,multim$ia ,c5t]1 ,mi*igan ,/ate        
,univ]sity ,libr>ies        ,imp]ialism 
,,&  ,! ,tracks ( ,our ,=efa!rs    ,a   
,,pap] ,,read ,,by  ,,*>les ,,francis   
,,adams  ,be=e ! ,lex+ton1              
,massa*usetts1 ,hi/orical ,society      
,,tuesday1 ,,decemb] #bj1 #ahih    ,9 a 
^w1 _m wise m5 ?\ght x a "t :]e9 ^? two 
mis]able adjuncts1 :i* ,n]va 0 deifi$ = 
unit+1 imp]ium et lib]tas1 7 z well     
reconcil$ z is possible4--,cl>5don's    
,hi/ory ( ! ,rebellion1 ,b4 #a4  #afc4  
,i put my foot 9 ! tracks ( our =efa!rs1
 :]e ,i c nei!r w&] nor                 
/umble4--,burke's ,spee* on             
,conciliation ) ,am]ica4    ,,bo/on     
,,dana ,,e/es  ,,company #baj ,,summ]   
,,/reet #ahii     ,,imp]ialism  ,,&  ,,!
 ,,tracks ,,( ,,our ,,=efa!rs4   ,:at ! 
fea/ ( ! ,passov] 0 to ! *ildr5 (       
,israel1 t ! days betwe5 ! n9ete5? (    
,decemb] & ! f\r? ( ,janu>y--!          
,yuletide--are & w rema9 to ! p ( ,new  
,engl&4 ,! ,passov] began 9 ! fir/ mon? 
on ! f\rte5? day ( ! mon? at ev51 & x   

la/$ "o week1 until ! "o & tw5tie? day (
 ! mon? at ev54 ,x 0 ! p]iod ( !        
sacrifice ( ! ,pas*al lamb1 & ! fea/ (  
unleav5$ bread2 & ( x z a commemoration 
x is writt51 ,:5 y\r *ildr5 %all say    
unto y1 ,:at mean ye by ?is s]vice8 t ye
 %all say1 ,x is ! sacrifice ( ! ,"l's  
passov]1 :o pass$ ov] ! h\ses ( ! *ildr5
 ( ,israel 9 ,egypt1 :5 he smote !      
,egyptians4 ,n[ ! soj\rn+ ( ! *ildr5 (  
,israel1 :o dwelt 9 ,egypt1 0 f\r hundr$
 & ?irty ye>s4 ,& ?us1 by _! ye>ly      
,passov]1 7 ! ,jewi% congregations ( old
 put 9 m9d :at f>ewell !y took ( ! l& ( 
,egypt4  ,s our own e>lie/ records tell 
u t x 0 on ! morn+ ( ,saturday1 ( :at is
 n[ ! n9ete5? ( ,decemb]1 t ! little    
explor+ p>ty f ! ,mayfl[]1 !n ly+ at h] 
an*or 9 ,prov9cet[n ,h>bor1 aft] a day &
 night ( mu* tr\ble & dang]1 sorely     
buffet$ by w9d & wave 9 r\gh ,new       
,engl&'s ,decemb] seas1 f\nd !mselves on
 an isl& 9 ,plym\? ,bay4 ,x 0 a mild1   
faire sun%9+ day4 ,& ?is be+ ! la/ day (
 ! weeke1 !y prep>$ !r to keepe !       

,saba?4 ,on ,munday !y s\nd$ ! h>bor1 & 
m>*$ into ! l&1 & f\nd a place fitt =   
situation4 ,s !y return$ to _! %ipp     
aga9e at ,prov9cet[n ) ?is news4 ,on !  
tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb] !y wey$ an*or to  
goe to ! place !y _h discov]$1 & came )9
 two leagues ( x1 b 7 fa9e to be> up    
aga9e2 b ! tw5ty-six? day1 ! w9de came  
faire1 & !y arriv$ safe 9 ?is h>bor4 ,& 
aft] w>ds tooke bett] view ( ! place1 & 
resolv$ :] to pit* _! dwell+2 & ! f\r?  
day ( ,janu>y begane to erecte ! fir/   
h\se = commone use to receive !m & _!   
goods4 ,su*1 9 ! qua9t language (       
,brad=d1 is ! cal5d> ( ,new ,engl&'s    
,passov]2 &1 beg9n+ on ! n9ete5? (      
,decemb]1 x ends on ! f\r? ( ,janu>y1   
cov]+ z ne>ly z may be ! ,*ri/mas       
holyday p]iod4  ,is !re any bett] use to
 :i* ! ,passov] anniv]s>y c be put ?an  
to retrospection8 ,& :5 y\r *ildr5 %all 
say unto y1 ,:at mean y by ?is s]vice8  
ye %all say1 ,x is ! sacrifice ( ! ,"l's
 passov]1 :5 he smote ! ,egyptians1 &   
deliv]$ our h\ses4 ,s ! old /ory is told

 aga91 be+ ?us kept ev] gre5 9 memory2  
&1 9 tell+ x1 ! exp]i5ces ( ! pa/ are   
br\ght ins5sibly to be> on ! conditions 
( ! pres5t4 ,?us1 once a ye>1 l !       
,israelites ( old1 we1 z a p1 may take  
our be>+s & v]ify our c\rse1 z we plunge
 on out ( ! inf9ite pa/ into ! unkn[able
 future4 ,x is a useful practice2 & we  
are "h ?is fir/ ev5+ ( our ,passov]     
p]iod to obs]ve x4  ,?is1 too1 is an    
,hi/orical ,society1--t ( ,lex+ton1 a   
"n1 z1 :5 arraign$ be=e ! tribunal ( !  
,fr5* ,t]ror1 ,danton said ( 8 own1     
tol]ably kn[n 9 ! ,revolution2 & ,i am  
invit$ to address y because ,i am       
,presid5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,hi/orical  
,society1 ! mo/ v5]able organization ( !
 sort 9 ,am]ica1 p]haps 9 ! _w4 ,?us1   
to-night1 ?\gh we %all necess>ily h to  
t\* on topics ( ! day1 & topics excit+ !
 livelie/ int]e/ & mo/ active           
discussion1 we w 9 s do+ look at !m1--n 
z politicians or z p>tisans1 nor f !    
comm]cial or religi\s side1 b solely f !
 hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,we %all judge (

 ! pres5t 9 its relations to ! pa/4 ,&1 
unque/ionably1 !re is great satisfaction
 to be d]iv$ f s do+2 ! m]e ef=t seems  
at once to take u into ano!r            
atmosph]e1--an atmosph]e z =eign to     
unctu\s cant z x is to :at is vulg>ly   
kn[n z electione]+ taffy4 ,?is ev5+ we  
pass away f ! noisy & heat$ turmoil (   
p>tisan politics1 ) its appeals to      
prejudice1 passion1 & mat]ial int]e/1   
into ! cool ( a quiet academic          
discussion4 ,x is l go+ out ( "s        
turbul5t caucus1 or excit+ w>d-room     
debate1 & f9d+ oneself sudd5ly confront$
 by ! cold1 cle> light ( ! ,decemb]     
moon1 %9+ amid ! sil5ce ( innum]able    
/>s4  ,address+ ourselves1 !re=e1 to !  
subject 9 h&1 ! "q at once sugge/s      
itself1--,:at ye> 9 rec5t times has be5 
9 a l>ge way m notewor?y & impressive1  
:5 look$ at f ! purely hi/orical po9t ( 
view1 ?an ?is ye> ( :i* we are n[ obs]v+
 ! close8 ,! fir/ ,passov] ( !          
,israelites end$ a drama ( m ?an f\r    
c5turies' duration1 = ! soj\rn+ ( !     

*ildr5 ( ,israel1 :o dwelt 9 ,egypt1 0  
f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s2 & at ! end ( ! 
f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s all ! ho/s ( !  
,"l w5t out f ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,s !       
,passov] we n[ celebrate commemorates ! 
clos+ ( ano!r _w drama ( almo/ precisely
 ! same l5g?1 & "o ( deepe/             
significance1 z well z unsurpass$       
hi/oric int]e/4 ,^! _w dramas are l5g?y 
affairs2 =1 :ile we m5 are always 9 a   
hurry1 ! ,almighty nev] is3 on !        
contr>y1 z ! ,psalmi/ obs]v$1 s n[1 a   
?\s& ye>s 9 8 sight are b z ye/]day :5 x
 is pa/1 & z a wat* 9 ! night4 ,! drama 
,i h ref]r$ to z ?is week br\ght to its 
close1 is t kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,spani%     
,dom9ation 9 ,am]ica4 ,x began1 z we all
 "k1 on ! tw5ty-fir/ ( ,octob]1 #adib2 x
 has be5 cont9u\s ?r\gh six ye>s ov] f\r
 c5turies4 ,x n[ passes into hi/ory2 !  
v]dict may be made up4  ,s f> z ,i      
p]sonally am conc]n$1--a matt] ne$less  
to say ( v trifl+ consequ5ce1--?is      
v]dict 0 r5d]$ a ye> ago4 ,x 0 some:at  
,rhadaman?9e2 b a twelve-mon? ( fur!r   

reflection has %[n no cause 9 any       
respect to revise x4 ,9 ref]r+ to :at 0 
!n pla9ly imp5d+1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahig1    
be=e ! bl[+ up ( ! battle%ip ,ma9e1 be=e
 a conflict _h become inevitable1 ,i us$
 ?is language 9 a pap] read to !        
,massa*usetts ,hi/orical ,society3 ,:5  
look+ at ! vicissitudes ( human         
developm5t1 we are apt to assume a c]ta9
 air ( optimism1 & take advancem5t z !  
law ( be+1 z a ?+ ( c\rse1 indisputable4
 ,we are *>itable1 too2 & to d5y to any 
giv5 race or p "s degree ( use 9 !      
economy ( ,nature1 or ! plan (          
,creation1 is usually reg>d$ z          
indicative ( n>r[ness ( view4 ,! fatal1 
f9al ^w pessimi/ is apt to be :isp]$ 9  
connection ) ! "n ( "o :o v5tures to    
sugge/ a d\bt ( ?is phase ( ! doctr9e   
kn[n z ,univ]salism4 ,& yet1 at ?is "t  
:51 be=e our eyes1 x is brea?+ its la/1 
,i want "s "o to po9t out a s+le good ?+
 9 law1 or sci5ce1 or art1 or           
lit]ature1--mat]ial1 moral or           
intellectual1--:i* has result$ to ! race

 ( man ^u e>? f ,spani% dom9ation 9     
,am]ica4 ,i h tri$ to ?9k ( "o 9 va94 ,x
 c]ta9ly has n yield$ an immortality1 an
 idea1 or a discov]y2 x has1 9 fact1 be5
 "o long record ( reaction &            
retrogression1 ?an :i* few pages 9 !    
record ( mank9d h be5 m disc\rag+ or    
less fruitful ( good4 ,:at is n[ tak+   
place 9 ,cuba is hi/orical4 ,x is ! dy+ 
out ( a dom9ion1 ! influ5ce ( :i* w be  
se5 & felt = c5turies 9 ! life ( two    
cont95ts2 j z :at is tak+ place 9       
,turkey is ! la/ fi]ce flick]+ up (     
,asiatic rule 9 ,europe1 on ! v spot :]e
 tw5ty-f\r c5turies ago ,asiatic rule 9 
,europe 0 ?\ght to h be5 av]t$ =ev]4 ,! 
two1 ,ottoman rule 9 ,europe1 & ,spani% 
rule 9 ,am]ica1 n[ /& at ! b> ( hi/ory2 
&1 scann+ ! long f\r-c5tury record (    
ea*1 ,i h be5 unable to see :at ei!r has
 contribut$ to ! accumulat$ possessions 
( ! human race1 or :y bo? %\ld n be     
class$ among ! _m in/ances ( ! arre/$   
civilization ( a race1 develop+ by      
degrees an irresi/ible t5d5cy to        

retrogression4  ,?is1 "o ye> ago2 & :ile
 ! emb]s ( ! la/ ,greco-,turki% /ruggle1
 /ill :ite1 7 sc>cely cold on ! pla9 (  
,m>a?on4 ,! "t s9ce pass$ has yield$    
fre% pro( 9 support ( ?is h>% judgm5t2  
=1 if !re is "o hi/orical law bett] & m 
irrev]sibly e/abli%$ ?an ano!r1 x is t1 
9 ! case ( nations ev5 m ?an 9 ! case ( 
individuals1 _! s9s w f9d !m out1--! day
 ( reckon+ may n be escap$4 ,noticeably1
 has ?is prov$ s 9 ! case ( ,spa94 ,!   
ye> #aejj may be said to h f\nd t c\ntry
 at ! apex ( h] greatness4 ,am]ica _h !n
 be5 newly discov]$2 ! ,moor 0 j subdu$4
 ,ne>ly half a c5tury be=e 7#adec7 !    
,roman ,empire _h fall51 &1 ) ! /orm+ ( 
,con/ant9ople by ! ,s>ac5s1 disappe>$ f 
! e>?4 ,t ev5t1 x may be m5tion$ 9      
pass+1 clos$ ano!r _w drama cont9u\s    
?r\gh tw5ty-two c5turies1--^u ! :ole !  
mo/ wond]ful ( ! s]ies4 ,& s1 :5 ,roman 
empire vani%$1 t ( ,spa9 began4 ,x 0    
u%]$ 9 by ! l&fall ( ,columbus2 & :51 j 
?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]1 9 #agib1 !       
subject 0 discuss$ 9 connection ) its   

?ird c5t5nial1 ! g5]al v]dict (         
,european ?9k]s 0 t ! discov]y ( ,am]ica
 _h1 ^u ! :ole1 be5 to mank9d ! rev]se (
 b5efic5t4 ,?is conclusion has s9ce be5 
comm5t$ ^u ) d]ision2 yet1 :5 made1 x 0 
"r4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates _h 9 #agib j       
/ruggl$ into exi/5ce1 & its influ5ce on 
! c\rse ( human ev5ts _h n begun to make
 itself felt4 ,^? :o consid]$ ! subject 
_h be=e !m1 !re=e1 only ,spani%         
dom9ation 9 ,am]ica1 & ^u t _! v]dict _c
 be ga9said2 =1 f ! ye> #adib d[n1 !    
hi/ory ( ,spa9 & ,spani% dom9ation has  
und5iably be5 "o long s]ies ( crimes &  
violations ( natural law1 ! p5alty = :i*
 has n app>5tly ev5 yet be5 exact$ 9    
full4  ,( ^? national crimes f\r /& out 
9 special prom95ce1 con/itut+ c\nts 9 a 
national indictm5t ?an :i* hi/ory %[s   
few m =midable4 ,^! f\r 73 7#a7 ,!      
expulsion1 fir/1 ( ! ,jews1 & !n ( !    
,moors1 or ,moriscoes1 f ,spa91 late 9 !
 fifte5? & e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5turies2   
7#b7 ! annals ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,blood 9 !  
,ne!rl&s1 & ! eighty ye>s ( int]nec9e   

w>f>e ?r\gh :i* ,holl& f\ght its way out
 f "u ,spani% rule2 7#c7 ! ,inquisition1
 ! mo/ +5i\s human ma*9]y ev] inv5t$ to 
root out & de/roy :atev] a p _h t 0     
intellectually mo/ al]t1 inquisitive1 & 
progressive2 &1 f9ally 7#d71 ! policy ( 
ext]m9ation1 &1 :]e n ( ext]m9ation1 (  
cruel oppression1 sy/ematically pursu$  
t[>ds ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica4 ,into !    
gr\nds on :i* ! diff]5t c\nts ( ?is     
indictm5t re/ x w\ld be impossible n[ to
 ent]4 ,7 x desirable s to d1 "t w\ld n 
p]mit4 ,suffice x to say1 ! p5alty _h to
 be paid to ! utt]mo/ f>?+2 & "o l>ge   
in/alm5t fell due1 & 0 m]cilessly       
exact$1 dur+ ! ye> n[ draw+ to its      
close4 ,spani% dom9ation 9 ,am]ica      
ceas$1--! drama end$ z x 0 ent]+ on its 
fif? c5tury1--& x c be/ be dismiss$ ) ! 
solemn words ( ,abraham ,l9coln1 utt]$ m
 ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 :5 contemplat+ a   
simil> expiation we 7 ourselves pay+ 9  
blood & grief = a n dissimil> violation 
( an ev]la/+ law1--,yet1 if ,god wills t
 ?is mighty sc\rge cont9ue until all !  

weal? pil$ by ! bondsm5's two hundr$ &  
fifty ye>s ( unrequit$ toil %all be     
sunk1 & until e drop ( blood drawn by ! 
la% %all be paid by ano!r drawn by !    
sword1 z 0 said ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 s   
/ill x mu/ be said1 ',! judgm5ts ( ! ,"l
 are true & righte\s altoge!r6'  ,b n   
only is ?is ye> memorable z witness+ !  
d[nfall & complete extirpation ( t      
,spani% rule 9 ,am]ica :i* began )      
,columbus1 b ! result1 :5 x at la/ came 
ab\t1 0 m>k$ by incid5ts m curi\sly     
fitt+ & dramatic ?an x w\ld h be5       
possible = a ,%akspe>e to h conceiv$4   
,columbus1 z we all "k1 /umbl$1 z x 71  
on ,am]ica z he sail$ we/ 9 se>* (      
,asia1--,cipango he 0 look+ =1 & he f\nd
 ,cuba4 ,x is equally well kn[n t he    
nev] discov]$ 8 mi/ake4 ,:5 f\rte5 ye>s 
lat] he di$1 x 0 9 ! fai? t1 ?r\gh him1 
,europe _h by a we/w>d movem5t e/abli%$ 
itself 9 ! ar*ipelagoes ( ,asia4 ,& n[1 
at la/1 f\r c5turies aft]w>d1 ! bl[ :i* 
did mo/ to end ! ,am]ican dom9ation he  
e/abli%$ 0 /ruck 9 ,asiatic wat]s2 &1   

?r\gh x & ! desc5dants ( ano!r race1    
,am]ica seems on ! ?re%old ( realiz+ !  
mi/ak5 belief ( ,columbus1 & by a we/w>d
 movem5t e/abli%+ ! ,european 9 t v     
ar*ipelago ,columbus fail$ to rea*4 ,!  
ways ( ,provid5ce are c]ta9ly n less    
s+ul> ?an sl[ 9 movem5t4  ,b ! ye> j    
end+ 0 v]itably "o ( surprises1--= !    
hi/orical /ud5t x w\ld1 inde$1 seem z if
 #ahih 0 de/9$ to pass into ! long      
record z almo/ ! ,ye> ( ,surprises4 ,we 
n[ come to ! consid]ation ( "s ( ^!     
:olly unanticipat$ results f ! ,am]ican 
po9t ( view4 ,& 9 ent]+ on ?is aspect ( 
! "q1 x is necess>y once m to rem9d y t 
we are do+ x 9 ! hi/orical _s1 & f !    
hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,we are /at+     
facts n suppos$ to admit ( d5ial4 ,!    
argum5t & inf]5ces to be drawn f ^?     
facts d n belong to ?is occasion4 ,"s w 
rea* "o conclusion z to ! future1 & !   
be>+ ^? facts h ^u its probable         
developm5t1 & "s w rea* ano!r           
conclusion2 ) ^! conclusions we h no?+  
to d4 ,our bus9ess is exclusively ) !   

facts4  ,speak+ l>gely1 b /ill ) all    
necess>y hi/orical accuracy1 ,am]ica has
 be5 peopl$1 & its developm5t1 up to !  
pres5t "t1 work$ out ?r\gh two great    
/ocks ( ! ,european family1--!          
,spani%-speak+ /ock1 & ! ,engli%-speak+ 
/ock4 ,9 _! developm5t ^! two h pursu$  
l9es1 cle>ly m>k$1 b curi\sly div]g5t4  
,leav+ ! ,spani%-speak+ bran* out ( !   
discussion1 z unnecess>y to x1 x may )\t
 exagg]ation be said ( ! ,engli%-speak+ 
bran* t1 f ! beg9n+ d[n to ?is ye> n[   
end+1 its developm5t has be5 "o long    
prote/ aga9/1 & div]g5ce f1 ,old ,_w    
me?ods & ideals4 ,9 ! case ( ^? desc5d$ 
f ! ,=efa!rs1--z we always designate !  
,plym\? colony1--?is has be5 mo/        
di/9ctly m>k$1 e?nically1 politically1  
indu/rially4  ,am]ica 0 ! sph]e :]e !   
,european1 z a coloni/1 a settl]1 fir/  
came on a l>ge scale 9 contact ) ano!r  
race4 ,h]et(ore1 9 ! ,old ,_w1 :5 "o    
/ock _h ov]run ano!r1--& hi/ory pres5t$ 
_m examples ( x1--! invad+ /ock1 aft]   
subdu+1 & to a great ext5t driv+ out1 ! 

/ock :i* _h prec$$ 9 ! occupancy ( a    
region1 settl$ gradually d[n into a     
common possession1 &1 9 ! sl[ process ( 
ye>s1 an amalgamation ( /ocks1 m or less
 complete1 took place4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ) !  
,anglo-,saxon1 & especially ^? ( ! ,new 
,engl& type1 ?is 0 n ! case4 ,unlike !  
,fr5*man at ! nor?1 or ! ,spani>d at !  
s\?1 ! ,anglo-,saxon %[$ no disposition 
to ally himself ) ! aborig9es1--he ev9c$
 no faculty ( deal+ ) inf]ior races1 z  
!y are call$1 except ?r\gh a process (  
ext]m9ation4 ,"h 9 ,massa*usetts ?is 0 s
 f ! outset4 ,ne>ly e "o "h has read    
,longfell['s poem1 ,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles 
,/&i%1 & calls to m9d ! %ort1 %>p       
conflict betwe5 ! ,plym\? capta9 & !    
,indian *ief1 ,pecksuot1 & h[ ^?        
,god-fe>+ ,pilgrims ru?lessly put to    
dea? by /abb+ & hang+ a suffici5t numb] 
( ! already plague-/rick5 & dy+         
aborig9es4 ,t episode occurr$ 9 ,april1 
#afbc1 only a little m ?an two ye>s aft]
 ! l&+ we to-night celebrate1 & 01 s f> 
z ,new ,engl& is conc]n$1 ! beg9n+ ( a  

s]ies ( w>s :i* did n end until !       
,indian ceas$ to be an elem5t 9 our     
civilization4 ,:5 ,john ,rob9son1 !     
rev]$ pa/or ( ! ,plym\? *ur*1 receiv$   
tid+s at ,leyd5 ( t kill+ ne>           
,plym\?1--= ,rob9son nev] got across !  
,atlantic1--he wrote3 ,oh1 h[ happy a ?+
 _h x be51 if y _h conv]t$ "s be=e y _h 
kill$ any6 ,!re is cause to fe> t1 by   
occasion1 especially ( provocation1 !re 
may be want+ t t5d]ness ( ! life ( man  
7made aft] ,god's image7 :i* is meet4 ,x
 is also a ?+ m glori\s 9 m5's eyes1 ?an
 pleas+ 9 ,god's or conv5i5t =          
,*ri/ians1 to be a t]ror to poor1 b>b>\s
 p4 ,?is all has a v famili> s\nd4 ,x is
 ! refra9 ( ne>ly ?ree c5turies2 b1 z an
 hi/orical fact1 x is und5iable t1 f    
#afbc d[n to ! ye> n[ end+1 ! ,am]ican  
,anglo-,saxon has 9 8 deal+s ) :at are  
kn[n z ! inf]ior races lack$ t t5d]ness 
( ! life ( man :i* is meet1 & he has    
made himself a t]ror to poor1 b>b>\s p4 
,h[ we ( ,massa*usetts c>ri$ ourselves  
t[>ds ! aborig9es "h1 ! fe>ful record ( 

! ,pequot w> rema9s ev]la/+ly to tell4  
,h[ ! c\ntry at l>ge has c>ri$ itself 9 
turn t[>ds ,indian1 ,african1 & ,asiatic
 is matt] ( hi/ory4 ,& yet x is equally 
matt] ( hi/ory t ?is c>riage1 t]m x :at 
y w1--un*ri/ian1 brutal1 ext]m9at+1--has
 be5 ! salvation ( ! race4 ,x has sav$ !
 ,anglo-,saxon /ock f be+ a nation (    
half-bre$s1--misceg5ates1 to co9 a ^w   
expressive ( an idea4 ,! ,canadian      
half-bre$1 ! ,mexican1 ! mulatto1 say   
:at m5 may1 are n virile or endur+      
races2 & t ! ,anglo-,saxon is none ( ^!1
 & is ess5tially virile & endur+1 is due
 to ! fact t ! less develop$ races p]i%$
 be=e him4 ,nature is und5iably (t5     
brutal 9 its me?ods4  ,aga91 & on ! o!r 
h&1 ! ,anglo-,saxon :5 he came to       
,am]ica left beh9d him1 s f> z he       
himself 0 conc]n$1 feudalism & all ?+s  
p]ta9+ to ca/e1 includ+ :at 0 !n kn[n 9 
,engl&1 & is /ill kn[n 9 ,g]many1 z     
,div9e ,"r4 ,:5 he at la/ enunciat$ 8   
political fai? he put 9 ! =efront ( 8   
decl>ation z self-evid5t tru?s1 !       

pr9ciples t all m5 are creat$ equal2 t  
!y are end[$ ) c]ta9 inali5able rights1 
among !m life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit (    
happ9ess2 & t gov]nm5ts d]iv$ _! j p[]s 
f ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$4 ,n[ :at 0 meant  
"h by ! phrase all m5 are creat$ equal8 
,we "k !y are n4 ,!y are n creat$ equal 
9 physical or m5tal end[m5t2 nor are !y 
creat$ ) equal opportunity4 ,! _w       
bri/les ) inequalities1 natural &       
artificial4 ,?is is s2 & yet !          
decl>ation is none ! less true2--true :5
 made2 true n[2 true = all future "t4 ,!
 ref]5ce 0 to ! inequalities :i* always 
_h m>k$1 !n did1 & /ill d1 m>k1 !       
political life ( ! ,old ,_w1--to ,ca/e1 
,div9e ,"r1 ,privilege4 ,x decl>$ t all 
m5 7 creat$ equal be=e ! law1 z be=e !  
,"l2#a & t1 :e!r ,european1 ,am]ican1   
,asiatic1 or ,african1 !y 7 end[$ ) an  
inali5able "r to life1 lib]ty1 & !      
pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,& to ?is tru?1 z he
 saw x1 ,l9coln ref]r$ 9 ^? memorable   
words ,i h already cit$ be>+ on our     
national crime 9 long =getfulness ( our 

own immutable pr9ciples4 ,! fundam5tal1 
primal pr9ciple 0 inde$ m cle>ly voic$  
by ,l9coln ?an x has be5 voic$ be=e1 or 
s9ce1 9 decl>+ aga91 & else:]e t to our 
nation1 d$icat$ to ! proposition t all  
m5 are creat$ equal1 has by ,provid5ce  
be5 assign$ ! mom5t\s task ( te/+ :e!r  
any nation s conceiv$ & s d$icat$ c long
 endure1 & t gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 = !
 p1 %all n p]i% f ! e>?4  ,! next c>d9al
 pr9ciple 9 our policy z a race--t      
in/9ctive policy ,i h already ref]r$ to 
z div]g5t f ,old ,_w me?ods & ideals--0 
mo/ de>ly enunciat$ by ,wa%+ton 9 8     
,f>ewell ,address1 t ! great rule = u 9 
reg>d to =eign nations is1 9 ext5d+ our 
comm]cial relations1 to h ) !m z little 
political connection z possible2 t x 0  
unwise 9 u to implicate ourselves by    
artificial ties 9 ! ord9>y vicissitudes 
( ,old ,_w policies1 or ! ord9>y        
comb9ations & collisions ( h] fri5d%ips 
or enmities4 ,our deta*$ & di/ant       
situation invites & enables u to pursue 
a diff]5t c\rse4444 ,tak+ c>e always to 

keep ourselves by suitable e/abli%m5ts  
on a respectable def5sive po/ure1 we may
 safely tru/ to tempor>y alliances =    
extraord9>y em]g5cies4  ,accept+ ?is z  
firm gr\nd f :i* to act1 we aft]w>ds put
 =? :at is kn[n z ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4   
,hav+ ann\nc$ t our purpose 01 9 homely 
language1 to m9d our own bus9ess1 we    
w>n$ ! out] _w t we did n propose to    
p]mit by t out] _w any int]f]5ce 9 :at  
did n conc]n x4 ,am]ica 0 our field1--a 
field amply l>ge = our developm5t4 ,x 0 
!re=e decl>$ t1 :ile we _h nev] tak5 any
 "p1 nor did x comport ) our policy to d
 s1 9 ! w>s ( ,european politics1 ) !   
movem5ts 9 ?is hemisph]e we are1 (      
necessity1 m intimately connect$4 ,we   
owe x1 !re=e1 to c&or to decl>e t we    
%\ld consid] any attempt on ! "p (      
,european p[]s to ext5d _! sy/em to any 
portion ( ?is hemisph]e z dang]\s to our
 peace & safety4  ,on ^! pr9ciples (    
gov]nm5t & ( =eign policy we h z a p n[ 
act$ = m ?an sev5ty ye>s4 ,!y h be5     
exemplifi$ & develop$ 9 v>i\s           

directions1 & result$ 9                 
details--comm]cial1 economic1 &         
e?nic--:i* h giv5 rise to political     
issues1 long & hotly conte/$1 b :i*1 9  
_! result f ! purely hi/orical po9t (   
view1 d n admit ( dispute4 ,comm]cially1
 we h adopt$ :at is kn[n z a sy/em      
protective bo? ( our indu/ries & our    
labor4 ,economically1 we h c>efully     
es*ew$ l>ge & co/ly armam5ts1 & exp5sive
 gov]nm5tal me?ods4 ,e?nically1 we h    
av[$ our desire to h z little contact z 
possible ) less develop$ races1 lam5t+ !
 pres5ce ( ! ,african1 & sev]ely exclud+
 ! ,asiatic4 ,^! facts1 :e!r we z       
individuals & citiz5s :olly approve--or 
d n approve at all--( ! c\rse pursu$ & !
 results rea*$1 admit ( no dispute4     
,nei!r c x be d5i$ t our attitude1 :e!r 
x 9 all respects comm&$ ! respect (     
=eign nations1 or fail$ to comm& x1 0   
accept$1 & has prevail$4 ,/rik+         
illu/rations ( ?is at once sugge/       
!mselves4  ,9 "o respect especially 0   
our attitude peculi>1 & 9 its peculi>ity

 we took great pride4 ,x 0 l>gely moral2
 b1 ?\gh l>gely moral1 x _h beh9d x !   
consci\sness ( /r5g? 9 ourselves1 & its 
recognition by o!rs4 ,9 great degree1 & 
relatively1 an un>m$ p1 we look$ )      
amaze1 :i* _h 9 x some?+ ( amusem5t1 at 
! con/antly gr[+ armam5ts & w> budgets (
 ! nations ( ,europe4 ,we saw !m1 l !   
w>riors ( ! middle ages1 cru%$ "u !     
weight ( _! weapons ( (f5ce1 & _!       
prep>ations = def5ce4 ,mean:ile1 =tunate
 9 our geographical position1--weak =   
(f5ce1 b1 9 turn1 unassailable1--we w5t 
9 & out mu* z an un>m$ man1 rely+ on 8  
"*1 8 recogniz$ =ce1 position1 &        
peaceful call+1 daily moves ab\t 9 our  
fronti] settlem5ts & m9+ camps amid     
?rongs ( m5 arm$ to ! tee? ) revolv]s & 
b[ie knives4 ,yet1 evid5ce 0 n lack+ ( !
 consid]ation yield$ to u :5 we 7 call$ 
^u1 or felt call$ ^u1 to ass]t          
ourselves4 ,i w n ref] to ! episode (   
#ahff1 :51 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( 
! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 we intimat$ to      
,france t h] imm$iate )drawal f ,mexico 

0 desir$2 = !n we _h n laid d[n ! arms  
we _h tak5 up 9 ! ,rebellion4 ,b1 )\t   
remon/rance ev51 ,france )drew4 ,9      
#ahia1 "u circum/ances n )\t gr\nds (   
aggravation aga9/ u1 a mob 9 ,valp>aiso 
assault$ "s seam5 f our %ips ( w>4      
,in/ant apology & r$ress 7 dem&$2 & !   
dem& 0 compli$ )4 ,yet lat]1 ! c\rse    
pursu$ by u 9 ! ,v5ezuela matt] is too  
fre% 9 memory to call = m ?an a ref]5ce4
 ,^! are all matt]s ( hi/ory4 ,:5 did   
our ^w fail to c>ry all desir$ weight8  
,su* 7 our /&+1 our traditional policy1 
& our record at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> n[     
end+4 ,no proposition advanc$ admits1 x 
is believ$1 ( dispute hi/orically4 ,into
 ! ev5ts ( ! ye> #ahih x is n necess>y  
to ent] 9 any detail4 ,!y are 9 ! m9ds (
 all4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! prim>y 
object = :i* we ent]$ ^u ! late w> )    
,spa9 0 to br+ to an end ! long &       
altoge!r bad record ( ,spani% rule 9    
,am]ica4 ,9 tak+ ! /eps deem$ necess>y  
to effect ?is result1 ,congress w5t out 
( its way1 & publicly & =mally put ^u   

record its disclaim] ( any int5tion to  
ent] ^u a w> ( conque/1 ass]t+ its      
det]m9ation1 :5 ,spani% dom9ation 0     
end$1 to leave ! gov]nm5t ( ,cuba1 &    
presumably ( any o!r isl&s simil>ly     
acquir$1 to ! p !re(4 ,z an incid5t to  
our naval op]ations on ! ,pacific1 !    
isl& ( ,hawaii 0 !n annex$ to ! ,unit$  
,/ates z an extra-t]ritorial possession1
 or coal+ /ation1 ?is be+ effect$ by a  
jo9t resolution ( ! two ,h\ses (        
,congress1 "u ! prec$5t ( #ahde e/abli%$
 9 ! case ( ,texas1--a me?od ( proc$ure 
! con/itutionality ( :i* 0 at ! "t      
=mally call$ 9 "q by ! ,/ate (          
,massa*usetts1 & aga9/ :i* ,mr4 ,web/]  
made vigor\s prote/ 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,9 ?us  
possess+ ourselves ( ,hawaii1 ! cons5t (
 ! native inhabitants 0 n consid]$      
necess>y2 we dealt :olly ) an olig>*ical
 de facto gov]nm5t1 repres5t+ ! =eign   
elem5t1 ma9ly ,am]ican1 !re resid5t4    
,%ortly aft] ! acquisition ( ,hawaii1   
we1 z ! result ( brilliant naval        
op]ations & successes1 acquir$          

possession ( ! h>bor ( ,manila1 9 !     
,philipp9e ar*ipelago1 & f9ally ! city &
 "s adjac5t t]ritory 7 surr5d]$ to u4 ,a
 treaty 0 !n negotiat$1 ! p[] ( ,spa9   
be+ completely brok51 "u :i* %e ab&on$  
all claims ( sov]eignty1 n only ov] !   
isl& ( ,cuba1 ! orig9al cause ( w>1 b   
ov] v>i\s o!r isl&s 9 ! ,philipp9e1 z   
well z 9 ! ,we/ ,indian1 ar*ipelagoes4  
,^! isl&s1 9 all said to be "s #a1bjj to
 #a1ejj 9 numb]1 are moreov] n only     
inhabit$ by bo? natives & =eign]s to !  
e/imat$ numb] ( t5 to twelve million (  
s\ls1 b !y conta9 l>ge cities &         
communities speak+ diff]5t tongues1 liv+
 "u o!r laws1 & hav+ cu/oms1 mann]s1 &  
traditions :olly unlike our own1 & :i*1 
9 ! case ( ! ,philipp9es1 d n admit (   
assimilation4 ,situat$ 9 ! tropics also1
 !y _c gradually become coloniz$ by     
,am]icans1 ) or )\t ! disappe>ance ( !  
native population4 ,! ,am]ican c only g 
!re = tempor>y resid5ce4  ,a :olly new  
problem 0 ?us sudd5ly pres5t$ to ! p ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is ass]t$

 t1 by de/roy+ ,spani% gov]nm5t 9 ^!    
isl&s1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has assum$       
responsibility = !m1 bo? to !           
inhabitants & to ! _w4 ,?is is a moral  
obligation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 trade &       
comm]cial inducem5ts are held out :i*   
w\ld lead u to treat ^! isl&s simply z a
 comm5cem5t--! fir/ in/alm5t--9 a sy/em 
( unlimit$ extra-t]ritorial dep5d5cies &
 imp]ial expansion4 ,) ^!               
responsibilities & obligations we "h ?is
 ev5+ h no?+ to d1 any m ?an we h to d )
 ! exp$i5cy or probable results ( !     
policy ( colonial expansion1 :5 once    
fairly adopt$ & f9ally ent]$ ^u4 ,^!    
h]eaft] w be1 b are n yet1 hi/orical    
que/ions2 & we are m]ely hi/orical      
inquir]s4 ,we1 !re=e1 no matt] :at o!rs 
may d1 mu/ try to conf9e ourselves to   
our own prop] bus9ess & functions4  ,my 
purpose1 !re=e1 is n to argue = or aga9/
 :at is n[ propos$1 b simply to te/     
hi/orically "s ( ! argum5ts ,i h he>d   
mo/ commonly advanc$ 9 favor ( ! propos$
 policy ( expansion1 & ?us see to :at !y

 app>5tly lead 9 ! sequ5ce ( human1 & m 
especially ( ,am]ican1 ev5ts4 ,d !y     
indicate an hi/oric cont9uity8 ,or d !y 
result 9 :at is geologically kn[n z a   
fault1--a movem5t1 z ! result ( =ce1    
?r\gh :i* a /ratum1 once cont9u\s1      
becomes disconnect$8  ,9 ! fir/ place1  
!n1 z respects ! inhabitants ( ! va/ly  
great] numb] ( ! dep5d5cies already     
acquir$1 &1 "u ! policy ( imp]iali/ic   
expansion1 h]eaft] to be acquir$4 ,x is 
argu$ t we1 z a p at once dom9ant &     
,*ri/ian1 are "u an obligation to avail 
ourselves ( ! opportunity ! ,almighty1 9
 8 inf9ite wisdom1 has ?ru/ ^u u1--"s   
say ! pla9 call he has utt]$ to u1--to g
 =?1 & imp>t to ! b>b>ian & ! hea!n !   
bless+s ( lib]ty & ! ,bible4 ,a mission 
is impos$ ^u u4 ,view$ 9 ! cold1        
pitiless light ( hi/ory1--& t is ! only 
way we "h c view !m1--div9e missions &  
provid5tial calls are que/ionable ?+s2  
?+s ! assumption & fulfilm5t ( :i* are  
apt to be at v>iance4 ,s f> z ! ,am]ican
 is conc]n$1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 !

 hi/oric prec$5ts are n enc\rag+4       
,:atev] 8 !ories1 e?nical1 political1 or
 religi\s1 8 practice has be5 z pron\nc$
 z x 0 ma/]ful4 ,f ! e>lie/ days at     
,wessagusset & 9 ! ,pequot w>1 d[n to ! 
v la/ election held 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1--f 
#afbc to #ahih1--! knife & ! %otgun h   
be5 f> m pot5t & active in/rum5ts 9 8   
deal+s ) ! inf]ior races ?an ! code (   
lib]ty or ! output ( ! ,bible ,society4 
,! record speaks = itself4 ,s f> z !    
,indian is conc]n$1 ! /ory has be5 told 
by ,mrs4 ,jackson 9 h] e>ne/1 eloqu5t   
prote/1 entitl$ ,a ,c5tury ( ,di%onor4  
,x has receiv$ epigrammatic treatm5t 9 !
 say+ t]sely enunciat$ by "o ( our      
milit>y comm&]s1 & av[$ly accept$ by !  
o!rs1 t ! only good ,indian is a dead   
,indian4 ,s f> z ! ,african is conc]n$1 
! simil> apo!gm once 0 t ! black man has
 no rights ! :ite man is b\nd to        
respect2 or1 z ,/eph5 ,a4 ,d\glas def9$ 
8 position be=e an applaud+ audi5ce1 ,i 
am = ! :ite man z aga9/ ! black man1 & =
 ! black man aga9/ ! alligator4 ,rec5t  

lyn*+ & %otgun exp]i5ces1 too fre% 9    
memory to call = rem9d]1 & too pa9ful 9 
detail to describe1 give u at lea/      
reason to pause be=e we leave our own   
he>?/one to seek new & di/ant fields =  
mission>y labors4 ,x rema9s to consid] !
 ,asiatic4 ,! racial antipa?y ( !       
,am]ican t[>ds him has be5 m int5se ?an 
t[>ds any o!r species ( ! human race4   
,?is1 z an hi/orical fact1 has be5      
rec5tly imb$d$ 9 our /atute-book1 hav+  
previ\sly be5 illu/rat$ 9 a s]ies (     
outrages & massacres1 ) ! sick5+ details
 ( "s ( :i* x 0 at "o "t my mis=tune to 
be (ficially famili>4 ,"u ^!            
circum/ances1 s f> z ! circulation ( !  
,bible & ! ext5sion ( ! bless+s ( lib]ty
 are conc]n$1 hi/ory af=ds small        
enc\ragem5t to ! ,am]ican to assume new 
obligations4 ,he has be51 & n[ is1 m ?an
 m]ely del9qu5t 9 ! fulfilm5t (         
obligations h]et(ore ?ru/ ^u him1 or    
kn[+ly assum$4 ,9 ?is respect 8 in/9ct  
has prov$ mu* m ( a controll+ factor ?an
 8 e?ics1--! %otgun has un=tunately be5 

m con/antly 9 evid5ce ?an ! ,bible4 ,z a
 prom95t expansioni/ ,new ,engl& memb] (
 ! pres5t ,congress has rec5tly decl>$ 9
 language1 brutal p]haps 9 directness1 b
 )al comm5dably free f cant3 ,*9a is    
succumb+ to ! inevitable1 & ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 if %e w\ld n retire to !        
backgr\nd1 mu/ advance along ! l9e ) !  
o!r great nations4 ,%e mu/ acquire new  
t]ritory1 provid+ new m>kets ov] :i* %e 
mu/ ma9ta9 control4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon    
advances into ! new regions ) a ,bible 9
 "o h& & a %otgun 9 ! o!r4 ,!           
inhabitants ( ^? regions t he _c conv]t 
) ! aid ( ! ,bible & br+ into 8 m>kets1 
he gets rid ( ) ! %otgun4 ,x is b ano!r 
demon/ration ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4   
7,hon4 ,c4,a4 ,sull[ay1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,h41
 ,nov4 #bb1 #ahih47  ,next z reg>ds our 
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( equality ( human 
rights1 & ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$ z ! only j
 basis ( all gov]nm5t4 ,! pres5ce ( !   
inf]ior races on our own soil1 & our new
 problems connect$ ) !m 9 our           
dep5d5cies1 h l$ to mu* que/ion+ ( !    

correctness ( ^? pr9ciples1 :i*1 = its  
outspok5 frankness1 at lea/1 is greatly 
to be comm5d$4 ,x is argu$ t ^!1 z      
pr9ciples1 9 ! light ( mod]n k &        
conditions1 are ( d\btful g5]al tru? &  
limit$ application4 ,true1 :5 conf9$ &  
c>efully appli$ to citiz5s ( ! same     
blood & nationality2 que/ionable1 :5    
appli$ to human be+s ( diff]5t race 9 "o
 nationality2 manife/ly false1 9 ! case 
( races less develop$1 & 9 o!r1         
especially tropical1 c\ntries4#b ,z     
fundam5tal pr9ciples1 x is admitt$1 !y 7
 excell5t = a "y p /ruggl+ into         
recognition & limit+ its att5tion n>r[ly
 to :at only conc]n$ itself2 b h we n   
manife/ly outgr[n !m1 n[ t we ourselves 
h develop$ into a great ,_w ,p[]8 ,= su*
 !re 0 & necess>ily always w be1 z      
betwe5 ! sup]ior & ! inf]ior races1 a   
manife/ common s5se f\ndation 9 ca/e1 & 
9 ! rule ( might :5 x pres5ts itself 9 !
 =m ( :at we are pleas$ to call ,manife/
 ,de/9y4 ,z to gov]nm5t be+ condition$  
on ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$1 x is obvi\sly ! 

b\nd5 duty ( ! sup]ior race to hold !   
inf]ior race 9 peaceful tutelage1 &     
protect x aga9/ itself2 &1 fur!rmore1 :5
 x comes to decid+ ! mom5t\s "q ( :at   
races are sup]ior & :at inf]ior1 :at    
dom9ant & :at subject1 t is ( necessity 
a "q to be settl$ betwe5 ! sup]ior race 
& its own consci5ce2 & "o 9 reg>d to !  
correct settlem5t ( :i* x indicates a   
t5d5cy at once unpatriotic & pessimi/ic1
 to assume t ,am]ica c\ld by any *ance  
decide o!rwise ?an correctly4 ,^u t     
score we mu/ put implicit confid5ce 9 ! 
s\nd in/9cts & ,*ri/ian _s ( ! dom9ant1 
t is1 ! /rong] race4  ,x is ! same ) t  
o!r fundam5tal pr9ciple ) :i* ! "n (    
,lex+ton is1 f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 
s closely associat$1--,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 
to ! revolution>y cont5tion t           
repres5tation is a necess>y adjunct to  
taxation4 ,?is pr9ciple also1 x is      
frankly argu$1 we h outgr[n1 9 pres5ce (
 our new responsibilities2 &1 z betwe5 !
 sup]ior & inf]ior races1 x is subject  
to obvi\s limitations4 ,"h aga91 z      

betwe5 ! policy ( ! ,op5 ,door & !      
,clos$-,colonial-,m>ket policy1 !       
sup]ior race is am5able to its own      
consci5ce only4 ,x w d\btless on all    
suitable & conv5i5t occasions be> 9 m9d 
t x is a ,tru/ee = ,civilization4       
,f9ally1 z respects entangl+ =eign      
alliances1 & _! necess>y consequ5ts1    
co/ly & burd5some armam5ts & l>ge /&+   
armies1 we are aga9 advis$ t1 hav+ ceas$
 to be *ildr51 we %\ld put away *ildi%  
?+s4 ,hav+ become a great ,_w ,p[] we   
mu/ become a correspond+ ,w> ,p[]4 ,we  
are assur$ by high au?ority t1 7        
,wa%+ton n[ alive1 x _c be que/ion$ he  
w\ld 9 all ^! respects modify mat]ially 
! views express$ 9 ! ,f>ewell ,address1 
z be+ obvi\sly inapplicable to exi/+    
conditions4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 & 9    
view ( ! obligations we h assum$1 !     
,presid5t1 & ,secret>ies ( ,w> & !      
,navy1 recomm5d an e/abli%m5t ! annual  
co/ ( :i* 7#bjj1jjj1jjj71 exclusive (   
milit>y p5sions1 is 9 excess ( ! l>ge/ (
 ^? ,european ,w> ,budgets1 ov] ! cru%+ 

influ5ce ( :i* we h express$ a          
traditional wond]1 n unmix$ ) pity = !  
un=tunate tax-pay]4  ,hi/orically       
speak+1 ,i believe ^! are all facts1    
susceptible ( v]ification4 ,i d n mean  
to say t ! argum5ts develop+ obvi\s     
limitations 9 ! application ( !         
pr9ciples ( ! ,decl>ation & !           
,con/itution h be5 av[$ly accept$ by our
 repres5tatives1 or (ficially           
incorporat$ into our dome/ic & =eign    
policy4 ,i d ass]t z an hi/orical fact t
 ^! argum5ts h be5 advanc$1 & are meet+1
 bo? 9 ,congress & ) ! press1 a l>ge    
degree ( acceptance4 ,& h5ce comes a    
s+ul> & mo/ significant conclusion f    
:i*1 hi/orically1 !re seems to be no    
escape4 ,x may or x may n be =tunate &  
"r2 x may or x may n lead to b5efic5t   
future results2 x may or x may n        
contribute to ! good ( mank9d4 ,^?      
que/ions belong else:]e ?an 9 ! rooms ( 
an hi/orical society4 ,^u !m we are n   
call$ to pass1--!y belong to !          
politician1 ! publici/1 ! philosoph]1 n 

to u4 ,b1 z hi/orical inve/igators1 & s 
obs]v+ ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 x _c escape   
our notice t on e "o ( ! fundam5tal     
pr9ciples discuss$1--:e!r e?nic1        
economical1 or political1--we ab&on !   
traditional & di/9ctively ,am]ican      
gr\nds & accept ^? ( ,europe1 &         
especially ( ,great ,brita91 :i*        
h]et(ore we h made x ! basis ( our fai? 
to d5y & repudiate4  ,) ?is />tl+       
proposition 9 m9d1 consid] aga9 ! sev]al
 propositions advanc$2 & fir/1 z reg>ds 
! s-call$ inf]ior races4 ,our policy    
t[>ds !m1 in/9ctive & =mulat$1 has be5  
ei!r to exclude or de/roy1 or to leave  
!m 9 ! fullness ( "t to "w out _! own   
de/9y1 undi/urb$ by u2 fully believ+ t1 
9 ?is way1 we 9 ! long run be/ subs]v$ !
 int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,europe1 & ,great    
,brita9 especially1 adopt$ ! opposite   
policy4 ,!y held t x 0 incumb5t on !    
sup]ior to g =? & e/abli% dom9ion ov] ! 
inf]ior race1 & to hold & develop va/   
imp]ial possessions & colonial          
dep5d5cies4 ,!y saw _! int]e/ & duty 9  

develop+ sy/ems ( docile tutelage2 we   
s\ght our inspirations 9 ! r\gh s*ool ( 
self-gov]nm5t4 ,"u ?is head ! result !n 
is di/9ct1 clean cut1 indisputable4 ,to 
?is conclusion h we come at la/4 ,! ,old
 ,_w1 ,europe & ,great ,brita91 71 aft] 
all1 "r1 & we ( ! ,new ,_w h be5 wrong4 
,f e po9t ( view1--religi\s1 e?nic1     
comm]cial1 political1--we _c1 x is n[   
claim$1 too soon ab&on our traditional  
position & assume !irs4 ,aga91 ,europe &
 ,great ,brita9 h nev] admitt$ t m5 7   
creat$ equal1 or t ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$ 0
 a condition ( gov]nm5t4 ,!y h1 on !    
contr>y1 emphatically d5i$ bo?          
propositions4 ,we n[ conc$e t1 aft] all1
 !re 0 great basis = _! d5ial2 t1       
c]ta9ly1 x mu/ be admitt$1 our =efa!rs 7
 ha/y at lea/ 9 rea*+ _!                
conclusions1--!y g5]aliz$ too broadly4  
,we d n frankly av[ error1 & we /ill ?9k
 ! ass5t ( ! gov]n$ to a gov]nm5t a ?+  
desirable to be secur$1 "u suitable     
circum/ances & ) prop] limitations2 b1  
if x _c conv5i5tly be secur$1 we are    

advis$ on ,new ,engl& s5atorial au?ority
 t ! cons5t ( "s ( ! gov]n$ w be        
suffici5t1 we ourselves select+ ^? prop]
 to be consult$4 ,?us 9 su* cases z     
c]ta9 isl&s ( ! ,antilles1 ,hawaii1 & ! 
communities ( ,asia1 we admit t1 s f> z 
! pr9ciples at ! basis ( ! ,decl>ation  
are conc]n$1 ,great ,brita9 0 "r1 & our 
ance/ors 71 n p]haps wrong1 b too g5]al1
 & ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 _! /atem5ts4  
,to t ext5t1 we h outgr[n ! ,decl>ation 
( #aggf1 & h become z wise n[ z ,great  
,brita9 0 !n4 ,at any rate we are n     
above le>n+4 ,z 0 long ago said1--,only 
dead m5 & idiots nev] *ange2 & ! p ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates are no?+ unless op5-m9d$4 
,s1 also1 z respects ! fam\s ,bo/on     
tea-p>ty1 & taxation )\t repres5tation4 
,great ,brita9 !n affirm$ ?is "r 9 !    
case ( colonies & dep5d5cies4 ,taught by
 ! lesson ( our ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 %e   
has s9ce ab&on$ x4 ,we n[ take x up1 &  
are to-day1 z "o ( ! new obligations    
t[>ds ! hea!n impos$ ^u u by ,provid5ce1
 =mulat+ sy/ems ( impo/s & t>iffs = our 

new dep5d5cies1 :olly di/9ct f our own1 
& directly inhibit$ by our con/itution1 
9 reg>d to :i* sy/ems ^? dep5d5cies h no
 repres5tative voice4 ,!y are n to be   
consult$ z to ! k9d ( door1 op5 or      
clos$1 beh9d :i* !y are to exi/4 ,9 tak+
 ?is position x is difficult to see :y  
we mu/ n also incid5tally admit t1 9 !  
great cont5tion prec$+ our ,w> (        
,indep5d5ce1 ! fir/ arm$ cla% ( :i*     
res\nd$ "h 9 ,lex+ton1 ,great ,brita9 0 
m ne>ly "r ?an ! expon5ts ( ! pr9ciples 
= :i* ^? embattl$ f>m]s cont5d$4  ,aga91
 consid] ! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 entangl+   
=eign alliances1 & ! consequ5t & co/ly  
milit>y & naval e/abli%m5ts4 ,! ,monroe 
,doctr9e _h two sides1 ! ab/5tion ( !   
,old ,_w f int]f]5ce 9 ,am]ican affairs1
 bas$ on our ab/5tion f int]f]5ce 9 !   
affairs ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,b x is n[ argu$  
we h outgr[n ! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 or at  
lea/ ! latt] bran* ( x4 ,x is c]ta9ly s 
consid]$ 9 ,europe2 =1 only a few days  
ago1 s em95t an au?ority z ,"l ,f>r>    
exult+ly exclaim$ 9 address+ ! ,cobd5   

,club1--,am]ica has burn$ ! swaddl+     
clo!s ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 ,inde$ we h1
 9 discussion at lea/1 gone f> 9 advance
 ( ! m]e burn+ ( ca/-(f infantile clo?+1
 & alliances ) ,great ,brita9 & ,japan1 
z aga9/ ,france & ,russia1 are freely   
moot$1 ) a view to ! =cible p>tition (  
,*9a1 to :i* we are to be a p>ty1 & ( x 
a b5efici>y4 ,= x is already av[$ t !   
,philipp9es are b a /opp+-place on ! way
 to ! cont95t ( ,asia2 & ,*9a1 unlike   
,pol&1 is inhabit$ by an inf]ior race1 9
 reg>d to :om1 z l>ge possible consum]s 
( surplus products1 ,provid5ce has      
impos$ on u obvi\s obligations1 mat]ial 
z well z b5evol5t & religi\s1 :i* x w\ld
 be unlike ourselves to disreg>d4 ,x is 
! m&ate ( duty1 we are told1--! nations 
( ,europe obey x1 & c we d less ?an !y8 
,isolation x is !n argu$ is b ano!r "n =
 an att5tion to "o's own bus9ess :i* may
 well become excessive1 & result 9      
selfi%ness4 ,x is true t ! nations ( !  
,old ,_w h n h]et(ore err$ conspicu\sly 
9 ?is respect2 & z ! ,balance ( ,p[] 0 !

 ^w-juggle ) :i* to conjure up w>s &    
armam5ts 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 s !       
,division ( ,trade may n impossibly     
prove ! simil> conjur+ ^w-juggle ( !    
tw5tie? c5tury4 ,nev]!less1 isolation is
 n compatible ) ! policy ( a ,great     
,nation "u a call to ass]t itself z a   
,_w ,p[]4 ,!n foll[s ! famili> argum5t 9
 favor ( co/ly milit>y & naval          
e/abli%m5ts4 ,b1 ^u ?is head x is       
ne$less to re/ate our traditional       
policy1--our jeal\sy z a p ( milit>ism &
 l>ge /&+ armies1 to be us$1 if occasion
 calls1 z a res]ve police4 ,our record  
!reon is s pla9 t repetition gr[s t$i\s4
 ,! record ( ,europe1 & especially (    
,great ,brita9 z di/+ui%$ f o!r         
,european p[]s1 has be5 equally pla91 & 
is no less indisputable4 ,9 ?is respect1
 also1 always "u compulsion1 we n[ admit
 our error4 ,co/ly armies are necess>y  
to ! ma9t5ance ( ord]1 ,heav5's fir/    
law2 & ,_w ,p[]s _c ma9ta9 peace1 &     
!mselves1 )\t p[]ful navies & frequ5t   
coal+ /ations4  ,f9ally1 ev5 on su*     

matt]s z ! ,protective ,sy/em & !       
enc\ragem5t ( ,am]ican ,labor1 z aga9/ !
 ,paup] ,labor ( ,europe & ( ! inf]ior  
races1 ,great ,brita9 has = half a      
c5tury n[ advocat$ ! pr9ciple (         
unre/rict$ indu/ry & free trade1--t is !
 ,op5 ,door policy logically c>ri$ to   
its f9al results4 ,we h d5i$ x1 e/abli%+
 :at we 9 "t grew to call ! di/9ctive   
,am]ican sy/em4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n[ ass]t$ 
t ,trade foll[s ! ,flag1 & t1 z respects
 dep5d5cies at lea/1 ! ,op5 ,door policy
 is ! be/ policy4 ,if ,trade foll[s !   
,flag 9 dep5d5cies1 &1 by s do+1 af=ds !
 ,am]ican produc] all ne$ful protection 
& e fair advantage 9 ^? dep5d5cies1 x is
 n at once app>5t :y x fails s to d at  
home4 ,is x less docile to ! flag1 less 
9 h>mony ) & subs]vi5t to x1 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates1 )9 our own limits1 ?an 9 remote 
l&s "u t flag beyond ! seas8 ,&1 if s1  
h[ is su* an app>5t anomaly acc\nt$ =8  
,b ) ?is "q we are n conc]n$4 ,t problem
 is = ! economi/ to solve1 = 9 "* x is  
comm]cial1 n hi/orical4 ,! po9t ) u is t

 aga91 z reg>ds ! ,op5 ,door1--free     
trade & no favor1 s f> z all outside    
competition is conc]n$1 ,am]ican labor &
 paup] labor be+ equally outside1--on   
?is long & hotly conte/$ po9t1 also1    
,engl& appe>s on ! face ( ?+s to h _h   
aft] all mu* ! be/ ( ! argum5t4  ,z     
reg>ds ,paup] ,labor1 inde$1 ! rev]sal  
contemplat$ ( e/abli%$ policy 9 favor ( 
,european me?ods is specially notewor?y4
 ,! labor ( ,asia is und5iably less well
 paid ev5 ?an t ( ,europe2 b x is n[    
propos$1 by a s+le act1 to introduce    
into our indu/rial sy/em t5 millions (  
,asiatics1 ei!r directly1 or ?r\gh _!   
products sold 9 op5 competition ) our   
own2 or1 if we d n d t1 to hold !m1     
ascrib$ to ! soil 9 a sort ( old ,saxon 
s]fdom1 ) ! function assign$ !m (       
consum+ our surplus products1 b )\t 9   
return s5d+ u !irs4 ,! great            
c\nt]balanc+ consid]ation w n1 ( c\rse1 
be =gott5 t1 l ! ,engli% 9 ,india1 we   
also be/[ on !m ! ,bless+s ( ,lib]ty & !
 ,bible2 provid$1 always1 t lib]ty does 

n include fre$om to g to ! ,unit$       
,/ates1 & ! ,bible does include !       
excell5t ,old ,"t & ,old ,_w precept    
7,coloss4 #c3 #bb71 ,s]vants1 obey 9 all
 ?+s y\r ma/]s4  ,x is ! same 9 o!r     
respects4 ,x seems to be admitt$ by !   
,presid5t1 & by ! lead+ au?orities on ! 
imp]iali/ic policy1 t x c only be c>ri$ 
to successful results ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a 
di/9ct gov]n+ class4 ,accord+ly         
adm9i/ration ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( milit>y or 
naval (fic]s is /rongly urg$ bo? by !   
,presid5t & by ,capta9 ,mahan4 ,o!r     
advocates ( ! policy urge its adoption  
on ! gr\nd1 v di/9ctly av[$1 t x w      
necessitate an e/abli%$1 recogniz$      
,civil ,s]vice1 modell$1 !y add1 on t ( 
,great ,brita94 ,if1 !y !n argue1 ,great
 ,brita9 c ext5d--z1 inde$1 %e          
unque/ionably has ext5d$--h] sy/em (    
dep5d5cies all ov] ! globe1 develop+ !m 
into ! mo/ magnific5t empire ! _w ev]   
saw1 x is absurd1 unpatriotic1 &        
pessimi/ic to d\bt t we c d ! same4 ,are
 we n ( ! same blood1 & ! same spee*8   

,?is is all hi/orically true4           
,hi/orically x is equally true t1 to d  
x1 we mu/ employ means simil> to ^?     
,great ,brita9 has employ$4 ,9 o!r      
words1 modell+ ourselves on ,great      
,brita91 we mu/ sl[ly & me?odically     
develop & build up a recogniz$ & p]man5t
 gov]n+ & (ficial class4 ,! hea!n &     
b>b>ian ne$ to be /udi$1 & dealt )      
intellig5tly & on a sy/em2 !y _c be     
successfully manag$ on any pr9ciple (   
rotation 9 (fice1 mu* less "o :i*       
ascribes ! spoils ( (fice to ! victors  
at ! polls4 ,:at ^! advocates (         
,imp]ialism say is unque/ionably true3  
,! political me?ods n[ 9 vogue 9        
,am]ican cities are n adapt$ to !       
gov]nm5t ( dep5d5cies4  ,! v ^w ,imp]ial
 is1 inde$1 borr[$ f ! ,old ,_w4 ,z     
appli$ to a great sy/em ( colonial      
dom9ion & =eign dep5d5cies x is ,engli%1
 & v mod]n ,engli%1 also1 = x 0 fir/    
br\ght into vogue by ! late ,e>l (      
,beaconsfield 9 #ahgi1 :51 by ,act (    
,p>liam5t introduc$ by him1 ! ,que5 (   

,engl& 0 made ,empress ( ,india4 ,x 0 !n
 he enunciat$ t doctr9e ( imp]ium et    
lib]tas1 ! adoption ( :i* we are n[     
consid]+4 ,:ile x may be wise & s\nd1 x 
indisputably is ,briti%4  ,?us1 curi\sly
 en\gh1 :i*ev] way we turn & h[ev] we   
reg>d x1 at ! close ( m ?an a c5tury (  
indep5d5t exi/5ce we f9d ourselves1     
hi/orically speak+1 involv$ 9 a me% (   
contradictions ) our pa/4 ,"u a s5se (  
obligation1 impell$ by circum/ances1    
p]haps to a degree influ5c$ by ambition 
& comm]cial gre$1 we h "o by "o ab&on$  
our di/9ctive national t5ets1 & accept$ 
9 _! place1 ?\gh 9 "s modifi$ =ms1 !    
old-"t ,european t5ets & policies1 :i*  
we suppos$ ! _w1 actuat$ l>gely by our  
example1 0 ab\t =ev] to disc>d4 ,our    
:ole record z a p is1 ( c\rse1 !n       
ransack$ & subject$ to microscopic      
inve/igation1 & e petty disreg>d (      
pr9ciple1 any wrong h]et(ore sil5tly1   
p]haps sadly1 ignor$1 ea* unobs]v$ or   
disreg>d$ innovation ( ! pa/1 is        
magnifi$ into a prec$5t ju/ify+ any?+ & 

ev]y?+ 9 ! future4 ,if we =m]ly on "s   
occasion swall[$ a gnat1 :y n[1 is x    
ask$1 /ra9 at a camel8 ,tru?s once      
accept$ z self-evid5t1 s9ce become      
awkw>d ( acceptance1 7 ev] ?us          
pettifogg$ out ( ! pa?1 & fundam5tal    
pr9ciples h 9 ?is way prescriptively be5
 tamp]$ )4 ,x is n[ ne>ly a c5tury & a  
qu>t] ago1 :5 ,great ,brita9 0          
contemplat+ ! subjection ( h] ,am]ican  
dep5d5cies1 t ,edmund ,burke d5\nc$     
tamp]+ ) ! +5u\s & noble r\ghness (     
truly con/itutional mat]ials1 z ! odi\s 
vice ( re/less & un/able m9ds4          
,hi/orically speak+ x is n unfair to ask
 if ?is is less s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9   
#ahih ?an x 0 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #agge4 
,:at is n[ propos$1 !re=e1 exam9$ 9     
connection ) our pr9ciples & traditional
 policy z a nation1 does app>5tly       
indicate a break 9                      
cont9uity1--hi/orically1 x w probably   
con/itute :at is kn[n 9 geology z a     
fault4 ,inde$1 x is almo/ safe to say t 
hi/ory h>dly records any *ange ( base & 

sy/em on ! "p ( a great p at once s     
sudd51 s radical1 & s pregnant )        
consequ5ces4 ,to ! optimi/1--he :o has  
no dislike to ,old ,jewry1 z ! prop]    
receptacle = worn-out g>m5ts1 p]sonal or
 political1--! outlook is inspir+4 ,he  
ins5sibly recalls & repeats ^? f9e l9es 
( ,t5nyson3      ,to-day ,i saw !       
dragon-fly      ,come f ! wells :]e he  
did lie4      ,an inn] impulse r5t !    
veil      ,( 8 old husk3 f head to tail 
,came out cle> plates ( sapphire mail4  
,he dri$ 8 w+s3 l gauze !y grew3        
,?ro' cr(ts & pa/ures wet ) dew      ,a 
liv+ fla% ( light he flew4  ,to o!rs1   
old] p]haps1 b at any rate m deeply     
impress$ ) ! diff]5ce apt to develop    
betwe5 dreams & actualities1 ! situation
 calls to m9d a comp>ison1 m hi/orical x
 is true1 b less inspirit+ s f> z a     
commitm5t to ! new policy is conc]n$4   
,at ! risk1 possibly1 ( (f5d+ "s ( ^?   
pres5t1 ,i w v5ture to in/itute x4 ,9 ! 
f\r? *apt] ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4   
,mat!w1 ,i f9d ?is incid5t record$3 ,!  

devil take? him ! ,savi\r up into an    
exce$+ high m\nta91 & %[e? him all !    
k+doms ( ! _w1 & ! glory ( !m2 & sai?   
unto him1 ,all ^! ?+s w ,i give !e1 if  
?\ wilt fall d[n & wor%ip me4 ,!n sai?  
,jesus unto him1 ,get !e h5ce1 ,satan4  
,!n ! devil leave? him1 &1 behold1      
angels came & m9i/]$ unto him4 ,n[1     
hi/orically speak+1 & z a matt] (       
scriptural exegesis1 t ?is passage %\ld 
be accept$ lit]ally is n supposable4    
,satan1 on ! occasion ref]r$ to1 mu/ n  
be tak5 to h pres5t$ himself to !       
,savi\r 9 propri p]son ) 8 attributes ( 
horns1 tail1 & clov5 ho(1 & made an     
outright proposition ( extra-t]ritorial 
sov]eignty4 ,x 0 a p>able4 ,he :o _h    
assum$ a l(ty moral attitude 0 tempt$ by
 worldly inducem5ts to adopt a l[]      
attitude1--t1 9 a ^w1 common among m54  
,x 0 a :isp]+ to ,*ri/ ( :at among      
nations1 is kn[n z ,manife/ ,de/9y2 9 t 
case1 h[ev]1 z possibly 9 o!rs1 x s     
*anc$ t ! :isp]+ 0 n f ! ,almighty1 b f 
,satan4 ,n[ if1 in/ead ( recogniz+ !    

s\rce :5ce ! temptation came1 & /]nly   
say+1 ,get !e h5ce1 ,satan1 ,*ri/ _h se5
 ! proposition z a new ,mission1--?\ght1
 9 fact1 t he he>d a di/9ct call to     
,duty1--& s1 accept+ a ,responsibility  
?ru/ ^u him1 _h hurri$ d[n f ! exce$+   
high m\nta91 & proce$$ at once to lay 9 
a supply ( weapons & to don def5sive    
armor1 r5\nc+ 8 peaceful mission1 he    
w\ld h done exactly--:at ,mohamm$ did   
six c5turies lat]6  ,i d n = a mom5t    
mean to sugge/ t1 z respects ! voice (  
,manife/ ,de/9y1 !re is any simil>ity   
betwe5 ! case ( ! ,savi\r & t :i* we1 z 
a p1 are n[ consid]+4 ,i am n a prophet1
 nor d ,i claim prophetic insight4 ,we  
are m]ely hi/orical inve/igators1 &1 z  
su*1 n admitt$ into ! c\ncils ( !       
,almighty4 ,o!rs d\btless are1 or       
c]ta9ly claim to be4 ,!y "k e "t1 & at  
once1 :e!r x is ! inspiration ( ,god or 
! devil2 & =?) proclaim x f ! h\se-tops4
 ,we mu/ admit--at any rate no evid5ce 9
 our possession enables u to d5y--!     
confid5tial relations su* claim to h )  

ei!r or bo? ( ! ag5cies 9 "q1--! ,div9e 
or ! ,inf]nal4 ,all ,i n[ h 9 m9d is to 
call att5tion to ! obvi\s simil>ity ( ! 
positions4 ,z comp>$ ) ! ideals & t5ets 
!n 9 vogue1--pr9ciples ( manhood1       
equality be=e ! law1 fre$om1 peace on   
e>?1 & good-w to m51--! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
h]et(ore & se5 9 a l>ge way1 has1 among 
nations1 assum$ a peculi>1 &1 f ! moral 
po9t ( view1 unque/ionably a l(ty       
attitude4 ,speak+ hi/orically x might1 &
 ) no *>ge ( levity1 be comp>$ ) a      
simil> moral attitude assum$ among m5   
eighte5 c5turies be=e by ! ,savi\r4 ,x  
disc\nt5anc$ armam5ts & w>f>e2 x        
advocat$ arbitrations1 & b[$ to _!      
aw>ds2 spread+ its arms & protection ov]
 ! ,new ,_w1 x refus$ to embroil itself 
9 ! complications ( ! ,old2 above all1 x
 set a n unpr(itable example to !       
nations ( b5efits incid5t to m9d+ "o's  
own bus9ess1 & did n arrogate to itself 
! "* ( a favorite & inspir$ in/rum5t 9 !
 h&s ( ,god4 ,x ev5 w5t s f> z to assume
 t1 9 work+ out ! inscrutable ways (    

,provid5ce1 "*1 self-re/ra9t1 & moral   
gr&eur 7 9 ! long run z pot5t 9 effect+ 
results z iron-clads & gatl+-guns4  ,^? 
:o n[ advocate a cont9uance ( ?is policy
 are1 z neatly z wittily1 ref]r$ to 9   
discussion1 = want ( a bett] "n1 z      
,little ,am]icans1 j z 9 hi/ory !       
believ]s 9 ! long-run efficacy ( !      
doctr9es ( ,*ri/ might be t]m$ ,little  
,gospell]s1 to di/+ui% !m f ! admir]s ( 
! lat]1 b m brilliant & imp]ial1        
disp5sation ( ,mohamm$4 ,t ! e>li]1 &   
less imm$iately ambiti\s1 doctr9e 01 9 !
 case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 only tempor>y1 
& is n[ outgr[n1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be ab&on$
 9 favor ( ,old ,_w me?ods1 especially  
^? pursu$ ) su* /rik+ success by ,great 
,brita91 is possible4 ,z hi/orical      
inve/igators we h long s9ce le>n$ t x is
 ! unexpect$ :i* 9 ! developm5t ( human 
affairs is mo/ apt to occur4 ,:o1 =     
in/ance1 9 our own rec5t hi/ory c\ld ev]
 h =ese5 t1 9 ! inscrutable ways ( !    
,almighty1 ! great triumph ( ,slav]y 9 !
 annexation ( ,texas1 & ! spoliation ( t

 inf]ior race :i* inhabit$ ,mexico1 01  
)9 fifte5 ye>s only1 to result 9 :at    
,l9coln call$ t t]rible w> 9 :i* e drop 
( blood ev] drawn by ! la% 0 paid by    
ano!r drawn by ! sword8 ,aga91 9 ,may1  
#ahef1 a ,repres5tative ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a  
/ruck d[n a ,s5ator f ,massa*usetts 9 ! 
,s5ate-*amb] at ,wa%+ton2 9 ,janu>y1    
#ahfe1 ,massa*usetts battalions biv\ack$
 beside ! smok+ ru9s ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a's   
capital4 ,v]ily1 z none "k bett] ?an we1
 ! ways ( ,provid5ce are my/]i\s1 & pa/ 
f9d+ out4 ,none ! less1 ?\gh x _c be    
positively ass]t$ t ! _w w\ld n h be5   
wis]1 m advanc$1 & bett] ord]$ _h ,*ri/1
 :5 on t exce$+ high m\nta91 he>d 9 !   
words !n :isp]$ 9 8 e> a manife/ call ( 
,duty1 & felt a ,responsibility ?ru/ ^u 
him to secure ! k+doms ( ! e>? = !      
,bless+s ( ,lib]ty & ! ,bible by s small
 a sacrifice z mak+ an app>5tly         
mean+less obeisance to ,satan1 yet we c 
c]ta9ly say t ! _w w\ld n[ h be5 v      
diff]5t f :at x is _h ,he s done4 ,& s 9
 ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh we _c = 

a mom5t ass]t t its fate & ! future ( ! 
_w w n be ri*]1 bett]1 & bright] f its  
ab&onm5t ( ,new ,_w traditions &        
policies 9 favor ( ! traditions &       
policies ( ! ,old ,_w1 we c say )\t any 
hesitation t ! c\rse ( hi/ory w be      
greatly *ang$ by ! s do+4  ,9 any ev5t !
 exp]im5t w be "o ( surpass+ int]e/ to !
 hi/orical obs]v]4 ,"s ye>s ago ,james  
,russell ,l[ell 0 ask$ by ! ,fr5*       
hi/orian1 ,guizot1 h[ long ! ,republic (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates might reasonably be    
expect$ to endure4 ,mr4 ,l[ell's reply  
has always be5 consid]$ peculi>ly happy4
 ,s long1 said he1 z ! ideas ( its      
f\nd]s cont9ue dom9ant4 ,9 due c\rse (  
"t we1 or ^? :o foll[ u1 w "k :e!r ,mr4 
,l[ell diagnos$ ! situation correctly1  
or o!rwise4 ,mean:ile1 ,i d n "k h[ ,i c
 bett] br+ to an end ?is some:at l5g?y  
contribution to ! occasion1 ?an by      
repeat+1 z s+ul>ly applicable to !      
conditions 9 :i* we f9d ourselves1 ^!   
v]ses f a rec5t poem1 ?an :i* ,i h he>d 
none 9 ! days t n[ are :i* /rike a deep]

 or a tru] *ord1 or "o m appropriate to 
?is ,new ,engl& ,pas*al eve3      ,!    
tumult & ! %\t+ dies1        ,! capta9s 
& ! k+s dep>t2      ,/ill /&s ?9e anci5t
 sacrifice1        ,an humble & a       
contrite he>t4      ,"l ,god ( ,ho/s1 be
 ) u yet1      ,le/ we =get--le/ we     
=get6      ,f>-call$ our navies melt    
away1        ,on dune & headl9e s9ks !  
fire--      ,lo1 all our pomp ( ye/]day 
,is "o ) ,n9eveh & ,tyre6      ,judge ( 
! nations1 sp>e u yet1      ,le/ we     
=get--le/ we =get6      ,if1 drunk )    
sight ( p[]1 we loose        ,wild      
tongues t h n ,!e 9 awe1      ,su* boa/+
 z ! ,g5tiles use        ,or less] bre$s
 )\t ! law--      ,"l ,god ( ho/s1 be ) 
u yet1      ,le/ we =get--le/ we =get6  
,= hea!n he>t t puts h] tru/        ,9  
reek+ tube & iron %>d--      ,all       
valiant du/ t builds on du/1        ,&  
gu>d+ calls n ,!e to gu>d--      ,=     
frantic boa/ & fooli% ^w1      ,?y m]cy 
on ?y p1 ,"l6                           
,am54  ,tak5 9 connection ) ! =ego+     

pap]1 ! foll[+-lett]1 address$ to !     
,hon4 ,c>l ,s*urz1 is self-explanatory3 
,,bo/on1 ,decemb] #ba1 #ahih4  ,,my     
,,de> ,,mr4 ,,s*urz3  ,9 a rec5t lett] y
 k9dly sugge/ t ,i submit to y a sket* (
 :at1 ,i ?9k1 %\ld be said 9 an address 
su* z x is propos$ %\ld n[ be put =? by 
! ,anti-,imp]iali/ ,league to ! p ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates4  ,i la/ ev5+ read a pap] 
be=e ! ,lex+ton ,hi/orical ,society1 9  
:i* ,i discuss$ ! "q ( extra-t]ritorial 
expansion f ! hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,a 
copy ( ?is pap] ,i hope soon to =w>d y4 
,mean:ile1 !re is "o aspect1 &1 to my   
m9d1 ! all-important aspect ( ! "q1 :i*1
 9 address+ an hi/orical society1 0 n   
g]mane4 ,i ref] to ! "q ( a practical   
policy to be pursu$ by u1 z a nation1 "u
 exi/+ conditions4 ,t ,spa9 has ab&on$  
all claim ( sov]eignty ov] ! ,philipp9e 
isl&s admits ( no "q4 ,:e!r ! ,unit$    
,/ates has accept$ ! sov]eignty ?us     
ab&on$ is /ill an op5 "q2 b ?is ,i d n  
reg>d z mat]ial4 ,nev]!less1 we are     
confront$ by a fact2 &1 :5ev] we        

criticise ! policy up to ?is "t pursu$2 
we are met ) an inquiry z to :at we h to
 propose 9 place ( x4 ,we are invit$ to 
/op f9d+ fault ) o!rs1 & to sugge/ "s   
feasible alt]native policy ourselves4   
,to ?is we mu/1 !re=e1 9 fairness1      
address ourselves4 ,x is1 9 my judgm5t1 
useless to attempt to c>ry on !         
discussion m]ely 9 ! negative =m4 ,z    
oppon5ts ( an in*oate policy we mu/1 9  
place ( :at we object to1 propose some?+
 positive1 or we mu/ ab&on ! field4     
,accept+ ! alt]native1 ,i n[ want to    
sugge/ a positive policy = !            
consid]ation ( ^? :o feel z we feel4 ,i 
wi% y\r judgm5t ^u x4  ,!re has1 x seems
 to me1 be5 a great deal ( idle ,duty1  
,mission1 & ,call talk on ! subject (   
our rec5t acquisition ( ,isl&s beyond ! 
,sea1 & ! necessity ( adopt+ "s policy1 
commonly describ$ z ,imp]ial1 9 deal+ ) 
!m4 ,?is policy is1 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p :o 
favor x1 to be indirectly modell$ on !  
policy h]et(ore s successfully pursu$ "u
 some:at simil> conditions by ,great    

,brita94 ,x involves1 z ,i tri$ to po9t 
out 9 ! ,lex+ton pap] ,i h ref]r$ to1 ! 
ab&onm5t or rev]sal ( all ! fundam5tal  
pr9ciples ( our gov]nm5t s9ce its orig91
 & ( ! =eign policy we h h]et(ore       
pursu$4 ,?is1 ,i submit1 is absolutely  
unnecess>y4 ,ano!r & sub/itute policy1  
purely ,am]ican1 z contradi/+ui%$ f !   
,european or ,briti%1 kn[n z ,imp]ial1  
policy1 c readily be =mulat$4  ,?is     
ess5tially ,am]ican policy w\ld be bas$ 
bo? ^u our c>d9al political pr9ciples1 &
 our rec5t =eign exp]i5ces4 ,x is       
commonly argu$ t1 hav+ de/roy$ ! exi/+  
gov]nm5t 9 ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 & !     
,philipp9es1 we h assum$ a political    
responsibility1 & are "u a moral        
obligation to provide ano!r gov]nm5t 9  
place ( t :i* by our action has ceas$ to
 exi/4 ,:at has be5 our c\rse h]et(ore  
"u simil> circum/ances8 ,prec$5ts1 ,i   
submit1 at once sugge/ !mselves4        
,prec$5ts1 too1 directly 9 po9t1 & )9   
y\r & my easy recollection4  ,i ref] to 
! c\rse pursu$ by u t[>ds ,mexico 9 !   

ye> #ahdh1 & aga9 9 #ahff2 t[>ds ,hayti 
= sev5ty ye>s back2 & t[>ds ,v5ezuela z 
rec5tly z ?ree ye>s ago4 ,x is said t ! 
inhabitants ( ! isl&s ( ! ,antilles1 &  
mu* m ^? ( ! ,philipp9e ar*ipelago1 are 
z yet unfitt$ to ma9ta9 a gov]nm5t2 & t 
!y %\ld be kept 9 a condition ( tutelage
 until !y are fitt$ s to d4 ,x is fur!r 
argu$ t a /able gov]nm5t is necess>y1 & 
t x is out ( ! "q = u to p]mit a        
condition ( *ronic di/urbance & sc&al\s 
unre/ to exi/ s ne> our own bord]s z    
,cuba & ,porto ,rico4 ,yet h[ long1 ,i  
w\ld ask1 did t condition exi/ 9        
,mexico8 ,& ) :at results8 ,h[ long has 
x exi/$ 9 ,hayti8 ,has ! gov]nm5t (     
,v5ezuela ev] be5 /able8 ,h we f\nd x   
necess>y or ?\ght x be/ to e/abli% a    
gov]nm5tal protectorate 9 any ( ^?      
imm$iately adjac5t regions8  ,:at has   
be51 hi/orically1 our policy--!         
,am]ican1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,european &    
,briti% policy--t[>ds ^?                
communities1--two ( !m ,spani%1 "o      
,african8 ,s f> z =eign p[]s are        

conc]n$1 we h laid d[n ! pr9ciple (     
,h&s-(f4 ,s f> z _! own gov]nm5t 0      
conc]n$1 we insi/$ t ! only way to le>n 
to walk 0 to try to walk1 & t ! hi/ory (
 mank9d did n %[ t nations plac$ "u     
sy/ems ( tutelage1--taught to lean =    
support on a sup]ior p[]1--ev] acquir$ !
 faculty ( indep5d5t action4  ,( ?is1 ) 
u1 fundam5tal tru?1 ! ,briti% race      
itself furni%es a v notable example4 ,9 
! =ty-f\r? ye> ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! isl& (
 ,great ,brita9 0 occupi$ by :at !      
,imp]ial ,romans adjudg$ to be an       
inf]ior race4 ,to ! ,romans ! ,britons  
unque/ionably 7 inf]ior4 ,e *ild's      
hi/ory conta9s an acc\nt ( ! c\rse !n   
pursu$ by ! sup]ior t[>ds t inf]ior     
race1 & its results4 ,! ,romans occupi$ 
,great ,brita91 & !y occupi$ x h>d ^u   
f\r c5turies1 hold+ ! p 9 tutelage1 &   
protect+ !m aga9/ !mselves1 z well z    
aga9/ _! enemies4 ,) :at result8 ,s     
emasculat$ & incapable ( self-gov]nm5t  
did ! p ( ,engl& become dur+ _! tutelage
 t1 :5 ,rome at la/ )drew1 !y f\nd      

!mselves totally unfitt$ =              
self-gov]nm5t1 mu* m = fac+ a =eign     
enemy4 ,z ! la/1 & be/1 hi/orian ( !    
,engli% p tells u1 ! purely despotic    
sy/em ( ! imp]ial gov]nm5t by cru%+ all 
local indep5d5ce1 cru%$ all local vigor4
 ,m5 =got h[ to fight = _! c\ntry :5 !y 
=got h[ to gov]n x4#c ,! end 0 t1 ?r\gh 
six c5turies m1 ,engl& 0 ov]run1 fir/ by
 ^? ( "o race1 & !n by ^? ( ano!r1 until
 ! ,normans e/abli%$ !mselves 9 x z     
conqu]ors2 & !n1 & n until !n1 !        
det]iorat+ effect ( a sy/em ( long      
cont9u$ tutelage ceas$ to be felt1 & !  
isl&]s became by degrees ! mo/ en]getic1
 virile1 & self-su/a9+ ( races4 ,z      
ne>ly1 !re=e1 z c be hi/orically /at$1 x
 took eight c5turies = ! p ( ,engl& to  
ov]come ! injuri\s influ5ce ( f\r       
c5turies ( j su* a sy/em z x is n[      
propos$ by u to inflict on !            
,philipp9es4#d ,h9do/an w\ld furni%     
ano!r highly sugge/ive example ( !      
educational effects ( tutelage on a     
race4 ,aft] a c5tury & a half ( t       

,briti% tutelage1 :at progress has      
,india made t[>ds fitness =             
self-gov]nm5t8 ,is ! end 9 sight8  ,f ! 
hi/orical po9t ( view1 x is in/ructive  
to note ! exactly diff]5t results rea*$ 
?r\gh ! truly ,am]ican policy we h      
pursu$ 9 ! n dissimil> cases ( ,hayti & 
,mexico4 ,:ile ,hayti1 x is true1 has   
fail$ to make great progress 9 "o       
c5tury1 x has made q z mu* progress z   
,engl& made dur+ any equal p]iod        
imm$iately aft] ,rome )drew f x4 ,& t   
degree ( sl[ness 9 gr[?1 :i* )          
equanimity has be5 endur$ by u 9 ,hayti1
 c\ld c]ta9ly be endur$ by u 9 isl&s on 
! coa/ ( ,asia4 ,x _c be ga9said t1     
?r\gh our insi/+ on ! policy (          
non-int]f]5ce ourselves1 & (            
non-int]f]5ce by ,european nations1     
,hayti has be5 br\ght into a position   
:]e x is on ! high road to bett] ?+s 9  
future4 ,t has be5 ! result ( !         
prescriptive ,am]ican policy4 ,)        
,mexico1 ! case is f> /rong]4 ,we all "k
 t 9 #ahdh1 aft] our w> ( spoliation1 we

 _h to bol/] up a semblance ( a gov]nm5t
 = ,mexico1 ) :i* to negotiate a treaty 
( peace4 ,mexico at t "t 0 r$uc$ by u to
 a condition ( utt] an>*y4 ,"u ! !ory n[
 ga9+ 9 vogue1 x w\ld !n h be5 our pla9 
duty to make ( ,mexico an               
extra-t]ritorial dep5d5cy1 & protect x  
aga9/ itself4 ,we wisely took a diff]5t 
c\rse4 ,l o!r ,spani% communities 9     
,am]ica1 ,mexico ?an pass$ ?r\gh a      
succession ( revolutions1 f :i* x became
 app>5t ! p 7 n 9 a fit condition =     
self-gov]nm5t4 ,nev]!less1 /]nly insi/+ 
on non-int]f]5ce by outside p[]s1 we    
ourselves wisely left t c\ntry to "w out
 its own salvation 9 its own way4  ,9   
#ahfb1 :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 involv$ 9 ! 
,w> ( ! ,rebellion1 ! ,europeans took   
advantage ( ! situation to invade       
,mexico1 & to e/abli% !re a /able       
gov]nm5t4 ,!y und]took to protect t p   
aga9/ !mselves1 & to erect = !m a       
species ( protectorate1 su* z we n[     
propose = ! ,philipp9es4 ,z soon z our  
w> 0 ov]1 we insi/$ ^u ! )drawal (      

,europe f ,mexico4 ,:at foll[$ is matt] 
( rec5t hi/ory4 ,x is unnecess>y to     
recall x4 ,we did n r$uce ,mexico into a
 condition ( tutelage1 or e/abli% ov] x 
a protectorate ( our own4 ,we1 on !     
contr>y1 insi/$ t x %\ld /& on its own  
legs2 &1 by s do+1 le>n to /& firmly on 
!m1 j z a *ild le>ns to walk1 by be+    
compell$ to try to walk1 n by be+ kept  
ev]la/+ly 9 lead+ /r+s4 ,?is 0 !        
,am]ican1 z contradi/+ui%$ f ! ,european
 policy2 & ,mexico to-day walks firmly4 
,f9ally take ! case ( ,v5ezuela 9 #ahie4
 ,i believe ,i am n mi/ak5 :5 ,i say t1 
dur+ ! tw5ty-five prec$+ ye>s1 ,v5ezuela
 _h und]gone almo/ z _m revolutions4 ,x 
c]ta9ly _h n enjoy$ a /able gov]nm5t4   
,?r\gh disputes ov] que/ions ( b\nd>y1  
,great ,brita9 propos$ to conf] t       
indisputable bless+ ^u a consid]able    
region4 ,we int]f]$ "u a mo/ que/ionable
 ext5sion ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 & ass]t$
 ! pr9ciple ( ,h&s-(f4 ,hav+ done       
?is1--hav+ 9 s f> p]petuat$ :at we n[   
call ! sc&al ( an>*y1--we did n e/abli% 

tutelage1 or a protectorate1 ourselves4 
,we wisely left ,v5ezuela to "w out its 
de/9y 9 its own way1 & 9 ! fullness (   
"t4 ,t policy 0 f>-see+1 b5efic5t1 &    
/rictly ,am]ican 9 #ahie4 ,:y1 !n1 make 
almo/ indec5t ha/e to ab&on x 9 #ahih8  
,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( f9d+ our prec$5ts 9 ! 
exp]i5ce ( ,engl&1 or t ( any o!r       
,european p[]1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! true  
c\rse = ?is c\ntry n[ to pursue is      
exactly ! c\rse we h h]et(ore pursu$ "u 
simil> conditions4 ,let u be true to our
 own traditions1 & foll[ our own        
prec$5ts4 ,hav+ reliev$ ! ,spani% isl&s 
f ! dom9ion ( ,spa91 we %\ld decl>e     
conc]n+ !m a policy ( ,h&s-(f1 bo? on   
our own "p & on ! "p ( o!r p[]s4 ,we    
%\ld say t ! indep5d5ce ( ^? isl&s is   
morally gu>ante$ by u z a consequ5ce ( !
 treaty ( ,p>is1 & !n leave !m j z we h 
left ,hayti1 & j z we left ,mexico &    
,v5ezuela1 to adopt = !mselves su* =m ( 
gov]nm5t z ! p !re( are ripe =4 ,9 !    
cases ( ,mexico & ,v5ezuela1 & 9 ! case 
( ,hayti1 we h n f\nd x necess>y to     

int]f]e ev] or at all4 ,x is n yet      
app>5t :y we %\ld f9d x necess>y to     
int]f]e ) isl&s s mu* m remote f u ?an  
,hayti1 & ?an ,mexico & ,v5ezuela1 z are
 ! ,philipp9es4  ,9 ?is matt] we c ?us  
well af=d to be consi/5t1 z well z      
logical4 ,our fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ^? (
 ! ,decl>ation1 ! ,con/itution1 & !     
,monroe ,doctr9e1 h n yet be5 %[n to be 
uns\nd--:y %\ld we be 9 su* a hurry to  
ab&on !m8 ,our prec$5ts are close at h&1
 & satisfactory--:y look away f !m to   
foll[ ^? ( ,great ,brita98 ,:y ne$ we1  
all ( a sudd51 be s v ,engli% & s       
altoge!r ,fr5*1 ev5 borr[+ _!           
nom5clature ( imp]ialism8 ,:y c n we1   
too1 9 ! language ( ,burke1 be cont5t to
 set our feet 9 ! tracks ( our =efa!rs1 
:]e we c nei!r w&] nor /umble8 ,! only  
difficulty 9 ! way ( our s do+ seems to 
be t we are 9 su* a desp]ate hurry2 :ile
 natural influ5ces & me?ods1 ?\gh 9 !   
great end indisputably ! wise/ & be/1   
always require "t 9 :i* to "w !mselves  
out to _! results4 ,wis] ?an ! ,almighty

 9 our own conceit1 we ?9k to get !re at
 once2 ! !re 9 ?is case be+ ev]la/+     
tutelage1 z 9 ,india1 in/ead ( ultimate 
self-gov]nm5t1 z 9 ,mexico4  ,! policy  
h]et(ore pursu$ by u 9 su* cases1--!    
policy ( ,h&s-(f1 & ,walk alone1 is     
di/9ctly ,am]ican2 x is n ,european1 n  
ev5 ,briti%4 ,x recognizes ! pr9ciples (
 our ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,x      
recognizes ! tru? t all j gov]nm5t exi/s
 by ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$4 ,x recognizes !
 exi/5ce ( ! ,monroe ,doctr9e4 ,9 a ^w1 
x recognizes e pr9ciple & prec$5t1 :e!r 
natural or hi/orical1 :i* has f ! beg9n+
 la9 at ! f\ndation ( our ,am]ican      
polity4 ,x does n attempt ! hypocritical
 contradiction 9 t]ms1 ( pret5d+ to     
elevate a p into a self-su/a9+ condition
 ?r\gh ! lead+-/r+ process ( tutelage4  
,x appeals to our hi/orical exp]i5ce1   
apply+ to pres5t conditions ! lessons ( 
,hayti1 ,mexico1 & ,v5ezuela4 ,9 deal+ )
 ^? cases1 we did n f9d a great /&+ army
 or an enorm\s navy necess>y2 &1 if n   
!n1 :y n[8 ,:y su* a diff]5ce betwe5 !  

,philipp9es & ,hayti8 ,is ,cuba l>g] or 
ne>] to u ?an ,mexico8 ,:51 !re=e1 9    
future !y ask u :at c\rse & policy we   
,anti-,imp]iali/s propose1 our answ]    
%\ld be t we propose to pursue t[>ds !  
isl&s ( ,antilles & ! ,philipp9es ! same
 common-s5se c\rse & truly ,am]ican     
policy :i* 7 by u h]et(ore pursu$ ) su* 
signal success 9 ! cases ( ,hayti1      
,mexico1 & ,v5ezuela1 all inhabit$ by p 
equally unfit = self-gov]nm5t1 &        
geographically mu* clos] to ourselves4  
,we propose to gu>antee !m aga9/ outside
 m$dl+1 &1 above all1 f tutelage1 & make
 !m1 by walk+1 le>n to walk alone4      
,?is1 ,i submit1 is n only an answ] to !
 "q s frequ5tly put to u1 b a positive  
policy foll[+ e/abli%$ prec$5ts1 &1 :at 
is m1 purely ,am]ican1 z di/+ui%$ f a   
,european or ,briti%1 policy & prec$5ts4
  ,i rema91 etc41  ,,*>les ,,francis    
,,adams4  ,hon4 ,c>l ,s*urz1 #af ,e4    
#fd? ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4          
,,footnotes3  #a ,obvi\sly1 m5 are n    
born equal 9 physical /r5g? or 9 m5tal  

capacity1 9 beauty ( =m or heal? ( body4
 ,div]sity or inequality 9 ^! respects  
is ! law ( creation4 ,b ?is inequality  
is 9 no p>ticul> inconsi/5t ) complete  
civil or political equality4  ,!        
equality decl>$ by our fa!rs 9 #aggf &  
made ! fundam5tal law ( ,massa*usetts 9 
#aghj1 0 ,equality be=e ! ,law4 ,its    
object 0 to efface all political or     
civil di/9ctions1 & to aboli% all       
in/itutions f\nd$ ^u bir?4 ',all m5 are 
creat$ equal1' says ! ,decl>ation (     
,indep5d5ce4 ',all m5 are born free &   
equal1' says ! ,massa*usetts ,bill (    
,rights4 ,^! are n va9 words4 ,)9 !     
sph]e ( _! influ5ce1 no p]son c be      
creat$1 no p]son c be born1 ) civil or  
political privileges n enjoy$ equally by
 all 8 fell[-citiz5s2 nor c any         
in/itutions be e/abli%$1 recogniz+      
di/9ctions ( bir?4 ,"h is ! ,great ,*>t]
 ( e human be+ draw+ vital brea? ^u ?is 
soil1 :atev] may be 8 conditions1 &     
:oev] may be 8 p>5ts4 ,he may be poor1  
weak1 humble1 or black1--he may be (    

,caucasian1 ,jewi%1 ,indian1 or         
,e?iopian race1--he may be born ( ,fr5*1
 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 or ,iri% extraction2 b
 be=e ! ,con/itution ( ,massa*usetts all
 ^! di/9ctions disappe>4 ,he is n poor1 
weak1 humble1 or black2 nor is he       
,caucasian1 ,jew1 ,indian1 or ,e?iopian2
 nor is he ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 or   
,iri%2 he is a ,,man1 ! equal ( all 8   
fell[-m54 ,he is "o ( ! *ildr5 ( !      
,/ate1 :i*1 l an imp>tial p>5t1 reg>ds  
all its (fspr+ ) an equal c>e4 ,to "s x 
may ju/ly allot high] duties1 accord+ to
 high] capacities2 b x welcomes all to  
its equal hospitable bo>d4 ,! ,/ate1    
imitat+ ! div9e ,ju/ice1 is no respect] 
( p]sons4--,works ( ,*>les ,sumn]1 ,vol4
 ,,ii41 pp4 #cda-b4  #b ,hi/orically    
speak+1 ! ass]tion 9 ! ,decl>ation (    
,indep5d5ce has be5 fruitful ( dispute4 
,! v ev5+ ! pres5t pap] 0 read at       
,lex+ton ! ,mayor ( ,bo/on1 9 a public  
address else:]e1 allud$ to ! imprud5t   
g5]alizations ( our =efa!rs1 ref]r+1    
d\btless1 to :at ,rufus ,*oate1 =ty-two 

ye>s be=e1 describ$ z ! glitt]+ & s\nd+ 
g5]alities ( natural "r to be f\nd 9 !  
,decl>ation1 t passionate & eloqu5t     
manife/o4 ,mr4 ,calh\n decl>$ 7#ahdh7 t 
! claim ( human equality set =? 9 !     
,decl>ation 0 ! mo/ false & dang]\s (   
all political errors1 :i*1 aft] re/+ a  
long "t dormant1 _h1 9 ! process ( "t1  
begun to g]m9ate & produce its poison\s 
fruits4 ,mr4 ,pettit1 a ,s5ator f       
,indiana1 pron\nc$ x 9 #ahed1 a         
self-evid5t lie4 ,9 ! fam\s             
,l9coln-,d\glas debate 9 ,ill9ois       
7#ahfj7 ! "q reappe>$1 ,mr4 ,d\glas     
cont5d+ t ! ,decl>ation appli$ only to !
 :ite p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 :ile ,mr4    
,l9coln1 9 reply1 ass]t$ t ! entire     
records ( ! _w1 f ! date ( ! ,decl>ation
 ( ,indep5d5ce up to )9 ?ree ye>s ago1  
may be se>*$ 9 va9 = "o s+le            
affirmation1 f "o s+le man1 t ! negro 0 
n includ$ 9 ! ,decl>ation4 ,! cont5tion 
( ,mr4 ,d\glas _h rec5tly aga9 made its 
appe>ance 9 ! press z some?+ too        
indisputable to admit ( discussion4 ,x  

is ass]t$ t1 9 p5n+ ! ,decl>ation1 ,mr4 
,jeff]son c\ld n possibly h int5d$ to   
include ^? !n actually held z slaves4   
,on ?is po9t ,mr4 ,jeff]son himself     
%\ld1 x w\ld seem1 be accept$ z a       
compet5t witness4 ,ref]r+ to ! d5ial ( 8
 inali5able rights to ! ,african1 he    
decl>$ at a lat] day1 ,i tremble = my   
c\ntry1 :5 ,i reflect t ,god is j4 ,:at 
he meant w1 h[ev]1 probably cont9ue     
matt] = confid5t newspap] ass]tions j s 
long z anybody 9 ?is c\ntry wants to    
make out1 z did ,/eph5 ,a4 ,d\glas 9    
#ahfj1 a plausible pretext = subjugat+  
somebody else1--,indian1 ,african1 or   
,asiatic4 ,z ,mr4 ,l9coln express$ x1 ,!
 ass]tion t all m5 are creat$ equal 0 ( 
no practical use 9 effect+ our sep>ation
 f ,great ,brita91 & x 0 plac$ 9 !      
,decl>ation1 n = t b = future use4 ,its 
au?or meant x to be1 z1 ?ank ,god1 x is 
n[ prov+ itself1 a /umbl+ block to all  
^? :o1 9 aft] times1 might seek to turn 
a free p back into ! pa?s ( despotism4  
,!y knew ! pron5ess ( prosp]ity to bre$ 

tyrants1 & !y meant1 :5 su* %\ld reappe>
 9 ?is fair l&1 & comm5ce _! vocation1  
!y %\ld f9d left = !m at lea/ "o h>d nut
 to crack4--,works1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bcc4 
#c ,gre5's ,%ort ,hi/ory 7,ill4 ,ed474  
,vol4 ,i4 p4 #i4  #d ,! ,roman legions 7
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