,,production ,,notes3  ,an ,apology =   
,a!ism by ,*>les ,s\?well 7#ahad-ahfj7  
,fir/ publi%$ anonym\sly 9 #ahdf        
,,an ,,apology ,,= ,,a!ism3  ,,address$ 
,,to ,,religi\s ,,inve/igators ,,( ,,e  
,,d5om9ation ,,by ,,"o ,,( ,,its        
,,apo/les4     ,n "o ( y reflects1 t y  
ought "k y\r ,gods be=e y wor%ip !m4    
,,london3 ,j4 ,,watson1 #e1 ,,paul',s   
,,alley1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[4 ,,& ,,all     
,,booksell]s4  #ahdf      ,,an ,,apology
 ,,= ,,a!ism   ,x w\ld be absurd to d\bt
 t religion has an important be>+ on all
 ! relations & conditions ( life4 ,!    
connexion betwe5 religions fai? &       
political practice is1 9 tru?1 f> clos] 
?an is g5]ally ?\ght4 ,public op9ion has
 n rip5$ into a k t religi\s error is ! 
intangible b real sub/ratum ( all       
political inju/ice4 ,?\gh ! 's*oolma/]' 
has done mu*1 !re /ill rema9 & hold "s  
away among u1 _m hone/ & en]getic       
ass]tors ( '! rights ( man1' :o h to    
le>n t a p 9 ! fett]s ( sup]/ition1 c   
nev] a*ieve political fre$om4 ,_m ( ^!  

re=m]s admit ! va/1 ! incalculable      
influ5ce ( ,mahomm$anism on ! politics (
 ,con/ant9ople1 & yet p]si/ 9 act+ z if 
,*ri/ianity _h little or no?+ to d ) !  
politics ( ,engl&4  ,at a rec5t meet+ ( 
! ,anti-,/ate ,*ur* ,association x 0    
rem>k$1 t '?r[ :at we w\ld into !       
political cauldron1 out x came 9 an     
ecclesia/ical %ape'4 ,if ! newspap]     
report may be reli$ on1 !re 0 mu* laugh+
 among ! he>]s ( ^? words1 ! deep mean+ 
( :i* x may safely be affirm$1 only a   
select few ( !m c\ld fa?om4  ,ho/ility  
to /ate *ur*es by no means implies a k (
 ! close & important connection betwe5  
ecclesia/ical & political que/ions4 ,m5 
may appreciate ! ju/ice ( volunt>yism 9 
religion1 & yet h r cl\dy conceptions ) 
respect to ! influ5ce ( op9ions & ?+s   
ecclesia/ical on ! condition ( nations4 
,!y may cle>ly see t he :o ne$s ! prie/1
 %\ld disda9 to saddle o!rs ) ! co/ (   
him1 :ile bl9d to ! fact t no p hav+    
fai? 9 ! sup]natural ev] fail$ to mix up
 su* fai? ) political affairs4 ,ev5     

lead+ memb]s ( ! ',?ird ,e/ate' are     
con/antly decl>+ _! dis9cl9ation =      
religi\s controv]sy1 & express p>ticul> 
anxiety to keep _! j\rnals free ( ev]y?+
 '/rictly !ological4' ,_! notion is1 t  
newspap] writ]s %\ld endeav\r to keep   
cle> ( s 'awful' a topic4 ,& yet seldom 
does a day pass 9 :i* ?is self-impos$   
editorial rule is n violat$--a fact     
significant z fact c be1 ( t connection 
betwe5 religion & politics ! au?or ?9ks 
has be5 f> too little reg>d$4  ,x is q  
possible ! editors ( newspap]s h weighty
 reasons = _! repugnance to agitate !   
mu* vex$ "q ( religion1 b x seems !y _c 
help do+ s4 ,9 a lead+ article ( ?is    
day's ,po/1 ,endnote #d3a we are        
told--',! /a9 & reproa* ( ,romanism 9   
,irel& is1 t x is a political sy/em1 & a
 wick$ political sy/em1 = x reg>ds only 
! ex]cise ( p[]1 & neglects utt]ly !    
duty ( improvem5t4' ,9 j\rnals support$ 
by ,romani/s1 & ( c\rse devot$ to !     
int]e/s ( _! *ur*1 ! v same *>ge is made
 aga9/ ,engli% ,prote/antism4 ,to d5\nce

 ea* o!r's 'holy apo/olic religion' may 
be incompatible ) ! ta/e ( 'g5tlem5 ( ! 
press1' b c]ta9ly !y d x ) a brisk &    
he>ty vehem5ce t incl9es "o to ?9k x a  
'lab\r ( love4' ,:at m5 d con amore !y  
usually d well1 & no "o c d5y ! wond]ful
 tal5t = d5unciation exhibit$ by        
j\rnali/s :5 writ+ d[n ea* o!r's 'true  
,*ri/ianity4' ,! unsp>+ invective quot$ 
above f ! ,po/ is a good specim54 ,if j1
 ,iri% ,romanism ought to be de/roy$1 & 
newspap] writ]s _c be bett] employ$ ?an 
9 help+ on ! "w ( its de/ruction1 or !  
de/ruction ( any o!r religion to :i* !  
same '/a9 & reproa*' may be fairly      
atta*$4  ,! au?or ( ?is ,apology has no 
spite or ill-w t[>ds ,roman ,ca?olics1  
?\gh oppos$ to _! religion1 & a will+   
subscrib] to ! op9ion ( ,romanism 9     
,irel&1 express$ by ! ,po/1 because     
conv9c$ ( its tru?4 ,! pa/ & pres5t     
condition ( t c\ntry is a deep disgrace 
to its prie/s1 ! bulk ( :om1 ,prote/ant 
z well z ,romani/1 c ju/ly be *>g$ )    
'reg>d+ only ! ex]cise ( p[]1 :ile      

neglect+ utt]ly ! duty ( improvem5t4'   
,! intrigu+ & ess5tially political "* ( 
,romanism1 x w\ld be idle to d5y4 ,no "o
 at all acqua9t$ ) its cunn+ly contriv$ 
'sy/em' w hesitate to *>act]ise x z     
'wick$ly political1' productive ( no?+ b
 mis*ief--a sy/em ?r\gh ^: accurs$      
in/rum5tality millions are *eat$ ( _!   
sanity z well z sub/ance1 & tra9$ l !   
dog to lick ! h& t smites !m4 ,s p]fect 
is _! degradation t lit]ally !y 'take no
 ?\ght = to-morr[1' x be+ _! practice to
 wait 'till />vation />es !m 9 ! face1' 
#e3a & !n make an ef=t aga9/ x4 ,not)/&+
 ! purely ,*ri/ian education ( :i* !y   
are taught to boa/1 no?+ c exce$ !      
sup]/iti\s recklessness display$ 9 _!   
daily conduct4  ,! ,globe ( ,?ursday1   
,octob] #cj?1 #ahde1 conta9s an article 
on ! damage su/a9$ by ! potato crops "h 
& 9 ,irel&1 full ( matt] calculat$ to   
enlight5 our fir/ rate re=m]s1 :o seem  
pr(\ndly ignorant t sup]/ition is ! bane
 ( intellect1 & mo/ =midable ( all !    
ob/acles :i* /& betwe5 ! p & _! rights3 

"o p>agraph is s peculi>ly significant (
 ! mis]able condition to :i* ,romanism &
 ,prote/antism h r$uc$ a peasantry1 said
 to be '! f9e/ 9 ! _w1' t we "h subjo9  
x--       ',! be/ means to arre/ !      
progress ( ! pe/il5ce 9 !      p's food 
h occupi$ ! att5tion ( sci5tific m54 ,! 
commission appo9t$ by gov]nm5t1 consi/+ 
( ?ree ( ! mo/      celebrat$ practical 
*emi/s1 has publi%$ a prelim9>y report1 
9 :i* sev]al sugge/ions1 r ?an asc]ta9$ 
results1 are      communicat$1 by :i* ! 
s\nd portions ( ! root may1 x is        
hop$1 be pres]v$ f ! epidemy1 &         
possibly1 ! ta9t$ be      r5d]$         
innoxi\s1 & ev5 p>tially nutriti\s4     
,foll[$      implicitly1 _! directions  
might mitigate ! calamity4 ,b !         
c>e1 ! dilig5ce1 ! p]sev]+ indu/ry :i* !
 v>i\s      =ms ( process require1 9    
ord] to effect+ ! purposes :i*          
might result if !y 7 promptly adopt$ &  
prop]ly c>ri$      out1 are ! v         
qualities 9 :i* ! ,iri% peasantry are   
mo/      defici5t4 ,9 ! pres5t crisis1 !

 p are m dispos$ to      reg>d !        
ext5sive de/ruction ( _! crops 9 ! light
 ( an      extraord9>y visitation (     
,heav51 ) :i* x is va9 = human          
ef=ts to cont5d1 ?an to employ c\nt]act+
 or rem$ial      applications4 ,sure !  
,almighty s5t ! potato-plague1 & we     
mu/ be> x z well z we c6 is ! rem>k (   
_m2 :ile1 9      o!r places1 ! copi\s   
spr9kl+s ( holy wat] on ! potato        
g>d5s1 & on ! produce1 z x lies ^u !    
surface1 are m      dep5d$ on =         
dis9fect+ ! potatoes ?an ! sugge/ions ( 
sci5ce1 :i* require ! application (     
pati5t indu/ry4'  ,daniel ,o',connell   
may cont9ue to boa/ ab\t ,iri% morale & 
,iri% intellect--! h&some wom51 & /alw>t
 m5 ( 8 'belov$ c\ntry2' b no s5sible   
p]sons w pay ! lea/ att5tion to him4 ,x 
is1 at all ev5ts1 too late 9 ! day = we 
',saxons' to be ei!r cajol$ or amus$ by 
su* nons5se4 ,an ov]:elm+ majority ( !  
,iri% p h be5 prov$ indol5t beyond all  
p>allel1 & n mu* m provid5t ?an ^?      
unhappy savages :o sell _! b$s 9 !      

morn+1 n be+ able to =esee !y %all aga9 
require !m at night4 ,a want ( =e?\ght s
 rem>kable1 & indol5ce s abom9able1 z   
*>act]ize ! peasantry ( ,irel&1 are     
results ( _! religi\s education4 ,does  
any "o suppose ! religion ( t peasantry 
has little1 if any?+1 to d ) _!         
political condition2 or c x be believ$  
!y w be fit =1 mu* less a*ieve political
 emancipation1 :ile prie/s1 & prie/s    
alone1 are _! in/ructors8 ,we may rely  
^u x1 t intellectual fre$om is ! natural
 & necess>y precursor ( political       
fre$om4 ,education1 said ,"l ,br\gham1  
makes m5 easy to lead1 b difficult to   
drive2 easy to gov]n1 b impossible to   
enslave4 ,! ,iri% peasantry clam\r =    
',repeal1' nev] consid]+ t did !y get x1
 no ess5tial *ange w\ld be made 9 _!    
social1 moral1 or to say all 9 "o ^w1   
political condition2 !y w\ld /ill be !  
tool ( ,o',connell & o!r unpr9cipl$     
political m\ntebanks--!mselves ! tool ( 
prie/s4  ,great has be5 ! outcry rais$  
aga9/ ! 'godless colleges1 t ,sir ,rob]t

 ,peel _h ! c\rage\s good s5se to       
inflict on ,irel&4 ,prote/ant z well z  
,romani/ prie/s are t]ribly al>m$ le/ ^?
 colleges %\ld spoil ! craft by :i* !y  
live4 ,sagaci\s en\gh to p]ceive t      
:atev] influ5ce !y possess mu/ vani% ) !
 ignorance on :i* x re/s1 !y mov$ heav5 
& e>? to disgu/ ! ,iri% p ) an          
educational measure ( :i* religion =m$  
no "p4 ,_! fury1 l 'empty space1' is    
b\ndless4 ,!y _c endure ! ?\ght t our   
m9i/]s %\ld s f> play ! game (          
'infidelity' z to take f !m ! delightful
 task ( tea*+ ,irel&'s "y ideas 'h[ to  
%oot4' ,sir ,rob]t ,+lis *ri/5$ ?is     
'odi\s' measure1 a 'gigantic s*eme (    
godless education1' & a l>ge majority ( 
,iri% ,roman ,ca?olic ,prelates h       
solemnly pron\nc$ x 'dang]\s to fai? &  
morals1' ,nei!r m9i/]ial allurem5ts1 nor
 m9i/]ial ?reats c subdue ! cantank]\s  
_s ( ^! bigots4 ,!y are all b frantic1 &
 c]ta9ly n )\t reason1 = ! ,iri%        
,colleges ,bill is ! f9e po9t ( t w$ge  
:i*1 driv5 home1 w %iv] to pieces _!    

'wick$ political sy/em4' ,:atev]        
improves ,iri% intellect w play !       
mis*ief ) its 'fai?1' ?\gh n at all     
likely to det]iorate its 'morals4' ,!   
be/ gu>antee = national morality is to  
be f\nd 9 national intellig5ce2 nor ne$ 
any "o feel al>m$ at ! progress (       
pr9ciples & measures inimical to fai? 9 
ei!r ,romanism or ,prote/antism4 ,let ! 
p ( ,irel& be prop]ly employ$1 z a      
prelim9>y to be+ well educat$1 & spe$ily
 !y may des]ve to be s+l$ out z '! mo/  
moral p on ! face ( ! e>?4'  ,an educat$
 nation w nev] tamely submit to be      
prie/-ridd51 & well d ,irel&'s enslav]s 
"k x4 ,! mo/ /upid ( h] prie/s1 equally 
) ! %rewde/ ( h] 'patriots1' are q alive
 to ! exp$i5cy ( tea*+ z facts1 !       
fraudul5t fables ( ! 'd>k ages4' ,to    
keep ! p ignorant1 or :at is worse1 to  
tea* !m only :at is false1 is ! great   
end ( _! tra9+2 & if a ,briti% m9i/ry   
propose any?+ bett] ?an ! m]e/ mock]y ( 
education1 !y call x 'dang]\s to fai? & 
morals4'  ,! sage :o writes 'lead]s' = !

 ,morn+ ,h]ald1 is ( op9ion t ,irel&    
w\ld inde$ be 'great1 glori\s1 & free1' 
if its ,roman ,ca?olic p 7 to cease all 
ef=ts = ,repeal1 & turn good            
,prote/ants4 ,b ! ,h]ald does greatly   
err n kn[+ human nature & ! s\rce (     
,iri% evils4 ,x is n by sub/itut+       
,prote/antism = ,romanism t ^? evils are
 to be cur$4 ,7 e ,romani/ 9 ,irel& at  
once to turn 'good ,prote/ant1' _!      
political emancipation w\ld be f> (f z  
ev]4 ,prote/antism ev]y:]e1 l ,romanism 
ev]y:]e1 is 'a political sy/em1 & a     
wick$ political sy/em1 = x reg>ds only !
 ex]cise ( p[]1 & neglects utt]ly ! duty
 ( improvem5t4'  ,religion is ! curse ( 
,irel&4 ,to ! rival *ur*es ( t c\ntry   
may be trac$ ne>ly all ! oppressions    
suff]$ by its p1 :o nev] c be mat]ially 
improv$ till purg$ ( _! fai? 9 prie/s4  
,:5 t salut>y "w %all be accompli%$1    
,irel& w inde$ be 'a nation' 9 ! secure 
enjoym5t ( political lib]ty4 ,!         
prie/-ridd5 may talk ( fre$om1 b c nev] 
secure x2 =1 z truly said by "o ( our   

mo/ admir$ poets--            ,tis man's
 base grovell+ nature makes ! prie/1    
,:o always rides a sup]/iti\s bea/4  ,& 
he is a poor politician :o expects to   
see political lib]ty a*iev$ or enjoy$ by
 nations made up ( 'base1 grovell+'     
specim5s ( human nature4  ,:at !n c be  
?\ght ( ! fir/-rate re=m]s be=e allud$  
to1 :o are go+ to emancipate e body )\t 
! lea/ (f5ce to any body's sup]/ition8  
,x %\ld be borne 9 memory t o!r p are   
sup]/iti\s z well z ! ,iri%1 & t !      
*ur*es ( all c\ntries are z mu* p>ts (  
'a wick$ political sy/em' z are ! *ur*es
 ( ,irel&4 ,! judges ( our own c\ntry   
frequ5tly rem9d u t its laws h a        
religi\s sanction2 nay !y assure u      
,*ri/ianity is "p & p>cel ( ^? laws4 ,d 
we n "k t or?odox ,*ri/ianity means     
,*ri/ianity z by law e/abli%$8 ,& c any 
"o fail to p]ceive t su* a religion mu/ 
ne$s be political8 ,! cunn+ few1 :o make
 a m>ket ( delusion1 & e/eem no?+ ap>t f
 _! own aggr&isem5t1 are q aw>e t !     
civil & crim9al law ( ,engl& is         

intimately associat$ ) ,*ri/ianity--!y  
publicly proclaim _! sep>ation          
impossible1 except at ! co/ ( de/ruction
 to bo?4 ,!y are sagaci\s en\gh to      
p]ceive t a p totally untrammell$ by !  
fe>s1 ! prejudices1 & ! wick$ness (     
religion w\ld nev] cons5t to rema9 9    
bondage4  ,h5ce ! pa9s tak5 by          
piety-mong]s to p]petuate ! dom9ion ( t 
ignorance :i* prov]bially is '! "m (    
devotion4' ,:at c>e !y = univ]sal       
emancipation8 ,free !mselves1 _! gr&    
object is to rivet ! *a9s ( o!rs4 ,s t  
^? !y defraud ( _! h>d e>n$ sub/ance be 
kept d[n1 !y are n ov] scrupul\s )      
respect to means4 ,among ! mo/ pot5t (  
_! helps 9 ! 'good "w' are *ur*es1 v>i\s
 9 "n & "*1 b 9 pr9ciple ! v same4 ,all 
are pron\nc$ true by prie/s :o pr(it by 
!m1 & false by prie/s :o d n4 ,e ?+     
connect$ ) !m be>s ! m>k ( despotism4   
,:e!r we look at *ur*es =eign or        
dome/ic1 ,popi% or ,prote/ant1 t m>k ( !
 'bea/' appe>s 9 *>act]s z legible z1 x 
is fabl$1 ! h& writ+ on ! wall did to a 

tyrant ( old4 ,9 connection ) ea* is a  
hi]>*y ( intellect /ultifi]s1 :o expla9 
doctr9es )\t und]/&+ !m1 or int5d+ !y   
%\ld be und]/ood by o!rs2 & true to _!  
'sacr$ tru/1' ?r[ e available imp$im5t 9
 ! way ( improvem5t4 ,k is _! devil4 ,s 
f> z antagonism to progression goes1 !re
 is no s5sible diff]5ce betwe5 !        
hi]>*ies ( ,rome or ( ,engl&1 or (      
,con/ant9ople4 ,to diffuse ! 'tru?' t 'w
 set m5 free' is no "p ( _! 'wick$      
political sy/em4' ,on ! contr>y1 !y     
lab\r to excite a g5]al disgu/ ( tru?1 &
 9 def5ce ( bad gov]nm5ts prea* f9e     
s]mons f "s "o ( ! _m cong5ial texts to 
be ga!r$ 9 _! ',holy ,scripture4'  ,nor 
is x f\nd t non-e/abli%$ prie/hoods are 
mu* m dispos$ to emancipate 'm9d' & oil 
! :eels ( political progression ?an ^?  
kept 9 /ate pay4 ,! air ( conv5ticles is
 n ( ! free/ or mo/ brac+ description4  
,no d\bt ! 'volunt>y pr9ciple' is       
j--only braz5 fac$ impo/ors w say x is  
"r to tax a man = ! support ( ^? :o     
promulgate doctr9es abhorr5t to 8 feel+s

 & an insult to 8 judgm5t4 ,/ill1 ! fact
 is inconte/able1 t ,diss5t+ ,prie/s    
are1 = ! mo/ "p1 oppos$ to ! ext5sion ( 
political rights1 or1 :at is equal1 t' k
 :i* w\ld infallibly secure !m4 ,!      
,me?odi/ prea*]1 :o has ! fooli%        
effront]y to tell 8 congregation '! fle%
 lu/e? always contr>y to ! _s2 &1 !re=e1
 e p]son born into ! _w des]ve? ,god's  
wra? & damnation1' may be a lib]al      
politician1 "o well fitt$ to pilot 8    
flock into ! hav5 ( true republicanism3 
b ! au?or is extremely suspici\s ( su*  
p]sons1 & w\ld n on any acc\nt place 8  
lib]ty 9 _! keep+4 ,he has little fai? 9
 political fanaticism1 especially :5 9  
alliance ) ! frightful doctr9es         
enunciat$ f conv5ticle pulpits1 & has no
 hesitation 9 say+ t ,anti-,/ate ,*ur*  
,associations d n t\* ! root ( all      
political evils4 ,_! usefulness is      
great1 because !y give curr5cy to a s\nd
 pr9ciple1 b t pr9ciple1 ?\gh important1
 is n all-important--?\gh p[]ful1 is n  
all-p[]ful4 ,if univ]sally adopt$1 x is 

que/ionable t any useful *ange ( a la/+ 
"* w\ld be work$ 9 ! economy ( politics4
  ,prie/s ( all religion are ! same1    
said ,dryd5--! religions !y tea* are    
false1 & 9 _! t5d5cy anti-progressive1  
say ,a!i/s1 :o put no tru/ 9 doctr9e :i*
 involves or assumes sup]natural        
exi/5ce4 ,believ+ t sup]naturalism r$uc$
 to 'sy/em' _c be o!r ?an 'wick$ly      
political1' ! ,a!i/1 truly s call$1 sees
 no hope = 'slave classes1' ap>t f a    
g5]al diffusion ( anti-religi\s ideas4  
,accord+ to 8 !ory1 religion is 9 "p a  
cunn+ly & 9 "p a /upidly devis$ fable4  
,he _c reconcile ! wisdom ( !ologians ) 
und\bt$ facts1 & ?\gh will+ to admit t  
"s 'modes ( fai?' are less absurd ?an   
o!rs1 is conv9c$ !y are all ess5tially  
alike1 because all fundam5tally         
errone\s4 ,r\sseau said 'philosophy c d 
no?+ t religion _c d bett]1 & religion c
 d _m ?+s :i* philosophy _c d at all4'  
,b ,a!i/s believe religion ! mo/        
=midable evil ) :i* progressors h to    
cope1 & see 9 philosophy t mighty ag5t 9

 ! "w ( improvem5t s beautifully        
describ$ by ,curran z ! irresi/ible     
g5ius ( univ]sal emancipation4          
,speculative ?9k]s ( s decid$ly         
irreligi\s a temp] are n num]\s4 ,if    
e/eem$1 z happ5s to c]ta9 commodities1 9
 proportion to _! sc>city !y w\ld enjoy 
a l>ge %>e ( public respect4 ,inde$1 !y 
are s few & f> betwe51 or at lea/ s     
seldom make _! pres5ce visible1 t       
,william ,gillespie is conv9c$ !y are an
 anomal\s species ( animal1 produc$ by  
our common p>5t '9 a mom5t ( madness4'  
,o!r grave ,*ri/ian writ]s1 ?\gh        
horrifi$ at ,a!ism--?\gh p]suad$ its    
pr(essors1 '( all e>?'s madm51 mo/      
des]ve a *a92' &1 ?\gh con/antly abus+  
!m1 are /ill unable to believe 9 !      
reality ( su* p]sons4 ,^!1 among all !  
oppon5ts ( ,a!ism & ,a!i/s1 may fairly  
claim to be consid]$ mo/ my/]i\s2 =1    
:ile lavi%+ on d5i]s ( _! ,gods e k9d ( 
%>p invective & opprobri\s epi!t1 !y _c 
assure !mselves ! 'mon/]s' did1 or d    
actually exi/4 ,) *>act]i/ic hum\r1     

,david ,hume obs]v$ ',!re are n a great]
 numb] ( philosophical reason+s display$
 ^u any subject ?an ^? :i* prove !      
exi/5ce ( ,deity1 & refute ! fallacies (
 ,a!i/s1 & yet ! mo/ religi\s           
philosoph]s /ill dispute :e!r any man c 
be s bl9d$ z to be a speculative ,a!i/2'
 'h[ 7cont9ues he7 %all we reconcile ^! 
contradictions8 ,! ,knight-errants :o   
w&]$ ab\t to cle> ! _w ( dragons & (    
giants1 nev] ent]ta9$ ! lea/ d\bt )     
reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( ^! mon/]s4' #aj3a  
,! same ,hume :o ?us pleasantly rebuk$  
'mo/ religi\s philosoph]s1' 0 himself a 
true ,a!i/4 ,t he lack$ fai? 9 !        
sup]natural mu/ be app>5t to e /ud5t ( 8
 writ+s1 :i* ab\nd ) reflections f> f   
flatt]+ to ! self-love ( religioni/s1 & 
little calculat$ to advance _! cause4   
,_m ,dei/s h be5 call$ ,a!i/s3 among    
o!rs ,rob]t ,ow5 & ,ri*>d ,c>lile1 bo? (
 :om pr(ess$ belief 9 some?+ sup]ior to 
nature1 some?+ act+ ^u & regulat+ matt]1
 ?\gh n itself mat]ial4 #aa3a ,?is      
some?+ !y nam$ p[]4 ,b ,hume has %[n we 

may se>* '9 va9 = an idea ( p[] or      
necess>y connection 9 all ! s\rces f :i*
 we w\ld suppose x to be d]iv$4 #aa3b   
,ow51 ,c>lile1 & o!r ,a!i/s1 falsely s  
call$1 suppos$ p[] ! only entity wor?y (
 deification4 ,!y dignifi$ x ) su*      
appellations z 'int]nal or ext]nal cause
 ( all exi/5ce1' & ascrib$ to x         
intellig5ce1 ) su* o!r hon\rable        
attributes z are usually ascrib$ to     
'deifi$1 error4' ,b ,hume a/oni%$       
religi\s philosoph]s by decl>+ t1 ':ile 
we argue f ! c\rse ( nature & inf] a    
p>ticul> intellig5t cause1 :i* fir/     
be/[$1 & /ill pres]ves ord] 9 ! univ]se1
 we embrace a pr9ciple :i* is bo?       
unc]ta9 & useless4 ,x is unc]ta91       
because ! subject lies entirely beyond !
 rea* ( human exp]i5ce4 ,x is useless1  
because our k ( ?is cause be+ d]iv$     
entirely f ! c\rse ( nature1 we c nev]1 
accord+ to ! rules ( j reason+1 return  
back f ! cause ) any new inf]5ce1 or    
mak+ additions to ! common & exp]i5c$   
c\rse ( nature1 e/abli% any pr9ciples ( 

conduct & behavi\r4 #aa3c  ,nor did     
,hume affect to consid] ,*ri/ianity less
 repugnant to reason ?an any o!r !ory or
 sy/em ( sup]naturalism4 ,?\gh          
confess$ly fa/ 9 fri5d%ip1 g5]\s 9      
disposition1 & blameless 9 all !        
relations ( life1 few s9c]e ,div9es c   
=give 8 ho/ility to _! fai?4 ,& )\t d\bt
 x 0 ho/ility em95tly calculat$ to      
exhau/ _! /ock ( pati5ce1 because       
em95tly calculat$ to damage _! religion1
 :i* has no?+ to fe> f ! assaults (     
ignorant & immoral oppon5ts2 b :5       
assail$ by m5 ( unblemi%$ reputation1 :o
 "k well h[ to wield ! weapons ( wit1   
s>casm1 & solid argum5tation1 its prie/s
 are n )\t reason al>m$ le/ _! h\se %\ld
 be set out ( ord]4  ,x w\ld be         
difficult to "n a philosoph] at once s  
subtle1 s pr(\nd1 s bold1 & s good z    
,hume4 ,not)/&+ 8 het]odox reputation1  
_m le>n$ & excell5t ,*ri/ians op5ly     
enjoy$ 8 fri5d%ip4 ,a contempor>y critic
 rec5tly pres5t$ ! public ) 'a curi\s   
in/ance ( contra/ & ( p>allel1' betwe5  

,rob]tson & ,hume4 ',fl\ri%+ 7says he7 9
 ! same walk ( lit]ature1 liv+ 9 ! same 
society at ! same "t2 simil> 9 _! habits
 & g5]\s dispositions2 equally pure 9 _!
 morals1 & blameless 9 all ! relations (
 private life3 ! "o 0 a dev\t believ]1 !
 o!r a mo/ absolute a!i/1 & bo? f deep  
conviction1 f\nd$ ^u inquiries1 c>efully
 & anxi\sly conduct$4 ,! close & w>m    
fri5d%ip :i* subsi/$ betwe5 ^! two m51  
may1 aft] :at we h said1 be a matt] (   
surprise to "s2 b ,rob]tson's           
,*ri/ianity 0 enl>g$ & tol]ant1 & ,david
 ,hume's pr9ciples 7 lib]al &           
philosophical 9 a rem>kable degree4'    
#ab3a  ,?is te/imony ne$s no comm5t4 ,x 
cle>ly tells its own tale1 & ought to h 
! effect ( ?r[+ discr$it ^u ! vulg>     
notion t disgu/ ( all religion is       
incompatible ) tal5ts & virtues ( !     
highe/ ord]2 =1 9 ! p]son ( ,david      
,hume1 ! _w saw absolute ,a!ism         
co-exi/5t ) g5ius1 le>n+1 & moral       
excell5ce1 r>ely1 if ev]1 surpass$4  ,! 
unpopul>ity ( t cre$ x w\ld be va9 to   

d5y4 ,a va/ majority ( mank9d associate 
) ! idea ( disbelief 9 _! ,gods e ?+    
/upid1 mon/r\s1 absurd1 & atroci\s4     
,absolute ,a!ism is ?\ght by !m !       
insep>able ally ( mo/ %ock+ wick$ness1  
involv+ z x manife/ly does t 'blasphemy 
aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/' :i* we are assur$  
%all n be =giv5 unto m5 'nei!r 9 ?is _w 
nor 9 t :i* is to come4' ,educat$ to    
consid] x 'an inhuman1 bloody1 f]oci\s  
sy/em1 equally ho/ile to e re/ra9t & to 
e virtu\s affection1' ! majority ( all  
c\ntries dete/ & %un its apo/les4 ,_!   
horror ( !m may be lik5$ to t x is      
presum$ ! horse feels t[>ds ! camel1 ^u 
:om 7s travell]s tell u7 he _c look )\t 
%udd]+4  ,to keep alive & make ! mo/ (  
?is /rong religi\s feel+ has ev] be5 !  
object ( ,*ri/ian prie/s1 :o r>ely      
hesitate to make *>ges ( ,a!ism1 n only 
aga9/ oppon5ts1 b ea* o!r2 n only aga9/ 
disbeliev]s b believ]s 9 ,god4 ,!       
,jesuit ,lafiteau1 9 a ,preface to 8    
',hi/oire des ,sauvages ,am]icanes1'    
#ac3a endeav\rs to prove t only ,a!i/s w

 d>e ass]t t ,god creat$ ! ,am]icans4   
,sc>cely a metaphysical writ] ( em95ce  
has escap$ ! 'imputation' ( ,a!ism4 ,!  
great ,cl>ke & 8 antagoni/ ! great]     
,leibnitz 7 call$ ,a!i/s4 ,ev5 ,newton 0
 put 9 ! same category4 ,no soon] did   
%>p-sight$ div9es cat* a glimpse ( an   
',essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+' ?an !y    
l\dly proclaim$ ! ,a!ism ( its au?or4   
,julian ,hibb]t1 9 8 le>n$ acc\nt ',(   
,p]sons ,falsely ,entitl$ ,a!i/s1' says1
 '! exi/5ce ( "s sort ( a ,deity has    
usually be5 consid]$ und5iable1 s !     
imputation ( ,a!ism & ! title ( ,a!i/ h 
usually be5 consid]$ z insult+4' ,?is   
au?or1 aft] giv+ no few] ?an ?irty & two
 names ( 'individuals among ! ,pagans :o
 7) m or less inju/ice7 h be5 accus$ (  
,a!ism1' says1 '! li/ %ews1 ,i ?9k1 t   
almo/ all ! mo/ celebrat$ ,grecian      
metaphysicians h be51 ei!r 9 _! own or 9
 foll[+ ages1 consid]$1 ) m or less     
reason1 to be ,a!i/ically incl9$4 ,=    
?\gh1 ! ^w ,a!i/ 0 probably n (t5 us$   
till ab\t a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 yet 

! imputation ( impiety 0 no d\bt z      
easily & commonly be/[$1 be=e t p]iod1 z
 x has be5 s9ce4' #ac3b  ,voltaire      
relates1 9 ! eighte5? *apt] ( 8         
',philosophie de ,l',hi/oire1' #ac3c t a
 ,fr5*man nam$ ,maigrot1 ,bi%op (       
,conon1 :o knew n a ^w ( ,*9ese1 0      
deput$ by ! !n ,pope to g & pass judgm5t
 on ! op9ions ( c]ta9 ,*9ese            
philosoph]s3 he treat$ ,confucius z     
,a!i/1 because t sage _h said '! sky has
 giv5 me virtue1 & man c d me no hurt4' 
,on gr\nds no m solid ?an ?is1 *>ges (  
,a!ism are (t5 erect$ by 'surplic$      
sophi/s4' ,r ridicul\s h be5 ! mi/akes  
committ$ by "s ( !m 9 _! hurry to affix 
on objects ( _! hate ! br& ( impiety4   
,^! p]sons1 no d\bt1 suppos$ !y 7       
privileg$ to write or talk any am\nt (  
nons5se & contradiction4 ,m5 :o fancy   
!mselves commission$ by ,deity to       
int]pret 8 'my/]ies1' or ann\nce 8 'w1' 
are apt to make blund]s )\t be+ s5sible 
( x1 z did ^? wor?y ,jesuits :o decl>$1 
9 opposition to ,bayle1 t a society (   

,a!i/s 0 impossible1 & at ! same "t     
assur$ ! _w t ! gov]nm5t ( ,*9a1 by     
,voltaire & _m o!rs consid]$ ! mo/      
anci5t on e>?1 0 a society ( ,a!i/s4 ,s 
difficult x is = m5 inflam$ by religi\s 
prejudices1 int]e/s1 & animosities to   
keep cle> ( sophisms1 :i* c impose on   
none b !mselves4  ,_m ,a!i/s conceal _! 
s5tim5ts on acc\nt ( ! odium :i* w\ld   
c]ta9ly be _! rew>d did !y av[ !m4 ,b ! 
unpopul>ity ( ^? s5tim5ts _c1 by p]sons 
( s5se & c&\r be all[$1 9 itself1 a     
suffici5t reason = _! rejection4 ,! fact
 ( a cre$ be+ unpopul> is no pro( x is  
false4 ,! argum5t f g5]al cons5t is at  
be/ a suspici\s "o1 = ! tru? ( any      
op9ion or ! validity ( any practice4    
,hi/ory proves t ! g5]ality ( m5 are !  
slaves ( prejudice1 ! sport ( cu/om1 &  
foes mo/ bigott$ to su* op9ions conc]n+ 
religion z h n be5 drawn 9 f !          
suck+-bottles1 or 'hat*$ )9 ! n>r[ f5ces
 ( _! own conceit4' ,no prud5t se>*]    
aft] tru? w accept an op9ion because x  
is ! curr5t "o1 b r view x ) di/ru/ = t 

v reason4 ,! g5ius ( him :o said1 9 our 
j\rney to ! o!r _w ! common road is !   
safe/1 0 c[>dly z deceptive1 & !re=e    
oppos$ to s\nd philosophy4 ,l horses    
yok$ to a team1 '"o's nose 9 t'o!rs     
tail1' is a mode ( j\rney+ any:]e !     
opposite ( dignifi$1 pleasant1 or       
improv+4 ,!y :o are enam\r$ ( '! common 
road1' unless h&somely paid = j\rney+   
!reon1 mu/ be slavi% 9 feel+1 & will+   
submitt]s to e indignity sanction$ by   
cu/om1 t pot5t enemy ( tru?1 :i* f "t   
immemorial has be5 '! law ( fools4'  ,e 
day exp]i5ce demon/rates ! fallibility (
 majorities4 ,x palpably exhibits1 too1 
! dang] z well z ! folly ( presum+ !    
unpopul>ity ( c]ta9 speculative op9ions 
an evid5ce ( _! falsity4 ,a public      
intellect1 unta9t$ by gross sup]/ition1 
c n[h]e be appeal$ to4 ,ev5 9 ?is fav\r$
 c\ntry1 '! envy ( surr\nd+ nations &   
admiration ( ! _w1' ! multitude are     
any?+ b patt]ns ( moral purity &        
intellectual excell5ce4 ,!y :o assure u 
vox populi is ! voice ( ,god1 are fairly

 op5 to ! *>ge ( ascrib+ to ,him :at    
or?odox pieti/s in=m u exclusively      
belongs to ! ,fa!r ( evil4 ,if by 'voice
 ( ,god' is meant some?+ diff]5t f noisy
 ebullitions ( ang]1 intemp]ance1 &     
fanaticism1 !y :o w\ld h u regulate our 
op9ions 9 con=mity !re) are respectfully
 reque/$ to reconcile mob philosophy ) !
 sob] dictates ( exp]i5ce1 & mob law ) !
 law ( reason4  ,a writ] 9 ! ,ed9burgh  
,review #ae3a assures u '! majority ( e 
nation consi/s ( rude un$ucat$ masses1  
ignorant1 intol]ant1 suspici\s1 unju/1 &
 unc&id1 )\t ! sagacity :i* discov]s :at
 is "r1 or ! intellig5ce :i* compreh5ds 
x :5 po9t$ out1 or ! morality :i*       
requires x to be done4' ,& yet religi\s 
philosoph]s are fond ( quot+ ! all b    
univ]sal horror ( ,a!ism z a =midable   
argum5t aga9/ t mu* misund]/ood cre$4   
,! lea/ reflection w suffice to satisfy 
any reasonable man t ! speculative      
notions ( rude1 un$ucat$ masses1 s      
fai?fully describ$ by ! ,scot* ,review]1
 are = ! mo/ "p grossly absurd &        

consequ5tly ! rev]se ( true4 ,if !      
masses ( all nations are ignorant1      
intol]ant1 suspicions1 unju/1 & unc&id1 
)\t ! sagacity :i* discov]s :at is "r1  
or ! intellig5ce :i* compreh5ds x :5    
po9t$ out1 or ! morality :i* requires x 
to be done2 :o ) ! lea/ %ad[ ( claim to 
be acc\nt$ reasonable w ass]t t a       
speculative h]esy is ! worse = be+      
unpopul>1 or t ,a!ism is false1 & mu/ be
 demoralis+ 9 its influ5ce because !    
majority ( mank9d decl>e x s4  ,! ,au?or
 ( ?is ,apology does n desire x may be  
inf]r$ f ! =ego+ rem>ks1 t horror (     
,a!ism1 & dete/ation ( its apo/les1 is  
conf9$ to ! l[1 ! vulg>1 ! base1 or !   
illit]ate4 ,any su* inf]5ce w\ld be     
wrong1 = x is c]ta9ly true t le>n$1     
b5evol5t1 & v able ,*ri/ian writ]s1 h   
signalis$ !mselves 9 ! "w ( ob/ruct+ !  
progress ( ,a!ism by d5\nc+ its         
pr9ciples1 & imput+ all mann] (         
wick$ness to its def5d]s4 ,x mu/ inde$  
be admitt$ by ! really enlight5$ ( e "n1
 t _! conduct 9 ?is p>ticul> amply      

ju/ifies pi\s ,mat!w ,h5ry's            
confessions1 t '( all ! *ri/ian graces1 
zeal is mo/ apt to turn s\r4'  ,"o ,john
 ,ryl&1 ,a4,m4 ( ,nor?ampton1 publi%$ a 
',preceptor1 or ,g5]al ,repository (    
useful in=mation1 v necess>y = ! v>i\s  
ages & dep>tm5ts ( life' 9 :i* 'pride & 
lu/1 a corrupt pride ( he>t1 & a furi\s 
fil?y lu/ ( body1' are ann\nc$ z !      
a!i/'s 'spr+s ( action1' 'desire to act 
! bea/ )\t control1 & live l a devil )\t
 a *eck ( consci5ce1' 8 only 'reasons = 
oppos+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god2' 9 :i* he is   
told 'a _w ( creatures are up 9 arms    
aga9/ him to kill him z !y w\ld a v5om\s
 mad dog1' 9 :i* among o!r h>d names he 
is call$ 'absurd fool1' 'bea/1' 'dirty  
mon/]1' 'brute1' 'gloomy d>k animal1'   
'enemy ( mank9d1' 'wolf to civil        
society1' 'but*] & murd]] ( ! human     
race1' 9 :i* moreov] he is curs$ 9 !    
foll[+ he>ty t]ms3  ',let ! glori\s mass
 ( fire burn him1 let ! moon light him  
to ! gall[s1 let ! />s 9 _! c\rses fight
 aga9/ ! a!i/1 let ! =ce ( ! comets da% 

him to pieces1 let ! ro> ( ?und]s /rike 
him deaf1 let r$ lightn+s bla/ 8 guilty 
s\l1 let ! sea lift up h] mighty waves  
to bury him1 let ! lion te> him to      
pieces1 let dogs dev\r him1 let ! air   
poison him1 let ! next crumb ( bread    
*oke him1 nay1 let ! dull ass spurn him 
to dea?4'  ,dr4 ,balguy 9 ! c\rse ( a   
,treatise :i* ! 'lib]al' au?or ( a      
,sket* ( ! ,d5om9ations ( ! ,*ri/ian    
,_w1 'consid]$ an excell5t antidote     
aga9/ a!i/ical t5ets1' expresses himself
 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ',( all ! false      
op9ions :i* ev] infe/$ ! m9d ( man1 no?+
 c possibly equal t ( a!ism1 :i* is su* 
a mon/r\s contradiction ( all evid5ce1  
to all ! p[]s ( ! und]/&+ & ! dictates (
 common s5se1 t x may well be que/ion$  
:e!r any man c really fall into x by a  
delib]ate use ( 8 judgm5t4 ,all nature s
 cle>ly po9ts out1 & s cle>ly proclaims 
a ,creator ( inf9ite p[]1 wisdom1 &     
goodness1 t :oev] he>s n its voice &    
sees n its pro(s may well be ?\ght      
wilfully deaf & ob/9ately bl9d4'  ,^!   

are notable specim5s ( zeal turn$ s\r4  
,n[1 :5 x is consid]$ t su* writ+s are  
c>efully put into popul> h&s1 & writ+s (
 an irreligi\s "* z c>efully kept out ( 
!m1 a/oni%m5t at human intol]ance mu/   
cease4 ,s f>1 inde$1 f wond]+ t ! 'giddy
 multitude' %r9k agha/ f ,a!i/s we %all 
conceive x little %ort ( miracul\s1 t !y
 d n fall ^u & te> !m to pieces4        
,beattie1 ano!r ,*ri/ian doctor1 t[>ds !
 close ( 8 celebrat$ ,essay on !        
,immutability ( ,tru?1 d5\nces e s9c]e  
outspok5 unbeliev] z a 'murd]] ( human  
s\ls1' & x be+ obvi\s t ! murd]] ( a    
s+le s\l mu/ to ! 'enlight5$' majority (
 our p appe> an act inf9itely m horrible
 ?an ! but*]y ( _m bodies1 x really does
 at fir/ view seem 'pass+ /range' t body
 murd]]s are almo/ inv>iably hang$1 :il/
 !y :o murd] 's\ls1' if puni%$ at all1  
usually escape ) "s h>mless abuse & a   
ye> or two's imprisonm5t4  ,ev5 !       
'tol]ant' ,ri*>d ,watson1 ,"l ,bi%op (  
,ll&aff1 wrote ) contemptu\s bitt]ness (
 ',a!i/ical madm51' & 9 8 ,apology = !  

,bible1 assur$ ,dei/ical ,?omas ,pa9e1  
,deism 0 s mu* bett] ?an ,a!ism1 he     
7,bi%op ,watson7 meant 'n to say any?+  
to its discr$it4'  ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,w>d1  
^: ',ideal ( a ,*ri/ian ,*ur*' spread   
su* con/]nation 9 ! anti-popi% camp1    
describes 8 own hatr$ ( ,prote/antism z 
'fi]ce & burn+4' ,no?+ c g beyond t--x  
is ! ne plus ultra ( bigotry1 & j su*   
hatr$ is display$ t[>ds ,a!i/s by at    
lea/ n9e-t5?s ( _! oppon5ts4 ,/range to 
say1 9 ,*ri/ians1 9 ! foll[]s ( him :o  
is ?\ght to h recomm5d$1 by act & ^w1   
unlimit$ *>ity1 :o is ?\ght to h comm&$ 
t we judge n1 t we be sat judg$2 ! ,a!i/
 f9ds 8 mo/ active foe1 8 bitt]e/ & lea/
 scrupul\s malign]4 ,to exagg]ate _!    
bigotry w\ld be difficult1 = :e!r sage  
or simple1 le>n$ or unle>n$1 prie/s or  
prie/-l$1 !y regul>ly practise !        
d5unciation ( ,a!i/s 9 language f\l z x 
is false4 ,!y call !m 'traitors to human
 k9d1' yea 'murd]]s ( ! human s\l1' &   
unless hypocrites1 or mu* bett] ?an _!  
s5tim5ts1 w\ld r see !m sw+ ^u ! gibbet 

?an murd]]s ( ! body1 especially if l   
,john ,tawell1 'promot]s ( religion &   
,*ri/ian ,missions4'  ,rob]t ,hall 0 a  
,div9e ( solid le>n+ & unque/ionable    
piety1 ^: memory is rev]5c$ by a l>ge & 
mo/ respectable "p ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,he 
rank$ among/ ! be/ ( 8 class1 & g5]ally 
speak+1 0 s little dispos$ to p]secute 8
 oppon5ts because ( _! het]odox op9ions1
 t he wrote & publi%$ a ,treatise on    
,mod]ation1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he eloqu5tly
 condemns ! practice ( regulat+1 or r   
attempt+ to regulate op9ion by act (    
p>liam5t3 yet1 incr$ible z x may appe>1 
9 t v ,treatise he applauds ,calv9 on   
acc\nt ( 8 conduct t[>ds ,s]vetus4 ,our 
au?ority = ?is /atem5t is n ',infidel' b
 ,*ri/ian--! au?ority ( ,evans1 :o1 aft]
 notic+ ! ,treatise 9 "q1 says1 'he     
7,bi%op ,hall7 has discuss$ ! subject ) 
t ability :i* is peculi> to all 8       
writ+s4 ,b ?is great & good man1 t[>ds !
 close ( ! same ,treatise1 =gett+ !     
pr9ciples :i* he _h be5 inculcat+1      
devotes "o solit>y page to ! cause (    

intol]ance3 ?is page he concludes ) ^!  
rem>kable expressions3 ,ma/] ,calv9 did 
well approve himself to ,god's ,*ur* 9  
br++ ,s]vetus to ! /ake 9 ,g5eva4'      
,rem>kable1 inde$6 & :at is ! moral t !y
 po9t8 ,to ! ,au?or ( ?is ,apology !y   
are indicative ( ! />tl+ tru?1 t nei!r  
eloqu5ce nor le>n+1 nor fai? 9 ,god & 8 
,scripture1 nor all ?ree comb9$1 are    
incompatible ) ! cruele/ _s (           
p]secution4 ,! ,treatise on ,mod]ation w
 /& an ev]la/+ memorial aga9/ its au?or1
 ^: f9e intellect1 spoil$ by sup]/iti\s 
education1 urg$ him to approve a de$1 ! 
b>e remembrance ( :i* ought to excite 9 
e brea/1 feel+s ( horror & indignation4 
,t su* a man %\ld decl>e ! aim ( ,a!i/s 
is 'to de?rone ,god & de/roy man1' is n 
surpris+4 ,f g5u9e bigots !y h no "r to 
expect m]cy4 ,he :o applaud$ ! br++ (   
,s]vetus to ! /ake mu/ h deem$ ! utt]   
ext]m9ation ( ,a!i/s a religi\s duty4   
,t our /reet & field prea*+ ,*ri/ians1 )
 v few exceptions1 he>tily sympa?ise ) !
 fire & faggot s5tim5ts ( ,rob]t ,hall1 

is well kn[n2 b happily1 _! absurd rav+s
 are att5d$ to by none save em95tly pi\s
 p1 ^: bra9s are unclogg$ by any        
conceivable quantity ( useful k4 ,9 po9t
 ( intellect !y are utt]ly contemptible4
 ,_! ignorance1 h[ev]1 is fully mat*$ by
 _! impud5ce1 :i* nev] =sakes !m4 ,!y   
claim to be consid]$ ,god's "r-h& m51 & 
( c\rse duly qualifi$ prea*]s ( 8 '^w1' 
?\gh unable to speak five m9utes )\t    
tak+ ! same numb] ( lib]ties ) ! ,que5's
 ,engli%4 ,swift 0 provok$ by !         
prototypes ( ^! pe/if]\s p1 to decl>e t1
 '=m]ly1 ! apo/les receiv$ ! gift (     
speak+ sev]al languages1 a k s remote f 
our deal]s 9 ! art ( en?usiasm1 t !y    
nei!r und]/& propriety ( spee* nor      
phrases ( _! own1 mu* less ! gift (     
tongues4'  ,! millions ( ,*ri/ian p :o h
 be5 tra9$ up 9 ! way !y %\ld n g1 by   
?is active class ( fanatics1 are        
naturally ei!r oppos$ to reason or      
imp]vi\s to x4 ,h5ce1 argu+ ) !m is %e] 
wa/e ( bra9s & leisure--a ca/+ ( pe>ls  
be=e sw9e4 ,!y are conv9c$ n only t !   

wisdom ( ! _w is fooli%ness ) ,god1 b t 
wisdom ) ,god is fooli%ness ) ! _w2 nor 
w any "o affirm _! 'mod]ation' 9 respect
 to unbeliev]s "o tittle m mod]ate ?an  
,rob]t ,hall's2 or t !y are "o tittle   
less dispos$ ?an 't good & great man1'  
to ?9k ^? :o br+ h]etics to ! /ake at   
,g5eva or else:]e1 'd well approve      
!mselves to ,god's ,*ur*4' ,educat$1 t  
is to say1 dup$ z !y are1 !y _c b ?9k   
unbelief highly crim9al1 & :5           
practicable1 or conv5i5t1 deal ) x z    
su*4 ,a!i/s w\ld1 be 'a/oni%$ ) a great 
a/oni%m5t' if !y did n4 ,_! crafty      
tea*]s adjure !m to d s 'on p]il ( _!   
s\ls2' & if1 z ,mr4 ,jay1 ( ,ba?1 said 9
 "o ( 8 be/ s]mons1 '! readie/ way 9 !  
_w to ?9 heav51 & repl5i% ! regions (   
hell1 is to call 9 ! _s ( bigotry1' !   
,au?or ( ?is ,apology w\ld n = all !    
treasures ( ,india /& 9 ! %oes ( ^! m51 
^: :ole "t & en]gies are employ$ 9      
g5]at+ & p]petuat+ t dete/able _s4 ,b :5
 y\r ,ryl&s1 & ,balguys & ,beatties1 &  
,watsons & ,halls make a m]it ( abus+ ^?

 :o _c believe z !y believe1 :at c be   
hop$ or expect$ f ! tribe ( illit]ate   
cant]s1 :o 'g ab\t ,mawworm+8'  ,x is   
nev]!less true1 t ,a!i/s h be5 help$ to 
"s ( _! be/ argum5ts by adv]s>ies4      
,bi%op ,watson1 to wit1 has sugge/$     
objections to belief 9 ! ,*ri/ian's     
,deity1 :i* !y :o hold no su* belief1   
consid] unansw]able4 ,9 8 fam\s         
',apology' he desir$ to "k :at ,pa9e    
?\ght '( an uncaus$ cause ( ev]y?+1 & a 
,be+ :o has no relation to "t1 n be+    
old] to day ?an he 0 ye/]day1 nor y\ng] 
to day ?an he w be to-morr[--:o has no  
relation to space1 n be+ a "p "h & a "p 
!re1 or a :ole any:]e8 ( an omnisci5t   
,be+ :o _c "k ! future actions ( man1 or
 if 8 omnisci5ce enables him to "k !m1 (
 ! cont+5cy ( human actions8 ( !        
di/9ction betwe5 vice & virtue1 crime & 
innoc5ce1 s9 & duty8 ( ! inf9ite        
goodness ( a ,be+ :o exi/$ ?r\gh        
et]nity1 )\t any emanation ( 8 goodness 
manife/$ 9 ! creation ( s5sitive be+s8  
or if x be cont5d$ t !re 0 an et]nal    

creation ( an effect coeval ) its       
'cause1 ( matt] n po/]ior to its mak]8 (
 ! exi/5ce ( evil1 moral & natural1 9 ! 
"w ( an ,inf9ite ,be+1 p[]ful1 wise1 &  
good8 f9ally1 ( ! gift ( fre$om ( w1 :5 
! abuse ( fre$om becomes ! cause ( g5]al
 mis]y8' #bj3a  ,^! que/ions imply :at1 
to ! au?or ( ?is ,apology1 appe>s an    
ample ju/ification ( ,a!ism4 ,t !y fl[$ 
f ! p5 ( a ,bi%op1 is "o ( _m           
extraord9>y facts :i* h gr[n out (      
!ological controv]sy4 ,!y are que/ions  
/rongly sugge/ive ( ano!r4 ,is x        
possible to h exp]i5ce (1 or ev5 to     
imag9e a ,be+ ) attributes s /range1    
anomal\s1 & contradictory8 ,to t "q     
reason prompts an answ] 9 ! negative--,x
 is pla9 t ,bi%op ,watson 0 conv9c$ 'no 
man by se>*+ c f9d out ,god4' ,! case   
is1 t he1 9 ! hope ( conv]t+ ,dei/s1    
v5tur$ to ins9uate argum5ts highly      
fav\rable to ,a!ism1 ^: pr(essors       
consid] an admission ( utt] ignorance ( 
,god1 tantam\nt to a d5ial ( ,8 exi/5ce4
 ,_m ,*ri/ians1 ) m c&\r1 p]haps1 ?an   

prud5ce1 h av[$ ! same op9ion4 ,m9utius 
,felix1 = example1 said to ! ,hea!n1 ',n
 "o ( y reflects t y ought to "k y\r    
gods be=e y wor%ip !m4' #bj3b ,z if he  
felt ! absurdity ( pret5d+ to love &    
hon\r an unkn[n ',p]haps4' ,t he did    
himself :at he ridicul$ 9 !m proves no?+
 b 8 own inconsi/5cy4 ,to ! ,au?or ( ?is
 ,apology x seems c]ta91 a ,god ^: be+  
is n z our be+1 ^: ?\ghts are n z our   
?\ghts1 & ^: ways are n z our ways1 is  
nei!r m nor less ?an ! m]e/ figm5t (    
ill-regulat$ imag9ation4 ,he is sure a  
,be+1 above nature1 c only be conceiv$ (
 by itself2 x be+ obvi\sly true t !     
natural _c atta9 to ! sup]natural4  ,!  
,*ri/ian1 equally ) ! ,hea!n1 is op5 to 
! reproa* ( wor%ipp+ he kn[s n :at4     
,yes1 to idol-hat+1 enlight5$ ,*ri/ians1
 may fairly be appli$ ! sev]e s>casm    
,m9utius ,felix s triumphantly levell$  
at idol-lov+ 'b5ight$ ,hea!ns4' ,w any  
"o say ! ,*ri/ian absolutely kn[s m ab\t
 ,jehovah ?an ! ,hea!n did ab\t ,jupit]8
 ,! ,au?or believes t few1 if any1 :o h 

att5tively consid]$ ,bi%op ,watson's    
qu]ies1 w say ! 'dim ,unkn[n1' !y s     
d>kly %ad[ =?1 is conceivable by any    
ef=t1 ei!r ( s5se or imag9ation4  ,"u   
cov]1 !n1 ( :at reason ,*ri/ians c      
escape ! imputation ( pret5d+ to adore  
:at !y h no conception (1 ! ,au?or ( ?is
 ,apology is unable to div9e4 ,! v 'book
 ( books1' to :i* !y s boldly appeal1 is
 conclusive aga9/ !m4 ,9 its pages !y /&
 convict$ ( idolatry4 ,)\t d\bt a ,god  
is reveal$ by revelation2 b n _! ,god2 n
 a sup]natural ,be+1 inf9ite 9 p[]1 9   
wisdom1 & 9 goodness4 ,! ,bible ,deity  
is sup]human 9 no?+2 all t ,8 ador]s h  
ascrib$ to ,him be+ m]e amplification ( 
human p[]s1 human ideas1 & human        
passions4 ,! ,bible ,deity 'has m]cy on 
:om he w h m]cy1 & :om he w he h>d5e?2' 
is 'jeal\s1' especially ( o!r ,gods2    
*angeful1 v9dictive1 p>tial1 cruel1     
unju/1 'angry ) ! wick$ e day2' &       
altoge!r a ,be+ f> f respectable1 or    
wor?y to be consid]$ inf9ite 9 wisdom1  
p[]1 & goodness4 ,is x cr$ible t a ,be+ 

sup]naturally wise & good1 proclaim$ !  
murd]\s adult]] ,david1 a man aft] 8 own
 he>t1 & comm&$ ! :olesale but*]y (     
,canaanites8 ,or t a ,god ( b\ndless    
p[]1 '^: t5d] m]cies are ov] all 8      
works1' decre$ ! ext]m9ation ( entire   
nations = be+ :at he made !m8 ,jehovah  
did all ?ree4 ,confess$ly a ,god (      
armies & ,"l ( ,ho/s2 confess$ly1 too1 a
 h>d5] ( m5's he>ts t he might de/roy   
!m3 he au?oris$ acts at :i* human nature
 %udd]s1 & ( :i* x is a%am$3 yet to     
love1 respect1 yea1 rev]5ce ,him1 we are
 comm&$ by ! self-/yl$ '/ew>ds ( 8      
my/]ies1' on p]il ( our 'immortal s\ls4'
 ,v]ily1 ^! pi\s ana!matis]s ask our    
cr$ulity a little too mu*4' ,9 _! zeal =
 ! ,god ( ,israel1 !y are apt to =get t 
only ,himself c compass impossibilities1
 & altoge!r lose sight ( ! fact t :]e1  
:o1 or :at ,jehovah is1 no man kn[e?4   
,revelation 7s-call$7 reveals no?+ ab\t 
! imag9$ creator ( heav5 & e>? on :i* a 
cultivat$ intellect c repose )          
satisfaction4 ,m5 naturally desire      

positive in=mation conc]n+ ! sup]human  
,deity1 belief 9 :om is ! s9e qua non ( 
all religion4 ,b ! ,bible furni%es no   
su* in=mation conc]n+ ,jehovah4 ,on !   
contr>y1 he is _! pron\nc$ 'pa/ f9d+    
out1' incompreh5sible1 & ! l4 ',can/ ?\1
 by se>*+1 f9d out ,god8 ,can/ ?\ f9d   
out ! ,almighty to p]fection8' are      
que/ions put by an 'inspir$ writ]1' :o  
felt ! cl\dy & unsatisfactory nature (  
all human conceit ab\t ,gods4  ,n[1 a   
,revelation f ,god1 at lea/ s ?9ks !    
,au?or ( ?is ,apology1 might reasonably 
be expect$ to make ! mode & nature ( ,8 
exi/5ce manife/4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian ,bible   
falls inf9itely %ort 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,x 
tea*es !re is a ,god2 b ?r[s no light on
 ! d>k que/ions1 :o1 :at1 or :]e is     
,god8 ,num]\s & v>i\s z are ,scripture  
texts1 none c be cit$ 9 explanation ( a 
,deity no old] to-day ?an he 0 ye/]day1 
nor y\ng] to-day ?an he w be to-morr[2 (
 a ,deity :o has no relation to space1 n
 be+ a "p "h & a "p !re1 or a :ole      
any:]e3 9 %ort1 ( t ,deity writt5 ab\t  

by ,bi%op ,watson1 :o1 l e o!r s9c]e    
,*ri/ian1 made ! mi/ake ( re/+ 8        
religi\s fai? on 'words )\t k4'  ,x is  
to ?is description ( fai? ,a!i/s object4
 ,!y ?9k x ! root ( sup]/ition1 t       
greate/ ( all plagues1 by :i* poor      
humanity is afflict$4 ,are !y to blame =
 ?us ?9k+8 ,! ,*ri/ian has no m]cy on ! 
sup]/ition ( ! ,hea!n2 & %\ld scorn to  
compla9 :5 ! bitt] *alice is return$ to 
8 own lips4 ,a!i/s believe ! ,god (     
,bi%op ,watson a sup]natural *im]a1 & to
 its wor%ipp]s h a p]fect "r to say1 'n 
"o ( y reflects t y ought to "k y\r     
,gods be=e y wor%ip !m4' ,^! rem>kable  
words1 orig9ally address$ to ! ,hea!n1  
lose none ( _! =ce :5 direct$ aga9/ !   
,*ri/ian4  ,no "o c conceive a          
sup]natural ,be+1 & :at none c conceive1
 none ought to wor%ip1 or ev5 ass]t !   
exi/5ce (4 ,:o wor%ips a some?+ ( :i* he
 kn[s no?+1 is an idolat]4 ,to talk (1  
or b[ d[n to x1 is nons5sical2 to pret5d
 affection = x1 is worse ?an nons5sical4
 ,su* conduct1 h[ev] pi\s1 involves !   

ranke/ hypocrisy2 ! meane/ & mo/ odi\s  
species ( idolatry2 = lab\r+ to de/roy  
:i*1 ,a!i/s are call$ 'murd]]s ( ! human
 s\l1' 'blasphem]s1' & o!r fooli% names1
 too num]\s to m5tion4  ,x w\ld be well 
= all p>ties1 if ^? :o raise aga9/      
,a!i/s ! cry ( 'blasphemy1' 7 made to   
p]ceive t godless unbeliev]s _c be      
blasphem]s2 =1 z cont5d$ by ,"l ,br\gham
 9 8 ,life ( ,voltaire1 blasphemy       
implies belief1 &1 !re=e1 ,a!i/s :o d n 
believe 9 ,god1 _c logically or ju/ly be
 said to blaspheme him4 ,! blasphem]1   
prop]ly s call$1 is he :o imag9es       
,deity1 & ascribes to ! idol ( 8 own    
bra91 all mann] ( folly1 contradiction1 
inconsi/5cy1 & wick$ness4 ,yes1 !       
blasphem] is he :o inv5ts a mon/] &     
calls x ,god2 :ile to reject belief     
!re91 is an act bo? reasonable &        
virtu\s4  ,sup]/ition is univ]sally     
abhorr$1 b no "o believes himself       
sup]/iti\s4 ,!re nev] 0 a religioni/ :o 
believ$ 8 own religion m]e sup]/ition4  
,all %r9k indignantly f ! *>ge ( be+    

sup]/iti\s2 :ile all raise temples to1 &
 b[ d[n be=e1 '?+less names4' ,!        
'masses' ( e nation erect '?+less names'
 into sub/antial realities1 & woe to ^?1
 :o foll[ n ! insane example4 ,!        
consequ5ces--! fatal consequ5ces--are   
ev]y:]e app>5t4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 "o   
consequ5ce is social disunion on ! gr&e/
 possible scale4 ,society is split up   
into an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( sects1 ^:
 memb]s imag9e !mselves pat5t$ to ?9k   
tru?1 & nev] to be wrong 9 ! enunciation
 ( x4 ,?is if no idle or frivol\s *>ge1 
z ! ,au?or ( ?is ,apology c easily %[4  
,be=e him is ,s&]s' ,news ,lett] &      
,daily ,adv]tis] ( ,feb4 #ah1 #ahde1    
:i*1 among o!r curiosities1 conta9s an  
',address ( ! ,dubl9 ,prote/ant         
,op]ative ,association1 & ,re=mation    
,society1' "o s5t5ce ( :i* is--',we h   
rais$ our voices aga9/ ! _s (           
compromise1 :i* is ! opprobrium ( ! age2
 we h unfurl$ ! bann] ( ,prote/ant tru?1
 & plac$ ourselves b5ea? x1 we h insi/$ 
^u ,prote/ant asc5dancy z j & equitable1

 because ,prote/ant pr9ciples are true &
 und5iable4'  ,puseyite ,prote/ants tell
 a tale ! v rev]se ( t s mode/ly told by
 _! nom9al bre?r5 ( ! ,dubl9 ,op]ative  
,association4 ,!y1 z may be se5 9       
,palm]'s ,lett] to ,golightly1 'utt]ly  
reject & ana!matise ! pr9ciple (        
,prote/antism1 z a h]esy ) all its =ms1 
sects1 or d5om9ations4' ,nor is t all   
our ',romew>d ,div9es' d1 = 9 addition  
to reject+ utt]ly & curs+ bitt]ly1 z    
well ! "n z ! pr9ciple ( ,prote/antism1 
!y eulogise ! ,*ur* ( ,rome because     
=soo? '%e yields1' says ,newman 9 8     
,lett] to ,jelf1 'free scope to feel+s (
 awe1 my/]y1 t5d]ness1 rev]5ce1 &       
devot$ness2' :ile we h x on ! au?ority (
 ,tract #ij1 t ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is '9   
bondage1 work+ 9 *a9s1 & 7tell x n 9    
,dubl97 tea*+ ) ! /amm]+ lips ( ambigu\s
 =mul>ies4' ,fi]ce & burn+ is ! hatr$ ( 
,dubl9 ,op]ative ,association ,*ri/ians 
to ,pop]y1 b ! read] has se5 exactly t  
/yle ( hatr$ to ,prote/antism is av[$ by
 ,mr4 ,w>d4 ,bo? sets ( ,*ri/ians are q 

sure !y are "r3 b 7alas6 =              
infallibility7 a ?ird set ( ,*ri/ians   
insi/ t !y are bo? wrong4 ,!re are      
,papi/s or ,roman ,ca?olics :o consid]  
,prote/ant pr9ciples ! v rev]se ( true &
 und5iable1 & treat ) d]isive scorn !   
'fictiti\s ,ca?olicism' ( ,puseyite     
,div9es4  ,c\nt ,de ,montalamb]t1 9 8   
rec5tly publi%$ ',lett] to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 
,neale on ! ,ar*itectural1 ,arti/ical1 &
 ,ar*aeological ,movem5ts ( !           
,puseyites1' ent]s 8 'prote/' aga9/ !   
mo/ unw>rant$ & unju/ifiable assumption 
( ! "n ( ,ca?olic by p & ?+s belong+ to 
! actual ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ',x is easy1'  
he obs]ves1 'to take up a "n1 b x is n s
 easy to get x recognis$ by ! _w & by   
compet5t au?ority4 ,any man1 = example1 
may come out to ,madeira & call himself 
a ,montmor5cy1 or a ,h[>d1 & ev5 enjoy !
 hon\r & consid]ation belong+ to su* a  
"n till ! real ,montmor5cys or ,h[>ds   
he> some?+ ab\t x1 & d5\nce him1 & !n   
su* a man w\ld be ju/ly sc\t$ f society1
 & fall d[n mu* l[] ?an ! l[ness f :i*  

he attempt$ to rise4 ,! attempt to /eal 
away f u & appropriate to ! use ( a     
fraction ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& t glori\s   
title ( ,ca?olic is prov$ to be an      
usurpation by e monum5t ( ! pa/ &       
pres5t2 by ! coronation oa? ( y\r       
sov]eigns--by all ! laws :i* h e/abli%$ 
y\r ,*ur*--ev5 by ! rec5t answ] ( y\r   
,univ]sity ( ,ox=d to ! lay address     
aga9/ ,dr4 ,pusey1 c41 :]e ! ,*ur* (    
,engl& is ju/ly /yl$ ! ,re=m$ ,prote/ant
 ,*ur*4 ,! "n itself is spurn$ at )     
indignation by ! great] half1 at lea/1 (
 ! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,!    
judgm5t ( ! :ole indiff]5t _w--! common 
s5se ( humanity--agrees ) ! judgm5t ( ! 
,*ur* ( ,rome1 & ) ! s5se ( h]          
#aej1jjj1jjj ( *ildr51 to dispossess y  
7,puseyites7 ( ?is "n4 ,! ,*ur* (       
,engl&1 :o has d5i$ h] "m1 is rightly   
)\t a si/]4 ,%e has *os5 to break !     
bonds ( unity & ob$i5ce2 let h] !re=e /&
 be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ,god & ( man4    
,aga91 suppos+ ! _s ( ! ,camd5 ,society 
ultimately to prevail ov] its ,anglican 

adv]s>ies2 suppos+ y d "o day get e old 
?+ back aga92 copes1 lett]s1 roodl(ts1  
c&le/icks1 & ! abbey l&s into ! b>ga91  
:at w x all be b an empty pageant1 l !  
,t\rnam5t ( ,egl+ton ,ca/le1 sep>at$ f !
 reality ( ,ca?olic tru? & unity1 by !  
abyss ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( s*ism8 ,! "q 
!n is1 h y1 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 got !     
picture = y\r frame8 h y got ! tru?1 !  
"o tru?2 ! same tru? z ! m5 ( ! middle  
ages8 ,! ,camd5 ,society says yes2 b !  
:ole ,*ri/ian _w1 bo? ,prote/ant &      
,ca?olic1 says no2 & ! ,ca?olic _w adds 
t !re is no tru? b 9 unity1 & ?is unity 
y mo/ c]ta9ly h n4 ,once m2 e ,ca?olic w
 repeat to y ! words ( ,manzoni1 z quot$
 by ,m4 ,fab]3 ',! greate/ deviations   
are none if ! ma9 po9t be recognis$2 !  
smalle/ are damnable h]esies1 if x be   
d5i$4 ,t ma9 po9t is ! infallibility ( !
 ,*ur*1 or r ( ! ,pope4'  ,our          
,anti-,romi% prie/s w\ld h u ?9k ! m & m
 we h (-fai?1 ! m & m we h ( happ9ess4  
,fai? !y exalt f>1 v f>1 above hope or  
ev5 *>ity4 ',oh ,"l1 increase our fai?1'

 is ! text on :i* !y love to enl>ge4    
,fai? is _! panacea = all human ills3 b 
_! fai? is worse ?an useless if x be n  
true fai?4 ,& h[ c we s te/ conflict+   
fai?s z to di/+ui% ! true f ! false8    
,aye1 !re's ! rub6 ,und\bt$ly fai? is to
 religion :at ! root is to ! tree2 & m5 
9 se>* ( 'sav+ fai?' are naturally      
anxi\s to f9d x4 ,no "o desires to be   
et]nally puni%$2 & !re=e1 if any "o     
embrace a false fai? x is because he    
makes ! mi/ake ( suppos+ x ! true "o4 ,!
 ?ree sets ( ,*ri/ians j adv]t$ to1 may 
all be equally s9c]e1 b _c all h ! true 
fai?4 ,prote/ant pr9ciples z taught by !
 ,dubl9 ,op]ative ,association1 may be  
true4 ,anglo-,ca?olic pr9ciples1 z      
taught by ! ,ox=d ,tractm51 may be true4
 ,roman ,ca?olic pr9ciples1 z taught by 
! ,c\nt de ,montalamb]t1 may be true2 b 
!y _c all be true4 ,x is impossible to  
reconcile t or?odox ,papi/s' 'ma9 po9t'1
 i4e4 ! infallability ( ! 7,romi%7      
,*ur*1 or r ( ! ,pope1 ) ! 'ma9 po9t' ( 
or?odox prote/ants1 :o d5\nce '! great  

h>lot ( ,babylon1' t 'sc>let lady :o    
sitte? ^u ! sev5 hills1 9 ! mo/         
unmeasur$ & virul5t t]ms4 ,anti-,*ri/ is
 ! "n !y 'blasphem\sly' apply to !      
actual 'old *im]a ( a ,pope4' ,puseyite 
,div9es treat 8 ,hol9ess ) m t5d]ness2 b
 ev5 !y boggle at 8 infallibility1 &    
seem to occupy a position betwe5 ! rival
 *ur*es ( ,rome & ,engl& analog\s to t (
 ,capta9 ,ma*ea? :5 s++ betwe5 two      
fav\rite doxies--            ,h[ happy  
c\ld ,i be ) ei!r1             ,7 t'o!r 
de> *>m] away2           ,b :ile y ?us  
teaze me toge!r1             ,! devil a 
^w c ,i say4  ,! ,infallibility ( ,popes
 is ! doctr9e insi/$ ^u by ,c\nt ,de    
,montalamb]t z ess5tial--z doctr9e1 !   
smalle/ deviation f :i* is damnable     
h]esy4 ,believe & admit ',anti*ri/' is n
 ,anti*ri/1 b ,god's accr$it$ viceg]5t  
^u e>?1 inf9ite is ! m]cy 9 /ore = y2 b 
woe to ^? :o ei!r _c or w n believe &   
admit any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,on !m e s9c]e     
,roman ,ca?olic is sure ,god w p\r out !
 vials ( 8 wra?1 z if ! ',great         

,p]haps1'            ,:o sees ) equal   
eye1 z ,god ( all1           ,a h]o     
p]i%1 or a sp>r[ fall1  c\ld be angry ) 
creatures ( 8 own creation = ?9k+ :at !y
 _c help ?9k+1 & be+ :at !y _c help be+4
 ,e "o has he>d ( ! ,pr$e/9>ian1 :o1    
hav+ talk$ mu* ( 8 ,god1 0 ask$ by a    
by/&] to speak worse ( ! ,devil if he   
c\ld2 b comp>atively few p]sons feel !  
full =ce ( t "q1 or are prep>$ to admit 
,god-wor%ipp]s 9 g5]al1 picture _!      
,deities z if !y 7 demons4 ',recognise1'
 exclaims ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,prie/1 '!  
ma9 po9t ( our holy apo/olic religion1  
or ,god w judge & et]nally puni% y4' ,! 
prie/s ( ne>ly all religional           
d5om9ations ascribe to ,deity ! l[      
grovell+ v9dictive feel+s :i* agitate & 
disgrace !mselves4 ,if ,roman ,ca?olic  
pr9ciples are true & und5iable1 none b  
,roman ,ca?olics w be sav$ f ! wra? to  
come4 ,if ,anglo-,ca?olic pr9ciples are 
true & und5iable1 none b ,anglo-,ca?olic
 w be sav$ f ! wra? to come4 ,if or?odox
 ,prote/ant pr9ciples are true &        

und5iable1 none b or?odox ,prote/ants w 
be sav$ f ! wra? to come4 ,?us d        
religioni/s                             
,grunt & groan1           ,& curse all  
sy/ems b _! own2  ,nev] scrupl+ to      
assure ! advocates ( ^? sy/ems a hell is
 wait+ to receive !m4 ,agree+ 9 little  
else save disagreem5t1 ! 'ma9 po9t' (   
?is class ( believ]s is a matt] ( little
 consequ5ce to t class ( believ]s1 & no 
matt] at all to a ?ird class ( believ]s4
 ,look at ! ?\s&-&-"o sects into :i* !  
,*ri/ian _w is divid$4 ',"s reject      
,scripture2 o!rs admit no o!r writ+s b  
,scripture4 ,"s say ! devils %all be    
sav$1 o!rs t !y %all be damn$2 o!rs t   
!re are no devils at all4 ,"s hold t x  
is lawful to dissemble 9 religion1 o!rs 
! contr>y4 ,"s say t ,anti*ri/ is come1 
"s say n2 o!rs t he is a p>ticul> man1  
o!rs t he is n a man1 b ! devil2 & o!rs 
t by ,anti*ri/ is meant a succession (  
m54 ,"s w h him to be ,n]o1 "s          
,caligula1 "s ,mohamm$1 "s ! ,pope1 "s  
,lu!r1 "s ! ,turk1 "s ( ! tribe ( ,dan1 

& s ea* man accord+ to 8 fancy w make an
 ,anti*ri/4 ,"s only w obs]ve ! ,"l's   
day1 "s only ! ,sabba?2 "s bo?1 & "s    
nei!r4 ,"s w h all ?+s 9 common1 "s n4  
,"s w h ,*ri/'s body only 9 ,heav51 "s  
ev]y:]e2 "s 9 ! bread1 o!rs ) ! bread1  
o!rs ab\t ! bread1 o!rs "u ! bread1 &   
o!rs t ,*ri/'s body is ! bread1 or !    
bread 8 body4 ,& o!rs t 8 body is       
trans=m$ into 8 div9ity4 ,"s w h !      
,eu*>i/ adm9i/]$ 9 bo? k9ds1 "s 9 "o1 "s
 n at all4 ,"s w h ,*ri/ desc5d to hell 
9 respect ( 8 s\l1 "s only 9 8 p[]1 "s 9
 8 div9ity2 "s 9 8 body1 "s n at all4   
,"s by hell und]/& ! place ( ! damn$1 "s
 limbus p>tum1 o!rs ! wra? ( ,god1 o!rs 
! grave4 ,"s w make ,*ri/ two p]sons1 "s
 give him b "o nature & "o w2 "s affirm+
 him to be only ,god1 "s only man1 "s   
made up ( bo?1 "s altoge!r d5y him4 ,"s 
w h 8 body come f ,heav51 "s f ! ,virg91
 "s f ! elem5ts4 ,"s w h our s\ls       
mortal1 "s immortal2 "s br+ !m into !   
body by infusion1 "s by traduction4 ,"s 
w h s\ls creat$4 be=e ! _w1 "s aft]2 "s 

w h !m creat$ altoge!r1 o!rs sev]ally2  
"s w h !m corporeal1 "s incorporeal2 "s 
( ! sub/ance ( ,god1 "s ( ! sub/ance ( !
 body4 ,s inf9itely are m5's conceits   
di/ract$ ) a v>iety ( op9ions1 :]eas !re
 is b "o ,tru?1 :i* e man aims at1 b few
 atta9 x2 e man ?9ks he ha? x1 & yet few
 enjoy x4' #bg3a  ,! *iefs ( ^! sects   
are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ridicul\sly intol]ant2 
s _m small ,popes1 :o fancy t :omsoev]  
!y b9d on e>? %all be b\nd 9 heav51 &   
:omsoev] !y loose on e>? %all be loos$ 9
 heav54 ,!y remorselessly cobble ! true 
fai?1 )\t :i* to _! 'sole exclusive     
heav51' none c be admitt$2            ,z
 if religion 7 int5d$1           ,= no?+
 else b to be m5d$1  & r>ely seem s     
happy z :5 promis+ et]nal mis]y to ^? :o
 reject _! *im]as4 ,ev5 ,diss5t+ m9i/]s1
 f :om bett] ?+s might be expect$1 h be5
 he>d to decl>e at public meet+s1 call$ 
by !mselves = ! purpose ( sympa?is+ )1 &
 support+ "o ( !mselves :o 0 suff]+ =   
'consci5ce sake1' t :5 !y spoke ( lib]ty
 to express op9ions1 !y meant su* lib]ty

 = religioni/s1 n irreligioni/s4 ,:5    
le>n$ & 'lib]al' ,diss5t]s gratuit\sly  
confess ?is species ( fai?1 none h a "r 
to be surpris$ t ! '/ill small voice (  
tru?' %\ld be dr[n$ amid ! clam\r (     
fanaticism1 or t ,a!i/s %\ld be s       
recklessly villifi$4  ,b wisdom1 we     
read1 is ju/ifi$ ( h] *ildr52 & to !    
wise ( e nation ! ,a!i/ confid5tly      
appeals4 ,he rejects religion1 because  
religion is bas$ on pr9ciples (         
imag9ative ignorance4 ,bailly def9es x z
 '! wor%ip ( ! unkn[n1 piety1 godl9ess1 
humility1 be=e ! unkn[n4' ,lavat] z     
',fai? 9 ! sup]natural1 invisible1      
unkn[n4' ,vauv5>gus z '! duties ( m5    
t[>ds ! unkn[n4' ,dr4 ,johnson z        
',virtue f\nd$ ^u rev]5ce ( ! unkn[n1 & 
expectation ( future rew>ds &           
puni%m5ts4' ,riv>ol z '! sci5ce ( s]v+ !
 unkn[n4' ,la ,bruy]e z '! respectful   
fe> ( ! unkn[n4' ,du ,m>sais1 z '!      
wor%ip ( ! unkn[n1 & ! practice ( all ! 
virtues4' ,walk] z ',virtue f\nd$ ^u    
rev]5ce ( ! unkn[n1 & expectation (     

rew>ds or puni%m5ts3 a sy/em ( div9e    
fai? & wor%ip z oppos$ to o!r sy/ems4'  
,de ,bonald z ',social int]c\rse betwe5 
man & ! unkn[n4' ,rees z '! wor%ip or   
homage t is due to ! unkn[n z creator1  
pres]v]1 & ) ,*ri/ians z r$eem] ( ! _w4'
 ,"l ,br\gham z '! subject ( ! sci5ce   
call$ ,!ology3' a sci5ce he def9es z '! 
k & attributes ( ! unkn[n2' :i*         
def9itions agree 9 mak+ ! ess5tial      
pr9ciple ( religion a pr9ciple (        
ignorance4 ,t !y are suffici5tly correct
 def9itions w n be disput$1 & ^u !m !   
,a!i/ is satisfi$ to re/ 8 case4 ,to him
 ! wor%ip or adoration ( :at is         
confess$ly unkn[n is m]e sup]/ition2 &  
to him pr(essors ( !ology are 'arti/s 9 
words1' :o pret5d to tea* :at nobody has
 any conception (4 ,n[1 su* p]sons may  
be well-int5tion$2 b _! wisdom is by no 
means app>5t4 ,!y mu/ be wond]fully     
defici5t ( ! invaluable s5se s falsely  
call$ 'common4' ,idolis]s ( '?+less     
names1' !y set at naught ! admirable    
dictum ( ,locke1 t x is 'unphilosophic  

to suppose names 9 books signify real   
entities 9 nature1 unless we c frame    
cle> & di/9ct ideas ( ^? entities4'     
,!i/s ( e class w\ld d well to calmly & 
fully consid] ?is rule ( philosophis+1 =
 x involves no?+ less ?an ! de/ruction (
 belief 9 ! sup]natural4 ,! ,jupit] (   
,my?ologic ,hi/ory1 ! ,allah ( ,alkoran1
 & ! ,jehovah ( ',holy ,scripture1' if  
entities at all1 are assur$ly entities t
 baffle human conception4 ,to 'frame    
cle> & di/9ct ideas ( !m' is impossible4
 ,9 respect to ! attribute (            
unkn[ability all ,gods are alike4 ,!y   
are all sup]natural2 & ! m]ely natural  
_c atta* rational ideas to names assum$ 
to /& = some?+ above nature4 ,x is easy 
to talk ab\t see+ ! ,creator 9 creation1
 look+ ?r\gh nature up to nature's ,god1
 & ! l1 b v difficult to h any idea     
:atev] ( a ,god )\t body1 p>ts1 or      
passions2 t is to say1 ! ,god set =? 9  
"o ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&'s ,?irty-,n9e     
,articles4  ,no su* ,god c be believ$ to
 exi/ by reason]s :o rigidly abide by   

,john ,locke's rule ( philosophis+1 & if
 x be urg$ t he1 ! au?or ( ! rule1 0 a  
,!i/ & a ,*ri/ian--our answ] is1 t 9 su*
 case1 l _m o!r philosoph]s1 he         
practically gave ! lie to 8 own be/     
precept4  ,books h be5 writt5 to exhibit
 ! difficulties ( 7:at prie/s *oose to  
call7 ,infidelity2 & )\t d\bt unbelief  
has its difficulties4 ,b accord+ to a   
univ]sally recognis$ rule (             
philosophis+1 ( two difficulties we are 
9 all cases to *oose ! lea/4 ,f a rule s
 palpably j no "o c reasonably dep>t1 & 
! ,a!i/1 :ile freely admitt+ a great    
difficulty on 8 own side1 is satisfi$   
!re c be demon/rat$ an inf9itely great] 
difficulty on ! side ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,!   
,a!i/ lab\rs to conv9ce mank9d !y are n 
w>rant$ by ! g5]al c\rse ( ,nature 9    
assign+ to x a ,cause1 inasmu* z x is m 
9 accordance ) exp]i5ce to suppose      
,nature ! uncaus$ cause1 ?an to imag9e1 
z religioni/s d1 t !re is an uncaus$    
cause ( ,nature4  ,!ologians ask1 :o    
creat$ ,nature8 )\t adduc+ satisfactory 

evid5ce t ,nature 0 creat$1 & )\t       
reflect+ t if x is difficult to believe 
,nature self-exi/5t1 x is mu* m         
difficult to believe "s self-exi/5t     
,sup]-nature1 capable ( produc+ x4 ,9 _!
 anxiety to get rid ( a natural         
difficulty1 !y inv5t a sup]natural "o1 &
 accuse ,a!i/s ( 'wilful bl9dness1' &   
'ob/9ate deafness1' = n *oos+ s         
unphilosophic a mode ( expla9+ univ]sal 
my/]y4 ,call ^u !m to def9e _!          
'all-creative ,deity1' & !y "k n :at to 
answ]4 ,ask !m :o1 :at1 or :]e ,he is1 &
 at once y h !m on ! hip2 at once y spy 
_! utt] ignorance1 & r$uce !m to a      
condition v simil> to t ( ,ma/] ,abraham
 ,sl5d]1 :5 ) /amm]+ lips he 's+s small 
l a woman4' ,to assume ev]y?+ !y are    
always ready2 b to prove any?+ conc]n+  
_! ,imm5se ,sup]natural1 !y are nev]    
prep>$4 ,regul>ly drill$ to argue 9 a   
circle1 !y fooli%ly imag9e ev]ybody else
 %\ld d ! same1 & m>vel at ! man :o     
rigidly adh]es to j rules ( philosophis+
 & consid]s exp]i5ce ( natural d]ivation

 a f> saf] guide ?an _! crude1 undige/$1
 extravagant1 contradictory notions ab\t
 ! confess$ly unkn[n4  ,! rule (        
philosophis+ j adv]t$ to--t rule :i*    
=bids u1 9 any case1 to *oose ! great] (
 two difficulties--is ( imm5se          
importance1 & %\ld be c>efully consid]$ 
by e "o anxi\s to arrive at correct     
conclusions ) respect to !ology4 ,= if  
believ]s 9 ,god d dep>t f t rule--if _! 
belief necess>ily involve its           
violation--to p]si/ 9 su* belief is to  
p]si/ 9 :at is cle>ly oppos$ to pure    
reason4 ,n[1 x has be5 demon/rat$1 s f> 
z words c demon/rate any tru? :atev]1 t 
! difficulty ( him :o believes ,nature  
nev] _h an au?or1 is inf9itely less ?an 
! difficulty ( him :o believes x _h a   
cause itself uncaus$4 ,9 ! ',elem5ts (  
,mat]ialism1' an unequal b /ill         
admirable "w by ,dr4 ,kn[lton1 a        
well-kn[n ,am]ican writ]1 ?is "q (      
comp>ative difficulty is well h&l$1 & ! 
,au?or ( ?is ,apology conceives mo/     
satisfactorily exhau/$4  ',! s5tim5t1'  

says ! ,doctor1' t a be+ exi/s :i* nev] 
comm5c$ exi/5ce1 or :at is ! same ?+1 t 
a be+ exi/s :i* has exi/$ f all et]nity1
 appe>s to u to fav\r ,a!ism1 = if "o   
be+ exi/ :i* nev] comm5c$ exi/5ce--:y n 
ano!r--:y n ! univ]se8 ,x weighs no?+1  
says ! ,a!i/1 9 ! eye ( reason1 to say !
 univ]se appe>s to man z ?\gh x 7       
organis$ by an ,almighty ,design]2 = !  
mak] ( a ?+ mu/ be sup]ior to ! ?+ made2
 & if !re be a mak] ( ! univ]se !re c be
 no d\bt1 b t if su* mak] 7 m9utely     
exam9$ by man1 man w\ld discov] su*     
indications ( wisdom & design t x w\ld  
be m difficult = him to admit t su* mak]
 0 n caus$ or con/ruct$ by a pre-exi/+  
,design]1 ?an to admit t ! univ]se 0 n  
caus$ or con/ruct$ by a ,design]4 ,b no 
"o w cont5d = an inf9ite s]ies ( ,mak]s2
 & if1 cont9ues ! ,a!i/1 :at w\ld1 if   
view$1 be indications ( design1 are no  
pro(s ( a design] 9 ! "o case1 !y are n2
 9 ! o!r2 & z su* indications are ! only
 evid5ce we h ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,design] (
 ! univ]se1 we1 z rational be+s1 cont5d 

!re is no ,god4 ,we d n suppose !       
exi/5ce ( any be+1 ( :i* !re is no      
evid5ce1 :5 su* supposition1 if admitt$1
 s f> f dim9i%+ w\ld only increase a    
difficulty1 :i* at be/ is suffici5tly   
great4 ,surely1 if a sup]ior be+ may h  
exi/$ f all et]nity1 an inf]ior may h   
exi/$ f all et]nity2 if a great ,god    
suffici5tly mighty to make a _w may h   
exi/$ f all et]nity1 ( c\rse )\t beg9n+ 
& )\t cause1 su* _w may h exi/$ f all   
et]nity1 )\t beg9n+1 & )\t cause4' #ca3a
  ,^! are '/rong reasons' = ,a!ism--!y  
prove t ,!i/s set at n\ght ! rule (     
philosophis+ :i* =bids u to *oose !     
great] ( two difficulties4 ,_! sy/em    
compels !m to d s1 = hav+ no o!r        
gr\ndwork ?an ! /range hypo!ses t "t 0  
:5 !re 0 no "t--some?+ exi/$ :5 !re 0   
no?+1 :i* some?+ creat$ ev]y?+2 its     
advocates w\ld be tongue-ti$ & lo/ if   
r$uc$ to ! h>d necessity ( appeal+ to   
facts1 or rigidly reg>d+ rules (        
philosophis+1 :i* h only _!             
reasonabl5ess to recomm5d !m4 ,!y pr(ess

 ability to acc\nt = nature1 & are (    
c\rse exce$+ly eag] to ju/ify a         
pr(ession s presumptu\s4 ,?is eag]ness  
betrays !m into c\rses1 ( :i* no "o b5t 
on reject+ :atev] is ei!r oppos$ to1 or 
unsanction$ by exp]i5ce1 c possibly     
approve4 ,x is pla9 t ( ! ,god !y tell u
 to believe 'creat$ ! worlds1' no man   
has any exp]i5ce4 ,?is grant$1 x foll[s 
t wor%ip ( su* fanci$ ,be+ is m]e       
sup]/ition4 ,until x be %[n by ref]5ce  
to ! g5]al c\rse ( ?+s1 t ?+s _h an     
au?or1 ,himself uncreat$ or unau?oris$1 
religi\s philosoph]s h no "r to expect  
,a!i/s to ab&on _! ,a!ism4 ,! duty (    
prie/s is to reconcile religion )       
reason1 if !y c1 & admit _! inability to
 d s1 if !y _c4  ,romani/s w h no?+ to d
 ) reason :5ev] x appe>s at issue ) _!  
fai?4 ,all sects1 z sects1 play fa/ &   
loose ) reason4 ,_m memb]s ( all sects  
are =w>d en\gh to boa/ ab\t be+ able to 
give a reason = ! fai? t is 9 !m2 b an  
ov]:elm+ majority love to exalt fai?    
above reason4 ,philosophy !y call 'va91'

 & "s h be5 f\nd s fill$ ) contempt = x1
 z to op5ly ma9ta9 t :at is !ologically 
true1 is philosophically false2 or1 9   
o!r t]ms1 t ! tru?s ( religion & ! tru?s
 ( philosophy h no?+ 9 common4 ,accord+ 
to !m1 religi\s tru?s are indep5d5t &   
sup]ior to all o!r tru?s4 ,our fai?1 say
 !y1 if n agreeable to m]e reason1 is   
inf9itely sup]ior to x4 ,prie/s are 'at 
"o' on ! po9t4 ,diss5t+ & ,prote/ant1 z 
well z ,romanis+ prie/s1 f9d x conv5i5t 
to abuse reason & extol fai?4 ,z prie/s1
 !y c sc>cely be expect$ to d o!rwise2 =
 reason is a /]n & upright judge1 ^:    
decrees h hi!rto be5 unfav\rable to     
religion4 ,its pr(essors :o appeal to t 
judge1 play a "p mo/ inconsi/5t &       
dang]\s1 z is evid5t 9 ! case ( ,orig5  
,ba*elor1 :o m zeal\s & c&id ?an prud5t1
 decl>$ ! real & only "q betwe5 ,a!ism &
 ,!ism a "q ( fact1 r$uc+ x to ^!       
t]ms--',is !re reason1 all ?+s consid]$1
 = believ+ t !re is a ,god1 an          
intellig5t cause ( ?+s1 inf9ite & p]fect
 9 all 8 attributes & moral qualities8  

#cb3a  ,n[1 ! read] has se5 t ! hypo!sis
 ( 'an intellig5t cause ( ?+s' involves 
difficulties1 great]1 inf9itely great]  
?an ! "o difficulty1 involv$ 9 !        
hypo!sis t ?+s always exi/$4 ,he has se5
 ! folly ( expla9+ natural1 by !        
inv5tion ( sup]natural my/]y1 because x 
manife/ly violates a rule (             
philosophis+1 ! ju/ness ( :i* x w\ld be 
ridicul\s to dispute4 ,hav+ cle>ly      
p]ceiv$ ?us mu*1 he w p]haps ?9k x r    
'too bad' z well z absurd1 to call      
,a!i/s 'madm5' = lack+ fai? 9 ! mon/r\s 
dogma t nature 0 caus$ by 'some?+ am\nt+
 to no?+' itself uncaus$4  ,!re is      
some?+4 ,t tru? admits n ( be+ evid5c$4 
,x is1 nev]!less1 accept$4 ,x is accept$
 by m5 ( all religi\s op9ions1 equally )
 m5 ( no religi\s op9ions4 ,if any tru? 
be self evid5t & et]nal1 "h is t tru?4  
,to call x 9 "q w\ld be worse ?an idle4 
,we may d\bt ! reality ( an ext]nal _w1 
we may be sceptical z to ! reality ( our
 own bodies1 b we _c d\bt t !re is      
some?+4 ,! proposition falls n )9 !     

doma9 ( scepticism4 ,x mu/ be true4 ,to 
suppose x false is lit]ally impossible4 
,its falsehood w\ld involve a           
contradiction1 & all contradiction      
involves impossibility4 ,b if pro( ( ?is
 7 ne$$1 we h x 9 ! fact t no man1 sage 
or simple1 ev] pret5d$ to d5y !re is    
some?+4 ,:atev] m5 c\ld d\bt or d5y !y h
 d\bt$ or d5i$1 b 9 no c\ntry ( ! _w1 9 
no age1 has ! dogma--!re is some?+1 be5 
d5i$ or ev5 treat$ z d\btful4 ,"h !n    
,a!i/s1 ,!i/s1 & ,poly!i/s agree4 ,!y   
agree ( necessity4 ,!re is no escape f !
 conclusion t some?+ is1 except we adopt
 ! un9telligible dogma !re is no?+1 :i* 
no human be+ c1 z no?+ am\nts to no?+ & 
( :at am\nts to no?+ no "o c h an idea4 
,to def9e ! ^w some?+ by any o!r ^w1    
w\ld be lab\r 9 va94 ,!re is no o!r ^w 9
 any language ^: mean+ is bett]         
und]/ood1 & !y :o d n "u /& :at x means1
 if su* p]sons !re be1 are n likely to  
und]/& ! mean+ ( any ^w or words :atev]4
 ,ideas ( no?+ none h4 ,t !re is some?+1
 we repeat1 mu/ be true2 all dogmas or  

propositions be+ necess>ily true ^:     
d5ial involves an impossibility4 ,:at ! 
nature ( t some?+ may be is a second>y  
"q1 & h[ev] det]m9$ _c affect ! prim>y  
dogma--?+s are ?+s :atev] may be _!     
individual or _! aggregate nature4 ,nor 
is x ( ! lea/ consequ5ce :at "n or names
 we may see fit to give ?+s1 s t ea* ^w 
has its fix$ & true mean+4 ,:e!r1 =     
example1 we use = ! sign ( t some?+ :i* 
is1 ! ^w ,univ]se1 or ,god1 or          
,sub/ance1 or ,_s1 or ,matt]1 or ! lett]
 ,x1 is ( no importance1 if we und]/& ! 
^w or lett] us$ to be m]ely ! sign ( t  
some?+4 ,words are only useful1 :5 !y   
are ! signs ( true ideas2 evid5tly      
!re=e1 _! legitimate function is to     
convey su* ideas2 & words :i* convey no 
ideas at all1 or :at is worse1 only ^?  
:i* are false1 %\ld at once be expung$ f
 ! vocabul>ies ( nations4 ,some?+ is4 ,!
 ,a!i/ calls x matt]4 ,o!r p]sons may   
*oose to call x o!r names2 let !m4 ,he  
*ooses to call x ?is "o & no o!r4  ,!re 
ev] has be5 some?+4 ,"h aga91 is a po9t 

( unity4 ,all are equally assur$ !re ev]
 has be5 some?+4 ,some?+ is1 some?+ mu/ 
always h be51 cry ! religions1 & ! cry  
is e*o$ by ! irreligi\s4 ,?is la/ dogma1
 l ! fir/1 admits n ( be+ evid5c$4 ,z   
no?+ is inconceivable1 we _c ev5 imag9e 
a "t :5 !re 0 no?+4 ,a!i/s say1 some?+  
ev] 01 :i* some?+ is matt]4 ,!i/s say1  
some?+ has be5 f all et]nity1 :i* some?+
 is n matt]1 b ,god4 ,!y boldly affirm t
 matt] began to be4 ,!y affirm its      
creation f no?+1 by a some?+1 :i* 0 be=e
 ! univ]se4 ,inde$1 ! notion ( univ]sal 
creation involves fir/1 t ( univ]sal    
annihilation1 & second1 t ( a some?+    
prior to ev]y?+4 ,:at creates ev]y?+ mu/
 be be=e ev]y?+1 9 ! same way t he :o   
manufactures a wat* mu/ exi/ be=e !     
wat*4 ,z already rem>k$4 ,a!i/s agree ) 
,!i/s1 t some?+ ev] has be52 b ! po9t ( 
diff]5ce lies "h4 ,! ,a!i/ says1 matt]  
is ! et]nal some?+1 & asks pro( ( its   
beg9n+ to be4 ,! ,!i/ insi/s t matt] is 
n ! et]nal some?+1 b t ,god is1 & :5    
pu%$ = an acc\nt ( :at he means by ,god1

 he coolly answ]s1 a ,be+1 hav+ no?+ 9  
common ) any?+1 :o1 nev]!less1 by 8     
,almighty w creat$ ev]y?+4  ,x may )\t  
inju/ice be affirm$1 t ! s9c]e/ &       
/ronge/ believ]s 9 ?is my/]i\s ,deity1  
are (t5 torm5t$ by d\bts1 &1 if c&id1   
mu/ own !y believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( _m ?+s 
) a feel+ mu* clos] alli$ to c]ta9ty ?an
 !y d 9 ! reality ( _! ',great ,fir/    
,cause1 lea/ und]/ood4' ,no man c be s  
fully & p]fectly satisfi$ !re is a ,god 
9 heav5 z ! ,au?or ( ?is ,apology _c b  
be ( 8 own exi/5ce on e>?4 ,no man's    
fai? 9 ! imag9>y is ev] half s /rong z 8
 belief 9 ! visible & tangible4  ,b few 
among pr(essional my/ifi]s w admit ?is1 
obvi\sly true z x is4 ,"s h done s4     
,baxt]1 ( pi\s memory1 to wit1 :o said1 
',i am n s fooli% z to pret5d my c]ta9ty
 be great] ?an x is1 because x is       
di%on\r to be less c]ta91 nor w ,i by   
%ame be kept f confess+ ^? infirmities  
:i* ^? h z mu* z ,i1 :o hypocritically  
reproa* ) !m4 ,my c]ta9ty t ,i am a man 
is be=e my c]ta9ty t !re is a ,god4'  ,s

 c&id 0 ,ri*>d ,baxt]1 & s c&id are n ! 
mo/ "p ( our prie/s1 :o w\ld fa9 h u ?9k
 !y h no m1 & we ought to h no m1 d\bt  
ab\t ,god's exi/5ce ?an our own4        
,nev]!less1 !y write abundance ( books  
to conv9ce u ',god is1' ?\gh !y nev]    
p5n$ a l9e 9 ord] to conv9ce u1 we      
actually are1 & t to disbelieve we are  
is a 'deadly s94'  ,c\ld ,god be kn[n1  
c\ld 8 exi/5ce be made 'palpable to     
feel+ z to sight1' z unque/ionably is ! 
exi/5ce ( matt]1 !re w\ld be no ne$ (   
',demon/rations ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1' no 
ne$ ( argum5ts a priori or a po/]iori to
 e/abli% t exi/5ce4 ,sa9t ,john 0 "r2   
',no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t1' to :i*
 'op5 confession' he might truly h add$1
 'none ev] w1' = ! unreal is always     
unseeable4 ,yet h 'my/]y m5' ) %ameless 
& mo/ insol5t p]t9acity ass]t$ ! exi/5ce
 ( ,god :ile d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( matt]4    
,def9e y\r t]ms1 said ,locke4 ,a!i/s d  
s1 & :]e necess>y insi/ ^u o!rs foll[+ !
 philosophic example4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y 
are 'ugly cu/om]s' to ,prie/s1 :o1 )    

exceptions1 mu* dislike be+ call$ ^u to 
expla9 _! idealess language4 ,ask "o to 
def9e ! ^w ,god & y /agg] him4 ,if he d 
n fly into a passion deem y\rself       
=tunate1 b z to an intelligible         
def9ition1 look = no?+ ( ! sort4 ,he c't
 furni% su* def9ition h[ev] dispos$ to d
 s4 ,! incompreh5sible is n to be def9$4
 ,x is difficult to give an intelligible
 acc\nt ( an ',imm5se ,be+' confess$ly  
my/]i\s1 & ab\t :om 8 wor%ipp]s admit !y
 only "k1 !y "k no?+1 except t          
',he is good1           ,& t !mselves   
are bl9d4'  ,sp9oza said1 ( ?+s :i* h   
no?+ 9 common1 "o _c be ! cause ( ! o!r2
 & to ! ,au?or ( ?is ,apology1 x seems  
em95tly unphilosophic to believe a ,be+ 
hav+ no?+ 9 common ) any?+1 capable (   
creat+ or caus+ ev]y?+4 ',only matt] c  
be t\*$ or t\*2' & z ! ,*ri/ian's ,god  
is n mat]ial1 8 ador]s are fairly op5 to
 ! *>ge ( sup]/ition4 ,an unkn[n ,deity1
 )\t body1 p>ts or passions1 is ( all   
idols ! lea/ tangible2 & !y :o pret5d to
 "k & rev]5ce him1 are deceiv$ or       

deceiv]s4 ,k (1 & rev]5ce = an object1  
imply1 ! p[] ( conceiv+ t object2 b :o  
is able to conceive a ,god )\t body1    
p>ts1 or passions8  ,9 ?is ,*ri/ian     
c\ntry :]e m5 are expect$ to believe &  
call$ 'infidel' if !y _c believe 9 a    
'crucifi$ ,savi\r1' x seems /range s mu*
 fuss %\ld be made ab\t 8 immat]iality4 
,all b ,unit>ian ,*ri/ians hold z an    
ess5tial article ( fai?1 t 9 him dwelt !
 fulness ( ! ,godhead bodily1 9 o!r     
words1 t our ,r$eem] & our ,creator2    
?\gh two p]sons are "o ,god4 ,x is true 
t ,div9es ( our ',re=m$ ,prote/ant      
,*ur*1' call ev]y?+ b g5tlem5 ^? :o lay 
claim to ! equivocal privilege ( fea/+  
p]iodically ^u ! body & blood (         
,omnipot5ce4 ,! pa9s tak5 by ,prote/ants
 to %[ f ,scripture1 ,reason & ,nature1 
t ,prie/s _c *ange lumps ( d\gh into !  
body1 & bump]s ( w9e into ! blood ( _!  
,god1 are well kn[n & appreciat$4 ,b !  
,roman ,ca?olics are nei!r to be argu$  
nor laugh$ out ( _! 'awful doctr9e' ( ! 
real pres5ce1 to :i* !y cl+ ) desp]ate  

e>ne/ness4 ,proselytes are apt to       
misund]/&1 & make sad mi/akes ab\t1 t   
doctr9e4 ,two cases are cit$ by ,hume 9 
8 ',essay ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory (        
,religion1' :i* he ann\nces z 'pleasant 
/ories1 ?\gh some:at pr(ane4' ,accord+  
to "o1 a ,prie/ gave inadv]t5tly1 in/ead
 ( ! sacram5t1 a c\nt]1 :i* _h by       
accid5t fall5 among ! holy waf]s4 ,!    
communicant wait$ pati5tly = "s "t1     
expect+ t x w\ld dissolve on 8 tongue1 b
 f9d+ t x /ill rema9$ entire1 he took x 
(f4 ,i hope1 said he1 to ! ,prie/1 y h n
 made a mi/ake2 ,i hope y h n giv5 me   
,god ! ,fa!r1 he is s h>d & t\gh t !re  
is no swall[+ him4 ,! o!r /ory is ?us   
relat$4 ,a fam\s ,g5]al1 at t "t 9 !    
,muscovite ,s]vice1 hav+ come to ,p>is =
 ! recov]y ( 8 w\nds1 br\ght along ) him
 a "y ,turk :om he _h tak5 prison]4 ,"s 
( ! doctors ( ! ,sorbonne 7:o are       
altoge!r z positive z ! d]vises (       
,con/ant9ople7 ?9k+ x a pity t ! poor   
,turk %\ld be damn$ = want ( in/ruction1
 solicit$ ,mu/apha v h>d to turn        

,*ri/ian1 & promis$ him = enc\ragem5t1  
pl5ty ( good w9e 9 ?is _w & p>adise 9 ! 
next4 ,^! allurem5ts 7 too p[]ful to be 
resi/$2 & !re=e hav+ be5 well in/ruct$ &
 cate*is$1 he at la/ agre$ to receive ! 
sacram5ts ( baptism & ,"l's ,supp]4     
,nev]!less1 ! ,prie/ to make ev]y?+ sure
 & solid1 /ill cont9u$ 8 in/ructions1 & 
began ! next day ) ! usual "q1 ,h[ _m   
,god's are !re8 ,none at all1 repli$    
,b5$ict1 = t 0 8 new "n4 ,h[6 ,none at  
all8 ,cries ! ,prie/4 ,to be sure1 said 
! hone/ proselyte1 y h told me all along
 t !re x b "o ,god2 & ye/]day ,i ate    
him4  ,?is is suffici5tly ridicul\s2 &  
yet if we fairly consid] ! :ole "q (    
div9ity !re w be f\nd no m absurdity 9 !
 notion ( our ,b5$ict eat+ ! ,creator1  
?an 9 ,jews crucify+ ,him4 ,bo? notions 
involve mat]iality4 ,a ,god )\t body1   
p>ts1 or passions1 c\ld no m be nail$ ^u
 a cross ?an tak5 into ! /oma*4 ,& if x 
be urg$ !re is some?+ awful 9 !         
blasphemy ( him :o talks ( swall[+ 8    
,god1 ! ,au?or ( ?is ,apology c z       

consci5ti\sly urge t !re is some?+ v    
disgu/+ 9 ! idea ( a murd]$ ,deity4     
,locke wrote r disp>ag+ly ( '_m among   
u1' :o 'w be f\nd ^u inquiry1 to fancy  
,god 9 ! %ape ( a man sitt+ 9 heav51 & h
 o!r absurd & unfit conceptions ( him4' 
,z ?\gh x 7 possible to ?9k ( %apeless  
,be+1 or z ?\gh x 7 crim9al 9 !         
sup]/iti\s to believe ',god made man    
aft] 8 own image4' ,a ',philosophical   
,unbeliev]1' :o made m9c$ meat ( ,dr4   
,prie/ley's reason+s on ! exi/5ce (     
,god1 well rem>k$ t ',!i/s are always = 
turn+ _! ,god into an ov]gr[n ,man4     
,an?ropomorphites has long be5 a t]m    
appli$ to !m4 ,!y give him h& & eyes1   
nor c !y conceive him o!rwise ?an z a   
corporeal ,be+4 ,we make a ,deity       
ourselves1 fall d[n & wor%ip him4 ,x is 
! molt5 calf ov] aga94 ,idolatry is /ill
 practis$4 ,! only diff]5ce is t n[ we  
wor%ip idols ( our own imag9ation be=e (
 our h&s4' #cg3a  ,?is is bold language1
 b if ! language ( tru? & sob]ness no "o
 %\ld take (f5ce at x4 ,t ,*ri/ians z   

well z ,turks 'h _h :ole sects e>ne/ly  
cont5d+ t ! ,deity 0 corporeal & ( human
 %apes1' is a fact1 te/ifi$ to by       
,locke1 & s firmly e/abli%$ z to defy   
contradiction4 ,& ?\gh e s9c]e subscrib]
 to ! ,?irty ,n9e ,articles mu/ believe1
 or at lea/ mu/ believe he believes 9   
,deity )\t body1 p>ts1 or passions1 x is
 well kn[n t ':ole sects' ( ,*ri/ians d 
ev5 n[ 'fancy ,god 9 ! %ape a man sitt+ 
9 heav51 & ent]ta9 o!r absurd & unfit   
conceptions ( him4'  ,mr4 ,collibe]1 :o 
is consid]$ by ,*ri/ian writ]s 'a mo/   
+5i\s g5tleman1' has told ! _w 9 8      
treatise entitl$ ',! ,k ( ,god1' t      
,deity mu/ h "s =m1 & intimates x may   
probably be ! sph]ical2 an intimation   
:i* has griev\sly (f5d$ _m le>n$ ,!i/s  
:o consid] go+ s f> 'an abuse ( reason1'
 & w>n u t 'its ext5sion beyond !       
assign$ b\nd>ies1 has prov$ an ample    
s\rce ( error4' ,b :at ! 'assign$       
b\nd>ies' ( reason are1 !y don't /ate1  
nor by :om 'assign$4' ,t if !re is a    
,god1 ,he mu/ h "s =m is self-evid5t2 & 

:y ,mr4 ,collibe] %\ld be 'call$ ov] !  
coals' by 8 less d>+ly imag9ative       
bre?r51 = pref]r+ a sph]ical to a squ>e 
or o!rwise %ap$ ,deity1 is to my und]/&+
 :at ,god's grace is to _!'s4  ,b       
admitt+ ! unfitness1 & absurdity1 &     
'blasphemy' ( su* conceptions1 x is by  
no means cle> t any o!r conceptions ( ! 
'inconceivable' w\ld be an improvem5t ^u
 !m4 ,! ,au?or's s]i\s & delib]ate      
op9ion is1 t ascrib+ to ,deity a body   
analag\s to our own1 is less ridicul\s  
?an affirm+ he has no body2 nor c he    
admire ! wisdom ( ^? ,*ri/ians :o pref] 
a p>tless1 passionless ,god1 to !       
sub/antial piece ( sup]naturalism ador$ 
by _! =efa!rs4 ,und\bt$ly1 !            
matt]-,god-sy/em has its difficulties1 b
 !y are trifles 9 comp>ison ) ^? by :i* 
! _s-,god-sy/em is encompass$3 =1 "o    
obvi\s consequ5ce ( fai? 9 bodiless     
,div9ity is1 an utt] confusion ( ideas 9
 ^? :o h x1 z reg>ds possibilities &    
impossibilities4 ,! ,au?or confid5tly   
submits t1 no man hav+ 'firm fai?' 9 a  

,deity--)\t body p>ts & passions--c be  
half s wise z ! fam\s cook ( my ,"l     
,hopp]gollop1 :o said1            ,:at  
is impossible c't be1           ,& nev] 
nev] comes to pass4  ,he1 moreov]1      
confid5tly submits t1 grant+ ! exi/5ce (
 s utt]ly incompreh5sible a ,deity1 /ill
 su* ,deity c\ld n h caus$ nature1 or   
matt]1 unless we d5y ! palpably true    
proposition ( ,sp9oza1 to wit--,( ?+s   
:i* h no?+ 9 common1 "o _c be ! cause ( 
! o!r4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is proposition1     
,a!i/s _c admit ! sup]natural caus$ !   
natural2 =1 betwe5 ! natural & !        
sup]natural x is impossible to imag9e   
any ?+ 9 common4  ,! univ]se is an      
uncaus$ exi/5ce1 or x 0 caus$ by some?+ 
be=e x4 ,by univ]se we mean matt]1 ! sum
 total ( ?+s1 :5ce all proce$s1 & :i!r  
all returns4 ,no tru? is m obvi\sly true
 ?an ! tru? t matt]1 or some?+ n matt]1 
exi/s ( itself1 & consequ5tly is n an   
effect1 b an uncaus$ cause ( all        
effects4  ,f su* conviction1 repugnant  
?\gh x be to vulg> ideas1 !re is no     

rational way ( escape2 = h[ev] mu* we   
may desire1 h[ev] mu* we may /ruggle to 
believe !re 0 a "t :5 !re 0 no?+1 we _c 
s believe4 ,human nature is con/itut$   
intuitively or in/9ctively to feel !    
et]nity ( some?+4 ,to rid oneself ( t   
feel+ is impossible4 ,nature1 or some?+ 
n nature mu/ ev] h be51 is a conclusion 
to :i*1 :at poets call ,fate--          
,leads ! will+ & drags ! unwill+4  ,b   
does ?is und5iable tru? make aga9/      
,a!ism8 ,f> f x--s f>1 inde$1 z to make 
= x3 ! reason is no my/]y4 ,( matt] we h
 ideas cle>1 precise1 & indisp5sable1   
:]eas1 ( some?+ n matt] we _c h any idea
 :atev]1 good1 bad1 or indiff]5t4 ,!    
,univ]se is extraord9>y1 no d\bt1 b s   
mu* ( x z acts ^u u is p]fectly         
conceivable1 :]eas1 any ?+ )91 )\t1 or  
ap>t f ! ,univ]se is p]fectly           
inconceivable4  ,! notion ( necess>ily  
exi/+ matt] seems to ! ,au?or ( ?is     
,apology fatal to belief 9 ,god2 t is1  
if by ! ^w ,god be und]/ood some?+ n    
matt]1 = 'tis precisely because prie/s 7

 unable to reconcile su* belief ) ! idea
 ( matt]'s self-exi/5ce or et]nity1 t !y
 took to imag9+ a ',fir/ ,cause4' ,9 !  
'=lorn hope' ( cle>+ ! difficulty (     
necess>ily exi/+ matt]1 !y ass5t to a   
necess>ily exi/+ _s2 & :5 ! nature ( _s 
is dem&$ f ^! ass]tors ( its exi/5ce !y 
are con/ra9$ to av[ t x is mat]ial or   
no?+4  ,yes1 !y are con/ra9$ to make    
directly or indirectly "o or o!r ( ^!   
admissions2 =1 z betwe5 tru? & falsehood
 !re is no middle passage1 s betwe5     
some?+ & no?+ !re is no int]m$iate      
exi/5ce4 ,h5ce ! s]i\s dilemma (        
,spirituali/s1 :o gravely tell u _! ,god
 is a ,_s1 & t a ,_s is n any ?+1 :i* n 
any ?+ or no?+ 7= ! life ( u we _c      
di/+ui% betwe5 !m7 'fram$ ! worlds nay1 
creat$ z well z fram$ !m4  ,if x be     
grant$1 = ! m]e purpose ( explanation1 t
 ,_s is an entity1 we c frame 'cle> &   
di/9ct ideas ('--a real ?\gh n mat]ial  
exi/5ce1 surely no man w pret5d to say  
an uncreat$ reality call$ ,_s1 is less  
inexplicable ?an uncreat$ ,matt]4 ,all  

c\ld n h be5 caus$ or creat$ unless no?+
 c be a ,cause1 ! v notion ( :i*        
involves ! grosse/ ( absurdities4       
',:atev] is produc$1' said ,hume1 ')\t  
any cause1 is produc$ by no?+2 or1 9 o!r
 words1 has no?+ = its cause4 ,b no?+   
nev] c be a cause no m ?an x c be some?+
 or equal to two "r angles4 ,by ! same  
intuition t we p]ceive no?+ n to be     
equal to two "r angles1 or n to be      
some?+1 we p]ceive t x c nev] be a cause
 & consequ5tly mu/ p]ceive t e object   
has a real cause1 ( its exi/5ce4 ,:5 we 
exclude all causes we really d exclude  
!m1 & nei!r suppose no?+ nor ! object   
itself to be ! causes ( ! exi/5ce1 &    
consequ5tly c draw no argum5t f !       
absurdity ( ^! suppositions to prove !  
absurdity ( t exclusion4 ,if ev]y?+ mu/ 
h a cause1 x foll[s t ^u ! exclusion (  
o!r causes we mu/ accept ( ! object     
itself or no?+ z causes4 ,b x is ! v    
po9t 9 "q :e!r ev]y?+ mu/ h a cause or  
n1 & !re=e1 accord+ to all j reason+    
ought n to be tak5 = grant$4 #dj3a  ,?is

 reason+ am\nts to logical demon/ration 
7if logical demon/ration !re c be7 ( a  
mo/ ess5tial tru?1 :i* 9 all ages has   
be5 ob/9ately set at n\ght by dabbl]s 9 
! sup]natural4 ,x demon/rates t some?+  
nev] 01 nev] c be caus$ by no?+1 :i* c  
no m be a cause1 prop]ly s call$1 ?an 'x
 c be some?+1 or equal to two "r        
angles2' & !re=e t ev]y?+ c\ld n h _h a 
cause :i* ! read] has se5 is ! v po9t   
assum$ by ,!i/s--! v po9t on :i* z a    
pivot !y s m]rily & successfully turn _!
 f9e metaphysical !ories1 & immat]ial   
sy/ems4  ,! univ]se1 quo? !y1 mu/ h _h a
 cause1 & t cause mu/ h be5 a ,fir/     
,cause1 or cause numb] "o1 because no?+ 
c exi/ ( itself4 ,oh1 mo/ lame & impot5t
 conclusion6 ,h[ 9 consi/5cy c !y decl>e
 no?+ c exi/ )\t a cause 9 ! tee? ( _!  
(t repeat$ dogma t ,god is uncaus$4 ,if 
,god nev] comm5c$ to be ,he is an       
uncaus$ exi/5ce1 t is to say1 exi/s )\t 
a cause4 ,! diff]5ce on ?is po9t betwe5 
,!i/s & ,a!i/s is v palpable4 ,! =m]    
say1 ,_s c exi/ )\t a cause2 ! latt] say

 ,matt] c exi/ )\t a cause4 ,:ole       
libr>ies ( !ologic dogma w\ld be de>ly  
pur*as$ by ,hume's pr(\nd rem>k--'if    
ev]y?+ mu/ h a cause1 x foll[s t ^u !   
exclusion ( o!r causes we mu/ accept ( !
 object itself or ( no?+ z causes4'  ,if
 ! ,god ( our ,dei/s & ,*ri/ians is n   
matt]1 :at is ,he8 ,^u !m devolves !    
difficult duty ( answ]+ t "q4 ,!y are   
morally b\nd to answ] x or make !       
humiliat+ confession t !y 'ignorantly   
wor%ip2' t ) all _! boa/$ c]ta9ty z to !
 exi/5ce ( _! 'deifi$ error' !y c furni%
 no satisfactory1 or ev5 intelligible   
acc\nt ( ,8 #da3a nature1 if inde$ a    
sup]natural or r ,unnatural ,be+ c      
prop]ly be said to h a nature4  ,! au?or
 ( ',good ,s5se' has obs]v$1 t names :i*
 may be made to mean any?+ 9 reality    
mean no?+4 ,is n ,god a "n ( ?is class8 
,our '/ate puppet %[m51' z my ,"l       
,br\gham nicknam$ ,prie/s1 :o talk s mu*
 ab\t ,gods1 =cibly rem9d "o ( t +5i\s  
exhibitor ( puppets1 :o1 aft] say+ to 8 
juv5ile patronis]s--',look to ! "r1 &   

!re y w see ! lions a dew\r+ ! dogs1' 0 
ask$--,:i* is ! lion & :i* is ! dogs8'  
to :i* qu]y he repli$1 ',vi*ev] y       
please1 my little de>s1 x makes no      
diff]5ce votsomnev]4' ,= 9 exactly !    
same _s d our gho/ly exhibitors1 !y :o  
set up ! /ate puppet %[ meet ! inquiries
 ( ! gr[n *ildr5 !y make s h&somely     
7aga9 we are "u an obligation to ,"l    
,br\gham7 'to pay = peep+4' ,*ildr5 (   
?is sort w\ld fa9 "k :at is meant by !  
doctr9es conc]n+ ! _m 'true ,gods' !y   
he> su* preci\s rigm>oles ab\t 9 ,*ur* &
 ,conv5ticle1 z well z ! _m or?odox     
op9ions ( t ,god1 ^: "n is !re s (t5    
'tak5 9 va94' ,b ,prie/s l ! %[man 9 "q1
 answ]1 9 language less inelegant to be 
sure1 b sub/antially ! same1 ',vi*ev] y 
please1 my little de>s1 x makes no      
diff]5ce votsomnev]4'  ,he :o decl>$ t !
 ^w ,god 0 inv5t$ by philosoph]s to     
scre5 _! own ignorance1 taught a        
valuable tru?1 ?\gh ! ,au?or ( ?is      
,apology nev] fails m5tally to          
,sub/itute quacks = philosoph]s4  ,sa9t 

,augu/9 m c&id ?an mod]n !ologians1     
said1 ',god is a be+ :om we speak ( b   
:om we _c describe1 & :o is sup]ior to  
all def9itions4' ,a!i/s on ! o!r h&1 z  
c&idly d5y !re is any su* be+4 ,to !m x 
seems t ! "n ,god /&s = no?+1 is !      
ar*etype ( no?+1 expla9s no?+1 &        
contributes to no?+ b ! p]petuation (   
human imbecility1 ignorance & error4 ,to
 !m x repres5ts nei!r %ad[ nor sub/ance1
 nei!r ph5om5on nor ?+1 nei!r :at is    
ideal nor :at is real2 yet is x ! "n )\t
 full fai? 9 :i* !re c\ld be no         
religion4 ,if to ! "n ,god "s rational  
signification _c be atta*$ away goes1 or
 at lea/ away ought to g1 t belief 9    
some?+ sup]natural :i* is '! fundam5tal 
pr9ciple ( all false metaphysics4' ',no 
su* belief c = a mom5t be ent]ta9$ by ^?
 :o see 9 nature ! cause ( all effects1 
& treat ) ! contempt x m]its1 !         
prepo/]\s notion t out ( no?+ at ! bidd+
 ( some?+1 ( :i* "o c make any?+1 />t$  
ev]y?+4  ,! fam\s ,mr4 ,law1 9 8        
',appeal to all t d\bt or disbelieve !  

tru?s ( ! ,gospel1' gratuit\sly all[s 'x
 is ! same impossibility = a ?+ to be   
creat$ out ( no?+ z by no?+1' = :i*     
s5sible all[ance 'insane philosophy'    
owes him mu*4 ,inde$ ! dogma1 if true1  
proves all religion false1 = x /rikes   
full at belief 9 a ,god1 a belief :i*1 x
 _c be too (t5 repeat$1 is to religion  
:at blood is to ! bra9 & oxyg5 to !     
blood4  ,mat]ialism is hat$ by prie/s1  
because no consi/5t ,mat]iali/ c /op    
%ort ( disbelief 9 ,god4 ,he believes 9 
,nature & ,nature alone4 ,by ,nature he 
und]/&s unity4 ,! ,,"o :i*2 includes    
all1 & is all4  ,t x p]ta9s to ! nature 
( sub/ance to exi/2 & t all sub/ance is 
necess>ily inf9ite1 we are told by      
,sp9oza1 :o und]/ood by sub/ance t :i*  
exi/s 9 itself1 & is conceiv$ ?r\gh     
itself2 i4e4 ! k ( :i* does n require ! 
k ( any?+ antec$5t to x4  ,?is sub/ance 
( ,sp9oza is j ! matt] ( ,mat]iali/s4 ,)
 him mo/ likely1 ) !m c]ta9ly1 matt] &  
sub/ance are conv]tible t]ms4 ,!y h no  
objection to ! ^w sub/ance s long z x is

 ! sign ( some?+ sub/antial2 =          
sub/antiality implies mat]iality4 ,:e!r 
we say--,sub/ance exi/s1 & is conceiv$  
?r\gh itself2 i4e4 ! k ( :i* does n     
require ! k ( any?+ antec$5t to x1      
or--,matt] exi/s & is conceiv$ ?r\gh    
itself2 i4e4 '! k ( :i* does n require !
 k ( any?+ antec$5t to itself'--our     
mean+ is exactly ! same4  ,to exclude   
matt] f our conception 7if x 7 possible7
 w\ld be to ?9k univ]sal exi/5ce out (  
exi/5ce1 :i* is tantam\nt to ?9k+ )\t   
any?+ to ?9k ab\t4 ,! ideas ( ^? :o try 
_! bra9s at ?is odd sort ( "w1 h be5    
well lik5$ to an atmosph]e ( du/        
sup]9t5d$ by a :irlw9d4 ,!y :o assume ! 
exi/5ce ( an unsub/antial i4e4 immat]ial
 ,fir/ ,cause1 outrage e admitt$ rule & 
e s\nd pr9ciple ( philosophis+4 ,only   
pi\s p]sons ) ideas l unto an atmosph]e 
( du/ sup]9t5d$ by a :irl w9d w\ld write
 books 9 v9dication ( ! mon/r\sly absurd
 assumption t !re exi/s an unsub/antial 
,great ,fir/ ,cause ( all               
sub/antialities4 ,no?+ c be wild] ?an ! 

speculations ( su* 'hair bra9$'         
individuals1 except+ only ! speculations
 ( ^? %>p-sight$ en\gh to see reason &  
wisdom 9 !m4  ,a ,great ,cause1 or a    
,small ,cause1 a ,fir/ ,cause1 or a ,la/
 ,cause1 involves ! idea ( real exi/5ce1
 namely1 ! exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,by cause ( 
itself1 said ,sp9oza1 ,i und]/& t :i*   
involves exi/5ce1 or t ! nature ( :i* c 
only be consid]$ z exi/5t4 ,& :o does n 
s und]/& ,cause8 ,:y ,gillespie & o!r   
em95tly dogmatic ,*ri/ian writ]s ^:     
,great ,fir/ ,cause _c be consid]$ an   
entity1 because !y ass]t1 yes1 expressly
 ass]t its immat]iality4  ,if ,nature is
 all1 & all is ,nature1 no?+ b itself   
c\ld ev] h exi/$1 & ( c\rse no?+ b      
itself c be suppos$ ev] to h be5 capable
 ( caus+4 ,to cause is to act1 & ?\gh   
body )\t action is conceivable1 action  
)\t body is n4 ,nei!r c two ,inf9ites be
 suppos$ to t5ant "o ,univ]se4 ,only    
'mo/ religi\s philosoph]s' c pret5d to  
ackn[l$ge ! be+ ( an inf9ite ,god       
co-exi/5t ) an inf9ite univ]se4  ,a!i/s 

are frequ5tly ask$--,:at moves matt]8 to
 :i* "q1 no?+ is ! true & suffici5t     
answ]4 ,matt] moves matt]4 ,if ask$ h[  
we "k x does1 our answ] is1 because we  
see x d s1 :i* is m ?an m9d imag9]s c   
say ( _! 'prime mov]4' ,!y tell u m9d   
moves matt]2 b none save ! second sight$
 among !m ev] saw m9d2 & if !y nev] saw 
m9d1 !y nev] c\ld h se5 matt] pu%$ ab\t 
by x4 ,!y babble ab\t m9d1 b n[h]e does 
m9d exi/ save 9 _! m9d2 t is to say1    
n[h]e b n[h]e4 ,ask ^! broad-day dream]s
 :]e m9d is1 m9us body8 & v acutely !y  
answ]1 body is ! m9d & m9d is ! body4   
,t ?is is nei!r joke nor sl&]1 we w %[  
by ref]5ce to ,no4 #be ( ',! ,%eph]d1' a
 clev] & well kn[n p]iodical1 ^: editor1
 #dd3a 9 reply to a correspond5t ( !    
'*aotic' tribe1 said ',z to ! "q--:]e is
 magnetism )\t ! magnet8 ,we answ]1     
magnetism is ! magnet1 & ! magnet is    
magnetism4' ,if s1 body is ! m9d & ! m9d
 is body2 & our ,%eph]d1 if ask$1 ',:]e 
is m9d )\t ! body8' to be consi/5t1 %\ld
 answ]1 body is ! m9d & ! m9d is ! body4

 ,bo? ^! answ]s are true or bo? are     
false2 & x mu/ be all[$--               
,ea* l5ds to ea* a borr[$ *>m1          
,l pe>ls ^u an ,e?iop's arm4  ,ask !    
',%eph]d' :]e is m9d )\t ! body8 & if n 
at issue ) himself1 he mu/ reply1 m9d is
 ! man & man is ! m9d4  ,if ?is be      
s1--if ! m9d is ! man & ! man is ! m9d1 
:i* none c d5y :o say magnetism is !    
magnet & ! magnet magnetism--h[1 9      
,reason's "n1 c !y be diff]5t1 or h[ c !
 ',%eph]d' consi/5tly pret5d to di/+ui% 
betwe5 !m3 yet he does s4 ,he writes    
ab\t ! spiritual "p ( man z ?\gh he     
really believ$ !re is su* ap>t4 ,n      
satisfi$1 x w\ld seem1 ) body1 l        
,non5tit>ians ( vulg>e/ m\ld1 he t5ants 
x ) ,s\l or ,_s1 or ,m9d1 :i* ,s\l1 or  
,_s1 or ,m9d1 accord+ to 8 own %[+1 is  
no?+ b body 9 action3 9 o!r t]ms1       
organis$ matt] p]=m+ vital functions4   
,idle declamation aga9/ 'fact mong]s'   
well becomes su* self-/ultify+ deal]s 9 
fiction4 ,abuse ( 'exp]im5t>ians' is q 9
 keep+ ) ! philosophy ( ^? :o ma9ta9 !  

reality ( m9d 9 face ( _! own /range    
/atem5t1 t magnetism is ! magnet & !    
magnet magnetism4  ,b we d5y t magnetism
 is ! magnet4 ,^? words magnetism &     
magnet d n1 x is true1 /& = two ?+s1 b  
"o ?+3 t "o & only ?+ call$ matt]4 ,!   
magnet is an exi/5ce2 i4e41 t :i* moves4
 ,magnetism is n an exi/5ce1 b ph5om5on1
 or1 if y please1 ph5om5a4 ,x is !      
effect ( :i* magnetic body is ! imm$iate
 & obvi\s cause4  ,cause implies action2
 & till ,non5tit>ians c expla9 h[ no?+  
may contrive to cause some?+1 !y %\ld   
assume ! virtue ( mode/y1 ev5 if !y h x 
n4 ,to rail at 'fact mong]s' is1        
d\btless1 f> easi] ?an to ov]turn facts 
!mselves4 ,! ',%eph]d' calls ,a!i/s     
',*aotics' & ,mat]ialism '! philosophy (
 lunacy1' :i* is a v free & v easy way (
 ',univ]salis+4' ,b argum5ts gr\nd$ on  
obs]vation & exp]i5ce are n to be borne 
d[n by h>d names4 ,man1 l ! magnet1 is  
some?+--he acts4 ,du/ & a%es he 02 du/ &
 a%es he w be4--,he may be t\*$1 & ta/$1
 & se51 & smelt4 ,9 ! immat]iality ( 8  

composition no "o believes2 & none b    
,non5tit>ians pret5d to d s4 ,he        
?9ks--?9k+ is ! v condition ( 8 exi/5ce4
 ,to ?9k is to live4 ,to ! sum total (  
vital manife/ations we apply ! t]m m9d4 
,to call m9d matt]1 or matt] m9d1 is    
ridicul\s--g5u9e lunacy4 ,x w\ld be z   
wise to call motion matt] & w9d up !    
spiritual "w by mak+ no?+ ( bo?4 ,! man 
:o ran half r\nd our planet 9 se>* ( 8  
s\l did n succe$ 9 f9d+ x4 ,h[ %\ld he  
:5 !re is no su* ?+ z s\l4  ,to evade ! 
*>ge ( ,mat]ialism1 said ,dr4 ,engl$ue1 
we 7,phr5ologi/s7 cont5t ourselves )    
/at+ t ! immat]ial makes use ( ! mat]ial
 to %[ =? its p[]s4 ,:at is ! result (  
?is8 ,we h ! man ( !ory & believ] 9     
sup]naturalism qu>rell+ ) ! man ( fact &
 support] ( ,mat]ialism4 ,we h two      
p>ties2 ! "o ass]t+ t man possesses a _s
 sup]add$ to1 b n inh]5t 91 ! bra9--add$
 to x1 yet hav+ no necess>y connexion ) 
x--produc+ mat]ial *anges1 yet          
immat]ial--de/itute ( any ( ! kn[n      
prop]ties ( matt]--9 fact an immat]ial  

some?+ :i* 9 "o ^w means no?+1 produc+  
all ! c]ebral functions ( man1 yet n    
localis$--n susceptible ( pro(2 ! o!r   
p>ty cont5d+ t ! belief 9 spiritualism  
fett]s & ties d[n physiological         
inve/igation--t man's intellect is      
pro/rat$ by ! dom9ation ( metaphysical  
speculation--t we h no evid5ce ( !      
exi/5ce ( an ess5ce1 & t organis$ matt] 
is all t is requisite to produce !      
multitud9\s manife/ations ( human &     
brute c]ebration4  ,we rank ourselves ) 
! second p>ty1 & conceive t we mu/ cease
 speak+ ( '! m9d1' & discont9ue enli/+ 9
 our inve/igations a spiritual ess5ce1 !
 exi/5ce ( :i* _c be prov$1 b :i* t5ds  
to my/ify & p]plex a "q suffici5tly cle>
 if we conf9e ourselves to !            
consid]ation ( organis$ matt]--its      
=ms--its *anges--& its ab]rations f     
normal /ructure4 #df3a  ,! ecc5tric     
,c\nt de ,caylus1 :5 on 8 dea?-b$1 0    
visit$ by "s ne> relations & a pi\s     
,bi%op1 :o hop$ t "u su* try+           
circum/ances he w\ld manife/ "s conc]n  

respect+ ^? 'spiritual' bless+s :i*1    
:ile 9 heal?1 he _h uni=mly treat$ )    
contempt4 ,aft] a long pause he broke   
sil5ce by say+1 ',ah1 fri5ds1 ,i see y  
are anxi\s ab\t my s\l2' :]eupon !y     
prick$ up _! e>s ) delight2 be=e1 h[ev]1
 any reply c\ld be made1 ! ,c\nt add$1  
'b ! fact is ,i h n got "o1 & really my 
good fri5ds1 y mu/ all[ me to "k be/4'  
,if p 9 g5]al _h "o t5? ! good s5se (   
?is impi\s ,c\nt1 ! fool]ies (          
spiritualism w\ld at once give place to 
! philosophy ( ,mat]ialism2 & none w\ld 
wa/e "t 9 talk+ or writ+ ab\t           
non5tities4 ,all w\ld "k t :at !ologians
 call sometimes _s1 sometimes s\l1 &    
sometimes m9d1 is an imag9>y exi/5ce4   
,all w\ld "k t ! t]ms immat]ial some?+1 
d 9 v tru? mean no?+4 ,c\nt de ,caylus  
di$ z became a man conv9c$ t s\l is n an
 entity1 & t ^u ! dissolution ( our     
'e>?ly tab]nacle1' ! p>ticles compos+ x 
cease to p]=m vital functions1 & return 
to ! %oreless ocean ( ,et]nal ,be+4     
,pieti/s may be %ock$ by su* non*alance 

9 ! face ( _! 'grim mon/]1' b           
philosoph]s w admire an indiff]5ce to   
inevitable consequ5ces result+ f        
pr(\nde/ love ( tru? & contempt (       
sup]/ition4 ,c\nt de ,caylus 0 a        
,mat]iali/1 & no ,mat]iali/ c consi/5tly
 feel ! lea/ al>m at ! approa* ( :at    
religioni/s h e reason to consid] ! 'k+ 
( t]rors4' ,believ]s 9 ! reality (      
immat]ial exi/5ce _c be 'prop]'         
,mat]iali/s4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1 no       
believ]s 9 ! reality ( ',god' c be bona 
fide ,mat]iali/s1 = ',god' is a "n      
signify+ some?+ or no?+2 9 o!r t]ms1    
matt]1 or t :i* is n matt]4 ,if ! latt]1
 to ,mat]iali/s ! "n is mean+less--s\nd 
)\t s5se4 ,if ! =m]1 !y at once pron\nce
 x a "n too _m2 because x expresses no?+
 t _! ^w ,,matt] does n express bett]4  
,dr4 ,"y held 9 horror ! ,mat]iali/'s   
'univ]se ( du/4' ,b !re is no?+ ei!r bad
 or contemptible 9 du/--man is du/--all 
w be du/4 ,a du/y univ]se1 h[ev] %ock$ !
 poetic ,doctor1 ^: writ+s analogise )--
            ,ri* w9d[s t exclude !      

light1           ,& passages t lead to  
no?+4  ,a univ]se ( no?+ 0 m to 8 ta/e  
?an a univ]se ( du/1 & he accord+ly     
amus$ himself ) ! 'spiritual' "w (      
imag9+ "o1 & call$ its build] ',god4'   
,! some:at ung5tle ',%eph]d' cordially  
sympa?ises ) ,dr4 ,"y 9 8 dete/ation (  
'! ,mat]iali/'s univ]se' ( du/1 & is    
sorely puzzl$ to "k h[ m]e du/ contrives
 to move )\t ! assi/ance ( 'an immat]ial
 p[] betwe5 ! p>ticles2' z if he suppos$
 any?+ c\ld be betwe5 ev]y?+--or no?+ be
 able to move some?+4 ,v]ily ?is        
g5tleman is z clev] a h& at 'd>k5+      
c\nsel by words )\t k' z ! clev]e/ ( ^? 
he rates s s\ndly4  ,we obs]ve t motion 
is caus$ by body1 & ap>t f body no "o c 
conceive ! idea ( motion4 ,local motion 
may1 b g5]al motion _c be acc\nt$ =4 ,! 
,%eph]d cont5ds !re is no?+ m my/]i\s   
?an motion4 ,!re he is "r2 & _h he said 
no?+ is less my/]i\s ?an motion he w\ld 
h be5 equally s4  ,= tell+ ^!           
unpalatable tru?s ! ,a!i/ is bitt]ly    
dete/$4 ',! ,%eph]d' is a mo/ unor?odox 

k9d ( ,pan!i/2 yet ev5 he does n scruple
 to swell ! s5seless cry aga9/ ',godless
 infidels1' :om he calls an almo/       
inf9ite v>iety ( bad names1 & among o!r 
%ock+ crimes accuses !m ( prop\nd+ a    
'dead philosophy4' ,yet ! diff]5ce      
betwe5 8 ,pan!ism & our ,a!ism is only  
p]ceptible to ! microscopic eye (       
sup]-sublimat$ spiritualism4 ,! subjo9$ 
is (f]$ to ! read]'s notice z a sample (
 ,pan!ism s closely resembl+ ,a!ism1 t1 
l ! two ,sosias 9 ! play1 to di/+ui% !m 
is difficult3  ',:at ,col]idge meant by 
! motto 7all ,!ology dep5ds on ma/]+ !  
t]m nature7 conc]ns u n4 ,we appropriate
 ! motto1 b we d n pr(ess to appropriate
 x 9 ! same s5se z ,col]idge appropriat$
 x4 ,e man mu/ appropriate x = himself4 
,col]idge p]ceiv$ :at e ?9k+ m9d has    
p]ceiv$--! difficulty ( believ+ 9 two   
self-det]m9+ p[]s1 viz41 ,god & ,nature1
 z also ! consequ5ces ( reg>d+ !m z     
id5tical4 ,if ,nature be "o p[] & ,god  
ano!r p[]1 & if ,god be n responsible = 
:at ,nature does1 !n ,nature is a       

self-subsi/+ ,god4 ,if ,god & ,nature be
 e/eem$ "o univ]sal exi/5ce1 ?is is     
,pan!ism1 :i* is d5om9at$ an accurs$    
doctr9e by ! disciples ( ,sect>ianism1 &
 =m$ no "p ( ! cre$1 ( ! great          
dialectician ( mod]n times4 ,! attempt  
to sep>ate ,god f ,nature w mi/ify !    
cle>e/ head3 n ev5 ,col]idge c\ld wade !
 dep?s ( ?is vulg> ,!ology4 ,is !re any 
man :o c re/ satisfi$ 9 ! fai? ( two    
indep5d5t p[]s :o exi/ toge!r 9 any o!r 
s5se ?an ! two pol> en]gies ( a magnet1 
:i* are really "o8 ,no3 & m5 are afraid 
to reg>d !m z "o4 ,on ! "o h& !y are    
puzzl$ to und]/& an un9telligible       
absurdity1 & on ! o!r1 !y are afraid to 
admit a simple truism :i* leads to !    
abolition ( all c]emonial =ms1 & lip    
pr(essions ( religion1 & is execrat$ by 
prie/s & _! accomplices on ?is v acc\nt4
 ,we d n pret5d to und]/& any?+4 ,e     
subject :atsoev] is too high1 too deep1 
& too broad = u4 ,b com+ into a _w :]e  
m5 act ^u c]ta9 modes ( reason+1 :i* are
 unsatisfactory to our m9ds1 we battle  

imm$iately ) ^! m51 l an animalcule ?r[n
 into a glass ( wat] among/ o!r         
animalcules ( opposite pr9ciples1 & 9   
do+ s we act f ! impulse )9 :i* is our  
sole au?ority--t impulse )9 is !        
pref]5ce we give to a mode ( reason+ :i*
 beg9s by reg>d+ ! exi/+ ( e k9d &1     
degree z a 'p]fect unity1' & mak+ !     
unity1 responsible = e mode--! cause ( e
 mode4' #di3a ,t is to say1 deal+ ) x z 
:at x is1 ! only exi/5ce2 ! "o1 or all &
 9 all4 ,c ,a!i/s object to t8 ,no1     
surely1 = !y uni=mly ?us reason )       
respect to ,nature2 & unless traitors to
 _! own pr9ciples1 _c object to         
,pan!i/ical philosophy z "h laid d[n4   
,a!i/s say1 ,nature nev] _h an ,au?or--s
 d ,pan!i/s ( ! ',%eph]d' s*ool4 ,a!i/s 
say ,nature is at once ! womb & grave & 
cause & effect ( all ph5om5a--s d !y4   
,a!i/s say 'dea? is no?+1 & no?+ dea?2' 
all matt] brea?+ ! brea? ( life--s d !y4
 ,inde$1 not)/&+ _! talk ab\t ,god &    
,devil1 !y ?9k ,nature bo?1 :i* am\nts  
to d5y+ bo?4 ,c ,a!i/s d m8 or c        

,pan!i/s d s mu* )\t !mselves be+       
,a!i/s8  ,b ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,smi? is no    
,a!i/2 at lea/ he makes no pr(ession (  
,a!ism4 ,au contraire1 he makes f9e     
sport ) ^? :o d4 ,himself a ,pan!i/ ( ! 
all-,god s*ool1 he took to call+ ,a!i/s 
'ugly names1' z if q innoc5t t no '?9k+ 
m9d' c fail to p]ceive ! d[nright       
lunacy1 or some?+ worse1 ( suppos+ a p9 
to *oose on ! score ( piety1 betwe5     
univ]sal ,deity & no ,deity at all4 ,!  
',%eph]d' ( a new philosophic flock %\ld
 h kn[n bett] ?an to attempt ! re=m (   
'vulg> !ology' by sett+ =? ! my/ical    
nons5se ( 'vulg>' ,pan!ism4 ,all        
falsehood is 'vulg>'2 b ! mo/ 'vulg>' ( 
falsehood is t :i* assumes ! conv5i5t   
g>b ( transc5d5talism1 ) a view to ?r[  
du/ 9 ! eyes ( 'vulg>' look]s-on4 ,if   
,pan!i/s ( ?is rev]5d g5tleman's s*ool  
are nei!r sophi/s nor simpletons1       
,mat]ialism is nei!r true nor false4 ,!y
 d n pla9ly write d[n philosophy ( s    
/rangely negative a k9d2 t w\ld be too  
ridicul\s2 b e read] ( ! ',%eph]d' kn[s 

t1 9 _! way1 !y clev]ly demon/rate all  
doctr9e--_! own ( c\rse except$--true & 
false1 :i*1 no "o ne$ m\nt a pair (     
'univ]sal' spectacles to see1 comes to  
nei!r true nor false4 ,spiritualism     
receives at _! h&s no bett] treatm5t ?an
 ,mat]ialism1 nor ,s\?cottianism ?an    
ei!r4 ,s\?cottianism 7!y say7 is true & 
false2 ,mat]ialism is true & false2     
,spiritualism is true & false3 9 brief1 
all doctr9e1 positive or negative1      
fai?ful or unfai?ful1 is true & false1  
except ! doctr9e ( ,pan!ism alias       
,univ]salism1 :i* is1 bye & bye1 to     
sup]s$e e o!r4 ,accord+ to ?is my/ically
 wise1 b r inconsi/5t s*ool1 ,a!i/s are 
/upid z ,*ri/ians1 ,*ri/ians /upid z    
,mohamm$ans1 & ,mohamm$ans /upid z ne>ly
 ev]ybody else4 ,^! m5 are peculi>ly    
fitt$ to make 9 ! _w ( intellect ! be/  
possible 'arrangem5ts = g5]al           
confusion4' ,a!i/s 9 all b good s5se1 & 
seem+ly )\t kn[+ x1 !y contrive to mix  
up1 ) skill wor?y ( bett] employm5t1 a v
 novel & amus+ species ( philosophical  

hodge-podge4 ,_! ,rev]5d lead] or       
',%eph]d' 0 wont to rail mo/ furi\sly   
aga9/ dogmati/s1 especially ^? ( !      
,a!i/ic sort2 b 8 own dogmatism is at   
lea/ a mat* = !irs4 ,he did m ?an       
dogmatize :5 combatt+ ,mat]ialism1 he f 
ignorance or design1 libell$ x by putt+1
 accord+ to a cu/om 'm hon\r$ 9 ! brea* 
?an ! obs]vance1' words into ! m\?s (   
,mat]iali/s t no real ,mat]iali/ c\ld   
utt]4 ,take an example4 ,9 ! p]iodical j
 ref]r$ to & quot$ f1 #ej3a are ^!      
words3--',! mode ( 7matt]'s7 exi/5ce is 
! only subject 9 dispute4 ,! ,mat]iali/ 
says1 x is an inf9ite collection ( dead 
un9tellig5t p>ticles ( s&2 !            
spirituali/1 t x is ! visible & tangible
 developm5t ( an inf9ite1 et]nal1       
omnipres5t1 ?9k+1 s5ti5t m9d4' ,n[1 !   
tru? is1 ,mat]iali/s cont5d t matt] z a 
:ole _c 9 /rictness be consid]$ ei!r    
dead or liv+1 intellig5t or             
non-intellig5t1 b simply matt]2 :i*     
matt] :5 9 c]ta9 well-kn[n /ates is     
call$ dead1 & :5 9 o!r equally well-kn[n

 /ates is call$ liv+4 ,if :]e motion is 
!re is life1 !n !re is no dead matt]2 = 
all matt]1 or at lea/ all matt] ( :i* we
 h exp]i5ce1 moves4 ,to *>ge ^u         
,mat]iali/s ! dogma ( matt]'s deadness  
is a paltry trick :i* a writ] l ,mr4    
,smi? %\ld disda9 to practice4 ,nor does
 x become him to lecture ,a!i/s ab\t _! 
dogmatism1 :ile f 8 own publi%$ writ+s c
 be adduc$ su* passages z ! foll[+3--   
',we "k t ! two pr9cipal attributes (   
matt] are visibility & tangibility1 & ^!
 two prop]ties are purely spiritual or  
immat]ial4 ,?us resi/ance is no?+ b t   
my/]i\s p[] we call repulsion--a p[] :i*
 fills ! :ole univ]se--:i* holds ! sun1 
moon1 & />s 9 its h&1 & yet is          
invisible4'  ,?is is :at our ,rev4      
,pan!i/ calls "o ( ,spiritualism's      
'spl5did argum5ts1' & spl5didly absurd x
 c]ta9ly is2 q equal1 consid]$ z a      
provocative ( mir?1 to ,rob]t ,ow5's    
sublime/ effusions ab\t t v my/]i\s &   
?or\ghly incompreh5sible p[] :i*        
'directs ! atom & contr\ls ! aggregate (

 nature4' ,b ! argum5t ?\gh 'spl5did1'  
is false4 ,:o is ignorant t resi/ance is
 n a p[] at all1 ?\gh we prop]ly en\gh  
give ! "n resi/ance to "o ( matt]'s     
ph5om5a4 ,only half craz$ ,spirituali/s 
w\ld conf\nd ph5om5a ) ?+s by :i* !y are
 exhibit$4 ,matt] "u c]ta9 circum/ances 
resi/s1 & "u c]ta9 o!r circum/ances     
attracts4 ,b nei!r repulsion nor        
attraction exi/s1 ?\gh we see e day (   
our lives t matt] does repel & does     
attract4 ,its do+ s proves x is able to 
d s1 & proves no?+ m4 ,mr4 ,smi? says1  
'if we want repose = our m9ds ^u ?is    
subject we may f9d x2 b x c only be f\nd
 9 ! univ]sal m9d4' ,he does n h[ev]    
expla9 ! co-exi/5ce ( univ]sal m9d )    
univ]sal matt]4 ,he does n tell u h[ two
 univ]sals c\ld f9d room 9 "o univ]se4  
',we are gravely assur$ 7by spiritualis+
 ,pan!i/s among ! re/7 t ,god is some?+ 
out ( "t & space2 b s9ce our k is       
intuition compreh5d$ "u conception1 we  
_c h any k ( t :i* is n receiv$ into !  
imag9>y recipi5ts ( "t & space1 &       

consequ5tly ,god is n an entity4  ',b "h
 comes ! juggl]y--reason =ms ! idea ( ! 
s\l or a sub/ance out ( nature1 by      
connect+ sub/ance & accid5t into inf9ite
 & absolute sub/ance4 ,:at is t v]biage1
 b t ! reason gives ! "n ( s\l to some?+
 t does n exi/ at all8'  ',reason =ms ! 
idea ( ,god or ( ,supreme ,intellig5ce  
out ( ,nature1 by connect+ action &     
reaction into inf9ite & absolute        
concurr5ce4 ,:at is ,god out ( ,nature8 
,:]e is out8 ,:]e is ,god8 ,:at is      
,god8--an absolute no?+4'  ',= an       
imag9ation to exi/ !re mu/ be two       
prop]ties or qualities com+ 9 contact ) 
ea* o!r to produce t imag9ation4 ,= ^!  
two prop]ties or qualities to exi/ !re  
mu/ be matt] = !m to exi/ 92 & = matt]  
to exi/ !re mu/ be space = x to exi/ 91 
& s on4 ,matt] might exi/ )\t two       
diff]5t prop]ties to produce an         
imag9ation2 b nei!r two prop]ties nor "o
 prop]ty c exi/ )\t matt] = x to exi/ 94
 ,man may exi/ = a "t z he does :5 he is
 dead )\t an imag9ation2 b ! imag9ation 

_c exi/ )\t ! mat]ial man4 ,matt] _c    
become non-exi/5t1 b ! imag9ation c &   
does become s4 ,matt] !re=e is ! reality
 & ! imag9ation a non5tity1 an          
unsub/antial idea2 or an imag9ation     
only4' #eb3a  ,! anonym\s writ] ( !     
passages "h giv5 )9 inv]t$ commas cle>ly
 draws ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! real 
& ! unreal4 ,8 rem>ks on imag9ation are 
specially important4 ,!ologians d n seem
 to be aw>e t imag9ation is a           
modification ( m9d1 & m9d itself a      
modification ( s5sibility--no           
s5sations--no ?\ght--no life4 ,?\gh     
awkw>dly express$1 !re is tru? 9 ! dogma
 ( ,gass5di--ideas are only trans=m$    
s5sations4 ,all attempts to conceive    
s5sibility )\t organs ( s5se are va94 ,z
 pr(itably might we lab\r to ?9k (      
motion :]e no?+ exi/s to be mov$1 z     
s5sibility :]e !re is no organ ( s5se4  
,we (t5 see organs void ( s5sibility1 b 
:o ev] saw1 or :o c imag9e s5sibility   
indep5d5t ( organs8 ,pan!i/s & o!r      
,div9it>ians write ab\t m9d z if x 7 an 

exi/5ce2 nay1 !y claim1 = x ! fir/ place
 among exi/5ces1 accord+ to 'm]e matt]' 
! second4 ,! ',%eph]d' pla9ly tells u   
m9d is a prim>y & matt] a second>y      
exi/5ce4 ,hav+ conjur$ up an ,univ]sal  
,m9d ,god1 x 0 natural he %\ld try to   
e/abli% ! supremacy ( m9d--b ?\gh a     
skilful logician he w be unable to d s4 
,exp]i5ce is aga9/ him4 ,on exp]i5ce (  
natural op]ations ,mat]iali/s base _!   
conclusion t matt] )\t m9d is possible1 
& m9d )\t matt] is impossible4 ,x has   
be5 prov$ t ev5 ! modification ( m9d    
call$ imag9ation is indebt$ = all its   
images1 yea1 = its v exi/5ce z          
imag9ation1 to ! mat]ial _w4            
,d',alemb]t /ates 9 ! ,disc\rse prefix$ 
to ! ,fr5* ,encyclopa$ia t '! objects   
ab\t :i* our m9ds are occupi$ are ei!r  
spiritual or mat]ial1 & ! m$ia employ$ =
 ?is purpose are our ideas ei!r directly
 receiv$ or d]iv$ f reflection'--:i*    
reflection he tells u 'is ( two k9ds1   
accord+ z x is employ$ 9 reason+ on !   
objects ( our direct ideas1 or 9 /udy+  

!m z models = imitation4' ,& !n he tells
 u '! imag9ation is a creative faculty1 
& ! m9d1 be=e x attempts to create1     
beg9s by reason+ ^u :at x sees & kn[s4' 
,he lauds ! metaphysical division ( ?+s 
into ,mat]ial & ,spiritual1 app5d+ h[ev]
 to su* laudation ^! rem>kable          
words--',) ! ,mat]ial & ,spiritual      
classes ( exi/5ce1 philosophy is equally
 conv]sant2 b z = imag9ation1 h]        
imitations are imitations entirely      
conf9$ to ! mat]ial _w4'  ,des ,c>tes1 9
 8 second ',m$itation1' says--,imag9>i  
nihil aliud e/ quam rei corporeos       
figuram seu imag9em contempl>i--:i*     
s5t5ce indicates t he agre$ )           
,d',alemb]t z to ! exclusive limitation 
( imag9ation to ?+s mat]ial & s5sible4  
,! same op9ion seems to h be5 held by   
,locke1 :o 9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( 8       
',essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1' /ates z  
some?+ c]ta91 & !re=e beyond dispute1 t 
'! und]/&+ c only compass1 fir/--!      
nature ( ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1 _!    
relations & mann] ( op]ation--or        

secondly1 t :i* man ought to d1 z a     
rational & volunt>y ag5t1 = ! atta9m5t (
 any end1 especially happ9ess--or       
?irdly1 ! ways & means by :i* ! k ( bo? 
! "o & ! o!r ( ^! is atta9$ &           
communicat$4'  ,adam ,smi? too1 9 book  
#e1 c4 #a1 ( 8 ',weal? ( ,nations1'     
assures u ! anci5t ,greek philosophy 0  
divid$1 into ?ree bran*es--,physics1    
,e?ics1 & ,logic2 & aft] prais+ su*     
g5]al division ( philosophy1 z be+      
p]fectly agreeable to ! nature ( ?+s1   
says t1 'z ! human1 m9d & ! ,deity1 9   
:atev] _! ess5ce may be suppos$ to      
consi/1 are p>ts ( ! great sy/em1 ( !   
univ]se1 & p>ts too1 productive ( ! mo/ 
important effects1 :atev] 0 taught 9 !  
anci5t s*ools ( ,greece conc]n+ _!      
nature1 made a "p ( ! sy/em ( ,physics4'
  ,dr4 ,campbell1 9 8 ',philosophy (    
,rhetoric1' v5tures to assign 'local    
habitation1' z well z '"n' to _s itself4
 ,nay1 he makes some?+ ( ,deity1 & !    
,s\l2 = _s1 says he1 :i* "h comprises   
only ! ,supreme ,be+ & ! human ,s\l1 is 

surely z mu* includ$ "u ! idea ( natural
 object z body is1 & is kn[able to !    
philosoph] purely 9 ! same way--by      
obs]vation & exp]i5ce4  ,x w\ld be      
difficult to exagg]ate ! importance ( ^!
 op9ions--!y are em95tly wor?y (        
att5tion4 ,if ,god is a _s--& _s 'is    
surely z mu* a natural object z body    
is'--! idea ( some?+ sup]natural _c = "o
 in/ant be ent]ta9$4 ,if ,god is really 
no m ?an a '"p' ( ! great sy/em ( !     
univ]se1 to immat]ialise ,him is absurd1
 inconsi/5t1 & idolatr\s4 ,let x be     
grant$ t ,god is '"p ( nature1 & a "p   
too1 productive ( mo/ important         
effects2' & :at ,logician w be fool-h>dy
 en\gh to decl>e ,him )\t body1 p>ts1 or
 passions8  ,nor are ,locke's dicta z to
 ! compass ( ! und]/&+ easi] to be      
expla9$ away ?an ^! ( ,dr4 ,campbell &  
,adam ,smi?4 ,if we _c "k m ?an '!      
nature ( ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves1' _!   
relations1 mann] ( op]ation1 c4 only    
ignorant or cunn+ m5 w pret5d           
acqua9tance ) ! sup]natural4 ,t no?+    

natural c possibly conceive :at is above
 nature is inde$ s palpably true z to   
des]ve a place among philosophical      
axioms4 ,imag9ation itself1 h[ev] l(ty1 
wild1 or d>+ its flights1 _c quit !     
univ]se--matt] is its prison1 :]e1 l    
,/]ne's />l+1 x is 'cag$ & c't get out4'
 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 imag9ation1 ?\gh a  
prison]1 has abundance ( room to        
legitimately ex]cise itself 94 ,b1 is x 
n obvi\s t if1 z ,des ,c>tes &          
,d',alemb]t cont5d$1 ! 'imitations (    
imag9ation are imitations entirely      
conf9$ to ! mat]ial _w1' all conceits   
ab\t a ,sup]natural somebody1 or        
,sup]natural somebodies1 are necess>ily 
false1 because ( purely natural orig91 &
 %\ld be view$ z at be/ 'm]e cobwebs (  
le>n+1 admirable inde$1 = ! f95ess ( !  
?read & "w1 b ( no sub/ance or pr(it4'  
#ed3a  ,x is un=tunate = ,!ologians t ! 
fundam5tal pr9ciple ( _! 'sci5ce' ei!r  
_c be compreh5d$1 or1 if compreh5d$1 _c 
be reconcil$ ) any kn[n pr9ciple (      
nature4 ',god is1' !y pomp\sly decl>e2 b

 :at ,he is !y are unable to tell u1 )\t
 contradict+ !mselves & ea* o!r4 ,"s say
 ,god mu/ be mat]ial2 "s say1 nay1 ,he  
mu/ be no su* ?+2 "s w h ,him spiritual1
 o!rs immat]ial1 o!rs aga9 nei!r        
spiritual nor mat]ial1 nor immat]ial1   
nor ev5 conceivable4 ,"s say1 if a ,_s1 
,he c only be kn[n by ,8 place & figure2
 "s n4 ,"s call ,him ! au?or ( ,s91 "s !
 p]mitt] ( s91 :ile "s are sure ,he c\ld
 n consi/5tly1 ) 8 own p]fections1 ei!r 
au?orize s9 or grant to s9n]s a p]mit4  
,"s say ,he made ! ,devil1 o!rs t ! ,mo/
 ,l[ b$evil'd himself2 o!rs t ,he creat$
 ,him angelic & upright1 b c\ld n keep  
him s4 ,"s say ,he h>d5s m5's he>ts1    
o!rs t !y h>d5 _! own he>ts2 o!rs aga91 
t to h>d5 m5's he>ts is ! ,devil's      
peculi> & exclusive privilege4 ,"s say  
,he has prep>$ a ,hell = all wick$ p1   
o!rs t ,hell w receive _m good z well z 
trick$1 :ile o!rs _c believe ei!r ! j or
 ! unju/1 ! fai?ful or ! unfai?ful1 w be
 consign$ to p]dition & made to endure  
torm5ts unutt]able by a ,god '^: t5d]   

m]cies are ov] all 8 works4' ,"s affirm 
,8 omnipot5cy1 "s d5y x2 "s say ,he is  
no respect] ( p]sons1 "s ! rev]se4 ,"s  
say ,he is ,imm5sity1 o!rs t ,he fills  
,imm5sity2 o!rs t ,he don't fill any?+1 
?\gh '! ,heav51 ( ,heav5s _c conta9     
,him2' o!rs aga91 t ,he nei!r conta9s   
nor is conta9$1 b 'dwells on 8 own      
?\ghts4' ,"s say ,he creat$ matt] out ( 
no?+2 "s say x is q a mi/ake--inasmu* z 
creation meant br++ ord] out ( *aos4 ,"s
 say ,he is n "o p]son1 b ?ree p]sons--!
 ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i*    
toge!r con/itute ,godhead2 o!rs t ,he is
 '"o & indivisible1' :ile o!rs believe  
,him 'our fa!r :i* art 9 heav51' b w h  
no?+ to d ) ! ,son & ! ,holy ,gho/1     
,unit>ians1 = example1 "o ( ^: popul>   
prea*]s 9 ! t[n ( ,man*e/]1 0 ab\t      
twelve mon?s ago *>g$ ) hav+ 9 ! c\rse (
 a s+le s]mon 'kill$1 two ,gods1 "o     
,devil1 & slack$ out ,hell ,fire4'  ,!  
names ( ,newton & ,cl>ke are held 9     
great e/eem by all :o are famili> ) !   
hi/ory ( me*anical & metaphysical       

philosophy4 ,z a man ( sci5ce1 !re is no
 individual1 anci5t or1 mod]n1 :o w\ld n
 suff] by comp>ison ) ,sir ,isaac       
,newton2 :ile common cons5t has assign$ 
to ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke ! fir/ place     
among religi\s metaphysicians4 ,x w\ld  
be difficult1 if n impossible2 to cite  
any o!r ,!i/s ( bett] approv$ reputation
 ?an ^! two1 & !re=e we introduce !m to 
! read]'s notice 9 ?is place2 = z !y    
rank$ among ! mo/ philosophic ( ,!i/s1 x
 might be expect$ t _! conceptions (    
,deity1 w\ld be cle>1 satisfactory1 &   
def9ite4--,let u see1 !n1 9 _! own      
writ+s1 :at ^? conceptions 74  ,newton  
conceiv$ ,god to be "o & ! same = ev]1 &
 ev]y:]e1 n only by 8 own virtue or     
en]gy1 b also 9 virtue ( 8              
sub/ance--,aga91 ',all ?+s are conta9$ 9
 him & move 9 him1 b )\t reciprocal     
action4' 7s$ s9e mutua passione7 ,god   
feels no?+ f ! movem5ts ( bodies2 nor d 
!y exp]i5ce any resi/ance f 8 univ]sal  
pres5ce4 #ef3a  ,pause read]1 & dem& (  
y\rself :e!r su* a conception ( ,deity  

is ei!r cle>1 satisfactory1 or          
def9ite1--,god4 is "o4--,v good--b "o   
:at8 ,f ! in=mation1 ',he is ! same =   
ev] & ev]y:]e1' we conclude t ,newton   
?\ght him a ,be+4 ,"h h[ev]1 matt] /ops 
! way2 = ! idea ( ,be+ is 9 all ( u     
insep>ably associat$ ) ! idea (         
sub/ance4 ,:5 told t ,god is an ',imm5se
 ,be+1' )\t p>ts1 & consequ5tly         
unsub/antial1 we try to ?9k ( su* a     
,be+2 b 9 va94 ,reason puts itself 9 a  
qu&>y1 ! mom5t x lab\rs to realise an   
idea ( absolute no?+ness2 yet m>vell\s  
to relate1 ,newton did di/9ctly decl>e 8
 ,deity 'totally de/itute ( body1' &    
urg$ t fact z a reason :y ,he _c be ei!r
 se51 t\*$1 or und]/ood1 & also z a     
reason :y ,he ought n to be ador$ "u any
 corporeal figure6  ,! prop] function ( 
',sup]naturality or ,wond]1' accord+ to 
,phr5ologi/s1 is to create a belief 9 ! 
reality ( sup]natural be+s1 & begets    
fondness = news1 p>ticul>ly if          
extravagant4 ,mo/ likely !n1 su* read]s 
( our ,apology z h t organ 'l>ge' w be  

delight$ ) ,newton's rhodomontade ab\t a
 ,god :o resi/s no?+1 feels no?+1 & yet 
) condesc5sion truly div9e1 n only      
conta9s all ?+s1 b p]mits !m to move 9  
,8 motionless & 'univ]sal pres5ce'2 =   
'news' m extravagant1 nev] fell f ! lips
 ( an idiot1 or adorn$ ! pages ( a      
pray]-book4  ,by ! same great savan1 we 
are taught t ,god gov]ns all1 n z ! s\l 
( ! _w1 b z ! ,"l & sov]eign ( all ?+s2 
t x is 9 consequ5ce ( ,8 sov]eignty ,he 
is call$ ! ,"l ,god1 ! ,univ]sal        
,emp]or--t ! ^w ,god is relative1 &     
relates itself ) slaves--& t ! ,deity is
 ! dom9ion or ! sov]eignty ( ,god1 n ov]
 8 own body1 z ^? ?9k :o look ^u ,god z 
! s\l ( ! _w1 b ov] slaves--f all :i*   
slavi% reason+1 a pla9 man :o _h n be5  
in=m$ x 0 concoct$ by ,europe's pet     
philosoph]1 w\ld infallibly conclude "s 
un=tunate lunatic _h giv5 bir? to x4 ,t 
!re is no creature n[ t5ant+ ,b$lam :o  
w\ld or c\ld scribble pur] nons5se ab\t 
,god ?an ?is ( ,newton's1 we are well   
conv9c$--= h[ c\ld ! mo/ fr5zi$ ( bra9s 

imag9e any?+ m repugnant to e pr9ciple (
 good s5se ?an a self-exi/5t1 et]nal1   
omnipot5t1 omnipres5t ,be+1 creator (   
all ! worlds1 :o acts ! "p ( 'univ]sal  
emp]or1' & plays ^u an inf9itely l>ge   
scale1 ! same sort ( game z ,ni*olas (  
,russia1 or ,mohamm$ ( ,egypt plays ^u a
 small scale4 ,!re _c be slav]y :]e !re 
is no tyranny1 & to say z ,newton did1 t
 we /& 9 ! same relation to a univ]sal  
,god1 z a slave does to 8 e>?ly ma/]1 is
 practically to accuse su* ,god1 at     
reason's b>1 ( tyranny4 ,if ! ^w ( ,god 
is relative1 & relates itself ) slaves1 
x inconte/ably foll[s t all human be+s  
are slaves1 & ,deity is by su* reason]s 
degrad$ into ! "* ( univ]sal            
slave-driv]4 ,really !ologians & o!rs :o
 declaim s bitt]ly aga9/ 'blasphem]s1' &
 take su* v /r+5t measures to puni%     
'infidels1' :o speak or write ( _! ,god1
 %\ld s]i\sly consid] :e!r ! wor/1 t is1
 ! lea/ religi\s ( infidel writ]s1 ev]  
p5n$ a p>agraph s disp>ag+ to ! "* ( t  
,god !y affect to adore1 z ! la/ quot$  

p>agraph ( ,newton's4 ,if ev5 x c\ld be 
demon/rat$ t !re is a sup]-human ,be+1 x
 _c be prop] to clo! him 9 ! noble/     
human attributes--/ill less c x be      
ju/ifiable 9 pigmies1 su* z we are1 to  
inve/ ,him ) odi\s attributes belong+   
only to despots rul+ ov] slaves4        
,besides1 h[ c we imag9e a ,god :o is   
'totally de/itute ( body & ( corporeal  
figure1' to h any k9d ( attributes8     
,e>?ly emp]ors we "k to be sub/antial & 
common-place sort ( be+s en\gh1 b is x n
 %e] abuse ( reason to argue z ?\gh ! "*
 ( ,god 7 at all analog\s to !irs2 or r1
 is x n a %ock+ abuse ( our reason+     
faculties to employ !m at all ab\t a    
,be+ ^: exi/5ce1 if x really h an       
exi/5ce1 is p]fectly enigmatical1 &     
all[$ to be s by ^? v m5 :o pret5d to   
expla9 its "* & attributes8 ,we f9d no  
less a sage ?an ,newton explicitly      
decl>+ z inconte/able tru?1 t ,god exi/s
 necess>ily--t ! same necessity obliges 
him to exi/ always & ev]y:]e--t he is   
all eyes1 all e>s1 all bra9s1 all arms1 

all feel+1 all intellig5ce1 all         
action--t he exi/s 9 a mode by no means 
corporeal1 & yet ?is same sage1 9 !     
self-same p>agraph1 ackn[l$ges ,god is  
totally unkn[n to u4  ,n[1 we %\ld l to 
be in=m$ by :at reasonable "r ,newton   
c\ld p5 a long /r+ ( 'inconte/ible      
tru?s1' su* z are "h select$ f 8 writ+s1
 ) respect to a ,be+ ( :om1 by 8 own    
confession1 he _h n a p>ticle ( k4      
,surely x is n ! "p ( a wise man to     
write ab\t t :i* is 'totally unkn[n' to 
him1 & yet t is precisely :at ,newton   
did1 :5 he wrote ab\t ,god4  ,!re is1   
h[ev]1 "o rem>k ( 8 respect+ ! ,god he  
?\ght necess>ily exi/$1 wor?y ( notice1 
:i* is1 t 'human be+s rev]e & adore ,gad
 on acc\nt ( 8 7suppos$7 sov]eignty1 &  
wor%ip him l 8 slaves2' = to all b      
wor%ipp]s1 ! practice z well z pr9ciple 
( wor%ip does appe> pre-em95tly slavi%4 
,inde$1 ! ,au?or has always f\nd himself
 unable to dissociate ! idea ( wor%ipp+ 
be+s or ?+s ( :i* no "o has ! mo/ remote
 conception1 f t ( g5u9e hypocrisy4     

,*ri/ians despise ! rude ,hea!n = pray+ 
to a ,deity ( wood or /one1 :om he      
s\ndly cudgels if 8 pray] is n grant$2 &
 yet _! own treatm5t ( ,jehovah1 ?\gh r 
m respectful1 is equally ridicul\s4 ,:5 
pray+1 !y lay aside tru?1 s9c]ity1 &    
sanity4 ,_! language is ! language (    
fawn+1 ly+1 imbecile1 c[>dly slaves4    
,int5d+ to exalt1 !y debase ! imag9>y   
object ( _! adoration4 ,!y presume ,him 
to be un/able z !mselves1 & no less     
gre$y ( adulation ?an ,!mi/ocles !      
,a!nian1 :o1 :5 presid+ at c]ta9 games (
 8 c\ntrym51 0 ask$ :i* voice pleas$ him
 be/8 ',t1' repli$ he1 ':i* s+s my      
praises4' ,!y love to enl>ge on '! moral
 efficacy ( pray]1' & w\ld h u ?9k _!   
'omnipot5t tyrant' be/ pleas$ ) su* ( 8 
'own image' z be/ 's+ 8 praises4' ,( _! 
'liv+ ,god' !y make an amplifi$         
,!mi/ocles1 & ?us r$uce 7consci5ti\sly1 
no d\bt17 ! ,creator to a level ) ,8    
creature4  ,! au?or is )\t ,god2 b did  
he believe !re is "o1 /ill w\ld he scorn
 to affect = ,him a love & a rev]5ce t  

no?+ natural c feel = ! sup]natural2    
/ill w\ld he scorn to c>ry fav\r )      
,deity by hypocritical & mo/ fulsome    
adulation4  ,f9ely did ,es*ylus say (   
,ari/ides--            ,to be & n to    
seem is ?is man's maxim2           ,8   
m9d reposes on its prop] wisdom1        
,& wants no o!r praise4  ,tell u1 ye m5 
( my/]y1 %all a ,god ne$ praises b5ea? !
 dignity ( a man8 ,%all ! ,creator (    
,nature act less wor?ily ?an "o ( 8     
creatures8 ,to d ,god homage1 we are q  
aw>e1 is reckon$ by ,*ri/ians among _!  
highe/ duties4 ,b1 nev]!less1 x seems to
 u impossible t any "o c love an exi/5ce
 or creature ( :i* he nev] _h any       
exp]i5ce4 ,love is a feel+ g5]at$ 9 !   
human brea/1 by c]ta9 objects t /rike ! 
s5se--& 9 no o!r conceivable way c love 
be g5]at$6 ,b ,god1 accord+ to ,newton1 
is nei!r an object nor a subject1 &     
?\gh1 all eyes1 all e>s1 all bra9s1 all 
arms1 all feel+1 all intellig5ce1 & all 
action1 he is totally unkn[n to u4 ,if  
,*ri/ians all[ ?is to be a true         

description ( ! ,god !y wor%ip1 we wi%  
to und]/& h[ !y c love ,him s vehem5tly 
z !y affect to d--or h[ !y c pay any o!r
 ?an lip homage to s my/]i\s a ,deity8  
,x is usual = slaves to feign an        
affection = _! ma/]s t !y d n1 _c       
feel--b t believ]s 9 a ,god %\ld imag9e 
t he :o 'se>*e? all he>ts1' c be        
ignorant ( :at is pass+ 9 !irs1 or make 
! trem5d\s mi/ake ( suppos+ t _! lip    
homage1 or int]e/$ expressions ( love1  
are n prop]ly appreciat$ by ! ,mo/ ,high
 ,god1 & ',univ]sal ,emp]or1' is inde$ v
 /range4 ,to ov]rea* or deceive a ,god  
:o creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 is altoge!r 
beyond ! p[] ( puny mortals4 ,let n     
!re=e ^? :o b5d ! knee1 :ile ! he>t is  
unb5t1 & raise ! voice ( ?ankful        
devotion1 :ile all )9 is fro/ &         
b>r5ness1 fancy !y h /ol5 a m>* ^u _!   
,deity2 = surely if ! "l live?1 he      
judge? rightly ( ^! ?+s4 ,b x 7 va9 to  
expect t ^? :o ?9k ,god is relat$ to 8  
creatures z a despot is relat$ to 8     
slaves1 w hope to please t ,god by aught

 save paltry1 cr++1 & di%one/ly         
despicable practices4 ,yet1 no o!r ?an a
 despotic ,god has ! great ,newton      
taught u to adore--no o!r ?an m]e slaves
 ( su* a ,god1 has he taught u to deem  
ourselves4 ,s mu* = ! ,!ism ( ,europe's 
*ief religi\s philosoph]4 ,turn we n[ to
 ! ,!ism ( ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke4  ,he    
wrote a book ab\t ! be+ & attributes (  
,god1 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to e/abli%1    
fir/1 t 'some?+ has exi/$ f all         
et]nity2' second1 t '!re has exi/$ f    
et]nity "s "o un*angeable & indep5d5t   
,be+2' ?ird1 t 'su* un*angeable &       
indep5d5t ,be+1 :i* has exi/$ f all     
et]nity1 )\t any ext]nal cause ( its    
exi/5ce1 mu/ be necess>ily exi/5t2'     
f\r?1 t ':at is ! sub/ance or ess5ce ( t
 ,be+1 :i* is necess>ily exi/+1 or      
self-exi/5t1 we h no idea--nei!r is x   
possible = u to compreh5d x2' fif?1 t '!
 self-exi/5t ,be+ mu/ ( necessity be    
et]nal z well z inf9ite & omnipres5t2'  
six?1 t ',he mu/ be "o1 & z he is !     
self-exi/5t & orig9al cause ( all ?+s1  

mu/ be intellig5t2' sev5?1 t ',god is n 
a necess>y ag5t1 b a ,be+ end[$ ) lib]ty
 & *oice2' eigh?1 t ',god is inf9ite 9  
p[]1 inf9ite 9 wisdom1 &1 z ,he is      
supreme cause ( all ?+s1 mu/ ( necessity
 be a ,be+ inf9itely j1 tru?ful1 &      
good--?us compris+ )9 himself all su*   
moral p]fections z becomes ! supreme    
gov]nor & judge ( ! _w4'  ,^! are !     
lead+ dogmas conta9$ 9 ,cl>ke's book--& 
z !y are deem$ inv9cible by a           
respectable1 ?\gh n v num]\s1 section ( 
,!i/s1 we w briefly exam9e ! m important
 ( !m4  ,! dogma t some?+ has exi/$ f   
all et]nity1 z already %[n1 is p]fectly 
intelligible1 & may defy                
contradiction--b ! real difficulty is to
 satisfactorily det]m9e :at t some?+ is4
 ,matt] exi/s2 & z no "o c ev5 imag9e   
its non-exi/5ce or annihilation1 !      
mat]iali/ inf]s t mu/ be ! et]nal       
some?+4 ,newton z well z ,cl>ke ?\ght ! 
ev]la/+ ,be+ de/itute ( body1 &         
consequ5tly )\t p>ts1 figure1 motion1   
divisibility1 or any o!r su* prop]ties z

 we f9d 9 matt]--ergo1 !y did n believe 
matt] to be ! et]nal some?+2 b if n     
matt]1 aga9 we ask1 :at c x be8 ,(      
bodilessness or incorporiety no "o1 ev5 
among ^? :o say _! ,god is incorporeal1 
pret5d to h an idea4 ,abady insi/$ t !  
"q is n :at incorporiety is1 b :e!r x   
be8 ,well1 we h no objection to p>ties  
tak+ t position1 because !re is no?+ m  
easy ?an to dislodge ^? :o ?9k fit to d 
s--= ?is reason3 ! advocates ( no?+1 or 
incorporiety1 c no m e/abli% by argum5ts
 drawn f unque/ion$ facts1 t            
incorporiety is ?an !y c cle>ly %[ :at x
 is4 ,x has always /ruck ! ,au?or z     
rem>kable t m5 %\ld s ob/9ately refuse  
to admit ! possibility ( matt]'s        
necess>y exi/5ce1 :ile !y readily       
embrace1 n only z possibly1 b c]ta9ly1  
true1 ! p>adoxical proposition t a      
some?+1 hav+ no?+ 9 common ) any?+1 is  
necess>ily exi/5t4 ,matt] is ev]y:]e    
ar\nd & ab\t u4 ,we ourselves are       
matt]--all our ideas are d]iv$ f        
matt]--& yet su* is ! s+ul>ly p]v]se "* 

( human intellect t1 :ile resolutely    
d5y+ ! possibility ( matt]'s et]nity1 an
 imm5se numb] ( our race embrace !      
incr$ible proposition t matt] 0 creat$ 9
 "t by a necess>ily exi/+ ,be+ :o is )\t
 body1 p>ts1 passions1 or positive      
nature6  ,! second dogma in=ms u t ?is  
always-exi/+ ,be+ is un*angeable &      
indep5d5t4 ,"o unavoidable inf]5ce f :i*
 is t ,deity is itself immoveable1 z    
well z unconnect$ ) ! univ]se--= a      
moveable ,be+ mu/ be a *angeable ,be+ by
 ! v fact ( its motion2 :ile an         
indep5d5t ,be+ mu/ be motiveless1 z x is
 evid5t all motives result f our        
relation%ip to ?+s ext]nal2 b an        
indep5d5t ,be+ c h no relations1 &      
consequ5tly mu/ act )\t motives4 ,n[1 z 
no human action c be imag9$ )\t necess>y
 precursors 9 ! %ape ( motives1 reason+ 
f analogy1 x seems impossible t !       
un*angeable & indep5d5t ,be+1 ,cl>ke 0 s
 sure mu/ ev] h exi/$1 c\ld h creat$ !  
univ]se1 see+ he c\ld h _h no motive or 
inducem5t to create x4  ,! ?ird dogma   

may be rat$ a truism--x be+ evid5tly    
true t a ?+ or ,be+1 :i* has exi/$ f    
et]nity )\t any ext]nal cause ( its     
exi/5ce1 mu/ be self-exi/5t2 b ( c\rse t
 dogma leaves ! disput$ "q1 namely1 :e!r
 matt]1 or some?+ n matt]1 is           
self-exi/5t1 j :]e x f\nd x4  ,! f\r?   
dogma is n que/ion$ by ,a!i/s1 z !y are 
q conv9c$ t x is n possible = u to      
compreh5d ! sub/ance or ess5ce ( an     
immat]ial ,be+4  ,! o!r dogmas we ne$ n 
enl>ge ^u1 z !y are little m ?an        
repetitions or expansions ( ! prec$+ "o4
 ,inde$1 mu* ( ! =ego+ w\ld be          
sup]flu\s1 7 x n t x s]ves to illu/rate1
 s completely & cle>ly1 ,!i/ical        
absurdities4 ,! only dogma wor?         
ov]turn+1 ( ! eight "h notic$1 is !     
fir/1 = if t fall1 ! re/ mu/ fall ) x4  
,if1 = example1 ! read] is conv9c$ t x  
is m probable matt] is mutable z reg>ds 
=m1 b et]nal z reg>ds ess5ce1 ?an t x 0 
will$ into exi/5ce by a ,be+ said to be 
et]nal & immutable1 he at once becomes  
an ,a!i/--= if matt] always 01 no ,be+  

c\ld h be5 be=e x1 nor c any exi/ aft]  
x4 ,x is because m5 9 g5]al are %ock$ at
 ! idea ( matt] )\t beg9n+ & )\t end1 t 
!y s readily embrace ! idea ( a ,god1   
=gett+ t if ! idea ( et]nal matt] %ock  
our s5se ( ! probable1 ! idea ( an      
et]nal ,be+ :o exi/$ be=e matt]1 if well
 consid]$1 is suffici5t to %ock all s5se
 ( ! possible4  ,! man :o is cont5t$ ) !
 univ]se1 :o /ops at t has at lea/ !    
satisfaction ( deal+ ) some?+           
tangible--b he :o don't f9d ! univ]se   
l>ge en\gh = him to expatiate 91 & :irls
 8 bra9s into a belief t !re is a       
necess>ily exi/+ some?+ beyond ! limits 
( a _w unlimit$1 is 9 a m5tal condition 
no reasonable man ne$ envy4  ,( !       
univ]se1 or at lea/ s mu* ( x z our     
s5ses h be5 op]at$ ^u by1 we h          
conceptions cle>1 vivid1 & di/9ct2 b :5 
,dr4 ,cl>ke tells u ( an intellig5t     
,be+1 n "p b creator ( t univ]se1 we c  
=m no cle>1 vivid1 di/9ct1 or1 9 po9t ( 
fact1 any conception ( su* a ,be+4 ,:5  
he expla9s t x is inf9ite & omnipres5t1 

l poor ,paddy's fam$ ale1 ! explanation 
'?ick5s z x cle>s2' = be+ ourselves     
f9ite1 & necess>ily pres5t on "o small  
spot ( our v small planet1 ! words      
inf9ite & omnipres5t d n sugge/ to u    
ei!r positive or practical ideas--(     
c\rse1 !re=e1 we h nei!r positive nor   
practical ideas ( an inf9ite &          
omnipres5t ,be+4  ,we c z easily und]/& 
t ! univ]se ev] did exi/1 z we n[ und]/&
 t x does exi/--b we _c conceive its    
abs5ce = ! million? "p ( an in/ant--&   
really x puzzles "o to conceive :at ^? p
 c be dream+ ab\t :o talk z famili>ly   
ab\t ! ext9ction ( a univ]se z ! *emi/  
does ( ext+ui%+ ! flame ( 8 _s-lamp4  ,!
 unsatisfactory "* ( all speculations   
hav+ = _! object 'non5tities ) =midable 
names1' %\ld long ere ?is h op5$ m5's   
eyes to ! folly ( multiply+ causes )\t  
necessity-- ano!r rule ( philosophis+1 =
 :i* we are indebt$ to ,newton1 b to :i*
 no religi\s philosophis] pays due      
att5tion4 ,newton himself1 9 8 ,!i/ical 
"*1 wrote & talk$ z ?\gh mo/ blissfully 

ignorant ( t rule4 ,! passages giv5     
above f 8 ',pr9cipia' palpably violate  
x4 ,b ,!i/s1 h[ev] le>n$1 pay little    
reg>d to any rules ( philosophis+1 :i*  
put 9 p]il _! fundam5tal crot*et4 ,if !y
 did1 ,a!ism w\ld ne$ no apologi/1 &    
,!ism h no def5d]s2 = ,!ism1 9 all its  
v>ieties1 presupposes a sup]natural     
,caus] ( :at exp]i5ce pron\nces natural 
effects4  ,! ,au?or is aw>e t ',natural 
,!ologians' seek to ju/ify _! rebellion 
aga9/ ! rules ( philosophis+1 to :i* !  
read]'s att5tion has be5 specially      
direct$1 by appeal+ to 7:at !y call7    
evid5ces ( design 9 ! univ]sal fabric4  
,b ?\gh !y ?9k s highly ( ! design      
argum5t1 x is n ! less true t t argum5t 
re/s on m]e assumption ( a disput$ fact2
 t ev5 ?\gh x 7 prov$ ! univ]se 0       
design$1 /ill :e!r design$ by "o ,god1  
two ,gods1 or two million ( ,gods1 w\ld 
be un%[n2 & t ,paley1 '! mo/ fam\s (    
natural ,!ologians'--,paley1 :o wrote z 
nev] man wrote be=e on ! design "q1 has 
be5 satisfactorily refut$ 9 8 own words4

 #fc3a  ,a di/+ui%$ mod]n ,fabuli/ #fc3b
 has introduc$ to u a philosophical m\se
 :o prais$ b5efic5t ,deity because ( 8  
great reg>d = mice3 = "o half ( u1 quo? 
he1 receiv$ ! gift ( w+s1 s t if we :o h
 none1 %\ld by cats happ5 to be         
ext]m9at$1 h[ easily c\ld our ',heav5ly 
,fa!r1' out ( ! bats re-e/abli% our     
ext]m9at$ species4  ,voltaire _h no     
objection to fable if x 7 symbolic (    
tru?2 & "h is fable1 :i*1 accord+ to its
 au?or1 is symbolic ( ! little reg>d$   
tru?1 t our pride re/s ma9ly on our     
ignorance1 =1 z he sagely says1 '! good 
m\se knew n t !re are also w+$ cats4'   
,if %e _h h] speculations conc]n+ !     
b5efic5ce ( ,deity w\ld h be5 less      
or?odox1 mayhap1 b decid$ly m rational4 
,! wisdom ( ?is pi\s m\se is v simil> to
 t ( ! ,!ologian :o knew n h[           
suffici5tly to admire ,god's goodness 9 
caus+ l>ge riv]s almo/ always to fl[ 9 !
 neighb\rhood ( l>ge t[ns4  ,to jump at 
conclusions on no o!r au?ority ?an _!   
own ignorant assumptions1 & to ,deify   

errors on no o!r au?ority ?an _! own    
heat$ imag9ations1 has 9 all ages be5 ! 
practice ( ,!ologians4 ,( t practice !y 
are pr\d1 z 0 ! m\se ( our ,fabuli/4    
,clo!d 9 no o!r panoply ?an _! own      
conceits2 !y deem !mselves invuln]able4 
,:ile utt]+ ! wilde/ incoh]5cies _!     
self-complac5cy rema9s undi/urb$4 ,!y   
rem9d "o ( t ambiti\s cr[ :o1 ?9k+ m    
highly ( himself ?an 0 q prop]1 /rutt$ s
 pr\dly ab\t ) ! peacock's fea!rs 9 :i* 
he _h b$eck$ himself4--,l him1 !y plume 
!mselves ^u _! own egregi\s folly1 & l  
him %\ld get well pluck$ = _! pa9s4     
,let any "o pati5tly exam9e _! mu* talk$
 ( argum5t f design1 & he w be satisfi$ 
t ^! are no idle *>ges4 ,t argum5t has =
 its gr\nd-"w begg>ly assumptions & =   
its ma9 pill>1 reason+ no less begg>ly4 
,nature mu/ h _h a cause1 because x     
evid5tly is an effect4 ,! cause (       
,nature mu/ h be5 "o ,god2 because two  
,gods1 or two million ,gods1 c\ld n h   
agre$ to cause x4 ,t cause mu/ be       
omnipot5t1 wise1 & good1 because all ?+s

 are d\ble "o aga9/ ano!r1 & ,he has    
left no?+ imp]fect4 ,m5 make wat*es1    
build %ips or h\ses1 out ( pre-exi/+    
metals1 wood1 hemp1 bricks1 mort>1 & o!r
 mat]ials1 !re=e ,god made nature out ( 
no mat]ials at all4 ,unassi/$ nature _c 
produce ! ph5om5a we behold1 !re=e su*  
ph5om5a cle>ly prove !re is some?+      
sup]natural4 ,n to believe 9 a ,god :o  
design$ ,nature1 is to close bo? e>s &  
eyes aga9/ evid5ce1 !re=e ,a!i/s are    
wilfully deaf & ob/9ately bl9d4  ,^! are
 samples ( ! flimsy /uff1 our tea*]s (  
:at nobody kn[s1 w\ld palm ^u u z       
argum5t =1 yea demon/ration (1 ! ,be+ & 
,attributes ( ,god4  ,design1 said      
,%elley1 mu/ be prov$ be=e a design] c  
be inf]r$--! matt] 9 controv]sy1 is !   
exi/5ce ( design 9 ! univ]se1 & x is n  
p]mitt$ to assume ! conte/$ premises &  
!nce inf] ! matt] 9 dispute4 ,insidi\sly
 to employ ! words contrivance1 design &
 adaptation1 be=e ^! circum/ances are   
app>5t 9 ! univ]se1 !nce ju/ly inf]r+ a 
contriv]1 is a popul> sophism aga9/ :i* 

x behoves u to be wat*ful4  ,to ass]t t 
motion is an attribute ( m9d1 t matt] is
 in]t1 t e comb9ation is ! result (     
intellig5ce1 is also an assumption ( !  
matt] 9 dispute4  ,:y d we admit design 
9 any ma*9e ( human contrivance8 simply 
because innum]able in/ances ( ma*9es    
hav+ be5 con/ruct$ by human art are     
pres5t to our m9d--because we are       
acqua9t$ ) p]sons :o c\ld con/ruct su*  
ma*9es2 b if hav+ no previ\s k ( any    
artificial contrivance1 we _h accid5tly 
f\nd a wat* ^u ! gr\nd1 we %\ld h be5   
ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t x 0 a ?+ ( nature1 
t x 0 a comb9ation ( matt] ) ^: cause we
 7 unacqua9t$1 & t any attempt to acc\nt
 = ! orig9 ( its exi/5ce w\ld be equally
 presumptu\s & unsatisfactory4 #fd3a  ,!
 acut5ess &1 accuracy ( ?is reason+ c   
only be disput$ by p]sons w$d$ to sy/em1
 :o ei!r lack capacity to und]/& :at is 
advanc$ 9 opposition to x1 or1          
,be+ conv9c$ aga9/ _! w1           ,are 
( ! same op9ion /ill4  ,exp]i5ce1 ! only
 safe guide on religi\s z well z o!r    

topics1 l5ds no sanction to belief 9    
design ap>t f mat]ial ag5cy4 ,by        
artfully tak+ = grant$ :at no ,a!i/ c   
admit & assum+ cases altoge!r dissimil> 
to be p]fectly analog\s1 our natural    
!ologians f9d no difficulty 9 prov+ t   
,god is1 01 & ev] w be2 t aft]          
contemplat+ ,8 own p]fections1 a p]iod  
suffici5tly long = 'et]nity to beg9 &   
end 91' ,he said1 let !re be matt]1 &   
!re 0 matt]2 t ) ,him all ?+s are       
possible1 & ,he1 ( c\rse1 might easily h
 kept1 z well z made1 man upright &     
happy1 b c\ld n consi/5tly ) 8 own      
wisdom1 or ) due reg>d to 8 own         
glorification4 ,wise 9 _! g5]ation1 ^!  
'bl9d lead]s ( ! bl9d' ascribe to ?is   
,deity ( _! own inv5tion1 p[]s          
impossible1 acts inconceivable1 &       
qualities incompatible2 ?us erect+      
doctr9al sy/ems on no s\nd] basis ?an _!
 own ignorance2 deify+ _! own mon/r\s   
errors1 & fill+ ! e>? ) mis]y1 madness1 
& crime4  ,! writ] :o decl>$ !ology     
ignorance ( natural causes r$uc$ to     

sy/em1 did n /rike wide ( ! true m>k4 ,x
 is pla9 t ! argum5t f design1 s va/ly  
fav\r$ by !ologians1 am\nts to nei!r m  
nor less ?an ignorance ( natural causes 
r$uc$ to sy/em4 ,an argum5t to be s\nd  
mu/ be s\ndly premis$4 ,b "h is an      
argum5t ^: prim>y premise is a false    
premise--a m]e begg+ ( ! v "q 9 dispute4
 ,did ,a!i/s admit ! univ]se 0 contriv$1
 design$1 or adapt$1 !y c\ld n d5y !re  
mu/ h be5 at lea/ "o ,be+ to contrive1  
design1 or adapt2 b !y see no analogy   
betwe5 a wat* made ) h&s out ( some?+1 &
 a univ]se made )\t h&s out (           
no?+--,a!i/s are unable to p]ceive !    
lea/ resemblance betwe5 ! circum/ance ( 
"o intellig5t body re-=m+ or *ang+ !    
condition ( "s o!r body1 intellig5t or  
non-intellig5t1 & ! circum/ance ( a     
bodiless ,be+ creat+ all bodies2 ( a    
p>tless ,be+ act+ ^u all p>ts2 & ( a    
passionless ,be+ g5]at+ & regulat+ all  
passions4 ,a!i/s consid] ! g5]al c\rse (
 nature1 ?\gh /rangely unhe$$1 does     
proclaim ) 'mo/ miracul\s organ1' t     

dogmatis]s ab\t any su* 'figm5t (       
imag9ation1' w\ld1 9 a rational         
community1 be view$ ) ! same feel+s (   
compassion1 :i*1 ev5 9 ^! irrational    
days1 are exhibit$ t[>ds confirm$       
lunatics4  ,! ,au?or 0 rec5tly pass+ an 
ev5+ ) "s pleasant p 9 ,a%ton-"u-,lyne1 
"o ( :om relat$ t be=e ! s*oolma/] _h   
mu* progress 9 t devil du/$             
neighb\rhood1 a lab\r+ man walk+ out "o 
f9e night1 saw on ! gr\nd a wat*1 ^:    
tick+ 0 di/9ctly audible2 b nev] be=e   
hav+ se5 any?+ ( ! k9d he ?\ght x a liv+
 creature1 & full ( fe> ran back among 8
 neighb\rs1 exclaim+ t he _h se5 a mo/  
m>vell\s ?+1 = :i* he c\ld conceive ( no
 bett] "n ?an ,,clickmitoad4 ,aft]      
recov]+ f _! surprise & t]ror1 ?is 'bold
 peasant' & 8 neighb\rs1 all arm$ )     
pok]s or e!r =midable weapons1 crept up 
to ! ill-/>r$ tick]1 & sma%$ x to       
pieces4  ,! moral ( ?is anecdote is no  
my/]y4 ,our clickmitoadi/ _h nev] se5   
wat*es1 knew no?+ ab\t wat*es1 & he>+ z 
well z see+ "o = ! fir/ "t1 naturally   

judg$ x mu/ be an animal4 ,read]s :o may
 feel incl9$ to laugh at 8 simplicity1  
%\ld ask !mselves :e!r1 if accu/om$ to  
see wat*es gr[+ ^u wat* trees1 !y w\ld  
feel m a/oni%$ ?an !y usually d :5      
obs]v+ cry/als 9 process ( =mation1 or  
cocoa-nuts gr[+ ^u cocoa-nut trees2 & if
 z inexp]i5c$ ) respect to wat*es1 or   
works ( art1 m or less analog\s to      
wat*es1 !y w\ld n "u 8 circum/ances h   
act$ v mu* z he did4 ,admirably is x    
said 9 ! unpubli%$ "w be=e ref]r$ to1 t 
! analogy :i* !ologians attempt to      
e/abli% betwe5 ! contrivances ( human   
art & ! v>i\s exi/5ces ( ! univ]se is   
inadmissable4 ,we attribute ^! effects  
to human intellig5ce1 because we "k     
be=eh& t human intellig5ce is capable ( 
produc+ !m4 ,take away ?is k1 & ! gr\nds
 ( our reason+ w be de/roy$4 ,our entire
 ignorance !re=e ( ! ,div9e ,nature     
leaves ?is analogy defective 9 its mo/  
ess5tial po9t ( comp>ison4  ,suppos+1   
h[ev]1 t !ologians 7 to succe$ 9        
e/abli%+ an analogy betwe5 '!           

contrivances ( human art & ! v>i\s      
exi/5ces ( ! univ]se1' is x n evid5t t  
,sp9oza's axiom--( ?+s :i* hav+ no?+ 9  
common "o _c be ! cause ( ! o!rs--is    
incompatible ) belief 9 ! ,deity ( our  
,?irty-,n9e ,articles1 or1 inde$1 belief
 9 any unnatural ,design] or ,caus] (   
,mat]ial ,nature4 ,only exi/5ce c h     
any?+ 9 common ) exi/5ce4  ,n[ an       
exi/5ce1 prop]ly s call$1 mu/ h at lea/ 
two attributes1 & :atev] exhibits two or
 m attributes is matt]4 ,! two          
attributes necess>y to exi/5ce are      
solidity & ext5sion4 ,take f matt] ^!   
attributes1 & matt] itself vani%es4 ,?is
 fact 0 specially te/ifi$ to by         
,prie/ley1 :o ackn[l$g$ ! prim>y tru?s (
 ,mat]ialism ?\gh av]se to ! legitimate 
consequ5ces fl[+ f _! recognition4      
,accord+ to ?is argum5t1 !n1 no?+ exi/s 
:i* has n solidity & ext5sion1 & no?+ is
 ext5d$ & solid b matt]1 :i* 9 "o /ate  
=ms a cry/al1 9 ano!r a blade ( grass1 9
 a ?ird a butt]fly1 & 9 o!r /ates o!r   
=ms4 ,! ess5ce ( grass1 or ! ess5ce (   

cry/al1 9 o!r words1 ^? native en]gies (
 _! sev]al =ms con/itut+ & keep+ !m :at 
!y are1 c no m be expla9$ ?an c !       
ess5tiality ( human nature4  ,b ! ,a!i/1
 because he f9ds x impossible to expla9 
! action ( matt]1 because unable to /ate
 :y x exhibits su* va/ & v>i\s en]gies z
 x is se5 to exhibit1 is none ! less    
assur$ x naturally & !re=e necess>ily   
acts ?us en]getically4 ,no ,a!i/ pret5ds
 to und]/& h[ bread n\ri%es 8 frame1 b (
 ! fact t bread does n\ri% x he is well 
assur$4 ,he und]/&s n h[ or :y two be+s 
%\ld by conjunction give vitality to a  
?ird be+ m or less analog\s to !mselves1
 b ! fact />es him 9 ! face4  ,our      
'sophi/s 9 surplices1' :o c no o!rwise  
bol/] up _! sup]natural sy/em ?an by    
outrag+ all su* rules ( philosophis+ z  
=bid u to *oose ! great] ( two          
difficulties1 or to multiply causes )\t 
necessity1 are precisely ! m5 to expla9 
ev]y?+4 ,b un=tunately _! explanations d
 = ! mo/ "p /& m 9 ne$ ( explanation ?an
 ! ?+ expla9$4 ,?us !y expla9 ! orig9 ( 

matt] by ref]5ce to an occult1 imm5se1 &
 imm5sely my/]i\s phantasm )\t body1    
p>ts or passions1 :o sees ?\gh n to be  
se51 he>s ?\gh n to be he>d1 feels ?\gh 
n to be felt1 moves ?\gh n to be mov$1  
kn[s ?\gh n to be kn[n1 & 9 %ort1 does  
ev]y?+1 ?\gh n to be done by any?+4     
,well might ,godw9 say ! rage ( acc\nt+ 
= :at1 l immortal ,gibbs1 is obvi\sly   
unacc\ntable1 s common among            
'philosoph]s' ( ?is /amp1 has br\ght    
philosophy itself into discr$it4  ,!re  
is an argum5t aga9/ ! notion ( a        
,sup]natural ,caus] :i* ! ,au?or ( ?is  
,apology does n rememb] to h met )1 b   
:i* he consid]s an argum5t ( great      
=ce--x is ?is4 ,cause means *ange1 & z  
!re manife/ly c\ld n be *ange be=e !re 0
 any?+ to *ange1 to conceive ! univ]se  
caus$ is impossible4  ,t ! s5se "h      
atta*$ to ! ^w cause is n a novel "o e  
read] kn[s :o has se5 an elaborate &    
ably writt5 article by ,mr4 ,g4,h4      
,lewes1 on ',sp9oza's ,life & ,works1'  
#fh3a :]e effect is def9$ z cause       

realis$1 ! natura naturans conceiv$ z   
natura naturata2 & cause or causation is
 def9$ z simply *ange4 ,:51 says ,mr4   
,lewis1 ! *ange is complet$1 we "n !    
result effect4 ,x is only a matt] (     
nam+4  ,^! def9itions conc$$ accurate1 !
 conclusion t nei!r cause nor effect    
exi/1 seems inevitable1 = *ange ( be+ is
 n be+ itself1 any m ?an attraction is !
 ?+ attract$4 ,"o might z               
philosophically erect attraction into   
reality & fall d[n & wor%ip x1 z *ange1 
:i* is 9 v tru?1 a m]e matt] ( nam+4 ,n 
s ! ?+s *ang+ or *ang$3 !y are real1 !  
prolific p>5t ( all appe>ance we behold1
 ( all s5sation we exp]i5ce1 ( all ideas
 we receive2 9 %ort1 ( all causes & (   
all effects1 :i* causes & effects1 z %[n
 by2 ,mr4 ,lewis1 are m]ely notional1 = 
we call ! antec$5t cause1 & ! sequ5t    
effect2 b ^! are m]ely relative         
conceptions2 ! sequ5ce itself is        
antec$5t to "s subsequ5t *ange1 & ! =m] 
antec$5t 0 once only a sequ5t to its    
cause1 & s on4 ,n[1 to reconcile ) ?is  

!ory ( causation1 ! notion ( an         
,et]nal1 mighty1 causeless ,god1  may be
 possible1 b ! ,au?or ( ?is ,apology _c 
p]suade himself t x is4 ,8 poor         
faculties are unequal to ! mighty task (
 conceiv+ ! amaz+ ,deity 9 "q1 :om ,sir 
,ri*>d ,blackmore1 9 8 ,ode to ,jehovah1
 describes z sitt+ on an 'et]nal        
?rone'--            ,above ! regions (  
e!rial space1           ,& f> ext5d$    
fronti] ( ! skies2           ,beyond !  
outl9es ( wide nature's face1           
,:]e void1 n yet enclos$1 uncultivat$   
lies2           ,completely fill+ e     
place           ,& f> out/ret*+ all     
imag9>y space4  ,/ill less has he ! "r  
to pret5d acqua9tance ) a process (     
reason+ by :i* su*            ,et]nal1  
mighty1 causeless ,god  c be believ$ 9  
consi/5tly ) ! conviction t cause is    
effect realis$1 & means only ,,*ange4   
,anci5t ,simonides1 :5 ask$ by          
,dionysius to expla9 ! nature ( ,deity1 
dem&$ a day to 'see ab\t x1' !n an      
additional two days1 & !n f\r days m1   

?us wisely intimat+ to 8 silly pupil1 t 
! m m5 ?9k ab\t ,gods2 ! less compet5t  
!y are to give any rational acc\nt ( !m4
  ,cic]o 0 s5sible & c&id en\gh to      
ackn[l$ge t he f\nd x mu* easi] to say  
:at ,god 0 n1 ?an :at he 04 ,l          
,simonides1 he 0 m]e ,pagan1 & l him1   
argu+ f ! kn[n c\rse ( nature1 0 unable1
 ) all 8 ma/]y ( talk1 to convey        
positive ideas ( ,deity4 ,b h[ %\ld he  
convey to o!rs :at he did n1 c\ld n1    
himself possess8 ,to him no revelation  
_h be5 v\*saf$1 & ?\gh my ,"l ,br\gham  
is q sure1 )\t ! pro( ( natural ,!ology1
 revelation has no o!r basis ?an m]e    
tradition1 we h ev5 bett] au?ority ?an 8
 ,lord%ip's = ! /agg]+ fact t natural   
,!ology1 )\t ! prop ( revelation1 is a  
'rhapsody ( words1' m]e j>gon1 analog\s 
to ! tale told by an idiot1 s happily   
describ$ by our great poet z 'full (    
s\nd & fury1 signify+ no?+4' ,we h a    
,rev4 ,hugh ,m',neil 'conv9c$ t1 f      
ext]nal creation1 no "r conclusion c be 
drawn conc]n+ ! moral "* ( ,god1' & t   

'creation is too deeply & disa/r\sly    
blott$ 9 consequ5ce ( man's s91 to admit
 ( any satisfactory result f an adequate
 contemplation ( nature4' #fi3a ,we h a 
,gillespie sett+ aside ! ,design        
,argum5t on ! gr\nd t ! reason+s by :i* 
x is support$ are 'inapt' to %[ su*     
attributes z inf9ity1 omnipres5ce1 free 
ag5cy1 omnipot5cy1 et]nality1 or unity1'
 belong 9 any way to ,god4 ,on ?is latt]
 attribute he specially enl>ges1 & aft] 
all[+ '! contrivances we obs]ve 9       
nature1 may e/abli% a unity ( c\nsel1   
desires to be told' h[ !y c e/abli% a   
unity ( sub/ance4 #fi3b ,we h ,dr4      
,*alm]s & ,bi%op ,watson1 ^: capacities 
7 n ! meane/1 cont5d+ t !re is no       
natural pro( ( a ,god1 & t we mu/ tru/  
solely to revelation4' #fi3c ,we h !    
,rev4 ,mr4 ,fab] 9 8 ',difficulties (   
,infidelity1' boldly affirm+ t no "o ev]
 did1 or ev] w 'prove )\t ! aid (       
revelation1 t ! univ]se 0 design$ by a  
s+le design]4' ,obvi\sly1 !n1 !re is a  
division 9 ! religi\s camp ) respect to 

! suffici5cy ( natural ,!ology1 unhelp$ 
by revelation4 ,by ?ree ( ! f\r ,*ri/ian
 au?ors j quot$1 ! design argum5t is    
treat$ ) all ! contempt x m]its4 ,fab]  
says1 'evid5t design mu/ ne$s imply a   
design]1' & t 'evid5t design %9es out 9 
e "p ( ! univ]se4' ,b he also tells u   
'we reason exclusively1 if ) ! ,dei/ we 
!nce inf] ! exi/5ce ( "o & only "o      
,supreme ,design]4' ,by ,gillespie &    
,m',neil1 ! same tru? is told 9 o!r     
words4 ,by ,*alm]s & ,watson we are     
assur$ t1 natural pro( ( a ,god !re is  
none1 & our tru/ mu/ be plac$ solely 9  
revelation2 :ile ,br\gham1 ano!r ,imm5se
 ,be+ wor%ipp]1 decl>es t revelation    
d]ives its *ief support f natural       
,!ology1 )\t :i* x has 'no o!r basis ?an
 vague tradition4'  ,n[1 ,a!i/s agree ) 
,"l ,br\gham z to ! tradition>y basis ( 
,scripture2 & z !y also agree ) ,*alm]s 
& ,watson ) respect to _! be+ no natural
 pro( ( a ,god1 !y /& acquitt$ to _! own
 consci5ces ( 'wilful deafness' &       
'ob/9ate bl9dness1' 9 reject+ z         

inadequate ! evid5ce t ',god is' drawn  
ei!r f ,nature1 ,revelation1 or bo?4  ,x
 0 long a ,prote/ant cu/om to taunt     
,roman ,ca?olics ) be+ divid$ among     
!mselves z reg>ds topics vitally        
important1 & to draw f ! fact ( su*     
division an argum5t = mak+ ,scripture ! 
only 'rule ( fai? & mann]s4' ,*ill+wor? 
said1 '!re are ,popes aga9/ ,popes1     
c\ncils aga9/ c\ncils1 "s fa!rs aga9/   
o!rs1 ! same fa!rs aga9/ !mselves--a    
cons5t ( fa!rs ( "o age aga9/ a cons5t (
 fa!rs ( ano!r age1 ! *ur* ( "o age     
aga9/ ! *ur* ( ano!r age4 ,traditive    
int]pretations ( ,scripture are pret5d$1
 b !re are few or none to be f\nd4 ,no  
tradition b only ( scripture c d]ive    
itself f ! f\nta91 b may be pla9ly      
prov$1 ei!r to h be5 br\ght 9 9 su* an  
age aft] ,*ri/2 or t 9 su* an age x 0 n 
94 ,9 a ^w1 !re is no suffici5t c]ta9ty 
b ( ,scripture only = any consid]+ man  
to build on4 #gj3a ,& aft] read+ ?is    
%\ld 'any consid]+ man' be anxi\s to "k 
some?+ ab\t ! ,scripture on :i* alone he

 is to build1 he _c d bett] ?an dip into
 ,dr4 ,watt's book on ! "r use (        
,reason1 :]e we are told 'e le>n$       
7,scripture7 critic has 8 own hypo!sis1 
& if ! common text be n fav\rable to 8  
views a v>i\s lection %all be made      
au!ntic4 ,! text mu/ be suppos$ to be   
defective or r$undant1 & ! s5se ( x %all
 be lit]al or metaphorical accord+ z x  
be/ supports 8 own s*eme4 ,:ole *apt]s  
or books %all be add$ or left out ( !   
sacr$ canon1 or be turn$ into p>ables by
 ?is influ5ce4 ,lu!r knew n well h[ to  
reconcile ! epi/le ( ,/4 ,james to !    
doctr9e ( ju/ification by fai? alone1 & 
s he c\ld n all[ x to be div9e4 ,!      
,papi/s br+ all _! ,apocrypha into _!   
,bible1 & /amp div9ity ^u x1 = !y c     
fancy purgatory is !re1 & !y f9d pray]s 
= ! dead4 ,b !y leave out ! second      
comm&m5t because x =bids ! wor%ip (     
images4 ,o!rs suppose ! ,mosaic hi/ory (
 ! creation1 & ! fall ( man1 to be      
ori5tal ornam5ts1 or a m]e allegory1    
because ! lit]al s5se ( ^? ?ree *apt]s (

 ,g5esis1 d n agree ) _! !ories4  ,^!   
rem>ks are c]ta9ly n calculat$ to make  
'consid]+ m5' put _! tru/ 9 ,scripture4 
,com+ f a ,prote/ant ,div9e ( su* high  
tal5t & le>n+1 !y may r be expect$ to   
bre$ 9 'consid]+ m5' v unor?odox op9ions
 z well ( ! au!nticity z ! g5u95ess (   
bo? ,te/am5ts1 & a /rong suspicion t    
,*ill+wor? 0 jok+ :5 he talk$ ab\t _!   
suffici5t c]ta9ty4 ,! au?or ( ?is       
,apology has se>*$ ,scripture 9 va9 =   
'suffici5t c]ta9ty1' ) respect to ! long
 catalogue ( religi\s beliefs :i*       
agitate & di/ract society4 ,lay+ claim  
to ! "* ( a 'consid]+ man1' he requires 
t ,scripture to be prov$ ! ^w ( a ,god  
be=e appeal$ to1 z ,8 ,revelation2 a    
feat no man has yet accompli%$4 ,prie/s1
 ! clev]e/1 mo/ indu/ri\s1 & lea/       
scrupul\s1 h tri$ _! h&s at ! pi\s "w1 b
 all h fail$4 ,not)/&+ ! mighty lab\rs (
 our ,l>dn]'s & ,tillemont's &          
,mo%eim's1 no case is made out = !      
div9ity ( ei!r ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t4 
',infidels' h %[n ! mon/r\s absurdity ( 

suppos+ t any "o book has an atom m     
div9ity ab\t x ?an any o!r book4 ,^?    
'brutes' h completely succe$$ 9 prov+ t 
,*ri/ianity is a sup]/ition1 no less    
absurd ?an ,mohamm$anism1 & to ! full z 
mis*iev\s4 ,to u1 we c&idly av[ t its   
doctr9es1 precepts1 & injunctions appe> 
s utt]ly oppos$ to good s5se1 & good    
gov]nm5t1 t we are p]suad$ ev5 if x 7   
practicable to e/abli% a commonweal? 9  
h>mony ) !m at sun-rise x w\ld          
infallibly g to pieces be=e sunset4 ,!  
au?or has read t ,roman augurs r>ely met
 to d ! pr(essional )\t laugh+ at ea*   
o!r1 & he is bo!r$ to und]/& h[ ,*ri/ian
 prie/s contrive to keep _! c\nt5ances1 
amid ! _m /rong temptations to mir?1 by 
:i*1 9 _! (ficial capacity !y are       
surr\nd$4 ,no d\bt v _m ( !m laugh      
immod]ately 9 private1 by way ( rev5ge =
 ! gravity !y are con/ra9$ to assume 9  
public4 ,x is well kn[n t hypocrites are
 mo/ prone to an affectation ( sanctity2
 :i* m>vell\sly /eads !m 9 ?is _w1 happ5
 :at may 9 ! _w to come4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ^? 

:o make a p>ade ( _! piety1 are rott5 at
 he>t1 z t ,c>d9al de ,crema1 ,legate ( 
,pope ,calixtus #bnd1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry 
#a/1 :o decl>$ at a ,london ,synod1 x 0 
an intol]able enormity1 t a prie/ %\ld  
d>e to consecrate1 & t\* ! body ( ,*ri/ 
imm$iately aft] he _h ris5 f ! side ( a 
/rumpet1 7= t 0 ! dec5t appellation he  
gave to ! wives ( ! cl]gy71 b x happ5$1 
t ! v next night1 ! (fic]s ( ju/ice1    
break+ into a disord]ly h\se1 f\nd !    
,c>d9al 9 b$ ) a c\rtezan2 an incid5t1  
says ,hume1 #gb3a :i* ?rew su* ridicule 
^u him1 t he imm$iately /ole out ( !    
k+dom2 ! synod broke up1 & ! canons     
aga9/ ! m>riage ( its cl]gym51 7 worse  
execut$ ?an ev]4  ,*ri/ian practice is  
aft] all1 ! be/ answ] to ,*ri/ian !ory4 
,m5 :o ?9k wisely1 d n x is true1 always
 act wisely2 b g5]ally speak+1 ! moral1 
l ! physical tree1 is kn[n by its fruit1
 & bitt]1 mo/ bitt]1 is ! fruit ( t     
moral tree1 ! foll[]s ( ,jesus plant$4  
,not)/&+ _! talk ab\t ! pure & b5ign    
influ5ce ( _! religion1 an op9ion is fa/

 ga9+ gr\nd1 t ,bi%op ,kiddor 0 "r1 :5  
he said1 '7 a wise man to judge (       
religion by ! lives ( its pr(essors1    
p]haps1 ,*ri/ianity is ! la/ he w\ld    
*oose4'  ,no unprejudic$ ?9k] :o is     
famili> ) ! hi/ory ( religion w d5y1 t (
 all prie/s 9 ?is prie/-ridd5 _w        
,*ri/ian prie/s are ! wor/4 ,?\gh less  
pot5t !y are n mu* less pr\d or ambiti\s
 ?an :5 ,pope ,pascal ,,ii4 told ,k+    
,h5ry ,i4 t all ecclesia/ics mu/ ent]   
into ! *ur* ?r\gh ,*ri/ & ,*ri/ alone1 n
 ?r\gh ! civil magi/rate or any pr(ane  
laym54 ,nor are !y less jeal\s ( su* z  
w\ld fa9 r$uce ! dim5sions ( _!         
'spiritual jurisdiction1' ?an :5 t      
haughty ,pope rem9d$ 8 k+ t 'prie/s are 
call$ ,god 9 ,scripture z be+ ! vic>s ( 
,god2' :ile 9 consid]ation = ! poor & ! 
oppress$1 mod]n prie/s are              
disadvantage\sly di/+ui%$1 f ^? 'vic>s (
 ,god1' :o trod ^u ! necks ( emp]ors &  
k+s1 made or unmade laws at pleasure1 & 
kept ,europe1 intellectual ,europe1 9   
unreason+1 unresi/+ subjection4 ,! read]

 :o agrees ) ,milton t            ,to   
"k1 :at e day be=e u lies1           ,is
 ! prime wisdom1  w 9 all likelihood n  
object to ca/ 8 eyes ar\nd & ab\t him1  
:]e pro(s ( mod]n prie/ly selfi%ness are
 9 wond]ful abundance4 ,by way ( example
 may be cit$ ! cases ( ^? "r rev]5d     
,fa!rs 9 ,god ! ,bi%ops ( ,london &     
,*e/]1 prelates high 9 ! *ur*2 dispos]s 
( enorm\s weal? ) influ5ce almo/        
incalculable2 ! =m] m especially4 ,& h[ 
/& !y affect$ t[>ds ! poor8 ,by ref]5ce 
to ! ,times newspap] ( ,septemb] #bg?1  
#ahde1 x w be se5 t ^? v influ5tial &   
weal?y ,bi%ops are support]s en *ef ( a 
',re=m$ ,poor ,law1' ! 'virtual         
pr9ciple' ( :i* is 'to r$uce ! condition
 ( ^? ^: necessities oblige !m to apply 
= relief1 bel[ t ( ! lab\r] ( ! l[e/    
class4' ,a ,re=m$ ,poor ,law1 hav+ = its
 'object1' yes read]1 its object1 !     
re/oration ( ! paup] to a position bel[ 
t ( ! indep5d5t lab\r]4' ,?is is _!     
'/&>d' ( ref]5ce1 by rigid att5tion to  
:i* !y hope to fully c>ry out _! 'vital 

pr9ciple1' & ?us br+ to a satisfactory  
conclusion ! great "w ( plac+ '! paup] 9
 a worse condition ?an ! indep5d5t      
lab\r]4' ,x appe>s1 f ! same j\rnal1 t 9
 reply to compla9ts aga9/ _! diet>y1 !  
,commission]s appo9t$ to "w ! ,re=m$    
,poor ,law1 consid] t tw5ty-"o ounces ( 
food daily 'is m ?an ! h>d work+ lab\r] 
) a family c\ld accompli% = himself by 8
 own ex]tions4' ,?is1 obs]ves a writ] 9 
! ,times1 be+ ! ,commission]s' read+ (  
_! own '/&>d1' x may be consid]$        
sup]flu\s to ref] to any o!r au?ority2  
b1 z ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society (  
,engl& h clubb$ _! g5]al in=mation on   
?is subject 9 a compilation f a         
selection ( essays submitt$ to !m1 we   
are b\nd to ref] to su* witnesses :o    
give ! mo/ precise in=mation on ! actual
 condition ( ! indep5d5t lab\r]1 ) m9ute
 in/ructions = 8 g5]al guidance1 & !    
economical exp5diture ( 8 income4 ',he  
%\ld1' !y say1 'toil e>ly & late' to    
make himself 'p]fect' 9 8 call+4 ',he   
%\ld p9* & screw ! family1 ev5 9 !      

commone/ necess>ies1' until he gets 'a  
week's wages to ! =e4' ,he %\ld dr9k 9 8
 "w 'wat] mix$ ) "s p[d]$ g+]1' :i* w>ms
 ! /oma*1 & is 'extremely *eap4' ,he    
%\ld rememb] t 'f ?ree to f\r p\nds (   
potatoes are equal 9 po9t ( n\ri%m5t to 
a p\nd ( ! be/ :eat5 bread1 besides hav+
 ! great advantage ( fill+ ! /oma*4 ,he 
is told t 'a lot ( bones may always be  
got f ! but*]s = #b;d41 & !y are nev]   
scrap$ s clean z n to h "s scraps ( meat
 adh]+ to !m4' ,he is in/ruct$ to boil  
^! two p5ny wor? ( bones1 = ! fir/ day's
 family d9n]1 until ! liquor 'ta/es     
some?+ l bro?4' ,= ! second day1 ! bones
 are to be aga9 boil$ 9 ! same mann]1 b 
= a long] "t4 ,nor is ?is all1 !y say1  
't ! bones1 if aga9 boil$ = a /ill long]
 "t1 w once m yield a n\ri%+ bro?1 :i*  
may be made into pea s\p4'  ,?is is !   
sy/em & ?is ! s*oolma/]%ip expressly    
sanction$ by ! ,bi%ops ( ,london &      
,*e/]4 ,9 piety nev]!less ^! prelates   
are n f\nd want+4 ,!y may />ve ! bodies 
b no "o c *>ge !m ) neglect+ ! s\ls (   

our 'indep5d5t lab\r]s4' ,no?+ c exce$  
_! anxiety to fe$ & clo! ! spiritually  
de/itute4 ,!y raise _! mitr$ fronts1 ev5
 9 palaces1 to proclaim & lam5t ov] !   
spiritual de/itution :i* s ext5sively   
prevails--b !y seldom condesc5d to      
notice physical de/itution4 ,:5 ! cry ( 
fam9e r+s ?r\gh\t ! l& !y coolly        
recomm5d rapid *ur* ext5sion1 ?us       
lit]ally (f]+ /one to ^? :o ask !m =    
bread4 ,to get ! sub/antial & give !    
spiritual is _! practical ,*ri/ianity4  
,to spiritualise ! poor into cont5tm5t )
 ! 'n\ri%+ bro?' f ?rice boil$ bones1 & 
to die ( hung] r ?an dem& relief1 are _!
 d>l+ objects4 ,v]ily1 if ^! & m5 l ^! d
 n gr9d ! faces ( ! poor1 ! ,au?or ( ?is
 ,apology is unable to conceive 9 :at t 
peculi> process consi/s4 ,9 ,scripture  
we are told1 ! bread ( ! poor is 8 life1
 & !y :o defraud him !re( are m5 (      
blood2 & by :om are ! poor defraud$ ( _!
 bread if n by ^? :o1 l ! ,bi%ops (     
,london & ,*e/]1 legislate = pov]ty z if
 x 7 a crime1 & l5d !ft sanction to a   

sy/em :i*1 :ile x necessitates !        
:olesale p9*+ & screw+ ev5 9 ! commone/ 
necess>ies ( life '( indep5d5t lab\r]s1'
 does also necessitate ! :olesale       
/>vation ( /ill m wret*$ paup]s8 ,=m]ly 
our 'surplus populations' 7 'kill$ (f'  
by bullet & sabre1 n[ !y are got rid ( 9
 ,poor ,law ,unions by a process less   
exp5sive p]haps1 b n less effectual4    
,did ,a!i/s ?us act1 did !y p]petrate1  
connive at1 or tol]ate su* atrocities z 
7 br\ght to light dur+ ! ,&ov] inquiry1 
su* cold blood$ he>tlessness w\ld at    
once be laid to ! acc\nt ( _! pr9ciples4
 ,oh yes1 ,*ri/ians are =w>d to judge ( 
trees by _! fruit1 except ! tree call$  
,*ri/ianity4 ,_! great 'prophet' argu$ t
 if ! tree is good ! fruit w be good2 b 
:5 _! own religion is 9 "q !y give su*  
argum5t ! slip4 ,! vices ( ! ,a!i/ !y   
ascribe to 8 cre$4 ,! vices ( ! ,*ri/ian
 to any?+ b 8 cre$4 ,let pr(essors (    
,*ri/ianity be convict$ ( gross         
crim9ality1 & lo its apologi/s say su*  
pr(essors are n ,*ri/ians4 ,let         

fanatical ,*ri/ians commit excesses :i* 
admit n ( op5 ju/ification1 & ! apologi/
 ( ,*ri/ianity coolly assures u su*     
conduct is m]e ru/ on ! body ( 8        
religion--moss :i* gr[s on ! /ock ( 8   
piety4  ,x has be5 comput$ t ! ,spani>ds
 9 ,am]ica de/roy$ 9 ab\t =ty-five ye>s 
t5 millions ( human creatures1 & ?is ) a
 view ( conv]t+ !m to ,*ri/ianity4      
,b>?olomew ,casa1 :o made ?is           
computation1 affirms t !y 7! ,spani>ds7 
hang$ ^? unhappy p ?irte5 9 a r[1 9     
hon\r ( ! ?irte5 ,apo/les1 & t !y also  
gave _! infants to be dev\r$ by dogs4   
#ge3a  ,cors9i1 ano!r religi\s au?or1   
tells u ! ,spani>ds de/roy$ m ?an fifte5
 millions ( ,am]ican aborig9es1 &       
calculates t ! blood ( ^! devot$        
victims1 add$ to t ( ! slaves de/roy$ 9 
! m9es1 :]e !y 7 compell$ to lab\r1 w\ld
 weigh z mu* z all ! gold & silv] t _h  
be5 dug out ( !m4  ,if ^! or simil>     
horrors 7 p]petrat$ by ,a!i/s1 :o c d\bt
 t ,roman ,ca?olics w\ld at once ascribe
 !m to ! pe/if]\s influ5ce ( ,a!i/ical  

pr9ciples4 ,& ! ,au?or ( ?is ,apology is
 ( op9ion t !y w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 s do+4 
,:5 :ole nations ( pr(ess$ irreligioni/s
 %all be f\nd conqu]+ a c\ntry1 & hang+ 
! aborig9es ( t c\ntry ?irte5 9 a r[1 9 
hon\r ( "s ?irte5 apo/les ( ,a!ism1 _!  
b>b>ity may fairly be ascrib$ to _!     
cre$4 ,habit does mu*1 & p]haps mu* (   
our virtue1 or its opposite is cont+5t  
on temp]am5t2 b no p ent]ta9+ correct   
speculative op9ions c\ld possibly act1  
or tol]ate1 atrocities l ^!4 ,b /range  
to say1 nei!r ,roman ,ca?olic1 nor any  
o!r d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians1 w submit to 
be tri$ to ! same /&>d !y deem s j :5   
appli$ to ,a!i/s4 ,n[ sauce = ! goose e 
body kn[s is equally sauce = ! g&]1 & x 
is difficult to discov] ! consi/5cy or !
 hone/y ( m51 :o trace to _! cre$ !     
crimes or m]e/ peccadilloes ( ,a!i/s1 & 
w n trace to _! cre$ ! %ock+ b>b>ity (  
,*ri/ians4 ,to und]/& su* m5 is easy2 to
 admire !m is impossible2 = _! conduct 9
 ?is p>ticul> palpably %ocks e pr9ciple 
( tru? & fairness4 ,:y impute to ,a!ism 

! vices or follies ( its ,apo/les1 :ile 
refus+ to admit t ! vices or follies (  
,*ri/ians %\ld be imput$ to ,*ri/ianity4
 ,( bo? folly & vice x is notori\s      
pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians h '! lion's %>e4' ,yet
 ! apologi/s ( ,*ri/ianity1 :o w\ld fa9 
h u believe ! lives ( ,a!i/s a          
consequ5ce ( ,a!ism1 w by no means      
believe t ! lives ( ,*ri/ians are a     
consequ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,let no "o   
suppose ! ,au?or ( ?is ,apology is      
prep>$ to all[ t ,a!i/s are m5 ( cruel  
dispositions or vici\s4 ,he w n say )   
,col]idge t only m5 ( good he>ts & /rong
 heads c be ,a!i/s1 b he is q ready to  
ma9ta9 t ! g5]ality ( ,a!i/s are m5 (   
mild1 g5]\s1 peaceable /udi\s           
dispositions1 :o desire ! ov]?r[ (      
sup]/ition1 or true religion z its      
devotees call x1 because conv9c$ a      
sup]/iti\s p nev] c be enlight5$1       
virtu\s1 free1 or happy4 ,_! love (     
:atev] helps on civilisation & disgu/ ( 
w> are te/ifi$ to ev5 by oppon5ts4 ,we  
may le>n f ! writ+s ( ,"l ,bacon n only 

8 op9ion t ,a!ism leaves m5 to s5se1 to 
philosophy1 to natural piety1 to laws1  
to reputation1 all :i*1 he ju/ly        
obs]ves1 may be guides to an outw>d     
moral virtue1 ?\gh religion 7 n2 b !    
fact t '! times incl9$ to ,a!ism 7z !   
times ( ,augu/us ,caes>7 7 civil times4'
 ,nay1 he expressly decl>$ ',a!ism did  
nev] p]turb /ates2 = x makes m5 w>y (   
!mselves z look+ no fur!r4' #gf3a ,c !  
same be said ( religion8 ,w any "o h !  
h>dihood to say religion did nev] p]turb
 /ates1 or t ! times incl9$ to religion 
7z ! times ( ,oliv] ,cromwell7 7 civil  
times1 or t x makes man w>y ( !mselves z
 look+ no fur!r8 ,dur+ times incl9$ to  
religion m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& wit*es 7  
condemn$ to die by ,*ri/ian tribunals 9 
accordance ) ! holy text1 ?\ %alt n     
suff] a wit* to live4 ,dur+ times incl9$
 to religion x 0 usual to burn1 broil1  
bake1 or o!rwise murd] h]etics = ! glory
 ( ,god1 & at ! same "t to sp>e ! vile/ 
malefactors4 ,dur+ times incl9$ to      
religion1 x has be5 comput$ t 9 ,spa9   

alone no less ?an #cb1chb p 71 by !     
fai?ful1 burnt alive2 #ag1fij degrad$ & 
burnt 9 effigy2 & all ! goods & *attels 
( ! enorm\s numb] ( #bia1dej consign$ to
 ! *anc]y ( ! ,inquisition4 #gg3a ,9    
%ort1 dur+ ^? 'good old times1' m5      
yield$ !mselves up to practices s       
/rangely comp\nd$ ( cruelty & absurdity1
 t "o f9ds x difficult to believe       
acc\nts ( !m1 h[ev] well au!nticat$4    
,speak+ ( ! bigott$ fury ( c]ta9        
ecclesia/ics1 ,hippolyto ,joseph de     
,co/a1 9 8 ',n>rative ( ! p]secution' he
 suff]$ :ile lodg$ gratis by !          
,portuguese ,inquisition = ! pret5d$    
crime ( ,free ,masonry1 says1 x w\ld    
exce$ ! b\nds ( cr$ulity1 _h n facts 9  
corroboration ( x be5 s e/abli%$ by     
witnesses1 t no?+ c %ake !m4 ,among     
ecclesia/ics ( ?is d5om9ation we may    
m5tion t ,pontiff1 :o1 f a vile pr9ciple
 ( hate = 8 pr$ecessor1 to :om he _h be5
 an enemy1 z soon z he asc5d$ ! ,papal  
*air direct$ ! corpse to be tak5 out f !
 grave1 _h ! f+]s & ! head cut (f & ?r[n

 into ! sea1 ord]$ ! rema9d] ( ! body to
 be burnt to a%es & excommunicat$ ! s\l4
 ,c\ld rev5ge be c>ri$ f>!r ?an 9 ?is   
in/ance8 ,! in/itution itself ( !       
inquisition & ! cruelty ) :i* its memb]s
 p]secute ^? :om !y suspect ( t5ets     
diff]5t f _! own1 may well excite       
surprise4 ,9 _! eyes ! tortures & ! dea?
 ( _! fanci$ enemies are a m]e amusem5t4
 ,!y burn "s ( _! prison]s alive1 r5d]  
_! memories infam\s1 & prosecute _!     
*ildr5 & all ! connections ( ^! unhappy 
suff]]s2 !y deprive orphans ( !         
inh]itance ( _! p>5ts1 di%on\r families 
9 e possible %ape1 & at l5g? h rec\rse  
to ! auto da fe1 #gg3b on :i* occasion1 
:ile ! mis]able wret*es are l+]+ 9      
torm5ts1 ! memb]s ( ! inquisition n only
 fea/ _! eyes ) ?is ,inf]nal spectacle1 
b regale !mselves ) _! fri5ds at !      
exp5se ( _! unhappy victims4 ,su* are ! 
practises ( ! ,inquisition4  ,:5 ^?     
,spani% ,*ri/ians :o amus$ !mselves by  
hang+ poor wret*es1 ?irte5 9 a r[1 9    
hon\r ( ! ?irte5 apo/les1 7 taunt$ )    

cruelty1 !y boldly affirm$ t z ,god _h n
 r$eem$ ) 8 blood ! s\ls ( ! ,indians1  
no diff]5ce %\ld be made betwe5 !m & !  
l[e/ ( bea/s4 ,9 ,irv+s hi/ory ( ,new   
,york is a lett] writt51 we are told1 by
 a ,spani% prie/1 to 8 sup]ior 9 ,spa91 
:i*1 'among o!r curiosities1 conta9 ?is 
"q--',c any "o h ! presumption to say ^!
 savage pagans h yield$ any?+ m ?an an  
inconsid]able recomp5se to _!           
b5efactors1 9 surr5d]+ to !m a little   
pitiful tract ( ?is dirty sublun>y      
planet 9 ex*ange = a glori\s inh]itance 
h]eaft]4'  ,su* is ! conceit z well z   
cruelty ( m5 :o imag9e !mselves !       
viceg]5ts & av5g]s ( ,deity4 ,9 ,8 "n !y
 burn1 & slay1 & rob )\t compunction or 
remorse2 nay1 :5 l ,sir ,giles ,ov]rea*1
 _! e>s are pi]c$ by wid[s cries1 &     
undone orphans wa% ) te>s _! ?re%olds1  
!y only ?9k :at 'tis to make !mselves   
acceptable 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,believ+   
pi\s ends ju/ify any means1 !y glory 9  
conduct ! mo/ repugnant to e pr9ciple ( 
dec5cy1 equity1 & humanity4  ,9 !       

ca!dral ( ,s>agossa1 is a magnific5t    
tomb1 rais$1 9 honor ( a fam\s          
inquisitor2 ar\nd x are six pill>s1 to  
ea* ( :i* is *a9$ a ,moor prep>atory to 
8 be+ burnt4 ,& if additional evid5ce 7 
ne$$ ( human folly1 & /upid disposition1
 l dray horses to g p]petually1 on '"o's
 nose 9 t'o!rs tail1' we h x 9 ! a/\nd+ 
fact1 t :5 ! ,spani% ,cortes propos$ !  
abolition ( ! ,inquisition1 ! populace (
 ,spa9 consid]$ su* proposal1 'an       
infr+em5t ( _! lib]ties4' #gh3a ,we h x 
on respectable au?ority1 t ,torquemada 9
 ! space ( f\rte5 ye>s t he wield$ !    
*ief inquisitorial p[]s1 robb$1 or      
o!rwise p]secut$ eighty ?\s& p]sons1 (  
:om ab\t six ?\s& 7 committ$ to !       
flames4  ,inquisitors made no secret (  
_! hatr$ t[>ds h]etics2 to de/roy !m !y 
consid]$ a sacr$ duty4 ,f> f a%am$ ( _! 
cruelty t[>ds h]etics1 !y glori$ 9 x1 z 
und5iable evid5ce ( _! en?usiasm 9 !    
cause ( ,*ri/4 ,simoncas1 "o ( _! mo/   
e/eem$ writ]s1 said1 '! h]etics des]ve n
 m]ely "o dea?1 b _m dea?s2 because a   

s+le dea? is ! puni%m5t ( an ord9>y     
h]etic2 b ^! 7! h]etics7 are des]v+ (   
puni%m5t )\t m]cy1 & p>ticul>ly ! tea*]s
 ( ! ,lu!ran h]esy1 :o mu/ by no means  
be sp>$4' ,pegma1 ano!r ( _! writ]s1    
insi/s1 t dogmatical h]etics %\ld be    
puni%$ ) dea?1 ev5 ?\gh !y gave ! mo/   
unequivocal pro( ( _! rep5tance4  ,t    
em95tly pi\s mon>*1 ,phillip ! ,second (
 ,spa91 s lov$ to he> h]etics groan1 t  
he r>ely miss$ ,auto da ,fes2 at "o (   
:i* sev]al di/+ui%$ p]sons 7 to be burnt
 = h]esy2 among ! re/ ,don ,john de     
,cesa1 :o :ile pass+ by him1 said1'     
,sire1 h[ c y p]mit s _m un=tunate      
p]sons to suff]8 ,h[ c y be witness ( s 
horrid a sight )\t %udd]+8' ,phillip    
coolly repli$1 ',if my son1 sir1 7      
suspect$ ( h]esy1 ,i %\ld myself h& him 
ov] to ! ,inquisition4' ',my            
dete/ation1' cont9u$ he1 '( y & y\r     
companions is s great1 t ,i w\ld act    
myself z y\r execution]1 if no o!r c\ld 
be f\nd4'  ,phillip ! ,fif?1 z may be   
se5 9 ,coxe's ,memoirs ( ! ,k+s ( ,spa91

 'pres5t$ ab\t ! ye> #aagb1 ?ree /&>ds  
tak5 f 'infidels' to our lady ( ,ato*a2 
& s5t ano!r to ! ,pope1 z ! grateful    
homage ( ! ,ca?olic ,k+ to ! head ( !   
,*ur*4 ,he also1 = ! fir/ "t1 att5d$ !  
celebration ( an ,auto da ,fe1 at :i* 9 
! comm5cem5t ( 8 reign he _h refus$ )   
horror to appe>1 & witness$ ! b>b>\s    
c]emony ( committ+ twelve ,jews &       
,mohamm$ans to ! flames4' ,s great dur+ 
times incl9$ to religion 0 inquisitorial
 p[]1 t mon>*s & /atesm5 ( lib]al       
t5d5cies 7 con/ra9$ to quail be=e x4 ,x 
is relat$ t a ,jewi% girl1 ent]$ into h]
 sev5te5? ye>1 extremely beautiful1 :o 9
 a public act ( fai?1 at ,madrid1 ,june 
#cj?1 #afhj1 toge!r ) tw5ty o!rs ( !    
same nation ( bo? sexes1 be+ condemn$ to
 ! /ake1 turn$ h]self to ! ,que5 (      
,spa91 !n pres5t1 & pray$1 t out ( h]   
goodness & clem5cy %e might be deliv]$ f
 ! dreadful puni%m5t ( ! fire4 ',great  
,que51' said %e1 'is n y\r pres5ce able 
to br+ me "s com=t "u my mis]y8 ,consid]
 my y\?1 & t ,i am condemn$ = a religion

 :i* ,i h suck$ 9 ) my "m's milk4' ,!   
,que5 turn$ away h] eyes1 decl>+1 %e    
piti$ ! mis]able creature1 b did n d>e  
to int]c$e = h] ) a s+le ^w4  ,n only h 
,roman ,ca?olic writ]s def5d$ ^!        
inquisitorial abom9ations1 b1 ) :at e   
,prote/ant mu/ ne$s consid] d>+ &       
blasphem\s impiety1 lab\r$ to prove t ! 
fir/ ,inquisitor 0 ,god himself4 ,luis  
de ,p>amo1 = in/ance1 9 8 book ',de     
,orig9e et ,progressu ,(ficii ,sanctoe  
,inquisitionis1 ejusque dignitate et    
utilitate1' proves ,god to be ! fir/    
,inquisitor1 & t 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 0 !   
fir/ auto da fe4  ,nor d ^! mo/ pi\s    
casui/s discov] any?+ 9 ,scripture :i*  
=bids ! burn+ ( h]etics1 not)/&+ su*    
texts z ',:osoev] %$de? man's blood by  
man %all 8 blood be %$1' :i* !y cont5d  
inquisitors d nev] violate ! true mean+ 
or _s (1 x be+ evid5t t to burn m5 is n 
to %$ _! blood--?us elud+ ! maxim       
,ecclesia non novit sangu9em4 ,& if _!  
"r to burn h]etics 0 que/ion$ !y        
triumphantly cit$ ! text 7z giv5 9 !    

',beehive' ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*7 ',:osoev]  
do? n abide 9 me1 %all be ca/ out ( !   
v9ey>d z a bran* & !re )]2 & m5 ga!r ^? 
bran*es & ca/ !m into ! fire & burn !m4'
  ,on ?is text ,john ,&reas1            
,panormitamis1 ,ho/ra5sii1 ,b]n>dus     
,leiz5burg51 & o!rs ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic 
casui/s built up _! pro( t h]etics1 l   
grape bran*es1 %\ld be ca/ into ! fire &
 burnt4  ,! execrable duplicity ( ^! m5 
is by ,prote/ant prie/s made ! !me (    
unsp>+ invective1 z if ! burn+ ( h]etics
 & its ju/ification by ,scripture 7     
crimes peculi> to ,roman ,ca?olics1 :5 9
 po9t ( fact bo? h be5 %amelessly       
committ$ by ,*ri/ians rejoic+ 9 ! "n (  
,prote/ants4 ,john ,calv9 burnt         
,s]vetus1 & ,rob]t ,hall1 z we h se51   
applaud$ ! act4 ,engl&1 to say no?+ (   
o!r c\ntries1 has _h its auto da fe1 z  
well s9ce z be=e ! ,re=mation4 ,h]etics 
7 fir/ made bonfires ( 9 ,engl& dur+ !  
reign ( ,h5ry ! ,f\r?1 :o p]mitt$ !     
abom9ation 9 ord] to please c]ta9 bi%ops
 he 0 "u obligation to = assi/+ him to  

depose ,ri*>d ! ,second & usurp 8 ?rone4
 ,b t ! practice ( committ+ h]etics to !
 flame prevail$ 9 ,engl& long aft]      
,pop]y ceas$ to be ! dom9ant religion is
 notori\s4 ,if h]etics 7 ?us sacrific$  
by ,h5ry ! ,f\r? to please ,popi%       
,bi%ops1 !y 7 also sacrific$ by         
,elizabe? ) a view to ! satisfaction (  
,prote/ant ,bi%ops4 ,cranm] lit]ally    
compell$ h] bro!r1 ! amiable ,edw>d1 to 
s5d a half craz$ woman nam$ ,joan ,boa*]
 to ! /ake4 ,elizabe? h]self caus$ two  
,dut* ,anabapti/s to be burnt 9         
,smi?field1 ?\gh x is b j to admit t1   
unlike h] sull5 si/]1 %e pref]r$ r to   
hang ?an to burn h]etics4 ,"l ,br\gham  
has rec5tly done mank9d ano!r valuable  
piece ( s]vice by pa9t+ ! portrait ( t  
,prote/ant pr9cess 9 col\rs at once s   
lively & fai?ful t none1 save ! lov]s ( 
vulg> fanaticism & murd]\s hypocrisy1 w 
gaze on x )\t horror4 #ha3a  ',m>y1     
hon\r$ ) ! title ( bloody1 appe>s to me 
a f> m e/imable "* ?an h] ripp+-up si/] 
,elizabe?1 :o1 :5 ,m>y1 on h] dea?-b$1  

ask$ h] = a real av[al ( h] religion1   
pray$ ,god t ! e>? might op5 & swall[ h]
 up if %e 0 n a true ,roman ,ca?olic4'  
,%e made ! same decl>ation to ! ,duke ( 
,f]ria1 ! ,spani% ,ambassador1 :o 0 s   
deceiv$ t he wrote to ,philip1 /at+ no  
*ange 9 religi\s matt]s w\ld take place 
on h] accession1 & soon aft]w>ds began  
ripp+ up ! bellies ( ,ca?olics4 ,t 0 q !
 fa%ionable puni%m5t 9 ?is & ! succe$+  
reign4 ,i h ! acc\nt1 ) names1 dates1 & 
ref]5ce ( no less ?an #aja m ,ca?olics  
:o 7 burnt1 hung1 ripp$ up1 c41 by      
,elizabe?1 & on to ,*>les ! ,second's   
end1 ?an !re 7 ,prote/ants 9 ,m>y's1 &  
all ! reigns :i* prec$$ h]1 lett+ ly+   
,fox c\nt all he has got4 ,elizabe?1    
too1 0 by law a ba/>d1 & is to ?is day2 
& s soon did h] int5tions appe> ( *ang+ 
! religion1 t all ! bi%ops b "o refus$  
to cr[n h]2 & :5 ?is 0 done1 x 0 by !   
,ca?olic ritual4 ,h[ev] !               
,act-(-,p>liam5t religion 0 set up aga92
 ! pray] book ( ,cranm] 0 set up aga91  
aft] sundry alt]ations3 x 0 alt]$ too1 9

 ,edw>d's reign1 yet :5 fir/ made1 x 0  
duly decl>$ to come f ! ',holy ,gho/2' s
 x 0 aft] its second poli%+ "u          
,elizabe?4 ,to refuse ! ,que5's         
supremacy 0 dea?2 x 0 dea? to cont9ue 9 
t religion1 :i*1 at h] coronation %e _h 
sworn to firmly believe & def5d4 ,x 0   
high treason to admit or h>b\r1 or      
relieve a prie/1 & ho/s ( ^! 7 ripp$ up1
 =1 9 ! piety ( _! he>ts1 risk+ all to  
af=d ! consolations ( _! religion to !  
,ca?olics ( ,engl&4 ,victim aft] victim 
came to ! sacrifice1 mo/ly f ! college (
 ,d\ay4 ,x is really horrible to read ( 
^! good & fai?ful *ampions ( _! religion
 be+ hung1 cut d[n in/antane\sly1 _!    
bellies ripp$ up1 _! he>ts cut out1 _!  
bodies *opp$ 9 pieces ) e insult &      
indignity add$ to injury1 all ?r\gh ?is 
reign1 & !n to be talk$ to ab\t 'bloody 
,m>y1' & ! ',good ,que5-,bess4' ,v]ily1 
c\ntrym51 y are vilely deceiv$4 ,tak+   
into acc\nt ! ripp+s1 & burn+s1 &       
roa/+s1 & hang+2 ! racks1 :ips1 f9es1   
imprisonm5ts1 & o!r horrors ( ! reign ( 

?is ',good ,bess1' !re 0 a hundr$ times 
m human mis]y inflict$ 9 h] reign ?an 9 
t (' ,bloody ,m>y4' #hb3a  ,! second    
,ca!r9e ( ,russia1 ?\gh rem>kable =     
rigid & scrupul\s adh]5ce to ! c]emonial
 mumm]ies ( h] 'true *ur*1' 0 at ! same 
"t z rem>kable = lib]ality ( s5tim5t4 ,x
 is said1 t ^u a c]ta9 occasion1 be+    
/rongly advis$ by h] m9i/]s to deal out 
sev]e puni%m5t on "s h]etics ( ,a!i/ical
 t5d5cies1 :o _h giv5 (f5ce by r freely 
express+ _! op9ions1 %e laugh+ly said1  
',oh1 fie1 g5tlem5 fie1 if ^! h]etics   
are to be et]nally mis]able 9 ! o!r _w1 
we really ought to let !m be com=table 9
 ?is4'  ,few religi\s p]sons are lib]al 
z ?is empress1 ^: /rong good s5se seems 
to h be5 fully a mat* = h] bad          
education3 t education 0 ,*ri/ian4 ,%e 0
 taught to loa! ! op9ions1 aye1 & !     
p]sons1 ( h]etics1 "u :i* d5om9ation may
 be includ$ all diss5t]s f religi\s tru?
 z x 0 9 h]1 or r 9 ! *ur* ( :i* %e 0   
*ief memb]4 ,no o!r k9d ( tea*+ is      
acc\nt$ or?odox 9 our 'l& ( ,bibles' ?an

 t ( /ate paid prie/s ( law e/abli%$    
religion4 ,look at ! true ,*ur* (       
,engl&'s ,?irty-,n9e ,articles4 ,d !y n 
ab\nd 9 ana!ma1 & lit]ally teem ) ! v5om
 ( intol]ance8 ,d !y n %ock ! bett]     
feel+s ev5 ( ^? :o believe !m div9e8 ,! 
tru? is1 all prie/s tea* religion :i* no
 wit c reconcile ) reason1 & v _m ( !m  
make _! foll[]s believe1 & p]haps       
believe !mselves1 t to villify1 abuse1 &
 hunt d[n 'infidels1' are acts          
acceptable 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,! idea (  
comp5sat+ poor unbeliev]s 9 ?is _w by an
 extra quantum ( com=t = ! torm5ts !y   
are doom$ to suff] 9 ! next1 nev] ent]s 
_! head4 ,inde$1 n a few ( !m gloat )   
satisfaction ov] ! prospect ( 'infidels'
 gna%+ _! tee? 9 t fi]y gulph prep>$ = !
 devil & 8 angels4 ,by ?is odi\s class (
 fanatics nei!r ! worm t die? n1 nor !  
flame nev] to be ext+ui%$1 is deem$     
suffici5t puni%m5t = ! wret* ^: ?\ghts  
conc]n+ religion are n z _! ?\ghts4 ,by 
!m ! imag9$ ',creator ( ! ,heav5s & !   
e>?' is dress$1 up 9 attributes ! mo/   

frightful4 ,witness ! "* ( ,him impli$ 9
 ! conceit ( t popul> prea*] :o decl>$  
'!re are *ildr5 9 hell n a span long'--a
 decl>ation :i* c\ld only be made by "o 
^: humanity 0 ext+ui%$ by div9ity4  ,our
 pulpits c furni% _m su* prea*]s ( 'a   
religion ( *>ity1' :ile a :ole army (   
,*ri/ian w>riors might be ga!r$ f       
metropolitan pulpits alone1 :o deem+ x  
impi\s to say _! ,god ( m]cy w\ld p]mit 
! burn+ ( infants n a span long1 d      
nev]!less1 firmly believe t '*ildr5 ( a 
l>g] gr[?' may ju/ly be torm5t$ by !    
great k+ ( k+s2 & z ignorantia legis non
 excusat is a maxim ( human law1 s1     
accord+ to !m1 ignorance ( div9e law is 
no excuse :atev]1 ei!r = break+ or      
disreg>d+ x4  ,! ,au?or ( ?is ,apology 0
 rec5tly 9 ,scotl&1 :]e a va/ numb] (   
religi\s tracts 7 put into 8 h&1 "o (   
:i* conta9s ! foll[+ among o!r /rik+    
p>agraphs3--  ',man c\ld1 n create      
himself1 & f> less c he save himself4   
,:5 ,god made him1 he br\ght him out (  
no?+2 :5 ,god4 saves him1 he br+s him   

out ( a /ate f> l[] & worse ?an no?+4   
,if 9 ! "o case1 !n1 ev]y?+ dep5d$1 ^u  
,god's w & decree1 mu* m 9 ! o!r4 ,!re c
 be no inju/ice "h4 ,_h ,god pleas$1 ,he
 might h sav$ ! :ole _w4 ,b he did n2 & 
?\s&s are n[ 9 hell1 & %all be to all   
et]nity4'  ',hell is peopl$ already )   
millions ( immortal s\ls doom$ to fi]y  
wra?2 :ile ,heav5 is fill$ ) ransom$    
s9n]s z vile1 yea p]haps vil] ?an !y4'  
#hc3a  ,if ! writ] ( ?is horrid nons5se 
d n blaspheme1 !re surely c be no       
possibility ( blasphem+4 ,if he d n     
impute to 8 ,god ( m]cy cruelty &       
inju/ice ! mo/ mon/r\s t c ent] into    
human conception1 all language is void (
 mean+1 & m5 _h f> bett] cease          
'civilis+1' & betake !mselves to woods &
 wilds & fa/nesses1 to enjoy ! /ate (   
m]e bruti%ness s inf9itely pref]able to 
t reasonable /ate 9 :i* !y are %ak5 &   
madd5$ by t]rible dreams ( a v5geful    
cruel ,god4                             
,bett] be ) ! dead           ,?an on !  
tortures ( ! m9d to lie           ,9    

re/less ec/acy4  ,bett]1 f> bett]1 roam 
! des]t or ! =e/ l any o!r brutes1 ?an  
educate ourselves & o!rs into ! mon/r\s 
belief 9 a ,god :o might h sav$ ! _w &  
w\ld n2 :o pr$e/9ates to endless &      
unutt]able agonies2 :o has ) ! "o h&    
peopl$ ,hell ) millions ( immortal      
creatures1 :ile ) ! o!r has fill$ ,heav5
 ) millions ( ransom$ s9n]s1 z vile1 yea
 p]haps vil] ?an !y4  ,9 ju/ice h[ev] to
 ! l>ge class ( ,*ri/ians "u ! despotic 
& truly lam5table influ5ce ( ?is belief1
 ! ,au?or is b\nd to admit t !y are f> m
 consi/5t & logical 9 _! notions (      
,deity ?an p]haps any o!r section (     
,!i/s1 = x _c prop]ly be d5i$ t !       
doctr9e ( an ,omnipot5t & ,presci5t ,god
 de/roys all di/9ction ( virtue & vice1 
ju/ice & inju/ice1 "r & wrong1 among m54
 ,let ! omnipot5cy & presci5ce ( a ,fir/
 ,cause be grant$1 ! coroll>y ( ':atev] 
is1 is "r1' is "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s t c fl[
 f any proposition3 ! di/ance ( any l9k 
9 ! et]nal sequ5ce _c less5 ! connection
 ) a ,fir/ ,cause1 admitt+ its          

,omnipot5cy & ,presci5ce4  ,! au?or ( ^!
 dete/able p>agraphs admits bo?4 ,he is 
a rigid ,pr$e/9>ian1 :i* no "o c be :o  
d\bts ! all p[]fulness or =ekn[l$ge ( t 
,god :om ,*ri/ians wor%ip4 ,tak+        
,scripture z 8 guide1 ! ,pr$e/9>ian mu/ 
ne$s believe "s are =$oom$ to ,hell1 &  
"s to ,hell1 irrespective ( all m]it2 x 
be+ manife/ly absurd to suppose "o man c
 des]ve m or less ?an ano!r1 9 a _w1 :]e
 all are compell$ to believe1 feel1 &   
act1 z !y d believe1 feel1 & act4 ,!    
disgrace atta*$ to ! memory ( ,judas1   
suppos+ him really to h betray$ 8 ,div9e
 ,ma/]1 has no f\ndation 9 human ju/ice1
 = 'surely z ! ,"l live?1' he 0 =$oom$1 
& !re=e compell$ to betray him4 ,lu!r   
saw t tru?1 & _h ! good s5se to av[ x4  
,no m rational or j are ! d5unciations (
 ,judas ?an ^? s unsp>+ly heap$ ^u !    
,jews = crucify+ ! ,r$eem] ( ! _w1 :5 e 
body mu/1 or at lea/1 %\ld "k1 t admitt+
 ! _w's r$emption dep5d$ ^u !           
,crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 if ! ,jews _h n   
crucifi$ him ! _w c\ld n h be5 r$eem$4  

,s f> !n f blackgu>d+ ,judas & ! ,jews =
 do+1 :at 9 ! ,gospel !y are repres5t$  
to h done1 we %\ld consid] !m r z m>tyrs
 9 ! cause ( ,div9e ,provid5ce ?an z    
villa9s wor?y only ( abhorr5ce &        
execration4 ,to ! ,au?or ( ?is ,apology 
x seems c]ta9 t if !re is a ,god1 su* z 
! ,*ri/ian delighte? to hon\r1 no?+     
happ5s1 no?+ has happ5$1 no?+ c happ5   
contr>y to ,8 w4 ,& is x n absurd to say
 t :at ,he pre-orda9s m]e mortals c h9d]
 com+ to pass8 ,ev5 ! ,devil1 believ$ 9 
by ,*ri/ians1 is a creature--h[ !n c\ld 
he be any?+ else ?an ! ,creator ?\ght   
fit to make him8 ,grant he is ! ,fa!r ( 
,lies1 & !n he w appe> wor?y (          
compassion1 if y reflect t he 0 made s  
by ! ,fa!r ( ,tru?4 ,9 ! ,tract to :i*  
su* special ref]5ce has be5 made1 x is  
cont5d$ t ,adam 0 made n because he *ose
 to be made1 b because ,god *ose to make
 him1 & surely ! same may be cont5d$ on 
! "p ( ,judas1 ! ,jews1 & la/1 ?\gh1    
assur$ly1 n lea/1 ! ,devil himself4 ,he 
:o is )\t ,god _c run into absurdities &

 blasphemies l ^!1 :]eas he :o is ) "o  
_c keep cle> ( !m4 ,if consi/5t he mu/  
clo! ,him ) ,calv9i/ic attributes4 ,to  
pres5t ,him /ripp$ ( =ekn[l$ge1 or      
omnipot5cy w\ld outrage all j conception
 ( t ',imm5se ,be+' :o br\ght 8         
wor%ipp]s out ( no?+4 ,& yet if we all[ 
him ^! attributes !re is no help = u1   
headlong we g into ! d>k & fa?omless    
doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 ?an :i* no       
religi\s doctr9e is s consi/5t or s     
revolt+4 ,receive x1 & at once y f9d    
y\rself b\nd he>t & bra9 to belief 9 a  
sup]natural ,,mon/]--'a v5geful1        
pitiless1 & ,almighty ,fi5d1 ^: m]cies  
are a nickname = ! rage ( hungry tig]s4'
  ,! believ]s 9 ?is t]rible (fspr+ (    
heat$ imag9ation1 naturally aim at      
imitat+1 & ?us r5d]+ !mselves           
acceptable1 to ,him4 ,"h is ! s\rce1    
:5ce = ages h fl[$ ! bitt] wat]s (      
religi\s intol]ance4 ,if ,calv9 _h n    
wor%ipp$ a cruel ,god1 he nev] c\ld h   
hop$ to please ,him by ! murd] (        
,s]vetius4 ,if ,cranm] _h want$ lively  

fai? 9 a ,god :o p's ,hell ') millions (
 immortal s\ls1' he nev] w\ld h br\ght  
,joan ,bo*] to ! /ake4 ,full ( t        
,*ri/ian zeal1 s 'apt to t>n s\r1' ^! m5
 liv$ l ! h]mit ,honorius1 '9 hopes (   
ga9+ heav5 by mak+ e>? a hell4'  ,!     
savage bigotry ( an ,elizabe? or a ,m>y1
 naturally result$ f ! notion t mon>*s  
unque/ionably rul+ by ,div9e "r1 7 call$
 ^u by e e>?ly1 z well z heav5ly        
consid]ation1 to prove _! zeal 9 ! cause
 ( ,god1 by de/roy+ ,8 adv]s>ies4       
,h]etics h be5 consign$ to dungeon & to 
"n1 = ,8 glory1 & ,8 satisfaction4 ,all 
inquisitors f ,/4 ,dom9ic d[nw>d1 h     
indignantly repell$ ! *>ge t !y h puni%$
 h]etics j to glut _! own appetite =    
cruelty4 ,wor%ipp]s ( a ,god :o sai?1   
'v5geance is m9e1' !y h felt !mselves   
m]e in/rum5ts 9 ,8 h&s2 ( !mselves1 & = 
!mselves1 !y did no?+2 all 0 = ,god4 ,to
 please ,him1 ! ,jew & ! ,h]etic %riek$ 
amid ! flames4 ,!y are n a%am$1 :y %\ld 
!y8 to p]=m ,8 behe/s4 ,:5 ! late ,duke 
( ,york 0 ab\t to leave ,lisbon1 its    

,inquisitor-,g5]al wait$ ^u him1 ) a    
humble reque/ t he w\ld delay 8 dep>ture
 = a few days1 9 ord] to make "o at an  
,auto da ,fe1 :]e x 0 k9dly promis$1 "s 
,jews %\ld be burnt = 8 div]sion3 s     
cruel & s bl9d are ! sup]/iti\s4  ,que5 
,m>y has long be5 ! m>k at :i* our mo/  
eloqu5t ,prote/ant ,div9es h aim$ _!    
%afts1 :ile ( h] no less 'bloody' si/]'s
 reputation1 !y h be5 mo/ wat*ful &     
t5d]4 ,) respect to h] p]secution (     
h]etics1 !y pres]ve a dea?-l sil5ce4    
,fe> ( damag+ ,prote/antism det]s !m f  
expos+ ! enorm\s abom9ation ( ,prote/ant
 mon>*s4 ,aga9/ ! bigotry ( ,ca?olics !y
 hurl ! fi]ce/ d5unciations2 b if call$ 
^u to d5\nce z fi]cely ! bigotry (      
,prote/ants1 !y make u und]/& '! case   
be+ alt]$1 t alt]s ! case4' ,a ,popi%   
,inquisition !y abhor1 b see no evil 9  
,inquisitions ( _! own4 ,smi?field ,auto
 da ,fe's1 accord+ to ^! consi/5t       
,*ri/ians1 7 wrong dur+ ! reign ( ,m>y1 
& "r dur+ ! reign ( h] pi\s si/]1 ',good
 ,que5 ,bess4' ,su* is ! ju/ice (       

sup]/ition4 ,its vot>ies kn[+ !mselves !
 fav\r$ ( heav51 feel privileg$ to      
outrage & trample "u foot ! great       
pr9ciples ( s5se1 propriety1 & hon\r4   
,betwe5 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants z reg>ds
 ^! pr9ciples !re is little to di/+ui%2 
= 9 ! race ( abom9ation1 !y h kept      
pretty ne>ly neck & neck4 ,! au?or ( ?is
 ,apology has no sympa?y ) ei!r1 b ( !  
two mu* pref]s ,pop]y4 ,!re is ab\t x a 
bread? ( purpose1 a gr&eur1 & a pot5cy  
:i* excites "s respect1 ev5 9 ! brea/ ( 
an enemy4 ,unreasonable x assur$ly is1 b
 ,*ri/ians :o object to x on t gr\nd1   
may be told--religion 0 nev] meant to be
 reasonable2 & t an appeal to rational  
pr9ciples w z little avail "o religion z
 ano!r1 z little avail ,prote/ant z     
,roman ,ca?olic fai?4 ,all religion is  
unreasonable1 &1 moreov]1 to rationalize
 w\ld be to de/roy x4 ,hobbes c\ld      
discov] no?+ 9 sup]/ition ess5tially    
diff]5t f religion1 nor c we4 ,he deem$ 
true religion z ! religion :i* is       
fa%ionable1 & sup]/ition z ! religion   

:i* is n fa%ionable4  ,s d we1 s d all  
absolute ,a!i/s4 ,! notion t false      
religion implies ! true1 j z base co9   
implies ! pure1 w h weight ) ^?1 & only 
^?1 :o _c detect ! sophi/ry ( an argum5t
 a rubii toto caelo diff]5tibus2 or 9   
pla9 ,engli%1 f ?+s entirely diff]5t    
presum$ to be simil>4 ,betwe5 co9 &     
religion !re is no precise analogy4     
,false co9 implies true co91 because    
none are sceptical z to ! reality ( true
 co91 b false religion does n necess>ily
 imply true religion1 because ! reality 
( true religion is n only que/ionable1 b
 que/ion$4 ,x is n usual = money-deal]s 
to be at issue z to ! quality ( _! ca%4 
,! g5u9e article w /& ! te/1 & always   
passes mu/]4 ,a practis$ e> c easily    
decide betwe5 ! rival claims ( two      
half-cr[ns1 "o g5u9e1 ! o!r spuri\s1    
?r[n ^u a tradesman's c\nt]4 ,b :]e are 
! scales 9 :i* we c weigh to a nicety   
true & false religions8 ,:]e is ! e> s  
well practis$ & s delicately s5sitive z 
to di/+ui% ! true f ! 'numb] )\t numb]' 

( false voices rais$ 9 _! behalf8 ,:]e !
 eye s p]fectly !ologic1 s %>p1 pi]c+1 &
 free ( t film call$ prejudice1 z to see
 :i* ( our religions is ! g5u9e article8
 ,all are agre$ z to ! g5u95ess ( curr5t
 money4 ,all are at 'dagg]s drawn' z to 
! g5u95ess ( any "o religion4 ,t        
,*ri/ianity is true no ,*ri/ian d5ies1 b
 :i* is ! true ,*ri/ianity has n & we   
?9k _c be det]m9$4  ,! knot ( old       
fa%ion$ politicians :o call !mselves ,"y
 ,engl&1 are enam\r$ ( 'graceful        
sup]/ition4' ,al>m$ at ! m>* ( reason1 &
 admir]s ( 'bl9d fai? 9 my/]y1' !y sigh 
= a r5ewal ( ^? times :5 no "o d\bt$ !  
propriety ( dr[n+ wit*es1 or be+ t\*$ = 
! k+'s evil4 ,cui bono is ! "q repeat$ly
 put to ! proselytis+ ,a!i/ by ?is mod]n
 antique class ( p]sons1 :o _c see !    
utility ( de/roy+ ! vital pr9ciple ( all
 religions4 ,b if t pr9ciple is false1  
no sane man c d\bt ! exp$i5cy ( prov+ x 
s4 ,falsehood may be useful to          
individuals1 b _c t5d to ! moral &      
political advancem5t ( nations4         

,apologi/s ( error f9d ! presum$        
unfitness ( _! fell[ creatures to       
appreciate tru? a suffici5t reason = n  
tea*+ x4 ,to raise up ! populace to _!  
own intellectual level !y deem          
impracticable1 & !re=e speak d[n to _!  
l[e/ passions & prejudices3 l ,v>ro !y  
cont5d !re are "s tru?s ! vulg> _h bett]
 ?9k falsehoods1 & _m falsehoods !y _h  
bett] ?9k tru?s4 ,! consequ5ces ( su*   
'moral sw9dl+' are ev]y:]e visible3 on  
all sides sup]/ition1 wild1 unreason+1  
s5seless sup]/ition re>s its hateful    
front1 & vomits =? ana!ma on ! fri5d (  
progress1 humanity1 & social ju/ice4    
,look at ,irel&3 see to :at a           
,p&aemonium sup]/ition has conv]t$ '!   
fir/ fl[] ( ! l& & fir/ gem ( ! sea4' ,9
 t unhappy c\ntry may be se5 sev5 or    
eight millions ( p *eat$1 will+ly       
defraud$ ( _! sub/ance1 by a h&ful (    
design+ prie/s1 :o1 dead to %ame1 erect 
! mo/ /upid cr$ulity into exalt$ virtue 
--battle 9 support ( ignorance because k
 is incompatible ) _! 'blood-cem5t$     

pyramid ( greatness1' & to aggr&ise     
!mselves1 p]petuate ! vile/ z well z mo/
 palpable delusions t ev] assum$ ! mask 
( div9e tru?4 ,daniel ,o',connell may   
object to h !m call$ 'surplic$          
ruffians1' n s ! philosoph]1 :o sees 9  
pi\s fraud on a gigantic scale1 ! wor/  
species ( ruffianism t ev] disgrac$ !   
e>?4  ,^! are no new tangl$ or undige/$ 
notions4 ,f age to age ! wise/ among m5 
h abhorr$ & d5\nc$ sup]/ition4 ,x is    
true t only a small section ( !m treat$ 
religion z if necess>ily sup]/ition1 or 
w5t q s f> z ,john ,adams1 :o said1 ?is 
w\ld be ! be/ ( all possible worlds if  
!re 7 no religion 9 x4 ,b an att5tive   
read+ ( anci5t & mod]n philosophical    
books has satisfi$ ! ,au?or ( ?is       
,apology t ?r\gh all record$ "t1        
religion has be5 tol]at$ r ?an lov$ by  
great ?9k]s1 :o _h w1 b n p[] to wage   
successful w> ^u x4 ,gibbon speaks (    
,pagan prie/s :o1 '"u sac]dotal robes1  
conceal$ ! he>t ( an ,a!i/4' ,n[1 ^!    
prie/s 7 also ! philosoph]s ( ,rome1 & x

 is n impossible t "s mod]n             
philosophical prie/s1 l _! ,pagan       
prototypes1 secretly despise ! religion 
!y op5ly pr(ess4 ,av>ice1 & lu/ ( p[]1  
are pot5t und]m9]s ( human virtue4 ,!   
mighty g5ius ( ,bacon 0 n pro( aga9/ !m1
 & he :o des]ves to occupy a place among
 '! wise/ & greate/' has be5 'damn$ to  
et]nal fame' z !1 'meane/ ( mank9d4'    
,nor are av>ice & lu/ ( p[] ! only base 
passions "u ! influ5ce ( :i* m51 great 9
 intellect1 h giv5 ! lie to _! own      
convictions1 by call+ t religion :i* !y 
knew to be rank sup]/ition4 ,fe> (      
puni%m5t = writ+ tru? is ! gr& cause :y 
_! books conta9 s little ( x4 ,if ,bacon
 _h op5ly treat$ ,*ri/ianity z m]e      
sup]/ition1 w any "o say t 8 life w\ld h
 be5 wor? tw5ty-f\r h\rs pur*ase4 ,he   
liv$ at a "t :5 h]esy1 to say no?+ (    
,a!ism1 0 rew>d$ ) dea?4 ,bacon 0 n !   
man to be ambiti\s ( su* a rew>d4 ,few  
great g5iuses are4 ,philosoph]s seldom  
covet m>tyrdom1 & h5ce x came to pass t 
few ( !m w\ld run ! t]rible risk (      

provok+ bigott$ au?ority by ! 'tru?1 !  
:ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?' conc]n+     
religion4 ,9 our own day ! smell ( a    
faggot w\ld be too mu* = ! no/rils (1 t 
/ill unamiable b some:at improv$ animal1
 call$ ! public4 ,"o delightful z well z
 natural consequ5ce is1 t philosophical 
writ]s d ev] & anon deal mu* m freely ) 
religion ?an its pr(essors are dispos$1 
?\gh compell$1 to tol]ate4 ,b1 ev5 n[1 )
 all our boa/$ lib]ty ( consci5ce1 n "o 
9 "o ?\s& ( ^? :o ?9k tru? ab\t religion
 d>e express x4 ,philosophy /ill        
exhibits1 9 def]5ce to popul> prejudice 
& fanaticism1 :at ! great ,fr5* maximi/ 
def9$ z '! homage t vice pays to        
virtue4' ,su* is ! rule to :i*1 mo/     
=tunately = ! pause ( tru?1 !re are _m1 
& "s spl5did1 exceptions4 ,"o ( ^! is   
wor? cit+ n only because ( its intr9sic 
m]it1 b because ! ?+ to be cit$ includes
 an op9ion ( religion1 & a m>k$         
di/9ction betwe5 :at is pi\s & :at is   
hone/1 t calls = especial notice4 ,!    
exception ref]r$ to is a p>agraph f a   

pap] on ,sa9t ,simonianism1 writt5 by   
,colonel ,?ompson1 & orig9ally publi%$ 9
 ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 ( ,april #a1 #ahcb1
 conta9+ ^! rem>kable words3--',! _w    
wants hone/ law-giv]s1 n pi\s ones4 ,if 
piety w make m5 hone/1 let !m fav\r u ) 
! hone/y & keep ! piety = ,god & _! own 
consci5ces4 ,!re nev] 0 a man t br\ght  
piety ^u ! bo>d :5 hone/y w\ld d1 )\t   
its be+ possible to trace a transfusion 
9 ! %ape ( money or money's wor?1 f 8   
neighb\r's pocket into 84 ,! object (   
puzzl+ ! "q ) religion is cle>4 ,y _c   
qu>rel = sixp5ces ) ! man :o is help+ y 
! way to heav54 ,! man :o wants y\r     
sixp5ces1 !re=e1 assumes a religi\s     
phraseology1 :i* is cant1 & cant is     
fraud1 & fraud is di%one/y1 & ! di%one/ 
%\ld h a m>k set on !m4'  ,!re is an old
 /ory ab\t a c]ta9 lady :o said to h]   
physician1 ',doctor1 :at is y\r         
religion8' ',my religion1 madam1' repli$
 ! ,doctor1 'is ! religion ( all s5sible
 m54' ',:at k9d ( religion is t8' said !
 lady4 ',! religion1 madam1' quo? !     

,doctor1 't no s5sible man w tell4'     
,?is doctor may be tak5 z a type ( !    
class ( %rewd p :o despise religion1 b w
 say no?+ ab\t x1 le/ by s do+ !y give a
 %ock to prejudice1 & ?us put 9 p]il    
c]ta9 pr(essional or o!r emolum5ts4 ,too
 s5sible to be pi\s1 & too cauti\s to be
 hone/1 !y mu/ be extremely well paid   
ere !y w incur ! risk att5dant ^u a     
confession ( irreligi\s fai?4 ,l        
,colonel ,?ompson1 !y "k ! _w ne$s hone/
 lawgiv]s n pi\s ones1 b unlike him1 !y 
won't say s4 ,animat$ by a vile _s (    
accommodation1 _! :ole sum ( practical  
wisdom c be told 9 f\r words--,,be      
,,sil5t ,,& ,,safe4 ,!y are amaz$ at !  
'folly' ( ^? :o make sacrifices at !    
%r9e ( s9c]ity2 & :ile sagaci\s en\gh to
 p]ceive t religion is a clumsy         
political contrivance1 are n want+ 9 !  
prud5ce :i* dictates at lea/ a w>n+     
con=mity to prevail+ prejudices4  ,none 
h done m to p]petuate error ?an ^! "t   
s]v+ 'm5 ( ! _w1' = in/ead ( boldly     
attack+ x1 !y pres]ve a prud5t sil5ce   

:i* bigots d n fail to int]pret z       
cons5t4 ,mo%eim says1 #ij3a ',!         
simplicity & ignorance ( ! g5]ality 9 ^?
 times 7fif? c5tury7 furni%$ ! mo/      
fav\rable occasion = ! ex]cise ( fraud2 
& ! impud5ce ( impo/]s1 9 contriv+ false
 miracles1 0 artfully proportion$ to !  
cr$ulity ( ! vulg>2 :ile ! sagaci\s & ! 
wise1 :o p]ceiv$ ^! *eats1 7 ov]aw$ into
 sil5ce by ! dang]s t ?reat5$ _! lives &
 =tunes1 if !y %\ld expose ! artifice4  
,?us1' cont9ues ?is au?or1 'does x      
g5]ally happ51 :5 dang] att5ds !        
discov]y & ! pr(ession ( ! tru?1 !      
prud5t are sil5t1 ! multitude believe1 &
 impo/ors triumph4'  ,beausobre1 too1 9 
8 le>n$1 acc\nt ( ,mani*eism reads a    
sev]e lesson to ! 's5sible dummies1 :o1 
"u ! influ5ce ( su* passions z fe> &    
av>ice1 w d no?+ to *eck ! m>* (        
sup]/ition1 or relieve _! less          
's5sible1' b m hone/1 fell[-creatures f 
! weight ( its fett]s4 ,aft] allud+ to  
an epi/le writt5 by t 'demi-philosoph]1'
 ,synesius1 :5 (f]$ by ! ,patri>* !     

,bi%opric ( ,ptolemais1 #ia3a ,beausobre
 says1 ',we see 9 ! hi/ory t ,i h relat$
 a k9d ( hypocrisy1 :i*1 p]haps1 has be5
 f> too common 9 all times4 ,x is t (   
ecclesia/ics1 :o n only d n say :at !y  
?9k1 b ! rev]se ( :at !y ?9k4           
,philosoph]s 9 _! closet1 :5 out ( !m !y
 are cont5t ) fables1 ?\gh !y "k well !y
 are fables4 ,!y d m2 !y deliv] to !    
execution] ! excell5t m5 :o h said x4   
,h[ _m ,a!i/s & pr(ane p]sons h br\ght  
holy m5 to ! /ake "u ! pretext ( h]esy8 
,e day1 hypocrites consecrate ! ho/ &   
cause x to be ador$1 al?\gh firmly      
conv9c$ z ,i am t x is no?+ m ?an a     
piece ( bread4'  ,:atev] may be urg$ 9  
def5ce ( su* execrable duplicity1 !re c 
be no "q z to its anti-progressive      
t5d5cy4 ,! majority ( m5 are fools1 & if
 su* 's5sible' politicians z our ,doctor
 & ! d\ble doctr9is+ p]secut+           
ecclesia/ics1 = ^: portraits we are     
indebt$ to ,mo%eim & ,beausobre1 %all h 
! tea*+ ( !m1 fools !y are sure to      
rema94 ,m5 :o d>e n be 'm5tally fai?ful'

 to !mselves may ob/ruct1 b _c advance !
 int]e/s ( tru?4 ,colonel ,?ompson is   
"r4 ,9 legislation1 9 law1 9 all !      
relations ( life1 we want hone/y1 n     
piety4 ,!re is pl5ty ( piety1 & to sp>e1
 b ( hone/y--/]l+1 bold1 uncompromis+   
hone/y--ev5 ! be/ regulat$ societies c  
boa/ a v small /ock4 ,! m5 be/ qualifi$ 
to raise ! veil "u :i* tru? lies        
conceal$ f vulg> gaze1 are precisely !  
m5 :o fe> to d x4 ,oh1 %ame ^u ye       
self-/yl$ philosoph]s1 :o 9 y\r closets 
laugh at 'our holy religion1' & 9 y\r   
*ur*es d !m rev]5ce4 ,7 y\r bosoms w>m$ 
by "o sp>k ( g5]\s wisdom1 sil5ce on !  
"q ( religion w\ld be brok51 ! multitude
 cease to believe1 & impo/]s to triumph4
 ,b ! desire to enlight5 o!rs is lo/ 9  
reg>d = y\rselves1 & :at ,mrs4 ,grundy  
may say1 is suffici5t to fright5 ye f ! 
enunciation tru?4  ,is sup]/ition no    
evil8 ,is !re no?+ hateful1 no?+ aga9/  
:i* unceas+ w> %\ld be wag$1 9 !        
degradation ( ^? unhappy p]sons :o      
wor%ip idols ( _! own imag9ation8 ,c    

error be fraught ) good & tru? ) evil1 t
 we %\ld %r9k f do+ ju/ice to bo?8      
,ev]y:]e are le>n$ly ignorant or basely 
cunn+ m51 :o w\ld sc>e u f deal+ )      
religi\s error1 z all error des]ves to  
be dealt )1 by high-s\nd+ j>gon ab\t !  
dang] ( free+ vulg> m9ds f ! :olesome   
re/ra9ts ( c]ta9 antiquat$ beliefs4     
,!mselves ess5tially vulg> by habit & 9 
feel+1 _! e/imate ( human t5d5cies is ( 
! meane/1 ! mo/ grovell+ description4   
,measur+ ! *aff ( o!r m5 by _! own      
bu%el1 !y arrive at ! pi\s b false      
conclusion t )\t fe> ( ,god !re c be no 
g5u9e love ( man1 & t )\t fai? 9 "s "o (
 our five hundr$ & odd true religions1  
all ! ?\ghts ( our he>ts w\ld be evil   
cont9ually4 ,!y insi/ ^u x t ! 'absolute
 ,a!i/1' if virtu\s1 is s by accid5t n  
design2 t he c nei!r love tru?1 ju/ice1 
nor 8 neighb\r1 except by %e] luck1 & t1
 if bad z 8 pr9ciples1 w\ld cut ! ?roat 
( e man1 woman1 & *ild :o might h !     
mis=tune to fall 9 8 way4 ,!y argue z if
 none c ?9k good ?\ghts or purposely    

p]=m good acts unless s f> eat5 up by   
sup]/ition z always to keep 9 view !    
probable rew>ds1 or equally probable    
v5geance ( "s sup]natural ,be+4 ,fai? 9 
human goodness1 irrespective ( rew>d &  
puni%m5t1 ei!r "h or h]eaft]1 sophi/s ( 
?is bigott$ class h lit]ally none4      
,influ5c$ by fanaticism & /imulat$ by   
cupidity !y let slip no opportunity (   
deal+ out ^u su* z oppose _! hide\s     
doctr9es ! *oice/ sort ( vitup]ative    
blackgu>dism4 ,! read] kn[s ?is is no   
idle or ill-consid]$ *>ge4 ,he has se5  
at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is ,apology v]batim  
extracts1 affect+ ! moral "* ( ,a!i/s1 f
 books writt5 by pi\s ,*ri/ians1 s      
utt]ly disgu/+ t only ^? 9 :om e s5se ( 
delicacy1 tru?1 & ju/ice has be5        
oblit]at$1 by a worse ?an savage cre$1 c
 p]use !m )\t horror4  ,n inaptly1 we   
conceive1 has religion be5 lik5$ to a   
madman's robe1 = ! lea/ puff ( reason   
p>ts x & %[s ! we>]'s nak$ness4 ,?is    
view ( religion expla9s ! o!rwise       
inexplicable fact t em95t piety is      

usually associat$ ) em95t imbecility4   
,su* m5 z ,newton1 ,locke1 & ,bacon are 
n rememb]$ & rev]5c$ on acc\nt ( _!     
fai?4 ,by all b p$dl+ n>r[-?\ght$ bigots
 !y are held 9 hon\r = _! sci5ce1 _!    
matt]-(-fact philosophy2 n _! pu]ile    
conceits ab\t 'airy no?+s1' to :i* half 
craz$ sup]naturali/s h assign$ 'a local 
habitation & a "n4' ,"l ,bacon laid d[n 
pr9ciples s remote f pi\s1 t no man c   
und]/& & philosophise 9 /rict accordance
 ) !m1 if he fe>s to embrace ,a!ism4 ,f 
8 ,novum ,organum ,sci5ti>um may be     
extract$ an antidote to ! poison (      
sup]/ition1 = x is !re we are told t    
aim+ at div9e ?+s ?r\gh ! human1 bre$s  
only an odd mixture ( imag9ations4 ,!re 
we are told t ,man1 ! s]vant & int]pret]
 ( ,nature1 c only und]/& & act 9       
proportion z he obs]ves or contemplates 
! ord] ( nature--m he _c d4 ,!re too is 
set d[n ! wise lesson t tru? is ju/ly to
 be call$ ! daught]1 n ( ,au?ority1 b   
,"t4 ,bacon abhorr$ sup]/ition4 ,he     
d5\nc$ x z ! 'confusion ( _m /ates1' & =

 a 'religi\s philosoph]' wrote mo/      
lib]ally ( ,a!ism4 ,no "o :o has read 8 
,essay on ,sup]/ition c d\bt t he ?\ght 
x a f> great] evil ?an ,a!ism4 ,any man 
:o %\ld n[ write z fav\rably (          
,godlessness w\ld be suspect$ ( a       
latitud9>ianism q inimical to ! g5ius & 
_s ( 'true religion4' ,! or?odox mu*    
pref] false piety to no piety at all4   
,m]e hone/y does n satisfy !m4 ,!y insi/
 on fai? 9 _! *im]ical doctr9es &       
sy/ems1 z '! basis ( all excell5ce4' ,to
 please !m we mu/ sacrifice tru? z x is 
9 ,nature1 at ! %r9e ( tru? z x is 9    
,jesus1 & believe :at d]ives no sanction
 f exp]i5ce4 ,bacon taught u to         
'int]pret nature1' & t 'aim+ at ! div9e 
?r\gh ! human bre$s only an odd mixture 
( imag9ations2' b ^! hair-bra9$ fanatics
 :o w\ld h u believe him "o ( !m1 c>e   
little = natural k1 & affect contempt = 
all t conc]ns mo/ intimately our 'e>?ly 
tab]nacles4' ,bacon taught u to consid] 
z suspici\s e relation1 :i* dep5ds 9 any
 degree ^u religion1 #ic3a b wis] ?an t 

'wise/ ( mank9d1' our real ,*ri/ians    
execrate su* tea*+1 & w h no?+ good to d
 ) ^? :o walk 9 ! light & hone/ly act 9 
! _s ( x4 ,h[ d>e !y !n pret5d to       
sympa?ise ) ! op9ions ( ,bacon8 ,x is   
true he ann\nc$ himself will+ to swall[ 
all ! fables ( ! ,talmud or ! ,koran1 r 
?an believe ?is ,almighty frame )\t a   
,m9d2 b :o is n[ prep>$ to det]m9e !    
precise s5se 9 :i* our illu/ri\s        
philosoph] us$ ! words ')\t a m9d4' ,we 
believe 8 own int]pretation altoge!r    
un*ri/ian4 ',to palt] 9 a d\ble s5se'   
has ev] be5 ! practice ( philosoph]s :o1
 l ,bacon1 knew m ?an !y f\nd x discreet
 to utt]4 ,b ) all _! discretion1       
,locke1 ,milton1 & ev5 ,newton did n    
succe$ 9 e/abli%+ an or?odox reputation4
 ,! passages f ,locke giv5 9 ?is        
,apology d at lea/ w>rant our op9ion t x
 may fairly be d\bt$ :e!r he 0 ei!r a   
,*ri/ian or a ,!i/4 ,_h he be5 dispos$  
to av[ ,a!i/ical s5tim5ts1 he c\ld n h  
done s1 except at ! imm95t haz>d ( 8    
life4 ,speculative philosoph]s d n      

usually covet ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom1 & are  
seldom unwill+ to fl+ d[n a few religi\s
 sops to ! ,c]b]us ( popul> bigotry4 ,x 
0 ! boa/ ( ,synesius1 ,bi%op (          
,ptolemais1 t :5 commun+ ) himself1 he 0
 always a philosoph]1 b :5 deal+ ) !    
mass ( mank9d1 he 0 always a prie/4 ,:o 
kn[s h[ f> ,john ,locke foll[$ ! safe   
example4 ,t he 0 a mat]iali/ 8 writ+s   
prove2 & e f> sight$ ,!i/ w admit t     
,a!ism is ! natural t]m9ation (         
,mat]ialism4 ,john ,locke may h be5 a   
dev\t believ] 9 '?+less names1' to :i*  
no m]ely human creature c atta* cle> &  
di/9ct ideas3 he may h ?\ght ! ,bible _h
 "o ( ! said '?+less names' = its au?or1
 salvation = its end1 & tru? )\t mixture
 ( error = its matt]2 ?\gh v probable he
 affect$ su* belief1 to %ield himself f 
p]secution2 b x is q c]ta91 & may be    
affirm$ )\t inju/ice1 t he %\ld to h    
pr(ess$ ,a!ism2 = 8 own rule (          
philosophis+ is inconsi/5t ) belief 9   
any ?+ sup]natural4 ,:ile liv+ he 0 (t5 
*>g$ ) ,a!ism1 by oppon5ts :o und]/ood !

 t5d5cies ( 8 philosophy bett] ?an he   
appe>$ to d himself4 ,b ! ,au?or ( ?is  
,apology has no su* mean op9ion ( ,john 
,locke1 z to suppose him ignorant t     
,mat]ialism1 z he taught x1 is totally  
irreconcileable ) t ,god1 & t ,religion 
9 :i* he pr(ess$ to believe4 ,belief 9  
inconceivable entities _c be reconcil$ )
 disbelief ( all entities1 save ^? ( :i*
 we c frame cle> & di/9ct ideas4 ,nor is
 x easy to p]suade oneself t ,locke c\ld
 s f> h done viol5ce to 8 own pr9ciples 
z to feel 'lively fai?' 9 a 'sci5ce' )  
no o!r aim1 end1 or gr\nd-"w1 ?an '! k &
 attributes ( ! unkn[n4'  ,by a late    
writ] 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 we are told
 t '"s ( ! op9ions av[$ by ,milton1' 7 s
 'het]odox1' z to h 'excit$ consid]able 
amazem5t4' ,we c sc>cely conceive1 says 
?is writ]1 t any "o c\ld h read 8       
,p>adise ,lo/ )\t suspect+ him (        
het]odoxy2 nor d we ?9k t any read]     
acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( 8 life1 ought to  
be mu* />tl$ by 8 op9ions on m>riage4 ,!
 op9ions :i* he express$ reg>d+ ! nature

 ( ! ,deity1 ! et]nity ( matt]1 & !     
obs]vation ( ! ,sabba?1 might1 we ?9k1 h
 caus$ m j surprise4 #ie3a ,add to ?is  
good read]1 ,dr4 ,johnson's /atem5t1    
7',lives ( ! ,poets1' p4 #acd1 ,art4    
,milton17 t 9 ! di/ribution ( 8         
7,milton's7 h\rs !re 0 no h\r ( pray]1  
ei!r solit>y or ) 8 h\sehold2 & !n come1
 if y c1 to ! conclusion t he 0 a       
,*ri/ian4  ,! piety ( ,newton we are n  
prep>$ to dispute4 ,x is c]ta9 he       
manufactur$ = himself a ,god1 inasmu* z 
to space he ascrib$ ! honor ( be+ ,8    
s5sorium4 ,x is equally cle> t he       
believ$ ,*ri/ianity a div9e sy/em1      
inasmu* z he wrote1 & ru%$ into pr9t )1 
a lot ( exquisite nons5se ab\t !        
exquisitely nons5sical ,apocalypse4 ,b  
we defy pieti/s to f]ret out ( 8        
religi\s writ+s1 any argum5t 9 def5ce ( 
religion1 n absolutely b5ea? contempt2 !
 be/ ( !m are execrably bad--m]e rav+s (
 a disord]$ & o'erwr\ght intellect4 ',! 
sublime ,newton1' said ,d',holba*1 'is b
 a *ild :5 he quits physical sci5ce1 to 

lose himself 9 ! imag9>y regions (      
!ology4' ,he fail$1 nev]!less1 to a*ieve
 ! fav\r1 or escape ! wra?1 ( ?or\gh-go+
 !ologians :o 7 9 ec/acies at 8         
*ildi%ness1 b bitt]ly dete/$ him1 z !y  
dete/$ e man :o _h ! audacity to op5 up 
new1 & wid5 old fields1 ( inve/igation2 
to reject *im]a & hold fa/ by fact 9 !  
pursuit ( k1 & to tea* a s]ies (        
sci5tific tru?s1 no ability c reconcile 
) ! philosophy 787 ( ,jesus & ,moses1   
:o1 accord+ to wise ,dr4 ,epps1 nev]    
int5d$ to tea* man ,,natural ,,sci5ce1  
:i* he def9es to be ',god 9 ,creation2' 
b 'came to tea*1 9 ref]r+ to natural    
ev5ts1 ,,sci5tific ,,untru?s4 #ie3b  ,! 
,au?or hopes t ! op9ions "h advanc$ 9   
ref]5ce to :at may be nam$ ! ,argum5t f 
',au?ority1' z contradi/+ui%$ f ',"t1' w
 make obvi\s to ,*ri/ians !mselves1 t x 
is an unsafe argum5t1 an argum5t :i*1 l 
! brok5 re$1 n only fails1 b cruelly    
w\nds ! h& t re/s ^u x4 ,mu* evid5ce has
 be51 & mu* m c be adduc$ to %[ t no    
prud5t1 well-in=m$ ,*ri/ian w say any?+ 

ab\t ! sanction l5t to ,*ri/ianity1 or  
religion ( any sort1 by ! writ+s (      
,newton1 ,milton1 ,bacon1 & ,locke4 ,by 
admir]s ( su* sanction1 787 ?is1 our    
,apology = ,a!ism w1 no d\bt1 be reject$
 ) indignant contempt1 b we v5ture to   
pr$ict = x bett] treatm5t at ! h&s ( ^? 
:o are conv9c$ t untru? c no m be       
sci5tific1 ?an tru? c be unsci5tific1 & 
t belief1 :e!r 9 ! ,god ( ,nature1 !    
,god ( ,scripture1 or ! ,scripture      
itself1 oppos$ to ,philosophy1 mu/ ne$s 
be oppos$ to ,reason & ,exp]i5ce4       
,,endnotes   #d3a #be? ( ,novemb]1      
#ahde4  #e3a ,vide ',"t's'              
,commission]'s ,lett] on ! ,condition ( 
,irel&1' ,novemb] #bh1 #ahdc4  #aj3a    
,essay '( ! ,academical or ,sceptical   
,philosophy4'  #aa3a ,see ! ,cre$s ( ,r4
 ,ow5 & ,r4 ,c>lile 9 ,no4 #ad ( !      
,promptor4  #aa3b ',essay ( ! ,idea (   
,necess>y ,connexion4'  #aa3c ',essay ( 
a ,provid5ce & a ,future ,/ate4'  #ab3a 
,critical rem>ks on ,"l ,br\gham's      
',lives ( ,m5 ( ,lett]s & ,sci5ce1 :o   

fl\ri%$ 9 ! "t ( ,george ,,iii4'--,!    
,times1 ,w$nesday1 ,octob] ,i1 #ahde4   
#ac3a ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,savages4      
#ac3b ,app5dix ! ,second to ',plut>*us &
 ,!ophra/us on ,sup]/ition4'  #ac3c     
,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4  #ae3a ,see a    
,notice ( ,"l ,br\gham's ,political     
,philosophy1 9 ! numb] = ,april1 #ahde4 
#bj3a ',apology = ! ,bible1' page #acc4 
#bj3b ,unusquisque ve/rum non cogitate  
prius se deb]e ,deos nosse quam col]e4  
#bg3a ,see a curi\s ',essay on ,nature4'
 ,pr9t$ = ,badcock & ,co41 #b1 ,que5's  
,head ,passage1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 #ahjg4   
#ca3a ,elem5ts ( ,mat]ialism1 *apt] ,i4 
#cb3a ,discussion on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 
betwe5 ,orig5 ,ba*elor & ,rob]t ,dale   
,ow54  #cg3a ,answ] to ,dr4 ,prie/ly on 
! exi/5ce ( ,god1 by a ,philosophical   
,unbeliev]4  #dj3a ,treatise on ,human  
,nature4  #da3a ,?is sex+ is a /ock     
receipt = my/ification4--,colonel       
,?ompson4  #dd3a ,! ,rev4 ,j4,e4 ,smi?4 
#df3a ',an ,address on ,c]ebral         
,physiology & ,mat]ialism1' deliv]$ to !

 ,phr5ological ,association 9 ,london1  
,june #bj1 #ahdb4  #di3a ,no #dj ( ',!  
,%eph]d4'  #ej3a ',! ,%eph]d1' ,vol4 i41
 page #dj4  #eb3a ,extracts f an able   
lett] to ! ,editor ( ',! ,%eph]d1' 9    
,no4 #bc ( t p]iodical4  #ed3a ,novum   
,organon4  #ef3a ,pr9cipia ,ma?matica1  
p4 #ebh4 ,lond4 edit41 l#gbf4  #fc3a    
,see a pamphlet1 price ,sixp5ce1 entitl$
 ',paley refut$ 9 8 own words1' by      
,g4,j4 ,holyoake4'  #fc3b ,less+4  #fd3a
 ,see ,extract f an unpubli%$ "w1       
entitl$ ! ',refutation ( ,deism1' by !  
late ,p4,b4 ,%elley--giv5 9 ! ,model    
,republic ( ,may #a/1 #ahac4  #fh3a     
',we/m9/] ,review' = ,may1 #ahdc4  #fi3a
 ,lecture by ! ,rev4 ,hugh ,m',neil1    
,m9i/] ( ,/4 ,jude's ,*ur*1 ,liv]pool1  
deliv]$ ab\t sev5 ye>s s9ce1 9 pres5ce (
 "s #djj ( ! ,iri% ,prote/ant ,cl]gy4   
#fi3b ,! necess>y exi/5ce ( ,deity1 by  
,william ,gillespie4  #fi3c ,page #aje (
 a ,discussion on ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1    
betwe5 ,orig5 ,bat*elor & ,r4,d4 ,ow54  
#gj3a ,quot$ by ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 9 8

 introduction to ! ,scripture doctr9e ( 
! ,tr9ity4  #gb3a ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 p4  
#ea4  #ge3a ',diction>y ( ,conv]sions1' 
page #d4  #gf3a ,essay on ,sup]/ition4  
#gg3a ,see article ',auto da ,fe1' vol4 
i4 ( ',recreative ,review1' publi%$ 9   
#ahba4  #gg3b ,act ( ,fai?4  #gh3a ,/4  
,foix obs]ves1 ) respect to ?is tomb1 t 
if ! ,jack ,ket* ( any c\ntry %\ld be   
ri* en\gh to h a spl5did tomb1 ?is might
 s]ve z an excell5t model4  #ha3a       
',lives ( ,m5 ( ,lett]s1' by ,h5ry ,"l  
,br\gham4  #hb3a ,vol iii41 page #eic1  
#eid1 ( ',a few hundr$ ,bible           
,contradictions1 a ,hunt aft] ! ,devil1 
& o!r odd matt]s4' ,by ,john ,p4,y41    
,m4,d4  #hc3a ,no4 #h ( ,j4 ,ru!r=d's   
,s]ies ( ,tracts1 & entitl$ ',elect+    
,love4'  #ij3a ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1  
vol4 ii4 page #aa4  #ia3a ',mani*eisme1'
 tome ii1 p4 #efh1 #efi4  #ic3a ,nov4   
,org41 lib2 ii4 aph4 #bi4  #ie3a ,see   
',ed9burgh ,review' conta9+ a notice (  
,milton's ',de ,doctr9a ,*ri/iana4'     
#ie3b ,page #ee ( a ,pamphlet entitl$1  

',! ,devil4'