,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,l9k to ,volume ,"o3 https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/e_/ b_/e_/aebee_/ ,exc]pts f ! ,preface to ! book f ,volume #a1 reg>d+ ! me?od ( transcription us$4 8,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h occasion to transcribe words belong+ to _m ori5tal languages 9 ,lat9 *>act]s4 ,un=tunately a uni=m sy/em ( transcription1 applicable to all tongues1 seems n to be practical at pres5t4 ,x 0 attempt$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 b t sy/em has fall5 into disuse & is liable to be misund]/ood4 ,x !re=e seems be/ to use = ea* language ! me?od ( transcription adopt$ by /&>d works 9 ,engli% deal+ ) ea*1 = ,fr5* & ,g]man transcriptions1 :atev] _! m]its may be z repres5tations ( ! orig9al s\nds1 are (t5 mislead+ to ,engli% read]s1 especially 9 ,*9ese4 ,= ,*9ese ,i h adopt$ ,wade's sy/em z us$ 9 ,giles's ,diction>y1 = ,tibetan ! sy/em ( ,s>at ,*&ra ,das1 = ,pali t ( ! ,pali ,text ,society & = ,sanskrit t ( ,moni]-,williams's ,sanskrit ,diction>y1 except t ,i write in/ead ( s4 ,indian languages h[ev] (f] _m difficulties3 x is (t5 h>d to decide :e!r ,sanskrit or v]nacul> =ms are m suitable & 9 deal+ ) ,buddhi/ subjects :e!r ,sanskrit or ,pali words %\ld be us$4 ,i h f\nd x conv5i5t to v>y ! =m ( prop] names accord+ z my rem>ks are bas$ on ,sanskrit or on ,pali lit]ature1 b ?is obliges me to write ! same ^w diff]5tly 9 diff]5t places1 e4g4 sometimes ,ajtaatru & sometimes ,ajtasattu1 j z 9 a book deal+ ) ,greek & ,lat9 my?ology "o might employ bo? ,h]akles & ,h]cules4 ,also _m ,indian names su* z ,ramayana1 ,kri%na1 nirvana h become ,europeaniz$ or at lea/ are famili> to all ,europeans int]e/$ 9 ,indian lit]ature4 ,x seems p$antic to write !m ) _! full & accurate complem5t ( acc5ts & dots & my g5]al practice is to give su* words 9 _! accurate spell+ 7,rmyana1 etc47 :5 !y are fir/ m5tion$ & also 9 ! notes b usually to pr9t !m 9 _! simpl] & unacc5t$ =ms4 ,i fe> h[ev] t my practice 9 ?is matt] is n entirely consi/5t s9ce diff]5t p>ts ( ! book 7 writt5 at diff]5t times40 ,,li/ ,,( ,,abbreviations ,f ,volume #a ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal abbreviations us$3 ,ep4 ,ind4 ,epigraphia ,india4 ,e4,r4,e4 ,encyclop$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics 7edit$ by ,ha/+s74 ,i4,a4 ,indian ,antiqu>y4 ,j4,a4 ,j\rnal ,asiatique4 ,j4,a4,o4,s4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society4 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,p4,t4,s4 ,pali ,text ,society4 ,s4,b4,e4 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ 7,cl>5don ,press74 ,,h9duism ,,& ,,buddhism ,,an ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,by ,,sir ,,*>les ,,eliot ,9 ?ree volumes ,,volume ,,ii ,,r\tl$ge ,,kegan ,,paul ,,ltd ,broadway ,h\se1 #fh-gd ,c>t] ,lane1 ,london1 ,e4,c4#d4 ,fir/ publi%$ #aiba ,repr9t$ #aied ,repr9t$ #aieg ,repr9t$ #aifb ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,lund ,,humphries ,,london - ,,brad=d ,,cont5ts ,,book ,,iv ,,! ,,mahayana ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,ma9 ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,mahayana ,,xvii4 ,,bodhisattvas ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,buddhas or ,,mahayanism ,,xix4 ,,mahayani/ ,,metaphysics ,,xx4 ,,mahayani/ ,,scriptures ,,xxi4 ,,*ronology ,,( ,,! ,,mahayana ,,xxii4 ,,f ,,kani%ka ,,to ,,vasub&hu ,,xxiii4 ,,indian ,,buddhism ,,z ,,se5 ,,by ,,! ,,*9ese ,,pilgrims ,,xxiv4 ,,decad5ce ,,( ,,buddhism ,,9 ,,india ,,book ,v ,,h9duism ,,xxv4 ,,iva ,,& ,,vi%nu ,,xxvi4 ,,features ,,( ,,h9duism3 ,,ritual1 ,,ca/e1 ,,sect1 ,,fai? ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,h9duism4 ,,bh,,gavatas ,,& ,p,,upatas ,,xxviii4 ,,ank>a4 ,,ivaism ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,india4 ,,ka%mir4 ,ll,n,g,,yats ,,xxix4 ,,vi%nuism ,,9 ,,s\? ,,india ,,xxx4 ,,lat] ,,vi%nuism ,,9 ,,nor? ,,india ,,xxxi4 ,,amalgamation ,,( ,,h9duism ,,& ,,islam4 ,,kabir ,,& ,,! ,,sikhs ,,xxxii4 ,,ktism ,,xxxiii4 ,,h9du ,,philosophy ,,book ,,iv ,,! ,,mahayana ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,ma9 ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,mahayana ,! obscure/ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism is t :i* foll[s ! reign ( ,asoka1 b ! enquir] _c grope = long 9 ^! d>k ages )\t /umbl+ ^u ! ^w ,mahayana4 ,?is is ! "n giv5 to a movem5t :i* 9 its v>i\s phases may be reg>d$ z a philosophical s*ool1 a sect & a *ur*1 & ?\gh x is n always easy to def9e its relation%ip to o!r s*ools & sects x c]ta9ly became a prom95t aspect ( ,buddhism 9 ,india ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our era besides a*iev+ endur+ triumphs 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! ^w#a signifies ,great ,vehicle or ,c>riage1 t is a means ( conveyance to salvation1 & is contra/$ ) ,h9ayana1 ! ,little ,vehicle1 a "n be/[$ on ! m cons]vative p>ty ?\gh n will+ly accept$ by !m4 ,! simple/ description ( ! two ,vehicles is t giv5 by ! ,*9ese travell] ,i-,*+ 7#fce-gac ,a4,d47 :o saw !m bo? z liv+ realities 9 ,india4 ,he says#b ,^? :o wor%ip ,bodhisattvas & read ,mahayana ,sutras are call$ ,mahayani/s1 :ile ^? :o d n d ?is are call$ ,h9ayani/s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,mahayani/s h scriptures ( _! own1 n includ$ 9 ! ,h9ayani/ ,canon & adore sup]human be+s 9 ! /age ( exi/5ce imm$iately bel[ ,buddhahood & practically diff]+ little f ,indian deities4 ,_m *>act]i/ics c\ld be add$ to ,i-,*+'s description b !y might n prove univ]sally true ( ! ,mahayana nor entirely abs5t f ! ,h9ayana1 = h[ev] div]g5t ! two ,vehicles may h become :5 sep>at$ geographically1 = in/ance 9 ,ceylon & ,japan1 x is cle> t :5 !y 7 9 contact1 z 9 ,india & ,*9a1 ! di/9ction 0 n always %>p4 ,b 9 g5]al ! ,mahayana 0 m popul>1 n 9 ! s5se ( be+ simpl]1 = p>ts ( its tea*+ 7 exce$+ly ab/ruse1 b 9 ! s5se ( /riv+ to inv5t or include doctr9es agreeable to ! masses4 ,x 0 less mona/ic ?an ! old] ,buddhism1 & m emotional2 w>m] 9 *>ity1 m p]sonal 9 devotion1 m ornate 9 art1 lit]ature & ritual1 m dispos$ to evolution & developm5t1 :]eas ! ,h9ayana 0 cons]vative & rigid1 seclud$ 9 its cloi/]s & op5 to ! plausible if unju/ accusation ( selfi%ness4 ,! two sections are sometimes describ$ z nor!rn & s\!rn ,buddhism1 b except z a r\gh description ( _! di/ribution at ! pres5t day1 ?is di/9ction is n accurate1 = ! ,mahayana p5etrat$ to ,java1 :ile ! ,h9ayana rea*$ ,c5tral ,asia & ,*9a4 ,b x is true t ! developm5t ( ! ,mahayana 0 due to influ5ces preval5t 9 nor!rn ,india & n equally preval5t 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! t]ms ,pali & ,sanskrit ,buddhism are conv5i5t & z accurate z c be expect$ ( any nom5clature cov]+ s l>ge a field4 ,?\gh ,european writ]s usually talk ( two ,ynas or ,vehicles--! great & ! little--& ?\gh ?is is cle>ly ! important di/9ction = hi/orical purposes1 yet ,indian & ,*9ese ,buddhi/s frequ5tly enum]ate ?ree4 ,^! are ! rvakayna1 ! vehicle ( ! ord9>y ,bhik%u :o hopes to become an ,arhat1 ! ,pratyekabuddhayna = ! r>e be+s :o are able to become ,buddhas b d n prea* ! law to o!rs1 & 9 contra/ to bo? ( ^! ! ,mahayana or vehicle ( ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas4 ,z a rule ^! ?ree ,vehicles are n reg>d$ z ho/ile or ev5 incompatible4 ,?us ! ,lotus sutra1#c ma9ta9s t !re is really b "o vehicle ?\gh by a wise concession to human weakness ! ,buddha lets x appe> t !re are ?ree to suit div]s ta/es4 ,& ! ,mahayana is n a s+le vehicle b r a tra9 compris+ _m c>riages ( diff]5t classes4 ,x has an un=tunate b di/9ct lat] phase kn[n 9 ,sanskrit z ,mantrayna & ,vajrayna b g5]ally describ$ by ,europeans z ,tantrism4 ,?is phase took "s ( ! wor/ features 9 ,h9duism1 su* z spells1 *>ms1 & ! wor%ip ( goddesses1 & ) misplac$ +5uity fitt$ !m into ,buddhism4 ,i %all treat ( x 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 = x is *ronologically late4 ,! sil5ce ( ,hsan ,*uang & ,i-,*+ implies t 9 ! sev5? c5tury x 0 n a noticeable aspect ( ,indian ,buddhism4 ,al?\gh ! record ( ! ,mahayana 9 lit]ature & art is cle> & ev5 brilliant1 x is n easy ei!r to trace its rise or connect its developm5t ) o!r ev5ts 9 ,india4 ,its annals are an int]m9able li/ ( names & doctr9es1 b br+ be=e u few liv+ p]sonalities & h5ce are dull4 ,!y are l a record ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*'s fight aga9/ ,arians1 ,monophysites & ,ne/orians ) all ! great figures ( ,byzant9e hi/ory omitt$ or call$ 9 "q4 ,h5ce ,i fe> t my read]s 7if ,i h any7 may f9d ^! *apt]s repell5t1 a mi/ ( hypo!ses & a catalogue ( anci5t p>adoxes4 ,i c only urge t if ! hi/ory ( ! ,mahayana is unc]ta91 its tea*+ fanciful & its scriptures t$i\s1 yet x has be5 a =ce ( ! fir/ magnitude 9 ! secul> hi/ory & art ( ,*9a1 ,japan & ,tibet & ev5 to-day ! mo/ metaphysical ( its sacr$ books1 ! ,diamond ,cutt]1 has probably m read]s ?an ,kant & ,hegel4 ,s9ce ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,mahayana is a matt] = argum5t r ?an precise /atem5t1 x w p]haps be be/ to beg9 ) "s acc\nt ( its doctr9es & lit]ature & proce$ aft]w>ds to *ronology4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 m5tion t g5]al tradition connects x ) ,k+ ,kani%ka & ass]ts t ! great doctors ,avagho%a & ,ngrjuna liv$ 9 & imm$iately aft] 8 reign4 ,! attitude ( ,kani%ka & ( ! ,c\ncil :i* he summon$ t[>ds ! ,mahayana is f> f cle> & ,i %all say some?+ ab\t ?is difficult subject bel[4 ,un=tunately 8 date is n beyond dispute = :ile a consid]able cons5sus ( op9ion fixes 8 accession at ab\t #gh ,a4,d41 "s s*ol>s place x e>li] & o!rs 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d4#d ,ap>t f ?is1 x appe>s e/abli%$ t ! ,sukhvat-vyha :i* is def9itely ,mahayani/ 0 translat$ into ,*9ese betwe5 #adg & #ahf ,a4,d4 ,we may assume t x 0 !n already well kn[n & _h be5 compos$ "s "t be=e1 s t1 :atev] ,kani%ka's date may h be51 ,mahayani/ doctr9es mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & p]haps consid]ably e>li]4 ,naturally no "o date l a reign or a c\ncil c be select$ to m>k ! beg9n+ ( a great s*ool4 ,su* a body ( doctr9e mu/ h exi/$ piecemeal & unau?oriz$ be=e x 0 collect$ & recogniz$ & "s t5ets are old] ?an o!rs4 ,enl>g+ ,i-,*+'s def9ition we may f9d 9 ! ,mahayana sev5 l9es ( ?\ght or practice4 ,all are n f\nd 9 all sects & "s are %>$ ) ! ,h9ayana b probably none are f\nd fully develop$ outside ! ,mahayana4 ,_m ( !m h p>allels 9 ! contempor>y phases ( ,h9duism4 #a4 ,a belief 9 ,bodhisattvas & 9 ! p[] ( human be+s to become ,bodhisattvas4 #b4 ,a code ( altrui/ic e?ics :i* tea*es t ev]yone mu/ d good 9 ! int]e/ ( ! :ole _w & make ov] to o!rs any m]it he may acquire by 8 virtues4 ,! aim ( ! religi\s life is to become a ,bodhisattva1 n to become an ,arhat4 #c4 ,a doctr9e t ,buddhas are sup]natural be+s1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh inf9ite space & "t1 & innum]able4 ,9 ! language ( lat] !ology a ,buddha has ?ree bodies & /ill lat] !re is a gr\p ( five ,buddhas4 #d4 ,v>i\s sy/ems ( ideali/ metaphysics1 :i* t5d to reg>d ! ,buddha ess5ce or ,nirvana mu* z ,brahman is reg>d$ 9 ! ,v$anta4 #e4 ,a canon compos$ 9 ,sanskrit & app>5tly lat] ?an ! ,pali ,canon4 #f4 ,habitual wor%ip ( images & elaboration ( ritual4 ,!re is a dang]\s t5d5cy to rely on =mul & *>ms4 #g4 ,a special doctr9e ( salvation by fai? 9 a ,buddha1 usually ,amitbha1 & invocation ( 8 "n4 ,mahayanism c exi/ )\t ?is doctr9e b x is tol]at$ by mo/ sects & consid]$ ess5tial by "s4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,sanskrit1 ,mahyna2 ,*9ese1 ,ta ,*'ng 7pron\nc$ ,tai ,%ng 9 _m s\!rn prov9ces72 ,japanese1 ,dai-j2 ,tibetan1 ,!g-pa-*5-po2 ,mongolian1 ,yk-klgn2 ,sanskrit1 ,hnayna2 ,*9ese1 ,hsiao-,*'ng2 ,japanese1 ,%-j2 ,tibetan1 ,!g-dman2 ,mongolian tkn-klgn4 ,9 ,sanskrit ! synonyms agrayna & uttama-yna are also f\nd4 ,footnote #b3 ,record ( ,buddhi/ practices4 ,transl4 ,takakusu1 #ahif1 p4 #ad4 ,hsan ,*uang seems to h ?\ght t acceptance ( ! ,yogcryabhmi 7,nanjio1 #aagj7 0 ess5tial = a ,mahayani/4 ,see 8 life1 transl4 by ,beal1 p4 #ci1 transl4 by ,juli51 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #c3 ,saddh>ma-,pundarka1 *ap4 ,,iii4 ,= brevity1 ,i usually cite ?is "w by ! title ( ,! ,lotus4 ,footnote #d3 ,! date #eh ,b4,c4 has probably few support]s among s*ol>s n[1 especially aft] ,m>%all's discov]ies4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,bodhisattvas ,let u n[ consid] ^! doctr9es & take fir/ ! wor%ip ( ,bodhisattvas4 ,?is ^w means "o ^: ess5ce is k b is us$ 9 ! te*nical s5se ( a be+ :o is 9 process ( obta9+ b has n yet obta9$ ,buddhahood4 ,! ,pali ,canon %[s little int]e/ 9 ! p]sonality ( ,bodhisattvas & reg>ds !m simply z ! prelim9>y or l>val =m ( a ,buddha1 ei!r kyamuni#e or "s ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,x 0 incr$ible t a be+ s sup]ior to ord9>y humanity z a ,buddha %\ld be sudd5ly produc$ 9 a human family nor c\ld he be reg>d$ z an inc>nation 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,b x 0 bo? logical & edify+ to suppose t he 0 ! product ( a long evolution ( virtue1 ( good de$s & noble resolutions ext5d+ ?r\gh c\ntless ages & culm9at+ 9 a be+ sup]ior to ! ,devas4 ,su* a be+ await$ 9 ! ,tu%ita heav5 ! "t fix$ = 8 appe>ance on e>? z a ,buddha & 8 bir? 0 accompani$ by m>vels4 ,b ?\gh ! ,pali ,canon ?us recognizes ! ,bodhisattva z a type :i*1 if r>e1 yet makes its appe>ance at c]ta9 int]vals1 x leaves ! matt] !re4 ,x is n sugge/$ t sa9ts %\ld try to become ,bodhisattvas & ,buddhas1 or t ,bodhisattvas c be help]s ( mank9d4#f ,b bo? ^! tra9s ( ?\ght are natural developm5ts ( ! old] ideas & soon made !mselves prom95t4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic doctr9e ( ,mahayanism t m5 c try & %\ld try to become ,bodhisattvas4 ,9 ! ,pali ,canon we he> ( ,arhats1 ,pacceka ,buddhas1 & p]fect ,buddhas4 ,= all ?ree ! ultimate goal is ! same1 namely ,nirvana1 b a ,pacceka ,buddha is great] ?an an ,arhat1 because he has great] intellectual p[]s ?\gh he is n omnisci5t1 & a p]fect ,buddha is great] /ill1 p>tly because he is omnisci5t & p>tly because he saves o!rs4 ,b if we admit t ! c>e] ( ! ,buddha is bett] & nobl]1 & also t x is1 z ! ,introduction to ! ,jtaka rec\nts1 simply ! result ( an e>ne/ resolution to s*ool himself & help o!rs1 kept firmly ?r\gh ! long *a9 ( exi/5ces1 !re is no?+ illogical or presumptu\s 9 mak+ our goal n ! que/ ( p]sonal salvation1 b ! atta9m5t ( ,bodhisattva%ip1 t is ! /ate ( ^? :o may aspire to become ,buddhas4 ,9 fact ! ,arhat1 engross$ 9 8 own salvation1 is excus$ only by 8 humility & is op5 to ! *>ge ( selfi% desire1 s9ce ! passion = ,nirvana is an ambition l any o!r & ! que/ = salvation c be be/ foll[$ by devot+ oneself entirely to o!rs4 ,b ?\gh my object "h is to r5d] intelligible ! ,mahayani/ po9t ( view includ+ its objections to ,h9ayanism1 ,i mu/ def5d ! latt] f ! accusation ( selfi%ness4 ,! vigor\s & au?oritative "* ( ,gotama l$ him to reg>d all mank9d z pati5ts requir+ treatm5t & to emphasize ! tru? t !y c\ld cure !mselves if !y w\ld try4 ,b ! ,buddhism ( ! ,pali ,canon does n ignore ! duties ( lov+ & in/ruct+ o!rs2#g x m]ely insi/s on man's p[] to save himself if prop]ly in/ruct$ & bids him d x at once3 sell all t ?\ ha/ & foll[ me4 ,& ! ,mahayana1 if less self-c5tr$1 has also less self-reliance1 & self-discipl9e4 ,x is m human & *>itable1 b also m easygo+3 x tea*es ! believ] to lean on ext]nal supports :i* if well *os5 may be a help1 b if tru/$ )\t discrim9ation become p>alyz+ abuses4 ,& if we look at ! abuses ( bo? sy/ems ! fossiliz$ monk ( ! ,h9ayana w comp>e fav\rably ) ! tantric adept4 ,x 0 to ! corruptions ( ! ,mahayana r ?an ( ! ,h9ayana t ! decay ( ,buddhism 9 ,india 0 due4 ,! c>e] ( ! ,bodhisattva 0 e>ly divid$ into /ages 7bhmi7 ea* m>k$ by ! acquisition ( "s virtue 9 8 triumphant c\rse4 ,! /ages are v>i\sly reckon$ z five1 sev5 & t54 ,! ,mahva/u1#h :i* is ! e>lie/ "w :]e ! progress is describ$1 enum]ates t5 )\t di/+ui%+ !m v cle>ly4 ,lat] writ]s commonly look at ! ,bodhisattva's task f ! humbl] po9t ( view ( ! beg9n] :o wi%es to le>n ! initiatory /ages4 ,= !m ! ,bodhisattva is prim>ily n a sup]natural be+ or ev5 a sa9t b simply a religi\s p]son :o wi%es to p]=m ! duties & enjoy ! privileges ( ! ,*ur* to ! full1 mu* l a communicant 9 ! language ( contempor>y ,*ri/ianity4 ,we h a manual = ^? :o w\ld foll[ ?is pa?1 9 ! ,bodhic>yvatra ( ntideva1 :i* 9 its humility1 sweetness & f]v5t piety has be5 rightly comp>$ ) ! ,de ,imitatione ,*ri/i4 ,9 _m respects ! virtues ( ! ,bodhisattva are ^? ( ! ,arhat4 ,8 w mu/ be /r5u\s & conc5trat$2 he mu/ cultivate ! /ricte/ morality1 pati5ce1 en]gy1 m$itation & k4 ,b he is also a devotee1 a bhakta3 he adores all ! ,buddhas ( ! pa/1 pres5t & future z well z sundry sup]human ,bodhisattvas1 & he confesses 8 s9s1 n aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,ptimokkha1 b by accus+ himself be=e ^! heav5ly ,protectors & v[+ to s9 no m4 ntideva liv$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury#i b tells u t he foll[s ! scriptures & has no?+ new to say4 ,?is seems to be true =1 ?\gh 8 book be+ a manual ( devotion pres5ts its subject-matt] 9 a dogmatic =m1 its ma9 ideas are /at$ & ev5 elaborat$ 9 ! ,lotus4 ,n only are em95t figures 9 ! ,*ur*1 su* z ,sriputra & n&a1 !re designat$ z future ,buddhas1 b ! same dignity is pr$ict$ :olesale = five hundr$ & aga9 = two ?\s& monks :ile 9 ,*apt] ,x is sket*$ ! c\rse to be foll[$ by "y m5 or "y ladies ( good family :o wi% to become ,bodhisattvas4#aj ,! *ief diff]5ce is t ! ,bodhic>yvatra portrays a m spiritual life1 x speaks m ( devotion1 less ( ! million %apes t compose ! heav5ly ho/3 m ( love & wisdom1 less ( ! m]its ( read+ p>ticul> stras4 ,:ile r5d]+ to x & ! fai? t produc$ x all hon\r1 we mu/ rememb] t x is typical ( ! ,mahayana only 9 ! s5se t ! ,de ,imitatione ,*ri/i is typical ( ,roman ,ca?olicism1 = bo? fai?s h o!r sides4 ntideva's ,bodhisattva1 :5 conceiv+ ! ?\ght ( ,bodhi or ev5tual supreme enlight5m5t to be obta9$1 x may be1 only aft] numb]less bir?s1 feels fir/ a sympa!tic joy 9 ! good actions ( all liv+ be+s4 ,he addresses to ! ,buddhas a pray] :i* is n a m]e act ( commemoration1 b a reque/ to prea* ! law & to def] _! entrance into ,nirvana4 ,he !n makes ov] to o!rs :atev] m]it he may possess or acquire & (f]s himself & all 8 possessions1 moral & mat]ial1 z a sacrifice = ! salvation ( all be+s4 ,?is on ! "o h& does n mu* exce$ ! limits ( dnam or ! virtue ( giv+ z practis$ by kyamuni 9 previ\s bir?s accord+ to ! ,pali scriptures1 b on ! o!r x conta9s 9 embryo ! doctr9e ( vic>i\s m]it & salvation ?r\gh a savi\r4 ,! old] tradition admits t ! future ,buddha 7e4g4 9 ! ,vessant>a bir?-/ory7 gives all t is ask$ f him includ+ life1 wife & *ildr54 ,to consid] ! surr5d] & transf] ( m]it 7pattidna 9 ,pali7 z p>allel is a natural ?\gh p]haps false analogy4 ,b ! transf] ( ,k>ma is n altoge!r =eign to ,brahmanic ?\ght1 = x is held t a wife may %>e 9 h] husb&'s ,k>ma nor is x :olly unkn[n to ,s9halese ,buddhism4#aa ,aft] ?us delib]ately reject+ all p]sonal success & selfi% aims1 ! neophyte makes a v[ 7pranidhna7 to acquire enlight5m5t = ! good ( all be+s & n to sw]ve f ! rules ( life & fai? requisite = ?is end4 ,he is !n a son ( ,buddha1 a phrase :i* is m]ely a natural metaphor = say+ t he is "o ( ! h\sehold ( fai?#ab b /ill paves ! way to lat] ideas :i* make ! cele/ial ,bodhisattva an emanation or spiritual son ( a cele/ial ,buddha4 ,asanga gives#ac a m te*nical & s*ola/ic description ( ! t5 bhmis or /ages :i* m>k ! ,bodhisattva's progress t[>ds complete enlight5m5t & culm9ate 9 a phase be>+ ! rem>kable b anci5t "n ( ,dh>mamegha kn[n also to ! ,yoga philosophy4 ,! o!r /ages are call$3 mudit 7joyful73 vimal 7immaculate73 prabhk> 7light giv+73 arcismat 7radiant73 durjaya 7h>d to ga973 abhimukh 7fac+1 because x faces bo? transmigration & ,nirvana73 dramgam 7f>-go+73 acal 7immovable73 sdhumat 7good m9d$74 ,! inc>nate ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas ( ,tibet are a trave/y ( ! ,mahayana :i* on ,indian soil adh]$ to ! s\nd doctr9e t sa9ts are kn[n by _! a*ievem5ts z m5 & _c be select$ among infant prodigies4#ad ,x 0 ! g5]al ?\gh n univ]sal op9ion t "o :o _h ent]$ on ! c>e] ( a ,bodhisattva c\ld n fall s l[ z to be reborn 9 any /ate ( puni%m5t1 b ! _s ( humility & self-effacem5t :i* has always m>k$ ! ,buddhi/ ideal t5d$ to repres5t 8 triumph z incalculably di/ant4 ,mean:ile1 al?\gh 9 ! :irl ( bir?s he 0 on ! upw>d grade1 he yet _h 8 ups & d[ns & !re is no evid5ce t ,indian or ,f> ,ea/]n ,buddhi/s arrogat$ to !mselves special claims & p[]s on ! gr\nd t !y 7 well advanc$ 9 ! c>e] ( ,buddhahood4 ,! v[ to suppress self & foll[ ! light n only 9 ?is life b 9 all future bir?s conta9s an elem5t ( fai? or fantasy1 b has any religion =m$ a nobl] or ev5 equival5t picture ( ! s\l's de/9y or built a bett] /aircase f ! _w ( m5 to ! immeasurable sph]es ( ! sup]human8 ,"o aspect ( ! /ory ( ,skyamuni & 8 antec$5t bir?s ?us l$ to ! idea t all may become ,buddhas4 ,an equally natural developm5t 9 ano!r direction creat$ cele/ial & sup]human ,bodhisattvas4 ,! ,h9ayana held t ,gotama1 be=e 8 la/ bir?1 dwelt 9 ! ,tu%ita heav5 enjoy+ ! p[] & spl5d\r ( an ,indian god & x look$ =w>d to ! adv5t ( ,maitreya4 ,b x admitt$ no o!r ,bodhisattvas1 a consequ5ce app>5tly ( ! doctr9e t !re c only be "o ,buddha at a "t4 ,b ! luxuriant fancy ( ,india1 :i* loves to multiply div9ities1 soon broke ?r\gh ?is re/riction & fa%ion$ = itself beautiful images ( b5evol5t be+s :o refuse ! bliss ( ,nirvana t !y may alleviate ! suff]+s ( o!rs4#ae ,s f> z we c judge1 ! figures ( ^! ,bodhisattvas took %ape j ab\t ! same "t t ! p]sonalities ( ,vi%nu & iva 7 acquir+ consi/5cy4 ,! impulse 9 bo? cases is ! same1 namely ! desire to express 9 a =m accessible to human pray] & sympa!tic to human emotion ! =ces :i* rule ! univ]se4 ,b 9 ?is "w ( portraiture ! ,buddhi/s laid m emphasis on moral & spiritual law ?an did ! ,brahmans3 !y isolat$ 9 p]sonification qualities n f\nd isolat$ 9 nature4 iva is ! law ( *ange1 ( dea? & rebir?1 ) all ! riot ( slaught] & priapism :i* x entails3 ,vi%nu is ! protector & pres]v]1 ! type ( good en]gy w>r+ aga9/ evil1 b ! unity ( ! figure is smo!r$ by my?ology & brok5 up into v>i\s inc>nations4 ,b ,avalokita & ,majur1 ?\gh !y _h n su* /rong roots 9 ,indian humanity z iva & ,vi%nu1 are g5ii ( pur] & bright] pres5ce4 ,!y are ! p]sonifications ( k9dness & k4 ,?\gh manifold 9 %ape1 !y h little to d ) my?ology1 & are analog\s to ! ar*angels ( ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% tradition & to ! ,ame%a ,sp5tas ( ,zoroa/rianism4 ,) ^! latt] !y may h "s hi/orical connection1 = ,p]sian ideas may well h influ5c$ ,buddhism ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,h[ev] difficult x may be to prove ! =eign orig9 ( ,bodhisattvas1 few ( !m h a cle> orig9 9 ,india & all ( !m are mu* bett] kn[n 9 ,c5tral ,asia & ,*9a4 ,b !y are repres5t$ ) ! appe>ance & attributes ( ,indian ,devas1 z is natural1 s9ce ev5 9 ! ,pali ,canon ,devas =m ! ,buddha's ret9ue4 ,! e>ly ,buddhi/s consid]$ t ^! spirits1 :e!r call$ ,bodhisattvas or ,devas1 _h atta9$ _! high position 9 ! same way z kyamuni himself1 t is by ! practice ( moral & intellectual virtues ?r\gh c\ntless exi/5ces1 b subsequ5tly !y came to be reg>d$ z emanations or sons ( sup]human ,buddhas4 ,?us ! ,kranda-vyha relates h[ ! orig9al di-,buddha produc$ ,avalokita by m$itation & h[ he 9 8 turn produc$ ! univ]se ) its gods4 ,millions ( unnam$ ,bodhisattvas are freely m5tion$ & ev5 9 ! old] books copi\s li/s ( names are f\nd1#af b two1 ,avalokita & ,majur1 t[] above ! re/1 among :om only few h a def9ite p]sonality4 ,! tantric s*ool c\nts eight ( ! fir/ rank4 ,maitreya 7:o does n /& on ! same foot+ z ! o!rs71 ,samantabhadra1 ,mah/hna-prpta & above all ,k%itig>bha1 h "s importance1 especially 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,avalokita#ag 9 _m =ms & 9 _m ages has be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal deities ( ,asia b 8 orig9 is obscure4 ,8 ma9 attributes are pla94 ,he is ! p]sonification ( div9e m]cy & pity b ev5 ! mean+ ( 8 "n is d\btful4 ,9 its full =m x is ,avalokitev>a1 (t5 r5d]$ ! ,"l :o looks d[n 7f heav574 ,?is is an appropriate title = ! ,god ( ,m]cy1 b ! obvi\s mean+ ( ! p>ticiple avalokita 9 ,sanskrit is passive1 ! ,"l :o is look$ at4 ,k]n#ah ?9ks x may mean ! ,"l :o is ev]y:]e visible z a v pres5t help 9 tr\ble1 or else ! ,"l ( ,view1 l ! epi!t ,dri%tiguru appli$ to iva4 ,ano!r =m ( ! "n is ,lokev>a or ,"l ( ! _w & ?is sugge/s t avalokita may be a synonym ( loka1 mean+ ! visible univ]se4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t ! "n may ref] to ! small image ( ,amitbha :i* is set 9 8 diadem & ?us looks d[n on him4 ,b su* small images set 9 ! head ( a l>g] figure are n di/9ctive ( ,avalokita3 !y are f\nd 9 o!r ,buddhi/ /atues & pa9t+s & also outside ,india1 = in/ance at ,palmyra4 ,! ,tibetan translation ( ! "n#ai means he :o sees ) bright eyes4 ,hsan ,*uang's r5d]+ ,kwan-tz-tsai#bj expresses ! same idea1 b ! m usual ,*9ese translation ,kuan-y9 or ,kuan-%ih-y91 ! deity :o looks ^u voices or ! region ( voices1 seems to imply a v]bal misund]/&+4 ,= ! use ( ,y9 or voice makes u suspect t ! translator id5tifi$ ! la/ "p ( ,avalokitev>a n ) v>a "l b ) sv>a s\nd4#ba ,avalokitev>a is unkn[n to ! ,pali ,canon & ! ,mil9da ,paha4 ,s f> z ,i c discov] he is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,divyvadna1 ,jtakaml or any "w attribut$ to ,avagho%a4 ,8 "n does n occur 9 ! ,lalita-vi/>a b a li/ ( ,bodhisattvas 9 its introductory *apt] includes ,mahk>unc&91 sugge/+ ,mahk>una1 ! ,great ,compassionate1 :i* is "o ( 8 epi!ts4 ,9 ! ,lotus#bb he is plac$ second 9 ! introductory li/ ( ,bodhisattvas aft] ,majur4 ,b ,*apt] ,,xxiv1 :i* is probably a lat] addition1 is d$icat$ to 8 praises z ,samantamukha1 he :o looks e way or ! omnipres5t4 ,9 ?is section 8 "* z ! all-m]ciful savi\r is fully develop$4 ,he saves ^? :o call on him f %ipwreck1 & execution1 f robb]s & all viol5ce & di/ress4 ,he saves too f moral evils1 su* z passion1 hatr$ & folly4 ,he grants *ildr5 to wom5 :o wor%ip him4 ,?is p[]1 :i* is commonly ex]cis$ by female deities1 is wor? rem>k+ z a h9t ( 8 subsequ5t trans=mation into a goddess4 ,= ! bett] a*ievem5t ( 8 m]ciful de$s1 he assumes all mann] ( =ms1 & appe>s 9 ! guise ( a ,buddha1 a ,bodhisattva1 a ,h9du deity1 a gobl91 or a ,brahman & 9 fact 9 any %ape4 ,?is *apt] 0 translat$ into ,*9ese be=e #dag ,a4,d4 & !re=e c h>dly be lat] ?an #cej4 ,he is also m5tion$ 9 ! ,sukhvat-vyha4 ,! records ( ! ,*9ese pilgrims ,fa-,hsi5 & ,hsan ,*uang#bc indicate t 8 wor%ip prevail$ 9 ,india f ! f\r? till ! sev5? c5tury & we are p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 dat+ its beg9n+s at lea/ two c5turies e>li]4 ,b ! abs5ce ( any m5tion ( x 9 ! writ+s ( ,avagho%a is rem>kable4#bd ,avalokita is connect$ ) a m\nta9 call$ ,potala or ,potalaka4 ,! "n is borne by ! palace ( ! ,gr& ,lama at ,lhassa & by ano!r ,lamai/ic e/abli%m5t at ,jehol 9 nor? ,*9a4 ,x reappe>s 9 ! sacr$ isl& ( ,pu-to ne> ,n+po4 ,9 all ^! cases ! "n ( ,avalokita's ,indian resid5ce has be5 transf]r$ to =eign %r9es4 ,9 ,india !re 7 at lea/ two places call$ ,potala or ,potalaka--"o at ! m\? ( ! ,indus & "o 9 ! s\?4 ,no c]ta9 connection has be5 trac$ betwe5 ! =m] & ! ,bodhisattva b 9 ! sev5? c5tury ! latt] 0 reg>d$ z 8 abode4 ,our in=mation ab\t x comes ma9ly f ,hsan ,*uang#be :o describes x :5 speak+ ( ! ,malakuta c\ntry & z ne> ! ,mo-lo-ya 7,malaya7 m\nta94 ,b app>5tly he did n visit x & ?is makes x probable t x 0 n a religi\s c5tre b a m\nta9 9 ! s\? ( :i* ,buddhi/s 9 ! nor? wrote ) little precision4#bf ,!re is no evid5ce t ,avalokita 0 fir/ wor%ipp$ on ?is ,potalaka1 ?\gh he is (t5 associat$ ) m\nta9s su* z ,kapota 9 ,magadha & ,valavat 9 ,katha4#bg ,9 fact ! connection ( ,potala ) ,avalokita rema9s a my/]y4 ,avalokita has1 l mo/ ,bodhisattvas1 _m names4 ,among ! pr9cipal are ,mahk>una1 ! ,great ,compassionate "o1 ,lokan?a or ,lokev>a1 ! ,"l ( ! _w1 & ,padmapni1 or lotus-h&$4 ,?is la/ ref]s to 8 appe>ance z portray$ 9 /atues & m9iatures4 ,9 ! old] works ( art 8 figure is human1 )\t r$undant limbs1 & repres5ts a y\? 9 ! co/ume ( an ,indian pr9ce ) a high jewell$ *ignon1 or sometimes a cr[n4 ,! head-dress is usually surm\nt$ by a small figure ( ,amitbha4 ,8 "r h& is ext5d$ 9 ! position kn[n z ! ge/ure ( *>ity4#bh ,9 8 left he c>ries a r$ lotus & he (t5 /&s on a l>g] blossom4 ,8 complexion is :ite or r$4 ,sometimes he has f\r arms & 9 lat] images a great numb]4 ,he !n c>ries besides ! lotus su* objects z a book1 a ros>y & a jug ( nect>4#bi ,! images ) _m eyes & arms seem an attempt to repres5t him z look+ aft] ! unhappy 9 all qu>t]s & /ret*+ out 8 h&s 9 help4#cj ,x is d\btful if ! ,bodhisattvas ( ! ,g&h>a sculptures1 ?\gh approa*+ ! type ( ,avalokita1 repres5t him r ?an any o!r1 b ne>ly all ! ,buddhi/ sites ( ,india conta9 repres5tations ( him :i* date f ! e>ly c5turies ( our era#ca & o!rs are pres]v$ 9 ! m9iatures ( manuscripts4#cb ,he is n a m]e adaptation ( any "o ,h9du god4 ,"s ( 8 attributes are also ^? ( ,brahm4 ,?\gh 9 "s late texts he is said to h evolv$ ! _w f himself1 8 *>act]i/ic function is n to create b1 l ,vi%nu1 to save & l ,vi%nu he holds a lotus4 ,b also he has ! title ( v>a1 :i* is specially appli$ to iva4 ,?us he does n issue f any local cult & has no s+le my?ological p$igree b is ! idea ( div9e compassion repres5t$ ) su* mat]ials z ! art & my?ology ( ! day (f]$4 ,he is (t5 accompani$ by a female figure ,tr4#cc ,9 ! tantric p]iod %e is recogniz$ z 8 sp\se & h] images1 common 9 nor!rn ,india f ! sev5? c5tury onw>ds1 %[ t %e 0 ador$ z a female ,bodhisattva4 ,9 ,tibet ,tr is an important deity :o assumes _m =ms & ev5 be=e ! tantric influ5ce _h become prom95t %e seems to h be5 associat$ ) ,avalokita4 ,9 ! ,dh>masangraha %e is nam$ z "o ( ! f\r ,devs1 & %e is m5tion$ twice "u ! "n ( ,to-lo ,pu-sa by ,hsan ,*uang1 :o saw a /atue ( h] 9 ,vaisali & ano!r at ,tiladhaka 9 ,magadha4 ,?is la/ /ood on ! "r ( a gigantic figure ( ,buddha1 ,avalokita be+ on 8 left4#cd ,hsan ,*uang di/+ui%es ,to-lo 7,tr7 & ,kuan-tz-tsai4 ,! latt] "u ! "n ( ,kuan-y9 or ,kwannon has become ! mo/ popul> goddess ( ,*9a & ,japan1 b is app>5tly a =m ( ,avalokita4 ,! god 9 8 desire to help mank9d assumes _m %apes &1 among ^!1 div9e womanhood has by ! suffrage ( millions be5 judg$ ! mo/ appropriate4 ,b ,tr 0 n orig9ally ! same z ,kuan-y91 ?\gh ! fact t %e accompanies ,avalokita & %>es 8 attributes may h made x easi] to ?9k ( him 9 female =m4#ce ,! circum/ances 9 :i* ,avalokita became a goddess are obscure4 ,! ,indian images ( him are n fem99e1 al?\gh 8 sex is h>dly notic$ be=e ! tantric p]iod4 ,he is n a male deity l ,kri%na1 b a /rong1 bright _s & l ! ,*ri/ian ar*angels above sexual di/9ctions4 ,no female =m ( him is report$ f ,tibet & ?is confirms ! idea t none 0 kn[n 9 ,india1#cf & t ! *ange 0 made 9 ,*9a4 ,x 0 probably facilitat$ by ! wor%ip ( ,tr & ( ,hrit1 an ogress :o 0 conv]t$ by ! ,buddha & is frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 h] reg5]ate /ate c>ess+ a *ild4 ,%e is m5tion$ by ,hsan ,*uang & by ,i-,*+ :o adds t h] image 0 already kn[n 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,*9ese also wor%ipp$ a native goddess call$ ,t'i5-h\ or ,t'ou-mu4 ,kuan-y9 0 also id5tifi$ ) an anci5t ,*9ese h]o9e call$ ,miao-%n4#cg ,?is is p>allel to ! leg5d ( ,ti-tsang 7,k%itig>bha7 :o1 ?\gh a male ,bodhisattva1 0 a virtu\s maid5 9 two ( 8 previ\s exi/5ces4 ,evid5tly ,*9ese religi\s s5tim5t requir$ a ,madonna & x is n unnatural if ! god ( m]cy1 :o 0 reput$ to assume _m %apes & to give sons to ! *ildless1 came to be ?\ght ( *iefly 9 a fem99e =m4 ,! arti/s ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y usually repres5t$ ,avalokita z a y\? ) a slight m\/a*e & ! evid5ce z to e>ly female figures does n seem to me /rong1#ch ?\gh a priori ,i see no reason = d\bt+ _! exi/5ce4 ,9 #aajb a ,*9ese monk nam$ ,p'u-m+ publi%$ a romantic leg5d ( ,kuan-y9's e>?ly life :i* help$ to popul>ize h] wor%ip4 ,9 ?is & _m o!r cases ! lat] developm5ts ( ,buddhism are due to ,*9ese fancy & h no connection ) ,indian tradition4 ,tr is a goddess ( nor? ,india1 ,nepal & ! ,lamai/ ,*ur* & almo/ unkn[n 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,h] "n means %e :o causes to cross1 t is :o saves1 life & its tr\bles be+ by a common metaphor describ$ z a sea4 ,tr also means a /> & 9 ,puranic my?ology is ! "n giv5 to ! "m ( ,buddha1 ! planet ,m]cury4 ,:e!r ! "n 0 fir/ us$ by ,buddhi/s or ,brahmans is unkn[n1 b aft] ! sev5? c5tury !re 0 a decid$ t5d5cy to give ,tr ! epi!ts be/[$ on ! aktis ( iva & assimilate h] to ^? goddesses4 ,?us 9 ! li/ ( h] #ajh names#ci %e is describ$ among o!r m amiable attributes z t]rible1 furi\s1 ! slay] ( evil be+s1 ! de/roy]1 & ,kl3 also z c>ry+ skulls & be+ ! "m ( ! ,v$as4 ,"h we h if n ! borr[+ by ,buddhi/s ( a aiva deity1 at lea/ ! graft+ ( aiva conceptions on a ,bodhisattva4 ,! second great ,bodhisattva ,majur#dj has o!r simil> names1 su* z ,majun?a & ,majugho%a1 ! ^w ,maju mean+ sweet or pleasant4 ,he is also ,vagv>a1 ! ,"l ( ,spee*1 & ,kumrabhta1 ! ,pr9ce1 :i* possibly implies t he is ! ,buddha's elde/ son1 *>g$ ) ! gov]nm5t "u 8 direction4 ,he has mu* ! same lit]>y hi/ory z ,avalokita1 n be+ m5tion$ 9 ! ,pali ,canon nor 9 ! e>li] ,sanskrit works su* z ! ,lalita-vi/>a & ,divyvadna4 ,b 8 "n occurs 9 ! ,sukhvat-vyha3 he is ! pr9cipal int]locutor 9 ! ,lankvatra stra & is extoll$ 9 ! ,ratna-k>andaka-vyha-stra4#da ,9 ! great] "p ( ! ,lotus he is ! pr9cipal ,bodhisattva & in/ructs ,maitreya1 because1 ?\gh 8 y\? is et]nal1 he has kn[n _m ,buddhas ?r\gh innum]able ages4 ,! ,lotus#db also rec\nts h[ he visit$ ! dep?s ( ! sea & conv]t$ ! inhabitants !re( & h[ ! ,"l taught him :at are ! duties ( a ,bodhisattva aft] ! ,buddha has ent]$ f9ally into ,nirvana4 ,z a rule he has no consort & appe>s z a male ,a!ne1 all intellect & *a/ity1 b sometimes ,lak%m or ,s>asvat or bo? are describ$ z 8 consorts4#dc ,8 wor%ip prevail$ n only 9 ,india b 9 ,nepal1 ,tibet1 ,*9a1 ,japan & ,java4 ,fa-,hsi5 /ates t he 0 hon\r$ 9 ,c5tral ,india1 & ,hsan ,*uang t !re 7 /upas d$icat$ to him at ,muttra4#dd ,he is also said to h be5 inc>nate 9 ,atsa1 ! ,tibetan re=m]1 & 9 ,vairocana :o introduc$ ,buddhism to ,khotan1 b1 great z is 8 b5evol5ce1 he is n s mu* ! help] ( human be+s1 :i* is ,avalokita's special function1 z ! p]sonification ( ?\ght1 k1 & m$itation4 ,x is = ?is t he has 9 8 h&s ! sword ( k & a book4 ,a beautiful figure f ,java be>+ ^! emblems is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4#de ,m9iatures repres5t him z ( a yell[ col\r ) ! h&s 7:5 !y d n c>ry emblems7 set 9 ! position kn[n z tea*+ ! law4#df ,o!r signs :i* di/+ui% 8 images are ! blue lotus & ! lion on :i* he sits4 ,an int]e/+ fact ab\t ,majur is 8 association ) ,*9a1#dg n only 9 ,*9ese b 9 late ,indian leg5ds4 ,! m\nta9 ,wu-t'ai-%an 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%an-si is sacr$ to him & is cov]$ ) temples erect$ 9 8 hon\r4#dh ,! "n 7m\nta9 ( five t]races7 is r5d]$ 9 ,sanskrit z ,pancar%a1 or ,pancaikha1 & occurs bo? 9 ! ,svayambh ,purna & 9 ! text app5d$ to m9iatures repres5t+ ,majur4 ,! pr9cipal temple is said to h be5 erect$ betwe5 #dga & #ejj ,a4,d4 ,i h n se5 any /atem5t t ! locality 0 sacr$ 9 pre-,buddhi/ times1 b x 0 probably reg>d$ z ! haunt ( deities1 "o ( :om--p]haps "s _s ( div9ation--0 id5tifi$ ) ! wise ,majur4 ,x is possible t dur+ ! v>i\s inroads ( ,grco-,bactrians1 ,yeh-,*ih1 & o!r ,c5tral ,asian tribes into ,india1 ,majur 0 someh[ import$ into ! pan!on ( ! ,mahayana f ,*9a or ,c5tral ,asia1 & he has1 especially 9 ! e>li] descriptions1 a c]ta9 pure & ab/ract quality :i* recalls ! ,ame%a-,sp5tas ( ,p]sia4 ,b /ill 8 attributes are ,indian1 & !re is little positive evid5ce ( a =eign orig94 ,i-,*+ is ! fir/ to tell u t ! ,h9dus believ$ he came f ,*9a4#di ,hsan ,*uang does n m5tion ?is belief1 & probably did n he> ( x1 = x is an int]e/+ detail :i* no "o writ+ = a ,*9ese audi5ce w\ld h omitt$4 ,we may !re=e suppose t ! idea arose 9 ,india ab\t #fej ,a4,d4 ,by t date ! temples ( ,wu-t'ai-,%an w\ld h _h "t to become celebrat$1 & ! visits paid to ,india by di/+ui%$ ,*9ese ,buddhi/s w\ld be likely to create ! impression t ,*9a 0 a c5tre ( ! fai? & frequ5t$ by ,bodhisattvas4#ej ,we he> t ,vajrabodhi 7ab\t #gjj7 & ,praja 7#ghb7 bo? w5t to ,*9a to adore ,majur4 ,9 #hbd a ,tibetan envoy arriv$ at ! ,*9ese ,c\rt to ask = an image ( ,majur1 & lat] ! ,gr& ,lamas (ficially recogniz$ t he 0 inc>nate 9 ! ,emp]or4#ea ,ano!r leg5d relates t ,majur came f ,wu-t'ai-,%an to adore a miracul\s lotus#eb t appe>$ on ! lake :i* !n fill$ ,nepal4 ,) a bl[ ( 8 sword he cleft ! m\nta9 b>ri] & ?us dra9$ ! valley & introduc$ civilization4 ,!re may be hidd5 9 ?is "s tradition ( ! introduction ( culture into ,nepal b ! ,nepalese leg5ds are late & 9 _! collect$ =m d n g back beyond ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,aft] ,avalokita & ,majur ! mo/ important ,bodhisattva is ,maitreya1#ec also call$ ,ajita or unconqu]$1 :o is ! only "o recogniz$ by ! ,pali ,canon4#ed ,?is is because he does n /& on ! same foot+ z ! o!rs4 ,!y are sup]human 9 _! orig9 z well z 9 _! c>e]1 :]eas ,maitreya is simply a be+ :o l ,gotama has liv$ innum]able lives & ultimately made himself wor?y ( ,buddhahood :i* he awaits 9 heav54 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ,gotama reg>d$ himself z "o 9 a s]ies ( ,buddhas3 ! ,pali scriptures relate t he m5tion$ 8 pr$ecessors by "n1 & also spoke ( unnumb]$ ,buddhas to come4#ee ,nev]!less ,maitreya or ,metteyya is r>ely m5tion$ 9 ! ,pali ,canon4#ef ,he is1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ! exegetical ,pali lit]ature1 9 ! ,angata-vamsa & 9 ! e>li] ,sanskrit works su* z ! ,lalita-vi/>a1 ! ,divyvadna & ,mahva/u4 ,9 ! ,lotus he plays a prom95t "p1 b /ill is subord9ate to ,majur4 ,ultimately he 0 eclips$ by ! two great ,bodhisattvas b 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era he receiv$ mu* respect4 ,8 images are frequ5t 9 all p>ts ( ! ,buddhi/ _w3 he 0 believ$ to wat* ov] ! propagation ( ! ,fai?1#eg & to h made special revelations to ,asanga4#eh ,9 pa9t+s he is usually ( a gold5 col\r3 8 /atues1 :i* are (t5 gigantic1 %[ him /&+ or sitt+ 9 ! ,european fa%ion & n cross-legg$4 ,he appe>s to be repres5t$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,g&h>an sculptures & !re 0 a fam\s image ( him 9 ,udyna ( :i* ,fa-,hsi5 7#cii-dad ,a4,d47 speaks z if x 7 already anci5t4#ei ,hsan ,*uang describes x z well z a /upa erect$#fj to commemorate ,skyamuni's pr$iction t ,maitreya w\ld be 8 successor4 ,on atta9+ ,buddhahood he w become "l ( a t]re/rial p>adise & hold ?ree assemblies "u a dragon fl[] tree1#fa at :i* all :o h be5 good ,buddhi/s 9 previ\s bir?s w become ,arhats4 ,i-,*+ speaks ( m$itat+ on ! adv5t ( ,maitreya 9 language l t :i* ,*ri/ian piety uses ( ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ & concludes a poem :i* is incorporat$ 9 8 "w ) ! aspiration ,deep z ! dep? ( a lake be my pure & calm m$itation4 ,let me look = ! fir/ meet+ "u ! ,tree ( ! ,dragon ,fl[] :5 ,i he> ! deep rippl+ voice ( ! ,buddha ,maitreya4#fb ,b messianic ideas 7 n mu* develop$ 9 ei!r ,buddhism or ,h9duism & p]haps ! figures ( bo? ,maitreya & ,kalk owe some?+ to ,p]sian leg5ds ab\t ,sao%yant ! ,savi\r4 ,! o!r ,bodhisattvas1 ?\gh laud$ 9 special treatises1 h left little impression on ,indian ,buddhism & h obta9$ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ mo/ ( :atev] importance !y possess4 ,! mak]s ( images & m9iatures assign to ea* 8 prop] %ape & col\r1 b :5 we read ab\t !m we feel t we are deal+ n ) ! objects ( real wor%ip or ev5 ! products ( a lively imag9ation1 b ) names & figures :i* h a value = picturesque b conv5tional art4 ,among ! be/ kn[n is ,samantabhadra1 ! all graci\s1#fc :o is /ill a popul> deity 9 ,tibet & ! patron sa9t ( ! sacr$ m\nta9 ,omei 9 ,*9a1 ) :i* he is associat$ z ,majur ) ,wu-tai-%an4 ,he is repres5t$ z gre5 & rid+ on an elephant4 ,9 ,indian ,buddhism he has a mod]ately prom95t position4 ,he is m5tion$ 9 ! ,dh>masangraha & 9 "o *apt] ( ! ,lotus he is *>g$ ) ! special duty ( protect+ ^? :o foll[ ! law4 ,b ! ,*9ese pilgrims d n m5tion 8 wor%ip4 ,mah/hmaprpta#fd is a some:at simil> figure4 ,a *apt] ( ! ,lotus 7,,xix7 is d$icat$ to him )\t h[ev] giv+ any cle> idea ( 8 p]sonality & he is extoll$ 9 sev]al descriptions ( ,sukhvat or ,p>adise1 especially 9 ! ,amityurdhyna-stra4 ,toge!r ) ,amitbha & ,avalokita he =ms a triad :o rule ?is ,happy ,l& & are (t5 repres5t$ by ?ree images 9 ,*9ese temples4 ,vajrapni is m5tion$ 9 _m li/s ( ,bodhisattvas 7e4g4 9 ! ,dh>masangraha7 b is ( some:at d\btful position z ,hsan ,*uang calls him a deva4#fe ,hi/orically 8 recognition z a ,bodhisattva is int]e/+ = he is m]ely ,indra trans=m$ into a ,buddhi/4 ,! my/]i\s p]sonages call$ ,vajradh>a & ,vajrasattva1 :o 9 lat] times are ev5 id5tifi$ ) ! orig9al ,buddha _s1 are fur!r developm5ts ( ,vajrapni4 ,he owes 8 elevation to ! fact t ,vajra1 orig9ally mean+ simply ?und]bolt1 came to be us$ z a my/ical expression = ! highe/ tru?4 ,m important ?an ^! is ,k%itig>bha1 ,ti-tsang or ,jiz#ff :o 9 ,*9a & ,japan ranks second only to ,kuan-y94 ,viss] has consecrat$ to him an int]e/+ monograph#fg :i* %[s :at /range *anges & *ances may att5d spirits & h[ ideal figures may alt] z c5tury aft] c5tury !y travel f l& to l&4 ,we "k little ab\t ! orig9 ( ,k%itig>bha4 ,! "n seems to mean ,e>?-womb & he has a %ad[y c\nt]p>t 9 ,akag>bha1 a simil> deity ( ! air1 :o x seems nev] _h a hold on human he>ts4 ,! ,e>? is g5]ally p]sonifi$ z a goddess#fh & ,k%itig>bha has "s slight fem99e traits1 ?\gh on ! :ole decid$ly mascul9e4 ,! /ories ( 8 previ\s bir?s relate h[ he 0 twice a woman3 9 ,japan he 0 id5tifi$ ) ! m\nta9 goddess ( ,kamado1 & he helps wom5 9 lab\r1 a boon g5]ally accord$ by goddesses4 ,9 ! pan!on ( ,india he play$ an inconspicu\s "p1#fi ?\gh reckon$ "o ( ! eight great ,bodhisattvas1 b met ) m g5]al e/eem 9 ,turke/an1 :]e he began to collect ! attributes aft]w>ds def9$ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,x is !re t 8 hi/ory & trans=mations become cle>4 ,he is prim>ily a deity ( ! ne!r _w1 b l ,amitbha & ,avalokita he made a v[ to help all liv+ creatures & specially to deliv] !m f hell4 ,! ,taoi/s pictur$ hell z divid$ into t5 dep>tm5ts rul$ ov] by z _m k+s1 & ,*9ese fancy made ,ti-tsang ! sup]9t5d5t ( ^! function>ies4 ,he ?us becomes n s mu* a ,savi\r z ! k9dly sup]9t5d5t ( a prison :o prea*es to ! inmates & will+ly procures _! release4 ,!n we he> ( six ,ti-tsangs1 correspond+ to ! six worlds ( s5ti5t be+s1 ! graci\s _s be+ suppos$ to multiply 8 p]sonality 9 ord] to m9i/] to ! wants ( all4 ,he is (t5 repres5t$ z a monk1 /aff 9 h& & ) %av5 head4 ,! orig9 ( ?is guise is n cle> & x p]haps ref]s to 8 previ\s bir?s4 ,b 9 ! eigh? c5tury a monk ( ,*iu ,hua#gj 0 reg>d$ z an inc>nation ( ,ti-tsang & aft] dea? 8 body 0 gild$ & en%r9$ z an object ( wor%ip4 ,9 lat] times ! ,bodhisattva 0 confus$ ) ! inc>nation1 9 ! same way z ! portly figure ( ,pu-tai1 commonly kn[n z ! laugh+ ,buddha1 has be5 sub/itut$ = ,maitreya 9 ,*9ese iconography4 ,9 ,japan ! cult ( ! six ,jizs became v popul>4 ,!y 7 reg>d$ z ! deities ( roads#ga & _! effigies ultimately sup]s$$ ! anci5t phallic gods ( ! crossways4 ,9 ?is m>tial c\ntry ! ,bodhisattva assum$ yet ano!r "* z ,%gun ,jiz1 a militant prie/ rid+ on horseback#gb & we>+ a helmet :o became ! patron sa9t ( w>riors & 0 ev5 id5tifi$ ) ! ,japanese w> god1 ,ha*iman4 ,until ! sev5te5? c5tury ,jiz 0 wor%ipp$ pr9cipally by soldi]s & prie/s1 b subsequ5tly 8 cult spread among all classes & 9 all di/ricts4 ,8 b5evol5t activities z a guide & savi\r 7 m & m emphasiz$3 he heals sickness1 he l5g!ns life1 he leads to heav51 he saves f hell3 he ev5 suff]s z a sub/itute 9 hell & is ! special protector ( ! s\ls ( *ildr5 amid ! p]ils ( ! und]world4 ,?\gh ?is mod]n figure ( ,jiz is wr\ght ) anci5t mat]ials1 x is 9 ! ma9 a "w ( ,japanese s5tim5t4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #e3 ,9 deal+ ) ! ,mahayani/s1 ,i use ! expression kyamuni 9 pref]5ce to ,gotama4 ,x is _! own title = ! tea*] & x seems incongru\s to use ! purely human "n ( ,gotama 9 describ+ doctr9es :i* repres5t him z sup]human4 ,footnote #f3 ,b ,k+s ,hs9-byu-%9 ( ,burma & r ,sryavamsa ,rma ( ,siam h left inscriptions record+ _! desire to become ,buddhas4 ,see my *apt]s on ,burma & ,siam bel[4 ,mahayani/ ideas may easily h ent]$ ^! c\ntries f ,*9a1 b ev5 9 ,ceylon ! idea ( becom+ a ,buddha or ,bodhisattva is n unkn[n4 ,see ,manual ( a ,my/ic 7,p4,t4,s4 #aiaf71 pp4 xviii & #adj4 ,footnote #g3 ,e4g4 9 ,itivuttakam #ge1 !re is a description ( ! man :o is l a dr\ght & gives no?+1 ! man :o is l ra9 9 a c]ta9 di/rict & ! man :o is ,sabbabhtnukampako1 compassionate to all creatures1 & l ra9 fall+ ev]y:]e4 ,simil>ly ,ib4 #hd1 & else:]e1 we h descriptions ( p]sons 7ord9>y disciples z well z ,buddhas7 :o are born = ! welf>e ( gods & m5 bahujanahitya1 bahujanasukhya1 loknukampya1 at?ya1 hitya1 sukhya devamanussnam4 ,footnote #h3 ,ed4 ,s5>t1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #adb4 ,footnote #i3 ,! ,bodhic>yvatra 0 edit$ by ,m9ayeff1 #ahhi & also 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,buddhi/ ,text ,society & ! ,biblio!ca ,indica4 ,de la ,valle ,p\ss9 publi%$ p>ts ( ! text & comm5t>y 9 8 ,b\ddhisme & also a translation 9 #aijg4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! c>e] ( ! ,bodhisattva is also discuss$ 9 detail 9 ! ,avatamsaka stra & 9 works attribut$ to ,ngrjuna & ,/hiramati1 ! ,lak%ana-vimukta-hridaya-/ra & ! ,mahyna-dh>ma-dhtvavie%ata-/ra4 ,i only "k ( ^! works z quot$ by ,teit>o ,suzuki4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,*ild]s1 ,pali ,dict4 s4v4 ,patti1 ,pattianuppadnam & ,puo4 ,footnote #ab3 ,x occurs 9 ! ,pali ,canon1 e4g4 ,itivuttakam #ajj4 ,tassa me tumhe putt oras1 mukhato jt1 dhammaj4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see ,sylva9 ,lvi1 ,mahyna-strlankra3 introduction & passim4 ,= mu* additional in=mation ab\t ! ,bhmis see ,de la ,valle ,p\ss9's article ,bodhisattva 9 ,e4,r4,e4 ,footnote #ad3 ,em95t doctors su* z ,ngrjuna & ,asanga are (t5 describ$ z ,bodhisattvas j z em95t ,h9du tea*]s1 e4g4 ,caitanya1 are describ$ z ,avatras4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! idea t ,arhats may po/pone _! entry into ,nirvana = ! good ( ! _w is n unkn[n to ! ,pali ,canon4 ,accord+ to ! ,maha ,p>9-,sutta ! ,buddha himself might h done s4 ,leg5ds :i* _c be call$ def9itely ,mahayani/ relate h[ ,p9dola & o!rs are to t>ry until ,maitreya come & h[ ,kyapa 9 a less active role awaits him 9 a cave or tomb1 ready to revive at 8 adv5t4 ,see ,j4,a4 #aiaf1 ,,ii4 pp4 #aif1 #bgj4 ,footnote #af3 ,e4g4 ,lotus1 *ap4 ,i4 ,footnote #ag3 ,de la ,valle ,p\ss9's article ,avalokita 9 ,e4,r4,e4 may be consult$4 ,footnote #ah3 ,lotus1 ,s4,b4,e4 ,,xxi4 p4 #djg4 ,footnote #ai3 s,pyan-ras-gzigs r5d]$ 9 ,mongol by ,nidbr-dzkci4 ,! o!r common ,mongol "n ,ariobalo appe>s to be a corruption ( ryvalokita4 ,footnote #bj3 ,mean+ app>5tly ! see+ & self-exi/5t "o4 ,cf4 ,ta-tz-tsai z a "n ( iva4 ,footnote #ba3 ,a maids]vant 9 ! drama ,mlatmdhava is call$ ,avalokita4 ,x is n cle> :e!r x is a fem99e =m ( ! div9e "n or an adjective mean+ look$-at1 or admirable4 ,footnote #bb3 ,s4,b4,e4 ,,xxi4 pp4 #d & #djf ff4 ,x 0 translat$ 9 ,*9ese betwe5 ,a4,d4 #bfe & #caf & *ap4 ,,xxiv 0 sep>ately translat$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #chd & #dag4 ,see ,nanjio1 ,catalogue ,nos4 #acf1 #acg1 #ach4 ,footnote #bc3 ,hsan ,*uang 7,watt]s1 ,,ii4 #bae1 #bbd7 relates h[ an ,indian sage recit$ ! ,sui-hs9 dhrani be=e ,kuan-tz-tsai's image = ?ree ye>s4 ,footnote #bd3 ,z w be notic$ f "t to "t 9 ^! pages1 ! sudd5 appe>ance ( new deities 9 ,indian lit]ature (t5 seems /range4 ,! fact is t until deities are g5]ally recogniz$1 /&>d works pay no att5tion to !m4 ,footnote #be3 ,watt]s1 vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bbh ff4 ,x is said t ,potalaka is also m5tion$ 9 ! ,hwa-y5-*+ or ,avatamsaka stra4 ,tibetan tradition connects x ) ! kya family4 ,see ,csoma de ,krs1 ,tibetan /udies repr9t$ #aiab1 pp4 #cb-cd4 ,footnote #bf3 ,j z ! ,lankvatra stra purports to h be5 deliv]$ at ,lankapura-samudra-malaya-ikh>a r5d]$ 9 ! ,*9ese translation z 9 ! city ( ,lanka on ! summit ( ! ,malaya m\nta9 on ! bord] ( ! sea4 ,footnote #bg3 ,see ,f\*]1 ,iconographie b\ddhique1 #aijj1 pp4 #ajj1 #ajb4 ,footnote #bh3 ,v>amudra4 ,footnote #bi3 ,^! z well z ! r$ col\r are attributes ( ! ,h9du deity ,brahm4 ,footnote #cj3 ,a temple on ! nor? side ( ! lake 9 ! ,imp]ial ,city at ,pek+ conta9s a gigantic image ( him :i* has lit]ally a ?\s& heads & a ?\s& h&s4 ,?is mon/r\s figure is a w>n+ aga9/ an attempt to repres5t metaphors lit]ally4 ,footnote #ca3 ,waddell on ! ,cult ( ,avalokita1 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #ahid1 pp4 #ea ff4 ?9ks !y are n e>li] ?an ! fif? c5tury4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see especially ,f\*]1 ,iconographie ,b\ddhique1 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see especially de ,blonay1 ,etudes p\r s]vir a l'hi/oire de la desse b\ddhique ,tr1 ,p>is1 #ahie4 ,tr cont9u$ to be wor%ipp$ z a ,h9du goddess aft] ,buddhism _h disappe>$ & sev]al works 7 writt5 9 h] hon\r4 ,see ,raj4 ,mitra1 ,se>* = ,sk4 ,,mss4 ,,iv4 #afh1 #aga1 ,x4 #fg4 ,footnote #cd3 ,ab\t ! "t ( ,hsan ,*uang's travels ,s>vajmitra wrote a hymn to ,tr :i* has be5 pres]v$ & publi%$ by de ,blonay1 #ahid4 ,footnote #ce3 ,*9ese ,buddhi/s say ,tr & ,kuan-,y9 are ! same b ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is ?is4 ,tr is an ,indian & ,lamai/ goddess associat$ ) ,avalokita & 9 orig9 analog\s to ! ,saktis ( ,tantrism4 ,kuan-y9 is a female =m ( ,avalokita :o c assume all %apes4 ,! orig9al ,kuan-y9 0 a male deity3 male ,kuan-y9s are n unkn[n 9 ,*9a & are said to be ! rule 9 ,korea4 ,b ,tr & ,kuan-y9 may ju/ly be describ$ z ! same 9 s f> z !y are attempts to embody ! idea ( div9e pity 9 a ,madonna4 ,footnote #cf3 ,b _m s*ol>s ?9k t ! =mula ,om manipadme hum1 :i* is suppos$ to be address$ to ,avalokita1 is really an invocation to a =m ( akti call$ ,manipadm4 ,a ,nepalese inscription says t ,! ktas call him akti 7,e4,r4,e4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bfj & ,j4,a4 ,,ix4 #aib71 b ?is may be m]ely a way ( say+ t he is id5tical ) ! great gods ( all sects4 ,footnote #cg3 ,h>lez1 ,livre des esprits et des immortels1 p4 #aie1 & ,dor1 ,re*]*es sur les sup]/itions en ,*9e1 pp4 #id-ach4 ,footnote #ch3 ,see ,f5ollosa1 ,epo*s ( ,*9ese & ,japanese ,art ,i4 pp4 #aje & #abd2 ,john/on1 ,buddhi/ ,*9a1 #bge ff4 ,sev]al ,*9ese deities appe> to be ( unc]ta9 or v>y+ sex4 ,?us ,*un-ti is sometimes describ$ z a deifi$ ,*9ese ,g5]al & sometimes id5tifi$ ) ! ,indian goddess ,m>c4 ,y-ti1 g5]ally mascul9e1 is sometimes fem99e4 ,see ,dor1 l4c4 #bab4 ,/ill m /rangely ! ,patri>* ,avagho%a 7,ma ,m+7 is repres5t$ by a female figure4 ,on ! o!r h& ! monk ,ta ,%ng 7c4 #gje ,a4,d47 is said to h be5 an inc>nation ( ! female ,kuan ,y94 ,majur is said to be wor%ipp$ 9 ,nepal sometimes z a male1 sometimes z a female4 ,see ,b5dall & ,h>aprasad1 ,nepalese ,,mss4 p4 lxvii4 ,footnote #ci3 de ,blonay1 l4c4 pp4 #dh-eg4 ,footnote #dj3 ,*9ese1 ,man-*u-%ih-li1 or ,wn-%u2 ,japanese1 ,monju2 ,tibetan1 h,jam-pahi-dbyans 7pron\nc$ ,jam-yang74 ,maju is good ,sanskrit1 b x mu/ be confess$ t ! "n has a ,c5tral-,asian r+4 ,footnote #da3 ,translat$ into ,*9ese #bgj ,a4,d4 ,footnote #db3 ,*aps4 ,,xi4 & ,,xiii4 ,footnote #dc3 ,a special "w ,majurvikrdita 7,nanjio1 #ahd1 #ahe7 translat$ into ,*9ese #cac ,a4,d4 is quot$ z describ+ ,majur's trans=mations & exploits4 ,footnote #dd3 ,hsan ,*uang also relates h[ he assi/$ a philosoph] call$ ,*'en-na 7,d9nga7 & bade him /udy ,mahayani/ books4 ,footnote #de3 ,x is reproduc$ 9 ,grnw$el's ,buddhi/ ,art 9 ,india4 ,translat$ by ,gibson1 #aija1 p4 #bjj4 ,footnote #df3 ,dh>macakramudra4 ,footnote #dg3 ,= ! ,nepalese leg5ds see ,s4 ,levi1 ,le ,nepal1 #aije-i4 ,footnote #dh3 ,= an acc\nt ( ?is sacr$ m\nta9 see ,edk9s1 ,religion 9 ,*9a1 *aps4 ,,xvii to ,,xix4 ,footnote #di3 ,see ,i-ts+1 trans4 ,takakusu1 #ahif1 p4 #acf4 ,= "s fur!r rem>ks on ! possible =eign orig9 ( ,majur see bel[1 *apt] on ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! v]ses attribut$ to ,k+ ,h>%a 7,nanjio1 #ajga7 praise ! reliqu>ies ( ,*9a b )\t details4 ,footnote #ej3 ,"s ( ! ,tantras1 e4g4 ! ,mahcnakramcra1 ?\gh !y d n connect ,majur ) ,*9a1 repres5t "s ( _! mo/ surpris+ novelties z hav+ be5 br\ght !nce by anci5t sages l ,vasi%tha4 ,footnote #ea3 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 new s]ies1 ,,xii4 #ebb & ,j4,a4,s4,b4 #ahhb1 p4 #da4 ,! "n ,man*u p]haps contribut$ to ?is belief4 ,footnote #eb3 ,x is describ$ z a ,svayambh or spontane\s manife/ation ( ! di-,buddha4 ,footnote #ec3 ,sanskrit1 ,maitreya2 ,pali1 ,metteyya2 ,*9ese1 ,mi-li2 ,japanese1 ,miroku2 ,mongol1 ,maid>i2 ,tibetan1 ,byams-pa 7pron\nc$ ,jampa74 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! ,maitreya idea see especially ,pri1 ,b4,e4,f4,e4,o4 #aiaa1 pp4 #dci-deg4 ,footnote #ed3 ,b a ,siamese inscription ( ab\t #acfa1 possibly influ5c$ by ,*9ese ,mahayanism1 speaks ( ! t5 ,bodhisattvas head$ by ,metteyya4 ,see ,b4,e4,f4,e4,o4 #aiag1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #cj1 #ca4 ,footnote #ee3 ,e4g4 9 ! ,mahp>9ibbna ,stra4 ,footnote #ef3 ,dig4 ,nik4 ,,xxvi4 #be & ,buddhavamsa1 ,,xxvii4 #ai1 & ev5 ?is la/ v]se is said to be an addition4 ,footnote #eg3 ,see e4g4 ,watt]s1 ,yan ,*wang1 ,i4 #bci4 ,footnote #eh3 ,see ,watt]s & ,pri 9 ,b4,e4,f4,e4,o4 #aiaa1 #dci4 ,a temple ( ,maitreya has be5 f\nd at ,turfan 9 ,c5tral ,asia ) a ,*9ese inscription :i* speaks ( him z an active & b5evol5t deity manife/+ himself 9 _m =ms4 ,footnote #ei3 ,he has n f>$ well 9 ,*9ese iconography :i* repres5ts him z an enorm\sly fat smil+ monk4 ,9 ! ,liang dyna/y !re 0 a monk call$ ,pu-tai 7,jap4 ,hotei7 :o 0 reg>d$ z an inc>nation ( ,maitreya & became a popul> subject = c>icature4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! ,bodhisattva himself has become sup]s$$ by ?is *e]ful b undignifi$ inc>nation4 ,footnote #fj3 ,! /upa 0 app>5tly at ,b5>es b ,hsan ,*uang's n>rative is n cle> & o!r v]sions make ,rjagriha or ,srva/i ! sc5e ( ! pr$iction4 ,footnote #fa3 ,campa4 ,?is is 8 bodhi tree "u :i* he w obta9 enlight5m5t z ,skyamuni "u ! ,ficus religiosa4 ,ea* ,buddha has 8 own special k9d ( bodhi tree4 ,footnote #fb3 ,record ( ! ,buddhi/ religion1 ,trans4 ,takakusu1 p4 #bac4 ,see too ,watt]s1 ,yan ,*wang1 ,,ii4 #eg1 #add1 #baj1 #bae4 ,footnote #fc3 ,*9ese ,p'u-hsi54 ,see ,john/on1 ,f ,pek+ to ,m&alay1 = an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ,mt4 ,omei4 ,footnote #fd3 ,or ,mah/hna4 ,*9ese1 ,tai-%ih-*ih4 ,he appe>s to be ! ,arhat ,maudgalyyana deifi$4 ,9 ,*9a & ,japan !re is a m>k$ t5d5cy to reg>d all ,bodhisattvas z anci5t wor?ies :o by _! v[s & virtues h ris5 to _! pres5t high position4 ,b ^! euhem]i/ic explanations are common 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ & ! real orig9 ( ! ,bodhisattvas may be q diff]5t4 ,footnote #fe3 ,e4g4 ,watt]s1 ,i4 p4 #bbi1 ,,ii4 #bae4 ,footnote #ff3 ,k%itig>bha is translat$ into ,*9ese z ,ti-tsang & ,jiz is ! ,japanese pronunciation ( ! same two *>act]s4 ,footnote #fg3 ,9 ,o/asiat4 ,ztsft4 #aiac-ae4 ,see too ,john/on1 ,buddhi/ ,*9a1 *ap4 ,,viii4 ,footnote #fh3 ,! ,e>? goddess is kn[n to ! e>lie/ ,buddhi/ leg5ds4 ,! ,buddha call$ h] to witness :5 sitt+ "u ! ,bo tree4 ,footnote #fi3 ,?ree ,stras1 analys$ by ,viss]1 treat ( ,k%itig>bha4 ,!y are ,nanjio1 ,nos4 #fd1 #fe1 #fg4 ,footnote #gj3 ,a celebrat$ mona/]y 9 ! portion ( ,an-hui :i* lies to ! s\? ( ! ,yang-tse4 ,see ,john/on1 ,buddhi/ ,*9a1 *aps1 ,,viii1 ,,ix & ,x4 ,footnote #ga3 ,!re is "s reason to ?9k t ev5 9 ,turke/an ,k%itig>bha 0 a god ( roads4 ,footnote #gb3 ,9 ,annam too ,jiz is repres5t$ on horseback4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,buddhas ,,( ,,mahayanism ,?is my?ology did n gr[ up ar\nd ! ,buddha )\t affect+ ! c5tral figure4 ,to und]/& ! extraord9>y *anges ( mean+ bo? my?ological & metaphysical :i* ! ^w ,buddha und]goes 9 ,mahayani/ !ology we mu/ keep 9 m9d n ! p]sonality ( ,gotama b ! idea t he is "o ( sev]al successive ,buddhas :o = conv5i5ce may be c\nt$ z f\r1 sev5 or tw5ty-f\r b :o really =m an inf9ite s]ies ext5d+ )\t limit backw>ds into ! pa/ & =w>ds into ! future4#gc ,?is belief 9 a s]ies ( ,buddhas produc$ a pl5tiful crop ( imag9>y p]sonalities & also ( speculations z to _! connection ) "o ano!r1 ) ! ph5om5a ( ! _w & ) ! human s\l4 ,9 ! ,pali ,canon ! ,buddhas antec$5t to ,gotama are introduc$ mu* l anci5t k+s z "p ( ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ?is _w4 ,b 9 ! ,lalita-vi/>a 7,*ap4 ,,xx7 & ! ,lotus 7,*ap4 ,,vii7 we he> ( ,buddhas1 usually describ$ z ,ta?gatas1 :o app>5tly d n belong to ?is _w at all1 b rule v>i\s po9ts ( ! compass1 or regions describ$ z ,buddha-fields 7,buddha-k%etra74 ,_! names are n ! same 9 ! diff]5t acc\nts & we rema9 dazzl$ by an endless panorama ( an inf9ity ( univ]ses ) an inf9ity ( %9+ ,buddhas1 illum9at+ inf9ite space4 ,some:at lat] five ( ^! une>?ly ,buddhas 7 =m$ into a p5tad & describ$ z ,j9as#gd or ,dhyni ,buddhas 7,buddhas ( contemplation71 namely1 ,vairocana1 ,ak%obhya1 ,ratnasambhava1 ,amitbha & ,amoghasiddhi4 ,9 ! fully develop$ =m ( ?is doctr9e ^! five p]sonages are produc$ by contemplation f ! di-,buddha or orig9al ,buddha _s & !mselves produce v>i\s reflexes1 includ+ ,bodhisattvas1 human ,buddhas & goddesses l ,tr4 ,! date :5 ^! beliefs fir/ became "p ( ! accept$ ,mahayana cre$ _c be fix$ b probably ! symmetrical arrangem5t ( five ,buddhas is n ant]ior to ! tantric p]iod#ge ( ,buddhism4 ,! mo/ important ( ! five are ,vairocana & ,amitbha4 ,ak%obhya is m5tion$ 9 bo? ! ,lotus & ,small] ,sukhvat-vyha z ! *ief ,buddha ( ! ea/]n qu>t]1 & a "w purport+ to be a description ( 8 p>adise /ill extant 9 ,*9ese#gf is said to h be5 translat$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,ea/]n ,han dyna/y4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ he did n f9d _m wor%ipp]s4 ,m endur+ has be5 ! glory ( ,vairocana :o is ! *ief deity ( ! ,%+on sect 9 ,japan & is repres5t$ by ! gigantic image 9 ! temple at ,n>a4 ,9 ,java he seems to h be5 reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal & supreme ,buddha4 ,! "n occurs 9 ! ,mahva/u z ! designation ( an o!rwise unkn[n ,buddha ( lum9\s attributes & 9 ! ,lotus we he> ( a di/ant ,buddha-_w call$ ,vairocana-rasmi-pratim&ita1 embelli%$ by ! rays ( ! sun4#gg ,vairocana is cle>ly a d]ivative ( ,virocana1 a recogniz$ title ( ! sun 9 ,sanskrit1 & is r5d]$ 9 ,*9ese by ,ta-jih mean+ great ,sun4 ,h[ ?is sol> deity fir/ came to be reg>d$ z a ,buddha is n kn[n b ! connection betwe5 a ,buddha & light has always be5 recogniz$4 ,ev5 ! ,pali texts repres5t ,gotama z be+ lum9\s on "s occasions & 9 ! ,mahayani/ scriptures ,buddhas are radiant & light-giv+ be+s1 surr\nd$ by halos ( prodigi\s ext5t & emitt+ fla%es :i* illum9ate ! dep?s ( space4 ,! visions ( innum]able p>adises 9 all qu>t]s conta9+ jewell$ /upas & light$ by refulg5t ,buddhas :i* are frequ5t 9 ^! works seem f\nd$ on a/ronomy vaporiz$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! idea t !re are millions ( univ]ses all equally transitory & unsub/antial4 ,!re is no reason1 s f> z ,i see1 to reg>d ,gotama z a my?ical sol> h]o1 b ! cele/ial ,buddhas#gh cle>ly h _m sol> attributes4 ,?is is natural4 ,sol> deities are s abundant 9 ,v$ic my?ology t x is h>dly possible to be a b5evol5t god )\t hav+ some?+ ( ! "* ( ! sun4 ,! /ream ( =eign religions :i* fl[$ into ,india f ,bactria & ,p]sia ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era br\ght new aspects ( sun wor%ip su* z ,mi?ra1 ,helios & ,apollo & /r5g!n$ ! t5d5cy to connect div9ity & light4 ,& ?is connection 0 peculi>ly appropriate & obvi\s 9 ! case ( a ,buddha1 = ,buddhas are cle>ly reveal]s & light-giv]s1 conqu]ors ( d>kness & dispell]s ( ignorance4 ,amitbha 7or ! ,buddha ( measureless light71 ris+ sudd5ly f an obscure orig91 has l ,avalokita & ,vi%nu become "o ( ! great gods ( ,asia4 ,he is also kn[n z ,amityus or measureless life1 & is !re=e a god ( light & immortality4 ,accord+ to bo? ! ,lotus & ! ,small] ,sukhvat-vyha he is ! "l ( ! we/]n qu>t] b he is unkn[n to ! ,lalita-vi/>a4 ,x gives ! rul] ( ! we/ a l5g?y title1#gi :i* sugge/s a l& ( g>d5s4 ,n[ ,p>adise1 :i* has biblical au?ority z a "n = ! place ( dep>t$ spirits1 appe>s to mean 9 ,p]sian a p>k or enclos$ g>d5 & ! ,ave/a speaks ( f\r heav5s1 ! good ?\ght ,p>adise1 ! good ^w ,p>adise1 ! good de$ ,p>adise & ! ,endless ,lights4#hj ,?is la/ expression be>s a rem>kable resemblance to ! "n ( ,amitbha & we c und]/& t he %\ld rule ! we/1 because x is ! home to :i* ! sun & dep>t$ spirits g4 ,amitbha's ,p>adise is call$ ,sukhvat or ,happy ,l&4 ,9 ! ,puranas ! city ( ,v>una 7:o is suspect$ ( hav+ a non-,indian orig97 is said to be situat$ 9 ! we/ & is call$ ,sukha 7,l+a ,p4 & ,vayu ,p47 or ,mukhya 7s ,vi%nu ,p4 & o!rs74 ,! "n ,amitbha also occurs 9 ! ,vi%nu ,purana z ! "n ( a class ( gods & x is curi\s t !y are 9 "o place#ha associat$ ) o!r deities call$ ! ,mukhyas4 ,! wor%ip ( ,amitbha1 s f> z its hi/ory c be trac$1 goes back to ,s>aha1 ! tea*] ( ,ngrjuna4 ,he is said to h be5 a ,sudra & 8 "n seems un-,indian4 ,?is supports ! !ory t ?is wor%ip 0 =eign & import$ into ,india4#hb ,?is wor%ip & ! doctr9e on :i* x is bas$ are an almo/ complete contradiction ( ,gotama's tea*+1 = !y am\nt to ?is1 t religion consi/s 9 fai? 9 ,amitbha & pray] to him1 9 return = :i* he w receive 8 foll[]s aft] dea? 9 8 p>adise4 ,yet ?is is n a late trave/y ( ,buddhism b a relatively e>ly developm5t :i* mu/ h begun ab\t ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! pr9cipal works 9 :i* x is prea*$ are ! ,great] ,sukhvat-vyha or ,description ( ! ,happy ,l&1 translat$ into ,*9ese betwe5 #adg & #ahf ,a4,d41 ! less] "w ( ! same "n translat$ 9 #djb ,a4,d4 & ! ,stra ( m$itation on ,amityus#hc translat$ 9 #dbd4 ,! fir/ ( ^! works purports to be a disc\rse ( kyamuni himself1 deliv]$ on ! ,vulture's ,peak 9 answ] to ! que/ions ( n&a4 ,he relates h[ innum]able ages ago !re 0 a monk call$ ,dh>mk>a :o1 ) ! help ( ! ,buddha ( t p]iod1 made a v[ or v[s#hd to become a ,buddha b on conditions4 ,t is to say he reject$ ! ,buddhahood to :i* he might become entitl$ unless 8 m]its obta9$ c]ta9 advantages = o!rs1 & hav+ obta9$ ,buddhahood on ^! conditions he c n[ cause !m to be fulfill$4 ,9 o!r words he c apportion 8 va/ /ore ( accumulat$ m]it to su* p]sons & 9 su* mann] z he *ooses4 ,! gi/ ( ! conditions is t he %\ld :5 he obta9$ ,buddhahood be "l ( a p>adise ^: inhabitants live 9 unbrok5 happ9ess until !y obta9 ,nirvana4 ,all :o h ?\ght ( ?is p>adise t5 times are to be admitt$ !re91 unless !y h committ$ griev\s s91 & ,amitbha w appe> to !m at ! mom5t ( dea? s t _! ?\ghts may n be tr\bl$4 ,! ,buddha %[s n&a a miracul\s vision ( ?is p>adise & its joys are describ$ 9 language recall+ ! acc\nt ( ! ,new ,j]usalem 9 ! book ( ,revelation &1 ?\gh co>s] pleasures are exclud$1 all ! delights ( ! eye & e>1 su* z jewels1 g>d5s1 fl[]s1 riv]s & ! songs ( birds await ! fai?ful4 ,! small] ,sukhvat-vyha1 repres5t$ z prea*$ by kyamuni at rva/i1 is occupi$ almo/ entirely ) a description ( ! p>adise4 ,x m>ks a new dep>ture 9 def9itely prea*+ salvation by fai? only1 n by works1 :]eas ! previ\s treatise1 ?\gh dwell+ on ! efficacy ( fai?1 also makes m]it a requisite = life 9 heav54 ,b ! %ort] disc\rse says dogmatically ,be+s are n born 9 t ,buddha c\ntry z a rew>d & result ( good works p]=m$ 9 ?is pres5t life4 ,no1 all m5 or wom5 :o he> & be> 9 m9d = "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 six or sev5 nights ! "n ( ,amityus1 :5 !y come to die1 ,amityus w /& be=e !m 9 ! h\r ( dea?1 !y w dep>t ?is life ) quiet m9ds & aft] dea? !y w be born 9 ,p>adise4 ,! ,amityur-dhyna-stra also purports to be ! tea*+ ( kyamuni & has an hi/orical introduction connect+ x ) ,que5 ,vaideh & ,k+ ,bimbisra4 ,9 !ology x is m advanc$ ?an ! o!r treatises3 x is famili> ) ! doctr9e ( ,dh>ma-kya 7:i* w be discuss$ bel[7 & x repres5ts ! rul]s ( p>adise z a triad1 ,amityus be+ assi/$ by ,avalokita & ,maha/hmaprpta4#he ,admission to ! p>adise c be obta9$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b ! me?od recomm5d$ is ! practice ( a s]ies ( m$itations :i* are describ$ 9 detail4 ,! sy/em is compreh5sive1 = salvation c be obta9$ by m]e virtue ) little or no pray] b also by a s+le invocation ( ,amityus1 :i* suffices to free f deadly s9s4 ,/range z su* doctr9es appe> :5 set beside ! ,pali texts1 x is cle> t 9 _! orig9 & ev5 9 ! =m :i* !y assume 9 ! l>g] ,sukhvat-vyha !y are simply an exagg]ation ( ord9>y ,mahayani/ tea*+4#hf ,amitbha is m]ely a monk :o devotes himself to ! religi\s life1 namely seek+ bodhi = ! good ( o!rs4 ,he diff]s f e day devotees only 9 ! degree ( sanctity & success obta9$ by 8 ex]tions4 ,! op]ations :i* he p]=ms are no?+ b examples on a /up5d\s scale ( p>9man or ! assignm5t ( "o's own m]its to o!rs4 ,8 p>adise1 ?\gh 9 popul> e/eem equival5t to ! ,p]sian or ,*ri/ian heav51 is n really s3 /rictly speak+ x is n an ultimate ideal b a bless$ region 9 :i* ,nirvana may be obta9$ )\t toil or c>e4 ,?\gh ?is tea*+ _h brilliant success 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 :]e x /ill fl\ri%es1 ! wor%ip ( ,amitbha 0 nev] pr$om9ant 9 ,india4 ,9 ,nepal & ,tibet he is "o among _m deities3 ! ,*9ese pilgrims h>dly m5tion him3 8 figure is n p>ticul>ly frequ5t 9 ,indian iconography#hg &1 except 9 ! works compos$ specially 9 8 hon\r1 he appe>s z an incid5tal r ?an z a necess>y figure4 ,! :ole doctr9e is h>dly /r5u\s en\gh = ,indians4 ,to pray to ! ,buddha at ! end ( a s9ful life1 ent] 8 p>adise & obta9 ultimate ,nirvana 9 com=t is n only op5 to ! same *>ge ( egoism z ! ,h9ayana s*eme ( salvation b is mu* easi] & may lead to ! ab&onm5t ( religi\s ef=t4 ,& ! ,h9du1 :o above all ?+s likes to busy himself ) 8 own salvation1 does n take k9dly to ^! exp$i5ts4 ,num]\s deities promise a long spell ( heav5 z a rew>d = ! m]e utt]ance ( _! names1#hh yet ! believ] cont9ues to lab\r e>ne/ly 9 c]emonies or m$itation4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r ?is doctr9e ( salvation by ! utt]ance ( a s+le "n or pray] orig9at$ among ,buddhi/s or ,brahmans4 ,9 any case x is closely relat$ to old ideas ab\t ! magic p[] ( ,v$ic v]ses4 ,! five ,j9as & o!r sup]natural p]sonages are (t5 reg>d$ z manife/ations ( a s+le ,buddha-=ce & at la/ ?is =ce is p]sonifi$ z di-,buddha4#hi ,?is admitt$ly !i/ic =m ( ,buddhism is late & is record$ f ,nepal1 ,tibet 79 ! ,klacakra sy/em7 & ,java1 a di/ribution :i* implies t x 0 export$ f ,b5gal4#ij ,b ano!r =m 9 :i* ! ,buddha-=ce is imp]sonal & analog\s to ! ,p>abrahma ( ! ,v$nta is mu* old]4 ,yet :5 ?is philosophic idea is express$ 9 popul> language x comes v ne> to ,!ism4 ,z ,k]n has po9t$ out1 ,buddha is n call$ ,deva or v>a 9 ! ,lotus simply because he is above su* be+s4 ,he decl>es t he has exi/$ & w exi/ = incalculable ages & has prea*$ & w prea* 9 innum]able millions ( worlds4 ,8 bir? "h & 8 nirvana are illusory1 k9dly devices :i* may help weak disciples b d n m>k ! real beg9n+ & end ( 8 activity4 ,?is implies a view ( ,buddha's p]sonality :i* is m precisely def9$ 9 ! doctr9e kn[n z ,trikya or ! ?ree bodies#ia & exp\nd$ 9 ! ,mahyna-strlankra1 ! ,awak5+ ( ,fai?1 ! ,suv>na-prabhsa stra#ib & _m o!r works4 ,x may be /at$ dogmatically z foll[s1 b x assumes some:at div]g5t =ms accord+ z x is treat$ !ologically or metaphysically4 ,a ,buddha has ?ree bodies or =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,! fir/ is ! ,dh>ma-kya1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( all ,buddhas4 ,x is true k or ,bodhi4 ,x may also be describ$ z ,nirvana & also z ! "o p]man5t reality und]ly+ all ph5om5a & all individuals4 ,! second is ! ,sambhoga-kya1 or body ( enjoym5t1 t is to say ! radiant & sup]human =m 9 :i* ,buddhas appe> 9 _! p>adises or :5 o!rwise manife/+ !mselves 9 cele/ial spl5d\r4 ,! ?ird is ! ,nirmna-kya1 or ! body ( trans=mation1 t is to say ! human =m worn by kyamuni or any o!r ,buddha & reg>d$ z a trans=mation ( 8 true nature & almo/ a di/ortion1 because x is s p>tial & inadequate an expression ( x4 ,lat] !ology reg>ds ,amitbha1 ,amityus & kyamuni z a s]ies correspond+ to ! ?ree bodies4 ,amitbha does n really express ! :ole ,dh>ma-kya1 :i* is incapable ( p]sonification1 b :5 he is accurately di/+ui%$ f ,amityus 7& frequ5tly !y are reg>d$ z synonyms7 he is made ! m remote & e!real ( ! two4 ,amityus ) 8 ri* ornam5ts & 8 flask conta9+ ! wat] ( et]nal life is ! ideal ( a spl5didly b5efic5t savi\r & repres5ts ! ,sambhoga-kya4#ic kyamuni is ! same b5efic5t be+ %runk into human =m4 ,b ?is is only "o aspect1 & n ! mo/ important1 ( ! doctr9e ( ! ?ree bodies4 ,we c easily und]/& ! ,sambhoga-kya & ,nirmna-kya3 !y correspond to a deity su* z ,vi%nu & 8 inc>nation ,kri%na1 & !y are puzzl+ 9 ,buddhism simply because we ?9k naturally ( ! old] view 7n entirely disc>d$ by ! ,mahayana7 :i* makes ! human ,buddha ! cr[n & apex ( a s]ies ( lives t f9d 9 him _! fulfilm5t4 ,b x is less easy to und]/& ! ,dh>ma-kya4 ,! ^w %\ld p]haps be translat$ z body ( ! law & ! ?\ght orig9ally und]ly+ x may h be5 t ! ess5tial nature ( a ,buddha1 t :i* makes him a ,buddha1 is ! law :i* he prea*es4 ,z we might say1 ! tea*] lives 9 8 tea*+3 :ile x survives1 he is active & n dead4 ,! *ange f metaphor to !ology is illu/rat$ by ,hsan ,*uang :5 he /ates#id 7no d\bt quot+ f 8 edition ( ! ,pitakas7 t ,gotama :5 dy+ said to ^? ar\nd him ,say n t ! ,ta?gata is und]go+ f9al ext9ction3 8 spiritual pres5ce abides = ev] un*angeable4 ,?is app>5tly corresponds to ! passage 9 ! ,pali ,canon1#ie :i* runs ,x may be t 9 "s ( y ! ?\ght may arise1 ! ^w ( ! ,ma/] is end$3 we h no m a tea*]4 ,b x is n ?us t y %\ld reg>d x4 ,! tru?s & ! rules :i* ,i h set =?1 let !m1 aft] ,i am gone1 be ! ,tea*] to y4 ,b 9 ,buddhi/ writ+s1 includ+ ! olde/ ,pali texts1 ,dh>ma or ,dhamma has ano!r important mean+4 ,x signifies ph5om5on or m5tal /ate 7! two be+ id5tical = an ideali/ic philosophy7 & comprises bo? ! ext]nal & ! int]nal _w4 ,n[ ! ,dh>ma-kya is emphatically n a ph5om5on b x may be reg>d$ z ! sub/ratum or totality ( ph5om5a or z t :i* gives ph5om5a :atev] reality !y possess & ! d\ble use ( ! ^w dh>ma r5d]$ su* divagations ( mean+ easi]4#if ,h9dus h a t5d5cy to id5tify be+ & k4 ,accord+ to ! ,v$nta philosophy he :o kn[s ,brahman1 kn[s t he himself is ,brahman & !re=e he actually is ,brahman4 ,9 ! same way ! true body ( ! ,buddha is praj or k4#ig ,by ?is is meant a k :i* transc5ds ! di/9ction betwe5 subject & object & :i* sees t nei!r animate be+s nor inanimate ?+s h individuality or sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,?us ! ,dh>ma-kya be+ an intellig5ce :i* sees ! illusory quality ( ! _w & also h[ ! illusion orig9ates#ih may be reg>d$ z ! orig9 & gr\nd ( all ph5om5a4 ,z su* x is also call$ ,ta?gatag>bha & ,dh>ma-dhtu1 ! matrix or /ore-h\se ( all ph5om5a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 inasmu* z x is beyond !m & implies _! unreality1 x may also be reg>d$ z ! annihilation ( all ph5om5a1 9 o!r words z ,nirvana4 ,9 fact ! ,dh>ma-kya 7or ,bhta-ta?at7 is sometimes#ii def9$ 9 words simil> to ^? :i* ! ,pali ,canon makes ! ,buddha use :5 ask$ if ! ,p]fect ,sa9t exi/s aft] dea?--x is nei!r t :i* is exi/5ce nor t :i* is non-exi/5ce1 nor t :i* is at once exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce nor t :i* is nei!r exi/5ce nor non-exi/5ce4 ,9 m !ological language x may be said t accord+ to ! g5]al op9ion ( ! ,mahayani/s a ,buddha atta9s to ,nirvana by ! v act ( becom+ a ,buddha & is !re=e beyond ev]y?+ :i* we call exi/5ce4 ,yet ! compassion :i* he feels = mank9d & ! good ,k>ma :i* he has accumulat$ cause a human image ( him 7,nirmna-kya7 to appe> among m5 = _! in/ruction & a sup]human image1 p]ceptible yet n mat]ial1 to appe> 9 ,p>adise4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #gc3 ,9 ,mahp>9ib4 ,sut4 ,i4 #af ! ,buddha is made to speak ( all ! o!r ,buddhas :o h be5 9 ! long ages ( ! pa/ & w be 9 ! long ages ( ! future4 ,footnote #gd3 ,?\gh ,dhyni ,buddha is ! title mo/ frequ5tly us$ 9 ,european works x w\ld appe> t ,j9a is m usual 9 ,sanskrit works1 & 9 fact ,dhyni ,buddha is h>dly kn[n outside ,nepalese lit]ature4 ,ratnasambhava & ,amoghasiddhi are r>ely m5tion$ ap>t f ! o!rs4 ,accord+ to ,getty 7,gods ( ,nor!rn ,buddhism1 pp4 #bf1 #bg7 a gr\p ( six1 includ+ ! di-,buddha himself "u ! "n ( ,vajrasattva1 is sometimes wor%ipp$4 ,footnote #ge3 ,ab\t ! same p]iod iva & ,vi%nu 7 wor%ipp$ 9 five =ms4 ,see bel[1 ,book ,v4 *ap4 ,,iii4 sec4 #c ad f94 ,footnote #gf3 ,nanjio1 ,cat4 ,no4 #bh4 ,footnote #gg3 ,virocana also occurs 9 ! ,*ndogya ,up4 ,,viii4 #g & #h z ! "n ( an ,asura :o misund]/ood ! tea*+ ( ,prajpati4 ,v]ocana is ! "n ( an ,asura 9 ,sam4 ,nik4 ,i4 xi4 #a4 #h4 ,footnote #gh3 ,! names ( _m ( ^! ,buddhas1 p]haps ! majority1 conta9 "s ^w expressive ( light su* z ditya1 prabh or tejas4 ,footnote #gi3 ,*ap4 ,,xx4 ,pu%pavalivanrajikusumitbhija4 ,footnote #hj3 ,e4g4 ,ya%ts4 ,,xxii4 & ,,xxiv4 ,s4,b4,e4 vol4 ,,xxiii4 pp4 #cag & #cdd4 ,! title ,pure ,l& 7,*9ese ,*'+-t'u1 ,japanese ,jo-d7 has also a ,p]sian r+ ab\t x4 ,see fur!r 9 ! *apt] on ,c5tral ,asia4 ,footnote #ha3 ,vi%nu ,p41 ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 ,,ii4 ,footnote #hb3 ,see bel[3 ,section on ,c5tral ,asia1 & ,grnw$el1 ,my?ologie1 #ca1 #cf & notes3 ,t>ana?a 7,%iefn]71 p4 #ic & notes4 ,footnote #hc3 ,amityur-dhyna-stra4 ,all ?ree works are translat$ 9 ,s4,b4,e4 vol4 ,,xlix4 ,footnote #hd3 ,pranidhna4 ,n only ,amitbha b all ,bodhisattvas 7especially ,avalokita & ,k%itig>bha7 are suppos$ to h made su* v[s4 ,?is idea is v common 9 ,*9a & ,japan b goes back to ,indian s\rces4 ,see e4g4 ,lotus1 ,,xxiv4 v]se #c4 ,footnote #he3 ,^! ,bodhisattvas are also m5tion$ b )\t mu* emphasis 9 ! ,great] ,sukhvat-vyha4 ,footnote #hf3 ,ev5 9 ,h9ayani/ works su* z ! ,nidnaka? ,sum$ha's resolution to become a ,buddha1 =m$ z he lies on ! gr\nd be=e ,dipank>a1 has a resemblance to ,amda's v[4 ,he resolves to atta9 ! tru?1 to enable mank9d to cross ! sea ( ! _w & only !n to atta9 ,nirvana4 ,footnote #hg3 ,see ,f\*]1 ,iconographie ,b\ddhique dans l',inde4 ,footnote #hh3 ,! ,bhagavad-gt /ates q cle>ly ! doctr9e ( ! dea?b$ pray] 7,,viii4 ad init474 ,he :o leaves ?is body & dep>ts rememb]+ me 9 8 la/ mom5ts comes to my ess5ce4 ,:atev] =m 7( deity7 he rememb]s :5 he f9ally leaves ?is body1 to t he goes hav+ be5 us$ to pond] on x4 ,footnote #hi3 ,see art4 di-,buddha 9 ,e4,r4,e4 ,asanga 9 ! ,strlankra 7,,ix4 #gg7 condemns ! doctr9e ( di-,buddha1 %[+ t ! t]m 0 kn[n !n1 ev5 if x _h n ! precise dogmatic s5se :i* x acquir$ lat]4 ,8 argum5t is t no "o c become a ,buddha )\t an equipm5t 7,sambhra7 ( m]it & k4 ,su* an equipm5t c only be obta9$ f a previ\s ,buddha & !re=e ! s]ies ( ,buddhas mu/ ext5d inf9itely backw>ds4 ,footnote #ij3 ,= ! preval5ce ( ! doctr9e 9 m$ival ,b5gal see ,b4,k4 ,s>k>1 ,folklore ,elem5t 9 ,h9du ,culture1 :i* is h[ev] sp>+ ( precise ref]5ces4 ,! ,dh>ma or ,nirajana ( ! nya ,purna seems to be equival5t to di-,buddha4 ,sometimes ! di-,buddha is id5tifi$ ) ,vajrasattva or ,samantabhadra1 al?\gh ^! be+s are o!rwise classifi$ z ,bodhisattvas4 ,?is appe>s analog\s to ! proc$ure common 9 ,h9duism by :i* a devotee decl>es t 8 special deity is all ! gods & ! supreme _s4 ,footnote #ia3 ,x w\ld appe> t "s ( ! ,tantras treat ( five bodies1 add+ to ! ?ree "h giv5 o!rs su* z ! n&akya1 ,vajrakya & ,svabhvakya4 ,= ?is doctr9e see especially ,de la ,valle ,p\ss91 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aijf1 pp4 #idc-iig & ,muson1 #aiac1 pp4 #beg ff4 ,jigs-m$ nam-mk1 ! hi/orian ( ,tibetan ,buddhism1 describes f\r4 ,see ,hu?1 ,ges4 d4 ,bud4 9 d4 ,mongolei1 vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #hc-hi4 ,h9duism also assigns to liv+ be+s ?ree bodies1 ! ,krana-arra1 l+a4 & /hla4 ,footnote #ib3 ,translat$ into ,*9ese by ,dh>m>ak%a betwe5 #cig & #dci ,a4,d4 ,footnote #ic3 ,! prototype ( ! ,sambhoga-kya is f\nd 9 ! ,pali ,canon1 = ! ,buddha says 7,mahp>9ib4 ,sut4 ,,iii4 #bb7 t :5 he appe>s among ! diff]5t classes ( gods 8 =m & voice are simil> to !irs4 ,footnote #id3 ,watt]s1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ch4 ,spiritual ess5ce is ,fa-%n 9 ,*9ese1 i4e4 ,dh>ma-kya4 ,ano!r passage is quot$ to ! effect t h5ce=? ! obs]vances ( all my disciples con/itute ! ,ta?gata's ,fa-%n1 et]nal & imp]i%able4 ,footnote #ie3 ,mahp>9ib4 ,sut4 ,,vi4 i4 ,footnote #if3 ,some?+ simil> might happ5 9 ,engli% if ?9k & ?+ 7 pron\nc$ 9 ! same way & a ?+ 7 believ$ to be t :i* we c ?9k4 ,footnote #ig3 ,see ,a%tashasrik ,praj-pramit1 *ap4 ,,iv1 ne> beg9n+4 ,footnote #ih3 ,x is 9 ?is la/ po9t t no inf]ior intellig5ce c foll[ ! ?\ght ( a ,buddha4 ,footnote #ii3 ,! ,awak5+ ( ,fai?1 ,teit>o ,suzuki1 p4 #ei4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,mahayani/ ,,metaphysics ,?us ! !ory ( ! ?ree bodies1 especially ( ! ,dh>ma-kya1 is b\nd up ) a !ory ( ontology4 ,metaphysics became a passion among ! travell]s ( ! ,great ,vehicle z psy*ology _h be5 9 e>li] times4 ,!y may inde$ be reproa*$ ) be+ bad ,buddhi/s s9ce !y insi/$ on speculat+ on ^? que/ions :i* ,gotama _h decl>$ to be unpr(itable & incapable ( an answ] 9 human language4 ,he refus$ to pron\nce on ! :5ce1 ! :i!r & ! nature ( ?+s1 b bade 8 disciples walk 9 ! eightfold pa? & analyse ! human m9d1 because su* analysis conduces to spiritual progress4 ,india 0 ! la/ c\ntry 9 ! _w :]e su* re/rictions 7 likely to be obs]v$4 ,mu* ,mahayani/ lit]ature is n religi\s at all b simply metaphysics treat$ 9 an au?oritative & ecclesia/ical mann]4 ,! nature & orig9 ( ! _w are discuss$ z freely z 9 ! ,v$nta & ) simil> results3 ! old e?ics & psy*ology receive scant att5tion4 ,yet ! diff]5ce is less ?an might be suppos$4 ,anyone :o reads ^! treatises & notices ! numb] ( app>5tly et]nal be+s & ! talk ab\t ! univ]sal m9d is likely to ?9k ! old doctr9e t no?+ has an tman or s\l1 has be5 =gott54 ,b ?is impression is n correct2 ! doctr9e ( ,nairtmyam is ass]t$ s uncompromis+ly t f "o po9t ( view x may be said t ev5 ,buddhas d n exi/4 ,! mean+ ( ?is doctr9e is t no be+ or object conta9s an un*angeable p]man5t self1 :i* lives unalt]$ 9 ! same or 9 diff]5t bodies4 ,on ! contr>y individual exi/5ces consi/ ( no?+ b a collection ( sk&has or a santna1 a succession or s]ies ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,9 ! ,pali books ?is doctr9e is appli$ *iefly to ! s\l & psy*ological enquiries4 ,! ,mahayana appli$ x to ! ext]nal _w & prov$ by +5i\s argum5ts t no?+ at all exi/s4 ,simil>ly ! doctr9e ( ,k>ma is ma9ta9$1 ?\gh x is s]i\sly modifi$ by ! admission t m]it c be transf]r$ f "o p]sonality to ano!r4 ,! ,mahayana cont9u$ to tea* t an act once p]=m$ affects a p>ticul> s]ies ( m5tal /ates until its effect is exhau/$1 or 9 popul> language t an individual enjoys or suff]s ?r\gh a s]ies ( bir?s ! consequ5ces ( previ\s acts4 ,ev5 ! in/ance ( ,amitbha's p>adise1 ?\gh x /ra9s ! doctr9e ( ,k>ma to ! utmo/1 does n repudiate x4 ,= ! believ] p]=ms an act--to wit1 ! invocation ( ,amitbha--to :i* has be5 atta*$ ! wond]ful result t ! p]=m] is reborn 9 a bless$ /ate4 ,?is is n ess5tially diff]5t f ! idea f\nd 9 ! ,pali ,canon t att5tions paid to a ,buddha may be rew>d$ by a happy rebir? 9 heav54#ajj ,mahayani/ metaphysics1 l all o!r dep>tm5ts ( ?is !ology1 are beset by ! difficulty t ! au?orities :o treat ( !m are n always 9 accord & d n pret5d to be 9 accord4 ,! idea t v>iety is p]missible 9 belief & conduct is deeply root$ 9 lat] ,buddhism3 !re are _m vehicles1 "s bett] ?an o!rs no d\bt & "s v ram%ackle1 b all are capable ( convey+ _! pass5g]s to salvation4 ,nom9ally ! ,mahayana 0 divid$ into only two s*ools ( philosophy3 practically e important treatise prop\nds a sy/em ) features ( its own4 ,! two s*ools are ! ,yogcras & ,mdhyamikas4#aja ,bo? are ideali/s & d5y ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w1 b :]eas ! ,yogcras 7also call$ ,vijnavd9s7 admit t ,vijna or consci\sness & ! s]ies ( /ates ( :i* x consi/s are real1 ! ,mdhyamikas refuse ! title ( reality to bo? ! subjective & ! objective _w & h5ce ga9$ a reputation ( be+ complete nihili/s4 ,probably ! ,mdhyamikas are ! old] s*ool4 ,bo? s*ools atta* importance to ! di/9ction betwe5 relative & absolute k4 ,relative k is true = human be+s liv+ 9 ! _w3 t is to say x is n m false ?an ! _w ( appe>ance 9 :i* !y live4 ,! ,h9ayani/ doctr9es are true 9 ?is s5se4 ,absolute k rises above ! _w ( appe>ance & is altoge!r true b difficult to express 9 words4 ,! ,yogcra makes ?ree divisions1 divid+ ! inf]ior k into two4 ,x di/+ui%es fir/ illusory k 7p>ikalpita7 su* z mi/ak+ a piece ( rope = a snake or belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( individual s\ls4 ,secondly k :i* dep5ds on ! relations ( ?+s 7p>atantra7 & :i* ?\gh n absolutely wrong is necess>ily limit$1 su* z belief 9 ! real exi/5ce ( ropes & snakes4 ,& ?irdly absolute k 7p>9i%panna71 :i* und]/&s all ?+s z ! manife/ation ( an und]ly+ pr9ciple4 ,! ,mdhyamikas m simply divide k into samvriti-satya & p>amr?a-satya1 t is ! tru? ( e-day life & transc5d5tal tru?4 ,! _w & ord9>y religion ) its doctr9es & injunctions ab\t good works are real & true z samvriti b 9 absolute tru? 7p>amr?am7 we atta9 ,nirvana & !n ! _w ) its human ,buddhas & its gods exi/s no m4 ,! ^w nyam or nyat1 t is void1 is (t5 us$ z ! equival5t ( p>amr?am4 ,void mu/ be und]/ood z mean+ n an abyss ( no?+ness b t :i* is f\nd to be devoid ( all ! attributes :i* we try to ascribe to x4 ,! _w ( ord9>y exp]i5ce is n void1 = a great numb] ( /atem5ts c be made ab\t x1 b absolute tru? is void1 because no?+ :atev] c be pr$icat$ ( x4 ,yet ev5 ?is col\rless designation is n p]fectly accurate1#ajb because nei!r be+ nor n-be+ c be pr$icat$ ( absolute tru?4 ,x is = ?is reason1 namely t !y admit nei!r be+ nor n-be+ b some?+ betwe5 ! two1 t ! foll[]s ( ,ngrjuna are kn[n z ! ,mdhyamikas or s*ool ( ! middle doctr9e1 ?\gh ! ,european read] is tempt$ to say t _! !ories are extreme to ! po9t ( be+ a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,yet ?\gh mu* ( _! logic seems late & useless sophi/ry1 its aff9ity to e>ly ,buddhism _c be d5i$4 ,! f\rfold proposition t ! answ] to c]ta9 que/ions _c be any ( ! /atem5ts is1 is n1 bo? is & is n1 nei!r is nor is n1 is "p ( ! e>lie/ kn[n /ratum ( ,buddhism4 ,! ,buddha himself is repres5t$ z say+#ajc t mo/ p hold ei!r to a belief 9 be+ or to a belief 9 n be+4 ,b nei!r belief is possible = "o :o consid]s ! "q ) full k4 ,t ?+s h be+ is "o extreme3 t ?+s h no be+ is ! o!r extreme4 ,^! extremes h be5 avoid$ by ! ,ta?gata & x is a middle doctr9e t he tea*es1 namely1 dep5d5t orig9ation z expla9$ 9 ! *a9 ( twelve l9ks4 ,! ,mdhyamika !ory t objects h no absolute & indep5d5t exi/5ce b appe> to exi/ 9 virtue ( _! relations is a re/atem5t ( ?is anci5t dictum4 ,! ,mahayani/ doctors f9d an e?ical mean+ 9 _! negations4 ,if ?+s possess$ svabhva1 real1 absolute1 self-det]m9$ exi/5ce1 !n ! f\r tru?s & especially ! cessation ( suff]+ & atta9m5t ( sanctity w\ld be impossible4 ,= if ?+s 7 due n to causation b to _! own self-det]m9+ nature 7& ! ,h9dus always seem to und]/& real exi/5ce 9 ?is s5se7 cessation ( evil & atta9m5t ( ! good w\ld be alike impossible3 ! f\r ,noble ,tru?s imply a _w :i* is 9 a /ate ( con/ant becom+1 t is a _w :i* is n really exi/5t4 ,b = all t ! doctr9e ( nyat z /at$ 9 ! ,mdhyamika aphorisms ascrib$ to ,ngrjuna leaves an impression ( audaci\s & +5i\s sophi/ry4 ,aft] lay+ d[n t e object 9 ! _w exi/s only 9 relation to e o!r object & has no self-exi/5ce1 ! treatise proce$s to prove t re/ & motion are alike impossible4 ,we speak ab\t ! pa? along :i* we are pass+ b !re is really no su* ?+1 = if we divide ! pa? accurately1 x always proves sep>able into ! "p :i* has be5 pass$ ov] & ! "p :i* w be pass$ ov]4 ,!re is no "p :i* is be+ pass$ ov]4 ,?is ( c\rse am\nts to a d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( pres5t "t4 ,"t consi/s ( pa/ & future sep>at$ by an indivisible & immeasurable in/ant4 ,! m9imum ( "t :i* has any mean+ = u implies a *ange1 & two elem5ts1 a =m] & a subsequ5t4 ,! pres5t m9ute or ! pres5t h\r are fallaci\s expressions4#ajd ,!re=e no "o ev] is pass+ along a pa?4 ,aga9 y _c logically say t ! pass] is pass+1 = ! s5t5ce is r$undant3 ! v]b adds no?+ to ! n\n & vice v]sa3 b on ! o!r h& y cle>ly _c say t ! non-pass] is pass+4 ,aga9 if y say t ! pass] & ! pass+ are id5tical1 y ov]look ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ag5t & ! act & bo? become unreal4 ,b y _c ma9ta9 t ! pass] is diff]5t f ! pass+1 = a pass] z di/9ct f pass+ & pass+ z di/9ct f a pass] h no mean+4 ,b h[ c two entities exi/ at all1 if !y exi/ nei!r z id5tical ) "o ano!r nor z diff]5t f "o ano!r8 ,! above1 ?\gh mu* abridg$1 gives an idea ( ! logic ( ^! stras4 ,!y proce$ to %[ t all mann] ( ?+s1 su* z ! five sk&has1 ! elem5ts1 contact1 atta*m5t1 fire & fuel1 orig9ation1 cont9uation & ext9ction h no real exi/5ce4 ,simil> reason+ is !n appli$ to religi\s topics3 ! _w ( transmigration z well z bondage & lib]ation are decl>$ non-exi/5t4 ,9 reality no s\l is 9 bondage & none is releas$4#aje ,simil>ly ,k>ma1 ! ,buddha himself1 ! f\r tru?s1 ,nirvana & ! twelve l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( causation are all unreal4 ,?is is n a decl>ation ( scepticism4 ,x means t ! ,buddha z a human or cele/ial be+ & ,nirvana z a /ate atta9able 9 ?is _w are conceivable only 9 connection ) ?is _w & !re=e1 l ! _w1 unreal4 ,no religi\s idea c ent] into ! unreal 7t is ! practical7 life ( ! _w unless x is itself unreal4 ,?is s\nds a topsy turvy argum5t b x is really ! same z ! ,advaita doctr9e4 ,! ,v$nta is on ! "o h& a s*eme ( salvation = lib]at+ s\ls :i* transmigrate unceas+ly 9 a _w rul$ by a p]sonal ,god4 ,b :5 true k is atta9$1 ! s\l sees t x is id5tical ) ! ,highe/ ,brahman & t s\ls :i* are 9 bondage & ,god :o rules ! _w are illusions l ! _w itself4 ,b ! ,advaita has at lea/ a v]bal sup]iority ov] ! ,mdhyamika philosophy1 = 9 its t]m9ology ,brahman is ! real & ! exi/5t contra/$ ) ! _w ( illusion4 ,! result ( giv+ to :at ! ,advaita calls ! real & exi/5t ! "n ( nyat or void is disconc]t+4 ,to say t ev]y?+ )\t di/9ction is non-exi/5t is mu* ! same z say+ t ev]y?+ is exi/5t4 ,x only means t a wrong s5se is habitually giv5 to ! ^w exi/1 z if x meant to be self-conta9$ & )\t relation to o!r objects4 ,unless we c make a v]bal contra/ & ass]t t !re is some?+ :i* does exi/1 x seems futile to insi/ on ! unreality ( ! _w4 ,yet ?is mode ( ?\ght is n conf9$ to text-books on logic4 ,x invades ! scriptures1 & appe>s 7= in/ance7 9 ! ,diamond ,cutt]#ajf :i* is /ill "o ( ! mo/ v5]at$ books ( devotion 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,9 ?is "w ! ,buddha expla9s t a ,bodhisattva mu/ resolve to deliv] all liv+ be+s & yet mu/ und]/& t aft] he has ?us deliv]$ innum]able be+s1 no "o has be5 deliv]$4 ,& :y8 ,because no "o is to be call$ a ,bodhisattva = :om !re exi/s ! idea ( a be+1 or p]son4 ,simil>ly a sa9t does n ?9k t he is a sa9t1 = if he did s ?9k1 he w\ld believe 9 a self1 & a p]son4 ,!re occur cont9ually 9 ?is "w phrases ca/ 9 ! foll[+ =m3 :at 0 prea*$ z a /ore ( m]it1 t 0 prea*$ z no /ore ( m]it#ajg by ! ,ta?gata & !re=e x is call$ a /ore ( m]it4 ,if !re exi/$ a /ore ( m]it1 ! ,ta?gata w\ld n h prea*$ a /ore ( m]it4 ,t is to say1 if ,i und]/& ?is d>k language rightly1 accumulat$ m]it is "p ( ! _w ( illusion :i* we live 9 & by speak+ ( x z he did ! ,buddha impli$ t x1 l ev]y?+ else 9 ! _w1 is really non-exi/5t4 ,did x belong to ! sph]e ( absolute tru?1 he w\ld n h spok5 ( x z if x 7 "o ( ! ?+s commonly b errone\sly suppos$ to exi/4 ,f9ally we are told ( ! highe/ k ,ev5 ! smalle/ ?+ is n kn[n or p]ceiv$ !re2 !re=e x is call$ ! highe/ p]fect k4 ,t is to say p]fect k transc5ds all di/9ctions2 x recognises ! illusory nature ( all individuality & ! tru? ( sam5ess1 ! nev]-*ang+ "o beh9d ! ev]-*ang+ _m4 ,9 ?is s5se x is said to p]ceive no?+ & "k no?+4 ,"o might expect t a philosophy ?us prone to use ! language ( extreme nihilism w\ld slip into a de/ructive1 or at lea/ negative sy/em4 ,b ,mahayanism 0 pull$ equally /rongly 9 ! opposite direction by ! popul> & my?ological elem5ts :i* x conta9$ & 0 on ! :ole incl9$ to !ism & ev5 poly!ism q z mu* z to a!ism & acosmism4 ,a mod]n ,japanese writ]#ajh says t ,dh>ma-kya may be consid]$ to be equival5t to ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,godhead4 ,?is is excessive z a hi/orical /atem5t ( ! view curr5t 9 ,india dur+ ! e>ly c5turies ( our era1 b x does seem true t ,dh>ma-kya 0 made ! equival5t ( ! ,h9du conception ( ,p>am ,brahma & also t x is v ne>ly equival5t to ! ,*9ese ,tao4#aji ,! "w call$ ,awak5+ ( ,fai?#aaj & ascrib$ to ,avagho%a is n extant 9 ,sanskrit b 0 translat$ into ,*9ese 9 #eec ,a4,d4 ,its doctr9e is practically t ( ! ,yogcra s*ool & ?is makes ! ascription d\btful1 b x is a mo/ important treatise4 ,x is reg>d$ z au?oritative 9 ,*9a & ,japan at ! pres5t day & x illu/rates ! triple t5d5cy ( ! ,mahayana t[>ds metaphysics1 my?ology1 & devotional piety4 ,x decl>es t fai? has f\r aspects4 ,?ree ( ^! are ! ?ree ,jewels1 or ,buddha1 ! ,law & ! ,*ur*1 & cov] betwe5 !m ! :ole field ( religion & morality z g5]ally und]/ood4 ,! exposition is t+$ ) a f9e unselfi% emotion & tells ! believ] t ?\gh he %\ld /rive n = 8 own emancipation b = ! salvation ( o!rs yet he himself receives unselfi% & sup]natural assi/ance4 ,he is rememb]$ & gu>d$ by ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas 9 all qu>t]s ( ! ,univ]se :o are et]nally try+ to lib]ate mank9d by v>i\s exp$i5ts 7upya74 ,by exp$i5t is meant a modifi$ pres5tm5t ( ! tru?1 :i* is easi] ( compreh5sion &1 if n ! goal1 at lea/ on ! road to x1 su* z ! ,p>adise ( ,amitbha4#aaa ,b ! rema9+ aspect ( fai?1 :i* is ! "o t ! au?or puts fir/ 9 8 enum]ation1 & treats at great l5g?1 is to believe 9 ! fundam5tal tru?1 t is to ?9k joyfully ( su*ness4 ,by su*ness 79 ,sanskrit bhta-ta?at1 9 ,*9ese ,*n ju7 is meant absolute tru? z contra/$ ) ! relative tru? ( ord9>y exp]i5ce4#aab ,! ^w is n illum9at+ nor likely to excite religi\s emotion & ! mo/ t c be said = x is t x is less dre>y ?an ! void ( ,ngrjuna4 ,ano!r & m positive synonym is dh>ma-dhtu1 ! all-embrac+ totality ( ?+s4 ,x is only ?r\gh our ignorance & subjectivity t ?+s appe> di/9ct & individuate4 ,c\ld we transc5d ?is subjectivity1 isolat$ objects w\ld cease to exi/4 ,?+s 9 _! fundam5tal nature _c be nam$ or expla9$3 !y are beyond ! range ( language & p]ception3 !y h no signs ( di/9ction b possess absolute sam5ess 7samat74 ,f ?is totality ( ?+s no?+ c be exclud$ & to x no?+ c be add$4 ,yet x is also nyat1 negation or ! void1 because x _c be said to possess any ( ! attributes ( ! _w we live 93 nei!r exi/5ce nor non-exi/5ce1 nor unity nor plurality c be pr$ict$ ( x4 ,accord+ to ! celebrat$ =mula ( ,ngrjuna kn[n z ! eight ,nos !re is 9 x nei!r production 7utpda7 nor de/ruction 7uc*$a7 nor annihilation 7nirodha7 nor p]si/5ce 7sasvat7 nor unity 7ekr?a7 nor plurality 7nnr?a7 nor com+ 9 7gamana7 nor go+ out 7nirgama74 ,b :5 we p]ceive t bo? subject & object are unreal we also see t su*ness is ! "o reality & f t po9t ( view x may be reg>d$ z ! ,dh>ma-kya ( all ,buddhas4 ,x is also call$ ,ta?gatag>bha1 ! womb or /ore-h\se ( ! ,buddha1 f :i* all individual exi/5ces are evolv$ "u ! law ( causation1 b ?is aspect ( x is already affect$ by ignorance1 = 9 ,bhta-ta?at z kn[n 9 ! light ( ! highe/ tru? !re is nei!r causation nor production4 ,! ,yogcra employs ! ^w nyat 7void71 ?\gh n s mu* z its si/] s*ool1 b x makes special use ( ! t]m laya-vijna1 ! receptacle or /ore ( consci\sness4 ,?is 9 s f> z x is sup]9dividual is an aspect ( su*ness1 b :5 x affirms & p>ticul>ises itself x becomes citta1 t is ! human m9d1 or to be m accurate ! sub/ratum ( ! human m9d f :i* is develop$ manas1 or ! pr9ciple ( w1 self-consci\sness & self-affirmation4 ,simil>ly ! ,v$nta philosophy1 ?\gh x has no t]m correspond+ to laya-vijna1 is famili> ) ! idea t ,brahman is 9 "o aspect immeasurable & all-embrac+ b 9 ano!r is inf9itesimal & dwells 9 ! human he>t3 or t ,brahman aft] creat+ ! _w ent]$ into x4 ,aga9 ano!r aspect ( su*ness is enlight5m5t 7bodhi71 t is absolute k free f ! limitations ( subject & object4 ,?is is ! univ]sal ,dh>ma-kya ( ! ,ta?gatas & on acc\nt ( ?is all ,ta?gatas are spok5 ( z abid+ 9 enlight5m5t a priori4 ,?is enlight5m5t may be negative 7z nyata7 9 ! s5se t x transc5ds all relations b x may also be affirmative & !n x trans=ms & unfolds itself1 :5ev] conditions are fav\rable1 9 ! =m ( a ,ta?gata or "s o!r =m 9 ord] t all be+s may be induc$ to br+ _! /ore ( m]it to maturity4#aac ,x w be se5 f ! above t ! absolute tru? ( ! ,mahayani/s v>ies f a sev]ely metaphysical conception1 ! indescribable ?+ 9 itself1 to some?+ v l an all-p]vad+ b5evol5t ess5ce :i* f "t to "t takes %ape 9 a ,buddha4 ,& "h we see h[ easy is ! transition f ! old ,buddhism to a =m ( pan!ism4 ,= if we admit t ! ,buddha is a sup]human intellig5ce appe>+ f "t to "t accord+ to a c]ta9 law1 we add little to ?is /atem5t by say+ t ! ess5ce or _s ( ! cosmos manife/s itself f "t to "t z a ,buddha4 ,only1 su* words z ess5ce or _s are n really correct4 ,! _w ( individuals is ! same z ! highe/ tru?1 ! same z ! ,dh>ma-kya1 ! same z ,nirvana4 ,x is only ?r\gh ignorance t x appe>s to be diff]5t & p>ticul>iz$4 ,ignorance1 ! ess5ce ( :i* consi/s 9 believ+ 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 subject & object1 is also call$ defilem5t & ! highe/ tru? passes ?r\gh v>i\s /ages ( defilem5t end+ ) t :]e "u ! influ5ce ( egoism & passion ! ext]nal _w ( p>ticul>s is believ$ to be ev]y?+4 ,b ! v>i\s /ages may influ5ce "o ano!r#aad s t "u a high] influ5ce ! m9d :i* is involv$ 9 subjectivity beg9s to long = ,nirvana4 ,yet ,nirvana is n some?+ diff]5t f or beyond ! _w ( exp]i5ce2 x does n really involve annihilation ( ! sk&has4 ,j z 9 ! ,advaita he :o has ! true k sees t he himself & ev]y?+ else is ,brahman1 s = ! ,mahayani/ all ?+s are se5 to be ,nirvana1 to be ! ,dh>ma-kya4 ,x is sometimes#aae said t !re are f\r k9ds ( ,nirvana 7a7 absolute ,nirvana1 :i* is a synonym ( ! ,dh>ma-kya & 9 t s5se univ]sally pres5t 9 all be+s1 7b7 upadhie%a-nirvna1 ! /ate ( enlight5m5t :i* c be atta9$ dur+ life1 :ile ! body ) its limitations /ill rema9s1 7c7 anupadhie%a-nirvna1 a high] degree ( ! same /ate atta9$ aft] dea? :5 ! h9drances ( ! body are remov$1 7d7 ,nirvana )\t abode or aprati%thita-nirvna4 ,^? :o atta9 to ?is und]/& t !re is no real anti!sis betwe5 ,samsra & ,nirvana3#aaf !y d n seek = re/ or emancipation b devote !mselves to b5efic5t activity & to lead+ _! fell[s to salvation4 ,al?\gh ^! /atem5ts t ,nirvana & ,samsra are ! same are n at all 9 ! mann] ( ! old] ,buddhism1 yet ?is ideal ( dis9t]e/$ activity comb9$ ) ,nirvana is n inconsi/5t ) ! portrait ( ,gotama pres]v$ 9 ! ,pali ,canon4 ,! ,mahayani/ ,buddhism ( ! ,f> ,ea/ makes free use ( su* phrases z ! ,buddha 9 ! he>t1 ! ,buddha m9d & ! ,buddha nature4 ,^! seem to repres5t su* ,sanskrit t]ms z ,buddhatva & ,bodhicitta :i* c receive ei!r an e?ical or a metaphysical emphasis4 ,! =m] l9e ( ?\ght is well %[n 9 ntideva#aag :o treats ,bodhicitta z ! initial impulse & motive p[] ( ! religi\s life1 comb9+ intellectual illum9ation & unselfi% devotion to ! good ( o!rs4 ,?us reg>d$ x is a guid+ & /imulat+ pr9ciple some:at analog\s to ! ,holy ,_s 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ! ,bodhicitta is also ! ess5tial quality ( a ,buddha 7& ! ,holy ,_s too is a memb] ( ! ,tr9ity7 & 9 s f> z a man has ! ,bodhicitta he is "o ) all ,buddhas4 ,?is conception is p]haps second>y 9 ,buddhism b x is also z old z ! ,upani%ads & only ano!r =m ( ! doctr9e t ! _s 9 e man 7ant>ym97 is id5tical ) ! ,supreme ,_s4 ,x is develop$ 9 _m works /ill popul> 9 ! ,f> ,ea/#aah & 0 ! fundam5tal !sis ( ,bodhidh>ma1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,z5 s*ool4 ,b ! practical "* ( ! ,*9ese & ,japanese has l$ !m to atta* m importance to ! moral & intellectual side ( ?is doctr9e ?an to ! metaphysical & pan!i/ic side4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ajj3 ,e4g4 9 ,mahp>9ib4 ,sut4 ,,iv4 #eg1 ! ,buddha says ,!re has be5 laid up by ,cunda ! smi? 7:o _h giv5 him 8 la/ meal7 a k>ma1 r$\nd+ to l5g? ( life1 to good =tune1 to good fame1 to ! inh]itance ( heav51 & ( sov]eign p[]4 ,footnote #aja3 ,/rictly speak+ ,madhyamaka is ! "n ( ! s*ool ,mdhyamika ( its adh]5ts4 ,bo? =ms are us$1 e4g4 ,madhyamakakriks & ,mdhyamikastra4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,ngrjuna says nyam iti na vaktavyam anyam iti va bhavet ,ubhayam nobhayam ceti prjpty>?am tu ka?yate1 ,x _c be call$ void or n void or bo? or nei!r b 9 ord] to someh[ indicate x1 x is call$ nyat4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,sam4 ,nik4 ,,xxii4 #ij4 #af4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,gotama1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,nyya philosophy1 also admitt$ ! =ce ( ! argum5ts aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( pres5t "t b reg>d$ !m z a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,%adwor? ,hodgson 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,reflection1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bec also treats ( ! "q4 ,footnote #aje3 ,! ,snkhya philosophy makes a simil> /atem5t1 ?\gh = diff]5t reasons4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,vajrac*$ik4 ,see ,s4,b4,e4 vol4 ,,xlix4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,*9ese by ,kumrajva 7#chd-dag ,a4,d474 ,footnote #ajg3 ,or 9 o!r repetitions ( ! same =mula1 be+s1 ideas1 good ?+s1 signs1 etc41 etc4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,soy5 ,%aku1 ,s]mons ( a ,buddhi/ ,abbot1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #aji3 ,see = a simple & p]suasive /atem5t ( ^! ab/ruse doctr9es a *>m+ little book call$ ,wu-,wei by ,h4 ,borel4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,translat$ f ! ,*9ese by ,teit>o ,suzuki1 #aijj4 ,! translation mu/ be us$ ) c>e1 z its frequ5t use ( ! ^w s\l may lead to misund]/&+4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,asanga's "w ,mahyna-strlankra 7edit$ & translat$ by ,s4 ,lvi7 :i* cov]s mu* ( ! same gr\nd is extant 9 ,sanskrit z well z 9 ,*9ese & ,tibetan translations4 ,x is a lucid & au?oritative treatise b does n appe> to h ev] be5 popul>1 or to be read n[ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,= ,yogcra see also ,muson1 #aijd1 p4 #cgj4 ,footnote #aab3 ,! discussion ( ta?at 9 ,ka?vat?u1 ,,xix4 #e seems to record an e>ly phase ( ^! speculations4 ,footnote #aac3 ,awak5+ ( ,fai?1 ,teit>o ,suzuki1 pp4 #fb & #gj4 ,footnote #aad3 ,! process is g5]ally call$ ,vsana or p]fum+4 ,footnote #aae3 ,vijnamtra /ra4 ,*9ese v]sion quot$ by ,teit>o ,suzuki1 ,outl9es ( ,mahyna ,buddhism1 p4 #cdc4 ,app>5tly bo? updhi & upadhi are us$ 9 ,buddhi/ ,sanskrit4 ,updi is ! ,pali =m4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,s ! ,mdhyamika /ra 7,,xxv4 #ai7 /ates t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ,samsra & ,nirvna4 ,cf4 ,rab9drana? ,tagore1 ,sadhana1 pp4 #afj-afd4 ,footnote #aag3 ,e4g4 ,bodhic>yvatra1 *ap4 ,i1 call$ praise ( ! ,bodhicitta4 ,footnote #aah3 ,e4g4 ! ,pu-ti-hs9-li-hsiang-lun 7,nanjio1 #acjd71 translat$ f ,ngrjuna1 & ! ,ta-,*'ng-fa-*ieh-wu-*a-pieh-lun1 translat$ f ,/hiramati 7,nanjio1 #abeh74 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,mahayani/ ,,scriptures ,9 a previ\s *apt] ,i h discuss$ ! ,pali ,canon & ,i %all subsequ5tly h some?+ to say ab\t ! ,*9ese & ,tibetan ,canons1 :i* are libr>ies ( religi\s & edify+ works r ?an sacr$ books simil> to ! ,v$as or ! ,bible4 ,my pres5t object is to speak ( ! ,sanskrit lit]ature1 *iefly sutras1 :i* appe>$ contemporane\sly ) ! rise ( ,mahayanism 9 ,india4 ,! ,mahayani/ scriptures are ! l>ge/ body ( sacr$ writ+s extant 9 ! _w1 b x is n easy ei!r to def9e ! limits ( ! ,canon or to say :5 x 0 put toge!r4 ,accord+ to a common tradition ,kani%ka play$ = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,great ,vehicle mu* ! same "p z ,asoka = ! ,!ravd9s & summon$ a ,c\ncil :i* wrote comm5t>ies on ! ,tripitaka4 ,?is may be reasonably held to include a rec5sion ( ! text comm5t$ on b we d n "k :at t text 01 & ! brief & p]plex+ acc\nts ( ! ,c\ncil :i* we possess indicate n t x gave its imprimatur to ,mahayani/ sutras b t x 0 specially conc]n$ ) ! ,abhidh>ma works ( ! ,s>v/ivd9 s*ool4 ,9 any case no ,canon =m$ 9 ! "t ( ,kani%ka c h be5 equival5t to ! collections ( writ+s accept$ to-day 9 ,*9a & ,tibet1 = !y conta9 works lat] ?an any date :i* c be assign$ to 8 reign1 z d also ! n9e sacr$ books rev]$ 9 ,nepal4 ,x 0 agre$ among ,indian ,buddhi/s t ! scriptures 7 divid$ among ! ?ree ,pitakas or baskets1 b we may surmise t !re 0 no unanimity z to ! precise cont5ts ( ea* basket4 ,9 ,india ! ne$ = unanimity 9 su* matt]s is n felt4 ,! ,brahmans always recogniz$ t ! mo/ holy & mo/ jeal\sly pres]v$ scriptures c\ld exi/ 9 v>i\s rec5sions & ! ,mahabh>ata %[s h[ g5]ations ( respectful & uncritical he>]s may all[ adv5titi\s matt] ( all sorts to be incorporat$ 9 a "w4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d happ5$ ) ! ,pitakas4 ,we "k t ! ,pali rec5sion :i* we possess 0 n ! only "o1 = fragm5ts ( a ,sanskrit v]sion h be5 discov]$4 ,!re 0 probably a l>ge float+ lit]ature ( sutras1 (t5 pres5t+ sev]al rec5sions ( ! same docum5t work$ up 9 diff]5t ways4 ,j z additions 7 made to ! li/ ( ,upani%ads up to ! middle ages1 al?\gh ! "* ( ! lat] works 0 diff]5t f t ( ! e>li]1 s new sutras1 mod]n 9 date & 9 tone1 7 receiv$ 9 ! capaci\s basket4 ,& j z ! ,puranas 7 accept$ z sacr$ books )\t und]m9+ ! au?ority ( ! ,v$as1 s new ,buddhi/ scriptures sup]s$$ )\t condemn+ ! old ones4 ,v>i\s ,mahayani/ s*ools _h _! own v]sions ( ! ,v9aya :i* app>5tly conta9 ! same rules z ! ,pali text b also mu* additional n>rative1 & ,asanga quotes f works correspond+ to ! ,pali ,nikyas1 ?\gh 8 doctr9e belongs to ano!r age4#aai ,! ,abhidh>ma section ( ! ,pali ,canon seems h[ev] to h be5 peculi> to ! ,!ravda s*ool4 ,! ,s>v/ivd9 ,pitaka ( ! same "n 0 entirely diff]5t &1 judg+ f ! ,*9ese ,canon1 ! ,mahayani/s gave ! title to philosophic works by su* au?ors z ,asanga & ,vasub&hu1 "s ( :i* 7 describ$ z revelations f ,maitreya4 ,specially *>act]i/ic ( ,mahayani/ ,buddhism are ! ,vaipulya#abj sutras1 t is sutras ( great ext5sion or developm5t4 ,^! works1 ( :i* ! ,lotus is an example1 foll[ ! same s*eme z ! old] sutras b are ( wid] scope & on a mu* l>g] scale1 = !y (t5 consi/ ( tw5ty or m *apt]s4 ,!y usually attempt to give a g5]al exposition ( ! :ole ,dh>ma1 or at lea/ ( "s aspect ( x :i* is extoll$ z suffici5t = ! "r conduct ( life4 ,! *ief speak] is usually ! ,buddha1 :o is introduc$ z tea*+ on ! ,vulture ,peak1 or "s o!r well-kn[n locality1 & surr\nd$ by a great assemblage _m ( :om are sup]human be+s4 ,! occasion ( ! disc\rse is commonly signaliz$ by 8 s5d+ =? rays ( light :i* illum9ate ! univ]se until ! sc5e includes o!r worlds4 ,z e>ly z ! ,angutt>a ,nikya#aba we f9d ref]5ces to ! dang] ( a ta/e = ornate & poetic sutras & ^! compositions seem to be ! outcome ( t ta/e4 ,! lit]>y ideas & me?ods :i* produc$ !m are illu/rat$ by ! ,strlankra ( ,avagho%a1 a collection ( edify+ tales1 _m ( :i* use ! mat]ials suppli$ by ! ,pali ,nikyas & ,v9aya b pres5t !m 9 a m effective & arti/ic =m4 ,x 0 ?\ght a pi\s task to amplify & embelli% ! simple n>ratives h&$ d[n by tradition4 ,! ,mahayani/ scriptures are compos$ 9 ,sanskrit n 9 ,pali1 b x is only r>ely--= in/ance 9 ! works ( ,avagho%a--t ,buddhi/ ,sanskrit con=ms to ! rules ( ! classical language4 ,usually ! words deviate f ?is /&>d bo? 9 =m & mean+ & (t5 sugge/ t ! text z we h x is a ,sanskritiz$ v]sion ( an old] "w 9 "s popul> dialect1 br\ght into p>tial con=mity ) lit]>y usage4 ,9 ! poetical portions1 ?is process ( sanskritization enc\nt]$ great] difficulties ?an 9 prose1 because metre & prosody (t5 refus$ to admit ! *anges requir$ by gramm>1 s t ?is poetical dialect _c be call$ ei!r ,sanskrit1 ,pali or ,magadhi b rema9s a mixture ( le>n$ & popul> spee*4 ,b ,sanskrit did n become a sacr$ language = ! ,mahayani/s l ,lat9 = ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,x is r ,pali :i* has assum$ ?is position among ! ,h9ayani/s1 = ,burmese & ,s9halese translations ( ! ,pitakas acquir$ no au?ority4 ,b 9 ! nor? ! pr9ciple#abb t e man might read ! ,buddha's ^w 9 8 own v]nacul> 0 usually respect$3 & ! populations ( ,c5tral ,asia1 ! ,*9ese1 ! ,tibetans1 & ! ,mongols translat$ ! scriptures into _! own languages )\t atta*+ any sup]/iti\s importance to ! orig9al words1 unless !y 7 ,dhrans or spells4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era or p]haps r e>li]1 great] use began to be made ( writ+ = religi\s purposes4 ,! old practice ( recit+ ! scriptures 0 n discont9u$ b no objection 0 made to pres]v+ & read+ !m 9 writt5 copies4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ! ,pali scriptures 7 committ$ to writ+ 9 ,ceylon dur+ ! reign ( ,vattagmani1 t is accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t *ronology ab\t #bj ,b4,c41 & ,kani%ka caus$ to be engrav$ on copp] plates ! comm5t>ies compos$ by ! c\ncil :i* he summon$4 ,9 ,avagho%a#abc we f9d ! /ory ( a ,brahman :o casually tak+ up a book to pass ! "t lights on a copy ( ! ,sutra ( ! ,twelve ,causes & is conv]t$4 ,b ?\gh ! ,buddhi/s rema9$ on ! :ole true to ! old view t ! important ?+ 0 to und]/& & dissem9ate ! sub/ance ( ! ,ma/]'s tea*+ & n m]ely to pres]ve ! text z if x 7 a sacr$ =mula1 /ill we see gr[+ up 9 ,mahayani/ works ideas ab\t ! sanctity & efficacy ( scripture :i* are =eign to ! ,pali ,canon4 ,_m sutras 7= in/ance ! ,diamond ,cutt]7 extol !mselves z all-suffici5t = salvation3 ! ,praj-pramit comm5ces ) a salutation address$ n z usual to ! ,buddha b to ! "w itself1 z if x 7 a deity1 & ,hodgson /ates t ! ,buddhi/s ( ,nepal wor%ip _! n9e sacr$ books4 ,nor 0 ! idea exclud$ t c]ta9 words1 especially =mul or spells call$ ,dhran1 h 9 !mselves a my/]i\s efficacy & pot5cy4#abd ,"s ( ^! are cit$ & recomm5d$ 9 ! ,lotus4#abe ,9 s f> z ! repetition ( sacr$ words or spells is reg>d$ z an integral "p ( ! religi\s life1 ! doctr9e has no w>rant 9 ! e>li] tea*+4 ,x obvi\sly becomes m & m prom95t 9 lat] works4 ,b ! idea itself is old1 = x is cle>ly ! same t produc$ a belief 9 ! ,brahmanic mantras1 p>ticul>ly ! mantras ( ! ,a?>va ,v$a1 & e>ly ,buddhism did n reject mantras 9 _! prop] place4 ,?us#abf ! deities pres5t !mselves to ! ,buddha & (f] to tea* him a =mula :i* w protect 8 disciples f ! attacks ( evil spirits4 ,hsan ,*uang ev5 /ates t ! c\ncil :i* sat at ,rjagriha aft] ! ,buddha's dea? compil$ five ,pitakas1 "o ( :i* consi/$ ( ,dhrans1#abg & x may be t ! collection ( su* texts 0 begun z e>ly z ! collection ( disc\rses & rules4 ,b = _m c5turies !re is no evid5ce t !y 7 9 any way conf\nd$ ) ! ,dh>ma4 ,! ,mahayani/ scriptures are s volum9\s t n ev5 ! cl]gy 7 expect$ to ma/] any consid]able "p ( !m4#abh ,inde$ !y make no claim to be a connect$ :ole4 ,! !ory 0 r t !re 7 _m vehicles ply+ on ! road to salvation & _m guide books4 ,no travell] ?\ght ( tak+ ! :ole libr>y b only a few volumes :i* suit$ him4 ,mo/ ( ! ,*9ese & ,japanese sects av[$ly base !mselves ^u ?ree sutras1 select$ accord+ to ! ta/e ( ea* s*ool f ! hundr$s quot$ 9 catalogues4 ,?us ! ,t'i5-t'ai sect has = its scriptures ! ,lotus1 ! ,nirvna-stra & ! ,praj-pramit1 :ile ! ,%9-%u sect admits only ! ?ree ,amidi/ sutras4 ,! foll[+ are ! names ( "s ( ! pr9cipal ,mahayani/ scriptures4 ,comp>atively few ( !m h be5 publi%$ 9 ,europe & "s exi/ only 9 ,*9ese or ,japanese translations4 #a4 ,praj-pramit or transc5d5tal k#abi is a g5]ic "n giv5 to a :ole lit]ature consi/+ ( treatises on ! doctr9e ( nyat1 :i* v>y greatly 9 l5g?4 ,!y are class$ z sutras1 be+ describ$ z disc\rses deliv]$ by ! ,buddha on ! ,vulture ,peak4 ,at lea/ t5 are kn[n1 besides exc]pts :i* are sometimes describ$ z sub/antive works4 ,! great collection translat$ into ,*9ese by ,hsan ,*uang is said to consi/ ( #bjj1jjj v]ses & to comprise sixte5 diff]5t sutras4#acj ,! e>lie/ translation ( "o ( ^! treatises into ,*9ese 7,nanjio1 #e7 0 made ab\t #agj ,a4,d4 & ev]y?+ indicates t portions ( ! ,praj-pramit are among ! e>lie/ ,mahayani/ works & date f ab\t ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,praj n only means k ( ! absolute tru?1 t is to say ( nyat or ! void1 b is reg>d$ z an ontological pr9ciple synonym\s ) ,bodhi & ,dh>ma-kya4 ,?us ,buddhas n only possess ?is k 9 ! ord9>y s5se b !y are ! k manife/ 9 human =m1 & ,praj is (t5 p]sonifi$ z a goddess4 ,all ^! works lay great /ress on ! doctr9e ( nyat1 & ! non-exi/5ce ( ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,! longe/ rec5sion is said to conta9 a polemic aga9/ ! ,h9ayana4 ,! ,diamond ,cutt] is "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ^! transc5d5tal treatises & ! two %ort works call$ ,he>t ( ! ,praj-pramit1 :i* are widely read 9 ,japan1 appe> to be brief ab/racts ( ! ess5ce ( ?is tea*+4 #b4 ,! ,saddh>ma-,pundarka1 or ,lotus ( ! ,good ,law1#aca is "o ( ! be/ kn[n ,mahayani/ sutras & is highly e/eem$ 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,x purports to be a disc\rse deliv]$ by kyamuni on ! ,vulture ,peak to an assemblage ( ,bodhisattvas4 ,! ,lotus cle>ly affirms ! multiplicity ( vehicles1 or v>i\s ways ( tea*+ ! law1 & also ! et]nity ( ! ,buddha1 b x does n emphasize1 al?\gh x m5tions1 ! doctr9e ( nyat4 ,! "w consi/s ( two p>ts ( :i* ! second 7*aps4 ,,xxi-,,xxvi7 is a lat] addition4 ,?is second "p conta9s spells & _m my?ological n>ratives1 includ+ "o ( an anci5t ,bodhisattva :o burnt himself alive 9 hon\r ( a =m] ,buddha4 ,portions ( ! ,lotus 7 translat$ into ,*9ese "u ! ,we/]n ,ts9 ,dyna/y #bfe-caf ,a4,d4 & x is quot$ 9 ! ,mah-praj-pramit-/ra ascrib$ to ,ngrjuna4#acb ,! fir/ "p is probably n lat] ?an ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! ,lotus is un=tunately accessible to ,engli% read]s only 9 a mo/ unpoetic translation by ! late ,pr(essor ,k]n1 b x is a great religi\s poem :i* />t+ f humanity reg>ds religion z cosmic & univ]sal1 r ?an some?+ ma9ly conc]n$ ) our e>?4 ,! disc\rses ( kyamuni are accompani$ 9 x by /up5d\s miracles culm9at+ 9 a gr& cosmic phantasmagoria 9 :i* is evok$ ! /upa conta9+ ! body ( a dep>t$ ,buddha1 t is a %r9e conta9+ ! et]nal tru?4 #c4 ,! ,lalita-vi/>a#acc is a life ( kyamuni up to ! comm5cem5t ( 8 mission4 ,?\gh ! sett+ ( ! /ory is miracul\s & ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas innum]able are freely spok5 (1 yet ! "w does n enunciate ! *>act]i/ic ,mahayani/ doctr9es s def9itely z ! o!r treatises "h enum]at$4 ,x is said to h orig9ally belong$ to ! s*ool ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s & to h be5 subsequ5tly accept$ by ! ,mahayani/s1 & ?\gh x is n an epic b a collection ( ballads & leg5ds1 yet x (t5 reads z if x 7 a prelim9>y /udy = ,avagho%a's ,buddhac>ita4 ,x conta9s ,sanskrit v]sions ( old leg5ds1 :i* are almo/ v]bal r5d]+s ( ! ,pali text1 b also new mat]ial & seems to be consci\s ( relat+ novelties :i* may ar\se scepticism = x int]rupts ! n>rative to ana!matize ^? :o d n believe 9 ! miracles ( ! ,nativity & to extol ! m]its ( fai? 7raddh n bhakti74 ,x is probably coeval ) ! e>li] ,g&h>an art b !re are no facts to fix its date4#acd #d4 ,! ,lankvatra#ace gives an acc\nt ( ! revelation ( ! good ,law by kyamuni :5 visit+ ,lanka4 ,x is presumably subsequ5t to ! p]iod :5 ,ceylon _h become a c5tre ( ,buddhism1 b ! /ory is pure fancy & unconnect$ ) hi/ory or ) old] leg5ds4 ,x relates h[ ! ,buddha alight$ on ,mt4 ,malaya 9 ,lanka4 ,ravana came to pay 8 respects & ask$ = def9itions ( virtue & vice :i* 7 giv54 ,! ,bodhisattva ,mahmati 7app>5tly ,majur7 proce$$ to prop\nd a s]ies ( m ab/ruse que/ions :i* are answ]$ at consid]able l5g?4 ,! ,lankvatra repres5ts a mature phase ( speculation & n only criticizes ! ,snkhya1 ,psupata & o!r ,h9du s*ools1 b is consci\s ( ! gr[+ resemblance ( ,mahayanism to ,brahmanic philosophy & tries to expla9 x4 ,x conta9s a prophecy ab\t ,ngrjuna & ano!r :i* m5tions ! ,guptas1 & x appe>s to allude to ! dom9ation ( ! ,huns4 ,?is allusion w\ld make its date z late z ! six? c5tury b a translation into ,*9ese :i* is said to correspond ) ! ,sanskrit text 0 made 9 #eac4 ,if s ! b>b>ians ref]r$ to _c be ! ,huns4 ,an e>li] translation made 9 #ddc does n agree ) our ,sanskrit text & p]haps ! "w exi/$ 9 sev]al rec5sions4 #e4 ,! ,suv>na-prabhsa or ,glitt] ( ,gold#acf is a ,vaipulya stra 9 _m ways resembl+ ! ,lotus4 ,x insi/s on ! sup]natural "* ( ! ,buddha4 ,he 0 nev] really born nor ent]$ into ,nirvana b is ! ,dh>ma-kya4 ,! sc5e is laid at ,rjagriha & _m ,brahmanic deities are among ! int]locutors4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,*9ese ab\t #dbj ,a4,d4 & fragm5ts ( a translation into ,uigur h be5 discov]$ 9 ,turke/an4#acg ,! cont5ts comprise philosophy1 leg5ds & spells4 #f4 ,ganda-vyha#ach or ! ,/ructure ( ! ,_w1 :i* is comp>$ to a bubble4 ,! "n is n f\nd 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka b ! "w is said to be ! same z ! ,avatamsaka stra :i* is popul> 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ "u ! "n ( ,hua-yn 9 ,*9a or ,ke-gon 9 ,japan4 ,! id5tity ( ! two books c\ld n h be5 guess$ f ! extracts & analyses :i* h be5 publi%$ b is gu>ante$ by high au?orities4#aci ,x is possible h[ev] t ! ,ganda-vyha is only a portion ( ! l>g] "w call$ ,avatamsaka4 ,s f> z c be judg$ f ! extracts1 ?is text prea*es 9 a fully develop$ =m1 ! doctr9es ( nyat1 ,dh>ma-kya1 ! omnipres5ce ( ! ,buddha & ! r$emption ( ! _w by ! ex]tions ( ,bodhisattvas4 ,yet x seems to be e>ly1 = a portion ( x 0 translat$ into ,*9ese ab\t #agj ,a4,d4 7,nanjio1 #ajb7 & ab\t #dje ,kumrajva translat$ a comm5t>y on x ascrib$ to ,ngrjuna 7,nanjio1 #aahj74 #g4 ,ta?gata-guhyaka4 ,?is "w is kn[n by ! analysis ( ,raj5dralala ,mitra f :i* x appe>s to be a ,tantra ( ! wor/ class & probably late4 ,its prop] title is said to be rguhyasamaja4 ,watanabe /ates t ! "w catalogu$ by ,nanjio "u ,no4 #ajbg & translat$ into ,*9ese ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d4 is an expurgat$ v]sion ( x4 ,! ik%samuccaya cites ! ,ta?gata-guhya-stra sev]al times4 ,! relations ( ^! works to "o ano!r are n q cle>4 #h4 ,samdhirja#adj is a ,vyk>ana or n>rative describ+ diff]5t =ms ( m$itation ( :i* ! ,samdhirja is ! greate/ & be/4 ,! sc5e is laid on ! ,vulture's ,peak & ! pr9cipal int]locutors are kyamuni & ,c&raprabha1 a ri* man ( ,rjagriha4 ,x appe>s to be ! same z ! ,c&rapradpa-stra & is a complete & copi\s treatise1 :i* n only exp\nds ! topic f :i* x takes its "n b incid5tally enum]ates ! *ief pr9ciples ( ,mahayanism4 ,watanabe#ada /ates t x is ! ,yeh-tng-san-mei-*+ 7,nanjio1 #aia7 translat$ ab\t #dej & aga9 9 #eeg ,a4,d4 #i4 ,daabhmv>a4#adb ,an acc\nt ( ! t5 /ages 9 ! c>e] ( a ,bodhisattva be=e he c atta9 to ,buddhahood4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ! p>adise ( ,indra :]e kyamuni 0 tempor>ily soj\rn+ & ! pr9cipal int]locutor is a ,bodhisattva nam$ ,vajrag>bha4 ,x is said to be ! same z ! ,daabhmika-stra fir/ translat$ into ,*9ese ab\t #cjj ,a4,d4 7,nanjio1 #aje & #aaj7 b ?is "w appe>s to be m]ely a portion ( ! ,ganda-vyha or ,avatamsaka m5tion$ above4 ,^! n9e works are all extant 9 ,sanskrit & are kn[n 9 ,nepal z ! n9e ,dh>mas1 ! ^w ,dh>ma be+ an abbreviation = ,dh>map>yya1 revolution or exposition ( ! law1 a t]m frequ5tly us$ 9 ! works !mselves to describe a compreh5sive disc\rse deliv]$ by ! ,buddha4 ,!y are all quot$ 9 ! ik%samuccaya1 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 ab\t #fej ,a4,d4 ,no simil> collection ( n9e seems to be kn[n 9 ,tibet or ! ,f> ,ea/ & ! orig9 ( ! selection is obscure4 ,z h[ev] ! li/ does n include ! ,svayambh ,purna1 ! pr9cipal indig5\s scripture ( ,nepal1 x may g back to an ,indian s\rce & repres5t an old tradition4 ,besides ! n9e ,dh>mas1 num]\s o!r stras exi/ 9 ,sanskrit1 ,*9ese1 ,tibetan & ! languages ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,few h be5 edit$ or translat$ & ev5 :5 some?+ is kn[n ( _! "* detail$ in=mation z to _! cont5ts is usually want+4 ,among ! bett] kn[n are ! foll[+4 #aj4 ,"o ( ! stras mo/ read 9 ,*9a & admir$ because its /yle has a lit]>y quality unusual 9 ,buddhi/ works is commonly kn[n z ! ,lng-y5-*+4 ,! full title is ,%\-lng-y5-san-mei-*+ :i* is ! ,*9ese translit]ation ( rangama ,samdhi4#adc ,?is sutra is quot$ by "n 9 ! ik%samuccaya & fragm5ts ( ! ,sanskrit text h be5 f\nd 9 ,turke/an4#add ,! rangama-,samdhi ,stra has be5 conjectur$ to be ! same z ! ,samdhirja1 b ! acc\nts ( ,raj5dralala ,mitra & ,beal d n support ?is !ory4 ,beal's translation leaves ! impression t x resembles a ,pali sutta4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ! ,jetavana ) few miracul\s accessories4 ,! ,buddha discusses ) n&a ! location ( ! s\l & aft] confut+ 8 !ories exp\nds ! doctr9e ( ! ,dh>ma-kya4 ,! fragm5ts f\nd 9 ,turke/an recomm5d a p>ticul> =m ( m$itation4 #aa4 ,tran?a in=ms u t among ! _m ,mahayani/ works :i* appe>$ 9 ! reign ( ,kani%ka's son 0 ! ,ratnakta-dh>ma-p>yya 9 #ajjj sections & ! ,ratnakta is cit$ n only by ! ik%samuccaya b by ,asanga4#ade ,! ,tibetan & ,*9ese canons conta9 sections ) ?is "n compris+ =ty-eight or =ty-n9e items among :i* are ! ?ree important treatises ab\t ,amitbha's p>adise & _m dialogues call$ ,p>ipric*1 t is1 que/ions put by "s p]sonage1 human or sup]human1 & furni%$ ) appropriate replies4#adf ,! ,*9ese ,ratnakta is said to h be5 compil$ by ,bodhiru*i 7#fic-gac ,a4,d47 b ( c\rse he is responsible only = ! selection n = ! composition ( ! works includ$4 ,section #ad ( ?is ,ratnakta is said to be id5tical ) *apt]s #aa & #ab ( ! ,mlas>v/ivd9 ,v9aya4#adg #ab4 ,! ,guna-kranda-vyha & ,kranda-vyha are said to be two rec5sions ( ! same "w1 ! fir/ 9 v]se ! second 9 prose4 ,bo? are devot$ to ! praise ( ,avalokita :o is repres5t$ z ! presid+ deity ( ! univ]se4 ,he has refus$ to ent] ,buddhahood himself until all liv+ creatures atta9 to true k & is specially occupi$ 9 procur+ ! release ( ^? :o suff] 9 hell4 ,! ,guna-kranda-vyha conta9s a rem>kable acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! _w :i* is said to be abs5t f ! prose v]sion4 ,! primeval ,buddha _s1 di-,buddha or ,svayambh1 produces ,avalokita by m$itation1 & ,avalokita produces ! mat]ial _w & ! gods ( ,h9duism f 8 body1 iva f 8 =ehead1 ,nryana f 8 he>t & s on4 ,z su* doctr9es are n kn[n to h appe>$ 9 ,indian ,buddhism be=e ! t5? c5tury x seems probable t ! v]sifi$ edition is late4 ,b a "w ) ! title ,ratna-krandaka-vyha-stra 0 translat$ into ,*9ese 9 #bgj & ! ,kranda-vyha is said to h be5 ! fir/ "w translat$ into ,tibetan4#adh #ac4 ,! ,k>una-pundarka#adi or ,lotus ( ,compassion is ma9ly occupi$ ) ! description ( an imag9>y cont95t call$ ,padmadhtu1 its ,buddha & its _m spl5d\rs4 ,x exi/s 9 ,sanskrit & 0 translat$ into ,*9ese ab\t #djj ,a4,d4 7,nanjio1 ,no4 #adb74 #ad4 ,! ,mahvairocanbhisambhodhi call$ 9 ,*9ese ,ta-jih-*+ or ,great ,sun sutra %\ld p]haps be m5tion$ z x is ! pr9cipal scripture ( ! ,*n-y5 7,japanese ,%+on7 s*ool4 ,x is a late "w ( unkn[n orig94 ,x 0 translat$ into ,*9ese 9 #gbd ,a4,d4 b ! ,sanskrit text has n be5 f\nd4 ,!re are a great numb] ( o!r sutras :i* are important = ! hi/ory ( lit]ature1 al?\gh little att5tion is paid to !m by ,buddhi/s at ! pres5t day4 ,su* are ! ,mahayani/ v]sion ( ! ,mahp>9irvna rec\nt+ ! dea? & burial ( ! ,buddha & ! ,mahsannipta-stra1 :i* app>5tly includes ! ,sryag>bha & ,c&rag>bha sutras4 ,all ^! works 7 translat$ into ,*9ese ab\t #dbj ,a4,d4 & mu/ !re=e be ( respectable antiquity4 ,besides ! sutras1 !re are _m compositions /yl$ ,avadnas or pi\s leg5ds4#aej ,^!1 ?\gh recogniz$ by ,mahayani/s1 d n z a rule conta9 expositions ( ! ,snyat & ,dh>ma-kya & are n %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! m imag9ative ( ! ,h9ayani/ scriptures4#aea ,b !y introduce a multiplicity ( ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas & repres5t ,skyamuni z a sup]human work] ( miracles4 ,!y correspond 9 _m respects to ! ,pali ,v9aya b tea* "r conduct n s mu* by precept z by edify+ /ories &1 l mo/ ,mahayani/ works !y lay less /ress ^u mona/ic discipl9e ?an on unselfi% virtue ex]cis$ ?r\gh\t successive exi/5ces4 ,!re are a doz5 or m collections ( ,avadnas ( :i* ! mo/ important are ! ,mahva/u & ! ,divyvadna4 ,! =m]#aeb is an encyclopdic "w :i* conta9s int] alia a life ( ,skyamuni4 ,x describes itself z belong+ to ! ,lokott>avd9s1 a section ( ! ryamah-sanghikas4 ,! ,lokott>avd9s 7 an anci5t sect1 precursors ( ! ,mahayana r ?an a bran* ( x1 & mu* ( ! ,mahva/u is p>allel to ! ,pali ,canon & may h be5 compos$ a c5tury or two be=e our era4 ,b o!r p>ts seem to belong to ! ,g&h>an p]iod & ! m5tion ( ,*9ese & ,hunni% writ+ po9ts to a mu* lat] date4#aec ,if x 0 orig9ally a ,v9aya treatise1 x has be5 di/5d$ out ( all recognition by ! addition ( leg5ds & anecdotes b x /ill reta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( matt] f\nd also 9 ! ,pali & ,tibetan ,v9ayas4 ,!re 7 probably sev]al rec5sions 9 :i* successive additions 7 made to ! orig9al nucleus4 ,"o int]polation is ! l5g?y & important section call$ ,daabhmika1 describ+ ! c>e] ( a ,bodhisattva4 ,x is ! only "p ( ! ,mahva/u :i* c be call$ def9itely ,mahayani/4 ,! re/ ( ! "w m>ks a transitional /age 9 doctr9e1 j z its language is nei!r ,prakrit or ,sanskrit b "s anci5t v]nacul> br\ght into p>tial con=mity ) ,sanskrit gramm>4 ,no ,*9ese translation is kn[n4 ,! ,divyvadna#aed is a collection ( leg5ds1 "p ( :i* is kn[n z ! ,asokvadna & gives an edify+ life ( t pi\s mon>*4 ,?is portion 0 translat$ into ,*9ese ,a4,d4 #cag-dbj & ! "w probably dates f ! ?ird c5tury ( our era4 ,x is loosely con/ruct$3 consid]able portions ( x seem to be id5tical ) ! ,v9aya ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s & o!rs ) passages 9 ! works ( ,avagho%a4 ,! ,avadnas lie on ! bord]l& betwe5 scripture & pi\s lit]ature :i* uses human argum5t & ref]s to scripture = its au?ority4 ,( ?is lit]ature ! ,mahayani/ *ur* has a goodly collection & ! works ascrib$ to su* doctors z ,avagho%a1 ,ngrjuna1 ,asanga & ,vasub&hu hold a high place 9 g5]al e/eem4 ,! ,*9ese ,canon places _m ( !m 9 ! ,pitakas 7especially 9 ! ,abhidh>ma ,pitaka7 & n among ! works ( miscellane\s writ]s4 ,! ,mahayani/ scriptures are /ill a liv+ =ce4 ,9 ,nepal ! n9e ,dh>mas receive sup]/iti\s homage r ?an intellig5t /udy1 b 9 ,tibet & ! ,f> ,ea/ ! ,praj-pramit1 ! ,lotus & ! sutras ab\t ,amitbha are 9 daily use = public wor%ip & private read+4 ,i h he>d ! fir/-nam$ "w z well z ! ,lng-y5-*+ exp\nd$1 t is1 read al\d ) an extempore p>aphrase1 to lay congregations 9 ,*9a1 & ! section ( x call$ ! ,diamond ,cutt] is ! book :i* is mo/ commonly 9 ! h&s ( religi\s ,tibetans4 ,! ,lotus is ! special scripture ( ! ,ni*ir5 sect 9 ,japan b is univ]sally respect$4 ,! tw5ty-f\r? *apt] :i* conta9s ! praises ( ,avalokita is (t5 pr9t$ sep>ately4 ,! ,amitbha stras take ! place ( ! ,new ,te/am5t = ! ,jd & ,%9 sects & copies ( !m may also be f\nd 9 almo/ e mona/]y ?r\gh\t ,*9a & ,annam4 ,! ,suv>na-prabhsa is said to be specially popul> among ! ,mongols4 ,i "k ,*9ese ,buddhi/s :o read ! ,hua-y5 7,avatamsaka7 e day4 ,mod]n ,japanese writ]s quote frequ5tly f ! ,lankvatra & ,kyapa-p>iv>ta b ,i h n met ) any in/ance ( ^! works be+ 9 popul> use4 ,i h m5tion$ already ! obscurity surr\nd+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,mahayani/ ,canon 9 ,india & x may seem to ?r[ d\bt on ! au!nticity ( ^! scriptures4 ,unau!ntic !y c]ta9ly are 9 ! s5se t ,european criticism is n likely to accept z hi/orical ! disc\rses :i* !y attribute to ! ,buddha & o!rs1 b !re is no reason to d\bt t !y are treatises compos$ 9 ,india e>ly 9 our era & repres5t+ ! doctr9es !n preval5t4 ,! religi\s public ( ,india has nev] felt any difficulty 9 accept+ works ( m]it--& (t5 only v mod]ate m]it--z revelations1 :e!r call$ ,upani%ads1 ,puranas1 ,sutras or :at n4 ,only r>ely h su* works receiv$ any =mal approbation1 su* z recognition by a c\ncil4 ,inde$ x is r 9 ,ceylon1 ,burma1 ,tibet & ,*9a ?an 9 ,india itself t au?oritative li/s ( scriptures h be5 compil$4 ,! natural in/9ct ( ! ,h9dus 0 n to close ! ,canon b to leave x op5 = any additions :i* might be v\*saf$4 ,two sket*es ( an ela/ic ,mahayani/ ,canon ( ?is k9d are pres]v$1 "o 9 ! ik%samuccaya#aee attribut$ to ntideva1 :o probably fl\ri%$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & ! o!r 9 a little "w call$ ! ,duration ( ! ,law1 report+ a disc\rse by an o!rwise unkn[n ,n&imitra1 said to h liv$ 9 ,ceylon #hjj ye>s aft] ! ,buddha's dea?4#aef ,! =m] is a comp5dium ( doctr9e illu/rat$ by quotations f :at ! au?or reg>d$ z scripture4 ,he cites ab\t a hundr$ ,mahayani/ sutras1 ref]s to ! ,v9aya & ,divyvadna b n app>5tly to ! ,abhidh>ma4 ,he m5tions no ,tantras#aeg & n _m ,dhrans4 ,! second "w 0 translat$ by ,hsan ,*uang & 0 !re=e probably writt5 be=e #fjj ,a4,d4#aeh ,o!rwise !re is no ext]nal evid5ce = fix+ its date4 ,x repres5ts ,n&imitra z expla9+ on 8 dea?b$ ! /eps tak5 by ! ,buddha to protect ! ,true ,law & 9 :at works t ,law is to be f\nd4 ,l ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka x recognizes bo? ,mahayani/ & ,h9ayani/ works1 b evid5tly pref]s ! =m] & /yles !m collectively ,bodhisattva-,pitaka4 ,x enum]ates ab\t fifty sutras by "n1 beg9n+ ) ! ,praj-pramit1 ! ,lotus & o!r well-kn[n texts4 ,!n comes a li/ ( works ) titles end+ 9 ,samdhi1 foll[$ by o!rs call$ ,p>ipric*#aei or que/ions4 ,a new category seems to be =m$ by ! ,buddhvatamsaka-stra ) :i* ! sutras ab\t ,amitbha's ,p>adise are associat$4 ,!n comes ! ,mahsannipta-stra associat$ ) works :i* may correspond to ! ,ratnakta division ( ! ,*9ese ,canon4#afj ,! writ] adds t !re are hundr$s ( myriads ( simil> sutras classifi$ 9 gr\ps & categories4 ,he m5tions ! ,v9aya & ,abhidh>ma )\t fur!r p>ticul>s1 :]eas 9 describ+ ! ,h9ayani/ v]sions ( ^! two ,pitakas he gives _m details4 ,! importance ( ?is li/ lies 9 ! fact t x is ,indian r ?an 9 its date1 = ! e>lie/ catalogue ( ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka compil$ ab\t#afa #eaj is p]haps old] & c]ta9ly ampl]4 ,b if ! catalogue /ood alone1 x might be h>d to say h[ f> ! selection ( works 9 x 0 due to ,*9ese ta/e4 ,b tak+ ! ,indian & ,*9ese evid5ce toge!r1 x is cle> t 9 ! six? c5tury ,indian ,mahayani/s 7a7 tol]at$ ,h9ayani/ scriptures :ile pref]r+ _! own1 7b7 made little use ( ! ,v9aya or ,abhidh>ma = argum5t or edification1 ?\gh ! =m] 0 v important z a code1 7c7 recogniz$ extremely num]\s sutras1 gr\p$ 9 v>i\s classes su* z ,mahsannipta & ,buddhvatamsaka1 7d7 & did n use works call$ ,tantras4 ,probably mu* ! same is true ( ! f\r? c5tury & ev5 e>li]1 = ,asanga 9 "o "w#afb quotes bo? ,maha-& ,h9ayani/ scriptures & among ! =m] cites by "n sev5te5 sutras1 includ+ "o call$ ,p>ipric* or que/ions4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aai3 ,9 ! ,mahyna-strlankra he quotes frequ5tly f ! ,samyukta & ,ekott>a gamas1 correspond+ to ! ,samyutta & ,angutt>a ,nikyas ( ! ,pali4 ,footnote #abj3 ,a read+ ,vaitulya has also be5 f\nd 9 "s manuscripts ( ! ,lotus discov]$ at ,ka%g> & x is sugge/$ t ! ^w may ref] to ! sect ( ,vetullas or ,vetulyakas m5tion$ 9 ! ,comm5t>y on ! ,ka?vat?u z hold+ t ! ,buddha really rema9$ 9 ! ,tu%ita heav5 & s5t a phantom to repres5t him 9 ! _w & t x 0 n&a1 n ! ,buddha1 :o prea*$ ! law4 ,see ,k]n1 ,v]s4 en ,m$4 d] ,k4 ,ak4 v4 ,wet5s*app51 ,lett]k41 ,r4 #d ,d4 ,,viii4 pp4 #cab-i1 ,am/]dam1 #aijg1 & ,de la ,valle ,p\ss9's notice ( ?is article 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aijg1 pp4 #dcd-f4 ,b ?is int]pretation does n seem v probable4 ,footnote #aba3 ,,iv4 #afj4 #e4 ,footnote #abb3 ,see ,cullavagga1 ,v4 #cc4 ,! mean+ evid5tly is t ! ,buddha's words are n to be en%r9$ 9 an artificial lit]>y =m :i* w prev5t !m f be+ popul>4 ,footnote #abc3 ,strlankra1 ,i4 #b4 ,footnote #abd3 ,see ,waddell1 ,! ,dhran cult 9 ,o/asiat4 ,ztsft4 #aiab1 pp4 #aee ff4 ,footnote #abe3 ,*ap4 ,,xxi1 :i* is h[ev] a lat] addition4 ,footnote #abf3 ,dig4 ,nik4 #cb4 ,footnote #abg3 ,watt]s1 ,yan ,*wang1 ,,ii4 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #abh3 ,! ,mahvyutpatti 7#fe7 gives a li/ ( #aje stras4 ,footnote #abi3 ,! ^w pram-x means z an adjective gone to ! fur!r %ore or transc5d5t4 ,z a fem99e sub/antive x means a transc5d5t virtue or p]fection4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see ,walles]1 ,praj-pramit 9 ,quell5 d] ,religionsges*i*te1 pp4 #ae ff4 ,s4,b4,e4 ,,xlix4 ,nanjio1 ,catalogue ,nos4 #a-bj & ,raj5dralala ,mitra's ,nepalese ,buddhi/ ,lit]ature1 pp4 #agg ff4 ,v]sions are m5tion$ consi/+ ( #abe1jjj v]ses1 #ajj1jjj v]ses1 #be1jjj v]ses1 #aj1jjj v]ses & #h1jjj v]ses respectively4 7,simil>ly at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mahbhrata we are told t ! ,epic consi/s ( #h1hjj v]ses1 ( #bd1jjj & ( #ajj1jjj47 ,( ^! ! la/ or ,a%tzhasrik has be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,indica & ! second or atashasrik is 9 process ( publication4 ,x is 9 prose1 s t ! expression v]ses appe>s n to mean t ! works are ,g?s4 ,a ,khotanese v]sion ( ! ,vajrac*$ik is edit$ 9 ,ho]nle's ,manuscript ,rema9s by ,/5 ,kon[4 ,! ,sanskrit text 0 edit$ by ,max ,mll] 9 ,anecdota ,oxoni5sia4 ,footnote #aca3 ,! ,sanskrit text has be5 edit$ by ,k]n & ,nanjio 9 ,biblio!ca ,buddhica2 translat$ by ,burn\f 7,le ,lotus de la bonne ,loi71 #aheb & by ,k]n 7,saddh>ma-,pundarka7 9 ,s4,b4,e4 vol4 ,,xxi4 ,footnote #acb3 ,!re appe>s to h be5 an e>li] ,*9ese v]sion ( #bee ,a4,d4 b x has be5 lo/4 ,see ,nanjio1 p4 #cij4 ,"o ( ! lat] ,*9ese v]sions alludes to ! exi/5ce ( two rec5sions 7,nanjio1 ,no4 #aci74 ,see ,b4,e4,f4,e4,o4 #aiaa1 p4 #dec4 ,fragm5ts ( a %ort] & app>5tly e>li] rec5sion ( ! ,lotus h be5 discov]$ 9 ,e4 ,turke/an4 ,see ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaf1 pp4 #bfi-bgg4 ,footnote #acc3 ,edit$ by ,raj5dralala ,mitra 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,indica & p>tially translat$ 9 ! same s]ies4 ,a lat] critical edition by ,lefmann1 #aijb-h4 ,footnote #acd3 ,! e>ly ,*9ese translations seem d\btful4 ,"o said to h be5 made "u ! lat] ,han has be5 lo/4 ,see ,nanjio1 ,no4 #aei4 ,footnote #ace3 ,see ,burn\f1 ,introduction1 pp4 #deh ff4 & ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aije1 pp4 #hca ff4 ,raj5dralala ,mitra1 ,nepalese ,buddhi/ ,lit]ature1 p4 #aac4 ,a brief analysis is giv5 9 ,j4,a4,s4,b4 ,june1 #aije accord+ to :i* ! stra pr(esses to be ! "w ( a human au?or1 ,j9a ( ! clan ( ,ktyyana born at ,camp4 ,an edition ( ! ,sanskrit text publi%$ by ! ,buddhi/ ,text ,society is cit$ b ,i h n se5 x4 ,*9ese translations 7 made 9 #ddc & #eae b ! fir/ is incomplete & does n correspond ) our ,sanskrit text4 ,footnote #acf3 ,ab/ract by ,raj5dralala ,mitra1 ,nepalese ,buddhi/ ,lit4 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #acg3 ,see ,nanjio1 ,no4 #abg & ,f4,w4,k4 ,mull] 9 ,abh&l4 d] ,k4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss5s*aft51 #aijh4 ,! ,uigur text is publi%$ 9 ,biblio!ca ,buddhica1 #aiad4 ,fragm5ts ( ! ,sanskrit text h also be5 f\nd 9 ,turke/an4 ,footnote #ach3 ,ab/ract by ,raj4 ,mitra1 ,nepalese ,buddhi/ ,lit4 pp4 #ij ff4 ,! ik%samuccaya cites ! ,ganda-vyha sev]al times & does n m5tion ! ,avatamsaka4 ,footnote #aci3 ,! /atem5t 0 fir/ made on ! au?ority ( ,takakusu quot$ by ,w9t]nitz 9 ,ges4 ,ind4 ,lit4 ,,ii4 i4 p4 #bdb4 ,watanabe 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaa1 #ffc makes an equally def9ite /atem5t z to ! id5tity ( ! two works4 ,! id5tity is confirm$ by ,pelliot 9 ,j4,a4 #aiad1 ,,ii4 pp4 #aah-aba4 ,footnote #adj3 ,ab/ract by ,raj4 ,mitra1 ,nepalese ,buddhi/ ,lit4 pp4 #ha ff4 ,quot$ 9 ntideva's ,bodhic>yvatra1 ,,viii4 #ajf4 ,footnote #ada3 ,see ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaa1 #ffc4 ,footnote #adb3 ,ab/ract by ,raj4 ,mitra1 ,nepalese ,buddhi/ ,lit4 pp4 #ha ff4 ,footnote #adc3 ,translat$ 9 "p by ,beal1 ,cat5a ( ,buddhi/ ,scriptures1 pp4 #bhf-cfi4 ,see also ,teit>o ,suzuki1 ,outl9es ( ,mahyna1 p4 #aeg4 ,= notices ( ! text see ,nanjio1 ,nos4 #cii1 #ddf1 #aehh4 ,fa-,hsi51 ,*ap4 ,,xxix4 ,= ! equival5ce ( ,%\-lng-y5 & rangama see ,nanjio's note to ,no4 #cii & ,juli51 ,m?ode1 #ajjg & ,vasilief1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #add3 ,see ik%s1 ed4 ,b5dall1 pp4 #h1ia & ,ho]nle1 ,manuscript rema9s1 ,i4 pp4 #abe ff4 ,footnote #ade3 ,mahyna-strlankra1 ,,xix4 #bi4 ,footnote #adf3 ,e4g4 ! ,r%tra-pla-p>ipric* edit$ 9 ,sanskrit by ,f9ot1 ,biblio?4 ,buddhica1 #aija4 ,! ,sanskrit text seems to agree ) ! ,*9ese v]sion4 ,! real numb] ( stras 9 ! ,ratnakta seems to be #dh1 two be+ practically ! same b repres5t$ z utt]$ on diff]5t occasions4 ,footnote #adg3 ,!re is ano!r some:at simil> collection ( stras 9 ! ,*9ese ,canon call$ ,ta ,tsi or ,mahsannipta b unlike ! ,ratnakta x seems to conta9 few well-kn[n or popul> works4 ,footnote #adh3 ,i "k ( ^! works only by ,raj4 ,mitra's ab/racts1 ,nepal4 ,bud4 ,lit4 pp4 #ie & #aja4 ,! prose text is said to h be5 publi%$ 9 ,sanskrit at ,calcutta1 #ahgc4 ,footnote #adi3 ,raj4 ,mitra1 ,nepalese ,buddhi/ ,lit4 pp4 #bhe ff4 ,! ,sanskrit text 0 publi%$ = ! ,buddhi/ ,text ,society1 ,calcutta1 #ahih4 ,footnote #aej3 ,avadna is prim>ily a great & glori\s act3 h5ce an acc\nt ( su* an act4 ,footnote #aea3 ,! ,avadna-ataka 7,fe]1 ,annales du ,muse ,guimet1 ,,xviii7 seems to be entirely ,h9ayani/4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,edit$ by ,s5>t1 #c vols4 #ahhb-ahig4 ,w9dis*1 ,die ,komposition des ,mahva/u1 #aiji4 ,article ,mahav/u 9 ,e4,r4,e4 ,footnote #aec3 ,s too d ! words ,horp?aka 7a/rolog]71 ,ujjhebhaka 78 ,uzbek71 ,peliyak%a 78 ,felix74 ,! ^w ,yogcra 7,i4 #abj7 may ref] simply to ! practice ( ,yoga & n to ! s*ool :i* bore ?is "n4 ,footnote #aed3 ,edit$ by ,c[ell & ,neil1 #ahhf4 ,see ,nanjio1 #acdd4 ,footnote #aee3 ,edit$ by ,b5dall 9 ,bibl4 ,buddhica4 ,footnote #aef3 ,nanjio1 ,no4 #adff4 ,= a le>n$ discussion ( ?is "w see ,lvi & ,*avannes 9 ,j4,a4 #aiaf1 ,nos4 ,i & ,,ii4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,x is n likely t ! ,ta?gata-guhya-stra :i* x quotes is ! same z ! ,tantra ) a simil> "n analys$ by ,raj5dralal ,mitra4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,watt]s1 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #ahih1 p4 #cca says !re seems to h be5 an e>li] translation4 ,footnote #aei3 ,_m works ) ?is title w be f\nd 9 ,nanjio4 ,footnote #afj3 ,b ! ,*9ese title seems r to repres5t ,ratn>si4 ,footnote #afa3 ,see ,nanjio1 pp4 xiii-xvii4 ,footnote #afb3 ,mahyna-strlankra4 ,see ,lvi's introduction1 p4 #ad4 ,! ,que/ions sutra is ,brahma-p>ipric*4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,*ronology ,,( ,,! ,,mahayana ,9 ! previ\s *apt]s ,i h enum]at$ "s features ( ,mahayanism1 su* z ! wor%ip ( ,bodhisattvas lead+ to my?ology1 ! deification ( ,buddhas1 entail+ a !ology z complicat$ z ! ,*ri/ian cre$s1 ! comb9ation ( metaphysics ) religion1 & ! rise ( new scriptures consecrat+ all ^! innovations4 ,i w n[ essay ! m difficult task ( arrang+ ^! ph5om5a 9 "s sort ( *ronological sett+4 ,! volum9\s ,*9ese lit]ature conc]n+ ,buddhism (f]s valuable assi/ance1 = ! ,*9ese1 unlike ! ,h9dus1 h a natural disposition to write simple n>ratives record+ facts & dates4 ,b !y are di>i/s & *ronicl]s r ?an hi/orians4 ,! ,*9ese pilgrims to ,india give a good acc\nt ( _! it9]>y & exp]i5ces1 b !y h little idea ( inve/igat+ & arrang+ pa/ ev5ts & m]ely rec\nt traditions connect$ ) ! places :i* !y visit$4 ,9 spite ( ?is _! /atem5ts h consid]able hi/orical value & on ! :ole h>monize ) ! lit]>y & ar*logical data furni%$ by ,india4 ,! ,tibetan ,lama ,tran?a :o complet$ 8 ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,buddhism#afc 9 #afjh is a less satisfactory au?ority4 ,he m]its att5tion b also scepticism & caution4 ,8 "w is a compilation b is n to be despis$ on t gr\nd1 = ! ,tibetan translations ( ,sanskrit works (f] a ri* m9e ( in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! ,mahayana4 ,un=tunately few ( ^! works take ! hi/orical po9t ( view & ,tran?a's own me?od is z uncritical z 8 mat]ials4 ,dire confusion prevails z to *ronology & ev5 z to names1#afd s t ! "w is almo/ useless z a connect$ acc\nt1 ?\gh x conta9s _m int]e/+ details4 ,two epo*s are ( special importance = ! developm5t ( lat] ,indian ,buddhism1 t ( ,kani%ka & t ( ,vasub&hu & 8 bro!r ,asanga4 ,! read] may expect me to discuss at l5g? ! date ( ,kani%ka's accession1 b ,i d n propose to d s = x may be hop$ t 9 ! next few ye>s ar*logical rese>* 9 ,india or ,c5tral ,asia w fix ! *ronology ( ! ,ku%ans & mean:ile x is wa/e ( "t to argue ab\t probabilities or at any rate x c be done pr(itably only 9 special articles4 ,at pres5t ! majority ( s*ol>s place 8 accession at ab\t #gh ,a4,d41 o!rs put x back to #eh ,b4,c4 & arrange ! ,ku%an k+s 9 a diff]5t ord]1#afe :ile /ill o!rs#aff ?9k t he did n come to ! ?rone until ! second c5tury 0 well advanc$4 ,! evid5ce ( art1 p>ticul>ly ( numismatics1 indicates t ,kani%ka reign$ t[>ds ! end ( 8 dyna/y r ?an at ! beg9n+1 b ! use ( ,greek on 8 co9s & 8 traditional connection ) ! beg9n+s ( ! ,mahayana are argum5ts aga9/ a v late date4 ,if ! date #gh ,a4,d4 is accept$1 ! conv]sion ( ! ,yeh-*ih to ,buddhism & its diffusion 9 ,c5tral ,asia _c h be5 ! "w ( ,kani%ka1 = ,buddhism began to rea* ,*9a by l& ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4#afg ,!re is h[ev] no reason to assume t !y 7 8 "w4 ,kani%ka1 l ,con/ant9e1 probably fav\r$ a w9n+ cause1 & ,buddhism may h be5 gradually mak+ its way among ! ,ku%ans & _! neighb\rs = a c\ple ( c5turies be=e 8 "t4 ,9 any case1 h[ev] important 8 reign may h be5 = ! ,buddhi/ ,*ur*1 ,i d n ?9k t ! hi/ory ( ! ,mahayana %\ld be made to dep5d on 8 date4 ,*9ese translations1 support$ by o!r evid5ce1 indicate t ! ,mahayani/ movem5t _h begun ab\t ! "t ( our era4 ,if x is prov$ t ,kani%ka liv$ consid]ably lat]1 we %\ld n argue t ,mahayanism is lat] ?an 0 suppos$ b r t 8 relation t[>ds x has be5 misund]/ood4#afh ,! date ( ,vasub&hu has also be5 mu* discuss$ & s*ol>s h g5]ally plac$ him 9 ! f\r? or fif? c5tury b ,pri#afi appe>s to h prov$ t he liv$ f ab\t #bhj to #cfj ,a4,d4 & ,i %all adopt ?is view4 ,?is *ronology makes a reasonable sett+ = ! developm5t ( ,buddhism4 ,if ,kani%ka reign$ f ab\t #gh to #abc ,a4,d4 or ev5 lat]1 !re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ t ,avagho%a fl\ri%$ 9 8 reign & 0 foll[$ by ,ngrjuna4 ,! collapse ( ! ,ku%an ,empire 0 probably accompani$ by raids f ,iranian tribes1 = ,p]sian influ5ce appe>s to h be5 /rong 9 ,india dur+ ! confus$ int]val betwe5 ! ,ku%ans & ,guptas 7#bbe-cbj74 ,! latt] inaugurat$ ! revival ( ,h9duism b /ill %[$ fav\r to individual ,buddhi/s1 & we "k f ,fa-,hsi5 t ,buddhism 0 fairly fl\ri%+ dur+ 8 visit to ,india 7#cii-dae74 ,!re is no?+ improbable 9 suppos+ t ,vasub&hu1 :o is /at$ to h liv$ at ,c\rt1 0 patroniz$ by ! e>ly ,guptas4 ,! blank 9 ,buddhi/ hi/ory :i* foll[s 8 c>e] c be expla9$ fir/ by ! progress ( ,h9duism at ! exp5se ( ,buddhism & secondly by ! invasions ( ! ,huns4 ,! ,*9ese pilgrim ,sung-,yn has left u an acc\nt ( ,india 9 ?is di/ressful p]iod & = ! sev5? c5tury ! works ( ,hsan ,*uang & ,i-,*+ give copi\s in=mation4 ,9 inve/igat+ ! beg9n+s ( ! ,mahayana we may />t f ! epo* ( ,asoka1 :o is reg>d$ by tradition z ! patron & consolidator ( ! ,h9ayani/ ,*ur*4 ,& ! tradition seems on ! :ole correct3 ! unit$ evid5ce ( texts & inscriptions goes to %[ t ! ,buddhi/s ( ,asoka's "t held ! *ief doctr9es subsequ5tly pr(ess$ by ! ,s9halese ,*ur* & did n hold ! o!r set ( doctr9es kn[n z ,mahayani/4 ,t ^! latt] are po/]ior 9 "t is practically admitt$ by ! books t tea* !m1 = !y are con/antly describ$ z ! cr[n & completion ( a progressive revelation4 ,?us ! ,lotus#agj illu/rates ! evolution ( doctr9e by a /ory :i* curi\sly resembles ! p>able ( ! prodigal son except t ! return$ p5it5t does n recognize 8 fa!r1 :o proce$s to reveal gradually 8 "n & position1 keep+ back ! full tru? to ! la/4 ,simil>ly x is held 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ t !re 7 five p]iods 9 kyamuni's tea*+ :i* aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! /age ( ! ,h9ayana culm9at$ 9 ! ,praj-pramit & ,amitbha sutras %ortly be=e 8 dea?4 ,su* /atem5ts admit ! hi/orical priority ( ! ,h9ayana3 x is rudim5t>y 7t is e>ly7 tru? :i* ne$s completion & expansion4 ,_m critics demur to ! assumption t primitive ,buddhism 0 a sy/em ( e?ics purg$ ( sup]/ition & my?ology4 ,& 9 a way !y are "r4 ,c\ld we get hold ( a primitive ,buddhi/1 we %\ld probably f9d t miracles1 magic1 & sup]human be+s play$ a l>ge "p 9 8 m9d & t ! ,buddha did n appe> to him z :at we call a human tea*]4 ,9 t s5se ! g]ms ( ! ,mahayana exi/$ 9 ! life-"t ( ,gotama4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 e>ly & lat] ,buddhism lies 9 ?is1 t ! deities :o surr\nd ! ,buddha 9 ! ,pali ,pitakas are m]e accessories3 8 tea*+ w\ld n be affect$ if !y 7 all remov$4 ,b ! ,bodhisattvas 9 ! ,lotus or ! ,sutra ( ! ,happy ,l& h a doctr9al significance4 ,?\gh 9 ,india old ideas p]si/ ) unusual vitality1 /ill ev5 !re !y c live only if !y ei!r develop or ga!r r\nd !m new accretions4 ,z "o ( ! religions ( ,india1 ,buddhism 0 s5sitive to ! g5]al movem5t ( ,indian ?\ght1 or r x 0 a "p ( t movem5t4 ,we see z cle>ly 9 ,buddhi/ z 9 non-,buddhi/ ,india t !re 0 a t5d5cy to con/ruct philosophic sy/ems & ano!r t5d5cy to create deities satisfy+ to ! emotions z well z to ! intellect & yet ano!r t5d5cy to compose new scriptures4 ,b ap>t f ?is p>allel developm5t1 x becomes cle> aft] ! ,*ri/ian era t ,buddhism is becom+ surr\nd$ by ,h9duism4 ,! influ5ce is n inde$ "o-sid$3 !re is int]dep5d5ce & int]p5etration b ! net result is t ! g5]al ,indian features ( ea* religi\s p]iod ov]p[] ! specially ,buddhi/ features & 9 ! end we f9d t :ile ,h9duism has only be5 pr(\ndly modifi$ ,buddhism has vani%$4 ,if we exam9e ! ,pali ,pitakas1 includ+ ! h]esies m5tion$ 9 ! ,ka?vat?u1 we f9d t !y conta9 ! g]ms ( _m ,mahayani/ ideas4 ,?us side by side ) ! human portrait ( ! ,buddha !re is ! doctr9e t he is "o 9 a s]ies ( sup]natural tea*]s1 ea* ) ! same life-hi/ory1 & ?is life is connect$ ) ! :ole c\rse ( nature1 z is %[n by ! sympa!tic e>?quakes :i* m>k its crises4 ,8 bir? is sup]natural & _h he will$ x he c\ld h liv$ until ! end ( ! pres5t ,kalpa4#aga ,s1 too1 ! nature ( a ,buddha :5 he is releas$ f =m1 t is aft] dea?1 is deep & unfa?omable z ! ocean4#agb ,! ,ka?vat?u condemns ! ideas 7?us %[+ t !y exi/$7 t ,buddhas are born 9 all qu>t]s ( ! univ]se1 t ! ,buddha 0 sup]human 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 t he 0 n really born 9 ! _w ( m5 & t he did n prea* ! ,law himself4 ,^! la/ two h]esies are attribut$ by ! comm5t>y to ! ,vetulyakas :o are said to h believ$ t he rema9$ 9 ! ,tu%ita heav5 & s5t a phantom to prea* on e>?4 ,"h we h ! rudim5ts ( ! doctr9e aft]w>ds sy/ematiz$ "u ! "n ( ! ?ree bodies ( ,buddha4 ,simil>ly ?\gh ,nirvana is reg>d$ z prim>ily an e?ical /ate1 ! ,pali ,canon conta9s ! expression ,nirvnadhtu & ! idea#agc t ,nirvana is a sph]e or realm 7yatanam7 :i* transc5ds ! transitory _w & 9 :i* su* anti!ses are com+ & go+1 bir? & dea?1 cease to exi/4 ,?is =e%ad[s ! doctr9e ( ,bhta-ta?at & we seem to he> a prelude to ! dialectic ( ,ngrjuna :5 ! ,ka?vat?u discusses :e!r ,suat or ! void is pr$icable ( ! ,sk&has & :5 x condemns ! views t any?+ n[ exi/+ exi/$ 9 ! pa/3 & t k ( ! pres5t is possible 7:]eas ! mom5t any?+ is kn[n x is really pa/74 ,! ,ka?vat?u also condemns ! proposition t a ,bodhisattva c be reborn 9 realms ( woe or fall into error1 & ?is proposition h9ts t ! c>e] ( a ,bodhisattva 0 consid]$ ( g5]al int]e/4 ,! ,mahayana gr[s out ( ! ,h9ayana & 9 _m respects ! ,h9ayana passes into x & is pres]v$ un*ang$4 ,x is true t 9 read+ ! ,lotus we wond] h[ ?is m>vell\s cosmic vision c repres5t itself z ! tea*+ ( ,gotama1 b ! ,buddhac>ita ( ,avagho%a1 ?\gh embelli%$ ) lit]>y my?ology1 h>dly advances 9 doctr9e beyond ! ,pali sutras describ+ ! m>vels ( ! ,buddha's nativity#agd & ! great] "p ( ,ngrjuna's ,fri5dly ,epi/le1 :i* purports to conta9 an epitome ( ! fai?1 is 9 phraseology z well z ?\ght p]fectly 9 h>mony ) ! ,pali ,canon4 ,:5ce comes ?is diff]5ce ( tone 9 works accept$ by ! same s*ool8 ,"o difficulty ( ! hi/orian :o essays to acc\nt = ! lat] phases ( ,buddhism is to apportion duly ! influ5ce ( ,indian & =eign elem5ts4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,mahayana1 :e!r we call x a developm5t or p]v]sion1 is a product ( ,indian ?\ght4 ,to expla9 its tr9ities1 its savi\rs1 its doctr9e ( self sacrifice x is n necess>y to seek abroad4 ,new s*ools1 anxi\s to claim cont9uity & antiquity1 gladly reta9$ z mu* ( ! old doctr9e z !y c\ld4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ,indian ,buddhism came into contact ) =eign1 especially ,iranian1 ideas & und\bt$ly assimilat$ "s ( !m4 ,f "t to "t ,i h drawn att5tion to su* cases 9 ?is "w1 b z a rule ! =eign ideas are s ?or\ghly ma/]$ & indianiz$ t !y cease to be obvi\s4 ,!y m]ely op5 up to ,indian ?\ght a new pa? :]e9 x c move 9 its own way4 ,9 ! p]iod foll[+ ,asoka's dea? ,buddhism suff]$ a tempor>y eclipse4 ,pu%yamitra :o 9 #ahd ,b4,c4 ov]?rew ! ,mauryas & e/abli%$ ! ,sunga dyna/y 0 a patron ( ! ,brahmans4 ,tran?a describes him#age z a f]oci\s p]secutor1 & ! ,divyvadna supports ! /ory4 ,b ! p]secution1 if x really occurr$1 0 probably local & did n s]i\sly *eck ! spread ( ,buddhism1 :i* be=e ! "t ( ,kani%ka _h ext5d$ nor?w>ds to ,bactria & ,ka%mir4 ,! latt] t]ritory became ! special home ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s4 ,x 0 9 ! reign ( ,pu%yamitra t ! ,grco-,bactrian k+ ,m5&] or ,mil9da invad$ ,india 7#aee-c ,b4,c47 & !re 7 _m o!r invasions & settlem5ts ( tribes com+ f ! nor?-we/ & v>i\sly describ$ z ,sakas1 ,pahlavas1 ,p>?ians & ,yavanas1 culm9at+ 9 ! conque/s ( ! ,ku%ans4 ,! :ole p]iod 0 di/urb$ & confus$ b "s g5]al /atem5ts c be made ) consid]able confid5ce4 ,f ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 to #ajj ,a4,d4 we f9d inscriptions1 build+s & /atues te/ify+ to ! piety ( ,buddhi/ & ,ja9 donors b h>dly any indications ( a simil> lib]ality to ,brahmans4 ,9 ! second & ?ird c5turies ,a4,d4 grants ( l& to ,brahmans & _! temples beg9 to be record$ & 9 ! f\r? c5tury 7t is ) ! rise ( ! ,gupta ,dyna/y7 su* grants become frequ5t4 ,^! facts c h>dly be int]pret$ o!rwise ?an z mean+ t f #cjj ,b4,c4 to #ajj ,a4,d4 ! upp] classes ( ,india fav\r$ ,buddhism & ,ja9ism & did n fav\r ! ,brahmans 9 ! same way or to ! same ext5t4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! religion ( ! ,brahmans cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ?is p]iod & produc$ a copi\s lit]ature1 & also t ! abs5ce ( works ( art may be due to ! fact t _! wor%ip 0 p]=m$ 9 sacrificial enclosures & t !y _h n yet begun to use temples & /atues4 ,aft] ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 we h fir/ a gradual & !n a rapid rise 9 ,brahmanic influ5ce4 ,inscriptions z well z books indicate t a l+ui/ic *ange occurr$ 9 ! same p]iod4 ,at fir/ popul> dialects 7 reg>d$ z suffici5tly dignifi$ & curr5t to be ! m$ium = bo? scripture & (ficial records4 ,sanskrit rema9$ a ?+ ap>t--! peculi> possession ( ! ,brahman lit]ati4 ,!n ! popul> language 0 ,sanskritiz$1 ! rules ( ,sanskrit gramm> be+ accept$ z ! /&>d to :i* x ought to con=m1 ?\gh p]fect con=mity 0 impracticable4 ,9 mu* ! same way ! mod]n ,greeks try to br+ ,romaic into l9e ) classical ,greek4 ,f9ally ,sanskrit 0 recogniz$ z ! prop] language = lit]ature1 gov]nm5t & religion4 ,! e>lie/ inscriptions#agf 9 correct ,sanskrit seem to date f ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,fur!r1 ! invad]s :o ent]$ ,india f ! nor?-we/ fav\r$ ,buddhism on ! :ole4 ,co9s indicate t "s ( !m wor%ipp$ iva#agg b ! numb] & beauty ( ,buddhi/ monum5ts erect$ "u _! rule c h>dly be int]pret$ except z a sign ( _! patronage4 ,& _! conv]sion 0 natural = !y _h no /rong religi\s convictions ( _! own & ! ,brahmans ) _! pride ( ca/e %rank f =eign]s4 ,b ,buddhism _h no prejudice ( race or class3 x 0 animat$ by a mission>y _s & x 0 probably ! /rong] cre$ at ?is p]iod4 ,x n only met ! invad]s on _! entry into ,india b x s5t mission>ies to !m 9 ,bactria & ,afghani/an1 s t to "s ext5t !y br\ght ,buddhism ) !m4 ,b x 0 a ,buddhism comb9$ ) ! mo/ v>i$ elem5ts4 ,hell5ic art & religion _h made ! figures ( ,apollo1 ,h]akles & ,helios famili> 9 ,bactria1 & bo? ,bactria & nor!rn ,india 7 9 t\* ) ,zoroa/rians4 ,! mix$ cults ( ^! bord]l&s readily pr(ess$ allegiance to ! ,buddha b1 n und]/&+ ,indian ideas1 simply made him into a deity & hav+ done ?is 7 n likely to repudiate o!r ,indian deities4 ,?us 9 its outw>d =m ! ,buddhism ( ! invad]s t5d$ to be a comp\nd ( ,indian1 ,greek & ,p]sian ideas 9 :i* ,sun wor%ip play$ a l>ge "p1 = n only ,indian my?s1 b ,apollo & ,helios & ! ,p]sian ,mi?ra all ent]$ into x4 ,p]sian influ5ce 9 art is disc]nible z e>ly z ! ar*itecture ( ,asoka3 9 doctr9e x has some?+ to d ) su* figures z ,vairocana & ,amitbha4 ,grco-,roman influ5ce also 0 p[]ful 9 art & ?r\gh art affect$ religion4 ,9 ,asoka's "t lik5esses ( ! ,buddha 7 unkn[n & ! adoration ( images1 if n entirely due to ! art ( ,g&h>a1 0 at lea/ enc\rag$ by x4 ,b ?\gh co9s & sculpture br+ cle>ly be=e u a m$ley ( deities correspond+ to a m$ley ( human races1 !y d n help u mu* 9 trac+ ! gr[? ( ?\ght1 phases ( :i* are pres]v$ 9 a lit]ature suffici5tly copi\s ?\gh ! record sometimes fails at ! po9ts ( transition :]e x w\ld be ( mo/ int]e/4 ,x is natural t sacr$ books %\ld record accept$ results r ?an t5tative innovations & ev5 disguise ! latt]4 ,b we c fix a few dates :i* enable u to judge :at %ape ,buddhism 0 tak+ ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,tibetan hi/orian ,tran?a is n ( mu* help1 = 8 *ronology is mo/ confus$1 b /ill he def9itely connects ! appe>ance ( ,mahayani/ texts ) ! reign ( ,kani%ka & ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ x#agh & reg>ds !m z a new ph5om5on4 ,great] assi/ance is furni%$ by ! ,*9ese translators1 ^: dates are kn[n ) "s exactitude4 ,?us ! e>lie/ ,buddhi/ "w r5d]$ into ,*9ese is said to be ! sutra ( =ty-two sections1 translat$ by ,kyapa ,mtanga 9 #fg ,a4,d4 ,x consi/s ( extracts or resums ( ! ,buddha's tea*+ mo/ly prefac$ by ! words ,! ,buddha said1 d\btless 9 imitation ( ! ,confucian ,analects :]e ! introductory =mula ,! ma/] said plays a simil> "p4 ,its ideas & precepts are ,h9ayani/3#agi ! ,arhat is held up z ! ideal & 9 a rem>kable passage#ahj :]e ! degrees ( sanctity are grad$ & comp>$ no m5tion is made ( ,bodhisattvas4 ,?is fir/ translation 0 foll[$ by a long s]ies ( o!rs1 pr9cipally f ! ,stra-,pitaka1 = v little ( ! ,v9aya 0 translat$ be=e ! fif? c5tury4 ,a great numb] ( ,h9ayani/ sutras 7 translat$ be=e #cjj ,a4,d4 b v few aft] #dej4 ,on ! o!r h& portions ( ! sutra ab\t ,amda's ,p>adise1 ( ! ,praj-pramit1 & ( ! ,avatamsaka 7 translat$ ab\t #aej ,a4,d4 & translations ( ! ,lotus & ,lalita-vi/>a appe>$ ab\t #cjj4 ,great caution is necess>y 9 us+ ^! data & ! circum/ances ( ,*9a z well z ( ,india mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,if translations ( ! ,v9aya & complete collections ( sutras are late 9 appe>+1 x does n foll[ t ! correspond+ ,indian texts are late1 = ! ne$ ( ! ,v9aya 0 n felt until mona/]ies began to spr+ up4 ,mo/ ( ! translations made be=e ! fif? c5tury are extracts & ( indiff]5t workman%ip4 ,"s are reta9$ 9 ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka b are sup]s$$ by lat] v]sions4 ,b h[ev] inaccurate & incomplete ^! old] translations may be1 if any ( !m c be id5tifi$ ) a "p ( an extant ,sanskrit "w x foll[s t at lea/ t "p ( ! "w & ! doctr9es conta9$ 9 x 7 curr5t 9 ,india or ,c5tral ,asia "s "t be=e ! translation 0 made4 ,apply+ ?is pr9ciple we may conclude t ! ,h9ayana & ,mahayana 7 fl\ri%+ side by side 9 ,india & ,c5tral ,asia 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 & t ! ,happy ,l& sutras & portions ( ! ,praj-pramit already exi/$4 ,f t "t onw>ds ,mahayani/ lit]ature z repres5t$ by ,*9ese translations /eadily increases1 & aft] #djj ,a4,d4 ,h9ayani/ lit]ature decl9es1 ) two exceptions1 ! ,v9aya & ! ,abhidh>ma books ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s4 ,! ,v9aya 0 evid5tly reg>d$ z a rule ( life indep5d5t ( !ology1 b x is rem>kable t ,hsan ,*uang aft] 8 return f ,india 9 #fde %\ld h ?\ght x wor? :ile to translate ! philosophy ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s4 ,o!r consid]ations r5d] ?is *ronology probable4 ,two conspicu\s features ( ! ,mahayana are ! wor%ip ( ,bodhisattvas & ideali/ philosophy4 ,^! are obvi\sly p>allel to ! wor%ip ( iva & ,vi%nu1 & to ! rise ( ! ,v$anta4 ,n[ ! wor%ip ( ^! deities 0 probably n preval5t be=e #cjj ,b4,c41 = !y are almo/ unkn[n to ! ,pali ,pitakas1 & x 0 fully develop$ ab\t ! "t ( ! ,bhagavad-gt :i* p]haps assum$ its pres5t =m a little be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,n only is ! comb9ation ( devotion & metaphysics f\nd 9 ?is "w simil> to ! tone ( _m ,mahayani/ sutras b ! manife/ation ( ,kri%na 9 8 div9e =m is l ! trans=mation sc5es ( ! ,lotus4#aha ,! *ief moral pr9ciple ( ! ,bhagavad-gt is sub/antially ! same z t prescrib$ = ,bodhisattvas4 ,x tea*es t action is sup]ior to inaction1 b t action %\ld be :olly dis9t]e/$ & n direct$ to any selfi% object4 ,?is is precisely ! attitude ( ! ,bodhisattva :o avoids ! inaction ( ^? :o are engross$ 9 self-culture z mu* z ! pursuit ( weal? or pleasure4 ,bo? ! ,gt & ,mahayani/ treatises lay /ress on fai?4 ,he :o ?9ks on ,kri%na :5 dy+ goes to ,kri%na#ahb j z he :o ?9ks on ,amitbha goes to ! ,happy ,l& & ! idea is n unkn[n to ! ,pali texts1 = x f9ds complete expression 9 ! /ory ( ,matthakundali4#ahc ,! idea ( a b5evol5t deity to be wor%ipp$ ) devotion & fai? & n ) c]emonies is /range to old ,buddhism & old ,brahmanism alike4 ,x 0 a popul> idea :i* became s /rong t nei!r prie/s nor ,bhik%us c\ld ignore x & 9 its ultimate result x is h>d to say :e!r ,buddhi/ or ,brahmanic elem5ts are m prom95t4 ,bo? ,avalokita & ,kri%na are ,devas4 ,! =m] has ! beauty ( hol9ess & ! /r5g? :i* x gives1 b also ! weakness ( a some:at ab/ract figure3 ! latt] is v p]sonal & spr+s f ! he>t ( ,india b to ^? :o are n ,h9dus seems want+ 9 purity & simplicity4 ,! div9e "* ( bo? figures is due to ,brahmanism r ?an ,buddhism1 b ! new =m ( wor%ip :i* laid /ress on a frame ( m9d r ?an on c]emonial & ! idea ( ,avatras or ! p]iodic appe>ance ( sup]human savi\rs & tea*]s indicate ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism on ,brahmanism4 ,!re is a simil> p>allel betwe5 ! new] ,buddhi/ philosophy & ! ,v$anti/ s*ool repres5t$ by ank>a1 & ,indian critics detect$ x4 ank>a 0 call$ a ,prac*anna-bauddha or crypto-buddhi/ by 8 !ological oppon5ts#ahd & ! resemblance betwe5 ! two sy/ems 9 ?\ght1 if n 9 ^w1 is /rik+4 ,bo? di/+ui% relative & absolute tru?3 = bo? ! relative tru? is practically !ism1 = bo? absolute tru? is beyond description & :e!r x is call$ ,brahman1 ,dh>ma-kya or nyat is n equival5t to ,god 9 ! ,*ri/ian or ,mohamm$an s5se4 ,j z = ! ,v$anti/ !re exi/ 9 ! light ( ! highe/ k nei!r a p]sonal ,god nor an individual s\l1 s ! ,mdhyamika ,stra c decl>e t ! ,buddha does n really exi/4 ,! ,mahayani/ philosoph]s d n use ! ^w ,my b !y /ate ! same !ory 9 a m subjective =m by ascrib+ ! appe>ance ( ! ph5om5al _w to ignorance1 a nom5clature :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,buddha's phrase1 ,f ignorance come ! ,sankhras4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ,buddhi/ & ,brahmanic ideas act$ & react$ 9 su* complex int]relations t x is h>d to say :i* has borr[$ f ! o!r4 ,z to dates1 ! old] ,upani%ads :i* conta9 ! f\ndations b n ! complete edifice ( ,v$antism1 seem a little e>li] ?an ! ,buddha4 ,n[ we "k t )9 ! ,v$anti/ s*ool !re 7 div]g5ces ( op9ion :i* lat] receiv$ classic expression 9 ! h&s ( ank>a & ,rmnuja4 ,! latt] reject$ ! doctr9es ( ,my & ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 relative & absolute tru?4 ,! g]ms ( bo? s*ools are to be f\nd 9 ! ,upani%ads b x seems probable t ! ideas ( ank>a 7 orig9ally work$ out among ,buddhi/s r ?an among ,brahmans & 7 rightly describ$ by _! oppon5ts z disguis$ ,buddhism4 ,z e>ly z #ebj ,a4,d4 ,bodhidh>ma prea*$ 9 ,*9a a doctr9e :i* is practically ! same z ! ,advaita4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n "w 9 :i* ! !ory ( ,my & ! ,advaita philosophy are cle>ly =mulat$ is ! metrical treatise kn[n z ! ,krik ( ,gaudapda4 ,?is "n 0 borne by ! tea*] ( ank>a's tea*]1 :o mu/ h liv$ ab\t #gjj ,a4,d41 b ! high position accord$ to ! "w1 :i* is usually pr9t$ ) ! ,mndkya ,upani%ad & is practically reg>d$ z#ahe a "p ( x1 make an e>li] date probable4 ,bo? 9 language & ?\ght x be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ,buddhi/ writ+s ( ! ,mdhyamika s*ool & also conta9s _m ideas & similes :i* reappe> 9 ! works ( ank>a4#ahf ,on ! o!r h& ! ,lankvatra ,stra :i* 0 translat$ into ,*9ese 9 #eac & !re=e c h>dly h be5 compos$ lat] ?an #dej1 is consci\s t its doctr9es resemble ,brahmanic philosophy1 = an int]locutor objects t ! language us$ 9 x by ! ,buddha ab\t ! ,ta?gatag>bha is v l ! ,brahmanic doctr9e ( ! tman4 ,to :i* ! ,buddha replies t 8 language is a concession to ^? :o _c /oma* ! doctr9e ( ! negation ( reality 9 all its au/]ity4 ,"s ( ! be/ kn[n v]ses ( ,gaudapda comp>e ! _w ( appe>ance to ! app>5t circle ( fire produc$ by :irl+ a light$ tor*4 ,?is /rik+ image occurs fir/ 9 ! ,maitryana ,upani%ad 7,,vi4 #bd71 :i* %[s o!r indications ( an acqua9tance ) ,buddhism1 & also 9 ! ,lankvatra ,stra4 ,a real aff9ity unites ! doctr9e ( ank>a to ! tea*+ ( ,gotama himself4 ,t tea*+ z pres5t$ 9 ! ,pali ,pitakas is m>k$ by its negative & delib]ately circumscrib$ "*4 ,its rule is sil5ce :5 /rict accuracy ( expression is impossible1 :]eas lat] philosophy does n %r9k f phrases :i* are sugge/ive1 if n exact4 ,gotama refuses to admit t ! human s\l is a fix$ entity or tman1 b he does n condemn 7?\gh he also does n discuss7 ! idea t ! :ole _w ( *ange & becom+1 includ+ human s\ls1 is ! expression or disguise ( "s "o ineffable pr9ciple4 ,he tea*es too t ! human m9d c gr[ until x develops new faculties & p[]s & becomes ! ,buddha m9d1 :i* sees ! :ole *a9 ( bir?s1 ! ord] ( ! _w1 & ! reality ( emancipation4 ,z ! object ( ! :ole sy/em is practical1 ,nirvana is always reg>d$ z a t]m9us ad quem or an escape 7niss>anam7 f ?is transitory _w1 & ?is view is m accurate z well z m edify+ ?an ! view :i* treats ,brahman or nyat z ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 ! ,v$anta tea*es t ?is *ang+ tr\bl$ _w is m]ely ! disguise ( t un*ang+ & untr\bl$ /ate into :i* sa9ts c pass1 x is1 ,i believe1 foll[+ ,gotama's ?\ght1 b giv+ x an expression :i* he w\ld h consid]$ imp]fect4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #afc3 ,translat$ by ,s*iefn]1 #ahfi4 ,tran?a in=ms u 7p4 #bha7 t 8 *ief au?orities 7 ! hi/ory ( ,k%em5drabhadra1 ! ,buddhapurna ( ,indradatta & ,bhataghat's hi/ory ( ! succession ( ! cryas4 ,footnote #afd3 ,! ,tibetans g5]ally translate in/ead ( translit]at+ ,indian names4 ,x is z if an ,engli% hi/ory ( ,greece 7 to speak ( ,lead] ( ! ,p in/ead ( ,agesilaus4 ,footnote #afe3 ,!y place ,kani%ka1 ,vsi%ka1 ,huvi%ka & ,vasudeva be=e ,kadphises ,i & ,kadphises ,,ii4 ,footnote #aff3 ,e4g4 ,/al ,hol/e9 :o also ?9ks t ,kani%ka's tribe %\ld be call$ ,ku%a n ,ku%an4 ,v9c5t ,smi? 9 8 late/ "w 7,ox=d ,hi/ory ( ,india1 p4 #acj7 gives #abj ,a4,d4 z ! mo/ probable date4 ,footnote #afg3 ,my *ief difficulty 9 accept+ #gh-abc ,a4,d4 z ! reign ( ,kani%ka is t ! ,*9ese ,annals record ! do+s ( ,pan ,*'ao betwe5 #gc & #ajb 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 ) :i* region ,kani%ka is believ$ to h _h relations1 & yet d n m5tion 8 "n4 ,?is sil5ce makes x prim facie probable t he liv$ ei!r be=e or aft] ,pan ,*'ao's c>e]4 ,! catalogues ( ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka /ate t ,an-,%ih-,kao 7#adh-agj ,a4,d47 translat$ ! ,mrgabhmi-stra ( ,sangh>ak%a1 :o 0 ! *apla9 ( ,kani%ka4 ,b ?is un=tunately proves no?+ except t ,kani%ka _c h be5 v late4 ,! "w is n a scripture = ^: recognition "s lapse ( "t mu/ be po/ulat$4 ,an-,%ih-,kao1 :o came f ! we/1 may v well h translat$ a rec5t & popul> treatise4 ,footnote #afh3 ,9 ?is connection we may rememb] ,tran?a's /atem5t t ,kani%ka's ,c\ncil put an end to diss5tions :i* _h la/$ ab\t a c5tury4 ,b he also /ates t x 0 aft] ! ,c\ncil t ,mahayani/ texts began to appe>4 ,if ,kani%ka fl\ri%$ ab\t #ej ,a4,d4 ?is w\ld fit 9 ) ,tran?a's /atem5ts & :at we "k ( ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism4 ,footnote #afi3 ,b4,e4,f4,e4,o4 #aiaa1 #cci-cij4 ,sati*&ra ,vidybh%ana arriv$ at ! same conclusion 9 ,j4,a4,s4,b4 #aije1 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #agj3 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,footnote #aga3 ,mahp>9ib4 ,sut4 ,,iii4 ,footnote #agb3 ,majj4 ,nik4 #gb4 ,footnote #agc3 ,udna4 ,,viii4 #a-d4 ,footnote #agd3 ,acc>iyabbhutasuttam4 ,majj4 ,nik4 #abc4 ,footnote #age3 ,*ap4 ,,xvi4 ,footnote #agf3 ,t ( ,rudradaman at ,girn>1 dat$ #gb 9 ! ,saka ,era1 has hi!rto be5 consid]$ ! olde/1 b x is n[ said t "o discov]$ at ,isapur ne> ,muttra is old]4 ,see ,j4,r4,a4,s #aiab1 p4 #aad4 ,footnote #agg3 ,e4g4 ,kadphises ,,ii & ,vasudeva4 ,footnote #agh3 ,*aps4 ,,xii1 ,,xiii4 ,footnote #agi3 ,! la/ section 7#db7 z translat$ by ,teit>o ,suzuki 9 ! ,s]mons ( a ,buddhi/ ,abbot may seem an exception1 = x conta9s su* /atem5ts z ,i consid] ! doctr9e ( sam5ess z ! absolute gr\nd ( reality4 ,b ! translation seems to me d\btful4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,sec4 #aa4 ,footnote #aha3 ,j z all gods & worlds are se5 )9 ,kri%na's body1 s we are told 9 ! ,kranda-vyha 7:i* is h[ev] a lat] "w7 t 9 ! pores ( ,avalokita's sk9 are woods & m\nta9s :]e dwell sa9ts & gods4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,bhag4 ,g4 ,,viii4 #e4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,comm5t>y on ,dhammapada1 ,p4,t4,s4 edition1 pp4 #be ff4 especially p4 #cc4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,see ,rmnuja1 rbh%ya1 ,,ii4 #b1 #bg & ,padma-,purna utt>ak&a #dc 7quot$ by ,suhtank> 9 ,vi5na ,ori5tal ,j\rn4 vol4 ,,xxii4 #aijh74 ,myvdam asac*/rm prac*annam bauddham ucyate4 ,! ,mdhvas 7 specially bitt] 9 _! d5unciation ( ank>a4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,or z itself =m+ f\r sep>ate ,upani%ads4 ,= o!r argum5ts 9 fav\r ( an e>ly date see ,walles]1 lt]] ,v$nta1 pp4 #ad ff4 ,he /ates t ! ,krik is quot$ 9 ! ,tibetan translations ( ,bhavaviveka's ,trkajvl4 ,bhavaviveka 0 c]ta9ly ant]ior to ! travels ( ,hsan ,*uang & p]haps 0 mu* e>li]4 ,b if he di$ ab\t #fjj ,a4,d4 a "w quot$ by him c h>dly h be5 lat] ?an #eej & may be mu* e>li]4 ,b see also ,jacobi 9 ,j4,a4,o4,s4 ,april1 #aiac1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,= ! resemblances to ,ngrjuna see ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaj1 pp4 #acf ff4 ,especially rem>kable are ,,ii4 #cb na nirodho na cotpattir1 etc41 & ,,iv4 #ei & ! :ole argum5t t causation is impossible4 ,noticeable too is ! use ( ,buddhi/ t]ms l upya1 nirvna1 buddha & dibuddha1 ?\gh n always 9 ! ,buddhi/ s5se4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,f ,,kani%ka ,,to ,,vasub&hu ,tradition1 z m5tion$ above1 connects ! rise ( ! ,mahayana ) ! reign ( ,kani%ka4 ,mat]ials = =m+ a picture ( ,indian life "u 8 rule are n pl5tiful b x 0 cle>ly an age ( fusion4 ,8 h]$it>y dom9ions 7 ample & he _h no ne$ to sp5d 8 reign 9 conque/s1 b he probably subdu$ ,ka%mir z well z ,khotan1 ,y>k& & ,ka%g>4#ahg ,ho/ages f "o ( ^! /ates 7 s5t to reside 9 ,india & all acc\nts agree t !y 7 treat$ ) g5]osity & t _! soj\rn improv$ ! relations ( ,kani%ka ) ! nor!rn tribes4 ,8 capital 0 ,puru%apura or ,pe%aw>1 & ! locality1 l _m o!r features ( 8 reign1 indicates a t5d5cy to amalgamate ,india ) ,p]sia & ,c5tral ,asia4 ,x 0 embelli%$ ) ma/]pieces ( ,g&h>an sculpture & its *ief ornam5t 0 a great /pa built by ! k+ = ! reception ( ! relics ( ! ,buddha :i* he collect$4 ,?is build+ is describ$ by sev]al ,*9ese pilgrims#ahh & its proportions1 ?\gh v>i\sly /at$1 7 suffici5t to r5d] x celebrat$ 9 all ! ,buddhi/ _w4 ,x is said to h be5 sev]al times burnt1 & rebuilt1 b s solid a /ructure c h>dly h be5 totally de/roy$ by fire & ! great] "p ( ! monum5t discov]$ 9 #aijh probably dates f ! "t ( ,kani%ka4 ,! base is a squ>e measur+ #bhe feet on ea* side1 ) massive t[]s at ! corn]s1 & on ea* ( ! f\r faces projections be>+ /aircases4 ,! sides 7 ornam5t$ ) /ucco figures ( ! ,buddha & accord+ to ! ,*9ese pilgrims ! sup]-/ructure 0 cr[n$ ) an iron pill> on :i* 7 set tw5ty-five gild$ disks4 ,inside 0 f\nd a metal casket1 /ill conta9+ ! sacr$ bones1 & be>+ an inscription :i* pres5ts two po9ts ( great int]e/4 ,fir/ly x m5tions ,agiala ! ov]se] ( works at ,kani%ka's vihra1 t is1 probably ,agesilaus1 a =eign] 9 ! k+'s s]vice4 ,secondly x /ates t ! casket 0 made = ! acceptance ( ! tea*]s ( ! ,s>v/ivd9 sect1#ahi & ! idea t ,kani%ka 0 ! special patron ( ! ,mahayana mu/ be reconsid]$ 9 ! light ( ?is /atem5t4 ,leg5ds ascribe ,kani%ka's f]v\r = ! ,buddhi/ fai? n to education b to conv]sion4 ,8 co9age1 ( :i* abundant specim5s h be5 pres]v$1 confirms ?is = x pres5ts images ( ,greek1 ,p]sian1 ,indian & p]haps ,babylonian deities %[+ h[ v>i$ 0 ! my?ology :i* may h m+l$ ) ,g&h>an ,buddhism4 ,! co9s be>+ figures ( ! ,buddha are n num]\s &1 z he und\bt$ly left beh9d him ! reputation ( a pi\s ,buddhi/1 x is probable t !y 7 /ruck late 9 8 reign & repres5t 8 la/ religi\s phase4#aij ,hsan ,*uang#aia repeats "s leg5ds :i* relate t he 0 orig9ally anti-,buddhi/1 & t aft] 8 conv]sion he summon$ a c\ncil & built a /upa4 ,! sub/ance ( ^! leg5ds is probable4 ,kani%ka z a b>b>ian b docile conqu]or 0 likely to adopt ,buddhism if he wi%$ to keep abrea/ ( ! ?\ght & civilisation ( 8 subjects1 = at t "t x und\bt$ly inspir$ ! intellect & art ( nor?-we/]n ,india4 ,bo? z a /atesman & z an enquir] aft] tru? he w\ld wi% to promote h>mony & /op sect>ian squabbles4 ,8 action resembles t ( ,con/ant9e :o aft] 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity proce$$ to summon ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica 9 ord] to /op ! diss5sions ( ! ,*ur* & settle :at 7 ! t5ets ( ! religion :i* he _h embrac$1 a po9t ab\t :i* bo? he & ,kani%ka seem to h felt "s unc]ta9ty4 ,our k ( ,kani%ka's ,c\ncil dep5ds *iefly on ! traditions report$ by ,hsan ,*uang#aib :i* pres5t _m difficulties4 ,he tells u t ! k+1 act+ 9 consultation ) ,p>va1 issu$ summonses to all ! le>n$ doctors ( 8 realm4 ,!y came 9 su* cr[ds t a sev]e te/ 0 impos$ & only #dii ,arhats 7 select$4 ,!re 0 "s discussion z to ! place ( meet+ b f9ally ,ka%mir#aic 0 select$ & ! k+ built a mona/]y = ! ,bre?r54 ,:5 ! ,c\ncil met1 !re arose a "q z to :e!r ,vasumitra 7:o is n fur!r describ$7 %\ld be admitt$ see+ t he 0 n an ,arhat b aspir$ to ! c>e] ( a ,bodhisattva4 ,b ow+ to ! int]position ( spirits he 0 n only admitt$ b made presid5t4 ,! texts ( ! ,tripitaka 7 collect$ & ! ,c\ncil compos$ #ajj1jjj /anzas ( ,upadea /ras explanatory ( ! canonical stras1 #ajj1jjj /anzas ( ,v9aya-vibh% /ras explanatory ( ! ,v9aya & #ajj1jjj ( ,abhidh>ma-vibh% /ras explanatory ( ! ,abhidh>ma4 ,= ?is exposition ( ! ,tripitaka all le>n+ f remote antiquity 0 ?or\ghly exam9$2 ! g5]al s5se & ! t]se language 7( ! ,buddhi/ scriptures7 0 aga9 & aga9 made cle> & di/9ct1 & le>n+ 0 widely diffus$ = ! safe-guid+ ( disciples4 ,k+ ,kani%ka caus$ ! treatises :5 f9i%$ to be writt5 out on copp] plates & enclos$ ^! 9 /one boxes :i* he deposit$ 9 a tope made = ! purpose4 ,he !n ord]$ spirits to keep & gu>d ! texts & n to all[ any to be tak5 out ( ! c\ntry by h]etics2 ^? :o wi%$ to /udy !m c\ld d s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:5 leav+ to return to 8 own c\ntry1 ,kani%ka r5ew$ ,asoka's gift ( all ,ka%mir to ! ,buddhi/ ,*ur*4#aid ,p>amr?a 7#dii-efi ,a4,d47 9 8 ,life ( ,vasub&hu#aie gives an acc\nt ( a c\ncil g5]ally consid]$ to be ! same z t describ$ by ,hsan ,*uang1 ?\gh ! diff]5ces 9 ! two v]sions are consid]able4 ,he says t ab\t five hundr$ ye>s#aif aft] ! ,buddha's dea? 7i4e4 betwe5 #hg ,b4,c4 & #ac ,a4,d4 if ! ,buddha di$ #dhg ,b4,c47 an ,indian ,arhat call$ ,katyyan-putra1 :o 0 a monk ( ! ,s>v/ivd9 s*ool1 w5t to ,kip9 or ,ka%mir4 ,!re ) #ejj o!r ,arhats & #ejj ,bodhisattvas he collect$ ! ,abhidh>ma ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s & arrang$ x 9 eight books call$ ,ka-lan-ta 7,sanskrit ,gran?a7 or ,kan-tu 7,pali ,gan?o74 ,?is compilation 0 also call$ ,jna-pra/hna4 ,he !n made a proclamation invit+ all :o _h he>d ! ,buddha prea* to communicate :at !y rememb]$4 ,_m spirits respond$ & contribut$ _! rem9isc5ces :i* 7 exam9$ by ! ,c\ncil &1 :5 !y did n contradict ! stras & ! ,v9aya1 7 accept$1 b o!rwise 7 reject$4 ,! select$ pieces 7 gr\p$ accord+ to _! subject-matt]4 ,^? ab\t wisdom =m$ ! ,praj ,gran?a1 & ^? ab\t m$itation ! ,dhyna ,gran?a & s on4 ,aft] f9i%+ ! eight books !y proce$$ to ! composition ( a comm5t>y or ,vibh% & invit$ ! assi/ance ( ,avagho%a4 ,:5 he came to ,ka%mir1 ,katyyan-putra exp\nd$ ! eight books to him & ,avagho%a put !m into lit]>y =m4 ,at ! end ( twelve ye>s ! composition ( ! comm5t>y 0 f9i%$4 ,x consi/$ ( #a1jjj1jjj v]ses4444 ,katyyan-putra set up a /one inscrib$ ) ?is proclamation4 ,^? :o h]eaft] le>n ?is law mu/ n g out ( ,ka%mir4 ,no s5t5ce ( ! eight books1 or ( ! ,vibh% mu/ pass out ( ! l&1 le/ o!r s*ools or ! ,mahayana %\ld corrupt ! true law4 ,?is proclamation 0 report$ to ! k+ :o approv$ x4 ,! sages ( ,ka%mir _h p[] ov] demons & set !m to gu>d ! entrance to ! c\ntry1 b we are told t anyone desir\s ( le>n+ ! law c\ld come to ,ka%mir & 0 9 no way int]rupt$4 ,!re foll[s a /ory tell+ h[1 despite ?is prohibition1 a native ( ,ayodhya succe$$ 9 le>n+ ! law 9 ,ka%mir & subsequ5tly tea*+ x 9 8 native l&4 ,p>amr?a's acc\nt seems exagg]at$1 :]eas ! prohibition describ$ by ,hsan ,*uang is intelligible4 ,x 0 =bidd5 to take ! (ficial copies ( ! law out ( ,ka%mir1 le/ h]etics %\ld tamp] ) !m4 ,tran?a#aig gives a s+ul>ly confus$ acc\nt ( ! meet+1 :i* he expressly calls ! ?ird c\ncil1 b makes "s important /atem5ts ab\t x4 ,he says t x put an end to ! diss5sions :i* _h be5 di/ract+ ! ,buddhi/ ,*ur* = ne>ly a c5tury & t x recogniz$ all ! eighte5 sects z hold+ ! true doctr9e3 t x put ! ,v9aya 9 writ+ z well z su* p>ts ( ! ,stra-pitaka & ,abhidh>ma z 7 /ill unwritt5 & correct$ ^? :i* already exi/$ z writt5 texts3 t all k9ds ( ,mahayani/ writ+s appe>$ at ?is "t b t ! rvakas rais$ no opposition4 ,x is h>d to say h[ mu* hi/ory c be extract$ f ^! vague & discrepant /ories4 ,!y seem to ref] to "o assembly reg>d$ 7at lea/ 9 ,tibet7 z ! ?ird c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* & held "u ,kani%ka f\r or five hundr$ ye>s#aih aft] ! ,buddha's dea?4 ,z to :at happ5$ at ! c\ncil tradition seems to ju/ify ! foll[+ d$uctions1 ?\gh z ! tradition is c]ta9ly jumbl$ x may also be incorrect 9 details4 7a7 ,! c\ncil is recogniz$ only by ! nor!rn ,*ur* & is unkn[n to ! ,*ur*es ( ,ceylon1 ,burma & ,siam4 ,x seems to h reg>d$ ,ka%mir z sacr$ l& outside :i* ! true doctr9e 0 expos$ to dang]4 7b7 ,b x 0 n a specially ,mahayani/ meet+ b r a conf]5ce ( peace & compromise4 ,tran?a says ?is cle>ly3 9 ,hsan ,*uang's acc\nt an assembly ( ,arhats 7:i* at ?is "t mu/ h meant ,h9ayani/s7 elect a presid5t :o 0 n an ,arhat & accord+ to ,p>amr?a ! assembly consi/$ ( #ejj ,arhats & #ejj ,bodhisattvas :o 7 conv5$ by a lead] ( ! ,s>v/ivd9 s*ool & end$ by reque/+ ,avagho%a to revise _! "w4 7c7 ,! lit]>y result ( ! c\ncil 0 ! composition ( comm5t>ies on ! ?ree ,pitakas4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,abhidh>ma-mahvibh%-/ra1 translat$ into ,*9ese 9 #dcg-i & /ill extant1 is said to be a "w ( encyclopdic "*1 h>dly a comm5t>y 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,p>amr?a p]haps made a confusion 9 say+ t ! ,jna-pra/hna itself 0 compos$ at ! c\ncil4 ,! traditions indicate t ! c\ncil to "s ext5t sift$ & revis$ ! ,tripitaka & p]haps x accept$ ! sev5 ,abhidh>ma books ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s4#aii ,b x is n /at$ or impli$ t x compos$ or sanction$ ,mahayani/ books4 ,tran?a m]ely says t su* books appe>$ at ?is "t & t ! ,h9ayani/s rais$ no active objection4 ,b if ! above is ! gi/ ( ! traditions1 ! position describ$ is n cle>4 ,! c\ncil is recogniz$ by ,mahayani/s yet x appe>s to h result$ 9 ! composition ( a ,s>v/ivd9 treatise1 & ! tradition connect+ ! ,s>v/ivd9s ) ! c\ncil is n likely to be wrong1 = !y are recogniz$ 9 ! inscription on ,kani%ka's casket1 & ,g&h>a & ,ka%mir 7 _! headqu>t]s4 ,! decisions ( c\ncils are (t5 politic r ?an logical & x may be t ! doctors summon$ by ,kani%ka1 :ile compil+ ,s>v/ivd9 treatises1 admitt$ ! pr9ciple t !re is m ?an "o vehicle :i* c take mank9d to salvation4 ,p]haps "s compromise bas$ on geography 0 arrang$1 su* z t ,ka%mir %\ld be left to ! ,s>v/ivd9 s*ool :i* _h long fl\ri%$ !re1 b t no opposition %\ld be (f]$ to ! ,mahayani/s else:]e4 ,! relations ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s to ,mahayanism are exce$+ly difficult to def9e & !re are h>dly suffici5t mat]ials = a connect$ acc\nt ( ?is once important sect1 b ,i w /ate "s facts ab\t x :i* seem c]ta94 ,x is anci5t1 = ! ,ka?vat?u alludes to its doctr9es4#bjj ,x fl\ri%$ 9 ,g&h>a1 ,ka%mir & ,c5tral ,asia1 & ,kani%ka's casket %[s t he patroniz$ x4#bja ,b x appe>s to h be5 h>dly kn[n 9 ,ceylon or ,s\!rn ,india4 ,x 0 ! pr9cipal nor!rn =m ( ,h9ayanism1 j z ! ,!ravda 0 ! s\!rn =m4 ,i-,*+ h[ev] says t x prevail$ 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,its doctr9es1 s f> z kn[n1 7 ,h9ayani/ b x 0 di/+ui%$ f cognate s*ools by hold+ t ! ext]nal _w c be said to exi/ & is n m]ely a cont9ual process ( becom+4 ,x _h its own v]sion ( ! ,abhidh>ma & ( ! ,v9aya4 ,9 ! "t ( ,fa-,hsi5 ! latt] 0 /ill pres]v$ orally & 0 n writt54 ,! adh]5ts ( ?is s*ool 7 also call$ ,vaibh%ikas1 & ,vibh% 0 a "n giv5 to _! exegetical lit]ature4 ,b ! association ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s ) ,mahayani/s is cle> f ! c\ncil ( ,kani%ka onw>ds4 ,_m em95t ,buddhi/s began by be+ ,s>v/ivd9s & became ,mahayani/s1 _! e>li] belief be+ reg>d$ z prelim9>y r ?an errone\s4 ,hsan ,*uang translat$ ! ,s>v/ivd9 scriptures 9 8 old age & ,i-,*+ belong$ to ! ,mlas>v/ivd9 s*ool2#bjb yet bo? au?ors write z if !y 7 dev\t ,mahayani/s4 ,! ,tibetan ,*ur* is g5]ally reg>d$ z an extreme =m ( ,mahayanism b its ,v9aya is t ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s4 ,?\gh ! ,s>v/ivd9s c h>dly h accept$ ideali/ metaphysics1 yet ! evid5ce ( art & _! own v]sion ( ! ,v9aya make x probable t !y tol]at$ a mod]ate am\nt ( my?ology1 & ! ,mahayani/s1 :o l all philosoph]s 7 oblig$ to admit ! provisional validity ( ! ext]nal _w1 may also h admitt$ _! analysis ( ! same z provisionally valid4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,h9ayani/ s*ools lay 9 ! ,v9aya4 ,! ,mahayani/s %[$ a t5d5cy to replace x by leg5ds & vague if noble aspirations4 ,b a code ( discipl9e 0 necess>y = l>ge mona/]ies & ! code ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s enjoy$ g5]al e/eem 9 ,c5tral ,asia & ,*9a4 ,?ree /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ,indian ,buddhism are m>k$ by ! names ( ,avagho%a1 ,ngrjuna & ! two bro!rs ,asanga & ,vasub&hu4 ,x w\ld be easi] to give a precise description ( its developm5t if we 7 sure :i* ( ! works ascrib$ to ^! wor?ies are au!ntic1 b x seems t ,avagho%a repres5ts an ornate & transitional phase ( ! old] s*ools lead+ to ,mahayanism1 :]eas ,ngrjuna is connect$ ) ! ,praj-pramit & ! nihili/ic philosophy describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,asanga 0 ! f\nd] ( ! lat] & m s*ola/ic sy/em call$ ,yogcra & is also associat$ ) a s]ies ( revelations said to h be5 made by ,maitreya4 ,z m5tion$ above1 tradition makes ,avagho%a1#bjc "o ( ! mo/ brilliant among ,sanskrit writ]s1 live at ! c\rt ( ,kani%ka#bjd & accord+ to "s acc\nts he 0 giv5 to ! ,ku%ans z "p ( a w> indemnity4 ,! tradition#bje is confirm$ by ! /yle & cont5ts ( 8 poems & x has be5 not$ by ,f\*] t 8 treatm5t ( leg5ds is 9 rem>kable accord ) _! arti/ic pres5tm5t 9 ! ,g&h>an sculptures4 ,also fragm5t>y manuscripts ( 8 dramas discov]$ 9 ,c5tral ,asia appe> to date f ! ,ku%an epo*4 ,avagho%a's rank z a poet dep5ds *iefly on 8 ,buddhac>ita1 or life ( ! ,buddha up to ! "t ( 8 enlight5m5t4 ,x is ! e>lie/ example ( a ,kvya1 usually translat$ z artificial epic1 b "h lit]>y skill is subs]vi5t to ! !me & does n1 z too (t5 9 lat] works1 ov]:elm x4 ,! ,buddha is its h]o1 z ,rma ( ! ,rmyana1 & x s+s ! ev5ts ( 8 e>li] life 9 a f9e fl[ ( elaborate b impassion$ language4 ,ano!r ( 8 poems1#bjf discov]$ only a few ye>s ago1 treats ( ! conv]sion ( ,n&a1 ! ,buddha's half-bro!r4 ,v>i\s o!r works are ascrib$ to ,avagho%a & = ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism x is ( great int]e/ to decide :e!r he 0 really ! au?or ( ,! ,awak5+ ( ,fai?4 ,?is skilful exposition ( a difficult !me is wor?y ( ! writ] ( ! ,buddhac>ita b o!r reasons make 8 au?or%ip d\btful1 = ! !ology ( ! "w may be describ$ z ! full-bl[n fl[] ( ,mahayanism unta9t$ by ,tantrism4 ,x includes ! doctr9es ( ,bhta-ta?at1 laya-vijna1 ,ta?gatag>bha & ! ?ree bodies ( ,buddha4 ,x w\ld be dang]\s to say t ^! ideas did n exi/ 9 ! "t ( ,kani%ka1 b :at is kn[n ( ! developm5t ( doctr9e leads u to expect _! full expression n !n b a c5tury or two lat] & o!r circum/ances raise suspicions z to ,avagho%a's au?or%ip4 ,8 und\bt$ works 7 translat$ into ,*9ese ab\t #djj ,a4,d4 b ,! ,awak5+ ( ,fai? a c5tury & a half lat]4#bjg ,yet if ?is concise & au?oritative comp5dium _h exi/$ 9 #djj1 x is /range t ! e>li] translators neglect$ x4 ,x is also /at$ t an old ,*9ese catalogue ( ! ,tripitaka does n "n ,avagho%a z ! au?or4#bjh ,! und\bt$ works ( ,avagho%a treat ! ,buddha ) ornate b grave rhetoric z ! h]o ( an epic4 ,8 progress is att5d$ by miracles su* z ,indian ta/e dem&s1 b !y h>dly exce$ ! m>vels rec\nt$ 9 ! ,pali scriptures & !re is no sign t ! h]o is id5tifi$1 z 9 ! ,ramayana ( ,tulsi ,das or ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4 ,john1 ) ! div9e _s4 ,! poet cle>ly feels p]sonal devotion to a ,savi\r4 ,he dwells on ! duty ( tea*+ o!rs & n selfi%ly seek+ "o's own salvation1 b he does n =mulate dogmas4 ,! "n mo/ def9itely connect$ ) ! e>ly promulgation ( ,mahayanism is ,ngrjuna4#bji ,a prepond]ance ( ,*9ese tradition makes him ! second patri>* aft] ,avagho%a#baj & ?is agrees ) ! ,ka%mir *ronicle :i* implies t he liv$ soon aft] ,kani%ka4#baa ,he probably fl\ri%$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury4 ,b 8 biographies extant 9 ,*9ese & ,tibetan are almo/ :olly my?ical1 ev5 cr$it+ him ) a life ( sev]al c5turies1 & ! mo/ t c be hop$ is to extract a few gra9s ( hi/ory f !m4 ,he is said to h be5 by bir? a ,brahman ( ,vid>bha 7,b]>7 & to h _h z tea*] a ,sudra nam$ ,s>aha or ,rhulabhadra4 ,:5 ! leg5d /ates t he visit$ ! ,ngas 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea & obta9$ books f !m1 x seems to admit t he prea*$ new doctr9es4 ,x is noticeable t he is repres5t$ n only z a philosoph] b z a great magician1 build]1 physician1 & mak] ( images4 ,_m works are attribut$ to him b !y h n ! same au!nticity z ! poems ( ,avagho%a4 ,"s s*ools make him ! au?or ( ! ,praj-pramit b x is m usually reg>d$ z a revelation4 ,! comm5t>y on x kn[n z ,mah-praj-pramit-/ra is g5]ally accept$ z 8 "w4 ,a cons5sus ( tradition makes him ! au?or ( ! ,mdhyamika#bab aphorisms ( :i* "s acc\nt has be5 giv5 above4 ,x is ! pr9cipal au?ority ( its s*ool & is provid$ ) a comm5t>y attribut$ to ! au?or himself & ) a lat] "o by ,c&rakrti4#bac ,!re is also ascrib$ to him a "w call$ ! ,suhrillekha or fri5dly lett]1 a comp5dium ( ,buddhi/ doctr9es1 address$ to an ,indian k+4#bad ,?is "w is old = x 0 translat$ into ,*9ese 9 #dcd ,a4,d4 & is a homily = laym54 ,x says no?+ ( ! ,mdhyamika philosophy & mo/ ( x deals ) ! ne$ ( good conduct & ! t]rors ( future puni%m5t1 q 9 ! mann] ( ! ,h9ayana4 ,b x also comm5ds ! use ( images & inc5se 9 wor%ip1 x m5tions ,avalokita & ,amitbha & x holds up ! ideal ( atta9+ ,buddhahood4 ,ngrjuna's au?or%ip is n beyond dispute b ^! ideas may well repres5t a type ( popul> ,buddhism slightly po/]ior to ,avagho%a4#bae ,9 mo/ li/s ( patri>*s ,ngrjuna is foll[$ by ,deva1 also call$ ryadeva1 ,knadeva or ,nlanetra4 ,i-,*+ m5tions him among ! old] tea*]s & a comm5t>y on 8 pr9cipal "w1 ! ata/ra1 is attribut$ to ,vasub&hu4#baf ,little is kn[n ( 8 special tea*+ b he is reg>d$ z an important doctor & 8 pupil ,dh>matrta is also important if n z an au?or at lea/ z a compil]1 = ,sanskrit collections ( v]ses correspond+ to ! ,pali ,dhammapada are ascrib$ to him4 ryadeva 0 a native ( s\!rn ,india4#bag ,! next epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism is m>k$ by ! names ( ,asanga & ,vasub&hu4 ,! int]val betwe5 !m & ,deva produc$ no tea*] ( importance1 b ,kumralabdha1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,sautrntika s*ool & p]haps id5tical ) ,kumrata ! eighte5? ,patri>* ( ! ,*9ese li/s1 may be m5tion$4 ,hsan ,*uang says#bah t he 0 c>ri$ (f 9 captivity by a k+ :o reign$ some:]e 9 ! ea/ ( ! ,pamirs & t he1 ,avagho%a1 ,ngrjuna & ,deva 7 /yl$ ! f\r %9+ suns4 ,asanga & ,vasub&hu 7 bro!rs1 sons ( a ,brahman :o liv$ at ,pe%aw>4 ,!y 7 bo? conv]t$ f ! ,s>v/ivd9 s*ool to ,mahayanism1 b ! ?ird bro!r ,vir9civatsa nev] *ang$ 8 convictions4 ,tradition connects _! c>e] ) ,ayodhya z well z ) ,pe%aw> & ,vasub&hu enjoy$ ! confid5ce ( ! reign+ mon>*1 :o 0 probably ,c&ragupta ,i4 ,?is id5tification dep5ds on ! hypo!sis t ,vasub&hu liv$ f ab\t #bhj to #cfj ,a4,d4 :i*1 z already m5tion$1 seems to me to h be5 prov$ by ,m4 ,pri4#bai ,! e>li] ,gupta k+s ?\gh n ,buddhi/s 7 tol]ant1 z is %[n by ! fact t ! k+ ( ,ceylon#bbj 0 all[$ to erect a magnific5t mona/]y at ,nl&a 9 ! reign ( ,samudragupta 7c4 #ccj-cge ,a4,d474 ,asanga f\nd$ ! s*ool kn[n z ,yogcra & _m au?orities ascribe to him ! introduction ( magical practices & ,tantrism4 ,b ?\gh he is a consid]able figure 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 ,i d\bt if 8 importance or culpability is s great z ?is4 ,= if tradition c be tru/$1 e>li] tea*]s especially ,ngrjuna dealt 9 spells & invocations & ! works ( ,asanga#bba kn[n to u are *>act]iz$ by a some:at s*ola/ic piety & are *iefly occupi$ 9 def9+ & describ+ ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! spiritual developm5t ( a ,bodhisattva4 ,x is true t he admits ! use ( magical =mul#bbb z an aid 9 ?is evolution b !y =m only a slight "p ( 8 sy/em & x does n appe> t ! ,*n-y5 or ,%+on sect ( ! ,f> ,ea/ 7! ,sanskrit ,mantrayna7 trac$ its l9eage back to him4 ,our e/imate ( 8 position 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism mu/ dep5d on our op9ion z to ! au?or%ip ( ,! ,awak5+ ( ,fai?4 ,if ?is treatise 0 compos$ by ,avagho%a !n doctr9es respect+ ! ?ree bodies ( ,buddha1 ! ,ta?gatag>bha & ! laya-vijna 7 n only kn[n b sci5tifically =mulat$ consid]ably be=e ,asanga4 ,! conclusion _c be reject$ z absurd--= ,avagho%a might speak diff]5tly 9 poems & 9 philosophical treatises--b x is surpris+1 & x is probable t ! treatise is n 84 ,if s1 ,asanga may h be5 ! fir/ to elaborate sy/ematically 7?\gh n to orig9ate7 ! idea t ?\ght is ! "o & only reality4 ,ngrjuna's nihilism 0 probably ! old] !ory4 ,x s\nds late & elaborate b /ill x foll[s easily if ! dialectic ( ,gotama is appli$ uncompromis+ly n only to our m5tal processes b to ! ext]nal _w4 ,yet ev5 9 ,india ! result 0 felt to be fanta/ic & sophi/ical & x is n surpris+ if aft] ! lapse ( a few g5]ations a new sy/em ( idealism became fa%ionable :i*1 al?\gh none too intelligible1 0 ab/ruse r ?an p>adoxical4 ,asanga 0 alleg$ to h receiv$ revelations f ,maitreya & five ( 8 works are attribut$ to ?is ,bodhisattva :o enjoy$ consid]able hon\r at ?is p]iod4 ,x may be t ! v5]ation = ! ,buddha ( ! future1 ! ,messiah :o w\ld reign ov] 8 sa9ts 9 a pure l&1 ow$ some?+ to ,p]sian influ5ce :i* 0 /rong 9 ,india dur+ ! decad5ce ( ! ,ku%ans4#bbc ,bo? ,mi?raism & ,mani*ism classifi$ _! adepts 9 v>i\s ranks1 & ! ,yogcra doctors :o delight 9 grad+ ! progress ( ! ,bodhisattva may h borr[$ some?+ f !m4#bbd ,asanga's doctr9e ( defilem5t 7klea7 & purification may also owe some?+ to ,mani1 z sugge/$ by ,s4 ,lvi4 ,9 spite ( 8 lit]>y m]its ,asanga rema9s a doctor r ?an a sa9t or poet4#bbe ,8 speculations h little to d ) ei!r ,gotama or ,amitbha & he 0 ?us n 9 liv+ t\* ) ei!r ! old or new s*ools4 ,8 bro!r ,vasub&hu _h p]haps a great] position4 ,he is reckon$ z ! tw5tie? ,patri>* & ,tibetan tradition connects him ) ! wor%ip ( ,amitbha4#bbf ,p>amr?a's life ( ,vasub&hu repres5ts him z hav+ frequ5t$ ! c\rt ( ,vikramditya 7to be id5tifi$ ) ,c&ragupta ,i71 :o at fir/ fav\r$ ! ,snkhya philosophy b accord$ "s patronage to ,buddhism4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,vasub&hu 0 a ,s>v/ivd9 b ( lib]al views#bbg & :ile 9 ?is phase wrote ! ,abhidh>ma-koa1 a g5]al exposition ( ! ,abhidh>ma1 ma9ly accord+ to ! views ( ! ,vaibh%ikas b n )\t criticism4 ,?is celebrat$ "w is n well kn[n 9 ,europe#bbh b is /ill a text-book among/ ,japanese ,buddhi/ /ud5ts4 ,x ga9$ ! e/eem ( all s*ools & we are giv5 to und]/& t x presuppos$ ! philosophy ( ! ,vibh% & ( ! ,jna-pra/hna4 ,accord+ to ,p>amr?a ! orig9al "w consi/$ ( #fjj aphorisms 9 v]se :i* 7 s5t by ! au?or to ! monks ( ,ka%mir4 ,!y approv$ ( ! composition b1 z ! aphorisms 7 concise1 ask$ = full] explanations4 ,vasub&hu !n exp&$ 8 v]ses into a prose comm5t>y1 b mean:ile 8 views _h und]gone a *ange & :5 he disapprov$ ( any ,vaibh%ika doctr9e1 he criticiz$ x4 ,?is enl>g$ edition by no means pleas$ ! bre?r5 ( ,ka%mir & call$ =? polemics4 ,he also wrote a controv]sial "w aga9/ ! ,snkhya philosophy4 ,late 9 life ,vasub&hu1 mov$ by ! entreaties ( 8 bro!r ,asanga1 became a dev\t ,mahayani/ & wrote 9 8 old age ,mahayani/ treatises & comm5t>ies4#bbi ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ahg3 ,! unc]ta9ty z to ! date ( ,kani%ka naturally makes x unc]ta9 :e!r he 0 ! h]o ( ^! conque/s4 ,ka%mir 0 c]ta9ly includ$ 9 ! dom9ions ( ! ,ku%ans & 0 a fav\rite resid5ce ( ,kani%ka4 ,ab\t #ij ,a4,d4 a ,ku%an k+ attack$ ,c5tral ,asia b 0 repuls$ by ! ,*9ese g5]al ,pan-,*'ao4 ,lat]1 aft] ! dea? ( ,pan-,*'ao 7p]haps ab\t #ajc ,a4,d471 he r5ew$ ! attempt & conqu]$ ,ka%g>1 ,y>k& & ,khotan4 ,see ,v9c5t ,smi?1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,india1 #crd ed4 pp4 #bec ff4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,see ,fa-,hsi51 ed4 ,legge1 p4 #cc1 ,b4,e4,f4,e4,o4 #aijc 7,sung ,yn71 pp4 #dbj ff4 ,watt]s1 ,yan ,*wang1 ,i4 pp4 #bjd ff4 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiji1 p4 #ajef1 #aiab1 p4 #aad4 ,= ! g5]al /ructure ( ^! /pas see ,f\*]1 ,l'art ,grco-,b\ddhique du ,g&h>a1 pp4 #de ff4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiji1 p4 #ajeh4 ,ac>yanam ,s>va/ivad9am pratigrah4 ,footnote #aij3 ,simil>ly ,h>%a became a ,buddhi/ late 9 life4 ,footnote #aia3 ,watt]s1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bjc4 ,he places ,kani%ka's accession #djj ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! ,buddha1 :i* is "o ( ! argum5ts = suppos+ ,kani%ka to h reign$ ab\t #ej ,b4,c41 b 9 ano!r passage 7,watt]s1 ,i4 #bbb1 #bbd7 he appe>s to place x #ejj ye>s aft] ! dea?4 ,footnote #aib3 ,watt]s1 vol4 ,i4 #bgj-a4 ,footnote #aic3 ,b ,tran?a says "s au?orities held t x met at ,jal&h>a4 ,"s ,*9ese works say x 0 held at ,k&ah>4 ,footnote #aid3 ,walt]s1 l4c4 ,footnote #aie3 ,translat$ by ,takakusu 9 ,t'oung ,pao1 #aijd1 pp4 #bfi ff4 ,p>amr?a 0 a native ( ,ujja9 :o arriv$ at ,nank+ 9 #edh & made _m translations1 b x is q possible t ?is life ( ,vasub&hu is n a translation b orig9al notes ( 8 own4 ,footnote #aif3 ,*9ese expressions l 9 ! five hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,buddha's dea? probably mean ! p]iod #djj-ejj ( ! era comm5c+ ) ! ,buddha's dea? & n ! p]iod #ejj-fjj4 ,! p]iod #a-ajj is ! "o hundr$ ye>s1 #aja-bjj ! two hundr$ ye>s & s on4 ,see ,b4,e4,f4,e4,o4 #aiaa1 #cef4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! date ( ! ,buddha's dea? is n yet c]ta94 ,! late/ !ory 7,v9c5t ,smi?1 #aiai7 places x 9 #eed ,b4,c4 ,footnote #aig3 ,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,footnote #aih3 ,see ,watt]s1 ,i4 pp4 #bbb1 #bbd & #bgj4 ,x is wor? not+ t ,hsan ,*uang says ,asoka liv$ "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,buddha's dea?4 ,see ,watt]s1 ,i4 p4 #bfg4 ,see also ! note ( ,s4 ,lvi 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiad1 pp4 #ajaf-ajai1 cit+ traditions to ! effect t !re 7 #cjj ye>s betwe5 ,upagupta1 ! tea*] ( ,asoka1 & ,kani%ka1 :o is ?us made to reign ab\t #ca ,a4,d4 ,on ! o!r h& ,kani%ka's *apla9 ,sangh>ak%a is said to h liv$ #gjj ye>s aft] ! ,buddha4 ,footnote #aii3 ,see ,takakusu 9 ,j4,p4,t4,s4 #aije1 pp4 #fg ff4 ,= ! ,s>v/ivd9 ,canon1 see my *apt] on ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,see above1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bfb4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! doctr9es see also ,vasilief1 #bde ff4 ,rockhill1 ,life ( ! ,buddha1 pp4 #aij ff4 ,footnote #bja3 ,its connection ) ,g&h>a & ,ka%mir is pla9ly indicat$ 9 its own scriptures4 ,see ,przyluski's article on ,le ,nord-,oue/ de l',inde dans le ,v9aya des ,mla-s>v/ivd9s1 ,j4,a4 #aiad1 ,,ii4 pp4 #dic ft4 ,?is ,v9aya mu/ h receiv$ consid]able additions z "t w5t on & 9 its pres5t =m is po/]ior to ,kani%ka4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,s>v/ivd9 & ,mlas>v/ivd9 is n cle> to me4 ,i c only sugge/ t :5 a section ( ! s*ool accept$ ! ,mahvibh% & 7 kn[n z ,vaibh%ikas o!rs :o approv$ ( ! s*ool *iefly on acc\nt ( its excell5t ,v9aya call$ !mselves ,primitive ,s>v/ivd9s4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,see ,sylva9 ,lvi1 ,j4,a4 #aijh1 ,,xii4 #eg ff41 & ,w9t]nitz1 ,ges4 ,ind4 ,lit4 ,,ii4 i4 pp4 #bja ff4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,! only reason = d\bt+ x is t two /ories 7,nos4 #ad & #ca7 9 ! ,strlankra 7:i* appe>s to be a g5u9e "w7 ref] to ,kani%ka z if he _h reign$ 9 ! pa/4 ,?is may be a poetic artifice or x may be t ! /ories are int]polations4 ,see = ! traditions ,watt]s on ,yan ,*wang1 ,,ii4 #ajb-d & ,takakusu 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aije1 p4 #ec :o quotes ! ,*9ese ,samyukta-ratna-pitaka-stra & ! ,record ( ,indian ,patri>*s4 ,! ,*9ese li/ ( ,patri>*s is compatible ) ! view t ,avagho%a 0 alive ab\t #abe ,a4,d4 = he 0 ! twelf? ,patri>* & ,bodhidh>ma ! tw5ty-eigh? visit$ ,*9a 9 #ebj4 ,?is gives ab\t #djj ye>s = sixte5 ,patri>*s1 :i* is possible1 = ^! wor?ies 7 long-liv$4 ,b ! li/ has little au?ority4 ,footnote #bje3 ,! traditions are conv5i5tly collect$ 9 ! introduction to ,teit>o ,suzuki's translation ( ,! ,awak5+ ( ,fai?4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,! ,saund>n&akvya4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,see ,nanjio1 ,nos4 #aahb1 #acea1 #abej1 #abii4 ,x is noticeable t ! translator ,p>amr?a %[s a special int]e/ 9 ! life & works ( ,asanga & ,vasub&hu4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,see ,w9t]nitz1 ,ges4 ,ind4 ,lit4 ,,ii4 i4 p4 #baa4 ,x is also noticeable t ,! ,awak5+ ( ,fai? appe>s to quote ! ,lankvatra stra :i* is n g5]ally reg>d$ z an e>ly ,mahayani/ "w4 ,footnote #bji3 ,ngrjuna _c h be5 ! f\nd] ( ! ,mahayana = 9 8 ,mah-praj-pramit-/ra 7,nanjio1 #aafi1 translation by ,kumrajiva7 he cites int] alia ! ,lotus1 ! ,vimalakirti-stra1 & a "w call$ ,mahyna-/ra4 ,see ,b4,e4,f4,e4,o4 #aiaa1 p4 #dec4 ,= ,ngrjuna see especially ,grnw$el1 ,my?ologie1 pp4 #bi ff4 & ! bibliography giv5 9 ! notes4 ,j\r4 ,budd4 ,text4 ,soc4 ,v4 "p iv4 pp4 #g ff4 ,watt]s1 ,yan ,*wang1 pp4 #bjj ff4 ,tran?a1 *ap4 ,,xv & ,w9t]nitz1 ,ges4 ,ind4 ,lit4 ,,ii4 i4 pp4 #bej ff4 ,footnote #baj3 ,he is omitt$ f ! li/ ( ,buddhabhadra1 giv+ ! succession accord+ to ! ,s>v/ivd9s1 to :i* s*ool he did n belong4 ,i-,*+ classes him ) ,avagho%a & ,aryadeva z belong+ to ! e>ly p]iod4 ,footnote #baa3 ,rjat>ang91 i4 #agc1 #agg4 ,footnote #bab3 ,edit$ 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,buddhica by ,de la ,valle ,p\ss9 & 79 "p7 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,buddhi/ ,text ,soc4 ,see too ,walles]1 ,die ,mittl]e ,lehre des ,ngrjuna na* d] ,tibetis*5 ,v]sion b]trag51 #aiaa3 na* d] ,*9esis*5 ,v]sion b]trag51 #aiab4 ,footnote #bac3 ,! ascription ( ^! works to ,ngrjuna is probably correct = !y 7 translat$ by ,kumrajva :o 0 suffici5tly ne> him 9 date to be 9 t\* ) good tradition4 ,footnote #bad3 ,! "n ( ?is k+1 v>i\sly giv5 z ,udayana1 ,jetaka & tavhana1 has n be5 id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty f ! v>i\s transcriptions & translations 9 ! ,*9ese & ,tibetan v]sions4 ,see ,j4 ,pali ,text ,soc4 = #ahhf & ,i-,*+ ,records ( ! ,buddhi/ ,religion 7trans4 ,takakusu71 pp4 #aeh ff4 ,! ,&hra k+s :o reign$ f ab\t #bdj ,b4,c4 to #bbe ,a4,d4 all claim$ to belong to ! tavhana dyna/y4 ,! /upa ( ,am>vati 9 ! ,&hra t]ritory is surr\nd$ by a /one rail+ ascrib$ to ! p]iod #afj-bjj ,a4,d4 & ,ngrjuna may h address$ a pi\s k+ liv+ ab\t t "t4 ,footnote #bae3 ,= o!r works attribut$ to ,ngrjuna see ,nanjio1 ,nos4 #aafi1 #aagi1 #aahj1 #aahf & ,walles]'s introduction to ,mittl]e ,lehre na* d] ,*9esis*5 ,v]sion ,! ,dh>masangraha1 a ,sanskrit !ological gloss>y1 is also attribut$ to ,ngrjuna z well z ! tantric "w ,pancakrama4 ,b x is n likely t ! latt] dates f 8 epo*4 ,footnote #baf3 ,nanjio1 ,no4 #aahh4 ,footnote #bag3 ,! v confus$ leg5ds ab\t him sugge/ a comp>ison ) ! ,dravidian leg5d ( a devotee :o tore out "o ( 8 eyes & (f]$ x to iva4 ,see ,grnw$el1 ,my?ologie1 p4 #cd & notes4 ,polemics aga9/ v>i\s ,h9ayani/ sects are ascrib$ to him4 ,see ,nanjio1 ,nos4 #abei1 #abfj4 ,footnote #bah3 ,watt]s1 ,yan ,*wang1 ,,ii4 p4 #bhf4 ,hsan ,*uang does n say t ! f\r 7 contempor>y b t 9 ! "t ( ,kumralabdha !y 7 call$ ! f\r ,suns4 ,footnote #bai3 ,= ,asanga & ,vasub&hu see ,pri 9 ,b4,e4,f4,e4,o4 #aiaa1 pp4 #cci-cij4 ,v9c5t ,smi? 9 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,india1 ?ird edition1 pp4 #cbh-ccd4 ,w9t]nitz1 ,ges4 ,ind4 ,lit4 ,,ii4 i4 p4 #bef4 ,watt]s1 ,yan ,*wang1 ,i4 pp4 #baj1 #cee-cei4 ,t>an?a1 *ap4 ,,xxii4 ,grnw$el1 ,my?ologie1 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,meghav>man4 ,see ,v4 ,smi?1 l4c4 #bhg4 ,footnote #bba3 ,two h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,sanskrit3 ! ,mahyna-strlankra 7,ed4 ,v4 ,transl41 ,s4 ,lvi1 #aijg-aiaa7 & ! ,bodhisattva-bhmi 7,engli% summ>y 9 ,muson1 #aije-f74 ,a brief analysis ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,yogcra s*ool accord+ to ,tibetan au?orities is giv5 by ,/*]batskoi 9 ,muson1 #aije1 pp4 #add-aee4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,mahyna-strl4 ,,xviii4 #ga-gc4 ,! om9\s ^w mai?una also occurs 9 ?is "w1 ,,xviii4 #df4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,v9c5t ,smi?1 l4c4 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,b !re are ( c\rse abundant ,indian prec$5ts1 ,brahmanical z well z ,buddhi/1 = describ+ v>i\s degrees ( sanctity or k4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,! wood5 /atues ( ,asanga & ,vasub&hu pres]v$ 9 ! ,kfukaji at ,n>a are ma/]pieces ( art b c h>dly claim to be o!r ?an works ( imag9ation4 ,!y date f ab\t #hjj ,a4,d4 ,see = an excell5t reproduction ,tajima's ,select ,relics1 ,,ii4 ,x4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,see ,eitel & ,grnw$el1 b ,i d n "k 9 :at texts ?is tradition is f\nd4 ,x is rem>kable t ,p>amr?a's life 7,t'oung ,pao1 #aijd1 pp4 #bfi-bif7 does n say ei!r t he 0 tw5tie? patri>* or t he wor%ipp$ ,amida4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,on receiv+ a l>ge donation he built ?ree mona/]ies1 "o = ,h9ayani/s1 "o = ,mahayani/s & "o = nuns4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,! "w consi/s ( #fjj v]ses 7,krik7 ) a l5g?y prose comm5t>y 7,bh%ya7 by ! au?or4 ,! ,sanskrit orig9al is lo/ b translations h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,*9ese 7,nanjio1 ,nos4 #abfg1 #abfi1 #abgj7 & ,tibetan 7see ,cordi]1 ,cat4 du ,fonds tibta9 de la ,bib4 ,nat4 #aiad1 pp4 #cid1 #dii74 ,b ! comm5t>y on ! ,bh%ya call$ ,abhidh>ma-koa-vykhy1 or ,sphutr?a1 by ,ysomitra has be5 pres]v$ 9 ,sanskrit 9 ,nepal & frequ5tly cites ! v]ses z well z ! ,bh%ya 9 ! orig9al ,sanskrit4 ,a numb] ( ,european savants are at pres5t occupi$ ) ?is lit]ature & ,sir ,d5ison ,ross 7to :om ,i am indebt$ = mu* in=mation7 contemplates ! publication ( an ,uigur text ( ,book ,i f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,at pres5t 7#aibj71 s f> z ,i "k1 ! only portion ( ! ,abhidh>ma-koa 9 pr9t is ,de la ,valle ,p\ss9's edition & translation ( ,book ,,iii1 conta9+ ! ,tibetan & ,sanskrit texts b n ! ,*9ese 7,de la ,valle ,p\ss9--,vasub&hu et ,yaomitra1 ,london1 #aiad-ah74 ,?is *apt] deals ) su* topics z ! /ructure ( ! univ]se1 ! mann] & place ( rebir?1 ! *a9 ( causation1 ! geography ( ! _w1 ! duration & *>act]i/ics ( ,kalpas1 & ! appe>ance ( ,buddhas & ,cakrav>t9s4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,see ,nanjio1 pp4 #cga-b1 = a li/ ( 8 works translat$ into ,*9ese4 ,hsan ,*uang's acc\nt diff]s f ! above 7:i* is tak5 f ,p>amr?a7 9 details4 ,he also tells a curi\s /ory t ,vasub&hu promis$ to appe> to 8 fri5ds aft] dea? & ultimately did s1 ?\gh he =got 8 promise until p began to say he _h gone to hell4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,indian ,,buddhism ,,z ,,se5 ,,by ,,! ,,*9ese ,,pilgrims ,ab\t ! "t ( ,vasub&hu !re exi/$ f\r s*ools ( ,indian ,buddhism call$ ,vaibh%ika1 ,sautrntika1 ,mdhyamika & ,yoga or ,yogcra4#bcj ,!y 7 specially conc]n$ ) philosophy & app>5tly cut across ! old] division into eighte5 sects1 :i* at ?is p]iod seem to h diff]$ ma9ly on po9ts ( discipl9e4 ,?\gh n ( great practical importance1 !y long cont9u$ to play a c]ta9 "p 9 controv]sial works bo? ,buddhi/ & ,brahmanic4 ,! fir/ two :i* 7 ! old] seem to h belong$ to ! ,h9ayana & ! o!r two ev5 m def9itely to ! ,mahayana4 ,i-,*+#bca is q cle> z to ?is4 ,!re are b two k9ds ( ! s-call$ ,mahayana he says1 fir/ ! ,mdhyamika1 second ! ,yoga4444 ,^! two sy/ems are p]fectly 9 accordance ) ! noble doctr9e4 ,c we say :i* ( ! two is "r8 ,bo? equally con=m to tru? & lead u to ,nirvana & s on4 ,b he does n say t ! o!r two sy/ems are also aspects ( ! tru?4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable because he himself foll[$ ! ,mla-s>v/ivd9s4 ,app>5tly ,s>v/ivd9 & ,vaibh%ika 7 diff]5t names = ! same s*ool1 ! latt] be+ appli$ to !m because !y id5tifi$ !mselves ) ! comm5t>y 7,vibh%7 already m5tion$ :]eas ! =m] & old] designation came to be us$ *iefly ) ref]5ce to _! discipl9>y rules4 ,also !re 7 two gr\ps ( ,s>v/ivd9s1 ^? ( ,g&h>a & ^? ( ,ka%mir4 ,! "n ( ,vaibh%ika 0 appli$ *iefly to ! latt] :o1 if we may f9d a k]nel ( tru? 9 leg5ds :i* are c]ta9ly exagg]at$1 endeav\r$ to make ,ka%mir a holy l& ) a monopoly ( ! pure doctr9e4 ,vasub&hu & ,asanga appe> to h brok5 up ?is isolation = !y fir/ prea*$ ! ,vaibh%ika doctr9es 9 a lib]al & eclectic =m outside ,ka%mir & !n by a natural transition & developm5t w5t ov] to ! ,mahayana4 ,b ! ,vaibh%ikas did n disappe> & 7 9 exi/5ce ev5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4#bcb ,_! *ief t5et 0 ! real exi/5ce ( ext]nal objects4 ,9 matt]s ( doctr9e !y reg>d$ _! own ,abhidh>ma z ! highe/ au?ority4#bcc ,!y also held t ,gotama _h an ord9>y human body & pass$ fir/ into a prelim9>y =m ( ,nirvana :5 he atta9$ ,buddhahood & secondly into complete ,nirvana at 8 dea?4 ,he 0 sup]human only 9 ! s5se t he _h intuitive k & no ne$ to le>n4 ,_! contempt = sutras may h be5 due to ! fact t _m ( !m disc\nt5ance ! ,vaibh%ika views & also to a k t new ones 7 cont9ually be+ compos$4 ,i-,*+1 :o ends 8 "w by ass]t+ t all 8 /atem5ts are accord+ to ! rya-mla-s>v/ivda-nikya & no o!r1 gives an int]e/+ summ>y ( doctr9e4 ,aga9 ,i say3 ! mo/ important are only "o or two out ( eighty ?\s& doctr9es ( ! ,buddha3 "o %\ld con=m to ! worldly pa? b inw>dly /rive to secure true wisdom4 ,n[ :at is ! worldly pa?8 ,x is obey+ prohibitive laws & avoid+ any crime4 ,:at is ! true wisdom8 ,x is to oblit]ate ! di/9ction betwe5 subject & object1 to foll[ ! excell5t tru? & to free oneself f worldly atta*m5ts3 to d away ) ! trammels ( ! *a9 ( causality3 fur!r to obta9 m]it by accumulat+ good works & f9ally to realize ! excell5t mean+ ( p]fect reality4 ,su* a /atem5t enables u to und]/& ! rem>k :i* he makes else:]e t ! same s*ool may belong to ! ,h9ayana & ,mahayana 9 diff]5t places1 =1 :atev] may be meant by wisdom :i* aims at oblit]at+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 subject & object1 x is cle>ly n out ( sympa?y ) ,yogcra doctr9es4 ,9 ano!r place :]e he describes ! curriculum foll[$ by monks he says t !y le>n ! ,yogcrya-/ra fir/ & !n eight compositions ( ,asanga & ,vasub&hu4 ,among ! works prescrib$ = logic is ! ,nyyadvra-/ra attribut$ to ,ngrjuna4 ,! monk %\ld le>n n only ! ,abhidh>ma ( ! ,s>v/ivd9s b also ! gamas1 equival5t to ! ,stra-pitaka4 ,s ! /udy ( ! stras & ! works ( ,asanga & ,vasub&hu is approv$ by a ,s>v/ivd94 ,! ,sautrntikas1#bcd ?\gh acc\nt$ ,h9ayani/s1 m>k a /ep 9 ! direction ( ! ,mahayana4 ,! f\nd] ( ! s*ool 0 ,kum>labdha1 m5tion$ above4 ,9 _! e/imation ( scripture !y rev]s$ ! views ( ! ,vaibh%ikas1 = !y reject$ ! ,abhidh>ma & accept$ only ! stras1 argu+ t ! ,abhidh>ma 0 practically an extract f !m4 ,z lit]>y criticism ?is is correct1 if x means t ! m anci5t stras are old] ?an ! olde/ ,abhidh>ma books4 ,b ! indiscrim9ate acceptance ( stras l$ to a cre$ 9 :i* ! sup]natural play$ a l>g] "p4 ,! ,sautrntikas n only ascrib$ sup]human p[]s to ! ,buddha1 b believ$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ?ree bodies4 ,9 philosophy1 ?\gh !y 7 reali/s1 !y held t ext]nal objects are n p]ceiv$ directly b t _! exi/5ce is inf]r$4#bce ,some?+ has already be5 said ( ! two o!r s*ools1 bo? ( :i* d5i$ ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 !m 7 conc]n$ ) metaphysics r ?an !ology & l$ to no popul> controv]sies4 ,up to ?is po9t ! hi/ory ( ,indian ,buddhism has prov$ s+ul>ly nebul\s4 ,! mo/ important dates are a matt] ( argum5t1 ! *ief p]sonages half my?ical4 ,b :5 ! records ( ! ,*9ese pilgrims comm5ce we are 9 t\* ) some?+ m solid4 ,!y record dates & facts1 ?\gh we mu/ regret t !y only repeat :at !y he>d & make no attempt to criticize ,indian traditions or ev5 to weave !m into a connect$ *ronicle4 ,fa-,hsi51 ! fir/ ( ^! int]e/+ m51 left ,*9a 9 #cii & resid$ 9 ,india f #dje to #daa1 sp5d+ ?ree ye>s at ,pataliputra & two at ,tamralipti4 ,he visit$ ! ,panjab1 ,h9du/an & ,b5gal & 8 n>rative leaves ! impression t all ^! 7 9 ! ma9 ,buddhi/ c\ntries3 ( ! ,deccan :i* he did n visit he he>d t its inhabitants 7 b>b>\s & n ,buddhi/s1 ?\gh x conta9$ "s ,buddhi/ %r9es4 ,( ! ,middle ,k+dom 7:i* accord+ to 8 reckon+ beg9s ) ,muttra7 he says t ! p are free & happy & nei!r kill any liv+ creature nor dr9k intoxicat+ liquor4#bcf ,he does n h9t at p]secution ?\gh he once or twice m5tions t ! ,brahmans 7 jeal\s ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,nei!r does he indicate t any /rong animosity prevail$ betwe5 ,maha & ,h9ayani/s4 ,b ! two p>ties 7 di/9ct & he notes :i* prevail$ 9 ea* locality4 ,he left ,*9a by l& & f\nd ! ,h9ayana preval5t at ,%5-%5 & ,wu-i 7app>5tly localities n f> f ,lob-,nor7 b ! ,mahayana at ,khotan4 ,ne>] ,india1 9 c\ntries app>5tly correspond+ to p>ts ( ,ka%mir & ,gilgit1 ! monks 7 num]\s & all ,h9ayani/4 ,! same 0 ! case 9 ,udyana1 & 9 ,g&h>a ! ,h9ayani/s 7 /ill 9 ! majority4 ,9 ! ,panjab bo? s*ools 7 preval5t b ! ,h9ayana evid5tly /rong4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,muttra ! ,law 0 /ill m fl\ri%+1 mona/]ies & topes 7 num]\s & ample alms 7 giv5 to ! monks4 ,he /ates t ! pr(essors ( ! ,abhidh>ma & ,v9aya made (f]+s to ^? works1 & ! ,mahayani/s to ! book ,praj-pramit1 z well z to ,majur & ,kwan-%ih-y94 ,he f\nd ! c\ntry 9 :i* are ! sacr$ sites ( rva/i1 ,kapilava/u & ,kus9r sp>sely inhabit$ & desolate1 b ?is seems to h be5 due to g5]al causes1 n specially to ! decay ( religion4 ,he m5tions t n9ety-six#bcg v>ieties ( errone\s views are f\nd among ! ,buddhi/s1 :i* po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( num]\s b n acutely ho/ile sects & says t !re /ill exi/$1 app>5tly 9 ,koala1 foll[]s ( ,devadatta :o recogniz$ ?ree previ\s ,buddhas b n kyamuni4 ,he visit$ ! bir?-places ( ^! ?ree ,buddhas :i* conta9$ topes erect$ 9 _! hon\r4 ,he f\nd ,magadha prosp]\s & pi\s4 ,( its capital1 ,patna1 he says by ! side ( ! topes ( ,asoka has be5 made a ,mahayana mona/]y v gr& & beautiful1 !re is also a ,h9ayana "o1 ! two toge!r conta9+ #fjj or #gjj monks4 ,x is probable t ?is 0 typical ( ! religi\s condition ( ,magadha & ,b5gal4 ,bo? s*ools exi/$ b ! ,mahayana 0 ! m fl\ri%+4 ,_m ( ! old sites1 su* z ,rjagriha & ,gaya1 7 des]t$ b !re 7 new t[ns ne> !m & ,bodh ,gaya 0 a place ( pilgrimage ) ?ree mona/]ies4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,tamralipti 7,tamluk7 on ! coa/ ( ,b5gal 7 #bb mona/]ies4 ,z 8 pr9cipal object 0 to obta9 copies ( ! ,v9aya1 he /ay$ ?ree ye>s 9 ,patna seek+ & copy+ manuscripts4 ,9 ?is he f\nd "s difficulty1 = ! v>i\s s*ools ( ! ,v9aya1 :i* he says 7 divid$ by trivial diff]5ces only1 h&$ d[n _! respective v]sions orally4 ,he f\nd 9 ! ,mahayani/ mona/]y "o manuscript ( ! ,mahsnghika rules & consid]$ x ! mo/ complete1 b also took d[n ! ,s>v/ivd9 rules4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,vasub&hu few names ( ev5 mod]ate magnitude /& out 9 ! hi/ory ( ,indian ,buddhism4 ,! *anges :i* occurr$ 7 great b gradual & due n to ! initiative ( innovators b to ! assimilative p[] ( ,h9duism & to ! attractions ( magical & emotional rites4 ,b ?is t5d5cy1 ?\gh x d\btless exi/$1 did n become conspicu\s until ab\t #gjj ,a4,d4 ,! acc\nts ( ! ,*9ese pilgrims & ! lit]ature :i* has be5 pres]v$ sugge/ t 9 ! int]v5+ c5turies ! monks 7 *iefly occupi$ ) s*ola/ic & exegetical "w4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ successors ( ,asanga 7 logicians1 among :om ,d9nga 0 pre-em95t4 ,/hiramati#bch & ,gunamati appe> to h belong$ to ! same s*ool & p]haps ,bhavaviveka#bci too4 ,! /atem5ts z to 8 date are inconsi/5t b ! int]e/+ fact is record$ t he utiliz$ ! t]m9ology ( ! ,snkhya = ! purposes ( ! ,mahayana4 ,?r\gh\t ! middle ages ! /udy ( logic 0 pursu$ b ,buddhi/s & ,ja9s r ?an by ,brahmans4#bdj ,vasub&hu compos$ "s treatises deal+ exclusively ) logic b x 0 8 disciple ,d9nga :o sep>at$ x def9itely f philosophy & !ology4 ,z 9 ideali/ philosophy1 s 9 pure logic !re 0 a p>allel movem5t 9 ! ,buddhi/ & ,brahmanic s*ools1 b if we may tru/ ! /atem5ts ( ,vcaspatimira 7ab\t #aajj ,a4,d47 ,d9nga int]pret$ ! aphorisms ( ! ,nyya philosophy 9 a het]odox or ,buddhi/ s5se4 ,?is traces ! beg9n+s ( ,indian logic to a ,brahmanic s\rce b subsequ5tly x fl\ri%$ greatly 9 ! h&s ( ,buddhi/s1 especially ,d9nga & ,dh>makrti4 ,! =m] appe>s to h be5 a native ( ,conjev>am & a contempor>y ( ,klidsa4 ,bo? ! logician & ! poet 7 probably alive 9 ! reign ( ,kumragupta 7#dac-dee74 ,d9nga sp5t mu* "t 9 ,nl&a1 & ?\gh ! ,sanskrit orig9als ( 8 works are lo/ ! ,tibetan translations#bda are pres]v$4 ,! ,buddhi/ s*ools ( logic cont9u$ = _m c5turies4 ,"o fl\ri%$ 9 ,ka%mir & ano!r1 f\nd$ by ,c&ragom91 9 ,b5gal4 ,bo? la/$ almo/ until ! ,mohamm$an conque/ ( ! two c\ntries4 ,f ab\t #dgj to #ecj ,a4,d4 nor!rn ,india groan$ "u ! tyranny ( ! ,huns4 ,_! ,k+ ,mihiragula is repres5t$ z a det]m9$ enemy ( ,buddhism & a sy/ematic de/roy] ( mona/]ies4 ,he is said to h be5 a wor%ipp] ( iva b 8 fury 0 probably inspir$ less by religi\s animosity ?an by love ( pillage & slaught]4 ,ab\t #ecj ,a4,d4 he 0 defeat$ by a coalition ( ,indian pr9ces & di$ t5 ye>s lat] amid /orms & port5ts :i* 7 believ$ to signify ! desc5t ( 8 wick$ s\l into hell4 ,x mu/ h be5 ab\t ?is "t t ,bodhidh>ma left ,india = he arriv$ 9 ,canton ab\t #ebj4 ,accord+ to ! ,*9ese he 0 ! son ( a k+ ( a c\ntry call$ ,hsiang-,*ih 9 s\!rn ,india#bdb & ! tw5ty-eigh? patri>* & he became an important figure 9 ! religion & art ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,b no allusion to him or to any ( ! ,patri>*s aft] ,vasub&hu has be5 f\nd 9 ,indian lit]ature nor 9 ! works ( ,hsan ,*uang & ,i-,*+4 ,! inf]5ce is t he 0 ( no importance 9 ,india & t 8 reputation 9 ,*9a 0 n great be=e ! eigh? c5tury3 also t ! ,*9ese li/s ( patri>*s d n repres5t ! traditions ( nor!rn ,india4 ,religi\s feel+ (t5 ran high 9 s\!rn ,india4 ,buddhi/s1 ,ja9s & ,h9dus engag$ 9 viol5t disputes1 & p]secution 0 m frequ5t ?an 9 ! nor?4 ,x is easy to suppose t ,bodhidh>ma be+ ! head ( "s h]etical sect _h to fly & foll[$ ! example ( _m monks 9 go+ to ,*9a4 ,b if s1 no record ( 8 s*ool is =?com+ f 8 native l&1 ?\gh ! possibility t he 0 m ?an an individual ?9k] & repres5t$ "s movem5t unkn[n to u _c be d5i$4 ,we might suppose too t s9ce ,ngrjuna & ryadeva 7 s\!rn]s1 _! peculi> doctr9es 7 col\r$ by ,dravidian ideas4 ,b our available docum5ts indicate t ! ,buddhism ( s\!rn ,india 0 almo/ entirely ,h9ayani/1 analog\s to t ( ,ceylon & n v sympa!tic to ! ,tamils4 ,! pilgrims ,sung-,yn & ,hui-,%ng#bdc visit$ ,udyana & ,g&h>a dur+ ! "t ( ! ,hun dom9ation 7#eah-eba74 ,!y f\nd ! k+ ( ! =m] a pi\s ,buddhi/ b ! latt] 0 gov]n$ by an ,eph?alite *iefta91 p]haps ,mihiragula himself1 :o 0 a wor%ipp] ( demons4 ,( ! ,ye?a or ,eph?alites !y make ! g5]al obs]vation t _! rules ( polit5ess are v defective4 ,b !y also say t ! population ( ,g&h>a _h a great respect = ,buddhism & z !y took back to ,*9a #agj volumes1 all /&>d works belong+ to ! ,great ,vehicle1 ! ,eph?alite p]secution _c h de/roy$ ! fai? 9 nor?-we/]n ,india4 ,b ! evil days ( decay 7 beg9n+4 ,h5ce=w>d we h no m pictures ( untr\bl$ piety & prosp]ity4 ,at be/ ,buddhism receives royal patronage 9 company ) o!r religions2 sect>ian conflicts increase & sometimes we he> ( p]secution4 ,ab\t #fjj ,a4,d4 a k+ ( ,c5tral ,b5gal nam$ ,sanka :o wor%ipp$ iva attempt$ to extirpate ,buddhism 9 8 dom9ions & de/roy$ ! ,bo tree at ,bodh ,gaya4#bdd ,on ! o!r h& we he> ( ! pi\s ,prnav>man1 k+ ( ,magadha1 :o made am5ds = ^! sacrileges1 & ( lditya1 k+ ( ! c\ntry call$ ,mo-lo-po by ! ,*9ese1 :o 0 s c>eful ( animal life1 t he ev5 /ra9$ ! wat] drunk by 8 horses & elephants1 le/ !y %\ld consume m9ute insects4 ,we "k m ( ,indian ,buddhism 9 ! sev5? c5tury ?an 9 ! p]iods :i* prec$e or foll[ x4 ,! epo* 0 m>k$ by ! reign ( ! great k+1 or r emp]or1 ,h>%a-,v>dhana 7#fjf-fdh ,a4,d471 & ! works writt5 by ,bna1 ,bh>trih>i & o!rs :o frequ5t$ 8 c\rt h come d[n to u4 ,also we are =tunate 9 possess+ ! copi\s n>rative ( ,hsan ,*uang1 ! greate/ ( ! ,*9ese pilgrims1 :o sp5t sixte5 ye>s 7#fbi-fde7 9 ,india z well z ! "w kn[n z ! ,record ( ! ,buddhi/ religion z practis$ 9 ,india & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 compos$ by ,i-,*+ :o travell$ 9 ^? c\ntries f #fga to #fie4 ,i-,*+ also wrote ! lives ( sixty ,*9ese pilgrims :o visit$ ,india dur+ ! sev5? c5tury & probably !re 7 _m o!rs ( :om we h no record4 ,! reign ( ,h>%a is ?us illu/rat$ by a numb] ( contempor>y dateable works unusual 9 ,india4 ,! k+ himself wrote "s ,buddhi/ hymns1#bde & ?ree dramas are ascrib$ to him b 7 probably compos$ by "s ( ! lit]>y m5 :om he patroniz$4 ,= all t1 ! religi\s ideas :i* !y conta9 mu/ h _h 8 approval4 ,! ,ratnval & ,priyad>ik are secul> pieces & s f> z !y h any religi\s atmosph]e x is ,brahmanic1 b ! ,ngn&a is a ,buddhi/ religi\s drama :i* op5s ) an invocation ( ! ,buddha & has a ,jtaka /ory = its plot4#bdf ,bna 0 himself a dev\t ,brahman b 8 hi/orical romance ,h>%ac>ita & 8 novel call$ ,kdamb> bo? describe a mixture ( religions f\nd$ on obs]vation ( contempor>y life4 ,9 an int]e/+ passage#bdg he rec\nts ! k+'s visit to a ,buddhi/ ascetic4 ,! influ5ce ( ! holy man causes ! m intellig5t animals 9 8 neighb\rhood1 su* z p>rots1 to devote !mselves to ,buddhi/ lore1 b he is surr\nd$ by devotees ( ! mo/ div]se sects1 ,ja9s1 ,bhgavatas1 ,pnc>tras1 ,lokyatikas ) foll[]s ( ,kapila1 ,kanda & _m o!r tea*]s4 ,mayra1 ano!r lit]>y protg ( ,h>%a's1 0 l ,bna a ,brahman1 & ,sub&hu1 :o fl\ri%$ a little be=e !m1 ignores ,buddhism 9 8 romance call$ ,vsavadatt4 ,b ,bh>trih>i1 ! /ill popul> gnomic poet1 0 a ,buddhi/4 ,x is true t he oscillat$ betwe5 ! c\rt & ! cloi/] no less ?an sev5 times1 b ?is vacillation seems to h be5 due to ! weakness ( ! fle%1 n to any *ange ( convictions4 ,= our purpose ! gi/ ( ?is lit]ature is t ,h9duism 9 _m =ms1 "s ( !m v unor?odox1 0 becom+ ! normal religion ( ,india b t !re 7 /ill _m em95t ,buddhi/s & t ,buddhism _h suffici5t pre/ige to attract ,h>%a & suffici5t life to respond to 8 patronage4 ,ab\t #fjj ,a4,d4 ,india 0 exhau/$ by h] /ruggle ) ! ,huns4 ,aft] x !re rema9$ only a multitude ( small /ates & obscure dyna/ies1 b !re 0 evid5tly a read9ess to accept any =m ( unify+ & tranquilliz+ rule & = ne>ly half a c5tury ?is 0 provid$ by ,h>%a4 ,he conqu]$ nor!rn ,india f ! ,panjab to ,b5gal b fail$ to subdue ! ,deccan4 ,?\gh a great "p ( 8 reign 0 sp5t 9 w>1 le>n+ & education fl\ri%$4 ,hsan ,*uang1 :o 0 8 hon\r$ gue/1 gives a good acc\nt ( 8 adm9i/ration b also makes x pla9 t brig&age prevail$ & t travell+ 0 dang]\s4 ,aft] #fdc ,h>%a1 :o 0 gr[+ eld]ly1 devot$ mu* att5tion to religion & may be said to h become a ,buddhi/1 :ile all[+ himself a c]ta9 eclectic fre$om4 ,sev]al cre$s 7 repres5t$ among 8 imm$iate relatives4 ,devotion to iva 0 traditional 9 ! family3 8 fa!r _h be5 a zeal\s wor%ipp] ( ! ,sun & 8 bro!r & si/] 7 ,buddhi/s ( ! ,sammitya sect4 ,h>%a by no means dis[n$ ,brahmanic wor%ip1 b 9 8 latt] ye>s 8 proclivity to ,buddhism became m m>k$ & he endeav\r$ to emulate ! piety ( ,asoka4 ,he f\nd$ re/ h\ses & hospitals1 z well z mona/]ies & ?\s&s ( /upas4 ,he prohibit$ ! tak+ ( life & ! use ( animal food1 & ( ! ?ree p]iods into :i* 8 day 0 divid$ two 7 devot$ to religion & "o to bus9ess4 ,he also ex]cis$ a surveillance ov] ! :ole ,buddhi/ ord] & advanc$ m]itori\s memb]s4 ,hsan ,*uang has left an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! religi\s ftes & spectacles organiz$ by ,h>%a4 ,at ,kanauj he att5d$ a great assembly dur+ :i* a solemn procession took place e day4 ,a gold5 image ( ,buddha 0 borne on an elephant & ,h>%a1 dress$ z ,indra1 held a canopy ov] x1 :ile 8 ally ,raja ,kum>a1#bdh dress$ z ,brahm1 wav$ a fly-:isk4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly wa%$ by ! k+'s own h&s & 9 ! ev5+ 8 ,maje/y1 :o l ,akb> _h a ta/e = religi\s discussion1 li/5$ to ! argum5ts ( 8 ,*9ese gue/4 ,b ! royal in/ructions t no "o 0 to speak aga9/ ! ,ma/] ( ! ,law 7 s p]emptory t ev5 8 biograph] admits !re 0 no real discussion4 ,^! edify+ pageants 7 int]rupt$ by disagreeable incid5ts :i* %[ t ,h>%a's tol]ance _h n produc$ complete h>mony4 ,a tempor>y mona/]y erect$ = ! ftes caught fire & a fanatic attempt$ to /ab ! k+4 ,he confess$ "u exam9ation t he _h be5 in/igat$ to ! crime by ,brahmans :o 7 jeal\s ( ! fav\rs :i* ! ,buddhi/s receiv$4 ,x 0 also e/abli%$ t ! inc5di>ies 7 ,brahmans &1 aft] ! r+lead]s _h be5 puni%$1 five hundr$ 7 exil$4 ,h>%a !n proce$$ to ,allahabad to sup]9t5d a qu9qu5nial di/ribution ( alms4 ,x 0 8 cu/om to let treasure accumulate = five ye>s & !n to divide x among holy m5 & ! poor4 ,! proce$+s la/$ sev5ty-five days & ! conc\rse :i* collect$ to gaze & receive mu/ h resembl$ ! fair /ill held on ! same spot4 ,buddhi/s1 ,brahmans & ,ja9s all p>took ( ! royal b\nty & ! images ( ,buddha1 ,srya & iva 7 wor%ipp$ on successive days1 ?\gh great] hon\r 0 %[n to ! ,buddha4 ,! k+ gave away ev]y?+ t he _h1 ev5 8 robes & jewels1 & f9ally1 array$ 9 clo!s borr[$ f 8 si/]1 rejoic$ say+ all ,i h has ent]$ into incorruptible & imp]i%able treasuries4 ,aft] ?is1 adds ,hsan ,*uang1 ! k+'s vassals (f]$ him jewels & robes s t ! treasury 0 repl5i%$4 ,?is 0 ! six? qu9qu5nial di/ribution :i* ,h>%a _h held & ! la/1 = he di$ 9 #fdh4 ,he at fir/ fav\r$ ! ,h9ayana b subsequ5tly w5t ov] to ! ,mahayana1 be+ mov$ 9 "p by ! exhortations ( ,hsan ,*uang4 ,yet ! sub/ance ( ,hsan ,*uang's acc\nt is t ?\gh ,buddhism 0 prosp]+ 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ x 0 decay+ 9 ,india4 ,aga9/ ?is c be set in/ances ( royal piety l ^? describ$1 ! fame enjoy$ by ! %r9es & s*ools ( ,magadha & ! conv]sion ( ! k+ ( ,tibet 9 #fch ,a4,d4 ,?is ev5t 0 due to ,*9ese z well z ,indian influ5ce1 b w\ld h>dly h occurr$ unless 9 nor?-ea/]n ,india ,buddhism _h be5 e/eem$ ! religion ( civilization4 ,/ill ,hsan ,*uang's long catalogue ( des]t$ mona/]ies#bdi has an unmi/akable significance4 ,! decay 0 mo/ pron\nc$ 9 ! nor?-we/ & s\?4 ,9 ,g&h>a !re 7 only a few ,buddhi/s3 m ?an a ?\s& mona/]ies /ood unt5ant$ & ! ,buddha's sacr$ b[l _h vani%$4 ,9 ,tak%ala ! mona/]ies 7 num]\s b desolate3 9 ,ka%mir ! p foll[$ a mix$ fai?4 ,only 9 ,udyna 0 ,buddhism held 9 high e/eem4 ,9 ,s9d ! monks 7 num]\s b indol5t4 ,no d\bt ?is desolation 0 l>gely due to ! depr$ations ( ,mihiragula4 ,9 ! ,deccan & ! extreme s\? !re 0 also a special cause1 namely ! preval5ce ( ,ja9ism1 :i* some:at lat] became ! /ate religion 9 sev]al k+doms4 ,9 ,kal+a1 ,&hra & ! k+dom ( ! ,colas ! pilgrim reports t ,ja9s 7 v num]\s b c\nts ,buddhi/ mona/]ies only by t5s & tw5ties4 ,9 ,dravida !re 7 also #aj1jjj monks ( ! ,/havira s*ool b 9 ,malakuta among _m ru9$ mona/]ies only a few 7 /ill inhabit$ & "h aga9 ,ja9s 7 num]\s4 ,= all ,c5tral ,india & ,b5gal ! pilgrim's /ati/ics tell ! same tale1 namely t ?\gh ,buddhism 0 repres5t$ bo? by mona/]ies & monks1 ! ,deva-temples & unbeliev]s 7 also num]\s4 ,! mo/ fav\rable acc\nts are ^? giv5 ( ,kanauj1 ,ayodhya & ,magadha :]e ! sacr$ sites naturally caus$ ! dev\t to congregate4 ,! /ati/ics :i* he gives z to sects are int]e/+4#bej ,! total numb] ( monks am\nt$ to ab\t #ahc1jjj4 ,( ^! only #cb1jjj belong$ def9itely to ! ,mahayana3 m ?an #if1jjj to ! ,h9ayana1 & #ed1ejj /udi$ bo? sy/ems or at any rate resid$ 9 mona/]ies :i* tol]at$ ei!r c\rse ( /udy4 ,"s writ]s speak z if aft] our era ,mahayanism 0 pr$om9ant 9 ,india & ! ,h9ayana bani%$ to its extreme conf9es su* z ,ceylon & ,ka%mir4 ,yet ab\t ,a4,d4 #fdj ?is zeal\s ,mahayani/#bea /ates t half ! monks ( ,india 7 def9itely ,h9ayani/ :ile less ?an a fif? _h equally def9ite ,mahayani/ convictions4 ,! ,mahayana laid less /ress on mona/icism ?an ! ,h9ayana & !re=e its /r5g? may h la9 among ! laity1 b ev5 s ! admitt$ /r5g? ( ! ,h9ayana is rem>kable4 ,?ree ,h9ayani/ s*ools are frequ5tly m5tion$1 ! ,/haviras1 ,s>v/ivd9s & ,sammityas4 ,! fir/ are ! well-kn[n ,s9halese sect & 7 f\nd *iefly 9 ! s\? 7,conjeev>am7 & 9 ,ea/ ,b5gal1 besides ! monks ( ! ,s9halese mona/]y at ,gaya4 ,! ,s>v/ivd9s 7 f\nd1 z _! hi/ory w\ld lead u to expect1 *iefly 9 ! nor? & beyond ! fronti]s ( ,india prop]4 ,b bo? 7 outnumb]$ by ! ,sammityas1 :o am\nt$ to ne>ly #dd1jjj monks4 ,! *ief doctr9e#beb ( ?is sect is said to h be5 t individuals 7puggalo7 exi/ z su* 9 ! true/ s5se4 ,?is doctr9e 0 support$ by ref]5ce to ! sutra kn[n z ! ,burd5 & ! ,burd5 be>]4#bec ,x does n ass]t t !re is a p]man5t & un*angeable s\l 7att7 b x emphasizes ! reality & importance ( t p]sonality :i* all accept z true = practical purposes4 ,x is probable t 9 practice ?is belief diff]$ little f ! ord9>y ,brahmanic doctr9e ( metempsy*osis & ?is may be "o reason = ! preval5ce ( ! sect4 ,i-,*+1 ?\gh he does n furni% /ati/ics1 gives a cle> conspectus ( ,buddhi/ sects z !y exi/$ 9 8 "t4 ,he />ts f ! anci5t eighte5 sects b divides !m into f\r gr\ps or ,nikayas4 7a7 ,! rya-,mahsanghika-nikya4 ,?is compris$ sev5 subdivisions b 0 app>5tly ! lea/ influ5tial s*ool z x 0 n pr$om9ant any:]e1 ?\gh x coexi/$ ) o!r s*ools 9 mo/ p>ts4 ,! ,lokott>avd9s m5tion$ by ,hsan ,*uang z exi/+ at ,bamiyan belong$ to x4 ,!y held t ! ,buddha 0 n subject to ! laws ( nature4 7b7 rya-,/havira-nikya4 ,?is is ! s*ool to :i* our ,pali ,canon belongs4 ,x 0 pr$om9ant 9 s\!rn ,india & ,ceylon & 0 also f\nd 9 ea/]n ,b5gal4 7c7 ,! rya-,mla-s>v/ivda-nikya ) f\r subdivisions4 ,almo/ all belong$ to ?is s*ool 9 nor!rn ,india & x 0 n\ri%+ 9 ,magadha4 7d7 ,! rya-,sammitya-nikya ) f\r subdivisions fl\ri%$ 9 ,lta & ,s9dhu4 ,?us ! la/ ?ree s*ools 7 prepond]ant 9 s\!rn1 nor!rn & we/]n ,india respectively4 ,all 7 foll[$ 9 ,magadha1 no d\bt because ! holy places & ! ,univ]sity ( ,nl& attract$ all %ades ( op9ion1 & ,b5gal seems to h be5 simil>ly ca?olic4 ,?is is sub/antially ! same z ,hsan ,*uang's /atem5t except t ,i-,*+ takes a m fav\rable view ( ! position ( ! ,s>v/ivda1 ei!r because x 0 8 own s*ool or because its position _h really improv$4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ! e/imation ( bo? pilgrims ! ,maha-& ,h9ayana are n s*ools b modes 9 :i* any s*ool c be /udi$4 ,! ,nikya#bed or s*ool appe>s to h be5 *iefly1 ?\gh n exclusively1 conc]n$ ) ! rule ( discipl9e :i* naturally _h m importance = ,buddhi/ monks ?an x has = ,european s*ol>s4 ,! obs]vances ( ea* ,nikya 7 laid d[n 9 its own rec5sion ( ! scriptures :i* 0 sometimes oral & sometimes 9 writ+4 ,probably all ! eighte5 s*ools _h sep>ate ,v9ayas1 & to "s ext5t !y _h diff]5t editions ( ! o!r ,pitakas1 = ! ,s>v/ivd9s _h an ,abhidh>ma ( _! own4 ,b !re 0 no objection to comb9+ ! /udy ( ,s>v/ivd9 lit]ature ) ! read+ ( treatises by ,asanga & ,vasub&hu#bee or sutras su* z ! ,lotus1 :i* ,i-,*+'s ma/] read once a day = sixty ye>s4 ,i-,*+ himself seems to reg>d ! two ,vehicles z alt]native =ms ( religion1 bo? excell5t 9 _! way1 mu* z a ,ca?olic !ologian might imp>tially expla9 ! respective advantages ( ! active & contemplative lives4 ,) resolutions rightly =m$ he says we %\ld look =w>d to meet+ ! com+ ,buddha ,maitreya4 ,if we wi% to ga9 ! less] fruition 7( ! ,h9ayana7 we may pursue x ?r\gh ! eight grades ( sanctification4 ,b if we le>n to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! great] fruition 7( ! ,mahayana7 we mu/ try to accompli% our "w ?r\gh long ages4#bef ,i-,*+ obs]ves t bo? ,vehicles agree 9 prescrib+ ! same discipl9e1 9 prohibit+ ! same (f5ces & enjo9+ ! practice ( ! noble tru?s4 ,8 views1 :i* are sub/antially ^? ( ,hsan ,*uang1#beg mu/ be ^? curr5t 9 ! sev5? c5tury :5 ! ,h9ayana 0 all[+ ! ,mahayana to ov]gr[ x )\t resi/ance1 b ! relations ( ! two cre$s are sometimes /at$ diff]5tly4 ,= in/ance ! ,angulimliya sutra1#beh kn[n only 9 a ,tibetan translation1 /ates t :]eas = ! ,h9ayana su* =mul z ! f\r tru?s & ! eightfold pa? are ( c>d9al importance1 ! ,mahayana does n recognize !m1 & x is und\bt$ly true t ! ,vaipulya sutras frequ5tly ignore ! famili> doctr9es ( e>ly ,buddhism & h9t t !y belong to a rudim5t>y /age ( in/ruction4 ,i-,*+ makes no m5tion ( p]secution b he deplores ! decay ( ! fai?4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,buddha is becom+ less preval5t 9 ! _w f day to day he says4 ,:5 ,i comp>e :at ,i h witness$ 9 my y\ng] days & :at ,i see to-day 9 my old age1 ! /ate is altoge!r diff]5t & we are be>+ witness to ?is & x is hop$ we %all be m att5tive 9 future4 ,?\gh he speaks regretfully ( lax or incorrect discipl9e1 he does n compla9 ( ! corruption ( ! fai? by ,tantrism & magical practices4 ,he does h[ev] deprecate 9 an exce$+ly curi\s passage ! preval5ce ( religi\s suicide4#bei ,except = progressive decay1 ! condition ( ,indian ,buddhism z describ$ by ! two pilgrims is mu* ! same4 ,meals 7 suppli$ to monks 9 ! mona/]ies & x 0 no long] usual to beg = food 9 ! /reets1 s9ce ! practice is m5tion$ by ,i-,*+ z exceptional4 ,on ,upavasa?a days x 0 ! cu/om = ! pi\s laity to ent]ta9 ! monks & ! meal 0 sometimes prec$$ by a religi\s s]vice p]=m$ be=e an image & accompani$ by music4 ,i-,*+ describes ! musical s]vices ) dev\t en?usiasm4 ,! prie/s p]=m ! ord9>y s]vice late 9 ! aft]noon or 9 ! ev5+ twilight4 ,!y come out ( ! mona/]y & walk ?ree times r\nd a /upa1 (f]+ inc5se & fl[]s4 ,!n !y all kneel d[n & "o ( !m :o s+s well beg9s to *ant hymns describ+ ! virtues ( ! great ,tea*] & cont9ues to s+ t5 or tw5ty lokas4 ,!y !n return to ! place 9 ! mona/]y :]e !y usually assemble &1 :5 all h sat d[n1 a recit] m\nt+ ! lion-seat 7:i* is ne> ! head prie/7 reads a %ort sutra4 ,among ! scriptures = su* an occasion ! ',s]vice 9 ?ree p>ts' is (t5 us$4 ,?is is a selection ( ,avagho%a4 ,! fir/ "p conta9s t5 lokas ( a hymn4 ,! second "p is a selection f "s scripture consi/+ ( ! ,buddha's words4 ,!n !re is an additional hymn z ! ?ird "p ( ! s]vice1 ( m ?an t5 lokas1 be+ pray]s t express ! wi% to br+ "o's m]its to maturity4 ,aft] ! s++ ! assembl$ ,bhik%us exclaim ,subh%ita or ,sdhu1 t is well-said or bravo4 ,! read] desc5ds & ! ,bhik%us 9 ord] salute ! lion-seat1 ! seats ( ,bodhisattvas & ,arhats1 & ! sup]ior ( ! mona/]y4#bfj ,i-,*+ also tells u ( ! c]emonial ba?+ ( images & prefaces 8 description by ! rem>k t ! mean+ ( ! ,tru?s is s pr(\nd t x is a matt] beyond ! compreh5sion ( vulg> m9ds :ile ! ablution ( ! holy images is practicable = all4 ,?\gh ! ,great ,tea*] has ent]$ ,nirvana yet 8 image exi/s & we %\ld wor%ip x ) zeal z ?\gh 9 8 pres5ce4 ,^? :o con/antly (f] inc5se & fl[]s to x are enabl$ to purify _! ?\ghts & ^? :o p]petually ba! 8 image are enabl$ to ov]come ! s9s t involve !m 9 d>kness4#bfa ,he appe>s to contemplate *iefly ! v5]ation ( images ( ,skyamuni b figures ( ,bodhisattvas 7 also conspicu\s features 9 temples1 z we "k n only f ar*ology b f ! biography ( ,hsan ,*uang1 :]e x is said t wor%ipp]s us$ to ?r[ fl[]s & silk sc>ves at ! image ( ,avalokita & draw auguries f ! way !y fell4 ,mona/]ies 7 lib]ally decorat$ ) /atues1 c>v+s & pictures4#bfb ,!y (t5 compris$ sev]al c\rts & temples4 ,hsan ,*uang says t a mona/]y 9 ,magadha :i* he calls ,ti-lo-%i-ka _h f\r c\rts ) ?ree /orey$ halls1 l(ty t]races & a succession ( op5 passages4444 ,at ! head ( ! road ?r\gh ! middle gate 7 ?ree temples ) disks on ! ro( & hung ) small bells2 ! bases 7 surr\nd$ by balu/rades1 & doors1 w9d[s1 beams1 walls1 & /airs 7 ornam5t$ ) gilt "w 9 relief4 ,9 ! ?ree temples 7 l>ge images repres5t+ ! ,buddha1 ,tr & ,avalokita4 ,! great c5tres ( ,buddhi/ le>n+ & mona/ic life1 m5tion$ by bo? pilgrims1 7 ,valabh or ,balabhi 9 ,guj>at & ,nal&a4 ,! =m] 0 a di/rict r ?an a s+le locality & conta9$ #ajj mona/]ies ) #fjjj monks ( ! ,sammitya s*ool4 ,nal&a 0 9 ,magadha n f> f ,gaya4 ,! date ( its f\ndation is unkn[n b a great temple 7?\gh app>5tly n ! fir/7 0 built ab\t #dhe ,a4,d4#bfc ,fa-,hsi5 m5tions a village call$ ,nala b )\t indicat+ t x 0 a seat ( le>n+4 ,h5ce x is probable t ! ,univ]sity 0 n !n 9 exi/5ce or at lea/ n celebrat$4 ,hsan ,*uang describes x z conta9+ six mona/]ies built by v>i\s k+s & surr\nd$ by an enclos+ wall 9 :i* !re 0 only "o gate4 ,i-,*+ writ+ lat] says t ! e/abli%m5t own$ #bjj villages & conta9$ eight halls ) m ?an #cjjj monks4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! mona/]y 7 a hundr$ sacr$ spots1 sev]al m>k$ by temples & topes4 ,x 0 a resort = ,buddhi/s f all c\ntries & an educational z well z a religi\s c5tre4 ,i-,*+ says t /ud5ts sp5t two or ?ree ye>s !re 9 le>n+ & disput+ aft] :i* !y w5t to ! k+'s c\rt 9 se>* ( a gov]nm5t appo9tm5t4 ,successful m]it 0 rew>d$ n only by rank b by grants ( l&4 ,bo? pilgrims m5tion ! names ( sev]al celebrities connect$ ) ,nal&a4 ,b ! wor?ies ( ! sev5? c5tury did n atta9 to m ?an s*ola/ic em95ce4 ,! mo/ important lit]>y figure ( ! age is ntideva ( ^: life no?+ is kn[n4 ,8 writ+s h[ev] prove t ! ,buddhism ( ?is p]iod 0 n a corrupt sup]/ition1 b c\ld inspire & n\ri% "s ( ! mo/ beautiful ?\ghts :i* ! cre$ has produc$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bcj3 ,see ,vasilief1 ,le ,b\ddhisme1 ,troisime supplm5t1 pp4 #bfb ff4 ,kpp51 ,rel4 des ,buddha1 ,i4 #aea4 ,takakusu 9 ,j4 ,pali ,text ,society1 #aije1 pp4 #fg-adf4 ,footnote #bca3 ,records1 translat$ by ,takakusu1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 ! ,s>va-d>ana-sangraha4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,k]n 7,indian ,buddhism1 p4 #abf7 says !y reject$ ! au?ority ( ! ,stras altoge!r b gives no ref]5ce4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,see ,vasilief1 pp4 #cja ff4 & v>i\s notices 9 ,hsan ,*uang & ,watt]s4 ,also de la ,valle ,p\ss9's article 9 ,e4,r4,e4 ,footnote #bce3 ,hsan ,*uang in=ms u t :5 he 0 9 rughna he /udi$ ! ,vibh% ( ! ,sautrntikas1 b ! precise significance ( ?is t]m is n pla94 ,footnote #bcf3 ,fa-,hsi5's ,travels1 *ap4 ,,xvi4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,?is figure is probably d$uc$ f "s artificial calculation ( possible h]esies l ! #fb wrong views enum]at$ 9 ! ,brahma-,jala stra4 ,footnote #bch3 ,he mu/ h liv$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury z "o ( 8 works 7,nanjio1 #abdc7 0 translat$ betwe5 #cig & #dci4 ,footnote #bci3 ,watt]s1 ,yan ,*wang1 ,,ii4 #bba-bbd4 ,nanjio1 #abcg4 ,! works ( ,gunamati also are said to %[ a deep k ( ! ,snkhya philosophy4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,= ! hi/ory ( logic 9 ,india1 see ,vidybhusana's int]e/+ "w ,m$ival ,s*ool ( ,indian ,logic1 #aiji4 ,b ,i _c accept all 8 dates4 ,footnote #bda3 ,d9nga's pr9cipal works are ! ,pramna-samuccaya & ! ,nyya-pravea4 ,hsan ,*uang calls him ,*'en-na4 ,see ,watt]s1 ,,ii4 #bji4 ,see ,/*]batskoi 9 ,muson1 #aijd1 pp4 #abi-aga = ,d9nga's influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! ,naiyyika & ,vaie%ika s*ools4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,8 p]sonal "n is said to h be5 ,p'u-ti-to-lo & 8 surname ,*'a-ti-li4 ,! latt] is probably a corruption ( ,k%atriya4 ,hsiang-,*ih possibly repres5ts a "n beg9n+ ) ,g&ha1 b ,i c nei!r f9d nor sugge/ any id5tification4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,see ,b4,e4,f4,e4,o4 #aijc1 pp4 #cgi ff4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,8 evil de$s are sev]al times m5tion$ by ,hsan ,*uang4 ,x requir$ a miracle to re/ore ! ,bo tree4 ,footnote #bde3 ,see ,ett+haus51 ,h>%av>dhana1 ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,! appe>ance ( ,gaur z a dea ex ma*9a at ! end h>dly %[s t ,h>%a's ,buddhism _h a kti/ t+e b x does %[ t ,buddhi/s ( t p]iod turn$ naturally to ivaite my?ology4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,h>%ac>ita1 *ap4 ,,vii4 ,! p>rots 7 exp\nd+ ,vasub&hu's ,abhidh>ma-koa4 ,bna frequ5tly describes troops ( holy m5 app>5tly liv+ 9 h>mony b includ+ foll[]s ( mo/ div]se sects4 ,see ,kdamb>i1 #aic & #cid3 ,h>%ac>4 #fg4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,x is curi\s t ,bna 7,h>%ac>ita1 ,,vii47 says ( ?is pr9ce t f *ildhood he resolv$ nev] to wor%ip anyone b iva4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,! ,r%tra-pla-p>ipric* 7,ed4 ,f9ot1 pp4 ix-xi1 #bh-cc7 inveighs aga9/ ! moral deg5]ation ( ! ,buddhi/ cl]gy4 ,?is "w 0 translat$ into ,*9ese betwe5 #ehi & #fah1 s t demoralisation mu/ h begun 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,footnote #bej3 ,see ,rhys ,davids 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #ahia1 pp4 #dah ff4 ,footnote #bea3 ,hsan ,*uang 0 n dispos$ to und]rate ! numb]s ( ! ,mahayana = he says t ! monks ( ,ceylon 7 ,mahayani/s4 ,footnote #beb3 ,see ! beg9n+ ( ! ,ka?vat?u4 ,! doctr9e is =mulat$ 9 ! words ,puggalo upalabbhati saccikatthap>amatth5ti1 & !re foll[s a discussion betwe5 a memb] ( ! or?odox s*ool & a ,puggalavd91 t is "o :o believes 9 ! exi/5ce ( a p]son1 s\l or entity :i* transmigrates f ?is _w to ano!r4 ,footnote #bec3 ,sam4 ,nik4 ,,xxii4 #bba4 ,footnote #bed3 ,?is use ( ,nikya mu/ n be confus$ ) its o!r use to d5ote a division ( ! ,stra-,pitaka4 ,x means a gr\p or collection & h5ce c be us$ to d5ote ei!r a body ( m5 or a collection ( treatises4 ,^! ,nikyas are also n ! same z ! f\r s*ools 7,vaibh%ikas1 etc471 m5tion$ above1 :i* 7 speculative4 ,simil>ly 9 ,europe a ,presbyt]ian may be a ,calv9i/1 b ,presbyt]ianism has ref]5ce to ,*ur* gov]nm5t & ,calv9ism to doctr9e4 ,!re 7 9 ,india at ?is "t 7#a7 two vehicles1 ,maha-& ,h9ayana1 7#b7 f\r speculative s*ools1 ,vaibh%ikas1 etc41 7#c7 f\r discipl9>y s*ools1 ,mla-s>v/ivd9s1 etc4 ,^! ?ree classes are obvi\sly n mutually exclusive4 ,?us ,i-,*+ approv$ ( 7a7 ! ,mahayana1 7b7 ! ,mdhyamika & ,yogcra1 :i* he did n consid] inconsi/5t & 7c7 ! ,mla-s>v/ivda4 ,footnote #bee3 ,i-,*+1 transl4 ,takakusu1 p4 #ahf4 ,footnote #bef3 ,?ree ,asankhya ,kalpas4 ,i-,*+1 ,takakusu's transl4 pp4 #aif-g4 ,he seems to reg>d ! ,mahayana z ! bett] way4 ,he quotes ,ngrjuna's allusions to ,avalokita & ,amityus ) app>5t approval2 he tells u h[ "o ( 8 tea*]s wor%ipp$ ,amityus & /rove to prep>e himself = ,sukhvat & h[ ! ,lotus 0 ! fav\rite scripture ( ano!r4 ,he fur!r tells u t ! ,mdhyamika & ! ,yoga sy/ems are bo? p]fectly correct4 ,footnote #beg3 ,hsan ,*uang speaks ( ,mahayani/s belong+ to ! ,/havira s*ool4 ,footnote #beh3 ,quot$ by ,rockhill1 ,life ( ! ,buddha1 pp4 #aif ff4 ,footnote #bei3 ,*aps4 ,,xxxviii & ,,xxxix4 ,he seems to say t x is "r = ! laity to make an (f]+ ( _! bodies by burn+ b n = ,bhik%us4 ,! practice is recogniz$ & comm5d$ 9 ! ,lotus1 *ap4 ,,xxii1 :i* h[ev] is a lat] addition to ! orig9al "w4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,i-,*+1 transl4 ,takakusu1 pp4 #aec-d some:at abridg$4 ,i-,*+ 7pp4 #aef-g7 speaks ( ,mtri*eta z ! pr9cipal hymn writ] & does n id5tify him ) ,avagho%a4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,i believe ! gold5 image 9 ! ,arakan ,pagoda at ,m&alay is /ill wa%$ ) a c]emonial resembl+ t describ$ by ,i-,*+4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,i-,*+ says t mona/]ies commonly _h a /atue ( ,mahkla z a gu>dian deity4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,by ! ,gupta k+1 ,n>as9ha ,gupta ,blditya4 ,mu* in=mation ab\t ,nl& w be f\nd 9 ,satis ,*&ra ,vidyabhusana's ,m$ival ,s*ool ( ,indian ,logic1 pp4 #ade-adg4 ,hsan ,*uang 7,life1 transl4 ,beal1 p4 #aaa7 says t x 0 built #gjj ye>s be=e 8 "t1 t is1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,he dwells on ! beauty ( ! build+s1 ponds & fl[]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,decad5ce ,,( ,,buddhism ,,9 ,,india ,! !me ( ?is *apt] is sad = x is ! decad5ce1 degradation & ultimate disappe>ance ( ,buddhism 9 ,india4 ,! o!r great religions (f] no precise p>allel to ?is ph5om5on b !y also d n (f] a p>allel to ! circum/ances ( ,buddhism at ! "t :5 x fl\ri%$ 9 its native l&4 ,mohamm$anism has be5 able to ma9ta9 itself 9 comp>ative isolation3 up to ! pres5t day ,moslims & ,*ri/ians %>e ! same cities r ?an ! same ?\ghts1 especially :5 7z (t57 !y belong to diff]5t races4 ,european ,*ri/ianity aft] a few c5turies ( exi/5ce _h to cont5d ) no rival ( approximately equal /r5g?1 = ! /ruggle ) ,mohamm$anism 0 *iefly milit>y & h>dly conc]n$ ! m]its ( ! fai?s4 ,b ,buddhism nev] _h a simil>ly p>am\nt & un*all5g$ position4 ,x nev] attempt$ to extirpate its rivals4 ,x coexi/$ ) a mass ( popul> sup]/ition :i* x only g5tly reprobat$ & ) a p[]ful h]$it>y prie/hood1 bo? intellectual & pliant1 t5aci\s ( _! own ideas & yet ready to c\nt5ance almo/ any o!r ideas z ! price ( rul+4 ,nei!r ,islam nor ,*ri/ianity _h su* an adv]s>y1 & bo? ( !m & ev5 ,judaism resemble ,buddhism 9 hav+ won great] success outside _! native l&s ?an 9 !m4 ,j]usalem is n an altoge!r satisfactory spectacle to ei!r ,*ri/ians or ,jews4#bfd ,/ill all ?is does n completely expla9 ! disappe>ance ( ,buddhism f ,india4 ,be=e attempt+ to assign reasons1 we %all d well to review "s facts & dates relat+ to ! p]iod ( decad5ce4 ,if we take all ,india into consid]ation ! p]iod is long1 b 9 _m1 inde$ 9 mo/1 di/ricts ! process ( decay 0 rapid4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,i h m5tion$ ! acc\nts ( ,indian ,buddhism :i* we owe to ! ,*9ese travell]s1 ,hsan ,*uang & ,i-,*+4 ,! latt] frankly deplores ! decay ( ! fai? :i* he _h witness$ 9 8 own life 7i4e4 ab\t #fej-gjj ,a4,d47 b 8 travels 9 ,india 7 ( relatively small ext5t & he gives less local in=mation ?an previ\s pilgrims4 ,hsan ,*uang describ+ ,india 9 #fbi-fde ,a4,d4 is unwill+ to admit ! decay b 8 tru?ful n>rative lets x be se54 ,x is only ( ,b5gal & ! pres5t ,unit$ ,prov9ces t he c be said to give a fav\rable acc\nt1 & ! prosp]ity ( ,buddhism !re 0 l>gely due to ! p]sonal influ5ce ( ,h>%a4#bfe ,9 c5tral & s\!rn ,india1 he tells u ( little b des]t$ mona/]ies4 ,x is cle> t ,buddhism 0 dy+ out b x is n s cle> t x _h ev] be5 ! real religion ( ?is region4 ,9 _m p>ts x did n conqu] ! population b s to speak built =tresses & left g>risons4 ,x is probable t ! ,buddhism ( ,&hra1 ,kal+a & ! s\? 0 repres5t$ by little m ?an su* outpo/s4 ,!y includ$ ,am>vati1 :]e portions ( ! ru9s seem assignable to ab\t #aej ,a4,d41 & ,ajant1 :]e "s ( ! cave pa9t+s are ?\ght to be z late z ! six? c5tury4 ,b ( nei!r site c we give any cont9u\s hi/ory4 ,9 s\!rn ,india ! introduction ( ,buddhism took place "u ! auspices ( ,asoka himself1 ?\gh 8 inscriptions h z yet be5 f\nd only 9 nor!rn ,mysore & n 9 ! ,tamil c\ntry4 ,! ,tamil poems ,manimgalei & ,silappadig>am1 especially ! =m]1 repres5t x z preval5t & /ill pres]v+ mu* ( its anci5t simplicity4 ,ev5 9 lat] times :5 x _h almo/ completely disappe>$ f s\!rn ,india1 occasional ,buddhi/ temples 7 f\nd$4 ,raj>aja end[$ "o at ,negapatam ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,9 #ajee a mona/]y 0 erect$ at ,belgami 9 ,mysore & a ,buddhi/ t[n nam$ ,kalavati is m5tion$ z exi/+ 9 t /ate 9 #aecc4bff ,b 9 spite ( su* survivals1 ev5 9 ! six? c5tury ,buddhism c\ld n compete 9 s\!rn ,india ) ei!r ,ja9ism or ,h9duism & !re are no traces ( its exi/5ce 9 ! ,deccan aft] #aaej4 ,= ! ,konkan1 ,mah>a%tra & ,guj>at1 ,hsan ,*uang's /ati/ics are fairly satisfactory4 ,b 9 all ?is region ! ,sammitya sect :i* app>5tly 0 ne>] to ,h9duism ?an ! o!rs 0 ! mo/ important4 ,9 ,ujja9 ,buddhism 0 almo/ ext9ct b 9 _m ( ! we/]n /ates x l+]$ on1 p]haps only 9 isolat$ mona/]ies1 until ! twelf? c5tury4 ,inscriptions f\nd at ,kanh]i 7#hdc & #hea ,a4,d471 ,dambal 7#ajie ,a4,d47 & 9 ,miraj 7#aaaj ,a4,d47 te/ify t grants 7 made to mona/]ies at ^! late dates4#bfg ,b fur!r nor? ! fai? _h to endure ! viol5ce ( /rang]s4 ,s9d 0 conqu]$ by ! ,arabs 9 #gab2 ,guj>at & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 7 invad$ by nor!rn tribes & su* invasions 7 always inimical to ! prosp]ity ( mona/]ies4 ,?is is ev5 m true ( ! ,panjab1 ! fronti] prov9ces & ,ka%mir4 ,! old] invad]s su* z ! ,yeh-*ih _h be5 fav\rably dispos$ to ,buddhism1 b ^? :o came lat]1 su* z ! ,huns1 7 pr$ace\s b>b>ians ) little religion ( any sort4 ,9 ,hsan ,*uang's "t x 0 only 9 ,udyana t ,buddhism c\ld be said to be ! religion ( ! p & ! torr5t ( ,mohamm$an invasion :i* swept cont9u\sly ?r\gh ^! c\ntries dur+ ! middle ages ov]:elm$ all e>li] religions1 & ev5 ,h9duism _h to yield4 ,9 ,ka%mir ,buddhism soon became corrupt & accord+ to ! ,rjat>ang9#bfh ! monks began to m>ry z e>ly z ! six? c5tury4 ,k+ ,llitditya 7#gcc-gfi7 is cr$it$ ) hav+ built mona/]ies z well z temples to ! ,sun1 b 8 successors 7 ,sivaites4 ,b5gal1 especially we/]n ,b5gal & ,bih>1 0 ! /ronghold ( decad5t ,buddhism1 ?\gh ev5 "h ho/ile influ5ces 7 n abs5t4 ,b ab\t #gcj ,a4,d4 a pi\s ,buddhi/ nam$ ,gopla f\nd$ ! ,pla dyna/y & ext5d$ 8 p[] ov] ,magadha4 ,! ,plas rul$ = ab\t #dej ye>s & suppli$ a long & dev\t l9e ( def5d]s ( ! fai?4 ,b to ! ea/ ( _! dom9ions lay ! pr9cipality ( ,kanauj1 a /ate ( v>y+ size & =tunes & f ! eigh? c5tury onw>ds a /ronghold ( ,brahmanic le>n+4 ,! revolution 9 ,h9duism :i* def9itely defeat$1 ?\gh x did n annihilate ,buddhism1 is g5]ally connect$ ) ! names ( ,kumrila ,bhatta 7c4 #gej7 & ank>a 7c4 #hjj74 ,we "k ! doctr9es ( ^! tea*]s1 = _m ( _! works h come d[n to u1 b :5 we enquire :at 0 _! political importance1 or ! scope & ext5t ( ! movem5t :i* !y *ampion$ we are consci\s 7z s (t57 ( ! extraord9>y vagu5ess ( ,indian records ev5 :5 ! subject might appeal to religi\s & philosophic m9ds4#bfi ,kumrila is said to h be5 a ,brahman ( ,bih> :o abjur$ ,buddhism = ,h9duism & rag$ ) ! ard\r ( a proselyte aga9/ 8 anci5t fai?4 ,tradition#bgj repres5ts him z in/igat+ ,k+ ,sudhanvan to ext]m9ate ! ,buddhi/s4 ,b no?+ is kn[n ( ?is k+ & he _c h _h ! ext5sive empire ) :i* he is cr$it$4 ank>a 0 a ,brahman ( ! s\? :o 9 a %ort life f\nd "t to write num]\s works1 to w&] ov] ,india1 to f\nd a mona/ic ord] & build f\r mona/]ies4 ,9 doctr9e & discipl9e he 0 m pliant ?an ,kumrila & he assimilat$ _m /rong po9ts ( ,buddhism4 ,bo? ^! tea*]s are depict$ z ! successful h]oes ( public disputations 9 :i* ! int]e/ at /ake 0 consid]able4 ,! vanqui%$ _h to become a disciple ( ! vanqui%] or to =feit 8 life &1 if he 0 ! head ( an in/itution1 to surr5d] its prop]ty4 ,^! acc\nts1 ?\gh exagg]at$1 are probably a florid v]sion ( :at occurr$ & we may surmise t ! popul> fai? ( ! day 0 g5]ally victori\s4 ,:at viol5ce ! ris+ tide ( ,h9duism may h wr\ght1 x is h>d to say4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( any g5]al p]secution ( ,buddhism 9 ! s5se 9 :i* "o ,*ri/ian sect p]secut$ ano!r 9 ,europe4 ,b at a r lat] date we he> t ,ja9s 7 p]secut$ & tortur$ by aiva pr9ces bo? 9 s\!rn ,india & ,guj>at1 & if !re 7 any detail$ acc\nt1 epigraphic or lit]>y1 ( su* p]secutions 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies1 !re w\ld be no reason = d\bt+ x4 ,b no details are =?com+4 ,)\t resort+ to massacre1 an anti-,buddhi/ k+ _h 9 8 p[] _m effective me?ods ( ho/ility4 ,he might confiscate or transf] mona/ic prop]ty1 or =bid 8 subjects to support monks4 ,consid]+ ! /ate ( ,buddhism z repres5t$ by ,hsan ,*uang & ,i-,*+ x is probable t su* measures w\ld suffice to ensure ! triumph ( ! ,brahmans 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,india4 ,aft] ! epo* ( ank>a1 ! hi/ory ( ,indian ,buddhism is conf9$ to ! ,pla k+dom4 ,else:]e we he> only ( isolat$ grants to mona/]ies & simil> acts ( piety1 (t5 /rik+ b h>dly wor?y ( m5tion 9 comp>ison ) ! enorm\s numb] ( ,brahmanic inscriptions4 ,b 9 ! ,pla k+dom#bga ,buddhism1 ?\gh corrupt1 0 fl\ri%+ s f> z ! numb] ( its adh]5ts & royal fav\r 7 conc]n$4 ,gopla f\nd$ ! mona/]y ( ,odontapuri or ,ud&apura1 :i* accord+ to "s au?orities 0 9 ! t[n ( ,bih>4 ,dh>mapla ! second k+ ( ! dyna/y 7c4 #hjj ,a4,d47 built on ! nor? bank ( ! ,ganges ! ev5 m celebrat$ ,univ]sity ( ,vikramaila1#bgb :]e _m comm5t>ies 7 compos$4 ,x 0 a c5tre n only ( tantric le>n+ b ( logic & gramm>1 & is int]e/+ z %[+ ! connection betwe5 ,b5gal & ,tibet4 ,tibetans /udi$ !re & ,sanskrit books 7 translat$ into ,tibetan )9 its cloi/]s4 ,dh>mapla is said to h reign$ sixty-f\r ye>s & to h held 8 c\rt at ,patna1 :i* _h fall5 into decay b n[ began to revive4 ,accord+ to ,tran?a 8 successor ,devapla built ,somapuri1 conqu]$ ,orissa & wag$ w> ) ! unbeliev]s :o _h become num]\s1 no d\bt z a result ( ! prea*+ ( ank>a4 ,b z a rule ! ,plas1 ?\gh !y fav\r$ ,buddhism1 did n actively disc\rage ,h9duism4 ,!y ev5 gave grants to ,h9du temples & _! prime m9i/]s 7 g5]ally ,brahmans :o#bgc us$ to erect non-,buddhi/ images 9 ,buddhi/ %r9es4 ,! dyna/y cont9u$ ?r\gh ! elev5? c5tury & 9 ?is p]iod "s in=mation z to ! condition ( ,indian ,buddhism is af=d$ by ! relations betwe5 ,b5gal & ,tibet4 ,aft] ! p]secution ( ! t5? c5tury ,tibetan ,buddhism 0 reviv$ by ! prea*+ ( monks f ,b5gal4 ,mahpla !n occupi$ ! ?rone 7c4 #igh-ajcj7 & dur+ 8 reign v>i\s le>n$ m5 accept$ invitations to ,tibet4 ,m celebrat$ is ! mission ( ,atsa1 a monk ( ! ,vikramaila mona/]y1 :i* took place ab\t #ajch4 ,t ^! two missions %\ld h be5 invit$ & despat*$ %[s t 9 ! elev5? c5tury ,b5gal 0 a c5tre ( ,buddhi/ le>n+4 ,probably ! num]\s ,sanskrit works pres]v$ 9 ,tibetan translations !n exi/$ 9 its mona/]ies4 ,b ab\t ! same "t ! p[] ( ! ,pla dyna/y1 & ) x ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism1 7 curtail$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! rival ,s5a dyna/y 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces4 ,/ill1 "u ,rmapla1 :o reign$ ab\t #aajj1 ! great tea*] ,abhayak>a 0 an ornam5t ( ! ,mahayana4 ,tran?a#bgd says t he correct$ ! text ( ! scriptures & t 9 8 "t !re 7 _m ,p&its & resid5t ,bhik%us 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,vikramasla1 ,bodh-,gaya & ,odontapuri4 ,!re is ?us e reason to suppose t 9 ! twelf? c5tury ,buddhism /ill n\ri%$ 9 ,bih>1 t its cl]gy numb]$ sev]al ?\s&s & its le>n+ 0 held 9 e/eem4 ,! bl[ :i* de/roy$ its p[] 0 /ruck by a ,mohamm$an invasion 9 #aaic4 ,9 t ye> ,ikhtiy>-ud-,d9 ,muhammad1#bge a g5]al ( ,kutb-ud-,d91 invad$ ,bih> ) a b& ( only two hundr$ m5 & ) amaz+ audacity seiz$ ! capital1 :i*1 consi/+ *iefly ( palaces & mona/]ies1 collaps$ )\t a bl[4 ,! monks 7 massacr$ to a man1 & :5 ! victors1 :o appe> n to h und]/ood :at mann] ( place !y _h captur$1 ask$ ! mean+ ( ! libr>ies :i* !y saw1 no "o 0 f\nd capable ( read+ ! books4#bgf ,x 0 9 #aaic also t ,b5>es 0 conqu]$ by ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,i h f\nd no record ( ! sack ( ! mona/]y at ,s>na? b ! ru9s are said to %[ traces ( fire & o!r indications t x 0 ov]:elm$ by "s sudd5 disa/]4 ,! ,mohamm$ans _h no special animus aga9/ ,buddhism4 ,!y 7 iconocla/s :o saw m]it 9 ! de/ruction ( images & ! slaught] ( idolat]s4 ,b :]eas ,h9duism 0 spread ov] ! c\ntry1 ,buddhism 0 conc5trat$ 9 ! great mona/]ies & :5 ^! 7 de/roy$ !re rema9$ no?+ outside !m capable ( )/&+ ei!r ! viol5ce ( ! ,moslims or ! assimilative influ5ce ( ! ,brahmans4 ,h5ce ,buddhism suff]$ f> m f ^! invasions ?an ,h9duism b /ill ve/iges ( x l+]$ long#bgg & exi/ ev5 n[ 9 ,orissa4 ,tran?a says t ! imm$iate result ( ! ,moslim conque/ 0 ! disp]sal ( ! surviv+ tea*]s & ?is may expla9 ! sporadic occurr5ce ( late ,buddhi/ inscriptions 9 o!r p>ts ( ,india4 ,he also tells u t a k+ nam$ ,cangal>ja re/or$ ! ru9$ ,buddhi/ temples ( ,b5gal ab\t #adej4 ,else:]e#bgh he gives a n disc\rag+ picture ( ,buddhism 9 ! ,deccan1 ,guj>at & ,rajputana aft] ! ,moslim conque/ ( ,magadha b adds t ! /udy ( magic became m & m preval5t4 ,9 ! life ( ,caitanya x is /at$ t :5 travell+ 9 s\!rn ,india 7ab\t #aeaj ,a4,d47 he argu$ ) ,buddhi/s & confut$ !m1 app>5tly some:]e 9 ,arcot4#bgi ,manuscripts pres]v$ 9 ,nepal indicate t z late z ! fifte5? or sixte5? c5tury ,b5gali copyi/s wrote out ,buddhi/ works1 & !re is evid5ce t ,bodh-,gaya cont9u$ to be a place ( pilgrimage4 ,9 #aehe x 0 visit$ by a ,nepalese nam$ ,abhaya ,rj :o on 8 return erect$ 9 ,patan a mona/]y imitat$ f :at he _h se5 9 ,b5gal1 & 9 #aggg ! ,ta%i ,lama s5t an embassy4 ,b su* in/ances prove little z to ! religion ( ! surr\nd+ ,h9du population1 = at ! pres5t day num]\s ,buddhi/ pilgrims1 especially ,burmese1 frequ5t ! %r9e4 ,! control ( ! temple pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,brahmans & = ! ord9>y ,b5gali ,buddha became a memb] ( ,india's num]\s pan!on4 ,p&it ,h>apraad ,sa/ri m5tions a s+ul> poem call$ ,buddhac>itra1 complet$ 9 #agaa & celebrat+ an inc>nation ( ,buddha :i* app>5tly comm5c$ 9 #afii & 0 to end 9 ! reappe>ance ( ! gold5 age4 ,b ! be+ call$ ,buddha is a =m ( ,vi%nu & ! "w is z /range a jumble ( religion z x is ( languages1 be+ writt5 9 a curi\s m$ley ( bad ,sanskrit1 bad ,h9di & bad ,bih>i4 ,x is *iefly 9 ,orissa t traces ( ,buddhism c /ill be f\nd )9 ! limits ( ,india prop]4 ,! ,s>aks ( ,b>amba1 ,tig>ia & ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ,cuttack describe !mselves z ,buddhi/s4#bhj ,_! "n is ! mod]n equival5t ( rvaka & !y app>5tly repres5t an anci5t ,buddhi/ community :i* has become a sect>ian ca/e4 ,!y h little k ( _! religion b meet once a ye> 9 ! cave temples ( ,kh&agiri1 to wor%ip a deity call$ ,buddhadeva or ,caturbhuja4 ,all _! c]emonies comm5ce ) ! =mula ,ahims p>ama dh>ma & !y respect ! temple ( ,puri1 :i* is suspect$ ( hav+ a ,buddhi/ orig94 ,nag5dran? ,vasu has publi%$ "s int]e/+ details z to ! survival ( ,buddhi/ ideas 9 ,orissa4#bha ,he traces ! orig9 ( ?is h>dy ?\gh degrad$ =m ( ,mahayanism to ,rmi ,p&it1#bhb a tantric crya ( ,magadha :o wrote a "w call$ nya ,purna :i* became popul>4 ,orissa 0 "o ( ! regions :i* (f]$ ! longe/ resi/ance to ,islam1 = x did n succumb until #aefh4 ,a p]iod ( ivaism 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies is indicat$ by ! temples ( ,bhuvane%w> & o!r monum5ts4 ,b 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies ! reign+ dyna/y 7 wor%ipp]s ( ,vi%nu & built ! great temples at ,puri & ,konrak1 d$icat$ to ,jagann?a & ,srya-nryana respectively4 ,we d n h[ev] he> t !y p]secut$ ,buddhism & !re are reasons = ?9k+ t ,jagann?a is a =m ( ! ,buddha#bhc & t ! temple at ,puri 0 orig9ally a ,buddhi/ site4 ,x is said t x conta9s a gigantic /atue ( ! ,buddha be=e :i* a wall has be5 built & also t ! image ( ,jagann?a1 :i* is little m ?an a log ( wood1 is really a case enclos+ a ,buddhi/ relic4 ,k+ ,pratp>udra 7 #aebi7 p]secut$ ,buddhism1 :i* implies t at ?is late date its adh]5ts 7 suffici5tly num]\s to attract att5tion4 ,ei!r at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign or be=e x !re fl\ri%$ a gr\p ( six poets ( :om ! pr9cipal 7 ,acyutn&a ,dsa & ,caitanya ,dsa4#bhd ,_! works are nom9ally devot$ to ! celebration ( ,kri%na's praises & =m ! *ief v]nacul> scripture ( ! ,vai%navas 9 ,orissa b 9 !m ,kri%na1 or ! highe/ =m ( ! deity by :atev] "n he is call$1 is con/antly id5tifi$ ) nya or ! ,void1 t fav\rite t]m ( ,mahayani/ philosophy4 ,passages f !m are also quot$ /at+ t 9 ! ,kali age ! foll[]s ( ! ,buddha mu/ disguise !mselves2 t !re are #cjjj crypto-,buddhi/s hidd5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,orissa1 t ,h>i has be5 inc>nate 9 _m ,buddhas & t ! ,buddha w appe> aga9 on e>?4 ,! phrase ,i take refuge 9 ! ,buddha1 9 ,mt diakti 7 ,dh>ma7 & 9 ! ,sangha is also quot$ f ^! works & ,caitanya ,dsa describes five ,vi%nus1 :o are app>5tly id5tical ) ! five ,dhyni ,buddhas4#bhe ,tran?a /ates t ! la/ k+ ( ,orissa1 ,mukunda ,deva1 :o 0 ov]?r[n by ! ,mohamm$ans 9 #aefh1 0 a ,buddhi/ & f\nd$ "s temples & mona/]ies4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re fl\ri%$ a ,buddhi/ poet nam$ ,mahdevadsa1#bhf & ! ,tibetan pilgrim ,buddhagupta visit$ among o!r sites ! old capital ( ,mayurabhanja & saw a /upa !re4 ,x is claim$ t ! tribe kn[n z ,b?uris or ,buris h always be5 crypto-,buddhi/s & h pres]v$ _! anci5t cu/oms4 ,!y are h[ev] no cr$it to _! religion1 = "o ( _! pr9cipal c]emonies is hook-sw++4#bhg ,! doctr9e ( ! ,b?uris is call$ ,mahim ,dh>ma & exp]i5c$ an int]e/+ revival 9 #ahge4bhh ,a bl9d man nam$ ,bhma ,bhoi _h a vision ( ! ,buddha :o re/or$ 8 sight & bade him prea* ! law4 ,he attract$ "s ?\s&s ( adh]5ts & l$ a b& to ,puri proclaim+ t 8 mission 0 to br+ to light ! /atue ( ,buddha conceal$ 9 ! temple4 ,! ,raja resi/$ ! attempt & ! foll[]s ( ,bhma ,bhoi 7 wor/$ 9 a sangu9>y enc\nt]4 ,s9ce t "t !y h retir$ to ! m remote di/ricts ( ,orissa & are said to hold t ! ,buddha w appe> aga9 9 a new inc>nation4 ,!y are also call$ ,kumbhipatias & accord+ to ! la/ c5sus ( ,india 7#aiaa7 are ho/ile to ,brahmans & probably numb] ab\t #be1jjj4 ,traces ( ,buddhism also survive 9 ! wor%ip ( a deity call$ ,dh>ma-,rj or ,dh>ma-,?akur :i* /ill prevails 9 we/]n & s\!rn ,b5gal4#bhi ,prie/s ( ?is wor%ip are usually n ,brahmans b ( l[ ca/e1 & ,h>aprasad ?9ks t ! laity :o foll[ x may numb] sev]al millions4 ,?\gh ,dh>ma has come to be associat$ ) ! goddess ( smallpox & is believ$ ev5 by 8 ador]s to be a =m ( ,vi%nu or ( iva1 yet ,dhyna1 or m$itation1 =ms a "p ( 8 wor%ip & ! pray]s & lit]ature ( ! sect reta9 "s traces ( 8 orig94 ,?us he is said to be highly hon\r$ 9 ,ceylon & receives ! epi!t nyamrti4 ,a corrupt =m ( ,buddhism /ill exi/s 9 ,nepal4#bij ,?is c\ntry :5 fir/ he>d ( 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,nev>s :o h pres]v$ "s traditions ( a migration f ! nor? & are ak9 to ! ,tibetans 9 race & language1 ?\gh l _m non-,aryan tribes !y h endeav\r$ to inv5t = !mselves a ,h9du p$igree4 ,buddhism 0 introduc$ "u ,asoka4 ,z ,indian influ5ce 0 /rong & communication ) ,tirhut & ,b5gal easy1 x is probable t ,buddhism 9 ,nepal reflect$ ! phases :i* x und]w5t 9 ,b5gal4 ,a ,nepalese inscription ( ! sev5? c5tury gives a li/ ( %r9es ( :i* sev5 are ivaite1 six ,buddhi/ & f\r ,vi%nuite4#bia ,aft] t date x 0 m successful 9 ma9ta9+ itself1 = x did n suff] f ,mohamm$an attacks & 0 less expos$ to ! assimilative influ5ce ( ,brahmanism4 ,t influ5ce h[ev]1 ?\gh op]at+ 9 a =eign c\ntry & on p n br$ among ,brahmanic traditions1 0 nev]!less /rong4 ,9 #acbd ! k+ ( ,tirhut1 be+ expell$ !nce by ,mohamm$ans1 seiz$ ! ?rone ( ,nepal & br\ght ) him _m le>n$ ,brahmans4 ,8 dyna/y 0 n p]man5t b lat] 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury a subsequ5t rul]1 ,jaya/hiti1 organiz$ society & religion 9 consultation ) ! ,brahman immigrants4 ,! foll[]s ( ! two religions 7 arrang$ 9 p>allel divisions1 a gr\p ( ,buddhi/s classifi$ accord+ to occupation correspond+ to ea* ,h9du ca/e1 & appropriate rules & c]emonies 7 prescrib$ = ! diff]5t sections4 ,! code !n e/abli%$ is /ill 9 =ce 9 ess5tials & ,nepal1 be+ intellectually ! pupil ( ,india1 has cont9u$ to receive su* new ideas z appe>$ 9 ! pla9s ( ,b5gal4 ,:5 ^! asc5d$ to ! m\nta9 valleys !y 7 adopt$1 ) free modification ( old & new mat]ial alike1 by bo? ,buddhi/s & ,h9dus1 b z bo? sects 7 geographically isolat$1 ea* t5d$ to resemble ! o!r m ?an ei!r resembl$ normal ,buddhism or ,h9duism4 ,naturally ! new ideas 7 ma9ly ,brahmanic & ,buddhism _h no *ance ( be+ =tifi$ by an importation ( ev5 mod]ately or?odox doctr9e4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury arose ! community ( w&]+ ascetics call$ ,n?as :o 7 rev]5c$ by ,h9dus & ,buddhi/s alike4 ,!y reject$ ! obs]vances ( bo? cre$s b (t5 comb9$ _! doctr9es &1 ?\gh disav[$ by ! ,brahmans1 ex]cis$ a consid]able influ5ce among ! l[] ca/es4 ,"s ( ! peculi> deities ( ,nepal1 su* z ,matsy5dran?1 h attributes traceable to ^! w&]]s4 ,9 #agfi ,nepal 0 conqu]$ by ! ,gurkhas4 ,?is tribe seems relat$ to ! ,tibetan /ock1 z are ! ,nev>s1 b x _h long be5 ,h9duiz$ & claim$ a ,rajput ance/ry4 ,?us ,gurkha rule has fav\r$ & accel]at$ ! h9duiz+ ( ,nepalese ,buddhism4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,hodgson ! wor%ip ( ! di-,buddha1 or an orig9al div9e ,buddha practically equival5t to ,god1 has be5 (t5 describ$ z *>act]i/ic ( ,nepalese religion & su* a wor%ip und\bt$ly exi/s4 ,b rec5t acc\nts indicate t x is n prom95t & also t x c h>dly be consid]$ a di/9ct type ( mono!i/ic ,buddhism4 ,! idea t ! five ,dhyni-,buddhas are emanations or manife/ations ( a s+le primordial ,buddha-_s is a natural developm5t ( ,mahayani/ ideas1 b no def9ite /atem5t ( x e>li] ?an ! ,klacakra lit]ature is =?com+1 ?\gh _m e>li] works po9t t[>ds x4#bib ,9 mod]n ,nepal ! *ief temple ( ! di-,buddha is on ! hill ( ,svayambh 7! self-exi/5t7 ne> ,katm&u4 ,accord+ to a leg5d pres]v$ 9 ! ,svayambh ,purna1 a special div9e manife/ation occurr$ 9 anci5t times on an adjo9+ lake2 a miracul\s lotus arose on its surface1 be>+ an image1 ov] :i* a ,caitya 0 subsequ5tly erect$4 ,! %r9e is greatly v5]at$ b ?is di-,buddha1 or ,svayambh1 does n diff] ess5tially f o!r miracul\s images 9 ,india :i* are said n to consi/ ( ord9>y matt] b to embody 9 "s special way ! nature ( a deity4 ,! religion ( ,nepal is less rem>kable = new developm5ts ( ,buddhism ?an = ! s+ul> fusion ( ,buddhism ) ,h9duism :i* x pres5ts & :i* helps u to und]/& :at mu/ h be5 ! la/ phase 9 ,b5gal4 ,! ,nepalese ,brahmans tol]ate ,buddhism4 ,! ,nepla-mhtmya says t to wor%ip ,buddha is to wor%ip iva1 & ! ,svayambh ,purna returns ! complim5t by recomm5d+ ! wor%ip ( ,paupati4#bic ,! (ficial it9]>y ( ! ,h9du pilgrim includes ,svayambh1 :]e he adores ,buddha "u t "n4 ,m (t5 ! two religions adore ! same image "u diff]5t names3 :at is ,avalokita to ! "o is ,mahkla to ! o!r4 ,durg is expla9$ z be+ ! inc>nation ( ! ,praj-pramit & %e is ev5 id5tifi$ ) ! di-,buddha4 ,! ,nepalese pan!on l ! ,tibetan conta9s ?ree elem5ts1 (t5 unit$ 9 mod]n leg5ds3 fir/ly aborig9al deities1 su* z ,nagas & o!r nature spirits3 secondly def9itely ,buddhi/ deities or ,bodhisattvas ( :om ,majur receives ! mo/ hon\r3 ?irdly ,h9du deities su* z ,ganea & ,kri%na4 ,! popul> deity ,matsy5drana? appe>s to comb9e all ?ree elem5ts 9 8 own p]son4 ,mod]n acc\nts ( ,nepal leave ! impression t ev5 corrupt ,buddhism is 9 a bad way1 yet ! numb] ( religi\s e/abli%m5ts is consid]able4 ,celibacy is n obs]v$ by _! inmates1 :o are call$ banras 7b&yas74 ,on ent]+ ! ord] ! novice takes ! anci5t v[s b aft] f\r days he returns to 8 tutor1 confesses t !y are too h>d = him & is absolv$ f 8 obligations4 ,! classes kn[n z ,bhik%us & ,gubhrjus (ficiate z prie/s1 ! latt] be+ ! high] ord]4 ,! pr9cipal c]emony is ! (f]+ ( melt$ butt]4 ,! m le>n$ ,gubhrjus receive ! title ( ,vajrcrya#bid & h ! sole "r ( (ficiat+ at m>riages & fun]als4 ,!re is little le>n+4 ,! olde/ scriptures 9 use are ! s-call$ n9e ,dh>mas4#bie ,hodgson describes ^! works z mu* v5]at$ & ,raj5dralal ,mitra has analys$ !m1 b ,sylva9 ,lvi he>d little ( !m 9 #ahih1 ?\gh he m5tions ! recitation ( ! ,praj-pramit4 ,! ,svayambh ,purna is an acc\nt ( ! manife/ation ( ! di-,buddha writt5 9 ! /yle ( ^? portions ( ! ,brahmanic ,purnz :i* treat ( ! glories ( "s sacr$ place4 ,9 its pres5t =m x c h>dly be e>li] ?an ! sixte5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! ,nepla-mhtmya is a simil> "w :i*1 ?\gh ( ,brahmanic orig91 puts ,buddha1 ,vi%nu & iva on ! same foot+ & id5tifies ! fir/ ) ,kri%na4 ,! ,vgvat-mhtmya#bif on ! o!r h& is /rictly ivaite & ignores ,buddha's claims to wor%ip4 ,! ,vmvali1 or ,*ronicle ( ,nepal1 writt5 9 ! ,gurkha language 7,p>batiya7 is also l>gely occupi$ ) an acc\nt ( sacr$ sites & build+s & exi/s 9 two v]sions1 "o ,buddhi/1 ! o!r ,brahmanical4 ,b let u return to ! decad5ce ( ,buddhism 9 ,india4 ,x is pla9 t p]secution 0 n its ma9 cause nor ev5 v important among ! accessory causes4 ,! available records conta9 cle>] /atem5ts ab\t ! p]secution ( ,ja9ism ?an ( ,buddhism b no d\bt ! latt] came 9 = "s r\gh h&l+1 ?\gh n en\gh to annihilate a vigor\s sect4 ,great numb]s ( mona/]ies 9 ! nor? 7 demoli%$ by ! ,huns & a simil> cata/rophe br\ght ab\t ! collapse ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,bih>4 ,b ?is la/ incid5t _c be call$ religi\s p]secution1 = ,muhammad did n ev5 "k :at he 0 de/roy+4 ,buddhism did n ar\se m animosity ?an o!r ,indian religions3 ! significant feature is t :5 its temples & mona/]ies 7 demoli%$ x did n live on 9 ! he>ts ( ! p1 z did ,h9duism ) all its faults4 ,! relation betwe5 ! laity & ! ,*ur* 9 ,buddhism is curi\s & has _h s]i\s consequ5ces = bo? good & evil4 ,! layman takes refuge 9 ! ,buddha1 8 law & 8 *ur* b does n swe> exclusive allegiance3 to foll[ supplem5t>y obs]vances is n treasonable1 provid$ !y are n 9 !mselves objectionable4 ,! ,buddha prescrib$ no c]emonies = bir?s1 dea?s & m>riages & app>5tly expect$ ! laity to cont9ue 9 ! obs]vance ( su* rites z 7 9 use4 ,to-day 9 ,*9a & ,japan ! good layman is little m ?an "o :o pays m att5tion to ,buddhism ?an to o!r fai?s4 ,?is *>itable pliancy _h mu* to d ) ! victories ( ,buddhism 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 :]e x _h to /ruggle aga9/ /rong prejudices & c\ld h>dly h made its way if x _h be5 intol]ant ( local deities4 ,b 9 ,india we see ! disadvantages ( ! omission to make ! laity memb]s ( a special corporation & ! survival ( ! ,ja9s1 :o d =m su* a corporation1 is a cle> object lesson4 ,social life 9 ,india t5ds to comb9e m5 9 ca/es or 9 communities :i* if n ca/es 9 ! te*nical s5se h mu* ! same "*4 ,su* communities h great vitality s long z !y ma9ta9 _! peculi> usages1 b :5 !y cease to d s !y soon dis9tegrate & are reabsorb$4 ,buddhism f ! fir/ nev] took ! =m ( a corporation4 ,! special community :i* x in/itut$ 0 ! sangha or body ( monks4 ,o!rwise1 x aim$ n at f\nd+ a sect b at includ+ all ! _w z lay believ]s on easy t]ms4 ,?is pr9ciple work$ well s long z ! fai? 0 9 ! asc5d5t b its effect 0 disa/r\s :5 decl9e began4 ,! l9e divid+ ,buddhi/ laym5 f ord9>y ,h9dus became less & less m>k$3 di/9ctive tea*+ 0 f\nd only 9 ! mona/]ies3 ^! became poorly recruit$ & z !y 7 gradually des]t$ or de/roy$ by ,mohamm$ans ! religion ( ! ,buddha disappe>$ f 8 native l&4 ,ev5 9 ! mona/]ies ! doctr9e taught bore a clos] resemblance to ,h9duism ?an to ! prea*+ ( ,gotama & x is ?is abs5ce ( ! prote/ant _s1 ?is pliant adaptability to ! ideas ( ea* age1 :i* caus$ ,indian ,buddhism to lose its individuality & sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,9 "s localities its disappe>ance & absorption 7 prec$$ by a mon/r\s phase1 kn[n z ,tantrism or ktism1 9 :i* ! wor/ elem5ts ( ,h9duism1 ^? :i* w\ld h be5 mo/ repulsive to ,gotama1 made an unnatural alliance ) 8 *ur*4 ,i treat ( ,tantrism & ktism 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( ,tantra z appli$ to lit]>y compositions is a simplifi$ manual4#big ,?us we he> ( ,vi%nuite ,tantras & 9 ?is s5se !re is a real simil>ity betwe5 ,buddhi/ & tantric tea*+1 = bo? set aside ,brahmanic tradition z ne$lessly complicat$ & bo? pr(ess to prea* a simple & practical road to salvation4 ,b 9 ,h9duism & ,buddhism alike su* words z ,tantra & tantric acquire a special s5se & imply ! wor%ip ( ! div9e en]gy 9 a female =m call$ by _m names su* z ,kl 9 ! =m]1 ,tr 9 ! latt]4 ,?is wor%ip :i* 9 my op9ion %\ld be call$ ktism r ?an ,tantrism comb9es _m elem5ts3 anci5t1 savage sup]/itions z well z +5i\s b fanciful speculation1 b its ess5ce is always magic4 ,x attempts to atta9 by magical or sacram5tal =mul & acts n only prosp]ity & p[] b salvation1 nirvana & union ) ! supreme _s4 ,"s ( its sects practise secret immoral rites4 ,x is sad to confess t deg5]ate ,buddhism did n rema9 uncorrupt$ by su* abuses4 ,x is always a difficult & speculative task to trace ! e>ly /ages ( new movem5ts 9 ,indian religion1 b x is cle> t by ! eigh? c5tury & p]haps e>li] ! ,buddhism ( ,bih> & ,b5gal _h fall5 a prey to ?is influ5ce4 ,app>5tly ! public ritual 9 ! ,vihras rema9$ un*ang$ & ! usual language ab\t nirvna & nyat 0 n disc>d$1 b x 0 taught t ^? :o foll[$ a c]ta9 curriculum c\ld obta9 salvation by magical me?ods4 ,to ent] ?is curriculum x 0 necess>y to h a qualifi$ tea*] & to receive f him initiation or baptism 7abhi%eka74 ,( ! subsequ5t rites ! mo/ important is to evoke "o ( ! _m ,buddhas or ,bodhisattvas recogniz$ by ! ,mahayana & id5tify oneself ) him4#bih ,he :o wi%es to d ?is is (t5 call$ a sdhaka or magician b 8 a*ievem5ts1 l _m ,indian miracles1 are due to self-hypnotization4 ,he is direct$ to repair to a lonely place & (f] wor%ip !re ) fl[]s & pray]s4 ,to ?is (fice succe$ prolong$ ex]cises 9 m$itation :i* d n dep>t mu* f ! anci5t canon s9ce !y include ! f\r ,brahm-vihras4 ,_! object is to suppress ?\ght & leave ! m9d empty4 ,!n ! sdhaka fills ?is void ) ! image ( "s ,bodhisattva1 = in/ance ,avalokita4 ,?is he does by utt]+ my/ic syllables call$ bja or se$1 because !y are suppos$ to g]m9ate & gr[ into ! figures :i* he wi%es to produce4 ,9 ?is way he imag9es t he sees ! emblems ( ! ,bodhisattva spr+ up r\nd him "o by "o & f9ally he himself assumes ! %ape ( ,avalokita & becomes "o ) him4 ,some?+ simil> /ill exi/s 9 ,tibet :]e e ,lama *ooses a tutel>y deity or ,yi-dam :om he summons 9 visible =m aft] m$itation & fa/+4#bii ,?\gh ?is proc$ure :5 set =? me?odically 9 a m$ival manual seems an absurd trave/y ( ,buddhism1 yet x has l9ks ) ! e>ly fai?4 ,x is admitt$ 9 ! ,pitakas t c]ta9 =ms ( m$itation#cjj lead to union ) ,brahm & x is no great *ange to make !m lead to union ) o!r sup]natural be+s4 ,/ill we are n "h brea?+ ! atmosph]e ( ! ,pitakas4 ,! object is n to %>e ,brahm's heav5 b to become tempor>ily id5tifi$ ) a deity1 & ?is is n a byway ( religion b ! high road4 ,b !re is a fur!r /age ( degradation4 ,i h already m5tion$ t v>i\s ,bodhisattvas are repres5t$ z accompani$ by a female deity1 p>ticul>ly ,avalokita by ,tr4 ,! my?ological & metaphysical ideas :i* h gr[n up r\nd iva & ,durg also atta*$ !mselves to ^! c\ples4 ,! ,buddha or ,bodhisattva is repres5t$ z enjoy+ nirvana because he is unit$ to 8 sp\se1 & to ! ?ree bodies already enum]at$ is add$ a f\r?1 ! body ( p]fect bliss4#cja ,sometimes ?is idea m]ely leads to fur!r developm5ts ( ! practices describ$ above4 ,?us ! devotee may imag9e t he ent]s into ,tr z an embryo & is born ( h] z a ,buddha4#cjb ,m (t5 ! argum5t is t s9ce ! bliss ( ! ,buddha consi/s 9 union ) ,tr1 nirvana c be obta9$ by sexual union "h1 & we f9d _m ( ! tantric wiz>ds repres5t$ z accompani$ by female companions4 ,! adept %\ld avoid all action b he is beyond good & evil & ! dang]\s doctr9e t he c d evil ) impunity1 :i* ! m respectable sects repudiate1 is expressly taught4 ,! sage is n defil$ by passion b conqu]s passion by passion3 he %\ld commit e infamy3 he %\ld rob1 lie & kill ,buddhas4#cjc ,^! crazy precepts are probably little m ?an a speculative application to ! moral sph]e ( ! doctr9e t all ?+s are non-exi/5t & h5ce equival5t4 ,b ?\gh tantri/s did n g ab\t robb+ & murd]+ s freely z _! pr9ciples all[$1 !re is "s evid5ce t 9 ! p]iod ( decad5ce ! morality ( ! ,bhik%us _h fall5 into great discr$it4 ,?us 9 ! allegorical ,vi%nuite drama call$ ,prabodhac&rodaya & writt5 at ,kalanj> ne> ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury ,buddhi/s & ,ja9s are repres5t$ z succumb+ to ! temptations ( inebriety & voluptu\sness4 ,x is necess>y to m5tion ?is phase ( decad5ce b no good purpose w\ld be s]v$ by dwell+ fur!r on ! absurd & (t5 disgu/+ prescriptions ( su* works z ! ,ta?gata-guhyaka4 ,if ! ,european read] is incl9$ to condemn unres]v$ly a religion :i* ev5 9 decrepitude c\ld f9d place = su* mon/rosities1 he %\ld rememb] t ! ab]rations ( ,indian religion are due n to its inh]5t depravity1 b to its univ]sality4 ,9 ,europe ^? :o foll[ disreputable occupations r>ely suppose t !y h any?+ to d ) ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ,india1 robb]s1 murd]]s1 gambl]s1 pro/itutes1 & maniacs all h _! appropriate gods1 & _h ! ,m>quis de ,sade be5 a ,h9du he w\ld probably h f\nd$ a new tantric sect4 ,b ?\gh ! details ( ktism are an unpr(itable /udy1 x is ( "s importance to asc]ta9 :5 x fir/ invad$ ,buddhism & to :at ext5t x sup]s$$ old] ideas4 ,"s critics#cjd seem to imply--= _! /atem5ts are n v explicit--t ktism =m$ "p if n ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,buddha1 at lea/ ( ! m$ley ( beliefs held by 8 disciples4 ,b ,i see no pro( t kti/ beliefs--t is to say erotic my/icism f\nd$ on ! wor%ip ( goddesses--7 preval5t 9 ,magadha or ,kosala be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,al?\gh ,siri1 ! goddess ( luck1 is m5tion$ 9 ! ,pitakas1 ! popul> deities :om !y br+ on ! sc5e are almo/ exclusively mascul9e4#cje ,& ?\gh 9 ! old] ,brahmanic books !re are passages :i* might easily become tantric1 yet ! transition is n made & ! important tru?s ( religion are kept di/9ct f unclean rites & ?\ghts4 ,! ,brihad-ranyaka conta9s a *apt] :i* h>dly admits ( translation b ! object ( ! practices inculcat$ is simply to ensure ! bir? ( a son4 ,! same "w 7n )\t analogies 9 ! ec/atic utt]ances ( ,*ri/ian sa9ts7 boldly comp>es union ) ! tman to ! bliss ( "o :o is embrac$ by a belov$ wife1 b ?is is a m]e illu/ration & !re is no h9t ( ! doctr9e t ! goal ( ! religi\s life is obta9able by mai?una4 ,/ill su* passages1 ?\gh innoc5t 9 !mselves1 make x easy to see h[ degrad+ sup]/itions f\nd an easy entrance into ! noble/ edifices ( ,indian ?\ght & possibly "s h]esies condemn$ 9 ! ,ka?vat?u#cjf indicate t ev5 at ?is e>ly date ! ,buddhi/ ,*ur* 0 contam9at$ by erotic fancies4 ,b1 if s1 !re is no evid5ce t su* malpractices 7 widespread4 ,! app5dices to ! ,lotus#cjg %[ t ! wor%ip ( a _m-nam$ goddess1 invok$ z a def5d] ( ! fai?1 0 beg9n+ to be a recogniz$ feature ( ,buddhism4 ,b !y conta9 no indications ( left-h&$ ,tantrism & ! be/ pro( t x did n become preval5t until mu* lat] is af=d$ by ! n>ratives ( ! ?ree ,*9ese pilgrims :o all describe ! condition ( religion 9 ,india & notice any?+ :i* !y ?\ght s+ul> or repreh5sible4 ,fa-,hsi5 does n m5tion ! wor%ip ( any female deity1#cjh nor does ! ,life ( ,vasub&hu1 b ,asanga appe>s to allude to ktism 9 "o passage4#cji ,hsan ,*uang m5tions images ( ,tr b )\t h9t+ at tantric ritual1 nor does ,i-,*+ allude to x1 nor does ! evid5ce ( art & inscriptions atte/ its exi/5ce4 ,x may h be5 kn[n z a =m ( popul> sup]/ition & ev5 h be5 practis$ by individual ,bhik%us1 b ! sil5ce ( ,i-,*+ makes x improbable t x 0 !n c\nt5anc$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,magadha4 ,he compla9s#caj ( ^? :o neglect ! ,v9aya & devote _! :ole att5tion to ! doctr9e ( no?+ness1 b he says n a ^w ab\t tantric abuses4#caa ,! *ange probably occurr$ 9 ! next half c5tury#cab = ,padma-,sambhava1 ! f\nd] ( ,lamaism :o is said to h resid$ 9 ,gaya & ,nal&a & to h arriv$ 9 ,tibet 9 #gdg ,a4,d41 is repres5t$ by tradition z a tantric wiz>d1 & ab\t ! same "t translations ( ,tantras beg9 to appe> 9 ,*9ese4 ,! translations ( ! six? & sev5? c5turies1 includ+ ^? ( ,i-,*+1 comprise a consid]able ?\gh n prepond]ant numb] ( ,dhrans4 ,aft] ! sev5? c5tury ^! became v num]\s & sev]al ,tantras 7 also translat$4#cac ,! inf]5ce seems to be t e>ly 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,indian ,buddhi/s (ficially recogniz$ ,tantrism4 ,tantric ,buddhism 0 due to ! mixture ( ,mahayani/ tea*+ ) aborig9al sup]/itions absorb$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,h9duism1 ?\gh 9 "s cases !re may h be5 direct contact & mutual influ5ce betwe5 ,mahayanism & aborig9al beliefs4 ,b z a rule :at happ5$ 0 t aborig9al deities 7 id5tifi$ ) ,h9du deities & ,buddhism _h n suffici5t indep5d5ce to keep its own pan!on di/9ct1 s t ,vairocana & ,tr receiv$ mo/ ( ! attributes1 brahmanic or b>b>\s1 giv5 to iva or ,kli4 ,! wor%ip ( ! goddesses1 describ$ 9 _! ,h9duiz$ =m z ,durg1 ,kl1 etc41 ?\gh f\nd 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,india 0 specially preval5t 9 ! sub-himalayan di/ricts bo? ea/ & we/4 ,n[ ,padma-,sambhava 0 a native ( ,udyna or ,swat & ,tran?a repres5ts ! *ief ,tantri/s#cad z com+ f !re or visit+ x4 ,hsan ,*uang#cae tells u t ! inhabitants 7 dev\t ,mahayani/s b specially exp]t 9 magic & exorcism4 ,he also describes no less ?an f\r sacr$ places 9 x :]e ! ,buddha 9 previ\s bir?s gave 8 fle%1 blood or bones = ! good ( o!rs4 ,h we "h 9 a ,buddhi/ =m "s anci5t leg5d ( dismemb]m5t l t told ( ,sat 9 ,assam8 ,( ,ka%mir he says t its religion 0 a mixture ( ,buddhism ) o!r beliefs4#caf ,^! are precisely ! conditions mo/ fav\rable to ! gr[? ( ,tantrism & ?\gh ! bulk ( ! population are n[ ,mohamm$ans1 wit*craft & sorc]y are /ill rampant4 ,among ! ,h9du ,ka%mris#cag ! mo/ preval5t religion has always be5 ! wor%ip ( iva1 especially 9 ! =m repres5t+ him z half male1 half female4 ,?is cult is n f> f ktism & _m allusions#cah 9 ! ,rjat>ang9 indicate t left-h& wor%ip 0 kn[n1 ?\gh ! au?or satirizes x z a corruption4 ,he also sev]al times m5tions#cai ,mtri-cakras1 t is circles sacr$ to ! ,mo!rs or tantric goddesses4 ,9 ,nepal & ,tibet tantric ,buddhism is fully develop$ b ^! c\ntries h receiv$ s mu* f ,india t !y exhibit n a p>allel gr[?1 b late ,indian ,tantrism z import$ ready-made f ,b5gal4 ,x is "h t we come ne>e/ to ! orig9s ( ,tantrism1 = ?\gh ! same beliefs may h fl\ri%$ 9 ,udyna & ,ka%mir !y did n spread mu* 9 ! ,panjab or ,h9du/an1 :]e _! progress 0 h9d]$ at fir/ by a heal?y & vigor\s ,h9duism & subsequ5tly by ,mohamm$an invasions4 ,b f #gjj to #aaig ,a4,d4 ,b5gal 0 remote alike f ! ma9 curr5ts ( ,indian religion & f =eign raids3 little ,aryan ?\ght or le>n+ leav5$ ! local sup]/itions :i* 7 infect+ & /ifl+ decad5t ,buddhism4 ,hsan ,*uang in=ms u t ,bhask>av>ma k+ ( ,km>pa#cbj att5d$ ! ftes celebrat$ by ,h>%a 9 #fdd ,a4,d4 & inscriptions f\nd at ,tezpur indicate t k+s ) ,h9du names reign$ 9 ,assam ab\t #hjj ,a4,d4 ,?is is agreeable to ! supposition t an amalgamation ( ivaism & aborig9al religion may h be5 9 =mation ab\t #gjj ,a4,d4 & h influ5c$ ,buddhism4 ,9 ,bih> f ! eigh? c5tury onw>ds ! influ5ce ( ,tantrism 0 p[]ful & disa/r\s4 ,! be/ in=mation ab\t ?is epo* is /ill to be f\nd 9 ,tran?a1 9 spite ( 8 defects4 ,he makes ! int]e/+ /atem5t t 9 ! reign ( ,gopla :o 0 a ,buddhi/1 al?\gh 8 m9i/]s 7 n 7#gcj-gdj ,a4,d471 ! ,buddhi/s wi%$ _! religi\s build+s to be kept sep>ate f ,h9du temples b t1 9 spite ( prote/s1 life-siz$ images ( ,h9du deities 7 erect$ 9 !m4#cba ,! ritual too 0 affect$1 = we he> sev]al times ( burnt (f]+s#cbb & h[ ,bodhibhadra1 "o ( ! lat] pr(essors ( ,vikramaila1 0 le>n$ 9 ! my/ic lore ( bo? ,buddhi/s & ,brahmans4 ,nal&a & ! o!r vih>as cont9u$ to be seats ( le>n+ & n m]ely mona/]ies1 & = "s "t !re 0 a regul> succession ( tea*]s4 ,tran?a gives u to und]/& t !re 7 _m /ud5ts & au?ors b t sorc]y occupi$ an increas+ly important position4 ,( mo/ tea*]s we are told t !y saw "s deity1 su* z ,avalokita or ,tr4 ,! deity 0 summon$ by ! rites already describ$#cbc & ! object ( ! p]=m] 0 to obta9 magical p[]s or siddhi4 ,! successful sorc]] 0 kn[n z siddha1 & we he> ( #hd mahsiddhas1 /ill celebrat$ 9 ,tibet1 :o ext5d f ,rahulabhadra ,ngrjuna to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,_m ( !m be> names :i* appe> n to be ,indian4 ,! topics treat$ ( 9 ! ,tantras are divid$ into ,kriy 7ritual71 ,c>y 7app>5tly correspond+ to ,v9aya71 ,yoga1 & ,anutt>a-yoga4 ,sometimes ! fir/ ?ree are contra/$ ) ! f\r? & sometimes ! fir/ two are describ$ z l[]1 ! ?ird & f\r? z high]4 ,b ! ,anutt>a-yoga is always consid]$ ! highe/ & mo/ my/]i\s4#cbd ,tran?a says#cbe t ! ,tantras began to appe> simultane\sly ) ! ,mahayana stras b adds t ! ,anutt>a-yoga tantras appe>$ gradually4#cbf ,he also obs]ves t ! crya n&a-g>bha#cbg did mu* to spread !m 9 ,magadha4 ,x is n until a late p]iod ( ! ,pla dyna/y t he m5tions ! ,klacakra :i* is ! mo/ extravagant =m ( ,buddhi/ ,tantrism4 ,?is accords ) o!r /atem5ts to ! effect t ! ,klacakra tantra 0 introduc$ 9 #ife ,a4,d4 f ambhala1 a my/]i\s c\ntry 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,?is sy/em is said to be ,vi%nuite r ?an ivaite4 ,x specially patronizes ! cult ( ! my/ic ,buddhas su* z ,klacakra & ,h]uka1 all ( :om appe> to be reg>d$ z =ms ( di-,buddha or ! primordial ,buddha ess5ce4 ,! ,siddha nam$ ,pito is also describ$ z ! au?or ( ?is doctr9e1#cbh :i* _h less importance 9 ,india ?an 9 ,tibet4 ,on ! o!r h& ,tran?a gives u ! names ( sev]al doctors ( ! ,v9aya :o fl\ri%$ "u ! ,pla dyna/y4 ,ev5 z late z ! reign ( ,rmapla 78 #ajhj-aabj7 we he> t ! ,h9ayani/s 7 num]\s4 ,9 ! reign ( ,dh>mapla 7c4 #hjj ,a4,d47 "s ( !m broke up ! great silv] image ( ,h]uka at ,bodh-,gaya & burnt ! books ( ,mantras4#cbi ,^! in/ances %[ t ! old] ,buddhism 0 n entirely ov]:elm$ by ,tantrism#ccj ?\gh p]haps x 0 kept alive m by pilgrims ?an by local s5tim5t4 ,?us ! ,*9ese inscriptions ( ,bodh-,gaya ?\gh !y speak at l5g? ( ! ?ree bodies ( ,buddha %[ no signs ( ,tantrism4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! wor%ip celebrat$ 9 ! holy places ( ,magadha pres]v$ a respectable side until ! end4 ,9 ! same way al?\gh ,tantrism is /rong 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,lamas1 none ( ! _m descriptions ( ,tibet indicate t !re is any?+ sc&al\s 9 ! ext]nals ( religion4 ,probably 9 ,tibet1 ,nepal & m$ival ,magadha alike ! exi/5ce ( disgraceful tantric lit]ature does n indicate su* widespread depravity z might be suppos$4 ,b ( its putrefy+ influ5ce 9 corrupt+ ! m9ds ( ^? :o ought to h pres]v$ ! pure fai? !re c be no d\bt4 ,m ?an any o!r =m ( mix$ belief x oblit]at$ ess5tial diff]5ces1 = ,buddhi/ ,tantrism & ivaite ,tantrism are m]ely two v>ieties ( ,tantrism4 ,:at is happ5+ at ,bodh-,gaya at pres5t#cca illu/rates h[ ,buddhism disappe>$ f ,india4 ,! abbot ( a neighb\r+ ivaite mona/]y :o claims ! temple & gr\nds does n wi%1 z a ,mohamm$an might1 to de/roy ! build+ or ev5 to efface ,buddhi/ emblems4 ,he wi%es to sup]vise ! :ole e/abli%m5t & ! visits ( pilgrims1 z well z to place on ! images ( ,buddha ,h9du sect>ian m>ks & o!r ornam5ts4 ,h9du pilgrims are /ill tak5 by _! guides to v5]ate ! ,bodhi tree &1 b = ! pres5ce ( =eign pilgrims1 no casual obs]v] w\ld suppose ! spot to be any?+ b a ,h9du temple ( unusual con/ruction4 ,! same process w5t a /ep fur!r 9 _m %r9es :i* _h n ! same celebrity & effac$ all traces & memory ( ,buddhism4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ,buddha is recogniz$ by ! ,brahmans z an inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1#ccb ?\gh ! recognition is (t5 qualifi$ by ! /atem5t t ,vi%nu assum$ ?is =m 9 ord] to mislead ! wick$ :o ?reat5$ to become too p[]ful if !y knew ! true me?od ( atta9+ sup]human p[]s4 ,b he is r>ely wor%ipp$ 9 propri p]son4#ccc ,z a rule ,buddhi/ images & emblems are ascrib$ to ,vi%nu or iva1 accord+ to sect>ian pref]5ces1 b 9 spite ( fusion "s l+]+ s5se ( orig9al animosity prev5ts ,gotama f receiv+ ev5 su* respect z is accord$ to inc>nations l ,p>au-rma4 ,at ,bodh-,gaya ,i h be5 told t ,h9du pilgrims are tak5 by _! guides to v5]ate ! ,bodhi-tree b n ! images ( ,buddha4 ,yet 9 review+ ! disappe>ance ( ,buddhism f ,india we mu/ rememb] t x 0 absorb$ n expell$4 ,! result ( ! mixture is ju/ly call$ ,h9duism1 yet bo? 9 usages & beliefs x has tak5 ov] mu* t is ,buddhi/ & )\t ,buddhism x w\ld nev] h assum$ its pres5t %ape4 ,to ,buddhi/ influ5ce are due = in/ance ! rejection by mo/ sects ( animal sacrifices3 ! doctr9e ( ! sanctity ( animal life3 mona/ic in/itutions & ! ecclesia/ical discipl9e f\nd 9 ! ,dravidian regions4 ,we may trace ! same influ5ce ) m or less c]ta9ty 9 ! philosophy ( ank>a & outside ! purely religi\s sph]e 9 ! developm5t ( ,indian logic4 ,^! & simil> po9ts are dealt ) 9 m detail 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is "w & ,i ne$ n dwell on !m "h4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bfd3 ,writt5 be=e ! w>4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,ev5 at ,kanauj1 ! sc5e ( ,h>%a's pi\s fe/ivities1 !re 7 #ajj ,buddhi/ mona/]ies b #bjj ,deva temples4 ,footnote #bff3 ,rice1 ,mysore & ,coorg f ! ,inscriptions1 p4 #bjc4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,see ! note by ,bhl] 9 ,j\rn4 ,pali ,text ,soc4 #ahif1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,rjat>ang91 ,,iii4 #ab4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,see = ! suppos$ p]secution ( ,buddhism 9 ,india1 ,j4,p4,t4,s4 #ahif1 pp4 #hg-ib & #ajg-aaa & ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #ahih1 pp4 #bjh-i4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,z conta9$ 9 ! ank>a-dig-vijaya ascrib$ to ,mdhava & ! ank>a-vijaya ascrib$ to n&agiri4 ,footnote #bga3 ,tran?a 9 8 tw5ty-eigh? & foll[+ *apt]s gives an acc\nt1 un=tunately v confus$1 ( ! condition ( ,buddhism "u ! ,pla dyna/y4 ,see also ,b4,k4 ,s>k>1 ,folklore ,elem5t 9 ,h9du ,culture1 *ap4 ,,xii1 9 :i* !re are _m int]e/+ /atem5ts b n suffici5t ref]5ces4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,see ,vidyabhusana's ,m$ival ,s*ool ( ,indian ,logic1 p4 #aej1 = an acc\nt ( ?is mona/]y :i* 0 p]haps at ! mod]n ,pr?aghta4 ,i h f\nd no acc\nt ( :at happ5$ to ,nal&a 9 ?is p]iod b x seems to h disappe>$ z a seat ( le>n+4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,see ,tran?a1 *ap4 ,,xxviii4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,*ap4 ,,xxxvi4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ev5 at ?is late p]iod he speaks ( ,h9ayani/s 9 ,b5gal4 ,footnote #bge3 ,(t5 call$ ,muhammad ,bakhty> b ,bakhty> seems to h be5 really 8 fa!r's "n4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,rav]ty1 ,tabat-i-,nasiri1 p4 #eeb4 ,x 0 discov]$ t ! :ole ( t =tress & city 0 a college & 9 ! ,h9di tongue !y call a college ,bih>4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,_m ( !m h be5 collect$ by ,p&it ,h>aprasad ,sa/ri 9 ,j\r4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1 #ahie1 pp4 #ee ff4 & 9 8 ,discov]y ( liv+ ,buddhism 9 ,b5gal1 ,calcutta1 #ahig4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,*ap4 ,,xl ad f94 ,is ! ,rmac&ra :om he m5tions ! la/ ,yadava ,k+ 7ab\t #acad78 ,tran?a speaks ( 8 son4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,caitanya-c>itamrita1 *ap4 ,,vii1 transl4 by ,jaduna? ,s>k>1 p4 #he4 ,?is biography 0 writt5 9 #aehb by ,kri%nadas4 ,caitanya di$ 9 #aecc4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija3 vol4 ,,vi4 ,b5gal1 pp4 #dbg-dcj4 ,footnote #bha3 ,! ,ar*ological ,survey ( ,mayurabhanj 7no date8 #aiaa71 vol4 ,i4 pp4 cv-cclxiii4 ,! "p conta9+ an acc\nt ( ,buddhism 9 ,orissa is also pr9t$ sep>ately ) ! title ,mod]n ,buddhism1 #aiaa4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,= ,rmi ,p&it see ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s51 ,hi/4 ,b5gali ,language & ,lit4 pp4 #cj-cg1 & also ,b4,k4 ,s>k>1 ,folklore ,elem5t 9 ,h9du ,culture1 p4 #aib1 & else:]e4 ,he appe>s to h be5 born at ! end ( ! t5? c5tury & ?\gh ! nya ,purna has be5 re-edit$ & int]polat$ p>ts ( x are said to be 9 v old ,b5gali4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,nag5dran? ,vasu quotes a c\plet f ! ,mahbhrata ( ! poet ,s>aladasa3 ,i pay my humble respects to ! inc>nation ( ,buddha :o 9 ! =m ( ,buddha dwells 9 ! ,nlcala1 i4e4 ,puri4 ,! ,imp]ial ,gazette] ( ,india 7s4v4 ,puri ,t[n7 /ates t 9 mod]n repres5tations ( ,vi%nu's t5 avatras1 ! n9?1 or ,buddhvatra1 is sometimes repres5t$ by ,jagann?a4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,i give ! dates or ! au?ority ( ,n>&ra ,n? :ile ?9k+ t !y may be some:at too e>ly4 ,! two au?ors nam$ wrote ! nya ,samhit & ,nirguna ,mhtmya respectively4 ,footnote #bhe3 l4c4 clxxvi ff41 ccxix-ccxxiii1 ccxxxi4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,au?or ( a poem call$ ,dh>magt4 ,footnote #bhg3 l4c4 cxvi ff4 & ccxxxii4 ,footnote #bhh3 l4c4 ccxxxiv ff4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,see ,h>aprasad ,sa/ri1 l4c4 ,he gives a curi\s acc\nt ( "o ( 8 temples 9 ,calcutta4 ,see also ,b4,k4 ,s>k>1 ,folklore ,elem5t 9 ,h9du ,culture = ! decad5ce ( ,buddhism 9 ,b5gal & its survival 9 deg5]ate =ms4 ,footnote #bij3 ,see ,b4,h4 ,hodgson1 ,essays on ! languages1 lit]ature & religion ( ,nepal & ,tibet1 #ahgd4 ,= ! religion ( ,nepal see also ,wright1 ,hi/ory ( ,nepal1 #ahgg2 ,c4 ,b5dall1 ,j\rnal ( ,lit]>y & ,ar*ological ,rese>* 9 ,nepal1 #ahhf2 ,raj5dralal ,mitra1 ,sanskrit ,buddhi/ lit]ature ( ,nepal2 & especially ,s4 ,lvi1 ,le ,nepal1 #c vols4 #aije-h4 ,footnote #bia3 ,s4 ,lvi 9 ,j4,a4 ,,ii4 #aijd1 p4 #bbe4 ,he gives ! date z #fbg4 ,footnote #bib3 ,! doctr9e ( ! di-,buddha is fully /at$ 9 ! metrical v]sion ( ! ,kranda-vyha :i* appe>s to be a lat] p>aphrase ( ! prose edition4 ,see ,w9t]nitz1 ,ges*4 ,ind4 ,lit4 ,,ii4 i4 #bch4 ,footnote #bic3 ,comp>e ! fusion ( ivaism & ,buddhism 9 ,java4 ,footnote #bid3 ,or ,vajrcrya-arhat-bhik%u-buddha1 :i* 9 itself %[s :at a m$ley ,nepalese ,buddhism has become4 ,footnote #bie3 ,see above *ap4 ,,xx4 = "s acc\nt ( ^! works4 ,footnote #bif3 ,d$icat$ to ! sacr$ riv] ,vgvat or ,bagmati4 ,footnote #big3 ,h>dly any ,buddhi/ ,tantras h be5 edit$ 9 ,europe4 ,see ,b5dall1 ,subh%ita-sangraha = a collection ( extracts 7also publi%$ 9 ,muson1 #aije71 & ,de la ,valle ,p\ss91 ,b\ddhisme1 tudes el ,matriaux4 ,id4 ,pancakrama1 #ahif4 ,:ile ?is book 0 go+ ?r\gh ! press ,i receiv$ ! ,tibetan ,tantra call$ ,%ri*akrasambh>a 7,avalon's ,tantric ,texts1 vol4 ,,vii7 ) introduction by ,a4 ,avalon1 b h n be5 able to make use ( x4 ,footnote #bih3 ,see ,f\*]1 ,iconographie b\ddhique1 pp4 #h ff4 ,de la ,valle ,p\ss91 ,b\ddhisme1 tudes et ,matriaux1 pp4 #bac ff4 ,= ,japanese tantric c]emonies see ! ,si-,d-,9-,dzon 9 ! ,annales du ,muse ,guimet1 vol4 ,,viii4 ,footnote #bii3 ,9 anci5t ,egypt also ! ,kh] heb or magician-prie/ claim$ ! p[] ( becom+ v>i\s gods4 ,see ,budge1 ,osiris1 ,,ii4 #agj & ,wi$emann1 ,magic im alt5 ,aegypt51 #ac ff4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,! ,brahm-vihras4 ,e4g4 ,dig4 ,nik4 ,,xiii4 ,footnote #cja3 ,mahsukhakya or vajrakya4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,de la ,valle ,p\ss91 ,b\ddhisme1 tudes et ,matriaux1 p4 #aec4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,see ,subh%ita-sangraha edit$ by ,b5dall4 ,"p ,,ii4 pp4 #bi ff4 especially p4 #da4 ,p>asvah>anam kryam p>adrni%evanam ,vaktavyam cnritam nityam s>vabuddhmca ghtayet4 ,see also ,ta?gata-guhyaka 9 ,raj5dralal ,mitra's ,sanskrit ,lit]ature 9 ,nepal1 pp4 #bfa-bfd4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,= in/ance ,de la ,valle ,p\ss9 9 8 ,b\ddhisme1 tudes et ,matriaux1 #ahif4 ,9 8 lat] "w1 ,b\ddhisme1 ,op9ions sur l'hi/oire de la dogmatique1 he modifies 8 e>li] views4 ,footnote #cje3 ,see ,dig4 ,nik4 ,,xx4 & ,,xxxii4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,ka?v4 ,,xxiii4 #a & #b4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,^! app5dices are lat] additions to ! orig9al text b !y 7 translat$ into ,*9ese 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,among ! olde/ ,sanskrit ,,mss4 f ,japan is ! ,u%ni%a-vijaya-dhran & !re is a goddess ) a simil> "n4 ,b ! ,dhran is n kti/4 ,see text 9 ,anec4 ,oxon4 ,aryan s]ies4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,he speaks ( ,kwan-%ih-y9 b ?is is probably ! male ,avalokita4 ,footnote #cji3 ,mahyna-strlankra1 ,,ix4 #df4 ,( c\rse !re may be _m o!r allusions 9 yet un$it$ works ( ,asanga b x is noticeable t ?is allusion to mai?una is only made 9 pass+ & is n connect$ ) ! ess5ce ( 8 tea*+4 ,footnote #caj3 ,transl4 ,takakusu1 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #caa3 ,tran?a1 *ap4 ,,xxii seems also to assign a late orig9 to ! ,tantras ?\gh 8 rem>ks are nei!r cle> nor consi/5t ) :at he says 9 o!r passages4 ,he is d\btless "r 9 sugge/+ t tantric rites 7 practis$ surreptiti\sly be=e !y 7 recogniz$ op5ly4 ,footnote #cab3 ,x is ab\t ?is "t too t we he> ( ,tantrism 9 ,h9duism4 ,9 ! drama ,mlat & ,mdhava 7c4 #gcj ,a4,d47 ! h]o9e is kidnapp$ & is ab\t to be sacrific$ to ! goddess ,c& :5 %e is rescu$4 ,footnote #cac3 ,see ! latt] "p ( ,app5dix ,,ii 9 ,nanjio's ,catalogue4 ,footnote #cad3 ,e4g4 ,lalitavajra1 ,llvajra1 ,buddhanti1 ,ratnavajra4 ,tran?a also 7tr4 ,s*iefn]1 p4 #bfd7 speaks ( ,tantras ,wel*e aus ,udyana gebra*t und nie 9 ,indi5 gewes5 s9d4 ,x is also noticeable1 z ,grnw$el has po9t$ out1 t _m ( ! siddhas or sorc]]s be> names :i* h no mean+ 9 ,aryan languages3 ,bir-va-pa1 ,na-ro-pa1 ,lui-pa1 etc4 ,a curi\s late tradition repres5ts ktism z com+ f ,*9a4 ,see a quotation f ! ,mahcnatantra 9 ! ,ar*ological ,survey ( ,mayurabhanj1 p4 xiv4 ,ei!r ,*9a is "h us$ loosely = "s c\ntry nor? ( ! ,himalayas or ! /ory is pure fancy1 = ) r>e exceptions 7= in/ance ! ,lamaism ( ! ,yan dyna/y7 ! ,*9ese seem to h reject$ kti/ works or ev5 to h expurgat$ !m1 e4g4 ! ,ta?gata-guhyaka4 ,footnote #cae3 ,8 acc\nt ( ,udyna & ,ka%mir w be f\nd 9 ,watt]s1 *apt]s ,,vii & ,,viii4 ,footnote #caf3 ,traces ( ,buddhism /ill exi/1 = accord+ to ,bhl] ! ,nilamata ,purna ord]s ! image ( ,buddha to be wor%ipp$ on ,vaisakha #ae to ! accompanim5t ( recitations by ,buddhi/ ascetics4 ,footnote #cag3 ,= notices ( ,ka%mirian religion see ,/e9's translation ( ! ,rjat>ang9 & ,bhl]1 ,t\r 9 ,se>* ( ,sanskrit manuscripts4 ,j4 ,bomb4 ,a4,s4 #ahgg4 ,footnote #cah3 ,,vi4 #aa-ac1 ,,vii4 #bgh-bhj1 #bie1 #ebc4 ,footnote #cai3 ,i4 #abb1 #cce1 #cdh3 ,,iii4 #ii1 ,v4 #ee4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,also call$ ,kumra4 ,footnote #cba3 ,simil>ly /atues ( ,mahdev are f\nd 9 ,ja9 temples n[1 i4e4 9 ,guj>at4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,?is v unbuddhi/ practice seems to h p5etrat$ ev5 to ,japan4 ,burnt (f]+s =m "p ( ! ritual 9 ! temple ( ,n>ita4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,see = in/ance ! acc\nt ( h[ ,kamal>ak%ita summon$ ,yamri4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,s too ! ,samhits ( ! ,vai%navas & ! gamas ( ! aivas are said to consi/ ( f\r qu>t]s tea*+ ,jna1 ,yoga1 ,kriy & ,c>y respectively4 ,see ,s*rad]1 ,introd4 to ,pnc>tra1 p4 #bb4 ,sometimes five classes ( ,tantras are enum]at$ :i* are p]haps all subdivisions ( ! ,anutt>a-yoga1 namely ,guhyasamja1 ,myjla1 ,buddhasammyoga1 ,c&raguhyatilaka1 ,manjurkrodha4 ,see ,tran?a 7,s*iefn]71 p4 #bba4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,*ap4 ,,xliii4 ,b ?is seems h>dly consi/5t ) 8 o!r /atem5ts4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,! ,lamas 9 ,tibet h a simil> !ory ( progressive tantric revelation4 ,see ,waddell1 ,buddhism ( ,tibet1 pp4 #ef1 #eg4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,9 ! reign ( ,mahpla1 #igh-ajcj ,a4,d4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,tran?a1 p4 #bge4 ,= ! :ole subject see ,grnw$el1 ,my?ologie des ,buddhismus1 pp4 #da-b & my *apt]s on ,tibet bel[4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,s*iefn] 7transl4 ,tran?a1 p4 #bba7 describes ^! rvakas or ,h9ayani/s z ,sa9dhavas wel*e rvakas aus ,simhala u4s4w4 w>54 ,!y are app>5tly ! same z ! ,sa9dhava-rvakas (t5 m5tion$ by ,tran?a4 ,are !y ,h9ayani/s f ,s9dh :]e ! ,sammitiya s*ool 0 preval5t8 ,see also ,pag ,sam ,jon ,zang1 pp4 cxix1 #aad & #acd :]e ,s>at ,*&ra ,das expla9s ,s5dha-pa z a brahmanical sect4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,! curi\s /ory 7,tran?a1 p4 #bjf7 9 :i* a ,buddhi/ at fir/ refuses on religi\s gr\nds to take "p 9 ! evocation ( a demon seems also to h9t at a disapproval ( magic4 ,footnote #cca3 ,?is passage 0 writt5 ab\t #aiaj4 ,9 ! curi\s temple at ,gaya call$ ,bi%nupad ! *ief object ( v5]ation is a foot-l m>k4 ,su* impressions are v5]at$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w z ,buddha's feet & x seems probable1 consid]+ ! locality1 t ?is footpr9t 0 attribut$ to ,buddha be=e x 0 transf]r$ to ,vi%nu4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,!re are no v e>ly ref]5ces to ?is ,avatra4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 "s ( ! ,puranas 7e4g4 ,bhgavata & ,agni7 & by ,k%em5dra4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,b see ! in/ances quot$ above f ,ka%mir & ,nepal4 ,,book ,v ,,h9duism ,! pres5t book deals ) ,h9duism & includes ! p]iod j treat$ 9 ,book ,,iv4 ,9 _m epo*s ! same my?ological & metaphysical ideas appe> 9 a d\ble =m1 ,brahmanic & ,buddhi/1 & x is h>d to say :i* =m is ! e>li]4 ,any "w :i* l ! pres5t adopts a geographical & hi/orical treatm5t is b\nd to make ,buddhism seem m important ?an ,h9duism & rightly1 = ! conv]sion & trans=mation ( ,*9a1 ,japan & _m o!r c\ntries are a s]ies ( exploits ( great mom5t = ! hi/ory n m]ely ( religion b ( civilization4 ,yet :5 ,i ?9k ( ! antiquity1 v>iety & vitality ( ,h9duism 9 ,india--no small sph]e--! n9e *apt]s :i* foll[ seem v inadequate4 ,i c only urge t ?\gh x w\ld be easy to fill an encyclopdia ) acc\nts ( ,indian beliefs & practices1 yet !re is (t5 great simil>ity "u sup]ficial diff]5ces3 ! ma9 l9es ( ?\ght are less num]\s ?an !y seem to be at fir/ sight & !y t5d to conv]ge4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,iva ,,& ,,vi%n,u #a ,! /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] phases ( ,indian religi\s belief1 betwe5 ! ,v$ic hymns1 ,brhmanz1 ,upani%ads & _! accessory treatises on ! "o h&1 & ! epics1 ,purnz1 ,tantras & lat] lit]ature on ! o!r1 is due *iefly to ! pr$om9ance 9 ! latt] ( ! great gods iva & ,vi%nu1 ) ! att5dant features ( sect>ian wor%ip & p]sonal devotion to a p>ticul> deity4 ,! diff]5ce is n :olly *ronological1 = late writ]s sometimes take ! ,v$ic /&po9t & ignore ! wor%ip ( ^! deities1 b /ill _! prom95ce 9 lit]ature1 & probably 9 popul> my?ology1 is po/]ior to ! ,v$ic p]iod4 ,! *ange creat$ by _! appe>ance is n m]ely ! addition ( two impos+ figures to an already ample pan!on2 x is a revolution :i* might be describ$ z ! introduction ( a new religion1 except t x does n come z ! enemy or de/roy] ( ! old4 ,! wor%ip ( ! new deities gr[s up peacefully 9 ! mid/ ( ! anci5t rites2 !y receive ! homage ( ! same population & ! m9i/rations ( ! same prie/s4 ,! transition is obscur$ b also 0 facilitat$ by ! /r5g? ( ,buddhism dur+ ! p]iod :5 x occurr$4 ,! ,brahmans1 confront$ by ?is =midable adv]s>y1 7 dispos$ to fav\r any popul> religi\s movem5t :i* !y c\ld adapt to _! int]e/s4 ,:5 ! ,h9du revival sets 9 "u ! ,guptas1 & ,buddhism beg9s to decl9e1 we f9d t a *ange has tak5 place :i* mu/ h begun sev]al c5turies be=e1 ?\gh our imp]fect *ronology does n p]mit u to date x4 ,:]eas ! ,v$ic sacrific]s propitiat$ all ! gods imp>tially & reg>d$ ritual z a sacr$ sci5ce giv+ p[] ov] nature1 ! wor%ipp] ( ! lat] deities is g5]ally sect>ian & (t5 emotional4 ,he selects "o = 8 adoration1 & ?is select$ deity becomes n m]ely a great god among o!rs b a gigantic cosmical figure 9 :om c5tre ! philosophy1 poetry & passion ( 8 devotees4 ,he is almo/ ,god 9 ! ,european s5se1 b /ill ,indian deities1 ?\gh !y may h a monopoly ( adoration 9 _! own sects1 are nev] entirely simil> to ,jehovah or ,allah4 ,!y are at once m my?ical1 m human & m philosophical1 s9ce !y are conceiv$ ( n z creators & rul]s ext]nal to ! _w1 b z =ces manife/+ !mselves 9 nature4 ,an exub]ant my?ology be/[s on !m mon/r\s =ms1 cele/ial resid5ces1 wives & (fspr+3 !y make occasional appe>ances 9 ?is _w z m5 & animals2 !y act "u ! influ5ce ( passions :i* if titanic1 are b human feel+s magnifi$4 ,! philosoph] accommodates !m to 8 sy/em by say+ t ,vi%nu or iva is ! =m :i* ! ,supreme ,_s assumes z ,"l ( ! visible univ]se1 a =m :i* is real only 9 ! same s5se t ! visible _w itself is real4 ,vi%nu & ,rudra are kn[n ev5 to ! ,rig ,v$a b z deities ( no special em95ce4 ,x is only aft] ! ,v$ic age t !y became1 ea* = 8 own wor%ipp]s1 undisput$ ,lords ( ! ,univ]se4 ,a limit+ date to ! antiquity ( ivaism & ,vi%nuism1 z _! cults may be call$1 is furni%$ by ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 at any rate = nor?-ea/]n ,india4 ,! ,pali ,pitakas frequ5tly#ccd introduce popul> deities1 b give no prom95ce to ,vi%nu & iva4 ,!y are app>5tly m5tion$ "u ! names ( ,v5hu & ,isna1 b are n diff]5tiat$ f a ho/ ( spirits n[ =gott54 ,! ,pitakas h no prejudices 9 ! matt] ( deities & _! object is to repres5t ! mo/ p[]ful ( !m z admitt+ _! inf]iority to ! ,buddha4 ,if iva & ,vi%nu are n put =w>d 9 ! same way z ,brahm & ,indra1 ! inf]5ce seems cle>3 x _h n occurr$ to anyone t !y 7 p>ticul>ly important4 ,! suttas ( ! ,dgha ,nikya 9 :i* ^! li/s ( deities occur 7 p]haps compos$ be=e #cjj ,b4,c4#cce ,ab\t t date ,mega/h5es1 ! ,greek envoy at ,pataliputra1 describes two ,indian deities "u ! names ( ,dionysus & ,h]akles4 ,!y are g5]ally id5tifi$ ) ,kri%na & iva4 ,x might be difficult to d$uce ?is id5tity f an analysis ( ea* description & diff]5t au?orities h id5tifi$ bo? iva & ,kri%na ) ,dionysus1 b ! fact rema9s t a some:at sup]ficial =eign obs]v] 0 impress$ ) ! idea t ! ,h9dus wor%ipp$ two great gods4 ,he w\ld h>dly h d]iv$ ?is idea f ! ,v$ic pan!on1 & x is n cle> to :at gods he c ref] if n to iva & ,vi%nu4 ,x ?us seems probable t ^! two cults took %ape ab\t ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,_! app>5tly sudd5 appe>ance is due to _! popul> "* & to ! abs5ce ( any record 9 art4 ,! /atu>y & c>v+ ( ! ,asokan p]iod & imm$iately succe$+ c5turies is exclusively ,buddhi/4 ,no temples or images rema9 to illu/rate ! fir/ gr[? ( ,h9duism 7z ! lat] =m ( ,indian religion is commonly /yl$7 out ( ! e>li] ,brahmanism4 ,lit]ature 7on :i* we are dep5d5t = our in=mation7 takes little acc\nt ( ! e>ly c>e] ( popul> gods be=e !y w9 ! recognition ( ! prie/hood & ari/ocracy1 b :5 t recognition is once obta9$ !y appe> 9 all _! maje/y & )\t any h9t t _! hon\rs are rec5t4 ,z already m5tion$1 we h evid5ce t 9 ! fif? or six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ ! ,v$ic or ,brahmanic religion 0 n ! only =m ( wor%ip & philosophy 9 ,india4 ,!re 7 popul> deities & rites to :i* ! ,brahmans 7 n oppos$ & :i* !y c\nt5anc$ :5 x suit$ !m4 ,:at takes place 9 ,india to-day took place !n4 ,:5 "s aborig9al deity becomes important ow+ to ! prosp]ity ( ! tribe or locality ) :i* he is connect$1 he is recogniz$ by ! ,brahmans & admitt$ to _! pan!on1 p]haps z ! son or inc>nation ( "s p]sonage m g5]ally accept$ z div9e4 ,! pre/ige ( ! ,brahmans is suffici5t to make su* recognition an hon\r1 b x is also _! int]e/ & mill5nial habit to secure control ( e important religi\s movem5t & to incorporate r ?an suppress4 ,& ?is incorporation is m ?an m]e recognition3 ! p>v5u god borr[s some?+ f ! mann]s & attributes ( ! olympian society to :i* he is introduc$4 ,! great] he gr[s1 ! m consid]able is ! process ( fusion & borr[+4 ,h9du philosophy ev] seeks = ! "o among/ ! _m & popul> ?\ght1 9 a m confus$ way1 pursues ! same goal4 ,x comb9es & id5tifies its deities1 feel+ dimly t tak5 s+ly !y are too p>tial to be truly div9e1 or x piles attributes ^u !m /riv+ to make ea* an adequate div9e :ole4 ,among ! processes :i* h contribut$ to =m ,vi%nu & iva we mu/ reckon ! invasions :i* ent]$ ,india f ! nor?-we/4#ccf ,9 ,bactria & ,sogdiana !re met & 7 comb9$ ! art & religi\s ideas ( ,greece & ,p]sia1 & :atev] elem5ts 7 import$ by ! ,yeh-*ih & o!r tribes :o came f ! ,*9ese fronti]4 ,! p]sonalities ( ,vi%nu & iva ne$ n be ascrib$ to =eign influ5ce4 ,! rud] invad]s took k9dly to ! wor%ip ( iva1 b !re is no pro( t !y introduc$ x4 ,b ,p]sian & ,grco-,bactrian influ5ce fav\r$ ! creation ( m def9ite deities1 m p]sonal & m pictorial4 ,! gods ( ! ,v$ic hymns are vague & indi/9ct3 ! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,upani%ads altoge!r imp]sonal1 b ,mi?ra & ,apollo1 ?\gh div9e 9 _! maje/y1 are human 9 _! p]sons & 9 ! appeal !y make to humanity4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! =eign conceptions & especially ( _! repres5tation 9 art is be/ se5 9 ,indian ,buddhism4 ,h9duism has n s anci5t an arti/ic record & !re=e ! ,grco-,bactrian influ5ce on x is less obvi\s1 = ! sculpture ( ! ,gupta p]iod does n seem due to ?is inspiration4 ,nei!r 9 outw>d =m nor 9 "* d ,vi%nu & iva %[ mu* m resemblance to ,apollo & ,mi?ra ?an to ! ,v$ic gods4 ,_! exub]ant1 fanta/ic %apes1 _! _m heads & arms1 are a symbol ( _! complex & multiple attributes4 ,!y are n re/rict$ by ! limits ( p]sonality b are great polymorphic =ces1 n to be indicat$ by ! limits ( "o human %ape4#ccg #b ,?\gh alike 9 _! gr&eur & multiplicity1 ,vi%nu & iva are n o!rwise simil>4 ,9 _! completely develop$ =ms !y repres5t two ways ( look+ at ! _w4 ,! ma9 ideas ( ! ,vai%navas are human & emotional4 ,! deity saves & loves3 he asks = a wor%ip ( love4 ,he appe>s 9 human inc>nations & is kn[n z well or bett] by ^! inc>nations ?an 9 8 orig9al =m4 ,b 9 ivaism ! ma9 curr5t ( ?\ght is sci5tific & philosophic r ?an emotional4#cch ,?is /atem5t may seem /range if "o ?9ks ( ! wild rites & leg5ds connect$ ) iva & 8 sp\se4 ,nev]!less ! fundam5tal conception ( ivaism1 ! cosmic =ce :i* *anges & 9 *ang+ bo? de/roys & reproduces1 is /rictly sci5tific & contra/s ) ! human1 pa!tic1 lov+ s5tim5ts ( ,vi%nuism4 ,& sc&al\s z ! wor%ip ( ! g5]ative pr9ciple may become1 ! pot5cy ( ?is impulse 9 ! _w s*eme _c be d5i$4 ,agreeably to 8 "* ( a =ce r ?an an emotion iva does n become inc>nate#cci z a popul> h]o & savi\r l ,rma or ,kri%na1 b he assumes v>i\s sup]natural =ms = special purposes4 ,bo? wor%ips1 despite _! diff]5ces1 %[ *>act]i/ics :i* are common to mo/ phases ( ,indian religion4 ,bo? seek = deliv]ance f transmigration & are p5etrat$ ) a s5se ( ! sorr[ inh]5t 9 human & animal life3 bo? develop or adopt philosophical doctr9es :i* rise high above ! level usually atta9$ by popul> beliefs1 & bo? h erotic aspects 9 :i* !y fall bel[ ! /&>d ( morality usually pr(ess$ by important sects :e!r 9 ,asia or ,europe4 ,! "n iva is euphemi/ic4 ,x means propiti\s &1 l ,eum5ides1 is us$ z a deprecat+ & complim5t>y title = ! god ( t]rors4 ,x is n 8 e>lie/ designation & does n occur z a prop] "n 9 ! ,rig ,v$a :]e he is kn[n z ,rudra1 a ^w ( disput$ d]ivation1 b probably mean+ ! ro>]4 ,comp>atively few hymns are address$ to ,rudra1 b he is cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,v$ic gods4 ,:]eas !y are *e]ful & b5evol5t figures1 he is malefic5t & t]rible3 !y are gods ( ! heav5 b he is a god ( ! e>?4 ,he is ! man-slay] & ! s5d] ( disease1 b if he re/ra9s ^! activities he c give safety & heal?4 ,slay u n1 = ?\ art graci\s1 & s ! ,de/roy] comes to be ! ,graci\s ,"o4#cdj ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! "n iva is connect$ ) ! ,tamil ^w ivappu r$ & also t ,rudra means n ! ro>] b ! r$ or %9+ "o4 ,^! etymologies seem to me possible b n prov$4 ,b ,rudra is diff]5t 9 "* f ! o!r gods ( ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,x w\ld be ra% to say t ! ,aryan invad]s ( ,india br\ght ) !m no god ( ?is sort b x is probable t ?is elem5t 9 _! pan!on increas$ z !y gradually unit$ 9 blood & ideas ) ! ,dravidian population4 ,b we "k no?+ ( ! beliefs ( ! ,dravidians at ?is remote p]iod4 ,we only "k t 9 lat] ages emotional religion1 f9d+ expression z s-call$ devil-danc+ 9 its l[] & z my/ical poetry 9 its high] phases1 0 preval5t among !m4 ,! ,:ite ,yajur ,v$a#cda conta9s a celebrat$ pray] kn[n z ! at>udrya address$ to ,rudra or ! ,rudras1 = ! p[] invok$ seems to be n[ _m & n[ "o4 ,?is deity1 :o is describ$ by a long /r+ ( epi!ts1 receives ! "n ( ank>a 7aft]w>ds a well-kn[n epi!t ( iva7 & is blue-neck$4 ,he is begg$ to be iva or propiti\s1 b ! ^w is an epi!t1 n a prop] "n4 ,he haunts m\nta9s & des]t$1 uncanny places3 he is ! patron ( viol5t & lawless m51 ( soldi]s & robb]s 7! two are evid5tly consid]$ mu* ! same71 ( ?ieves1 *eats & pilf]]s1#cdb b also ( craftsm5 & huntsm5 & is himself an obs]vant m]*ant3 he is ! "l ( ho/s ( spirits1 ill-=m$ & ( all =ms4 ,b he is also a great cosmic =ce :o dwells 9 fl[+ /reams & 9 bill[s & 9 tranquil wat]s & 9 riv]s & on isl&s 444 & at ! roots ( trees 4443 :o exi/s 9 incantations1 9 puni%m5ts1 9 prosp]ity1 9 ! soil1 9 ! ?re%+-floor 444 9 ! woods & 9 ! bu%es1 9 s\nd & 9 e*o 444 9 "y grass & 9 foam 444 9 gravel & 9 /reams 444 9 gre5 ?+s & 9 dry ?+s4444 ,rev]5ce to ! leaf & to him :o is 9 ! fall ( ! leaf1 ! ?reat5]1 ! slay]1 ! vex] & ! afflict]4 ,"h we see h[ an evil & disreputable god1 ! patron ( l[ ca/es & viol5t occupations1 becomes associat$ ) ! uncanny =ces ( nature & is on ! way to become an ,all-,god4#cdc ,rudra is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a4 ,he is conceiv$ mu* z 9 ! at>udrya1 & is ! "l ( spirits & ( animals4 ,= !e ! bea/s ( ! wood1 ! de]1 swans & v>i\s w+$ birds are plac$ 9 ! =e/3 ?y liv+ creatures exi/ 9 ! wat]s3 = !e ! cele/ial wat]s fl[4 ,?\ %oote/ at ! mon/]s ( ! ocean1 & !re is to !e no?+ f> or ne>4#cdd ,^! passages %[ t ! ma9 conceptions out ( :i* ! "* ( ! lat] iva is built exi/$ 9 ,v$ic times4 ,! ,rudra ( ! ,yajur & ,a?>va ,v$as is n ,brahmanic3 he is n ! god ( prie/s & ord]ly ritual1 b ( wild p & places4 ,b he is n a petty prov9cial demon :o afflicts ru/ics & _! cattle4 ,?\gh !re is "s hesitation betwe5 "o ,rudra & _m ,rudras1 ! de/ructive =ces are unifi$ 9 ?\ght & ! de/roy] is n oppos$ to creation z a devil or z ! pr9ciple ( evil1 b ) pr(\nd] insight is recogniz$ z ! ,"l & ,law ( all liv+ ?+s4 ,b ?\gh ! outl9e ( iva is f\nd 9 ,v$ic writ+s1 lat] c5turies add$ new features to 8 cult4 ,*ief among ^! is ! wor%ip ( a column kn[n z ! ,l+a1 ! emblem "u :i* he is n[ mo/ commonly ador$4 ,x is a phallic symbol ?\gh usually dec5t 9 appe>ance4 ,! ,v$as d n c\nt5ance ?is wor%ip & x is n cle> t x 0 ev5 kn[n to !m4#cde ,x is fir/ enjo9$ 9 ! ,mahbhrata & !re only 9 two passages#cdf :i* appe> to be late additions4 ,! inf]5ce seems to be t x 0 accept$ z "p ( ,h9duism j ab\t ! "t t our edition ( ! ,mahbhrata 0 compil$4#cdg ,! old !ory t x 0 borr[$ f aborig9al & especially f ,dravidian tribes#cdh is n[ discr$it$4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! in/ances cit$ ( phallic wor%ip among aborig9al tribes are n p>ticul>ly num]\s or /rik+4 ,secondly1 l+a wor%ip1 ?\gh preval5t 9 ! s\?1 is n conf9$ to x1 b fl\ri%es 9 all p>ts ( ,india1 ev5 9 ,assam & ,nepal4 ,?irdly1 x is n connect$ ) l[ ca/es1 ) orgies1 ) obsc5e or blood?ir/y rites or ) any?+ :i* c be call$ un-,aryan4 ,x =ms "p ( ! private devotions ( ! /ricte/ ,brahmans1 & despite ! significance ( ! emblem1 ! wor%ip (f]$ to x is p]fectly decor\s4#cdi ,! evid5ce ?us sugge/s t ?is cultus grew up among ,brahmanical ,h9dus 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era4 ,! idea t !re 0 some?+ div9e 9 virility & g5]ation already exi/$4 ,! *oice ( ! symbol--! /one pill>--may h be5 influ5c$ by two circum/ances4 ,fir/ly1 ! ,buddhi/ v5]ation ( /pas1 especially m9iature /pas1 mu/ h made famili> ! idea t a cone or column is a religi\s emblem1#cej & secondly ! l+a may be comp>$ to ! c>v$ pill>s or /one /&>ds erect$ 9 hon\r ( ,vi%nu4 ,"s l+as are c>v$ & be> "o or f\r faces1 ?us entirely los+ any phallic appe>ance4 ,! wide ext5sion ( ?is cult1 ?\gh its orig9 seems late1 is rem>kable4 ,some?+ simil> may be se5 9 ! wor%ip ( ,ganea3 ! fir/ records ( x are ev5 lat]1 b x is n[ univ]sal 9 ,india4 ,x may seem /range t a religion ^: outw>d c]emonies ?\gh unassum+ & mode/ consi/ *iefly ( ! wor%ip ( ! l+a1 %\ld draw its adh]5ts l>gely f ! educat$ classes & be "u no moral or social /igma4 ,yet z an idea1 z a philosophy1 ivaism possesses tru? & =ce4 ,x gives ! be/ picture :i* humanity has drawn ( ! ,"l ( ?is _w1 n inde$ ( ! ideal to :i* ! sa9t aspires1 nor ( ! fancies ) :i* hope & emotion p ! sph]es beh9d ! veil1 b ( ! =ce :i* rules ! ,univ]se z x is1 :i* reproduces & de/roys1 & 9 p]=m+ "o ( ^! acts necess>ily p]=ms ! o!r1 see+ t bo? are b aspects ( *ange4 ,= all animal & human exi/5ce#cea is ! product ( sexual desire3 x is b ! tempor>y & transitory =m ( a =ce hav+ nei!r beg9n+ nor end b cont9ually manife/+ itself 9 individuals :o mu/ h a beg9n+ & an end4 ,?is =ce1 to :i* ,european ta/e bids u ref] ) su* retic5ce1 is ! true creator ( ! _w4 ,n only is x unceas+ly p]=m+ ! c5tral miracle ( produc+ new lives b x accompanies x by unnumb]$ accessory miracles1 :i* provide ! new born *ild ) n\ri%m5t & make l[ly organisms c>e = _! "y z if !y 7 gift$ ) human intellig5ce4 ,b ! ,creator is also ! ,de/roy]1 n 9 ang] b by ! v nature ( 8 activity4 ,:5 ! s]ies ( *anges culm9ates 9 a crisis & an individual breaks up1 we see dea? & de/ruction1 b 9 reality !y occur ?r\gh\t ! process ( gr[?4 ,! egg is de/roy$ :5 ! *ick5 is hat*$3 ! embryo ceases to exi/ :5 ! *ild is born2 :5 ! man comes into be+1 ! *ild is no m4 ,& = *ange1 improvem5t & progress dea? is z necess>y z bir?4 ,a _w ( immortals w\ld be a /atic _w4 ,:5 once ! figure ( iva has tak5 def9ite %ape1 attributes & epi!ts are lavi%$ on x 9 pr(usion4 ,he is ! great ascetic1 = asceticism 9 ,india means p[]1 & iva is ! p]sonification ( ! p[]s ( nature4 ,he may alt]nate /rangely betwe5 au/]ities & wild debau*1 b ! s5tim5tality ( "s ,kri%naite sects is ali5 to him4 ,he is a magician1 ! "l ( troops ( spirits1 & ?us draws into 8 circle all ! old animi/ic wor%ip4 ,b he is also id5tifi$ ) ,"t 7,mahkla7 & ,dea? 7,mrityu7 & z presid+ ov] procreation he is ,ardhan>ev>a1 half man1 half woman4 ,/ories are inv5t$ or adapt$ to acc\nt = 8 v>i\s attributes1 & he is provid$ ) a div9e family4 ,he dwells on ,m\nt ,kailsa3 he has ?ree eyes3 above ! c5tral "o is ! cresc5t ( ! moon & ! /ream ( ! ,ganges desc5ds f 8 braid$ hair3 8 ?roat is blue & encircl$ by a s]p5t & a necklace ( skulls4 ,9 8 h&s he c>ries a ?ree-prong$ trid5t & a drum4 ,b ! effigy or description v>ies1 = iva is ador$ "u _m =ms4 ,he is ,mahdeva1 ! ,great ,god1 ,h>a ! ,seiz]1 ,bhairava ! t]rible "o1 ,paupati1 ! ,"l ( cattle1 t is ( human s\ls :o are comp>$ to bea/s4 ,local gods & h]oes are id5tifi$ ) him4 ,?us ,gor ,bba1#ceb said to be a deifi$ gho/ ( ! aborig9al races1 reappe>s z ,gorev>a & is c\nt$ a =m ( iva1 z is also ,kh&oba or ,kh&e ,rao1 a deity connect$ ) dogs4 ,ganea1 ! ,"l ( ,ho/s1 ! ,god :o removes ob/acles & is repres5t$ ) an elephant's head & accompani$ by a rat1 is recogniz$ z iva's son4 ,ano!r son is ,sk&a or ,krtikeya1 ! ,god ( ,w>1 a great deity 9 ,ceylon & s\!rn ,india4 ,b m important bo? = ! absorption ( aborig9al cults & = its influ5ce on speculation & morality is ! "p play$ by iva's wife or female c\nt]p>t4 ,! wor%ip ( goddesses1 ?\gh f\nd 9 _m sects1 is specially connect$ ) ivaism4 ,a figure analog\s to ! ,madonna1 ! k9d & compassionate goddess :o helps & pities all1 appe>s 9 lat] ,buddhism b = "s reason ?is tra9 ( ?\ght has n be5 usual 9 ,india4 ,lak%m1 ,s>asvat & ,st are b5evol5t1 b !y hold no great position 9 popul> e/eem1#cec & ! be+ :o attracts millions ( wor%ipp]s "u su* names z ,kl1 ,durg1 or ,mahdev1 ?\gh %e has _m =ms & aspects1 is mo/ commonly repres5t$ z a t]rible goddess :o dem&s (f]+s ( blood4 ,! wor%ip ( ?is goddess or goddesses1 = x is h>d to say if %e is "o or _m1 is treat$ ( 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,?\gh 9 %r9es d$icat$ to iva 8 female c\nt]p>t or en]gy 7akti7 also receives recognition1 yet %e is rev]$ z ! sp\se ( h] "l to :om hon\r is prim>ily due4 ,b 9 kti/ wor%ip adoration is (f]$ to ! akti z be+ ! =m 9 :i* 8 p[] is made manife/ or ev5 z ! ess5tial ,godhead4 #c ,let u n[ pass on to ,vi%nu4 ,?\gh n "o ( ! great gods ( ! ,v$a1 he is m5tion$ fairly (t5 & ) respect4 ,indian comm5tators & comp>ative my?ologi/s agree t he is a sol> deity4 ,8 *ief exploit is t he took 7or p]haps 9 ! e>li] v]sion habitually takes7 ?ree /rides4 ,?is 0 orig9ally a description ( ! sun's progress across ! firmam5t b grew into a my? :i* relates t :5 ! e>? 0 conqu]$ by demons1 ,vi%nu became inc>nate z a dw>f & induc$ ! demon k+ to promise him z mu* space z he c\ld measure 9 ?ree /eps4 ,!n1 appe>+ 9 8 true =m1 he /rode across e>? & heav5 & recov]$ ! _w = mank9d4 ,8 special "* z ! ,pres]v] is already outl9$ 9 ! ,v$a4 ,he is always b5evol5t3 he took 8 ?ree /eps = ! good ( m53 he e/abli%$ & pres]ves ! heav5s & e>?4 ,b he is n ! pr9cipal sol> deity ( ! ,rig ,v$a3 ,srya1 ,savitri & ,pu%an receive m invocations4 ,?\gh "o hymn says t no "o kn[s ! limits ( 8 greatness1 o!r passages %[ t he has no pre-em95ce1 & ev5 9 ! ,mahbhrata & ! ,vi%nu-,purna itself he is numb]$ among ! dityas or sons ( ,aditi4 ,9 ! ,brhmanz1 he is some:at m important ?an 9 ! ,rig ,v$a1#ced ?\gh he has n yet atta9$ to any position l t :i* he aft]w>ds occupies4 ,j z = iva1 s = ,vi%nu we h no cle> record ( ! /eps by :i* he advanc$ f a mode/ rank to ! position ( hav+ b "o rival 9 ! popul> e/eem4 ,b ! l9es on :i* ! *ange took place are cle>4 ,ev5 9 8 own ,*ur*1 ,vi%nu himself claims comp>atively little att5tion4 ,he is n a =ce l iva t makes & m>s1 b a b5evol5t & retir+ p]sonality :o keeps ?+s z !y are4 ,8 wor%ip1 z di/+ui%$ f t ( 8 inc>nations1 is n conspicu\s 9 mod]n ,india1 especially 9 ! nor?4 ,9 ! s\? he is less ov]%ad[$ by ,kri%na1 & _m great temples h be5 erect$ 9 8 hon\r4 ,9 ,travancore1 :i* is =mally d$icat$ to him z 8 special doma91 he is ador$ "u ! "n ( ,padmanabha4 ,b 8 real claim to rev]5ce1 8 appeal to ! ,indian he>t1 is due to ! fact t c]ta9 deifi$ human h]oes1 p>ticul>ly ,rma & ,kri%na1 are id5tifi$ ) him4 ,deification is common 9 ,india4#cee ,x exi/s to ! pres5t day & ev5 defunct ,europeans d n escape its op]ation4 ,9 mod]n times1 :5 ! idea ( re9c>nation _h become famili>1 em95t m5 l ,caitanya or ,vallabhcrya 7 decl>$ aft] _! dea? to be embodim5ts ( ,kri%na )\t m ado1 b 9 e>li] ages ! process 0 probably d\ble4 ,fir/ ( all ! dep>t$ h]o became a p[]ful gho/ or deity 9 8 own "r1 & !n ?is deity 0 id5tifi$ ) a ,brahmanic god4 ,_m examples prove t a rem>kable man receives wor%ip aft] dea? q ap>t f any idea ( inc>nation4 ,! inc>nations ( ,vi%nu are mo/ commonly giv5 z t5#cef b are n all ( ! same "*4 ,! fir/ five1 namely1 ! ,fi%1 ,tortoise1 ,bo>1 ,man-,lion & ,dw>f1 are my?ical1 & due to 8 id5tification ) sup]natural creatures play+ a b5evol5t role 9 leg5ds ) :i* he _h orig9ally no connection4 ,! six?1 h[ev]1 ,p>au-rma or ,rma ) ! axe1 may conta9 hi/orical elem5ts4 ,he is repres5t$ z a militant ,brahman :o 9 ! second age ( ! _w ext]m9at$ ! ,k%atriyas1 & aft] reclaim+ ,malab> f ! sea1 settl$ x ) ,brahmans4 ,?is leg5d cle>ly ref]s to a /ruggle = supremacy betwe5 ! two upp] ca/es1 ?\gh we may d\bt if ! triumphs attribut$ to ! prie/ly *ampion h any f\ndation 9 fact4 ,! ,rmyana#ceg conta9s a s+ul> acc\nt ( a conte/ betwe5 ?is ,rma & ! great] h]o ( ! same "n 9 :i* ,p>au-rma admits ! o!r's sup]iority4 ,t is to say an epic edit$ "u prie/ly sup]vision relates h[ ! h]o-god ( ! w>riors vanqui%es ! h]o-god ( ! prie/s1 & ?is h]o-god ( ! w>riors is !n wor%ipp$ by common cons5t z ! great] div9ity1 b "u prie/ly patronage4 ,! t5acity & vitality ( ! ,brahmans enabl$ !m ultimately to lead ! conqu]or captive1 & ,rmac&ra became a *ampion ( ,brahmanism z mu* z ,p>au-rma4 ,v int]e/+ too is ! n9? avatra 7to leave = a mom5t ! /rict num]ical ord]7 or ,buddha4#ceh ,! reason assign$ 9 ,brahmanic lit]ature = ,vi%nu's appe>ance 9 ?is "* is t he wi%$ to mislead ! enemies ( ! gods by false tea*+1 or t out ( compassion = animals he prea*$ ! abolition ( ,v$ic sacrifices4 ,nei!r explanation is v plausible & x is pretty cle> t 9 ! p]iod :5 deg5]ate ,buddhism (f]$ no objection to deification & my?ology1 ! ,brahmans sanction$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,buddha "u _! auspices4 ,b !y did s only 9 a half-he>t$ way4 ,! ,buddha 0 s important a p]sonage t he _h to be expla9$ by ! int]v5tion1 k9dly or ho/ile1 ( a deity4#cei ,9 8 t5? inc>nation or ,kalk1#cfj :i* has yet to take place1 ,vi%nu w appe> z a ,messiah1 a conception possibly influ5c$ by ,p]sian ideas4 ,"h1 :]e we are 9 ! realm ( pure imag9ation1 we see cle>ly :at ! signs ( 8 avatras are suppos$ to be4 ,8 mission is to sweep away ! wick$ & to ensure ! triumph ( ! pi\s1 b he comes z a w>rior & a horseman1 n z a tea*]1 & if he protects ! good he does s by de/roy+ evil4 ,he has ?us all ! attributes ( a ,k%atriya h]o1 & t is z a matt] ( fact ! real "* ( ! two mo/ important avatras to :i* we n[ turn1 ,rma & ,kri%na4 ,rma1 (t5 di/+ui%$ z ,rmac&ra1 is usually treat$ z ! sev5? inc>nation & ant]ior to ,kri%na1 = he 0 born 9 ! second age ( ?is rapidly det]iorat+ _w1 :]eas ,kri%na did n appe> until ! ?ird4 ,b 8 deification is lat] ?an t ( ,kri%na & probably an imitation ( x4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,daara?a1 ,k+ ( ,ayodhya or ,oudh1 b 0 driv5 into bani%m5t by a palace intrigue4 ,he m>ri$ ,st1 daught] ( ! ,k+ ( ,mi?il4 ,%e 0 c>ri$ (f by ,rvana1 ! demon tyrant ( ,ceylon1 & ,rma re-captur$ h] ) ! aid ( ,hanuman1 ,k+ ( ! ,monkeys1 & 8 ho/s4#cfa ,is !re any k]nel ( hi/ory 9 ?is /ory8 ,an exam9ation ( ,h9du leg5ds sugge/s t !y usually pres]ve names & g5ealogies correctly b di/ort facts1 & fanta/ically comb9e indep5d5t n>ratives4 ,rma 0 a semi-div9e h]o 9 ! tales ( anci5t ,oudh1 bas$ on a real p]sonality1 & ,ceylon 0 coloniz$ by ,indians ( ,aryan spee*4#cfb ,b c we assume t a k+ ( ,oudh really l$ an exp$ition to ! f> s\?1 ) ! aid ( ape-l aborig9es8 ,x is d\btful1 & ! n>rative ( ! ,rmyana reads l poetic inv5tion r ?an di/ort$ hi/ory4 ,& yet1 :at c h prompt$ ! leg5d except ! occurr5ce ( "s su* exp$ition8 ,9 ,rma's wife ,st1 seem to be comb9$ an agricultural goddess & a h]o9e ( anci5t romance1 embody+ ! ,h9du ideal ( ! true wife4 ,we h no record ( ! /eps by :i* ,rma & ,kri%na 7 deifi$1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! epic !y are pres5t$ 9 v diff]5t aspects1 sometimes z little m ?an human1 sometimes z no?+ less ?an ! ,supreme ,deity4 ,b x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ?is deification owes some?+ to ! example ( ,buddhism4 ,x may be said t ! developm5t ( bo? ,buddhism & ,h9duism 9 ! c5turies imm$iately prec$+ & foll[+ our era gives p>allel manife/ations ( ! same popul> t5d5cy to deify great m54 ,?is is true1 b ! non-,buddhi/ =ms ( ,indian religion :ile n object+ to deification did n p>ticul>ly enc\rage x4 ,b 9 ?is p]iod1 ,buddhism & ,ja9ism 7 p[]ful3 bo? ( !m sanction$ ! v5]ation ( great tea*]s &1 z !y did n recognize sacrifice or adoration ( gods1 ?is v5]ation became ! basis ( _! c]emonies & easily pass$ into wor%ip4 ,! ,buddhi/s are n responsible = ! introduction ( deification1 b ! fact t x 0 to "s ext5t ! basis ( _! public c]emonies mu/ h gone f> to make ! wor%ip ( ,rma & ,kri%na seem natural4 ,x is commonly said t :]eas ! :ole div9e nature ( ,vi%nu 0 embodi$ 9 ,kri%na1 ,rma 0 only a p>tial inc>nation4 ,half ! god's ess5ce took human =m 9 him1 ! o!r half be+ di/ribut$ among 8 bro!rs4 ,kri%na is a great] figure 9 popul> e/eem & receives ! exclusive devotion ( m wor%ipp]s4 ,! "n ( ,rma comm&s ! rev]5ce ( mo/ ,h9dus1 & has a place 9 _! pray]s1 b 8 figure has n be5 inve/$ ) ! attributes 7(t5 ( dubi\s moral value7 :i* mo/ attract sect>ian devotion4 ,8 wor%ip comb9es easily ) ! adoration ( o!r deities4 ,! great temple ( ,ramesv>am on ,adam's ,bridge is d$icat$ n to ,rma himself b to ! l+a :i* he erect$ !re1 & ,tulsi ,das1 ! au?or ( ! ,h9di ,rmyana1 :ile invok+ ,rma z ! ,supreme ,"l & r$eem] ( ! _w1 emphatically /ates#cfc t 8 wor%ip is n antagoni/ic to t ( iva4 ,no inscriptions nor anci5t ref]5ces te/ify to ! wor%ip ( ,rma be=e our era & 9 ! subsequ5t c5turies two phases c be di/+ui%$4 ,fir/1 ,rma is a great h]o1 an inc>nation ( ,vi%nu = a p>ticul> purpose & analog\s to ! ,vmana or any o!r avatra3 des]v+ z su* ( all respect b /ill n ! object ( any special cult4 ,?is is ! view tak5 ( ,rma 9 ! ,mahbhrata1 ! ,purnz1 ! ,raghuvamsa1 & ^? p>ts ( ! ,rmyana :i* g beyond x are probably late additions4#cfd ,b secondly ,rma becomes = 8 wor%ipp]s ! supreme deity4 ,rmnuja 7on ! ,v$nta stras1 ,,ii4 #db7 m5tions him & ,kri%na z two great inc>nations 9 :i* ! supreme be+ became manife/1 & s9ce ,kri%na 0 c]ta9ly wor%ipp$ at ?is p]iod z id5tical ) ! ,all-,god1 x w\ld appe> t ,rma held ! same position4 ,yet x 0 n until ! f\rte5? or fifte5? c5tury t he became = _m sects ! c5tral & ultimate div9e figure4 ,9 ! m lib]al sects ! wor%ip ( ,rma passes easily into !ism & x is ! direct p>5t ( ! ,kabirpan? & ,sikhism1 b unlike ,kri%naism x does n lead to erotic excess4 ,rma p]sonifies ! ideal ( *ivalry1 ,st ( *a/ity4 ,less edify+ =ms ( wor%ip may attract m att5tion1 b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ,rma is relegat$ to ! p5umbra ( philosophic ?\ght4 ,if any?+ s multiplex z ,h9duism c be said to h a wat*word1 x is ! cry1 ,rm1 ,rm4 ,! /ory ( 8 adv5tures has travell$ ev5 fur!r ?an ! h]o himself1 & is kn[n n only f ,ka%mir to ,cape ,comor9 b f ,bombay to ,java & ,indo-,*9a :]e x is a common subject ( art4 ,9 ,india ! ,rmyana is a fav\rite recitation among all classes1 & dramatiz$ v]sions ( v>i\s episodes are p]=m$ z religi\s plays4 ,?\gh two late ,upani%ads1 ! ,rmaprvatpanya & ,rmautt>atpaniya extol ,rma z ! ,supreme ,be+1 !re is no ,rmapurna4 ,! fact is significant1 z %[+ t 8 wor%ip did n possess precisely ^? features ( prie/ly sect>ianism :i* m>k ! ,purnz & p]haps t x is lat] ?an ! ,purnz4 ,b x has inspir$ a l>ge lit]ature1 m truly popul> ?an any?+ t ! ,purnz conta94 ,?us we h ! ,sanskrit ,rmyana itself1 ! ,h9di ,rmyana1 ! ,tamil ,rmyana ( ,kamban1 & works l ! ,adhytma-,rmyana & ,yoga-,vasi%?a-,rmyana4#cfe ,( all ^!1 ! ,rmyana ( ,tulsi ,das is specially rem>kable & ,i %all speak ( x lat] at "s l5g?4 #d ,kri%na1 ! o!r great inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s figures 9 ! ,indian pan!on1 b 8 hi/orical orig9 rema9s obscure4 ,! ^w :i* means black or d>k blue occurs 9 ! ,rig ,v$a z ! "n ( an o!rwise unkn[n p]son4 ,9 ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad1#cff ,kri%na1 ! son ( ,devak1 is m5tion$ z hav+ be5 in/ruct$ by ! sage ,ghora ( ! ngirasa clan1 & x is probably impli$ t ,kri%na too belong$ to t clan4#cfg ,lat] sect>ian writ]s nev] quote ?is v]se1 b _! sil5ce may be due to ! fact t ! ,upani%ad does n ref] to ,kri%na z if he 7 a deity1 & m]ely says t he receiv$ f ,ghora in/ruction aft] :i* he nev] ?ir/$ aga94 ,! purport ( x 0 t ! sacrifice may be p]=m$ )\t rites1 ! v>i\s p>ts be+ typifi$ by ord9>y human actions1 su* z hung]1 eat+1 laught]1 lib]ality1 righte\sness1 etc4 ,?is doctr9e has "s resemblance to ,buddhi/ language#cfh & if ?is ,kri%na is really ! anci5t h]o out ( :om ! lat] deity 0 evolv$1 !re may be an allusion to "s simple =m ( wor%ip :i* reject$ c]emonial & 0 practis$ by ! tribes to :om ,kri%na belong$4 ,i %all recur to ! "q ( ^! tribes & ! ,bhgavata sect bel[1 b 9 ?is section ,i am conc]n$ ) ! p]sonality ( ,kri%na4 ,vsudeva is a well-kn[n "n ( ,kri%na & a stra ( ,pnini1#cfi especially if tak5 9 conjunction ) ! comm5t ( ,patanjali1 appe>s to ass]t t x is n a clan "n b ! "n ( a god4 ,if s ,vsudeva mu/ h be5 recogniz$ z a god 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,he is m5tion$ 9 inscriptions :i* appe> to date f ab\t ! second c5tury ,b4,c4#cgj & 9 ! la/ book ( ! ,taittirya ranyaka1#cga :i* h[ev] is a lat] addition ( unc]ta9 date4 ,! "n ,kri%na occurs 9 ,buddhi/ writ+s 9 ! =m ,kanha1 phonetically equival5t to ,kri%na4 ,9 ! ,dgha ,nikya#cgb we he> ( ! clan ( ! ,kanhyanas 7 ,kr%nyanas7 & ( "o ,kanha :o became a great sage4 ,?is p]son may be ! ,kri%na ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 b !re is no pro( t he is ! same z our ,kri%na4 ,! ,ghata-,jtaka 7,no4 #ded7 gives an acc\nt ( ,kri%na's *ildhood & subsequ5t exploits :i* 9 _m po9ts corresponds ) ! ,brahmanic leg5ds ( 8 life & conta9s sev]al famili> incid5ts & names1 su* z ,vsudeva1 ,baladeva1 ,kamsa4 ,yet x pres5ts _m peculi>ities & is ei!r an indep5d5t v]sion or a misrepres5tation ( a popul> /ory t _h w&]$ f> f its home4 ,ja9 tradition also %[s t ^! tales 7 popul> & 7 work$ up into diff]5t =ms1 = ! ,ja9s h an elaborate sy/em ( anci5t patri>*s :i* includes ,vsudevas & ,baladevas4 ,kri%na is ! n9? ( ! ,black ,vsudevas#cgc & is connect$ ) ,dvravat or ,dvrak4 ,he w become ! twelf? tr?ank>a ( ! next _w-p]iod & a simil> position w be atta9$ by ,devak1 ,roh91 ,baladeva & ,javakumra1 all memb]s ( 8 family4 ,?is is a /rik+ pro( ( ! popul>ity ( ! ,kri%na leg5d outside ! ,brahmanic religion4 ,no ref]5ces to ,kri%na except ! above h be5 f\nd 9 ! e>li] ,upani%ads & ,stras4 ,he is n m5tion$ 9 ,manu b 9 "o aspect or ano!r he is ! pr9cipal figure 9 ! ,mahbhrata1 yet n exactly ! h]o4 ,! ,rmyana w\ld h no plot )\t ,rma1 b ! /ory ( ! ,mahbhrata w\ld n lose its unity if ,kri%na 7 omitt$4 ,he takes ! side ( ! ,pndavas1 & is sometimes a *ief sometimes a god b he is n ess5tial to ! action ( ! epic4 ,! leg5d repres5ts him z ! son ( ,vasudeva1 :o belong$ to ! ,sttvata sept#cgd ( ! ,ydava tribe1 & ( 8 wife ,devak4 ,x _h be5 pr$ict$ to ,kamsa1 k+ ( ,ma?ura 7,muttra71 t "o ( h] sons w\ld kill him4 ,he !re=e slew h] fir/ six *ildr53 ! sev5?1 ,bal>ma1 :o is (t5 c\nt$ z an inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 0 transf]r$ by div9e int]v5tion to ! womb ( ,roh94 ,kri%na1 ! eigh?1 escap$ by m natural me?ods4 ,8 fa!r 0 able to give him into ! *>ge ( ,n&a1 a h]dsman1 & 8 wife ,ysod :o br\ght him up at ,gokula & ,vr9dvana4 ,"h 8 y\? 0 pass$ 9 sport+ ) ! ,gops or milk-maids1 ( :om he is said to h m>ri$ a ?\s&4 ,he _h "t1 h[ev]1 to p]=m acts ( h]oism1 & aft] kill+ ,kamsa1 he transport$ ! inhabitants ( ,ma?ura to ! city ( ,dvrak :i* he _h built on ! coa/ ( ,guj>at4 ,he became k+ ( ! ,ydavas & cont9u$ 8 mission ( cle>+ ! e>? ( tyrants & mon/]s4 ,9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! ,pndavas & ! sons ( ,dhrit>%tra he *ampion$ ! cause ( ! =m]1 & aft] ! conclusion ( ! w> retir$ to ,dvrak4 ,int]nec9e conflict broke out among ! ,ydavas & annihilat$ ! race4 ,kri%na himself )drew to ! =e/ & 0 kill$ by a hunt] call$ ,j>as 7old age7 :o %ot him suppos+ him to be a de]4 ,9 ! ,mahbhrata & sev]al ,purnz ?is b>e outl9e is di/5d$ ) a ple?ora ( miracul\s incid5t rem>kable ev5 9 ,indian lit]ature1 & almo/ all possible =ms ( div9e & human activity are attribut$ to ?is _m-sid$ figure4 ,we may inde$ suspect t 8 p]sonality is dual ev5 9 ! simple/ =m ( ! leg5d = ! sc5e *anges f ,ma?ur to ,dvrak1 & 8 "* is n q ! same 9 ! two regions4 ,x is probable t an anci5t milit>y h]o ( ! we/ has be5 comb9$ ) a deity or p]haps m ?an "o deity4 ,! pile ( /ory1 s5tim5t & !ology :i* ages h heap$ up r\nd ,kri%na's "n1 repres5ts him 9 ?ree pr9cipal aspects4 ,fir/ly1 he is a w>rior :o de/roys ! p[]s ( evil4 ,secondly1 he is associat$ ) love 9 all its =ms1 rang+ f amor\s sport to ! love ( ,god 9 ! mo/ spiritual & my/ical s5se4 ,?irdly1 he is n only a deity1 b he actually becomes ,god 9 ! ,european & also 9 ! pan!i/ic acceptation ( ! ^w1 & is ! c5tre ( a philosophic !ology4 ,! fir/ ( ^! aspects is cle>ly ! olde/ & x is "h1 if any:]e1 t we may hope to f9d "s fragm5ts ( hi/ory4 ,b ! embelli%m5ts ( poets & /ory-tell]s h be5 s _m t we c only po9t to features :i* may indicate a sub/ratum ( fact4 ,9 ! leg5d1 ,kri%na assi/s ! ,pndavas aga9/ ! ,kauravas4 ,n[ _m ?9k t ! ,pndavas repres5t a second & lat] immigration ( ,aryans into ,india1 compos$ ( tribes :o _h halt$ 9 ! ,himalayas & p]haps acquir$ "s ( ! cu/oms ( ! inhabitants1 includ+ poly&ry1 = ! five ,pndavas _h "o wife 9 common betwe5 !m4 ,also1 ! mean+ ( ! "n ,kri%na1 black1 sugge/s t he 0 a *ief ( "s non-,aryan tribe4 ,x is1 !re=e1 possible t "o s\rce ( ! ,kri%na my? is t a body ( invad+ ,aryans1 describ$ 9 ! leg5d z ! ,pndavas1 :o _h n exactly ! same laws & beliefs z ^? already e/abli%$ 9 ,h9du/an1 7 aid$ by a p[]ful aborig9al *ief1 j z ! ,sisodias 9 ,rajputana 7 aid$ by ! ,bhls4 ,x is possible too t ,kri%na's tribe may h come f ,kabul or o!r m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ! nor? we/1 al?\gh "o ( ! mo/ def9ite po9ts 9 ! leg5d is 8 connection ) ! coa/ t[n ( ,dvrak4 ,! =tifications ( ?is t[n & ! fruitless ef=ts ( ! demon k+1 ,salva1 to conqu] x by seige are describ$ 9 ! ,mahbhrata1#cge b ! n>rative is surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( magic & miracle r ?an ( hi/ory4#cgf ,?\gh x w\ld n be reasonable to pick out ! less fanta/ic p>ts ( ! ,kri%na leg5d & int]pret !m z hi/ory1 yet we may fairly atta* significance to ! fact t _m episodes repres5t him z 9 conflict ) ,brahmanic in/itutions & h>dly ma9ta9+ ! position ( ,vi%nu inc>nate4#cgg ,?us he plund]s ,indra's g>d5 & defeats ! gods :o attempt to resi/ him4 ,he fights ) iva & ,sk&a4 ,he burns ,b5>es & all its inhabitants4 ,yet he is call$ ,up5dra1 :i*1 :atev] o!r explanations sect>ian +5uity may inv5t1 c h>dly mean any?+ b ! ,less] ,indra1 & he fills ! humble po/ ( ,arjuna's *>iote]4 ,8 k9sm5 seem to h be5 ( little repute1 = "p ( 8 mission 0 to de/roy 8 own clan & aft] presid+ ov] its annihilation 9 int]nec9e /rife1 he 0 sla9 himself4 ,9 all ?is we see dimly ! figure ( "s aborig9al h]o :o1 ?\gh ultimately canoniz$1 repres5t$ a =ce n 9 complete h>mony ) ,brahmanic civilization4 ,! figure has also _m sol> attributes b ^! ne$ n mean t its orig9 is to be s\ght 9 a sun my?1 b r t1 z _m e>ly deities 7 =ms ( ! sun1 sol> attributes came to be a natural "p ( div9ity & 7 ascrib$ to ! deifi$ ,kri%na j z !y 7 to ! deifi$ ,buddha4#cgh ,"s au?ors hold t ! hi/orical ,kri%na 0 a tea*]1 simil> to ,z>a?u/ra1 & t ?\gh ( ! milit>y class he 0 *iefly occupi$ 9 f\nd+ or support+ :at 0 aft]w>ds kn[n z ! religion ( ! ,bhgavatas1 a !i/ic sy/em inculcat+ ! wor%ip ( "o ,god1 call$ ,bhgavat1 & p]haps id5tical ) ! ,sun4 ,x is probable t ,kri%na ! h]o 0 connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( a special deity1 b ,i see no evid5ce t he 0 prim>ily a tea*]4#cgi ,9 ! e>li] leg5ds he is a man ( arms3 9 ! lat] he is n "o :o devotes 8 life to tea*+ b a =ceful p]sonage :o expla9s ! nature ( ,god & ! univ]se at ! mo/ unexpect$ mom5ts4 ,n[ ! f\nd]s ( religions su* z ,mahvra & ,buddha pres]ve _! "* z tea*]s ev5 9 leg5d & d n accumulate miscellane\s h]oic exploits4 ,simil>ly mod]n f\nd]s ( sects1 l ,caitanya1 ?\gh rev]$ z inc>nations1 /ill reta9 _! hi/orical attributes4 ,b on ! o!r h& _m m5 ( action h be5 deifi$ n because !y taught any?+ b because !y seem$ to be m ?an human =ces4 ,rma is a classical example ( su* deification & _m local deities c be %[n to be w>riors1 b&its & hunt]s ^: p[]s inspir$ respect4 ,x is said t !re is a disposition 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy to deify ! ,m>a?a lead] ivaji4#chj ,9 8 second aspect1 ,kri%na is a pa/oral deity1 sport+ among nymphs & cattle4 ,x is possible t ?is ,kri%na is 9 8 orig9 di/9ct f ! viol5t & tragic h]o ( ,dvrak4 ,! two *>act]s h little 9 common1 except _! lawlessness1 & ! date & locality ( ! two cycles ( leg5d are diff]5t4 ,b ! dea? ( ,kamsa :i* is "o ( ! olde/ incid5ts 9 ! /ory 7= x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,mahbh%ya#cha7 belongs to bo? & ,kamsa is consi/5tly connect$ ) ,muttra4 ,! ,mahbhrata is ma9ly conc]n$ ) ,kri%na ! w>rior3 ! few allusions 9 x to ! freaks ( ! pa/oral ,kri%na occur 9 passages suspect$ ( be+ late int]polations &1 ev5 if !y are g5u9e1 %[ t little att5tion 0 paid to 8 y\?4 ,b 9 lat] works1 ! relative importance is rev]s$ & ! figure ( ! amor\s h]dsman almo/ bani%es ! w>rior4 ,we c trace ! gr[? ( ?is figure 9 ! sculptures ( ! six? c5tury1 9 ! ,vi%nu & ,bhgavata ,purnz & ! ,gt-gov9da 7writt5 ab\t #aagj74 ,ev5 lat] is ! wor%ip ( ,rdh1 ,kri%na's mi/ress1 z a portion ( ! deity1 :o is suppos$ to h divid$ himself into male & female halves4#chb ,! bir? & adv5tures ( ! pa/oral ,kri%na are locat$ 9 ! l& ( ,braj1 ! di/rict r\nd ,muttra & among ! tribe ( ! bhras1 b ! w>like ,kri%na is connect$ ) ! we/1 al?\gh 8 exploits ext5d to ! ,ganges valley4#chc ,! bhras1 n[ call$ ,ahirs1 7 nomadic h]dsm5 :o came f ! we/ & _! movem5ts betwe5 ,ka?iaw> & ,muttra may h some?+ to d ) ! d\ble location ( ! ,kri%na leg5d4 ,bo? ar*ology & hi/orical notices tell u some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ,muttra4 ,x 0 a great ,buddhi/ & ,ja9 c5tre1 z ! /atues & vihras f\nd !re atte/4 ,ptolemy calls x ! city ( ! gods4 ,fa-,hsi5 7#djj ,a4,d47 describes x z ,buddhi/1 b t fai? 0 decl9+ at ! "t ( ,hsan ,*uang's visit 7c4 #fcj ,a4,d474 ,! sculptural rema9s also indicate ! pres5ce ( ,grco-,bactrian influ5ce4 ,we ne$ n !re=e feel surprise if we f9d 9 ! religi\s ?\ght ( ,muttra elem5ts traceable to ,greece1 ,p]sia or ,c5tral ,asia4 ,"s claim t ,*ri/ianity %\ld be reckon$ among ^! elem5ts & ,i %all discuss ! "q else:]e4 ,"h ,i w only say t su* ideas z 7 common to ,*ri/ianity & to ! religions ( ,greece & we/]n ,asia probably did p5etrate to ,india by ! nor!rn r\te1 b ( specifically ,*ri/ian ideas ,i see no pro(4 ,x is true t ! pa/oral ,kri%na is unlike all e>li] ,indian deities1 b !n no close p>allel to him c be adduc$ f else:]e1 &1 take him z a :ole1 he is a decid$ly un-*ri/ian figure4 ,! resemblance to ,*ri/ianity consi/s 9 ! wor%ip ( a div9e *ild1 toge!r ) 8 "m4 ,b ?is feature is abs5t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & seems to h be5 borr[$ f paganism by ,*ri/ianity4 ,! leg5ds ( ,muttra %[ ev5 cle>] traces ?an ^? already quot$ ( ho/ility betwe5 ,kri%na & ,brahmanism4 ,he =bids ! wor%ip ( ,indra1#chd & :5 ,indra 9 ang] s5ds d[n a deluge ( ra91 he protects ! c\ntry by hold+ up ov] x ! hill ( ,goburdhan1 :i* is /ill "o ( ! great c5tres ( pilgrimage4#che ,! language :i* ! ,vi%nu ,purna attributes to him is extremely rem>kable4 ,he int]rupts a sacrifice :i* 8 fo/]fa!r is (f]+ to ,indra & says1 ,we h nei!r fields nor h\ses3 we w&] ab\t happily :]ev] we li/1 travell+ 9 our waggons4 ,:at h we to d ) ,indra8 ,cattle & m\nta9s are 7our7 gods4 ,brahmans (f] wor%ip ) pray]3 cultivators ( ! e>? adore _! l&m>ks b we :o t5d our h]ds 9 ! =e/s & m\nta9s %\ld wor%ip !m & our k9e4 ,?is passage sugge/s t ,kri%na repres5ts a tribe ( highl& nomads :o wor%ipp$ m\nta9s & cattle & came to t]ms ) ! ,brahmanic ritual only aft] a /ruggle4 ,! wor%ip ( m\nta9 spirits is common 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 b ,i d n "k ( any evid5ce = cattle-wor%ip 9 ^? regions4 ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria1#chf writ+ at ! end ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 tells u t ! ,indians wor%ipp$ ,h]akles & ,pan4 ,! pa/oral ,kri%na has consid]able resemblance to ,pan or a ,faun1 b no repres5tations ( su* be+s are record$ f ,grco-,indian sculptures4 ,sev]al ,bac*ic gr\ps h h[ev] be5 discov]$ 9 ,g&h>a & also at ,muttra#chg & ,mega/h5es recogniz$ ,dionysus 9 "s ,indian deity4 ,?\gh ! ,bac*ic revels & my/]ies d n expla9 ! pa/oral elem5t 9 ! ,kri%na leg5d1 !y (f] a p>allel to "s ( its o!r features1 su* z ! danc+ & ! cr[d ( wom51 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t su* ,greek ideas may h g]m9at$ & prov$ fruitful 9 ,muttra4 ,! ,greek k+ ,m5&] is said to h occupi$ ! city 7c4 #aee ,b4,c471 & ! sculptures f\nd !re indicate t ,greek arti/ic =ms 7 us$ to express ,indian ideas4 ,!re may h be5 a simil> fusion 9 religion4 ,9 any case1 ,buddhism 0 pr$om9ant 9 ,muttra = sev]al c5turies4 ,x no d\bt =bade ! animal sacrifices ( ! ,brahmans & fav\r$ mild] rites4 ,x may ev5 (f] "s explanation = ! frivol\s "* ( mu* 9 ! ,kri%na leg5d4#chh ,mo/ ,brahmanic deities1 extraord9>y z _! conduct (t5 is1 are s]i\s & impos+4 ,b ,buddhism claim$ = itself ! s]i\s side ( religion & :ile x tol]at$ local godl+s treat$ !m z fairies or elves4 ,x 0 p]haps :ile ,kri%na 0 a humble ru/ic deity ( ?is sort1 ) no claim to repres5t ! ,almighty1 t !re fir/ ga!r$ r\nd him ! cycle ( light love-/ories :i* has clung to him ev] s9ce4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,brahmans 8 wor%ip has und]gone ! /range/ v>iations :i* t\* ! highe/ & l[e/ planes ( ,h9duism1 b ! ,muttra leg5d /ill reta9s its special note ( pa/oral romance1 & exhibits ,kri%na 9 two pr9cipal *>act]s1 z ! div9e *ild & z ! div9e lov]4 ,! my/]ies ( bir? & ( sexual union are cong5ial topics to ,h9du !ology1 b 9 ! cult ( ,muttra we are n conc]n$ ) reproduction z a _w =ce1 b simply ) *ildhood & love z emotional manife/ations ( ! deity4 ,! same ideas occur 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & ev5 9 ! ,gospels ,*ri/ is comp>$ to a bridegroom1 b ! ,kri%na leg5d is f> m gross & nave4 ,! infant ,kri%na is commonly ador$ 9 ! =m kn[n z ,makhan ,*or or ! ,butt] ,?ief4#chi ,?is repres5ts him z a crawl+ *ild hold+ out "o h& full ( curds or butt] :i* he has /ol54 ,we speak ( idoliz+ a *ild1 & :5 ,h9du wom5 wor%ip ?is image !y are unconsci\sly g5]aliz+ ! process & wor%ipp+ *ildhood1 its wayw>d pranks z well z its loveable simplicity1 & ?\gh x is h>d = a man to ?9k ( ! freaks ( ! butt] ?ief z a manife/ation ( div9ity1 yet cle>ly !re is an analogy betwe5 ^! *ildi% escapades & ! caprices ( mature deities1 :i* are respectfully describ$ z my/]ies4 ,if "o admits ! wor%ip ( ! ,bamb9o1 x is n unreasonable to include 9 x admiration ( 8 rogu]ies1 & ! t5d] playfulness :i* is p]mitt$ to ent] into ?is cult appeals pr(\ndly to ,indian wom54 ,images ( ! ,makhan ,*or are sold by ?\s&s 9 ! /reets ( ,muttra4 ,ev5 m popul> is ! image kn[n z ,kanhaya1 :i* repres5ts ! god z a "y man play+ ! flute z he /&s 9 a c>eless attitude1 :i* has some?+ ( ,hell5ic grace4 ,kri%na 9 ?is =m is ! belov$ ( ! ,gops1 or milk-maids1 ( ! l& ( ,braj1 & ! sp\se ( ,rdh1 ?\gh %e _h no monopoly ( him4 ,! /ories ( 8 frolics ) ^! damsels & ! rites in/itut$ 9 memory !re( h br\ght 8 wor%ip into m]it$ discr$it4 ,kri%naism (f]s ! mo/ ext5sive manife/ation to be f\nd 9 ! _w ( :at ,w4 ,james calls ! !opa?ic condition z illu/rat$ by nuns l ,m>gurite ,m>ie ,alacoque1 ,sa9t ,g]trude & ! m di/+ui%$ ,sa9t ,!resa4 ,to be lov$ by ,god & lov$ by him to di/raction 7jusqu' la folie71 ,m>g>et melt$ away ) love at ! ?\ght ( su* a ?+4444 ,%e said to ,god1 ',hold back1 my ,god1 ^! torr5ts :i* ov]:elm me or else enl>ge my capacity = _! reception'4#cij ,^! are n ! words ( ! ,gt-gov9da or ! ,prem ,sag>1 z might be suppos$1 b ( a ,ca?olic ,bi%op describ+ ! transports ( ,si/] ,m>gurite ,m>ie1 & !y illu/rate ! temp] ( ,kri%na's wor%ipp]s4 ,b ! v]ses ( ! ,m>a?i poet1 ,tuk>am1 :o liv$ ab\t #afjj ,a4,d4 & sang ! praises ( ,kri%na1 rise above ?is s5tim5tality ?\gh he uses ! language ( love4 ,9 a lett] to ,sivaji1 :o desir$ to see him1 he wrote1 ,z a *a/e wife longs only to see h] "l1 su* am ,i to ,vitthala4#cia ,all ! _w is to me ,vitthala & no?+ else3 !e also ,i behold 9 him4 ,he also wrote else:]e1 he t take? ! unprotect$ to 8 he>t & doe? to a s]vant ! same k9dness z to 8 own *ildr51 is assur$ly ! image ( ,god4 ,m rec5tly ,rmakri%na1 ^: say+s brea! a wide intellig5ce z well z a wide *>ity1 has giv5 ?is religion ( love an expression :i*1 if some:at too sexual to be p]fectly 9 accordance ) we/]n ta/e1 is ne>ly relat$ to emotional ,*ri/ianity4 ,a true lov] sees 8 god z 8 ne>e/ & de>e/ relative he writes1 j z ! %eph]d wom5 ( ,vrindvana saw 9 ,kri%na n ! ,"l ( ! ,univ]se b _! own belov$4444 ,! k ( ,god may be lik5$ to a man1 :ile ! love ( ,god is l a woman4 ,k has entry only up to ! out] rooms ( ,god1 & no "o c ent] into ! inn] my/]ies ( ,god save a lov]4444 ,k & love ( ,god are ultimately "o & ! same4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 pure k & pure love4#cib ,^! extracts %[ h[ ,kri%na z ! object ( ! s\l's desire assumes ! place ( ! ,supreme ,be+ or ,god4 ,b ?is surpris+ trans=mation#cic is n specially connect$ ) ! pa/oral & erotic ,kri%na3 ! be/ kn[n & mo/ ?or\gh-go+ exposition ( 8 div9ity is f\nd 9 ! ,bhagavad-gt1 :i* repres5ts him z be+ 9 8 human aspect1 a w>rior & ! *>iote] ( ,arjuna4 ,probably "s sev5ty-five millions to-day wor%ip ,kri%na1 especially "u ! "n ( ,h>i1 z ,god 9 ! pan!i/ic s5se & naturally ! m 8 id5tity ) ! supreme _s is emphasiz$1 ! dimm] gr[ ! leg5d>y features :i* m>k ! h]o ( ,muttra & ,dvrak1 & ! human elem5t 9 him is r$uc$ to ?is v important po9t t ! tie unit+ him to 8 wor%ipp]s is "o ( s5tim5t & affection4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s ,i %all treat ( ?is wor%ip :5 describ+ ! v>i\s sects :i* practise x4 ,a "q ( "s importance = ! hi/ory ( ,kri%na's deification is ! mean+ ( ! "n ,vsudeva4 ,"o explanation makes x a patronymic1 son ( ,vasudeva1 & supposes t :5 ?is pr9ce ,vsudeva 0 deifi$ 8 "n1 l ,rma1 0 transf]r$ to ! deity4 ,! o!r reg>ds ,vsudeva z a "n = ! deity us$ by ! ,sttvata clan & supposes t :5 ,kri%na 0 deifi$ ?is already well-kn[n div9e "n 0 be/[$ on him4 ,!re is mu* to be said = ?is latt] !ory4 ,z we h se5 ! ,ja9s give ! title ,vsudeva to a s]ies ( sup]m51 & a rem>kable leg5d /ates#cid t a k+ call$ ,paundraka :o pret5d$ to be a deity us$ ! title ,vsudeva & ord]$ ,kri%na to cease us+ x1 = :i* imp]t95ce he 0 sla94 ,?is cle>ly implies t ! title 0 some?+ :i* c\ld be deta*$ f ,kri%na & n a m]e patronymic4 ,indian writ+s c\nt5ance bo? etymologies ( ! ^w4 ,z ! "n ( ! deity !y d]ive x f vas to dwell1 he 9 :om all ?+s abide & :o abides 9 all4#cie #e iva & ,vi%nu are n 9 _! nature diff]5t f o!r ,indian ideas1 high or l[4 ,!y are ! (fspr+ ( philosophic & poetic m9ds play+ ) a luxuriant popul> my?ology4 ,b ev5 9 ! epics !y h already become fix$ po9ts 9 a flux ( *ang+ fancies & s]ve z receptacles 9 :i* ! mo/ div]se notions are collect$ & /or$4 ,ne>ly all philosophy & sup]/ition f9ds its place 9 ,h9duism by be+ connect$ ) "o or bo? ( !m4 ,! two wor%ips are n *>act]i/ic ( diff]5t p]iods3 !y coexi/ :5 !y fir/ become kn[n to u z !y d at ! pres5t day & 9 ess5tial doctr9es !y are mu* alike4 ,we h no "n = ?is curi\s d\ble !ism 9 :i* ea* p>ty describes its own deity z ! supreme god or ,all-god1 yet )\t d5y+ ! god ( ! o!r4 ,some?+ simil> might be produc$ 9 ,*ri/ianity if diff]5t ,*ur*es 7 av[$ly to wor%ip diff]5t p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity4 iva & ,vi%nu are sometimes contra/$ & occasionally _! wor%ipp]s qu>rel4#cif ,b ! g5]al incl9ation is r to make ! two figures approximate by be/[+ ! same attributes on bo?4 ,a deity mu/ be able to satisfy emotional devotion3 h5ce ! ,tamil ivaite says ( iva ! de/roy]1 "o %\ld wor%ip 9 supreme love him :o does k9dness to ! s\l4 ,b !n ! feature 9 ! _w :i* mo/ impresses ! ,h9du is ! con/ant *ange & de/ruction1 & ?is mu/ f9d a place 9 ! ,all-god4 ,h5ce ! sportive k9dly ,kri%na comes to be decl>$ ! de/roy] ( ! worlds4#cig ,x is z if 9 "s va/ ,dravidian temple "o w&]$ ?r\gh two corridors diff]5tly ornam5t$ & assign$ to ! prie/s ( diff]5t rites b bo? lead+ to ! same image4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ to f9d t !re is actually a deity--if inde$ ! t]m is suitable1 b ,european vocabul>ies h>dly provide "o :i* meets ! case--call$ ,h>ih>a 7or ank>a-,nryana71 t is iva & ,vi%nu comb9$4 ,! ,h>ivamsa conta9s a hymn address$ to him3 fairly anci5t sculptures atte/ ! preval5ce ( 8 wor%ip 9 ! ,deccan1 especially at ,badmi1 he 0 once ! *ief deity ( ,camboja & he is /ill popul> 9 s\? ,india4 ,"h besides be+ wor%ipp$ "u 8 own "n he has und]gone a s+ul> trans=mation & has probably be5 amalgamat$ ) "s aborig9al deity4 ,"u ! designation ( ,ay5r 7said to be a corruption ( ,h>ih>a7 he is ext5sively wor%ipp$ z a village god & reput$ to be ! son ( iva & ,vi%nu1 ! latt] hav+ k9dly assum$ ! =m ( a woman to effect 8 bir?4 ,ano!r =m ( ?is incl9ation to comb9e & unite ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ! ,div9e is ! t5d5cy to wor%ip gr\ps ( gods1 a practice z old z ! ,v$as4 ,?us _m temples are d$icat$ to a gr\p ( five1 namely1 iva1 ,vi%nu1 ,durg1 ,ganea & ! ,sun & x is /at$ t e ,h9du wor%ips ^! five deities 9 8 daily pray]s4#cih ,! ,trimrti1 or figure ( ,brahm1 iva & ,vi%nu1 illu/rates ! wor%ip ( gr\ps4 ,its importance has sometimes be5 ov]-e/imat$ by ,europeans f an idea t x correspond$ to ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity1 b 9 reality ?is triad is late & has little significance4 ,no /ress is laid on ! idea ( ?ree 9 "o & ! numb] ( p]sons c be increas$4 ,! ,brahma-vaiv>ta ,purna = in/ance adds ,kri%na to ,brahm1 iva & ,vi%nu4 ,! union ( ?ree p]sonalities is m]ely a way ( summ+ up ! *ief attributes ( ! ,all-,god4 ,?us ! ,vi%nu ,purna#cii extols ,vi%nu z be+ ,hiranyag>bha1 ,h>i & ank>a 7i4e4 ,brahm1 ,vi%nu & iva71 ! creator1 pres]v] & de/roy]1 b 9 ano!r passage z him :o is ,brahma1 v>a & _s 7,pums71 :o ) ! ?ree ,gunz 7qualities ( matt]7 is ! cause ( creation1 pres]vation & de/ruction4444 ,! orig9 ( ! triad1 s f> z x has any doctr9al or philosophical mean+1 is probably to be s\ght 9 ! p]sonification ( ! ?ree ,gunz4#djj ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ccd3 ,see especially ,dig4 ,nik4 ,,xx4 & ,,xxxii4 ,footnote #cce3 ,b ! li/s may be pieces ( folk-lore old] ?an ! suttas 9 :i* !y are incorporat$4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,! ,dionysus ( ,mega/h5es is a deity :o comes f ! we/ ) an army t suff]s f ! heat ( ! pla9s4 ,if we c\ld be c]ta9 t he meant iva by ,dionysus ?is w\ld be valuable evid5ce4 ,b he cle>ly misund]/ood _m ?+s 9 ,indian religion4 ,greek leg5ds connect$ ,dionysus ) ,india & ! ,ea/4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,macdonell seems to me correct 9 say+ 7,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiae1 p4 #abe7 t "o reason :y ,indian deities h _m arms is t !y may be able to c>ry ! v>i\s symbols by :i* !y are *>act]iz$4 ,ano!r reason is t wor%ip is usually accompani$ by dhyna1 t is =m+ a m5tal image ( ! deity z describ$ 9 a p>ticul> text4 ,e4g4 ! wor%ipp] repeats a mantra :i* describes a deity 9 language :i* 0 orig9ally metaphorical z hav+ _m heads & arms & at ! same "t he ought to make a m5tal image ( su* a figure4 ,footnote #cch3 ,b "s =ms ( ivaism 9 s\!rn ,india come ev5 ne>] to emotional ,*ri/ianity ?an does ,vi%nuism4 ,footnote #cci3 ,i _c discov] t any alleg$ avatra ( iva has n[ or has _h =m]ly any importance1 b ! ,vyu1 ,l9ga & ,krma ,purna give li/s ( su* inc>nations1 z does also ! ,cate*ism ( ! ,%aiva religion translat$ by ,f\lkes4 ,b ,indian sects h a /rong t5d5cy to ascribe all possible a*ievem5ts & attributes to _! gods4 ,! m]e fact t ,vi%nu becomes inc>nate incites ! ard5t ivaite to say t 8 god c d ! same4 ,a curi\s in/ance ( ?is rivalry is f\nd 9 ! /ory t iva manife/$ himself z arabha-mrti 9 ord] to curb ! f]ocity ( ,vi%nu :5 inc>nate 9 ! ,man ,lion 7see ,gop9?a ,rao1 ,h9du ,icon4 p4 #de74 iva (t5 appe>s 9 a special =m1 n necess>ily human1 = a special purpose 7e4g4 ,vrabhadra7 & "s tantric ,buddhas seem to be imitations ( ^! app>itions4 ,!re is a /rong elem5t ( ivaism borr[$ f ,b5gal 9 ! my?ology ( ,tibet & ,mongolia1 :]e su* p]sonages z ,hevajra1 ,samv>a1 & ,mahkla h a consid]able importance "u ! /range title ( ,buddhas4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,! passage f "o epi!t to ! o!r is v pla9 9 ,r4,v4 ,i4 #aad4 ,footnote #cda3 ,book ,,xvi4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,9 ! play ,mric*akatik or ,! ,clay ,c>t 7probably ( ! six? c5tury ,a4,d47 a burgl> invokes ,krtikeya1 ! son ( iva1 :o is said to h taught diff]5t /yles ( h\se-break+4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,a simil>ly /range collocation ( attributes is f\nd 9 ,dak%a's hymn to iva4 ,mahbhrata1 ,,xii4 ,sec4 #bhe4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,a?>va1 ,v4 xi4 #b4 #bd4 ,footnote #cde3 ,x is n c]ta9 if ! isnadevh :om ,indra is ask$ to de/roy 9 ,rig4 ,v4 ,,vii4 #ba4 #e & ,x4 #ii4 #c are priapic demons or wor%ipp]s ( ! phallus4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,,vii4 secs4 #bjb1 #bjc1 & ,,xiii4 sec4 #ad4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,! inscriptions ( ,camboja & ,*ampa seem to be ! be/ pro( ( ! antiquity ( ,l+a wor%ip4 ,a ,cambojan inscription ( ab\t #eej ,a4,d4 records ! d$ication ( a l+a & ! wor%ip mu/ h tak5 "s "t to rea* ,camboja f ,india4 ,"s l+as discov]$ 9 ,india are said to be ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,see ,f4 ,kittel1 ,ueb] d5 ,ursprung d] ,l+a ,kultus1 & ,b>?1 ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,z is also its appe>ance1 z a rule4 ,b !re are exceptions to ?is4 ,"s ,h9dus d5y t ! ,l+a is a phallic emblem4 ,x is h>dly possible to ma9ta9 ?is !sis 9 view ( su* passages z ,mahbh4 ,,xiii4 #ad & ! innum]able figures 9 :i* !re are bo? a l+a & a ,yoni4 ,b x is true t 9 its lat] =ms ! wor%ip is purg$ ( all grossness & t 9 its e>li] =ms ! symbol ador$ 0 (t5 a /pa-l column or a pill> ) figures on x4 ,footnote #cej3 ,su* sc5es z ! relief f ,am>vati figur$ 9 ,grnw$el1 ,buddhi/ art 9 ,india1 p4 #bi1 fig4 #h1 might easily be suppos$ to repres5t ! wor%ip ( ! l+a1 & "s ( ,aoka's pill>s h be5 wor%ipp$ z l+as 9 lat] times4 ,footnote #cea3 ,b n ( c\rse ! s\l :i*1 accord+ to ! g5]al ,indian idea1 exi/s be=e & cont9ues aft] ! life ( ! body4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folklore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ,i4 #hd2 ,,ii4 #bai4 ,footnote #cec3 ,!y are h[ev] ( "s importance 9 ,vi%nuite !ology4 ,= in/ance accord+ to ! s*ool ( ,rmnuja x is ! akti 7r7 :o reveals ! true doctr9e to mank9d4 ,vi%nu is (t5 said to h ?ree consorts1 r1 ,bh & ,ll4 ,footnote #ced3 ,e4g4 at4 ,brh4 ,i4 #b4 #e4 ,see also ! /range leg5d ,ib4 ,,xi4 #a4 #a :]e ,vi%nu is describ$ z ! be/ ( ! gods b is eat5 by ,indra4 ,he is frequ5tly 7e4g4 9 ! ata ,brh7 /at$ to be id5tical ) ! sacrifice1 & ?is 0 probably "o ( ! reasons = 8 becom+ prom95t4 ,footnote #cee3 ,see _m mod]n examples 9 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk ,lore ( ,nor!rn ,india1 *ap4 ,,iv4 & ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 vol4 ,,vi4 ,b5gal1 pp4 #aif-h1 :]e are describ$ v>i\s deifi$ h]oes :o are ador$ 9 ,b5gal1 su* z ,goveiy 7a b&it71 ,saile%1 ,k>ikh1 ,lrik1 ,am> ,s+h1 & ,gob9d ,raut 7a slay] ( tig]s74 ,comp>e too ! wor%ip ( ,gopi ,na? & ,z9da ,kaliana 9 ! ,panjb z describ$ 9 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 vol4 ,,xvii4 pp4 #aah-i4 ,footnote #cef3 ,! ,bhgavata ,purna 7,i4 iii47 & ! ,bhaktaml 7see ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiji1 pp4 #fba ff47 give long] li/s ( #bb & #bf1 & ! ,pnc>tra gives #ci4 ,see ,ahirbudhnya ,samhit1 ,v4 #ej-ee4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,book ,i1 cantos #gd-gf4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,a p>allel ph5om5on is ! belief f\nd 9 ,bali1 t ,buddha is iva's bro!r4 ,footnote #cei3 ,= ,brahmanic ideas ab\t ,buddha see ,vi%nu ,purna1 ,,iii4 #ah4 ,! ,bhgavata ,purna1 ,i4 #c4 #bd seems to make ! ,buddha inc>nation future4 ,x also c\nts ,kapila & ,ri%abha1 app>5tly id5tical ) ! f\nd] ( ! ,snkhya & ! fir/ ,ja9 sa9t1 z inc>nations4 ,! ,padma ,purna seems to ascribe n only ,buddhism b ! ,my doctr9e ( ank>a to delusions delib]ately inspir$ by gods4 ,i h n be5 able to f9d ! passage 9 ! pr9t$ edition ( ! ,purna b x is quot$ 9 ,sanskrit by ,aufre*t1 ,cat4 ,cod4 ,bib4 ,bodl4 p4 #ad1 & ,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,see ,norman 9 ,trans4 ,?ird ,int4 ,congress ( ,religions1 ,,ii4 p4 #he4 ,9 ! ,ind4 ,ant4 #aiah1 p4 #ade ,jayaswal tries to prove t ,kalk is a hi/orical p]sonage & id5tical ) ,k+ ,yaodh>man ( ,c5tral ,india 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #ejj7 & t ! idea ( 8 be+ a future savi\r is late4 ,?is !ory (f]s difficulties1 = fir/ly !re is no pro( t ! passages ( ! ,mahabh>ata :i* m5tion ,kalk 7,,iii4 #aij1 #acaja2 ,,iii4 #aia1 #acaaa3 ,,xii4 #cdj1 #abifh7 are additions lat] ?an ,yaodh>man & secondly if ,kalk 0 fir/ a hi/orical figure & !n project$ into ! future we %\ld expect to he> t he w come aga91 b su* language is n quot$4 ,on ! o!r h& x seems q likely 7#a7 t !re 0 an old tradition ab\t a future savi\r call$ ,kalk1 7#b7 t ,yaodh>man aft] defeat+ ! ,huns assum$ ! rle1 7#c7 & t :5 x 0 f\nd t ! gold5 age _h n recomm5c$ he 0 =gott5 7z _m pseudo-,messiahs h be57 & ,kalk aga9 became a hope = ! future4 ,v9c5t ,smi? 7,hi/4 ( ,india1 ed4 ,,iii4 p4 #cbj7 intimates t ,yaodh>man p]=m$ consid]able exploits b 0 inord9ately boa/ful4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory :i* omits ! exp$ition to ,lanka & makes ,st ! si/] ( ,rma is f\nd 9 ! ,das>a?a ,jtaka 7#fda74 ,footnote #cfb3 ,b ?is colonization is attribut$ by tradition to ,vijaya1 n ,rma4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,see especially book ,,vi4 p4 #fg1 9 ,gr[se's ,translation4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,see ,muir's ,sanskrit ,texts1 vol4 ,,iv4 especially pp4 #dda-dia4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,ekan?a1 :o liv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 calls ! ,adhytma ,r4 a mod]n "w4 ,see ,bh&>k>1 ,vai%n4 & ,saivism1 page #dh4 ,! ,yoga-,vasi%?a ,r4 purports to be in/ruction giv5 by ,vasi%tha to ,rma :o wi%es to ab&on ! _w4 ,its date is unc]ta9 b x is quot$ by au?ors ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x is v popul>1 especially 9 s\? ,india1 :]e an abridgm5t 9 ,tamil call$ ,jna-,vasi%tha is mu* read4 ,its doctr9e appe>s to be ,v$nti/ ) a good deal ( ,buddhi/ philosophy4 ,salvation is nev] to ?9k t pleasures & pa9s are m9e4 ,footnote #cff3 ,*nd4 ,up4 ,,iii4 #ag4f ,footnote #cfg3 ,! ,kau%4 ,brhm4 says t ,kri%na 0 an ngirasa ,,xxx4 g4 ,! ,anukraman says t ! ,kri%na ( ,rig ,v$a1 ,,viii4 #gd 0 an ngirasa4 ,= ,ghora ngirasa ! dread desc5d5t ( ! ,angirases see ,macdonell & ,kei?1 ,v$ic ,index1 s4v4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,e4g4 ,dig4 ,nik4 ,v4 ,! ,pnc>tra expressly /ates t ,yoga is wor%ip ( ! he>t & self-sacrifice1 be+ ?us a c\nt]p>t ( ! ext]nal sacrifice 7bhyayga74 ,footnote #cfi3 ,pn4 ,,iv4 #c4 #ih1 ,vsudevrjunbhym vun4 ,see ,bh&>k>1 ,vai%navism & aivism1 p4 #c & ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaj1 p4 #afh4 ,stra #ie1 j above1 appe>s to po9t to bhakti1 fai? or devotion1 felt = ?is ,vsudeva4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,especially ! ,besnag> column4 ,see ,rapson1 ,anci5t ,india1 p4 #aef & v>i\s articles 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiji-aj4 ,footnote #cga3 ,x4 i1 vi4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,,iii4 i4 #bc1 ,ulro s ,kanho isi ahosi4 ,b ?is may ref] to ! ,ri%i m5tion$ 9 ,r4,v4 ,,viii4 #gd :o has n necess>ily any?+ to d ) ! god ,kri%na4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,see ,hemac&ra ,abhidhnac9tmani1 ,ed4 ,boehtl+k & ,ri51 p4 #abh1 & ,b>nett's translation ( ! ,antagada ,daso1 pp4 #ac-ae & #fg-hb4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,app>5tly ! same z ! ,vri%nis4 ,footnote #cge3 ,,iii4 ,,xv4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,x w\ld seem t ! temple ( ,dvrak 0 built betwe5 ! composition ( ! n>rative 9 ! ,mahbhrata & ( ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 = :ile ! =m] says ! :ole t[n 0 de/roy$ by ! sea1 ! latt] excepts ! temple & says t :oev] visits x is fre$ f all 8 s9s4 ,see ,wilson1 ,vi%nu ,purna1 ,v4 p4 #aee4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,a mo/ curi\s *apt] ( ! ,vi%nu ,purna 7,,iv4 #ac7 conta9s a v9dication ( ,kri%na's "* & a picture ( old tribal life4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,nei!r c ,i agree ) "s s*ol>s t ,kri%na is ma9ly & prim>ily a deity ( vegetation4 ,all ,indian ideas ab\t ! ,univ]se & ,god emphasize ! int]action ( life & dea?1 gr[? & decay1 spr+ & w9t]4 ,kri%na is und\bt$ly associat$ ) life1 gr[? & g5]ation1 b s is iva ! de/roy]1 or r ! transmut]4 ,! acc\nt 9 ! ,mahbh%ya 7on ,pn4 ,,iii4 #a4 #bf7 ( ! masque repres5t+ ! slaught] ( ,kamsa by ,kri%na is surely a slight f\ndation = ! !ory t ,kri%na 0 a nature god4 ,x might be easily argu$ t ,*ri/ is a vegetation _s1 = n only is ,ea/] a spr+ fe/ival b !re are num]\s allusions to s[+ & h>ve/ 9 ! ,gospels & ,paul illu/rates ! resurrection by ! g]m9ation ( corn4 ,x is a mi/ake to seek = uni=mity 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,!re 7 9 anci5t times diff]5t types ( m9d :i* inv5t$ diff]5t k9ds ( gods1 j z n[ pr(essors inv5t diff]5t !ories ab\t gods4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,! ,kri%na ( ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad receives in/ruction b x is n said t he 0 himself a tea*]4 ,footnote #chj3 ,hopk9s1 ,india ,old & ,new1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #cha3 ,bh&>k>4 ,allusions to ,kri%na 9 ,mahbh%ya1 ,ind4 ,ant4 #ahgd1 p4 #ad4 ,= ! pa/oral ,kri%na see ,bh&>k>1 ,vai%navism & aivism1 *ap4 ,,ix4 ,footnote #chb3 ,! div9ity ( ,rdh is taught specially 9 ! ,brahma-vaiv>ta ,purna & ! ,nrada pnc>tra1 also call$ ,jnmritasra4 ,%e is also describ$ 9 ! ,gopla-tpanya ,upani%ad ( unkn[n date4 ,footnote #chc3 ,b ,kamsa appe>s 9 bo? s]ies ( leg5ds1 i4e41 9 ! ,ghata-,jtaka :i* conta9s no h9t ( ! pa/oral leg5ds b is a v>iant ( ! /ory ( ! w>like ,kri%na4 ,footnote #chd3 ,vi%nu ,purna1 ,v4 #aj1 #aa f :i* ! quotations 9 ! text are tak54 ,mu* ( x is repeat$ 9 ! ,h>ivamsa4 ,see = in/ance ,h4 #chjh4 ,footnote #che3 ,! ,muttra cycle ( leg5ds _c be v late = ! inscription ( ,glai ,lomor 9 ,*ampa 7#haa ,a4,d47 speaks ( ,nryana hold+ up ,goburdhan & a ,cambojan inscription ( ,prea ,eynkosey 7#igj ,a4,d47 speaks ( ! banks ( ! ,yamun :]e ,kri%na sport$4 ,^! leg5ds mu/ h be5 preval5t 9 ,india "s "t be=e !y travell$ s f>4 ,"s ( !m are depict$ on a pill> f\nd at ,m&or & possibly ref]able to ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,see ,ar*4 ,survey ,ind4 #aije-aijf1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #chf3 ,/rom1 ,,iii4 #aid4 ,see ,m',cr9dle1 ,anci5t ,india1 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #chg3 ,v9c5t ,smi?1 ,f9e ,art 9 ,india1 pp4 #acd-ach4 ,footnote #chh3 ,9 ! ,sutta-nipta ,mra1 ! ,evil ,"o is call$ ,kanha1 ! phonetic equival5t ( ,kri%na 9 ,prkrit4 ,c x be t ,mra & 8 daught]s h any?+ to d ) ,kri%na & ! ,gops8 ,footnote #chi3 ,comp>e ! ,greek /ories ( ! infant ,h]mes :o /eals ,apollo's cattle & inv5ts ! lyre4 ,comp>e too1 z hav+ a g5]al resemblance to fanta/ic ,indian leg5ds1 ! /ory ( "y ,heph/us4 ,footnote #cij3 ,mgr4 ,bong>d1 ,hi/oire de la ,bi5heureuse ,m>gurite ,m>ie4 ,quot$ by ,w4 ,james1 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #cia3 ,vitthal or ,vittoba is a local deity ( ,p&h>pur 9 ! ,deccan 7p]haps a deifi$ ,brahman ( ! place7 n[ id5tifi$ ) ,kri%na4 ,footnote #cib3 ,life & ,say+s ( ,rmakri%na4 ,trans4 ,f4 ,max ,mll]1 pp4 #acg-h4 ,! ,engli% poet ,cra%aw makes free use ( religi\s metaphors drawn f love & ev5 ,francis ,?ompson repres5ts ,god z ! lov] ( ! ,s\l1 e4g4 9 8 poem ,any ,sa9t4 ,footnote #cic3 ,?\gh surpris+1 x c be p>allel$ 9 mod]n times = ,kabir 7c4 #adjj7 0 id5tifi$ by 8 lat] foll[]s ) ! supreme _s4 ,footnote #cid3 ,mahbhr4 ,sabhp4 ,,xiv4 ,vi%nu ,pur4 v4 xxxiv4 ,! "n also occurs 9 ! ,taittirya ranyaka 7i4 #ca7 a "w ( mod]ate if n great antiquity ,nzyanya vidmahe ,vasudevya dhmahi4 ,footnote #cie3 ,see4 ,vi%nu ,pur4 ,,vi4 ,v4 ,see also ,wilson1 ,vi%nu ,purna1 ,i4 pp4 #b & #ag4 ,footnote #cif3 ,?us ! ,saura ,purna inveighs aga9/ ! ,mdhva sect 7,,xxxviii4-,,xl47 & calls ,vi%nu ! s]vant ( iva3 a ,purnic legal "w call$ ! ,vriddha-,h>ita-,samhit is said to conta9 a polemic aga9/ iva4 ,occasionally we he> ( collisions betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ,vi%nu & iva or ! desecration ( temples by ho/ile fanatics4 ,b su* conflicts take place mo/ (t5 n betwe5 widely diff]5t sects b betwe5 subdivisions ( ! same sect1 e4g41 ,t5galais & ,vadagalais4 ,x w\ld seem too t at pres5t mo/ ,h9dus ( ! high] ca/es avoid o/5tati\s memb]%ip ( ! mod]n sects1 & ?\gh !y may practise special devotion to ei!r ,vi%nu or iva1 yet !y visit ! temples ( bo? deities :5 !y g on pilgrimages4 ,jog5dra ,na? ,bhatta*>ya 9 8 ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects says 7p4 #cfd7 t ari/ocratic ,brahmans usually keep 9 _! private *apels bo? a salgram repres5t+ ,vi%nu & emblems repres5t+ iva & 8 sp\se4 ,h5ce diff]5t obs]v]s v>y 9 _! e/imates ( ! importance ( sect>ian divisions1 "s hold+ t sect is ! ess5ce ( mod]n ,h9duism & o!rs t mo/ educat$ ,h9dus d n wor%ip a sect>ian deity4 ,! ,krma ,purna1 ,"p ,i4 *ap4 ,,xxii4 conta9s "s curi\s rules z to :at deities %\ld be wor%ipp$ by ! v>i\s classes ( m5 & spirits4 ,footnote #cig3 ,bhag4-gt1 ,,xl4 #bc-cd4 ,footnote #cih3 ,see ,srisa ,*&ra ,vasu1 ,daily practice ( ! ,h9dus1 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #cii3 ,,ii4 #a & ,i4 #a4 ,footnote #djj3 ,see ,maitryana ,up4 ,v4 #b4 ,x is highly probable t ! celebrat$ image at ,elephanta is n a ,trimrti at all b a ,maheamrti ( iva4 ,see ,gop9?a ,rao1 ,h9du ,iconog4 ,,ii4 #chb4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,features ,,( ,,h9duism3 ,,ritual1 ,,ca/e1 ,,sect1 ,,fai? #a ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i trac$ ! gr[? ( ! great gods iva & ,vi%nu4 ,! prom95ce ( ^! figures is "o ( ! m>ks :i* di/+ui% ! lat] phase ( ,indian religion f ! e>li]4 ,b x is also di/+ui%$ by v>i\s practices1 in/itutions & beliefs1 :i* are m or less connect$ ) ! new deities4 ,su* are a new ritual1 ! elaboration ( ! ca/e sy/em1 ! gr[? ( sects1 & ! t5d5cy to make devotion to a p>ticul> deity ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ,i %all say some?+ ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,h9duism has (t5 & ju/ly be5 comp>$ to a jungle4 ,z 9 ! jungle e p>ticle ( soil seems to put =? its _s 9 vegetable life & plants gr[ on plants1 creep]s & p>asites on _! m /alw>t bre?r51 s 9 ,india art1 comm]ce1 w>f>e & crime1 e human int]e/ & aspiration seek = a manife/ation 9 religion1 & s9ce m5 & wom5 ( all classes & occupations1 all /ages ( education & civilization1 h contribut$ to ,h9duism1 mu* ( x seems l[1 fooli% & ev5 immoral4 ,! jungle is n a p>k or g>d54 ,:atev] c gr[ 9 x1 does gr[4 ,! ,brahmans are n g>d5]s b =e/ (fic]s4 ,to attempt a hi/ory or description ( ,indian cre$s seems an ent]prise z va/1 hopeless & pa?less z a g5]al acc\nt ( ,european politics4 ,z = _m c5turies ! life ( ,europe has express$ itself 9 politics1 s = ev5 long] ages ! life ( ,india1 :i* has m inhabitants ?an we/]n ,europe1#dja has f\nd expression 9 religion1 speculation & philosophy1 & has left ( all ?is ?\ght a volum9\s record1 mighty 9 bulk if want+ 9 dates & ev5ts4 ,& :y %\ld x *ronicle !m8 ,! truly religi\s m9d does n c>e = ! hi/ory ( religion1 j z among u ! sci5tific m9d does n dwell on ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,yet 9 spite ( _! exub]ance ,h9duism & ! jungle h consid]able uni=mity4 ,"h & !re 9 a tropical =e/ "s well-gr[n tree or brilliant fl[] attracts att5tion1 b ! g5]al impression left on ! travell] by ! vegetation z he passes ?r\gh x mile aft] mile is inf9ite repetition z well z inf9ite luxuriance4 ,& s 9 ,h9duism4 ,a monograph on "o god or "o tea*] is an int]e/+ /udy4 ,b if we cont9ue ! exp]im5t1 diff]5t gods & diff]5t tea*]s are f\nd to be mu* ! same4 ,we c write ab\t ,vi%nuism & ivaism z if !y 7 diff]5t religions & ?is1 ?\gh incomplete1 is n incorrect4 ,b 9 _! high] phases bo? %[ mu* ! same excell5ces & :5 degrad$ bo? lead to mu* ! same abuses1 except t ! wor%ip ( ,vi%nu does n all[ animal sacrifices4 ,?is is true ev5 ( ext]nals4 ,9 ! temples ( ,madura1 ,poona & ,b5>es1 ! deities1 ! rites1 ! doctr9es1 ! race ( ! wor%ipp]s & ! ar*itecture are all diff]5t1 yet ! impression ( uni=mity is /rong4 ,9 spite ( div]g5ces ! religion is ! same 9 all ?ree places3 x smacks ( ! soil & no?+ l x c be f\nd outside ,india4 ,h9duism is an unusual comb9ation ( animism & pan!ism1 :i* are commonly reg>d$ z ! extremes ( savage & ( philosophic belief4 ,9 ,india bo? may be f\nd sep>ately b frequ5tly !y are comb9$ 9 />tl+ juxtaposition4 ,! same p]son :o wor%ips ,vi%nu z id5tical ) ! univ]se also wor%ips him 9 ! =m ( a pebble or plant4#djb ,! av]age ,h9du1 :o _c live p]man5tly 9 ! altitudes ( pan!i/ic ?\ght1 reg>ds 8 gods z great natural =ces1 ak9 to ! mighty riv]s :i* he also wor%ips1 irresi/ible & (t5 b5efic5t b also caprici\s & de/ructive4 ,:]eas ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam all id5tify ! moral law ) ! w & conduct ( ! deity1 9 ,h9duism ?is is n completely admitt$ 9 practice1 ?\gh a libr>y might be fill$ ) ! beautiful ?+s t h be5 said ab\t man & ,god4 ,! outw>d =ms ( ,indian religion are pagan aft] ! fa%ion ( ! anci5t _w1 a fa%ion :i* has 9 mo/ l&s pass$ away4 ,b :]eas 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,european paganism1 despite ! ef=ts ( anti-,*ri/ian eclectics1 prov$ inela/ic & incapable ( satisfy+ new religi\s crav+s1 ?is did n happ5 9 ,india4 ,! bottles ( ,h9duism h always prov$ capable ( hold+ all ! w9e p\r$ into !m4 ,:5 a new s5tim5t takes possession ( m5's s\ls1 su* z love1 rep5tance1 or ! s5se ( s91 "s deity ( _m %apes & sympa?ies /raightway adapts himself to ! ne$s ( 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,& yet 9 s do+ ! deity1 ?\gh he enl>ges himself1 does n *ange1 & ! result is t we (t5 meet ) /range ana*ronisms1 z if ,jeph?ah %\ld li/5 appreciatively to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & !n sacrifice 8 daught] to ,*ri/4 ,_m ,h9du temples are s]v$ by danc+ girls :o are admitt$ly pro/itutes1#djc an in/itution :i* takes u back to ! cultus ( ,cor9? & ,babylon & is )\t p>allel 9 any nation on approximately ! same level ( civilization4 ,only ,briti% law prev5ts wid[s f be+ burn$ ) _! dead husb&s1 ?\gh ev5 9 ! ,v$ic age ! cu/om _h be5 discont9u$ z b>b>\s4#djd ,b = ! same legislation1 human sacrifice w\ld probably be common4 ,:at ! gods d & :at _! wor%ipp]s d 9 _! s]vice _c accord+ to ,h9du op9ion be judg$ by ord9>y laws ( "r & wrong4 ,! god is supra-moral3 ! wor%ipp] :5 he ent]s ! temple leaves conv5tionality outside4 ,yet x is unfair to repres5t ,h9duism z *>act]iz$ by lic5ce & cruelty4 ,su* t5d5cies are c\nt]balanc$ by ! /r5g? & preval5ce ( ideas bas$ on r5unciation & self-effacem5t4 ,all desire1 all atta*m5t to ! _w is an evil2 all self-ass]tion is wrong4 ,h9duism is con/antly 9 extremes3 sometimes x exults 9 ! dances ( ,kri%na or ! de/ructive fury ( ,kl3 m (t5 x /ruggles = release f ! transitory & = union ) ! p]man5t & real by self-d5ial or r self-negation1 :i* aims at ! total suppression ( bo? pleasure & pa94 ,?is is on ! :ole its dom9ant note4 ,9 ! records accessible to u ! transition f ,brahmanism--t is1 ! religion ( ! ,v$as & ,brhmanz--to ,h9duism does n appe> z direct b z mask$ by ,buddhism4 ,we see ,buddhism gr[ at ! exp5se ( ,brahmanism4 ,we are !n consci\s t x becomes pr(\ndly modifi$ "u ! influ5ce ( new ideas4 ,we see x decay & ! religion ( ! ,brahmans em]ge victori\s4 ,b t religion is n :at x 0 :5 ,buddhism fir/ arose1 & is h5ce=? g5]ally kn[n z ,h9duism4 ,! mat]ials = /udy+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! *ange occurr$--say #djj ,b4,c4 to #djj ,a4,d4--are n scanty1 b !y d n facilitate *ronological inve/igation4 ,art & ar*itecture are ma9ly ,buddhi/ until ! ,gupta p]iod 7c4 #cbj ,a4,d47 & lit]ature1 ?\gh pl5tiful1 is undat$4 ,! ,mahbhrata & ,rmyana mu/ h be5 edit$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! #hjj ye>s1 b !y consi/ ( diff]5t /rata & x is n easy to sep>ate & arrange !m )\t assum+ :at we want to prove4 ,f #djj ,b4,c4 7if n f an e>li] date7 onw>ds !re grew up a great volume ( epic poetry1 f\nd$ on popul> ballads1 tell+ ! /ories ( ,rma & ! ,pndavas4#dje ,x 0 di/9ct f ! canonical lit]atures ( bo? ,brahmans & ,buddhi/s1 b ?\gh x 0 n 9 its ess5tial "* religi\s1 yet s g5]al 9 ,india is ! int]e/ 9 religion t :ole !ological treatises 7 incorporat$ 9 ^! /ories )\t loss1 9 ,indian op9ion1 to ! int]e/ ( ! n>rative4 ,if at ! pres5t day a congregation is se5 9 a ,h9du temple li/5+ to a recitation1 ! text :i* is be+ *ant$ w (t5 prove to be "p ( ! ,mahbhrata4 ,su* a c]emony is n due to =getfulness ( ! ,v$a b is a repetition ( :at happ5$ long be=e our era :5 rhapsodi/s /rung toge!r popul> n>ratives & popul> !ology4 ,su* !ology _c be rigidly sep>at$ f ,brahmanism & ,buddhism4 ,x grew up "u _! influ5ce & accept$ _! simpl] ideas4 ,b x br\ght ) x popul> beliefs :i* did n /rictly speak+ belong to ei!r sy/em4 ,by attack+ ! ma9 ,brahmanic doctr9es ! ,buddhi/s gave ! popul> religion its opportunity4 ,= in/ance1 !y condemn$ animal sacrifices & d]id$ ! idea t tra9$ prie/s & complicat$ rites are necess>y4 ,?is did n de/roy ! influ5ce ( ! ,brahmans b x dispos$ !m to admit t ! ,v$ic sacrifices are n ! only means ( salvation & to au?orize o!r rites & beliefs4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 too1 t a s]ies ( invasions began to p\r into ,india f ! nor?-we/4 ,x may be h>d to di/+ui% betwe5 ! =eign beliefs :i* !y introduc$ & ! ,indian beliefs :i* !y accept$ & modifi$4 ,b x is cle> t _! g5]al effect 0 to upset traditional ideas associat$ ) a ritual & le>n+ :i* requir$ lifelong /udy4 #b ,x has be5 well said#djf t ,buddhism did n wa/e away 9 ,india until rival sects _h appropriat$ f x ev]y?+ !y c\ld make use (4 ,p]haps ,h9duism _h an ev5 /rong] doctr9al influ5ce on ,buddhism4 ,! deification ( ! ,buddha1 ! inv5tion ( ,bodhisattvas :o are equival5t to gods & ! extraord9>y alliance betwe5 late ,buddhism & ivaism1 are all in/ances ( ! g5]al ,indian view ov]com+ ! special ,buddhi/ view4 ,b ,buddhism is closely connect$ ) ! !ory ( inc>nations & ! developm5t ( ! ,advaita philosophy1 & 9 ! ext]nals ( religion1 9 rites1 c]emonies & in/itutions1 its influ5ce 0 great & la/+4 ,we may take fir/ ! doctr9e ( ,ahims1 non-injury1 or 9 o!r words ! sanctity ( animal life4 ,?is beautiful doctr9e1 ! glory ( ,india1 if n inv5t$ by ! ,buddha at lea/ arose 9 s*ools :i* 7 n ,brahmanic & 7 relat$ to ! ,ja9 & ,buddhi/ movem5ts4 ,x =m$ no "p ( ! ,v$ic religion 9 :i* sacrifice (t5 meant but*]y4 ,b 9 ,h9duism1 x meets ) ext5sive ?\gh n univ]sal acceptance4 ,) ! ,vai%navas x is an article ( fai? nor d ! wor%ipp]s ( iva usually propitiate him ) animal sacrifices1 ?\gh ^! are (f]$ by ! ktas & also by ! small class ( ,brahmans :o /ill pres]ve ! ,v$ic ritual4#djg ,h>dly any ,h9dus habitually eat meat & mo/ abhor x1 especially beef4 ,yet beef-eat+ seems to h be5 p]mitt$ 9 ,v$ic times & ev5 :5 p>ts ( ! ,mahbhrata 7 compos$4 ,ap>t f animal sacrifices ,buddhism 0 ! ma9 ag5t 9 effect+ a mighty revolution 9 wor%ip & ritual4 ,"o is tempt$ to reg>d ! *ange z total & complete1 b su* wide ass]tions are r>ely true 9 ,india3 cu/oms & in/itutions are n swept away by re=m]s b are cut d[n l ! grass & l ! grass gr[ up aga94 ,!y sometimes die out b !y are r>ely de/roy$4 ,! ,v$ic sacrifices are /ill occasionally (f]$1#djh b = _m c5turies h be5 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by ano!r =m ( wor%ip associat$ ) temples & ! v5]ation ( images4 ,?is mu/ h become ! dom9ant =m ( ,h9du cultus 9 ! fir/ few c5turies ( our era & probably e>li]4 ,x is "o ( ! ironies ( fate t ! ,buddha & 8 foll[]s %\ld be responsible = ! gr[? ( image wor%ip1 b x seems to be true4 ,he laugh$ at sacrifices & left to 8 disciples only two =ms ( religi\s ex]cise1 s]mons & m$itation4 ,= ,indian monks1 ?is 0 p]haps suffici5t1 b ! laity crav$ = "s outw>d =m ( wor%ip4 ,?is 0 soon f\nd 9 ! respect %[n to ! memory ( ! ,buddha & ! relics ( 8 body1 al?\gh ,h9duism nev] took k9dly to relic wor%ip4 ,we he> too ( ,cetiyas4 ,9 ! ,pitakas ?is ^w means a popul> %r9e unconnect$ ) ei!r ,buddhi/ or ,brahmanic c]emonial1 sometimes p]haps m]ely a sacr$ tree or /one1 probably hon\r$ by su* simple rites z decorat+ x ) pa9t or fl[]s4 ,a little lat]1 9 ,buddhi/ times1 ! ,cetiya became a c5otaph or reliqu>y1 g5]ally locat$ ne> a mona/]y & surr\nd$ by a passage = rev]5tial circumambulation4 ,allusions 9 ! ,pitakas also indicate t !n z n[ !re 7 fairs4 ,! e>ly ,buddhi/s ?\ght t ?\gh su* ga!r+s 7 n edify+ !y might be made s4 ,!y erect$ sacr$ build+s ne> a mona/]y1 & held fe/ivals s t p might collect toge!r1 visit a holy place1 & he> s]mons4 ,9 ! e>lie/ kn[n sanctu>ies1 ! fun]al monum5t 7= we c sc>cely d\bt t ?is is ! orig9 ( ! /pa7#dji has already assum$ ! conv5tional =m kn[n z ,dagoba1 consi/+ ( a dome & *e/ ( relics1 ) a spire at ! top1 ! :ole surr\nd$ by rail+s or a colonnade1 b ?\gh ! c>v+ is lavi%1 no figure ( ! ,buddha himself is to be se54 ,he is repres5t$ by a symbol su* z a footpr9t1 :eel1 or tree4 ,b 9 ! lat] s*ool ( sculpture kn[n z ,g&h>a or ,grco-,buddhi/ he is frequ5tly %[n 9 a full l5g? portrait4 ,?is diff]5ce is rem>kable4 ,x is easy to say t 9 ! old] s*ool ! ,buddha 0 n depict$ out ( rev]5ce1 b less easy to see :y su* del9eation %\ld h %ock$ an ,indian4 ,b at any rate !re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ t ,greeks or arti/s influ5c$ by ,greeks w\ld ?9k x obvi\s & prop] to make an effigy ( _! pr9cipal h]o4 ,9 ^! %r9es we h if n ! orig9 ( ! ,h9du temple1 at any rate a p>allel developm5t m ne>ly alli$ to x ?an any?+ 9 ! ,v$ic religion4#daj ,= ! ,buddhi/ %r9e 0 a monum5t built ov] a receptacle conta9+ relics & ! ess5tial feature ( ,h9du temples is a cell conta9+ an image or emblem & g5]ally surm\nt$ by a t[]4 ,! surr\nd+ c\rts & corridors may assume gigantic proportions1 b ! c5tral %r9e is nev] l>ge4 ,images _h no place 9 ! ,v$ic sacrifices & ^? n[ wor%ipp$ 9 temples are g5]ally small & rude1 & sometimes 7z at ,bhuvane%w> & ,srirangam7 ! deity is repres5t$ by a block or c>v$ /one :i* _c be mov$1 & may h be5 hon\r$ z a sacr$ rock long be=e ! "n ( ,vi%nu or iva 0 kn[n 9 ^? regions4#daa ,! conspicu\s /atues (t5 f\nd outside ! %r9e are n g5]ally wor%ipp$ & are m]ely ornam5ts4 ,buddhism did n create ! type ( ritual n[ us$ 9 ,h9du temples1 yet x contribut$ t[>ds x1 = x attack$ ! old ,brahmanic sacrifices1 x c\nt5anc$ ! idea t p>ticul> places & objects are holy1 & x enc\rag$ ! use ( images4 ,x is /range t ^! widespread ideas %\ld f9d no place 9 ! ,v$ic religion1 b ev5 n[-a-days :5ev] ! old ,v$ic sacrifices are celebrat$ !y are uncontam9at$ by ! temple c]emonial4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! prie/s or ,pujris :o (ficiate 9 temples are n always ,brahmans & !y r>ely enjoy mu* consid]ation4#dab ,?is curi\s & m>k$ feature may be connect$ ) ! invet]ate ,indian feel+ t1 ?\gh x is well to multiply rites & rules = neophytes1 no great respect is due to m5 occupi$ ) m]e c]emonial4 ,b x also te/ifies to a dim consci\sness t mod]n temples & _! c]emonies h little to d ) ! ?\ghts & mode ( life :i* made ! ,brahmans a =ce 9 ,india4 ,9 _m ways ! ,brahmans dissociate !mselves f popul> religion4 ,^? ( good family w n p]=m religi\s rites = dras & treat ! ,brahmans :o d s z inf]iors4#dac ,! simple/ c]emonial 9 use at ! pres5t day is t employ$ 9 "s ivaite temples4 ,x consi/s 9 plac+ leaves on ! l+a & p\r+ holy wat] ov] x4 ,^! rites1 :i* may be desc5d$ f prehi/oric /one wor%ip1 are g5]ally accompani$ by ! read+ ( a ,purna4 ,b ! commone/ =m ( temple ritual consi/s 9 treat+ ! image or symbol z an hon\r$ human be+4#dad ,x is awak5$1 ba!d1 dress$ & put to b$ at ! close ( day4 ,meals are s]v$ to x at ! usual h\rs4 ,! food ?us (f]$ is call$ prasd 7or fav\r7 & is eat5 by ! dev\t4 ,once or twice a day ! god holds a levee & on fe/ivals he is c>ri$ 9 procession4 ,^! c]emonies are specially *>act]i/ic ( ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na ^: images receive all ! ende>m5ts lavi%$ on a pet *ild4 ,b !y are also us$ 9 ! temples ( iva & ,p>vat1 & no less ?an tw5ty-two ( !m are p]=m$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! day at ! temple ( ,bhuvane%w> 9 ,orissa4 ,x is cle> t ! _s ( ^! rites is v diff]5t f t :i* inspires public wor%ip 9 o!r civiliz$ c\ntries at ! pres5t day4 ,!y are n congregational or didactic1 ?\gh if any ( ! fai?ful are 9 ! temple at ! "t ( ! god's levee x is prop] = !m to ent] & salute him4 ,nei!r d !y recall ! magical c]emonies ( ! ,v$ic sacrifices4#dae ,! wav+ ( lights 7arati7 be=e ! god & ! burn+ ( inc5se are almo/ ! only acts sugge/ive ( ecclesia/ical ritual4 ,! re/ consi/s 9 treat+ a symbol or image z if x 7 a liv+ ?+ capable ( enjoy+ simple physical pleasures4 ,"h !re are two /rata4 ,we h really anci5t rites1 su* z ! ano9t+ or ornam5t+ ( /ones & (f]+s ( food 9 sacr$ places4 ,9 ?is class too we may reckon ! sacrifice ( goats 7& =m]ly ( human be+s7 to ,kl4#daf ,b on ! o!r h& ! gr[+ idea ( ,bhakti1 t is fai? or devotion1 import$ a s5tim5tal elem5t & ! wor%ipp] endeav\r$ to pet1 c>ess & amuse ! deity4 ,x is h>d to see any?+ ei!r heal?y or arti/ic 9 ?is emotional ritual4 ,! l[ & fooli% "* ( _m temple c]emonies disgu/s ev5 appreciative =eign]s1 b ^! s]vices are n ! :ole ( ,h9du wor%ip4 ,all ,h9dus p]=m 9 ! c\rse ( ! day num]\s acts ( private devotion v>y+ accord+ to sect1 & a pi\s man is n dep5d5t on ! temple l a ,ca?olic on 8 *ur*4 ,indian life is l>gely occupi$ ) ^! private1 intimate1 individual obs]vances1 h>dly noticeable z c]emonies & conc]n$ ) su* ?+s z dress+1 ablution & ! prep>ation ( food4 ,! mona/ic in/itutions ( ,india seem due to ,buddhism4 ,!re 7 w&]+ monks be=e ! ,buddha's "t1 b ! practice ( f\nd+ e/abli%m5ts :]e !y c\ld reside p]man5tly1 orig9at$ 9 8 ord]4 ,!re appe>s to be no record ( ,h9du 7z oppos$ to ,buddhi/7 mona/]ies be=e ! "t ( ank>a 9 ! n9? c5tury1 ?\gh !re mu/ h be5 places :]e ! le>n$ congregat$ or :]e w&]+ ascetics c\ld lodge4 ank>a p]ceiv$ ! advantage ( ! c5obitic life = organiz+ religion & f\nd$ a numb] ( maths or colleges4 ,subsequ5t religi\s lead]s imitat$ him4 ,at ! pres5t day ^! in/itutions are common1 yet x is cle> t ! w&]+ _s is /rong 9 ,h9dus & t !y d n take to mona/ic discipl9e & fix$ resid5ce z readily z ,tibetans & ,burmese4 ,a math is n s mu* a conv5t z ! abode ( a tea*]4 ,8 pupils frequ5t x & may become semi-resid5t3 ag$ pilgrims may make x _! la/ home1 b ! inmates are n a p]man5t body foll[+ a fix$ rule l ! monks ( a ,vihra4 ,! ,sattras ( ,assam1 h[ev]1 are true mona/]ies 7?\gh ev5 !re v[s & mona/ic co/ume are unkn[n7 & s are ! e/abli%m5ts ( ! ,swm9ryana sect at ,ahm$abad & ,w>tl4 #c ,! va/ & complicat$ organization ( ca/e is ma9ly a po/-,v$ic gr[? & 9 ! ,buddha's "t 0 only 9 ! mak+4#dag ,8 ord] 0 op5 to all classes alike1 b ?is does n imply t he 0 adv]se to ca/e1 s f> z x !n prevail$1 or d5i$ t m5 are divid$ into categories det]m9$ by _! de$s 9 o!r bir?s4 ,b on ! :ole ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism 0 unfav\rable to ca/e1 especially to ! pret5sions ( ! ,brahmans1 & an extant polemic aga9/ ca/e is ascrib$ 7?\gh d\btfully7 to ,avagho%a4#dah ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ca/e is 9 its orig9 ! expression ( a social r ?an ( a religi\s t5d5cy1 ! :ole in/itution & me*anism h long be5 support$ & exploit$ by ! ,brahmans4 ,few ( !m w\ld dispute ! proposition t a man _c be a ,h9du unless he belongs to a ca/e4 ,! reason ( ?is support is undisguis$1 namely1 t !y are ! fir/ & *ief ca/e4 ,!y make _! own position a matt] ( religion & claim ! p[] ( purify+ & rehabilitat+ ^? :o h lo/ ca/e b !y d n usually int]f]e ) ! rules ( o!r ca/es or excommunicate ^? :o break !m4#dai ,t is ! bus9ess ( ! ,pancayat or ca/e c\ncil4 ,sometimes religion & ca/e are 9 opposition1 = _m mod]n religi\s lead]s h begun by decl>+ t among believ]s !re are no social di/9ctions4 ,?is is true n only ( tea*]s ^: or?odoxy is dubi\s1 su* z ,nnak1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,sikhs1 & ,basava1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,l+yats1#dbj b also ( ,vallabhcrya & ,caitanya4 ,b 9 ne>ly all cases ca/e reass]ts itself4 ,! religi\s tea*]s ( ! sect receive extravagant respect & =m a body ap>t4 ,?is ph5om5on1 :i* recurs 9 ne>ly all communities1 %[s h[ ! ,brahmans e/abli%$ _! position4 ,at ! same "t social di/9ctions make !mselves felt among ! laity1 & ^? :o claim to be ( good position dissociate !mselves f ^? ( l[] bir?4 ,! sect ends by obs]v+ ca/e on ord9>y occasions1 & x is only 9 "s temples 7su* z t ( ,jaganna? at ,puri7#dba t ! wor%ipp]s mix & eat a sacr$ meal toge!r4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! sect :i* r5\nces ca/e becomes itself a ca/e4 ,?us1 ! ,sikhs h become almo/ a nation & o!r mod]n ca/es aris+ out ( sects are ! ,ati?s1 :o are ivaites1 ! ,s>aks1 :o appe> to h be5 orig9ally ,buddhi/s1 & ! ,bai%nabs 7,vai%navas71 a "n commonly giv5 9 ,b5gal to ^? foll[]s ( ,caitanya :o p]si/ 9 ! orig9al rule ( disreg>d+ ca/e regulations )9 ! sect1 & h5ce n[ =m a sep>ate community4 ,b z a rule sect & ca/e are n co-ext5sive & ! ca/e is n a religi\s corporation4 ,?us ! diff]5t subdivisions ( ! ,baniyas belong to diff]5t sects & ev5 9 ! same subdivision !re is no religi\s uni=mity4#dbb ,ca/e 9 its lat] developm5ts is s complex & irregul>1 t x is impossible to summ>ize x 9 a =mula or expla9 x z ! developm5t ( "o pr9ciple4 ,9 ! e>lie/ =m kn[n two pr9ciples are already 9 op]ation4 ,we h fir/ racial di/9ction4 ,! ?ree upp] ca/es repres5t ! invad+ ,aryans1 ! f\r? ! races :om !y f\nd 9 ,india4 ,9 ! mod]n sy/em ( ca/e1 race is n a /rong factor4 ,_m :o claim to be ,brahmans & ,k%atriyas h no ,aryan blood1 b /ill ! ,aryan elem5t is /ronge/ 9 ! highe/ ca/es & decreases z we desc5d ! social scale & also decreases 9 ! high] ca/es 9 proportion z we move f ! nor?-we/ to ! ea/ & s\?4 ,b secondly 9 ! ?ree upp] ca/es ! divid+ pr9ciple1 z report$ 9 ! e>lie/ acc\nts1 is n race b occupation4 ,we f9d 9 mo/ ,aryan c\ntries a division into nobles & p1 b 9 ,india ^! two classes become ?ree1 ! prie/s hav+ be5 able to assume a prom95ce unkn[n else:]e & to /amp on lit]ature _! claim to ! highe/ rank4 ,?is claim 0 probably nev] admitt$ 9 practice s completely z ! prie/s desir$4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly disput$ 9 ,buddhi/ times & ,i h myself he>d a "y ,rajput say t ! ,brahmans falsifi$ ! ,epics s z to give !mselves ! fir/ place4 ,x is n necess>y = our purpose to describe ! details ( ! mod]n ca/e sy/em4 ,its effect on ,indian religion has be5 consid]able1 = x creat$ ! social atmosph]e 9 :i* ! v>i\s beliefs grew up & x has furni%$ ! ,brahmans ) ! means ( e/abli%+ _! au?ority4 ,b _m religi\s re=m]s prea*$ t 9 religion ca/e does n exi/--t !re is nei!r ,jew nor ,g5tile 9 ! language ( ano!r cre$--& ?\gh ! application ( ?is !ory is nev] complete1 ! imp]fection is ! result n ( religi\s opposition b ( social pressure4 ,h9du life is p]meat$ by ! in/9ct t society mu/ be divid$ into communities hav+ "s common int]e/ & refus+ to int]m>ry or eat ) o!r communities4 ,! long li/ ( mod]n ca/es h>dly be>s ev5 a !oretical relation to ! f\r classes ( ,v$ic times4#dbc ,num]\s subdivisions ) exclusive rules z to int]m>riage & eat+ h aris5 among ! ,brahmans & ! /r5g? ( ?is fissip>\s in/9ct is se5 among ! ,mohamm$ans :o nom9ally h no ca/e b yet are divid$ into gr\ps ) mu* ! same re/rictions4 ,?is rem>kable t5d5cy to =m exclusive corporations is p]haps correlat$ ) ! abs5ce ( political life 9 ,india4 ,su* ideas z nationality1 citiz5%ip1 allegiance to a c]ta9 pr9ce1 patriotic feel+s = a c]ta9 t]ritory are r>] & vagu] ?an else:]e1 & yet ! ,h9du is dep5d5t on 8 fell[s & does n l to /& alone4 ,s f9d+ little satisfaction 9 ! city or /ate he cl+s ! m t5aci\sly to small] corporations4 ,^! h no "o "*3 !y are n f\nd$ on any "o logical pr9ciple b m]ely on ! ne$ felt by p :o h some?+ 9 common to associate toge!r4 ,_m are bas$ on tribal divisions2 "s1 su* z ! ,m>a?as & ,new>s1 may be said to be nationalities4 ,9 _m ! bond ( union is occupation1 9 a few x is sect>ian religion4 ,we c /ill obs]ve h[ memb]s ( a ca/e :o migrate f _! orig9al resid5ce t5d to =m an entirely new ca/e1 & h[ int]tribal m>riages among ! aborig9es create new tribes4 #d ,sect#dbd mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ca/e4 ,h9du sects are ( _m k9ds2 "s1 if n militant1 are at lea/ exce$+ly self-confid5t4 ,o!rs are s g5tle 9 /at+ _! views t !y might be call$ s*ools r ?an sects1 7 ! ^w n too intellectual4 ,! notion t any cre$ or code c be quod semp]1 quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus1 is less preval5t ?an 9 ,europe & ev5 ! ,v$a1 ?\gh x is ! et]nal ^w1 is admitt$ to exi/ 9 sev]al rec5sions4 ,h9duism is possible z a cre$ only to ^? :o select4 ,9 its lit]al s5se x means simply all ! beliefs & rites recogniz$ 9 ,india1 too multif>i\s & inconsi/5t = ! mo/ hospitable & addl$ bra9 to hold4 ,b ! ,h9dus1 :o are z lo? to aboli% que] beliefs & practices z !y are to take animal life1 are also ! mo/ det]m9$ seek]s aft] a satisfy+ =m ( religion4 ,brahmanic ritual & ,buddhi/ mona/icism dem& ! d$ication ( a life4 ,n ev]yone c af=d t1 b ! sect is op5 to all4 ,x attempts to sort out ( ! *aos ( my?ology & sup]/ition some?+ :i* all c und]/& & all may f9d useful4 ,x selects "s aspect ( ,h9duism & makes ! be/ ( x4 ,sects usually />t by prea*+ !ism & equality 9 ! sight ( ,god1 b 9 a few g5]ations my?ology & social di/9ctions creep 94 ,h5ce ?\gh ! preval5ce ( sect is und\bt$ly a feature ( mod]n ,h9duism x is also intelligible t "s obs]v]s %\ld ass]t t mo/ ,h9dus belong to ! same g5]al religion & t only ! m9ority are def9itely sect>ian4 ,! sect>ian t5d5cy is /rong] 9 ,vi%nuism ?an 9 ivaism4 ,! latt] has produc$ "s def9ite sects1 z1 = in/ance1 ,l+yats1 b is n l ,vi%nuism split up into a numb] ( ,*ur*es ea* f\nd$ by a human tea*] & provid$ by him ) a special cre$4 ,mo/ ,indian sects are 9 _! orig9 !i/ic1 t is to say1 !y take a p>ticul> deity & id5tify him ) ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,b ! pan!i/ic t5d5cy does n disappe>4 ,popul> religion naturally desires a p]sonal deity4 ,b x is significant t ! p]sonal deity frequ5tly assumes pan!i/ic attributes & is decl>$ to be bo? ! _w & ! human s\l4 ,! be/ kn[n sects arose aft] ,islam _h ent]$ ,india & "s ( !m1 su* z ! ,sikhs1 %[ a bl5d+ ( ,h9du & ,moslem ideas4 ,b if ,mohamm$an influ5ce fav\r$ ! =mation ( corporations pl$g$ to wor%ip "o p>ticul> deity1 x act$ less by introduc+ some?+ new ?an by quick5+ a l9e ( ?\ght already exi/+4 ,! ,bhagavad-gt is z complete an exposition ( sect>ian pan!ism z any utt]ances po/]ior to ,mohamm$anism4 ,! *>act]i/ic doctr9e ( sect>ian ,h9duism is bhakti1 fai? or devotion4 ,! old] ^w raddh1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,v$as1 is less emotional = x means simply belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a deity1 :]eas bhakti c (t5 be r5d]$ by love4 ,x is passionate1 self-oblivi\s devotion to a deity :o 9 return 7?\gh _m w\ld say !re is no b>t]+7 be/[s 8 grace 7prasda or anugraha74 ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 def9+ fai? says3 ,quid e/ cr$]e 9 ,deum8 cr$5do am>e1 cr$5do dilig]e1 cr$5do 9 eum ire1 et ejus membris incorpor>i4#dbe ,?is is an excell5t p>aphrase ( bhakti & ! words h an ori5tal r+ :i* is n q t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?\gh ! doctr9e ( bhakti m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a new epo* 9 ,h9duism x is n necess>y to reg>d x z an importation or due to ,*ri/ianity4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era !re 0 felt 9 _m c\ntries a crav+ = a g5tl] & m emotional wor%ip & ?\gh ! hi/ory ( ,bhaktism is obscure1 ,indian lit]ature %[s pla9ly h[ x may be a developm5t ( native ideas4 ,its fir/ great text-book is ! ,bhagavad-gt1 b x is also m5tion$ 9 ! la/ v]se ( ! vetvat>a ,upani%ad & ,pnini appe>s to allude to bhakti felt =#dbf ,vsudeva4 ,! ,kath ,upani%ad#dbg conta9s ! foll[+ passage3 ,t tman _c be ga9$ by ! ,v$a1 nor by und]/&+ nor by mu* le>n+4 ,he :om ! tman *ooses1 by him ! tman c be ga9$4 ,! tman *ooses him z 8 own4 ,"h we h n ! idea ( fai? or love1 b we h ! negative /atem5t t ! tman is n won by k & ! positive /atem5t t ?is tman *ooses 8 own4 ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a#dbh !re is a poem put into ! m\? ( ,vac or spee*1 conta9+ su* s5tim5ts z ,i give weal? to him :o gives sacrifice4444 ,i am t ?r\gh :i* "o eats1 brea!s1 sees1 & he>s4444 ,him t ,i love ,i make /rong1 to be a prie/1 a se]1 a sage4 ,?is reads l an anci5t prelim9>y /udy = ! ,bhagavad-gt4 ,l ,kri%na ! deity claims to be 9 all &1 l him1 to rew>d h] vot>ies4 ,x is true t ! ,come unto me is n di/9ctly express$1 b x is surely /ruggl+ = expression4#dbi ,aga91 9 ! ,kau%taki ,upani%ad 7,,iii4 #a & #b7 ,indra says to ,prat>dana1 :o _h ask$ him = a boon1 ,"k me only3 t is1 :at ,i deem mo/ b5eficial to man1 t he %\ld "k me4444 ,he :o m$itates on me z life & immortality ga9s 8 full life 9 ?is _w & 9 heav5 immortality4 ,"h ! relation ( ! devotee to ! deity is purely intellectual n emotional1 b ! idea t intellectual devotion direct$ to a p>ticul> deity w be rew>d$ is cle>ly pres5t4 ,9 ! ,rig ,v$a ?is same ,indra is call$ a deliv]] & advocate2 a fri5d1 a bro!r & a fa!r2 ev5 a fa!r & "m 9 "o4 ,"h ! wor%ipp] does n talk ( bhakti because he does n analyze 8 feel+s1 b cle>ly ^! phrases are inspir$ by affectionate devotion4 ,nor is ! _s ( bhakti abs5t f ,buddhism4 ,! sev]e doctr9e ( ! old] s*ools decl>es t ! ,buddha is simply a tea*] & t e man mu/ save himself4 ,b s9ce ! tea*] is ! s\rce ( ! k :i* saves1 x is natural to feel = him grateful & affectionate devotion4 ,?is s5tim5t p]meates ! two books ( poems call$ ,!ra & ,!rg? & sometimes f9ds cle> expression4#dcj ,9 ! comm5t>y on ! ,dhammapada#dca ! doctr9e ( salvation by devotion is affirm$ 9 its extreme =m1 namely t a dy+ man :o has fai? 9 ! ,buddha w be reborn 9 heav54 ,b ?is comm5t>y is n ( e>ly date & ! doctr9e quot$ is probably an in/ance ( ! ,h9ayana borr[+ ! attractive features ( ! ,mahayana4 ,! sutras ab\t ,amitbha's p>adise1 :i* 7 compos$ ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era & owe some?+ to ,p]sian ?\gh n to ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 prea* fai? 9 ,amitbha z ! :ole ( religion4 ,!y :o believe 9 him & call on 8 "n w g to heav54 ,:5 bhakti 0 once accept$ z a "p ( ,indian religion1 x 0 erect$ into a pr9ciple1 analog\s or sup]ior to k & 0 def9$ 9 ,stras#dcb simil> to ^? ( ! ,snkhya & ,v$nta4 ,b its importance 9 philosophy is small1 :]eas its p[] z an impulse 9 popul> religion has be5 enorm\s4 ,to e/imate its moral & intellectual value is difficult1 = l s mu* 9 ,h9duism x (f]s ! %>pe/ contra/s4 ,its obvi\s manife/ations may seem to be acts ( devotion :i* _c be comm5d$ e?ically & belief 9 pu]ile /ories3 yet we f9d t ?is (f5sive tra% cont9ually turns into gems ( religi\s ?\ght unsurpass$ 9 ! annals ( ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,! doctr9e ( bhakti is common to bo? ,vi%nuites & ivaites4 ,x is p]haps 9 g5]al e/imation associat$ ) ! =m] m ?an ) ! latt]1 b ?is is because ! ,bhagavad-gt & v>i\s =ms ( devotion to ,kri%na are well kn[n1 :]eas ! ,tamil lit]ature ( ,dravidian ivaism is ignor$ by _m ,european s*ol>s4 ,"o might be incl9$ to suppose t ! emotional fai? sprang up fir/ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,vi%nu1 = ! mild] god seems a natural object = love1 :]eas iva has to und]go a c]ta9 trans=mation be=e he c evoke su* feel+s4 ,b !re is no evid5ce t ?is is ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! bhakti s5tim5t1 & if ! ,bhagavad-gt is emphatic 9 enjo9+ ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na only1 ! vetvat>a & ,maitryanya ,upani%ads fav\r iva1 & he is abundantly extoll$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,mahbhrata4 ,"h1 z s (t51 exact *ronology fails u 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ^! sects1 b x is cle> t ! practice ( wor%ipp+ iva & ,vi%nu1 z be+ ea* by himself all-suffici5t1 _c h begun mu* lat] ?an ! ,*ri/ian era & may h begun consid]ably e>li]1 ev5 ?\gh p did n call !mselves aivas or ,vai%navas4 ,bhakti is (t5 associat$ ) ! doctr9e ( ! playfulness ( ,god4 ,?is idea--s /range to ,europe#dcc--may h its roots p>tly 9 ! odd non-moral attributes ( "s e>ly deities4 ,?us ! ,rudra ( ! at>udrya hymn is a que] "* & a trick/]4 ,b x soon takes a philosophical t+e & is us$ to expla9 ! creation & work+ ( ! univ]se :i* is reg>d$ n z an example ( caprici\s1 ironical1 inscrutable action1 b r z manife/+ easy1 joy\s movem5t & ! exub]ant rhy?m ( a dance execut$ = its own sake4 ,! ,european c h>dly imag9e a s5sible p]son do+ any?+ )\t an object3 he ?9ks x almo/ pr(ane to ascribe motiveless action to ! ,creator3 he racks 8 bra9 to discov] any purpose 9 creation :i* is morally wor?y & mod]ately 9 accord ) ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,b he c f9d none4 ,! ,h9du1 on ! contr>y1 argues t ,god be+ complete & p]fect _c be actuat$ by aims or motives1 = all su* impulses imply a desire to obta9 some?+1 :]eas a p]fect & complete be+ is "o :i* by its v def9ition ne$s nei!r *ange nor addition4 ,!re=e1 :atev] activity is ascrib$ to ! creator mu/ n be ?\ght ( z calculat+1 purposeful endeav\r1 b z spontane\s1 exultant movem5t1 ne$+ & admitt+ no explanation1 & analog\s to sport & play r ?an to ! proce$+s ( prud5t p4 ,?is view ( ! div9e activity is exp\nd$ by s s]i\s a writ] z ank>a 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,v$nta ,stras1 & x also f9ds my?ological expression 9 num]\s popul> leg5ds4 ,! ,tamil ,purnz describe ! sixty-f\r miracles ( iva z 8 amusem5ts3 8 laught] & joy\s movem5ts bright5 all ?+s1 & ! /reet m9/rels s+ ,he sports 9 ! _w4 ,he sports 9 ! s\l4#dcd ,he is suppos$ to dance 9 ! ,gold5 ,hall ( ! temple at ,*idamb>am & some?+ ( ! old leg5ds ( ! at>udrya hangs ab\t su* popul> titles z ! ,deceiv] & ! ,maniac 7,kalv>7 & ! /ories ( 8 go+ ab\t disguis$ & visit+ 8 wor%ipp]s 9 ! =m ( a m5dicant4 ,! idea ( sport & playfulness is also prom95t 9 ,vi%nuism4 ,x is a /rik+ feature 9 ! cultus ( bo? ! infant & ! y\?ful ,kri%na1 b ,i h n f\nd x record$ 9 ! sev]] wor%ip ( ,rma4 ,ano!r feature ( ,h9du sects is ! extravagant respect paid to ,gurus or tea*]s4 ,! sanctity ( ! ,guru is an old conviction 9 ,india4 ,by common cons5t he is entitl$ to absolute ob$i5ce & (f5ces aga9/ him are he9\s crimes4 ,b 9 sect>ian lit]ature !re appe>s a new claim1 namely1 t ! ,guru 9 "s way is or repres5ts ! god ^: wor%ip he tea*es4 ,if ! deity is ?\ght ( prim>ily z a savi\r1 ! ,guru is said to deliv] f suff]+ & hell3 if he requires surr5d] & sacrifice1 !n p]son & possessions mu/ be d$icat$ to ! ,guru4 ,memb]%ip ( a sect c be atta9$ only by initiation at ! h&s ( a ,guru :o c tea* a special mantra or =mula ( :i* ea* sect has its own4 ,9 "s ( ! m mod]n sects ! ,guru ne$ n be a ,brahman1 b if he _c be v5]at$ = 8 ca/e1 ! defici5cy is comp5sat$ by ! respect :i* he receives z a repository ( oral tea*+4 ,! scriptural basis ( _m sects is dubi\s & ev5 :5 x exi/s1 _m ( ! dev\t 7especially wom57 h n ! incl9ation or ability to read & !re=e take _! religion f ! lips ( ! ,guru1 :o ?us becomes an oracle & s\rce ( tru?4 ,9 ,b5gal1 ! family ,guru is a regul> in/itution 9 respectable ca/es4 ,9 _m sects ! f\nd] or o!r prom95t sa9t is describ$ z an inc>nation & receives v5]ation aft] dea?4#dce ,?is v5]ation or deification ( ! ,guru is f\nd 9 mo/ sects & assumes z extreme a =m among ! aivas z among ! ,vai%navas4 ,! aiva ,siddhnta tea*es t div9e in/ruction c be receiv$ only f "o :o is bo? god & man1 & t ! true ,guru is an inc>nation ( iva4 ,?us ! works ( ,mnikka-,vag> & ,umpati speak ( iva com+ to 8 devotees 9 ! =m ( ! ,guru4 ,9 ! sects t wor%ip ,kri%na ! ,gurus are frequ5tly call$ ,gosa9 7,goswami74#dcf ,sometimes !y are memb]s ( a p>ticul> family1 z among ! ,vallabhcryas4 ,9 o!r sects !re is no h]$it>y pr9ciple & ev5 a ,sudra is eligible z ,guru4 ,"o o!r feature ( ,sect>ian ,h9duism mu/ be m5tion$4 ,x may be describ$ z ,tantrism or1 9 "o ( its aspects1 z ! lat] ,yoga & is a comb9ation ( practices & !ories :i* h _! roots 9 ! old lit]ature & began to =m a connect$ doctr9e at lea/ z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,"s ( its pr9cipal ideas are z foll[s3 7i7 ,lett]s & syllables 7& also _! writt5 =ms & diagrams7 h a pot5t influ5ce bo? = ! human organism & = ! univ]se4 ,?is idea is f\nd 9 ! e>ly ,upani%ads#dcg & is fully develop$ 9 ! lat] ,sect>ian ,upani%ads4 7ii7 ,! human organism is a m9iature copy ( ! univ]se4#dch ,x conta9s _m l9es or *annels 7nd7 along :i* ! n]ve =ce moves & also n]v\s c5tres di/ribut$ f ! hips to ! head1 7iii7 ,9 ! l[e/ c5tre resides a =ce id5tical ) ! =ce :i* creates ! univ]se4#dci ,:5 by processes :i* are p>tly physical x is r\s$ & made to asc5d to ! highe/ c5tre1 emancipation & bliss are obta9$4 7iv7 ,!re is a my/]i\s connection betwe5 ! process ( cosmic evolution & s\nd1 especially ! sacr$ s\nd ,om4 ,^! ideas are develop$ mo/ ?or\ghly 9 kti/ works1 b are by no means peculi> to !m4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! ,pnc>tra & ! lat] ,puranas & h influ5c$ almo/ all mod]n sects1 al?\gh ^? :i* are bas$ on emotional devotion are naturally less incl9$ to fav\r physical & magical means ( obta9+ salvation4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #dja3 ,! population ( ,india 7ab\t #cae millions7 is l>g] ?an t ( ,europe )\t ,russia4 ,footnote #djb3 ,b comp>e ! ,engli% poet ,fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall1 ,i pluck y out ( ! crannies1 444 b if ,i c\ld und]/& ,:at y are1 root & all1 & all 9 all ,i %\ld "k :at ,god & man is4 ,footnote #djc3 ,ef=ts are n[ be+ made by ,h9dus to suppress ?is in/itution4 ,footnote #djd3 ,9 ! ,v$ic fun]al c]emonies ! wife lies d[n by h] dead husb& & is call$ back to ! _w ( ! liv+ :i* po9ts to an e>li] =m ( ! rite :]e %e di$ ) him4 ,b ev5 at ?is p]iod1 ^? :o did n foll[ ! ,v$ic cu/oms may h kill$ wid[s ) _! husb&s 7see too ,a?4 ,v$a1 ,,xii4 #c71 & lat]1 ! invad]s f ,c5tral ,asia probably re9=c$ ! usage4 ,! mu*-abus$ ,tantras =bid x4 ,footnote #dje3 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! ,rmyana & ,mahbhrata & ! dates assignable to ! diff]5t p]iods ( gr[?1 see ,w9t]nitz1 ,ges*4 ,ind4 ,lit4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #djc & p4 #dci4 ,also ,hopk9s' ,great ,epic ( ,india1 p4 #cig4 ,! two poems _h assum$ some?+ l _! pres5t =m 9 ! second & f\r? c5turies ,a4,d4 respectively4 ,^! are probably ! late/ dates = any sub/antial additions or alt]ations & !re is consid]able evid5ce t poems call$ ,bhrata & ,rmyana 7 well kn[n e>ly 9 ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,?us 9 ,avagho%a's ,strlankra 7/ory ,,xxiv7 !y are m5tion$ z w>like poems inculcat+ unbuddhi/ views4 ,! ,rmyana is m5tion$ 9 ! ,mahvibh% & 0 kn[n to ,vasub&hu 7,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aijg1 p4 #ii74 ,a ,cambojan inscription dat+ f ! fir/ ye>s ( ! sev5? c5tury records arrangem5ts made = ! recitation ( ! ,rmyana1 ,purna & complete 7ae%a7 ,bhrata1 :i* implies t !y 7 kn[n 9 ,india consid]ably e>li]4 ,see ,b>?1 ,inscrip4 ,sanscrites de ,cambodge1 pp4 #bi-ca4 ,! ,mahabh>ata itself admits t x is ! result ( gradual gr[? = 9 ! op5+ section x says t ! ,bhrata consi/s ( #h1hjj v]ses1 #bd1jjj v]ses & #ajj1jjj v]ses4 ,footnote #djf3 ,h>dy1 ,indis*e ,religionsges*i*te1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #djg3 ,b "s ( ^! latt] sacrifice images made ( d\gh in/ead ( liv+ animals4 ,footnote #djh3 ,x is said t ! ,agni%toma 0 p]=m$ 9 ,b5>es 9 #ahih1 & 9 ! la/ few ye>s ,i am told t "o or two ,v$ic sacrifices h be5 (f]$ annually 9 v>i\s p>ts ( s\!rn ,india4 ,i h myself se5 ! sites :]e su* sacrifices 7 (f]$ 9 #aijh-i 9 ,mysore city & 9 ,*idamb>am1 & 9 #aiab at ,wei ne> ,poona4 ,! mo/ usual =m ( sacrifice n[-a-days is said to be ! ,vjapeya4 ,mu* ,v$ic ritual is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! dome/ic life ( ! ,namba?iri & o!r ,brahmans ( s\!rn ,india4 ,see ,co*91 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 & ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( s\!rn ,india4 ,footnote #dji3 ,! outl9e ( a /pa may be due to imitation ( h\ses con/ruct$ ) curv$ bamboos z ,v9c5t ,smi? cont5ds 7,hi/ory ( ,f9e ,art1 p4 #ag74 ,b ?is is compatible ) ! view t /one build+s ) ?is curv$ outl9e _h come to be us$ specially z fun]al monum5ts be=e ,buddhism popul>iz$ 9 ,india & all ,ea/]n ,asia ! ar*itectural =m call$ /pa4 ,footnote #daj3 ,! temple ( ,aihole ne> ,badami seems to be a connect+ l9k betwe5 a ,buddhi/ /pa ) a pradak%9a pa? & a ,h9du %r9e4 ,footnote #daa3 ,9 mo/ temples 7at lea/ 9 s\!rn ,india7 !re are two images3 ! mla-vigraha :i* is ( /one & fix$ 9 ! sanctu>y1 & ! utsava-vigraha :i* is small]1 made ( metal & c>ri$ 9 processions4 ,footnote #dab3 ,?us ,bhatt*rya 7,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects1 p4 #abg7 enum]ates elev5 classes ( ,brahmans1 :o h a v l[ /atus on acc\nt ( _! be+ connect$ ) ! great public %r9es1 & adds t m]e resid5ce 9 a place ( pilgrimage = a few g5]ations t5ds to l[] ! /atus ( a ,brahmanic family4 ,footnote #dac3 ,?us 9 ,b5gal !re is a special class1 ! ,b>na ,brahmans1 :o p]=m religi\s rites = ! l[] ca/es1 & are divid$ into six classes accord+ to ! ca/es to :om !y m9i/]4 ,o!r ,brahmans w n eat or int]m>ry ) !m or ev5 take wat] f !m4 ,footnote #dad3 ,?is is extraord9>ily l ! temple ritual ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,= "s acc\nt ( ! con/ruction & ritual ( s\? ,indian temples see ,ri*>ds 9 ,j4 ( ,my?ic ,soc4 #aiai1 pp4 #aeh-ajg4 ,footnote #dae3 ,b ,v$ic mantras are us$ 9 ^! c]emonies4 ,! libations ( wat] or o!r liquids are said to be accompani$ by ! mantras recit$ at ! ,soma sacrifice4 ,footnote #daf3 ,at ^! sacrifices !re is no elaborate ritual or sugge/ion ( symbolism4 ,! animal is behead$ & ! inf]5ce is t ,kl likes x4 ,simil>ly simple is ! (f]+ ( coco-nuts to ,kl4 ,! wor%ipp] gives a nut to ! pujri :o splits x 9 two ) an axe1 spills ! milk & h&s back half ! nut to ! wor%ipp]4 ,?is is ! sort ( primitive (f]+ t might be made to an ,african feti%4 ,footnote #dag3 ,see especially ! ,ambattha ,stta 7,dig4 ,nik4 #c7 & ,rhys ,davids's introduction4 ,footnote #dah3 ,see ,web]1 ,die ,vajrasu*i & ,nanjio1 ,catal4 ,no4 #acjc4 ,9 ,ceylon at ! pres5t day only memb]s ( ! high] ca/es c become ,bhikkhus4 ,footnote #dai3 ,b x is said t 9 ,s\!rn ,india s]i\s que/ions ( ca/e are report$ to ! abbot ( ! ,sr+]i mona/]y = 8 decision4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,! mod]n ,l+yats demur to ! /atem5t t _! f\nd] reject$ ca/e4 ,footnote #dba3 ,s too 9 ! cakras ( ! kti/s all ca/es are equal dur+ ! p]=mance ( ! c]emony4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,"s 7,kh&elwals1 ,dasa ,srimalis & ,palliwals7 include bo? ,ja9s & ,vai%navas3 ! ,ag>wals are mo/ly ,vai%navas b "s ( !m are ,ja9s & "s wor%ip iva & ,kl4 ,jog5dra ,na? ,bhatta*>ya1 ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects1 pp4 #bje ff4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,! names us$ are n ! same4 ,! f\r ,v$ic ca/es are call$ ,v>na3 ! hundr$s ( mod]n ca/es are call$ ,jti4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,sampradya seems to be ! ord9>y ,sanskrit ^w = sect>ian doctr9e4 ,x means traditional tea*+ transmitt$ f "o tea*] to ano!r4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,i am discuss+ else:]e ! possible debt :i* ,*ri/ianity & ,h9duism may owe to "o ano!r4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,pnini1 ,,iv4 #c4 #ie-ih4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,kath ,up4 ,i4 #a4 #b1 #bc4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,r4,v4 ,x4 #abe4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,comp>e too ! hymns ( ! ,r4,v4 to ,v>una z a rudim5t>y expression ( ,bhakti f ! wor%ipp]'s po9t ( view4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,e4g4 ,!rag?1 #hah-hda & #abca-abde4 ,footnote #dca3 ,i4 #b4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,!y are call$ ! ndilya ,stras & appe> to be n old] ?an ab\t ! twelf? c5tury ,a4,d41 b ! tradition :i* connects !m ) ! ,s*ool ( ndilya may be j1 = ! tea*+ ( ?is sage 7,*ndog4 ,up4 ,,iii4 #ad7 lays /ress on w & belief4 ,rmnuja 7rbh%ya1 ,,ii4 #b4 #dc7 ref]s to ndilya z ! alleg$ au?or ( ! ,pnc>tra4 ,!re are o!r ,bhakti stras call$ ,nradiya & ascrib$ to ,nrada1 publi%$ & translat$ 9 ,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,h9dus1 ,no4 #bc4 ,!y consi/ ( #hd %ort aphorisms4 ,raj4 ,mitra 9 8 notices ( ,sanskrit ,,mss4 describes a great numb] ( mod]n works deal+ ) ,bhakti4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,yet x is f\nd 9 ,francis ,?ompson's poem call$ ,any ,sa9t ,s be/ ,god loves to je/ ,) *ildr5 small1 a freak ,( heav5ly hide & seek ,fit ,= ?y wayw>d wit4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,pope1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,manikka-,vaag>1 p4 #bc4 ,= ! #fd sports ( iva see ,siddhanta ,dipika1 vol4 ,,ix4 ,footnote #dce3 ,e4g4 ,rmnuja1 ,nammrvr1 ,basava4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,app>5tly mean+ possessor ( c[s1 & orig9ally a title ( ! y\?ful ,kri%na4 ,x is also int]pret$ z mean+ ,"l ( ! ,v$as or ,"l ( 8 own s5ses4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,e4g4 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*nd4 ,up4 ab\t ! syllable ,om4 ,see too ! la/ section ( ! ,ait>eya ran4 ,! ,yoga ,upani%ads analyse & expla9 ,om & "s ,vi%nuite ,upani%ads 7,nrisimha & ,rmat-panya7 enl>ge on ! subject ( lett]s & diagrams4 ,footnote #dch3 ,! same idea p]vades ! old lit]ature 9 a slightly diff]5t =m4 ,! p>ts ( ! sacrifice are con/antly id5tifi$ ) p>ts ( ! univ]se or ( ! human body4 ,footnote #dci3 ,! cakras are m5tion$ 9 ,act ,v ( ,mlat & ,mdhava writt5 e>ly 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! doctr9e ( ! nds occurs 9 ! old] ,upani%ads 7e4g4 ,*nd4 & ,maitryana7 9 a rudim5t>y =m4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,h9duism4 ,,bh,,gavatas ,,& ,p,,upatas #a ,india is a lit]>y c\ntry & naturally s great a *ange z ! trans=mation ( ! old religion into !i/ic sects prea*+ salvation by devotion to a p>ticul> deity f\nd expression 9 a long & copi\s lit]ature4 ,?is lit]ature supplem5ts & sup]s$es ! ,v$ic treatises b )\t impair+ _! !oretical au?ority1 &1 s9ce x _c comp>e ) !m 9 antiquity & has n ! same hi/oric int]e/1 x has receiv$ little att5tion f ,indiani/s until ! pres5t c5tury4 ,b 9 spite ( its defects x is ( ! highe/ importance = an und]/&+ ( m$ieval & contempor>y ,h9duism4 ,mu* ( x is av[$ly bas$ on ! pr9ciple t 9 ?is deg5]ate age ! ,v$a is difficult to und]/&1#ddj & t !re=e ,god 9 ,8 m]cy has reveal$ o!r texts conta9+ a cle> comp5dium ( doctr9e4 ,?us ! great ,vi%nuite doctor ,rmnuja /ates au?oritatively ,! incontrov]tible fact !n is z foll[s3 ,! ,"l :o is kn[n f ! ,v$nta texts 444 recognis+ t ! ,v$as are difficult to fa?om by all be+s o!r ?an himself 444 ) a view to enable 8 devotees to grasp ! true mean+ ( ! ,v$as1 himself compos$ ! ,pnc>tra-,s/ra4#dda ,?is lat] sect>ian lit]ature falls into sev]al divisions4 ,a4 ,c]ta9 episodes ( ! ,mahbhrata4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! is ! ,bhagavad-gt1 :i* is probably ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,?\gh x is incorporat$ 9 ! ,epic x is frequ5tly spok5 ( z an indep5d5t "w4 ,lat] & less celebrat$ b greatly e/eem$ by ,vi%nuites is ! latt] "p ( book ,,xii1 commonly kn[n z ,nryanya4#ddb ,bo? ^! episodes & o!rs#ddc are closely analog\s to metrical ,upani%ads4 ,! ,mahbhrata ev5 /yles itself 7,i4 #bfa7 ! ,v$a ( ,kri%na 7,kr%na74 ,! ,rmyana does n conta9 religi\s episodes comp>able to ^? m5tion$ b ! /ory has m ?an once be5 re-writt5 9 a religi\s & philosophic =m4 ,( su* v]sions ! ,adhytma-,rmyana#ddd & ,yoga-vai%?a-,rmyana are v popul>4 ,b4 ,?\gh ! ,purnz#dde are n at all alike1 mo/ ( !m %[ cle> aff9ity bo? z lit]ature & z religi\s ?\ght to ! v>i\s /rata ( ! ,mahbhrata1 & to ! ,law ,books1 especially ! metrical code ( ,manu4 ,^! all repres5t a =m ( or?odoxy :i* :ile admitt+ mu* t is n f\nd 9 ! ,v$a is /ill ,brahmanic & traditionali/4 ,! old] ,purnz 7e4g4 ,matsya1 ,vyu1 ,mrkandeya1 ,vi%nu71 or at lea/ ! old] p>ts ( !m1 are ! lit]>y expression ( t ,h9du reaction :i* ga9$ political p[] ) ! accession ( ! ,gupta dyna/y4 ,!y are less def9itely sect>ian ?an lat] works su* z ! ,nrada & ,l9ga ,purnas1 yet all are m or less sect>ian4 ,! mo/ influ5tial ,purna is ! ,bhgavata1 "o ( ! great scriptures = all sects :i* wor%ip ,kri%na4 ,x is said to h be5 translat$ into e language ( ,india & =ty v]sions 9 ,b5gali alone are m5tion$4#ddf ,x 0 probably compos$ 9 ! eigh? or n9? c5tury4#ddg ,a free translation ( ! t5? book into ,h9di1 call$ ! ,prem ,sag> or ,ocean ( ,love1 is greatly rev]$ 9 nor!rn ,india4#ddh ,o!r sect>ian ,purnz are frequ5tly read at temple s]vices4 ,besides ! eighte5 great ,purnz !re are _m o!rs1 & 9 s\? ,india at any rate !y 7 sometimes compos$ 9 ! v]nacul>1 z = in/ance ! ,p]iya ,purna 7c4 #aajj ,a4,d474 ,^! v]nacul> ,purnz seem to be collections ( /rangely fanta/ic fairy tales4 ,c4 ,! ^w ,tantra orig9ally meant a manual giv+ ! ess5tials ( a subject b lat] usage t5ds to re/rict x to works1 :e!r ,h9du or ,buddhi/1 inculcat+ ! wor%ip ( iva's sp\se4 ,b !re are exceptions to ?is re/riction3 ! ,panca-tantra is a collection ( /ories & ! ,lak%m-tantra is a ,vi%nuite "w4#ddi ,! fact is t a :ole class ( ,sanskrit religi\s lit]ature is describ$ by ! titles ,tantra1 gama & ,samhit1#dej :i* tak5 9 a wide s5se are practically synonym\s1 ?\gh usage is incl9$ to apply ! fir/ specially to kti/ works1 ! second to ivaite & ! ?ird to ,vi%nuite4 ,! common "* ( all ^! productions is t !y d n attempt to comb9e ,v$ic rites & ideas ) sect>ian wor%ip1 b boldly /ate t1 s9ce ! prescriptions ( ! ,v$a are too h>d = ?is age1 "s g5]\s deity has reveal$ an easi] tea*+4 ,?is tea*+ naturally v>ies 9 detail1 b x usually comprises devotion to "s special =m ( ! godhead & also a special c]emonial1 :i* comm5ces ) initiation & includes ! use ( my/ic =mul1 lett]s & diagrams4 ,tantras1 gamas & ,samhits all treat ( _! subject-matt] 9 f\r divisions#dea ! fir/ ( :i* relates to ! great problems ( philosophy1 ! second to ! discipl9e necess>y = unit+ ! self & ,god2 ! ?ird & f\r? to c]emonial4 ,^! works h ano!r feature 9 common1 namely t !y are little kn[n except to ^? ,h9dus :o use !m = religi\s purposes & are probably n v anxi\s to see !m publi%$4 ,?\gh !y are num]\s1 few ( !m h be5 pr9t$ & ^? few h n be5 mu* /udi$ by ,european s*ol>s4 ,i %all say some?+ m ab\t !m bel[ 9 treat+ ( ! v>i\s sects4 ,"s are ( respectable antiquity b x is also cle> t mod]n texts pass "u anci5t names4 ,! ,pnc>tram & ,pupatam :i* are ,vi%nuite & ivaite ,samhits are m5tion$ 9 ! ,mahbhrata1 & "s extant ,vi%nuite ,samhits 7 p]haps compos$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4#deb ,rmnuja z quot$ above /ates t ! ,pnc>tra-/ra 7app>5tly ! same z ! ,pnc>tra-tantra :i* he also m5tions7 0 compos$ by ,vsudeva himself & also cites z scripture ! ttvata1 ,pau%k>a & ,p>ama ,samhits4 ,9 ! same context he speaks ( ! ,mahbhrata z ,bhrata-,samhit & ! :ole passage is int]e/+ z be+ a /atem5t by a high au?ority ( ! reasons = accept+ a non-,v$ic "w l ! ,pnc>tra z reveal$ scripture4 ,z already indicat$ ,european usage makes ! words ,tantra1 ,tantrism & tantric ref] to ! wor%ip ( goddesses4 ,x w\ld be bett] to describe ?is lit]ature & wor%ip z ,sktism & to use ,tantrism = a t5d5cy 9 doctr9e & c]emonial :i* o!rwise has no special "n4 ,i h be5 in=m$ by ,tamil ,p&its t at ! pres5t day ! ritual 9 "s temples is smrta or accord+ to ,smriti1 b 9 ! majority accord+ to ! gamas or tantric4 ,! =m] :i* is foll[$ by _m well-kn[n %r9es 7= in/ance 9 ,b5>es & 9 ! great temples ( s\? ,india7 con=ms to ! precepts ( ! ,purnz1 especially on fe/ival days4 ,! (ficiants require no special initiation & burnt (f]+s are pres5t$4 ,b ! gamic ritual c be p]=m$ only by prie/s :o h receiv$ initiation1 burnt (f]+s r>ely =m "p ( ! c]emony & v]nacul> hymns are freely us$4#dec ,su* hymns h[ev] z well z processions & o!r =ms ( wor%ip :i* appeal directly to ! religi\s emotions are c]ta9ly n tantric4 ,tantrism is a species ( religi\s magic1 diff]+ f ! ,v$ic sacrifices 9 me?od r ?an pr9ciple4#ded ,= all t1 x sets aside ! old rites & ann\nces itself z ! new disp5sation = ?is age4 ,among its pr9cipal features are ! foll[+4 ,! ,tantras are a scripture = all1 & lay little /ress on ca/e3 ! texts & ! ritual :i* !y tea* c be und]/ood only aft] initiation & ) ! aid ( a tea*]3 ! ritual consi/s l>gely 9 ! correct use ( spells1 magical or sacram5tal syllables & lett]s1 diagrams & ge/ures3 its object is less to besee* ?an to compel ! god to come to ! wor%ipp]3 ano!r object is to unite ! wor%ipp] to ! god & 9 fact trans=m him into ! god3 man is a microcosm correspond+ to ! macrocosm or univ]se3 ! sph]es & curr5ts ( ! univ]se are copi$ 9 m9iature 9 ! human body & ! same p[]s rule ! same p>ts 9 ! great] & ! less] s*eme4 ,su* ideas are widely dissem9at$ 9 almo/ all mod]n sects1#dee ?\gh )\t =m+ _! ess5tial doctr9e1 b ,i mu/ repeat t to say all sects are tantric does n mean t !y are all kti/4 ,b kti/ sects are fundam5tally & ?or\ghly tantric 9 _! !ory & practice4 ,d4 ,besides ! ,sanskrit books m5tion$ above num]\s v]nacul> works1 especially collections ( hymns1 are accept$ z au?oritative by v>i\s sects1 & almo/ e language has scriptures ( its own4 ,9 ! s\? two ,tamil hymnals1 ! ,dev>am ( ! ivaites & ,nlyira ,prab&ham ( ! ,vi%nuites1 are recit$ 9 temples & are boldly /at$ to be revelations equival5t to ! ,v$a4 ,9 nor!rn ,india may be m5tion$ ! ,h9di ,ramayana ( ,tulsi ,das1 :i* is almo/ univ]sally v5]at$1 ! ,bhaktaml ( ,nbh ,das1#def ! ,sur-sag> ( ,surdas & ! ,prem ,sag>4 ,9 ,assam ! ,nam ,go%a ( ,madhab ,deb is hon\r$ ) ! same homage z a sacr$ image4 ,! awkw>dness ( admitt+ direct inspiration 9 late times is avoid$ by ! !ory ( spiritual desc5t1 t is to say ( doctr9al transmission f tea*] to tea*]1 ! div9e revelation hav+ be5 made to ! orig9al tea*] at a discreetly remote epo*4 #b ,9 consid]+ ! evolution ( mod]n ,h9duism out ( ! old ,v$ic religion1 ?ree ( ! _m factors responsible = ?is huge & complicat$ result des]ve special att5tion4 ,! fir/ is ! unusual int5sity & preval5ce ( ! religi\s temp]am5t4 ,?is has a d\ble effect1 bo? cons]vative & alt]ative3 anci5t cu/oms receive an unreasonable respect3 !y are n aboli%$ = _! immorality or absurdity2 b s9ce real int]e/ implies "s measure ( con/ructive p[]1 !re is a con/ant gr[? ( new ideas & re9t]pretations result+ 9 inconsi/5t comb9ations4 ,! second is ! abs5ce ( hi]>*y & discipl9e4 ,! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! ,brahmans has always be5 n s mu* t !y h a p>ticul> cre$ to en=ce1 z t :atev] is ! cre$ ( ,india !y mu/ be its m9i/]s4 ,naturally e prie/ is ! *ampion ( 8 own god or rite1 & su* zeal may lead to occasional conflicts4 ,b ?\gh ! anti!sis betwe5 ! ritualism ( ! old] ,brahmanism & ! fai? or philosophy ( ivaism & ,vi%nuism may rem9d u ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ,prote/ant re=m]s1 yet hi/orically !re is no resemblance 9 ! developm5t ( ! anti!sis4 ,to "s ext5t ,h9duism %[$ a unit$ front aga9/ ,buddhism1 b ! old] ,brahmanism _h no organization :i* enabl$ x to /& z a sep>ate ,*ur* 9 opposition to movem5ts :i* x dislik$4 ,! ?ird factor is ! deeply root$ idea1 :i* reappe>s at frequ5t int]vals f ! "t ( ! ,upani%ads until to-day1 t rules & rites & ev5 cre$s are someh[ "p ( ! l[] & temporal ord] ( ?+s :i* ! s\l %\ld transc5d & leave beh9d4 ,?is idea t+es ! :ole ( ,indian philosophy & cont9ually crops up 9 practice4 ,! f\nd] ( a /range sect :o decl>es t no?+ is necess>y b fai? 9 a p>ticul> deity & t all c]emonies & ca/e obs]vances are sup]flu\s is n 9 ! popul> e/eem a subv]t] ( ,h9duism4 ,! hi/ory ( bo? ivaism & ,vi%nuism illu/rates ^! features4 iva beg9s z a wild deity ( non-moral attributes4 ,z ! religi\s s5se develops he is n reject$ l ! less reputable deities ( ! ,jews & ,arabs b rema9s & collects r\nd himself o!r /range wild ideas :i* 9 "t are made philosophical b n e?ical4 ,! rites ( ! new religion are1 if n antagoni/ic1 at lea/ alt]native to ! anci5t sacrifices1 yet f> f be+ =bidd5 !y are p]=m$ by ,brahmans & mod]n ,indian writ]s describe iva z peculi>ly ! ,brahman's god4 ,f9ally ! ivaite s*ools ( ! ,tamil c\ntry reject 9 successive /ages ! gross] & m =mal elem5ts until !re rema9s no?+ b an ec/atic & my/ical mono!ism4 ,simil>ly among ! ,vi%nuites ,kri%na is ! c5tre ( leg5ds :i* h ev5 less ( conv5tional morality4 ,yet out ( !m arises a doctr9e t ! love ( ,god is ! "o ?+ ne$ful s simil> to ,*ri/ian tea*+ t _m h suppos$ x mu/ be borr[$4 ,! fir/ cle> acc\nts ( ! wor%ip ( iva & ,vi%nu are conta9$ 9 ! epics & indicate ! exi/5ce ( sect>ian religion1 t is to say ( exclusive devotion to "o or o!r deity4 ,b !re is also a t5d5cy to f9d a place = bo?1 a t5d5cy :i* culm9ates 9 ! composite deity ank>a ,nryana already m5tion$4 ,_m ( ! ,purnz#deg reflect ?is view & praise ! two deities imp>tially4 ,! ,mahbhrata n unfrequ5tly does ! same b ! g5]al impression left by ?is poem is t ! v>i\s p>ts ( :i* x consi/s h be5 compos$ or revis$ 9 a sect>ian _s4 ,! body ( ! "w is a n>rative ( exploits 9 :i* ! h]o ,kri%na plays a great "p b revis$ s z to make him appe> (t5 z a deity & sometimes z ! ,supreme ,_s4 ,b mu* ( ! didactic matt] :i* has be5 add$1 p>ticul>ly books ,,xii & ,,xiii1 brea!s an equally di/9ct ivaite _s & 9 ! p>ts :]e ,kri%na is treat$ z a m]e h]o1 ! pr9cipal god appe>s to be n ,vi%nu b iva4 ,! ,mahabh>ata & ,puranas conta9 leg5ds :i*1 ?\gh obscure1 ref] to conflicts ( ! wor%ipp]s ( iva ) ^? :o (f]$ ,v$ic sacrifices z well z ) ! vot>ies ( ,vi%nu1 & to a subsequ5t reconciliation & bl5d+ ( ! v>i\s cults4 ,among ^! is ! well-kn[n /ory ( ,dak%a's sacrifice to :i* iva 0 n invit$4 ,enrag$ at ! omission he viol5tly breaks up ! sacrifice ei!r 9 p]son or ?r\gh a be+ :om he creates = ! purpose1 assaults ! (ficiants & ! gods :o are pres5t1 & is pacifi$ by receiv+ a %>e4 ,simil>ly we he>#deh t he once seiz$ a victim at a sacrifice & t ! gods 9 fe> allott$ to him ! *oice/ portion ( ! (f]+s4 ,^! /ories indicate t at "o "t ,brahmans did n c\nt5ance 8 wor%ip & he is ev5 repres5t$ z say+ to 8 wife t accord+ to rule 7dh>matah7 he has no %>e 9 ! sacrifice4#dei ,possibly human victims 7 immolat$ 9 8 hon\r1 z !y 7 9 ,kl's until rec5tly1 = 9 ! ,mahabh>ata#dfj x is relat$ h[ ,kri%na expo/ulat$ ) ,j>s&ha :o propos$ to (f] to iva a sacrifice ( captive k+s4 ,9 ! ,vi%nu-,purna1 ,kri%na fights ) iva & burns ,b5>es4 ,b by ! "t t ! ,mahabh>ata 0 put toge!r ^! qu>rels 7 n 9 an acute /age4 ,9 sev]al passages#dfa ,kri%na is made to wor%ip iva z ! ,supreme ,_s & 9 o!rs#dfb vice v]sa iva celebrates ! glory ( ,kri%na4 ,vi%nuites d n disbelieve 9 iva b !y reg>d him z a god ( ?is _w1 :]eas _! own deity is cosmic & univ]sal4 ,_m ,vi%nuite works#dfc are said to be reveal$ by iva :o acts z an int]m$i>y betwe5 u & high] sph]es4 #c ,9 ! foll[+ sections ,i %all endeav\r to relate ! beg9n+s ( sect>ianism4 ,! sects :i* are n[ mo/ important are relatively mod]n & arose 9 ! twelf? c5tury or lat]1 b ! sect>ian _s c be trac$ back sev]al c5turies be=e our era4 ,by sect>ians ,i mean wor%ipp]s ( iva or ,vi%nu :o 7 nei!r 9 complete sympa?y ) ! anci5t ,brahmanism nor yet excommunicat$ by x & :o _h new texts & rites to replace or at lea/ supplem5t ! ,v$as & ! ,v$ic sacrifices4 ,x is probable t ! diff]5t types ( e>ly ,indian religion _h orig9ally diff]5t geographical sph]es4 ,brahmanism fl\ri%$ 9 :at we call ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces3 ,buddhism arose 9 ! regions to ! ea/ ( ?is di/rict & bo? ,vi%nuism & ivaism are fir/ he>d ( 9 ! we/4 ,! e>lie/ sect ( :i* we h any record is t ( ! ,bhgavatas1 :o 7 or became ,vi%nuite4 ,at a date :i* x is impossible to fix b consid]ably be=e ! epo* ( ,pnini1 a tribe nam$ ! ,ydavas occupi$ ! c\ntry betwe5 ,muttra & ! %ores ( ,guj>at4 ,sects ( ?is tribe 7 call$ ,vri%ni & ,sttvata4 ,! latt] "n has pass$ into !ology4 ,kri%na belong$ to ?is sect & x is probable t ?is "n ,vsudeva 0 n orig9ally a patronymic b ! "n ( a deity wor%ipp$ by x4 ,! h]o ,kri%na 0 id5tifi$ ) ?is god & subsequ5tly :5 ! ,brahmans wi%$ to br+ ?is p[]ful sect )9 ! pale ( or?odoxy bo? 7 id5tifi$ ) ,vi%nu4 ,9 ! ,mahabh>ata#dfd ! rule or ritual 7vidhi7 ( ! ,sttvatas is treat$ z equival5t to t ( ! ,bhgavatas & a "w call$ ! ,sttvata ,samhit is /ill extant4 ,bhgavata appe>s to be ! mo/ g5]al "n ( ! sect or sects & means simply ( ! ,"l 7,bhgavat71 t is wor%ipp]s ( ! "o ,"l4#dfe ,_! religion is also call$ ,ekntika dh>ma1 or ! religion ) "o object1 t is mono!ism4#dff ,a consid]able lit]ature grew up 9 ?is s*ool & ! pr9cipal treatise is (t5 spok5 ( z ,pnc>tra because x 0 reveal$ by ,nryana dur+ five nights4#dfg ,! "n h[ev] appe>s to be /rictly speak+ applicable to a sy/em or body ( doctr9e & ! usual t]m = ! books 9 :i* ?is sy/em is exp\nd$ is ,samhit4 ,all previ\s discussions & speculations ab\t ^! works1 ( :i* little 0 kn[n until rec5tly1 are sup]s$$ by ,s*rad]'s publication ( ! ,ahirbudhnya ,samhit1 :i* appe>s to be repres5tative ( its class4#dfh ,! names ( ov] two hundr$ are cit$ & ( ^! m ?an ?irty are kn[n to be extant 9 ,,ms4#dfi ,! majority 7 compos$ 9 nor?-we/]n ,india b ! ,pnc>tra doctr9e spread to ! ,dravidian c\ntries & new ,samhits 7 produc$ !re1 ! *ief ( :i*1 ! v>a ,samhit1 c h>dly be lat] ?an #hjj ,a4,d4#dgj ,( ! old] works ,s*rad] ?9ks t ! ,ahirbudhnya 0 writt5 9 ,ka%mir#dga betwe5 #cjj & #hjj ,a4,d4 & p]haps z e>ly z ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x m5tions ! ttvata & ,jaykhya1 :i* mu/ !re=e be old]4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ?is lit]ature is its elaborate doctr9e ( evolution & emanation f ! ,deity1 ! _w process be+ conceiv$ 9 ! usual ,h9du fa%ion z an alt]nation ( production & de/ruction4 ,a di/9ction is drawn betwe5 pure & gross creation4 ,:at we commonly call ! ,univ]se is b\nd$ by ! %ell ( ! cosmic egg & !re are innum]able su* eggs1 ea* ) its own heav5s & its own tutel>y deities su* z ,brahm & iva :o are %>ply di/+ui%$ f ,vi%nu4 ,b beyond ?is multitude ( worlds are m my/]i\s & spiritual sph]es1 ! highe/ heav5 or ,vaikuntha :]e9 dwells ,god 9 8 highe/ =m 7,p>a7 ) 8 aktis1#dgb c]ta9 ar*angels & lib]at$ s\ls4 ,evolution comm5ces :5 at ! end ( ! cosmic night ! akti ( ,vi%nu#dgc is diff]5tiat$ f h] ,"l & assumes ! two =ms ( ,=ce & ,matt]4#dgd ,he z diff]5tiat$ f h] is ,vsudeva a p]sonal deity ) six attributes#dge & is ! fir/ emanation1 or ,vyha1 ( ! ineffable godhead4 ,f him proce$s ,sank>%ana1 f ,sank>%ana ,pradyumna1 & f ,pradyumna ,aniruddha4 ,^! ?ree ,vyhas take "p 9 creation b also correspond to or preside ov] c]ta9 aspects ( human p]sonality1 namely ,sank>%ana to ! s\l t animates all be+s1 ,pradyumna to intellig5ce & ,aniruddha to individuality4 ,/range to say ^! seem to be ! names ( di/+ui%$ p]sonages 9 ! ttvata or ,vri%ni clan4#dgf ,m]e deification occurs 9 _m c\ntries b ! trans=mation ( h]oes into metaphysical or psy*ological t]ms c\ld h>dly h happ5$ outside ,india4 ,next to ! ,vyhas come twelve sub-,vyhas1 among :om is ,nryana1#dgg & ?irty-n9e ,avatras4 ,all ^! be+s are outside ! cosmic eggs & our gross creation4 ,z a prelude to ?is la/ !re takes place ! evolution ( ! aggregates or s\rces f :i* individual s\ls & matt] are drawn1 ( space & ( "t1 & f9ally ( ! elem5ts1 ! process z describ$ seem+ to foll[ an old] =m ( ! ,snkhya philosophy ?an t kn[n to u4 ,! task ( human s\ls is to atta9 lib]ation1 b ?\gh ! language ( ! ,samhits is n entirely consi/5t1 ! old] view is t !y become l to ,god1 n t !y are absorb$ 9 him4#dgh ,?us x is n incorrect to say t ! ,bhgavata religion is mono!i/ic & recognizes a creator ( s\ls4 ,inde$ ank>a#dgi condemns x on ! v gr\nd t x makes individual s\ls orig9ate f ,vsudeva1 9 :i* case s9ce !y h an orig9 !y mu/ also h an end4 ,b ,rmnuja 9 reply+ to ?is criticism seems to dep>t f ! old] view1 = he says t ! ,supreme ,be+ volunt>ily abides 9 f\r =ms :i* include ! s\l1 m9d & ! pr9ciple ( individuality4 ,?is1 if n ,pan!ism1 is v diff]5t f ,european mono!ism4#dhj ,! hi/ory ( ^! ,bhgavatas1 ,pnc>tras or wor%ipp]s ( ,vi%nu mu/ h begun sev]al c5turies be=e our era1 = !re are allusions to !m 9 ,pnini & ! ,niddesa4#dha ,! names ( ,vsudeva & ,sank>%ana occur 9 old inscriptions#dhb & ! ,greek ,heliodoros calls himself a ,bhgavata on ! column f\nd at ,besnag> & suppos$ to date f ! fir/ "p ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! ,pnc>tra 0 n ,brahmanic 9 orig9#dhc & ! =m ( ! ,snkhya philosophy f :i* x borr[$ 0 also un-,brahmanic4 ,x seems to h gr[n up 9 nor?-we/]n ,india 9 ! c5turies :5 ,iranian influ5ce 0 /rong & may owe to ,zoroa/rianism ! doctr9e ( ! ,vyhas :i* f9ds a p>allel 9 ! relation ( ,ahura ,mazda to ,sp5ta ,ma9yu1 8 ,holy ,_s1 & 9 ! ,frava%is4 ,x is also rem>kable t ,god is cr$it$ ) six attributes comp>able ) ! six ,ame%a ,sp5tas4 ,9 o!r ways ! ,pnc>tra seems to h "s connection ) late ,buddhism4 ,?\gh x lays little /ress on ! wor%ip ( goddesses1 yet all ! ,vyhas & ,avatras are provid$ ) aktis1 l ! ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas ( tantric ,buddhism1 & 9 ! p]iod ( quiesc5ce :i* foll[s on ! dissolution ( ! ,univ]se ,vi%nu is describ$ "u ! "n ( nya or ! void4 ,x atta*es great importance to ! ,cakra1 ! :eel or discus :i* d5otes ,vi%nu's w to be1#dhd to evolve & ma9ta9 ! univ]se1 & x may h contribut$ "s ideas to ! v late =m ( ,buddhism call$ ,klacakra4 ,?is v ^w is us$ 9 ! ,ahirbudhnya ,samhit z ! "n ( "o ( ! _m :eels engag$ 9 ! "w ( evolution4 ,?\gh ! ,pnc>tra is connect$ ) ,kri%na 9 its orig91 x gives no prom95ce to devotion to him "u t "n z d mod]n sects & x kn[s no?+ ( ! pa/oral ,kri%na4#dhe ,x recomm5ds ! wor%ip ( ! f\r ,vyhas#dhf presid+ ov] ! f\r qu>t]s 9 mu* ! same way t late ,buddhism adores ! f\r ,j9as depict$ 9 some:at simil> =ms4 ,simil>ly ! ivaites say t iva has five faces1 namely na or ,sadiva 7! highe/1 undiff]5tiat$ =m ( ! deity7 at ! top & bel[ ,vmadeva1 ,aghora1 ,tatpuru%a1 & ,sadyojta1 presid+ respectively ov] ! nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/4 ,x is ?us cle> t 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era 7or p]haps ev5 be=e x7 !re 0 a t5d5cy 9 ,vi%nuism1 ivaism & ,mahayani/ ,buddhism alike to repres5t ! ineffable godhead z manife/$ 9 f\r aspects some:at m intelligible to human m9ds & produc+ 9 _! turn _m inf]ior manife/ations4 ,possibly ! !ory orig9at$ among ! ,vi%nuites1#dhg b z (t5 happ5$ 9 ,india x 0 adopt$ by _! oppon5ts4 ,none ( ^! !ories are ( mu* importance z liv+ beliefs at ! pres5t day b _! influ5ce c be se5 9 iconography4 ,z a sect ! ,pnc>tras seem to h be5 a subdivision ( ! ,bhgavatas & probably at ! pres5t day _m ,vi%nuites w\ld accept ! second "n b n ! fir/4 ,! ,pnc>tra is /udi$ at only a few places 9 s\!rn ,india b its doctr9es p]meate ! popul> "w call$ ,bhaktaml & 9 view ( ! express approbation ( ,rmnuja & o!r au?orities x c h>dly be repudiat$ by ! r-,vai%navas4 ,bhgavata is sometimes us$ 9 ! s\? z a "n = ,smrtas :o practise ,v$ic rites & wor%ip bo? iva & ,vi%nu4#dhh #d ,9 ^! e>ly times !re 7 /r5u\s !ological /ruggles n[ =gott51 ?\gh !y h left _! traces 9 ! leg5ds :i* tell h[ ! title ( ,kri%na & o!rs to div9e hon\rs 0 *all5g$4 ,amalgamation 0 ! usual me?od ( conciliation4 ,sev]al gods grew suffici5tly important to become 9 ! eyes ( _! wor%ipp]s ! supreme _s & at lea/ f\r 7 unit$ 9 ! deity ( ! ,bhgavatas1 namely1 ,vsudeva1 ,kri%na1 ,vi%nu & ,nryana4 ,( ! fir/ ?ree ,i h spok5 already4 ,nryana nev] became l ,vi%nu & ,kri%na a great my?ological figure1 b 9 ! late ,v$ic p]iod he is a p]sonification ( ! primval wat]s f :i* all ?+s sprang or ( ! _s :i* mov$ 9 !m4#dhi ,f ?is he easily became ! supreme _s :o animates all ! univ]se & ! "n 0 probably acceptable to ^? :o desir$ a pur] & simpl] wor%ip because x 0 connect$ ) comp>atively few leg5ds4 ,b !re is "s confusion 9 its use1 = x is appli$ n only to ! supreme be+ b to a d\ble inc>nation ( him call$ ,n>a-,nryana1 & images ( ! pair may /ill be se5 9 ,vi%nuite temples4 ,!y are said to h reveal$ ! true doctr9e to ,nrada & are invok$ at ! beg9n+ ( ea* book ( ! ,mahbhrata4#dij ,"o ( ! ma9 !ses ( ! ,nryanya#dia is ! id5tity ( ,nryana & ,vsudeva1 ! =m] be+ a ,brahmanic1 ! latt] a non-,brahmanic "n = ! ,deity4 ,! celebrat$ ,bhagavad-gt#dib :i* is /ill held 9 su* respect t1 l ! ,new ,te/am5t or ,koran1 x is us$ 9 law c\rts = ! adm9i/ration ( oa?s1 is an e>ly scripture ( ! ,bhgavata sect4 ,9 x ! doctr9es ( ,kri%na's div9ity1 ! p[] ( fai? & ! efficacy ( grace are fully e/abli%$4 ,x is decl>$ to be too h>d = fle% & blood to f9d by m$itation _! way to ! et]nal imp]ceptible _s1 :]eas ,kri%na comes /raightway to ^? :o make him _! sole desire4 ,set ?y he>t on me1 become my devotee1 sacrifice to me & wor%ip ?\ me4 ,!n %alt ?\ come to me4 ,truly ,i decl>e to !e ?\ art de> to me4 ,leave all 7o!r7 religi\s duties & come to me z ?y sole refuge4 ,i w deliv] !e f ?y s9s4 ,sorr[ n4 ,b ! evolution ( ,sank>%ana1 etc41 is n m5tion$4 ,! poem has p]haps be5 re-edit$ & int]polat$ sev]al times b ! /rata c h>dly be di/+ui%$1 = ! :ole "w1 if n exactly p>adoxical1 is eclectic & cont9ually argues t :at is app>5tly highe/ is n be/ = a p>ticul> p]son4 ,! ,h9dus g5]ally reg>d ! contemplative life z ! highe/1 b ! ,bhagavad-gt is insi/5t 9 enjo9+ unselfi% action3 x admits t ! supreme reality _c be grasp$ by ! m9d or express$ 9 spee*1 b x recomm5ds ! wor%ip ( a p]sonal deity4 ,ev5 ! old] p>ts ( ! poem appe> to be consid]ably lat] ?an ,buddhism4 ,b its my?ology1 if n ,v$ic1 is also h>dly ,puranic & x kn[s no?+ ( ! leg5ds ab\t ! pa/oral ,kri%na4 ,x presupposes ! ,snkhya & ,yoga1 ?\gh 9 :at /age ( developm5t x is h>d to say1 & 9 _m respects its /yle resembles ! lat] ,upani%ads4 ,i %\ld suppose t x assum$ its pres5t =m ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 r be=e ?an aft]1 & ,i d n ?9k x owes any?+ to direct ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,9 its orig9al =m x may h be5 consid]ably old]4 ,! ,bhagavad-gt id5tifies ,kri%na ) ,vsudeva & ) ,vi%nu b does n m5tion ,nryana & f its g5]al /yle ,i %\ld imag9e ! ,nryaniya to be a lat] poem4 ,if s1 ! evolution ( ,bhgavata !ology w be t ,kri%na1 a great h]o 9 a tribe ly+ outside ! sph]e ( ,brahmanism1 is fir/ id5tifi$ ) ,vsudeva1 ! god ( t tribe1 & !n bo? ( !m ) ,vi%nu4 ,at ?is /age ! ,bhagavad-gt 0 compos$4 ,a lat] curr5t ( speculation add$ ,nryana to ! already complex figure1 & a /ill lat] "o1 n accept$ by all sects1 br\ght ! pa/oral & amor\s leg5ds ( ,kri%na4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( ! ,bhgavatas illu/rates ! ,indian disposition to comb9e gods & to see 9 ea* ( !m only an aspect ( ! "o4 ,b until a lat] p]iod ! types ( div9ity kn[n z ,vi%nu & iva resi/$ comb9ation4 ,! wor%ipp]s ( iva h 9 all p]iods %[n less incl9ation ?an ! ,vi%nuites to =m di/9ct & sep>ate bodies & ! e>lie/ ivaite sect ( :i* we "k any?+1 ! ,pupatas1#dic arose slightly lat] ?an ! ,bhgavatas4 #e ,patajali ! gramm>ian 7c4 #aej ,b4,c47 m5tions devotees ( iva#did & also images ( iva & ,sk&a4 ,!re is ?us no reason to d\bt t wor%ipp]s ( iva 7 recogniz$ z a sect f at lea/ #bjj ,b4,c4 onw>ds4 ,fur!r x seems probable t ! f\nd] or an e>ly tea*] ( ! sect 0 an ascetic call$ ,lakul9 or ,lakula1 ! club-be>]4 ,! ,vyu ,purna#die makes iva say t he w ent] an un[n$ corpse & become inc>nate 9 ?is =m at ,kyrohana1 :i* has be5 id5tifi$ ) ,krvn 9 ,b>oda4 ,n[ ! ,vyu is believ$ to be ! olde/ ( ! ,purnz1 & x is probable t ?is ,lakul9 :om x m5tions liv$ be=e r ?an aft] our era & 0 especially connect$ ) ! ,pupata sect4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ f ,paupati1 ! ,"l ( cattle1 an old title ( ,rudra aft]w>ds expla9$ to mean ! ,"l ( human s\ls4 ,9 ! ,sntip>van#dif five sy/ems ( k are m5tion$4 ,snkhya1 ,yoga1 ! ,v$as1 ,pupatam & ,pnc>tram1 promulgat$ respectively by ,kapila1 ,hiranyag>bha1 ,apnt>atamas1 iva ! ,"l ( spirits & son ( ,brahm1 & ,! ,"l 7,bhagavn7 himself4 ,! au?or ( ^! v]ses1 :o evid5tly support$ ! ,pnc>tra1 consid]$ t ^! five names repres5t$ ! *ief exi/+ or p]missible v>ieties ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,! omission ( ! ,v$nta is rem>kable b p]haps x is includ$ "u ,v$a4 ,h5ce we may conclude t :5 ?is passage 0 writt5 7t is probably be=e #djj ,a4,d4 & p]haps ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our era7 !re 7 two popul> religions rank+ 9 public e/eem ) ! philosophic & ritual doctr9es ( ! ,brahmans4 ,! ,mahbhrata conta9s a hymn#dig :i* praises iva "u #ajjh names & is n )\t resemblance to ! ,bhagavad-gt4 ,x conta9s a l>g] numb] ( /range epi!ts1 b iva is also extoll$ z ! ,all-,god1 :o asks = devotion & grants grace4 ,at ! close ( ! hymn iva says t he has introduc$ ! ,pupata religion :i* p>tly contradicts & p>tly agrees ) ! in/itutions ( ca/e & ! ramas1 b is blam$ by fools4#dih ,^! la/ words h9t t ! ,pupatas laid !mselves op5 to criticism by _! extravagant practices1 su* z /range s\nds & ge/ures4#dii ,b 9 su* matt]s !y 7 outdone by o!r sects call$ ,kplikas or ,klmukhas4 ,^! c>ri$ skulls & ate ! fle% ( corpses1 & 7 ! =e-runn]s ( ! fil?y ,aghoris1 :o 7 frequ5t 9 nor!rn ,india especially ne> ,m\nt ,abu & ,girn> a c5tury ago & p]haps are n yet q ext9ct4 ,! biograph]s ( ank>a#ejj repres5t him z cont5d+ ) ^! demoniac fanatics n m]ely ) ! weapons ( controv]sy b z urg+ ! pr9ces :o fav\r$ him to ext]m9ate !m4 ,h9du au?orities treat ! ,pupatas z di/9ct f ! aivas1 or ivaites1 & ! di/9ction 0 kept up 9 ,camboja 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! aivas appe> to be simply wor%ipp]s ( iva1 :o practice a sane ritual4 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,india !y h peculi>ities ( _! own b :]eas ! ,vai%navas h split up into _m sects ea* rev]+ its own f\nd] & 8 tea*+1 ! aivas1 if n a unit$ body1 pres5t few well-m>k$ divisions4 ,su* z exi/ ,i %all notice bel[ 9 _! geographical or hi/orical connection4#eja ,mo/ ( !m accept a sy/em ( !ology or philosophy#ejb :i* />ts ) ?ree pr9ciples1 all )\t beg9n+ or end4 ,^! are ,pati or ! ,"l1 t is iva3 ,pau1 or ! individual s\l3 ,pa or ! fett]1 t is matt] or ,k>ma4#ejc ,! task ( ! s\l is to get free ( its fett]s & atta9 to ! /ate ( iva4 ,b ?is f9al deliv]ance is n q ! same z ! id5tity ) ,brahman taught by ! ,v$nta3 ! s\l becomes a iva1 equal to ! deity 9 p[] & k b /ill dep5d5t on him r ?an id5tical ) him4#ejd ,peculi> to aiva !ology is ! doctr9e ( ! five kacukas#eje or envelopes :i* limit ! s\l4 ,_s 9 itself is free3 x is timeless & kn[s no re/rictions ( space1 enjoym5t1 k & p[]4 ,b :5 _s is contract$ to individual exp]i5ce1 x c appreh5d ! univ]se only z a s]ies ( *anges 9 "t & place3 its enjoym5t1 k & p[] are cramp$ & curtail$ by ! limits ( p]sonality4 ,! t]m9ology ( ! aivas is orig9al b ! !ory appe>s to be an elaboration ( ! ,pnc>tra !sis t ! s\l is surr\nd$ by ! %ea? ( ,my4 ,! e>ly lit]ature ( ! wor%ipp]s ( iva 7correspond+ to ! ,samhits ( ! ,pnc>tras7 appe>s to h consi/$ ( tw5ty-eight works compos$ 9 ,sanskrit & call$ gamas4#ejf ,!re is fairly good evid5ce = _! antiquity4 ,tirumul>1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,tamil poets :o is believ$ to h liv$ 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( our era1 speaks ( !m ) en?usiasm & ! ,buddhi/ ,sanskrit works call$ gamas 7correspond+ to ! ,pali ,nikyas7 _c be lat] ?an t p]iod4 ,x is highly probable t ! same ^w 0 9 use among bo? ,h9dus & ,buddhi/s at ! same "t4 ,& s9ce ! ,mahbhrata m5tions ! ,pupatam1 !re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ t expositions ( ivaite doctr9e 7 curr5t 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 or ev5 ,b4,c4 ,b unless m texts ( ! gamas come to light ! "q ( _! age has little practical importance1 = x is said by native s*ol>s t ( ! tw5ty-eight prim>y books !re survive only fragm5ts ( tw5ty1 :i* treat ( ritual1 besides ! v]ses :i* =m ! text exp\nd$ at l5g? 9 ! ivanabo?am4#ejg ,!re are also said to be #abj ,upgamas ( :i* only two or ?ree h be5 pres]v$ entire4 ,( ^! two h be5 pr9t$ 9 "p1 ! ,mrig5dra & ,pau%k>a4#ejh ,! =m] is cit$ 9 ! ,s>va-d>ana-sangraha 7ab\t #accj7 b does n %[ any signs ( great antiquity4 ,x is ?us cle> t ! gamas are n mu* /udi$ by mod]n ivaites b x is unhesitat+ly /at$ t !y are a revelation direct f iva & equal to ! ,v$a#eji & ?is affirmation is important1 ev5 ?\gh ! texts s prais$ are little kn[n1 = x te/ifies to ! g5]al feel+ t !re are o!r revelations ?an ! ,v$a4 ,b ! ,v$as1 & ! ,v$nta ,stras are n ignor$4 ,! latt] are read 9 ! light ( ,nlakantha's#eaj comm5t>y :i* is consid]$ by s\? ,indian ,p&its to be prior to ank>a4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ddj3 ,an attempt 0 made to adapt ! ,v$a to mod]n ideas by compos+ new ,upani%ads4 ,! inspiration ( su* works is n d5i$ b !y h n ! same influ5ce z ! lit]ature m5tion$ bel[4 ,footnote #dda3 ri ,bh%ya1 ,,ii4 #b4 #dc4 ,s too ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 ,i4 #a describes itself z equal 9 sanctity to ! ,v$as4 ank>a on ,brah4 ,stras1 ,i4 #c4 #cc says t ! ,purnz are au?oritative4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,see ,gri]son 9 ,ind4 ,ant4 #aijh1 p4 #bea & p4 #cgc4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,e4g4 ! ,sanatsujatya & ,anugt 7bo? 9 ,s4,b4,e4 ,,viii474 ,see ,deuss51 ,vi] philosophis*e ,texte des ,mahbhratam4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,=m+ "p ( ! ,brahmnda ,purna4 ,footnote #dde3 ,see = a summ>y ( !m ,w9t]nitz1 ,ges*4 ,ind4 ,lit4 ,i4 pp4 #dej-dhc4 ,= ! dates see ,p>git] ,dyna/ies ( ! ,kali age4 ,he holds t ! hi/orical portions ( ! old] ,purnas 7 compil$ 9 ,prakrit ab\t #bej ,a4,d4 & re-edit$ 9 ,sanskrit ab\t #cej4 ,see also ,v9c5t ,smi?1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory1 p4 #ba &1 aga9/ ,p>git]1 ,kei? 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiad1 p4 #ajba4 ,alb]uni 7:o wrote 9 #ajcj7 m5tions eighte5 ,purnas & gives two li/s ( !m4 ,bna 7c4 #fbj ,a4,d47 m5tions ! recitation ( ! ,vyu ,purna4 ,! comm5t>y on ! vetvat>a ,upan4 ascrib$ to ank>a quotes ! ,brahma ,p41 ,l+a ,p4 & ,vi%nu ,p4 z au?orities z well z ,puranic texts describ$ z ,vi%nudh>ma & ivadh>mott>a4 ,b ! au?or%ip ( ?is comm5t>y is d\btful4 ,! ,puranic lit]ature z we "k x probably began ) ! ,gupta dyna/y or a c5tury be=e x1 b ! ^w ,purna 9 ! s5se ( an anci5t leg5d :i* ought to be le>nt occurs z e>ly z ! atapa?a ,brhmana 7,,xi4 #e4 #f4 #h7 & ev5 9 ,a4,v4 ,,xi4 #g4 #bd4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,see ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s51 ,hi/4 ,b5gali ,language & ,lit4 pp4 #bbj-bbe4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,p>git]1 l4c4 pp4 xvii1 xxviii4 ,x does n belong to ! late/ class ( ,purnz = x seems to contemplate ! p]=mance ( ,smrta rites n temple c]emonial1 b x is n quot$ by ,rmnuja 7twelf? c5tury7 ?\gh he cites ! ,vi%nu ,purna4 ,probably he disapprov$ ( x4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,x 0 made z late z #ahjc by ,lall ,j ,ll1 b is a r5d]+ into ,h9di ( a v]sion 9 ! ,braj dialect1 probably made 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,ano!r ,vi%nuite "w is cit$ indiff]5tly z ,padma-tantra or ,padma-samht1 & ! ,bhgavata ,purna 7,i4 #c4 #h7 speaks ( ! ,sttvatam ,tantram1 :i* is app>5tly ! ,sttvata-samhit4 ,! "w edit$ by ,s*rad] is describ$ z ! ,ahirbudhnya ,samhit ( ! ,pnc>tra gama4 ,footnote #dej3 ,see = "s notices ( ^! works ,a4 ,avalon's v>i\s publications ab\t ,tantra4 ,sr9ivasa ,iy5g>1 ,outl9es ( ,indian ,philosophy1 #aah-aia4 ,govndac>ya ,svmi on ! ,vai%nava ,samhits1 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaa1 pp4 #ice ff4 ,s*om]us1 aiva-,siddhnta1 pp4 #g ff4 & ,s*rad]'s ,introduction to ! ,pnc>tra4 ,:]eas ^! works claim to be indep5d5t ( ! ,v$a1 ! ,sect>ian ,upani%ads 7see vol4 ,i4 p4 #gf7 are an attempt to connect po/-,v$ic sects ) ! ,v$a4 ,footnote #dea3 ,jna1 ,yoga1 ,c>y1 ,kriy4 ,! same names are us$ ( ,buddhi/ ,tantras1 except t ,anutt>a replaces ,jna4 ,footnote #deb3 ,see ,s*rad]1 ,introd4 to ! ,pnc>tra1 p4 #ih4 ,9 ! ,raghuvamsa1 ,x4 #bg4 gamas are n only m5tion$ b said to be extremely num]\s4 ,b 9 su* passages x is h>d to say :e!r gama means ! books n[ s-call$ or m]ely tradition4 ,alb]uni seems n to h kn[n ( ?is lit]ature & a ,tantra = him is m]ely a m9or treatise on a/ronomy4 ,he evid5tly reg>ds ! ,v$as1 ,purnz1 philosophical ,d>anas & ,epics z con/itut+ ! religi\s lit]ature ( ,india4 ,footnote #dec3 ,rjagopala ,*>i> 7,vai%navite ,re=m]s1 p4 #d7 says t 9 ,vi%nu temples two rituals are us$ call$ ,pnc>tra & ,vaikhnasa4 ,! latt] is app>5tly consi/5t ) ,smrta usage :]eas ! ,pnc>tra is n4 ,f ,gop9?a ,rao's ,elem5ts ( ,h9du ,iconography1 pp4 #ef1 #gg1 #gh x appe>s t !re is a ,vaikhnasgama p>allel to ! ,pnc>trgama4 ,x is frequ5tly quot$ by ?is au?or1 ?\gh z yet unpubli%$4 ,x seems to be ! ritual ( ^? ,bhgavatas :o wor%ip bo? iva & ,vi%nu4 ,x is said to exi/ 9 two rec5sions1 prose & metrical1 ( :i* ! =m] is p]haps ! olde/ ( ! ,vai%nava gamas4 ,! ,vaikhnasa ritual 0 once foll[$ at rrangam b ,rmnuja sub/itut$ ! ,pnc>tra = x4 ,footnote #ded3 ,avalon1 ,pr9ciples ( ,tantra1 p4 xxvii describes x z t developm5t ( ! ,vaidika ,k>maknda :i* "u ! "n ( ! ,tantra ,%/ra is ! scripture ( ! ,kali age4 ,?is seems to me a correct /atem5t ( ! tantric !ory4 ,footnote #dee3 ,?us ! ,gautamya ,tantra :i* is held 9 high e/imation by ,vi%nuite h\sehold]s 9 ,b5gal1 ?\gh n by ascetics1 is a complete application ( kta wor%ip to ! cult ( ,kri%na4 ,! ,vrhi ,tantra is also ,vi%nuite4 ,see ,raj4 ,mitra1 ,sanskrit ,,mss4 ( ,bikan]1 p4 #ehc & ,notices ( ,sk4 ,,mss4 ,,iii4 7#ahgf71 p4 #ii1 & ,i4 cclxxxvii4 ,see too ! usages ( ! ,nambu?iri ,brahmans z describ$ 9 ,co*9 ,tribes & ,ca/es1 ,,ii4 pp4 #bbi-bcc4 ,9 _m ways ! ,nambu?iris pres]ve ! anci5t ,v$ic practices4 ,footnote #def3 ,see ,gri]son's articles ,glean+s f ! ,bhaktaml 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiji-aiaj4 ,footnote #deg3 ,e4g4 ,mrkandeya1 ,vmana & ,v>ha4 ,also ! ,sk&a ,upani%ad4 ,footnote #deh3 ,mahbh4 ,vanap>van1 #aajja ff4 ,! ,bhgavata ,purna1 ,book ,,iv4 sec4 #b-g emphasizes m cle>ly ! objections ( ! ,ri%is to iva z an enemy ( ,v$ic sacrifices & a patron ( unhall[$ rites4 ,footnote #dei3 ,mahbh4 ,,xii4 sec4 #bhc4 ,9 ! same way ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus 0 once a novelty 9 ,greece & n c\nt5anc$ by ! m cons]vative & respectable p>ty4 ,see ,eur4 ,bac*ae1 #de4 ,! ,v>ha-,purna relates t ! ivaite scriptures 7 reveal$ = ! b5efit ( c]ta9 ,brahmans ^: s9s _h r5d]$ !m incapable ( p]=m+ ,v$ic rites4 ,!re is probably "s tru? 9 ?is leg5d 9 s f> z x means t ,brahmans :o 7 excommunicat$ = "s fault 7 dispos$ to become ! m9i/]s ( non-,v$ic cults4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,mahbh4 ,,ii4 secs4 #af1 #bb ff4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,drona-p41 #bhfb ff4 ,anussana-p41 #eij ff4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,e4g4 ,anussana ,p41 #fhjf ff4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,e4g4 ! ,ahirbudhnya ,samhit & ,adhytma ,rmyana4 ,footnote #dfd3 ntip>4 cccxxxvii1 #abgaa ff4 ,9 ! ,bhagavad-gt ,kri%na says t he is ,vsudeva ( ! ,vri%nis1 ,,xi4 #cg4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,cf4 ! title ,bhgavata ,purna4 ,footnote #dff3 ,ekyana is m5tion$ sev]al times 9 ! ,*ndogya ,up4 7,,vii4 #a1 #b & aft]w>ds7 z a bran* ( religi\s or lit]>y k & 9 connection ) ,nrada4 ,b x is n repres5t$ z ! highe/ or satisfy+ k4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,ev5 9 ! atapa?a ,br4 ,nryana is m5tion$ 9 connection ) a sacrifice la/+ five days1 ,,xiii4 #f4 #a4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,! ,samhits hi!rto be/ kn[n to ori5tali/s appe> to be late & spuri\s4 ,! ,brihadbrahma ,samhit publi%$ by ! ,an&asrama ,press m5tions ,rmnuja4 ,! "w pr9t$ 9 ! ,biblio!ca ,indica z ,nrada ,pnc>tra 7al?\gh its prop] title app>5tly is ,jnamritasra7 has be5 analyz$ by ,r\ssel 9 ,mlanges ,h>lez & is app>5tly a late liturgical compilation ( little orig9ality4 ,s*rad]'s "w 0 publi%$ by ! ,ady> ,libr>y 9 ,madras1 #aiaf4 ,app>5tly ! two =ms ,pnc>tra & ,pnc>tra are bo? f\nd1 b t ) ! long v[el is ! m usual4 ,gov9dcrya's article 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaa1 p4 #iea may also be consult$4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,! olde/ are app>5tly ! ,pau%k>a1 ,vrha1 ,brahma1 ,sttvata1 ,jaya & ,ahirbudhnya ,samhits1 all quot$ z au?oritative by ei!r ,rmnuja or ,v$nta ,deika4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,x is quot$ z equal to ! ,v$as by ,ymuncrya1 s x mu/ !n h be5 9 exi/5ce "s c5turies4 ,footnote #dga3 ,! /ory ( vetadvpa or ,:ite ,isl& 9 ! nti-p>van ( ! ,mahbhrata /ates def9itely t ,nrada receiv$ ! ,pnc>tra !re4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,!re is mu* div]sity ( /atem5t z to :e!r !re are "o or _m aktis4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,vi%nu is ! "n ( ,god 9 all 8 aspects1 b especially ,god z ! absolute4 ,vsudeva is us$ bo? ( ,god z ! absolute & also z ! fir/ emanation 7,vyha74 ,footnote #dgd3 ,kriyakti & ,bhtiakti4 ,footnote #dge3 ,jna1 aiv>ya1 akti1 bala1 vrya1 tejas4 ,^! are call$ gunz b are n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ?ree ord9>y gunz4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,! words seem to h be5 orig9ally prop] names4 ,see ! articles 9 ! ,pet]sburg ,lexicon4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,nryana l ,vi%nu is us$ to designate m ?an "o aspect ( ,god4 ,sometimes x d5otes ! ,absolute4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,! above brief sket* is bas$ on ,s*rad]'s ,int4 to ! ,pnc>tra :]e ! read] c f9d full details4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,comm5t on ,v$nta stras1 ,,ii4 #b4 #db4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,&1 z ,s*rad] obs]ves1 ! evolution>y sy/em ( ! ,pnc>tra is practically conc]n$ ) only "o =ce1 ! akti1 :i* "u ! "n ,bhti is manife/$ z ! ,univ]se & z ,kriy vitalizes & gov]ns x 7p4 #ca74 ,footnote #dha3 ,on ,sutta-nipta1 #gij1 #gib4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,vyhas is exp\nd$ 9 ! ,mahbhrata ntip4 ,,cccxl4 #cf ff41 #gj ff42 ,,cccxli4 #bf ff4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,ld]'s ,li/ ( ,brahmi inscriptions1 ,no4 #f1 suppos$ n to be lat] ?an #bjj ,b4,c4 & ,no4 #aaab suppos$ to be ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,sank>%ana is also m5tion$ 9 ! ,kautilya ,ar?a/ra1 ,,xiii4 #c4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,"s ,samhits emphasize ! di/9ction betwe5 ! foll[]s ( ! ,v$a & ! enlight5$ ones :o wor%ip ! ,"l4 ,see ,s*rad]1 ,pnc>tra1 p4 #ig4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,sym iti ,sankalpa1 ,ahirbudh4 ,sam4 ,,ii4 #g4 ,9 "s late ,upani%ads 7e4g4 ,nradap>ivrjaka & ,brihatsannysa7 ,cakr is us$ z a synonym = a ,pnc>tra4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,! same is true ( ,rmnuja1 :o nev] quotes ! ,bhgavata ,purna4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,see ! quotations f ! ,sttvata ,samhit 9 ,s*rad]1 pp4 #aej-aed4 ,z 9 ! ,pnc>tra !re is ! ,p>a above ! f\r ,vyhas1 s "s late =ms ( ,buddhism reg>d ,vairocana z ! s\rce ( f\r ,j9as4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,! ,mani*eans also _h gr\ps ( five deities 7see ,*avannes & ,pelliot 9 ,j4,a4 #aiac1 ,i4 pp4 #ccc-cch7 b !y are j z likely to h borr[$ f ,buddhism z vice v]s4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,see ,bhatta*>ya1 ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects1 p4 #efe4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,manu1 ,i4 #aj-aa1 id5tifies him ) ,brahm & says1 ,! wat]s are call$ ,nrah because !y are produc$ f ,n>a1 & he is call$ ,nryana because !y 7 8 place ( movem5t 7ayana74 ,! same /atem5t occurs 9 ! ,nryanya4 ,footnote #dij3 ,!y are said to h be5 ! sons ( ,dh>ma 7religion or righte\sness7 & ,ahims 7n-injur+74 ,?is is obvi\s allegory indicat+ t ! ,bhgavata religion reject$ animal sacrifices4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,nryanya 7ntip4 cccxxxv47 x is said t ,nryana ! s\l ( ! univ]se took bir? 9 a quadruple =m z ! (fspr+ ( ,dh>ma1 viz4 ,n>a1 ,nryana1 ,h>i & ,kri%na4 ,n>a & ,nryana are (t5 id5tifi$ ) ,arjuna & ,vsudeva4 e4g4 ,udyogap4 xxlx4 #ai4 ,footnote #dia3 ,mahbhr4 ,,xii4 ,footnote #dib3 ,x is an episode 9 ,mahbhr4 ,,vi4 & 9 its pres5t =m 0 d\btless elaborat$ ap>t f ! re/4 ,b we may surmise t ! incid5t ( ,kri%na's remov+ ,arjuna's scruples by a disc\rse appe>$ 9 ! e>ly v]sions ( ! /ory & also t ! disc\rse 0 long] & pr(\nd] ?an w\ld seem appropriate to ! ,european read] ( a tale ( battles4 ,b z ! ,v$nta philosophy & ! doctr9e ( ,kri%na's godhead develop$1 ! disc\rse may h be5 amplifi$ & made to include lat] !ological views4 ,g>be 9 8 ,g]man translation attempts to di/+ui% ! diff]5t /rata & 8 explanation ( ! inconsi/5cies z due to successive r$actions & additions may conta9 "s tru?4 ,b ^! inconsi/5cies 9 !ology are common to all sect>ian writ+s & ,i ?9k ! ma9 cause = !m mu/ be s\ght n s mu* 9 ! alt]ation & comb9ation ( docum5ts1 z 9 a mix$ & eclectic mode ( ?\ght4 ,ev5 9 ,european books ( ! fir/ rank inconsi/5cies are n unkn[n & !y ne$ n cause surprise 9 works :i* 7 n writt5 d[n b committ$ to memory4 ,a poet compos+ a long religi\s poem 9 ?is way & feel+1 z _m ,h9dus feel1 bo? t ,god is ev]y?+ & also t he is a v pres5t p]sonal help1 may v well express himself diff]5tly 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h& ! editors ( su* poems are und\bt$ly tempt$ to ins]t 9 !m lat] popul> doctr9es4 ,footnote #dic3 ,! "n appe>s n to be 9 common use n[1 b ! ,pupata s*ool is review$ 9 ! ,s>va-d>ana-sangraha 7c4 #accj74 ,footnote #did3 ivabhgavata1 see 8 comm5t on ,pn9i1 ,v4 #c4 #ii & ,v4 #b4 #gf4 ,! "n is rem>kable & sugge/s t ! ivaites may h imitat$ ! ,bhgavatas4 ,footnote #die3 ,i4 xxiii4 #bji4 ,! ,biblio!ca ,ind4 edition reads ,nakul4 ,aufre*t 7,bodl4 ,,mss47 has ,lakul4 ,! same /ory is f\nd 9 ,l+a ,p4 *ap4 ,,xxiv4 ,lakul is said to h _h f\r pupils :o f\nd$ f\r bran*es4 ,lakul9 does n play an important "p 9 mod]n ivaism b is m5tion$ 9 inscriptions f ! t5? till ! ?irte5? c5turies4 ,! ,s>va-d>ana-sangraha describes ! ,nakula-,pupata sy/em & quotes ,nakula :o is cle>ly ! same z ,lakul94 ,! figures on ,ku%an co9s repres5t+ iva z hold+ a club may be meant = ,lakul9 b also may be influ5c$ by ,greek figures ( ,h]akles4 ,see = ,lakul9 ,fleet 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aijg1 pp4 #dai ff4 & ,bh&>k> ,vai%navism & aivism1 pp4 #aae ff4 ,! co9s ( ,wema ,kadphises be> ! title ,mahiv>a1 app>5tly mean+ wor%ipp] ( ! ,great ,"l4 ,temples 9 s\? ,india seem to h be5 nam$ aft] ,kyrohana 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,see ,gop9?a ,rao1 ,h9du ,iconography1 ,,ii4 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #dif3 ,mahbhr4 ,,xii4 ,footnote #dig3 ,mahbhr4 ,,xii4 #acgjb ff4 ,x is recit$ by ,dak%a :5 he recognizes ! might ( iva aft] ! un=tunate incid5t ( 8 sacrifice4 ,footnote #dih3 nti-p>van1 section cclxxxv especially l9e #aj1 #dgj ff4 ,footnote #dii3 ,see ,s>va-d>ana-sangraha1 *ap4 ,,vi4 & ! comm5ts ( ,rmnuja & ank>a on ,v$nta ,stras1 ,,ii4 #b4 #cf4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,e4g4 ank>a-dig-vijaya4 ,! fir/ notice ( ^! sects appe>s to be an inscription at ,igatpuri 9 ! ,nsik di/rict ( ab\t #fbj ,a4,d4 record+ a grant = ! wor%ip ( ,kapalev>a & ! ma9t5ance ( ,mahvrt9s 7 ,kpliks7 9 8 temple4 ,b d\btless ! sects are mu* old]4 ,footnote #eja3 ,! pr9cipal are1 ! ,pupatas1 ! aivasiddhntam ( s\!rn ,india & ! ivaism ( ,ka%mir4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,! ,s>va-d>ana-sangraha1 *ap4 ,,vii4 gives a summ>y ( x4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,! ,pupatas seem to atta* less importance to ?is triad1 ?\gh z !y speak ( ,pati1 ,pau & ! impurities ( ! s\l !re is n mu* diff]5ce4 ,9 _! views ( causation & free w !y diff]$ slightly f ! aivas1 s9ce !y held t iva is ! univ]sal & absolute cause1 ! actions ( individuals be+ effective only 9 s f> z !y are 9 con=mity ) ! w ( iva4 ,! aiva siddhnta h[ev] holds t iva's w is n irrespective ( individual ,k>ma1 al?\gh 8 indep5d5ce is n !reby dim9i%$4 ,he is l a man hold+ a magnet & direct+ ! movem5ts ( ne$les4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,!re is "s diff]5ce ( language & p]haps ( doctr9e on ?is po9t 9 v>i\s ivaite works4 ,bo? ivaites & ,pnc>tr9s sometimes employ ! language ( ! ,advaita4 ,b see ,s*rad]1 ,int4 to ,pnc>tra1 pp4 #ia ff4 ,footnote #eje3 ,! five ,kacukas 7or six includ+ ,my7 are /rictly speak+ tattvas ( :i* ! aivas enum]ate #cf & are kla1 niyati1 rga1 vidy & kal contra/$ ) nityatva1 vypakatva1 prnatva1 s>vajnatva1 s>vak>tritva :i* are qualities ( _s4 ,see ,*att]ji1 ,ka%mir aivism1 #ge ff41 #afj1 :]e he po9ts out t ! ,kacukas are ess5tially equival5t to ,kant's =ms ( p]ception & conception4 ,see too ,s*rad]1 ,int4 to ,pnc>tra1 #fd1 #ij1 #aae4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,see = names & o!r details ,s*om]us1 ,d] aiva-,siddhnta1 pp4 #g1 #bc3 also _m articles 9 ! ,siddhnta-,dipika4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,!y are tak5 f ! gama call$ ,raurava4 ,! ivaites ( ,ka%mir appe> to h reg>d$ ! extant iva-stras z an gama4 ,footnote #ejh3 ,! ,sanskrit text & translation ( ! ,mrig5dra are publi%$ 9 ! ,siddhnta-,dipika1 vol4 ,,iv4 #aija ff4 ,x is sometimes describ$ z an ,upgama & sometimes z ! ,jnapda ( ! ,kmika gama4 ,footnote #eji3 ,s ,tiruml>4 ,nlakantha 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,v$nta ,stras says3 ,i see no diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,v$a & ! aivgama4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,or rkantha4 ,! comm5t>y is translat$ 9 ,siddhnta-,dipika1 vol4 ,i4 ff4 ,9 spite ( sect>ian views z to its e>ly date1 x seems to be influ5c$ by ! views & language ( ,rmnuja4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,ank>a4 ,,sivaism ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,india4 ,,ka%mir4 ,,l+,,yats #a ,ab\t ! six? c5tury ,a4,d4 ! decad5ce ( ,buddhism & ! invigoration ( ,brahmanism 7 bo? well advanc$4 ,! ,mahabh>ata exi/$ z a great collection ( epic & religi\s poetry & ! old] ,puranas 7 already compos$4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day au?orities diff] z to :e!r iva or ,vi%nu comm&s ! allegiance ( ! majority & naturally x is h>d to describe ! di/ribution ( sects 9 e>li] times4 ,! monum5ts ( ! ,guptas 7= in/ance ! ru9s at ,eran7 sugge/ t !y 7 ,vi%nuites b a little lat] ! cult ( iva becomes m prom95t4 ,! ,emp]or ,h>%a 7#fab-fdh7 & 8 family 7 eclectic1 hon\r+ iva1 ! ,sun & ! ,buddha1 b x is n record$ t !y wor%ipp$ ,vi%nu4 ,bna :o liv$ at 8 c\rt indicates#eaa t ivaism 0 ! pr$om9ant =m ( wor%ip1 b also m5tions ,buddhi/s & ,bhgavatas4 ,hsan ,*uang on ! o!r h& holds him up z a dev\t ,buddhi/4 ,great ivaite %r9es 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,india su* z ! temple ( ,bhuvane%w> 9 ,orissa & ! ,kailas at ,ellora 7 probably con/ruct$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury & x is likely t 9 ! defeat ( ,buddhism ! wor%ipp]s ( iva play$ an active "p4 ,?is conflict is connect$ ) ! names ( ,kumrila ,bhatta 7c4 #gbe ,a4,d47 & ank>a crya 7c4 #hjj ,a4,d474 ,x cle>ly repres5ts =ces :i* _c be re/rict$ to ! "* ( individuals or ! span ( human lives4 ,! elem5ts :i* compose ,h9duism _h be5 vigor\s long be=e ! eigh? c5tury & ,buddhism1 ?\gh decad5t1 cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ,india lat]4 ,b probably ! c>e]s ( ^! two m5 are ! be/ record ( ! decisive turn ( ! tide4 ,x is (t5 said t !y reviv$ ,h9duism1 b h[ev] mu* !y insi/$ on ! au?ority ( anci5t tradition1 ! real result ( _! lab\rs 0 n to re-e/abli% ! ord] ( ?+s :i* prevail$ be=e ! rise ( ,buddhism1 b to give au?ority & solidity to ! mixture ( ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism & popul> beliefs :i* _h gr[n up4 ,kumrila is said to h be5 a ,brahman ( ,bih> :o 0 a ,buddhi/ monk b became a wor%ipp] ( iva & s zeal\s a p]secutor ( 8 =m] fai? t he p]suad$ a k+ ( 8 "t nam$ ,sudhanvan to ext]m9ate x f ! ,himalaya to ,cape ,comor94 ,?is is a mon/r\s exagg]ation b he 0 d\btless a det]m9$ enemy ( ! ,buddhi/s1 z c be se5 f 8 philosophical works4#eab ,he taught little ab\t metaphysics or ! nature ( ,god1 b he insi/$ on ! necessity & efficacy ( ,v$ic rites4 ,m important bo? z a ?9k] & an organiz] 0 ank>a4 ,!re is "s discrepancy 9 ! traditions ( 8 bir?1 b he 0 probably born ab\t #ghh ,a4,d4#eac 9 a family ( ,nambu?iri ,brahmans at ,kaladi#ead 9 ! ,co*9 /ate4 ,kaladi occupies a heal?y position at "s height above ! sea level & ! neighb\rhood is n[ us$ z a sanatorium4 ,! cocoanut trees & t[]$ temples :i* m>k _m s\? ,indian l&scapes are abs5t1 & paddy fields alt]nate ) a jungle ( fl[]+ plants /udd$ ) clumps ( bamboos4 ,a broad riv] brok5 by s&banks w9ds ?r\gh ! di/rict & ne> ! villages !re are (t5 beautiful av5ues ( great trees4 ,n f> di/ant is ,tri*ur :i* possesses a ,v$ic college & a l>ge temple1 =bidd5 to ,europeans b l mo/ edifices 9 ,malab> mode/ 9 ar*itecture4 ,?is is n ! l& ( giant gopurams & multitud9\s sculpture1 b ( lives d$icat$ to ! acquisition ( traditional le>n+ & ! daily p]=mance ( complicat$ b inconspicu\s rites4 ,! acc\nts ( ank>a's life are little b a collection ( leg5ds1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ facts /& out4 ,he 0 ! pupil ( ,gov9da1 :o 0 himself ! pupil ( ,gaudapda & ?is connection w\ld be important c\ld we be c]ta9 t ?is ,gaudapda 0 ! au?or ( ! metrical treatise on philosophy be>+ 8 "n4 ,he wrote popul> hymns z well z comm5t>ies on ! ,upani%ads1 ,v$nta ,sutras & ,bhagavad-gt1 ?us recogniz+ bo? ,v$ic & po/-,v$ic lit]ature3 he resid$ = "s "t on ! ,n>budda & at ,b5>es1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! j\rneys 9 :i* l ,paul he gave v5t to 8 activity1 he f\nd$ f\r maths or mona/]ies1 at ,sr+]i1 ,puri1 ,dwrak & ,badr9a? 9 ! ,himalaya4 ,ne> ! latt] he di$ be=e he 0 an old man4 ,on 8 dea?b$ he is said to h ask$ =giv5ess = go+ on pilgrimages & frequ5t+ temples1 because by s do+ he _h seem$ to =get t ,god is ev]y:]e4 ,x is cle> t 8 "w bo? z an au?or & organiz] 0 consid]able & p]man5t1 & t mu* ( 8 c>e] 0 sp5t outside ,dravidian l&s4 ,8 greate/ a*ievem5t 0 8 exposition ( ! ,v$nta1 ( :i* ,i treat else:]e4 ,he bas$ 8 argum5ts unres]v$ly on ! ,v$ic texts & aim$ at be+ m]ely cons]vative1 b ^? texts & ev5 ! anci5t comm5t>ies are obscure & inconsi/5t1 & x 0 res]v$ = 8 g5ius to produce f !m a sy/em :i* 9 consi/5cy1 ?or\ghness & pr(undity holds ! fir/ place 9 ,indian philosophy4 ,8 "w did n consi/1 z he himself suppos$1 9 h>moniz+ ! ,upani%ads4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ( int]pretation he is z uncritical z o!r or?odox comm5tators1 b he took ! mo/ pr(\nd ?\ghts ( ! old lit]ature & boldly con/ruct$ ) !m a great edifice ( speculation4 ,s9ce 8 "t ! ,v$nta has be5 reg>d$ z ! pr9cipal philosophy ( ,india--a position :i* x does n seem to h held be=e--& 8 int]pretation ( x1 ?\gh (t5 conte/$ & n suit$ to popul> religion1 /ill comm&s ! respect & to "s ext5t ! adh]5ce ( mo/ educat$ ,h9dus4 ,9 practical religion he cle>ly felt1 z e ,indian re=m] /ill mu/ feel1 ! want ( discipl9e & a common /&>d1 ,?\gh ! ,buddhism ( 8 day _h ceas$ to satisfy ! ne$s ( ,india1 he saw t its /r5g? lay 9 its morality1 its relative fre$om f sup]/ition & its ecclesia/ical organization4 ,accord+ly he d5\nc$ extravagant sects#eae & =bade su* practices z br&+4 ,he also in/itut$ an ord] ( ascetics4#eaf ,9 do+ ?is he 0 n only try+ to obta9 = ,h9duism ! discipl9>y advantages ( ! ,buddhi/ *ur* b also to break ?r\gh ! rule prescrib+ t a ,brahman mu/ fir/ be a h\sehold] & only late 9 life devote himself entirely to religion4 ,?is rule did ! ,brahmans good s]vice 9 insur+ ! cont9uity & respectability ( _! class b x t5d$ to drive en?usia/s to o!r cre$s4 ,x does n seem t any sect c plausibly claim ank>a z f\nd] or adh]5t4 ,8 real religion 0 ,v$ntism & ?is1 ?\gh n incompatible ) sect>ian wor%ip1 is pr$ispos$ to be imp>tial4 ,! leg5d says t :5 summon$ to 8 "m's dea?b$1 he spoke to h] fir/ ( ! ,v$nta philosophy4 ,b %e bade him give h] "s consolation :i* %e c\ld und]/&4 ,s he recit$ a hymn to iva1 b :5 ! att5dants ( t god appe>$ %e 0 fright5$4 ank>a !n recit$ a hymn to ,vi%nu & :5 8 g5tl] mess5g]s came to h] b$side1 %e gave h] son h] bless+ & all[$ !m to take h] will+ s\l4 ,?is /ory implies t he 0 ready to sanction any =m ( reputable wor%ip ) a slight bias t[>ds ,vi%nuism4#eag ,at ! pres5t day ! ,smrtas1 :o consid] !mselves 8 foll[]s1 h a pref]5ce = ! wor%ip ( iva4 ,b ! basis ( _! fai? is n ivaism b ! recognition ( ! great body ( ,indian traditions kn[n z ,smriti4 ,& t1 next to ,v$ntism1 0 ! ess5ce ( ank>a's tea*+3 he wi%$ to reg>d tradition z a coh]5t :ole1 bas$ on ! et]nal ,v$a b includ+ au?oritative ,smriti to be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ! ,v$a1 & ?us he hop$ to correct extravagant & p>tial views & to lead to ^? heights :5ce x is se5 t all is "o1 )\t diff]5ce4 ,! results ( ank>a's lab\rs may /ill be se5 9 ! organization ( s\!rn ,h9duism :i* is m complete ?an 9 ! nor?4 ,x is ev5 said t ! head ( ! r+]i mona/]y 9 ,mysore ex]cises an au?ority ov] ,smrta ,brahmans simil> to t ( ! ,pope4#eah ,?is is probably an exagg]ation b 8 decision is accept$ z settl+ ca/e disputes1 & ev5 to-day ! r+]i math#eai is "o ( ! mo/ important religi\s in/itutions 9 ,india4 ,! abbot1 :o is kn[n z ,jagadguru1 is head ( ! ,smrta ,brahmans4 ,! pres5t occupant is said to be ?irty-?ird 9 succession f ank>a & numb]s among 8 pr$ecessors ,syancrya1 ! celebrat$ ,v$ic comm5tator :o liv$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! cont9u$ prosp]ity ( ?is e/abli%m5t & ( o!r religi\s corporations 9 ! ,dravidian c\ntry1 :]eas ! ,mohamm$ans de/roy$ all mona/]ies :e!r ,h9du or ,buddhi/ 9 ! nor?1 is "o ( ! reasons = c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 nor!rn & s\!rn ,h9duism4 ,= in/ance 9 nor!rn ,india any ,brahman1 :atev] 8 avocation may be1 is all[$ to p]=m religi\s c]emonies1 :]eas 9 ! ,deccan & s\? ,india ,brahmans are divid$ into ,laukikas or secul> & ,bhik%us or religi\s4 ,! latt] are h\sehold]s1 ! "n hav+ lo/ its mona/ic s5se1 b !y h ! exclusive "r ( (ficiat+ & act+ z ,gurus & ?us =m a m>ri$ cl]gy4 ,x is possible t ! influ5ce ( ank>a may h _h a puritanical side :i* p>tly acc\nts = ! deg5]ation ( lat] ,indian art4 ,8 high] tea*+ inculcat$ a spiritual cre$ :i* ne$$ no %r9es1 :ile = ^? :o requir$ rites he recomm5d$ ! old ,brahmanic ritual r ?an ! mod]n temple cultus4 ,! result ( ?is may h be5 t piety & le>n+ 7 div]t$ f art1 s t ar*itecture & sculpture ceas$ to be 9 t\* ) ! be/ religi\s intellig5ce4 ,! debt ( ank>a to ,buddhism is an int]e/+ "q4 ,he indit$ polemics aga9/ x & contribut$ mat]ially to its d[nfall1 b yet if ! success ( cre$s is to be measur$ by ! p]man5ce ( ideas1 !re is "s reason = ?9k+ t ! vanqui%$ l$ ! conqu]or captive4 ank>a's approval bo? 9 !ory & 9 practice ( ! mona/ic life is ,buddhi/ic r ?an ,brahmanical4#ebj ,! doctr9es ( ,my & ! di/9ction betwe5 high] & l[] tru?1 :i* are ( c>d9al importance 9 8 philosophy1 receive only dubi\s support f ! ,upani%ads & f ,bd>yana1 b are practically id5tical ) ! tea*+s ( ! ,mdhyamika ,s*ool ( ,buddhism & x 0 t[>ds ?is l9e ( ?\ght r ?an t[>ds ! !ism ( ! ,pupatas or ,bhgavatas t he 0 drawn4 ,! aff9ity 0 recogniz$ 9 ,india1 = ank>a & 8 s*ool 7 /igmatiz$ by _! oppon5ts z ,buddhi/s 9 disguise4#eba #b ,! read] w p]haps h notic$ t up to ! c>e] ( ank>a we h be5 conc]n$ exclusively ) nor!rn ,india1 & ev5 ank>a1 ?\gh a native ( ! s\?1 liv$ mu* 9 ! nor? & x 0 ! traditional sacr$ lore ( ! nor? :i* he desir$ to e/abli% z or?odoxy4 ,n only ! old] lit]ature1 ,brahmanic z well z ,buddhi/1 b mo/ ( ! ,purnz ignore ! great /ret* ( ,dravidian c\ntry :i* =ms ! s\!rn portion ( ! p59sula & if ! ,rmyana s+s ( ,rma's bridge & ! conque/ ( ,lanka ?is is cle>ly an excursion into ! realms ( fancy4 ,yet ! ,dravidian di/ricts are ample 9 ext5t1 _! monum5ts are rem>kable1 _! languages are cultivat$1 & ,tamil lit]ature possesses consid]able int]e/1 antiquity & orig9ality4 ,un=tunately 9 deal+ ) ^! c\ntries we exp]i5ce 9 an unusually acute =m ! difficulties :i* beset e attempt to trace ! hi/ory ( ideas 9 ,india1 namely1 ! abs5ce ( *ronology4 ,be=e #ajjj ,a4,d4 mat]ials = a connect$ hi/ory are h>dly accessible4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m inscriptions & a mass ( lit]ature 7itself ( disputable date7 conta9+ hi/orical allusions1 & f ^! may be put toge!r n s mu* a skeleton or framework z pictures ( anci5t life & ?\ght :i* may be arrang$ 9 a plausible ord]4 ,x may be said t :]e ev]y?+ is s vague1 x w\ld be bett] to dismiss ! :ole subject ( s\!rn ,india & its religion1 p5d+ ! acquisition ( m c]ta9 in=mation1 & ?is is :at _m writ]s h done4 ,b su* wide regions1 s _m c5turies1 su* important phases ( lit]ature & ?\ght are involv$1 t x is bett] to run ! risk ( pres5t+ !m 9 false sequ5ce ?an to ignore !m4 ,briefly x may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era ,buddhism1 ,ja9ism & ,brahmanism all fl\ri%$ 9 ,dravidian l&s4 ,! fir/ two gradually decay$ & made way = ! la/1 al?\gh ,ja9ism rema9$ p[]ful until ! t5? c5tury4 ,at a fairly e>ly date !re 7 influ5tial ivaite & ,vi%nuite sects1 ea* ) a devotional lit]ature 9 ! v]nacul>4 ,some:at lat] ?is lit]ature takes a m philosophic & ecclesia/ical t+e & bo? sects produce a succession ( tea*]s4 ,tamil ivaism1 ?\gh important = ! s\?1 has n spread mu* beyond its own prov9ce1 b ! ,vi%nuism associat$ ) su* em95t names z ,rmnuja & ,rmn& has influ5c$ all ,india1 & ! latt] tea*] is ! spiritual ance/or ( ! ,kabirpan?is1 ,sikhs & v>i\s unor?odox sects4 ,political circum/ances too t5d$ to increase ! importance ( ! s\? 9 religion1 = :5 ne>ly all ! nor? 0 9 ,moslim h&s ! k+dom ( ,vijayanag> 0 = m ?an two c5turies 7c4 #accj-aefe7 ! bulw>k ( ,h9duism4 ,b 9 fill+ up ?is outl9e ! possibilities ( error mu/ be rememb]$4 ,! poems ( ,manikka-,vaag> h su* individuality ( ?\ght & /yle t "o w\ld suppose !m to m>k a conspicu\s religi\s movem5t4 ,yet "s au?orities ref] !m to ! ?ird c5tury & o!rs to ! elev5?1 nor has any /&>d be5 =mulat$ = di/+ui%+ e>li] & lat] v>ieties ( ,tamil4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! view t ! wor%ip ( iva & ! ,l+a is ,dravidian 9 orig9 & borr[$ by ! ,aryans4 ,!re is no pro( t ?is wor%ip _h its fir/ home 9 ! s\? & spread nor?w>ds1 = ! ,v$ic & epic lit]ature provides a suffici5t p$igree = iva4 ,b ?is deity always collect$ r\nd himself attributes & epi!ts :i* are n ^? ( ! ,v$ic gods b correspond ) :at we "k ( non-,aryan ,indian my?ology4 ,x is possible t ^! un-,aryan cults atta9$ 9 ,dravidian l&s full] & m indep5d5t developm5t ?an 9 ! c\ntries coloniz$ by ! ,aryans1 s t ! portrait ( iva1 especially z drawn by ,tamil writ]s1 does reta9 ! features ( "s old ,dravidian deity1 a deity :o dances1 :o sports among m5 & bewild]s !m by 8 puzzl+ disguises & trans=mations4#ebb ,b x is n prov$ t iva 0 ! *ief god ( ! e>ly ,tamils4 ,an anci5t poem1 ! ,purra-,porul ,v5b-,mlai1#ebc :i* conta9s h>dly any allusions to him m5tions z ! pr9cipal objects ( wor%ip ! goddess ,kottavai 7,victori\s7 & h] son ,muruvan4 ,popul> leg5ds#ebd cle>ly indicate a =m] /ruggle betwe5 ! old religion & ,h9duism end+ z usual 9 ! recognition by ! ,brahmans ( ! anci5t gods 9 a slightly modifi$ =m4 ,we h no records :atev] ( ! introduction ( ,brahmanism into s\!rn ,india b x may reasonably be suppos$ to h made its appe>ance !re sev]al c5turies be=e our era1 ?\gh 9 :at =m or ) :at /r5g? we _c say4 ,tradition cr$its ,aga/ya & ,p>au-rma ) hav+ e/abli%$ colonies ( ,brahmans 9 ! s\? at undat$ b remote epo*s4 ,b :atev] colonization occurr$ 0 n on a l>ge scale4 ,an inscription f\nd 9 ,mysore#ebe /ates t ,mukkanna ,kadamba 7:o probably liv$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d47 import$ a numb] ( ,brahman families f ! nor?1 because he c\ld f9d none 9 ! s\?4 ,?\gh ?is language may be exagg]at$1 x is evid5ce t ,brahmans _c h be5 num]\s at t "t & x is probable t ,buddhism & ,ja9ism 7 bett] repres5t$4 ,?ree ( ,asoka's inscriptions h be5 f\nd 9 ,mysore & 9 8 la/ edict describ+ 8 mission>y ef=ts he includes ! k+s ( ! ,pndyas & ,colas 9 ! s\? among ! conque/s ( ,buddhism4 ,mah9da f\nd$ a mona/]y 9 ! ,tanjore di/rict & probably e/abli%$ ,buddhism at v>i\s po9ts ( ! ,tamil c\ntry on 8 way to ,ceylon4#ebf ,!re is !re=e no reason to be d\btful ( ,buddhi/ activity1 lit]>y or o!r1 if evid5ce = x is =?com+4 ,hsan ,*uang 9 #fdj ,a4,d4 deplores ! decay ( ,buddhism & speaks ( ! ru9s ( _m old mona/]ies4 ,accord+ to ,ja9 tradition1 :i* "s ?9k is support$ by inscriptions at ravana-,belgola1#ebg ,bhadrabhu accompani$ by ,c&ra ,gupta 7id5tifi$ ) ! ,maurya k+ ( t "n7 l$ a migration ( ,ja9s f ! nor? to ,mysore ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 ,! au!nticity ( ?is tradition has be5 mu* criticiz$ b x c h>dly be disput$ t ,ja9ism came to s\!rn ,india ab\t ! same "t z ,buddhism & _h !re an equally vigor\s & ev5 long] exi/5ce4 ,mo/ ,tamil s*ol>s are agre$ 9 ref]r+ ! olde/ ,tamil lit]ature to ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( our era & ,i see no?+ improbable 9 ?is4 ,we "k t ,asoka introduc$ ,buddhism into s\? ,india4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era !re are _m indications t x 0 a civiliz$ c\ntry#ebh :i* ma9ta9$ comm]cial relations ) ,rome & x is reasonable to suppose t x _h a lit]ature4 ,accord+ to native tradition !re 7 ?ree successive ,sanghams1 or ,academies1 at ,madura4 ,! two e>li] appe> to be my?ical1 b ! ?ird has "s hi/orical basis1 al?\gh x is probable t poems belong+ to sev]al c5turies h be5 associat$ ) x4 ,among ^? :i* h be5 plausibly ref]r$ to ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 are ! two n>rative poems ilappadhik>am & ,manimkhalai z well z ! celebrat$ collection ( didactic v]ses kn[n z ! ,kural4 ,! fir/ two poems1 especially ! ,manimkhalai1 are ,buddhi/ 9 tone4 ,! ,kural is e?ical r ?an religi\s1 x h>dly m5tions ! deity1#ebi %[s no int]e/ 9 ,brahmanic philosophy or ritual & extols a h\sehold]'s life above an ascetic's4 ,! ,nladiyr is an an?ology ( some:at simil> ,ja9 poems :i* z a collection is said to date f ! eigh? c5tury1 ?\gh v]ses 9 x may be old]4 ,?is ,ja9 & ,buddhi/ lit]ature does n appe> to h atta9$ any religi\s importance or to h be5 reg>d$ z ev5 quasi-canonical1 b ! ,dravidian ,h9dus produc$ two l>ge collections ( sacr$ works1 "o ivaite ! o!r ,vi%nuite1 :i* 9 popul> e/eem rival ! sanctity ( ! ,v$as4 ,bo? consi/ ( hymns1 attribut$ to a succession ( sa9ts & /ill sung 9 ! temple wor%ip1 & 9 bo? sects ! sa9ts are foll[$ by a s]ies ( tea*]s & philosoph]s4 ,we w take ! ivaites fir/4 #c ,_! collection ( hymns is kn[n z ,tirumurai1 & 0 compil$ by ,nambi-,&>-,nambi said to h liv$ "u ,k+ ,rj>ja 7c4 #ajjj ,a4,d474 ,! fir/ portion ( x1 kn[n z ,devram1 conta9s ! hymns ( ,samb&ha1 ,app> & ,sund>a4 ,^! p]sons are ! mo/ em95t ( ! sixty-?ree sa9ts#ecj ( ! s\!rn ivaites & are cr$it$ ) _m miracles4 ,tamil s*ol>s#eca consid] t ,samb&ha _c h liv$ lat] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,he 0 an adv]s>y ( ! ,ja9s & ,app> is said to h be5 p]secut$ by ! ,buddhi/s4 ,( ! o!r works compris$ 9 ! ,tirumurai ! mo/ important is ! ,tiruvagam ( ,mnikka-,vag>1#ecb "o ( ! f9e/ devotional poems :i* ,india c %[4 ,x is n1 l ! ,bhagavad-gt1 an exposition by ! deity1 b an outp\r+ ( ! s\l to ! deity4 ,x only incid5tally expla9s ! poet's views3 its ma9 purpose is to tell ( 8 emotions1 exp]i5ces & aspirations4 ,?is *>act]i/ic seems n to be p]sonal b to m>k ! :ole s*ool ( ,tamil aiva writ]s4 ,?is s*ool1 :i* is (t5 call$ ! ,siddhnta1#ecc ?\gh p]haps t t]m is bett] re/rict$ to lat] philosophical writ]s1 is cle>ly ak9 to ! ,pupata b alike 9 ?\ght1 s5tim5t & ritual f> m ref9$4 ,x is 9 fact "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & int]e/+ =ms :i* ,h9duism has assum$ & x has ev5 attract$ ! sympa!tic int]e/ ( ,*ri/ians4 ,! f]v\r ( its utt]ances1 ! appeals to ,god z a lov+ fa!r1 seem due to ! temp]am5t ( ! ,tamils1 s9ce su* s5tim5ts d n f9d s cle> an expression 9 o!r p>ts ( ,india4 ,b /ill ! :ole sy/em1 ?\gh heat$ 9 ! furnace ( ,dravidian emotion1 has n be5 reca/ 9 a new m\ld4 ,its dogmas are ^? common to ivaism 9 o!r p>ts & x accepts z its ultimate au?ority ! tw5ty-eight aiva gamas4 ,?is h[ev] does n detract f ! beauty ( ! special note & tone :i* s\nd 9 its ,tamil hymns & pray]s4 ,:atev] ! tea*+ ( ! little kn[n gamas may be1 ! aiva-,siddhnta is closely alli$ to ! ,yoga & !i/ic =ms ( ! ,snkhya4 ,x accepts ! ?ree ultimates1 ,pati ! ,"l1 ,pau 8 flock or s\ls1 & ,pa ! fett] or matt]4 ,s high is ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree entities exalt$1 s e>ne/ly supplicat$1 t he seems to atta9 a position l t ( ,allah 9 ,mohamm$anism1 z ,creator & ,dispos]4 ,b 9 spite ( occasional phrases1 ! view ( ! ,yoga t all ?ree--,god1 s\ls & matt]--are et]nal is ma9ta9$4#ecd ,betwe5 ! _w p]iods !re are pauses ( quiesc5ce & at ! end ( ^! iva evolves ! univ]se & s\ls4 ,t he may act 9 !m he also evolves f himself 8 en]gy or ,p>aatti 7,sk4 akti74 ,b ?is does n prev5t ! god himself 9 a p]sonal & (t5 visible =m f be+ = 8 devotees ! "o c5tral & liv+ reality4 ,! akti1 (t5 call$ ,um1 is m]ely iva's reflex & h>dly an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! rem>kable feature ( ?is religion1 be/ se5 9 ! ,tiruvaagam1 is ! p]sonal tie :i* connects ! s\l ) ,god4 ,9 no lit]ature ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ has ! individual religi\s life--its /ruggles & dejection1 its hopes & fe>s1 its confid5ce & its triumph--receiv$ a del9eation m frank & m pr(\nd4 ,despite ! /rangely exotic col\r+ ( mu* 9 ! picture1 n only its outl9e b its details /rik+ly resemble ! records ( dev\t ,*ri/ian lives 9 ,europe4 iva is address$ n only z ,"l b z ,fa!r4 ,he loves & desires human s\ls4 ,h>d ?\gh x is = ,brahm & ,vi%nu to rea* !e1 yet ?\ did'/ desire me4 ,:at ! s\l desires is deliv]ance f matt] & life ) iva1 & ?is he grants by be/[+ grace 7,arul74 ,) "m love he came 9 grace & made me 82 ,o ?\ :o art to ?y true s]vants true2 ,to !e1 ,o ,fa!r1 may ,i atta91 may ,i yet dwell ) !e4 ,sometimes#ece ! poet feels t 8 s9s h %ut him (f f communion ) ,god4 ,he lies l a worm 9 ! mid/ ( ants1 gnaw$ by ! s5ses & tr\bl$ sore ejaculat+ 9 utt] mis]y ,?\ ha/ =sak5 me4 ,b m (t5 he seems on ! po9t ( express+ a ?\ght common] 9 ,*ri/ianity ?an 9 ,indian religion1 namely t ! tr\bles ( ?is life are only a prep>ation = future beatitude4 ,! idea t matt] & suff]+ are n altoge!r evil is f\nd 9 ! lat] ,snkhya :]e ,prakriti 7:i* 9 "s respects corresponds to akti7 is repres5t$ z a g5]\s female p[] work+ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! s\l4 ,among ! _m beauties ( ! ,tiruvagam is "o :i* rem9ds u ( ! works ( ,/4 ,francis & o!r ,*ri/ian poetry1 namely ! love ( nature & animals1 especially birds & insects4 ,!re are con/ant allusions to plants & fl[]s2 ! refra9 ( "o poem calls on a dragon fly to s+ ! praises ( ,god & ano!r bids ! bird kn[n z ,kuyil call him to come4 ,9 ano!r ode ! poet says he looks = ! grace ( ,god l a pati5t h]on wat*+ night & day4 ,! fir/ p]usal ( ^! poems impresses on ! read] _! resemblance to ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,!y seem to be a tropical v]sion ( ,hymns ,anci5t & ,mod]n & to ascribe to ! deity & 8 wor%ipp]s precisely ^? s5tim5ts :i* mission>ies tell u are want+ among pagans--fa!rly love1 ye>n+ devotion & ! bliss ( assur$ salvation4 ,x is n surpris+ if _m h se5 9 ?is tone ! result ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,yet ,i d n ?9k t ! hypo!sis is probable4 ,= /rik+ z is ! lik5ess ! contra/ is (t5 equally /rik+4 ,! deity describ$ 9 words :i* almo/ lit]ally r5d] ,sun ( my s\l1 ,?\ ,savi\r de> is also ! sp\se ( ,um ) ! :ite brea/s & curl$ locks2 he dances 9 ! halls ( ,tillai2 & ! l9e ,bid ?\ 9 grace my fe>s begone is foll[$ by two o!rs indicat$ by dots z be+ n translateable4#ecf ,nor c we say t emotional religion "h uses ! language ( a my?ology :i* x has outgr[n4 ,! emotion itself :ile *>g$ ) ! love ( god1 ! s5se ( s9 & contrition1 has 9 x ano!r /ra9 :i* j>s on ,europeans4 iva sports ) ! _w & 8 wor%ipp]s treat him ) an affectionate intimacy :i* may be p>allel$ 9 ! religion ( ,kri%na b h>dly 9 ,*ri/ianity4#ecg ,?us sev]al hymns h ref]5ce to a game1 su* z toss+ ab\t a ball 7hymn vii71 battl$ore & %uttlecock 7xiv7 or "s =m ( wre/l+ 9 :i* ! oppon5ts place _! h&s on ea* o!r's %\ld]s 7xv74 ,! wor%ipp] c ev5 scold ! deity4 ,if ?\ =sake me1 ,i w make p smile at !e4 ,i %all abuse !e sore3 madman clad 9 elephant sk93 madman t ate ! poison3 madman1 :o *ose ev5 me z ?y own4#ech ,aga91 ?\gh 9 "p ! tone ( ^! poems is ,*ri/ian1 yet !y conta9 little t sugge/s ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t r$emption or a suff]+ god1#eci & _m ideas common to ,*ri/ianity & ,h9duism--su* z ! inc>nation1#edj ! ,tr9ity1 & ! div9e *ild & 8 "m--are abs5t4 ,x is possible t 9 "s ( ! lat] works ( ! ,sitt>s ,*ri/ian influ5ce#eda may h sup]v5$ b mo/ ( ?is ,tamil poetry is explicable z ! developm5t ( ! ideas express$ 9 ! ,bhagavad-gt & ! vetvat>a ,upani%ad4 ,*ronologically ,*ri/ian influ5ce is n impossible & !re is a tradition t ,mnikka-,vag> reconv]t$ to ,h9duism "s natives ( ,malab> :o _h become ,*ri/ians#edb b ! unc]ta9ty ( 8 date makes x h>d to fix 8 place 9 ! hi/ory ( doctr9e4 ,rec5t ,h9du s*ol>s are dispos$ to assign him to ! second or ?ird c5tury4#edc ,9 support ( ?is1 x is plausibly urg$ t he 0 an active adv]s>y ( ! ,buddhi/s1 t tradition is unanim\s 9 reg>d+ him z e>li] ?an ! writ]s ( ! ,devram#edd :o make ref]5ces 7n h[ev] indisputable7 to 8 poem1 & t ,p]isiriy>1 :o comm5t$ on x1 liv$ ab\t #gjj ,a4,d4 ,i confess t ! tone & s5tim5ts ( ! poem seem to me :at "o w\ld expect 9 ! elev5? r ?an 9 ! ?ird c5tury3 x has some?+ ( ! same emotional quality z ! ,gt-gov9da & ! ,bhgavata-purna1 ?\gh x diff]s f !m 9 doctr9e & 9 its m mascul9e devotion4 ,b ! ,dravidians are n ( ! same race z ! nor!rn ,h9dus & s9ce ?is ec/atic mono!ism is cle>ly *>act]i/ic ( _! lit]ature1 x may h made its appe>ance 9 ! s\? e>li] ?an else:]e4 ,! ,tiruvaagam is n unor?odox b x deals direct ) ,god & is some:at he$less ( prie/s4 ,?is feature becomes m noticeable 9 o!r au?ors su* z ,pattanattu ,pillai1 ,kapil> & ! ,telugu poet ,vmana4 ,! fir/ nam$ appe>s to h liv$ 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,! o!r two are leg5d>y figures to :om an?ologies ( popul> gnomic v]ses are ascrib$ & "s ( ^? attribut$ to ,kapil> are probably anci5t4 ,9 all ?is poetry !re r+s out a note ( almo/ defiant mono!ism1 iconoclasm & antisac]dotalism4 ,x may be p>tly expla9$ by ! fact t 9 ! s\? ,brahmanism 0 prec$$1 or at lea/ f e>ly times accompani$1 by ,buddhism & ,ja9ism4 ,^! cre$s did n make a conque/1 = ! ,dravidian temp]am5t obvi\sly ne$$ a god :o c\ld receive & rew>d passionate devotion1 b !y cle>$ ! air & spread su* ideas z ! sup]iority ( good de$s to rites & ! uselessness ( prie/s4 ,ev5 n[ v]ses express+ ^! ?\ghts are popul> 9 ! ,madras ,presid5cy1 b ! sect :i* produc$ !m1 kn[n z ! ,sitt>s1#ede is entirely ext9ct4 ,caldwell attributes its lit]ature to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b ! evid5ce available is small & x is cle> t ?is !i/ic anti-brahmanic s*ool _h a long life4 ,z 9 o!r cases1 ! ,brahmans did n suppress s mu* z adapt x4 ,! collection :i* goes by ! "n ( iva-vkyam conta9s poems ( diff]5t ages & /yles4 ,"s are or?odox1 o!rs h no trace ( ,brahmanism except ! use ( iva z ! "n ( ! deity4 ,yet x w\ld seem t ! an?ology z a :ole has n fall5 "u sac]dotal c5sure4#edf ,! important sect ( ! ,l+yats %\ld p]haps be reg>d$ z an (f%oot ( ?is anti-brahmanic s*ool1 b be=e describ+ x1 x may be well briefly to review ! hi/ory ( or?odox ivaism 9 ! s\?4 ,by ?is phrase is n meant ! sect or s*ool :i* _h ! support ( ank>a b t :i* develop$ out ( ! poems m5tion$ above )\t p>t+ company ) ,brahmanism4 ank>a disapprov$ ( _! doctr9e t ! ,"l is ! effici5t cause ( ! _w1 nor w\ld ! sub/itution ( v]nacul> = ,sanskrit lit]ature & temple c]emonies = ,v$ic sacrifices h f\nd fav\r ) him4 ,b ^! 7 evid5tly /rong t5d5cies 9 popul> religion4 ,an important portion ( ! ,devram & ! ,k&a ,purna ( ,ka*iyapp>1 a ,tamil adaptation ( ! ,sk&a ,purna1 7 probably writt5 betwe5 #fjj & #gej ,a4,d4#edg ,ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d4 ! ,tirumurai 7includ+ ! ,devram7 0 arrang$ z a collection 9 elev5 p>ts1 & ab\t a c5tury lat] ,sekkil> compos$ ! ,p]iya ,purna1 a poetical hagiology1 giv+ ! leg5ds ( ivaite sa9ts & %r9es4 ,_m important temples 7 d$icat$ to iva dur+ ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,!re foll[$ a p]iod ( s*ola/icism 9 :i* ! body ( doctr9e call$ ! aiva ,siddhnta 0 elaborat$ by f\r cryas1 namely ,mey-,kanda-,dev>#edh 7#abbc71 ,arun&i1 ,m>aina-,samb&h> & ,umpati 7#acac74 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! f\ndation ( ivaite philosophy 9 ,tamil is lat] ?an ,rmnuja & ! fir/ ,vi%nuite movem5ts1 & p]haps x 0 influ5c$ by !m b ! me?odical exposition ( ! aiva-,siddhntam#edi does n diff] mat]ially f ! m poetic utt]ances ( ! ,tiruvaagam4 ,x recognizes ! ?ree entities1 ! ,"l1 ! s\l & matt] z sep>ate1 b x %[s a t5d5cy 7d\btless due to ! influ5ce ( ! ,v$nta7 bo? to expla9 away ! exi/5ce ( matt] & to id5tify ! s\l ) ! ,"l m closely ?an its orig9al =mul all[4 ,matt] is describ$ z ,my & is pot5tially conta9$ 9 ! ,"l :o manife/s x 9 ! creative process :i* beg9s ea* kalpa4 ,! ,"l is also said to be "o ) our s\ls & yet o!r4 ,! s\l is by nature ignorant1 9 bondage to ! illusion ( ,my & ( ,k>ma1 b by ! grace ( ! ,"l x atta9s to union 7n id5tity7 ) him1 9 :i* x sees t its actions are 8 actions4 ,9 mod]n times aiva !ology is repres5t$ among ,dravidians by ! works ( ivan> 7#aghe7 & 8 disciple ,ka*iyapp>3 also by ! poems ( ,rma-l+a4 ivaism 9 ,madras & o!r p>ts ( s\!rn ,india is /ill a vigor\s & progressive ,*ur* :i* does n neglect ,european me?ods4 ,its pr9cipal organ is an int]e/+ magaz9e call$ ,siddhanta-,dipika or ! ,light ( ,tru?4 ,9 nor!rn ,india ! ivaites are less di/9ct z a body & h less organization1 b temples to iva are num]\s & p]haps ! majority ( ,brahmans & ascetics reg>d him z _! special deity & read ivaite r ?an ,vi%nuite texts4 ,b x is probably also true t !y are n sect>ian 9 ! same s5se z ! wor%ipp]s ( ,kri%na4 ,x is n easy to e/imate ! relative numb]s ( ivaites & ,vi%nuites 9 s\? ,india1 & good au?orities hold opposite views4 ,! ivaites are m unit$ ?an ! ,vi%nuites 7^: _m divisions & conspicu\s sect>ian m>ks attract att5tion7 & are f\nd *iefly among ! upp] classes & among ascetics1 b p]haps !re is mu* tru? 9 an op9ion :i* ,i once he>d express$ by a ,tamil ,brahman1 t ! real division is n betwe5 ! wor%ipp]s ( iva & ( ,vi%nu1 b betwe5 ,smrtas1 ^? :o foll[ m or less /rictly ! anci5t ritual obs]vances & ^? :o seek = salvation by devotion & 9 practice neglect ! ,sanskrit scriptures4 ,!re is little ho/ility4 ,! wor%ip ( bo? gods is sometimes p]=m$ 9 ! same build+ z at ,*idamb>am or 9 neighb\r+ %r9es1 z at rrangam4 ,9 s\? ,kan>a & ,travancore x is g5]ally held t ! two deities are ( equal greatness & 9 _m places are f\nd images repres5t+ !m unit$ 9 "o figure4 ,b ! great temples at ,madura1 ,t9nevelly & ,tanjore are all d$icat$ to iva or memb]s ( 8 family4 ,if 9 ! philosophical lit]ature ( ! ,siddhnta ! purity ( ! !ism taught is noticeable1 9 ^! build+s x is r ! ri* symbolism surr\nd+ ! god :i* attracts att5tion4 ,9 8 company are wor%ipp$ ,p>vat1 ,ganea1 ,subrahmanya1 ! bull ,n&i & m9or att5dants3 he is %[n leap+ 9 ! ec/acy ( ! dance & on temple walls are (t5 depict$ 8 sixty-f\r sports or miracles 7ll74 ,= ! imag9ation ( ! ,dravidians he is a great rhy?mic =ce1 ?robb+ & exult+ 9 all ! works ( nature & exhibit+ 9 k9dly playfulness a ?\s& antics & a ?\s& %apes4 #d ,ano!r s*ool ( ivaite philosophy fl\ri%$ 9 ,ka%mir#eej f ! n9? c5tury onw>ds & is n yet ext9ct among ,p&its4 ,x bases itself on ! gamas & includes among !m ! /ill extant iva-stras said to h be5 discov]$ z revelation by ,vasugupta4 ,he liv$ ab\t #hjj ,a4,d4 & ab&on$ ,buddhism = ivaism4 ,! s*ool produc$ a di/+ui%$ l9e ( lit]>y m5 :o fl\ri%$ f ! n9? to ! elev5? c5turies4#eea ,! mo/ rec5t au?orities /ate t ! ,ka%mir s*ool is "o & t !re is no real opposition betwe5 ! ,sp&a & ,pratyabhij sections4#eeb ,! ^w ,sp&a1 equival5t to ! godhead & ultimate reality1 is int]e/+ = x means vibration accompani$ by consci\sness or1 s to speak1 self-consci\s e!r4 ,! t]m ,pratyabhij or recognition is m frequ5t 9 ! lat] writ+s4 ,its mean+ is z foll[s4 iva is ! only reality & ! s\l is iva1 b ,my#eec =ces on ! s\l a cont9u\s /ream ( s5sations4 ,by ! practice ( m$itation x is possible to int]rupt ! /ream & 9 ^? mom5ts light illum9ates ! d>kness ( ! s\l & x recognizes t x is iva1 :i* x _h =gott54 ,also ! _w is :olly unreal ap>t f iva4 ,x exi/s by 8 w & 9 8 m9d4 ,:at seems to ! s\l to be cognition is really recognition1 = ! s\l 7:i* is id5tical ) ! div9e m9d b bl9d$ & ob/ruct$7 recognizes t :i* exi/s only 9 ! div9e m9d4 ,x has be5 held t ,ka%mirian ivaism is ! p>5t ( ! ,dravidian aiva ,siddhnta & spread f ,ka%mir s\?w>ds by way ( ,kalyan 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 & ?is hypo!sis c]ta9ly receives support f ! m5tion ( ,ka%miri ,brahmans 9 s\? ,indian inscriptions ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4#eed ,yet ,i d\bt if x is necess>y to assume t s\? ,indian ivaism 0 d]iv$ f ,ka%mir1 = ! wor%ip ( iva mu/ h be5 g5]al long be=e ! elev5? c5tury#eee & ,ka%miri ,brahmans1 f> f introduc+ ivaism to ! s\?1 are m likely to h gone ?i!r because !y 7 sure ( a good reception1 :]eas !y 7 expos$ to ,moslim p]secution 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,also ! =ms :i* ivaism assum$ 9 ^! two outly+ prov9ces pres5t diff]5ces3 9 ,ka%mir x 0 *iefly philosophic1 9 ! ,dravidian c\ntries *iefly religi\s4 ,9 ! s\? x calls on ,god to help ! s9n] out ( ! mire1 :]eas ! s*ool ( ,ka%mir1 especially 9 its lat] developm5ts1 resembles ! doctr9e ( ank>a1 ?\gh its t]m9ology is its own4 ,be=e ! adv5t ( ,islam1 ,ka%mir 0 a seclud$ b cultur$ l&4 ,its pleasant climate & beautiful sc5]y1 said to h be5 prais$ by ,gotama himself1#eef attract$ & /imulat$ ?9k]s & x _h "s importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism & ( ! ,pnc>tra z well z = ivaism4 ,x is connect$ ) ! ,buddhi/ sect call$ ,s>v/ivd9s & 9 ?is case ! circum/ances seem cle>4 ,! sect did n orig9ate 9 ,ka%mir b its adh]5ts settl$ !re aft] att5d+ ! ,c\ncil ( ,kani%ka & made x into a holy l&4 ,subsequ5tly1 fir/ ,vi%nuism & !n ivaism#eeg ent]$ ! m\nta9 valleys & fl\ri%$ !re4 ,ka%mirian ?9k]s may h left an individual impress on ei!r sy/em b !y dealt ) que/ions :i* _h already be5 treat$ ( by o!rs & _! contributions1 ?\gh int]e/+1 d n seem to h t\*$ ! f\ndations ( belief or to h inspir$ popul> movem5ts4 ,! ess5tial simil>ity ( all ivaite s*ools is s great t co9cid5ces ev5 9 details d n prove desc5t or borr[+ & ! special t]ms ( ,ka%mirian philosophy1 su* z sp&a & pratyabhija1 seem n to be us$ 9 ! s\?4 ,! iva-stras consi/ ( ?ree sections1 describ+ ?ree me?ods ( atta9+ svac*&a or indep5d5ce4 ,"o 7! gi/ ( :i* has be5 giv5 above7 displays "s ?\gh n great orig9ality3 ! second is kti/1 ! ?ird foll[s ! ord9>y prescriptions ( ! ,yoga4 ,all ivaite philosophy is really bas$ on ?is la/ & tea*es ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 s\ls & a deity1 manife/$ 9 a s]ies ( phases4 ,! relations ( ^! ?ree ultimates are v>i\sly def9$1 & !y may be id5tifi$ ) "o ano!r1 = ! ,snkhya-,yoga doctr9e may be comb9$ 7?\gh n v consi/5tly7 ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$nta4 ,9 ,ka%mirian ivaism ,v$nti/ influ5ces seem /rong & x ev5 calls itself ,advaita4 ,x is notewor?y t ,vasugupta1 :o discov]$ ! iva-stras1 also wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,bhagavad-gt4 ,! gi/ ( ! matt] is t1 s9ce a ta/e = speculation is f> m preval5t 9 ,india ?an 9 ,europe1 !re exi/ _m sy/ems ( popul> philosophy :i*1 be+ a mixture ( religion & metaphysics1 involve two m5tal attitudes4 ,! ord9>y wor%ipp] implores ! ,"l to deliv] him f ! bondage ( s9 & matt]3 ! philosoph] & sa9t wi% to %[ t ?\ght is "o & su* ideas z s9 & matt] p>tial & illusory4 ,! orig9ality ( ! aiva ,siddhnta lies less 9 its dogmas ?an 9 its devotional "*3 9 ! feel+ t ! s\l is imm]s$ 9 d>kness & /ruggles upw>ds by ! grace ( ! ,"l1 s t ! :ole process ( ,k>ma & ,my is really b5efic5t4 #e ,z already m5tion$ ivaism has an important ?\gh unor?odox (f%oot 9 ! ,l+yats#eeh or ,l+avants4 ,x appe>s t !y orig9at$ at ,kalyan 7n[ 9 ! ,nizam's dom9ions7 at ! "t :5 a usurp] nam$ ,bijjala 7#aaef-aafg7 _h seiz$ ! ?rone ( ! ,*alukyas4 ,_! f\nd] 0 ,basava 7! v]nacul> =m ( ,vri%abha7 assi/$ by 8 nephew ,*annabasava1#eei ^: exploits & miracles are record$ 9 two ,purnz compos$ 9 ,kan>ese & be>+ _! respective names4 ,accord+ to "o /ory ,bijjala1 :o 0 a ,ja91 p]secut$ ! ,l+yats & 0 assass9at$ by !m4 ,b !re are o!r v]sions & ! e>ly leg5ds ( ! sect m]it little cr$5ce4 ,! ,l+yats are ,puritans4 ,!y reject ca/e1 ! supremacy ( ! ,brahmans1 sacrifices & o!r rites1 & all ! lat] ,brahmanic lit]ature4 ,9 !ory !y rev]5ce ! ,v$as b practically ! two ,purnz m5tion$ are _! sacr$ books4#efj ,!y are /rict veget>ians & teetotall]s3 !y d n insi/ on *ild m>riages nor object to ! rem>riage ( wid[s4 ,_! only object ( wor%ip is iva 9 ! =m ( a l+am & !y always c>ry "o susp5d$ r\nd ! neck or arm4 ,x is rem>kable t an exceptionally sev]e & puritanical sect %\ld *oose ?is emblem z its object ( wor%ip1 b1 z already obs]v$1 ! l+am is m]ely a symbol ( ! creative =ce & its wor%ip is n accompli%$ by indec5t rites4#efa ,!y hold t true ,l+yats are n liable to be defil$ by bir?s or dea?s1 t !y _c be injur$ by sorc]y & t :5 !y die _! s\ls d n transmigrate b g /raight to iva4 ,no pray]s = ! dead are ne$$4 ,?\gh tru/wor?y details ab\t ! rise ( ! ,l+yats are sc>ce1 we c trace _! spiritual ance/ry4 ,!y pres5t 9 an organiz$ =m ! cre$ :i* inspir$ ,pattanattu ,pillai 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,ab\t a hundr$ ye>s lat] came ,rmnuja :o f\nd$ a great ,vi%nuite ,*ur* & x is n surpris+ if ! ivaites foll[$ ?is example1 nor if ! lea/ or?odox p>ty became ! mo/ def9itely sect>ian4 ,! sect>ian impulse :i* is conspicu\s aft] ! elev5? c5tury 0 p]haps /imulat$ by ! example ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,!re 0 little direct doctr9al influ5ce1 b a religi\s p l ! ,h9dus c h>dly h fail$ to notice ! /r5g? possess$ by an association wor%ipp+ "o god ( its own & unit$ by "o discipl9e4 ,syrian ,*ri/ianity also might h help$ to famili>ize ! ,l+yats ) ! idea ( a god n to be repres5t$ by images or propitiat$ by sacrifices1 b !re is no pro( t x 0 preval5t 9 ! "p ( ! ,deccan :]e !y fir/ appe>$4 ,! ,l+yats spread rapidly aft] ,basava's dea?4#efb ,!y /ill numb] ab\t two millions & are to be f\nd 9 mo/ ,kan>ese-speak+ di/ricts4 ,!y are easily recognizable = all c>ry ! l+am1 :i* is commonly enclos$ 9 a r$ sc>f worn r\nd ! neck or among ! ri*] classes 9 a silv]-box4 ,x is made ( grey soap/one & a ,l+yat mu/ on no acc\nt "p ) x = a mom5t4 ,!y are divid$ into ! laity & ! ,jangams or prie/s4 ,"s ( ^! m>ry b o!rs are it9]ant ascetics :o w&] ov] ,india frequ5t+ especially ! five ,simhsanas or ,l+yat sees4#efc ,!y are treat$ ) extreme respect by ! laity & sometimes we> fanta/ic co/umes su* z plates resembl+ arm\r or little bells :i* ann\nce _! approa* z !y walk4 ,9 doctr9e ! ,l+yats rema9 fai?ful to _! orig9al t5ets & d n wor%ip any god or goddess except iva 9 ! =m ( ! ,l+am1 ?\gh !y %[ respect to ,ganea1 & o!r deities z also to ! f\nd] ( _! sect4 ,b 9 social matt]s x is agre$ by all obs]v]s t !y %[ a t5d5cy to re9troduce ca/e & to m9imize ! diff]5ces sep>at+ !m f m or?odox sects4 ,accord+ to ,basava's tea*+ all memb]s ( ! community bo? m5 & wom5 are equal4 ,b ?\gh conv]ts f all ca/es are /ill accept$1 x 0 f\nd at ! la/ c5sus t well-to-d ,l+yats 7 anxi\s to be ent]$ "u ! "n ( ,vraaiva ,brahmans1 ,k%atriyas1 etc41 & did n admit t ca/e di/9ctions are oblit]at$ among !m4 ,simil>ly ?\gh ! rem>riage ( wid[s is n =bidd5 !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to look at x askance4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #eaa3 ,9 v>i\s allusions to be f\nd 9 ! ,kdamb> & ,h>%ac>ita4 ,footnote #eab3 ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! is ! ,tantravrttika1 a comm5t>y on ! ,prva-mmms4 ,footnote #eac3 ,?is is ! g5]ally accept$ date & does n appe> to conflict ) any?+ else t is at pres5t kn[n ( ank>a4 ,an alt]native sugge/ion is "s date betwe5 #eij & #fej 7see ,telang1 ,i4,a4 ,,xiii4 #ahhd1 p4 #ie & ,fleet1 ,i4,a4 ,,xvi4 #ahhg1 p4 #da74 ,b 9 ?is case1 x is v /range t ,i-,*+ does n m5tion s conspicu\s an enemy ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,x does n seem to me t ! use ( ,prnav>man's "n by ank>a 9 an illu/ration 7,comm4 on ,v$anta ,sut4 ,,ii4 i4 #ag7 necess>ily implies !y 7 contempor>ies1 b x does prove t he _c h liv$ be=e ,prnav>man4 ,footnote #ead3 ,ano!r tradition says he 0 born at ,*idamb>am1 b ! temple at ,badr9a? 9 ! ,himalayas said to h be5 f\nd$ by him has always be5 s]v$ by ,nambu?iri ,brahmans f ,malab>4 ,9 #aiaj a great temple erect$ 9 8 hon\r 0 consecrat$ at ,kaladi4 ,footnote #eae3 ,8 conflicts ) !m are describ$ 9 works call$ ank>a-vijaya ( :i* at lea/ f\r are extant4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,!y are call$ ,daanmis :i* m]ely means t ea* ascetic be>s "o or o!r ( t5 surnames 7,s>swati1 ,bh>ati1 ,tir?a1 etc474 ,see = a fur!r acc\nt ( !m ,jog5dra ,na? ,bhatta*>ya1 ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects1 pp4 #cgd-cgi4 ,! ord] 9 all its bran*es seems to h /rong pan!i/ic incl9ations4 ,!y mutt] ! =mula ,sivo'ham1 ,i am iva4 ,footnote #eag3 ,i h be5 told by s\? ,indian ,p&its t !y ?9k ank>a 0 bom 9 a ,bhgavata family & t !re is "s evid5ce 8 k9sm5 7 tru/ees ( a temple ( ,kri%na4 ,! ktas also claim him1 b ! tradition t he oppos$ ! ktas is /rong & probable4 ,_m hymns address$ to ,vi%nu1 iva & v>i\s =ms ( ,durg are attribut$ to him4 ,i h n be5 able to discov] :at is ! ext]nal evid5ce = _! au!nticity b hymns mu/ h be5 popul> 9 s\? ,india be=e ! "t ( ank>a & x is em95tly probable t he did n neglect ?is important bran* ( composition4 ,footnote #eah3 ,see ,bhatta*>ya1 ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects1 p4 #af4 ,footnote #eai3 ,?is math has an end[m5t ( ab\t #ejjj a ye>1 in/itut$ by ! k+s ( ,vijayanag>4 ,! ,guru is treat$ ) great respect4 ,8 palank9 is c>ri$ crossways to prev5t anyone f pass+ him & he we>s a jewell$ head-dress1 n unlike a papal ti>a1 & wood5 %oes cov]$ ) silv]4 ,see an int]e/+ acc\nt ( r+]i 9 ,j4 ,my?ic ,society 7,bangalore71 vol4 ,,viii4 pp4 #ah-cc4 ,s*rad] 9 8 catalogue ( ! ,sanskrit ,,mss4 9 ! ,ady> ,libr>y1 #aijh1 notices an ,upani%ad call$ ,mahmyopani%ad1 ascrib$ to ank>a himself1 :i* deals ) ! special qualities ( ! f\r maths4 ,ea* is describ$ z possess+ "o ,v$a1 "o ,mahvkyam1 etc4 ,! second "p deals ) ! ?ree ideal maths1 ,sum]u1 ,p>amtman & /r?ajnna4 ,footnote #ebj3 ,!re is "s reason to suppose t ! ,math ( ,sr+]i 0 f\nd$ on ! site ( a ,buddhi/ mona/]y4 ,see ,j\rnal ( ,my?ic ,society1 ,bangalore1 #aiaf1 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #eba3 ,prac*anna-bauddha4 ,see = fur!r details ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 ,,xxi4 ad f94 ,footnote #ebb3 ,! old folk-lore ( ,b5gal gives a picture ( iva1 ! peasant's god1 :i* is nei!r ,v$ic nor ,dravidian4 ,see ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s51 ,b5gali ,lang4 & ,lit4 pp4 #fh ff4 & #bci ff4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #ahii1 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,see "s curi\s examples 9 ,:itehead's ,village ,gods ( ,s\? ,india4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,rice1 ,mysore & ,coorg f ! ,inscriptions1 pp4 #bg & #bjd4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,! e>ly ,brahmi inscriptions ( s\!rn ,india are said to be writt5 9 a ,dravidian language ) an admixture n ( ,sanskrit b ( ,pali words4 ,see ,ar*4 ,survey ,india1 #aiaa-ab1 ,"p ,i4 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,see ,rice1 ,mysore & ,coorg1 pp4 #c-e & ,fleet's criticisms1 ,i4,a44 ,,xxi4 #ahib1 p4 #bhg4 ,footnote #ebh3 ,! v>i\s notices 9 ,european classical au?ors z well z 9 ! ,s9halese *ronicles prove ?is4 ,footnote #ebi3 ,except 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,footnote #ecj3 ,a complete li/ ( !m is giv5 9 ,f\lkes1 ,cate*ism ( ! ,%aiva religion1 #ahfc1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #eca3 ,tamilian ,antiqu>y1 #c1 #aiji1 pp4 #a-fe4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,edit$ & translat$ by ,pope1 #aijj4 ,footnote #ecc3 ,e/abli%$ op9ion or doctr9e4 ,us$ by ! ,ja9s z a "n = _! canon4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,?us ! cate*ism ( ! aiva religion by ,sabhapati ,mudaliy> 7transl4 ,f\lkes1 #ahfc7 aft] /at+ emphatically t ! _w is creat$ also says t ! s\l & ! _w are bo? et]nal4 ,also j z 9 ! ,bhagavad-gt ! ideas ( ! ,v$anta & ,snkhya are incongru\sly comb9$1 s 9 ! ,tiruvaagam 7e4g4 ,pope's edition1 pp4 #di & #ach7 iva is occasionally pan!iz$4 ,he is ! body & ! s\l1 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 ! false & ! true1 ! bond & ! release4 ,footnote #ece3 ,e4g4 ,hymn vi4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,pope's ,tiruvaagam1 p4 #beg4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,yet ,i h read t ,am]ican revivali/s describe h[ y play base ball 7an ,am]ican game7 ) ,jesus4 ,footnote #ech3 ,pope's ,tiruvaagam1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #eci3 ,x does n seem to me t ! leg5d ( iva's dr9k+ ! hala-hala poison is really p>allel to ! suff]+s ( ! ,*ri/ian r$eem]4 ,at ! mo/ x is a b5evol5t exploit l _m p]=m$ by ,vi%nu4 ,footnote #edj3 ,al?\gh iva is said to h be5 _m times inc>nate 7see = in/ance ,cate*ism ( ! ,%aiva religion1 p4 #bj7 he seems to h m]ely appe>$ 9 human =m on special occasions & n to h be5 l ,*ri/ or ,kri%na a god liv+ z a man f bir? to dea?4 ,footnote #eda3 ,! l9es :i* seem mo/ cle>ly to reflect ,*ri/ian influ5ce are ^? quot$ by ,caldwell f ! ,nana nuru 9 ! introduction to 8 ,comp>ative ,gramm> ( ! ,dravidian languages1 p4 #abg1 b nei!r ! date ( ! "w nor ! orig9al ( ! quotation is giv54 ,?is "p ( ! introduction is omitt$ 9 ! ?ird edition4 ,footnote #edb3 ,tamilian ,antiqu>y1 #d1 #aiji1 pp4 #eg-hb4 ,footnote #edc3 ,ib4 pp4 #a-eg2 ,se%a ,aiy] gives #bge ,a4,d4 z ! probable date1 & #cge z ! late/ date4 ,footnote #edd3 ,! aiva cate*ism translat$ by ,f\lkes says 7p4 #bg7 t iva reveal$ ! ,tiruvaagam twice1 fir/ to ,manikka-,vaag> & lat] to ,tiru-,kovaiy>4 ,footnote #ede3 ,sanskrit1 ,siddha4 ,footnote #edf3 ,space =bids me to quote ! iva-vkyam & ,pattanattu ,pillai1 int]e/+ z !y are4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ,gov]1 ,folk-,songs ( s\!rn ,india1 #ahga1 a "w :i* is well wor? read+4 ,footnote #edg3 ,! date ( ! ,sk&a ,purna creates no difficulty = ,b5dall consid]$ a ,,ms4 ( x f\nd 9 ,nepal to be ant]ior to #fei ,a4,d4 ,footnote #edh3 ,"o ( 8 maxims 0 adu1 adu dal1 t is ! m9d becomes t 7spiritual or mat]ial7 ) :i* x id5tifies itself mo/ completely4 ,footnote #edi3 ,x is conta9$ 9 f\rte5 /ras1 mo/ ( :i* are attribut$ to ! f\r tea*]s m5tion$ above4 ,footnote #eej3 ,= ! ,ka%mir s*ool see ,b>nett 9 ,muson1 #aiji1 pp4 #bga-bgg4 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaj1 pp4 #gjg-gdg4 ,ka%mir ,sanskrit s]ies1 p>ticul>ly vol4 ,,ii4 entitl$ ,ka%mir aivism4 ,! iva stras & ! comm5t>y ,vim>'s9 translat$ 9 ,indian ,?\ght1 #aiaa-ab4 ,also ,sr9ivasa ,iy5g>1 ,outl9es ( ,indian ,philosophy1 pp4 #afh-age & ,s>va-d>ana-sangraha1 *ap4 ,,viii4 ,footnote #eea3 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ,kallata1 au?or ( ! ,sp&a ,kriks & ,somn&a ( ! ivadri%ti1 :o bo? fl\ri%$ ab\t #hej-ijj4 ,utpala1 :o compos$ ! ,pratyabhij-kriks1 liv$ "s fifty ye>s lat]1 & 9 ! elev5? c5tury ,abh9ava ,gupta & ,k%em>ja compos$ num]\s comm5t>ies4 ,footnote #eeb3 ,ka%mirian aivism is (t5 call$ ,trika1 t is trip>tite1 because1 l o!r v>ieties1 x treats ( ?ree ultimates iva1 akti1 ,anu or ,pati1 ,pau1 ,pa4 ,b x has a decid$ t5d5cy t[>ds monism4 ,footnote #eec3 ,also call$ ! akti or ,mtrik4 ,footnote #eed3 ,see ,epig4 ,c>n4 ,,vii4 ,sk4 #aad4 #ai1 #bj & ,j\r4 ,my?ic ,society1 #aiag1 pp4 #agf1 #ahj4 ,footnote #eee3 ,to say no?+ ( ivaite temples l ! ,kailas at ,ellora1 ! *ief doctr9es & ev5 ! t]m9ology ( ivaite philosophy are m5tion$ by ank>a on ,v$4 ,sutras1 ,,ii4 #b4 #cg4 ,footnote #eef3 ,9 ! ,samyuktava/u1 *ap4 ,,xl4 7transl4 9 ,j4,a4 #aiad1 ,,ii4 pp4 #ecd1 etc47 ! ,buddha is repres5t$ z say+ t ,ka%mir is ! be/ l& = m$itation & lead+ a religi\s life4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,*att]ji1 ,ka%mir aivism1 p4 #aa1 ?9ks t ,abh9ava ,gupta's ,p>amr?asra1 publi%$ by ,b>nett1 0 an adaptation ( old] v]ses curr5t 9 ,india & call$ ! dhra ,kriks4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,see ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( s\!rn ,india1 s4v4 vol4 ,,iv4 pp4 #bcf-bia & ,gazette] ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 vol4 ,,xxiii4 article ,bijapur1 pp4 #bai-ahhd4 ,footnote #eei3 ,an inscription f\nd at ,ablur 9 ,dh>w> also m5tions ,ramayya z a *ampion ( ivaite mono!ism4 ,he is p]haps ! same z ,*annabasava4 ,! ,l+yats ma9ta9 t ,basava m]ely reviv$ ! old true religion ( iva & f\nd$ no?+ new4 ,footnote #efj3 ,!y h also a book call$ ,prabhul+-lila1 :i* is said to tea* t ! deity ought to live 9 ! believ]'s s\l z he lives 9 ! l+am1 & collections ( e>ly ,kan>ese s]mons :i* are said to date f ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #efa3 ,! use ( ! ,l+a by ?is sect supports ! view t ev5 9 its orig9 ! symbol is n exclusively phallic4 ,footnote #efb3 ,_! cre$ is said to h be5 ! /ate religion ( ! ,wodey>s ( ,mysore 7#acii-afjj7 & ( ! ,nayaks ( ,keladi1 ,ikk5 or ,b$nur 7#aeej-agfc74 ,footnote #efc3 ,at ,kadur1 ,ujj5i1 ,b5>es1 rsailam & ,k$>n? 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,9 e ,l+yat village !re is a mona/]y affiliat$ to "o ( ^! five e/abli%m5ts4 ,! great importance atta*$ to mona/ic in/itutions is p]haps due to ,ja9 influ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,vi%nuism ,,9 ,,s\? ,,india #a ,?\gh ivaism c boa/ ( an impos+ array ( temples1 tea*]s & scriptures 9 ! nor? z well z 9 ! s\?1 yet ,vi%nuism 0 equally /rong & aft] #ajjj ,a4,d4 p]haps /rong]4 ,?us ,alb]uni writ+ ab\t nor?-we/]n ,india 9 #ajcj ,a4,d4 m5tions iva & ,durg sev]al times incid5tally b devotes sep>ate *apt]s to ,nryana & ,vsudeva2 he quotes copi\sly f ,vi%nuite works#efd b n f sect>ian ivaite books4 ,he m5tions t ! wor%ipp]s ( ,vi%nu are call$ ,bhgavatas & he frequ5tly ref]s to ,rma4 ,x is cle> t 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( ,vi%nuism he consid]$ t he _h = all practical purposes describ$ ! religion ( ! p>ts ( ,india :i* he knew4 ,9 _! ma9 outl9es ! hi/ories ( ,vi%nuism & ivaism are ! same4 ,bo? fai?s fir/ assum$ a def9ite =m 9 nor!rn ,india1 b bo? fl\ri%$ exce$+ly :5 transplant$ to ! s\? & produc$ fir/ a s*ool ( emotional hymn writ]s & !n 9 a matur] /age a goodly array ( !ologians & philosoph]s z well z (f%oots 9 ! =m ( ecc5tric sects :i* broke loose f ,brahmanism altoge!r4 ,b ,vi%nuism hav+ fir/ spread f ! nor? to ! s\? return$ f ! s\? to ! nor? 9 great =ce1 :]eas ! hi/ory ( ivaism %[s no su* reflux4#efe ivaism rema9$ comp>atively homog5e\s1 b ,vi%nuism gave bir? f ! elev5? c5tury onw>ds to a s]ies ( sects or ,*ur*es /ill extant & =m+ exclusive ?\gh n mutually ho/ile associations4 ,! *ief ,*ur*es or ,sampradyas be> ! names ( ,sanakdi1 r1 ,brahm & ,rudra4 ,! fir/ ?ree 7 f\nd$ by ,nimbditya1 ,rmnuja & ,madhva respectively4 ,! ,rudra-sampradya 0 r5d]$ celebrat$ by ,vallabha1 ?\gh he 0 n its f\nd]4 ,! belief & practice ( all ,vi%nuite sects alike is a modifi$ mono!ism1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,supreme ,be+ "u "s su* "n z ,rma or ,vsudeva4 ,b ! mono!ism is n p]fect4 ,on ! "o h& x passes into pan!ism3 on ! o!r x is n completely dis5gag$ f my?ology & 9 all sects ! consort & att5dants ( ! deity receive great respect1 ev5 if ?is respect is !oretically di/+ui%$ f adoration4 ,ne>ly all sects reject sacrifice 9 toto & make ! basis ( salvation emotional--namely devotion to ! deity1 & z a c\nt]p>t to ?is ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! deity is lov+ condesc5sion or grace4 ,! !ological philosophy ( ea* sect is ne>ly always1 :atev] "n x may be>1 a v>iety ( ! sy/em kn[n z ,vii%tdvaita1 or qualifi$ monism1 :i* is n unlike ! ,snkhya-,yoga4#eff ,= ,vi%nuites z = ivaites !re exi/ ,god1 ! s\l & matt]1 b mo/ sects %r9k f reg>d+ !m z entirely sep>ate & bridge ov] ! diff]5ces ) v>i\s !ories ( emanations & successive manife/ations ( ! deity4 ,b = practical religion ! s\l is entangl$ 9 matt] &1 ) ! help ( ,god1 /ruggles t[>ds union ) him4 ,! precise nature & intimacy ( ?is union has giv5 rise to z _m subtle !ories & phrases z ! sacram5ts 9 ,europe4 ,vi%nuite sects 9 all p>ts ( ,india %[ a t5d5cy to recognize v]nacul> works z _! scriptures1 b !y also atta* great importance to ! ,upani%ads1 ! ,bhagavad-gt1 ! ,nryanya & ! ,v$nta ,stras4 ,ea* has a special int]pretation ( ^! la/ :i* becomes to "s ext5t its motto4 ,b ^! books belong to ! relatively old] lit]ature4 ,_m ,vi%nuite1 or r ,kri%naite1 works compos$ f ! eigh? c5tury onw>ds diff] f !m 9 tone & give prom95ce to ! god's amor\s adv5tures ) ! ,gopis & 7/ill lat]7 to ! p]sonality ( ,rdh4 ,?is ec/atic & s5tim5tal !ology1 ?\gh f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ,india1 is m preval5t 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\?4 ,its great text-book is ! ,bhgavata ,purna4 ,! same _s is f\nd 9 ,jayadeva's ,gt-gov9da1 app>5tly compos$ 9 ,b5gal ab\t #aagj ,a4,d4 & reproduc+ 9 a poli%$ =m ! religi\s dramas or ,ytras 9 :i* ! life ( ,kri%na is /ill repres5t$4 #b ,! sect#efg f\nd$ by ,nimbrka or ,nimbditya has "s connection ) ?is poem4 ,its *ief doctr9e is kn[n z dvaitdvaitamata1 or duali/ic non-duality1 :i* is expla9$ z mean+ t1 ?\gh ! s\l & matt] are di/9ct f ,god1 !y are yet z intimately connect$ ) him z waves ) wat] or ! coils ( a rope ) ! rope itself4 ,?is doctr9e is ref]r$ to 9 ! religi\s drama call$ ,prabodhac&rodaya1 probably compos$ at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! ,nimvats1 z ! adh]5ts ( ! sect are call$1 are f\nd ne> ,muttra & 9 ,b5gal4 ,x is noticeable t ?is sect1 :i* _h its orig9 9 nor!rn ,india1 is said to h be5 p]secut$ by ! ,ja9s#efh & to h be5 subsequ5tly reviv$ by a tea*] call$ ,nivsa4 ,?is may expla9 :y 9 ! twelf? c5tury ,vi%nuism fl\ri%$ 9 ! s\? r ?an 9 ! nor?4#efi ,less is kn[n ( ! ,nimbrkas ?an ( ! o!r sects4 ,!y wor%ip ,kri%na & ,rdh & fai? 9 ,kri%na is said to be ! only way to salvation4 ,kri%na 0 ! deity ( ! e>lie/ bhakti-sects4 ,!n 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies !re 0 a reaction 9 fav\r ( ,rma z a m spiritual deity1 b subsequ5tly ,vallabha & ,caitanya aga9 made ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na popul>4 ,nimbrka express$ 8 views 9 a %ort comm5t>y on ! ,v$nta ,stras & also 9 t5 v]ses conta9+ a comp5dium ( doctr9e4#egj #c ,z among ! ivaites1 s among ! ,vi%nuites ( ! s\?1 hi/ory beg9s ) poet-sa9ts4 ,!y are call$ ! twelve rvrs4#ega ,= ! ?ree e>lie/ no hi/orical basis has be5 f\nd1 b ! lat] ones seem to be real p]sonalities4 ,! mo/ rev]$ ( !m is ,namm'rvr also call$ ,sa?agopa1 ^: images & pictures may be se5 ev]y:]e 9 s\? ,india & receive ! same rev]5ce z figures ( ! gods4#egb ,he may h liv$ 9 ! sev5? or eigh? c5tury ,a4,d4#egc ,! *ronology ( ! rvrs is exce$+ly vague b if ! praises ( iva 7 sung by poet-sa9ts 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 x is probable t ! ,vi%nu wor%ipp]s 7 n beh9dh&4 ,two circum/ances argue a fairly e>ly date4 ,fir/ ,n?amuni is said to h arrang$ ! hymns ( ! rvrs & he probably liv$ ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,!re=e ! rvrs mu/ h become classics by ?is date4 ,secondly ! ,bhgavata ,purna#egd says t 9 ! ,kali age ! wor%ipp]s ( ,nryana w be num]\s 9 ! ,dravidian c\ntry1 ?\gh 9 o!r p>ts f\nd only "h & !re1 & t ^? :o dr9k ! wat] ( ! ,kav]i & o!r s\!rn riv]s w mo/ly be devotees ( ,vsudeva4 ,?is passage mu/ h be5 writt5 aft] a ,vi%nuite movem5t _h begun 9 ! ,dravidian c\ntry4#ege ,! hymns attribut$ to ! rvrs are commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ,prab&ham or ,nlyiram & are accept$ by ! ,t5galai ,vi%nuites z _! canonical scriptures4 ,! :ole collection conta9s #djjj v]ses arrang$ 9 f\r p>ts#egf & an extract consi/+ ( #fjb v]ses select$ = use 9 daily wor%ip is 9 "p accessible4#egg ,?is poetry %[s ! same ec/atic devotion & love ( nature z ! ,tiruvaagam4 ,x contemplates ! wor%ip ( images & a temple ritual consi/+ 9 awak5+ ! god at morn+ & att5d+ on him dur+ ! day4 ,x quotes ! ,upani%ads & ,bhagavad-gt1 assumes z a metaphysical basis a v$antiz$ =m ( ! ,snkhya philosophy1 & also accepts ! leg5ds ( ! pa/oral ,kri%na b )\t giv+ mu* detail4 ,ja9s1 ,buddhi/s & aivas are blam$ & ! repetition ( ! "n ,gov9da is enjo9$4 ,?\gh ! hymns are n anti-brahmanic !y decid$ly d n contemplate a life sp5t 9 or?odox obs]vances & _! reput$ au?ors include sev]al dras1 a k+ & a woman4 ,aft] ! poet-sa9ts came ! doctors & !ologians4 ,acc\nts ( !m1 :i* seem hi/orical 9 ! ma9 ?\gh full ( miracul\s details1 are f\nd 9 ! ,tamil biographies#egh illu/rat+ ! apo/olic succession ( tea*]s4 ,x appe>s fairly c]ta9 t ,rmnuja1 ! f\r? 9 succession1 0 alive 9 #aaah3 ! fir/1 kn[n z ,n?amuni1 may !re=e h liv$ #ajj-aej ye>s e>li]4 ,none ( 8 works are extant b he is said to h arrang$ ! poems ( ! rvrs = recitation 9 temple s]vices4 ,he w5t on a pilgrimage to nor!rn ,india & accord+ to tradition 0 an adept 9 ,yoga1 be+ "o ( ! la/ to practise x 9 ! s\?4 ,?ird 9 succession 0 8 gr&son ,yamunrcrya 7kn[n z lav&r or victor71 :o sp5t ! fir/ "p ( 8 life z a weal?y layman b 0 conv]t$ & resid$ at rrangam4 ,"h he compos$ sev]al important works 9 ,sanskrit includ+ "o writt5 to e/abli% ! or?odoxy ( ! ,pnc>tra & its ritual4#egi #d ,he 0 succe$$ by ,rmnuja1 a great "n 9 ,indian !ology bo? z ! organiz] ( a mo/ important sect &1 if n ! f\nd]1#ehj at lea/ ! accept$ expon5t ( ! ,vii%tdvaita philosophy4 ,rmnuja 0 born at rp]um-budur#eha ne> ,madras1 :]e he is /ill commemorat$ by a celebrat$ %r9e4 ,z a y\? he /udi$ ivaite philosophy at ,conjeev>am b ab&on$ x = ,vi%nuism4 ,he appe>s to h be5 a good adm9i/rator4 ,he made ! def9itive collection ( ! hymns ( ! rvrs & is said to h f\nd$ #gjj maths & #hi h]$it>y abbot%ips1 = he all[$ ! memb]s ( 8 ord] to m>ry4 ,he visit$ nor!rn ,india1 includ+ ,ka%mir if tradition may be believ$1 b 8 *ief resid5ce 0 rrangam4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury h[ev]1 ! ho/ility ( ! ,*ola ,k+ ,kulottunga1 :o 0 an intol]ant ivaite1 =c$ him to retire to ,mysore4 ,"h he 0 protect$ by ,k+ ,vittala ,deva :om he conv]t$ f ,ja9ism & on ! dea? ( ,kulottunga 9 #aaah he return$ to rrangam :]e he end$ 8 days4 ,9 ! temple !re 8 tomb & a %r9e :]e 8 image receives div9e hon\rs may /ill be se54 ,8 be/ kn[n "w#ehb is ! r ,bh%ya or comm5t>y on ! ,v$nta stras4 ,! sect :i* he f\nd$ is kn[n z ! r ,sampradya & its memb]s z ! r ,vai%navas4 ,z among ! ivaites revelation is (t5 suppos$ to be made by iva ?r\gh akti1 s "h ! ,"l is said to h reveal$ ! tru? to 8 consort r or ,lak%m1 %e to a demigod call$ ,visvaks5a1 & he to ,namm'rvr1 f :om ,rmnuja 0 eigh? 9 spiritual desc5t4 ,?\gh ! memb]s ( ! sect are sometimes call$ ,ramaites ! p]sonality ( ,rma plays a small "p 9 _! fai?1 especially z exp\nd$ by ,rmnuja4 ,z names = ! deity he uses ,nryana & ,vsudeva & he quotes freely f ! ,bhagavad-gt & ! ,vi%nu ,purna4 ,comp>$ ) ! emotional deism ( ,caitanya ?is fai? seems some:at philosophic & retic5t4 ,rmnuja cle>ly indicates its pr9cipal po9ts 9 ! fir/ words ( 8 r ,bh%ya4 ,may my m9d be fill$ ) devotion t[>ds ! highe/ ,brahman1 ! abode ( ,lak%m2 :o is lum9\sly reveal$ 9 ! ,upani%ads3 :o 9 sport produces1 su/a9s & reabsorbs ! entire univ]se3 ^: only aim is to fo/] ! manifold classes ( be+s t humbly wor%ip him4#ehc ,he goes on to say t 8 tea*+ is t ( ! ,upani%ads1 :i* 0 obscur$ by ! mutual conflict ( manifold op9ions1 & t he foll[s ! comm5t>y ( ,bodhyana & o!r tea*]s :o h abridg$ x4 ,t is to say1 ! =m ( ,vi%nuism :i* ,rmnuja made "o ( ! pr9cipal religions ( ,india claims to be ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads1 al?\gh he also affiliates himself to ! ,bhgavatas4 ,he int]prets ! "p ( ! ,v$nta ,stras :i* treats ( ?is sect#ehd z mean+ t ! au?or /ates & ultimately disall[s ! objections rais$ to _! tea*+ & he def9itely approves x4 ,z x is ?us settl$ t ! highe/ ,brahman or ,nryana himself is ! promulgator ( ! entire ,pnc>tra & t ?is sy/em tea*es ! nature ( ,nryana & ! prop] way ( wor%ipp+ him1 none c dise/abli% ! view t 9 ! ,pnc>tra all ! o!r doctr9es are compris$4#ehe ,! true tradition ( ! ,upani%ads he cont5ds has be5 di/ort$ by manifold op9ions1 among :i* ! doctr9e ( ank>a 0 no d\bt ! *ief4 ,t doctr9e 0 naturally di/a/eful to devotional poets1 & f ! "t ( ,n?amuni onw>ds a philosophic reaction aga9/ x grew up 9 rrangam4 ,rmnuja prea*es ! wor%ip ( a lov+ ,god1 ?\gh :5 we read t ,god produces & reabsorbs ! univ]se 9 sport1 we f9d t we are f>!r f ,*ri/ianity ?an we at fir/ suppos$4 ,!re is a t\* ( my?ology 9 ! m5tion ( ,lak%m#ehf b x is cle> t ,rmnuja himself _h little lik+ = my?ology4 ,he b>ely m5tions ,rma & ,kri%na 9 ! ri ,bh%ya nor does he pay mu* att5tion to ! consort ( ! deity4 ,on ! o!r h& he %[s no sign ( reject+ ! ritual & regulations ( ! ,brahmans4 ,he app>5tly wi%$ to prove t ! doctr9e ( salvation by devotion to a p]sonal god is compatible ) a sy/em z /rictly or?odox z ank>a's own4 ,i %all treat else:]e ( 8 philosophy1 kn[n z ! ,vii%tdvaita or non-duality1 :i* yet recognizes a di/9ction betwe5 ,god & individual s\ls4 ,! l9e ( ?\ght is old & at all p]iods is cle>ly a compromise1 unwill+ to d5y t ,god is ev]y?+ & yet dissatisfi$ ) ! idea t a p]sonal deity & our individual transmigrat+ s\ls are all m]ely illusion4 ,devotional !ism 0 gr[+ 9 ,rmnuja's "t4 ,he c\ld n break ) ! ,upani%ads & ,v$antic tradition b he adapt$ !m to ! ne$s ( 8 day4 ,he taught fir/ly t ! mat]ial _w & human s\ls are n illusion b s to speak ! body ( ,god :o comprises & p]vades !m3 secondly ?is ,god is omnisci5t1 omnipres5t1 almighty & all-m]ciful1 & salvation 7t is mukti or deliv]ance f transmigration7 is obta9$ by ^? s\ls :o1 assi/$ by 8 grace1 m$itate on him & "k him2 ?irdly ?is salvation consi/s n 9 absorption into ,god b 9 blissful exi/5ce ne> him & 9 p>ticipation ( 8 glori\s qualities4 ,he fur!r held#ehg t ,god exi/s 9 five modes1 namely3 7a7 ,p>a1 ! entire supreme _s1 7b7 ! f\rfold manife/ation z ,vsudeva1 ,sank>%ana1 ,pradyumna & ,aniruddha1 7c7 inc>nations su* z ,rma & ,kri%na1 7d7 ! int]nal controll] or ,ant>ym9 accord+ to ! text#ehh :o abid+ 9 ! s\l rules ! s\l )91 7e7 duly consecrat$ images4 ,! foll[]s ( ,rmnuja are at pres5t divid$ into two s*ools kn[n z ,t5galais & ,vadagalais1 or s\!rn & nor!rn4#ehi ,! d\ble resid5ce ( ! f\nd] is "o reason = ! division1 s9ce bo? ,mysore & ,tri*9opoly c\ld claim to h p]sonal k ( 8 tea*+4 ,! really important diff]5ce seems to be t ! ,t5galai or s\!rn s*ool is incl9$ to break away f ,sanskrit tradition1 to ignore ! ,v$as 9 practice & to reg>d ! ,tamil ,nlyiram z an all-suffici5t scripture1 :]eas ! ,vadagalais1 ?\gh n reject+ ! ,nlyiram1 insi/ on ! au?ority ( ! ,v$as4 ,b bo? divisions are scrupul\s ab\t ca/e obs]vances & ! c]emonial purity ( _! food4 ,!y are sep>at$ by nice que/ions ( doctr9e1 especially z to ! nature ( prapatti1 resignation or self-surr5d] to ! deity1 a s5tim5t slightly diff]5t f bhakti :i* is active fai? or devotion4 ,! nor!rn]s hold t ! s\l lays hold ( ! ,"l1 z ! "y monkey hangs on to its "m1 :]eas ! s\!rn]s say t ! ,"l picks up ! helpless & passive s\l z a cat picks up a kitt54#eij ,accord+ to ! nor!rn]s1 ! consort ( ,vi%nu is1 l him1 uncreat$ & equally to be wor%ipp$ z a be/[] ( grace3 accord+ to ! s\!rn]s %e is creat$ &1 ?\gh div9e1 m]ely a m$iator or *annel ( ! ,"l's grace4 ,ev5 m important 9 popul> e/eem is ! fact t ! ,vadagalai sect>ian m>k ends betwe5 ! eyebr[s :]eas ! ,t5galais prolong x to ! tip ( ! nose4 ,odium !ologicum is (t5 bitt]e/ betwe5 ! sects :i* are mo/ ne>ly relat$ & accord+ly we f9d t ! ,t5galais & ,vadagalais frequ5tly qu>rel4 ,!y use ! same temples b 9 _m places bo? claim ! exclusive "r to recite ! hymns ( ! rvrs4 ,! *ief diff]5ce 9 _! recitation lies 9 ! op5+ v]se 9 :i* ea* p>ty celebrates ! names ( its special tea*]s1 & disputes z to ! legality ( a p>ticul> v]se 9 a p>ticul> %r9e sometimes give rise to free fights & subsequ5t lawsuits4 ,! two s*ools reckon ! apo/olic succession diff]5tly & appe> to h sep>at$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 :i* !y 7 repres5t$ by ,pillai ,lokcrya & ,v$nta ,desika#eia respectively4 ,! ,t5galai1 ( :i* ! fir/-nam$ tea*] 0 ! practical f\nd]1 mu/ be reg>d$ z innovators1 = 9 _! use ( ,tamil z ! language ( religion !y d n foll[ ! example ( ,rmnuja4 ,lokcrya tea*es t ! grace ( ,god is irresi/ible & %\ld be met n m]ely by active fai?1 b by self-surr5d]1#eib & entire submission to ! guidance ( ! spiritual tea*]4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( eighte5 works call$ ,rahasyas or secrets#eic b ?\gh he appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to =mulate ! ,t5galai doctr9es1 ,manavala ,mahmuni 7#acgj-addc ,a4,d47 is reg>d$ by ! sect z its *ief sa9t4 ,8 images & pictures are frequ5t 9 s\? ,india & he wrote num]\s comm5t>ies & poems4 ,v$nta ,desika1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,vadagalai1 0 a native ( ,conjeev>am b sp5t mu* ( 8 life at rrangam4 ,he 0 a volum9\s au?or & compos$ int] alia an allegorical play 9 t5 acts1 portray+ ! lib]ation ( ! s\l "u ! auspices ( ,k+ ,viveka 7discrim9ation7 & ,que5 ,sumati 7,wisdom74 ,at ! pres5t day ! two sects recognize z _! respective heads two cryas :o are m>ri$1 :]eas all ,smrta cryas are celibates4#eid ,! ,t5galai crya resides ne> ,t9nevelly1 ! ,vadagalai 9 ! di/rict ( ,kurnool4 ,!y bo? make p]iodical visitations 9 _! di/ricts & h consid]able ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,9 ! s\? rrangam ne> ,tri*9opoly is _! pr9cipal %r9e3 9 ! nor? ,melucote 9 ! ,s]+apatam di/rict is e/eem$ v sacr$4 #e ,x 0 only natural t ,rmnuja's advocacy ( qualifi$ non-duality %\ld lead "s m uncompromis+ _s to affirm ! doctr9e ( ,dvaita or duality4 ,?is /ep 0 tak5 by ,madhva crya1 a ,kan>ese ,brahman :o 0 probably born 9 #aaii ,a4,d4#eie ,9 ! previ\s ye> ! great temple ( ,jaganna?a at ,puri _h be5 complet$ & ! ,vi%nuite movem5t 0 at its height4 ,madhva ?\gh educat$ z a aiva became a ,vai%nava4 ,he d5i$ absolutely ! id5tity ( ! ,supreme ,be+ ) ! individual s\l & held t ! _w is n a modification ( ! ,"l b t he is l a fa!r :o begets a son4 ,yet 9 practice1 rigid mono!ism is n m preval5t among ,madhva's foll[]s ?an 9 o!r sects4 ,!y are said to tol]ate ! wor%ip ( ivaite deities & ( ! l+am 9 _! temples#eif & _! ascetics dress l aivas4 ,madhva travell$ 9 bo? nor!rn & s\!rn ,india & _h a some:at tr\bl$ life1 = 8 doctr9e1 be+ ! flat contradiction ( ! ,advaita1 involv$ him 9 cont9ual conflicts ) ! foll[]s ( ank>a :o are said to h ev5 /ol5 8 libr>y4 ,at any rate !y ana!matiz$ 8 tea*+ ) a viol5ce unusual 9 ,indian !ology4#eig ,9 spite ( su* lively controv]sy he f\nd "t to write ?irty-sev5 works1 includ+ comm5t>ies on ! ,upani%ads1 ,bhagavad-gt & ,v$nta ,stras4 ,! obvi\s mean+ ( ^! texts is n t requir$ by 8 sy/em1 b !y are recogniz$ by all ,vai%navas z ! ?ree ,pra/hnas or />t+-po9ts ( philosophy & he _h to %[ t !y support$ 8 views4 ,h5ce 8 int]pretation (t5 seems =c$ & p]v]se4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y in/ance ( ?is is 8 explanation ( ! celebrat$ phrase 9 ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad ,sa tm tat tvam asi4 ,he reads ,sa tm atat tvam asi & consid]s t x means ,y are n t ,god4 ,:y be s conceit$ z to suppose t y are8#eih ,mono!i/ic texts h (t5 receiv$ a my/ical & pan!i/ic int]pretation4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,koran h be5 s treat$ by ,kabbali/s & ,sufis4 ,b 9 ,madhva's comm5t>ies we see ! opposite & probably r>] me?od4 ,pan!i/ic texts are twi/$ until !y are made to express uncompromis+ mono!ism4 ,! sect is (t5 call$ ,brahma-sampradya1 because x claims t its doctr9e 0 reveal$ by ,brahm f :om ,madhva 0 ! six? tea*] 9 spiritual desc5t4 ,its memb]s are kn[n z ,mdhvas b pref] to call !mselves ,sad-,vai%navas4 ,its tea*+ seems m rigid & less emotional ?an t ( o!r ,vi%nuites & is bas$ on ! ,pancabh$a or five et]nal di/9ctions betwe5 7a7 ,god & ! s\l1 7b7 ,god & matt]1 7c7 ! s\l & matt]1 7d7 individual s\ls1 7e7 individual atoms ( matt]4 ,god is g5]ally call$ ,vi%nu or ,nryana r ?an ,vsudeva4 ,kri%na is ador$ b n 9 8 pa/oral aspect4 ,vi%nu & 8 sp\se ,lak%m are real ?\gh sup]human p]sonalities & _! sons are ,brahm ! creator & ,vyu4#eii ,peculi> to ?is sect is ! doctr9e t except ?r\gh ,vyu1 ! son ( ,vi%nu1 salvation is impossible4 ,vyu has be5 ?ree times inc>nate z ,hanumat1 ! help] ( ,rma1 z ,bhma & z ,madhva himself4#fjj ,s\ls are sep>ate1 innum]able & relat$ to ,god z subjects to a k+4 ,!y are ( ?ree classes3 ^? :o are de/9$ to et]nal bliss 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god3 ^? :o revolve et]nally 9 ! maze ( transmigration3 & ^? :o t5d+ ev] d[nw>ds are doom$ to et]nal suff]+4 ,?is la/ doctr9e1 z well z ! doctr9e ( salvation ?r\gh ,vyu1 ! w9d or _s1 has l$ _m to suspect t ,madhva 0 influ5c$ by ,*ri/ian ideas1 b x is m probable t he ow$ some?+ to ,islam4 ,su* influ5ce w\ld no d\bt be di/ant & indirect1 = a ,brahman w\ld n come into contact ) ,moslim doctors1 ?\gh x is said t ,madhva c\ld speak ,p]sian4#fja ,b "s ,moslim ideas su* z ! absolute sep>ation ( ,god f ! _w & ! pr$e/9ation ( s\ls to et]nal happ9ess & mis]y may h ent]$ ,brahman m9ds4 ,/ill1 ne>ly all ,madhva's views 7) ! possible exception ( et]nal puni%m5t7 h ,indian analogies4 ,! ,yoga tea*es t !re are innum]able s\ls di/9ct f "o ano!r & f ,god & ?\gh salvation ?r\gh ! _s s\nds ,*ri/ian1 yet ! ,upani%ads con/antly celebrate ,vyu 7w9d7 & ,prna 7brea?7 z ! p]vad+ pr9ciple ( ! _w & ! home ( ! self4 ,by ! w9d 7,vyu7 z ?read1 ,o ,gautama1 ?is _w & ! o!r _w & all creatures are b\nd toge!r4#fjb ,?us ! idea t ! w9d is ! univ]sal m$iator is old & x does n seem t ,madhva reg>d$ ,vyu z a r$eem] or expiation = s9 l ,*ri/4 ,! ,mdhvas are /ill an en]getic & important sect4 ,_! headqu>t]s are at ,udipi 9 ,s\? ,kan>a & !y also hold an annual conf]5ce at ,tirupati at :i* exam9ations 9 !ology are held & prizes giv54 ,at ,udipi are eight maths & a v sacr$ temple1 d$icat$ by ,madhva himself to ,kri%na4 ,! head ( ea* math is *>g$ 9 turn ) ! sup]vision ( ?is temple dur+ two ye>s & ! *ange ( (fice is celebrat$ by a great bi5nial fe/ival 9 ,janu>y4 ,! wor%ip is m puritanical ?an 9 ! temples ( o!r sects1 danc+ girls = in/ance n be+ all[$1 b great importance is atta*$ to ! practice ( br&+ ! body ) ! emblems ( ,vi%nu4 ,! sect1 l ! r ,vai%navas1 is divid$ into two p>ties1 ! ,vyasakutas :o are cons]vative & use ,sanskrit scriptures1#fjc & ! ,dasakutas :o h m popul> t5d5cies & use sacr$ books writt5 9 ,kan>ese4 ,nei!r ! r ,vai%navas nor ! ,mdhvas are num]\s 9 nor!rn ,india4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #efd3 ,su* z ! ,vi%nu ,purna1 ,vi%nu ,dh>ma1 said to be a section ( ! ,g>uda ,purna & ! ,bhagavad-gt4 ,footnote #efe3 ,! ,h9dus are well aw>e t ! doctr9e ( ,bhakti spread f ! s\? to ! nor?4 ,see ! allegory quot$ 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaa1 p4 #hjj4 ,footnote #eff3 ,?us ,rmnuja says 7ri ,bh%ya1 ,,ii4 #b4 #dc7 t ! ,v$nta ,stras d n refute ! ,snkhya & ,yoga b m]ely c]ta9 errone\s views z to ,brahman n be+ ! self4 ,footnote #efg3 ,x has be5 describ$ z ! e>lie/ ( ! ,vi%nuite ,*ur*es & x w\ld be s if we c\ld be sure t ! exi/5ce ( ! doctr9e call$ ,dvaitdvaita 0 equival5t to ! exi/5ce ( ! sect4 ,b ,bh&>k> has %[n "s reason = ?9k+ t ,nimbditya liv$ aft] ,rmnuja4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! wor%ip ( ,rdh & ! doctr9e ( self-surr5d] or prapatti1 bo? f\nd 9 ! ,daaloki1 are probably late4 ,footnote #efh3 ,see ,gri]son 9 ,e4,r4,e4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #deg4 ,footnote #efi3 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,nimavats is also call$ ,sanakdi-sampradya because x pr(esses to d]ive its doctr9e f ,sanaka & 8 bre?r5 :o taught ,nrada1 :o taught ,nimbrka4 ,at lea/ "o sub-sect f\nd$ by ,h>ivamsa 7born #aeei7 adopts a doctr9e analog\s to ,saktism & wor%ips ,rdh z ! manife/ation ( ,kri%na's en]gy4 ,footnote #egj3 ,call$ ! ,daaloki4 ,x is translat$ 9 ,bh&>k>'s ,vai%n & aivism1 pp4 #fc-e4 ,footnote #ega3 ,also spelt ,alv> & ,azhv>4 ,! ,tamil pronunciation ( ?is difficult lett] v>ies 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,! ^w app>5tly means "o :o is dr[n$ or imm]s$ 9 ! div9e love4 ,cf4 ,azhi1 ! deep sea2 ,azhal1 be+ deep or be+ imm]s$4 ,footnote #egb3 ,an educat$ ,vai%nava told me at rrangam t devas & sa9ts receive ! same homage4 ,footnote #egc3 ,x is possible t ! poems attribut$ to ,namm'rvr & o!r sa9ts are really lat] compositions4 ,see ,epig4 ,ind4 vol4 ,,viii4 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #egd3 ,,xi4 #e4 #ch-dj4 ,footnote #ege3 ,bh&>k> 7,vai%n4 & aivism1 p4 #ej7 ?9ks x probable t ,kulaekh>a1 "o ( ! middle rvrs1 liv$ ab\t #aacj4 ,b ! argum5t is n conclusive & x seems to me improbable t he liv$ aft] ,n?amuni4 ,footnote #egf3 ,! fir/ call$ ,mudal-yiram consi/s ( n9e hymns ascrib$ to v>i\s sa9ts su* z ,p]iyrv> & ,&al4 ,! second & ?ird ea* consi/ ( a s+le "w ! ,p]iya-tiru-mori & ! ,tiru-vay-mori ascrib$ to ,tiru-mangai & ,namm'rvr respectively4 ,! f\r? "p or ,iy>-pa is l ! fir/ a miscellany conta9+ fur!r compositions by ^! two z well z by o!rs4 ,footnote #egg3 ,nitynus&hnam s]ies3 edit$ ) ,telugu p>aphrase & ,engli% translation by ,m4,b4 ,sr9ivasa ,aiyang>1 ,madras1 #ahih4 ,footnote #egh3 ,! be/ kn[n is ! ,guru-p>amp>-prabhvam ( ,brahmatantra-svatantra-swmi4 ,= an ,engli% acc\nt ( ^! doctors see ,t4 ,rjagopala ,*>i>1 ,! ,vai%navite ,re=m]s ( ,india1 ,madras1 #aiji4 ,footnote #egi3 gamaprmnya4 ,he also wrote a well-kn[n hymn call$ lav&r-,/otram & a philosophical treatise call$ ,siddhi-traya4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,he /ates himself t he foll[$ ,boddhyana1 a comm5tator on ! ,stras ( unkn[n date b ant]ior to ank>a4 ,he quotes sev]al o!r comm5tators p>ticul>ly ,dramida1 s t 8 s*ool mu/ h _h a long l9e ( tea*]s4 ,footnote #eha3 ,see ,gazette] ( ,india1 vol4 ,,xxiii4 s4v4 ,!re is a ,kan>ese acc\nt ( 8 life call$ ,dibya-c>itra4 ,= 8 life & tea*+ see also ,bh&>k> 9 ,b]i*te ,v,i,ith ,int4 ,ori5t4 ,congress1 #ahhf1 pp4 #aja ff4 ,lives 9 ,engli% h be5 publi%$ at ,madras by ,alkondaville ,gov9dcrya 7#aijf7 & ,kri%naswami ,aiyang> 78 #aiji74 ,footnote #ehb3 ,he also wrote ! ,v$r?a ,sangraha1 ,v$r?a ,pradpa1 ,v$nta ,sra & a comm5t>y on ! ,bhagavad-gt4 ,footnote #ehc3 ,s4,b4,e4 ,,xlviii4 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ehd3 ,,ii4 #b4 #cf-ci4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,,ii4 #b4 #dc ad f94 ,footnote #ehf3 ,rmnuja's introduction to ! ,bhagavad-gt is m ornate b does n g mu* fur!r 9 doctr9e ?an ! passage "h quot$4 ,footnote #ehg3 ,?is fivefold manife/ation ( ! deity is a *>act]i/ic ,pnc>tra doctr9e4 ,see ,s*rad]1 ,int4 pp4 #be1 #ea & r ,bh%ya1 ,,ii4 #bdb4 ,footnote #ehh3 ,see ,br4 ,ar4 ,up ,,iii4 #g4 ,! r ,vai%navas atta* great importance to ?is *apt]4 ,footnote #ehi3 ,only relatively nor!rn & s\!rn4 ,nei!r fl\ri% 9 :at we call nor!rn ,india4 ,footnote #eij3 ,h5ce ! two doctr9es are call$ m>kata-nyya & m>jra-nyya1 monkey !ory & cat !ory4 ,! latt] gave rise to ! dang]\s doctr9e ( ,do%abhogya1 t ,god enjoys s91 s9ce x gives a l>g] scope = ! display ( ,8 grace4 ,cf4 ,osc> ,wilde 9 ,de ,pr(undis1 ,*ri/1 ?r\gh "s div9e in/9ct 9 him1 seems to h always lov$ ! s9n] z be+ ! ne>e/ possible approa* to p]fection 9 man4444 ,9 a mann] n yet und]/ood ( ! _w1 he reg>d$ s9 & suff]+ z be+ 9 !mselves beautiful holy ?+s & modes ( p]fection4444 ,*ri/1 _h he be5 ask$1 w\ld h said--,i feel q c]ta9 ab\t x--t ! mom5t ! prodigal son fell on 8 knees & wept1 he made 8 hav+ wa/$ 8 sub/ance ) h>lots1 8 sw9e h]d+ & hung]+ = ! husks !y ate beautiful & holy mom5ts 9 8 life4 ,footnote #eia3 ,also call$ ,v5katan?a4 ,= "s r elaborate /udies 9 ! hi/ory ( ! r-,vai%navas see ,v4 ,ranga*>is' articles 9 ,j4 ,bombay ,r4,a4,s4 #aiae & #aiaf & ,j4 ,my?ic ,society1 #aiag1 ,nos4 #b ff4 ,footnote #eib3 ,prapatti & cryabhimna4--,! ^w prapatti seems n to occur 9 ! r ,bh%ya & x is cle> t ,rmnuja's temp]am5t 0 incl9$ to active & intellig5t devotion4 ,b prapatti is said to h be5 taught by ,na?amuni & ,sa?agopa 7,rjagopala ,*>i>1 ,vai%navite ,re=m]s1 p4 #f74 ,! ^w means lit]ally approa*+4 ,footnote #eic3 ,! ,ar?a-pacaka & ,tattva-traya are ! be/ kn[n4 ,see text & translation ( ! fir/ 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaj1 pp4 #efe-fjg4 ,footnote #eid3 ,rmnuja set less /ore ?an ank>a on asceticism & r5unciation ( ! _w4 ,he held ! doctr9e call$ samuc*aya 7or comb9ation7 namely t good works z well z k are efficaci\s = salvation4 ,footnote #eie3 ,also call$ n&atr?a & ,prnapraja4 ,accord+ to o!rs he 0 born 9 #abch ,a4,d4 ,see = 8 doctr9es ,gri]son's article ,madhvas 9 ,e4,r4,e4 & 8 own comm5t>ies on ! ,*ndogya & ,brihad ,ar4 ,upani%ads publi%$ 9 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,h9dus1 vols4 ,,iii4 & ,,xiv4 ,= 8 date ,bh&>k>1 ,vai%n4 & aivism1 pp4 #eh-ei & ,i4,a44 #aiad1 pp4 #bcc ff4 & #bfb ff4 ,acc\nts ( 8 life & tea*+ h be5 writt5 by ,padmanabha ,*>4 & ,kri%na ,svami ,aiy] 7,madras1 #aiji74 ,8 foll[]s ma9ta9 t he is n dead b /ill alive at ,bad> 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,footnote #eif3 ,see ,padmanabha ,*>4 l4c4 page #ab4 ,madhva condemn$ ! wor%ip ( inanimate objects 7e4g4 com4 ,*nd4 ,up4 ,,vii4 #ad4 #b7 b n ! wor%ip ( ,brahman 9 inanimate objects4 ,footnote #eig3 ,9 a "w call$ ! ,p%&a capetik or ,a ,slap = ,h]etics1 all ! adh]5ts ( ,madhva are consign$ to hell & ! ,saurapurna1 *aps4 ,,xxxviii4-,,xl4 conta9s a viol5t polemic aga9/ !m4 ,see ,jahn's ,analysis1 pp4 #ij-ajf & ,b>? 9 ,mlanges ,h>lez1 pp4 #ab-be4 ,x is curi\s t ! ,madhvas %\ld h be5 select$ = attack1 = 9 _m ways !y are less oppos$ to ivaites ?an are o!r ,vi%nuite sects b ! au?or 0 cle>ly badly in=m$ ab\t ! doctr9es :i* he attacks & he 0 probably an old-fa%ion$ ivaite ( ! nor? :o reg>d$ ,madhvism z a new-fangl$ v]sion ( objectionable doctr9es4 ,! ,madhvas are equally viol5t 9 d5\nc+ ank>a & 8 foll[]s4 ,!y miswrite ! "n ,samk>a1 giv+ x ! s5se ( mongrel or dirt & hold t he 0 an inc>nation ( a demon call$ ,manimat s5t by evil spirits to corrupt ! _w4 ,footnote #eih3 ,see 8 comm5t on ,*nd4 ,up4 ,,vi4 #h4 #g4 ,comp>e ,bhag4-g4 ,,xv4 #g4 ,! text appe>s to say t ! s\l 7,jva7 is a "p 7amsa7 ( ! ,"l4 ,madhva says x is s-call$ because x be>s "s r$uc$ similitude to ! ,"l1 ?\gh q di/9ct f him4 ,madhva's exegesis is support$ by a sy/em ( tantric or cabali/ic int]pretation 9 :i* e lett] has a special mean+4 ,?us 9 ! passage ( ! ,*nd4 ,up4 m5tion$ above ! simple words sa ya e%ah are expla9$ z equival5t to ,sra ess5ce1 yama ! controll]1 & i%ta ! desir$ "o4 ,! read+ atat tvam asi is said n to h orig9at$ ) ,madhva b to be f\nd 9 a ,bhgavata "w call$ ! ,smasamhit4 ,footnote #eii3 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ! op5+ ( ! ,*nd4 ,up4 ,madhva seems to imply a ,tr9ity consi/+ ( ,vi%nu1 ,ram 7,lak%m7 & ,vyu4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,?is is expressly /at$ at ! end ( ! comm5t>y on ! ,brih4 ,ar4 ,upan4 ,footnote #fja3 ,life & tea*+s ( r-,madhva*>y> by ,padmanabha ,*>4 #aiji1 p4 #aei4 ,"s h suspect$ a connection betwe5 ,madhva's tea*+ & ,mani*eism1 because he atta*$ mu* importance to an obscure demon call$ ,manimat 7see ,mahbh4 ,,iii4 #aa1 #ffa7 :om he consid]$ inc>nate 9 ank>a4 ,x is conceivable t 9 8 ,p]sian /udies he may h he>d ( ,mani z an ar*-h]etic & h id5tifi$ him ) ?is demon b ?is does n imply any connection betwe5 8 own sy/em 7or ank>a's ei!r7 & ,mani*eism4 ,footnote #fjb3 ,brih4 ,ar4 ,upan4 ,,iii4 #g4 #b4 ,footnote #fjc3 ,among !m are ! ,manimanj>1 ! ,madhvavijaya & ! ,vyu/uti1 all attribut$ to a disciple ( ,madhva & 8 son4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,lat] ,,vi%nuism ,,9 ,,nor? ,,india #a ,) ! fifte5? c5tury ,h9duism ent]s on a new phase4 ,sects arise :i* %[ ! influ5ce ( ,mohamm$anism1 sometimes to su* an ext5t t x is h>d to say :e!r !y %\ld be class$ z ,h9du or ,moslim1 & _m tea*]s repudiate ca/e4 ,also1 :]eas 9 ! previ\s c5turies ! c5tre ( religi\s feel+ lay 9 ! s\?1 x n[ %ifts to ! nor?4 ,h9duism _h be5 buffet$ b n s]i\sly m5ac$ !re3 ! tea*]s ( ! s\? _h n fail$ to recognize by _! pilgrimages ! sanctity & au?ority ( ! nor!rn seats ( le>n+3 su* works z ! ,gt-gov9da te/ify to ! exi/5ce !re ( f]v5t ,vi%nuism4 ,b ! c\ntry _h be5 h>ass$ by ,moslim invasions & unsettl$ by ! vicissitudes ( transitory dyna/ies4 ,! ,ja9s 7 p[]ful 9 ,guj>at & ,rajputna4 ,9 ,b5gal ktism & moribund ,buddhism 7 n likely to eng5d] new en?usiasms4 ,b 9 a few c5turies ! movem5ts inaugurat$ 9 ! s\? increas$ 9 ext5sion & /r5g?4 ,h9dus & ,mohamm$ans began to "k m ( ea* o!r1 & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury "u ! tol]ant rule ( ,akb> & 8 successors ! new sects :i* _h be5 gr[+ 7 able to consolidate !mselves4 ,aft] ,rmnuja & ,madhva1 ! next great "n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,vi%nuism1 & inde$ ( ,h9duism1 is ,rmn&4 ,8 date is unc]ta94#fjd ,he 0 po/]ior to ,rmnuja1 f ^: sect he deta*$ himself1 & ,kabir 0 8 disciple1 app>5tly 8 imm$iate disciple4 ,"s traditions give ,prayaga z 8 bir?place1 o!rs ,melucote1 b ! nor? 0 ! sc5e ( 8 activity4 ,he w5t on a l5g?y pilgrimage1 & on 8 return 0 accus$ ( hav+ infr+$ ! rules ( 8 sect z to eat+1 etc41 & 0 excommunicat$1 b receiv$ p]mission f 8 ,guru to f\nd a new sect4 ,he !n settl$ 9 ,b5>es & taught !re4 ,he wrote no treatise b v>i\s hymns ascrib$ to him are /ill popul>4#fje ,?\gh he is n associat$ ) any special dogma1 yet 8 tea*+ is ( great importance z m>k+ ! orig9 ( a popul> religi\s movem5t *>act]iz$ by ! use ( ! v]nacul> languages in/ead ( ,sanskrit1 & by a laxity 9 ca/e rules culm9at+ 9 a read9ess to admit z equals all wor%ipp]s ( ! true ,god4#fjf ,?is ,god is ,rma r ?an ,kri%na4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! wor%ip ( ,rma z ! ,supreme ,be+ 7to be di/+ui%$ f respect = him z a h]o7 is n e>ly3 9 fact x appe>s to beg9 9 ! p]iod :i* we are consid]+4 ,( ! human =ms ( ! deity ,kri%na 0 cle>ly ! mo/ popul> b ! s*ool ( ,rmnuja1 :ile admitt+ bo? ,rma & ,kri%na z inc>nations1 pref]r$ to adore ,god "u less my?ological & m philosophic names su* z ,nryana4 ,rmn&1 :o address$ himself to all classes & n m]ely to ! ,brahman ari/ocracy1 select$ z ! div9e "n ,rma4 ,x 0 m human ?an ,nryana1 less s5su\s ?an ,kri%na4 ,e ,h9du 0 famili> ) ! poetry :i* s+s ( ,rma z a *ivalr\s & godlike h]o4 ,b he 0 n1 l ,kri%na1 ! lov] ( ! s\l1 & :5 ,rmaism 0 dive/$ ( my?ology by successive re=m]s x became a mono!ism 9 :i* ,h9du & ,moslim elem5ts c\ld bl5d4 ,rmn& _h twelve disciples1 among :om 7 ,kabir1 a ,raja call$ ,pp1 ,rai ,das1 a lea!r-sell] 7& !re=e an outca/ accord+ to ,h9du ideas7 z well z ,brahmans4 ,! ,rmats1 z 8 foll[]s 7 call$1 are a num]\s & respectable body 9 nor? ,india1 us+ ! same sect>ian m>k z ! ,vadagalais f :om !y d n diff] mat]ially1 al?\gh a ,h9du might consid] t _! small reg>d = ca/e is a vital di/9ction4 ,!y (t5 call !mselves ,avadhtas1 t is1 ^? :o h %ak5 (f worldly re/rictions1 & ! m dev\t among !m belong to an ord] divid$ into f\r classes ( :i* only ! highe/ is res]v$ to ,brahmans & ! o!rs are op5 to all ca/es4 ,!y own num]\s & weal?y maths1 b x is said t 9 "s ( ^! celibacy is n requir$ & t monks & nuns live op5ly z man & wife4#fjg ,an important aspect ( ! ,rmat movem5t is its effect on ! popul> lit]ature ( ,h9du/an :i* 9 ! fifte5? & ev5 m 9 ! sixte5? c5tury blossoms into fl[]s ( religi\s poetry4 ,_m ( ^! writ+s possess real m]it & are /ill a moral & spiritual =ce4 ,european s*ol>s are only beg9n+ to pay suffici5t att5tion to ?is mighty flood ( hymns :i* gu%$ =? 9 ne>ly all ! v]nacul>s ( ,india#fjh & appeal$ directly to ! p4 ,! ph5om5on 0 n really new4 ,! psalms ( ! ,buddhi/s & ev5 ! hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a 7 v]nacul> lit]ature 9 _! day1 & 9 ! s\? ! songs ( ! ,dev>am & ,nlyiram are ( "s antiquity4 ,b 9 ! nor?1 ?\gh "s ,prkrit lit]ature has be5 pres]v$1 ,sanskrit 0 long consid]$ ! only prop] language = religion4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t v]nacul> hymns exi/$1 b !y did n receive ! imprimatur ( any tea*]1 & h n surviv$4 ,b ab\t #adjj all ?is *anges4 ,?\gh ,rmn& 0 n mu* ( a writ] he gave 8 au?ority to ! use ( ! v]nacul>3 he did n1 l ,rmnuja1 ei!r employ or enjo9 ,sanskrit & ! meagre details :i* we h ( 8 circle lead u to imag9e him surr\nd$ by m5 ( homely spee*4 ,"o curr5t 9 ?is sea ( poetry 0 ,kri%naite & z su* n directly connect$ ) ,rmn&4 ,vidypati#fji sang ( ! loves ( ,kri%na & ,rdh 9 ! ,mai?ili dialect & also 9 a =m ( ,b5gali4 ,9 ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury 7c4 #adbj7 we h ! poetess ,mir ,bai1 wife ( ! ,raja ( ,*itore :o ga9$ celebrity & dome/ic unhapp9ess by h] passionate devotion to ! =m ( ,kri%na kn[n z ,ran*or4 ,accord+ to "o leg5d ! image came to life 9 answ] to h] f]v5t pray]s1 & ?r[+ 8 arms r\nd h] all[$ h] to meet a raptur\s dea? 9 8 embrace4 ,?is is precisely ! s5tim5t :i* we f9d lat] 9 ! tea*+ ( ,vallabhcrya & ,caitanya4 ,! hymns ( ! ,b5gali poets h be5 collect$ 9 ! ,padakalpat>u1 "o ( ! *ief sacr$ books ( ! ,b5gali ,vai%navas4 ,f ,vallabhcrya spr+ ! gr\p ( poets :o adorn$ ,braj or ! ,muttra di/rict4 ,pre-em95t among !m is ! bl9d ,sur ,das :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #aeej & wrote su* sweet lyrics t ,kri%na himself came d[n & act$ z 8 amanu5sis4 ,a some:at lat] memb] ( ! same gr\p is ,nbh ,das1 ! au?or ( ! ,bhakta ,ml or ,leg5ds ( ! ,sa9ts1 :i* is /ill "o ( ! mo/ popul> religi\s works ( nor!rn ,india4#faj ,almo/ contempor>y ) ,sur ,das 0 ! great ,tulsi ,das & ,gri]son#faa enum]at$ ?irte5 subsequ5t writ]s :o compos$ ,rmyanz 9 "s dialect ( ,h9di4 ,a little lat] came ! ,mahratta poet ,tuk>m 7born ab\t #afjj7 :o gave utt]ance to ,kri%naism 9 ano!r language4 ,tulsi ,das is too important to be m]ely m5tion$ z "o 9 a li/ ( poets4 ,he is a great figure 9 ,indian religion1 & ! say+ t 8 ,rmyana is m popul> & m hon\r$ 9 ! ,nor?-we/]n ,prov9ces ?an ! ,bible 9 ,engl& is no exagg]ation4#fab ,he came into ! _w 9 #aecb b 0 expos$ by 8 p>5ts z born "u an unlucky /> & 0 adopt$ by a w&]+ ,sdhu4 ,he m>ri$ b 8 son di$ & aft] ?is loss he himself became a ,sdhu4 ,he began to write 8 ,rmyana 9 ,oudh at ! age ( =ty-?ree1 b mov$ to ,b5>es :]e he complet$ x & di$ 9 #afbc4 ,on ! ,tulsi ,ghat1 ne> ! riv] ,asi1 may /ill be se5 ! rooms :i* he occupi$4 ,!y are at ! top ( a l(ty build+ & comm& a beautiful view ov] ! riv]#d4 ,8 ,rmyana :i* is an orig9al composition & n a translation ( ,vlmki's "w is "o ( ! great religi\s poems ( ! _w & n unwor?y to be set beside ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,! su/a9$ maje/y ( diction & exub]ance ( ornam5t are accompani$ by a spontaneity & vig\r r>e 9 any lit]ature1 especially 9 ,asia4 ,! poet is n embelli%+ a lab\r$ !me3 he goes on & on because 8 emotion bur/s =? aga9 & aga91 div]sify+ ! same topic ) an inexhau/ible v>iety ( /yle & metaphor4 ,z 9 "s =e/ a /ream fl[s among fl[]s & trees1 b p\rs =? a flood ( pure wat] uncol\r$ by ! plants on its bank1 s 9 ! he>t ( ,tulsi ,das ! love ( ,god well$ up 9 a mighty f\nta9 ornam5t$ by ! my?ology & leg5ds ) :i* he b$eck$ x1 yet unaffect$ by !m4 ,he f\nd$ no sect1 :i* is "o reason ( 8 popul>ity1 = ne>ly all sects c read him ) edification1 & he is prim>ily a poet n a !ologian4 ,b ?\gh he all[s himself a poet's lic5ce to /ate great tru?s 9 v>i\s ways1 he /ill enunciates a def9ite belief4 ,?is is !ism1 connect$ ) ! "n ,rma4 ,s9ce 9 ! nor? he is ! au?or mo/ e/eem$ by ! ,vi%nuites1 x w\ld be a p>adox to refuse him t designation1 b 8 tea*+ is n s mu* t ,vi%nu is ! ,supreme ,be+ :o becomes inc>nate 9 ,rma1 z t ,rma1 & m r>ely ,h>i & ,vsudeva1 are names ( ! ,all-,god :o manife/s himself 9 human =m4 ,vi%nu is m5tion$ z a cele/ial be+ 9 ! company ( ,brahm1#fac & s f> z any god o!r ?an ,rma receives att5tion x is iva1 n inde$ z ,rma's equal1 b z a be+ at once v p[]ful & v dev\t1 :o acts z a m$iator or guide4 ,)\t pray] to iva no "o c atta9 to ! fai? :i* ,i require4#fad ,rma is ,god1 ! totality ( good1 imp]i%able1 invisible1 uncreat$1 incomp>able1 void ( all *ange1 indivisible1 :om ! ,v$a decl>es t x _c def9e4#fae ,& yet1 ,he :om scripture & philosophy h sung & :om ! sa9ts love to contemplate1 ev5 ! ,"l ,god1 he is ! son ( ,das>a?1 ,k+ ( ,kosala4#faf ,by ! p[] ( ,rma exi/ ,brahm1 ,vi%nu & iva1 z also ,my1 ! illusion :i* br+s ab\t ! _w4 ,8 delusive p[] is a va/ fig-tree1 its clu/]+ fruit ! c\ntless multitude ( worlds1 :ile all ?+s animate & inanimate are l ! insects t dwell inside & ?9k _! own p>ticul> fig ! only "o 9 exi/5ce4#fag ,god has made all ?+s3 pa9 & pleasure1 s9 & m]it1 sa9ts & s9n]s1 ,brahmans & but*]s1 passion & asceticism4 ,x is ! ,v$a t di/+ui%es good & evil among !m4#fah ,! love ( ,god & fai? are ! only road to happ9ess4 ,! wor%ip ( ,h>i is real & all ! _w is a dream4#fai ,tulsi ,das (t5 uses ! language ( ! ,advaita philosophy & ev5 calls ,god ! annihilator ( duality1 b ?\gh he admits ! possibility ( absorption & id5tification ) ! deity1 he holds t ! d\ble relation ( a lov+ ,god & a lov+ s\l con/itutes great] bliss4 ,! sa9t 0 n absorb$ into ! div9ity = ?is reason t he _h already receiv$ ! gift ( fai?4#fbj ,& 9 a simil> _s he says1 ,let ^? prea* 9 _! wisdom :o contemplate ,!e z ! supreme _s1 ! uncreate1 insep>able f ! univ]se1 recognizable only by inf]5ce & beyond ! und]/&+2 b we1 ,o ,"l1 w ev] hymn ! glories ( ?y inc>nation4 ,l mo/ ,h9dus he is little dispos$ to enquire :at is ! purpose ( creation1 b he comes v ne> to say+ t ,god has evolv$ ! _w by ! p[] ( ,my because ! bliss :i* ,god & 8 belov$ feel is great] ?an ! bliss ( imp]sonal undiff]5tiat$ div9ity4 ,x w be se5 t ,tulsi ,das is ?or\ghly ,h9du3 nei!r 8 fundam5tal ideas nor 8 my?ological embelli%m5ts owe any?+ to ,islam or ,*ri/ianity4 ,he accepts unres]v$ly su* pr9ciples z ,my1 transmigration1 ,k>ma & release4 ,b 8 s5tim5ts1 m ?an ^? ( any o!r ,indian writ]1 be> a /rik+ resemblance to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?\gh he holds t ! :ole _w is ( ,god1 he none ! less bids m5 %un evil & *oose ! good1 & ! s+ul> purity ( 8 ?\ghts & /yle contra/s /rongly ) o!r ,vi%nuite works4 ,he does n conceive ( ! love :i* may exi/ betwe5 ! s\l & ,god z a =m ( sexual passion4 #b ,! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 a "t ( religi\s upheaval 9 ,india = x witness$ ! c>e]s n only ( ,vallabhcrya & ,caitanya1 b also ( ,nnak1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,sikhs4 ,9 ! we/ x 0 ! epo* ( ,lu!r & z 9 ,europe s 9 ,india no great religi\s movem5t has tak5 place s9ce t "t4 ,! sects !n f\nd$ h swoll5 into extravagance & be5 re=m$3 o!r sects h aris5 f a mixture ( ,h9duism ) ,moslem & ,*ri/ian elem5ts1 b no new & orig9al curr5t ( ?\ght or devotion has be5 />t$4 ,?\gh ! two great sects associat$ ) ! names ( ,caitanya & ,vallabhcrya h diff]5t geographical sph]es & also pres5t "s diff]5ces 9 doctr9al details1 bo? are emotional & ev5 erotic & bo? adore ,kri%na z a *ild or "y man4 ,_! almo/ simultane\s appe>ance 9 ea/]n & we/]n ,india & _! rapid gr[? %[ t !y repres5t an unusually pot5t curr5t ( ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,b ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na 01 z we h se51 no?+ new 9 nor!rn ,india4 ,ev5 t relatively late phase 9 :i* ! sports ( ! div9e h]dsman are made to typify ! love ( ,god = human s\ls is at lea/ z e>ly z ! ,gt-gov9da writt5 ab\t #aagj4 ,9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 ! hi/ory ( ,kri%na wor%ip is n cle>1#fba b x p]si/$ & ab\t #adjj f\nd spee* 9 ,b5gal & 9 ,rajputna4 ,accord+ to ,vai%nava !ologians ! foll[]s ( ,vallabhcrya#fbb are a section ( ! ,rudra-sampradya f\nd$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury by ,vi%nusvmi1 an emigrant f s\!rn ,india1 :o prea*$ *iefly 9 ,guj>at4 ,! doctr9es ( ! sect are suppos$ to h be5 deliv]$ by ! ,almighty to iva f :om ,vi%nusvmi 0 fifte5? 9 spiritual desc5t1 & are kn[n by ! "n ( uddhdvaita or pure non-duality4 ,!y tea* t ,god has ?ree attributes--sac-cid-n&a--exi/5ce1 consci\sness & bliss4 ,9 ! human or animal s\l bliss is suppress$ & 9 matt] consci\sness is suppress$ too4 ,b :5 ! s\l atta9s release x recov]s bliss & becomes id5tical 9 nature ) ,god4 ,= practical purposes ! ,vallabhcris may be reg>d$ z a sect f\nd$ by ,vallabha1 said to h be5 born 9 #adgj4 ,he 0 ! son ( a ,tel+a ,brahman1 :o _h migrat$ ) ,vi%nusvmi to ! nor?4 ,su* 0 ! pi\s precocity ( ,vallabha t at ! age ( twelve he _h already discov]$ a new religion & />t$ on a pilgrimage to prea* x4 ,he 0 well receiv$ at ! ,c\rt ( ,vijayanag>1 & 0 s successful 9 disputation t he 0 recogniz$ z *ief doctor ( ! ,vai%nava s*ool4 ,he subsequ5tly sp5t n9e ye>s 9 travell+ twice r\nd ,india & at ,br9daban receiv$ a visit f ,kri%na 9 p]son1 :o bade him promulgate 8 wor%ip 9 ! =m ( ! div9e *ild kn[n z ,bla ,gopla4 ,vallabha settl$ 9 ,b5>es & is said to h compos$ a numb] ( works :i* are /ill extant4#fbc ,he ga9$ fur!r victories z a successful disputant & also m>ri$ & became ! fa!r ( two sons4 ,at ! age ( fifty-two he took to ! life ( a ,sannysi1 b di$ =ty-two days aft]w>ds4 ,?\gh ,vallabha di$ z an ascetic1 8 doctr9es are curr5tly kn[n z ! ,pu%ti ,mrga1 ! road ( well-be+ or com=t4 ,8 philosophy 0 m decid$ly moni/ic ?an is usual among ,vi%nuites1 & ,indian monism has g5]ally taught t1 z ! s\l & ,god are "o 9 ess5ce1 ! s\l %\ld realize ?is id5tity & r5\nce ! pleasures ( ! s5ses4 ,b ) ,vallabhcrya x may be said t ! vision :i* is g5]ally direct$ godw>ds & =gets ! fle%1 turn$ e>?w>ds & =got ,god1 = 8 tea*+ is t s9ce ! individual & ! deity are "o1 ! body %\ld be rev]5c$ & indulg$4 ,pu%ti#fbd or well-be+ is ! special grace ( ,god & ! elect are call$ ,pu%ti-jva4 ,!y dep5d entirely on ,god's grace & are contra/$ ) ,m>yd-jvas1 or ^? :o submit to moral discipl9e4 ,! highe/ felicity is n mukti or lib]ation b ! et]nal s]vice ( ,kri%na & et]nal p>ticipation 9 8 sports4 ,^! doctr9es h l$ to deplorable results1 b s /rong is ! ,indian in/9ct t[>ds self-d5ial & asceticism t x is ! prie/s r ?an ! wor%ipp]s :o pr(it by ?is p]mission to indulge ! body1 & ! *ief feature ( ! sect is ! extravagant respect paid to ! desc5dants ( ,vallabhcrya4 ,!y are kn[n z ,mah>ajas or ,great ,k+s & _! foll[]s1 especially wom51 d$icate to !m tan1 dhan1 man3 body1 purse & _s1 = x is a condition ( ! road ( well-be+ t be=e ! devotee enjoys any?+ himself he mu/ d$icate x to ! deity & ! ,mah>aj repres5ts ! deity4 ,! daily pray] ( ! sect is ,om4 ,kri%na is my refuge4 ,i :o suff] ! inf9ite pa9 & torm5t ( endur+ = a ?\s& ye>s sep>ation f ,kri%na1 consecrate to ,kri%na my body1 s5ses1 life1 he>t & faculties1 my wife1 h\se1 family1 prop]ty & my own self4 ,i am ?y slave1 ,o ,kri%na4#fbe ,?is =mula is recit$ to ! ,mah>aj ) peculi> solemnity by ea* male z he comes ( age & is admitt$ z a full memb] ( ! sect4 ,! words 9 :i* ?is d$ication ( self & family is made are n 9 !mselves op5 to criticism & a p>allel may be f\nd 9 ,*ri/ian hymns4 ,b ! lit]ature ( ! ,vallabhis unequivocally /ates t ! ,guru is ! same z ! deity#fbf & !re c be little d\bt t ev5 n[ ! ,mah>ajas are ador$ by _! foll[]s1 especially by ! wom51 z repres5tatives ( ,kri%na 9 8 "* ( ! lov] ( ! ,gopis & t ! wor%ip is (t5 lic5ti\s4#fbg ,_m ,h9dus d5\nce ! sect & 9 #ahfb "o ( ! ,mah>ajas br\ght an action = libel 9 ! supreme c\rt ( ,bombay on acc\nt ( ! s]i\s *>ges ( immorality br\ght aga9/ him 9 ! native press4 ,! trial became a cause clbre4 ,judgm5t 0 deliv]$ aga9/ ! ,mah>aj1 ! ,judge decl>+ ! *>ges to be fully sub/antiat$4 ,yet 9 spite ( ^! proce$+s ! sect /ill fl\ri%es1 app>5tly un*ang$ 9 doctr9e & practice1 & has a l>ge foll[+ among ! m]cantile ca/es ( we/]n ,india4 ,! ,rdh-,vallabhis1 an analog\s sect f\nd$ by ,h>ivamsa 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 give ! pre-em95ce to ,rdh1 ! wife ( ,kri%na1 & 9 _! secret c]emonies are said to dress z wom54 ,! wor%ip ( ,rdh is a late phase ( ,vi%nuism & is n kn[n ev5 to ! ,bhgavata ,purna4#fbh ,vallabhism owes mu* ( its success to ! family ( ! f\nd]4 ,!y _h evid5tly a /rong dyna/ic s5tim5t z well z a love ( mission>y conque/--a p[]ful comb9ation4 ,vallabhcrya left beh9d him eighty-f\r pr9cipal disciples ^: lives are record$ 9 ! "w call$ ! ,/ories ( ! ,eighty-f\r ,vai%navas1 & 8 au?ority desc5d$ to 8 son ,vi?alna?4 ,l 8 fa!r1 ,vi?alna? 0 active z a proselytiz] & pilgrim & propagat$ 8 doctr9es ext5sively 9 _m p>ts ( we/]n ,india su* z ,cut*1 ,malwa1 & ,bijapur4 ,8 conv]ts came *iefly f ! m]cantile classes b also includ$ "s ,brahmans & ,mussulmans4 ,he is said to h aboli%$ ca/e di/9ctions b ! sect has n pres]v$ ?is feature4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s he resid$ at ,muttra or ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,gokul1 :5ce he is kn[n z ,gokul ,gosa9ji4 ,?is title ( ,gosa91 :i* is /ill borne by 8 male desc5dants1 is d]iv$ f ,kri%na's "n ,gosvm91 ! "l ( cattle4#fbi ,he _h sev5 sons1 9 ea* ( :om ,kri%na is said to h be5 inc>nate = five ye>s4 ,!y ex]cis$ spiritual au?ority 9 sep>ate di/ricts--z we might say 9 diff]5t dioceses--b ! f\r? son1 ,gokulna?ji & 8 desc5dants claim$ & /ill claim a special pre-em95ce4 ,! family is at pres5t repres5t$ by ab\t a hundr$ males :o are accept$ z inc>nations & receive ! title ( ,mah>aja4 ,ab\t tw5ty reside at ,gokul#fcj or ne> ,muttra3 !re are a few 9 ,bombay & 9 all ! great cities ( we/]n ,india1 b ! ,mah>aj ( ,na? ,dw>a 9 ,rajputna is e/eem$ ! *ief4 ,?is place is n an anci5t seat ( ,kri%na wor%ip1 b dur+ ! p]secution ( ,aurungzeb a peculi>ly holy image 0 br\ght ?i!r f ,muttra & plac$ 9 ! %r9e :]e x /ill rema9s4 ,a prote/ aga9/ ! immorality ( ! ,vallabhi sect 0 made by ,swm9ryana1 a ,brahman :o 0 born 9 ! di/rict ( ,luckn[ ab\t #aghj4fca ,he settl$ 9 ,ahm$abad & ga9$ s l>ge a foll[+ t ! au?orities became al>m$ & imprison$ him4 ,b 8 popul>ity only increas$3 he became ! c5tre ( a great religi\s movem5t3 hymns descriptive ( 8 virtues & suff]+s 7 sung by 8 foll[]s & :5 he 0 releas$ he f\nd himself at ! head ( a b& :i* 0 almo/ an army4 ,he erect$ a temple 9 ! village ( ,w>tal 9 ,b>oda1 :i* he made ! c5tre ( 8 sect1 & recruit$ foll[]s by means ( p]iodical t\rs ?r\gh\t ,guj>at4 ,8 doctr9es are embodi$ 9 an an?ology call$ ! ik%patr consi/+ ( #bab precepts1 "s borr[$ f accept$ ,h9du scriptures & "s orig9al & 9 a cate*ism call$ ,vacanmritam4 ,8 tea*+ 0 summ$ up 9 ! phrase ,devotion to ,kri%na ) obs]vance ( duty & purity ( life & 9 practice took ! =m ( a laudable polemic aga9/ ! lic5ti\sness ( ! ,vallabhis4 ,z 9 mo/ ( ! pur] sects ( ,vi%nuism1 ,kri%na is reg>d$ m]ely z a "n ( ! ,supreme ,deity4 ,?us ! ik%patr says ,nryana & iva %\ld be equally recogniz$ z p>ts ( "o & ! same supreme _s1 s9ce bo? h be5 decl>$ 9 ! ,v$as to be =ms ( ,brahma4 ,on no acc\nt let x be ?\ght t diff]5ce 9 =m or "n makes any diff]5ce 9 ! id5tity ( ! deity4 ,! foll[]s ( ,swm9ryana /ill numb] ab\t #bjj1jjj 9 we/]n ,india & are divid$ into ! laity & a body ( celibate cl]gy4 ,i h visit$ _! religi\s e/abli%m5ts 9 ,ahm$abad4 ,x consi/s ( a temple ) a l>ge & well-kept mona/]y 9 :i* are h\s$ ab\t #cjj monks :o we> co/umes ( r$di% grey4 ,except 9 ,assam ,i h n se5 9 ,india any p>allel to ?is mona/]y ei!r 9 size or discipl9e4 ,x is provid$ ) a libr>y & hospital4 ,9 ! temple are images ( ,n>a & ,nryana 7expla9$ z ,kri%na & ,arjuna71 ,kri%na & ,rdh1 ,ganea & ,hanuman4#fcb #c ,! sect f\nd$ by ,caitanya is connect$ ) ea/]n ,india z ! ,vallabhis are ) ! we/4 ,b5gal is p]haps ! native l& ( ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na z ! god ( love4 ,x 0 !re t ,jayadeva fl\ri%$ 9 ! la/ days ( ! ,s5a dyna/y & ! lyrical poet ,*&ds at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! /ill great] poet ,vidypati 0 s++ 9 ,durbhanga4 ,= ^! writ]s1 z = ,caitanya1 religion is ! bond ( love :i* unites ! s\l & ,god1 z typifi$ by ! passion#fcc t drew toge!r ,rdh & ,kri%na4 ,! idea t ,god loves & seeks out human s\ls is famili> to ,*ri/ianity & receives v emotional expression 9 well-kn[n hymns1 b ! bold humanity ( ^! ,indian lyrics seems to ,europeans unsuitable4 ,i w let a di/+ui%$ ,indian apologize = x 9 8 own words3 ,! p>adox t has to be und]/ood is t ,kri%na means ,god4 ,yet he is repres5t$ z a y\?1 /&+ at a gate1 try+ to waylay ! belov$ maid51 attempt+ to entrap ! s\l1 z x 71 into a cl&e/9e meet+4 ,?is1 :i* is s inconceivable to a purely mod]n m9d1 pres5ts no difficulty at all to ! ,vai%nava devotee4 ,to him ,god is ! lov] himself3 ! sweet fl[]s1 ! fre% grass1 ! gay s\nd he>d 9 ! woods are direct messages & tok5s ( love to 8 s\l1 br++ to 8 m9d at e in/ant t lov+ ,god :om he pictures z ev] anxi\s to w9 ! human he>t4#fcd ,caitanya#fce 0 born at ,nadia 9 #adhe & came "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,mdhva sect4 ,9 y\? he 0 a prodigy ( le>n+1#fcf b at ! age ( ab\t sev5te5 :ile on a pilgrimage to ,gaya began to display t emotional & ev5 hy/]ical religi\s feel+ :i* m>k$ all 8 tea*+4 ,he swoon$ at ! m5tion ( ,kri%na's "n & pass$ 8 "t 9 danc+ & s++ hymns4 ,at tw5ty-five he became a ,sannys1 & at ! reque/ ( 8 "m1 :o did n wi% him to w&] too f>1 settl$ 9 ,puri ne> ! temple ( ,jaganna?4 ,"h he sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life 9 prea*+1 wor%ip & ec/atic m$itation1 b f\nd "t to make a t\r 9 s\!rn ,india & ano!r to ,br9daban & ,b5>es4 ,he appe>s to h left ! managem5t ( 8 sect l>gely to 8 disciples1 ,advaita1 ,nityn&a & ,h>idas1 & to h writt5 no?+ himself4 ,b he evid5tly possess$ a gift ( religi\s magnetism & ex]cis$ an extraord9>y influ5ce on ^? :o he>d him prea* or s+4 ,he di$ or disappe>$ be=e ! age ( fifty b app>5tly none ( ! /ories ab\t 8 end m]it cr$5ce4 ,al?\gh ! tea*+ ( ,caitanya is n s objectionable morally z ! doctr9es ( ! ,vallabhis1 x foll[s ! same l9e ( mak+ religion easy & emotional & x is n difficult to und]/& h[ 8 prea*+1 set =? ) ! eloqu5ce :i* he possess$1 won conv]ts f ! l[] classes by ?\s&s4 ,he laid no /ress on asceticism1 approv$ ( m>riage & reject$ all difficult rites & c]emonies4 ,! =m ( wor%ip :i* he specially enjo9$ 0 ! s++ ( ,krtans or hymns consi/+ *iefly 9 a repetition ( ! div9e names accompani$ by music & danc+4 ,sway+ ! body & repetition ( ! same =mula or hymn are features ( emotional religion f\nd 9 ! mo/ div]se regions1 = in/ance among ! ,rufais or ,h[l+ ,d]vi%es1 at ,wel% revival meet+s & 9 negro *ur*es 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,x is !re=e unnecess>y to seek any special explanation 9 ,india b p]haps !re is "s connection betwe5 ! religi\s ec/asies ( ,vai%navas & ,d]vi%es4 ,)9 ,caitanya's sect1 ca/e 0 n obs]v$4 ,he is said to h admitt$ _m ,moslims to memb]%ip & to h reg>d$ all wor%ipp]s ( ,kri%na z equal4 ,?\gh ca/e has gr[n up aga91 yet ! old regulation is /ill 9 =ce inside ! temple ( ,jaganna? at ,puri4 ,)9 ! sacr$ enclosure all are treat$ z ( "o ca/e & eat ! same sacr$ food4 ,9 ,caitanya's words ! m]cy ( ,god reg>ds nei!r tribe nor family4 ,8 !ology#fcg %[s little orig9ality4 ,! deity is call$ ,bhagavn or m frequ5tly ,h>i4 ,8 maje/y & omnipot5ce are p]sonifi$ z ,nryana1 8 beauty & ec/asy z ,kri%na4 ,! mat]ial _w is def9$ z bh$bh$apraka1 a manife/ation ( ! deity z sep>ate & yet n sep>ate f him1 & ! s\l is vibh9nma or a deta*$ portion ( him4 ,"s s\ls are 9 bondage to ,prakriti or ,my1 o!rs ?r\gh fai? & love atta9 deliv]ance4 ,reason is useless 9 religi\s matt]s1 b ruci or spiritual feel+ has a quick intuition ( ! div9e4 ,salvation is obta9$ by ,bhakti1 fai? or devotion1 :i* embraces & sup]s$es all o!r duties4 ,?is devotion means absolute self-surr5d] to ! deity & love = him :i* asks = no return b is its own rew>d4 ,he :o expects remun]ation = 8 love acts z a trad]4 ,9 ?is devotion !re are five degrees3 7a7 snti1 calm m$itation1 7b7 dsya1 s]vitude1 7c7 skhya1 fri5d%ip1 7d7 vtsalya1 love l t ( a *ild = its p>5t1 7e7 mdhurya1 love l t ( a woman = a lov]4 ,all ^! s5tim5ts are f\nd 9 ,god & ?is comb9$ ec/asy is an et]nal pr9ciple id5tifi$ ) ,h>i himself1 j z 9 ! language ( ! ,gospels1 ,god is love4 ,?\gh ,caitanya makes love ! cr[n & culm9ation ( religion1 ! wor%ip ( 8 foll[]s is n lic5ti\s1 & x is held t ! "r frame ( m9d is be/ atta9$ by ! recitation ( ,kri%na's names especially ,h>i4 ,! e>li] c5tre ( ,caitanya's sect 0 8 bir?place1 ,nadia1 b bo? dur+ 8 life & aft]w>ds 8 disciples frequ5t$ ,br9daban & s\ght out ! old sacr$ sites :i* 7 at t "t neglect$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,lala ,baba1 a weal?y ,b5gali m]*ant1 became a m5dicant & visit$ ,muttra4 ,?\gh he _h r5\nc$ ! _w1 he /ill reta9$ 8 bus9ess in/9cts & b\ght up ! villages :i* conta9$ ! mo/ celebrat$ %r9es & 7 mo/ frequ5t$ by pilgrims4 ,! result 0 a mo/ pr(itable speculation & ! e/abli%m5t ( ,caitanya's ,*ur* 9 ! di/rict ( ,braj1 :i* ?us became ! holy l& ( bo? ! great ,kri%naite sects4 ,! foll[]s ( ,caitanya at ! pres5t day are said to be divid$ into ,gosa9s1 or ecclesia/ics1 :o are ! desc5dants ( ! f\nd]'s orig9al disciples1 ! ,vrikats or celibates1 & ! laity4 ,besides ! celibates !re are sev]al semi-mona/ic ord]s :o adopt ! dress ( monks b m>ry4 ,!y h num]\s maths at ,nadia & else:]e4 ,l ! ,vallabhis1 ?is sect deifies its lead]s4 ,caitanya1 ,nityn&a & ,advaita are call$ ! ?ree ma/]s 7,prabh7 & believ$ to be a jo9t inc>nation ( ,kri%na1 ?\gh accord+ to "s only ! fir/ two %>$ ! div9e ess5ce4 ,six ( ,caitanya's disciples kn[n z ! six ,gosa9s are also greatly v5]at$ & ev5 ord9>y religi\s tea*]s /ill receive an almo/ idolatr\s respect4 ,?\gh ,caitanya 0 n a writ] himself he ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ! lit]ature ( ,b5gal4 ,9 ! op9ion ( s compet5t a judge z ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s51 ,b5gali 0 rais$ to ! /atus ( a lit]>y language by ! ,vi%nuite hymn-writ]s j z ,pali 0 by ! ,buddhi/s4 ,su* hymns 7 writt5 be=e ! "t ( ,caitanya b aft] him !y became extremely num]\s#fch & _! tone & /yle are said to *ange4 ,! ec/asies & visions ( :i* !y tell are ^? describ$ 9 8 biographies & ?is emotional poetry has pr(\ndly influ5c$ all classes 9 ,b5gal4 ,b !re 0 & /ill is a consid]able ho/ility betwe5 ! ktas & ,vi%nuites4 #d ,a =m ( ,vi%nuism1 possess+ a special local flav\r1 is connect$ ) ! ,m>a?a c\ntry & ) ! names ( ,nmdev1 ,tukrm#fci & ,rmds1 ! spiritual preceptor ( ivaji4 ,! c5tre ( ?is wor%ip is ! t[n ( ,p&h>pur & ,i h n f\nd x describ$ z a bran* ( any ( ! f\r ,vi%nuite ,*ur*es3 b ! facts t ,nmdev wrote 9 ,h9di z well z 9 ,m>a?i1 t _m ( 8 hymns are includ$ 9 ! ,gran?1 & t 8 s5tim5ts %[ aff9ities to ! tea*+ ( ,nnak1 sugge/ t he belong$ to ! s*ool ( ,rmn&4 ,!re is h[ev] a difficulty ab\t 8 date4 ,native tradition gives #abgj z ! ye> ( 8 bir? b ! language ( 8 poems bo? 9 ,m>a?i & ,h9di is said to be too mod]n = ?is p]iod & to indicate t he liv$ ab\t #adjj1fdj :5 he might easily h felt ! influ5ce ( ,rmn&1 = he travell$ 9 ! nor?4 ,mo/ ( 8 poetry h[ev] has = its c5tre ! temple ( ,p&h>pur :]e 0 wor%ipp$ a deity call$ ,vitthala1 ,vittoba or ,pndurang4 ,x is said t ! fir/ two names are dialectic v>iations ( ,vi%nu1 b t ,pndurang is an epi!t ( iva4#fda ,!re is no d\bt t ! deity ( ,p&h>pur has = _m c5turies be5 id5tifi$ ) ,kri%na1 :o1 z 9 ,b5gal1 is god ! lov] ( ! s\l4 ,b ! hymns ( ! ,m>a?as are less s5su\s & ,kri%na is c\pl$ n ) 8 mi/ress ,rdh1 b ) 8 wife ,rukm94 ,9 fact ,rukm9pati or husb& ( ,rukm9 is "o ( 8 commone/ titles4 ,nmdev's op9ions v>i$ at diff]5t times & p]haps 9 diff]5t moods3 l mo/ religi\s poets he _c be judg$ by logic or !ology4 ,sometimes he inveighs aga9/ idolatry--und]/ood z an attempt to limit ,god to an image--b 9 o!r v]ses he s+s ! praises ( ,pndurang1 ! local deity1 z ! "l & creator ( all4 ,8 great message is t ,god--by :atev] "n he is call$--is ev]y:]e & accessible to all1 accessible )\t c]emonial or philosophy4 ,v[s1 fa/s & au/]ities are n ne$ful1 nor ne$ y g on pilgrimage4 ,be wat*ful 9 y\r he>t & always s+ ! "n ( ,h>i4 ,yoga1 sacrifices & r5unciation are n ne$ful4 ,love ! feet ( ,h>i4 ,nei!r ne$ y contemplate ! absolute4 ,hold fa/ to ! love ( ,h>i's "n4 ,says ,nm1 be /eadfa/ 9 s++ ! "n & !n ,h>i w appe> to y4#fdb ,tukrm is bett] kn[n ?an ,nmdev & 8 poetry :i* 0 "p ( ! intellectual awak5+ t accompani$ ! rise ( ! ,m>a?a p[] is /ill a liv+ =ce :]ev] ,m>a?i is spok54 ,he liv$ f #afjg to #afdi & 0 born 9 a family ( m]*ants ne> ,poona4 ,b he 0 too g5]\s to succe$ 9 trade & a fam9e1 9 :i* "o ( 8 two wives di$1 br\ght him to pov]ty4 ,!nce=? he devot$ himself to pray+ & prea*+4 ,he develop$ a great aptitude = compos+ rhym+ songs 9 irregul> metre1#fdc & l ,caitanya he held s]vices consi/+ ( disc\rses int]sp]s$ ) su* songs1 prep>$ or extempore4 ,9 spite ( p]secution by ! ,brahmans1 ^! meet+s became v popul> & 7 ev5 att5d$ by ! great ivaji4 ,8 cre$ is ! same z t ( ,nmdev & f9ds expression 9 v]ses su* z ^!4 ,?is ?y nature is beyond ! grasp ( m9d or words1 & !re=e ,i h made love a measure4 ,i measure ! ,endless by ! measure ( love3 he is n to be truly measur$ o!rwise4 ,?\ art n to be f\nd by ,yoga1 sacrifice1 fa/+1 bodily ex]tions or k4 ,o ,keava1 accept ! s]vice :i* we r5d]4 ,b if he _h no use = asceticism he also fe>$ ! passions4 ,! ,endless is beyond2 betwe5 him & me are ! l(ty m\nta9s ( desire & ang]4 ,i _c asc5d !m & f9d no pass4 ,9 poems :i* are app>5tly lat]1 8 tone is m peaceful4 ,he speaks mu* ( ! dea? ( self1 ( purity ( he>t1 & ( self-d$ication to ,god4 ,d$icate all y d to ,god & h done ) x3 ,tuk says1 d n ask me aga9 & aga93 no?+ else is to be taught b ?is4 ,m>a?a critics h discuss$ :e!r ,tukrm foll[$ ! moni/ic philosophy ( ank>a or n & x mu/ be confess$ t 8 utt]ances are contradictory4 ,b ! gi/ ( ! matt] is t he dislik$ n s mu* monism z philosophy4 ,h5ce he says ,= me !re is no use 9 ! ,advaita4 ,sweet to me is ! s]vice ( ?y feet4 ,! relation betwe5 ,god & 8 devotee is a s\rce ( high joy4 ,make me feel ?is1 keep+ me di/9ct f !e4 ,b he c also say almo/ 9 ! language ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,:5 salt is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 :at rema9s di/9ct8 ,i h ?us become "o 9 joy ) !e & h lo/ myself 9 !e4 ,:5 fire & camphor are br\ght toge!r1 is !re any black remnant8 ,tuk says1 ?\ & ,i 7 "o light4 #e ,!re are int]e/+ ,vi%nuite sects 9 ,assam4#fdd ,until ! sixte5? c5tury ,h9duism 0 repres5t$ 9 ^? regions by ktism1 :i* 0 /rong among ! upp] classes1 ?\gh ! mass ( ! p /ill adh]$ to _! old tribal wor%ips4 ,! fir/ apo/le ( ,vi%nuism 0 ank> ,deb 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he prea*$ fir/ 9 ! ,ahom k+dom b 0 driv5 out by ! opposition ( kti/ ,brahmans1 & f\nd a refuge at ,b>peta4 ,he appe>s to h inculcat$ ! wor%ip ( ,kri%na z ! sole div9e be+ & to h d5\nc$ idolatry1 sacrifices & ca/e4 ,^! views 7 held ev5 m /rictly by 8 successor1 ,madhab ,deb1 a writ] ( repute ^: works1 su* z ! ,nmgho%a & ,ratnval1 are reg>d$ z scripture by 8 foll[]s4 ,?\gh ! ,brahmans ( ,assam 7 oppos$ to ! introduction ( ,vi%nuism & a section ( !m cont9u$ to in/igate p]secutions = two c5turies or m1 yet :5 x became cle> t ! new tea*+ _h a great popul> foll[+ ano!r section 7 anxi\s t x %\ld n pass out ( sac]dotal control & organiz$ x z a legitimate bran* ( ,h9duism4 ,:ile fully recogniz+ ! doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai?1 !y also made provision = due respect to ca/e & ,brahmanic au?ority4 ,accord+ to ! la/ c5sus ( ,india#fde ! common view t ank> ,deb drew 8 inspiration f ,caitanya meets ) criticism 9 ,assam4 ,8 biographies say t he liv$ #abj ye>s & di$ 9 #aefi4 ,x has be5 g5]ally assum$ t 8 age has be5 exagg]at$ b t ! date ( 8 dea? is correct4 ,if x c be prov$1 z cont5d$1 t he 0 prea*+ 9 #aeje1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 admitt+ t he 0 indep5d5t ( ,caitanya & belong$ to an e>li] phase ( ! ,vi%nuite movem5t :i* produc$ ! activity ( ,vallabha & ! poetry ( ,vidypati4 ,x is a fur!r argum5t = ?is indep5d5ce t he taught ! wor%ip ( ,vi%nu only & n ( ,rdh & disc\nt5anc$ ! use ( images4 ,on ! o!r h& x is /at$ t he soj\rn$ 9 ,b5gal & x appe>s t soon aft] 8 dea? 8 connection ) ! tea*+ ( ,caitanya 0 recogniz$ 9 ,assam4 ,at pres5t !re are ?ree sects 9 ,assam4 ,fir/ly1 ! ,mahpuru%ias1 :o foll[ m or less fai?fully ! doctr9es ( ank> & ,madhab4 ,!y admit dras z religi\s tea*]s & abbots1 & lay little /ress on ca/e :ile n entirely reject+ x4 ,!y ab/a9 almo/ entirely f ! use ( images 9 wor%ip1 ! only exception be+ t a small figure ( ,kri%na 9 ! =m ( ,vaikuntha ,n?a is f\nd 9 _! temples4 ,x is n ! pr9cipal object ( v5]ation b /&s to ! left ( a ?rone on :i* lies a copy ( ! ,nmgho%a4#fdf ,?is1 toge!r ) ! foot-pr9ts ( ank> & ,madhab1 receives ! homage ( ! fai?ful4 ,! *ief c5tre ( ! ,mahpuru%ias is ,b>peta1 b !y h also mona/]ies on ! ,majuli ,isl& & else:]e4 ,secondly1 ! ,bamunia mona/]ies1 ) a l>ge lay foll[+1 repres5t a brahmaniz$ =m ( ! ,mahpuru%ia fai?4 ,?is movem5t began 9 ! life-"t ( ,madhab4 ,_m ( 8 ,brahman disciples sec$$ f him & f\nd$ sep>ate communities :i* insi/$ on ! obs]vance ( ca/e 7especially on ! necessity ( religi\s tea*]s be+ ,brahmans7 b tol]at$ image-wor%ip & ! use ( "s k9ds ( fle% z food4 ,?\gh ?is sect 0 p]secut$ by ! ,ahom k+s1#fdg !y 7 /rong en\gh to ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,a compromise 0 effect$ 9 ! reign ( ,rudra ,s+h 7#afif-agad71 by :i* _! abbots 7 %[n all hon\r b 7 assign$ ! ,majuli ,isl& 9 ! upp] ,brahmaputra z _! *ief1 if n only1 resid5ce4 ,?is isl& is /ill /udd$ ) num]\s ,sattras or mona/]ies1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* conta9 ?ree or f\r hundr$ monks1 kn[n z ,bhakats 7,bhaktas74 ,!y take no v[s & we> no special co/ume b are oblig$ to be celibate :ile !y rema9 9 ! sattra4 ,! ,mahpuru%ia & ,bamunia mona/]ies are ( simil> appe>ance1 & 9 ext]nals 7?\gh n 9 doctr9e7 seem to h be5 influ5c$ by ! ,lamaism ( ! neighb\r+ regions ( ,sikhim & ,tibet4 ,! temples are long1 l[1 wood5 build+s1 cov]$ by ro(s ( corrugat$ iron or ?at*$1 & conta9+ inside a nave ) two r[s ( wood5 pill>s :i* leads to a sanctu>y divid$ f x by a scre54 ,! ?ird sect are ! ,moam>ias1 ( political r ?an religi\s importance4 ,!y repres5t a democratic elem5t1 recruit$ f non-,h9du tribes1 :i* sec$$ ev5 9 ! life-"t ( ank> ,deb4 ,!y appe> to reject ne>ly all ,h9du obs]vances & to wor%ip aborig9al deities z well z ,kri%na4 ,little is kn[n ( _! religi\s tea*+1 if inde$ !y h any?+ wor?y ( ! "n1 b 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury !y di/ract$ ! k+dom ( ,assam ) a s]ies ( rebellions :i* 7 suppress$ ) atroci\s cruelty4 ,caitanya is said to h admitt$ "s ,mohamm$ans z memb]s ( 8 sect4 ,! prec$5t has n be5 foll[$ among mo/ bran*es ( 8 lat] adh]5ts b a curi\s half-secret sect1 f\nd ?r\gh\t ,b5gal 9 consid]able numb]s & call$ ,k>tbhajas1#fdh appe>s to repres5t an ecc5tric developm5t ( 8 tea*+ 9 comb9ation ) ,mohamm$an elem5ts4 ,bo? ,moslims & ,h9dus belong to ?is sect4 ,!y obs]ve ! ord9>y social cu/oms ( ! class to :i* !y belong1 b x is said t ^? :o are nom9al ,moslims nei!r circumcize !mselves nor frequ5t mosques4 ,! f\nd]1 call$ ,ram ,sm>an ,pal1 0 born 9 ! ,nadia di/rict ab\t #agjj1 & 8 *ief doctr9e is said to h be5 t !re is only "o ,god :o is inc>nate 9 ! ,head ( ! sect or ,k>t4#fdi ,= ! fir/ few g5]ations ! head%ip 0 inve/$ 9 ! f\nd] & 8 desc5dants b diss5sions occurr$ & !re is n[ no "o head3 ! fai?ful c select any male memb] ( ! f\nd]'s family z ! object ( _! devotion4 ,! ,k>t claims to be ! own] ( e human body & is said to exact r5t = ! s\l's t5ancy !re(4 ,no di/9ction ( ca/e or cre$ is recogniz$ & h>dly any c]emonies are prescrib$ b meat & w9e are =bidd51 ! mantra ( ! sect is to be repeat$ five times a day & ,friday is held sacr$4 ,^! obs]vances seem an imitation ( ,mohamm$anism4#fej ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #fjd3 ,see ,bh&>k>1 ,vai%n4 & aivism1 pp4 #ff ff41 ,gri]son 9 ,ind4 ,ant4 #ahic1 p4 #bbf1 & also 9 article ,raman&i 9 ,e4,r4,e42 ,f>quh>1 ,j4,r4,a4,s4#aibj1 pp4 #ahe ff4 ,?\gh ,indian tradition seems to be unanim\s 9 giv+ #abii ,a4,d4 7#ddjj ,kali7 z ! date ( ,rmn&'s bir?1 all t we "k ab\t himself & 8 disciples makes x m probable t he 0 born ne>ly a c5tury lat]4 ,! hi/ory ( ideas1 too1 becomes cle> & intelligible if we suppose t ,rmn&1 ,kabir & ,nanak fl\ri%$ ab\t #adjj1 #adej & #aejj respectively4 ,"o %\ld be cauti\s 9 all[+ su* argum5ts to outweigh unanim\s tradition1 b tradition also assigns to ,rmn& an improbably long life1 ?us indicat+ a feel+ t he influ5c$ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,also ! traditions z to ! numb] ( tea*]s betwe5 ,rmnuja & ,rmn& diff] greatly4 ,footnote #fje3 ,"o ( !m is f\nd 9 ! ,gran? ( ! ,sikhs4 ,footnote #fjf3 ,rmn&'s maxim 0 ,jti pti pu*ai nahikoi3 ,h>i-ku bhajai s ,h>i-kau ho4 ,let no "o ask a man's ca/e or sect4 ,:oev] adores ,god1 he is ,god's own4 ,footnote #fjg3 ,bhatta*>ya1 ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects1 p4 #dde4 ,footnote #fjh3 ,?us we h ! poems ( ,kabir1 ,nnak & o!rs conta9$ 9 ! ,gran? ( ! ,sikhs & t5d+ to ,mohamm$anism3 ! hymns :]e9 ,mir ,bai1 ,vallabha & 8 disciples prais$ ,kri%na 9 ,rjputna & ,braj3 ! poets inspir$ by ,caitanya 9 ,b5gal3 ank> ,deb & ,madhab ,deb 9 ,assam3 ,namdev & ,tukrm 9 ! ,m>a?a c\ntry4 ,footnote #fji3 ,see ,beames1 ,j4,a4 #ahgc1 pp4 #cg ff41 & ,gri]son1 ,mai?ili ,*ri/oma?y1 pp4 #cd ff41 9 extra ,no4 to ,j\rn4 ,z4 ,soc4 ,b5gal1 ,"p ,i4 = #ahhb & ,coom>aswamy's illu/rat$ translation ( ,vidypati1 #aiae4 ,x is said t a l& grant proves he 0 a celebrat$ ,p&it 9 #adjj4 ,! ,b5gali ,vai%nava poet ,*and ,ds 0 8 contempor>y4 ,footnote #faj3 ,see ,gri]son1 ,glean+s f ! ,bhaktaml1 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiji & #aiaj4 ,footnote #faa3 ,mod]n ,v]nacul> ,lit]ature ( ,h9du/an1 #ahhi1 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #fab3 ,simil>ly ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s5 7,lang1 & ,lit4 ( ,b5gal1 p4 #agj7 says t ,krittivsa's translation ( ! ,rmyana is ! ,bible ( ! p ( ! ,gangetic ,valley & x is = ! mo/ "p ! peasants :o read x4 ,krittivsa 0 born 9 #acdf & r\ghly contempor>y ) ,rmn&4 ,?us ! popul> int]e/ 9 ,rma 0 r\s$ 9 diff]5t prov9ces at ! same "t4 ,he also wrote sev]al o!r poems1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! ,gtval & ,kavittval1 d$icat$ respectively to ! infancy & ! h]oic de$s ( ,rma1 & ! ,v9aya ,pattrik or petition1 a volume ( hymns & pray]s4 ,footnote #fac3 ,see ,gr[se's ,translation1 vol4 ,i4 pp4 #fj1 #fb4 ,footnote #fad3 ,ib4 vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #aij1 cf4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #hh & vol4 ,,iii4 pp4 #ff-fg4 ,footnote #fae3 ,ib4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #faf3 ,ib4 vol4 ,i4 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #fag3 ,gr[se1 l4c4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bjj1 cf4 p4 #bjd4 ,my :o sets ! :ole _w danc+ & ^: actions no "o c und]/& is h]self set danc+ ) all h] tr\pe1 l an actress on ! /age1 by ! play ( ! ,"l's eyebr[s4 ,cf4 too1 = ! inf9ity ( worlds1 pp4 #baj1 #baa4 ,footnote #fah3 ,gr[se aptly comp>es ,/4 ,paul1 ,i _h n kn[n evil b by ! law4 ,footnote #fai3 ,ib4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bbc4 ,footnote #fbj3 ,ib4 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #fba3 ,! ,vi%nuite sect call$ ,nimvat is said to h be5 ext]m9at$ by ,ja9s 7,gri]son 9 ,e4,r4,e4 sub4 ,v4 ,bhakti-mrga1 p4 #ede74 ,?is may po9t to p]secution dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,footnote #fbb3 ,= ,vallabhcrya & 8 sect1 see especially ,gr[se1 ,ma?ur1 a di/rict memoir1 #ahgd2 ,hi/ory ( ! sect ( ! ,mahrjas 9 we/]n ,india 7anonym\s71 #ahfe4 ,also ,bh&>k>1 ,vai%n4 & ,saivism1 pp4 #gf-hb & ,f>quh>1 ,outl9es ( ,relig4 ,lit4 ( ,india1 pp4 #cab-cag4 ,footnote #fbc3 ,! pr9cipal ( !m are ! ,siddhnta-,rahasya & ! ,bhgavata-,tka-,subodh9i1 a comm5t>y on ! ,bhgavata ,purna4 ,?is is a %ort poem ( only sev5te5 l9es pr9t$ 9 ,gr[se's ,ma?ur1 p4 #aef4 ,x pr(esses to be a revelation f ! deity to ! effect t s9 c be done away ) by union ) ,brahma 7,brahma-samb&ha-k>ant74 ,o!r au?oritative works ( ! sect are ! uddhdvaita mrtanda1 ,sakalcryamatasangraha & ,pramey>atnrnava1 all edit$ 9 ! ,*[khamba ,sanskrit s]ies4 ,footnote #fbd3 ,cf4 ! use ( ! ^w po%anam 9 ! ,bhgavata ,purna1 ,,ii4 ,x4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,gr[se1 ,ma?ur1 p4 #aeg1 says ?is =mula is bas$ on ! ,nradapanc>tra4 ,x is call$ ,sam>pana1 d$ication1 or ,brahma-samb&ha1 connect+ oneself ) ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,footnote #fbf3 ,= in/ance ,:oev] holds 8 ,guru & ,kri%na to be di/9ct & diff]5t %all be born aga9 z a bird4 ,h>irayaji #cb4 ,quot$ 9 ,hi/ory ( ! ,sect ( ! ,mahrjas1 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #fbg3 ,9 ! ord9>y c]emonial ! ,mah>aj /&s beside ! image ( ,kri%na & ackn[l$ges ! wor%ip (f]$4 ,sometimes he is swung 9 a sw+ ) or )\t ! image4 ,! hymns sung on ^! occasions are frequ5tly immoral4 ,ev5 m lic5ti\s are ! meet+s or dances kn[n z ,ras ,m&ali & ,ras ,ll4 ,a meal ( hot food season$ ) aphrodisiacs is also said to be provid$ 9 ! temples4 ,! wat] 9 :i* ! ,mah>aj's l95 or feet h be5 wa%$ is sold = a high price & actually drunk by devotees4 ,footnote #fbh3 ,/rictly speak+ ! ,rdh-,vallabhis are n an (f%oot ( ,vallabha's s*ool1 b ( ! ,nimvats or ( ! ,mdhva-sampradya4 ,! !ory und]ly+ _! /range practices seems to be t ,kri%na is ! only male & t all mank9d %\ld cultivate s5tim5ts ( female love = him4 ,see ,macnicol1 ,indian ,!ism1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #fbi3 ,b o!r explanations are curr5t su* z ,"l ( ! s5ses or ,"l ( ! ,v$as4 ,footnote #fcj3 ,see ,gr[se1 ,ma?ur1 p4 #aec4 ,i c entirely confirm :at he says4 ,?is mean1 in>ti/ic1 dirty place c]ta9ly sugge/s moral depravity4 ,footnote #fca3 ,8 real "n 0 ,sahajn&a4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,c>an ,das 7#agjc-aghb7 f\nd$ a some:at simil> sect :i* pr(ess$ to aboli% idolatry & laid great /ress on e?ics4 ,see ,gri]son's article ,c>an ,das 9 ,e4,r4,e4 ,footnote #fcc3 ,b ,vi%nuite writ]s di/+ui% kma desire & prema love1 j z & are di/+ui%$ 9 ,greek4 ,see ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s51 l4c4 p4 #dhe4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s51 ,hi/ory ( ,b5gali ,language & ,lit]ature1 pp4 #acd-e4 ,footnote #fce3 ,= ,caitanya see ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s51 ,hi/ory ( ,b5gali ,language & ,lit4 *ap4 ,v4 & ,jaduna? ,s>k>1 ,*aitanya's ,pilgrimages & tea*+s f ! ,caitanya-,c>itmrita ( ,kri%na ,das 7#aeij7 f\nd$ on ! e>li] ,caitanya-,c>itra ( ,br9davan4 ,sev]al ( ,caitanya's foll[]s 7 also volum9\s writ]s4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,he m>ri$ ! daught] ( a c]ta9 ,vallabha :o app>5tly 0 n ! f\nd] ( ! ,sect1 z is (t5 /at$4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,! !ology ( ! sect may be /udi$ 9 ,baladeva's comm5t>y on ! ,v$nta stras & 8 ,prameya ,ratnval1 bo? conta9$ 9 vol4 ,v4 ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,h9dus4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! sect reg>ds itself z a cont9uation ( ! ,brahma-sampradya b its t5ets h m resemblance to ^? ( ,vallabha4 ,footnote #fch3 ,no less ?an #aei padak>ts or religi\s poets are enum]at$ by ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s54 ,sev]al collections ( ^! poems h be5 publi%$ ( :i* ! pr9cipal is call$ ,padakalpat>u4 ,footnote #fci3 ,see ,bh&>k>1 ,vai%n4 & aivism1 pp4 #hg-ij1 & ,nicol1 ,psalms ( ,m>a?a ,sa9ts :i* gives a bibliography4 ,= ,nmdev see also ,macauliffe1 ,! ,sikh ,religion1 vol4 ,,vi4 pp4 #ag-gf4 ,= ,ramdas see ,rawl9son1 ,sivaji ! ,m>a?a1 pp4 #aaf ff4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,bh&>k>1 l4c4 p4 #ib4 ,an e>li] poet ( ?is c\ntry 0 ,jnev>a :o wrote a p>aphrase ( ! ,bhagavad-gt 9 #abij4 ,8 writ+s are said to be ! fir/ great l&m>k 9 ,m>a?i lit]ature4 ,footnote #fda3 ,!re is no necess>y ho/ility betwe5 ! wor%ip ( iva & ( ,vi%nu4 ,at ,p&h>pur pilgrims visit fir/ a temple ( iva & !n ! pr9cipal %r9e4 ,?is latt]1 l ! temple ( ,jaganna? at ,puri1 is suspect$ ( hav+ be5 a ,buddhi/ %r9e4 ,x is call$ ,vihra1 ! pr9cipal fe/ival is 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,l5t & ca/e is n obs]v$ )9 its prec9cts4 ,footnote #fdb3 ,quot$ by ,bh&>k>1 p4 #ij4 ,! subsequ5t quotations are f ! same s\rce b ,i h sometimes slightly modifi$ !m & comp>$ !m ) ! orig9al1 ?\gh ,i h no pret5sion to be a ,m>a?i s*ol>4 ,footnote #fdc3 ,call$ ,abhangs4 ,footnote #fdd3 ,see ,eliot1 ,h9duism 9 ,assam1 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaj1 pp4 #aafh-aahf4 ,footnote #fde3 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aiaa1 ,assam1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #fdf3 ,"s au?orities /ate t ! sacr$ book ?us v5]at$ is ! ,bhagavad-gt1 b at ,kamalab>i ,i made c>eful enquiries & 0 assur$ x 0 ! ,nmgho%a4 ,footnote #fdg3 ,especially ,gadadh> ,s+h1 #afha-if4 ,footnote #fdh3 ,see ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 ,b5gal1 pp4 #ahc-d & ,bhatta*>ya1 ,h9du ,ca/es & ,sects1 pp4 #dhe-dhh4 ,footnote #fdi3 ,k>ta1 lit]ally do]1 is ! "n giv5 to ! executive head ( a jo9t family 9 ,b5gal4 ,! sect pref] to call !mselves ,bhabajanas or ,bhagawanis4 ,footnote #fej3 ,ano!r mix$ sect is t ( ! ,dhmis 9 ! ,panna /ate ( ,bundelkh&1 f\nd$ by "o ,prann? 9 ! reign ( ,aurungzeb4 ,_! doctr9e is a comb9ation ( ,h9duism & ,islam1 t5d+ t[>ds ,kri%naism4 ,see ,russell1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 p4 #bag4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,amalgamation ,,( ,,h9duism ,,& ,,islam4 ,,kabir ,,& ,,! ,,sikhs #a ,! ,k>tbhajas m5tion$ at ! end ( ! la/ *apt] %[ a mixture ( ,h9duism & ,mohamm$anism1 & ! mixture#fea is f\nd 9 o!r sects "s ( :i* are ( consid]able importance4 ,a gr\p ( ^! sects1 includ+ ! ,sikhs & foll[]s ( ,kabir1 arose 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,_! orig9 c be trac$ to ,rmn& b !y _c be call$ ,vai%navas & !y are cle>ly di/+ui%$ f all ! religi\s bodies t we h hi!rto pass$ 9 review4 ,! tone ( _! writ+s is m re/ra9$ & sev]e3 ! wor%ipp] approa*es ! deity z a s]vant r ?an a lov]3 ca/e is reject$ z useless3 ,h9du my?ology is es*ew$ or us$ sp>+ly4 ,yet 9 spite ( ^! diff]5ces ! ess5tial doctr9es ( ,tulsi ,das1 ,kabir & ,nnak %[ a great resemblance4 ,!y all believe 9 "o deity :om !y call by v>i\s names1 b ?is deity1 ?\gh p]sonal1 rema9s ( ! ,indian n ( ! ,semitic type4 ,he someh[ br+s ! _w ( transmigration into be+ by 8 p[] ( illusion1 & ! bus9ess ( ! s\l is to free itself f ! illusion & return to him4 ,almo/ all ^! tea*]s1 :e!r or?odox or het]odox1 _h a s+ul> facility = compos+ hymns1 (t5 ( high lit]>y m]it1 & x is 9 ^! emotional utt]ances1 r ?an 9 dogmatic treatises1 t !y address$ !mselves to ! peoples ( nor!rn ,india4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! mix$ sects is t f\nd$ by ,kabir4#feb ,he appe>s to h be5 a ,mohamm$an weav] by bir?1 ?\gh tradition is n unanim\s on ?is po9t4#fec ,x is admitt$1 h[ev]1 t he 0 br\ght up among ,moslims at ,b5>es b became a disciple ( ,rmn&4 ,?is sugge/s t he liv$ e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4#fed ,ano!r tradition says t he 0 summon$ be=e ,sik&] ,lodi 7#adhi-aeag71 b ! details ( 8 life are evid5tly leg5d>y4 ,we only "k t he 0 m>ri$ & _h a son1 t he taught 9 nor!rn & p]haps c5tral ,india & di$ at ,magh> 9 ! di/rict ( ,gorakhpur4 ,!re is significance1 h[ev]1 9 ! leg5d :i* relates t aft] 8 decease ,h9dus & ,mohamm$ans disput$ z to :e!r 8 body %\ld be burn$ or buri$4 ,b :5 !y rais$ ! clo? :i* cov]$ ! corpse1 !y f\nd und]nea? x only a heap ( fl[]s4 ,s ! ,h9dus took "p & burnt !m at ,b5>es & ! ,moslims buri$ ! re/ at ,magh>4 ,8 grave !re is /ill 9 ,moslim keep+4 ,9 tea*+ ,kabir /&s midway betwe5 ! two religions1 b lean+ to ! side ( ,h9duism4 ,x is cle> t ?is ,h9du bias became /rong] 9 8 foll[]s1 b x is n easy to sep>ate 8 own tea*+ f subsequ5t embelli%m5ts1 = ! num]\s hymns & say+s attribut$ to him are collect$ 9 compilations made aft] 8 dea?1 su* z ! ,bijak & ! di-gran? ( ! ,sikhs4 ,9 hymns :i* s\nd au!ntic he puts ,h9dus & ,moslims on ! same foot+4 ,kabir is a *ild ( ,ram & ,allah1 he says1 & accepte? all ,gurus & ,pirs4 ,o ,god1 :e!r ,allah or ,ram1 ,i live by ?y "n4 ,make ?y m9d ?y ,kaaba1 ?y body its enclos+ temple1 ,consci5ce its prime tea*]4 ,!n1 ,o prie/1 call m5 to pray to t mosque ,:i* ha? five gates4 ,! ,h9dus & ,mussulmans h ! same ,"l4 ,b ! =malities ( bo? cre$s are imp>tially condemn$4 ,!y are good rid]s :o keep alo( f ! ,v$a & ,koran4#fee ,ca/e1 circumcision & idolatry are reprobat$4 ,! ,h9du deities & _! inc>nations are all dead3 ,god 0 n 9 any ( !m4#fef ,ram1 x w\ld seem1 %\ld be und]/ood n z ,rmac&ra b z a "n ( ,god4 ,yet ! g5]al outlook is ,h9du r ?an ,mohamm$an4 ,god is ! magician :o br+s ab\t ?is illusory _w 9 :i* ! s\l w&]s4#feg ,i 0 9 immobile & mobile creatures1 9 worms & 9 mo?s2 ,i pass$ ?r\gh _m v>i\s bir?s4 ,b :5 ,i assum$ a human body1 ,i 0 a ,yogi1 a ,yati1 a p5it5t1 a ,brahmacri3 sometimes an ,emp]or & sometimes a begg>4 ,unlike ! ,sikhs1 ,kabir tea*es ! sanctity ( life1 ev5 ( plants4 ,?\ cutte/ leaves1 ,o fl[] girl3 9 e leaf !re is life4 ,release1 z = all ,h9dus1 consi/s 9 escap+ f ! r\nd ( bir?s & dea?s4 ,( ?is he speaks almo/ 9 ! language ( ! ,buddha4#feh ,?\gh ,i h assum$ _m %apes1 ?is is my la/4 ,! /r+s & wires ( ! musical in/rum5t are all worn out3 ,i am n[ 9 ! p[] ( ,god's "n4 ,i %all n aga9 h to dance to ! tune ( bir? & dea?4 ,nor %all my he>t accompany on ! drum4 ,?is deliv]ance is accompli%$ by ! union or id5tification ( ! s\l ) ,god4 ,remove ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?yself & ,god & ?\ %alt be unit$ ) him4444 ,him :om ,i s\ght )\t me1 n[ ,i f9d )9 me4444 ,"k ,god3 by kn[+ him ?\ %alt become z he4 ,:5 ! s\l & ,god are bl5d$ no "o c di/+ui% !m4#fei ,b if he sometimes writes l ank>a1 he also has ! note ( ! ,psalms & ,gospels4 ,he has ! s5se ( s93 he ?9ks ( ,god 9 vivid p]sonal metaphors1 z a "l1 a bridegroom1 a p>5t1 bo? fa!r & "m4 ,save me1 ,o ,god1 ?\gh ,i h (f5d$ !e4444 ,i =got him :o made me & did cleave unto /rang]s4 ,s+1 s+1 ! m>riage song4 ,! sov]eign ,god ha? come to my h\se z my husb&4444 ,i obta9$ ,god z my bridegroom2 s great has be5 my good =tune4 ,a "m be>e? n 9 m9d ,all ! faults h] son committe?4 ,o1 ,god1 ,i am ?y *ild3 ,:y blotte/ ?\ n out my s9s8 444 ,my ,fa!r is ! great ,"l ( ! ,e>?2 ,to t ,fa!r h[ %all ,i g8#ffj ,! writ+s ( ,kabir's disciples su* z ! ,sukh ,nidhan attribut$ to ,srut ,gopal 7& writt5 accord+ to ,we/cott ab\t #agbi7 & ! /ill lat] ,am> ,mul1 :i* is said to be repres5tative ( ! mod]n ,kabirpan?1 %[ a great] incl9ation to ,pan!ism1 ?\gh ca/e & idolatry are /ill condemn$4 ,9 ^! works1 :i* relate ! conv]sion ( ,dh>m ,das aft]w>ds "o ( ,kabir's pr9cipal foll[]s1 ,kabir is id5tifi$ ) ! ,creator & !n made a pan!i/ic deity mu* z ,kri%na 9 ! ,bhagavad-gt4#ffa ,he is also ! true ,guru ^: help is necess>y = salvation4 ,/ress is fur!r laid on ! doctr9e ( abda1 or ! div9e ^w4 ,h9du !ology 0 famili> ) ?is expression z signify+ ! et]nal self-exi/5t revelation conta9$ 9 ! ,v$as4 ,kabir appe>s to h held t articulate s\nd is an expression ( ! ,deity & t e lett]1 z a con/itu5t ( su* s\nd1 has a mean+4 ,b ^! lett]s are due to ,my3 9 reality !re is no plurality ( s\nd4 ,ram seems to h be5 select$ z ! div9e "n1 because its brevity is an approa* to ?is unity1 b true k is to und]/& ! ,lett]less ,"o1 t is ! real "n or ess5ce ( ,god f :i* all diff]5tiation ( lett]s has vani%$4 ,ap>t f "s special metaphors ! :ole doctr9e set =? 9 ! ,sukh ,nidhan & ,am> ,mul is little m ?an a loose ,v$antism1 some:at rem9isc5t ( ,sufiism4#ffb ,! tea*+ ( ,kabir is kn[n z ! ,kabirpan?4 ,at pres5t !re are bo? ,h9dus & ,mohamm$ans among 8 foll[]s & bo? h mona/]ies at ,magh> :]e he is buri$4 ,! sect numb]s 9 all ab\t a million4#ffc ,x is said t ! two divisions h little 9 common except v5]ation ( ,kabir & d n int]mix1 b !y bo? obs]ve ! practice ( p>tak+ ( sacr$ meals1 holy wat]1#ffd & consecrat$ betel nut4 ,! ,h9du section is aga9 divid$ into two bran*es kn[n z ,fa!r 7,bap7 & ,"m 7,mai74 ,?\gh !re is n mu* t is orig9al 9 ! doctr9es ( ,kabir1 he is a consid]able figure 9 ,h9di lit]ature & may ju/ly be call$ epo*-mak+ z m>k+ ! fir/ fusion ( ,h9duism & ,islam :i* culm9ates & atta9s political importance 9 ! ,sikhs4 ,o!r (f%oots ( 8 tea*+ are ! ,satnms1 ,rdh-swmis & ,ddupan?is4 ,! fir/ 7 f\nd$ or reorganiz$ 9 #agej by a c]ta9 ,jag-jivan-das4 ,!y d n obs]ve ca/e & 9 !ory adore only ! ,true ,"n ( ,god b 9 practice admit ord9>y ,h9du wor%ip4 ,! ,rdh-swmis1 f\nd$ 9 #ahfa1 pr(ess a comb9ation ( ! ,kabirpan? ) ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,! ,ddupan?is %[ ! influ5ce ( ! milit>y _s ( ,islam4 ,!y 7 f\nd$ by ,ddu1 a cotton weav] ( ,ahm$abad :o fl\ri%$ 9 ,akb>'s reign & di$ ab\t #afjc4 ,he insi/$ on ! equality ( mank9d1 veget>ianism1 ab/95ce f alcohol & /rict celibacy4 ,h5ce ! sect is recruit$ by adopt+ boys1 mo/ ( :om are tra9$ z soldi]s4 ,9 su* conditions ! ,ddupan?is _c increase greatly b !y numb] ab\t n9e ?\s& & are f\nd *iefly 9 ! /ate ( ,jaipur1 especially 9 ! t[n ( ,n>a9a4#ffe #b ,! ,sikh religion#fff is ( special int]e/ s9ce x has creat$ n only a political society b also cu/oms s di/9ctive t ^? :o pr(ess x rank 9 common e/eem z a sep>ate race4 ,! f\nd] ,nnak liv$ f #adfi to #aech & 0 born ne> ,lahore4 ,he 0 a ,h9du by bir? b came "u ,mohamm$an influ5ce & conceiv$ ! idea ( reconcil+ ! two fai?s4 ,he 0 attract$ by ! doctr9es ( ,kabir & did n at fir/ claim to tea* a new religion4 ,he wi%$ to unite ,h9dus & ,moslims & describ$ himself simply z ,guru or tea*] & 8 adh]5ts z ,sikhs or disciples4 ,he sp5t ! great] "p ( 8 life w&]+ ab\t ,india & is said to h rea*$ ,mecca4 ,a beautiful /ory relates t he fell asleep ) 8 feet turn$ t[>ds ! ,kaaba4 ,a mollah kick$ him & ask$ h[ he d>$ to turn 8 feet & n 8 head t[>ds ,god4 ,b he answ]$1 ,turn my feet 9 a direction :]e ,god is n4 ,he 0 att5d$ on 8 w&]+s by ,m>dna1 a lute-play]1 :o accompani$ ! hymns :i* he nev] fail$ to compose :5 a ?\ght or adv5ture occurr$ to him4 ,^! compositions are simil> to ^? ( ,kabir1 b seem to me ( inf]ior m]it4 ,!y are diffuse & inord9ately long2 ! ,japji = in/ance1 :i* e ,sikh ought to recite z 8 daily pray]1 fills n less ?an tw5ty octavo pages4 ,yet beautiful & incisive passages are n want+4 ,:5 at ! temple ( ,jaganna?1 he 0 ask$ to take "p 9 ! ev5+ wor%ip at :i* lights 7 wav$ be=e ! god :ile fl[]s & inc5se 7 pres5t$ on gold5 salv]s /udd$ ) pe>ls4 ,b he bur/ out into song4#ffg ,! sun & moon1 ,o ,"l1 are ?y lamps1 ! firmam5t ?y salv] & ! orbs ( ! />s ! pe>ls set !re94 ,! p]fume ( ! s&al tree is ?y inc5se2 ! w9d is ?y fan2 all ! =e/s are ?y fl[]s1 ,o ,"l ( light4 ,?\gh ,nnak is full ( ,h9du allusions he is m ,mohamm$an 9 tone ?an ,kabir1 & ! ritual ( ,sikh temples is modell$ on ! ,mohamm$an r ?an on ! ,h9du patt]n4 ,! op5+ words ( ! ,japji are3 ,!re is b "o ,god1 ^: "n is true1 ! ,creator#ffh & he is reg>d$ r z ! rul] ( ! _w ?an z a _s f9d+ expression 9 x4 ,by 8 ord] all ?+s happ54 ,by obey+ him man obta9s happ9ess & salvation4 ,!re is no limit to 8 m]cy & 8 praises4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ,god man has no p[] & no /r5g?4 ,su* s5tim5ts h a smack ( ,mohamm$ & ,nnak sometimes uses ! v words ( ! ,koran z :5 he says t ,god has no companion4 ,& ?\gh ! p5etrat+ _s ( ! ,v$nta infects ?is regal mono!ism1 yet ! doctr9e ( ,my is set =? 9 unusual phraseology3 ,god himself creat$ ! _w & himself gave names to ?+s4 ,he made ,my by 8 p[]3 seat$1 he beheld 8 "w ) delight4 ,9 o!r compositions attribut$ to ,nnak great] prom95ce is giv5 to ,my & to ! common ,h9du idea t creation is a self-expansion ( ! deity4 ,metempsy*osis is taught & ! div9e "n is ,h>i4 ,?is is *>act]i/ic ( ! age1 = ,nnak 0 ne>ly a contempor>y ( ,caitanya & ,vallabhcrya4 ,= ,kabir1 ! disciple ( ,rmn&a1 ! "n 0 ,ram4 ,nnak 0 suffici5tly consci\s ( 8 position z head ( a sect to leave a successor z ,guru1#ffi b !re is no indication t at ?is "t ! ,sikhs diff]$ mat]ially f _m o!r religi\s bodies :o reprobat$ ca/e & idolatry4 ,"u ! f\r? ,guru1 ,ram ,das1 ! beg9n+s ( a *ange appe>4 ,8 /rong p]sonality collect$ _m weal?y adh]5ts & ) _! (f]+s he pur*as$ ! tank ( ,amrits>#fgj & built 9 its mid/ ! celebrat$ ,gold5 ,temple4 ,he appo9t$ 8 son ,arjun z ,guru 9 #aeha1 j be=e 8 dea?3 ! succession 0 made h]$it>y & h5ce=? ! ,gurus became *iefs r ?an spiritual tea*]s4 ,arjun assum$ "s ( ! insignia ( royalty3 a t[n grew up r\nd ! sacr$ tank & became ! c5tre ( a community2 a tax 0 collect$ f all ,sikhs & !y 7 subject$ to special & (t5 salut>y legislation4 ,infanticide1 = in/ance1 0 /rictly =bidd54 ,) a view ( provid+ a code & /&>d ,arjun compil$ ! ,gran? or ,sikh scriptures1 = ?\gh hymns & pray]s compos$ by ,nnak & o!rs 7 9 use !re 0 z yet no au?oriz$ collection ( !m4 ,! example ( ,mohamm$anism no d\bt /imulat$ ! desire to possess a sacr$ book & ! v5]ation ( ! scriptures increas$ ) "t4 ,! ,gran? n[ receives ! same k9d ( respect z ! ,koran & ! fir/ sight ( a ,sikh temple ) a l>ge op5 volume on a read+-desk _c fail to recall a mosque4 ,arjun's compilation is call$ ! di-gran?1 or orig9al book1 to di/+ui% x f ! lat] additions made by ,guru ,gov9d4 ,x comprises hymns & pray]s by ,nnak & ! f\r ,gurus :o foll[$ him 7includ+ ,arjun himself71 ,rmn&1 ,kabir & o!rs1 am\nt+ to ?irty-five writ]s 9 all4 ,! li/ is int]e/+ z te/ify+ to ! exi/5ce ( a great body ( oral poetry by v>i\s au?ors rang+ f ,rmn&1 :o _h n sep>at$ himself f or?odox ,vi%nuism1 to ,arjun1 ! *ief ( ! ,sikh national community4 ,x 0 evid5tly felt t all ^! m5 _h "o inspiration com+ f "o tru? & ev5 n[ unwritt5 poems ( ,nnak are curr5t 9 ,bih>4 ,! ,gran? is writt5 9 a special alphabet kn[n z ,gurmukhi#fga & conta9s bo? prose & poetical pieces 9 sev]al languages3 mo/ are 9 old we/]n ,h9di#fgb b "s are 9 ,panjabi & ,m>a?i4 ,b ?\gh 9 compil+ a sacr$ book & 9 unit+ ! temporal & spiritual p[] ,arjun 0 influ5c$ by ! _s ( ,mohamm$anism1 ?is is n ! sort ( imitation :i* makes = peace4 ,! comb9ation ( ,h9duism & ,islam result$ 9 ! production ( a special type ( ,h9du peculi>ly di/a/eful to ,moslims & n mu* lov$ by o!r ,h9dus4 ,mu* ( ,arjun's activity took place 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! ,emp]or ,akb>4 ,?is mo/ philosophic & tol]ant ( pr9ces ab&on$ ,mohamm$anism aft] #aegi1 remitt$ ! special taxes payable by non-,moslims & adopt$ _m ,h9du obs]vances4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life he promulgat$ a new cre$ kn[n z ! ,d9-i-ilahi or div9e fai?4 ,?is eclectic & composite religion be>s te/imony to 8 vanity z well z to 8 l>ge sympa?ies1 = x recogniz$ him z ! vic]eg5t or ev5 an inc>nation ( ,god4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! s+ul> little "w call$ ! ,allopani%ad or ,allah ,upani%ad#fgc 0 writt5 9 connection ) ?is movem5t4 ,x purports to be an ,upani%ad ( ! ,a?>va ,v$a & c h>dly be describ$ z o!r ?an a =g]y4 ,x decl>es t ! ,allah ( ! prophet ,muhammad ,akb>#fgd is ! ,god ( ,gods & id5tifies him ) ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ! sun1 moon1 wat]1 ,indra1 etc4 ,akb>'s religion did n long survive 8 dea? & nev] fl\ri%$ f> f ! imp]ial c\rt1 b some:at lat] 7#afef7 ,muhammad ,d>a ,%ukoh1 ! son ( ,%ah ,jehan1 caus$ a ,p]sian translation ( ab\t fifty ,upani%ads1 kn[n z ! ,oupnekhat1#fge to be prep>$4 ,! g5]al temp] ( ! p]iod 0 propiti\s to ! gr[? & immunity ( mix$ =ms ( belief1 b ! w>like & semi-political "* ( ! ,sikh community br\ght tr\ble on x4 ,arjun attract$ ! unfav\rable att5tion ( ,akb>'s successor1 ,jehangir1#fgf & 0 ca/ into prison :]e he di$4 ,! ,sikhs took up arms & h5ce=? reg>d$ !mselves z ! enemies ( ! gov]nm5t1 b _! /r5g? 0 wa/$ by int]nal diss5sions4 ,! n9? ,guru1 ,teg-,bahadur1 0 execut$ by ,aurungzeb4 ,desire to av5ge ?is m>tyrdom & ! /r5u\s "* ( ! t5? ,guru1 ,gov9d ,s+h 7#afge-agjh71 complet$ ! trans=mation ( ! ,sikhs into a *ur* militant devot$ to a holy w>4 ,?\gh ! mo/ aggressive & uncompromis+ features ( ,sikhism are due to ! innovations ( ,gov9d1 he 0 s f> f be+ a !ological bigot t he wor%ipp$ ,durg & 0 ev5 said to h (f]$ human sacrifices4 ,b ! aim ( all 8 ord9ances 0 to make 8 foll[]s an indep5d5t body ( fight+ m54 ,!y 7 to return ! salutation ( no ,h9du & to put to dea? e ,mohamm$an4 ,! community 0 call$ ,khalsa3#fgg )9 x !re 0 p]fect equality3 e man 0 to c>ry a sword & we> long hair b %ort tr\s]s4 ,conv]ts1 or recruits1 came *iefly f ! fight+ tribes ( ! ,jats1 b 9 !ory admission 0 free4 ,! initiatory c]emony1 :i* resembl$ baptism1 0 p]=m$ ) sug> & wat] /irr$ ) a sword1 & ! neophyte v[$ n to wor%ip idols1 to b[ to none except a ,sikh ,guru1 & nev] to turn 8 back on ! enemy4 ,to give ^! in/itutions bett] religi\s sanction1 ,gov9d compos$ a supplem5t to ! ,gran?1 call$ ,daama ,pd%h ka ,gran? or book ( ! t5? pr9ce4 ,x consi/s ( f\r p>ts1 all 9 v]se1 & is said to inculcate w> z p]si/5tly z ,nnak _h inculcat$ meekness & peace4 ,to give 8 in/itutions great] p]man5ce & prev5t future alt]ations ,gov9d refus$ to appo9t any human successor & bade ! ,sikhs consid] ! ,gran? z _! ,guru4 ,:atsoev] ye %all ask ( x1 x w %[ y he said1 & 9 ob$i5ce to 8 comm& ! book is /ill inve/$ ) a k9d ( p]sonality & kn[n z ,gran? ,sahib4 ,gov9d sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t 9 w>s ) ,aurungzeb m>k$ by indomitable p]sev]ance r ?an success4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life he retir$ into ,malwa & resid$ at a place call$ ,damdama4 ,! acc\nts ( 8 latt] days are some:at div]g5t4 ,accord+ to "o /ory he made 8 peace ) ! ,mughals & accept$ a milit>y comm& "u ! successor ( ,aurungzeb b x is m commonly ass]t$ t he 0 assass9at$ by a private enemy4 ,ev5 m tr\bl\s 7 ! days ( 8 successor ,b&a4 ,s9ce ,gov9d _h aboli%$ ! ,guru%ip1 he c\ld n claim to be m ?an a temporal *ief1 b :at he lack$ 9 spiritual au?ority he made am5ds = 9 fanaticism4 ,! eight ye>s ( 8 lead]%ip 7 sp5t 9 a w> ( mutual ext]m9ation wag$ ) ! ,moslims ( ! ,panjab & div]sifi$ only by int]nal diss5sions4 ,at la/ he 0 captur$ & ! sect 0 ne>ly annihilat$ by ! ,emp]or ,f>ukhsy>4 ,accord+ to ! ord9>y acc\nt ?is victory 0 foll[$ by an orgy ( torture & ,b&a 0 b>b>\sly execut$ aft] witness+ dur+ sev5 days ! torm5ts ( 8 foll[]s & k9sm54 ,we read ) pleasure b incr$ulity t "o division ( ! ,sikhs believe t he escap$ & promulgat$ 8 peculi> doctr9es 9 ,s9d4 ,asiatics d n reli% ! idea t ! *os5 ( ,god c suff] viol5t dea?4 ,! fur!r hi/ory ( ! ,sikhs is political r ?an religi\s1 & ne$ n deta9 u "h4 ,despite ! ef=ts ( ! ,mughals to ext]m9ate !m1 !y 7 fav\r$ by ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! c\ntry 9 ! e>ly decades ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 = ! raids ( ,afghans & ,p]sians convuls$ & p>alyz$ ! empire ( ,delhi4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,khalsa pass$ into ! h&s ( a body ( fanatics1 call$ ,aklis1 b ! decision ( grave matt]s re/$ ) a c\ncil ( ! :ole community :i* occasionally met at ,amrits>4 ,e ,sikh claim$ to h jo9$ ! conf$]acy z an indep5d5t soldi]1 b\nd to fight "u 8 milit>y lead]s b o!rwise exempt f control1 & entitl$ to a %>e ( l&4 ,?is absolute indep5d5ce1 be+ unworkable 9 practice1 0 modifi$ by ! =mation ( ,misals or volunt>y associations1 ( :i* !re 7 at "o "t twelve4 ,f ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury onw>ds ! ,sikhs 7 ma/]s ( ! ,panjab & _! great *ief ,ranjit ,s+h 7#agig-ahci7 succe$$ 9 conv]t+ ! conf$]acy into a despotic mon>*y4 ,_! p[] did n la/ long aft] 8 dea? & ! ,panjab 0 conqu]$ by ! ,briti% 9 ! two w>s ( #ahdf & #ahdi4 ,) ! loss ( political indep5d5ce1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,sikhs & o!r ,h9dus t5d$ to decrease4 ,?is 0 natural1 = ne>ly all _! /rictly religi\s t5ets c be p>allel$ 9 ,h9duism4 ,guru ,gov9d wag$ no w> aga9/ poly!ism b wi%$ to f\nd a religi\s commonweal? equally indep5d5t ( ,h9du ca/es & ,mohamm$an sultans4 ,= "s "t 8 ord9ances 7 successful 9 creat+ a tribe1 almo/ a nation4 ,) ! collapse ( ! ,sikh /ate1 ! old hatr$ ( ,mohamm$anism rema9$1 b ! ,sikhs diff]$ f normal ,h9dus h>dly m ?an su* sects z ! ,l+yats1 &1 z happ5$ ) decad5t ,buddhism1 ! unobtrusive pressure ( ,h9du beliefs & obs]vances t5d$ to oblit]ate ^? diff]5ces4 ,! ,c5sus ( ,india1#fgh #aija1 enum]at$ ?ree degrees ( ,sikhism4 ,! fir/ comprises a few zealots call$ ,aklis :o obs]ve all ! precepts ( ,gov9d4 ,! second class are ! ,guru ,gov9d ,sikhs1 :o obs]ve ! ,guru's ma9 comm&s1 especially ! prohibition to smoke & cut ! hair4 ,la/ly1 !re are a consid]able numb] :o pr(ess a respect = ! ,guru b foll[ ,h9du beliefs & usages :olly or 9 "p4 ,sikhism inde$ reproduces on a small scale ! *angeabl5ess & complexity ( ,h9duism1 & includes associations call$ ,sabh1 ^: memb]s aim at re/or+ or ma9ta9+ :at !y consid] to be ! true fai?4 ,9 #aija !re 0 a t5d5cy = ,sikhs to give up _! peculi>ities & describe !mselves z ord9>y ,h9dus1 b 9 ! next decade a *ange ( s5tim5t among ^! wav]]s caus$ ! ,sikh community z regi/]$ to increase by ?irty-sev5 p] c5t4 & a p]iod ( religi\s zeal is report$4#fgi ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #fea3 ,x is exemplifi$ by ! curi\s ^w an-_h limitless1 be+ ! ,indian negative prefix add$ to ! arabic ^w _h us$ 9 ! ,sikh ,gran? & by ,c>an ,das z a "n ( ,god4 ,footnote #feb3 ,see especially ,g4,h4 ,we/cott1 ,kabir & ! ,kabir ,pan?1 & ,macauliffe1 ,sikh ,religion1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #abb-caf4 ,also ,wilson1 ,essays on ! religion ( ! ,h9dus1 vol4 ,i4 pp4 #fh-ih4 ,g>c9 de ,tassy1 ,hi/oire de la ,littrature ,h9d\e1 ,,ii4 pp4 #abj-acd4 ,bh&>k>1 ,vai%n4 & aivism1 pp4 #fg-gc4 ,footnote #fec3 ,! "n ,kabir seems to me decisive4 ,footnote #fed3 ,dadu :o di$ ab\t #afjc is said to h be5 fif? 9 spiritual desc5t f ,kabir4 ,footnote #fee3 ,f a hymn 9 :i* ! spiritual life is repres5t$ z a ride4 ,macauliffe1 ,,vi4 p4 #aef4 ,footnote #fef3 ,b ,h>i is sometimes us$ by ,kabir1 especially 9 ! hymns incorporat$ 9 ! ,gran?1 z a "n ( ,god4 ,footnote #feg3 ,?\gh ,kabir writes z a poet r ?an z a philosoph] he evid5tly lean$ to ! doctr9e ( illusion 7viv>tavda7 r ?an to ! doctr9e ( manife/ation or developm5t 7,p>9mavda74 ,he reg>ds ,my z some?+ evil1 a trick1 a ?ief1 a =ce :i* leads m5 captive1 b :i* disappe>s ) ! k ( ,god4 ,! illusion vani%$ :5 ,i recogniz$ him 7,,xxxix474 ,footnote #feh3 ,he ev5 uses ! ^w nirvna4 ,footnote #fei3 ,f ,kabir's acro/ic4 ,macauliffe1 ,,vi4 pp4 #ahf & #ahh4 ,x is possible t ?is is a lat] composition4 ,footnote #ffj3 ,macauliffe1 vi4 pp4 #bcj4 #bji1 #bjb1 #aig4 ,footnote #ffa3 ,we/cott1 l4c4 p4 #add1 ,i am ! creator ( ?is _w4444 ,i am ! se$ & ! tree 444 all are conta9$ 9 me--,i live )9 all & all live )9 me & mu* to ! same effect4 ,ev5 9 ! hymns ( ! di ,gran? we f9d su* phrases z ,n[ ?\ & ,i h become "o4 7,macauliffe1 vi4 p4 #ahj47 ,?is id5tification ( ,kabir ) ! deity is int]e/+ z be+ a mod]n example ( :at probably happ5$ 9 ! case ( ,kri%na4 ,simil>ly ^? :o collect$ ! hymns :i* =m ! sacr$ books ( ! ,sikhs & ,kabirpan?is repeat$ ! process :i* 9 e>li] ages produc$ ! ,rig ,v$a4 ,footnote #ffb3 ,! tm m+les ) ,p>amtm1 z ! riv]s fl[ into ! ocean4 ,only 9 ?is way c ,p>amtm be f\nd4 ,! tm )\t abda is bl9d & _c f9d ! pa?4 ,he :o sees tm-,rm is pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,all he sees is l himself4 ,!re is n\ght except ,brahm4 ,i am he1 ,i am ! true ,kabir4 ,we/cott1 p4 #afh4 ,footnote #ffc3 ,! ,c5sus ( #aija gives #hdc1aga b !re is reason to ?9k ! real numb]s are l>g]4 ,footnote #ffd3 ,consecrat$ by wa%+ 9 x wood5 s&als suppos$ to repres5t ! feet ( ,kabir4 ,x is /at$ t !y believe !y eat ! body ( ,kabir at _! sacr$ meal :i* p]haps po9ts to ,*ri/ian influ5ce4 ,see ,russell1 l4c4 pp4 #bci-bdj4 ,footnote #ffe3 ,see ,russell1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 p4 #bag1 :]e x is said t "s ( !m are h\sehold]s4 ,footnote #fff3 ,see especially ,macauliffe1 ,! ,sikh ,religion1 six volumes4 ,footnote #ffg3 ,macauliffe1 ,i4 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #ffh3 ,! orig9al is ,k>t purukh 7puru%a71 ! creative male4 ,?is phrase %[s h[ ,h9du habits ( ?\ght clung to ,nnak4 ,footnote #ffi3 ,! ,guru ( ! ,sikhs are3 7a7 ,nnak1 #adfi-aech1 7b7 ,angada1 #aech-aeeb1 7c7 ,am>das1 #aeeb-aege1 7d7 ,ramdas1 #aege-aeha1 7e7 ,arjun1 #aeha-afjf1 7f7 ,h>-,gov9d1 #afjf-afci1 7g7 ,h>-,rai1 #afci-affc1 7h7 ,h>-,kisan1 #affc-afff1 7i7 ,teg-,bahadur1 #afff-afge1 7j7 ,gov9d ,s+h1 #afge-agjh4 ,footnote #fgj3 ,amritas>as ! lake ( nect>4 ,footnote #fga3 ,x appe>s to be an arbitr>y adaptation ( ! ,deva-ng>i *>act]s4 ,! %ape ( ! lett]s is mo/ly ! same b new values are assign$ to !m4 ,footnote #fgb3 ,?is is ! description ( ! dialect giv5 by ,gri]son1 ! highe/ au?ority 9 su* matt]s4 ,footnote #fgc3 ,see ,raj5drala ,mitra's article 9 ,j4,a4,s4,b4 ,,xl4 #ahga1 pp4 #agj-agf1 :i* gives ! ,sanskrit text ( ! ,upani%ad4 ,also ,s*rad]1 ,catalogue ( ,ady> ,libr>y1 #aijh1 pp4 #acf-g4 ,s*rad] /ates t 9 ! nor? ( ,india ! ,allopani%ad is recit$ by ,brahmans at ! ,vasantotsava & on o!r occasions3 also t 9 s\!rn ,india x is g5]ally believ$ t ,moslims are skill$ 9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a4 ,footnote #fgd3 ,i4e41 n ! ,allah ( ! ,koran4 ,footnote #fge3 ,?is ,p]sian translation 0 r5d]$ ^w = ^w into v /range ,lat9 by ,anquetil ,dup]ron 7#ahja-b7 & ?is ,lat9 v]sion 0 us$ by ,s*op5hau]4 ,footnote #fgf3 ,he is said to h pray$ = ! success ( ! ,emp]or's rebelli\s son4 ,footnote #fgg3 ,?is ,arabic ^w is int]pret$ 9 ?is context z mean+ ! special portion 7( ,god74 ,footnote #fgh3 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 ,panjab report1 p4 #abb4 ,footnote #fgi3 ,prov9cial ,geographies ( ,india1 ,panjab1 ,d\ie1 #aiaf1 p4 #aag4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,ktism#fhj ,among ! pr9cipal subdivisions ( ,h9duism mu/ be reckon$ ! rem>kable religion kn[n z ktism1 t is ! wor%ip ( akti or iva's sp\se "u v>i\s names1 ( :i* ,dev1 ,durg & ,kl are ! be/ kn[n4 ,x diff]s f mo/ sects 9 n be+ due to ! creative or re=m+ en]gy ( any "o human f\nd]4 ,x claims to be a revelation f iva himself1 b consid]$ hi/orically x appe>s to be a comp\nd ( ,h9duism ) un-,aryan beliefs4 ,x acquir$ great influ5ce bo? 9 ! c\rts & among ! p ( nor?-ea/]n ,india b )\t produc+ p]sonalities ( mu* em95ce z tea*]s or writ]s4 ,x w\ld be conv5i5t to di/+ui% ktism & ,tantrism1 z ,i h already sugge/$4 ,! =m] means ! wor%ip ( a goddess or goddesses1 especially ^? :o are reg>d$ z =ms ( iva's consort4 ,vi%nuites sometimes wor%ip female deities1 b ?\gh ! wor%ip ( ,lak%m1 ,rdh & o!rs may be col\r$ by imitation ( kti/ practices1 x is less conspicu\s & seems to h a diff]5t orig94 ,tantrism is a sy/em ( magical or sacram5tal ritual1 :i* pr(esses to atta9 ! highe/ aims ( religion by su* me?ods z spells1 diagrams1 ge/ures & o!r physical ex]cises4 ,"o ( its bases is ! assumption t man & ! univ]se correspond z microcosm & macrocosm & t bo? are subject to ! my/]i\s p[] ( words & lett]s4 ,^! ideas are n mod]n nor peculi> to any ,indian sect4 ,!y are pres5t 9 ! ,v$ic c]emonial1 9 ! practices ( ! ,yoga & ev5 9 ! tea*+ ( ! quasi-mussulman sect ( ,kabir1 :i* atta*es great importance to ! lett]s ( ! div9e "n4 ,!y h>monize ) ! common ,indian view t "s =m ( discipl9e or physical tra9+ is ess5tial to ! religi\s life4 ,!y are f\nd 9 a highly develop$ =m among ! ,nambu?iris & o!r ,brahmans ( s\!rn ,india :o try to obs]ve ! ,v$ic rules & 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ among ,buddhi/s ( ! ,%+on or ,*n-y5 sect4#fha ,z a rule !y receive ! "n ( ,tantrism only :5 !y are elaborat$ into a sy/em :i* claims to be a special disp5sation = ?is age & to sup]s$e m ardu\s me?ods :i* are politely set aside z practicable only = ! h]o-sa9ts ( happi] times4 ,tantrism1 l salvation by fai?1 is a simplification ( religion b on me*anical r ?an emotional l9es1 ?\gh its defici5cy 9 emotion (t5 f9ds /range comp5sations4 ,b ,tantrism is analog\s n s mu* to ju/ification by fai? z to sacram5tal ritual4 ,! p>allel may seem %ock+1 b mo/ tantric c]emonies are simil> 9 idea to ,*ri/ian sacram5ts & may be call$ sacram5tal z correctly z magical4 ,ev5 9 ! ,anglican ,*ur* baptism includes spr9kl+ ) wat] 7abhi%eka71 ! sign ( ! cross 7nysa7 & a =mula 7mantra71 & if any "o supposes t a *ild s treat$ is sure ( heav5 :]eas ! future ( ! unbaptiz$ is dubi\s1 he holds l ! ,tantri/s t spiritual ends c be atta9$ by physical means4 ,& 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* :]e ! rite includes exorcism & ! use ( salt1 oil & lights1 ! p>allel is /ill clos]4 ,*ri/ian my/icism has _h mu* to d ) symbolism & ev5 ) al*emy1#fhb & ,zoroa/rianism1 :i* is g5]ally reg>d$ z a reasonable religion1 atta*es extraord9>y importance to holy spells4#fhc ,s ,indian religions are n s+ul> 9 ?is respect1 ?\gh ! uncompromis+ ?or\ghness ) :i* !y "w out ?is l o!r ideas leads to />tl+ results4 ,! wor%ip ( female deities becomes prom95t some:at late 9 ,indian lit]ature & x does n repres5t--n to ! same ext5t z ! ,*9ese cult ( ,kwan-y9 = example--! bett] ideals ( ! p]iod :5 x appe>s4 ,! goddesses ( ! ,rig ,v$a are insignificant3 !y are little m ?an names1 & grammatically (t5 ! fem99e =ms ( _! consorts4 ,b ?is ,v$a is evid5tly a special manual ( pray] f :i* _m dep>tm5ts ( popul> religion 7 exclud$4 ,9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a _m spirits ) fem99e names are invok$ & !re is an incl9ation to p]sonify bad qualities & disa/]s z goddesses4 ,b we d n f9d any goddess :o has atta9$ a position comp>able ) t held by ,durg1 ,cybele or ,a/>te1 ?\gh !re are "s rem>kable hymns#fhd address$ to ! ,e>?4 ,b !re is no d\bt t ! wor%ip ( goddesses 7especially goddesses ( f]tility7 z great p[]s is bo? anci5t & widespread4 ,we f9d x among ! ,egyptians & ,semites1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 ,greece1 ,italy1 & among ! ,kelts4 ,! goddess ,anahit1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ ) immoral rites 9 ,bactria1 is figur$ on ! co9s ( ! ,ku%ans & mu/ at "o "t h be5 kn[n on ! nor?-we/]n bord]s ( ,india4 ,at ! pres5t day tal & 9 s\? ,india ,m>iamman are goddesses ( smallpox :o require propitiation1 & "o ( ! e>lie/ deities kn[n to h be5 wor%ipp$ by ! ,tamils is ! goddess ,kottavai4#fhe ,some:at obscure b widely wor%ipp$ are ! p[]s kn[n z ! ,mo!rs1 a title :i* also occurs 9 ,keltic my?ology4 ,!y are gr\ps ( goddesses v>y+ 9 numb] & (t5 malevol5t4 ,z _m z a hundr$ & =ty are said to be wor%ipp$ 9 ,guj>at4 ,! c5sus ( ,b5gal 7#aija7 records ! wor%ip ( ! e>?1 sun & riv]s z females1 ( ! snake goddesses ,manas & ,jagat ,gaur & ( num]\s female demons :o s5d disease1 su* z ! sev5 si/]s1 ,ola ,bibi1 ,jog9i & ! ,*urels1 or spirits ( wom5 :o h di$ 9 *ildbir?4 ,! rites celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ^! deities are (t5 ( a que/ionable "* & include dances by nak$ wom5 & (f]+s ( spiritu\s liquors & blood4 ,simil> features are f\nd 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,pro/itution =m$ "p ( ! wor%ip ( ,a/>te & ,anahit3 ! ,tauric ,artemis 0 ador$ ) human sacrifices & ,cybele ) self-inflict$ mutilations4 ,simil>ly (f]+s ( blood drawn f ! sacrific]'s own body are enjo9$ 9 ! ,klik ,purna4 ,two /ages c be di/+ui%$ 9 ! relations betwe5 ^! cults & ,h9duism4 ,9 ! lat] /age :i* c be witness$ ev5 at ! pres5t day an aborig9al goddess or demon is id5tifi$ ) "o ( ! aspects 7g5]ally a black or fi]ce aspect7 ( iva's sp\se4#fhf ,b su* id5tification is facilitat$ by ! fact t goddesses l ,kl1 ,bhairav1 ,*9nama/ak are n products ( purely ,h9du imag9ation b repres5t e>li] /ages ( amalgamation 9 :i* ,h9du & aborig9al ideas are already comp\nd$4 ,:5 ! smallpox goddess is id5tifi$ ) ,kl1 ! proc$ure is correct1 = "s popul> =ms ( ,kl are little m ?an an aborig9al deity ( pe/il5ce drap$ ) ,h9du imag]y & philosophy4 ,"s ,h9du s*ol>s demur to ?is d]ivation ( ktism f l[] cults4 ,!y po9t to its ref9$ & philosophic aspects2 !y see 9 x ! wor%ip ( a goddess1 :o c be z m]ciful z ! ,madonna1 b yet1 s9ce %e is ! goddess ( nature1 comb9es 9 "o %ape life & dea?4 ,may n ! gross] =ms ( ktism be p]v]sions & corruptions ( an anci5t & high] fai?8 ,9 support ( ?is x may be urg$ t ! ,buddhi/ goddess ,tr is z a rule a beautiful & b5evol5t figure1 ?\gh %e c be t]rible z ! enemy ( evil & has cle> aff9ities to ,durg4 ,yet ! hi/ory ( ,indian ?\ght does n support ?is view1 b r ! view t ,h9duism incorporat$ c]ta9 anci5t ideas1 true & /rik+ z anci5t ideas (t5 are1 b )\t purg+ !m suffici5tly to make !m acceptable to ! majority ( educat$ ,indians4 ,! ,yajur ,v$a#fhg associates ,rudra ) a female deity call$ ,ambik or "m1 :o is h[ev] 8 si/]1 n 8 sp\se4 ,! e>lie/ =ms ( ! latt] seem to connect h] ) m\nta9s4 ,%e is ,um ,haimavat1 ! daught] ( ! ,himalayas1 & ,prvat1 %e ( ! m\nta9s1 & 0 p]haps orig9ally a sacr$ peak4 ,9 an int]e/+ b brief passage ( ! ,k5a ,upani%ad 7,,iii4 #ab & ,,iv4 #a7 ,um ,haimavat expla9s to ! gods t a be+ :om !y d n "k is ,brahman4 ,9 lat] times we he> ( a simil> goddess 9 ! ,v9dhyas1 ,mahrn ,v9dhyev>1 :o 0 connect$ ) human sacrifices & ,?ugs4#fhh iva's consort1 l h] ,"l1 has _m =ms classifi$ z :ite or b5ignant & black or t]rible4 ,um belongs to ! =m] class b ! latt] 7su* z ,kl1 ,durg1 ,cmund1 ,c& & ,k>al7 are m important4#fhi ,female deities be>+ names l ^! are wor%ipp$ 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,india1 lit]ally f ! ,himalaya to ,cape ,comor91 = ! latt] "n is d]iv$ f ,kumr1 ! ,virg9 goddess4#fij ,b ! names kta & ktism are usually re/rict$ to ^? sects 9 ,b5gal & ,assam :o wor%ip ! ,consort ( iva ) ! rites prescrib$ 9 ! ,tantras4 ktism reg>ds ! goddess z ! active manife/ation ( ! godhead4 ,z su* %e is /yl$ akti1 or en]gy 7:5ce ! "n kta71 & is also id5tifi$ ) ,my1 ! p[] :i* is associat$ ) ,brahman & br+s ! ph5om5al _w into be+4 ,simil> ideas appe> 9 a philosophic =m 9 ! ,snkhya tea*+4 ,"h ! s\l is mascul9e & passive3 its task is to extricate & isolate itself4 ,b ,prakriti or ,nature is fem99e & active3 to h] is due ! evolution ( ! univ]se3 %e involves ! s\l 9 actions :i* cause pa9 b %e also helps ! "w ( lib]ation4#fia ,9 its fully develop$ =m ! doctr9e ( ! ,tantras tea*es t akti is n an emanation or aspect ( ! deity4 ,!re is no di/9ction betwe5 ,brahman & akti4 ,%e is ,p>abrahman & p>tp>1 ,supreme ( ! ,supreme4 ,! bir?place ( ktism z a def9ite sect seems to h be5 nor?-ea/]n ,india#fib & ?\gh x is said to be ext5d+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 its pres5t sph]e ( influ5ce is /ill *iefly ,b5gal & ,assam4#fic ,! population ( ^! c\ntries is n ,aryan 7?\gh ! ,b5gali language be>s witness to ! /rong ,aryan influ5ce :i* has prevail$ !re7 & is l>gely compos$ ( immigrants f ! nor? belong+ to ! ,tibeto-,burman1 ,mon-,khm] & ,%an families4 ,^! tribes rema9 di/9ct 9 ,assam b ! ,b5gali repres5ts ! fusion ( su* invad]s ) a ,munda or ,dravidian race1 leav5$ by a little ,aryan blood 9 ! high] ca/es4 ,9 all ?is region we he> ( no anci5t ,brahmanic settlem5ts1 no anci5t c5tres ( ,v$ic or ev5 ,puranic le>n+#fid & :5 ,buddhism decay$ no body ( ,brahmanic tradition su* z exi/$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,india impos$ its au?ority on ! writ]s ( ! ,tantras4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day ! wor%ip ( female spirits1 only half ackn[l$g$ by ! ,brahmans1 prevails among ^! p1 & 9 ! pa/ ! national deities ( _m tribes 7 goddesses :o 7 propitiat$ ) human sacrifices4 ,?us ! ,*utiyas ( ,sadiya us$ to adore a goddess1 call$ ,kesai ,khati--! eat] ( raw fle%4 ,! rites ( ^! deities 7 orig9ally p]=m$ by tribal prie/s1 b z ,h9du influ5ce spread1 ! ,brahmans gradually took *>ge ( !m )\t modify+ _! "* 9 ess5tials4 ,popul> ,b5gali poetry repres5ts ^! goddesses z desir+ wor%ip & feel+ t !y are slight$3 !y p]secute ^? :o ignore !m1 b %[] bless+s on _! wor%ipp]s1 ev5 on ! obdurate :o are at la/ compell$ to d !m homage4 ,! language ( my?ology c\ld n describe m cle>ly ! endeav\rs ( a plebeian cult to obta9 recognition4#fie ,! ,mahbhrata conta9s hymns to ,durg 9 :i* %e is said to love (f]+s ( fle% & w9e1#fif b x is n likely t ktism or ,tantrism--t is a sy/em ) special scriptures & doctr9es--0 preval5t be=e ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d4 = ! ,tantras are n m5tion$ by ! ,*9ese pilgrims & ! lexicon ,am>a ,ko%a 7p]haps c4 #ejj ,a4,d47 does n recognize ! ^w z a designation ( religi\s books4 ,bna 7c4 #fcj7 gives m ?an once 9 8 romances li/s ( sect>ies b ?\gh he m5tions ,bhgavatas & ,pupatas1 he does n speak ( aktas4#fig ,on ! o!r h& ,tantrism infect$ ,buddhism soon aft] ?is p]iod4 ,! e>li] ,tibetan translations ( ! ,tantras are attribut$ to ! n9? c5tury4 ,,mss4 ( ! ,kubjikmata & o!r ,tantras are said to date f ! n9? & ev5 f ! sev5? c5tury & tradition repres5ts ,sank>crya z hav+ conte/s ) ktas4#fih ,b _m ,tantras 7 writt5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury & ev5 lat]1 = ! ,yog9i ,tantra alludes to ! ,ko* k+ ,bi%wa ,s+h 7#aeae-aedj7 & ! ,m]u ,tantra m5tions ,london & ! ,engli%4 ,f ! twelf? to ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ,buddhism1 itself deeply infect$ ) ,tantrism1 0 disappe>+1 ktism 0 probably ! mo/ p[]ful religion 9 ,b5gal1 b ,vi%nuism 0 ga9+ /r5g? & aft] ! "t ( ,caitanya prov$ a =midable rival to x4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury we he> t ! k+ ( ! ,ahoms summon$ ,brahmans to 8 ,c\rt & adopt$ _m ,h9du rites & beliefs1 & f ?is "t onw>d ktism 0 patroniz$ by mo/ ( ! ,assamese ,rajas al?\gh aft] #aeej ,vi%nuism became ! religion ( ! mass ( ! p4 ktism nev] inspir$ any popul> or mission>y movem5t1 b x 0 p[]ful among ! ari/ocracy & in/igat$ p]secutions aga9/ ! ,vi%nuites4 ,! m respectable ,tantras#fii %[ consid]able resemblance to ! lat] ,upani%ads su* z ! ,nris9hatpanya & ,rmat-panya1 :i* m5tion akti 9 ! s5se ( creative en]gy4#gjj ,bo? classes ( works treat ( magical =mul 7mantras7 & ! con/ruction ( my/ic diagrams or yantras4 ,?is resemblance does n give u mu* assi/ance 9 *ronology1 = ! dates ( ! lat] ,upani%ads are v unc]ta91 b x %[s h[ ! ,tantras are connect$ ) o!r bran*es ( ,h9du ?\ght4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,tantras & ,purnz is n always well-m>k$4 ,! ,bhgavata ,purna c\nt5ances tantric rites#gja & ! ,agni ,purna 7f *apt] ,,xxi onw>ds7 be>s a /rong resemblance to a ,tantra4 ,z a rule ! ,tantras conta9 less hi/orical & leg5d>y matt] ?an ! ,purnz & m directions z to ritual4 ,b :]eas ! ,purnz approve ( bo? ,v$ic rites & o!rs1 ! ,tantras insi/ t c]emonies o!r ?an ^? :i* !y prescribe are n[ useless4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ea* age ( ! _w has its own special revelation & t 9 ?is age ! ,tantra-/ra is ! only scripture4 ,?us 9 ! ,mahnirvna ,tantra iva says3#gjb ,! fool :o w\ld foll[ o!r doctr9es he$less ( m9e is z great a s9n] z a p>ricide or ! murd]] ( a ,brahman or ( a woman4444 ,! ,v$ic rites & mantras :i* 7 efficaci\s 9 ! fir/ age h ceas$ to h p[] 9 ?is4 ,!y are n[ z p[]less z snakes ^: fangs h be5 drawn & are l dead ?+s4 ,! ,kulrnava ,tantra 7,i4 #gi ff47 inveighs aga9/ ^? :o ?9k !y w obta9 salvation by ,v$ic sacrifices or asceticism or read+ sacr$ books1 :]eas x c be won only by tantric rites4 ,v>i\s li/s ( ,tantras are giv5 & x is g5]ally admitt$ t _m h be5 lo/4 ,! mo/ complete1 b some:at !oretical enum]ation#gjc divides ,india & ! adjo9+ l&s into ?ree regions to ea* ( :i* sixty-f\r ,tantras are assign$4 ,! be/ kn[n names are p]haps ,mahnirvna1#gjd ,sradtilaka1#gje ,yog91 ,kulrnava#gjf & ,rudra-,ymala4 ,a ,tantra is g5]ally ca/ 9 ! =m ( a dialogue 9 :i* iva in/ructs 8 consort b sometimes vice v]s4 ,x is said t ! =m] class are correctly describ$ z gamas & ! works :]e ! akti addresses iva z ,nigamas4#gjg ,"s are also call$ ,ymalas & ,dm>as b ,i h f\nd no def9ition ( ! mean+ ( ^! words4 ,! ,prapacasra ,tantra#gjh pr(esses to be a revelation f ,nryana4 ktism & ! ,tantras :i* tea* x are g5]ally condemn$ by ,h9dus ( o!r sects4#gji ,x is arguable t ?is condemnation is unju/1 = l o!r =ms ( ,h9duism ! ,tantras make ! lib]ation ( ! s\l _! object & prescribe a life ( religi\s obs]vances includ+ asceticism & m$itation1 aft] :i* ! adept becomes releas$ ev5 9 ?is life4 ,b h[ev] mu* new tantric lit]ature may be made accessible 9 future1 ,i d\bt if imp>tial criticism w come to any op9ion except t ktism & ,tantrism collect & emphasize :at is sup]ficial1 trivial & ev5 bad 9 ,indian religion1 omitt+ or neglect+ its high] sides4 ,if = in/ance ! ,mahnirvna ,tantra :i* is a good specim5 ( ^! works be comp>$ ) ank>a's comm5t>y on ! ,v$nta ,stras1 or ! poems ( ,tulsi ,das1 x w be se5 t x is woefully defici5t 9 ! excell5ces ( ei!r4 ,b _m tantric treatises are *iefly conc]n$ ) *>ms1 spells1 amulets & o!r magical me?ods ( obta9+ weal?1 caus+ or av]t+ disease & de/roy+ enemies1 processes :i* ev5 if efficaci\s h no?+ to d ) ! bett] side ( religion4#gaj ,! religi\s life prescrib$ 9 ! ,tantras#gaa comm5ces ) initiation & requires ! sup]vision ( ! ,guru4 ,! object ( x is ,siddhi or success1 ! highe/ =m ( :i* is spiritual p]fection4 ,siddhi is produc$ by ,sdhana1 or t me?od ( tra9+ ! physical & psy*ic faculties :i* realizes _! pot5tialities4 ,tantric tra9+ assumes a c]ta9 con/itution ( ! univ]se & ! repetition 9 m9iature ( ?is con/itution 9 ! human body :i* conta9s v>i\s n]v\s c5tres & subtle *annels = ! passage ( en]gy unkn[n to vulg> anatomy4 ,?us ! akti :o p]vades ! univ]se is also pres5t 9 ! body z ,kundal91 a s]p5t9e coil ( en]gy1 & x is "p ( ,sdhana to ar\se ?is en]gy & make x m\nt f ! l[] to ! high] c5tres4 ,kundal9 is also pres5t 9 s\nds & 9 lett]s4 ,h5ce if diff]5t p>ts ( ! body are t\*$ to ! accompanim5t ( appropriate mantras 7:i* rite is call$ nysa7 ! v>i\s aktis are made to dwell 9 ! human frame 9 suitable positions4 ,! ,tantras recognize t human be+s are n equal & t codes & rituals mu/ v>y accord+ to temp]am5t & capacity4 ,?ree conditions ( m51 call$ ! animal1 h]oic & div9e1#gab are (t5 m5tion$ & are said to *>act]ize ?ree p]iods ( life--y\?1 manhood & age1 or ?ree classes ( mank9d1 non-tantri/s1 ord9>y tantri/s1 & adepts4 ,^! ?ree conditions cle>ly correspond to ! ?ree ,gunz4 ,also m51 or r ,h9dus1 belong to "o ( sev5 gr\ps1 or /ages1 accord+ to ! religi\s practices :i* x is be/ = !m to foll[4 kti/s app>5tly demur#gac to ! /atem5t commonly made by ,indians z well z by ,europeans t !y are divid$ into two sects ! ,dak%9cr9s1 or "r-h& wor%ipp]s1 ^: ritual is public & dec5t1 & ! ,vmcr9s :o meet to engage 9 secret b admitt$ly immoral orgies4 ,b = practical purposes ! division is j1 al?\gh x mu/ n be suppos$ t ,dak%9cr9s necess>ily condemn ! secret wor%ip4 ,!y may consid] x z good = o!rs b n = !mselves4 kti/s app>5tly w\ld pref] to /ate ! matt] ?us4 ,!re are sev5 /ages ( religion4 ,fir/ come ,v$ic1 ,vi%nuite & ivaite wor%ip1 all ?ree inf]ior1 & !n ,dak%9cra1 int]pret$ z mean+ fav\rable wor%ip1 t is fav\rable to ! accompli%m5t ( high] purposes1 because ! wor%ipp] n[ beg9s to und]/& ! nature ( ,dev1 ! great goddess4 ,^! f\r k9ds ( wor%ip are all said to belong to pravritti or active life4 ,! o!r ?ree1 consid]$ to be high]1 require a special initiation & belong to nivritti1 ! pa? ( return 9 :i* passion & activity are suppress$4#gad ,& "h is prop\nd$ ! doctr9e t passion c be de/roy$ & exhau/$ by passion1#gae t is to say t ! impulses ( eat+1 dr9k+ & sexual int]c\rse are be/ subjugat$ by indulg+ !m4 ,! fif? /age1 9 :i* ?is me?od is fir/ adopt$1 is call$ ,vmcra4#gaf ,9 ! six?1 or ,siddhntcra1#gag ! adept becomes m & m free f passion & prejudice & is f9ally able to ent] ,kaulcra1 ! highe/ /age ( all4 ,a ,kaula is "o :o has pass$ beyond all sects & belongs to none1 s9ce he has ! k ( ,brahman4 ,possess+ m]ely ! =m ( man1 he moves ab\t ?is e>? = ! salvation ( ! _w & ! in/ruction ( m54#gah ,^! are aspirations common to all ,indian religion4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! ,tantras is to suppose t a ritual :i* is %ock+ to mo/ ,h9dus is an indisp5sable prelim9>y to _! atta9m5t4#gai ,its ess5tial feature is kn[n z pancatattva1 ! five elem5ts1 or pancamakra ! five m's1 because !y all beg9 ) t lett]1 namely1 madya1 mmsa1 matsya1 mudr1 & mai?una1 w9e1 meat1 fi%1 p>*$ gra9 & copulation4 ,! celebration ( ?is ritual takes place at midnight1 & is call$ cakra or circle4 ,! proce$+s beg9 by ! devotees seat+ !mselves 9 a circle & are said to t]m9ate 9 an indiscrim9ate orgy4 ,x is only fair to say t "s ,tantras inveigh aga9/ drunk5ness & au?orize only mod]ate dr9k+4#gbj ,9 all cases x is ess5tial t ! w9e1 fle%1 etc41 %\ld be =mally d$icat$ to ! goddess3 )\t ?is prelim9>y indulg5ce 9 ^! pleasures is s9ful4 ,inde$ x may be said t ap>t f ! c]emonial :i* !y inculcate1 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! ,tantras brea! a lib]al & intellig5t _s4 ,ca/e re/rictions are m9imiz$3 travell+ is p]mitt$4 ,wom5 are hon\r$3 !y c act z tea*]s3 ! burn+ ( wid[s is =bidd53#gba girl wid[s may rem>ry#gbb & ! murd] ( a woman is peculi>ly he9\s4 ,pro/itution is d5\nc$4 ,:]eas ,*ri/ianity is sometimes accus$ ( re/rict+ its high] code to ,*ur* & ,sundays1 ! opposite may be said ( ,tantrism4 ,outside ! temple its morality is excell5t4 ,a "w l ! ,mahnirvna ,tantra pres5ts a ref9$ =m ( ktism modifi$1 s f> z may be1 9 con=mity ) ord9>y ,h9du usage4#gbc ,b o!r features indubitably connect x ) aborig9al cults4 ,= in/ance !re is a leg5d :i* relates h[ ! body ( ! akti 0 cut into pieces & scatt]$ ov] ,assam & ,b5gal4 ,?is /ory has an unc\? & b>b>\s air & seems out ( place ev5 9 ,puranic my?ology4 ,x recalls ! tales told ( ,osiris1 ,orpheus & ,halfdan ! ,black#gbd & may be ultimately traceable to ! idea t ! dismemb]m5t ( a deity or a human repres5tative ensures f]tility4 ,until rec5tly ! ,khonds ( ,b5gal us$ to hack human victims 9 pieces z a sacrifice to ! ,e>? ,goddess & ?r[ ! %r$s ( fle% on ! fields to secure a good h>ve/4#gbe ,9 ,sanskrit lit]ature ,i h n f\nd any au?ority = ! dismemb]m5t ( ,sat e>li] ?an ! ,tantras or ,upapurnz 7e4g4 ,klik71 b ?is late appe>ance does n mean t ! leg5d is late 9 itself b m]ely t x 0 n c\nt5anc$ by ,sanskrit writ]s until m$ieval times4 ,v>i\s reasons = ! dismemb]m5t are giv5 & ! incid5t is r awkw>dly tack$ on to o!r /ories4 ,"o common v]sion relates t :5 ,sat 7"o ( ! _m =ms ( akti7 di$ ( vexation because h] husb& iva 0 insult$ by h] fa!r ,dak%a1 iva took up h] corpse & w&]$ di/ract$ly c>ry+ x on 8 %\ld]4#gbf ,9 ord] to /op ?is p5ance ,vi%nu foll[$ him & cut (f pieces f ! corpse ) 8 quoit until ! :ole _h fall5 to e>? 9 fifty-"o pieces4 ,! spots :]e ^! pieces t\*$ ! gr\nd are held sacr$ & call$ p?s4 ,at mo/ ( !m are %[n a rock suppos$ to repres5t "s portion ( ! goddess's body & "s object call$ a bhairabi1 left by iva z a gu>dian to protect h] & (t5 tak+ ! =m ( a l+am4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! p?s are ,kmkhy ne> ,gauhati1 ,faljur 9 ! ,ja9tia ,p>ganas1 & ,kalighat 9 ,calcutta4#gbg ,?\gh ! akti ( iva is !oretically "o1 yet s9ce %e assumes _m =ms %e becomes 9 practice _m deities or r %e is _m deities comb9$ 9 "o or sometimes a sov]eign att5d$ by a ret9ue ( simil> female spirits4 ,among su* =ms we f9d ! t5 ,mahvidys1 or p]sonifications ( h] sup]natural k2 ! ,mahmtris1 ,mtriks or ! ,great ,mo!rs1 alli$ to ! aborig9al goddesses already m5tion$2 ! ,nyakas or mi/resses2 ! ,yog9s or sorc]esses1 & fi5ds call$ ,dk9s4 ,b ! mo/ popul> ( h] manife/ations are ,durg & ,kl4 ,! sects :i* rev]e ^! goddesses are ! mo/ important religi\s bodies 9 ,b5gal1 :]e !y numb] ?irty-five million adh]5ts4 ,! ,durgpja is ! greate/ fe/ival ( ! ye> 9 nor?-ea/]n ,india#gbh & 9 ! temple ( ,kalighat at ,calcutta may be se5 ! s+ul> spectacle ( educat$ ,h9dus decapitat+ goats be=e ! image ( ,kl4 ,x is a black female figure ) gap+ m\? & protrud$ tongue danc+ on a pro/rate body1#gbi & adorn$ ) skulls & horrid emblems ( de/ruction4 ,( h] f\r h&s two c>ry a sword & a sev]$ head b ! o!r two are ext5d$ to give bless+ & protection to h] wor%ipp]s4 ,s great is ! cr[d ( en?usia/ic suppliants t x is (t5 h>d to approa* ! %r9e & ! nationali/ p>ty 9 ,b5gal :o clam\r = p>liam5t>y in/itutions are among ! goddess's devotees4 ,x is easy to criticize & condemn ?is wor%ip4 ,its outw>d signs are repulsive to ,europeans & its inn] mean+ /range1 = ev5 ^? :o pray to ! ,madonna are />tl$ by ! idea t ! div9e nature is ess5tially fem99e4#gcj ,yet ?is idea has deep roots 9 ! he>t ( ,b5gal & ) x ano!r idea3 ! t]rors ( dea?1 plague & /orm are half b only half revelations ( ! goddess-"m :o c be smil+ & t5d] z well4 ,:atev] may be ! orig9 ( ,kl & ( ! /range images :i* repres5t h]1 %e is n[ no %e-devil :o ne$s to be propitiat$1 b a rem9d] t bir? & dea? are tw9s1 t ! horrors ( ! _w come f ! same s\rce z its grace & beauty & t *e]ful acceptance ( ! deity's t]rible manife/ations is an ess5tial "p ( ! high] spiritual life4#gca ,^! ideas are be/ express$ 9 ! songs ( ,rma ,prasda ,s5 7#agah-agge7 :i* /ill reign supreme 9 ! villages ( ,b5gal & %[ t ?is /range wor%ip has really a hold on millions ( ,indian ru/ics4#gcb ,! directness & *ildlike simplicity ( 8 poems h caus$ an ,indian critic to comp>e him to ,blake4 ,?\gh ! "m beat ! *ild1 he s+s1 ! *ild cries "m1 "m1 & cl+s /ill tight] to h] g>m5t4 ,true1 ,i _c see !e1 yet ,i am n a lo/ *ild4 ,i /ill cry "m1 "m4 ,all ! mis]ies t ,i h suff]$ & am suff]+1 ,i "k1 ,o "m1 to be y\r m]cy alone4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i _c fully sympa?ize ) ?is wor%ip1 ev5 :5 x is sung 9 ! hymns ( ,rma ,prasda1 b x is cle> t he makes x tol]able j because he ?r[s aside all ! magic & ritual ( ! ,tantras & deals /raight ) :at are = him elem5tal & emotional facts4 ,he makes ev5 sceptics feel t he has really se5 ,god 9 ?is /range guise4 ,! *ief sanctu>y ( ktism is at ,kmkhy 7or ,kmk%7 on a hill :i* /&s on ! banks ( ! ,brahmaputra1 ab\t two miles bel[ ,gauhati4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,padma ,purna4 ,! temples h be5 rebuilt sev]al times1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 7 munific5tly end[$ by an ,ahom k+1 & plac$ "u ! managem5t ( a ,brahman f ,nadia 9 ,b5gal1 ) rev]sion to 8 desc5dants :o be> ! title ( ,p>batiya ,gosa9s4 ,consid]able e/ates are /ill assign$ to _! upkeep4 ,!re are t5#gcc %r9es on ! hill d$icat$ to v>i\s =ms ( ! akti4 ,! situation is magnific5t1 comm&+ an ext5sive prospect ov] ! ,brahmaputra & ! pla9s on ei!r bank1 b none ( ! build+s are ( mu* ar*itectural m]it4 ,! l>ge/ & be/ is ! temple d$icat$ to ,kmkhy h]self1 ! goddess ( sexual desire4 ,x is ( ! /yle usual 9 nor!rn ,india1 an unlight$ %r9e surm\nt$ by a dome1 & approa*$ by a r ample ve/ibule1 :i* is also imp]fectly light$4 ,an inscription has be5 pres]v$ record+ ! re/oration ( ! temple ab\t #aeej b only ! pres5t basem5t dates f t "t1 mo/ ( ! sup]-/ructure be+ rec5t4 ,europeans may n ent] b an image ( ! goddess c be se5 f a side door4 ,9 ! dep?s ( ! %r9e is said to be a cleft 9 ! rock1 ador$ z ! ,yoni ( akti4 ,9 front ( ! temple are two po/s to :i* a goat is ti$1 & decapitat$ daily at noon4 ,bel[ ! pr9cipal %r9e is ! temple ( ,bhairav4 ,human sacrifices 7 (f]$ "h 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 & x is n d5i$ t !y w\ld be (f]$ n[ if ! law all[$4 ,also x is n d5i$ t ! rites ( ! five m's already m5tion$ are frequ5tly p]=m$ 9 ^! temples1 & t ,aghoris may be f\nd 9 !m4 ,! spot attracts a consid]able numb] ( pilgrims f ,b5gal1 & a weal?y devotee has built a villa on ! hill & pays visits to x = ! purpose ( tak+ "p 9 ! rites4 ,i 0 in=m$ t ! mo/ e/eem$ scriptures ( ! sect are ! ,yog9 ,tantra1 ! ,mahnirvna ,tantra1 & ! ,klik ,purna4 ,?is la/ "w conta9s a section or *apt] on blood1#gcd :i* gives rules = ! p]=mance ( human sacrifices4 ,x /ates h[ev] t !y %\ld n be p]=m$ by ! fir/ ?ree ca/es1 :i* is p]haps a way ( say+ t ?\gh !y may be p]=m$ by non-,aryans "u ,brahmanic auspices !y =m no "p ( ! ,aryan religion4 ,b !y are recomm5d$ to pr9ces & m9i/]s & %\ld n be p]=m$ )\t ! cons5t ( pr9ces4 ,! ritual be>s little resemblance to ! ,v$ic sacrifices & ! ess5ce ( ! c]emony is ! pres5tation to ! goddess ( ! victim's sev]$ head 9 a vessel ( gold1 silv]1 copp]1 brass or wood b n ( iron4 ,! axe ) :i* ! decapitation is to be p]=m$ is solemnly consecrat$ to ,kl & ! victim is wor%ipp$ be=e immolation4 ,! sacrific] fir/ ?9ks ( ,brahm & ! o!r gods z be+ pres5t 9 ! victim's body1 & !n prays to him directly z be+ all ! gods 9 "o4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done says iva1 :o is repres5t$ z himself reveal+ ^! rules1 ! victim is ev5 z myself4 ,?is id5tification ( ! human victim ) ! god has _m analogies else:]e1 p>ticul>ly among ! ,khonds4#gce ,x is rem>kable t ?is b>b>\s & immoral wor%ip1 ?\gh look$ at askance except 9 its own holy places1 is by no means conf9$ to ! l[] ca/es4 ,a s]ies ( apologies compos$ 9 excell5t ,engli% 7b sometimes anonym\s7 atte/ ! sympa?y ( ! educat$4 ,s f> z !ology & metaphysics are conc]n$1 ^! def5ces are plausible4 ,! akti is id5tifi$ ) ,prakriti or ) ! ,my ( ! ,advaita philosophy & def9$ z ! en]gy1 coexi/5t ) ,brahman1 :i* creates ! _w4 ,b attempts to palliate ! c]emonial1 su* z ! argum5t t x is a consecration & limitation ( ! appetites because !y may be gratifi$ only 9 ! s]vice ( ! goddess1 are n conv9c+4 ,nor d ! ktas1 :5 able to pr(ess _! fai? op5ly1 d5y ! nature ( _! rites or ! importance atta*$ to !m4 ,an (t-quot$ tantric v]se repres5ts iva z say+ ,mai?un5a mahyog mama tulyo na samayah4 ,& = practical purposes t is ! gi/ ( kti/ tea*+4 ,! temples ( ,kmkhy leave a disagreeable impression--an impression ( d>k evil haunts ( lu/ & blood%$1 ak9 to madness & unreliev$ by any grace or vig\r ( art4 ,= !re is no attempt 9 !m to repres5t ! t]rible or voluptu\s aspects ( ,h9duism1 su* z f9d expression 9 sculpture else:]e4 ,all ! build+s1 & especially ! mod]n temple ( ,kl1 :i* 0 9 process ( con/ruction :5 ,i saw ! place1 te/ify to ! atrophy & p>alysis produc$ by erotic =ms ( religion 9 ! arti/ic & intellectual sph]es1 a ph5om5on :i* f9ds ano!r sad illu/ration 9 q diff]5t !ological surr\nd+s among ! ,vallabhcrya sect at ,gokul ne> ,muttra4 ,x w\ld be a poor s]vice to ,india to palliate ! evils & extravagances ( ktism1 b /ill x mu/ be made cle> t x is n a m]e survival ( b>b>ic practices4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,tantras are good ,h9dus & decl>e t _! object is to tea* lib]ation & union ) ! ,supreme ,_s4 ,! ec/asies induc$ by tantric rites produce ?is "h 9 a prelim9>y =m to be made p]fect 9 ! lib]at$ s\l4 ,?is is n ! craze ( a few hy/]ical devotees1 b ! fai? ( millions among :om _m are well educat$4 ,9 "s aspects ktism is simil> to ! erotic ,vi%nuite sects1 b !re is little real analogy 9 _! ways ( ?9k+4 ,= ! ess5ce ( ,vi%nuism is passionate devotion & self-surr5d] to a deity & ?is idea is n prom95t 9 ! ,tantras4 ,! /range inconsi/5cies ( ktism are ( ! k9d :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ,h9duism z a :ole1 b ! contra/s are m viol5t & ! mon/rosities m conspicu\s ?an else:]e2 wild leg5ds & metaphysics are mix$ toge!r1 & ! peace t passes all und]/&+ is to be obta9$ by orgies & (f]+s ( blood4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #fhj3 ,see also *ap4 ,,xxiv4 z to ktism & ,tantrism 9 ,buddhism4 ,copi\s mat]ials = ! /udy ( ktism & ,tantrism are be+ made available 9 ! s]ies ( tantric texts edit$ 9 ,sanskrit & ,tibetan1 & 9 "s cases translat$ by ! au?or :o uses ! pseudonym ,a4 ,avalon4 ,footnote #fha3 ,see ,annales du ,muse ,guimet1 ,tome ,,viii4 ,si-,d-,9-,dzon4 ,ge/es de l'(ficiant dans les crmonies my/iques des sectes ,t5dai et ,s+on1 #ahii4 ,footnote #fhb3 ,see ,und]hill1 ,my/icism1 *aps4 ,,vi4 & ,,vii4 ,footnote #fhc3 ,see ,dhalla1 ,zoroa/rian ,!ology1 p4 #aaf4 ,footnote #fhd3 ,specially ,a?4 ,v$a1 ,,xii4 #a4 ,footnote #fhe3 ,village deities 9 s\? ,india at ! pres5t day are usually female4 ,see ,:itehead1 ,village ,gods1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #fhf3 ,?us ,cnd is consid]$ z id5tical ) ! wood goddess ,bsul1 wor%ipp$ 9 ! jungles ( ,b5gal & ,orissa4 ,see ,j4,a4 #ahgc1 p4 #ahg4 ,footnote #fhg3 ,vaj4 ,sanh4 #c4 #eg & ,taittir4 ,br4 ,i4 #f4 #aj4 #d4 ,footnote #fhh3 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ,i4 #fc4 ,moni] ,williams1 ,brahm4 & ,h9duism1 p4 #eg gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! %r9e ( ,kl at ,v9dhycal said to h be5 =m]ly frequ5t$ by ,?ugs4 ,footnote #fhi3 ,?is idea t deities h diff]5t aspects 9 :i* !y practically become diff]5t p]sons is v preval5t 9 ,tibetan my?ology :i* is borr[$ f m$ieval ,b5gal4 ,footnote #fij3 ,?\gh !re are great temples erect$ to goddesses 9 ,s4 ,india1 !re are also "s signs ( ho/ility to ktism4 ,see ! curi\s leg5ds ab\t an att5dant ( iva call$ ,bhr9gi :o w\ld n wor%ip ,prvat4 ,hultzs*1 ,s\? ,indian ,inscriptions1 ,,ii4 ii4 p4 #aij4 ,footnote #fia3 ,!re is a curi\s t5d5cy 9 ,india to reg>d ! male pr9ciple z quiesc5t1 ! female z active & /imulat+4 ,! ,*9ese1 :o are equally fond ( us+ ^! two pr9ciples 9 _! cosmological speculations1 adopt ! opposite view4 ,! ,yang 7male7 is positive & active4 ,! ,y9 7female7 is negative & passive4 ,footnote #fib3 ,! ,mahnirvna ,tantra seems to h be5 compos$ 9 ,b5gal s9ce x recomm5ds = sacrificial purposes 7,,vi4 #g7 ?ree k9ds ( fi% said to be *>act]i/ic ( t region4 ,on ! o!r h& ,buddhi/ works call$ ,tantras are said to h be5 compos$ 9 nor?-we/]n ,india4 ,udyna _h an old reputation = magic & ev5 9 mod]n times ktism exi/s 9 we/]n ,tibet & ,leh4 ,x is highly probable t 9 all ^! di/ricts ! practice ( magic & ! wor%ip ( m\nta9 goddesses 7 preval5t1 b ,i f9d little evid5ce t a def9ite kta sect arose else:]e ?an 9 ,b5gal & ,assam or t ! kti/ corruption ( ,buddhism prevail$ else:]e ?an 9 ,magadha & ,b5gal4 ,footnote #fic3 ,b ! ,brahmans ( isolat$ localities1 l ,sat>a 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 are said to be ktas & ! ,knculiyas ( ,s4 ,india are describ$ z a kti/ sect4 ,footnote #fid3 ,! law-giv] ,baudhyana seems to h reg>d$ ,anga & ,vanga ) suspicion1 ,i4 #a4ac1 #ad4 ,footnote #fie3 ,see especially ! /ory ( ,manas ,devi 9 ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s5 7,b5g4 ,lang4 & ,lit4 #beg71 :o says ! e>lie/ lit]>y v]sion dates f ! twelf? c5tury4 ,b d\btless ! /ory is mu* old]4 ,footnote #fif3 ,virtap4 *ap4 ,,vi4 7n 9 all ,,mss474 ,bhi%map4 *ap4 ,,xxiii4 ,also 9 ! ,h>ivamsa1 vv4 #cbcf ff4 ,p>git] consid]s t ! ,dev-,mhtmya 0 probably compos$ 9 ! fif? or six? c5tury4 ,*ap4 ,,xxi4 ( ! ,lotus ,stra conta9s a spell invok+ a goddess "u _m names4 ,?\gh ?is *apt] is an addition to ! orig9al "w1 x 0 translat$ into ,*9ese betwe5 #bfe & #caf4 ,footnote #fig3 ,b he does m5tion ! wor%ip ( ! ,div9e ,mo!rs4 ,h>%ac>4 ,,vii4 #bej & ,kdamb4 #acd4 ,footnote #fih3 ,hymns to ! ,dev are also attribut$ to him b ,i d n "k :at evid5ce !re is = 8 au?or%ip4 ,footnote #fii3 ,z po9t$ out else:]e1 ?\gh ?is ^w is mo/ commonly us$ ( ! kta scriptures x is n re/rict$ to !m & we he> ( bo? ,buddhi/ & ,vai%nava ,tantras4 ,footnote #gjj3 ,! ,adhytma ,rmyana is an in/ance ( kti/ ideas 9 ano!r !ological sett+4 ,x is a ,vi%nuite "w b ,sit is made to say t %e is ,prakriti :o does all ! de$s relat$ 9 ! poem1 :]eas ,rma is ,puru%a1 inactive & a witness ( h] de$s4 ,footnote #gja3 ,,xi4 iii4 #dg-h2 ,,xi4 ,v4 #bh & #ca4 ,probably ,vi%nuite n kti/ ,tantras are meant b ! ,purana di/+ui%es betwe5 ,v$ic revelation meant = previ\s ages & tantric revelation meant = ! pres5t day4 ,s too ,kullka ,bhatta ! comm5tator on ,manu :o 0 a ,b5gali & probably liv$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury says 7on ,manu ,,ii4 i47 t ruti is tw(old1 ,v$ic & tantric4 rutisca dvividh vaidik tntrikca4 ,footnote #gjb3 ,,ii4 #ae4 ,footnote #gjc3 ,see = full li/ ,avalon1 ,pr9ciples ( ,tantra1 pp4 lxv-lxvii4 ,a collection ( ?irty-sev5 ,tantras has be5 publi%$ at ,calcutta by ,babu ,rasik ,mohun ,*att]jee & a few h be5 publi%$ sep>ately4 ,footnote #gjd3 ,translat$ by ,avalon1 #aiac1 also by ,manma?a ,na? ,dutt1 #aijj4 ,footnote #gje3 ,analys$ 9 ,j4,a4,o4,s4 ,,xxiii4 i4 #aijb4 ,footnote #gjf3 ,edit$ by ,tran?a ,vidyratna1 ) introduction by ,a4 ,avalon1 #aiag4 ,footnote #gjg3 ,see ,avalon1 ,pr9ciples ( ,tantra1 p4 lxi4 ,b ^! are probably special mean+s atta*$ to ! words by tantric s*ools4 ,nigama is f\nd pretty frequ5tly1 e4g4 ,manu1 ,,iv4 #ai & ,lalita-vi/>a1 ,,xii4 ,b x is n likely t x is us$ !re 9 ?is special s5se4 ,footnote #gjh3 ,edit$ by ,avalon1 #aiad4 ,footnote #gji3 ,satirical descriptions ( ktism are fairly anci5t1 e4g4 ,k>pura ,maj>1 ,h>v>d edition1 pp4 #be & #bcc4 ,footnote #gaj3 ,tantrism has "s analogy to ! ,fng-%ui or geomancy ( ! ,*9ese4 ,bo? take anci5t sup]/itions :i* seem incompatible ) sci5ce & sy/ematize !m into pseudo-sci5ces1 rema9+ bl9d to ! fact t ! subject-matt] is :olly imag9>y4 ,footnote #gaa3 ,= :at foll[s z = mu* else 9 ?is *apt]1 ,i am indebt$ to ,avalon's translation ( ! ,mahnirvna ,tantra & introduction4 ,footnote #gab3 ,pau-1 vra-1 divya-bhva4 ,footnote #gac3 ,avalon1 ,mahn4 ,tan4 pp4 lxxix1 lxxx4 ,footnote #gad3 ,! et]nal rhy?m ( ,div9e ,brea? is outw>ds f _s to matt] & inw>ds f matt] to _s4 ,dev z ,my evolves ! _w4 ,z ,mahmy %e recalls x to h]self4444 ,ea* ( ^! movem5ts is div9e4 ,enjoym5t & lib]ation are ea* h] gifts4 ,avalon1 ,mahn4 ,tan4 p4 cxl4 ,footnote #gae3 ,yair eva patanam dravyaih siddhis tair eva codit--,kulrnava ,tantra1 ,v4 #dh4 ,!re is probably some?+ simil> 9 ,taoism4 ,see ,wieg]1 ,hi/oire des ,croyances religieuses en ,*9e1 p4 #dji4 ,! ,indian ,tantri/s 7 aw>e ( ! dang]s ( _! sy/em & said x 0 z difficult z walk+ on ! edge ( a sword or hold+ a tig]4 ,footnote #gaf3 ,vmcra is said n to mean left-h& wor%ip b woman 7vm7 wor%ip4 ,?is int]pretation ( ,dak%9a & ,vmcra is probably fanciful4 ,footnote #gag3 ,sometimes two extra /ages ,aghora & ,yogcra are ins]t$ "h4 ,footnote #gah3 ,mahn4 ,tan4 ,x4 #ajh4 ,a ,kaula may pret5d to be a ,vai%nava or a aiva4 ,footnote #gai3 ,al?\gh ! ,tantras occasionally say t m]e ritual is n suffici5t = ! highe/ religions1 yet indisp5sable prelim9>y is (t5 und]/ood z mean+ sure means4 ,?us ! ,mahnirvna ,tantra 7,x4 #bjb1 ,avalon's transl47 says ,^? :o wor%ip ! ,kaulas ) panca tattva & ) he>t uplift$1 cause ! salvation ( _! ance/ors & !mselves atta9 ! highe/ end4 ,footnote #gbj3 ,b on ! o!r h& "s ,tantras or tantric treatises recomm5d crazy abom9ations4 ,footnote #gba3 ,mahnir4 ,tant4 ,x4 #gi4 ,bh>tr saha kuleni na dahet kulakm9im4 ,footnote #gbb3 ,ib4 ,,xi4 #fg4 ,footnote #gbc3 ,e4g4 ,x does n prescribe human sacrifices & c\nsels mod]ation 9 ! use ( w9e & mai?una4 ,footnote #gbd3 ,see ,fraz]'s ,adonis1 ,attis & ,osiris1 pp4 #bfi-bgc = ^! & o!r /ories ( dismemb]m5t4 ,footnote #gbe3 ,see ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh3 ,spirits ( ! ,corn1 vol4 ,i4 #bde & au?orities quot$4 ,footnote #gbf3 ,images repres5t+ ?is are common 9 ,assam4 ,footnote #gbg3 ,hsan ,*uang 7,walt]s1 vol4 ,i4 *ap4 ,,vii7 m5tions sev]al sacr$ places 9 ,n4,w4 ,india :]e ! ,buddha 9 a previ\s bir? 0 dismemb]$ or gave 8 fle% to fe$ mank9d4 ,c ^! places h be5 simil> to ! p?s ( ,assam & 7 ! orig9al h]oes ( ! leg5d deities :o 7 dismemb]$ l ,sat & subsequ5tly accommodat$ to ,buddhi/ !ology z ,bodhisattvas8 ,footnote #gbh3 ,x is an autumnal fe/ival4 ,a special image ( ! goddess is made :i* is wor%ipp$ = n9e days & !n ?r[n into ! riv]4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! fe/ival :i* makes its tantric "* v cle> see ,durg ,puja by ,pratapa*&ra ,gho%a1 ,calcutta1 #ahga4 ,footnote #gbi3 ,"o explanation giv5 is t %e 0 s elat$ ) h] victories ov] giants t %e began to dance :i* %ook ! ,univ]se4 iva 9 ord] to save ! _w plac$ himself b5ea? h] feet & :5 %e saw %e 0 trampl+ on h] husb&1 %e /opp$4 ,b !re are o!r explanations4 ,ano!r ( ! /rangely b>b>ic leg5ds :i* clu/] r\nd ! akti is illu/rat$ by ! figure call$ ,*9nama/ak4 ,x repres5ts ! goddess z c>ry+ h] own head :i* %e has j cut (f1 :ile f ! neck sp\t f\nta9s ( blood :i* are drunk by h] att5dants & by ! sev]$ head itself4 ,footnote #gcj3 ,yet ! ,engli% my/ic ,julian1 ! an*oress ( ,norwi* 7c4 #adjj71 insi/s on ! mo!rhood z well z ! fa!rhood ( ,god4 ,god is our "m1 bro!r & ,savi\r4 ,z v]ily ,god is our fa!r1 s v]ily ,god is our "m4 ,s too 9 an inscription f\nd at ,capua 7,c4,i4,n4 #cehj7 ,isis is address$ z una quae es omnia4 ,! ,p[] address$ 9 ,sw9burne's poems ,mat] ,triumphalis1 ,h]?a1 ,! ,pilgrims & ,dolores is really a conception v simil> to akti4 ,footnote #gca3 ,^! ideas f9d frequ5t expression 9 ! works ( ,bunkim ,*&ra ,*att]jee1 ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s5 & ,si/] ,niv$ita4 ,footnote #gcb3 ,see ,d9e% ,*&ra ,s51 ,hi/4 ,b5g4 ,lang1 & ,lit4 pp4 #gab-gba4 ,ev5 ! iconocla/ ,dev5drana? ,tagore speaks ( ! ,univ]sal ,"m4 ,see ,autobiog4 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #gcc3 ,s ,i 0 told1 b ,i saw only six1 :5 ,i visit$ ! place 9 #aiaj4 ,footnote #gcd3 ,rudhirdhyya4 ,translat$ 9 ,z4 ,rese>*es1 ,v4 #agih1 pp4 #cga-cia4 ,footnote #gce3 ,see ,fraz]1 op4 cit4 p4 #bdf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,h9du ,,philosophy ,philosophy is m closely connect$ ) religion 9 ,india ?an 9 ,europe4 ,x is n a dispassionate sci5tific inve/igation b a practical religi\s que/4 ,ev5 ! ,nyya s*ool1 :i* is conc]n$ *iefly ) =mal logic1 promises t by ! removal ( false k x c emancipate ! s\l & give ! bliss ( salvation4 ,nor are ! expressions sy/em or s*ool ( philosophy1 commonly us$ to r5d] d>ana1 altoge!r happy4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! root dri1 to see1 & means a way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,z su* a way ( look+ is suppos$ to be bo? compreh5sive & ord]ly1 x is m or less :at we call philosophical1 b ! po9ts ( view are s special & s v>i\s t ! result is n always :at we call a philosophical sy/em4 ,mdhava's#gcf li/ ( ,d>anas includes ,buddhism & ,ja9ism1 :i* are commonly reg>d$ z sep>ate religions1 z well z ! ,pupata & aiva1 :i* are sects ( ,h9duism4 ,! ,d>ana ( ,jaim9i is m]ely a discussion ( g5]al que/ions relat+ to sacrifices3 ! ,nyya ,d>ana exam9es logic & rhetoric3 ! ,pniniya ,d>ana treats ( gramm> & ! nature ( language1 b claims t x ought to be /udi$ z ! means = atta9+ ! *ief end ( man4#gcg ,six ( ! ,d>anas h receiv$ special prom95ce & are (t5 call$ ! six ,or?odox ,s*ools4 ,!y are ! ,nyya & ,vaie%ika1 ,snkhya & ,yoga1 ,prva & ,utt>a ,mmms1 or ,v$nta4 ,! re/ are ei!r comp>atively unimportant or are m conv5i5tly treat$ ( z religi\s sects4 ,! six plac$ on ! select li/ are suffici5tly miscellane\s & "o wond]s :at pr9ciple ( classification c h br\ght !m toge!r4 ,! fir/ two h little connection ) religion1 ?\gh !y put =w>d ! emancipation ( ! s\l z _! object1 & ,i h no space to discuss !m4 ,!y are h[ev] important z %[+ t realism has a place 9 ,indian ?\ght 9 spite ( its m>k$ t5d5cy to idealism4#gch ,!y are conc]n$ *iefly ) an exam9ation ( human faculties & ! objects ( k1 & are relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,! special doctr9e ( ! ,vaie%ika is ! !ory ( atoms ascrib$ to ,kanda4 ,x tea*es t matt] consi/s ( atoms 7anu7 :i* are et]nal 9 !mselves ?\gh all comb9ations ( !m are liable to decompose4 ,! ,snkhya & ,yoga are also relat$ & repres5t two aspects ( ! same sy/em :i* is ( great antiquity & alli$ to ,buddhism & ,ja9ism4 ,! two ,mmmss are consecutive expositions ( ! tea*+ scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,v$ic texts respect+ c]emonial & ! k ( ,god respectively4 ,! second ,mmms1 commonly call$ ! ,v$nta1 is by f> ! m int]e/+ & important4 ,! common feature 9 ^! six sy/ems :i* con/itutes _! or?odoxy is t !y all admit ! au?ority ( ! ,v$a4 ,?is implies m ?an our phrases revelation or inspiration ( ! ,bible4 ,mo/ ( ! ,d>anas atta* importance to ! pramnz1 s\rces or /&>ds ( k4 ,!y are v>i\sly enum]at$1 b "o ( ! olde/ def9itions makes !m ?ree3 p]ception 7pratyak%a71 inf]5ce 7anumna7 & scripture 7abda74 ,! ,v$a is ?us =mally ackn[l$g$ to h ! same au?ority z ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses4 ,) ?is is g5]ally c\pl$ ! doctr9e t x is et]nal4 ,x 0 n compos$ by human au?ors1 b is a body ( s\nd exi/+ f et]nity z "p ( ,brahman & brea!d out by him :5 he causes ! :ole creation to evolve at ! beg9n+ ( a _w p]iod4 ,! reput$ au?ors are simply ^? :o h1 9 ,indian language1 se5 portions ( ?is self-exi/5t tea*+4 ,?is doctr9e s\nds m reasonable if re/at$ 9 ! =m t words are ! expression ( ?\ght1 & t if ?\ght is ! et]nal ess5ce ( bo? ,brahman & ! s\l1 a simil> et]nity may atta* to words4 ,"s su* idea is ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 & 9 _m religions we f9d su* notions z t words h a creative efficacy1#gci or t he :o kn[s ! "n ( a ?+ has p[] ov] x4 ,among ,mohamm$ans ! ,koran is suppos$ to be n m]ely an inspir$ composition b a pre-exi/+ book1 reveal$ to ,mohamm$ piecemeal4 ,x is curi\s t bo? ! sacr$ texts--! ,v$a & ! ,koran--to :i* ?is sup]natural position is ascrib$ %\ld be collections ( obvi\sly human1 incongru\s1 & (t5 insignificant docum5ts connect$ ) p>ticul> occasions1 & 9 no way sugge/+ or claim+ t !y are ant]ior to ! ord9>y life ( man on e>?4 ,x is /ill m extraord9>y t sy/ems ( philosophy %\ld pr(ess to base !mselves on su* works4 ,b 9 reality ,h9du metaphysicians are n m b\nd by ! pa/ ?an _! colleagues 9 o!r l&s4 ,!y d n take scripture & ask :at x means1 b evolve _! own sy/ems & /ate t !y are 9 accordance ) x4 ,sometimes scripture is ignor$ 9 ! details ( argum5t4 ,m (t5 ! metaphysician writes a comm5t>y on x & boldly proves t x supports 8 views1 ?\gh its app>5t mean+ may be ho/ile4 ,x is cle> t _m philosophic comm5t>ies h be5 writt5 n because ! au?ors really drew _! inspiration f ! ,upani%ads or ,bhagavad-gt b because !y d>$ n neglect su* important texts4 ,all ! ,v$nti/ s*ools lab\r to prove t !y are 9 h>mony n only ) ! ,upani%ads b ) ! ,brahma-stras4 ,! philosoph]s ( ! ,snkhya are m deta*$ f lit]ature b ?\gh !y ignore ! exi/5ce ( ! deity1 !y ackn[l$ge ! ,v$a z a s\rce ( k4 ,_! recognition1 h[ev]1 has ! air ( a concession to ,brahmanic s5tim5t4 ,isolat$ !ories ( ! ,snkhya c be support$ by isolat$ passages ( ! ,upani%ads1 b no imp>tial critic c ma9ta9 t ! g5]al doctr9es ( ! two are compatible4 ,t ! ,brahmans %\ld h be5 will+ to admit ! ,snkhya z a possible =m ( or?odoxy is a te/imony bo? to its importance & to _! lib]ality4 ,x is rem>kable t ! te/ ( or?odoxy %\ld h be5 ! acceptance ( ! au?ority ( ! ,v$a & n a confession ( "s sort ( !ism4 ,b on ?is ! ,brahmans did n insi/4 ,! ,v$nta is truly & int5sely pan!i/ic or !i/ic1 b 9 ! o!r philosophies ! ,supreme ,be+ is ei!r elim9at$ or plays a small "p4 ,?us :ile works :i* seem to be m]ely sci5tific treatises 7l ! ,nyya7 set be=e !mselves a religi\s object1 o!r treatises1 seem+ly religi\s 9 scope1 ignore ! deity4 ,!re is a /rong & anci5t l9e ( ?\ght 9 ,india :i*1 bas+ itself on ! doctr9e ( ,k>ma1 or ! inevitable consequ5ces ( ! de$ once done1 lays /ress on ! efficacy ( c]emonies or ( asceticism or ( k )\t ref]5ce to a ,supreme ,be+ because1 if he exi/s1 he does n int]f]e ) ! work+s ( ,k>ma1 or ) ! p[] ( k to release f !m4 ,ev5 ! ,v$nta1 al?\gh 9 a way ! qu9tess5ce ( ,indian or?odoxy1 is n a s*ola/ic philosophy design$ to support recogniz$ dogma & ritual4 ,x is r ! or?odox me?od ( so>+ above ^! ?+s4 ,x contemplates f a high] level ! life ( religi\s obs]vances 7:i* is ! subject ( ! ,prva ,mmms7 & recognizes its value z a prelim9>y1 b yet rejects x z inadequate4 ,! ,sannysi or adept foll[s no ca/e obs]vances1 p]=ms no sacrifices1 reads no scriptures4 ,8 religion is to realize 9 m$itation ! true nature1 & x may be ! id5tity1 ( ! s\l & ,god4 ,good works are ( no m importance = him ?an rites1 ?\gh he does well to employ 8 "t 9 tea*+4 ,b ,k>ma has ceas$ to exi/ = him3 ! acts ( a ,yogi are nei!r black nor :ite1 !y h no moral quality nor consequ5ces4 ,?is is dang]\s language & ! doctr9e has sometimes be5 abus$4 ,b ! po9t ( ! tea*+ is n t a ,sannysi may d :at he likes b t he is p]fectly emancipat$ f mat]ial bondage4 ,mo/ m5 are b\nd by _! de$s2 e new act br+s consequ5ces :i* atta* ! do] to ! _w ( transmigration & create = him new exi/5ces4 ,b ! de$s ( ! man :o is really free h no su* trammell+ effects1 = !y are n prompt$ by desire nor direct$ to an object4 ,b s9ce to become free he mu/ h suppress$ all desire1 x is h>dly conceivable t he %\ld d any?+ :i* c\ld be call$ a s94 ,b ?is conviction t ! task ( ! sage is n to p]fect any =m ( good conduct b to rise above bo? good & evil1 imp>ts to ! ,d>anas & ev5 to ! ,upani%ads a s+ul>ly non-e?ical & deta*$ tone4 ,! ,yogi does no h>m b he has less b5evol5ce & active sympa?y ?an ! ,buddhi/ monk4 ,x 0 a feel+ t su* an attitude has its dang]s & is only = ! few :o h f\ght _! way to ! heights :]e x c safely be adopt$1 t l$ ! ,brahmans 9 all ages to lay /ress on ! h\sehold]'s life z ! prop] prep>ation = a philosophic old age4 ,despite utt]ances to ! contr>y1 !y nev] z a body approv$ ! ideal ( a life entirely devot$ to asceticism & n occupi$ ) social duties dur+ "o p]iod4 ,! extraord9>y ease ) :i* ! high] phases ( ,indian ?\ght %ake (f all =malities1 social1 religi\s & e?ical1 0 c\nt]balanc$ by ! multitud9\s regulations devis$ to keep ! majority 9 a law-abid+ life4 ,none ( ! six ,d>anas conc]n !mselves ) e?ics4 ,! m important deal ) ! transc5d5tal progress ( sages :o h av[$ly ab&on$ ! life ( works1 & ev5 ^? :i* treat ( t l[] life are occupi$ ) ritual & logic r ?an ) any?+ :i* c be t]m$ moral sci5ce4 ,we mu/ n inf] t ,indian lit]ature is altoge!r unmoral4 ,! doctr9e ( ,k>ma is int5sely e?ical & e?ical discussions are m prom95t 9 ! ,epics ?an 9 ,hom]1 besides be+ ! subject ( mu* gnomic & didactic poetry4 ,b !re is no mi/ak+ ! fact t ! ,h9du seeks = salvation by k4 ,he feels ! p[] ( de$s1 b x is only ! l[] happ9ess :i* lies 9 do+ good works & enjoy+ _! fruits4 ,! high] bliss consi/s 9 be+ entirely free f ! bondage ( de$s & ,k>ma4 ,all ! ,d>anas h z a common pr9ciple ?is idea ( ,k>ma ) ! att5dant doctr9es t rebir? is a consequ5ce ( action & t salvation is an escape f rebir?4 ,!y all treat m or less ( ! s\rces & /&>ds ( k1 & all recognize ! ,v$a z "o ( !m4 ,!re is n mu* m t c be said ( !m all 9 common1 = ! ,v$nta ignores matt] & ! ,snkhya ignores ,god1 b !y all %>e a conviction :i* pres5ts difficulties to ,europeans4 ,x is t ! /ate 9 :i* ! m9d ceases to ?9k discursively & is conc5trat$ on itself is n only desirable b ! summum bonum4 ,! ,european is incl9$ to say t su* a /ate is di/+ui%$ f non-exi/5ce only by n be+ p]man5t4 ,b ! ,h9du w h none ( ?is4 ,he holds t m9d & ?\ght are mat]ial ?\gh compos$ ( ! subtle/ matt]1 & t :5 ?\ght ceases1 ! immat]ial s\l 7puru%a or tman7 f> f be+ practically non-exi/5t is m truly exi/5t ?an be=e & enjoys untr\bl$ its own exi/5ce & its own nature4 ,( ! ?ree mo/ important sy/ems1 ! ,snkhya1 ,yoga & ,v$nta1 ! fir/ & la/ are on mo/ po9ts oppos$3 bo? are anci5t1 b p]haps ! products ( diff]5t intellectual c5tres4 ,9 "o s5se ! ,yoga may be describ$ z a !i/ic modification ( ! ,snkhya3 f ano!r & p]haps ju/] po9t ( view x appe>s r z a v anci5t sci5ce ( asceticism & contemplation1 susceptible ( comb9ation ) v>i\s metaphysical !ories4 #b ,we may consid] fir/ ( all ! ,snkhya4#gdj ,tradition ascribes its inv5tion to ,kapila1 b he is a m]e "n unconnect$ ) any date or o!r circum/ance4 ,x is probable t ! pr9cipal ideas ( ! ,snkhya g]m9at$ sev]al c5turies be=e our era b we h no evid5ce :atev] z to :5 !y 7 fir/ =mulat$ 9 ,stras4 ,! "n 0 curr5t z ! designation ( a philosophical sy/em fairly e>ly#gda b ! accept$ text-books are all late4 ,! mo/ respect$ is ! ,snkhya-pravacana1#gdb attribut$ to ,kapila b g5]ally assign$ by ,european critics to ! f\rte5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,consid]ably m anci5t1 b /ill cle>ly a metrical epitome ( a sy/em already exi/+1 is ! ,snkhya-,krik1 a poem ( sev5ty v]ses :i* 0 translat$ into ,*9ese ab\t #efj ,a4,d4 & may be a few c5turies old]4 ,max ,mll] reg>d$ ! ,tattva-samsa1 a %ort tract consi/+ *iefly ( an enum]ation ( topics1 z ! mo/ anci5t ,snkhya =mul>y1 b ! op9ion ( s*ol>s z to its age is n unanim\s4 ,! "n ,snkhya is be/ int]pret$ z signify+ enum]ation 9 allusion to ! pr$ilection ( ! s*ool = numb]$ li/s1 a pr$ilection equally noticeable 9 e>ly ,buddhism4 ,! object ( ! sy/em set =? 9 ^! works is /rictly practical4 ,9 ! fir/ words ( ! ,snkhya-pravacana1 ! complete cessation ( suff]+ is ! end ( man1 & ! ,snkhya is devis$ to enable him to atta9 x4 ,ano!r =mula divides ! cont5ts ( ! ,snkhya into f\r topics--7a7 t f :i* man mu/ lib]ate himself1 or suff]+1 7b7 lib]ation1 or ! cessation ( suff]+1 7c7 ! cause ( suff]+1 or ! failure to discrim9ate betwe5 ! s\l & matt]1 7d7 ! means ( lib]ation1 or discrim9at+ k4 ,?is division obvi\sly resembles ! f\r ,tru?s ( ,buddhism4 ,! object propos$ is ! same & ! me?od analog\s1 ?\gh n id5tical1 = ,buddhism speaks z a religion & lays great] /ress on conduct4 ,! !ory ( ! ,snkhya1 briefly /at$1 is ?is4 ,!re exi/1 uncreat$ & f all et]nity1 on ! "o side matt] & on ! o!r individual s\ls4 ,! _w1 z we "k x1 is due entirely to ! evolution ( matt]4 ,suff]+ is ! result ( s\ls be+ 9 bondage to matt]1 b ?is bondage does n affect ! nature ( ! s\l & 9 "o s5se is n real1 = :5 s\ls acquire discrim9at+ k & see t !y are n matt]1 !n ! bondage ceases & !y atta9 to et]nal peace4 ,! sy/em is ?us f\nd$ on dualism1 ! et]nal anti!sis betwe5 matt] & s\l4 ,_m ( its details are compris$ 9 ! simple enum]ation ( ! tw5ty-five ,tattvas or pr9ciples#gdc z giv5 9 ! ,tattva-samsa & o!r works4 ,( ^!1 "o is ,puru%a1 ! s\l or self1 :i* is nei!r produc$ nor productive1 & ! o!r tw5ty-f\r are all modifications ( ,prakriti or matt]1 :i* is unproduc$ b productive4 ,prakriti means ! orig9al gr\nd =m ( ext]nal exi/5ce 7z di/+ui%$ f ,vikriti1 modifi$ =m74 ,x is uncreat$ & inde/ructible1 b x has a t5d5cy to v>iation or evolution4 ,! ,snkhya holds 9 ! /ricte/ s5se t ex nihilo nihil fit4 ,sub/ance c only be produc$ f sub/ance & prop]ly speak+ !re is no su* ?+ z orig9ation b only manife/ation4 ,causality is reg>d$ solely f ! po9t ( view ( mat]ial causes1 t is to say ! cause ( a pot is clay & n ! action ( ! pott]4 ,?us ! effect or product is no?+ else ?an ! cause 9 ano!r %ape3 production is only manife/ation & de/ruction is ! resolution ( a product into its cause4 ,in/ead ( hold+ l ! ,buddhi/s t !re is no su* ?+ z exi/5ce b only becom+1 ! ,snkhya r affirms t !re is no?+ b successive manife/ations ( real exi/5ce4 ,if clay is made into a pot & ! pot is !n brok5 & gr\nd into clay aga91 ! ess5tial fact is n t a pot has come into exi/5ce & disappe>$ b t ! clay cont9u\sly exi/+ has und]gone c]ta9 *anges4 ,! t5d5cy to evolution inh]5t 9 matt] is due to ! ?ree gunz4 ,!y are sattva1 expla9$ z goodness & happ9ess2 rajas1 z passion & movem5t2 & tamas1 z d>kness1 heav9ess & ignorance4 ,! ^w ,guna is n easy to translate1 = x seems to mean m ?an quality or mode & to signify ! con/itu5ts ( matt]4 ,h5ce "o _c help feel+ t ! :ole !ory is an attempt to expla9 ! unity & div]sity ( matt] by a phrase1 b all ,h9duism is p]meat$ by ?is phrase & !ory4 ,:5 ! ?ree gunz are 9 equilibrium !n matt]--,prakriti--is quiesc5t1 undiff]5tiat$ & unmanife/$4 ,b z soon z ! equilibrium is di/urb$ & "o ( ! gunz becomes prepond]ant1 !n ! process ( diff]5tiation & manife/ation beg9s4 ,! di/urbance ( equilibrium is due to ! action ( ! individual ,puru%as or s\ls on ,prakriti1 b ?is action is me*anical & due to proximity n to ! volition ( ! s\ls & may be comp>$ to ! attraction ( a magnet = iron4#gdd ,?us at ! beg9n+ ( ! evolution>y process we h quiesc5t matt] 9 equilibrium3 ov] aga9/ ?is are s\ls innum]able1 equally quiesc5t b ex]t+ on matt] a me*anical =ce4 ,?is upsets ! equilibrium & creates a movem5t :i* takes at fir/ ! =m ( developm5t & lat] ( decay & collapse4 ,!n matt] returns to its quiesc5t /ate to be aga9 excit$ by ! ,puru%as & comm5ce its _w-mak+ evolution anew4 ,! doctr9e t evolution1 dissolution & quiesc5ce succe$ "o ano!r p]iodically is an integral "p ( ! ,snkhya4#gde ,! unmodifi$ ,prakriti /&s fir/ on ! li/ ( tw5ty-five pr9ciples4 ,:5 evolution beg9s x produces fir/ ,buddhi or intellect1 secondly ,ahamkra1 :i* is p]haps be/ r5d]$ by individuality1 & next ! five ,tanmtras or subtle elem5ts4 ,buddhi1 ?\gh mean+ intellect1 is us$ r 9 ! s5se ( asc]ta9+ or p]ception4 ,x is ! faculty by :i* we di/+ui% objects & p]ceive :at !y are4 ,x diff]s also f our conception ( intellect 9 be+1 l ,ahamkra & all ! subsequ5t developm5ts ( ,prakriti1 mat]ial1 & mu/ n be confus$ ) ! immat]ial ,puru%a or s\l4 ,x is 9 fact ! organ ( ?\ght1 n 9 ! s5se ( ! bra9 or any?+ tangible1 b a subtle sub/ratum ( all m5tal processes4 ,b 9 :at s5se is x possible to say t ?is ,buddhi exi/s ap>t f individuals1 :o h n come into be+ at ?is /age ( cosmic evolution8 ,?is difficulty is n met by talk+1 z "s comm5tators d1 ( cosmic z well z individual ,buddhi1 = ev5 if all ,prakriti is illum9at$ by ,buddhi at ?is /age x is difficult to see :at result c occur4 ,to make ! process ( developm5t coh]5t we mu/ ?9k ( x n z a s]ies ( *ronologically successive /ages b r z a logically connect$ s]ies & an analysis ( completely evolv$ be+s1 j z we might say t bones are cov]$ ) fle% & fle% ) sk91 )\t affirm+ t ! bones h a sep>ate & prior exi/5ce4 ,ahamkra1 :i* is1 l ,buddhi1 /rictly speak+ a physical organ1 means ,ego-mak] & d5otes ! s5se ( p]sonality & individuality1 almo/ ! w4 ,9 ! language ( ,indian philosophy x is ! delusion or misconception :i* makes ! s\l imag9e itself a p]sonal ag5t & ?9k1 ,i see1 ,i he>1 ,i slay1 ,i am sla91 :]eas ! s\l is really incapable ( action & ! acts are ^? ( ,prakriti4 ,! five subtle elem5ts are ! ess5ces ( s\nd1 t\*1 col\r1 sav\r & od\r conceiv$ z physical pr9ciples1 imp]ceptible to ord9>y be+s1 ?\gh gods & ,yogis c p]ceive !m4 ,! "n ,tanmtra :i* signifies t only indicates t !y are conc]n$ exclusively ) "o s5se4 ,?us :]eas ! gross elem5ts1 su* z e>?1 appeal to m ?an "o s5se & c be se51 felt & smelt1 ! subtle elem5t ( s\nd is re/rict$ to ! s5se ( he>+4 ,x exi/s 9 all ?+s audible b has no?+ to d ) _! tangibility or visibility4 ,!re rema9 sixte5 fur!r modifications to make up ! full li/ ( tw5ty-f\r4 ,!y are ! five organs ( s5se1#gdf ! five organs ( action1#gdg ,manas or m9d1 reg>d$ z a six? & c5tral s5se1 & also z ! seat ( w1 & ! five gross elem5ts--e>?1 wat]1 light1 air & e!r4 ,! ,snkhya di/+ui%es betwe5 ! gross & ! subtle body4 ,! latt]1 call$ l+aarra1 is def9$ 9 m ?an "o way1 b x is expressly /at$ 9 ! ,kriks#gdh t x is compos$ ( ,buddhi & ! re/1 d[n to ! subtle elem5ts4 ,x practically corresponds to :at we call ! s\l1 ?\gh totally di/9ct f ,puru%a or s\l 9 ! ,snkhya s5se4 ,x con/itutes ! "* & ess5tial be+ ( a p]son4 ,x is ! "p :i* transmigrates f "o gross body to ano!r1 & is responsible = ! acts committ$ 9 ea* exi/5ce4 ,its union ) a gross body con/itutes bir?1 its dep>ture dea?4 ,except 9 ! case ( ^? :o atta9 emancipation1 its exi/5ce & transmigration la/ = a :ole _w-p]iod at ! end ( :i* come quiesc5ce & equilibrium4 ,9 x are impr9t$ ! ,samskras1#gdi ! pr$ispositions :i* pass on f "o exi/5ce to ano!r & are lat5t 9 ! new-born m9d l se$s 9 a field4 ,by foll[+ ! evolution ( matt] we h n[ acc\nt$ = intellect1 individuality1 ! s5ses1 ! moral "*1 w1 & a pr9ciple :i* survives dea? & transmigrates4 ,x might !re=e be suppos$ t we h exhau/ively analys$ ! con/itution ( a human be+4 ,b t is n ! view ( ! ,snkhya4 ,! evolution ( ,buddhi1 ,ahamkra1 ! subtle body & ! gross body is a physical process & ! result is also physical1 ?\gh p>ts ( x are ( s f9e a sub/ance t ord9>y s5ses _c p]ceive !m4 ,?is physical organism becomes a liv+ be+ 7:i* t]m includes gods & animals7 :5 x is connect$ ) a s\l 7puru%a7 & consci\sness dep5ds on ?is connection1 = nei!r is matt] :5 isolat$ consci\s1 nor is ! s\l1 at lea/ n 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4 ,?\gh ! s\l is nei!r ! life :i* ends at dea? 7= t is ! gross body7 nor yet ! life :i* passes f exi/5ce to exi/5ce 7= t is ! subtle body7 yet x is ! vitaliz+ elem5t :i* r5d]s life possible4 ,! ,snkhya l ,ja9ism reg>ds s\ls z innum]able & di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,! ^w ,puru%a mu/ h orig9ally ref]r$ to ! manik9 suppos$ to inhabit ! body1 & !re is "s reason to ?9k t ! e>lie/ tea*]s ( ! ,snkhya held t x 0 inf9itely small4 ,b 9 ! exi/+ text-books x is describ$ z inf9itely l>ge4 ,x is immat]ial & )\t beg9n+1 end1 p>ts1 dim5sions1 or qualities1 incapable ( *ange1 motion1 or action4 ,^! def9itions may be p>tly due to ! influ5ce ( ! ,v$nta &1 ?\gh we "k little ab\t ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ,snkhya1 !re are traces ( a compromise betwe5 ! old tea*+ ( a s\l held 9 bondage & /ruggl+ = release & lat] conceptions ( a s\l :i*1 be+ inf9ite & passionless1 h>dly seems capable ( submitt+ to bondage4 ,?\gh ! s\l _c be said to transmigrate1 to act1 or to suff]1 /ill ?r\gh consci\sness x makes ! suff]+ ( ! _w felt & ?\gh 9 its ess5ce x rema9s et]nally un*ang$ & unaffect$1 yet x exp]i5ces ! reflection ( ! suff]+ :i* goes on4 ,j z a cry/al 7to use ! ,indian simile7 all[s a r$ fl[] to be se5 ?r\gh x & rema9s un*ang$1 al?\gh x seems to become r$1 s does ! s\l rema9 un*ang$ by sorr[ or joy1 al?\gh ! illusion t x suff]s or rejoices may be pres5t 9 ! consci\sness4 ,! task ( ! s\l is to free itself f illusion1 & ?us f bondage4 ,= /rictly speak+ ! bondage does n exi/3 x is caus$ by want ( discrim9ation4 ,l ! ,v$nta1 ! ,snkhya reg>ds all ?is tr\bl$ life z be+1 s f> z ! s\l is conc]n$1 m]e illusion4 ,b :ile ! ,v$nta bids ! s\l "k its id5tity ) ,brahman1 ! ,snkhya bids x isolate itself & "k t ! acts & feel+s :i* seem to be its own h really no?+ to d ) x4 ,!y are = ! s\l no?+ b a spectacle or play orig9at+ 9 its connection ) ,prakriti1 & x is actually said1#gej ,:]e=e no s\l is b\nd1 or is lib]at$ or transmigrates4 ,x is ,prakriti1 :i* has _m bodily =ms1 :i* is b\nd1 lib]at$ & transmigrates4 ,x is 9 ,buddhi or intellect1 :i* is a manife/ation ( ,prakriti1 t ! k ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! s\l & ,prakriti mu/ arise4 ,?us ?\gh ! ,snkhya reposes on a fundam5tal dualism1 x is n ! dualism ( good & evil4 ,s\l & matt] diff] n because ! fir/ is good & ! second bad1 b because ! fir/ is un*angeable & ! second con/antly *ang+4 ,matt] is (t5 p]sonifi$ z a woman4 ,h] motives are unselfi% & %e works = ! lib]ation ( ! s\l4 ,z a danc] aft] %[+ h]self on ! /age ceases to dance1 s does ,prakriti cease :5 %e has made h]self manife/ to ! s\l4 ,t is to say1 :5 a s\l once und]/&s t x is di/9ct f ! mat]ial _w1 t _w ceases to exi/ = t p>ticul> s\l1 ?\gh ( c\rse ! play cont9ues = o!rs4 ,g5]\s ,prakriti1 end[$ ) ,gunz1 causes by manifold means )\t b5efit to h]self1 ! b5efit ( ! s\l1 :i* is devoid ( ,gunz & makes no return4#gea ,! condition ( ! lib]at$ s\l1 correspond+ to ! mokska & nirvna ( o!r sy/ems1 is describ$ z ,kaivalya1 t is1 complete sep>ation f ! mat]ial _w1 b1 z among ,buddhi/s & ,v$nti/s1 he :o has le>nt ! tru? is lib]at$ ev5 be=e dea?1 & c tea* o!rs4 ,he goes on liv+1 j z ! :eel cont9ues to revolve = "s "t aft] ! pott] has ceas$ to turn x4 ,aft] dea?1 complete lib]ation )\t ! possibility ( rebir? is atta9$4 ,! ,snkhya manuals d n dwell fur!r on ! "* ( ?is lib]ation3 we only "k t ! et]nal s\l is !n completely isolat$ & alo( f all suff]+ & mat]ial ?+s4 ,lib]ation is comp>$ to pr(\nd sleep1 ! diff]5ce be+ t 9 dreamless sleep !re is a se$1 t is1 ! possibility ( return to ord9>y life1 :]eas :5 lib]ation is once atta9$ !re is no su* return4 ,bo? 9 its acc\nt ( ! _w process & 9 its s*eme ( salvation ! ,snkhya ignores !ism 9 ! same way z did ! ,buddha4 ,inde$ ! text-books g beyond ?is & practically d5y ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal supreme deity4 ,we are told#geb t ! exi/5ce ( ,god _c be prov$1 = :atev] exi/s mu/ be ei!r b\nd or free & ,god c be nei!r4 ,we _c ?9k ( him z b\nd & yet he _c be free l an emancipat$ s\l1 = fre$om implies ! abs5ce ( desire & h5ce ( ! impulse to create4 ,simil>ly#gec ! consequ5ces ( good & evil de$s are due to ,k>ma & n to ! gov]nm5t ( ,god4 ,su* a rul] is inconceivable1 = if he gov]ns ! _w accord+ to ! action ( ,k>ma 8 exi/5ce is sup]flu\s1 & if he is affect$ by selfi% motives or desire1 !n he _c be free4 ,x is true t ^! passages speak ( !re be+ no pro( ( ,god's exi/5ce & h5ce comm5tators bo? ,indian & ,european :o %r9k f a!ism repres5t ! ,snkhya z susp5d+ judgm5t4 ,b if a republican con/itution duly describes ! ,presid5t & o!r au?orities 9 :om ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t are ve/$1 c we argue t x is n unmon>*ical because x does n expressly say !re is no k+8 ,9 ! ,snkhya !re is no m place = a deity ?an = a k+ 9 a republican con/itution4 ,moreov]1 ! ,stras endeav\r to prove t ! idea ( ,god is inconceivable & self-contradictory & "s comm5t>ies speak pla9ly on ?is subject4#ged ,?us ! ,snkhya-tattva-kaumudi comm5t+ on ,krik #eg argues t ! _w _c h be5 creat$ by ,god1 :e!r we suppose him to h be5 impell$ by selfi%ness or k9dness4 ,= if ,god is p]fect he c h no ne$ to create a _w4 ,& if 8 motive is k9dness1 is x reasonable to call into exi/5ce be+s :o :ile non-exi/5t _h no suff]+1 simply 9 ord] to %[ k9dness 9 reliev+ !m f suff]+8 ,a b5evol5t deity ought to create only happy creatures1 n a mix$ _w l ! "o we see4#gee ,argum5ts l ?is 7 n condemn$ by ! ,brahmans s /rongly z we %\ld expect1 b !y did n l !m & ?\gh !y did n excommunicate ! ,snkhya 9 ! same way z ,buddhism1 !y greatly pref]r$ a !i/ic v>iety ( x call$ ,yoga4 ,! ,yoga & ,snkhya are m5tion$ toge!r 9 ! vetvat>a ,upani%ad1#gef & ! ,bhagavad-gt#geg says t he sees truly :o sees !m z "o4 ,! diff]5ce lies 9 treatm5t r ?an 9 sub/ance4 ,:]eas ! ,snkhya is ma9ly !oretical1 ! pr9cipal topic ( ! ,yoga is ! cultivation ( t frame ( m9d :i* leads to emancipation & ! me?ods & ex]cises prop] to ?is end4 ,fur!r1 ! ,yoga recognizes a deity4 ,?is di/9ction may seem ( capital importance b ! god ( ! ,yoga 7call$ v>a or ! ,"l7 is n its f\ndation & ess5ce z ,brahman is ( ! ,v$nta4#geh ,devotion to ,god is recogniz$ z "o among o!r me?ods = atta9+ emancipation & if ?is p>ticul> proc$ure1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 relatively few passages1 7 omitt$1 ! re/ ( ! sy/em w\ld be unaffect$4 ,x is !re=e probable t ! !i/ic portions ( ! ,yoga are an addition made "u ,brahmanic influ5ce4 ,b tak+ ! exi/+ ,stras ( ! two philosophies1 toge!r ) _! comm5t>ies1 x may be said t ! ,yoga implies mo/ ( ! ,snkhya !ory & ! ,snkhya mo/ ( ! ,yoga practice1 = ?\gh x does n g into details x prescribes m$itation :i* is to be p]fect$ by regulat+ ! brea?+ & by adopt+ c]ta9 po/ures4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! me?ods & discipl9e prescrib$ by ! ,yoga & ne$ n dwell fur!r on ! topic n[4 ,t ,buddhism has "s connection ) ! ,snkhya & ,yoga has (t5 be5 notic$4#gei ,"s ( ! ideas f\nd 9 ! ,snkhya & "s ( ! practices prescrib$ by ! ,yoga are cle>ly ant]ior to ,gotama & may h contribut$ to 8 m5tal developm5t1 b circumspection is necess>y 9 ! use ( words l ,yoga1 ,snkhya & ,v$nta4 ,if we take !m to mean ! doctr9al sy/ems conta9$ 9 c]ta9 stras1 !y are cle>ly all lat] ?an ,buddhism4 ,b if we assume1 z we may safely d1 t ! doctr9e is mu* old] ?an ! manuals 9 :i* we n[ /udy x1 we mu/ also rememb] t :5 we leave ! texts we are n ju/ifi$ 9 ?9k+ ( a sy/em b m]ely ( a l9e ( ?\ght4 ,9 ?is s5se x is cle> t _m ideas ( ! ,snkhya appe> among ! ,ja9s1 b ! ,ja9s "k no?+ ( ! evolution ( matt] describ$ by ! ,snkhya manuals & ?9k ( ! relation ( ! s\l to matt] 9 a m mat]iali/ic way4 ,! notion ( ! sep>ate et]nal s\l 0 ! object ( ! ,buddha's p]si/5t polemics & 0 app>5tly a popul> doctr9e :5 he began prea*+4 ,! ascetic & m$itative ex]cises prescrib$ by ! ,yoga 7 also kn[n be=e 8 "t & ! ,pitakas d n hide ! fact t he receiv$ in/ruction f two ,yogs4 ,b ?\gh he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! !ories & practices :i* grew into ! ,yoga & ,snkhya1 he did n f\nd 8 religion on !m = he reject$ ! idea ( a s\l :i* has to be deliv]$ & did n make salvation dep5d5t on ! atta9m5t ( trances4 ,if !re 0 9 8 "t a sy/ematic ,snkhya philosophy expla9+ ! nature ( suff]+ & ! way ( release1 x is /range t ! ,pitakas conta9 no criticism ( x1 = ?\gh to u :o see ^! anci5t sects 9 p]spective ! resemblance ( ,buddhism to ! ,snkhya is cle>1 !re c be little d\bt t ! ,buddha w\ld h reg>d$ x z a mo/ errone\s h]esy1 because x proposes to atta9 ! same objects z 8 own tea*+ b by diff]5t me?ods4 ,snkhya ideas are n f\nd 9 ! olde/ ,upani%ads1 b !y appe> 7?\gh n 9 a connect$ =m7 9 ^? ( ! second /ratum1 su* z ! vetvat>a & ,kath4 ,x !re=e seems probable1 ?\gh n prov51 t ! orig9 ( ^! ideas is to be s\ght n 9 ! e>ly ,brahmanic s*ools b 9 ! intellectual atmosph]e non-!i/ic1 non-sac]dotal1 b audaci\sly speculative :i* prevail$ 9 ! c5tral & ea/]n "p ( nor!rn ,india 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! ,snkhya recognizes no m]it 9 sacrifices or inde$ 9 good works ( any k9d1 ev5 z a prelim9>y discipl9e1 & 9 _m details is un-,brahmanic4 ,unlike ! ,v$nta ,stras1 x does n exclude dras f high] /udies1 b /ates t !re are eight classes ( gods & five ( animals b only "o ( m54 ,a tea*] mu/ h himself atta9$ emancipation1 b !re is no provision t he mu/ be a ,brahman4 ,p]haps ! fables & p>ables :i* =m ! basis ( ! f\r? book ( ! ,snkhya ,stras po9t to "s m popul> =m ( in/ruction simil> to ! disc\rses ( ! ,buddha4 ,we may suppose t ?is anci5t un-,brahmanic s*ool took %ape 9 sev]al sects1 especially ,ja9ism & ,buddhism1 & us$ ! ,yoga discipl9e4 ,b ! value & efficacy ( t discipl9e 7 admitt$ almo/ univ]sally & sev]al c5turies lat] x 0 =mulat$ 9 ! ,stras :i* be> ! "n ( ,patajali 9 a %ape acceptable to ,brahmans1 n to ,buddhi/s4 ,if1 z "s s*ol>s ?9k1 ! ,yoga stras are n e>li] ?an #dej ,a4,d4#gfj x seems probable t x 0 ,buddhism :i* /imulat$ ! ,brahmans to codify ! pr9ciples & practice ( ,yoga1 = ! ,yogcra s*ool ( ,buddhism arose be=e ! fif? c5tury4 ,! ,snkhya is p]haps a some:at simil> brahmanization ( ! purely speculative ideas :i* may h prevail$ 9 ,magadha & ,kosala4#gfa ,?\gh ^! di/ricts 7 n /rongholds ( ,brahmanism1 yet x is cle> f ! ,pitakas t !y conta9$ a consid]able ,brahman population :o mu/ h be5 influ5c$ by ! ideas curr5t ar\nd !m b also mu/ h wi%$ to keep 9 t\* ) o!r ,brahmans4 ,! ,snkhya ( our manuals repres5ts su* an attempt at conciliation4 ,x is an elaboration 9 a diff]5t %ape ( "s ( ! ideas out ( :i* ,buddhism sprung b 9 its lat] hi/ory x is connect$ ) ,brahmanism r ?an ,buddhism4 ,:5 x is set =? 9 ,stras 9 a succ9ct & isolat$ =m1 its div]g5ce f ord9>y ,brahmanic ?\ght is /rik+ & 9 ?is =m x does n seem to h ev] be5 influ5tial & n[ is pr(ess$ by only a few ,p&its1 b1 :5 comb9$ 9 a lit]>y & eclectic _s ) o!r ideas :i* may be incompatible ) x 9 /rict logic1 x has be5 a mighty influ5ce 9 ,indian religion1 or?odox z well z unor?odox4 ,su* conceptions z ,prakriti & ! ,gunz col\r mo/ ( ! po/-,v$ic religi\s lit]ature4 ,_! work+ may be pla9ly trac$ 9 ! ,mahbhrata1 ,manu & ! ,purnz1#gfb & ! ,tantras id5tify ) ,prakriti ! goddesses ^: wor%ip !y tea*4 ,! une?ical "* ( ! ,snkhya enabl$ x to =m ! /range/ alliances ) aborig9al beliefs4 ,unlike ! ,snkhya1 ! ,v$nta is se5 9 its mo/ influ5tial & p]haps mo/ advantage\s aspect :5 /at$ 9 its mo/ ab/ract =m4 ,we ne$ n enquire into its place ( orig9 = x is cle>ly ! f9al intellectual product ( ! s*ools :i* produc$ ! ,upani%ads & ! lit]ature :i* prec$$ !m1 & ?\gh x may be difficult to say at :at po9t we are ju/ifi$ 9 apply+ ! "n ,v$nta to gr[+ ,brahmanic ?\ght1 ! gr[? is cont9u\s4 ,! "n means simply ,end ( ! ,v$a4 ,9 its ideas ! ,v$nta %[s great bread? & fre$om1 yet x respects ! prejudices & proprieties ( ,brahmanism4 ,x tea*es t ,god is all ?+s1 b int]dicts ?is k to ! l[] ca/es3 x treats rites z a m]ely prelim9>y discipl9e1 b x does n d5y _! value = c]ta9 /ates ( life4 ,! ,v$nta is ! bolde/ & ! mo/ *>act]i/ic =m ( ,indian ?\ght4 ,= ,asia1 & p]haps = ! _w at l>ge1 ,buddhism is m important b on ,indian soil x has be5 vanqui%$ by ! ,v$nta1 especially t =m ( x kn[n z ! ,advaita4 ,9 all ages ! ma9 idea ( ?is philosophy has be5 ! same & may be summ$ up 9 ! =mula t ! s\l is ,god & t ,god is ev]y?+4 ,if ?is =mula is n completely accurate#gfc--;& a s5t5ce :i* bo? translates & epitomizes ali5 metaphysics c h>dly aspire to complete accuracy--! error lies 9 ! fact to :i* ,i h call$ att5tion else:]e t our words1 ,god & s\l1 d n cov] q ! same gr\nd z ! ,indian words :i* !y are us$ to translate4 ,_m s*ol>s1 bo? ,indian & ,european1 w demur to ! high place "h assign$ to ! ,advaita philosophy4 ,i am f> f claim+ t ! doctr9e ( ank>a is ei!r primitive or un*all5g$4 ,o!r =ms ( ! ,v$nta exi/$ be=e him & became v /rong aft] him4 ,b s f> z a syn!sis ( op9ions :i* are div]g5t 9 details c be j1 he gives a j syn!sis & elaboration ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,x is true t 8 tea*+ z to ! high] & l[] ,brahman & z to ,my has aff9ities to ,mahayani/ ,buddhism1 & t lat] sects 7 repell$ by ! sev]e & imp]sonal "* ( 8 philosophy1 b ! doctr9e ( :i* he is ! mo/ ?or\gh & em95t expon5t1 namely t ,god or _s is ! only reality & "o ) ! human s\l1 ass]ts itself 9 almo/ all ,h9du sects1 ev5 ?\gh _! o!r doctr9es may seem to contradict x4 ,?is l9e ( ?\ght is s p]si/5t & has s _m ramifications1 t x is h>d to say :at is & :at is n ,v$nta4 ,if we take lit]ature z our be/ guide we may di/+ui% f\r po9ts ( importance m>k$ by ! ,upani%ads1 ! ,brahma-,stras1 ank>a & ,rmnuja4 ,i h said some?+ else:]e ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,^! works d n pr(ess to =m a sy/ematic :ole 7?\gh lat] ,h9duism reg>ds !m z su*7 & :5 ,european s*ol>s speak ( !m collectively1 !y g5]ally mean ! old] memb]s ( ! collection4 ,^! may ju/ly be reg>d$ z ! ance/ors ( ! ,v$nta1 inasmu* z ! tone ( ?\ght preval5t 9 !m is incipi5t ,v$ntism4 ,x rejects dualism & reg>ds ! univ]se z a unity n z plurality1 z some?+ :i* has issu$ f ,brahman or is p]vad$ by ,brahman & 9 any case dep5ds on ,brahman = its significance & exi/5ce4 ,brahman is ,god 9 ! pan!i/ic s5se1 totally disconnect$ ) my?ology & 9 mo/ passages imp]sonal4 ,! k ( ,brahman is salvation3 he :o has x1 goes to ,brahman or becomes ,brahman4 ,m r>ely we f9d /atem5ts ( absolute id5tity su* z ,be+ ,brahman1 he goes to ,brahman4#gfd ,b ?\gh ! ,upani%ads say t ! s\l goes to or is ,brahman1 t ! _w comes f or is ,brahman1 t ! s\l is ! :ole univ]se & t a k ( ^! tru?s is ! "o ?+ ( importance1 ^! ideas are n comb9$ into a sy/em4 ,!y are simply ! ?\ghts ( ! wise1 n always agree+ 9 detail1 & pres5t$ z indep5d5t utt]ances1 ea* ) its own value4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! wise m5 is ,yjavalkya1#gfe ! h]o ( ! ,brihad ranyaka ,upani%ad & a great "n1 to :om are ascrib$ doctr9es ( :i* he probably nev] he>d4 ,! ,upani%ad repres5ts him z develop+ & complet+ ! views ( ndilya & ,uddlaka runi4 ,! =m] taught#gff t ! tman or ,self )9 ! he>t1 small] ?an a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 is also great] ?an all worlds4 ,! brief exposition ( 8 doctr9e :i* we possess />ts f & emphasizes ! human self4 ,?is self is ,brahman4 ,! doctr9e ( ,uddlaka#gfg takes ! o!r side ( ! equation3 he />ts ) ,brahman & !n ass]ts t ,brahman is ! s\l4 ,b ?\gh he tea*es t 9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 "o only )\t a second1 yet he seems to reg>d ! subsequ5t products ( ?is ,be+ z ext]nal to x & p]meat$ by x4 ,b to ,yjavalkya is ascrib$ an important modification ( ^! doctr9es1 namely1 t ! tman is unkn[able & transc5d5tal4#gfh ,x is unkn[able because s9ce x is ess5tially ! kn[+ subject x c be kn[n only by itself3 x c nev] become ! object ( k & language is inadequate to describe x4 ,all t c be said ( x is neti1 neti1 t is no1 no3 x is n any?+ :i* we try to pr$icate ( x4 ,b he :o kn[s t ! individual s\l is ! tman1 becomes tman2 be+ x1 he kn[s x & kn[s all ! _w3 he p]ceives t 9 all ! _w !re is no plurality4 ,"h ! lat] doctr9e ( ,my is adumbrat$1 ?\gh n =mulat$4 ,any sy/em :i* holds t 9 reality !re is no plurality or1 l "s =ms ( ,mahayani/ ,buddhism1 t no?+ really exi/s implies ! op]ation ( ?is ,my or illusion :i* makes u see ! _w z x appe>s to u4 ,x may be ?\ght ( z m]e ignorance1 z a failure to see ! univ]se z x really is3 b no d\bt ! lat] view ( ,my z a creative en]gy :i* fa%ions ! _w ( ph5om5a is closely connect$ ) ! half-my?ological conceptions f\nd 9 ! ,pnc>tra & aiva philosophy :i* reg>d ?is creative illusion z a female =ce--a goddess 9 fact--insep>ably associat$ ) ! deity4 ,! philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads1 l all religi\s ?\ght 9 ,india1 is av[$ly a que/ ( happ9ess & ?is happ9ess is f\nd 9 "s =m ( union ) ,brahman4 ,he is p]fect bliss1 & :atev] is di/9ct f him is full ( suff]+4#gfi ,b ?is s5se ( ! suff]+ inh]5t 9 exi/5ce is less m>k$ 9 ! old] ,upani%ads & 9 ! ,v$nta ?an 9 ,buddhism & ! ,snkhya4 ,^? sy/ems make x _! basis & fir/ pr9ciple3 9 ! ,v$nta ! temp]am5t is ! same b ! emphasis & direction ( ! ?\ght are diff]5t4 ,! ,snkhya looks at ! _w & says t salvation lies 9 escape into some?+ :i* has no?+ 9 common ) x4 ,b ! ,v$nti/ looks t[>ds ,brahman1 & 8 pessimism is m]ely ! feel+ t ev]y?+ :i* is n :olly & really ,brahman is unsatisfactory4 ,9 ! lat] developm5ts ( ! sy/em1 pessimism almo/ disappe>s1 = ! exi/5ce ( suff]+ is n ! fir/ ,tru? b an illusion3 ! s\l1 did x b "k x1 is ,brahman & ,brahman is bliss4 ,s f> z ! ,v$nta has any def9ite practical tea*+1 x does n :olly despise action4 ,action is inde$ inf]ior to k & :5 k is once obta9$ works are useless accessories1 b ! f\r /ages ( a ,brahman's c>e]1 includ+ h\sehold life1 are approv$ 9 ! ,v$nta ,stras1 ?\gh !re is a disposition to say t he :o has ! necess>y religi\s aptitudes c adopt ! ascetic life at any "t4 ,! occupations ( ?is ascetic life are m$itation & absorption or samdhi1 ! /ate 9 :i* ! m$itat+ s\l becomes s completely bl5d$ ) ,god on :om x m$itates1 t x has no consci\sness ( its sep>ate exi/5ce4#ggj ,z indicat$ above ! s-call$ books ( ruti or ,v$ic lit]ature are n consecutive treatises1 b r responsa prud5tium1 utt]ances respect+ ritual & !ology ascrib$ to poets1 sacrific]s & philosoph]s :o 7 accept$ z au?orities4 ,:5 ^! works came to be reg>d$ z an ord]ly revelation1 ev5 or?odoxy c\ld n %ut its eyes to _! div]g5ces1 & a compreh5sive exegesis became necess>y to give a conspectus ( ! :ole body ( tru?4 ,?is inve/igation ( ! mean+ ( ! ,v$a z a connect$ :ole is call$ ,mmms1 & is divid$ into two bran*es1 ! e>li] 7prva7 & ! lat] 7utt>a74 ,! fir/ is repres5t$ by ! ,prva-mmms-stras ( ,jaim9i#gga :i* are call$ e>li] 7prva7 n 9 ! *ronological s5se b because !y deal ) rites :i* come be=e k1 z a prep>atory /age4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d t ,jaim9i 0 accus$ ( a!ism & def5d$ by ,kumrila ,bhatta4 ,! def5ce is probably j1 = ,jaim9i does n s mu* d5y ,god z ignore him4 ,b :at is truly extraord9>y1 ?\gh *>act]i/ic ( mu* ,indian lit]ature ab\t ritual1 is t a "w deal+ ) ! g5]al !ory ( religi\s wor%ip %\ld treat ! deity z an irrelevant topic4 ,! ,prva-mmms discusses c]emonies prescrib$ by an et]nal self-exi/+ ,v$a4 ,! rew>d ( sacrifice is n giv5 by ,god4 ,:5 ! result ( an act does n appe> at once1 ,jaim9i tea*es t !re is all ! same produc$ a sup]s5su\s pr9ciple call$ aprva1 :i* be>s fruit at a lat] "t1 & ?us a sacrifice leads ! (f]] to heav54 ,?is !ory is really tantam\nt to plac+ magic on a philosophic basis4 ,bd>yana's stras1 :i* repres5t ! o!r bran* ( ! ,mmms1 %[ a type ( ?\ght m advanc$ & pr(\nd ?an ,jaim9i's4 ,!y consi/ ( #eee aphorisms--less ?an a fif? ( ,jaim9i's volum9\s "w--& repres5t ! outcome ( consid]able discussion po/]ior to ! ,upani%ads1 = !y cite ! op9ions ( sev5 o!r tea*]s & also ref] to ,bd>yana himself by "n4 ,h5ce !y may be a comp5dium ( 8 tea*+ made by 8 pupils4 ,_! date is unkn[n b ank>a evid5tly reg>ds !m z anci5t & !re 7 sev]al comm5tators be=e him4#ggb ,l mo/ stras ^! aphorisms are (t5 obscure & are h>dly int5d$ to be m ?an a mnemote*nic summ>y ( ! doctr9e1 to be supplem5t$ by oral in/ruction or a comm5t>y4 ,h5ce x is difficult to def9e ! tea*+ ( ,bd>yana z di/+ui%$ f t ( ! ,upani%ads on ! "o h&1 & t ( 8 comm5tators on ! o!r1 or to say exactly :at /age he m>ks 9 ! developm5t ( ?\ght1 except t x is ! /age ( attempt$ syn!sis4#ggc ,he tea*es t ,brahman is ! orig9 ( ! _w & t ) him %\ld all k1 religion & ef=t be conc]n$4 ,by m$itation on him1 ! s\l is releas$ & someh[ associat$ ) him4 ,b x is n cle> t we h any w>rant = f9d+ 9 ! stras 7z does ank>a7 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! high] & l[] ,brahman1 or ! doctr9e ( ! unreality ( ! _w 7,my7 or ! absolute id5tity ( ! individual s\l ) ,brahman4 ,we are told t ! /ate ( ! releas$ s\l is non-sep>ation 7avibhga7 f ,brahman1 b ?is is v>i\sly expla9$ by ! comm5tators accord+ to _! views4 ,?\gh ! stras are ! ackn[l$g$ text-book ( ,v$ntism1 _! utt]ances are 9 practice less important ?an subsequ5t explanations ( !m4 ,z (t5 happ5s 9 ,india1 ! comm5t has ov]gr[n & sup]s$$ ! text4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! comm5tators is ank>c>ya4#ggd ,_h he be5 a ,european philosoph] anxi\s t 8 ideas %\ld be> 8 "n1 or a re=m] l ! ,buddha ) little respect = antiquity1 he w\ld d\btless h tak5 8 place 9 hi/ory z "o ( ! mo/ orig9al tea*]s ( ,asia4 ,b s9ce 8 :ole object 0 to revive ! traditions ( ! pa/ & suppress 8 orig9ality by attempt+ to prove t 8 ideas are ^? ( ,bd>yana & ! ,upani%ads1 ! magnitude ( 8 contribution to ,indian ?\ght is (t5 "u-rat$4 ,we ne$ n suppose t he 0 ! inv5tor ( all ! ideas 9 8 works ( :i* we f9d no previ\s expression4 ,he d\btless 7l ! ,buddha7 summ>iz$ & /]eotyp$ an exi/+ mode ( ?\ght b 8 summ>y be>s ! unmi/akeable m>k ( 8 own p]sonality4 ank>a's tea*+ is kn[n z ,advaita or absolute monism4 ,no?+ exi/s except ! "o exi/5ce call$ ,brahman or ,p>amtman1 ! ,highe/ ,self4 ,brahman is pure be+ & ?\ght 7! two be+ reg>d$ z id5tical71 )\t qualities4 ,brahman is n intellig5t b is intellig5ce itself4 ,! human s\l 7jva7 is id5tical ) ! ,highe/ ,self1 n m]ely z a "p ( x1 b z be+ itself ! :ole univ]sal indivisible ,brahman4 ,?is mu/ n be misund]/ood z a blasphem\s ass]tion t man is equal to ,god4 ,! s\l is id5tical ) ,brahman only 9 s f> z x =gets its sep>ate human exi/5ce1 & all t we call self & individuality4 ,a man :o has any pride 9 himself is ipso facto diff]5tiat$ f ,brahman z mu* z is possible4 ,yet 9 ! _w 9 :i* we move we see n only diff]5tiation & multiplicity b also a plurality ( individual s\ls app>5tly di/9ct f "o ano!r & f ,brahman4 ,?is appe>ance is due to ! pr9ciple ( ,my :i* is associat$ ) ,brahman & is ! cause ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,if ,my is translat$ by illusion x mu/ be rememb]$ t its mean+ is n s mu* t ! _w & individual exi/5ces are illusory 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 z ph5om5al4 ,! only true reality is self-consci\s ?\ght )\t an object4 ,:5 ! m9d atta9s to t1 x ceases to be human & individual3 x is ,brahman4 ,b :5ev] x ?9ks ( p>ticul> objects nei!r ! ?\ghts nor ! objects ( ! ?\ghts are real 9 ! same s5se4 ,!y are appe>ances1 ph5om5a4 ,?is univ]se ( ph5om5a includes n only all our emotions & all our p]ceptions ( ! ext]nal _w1 b also :at might be suppos$ to be ! deepe/ tru?s ( religion1 su* z ! p]sonality ( ! ,creator & ! w&]+s ( ! s\l 9 ! maze ( transmigration4 ,9 ! same s5se t we suff] pa9 & pleasure1 x is true t !re is a p]sonal ,god 7v>a7 :o emits & reabsorbs ! _w at regul> int]vals1 & t ! s\l is a limit$ exi/5ce pass+ f body to body4 ,9 ?is s5se ! s\l1 z 9 ! ,snkhya philosophy1 is surr\nd$ by ! updhis1 c]ta9 limit+ conditions or disguises1 :i* =m a p]man5t psy*ical equipm5t ) :i* x rema9s inve/$ 9 all its innum]able bodies4 ,b ?\gh ^! doctr9es may be true = ^? :o are 9 ! _w1 = ^? s\ls :o are ag5ts1 enjoy]s & suff]]s1 !y cease to be true = ! s\l :i* takes ! pa? ( k & sees its own id5tity ) ,brahman4 ,x is by ?is means only t emancipation is atta9$1 = good works br+ a rew>d 9 k9d1 & h5ce inevitably lead to new embodim5ts1 new creations ( ,my4 ,& ev5 9 k we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! k ( ! l[] ,brahman or p]sonal ,deity 7v>a7 & ( ! high] indescribable ,brahman4#gge ,= ! or?odox ,h9du ?is di/9ction is ( great importance1 = x enables him to reconcile passages 9 ! scriptures :i* o!rwise are contradictory4 ,wor%ip & m$itation :i* make v>a _! object d n lead directly to emancipation4 ,!y lead to ! heav5ly _w ( v>a1 9 :i* ! s\l1 ?\gh glorifi$1 is /ill a sep>ate individual exi/5ce4 ,b = him :o m$itates on ! ,highe/ ,brahman & kn[s t 8 true self is t ,brahman1 ,my & its works cease to exi/4 ,:5 he dies no?+ diff]5tiates him f t ,brahman :o alone is bliss & no new individual exi/5ce arises4 ,! crux ( ?is doctr9e is 9 ! !ory ( ,my4 ,if ,my app]ta9s to ,brahman1 if x exi/s by 8 w1 !n :y is x an evil1 :y is release to be desir$8 ,ought n ! individual s\ls to s]ve ,brahman's purpose1 & w\ld n x be bett] s]v$ by liv+ gladly 9 ! ph5om5al _w ?an by pass+ beyond x8 ,b su* an idea has r>ely satisfi$ ,indian ?9k]s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,my is an evil or at lea/ an imp]fection1 if x is l ru/ on a blade or dimness 9 a mirror1 if1 s to speak1 ! edges ( ,brahman are weak & break into fragm5ts :i* are prev5t$ by _! own feebl5ess f realiz+ ! unity ( ! :ole1 !n ! m9d wond]s uneasily if1 9 spite ( all assurances to ! contr>y1 ?is does n imply t ,brahman is subject to "s ext]nal law1 to "s ev5 m my/]i\s ,beyond4 ,b ank>a & ! ,brahma-stras w n tol]ate su* d\bts4 ,accord+ to !m1 ,brahman 9 mak+ ! _w is n actuat$ by a motive 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 = t w\ld imply human action & passion1 b by a sportive impulse3#ggf ,we see 9 e-day life1 says ank>a1 t c]ta9 do+s ( pr9ces1 :o h no desires left unfulfill$1 h no ref]5ce to any extrane\s purpose b proce$ f m]e sportfulness4 ,we fur!r see t ! process ( inhalation & exhalation is go+ on )\t ref]5ce to any extrane\s purpose1 m]ely foll[+ ! law ( its own nature4 ,analog\sly1 ! activity ( ! ,"l also may be suppos$ to be m]e sport1 proce$+ f 8 own nature )\t ref]5ce to any purpose4#ggg ,?is is no worse ?an _m o!r explanations ( ! s*eme ( ?+s & ! orig9 ( evil b x is n really an explanation4 ,x means t ! ,advaita is s engross$ 9 ec/atic contemplation ( ! omnipres5t ,brahman t x pays no att5tion to a m]e by-product l ! physical univ]se4 ,h[ or :y t univ]se ) all its imp]fections comes to exi/1 x does n expla94 ,yet ! boldness & ample sweep ( ank>a's ?\ght h 9 !m some?+ great] ?an logic1#ggh some?+ recall+ ! gr&eur ( pla9s & seas limit$ only by ! horizon1 nay r ^? abysses ( space :]e9 on cle> nights worlds & suns innum]able are scatt]$ l sp>ks by :at he w\ld call ,god's playfulness4 ,european ?\ght atta9s to ^! altitudes b _c live 9 !m = long3 x dem&s & fancies = itself j :at ank>a w n grant1 ! motive ( ,brahman1 ! idea t he is work+ = "s consummation1 n t he 01 is & w be et]nally complete1 unaffect$ by ! drama ( ! univ]se & yet id5tical ) s\ls t "k him4 ,ev5 9 ,india ! au/]e & imp]sonal "* ( ank>a's sy/em provok$ diss5t3 ,he 0 accus$ ( be+ a ,buddhi/ 9 disguise & ! accusation raises an int]e/+ "q#ggi 9 ! hi/ory ( ,indian philosophy to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! aff9ity exi/+ betwe5 ! ,mdhyamika =m ( ,buddhi/ metaphysics & ! e>li] ,v$nta c h>dly be disput$ & ! only "q is :i* borr[$ f ! o!r4 ,su* que/ions are exce$+ly difficult to decide1 = f "t to "t new ideas arose 9 ,india1 p]meat$ ! common intellectual atmosph]e1 & 7 work$ up by all sects into ! =ms t suit$ ea* be/4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance all t c be said is t c]ta9 ideas ab\t ! unreality ( ! _w & ab\t absolute & relative tru? appe> 9 sev]al treatises bo? ,brahmanic & ,buddhi/1 su* z ! works ( ank>a & ,ngrjuna & ! ,gauda-pdakriks1 & ( ^! ! works attribut$ to ,ngrjuna seem to be ! olde/4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t accord+ to ,*9ese acc\nts ,bodhidh>ma prea*$ at ,nank+ 9 #ebj a doctr9e v simil> to ! advaita ( ank>a ?\gh express$ 9 ,buddhi/ phraseology4 ,( o!r =ms ( ,v$ntism1 ! be/ kn[n is ! sy/em ( ,rmnuja g5]ally call$ ,vii%tdvaita4#ghj ,x is an evid5ce ( ! position held by ! ,v$nta philosophy t religi\s lead]s made a comm5t>y on ! ,stras ( ,bd>yana ! vehicle ( _! mo/ important views4 ,unlike ank>a1 ,rmnuja is sect>ian & id5tifies 8 supreme deity ) ,vi%nu or ,nryana1 b ?is is little m ?an a matt] ( nom5clature4 ,8 int]pretation is mod]n 9 ! s5se t x pursues ! l9e ( ?\ght :i* leads up to ! mod]n sects4 ,b t l9e ( ?\ght has anci5t roots4 ,rmnuja foll[$ a comm5tator nam$ ,bodhyana :o 0 ant]ior to ank>a1 & 9 ! op9ion ( s compet5t a judge z ,?ibaut he gives ! mean+ ( ,bd>yana 9 _m po9ts m exactly ?an 8 great rival4 ,on ! o!r h& 8 int]pretation (t5 /ra9s ! mo/ important utt]ances ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,rmnuja admits no di/9ction betwe5 ,brahman & v>a1 b ! di/9ction is aboli%$ at ! exp5se ( aboli%+ ! idea ( ! ,high] ,brahman1 = 8 ,brahman is practically ! v>a ( ank>a4 ,brahman is n )\t attributes b possess$ ( all imag9able good attributes1 & ?\gh no?+ exi/s ap>t f him1 l ! anti!sis ( ,puru%a & ,prakriti 9 ! ,snkhya1 yet ! _w is n z 9 ank>a's sy/em m]ely ,my4 ,matt] & s\ls 7cit & acit7 =m ! body ( ,brahman :o bo? comprises & p]vades all ?+s1 :i* are m]ely modes ( 8 exi/5ce4#gha ,he is ! inn] rul] 7ant>ym97 :o is 9 all elem5ts & all human s\ls4#ghb ,! texts :i* speak ( ,brahman z be+ "o only )\t a second are expla9$ z ref]r+ to ! /ate ( pralaya or absorption :i* occurs at ! end ( ea* ,kalpa4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! p]iod ( pralaya he re-emits ! _w & individual s\ls by an act ( volition & ! s\ls beg9 ! r\nd ( transmigration4 ,salvation or release f ?is r\nd is obta9$ n by good works b by k & m$itation on ! ,"l assi/$ by 8 grace4 ,! releas$ s\l is n id5tifi$ ) ! ,"l b enjoys ne> him a p]sonal exi/5ce ( et]nal bliss & peace4 ,?is is m l ,european !ism ?an ! o!r doctr9es :i* we h be5 consid]+4 ,! diff]5ce is t ,god is n reg>d$ z ! creator ( matt] & s\ls4 ,matt] & s\ls consi/ ( 8 sub/ance4 ,b = all t he is a p]sonal deity :o c be lov$ & wor%ipp$ & :]eas ank>a 0 a religi\s philosoph]1 ,rmnuja 0 r a philosophic !ologian & f\nd] ( a *ur*4 ,i h already spok5 ( 8 activity 9 ?is sph]e4 #d ,! epics & ,purnz conta9 philosophical discussions ( consid]able l5g? :i* make little attempt at consi/5cy4 ,yet ! l9e ( ?\ght 9 !m all is ! same4 ,! *ief t5ets ( ! !i/ic ,snkhya-,yoga are assum$3 matt]1 s\l & ,god are sep>ate exi/5ces3 ! s\l wi%es to move t[>ds ,god & away f matt]4 ,yet :5 ,indian writ]s glorify ! deity !y r>ely ab/a9 f id5tify+ him ) ! univ]se4 ,9 ! ,bhagavad-gt & o!r philosophical cantos ( ! ,mahbhrata ! contradiction is usually left )\t an attempt at solution4 ,?us x is /at$ categorically#ghc t ! _w consi/s ( ! p]i%able & imp]i%able1 i4e41 matt] & s\l1 b t ! supreme _s is di/9ct f bo?4 ,yet 9 ! same poem we pass f ?is anti!sis to ! monism :i* decl>es t ! deity is all ?+s & ! self seat$ 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,we h !n atta9$ ! ,v$anti/ po9t ( view4 ,ne>ly all ! mod]n sects1 :e!r ivaite or ,vi%nuite1 admit ! same contradiction into _! tea*+1 = !y reject bo? ! a!ism ( ! ,snkhya & ! immat]ialism ( ! ,advaita 7s9ce x is impossible = a practical religion to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ei!r ,god or ! _w71 :ile ! irresi/ible t5d5cy ( ,indian ?\ght makes !m describe _! deity 9 pan!i/ic language4 ,all /rive to f9d "s metaphysical or !ological =mula :i* w reconcile ^! discrepant ideas1 & ne>ly all ,vi%nuites pr(ess "s special v>iety ( ! ,v$nta call$ by su* names z ,vii%tdvaita1 ,dvaitdvaita1 uddhdvaita & s on4 ,!y diff] *iefly 9 _! def9ition ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! s\l & ,god4 ,only ! ,mdhvas entirely disc>d monism & pr(ess duality 7,dvaita7 & ev5 ,madhva ?\ght x necess>y to write a comm5t>y on ! ,brahma-stras to prove t !y support 8 doctr9e & ! ivaites too h a comm5tator1 ,nlakantha1 :o int]prets !m 9 h>mony ) ! aiva ,siddhnta4 ,!re is also a mod]n comm5t>y by ,soman>aditty> :i* exp\nds ?is mu* twi/$ text agreeably to ! doctr9es ( ! ,l+yat sect4 ,9 mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciples ! ivaite & kti/ s*ools agree ) ! ,vii%tdvaita b _! nom5clature is diff]5t & _! scope is !ological r ?an philosophical4 ,9 all ( !m are felt ! two t5d5cies1 "o wi%+ to di/+ui% ,god1 s\l & matt] & to adju/ _! relations = ! purposes ( practical religion1 ! o!r hold+ m or less t ,god is all or at lea/ t all ?+s come f ,god & return to him4 ,b !re is "o diff]5ce betwe5 ! s*ools ( sect>ian philosophy & ! ,advaita ( ank>a :i* goes to ! root ( ! matt]4 ank>a holds t ! _w & individual exi/5ces are due to illusion1 ignorance & misconception3 !y vani% 9 ! light ( true k4 ,o!r s*ools1 :ile agree+ t 9 "s s5se ,god is all1 yet hold t ! univ]se is n an illusion or false pres5tm5t ( him b a process ( manife/ation or ( evolution />t+ f him4#ghd ,x is n precisely evolution 9 ! ,european s5se1 b r a rhy?mic movem5t1 ( duration & ext5t inexpressible 9 figures1 9 :i* ! ,supreme ,_s alt]nately emits & reabsorbs ! univ]se4 ,z a rule ! high] religi\s life aims at "s =m ( union or close association ) ! deity1 beyond ! sph]e ( ?is process4 ,9 ! evolution>y process ! ,vai%navas int]polate betwe5 ! ,supreme ,_s & ! ph5om5al _w ! phases ( condition$ _s kn[n z ,sank>%ana1 etc42 9 ! same way ! ivaite s*ools increase ! tw5ty-f\r tattvas ( ! ,snkhya to ?irty-six4#ghe ,! fir/ ( ^! tattvas or pr9ciples is iva1 correspond+ to ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,! next phase is ,sadiva 9 :i* diff]5tiation comm5ces ow+ to ! movem5t ( akti1 ! active or female pr9ciple4 iva 9 ?is phase is ?\ght ( z hav+ a body compos$ ( mantras4 akti1 also kn[n z ,b9du or uddhamy1 is sometimes reg>d$ z a sep>ate tattva b m g5]ally z insep>ably unit$ ) iva4 ,! ?ird tattva is v>a1 or iva 9 ! =m ( a "l or p]sonal deity1 & ! f\r? is uddhavidy or true k1 expla9$ z ! pr9ciple ( correlation betwe5 ! exp]i5c] & t :i* is exp]i5c$4 ,x is only aft] ^! t we come to ,my1 mean+ n s mu* illusion z ! sub/ratum 9 :i* ,k>ma inh]es or ! protoplasm f :i* all ?+s gr[4 ,betwe5 ,my & ,puru%a come five m tattvas1 call$ envelopes4 ,_! effect is to enclose & limit1 ?us turn+ ! div9e _s into a human s\l4 kti/ acc\nts ( ! evolution>y process give great] prom95ce to ! "p play$ by akti & are usually metaphysiological1 if ! ^w may be p>don$1 inasmu* z !y reg>d ! cosmic process z ! gr[? ( an embryo1 an idea :i* is z old z ! ,v$as4#ghf ,x is impossible to describe ev5 9 outl9e ^! manifold cosmologies b !y g5]ally speak ( akti1 :o 9 "o s5se is id5tical ) iva & m]ely 8 active =m b 9 ano!r s5se is id5tifi$ ) ,prakriti1 com+ into contact ) ! =m ( iva call$ ,praka or light & !n solidify+ into a drop 7,b9du7 or g]m :i* divides4 ,at "s po9t 9 ?is process arise ,nda or s\nd1 & abda-brahman1 ! s\nd-,brahman1 :i* manife/s itself 9 v>i\s en]gies & assumes 9 ! human body ! =m ( ! my/]i\s coil$ =ce call$ ,kundal94#ghg ,"s ( ! old] ,vi%nuite writ+s use simil> language ( akti1 "u ! "n ( ,lak%m1 b 9 ! ,vii%tdvaita ( ,rmnuja & subsequ5t tea*]s !re is little disposition to dwell on any fem99e en]gy 9 discuss+ ! process ( evolution4 ,( all ! ,d>anas ! mo/ extraord9>y is t call$ ,rasev>a or ! m]curial sy/em4#ghh ,accord+ to x quicksilv]1 if eat5 or o!rwise appli$1 n only pres]ves ! body f decay b deliv]s f transmigration ! s\l :i* inhabits ?is glorifi$ body4 ,quicksilv] is ev5 ass]t$ to be id5tical ) ! supreme self4 ,?is curi\s ,d>ana is repres5t$ z reveal$ by iva to akti & x is only an extreme example ( ! tantric doctr9e t spiritual results c be obta9$ by physical means4 ,! practice ( tak+ m]cury to secure heal? & long life mu/ h be5 preval5t 9 m$ieval ,india = x is m5tion$ by bo? ,m>co ,polo & ,b]ni]4#ghi #e ,a p among :om ! ,v$nta c\ld obta9 a l>ge foll[+ mu/ h be5 prone to ?9k little ( ! ?+s :i* we see comp>$ ) ! unse5 ( :i* !y are ! manife/ation4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ if mat]ialism met ) small sympa?y or success among !m4 ,9 ,india ! extravagances ( asceticism & ( my/ic s5sualism alike f9d devotees1 b ! simple philosophy ( ,let u eat & dr9k = to-morr[ we die1 does n comm5d itself4 ,nev]!less x is n :olly abs5t & 0 kn[n z ! doctr9e ( ,brihaspati4 ,^? :o pr(ess$ x 7 also call$ ,crvkas & ,lokyatikas4#gij ,brihaspati 0 ! preceptor ( ! gods & 8 connection ) ?is s5suali/ic philosophy goes back to a leg5d f\nd 9 ! ,upani%ads#gia t he taught ! demons false k ^: rew>d la/s only z long z ! pleasure la/s 9 ord] to compass _! de/ruction4 ,?is is simil> to ! leg5d f\nd 9 ! ,purnz t ,vi%nu became inc>nate z ,buddha 9 ord] to lead a/ray ! ,daityas4 ,b ?\gh su* words z rvka & ,n/ika are us$ 9 lat] lit]ature z t]ms ( le>n$ abuse1 ! =m] seems to d5ote a def9ite s*ool1 al?\gh we _c connect its hi/ory ) dates1 places or p]sonalities4 ,! ,crvkas are ! fir/ sy/em exam9$ 9 ! ,s>va-d>ana-sangraha1 :i* is writt5 f ! ,v$nti/ /&po9t1 & beg9n+ f ! wor/ sy/ems ( philosophy asc5ds to ^? :i* are relatively correct4 ,?is acc\nt conta9s mo/ ( :at we "k ab\t _! doctr9es1#gib b is obvi\sly biass$3 x repres5ts !m z cynical voluptu>ies hold+ t ! only end ( man is s5sual enjoym5t4 ,we are told t !y admitt$ only "o s\rce ( k1 namely p]ception1 & f\r elem5ts1 e>?1 wat]1 fire & air1 & t !y held ! s\l to be id5tical ) ! body4 ,su* a phrase z my body !y consid]$ to be metaphorical1 z ap>t f ! body !re 0 no ego :o own$ x4 ,! s\l 0 suppos$ to be a physical product ( ! f\r elem5ts1 j z sug> comb9$ ) a f]m5t & o!r +r$i5ts produces an intoxicat+ liquor4 ,among v]ses describ$ z said by ,brihaspati occur ! foll[+ rem>kable l9es3 ,!re is no heav51 no lib]ation1 nor any s\l 9 ano!r _w1 ,nor d ! acts ( ! ramas or ca/es produce any rew>d4 ,if ! animal sla9 9 ! ,jyoti%toma sacrifice w g to heav51 ,:y does n ! sacrific] immolate 8 own fa!r8 ,:ile life rema9s let a man live happily3 let him fe$ on butt] ev5 if he runs into debt4 ,:5 once ! body becomes a%es1 h[ c x ev] return8 ,! au?or ( ! ,dabi/n1 :o liv$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 also m5tions ! ,crvkas 9 some:at simil> t]ms4#gic ,brahmanical au?ors (t5 c\ple ! ,crvkas & ,buddhi/s4 ,?is lump+ toge!r ( (f5sively h]etical sects may be m]ely !ological animus1 b /ill x is possible t !re may be a connection betwe5 ! ,crvkas & ! extreme =ms ( ,mahayani/ nihilism4 ,s*rad]#gid 9 analys+ a s+ul> "w1 call$ ! ,svasamv$yopani%ad1 says x is inspir$ by ! ,mahayani/ doctr9e ( vacuity 7nya-vda7 & proclaims a mo/ radical agno/icism by ass]t+ 9 f\r *apt]s 7a7 t !re is no re9c>nation 7exi/5ce be+ bubble-l71 no ,god1 no _w3 t all traditional lit]ature 7ruti & ,smriti7 is ! "w ( conceit$ fools2 7b7 t ,"t ! de/roy] & ,nature ! orig9ator are ! rul]s ( all exi/5ce & n good & bad de$s1 & t !re is nei!r hell nor heav52 7c7 t p delud$ by fl[]y spee* cl+ to gods1 sacr$ places1 tea*]s1 ?\gh !re is 9 reality no diff]5ce at all betwe5 ,vi%nu & a dog2 7d7 t ?\gh all words are untrue & all ideas m]e illusions1 yet lib]ation is possible by a ?or\gh realization ( ,bhvdvaita4 ,b = ?is r sudd5 concession to ,h9du s5tim5t1 namely t deliv]ance is possible1 ?is doctr9e resembles ! t5ets attribut$ to ! ,crvkas4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #gcf3 ,9 ! ,s>va-d>ana-sangraha1 ! be/ kn[n comp5dium ( ,indian philosophy4 ,footnote #gcg3 ,j4,c4 ,*att]ji's def9ition ( ,indian philosophy 79 8 ,indian ,realism1 p4 #a7 is int]e/+4 ,by ,h9du philosophy ,i mean t bran* ( ! anci5t le>n+ ( ! ,h9dus :i* demon/rates by reason+ propositions ) reg>d to 7a7 :at a man ought to d 9 ord] to ga9 true happ9ess 444 or 7b7 :at he ought to realize by direct exp]i5ce 9 ord] to be radically & absolutely fre$ f suff]+ & to be absolutely indep5d5t1 su* propositions be+ already giv5 & l9es ( reason+ 9 _! support be+ e/abli%$ by duly qualifi$ au?orities4 ,footnote #gch3 ,see ,*att]ji's "w above cit$4 ,footnote #gci3 ,x is ?is idea :i* disposes educat$ ,h9dus to believe 9 ! magical or sacram5tal p[] ( my/ic syllables & lett]s1 ?\gh ! use ( su* spells seems to ,europeans incr$ible folly4 ,footnote #gdj3 ,see especially ,g>be1 ,die ,snkhya ,philosophie1 #ahid2 & ,kei?1 ,! ,snkhya ,sy/em1 #aiai1 :i* h[ev] rea*$ me too late = me to make any use ( x4 ,footnote #gda3 ,e4g4 9 ! ,bhagavad-gt & vetvat>a ,upani%ads4 ,accord+ to tradition ,kapila taught ,asuri & he1 ,pacaikha1 :o made ! sy/em celebrat$4 ,g>be ?9ks ,pacaikha may be assign$ to ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,footnote #gdb3 ,?is appe>s to be ! real title ( ! ,stras edit$ & translat$ by ,ballantyne z ,! ,snkhya ,aphorisms ( ,kapila4 ,footnote #gdc3 ,or topics4 ,x is difficult to f9d any "o ,engli% ^w :i* cov]s ! tw5ty-five tattvas1 = !y include bo? g5]al & special ideas1 m9d & matt] on ! "o h&2 special organs on ! o!r4 ,footnote #gdd3 ,snkh4 ,pravac4 ,i4 #if4 ,footnote #gde3 ,g>be1 ,die ,snkhya ,philosophie1 p4 #bbb4 ,he consid]s t x spread !nce to o!r s*ools4 ,?is involves ! assumption t ! ,snkhya is prior to ,buddhism & ,ja9ism4 ,footnote #gdf3 ,e>s1 sk91 eyes1 tongue & nose4 ,footnote #gdg3 ,voice1 h&s1 feet1 organs ( excretion & g5]ation4 ,footnote #gdh3 ,v]se #dj4 ,footnote #gdi3 ,cf4 ! ,buddhi/ ,sankhras4 ,footnote #gej3 ,snkh4 ,kr4 #fb4 ,footnote #gea3 ,snkh4 ,kr4 #ei-fa4 ,footnote #geb3 ,snkh4 ,pravac4 ,i4 #ib-ie4 ,footnote #gec3 ,snkh4 ,pravac4 ,v4 #b-ab4 ,footnote #ged3 ,?us ,snkh4 ,pravac4 ,v4 #df1 says ,tatk>tuh puru%asybhvt & ! comm5t>y expla9s v>a-prati%$hd iti e%ah supply ! words1 because we d5y t !re is a supreme ,god4 ,footnote #gee3 ,nev]!less ! comm5tator ,vijna-,bhik%u 7c4 #aejj7 tries to expla9 away ?is a!ism & to reconcile ! ,snkhya ) ! ,v$nta4 ,see ,g>be's preface to 8 edition ( ! ,snkhya-pravacana-bh%ya4 ,footnote #gef3 ,,vi4 #ac4 ,footnote #geg3 ,v4 #e4 ,footnote #geh3 v>a is app>5tly a puru%a l o!rs b great] 9 glory & unt\*$ by human infirmities4 ,yoga stras1 ,i4 #bd-bf4 ,footnote #gei3 ,x is a s+ul> fact t bo? ! ,snkhya-krik-bh%ya & a treatise on ! ,vaie%ika philosophy are includ$ 9 ! ,*9ese ,tripitaka 7,nanjio1 ,cat4 ,nos4 #acjj & #abie74 ,a w>n+ is h[ev] add$ t !y are n ! law ( ! ,buddha4 ,footnote #gfj3 ,see ,jacobi1 ,j4,a4,o4,s4 ,dec4 #aiaj1 p4 #bd4 ,b if ,vasub&hu liv$ ab\t #bhj-cfj1 z is n[ g5]ally believ$1 allusions to ! ,yogcra s*ool 9 ! ,yoga stras d n oblige u to place ! stras mu* lat] ?an #cjj ,a4,d4 s9ce ! ,yogcra 0 f\nd$ by ,asanga1 ! bro!r ( ,vasub&hu4 ,footnote #gfa3 ,i f9d x h>d to accept ,deuss5's view 7,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads1 *ap4 ,x7 t ! ,snkhya has gr[n out ( ! ,v$nta4 ,footnote #gfb3 ,see e4g4 ,vi%nu ,purna1 ,i4 *aps4 #b1 #d1 #e4 ,! ,bhagavad-gt1 ?\gh almo/ ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ,v$anti/s1 uses ! words ,snkhya & ,yoga 9 sev]al passages z mean+ speculative tru? & ! religi\s life & is conc]n$ to %[ t !y are ! same4 ,see ,,ii4 #ci2 ,,iii4 #c2 ,v4 #d1 #e4 ,footnote #gfc3 ,x is p]haps h>dly necess>y to add t !re has be5 endless discussion z to ! s5se & mann] 9 :i* ! s\l is ,god4 ,footnote #gfd3 ,brihad ran4 ,,iv4 #d4 #f2 ,ib4 ,i4 iv4 #aj4 ,i am ,brahman4 ,footnote #gfe3 ,see above ,book ,,ii4 *aps4 ,v & ,,vi4 ,footnote #gff3 ,*nd4 ,up4 ,,iii4 #ad4 ,footnote #gfg3 ,*nd4 ,up4 ,,vi4 ,footnote #gfh3 ,see ,deuss51 ,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,footnote #gfi3 ,ato'nyad rtam4 ,brihad r4 ,,iii4 sev]al times4 ,footnote #ggj3 ,maitryana4 ,brh4 ,upani%ad1 ,,vi4 #bj4 ,hav+ se5 8 own self z ,! ,self he becomes selfless1 & because he is selfless he is )\t limit1 )\t cause1 absorb$ 9 ?\ght4 ,footnote #gga3 ,!re is no?+ to fix ! date ( ?is "w except t ,kumrila 9 comm5t+ on x 9 ! eigh? c5tury treats x z old & au?oritative4 ,x 0 p]haps compos$ 9 ! e>ly ,gupta p]iod4 ,footnote #ggb3 ,kei? 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aijg1 p4 #dib says x is becom+ m & m probable t ,bd>yana _c be dat$ aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,jacobi 9 ,j4,a4,o4,s4 #aiaa1 p4 #bi concludes t ! ,brahma-stras 7 compos$ betwe5 #bjj & #dej ,a4,d4 ,footnote #ggc3 ,su* attempts mu/ h begun e>ly4 ,! ,maitryana ,upani%ad 7,,ii4 #c7 talks ( ,s>vopani%advidy1 ! sci5ce ( all ! ,upani%ads4 ,footnote #ggd3 ,see above1 p4 #bjg ff4 ,footnote #gge3 ,! same di/9ction occurs 9 ! works ( ,mei/] ,eckh>t 7 #acbg ,a4,d47 :o 9 _m ways approximates to ,indian ?\ght1 bo? ,buddhi/ & ,v$nti/4 ,he makes a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,godhead & ,god4 ,! ,godhead is ! reveal] b unreveal$3 x is describ$ z wordless 7,yjnavalkya's neti1 neti71 ! nameless no?+1 ! immoveable re/4 ,b ,god is ! manife/ation ( ! ,godhead1 ! utt]$ ^w4 ,all t is 9 ! ,godhead is "o4 ,!re=e we c say no?+4 ,he is above all names1 above all nature4 ,god works1 s doe? n ! ,godhead4 ,!re9 are !y di/+ui%$1 9 work+ & 9 n work+4 ,! end ( all ?+s is ! hidd5 d>kness ( ! et]nal ,godhead1 unkn[n & nev] to be kn[n4 7,quot$ by ,rufus ,jones1 ,/udies 9 ,my/ical ,religion1 p4 #bbe47 ,x may be d\bt$ if ank>a's di/9ction betwe5 ! ,high] & ,l[] ,brahman is to be f\nd 9 ! ,upani%ads b x is probably ! be/ means ( h>moniz+ ! discrepancies 9 ^? works :i* ,indian !ologians feel b\nd to expla9 away4 ,footnote #ggf3 ,v$nta stras1 ,,ii4 #a4 #cb-c1 & ank>a's comm5t>y1 ,s4,b4,e4 vol4 ,,xxxiv4 pp4 #cef-g4 ,rmnuja holds a simil> view & x is v common 9 ,india1 e4g4 ,vi%nu ,pur4 ,i4 *ap4 #b4 ,footnote #ggg3 ,see too a rem>kable passage 9 8 comm5t on ,brahma-stras1 ,,ii4 #a4 #bc4 ,z soon z ! consci\sness ( non-diff]5ce arises 9 u1 ! transmigratory /ate ( ! individual s\l & ! creative quality ( ,brahman vani% at once1 ! :ole ph5om5on ( plurality :i* spr+s f wrong k be+ sublat$ by p]fect k & :at becomes !n ( ! creation & ! faults ( n do+ :at is b5eficial & ! l8 ,footnote #ggh3 ,al?\gh ank>a's comm5t>y is a piece ( sev]e ratioc9ation1 especially 9 its controv]sial p>ts1 yet he holds t ! k ( ,brahman dep5ds n on reason+ b on scripture & intuition4 ,! pres5tation be=e ! m9d ( ! ,highe/ ,self is effect$ by m$itation & devotion4 ,brah4 ,sut4 ,,iii4 #b4 #bd4 ,see too 8 comm5ts on ,i4 #a4 #b & ,,ii4 #a4 #aa4 ,footnote #ggi3 ,see ,sukhtank>1 ,tea*+s ( ,v$nta accord+ to ,rmnuja1 pp4 #ag-ai4 ,walles]1 ,d] aelt]e ,v$nta1 & ,de la ,valle ,p\ss9 9 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiaj1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #ghj3 ,?is t]m is g5]ally r5d]$ by qualifi$1 t is n absolute1 ,monism4 ,b ,s\? ,indian s*ol>s give a slightly diff]5t explanation & ma9ta9 t x is equival5t to ,vii%tayor advaitam or ! id5tity ( ! two qualifi$ 7vii%ta7 conditions ( ,brahman4 ,brahman is qualifi$ by cit & acit1 s\ls & matt]1 :i* /& to him 9 ! relation ( attributes4 ,! two conditions are ,kryva/h or p]iod ( cosmic manife/ation 9 :i* cit & acit are manife/ & ,k>anva/h or p]iod ( cosmic dissolution1 :5 !y exi/ only 9 a subtle /ate )9 ,brahman4 ,^! two conditions are n diff]5t 7advaitam74 ,see ,sr9ivas ,iy5g>1 ,j4,r4,a4,s4 #aiab1 p4 #ajgc & also ,sri ,rmnujcrya3 ,8 ,philosophy by ,rajagopala*>y>4 ,footnote #gha3 ,comp>e ! phrase ( ,keats 9 a lett] quot$ by ,bosanquet1 ,gif=d ,lectures = #aiab1 p4 #ff4 ,z v>i\s z ! lives ( m5 are1 s v>i\s become _! s\ls & ?us does ,god make individual be+s1 s\ls1 id5tical s\ls ( ! sp>ks ( 8 own ess5ce4 ,footnote #ghb3 ,?is t5et is ju/ifi$ by ,brihad ,aran4 ,up4 ,,iii4 #c ff4 :i* is a great text = ,rmnuja's s*ool4 ,he :o dwells 9 ! e>? 7wat]1 etc47 & )9 ! e>? 7or1 is diff]5t f ! e>?7 :om ! e>? kn[s n1 ^: body ! e>? is1 :o rules ! e>? )91 he is ?yself1 ! rul] )91 ! immortal4 ,footnote #ghc3 ,bhag4-gt1 ,,xv4 #af1 #ag4 ,footnote #ghd3 ,! two doctr9es are call$ ,viv>tavda & ,p>9mavda4 ,footnote #ghe3 ,^! are only ! m subtle tattvas4 ,!re are also #fj gross ones4 ,see = ! :ole subject ,s*om]us ,d] aiva-,siddhnta1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #ghf3 ,x also f9ds expression 9 my?s ab\t ! division ( ! deity into male & female halves1 ! cosmic egg1 etc41 :i* are f\nd 9 all /rata ( ,indian lit]ature4 ,footnote #ghg3 ,an acc\nt ( tantric cosmology c be f\nd 9 ,avalon1 ,mahn4 ,tantra1 pp xix-xxxi4 ,see also ,avalon1 ,prapancasra ,tantra1 pp4 #e ff42 ,sr9ivsa ,iy5g>1 ,indian ,philosophy1 pp4 #adc & #bie ff42 ,bh&>k>1 ,vai%n4 & aivism1 pp4 #ade ff4 ,footnote #ghh3 ,s>va-d>ana-sangraha1 *ap4 ,,ix4 ,= ?is doctr9e 9 ,*9a see ,wieg] ,hi/oire des ,croyances religieuses en ,*9e1 p4 #daa4 ,footnote #ghi3 ,see ,yule's ,m>co ,polo1 ,,ii4 pp4 #cfe1 #cfi4 ,footnote #gij3 ,see ,rhys ,davids' note 9 8 ,dialogues ( ! ,buddha on ,dgha ,nikya1 ,sutta ,v4 pp4 #aff ff4 ,he seems to %[ t ,lokyata meant orig9ally natural philosophy z a "p ( a ,brahman's education & only gradually acquir$ a bad mean+4 ,! ,ar?a/ra also recomm5ds ! ,snkhya1 ,yoga & ,lokyata sy/ems4 ,footnote #gia3 ,maitr4 ,up4 ,,vii4 #h4 ,footnote #gib3 ,see also ,suali 9 ,muson1 #aijh1 pp4 #bgg ff4 & ! article ,mat]ialism 7,indian7 9 ,e4,r4,e4 ,= ano!r in/ance ( anci5t mat]ialism see ! views ( ,pysi set =? 9 ,dig4 ,nik4 ,,xxiii4 ,! ,brihad ,ar4 ,up4 ,,iii4 #b4 #ac implies t ! idea ( body & _s be+ dis9tegrat$ at dea? 0 kn[n ?\gh p]haps n reli%$4 ,footnote #gic3 ,translation by ,%ea & ,troy]1 vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bja-b4 ,footnote #gid3 ,sanskrit ,manuscripts 9 ! ,ady> ,libr>y1 #aijh1 pp4 #cjj-a4