foll[ ! wat] up & d[n1 hi!r & ?i!r1 ov]
 ! e>?--j z 9 ! act ( respiration ! air 
is always 9 process ( inhalation &      
exhalation2--& ! w9d sw++ ) ! wat] 9 &  
out produces fe>ful & irresi/ible bla/s3
 :5 ! wat]s retire ) a ru% into ! l[]   
p>ts ( ! e>?1 z !y are call$1 !y fl[    
?r\gh ! e>? 9 ^? regions1 & fill !m up l
 wat] rais$ by a pump1 & !n :5 !y leave 
^? regions & ru% back hi!r1 !y aga9 fill
 ! holl[s "h1 & :5 ^! are fill$1 fl[    
?r\gh subt]ranean *annels & f9d _! way  
to _! sev]al places1 =m+ seas1 & lakes1 
& riv]s1 & spr+s4 ,!nce !y aga9 ent] !  
e>?1 "s ( !m mak+ a long circuit into _m
 l&s1 o!rs go+ to a few places & n s    
di/ant2 & aga9 fall into ,t>t>us1 "s at 
a po9t a good deal l[] ?an t at :i* !y  

rose1 & o!rs n mu* l[]1 b all 9 "s      
degree l[] ?an ! po9t f :i* !y came4 ,& 
"s bur/ =? aga9 on ! opposite side1 & "s
 on ! same side1 & "s w9d r\nd ! e>? )  
"o or _m folds l ! coils ( a s]p5t1 &   
desc5d z f> z !y c1 b always return &   
fall into ! *asm4 ,! riv]s fl[+ 9 ei!r  
direction c desc5d only to ! c5tre & no 
fur!r1 = opposite to ! riv]s is a       
precipice4  ,n[ ^! riv]s are _m1 &      
mighty1 & div]se1 & !re are f\r pr9cipal
 ones1 ( :i* ! greate/ & out]mo/ is t   
call$ ,oceanus1 :i* fl[s r\nd ! e>? 9 a 
circle2 & 9 ! opposite direction fl[s   
,a*]on1 :i* passes "u ! e>? ?r\gh des]t 
places into ! ,a*]usian lake3 ?is is !  
lake to ! %ores ( :i* ! s\ls ( ! _m g :5
 !y are dead1 & aft] wait+ an appo9t$   
"t1 :i* is to "s a long] & to "s a %ort]
 "t1 !y are s5t back to be born aga9 z  
animals4 ,! ?ird riv] passes out betwe5 
! two1 & ne> ! place ( outlet p\rs into 
a va/ region ( fire1 & =ms a lake l>g]  
?an ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 boil+ ) wat] & 
mud2 & proce$+ muddy & turbid1 & w9d+   

ab\t ! e>?1 comes1 among o!r places1 to 
! extremities ( ! ,a*]usian ,lake1 b    
m+les n ) ! wat]s ( ! lake1 & aft] mak+ 
_m coils ab\t ! e>? plunges into ,t>t>us
 at a deep] level4 ,?is is t            
,pyriphlege?on1 z ! /ream is call$1 :i* 
?r[s up jets ( fire 9 diff]5t p>ts ( !  
e>?4 ,! f\r? riv] goes out on ! opposite
 side1 & falls fir/ ( all into a wild & 
savage region1 :i* is all ( a d>k-blue  
col\r1 l lapis lazuli2 & ?is is t riv]  
:i* is call$ ! ,/ygian riv]1 & falls    
into & =ms ! ,lake ,/yx1 & aft] fall+   
into ! lake & receiv+ /range p[]s 9 !   
wat]s1 passes "u ! e>?1 w9d+ r\nd 9 !   
opposite direction1 & comes ne> !       
,a*]usian lake f ! opposite side to     
,pyriphlege?on4 ,& ! wat] ( ?is riv] too
 m+les ) no o!r1 b fl[s r\nd 9 a circle 
& falls into ,t>t>us ov] aga9/          
,pyriphlege?on2 & ! "n ( ! riv]1 z !    
poets say1 is ,cocytus4  ,su* is !      
nature ( ! o!r _w2 & :5 ! dead arrive at
 ! place to :i* ! g5ius ( ea* sev]ally  
guides !m1 fir/ ( all1 !y h s5t5ce pass$

 ^u !m1 z !y h liv$ well & pi\sly or n4 
,& ^? :o appe> to h liv$ nei!r well nor 
ill1 g to ! riv] ,a*]on1 & emb>k+ 9 any 
vessels :i* !y may f9d1 are c>ri$ 9 !m  
to ! lake1 & !re !y dwell & are purifi$ 
( _! evil de$s1 & hav+ suff]$ ! p5alty (
 ! wrongs :i* !y h done to o!rs1 !y are 
absolv$1 & receive ! rew>ds ( _! good   
de$s1 ea* ( !m accord+ to 8 des]ts4 ,b  
^? :o appe> to be incurable by reason ( 
! greatness ( _! crimes--:o h committ$  
_m & t]rible de$s ( sacrilege1 murd]s   
f\l & viol5t1 or ! l--su* are hurl$ into
 ,t>t>us :i* is _! suitable de/9y1 & !y 
nev] come out4 ,^? aga9 :o h committ$   
crimes1 :i*1 al?\gh great1 are n        
irrem$iable--:o 9 a mom5t ( ang]1 =     
example1 h done viol5ce to a fa!r or a  
"m1 & h rep5t$ = ! rema9d] ( _! lives1  
or1 :o h tak5 ! life ( ano!r "u ! l     
ext5uat+ circum/ances--^! are plung$    
into ,t>t>us1 ! pa9s ( :i* !y are       
compell$ to und]go = a ye>1 b at ! end (
 ! ye> ! wave ca/s !m =?--m]e homicides 
by way ( ,cocytus1 p>ricides &          

matricides by ,pyriphlege?on--& !y are  
borne to ! ,a*]usian lake1 & !re !y lift
 up _! voices & call ^u ! victims :om !y
 h sla9 or wrong$1 to h pity on !m1 & to
 be k9d to !m1 & let !m come out into ! 
lake4 ,& if !y prevail1 !n !y come =? & 
cease f _! tr\bles2 b if n1 !y are c>ri$
 back aga9 into ,t>t>us & f !nce into ! 
riv]s unceas+ly1 until !y obta9 m]cy f  
^? :om !y h wrong$3 = t is ! s5t5ce     
inflict$ ^u !m by _! judges4 ,^? too :o 
h be5 pre-em95t = hol9ess ( life are    
releas$ f ?is e>?ly prison1 & g to _!   
pure home :i* is above1 & dwell 9 ! pur]
 e>?2 & ( ^!1 su* z h duly purifi$      
!mselves ) philosophy live h5ce=?       
altoge!r )\t ! body1 9 mansions fair]   
/ill :i* may n be describ$1 & ( :i* ! "t
 w\ld fail me to tell4  ,:]e=e1         
,simmias1 see+ all ^! ?+s1 :at ought n  
we to d t we may obta9 virtue & wisdom 9
 ?is life8 ,fair is ! prize1 & ! hope   
great6  ,a man ( s5se ought n to say1   
nor w ,i be v confid5t1 t ! description 
:i* ,i h giv5 ( ! s\l & h] mansions is  

exactly true4 ,b ,i d say t1 inasmu* z !
 s\l is %[n to be immortal1 he may      
v5ture to ?9k1 n improp]ly or unwor?ily1
 t some?+ ( ! k9d is true4 ,! v5ture is 
a glori\s "o1 & he ought to com=t       
himself ) words l ^!1 :i* is ! reason :y
 ,i l5g!n out ! tale4 ,:]e=e1 ,i say1   
let a man be ( good *e] ab\t 8 s\l1 :o  
hav+ ca/ away ! pleasures & ornam5ts ( !
 body z ali5 to him & work+ h>m r ?an   
good1 has s\ght aft] ! pleasures ( k2 & 
has array$ ! s\l1 n 9 "s =eign attire1 b
 9 h] own prop] jewels1 temp]ance1 &    
ju/ice1 & c\rage1 & nobility1 & tru?--9 
^! adorn$ %e is ready to g on h] j\rney 
to ! _w bel[1 :5 h] h\r comes4 ,y1      
,simmias & ,cebes1 & all o!r m51 w dep>t
 at "s "t or o!r4 ,me already1 z !      
tragic poet w\ld say1 ! voice ( fate    
calls4 ,soon ,i mu/ dr9k ! poison2 & ,i 
?9k t ,i _h bett] repair to ! ba? fir/1 
9 ord] t ! wom5 may n h ! tr\ble ( wa%+ 
my body aft] ,i am dead4  ,:5 he _h done
 speak+1 ,crito said3 ,& h y any comm&s 
= u1 ,socrates--any?+ to say ab\t y\r   

*ildr51 or any o!r matt] 9 :i* we c s]ve
 y8  ,no?+ p>ticul>1 ,crito1 he repli$3 
only1 z ,i h always told y1 take c>e (  
y\rselves2 t is a s]vice :i* y may be   
ev] r5d]+ to me & m9e & to all ( u1 :e!r
 y promise to d s or n4 ,b if y h no    
?\ght = y\rselves1 & c>e n to walk      
accord+ to ! rule :i* ,i h prescrib$ =  
y1 n n[ = ! fir/ "t1 h[ev] mu* y may    
pr(ess or promise at ! mom5t1 x w be (  
no avail4  ,we w d our be/1 said ,crito3
 ,& 9 :at way %all we bury y8  ,9 any   
way t y l2 b y mu/ get hold ( me1 & take
 c>e t ,i d n run away f y4 ,!n he turn$
 to u1 & add$ ) a smile3--,i _c make    
,crito believe t ,i am ! same ,socrates 
:o h be5 talk+ & conduct+ ! argum5t2 he 
fancies t ,i am ! o!r ,socrates :om he w
 soon see1 a dead body--& he asks1 ,h[  
%all he bury me8 ,& ?\gh ,i h spok5 _m  
words 9 ! endeav\r to %[ t :5 ,i h drunk
 ! poison ,i %all leave y & g to ! joys 
( ! bless$1--^! words ( m9e1 ) :i* ,i 0 
com=t+ y & myself1 h _h1 z ,i p]ceive1  
no effect ^u ,crito4 ,& !re=e ,i want y 

to be surety = me to him n[1 z at !     
trial he 0 surety to ! judges = me3 b   
let ! promise be ( ano!r sort2 = he 0   
surety = me to ! judges t ,i w\ld rema91
 & y mu/ be my surety to him t ,i %all n
 rema91 b g away & dep>t2 & !n he w     
suff] less at my dea?1 & n be griev$ :5 
he sees my body be+ burn$ or buri$4 ,i  
w\ld n h him sorr[ at my h>d lot1 or say
 at ! burial1 ,?us we lay out ,socrates1
 or1 ,?us we foll[ him to ! grave or    
bury him2 = false words are n only evil 
9 !mselves1 b !y infect ! s\l ) evil4   
,be ( good *e]1 !n1 my de> ,crito1 & say
 t y are bury+ my body only1 & d ) t    
:atev] is usual1 & :at y ?9k be/4  ,:5  
he _h spok5 ^! words1 he arose & w5t    
into a *amb] to ba!2 ,crito foll[$ him &
 told u to wait4 ,s we rema9$ beh9d1    
talk+ & ?9k+ ( ! subject ( disc\rse1 &  
also ( ! greatness ( our sorr[2 he 0 l a
 fa!r ( :om we 7 be+ b]eav$1 & we 7 ab\t
 to pass ! re/ ( our lives z orphans4   
,:5 he _h tak5 ! ba? 8 *ildr5 7 br\ght  
to him--7he _h two "y sons & an eld]    

"o72 & ! wom5 ( 8 family also came1 & he
 talk$ to !m & gave !m a few directions 
9 ! pres5ce ( ,crito2 !n he dismiss$ !m 
& return$ to u4  ,n[ ! h\r ( sunset 0   
ne>1 = a good deal ( "t _h pass$ :ile he
 0 )94 ,:5 he came out1 he sat d[n ) u  
aga9 aft] 8 ba?1 b n mu* 0 said4 ,soon !
 jail]1 :o 0 ! s]vant ( ! ,elev51 ent]$ 
& /ood by him1 say+3--,to y1 ,socrates1 
:om ,i "k to be ! noble/ & g5tle/ & be/ 
( all :o ev] came to ?is place1 ,i w n  
impute ! angry feel+s ( o!r m51 :o rage 
& swe> at me1 :51 9 ob$i5ce to !        
au?orities1 ,i bid !m dr9k !            
poison--inde$1 ,i am sure t y w n be    
angry ) me2 = o!rs1 z y are aw>e1 & n   
,i1 are to blame4 ,& s f>e y well1 & try
 to be> lightly :at mu/ ne$s be--y "k my
 err&4 ,!n bur/+ into te>s he turn$ away
 & w5t out4  ,socrates look$ at him &   
said3 ,i return y\r good wi%es1 & w d z 
y bid4 ,!n turn+ to u1 he said1 ,h[ *>m+
 ! man is3 s9ce ,i h be5 9 prison he has
 always be5 com+ to see me1 & at times  
he w\ld talk to me1 & 0 z good to me z  

c\ld be1 & n[ see h[ g5]\sly he sorr[s  
on my acc\nt4 ,we mu/ d z he says1      
,crito2 & !re=e let ! cup be br\ght1 if 
! poison is prep>$3 if n1 let ! att5dant
 prep>e "s4  ,yet1 said ,crito1 ! sun is
 /ill ^u ! hill-tops1 & ,i "k t _m a "o 
has tak5 ! draught late1 & aft] !       
ann\ncem5t has be5 made to him1 he has  
eat5 & drunk1 & enjoy$ ! society ( 8    
belov$2 d n hurry--!re is "t en\gh4     
,socrates said3 ,yes1 ,crito1 & !y ( :om
 y speak are "r 9 s act+1 = !y ?9k t !y 
w be ga9]s by ! delay2 b ,i am "r 9 n   
foll[+ _! example1 = ,i d n ?9k t ,i    
%\ld ga9 any?+ by dr9k+ ! poison a      
little lat]2 ,i %\ld only be ridicul\s 9
 my own eyes = sp>+ & sav+ a life :i* is
 already =feit4 ,please !n to d z ,i    
say1 & n to refuse me4  ,crito made a   
sign to ! s]vant1 :o 0 /&+ by2 & he w5t 
out1 & hav+ be5 abs5t = "s "t1 return$ )
 ! jail] c>ry+ ! cup ( poison4 ,socrates
 said3 ,y1 my good fri5d1 :o are        
exp]i5c$ 9 ^! matt]s1 %all give me      
directions h[ ,i am to proce$4 ,! man   

answ]$3 ,y h only to walk ab\t until y\r
 legs are heavy1 & !n to lie d[n1 & !   
poison w act4 ,at ! same "t he h&$ ! cup
 to ,socrates1 :o 9 ! easie/ & g5tle/   
mann]1 )\t ! lea/ fe> or *ange ( col\r  
or feature1 look+ at ! man ) all 8 eyes1
 ,e*ecrates1 z 8 mann] 01 took ! cup &  
said3 ,:at d y say ab\t mak+ a libation 
out ( ?is cup to any god8 ,may ,i1 or n8
 ,! man answ]$3 ,we only prep>e1        
,socrates1 j s mu* z we deem en\gh4 ,i  
und]/&1 he said3 b ,i may & mu/ ask !   
gods to prosp] my j\rney f ?is to ! o!r 
_w--ev5 s--& s be x accord+ to my pray]4
 ,!n rais+ ! cup to 8 lips1 q readily & 
*e]fully he drank (f ! poison4 ,& hi!rto
 mo/ ( u _h be5 able to control our     
sorr[2 b n[ :5 we saw him dr9k+1 & saw  
too t he _h f9i%$ ! draught1 we c\ld no 
long] =be>1 & 9 spite ( myself my own   
te>s 7 fl[+ fa/2 s t ,i cov]$ my face & 
wept1 n = him1 b at ! ?\ght ( my own    
calamity 9 hav+ to "p f su* a fri5d4    
,nor 0 ,i ! fir/2 = ,crito1 :5 he f\nd  
himself unable to re/ra9 8 te>s1 _h got 

up1 & ,i foll[$2 & at t mom5t1          
,apollodorus1 :o _h be5 weep+ all ! "t1 
broke out 9 a l\d & passionate cry :i*  
made c[>ds ( u all4 ,socrates alone     
reta9$ 8 calmness3 ,:at is ?is /range   
outcry8 he said4 ,i s5t away ! wom5     
ma9ly 9 ord] t !y might n misbehave 9   
?is way1 = ,i h be5 told t a man %\ld   
die 9 peace4 ,be quiet1 !n1 & h pati5ce4
 ,:5 we he>d 8 words we 7 a%am$1 &      
refra9$ our te>s2 & he walk$ ab\t until1
 z he said1 8 legs began to fail1 & !n  
he lay on 8 back1 accord+ to !          
directions1 & ! man :o gave him ! poison
 n[ & !n look$ at 8 feet & legs2 & aft] 
a :ile he press$ 8 foot h>d1 & ask$ him 
if he c\ld feel2 & he said1 ,no2 & !n 8 
leg1 & s upw>ds & upw>ds1 & %[$ u t he 0
 cold & /iff4 ,& he felt !m himself1 &  
said3 ,:5 ! poison rea*es ! he>t1 t w be
 ! end4 ,he 0 beg9n+ to gr[ cold ab\t ! 
gro91 :5 he uncov]$ 8 face1 = he _h     
cov]$ himself up1 & said--!y 7 8 la/    
words--he said3 ,crito1 ,i owe a cock to
 ,asclepius2 w y rememb] to pay ! debt8 

,! debt %all be paid1 said ,crito2 is   
!re any?+ else8 ,!re 0 no answ] to ?is  
"q2 b 9 a m9ute or two a movem5t 0 he>d1
 & ! att5dants uncov]$ him2 8 eyes 7    
set1 & ,crito clos$ 8 eyes & m\?4  ,su* 
0 ! end1 ,e*ecrates1 ( our fri5d2       
conc]n+ :om ,i may truly say1 t ( all ! 
m5 ( 8 "t :om ,i h kn[n1 he 0 ! wise/ & 
ju/e/ & be/4