,,ev]yman1 ,i w g ) !e1 & be ?y guide1 ,9 ?y mo/ ne$ to g by ?y side ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c] ,born at ,d]by 9 #ahbj1 ! son ( a tea*]1 f :om he receiv$ mo/ ( 8 education4 ,obta9$ employm5t on ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway4 ,aft] ! /rike ( #ahdf he devot$ himself to j\rnalism1 & 9 #ahdh 0 sub-editor ( ,! ,economi/4 ,he di$ 9 #aijc4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c] ,essays on ,education ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,subjects ,,introduction ,,by ,,*>les ,w4 ,,eliot ,,d5t3 ,,london ,,ev]yman',s ,,libr>y ,,dutton3 ,,new ,,york ,made 9 ,great ,brita9 at ! ,ald9e ,press 4 ,let*wor? 4 ,h]ts = ,j4,m4 ,,d5t ,,sons ,,ltd ,ald9e ,h\se 4 ,b$=d ,/reet 4 ,london ,fir/ publi%$ 9 ,ev]yman's ,libr>y #aiaa ,la/ repr9t$ #aifc ,,no4 #ejd ,,introduction ,! f\r essays on education :i* ,h]b]t ,sp5c] publi%$ 9 a s+le volume 9 #ahfa 7 all writt5 & sep>ately publi%$ betwe5 #ahed & #ahei4 ,_! tone 0 aggressive & _! proposals revolution>y2 al?\gh all ! doctr9es--) "o important exception--_h already be5 vigor\sly prea*$ by e>li] writ]s on education1 z ,sp5c] himself 0 at pa9s to po9t out4 ,! doctr9e :i* 0 comp>atively new ran ?r\gh all f\r essays2 b 0 mo/ amply /at$ 9 ! essay fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahei "u ! title ,:at ,k is ( ,mo/ ,wor?8 ,9 ?is essay ,sp5c] divid$ ! lead+ k9ds ( human activity into ^? :i* m9i/] to self-pres]vation1 ^? :i* secure ! necess>ies ( life1 ^? ^: end is ! c>e ( (fspr+1 ^? :i* make good citiz5s1 & ^? :i* prep>e adults to enjoy nature1 lit]ature1 & ! f9e arts2 & he !n ma9ta9$ t 9 ea* ( ^! sev]al classes1 k ( sci5ce 0 wor? m ?an any o!r k4 ,he argu$ t ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t creation faculties are develop$ ?r\gh ! p]=mance ( ! appropriate functions2 s t x w\ld be contr>y to ! :ole h>mony ( nature if "o k9d ( culture 7 ne$$ = ! ga9+ ( in=mation1 & ano!r k9d 7 ne$$ z a m5tal gymna/ic4 ,he !n ma9ta9$ t ! sci5ces are sup]ior 9 all respects to languages z educational mat]ial2 !y tra9 ! memory bett]1 & a sup]ior k9d ( memory2 !y cultivate ! judgm5t1 & !y imp>t an admirable moral & religi\s discipl9e4 ,he conclud$ t = discipl9e1 z well z = guidance1 sci5ce is ( *iefe/ value4 ,9 all its effects1 le>n+ ! mean+ ( ?+s is bett] ?an le>n+ ! mean+ ( words4 ,he answ]$ ! "q :at k is ( mo/ wor?8 ) ! "o ^w--sci5ce4 ,?is doctr9e 0 extremely repulsive to ! e/abli%$ pr(ession ( education 9 ,engl&1 :]e ,lat91 ,greek1 & ma!matics _h be5 ! /aples ( education = _m g5]ations1 & 7 believ$ to af=d ! only suitable prep>ation = ! le>n$ pr(essions1 public life1 & cultivat$ society4 ,9 proclaim+ ?is doctr9e ) ample illu/ration1 +5i\s argum5t1 & =cible reit]ation1 ,sp5c] 0 a true educational pione]1 al?\gh "s ( 8 sci5tific contempor>ies 7 really prea*+ simil> doctr9es1 ea* 9 8 own field4 ,! pr(ession ( tea*+ has long be5 *>act]is$ by c]ta9 habitual convictions1 :i* ,sp5c] und]took to %ake rudely1 & ev5 to d]ide4 ,! fir/ ( ^! convictions is t all education1 physical1 intellectual1 & moral1 mu/ be au?oritative1 & ne$ take no acc\nt ( ! natural wi%es1 t5d5cies1 & motives ( ! ignorant & undevelop$ *ild4 ,! second dom9at+ conviction is t to tea* means to tell1 or %[1 *ildr5 :at !y ought to see1 believe1 & utt]4 ,expositions by ! tea*] & books are !re=e ! true means ( education4 ,! ?ird & supreme conviction is t ! me?od ( education :i* produc$ ! tea*] himself & ! contempor>y or e>li] s*ol>s1 au?ors1 & publici/s1 mu/ be ! righte\s & suffici5t me?od4 ,its fruits demon/rate its s\ndness1 & make x sacr$4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 ! essays includ$ 9 ! pres5t volume1 assault$ all ?ree ( ^! firm convictions4 ,accord+ly1 ! ideas on education :i* he put =? m ?an fifty ye>s ago h p5etrat$ educational practice v sl[ly--p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl&2 b !y are n[ com+ to prevail 9 mo/ civilis$ c\ntries1 & !y w prevail m & m4 ,?r\gh him1 ! ?\ghts on education ( ,com5ius1 ,montaigne1 ,locke1 ,milton1 ,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi1 & o!r not$ writ]s on ?is neglect$ subject are at la/ w9n+ _! way into practice1 ) ! modifications or adaptations :i* ! imm5se ga9s ( ! human race 9 k & p[] s9ce ! n9ete5? c5tury op5$ h %[n to be wise4 ,= tea*]s & educational adm9i/rators x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! /eps by :i* ,sp5c]'s doctr9es--& especially 8 doctr9e ( ! supreme value ( sci5ce--h advanc$ t[>ds acceptance 9 practice4 ,9 g5]al1 ! advance has be5 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! indirect effects ( ! enorm\s indu/rial1 social1 & political *anges ( ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,! fir/ practical /ep 0 ! introduction ( laboratory tea*+ ( "o or m ( ! sci5ces into ! second>y s*ools & colleges4 ,*emi/ry & physics 7 ! commone/ subjects select$4 ,^! two subjects _h be5 taught f books ev5 e>li]2 b memoris+ sci5ce out ( books is f> less useful z tra9+ ?an memoris+ gramm>s & vocabul>ies4 ,! *>act]i/ic discipl9e ( sci5ce c be imp>t$ only ?r\gh ! laboratory me?od4 ,! s*oolma/]s & college faculties :o took ?is /ep by no means admitt$ ,sp5c]'s cont5tion t sci5ce %\ld be ! univ]sal /aple at all /ages ( *ild developm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y believ$1 z mo/ p d to-day1 t ! m9d ( ! "y *ild _c grasp ! processes & g5]alisations ( sci5ce1 & t sci5ce is no m univ]sally fitt$ to develop m5tal p[] ?an ! classics or ma!matics4 ,inde$1 exp]i5ce dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s seems to h prov$ t few] m9ds are naturally incl9$ to sci5tific /udy ?an to l+ui/ic or hi/orical /udy2 s t if "s sci5ce is to be le>nt by ev]ybody1 ! am\nt ( su* /udy %\ld be limit$ to acquir+ 9 "o or two sci5ces k ( ! sci5tific me?od 9 g5]al4 ,s mu* sci5tific tra9+ is inde$ univ]sally desirable2 because good tra9+ ( ! s5ses to obs]ve accurately is univ]sally desirable1 & ! collect+1 comp>+1 & gr\p+ ( _m facts tea* ord]l9ess 9 ?9k+1 & lead up to some?+ :i* ,sp5c] valu$ highly 9 education--a rational explanation ( ph5om5a4 ,sci5ce hav+ obta9$ a foo?old 9 second>y s*ools & colleges1 an adequate developm5t ( sci5ce-tea*+ result$ f ! introduction ( options or elections = ! pupils among num]\s diff]5t c\rses1 9 place ( a curriculum prescrib$ = all4 ,! elaborate tea*+ ( _m sci5ces 0 ?us introduc$4 ,! pupil or /ud5t saw & record$ = himself2 us$ books only z helps & guides 9 see+1 record+1 & g5]alis+2 proce$$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 & 9 %ort1 made num]\s applications ( ! doctr9es :i* p]vade all ,sp5c]'s writ+s on education4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^! me?ods 7 introduc$ e>li] & h be5 c>ri$ f>!r ?an 9 ,engl&2 b )9 ! la/ few ye>s ! *anges made 9 education h be5 m ext5sive & rapid 9 ,engl& ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry2--witness ! ann\ncem5ts ( ! new high s*ools & ! re-organis$ gramm> s*ools1 ( su* colleges z ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,arm/rong1 ,k+'s1 ! ,univ]sity ,college 7,london71 & ,goldsmi?s'1 & ( ! new municipal univ]sities su* z ,victoria1 ,bri/ol1 ,%effield1 ,birm+ham1 ,liv]pool1 & ,le$s4 ,! new te*nical s*ools also illu/rate ! adv5t ( in/ruction 9 appli$ sci5ce z an important elem5t 9 advanc$ education4 ,su* in/itutions z ! ,seafield ,p>k ,eng9e]+ ,college1 ! ,city ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute1 ! ,city ( ,london ,college1 & ! ,batt]sea ,polyte*nic are in/ances ( ! same developm5t4 ,"s end[$ in/itutions = girls illu/rate ! same t5d5cies1 z1 = example1 ! ,b$=d ,college = ,wom5 & ! ,royal ,holl[ay ,college4 ,all ^! in/itutions tea* sci5ces 9 consid]able v>iety1 & 9 ! way t ,sp5c] advocat$1--n s mu* because !y h di/9ctly accept$ 8 views1 z because mod]n indu/rial & social conditions compel ! prep>ation 9 sci5ce ( "y p de/9$ = v>i\s occupations & s]vices indisp5sable to mod]n society4 ,! me?od ( ! prep>ation is ess5tially t :i* he advocat$4 ,sp5c]'s propositions to ! effect t ! /udy ( sci5ce 0 desirable = artisans1 arti/s1 &1 9 g5]al1 = p :o 7 to get _! liv+s ?r\gh v>i\s skills ( h& & eye1 7 receiv$ ) great incr$ulity1 n to say d]ision--p>ticul>ly :5 he ma9ta9$ t "s k ( ! !ory :i* und]lies an art 0 desirable = manual practition]s ( ! art2 b ! *anges ( ! la/ fifty ye>s 9 ! practice ( ! arts & trades may be said to h demon/rat$ t 8 views 7 ?or\ghly s\nd4 ,! applications ( sci5ce 9 ! arts & trades h be5 s num]\s & productive1 t widespread tra9+ 9 sci5ce has become indisp5sable to any nation :i* means to excel 9 ! manufactur+ indu/ries1 :e!r ( l>ge scale or small scale4 ,! extraord9>y popul>ity ( ev5+ s*ools & correspond5ce s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates re/s on ! ne$ :i* "y p employ$ 9 ! v>i\s indu/ries ( ! c\ntry feel ( obta9+ m !oretical k ab\t ! physical or *emical processes ?r\gh :i* !y are e>n+ a livelihood4 ,! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,associations 9 ! ,am]ican cities h become great c5tres ( ev5+ in/ruction = j su* "y p]sons4 ,! correspond5ce s*ools are tea*+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( "y p at "w 9 ma*9e-%ops1 mills1 m9es1 & factories1 :o believe t !y c advance !mselves 9 _! sev]al occupations by supplem5t+ _! elem5t>y education ) correspond5ce c\rses1 tak5 :ile !y are at "w e>n+ a livelihood 9 indu/ries t re/ ultimately on applications ( sci5ce4 ,sp5c]'s objection to ! con/ant ex]cise ( au?ority & compulsion 9 s*ools1 families1 & ! ,/ate is felt to-day mu* m widely ?an x 0 9 #aheh1 :5 he wrote 8 essay on moral education4 ,8 proposal t *ildr5 %\ld be all[$ to suff] ! natural consequ5ces ( _! fooli% or wrong acts does n seem to ! pres5t g5]ation--any m ?an x did to him--to be applicable to v "y *ildr51 :o ne$ protection f ! undue sev]ity ( _m natural p5alties2 b ! s\ndness ( 8 g5]al doctr9e t x is ! true function ( p>5ts & tea*]s to see t *ildr5 habitually exp]i5ce ! normal consequ5ces ( _! conduct1 )\t putt+ artificial consequ5ces 9 place ( !m1 n[ comm&s ! ass5t ( mo/ p]sons ^: m9ds h be5 fre$ f ! !ological dogmas ( orig9al s9 & total depravity4 ,sp5c] did n expect ! imm$iate adoption ( ?is pr9ciple2 because society z a :ole 0 n yet humane en\gh4 ,he admitt$ t ! uncontrollable *ild ( ill-controll$ adults might sometimes h to be scold$ or beat51 & t ^! b>b>\s me?ods might be p]haps ! be/ prep>ation su* *ildr5 c h = ! b>b>\s society 9 :i* !y are pres5tly to play a "p4 ,he hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! civilis$ memb]s ( society w\ld by & by spontane\sly use mild] measures2 & ?is hope has be5 realis$ 9 good degree1 ) ! result t happ9ess 9 *ildhood is mu* common] & m con/ant ?an x us$ to be4 ,p>5ts & tea*]s are beg9n+ to realise t self-control is a prime object 9 moral education1 & t ?is self-control _c be practis$ "u a regime ( con/ant sup]vision1 unexpla9$ comm&s1 & pa9ful puni%m5ts1 b mu/ be ga9$ 9 fre$om4 ,"s l>ge-scale exp]i5ce ) ,am]ican second>y s*ools :i* prep>e boys = admission to college has be5 edify+ 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,am]ican colleges1 z a rule1 d n und]take to ex]cise mu* sup]vision ov] _! /ud5ts1 b leave !m free to regulate _! own lives 9 reg>d to bo? "w & play4 ,n[ x is ! boys :o come f ! second>y s*ools :]e ! close/ sup]vision is ma9ta9$ t are 9 mo/ dang] ( fall+ into evil ways :5 !y fir/ g to college4 ,sp5c] put v =cibly a valuable doctr9e = :i* _m e>li] writ]s on ! !ory ( education _h fail$ to get a he>+--! doctr9e1 namely1 t all in/ruction %\ld be pleasurable & int]e/+4 ,fifty ye>s ago almo/ all tea*]s believ$ t x 0 impossible to make s*ool-"w int]e/+1 or life-"w ei!r2 s t ! *ild mu/ be =c$ to gr9d )\t pleasure1 9 prep>ation = life's gr9d2 & ! =c+ 0 to be done by exp]i5ce ( ! tea*]'s displeasure & ! infliction ( pa94 ,?r\gh ! sl[ effects ( ,sp5c]'s tea*+ & ( ! exp]i5ce ( practical tea*]s :o h demon/rat$ t in/ruction c be made pleasurable1 & t ! v h>de/ "w is done by int]e/$ pupils because !y are int]e/$1 x has gradually come to pass t 8 h]esy has become ! prevail+ judgm5t among s5sible & humane tea*]s4 ,! exp]i5ce ( _m adults1 h>d at "w 9 ! mod]n indu/rial1 comm]cial1 & f9ancial _w1 has taught !m t human be+s c make _! int5se/ application only to problems 9 :i* !y are p]sonally int]e/$ = "o reason or ano!r1 & t freem5 "w mu* h>d] ?an slaves1 because !y feel )9 !mselves /rong motives = ex]tion :i* slaves _c possibly feel4 ,s1 _m intellig5t adults1 includ+ _m p>5ts & tea*]s1 h come to believe x possible t *ildr5 w le>n to d h>d "w1 bo? 9 s*ool & 9 aft] life1 ?r\gh ! free play ( int]ior motives :i* appeal to !m1 & prompt !m to p]si/5t ex]tion4 ,! ju/ice ( ,sp5c]'s views ab\t tra9+ ?r\gh pleasurable s5sation & a*ievem5t 9 fre$om r ?an ?r\gh un9t]e/$ "w & pa9 inflict$ by despotic gov]nm5t1 is well illu/rat$ by ! rec5t improvem5ts 9 ! discipl9e ( re=matories = boys & girls & "y m5 & wom54 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! only useful re=matories are ^? :i* dim9i% ! crim9al's lib]ty ( action z little z possible1 require him to p]=m productive lab\r1 educate him = a trade or o!r useful occupation1 & (f] him ! rew>d ( an abridgm5t ( s5t5ce 9 return = indu/ry & self-control4 ,repression & compulsion "u p5alties h[ev] sev]e fail to re=m1 & (t5 make bad moral conditions worse4 ,in/ruction1 z mu* fre$om z is consi/5t ) ! safety ( society1 & an appeal to ! ord9>y motives ( emulation1 satisfaction 9 a*ievem5t1 & ! desire to w9 cr$it1 c1 & d1 re=m4 ,_m s*ools1 bo? public & private1 h n[ adopt$--9 mo/ cases unconsci\sly--_m ( ,sp5c]'s m detail$ sugge/ions4 ,! laboratory me?od ( in/ruction1 = example1 n[ common = sci5tific subjects 9 good s*ools1 is an application ( 8 doctr9es ( concrete illu/ration1 tra9+ 9 ! accurate use ( ! s5ses1 & subord9ation ( book-"w4 ,_m s*ools realise1 too1 t le>n+ by he>t &1 9 g5]al1 memoris+ f books are n ! only means ( /or+ ! m9d ( a *ild4 ,!y %\ld make p>ts ( a s\nd education1 b %\ld n be us$ to ! exclusion ( le>n+ ?r\gh eye1 e>1 & h&4 ,sp5c] po9t$ out ) mu* elaboration t *ildr5 acquire 9 _! e>ly ye>s a va/ am\nt ( in=mation exclusively ?r\gh ! incessant use ( _! s5ses4 ,to-day tea*]s "k ?is fact1 & realise mu* bett] ?an ! tea*]s ( fifty ye>s ago did1 t all ?r\gh ! s*ool & college p]iod ! pupils %\ld be gett+ a l>ge "p ( _! new k ?r\gh ! c>eful application ( _! own p[]s ( obs]vation1 aid$1 inde$1 by books & pictures :i* record ! obs]vations1 old & new1 ( o!r p4 ,! "y human be+1 unlike ! puppy or ! kitt51 is n conf9$ to ! use ( 8 own s5ses z s\rces ( in=mation & discov]y2 b c enjoy ! fruits ( a prodigi\s wid? & dep? ( obs]vation acquir$ by prec$+ g5]ations & adult memb]s ( 8 own g5]ation4 ,a rec5t illu/ration ( ?is ext5sion ( ! me?od ( obs]vation 9 tea*+ to obs]vations made by o!r p is ! new me?od ( giv+ moral in/ruction to s*ool *ildr5 ?r\gh photographs ( actual sc5es :i* illu/rate bo? good morals & bad1 ! exhibition ( ! photographs be+ accompani$ by a runn+ oral comm5t f ! tea*]4 ,9 ?is k9d ( moral in/ruction x seems to be possible to int]e/ all k9ds ( *ildr51 bo? civilis$ & b>b>\s1 bo? ill-br$ & well-br$4 ,! tea*+ comes ?r\gh ! eye1 = ! *ildr5 !mselves obs]ve int5tly ! pictures :i* ! lant]n ?r[s on ! scre52 b ! /rik+ sc5es ?us put be=e !m probably lie 9 mo/ in/ances q outside ! region ( _! own exp]i5ces4 ,! essay on ,:at ,k is ( ,mo/ ,wor?8 conta9s a hot d5unciation ( t k9d ( in=mation :i* 9 mo/ s*ools us$ to usurp ! "n ( hi/ory4 ,x is en\gh to say ( ?is "p ( ,sp5c]'s educational doctr9e t all ! be/ hi/orical writ]s s9ce ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury seem to h adopt$ ! pr9ciples :i* he decl>$ %\ld gov]n ! writ+ ( hi/ory4 ,z a result1 ! tea*+ ( hi/ory 9 s*ools & colleges has und]gone a pr(\nd *ange4 ,x n[ deals ) ! nature & action ( gov]nm5t1 c5tral1 local1 & ecclesia/ical1 ) social obs]vances1 indu/rial sy/ems1 & ! cu/oms :i* regulate popul> life1 out-(-doors & indoors4 ,x depicts also ! intellectual condition ( ! nation & ! progress x has made 9 appli$ sci5ce1 ! f9e arts1 & legislation1 & includes descriptions ( ! peoples' food1 %elt]s1 & amusem5ts4 ,to ?is result _m au?ors & tea*]s h contribut$2 b ,sp5c]'s viol5t d5unciation ( hi/ory z x 0 taught 9 8 "t has greatly promot$ ?is important re=m4 ,_m tw5tie?-c5tury tea*]s are sure to put 9 practice ,sp5c]'s exhortation to tea* *ildr5 to draw ) p5 & p5cil1 & to use pa9ts & bru%4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! common omission ( draw+ z an important elem5t 9 ! tra9+ ( *ildr5 0 9 contempt ( "s ( ! mo/ obvi\s ( nature's sugge/ions ) reg>d to ! natural developm5t ( human faculties2 & ! bett] rec5t practice 9 "s ,engli% & ,am]ican s*ools v]ifies 8 /atem5t2 nev]!less "s ( ! be/ second>y s*ools 9 bo? c\ntries /ill fail to recognise draw+ & pa9t+ z important elem5ts 9 lib]al education4 ,mod]n society z yet h>dly approa*es ! putt+ into effective practice ( ! s\nd views :i* ,sp5c] set =? ) great detail 9 8 essay on ,physical ,education4 ,! in/ruction giv5 9 s*ools & colleges on ! c>e ( ! body & ! laws ( heal? is /ill v meagre2 & 9 c]ta9 subjects ( ! utmo/ importance no in/ruction :atev] is giv51 z1 = example1 9 ! normal me?ods ( reproduction 9 plants & animals1 9 eug5ics1 & 9 ! ru9\s consequ5ces ( disreg>d+ sexual purity & hon\r4 ,9 "o respect 8 fundam5tal doctr9e ( fre$om1 c>ri$ into ! doma9 ( physical ex]cise1 has be5 ext5sively adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 on ! ,cont95t1 & 9 ,am]ica4 ,he taught t al?\gh gymna/ics1 milit>y drill1 & =mal ex]cises ( ! limbs are bett] ?an no?+1 !y c nev] s]ve 9 place ( ! plays prompt$ by nature4 ,he ma9ta9$ t = girls z well z boys ! sportive activities to :i* ! in/9cts impel are ess5tial to bodily welf>e4 ,?is pr9ciple is n[ be+ c>ri$ into practice n only = s*ool-*ildr51 b = op]atives 9 factories1 cl]ks1 & o!r "y p]sons ^: occupations are s$5t>y & monoton\s4 ,= all su* p]sons1 free plays are va/ly bett] ?an =mal ex]cises ( any sort4 ,! wide adoption ( ,sp5c]'s educational ideas has _h to await ! adv5t ( ! new educational adm9i/ration & ! new public int]e/ !re94 ,x await$ ! com+ ( ! /ate univ]sity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! city univ]sity 9 ,engl&1 ! e/abli%m5t ( num]\s te*nical s*ools1 ! pr(\nd modifications made 9 gramm> s*ools & academies1 & ! multiplication 9 bo? c\ntries ( ! second>y s*ools call$ high s*ools4 ,9 o!r words1 8 ideas gradually ga9$ admission to a va/ numb] ( new in/itutions ( education1 :i* 7 creat$ & ma9ta9$ because bo? ! gov]nm5ts & ! nations felt a new s5se ( responsibility = ! tra9+ ( ! future g5]ations4 ,^! new ag5cies h be5 creat$ 9 great v>iety1 & ! introduction ( ,sp5c]'s ideas has be5 mu* facilitat$ by ?is v>iety4 ,^! in/itutions 7 national1 /ate1 or municipal4 ,!y 7 tax-support$ or end[$4 ,!y *>g$ tuition fees1 or 7 op5 to compet5t *ildr5 or adults )\t fee4 ,!y und]took to meet alike ! ne$s ( ! individual & ! ne$s ( ! community2 & ?is und]tak+ involv$ ! introduction ( _m new subjects ( in/ruction & _m new me?ods4 ,?r\gh _! v>iety !y c\ld be sympa!tic ) bo? individualism & collectivism4 ,! v>iety ( in/ruction (f]$ is be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! /ronge/ ,am]ican univ]sities1 "s ( :i* are tax-support$ & "s end[$4 ,^! univ]sities ma9ta9 a great v>iety ( c\rses ( in/ruction 9 subjects none ( :i* 0 taught ) ! fa9te/ approa* to adequacy 9 ,am]ican univ]sities sixty ye>s ago2 b 9 mak+ ^! ext5sions ! univ]sities h n f\nd x necess>y to r$uce ! in/ruction (f]$ 9 ! classics & ma!matics4 ,! traditional cultural /udies are /ill provid$2 b !y repres5t only "o programme among _m1 & no "o is compell$ to foll[ x4 ,! dom9ation ( ! classics is at an end2 b any /ud5t :o pref]s ! traditional pa? to culture1 or ^: p>5ts *oose t pa? = him1 w f9d 9 sev]al ,am]ican univ]sities mu* ri*] provisions ( classical in/ruction ?an any univ]sity 9 ! c\ntry (f]$ sixty ye>s ago4 ,! pres5t proposals to wid5 ! influ5ce ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity d n mean1 !re=e1 t ! classics1 hi/ory1 & philosophy are to be taught less !re1 b only t o!r subjects are to be taught m1 & t a great] numb] & v>iety ( "y m5 w be prep>$ !re = ! s]vice ( ! nation4 ,! new public int]e/ 9 education z a necess>y ( mod]n indu/rial & political life has gradually br\ght ab\t a great increase 9 ! proportional numb] ( "y m5 & wom5 ^: education is prolong$ beyond ! p]iod ( prim>y or elem5t>y in/ruction2 & ?is multitude ( "y p is prep>+ = a great v>iety ( call+s1 _m ( :i* are new )9 sixty ye>s1 hav+ be5 br\ght into be+ by ! extraord9>y advances ( appli$ sci5ce4 ,! adv5t ( ^! new call+s has fav\r$ ! spread ( ,sp5c]'s educational ideas4 ,! rec5t agitation 9 fav\r ( :at is call$ vocational tra9+ is a vivid illu/ration ( ! wide acceptance ( 8 argum5ts4 ,ev5 ! f>m]s1 _! f>m-h&s1 & _! *ildr5 mu/ n[adays be (f]$ free in/ruction 9 agriculture2 because ! public1 & especially ! urban public1 believes t by dissem9at+ bett] me?ods ( tillage1 bett] se$1 & appropriate manures1 ! yield ( ! f>ms c be improv$ 9 quality & multipli$ 9 quantity4 ,9 reg>d to all mat]ial int]e/s1 ! free peoples are act+ on ! pr9ciple t sci5ce is ! k ( mo/ wor?4 ,sp5c]'s doctr9e ( natural consequ5ces 9 place ( artificial p5alties1 8 view t all "y p %\ld be taught h[ to be wise p>5ts & good citiz5s1 & 8 advocacy ( in/ruction 9 public & private hygi5e1 lie at ! roots ( _m ( ! philan?ropic & re=matory movem5ts ( ! day4 ,on ! :ole1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has be5 =tunate among educational philosoph]s4 ,he has n _h to wait s long = ! acceptance ( 8 tea*+s z ,com5ius1 ,montaigne1 or ,r\sseau wait$4 ,8 ideas h be5 float$ on a prodigi\s tide ( indu/rial & social *ange1 :i* necess>ily involv$ wide-spread & pr(\nd educational re=m4 ,?is introduction deals ) ,sp5c]'s f\r essays on education2 b 9 ! pres5t volume are includ$ ?ree o!r fam\s essays writt5 by him dur+ ! same p]iod 7#ahed-ei7 :i* produc$ ! essays on education4 ,all ?ree are g]mane to ! educational essays1 because !y deal ) ! g5]al law ( human progress1 ) ! g5esis ( t sci5ce :i* ,sp5c] ?\ght to be ! k ( mo/ wor?1 & ) ! orig9 & function ( music1 a subject :i* he ma9ta9$ %\ld play an important "p 9 any s*eme ( education4 ,,*>les ,w4 ,,eliot4 ,,select ,,bibliography ,,works4 ,! ,prop] ,sph]e ( ,gov]nm5t1 #ahdc2 ,social ,/atics1 #ahej2 ,!ory ( ,population 7,we/m9/] ,review71 ,april #aheb2 ,! ,developm5t ( ,hypo!sis 7,! ,lead]71 #bj? ,m>* #aheb2 ,! ,ultimate ,laws ( ,physiology 7,national ,review71 ,april #aheg2 ,essays1 ,sci5tific1 ,political & ,speculative1 #b vols41 #aheh-fc2 ,education1 #ahfa2 ,a ,sy/em ( ,syn!tic ,philosophy 7#ab vols41 #ahfb-if71 made up z foll[s3 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 #ahfb2 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 #b vols41 #ahfd-g2 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #b vols41 #ahgj-b2 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 #c vols41 #ahgf-if2 ,c]emonial ,in/itutions1 #ahgi2 ,pr9ciples ( ,morality1 #b vols41 #ahgi-ic 7vol4 i1 "p ,i publi%$ z ,data ( ,e?ics1 #ahgi2 "p #d z ,ju/ice1 #ahia72 ,political ,in/itutions1 #ahhb4 ,mean:ile ! foll[+ works 7 also publi%$3 ,! ,classification ( ! ,sci5ces1 #ahfd2 ,! ,/udy ( ,sociology1 #ahgb2 ,descriptive ,sociology1 #ahgc2 ,! ,man v]sus ! ,/ate1 #ahhd2 ,! ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution1 #ahhg2 ,! ,inadequacy ( ,natural ,selection1 #ahic4 ,sp5c]'s ,autobiography appe>$ po/hum\sly1 #b vols41 #aijd4 ,,collect$ ,,edition4 ,n9ete5 volumes1 #ahfa-aijb4 ,,biography ,,& ,,criticism4 ,t4 ,funk-,br5tano1 ,les ,sophi/es grecs et les ,sophi/es contempora9s 7,mill & ,sp5c]71 #ahgi2 ,f4,h4 ,coll9s1 ,an ,epitome ( ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy1 #ahhi2 ,h4 ,sidgwick1 ,lectures on ! ,e?ics ( ,gre51 ,sp5c] & ,m>t9eau1 #aijb2 ',! ,philosophy ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]' 79 ,! ,philosophy ( ,kant & ,o!r ,lectures1 #aije72 ,d4 ,duncan1 ,an ,introduction to ! ,philosophy ( ,sp5c]1 #aijd2 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 #aijh2 ,j4 ,royce1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,an ,e/imate & a ,review1 #aijd2 ,j4,a4 ,?omson1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 #aijf2 ,w4,h4 ,hudson1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 #aiaf2 ,j4 ,rumney1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,sociology1 #aicd2 ,r4,c4,k4 ,ensor1 ,"s ,reflections on ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,doctr9e1 #aidf4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,introduction by ,*>les ,w4 ,eliot vii ,,"p ,i ,,education3 ,,intellectual1 ,,moral1 ,,& ,,physical ,,:at ,,k ,,is ,,( ,,mo/ ,,wor?8 #a ,,intellectual ,,education #de ,,moral ,,education #hd ,,physical ,,education #aaf ,,"p ,,ii ,,essays ,,on ,,k9dr$ ,,subjects ,,progress3 ,,its ,,law ,,& ,,cause #aec ,,on ,,mann]s ,,& ,,fa%ion #aih ,,on ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,sci5ce #bci ,,on ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,laught] #bih ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,function ,,( ,,music #caj ,,orig9al ,,preface ,,to ,,education3 ,,intellectual1 ,,moral1 ,,& ,,physical ,! f\r *apt]s ( :i* ?is "w consi/s1 orig9ally appe>$ z f\r ,review-articles3 ! fir/ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,july #ahei2 ! second 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review = ,may #ahed2 & ! rema9+ two 9 ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review = ,april #aheh & = ,april #ahei4 ,sev]ally treat+ diff]5t divisions ( ! subject1 b toge!r =m+ a tol]ably complete :ole1 ,i orig9ally wrote !m ) a view to _! republication 9 a unit$ =m2 & !y w\ld "s "t s9ce h ?us be5 issu$1 _h n a legal difficulty /ood 9 ! way4 ,?is difficulty be+ n[ remov$1 ,i ha/5 to fulfil ! int5tion ) :i* !y 7 writt54 ,t 9 _! fir/ %ape ^! *apt]s 7 sev]ally indep5d5t1 is ! reason to be assign$ = "s slight repetitions :i* occur 9 !m3 "o lead+ idea1 m especially1 reappe>+ twice4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is idea is on ea* occasion pres5t$ "u a new =m1 & z x c sc>cely be too mu* en=c$1 ,i h n ?\ght well to omit any ( ! passages embody+ x4 ,"s additions ( importance w be f\nd 9 ! *apt] on ,intellectual ,education2 & 9 ! "o on ,physical ,education !re are a few m9or alt]ations4 ,b ! *ief *anges :i* h be5 made1 are *anges ( expression3 all ( ! essays hav+ und]gone a c>eful v]bal revision4 ,h4,s4 ,,london1 ,may #ahfa ,,sp5c]',s ,,essays ,,"p ,i--,,on ,,education ,,:at ,,k ,,is ,,( ,,mo/ ,,wor?8 ,x has be5 truly rem>k$ t1 9 ord] ( "t1 decoration prec$es dress4 ,among p :o submit to great physical suff]+ t !y may h !mselves h&somely tattoo$1 extremes ( temp]ature are borne ) b little attempt at mitigation4 ,humboldt tells u t an ,or9oco ,indian1 ?\gh q reg>dless ( bodily com=t1 w yet lab\r = a =tnight to pur*ase pigm5t :]e) to make himself admir$2 & t ! same woman :o w\ld n hesitate to leave h] hut )\t a fragm5t ( clo?+ on1 w\ld n d>e to commit su* a brea* ( decorum z to g out unpa9t$4 ,voyag]s f9d t col\r$ beads & tr9kets are mu* m priz$ by wild tribes ?an are calicoes or broadclo?s4 ,& ! anecdotes we h ( ! ways 9 :i*1 :5 %irts & coats are giv51 savages turn !m to "s ludicr\s display1 %[ h[ completely ! idea ( ornam5t pr$om9ates ov] t ( use4 ,nay1 !re are /ill m extreme illu/rations3 witness ! fact n>rat$ by ,capt4 ,speke ( 8 ,african att5dants1 :o /rutt$ ab\t 9 _! goat-sk9 mantles :5 ! wea!r 0 f9e1 b :5 x 0 wet1 took !m (f1 fold$ !m up1 & w5t ab\t nak$1 %iv]+ 9 ! ra96 ,inde$1 ! facts ( aborig9al life seem to indicate t dress is develop$ out ( decorations4 ,& :5 we rememb] t ev5 among ourselves mo/ ?9k m ab\t ! f95ess ( ! fabric ?an its w>m?1 & m ab\t ! cut ?an ! conv5i5ce--:5 we see t ! function is /ill 9 great measure subord9at$ to ! appe>ance--we h fur!r reason = inf]r+ su* an orig94 ,x is curi\s t ! l relations hold ) ! m9d4 ,among m5tal z among bodily acquisitions1 ! ornam5tal comes be=e ! useful4 ,n only 9 times pa/1 b almo/ z mu* 9 our own era1 t k :i* conduces to p]sonal well-be+ has be5 po/pon$ to t :i* br+s applause4 ,9 ! ,greek s*ools1 music1 poetry1 rhetoric1 & a philosophy :i*1 until ,socrates taught1 _h b little be>+ ^u action1 7 ! dom9ant subjects2 :ile k aid+ ! arts ( life _h a v subord9ate place4 ,& 9 our own univ]sities & s*ools at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! l anti!sis holds4 ,we are guilty ( some?+ l a platitude :5 we say t ?r\gh\t 8 aft]-c>e]1 a boy1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 applies 8 ,lat9 & ,greek to no practical purposes4 ,! rem>k is trite t 9 8 %op1 or 8 (fice1 9 manag+ 8 e/ate or 8 family1 9 play+ 8 "p z director ( a bank or a railway1 he is v little aid$ by ?is k he took s _m ye>s to acquire--s little1 t g5]ally ! great] "p ( x drops out ( 8 memory2 & if he occasionally v5ts a ,lat9 quotation1 or alludes to "s ,greek my?1 x is less to ?r[ light on ! topic 9 h& ?an = ! sake ( effect4 ,if we inquire :at is ! real motive = giv+ boys a classical education1 we f9d x to be simply con=mity to public op9ion4 ,m5 dress _! *ildr5's m9ds z !y d _! bodies1 9 ! prevail+ fa%ion4 ,z ! ,or9oco ,indian puts on pa9t be=e leav+ 8 hut1 n ) a view to any direct b5efit1 b because he w\ld be a%am$ to be se5 )\t x2 s1 a boy's drill+ 9 ,lat9 & ,greek is insi/$ on1 n because ( _! intr9sic value1 b t he may n be disgrac$ by be+ f\nd ignorant ( !m--t he may h ! education ( a g5tleman--! badge m>k+ a c]ta9 social position1 & br++ a consequ5t respect4 ,?is p>allel is /ill m cle>ly display$ 9 ! case ( ! o!r sex4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( bo? m9d & body1 ! decorative elem5t has cont9u$ to pr$om9ate 9 a great] degree among wom5 ?an among m54 ,orig9ally1 p]sonal adornm5t occupi$ ! att5tion ( bo? sexes equally4 ,9 ^! latt] days ( civilisation1 h[ev]1 we see t 9 ! dress ( m5 ! reg>d = appe>ance has 9 a consid]able degree yield$ to ! reg>d = com=t2 :ile 9 _! education ! useful has ( late be5 tr5*+ on ! ornam5tal4 ,9 nei!r direction has ?is *ange gone s f> ) wom54 ,! we>+ ( e>r+s1 f+]-r+s1 bracelets2 ! elaborate dress+s ( ! hair2 ! /ill occasional use ( pa9t2 ! imm5se lab\r be/[$ 9 mak+ habilim5ts suffici5tly attractive2 & ! great discom=t t w be submitt$ to = ! sake ( con=mity2 %[ h[ greatly1 9 ! attir+ ( wom51 ! desire ( approbation ov]rides ! desire = w>m? & conv5i5ce4 ,& simil>ly 9 _! education1 ! imm5se prepond]ance ( accompli%m5ts proves h[ "h1 too1 use is subord9at$ to display4 ,danc+1 deportm5t1 ! piano1 s++1 draw+--:at a l>ge space d ^! occupy6 ,if y ask :y ,italian & ,g]man are le>nt1 y w f9d t1 "u all ! %am reasons giv51 ! real reason is1 t a k ( ^? tongues is ?\ght ladylike4 ,x is n t ! books writt5 9 !m may be utilis$1 :i* !y sc>cely ev] are2 b t ,italian & ,g]man songs may be sung1 & t ! ext5t ( atta9m5t may br+ :isp]$ admiration4 ,! bir?s1 dea?s1 & m>riages ( k+s1 & o!r l hi/oric trivialities1 are committ$ to memory1 n because ( any direct b5efits t c possibly result f kn[+ !m3 b because society consid]s !m p>ts ( a good education--because ! abs5ce ( su* k may br+ ! contempt ( o!rs4 ,:5 we h nam$ read+1 writ+1 spell+1 gramm>1 ari?metic1 & sew+1 we h nam$ ab\t all ! ?+s a girl is taught ) a view to _! actual uses 9 life2 & ev5 "s ( ^! h m ref]5ce to ! good op9ion ( o!rs ?an to imm$iate p]sonal welf>e4 ,?or\ghly to realise ! tru? t ) ! m9d z ) ! body ! ornam5tal prec$es ! useful1 x is requisite to glance at its rationale4 ,?is lies 9 ! fact t1 f ! f> pa/ d[n ev5 to ! pres5t1 social ne$s h subord9at$ individual ne$s1 & t ! *ief social ne$ has be5 ! control ( individuals4 ,x is n1 z we commonly suppose1 t !re are no gov]nm5ts b ^? ( mon>*s1 & p>liam5ts1 & con/itut$ au?orities4 ,^! ackn[l$g$ gov]nm5ts are supplem5t$ by o!r unackn[l$g$ ones1 t gr[ up 9 all circles1 9 :i* e man or woman /rives to be k+ or que5 or less] dignit>y4 ,to get above "s & be rev]5c$ by !m1 & to propitiate ^? :o are above u1 is ! univ]sal /ruggle 9 :i* ! *ief en]gies ( life are exp5d$4 ,by ! accumulation ( weal?1 by /yle ( liv+1 by beauty ( dress1 by display ( k or intellect1 ea* tries to subjugate o!rs2 & s aids 9 weav+ t ramifi$ network ( re/ra9ts by :i* society is kept 9 ord]4 ,x is n ! savage *ief only1 :o1 9 =midable w>-pa9t1 ) scalps at 8 belt1 aims to /rike awe into 8 inf]iors2 x is n only ! belle :o1 by elaborate toilet1 poli%$ mann]s1 & num]\s accompli%m5ts1 /rives to make conque/s2 b ! s*ol>1 ! hi/orian1 ! philosoph]1 use _! acquirem5ts to ! same end4 ,we are none ( u cont5t ) quietly unfold+ our own individualities to ! full 9 all directions2 b h a re/less crav+ to impress our individualities ^u o!rs1 & 9 "s way subord9ate !m4 ,& ?is x is :i* det]m9es ! "* ( our education4 ,n :at k is ( mo/ real wor?1 is ! consid]ation2 b :at w br+ mo/ applause1 hon\r1 respect--:at w mo/ conduce to social position & influ5ce--:at w be mo/ impos+4 ,z1 ?r\gh\t life1 n :at we are1 b :at we %all be ?\ght1 is ! "q2 s 9 education1 ! "q is1 n ! intr9sic value ( k1 s mu* z its extr9sic effects on o!rs4 ,& ?is be+ our dom9ant idea1 direct utility is sc>cely m reg>d$ ?an by ! b>b>ian :5 fil+ 8 tee? & /a9+ 8 nails4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if !re requires fur!r evid5ce ( ! rude1 undevelop$ "* ( our education1 we h x 9 ! fact t ! comp>ative wor?s ( diff]5t k9ds ( k h be5 z yet sc>cely ev5 discuss$--mu* less discuss$ 9 a me?odic way ) def9ite results4 ,n only is x t no /&>d ( relative values has yet be5 agre$ ^u2 b ! exi/5ce ( any su* /&>d has n be5 conceiv$ 9 a cle> mann]4 ,& n only is x t ! exi/5ce ( su* a /&>d has n be5 cle>ly conceiv$2 b ! ne$ = x seems to h be5 sc>cely ev5 felt4 ,m5 read books on ?is topic1 & att5d lectures on t2 decide t _! *ildr5 %all be in/ruct$ 9 ^! bran*es ( k1 & %all n be in/ruct$ 9 ^?2 & all "u ! guidance ( m]e cu/om1 or lik+1 or prejudice2 )\t ev] consid]+ ! enorm\s importance ( det]m9+ 9 "s rational way :at ?+s are really mo/ wor? le>n+4 ,x is true t 9 all circles we he> occasional rem>ks on ! importance ( ?is or ! o!r ord] ( in=mation4 ,b :e!r ! degree ( its importance ju/ifies ! exp5diture ( ! "t ne$$ to acquire x2 & :e!r !re are n ?+s ( m importance to :i* su* "t might be bett] devot$2 are qu]ies :i*1 if rais$ at all1 are dispos$ ( q summ>ily1 accord+ to p]sonal pr$ilections4 ,x is true also1 t n[ & !n1 we he> reviv$ ! /&+ controv]sy respect+ ! comp>ative m]its ( classics & ma!matics4 ,?is controv]sy1 h[ev]1 is c>ri$ on 9 an empirical mann]1 ) no ref]5ce to an asc]ta9$ crit]ion2 & ! "q at issue is insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ! g5]al "q ( :i* x is "p4 ,to suppose t decid+ :e!r a ma!matical or a classical education is ! be/ is decid+ :at is ! prop] curriculum1 is mu* ! same ?+ z to suppose t ! :ole ( dietetics lies 9 asc]ta9+ :e!r or n bread is m nutritive ?an potatoes6 ,! "q :i* we cont5d is ( su* transc5d5t mom5t1 is1 n :e!r su* or su* k is ( wor? b :at is its relative wor?8 ,:5 !y h nam$ c]ta9 advantages :i* a giv5 c\rse ( /udy has secur$ !m1 p]sons are apt to assume t !y h ju/ifi$ !mselves2 q =gett+ t ! adequat5ess ( ! advantages is ! po9t to be judg$4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 n a subject to :i* m5 devote att5tion t has n "s value4 ,a ye> dilig5tly sp5t 9 gett+ up h]aldry1 w\ld v possibly give a little fur!r insight into anci5t mann]s & morals4 ,any "o :o %\ld le>n ! di/ances betwe5 all ! t[ns 9 ,engl&1 might1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life1 f9d "o or two ( ! ?\s& facts he _h acquir$ ( "s slight s]vice :5 arrang+ a j\rney4 ,ga!r+ toge!r all ! small gossip ( a c\nty1 pr(itless occupation z x w\ld be1 might yet occasionally help to e/abli% "s useful fact--say1 a good example ( h]$it>y transmission4 ,b 9 ^! cases1 e "o w\ld admit t !re 0 no proportion betwe5 ! requir$ lab\r & ! probable b5efit4 ,no "o w\ld tol]ate ! proposal to devote "s ye>s ( a boy's "t to gett+ su* in=mation1 at ! co/ ( mu* m valuable in=mation :i* he might else h got4 ,& if "h ! te/ ( relative value is appeal$ to & held conclusive1 !n %\ld x be appeal$ to & held conclusive ?r\gh\t4 ,_h we "t to ma/] all subjects we ne$ n be p>ticul>4 ,to quote ! old song3-- ,c\ld a man be secure ,t 8 day w\ld endure ,z ( old1 = a ?\s& long ye>s1 ,:at ?+s might he "k6 ,:at de$s might he d6 ,& all )\t hurry or c>e4 ,b we t h b span-long lives mu/ ev] be> 9 m9d our limit$ "t = acquisition4 ,& rememb]+ h[ n>r[ly ?is "t is limit$1 n only by ! %ortness ( life1 b also /ill m by ! bus9ess ( life1 we ought to be especially solicit\s to employ :at "t we h to ! greate/ advantage4 ,be=e devot+ ye>s to "s subject :i* fa%ion or fancy sugge/s1 x is surely wise to weigh ) great c>e ! wor? ( ! results1 z comp>$ ) ! wor? ( v>i\s alt]native results :i* ! same ye>s might br+ if o!rwise appli$4 ,9 education1 !n1 ?is is ! "q ( que/ions1 :i* x is high "t we discuss$ 9 "s me?odic way4 ,! fir/ 9 importance1 ?\gh ! la/ to be consid]$1 is ! problem--h[ to decide among ! conflict+ claims ( v>i\s subjects on our att5tion4 ,be=e !re c be a rational curriculum1 we mu/ settle :i* ?+s x mo/ conc]ns u to "k2 or1 to use a ^w ( ,bacon's1 n[ un=tunately obsolete--we mu/ det]m9e ! relative values ( kn[l$ges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ?is end1 a measure ( value is ! fir/ requisite4 ,& happily1 respect+ ! true measure ( value1 z express$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 !re c be no dispute4 ,e "o 9 cont5d+ = ! wor? ( any p>ticul> ord] ( in=mation1 does s by %[+ its be>+ ^u "s "p ( life4 ,9 reply to ! "q--,( :at use is x8 ! ma!matician1 l+ui/1 naturali/1 or philosoph]1 expla9s ! way 9 :i* 8 le>n+ b5eficially influ5ces action--saves f evil or secures good--conduces to happ9ess4 ,:5 ! tea*] ( writ+ has po9t$ out h[ great an aid writ+ is to success 9 bus9ess--t is1 to ! obta9m5t ( su/5ance--t is1 to satisfactory liv+2 he is held to h prov$ 8 case4 ,& :5 ! collector ( dead facts 7say a numismati/7 fails to make cle> any appreciable effects :i* ^! facts c produce on human welf>e1 he is oblig$ to admit t !y are comp>atively valueless4 ,all !n1 ei!r directly or by implication1 appeal to ?is z ! ultimate te/4 ,h[ to live8--t is ! ess5tial "q = u4 ,n h[ to live 9 ! m]e mat]ial s5se only1 b 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,! g5]al problem :i* compreh5ds e special problem is--! "r rul+ ( conduct 9 all directions "u all circum/ances4 ,9 :at way to treat ! body2 9 :at way to treat ! m9d2 9 :at way to manage our affairs2 9 :at way to br+ up a family2 9 :at way to behave z a citiz52 9 :at way to utilise ^? s\rces ( happ9ess :i* nature supplies--h[ to use all our faculties to ! greate/ advantage ( ourselves & o!rs--h[ to live completely8 ,& ?is be+ ! great ?+ ne$ful = u to le>n1 is1 by consequ5ce1 ! great ?+ :i* education has to tea*4 ,to prep>e u = complete liv+ is ! function :i* education has to dis*>ge2 & ! only rational mode ( judg+ ( an educational c\rse is1 to judge 9 :at degree x dis*>ges su* function4 ,?is te/1 nev] us$ 9 its entirety1 b r>ely ev5 p>tially us$1 & us$ !n 9 a vague1 half consci\s way1 has to be appli$ consci\sly1 me?odically1 & ?r\gh\t all cases4 ,x behoves u to set be=e ourselves1 & ev] to keep cle>ly 9 view1 complete liv+ z ! end to be a*iev$2 s t 9 br++ up our *ildr5 we may *oose subjects & me?ods ( in/ruction1 ) delib]ate ref]5ce to ?is end4 ,n only ought we to cease f ! m]e un?9k+ adoption ( ! curr5t fa%ion 9 education1 :i* has no bett] w>rant ?an any o!r fa%ion2 b we mu/ also rise above t rude1 empirical /yle ( judg+ display$ by ^? m intellig5t p :o d be/[ "s c>e 9 ov]see+ ! cultivation ( _! *ildr5's m9ds4 ,x mu/ n suffice simply to ?9k t su* or su* in=mation w be useful 9 aft] life1 or t ?is k9d ( k is ( m practical value ?an t2 b we mu/ seek out "s process ( e/imat+ _! respective values1 s t z f> z possible we may positively "k :i* are mo/ des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,d\btless ! task is difficult--p]haps nev] to be m ?an approximately a*iev$4 ,b1 consid]+ ! va/ness ( ! int]e/s at /ake1 its difficulty is no reason = pusillanim\sly pass+ x by2 b r = devot+ e en]gy to its ma/]y4 ,& if we only proce$ sy/ematically1 we may v soon get at results ( no small mom5t4 ,our fir/ /ep mu/ obvi\sly be to classify1 9 ! ord] ( _! importance1 ! lead+ k9ds ( activity :i* con/itute human life4 ,!y may be naturally arrang$ into3--#a4 ^? activities :i* directly m9i/] to self-pres]vation2 #b4 ^? activities :i*1 by secur+ ! necess>ies ( life1 indirectly m9i/] to self-pres]vation2 #c4 ^? activities :i* h = _! end ! re>+ & discipl9e ( (fspr+2 #d4 ^? activities :i* are involv$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( prop] social & political relations2 #e4 ^? miscellane\s activities :i* fill up ! leisure "p ( life1 devot$ to ! gratification ( ! ta/es & feel+s4 ,t ^! /& 9 some?+ l _! true ord] ( subord9ation1 x ne$s no long consid]ation to %[4 ,! actions & precautions by :i*1 f mom5t to mom5t1 we secure p]sonal safety1 mu/ cle>ly take prec$5ce ( all o!rs4 ,c\ld !re be a man1 ignorant z an infant ( surr\nd+ objects & movem5ts1 or h[ to guide himself among !m1 he w\ld pretty c]ta9ly lose 8 life ! fir/ "t he w5t into ! /reet2 not)/&+ any am\nt ( le>n+ he might h on o!r matt]s4 ,& z entire ignorance 9 all o!r directions w\ld be less promptly fatal ?an entire ignorance 9 ?is direction1 x mu/ be admitt$ t k imm$iately conducive to self-pres]vation is ( prim>y importance4 ,t next aft] direct self-pres]vation comes ! indirect self-pres]vation :i* consi/s 9 acquir+ ! means ( liv+1 none w "q4 ,t a man's indu/rial functions mu/ be consid]$ be=e 8 p>5tal ones1 is manife/ f ! fact t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! dis*>ge ( ! p>5tal functions is made possible only by ! previ\s dis*>ge ( ! indu/rial ones4 ,! p[] ( self-ma9t5ance necess>ily prec$+ ! p[] ( ma9ta9+ (fspr+1 x foll[s t k ne$ful = self-ma9t5ance has /rong] claims ?an k ne$ful = family welf>e--is second 9 value to none save k ne$ful = imm$iate self-pres]vation4 ,z ! family comes be=e ! ,/ate 9 ord] ( "t--z ! br++ up ( *ildr5 is possible be=e ! ,/ate exi/s1 or :5 x has ceas$ to be1 :]eas ! ,/ate is r5d]$ possible only by ! br++ up ( *ildr52 x foll[s t ! duties ( ! p>5t dem& clos] att5tion ?an ^? ( ! citiz54 ,or1 to use a fur!r argum5t--s9ce ! goodness ( a society ultimately dep5ds on ! nature ( its citiz5s2 & s9ce ! nature ( its citiz5s is m modifiable by e>ly tra9+ ?an by any?+ else2 we mu/ conclude t ! welf>e ( ! family und]lies ! welf>e ( society4 ,& h5ce k directly conduc+ to ! fir/1 mu/ take prec$5ce ( k directly conduc+ to ! la/4 ,^? v>i\s =ms ( pleasurable occupation :i* fill up ! leisure left by grav] occupations--! enjoym5ts ( music1 poetry1 pa9t+1 etc4--manife/ly imply a pre-exi/+ society4 ,n only is a consid]able developm5t ( !m impossible )\t a long-e/abli%$ social union2 b _! v subject-matt] consi/s 9 great "p ( social s5tim5ts & sympa?ies4 ,n only does society supply ! conditions to _! gr[?2 b also ! ideas & s5tim5ts !y express4 ,&1 consequ5tly1 t "p ( human conduct :i* con/itutes good citiz5%ip1 is ( m mom5t ?an t :i* goes out 9 accompli%m5ts or ex]cise ( ! ta/es2 &1 9 education1 prep>ation = ! "o mu/ rank be=e prep>ation = ! o!r4 ,su* !n1 we repeat1 is some?+ l ! rational ord] ( subord9ation3--,t education :i* prep>es = direct self-pres]vation2 t :i* prep>es = indirect self-pres]vation2 t :i* prep>es = p>5?ood2 t :i* prep>es = citiz5%ip2 t :i* prep>es = ! miscellane\s ref9em5ts ( life4 ,we d n mean to say t ^! divisions are def9itely sep>able4 ,we d n d5y t !y are intricately entangl$ ) ea* o!r1 9 su* way t !re c be no tra9+ = any t is n 9 "s measure a tra9+ = all4 ,nor d we "q t ( ea* division !re are portions m important ?an c]ta9 portions ( ! prec$+ divisions3 t1 = in/ance1 a man ( mu* skill 9 bus9ess b little o!r faculty1 may fall fur!r bel[ ! /&>d ( complete liv+ ?an "o ( b mod]ate ability 9 money-gett+ b great judgm5t z a p>5t2 or t exhau/ive in=mation be>+ on "r social action1 jo9$ ) entire want ( g5]al culture 9 lit]ature & ! f9e arts1 is less desirable ?an a m mod]ate %>e ( ! "o jo9$ ) "s ( ! o!r4 ,b1 aft] mak+ due qualifications1 !re /ill rema9 ^! broadly-m>k$ divisions2 & x /ill cont9ues sub/antially true t ^! divisions subord9ate "o ano!r 9 ! =ego+ ord]1 because ! correspond+ divisions ( life make "o ano!r possible 9 t ord]4 ,( c\rse ! ideal ( education is--complete prep>ation 9 all ^! divisions4 ,b fail+ ?is ideal1 z 9 our phase ( civilisation e "o mu/ d m or less1 ! aim %\ld be to ma9ta9 a due proportion betwe5 ! degrees ( prep>ation 9 ea*4 ,n exhau/ive cultivation 9 any "o1 supremely important ?\gh x may be--n ev5 an exclusive att5tion to ! two1 ?ree1 or f\r divisions ( greate/ importance2 b an att5tion to all3--greate/ :]e ! value is greate/2 less :]e ! value is less2 lea/ :]e ! value is lea/4 ,= ! av]age man 7n to =get ! cases 9 :i* peculi> aptitude = "s "o dep>tm5t ( k1 rightly makes pursuit ( t "o ! bread-w9n+ occupation7--= ! av]age man1 we say1 ! desid]atum is1 a tra9+ t approa*es ne>e/ to p]fection 9 ! ?+s :i* mo/ subs]ve complete liv+1 & falls m & m bel[ p]fection 9 ! ?+s t h m & m remote be>+s on complete liv+4 ,9 regulat+ education by ?is /&>d1 !re are "s g5]al consid]ations t %\ld be ev] pres5t to u4 ,! wor? ( any k9d ( culture1 z aid+ complete liv+1 may be ei!r necess>y or m or less cont+5t4 ,!re is k ( intr9sic value2 k ( quasi-intr9sic value2 & k ( conv5tional value4 ,su* facts z t s5sations ( numbness & t+l+ commonly prec$e p>alysis1 t ! resi/ance ( wat] to a body mov+ ?r\gh x v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 t *lor9e is a dis9fectant1--^!1 & ! tru?s ( ,sci5ce 9 g5]al1 are ( intr9sic value3 !y w be> on human conduct t5 ?\s& ye>s h5ce z !y d n[4 ,! extra k ( our own language1 :i* is giv5 by an acqua9tance ) ,lat9 & ,greek1 may be consid]$ to h a value t is quasi-intr9sic3 x mu/ exi/ = u & = o!r races ^: languages owe mu* to ^! s\rces2 b w la/ only z long z our languages la/4 ,:ile t k9d ( in=mation :i*1 9 our s*ools1 usurps ! "n ,hi/ory--! m]e tissue ( names & dates & dead unmean+ ev5ts--has a conv5tional value only3 x has n ! remote/ be>+ on any ( our actions2 & is ( use only = ! avoidance ( ^? unpleasant criticisms :i* curr5t op9ion passes ^u its abs5ce4 ,( c\rse1 z ^? facts :i* conc]n all mank9d ?r\gh\t all "t mu/ be held ( great] mom5t ?an ^? :i* conc]n only a portion ( !m dur+ a limit$ era1 & ( f> great] mom5t ?an ^? :i* conc]n only a portion ( !m dur+ ! cont9uance ( a fa%ion2 x foll[s t 9 a rational e/imate1 k ( intr9sic wor? mu/1 o!r ?+s equal1 take prec$5ce ( k t is ( quasi-intr9sic or conv5tional wor?4 ,"o fur!r prelim9>y4 ,acquirem5t ( e k9d has two values--value z k & value z discipl9e4 ,besides its use = guid+ conduct1 ! acquisition ( ea* ord] ( facts has also its use z m5tal ex]cise2 & its effects z a prep>ative = complete liv+ h to be consid]$ "u bo? ^! heads4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! g5]al ideas ) :i* we mu/ set out 9 discuss+ a curriculum3--,life z divid$ into sev]al k9ds ( activity ( successively decreas+ importance2 ! wor? ( ea* ord] ( facts z regulat+ ^! sev]al k9ds ( activity1 intr9sically1 quasi-intr9sically1 & conv5tionally2 & _! regulative influ5ces e/imat$ bo? z k & discipl9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,happily1 t all-important "p ( education :i* goes to secure direct self-pres]vation1 is 9 great "p already provid$ =4 ,too mom5t\s to be left to our blund]+1 ,nature takes x into h] own h&s4 ,:ile yet 9 its nurse's arms1 ! infant1 by hid+ its face & cry+ at ! sight ( a /rang]1 %[s ! dawn+ in/9ct to atta9 safety by fly+ f t :i* is unkn[n & may be dang]\s2 & :5 x c walk1 ! t]ror x manife/s if an unfamili> dog comes ne>1 or ! screams ) :i* x runs to its "m aft] any />tl+ sight or s\nd1 %[s ?is in/9ct fur!r develop$4 ,moreov]1 k subs]v+ direct self-pres]vation is t :i* x is *iefly busi$ 9 acquir+ f h\r to h\r4 ,h[ to balance its body2 h[ to control its movem5ts s z to avoid collisions2 :at objects are h>d1 & w hurt if /ruck2 :at objects are heavy1 & injure if !y fall on ! limbs2 :i* ?+s w be> ! weight ( ! body1 & :i* n2 ! pa9s inflict$ by fire1 by missiles1 by %>p in/rum5ts--^!1 & v>i\s o!r pieces ( in=mation ne$ful = ! avoidance ( dea? or accid5t1 x is ev] le>n+4 ,& :51 a few ye>s lat]1 ! en]gies g out 9 runn+1 climb+1 & jump+1 9 games ( /r5g? & games ( skill1 we see 9 all ^! actions by :i* ! muscles are develop$1 ! p]ceptions %>p5$1 & ! judgm5t quick5$1 a prep>ation = ! safe conduct ( ! body among surr\nd+ objects & movem5ts2 & = meet+ ^? great] dang]s t occasionally occur 9 ! lives ( all4 ,be+ ?us1 z we say1 s well c>$ = by ,nature1 ?is fundam5tal education ne$s comp>atively little c>e f u4 ,:at we are *iefly call$ ^u to see1 is1 t !re %all be free scope = ga9+ ?is exp]i5ce & receiv+ ?is discipl9e--t !re %all be no su* ?w>t+ ( ,nature z t by :i* /upid s*oolmi/resses commonly prev5t ! girls 9 _! *>ge f ! spontane\s physical activities !y w\ld indulge 92 & s r5d] !m comp>atively incapable ( tak+ c>e ( !mselves 9 circum/ances ( p]il4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is by no means all t is compreh5d$ 9 ! education t prep>es = direct self-pres]vation4 ,besides gu>d+ ! body aga9/ me*anical damage or de/ruction1 x has to be gu>d$ aga9/ injury f o!r causes--aga9/ ! disease & dea? t foll[ brea*es ( physiologic law4 ,= complete liv+ x is necess>y1 n only t sudd5 annihilations ( life %all be w>d$ (f2 b also t !re %all be escap$ ! incapacities & ! sl[ annihilation :i* unwise habits entail4 ,z1 )\t heal? & en]gy1 ! indu/rial1 ! p>5tal1 ! social1 & all o!r activities become m or less impossible2 x is cle> t ?is second>y k9d ( direct self-pres]vation is only less important ?an ! prim>y k9d2 & t k t5d+ to secure x %\ld rank v high4 ,x is true t "h1 too1 guidance is 9 "s measure ready suppli$4 ,by our v>i\s physical s5sations & desires1 ,nature has insur$ a tol]able con=mity to ! *ief requirem5ts4 ,=tunately = u1 want ( food1 great heat1 extreme cold1 produce prompt+s too p]emptory to be disreg>d$4 ,& w\ld m5 habitually obey ^! & all l prompt+s :5 less /rong1 comp>atively few evils w\ld arise4 ,if fatigue ( body or bra9 7 9 e case foll[$ by desi/ance2 if ! oppression produc$ by a close atmosph]e always l$ to v5tilation2 if !re 7 no eat+ )\t hung]1 or dr9k+ )\t ?ir/2 !n w\ld ! sy/em be b seldom out ( work+ ord]4 ,b s pr(\nd an ignorance is !re ( ! laws ( life1 t m5 d n ev5 "k t _! s5sations are _! natural guides1 & 7:5 n r5d]$ morbid by long--cont9u$ disob$i5ce7 _! tru/wor?y guides4 ,s t ?\gh1 to speak teleologically1 ,nature has provid$ effici5t safegu>ds to heal?1 lack ( k makes !m 9 a great measure useless4 ,if any "o d\bts ! importance ( an acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( physiology1 z a means to complete liv+1 let him look ar\nd & see h[ _m m5 & wom5 he c f9d 9 middle or lat] life :o are ?or\ghly well4 ,only occasionally d we meet ) an example ( vigor\s heal? cont9u$ to old age2 h\rly d we meet ) examples ( acute disord]1 *ronic ailm5t1 g5]al debility1 premature decrepitude4 ,sc>cely is !re "o to :om y put ! "q1 :o has n1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life1 br\ght ^u himself illnesses :i* a little in=mation w\ld h sav$ him f4 ,"h is a case ( he>t-disease consequ5t on a rheumatic fev] t foll[$ reckless exposure4 ,!re is a case ( eyes spoil$ = life by ov]-/udy4 ,ye/]day ! acc\nt 0 ( "o ^: long-endur+ lam5ess 0 br\ght on by cont9u+1 spite ( ! pa91 to use a knee aft] x _h be5 slightly injur$4 ,& to-day we are told ( ano!r :o has _h to lie by = ye>s1 because he did n "k t ! palpitation he suff]$ "u result$ f ov]tax$ bra94 ,n[ we he> ( an irrem$iable injury :i* foll[$ "s silly feat ( /r5g?2 &1 aga91 ( a con/itution t has nev] recov]$ f ! effects ( excessive "w ne$lessly und]tak54 ,:ile on e side we see ! p]petual m9or ailm5ts :i* accompany feebl5ess4 ,n to dwell on ! pa91 ! we>9ess1 ! gloom1 ! wa/e ( "t & money ?us entail$1 only consid] h[ greatly ill-heal? h9d]s ! dis*>ge ( all duties--makes bus9ess (t5 impossible1 & always m difficult2 produces an irritability fatal to ! "r managem5t ( *ildr52 puts ! functions ( citiz5%ip out ( ! "q2 & makes amusem5t a bore4 ,is x n cle> t ! physical s9s--p>tly our =efa!rs' & p>tly our own--:i* produce ?is ill-heal?1 d$uct m f complete liv+ ?an any?+ else8 & to a great ext5t make life a failure & a burd5 in/ead ( a b5efaction & a pleasure8 ,nor is ?is all4 ,life1 besides be+ ?us imm5sely det]iorat$1 is also cut %ort4 ,x is n true1 z we commonly suppose1 t aft] a disord] or disease f :i* we h recov]$1 we are z be=e4 ,no di/urbance ( ! normal c\rse ( ! functions c pass away & leave ?+s exactly z !y 74 ,a p]man5t damage is done--n imm$iately appreciable1 x may be1 b /ill !re2 & along ) o!r su* items :i* ,nature 9 h] /rict acc\nt-keep+ nev] drops1 x w tell aga9/ u to ! inevitable %ort5+ ( our days4 ,?r\gh ! accumulation ( small injuries x is t con/itutions are commonly und]m9$1 & break d[n1 long be=e _! "t4 ,& if we call to m9d h[ f> ! av]age duration ( life falls bel[ ! possible duration1 we see h[ imm5se is ! loss4 ,:51 to ! num]\s p>tial d$uctions :i* bad heal? entails1 we add ?is great f9al d$uction1 x results t ord9>ily "o-half ( life is ?r[n away4 ,h5ce1 k :i* subs]ves direct self-pres]vation by prev5t+ ?is loss ( heal?1 is ( prim>y importance4 ,we d n cont5d t possession ( su* k w\ld by any means :olly rem$y ! evil4 ,x is cle> t 9 our pres5t phase ( civilisation1 m5's necessities (t5 compel !m to transgress4 ,& x is fur!r cle> t1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( su* compulsion1 _! incl9ations w\ld frequ5tly lead !m1 spite ( _! convictions1 to sacrifice future good to pres5t gratification4 ,b we d cont5d t ! "r k impress$ 9 ! "r way w\ld effect mu*2 & we fur!r cont5d t z ! laws ( heal? mu/ be recognis$ be=e !y c be fully con=m$ to1 ! imp>t+ ( su* k mu/ prec$e a m rational liv+--come :5 t may4 ,we inf] t z vigor\s heal? & its accompany+ high spirits are l>g] elem5ts ( happ9ess ?an any o!r ?+s :atev]1 ! tea*+ h[ to ma9ta9 !m is a tea*+ t yields 9 mom5t to no o!r :atev]4 ,& !re=e we ass]t t su* a c\rse ( physiology z is ne$ful = ! compreh5sion ( its g5]al tru?s1 & _! be>+s on daily conduct1 is an all-ess5tial "p ( a rational education4 ,/range t ! ass]tion %\ld ne$ mak+6 ,/rang] /ill t x %\ld ne$ def5d+6 ,yet are !re n a few by :om su* a proposition w be receiv$ ) some?+ approa*+ to d]ision4 ,m5 :o w\ld blu% if caught say+ ,iphig5ia in/ead ( ,iphig5ia1 or w\ld res5t z an insult any imputation ( ignorance respect+ ! fabl$ lab\rs ( a fabl$ demi-god1 %[ n ! slighte/ %ame 9 confess+ t !y d n "k :]e ! ,eu/a*ian tubes are1 :at are ! actions ( ! sp9al cord1 :at is ! normal rate ( pulsation1 or h[ ! lungs are inflat$4 ,:ile anxi\s t _! sons %\ld be well up 9 ! sup]/itions ( two ?\s& ye>s ago1 !y c>e n t !y %\ld be taught any?+ ab\t ! /ructure & functions ( _! own bodies--nay1 ev5 wi% !m n to be s taught4 ,s ov]:elm+ is ! influ5ce ( e/abli%$ r\t9e6 ,s t]ribly 9 our education does ! ornam5tal ov]-ride ! useful6 99 99 99 99 99 ,we ne$ n insi/ on ! value ( t k :i* aids indirect self-pres]vation by facilitat+ ! ga9+ ( a livelihood4 ,?is is admitt$ by all2 &1 inde$1 by ! mass is p]haps too exclusively reg>d$ z ! end ( education4 ,b :ile e "o is ready to endorse ! ab/ract proposition t in/ruction fitt+ y\?s = ! bus9ess ( life is ( high importance1 or ev5 to consid] x ( supreme importance2 yet sc>cely any inquire :at in/ruction w s fit !m4 ,x is true t read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic are taught ) an intellig5t appreciation ( _! uses4 ,b :5 we h said ?is we h said ne>ly all4 ,:ile ! great bulk ( :at else is acquir$ has no be>+ on ! indu/rial activities1 an imm5sity ( in=mation t has a direct be>+ on ! indu/rial activities is entirely pass$ ov]4 ,=1 leav+ out only "s v small classes1 :at are all m5 employ$ 98 ,!y are employ$ 9 ! production1 prep>ation1 & di/ribution ( commodities4 ,& on :at does effici5cy 9 ! production1 prep>ation1 & di/ribution ( commodities dep5d8 ,x dep5ds on ! use ( me?ods fitt$ to ! respective natures ( ^! commodities2 x dep5ds on an adequate acqua9tance ) _! physical1 *emical1 or vital prop]ties1 z ! case may be2 t is1 x dep5ds on ,sci5ce4 ,?is ord] ( k :i* is 9 great "p ignor$ 9 our s*ool-c\rses1 is ! ord] ( k und]ly+ ! "r p]=mance ( ^? processes by :i* civilis$ life is made possible4 ,und5iable z is ?is tru?1 !re seems to be no liv+ consci\sness ( x3 its v famili>ity makes x unreg>d$4 ,to give due weight to our argum5t1 we mu/1 !re=e1 realise ?is tru? to ! read] by a rapid review ( ! facts4 ,pass+ ov] ! mo/ ab/ract sci5ce1 ,logic1 on ! due guidance by :i*1 h[ev]1 ! l>ge produc] or di/ributor dep5ds1 kn[+ly or unkn[+ly1 = success 9 8 bus9ess-=eca/s1 we come fir/ to ,ma!matics4 ,( ?is1 ! mo/ g5]al division1 deal+ ) numb]1 guides all indu/rial activities2 be !y ^? by :i* processes are adju/$1 or e/imates fram$1 or commodities b\ght & sold1 or acc\nts kept4 ,no "o ne$s to h ! value ( ?is division ( ab/ract sci5ce insi/$ ^u4 ,= ! high] arts ( con/ruction1 "s acqua9tance ) ! m special division ( ,ma!matics is indisp5sable4 ,! village c>p5t]1 :o lays out 8 "w by empirical rules1 equally ) ! build] ( a ,britannia ,bridge1 makes h\rly ref]5ce to ! laws ( space-relations4 ,! surveyor :o measures ! l& pur*as$2 ! ar*itect 9 design+ a mansion to be built on x2 ! build] :5 lay+ out ! f\ndations2 ! masons 9 cutt+ ! /ones2 & ! v>i\s artizans :o put up ! fitt+s2 are all guid$ by geometrical tru?s4 ,railway-mak+ is regulat$ f beg9n+ to end by geometry3 alike 9 ! prep>ation ( plans & sections2 9 /ak+ out ! l9e2 9 ! m5suration ( cutt+s & embankm5ts2 9 ! design+ & build+ ( bridges1 culv]ts1 viaducts1 tunnels1 /ations4 ,simil>ly ) ! h>b\rs1 docks1 pi]s1 & v>i\s eng9e]+ & ar*itectural works t fr+e ! coa/s & ov]spread ! c\ntry1 z well z ! m9es t run und]nea? x4 ,& n[-a-days1 ev5 ! f>m]1 = ! correct lay+-out ( 8 dra9s1 has rec\rse to ! level--t is1 to geometrical pr9ciples4 ,turn next to ! ,ab/ract-,concrete sci5ces4 ,on ! application ( ! simple/ ( ^!1 ,me*anics1 dep5ds ! success ( mod]n manufactures4 ,! prop]ties ( ! lev]1 ! :eel-&-axle1 etc41 are recognis$ 9 e ma*9e1 & to ma*9]y 9 ^! times we owe all production4 ,trace ! hi/ory ( ! breakfa/-roll4 ,! soil out ( :i* x came 0 dra9$ ) ma*9e-made tiles2 ! surface 0 turn$ ov] by a ma*9e2 ! :eat 0 reap$1 ?ra%$1 & w9n[$ by ma*9es2 by ma*9]y x 0 gr\nd & bolt$2 & _h ! fl\r be5 s5t to ,gosport1 x might h be5 made into biscuits by a ma*9e4 ,look r\nd ! room 9 :i* y sit4 ,if mod]n1 probably ! bricks 9 its walls 7 ma*9e-made2 & by ma*9]y ! floor+ 0 sawn & plan$1 ! mantel-%elf sawn & poli%$1 ! pap]-hang+s made & pr9t$4 ,! v5e] on ! table1 ! turn$ legs ( ! *airs1 ! c>pet1 ! curta9s1 are all products ( ma*9]y4 ,y\r clo?+--pla91 figur$1 or pr9t$--is x n :olly wov51 nay1 p]haps ev5 sew$1 by ma*9]y8 ,& ! volume y are read+--are n its leaves fabricat$ by "o ma*9e & cov]$ ) ^! words by ano!r8 ,add to :i* t = ! means ( di/ribution ov] bo? l& & sea1 we are simil>ly indebt$4 ,& !n obs]ve t accord+ z k ( me*anics is well or ill appli$ to ^! ends1 comes success or failure4 ,! eng9e] :o miscalculates ! /r5g? ( mat]ials1 builds a bridge t breaks d[n4 ,! manufactur] :o uses a bad ma*9e _c compete ) ano!r ^: ma*9e wa/es less 9 friction & in]tia4 ,! %ip-build] adh]+ to ! old model is out-sail$ by "o :o builds on ! me*anically-ju/ifi$ wave-l9e pr9ciple4 ,& z ! ability ( a nation to hold its own aga9/ o!r nations1 dep5ds on ! skill$ activity ( its units1 we see t on me*anical k may turn ! national fate4 ,on asc5d+ f ! divisions ( ,ab/ract-,concrete sci5ce deal+ ) mol> =ces1 to ^? divisions ( x :i* deal ) molecul> =ces1 we come to ano!r va/ s]ies ( applications4 ,to ?is gr\p ( sci5ces jo9$ ) ! prec$+ gr\ps we owe ! /eam-eng9e1 :i* does ! "w ( millions ( lab\r]s4 ,t section ( physics :i* =mulates ! laws ( heat1 has taught u h[ to economise fuel 9 v>i\s indu/ries2 h[ to increase ! produce ( smelt+ furnaces by sub/itut+ ! hot = ! cold bla/2 h[ to v5tilate m9es2 h[ to prev5t explosions by us+ ! safety-lamp2 &1 ?r\gh ! !rmomet]1 h[ to regulate innum]able processes4 ,t section :i* has ! ph5om5a ( light = its subject1 gives eyes to ! old & ! myopic2 aids ?r\gh ! microscope 9 detect+ diseases & adult]ations2 &1 by improv$ ligh?\ses1 prev5ts %ipwrecks4 ,rese>*es 9 electricity & magnetism h sav$ innum]able lives & incalculable prop]ty ?r\gh ! compass2 h subs]v$ _m arts by ! electrotype2 & n[1 9 ! telegraph1 h suppli$ u ) an ag5cy by :i* = ! future1 m]cantile transactions w be regulat$ & political int]c\rse c>ri$ on4 ,:ile 9 ! details ( 9-door life1 f ! improv$ kit*5-range up to ! /]eoscope on ! draw+-room table1 ! applications ( advanc$ physics und]lie our com=ts & gratifications4 ,/ill m num]\s are ! applications ( ,*emi/ry4 ,! blea*]1 ! dy]1 ! calico-pr9t]1 are sev]ally occupi$ 9 processes t are well or ill done accord+ z !y d or d n con=m to *emical laws4 ,smelt+ ( copp]1 t91 z9c1 lead1 silv]1 iron1 mu/ be guid$ by *emi/ry4 ,sug>-ref9+1 gas-mak+1 soap-boil+1 gunp[d]-manufacture1 are op]ations all p>tly *emical2 z are likewise ^? :i* produce glass & porcela94 ,:e!r ! di/ill]'s wort /ops at ! alcoholic f]m5tation or passes into ! acet\s1 is a *emical "q on :i* hangs 8 pr(it or loss2 & ! brew]1 if 8 bus9ess is ext5sive1 f9ds x pay to keep a *emi/ on 8 premises4 ,inde$1 !re is n[ sc>cely any manufacture ov] "s "p ( :i* *emi/ry does n preside4 ,nay1 9 ^! times ev5 agriculture1 to be pr(itably c>ri$ on1 mu/ h l guidance4 ,! analysis ( manures & soils2 ! disclosure ( _! respective adaptations2 ! use ( gypsum or o!r sub/ance = fix+ ammonia2 ! utilisation ( coprolites2 ! production ( artificial manures--all ^! are boons ( *emi/ry :i* x behoves ! f>m] to acqua9t himself )4 ,be x 9 ! lucif] mat*1 or 9 dis9fect$ sewage1 or 9 photographs--9 bread made )\t f]m5tation1 or p]fumes extract$ f refuse1 we may p]ceive t *emi/ry affects all our indu/ries2 & t1 !re=e1 k ( x conc]ns e "o :o is directly or indirectly connect$ ) our indu/ries4 ,( ! ,concrete sci5ces1 we come fir/ to ,a/ronomy4 ,out ( ?is has gr[n t art ( navigation :i* has made possible ! enorm\s =eign comm]ce t supports a l>ge "p ( our population1 :ile supply+ u ) _m necess>ies & mo/ ( our luxuries4 ,geology1 aga91 is a sci5ce k ( :i* greatly aids indu/rial success4 ,n[ t iron ores are s l>ge a s\rce ( weal?2 n[ t ! duration ( our coal-supply has become a "q ( great int]e/2 n[ t we h a ,college ( ,m9es & a ,geological ,survey2 x is sc>cely ne$ful to enl>ge on ! tru? t ! /udy ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ is important to our mat]ial welf>e4 ,& !n ! sci5ce ( life--,biology3 does n ?is1 too1 be> fundam5tally on ^! processes ( indirect self-pres]vation8 ,) :at we ord9>ily call manufactures1 x has1 inde$1 little connection2 b ) ! all-ess5tial manufacture--t ( food--x is insep>ably connect$4 ,z agriculture mu/ con=m its me?ods to ! ph5om5a ( vegetal & animal life1 x foll[s t ! sci5ce ( ^! ph5om5a is ! rational basis ( agriculture4 ,v>i\s biological tru?s h inde$ be5 empirically e/abli%$ & act$ ^u by f>m]s1 :ile yet !re has be5 no conception ( !m z sci5ce2 su* z t p>ticul> manures are suit$ to p>ticul> plants2 t crops ( c]ta9 k9ds unfit ! soil = o!r crops2 t horses _c d good "w on poor food2 t su* & su* diseases ( cattle & %eep are caus$ by su* & su* conditions4 ,^!1 & ! e-day k :i* ! agriculturi/ ga9s by exp]i5ce respect+ ! managem5t ( plants & animals1 con/itute 8 /ock ( biological facts2 on ! l>g5ess ( :i* greatly dep5ds 8 success4 ,& z ^! biological facts1 scanty1 indef9ite1 rudim5t>y1 ?\gh !y are1 aid him s ess5tially2 judge :at mu/ be ! value to him ( su* facts :5 !y become positive1 def9ite1 & exhau/ive4 ,inde$1 ev5 n[ we may see ! b5efits t rational biology is conf]r+ on him4 ,! tru? t ! production ( animal heat implies wa/e ( sub/ance1 & t1 !re=e1 prev5t+ loss ( heat prev5ts ! ne$ = extra food--a purely !oretical conclusion--n[ guides ! fatt5+ ( cattle3 x is f\nd t by keep+ cattle w>m1 fodd] is sav$4 ,simil>ly ) respect to v>iety ( food4 ,! exp]im5ts ( physiologi/s h %[n t n only is *ange ( diet b5eficial1 b t dige/ion is facilitat$ by a mixture ( +r$i5ts 9 ea* meal4 ,! discov]y t a disord] kn[n z ! /agg]s1 ( :i* _m ?\s&s ( %eep h di$ annually1 is caus$ by an entozoon :i* presses on ! bra91 & t if ! creature is extract$ ?r\gh ! s(t5$ place 9 ! skull :i* m>ks its position1 ! %eep usually recov]s1 is ano!r debt :i* agriculture owes to biology4 ,yet "o m sci5ce h we to note z be>+ directly on indu/rial success--! ,sci5ce ( ,society4 ,m5 :o daily look at ! /ate ( ! money-m>ket glance ov] prices curr5t2 discuss ! probable crops ( corn1 cotton1 sug>1 wool1 silk2 weigh ! *ances ( w>2 & f ^! data decide on _! m]cantile op]ations2 are /ud5ts ( social sci5ce3 empirical & blund]+ /ud5ts x may be2 b /ill1 /ud5ts :o ga9 ! prizes or are pluck$ ( _! pr(its1 accord+ z !y d or d n rea* ! "r conclusion4 ,n only ! manufactur] & ! m]*ant mu/ guide _! transactions by calculations ( supply & dem&1 bas$ on num]\s facts1 & tacitly recognis+ sundry g5]al pr9ciples ( social action2 b ev5 ! retail] mu/ d ! l3 8 prosp]ity v greatly dep5d+ ^u ! correctness ( 8 judgm5ts respect+ ! future :olesale prices & ! future rates ( consumption4 ,manife/ly1 :oev] takes "p 9 ! entangl$ comm]cial activities ( a community1 is vitally int]e/$ 9 und]/&+ ! laws accord+ to :i* ^? activities v>y4 ,?us1 to all su* z are occupi$ 9 ! production1 ex*ange1 or di/ribution ( commodities1 acqua9tance ) ,sci5ce 9 "s ( its dep>tm5ts1 is ( fundam5tal importance4 ,ea* man :o is imm$iately or remotely implicat$ 9 any =m ( indu/ry 7& few are n7 has 9 "s way to deal ) ! ma!matical1 physical1 & *emical prop]ties ( ?+s2 p]haps1 also1 has a direct int]e/ 9 biology2 & c]ta9ly has 9 sociology4 ,:e!r he does or does n succe$ well 9 t indirect self-pres]vation :i* we call gett+ a good livelihood1 dep5ds 9 a great degree on 8 k ( "o or m ( ^! sci5ces3 n1 x may be1 a rational k2 b /ill a k1 ?\gh empirical4 ,= :at we call le>n+ a bus9ess1 really implies le>n+ ! sci5ce involv$ 9 x2 ?\gh n p]haps "u ! "n ( sci5ce4 ,& h5ce a gr\nd+ 9 sci5ce is ( great importance1 bo? because x prep>es = all ?is1 & because rational k has an imm5se sup]iority ov] empirical k4 ,moreov]1 n only is sci5tific culture requisite = ea*1 t he may und]/& ! h[ & ! :y ( ! ?+s & processes ) :i* he is conc]n$ z mak] or di/ributor2 b x is (t5 ( mu* mom5t t he %\ld und]/& ! h[ & ! :y ( v>i\s o!r ?+s & processes4 ,9 ?is age ( jo9t-/ock und]tak+s1 ne>ly e man above ! lab\r] is int]e/$ z capitali/ 9 "s o!r occupation ?an 8 own2 &1 z ?us int]e/$1 8 pr(it or loss (t5 dep5ds on 8 k ( ! sci5ces be>+ on ?is o!r occupation4 ,"h is a m9e1 9 ! s9k+ ( :i* _m %>ehold]s ru9$ !mselves1 f n kn[+ t a c]ta9 fossil belong$ to ! old r$ s&/one1 bel[ :i* no coal is f\nd4 ,num]\s attempts h be5 made to con/ruct electromagnetic eng9es1 9 ! hope ( sup]s$+ /eam2 b _h ^? :o suppli$ ! money und]/ood ! g5]al law ( ! correlation & equival5ce ( =ces1 !y might h _h bett] balances at _! bank]s4 ,daily are m5 induc$ to aid 9 c>ry+ out inv5tions :i* a m]e tyro 9 sci5ce c\ld %[ to be futile4 ,sc>cely a locality b has its hi/ory ( =tunes ?r[n away ov] "s impossible project4 ,& if already ! loss f want ( sci5ce is s frequ5t & s great1 /ill great] & m frequ5t w x be to ^? :o h]eaft] lack sci5ce4 ,j z fa/ z productive processes become m sci5tific1 :i* competition w inevitably make !m d2 & j z fa/ z jo9t-/ock und]tak+s spread1 :i* !y c]ta9ly w2 s fa/ mu/ sci5tific k gr[ necess>y to e "o4 ,t :i* our s*ool-c\rses leave almo/ entirely out1 we ?us f9d to be t :i* mo/ ne>ly conc]ns ! bus9ess ( life4 ,our indu/ries w\ld cease1 7 x n = ! in=mation :i* m5 beg9 to acquire1 z !y be/ may1 aft] _! education is said to be f9i%$4 ,& 7 x n = ?is in=mation1 f age to age accumulat$ & spread by un(ficial means1 ^! indu/ries w\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,_h !re be5 no tea*+ b su* z goes on 9 our public s*ools1 ,engl& w\ld n[ be :at x 0 9 feudal times4 ,t increas+ acqua9tance ) ! laws ( ph5om5a1 :i* has ?r\gh successive ages enabl$ u to subjugate ,nature to our ne$s1 & 9 ^! days gives ! common lab\r] com=ts :i* a few c5turies ago k+s c\ld n pur*ase1 is sc>cely 9 any degree ow$ to ! appo9t$ means ( in/ruct+ our y\?4 ,! vital k--t by :i* we h gr[n z a nation to :at we are1 & :i* n[ und]lies our :ole exi/5ce1 is a k t has got itself taught 9 nooks & corn]s2 :ile ! orda9$ ag5cies = tea*+ h be5 mumbl+ little else b dead =mulas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we come n[ to ! ?ird great division ( human activities--a division = :i* no prep>ation :atev] is made4 ,if by "s /range *ance n a ve/ige ( u desc5d$ to ! remote future save a pile ( our s*ool-books or "s college exam9ation pap]s1 we may imag9e h[ puzzl$ an antiqu>y ( ! p]iod w\ld be on f9d+ 9 !m no sign t ! le>n]s 7 ev] likely to be p>5ts4 ,?is mu/ h be5 ! curriculum = _! celibates1 we may fancy him conclud+4 ,i p]ceive "h an elaborate prep>ation = _m ?+s2 especially = read+ ! books ( ext9ct nations & ( co-exi/+ nations 7f :i* inde$ x seems cle> t ^! p _h v little wor? read+ 9 _! own tongue72 b ,i f9d no ref]5ce :atev] to ! br++ up ( *ildr54 ,!y c\ld n h be5 s absurd z to omit all tra9+ = ?is grave/ ( responsibilities4 ,evid5tly !n1 ?is 0 ! s*ool-c\rse ( "o ( _! mona/ic ord]s4 ,s]i\sly1 is x n an a/oni%+ fact1 t ?\gh on ! treatm5t ( (fspr+ dep5d _! lives or dea?s1 & _! moral welf>e or ru92 yet n "o ^w ( in/ruction on ! treatm5t ( (fspr+ is ev] giv5 to ^? :o w by & by be p>5ts8 ,is x n mon/r\s t ! fate ( a new g5]ation %\ld be left to ! *ances ( unreason+ cu/om1 impulse1 fancy--jo9$ ) ! sugge/ions ( ignorant nurses & ! prejudic$ c\nsel ( gr&mo!rs8 ,if a m]*ant comm5c$ bus9ess )\t any k ( ari?metic & book-keep+1 we %\ld exclaim at 8 folly1 & look = disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,or if1 be=e /udy+ anatomy1 a man set up z a surgical op]ator1 we %\ld wond] at 8 audacity & pity 8 pati5ts4 ,b t p>5ts %\ld beg9 ! difficult task ( re>+ *ildr51 )\t ev] hav+ giv5 a ?\ght to ! pr9ciples--physical1 moral1 or intellectual--:i* ought to guide !m1 excites nei!r surprise at ! actors nor pity = _! victims4 ,to t5s ( ?\s&s t are kill$1 add hundr$s ( ?\s& t survive ) feeble con/itutions1 & millions t gr[ up ) con/itutions n s /rong z !y %\ld be2 & y w h "s idea ( ! curse inflict$ on _! (fspr+ by p>5ts ignorant ( ! laws ( life4 ,d b consid] = a mom5t t ! regim5 to :i* *ildr5 are subject1 is h\rly tell+ ^u !m to _! life-long injury or b5efit2 & t !re are tw5ty ways ( go+ wrong to "o way ( go+ "r2 & y w get "s idea ( ! enorm\s mis*ief t is almo/ ev]y:]e inflict$ by ! ?\ghtless1 haphaz>d sy/em 9 common use4 ,is x decid$ t a boy %all be clo!d 9 "s flimsy %ort dress1 & be all[$ to g play+ ab\t ) limbs r$d5$ by cold8 ,! decision w tell on 8 :ole future exi/5ce--ei!r 9 illnesses2 or 9 /unt$ gr[?2 or 9 defici5t en]gy2 or 9 a maturity less vigor\s ?an x ought to h be51 & 9 consequ5t h9drances to success & happ9ess4 ,are *ildr5 doom$ to a monoton\s diet>y1 or a diet>y t is defici5t 9 nutritiv5ess8 ,_! ultimate physical p[]1 & _! effici5cy z m5 & wom51 w inevitably be m or less dim9i%$ by x4 ,are !y =bidd5 vocif]\s play1 or 7be+ too ill-clo!d to be> exposure7 are !y kept indoors 9 cold wea!r8 ,!y are c]ta9 to fall bel[ t measure ( heal? & /r5g? to :i* !y w\ld else h atta9$4 ,:5 sons & daught]s gr[ up sickly & feeble1 p>5ts commonly reg>d ! ev5t z a mis=tune--z a visitation ( ,provid5ce4 ,?9k+ aft] ! preval5t *aotic fa%ion1 !y assume t ^! evils come )\t causes2 or t ! causes are sup]natural4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,9 "s cases ! causes are d\btless inh]it$2 b 9 mo/ cases fooli% regulations are ! causes4 ,v g5]ally1 p>5ts !mselves are responsible = all ?is pa91 ?is debility1 ?is depression1 ?is mis]y4 ,!y h und]tak5 to control ! lives ( _! (fspr+ f h\r to h\r2 ) cruel c>elessness !y h neglect$ to le>n any?+ ab\t ^! vital processes :i* !y are unceas+ly affect+ by _! comm&s & prohibitions2 9 utt] ignorance ( ! simple/ physiologic laws1 !y h be5 ye> by ye> und]m9+ ! con/itutions ( _! *ildr52 & h s inflict$ disease & premature dea?1 n only on !m b on _! desc5dants4 ,equally great are ! ignorance & ! consequ5t injury1 :5 we turn f physical tra9+ to moral tra9+4 ,consid] ! "y "m & h] nurs]y-legislation4 ,b a few ye>s ago %e 0 at s*ool1 :]e h] memory 0 cramm$ ) words1 & names1 & dates1 & h] reflective faculties sc>cely 9 ! slighte/ degree ex]cis$--:]e n "o idea 0 giv5 h] respect+ ! me?ods ( deal+ ) ! op5+ m9d ( *ildhood2 & :]e h] discipl9e did n 9 ! lea/ fit h] = ?9k+ out me?ods ( h] own4 ,! int]v5+ ye>s h be5 pass$ 9 practis+ music1 9 fancy-"w1 9 novel-read+1 & 9 p>ty-go+3 no ?\ght hav+ yet be5 giv5 to ! grave responsibilities ( mat]nity2 & sc>cely any ( t solid intellectual culture obta9$ :i* w\ld be "s prep>ation = su* responsibilities4 ,& n[ see h] ) an unfold+ human "* committ$ to h] *>ge--see h] pr(\ndly ignorant ( ! ph5om5a ) :i* %e has to deal1 und]tak+ to d t :i* c be done b imp]fectly ev5 ) ! aid ( ! pr(\nde/ k4 ,%e kn[s no?+ ab\t ! nature ( ! emotions1 _! ord] ( evolution1 _! functions1 or :]e use ends & abuse beg9s4 ,%e is "u ! impression t "s ( ! feel+s are :olly bad1 :i* is n true ( any "o ( !m2 & t o!rs are good h[ev] f> !y may be c>ri$1 :i* is also n true ( any "o ( !m4 ,& !n1 ignorant z %e is ( ! /ructure %e has to deal )1 %e is equally ignorant ( ! effects produc$ on x by ?is or t treatm5t4 ,:at c be m inevitable ?an ! disa/r\s results we see h\rly aris+8 ,lack+ k ( m5tal ph5om5a1 ) _! cause & consequ5ces1 h] int]f]5ce is frequ5tly m mis*iev\s ?an absolute passivity w\ld h be54 ,?is & t k9d ( action1 :i* are q normal & b5eficial1 %e p]petually ?w>ts2 & s dim9i%es ! *ild's happ9ess & pr(it1 injures its temp] & h] own1 & produces e/rangem5t4 ,de$s :i* %e ?9ks x desirable to enc\rage1 %e gets p]=m$ by ?reats & bribes1 or by excit+ a desire = applause3 consid]+ little :at ! inw>d motive may be1 s long z ! outw>d conduct con=ms2 & ?us cultivat+ hypocrisy1 & fe>1 & selfi%ness1 9 place ( good feel+4 ,:ile insi/+ on tru?fulness1 %e con/antly sets an example ( untru? by ?reat5+ p5alties :i* %e does n inflict4 ,:ile inculcat+ self-control1 %e h\rly visits on h] little ones angry scold+s = acts undes]v+ ( !m4 ,%e has n ! remote/ idea t 9 ! nurs]y1 z 9 ! _w1 t alone is ! truly salut>y discipl9e :i* visits on all conduct1 good & bad1 ! natural consequ5ces--! consequ5ces1 pleasurable or pa9ful1 :i* 9 ! nature ( ?+s su* conduct t5ds to br+4 ,be+ ?us )\t !oretic guidance1 & q incapable ( guid+ h]self by trac+ ! m5tal processes go+ on 9 h] *ildr51 h] rule is impulsive1 inconsi/5t1 mis*iev\s2 & w\ld inde$ be g5]ally ru9\s 7 x n t ! ov]:elm+ t5d5cy ( ! gr[+ m9d to assume ! moral type ( ! race usually subord9ates all m9or influ5ces4 ,& !n ! culture ( ! intellect--is n ?is1 too1 mismanag$ 9 a simil> mann]8 ,grant t ! ph5om5a ( intellig5ce con=m to laws2 grant t ! evolution ( intellig5ce 9 a *ild also con=ms to laws2 & x foll[s inevitably t education _c be rightly guid$ )\t a k ( ^! laws4 ,to suppose t y c prop]ly regulate ?is process ( =m+ & accumulat+ ideas1 )\t und]/&+ ! nature ( ! process1 is absurd4 ,h[ widely1 !n1 mu/ tea*+ z x is diff] f tea*+ z x %\ld be2 :5 h>dly any p>5ts1 & b few tutors1 "k any?+ ab\t psy*ology4 ,z might be expect$1 ! e/abli%$ sy/em is griev\sly at fault1 alike 9 matt] & 9 mann]4 ,:ile ! "r class ( facts is )held1 ! wrong class is =cibly adm9i/]$ 9 ! wrong way & 9 ! wrong ord]4 ,"u t common limit$ idea ( education :i* conf9es x to k ga9$ f books1 p>5ts ?ru/ prim]s into ! h&s ( _! little ones ye>s too soon1 to _! great injury4 ,n recognis+ ! tru? t ! function ( books is supplem5t>y--t !y =m an indirect means to k :5 direct means fail--a means ( see+ ?r\gh o!r m5 :at y _c see = y\rself2 tea*]s are eag] to give second-h& facts 9 place ( fir/-h& facts4 ,n p]ceiv+ ! enorm\s value ( t spontane\s education :i* goes on 9 e>ly ye>s--n p]ceiv+ t a *ild's re/less obs]vation1 in/ead ( be+ ignor$ or *eck$1 %\ld be dilig5tly m9i/]$ to1 & made z accurate & complete z possible2 !y insi/ on occupy+ its eyes & ?\ghts ) ?+s t are1 = ! "t be+1 incompreh5sible & repugnant4 ,possess$ by a sup]/ition :i* wor%ips ! symbols ( k in/ead ( ! k itself1 !y d n see t only :5 8 acqua9tance ) ! objects & processes ( ! h\sehold1 ! /reets1 & ! fields1 is becom+ tol]ably exhau/ive--only !n %\ld a *ild be introduc$ to ! new s\rces ( in=mation :i* books supply3 & ?is1 n only because imm$iate cognition is ( f> great] value ?an m$iate cognition2 b also1 because ! words conta9$ 9 books c be rightly int]pret$ into ideas1 only 9 proportion to ! antec$5t exp]i5ce ( ?+s4 ,obs]ve next1 t ?is =mal in/ruction1 f> too soon comm5c$1 is c>ri$ on ) b little ref]5ce to ! laws ( m5tal developm5t4 ,intellectual progress is ( necessity f ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 ,b reg>dless ( ?is1 highly ab/ract /udies1 su* z gramm>1 :i* %\ld come q late1 are begun q e>ly4 ,political geography1 dead & un9t]e/+ to a *ild1 & :i* %\ld be an app5dage ( sociological /udies1 is comm5c$ betimes2 :ile physical geography1 compreh5sible & comp>atively attractive to a *ild1 is 9 great "p pass$ ov]4 ,ne>ly e subject dealt ) is arrang$ 9 abnormal ord]3 def9itions & rules & pr9ciples be+ put fir/1 in/ead ( be+ disclos$1 z !y are 9 ! ord] ( nature1 ?r\gh ! /udy ( cases4 ,& !n1 p]vad+ ! :ole1 is ! vici\s sy/em ( rote le>n+--a sy/em ( sacrific+ ! _s to ! lett]4 ,see ! results4 ,:at ) p]ceptions unnaturally dull$ by e>ly ?w>t+1 & a co]c$ att5tion to books--:at ) ! m5tal confusion produc$ by tea*+ subjects be=e !y c be und]/ood1 & 9 ea* ( !m giv+ g5]alisations be=e ! facts ( :i* !y are ! g5]alisations--:at ) mak+ ! pupil a m]e passive recipi5t ( o!r's ideas1 & n 9 ! lea/ lead+ him to be an active inquir] or self-in/ructor--& :at ) tax+ ! faculties to excess2 !re are v few m9ds t become z effici5t z !y might be4 ,exam9ations be+ once pass$1 books are laid aside2 ! great] "p ( :at has be5 acquir$1 be+ unorganis$1 soon drops out ( recollection2 :at rema9s is mo/ly in]t--! art ( apply+ k n hav+ be5 cultivat$2 & !re is b little p[] ei!r ( accurate obs]vation or indep5d5t ?9k+4 ,to all :i* add1 t :ile mu* ( ! in=mation ga9$ is ( relatively small value1 an imm5se mass ( in=mation ( transc5d5t value is entirely pass$ ov]4 ,?us we f9d ! facts to be su* z might h be5 inf]r$ a priori4 ,! tra9+ ( *ildr5--physical1 moral1 & intellectual--is dreadfully defective4 ,& 9 great measure x is s because p>5ts are devoid ( t k by :i* ?is tra9+ c alone be rightly guid$4 ,:at is to be expect$ :5 "o ( ! mo/ intricate ( problems is und]tak5 by ^? :o h giv5 sc>cely a ?\ght to ! pr9ciples on :i* its solution dep5ds8 ,= %oe-mak+ or h\se-build+1 = ! managem5t ( a %ip or a locomotive eng9e1 a long appr5tice%ip is ne$ful4 ,is x1 !n1 t ! unfold+ ( a human be+ 9 body & m9d is s comp>atively simple a process t any "o may sup]9t5d & regulate x ) no prep>ation :atev]8 ,if n--if ! process is1 ) "o exception1 m complex ?an any 9 ,nature1 & ! task ( m9i/]+ to x "o ( surpass+ difficulty2 is x n madness to make no provision = su* a task8 ,bett] sacrifice accompli%m5ts ?an omit ?is all-ess5tial in/ruction4 ,:5 a fa!r1 act+ on false dogmas adopt$ )\t exam9ation1 has ali5at$ 8 sons1 driv5 !m into rebellion by 8 h>% treatm5t1 ru9$ !m1 & made himself mis]able2 he might reflect t ! /udy ( ,e?ology w\ld h be5 wor? pursu+1 ev5 at ! co/ ( kn[+ no?+ ab\t ,a,eschylus4 ,:5 a "m is m\rn+ ov] a fir/-born t has sunk "u ! sequelae ( sc>let-fev]--:5 p]haps a c&id m$ical man has confirm$ h] suspicion t h] *ild w\ld h recov]$ _h n its sy/em be5 enfeebl$ by ov]-/udy--:5 %e is pro/rate "u ! pangs ( comb9$ grief & remorse2 x is b a small consolation t %e c read ,dante 9 ! orig9al4 ,?us we see t = regulat+ ! ?ird great division ( human activities1 a k ( ! laws ( life is ! "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,"s acqua9tance ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( physiology & ! elem5t>y tru?s ( psy*ology1 is indisp5sable = ! "r br++ up ( *ildr54 ,we d\bt n t _m w read ?is ass]tion ) a smile4 ,t p>5ts 9 g5]al %\ld be expect$ to acquire a k ( subjects s ab/ruse w seem to !m an absurdity4 ,& if we propos$ t an exhau/ive k ( ^! subjects %\ld be obta9$ by all fa!rs & mo!rs1 ! absurdity w\ld inde$ be gl>+ en\gh4 ,b we d n4 ,g5]al pr9ciples only1 accompani$ by su* illu/rations z may be ne$$ to make !m und]/ood1 w\ld suffice4 ,& ^! might be readily taught--if n rationally1 !n dogmatically4 ,be ?is z x may1 h[ev]1 "h are ! indisputable facts3--t ! developm5t ( *ildr5 9 m9d & body foll[s c]ta9 laws2 t unless ^! laws are 9 "s degree con=m$ to by p>5ts1 dea? is inevitable2 t unless !y are 9 a great degree con=m$ to1 !re mu/ result s]i\s physical & m5tal defects2 & t only :5 !y are completely con=m$ to1 c a p]fect maturity be rea*$4 ,judge1 !n1 :e!r all :o may "o day be p>5ts1 %\ld n /rive ) "s anxiety to le>n :at ^! laws are4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! p>5tal functions let u pass n[ to ! functions ( ! citiz54 ,we h "h to inquire :at k fits a man = ! dis*>ge ( ^! functions4 ,x _c be alleg$ t ! ne$ = k fitt+ him = ^! functions is :olly ov]look$2 = our s*ool-c\rses conta9 c]ta9 /udies1 :i*1 nom9ally at lea/1 be> ^u political & social duties4 ,( ^! ! only "o t occupies a prom95t place is ,hi/ory4 ,b1 z already h9t$1 ! in=mation commonly giv5 "u ?is head1 is almo/ valueless = purposes ( guidance4 ,sc>cely any ( ! facts set d[n 9 our s*ool-hi/ories1 & v few ( ^? conta9$ 9 ! m elaborate works writt5 = adults1 illu/rate ! "r pr9ciples ( political action4 ,! biographies ( mon>*s 7& our *ildr5 le>n little else7 ?r[ sc>cely any light ^u ! sci5ce ( society4 ,famili>ity ) c\rt intrigues1 plots1 usurpations1 or ! l1 & ) all ! p]sonalities accompany+ !m1 aids v little 9 elucidat+ ! causes ( national progress4 ,we read ( "s squabble = p[]1 t x l$ to a pit*$ battle2 t su* & su* 7 ! names ( ! g5]als & _! lead+ subord9ates2 t !y _h ea* s _m ?\s& infantry & cavalry1 & s _m cannon2 t !y arrang$ _! =ces 9 ?is & t ord]2 t !y manoeuvr$1 attack$1 & fell back 9 c]ta9 ways2 t at ?is "p ( ! day su* disa/]s 7 su/a9$1 & at t su* advantages ga9$2 t 9 "o p>ticul> movem5t "s lead+ (fic] fell1 :ile 9 ano!r a c]ta9 regim5t 0 decimat$2 t aft] all ! *ang+ =tunes ( ! fight1 ! victory 0 ga9$ by ?is or t army2 & t s _m 7 kill$ & w\nd$ on ea* side1 & s _m captur$ by ! conqu]ors4 ,& n[1 out ( ! accumulat$ details mak+ up ! n>rative1 say :i* x is t helps y 9 decid+ on y\r conduct z a citiz54 ,suppos+ ev5 t y _h dilig5tly read1 n only ,! ,fifte5 ,decisive ,battles ( ! ,_w1 b acc\nts ( all o!r battles t hi/ory m5tions2 h[ mu* m judici\s w\ld y\r vote be at ! next election8 ,b ^! are facts--int]e/+ facts1 y say4 ,)\t d\bt !y are facts 7su*1 at lea/1 z are n :olly or p>tially fictions72 & to _m !y may be int]e/+ facts4 ,b ?is by no means implies t !y are valuable4 ,factiti\s or morbid op9ion (t5 gives seem+ value to ?+s t h sc>cely any4 ,a tulipomaniac w n "p ) a *oice bulb = its weight 9 gold4 ,to ano!r man an ugly piece ( crack$ old *9a seems 8 mo/ desirable possession4 ,& !re are ^? :o give high prices = ! relics ( celebrat$ murd]]s4 ,w x be cont5d$ t ^! ta/es are any measures ( value 9 ! ?+s t gratify !m8 ,if n1 !n x mu/ be admitt$ t ! lik+ felt = c]ta9 classes ( hi/orical facts is no pro( ( _! wor?2 & t we mu/ te/ _! wor?1 z we te/ ! wor? ( o!r facts1 by ask+ to :at uses !y are applicable4 ,7 "s "o to tell y t y\r neighb\r's cat kitt5$ ye/]day1 y w\ld say ! in=mation 0 valueless4 ,fact ?\gh x might be1 y w\ld call x an utt]ly useless fact--a fact t c\ld 9 no way influ5ce y\r actions 9 life--a fact t w\ld n help y 9 le>n+ h[ to live completely4 ,well1 apply ! same te/ to ! great mass ( hi/orical facts1 & y w get ! same result4 ,!y are facts f :i* no conclusions c be drawn--unorganisable facts2 & !re=e facts ( no s]vice 9 e/abli%+ pr9ciples ( conduct1 :i* is ! *ief use ( facts4 ,read !m1 if y l1 = amusem5t2 b d n flatt] y\r self !y are in/ructive4 ,t :i* con/itutes ,hi/ory1 prop]ly s call$1 is 9 great "p omitt$ f works on ! subject4 ,only ( late ye>s h hi/orians comm5c$ giv+ u1 9 any consid]able quantity1 ! truly valuable in=mation4 ,z 9 pa/ ages ! k+ 0 ev]y?+ & ! p no?+2 s1 9 pa/ hi/ories ! do+s ( ! k+ fill ! entire picture1 to :i* ! national life =ms b an obscure backgr\nd4 ,:ile only n[1 :5 ! welf>e ( nations r ?an ( rul]s is becom+ ! dom9ant idea1 are hi/orians beg9n+ to occupy !mselves ) ! ph5om5a ( social progress4 ,! ?+ x really conc]ns u to "k is ! natural hi/ory ( society4 ,we want all facts :i* help u to und]/& h[ a nation has gr[n & organis$ itself4 ,among ^!1 let u ( c\rse h an acc\nt ( its gov]nm5t2 ) z little z may be ( gossip ab\t ! m5 :o (fic]$ x1 & z mu* z possible ab\t ! /ructure1 pr9ciples1 me?ods1 prejudices1 corruptions1 etc41 :i* x exhibit$3 & let ?is acc\nt include n only ! nature & actions ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 b also ^? ( local gov]nm5ts1 d[n to _! m9ute/ ramifications4 ,let u ( c\rse also h a p>allel description ( ! ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t--its organisation1 its conduct1 its p[]1 its relations to ! ,/ate2 & accompany+ ?is1 ! c]emonial1 cre$1 & religi\s ideas--n only ^? nom9ally believ$1 b ^? really believ$ & act$ ^u4 ,let u at ! same "t be in=m$ ( ! control ex]cis$ by class ov] class1 z display$ 9 social obs]vances--9 titles1 salutations1 & =ms ( address4 ,let u "k1 too1 :at 7 all ! o!r cu/oms :i* regulat$ ! popul> life out ( doors & 9-doors3 includ+ ^? conc]n+ ! relations ( ! sexes1 & ! relations ( p>5ts to *ildr54 ,! sup]/itions1 also1 f ! m important my?s d[n to ! *>ms 9 common use1 %\ld be indicat$4 ,next %\ld come a del9eation ( ! indu/rial sy/em3 %[+ to :at ext5t ! division ( lab\r 0 c>ri$2 h[ trades 7 regulat$1 :e!r by ca/e1 guilds1 or o!rwise2 :at 0 ! connection betwe5 employ]s & employ$2 :at 7 ! ag5cies = di/ribut+ commodities2 :at 7 ! means ( communication2 :at 0 ! circulat+ m$ium4 ,accompany+ all :i* %\ld be giv5 an acc\nt ( ! indu/rial arts te*nically consid]$3 /at+ ! processes 9 use1 & ! quality ( ! products4 ,fur!r1 ! intellectual condition ( ! nation 9 its v>i\s grades %\ld be depict$2 n only ) respect to ! k9d & am\nt ( education1 b ) respect to ! progress made 9 sci5ce1 & ! prevail+ mann] ( ?9k+4 ,! degree ( ae/hetic culture1 z display$ 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 dress1 music1 poetry1 & fiction1 %\ld be describ$4 ,nor %\ld !re be omitt$ a sket* ( ! daily lives ( ! p--_! food1 _! homes1 & _! amusem5ts4 ,& la/ly1 to connect ! :ole1 %\ld be exhibit$ ! morals1 !oretical & practical1 ( all classes3 z indicat$ 9 _! laws1 habits1 prov]bs1 de$s4 ,^! facts1 giv5 ) z mu* brevity z consi/s ) cle>ness & accuracy1 %\ld be s gr\p$ & arrang$ t !y may be compreh5d$ 9 _! ensemble1 & contemplat$ z mutually-dep5d5t p>ts ( "o great :ole4 ,! aim %\ld be s to pres5t !m t m5 may readily trace ! cons5sus subsi/+ among !m2 ) ! view ( le>n+ :at social ph5om5a co-exi/ ) :at o!r4 ,& !n ! correspond+ del9eations ( succe$+ ages %\ld be s manag$ z to %[ h[ ea* belief1 in/itution1 cu/om1 & arrangem5t 0 modifi$2 & h[ ! cons5sus ( prec$+ /ructures & functions 0 develop$ into ! cons5sus ( succe$+ ones4 ,su* alone is ! k9d ( in=mation respect+ pa/ times :i* c be ( s]vice to ! citiz5 = ! regulation ( 8 conduct4 ,! only hi/ory t is ( practical value is :at may be call$ ,descriptive ,sociology4 ,& ! highe/ (fice :i* ! hi/orian c dis*>ge1 is t ( s n>rat+ ! lives ( nations1 z to furni% mat]ials = a ,comp>ative ,sociology2 & = ! subsequ5t det]m9ation ( ! ultimate laws to :i* social ph5om5a con=m4 ,b n[ m>k1 t ev5 suppos+ an adequate /ock ( ?is truly valuable hi/orical k has be5 acquir$1 x is ( comp>atively little use )\t ! key4 ,& ! key is to be f\nd only 9 ,sci5ce4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! g5]alisations ( biology & psy*ology1 rational int]pretation ( social ph5om5a is impossible4 ,only 9 proportion z m5 draw c]ta9 rude1 empirical inf]5ces respect+ human nature1 are !y enabl$ to und]/& ev5 ! simple/ facts ( social life3 z1 = in/ance1 ! relation betwe5 supply & dem&4 ,& if ! mo/ elem5t>y tru?s ( sociology _c be rea*$ until "s k is obta9$ ( h[ m5 g5]ally ?9k1 feel1 & act "u giv5 circum/ances2 !n x is manife/ t !re c be no?+ l a wide compreh5sion ( sociology1 unless ?r\gh a compet5t acqua9tance ) man 9 all 8 faculties1 bodily1 & m5tal4 ,consid] ! matt] 9 ! ab/ract1 & ?is conclusion is self-evid5t4 ,?us3--,society is made up ( individuals2 all t is done 9 society is done by ! comb9$ actions ( individuals2 & !re=e1 9 individual actions only c be f\nd ! solutions ( social ph5om5a4 ,b ! actions ( individuals dep5d on ! laws ( _! natures2 & _! actions _c be und]/ood until ^! laws are und]/ood4 ,^! laws1 h[ev]1 :5 r$uc$ to _! simple/ expressions1 prove to be coroll>ies f ! laws ( body & m9d 9 g5]al4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t biology & psy*ology are indisp5sable z int]pret]s ( sociology4 ,or1 to /ate ! conclusions /ill m simply3--all social ph5om5a are ph5om5a ( life--are ! mo/ complex manife/ations ( life--mu/ con=m to ! laws ( life--& c be und]/ood only :5 ! laws ( life are und]/ood4 ,?us1 !n1 = ! regulation ( ?is f\r? division ( human activities1 we are1 z be=e1 dep5d5t on ,sci5ce4 ,( ! k commonly imp>t$ 9 educational c\rses1 v little is ( s]vice = guid+ a man 9 8 conduct z a citiz54 ,only a small "p ( ! hi/ory he reads is ( practical value2 & ( ?is small "p he is n prep>$ to make prop] use4 ,he lacks n only ! mat]ials =1 b ! v conception (1 descriptive sociology2 & he also lacks ^? g5]alisations ( ! organic sci5ces1 )\t :i* ev5 descriptive sociology c give him b small aid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ we come to t rema9+ division ( human life :i* includes ! relaxations & amusem5ts fill+ leisure h\rs4 ,aft] consid]+ :at tra9+ be/ fits = self-pres]vation1 = ! obta9m5t ( su/5ance1 = ! dis*>ge ( p>5tal duties1 & = ! regulation ( social & political conduct2 we h n[ to consid] :at tra9+ be/ fits = ! miscellane\s ends n includ$ 9 ^!--= ! enjoym5t ( ,nature1 ( ,lit]ature1 & ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 9 all _! =ms4 ,po/pon+ !m z we d to ?+s t be> m vitally ^u human welf>e2 & br++ ev]y?+1 z we h1 to ! te/ ( actual value2 x w p]haps be inf]r$ t we are incl9$ to slight ^! less ess5tial ?+s4 ,no great] mi/ake c\ld be made1 h[ev]4 ,we yield to none 9 ! value we atta* to ae/hetic culture & its pleasures4 ,)\t pa9t+1 sculpture1 music1 poetry1 & ! emotions produc$ by natural beauty ( e k9d1 life w\ld lose half its *>m4 ,s f> f reg>d+ ! tra9+ & gratification ( ! ta/es z unimportant1 we believe t 9 "t to come !y w occupy a mu* l>g] %>e ( human life ?an n[4 ,:5 ! =ces ( ,nature h be5 fully conqu]$ to man's use--:5 ! means ( production h be5 br\ght to p]fection--:5 lab\r has be5 economis$ to ! highe/ degree--:5 education has be5 s sy/ematis$ t a prep>ation = ! m ess5tial activities may be made ) comp>ative rapidity--& :51 consequ5tly1 !re is a great increase ( sp>e "t2 !n w ! beautiful1 bo? 9 ,art & ,nature1 rightly fill a l>ge space 9 ! m9ds ( all4 ,b x is "o ?+ to approve ( ae/hetic culture z l>gely conducive to human happ9ess2 & ano!r ?+ to admit t x is a fundam5tal requisite to human happ9ess4 ,h[ev] important x may be1 x mu/ yield prec$5ce to ^? k9ds ( culture :i* be> directly ^u daily duties4 ,z be=e h9t$1 lit]ature & ! f9e arts are made possible by ^? activities :i* make individual & social life possible2 & manife/ly1 t :i* is made possible1 mu/ be po/pon$ to t :i* makes x possible4 ,a flori/ cultivates a plant = ! sake ( its fl[]2 & reg>ds ! roots & leaves z ( value1 *iefly because !y are in/rum5tal 9 produc+ ! fl[]4 ,b :ile1 z an ultimate product1 ! fl[] is ! ?+ to :i* ev]y?+ else is subord9ate1 ! flori/ has le>nt t ! root & leaves are intr9sically ( great] importance2 because on !m ! evolution ( ! fl[] dep5ds4 ,he be/[s e c>e 9 re>+ a heal?y plant2 & kn[s x w\ld be folly if1 9 8 anxiety to obta9 ! fl[]1 he 7 to neglect ! plant4 ,simil>ly 9 ! case be=e u4 ,ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 & poetry1 may truly be call$ ! effloresc5ce ( civilis$ life4 ,b ev5 suppos+ !y are ( su* transc5d5t wor? z to subord9ate ! civilis$ life out ( :i* !y gr[ 7:i* c h>dly be ass]t$71 x w /ill be admitt$ t ! production ( a heal?y civilis$ life mu/ be ! fir/ consid]ation2 & t culture subs]v+ ?is mu/ occupy ! highe/ place4 ,& "h we see mo/ di/9ctly ! vice ( our educational sy/em4 ,x neglects ! plant = ! sake ( ! fl[]4 ,9 anxiety = elegance1 x =gets sub/ance4 ,:ile x gives no k conducive to self-pres]vation--:ile ( k t facilitates ga9+ a livelihood x gives b ! rudim5ts1 & leaves ! great] "p to be pick$ up any h[ 9 aft] life--:ile = ! dis*>ge ( p>5tal functions x makes n ! slighte/ provision--& :ile = ! duties ( citiz5%ip x prep>es by imp>t+ a mass ( facts1 mo/ ( :i* are irrelevant1 & ! re/ )\t a key2 x is dilig5t 9 tea*+ :atev] adds to ref9em5t1 poli%1 eclat4 ,fully z we may admit t ext5sive acqua9tance ) mod]n languages is a valuable accompli%m5t1 :i*1 ?r\gh read+1 conv]sation1 & travel1 aids 9 giv+ a c]ta9 f9i%2 x by no means foll[s t ?is result is rightly pur*as$ at ! co/ ( ! vitally important k sacrific$ to x4 ,suppos+ x true t classical education conduces to elegance & correctness ( /yle2 x _c be said t elegance & correctness ( /yle are comp>able 9 importance to a famili>ity ) ! pr9ciples t %\ld guide ! re>+ ( *ildr54 ,grant t ! ta/e may be improv$ by read+ ! poetry writt5 9 ext9ct languages2 yet x is n to be inf]r$ t su* improvem5t ( ta/e is equival5t 9 value to an acqua9tance ) ! laws ( heal?4 ,accompli%m5ts1 ! f9e arts1 belles-lettres1 & all ^? ?+s :i*1 z we say1 con/itute ! effloresc5ce ( civilisation1 %\ld be :olly subord9ate to t in/ruction & discipl9e 9 :i* civilisation re/s4 ,z !y occupy ! leisure "p ( life1 s %\ld !y occupy ! leisure "p ( education4 ,recognis+ ?us ! true position ( ae/hetics1 & hold+ t :ile ! cultivation ( !m %\ld =m a "p ( education f its comm5cem5t1 su* cultivation %\ld be subsidi>y2 we h n[ to inquire :at k is ( mo/ use to ?is end--:at k be/ fits = ?is rema9+ sph]e ( activity8 ,to ?is "q ! answ] is /ill ! same z h]et(ore4 ,unexpect$ ?\gh ! ass]tion may be1 x is nev]!less true1 t ! highe/ ,art ( e k9d is bas$ on ,sci5ce--t )\t ,sci5ce !re c be nei!r p]fect production nor full appreciation4 ,sci5ce1 9 t limit$ acceptation curr5t 9 society1 may n h be5 possess$ by v>i\s arti/s ( high repute2 b acute obs]v]s z su* arti/s h be51 !y h always possess$ a /ock ( ^? empirical g5]alisations :i* con/itute sci5ce 9 its l[e/ phase2 & !y h habitually fall5 f> bel[ p]fection1 p>tly because _! g5]alisations 7 comp>atively few & inaccurate4 ,t sci5ce necess>ily und]lies ! f9e arts1 becomes manife/1 a priori1 :5 we rememb] t art-products are all m or less repres5tative ( objective or subjective ph5om5a2 t !y c be good only 9 proportion z !y con=m to ! laws ( ^! ph5om5a2 & t be=e !y c ?us con=m1 ! arti/ mu/ "k :at ^! laws are4 ,t ?is a priori conclusion tallies ) exp]i5ce1 we %all soon see4 ,y\?s prep>+ = ! practice ( sculpture h to acqua9t !mselves ) ! bones & muscles ( ! human frame 9 _! di/ribution1 atta*m5ts1 & movem5ts4 ,?is is a portion ( sci5ce2 & x has be5 f\nd ne$ful to imp>t x = ! prev5tion ( ^? _m errors :i* sculptors :o d n possess x commit4 ,a k ( me*anical pr9ciples is also requisite2 & su* k n be+ usually possess$1 grave me*anical mi/akes are frequ5tly made4 ,take an in/ance4 ,= ! /ability ( a figure x is ne$ful t ! p]p5dicul> f ! c5tre ( gravity--! l9e ( direction1 z x is call$--%\ld fall )9 ! base ( support2 & h5ce x happ5s1 t :5 a man assumes ! attitude kn[n z /&+ at ease1 9 :i* "o leg is /raight5$ & ! o!r relax$1 ! l9e ( direction falls )9 ! foot ( ! /raight5$ leg4 ,b sculptors unfamili> ) ! !ory ( equilibrium1 n uncommonly s repres5t ?is attitude1 t ! l9e ( direction falls midway betwe5 ! feet4 ,ignorance ( ! law ( mom5tum leads to analog\s blund]s3 z witness ! admir$ ,discobolus1 :i*1 z x is pos$1 mu/ inevitably fall =w>d ! mom5t ! quoit is deliv]$4 ,9 pa9t+1 ! necessity = sci5tific in=mation1 empirical if n rational1 is /ill m conspicu\s4 ,:at gives ! grotesqu5ess ( ,*9ese pictures1 unless _! utt] disreg>d ( ! laws ( appe>ances--_! absurd l9e> p]spective1 & _! want ( a]ial p]spective8 ,9 :at are ! draw+s ( a *ild s faulty1 if n 9 a simil> abs5ce ( tru?--an abs5ce aris+1 9 great "p1 f ignorance ( ! way 9 :i* ! aspects ( ?+s v>y ) ! conditions8 ,d b rememb] ! books & lectures by :i* /ud5ts are in/ruct$2 or consid] ! criticisms ( ,rusk92 or look at ! do+s ( ! ,pre-,raffaelites2 & y w see t progress 9 pa9t+ implies increas+ k ( h[ effects 9 ,nature are produc$4 ,! mo/ dilig5t obs]vation1 if unaid$ by sci5ce1 fails to pres]ve f error4 ,e pa9t] w endorse ! ass]tion t unless x is kn[n :at appe>ances mu/ exi/ "u giv5 circum/ances1 !y (t5 w n be p]ceiv$2 & to "k :at appe>ances mu/ exi/1 is1 9 s f>1 to und]/& ! sci5ce ( appe>ances4 ,f want ( sci5ce ,mr4 ,j4 ,lewis1 c>eful pa9t] z he is1 ca/s ! %ad[ ( a lattice-w9d[ 9 %>ply-def9$ l9es ^u an opposite wall2 :i* he w\ld n h done1 _h he be5 famili> ) ! ph5om5a ( p5umbrae4 ,f want ( sci5ce1 ,mr4 ,rosetti1 cat*+ sight ( a peculi> iridesc5ce display$ by c]ta9 hairy surfaces "u p>ticul> lights 7an iridesc5ce caus$ by ! diffraction ( light 9 pass+ ! hairs71 commits ! error ( %[+ ?is iridesc5ce on surfaces & 9 positions :]e x c\ld n occur4 ,to say t music1 too1 has ne$ ( sci5tific aid w cause /ill m surprise4 ,yet x may be %[n t music is b an idealisation ( ! natural language ( emotion2 & t consequ5tly1 music mu/ be good or bad accord+ z x con=ms to ! laws ( ?is natural language4 ,! v>i\s inflections ( voice :i* accompany feel+s ( diff]5t k9ds & int5sities1 are ! g]ms out ( :i* music is develop$4 ,x is demon/rable t ^! inflections & cad5ces are n accid5tal or arbitr>y2 b t !y are det]m9$ by c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples ( vital action2 & t _! expressiv5ess dep5ds on ?is4 ,:5ce x foll[s t musical phrases & ! melodies built ( !m1 c be effective only :5 !y are 9 h>mony ) ^! g5]al pr9ciples4 ,x is difficult "h prop]ly to illu/rate ?is position4 ,b p]haps x w suffice to in/ance ! sw>ms ( wor?less ballads t infe/ draw+-rooms1 z compositions :i* sci5ce w\ld =bid4 ,!y s9 aga9/ sci5ce by sett+ to music ideas t are n emotional en\gh to prompt musical expression2 & !y also s9 aga9/ sci5ce by us+ musical phrases t h no natural relations to ! ideas express$3 ev5 :]e ^! are emotional4 ,!y are bad because !y are untrue4 ,& to say !y are untrue1 is to say !y are unsci5tific4 ,ev5 9 poetry ! same ?+ holds4 ,l music1 poetry has its root 9 ^? natural modes ( expression :i* accompany deep feel+4 ,its rhy?m1 its /rong & num]\s metaphors1 its hyp]boles1 its viol5t inv]sions1 are simply exagg]ations ( ! traits ( excit$ spee*4 ,to be good1 !re=e1 poetry mu/ pay att5tion to ^? laws ( n]v\s action :i* excit$ spee* obeys4 ,9 int5sify+ & comb9+ ! traits ( excit$ spee*1 x mu/ h due reg>d to proportion--mu/ n use its appliances )\t re/riction2 b1 :]e ! ideas are lea/ emotional1 mu/ use ! =ms ( poetical expression sp>+ly2 mu/ use !m m freely z ! emotion rises2 & mu/ c>ry !m to _! greate/ ext5t1 only :]e ! emotion rea*es a climax4 ,! entire contrav5tion ( ^! pr9ciples results 9 bomba/ or dogg]el4 ,! insuffici5t respect = !m is se5 9 didactic poetry4 ,& x is because !y are r>ely fully obey$1 t s mu* poetry is in>ti/ic4 ,n only is x t ! arti/1 ( :atev] k9d1 _c produce a tru?ful "w )\t he und]/&s ! laws ( ! ph5om5a he repres5ts2 b x is t he mu/ also und]/& h[ ! m9ds ( spectators or li/5]s w be affect$ by ! sev]al peculi>ities ( 8 "w--a "q 9 psy*ology4 ,:at impression any art-product g5]ates1 manife/ly dep5ds ^u ! m5tal natures ( ^? to :om x is pres5t$2 & z all m5tal natures h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics 9 common1 !re mu/ result c]ta9 correspond+ g5]al pr9ciples on :i* alone art-products c be successfully fram$4 ,^! g5]al pr9ciples _c be fully und]/ood & appli$1 unless ! arti/ sees h[ !y foll[ f ! laws ( m9d4 ,to ask :e!r ! composition ( a picture is good is really to ask h[ ! p]ceptions & feel+s ( obs]v]s w be affect$ by x4 ,to ask :e!r a drama is well con/ruct$1 is to ask :e!r its situations are s arrang$ z duly to consult ! p[] ( att5tion ( an audi5ce1 & duly to avoid ov]tax+ any "o class ( feel+s4 ,equally 9 arrang+ ! lead+ divisions ( a poem or fiction1 & 9 comb9+ ! words ( a s+le s5t5ce1 ! goodness ( ! effect dep5ds ^u ! skill ) :i* ! m5tal en]gies & susceptibilities ( ! read] are economis$4 ,e arti/1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 education & aft]-life1 accumulates a /ock ( maxims by :i* 8 practice is regulat$4 ,trace su* maxims to _! roots1 & !y inevitably lead y d[n to psy*ological pr9ciples4 ,& only :5 ! arti/ und]/&s ^! psy*ological pr9ciples & _! v>i\s coroll>ies c he "w 9 h>mony ) !m4 ,we d n = a mom5t believe t sci5ce w make an arti/4 ,:ile we cont5d t ! lead+ laws bo? ( objective & subjective ph5om5a mu/ be und]/ood by him1 we by no means cont5d t k ( su* laws w s]ve 9 place ( natural p]ception4 ,n ! poet only1 b ! arti/ ( e type1 is born1 n made4 ,:at we ass]t is1 t innate faculty _c disp5se ) ! aid ( organis$ k4 ,intuition w d mu*1 b x w n d all4 ,only :5 ,g5ius is m>ri$ to ,sci5ce c ! highe/ results be produc$4 ,z we h above ass]t$1 ,sci5ce is necess>y n only = ! mo/ successful production1 b also = ! full appreciation1 ( ! f9e arts4 ,9 :at consi/s ! great] ability ( a man ?an ( a *ild to p]ceive ! beauties ( a picture2 unless x is 9 8 m ext5d$ k ( ^? tru?s 9 nature or life :i* ! picture r5d]s8 ,h[ happ5s ! cultivat$ g5tleman to enjoy a f9e poem s mu* m ?an a boor does2 if x is n because 8 wid] acqua9tance ) objects & actions enables him to see 9 ! poem mu* t ! boor _c see8 ,& if1 z is "h s obvi\s1 !re mu/ be "s famili>ity ) ! ?+s repres5t$1 be=e ! repres5tation c be appreciat$1 !n1 ! repres5tation c be completely appreciat$ only :5 ! ?+s repres5t$ are completely und]/ood4 ,! fact is1 t e additional tru? :i* a ^w ( art expresses1 gives an additional pleasure to ! p]cipi5t m9d--a pleasure t is miss$ by ^? ignorant ( ?is tru?4 ,! m realities an arti/ indicates 9 any giv5 am\nt ( "w1 ! m faculties does he appeal to2 ! m num]\s ideas does he sugge/2 ! m gratification does he af=d4 ,b to receive ?is gratification ! spectator1 li/5]1 or read]1 mu/ "k ! realities :i* ! arti/ has indicat$2 & to "k ^! realities is to h t mu* sci5ce4 ,& n[ let u n ov]look ! fur!r great fact1 t n only does sci5ce und]lie sculpture1 pa9t+1 music1 poetry1 b t sci5ce is itself poetic4 ,! curr5t op9ion t sci5ce & poetry are oppos$1 is a delusion4 ,x is d\btless true t z /ates ( consci\sness1 cognition & emotion t5d to exclude ea* o!r4 ,& x is d\btless also true t an extreme activity ( ! reflective p[]s t5ds to dead5 ! feel+s2 :ile an extreme activity ( ! feel+s t5ds to dead5 ! reflective p[]s3 9 :i* s5se1 inde$1 all ord]s ( activity are antagoni/ic to ea* o!r4 ,b x is n true t ! facts ( sci5ce are unpoetical2 or t ! cultivation ( sci5ce is necess>ily unfri5dly to ! ex]cise ( imag9ation & ! love ( ! beautiful4 ,on ! contr>y1 sci5ce op5s up realms ( poetry :]e to ! unsci5tific all is a blank4 ,^? engag$ 9 sci5tific rese>*es con/antly %[ u t !y realise n less vividly1 b m vividly1 ?an o!rs1 ! poetry ( _! subjects4 ,:oso w dip into ,hugh ,mill]'s works ( geology1 or read ,mr4 ,lewes's ,sea-side ,/udies1 w p]ceive t sci5ce excites poetry r ?an ext+ui%es x4 ,& he :o contemplates ! life ( ,goe!1 mu/ see t ! poet & ! man ( sci5ce c co-exi/ 9 equal activity4 ,is x n1 inde$1 an absurd & almo/ a sacrilegi\s belief1 t ! m a man /udies ,nature ! less he rev]es x8 ,?9k y t a drop ( wat]1 :i* to ! vulg> eye is b a drop ( wat]1 loses any?+ 9 ! eye ( ! physici/ :o kn[s t its elem5ts are held toge!r by a =ce :i*1 if sudd5ly lib]at$1 w\ld produce a fla% ( lightn+8 ,?9k y t :at is c>elessly look$ ^u by ! un9itiat$ z a m]e sn[-flake1 does n sugge/ high] associations to "o :o _h se5 ?r\gh a microscope ! wondr\sly-v>i$ & elegant =ms ( sn[-cry/als8 ,?9k y t ! r\nd$ rock m>k$ ) p>allel scrat*es1 calls up z mu* poetry 9 an ignorant m9d z 9 ! m9d ( a geologi/1 :o kn[s t ov] ?is rock a glaci] slid a million ye>s ago8 ,! tru? is1 t ^? :o h nev] ent]$ ^u sci5tific pursuits are bl9d to mo/ ( ! poetry by :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,:oev] has n 9 y\? collect$ plants & insects1 kn[s n half ! halo ( int]e/ :i* lanes & h$ge-r[s c assume4 ,:oev] has n s\ght = fossils1 has little idea ( ! poetical associations t surr\nd ! places :]e imb$d$ treasures 7 f\nd4 ,:oev] at ! sea-side has n _h a microscope & aqu>ium1 has yet to le>n :at ! highe/ pleasures ( ! sea-side are4 ,sad1 inde$1 is x to see h[ m5 occupy !mselves ) trivialities1 & are indiff]5t to ! gr&e/ ph5om5a--c>e n to und]/& ! ar*itecture ( ! ,heav5s1 b are deeply int]e/$ 9 "s contemptible controv]sy ab\t ! intrigues ( ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots6--are le>n$ly critical ov] a ,greek ode1 & pass by )\t a glance t gr& epic writt5 by ! f+] ( ,god ^u ! /rata ( ! ,e>?6 ,we f9d1 !n1 t ev5 = ?is rema9+ division ( human activities1 sci5tific culture is ! prop] prep>ation4 ,we f9d t ae/hetics 9 g5]al are necess>ily bas$ ^u sci5tific pr9ciples2 & c be pursu$ ) complete success only ?r\gh an acqua9tance ) ^! pr9ciples4 ,we f9d t = ! criticism & due appreciation ( works ( art1 a k ( ! con/itution ( ?+s1 or 9 o!r words1 a k ( sci5ce1 is requisite4 ,& we n only f9d t sci5ce is ! h&maid to all =ms ( art & poetry1 b t1 rightly reg>d$1 sci5ce is itself poetic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us f> our "q has be51 ! wor? ( k ( ?is or t k9d = purposes ( guidance4 ,we h n[ to judge ! relative value ( diff]5t k9ds ( k = purposes ( discipl9e4 ,?is division ( our subject we are oblig$ to treat ) comp>ative brevity2 & happily1 no v l5g!n$ treatm5t ( x is ne$$4 ,hav+ f\nd :at is be/ = ! "o end1 we h by implication f\nd :at is be/ = ! o!r4 ,we may be q sure t ! acquirem5t ( ^? classes ( facts :i* are mo/ useful = regulat+ conduct1 involves a m5tal ex]cise be/ fitt$ = /r5g!n+ ! faculties4 ,x w\ld be utt]ly contr>y to ! beautiful economy ( ,nature1 if "o k9d ( culture 7 ne$$ = ! ga9+ ( in=mation & ano!r k9d 7 ne$$ z a m5tal gymna/ic4 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t creation we f9d faculties develop$ ?r\gh ! p]=mance ( ^? functions :i* x is _! (fice to p]=m2 n ?r\gh ! p]=mance ( artificial ex]cises devis$ to fit !m = ^? functions4 ,! ,r$ ,indian acquires ! swiftness & agility :i* make him a successful hunt]1 by ! actual pursuit ( animals2 & ?r\gh ! miscellane\s activities ( 8 life1 he ga9s a bett] balance ( physical p[]s ?an gymna/ics ev] give4 ,t skill 9 track+ enemies & prey :i* he _h rea*$ aft] long practice1 implies a subtlety ( p]ception f> exce$+ any?+ produc$ by artificial tra9+4 ,& simil>ly 9 all cases4 ,f ! ,bu%man ^: eye1 habitually employ$ 9 id5tify+ di/ant objects t are to be pursu$ or fl$ f1 has acquir$ a telescopic range1 to ! acc\ntant ^: daily practice enables him to add up sev]al columns ( figures simultane\sly2 we f9d t ! highe/ p[] ( a faculty results f ! dis*>ge ( ^? duties :i* ! conditions ( life require x to dis*>ge4 ,& we may be c]ta91 a priori1 t ! same law holds ?r\gh\t education4 ,! education ( mo/ value = guidance1 mu/ at ! same "t be ! education ( mo/ value = discipl9e4 ,let u consid] ! evid5ce4 ,"o advantage claim$ = t devotion to language-le>n+ :i* =ms s prom95t a feature 9 ! ord9>y curriculum1 is1 t ! memory is !reby /r5g!n$4 ,?is is assum$ to be an advantage peculi> to ! /udy ( words4 ,b ! tru? is1 t ! sci5ces af=d f> wid] fields = ! ex]cise ( memory4 ,x is no slight task to rememb] ev]y?+ ab\t our sol> sy/em2 mu* m to rememb] all t is kn[n conc]n+ ! /ructure ( our galaxy4 ,! numb] ( comp\nd sub/ances1 to :i* *emi/ry daily adds1 is s great t few1 save pr(essors1 c enum]ate !m2 & to recollect ! atomic con/itutions & aff9ities ( all ^! comp\nds1 is sc>cely possible )\t mak+ *emi/ry ! occupation ( life4 ,9 ! enorm\s mass ( ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! ,e>?'s cru/1 & 9 ! /ill m enorm\s mass ( ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! fossils x conta9s1 !re is matt] :i* x takes ! geological /ud5t ye>s ( application to ma/]4 ,ea* lead+ division ( physics--s\nd1 heat1 light1 electricity--includes facts num]\s en\gh to al>m any "o propos+ to le>n !m all4 ,& :5 we pass to ! organic sci5ces1 ! ef=t ( memory requir$ becomes /ill great]4 ,9 human anatomy alone1 ! quantity ( detail is s great1 t ! "y surgeon has commonly to get x up half-a-doz5 times be=e he c p]man5tly reta9 x4 ,! numb] ( species ( plants :i* botani/s di/+ui%1 am\nts to "s #cbj1jjj2 :ile ! v>i$ =ms ( animal life ) :i* ! zoologi/ deals1 are e/imat$ at "s #b1jjj1jjj4 ,s va/ is ! accumulation ( facts :i* m5 ( sci5ce h be=e !m1 t only by divid+ & subdivid+ _! lab\rs c !y deal ) x4 ,to a detail$ k ( 8 own division1 ea* adds b a g5]al k ( ! alli$ ones2 jo9$ p]haps to a rudim5t>y acqua9tance ) "s o!rs4 ,surely1 !n1 sci5ce1 cultivat$ ev5 to a v mod]ate ext5t1 af=ds adequate ex]cise = memory4 ,to say ! v lea/1 x involves q z good a discipl9e = ?is faculty z language does4 ,b n[ m>k t :ile1 = ! tra9+ ( m]e memory1 sci5ce is z good z1 if n bett] ?an1 language2 x has an imm5se sup]iority 9 ! k9d ( memory x tra9s4 ,9 ! acquirem5t ( a language1 ! connections ( ideas to be e/abli%$ 9 ! m9d correspond to facts t are 9 great measure accid5tal2 :]eas1 9 ! acquirem5t ( sci5ce1 ! connections ( ideas to be e/abli%$ 9 ! m9d correspond to facts t are mo/ly necess>y4 ,x is true t ! relations ( words to _! mean+s are 9 "o s5se natural2 t ! g5esis ( ^! relations may be trac$ back a c]ta9 di/ance1 ?\gh r>ely to ! beg9n+2 & t ! laws ( ?is g5esis =m a bran* ( m5tal sci5ce--! sci5ce ( philology4 ,b s9ce x w n be cont5d$ t 9 ! acquisition ( languages1 z ord9>ily c>ri$ on1 ^! natural relations betwe5 words & _! mean+s are habitually trac$1 & _! laws expla9$2 x mu/ be admitt$ t !y are commonly le>n$ z =tuit\s relations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! relations :i* sci5ce pres5ts are causal relations2 &1 :5 prop]ly taught1 are und]/ood z su*4 ,:ile language famili>ises ) non-rational relations1 sci5ce famili>ises ) rational relations4 ,:ile ! "o ex]cises memory only1 ! o!r ex]cises bo? memory & und]/&+4 ,obs]ve next1 t a great sup]iority ( sci5ce ov] language z a means ( discipl9e1 is1 t x cultivates ! judgm5t4 ,z1 9 a lecture on m5tal education deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,pr(essor ,f>aday well rem>ks1 ! mo/ common intellectual fault is defici5cy ( judgm5t4 ,society1 speak+ g5]ally1 he says1 is n only ignorant z respects education ( ! judgm5t1 b x is also ignorant ( its ignorance4 ,& ! cause to :i* he ascribes ?is /ate1 is want ( sci5tific culture4 ,! tru? ( 8 conclusion is obvi\s4 ,correct judgm5t ) reg>d to surr\nd+ objects1 ev5ts1 & consequ5ces1 becomes possible only ?r\gh k ( ! way 9 :i* surr\nd+ ph5om5a dep5d on ea* o!r4 ,no ext5t ( acqua9tance ) ! mean+s ( words1 w gu>antee correct inf]5ces respect+ causes & effects4 ,! habit ( draw+ conclusions f data1 & !n ( v]ify+ ^? conclusions by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 c alone give ! p[] ( judg+ correctly4 ,& t x necessitates ?is habit is "o ( ! imm5se advantages ( sci5ce4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 = intellectual discipl9e is sci5ce ! be/2 b also = moral discipl9e4 ,! le>n+ ( languages t5ds1 if any?+1 fur!r to increase ! already undue respect = au?ority4 ,su* & su* are ! mean+s ( ^! words1 says ! tea*] ( ! diction>y4 ,s & s is ! rule 9 ?is case1 says ! gramm>4 ,by ! pupil ^! dicta are receiv$ z unque/ionable4 ,8 con/ant attitude ( m9d is t ( submission to dogmatic tea*+4 ,& a necess>y result is a t5d5cy to accept )\t inquiry :atev] is e/abli%$4 ,q opposite is ! m5tal tone g5]at$ by ! cultivation ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce makes con/ant appeal to individual reason4 ,its tru?s are n accept$ on au?ority alone2 b all are at lib]ty to te/ !m--nay1 9 _m cases1 ! pupil is requir$ to ?9k out 8 own conclusions4 ,e /ep 9 a sci5tific inve/igation is submitt$ to 8 judgm5t4 ,he is n ask$ to admit x )\t see+ x to be true4 ,& ! tru/ 9 8 own p[]s ?us produc$ is fur!r increas$ by ! uni=mity ) :i* ,nature ju/ifies 8 inf]5ces :5 !y are correctly drawn4 ,f all :i* !re fl[s t indep5d5ce :i* is a mo/ valuable elem5t 9 "*4 ,nor is ?is ! only moral b5efit bequea!d by sci5tific culture4 ,:5 c>ri$ on1 z x %\ld always be1 z mu* z possible "u ! =m ( orig9al rese>*1 x ex]cises p]sev]ance & s9c]ity4 ,z says ,pr(essor ,tyndall ( inductive inquiry1 ,x requires pati5t indu/ry1 & an humble & consci5ti\s acceptance ( :at ,nature reveals4 ,! fir/ condition ( success is an hone/ receptivity & a will+ness to ab&on all preconceiv$ notions1 h[ev] *]i%$1 if !y be f\nd to contradict ! tru?4 ,believe me1 a self-r5unciation :i* has some?+ noble 9 x1 & ( :i* ! _w nev] he>s1 is (t5 enact$ 9 ! private exp]i5ce ( ! true vot>y ( sci5ce4 ,la/ly we h to ass]t--& ! ass]tion w1 we d\bt n1 cause extreme surprise--t ! discipl9e ( sci5ce is sup]ior to t ( our ord9>y education1 because ( ! religi\s culture t x gives4 ,( c\rse we d n "h use ! words sci5tific & religi\s 9 _! ord9>y limit$ acceptations2 b 9 _! wide/ & highe/ acceptations4 ,d\btless1 to ! sup]/itions t pass "u ! "n ( religion1 sci5ce is antagoni/ic2 b n to ! ess5tial religion :i* ^! sup]/itions m]ely hide4 ,d\btless1 too1 9 mu* ( ! sci5ce t is curr5t1 !re is a p]vad+ _s ( irreligion2 b n 9 t true sci5ce :i* _h pass$ beyond ! sup]ficial into ! pr(\nd4 ,true sci5ce & true religion1 says ,pr(essor ,huxley at ! close ( a rec5t c\rse ( lectures1 are tw9-si/]s1 & ! sep>ation ( ei!r f ! o!r is sure to prove ! dea? ( bo?4 ,sci5ce prosp]s exactly 9 proportion z x is religi\s2 & religion fl\ri%es 9 exact proportion to ! sci5tific dep? & firmness ( its basis4 ,! great de$s ( philosoph]s h be5 less ! fruit ( _! intellect ?an ( ! direction ( t intellect by an em95tly religi\s tone ( m9d4 ,tru? has yield$ h]self r to _! pati5ce1 _! love1 _! s+le-he>t$ness1 & _! self-d5ial1 ?an to _! logical acum54 ,s f> f sci5ce be+ irreligi\s1 z _m ?9k1 x is ! neglect ( sci5ce t is irreligi\s--x is ! refusal to /udy ! surr\nd+ creation t is irreligi\s4 ,take a humble simile4 ,suppose a writ] 7 daily salut$ ) praises c\*$ 9 sup]lative language4 ,suppose ! wisdom1 ! gr&eur1 ! beauty ( 8 works1 7 ! con/ant topics ( ! eulogies address$ to him4 ,suppose ^? :o unceas+ly utt]$ ^! eulogies on 8 works 7 cont5t ) look+ at ! outsides ( !m2 & _h nev] op5$ !m1 mu* less tri$ to und]/& !m4 ,:at value %\ld we put ^u _! praises8 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( _! s9c]ity8 ,yet1 comp>+ small ?+s to great1 su* is ! conduct ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,univ]se & its ,cause4 ,nay1 x is worse4 ,n only d !y pass by )\t /udy1 ^! ?+s :i* !y daily proclaim to be s wond]ful2 b v frequ5tly !y condemn z m]e trifl]s ^? :o give "t to ! obs]vation ( ,nature--!y actually scorn ^? :o %[ any active int]e/ 9 ^! m>vels4 ,we repeat1 !n1 t n sci5ce1 b ! neglect ( sci5ce1 is irreligi\s4 ,devotion to sci5ce1 is a tacit wor%ip--a tacit recognition ( wor? 9 ! ?+s /udi$2 & by implication 9 _! ,cause4 ,x is n a m]e lip-homage1 b a homage express$ 9 actions--n a m]e pr(ess$ respect1 b a respect prov$ by ! sacrifice ( "t1 ?\ght1 & lab\r4 ,nor is x ?us only t true sci5ce is ess5tially religi\s4 ,x is religi\s1 too1 inasmu* z x g5]ates a pr(\nd respect =1 & an implicit fai? 91 ^? uni=mities ( action :i* all ?+s disclose4 ,by accumulat$ exp]i5ces ! man ( sci5ce acquires a ?or\gh belief 9 ! un*ang+ relations ( ph5om5a--9 ! inv>iable connection ( cause & consequ5ce--9 ! necessity ( good or evil results4 ,in/ead ( ! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( traditional belief1 :i* p vaguely hope !y may ga91 or escape1 spite ( _! disob$i5ce2 he f9ds t !re are rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 ! orda9$ con/itution ( ?+s2 & t ! evil results ( disob$i5ce are inevitable4 ,he sees t ! laws to :i* we mu/ submit are bo? inexorable & b5efic5t4 ,he sees t 9 con=m+ to !m1 ! process ( ?+s is ev] t[>ds a great] p]fection & a high] happ9ess4 ,h5ce he is l$ con/antly to insi/ on !m1 & is indignant :5 !y are disreg>d$4 ,& ?us does he1 by ass]t+ ! et]nal pr9ciples ( ?+s & ! necessity ( obey+ !m1 prove himself intr9sically religi\s4 ,add la/ly ! fur!r religi\s aspect ( sci5ce1 t x alone c give u true conceptions ( ourselves & our relation to ! my/]ies ( exi/5ce4 ,at ! same "t t x %[s u all :i* c be kn[n1 x %[s u ! limits beyond :i* we c "k no?+4 ,n by dogmatic ass]tion1 does x tea* ! impossibility ( compreh5d+ ! ,ultimate ,cause ( ?+s2 b x leads u cle>ly to recognise ?is impossibility by br++ u 9 e direction to b\nd>ies we _c cross4 ,x realises to u 9 a way :i* no?+ else c1 ! littl5ess ( human intellig5ce 9 ! face ( t :i* transc5ds human intellig5ce4 ,:ile t[>ds ! traditions & au?orities ( m5 its attitude may be pr\d1 be=e ! imp5etrable veil :i* hides ! ,absolute its attitude is humble--a true pride & a true humility4 ,only ! s9c]e man ( sci5ce 7& by ?is title we d n mean ! m]e calculator ( di/ances1 or analys] ( comp\nds1 or labell] ( species2 b him :o ?r\gh l[] tru?s seeks high]1 & ev5tually ! highe/7--only ! g5u9e man ( sci5ce1 we say1 c truly "k h[ utt]ly beyond1 n only human k b human conception1 is ! ,univ]sal ,p[] ( :i* ,nature1 & ,life1 & ,?\ght are manife/ations4 ,we conclude1 !n1 t = discipl9e1 z well z = guidance1 sci5ce is ( *iefe/ value4 ,9 all its effects1 le>n+ ! mean+s ( ?+s1 is bett] ?an le>n+ ! mean+s ( words4 ,:e!r = intellectual1 moral1 or religi\s tra9+1 ! /udy ( surr\nd+ ph5om5a is imm5sely sup]ior to ! /udy ( gramm>s & lexicons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us to ! "q we set out )--,:at k is ( mo/ wor?8--! uni=m reply is--,sci5ce4 ,?is is ! v]dict on all ! c\nts4 ,= direct self-pres]vation1 or ! ma9t5ance ( life & heal?1 ! all-important k is--,sci5ce4 ,= t indirect self-pres]vation :i* we call ga9+ a livelihood1 ! k ( greate/ value is--,sci5ce4 ,= ! due dis*>ge ( p>5tal functions1 ! prop] guidance is to be f\nd only 9--,sci5ce4 ,= t int]pretation ( national life1 pa/ & pres5t1 )\t :i* ! citiz5 _c rightly regulate 8 conduct1 ! indisp5sable key is--,sci5ce4 ,alike = ! mo/ p]fect production & highe/ enjoym5t ( art 9 all its =ms1 ! ne$ful prep>ation is /ill--,sci5ce4 ,& = purposes ( discipl9e--intellectual1 moral1 religi\s--! mo/ effici5t /udy is1 once m--,sci5ce4 ,! "q :i* at fir/ seem$ s p]plex$1 has become1 9 ! c\rse ( our inquiry1 comp>atively simple4 ,we h n to e/imate ! degrees ( importance ( diff]5t ord]s ( human activity1 & diff]5t /udies z sev]ally fitt+ u = !m2 s9ce we f9d t ! /udy ( ,sci5ce1 9 its mo/ compreh5sive mean+1 is ! be/ prep>ation = all ^! ord]s ( activity4 ,we h n to decide betwe5 ! claims ( k ( great ?\gh conv5tional value1 & k ( less ?\gh intr9sic value2 see+ t ! k :i* proves to be ( mo/ value 9 all o!r respects1 is intr9sically mo/ valuable3 its wor? is n dep5d5t ^u op9ion1 b is z fix$ z is ! relation ( man to ! surr\nd+ _w4 ,necess>y & et]nal z are its tru?s1 all ,sci5ce conc]ns all mank9d = all "t4 ,equally at pres5t & 9 ! remote/ future1 mu/ x be ( incalculable importance = ! regulation ( _! conduct1 t m5 %\ld und]/& ! sci5ce ( life1 physical1 m5tal1 & social2 & t !y %\ld und]/& all o!r sci5ce z a key to ! sci5ce ( life4 ,& yet ?is /udy1 imm5sely transc5d+ all o!r 9 importance1 is t :i*1 9 an age ( boa/$ education1 receives ! lea/ att5tion4 ,:ile :at we call civilisation c\ld nev] h aris5 _h x n be5 = sci5ce1 sci5ce =ms sc>cely an appreciable elem5t 9 our s-call$ civilis$ tra9+4 ,?\gh to ! progress ( sci5ce we owe x1 t millions f9d support :]e once !re 0 food only = ?\s&s2 yet ( ^! millions b a few ?\s&s pay any respect to t :i* has made _! exi/5ce possible4 ,?\gh increas+ k ( ! prop]ties & relations ( ?+s has n only enabl$ w&]+ tribes to gr[ into popul\s nations1 b has giv5 to ! c\ntless memb]s ( ^! popul\s nations1 com=ts & pleasures :i* _! few nak$ ance/ors nev] ev5 conceiv$1 or c\ld h believ$1 yet is ?is k9d ( k only n[ receiv+ a grudg+ recognition 9 our highe/ educational in/itutions4 ,to ! sl[ly gr[+ acqua9tance ) ! uni=m co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces ( ph5om5a--to ! e/abli%m5t ( inv>iable laws1 we owe our emancipation f ! grosse/ sup]/itions4 ,b = sci5ce we %\ld be /ill wor%ipp+ feti%es2 or1 ) hecatombs ( victims1 propitiat+ diabolical deities4 ,& yet ?is sci5ce1 :i*1 9 place ( ! mo/ degrad+ conceptions ( ?+s1 has giv5 u "s insight into ! gr&eurs ( creation1 is writt5 aga9/ 9 our !ologies & fr[n$ ^u f our pulpits4 ,p>aphras+ an ,ea/]n fable1 we may say t 9 ! family ( kn[l$ges1 ,sci5ce is ! h\sehold drudge1 :o1 9 obscurity1 hides unrecognis$ p]fections4 ,to h] has be5 committ$ all ! works2 by h] skill1 intellig5ce1 & devotion1 h all conv5i5ces & gratifications be5 obta9$2 & :ile ceaselessly m9i/]+ to ! re/1 %e has be5 kept 9 ! backgr\nd1 t h] haughty si/]s might flaunt _! fripp]ies 9 ! eyes ( ! _w4 ,! p>allel holds yet fur!r4 ,= we are fa/ com+ to ! d5\em5t1 :5 ! positions w be *ang$2 & :ile ^! haughty si/]s s9k into m]it$ neglect1 ,sci5ce1 proclaim$ z highe/ alike 9 wor? & beauty1 w reign supreme4 ,,intellectual ,,education ,!re _c fail to be a relation%ip betwe5 ! successive sy/ems ( education1 & ! successive social /ates ) :i* !y h co-exi/$4 ,hav+ a common orig9 9 ! national m9d1 ! in/itutions ( ea* epo*1 :atev] be _! special functions1 mu/ h a family lik5ess4 ,:5 m5 receiv$ _! cre$ & its int]pretations f an infallible au?ority deign+ no explanations1 x 0 natural t ! tea*+ ( *ildr5 %\ld be purely dogmatic4 ,:ile believe & ask no que/ions 0 ! maxim ( ! ,*ur*1 x 0 fitly ! maxim ( ! s*ool4 ,conv]sely1 n[ t ,prote/antism has ga9$ = adults a "r ( private judgm5t & e/abli%$ ! practice ( appeal+ to reason1 !re is h>mony 9 ! *ange t has made juv5ile in/ruction a process ( exposition address$ to ! und]/&+4 ,along ) political despotism1 /]n 9 its comm&s1 rul+ by =ce ( t]ror1 visit+ trifl+ crimes ) dea?1 & implacable 9 its v5geance on ! disloyal1 !re necess>ily grew up an academic discipl9e simil>ly h>%--a discipl9e ( multipli$ injunctions & bl[s = e brea* ( !m--a discipl9e ( unlimit$ autocracy upheld by rods1 & f]ules1 & ! black-hole4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! increase ( political lib]ty1 ! abolition ( laws re/rict+ individual action1 & ! amelioration ( ! crim9al code1 h be5 accompani$ by a k9dr$ progress t[>ds non-co]cive education3 ! pupil is hamp]$ by few] re/ra9ts1 & o!r means ?an puni%m5ts are us$ to gov]n him4 ,9 ^? ascetic days :5 m51 act+ on ! greate/-mis]y pr9ciple1 held t ! m gratifications !y d5i$ !mselves ! m virtu\s !y 71 !y1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 consid]$ t ! be/ education :i* mo/ ?w>t$ ! wi%es ( _! *ildr51 & cut %ort all spontane\s activity )--,y mu/n't d s4 ,:ile1 on ! contr>y1 n[ t happ9ess is com+ to be reg>d$ z a legitimate aim--n[ t h\rs ( lab\r are be+ %ort5$ & popul> recreations provid$--p>5ts & tea*]s are beg9n+ to see t mo/ *ildi% desires may rightly be gratifi$1 t *ildi% sports %\ld be enc\rag$1 & t ! t5d5cies ( ! gr[+ m9d are n altoge!r s diabolical z 0 suppos$4 ,! age 9 :i* all believ$ t trades mu/ be e/abli%$ by b\nties & prohibitions2 t manufactur]s ne$$ _! mat]ials & qualities & prices to be prescrib$2 & t ! value ( money c\ld be det]m9$ by law2 0 an age :i* unavoidably *]i%$ ! notions t a *ild's m9d c\ld be made to ord]2 t its p[]s 7 to be imp>t$ by ! s*oolma/]2 t x 0 a receptacle into :i* k 0 to be put1 & !re built up aft] ! tea*]'s ideal4 ,9 ?is free-trade era1 h[ev]1 :5 we are le>n+ t !re is mu* m self-regulation 9 ?+s ?an 0 suppos$2 t lab\r1 & comm]ce1 & agriculture1 & navigation1 c d bett] )\t managem5t ?an ) x2 t political gov]nm5ts1 to be effici5t1 mu/ gr[ up f )9 & n be impos$ f )\t2 we are also be+ taught t !re is a natural process ( m5tal evolution :i* is n to be di/urb$ )\t injury2 t we may n =ce on ! unfold+ m9d our artificial =ms2 b t psy*ology1 also1 discloses to u a law ( supply & dem& to :i*1 if we w\ld n d h>m1 we mu/ con=m4 ,?us1 alike 9 its oracul> dogmatism1 9 its h>% discipl9e1 9 its multipli$ re/rictions1 9 its pr(ess$ asceticism1 & 9 its fai? 9 ! devices ( m51 ! old educational regime 0 ak9 to ! social sy/ems ) :i* x 0 contemporane\s2 & simil>ly1 9 ! rev]se ( ^! *>act]i/ics1 our mod]n modes ( culture correspond to our m lib]al religi\s & political in/itutions4 ,b !re rema9 fur!r p>allelisms to :i* we h n yet adv]t$3 t1 namely1 betwe5 ! processes by :i* ^! respective *anges h be5 wr\ght out2 & t betwe5 ! sev]al /ates ( het]og5e\s op9ion to :i* !y h l$4 ,"s c5turies ago !re 0 uni=mity ( belief--religi\s1 political1 & educational4 ,all m5 7 ,romani/s1 all 7 ,mon>*i/s1 all 7 disciples ( ,ari/otle2 & no "o ?\ght ( call+ 9 "q t gramm>-s*ool r\t9e "u :i* all 7 br\ght up4 ,! same ag5cy has 9 ea* case replac$ ?is uni=mity by a con/antly-increas+ div]sity4 ,t t5d5cy t[>ds ass]tion ( ! individuality1 :i*1 aft] contribut+ to produce ! great ,prote/ant movem5t1 has s9ce gone on to produce an ev]-increas+ numb] ( sects--t t5d5cy :i* initiat$ political p>ties1 & out ( ! two prim>y ones has1 9 ^! mod]n days1 evolv$ a multiplicity to :i* e ye> adds--t t5d5cy :i* l$ to ! ,baconian rebellion aga9/ ! s*ools1 & has s9ce orig9at$ "h & abroad1 sundry new sy/ems ( ?\ght--is a t5d5cy :i*1 9 education also1 has caus$ divisions & ! accumulation ( me?ods4 ,z ext]nal consequ5ces ( ! same int]nal *ange1 ^! processes h necess>ily be5 m or less simultane\s4 ,! decl9e ( au?ority1 :e!r papal1 philosophic1 k+ly1 or tutorial1 is ess5tially "o ph5om5on2 9 ea* ( its aspects a lean+ t[>ds free action is se5 alike 9 ! work+ out ( ! *ange itself1 & 9 ! new =ms ( !ory & practice to :i* ! *ange has giv5 bir?4 ,:ile _m w regret ?is multiplication ( s*emes ( juv5ile culture1 ! ca?olic obs]v] w disc]n 9 x a means ( ensur+ ! f9al e/abli%m5t ( a rational sy/em4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( !ological diss5t1 x is cle> t diss5t 9 education results 9 facilitat+ inquiry by ! division 9 lab\r4 ,7 we 9 possession ( ! true me?od1 div]g5ce f x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be prejudicial2 b ! true me?od hav+ to be f\nd1 ! ef=ts ( num]\s indep5d5t seek]s c>ry+ out _! rese>*es 9 diff]5t directions1 con/itute a bett] ag5cy = f9d+ x ?an any t c\ld be devis$4 ,ea* ( !m /ruck by "s new ?\ght :i* probably conta9s m or less ( basis 9 facts--ea* ( !m zeal\s on behalf ( 8 plan1 f]tile 9 exp$i5ts to te/ its correctness1 & untir+ 9 8 ef=ts to make kn[n its success--ea* ( !m m]ciless 9 8 criticism on ! re/2 !re _c fail1 by composition ( =ces1 to be a gradual approximation ( all t[>ds ! "r c\rse4 ,:atev] portion ( ! normal me?od any "o has discov]$1 mu/1 by ! con/ant exhibition ( its results1 =ce itself into adoption2 :atev] wrong practices he has jo9$ ) x mu/1 by repeat$ exp]im5t & failure1 be explod$4 ,& by ?is aggregation ( tru?s & elim9ation ( errors1 !re mu/ ev5tually be develop$ a correct & complete body ( doctr9e4 ,( ! ?ree phases ?r\gh :i* human op9ion passes--! unanimity ( ! ignorant1 ! disagreem5t ( ! inquir+1 & ! unanimity ( ! wise--x is manife/ t ! second is ! p>5t ( ! ?ird4 ,!y are n sequ5ces 9 "t only1 !y are sequ5ces 9 causation4 ,h[ev] impati5tly1 !re=e1 we may witness ! pres5t conflict ( educational sy/ems1 & h[ev] mu* we may regret its accompany+ evils1 we mu/ recognise x z a transition /age ne$ful to be pass$ ?r\gh1 & b5efic5t 9 its ultimate effects4 ,mean:ile1 may we n advantage\sly take /ock ( our progress8 ,aft] fifty ye>s ( discussion1 exp]im5t1 & comp>ison ( results1 may we n expect a few /eps t[>ds ! goal to be already made good8 ,"s old me?ods mu/ by ?is "t h fall5 out ( use2 "s new ones mu/ h become e/abli%$2 & _m o!rs mu/ be 9 process ( g5]al ab&onm5t or adoption4 ,probably we may see 9 ^! v>i\s *anges1 :5 put side by side1 simil> *>act]i/ics--may f9d 9 !m a common t5d5cy2 & s1 by inf]5ce1 may get a clue to ! direction 9 :i* exp]i5ce is lead+ u1 & ga!r h9ts h[ we may a*ieve yet fur!r improvem5ts4 ,let u !n1 z a prelim9>y to a deep] consid]ation ( ! matt]1 glance at ! lead+ contra/s betwe5 ! education ( ! pa/ & t ( ! pres5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! suppression ( e error is commonly foll[$ by a tempor>y asc5d5cy ( ! contr>y "o2 & s x happ5$1 t aft] ! ages :5 physical developm5t alone 0 aim$ at1 !re came an age :5 culture ( ! m9d 0 ! sole solicitude--:5 *ildr5 _h lesson-books put be=e !m at betwe5 two & ?ree ye>s old1 & ! gett+ ( k 0 ?\ght ! "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,z1 fur!r1 x usually happ5s t aft] "o ( ^! reactions ! next advance is a*iev$ by co-ord9at+ ! antagoni/ errors1 & p]ceiv+ t !y are opposite sides ( "o tru?2 s1 we are n[ com+ to ! conviction t body & m9d mu/ bo? be c>$ =1 & ! :ole ?+ be+ unfold$4 ,! =c+-sy/em has be51 by _m1 giv5 up2 & precocity is disc\rag$4 ,p are beg9n+ to see t ! fir/ requisite to success 9 life1 is to be a good animal4 ,! be/ bra9 is f\nd ( little s]vice1 if !re be n en\gh vital en]gy to "w x2 & h5ce to obta9 ! "o by sacrific+ ! s\rce ( ! o!r1 is n[ consid]$ a folly--a folly :i* ! ev5tual failure ( juv5ile prodigies con/antly illu/rates4 ,?us we are discov]+ ! wisdom ( ! say+1 t "o secret 9 education is to "k h[ wisely to lose "t4 ,! once univ]sal practice ( le>n+ by rote1 is daily fall+ m into discr$it4 ,all mod]n au?orities condemn ! old me*anical way ( tea*+ ! alphabet4 ,! multiplication table is n[ frequ5tly taught exp]im5tally4 ,9 ! acquirem5t ( languages1 ! gramm>-s*ool plan is be+ sup]s$$ by plans bas$ on ! spontane\s process foll[$ by ! *ild 9 ga9+ its "m tongue4 ,describ+ ! me?ods !re us$1 ! ,reports on ! ,tra9+ ,s*ool at ,batt]sea say3--,! in/ruction 9 ! :ole prep>atory c\rse is *iefly oral1 & is illu/rat$ z mu* z possible by appeals to nature4 ,& s ?r\gh\t4 ,! rote-sy/em1 l e!r sy/ems ( its age1 made m ( ! =ms & symbols ?an ( ! ?+s symbolis$4 ,to repeat ! words correctly 0 ev]y?+2 to und]/& _! mean+ no?+2 & ?us ! _s 0 sacrific$ to ! lett]4 ,x is at l5g? p]ceiv$ t1 9 ?is case z 9 o!rs1 su* a result is n accid5tal b necess>y--t 9 proportion z !re is att5tion to ! signs1 !re mu/ be inatt5tion to ! ?+s signifi$2 or t1 z ,montaigne long ago said--,scavoir p> coeur n'e/ pas scavoir4 ,along ) rote-tea*+1 is decl9+ also ! ne>ly-alli$ tea*+ by rules4 ,! p>ticul>s fir/1 & !n ! g5]alisation1 is ! new me?od--a me?od1 z ! ,batt]sea ,s*ool ,reports rem>ks1 :i*1 ?\gh ! rev]se ( ! me?od usually foll[$1 :i* consi/s 9 giv+ ! pupil ! rule fir/1 is yet prov$ by exp]i5ce to be ! "r "o4 ,rule-tea*+ is n[ condemn$ z imp>t+ a m]ely empirical k--z produc+ an appe>ance ( und]/&+ )\t ! reality4 ,to give ! net product ( inquiry1 )\t ! inquiry t leads to x1 is f\nd to be bo? en]vat+ & ineffici5t4 ,g5]al tru?s to be ( due & p]man5t use1 mu/ be e>n$4 ,easy come easy g1 is a say+ z applicable to k z to weal?4 ,:ile rules1 ly+ isolat$ 9 ! m9d--n jo9$ to its o!r cont5ts z out-gr[?s f !m--are cont9ually =gott52 ! pr9ciples :i* ^? rules express piecemeal1 become1 :5 once rea*$ by ! und]/&+1 endur+ possessions4 ,:ile ! rule-taught y\? is at sea :5 beyond 8 rules1 ! y\? in/ruct$ 9 pr9ciples solves a new case z readily z an old "o4 ,betwe5 a m9d ( rules & a m9d ( pr9ciples1 !re exi/s a diff]5ce su* z t betwe5 a confus$ heap ( mat]ials1 & ! same mat]ials organis$ into a complete :ole1 ) all its p>ts b\nd toge!r4 ,( :i* types ?is la/ has n only ! advantage t its con/itu5t p>ts are bett] reta9$1 b ! mu* great] advantage t x =ms an effici5t ag5t = inquiry1 = indep5d5t ?\ght1 = discov]y--ends = :i* ! fir/ is useless4 ,nor let x be suppos$ t ?is is a simile only3 x is ! lit]al tru?4 ,! union ( facts into g5]alisations is ! organisation ( k1 :e!r consid]$ z an objective ph5om5on or a subjective "o2 & ! m5tal grasp may be measur$ by ! ext5t to :i* ?is organisation is c>ri$4 ,f ! sub/itution ( pr9ciples = rules1 & ! necess>ily co-ord9ate practice ( leav+ ab/ractions untaught till ! m9d has be5 famili>is$ ) ! facts f :i* !y are ab/ract$1 has result$ ! po/ponem5t ( "s once e>ly /udies to a late p]iod4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! ab&onm5t ( t int5sely /upid cu/om1 ! tea*+ ( gramm> to *ildr54 ,z ,m4 ,m>cel says3--,x may )\t hesitation be affirm$ t gramm> is n ! /epp+-/one1 b ! f9i%+ in/rum5t4 ,z ,mr4 ,wyse argues3--,gramm> & ,syntax are a collection ( laws & rules4 ,rules are ga!r$ f practice2 !y are ! results ( induction to :i* we come by long obs]vation & comp>ison ( facts4 ,x is1 9 f9e1 ! sci5ce1 ! philosophy ( language4 ,9 foll[+ ! process ( nature1 nei!r individuals nor nations ev] arrive at ! sci5ce fir/4 ,a language is spok51 & poetry writt51 _m ye>s be=e ei!r a gramm> or prosody is ev5 ?\ght (4 ,m5 did n wait till ,ari/otle _h con/ruct$ 8 logic1 to reason4 ,9 %ort1 z gramm> 0 made aft] language1 s ought x to be taught aft] language3 an inf]5ce :i* all :o recognise ! relation%ip betwe5 ! evolution ( ! race & t ( ! individual1 w see to be unavoidable4 ,( new practices t h gr[n up dur+ ! decl9e ( ^! old ones1 ! mo/ important is ! sy/ematic culture ( ! p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,aft] long ages ( bl9dness1 m5 are at la/ see+ t ! spontane\s activity ( ! obs]v+ faculties 9 *ildr5 has a mean+ & a use4 ,:at 0 once ?\ght m]e purposeless action1 or play1 or mis*ief1 z ! case might be1 is n[ recognis$ z ! process ( acquir+ a k on :i* all aft]-k is bas$4 ,h5ce ! well-conceiv$ b ill-conduct$ sy/em ( object-lessons4 ,! say+ ( ,bacon1 t physics is ! "m ( ! sci5ces1 has come to h a mean+ 9 education4 ,)\t an accurate acqua9tance ) ! visible & tangible prop]ties ( ?+s1 our conceptions mu/ be errone\s1 our inf]5ces fallaci\s1 & our op]ations unsuccessful4 ,! education ( ! s5ses neglect$1 all aft] education p>takes ( a dr[s9ess1 a haz9ess1 an insuffici5cy1 :i* x is impossible to cure4 ,inde$1 if we consid] x1 we %all f9d t exhau/ive obs]vation is an elem5t 9 all great success4 ,x is n to arti/s1 naturali/s1 & m5 ( sci5ce only1 t x is ne$ful2 x is n only t ! physician dep5ds on x = ! correctness ( 8 diagnosis1 & t to ! eng9e] x is s important t "s ye>s 9 ! work%op are prescrib$ = him2 b we may see t ! philosoph]1 also1 is fundam5tally "o :o obs]ves relation%ips ( ?+s :i* o!rs _h ov]look$1 & t ! poet1 too1 is "o :o sees ! f9e facts 9 nature :i* all recognise :5 po9t$ out1 b did n be=e rem>k4 ,no?+ requires m to be insi/$ on ?an t vivid & complete impressions are all-ess5tial4 ,no s\nd fabric ( wisdom c be wov5 out ( a rott5 raw-mat]ial4 ,:ile ! old me?od ( pres5t+ tru?s 9 ! ab/ract has be5 fall+ out ( use1 !re has be5 a correspond+ adoption ( ! new me?od ( pres5t+ !m 9 ! concrete4 ,! rudim5t>y facts ( exact sci5ce are n[ be+ le>nt by direct intuition1 z textures1 & ta/es1 & col\rs are le>nt4 ,employ+ ! ball-frame = fir/ lessons 9 ari?metic exemplifies ?is4 ,x is well illu/rat$1 too1 9 ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan's mode ( expla9+ ! decimal notation4 ,m4 ,m>cel1 rightly repudiat+ ! old sy/em ( tables1 tea*es weights & measures by ref]r+ to ! actual y>d & foot1 p\nd & ounce1 gallon & qu>t2 & lets ! discov]y ( _! relation%ips be exp]im5tal4 ,! use ( geographical models & models ( ! regul> bodies1 etc41 z introductory to geography & geometry respectively1 are facts ( ! same class4 ,manife/ly1 a common trait ( ^! me?ods is1 t !y c>ry ea* *ild's m9d ?r\gh a process l t :i* ! m9d ( humanity at l>ge has gone ?r\gh4 ,! tru?s ( numb]1 ( =m1 ( relation%ip 9 position1 7 all orig9ally drawn f objects2 & to pres5t ^! tru?s to ! *ild 9 ! concrete is to let him le>n !m z ! race le>nt !m4 ,by & by1 p]haps1 x w be se5 t he _c possibly le>n !m 9 any o!r way2 = t if he is made to repeat !m z ab/ractions1 ! ab/ractions c h no mean+ = him1 until he f9ds t !y are simply /atem5ts ( :at he intuitively disc]ns4 ,b ( all ! *anges tak+ place1 ! mo/ significant is ! gr[+ desire to make ! acquirem5t ( k pleasurable r ?an pa9ful--a desire bas$ on ! m or less di/9ct p]ception1 t at ea* age ! intellectual action :i* a *ild likes is a heal?ful "o = x2 & conv]sely4 ,!re is a spread+ op9ion t ! rise ( an appetite = any k9d ( in=mation implies t ! unfold+ m9d has become fit to assimilate x1 & ne$s x = purposes ( gr[?2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! disgu/ felt t[>ds su* in=mation is a sign ei!r t x is prematurely pres5t$1 or t x is pres5t$ 9 an indige/ible =m4 ,h5ce ! ef=ts to make e>ly education amus+1 & all education int]e/+4 ,h5ce ! lectures on ! value ( play4 ,h5ce ! def5ce ( nurs]y rhymes & fairy tales4 ,daily we m & m con=m our plans to juv5ile op9ion4 ,does ! *ild l ?is or t k9d ( tea*+8--does he take to x8 we con/antly ask4 ,8 natural desire ( v>iety %\ld be indulg$1 says ,m4 ,m>cel2 & ! gratification ( 8 curiosity %\ld be comb9$ ) 8 improvem5t4 ,lessons1 he aga9 rem>ks1 %\ld cease be=e ! *ild ev9ces symptoms ( we>9ess4 ,& s ) lat] education4 ,%ort breaks dur+ s*ool-h\rs1 excursions into ! c\ntry1 amus+ lectures1 *oral songs--9 ^! & _m l traits ! *ange may be disc]n$4 ,asceticism is disappe>+ out ( education z out ( life2 & ! usual te/ ( political legislation--its t5d5cy to promote happ9ess--is beg9n+ to be1 9 a great degree1 ! te/ ( legislation = ! s*ool & ! nurs]y4 ,:at n[ is ! common *>act]i/ic ( ^! sev]al *anges8 ,is x n an increas+ con=mity to ! me?ods ( ,nature8 ,! rel9qui%m5t ( e>ly =c+1 aga9/ :i* ,nature rebels1 & ! leav+ ( ! fir/ ye>s = ex]cise ( ! limbs & s5ses1 %[ ?is4 ,! sup]s$+ ( rote-le>nt lessons by lessons orally & exp]im5tally giv51 l ^? ( ! field & play-gr\nd1 %[s ?is4 ,! disuse ( rule-tea*+1 & ! adoption ( tea*+ by pr9ciples--t is1 ! leav+ ( g5]alisations until !re are p>ticul>s to base !m on--%[ ?is4 ,! sy/em ( object-lessons %[s ?is4 ,! tea*+ ( ! rudim5ts ( sci5ce 9 ! concrete in/ead ( ! ab/ract1 %[s ?is4 ,& above all1 ?is t5d5cy is %[n 9 ! v>i\sly-direct$ ef=ts to pres5t k 9 attractive =ms1 & s to make ! acquirem5t ( x pleasurable4 ,=1 z x is ! ord] ( ,nature 9 all creatures t ! gratification accompany+ ! fulfilm5t ( ne$ful functions s]ves z a /imulus to _! fulfilm5t--z1 dur+ ! self-education ( ! "y *ild1 ! delight tak5 9 ! bit+ ( corals & ! pull+ to pieces ( toys1 becomes ! prompt] to actions :i* tea* x ! prop]ties ( matt]2 x foll[s t1 9 *oos+ ! succession ( subjects & ! modes ( in/ruction :i* mo/ int]e/ ! pupil1 we are fulfill+ ,nature's behe/s1 & adju/+ our proce$+s to ! laws ( life4 ,?us1 !n1 we are on ! highway t[>ds ! doctr9e long ago enunciat$ by ,pe/alozzi1 t alike 9 its ord] & its me?ods1 education mu/ con=m to ! natural process ( m5tal evolution--t !re is a c]ta9 sequ5ce 9 :i* ! faculties spontane\sly develop1 & a c]ta9 k9d ( k :i* ea* requires dur+ its developm5t2 & t x is = u to asc]ta9 ?is sequ5ce1 & supply ?is k4 ,all ! improvem5ts above allud$ to are p>tial applications ( ?is g5]al pr9ciple4 ,a nebul\s p]ception ( x n[ prevails among tea*]s2 & x is daily m insi/$ on 9 educational works4 ,! me?od ( nature is ! ar*etype ( all me?ods1 says ,m4 ,m>cel4 ,! vital pr9ciple 9 ! pursuit is to enable ! pupil rightly to in/ruct himself1 writes ,mr4 ,wyse4 ,! m sci5ce famili>ises u ) ! con/itution ( ?+s1 ! m d we see 9 !m an inh]5t self-suffic+ness4 ,a high] k t5ds cont9ually to limit our int]f]5ce ) ! processes ( life4 ,z 9 m$ic9e ! old h]oic treatm5t has giv5 place to mild treatm5t1 & (t5 no treatm5t save a normal regim5--z we h f\nd t x is n ne$ful to m\ld ! bodies ( babes by b&ag+ !m 9 papoose-fa%ion or o!rwise--z 9 gaols x is be+ discov]$ t no cunn+ly-devis$ discipl9e ( ours is s effici5t 9 produc+ re=mation z ! natural discipl9e ( self-ma9t5ance by productive lab\r2 s 9 education1 we are f9d+ t success is to be a*iev$ only by mak+ our measures subs]vi5t to t spontane\s unfold+ :i* all m9ds g ?r\gh 9 _! progress to maturity4 ,( c\rse1 ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( tuition1 t ! arrangem5t ( matt] & me?od mu/ correspond ) ! ord] ( evolution & mode ( activity ( ! faculties--a pr9ciple s obvi\sly true1 t once /at$ x seems almo/ self-evid5t--has nev] be5 :olly disreg>d$4 ,tea*]s h unavoidably made _! s*ool-c\rses co9cide ) x 9 "s degree1 = ! simple reason t education is possible only on t condition4 ,boys 7 nev] taught ! rule-(-?ree until aft] !y _h le>nt addition4 ,!y 7 n set to write ex]cises be=e !y _h got into _! copybooks4 ,conic sections h always be5 prec$$ by ,euclid4 ,b ! error ( ! old me?ods consi/s 9 ?is1 t !y d n recognise 9 detail :at !y are oblig$ to recognise 9 g5]al4 ,yet ! pr9ciple applies ?r\gh\t4 ,if f ! "t :5 a *ild is able to conceive two ?+s z relat$ 9 position1 ye>s mu/ elapse be=e x c =m a true concept ( ! ,e>?1 z a sph]e made up ( l& & sea1 cov]$ ) m\nta9s1 =e/s1 riv]s1 & cities1 revolv+ on its axis1 & sweep+ r\nd ! ,sun--if x gets f ! "o concept to ! o!r by degrees--if ! int]m$iate concepts :i* x =ms are consecutively l>g] & m complicat$2 is x n manife/ t !re is a g5]al succession ?r\gh :i* alone x c pass2 t ea* l>g] concept is made by ! comb9ation ( small] ones1 & presupposes !m2 & t to pres5t any ( ^! comp\nd concepts be=e ! *ild is 9 possession ( its con/itu5t ones1 is only less absurd ?an to pres5t ! f9al concept ( ! s]ies be=e ! initial "o8 ,9 ! ma/]+ ( e subject "s c\rse ( increas+ly complex ideas has to be gone ?r\gh4 ,! evolution ( ! correspond+ faculties consi/s 9 ! assimilation ( ^!2 :i*1 9 any true s5se1 is impossible )\t !y are put into ! m9d 9 ! normal ord]4 ,& :5 ?is ord] is n foll[$1 ! result is1 t !y are receiv$ ) apa?y or disgu/2 & t unless ! pupil is intellig5t en\gh ev5tually to fill up ! gaps himself1 !y lie 9 8 memory z dead facts1 capable ( be+ turn$ to little or no use4 ,b :y tr\ble ourselves ab\t any curriculum at all8 x may be ask$4 ,if x be true t ! m9d l ! body has a pr$et]m9$ c\rse ( evolution--if x unfolds spontane\sly--if its successive desires = ?is or t k9d ( in=mation arise :5 ^! are sev]ally requir$ = its nutrition--if !re ?us exi/s 9 itself a prompt] to ! "r species ( activity at ! "r "t2 :y int]f]e 9 any way8 ,:y n leave *ildr5 :olly to ! discipl9e ( nature8--:y n rema9 q passive & let !m get k z !y be/ c8--:y n be consi/5t ?r\gh\t8 ,?is is an awkw>d-look+ "q4 ,plausibly imply+ z x does1 t a sy/em ( complete laissez-faire is ! logical outcome ( ! doctr9es set =?1 x seems to furni% a dispro( ( !m by r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 !y d n1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 commit u to any su* unt5able position4 ,a glance at ! physical analogies w cle>ly %[ ?is4 ,x is a g5]al law ( life t ! m complex ! organism to be produc$1 ! long] ! p]iod dur+ :i* x is dep5d5t on a p>5t organism = food & protection4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m9ute1 rapidly-=m$1 & self-mov+ spore ( a conf]va1 & ! sl[ly-develop$ se$ ( a tree1 ) its multipli$ envelopes & l>ge /ock ( nutrim5t laid by to n\ri% ! g]m dur+ its fir/ /ages ( gr[?1 illu/rates ?is law 9 its application to ! vegetal _w4 ,among animals we may trace x 9 a s]ies ( contra/s f ! monad ^: spontane\sly-divid$ halves are z self-suffic+ ! mom5t aft] _! sep>ation z 0 ! orig9al :ole2 up to man1 ^: (fspr+ n only passes ?r\gh a protract$ ge/ation1 & subsequ5tly long dep5ds on ! brea/ = su/5ance2 b aft] t mu/ h its food artificially adm9i/]$2 mu/1 :5 x has le>n$ to fe$ itself1 cont9ue to h bread1 clo?+1 & %elt] provid$2 & does n acquire ! p[] ( complete self-support until a "t v>y+ f fifte5 to tw5ty ye>s aft] its bir?4 ,n[ ?is law applies to ! m9d z to ! body4 ,= m5tal pabulum also1 e high] creature1 & especially man1 is at fir/ dep5d5t on adult aid4 ,lack+ ! ability to move ab\t1 ! babe is almo/ z p[]less to get mat]ials on :i* to ex]cise its p]ceptions z x is to get supplies = its /oma*4 ,unable to prep>e its own food1 x is 9 l mann] unable to r$uce _m k9ds ( k to a fit =m = assimilation4 ,! language ?r\gh :i* all high] tru?s are to be ga9$1 x :olly d]ives f ^? surr\nd+ x4 ,& we see 9 su* an example z ! ,wild ,boy ( ,aveyron1 ! arre/ ( developm5t t results :5 no help is receiv$ f p>5ts & nurses4 ,?us1 9 provid+ f day to day ! "r k9d ( facts1 prep>$ 9 ! "r mann]1 & giv+ !m 9 due abundance at appropriate int]vals1 !re is z mu* scope = active m9i/ration to a *ild's m9d z to its body4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is ! *ief function ( p>5ts to see t ! conditions requisite to gr[? are ma9ta9$4 ,& z1 9 supply+ alim5t1 & clo?+1 & %elt]1 !y may fulfil ?is function )\t at all int]f]+ ) ! spontane\s developm5t ( ! limbs & visc]a1 ei!r 9 _! ord] or mode2 s1 !y may supply s\nds = imitation1 objects = exam9ation1 books = read+1 problems = solution1 &1 if !y use nei!r direct nor indirect co]cion1 may d ?is )\t 9 any way di/urb+ ! normal process ( m5tal evolution2 or r1 may greatly facilitate t process4 ,h5ce ! admission ( ! doctr9es enunciat$ does n1 z "s might argue1 involve ! ab&onm5t ( tea*+2 b leaves ample room = an active & elaborate c\rse ( culture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pass+ f g5]alities to special consid]ations1 x is to be rem>k$ t 9 practice ! ,pe/alozzian sy/em seems sc>cely to h fulfill$ ! promise ( its !ory4 ,we he> ( *ildr5 n at all int]e/$ 9 its lessons1--disgu/$ ) !m r2 &1 s f> z we c ga!r1 ! ,pe/alozzian s*ool h n turn$ out any unusual proportion ( di/+ui%$ m53 if ev5 !y h rea*$ ! av]age4 ,we are n surpris$ at ?is4 ,! success ( e appliance dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! intellig5ce ) :i* x is us$4 ,x is a trite rem>k t1 hav+ ! *oice/ tools1 an unskilful artisan w bot* 8 "w2 & bad tea*]s w fail ev5 ) ! be/ me?ods4 ,inde$1 ! goodness ( ! me?od becomes 9 su* case a cause ( failure2 z1 to cont9ue ! simile1 ! p]fection ( ! tool becomes 9 undiscipl9$ h&s a s\rce ( imp]fection 9 results4 ,a simple1 un*ang+1 almo/ me*anical r\t9e ( tuition1 may be c>ri$ out by ! commone/ intellects1 ) su* small b5eficial effect z x is capable ( produc+2 b a complete sy/em--a sy/em z het]og5e\s 9 its appliances z ! m9d 9 its faculties--a sy/em propos+ a special means = ea* special end1 dem&s = its "r employm5t p[]s su* z few tea*]s possess4 ,! mi/ress ( a dame-s*ool c he> spell+-lessons2 & any h$ge-s*oolma/] c drill boys 9 ! multiplication-table4 ,b to tea* spell+ rightly by us+ ! p[]s ( ! lett]s in/ead ( _! names1 or to in/ruct 9 num]ical comb9ations by exp]im5tal syn!sis1 a modicum ( und]/&+ is ne$ful2 & to pursue a l rational c\rse ?r\gh\t ! entire range ( /udies1 asks an am\nt ( judgm5t1 ( inv5tion1 ( intellectual sympa?y1 ( analytical faculty1 :i* we %all nev] see appli$ to x :ile ! tutorial (ficial is held 9 su* small e/eem4 ,true education is practicable only by a true philosoph]4 ,judge1 !n1 :at prospect a philosophical me?od n[ has ( be+ act$ out6 ,kn[+ s little z we yet d ( psy*ology1 & ignorant z our tea*]s are ( t little1 :at *ance has a sy/em :i* requires psy*ology = its basis8 ,fur!r h9drance & disc\ragem5t has aris5 f conf\nd+ ! ,pe/alozzian pr9ciple ) ! =ms 9 :i* x has be5 embodi$4 ,because p>ticul> plans h n answ]$ expectation1 discr$it has be5 ca/ ^u ! doctr9e associat$ ) !m3 no inquiry be+ made :e!r ^! plans truly con=m to ! doctr9e4 ,judg+ z usual by ! concrete r ?an ! ab/ract1 m5 h blam$ ! !ory = ! bungl+s ( ! practice4 ,x is z ?\gh ! fir/ futile attempt to con/ruct a /eam-eng9e _h be5 held to prove t /eam c\ld n be us$ z a motive p[]4 ,let x be con/antly borne 9 m9d t :ile "r 9 8 fundam5tal ideas1 ,pe/alozzi 0 n !re=e "r 9 all 8 applications ( !m4 ,z describ$ ev5 by 8 admir]s1 ,pe/alozzi 0 a man ( p>tial intuitions--a man :o _h occasional fla%es ( insight r ?an a man ( sy/ematic ?\ght4 ,8 fir/ great success at ,/antz 0 a*iev$ :5 he _h no books or appliances ( ord9>y tea*+1 & :5 ! only object ( 8 att5tion 0 to f9d out at ea* mom5t :at in/ruction 8 *ildr5 /ood peculi>ly 9 ne$ (1 & :at 0 ! be/ mann] ( connect+ x ) ! k !y already possess$4 ,mu* ( 8 p[] 0 due1 n to calmly reason$-out plans ( culture1 b to 8 pr(\nd sympa?y1 :i* gave him a quick p]ception ( *ildi% ne$s & difficulties4 ,he lack$ ! ability logically to co-ord9ate & develop ! tru?s :i* he ?us f "t to "t laid hold (2 & _h 9 great measure to leave ?is to 8 assi/ants1 ,kruesi1 ,tobl]1 ,buss1 ,ni$]]1 & ,s*mid4 ,! result is1 t 9 _! details 8 own plans1 & ^? vic>i\sly devis$1 conta9 num]\s crudities & inconsi/5cies4 ,8 nurs]y-me?od1 describ$ 9 ,! ,"m's ,manual1 beg9n+ z x does ) a nom5clature ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 & proce$+ next to specify _! relative positions1 & next _! connections1 may be prov$ n at all 9 accordance ) ! initial /ages ( m5tal evolution4 ,8 process ( tea*+ ! "m-tongue by =mal ex]cises 9 ! mean+s ( words & 9 ! con/ruction ( s5t5ces1 is q ne$less1 & mu/ entail on ! pupil loss ( "t1 lab\r1 & happ9ess4 ,8 propos$ lessons 9 geography are utt]ly unpe/alozzian4 ,& (t5 :]e 8 plans are ess5tially s\nd1 !y are ei!r incomplete or vitiat$ by "s remnant ( ! old regime4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 we w\ld def5d 9 its entire ext5t ! g5]al doctr9e :i* ,pe/alozzi inaugurat$1 we ?9k great evil likely to result f an uncritical reception ( 8 specific me?ods4 ,t t5d5cy1 con/antly exhibit$ by mank9d1 to canonise ! =ms & practices along ) :i* any great tru? has be5 bequea!d to !m--_! liability to pro/rate _! intellects be=e ! prophet1 & swe> by 8 e ^w--_! pron5ess to mi/ake ! clo?+ ( ! idea = ! idea itself2 r5d]s x ne$ful to insi/ /rongly ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,pe/alozzian sy/em1 & ! set ( exp$i5ts devis$ = its practice2 & to sugge/ t :ile ! "o may be consid]$ z e/abli%$1 ! o!r is probably no?+ b an adumbration ( ! normal c\rse4 ,inde$1 on look+ at ! /ate ( our k1 we may be q sure t is ! case4 ,be=e educational me?ods c be made to h>monise 9 "* & arrangem5t ) ! faculties 9 _! mode & ord] ( unfold+1 x is fir/ ne$ful t we asc]ta9 ) "s complet5ess h[ ! faculties d unfold4 ,at pres5t we h acquir$1 on ?is po9t1 only a few g5]al notions4 ,^! g5]al notions mu/ be develop$ 9 detail--mu/ be trans=m$ into a multitude ( specific propositions1 be=e we c be said to possess t sci5ce on :i* ! art ( education mu/ be bas$4 ,& !n1 :5 we h def9itely made out 9 :at succession & 9 :at comb9ations ! m5tal p[]s become active1 x rema9s to *oose out ( ! _m possible ways ( ex]cis+ ea* ( !m1 t :i* be/ con=ms to its natural mode ( action4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 x is n to be suppos$ t ev5 our mo/ advanc$ modes ( tea*+ are ! "r ones1 or ne>ly ! "r ones4 ,be>+ 9 m9d !n ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! pr9ciple & ! practice ( ,pe/alozzi1 & inf]r+ f ! gr\nds assign$ t ! la/ mu/ necess>ily be v defective1 ! read] w rate at its true wor? ! dissatisfaction ) ! sy/em :i* "s h express$2 & w see t ! realisation ( ! ,pe/alozzian idea rema9s to be a*iev$4 ,%\ld he argue1 h[ev]1 f :at has j be5 said1 t no su* realisation is at pres5t practicable1 & t all ef=t ought to be devot$ to ! prelim9>y inquiry2 we reply1 t ?\gh x is n possible = a s*eme ( culture to be p]fect$ ei!r 9 matt] or =m until a rational psy*ology has be5 e/abli%$1 x is possible1 ) ! aid ( c]ta9 guid+ pr9ciples1 to make empirical approximations t[>ds a p]fect s*eme4 ,to prep>e ! way = fur!r rese>* we w n[ specify ^! pr9ciples4 ,"s ( !m h be5 m or less di/9ctly impli$ 9 ! =ego+ pages2 b x w be well "h to /ate !m all 9 logical ord]4 #a4 ,t 9 education we %\ld proce$ f ! simple to ! complex1 is a tru? :i* has always be5 to "s ext5t act$ ^u3 n pr(ess$ly1 inde$1 nor by any means consi/5tly4 ,! m9d develops4 ,l all ?+s t develop x progresses f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s2 & a normal tra9+ sy/em1 be+ an objective c\nt]p>t ( ?is subjective process1 mu/ exhibit a l progression4 ,moreov]1 ?us int]pret+ x1 we may see t ?is =mula has mu* wid] application ?an at fir/ appe>s4 ,= its rationale involves1 n only t we %\ld proce$ f ! s+le to ! comb9$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ea* bran* ( k2 b t we %\ld d ! l ) k z a :ole4 ,z ! m9d1 consi/+ at fir/ ( b few active faculties1 has its lat]-complet$ faculties successively br\ght into play1 & ultimately comes to h all its faculties 9 simultane\s action2 x foll[s t our tea*+ %\ld beg9 ) b few subjects at once1 & successively add+ to ^!1 %\ld f9ally c>ry on all subjects abrea/4 ,n only 9 its details %\ld education proce$ f ! simple to ! complex1 b 9 its ensemble also4 #b4 ,! developm5t ( ! m9d1 z all o!r developm5t1 is an advance f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite4 ,9 common ) ! re/ ( ! organism1 ! bra9 rea*es its f9i%$ /ructure only at maturity2 & 9 proportion z its /ructure is unf9i%$1 its actions are want+ 9 precision4 ,h5ce l ! fir/ movem5ts & ! fir/ attempts at spee*1 ! fir/ p]ceptions & ?\ghts are extremely vague4 ,z f a rudim5t>y eye1 disc]n+ only ! diff]5ce betwe5 light & d>kness1 ! progress is to an eye t di/+ui%es k9ds & gradations ( col\r1 & details ( =m1 ) ! greate/ exactness2 s1 ! intellect z a :ole & 9 ea* faculty1 beg9n+ ) ! rude/ discrim9ations among objects & actions1 advances t[>ds discrim9ations ( increas+ nicety & di/9ctness4 ,to ?is g5]al law our educational c\rse & me?ods mu/ con=m4 ,x is n practicable1 nor w\ld x be desirable if practicable1 to put precise ideas into ! undevelop$ m9d4 ,we may inde$ at an e>ly age communicate ! v]bal =ms 9 :i* su* ideas are wrapp$ up2 & tea*]s1 :o habitually d ?is1 suppose t :5 ! v]bal =ms h be5 correctly le>nt1 ! ideas :i* %\ld fill !m h be5 acquir$4 ,b a brief cross-exam9ation ( ! pupil proves ! contr>y4 ,x turns out ei!r t ! words h be5 committ$ to memory ) little or no ?\ght ab\t _! mean+1 or else t ! p]ception ( _! mean+ :i* has be5 ga9$ is a v cl\dy "o4 ,only z ! multiplication ( exp]i5ces gives mat]ials = def9ite conceptions--only z obs]vation ye> by ye> discloses ! less conspicu\s attributes :i* di/+ui% ?+s & processes previ\sly conf\nd$ toge!r--only z ea* class ( co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces becomes famili> ?r\gh ! recurr5ce ( cases com+ "u x--only z ! v>i\s classes ( relations get accurately m>k$ (f f ea* o!r by mutual limitation1 c ! exact def9itions ( advanc$ k become truly compreh5sible4 ,?us 9 education we mu/ be cont5t to set out ) crude notions4 ,^! we mu/ aim to make gradually cle>] by facilitat+ ! acquisition ( exp]i5ces su* z w correct1 fir/ _! greate/ errors1 & aft]w>ds _! successively less m>k$ errors4 ,& ! sci5tific =mulae mu/ be giv5 only z fa/ z ! conceptions are p]fect$4 #c4 ,to say t our lessons ought to />t f ! concrete & end 9 ! ab/ract1 may be consid]$ z 9 "p a repetition ( ! fir/ ( ! =ego+ pr9ciples4 ,nev]!less x is a maxim t mu/ be /at$3 if ) no o!r view1 !n ) ! view ( %[+ 9 c]ta9 cases :at are truly ! simple & ! complex4 ,= un=tunately !re has be5 mu* misund]/&+ on ?is po9t4 ,g5]al =mulas :i* m5 h devis$ to express gr\ps ( details1 & :i* h sev]ally simplifi$ _! conceptions by unit+ _m facts into "o fact1 !y h suppos$ mu/ simplify ! conceptions ( a *ild also4 ,!y h =gott5 t a g5]alisation is simple only 9 comp>ison ) ! :ole mass ( p>ticul> tru?s x compreh5ds--t x is m complex ?an any "o ( ^! tru?s tak5 s+ly--t only aft] _m ( ^! s+le tru?s h be5 acquir$ does ! g5]alisation ease ! memory & help ! reason--& t to a m9d n possess+ ^! s+le tru?s x is necess>ily a my/]y4 ,?us conf\nd+ two k9ds ( simplification1 tea*]s h con/antly err$ by sett+ out ) fir/ pr9ciples3 a proce$+ ess5tially1 ?\gh n app>5tly1 at v>iance ) ! prim>y rule2 :i* implies t ! m9d %\ld be introduc$ to pr9ciples ?r\gh ! m$ium ( examples1 & s %\ld be l$ f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al--f ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 #d4 ,! education ( ! *ild mu/ accord bo? 9 mode & arrangem5t ) ! education ( mank9d1 consid]$ hi/orically4 ,9 o!r words1 ! g5esis ( k 9 ! individual mu/ foll[ ! same c\rse z ! g5esis ( k 9 ! race4 ,9 /rictness1 ?is pr9ciple may be consid]$ z already express$ by implication2 s9ce bo?1 be+ processes ( evolution1 mu/ con=m to ^? same g5]al laws ( evolution above insi/$ on1 & mu/ !re=e agree ) ea* o!r4 ,nev]!less ?is p>ticul> p>allelism is ( value = ! specific guidance x af=ds4 ,to ,m4 ,comte we believe society owes ! enunciation ( x2 & we may accept ?is item ( 8 philosophy )\t at all committ+ ourselves to ! re/4 ,?is doctr9e may be upheld by two reasons1 q indep5d5t ( any ab/ract !ory2 & ei!r ( !m suffici5t to e/abli% x4 ,"o is d$ucible f ! law ( h]$it>y transmission z consid]$ 9 its wid] consequ5ces4 ,= if x be true t m5 exhibit lik5ess to ance/ry1 bo? 9 aspect & "*--if x be true t c]ta9 m5tal manife/ations1 z insanity1 occur 9 successive memb]s ( ! same family at ! same age--if1 pass+ f individual cases 9 :i* ! traits ( _m dead ance/ors mix+ ) ^? ( a few liv+ ones greatly obscure ! law1 we turn to national types1 & rem>k h[ ! contra/s betwe5 !m are p]si/5t f age to age--if we rememb] t ^! respective types came f a common /ock1 & t h5ce ! pres5t m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 !m mu/ h aris5 f ! action ( modify+ circum/ances ^u successive g5]ations :o sev]ally transmitt$ ! accumulat$ effects to _! desc5dants--if we f9d ! diff]5ces to be n[ organic1 s t a ,fr5* *ild gr[s into a ,fr5* man ev5 :5 br\ght up among /rang]s--& if ! g5]al fact ?us illu/rat$ is true ( ! :ole nature1 intellect inclusive2 !n x foll[s t if !re be an ord] 9 :i* ! human race has ma/]$ its v>i\s k9ds ( k1 !re w arise 9 e *ild an aptitude to acquire ^! k9ds ( k 9 ! same ord]4 ,s t ev5 7 ! ord] intr9sically indiff]5t1 x w\ld facilitate education to lead ! individual m9d ?r\gh ! /eps trav]s$ by ! g5]al m9d4 ,b ! ord] is n intr9sically indiff]5t2 & h5ce ! fundam5tal reason :y education %\ld be a repetition ( civilisation 9 little4 ,x is provable bo? t ! hi/orical sequ5ce 01 9 its ma9 outl9es1 a necess>y "o2 & t ! causes :i* det]m9$ x apply to ! *ild z to ! race4 ,n to specify ^! causes 9 detail1 x w suffice "h to po9t out t z ! m9d ( humanity plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( ph5om5a & /riv+ to compreh5d !m1 has1 aft] endless comp>isons1 speculations1 exp]im5ts1 & !ories1 rea*$ its pres5t k ( ea* subject by a specific r\te2 x may rationally be inf]r$ t ! relation%ip betwe5 m9d & ph5om5a is su* z to prev5t ?is k f be+ rea*$ by any o!r r\te2 & t z ea* *ild's m9d /&s 9 ?is same relation%ip to ph5om5a1 !y c be accessible to x only ?r\gh ! same r\te4 ,h5ce 9 decid+ ^u ! "r me?od ( education1 an inquiry into ! me?od ( civilisation w help to guide u4 #e4 ,"o ( ! conclusions to :i* su* an inquiry leads1 is1 t 9 ea* bran* ( in/ruction we %\ld proce$ f ! empirical to ! rational4 ,dur+ human progress1 e sci5ce is evolv$ out ( its correspond+ art4 ,x results f ! necessity we are "u1 bo? individually & z a race1 ( rea*+ ! ab/ract by way ( ! concrete1 t !re mu/ be practice & an accru+ exp]i5ce ) its empirical g5]alisation1 be=e !re c be sci5ce4 ,sci5ce is organis$ k2 & be=e k c be organis$1 "s ( x mu/ be possess$4 ,e /udy1 !re=e1 %\ld h a purely exp]im5tal introduction2 & only aft] an ample fund ( obs]vations has be5 accumulat$1 %\ld reason+ beg94 ,z illu/rative applications ( ?is rule1 we may in/ance ! mod]n c\rse ( plac+ gramm>1 n be=e language1 b aft] x2 or ! ord9>y cu/om ( prefac+ p]spective by practical draw+4 ,by & by fur!r applications ( x w be indicat$4 #f4 ,a second coroll>y f ! =ego+ g5]al pr9ciple1 & "o :i* _c be too /r5u\sly insi/$ on1 is1 t 9 education ! process ( self-developm5t %\ld be enc\rag$ to ! utt]mo/4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be l$ to make _! own inve/igations1 & to draw _! own inf]5ces4 ,!y %\ld be told z little z possible1 & induc$ to discov] z mu* z possible4 ,humanity has progress$ solely by self-in/ruction2 & t to a*ieve ! be/ results1 ea* m9d mu/ progress some:at aft] ! same fa%ion1 is cont9ually prov$ by ! m>k$ success ( self-made m54 ,^? :o h be5 br\ght up "u ! ord9>y s*ool-drill1 & h c>ri$ away ) !m ! idea t education is practicable only 9 t /yle1 w ?9k x hopeless to make *ildr5 _! own tea*]s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y w consid] t ! all-important k ( surr\nd+ objects :i* a *ild gets 9 its e>ly ye>s is got )\t help--if !y w rememb] t ! *ild is self-taught 9 ! use ( its "m tongue--if !y w e/imate ! am\nt ( t exp]i5ce ( life1 t out-(-s*ool wisdom1 :i* e boy ga!rs = himself--if !y w m>k ! unusual intellig5ce ( ! unc>$-= ,london gam91 z %[n 9 :atev] directions 8 faculties h be5 task$--if1 fur!r1 !y w ?9k h[ _m m9ds h /ruggl$ up unaid$1 n only ?r\gh ! my/]ies ( our irrationally-plann$ curriculum1 b ?r\gh ho/s ( o!r ob/acles besides2 !y w f9d x a n unreasonable conclusion t if ! subjects be put be=e him 9 "r ord] & "r =m1 any pupil ( ord9>y capacity w surm\nt 8 successive difficulties ) b little assi/ance4 ,:o inde$ c wat* ! ceaseless obs]vation1 & inquiry1 & inf]5ce go+ on 9 a *ild's m9d1 or li/5 to its acute rem>ks on matt]s )9 ! range ( its faculties1 )\t p]ceiv+ t ^! p[]s x manife/s1 if br\ght to be> sy/ematically ^u /udies )9 ! same range1 w\ld readily ma/] !m )\t help8 ,?is ne$ = p]petual tell+ results f our /upidity1 n f ! *ild's4 ,we drag x away f ! facts 9 :i* x is int]e/$1 & :i* x is actively assimilat+ ( itself4 ,we put be=e x facts f> too complex = x to und]/&2 & !re=e di/a/eful to x4 ,f9d+ t x w n volunt>ily acquire ^! facts1 we ?ru/ !m into its m9d by =ce ( ?reats & puni%m5t4 ,by ?us d5y+ ! k x craves1 & cramm+ x ) k x _c dige/1 we produce a morbid /ate ( its faculties2 & a consequ5t disgu/ = k 9 g5]al4 ,& :51 z a result p>tly ( ! /olid indol5ce we h br\ght on1 & p>tly ( /ill-cont9u$ unfitness 9 its /udies1 ! *ild c und]/& no?+ )\t explanation1 & becomes a m]e passive recipi5t ( our in/ruction1 we inf] t education mu/ necess>ily be c>ri$ on ?us4 ,hav+ by our me?od induc$ helplessness1 we make ! helplessness a reason = our me?od4 ,cle>ly !n1 ! exp]i5ce ( p$agogues _c rationally be quot$ aga9/ ! sy/em we are advocat+4 ,& :oev] sees ?is1 w see t we may safely foll[ ! discipl9e ( ,nature ?r\gh\t--may1 by a skilful m9i/ration1 make ! m9d z self-develop+ 9 its lat] /ages z x is 9 its e>li] ones2 & t only by do+ ?is c we produce ! highe/ p[] & activity4 #g4 ,z a f9al te/ by :i* to judge any plan ( culture1 %\ld come ! "q1--,does x create a pleasurable excitem5t 9 ! pupils8 ,:5 9 d\bt :e!r a p>ticul> mode or arrangem5t is or is n m 9 h>mony ) ! =ego+ pr9ciples ?an "s o!r1 we may safely abide by ?is crit]ion4 ,ev5 :51 z consid]$ !oretically1 ! propos$ c\rse seems ! be/1 yet if x produces no int]e/1 or less int]e/ ?an "s o!r c\rse1 we %\ld rel9qui% x2 = a *ild's intellectual in/9cts are m tru/wor?y ?an our reason+s4 ,9 respect to ! kn[+-faculties1 we may confid5tly tru/ 9 ! g5]al law1 t "u normal conditions1 heal?ful action is pleasurable1 :ile action :i* gives pa9 is n heal?ful4 ,?\gh at pres5t v incompletely con=m$ to by ! emotional nature1 yet by ! intellectual nature1 or at lea/ by ^? p>ts ( x :i* ! *ild exhibits1 ?is law is almo/ :olly con=m$ to4 ,! repugnances to ?is & t /udy :i* vex ! ord9>y tea*]1 are n innate1 b result f 8 unwise sy/em4 ,fell5b]g says1 ,exp]i5ce has taught me t indol5ce 9 "y p]sons is s directly opposite to _! natural disposition to activity1 t unless x is ! consequ5ce ( bad education1 x is almo/ inv>iably connect$ ) "s con/itutional defect4 ,& ! spontane\s activity to :i* *ildr5 are ?us prone1 is simply ! pursuit ( ^? pleasures :i* ! heal?ful ex]cise ( ! faculties gives4 ,x is true t "s ( ! high] m5tal p[]s1 z yet b little develop$ 9 ! race1 & cong5itally possess$ 9 any consid]able degree only by ! mo/ advanc$1 are indispos$ to ! am\nt ( ex]tion requir$ ( !m4 ,b ^!1 9 virtue ( _! v complexity1 w1 9 a normal c\rse ( culture1 come la/ into ex]cise2 & w !re=e h no dem&s made on !m until ! pupil has arriv$ at an age :5 ult]ior motives c be br\ght into play1 & an indirect pleasure made to c\nt]balance a direct displeasure4 ,) all faculties l[] ?an ^!1 h[ev]1 ! imm$iate gratification consequ5t on activity1 is ! normal /imulus2 & "u good managem5t ! only ne$ful /imulus4 ,:5 we h to fall back on "s o!r1 we mu/ take ! fact z evid5ce t we are on ! wrong track4 ,exp]i5ce is daily %[+ ) great] cle>ness1 t !re is always a me?od to be f\nd productive ( int]e/--ev5 ( delight2 & x ev] turns out t ?is is ! me?od prov$ by all o!r te/s to be ! "r "o4 ,) mo/1 ^! guid+ pr9ciples w weigh b little if left 9 ?is ab/ract =m4 ,p>tly1 !re=e1 to exemplify _! application1 & p>tly ) a view ( mak+ sundry specific sugge/ions1 we propose n[ to pass f ! !ory ( education to ! practice ( x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,pe/alozzi1 & "o :i* has ev] s9ce 8 day be5 ga9+ gr\nd1 t education ( "s k9d %\ld beg9 f ! cradle4 ,:oev] has wat*$1 ) any disc]nm5t1 ! wide-ey$ gaze ( ! infant at surr\nd+ objects kn[s v well t education does beg9 ?us e>ly1 :e!r we int5d x or n2 & t ^! f+]+s & suck+s ( ev]y?+ x c lay hold (1 ^! op5-m\!d li/5+s to e s\nd1 are fir/ /eps 9 ! s]ies :i* ends 9 ! discov]y ( unse5 planets1 ! inv5tion ( calculat+ eng9es1 ! production ( great pa9t+s1 or ! composition ( symphonies & op]as4 ,?is activity ( ! faculties f ! v fir/1 be+ spontane\s & inevitable1 ! "q is :e!r we %all supply 9 due v>iety ! mat]ials on :i* !y may ex]cise !mselves2 & to ! "q s put1 none b an affirmative answ] c be giv54 ,z be=e said1 h[ev]1 agreem5t ) ,pe/alozzi's !ory does n involve agreem5t ) 8 practice2 & "h occurs a case 9 po9t4 ,treat+ ( in/ruction 9 spell+ he says3-- ,! spell+-book ought1 !re=e1 to conta9 all ! s\nds ( ! language1 & ^! ought to be taught 9 e family f ! e>lie/ infancy4 ,! *ild :o le>ns 8 spell+ book ought to repeat !m to ! infant 9 ! cradle1 be=e x is able to pron\nce ev5 "o ( !m1 s t !y may be deeply impress$ ^u its m9d by frequ5t repetition4 ,jo9+ ?is ) ! sugge/ions = a nurs]y me?od1 set d[n 9 8 ,"m's ,manual1 9 :i* he makes ! names1 positions1 connections1 numb]s1 prop]ties1 & uses ( ! limbs & body 8 fir/ lessons1 x becomes cle> t ,pe/alozzi's notions on e>ly m5tal developm5t 7 too crude to enable him to devise judici\s plans4 ,let u consid] ! c\rse :i* ,psy*ology dictates4 ,! e>lie/ impressions :i* ! m9d c assimilate are ! undecomposable s5sations produc$ by resi/ance1 light1 s\nd1 etc4 ,manife/ly1 decomposable /ates ( consci\sness _c exi/ be=e ! /ates ( consci\sness out ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,!re c be no idea ( =m until "s famili>ity ) light 9 its gradations & qualities1 or resi/ance 9 its diff]5t int5sities1 has be5 acquir$2 =1 z has be5 long kn[n1 we recognise visible =m by means ( v>ieties ( light1 & tangible =m by means ( v>ieties ( resi/ance4 ,simil>ly1 no articulate s\nd is cognisable until ! in>ticulate s\nds :i* g to make x up h be5 le>n$4 ,& ?us mu/ x be 9 e o!r case4 ,foll[+1 !re=e1 ! necess>y law ( progression f ! simple to ! complex1 we %\ld provide = ! infant a suffici5cy ( objects pres5t+ diff]5t degrees & k9ds ( resi/ance1 a suffici5cy ( objects reflect+ diff]5t am\nts & qualities ( light1 & a suffici5cy ( s\nds contra/$ 9 _! l\dness1 _! pit* & _! timbre4 ,h[ fully ?is a priori conclusion is confirm$ by infantile in/9cts1 all w see on be+ rem9d$ ( ! delight :i* e "y *ild has 9 bit+ its toys1 9 feel+ its bro!r's bright jacket-buttons1 & pull+ papa's :isk]s--h[ absorb$ x becomes 9 gaz+ at any gaudily-pa9t$ object1 to :i* x applies ! ^w pretty1 :5 x c pron\nce x1 :olly because ( ! bright col\rs--& h[ its face broad5s into a laugh at ! tattl+s ( its nurse1 ! snapp+ ( a visitor's f+]s1 or any s\nd :i* x has n be=e he>d4 ,=tunately1 ! ord9>y practices ( ! nurs]y fulfil ^! e>ly requirem5ts ( education to a consid]able degree4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 rema9s to be done2 & x is ( m importance t x %\ld be done ?an at fir/ appe>s4 ,e faculty dur+ t spontane\s activity :i* accompanies its evolution is capable ( receiv+ m vivid impressions ?an at any o!r p]iod4 ,moreov]1 z ^! simple/ elem5ts h to be ma/]$1 & z ! ma/]y ( !m :5ev] a*iev$ mu/ take "t1 x becomes an economy ( "t to occupy ?is fir/ /age ( *ildhood1 dur+ :i* no o!r intellectual action is possible1 9 ga9+ a complete famili>ity ) !m 9 all _! modifications4 ,nor let u omit ! fact1 t bo? temp] & heal? w be improv$ by ! cont9ual gratification result+ f a due supply ( ^! impressions :i* e *ild s gre$ily assimilates4 ,space1 c\ld x be sp>$1 might "h be well fill$ by "s sugge/ions t[>ds a m sy/ematic m9i/ration to ^! simple/ ( ! p]ceptions4 ,b x mu/ suffice to po9t out t any su* m9i/ration1 recognis+ ! g5]al law ( evolution f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 %\ld proce$ ^u ! coroll>y t 9 ! developm5t ( e faculty1 m>k$ly contra/$ impressions are ! fir/ to be di/+ui%$2 t h5ce s\nds greatly diff]+ 9 l\dness & pit*1 col\rs v remote f ea* o!r1 & sub/ances widely unlike 9 h>dness or texture1 %\ld be ! fir/ suppli$2 & t 9 ea* case ! progression mu/ be by sl[ degrees to impressions m ne>ly alli$4 ,pass+ on to object-lessons1 :i* manife/ly =m a natural cont9uation ( ?is prim>y culture ( ! s5ses1 x is to be rem>k$1 t ! sy/em commonly pursu$ is :olly at v>iance ) ! me?od ( ,nature1 z exhibit$ alike 9 infancy1 9 adult life1 & 9 ! c\rse ( civilisation4 ,! *ild1 says ,m4 ,m>cel1 mu/ be %[n h[ all ! p>ts ( an object are connect$1 etc42 & ! v>i\s manuals ( ^! object-lessons sev]ally conta9 li/s ( ! facts :i* ! *ild is to be told respect+ ea* ( ! ?+s put be=e x4 ,n[ x ne$s b a glance at ! daily life ( ! infant to see t all ! k ( ?+s :i* is ga9$ be=e ! acquirem5t ( spee*1 is self-ga9$--t ! qualities ( h>dness & weight associat$ ) c]ta9 appe>ances1 ! possession ( p>ticul> =ms & col\rs by p>ticul> p]sons1 ! production ( special s\nds by animals ( special aspects1 are ph5om5a :i* x obs]ves = itself4 ,9 manhood too1 :5 !re are no long] tea*]s at h&1 ! obs]vations & inf]5ces h\rly requir$ = guidance mu/ be made unhelp$2 & success 9 life dep5ds ^u ! accuracy & complet5ess ) :i* !y are made4 ,is x probable1 !n1 t :ile ! process display$ 9 ! evolution ( humanity at l>ge is repeat$ alike by ! infant & ! man1 a rev]se process mu/ be foll[$ dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 infancy & manhood8 & t too1 ev5 9 s simple a ?+ z le>n+ ! prop]ties ( objects8 ,is x n obvi\s1 on ! contr>y1 t "o me?od mu/ be pursu$ ?r\gh\t8 ,& is n ,nature p]petually ?ru/+ ?is me?od ^u u1 if we _h b ! wit to see x1 & ! humility to adopt x8 ,:at c be m manife/ ?an ! desire ( *ildr5 = intellectual sympa?y8 ,m>k h[ ! infant sitt+ on y\r knee ?ru/s into y\r face ! toy x holds1 t y too may look at x4 ,see :5 x makes a creak ) its wet f+] on ! table1 h[ x turns & looks at y2 does x aga91 & aga9 looks at y2 ?us say+ z cle>ly z x c--,he> ?is new s\nd4 ,wat* ! eld] *ildr5 com+ into ! room exclaim+--,mamma1 see :at a curi\s ?+1 ,mamma1 look at ?is1 ,mamma1 look at t3 a habit :i* !y w\ld cont9ue1 did n ! silly mamma tell !m n to tease h]4 ,obs]ve t1 :5 out ) ! nurse-maid1 ea* little "o runs up to h] ) ! new fl[] x has ga!r$1 to %[ h] h[ pretty x is1 & to get h] also to say x is pretty4 ,li/5 to ! eag] volubility ) :i* e ur*9 describes any novelty he has be5 to see1 if only he c f9d "s "o :o w att5d ) any int]e/4 ,does n ! induction lie on ! surface8 ,is x n cle> t we mu/ con=m our c\rse to ^! intellectual in/9cts--t we mu/ j sy/ematise ! natural process--t we mu/ li/5 to all ! *ild has to tell u ab\t ea* object2 mu/ induce x to say ev]y?+ x c ?9k ( ab\t su* object2 mu/ occasionally draw its att5tion to facts x has n yet obs]v$1 ) ! view ( lead+ x to notice !m itself :5ev] !y recur2 & mu/ g on by & by to indicate or supply new s]ies ( ?+s = a l exhau/ive exam9ation8 ,note ! way 9 :i*1 on ?is me?od1 ! intellig5t "m conducts h] lessons4 ,/ep by /ep %e famili>ises h] little boy ) ! names ( ! simpl] attributes1 h>dness1 s(tness1 col\r1 ta/e1 size3 9 do+ :i* %e f9ds him eag]ly help by br++ ?is to %[ h] t x is r$1 & ! o!r to make h] feel t x is h>d1 z fa/ z %e gives him words = ^! prop]ties4 ,ea* additional prop]ty1 z %e draws 8 att5tion to x 9 "s fre% ?+ :i* he br+s h]1 %e takes c>e to m5tion 9 connection ) ^? he already kn[s2 s t by ! natural t5d5cy to imitate1 he may get into ! habit ( repeat+ !m "o aft] ano!r4 ,gradually z !re occur cases 9 :i* he omits to "n "o or m ( ! prop]ties he has become acqua9t$ )1 %e introduces ! practice ( ask+ him :e!r !re is n some?+ m t he c tell h] ab\t ! ?+ he has got4 ,probably he does n und]/&4 ,aft] lett+ him puzzle a:ile %e tells him2 p]haps laugh+ at him a little = 8 failure4 ,a few recurr5ces ( ?is & he p]ceives :at is to be done4 ,:5 next %e says %e kn[s some?+ m ab\t ! object ?an he has told h]1 8 pride is r\s$2 he looks at x int5tly2 he ?9ks ov] all t he has he>d2 & ! problem be+ easy1 pres5tly f9ds x out4 ,he is full ( glee at 8 success1 & %e sympa?ises ) him4 ,9 common ) e *ild1 he delights 9 ! discov]y ( 8 p[]s4 ,he wi%es = m victories1 & goes 9 que/ ( m ?+s ab\t :i* to tell h]4 ,z 8 faculties unfold %e adds quality aft] quality to 8 li/3 progress+ f h>dness & s(tness to r\ghness & smoo?ness1 f col\r to poli%1 f simple bodies to composite ones--?us con/antly complicat+ ! problem z he ga9s compet5ce1 con/antly tax+ 8 att5tion & memory to a great] ext5t1 con/antly ma9ta9+ 8 int]e/ by supply+ him ) new impressions su* z 8 m9d c assimilate1 & con/antly gratify+ him by conque/s ov] su* small difficulties z he c ma/]4 ,9 do+ ?is %e is manife/ly b foll[+ out t spontane\s process :i* 0 go+ on dur+ a /ill e>li] p]iod--simply aid+ self-evolution2 & is aid+ x 9 ! mode sugge/$ by ! boy's in/9ctive behavi\r to h]4 ,manife/ly1 too1 ! c\rse %e is adopt+ is ! "o be/ calculat$ to e/abli% a habit ( exhau/ive obs]vation2 :i* is ! pr(ess$ aim ( ^! lessons4 ,to tell a *ild ?is & to %[ x ! o!r1 is n to tea* x h[ to obs]ve1 b to make x a m]e recipi5t ( ano!r's obs]vations3 a proce$+ :i* weak5s r ?an /r5g!ns its p[]s ( self-in/ruction--:i* deprives x ( ! pleasures result+ f successful activity--:i* pres5ts ?is all-attractive k "u ! aspect ( =mal tuition--& :i* ?us g5]ates t indiff]5ce & ev5 disgu/ n unfrequ5tly felt t[>ds ^! object-lessons4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to pursue ! c\rse above describ$ is simply to guide ! intellect to its appropriate food2 to jo9 ) ! intellectual appetites _! natural adjuncts--am\r propre & ! desire = sympa?y2 to induce by ! union ( all ^! an int5sity ( att5tion :i* insures p]ceptions bo? vivid & complete2 & to habituate ! m9d f ! beg9n+ to t practice ( self-help :i* x mu/ ultimately foll[4 ,object-lessons %\ld n only be c>ri$ on aft] q a diff]5t fa%ion f t commonly pursu$1 b %\ld be ext5d$ to a range ( ?+s f> wid]1 & cont9u$ to a p]iod f> lat]1 ?an n[4 ,!y %\ld n be limit$ to ! cont5ts ( ! h\se2 b %\ld include ^? ( ! fields & ! h$ges1 ! qu>ry & ! sea-%ore4 ,!y %\ld n cease ) e>ly *ildhood2 b %\ld be s kept up dur+ y\?1 z ins5sibly to m]ge into ! inve/igations ( ! naturali/ & ! man ( sci5ce4 ,"h aga9 we h b to foll[ ,nature's lead+s4 ,:]e c be se5 an int5s] delight ?an t ( *ildr5 pick+ up new fl[]s & wat*+ new insects2 or ho>d+ pebbles & %ells8 ,& :o is !re b p]ceives t by sympa?is+ ) !m !y may be l$ on to any ext5t ( inquiry into ! qualities & /ructures ( ^! ?+s8 ,e botani/ :o has _h *ildr5 ) him 9 ! woods & lanes mu/ h notic$ h[ eag]ly !y jo9$ 9 8 pursuits1 h[ ke5ly !y se>*$ out plants = him1 h[ int5tly !y wat*$ :ile he exam9$ !m1 h[ !y ov]:elm$ him ) que/ions4 ,! consi/5t foll[] ( ,bacon--! s]vant & int]pret] ( nature1 w see t we ought mode/ly to adopt ! c\rse ( culture ?us indicat$4 ,hav+ become famili> ) ! simpl] prop]ties ( inorganic objects1 ! *ild %\ld by ! same process be l$ on to an exhau/ive exam9ation ( ! ?+s x picks up 9 its daily walks--! less complex facts !y pres5t be+ alone notic$ at fir/3 9 plants1 ! col\rs1 numb]s1 & =ms ( ! petals1 & %apes ( ! /alks & leaves2 9 insects1 ! numb]s ( ! w+s1 legs1 & ant5nae1 & _! col\rs4 ,z ^! become fully appreciat$ & inv>iably obs]v$1 fur!r facts may be successively introduc$3 9 ! "o case1 ! numb]s ( /am5s & pi/ils1 ! =ms ( ! fl[]s1 :e!r radial or bilat]al 9 symmetry1 ! arrangem5t & "* ( ! leaves1 :e!r opposite or alt]nate1 /alk$ or sessile1 smoo? or hairy1 s]rat$1 too!d1 or cr5ate2 9 ! o!r1 ! divisions ( ! body1 ! segm5ts ( ! abdom51 ! m>k+s ( ! w+s1 ! numb] ( jo9ts 9 ! legs1 & ! =ms ( ! small] organs--! sy/em pursu$ ?r\gh\t be+ t ( mak+ x ! *ild's ambition to say respect+ ev]y?+ x f9ds all t c be said4 ,!n :5 a fit age has be5 rea*$1 ! means ( pres]v+ ^! plants1 :i* h become s int]e/+ 9 virtue ( ! k obta9$ ( !m1 may z a great fav\r be suppli$2 & ev5tually1 z a /ill great] fav\r1 may also be suppli$ ! app>atus ne$ful = keep+ ! l>vae ( our common butt]flies & mo?s ?r\gh _! trans=mations--a practice :i*1 z we c p]sonally te/ify1 yields ! highe/ gratification2 is cont9u$ ) ard\r = ye>s2 :5 jo9$ ) ! =mation ( an entomological collection1 adds imm5se int]e/ to ,saturday-aft]noon rambles2 & =ms an admirable introduction to ! /udy ( physiology4 ,we are q prep>$ to he> f _m t all ?is is ?r[+ away "t & en]gy2 & t *ildr5 w\ld be mu* bett] occupi$ 9 writ+ _! copies or le>n+ _! p5ce-tables1 & s fitt+ !mselves = ! bus9ess ( life4 ,we regret t su* crude ideas ( :at con/itutes education1 & su* a n>r[ conception ( utility1 %\ld /ill be preval5t4 ,say+ no?+ on ! ne$ = a sy/ematic culture ( ! p]ceptions & ! value ( ! practices above inculcat$ z subs]v+ t ne$1 we are prep>$ to def5d !m ev5 on ! score ( ! k ga9$4 ,if m5 are to be m]e cits1 m]e por]s ov] l$g]s1 ) no ideas beyond _! trades--if x is well t !y %\ld be z ! cockney ^: conception ( rural pleasures ext5ds no fur!r ?an sitt+ 9 a tea-g>d5 smok+ pipes & dr9k+ port]2 or z ! squire :o ?9ks ( woods z places = %oot+ 91 ( uncultivat$ plants z no?+ b we$s1 & :o classifies animals into game1 v]m91 & /ock--!n inde$ x is ne$less to le>n any?+ t does n directly help to repl5i% ! till & fill ! l>d]4 ,b if !re is a m wor?y aim = u ?an to be drudges--if !re are o!r uses 9 ! ?+s ar\nd ?an _! p[] to br+ money--if !re are high] faculties to be ex]cis$ ?an acquisitive & s5sual ones--if ! pleasures :i* poetry & art & sci5ce & philosophy c br+ are ( any mom5t2 !n is x desirable t ! in/9ctive incl9ation :i* e *ild %[s to obs]ve natural beauties & inve/igate natural ph5om5a1 %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,b ?is gross utilit>ianism :i* is cont5t to come into ! _w & quit x aga9 )\t kn[+ :at k9d ( a _w x is or :at x conta9s1 may be met on its own gr\nd4 ,x w by & by be f\nd t a k ( ! laws ( life is m important ?an any o!r k :atev]--t ! laws ( life und]lie n only all bodily & m5tal processes1 b by implication all ! transactions ( ! h\se & ! /reet1 all comm]ce1 all politics1 all morals--& t !re=e )\t a compreh5sion ( !m1 nei!r p]sonal nor social conduct c be rightly regulat$4 ,x w ev5tually be se5 too1 t ! laws ( life are ess5tially ! same ?r\gh\t ! :ole organic creation2 & fur!r1 t !y _c be prop]ly und]/ood 9 _! complex manife/ations until !y h be5 /udi$ 9 _! simpl] ones4 ,& :5 ?is is se51 x w be also se5 t 9 aid+ ! *ild to acquire ! out-(-door in=mation = :i* x %[s s great an avidity1 & 9 enc\rag+ ! acquisition ( su* in=mation ?r\gh\t y\?1 we are simply induc+ x to /ore up ! raw mat]ial = future organisation--! facts t w "o day br+ home to x ) due =ce1 ^? great g5]alisations ( sci5ce by :i* actions may be rightly guid$4 ,! spread+ recognition ( draw+ z an elem5t ( education is "o among _m signs ( ! m rational views on m5tal culture n[ beg9n+ to prevail4 ,once m x may be rem>k$ t tea*]s are at l5g? adopt+ ! c\rse :i* ,nature has p]petually be5 press+ on _! notice4 ,! spontane\s attempts made by *ildr5 to repres5t ! m51 h\ses1 trees1 & animals ar\nd !m--on a slate if !y c get no?+ bett]1 or ) lead-p5cil on pap] if !y c beg !m--are famili> to all4 ,to be %[n ?r\gh a picture-book is "o ( _! highe/ gratifications2 & z usual1 _! /rong imitative t5d5cy pres5tly g5]ates 9 !m ! ambition to make pictures !mselves also4 ,?is ef=t to depict ! /rik+ ?+s !y see is a fur!r in/9ctive ex]cise ( ! p]ceptions--a means :]eby /ill great] accuracy & complet5ess ( obs]vation are induc$4 ,& alike by try+ to int]e/ u 9 _! discov]ies ( ! s5sible prop]ties ( ?+s1 & by _! endeav\rs to draw1 !y solicit f u j t k9d ( culture :i* !y mo/ ne$4 ,_h tea*]s be5 guid$ by ,nature's h9ts1 n only 9 mak+ draw+ a "p ( education b 9 *oos+ modes ( tea*+ x1 !y w\ld h done /ill bett] ?an !y h done4 ,:at is t ! *ild fir/ tries to repres5t8 ,?+s t are l>ge1 ?+s t are attractive 9 col\r1 ?+s r\nd :i* its pleasurable associations mo/ clu/]--human be+s f :om x has receiv$ s _m emotions2 c[s & dogs :i* int]e/ by ! _m ph5om5a !y pres5t2 h\ses t are h\rly visible & /rike by _! size & contra/ ( p>ts4 ,& :i* ( ! processes ( repres5tation gives x mo/ delight8 ,col\r+4 ,pap] & p5cil are good 9 default ( some?+ bett]2 b a box ( pa9ts & a bru%--^! are ! treasures4 ,! draw+ ( outl9es imm$iately becomes second>y to col\r+--is gone ?r\gh ma9ly ) a view to ! col\r+2 & if leave c be got to col\r a book ( pr9ts1 h[ great is ! fav\r6 ,n[1 ridicul\s z su* a position w seem to draw+-ma/]s :o po/pone col\r+ & :o tea* =m by a dre>y discipl9e ( copy+ l9es1 we believe t ! c\rse ( culture ?us indicat$ is ! "r "o4 ,! priority ( col\r to =m1 :i*1 z already po9t$ out1 has a psy*ological basis1 %\ld be recognis$ f ! beg9n+2 & f ! beg9n+ also1 ! ?+s imitat$ %\ld be real4 ,t great] delight 9 col\r :i* is n only conspicu\s 9 *ildr5 b p]si/s 9 mo/ p]sons ?r\gh\t life1 %\ld be cont9u\sly employ$ z ! natural /imulus to ! ma/]y ( ! comp>atively difficult & unattractive =m3 ! pleasure ( ! subsequ5t t9t+ %\ld be ! prospective rew>d = ! lab\r ( del9eation4 ,& ^! ef=ts to repres5t int]e/+ actualities %\ld be enc\rag$2 9 ! conviction t z1 by a wid5+ exp]i5ce1 simpl] & m practicable objects become int]e/+1 !y too w be attempt$2 & t s a gradual approximation w be made t[>ds imitations hav+ "s resemblance to ! realities4 ,! extreme indef9it5ess :i*1 9 con=mity ) ! law ( evolution1 ^! fir/ attempts exhibit1 is any?+ b a reason = ignor+ !m4 ,no matt] h[ grotesque ! %apes produc$2 no matt] h[ daub$ & gl>+ ! col\rs4 ,! "q is n :e!r ! *ild is produc+ good draw+s4 ,! "q is1 :e!r x is develop+ its faculties4 ,x has fir/ to ga9 "s comm& ov] its f+]s1 "s crude notions ( lik5ess2 & ?is practice is bett] ?an any o!r = ^! ends1 s9ce x is ! spontane\s & int]e/+ "o4 ,dur+ e>ly *ildhood no =mal draw+-lessons are possible4 ,%all we !re=e repress1 or neglect to aid1 ^! ef=ts at self-culture8 or %all we enc\rage & guide !m z normal ex]cises ( ! p]ceptions & ! p[]s ( manipulation8 ,if by furni%+ *eap woodcuts to be pa9t$1 & simple cont\r-maps to h _! b\nd>y l9es t9t$1 we c n only pleasurably draw out ! faculty ( col\r1 b c incid5tally produce "s famili>ity ) ! outl9es ( ?+s & c\ntries1 & "s ability to move ! bru% /eadily2 & if by ! supply ( tempt+ objects we c keep up ! in/9ctive practice ( mak+ repres5tations1 h[ev] r\gh2 x mu/ happ5 t :5 ! age = lessons 9 draw+ is rea*$1 !re w exi/ a facility t w\ld else h be5 abs5t4 ,"t w h be5 ga9$2 & tr\ble1 bo? to tea*] & pupil1 sav$4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x may be readily inf]r$ t we condemn ! practice ( draw+ f copies2 & /ill m s t =mal discipl9e 9 mak+ /raight l9es & curv$ l9es & comp\nd l9es1 ) :i* x is ! fa%ion ( "s tea*]s to beg94 ,we regret t ! ,society ( ,arts has rec5tly1 9 its s]ies ( manuals on ,rudim5t>y ,art ,in/ruction1 giv5 its c\nt5ance to an elem5t>y draw+-book1 :i* is ! mo/ vici\s 9 pr9ciple t we h se54 ,we ref] to ! ,outl9e f ,outl9e1 or f ! ,flat1 by ,john ,bell1 sculptor4 ,z expla9$ 9 ! prefatory note1 ?is publication proposes to place be=e ! /ud5t a simple1 yet logical mode ( in/ruction2 & to ?is end sets out ) a numb] ( def9itions ?us3-- ,a simple l9e 9 draw+ is a ?9 m>k drawn f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,l9es may be divid$1 z to _! nature 9 draw+1 into two classes3-- #a4 ,/raight1 :i* are m>ks t g ! %orte/ road betwe5 two po9ts1 z ,a ,b4 #b4 ,or ,curv$1 :i* are m>ks :i* d n g ! %orte/ road betwe5 two po9ts1 z ,c ,d4 ,& s ! introduction progresses to horizontal l9es1 p]p5dicul> l9es1 oblique l9es1 angles ( ! sev]al k9ds1 & ! v>i\s figures :i* l9es & angles make up4 ,! "w is1 9 %ort1 a gramm> ( =m1 ) ex]cises4 ,& ?us ! sy/em ( comm5c+ ) a dry analysis ( elem5ts1 :i*1 9 ! tea*+ ( language1 has be5 explod$1 is to be re-in/itut$ 9 ! tea*+ ( draw+4 ,we are to set out ) ! def9ite1 in/ead ( ) ! indef9ite4 ,! ab/ract is to be prelim9>y to ! concrete4 ,sci5tific conceptions are to prec$e empirical exp]i5ces4 ,t ?is is an inv]sion ( ! normal ord]1 we ne$ sc>cely repeat4 ,x has be5 well said conc]n+ ! cu/om ( prefac+ ! art ( speak+ any tongue by a drill+ 9 ! p>ts ( spee* & _! functions1 t x is ab\t z reasonable z prefac+ ! art ( walk+ by a c\rse ( lessons on ! bones1 muscles1 & n]ves ( ! legs2 & mu* ! same ?+ may be said ( ! proposal to preface ! art ( repres5t+ objects1 by a nom5clature & def9itions ( ! l9es :i* !y yield on analysis4 ,^! te*nicalities are alike repulsive & ne$less4 ,!y r5d] ! /udy di/a/eful at ! v outset2 & all ) ! view ( tea*+ t :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( practice1 w be le>nt unconsci\sly4 ,j z ! *ild incid5tally ga!rs ! mean+s ( ord9>y words f ! conv]sations go+ on ar\nd x1 )\t ! help ( diction>ies2 s1 f ! rem>ks on objects1 pictures1 & its own draw+s1 w x pres5tly acquire1 n only )\t ef=t b ev5 pleasurably1 ^? same sci5tific t]ms :i*1 :5 taught at fir/1 are a my/]y & a we>9ess4 ,if any dep5d5ce is to be plac$ on ! g5]al pr9ciples ( education t h be5 laid d[n1 ! process ( le>n+ to draw %\ld be ?r\gh\t cont9u\s ) ^? ef=ts ( e>ly *ildhood1 describ$ above z s wor?y ( enc\ragem5t4 ,by ! "t t ! volunt>y practice ?us initiat$ has giv5 "s /ead9ess ( h&1 & "s tol]able ideas ( proportion1 !re w h aris5 a vague notion ( body z pres5t+ its ?ree dim5sions 9 p]spective4 ,& :51 aft] sundry abortive1 ,*9ese-l attempts to r5d] ?is appe>ance on pap]1 !re has gr[n up a pretty cle> p]ception ( ! ?+ to be done1 & a desire to d x1 a fir/ lesson 9 empirical p]spective may be giv5 by means ( ! app>atus occasionally us$ 9 expla9+ p]spective z a sci5ce4 ,?is s\nds al>m+2 b ! exp]im5t is bo? compreh5sible & int]e/+ to any boy or girl ( ord9>y intellig5ce4 ,a plate ( glass s fram$ z to /& v]tically on ! table1 be+ plac$ be=e ! pupil1 & a book or l simple object laid on ! o!r side ( x1 he is reque/$1 :ile keep+ ! eye 9 "o position1 to make ink-dots on ! glass s t !y may co9cide )1 or hide1 ! corn]s ( ?is object4 ,he is next told to jo9 ^! dots by l9es2 on do+ :i* he p]ceives t ! l9es he makes hide1 or co9cide )1 ! outl9es ( ! object4 ,& !n by putt+ a %eet ( pap] on ! o!r side ( ! glass1 x is made manife/ to him t ! l9es he has ?us drawn repres5t ! object z he saw x4 ,!y n only look l x1 b he p]ceives t !y mu/ be l x1 because he made !m agree ) its outl9es2 & by remov+ ! pap] he c conv9ce himself t !y d agree ) its outl9es4 ,! fact is new & /rik+2 & s]ves him z an exp]im5tal demon/ration1 t l9es ( c]ta9 l5g?s1 plac$ 9 c]ta9 directions on a plane1 c repres5t l9es ( o!r l5g?s1 & hav+ o!r directions1 9 space4 ,by gradually *ang+ ! position ( ! object1 he may be l$ to obs]ve h[ "s l9es %ort5 & disappe>1 :ile o!rs come into sight & l5g!n4 ,! conv]g5ce ( p>allel l9es1 &1 inde$1 all ! lead+ facts ( p]spective1 may1 f "t to "t1 be simil>ly illu/rat$ to him4 ,if he has be5 duly accu/om$ to self-help1 he w gladly1 :5 x is sugge/$1 attempt to draw "o ( ^! outl9es on pap]1 by ! eye only2 & x may soon be made an excit+ aim to produce1 unassi/$1 a repres5tation z l z he c to "o subsequ5tly sket*$ on ! glass4 ,?us1 )\t ! un9tellig5t1 me*anical practice ( copy+ o!r draw+s1 b by a me?od at once simple & attractive--rational1 yet n ab/ract--a famili>ity ) ! l9e> appe>ances ( ?+s1 & a faculty ( r5d]+ !m1 may be /ep by /ep acquir$4 ,to :i* advantages add ^!3--t ev5 ?us e>ly ! pupil le>ns1 almo/ unconsci\sly1 ! true !ory ( a picture 7namely1 t x is a del9eation ( objects z !y appe> :5 project$ on a plane plac$ betwe5 !m & ! eye72 & t :5 he rea*es a fit age = comm5c+ sci5tific p]spective1 he is already ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! facts :i* =m its logical basis4 ,z exhibit+ a rational mode ( convey+ prim>y conceptions 9 geometry1 we _c d bett] ?an quote ! foll[+ passage f ,mr4 ,wyse3-- ,a *ild has be5 9 ! habit ( us+ cubes = ari?metic2 let him use !m also = ! elem5ts ( geometry4 ,i w\ld beg9 ) solids1 ! rev]se ( ! usual plan4 ,x saves all ! difficulty ( absurd def9itions1 & bad explanations on po9ts1 l9es1 & surfaces1 :i* are no?+ b ab/ractions4444 ,a cube pres5ts _m ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( geometry2 x at once exhibits po9ts1 /raight l9es1 p>allel l9es1 angles1 p>allelograms1 etc41 etc4 ,^! cubes are divisible into v>i\s p>ts4 ,! pupil has already be5 famili>is$ ) su* divisions 9 num]ation1 & he n[ proce$s to a comp>ison ( _! sev]al p>ts1 & ( ! relation ( ^! p>ts to ea* o!r4444 ,f !nce he advances to globes1 :i* furni% him ) elem5t>y notions ( ! circle1 ( curves g5]ally1 etc41 etc4 ,be+ tol]ably famili> ) solids1 he may n[ sub/itute planes4 ,! transition may be made v easy4 ,let ! cube1 = in/ance1 be cut into ?9 divisions1 & plac$ on pap]2 he w !n see z _m plane rectangles z he has divisions2 s ) all ! o!rs4 ,globes may be treat$ 9 ! same mann]2 he w ?us see h[ surfaces really are g5]at$1 & be enabl$ to ab/ract !m ) facility 9 e solid4 ,he has ?us acquir$ ! alphabet & read+ ( geometry4 ,he n[ proce$s to write x4 ,! simple/ op]ation1 & !re=e ! fir/1 is m]ely to place ^! planes on a piece ( pap]1 & pass ! p5cil r\nd !m4 ,:5 ?is has be5 frequ5tly done1 ! plane may be put at a little di/ance1 & ! *ild requir$ to copy x1 & s on4 ,a /ock ( geometrical conceptions hav+ be5 obta9$1 9 "s su* mann] z ?is recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,wyse1 a fur!r /ep may be tak51 by introduc+ ! practice ( te/+ ! correctness ( figures drawn by eye3 ?us bo? excit+ an ambition to make !m exact1 & cont9ually illu/rat+ ! difficulty ( fulfill+ t ambition4 ,!re c be little d\bt t geometry _h its orig9 7z1 inde$1 ! ^w implies7 9 ! me?ods discov]$ by artizans & o!rs1 ( mak+ accurate measurem5ts = ! f\ndations ( build+s1 areas ( inclosures1 & ! l2 & t its tru?s came to be treasur$ up1 m]ely ) a view to _! imm$iate utility4 ,!y w\ld be introduc$ to ! pupil "u analog\s relation%ips4 ,9 cutt+ out pieces = 8 c>d-h\ses1 9 draw+ ornam5tal diagrams = col\r+1 & 9 ^? v>i\s in/ructive occupations :i* an inv5tive tea*] w lead him into1 he may = a l5g? ( "t be advantage\sly left1 l ! primitive build]1 to t5tative processes2 & s w le>n ?r\gh exp]i5ce ! difficulty ( a*iev+ 8 aims by ! unaid$ s5ses4 ,:51 hav+ mean:ile und]gone a valuable discipl9e ( ! p]ceptions1 he has rea*$ a fit age = us+ a pair ( compasses1 he w1 :ile duly appreciat+ ^! z enabl+ him to v]ify 8 ocul> guesses1 be /ill h9d]$ by ! imp]fections ( ! approximative me?od4 ,9 ?is /age he may be left = a fur!r p]iod3 p>tly z be+ yet too "y = any?+ high]2 p>tly because x is desirable t he %\ld be made to feel /ill m /rongly ! want ( sy/ematic contrivances4 ,if ! acquisition ( k is to be made cont9u\sly int]e/+2 & if1 9 ! e>ly civilisation ( ! *ild1 z 9 ! e>ly civilisation ( ! race1 sci5ce is valu$ only z m9i/]+ to art2 x is manife/ t ! prop] prelim9>y to geometry1 is a long practice 9 ^? con/ructive processes :i* geometry w facilitate4 ,obs]ve t "h1 too1 ,nature po9ts ! way4 ,*ildr5 %[ a /rong prop5sity to cut out ?+s 9 pap]1 to make1 to build--a prop5sity :i*1 if enc\rag$ & direct$1 w n only prep>e ! way = sci5tific conceptions1 b w develop ^? p[]s ( manipulation 9 :i* mo/ p are s defici5t4 ,:5 ! obs]v+ & inv5tive faculties h atta9$ ! requisite p[]1 ! pupil may be introduc$ to empirical geometry2 t is--geometry deal+ ) me?odical solutions1 b n ) ! demon/rations ( !m4 ,l all o!r transitions 9 education1 ?is %\ld be made n =mally b incid5tally2 & ! relation%ip to con/ructive art %\ld /ill be ma9ta9$4 ,to make1 out ( c>dbo>d1 a tetrah$ron l "o giv5 to him1 is a problem :i* w int]e/ ! pupil & s]ve z a conv5i5t />t+-po9t4 ,9 attempt+ ?is1 he f9ds x ne$ful to draw f\r equilat]al triangles arrang$ 9 special positions4 ,be+ unable 9 ! abs5ce ( an exact me?od to d ?is accurately1 he discov]s on putt+ ! triangles into _! respective positions1 t he _c make _! sides fit2 & t _! angles d n meet at ! apex4 ,he may n[ be %[n h[1 by describ+ a c\ple ( circles1 ea* ( ^! triangles may be drawn ) p]fect correctness & )\t guess+2 & aft] 8 failure he w value ! in=mation4 ,hav+ ?us help$ him to ! solution ( 8 fir/ problem1 ) ! view ( illu/rat+ ! nature ( geometrical me?ods1 he is 9 future to be left to solve ! que/ions put to him z be/ he c4 ,to bisect a l9e1 to erect a p]p5dicul>1 to describe a squ>e1 to bisect an angle1 to draw a l9e p>allel to a giv5 l9e1 to describe a hexagon1 are problems :i* a little pati5ce w enable him to f9d out4 ,& f ^! he may be l$ on /ep by /ep to m complex que/ions3 all ( :i*1 "u judici\s managem5t1 he w puzzle ?r\gh unhelp$4 ,d\btless1 _m ( ^? br\ght up "u ! old regime1 w look ^u ?is ass]tion sceptically4 ,we speak f facts1 h[ev]2 & ^? nei!r few nor special4 ,we h se5 a class ( boys become s int]e/$ 9 mak+ out solutions to su* problems1 z to look =w>d to _! geometry-lesson z a *ief ev5t ( ! week4 ,)9 ! la/ mon?1 we h he>d ( "o girl's s*ool1 9 :i* "s ( ! "y ladies volunt>ily occupy !mselves ) geometrical que/ions out ( s*ool-h\rs2 & ( ano!r1 :]e !y n only d ?is1 b :]e "o ( !m is begg+ = problems to f9d out dur+ ! holidays3 bo? :i* facts we /ate on ! au?ority ( ! tea*]4 ,/rong pro(s1 ^!1 ( ! practicability & ! imm5se advantage ( self-developm5t6 ,a bran* ( k :i*1 z commonly taught1 is dry & ev5 repulsive1 is ?us1 by foll[+ ! me?od ( ,nature1 made extremely int]e/+ & pr(\ndly b5eficial4 ,we say pr(\ndly b5eficial1 because ! effects are n conf9$ to ! ga9+ ( geometrical facts1 b (t5 revolutionise ! :ole /ate ( m9d4 ,x has repeat$ly occurr$ t ^? :o h be5 /upefi$ by ! ord9>y s*ool-drill--by its ab/ract =mulas1 its we>isome tasks1 its cramm+--h sudd5ly _h _! intellects r\s$ by ?us ceas+ to make !m passive recipi5ts1 & induc+ !m to become active discov]]s4 ,! disc\ragem5t caus$ by bad tea*+ hav+ be5 dim9i%$ by a little sympa?y1 & suffici5t p]sev]ance excit$ to a*ieve a fir/ success1 !re arises a revulsion ( feel+ affect+ ! :ole nature4 ,!y no long] f9d !mselves incompet5t2 !y1 too1 c d some?+4 ,& gradually z success foll[s success1 ! incubus ( despair disappe>s1 & !y attack ! difficulties ( _! o!r /udies ) a c\rage insur+ conque/4 ,a few weeks aft] ! =ego+ rem>ks 7 orig9ally publi%$1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall 9 a lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution ,on ! ,importance ( ! ,/udy ( ,physics z a ,bran* ( ,education1 gave "s conclusive evid5ce to ! same effect4 ,8 te/imony1 bas$ on p]sonal obs]vation1 is ( su* great value t we _c refra9 f quot+ x4 ,"h x is4 ,"o ( ! duties :i* fell to my %>e1 dur+ ! p]iod to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 0 ! in/ruction ( a class 9 ma!matics1 & ,i usually f\nd t ,euclid & ! anci5t geometry g5]ally1 :5 address$ to ! und]/&+1 =m$ a v attractive /udy = y\?4 ,b x 0 my habitual practice to )draw ! boys f ! r\t9e ( ! book1 & to appeal to _! self-p[] 9 ! treatm5t ( que/ions n compreh5d$ 9 t r\t9e4 ,at fir/1 ! *ange f ! beat5 track usually excit$ a little av]sion3 ! y\? felt l a *ild amid /rang]s2 b 9 no s+le in/ance h ,i f\nd ?is av]sion to cont9ue4 ,:5 utt]ly di%e>t5$1 ,i h enc\rag$ ! boy by t anecdote ( ,newton1 :]e he attributes ! diff]5ce betwe5 him & o!r m51 ma9ly to 8 own pati5ce2 or ( ,mirabeau1 :5 he ord]$ 8 s]vant1 :o _h /at$ some?+ to be impossible1 nev] to use t /upid ^w aga94 ,?us *e]$1 he has return$ to 8 task ) a smile1 :i* p]haps _h some?+ ( d\bt 9 x1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 ev9c$ a resolution to try aga94 ,i h se5 ! boy's eye bright51 & at l5g?1 ) a pleasure ( :i* ! ec/asy ( ,ar*im$es 0 b a simple expansion1 he>d him exclaim1 ',i h x1 sir4' ,! consci\sness ( self-p[]1 ?us awak5$1 0 ( imm5se value2 & animat$ by x1 ! progress ( ! class 0 truly a/oni%+4 ,x 0 (t5 my cu/om to give ! boys _! *oice ( pursu+ _! propositions 9 ! book1 or ( try+ _! /r5g? at o!rs n to be f\nd !re4 ,nev] 9 a s+le in/ance h ,i kn[n ! book to be *os54 ,i 0 ev] ready to assi/ :5 ,i deem$ help ne$ful1 b my (f]s ( assi/ance 7 habitually decl9$4 ,! boys _h ta/$ ! sweets ( intellectual conque/ & dem&$ victories ( _! own4 ,i h se5 _! diagrams scrat*$ on ! walls1 cut into ! beams ^u ! play gr\nd1 & numb]less o!r illu/rations ( ! liv+ int]e/ !y took 9 ! subject4 ,= my own "p1 z f> z exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ goes1 ,i 0 a m]e fl$gl+3 ,i knew no?+ ( ! rules ( p$agogics1 z ! ,g]mans "n x2 b ,i adh]$ to ! _s indicat$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is disc\rse1 & endeav\r$ to make geometry a means & n a bran* ( education4 ,! exp]im5t 0 successful1 & "s ( ! mo/ delightful h\rs ( my exi/5ce h be5 sp5t 9 m>k+ ! vigor\s & *e]ful expansion ( m5tal p[]1 :5 appeal$ to 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$4 ,?is empirical geometry :i* pres5ts an endless s]ies ( problems1 %\ld be cont9u$ along ) o!r /udies = ye>s2 & may ?r\gh\t be advantage\sly accompani$ by ^? concrete applications ( its pr9ciples :i* s]ve z its prelim9>y4 ,aft] ! cube1 ! octah$ron1 & ! v>i\s =ms ( pyramid & prism h be5 ma/]$1 may come ! m complex regul> bodies--! dodecah$ron & icosah$ron--to con/ruct :i* out ( s+le pieces ( c>dbo>d1 requires consid]able +5uity4 ,f ^!1 ! transition may naturally be made to su* modifi$ =ms ( ! regul> bodies z are met ) 9 cry/als--! truncat$ cube1 ! cube ) its dih$ral z well z its solid angles truncat$1 ! octah$ron & ! v>i\s prisms z simil>ly modifi$3 9 imitat+ :i* num]\s =ms assum$ by diff]5t metals & salts1 an acqua9tance ) ! lead+ facts ( m9]alogy w be incid5tally ga9$4#a ,aft] long cont9uance 9 ex]cises ( ?is k9d1 rational geometry1 z may be suppos$1 pres5ts no ob/acles4 ,habituat$ to contemplate relation%ips ( =m & quantity1 & vaguely p]ceiv+ f "t to "t ! necessity ( c]ta9 results z rea*$ by c]ta9 means1 ! pupil comes to reg>d ! demon/rations ( ,euclid z ! miss+ supplem5ts to 8 famili> problems4 ,8 well-discipl9$ faculties enable him easily to ma/] its successive propositions1 & to appreciate _! value2 & he has ! occasional gratification ( f9d+ "s ( 8 own me?ods prov$ to be true4 ,?us he enjoys :at is to ! unprep>$ a dre>y task4 ,x only rema9s to add1 t 8 m9d w pres5tly arrive at a fit condition = t mo/ valuable ( all ex]cises = ! reflective faculties--! mak+ ( orig9al demon/rations4 ,su* !orems z ^? app5d$ to ! successive books ( ! ,messrs4 ,*amb]s's ,euclid1 w soon become practicable to him2 & 9 prov+ !m1 ! process ( self-developm5t w be n intellectual only1 b moral4 ,to cont9ue ^! sugge/ions mu* fur!r1 w\ld be to write a detail$ treatise on education1 :i* we d n purpose4 ,! =ego+ outl9es ( plans = ex]cis+ ! p]ceptions 9 e>ly *ildhood1 = conduct+ object-lessons1 = tea*+ draw+ & geometry1 mu/ be consid]$ simply z illu/rations ( ! me?od dictat$ by ! g5]al pr9ciples previ\sly specifi$4 ,we believe t on exam9ation !y w be f\nd n only to progress f ! simple to ! complex1 f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite1 f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 f ! empirical to ! rational2 b to satisfy ! fur!r requirem5ts1 t education %all be a repetition ( civilisation 9 little1 t x %all be z mu* z possible a process ( self-evolution1 & t x %all be pleasurable4 ,! fulfilm5t ( all ^! conditions by "o type ( me?od1 t5ds alike to v]ify ! conditions1 & to prove t type ( ! me?od ! "r "o4 ,m>k too1 t ?is me?od is ! logical outcome ( ! t5d5cy *>act]is+ all mod]n improvem5ts 9 tuition--t x is b an adoption 9 full ( ! natural sy/em :i* !y adopt p>tially--t x displays ?is complete adoption ( ! natural sy/em1 bo? by con=m+ to ! above pr9ciples1 & by foll[+ ! sugge/ions :i* ! unfold+ m9d itself gives3 facilitat+ its spontane\s activities1 & s aid+ ! developm5ts :i* ,nature is busy )4 ,?us !re seems abundant reason to conclude1 t ! mode ( proc$ure above exemplifi$1 closely approximates to ! true "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a few p>agraphs mu/ be add$ 9 fur!r inculcation ( ! two g5]al pr9ciples1 t are alike ! mo/ important & ! lea/ att5d$ to2 namely1 ! pr9ciple t ?r\gh\t y\?1 z 9 e>ly *ildhood & 9 maturity1 ! process %all be "o ( self-in/ruction2 & ! obv]se pr9ciple1 t ! m5tal action induc$ %all be ?r\gh\t intr9sically grateful4 ,if progression f simple to complex1 f indef9ite to def9ite1 & f concrete to ab/ract1 be consid]$ ! ess5tial requirem5ts z dictat$ by ab/ract psy*ology2 !n d ! requirem5ts t k %all be self-ma/]$1 & pleasurably ma/]$1 become te/s by :i* we may judge :e!r ! dictates ( ab/ract psy*ology are be+ obey$4 ,if ! fir/ embody ! lead+ g5]alisations ( ! sci5ce ( m5tal gr[?1 ! la/ are ! *ief canons ( ! art ( fo/]+ m5tal gr[?4 ,= manife/ly1 if ! /eps 9 our curriculum are s arrang$ t !y c be successively asc5d$ by ! pupil himself ) little or no help1 !y mu/ correspond ) ! /ages ( evolution 9 8 faculties2 & manife/ly1 if ! successive a*ievem5ts ( ^! /eps are intr9sically gratify+ to him1 x foll[s t !y require no m ?an a normal ex]cise ( 8 p[]s4 ,b mak+ education a process ( self-evolution1 has o!r advantages ?an ?is ( keep+ our lessons 9 ! "r ord]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x gu>antees a vividness & p]man5cy ( impression :i* ! usual me?ods c nev] produce4 ,any piece ( k :i* ! pupil has himself acquir$--any problem :i* he has himself solv$1 becomes1 by virtue ( ! conque/1 mu* m ?or\ghly 8 ?an x c\ld else be4 ,! prelim9>y activity ( m9d :i* 8 success implies1 ! conc5tration ( ?\ght necess>y to x1 & ! excitem5t consequ5t on 8 triumph1 conspire to regi/] ! facts 9 8 memory 9 a way t no m]e in=mation he>d f a tea*]1 or read 9 a s*ool-book1 c be regi/]$4 ,ev5 if he fails1 ! t5sion to :i* 8 faculties h be5 w\nd up1 insures 8 remembrance ( ! solution :5 giv5 to him1 bett] ?an half-a-doz5 repetitions w\ld4 ,obs]ve1 aga91 t ?is discipl9e necessitates a cont9u\s organisation ( ! k he acquires4 ,x is 9 ! v nature ( facts & inf]5ces assimilat$ 9 ?is normal mann]1 t !y successively become ! premises ( fur!r conclusions--! means ( solv+ fur!r que/ions4 ,! solution ( ye/]day's problem helps ! pupil 9 ma/]+ to-day's4 ,?us ! k is turn$ into faculty z soon z x is tak5 91 & =?) aids 9 ! g5]al function ( ?9k+--does n lie m]ely writt5 on ! pages ( an int]nal libr>y1 z :5 rote-le>nt4 ,m>k fur!r1 ! moral culture :i* ?is con/ant self-help involves4 ,c\rage 9 attack+ difficulties1 pati5t conc5tration ( ! att5tion1 p]sev]ance ?r\gh failures--^! are *>act]i/ics :i* aft]-life specially requires2 & ^! are *>act]i/ics :i* ?is sy/em ( mak+ ! m9d "w = its food specially produces4 ,t x is ?or\ghly practicable to c>ry out in/ruction aft] ?is fa%ion1 we c ourselves te/ify2 hav+ be5 9 y\? ?us l$ to solve ! comp>atively complex problems ( p]spective4 ,& t lead+ tea*]s h be5 t5d+ 9 ?is direction1 is indicat$ alike 9 ! say+ ( ,fell5b]g1 t ! individual1 indep5d5t activity ( ! pupil is ( mu* great] importance ?an ! ord9>y busy (fici\sness ( _m :o assume ! (fice ( educators2 9 ! op9ion ( ,horace ,mann1 t un=tunately education among/ u at pres5t consi/s too mu* 9 tell+1 n 9 tra9+2 & 9 ! rem>k ( ,m4 ,m>cel1 t :at ! le>n] discov]s by m5tal ex]tion is bett] kn[n ?an :at is told to him4 ,simil>ly ) ! correlative requirem5t1 t ! me?od ( culture pursu$ %all be "o productive ( an intr9sically happy activity1--an activity n happy because ( extr9sic rew>ds to be obta9$1 b because ( its own heal?fulness4 ,con=mity to ?is requirem5t1 besides prev5t+ u f ?w>t+ ! normal process ( evolution1 incid5tally secures positive b5efits ( importance4 ,unless we are to return to an ascetic morality 7or r im-morality7 ! ma9t5ance ( y\?ful happ9ess mu/ be consid]$ z 9 itself a wor?y aim4 ,n to dwell ^u ?is1 h[ev]1 we g on to rem>k t a pleasurable /ate ( feel+ is f> m fav\rable to intellectual action ?an a /ate ( indiff]5ce or disgu/4 ,e "o kn[s t ?+s read1 he>d1 or se5 ) int]e/1 are bett] rememb]$ ?an ?+s read1 he>d1 or se5 ) apa?y4 ,9 ! "o case ! faculties appeal$ to are actively occupi$ ) ! subject pres5t$2 9 ! o!r !y are inactively occupi$ ) x1 & ! att5tion is cont9ually drawn away by m attractive ?\ghts4 ,h5ce ! impressions are respectively /rong & weak4 ,moreov]1 to ! intellectual li/lessness :i* a pupil's lack ( int]e/ 9 any /udy involves1 mu/ be add$ ! p>alys+ fe> ( consequ5ces4 ,?is1 by di/ract+ 8 att5tion1 increases ! difficulty he f9ds 9 br++ 8 faculties to be> ^u facts t are repugnant to !m4 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 ! effici5cy ( tuition w1 o!r ?+s equal1 be proportionate to ! gratification ) :i* tasks are p]=m$4 ,x %\ld be consid]$ also1 t grave moral consequ5ces dep5d ^u ! habitual pleasure or pa9 :i* daily lessons produce4 ,no "o c comp>e ! faces & mann]s ( two boys--! "o made happy by ma/]+ int]e/+ subjects1 & ! o!r made mis]able by disgu/ ) 8 /udies1 by consequ5t inability1 by cold looks1 by ?reats1 by puni%m5t--)\t see+ t ! disposition ( ! "o is be+ b5efit$ & t ( ! o!r injur$4 ,:oev] has m>k$ ! effects ( success & failure ^u ! m9d1 & ! p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! body1 w see t 9 ! "o case bo? temp] & heal? are fav\rably affect$1 :ile 9 ! o!r !re is dang] ( p]man5t moros5ess1 or p]man5t timidity1 & ev5 ( p]man5t con/itutional depression4 ,!re rema9s yet ano!r indirect result ( no small mom5t4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 tea*]s & _! pupils is1 o!r ?+s equal1 r5d]$ fri5dly & influ5tial1 or antagoni/ic & p[]less1 accord+ z ! sy/em ( culture produces happ9ess or mis]y4 ,human be+s are at ! m]cy ( _! associat$ ideas4 ,a daily m9i/] ( pa9 _c fail to be reg>d$ ) secret dislike2 & if he causes no emotions b pa9ful ones1 w inevitably be hat$4 ,conv]sely1 he :o con/antly aids *ildr5 to _! ends1 h\rly provides !m ) ! satisfactions ( conque/1 h\rly enc\rages !m ?r\gh _! difficulties & sympa?ises 9 _! successes1 w be lik$2 nay1 if 8 behavi\r is consi/5t ?r\gh\t1 mu/ be lov$4 ,& :5 we rememb] h[ effici5t & b5ign is ! control ( a ma/] :o is felt to be a fri5d1 :5 comp>$ ) ! control ( "o :o is look$ ^u ) av]sion1 or at be/ indiff]5ce1 we may inf] t ! indirect advantages ( conduct+ education on ! happ9ess pr9ciple d n fall f> %ort ( ! direct ones4 ,to all :o "q ! possibility ( act+ out ! sy/em "h advocat$1 we reply z be=e1 t n only does !ory po9t to x1 b exp]i5ce comm5ds x4 ,to ! _m v]dicts ( di/+ui%$ tea*]s :o s9ce ,pe/alozzi's "t h te/ifi$ ?is1 may be "h add$ t ( ,pr(essor ,pillans1 :o ass]ts t :]e "y p are taught z !y ought to be1 !y are q z happy 9 s*ool z at play1 seldom less delight$1 nay1 (t5 m1 ) ! well-direct$ ex]cise ( _! m5tal en]gies ?an ) t ( _! muscul> p[]s4 ,z sugge/+ a f9al reason = mak+ education a process ( self-in/ruction1 & by consequ5ce a process ( pleasurable in/ruction1 we may adv]t to ! fact t1 9 proportion z x is made s1 is !re a probability t x w n cease :5 s*ooldays end4 ,z long z ! acquisition ( k is r5d]$ habitually repugnant1 s long w !re be a prevail+ t5d5cy to discont9ue x :5 free f ! co]cion ( p>5ts & ma/]s4 ,& :5 ! acquisition ( k has be5 r5d]$ habitually gratify+1 !n w !re be z prevail+ a t5d5cy to cont9ue1 )\t sup]9t5d5ce1 t self-culture previ\sly c>ri$ on "u sup]9t5d5ce4 ,^! results are inevitable4 ,:ile ! laws ( m5tal association rema9 true--:ile m5 dislike ! ?+s & places t sugge/ pa9ful recollections1 & delight 9 ^? :i* call to m9d by-gone pleasures--pa9ful lessons w make k repulsive1 & pleasurable lessons w make x attractive4 ,! m5 to :om 9 boyhood in=mation came 9 dre>y tasks along ) ?reats ( puni%m5t1 & :o 7 nev] l$ into habits ( indep5d5t inquiry1 are unlikely to be /ud5ts 9 aft] ye>s2 :ile ^? to :om x came 9 ! natural =ms1 at ! prop] times1 & :o rememb] its facts z n only int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 b z ! occasions ( a long s]ies ( gratify+ successes1 are likely to cont9ue ?r\gh life t self-in/ruction comm5c$ 9 y\?4 #a ,^? :o seek aid 9 c>ry+ out ! sy/em ( culture above describ$1 w f9d x 9 a little "w entitl$ ,inv5tional ,geometry2 publi%$ by ,j4 & ,c4 ,mozley1 ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london4 ,,moral ,,education ,! greate/ defect 9 our programmes ( education is entirely ov]look$4 ,:ile mu* is be+ done 9 ! detail$ improvem5t ( our sy/ems 9 respect bo? ( matt] & mann]1 ! mo/ press+ desid]atum has n yet be5 ev5 recognis$ z a desid]atum4 ,to prep>e ! "y = ! duties ( life is tacitly admitt$ to be ! end :i* p>5ts & s*oolma/]s %\ld h 9 view2 & happily1 ! value ( ! ?+s taught1 & ! goodness ( ! me?ods foll[$ 9 tea*+ !m1 are n[ o/5sibly judg$ by _! fitness to ?is end4 ,! propriety ( sub/itut+ = an exclusively classical tra9+1 a tra9+ 9 :i* ! mod]n languages %all h a %>e1 is argu$ on ?is gr\nd4 ,! necessity ( increas+ ! am\nt ( sci5ce is urg$ = l reasons4 ,b ?\gh "s c>e is tak5 to fit y\? ( bo? sexes = society & citiz5%ip1 no c>e :atev] is tak5 to fit !m = ! position ( p>5ts4 ,:ile x is se5 t = ! purpose ( ga9+ a livelihood1 an elaborate prep>ation is ne$$1 x appe>s to be ?\ght t = ! br++ up ( *ildr51 no prep>ation :atev] is ne$$4 ,:ile _m ye>s are sp5t by a boy 9 ga9+ k ( :i* ! *ief value is t x con/itutes ! education ( a g5tleman2 & :ile _m ye>s are sp5t by a girl 9 ^? decorative acquirem5ts :i* fit h] = ev5+ p>ties2 n an h\r is sp5t by ei!r 9 prep>ation = t grave/ ( all responsibilities--! managem5t ( a family4 ,is x t ?is responsibility is b a remote cont+5cy8 ,on ! contr>y1 x is sure to devolve on n9e out ( t54 ,is x t ! dis*>ge ( x is easy8 ,c]ta9ly n3 ( all functions :i* ! adult has to fulfil1 ?is is ! mo/ difficult4 ,is x t ea* may be tru/$ by self-in/ruction to fit himself1 or h]self1 = ! (fice ( p>5t8 ,no3 n only is ! ne$ = su* self-in/ruction unrecognis$1 b ! complexity ( ! subject r5d]s x ! "o ( all o!rs 9 :i* self-in/ruction is lea/ likely to succe$4 ,no rational plea c be put =w>d = leav+ ! ,art ( ,education out ( our curriculum4 ,:e!r z be>+ on ! happ9ess ( p>5ts !mselves1 or :e!r z affect+ ! *>act]s & lives ( _! *ildr5 & remote desc5dants1 we mu/ admit t a k ( ! "r me?ods ( juv5ile culture1 physical1 intellectual1 & moral1 is a k ( extreme importance4 ,?is topic %\ld be ! f9al "o 9 ! c\rse ( in/ruction pass$ ?r\gh by ea* man & woman4 ,z physical maturity is m>k$ by ! ability to produce (fspr+1 s m5tal maturity is m>k$ by ! ability to tra9 ^? (fspr+4 ,! subject :i* involves all o!r subjects1 & !re=e ! subject 9 :i* education %\ld culm9ate1 is ! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,education4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ?is prep>ation1 ! managem5t ( *ildr51 & m especially ! moral managem5t1 is lam5tably bad4 ,p>5ts ei!r nev] ?9k ab\t ! matt] at all1 or else _! conclusions are crude & inconsi/5t4 ,9 mo/ cases1 & especially on ! "p ( mo!rs1 ! treatm5t adopt$ on e occasion is t :i* ! impulse ( ! mom5t prompts3 x spr+s n f any reason$-out conviction z to :at w mo/ b5efit ! *ild1 b m]ely expresses ! dom9ant p>5tal feel+s1 :e!r good or ill2 & v>ies f h\r to h\r z ^! feel+s v>y4 ,or if ! dictates ( passion are supplem5t$ by any def9ite doctr9es & me?ods1 !y are ^? h&$ d[n f ! pa/1 or ^? sugge/$ by ! remembrances ( *ildhood1 or ^? adopt$ f nurses & s]vants--me?ods devis$ n by ! enlight5m5t1 b by ! ignorance1 ( ! "t4 ,comm5t+ on ! *aotic /ate ( op9ion & practice relative to family gov]nm5t1 ,ri*t] writes3-- ,if ! secret v>iances ( a l>ge class ( ord9>y fa!rs 7 br\ght to light1 & laid d[n z a plan ( /udies & read+1 catalogu$ = a moral education1 !y w\ld run some:at aft] ?is fa%ion3--,9 ! fir/ h\r 'pure morality mu/ be read to ! *ild1 ei!r by myself or ! tutor2' 9 ! second1 'mix$ morality1 or t :i* may be appli$ to "o's own advantage2' 9 ! ?ird1 'd y n see t y\r fa!r does s & s8' 9 ! f\r?1 'y are little1 & ?is is only fit = gr[n-up p2' 9 ! fif?1 '! *ief matt] is t y %\ld succe$ 9 ! _w1 & become some?+ 9 ! /ate2' 9 ! six?1 'n ! tempor>y1 b ! et]nal1 det]m9es ! wor? ( a man2' 9 ! sev5?1 '!re=e r suff] inju/ice1 & be k9d2' 9 ! eigh?1 'b def5d y\rself bravely if any "o attack y2' 9 ! n9?1 'd n make a noise1 de> *ild2' 9 ! t5?1 'a boy mu/ n sit s quiet2' 9 ! elev5?1 'y mu/ obey y\r p>5ts bett]2' 9 ! twelf?1 '& educate y\rself4' ,s by ! h\rly *ange ( 8 pr9ciples1 ! fa!r conceals _! unt5abl5ess & onesid$ness4 ,z = 8 wife1 %e is nei!r l him1 nor yet l t h>lequ9 :o came on to ! /age ) a bundle ( pap]s "u ea* arm1 & answ]$ to ! inquiry1 :at he _h "u 8 "r arm1 'ord]s1' & to :at he _h "u 8 left arm1 'c\nt]-ord]s4' ,b ! "m might be mu* bett] comp>$ to a giant ,bri>eus1 :o _h a hundr$ arms1 & a bundle ( pap]s "u ea*4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is n to be readily *ang$4 ,g5]ations mu/ pass be=e a great amelioration ( x c be expect$4 ,l political con/itutions1 educational sy/ems are n made1 b gr[2 & )9 brief p]iods gr[? is ins5sible4 ,sl[1 h[ev]1 z mu/ be any improvem5t1 ev5 t improvem5t implies ! use ( means2 & among ! means is discussion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are n among ^? :o believe 9 ,"l ,palm]/on's dogma1 t all *ildr5 are born good4 ,on ! :ole1 ! opposite dogma1 unt5able z x is1 seems to u less wide ( ! tru?4 ,nor d we agree ) ^? :o ?9k t1 by skilful discipl9e1 *ildr5 may be made altoge!r :at !y %\ld be4 ,contr>iwise1 we are satisfi$ t ?\gh imp]fections ( nature may be dim9i%$ by wise managem5t1 !y _c be remov$ by x4 ,! notion t an ideal humanity might be =?) produc$ by a p]fect sy/em ( education1 is ne> ak9 to t impli$ 9 ! poems ( ,%elley1 t w\ld mank9d give up _! old in/itutions & prejudices1 all ! evils 9 ! _w w\ld at once disappe>3 nei!r notion be+ acceptable to su* z h dispassionately /udi$ human affairs4 ,nev]!less1 we may fitly sympa?ise ) ^? :o ent]ta9 ^! too sangu9e hopes4 ,en?usiasm1 pu%$ ev5 to fanaticism1 is a useful motive-p[]--p]haps an indisp5sable "o4 ,x is cle> t ! ard5t politician w\ld nev] und]go ! lab\rs & make ! sacrifices he does1 did he n believe t ! re=m he fights = is ! "o ?+ ne$ful4 ,b = 8 conviction t drunk5ness is ! root ( all social evils1 ! teetotal] w\ld agitate f> less en]getically4 ,9 philan?ropy1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 great advantage results f division ( lab\r2 & t !re may be division ( lab\r1 ea* class ( philan?ropi/s mu/ be m or less subord9at$ to its function--mu/ h an exagg]at$ fai? 9 its "w4 ,h5ce1 ( ^? :o reg>d education1 intellectual or moral1 z ! panacea1 we may say t _! undue expectations are n )\t use2 & t p]haps x is "p ( ! b5efic5t ord] ( ?+s t _! confid5ce _c be %ak54 ,ev5 7 x true1 h[ev]1 t by "s possible sy/em ( moral control1 *ildr5 c\ld be m\ld$ into ! desir$ =m2 & ev5 c\ld e p>5t be indoctr9at$ ) ?is sy/em1 we %\ld /ill be f> f a*iev+ ! object 9 view4 ,x is =gott5 t ! c>ry+ out ( any su* sy/em presupposes1 on ! "p ( adults1 a degree ( intellig5ce1 ( goodness1 ( self-control1 possess$ by no "o4 ,! error made by ^? :o discuss que/ions ( dome/ic discipl9e1 lies 9 ascrib+ all ! faults & difficulties to ! *ildr51 & none to ! p>5ts4 ,! curr5t assumption respect+ family gov]nm5t1 z respect+ national gov]nm5t1 is1 t ! virtues are ) ! rul]s & ! vices ) ! rul$4 ,judg+ by educational !ories1 m5 & wom5 are entirely transfigur$ 9 _! relations to (fspr+4 ,! citiz5s we d bus9ess )1 ! p we meet 9 ! _w1 we "k to be v imp]fect creatures4 ,9 ! daily sc&als1 9 ! qu>rels ( fri5ds1 9 bankruptcy disclosures1 9 lawsuits1 9 police reports1 we h con/antly ?ru/ be=e u ! p]vad+ selfi%ness1 di%one/y1 brutality4 ,yet :5 we criticise nurs]y-managem5t & canvass ! misbehavi\r ( juv5iles1 we habitually take = grant$ t ^! culpable p]sons are free f moral del9qu5cy 9 ! treatm5t ( _! boys & girls6 ,s f> is ?is f ! tru?1 t we d n hesitate to blame p>5tal misconduct = a great "p ( ! dome/ic disord] commonly ascrib$ to ! p]v]sity ( *ildr54 ,we d n ass]t ?is ( ! m sympa!tic & self-re/ra9$1 among :om we hope mo/ ( our read]s may be class$2 b we ass]t x ( ! mass4 ,:at k9d ( moral culture is to be expect$ f a "m :o1 "t aft] "t1 angrily %akes h] infant because x w n suck2 :i* we once saw a "m d8 ,h[ mu* s5se ( ju/ice is likely to be in/ill$ by a fa!r :o1 on hav+ 8 att5tion drawn by a scream to ! fact t 8 *ild's f+] is jamm$ betwe5 ! w9d[-sa% & sill1 beg9s to beat ! *ild in/ead ( releas+ x8 ,yet t !re are su* fa!rs is te/ifi$ to u by an eye-witness4 ,or1 to take a /ill /rong] case1 also v\*$ = by direct te/imony--:at are ! educational prospects ( ! boy :o1 on be+ tak5 home ) a dislocat$ ?igh1 is salut$ ) a ca/igation8 ,x is true t ^! are extreme in/ances--in/ances exhibit+ 9 human be+s t bl9d in/9ct :i* impels brutes to de/roy ! weakly & injur$ ( _! own race4 ,b extreme ?\gh !y are1 !y typify feel+s & conduct daily obs]vable 9 _m families4 ,:o has n repeat$ly se5 a *ild slapp$ by nurse or p>5t = a fretfulness probably result+ f bodily d]angem5t8 ,:o1 :5 wat*+ a "m snat* up a fall5 little "o1 has n (t5 trac$1 bo? 9 ! r\gh mann] & 9 ! %>ply-utt]$ exclamation--,y /upid little ?+6--an irascibility =etell+ endless future squabbles8 ,is !re n 9 ! h>% tones 9 :i* a fa!r bids 8 *ildr5 be quiet1 evid5ce ( a defici5t fell[-feel+ ) !m8 ,are n ! con/ant1 & (t5 q ne$less1 ?w>t+s t ! "y exp]i5ce--! injunctions to sit /ill1 :i* an active *ild _c obey )\t suff]+ great n]v\s irritation1 ! comm&s n to look out ( ! w9d[ :5 travell+ by railway1 :i* on a *ild ( any intellig5ce entails s]i\s deprivation--are n ^! ?w>t+s1 we ask1 signs ( a t]rible lack ( sympa?y8 ,! tru? is1 t ! difficulties ( moral education are necess>ily ( dual orig9--necess>ily result f ! comb9$ faults ( p>5ts & *ildr54 ,if h]$it>y transmission is a law ( nature1 z e naturali/ kn[s x to be1 & z our daily rem>ks & curr5t prov]bs admit x to be2 !n1 on ! av]age ( cases1 ! defects ( *ildr5 mirror ! defects ( _! p>5ts2--on ! av]age ( cases1 we say1 because1 complicat$ z ! results are by ! transmitt$ traits ( remot] ance/ors1 ! correspond5ce is n special b only g5]al4 ,& if1 on ! av]age ( cases1 ?is inh]itance ( defects exi/s1 !n ! evil passions :i* p>5ts h to *eck 9 _! *ildr51 imply l evil passions 9 !mselves3 hidd51 x may be1 f ! public eye1 or p]haps obscur$ by o!r feel+s1 b /ill !re4 ,evid5tly1 !re=e1 ! g5]al practice ( any ideal sy/em ( discipl9e is hopeless3 p>5ts are n good en\gh4 ,moreov]1 ev5 7 !re me?ods by :i* ! desir$ end c\ld be at once effect$2 & ev5 _h fa!rs & mo!rs suffici5t insight1 sympa?y1 & self-comm& to employ ^! me?ods consi/5tly2 x might /ill be cont5d$ t x w\ld be ( no use to re=m family-gov]nm5t fa/] ?an o!r ?+s are re=m$4 ,:at is x t we aim to d8 ,is x n t education ( :atev] k9d has = its proximate end to prep>e a *ild = ! bus9ess ( life--to produce a citiz5 :o1 :ile he is well conduct$1 is also able to make 8 way 9 ! _w8 ,& does n mak+ 8 way 9 ! _w 7by :i* we mean1 n ! acquirem5t ( weal?1 b ( ! funds requisite = br++ up a family7--does n ?is imply a c]ta9 fitness = ! _w z x n[ is8 ,& if by any sy/em ( culture an ideal human be+ c\ld be produc$1 is x n d\btful :e!r he w\ld be fit = ! _w z x n[ is8 ,may we n1 on ! contr>y1 suspect t 8 too ke5 s5se ( rectitude1 & too elevat$ /&>d ( conduct1 w\ld make life intol]able or ev5 impossible8 ,& h[ev] admirable ! result might be1 consid]$ individually1 w\ld x n be self-defeat+ 9 s f> z society & po/]ity are conc]n$8 ,!re is mu* reason = ?9k+ t z 9 a nation s 9 a family1 ! k9d ( gov]nm5t is1 on ! :ole1 ab\t z good z ! g5]al /ate ( human nature p]mits x to be4 ,we may argue t 9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! av]age "* ( ! p det]m9es ! quality ( ! control ex]cis$4 ,9 bo? cases x may be inf]r$ t amelioration ( ! av]age "* leads to an amelioration ( sy/em2 & fur!r1 t 7 x possible to ameliorate ! sy/em )\t ! av]age "* be+ fir/ ameliorat$1 evil r ?an good w\ld foll[4 ,su* degree ( h>%ness z *ildr5 n[ exp]i5ce f _! p>5ts & tea*]s1 may be reg>d$ z b a prep>ation = t great] h>%ness :i* !y w meet on ent]+ ! _w4 ,& x may be urg$ t 7 x possible = p>5ts & tea*]s to treat !m ) p]fect equity & entire sympa?y1 x w\ld b int5sify ! suff]+s :i* ! selfi%ness ( m5 mu/1 9 aft] life1 inflict on !m4#a ,b does n ?is prove too mu*8 "s "o w ask4 ,if no sy/em ( moral tra9+ c =?) make *ildr5 :at !y %\ld be2 if1 ev5 7 !re a sy/em t w\ld d ?is1 exi/+ p>5ts are too imp]fect to c>ry x out2 & if ev5 c\ld su* a sy/em be successfully c>ri$ out1 its results w\ld be disa/r\sly incongru\s ) ! pres5t /ate ( society2 does x n foll[ t to re=m ! sy/em n[ 9 use is nei!r practicable nor desirable8 ,no4 ,x m]ely foll[s t re=m 9 dome/ic gov]nm5t mu/ g on1 p>i passu1 ) o!r re=ms4 ,x m]ely foll[s t me?ods ( discipl9e nei!r c be nor %\ld be ameliorat$1 except by in/alm5ts4 ,x m]ely foll[s t ! dictates ( ab/ract rectitude w1 9 practice1 inevitably be subord9at$ by ! pres5t /ate ( human nature--by ! imp]fections alike ( *ildr51 ( p>5ts1 & ( society2 & c only be bett] fulfill$ z ! g5]al "* becomes bett]4 ,at any rate1 !n1 may rejo9 our critic1 x is cle>ly useless to set up any ideal /&>d ( family discipl9e4 ,!re c be no advantage 9 elaborat+ & recomm5d+ me?ods t are 9 advance ( ! "t4 ,aga9 we cont5d = ! contr>y4 ,j z 9 ! case ( political gov]nm5t1 ?\gh pure rectitude may be at pres5t impracticable1 x is requisite to "k :]e ! "r lies1 9 ord] t ! *anges we make may be t[>ds ! "r in/ead ( away f x2 s1 9 ! case ( dome/ic gov]nm5t1 an ideal mu/ be upheld1 t !re may be gradual approximations to x4 ,we ne$ fe> no evil consequ5ces f ! ma9t5ance ( su* an ideal4 ,on ! av]age ! con/itutional cons]vatism ( mank9d is /rong en\gh to prev5t too rapid a *ange4 ,?+s are s organis$ t until m5 h gr[n up to ! level ( a high] belief1 !y _c receive x3 nom9ally1 !y may hold x1 b n virtually4 ,& ev5 :5 ! tru? gets recognis$1 ! ob/acles to con=mity ) x are s p]si/5t z to outlive ! pati5ce ( philan?ropi/s & ev5 ( philosoph]s4 ,we may be sure1 !re=e1 t ! difficulties 9 ! way ( a normal gov]nm5t ( *ildr51 w always put an adequate *eck ^u ! ef=ts to realise x4 ,) ^! prelim9>y explanations1 let u g on to consid] ! true aims & me?ods ( moral education4 ,aft] a few pages devot$ to ! settlem5t ( g5]al pr9ciples1 dur+ ! p]usal ( :i* we bespeak ! read]'s pati5ce1 we %all aim by illu/rations to make cle> ! "r me?ods ( p>5tal behavi\r 9 ! h\rly occurr+ difficulties ( family gov]nm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 a *ild falls1 or runs its head aga9/ ! table1 x suff]s a pa91 ! remembrance ( :i* t5ds to make x m c>eful2 & by repetition ( su* exp]i5ces1 x is ev5tually discipl9$ into prop] guidance ( its movem5ts4 ,if x lays hold ( ! fire-b>s1 ?ru/s its h& into a c&le-flame1 or spills boil+ wat] on any "p ( its sk91 ! result+ burn or scald is a lesson n easily =gott54 ,s deep an impression is produc$ by "o or two ev5ts ( ?is k9d1 t no p]suasion w aft]w>ds induce x ?us to disreg>d ! laws ( its con/itution4 ,n[ 9 ^! cases1 ,nature illu/rates to u 9 ! simple/ way1 ! true !ory & practice ( moral discipl9e--a !ory & practice :i*1 h[ev] mu* !y may seem to ! sup]ficial l ^? commonly receiv$1 we %all f9d on exam9ation to diff] f !m v widely4 ,obs]ve1 fir/1 t 9 bodily injuries & _! p5alties we h misconduct & its consequ5ces r$uc$ to _! simple/ =ms4 ,?\gh1 accord+ to _! popul> acceptations1 "r & wrong are words sc>cely applicable to actions t h none b direct bodily effects2 yet :oev] consid]s ! matt] w see t su* actions mu/ be z mu* classifiable "u ^! heads z any o!r actions4 ,f :atev] assumption !y />t1 all !ories ( morality agree t conduct ^: total results1 imm$iate & remote1 are b5eficial1 is good conduct2 :ile conduct ^: total results1 imm$iate & remote1 are injuri\s1 is bad conduct4 ,! ultimate /&>ds by :i* all m5 judge ( behavi\r1 are ! result+ happ9ess or mis]y4 ,we consid] drunk5ness wrong because ( ! physical deg5]acy & accompany+ moral evils entail$ on ! drunk>d & 8 dep5d5ts4 ,did !ft give pleasure bo? to tak] & los]1 we %\ld n f9d x 9 our catalogue ( s9s4 ,7 x conceivable t k9d actions multipli$ human suff]+s1 we %\ld condemn !m--%\ld n consid] !m k9d4 ,x ne$s b to read ! fir/ newspap]-lead]1 or li/5 to any conv]sation on social affairs1 to see t acts ( p>liam5t1 political movem5ts1 philan?ropic agitations1 9 common ) ! do+s ( individuals are judg$ by _! anticipat$ results 9 augm5t+ ! pleasures or pa9s ( m54 ,& if on analys+ all second>y sup]9duc$ ideas1 we f9d ^! to be our f9al te/s ( "r & wrong1 we _c refuse to class bodily conduct z "r or wrong accord+ to ! b5eficial or detrim5tal results produc$4 ,note1 9 ! second place1 ! "* ( ! puni%m5ts by :i* ^! physical transgressions are prev5t$4 ,puni%m5ts1 we call !m1 9 ! abs5ce ( a bett] ^w2 = !y are n puni%m5ts 9 ! lit]al s5se4 ,!y are n artificial & unnecess>y inflictions ( pa92 b are simply ! b5efic5t *ecks to actions t are ess5tially at v>iance ) bodily welf>e--*ecks 9 ! abs5ce ( :i* life w\ld be quickly de/roy$ by bodily injuries4 ,x is ! peculi>ity ( ^! p5alties1 if we mu/ s call !m1 t !y are simply ! unavoidable consequ5ces ( ! de$s :i* !y foll[3 !y are no?+ m ?an ! inevitable reactions entail$ by ! *ild's actions4 ,let x be fur!r borne 9 m9d t ^! pa9ful reactions are proportionate to ! transgressions4 ,a slight accid5t br+s a slight pa92 a m s]i\s "o1 a sev]] pa94 ,x is n orda9$ t an ur*9 :o tumbles ov] ! door/ep1 %all suff] 9 excess ( ! am\nt necess>y2 ) ! view ( mak+ x /ill m cauti\s ?an ! necess>y suff]+ w make x4 ,b f its daily exp]i5ce x is left to le>n ! great] or less p5alties ( great] or less errors2 & to behave accord+ly4 ,& !n m>k1 la/ly1 t ^! natural reactions :i* foll[ ! *ild's wrong actions1 are con/ant1 direct1 unhesitat+1 & n to be escap$4 ,no ?reats2 b a sil5t1 rigor\s p]=mance4 ,if a *ild runs a p9 into its f+]1 pa9 foll[s4 ,if x does x aga91 !re is aga9 ! same result3 & s on p]petually4 ,9 all its deal+ ) inorganic ,nature x f9ds ?is unsw]v+ p]si/5ce1 :i* li/5s to no excuse1 & f :i* !re is no appeal2 & v soon recognis+ ?is /]n ?\gh b5efic5t discipl9e1 x becomes extremely c>eful n to transgress4 ,/ill m significant w ^! g5]al tru?s appe>1 :5 we rememb] t !y hold ?r\gh\t adult life z well z ?r\gh\t infant9e life4 ,x is by an exp]im5tally-ga9$ k ( ! natural consequ5ces1 t m5 & wom5 are *eck$ :5 !y g wrong4 ,aft] home-education has ceas$1 & :5 !re are no long] p>5ts & tea*]s to =bid ?is or t k9d ( conduct1 !re comes into play a discipl9e l t by :i* ! "y *ild is tra9$ to self-guidance4 ,if ! y\? ent]+ on ! bus9ess ( life idles away 8 "t & fulfils sl[ly or unskilfully ! duties entru/$ to him1 !re by & by foll[s ! natural p5alty3 he is dis*>g$1 & left to suff] = a:ile ! evils ( a relative pov]ty4 ,on ! unpunctual man1 ev] miss+ 8 appo9tm5ts ( bus9ess & pleasure1 !re cont9ually fall ! consequ5t inconv5i5ces1 losses1 & deprivations4 ,! tradesm5 :o *>ges too high a rate ( pr(it1 loses 8 cu/om]s1 & s is *eck$ 9 8 gre$9ess4 ,dim9i%+ practice tea*es ! inatt5tive doctor to be/[ m tr\ble on 8 pati5ts4 ,! too cr$ul\s cr$itor & ! ov]-sangu9e speculator1 alike le>n by ! difficulties :i* ra%ness entails on !m1 ! necessity ( be+ m cauti\s 9 _! engagem5ts4 ,& s ?r\gh\t ! life ( e citiz54 ,9 ! quotation s (t5 made apropos ( su* cases--,! burnt *ild dreads ! fire--we see n only t ! analogy betwe5 ?is social discipl9e & ,nature's e>ly discipl9e ( infants is univ]sally recognis$2 b we also see an impli$ conviction t ?is discipl9e is ( ! mo/ effici5t k9d4 ,nay inde$1 ?is conviction is m ?an impli$2 x is di/9ctly /at$4 ,e "o has he>d o!rs confess t only by de>ly b\ght exp]i5ce _h !y be5 induc$ to give up "s bad or fooli% c\rse ( conduct =m]ly pursu$4 ,e "o has he>d1 9 ! criticism pass$ on ! do+s ( ?is sp5d?rift or ! o!r s*em]1 ! rem>k t advice 0 useless1 & t no?+ b bitt] exp]i5ce w\ld produce any effect3 no?+1 t is1 b suff]+ ! unavoidable consequ5ces4 ,& if fur!r pro( be ne$$ t ! natural reaction is n only ! mo/ effici5t p5alty1 b t no humanly-devis$ p5alty c replace x1 we h su* fur!r pro( 9 ! notori\s ill-success ( our v>i\s p5al sy/ems4 ,out ( ! _m me?ods ( crim9al discipl9e t h be5 propos$ & legally en=c$1 none h answ]$ ! expectations ( _! advocates4 ,artificial puni%m5ts h fail$ to produce re=mation2 & h 9 _m cases increas$ ! crim9ality4 ,! only successful re=matories are ^? privately-e/abli%$ ones :i* approximate _! regime to ! me?od ( ,nature--:i* d little m ?an adm9i/] ! natural consequ5ces ( crim9al conduct3 dim9i%+ ! crim9al's lib]ty ( action z mu* z is ne$ful = ! safety ( society1 & requir+ him to ma9ta9 himself :ile liv+ "u ?is re/ra9t4 ,?us we see1 bo? t ! discipl9e by :i* ! "y *ild is taught to regulate its movem5ts is ! discipl9e by :i* ! great mass ( adults are kept 9 ord]1 & m or less improv$2 & t ! discipl9e humanly-devis$ = ! wor/ adults1 fails :5 x div]ges f ?is div9ely-orda9$ discipl9e1 & beg9s to succe$ on approximat+ to x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h we n "h1 !n1 ! guid+ pr9ciple ( moral education8 ,mu/ we n inf] t ! sy/em s b5efic5t 9 its effects dur+ infancy & maturity1 w be equally b5efic5t ?r\gh\t y\?8 ,c any "o believe t ! me?od :i* answ]s s well 9 ! fir/ & ! la/ divisions ( life1 w n answ] 9 ! int]m$iate division8 ,is x n manife/ t z m9i/]s & int]pret]s ( ,nature x is ! function ( p>5ts to see t _! *ildr5 habitually exp]i5ce ! true consequ5ces ( _! conduct--! natural reactions3 nei!r w>d+ !m (f1 nor int5sify+ !m1 nor putt+ artificial consequ5ces 9 place ( !m8 ,no unprejudic$ read] w hesitate 9 8 ass5t4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 n a few w cont5d t already mo/ p>5ts d ?is--t ! puni%m5ts !y inflict are1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ! true consequ5ces ( ill-conduct--t p>5tal ang]1 v5t+ itself 9 h>% words & de$s1 is ! result ( a *ild's transgression--& t1 9 ! suff]+1 physical or moral1 :i* ! *ild is subject to1 x exp]i5ces ! natural reaction ( its misbehavi\r4 ,along ) mu* error ?is ass]tion conta9s "s tru?4 ,x is unque/ionable t ! displeasure ( fa!rs & mo!rs is a true consequ5ce ( juv5ile del9qu5cy2 & t ! manife/ation ( x is a normal *eck ^u su* del9qu5cy4 ,! scold+s1 & ?reats1 & bl[s1 :i* a passionate p>5t visits on (f5d+ little ones1 are d\btless effects actually drawn f su* a p>5t by _! (f5ces2 & s are1 9 "s sort1 to be consid]$ z among ! natural reactions ( _! wrong actions4 ,nor are we prep>$ to say t ^! modes ( treatm5t are n relatively "r--"r1 t is1 9 relation to ! uncontrollable *ildr5 ( ill-controll$ adults2 & "r 9 relation to a /ate ( society 9 :i* su* ill-controll$ adults make up ! mass ( ! p4 ,z already sugge/$1 educational sy/ems1 l political & o!r in/itutions1 are g5]ally z good z ! /ate ( human nature p]mits4 ,! b>b>\s *ildr5 ( b>b>\s p>5ts are probably only to be re/ra9$ by ! b>b>\s me?ods :i* su* p>5ts spontane\sly employ2 :ile submission to ^! b>b>\s me?ods is p]haps ! be/ prep>ation su* *ildr5 c h = ! b>b>\s society 9 :i* !y are pres5tly to play a "p4 ,conv]sely1 ! civilis$ memb]s ( a civilis$ society w spontane\sly manife/ _! displeasure 9 less viol5t ways--w spontane\sly use mild] measures--measures /rong en\gh = _! bett]-natur$ *ildr54 ,?us x is true t1 9 s f> z ! expression ( p>5tal feel+ is conc]n$1 ! pr9ciple ( ! natural reaction is always m or less foll[$4 ,! sy/em ( dome/ic gov]nm5t ev] gravitates t[>ds its "r =m4 ,b n[ obs]ve two important facts4 ,! fir/ fact is t1 9 /ates ( rapid transition l ours1 :i* witness a cont9u\s battle betwe5 old & new !ories & old & new practices1 ! educational me?ods 9 use are apt to be consid]ably out ( h>mony ) ! times4 ,9 def]5ce to dogmas fit only = ! ages t utt]$ !m1 _m p>5ts inflict puni%m5ts t d viol5ce to _! own feel+s1 & s visit on _! *ildr5 unnatural reactions2 :ile o!r p>5ts1 en?usia/ic 9 _! hopes ( imm$iate p]fection1 ru% to ! opposite extreme4 ,! second fact is1 t ! discipl9e ( *ief value is n ! exp]i5ce ( p>5tal approbation or disapprobation2 b x is ! exp]i5ce ( ^? results :i* w\ld ultimately fl[ f ! conduct 9 ! abs5ce ( p>5tal op9ion or int]f]5ce4 ,! truly in/ructive & salut>y consequ5ces are n ^? inflict$ by p>5ts :5 !y take ^u !mselves to be ,nature's proxies2 b !y are ^? inflict$ by ,nature h]self4 ,we w endeav\r to make ?is di/9ction cle> by a few illu/rations1 :i*1 :ile !y %[ :at we mean by natural reactions z contra/$ ) artificial ones1 w af=d "s practical sugge/ions4 ,9 e family :]e !re are "y *ildr5 !re daily occur cases ( :at mo!rs & s]vants call mak+ a litt]4 ,a *ild has _h out its box ( toys1 & leaves !m scatt]$ ab\t ! floor4 ,or a h&ful ( fl[]s1 br\ght 9 f a morn+ walk1 is pres5tly se5 disp]s$ ov] tables & *airs4 ,or a little girl1 mak+ doll's-clo!s1 disfigures ! room ) %r$s4 ,9 mo/ cases ! tr\ble ( rectify+ ?is disord] falls any:]e b :]e x %\ld4 ,occurr+ 9 ! nurs]y1 ! nurse h]self1 ) _m grumbl+s ab\t tiresome little ?+s1 und]takes ! task2 if bel[-/airs1 ! task usually devolves ei!r on "o ( ! eld] *ildr5 or on ! h\semaid3 ! transgressor be+ visit$ ) no?+ m ?an a scold+4 ,9 ?is v simple case1 h[ev]1 !re are _m p>5ts wise en\gh to foll[ out1 m or less consi/5tly1 ! normal c\rse--t ( mak+ ! *ild itself collect ! toys or %r$s4 ,! lab\r ( putt+ ?+s 9 ord] is ! true consequ5ce ( hav+ put !m 9 disord]4 ,e trad] 9 8 (fice1 e wife 9 h] h\sehold1 has daily exp]i5ce ( ?is fact4 ,& if education be a prep>ation = ! bus9ess ( life1 !n e *ild %\ld also1 f ! beg9n+1 h daily exp]i5ce ( ?is fact4 ,if ! natural p5alty be met by refractory behavi\r 7:i* x may p]haps be :]e ! sy/em ( moral discipl9e previ\sly pursu$ has be5 bad71 !n ! prop] c\rse is to let ! *ild feel ! ult]ior reaction caus$ by its disob$i5ce4 ,hav+ refus$ or neglect$ to pick up & put away ! ?+s x has scatt]$ ab\t1 & hav+ !reby entail$ ! tr\ble ( do+ ?is on "s "o else1 ! *ild %\ld1 on subsequ5t occasions1 be d5i$ ! means ( giv+ ?is tr\ble4 ,:5 next x petitions = its toy-box1 ! reply ( its mamma %\ld be--,! la/ "t y _h y\r toys y left !m ly+ on ! floor1 & ,jane _h to pick !m up4 ,jane is too busy to pick up e day ! ?+s y leave ab\t2 & ,i _c d x myself4 ,s t1 z y w n put away y\r toys :5 y h done ) !m1 ,i _c let y h !m4 ,?is is obvi\sly a natural consequ5ce1 nei!r increas$ nor less5$2 & mu/ be s recognis$ by a *ild4 ,! p5alty comes1 too1 at ! mom5t :5 x is mo/ ke5ly felt4 ,a new-born desire is balk$ at ! mom5t ( anticipat$ gratification2 & ! /rong impression s produc$ c sc>cely fail to h an effect on ! future conduct3 an effect :i*1 by consi/5t repetition1 w d :atev] c be done 9 cur+ ! fault4 ,add to :i*1 t1 by ?is me?od1 a *ild is e>ly taught ! lesson :i* _c be le>nt too soon1 t 9 ?is _w ( ours pleasures are rightly to be obta9$ only by lab\r4 ,take ano!r case4 ,n long s9ce we _h frequ5tly to he> ! reprim&s visit$ on a little girl :o 0 sc>cely ev] ready 9 "t = ! daily walk4 ,( eag] disposition1 & apt to become absorb$ 9 ! occupation ( ! mom5t1 ,con/ance nev] ?\ght ( putt+ on h] ?+s till ! re/ 7 ready4 ,! gov]ness & ! o!r *ildr5 _h almo/ inv>iably to wait2 & f ! mamma !re almo/ inv>iably came ! same scold+4 ,utt]ly z ?is sy/em fail$1 x nev] occurr$ to ! mamma to let ,con/ance exp]i5ce ! natural p5alty4 ,nor1 inde$1 w\ld %e try x :5 x 0 sugge/$ to h]4 ,9 ! _w1 unread9ess entails ! loss ( "s advantage t w\ld else h be5 ga9$3 ! tra9 is gone2 or ! /eam-boat is j leav+ its moor+s2 or ! be/ ?+s 9 ! m>ket are sold2 or all ! good seats 9 ! conc]t-room are fill$4 ,& e "o1 9 cases p]petually occurr+1 may see t x is ! prospective deprivations :i* prev5t p f be+ too late4 ,is n ! inf]5ce obvi\s8 ,%\ld n ! prospective deprivations control a *ild's conduct also8 ,if ,con/ance is n ready at ! appo9t$ "t1 ! natural result is t ( be+ left beh9d1 & los+ h] walk4 ,& aft] hav+ once or twice rema9$ at home :ile ! re/ 7 enjoy+ !mselves 9 ! fields--aft] hav+ felt t ?is loss ( a mu*-priz$ gratification 0 solely due to want ( promptitude2 am5dm5t w\ld 9 all probability take place4 ,at any rate1 ! measure w\ld be m effective ?an t p]petual scold+ :i* ends only 9 produc+ call\sness4 ,aga91 :5 *ildr51 ) m ?an usual c>elessness1 break or lose ! ?+s giv5 to !m1 ! natural p5alty--! p5alty :i* makes gr[n-up p]sons m c>eful--is ! consequ5t inconv5i5ce4 ,! lack ( ! lo/ or damag$ article1 & ! co/ ( replac+ x1 are ! exp]i5ces by :i* m5 & wom5 are discipl9$ 9 ^! matt]s2 & ! exp]i5ces ( *ildr5 %\ld be z mu* z possible assimilat$ to !irs4 ,we d n ref] to t e>ly p]iod at :i* toys are pull$ to pieces 9 ! process ( le>n+ _! physical prop]ties1 & at :i* ! results ( c>elessness _c be und]/ood2 b to a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! mean+ & advantages ( prop]ty are p]ceiv$4 ,:5 a boy1 old en\gh to possess a p5knife1 uses x s r\ghly z to snap ! blade1 or leaves x 9 ! grass by "s h$ge-side :]e he 0 cutt+ a /ick1 a ?\ghtless p>5t1 or "s indulg5t relative1 w commonly =?) buy him ano!r1 n see+ t1 by do+ ?is1 a valuable lesson is prev5t$4 ,9 su* a case1 a fa!r may prop]ly expla9 t p5knives co/ money1 & t to get money requires lab\r2 t he _c af=d to pur*ase new p5knives = "o :o loses or breaks !m2 & t until he sees evid5ce ( great] c>efulness he mu/ decl9e to make good ! loss4 ,a p>allel discipl9e w s]ve to *eck extravagance4 ,^! few famili> in/ances1 "h *os5 because ( ! simplicity ) :i* !y illu/rate our po9t1 w make cle> to e "o ! di/9ction betwe5 ^? natural p5alties :i* we cont5d are ! truly effici5t ones1 & ^? artificial p5alties commonly sub/itut$ = !m4 ,be=e go+ on to exhibit ! high] & subtl] applications ( ! pr9ciple exemplifi$1 let u note its _m & great sup]iorities ov] ! pr9ciple1 or r ! empirical practice1 :i* prevails 9 mo/ families4 ,"o sup]iority is t ! pursuance ( x g5]ates "r conceptions ( cause & effect2 :i* by frequ5t & consi/5t exp]i5ce are ev5tually r5d]$ def9ite & complete4 ,prop] conduct 9 life is mu* bett] gu>ante$ :5 ! good & evil consequ5ces ( actions are und]/ood1 ?an :5 !y are m]ely believ$ on au?ority4 ,a *ild :o f9ds t disord]l9ess entails ! tr\ble ( putt+ ?+s 9 ord]1 or :o misses a gratification f dilator9ess1 or ^: c>elessness is foll[$ by ! want ( "s mu*-priz$ possession1 n only suff]s a ke5ly-felt consequ5ce1 b ga9s a k ( causation3 bo? ! "o & ! o!r be+ j l ^? :i* adult life w br+4 ,:]eas a *ild :o 9 su* cases receives a reprim&1 or "s factiti\s p5alty1 n only exp]i5ces a consequ5ce = :i* x (t5 c>es v little1 b misses t in/ruction respect+ ! ess5tial natures ( good & evil conduct1 :i* x w\ld else h ga!r$4 ,x is a vice ( ! common sy/em ( artificial rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 long s9ce notic$ by ! cle>-sight$1 t by sub/itut+ = ! natural results ( misbehavi\r c]ta9 tasks or ca/igations1 x produces a radically wrong moral /&>d4 ,hav+ ?r\gh\t infancy & boyhood always reg>d$ p>5tal or tutorial displeasure z ! *ief result ( a =bidd5 action1 ! y\? has ga9$ an e/abli%$ association ( ideas betwe5 su* action & su* displeasure1 z cause & effect4 ,h5ce :5 p>5ts & tutors h abdicat$1 & _! displeasure is n to be fe>$1 ! re/ra9ts on =bidd5 actions are 9 great measure remov$3 ! true re/ra9ts1 ! natural reactions1 hav+ yet to be le>nt by sad exp]i5ce4 ,z writes "o :o has _h p]sonal k ( ?is %ort-sight$ sy/em3--,"y m5 let loose f s*ool1 p>ticul>ly ^? ^: p>5ts h neglect$ to ex]t _! influ5ce1 plunge into e description ( extravagance2 !y "k no rule ( action--!y are ignorant ( ! reasons = moral conduct--!y h no f\ndation to re/ ^u--& until !y h be5 sev]ely discipl9$ by ! _w are extremely dang]\s memb]s ( society4 ,ano!r great advantage ( ?is natural discipl9e is1 t x is a discipl9e ( pure ju/ice2 & w be recognis$ z su* by e *ild4 ,:oso suff]s no?+ m ?an ! evil :i* 9 ! ord] ( nature results f 8 own misbehavi\r1 is mu* less likely to ?9k himself wrongly treat$ ?an if he suff]s an artificially inflict$ evil2 & ?is w hold ( *ildr5 z ( m54 ,take ! case ( a boy :o is habitually reckless ( 8 clo!s--scrambles ?r\gh h$ges )\t caution1 or is utt]ly reg>dless ( mud4 ,if he is beat51 or s5t to b$1 he is apt to consid] himself ill-us$2 & is m likely to brood ov] 8 injuries ?an to rep5t ( 8 transgressions4 ,b suppose he is requir$ to rectify z f> z possible ! h>m he has done--to clean (f ! mud ) :i* he has cov]$ himself1 or to m5d ! te> z well z he c4 ,w he n feel t ! evil is "o ( 8 own produc+8 ,w he n :ile pay+ ?is p5alty be cont9u\sly consci\s ( ! connection betwe5 x & its cause8 ,& w he n1 spite 8 irritation1 recognise m or less cle>ly ! ju/ice ( ! arrangem5t8 ,if sev]al lessons ( ?is k9d fail to produce am5dm5t--if suits ( clo!s are prematurely spoil$--if ! fa!r1 pursu+ ?is same sy/em ( discipl9e1 decl9es to sp5d money = new ones until ! ord9>y "t has elaps$--& if mean:ile1 !re occur occasions on :i*1 hav+ no dec5t clo!s to g 91 ! boy is deb>r$ f jo9+ ! re/ ( ! family on holiday excursions & fete days1 x is manife/ t :ile he w ke5ly feel ! puni%m5t1 he c sc>cely fail to trace ! *a9 ( causation1 & to p]ceive t 8 own c>elessness is ! orig9 ( x4 ,& see+ ?is1 he w n h any su* s5se ( inju/ice z if !re 7 no obvi\s connection betwe5 ! transgression & its p5alty4 ,aga91 ! temp]s bo? ( p>5ts & *ildr5 are mu* less liable to be ruffl$ "u ?is sy/em ?an "u ! ord9>y sy/em4 ,:5 in/ead ( lett+ *ildr5 exp]i5ce ! pa9ful results :i* naturally foll[ f wrong conduct1 p>5ts !mselves inflict c]ta9 o!r pa9ful results1 !y produce d\ble mis*ief4 ,mak+1 z !y d1 multipli$ family laws2 & id5tify+ _! own supremacy & dignity ) ! ma9t5ance ( ^! laws2 e transgression is reg>d$ z an (f5ce aga9/ !mselves1 & a cause ( ang] on _! "p4 ,& !n come ! fur!r vexations :i* result f tak+ ^u !mselves1 9 ! %ape ( extra lab\r or co/1 ^? evil consequ5ces :i* %\ld h be5 all[$ to fall on ! wrong-do]s4 ,simil>ly ) ! *ildr54 ,p5alties :i* ! necess>y reaction ( ?+s br+s r\nd ^u !m--p5alties :i* are inflict$ by imp]sonal ag5cy1 produce an irritation t is comp>atively slight & transi5t2 :]eas1 p5alties volunt>ily inflict$ by a p>5t1 & aft]w>ds ?\ght ( z caus$ by him or h]1 produce an irritation bo? great] & m cont9u$4 ,j consid] h[ disa/r\s w\ld be ! result if ?is empirical me?od 7 pursu$ f ! beg9n+4 ,suppose x 7 possible = p>5ts to take ^u !mselves ! physical suff]+s entail$ on _! *ildr5 by ignorance & awkw>dness2 & t :ile be>+ ^! evil consequ5ces !y visit$ on _! *ildr5 c]ta9 o!r evil consequ5ces1 ) ! view ( tea*+ !m ! impropriety ( _! conduct4 ,suppose t :5 a *ild1 :o _h be5 =bidd5 to m$dle ) ! kettle1 spilt boil+ wat] on its foot1 ! "m vic>i\sly assum$ ! scald & gave a bl[ 9 place ( x2 & simil>ly 9 all o!r cases4 ,w\ld n ! daily mi%aps be s\rces ( f> m ang] ?an n[8 ,w\ld !re n be *ronic ill-temp] on bo? sides8 ,yet an exactly p>allel policy is pursu$ 9 aft]-ye>s4 ,a fa!r :o beats 8 boy = c>elessly or wilfully break+ a si/]'s toy1 & !n himself pays = a new toy1 does sub/antially ?is same ?+--inflicts an artificial p5alty on ! transgressor1 & takes ! natural p5alty on himself3 8 own feel+s & ^? ( ! transgressor be+ alike ne$lessly irritat$4 ,did he simply require re/itution to be made1 he w\ld produce f> less he>t-burn+4 ,if he told ! boy t a new toy mu/ be b\ght at 81 ! boy's1 co/2 & t 8 supply ( pocket-money mu/ be )held to ! ne$ful ext5t2 !re w\ld be mu* less di/urbance ( temp] on ei!r side3 :ile 9 ! deprivation aft]w>ds felt1 ! boy w\ld exp]i5ce ! equitable & salut>y consequ5ce4 ,9 brief1 ! sy/em ( discipl9e by natural reactions is less injuri\s to temp]1 bo? because x is p]ceiv$ to be no?+ m ?an pure ju/ice1 & because x 9 great "p sub/itutes ! imp]sonal ag5cy ( ,nature = ! p]sonal ag5cy ( p>5ts4 ,:5ce also foll[s ! manife/ coroll>y1 t "u ?is sy/em ! p>5tal & filial relation1 be+ a m fri5dly1 w be a m influ5tial "o4 ,:e!r 9 p>5t or *ild1 ang]1 h[ev] caus$1 & to :omsoev] direct$1 is detrim5tal4 ,b ang] 9 a p>5t t[>ds a *ild1 & 9 a *ild t[>ds a p>5t1 is especially detrim5tal2 because x weak5s t bond ( sympa?y :i* is ess5tial to b5efic5t control4 ,f ! law ( association ( ideas1 x inevitably results1 bo? 9 "y & old1 t dislike is contract$ t[>ds ?+s :i* 9 exp]i5ce are habitually connect$ ) disagreeable feel+s4 ,or :]e atta*m5t orig9ally exi/$1 x is dim9i%$1 or turn$ into repugnance1 accord+ to ! quantity ( pa9ful impressions receiv$4 ,p>5tal wra?1 v5t+ itself 9 reprim&s & ca/igations1 _c fail1 if (t5 repeat$1 to produce filial ali5ation2 :ile ! res5tm5t & sulk9ess ( *ildr5 _c fail to weak5 ! affection felt = !m1 & may ev5 end 9 de/roy+ x4 ,h5ce ! num]\s cases 9 :i* p>5ts 7& especially fa!rs1 :o are commonly deput$ to inflict ! puni%m5t7 are reg>d$ ) indiff]5ce1 if n ) av]sion2 & h5ce ! equally num]\s cases 9 :i* *ildr5 are look$ ^u z inflictions4 ,see+ !n1 z all mu/ d1 t e/rangem5t ( ?is k9d is fatal to a salut>y moral culture1 x foll[s t p>5ts _c be too solicit\s 9 avoid+ occasions ( direct antagonism ) _! *ildr54 ,& !re=e !y _c too anxi\sly avail !mselves ( ?is discipl9e ( natural consequ5ces2 :i*1 by reliev+ !m f p5al functions1 prev5ts mutual exasp]ations & e/rangem5ts4 ,! me?od ( moral culture by exp]i5ce ( ! normal reactions1 :i* is ! div9ely-orda9$ me?od alike = infancy & = adult life1 we ?us f9d to be equally applicable dur+ ! int]m$iate *ildhood & y\?4 ,among ! advantages ( ?is me?od we see3--,fir/3 t x gives t rational k ( "r & wrong conduct :i* results f p]sonal exp]i5ce ( _! good & bad consequ5ces4 ,second3 t ! *ild1 suff]+ no?+ m ?an ! pa9ful effects ( its own wrong actions1 mu/ recognise m or less cle>ly ! ju/ice ( ! p5alties4 ,?ird3 t recognis+ ! ju/ice ( ! p5alties1 & receiv+ !m ?r\gh ! work+ ( ?+s r ?an at ! h&s ( an individual1 its temp] is less di/urb$2 :ile ! p>5t fulfill+ ! comp>atively passive duty ( lett+ ! natural p5alties be felt1 pres]ves a comp>ative equanimity4 ,f\r?3 t mutual exasp]ations be+ ?us prev5t$1 a mu* happi]1 & a m influ5tial relation1 w exi/ betwe5 p>5t & *ild4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b :at is to be done 9 cases ( m s]i\s misconduct8 "s w ask4 ,h[ is ?is plan to be c>ri$ out :5 a petty !ft has be5 committ$8 or :5 a lie has be5 told8 or :5 "s y\ng] bro!r or si/] has be5 ill-us$8 ,be=e reply+ to ^! que/ions1 let u consid] ! be>+s ( a few illu/rative facts4 ,liv+ 9 ! family ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 a fri5d ( ours _h und]tak5 ! education ( 8 little nephew & niece4 ,?is he _h conduct$1 m p]haps f natural sympa?y ?an f reason$-out conclusions1 9 ! _s ( ! me?od above set =?4 ,! two *ildr5 7 9 doors 8 pupils & out ( doors 8 companions4 ,!y daily jo9$ him 9 walks & botanis+ excursions1 eag]ly s\ght plants = him1 look$ on :ile he exam9$ & id5tifi$ !m1 & 9 ?is & o!r ways 7 ev] ga9+ pleasure & in/ruction 9 8 society4 ,9 %ort1 morally consid]$1 he /ood to !m mu* m 9 ! position ( p>5t ?an ei!r _! fa!r or "m did4 ,describ+ to u ! results ( ?is policy1 he gave1 among o!r in/ances1 ! foll[+4 ,"o ev5+1 hav+ ne$ = "s article ly+ 9 ano!r "p ( ! h\se1 he ask$ 8 nephew to fet* x4 ,int]e/$ z ! boy 0 9 "s amusem5t ( ! mom5t1 he1 contr>y to 8 wont1 ei!r exhibit$ great reluctance or refus$1 we =get :i*4 ,8 uncle1 disapprov+ ( a co]cive c\rse1 w5t himself = t :i* he want$3 m]ely exhibit+ by 8 mann] ! annoyance ?is ill-behavi\r gave him4 ,& :51 lat] 9 ! ev5+1 ! boy made ov]tures = ! usual play1 !y 7 gravely repell$--! uncle manife/$ j t coldness naturally produc$ 9 him2 & s let ! boy feel ! necess>y consequ5ces ( 8 conduct4 ,next morn+ at ! usual "t = ris+1 our fri5d he>d a new voice outside ! door1 & 9 walk$ 8 little nephew ) ! hot wat]4 ,pe]+ ab\t ! room to see :at else c\ld be done1 ! boy !n exclaim$1 ,oh6 y want y\r boots2 & =?) ru%$ d[n/airs to fet* !m4 ,9 ?is & o!r ways he %[$ a true p5it5ce = 8 misconduct4 ,he endeav\r$ by unusual s]vices to make up = ! s]vice he _h refus$4 ,8 bett] feel+s _h made a real conque/ ov] 8 l[] ones2 & acquir$ /r5g? by ! victory4 ,& hav+ felt :at x 0 to be )\t x1 he valu$ m ?an be=e ! fri5d%ip he ?us rega9$4 ,?is g5tleman is n[ himself a fa!r2 acts on ! same sy/em2 & f9ds x answ] completely4 ,he makes himself ?or\ghly 8 *ildr5's fri5d4 ,! ev5+ is long$ = by !m because he w be at home2 & !y especially enjoy ,sunday because he is ) !m all day4 ,?us possess+ _! p]fect confid5ce & affection1 he f9ds t ! simple display ( 8 approbation or disapprobation gives him abundant p[] ( control4 ,if1 on 8 return home1 he he>s t "o ( 8 boys has be5 naughty1 he behaves t[>ds him ) t coolness :i* ! consci\sness ( ! boy's misconduct naturally produces2 & he f9ds ?is a mo/ effici5t puni%m5t4 ,! m]e )hold+ ( ! usual c>esses1 is a s\rce ( mu* di/ress--produces a m prolong$ fit ( cry+ ?an a beat+ w\ld d4 ,& ! dread ( ?is purely moral p5alty is1 he says1 ev] pres5t dur+ 8 abs5ce3 s mu* s1 t frequ5tly dur+ ! day 8 *ildr5 ask _! mamma h[ !y h behav$1 & :e!r ! report w be good4 ,rec5tly1 ! elde/1 an active ur*9 ( five1 9 "o ( ^? bur/s ( animal spirits common 9 heal?y *ildr51 committ$ sundry extravagances dur+ 8 mamma's abs5ce--cut (f "p ( 8 bro!r's hair & w\nd$ himself ) a razor tak5 f 8 fa!r's dress+-case4 ,he>+ ( ^! occurr5ces on 8 return1 ! fa!r did n speak to ! boy ei!r t night or next morn+4 ,besides ! imm$iate tribulation ! effect 01 t :51 a few days aft]1 ! mamma 0 ab\t to g out1 %e 0 entreat$ by ! boy n to d s2 & on inquiry1 x appe>$ 8 fe> 0 t he might aga9 transgress 9 h] abs5ce4 ,we h introduc$ ^! facts be=e reply+ to ! "q--,:at is to be done ) ! grav] (f5ces8 = ! purpose ( fir/ exhibit+ ! relation t may & ought to be e/abli%$ betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr52 = on ! exi/5ce ( ?is relation dep5ds ! successful treatm5t ( ^! grav] (f5ces4 ,& z a fur!r prelim9>y1 we mu/ n[ po9t out t ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is relation w result f adopt+ ! sy/em "h advocat$4 ,already we h %[n t by simply lett+ a *ild exp]i5ce ! pa9ful reactions ( its own wrong actions1 a p>5t avoids antagonism & escapes be+ reg>d$ z an enemy2 b x rema9s to be %[n t :]e ?is c\rse has be5 consi/5tly pursu$ f ! beg9n+1 a feel+ ( active fri5d%ip w be g5]at$4 ,at pres5t1 mo!rs & fa!rs are mo/ly consid]$ by _! (fspr+ z fri5d enemies4 ,det]m9$ z ! impressions ( *ildr5 inevitably are by ! treatm5t !y receive2 & oscillat+ z t treatm5t does betwe5 brib]y & ?w>t+1 betwe5 pett+ & scold+1 betwe5 g5tl5ess & ca/igation2 !y necess>ily acquire conflict+ beliefs respect+ ! p>5tal "*4 ,a "m commonly ?9ks x suffici5t to tell h] little boy t %e is 8 be/ fri5d2 & assum+ t he ought to believe h]1 concludes t he w d s4 ,x is all = y\r good2 ,i "k :at is prop] = y bett] ?an y d y\rself2 ,y are n old en\gh to und]/& x n[1 b :5 y gr[ up y w ?ank me = do+ :at ,i d2--^!1 & l ass]tions1 are daily reit]at$4 ,mean:ile ! boy is daily suff]+ positive p5alties2 & is h\rly =bidd5 to d ?is1 t1 & ! o!r1 :i* he wi%es to d4 ,by words he he>s t 8 happ9ess is ! end 9 view2 b f ! accompany+ de$s he habitually receives m or less pa94 ,incompet5t z he is to und]/& t future :i* 8 "m has 9 view1 or h[ ?is treatm5t conduces to ! happ9ess ( t future1 he judges by ! results he feels2 & f9d+ su* results any?+ b pleasurable1 he becomes sceptical respect+ h] pr(essions ( fri5d%ip4 ,& is x n folly to expect any o!r issue8 ,mu/ n ! *ild reason f ! evid5ce he has got8 & does n ?is evid5ce seem to w>rant 8 conclusion8 ,! "m w\ld reason 9 j ! same way if simil>ly plac$4 ,if1 among h] acqua9tance1 %e f\nd "s "o :o 0 con/antly ?w>t+ h] wi%es1 utt]+ %>p reprim&s1 & occasionally inflict+ actual p5alties on h]1 %e w\ld pay small att5tion to any pr(essions ( anxiety = h] welf>e :i* accompani$ ^! acts4 ,:y1 !n1 does %e suppose t h] boy w d o!rwise8 ,b n[ obs]ve h[ diff]5t w be ! results if ! sy/em we cont5d = be consi/5tly pursu$--if ! "m n only avoids becom+ ! in/rum5t ( puni%m5t1 b plays ! "p ( a fri5d1 by w>n+ h] boy ( ! puni%m5ts :i* ,nature w inflict4 ,take a case2 & t x may illu/rate ! mode 9 :i* ?is policy is to be e>ly initiat$1 let x be "o ( ! simple/ cases4 ,suppose t1 prompt$ by ! exp]im5tal _s s conspicu\s 9 *ildr51 ^: proce$+s in/9ctively con=m to ! inductive me?od ( inquiry--suppose t s prompt$1 ! boy is amus+ himself by light+ pieces ( pap] 9 ! c&le & wat*+ !m burn4 ,a "m ( ! ord9>y unreflective /amp1 w ei!r1 on ! plea ( keep+ him out ( mis*ief1 or f fe> t he w burn himself1 comm& him to desi/2 & 9 case ( non-compliance w snat* ! pap] f him4 ,b1 %\ld he be =tunate en\gh to h a "m ( "s rationality1 :o kn[s t ?is int]e/ ) :i* he is wat*+ ! pap] burn1 results f a heal?y inquisitiv5ess1 & :o has also ! wisdom to consid] ! results ( int]f]5ce1 %e w reason ?us3--,if ,i put a /op to ?is ,i %all prev5t ! acquirem5t ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( k4 ,x is true t ,i may save ! *ild f a burn2 b :at !n8 ,he is sure to burn himself sometime2 & x is q ess5tial to 8 safety 9 life t he %\ld le>n by exp]i5ce ! prop]ties ( flame4 ,if ,i =bid him f runn+ ?is pres5t risk1 he w c]ta9ly h]eaft] run ! same or a great] risk :5 no "o is pres5t to prev5t him2 :]eas1 %\ld he h an accid5t n[ t ,i am by1 ,i c save him f any great injury4 ,moreov]1 7 ,i to make him desi/1 ,i %\ld ?w>t him 9 ! pursuit ( :at is 9 itself a purely h>mless1 & inde$1 in/ructive gratification2 & he w\ld reg>d me ) m or less ill-feel+4 ,ignorant z he is ( ! pa9 f :i* ,i w\ld save him1 & feel+ only ! pa9 ( a balk$ desire1 he c\ld n fail to look on me z ! cause ( t pa94 ,to save him f a hurt :i* he _c conceive1 & :i* has !re=e no exi/5ce = him1 ,i hurt him 9 a way :i* he feels ke5ly en\gh2 & s become1 f 8 po9t ( view1 a m9i/] ( evil4 ,my be/ c\rse !n1 is simply to w>n him ( ! dang]1 & to be ready to prev5t any s]i\s damage4 ,& foll[+ out ?is conclusion1 %e says to ! *ild--,i fe> y w hurt y\rself if y d t4 ,suppose1 n[1 t ! boy1 p]sev]+ z he w probably d1 ends by burn+ 8 h&4 ,:at are ! results8 ,9 ! fir/ place he has ga9$ an exp]i5ce :i* he mu/ ga9 ev5tually1 & :i*1 = 8 own safety1 he _c ga9 too soon4 ,& 9 ! second place1 he has f\nd t 8 "m's disapproval or w>n+ 0 meant = 8 welf>e3 he has a fur!r positive exp]i5ce ( h] b5evol5ce--a fur!r reason = plac+ confid5ce 9 h] judgm5t & k9dness--a fur!r reason = lov+ h]4 ,( c\rse1 9 ^? occasional haz>ds :]e !re is a risk ( brok5 limbs or o!r s]i\s injury1 =cible prev5tion is call$ =4 ,b leav+ out extreme cases1 ! sy/em pursu$ %\ld be1 n t ( gu>d+ a *ild f ! small risks :i* x daily runs1 b t ( advis+ & w>n+ x aga9/ !m4 ,& by pursu+ ?is c\rse1 a mu* /rong] filial affection w be g5]at$ ?an commonly exi/s4 ,if "h1 z else:]e1 ! discipl9e ( ! natural reactions is all[$ to come into play--if 9 ^? out-door scrambl+s & 9-door exp]im5ts1 by :i* *ildr5 are liable to injure !mselves1 !y are all[$ to p]si/1 subject only to dissuasion m or less e>ne/ accord+ to ! dang]1 !re _c fail to arise an ev]-increas+ fai? 9 ! p>5tal fri5d%ip & guidance4 ,n only1 z be=e %[n1 does ! adoption ( ?is c\rse enable fa!rs & mo!rs to avoid ! odium :i* atta*es to ! infliction ( positive puni%m5t2 b1 z we "h see1 x enables !m to avoid ! odium :i* atta*es to con/ant ?w>t+s2 & ev5 to turn ^? incid5ts t commonly cause squabbles1 into a means ( /r5g!n+ ! mutual good feel+4 ,in/ead ( be+ told 9 words1 :i* de$s seem to contradict1 t _! p>5ts are _! be/ fri5ds1 *ildr5 w le>n ?is tru? by a consi/5t daily exp]i5ce2 & s le>n+ x1 w acquire a degree ( tru/ & atta*m5t :i* no?+ else c give4 ,& n[1 hav+ indicat$ ! m sympa!tic relation :i* mu/ result f ! habitual use ( ?is me?od1 let u return to ! "q above put--,h[ is ?is me?od to be appli$ to ! grav] (f5ces8 ,note1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ^! grav] (f5ces are likely to be bo? less frequ5t & less grave "u ! regime we h describ$ ?an "u ! ord9>y regime4 ,! ill-behavi\r ( _m *ildr5 is itself a consequ5ce ( t *ronic irritation 9 :i* !y are kept by bad managem5t4 ,! /ate ( isolation & antagonism produc$ by frequ5t puni%m5t1 necess>ily dead5s ! sympa?ies2 necess>ily1 !re=e1 op5s ! way to ^? transgressions :i* ! sympa?ies *eck4 ,t h>% treatm5t :i* *ildr5 ( ! same family inflict on ea* o!r1 is (t51 9 great measure1 a reflex ( ! h>% treatm5t !y receive f adults--p>tly sugge/$ by direct example1 & p>tly g5]at$ by ! ill-temp] & ! t5d5cy to vic>i\s retaliation1 :i* foll[ *a/isem5ts & scold+s4 ,x _c be que/ion$ t ! great] activity ( ! affections & happi] /ate ( feel+1 ma9ta9$ 9 *ildr5 by ! discipl9e we h describ$1 mu/ prev5t !m f s9n+ aga9/ ea* o!r s gravely & s frequ5tly4 ,! /ill m repreh5sible (f5ces1 z lies & petty !fts1 w1 by ! same causes1 be dim9i%$4 ,dome/ic e/rangem5t is a fruitful s\rce ( su* transgressions4 ,x is a law ( human nature1 visible en\gh to all :o obs]ve1 t ^? :o are deb>r$ ! high] gratifications fall back ^u ! l[]2 ^? :o h no sympa!tic pleasures seek selfi% ones2 & h5ce1 conv]sely1 ! ma9t5ance ( happi] relations betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 is calculat$ to dim9i% ! numb] ( ^? (f5ces ( :i* selfi%ness is ! orig94 ,:51 h[ev]1 su* (f5ces are committ$1 z !y w occasionally be ev5 "u ! be/ sy/em1 ! discipl9e ( consequ5ces may /ill be resort$ to2 & if !re exi/s t bond ( confid5ce & affection above describ$1 ?is discipl9e w be effici5t4 ,= :at are ! natural consequ5ces1 say1 ( a !ft8 ,!y are ( two k9ds--direct & indirect4 ,! direct consequ5ce1 z dictat$ by pure equity1 is t ( mak+ re/itution4 ,a j rul] 7& e p>5t %\ld aim to be "o7 w dem& t1 :5 possible1 a wrong act %all be undone by a "r "o2 & 9 ! case ( !ft ?is implies ei!r ! re/oration ( ! ?+ /ol51 or1 if x is consum$1 ! giv+ ( an equival5t3 :i*1 9 ! case ( a *ild1 may be effect$ out ( its pocket-money4 ,! indirect & m s]i\s consequ5ce is ! grave displeasure ( p>5ts--a consequ5ce :i* inevitably foll[s among all peoples civilis$ en\gh to reg>d !ft z a crime4 ,b1 x w be said1 ! manife/ation ( p>5tal displeasure1 ei!r 9 words or bl[s1 is ! ord9>y c\rse 9 ^! cases3 ! me?od leads "h to no?+ new4 ,v true4 ,already we h admitt$ t1 9 "s directions1 ?is me?od is spontane\sly pursu$4 ,already we h %[n t !re is a t5d5cy = educational sy/ems to gravitate t[>ds ! true sy/em4 ,& "h we may rem>k1 z be=e1 t ! int5sity ( ?is natural reaction w1 9 ! b5efic5t ord] ( ?+s1 adju/ itself to ! requirem5ts--t ?is p>5tal displeasure w v5t itself 9 viol5t measures dur+ comp>atively b>b>\s times1 :5 *ildr5 are also comp>atively b>b>\s2 & w express itself less cruelly 9 ^? m advanc$ social /ates 9 :i*1 by implication1 ! *ildr5 are am5able to mild] treatm5t4 ,b :at x *iefly conc]ns u "h to obs]ve is1 t ! manife/ation ( /rong p>5tal displeasure1 produc$ by "o ( ^! grav] (f5ces1 w be pot5t = good1 j 9 proportion to ! w>m? ( ! atta*m5t exi/+ betwe5 p>5t & *ild4 ,j 9 proportion z ! discipl9e ( natural consequ5ces has be5 consi/5tly pursu$ 9 o!r cases1 w x be effici5t 9 ?is case4 ,pro( is )9 ! exp]i5ce ( all1 if !y w look = x4 ,= does n e "o "k t :5 he has (f5d$ ano!r1 ! am\nt ( regret he feels 7( c\rse1 leav+ worldly consid]ations out ( ! "q7 v>ies ) ! degree ( sympa?y he has = t o!r8 ,is he n consci\s t :5 ! p]son (f5d$ is an enemy1 ! hav+ giv5 him annoyance is apt to be a s\rce r ( secret satisfaction ?an ( sorr[8 ,does he n rememb] t :]e umbrage has be5 tak5 by "s total /rang]1 he has felt mu* less conc]n ?an he w\ld h done _h su* umbrage be5 tak5 by "o ) :om he 0 intimate8 ,:ile1 conv]sely1 has n ! ang] ( an admir$ & *]i%$ fri5d be5 reg>d$ by him z a s]i\s mis=tune1 long & ke5ly regrett$8 ,well1 ! effects ( p>5tal displeasure on *ildr5 mu/ simil>ly v>y ) ! pre-exi/+ relation%ip4 ,:]e !re is an e/abli%$ ali5ation1 ! feel+ ( a *ild :o has transgress$ is a purely selfi% fe> ( ! imp5d+ physical p5alties or deprivations2 & aft] ^! h be5 inflict$1 ! injuri\s antagonism & dislike :i* result1 add to ! ali5ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 :]e !re exi/s a w>m filial affection produc$ by a consi/5t p>5tal fri5d%ip1 ! /ate ( m9d caus$ by p>5tal displeasure is n only a salut>y *eck to future misconduct ( l k9d1 b is intr9sically salut>y4 ,! moral pa9 consequ5t on hav+1 = ! "t be+1 lo/ s lov$ a fri5d1 /&s 9 place ( ! physical pa9 usually inflict$2 & proves equally1 if n m1 effici5t4 ,:ile in/ead ( ! fe> & v9dictiv5ess excit$ by ! "o c\rse1 !re are excit$ by ! o!r a sympa?y ) p>5tal sorr[1 a g5u9e regret = hav+ caus$ x1 & a desire1 by "s atonem5t1 to ree/abli% ! fri5dly relation%ip4 ,in/ead ( br++ into play ^? egoti/ic feel+s ^: pr$om9ance is ! cause ( crim9al acts1 !re are br\ght into play ^? altrui/ic feel+s :i* *eck crim9al acts4 ,?us ! discipl9e ( natural consequ5ces is applicable to grave z well z trivial faults2 & ! practice ( x conduces n simply to ! repression1 b to ! eradication ( su* faults4 ,9 brief1 ! tru? is t savag5ess begets savag5ess1 & g5tl5ess begets g5tl5ess4 ,*ildr5 :o are unsympa!tically treat$ become unsympa!tic2 :]eas treat+ !m ) due fell[-feel+ is a means ( cultivat+ _! fell[-feel+4 ,) family gov]nm5ts z ) political ones1 a h>% despotism itself g5]ates a great "p ( ! crimes x has to repress2 :ile on ! o!r h& a mild & lib]al rule bo? avoids _m causes ( diss5sion1 & s ameliorates ! tone ( feel+ z to dim9i% ! t5d5cy to transgression4 ,z ,john ,locke long s9ce rem>k$1 ,great sev]ity ( puni%m5t does b v little good1 nay1 great h>m1 9 education2 & ,i believe x w be f\nd t1 caet]is p>ibus1 ^? *ildr5 :o h be5 mo/ *a/is$ seldom make ! be/ m54 ,9 confirmation ( :i* op9ion we may cite ! fact n long s9ce made public by ,mr4 ,rog]s1 ,*apla9 ( ! ,p5tonville ,prison1 t ^? juv5ile crim9als :o h be5 :ipp$ are ^? :o mo/ frequ5tly return to prison4 ,conv]sely1 ! b5eficial effects ( a k9d] treatm5t are well illu/rat$ 9 a fact /at$ to u by a ,fr5* lady1 9 ^: h\se we rec5tly /ay$ 9 ,p>is4 ,apologis+ = ! di/urbance daily caus$ by a little boy :o 0 unmanageable bo? at home & at s*ool1 %e express$ h] fe> t !re 0 no rem$y save t :i* _h succe$$ 9 ! case ( an eld] bro!r2 namely1 s5d+ him to an ,engli% s*ool4 ,%e expla9$ t at v>i\s s*ools 9 ,p>is ?is eld] bro!r _h prov$ utt]ly untractable2 t 9 despair !y _h foll[$ ! advice to s5d him to ,engl&2 & t on 8 return home he 0 z good z he _h be=e be5 bad4 ,?is rem>kable *ange %e ascrib$ entirely to ! comp>ative mildness ( ! ,engli% discipl9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ! =ego+ exposition ( pr9ciples1 our rema9+ space may be/ be occupi$ by a few ( ! *ief maxims & rules d$ucible f !m2 & ) a view to brevity we w put ^! 9 a hortatory =m4 ,d n expect f a *ild any great am\nt ( moral goodness4 ,dur+ e>ly ye>s e civilis$ man passes ?r\gh t phase ( "* exhibit$ by ! b>b>\s race f :i* he is desc5d$4 ,z ! *ild's features--flat nose1 =w>d-op5+ no/rils1 l>ge lips1 wide-ap>t eyes1 abs5t frontal s9us1 etc4--resemble = a "t ^? ( ! savage1 s1 too1 d 8 in/9cts4 ,h5ce ! t5d5cies to cruelty1 to ?iev+1 to ly+1 s g5]al among *ildr5--t5d5cies :i*1 ev5 )\t ! aid ( discipl9e1 w become m or less modifi$ j z ! features d4 ,! popul> idea t *ildr5 are innoc5t1 :ile x is true ) respect to evil k1 is totally false ) respect to evil impulses2 z half an h\r's obs]vation 9 ! nurs]y w prove to any "o4 ,boys :5 left to !mselves1 z at public s*ools1 treat ea* o!r m brutally ?an m5 d2 & 7 !y left to !mselves at an e>li] age _! brutality w\ld be /ill m conspicu\s4 ,n only is x unwise to set up a high /&>d ( good conduct = *ildr51 b x is ev5 unwise to use v urg5t incitem5ts to good conduct4 ,already mo/ p recognise ! detrim5tal results ( intellectual precocity2 b !re rema9s to be recognis$ ! fact t moral precocity also has detrim5tal results4 ,our high] moral faculties1 l our high] intellectual ones1 are comp>atively complex4 ,by consequ5ce1 bo? are comp>atively late 9 _! evolution4 ,& ) ! "o z ) ! o!r1 an e>ly activity produc$ by /imulation w be at ! exp5se ( ! future "*4 ,h5ce ! n uncommon anomaly t ^? :o dur+ *ildhood 7 models ( juv5ile goodness1 by & by und]go a seem+ly inexplicable *ange = ! worse1 & end by be+ n above b bel[ p>2 :ile relatively exempl>y m5 are (t5 ! issue ( a *ildhood by no means promis+4 ,be cont5t1 !re=e1 ) mod]ate measures & mod]ate results4 ,be> 9 m9d t a high] morality1 l a high] intellig5ce1 mu/ be rea*$ by sl[ gr[?2 & y w !n h pati5ce ) ^? imp]fections :i* y\r *ild h\rly displays4 ,y w be less prone to t con/ant scold+1 & ?reat5+1 & =bidd+1 by :i* _m p>5ts induce a *ronic dome/ic irritation1 9 ! fooli% hope t !y w ?us make _! *ildr5 :at !y %\ld be4 ,?is lib]al =m ( dome/ic gov]nm5t1 :i* does n seek despotically to regulate all ! details ( a *ild's conduct1 necess>ily results f ! sy/em we advocate4 ,satisfy y\rself ) see+ t y\r *ild always suff]s ! natural consequ5ces ( 8 actions1 & y w avoid t excess ( control 9 :i* s _m p>5ts err4 ,leave him :]ev] y c to ! discipl9e ( exp]i5ce1 & y w save him f t hot-h\se virtue :i* ov]-regulation produces 9 yield+ natures1 or t demoralis+ antagonism :i* x produces 9 indep5d5t ones4 ,by aim+ 9 all cases to insure ! natural reactions to y\r *ild's actions1 y w put an advantage\s *eck on y\r own temp]4 ,! me?od ( moral education pursu$ by _m1 we fe> by mo/1 p>5ts1 is little else ?an t ( v5t+ _! ang] 9 ! way t fir/ sugge/s itself4 ,! slaps1 & r\gh %ak+s & %>p words1 ) :i* a "m commonly visits h] (fspr+'s small (f5ces 7_m ( !m n (f5ces consid]$ intr9sically71 are g5]ally b ! manife/ations ( h] ill-controll$ feel+s--result mu* m f ! prompt+s ( ^? feel+s ?an f a wi% to b5efit ! (f5d]s4 ,b by paus+ 9 ea* case ( transgression to consid] :at is ! normal consequ5ce1 & h[ x may be/ be br\ght home to ! transgressor1 "s little "t is obta9$ = ! ma/]y ( y\rself2 ! m]e bl9d ang] fir/ ar\s$ settles d[n into a less vehem5t feel+1 & "o n s likely to mislead y4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 seek to behave z a passionless in/rum5t4 ,rememb] t besides ! natural reactions to y\r *ild's actions :i* ! work+ ( ?+s t5ds to br+ r\nd on him1 y\r own approbation or disapprobation is also a natural reaction1 & "o ( ! orda9$ ag5cies = guid+ him4 ,! error we h be5 combat+ is t ( sub/itut+ p>5tal displeasure & its artificial p5alties1 = ! p5alties :i* ,nature has e/abli%$4 ,b :ile x %\ld n be sub/itut$ = ^! natural p5alties1 we by no means argue t x %\ld n1 9 "s =m1 accompany !m4 ,?\gh ! second>y k9d ( puni%m5t %\ld n usurp ! place ( ! prim>y k9d2 x may1 9 mod]ation1 rightly supplem5t ! prim>y k9d4 ,su* am\nt ( sorr[ or indignation z y feel1 %\ld be express$ 9 words or mann]2 subject1 ( c\rse1 to ! approval ( y\r judgm5t4 ,! k9d & degree ( feel+ produc$ 9 y w necess>ily dep5d on y\r own "*2 & x is !re=e useless to say x %\ld be ?is or t4 ,nev]!less1 y may endeav\r to modify ! feel+ into t :i* y believe ought to be ent]ta9$4 ,bew>e1 h[ev]1 ( ! two extremes2 n only 9 respect ( ! int5sity1 b 9 respect ( ! duration1 ( y\r displeasure4 ,on ! "o h&1 avoid t weak impulsiv5ess1 s g5]al among mo!rs1 :i* scolds & =gives almo/ 9 ! same brea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 d n unduly cont9ue to %[ e/rangem5t ( feel+1 le/ y accu/om y\r *ild to d )\t y\r fri5d%ip1 & s lose y\r influ5ce ov] him4 ,! moral reactions call$ =? f y by y\r *ild's actions1 y %\ld z mu* z possible assimilate to ^? :i* y conceive w\ld be call$ =? f a p>5t ( p]fect nature4 ,be sp>+ ( comm&s4 ,comm& only :5 o!r means are inapplicable1 or h fail$4 ,9 frequ5t ord]s ! p>5ts' advantage is m consid]$ ?an ! *ild's1 says ,ri*t]4 ,z 9 primitive societies a brea* ( law is puni%$1 n s mu* because x is intr9sically wrong z because x is a disreg>d ( ! k+'s au?ority--a rebellion aga9/ him2 s 9 _m families1 ! p5alty visit$ on a transgressor is prompt$ less by reprobation ( ! (f5ce ?an by ang] at ! disob$i5ce4 ,li/5 to ! ord9>y spee*es--,h[ d>e y disobey me8 ,i tell y ,i'll make y d x1 sir4 ,i'll soon tea* y :o is ma/]--& !n consid] :at ! words1 ! tone1 & ! mann] imply4 ,a det]m9ation to subjugate is f> m conspicu\s 9 !m1 ?an anxiety = ! *ild's welf>e4 ,= ! "t be+ ! attitude ( m9d diff]s b little f t ( a despot b5t on puni%+ a recalcitrant subject4 ,! "r-feel+ p>5t1 h[ev]1 l ! philan?ropic legislator1 w rejoice n 9 co]cion1 b 9 disp5s+ ) co]cion4 ,he w d )\t law :]ev] o!r modes ( regulat+ conduct c be successfully employ$2 & he w regret ! hav+ rec\rse to law :5 law is necess>y4 ,z ,ri*t] rem>ks--,! be/ rule 9 politics is said to be 'pas trop g\v]n]3' x is also true 9 education4 ,& 9 spontane\s con=mity ) ?is maxim1 p>5ts ^: lu/ ( dom9ion is re/ra9$ by a true s5se ( duty1 w aim to make _! *ildr5 control !mselves z mu* z possible1 & w fall back ^u absolutism only z a la/ resort4 ,b :5ev] y d comm&1 comm& ) decision & consi/5cy4 ,if ! case is "o :i* really _c be o!rwise dealt )1 !n issue y\r fiat1 & hav+ issu$ x1 nev] aft]w>ds sw]ve f x4 ,consid] well :at y are go+ to d2 weigh all ! consequ5ces2 ?9k :e!r y h adequate firmness ( purpose2 & !n1 if y f9ally make ! law1 en=ce ob$i5ce at :atev] co/4 ,let y\r p5alties be l ! p5alties inflict$ by inanimate ,nature--inevitable4 ,! hot c9d] burns a *ild ! fir/ "t he seizes x2 x burns him ! second "t2 x burns him ! ?ird "t2 x burns him e "t2 & he v soon le>ns n to t\* ! hot c9d]4 ,if y are equally consi/5t--if ! consequ5ces :i* y tell y\r *ild w foll[ specifi$ acts1 foll[ ) l uni=mity1 he w soon come to respect y\r laws z he does ^? ( ,nature4 ,& ?is respect once e/abli%$1 w prev5t endless dome/ic evils4 ,( errors 9 education "o ( ! wor/ is inconsi/5cy4 ,z 9 a community1 crimes multiply :5 !re is no c]ta9 adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 s 9 a family1 an imm5se increase ( transgressions results f a hesitat+ or irregul> infliction ( puni%m5ts4 ,a weak "m1 :o p]petually ?reat5s & r>ely p]=ms--:o makes rules 9 ha/e & rep5ts ( !m at leisure--:o treats ! same (f5ce n[ ) sev]ity & n[ ) l5i5cy1 z ! pass+ hum\r dictates1 is lay+ up mis]ies = h]self & h] *ildr54 ,%e is mak+ h]self contemptible 9 _! eyes2 %e is sett+ !m an example ( uncontroll$ feel+s2 %e is enc\rag+ !m to transgress by ! prospect ( probable impunity3 %e is entail+ endless squabbles & accompany+ damage to h] own temp] & ! temp]s ( h] little ones2 %e is r$uc+ _! m9ds to a moral *aos1 :i* aft] ye>s ( bitt] exp]i5ce w ) difficulty br+ into ord]4 ,bett] ev5 a b>b>\s =m ( dome/ic gov]nm5t c>ri$ out consi/5tly1 ?an a humane "o inconsi/5tly c>ri$ out4 ,aga9 we say1 avoid co]cive measures :5ev] x is possible to d s2 b :5 y f9d despotism really necess>y1 be despotic 9 good e>ne/4 ,rememb] t ! aim ( y\r discipl9e %\ld be to produce a self-gov]n+ be+2 n to produce a be+ to be gov]n$ by o!rs4 ,7 y\r *ildr5 fat$ to pass _! lives z slaves1 y c\ld n too mu* accu/om !m to slav]y dur+ _! *ildhood2 b z !y are by & by to be free m51 ) no "o to control _! daily conduct1 y _c too mu* accu/om !m to self-control :ile !y are /ill "u y\r eye4 ,?is x is :i* makes ! sy/em ( discipl9e by natural consequ5ces s especially appropriate to ! social /ate :i* we 9 ,engl& h n[ rea*$4 ,9 feudal times1 :5 "o ( ! *ief evils ! citiz5 _h to fe> 0 ! ang] ( 8 sup]iors1 x 0 well t dur+ *ildhood1 p>5tal v5geance %\ld be a *ief means ( gov]nm5t4 ,b n[ t ! citiz5 has little to fe> f any "o--n[ t ! good or evil :i* he exp]i5ces is ma9ly t :i* 9 ! ord] ( ?+s results f 8 own conduct1 he %\ld f 8 fir/ ye>s beg9 to le>n1 exp]im5tally1 ! good or evil consequ5ces :i* naturally foll[ ?is or t conduct4 ,aim1 !re=e1 to dim9i% ! p>5tal gov]nm5t1 z fa/ z y c sub/itute = x 9 y\r *ild's m9d t self-gov]nm5t aris+ f a =esight ( results4 ,dur+ infancy a consid]able am\nt ( absolutism is necess>y4 ,a ?ree-ye> old ur*9 play+ ) an op5 razor1 _c be all[$ to le>n by ?is discipl9e ( consequ5ces2 = ! consequ5ces may be too s]i\s4 ,b z intellig5ce increases1 ! numb] ( p]emptory int]f]5ces may be1 & %\ld be1 dim9i%$1 ) ! view ( gradually end+ !m z maturity is approa*$4 ,all transitions are dang]\s2 & ! mo/ dang]\s is ! transition f ! re/ra9t ( ! family circle to ! non-re/ra9t ( ! _w4 ,h5ce ! importance ( pursu+ ! policy we advocate2 :i*1 by cultivat+ a boy's faculty ( self-re/ra9t1 by cont9ually increas+ ! degree 9 :i* he is left to 8 self-re/ra9t1 & by s br++ him1 /ep by /ep1 to a /ate ( unaid$ self-re/ra9t1 oblit]ates ! ord9>y sudd5 & haz>d\s *ange f ext]nally-gov]n$ y\? to int]nally-gov]n$ maturity4 ,let ! hi/ory ( y\r dome/ic rule typify1 9 little1 ! hi/ory ( our political rule3 at ! outset1 autocratic control1 :]e control is really ne$ful2 by & by an incipi5t con/itutionalism1 9 :i* ! lib]ty ( ! subject ga9s "s express recognition2 successive ext5sions ( ?is lib]ty ( ! subject2 gradually end+ 9 p>5tal abdication4 ,d n regret ! display ( consid]able self-w on ! "p ( y\r *ildr54 ,x is ! correlative ( t dim9i%$ co]civ5ess s conspicu\s 9 mod]n education4 ,! great] t5d5cy to ass]t fre$om ( action on ! "o side1 corresponds to ! small] t5d5cy to tyrannise on ! o!r4 ,!y bo? indicate an approa* to ! sy/em ( discipl9e we cont5d =1 "u :i* *ildr5 w be m & m l$ to rule !mselves by ! exp]i5ce ( natural consequ5ces2 & !y are bo? accompanim5ts ( our m advanc$ social /ate4 ,! indep5d5t ,engli% boy is ! fa!r ( ! indep5d5t ,engli% man2 & y _c h ! la/ )\t ! fir/4 ,g]man tea*]s say t !y _h r manage a doz5 ,g]man boys ?an "o ,engli% "o4 ,%all we1 !re=e1 wi% t our boys _h ! manageabl5ess ( ,g]man ones1 & ) x ! submissiv5ess & political s]fdom ( adult ,g]mans8 ,or %all we n r tol]ate 9 our boys ^? feel+s :i* make !m free m51 & modify our me?ods accord+ly8 ,la/ly1 always recollect t to educate rightly is n a simple & easy ?+1 b a complex & extremely difficult ?+1 ! h>de/ task :i* devolves on adult life4 ,! r\gh-&-ready /yle ( dome/ic gov]nm5t is inde$ practicable by ! meane/ & mo/ uncultivat$ intellects4 ,slaps & %>p words are p5alties t sugge/ !mselves alike to ! lea/ reclaim$ b>b>ian & ! /olide/ peasant4 ,ev5 brutes c use ?is me?od ( discipl9e2 z y may see 9 ! gr[l & half-bite ) :i* a bit* w *eck a too-exigeant puppy4 ,b if y w\ld c>ry out ) success a rational & civilis$ sy/em1 y mu/ be prep>$ = consid]able m5tal ex]tion--= "s /udy1 "s +5uity1 "s pati5ce1 "s self-control4 ,y w h habitually to consid] :at are ! results :i* 9 adult life foll[ c]ta9 k9ds ( acts2 & y mu/ !n devise me?ods by :i* p>allel results %all be entail$ on ! p>allel acts ( y\r *ildr54 ,x w daily be ne$ful to analyse ! motives ( juv5ile conduct--to di/+ui% betwe5 acts t are really good & ^? :i*1 ?\gh simulat+ !m1 proce$ f inf]ior impulses2 :ile y w h to be ev] on y\r gu>d aga9/ ! cruel mi/ake n unfrequ5tly made1 ( translat+ neutral acts into transgressions1 or ascrib+ worse feel+s ?an 7 ent]ta9$4 ,y mu/ m or less modify y\r me?od to suit ! disposition ( ea* *ild2 & mu/ be prep>$ to make fur!r modifications z ea* *ild's disposition ent]s on a new phase4 ,y\r fai? w (t5 be tax$ to ma9ta9 ! requisite p]sev]ance 9 a c\rse :i* seems to produce little or no effect4 ,especially if y are deal+ ) *ildr5 :o h be5 wrongly treat$1 y mu/ be prep>$ = a l5g!n$ trial ( pati5ce be=e succe$+ ) bett] me?ods2 s9ce t :i* is n easy ev5 :]e a "r /ate ( feel+ has be5 e/abli%$ f ! beg9n+1 becomes d\bly difficult :5 a wrong /ate ( feel+ has to be set "r4 ,n only w y h con/antly to analyse ! motives ( y\r *ildr51 b y w h to analyse y\r own motives--to discrim9ate betwe5 ^? int]nal sugge/ions spr++ f a true p>5tal solicitude & ^? :i* spr+ f y\r own selfi%ness1 y\r love ( ease1 y\r lu/ ( dom9ion4 ,& !n1 m try+ /ill1 y w h n only to detect1 b to curb ^! bas] impulses4 ,9 brief1 y w h to c>ry on y\r own high] education at ! same "t t y are educat+ y\r *ildr54 ,intellectually y mu/ cultivate to good purpose t mo/ complex ( subjects--human nature & its laws1 z exhibit$ 9 y\r *ildr51 9 y\rself1 & 9 ! _w4 ,morally1 y mu/ keep 9 con/ant ex]cise y\r high] feel+s1 & re/ra9 y\r l[]4 ,x is a tru? yet rema9+ to be recognis$1 t ! la/ /age 9 ! m5tal developm5t ( ea* man & woman is to be rea*$ only ?r\gh a prop] dis*>ge ( ! p>5tal duties4 ,& :5 ?is tru? is recognis$1 x w be se5 h[ admirable is ! arrangem5t ?r\gh :i* human be+s are l$ by _! /ronge/ affections to subject !mselves to a discipl9e t !y w\ld else elude4 ,:ile "s w reg>d ?is conception ( education z x %\ld be ) d\bt & disc\ragem5t1 o!rs w1 we ?9k1 p]ceive 9 ! exalt$ ideal :i* x involves1 evid5ce ( its tru?4 ,t x _c be realis$ by ! impulsive1 ! unsympa!tic1 & ! %ort-sight$1 b dem&s ! high] attributes ( human nature1 !y w see to be evid5ce ( its fitness = ! m advanc$ /ates ( humanity4 ,?\gh x calls = mu* lab\r & self-sacrifice1 !y w see t x promises an abundant return ( happ9ess1 imm$iate & remote4 ,!y w see t :ile 9 its injuri\s effects on bo? p>5t & *ild a bad sy/em is twice curs$1 a good sy/em is twice bless$--x blesses him t tra9s & him t's tra9$4 #a ,( ?is nature is ! plea put 9 by "s = ! r\gh treatm5t exp]i5c$ by boys at our public s*ools2 :]e1 z x is said1 !y are introduc$ to a m9iature _w ^: h>d%ips prep>e !m = ^? ( ! real _w4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! plea has "s =ce2 b x is a v insuffici5t plea4 ,= :]eas dome/ic & s*ool discipl9e1 ?\gh !y %\ld n be mu* bett] ?an ! discipl9e ( adult life1 %\ld be some:at bett]2 ! discipl9e :i* boys meet ) at ,eton1 ,w9*e/]1 ,h>r[1 etc41 is worse ?an t ( adult life--m unju/ & cruel4 ,in/ead ( be+ an aid to human progress1 :i* all culture %\ld be1 ! culture ( our public s*ools1 by accu/om+ boys to a despotic =m ( gov]nm5t & an int]c\rse regulat$ by brute =ce1 t5ds to fit !m = a l[] /ate ( society ?an t :i* exi/s4 ,& *iefly recruit$ z our legislature is f among ^? :o are br\ght up at su* s*ools1 ?is b>b>is+ influ5ce becomes a h9drance to national progress4 ,,physical ,,education ,equally at ! squire's table aft] ! )drawal ( ! ladies1 at ! f>m]s' m>ket-ord9>y1 & at ! village ale-h\se1 ! topic :i*1 aft] ! political "q ( ! day1 excites ! mo/ g5]al int]e/1 is ! managem5t ( animals4 ,rid+ home f hunt+1 ! conv]sation usually gravitates t[>ds horse-bre$+1 & p$igrees1 & comm5ts on ?is or t good po9t2 :ile a day on ! moors is v unlikely to end )\t some?+ be+ said on ! treatm5t ( dogs4 ,:5 cross+ ! fields toge!r f *ur*1 ! t5ants ( adjac5t f>ms are apt to pass f criticisms on ! s]mon to criticisms on ! wea!r1 ! crops1 & ! /ock2 & !nce to slide into discussions on ! v>i\s k9ds ( fodd] & _! fe$+ qualities4 ,hodge & ,giles1 aft] comp>+ notes ov] _! respective pig-/yes1 %[ by _! rem>ks t !y h be5 obs]vant ( _! ma/]s' bea/s & %eep2 & ( ! effects produc$ on !m by ?is or t k9d ( treatm5t4 ,nor is x only among ! rural population t ! regulations ( ! k5nel1 ! /able1 ! c[-%$1 & ! %eep-p51 are fav\rite subjects4 ,9 t[ns1 too1 ! num]\s artisans :o keep dogs1 ! "y m5 :o are ri* en\gh to n[ & !n indulge _! sport+ t5d5cies1 & _! m /aid s5iors :o talk ov] agricultural progress or read ,mr4 ,me*i's annual reports & ,mr4 ,caird's lett]s to ! ,times1 =m1 :5 add$ toge!r1 a l>ge portion ( ! inhabitants4 ,take ! adult males ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 & a great majority w be f\nd to %[ "s int]e/ 9 ! bre$+1 re>+1 or tra9+ ( animals1 ( "o k9d or o!r4 ,b1 dur+ aft]-d9n] conv]sations1 or at o!r times ( l int]c\rse1 :o he>s any?+ said ab\t ! re>+ ( *ildr58 ,:5 ! c\ntry g5tleman has paid 8 daily visit to ! /able1 & p]sonally inspect$ ! condition & treatm5t ( 8 horses2 :5 he has glanc$ at 8 m9or live /ock1 & giv5 directions ab\t !m2 h[ (t5 does he g up to ! nurs]y & exam9e into its diet>y1 its h\rs1 its v5tilation8 ,on 8 libr>y-%elves may be f\nd ,:ite's ,f>ri]y1 ,/eph5s's ,book ( ! ,f>m1 ,nimrod on ! ,condition ( ,hunt]s2 & ) ! cont5ts ( ^! he is m or less famili>2 b h[ _m books has he read on ! managem5t ( infancy & *ildhood8 ,! fatt5+ prop]ties ( oil-cake1 ! relative values ( hay & *opp$ /raw1 ! dang]s ( unlimit$ clov]1 are po9ts on :i* e l&lord1 f>m]1 & peasant has "s k2 b :at p]c5tage ( !m inquire :e!r ! food !y give _! *ildr5 is adapt$ to ! con/itutional ne$s ( gr[+ boys & girls8 ,p]haps ! bus9ess-int]e/s ( ^! classes w be assign$ z acc\nt+ = ?is anomaly4 ,! explanation is inadequate1 h[ev]2 see+ t ! same contra/ holds among o!r classes4 ,( a score ( t[nspeople1 few1 if any1 w\ld prove ignorant ( ! fact t x is undesirable to "w a horse soon aft] x has eat52 & yet1 ( ?is same score1 suppos+ !m all to be fa!rs1 probably n "o w\ld be f\nd :o _h consid]$ :e!r ! "t elaps+ betwe5 8 *ildr5's d9n] & _! resumption ( lessons 0 suffici5t4 ,inde$1 on cross-exam9ation1 ne>ly e man w\ld disclose ! lat5t op9ion t ! regim5 ( ! nurs]y 0 no conc]n ( 84 ,oh1 ,i leave all ^? ?+s to ! wom51 w\ld probably be ! reply4 ,& 9 mo/ cases ! tone ( ?is reply w\ld convey ! implication1 t su* c>es are n consi/5t ) mascul9e dignity4 ,reg>d$ f any b a conv5tional po9t ( view1 ! fact seems /range t :ile ! rais+ ( fir/-rate bullocks is an occupation on :i* educat$ m5 will+ly be/[ mu* "t & ?\ght1 ! br++ up ( f9e human be+s is an occupation tacitly vot$ unwor?y ( _! att5tion4 ,mammas :o h be5 taught little b languages1 music1 & accompli%m5ts1 aid$ by nurses full ( antiquat$ prejudices1 are held compet5t regulators ( ! food1 clo?+1 & ex]cise ( *ildr54 ,mean:ile ! fa!rs read books & p]iodicals1 att5d agricultural meet+s1 try exp]im5ts1 & engage 9 discussions1 all ) ! view ( discov]+ h[ to fatt5 prize pigs6 ,we see inf9ite pa9s tak5 to produce a rac] t %all w9 ! ,d]by3 none to produce a mod]n a?lete4 ,_h ,gulliv] n>rat$ ( ! ,laputans t ! m5 vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 le>n+ h[ be/ to re> ! (fspr+ ( o!r creatures1 & 7 c>eless ( le>n+ h[ be/ to re> _! own (fspr+1 he w\ld h p>allel$ any ( ! o!r absurdities he ascribes to !m4 ,! matt] is a s]i\s "o1 h[ev]4 ,ludicr\s z is ! anti!sis1 ! fact x expresses is n less disa/r\s4 ,z rem>ks a sugge/ive writ]1 ! fir/ requisite to success 9 life is to be a good animal2 & to be a nation ( good animals is ! fir/ condition to national prosp]ity4 ,n only is x t ! ev5t ( a w> (t5 turns on ! /r5g? & h>d9ess ( soldi]s2 b x is t ! conte/s ( comm]ce are 9 "p det]m9$ by ! bodily endurance ( produc]s4 ,?us f> we h f\nd no reason to fe> trials ( /r5g? ) o!r races 9 ei!r ( ^! fields4 ,b !re are n want+ signs t our p[]s w pres5tly be tax$ to ! utt]mo/4 ,! competition ( mod]n life is s ke51 t few c be> ! requir$ application )\t injury4 ,already ?\s&s break d[n "u ! high pressure !y are subject to4 ,if ?is pressure cont9ues to increase1 z x seems likely to d1 x w try sev]ely ev5 ! s\nde/ con/itutions4 ,h5ce x is becom+ ( especial importance t ! tra9+ ( *ildr5 %\ld be s c>ri$ on1 z n only to fit !m m5tally = ! /ruggle be=e !m1 b also to make !m physically fit to be> its excessive we> & te>4 ,happily ! matt] is beg9n+ to attract att5tion4 ,! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,k+sley indicate a reaction aga9/ ov]-culture2 c>ri$ p]haps1 z reactions usually are1 some:at too f>4 ,occasional lett]s & lead]s 9 ! newspap]s h %[n an awak5+ int]e/ 9 physical tra9+4 ,& ! =mation ( a s*ool1 significantly nicknam$ t ( muscul> ,*ri/ianity1 implies a gr[+ op9ion t our pres5t me?ods ( br++ up *ildr5 d n suffici5tly reg>d ! welf>e ( ! body4 ,! topic is evid5tly ripe = discussion4 ,to con=m ! regim5 ( ! nurs]y & ! s*ool to ! e/abli%$ tru?s ( mod]n sci5ce--?is is ! desid]atum4 ,x is "t t ! b5efits :i* our %eep & ox5 are d]iv+ f ! inve/igations ( ! laboratory1 %\ld be p>ticipat$ 9 by our *ildr54 ,)\t call+ 9 "q ! great importance ( horse-tra9+ & pig-fe$+1 we w\ld sugge/ t1 z ! re>+ ( well-gr[n m5 & wom5 is also ( "s mom5t1 ^! conclusions :i* !ory indicates & practice indorses1 ought to be act$ on 9 ! la/ case z 9 ! fir/4 ,probably n a few w be />tl$--p]haps (f5d$--by ?is collocation ( ideas4 ,b x is a fact n to be disput$1 & to :i* we mu/ reconcile ourselves1 t man is subject to ! same organic laws z inf]ior creatures4 ,no anatomi/1 no physiologi/1 no *emi/1 w = a mom5t hesitate to ass]t1 t ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* are true ( ! vital processes 9 animals are equally true ( ! vital processes 9 man4 ,& a c&id admission ( ?is fact is n )\t its rew>d3 namely1 t ! g5]alisations e/abli%$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t on brutes1 become available = human guidance4 ,rudim5t>y z is ! ,sci5ce ( ,life1 x has already atta9$ to c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ ! developm5t ( all organisms1 ! human includ$4 ,t :i* has n[ to be done1 & t :i* we %all endeav\r 9 "s measure to d1 is to trace ! be>+s ( ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples on ! physical tra9+ ( *ildhood & y\?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! rhy?mical t5d5cy :i* is traceable 9 all dep>tm5ts ( social life--:i* is illu/rat$ 9 ! access ( despotism aft] revolution1 or1 among ourselves1 9 ! alt]nation ( re=m+ epo*s & cons]vative epo*s--:i*1 aft] a dissolute age1 br+s an age ( asceticism1 & conv]sely1--:i*1 9 comm]ce1 produces ! recurr+ inflations & panics--:i* c>ries ! devotees ( fa%ion f "o absurd extreme to ! opposite "o2--?is rhy?mical t5d5cy affects also our table-habits1 & by implication1 ! diet>y ( ! "y4 ,aft] a p]iod di/+ui%$ by h>d dr9k+ & h>d eat+1 has come a p]iod ( comp>ative sobriety1 :i*1 9 teetotalism & veget>ianism1 exhibits extreme =ms ( prote/ aga9/ ! riot\s liv+ ( ! pa/4 ,& along ) ?is *ange 9 ! regim5 ( adults1 has come a p>allel *ange 9 ! regim5 = boys & girls4 ,9 pa/ g5]ations ! belief 01 t ! m a *ild c\ld be induc$ to eat1 ! bett]2 & ev5 n[1 among f>m]s & 9 remote di/ricts1 :]e traditional ideas mo/ l+]1 p>5ts may be f\nd :o tempt _! *ildr5 into repletion4 ,b among ! educat$ classes1 :o *iefly display ?is reaction t[>ds ab/emi\sness1 !re may be se5 a decid$ lean+ to ! "u-fe$+1 r ?an ! ov]-fe$+1 ( *ildr54 ,inde$ _! disgu/ = by-gone animalism1 is m cle>ly %[n 9 ! treatm5t ( _! (fspr+ ?an 9 ! treatm5t ( !mselves2 = :ile _! disguis$ asceticism is1 9 s f> z _! p]sonal conduct is conc]n$1 kept 9 *eck by _! appetites1 x has full play 9 legislat+ = juv5iles4 ,t ov]-fe$+ & "u-fe$+ are bo? bad1 is a truism4 ,( ! two1 h[ev]1 ! la/ is ! wor/4 ,z writes a high au?ority1 ! effects ( casual repletion are less prejudicial1 & m easily correct$1 ?an ^? ( inanition4#a ,besides1 :]e !re has be5 no injudici\s int]f]5ce1 repletion seldom occurs4 ,excess is ! vice r ( adults ?an ( ! "y1 :o are r>ely ei!r g\rm&s or epicures1 unless ?r\gh ! fault ( ^? :o re> !m4#b ,?is sy/em ( re/riction :i* _m p>5ts ?9k s necess>y1 is bas$ ^u inadequate obs]vation1 & errone\s reason+4 ,!re is an ov]-legislation 9 ! nurs]y1 z well z an ov]-legislation 9 ! ,/ate2 & "o ( ! mo/ injuri\s =ms ( x is ?is limitation 9 ! quantity ( food4 ,b are *ildr5 to be all[$ to surfeit !mselves8 ,%all !y be suff]$ to take _! fill ( da9ties & make !mselves ill1 z !y c]ta9ly w d8 ,z ?us put1 ! "q admits ( b "o reply4 ,b z ?us put1 x assumes ! po9t at issue4 ,we cont5d t1 z appetite is a good guide to all ! l[] creation--z x is a good guide to ! infant--z x is a good guide to ! invalid--z x is a good guide to ! diff]5tly-plac$ races ( m5--& z x is a good guide = e adult :o leads a heal?ful life2 x may safely be inf]r$ t x is a good guide = *ildhood4 ,x w\ld be /range inde$ 7 x "h alone untru/wor?y4 ,p]haps "s w read ?is reply ) impati5ce2 be+ able1 z !y ?9k1 to cite facts totally at v>iance ) x4 ,x may appe> absurd if we d5y ! relevancy ( ^! facts4 ,& yet ! p>adox is q def5sible4 ,! tru? is1 t ! in/ances ( excess :i* su* p]sons h 9 m9d1 are usually ! consequ5ces ( ! re/rictive sy/em !y seem to ju/ify4 ,!y are ! s5sual reactions caus$ by an ascetic regim54 ,!y illu/rate on a small scale t commonly-rem>k$ tru?1 t ^? :o dur+ y\? h be5 subject to ! mo/ rigor\s discipl9e1 are apt aft]w>ds to ru% into ! wilde/ extravagances4 ,!y are analog\s to ^? frightful ph5om5a1 once n uncommon 9 conv5ts1 :]e nuns sudd5ly laps$ f ! extreme/ au/]ities into an almo/ demoniac wick$ness4 ,!y simply exhibit ! uncontrollable vehem5ce ( long-d5i$ desires4 ,consid] ! ord9>y ta/es & ! ord9>y treatm5t ( *ildr54 ,! love ( sweets is conspicu\s & almo/ univ]sal among !m4 ,probably n9ety-n9e p 9 a hundr$ presume t !re is no?+ m 9 ?is ?an gratification ( ! palate2 & t1 9 common ) o!r s5sual desires1 x %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,! physiologi/1 h[ev]1 ^: discov]ies lead him to an ev]-increas+ rev]5ce = ! arrangem5ts ( ?+s1 suspects some?+ m 9 ?is love ( sweets ?an is curr5tly suppos$2 & inquiry confirms ! suspicion4 ,he f9ds t sug> plays an important "p 9 ! vital processes4 ,bo? sac*>9e & fatty matt]s are ev5tually oxidis$ 9 ! body2 & !re is an accompany+ evolution ( heat4 ,sug> is ! =m to :i* sundry o!r comp\nds h to be r$uc$ be=e !y are available z heat-mak+ food2 & ?is =mation ( sug> is c>ri$ on 9 ! body4 ,n only is />* *ang$ into sug> 9 ! c\rse ( dige/ion1 b x has be5 prov$ by ,m4 ,claude ,b]n>d t ! liv] is a factory 9 :i* o!r con/itu5ts ( food are trans=m$ into sug>3 ! ne$ = sug> be+ s imp]ative t x is ev5 ?us produc$ f nitrog5\s sub/ances :5 no o!rs are giv54 ,n[1 :5 to ! fact t *ildr5 h a m>k$ desire = ?is valuable heat-food1 we jo9 ! fact t !y h usually a m>k$ dislike to t food :i* gives out ! greate/ am\nt ( heat dur+ oxidation 7namely1 fat71 we h reason = ?9k+ t excess ( ! "o comp5sates = defect ( ! o!r--t ! organism dem&s m sug> because x _c deal ) mu* fat4 ,aga91 *ildr5 are fond ( vegetable acids4 ,fruits ( all k9ds are _! delight2 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ bett]1 !y w dev\r unripe gooseb]ries & ! s\re/ ( crabs4 ,n[ n only are vegetable acids1 9 common ) m9]al ones1 v good tonics1 & b5eficial z su* :5 tak5 9 mod]ation2 b !y h1 :5 adm9i/]$ 9 _! natural =ms1 o!r advantages4 ,ripe fruit1 says ,dr4 ,&rew ,combe1 is m freely giv5 on ! ,cont95t ?an 9 ?is c\ntry2 &1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! b[els act imp]fectly1 x is (t5 v useful4 ,see1 !n1 ! discord betwe5 ! in/9ctive wants ( *ildr5 & _! habitual treatm5t4 ,"h are two dom9ant desires1 :i* 9 all probability express c]ta9 ne$s ( ! *ild's con/itution2 & n only are !y ignor$ 9 ! nurs]y-regim51 b !re is a g5]al t5d5cy to =bid ! gratification ( !m4 ,bread-&-milk 9 ! morn+1 tea & bread-&-butt] at night1 or "s diet>y equally insipid1 is rigidly adh]$ to2 & any m9i/ration to ! palate is ?\ght ne$less1 or r1 wrong4 ,:at is ! consequ5ce8 ,:51 on fete-days1 !re is unlimit$ access to good ?+s--:5 a gift ( pocket-money br+s ! cont5ts ( ! confection]'s w9d[ )9 rea*1 or :5 by "s accid5t ! free run ( a fruit-g>d5 is obta9$2 !n ! long-d5i$1 & !re=e int5se1 desires lead to great excesses4 ,!re is an impromptu c>nival1 due p>tly to release f pa/ re/ra9ts1 & p>tly to ! consci\sness t a long ,l5t w beg9 on ! morr[4 ,& !n1 :5 ! evils ( repletion display !mselves1 x is argu$ t *ildr5 mu/ n be left to ! guidance ( _! appetites6 ,^! disa/r\s results ( artificial re/rictions1 are !mselves cit$ z prov+ ! ne$ = fur!r re/rictions6 ,we cont5d1 !re=e1 t ! reason+ us$ to ju/ify ?is sy/em ( int]f]5ce is vici\s4 ,we cont5d t1 7 *ildr5 all[$ daily to p>take ( ^! m sapid edibles1 = :i* !re is a physiological requirem5t1 !y w\ld r>ely exce$1 z !y n[ mo/ly d :5 !y h ! opportunity3 7 fruit1 z ,dr4 ,combe recomm5ds1 to con/itute a "p ( ! regul> food 7giv51 z he advises1 n betwe5 meals1 b along ) !m71 !re w\ld be none ( t crav+ :i* prompts ! dev\r+ ( crabs & sloes4 ,& simil>ly 9 o!r cases4 ,n only is x t ! a priori reasons = tru/+ ! appetites ( *ildr5 are /rong2 & t ! reasons assign$ = di/ru/+ !m are invalid2 b x is t no o!r guidance is wor?y ( confid5ce4 ,:at is ! value ( ?is p>5tal judgm5t1 set up z an alt]native regulator8 ,:5 to ,oliv] ask+ = m1 ! mamma or gov]ness says ,no1 on :at data does %e proce$8 ,%e ?9ks he has _h en\gh4 ,b :]e are h] gr\nds = s ?9k+8 ,has %e "s secret und]/&+ ) ! boy's /oma*--"s clairvoyant p[] enabl+ h] to disc]n ! ne$s ( 8 body8 ,if n1 h[ c %e safely decide8 ,does %e n "k t ! dem& ( ! sy/em = food is det]m9$ by num]\s & involv$ causes--v>ies ) ! temp]ature1 ) ! hygrometric /ate ( ! air1 ) ! electric /ate ( ! air--v>ies also accord+ to ! ex]cise tak51 accord+ to ! k9d & quantity ( food eat5 at ! la/ meal1 & accord+ to ! rapidity ) :i* ! la/ meal 0 dige/$8 ,h[ c %e calculate ! result ( su* a comb9ation ( causes8 ,z we he>d said by ! fa!r ( a five-ye>s-old boy1 :o /&s a head tall] ?an mo/ ( 8 age1 & is proportionately robu/1 rosy1 & active3--,i c see no artificial /&>d by :i* to mete out 8 food4 ,if ,i say1 '?is mu* is en\gh1' x is a m]e guess2 & ! guess is z likely to be wrong z "r4 ,consequ5tly1 hav+ no fai? 9 guesses1 ,i let him eat 8 fill4 ,& c]ta9ly1 any "o judg+ ( 8 policy by its effects1 w\ld be con/ra9$ to admit its wisdom4 ,9 tru?1 ?is confid5ce1 ) :i* mo/ p>5ts legislate = ! /oma*s ( _! *ildr51 proves _! unacqua9tance ) physiology3 if !y knew m1 !y w\ld be m mode/4 ,! pride ( sci5ce is humble :5 comp>$ ) ! pride ( ignorance4 ,if any "o w\ld le>n h[ little fai? is to be plac$ 9 human judgm5ts1 & h[ mu* 9 ! pre-e/abli%$ arrangem5ts ( ?+s1 let him comp>e ! ra%ness ( ! inexp]i5c$ physician ) ! caution ( ! mo/ advanc$2 or let him dip into ,sir ,john ,=bes's "w1 ,on ,nature & ,art 9 ! ,cure ( ,disease2 & he w see t1 9 proportion z m5 ga9 k ( ! laws ( life1 !y come to h less confid5ce 9 !mselves1 & m 9 ,nature4 ,turn+ f ! "q ( quantity ( food to t ( quality1 we may disc]n ! same ascetic t5d5cy4 ,n simply a re/rict$ diet1 b a comp>atively l[ diet1 is ?\ght prop] = *ildr54 ,! curr5t op9ion is1 t !y %\ld h b little animal food4 ,among ! less weal?y classes1 economy seems to h dictat$ ?is op9ion--! wi% has be5 fa!r to ! ?\ght4 ,p>5ts n af=d+ to buy mu* meat1 answ] ! petitions ( juv5iles )--,meat is n good = little boys & girls2 & ?is1 at fir/ probably no?+ b a conv5i5t excuse1 has by repetition gr[n into an article ( fai?4 ,:ile ! classes ) :om co/ is no consid]ation1 h be5 sway$ p>tly by ! example ( ! majority1 p>tly by ! influ5ce ( nurses drawn f ! l[] classes1 & 9 "s measure by ! reaction aga9/ pa/ animalism4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we inquire = ! basis ( ?is op9ion1 we f9d little or none4 ,x is a dogma repeat$ & receiv$ )\t pro(1 l t :i*1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 insi/$ on swaddl+-clo!s4 ,v probably = ! infant's /oma*1 n yet end[$ ) mu* muscul> p[]1 meat1 :i* requires consid]able trituration be=e x c be made into *yme1 is an unfit alim5t4 ,b ?is objection does n tell aga9/ animal food f :i* ! fibr\s "p has be5 extract$2 nor does x apply :51 aft] ! lapse ( two or ?ree ye>s1 consid]able muscul> vig\r has be5 acquir$4 ,& :ile ! evid5ce 9 support ( ?is dogma1 p>tially valid 9 ! case ( v "y *ildr51 is n valid 9 ! case ( old] *ildr51 :o are1 nev]!less1 ord9>ily treat$ 9 con=mity ) x1 ! adv]se evid5ce is abundant & conclusive4 ,! v]dict ( sci5ce is exactly opposite to ! popul> op9ion4 ,we h put ! "q to two ( our lead+ physicians1 & to sev]al ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ physiologi/s1 & !y uni=mly agree 9 ! conclusion1 t *ildr5 %\ld h a diet n less nutritive1 b1 if any?+1 m nutritive ?an t ( adults4 ,! gr\nds = ?is conclusion are obvi\s1 & ! reason+ simple4 ,x ne$s b to comp>e ! vital processes ( a man ) ^? ( a boy1 to see t ! dem& = su/5ance is relatively great] 9 ! boy ?an 9 ! man4 ,:at are ! ends = :i* a man requires food8 ,ea* day 8 body und]goes m or less we>--we> ?r\gh muscul> ex]tion1 we> ( ! n]v\s sy/em ?r\gh m5tal actions1 we> ( ! visc]a 9 c>ry+ on ! functions ( life2 & ! tissue ?us wa/$ has to be r5ew$4 ,ea* day1 too1 by radiation1 8 body loses a l>ge am\nt ( heat2 & z1 = ! cont9uance ( ! vital actions1 ! temp]ature ( ! body mu/ be ma9ta9$1 ?is loss has to be comp5sat$ by a con/ant production ( heat3 to :i* end c]ta9 con/itu5ts ( ! body are ev] und]go+ oxidation4 ,to make up = ! day's wa/e1 & to supply fuel = ! day's exp5diture ( heat1 are1 !n1 ! sole purposes = :i* ! adult requires food4 ,consid] n[ ! case ( ! boy4 ,he1 too1 wa/es ! sub/ance ( 8 body by action2 & x ne$s b to note 8 re/less activity to see t1 9 proportion to 8 bulk1 he probably wa/es z mu* z a man4 ,he1 too1 loses heat by radiation2 &1 z 8 body exposes a great] surface 9 proportion to its mass ?an does t ( a man1 & !re=e loses heat m rapidly1 ! quantity ( heat-food he requires is1 bulk = bulk1 great] ?an t requir$ by a man4 ,s t ev5 _h ! boy no o!r vital processes to c>ry on ?an ! man has1 he w\ld ne$1 relatively to 8 size1 a some:at l>g] supply ( nutrim5t4 ,b1 besides repair+ 8 body & ma9ta9+ its heat1 ! boy has to make new tissue--to gr[4 ,aft] wa/e & !rmal loss h be5 provid$ =1 su* surplus ( nutrim5t z rema9s goes to ! fur!r build+ up ( ! frame2 & only 9 virtue ( ?is surplus is normal gr[? possible2 ! gr[? t sometimes takes place 9 ! abs5ce ( x1 caus+ a manife/ pro/ration consequ5t ^u defective repair4 ,x is true t because ( a c]ta9 me*anical law :i* _c be "h expla9$1 a small organism has an advantage ov] a l>ge "o 9 ! ratio betwe5 ! su/a9+ & de/roy+ =ces--an advantage1 inde$1 to :i* ! v possibility ( gr[? is ow+4 ,b ?is admission only makes x ! m obvi\s t ?\gh mu* adv]se treatm5t may be borne )\t ?is excess ( vitality be+ q out-balanc$2 yet any adv]se treatm5t1 by dim9i%+ x1 mu/ dim9i% ! size or /ructural p]fection rea*$4 ,h[ p]emptory is ! dem& ( ! unfold+ organism = mat]ials1 is se5 alike 9 t s*oolboy hung]1 :i* aft]-life r>ely p>allels 9 int5sity1 & 9 ! comp>atively quick return ( appetite4 ,& if !re ne$s fur!r evid5ce ( ?is extra necessity = nutrim5t1 we h x 9 ! fact t1 dur+ ! fam9es foll[+ %ipwrecks & o!r disa/]s1 ! *ildr5 are ! fir/ to die4 ,?is relatively great] ne$ = nutrim5t be+ admitt$1 z x mu/ be1 ! "q t rema9s is--%all we meet x by giv+ an excessive quantity ( :at may be call$ dilute food1 or a m mod]ate quantity ( conc5trat$ food8 ,! nutrim5t obta9able f a giv5 weight ( meat is obta9able only f a l>g] weight ( bread1 or f a /ill l>g] weight ( potatoes1 & s on4 ,to fulfil ! requirem5t1 ! quantity mu/ be increas$ z ! nutritiv5ess is dim9i%$4 ,%all1 we1 !n1 respond to ! extra wants ( ! gr[+ *ild by giv+ an adequate quantity ( food z good z t ( adults8 ,or1 reg>dless ( ! fact t its /oma* has to dispose ( a relatively l>g] quantity ev5 ( ?is good food1 %all we fur!r tax x by giv+ an inf]ior food 9 /ill great] quantity8 ,! answ] is tol]ably obvi\s4 ,! m ! lab\r ( dige/ion is economis$1 ! m en]gy is left = ! purposes ( gr[? & action4 ,! functions ( ! /oma* & inte/9es _c be p]=m$ )\t a l>ge supply ( blood & n]v\s p[]2 & 9 ! comp>ative lassitude t foll[s a he>ty meal1 e adult has pro( t ?is supply ( blood & n]v\s p[] is at ! exp5se ( ! sy/em at l>ge4 ,if ! requisite nutrim5t is obta9$ f a great quantity ( innutriti\s food1 m "w is entail$ on ! visc]a ?an :5 x is obta9$ f a mod]ate quantity ( nutriti\s food4 ,?is extra "w is s mu* loss--a loss :i* 9 *ildr5 %[s itself ei!r 9 dim9i%$ en]gy1 or 9 small] gr[?1 or 9 bo?4 ,! inf]5ce is1 !n1 t !y %\ld h a diet :i* comb9es1 z mu* z possible1 nutritiv5ess & dige/ibility4 ,x is d\btless true t boys & girls may be re>$ ^u an exclusively1 or almo/ exclusively1 vegetable diet4 ,among ! upp] classes are to be f\nd *ildr5 to :om comp>atively little meat is giv52 & :o1 nev]!less1 gr[ & appe> 9 good heal?4 ,animal food is sc>cely ta/$ by ! (fspr+ ( lab\r+ p2 & yet !y rea* a heal?y maturity4 ,b ^! seem+ly adv]se facts h by no means ! weight commonly suppos$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x does n foll[ t ^? :o 9 e>ly ye>s fl\ri% on bread & potatoes1 w ev5tually rea* a f9e developm5t2 & a comp>ison betwe5 ! agricultural lab\r]s & ! g5try1 9 ,engl&1 or betwe5 ! middle & l[] classes 9 ,france is by no means 9 fav\r ( vegetable fe$]s4 ,9 ! second place1 ! "q is n simply a "q ( bulk1 b also a "q ( quality4 ,a s(t1 flabby fle% makes z good a %[ z a firm "o2 b ?\gh to ! c>eless eye1 a *ild ( full1 flaccid tissue may appe> ! equal ( "o ^: fibres are well ton$1 a trial ( /r5g? w prove ! diff]5ce4 ,obesity 9 adults is (t5 a sign ( feebl5ess4 ,m5 lose weight 9 tra9+4 ,h5ce ! appe>ance ( ^! l[-f$ *ildr5 is f> f conclusive4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 besides size1 we h to consid] en]gy4 ,betwe5 *ildr5 ( ! meat-eat+ classes & ^? ( ! bread-&-potato-eat+ classes1 !re is a m>k$ contra/ 9 ?is respect4 ,bo? 9 m5tal & physical vivacity ! peasant-boy is greatly inf]ior to ! son ( a g5tleman4 ,if we comp>e diff]5t k9ds ( animals1 or diff]5t races ( m51 or ! same animals or m5 :5 diff]5tly f$1 we f9d /ill m di/9ct pro( t ! degree ( en]gy ess5tially dep5ds on ! nutritiv5ess ( ! food4 ,9 a c[1 subsi/+ on s innutritive a food z grass1 we see t ! imm5se quantity requir$ necessitates an enorm\s dige/ive sy/em2 t ! limbs1 small 9 comp>ison ) ! body1 are burd5$ by its weight2 t 9 c>ry+ ab\t ?is heavy body & dige/+ ?is excessive quantity ( food1 mu* =ce is exp5d$2 & t1 hav+ b little rema9+1 ! creature is sluggi%4 ,comp>e ) ! c[ a horse--an animal ( ne>ly alli$ /ructure1 b habituat$ to a m conc5trat$ diet4 ,"h ! body1 & m especially its abdom9al region1 be>s a small] ratio to ! limbs2 ! p[]s are n tax$ by ! support ( su* massive visc]a1 nor ! dige/ion ( s bulky a food2 &1 z a consequ5ce1 !re is great] locomotive en]gy & consid]able vivacity4 ,if1 aga91 we contra/ ! /olid inactivity ( ! gram9ivor\s %eep ) ! livel9ess ( ! dog1 subsi/+ on fle% or f>9ace\s matt]s1 or a mixture ( ! two1 we see a diff]5ce simil> 9 k9d1 b /ill great] 9 degree4 ,& aft] walk+ ?r\gh ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 & not+ ! re/lessness ) :i* ! c>nivor\s animals pace up & d[n _! cages1 x ne$s b to rememb] t none ( ! h]bivor\s animals habitually display ?is sup]flu\s en]gy1 to see h[ cle> is ! relation betwe5 conc5tration ( food & degree ( activity4 ,t ^! diff]5ces are n directly consequ5t on diff]5ces ( con/itution1 z "s may argue2 b are directly consequ5t on diff]5ces 9 ! food :i* ! creatures are con/itut$ to subsi/ on2 is prov$ by ! fact1 t !y are obs]vable betwe5 diff]5t divisions ( ! same species4 ,! v>ieties ( ! horse furni% an illu/ration4 ,comp>e ! big-belli$1 inactive1 spiritless c>t-horse ) a rac] or hunt]1 small 9 ! flanks & full ( en]gy2 & !n call to m9d h[ mu* less nutritive is ! diet ( ! "o ?an t ( ! o!r4 ,or take ! case ( mank9d4 ,au/ralians1 ,bu%m51 & o!rs ( ! l[e/ savages :o live on roots & b]ries1 v>i$ by l>vae ( insects & ! l meagre f>e1 are comp>atively puny 9 /ature1 h l>ge abdom5s1 s(t & undevelop$ muscles1 & are q unable to cope ) ,europeans1 ei!r 9 a /ruggle or 9 prolong$ ex]tion4 ,c\nt up ! wild races :o are well gr[n1 /rong & active1 z ! ,kaffirs1 ,nor?-,am]ican ,indians1 & ,patagonians1 & y f9d !m l>ge consum]s ( fle%4 ,! ill-f$ ,h9doo goes d[n be=e ! ,engli%man f$ on m nutritive food2 to :om he is z inf]ior 9 m5tal z 9 physical en]gy4 ,& g5]ally1 we ?9k1 ! hi/ory ( ! _w %[s t ! well-f$ races h be5 ! en]getic & dom9ant races4 ,/ill /rong]1 h[ev]1 becomes ! argum5t1 :5 we f9d t ! same individual animal is capable ( m or less ex]tion accord+ z its food is m or less nutriti\s4 ,?is has be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! horse4 ,?\gh fle% may be ga9$ by a graz+ horse1 /r5g? is lo/2 z putt+ him to h>d "w proves4 ,! consequ5ce ( turn+ horses out to grass is relaxation ( ! muscul> sy/em4 ,grass is a v good prep>ation = a bullock = ,smi?field m>ket1 b a v bad "o = a hunt]4 ,x 0 well kn[n ( old t1 aft] pass+ ! summ] 9 ! fields1 hunt]s requir$ "s mon?s ( /able-fe$+ be=e becom+ able to foll[ ! h\nds2 & t !y did n get into good condition till ! beg9n+ ( ! next spr+4 ,& ! mod]n practice is t insi/$ on by ,mr4 ,app]ley--,nev] to give a hunt] :at is call$ 'a summ]'s run at grass1' &1 except "u p>ticul> & v fav\rable circum/ances1 nev] to turn him out at all4 ,t is to say1 nev] give him poor food3 great en]gy & endurance are to be obta9$ only by ! cont9u$ use ( nutritive food4 ,s true is ?is t1 z prov$ by ,mr4 ,app]ley1 prolong$ high-fe$+ enables a middl+ horse to equal1 9 8 p]=mances1 a fir/-rate horse f$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,to :i* v>i\s evid5ces add ! famili> fact t1 :5 a horse is requir$ to d d\ble duty1 x is ! practice to give him beans--a food conta9+ a l>g] proportion ( nitrog5\s1 or fle%-mak+ mat]ial1 ?an 8 habitual oats4 ,once m1 9 ! case ( individual m5 ! tru? has be5 illu/rat$ ) equal1 or /ill great]1 cle>ness4 ,we d n ref] to m5 9 tra9+ = feats ( /r5g?1 ^: regim51 h[ev]1 ?or\ghly con=ms to ! doctr9e4 ,we ref] to ! exp]i5ce ( railway-contractors & _! lab\r]s4 ,x has be5 = ye>s a well-e/abli%$ fact t an ,engli% navvy1 eat+ l>gely ( fle%1 is f> m effici5t ?an a ,cont95tal navvy liv+ on f>9ace\s food3 s mu* m effici5t1 t ,engli% contractors = ,cont95tal railways f\nd x pay to take _! lab\r]s ) !m4 ,t diff]5ce ( diet & n diff]5ce ( race caus$ ?is sup]iority1 has be5 ( late di/9ctly %[n4 ,= x has turn$ out1 t :5 ! ,cont95tal navvies live 9 ! same /yle z _! ,engli% competitors1 !y pres5tly rise1 m or less ne>ly1 to a p> ) !m 9 effici5cy4 ,& to ?is fact let u "h add ! conv]se "o1 to :i* we c give p]sonal te/imony bas$ ^u six mon?s' exp]i5ce ( veget>ianism1 t ab/95ce f meat entails dim9i%$ en]gy ( bo? body & m9d4 ,d n ^! v>i\s evid5ces endorse our argum5t respect+ ! fe$+ ( *ildr58 ,d !y n imply t1 ev5 suppos+ ! same /ature & bulk to be atta9$ on an innutritive z on a nutritive diet1 ! quality ( tissue is greatly inf]ior8 ,d !y n e/abli% ! position t1 :]e en]gy z well z gr[? has to be ma9ta9$1 x c only be done by high fe$+8 ,d !y n confirm ! a priori conclusion t1 ?\gh a *ild ( :om little is expect$ 9 ! way ( bodily or m5tal activity1 may ?rive tol]ably well on f>9ace\s sub/ances1 a *ild :o is daily requir$1 n only to =m ! due am\nt ( new tissue1 b to supply ! wa/e consequ5t on great muscul> action1 & ! fur!r wa/e consequ5t on h>d ex]cise ( bra91 mu/ live on sub/ances conta9+ a l>g] ratio ( nutritive matt]8 ,& is x n an obvi\s coroll>y1 t d5ial ( ?is bett] food w be at ! exp5se ei!r ( gr[?1 or ( bodily activity1 or ( m5tal activity2 z con/itution & circum/ances det]m9e8 ,we believe no logical intellect w "q x4 ,to ?9k o!rwise is to ent]ta9 9 a disguis$ =m ! old fallacy ( ! p]petual-motion s*em]s--t x is possible to get p[] out ( no?+4 ,be=e leav+ ! "q ( food1 a few words mu/ be said on ano!r requisite--v>iety4 ,9 ?is respect ! diet>y ( ! "y is v faulty4 ,if n1 l our soldi]s1 condemn$ to tw5ty ye>s ( boil$ beef1 our *ildr5 h mo/ly to be> a monotony :i*1 ?\gh less extreme & less la/+1 is q z cle>ly at v>iance ) ! laws ( heal?4 ,at d9n]1 x is true1 !y usually h food t is m or less mix$1 & t is *ang$ day by day4 ,b week aft] week1 mon? aft] mon?1 ye> aft] ye>1 comes ! same breakfa/ ( bread-&-milk1 or1 x may be1 oatmeal-porridge4 ,& ) l p]si/5ce ! day is clos$1 p]haps ) a second edition ( ! bread-&-milk1 p]haps ) tea & bread-&-butt]4 ,?is practice is oppos$ to ! dictates ( physiology4 ,! satiety produc$ by an (t5-repeat$ di%1 & ! gratification caus$ by "o long a /rang] to ! palate1 are n mean+less1 z p c>elessly assume2 b !y are ! inc5tives to a :olesome div]sity ( diet4 ,x is a fact1 e/abli%$ by num]\s exp]im5ts1 t !re is sc>cely any "o food1 h[ev] good1 :i* supplies 9 due proportions or "r =ms all ! elem5ts requir$ = c>ry+ on ! vital processes 9 a normal mann]3 :5ce x foll[s t frequ5t *ange ( food is desirable to balance ! supplies ( all ! elem5ts4 ,x is a fur!r fact1 kn[n to physiologi/s1 t ! enjoym5t giv5 by a mu*-lik$ food is a n]v\s /imulus1 :i*1 by increas+ ! action ( ! he>t & s propell+ ! blood ) increas$ vig\r1 aids 9 ! subsequ5t dige/ion4 ,& ^! tru?s are 9 h>mony ) ! maxims ( mod]n cattle-fe$+1 :i* dictate a rotation ( diet4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is p]iodic *ange ( food v desirable2 b1 = ! same reasons1 x is v desirable t a mixture ( food %\ld be tak5 at ea* meal4 ,! bett] balance ( +r$i5ts1 & ! great] n]v\s /imulation1 are advantages :i* hold "h z be=e4 ,if facts are ask$ =1 we may "n z "o1 ! comp>ative ease ) :i* ! /oma* disposes ( a ,fr5* d9n]1 enorm\s 9 quantity b extremely v>i$ 9 mat]ials4 ,few w cont5d t an equal weight ( "o k9d ( food1 h[ev] well cook$1 c\ld be dige/$ ) z mu* facility4 ,if any desire fur!r facts1 !y may f9d !m 9 e mod]n book on ! managem5t ( animals4 ,animals ?rive be/ :5 ea* meal is made up ( sev]al ?+s4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,goss & ,/>k af=d ! mo/ decisive pro( ( ! advantage1 or r ! necessity1 ( a mixture ( sub/ances1 9 ord] to produce ! comp\nd :i* is ! be/ adapt$ = ! action ( ! /oma*4#c ,%\ld any object1 z probably _m w1 t a rotat+ diet>y = *ildr51 & "o :i* also requires a mixture ( food at ea* meal1 w\ld entail too mu* tr\ble2 we reply1 t no tr\ble is ?\ght too great :i* conduces to ! m5tal developm5t ( *ildr51 & t = _! future welf>e1 good bodily developm5t is ( /ill high] importance4 ,moreov]1 x seems alike sad & /range t a tr\ble :i* is *e]fully tak5 9 ! fatt5+ ( pigs1 %\ld be ?\ght too great 9 ! re>+ ( *ildr54 ,"o m p>agraph1 ) ! view ( w>n+ ^? :o may propose to adopt ! regim5 indicat$4 ,! *ange mu/ n be made sudd5ly2 = cont9u$ l[-fe$+ s enfeebles ! sy/em1 z to disable x f at once deal+ ) a high diet4 ,defici5t nutrition is itself a cause ( dyspepsia4 ,?is is true ev5 ( animals4 ,:5 calves are f$ ) skimm$ milk1 or :ey1 or o!r poor food1 !y are liable to indige/ion4#d ,h5ce1 !re=e1 :]e ! en]gies are l[1 ! transition to a g5]\s diet mu/ be gradual3 ea* increm5t ( /r5g? ga9$1 ju/ify+ a fre% addition ( nutrim5t4 ,fur!r1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! conc5tration ( nutrim5t may be c>ri$ too f>4 ,a bulk suffici5t to fill ! /oma* is "o requisite ( a prop] meal2 & ?is requisite negatives a diet defici5t 9 ^? matt]s :i* give adequate mass4 ,?\gh ! size ( ! dige/ive organs is less 9 ! well-f$ civilis$ races ?an 9 ! ill-f$ savage ones1 & ?\gh _! size may ev5tually dim9i% /ill fur!r1 yet1 = ! "t be+1 ! bulk ( ! +e/a mu/ be det]m9$ by ! exi/+ capacity4 ,b1 pay+ due reg>d to ^! two qualifications1 our conclusions are--t ! food ( *ildr5 %\ld be highly nutritive2 t x %\ld be v>i$ at ea* meal & at successive meals2 & t x %\ld be abundant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) clo?+ z ) food1 ! usual t5d5cy is t[>ds an improp] scant9ess4 ,"h1 too1 asceticism peeps out4 ,!re is a curr5t !ory1 vaguely ent]ta9$ if n put into a def9ite =mula1 t ! s5sations are to be disreg>d$4 ,!y d n exi/ = our guidance1 b to mislead u1 seems to be ! preval5t belief r$uc$ to its nak$ =m4 ,x is a grave error3 we are mu* m b5efic5tly con/itut$4 ,x is n ob$i5ce to ! s5sations1 b disob$i5ce to !m1 :i* is ! habitual cause ( bodily evils4 ,x is n ! eat+ :5 hungry1 b ! eat+ 9 ! abs5ce ( hung]1 :i* is bad4 ,x is n dr9k+ :5 ?ir/y1 b cont9u+ to dr9k :5 ?ir/ has ceas$1 t is ! vice4 ,h>m does n result f brea?+ t fre% air :i* e heal?y p]son enjoys2 b f brea?+ f\l air1 spite ( ! prote/ ( ! lungs4 ,h>m does n result f tak+ t active ex]cise :i*1 z e *ild %[s u1 ,nature /rongly prompts2 b f a p]si/5t disreg>d ( ,nature's prompt+s4 ,n t m5tal activity :i* is spontane\s & enjoyable does ! mis*ief2 b t :i* is p]sev]$ 9 aft] a hot or a*+ head comm&s desi/ance4 ,n t bodily ex]tion :i* is pleasant or indiff]5t1 does injury2 b t :i* is cont9u$ :5 exhau/ion =bids4 ,x is true t1 9 ^? :o h long l$ unheal?y lives1 ! s5sations are n tru/wor?y guides4 ,p :o h = ye>s be5 almo/ con/antly 9-doors1 :o h ex]cis$ _! bra9s v mu* & _! bodies sc>cely at all1 :o 9 eat+ h obey$ _! clocks )\t consult+ _! /oma*s1 may v likely be misl$ by _! vitiat$ feel+s4 ,b _! abnormal /ate is itself ! result ( transgress+ _! feel+s4 ,_h !y f *ildhood nev] disobey$ :at we may t]m ! physical consci5ce1 x w\ld n h be5 se>$1 b w\ld h rema9$ a fai?ful monitor4 ,among ! s5sations s]v+ = our guidance are ^? ( heat & cold2 & a clo?+ = *ildr5 :i* does n c>efully consult ^! s5sations1 is to be condemn$4 ,! common notion ab\t h>d5+ is a griev\s delusion4 ,n a few *ildr5 are h>d5$ out ( ! _w2 & ^? :o survive1 p]man5tly suff] ei!r 9 gr[? or con/itution4 ,_! delicate appe>ance furni%es ample indication ( ! mis*ief ?us produc$1 & _! frequ5t attacks ( illness might prove a w>n+ ev5 to unreflect+ p>5ts1 says ,dr4 ,combe4 ,! reason+ on :i* ?is h>d5+-!ory re/s is extremely sup]ficial4 ,weal?y p>5ts1 see+ little peasant boys & girls play+ ab\t 9 ! op5 air only half-clo!d1 & jo9+ ) ?is fact ! g5]al heal?9ess ( lab\r+ p1 draw ! unw>rantable conclusion t ! heal?9ess is ! result ( ! exposure1 & resolve to keep _! own (fspr+ scantily cov]$6 ,x is =gott5 t ^! ur*9s :o gambol ^u village-gre5s are 9 _m respects fav\rably circum/anc$--t _! lives are sp5t 9 almo/ p]petual play2 t !y are all day brea?+ fre% air2 & t _! sy/ems are n di/urb$ by ov]-tax$ bra9s4 ,= aught t appe>s to ! contr>y1 _! good heal? may be ma9ta9$1 n 9 consequ5ce (1 b 9 spite (1 _! defici5t clo?+4 ,?is alt]native conclusion we believe to be ! true "o2 & t an inevitable detrim5t results f ! loss ( animal heat to :i* !y are subject4 ,= :51 ! con/itution be+ s\nd en\gh to be> x1 exposure does produce h>dness1 x does s at ! exp5se ( gr[?4 ,?is tru? is display$ alike 9 animals & 9 man4 ,%etl& ponies be> great] inclem5cies ?an ! horses ( ! s\?1 b are dw>f$4 ,highl& %eep & cattle1 liv+ 9 a cold] climate1 are /unt$ 9 comp>ison ) ,engli% bre$s4 ,9 bo? ! arctic & ant>ctic regions ! human race falls mu* bel[ its ord9>y height3 ! ,lapl&] & ,esquimaux are v %ort2 & ! ,t]ra del ,fuegians1 :o g nak$ 9 a w9try l&1 are describ$ by ,d>w9 z s /unt$ & hide\s1 t "o c h>dly make "o's-self believe !y are fell[-creatures4 ,sci5ce expla9s ?is dw>fi%ness produc$ by great ab/raction ( heat2 %[+ t1 food & o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x unavoidably results4 ,=1 z be=e po9t$ out1 to make up = t cool+ by radiation :i* ! body is ev] und]go+1 !re mu/ be a con/ant oxidation ( c]ta9 matt]s =m+ "p ( ! food4 ,& 9 proportion z ! !rmal loss is great1 mu/ ! quantity ( ^! matt]s requir$ = oxidation be great4 ,b ! p[] ( ! dige/ive organs is limit$4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 !y h to prep>e a l>ge quantity ( ?is mat]ial ne$ful = ma9ta9+ ! temp]ature1 !y c prep>e b a small quantity ( ! mat]ial :i* goes to build up ! frame4 ,excessive exp5diture = fuel entails dim9i%$ means = o!r purposes4 ,:]e=e !re necess>ily results a body small 9 size1 or inf]ior 9 texture1 or bo?4 ,h5ce ! great importance ( clo?+4 ,z ,liebig says3--,our clo?+ is1 9 ref]5ce to ! temp]ature ( ! body1 m]ely an equival5t = a c]ta9 am\nt ( food4 ,by dim9i%+ ! loss ( heat1 x dim9i%es ! am\nt ( fuel ne$ful = ma9ta9+ ! heat2 & :5 ! /oma* has less to d 9 prep>+ fuel1 x c d m 9 prep>+ o!r mat]ials4 ,?is d$uction is confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o manage animals4 ,cold c be borne by animals only at an exp5se ( fat1 or muscle1 or gr[?1 z ! case may be4 ,if fatt5+ cattle are expos$ to a l[ temp]ature1 ei!r _! progress mu/ be ret>d$1 or a great additional exp5diture ( food incurr$4#e ,mr4 ,app]ley insi/s /rongly t1 to br+ hunt]s into good condition1 x is necess>y t ! /able %\ld be kept w>m4 ,& among ^? :o re> rac]s1 x is an e/abli%$ doctr9e t exposure is to be avoid$4 ,! sci5tific tru? ?us illu/rat$ by e?nology1 & recognis$ by agriculturi/s & sportsm51 applies ) d\ble =ce to *ildr54 ,9 proportion to _! smallness & ! rapidity ( _! gr[? is ! injury f cold great4 ,9 ,france1 new-born infants (t5 die 9 w9t] f be+ c>ri$ to ! (fice ( ! maire = regi/ration4 ,m4 ,quetelet has po9t$ out1 t 9 ,belgium two infants die 9 ,janu>y = "o t dies 9 ,july4 ,& 9 ,russia ! infant mortality is some?+ enorm\s4 ,ev5 :5 ne> maturity1 ! undevelop$ frame is comp>atively unable to be> exposure3 z witness ! quickness ) :i* "y soldi]s succumb 9 a try+ campaign4 ,! rationale is obvi\s4 ,we h already adv]t$ to ! fact t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>y+ relation betwe5 surface & bulk1 a *ild loses a relatively l>g] am\nt ( heat ?an an adult2 & "h we mu/ po9t out t ! disadvantage "u :i* ! *ild ?us lab\rs is v great4 ,lehmann says3--,if ! c>bonic acid excret$ by *ildr5 or "y animals is calculat$ = an equal bodily weight1 x results t *ildr5 produce ne>ly twice z mu* acid z adults4 ,n[ ! quantity ( c>bonic acid giv5 (f v>ies ) tol]able accuracy z ! quantity ( heat produc$4 ,& ?us we see t 9 *ildr5 ! sy/em1 ev5 :5 n plac$ at a disadvantage1 is call$ ^u to provide ne>ly d\ble ! proportion ( mat]ial = g5]at+ heat4 ,see1 !n1 ! extreme folly ( clo?+ ! "y scantily4 ,:at fa!r1 full-gr[n ?\gh he is1 los+ heat less rapidly z he does1 & hav+ no physiological necessity b to supply ! wa/e ( ea* day--:at fa!r1 we ask1 w\ld ?9k x salut>y to g ab\t ) b>e legs1 b>e arms1 & b>e neck8 ,yet ?is tax on ! sy/em1 f :i* he w\ld %r9k1 he inflicts on 8 little ones1 :o are s mu* less able to be> x6 or1 if he does n inflict x1 sees x inflict$ )\t prote/4 ,let him rememb] t e ounce ( nutrim5t ne$lessly exp5d$ = ! ma9t5ance ( temp]ature1 is s mu* d$uct$ f ! nutrim5t go+ to build up ! frame2 & t ev5 :5 colds1 conge/ions1 or o!r consequ5t disord]s are escap$1 dim9i%$ gr[? or less p]fect /ructure is inevitable4 ,! rule is1 !re=e1 n to dress 9 an inv>iable way 9 all cases1 b to put on clo?+ 9 k9d & quantity suffici5t 9 ! individual case to protect ! body effectually f an abid+ s5sation ( cold1 h[ev] slight4 ,?is rule1 ! importance ( :i* ,dr4 ,combe indicates by ! italics1 is "o 9 :i* m5 ( sci5ce & practition]s agree4 ,we h met ) none compet5t to =m a judgm5t on ! matt]1 :o d n /rongly condemn ! exposure ( *ildr5's limbs4 ,if !re is "o po9t above o!rs 9 :i* pe/il5t cu/om %\ld be ignor$1 x is ?is4 ,lam5table1 inde$1 is x to see mo!rs s]i\sly damag+ ! con/itutions ( _! *ildr5 out ( compliance ) an irrational fa%ion4 ,x is bad en\gh t !y %\ld !mselves con=m to e folly :i* our ,gallic neighb\rs please to initiate2 b t !y %\ld clo! _! *ildr5 9 any m\ntebank dress :i* ,le petit ,c\rri] des ,dames indicates1 reg>dless ( its insuffici5cy & unfitness1 is mon/r\s4 ,discom=t1 m or less great1 is inflict$2 frequ5t disord]s are entail$2 gr[? is *eck$ or /am9a und]m9$2 premature dea? n uncommonly caus$2 & all because x is ?\ght ne$ful to make frocks ( a size & mat]ial dictat$ by ,fr5* caprice4 ,n only is x t = ! sake ( con=mity1 mo!rs ?us puni% & injure _! little ones by scant9ess ( cov]+2 b x is t f an alli$ motive !y impose a /yle ( dress :i* =bids heal?ful activity4 ,to please ! eye1 col\rs & fabrics are *os5 totally unfit to be> t r\gh usage :i* unre/ra9$ play involves2 & !n to prev5t damage ! unre/ra9$ play is int]dict$4 ,get up ?is mom5t3 y w soil y\r clean frock1 is ! m&ate issu$ to "s ur*9 creep+ ab\t on ! floor4 ,come back3 y w dirty y\r /ock+s1 calls out ! gov]ness to "o ( h] *>ges1 :o has left ! footpa? to scramble up a bank4 ,?us is ! evil d\bl$4 ,t !y may come up to _! mamma's /&>d ( prett9ess1 & be admir$ by h] visitors1 *ildr5 mu/ h habilim5ts defici5t 9 quantity & unfit 9 texture2 & t ^! easily-damag$ habilim5ts may be kept clean & un9jur$1 ! re/less activity s natural & ne$ful = ! "y is re/ra9$4 ,! ex]cise :i* becomes d\bly requisite :5 ! clo?+ is insuffici5t1 is cut %ort1 le/ x %\ld deface ! clo?+4 ,w\ld t ! t]rible cruelty ( ?is sy/em c\ld be se5 by ^? :o ma9ta9 x6 ,we d n hesitate to say t1 ?r\gh enfeebl$ heal?1 defective en]gies1 & consequ5t non-success 9 life1 ?\s&s are annually doom$ to unhapp9ess by ?is unscrupul\s reg>d = appe>ances3 ev5 :5 !y are n1 by e>ly dea?1 lit]ally sacrific$ to ! ,molo* ( mat]nal vanity4 ,we are reluctant to c\nsel /rong measures1 b really ! evils are s great z to ju/ify1 or ev5 to dem&1 a p]emptory int]f]5ce on ! "p ( fa!rs4 ,our conclusions are1 !n--t1 :ile ! clo?+ ( *ildr5 %\ld nev] be 9 su* excess z to create oppressive w>m?1 x %\ld always be suffici5t to prev5t any g5]al feel+ ( cold2#f t1 in/ead ( ! flimsy cotton1 l951 or mix$ fabrics commonly us$1 x %\ld be made ( "s good non-conductor1 su* z co>se wooll5 clo?2 t x %\ld be s /rong z to receive little damage f ! h>d we> & te> :i* *ildi% sports w give x2 & t its col\rs %\ld be su* z w n soon suff] f use & exposure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! importance ( bodily ex]cise mo/ p are 9 "s degree awake4 ,p]haps less ne$s say+ on ?is requisite ( physical education ?an on mo/ o!rs3 at any rate1 9 s f> z boys are conc]n$4 ,public s*ools & private s*ools alike furni% tol]ably adequate play-gr\nds2 & !re is usually a fair %>e ( "t = out-door games1 & a recognition ( !m z ne$ful4 ,9 ?is1 if 9 no o!r direction1 x seems admitt$ t ! prompt+s ( boyi% in/9ct may advantage\sly be foll[$2 &1 inde$1 9 ! mod]n practice ( break+ ! prolong$ morn+'s & aft]noon's lessons by a few m9utes' op5-air recreation1 we see an increas+ t5d5cy to con=m s*ool-regulations to ! bodily s5sations ( ! pupils4 ,"h1 !n1 little ne$s be said 9 ! way ( expo/ulation or sugge/ion4 ,b we h be5 oblig$ to qualify ?is admission by ins]t+ ! clause 9 s f> z boys are conc]n$4 ,un=tunately ! fact is q o!rwise ) girls4 ,x *ances1 some:at /rangely1 t we h daily opportunity ( draw+ a comp>ison4 ,we h bo? a boys' s*ool & a girls' s*ool )9 view2 & ! contra/ betwe5 !m is rem>kable4 ,9 ! "o case1 ne>ly ! :ole ( a l>ge g>d5 is turn$ into an op51 gravell$ space1 af=d+ ample scope = games1 & suppli$ ) poles & horizontal b>s = gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,e day be=e breakfa/1 aga9 t[>ds elev5 o'clock1 aga9 at mid-day1 aga9 9 ! aft]noon1 & once m aft] s*ool is ov]1 ! neighb\rhood is awak5$ by a *orus ( %\ts & laught] z ! boys ru% out to play2 & = z long z !y rema91 bo? eyes & e>s give pro( t !y are absorb$ 9 t enjoyable activity :i* makes ! pulse b\nd & ensures ! heal?ful activity ( e organ4 ,h[ unlike is ! picture (f]$ by ! ,e/abli%m5t = ,"y ,ladies6 ,until ! fact 0 po9t$ out1 we actually did n "k t we _h a girl's s*ool z close to u z ! s*ool = boys4 ,! g>d51 equally l>ge ) ! o!r1 af=ds no sign :atev] ( any provision = juv5ile recreation2 b is entirely laid out ) prim grass-plots1 gravel-walks1 %rubs1 & fl[]s1 aft] ! usual suburban /yle4 ,dur+ five mon?s we h n once _h our att5tion drawn to ! premises by a %\t or a laugh4 ,occasionally girls may be obs]v$ saunt]+ along ! pa?s ) lesson-books 9 _! h&s1 or else walk+ arm-9-arm4 ,once inde$1 we saw "o *ase ano!r r\nd ! g>d52 b1 ) ?is exception1 no?+ l vigor\s ex]tion has be5 visible4 ,:y ?is a/\nd+ diff]5ce8 ,is x t ! con/itution ( a girl diff]s s entirely f t ( a boy z n to ne$ ^! active ex]cises8 ,is x t a girl has none ( ! prompt+s to vocif]\s play by :i* boys are impell$8 ,or is x t1 :ile 9 boys ^! prompt+s are to be reg>d$ z /imuli to a bodily activity )\t :i* !re _c be adequate developm5t1 to _! si/]s1 ,nature has giv5 !m = no purpose :atev]--unless x be = ! vexation ( s*ool-mi/resses8 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 we mi/ake ! aim ( ^? :o tra9 ! g5tl] sex4 ,we h a vague suspicion t to produce a robu/ physique is ?\ght undesirable2 t rude heal? & abundant vig\r are consid]$ some:at plebeian2 t a c]ta9 delicacy1 a /r5g? n compet5t to m ?an a mile or two's walk1 an appetite fa/idi\s & easily satisfi$1 jo9$ ) t timidity :i* commonly accompanies feebl5ess1 are held m lady-l4 ,we d n expect t any w\ld di/9ctly av[ ?is2 b we fancy ! gov]ness-m9d is haunt$ by an ideal "y lady be>+ n a little resemblance to ?is type4 ,if s1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! e/abli%$ sy/em is admirably calculat$ to realise ?is ideal4 ,b to suppose t su* is ! ideal ( ! opposite sex is a pr(\nd mi/ake4 ,t m5 are n commonly drawn t[>ds mascul9e wom51 is d\btless true4 ,t su* relative weakness z asks ! protection ( sup]ior /r5g?1 is an elem5t ( attraction1 we q admit4 ,b ! diff]5ce ?us respond$ to by ! feel+s ( m51 is ! natural1 pre-e/abli%$ diff]5ce1 :i* w ass]t itself )\t artificial appliances4 ,& :51 by artificial appliances1 ! degree ( ?is diff]5ce is increas$1 x becomes an elem5t ( repulsion r ?an ( attraction4 ,!n girls %\ld be all[$ to run wild--to become z rude z boys1 & gr[ up into romps & hoyd5s6 exclaims "s def5d] ( ! proprieties4 ,?is1 we presume1 is ! ev]-pres5t dread ( s*ool-mi/resses4 ,x appe>s1 on inquiry1 t at ,e/abli%m5ts = ,"y ,ladies noisy play l t daily indulg$ 9 by boys1 is a puni%able (f5ce2 & we inf] t x is =bidd51 le/ unlady-l habits %\ld be =m$4 ,! fe> is q gr\ndless1 h[ev]4 ,= if ! sportive activity all[$ to boys does n prev5t !m f gr[+ up into g5tlem52 :y %\ld a l sportive activity prev5t girls f gr[+ up into ladies8 ,r\gh z may h be5 _! play-gr\nd frolics1 y\?s :o h left s*ool d n indulge 9 leap-frog 9 ! /reet1 or m>bles 9 ! draw+-room4 ,ab&on+ _! jackets1 !y ab&on at ! same "t boyi% games2 & display an anxiety--(t5 a ludicr\s anxiety--to avoid :atev] is n manly4 ,if n[1 on arriv+ at ! due age1 ?is feel+ ( mascul9e dignity puts s effici5t a re/ra9t on ! sports ( boyhood1 w n ! feel+ ( fem99e mode/y1 gradually /r5g!n+ z maturity is approa*$1 put an effici5t re/ra9t on ! l sports ( girlhood8 ,h n wom5 ev5 a great] reg>d = appe>ances ?an m58 & w !re n consequ5tly arise 9 !m ev5 a /rong] *eck to :atev] is r\gh or boi/]\s8 ,h[ absurd is ! supposition t ! womanly in/9cts w\ld n ass]t !mselves b = ! rigor\s discipl9e ( s*ool-mi/resses6 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 to rem$y ! evils ( "o artificiality1 ano!r artificiality has be5 introduc$4 ,! natural1 spontane\s ex]cise hav+ be5 =bidd51 & ! bad consequ5ces ( no ex]cise hav+ become conspicu\s1 !re has be5 adopt$ a sy/em ( factiti\s ex]cise--gymna/ics4 ,t ?is is bett] ?an no?+ we admit2 b t x is an adequate sub/itute = play we d5y4 ,! defects are bo? positive & negative4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! =mal1 muscul> motions1 necess>ily less v>i$ ?an ^? accompany+ juv5ile sports1 d n secure s equable a di/ribution ( action to all p>ts ( ! body2 :5ce x results t ! ex]tion1 fall+ on special p>ts1 produces fatigue soon] ?an x w\ld else h done3 to :i*1 9 pass+1 let u add1 t1 if con/antly repeat$1 ?is ex]tion ( special p>ts leads to a disproportionate developm5t4 ,aga91 ! quantity ( ex]cise ?us tak5 w be defici5t1 n only 9 consequ5ce ( unev5 di/ribution2 b !re w be a fur!r defici5cy 9 consequ5ce ( lack ( int]e/4 ,ev5 :5 n made repulsive1 z !y sometimes are by assum+ ! %ape ( appo9t$ lessons1 ^! monoton\s movem5ts are sure to become we>isome f ! abs5ce ( amusem5t4 ,competition1 x is true1 s]ves z a /imulus2 b x is n a la/+ /imulus1 l t enjoym5t :i* accompanies v>i$ play4 ,! weightie/ objection1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s4 ,besides be+ inf]ior 9 respect ( ! quantity ( muscul> ex]tion :i* !y secure1 gymna/ics are /ill m inf]ior 9 respect ( ! quality4 ,?is comp>ative want ( enjoym5t :i* we h nam$ z a cause ( e>ly desi/ance f artificial ex]cises1 is also a cause ( inf]iority 9 ! effects !y produce on ! sy/em4 ,! common assumption t1 s long z ! am\nt ( bodily action is ! same1 x matt]s n :e!r x be pleasurable or o!rwise1 is a grave mi/ake4 ,an agreeable m5tal excitem5t has a highly invigorat+ influ5ce4 ,see ! effect produc$ ^u an invalid by good news1 or by ! visit ( an old fri5d4 ,m>k h[ c>eful m$ical m5 are to recomm5d lively society to debilitat$ pati5ts4 ,rememb] h[ b5eficial to heal? is ! gratification produc$ by *ange ( sc5e4 ,! tru? is t happ9ess is ! mo/ p[]ful ( tonics4 ,by accel]at+ ! circulation ( ! blood1 x facilitates ! p]=mance ( e function2 & s t5ds alike to increase heal? :5 x exi/s1 & to re/ore x :5 x has be5 lo/4 ,h5ce ! intr9sic sup]iority ( play to gymna/ics4 ,! extreme int]e/ felt by *ildr5 9 _! games1 & ! riot\s glee ) :i* !y c>ry on _! r\gh] frolics1 are ( z mu* importance z ! accompany+ ex]tion4 ,& z n supply+ ^! m5tal /imuli1 gymna/ics mu/ be radically defective4 ,grant+ !n1 z we d1 t =mal ex]cises ( ! limbs are bett] ?an no?+--grant+1 fur!r1 t !y may be us$ ) advantage z supplem5t>y aids2 we yet cont5d t !y c nev] s]ve 9 place ( ! ex]cises prompt$ by ,nature4 ,= girls1 z well z boys1 ! sportive activities to :i* ! in/9cts impel1 are ess5tial to bodily welf>e4 ,:oev] =bids !m1 =bids ! div9ely-appo9t$ means to physical developm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a topic /ill rema9s--"o p]haps m urg5tly dem&+ consid]ation ?an any ( ! =ego+4 ,x is ass]t$ by n a few1 t among ! educat$ classes ! y\ng] adults & ^? :o are v]g+ on maturity1 are nei!r s well gr[n nor s /rong z _! s5iors4 ,on fir/ he>+ ?is ass]tion1 we 7 incl9$ to class x z "o ( ! _m manife/ations ( ! old t5d5cy to exalt ! pa/ at ! exp5se ( ! pres5t4 ,call+ to m9d ! facts t1 z measur$ by anci5t arm\r1 mod]n m5 are prov$ to be l>g] ?an anci5t m52 & t ! tables ( mortality %[ no dim9ution1 b r an increase1 9 ! duration ( life1 we paid little att5tion to :at seem$ a gr\ndless belief4 ,detail$ obs]vation1 h[ev]1 has %ak5 our op9ion4 ,omitt+ f ! comp>ison ! lab\r+ classes1 we h notic$ a majority ( cases 9 :i* ! *ildr5 d n rea* ! /ature ( _! p>5ts2 &1 9 massiv5ess1 mak+ due all[ance = diff]5ce ( age1 !re seems a l inf]iority4 ,m$ical m5 say t n[-a-days p _c be> ne>ly s mu* depletion z 9 times gone by4 ,premature baldness is f> m common ?an x us$ to be4 ,& an e>ly decay ( tee? occurs 9 ! ris+ g5]ation ) />tl+ frequ5cy4 ,9 g5]al vig\r ! contra/ appe>s equally /rik+4 ,m5 ( pa/ g5]ations1 liv+ riot\sly z !y did1 c\ld be> m ?an m5 ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 :o live sob]ly1 c be>4 ,?\gh !y drank h>d1 kept irregul> h\rs1 7 reg>dless ( fre% air1 & ?\ght little ( cleanl9ess1 our rec5t ance/ors 7 capable ( prolong$ application )\t injury1 ev5 to a ripe old age3 witness ! annals ( ! b5* & ! b>4 ,yet we :o ?9k mu* ab\t our bodily welf>e2 :o eat ) mod]ation1 & d n dr9k to excess2 :o att5d to v5tilation1 & use frequ5t ablutions2 :o make annual excursions1 & h ! b5efit ( great] m$ical k2--we are cont9ually break+ d[n "u our "w4 ,pay+ consid]able att5tion to ! laws ( heal?1 we seem to be weak] ?an our gr&fa!rs :o1 9 _m respects1 defi$ ! laws ( heal?4 ,&1 judg+ f ! appe>ance & frequ5t ailm5ts ( ! ris+ g5]ation1 !y are likely to be ev5 less robu/ ?an ourselves4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is8 ,is x t pa/ ov]-fe$+1 alike ( adults & *ildr51 0 less injuri\s ?an ! "u-fe$+ to :i* we h adv]t$ z n[ s g5]al8 ,is x t ! defici5t clo?+ :i* ?is delusive h>d5+-!ory has enc\rag$1 is to blame8 ,is x t ! great] or less disc\ragem5t ( juv5ile sports1 9 def]5ce to a false ref9em5t is ! cause8 ,f our reason+s x may be inf]r$ t ea* ( ^! has probably _h a %>e 9 produc+ ! evil4#g ,b !re has be5 yet ano!r detrim5tal influ5ce at "w1 p]haps m pot5t ?an any ( ! o!rs3 we mean--excess ( m5tal application4 ,on old & "y1 ! pressure ( mod]n life puts a /ill-increas+ /ra94 ,9 all bus9esses & pr(essions1 int5s] competition taxes ! en]gies & abilities ( e adult2 &1 to fit ! "y to hold _! places "u ?is int5s] competition1 !y are subject to sev]] discipl9e ?an h]et(ore4 ,! damage is ?us d\bl$4 ,fa!rs1 :o f9d !mselves run h>d by _! multiply+ competitors1 &1 :ile lab\r+ "u ?is disadvantage1 h to ma9ta9 a m exp5sive /yle ( liv+1 are all ! ye> r\nd oblig$ to "w e>ly & late1 tak+ little ex]cise & gett+ b %ort holidays4 ,! con/itutions %ak5 by ?is cont9u$ ov]-application1 !y bequea? to _! *ildr54 ,& !n ^! comp>atively feeble *ildr51 pr$ispos$ to break d[n ev5 "u ord9>y /ra9s on _! en]gies1 are requir$ to g ?r\gh a curriculum mu* m ext5d$ ?an t prescrib$ = ! un5feebl$ *ildr5 ( pa/ g5]ations4 ,! disa/r\s consequ5ces t might be anticipat$1 are ev]y:]e visible4 ,g :]e y w1 & be=e long !re come "u y\r notice cases ( *ildr5 or y\?s1 ( ei!r sex1 m or less injur$ by undue /udy4 ,"h1 to recov] f a /ate ( debility ?us produc$1 a ye>'s ru/ication has be5 f\nd necess>y4 ,!re y f9d a *ronic conge/ion ( ! bra91 t has already la/$ _m mon?s1 & ?reat5s to la/ mu* long]4 ,n[ y he> ( a fev] t result$ f ! ov]-excitem5t 9 "s way br\ght on at s*ool4 ,& aga91 ! in/ance is t ( a y\? :o has already _h once to desi/ f 8 /udies1 & :o1 s9ce 8 return to !m1 is frequ5tly tak5 out ( 8 class 9 a fa9t+ fit4 ,we /ate facts--facts n s\ght =1 b :i* h be5 ?ru/ on our obs]vation dur+ ! la/ two ye>s2 & t1 too1 )9 a v limit$ range4 ,nor h we by any means exhau/$ ! li/4 ,q rec5tly we _h ! opportunity ( m>k+ h[ ! evil becomes h]$it>y3 ! case be+ t ( a lady ( robu/ p>5tage1 ^: sy/em 0 s injur$ by ! regime ( a ,scot* bo>d+-s*ool1 :]e %e 0 "u-f$ & ov]-work$1 t %e inv>iably suff]s f v]tigo on ris+ 9 ! morn+2 & ^: *ildr51 inh]it+ ?is enfeebl$ bra91 are sev]al ( !m unable to be> ev5 a mod]ate am\nt ( /udy )\t heada*e or gidd9ess4 ,at ! pres5t "t we h daily "u our eyes1 a "y lady ^: sy/em has be5 damag$ = life by ! college-c\rse ?r\gh :i* %e has pass$4 ,tax$ z %e 0 to su* an ext5t t %e _h no en]gy left = ex]cise1 %e is1 n[ t %e has f9i%$ h] education1 a con/ant compla9ant4 ,appetite small & v caprici\s1 mo/ly refus+ meat2 extremities p]petually cold1 ev5 :5 ! wea!r is w>m2 a feebl5ess :i* =bids any?+ b ! sl[e/ walk+1 & t only = a %ort "t2 palpitation on go+ up/airs2 greatly impair$ vision--^!1 jo9$ ) *eck$ gr[? & lax tissue1 are among ! results entail$4 ,& to h] case we may add t ( h] fri5d & fell[-/ud5t2 :o is simil>ly weak2 :o is liable to fa9t ev5 "u ! excitem5t ( a quiet p>ty ( fri5ds2 & :o has at l5g? be5 oblig$ by h] m$ical att5dant to desi/ f /udy entirely4 ,if injuries s conspicu\s are ?us frequ5t1 h[ v g5]al mu/ be ! small]1 & inconspicu\s injuries6 ,to "o case :]e positive illness is traceable to ov]-application1 !re are probably at lea/ half-a-doz5 cases :]e ! evil is unobtrusive & sl[ly accumulat+--cases :]e !re is frequ5t d]angem5t ( ! functions1 attribut$ to ?is or t special cause1 or to con/itutional delicacy2 cases :]e !re is ret>dation & premature arre/ ( bodily gr[?2 cases :]e a lat5t t5d5cy to consumption is br\ght out & e/abli%$2 cases :]e a pr$isposition is giv5 to t n[ common c]ebral disord] br\ght on by ! lab\r ( adult life4 ,h[ commonly heal? is ?us und]m9$1 w be cle> to all :o1 aft] not+ ! frequ5t ailm5ts ( h>d-work$ pr(essional & m]cantile m51 w reflect on ! mu* worse effects :i* undue application mu/ produce on ! undevelop$ sy/ems ( *ildr54 ,! "y c be> nei!r s mu* h>d%ip1 nor s mu* physical ex]tion1 nor s mu* m5tal ex]tion1 z ! full gr[n4 ,judge1 !n1 if ! full gr[n manife/ly suff] f ! excessive m5tal ex]tion requir$ ( !m1 h[ great mu/ be ! damage :i* a m5tal ex]tion1 (t5 equally excessive1 inflicts on ! "y6 ,inde$1 :5 we exam9e ! m]ciless s*ool drill frequ5tly en=c$1 ! wond] is1 n t x does extreme injury1 b t x c be borne at all4 ,take ! in/ance giv5 by ,sir ,john ,=bes1 f p]sonal k2 & :i* he ass]ts1 aft] mu* inquiry1 to be an av]age sample ( ! middle-class girls'-s*ool sy/em ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,omitt+ detail$ divisions ( "t1 we quote ! summ>y ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 b$ #i h\rs 7! y\ng] #aj7 ,9 s*ool1 at _! /udies & tasks #i ,9 s*ool1 or 9 ! h\se1 ! eld] at optional /udies or "w1 ! y\ng] at play #ca_/b 7! y\ng] #ba_/b7 ,at meals #aa_/b ,ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 9 ! %ape ( a =mal walk1 (t5 ) lesson-books 9 h&1 & ev5 ?is only :5 ! wea!r is f9e at ! appo9t$ "t4 #a ---- #bd ,& :at are ! results ( ?is a/\nd+ regim51 z ,sir ,john ,=bes t]ms x8 ,( c\rse feebl5ess1 pallor1 want ( spirits1 g5]al ill-heal?4 ,b he describes some?+ m4 ,?is utt] disreg>d ( physical welf>e1 out ( extreme anxiety to cultivate ! m9d--?is prolong$ ex]cise ( bra9 & defici5t ex]cise ( limbs1--he f\nd to be habitually foll[$1 n only by disord]$ functions b by mal=mation4 ,he says3--,we lately visit$1 9 a l>ge t[n1 a bo>d+-s*ool conta9+ =ty girls2 & we le>nt1 on close & accurate inquiry1 t !re 0 n "o ( ! girl :o _h be5 at ! s*ool two ye>s 7& ! majority _h be5 z long7 t 0 n m or less crook$6#h ,x may be t s9ce #ahcc1 :5 ?is 0 writt51 "s improvem5t has tak5 place4 ,we hope x has4 ,b t ! sy/em is /ill common--nay1 t x is 9 "s cases c>ri$ to a great] extreme ?an ev]2 we c p]sonally te/ify4 ,we rec5tly w5t ov] a tra9+-college = "y m53 "o ( ^? in/itut$ ( late ye>s = ! purpose ( supply+ s*ools ) well-discipl9$ tea*]s4 ,"h1 "u (ficial sup]vision1 :]e some?+ bett] ?an ! judgm5t ( private s*ool-mi/resses might h be5 look$ =1 we f\nd ! daily r\t9e to be z foll[s3-- ,at #f o'clock ! /ud5ts are call$1 #g to #h /udies1 #h to #i scripture-read+1 pray]s1 & breakfa/1 #i to #ab /udies1 #ab to #aa_/d leisure1 nom9ally devot$ to walk+ or o!r ex]cise1 b (t5 sp5t 9 /udy1 #aa_/d to #b d9n]1 ! meal commonly occupy+ tw5ty m9utes1 #b to #e /udies1 #e to #f tea & relaxation1 #f to #ha_/b /udies1 #ha_/b to #ia_/b private /udies 9 prep>+ lessons = ! next day1 #aj to b$4 ,?us1 out ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 eight are devot$ to sleep2 f\r & a qu>t] are occupi$ 9 dress+1 pray]s1 meals1 & ! brief p]iods ( re/ accompany+ !m2 t5 & a half are giv5 to /udy2 & "o & a qu>t] to ex]cise1 :i* is optional & (t5 avoid$4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 are ! t5-&-a-half h\rs ( recognis$ /udy frequ5tly increas$ to elev5-&-a-half by devot+ to books ! "t set ap>t = ex]cise2 b "s ( ! /ud5ts get up at f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+ to prep>e _! lessons2 & are actually enc\rag$ by _! tea*]s to d ?is6 ,! c\rse to be pass$ ?r\gh 9 a giv5 "t is s ext5sive1 & ! tea*]s1 ^: cr$it is at /ake 9 gett+ _! pupils well ?r\gh ! exam9ations1 are s urg5t1 t pupils are n uncommonly induc$ to sp5d twelve & ?irte5 h\rs a day 9 m5tal lab\r6 ,x ne$s no prophet to see t ! bodily injury inflict$ mu/ be great4 ,z we 7 told by "o ( ! inmates1 ^? :o arrive ) fre% complexions quickly become blan*$4 ,illness is frequ5t3 !re are always "s on ! sick-li/4 ,failure ( appetite & indige/ion are v common4 ,di>rhoea is a preval5t disord]3 n uncommonly a ?ird ( ! :ole numb] ( /ud5ts suff]+ "u x at ! same "t4 ,heada*e is g5]ally compla9$ (2 & by "s is borne almo/ daily = mon?s4 ,:ile a c]ta9 p]c5tage break d[n entirely & g away4 ,t ?is %\ld be ! regim5 ( :at is 9 "s sort a model in/itution1 e/abli%$ & sup]9t5d$ by ! embodi$ enlight5m5t ( ! age1 is a />tl+ fact4 ,t ! sev]e exam9ations1 jo9$ ) ! %ort p]iod assign$ = prep>ation1 %\ld compel rec\rse to a sy/em :i* inevitably und]m9es ! heal? ( all :o pass ?r\gh x1 is pro(1 if n ( cruelty1 !n ( woeful ignorance4 ,! case is no d\bt 9 a great degree exceptional--p]haps to be p>allel$ only 9 o!r in/itutions ( ! same class4 ,b t cases s extreme %\ld exi/ at all1 goes f> to %[ t ! m9ds ( ! ris+ g5]ation are greatly ov]-task$4 ,express+ z !y d ! ideas ( ! educat$ community1 ! requirem5ts ( ^! tra9+ colleges1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r evid5ce1 w\ld imply a prevail+ t5d5cy to an unduly urg5t sy/em ( culture4 ,x seems /range t !re %\ld be s little consci\sness ( ! dang]s ( ov]-education dur+ y\?1 :5 !re is s g5]al a consci\sness ( ! dang]s ( ov]-education dur+ *ildhood4 ,mo/ p>5ts are p>tially aw>e ( ! evil consequ5ces t foll[ infant-precocity4 ,9 e society may be he>d reprobation ( ^? :o too e>ly /imulate ! m9ds ( _! little ones4 ,& ! dread ( ?is e>ly /imulation is great 9 proportion z !re is adequate k ( ! effects3 witness ! impli$ op9ion ( "o ( our mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(essors ( physiology1 :o told u t he did n int5d 8 little boy to le>n any lessons until he 0 eight ye>s old4 ,b :ile to all x is a famili> tru? t a =c$ developm5t ( intellig5ce 9 *ildhood1 entails ei!r physical feebl5ess1 or ultimate /upidity1 or e>ly dea?2 x appe>s n to be p]ceiv$ t ?r\gh\t y\? ! same tru? holds4 ,yet x unque/ionably does s4 ,!re is a giv5 ord] 9 :i*1 & a giv5 rate at :i*1 ! faculties unfold4 ,if ! c\rse ( education con=ms itself to t ord] & rate1 well4 ,if n--if ! high] faculties are e>ly tax$ by pres5t+ an ord] ( k m complex & ab/ract ?an c be readily assimilat$2 or if1 by excess ( culture1 ! intellect 9 g5]al is develop$ to a degree beyond t :i* is natural to its age2 ! abnormal advantage ga9$ w inevitably be accompani$ by "s equival5t1 or m ?an equival5t1 evil4 ,= ,nature is a /rict acc\ntant2 & if y dem& ( h] 9 "o direction m ?an %e is prep>$ to lay out1 %e balances ! acc\nt by mak+ a d$uction else:]e4 ,if y w let h] foll[ h] own c\rse1 tak+ c>e to supply1 9 "r quantities & k9ds1 ! raw mat]ials ( bodily & m5tal gr[? requir$ at ea* age1 %e w ev5tually produce an individual m or less ev5ly develop$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y insi/ on premature or undue gr[? ( any "o "p1 %e w1 ) m or less prote/1 conc$e ! po9t2 b t %e may d y\r extra "w1 %e mu/ leave "s ( h] m important "w undone4 ,let x nev] be =gott5 t ! am\nt ( vital en]gy :i* ! body at any mom5t possesses1 is limit$2 & t1 be+ limit$1 x is impossible to get f x m ?an a fix$ quantity ( results4 ,9 a *ild or y\? ! dem&s ^u ?is vital en]gy are v>i\s & urg5t4 ,z be=e po9t$ out1 ! wa/e consequ5t on ! day's bodily ex]cise has to be met2 ! we> ( bra9 entail$ by ! day's /udy has to be made good2 a c]ta9 additional gr[? ( body has to be provid$ =2 & also a c]ta9 additional gr[? ( bra93 to :i* mu/ be add$ ! am\nt ( en]gy absorb$ 9 dige/+ ! l>ge quantity ( food requir$ = meet+ ^! _m dem&s4 ,n[1 t to div]t an excess ( en]gy into any "o ( ^! *annels is to ab/ract x f ! o!rs1 is bo? manife/ a priori1 & prov$ a po/]iori1 by ! exp]i5ce ( e "o4 ,e "o kn[s1 = in/ance1 t ! dige/ion ( a heavy meal makes su* a dem& on ! sy/em z to produce lassitude ( m9d & body1 frequ5tly end+ 9 sleep4 ,e "o kn[s1 too1 t excess ( bodily ex]cise dim9i%es ! p[] ( ?\ght--t ! tempor>y pro/ration foll[+ any sudd5 ex]tion1 or ! fatigue produc$ by a ?irty miles' walk1 is accompani$ by a dis9cl9ation to m5tal ef=t2 t1 aft] a mon?'s p$e/rian t\r1 ! m5tal in]tia is su* t "s days are requir$ to ov]come x2 & t 9 peasants :o sp5d _! lives 9 muscul> lab\r ! activity ( m9d is v small4 ,aga91 x is a famili> tru? t dur+ ^? fits ( rapid gr[? :i* sometimes occur 9 *ildhood1 ! great ab/raction ( en]gy is %[n 9 an att5dant pro/ration1 bodily & m5tal4 ,once m1 ! facts t viol5t muscul> ex]tion aft] eat+1 w /op dige/ion2 & t *ildr5 :o are e>ly put to h>d lab\r become /unt$2 simil>ly exhibit ! antagonism--simil>ly imply t excess ( activity 9 "o direction involves defici5cy ( x 9 o!r directions4 ,n[1 ! law :i* is ?us manife/ 9 extreme cases1 holds 9 all cases4 ,^! injuri\s ab/ractions ( en]gy z c]ta9ly take place :5 ! undue dem&s are slight & con/ant1 z :5 !y are great & sudd54 ,h5ce1 if dur+ y\? ! exp5diture 9 m5tal lab\r exce$s t :i* ,nature has provid$ =2 ! exp5diture = o!r purposes falls bel[ :at x %\ld h be52 & evils ( "o k9d or o!r are inevitably entail$4 ,let u briefly consid] ^! evils4 ,suppos+ ! ov]-activity ( bra9 to exce$ ! normal activity only 9 a mod]ate degree1 !re w be no?+ m ?an "s slight reaction on ! developm5t ( ! body3 ! /ature fall+ a little bel[ t :i* x w\ld else h rea*$2 or ! bulk be+ less ?an x w\ld h be52 or ! quality ( tissue n be+ s good4 ,"o or m ( ^! effects mu/ necess>ily occur4 ,! extra quantity ( blood suppli$ to ! bra9 dur+ m5tal ex]tion1 & dur+ ! subsequ5t p]iod 9 :i* ! wa/e ( c]ebral sub/ance is be+ made good1 is blood t w\ld else h be5 circulat+ ?r\gh ! limbs & visc]a2 & ! gr[? or repair = :i* t blood w\ld h suppli$ mat]ials1 is lo/4 ,! physical reaction be+ c]ta91 ! "q is1 :e!r ! ga9 result+ f ! extra culture is equival5t to ! loss8--:e!r defect ( bodily gr[?1 or ! want ( t /ructural p]fection :i* gives vig\r & endurance1 is comp5sat$ by ! additional k acquir$8 ,:5 ! excess ( m5tal ex]tion is great]1 !re foll[ results f> m s]i\s2 tell+ n only aga9/ bodily p]fection1 b aga9/ ! p]fection ( ! bra9 itself4 ,x is a physiological law1 fir/ po9t$ out by ,m4 ,isidore ,/4 ,hilaire1 & to :i* att5tion has be5 drawn by ,mr4 ,lewes 9 8 essay on ,dw>fs & ,giants1 t !re is an antagonism betwe5 gr[? & developm5t4 ,by gr[?1 z us$ 9 ?is anti!tical s5se1 is to be und]/ood increase ( size2 by developm5t1 increase ( /ructure4 ,& ! law is1 t great activity 9 ei!r ( ^! processes involves ret>dation or arre/ ( ! o!r4 ,a famili> example is furni%$ by ! cases ( ! cat]pill> & ! *rysalis4 ,9 ! cat]pill> !re is extremely rapid augm5tation ( bulk2 b ! /ructure is sc>cely at all m complex :5 ! cat]pill> is full-gr[n ?an :5 x is small4 ,9 ! *rysalis ! bulk does n increase2 on ! contr>y1 weight is lo/ dur+ ?is /age ( ! creature's life2 b ! elaboration ( a m complex /ructure goes on ) great activity4 ,! antagonism1 "h s cle>1 is less traceable 9 high] creatures1 because ! two processes are c>ri$ on toge!r4 ,b we see x pretty well illu/rat$ among ourselves :5 we contra/ ! sexes4 ,a girl develops 9 body & m9d rapidly1 & ceases to gr[ comp>atively e>ly4 ,a boy's bodily & m5tal developm5t is sl[]1 & 8 gr[? great]4 ,at ! age :5 ! "o is mature1 f9i%$1 & hav+ all faculties 9 full play1 ! o!r1 ^: vital en]gies h be5 m direct$ t[>ds increase ( size1 is relatively incomplete 9 /ructure2 & %[s x 9 a comp>ative awkw>dness1 bodily & m5tal4 ,n[ ?is law is true ( ea* sep>ate "p ( ! organism1 z well z ( ! :ole4 ,! abnormally rapid advance ( any organ 9 respect ( /ructure1 involves premature arre/ ( its gr[?2 & ?is happ5s ) ! organ ( ! m9d z c]ta9ly z ) any o!r organ4 ,! bra91 :i* dur+ e>ly ye>s is relatively l>ge 9 mass b imp]fect 9 /ructure1 w1 if requir$ to p]=m its functions ) undue activity1 und]go a /ructural advance great] ?an is appropriate to its age2 b ! ultimate effect w be a fall+ %ort ( ! size & p[] t w\ld else h be5 atta9$4 ,& ?is is a "p-cause--probably ! *ief cause--:y precoci\s *ildr51 & y\?s :o up to a c]ta9 "t 7 c>ry+ all be=e !m1 s (t5 /op %ort & disappo9t ! high hopes ( _! p>5ts4 ,b ^! results ( ov]-education1 disa/r\s z !y are1 are p]haps less disa/r\s ?an ! effects produc$ on ! heal?--! und]m9$ con/itution1 ! enfeebl$ en]gies1 ! morbid feel+s4 ,rec5t discov]ies 9 physiology h %[n h[ imm5se is ! influ5ce ( ! bra9 ov] ! functions ( ! body4 ,dige/ion1 circulation1 & ?r\gh ^! all o!r organic processes1 are pr(\ndly affect$ by c]ebral excitem5t4 ,:oev] has se5 repeat$1 z we h1 ! exp]im5t fir/ p]=m$ by ,web]1 %[+ ! consequ5ce ( irritat+ ! vagus n]ve1 :i* connects ! bra9 ) ! visc]a--:oev] has se5 ! action ( ! he>t sudd5ly arre/$ by irritat+ ?is n]ve2 sl[ly recomm5c+ :5 ! irritation is susp5d$2 & aga9 arre/$ ! mom5t x is r5ew$2 w h a vivid conception ( ! depress+ influ5ce :i* an ov]-wr\ght bra9 ex]cises on ! body4 ,! effects ?us physiologically expla9$1 are inde$ exemplifi$ 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,!re is no "o b has felt ! palpitation accompany+ hope1 fe>1 ang]1 joy--no "o b has obs]v$ h[ lab\r$ becomes ! action ( ! he>t :5 ^! feel+s are viol5t4 ,& ?\gh !re are _m :o h nev] suff]$ t extreme emotional excitem5t :i* is foll[$ by arre/ ( ! he>t's action & fa9t+2 yet e "o kn[s ^! to be cause & effect4 ,x is a famili> fact1 too1 t di/urbance ( ! /oma* results f m5tal excitem5t exce$+ a c]ta9 int5sity4 ,loss ( appetite is a common consequ5ce alike ( v pleasurable & v pa9ful /ates ( m9d4 ,:5 ! ev5t produc+ a pleasurable or pa9ful /ate ( m9d occurs %ortly aft] a meal1 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s ei!r t ! /oma* rejects :at has be5 eat51 or dige/s x ) great difficulty & "u prote/4 ,& z e "o :o taxes 8 bra9 mu* c te/ify1 ev5 purely intellectual action w1 :5 excessive1 produce analog\s effects4 ,n[ ! relation betwe5 bra9 & body :i* is s manife/ 9 ^! extreme cases1 holds equally 9 ord9>y1 less-m>k$ cases4 ,j z ^! viol5t b tempor>y c]ebral excitem5ts produce viol5t b tempor>y di/urbances ( ! visc]a2 s d ! less viol5t b *ronic c]ebral excitem5ts produce less viol5t b *ronic visc]al di/urbances4 ,?is is n simply an inf]5ce3--x is a tru? to :i* e m$ical man c be> witness2 & x is "o to :i* a long & sad exp]i5ce enables u to give p]sonal te/imony4 ,v>i\s degrees & =ms ( bodily d]angem5t1 (t5 tak+ ye>s ( en=c$ idl5ess to set p>tially "r1 result f ?is prolong$ ov]-ex]tion ( m9d4 ,sometimes ! he>t is *iefly affect$3 habitual palpitations2 a pulse mu* enfeebl$2 & v g5]ally a dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( beats f sev5ty-two to sixty1 or ev5 few]4 ,sometimes ! conspicu\s disord] is ( ! /oma*3 a dyspepsia :i* makes life a burd51 & is am5able to no rem$y b "t4 ,9 _m cases bo? he>t & /oma* are implicat$4 ,mo/ly ! sleep is %ort & brok54 ,& v g5]ally !re is m or less m5tal depression4 ,consid]1 !n1 h[ great mu/ be ! damage inflict$ by undue m5tal excitem5t on *ildr5 & y\?s4 ,m or less ( ?is con/itutional di/urbance w inevitably foll[ an ex]tion ( bra9 beyond ! normal am\nt2 & :5 n s excessive z to produce absolute illness1 is sure to entail a sl[ly accumulat+ deg5]acy ( physique4 ,) a small & fa/idi\s appetite1 an imp]fect dige/ion1 & an enfeebl$ circulation1 h[ c ! develop+ body fl\ri%8 ,! due p]=mance ( e vital process dep5ds on an adequate supply ( good blood4 ,)\t en\gh good blood1 no gl& c secrete prop]ly1 no viscus c fully dis*>ge its (fice4 ,)\t en\gh good blood1 no n]ve1 muscle1 membrane1 or o!r tissue c be effici5tly repair$4 ,)\t en\gh good blood1 gr[? w nei!r be s\nd nor suffici5t4 ,judge1 !n1 h[ bad mu/ be ! consequ5ces :5 to a gr[+ body ! weak5$ /oma* supplies blood t is defici5t 9 quantity & poor 9 quality2 :ile ! debilitat$ he>t propels ?is poor & scanty blood ) unnatural sl[ness4 ,& if1 z all :o inve/igate ! matt] mu/ admit1 physical deg5]acy is a consequ5ce ( excessive /udy1 h[ grave is ! condemnation to be pass$ on ?is cramm+-sy/em above exemplifi$4 ,x is a t]rible mi/ake1 f :atev] po9t ( view reg>d$4 ,x is a mi/ake 9 s f> z ! m]e acquirem5t ( k is conc]n$4 ,= ! m9d1 l ! body1 _c assimilate beyond a c]ta9 rate2 & if y ply x ) facts fa/] ?an x c assimilate !m1 !y are soon reject$ aga93 in/ead ( be+ built into ! intellectual fabric1 !y fall out ( recollection aft] ! pass+ ( ! exam9ation = :i* !y 7 got up4 ,x is a mi/ake1 too1 because x t5ds to make /udy di/a/eful4 ,ei!r ?r\gh ! pa9ful associations produc$ by ceaseless m5tal toil1 or ?r\gh ! abnormal /ate ( bra9 x leaves beh9d1 x (t5 g5]ates an av]sion to books2 &1 in/ead ( t subsequ5t self-culture induc$ by rational education1 !re comes cont9u$ retrogression4 ,x is a mi/ake1 also1 inasmu* z x assumes t ! acquisition ( k is ev]y?+2 & =gets t a mu* m important ?+ is ! organisation ( k1 = :i* "t & spontane\s ?9k+ are requisite4 ,z ,humboldt rem>ks respect+ ! progress ( intellig5ce 9 g5]al1 t ! int]pretation ( ,nature is obscur$ :5 ! description langui%es "u too great an accumulation ( insulat$ facts2 s1 x may be rem>k$ respect+ ! progress ( individual intellig5ce1 t ! m9d is ov]-burd5$ & hamp]$ by an excess ( ill-dige/$ in=mation4 ,x is n ! k /or$ up z intellectual fat :i* is ( value2 b t :i* is turn$ into intellectual muscle4 ,! mi/ake goes /ill deep] h[ev]4 ,ev5 7 ! sy/em good z produc+ intellectual effici5cy1 :i* x is n1 x w\ld /ill be bad1 because1 z we h %[n1 x is fatal to t vig\r ( physique ne$ful to make intellectual tra9+ available 9 ! /ruggle ( life4 ,^? :o1 9 eag]ness to cultivate _! pupils' m9ds1 are reckless ( _! bodies1 d n rememb] t success 9 ! _w dep5ds m on en]gy ?an on in=mation2 & t a policy :i* 9 cramm+ ) in=mation und]m9es en]gy1 is self-defeat+4 ,! /rong w & untir+ activity due to abundant animal vig\r1 g f> to comp5sate ev5 great defects ( education2 & :5 jo9$ ) t q adequate education :i* may be obta9$ )\t sacrific+ heal?1 !y ensure an easy victory ov] competitors enfeebl$ by excessive /udy3 prodigies ( le>n+ ?\gh !y may be4 ,a comp>atively small & ill-made eng9e1 work$ at high pressure1 w d m ?an a l>ge & well-f9i%$ "o work$ at l[-pressure4 ,:at folly is x1 !n1 :ile f9i%+ ! eng9e1 s to damage ! boil] t x w n g5]ate /eam6 ,once m1 ! sy/em is a mi/ake1 z involv+ a false e/imate ( welf>e 9 life4 ,ev5 suppos+ x 7 a means to worldly success1 in/ead ( a means to worldly failure1 yet1 9 ! entail$ ill-heal?1 x w\ld inflict a m ?an equival5t curse4 ,:at boots x to h atta9$ weal?1 if ! weal? is accompani$ by ceaseless ailm5ts8 ,:at is ! wor? ( di/9ction1 if x has br\ght hypo*ondria ) x8 ,surely no "o ne$s tell+ t a good dige/ion1 a b\nd+ pulse1 & high spirits1 are elem5ts ( happ9ess :i* no ext]nal advantages c out-balance4 ,*ronic bodily disord] ca/s a gloom ov] ! brighte/ prospects2 :ile ! vivacity ( /rong heal? gilds ev5 mis=tune4 ,we cont5d1 !n1 t ?is ov]-education is vici\s 9 e way--vici\s1 z giv+ k t w soon be =gott52 vici\s1 z produc+ a disgu/ = k2 vici\s1 z neglect+ t organisation ( k :i* is m important ?an its acquisition2 vici\s1 z weak5+ or de/roy+ t en]gy )\t :i* a tra9$ intellect is useless2 vici\s1 z entail+ t ill-heal? = :i* ev5 success w\ld n comp5sate1 & :i* makes failure d\bly bitt]4 ,on wom5 ! effects ( ?is =c+ sy/em are1 if possible1 ev5 m injuri\s ?an on m54 ,be+ 9 great measure deb>r$ f ^? vigor\s & enjoyable ex]cises ( body by :i* boys mitigate ! evils ( excessive /udy1 girls feel ^! evils 9 _! full int5sity4 ,h5ce1 ! mu* small] proportion ( !m :o gr[ up well-made & heal?y4 ,9 ! pale1 angul>1 flat-*e/$ "y ladies1 s abundant 9 ,london draw+-rooms1 we see ! effect ( m]ciless application1 unreliev$ by y\?ful sports2 & ?is physical deg5]acy h9d]s _! welf>e f> m ?an _! _m accompli%m5ts aid x4 ,mammas anxi\s to make _! daught]s attractive1 c\ld sc>cely *oose a c\rse m fatal ?an ?is1 :i* sacrifices ! body to ! m9d4 ,ei!r !y disreg>d ! ta/es ( ! opposite sex1 or else _! conception ( ^? ta/es is errone\s4 ,m5 c>e little = erudition 9 wom52 b v mu* = physical beauty1 good nature1 & s\nd s5se4 ,h[ _m conque/s does ! blue-/ock+ make ?r\gh h] ext5sive k ( hi/ory8 ,:at man ev] fell 9 love ) a woman because %e und]/ood ,italian8 ,:]e is ! ,edw9 :o 0 br\ght to ,angel9a's feet by h] ,g]man8 ,b rosy *eeks & laugh+ eyes are great attractions4 ,a f9ely r\nd$ figure draws admir+ glances4 ,! livel9ess & good hum\r t ov]fl[+ heal? produces1 g a great way t[>ds e/abli%+ atta*m5ts4 ,e "o kn[s cases :]e bodily p]fections1 9 ! abs5ce ( all o!r recomm5dations1 h incit$ a passion t c>ri$ all be=e x2 b sc>cely any "o c po9t to a case :]e intellectual acquirem5ts1 ap>t f moral or physical attributes1 h ar\s$ su* a feel+4 ,! tru? is t1 out ( ! _m elem5ts unit+ 9 v>i\s proportions to produce 9 a man's brea/ ! complex emotion we call love1 ! /ronge/ are ^? produc$ by physical attractions2 ! next 9 ord] ( /r5g? are ^? produc$ by moral attractions2 ! weake/ are ^? produc$ by intellectual attractions2 & ev5 ^! are dep5d5t less on acquir$ k ?an on natural faculty--quickness1 wit1 insight4 ,if any ?9k ! ass]tion a d]ogatory "o1 & inveigh aga9/ ! mascul9e "* = be+ ?us sway$2 we reply t !y little "k :at !y say :5 !y ?us call 9 "q ! ,div9e ord9ations4 ,ev5 7 !re no obvi\s mean+ 9 ! arrangem5t1 we might be sure t "s important end 0 subs]v$4 ,b ! mean+ is q obvi\s to ^? :o exam9e4 ,:5 we rememb] t "o ( ,nature's ends1 or r h] supreme end1 is ! welf>e ( po/]ity2 fur!r t1 9 s f> z po/]ity are conc]n$1 a cultivat$ intellig5ce bas$ on a bad physique is ( little wor?1 s9ce its desc5dants w die out 9 a g5]ation or two2 & conv]sely t a good physique1 h[ev] poor ! accompany+ m5tal end[m5ts1 is wor? pres]v+1 because1 ?r\gh\t future g5]ations1 ! m5tal end[m5ts may be indef9itely develop$2 we p]ceive h[ important is ! balance ( in/9cts above describ$4 ,b1 advantage ap>t1 ! in/9cts be+ ?us balanc$1 x is folly to p]si/ 9 a sy/em :i* und]m9es a girl's con/itution t x may ov]load h] memory4 ,educate z highly z possible--! high] ! bett]--provid+ no bodily injury is entail$ 7& we may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t a suffici5tly high /&>d might be rea*$ 7 ! p>rot-faculty cultivat$ less1 & ! human faculty m1 & 7 ! discipl9e ext5d$ ov] t n[ wa/$ p]iod betwe5 leav+ s*ool & be+ m>ri$74 ,b to educate 9 su* mann]1 or to su* ext5t1 z to produce physical deg5]acy1 is to defeat ! *ief end = :i* ! toil & co/ & anxiety are submitt$ to4 ,by subject+ _! daught]s to ?is high-pressure sy/em1 p>5ts frequ5tly ru9 _! prospects 9 life4 ,besides inflict+ on !m enfeebl$ heal?1 ) all its pa9s & disabilities & gloom2 !y n unfrequ5tly doom !m to celibacy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! physical education ( *ildr5 is ?us1 9 v>i\s ways1 s]i\sly faulty4 ,x errs 9 defici5t fe$+2 9 defici5t clo?+2 9 defici5t ex]cise 7among girls at lea/72 & 9 excessive m5tal application4 ,consid]+ ! regime z a :ole1 its t5d5cy is too exact+3 x asks too mu* & gives too little4 ,9 ! ext5t to :i* x taxes ! vital en]gies1 x makes ! juv5ile life f> m l ! adult life ?an x %\ld be4 ,x ov]looks ! tru? t1 z 9 ! foetus ! entire vitality is exp5d$ 9 gr[?--z 9 ! infant1 ! exp5diture ( vitality 9 gr[? is s great z to leave extremely little = ei!r physical or m5tal action2 s ?r\gh\t *ildhood & y\?1 gr[? is ! dom9ant requirem5t to :i* all o!rs mu/ be subord9at$3 a requirem5t :i* dictates ! giv+ ( mu* & ! tak+ away ( little--a requirem5t :i*1 !re=e1 re/ricts ! ex]tion ( body & m9d 9 proportion to ! rapidity ( gr[?--a requirem5t :i* p]mits ! m5tal & physical activities to increase only z fa/ z ! rate ( gr[? dim9i%es4 ,! rationale ( ?is high-pressure education is t x results f our pass+ phase ( civilisation4 ,9 primitive times1 :5 aggression & def5ce 7 ! lead+ social activities1 bodily vig\r ) its accompany+ c\rage 7 ! desid]ata2 & !n education 0 almo/ :olly physical3 m5tal cultivation 0 little c>$ =1 & inde$1 z 9 feudal ages1 0 (t5 treat$ ) contempt4 ,b n[ t our /ate is relatively peaceful--n[ t muscul> p[] is ( use = little else ?an manual lab\r1 :ile social success ( ne>ly e k9d dep5ds v mu* on m5tal p[]2 our education has become almo/ exclusively m5tal4 ,in/ead ( respect+ ! body & ignor+ ! m9d1 we n[ respect ! m9d & ignore ! body4 ,bo? ^! attitudes are wrong4 ,we d n yet realise ! tru? t z1 9 ?is life ( ours1 ! physical und]lies ! m5tal1 ! m5tal mu/ n be develop$ at ! exp5se ( ! physical4 ,! anci5t & mod]n conceptions mu/ be comb9$4 ,p]haps no?+ w s mu* ha/5 ! "t :5 body & m9d w bo? be adequately c>$ =1 z a diffusion ( ! belief t ! pres]vation ( heal? is a duty4 ,few seem consci\s t !re is su* a ?+ z physical morality4 ,m5's habitual words & acts imply ! idea t !y are at lib]ty to treat _! bodies z !y please4 ,disord]s entail$ by disob$i5ce to ,nature's dictates1 !y reg>d simply z grievances3 n z ! effects ( a conduct m or less flagiti\s4 ,?\gh ! evil consequ5ces inflict$ on _! dep5d5ts1 & on future g5]ations1 are (t5 z great z ^? caus$ by crime2 yet !y d n ?9k !mselves 9 any degree crim9al4 ,x is true t1 9 ! case ( drunk5ness1 ! vici\sness ( a bodily transgression is recognis$2 b none appe> to inf] t1 if ?is bodily transgression is vici\s1 s too is e bodily transgression4 ,! fact is1 t all brea*es ( ! laws ( heal? are physical s9s4 ,:5 ?is is g5]ally se51 !n1 & p]haps n till !n1 w ! physical tra9+ ( ! "y receive ! att5tion x des]ves4 #a ,cyclopa$ia ( ,practical ,m$ic9e4 #b ,cyclopa$ia ( ,practical ,m$ic9e4 #c ,cyclopa$ia ( ,anatomy & ,physiology4 #d ,morton's ,cyclopa$ia ( ,agriculture4 #e ,morton's ,cyclopa$ia ( ,agriculture4 #f ,x is ne$ful to rem>k t *ildr5 ^: legs & arms h be5 f ! beg9n+ habitually )\t cov]+1 cease to be consci\s t ! expos$ surfaces are cold2 j z by use we h all ceas$ to be consci\s t our faces are cold1 ev5 :5 out ( doors4 ,b ?\gh 9 su* *ildr5 ! s5sations no long] prote/1 x does n foll[ t ! sy/em escapes injury1 any m ?an x foll[s t ! ,fuegian is undamag$ by exposure1 because he be>s ) indiff]5ce ! melt+ ( ! fall+ sn[ on 8 nak$ body4 #g ,we are n c]ta9 t ! propagation ( subdu$ =ms ( con/itutional disease ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( vacc9ation is n a "p cause4 ,sundry facts 9 pa?ology sugge/ ! inf]5ce1 t :5 ! sy/em ( a vacc9at$ *ild is excret+ ! vacc9e virus by means ( pu/ules1 x w t5d also to excrete ?r\gh su* pu/ules o!r morbific matt]s2 especially if ^! morbific matt]s are ( a k9d ord9>ily got rid ( by ! sk91 z are "s ( ! wor/ ( !m4 ,h5ce x is v possible--probable ev5--t a *ild ) a con/itutional ta9t1 too slight to %[ itself 9 visible disease1 may1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( vitiat$ vacc9e lymph tak5 f x1 convey a l con/itutional ta9t to o!r *ildr51 & ^! to o!rs4 #h ,cyclopa$ia ( ,practical ,m$ic9e1 vol4 i4 pp4 #fig1 #fih4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,progress3 ,,its ,,law ,,& ,,cause#a ,! curr5t conception ( ,progress is some:at %ift+ & indef9ite4 ,sometimes x compreh5ds little m ?an simple gr[?--z ( a nation 9 ! numb] ( its memb]s & ! ext5t ( t]ritory ov] :i* x has spread4 ,sometimes x has ref]5ce to quantity ( mat]ial products--z :5 ! advance ( agriculture & manufactures is ! topic4 ,sometimes ! sup]ior quality ( ^! products is contemplat$3 & sometimes ! new or improv$ appliances by :i* !y are produc$4 ,:51 aga91 we speak ( moral or intellectual progress1 we ref] to ! /ate ( ! individual or p exhibit+ x2 :ile1 :5 ! progress ( ,k1 ( ,sci5ce1 ( ,art1 is comm5t$ ^u1 we h 9 view c]ta9 ab/ract results ( human ?\ght & action4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is ! curr5t conception ( ,progress m or less vague1 b x is 9 great measure errone\s4 ,x takes 9 n s mu* ! reality ( ,progress z its accompanim5ts--n s mu* ! sub/ance z ! %ad[4 ,t progress 9 intellig5ce se5 dur+ ! gr[? ( ! *ild into ! man1 or ! savage into ! philosoph]1 is commonly reg>d$ z consi/+ 9 ! great] numb] ( facts kn[n & laws und]/ood3 :]eas ! actual progress consi/s 9 ^? int]nal modifications ( :i* ?is increas$ k is ! expression4 ,social progress is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! produce ( a great] quantity & v>iety ( ! articles requir$ = satisfy+ m5's wants2 9 ! increas+ security ( p]son & prop]ty2 9 wid5+ fre$om ( action3 :]eas1 rightly und]/ood1 social progress consi/s 9 ^? *anges ( /ructure 9 ! social organism :i* h entail$ ^! consequ5ces4 ,! curr5t conception is a teleological "o4 ,! ph5om5a are contemplat$ solely z be>+ on human happ9ess4 ,only ^? *anges are held to con/itute progress :i* directly or indirectly t5d to height5 human happ9ess4 ,& !y are ?\ght to con/itute progress simply because !y t5d to height5 human happ9ess4 ,b rightly to und]/& progress1 we mu/ inquire :at is ! nature ( ^! *anges1 consid]$ ap>t f our int]e/s4 ,ceas+1 = example1 to reg>d ! successive geological modifications t h tak5 place 9 ! ,e>?1 z modifications t h gradually fitt$ x = ! habitation ( ,man1 & z !re=e a geological progress1 we mu/ seek to det]m9e ! "* common to ! modifications--! law to :i* !y all con=m4 ,& simil>ly 9 e o!r case4 ,leav+ out ( sight concomitants & b5eficial consequ5ces1 let u ask :at ,progress is 9 itself4 ,9 respect to t progress :i* individual organisms display 9 ! c\rse ( _! evolution1 ?is "q has be5 answ]$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,! inve/igations ( ,wolff1 ,goe!1 & ,von ,ba]1 h e/abli%$ ! tru? t ! s]ies ( *anges gone ?r\gh dur+ ! developm5t ( a se$ into a tree1 or an ovum into an animal1 con/itute an advance f homog5eity ( /ructure to het]og5eity ( /ructure4 ,9 its prim>y /age1 e g]m consi/s ( a sub/ance t is uni=m ?r\gh\t1 bo? 9 texture & *emical composition4 ,! fir/ /ep is ! appe>ance ( a diff]5ce betwe5 two p>ts ( ?is sub/ance2 or1 z ! ph5om5on is call$ 9 physiological language1 a diff]5tiation4 ,ea* ( ^! diff]5tiat$ divisions pres5tly beg9s itself to exhibit "s contra/ ( p>ts2 & by & by ^! second>y diff]5tiations become z def9ite z ! orig9al "o4 ,?is process is cont9u\sly repeat$--is simultane\sly go+ on 9 all p>ts ( ! gr[+ embryo2 & by endless su* diff]5tiations !re is f9ally produc$ t complex comb9ation ( tissues & organs con/itut+ ! adult animal or plant4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( all organisms :atev]4 ,x is settl$ beyond dispute t organic progress consi/s 9 a *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,n[1 we propose 9 ! fir/ place to %[1 t ?is law ( organic progress is ! law ( all progress4 ,:e!r x be 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,e>?1 9 ! developm5t ( ,life ^u its surface1 9 ! developm5t ( ,society1 ( ,gov]nm5t1 ( ,manufactures1 ( ,comm]ce1 ( ,language1 ,lit]ature1 ,sci5ce1 ,art1 ?is same evolution ( ! simple into ! complex1 ?r\gh successive diff]5tiations1 holds ?r\gh\t4 ,f ! e>lie/ traceable cosmical *anges d[n to ! late/ results ( civilisation1 we %all f9d t ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 is t 9 :i* ,progress ess5tially consi/s4 ,) ! view ( %[+ t if ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis be true1 ! g5esis ( ! sol> sy/em supplies "o illu/ration ( ?is law1 let u assume t ! matt] ( :i* ! sun & planets consi/ 0 once 9 a diffus$ =m2 & t f ! gravitation ( its atoms !re result$ a gradual conc5tration4 ,by ! hypo!sis1 ! sol> sy/em 9 its nasc5t /ate exi/$ z an indef9itely ext5d$ & ne>ly homog5e\s m$ium--a m$ium almo/ homog5e\s 9 d5sity1 9 temp]ature1 & 9 o!r physical attributes4 ,! fir/ advance t[>ds consolidation result$ 9 a diff]5tiation betwe5 ! occupi$ space :i* ! nebul\s mass /ill fill$1 & ! unoccupi$ space :i* x previ\sly fill$4 ,!re simultane\sly result$ a contra/ 9 d5sity & a contra/ 9 temp]ature1 betwe5 ! int]ior & ! ext]ior ( ?is mass4 ,& at ! same "t !re arose ?r\gh\t x rotatory movem5ts1 ^: velocities v>i$ accord+ to _! di/ances f its c5tre4 ,^! diff]5tiations increas$ 9 numb] & degree until !re 0 ! organis$ gr\p ( sun1 planets1 & satellites1 :i* we n[ "k--a gr\p :i* repres5ts num]\s contra/s ( /ructure & action among its memb]s4 ,!re are ! imm5se contra/s betwe5 ! sun & planets1 9 bulk & 9 weight2 z well z ! subord9ate contra/s betwe5 "o planet & ano!r1 & betwe5 ! planets & _! satellites4 ,!re is ! simil>ly m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! sun z almo/ /ation>y1 & ! planets z mov+ r\nd him ) great velocity2 :ile !re are ! second>y contra/s betwe5 ! velocities & p]iods ( ! sev]al planets1 & betwe5 _! simple revolutions & ! d\ble ones ( _! satellites1 :i* h to move r\nd _! prim>ies :ile mov+ r\nd ! sun4 ,!re is ! yet fur!r /rong contra/ betwe5 ! sun & ! planets 9 respect ( temp]ature2 & !re is reason to suppose t ! planets & satellites diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! prop] heat1 z well z 9 ! heat !y receive f ! sun4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d t1 9 addition to ^! v>i\s contra/s1 ! planets & satellites also diff] 9 respect to _! di/ances f ea* o!r & _! prim>y2 9 respect to ! incl9ations ( _! orbits1 ! incl9ations ( _! axes1 _! times ( rotation on _! axes1 _! specific gravities1 & _! physical con/itutions2 we see :at a high degree ( het]og5eity ! sol> sy/em exhibits1 :5 comp>$ ) ! almo/ complete homog5eity ( ! nebul\s mass out ( :i* x is suppos$ to h orig9at$4 ,pass+ f ?is hypo!tical illu/ration1 :i* mu/ be tak5 = :at x is wor?1 )\t prejudice to ! g5]al argum5t1 let u desc5d to a m c]ta9 ord] ( evid5ce4 ,x is n[ g5]ally agre$ among geologi/s t ! ,e>? 0 at fir/ a mass ( molt5 matt]2 & t x is /ill fluid & inc&esc5t at ! di/ance ( a few miles b5ea? its surface4 ,orig9ally1 !n1 x 0 homog5e\s 9 consi/5ce1 &1 9 virtue ( ! circulation t takes place 9 heat$ fluids1 mu/ h be5 comp>atively homog5e\s 9 temp]ature2 & x mu/ h be5 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e consi/+ p>tly ( ! elem5ts ( air & wat]1 & p>tly ( ^? v>i\s o!r elem5ts :i* assume a gase\s =m at high temp]atures4 ,t sl[ cool+ by radiation :i* is /ill go+ on at an inappreciable rate1 & :i*1 ?\gh orig9ally f> m rapid ?an n[1 necess>ily requir$ an imm5se "t to produce any decid$ *ange1 mu/ ultimately h result$ 9 ! solidification ( ! portion mo/ able to "p ) its heat--namely1 ! surface4 ,9 ! ?9 cru/ ?us =m$ we h ! fir/ m>k$ diff]5tiation4 ,a /ill fur!r cool+1 a consequ5t ?ick5+ ( ?is cru/1 & an accompany+ deposition ( all solidifiable elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 mu/ f9ally h be5 foll[$ by ! cond5sation ( ! wat] previ\sly exi/+ z vap\r4 ,a second m>k$ diff]5tiation mu/ ?us h aris53 & z ! cond5sation mu/ h tak5 place on ! coole/ p>ts ( ! surface--namely1 ab\t ! poles--!re mu/ ?us h result$ ! fir/ geographical di/9ction ( p>ts4 ,to ^! illu/rations ( gr[+ het]og5eity1 :i*1 ?\gh d$uc$ f ! kn[n laws ( matt]1 may be reg>d$ z m or less hypo!tical1 ,geology adds an ext5sive s]ies t h be5 inductively e/abli%$4 ,its inve/igations %[ t ! ,e>? has be5 cont9ually becom+ m het]og5e\s 9 virtue ( ! multiplication ( ! /rata :i* =m its cru/2 fur!r1 t x has be5 becom+ m het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! composition ( ^! /rata1 ! latt] ( :i*1 be+ made f ! detritus ( ! old] ones1 are _m ( !m r5d]$ highly complex by ! mixture ( mat]ials !y conta92 & t ?is het]og5eity has be5 va/ly increas$ by ! action ( ! ,e>?'s /ill molt5 nucleus ^u its envelope1 :5ce h result$ n only a great v>iety ( igne\s rocks1 b ! tilt+ up ( s$im5t>y /rata at all angles1 ! =mation ( faults & metallic ve9s1 ! production ( endless dislocations & irregul>ities4 ,yet aga91 geologi/s tea* u t ! ,e>?'s surface has be5 gr[+ m v>i$ 9 elevation--t ! mo/ anci5t m\nta9 sy/ems are ! smalle/1 & ! ,&es & ,himalayas ! mo/ mod]n2 :ile 9 all probability !re h be5 correspond+ *anges 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! ceaseless diff]5tiations1 we n[ f9d t no consid]able portion ( ! ,e>?'s expos$ surface is l any o!r portion1 ei!r 9 cont\r1 9 geologic /ructure1 or 9 *emical composition2 & t 9 mo/ p>ts x *anges f mile to mile 9 all ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re has be5 simultane\sly go+ on a gradual diff]5tiation ( climates4 ,z fa/ z ! ,e>? cool$ & its cru/ solidifi$1 !re arose appreciable diff]5ces 9 temp]ature betwe5 ^? p>ts ( its surface mo/ expos$ to ! sun & ^? less expos$4 ,gradually1 z ! cool+ progress$1 ^! diff]5ces became m pron\nc$2 until !re f9ally result$ ^? m>k$ contra/s betwe5 regions ( p]petual ice & sn[1 regions :]e w9t] & summ] alt]nately reign = p]iods v>y+ accord+ to ! latitude1 & regions :]e summ] foll[s summ] ) sc>cely an appreciable v>iation4 ,at ! same "t ! successive elevations & subsid5ces ( diff]5t portions ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 t5d+ z !y h done to ! pres5t irregul> di/ribution ( l& & sea1 h entail$ v>i\s modifications ( climate beyond ^? dep5d5t on latitude2 :ile a yet fur!r s]ies ( su* modifications h be5 produc$ by increas+ diff]5ces ( elevation 9 ! l&1 :i* h 9 sundry places br\ght arctic1 temp]ate1 & tropical climates to )9 a few miles ( ea* o!r4 ,& ! g5]al result ( ^! *anges is1 t n only has e ext5sive region its own meteorologic conditions1 b t e locality 9 ea* region diff]s m or less f o!rs 9 ^? conditions1 z 9 its /ructure1 its cont\r1 its soil4 ,?us1 betwe5 our exi/+ ,e>?1 ! ph5om5a ( ^: v>i$ cru/ nei!r geograph]s1 geologi/s1 m9]alogi/s1 nor meteorologi/s h yet enum]at$1 & ! molt5 globe out ( :i* x 0 evolv$1 ! contra/ 9 het]og5eity is suffici5tly /rik+4 ,:5 f ! ,e>? itself we turn to ! plants & animals t h liv$1 or /ill live1 ^u its surface1 we f9d ourselves 9 "s difficulty f lack ( facts4 ,t e exi/+ organism has be5 develop$ out ( ! simple into ! complex1 is inde$ ! fir/ e/abli%$ tru? ( all2 & t e organism t has exi/$ 0 simil>ly develop$1 is an inf]5ce :i* no physiologi/ w hesitate to draw4 ,b :5 we pass f individual =ms ( life to ,life 9 g5]al1 & inquire :e!r ! same law is se5 9 ! ensemble ( its manife/ations1--:e!r mod]n plants & animals are ( m het]og5e\s /ructure ?an anci5t ones1 & :e!r ! e>?'s pres5t ,flora & ,fauna are m het]og5e\s ?an ! ,flora & ,fauna ( ! pa/1--we f9d ! evid5ce s fragm5t>y1 t e conclusion is op5 to dispute4 ,two-?irds ( ! ,e>?'s surface be+ cov]$ by wat]2 a great "p ( ! expos$ l& be+ inaccessible to1 or untravell$ by1 ! geologi/2 ! great] "p ( ! rema9d] hav+ be5 sc>cely m ?an glanc$ at2 & ev5 ! mo/ famili> portions1 z ,engl&1 hav+ be5 s imp]fectly explor$ t a new s]ies ( /rata has be5 add$ )9 ^! f\r ye>s1--x is manife/ly impossible = u to say ) any c]ta9ty :at creatures h1 & :at h n1 exi/$ at any p>ticul> p]iod4 ,consid]+ ! p]i%able nature ( _m ( ! l[] organic =ms1 ! metamorphosis ( _m s$im5t>y /rata1 & ! gaps t occur among ! re/1 we %all see fur!r reason = di/ru/+ our d$uctions4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! repeat$ discov]y ( v]tebrate rema9s 9 /rata previ\sly suppos$ to conta9 none1--( reptiles :]e only fi% 7 ?\ght to exi/1--( mammals :]e x 0 believ$ !re 7 no creatures high] ?an reptiles1--r5d]s x daily m manife/ h[ small is ! value ( negative evid5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wor?lessness ( ! assumption t we h discov]$ ! e>lie/1 or any?+ l ! e>lie/1 organic rema9s1 is becom+ equally cle>4 ,t ! olde/ kn[n s$im5t>y rocks h be5 greatly *ang$ by igne\s action1 & t /ill old] ones h be5 totally trans=m$ by x1 is becom+ und5iable4 ,& ! fact t s$im5t>y /rata e>li] ?an any we "k1 h be5 melt$ up1 be+ admitt$1 x mu/ also be admitt$ t we _c say h[ f> back 9 "t ?is de/ruction ( s$im5t>y /rata has be5 go+ on4 ,?us x is manife/ t ! title1 ,palaeozoic1 z appli$ to ! e>lie/ kn[n fossilif]\s /rata1 involves a petitio pr9cipii2 & t1 = aught we "k to ! contr>y1 only ! la/ few *apt]s ( ! ,e>?'s biological hi/ory may h come d[n to u4 ,on nei!r side1 !re=e1 is ! evid5ce conclusive4 ,nev]!less we _c b ?9k t1 scanty z !y are1 ! facts1 tak5 altoge!r1 t5d to %[ bo? t ! m het]og5e\s organisms h be5 evolv$ 9 ! lat] geologic p]iods1 & t ,life 9 g5]al has be5 m het]og5e\sly manife/$ z "t has advanc$4 ,let u cite1 9 illu/ration1 ! "o case ( ! v]tebrata4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n v]tebrate rema9s are ^? ( ,fi%es2 & ,fi%es are ! mo/ homog5e\s ( ! v]tebrata4 ,lat] & m het]og5e\s are ,reptiles4 ,lat] /ill1 & m het]og5e\s /ill1 are ,mammals & ,birds4 ,if x be said1 z x may fairly be said1 t ! ,palaeozoic deposits1 n be+ e/u>y deposits1 are n likely to conta9 ! rema9s ( t]re/rial v]tebrata1 :i* may nev]!less h exi/$ at t era1 we reply t we are m]ely po9t+ to ! lead+ facts1 su* z !y are4 ,b to avoid any su* criticism1 let u take ! mammalian subdivision only4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n rema9s ( mammals are ^? ( small m>supials1 :i* are ! l[e/ ( ! mammalian type2 :ile1 conv]sely1 ! highe/ ( ! mammalian type--,man--is ! mo/ rec5t4 ,! evid5ce t ! v]tebrate fauna1 z a :ole1 has become m het]og5e\s1 is consid]ably /rong]4 ,to ! argum5t t ! v]tebrate fauna ( ! ,palaeozoic p]iod1 consi/+1 s f> z we "k1 entirely ( ,fi%es1 0 less het]og5e\s ?an ! mod]n v]tebrate fauna1 :i* includes ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals1 ( multitud9\s g5]a1 x may be repli$1 z be=e1 t e/u>y deposits ( ! ,palaeozoic p]iod1 c\ld we f9d !m1 might conta9 o!r ord]s ( v]tebrata4 ,b no su* reply c be made to ! argum5t t :]eas ! m>9e v]tebrata ( ! ,palaeozoic p]iod consi/$ entirely ( c>tilag9\s fi%es1 ! m>9e v]tebrata ( lat] p]iods include num]\s g5]a ( osse\s fi%es2 & t1 !re=e1 ! lat] m>9e v]tebrate faunas are m het]og5e\s ?an ! olde/ kn[n "o4 ,nor1 aga91 c any su* reply be made to ! fact t !re are f> m num]\s ord]s & g5]a ( mammalian rema9s 9 ! t]ti>y =mations ?an 9 ! second>y =mations4 ,did we wi% m]ely to make out ! be/ case1 we might dwell ^u ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 :o says t ! g5]al facts ( ,palaeontology appe> to sanction ! belief1 t ! same plan may be trac$ out 9 :at may be call$ ! g5]al life ( ! globe1 z 9 ! individual life ( e "o ( ! =ms ( organis$ be+ :i* n[ p x4 ,or we might quote1 z decisive1 ! judgm5t ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o holds t ! e>li] examples ( ea* gr\p ( creatures sev]ally dep>t$ less widely f ar*etypal g5]ality ?an ! lat] ones--7 sev]ally less unlike ! fundam5tal =m common to ! gr\p z a :ole2 t is to say--con/itut$ a less het]og5e\s gr\p ( creatures2 & :o fur!r upholds ! doctr9e ( a biological progression4 ,b 9 def]5ce to an au?ority = :om we h ! highe/ respect1 :o consid]s t ! evid5ce at pres5t obta9$ does n ju/ify a v]dict ei!r way1 we are cont5t to leave ! "q op54 ,:e!r an advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is or is n display$ 9 ! biological hi/ory ( ! globe1 x is cle>ly en\gh display$ 9 ! progress ( ! late/ & mo/ het]og5e\s creature--,man4 ,x is alike true t1 dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,e>? has be5 peopl$1 ! human organism has gr[n m het]og5e\s among ! civilis$ divisions ( ! species2 & t ! species1 z a :ole1 has be5 gr[+ m het]og5e\s 9 virtue ( ! multiplication ( races & ! diff]5tiation ( ^! races f ea* o!r4 ,9 pro( ( ! fir/ ( ^! positions1 we may cite ! fact t1 9 ! relative developm5t ( ! limbs1 ! civilis$ man dep>ts m widely f ! g5]al type ( ! plac5tal mammalia ?an d ! l[] human races4 ,:ile (t5 possess+ well-develop$ body & arms1 ! ,papuan has extremely small legs3 ?us rem9d+ u ( ! quadrumana1 9 :i* !re is no great contra/ 9 size betwe5 ! h9d & =e limbs4 ,b 9 ! ,european1 ! great] l5g? & massiv5ess ( ! legs has become v m>k$--! =e & h9d limbs are relatively m het]og5e\s4 ,aga91 ! great] ratio :i* ! cranial bones be> to ! facial bones illu/rates ! same tru?4 ,among ! v]tebrata 9 g5]al1 progress is m>k$ by an increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! v]tebral column1 & m especially 9 ! v]tebrae con/itut+ ! skull3 ! high] =ms be+ di/+ui%$ by ! relatively l>g] size ( ! bones :i* cov] ! bra91 & ! relatively small] size ( ^? :i* =m ! jaw1 etc4 ,n[1 ?is *>act]i/ic1 :i* is /rong] 9 ,man ?an 9 any o!r creature1 is /rong] 9 ! ,european ?an 9 ! savage4 ,moreov]1 judg+ f ! great] ext5t & v>iety ( faculty he exhibits1 we may inf] t ! civilis$ man has also a m complex or het]og5e\s n]v\s sy/em ?an ! uncivilis$ man3 & inde$ ! fact is 9 "p visible 9 ! increas$ ratio :i* 8 c]ebrum be>s to ! subjac5t ganglia4 ,if fur!r elucidation be ne$$1 we may f9d x 9 e nurs]y4 ,! infant ,european has sundry m>k$ po9ts ( resemblance to ! l[] human races2 z 9 ! flatness ( ! alae ( ! nose1 ! depression ( its bridge1 ! div]g5ce & =w>d op5+ ( ! no/rils1 ! =m ( ! lips1 ! abs5ce ( a frontal s9us1 ! wid? betwe5 ! eyes1 ! smallness ( ! legs4 ,n[1 z ! developm5t process by :i* ^! traits are turn$ into ^? ( ! adult ,european1 is a cont9uation ( t *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s display$ dur+ ! previ\s evolution ( ! embryo1 :i* e physiologi/ w admit2 x foll[s t ! p>allel developm5tal process by :i* ! l traits ( ! b>b>\s races h be5 turn$ into ^? ( ! civilis$ races1 has also be5 a cont9uation ( ! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,! tru? ( ! second position--t ,mank9d1 z a :ole1 h become m het]og5e\s--is s obvi\s z sc>cely to ne$ illu/ration4 ,e "w on ,e?nology1 by its divisions & subdivisions ( races1 be>s te/imony to x4 ,ev5 7 we to admit ! hypo!sis t ,mank9d orig9at$ f sev]al sep>ate /ocks1 x w\ld /ill rema9 true1 t z1 f ea* ( ^! /ocks1 !re h sprung _m n[ widely diff]5t tribes1 :i* are prov$ by philological evid5ce to h _h a common orig91 ! race z a :ole is f> less homog5e\s ?an x once 04 ,add to :i*1 t we h1 9 ! ,anglo-,am]icans1 an example ( a new v>iety aris+ )9 ^! few g5]ations2 & t1 if we may tru/ to ! description ( obs]v]s1 we are likely soon to h ano!r su* example 9 ,au/ralia4 ,on pass+ f ,humanity "u its individual =m1 to ,humanity z socially embodi$1 we f9d ! g5]al law /ill m v>i\sly exemplifi$4 ,! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is display$ equally 9 ! progress ( civilisation z a :ole1 & 9 ! progress ( e tribe or nation2 & is /ill go+ on ) increas+ rapidity4 ,z we see 9 exi/+ b>b>\s tribes1 society 9 its fir/ & l[e/ =m is a homog5e\s aggregation ( individuals hav+ l p[]s & l functions3 ! only m>k$ diff]5ce ( function be+ t :i* accompanies diff]5ce ( sex4 ,e man is w>rior1 hunt]1 fi%]man1 tool-mak]1 build]2 e woman p]=ms ! same drudg]ies2 e family is self-suffic+1 & save = purposes ( aggression & def5ce1 might z well live ap>t f ! re/4 ,v e>ly1 h[ev]1 9 ! process ( social evolution1 we f9d an incipi5t diff]5tiation betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$4 ,"s k9d ( *iefta9%ip seems coeval ) ! fir/ advance f ! /ate ( sep>ate w&]+ families to t ( a nomadic tribe4 ,! au?ority ( ! /ronge/ makes itself felt among a body ( savages z 9 a h]d ( animals1 or a posse ( s*oolboys4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 x is indef9ite1 unc]ta92 is %>$ by o!rs ( sc>cely inf]ior p[]2 & is unaccompani$ by any diff]5ce 9 occupation or /yle ( liv+3 ! fir/ rul] kills 8 own game1 makes 8 own weapons1 builds 8 own hut1 & economically consid]$1 does n diff] f o!rs ( 8 tribe4 ,gradually1 z ! tribe progresses1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$ gr[s m decid$4 ,supreme p[] becomes h]$it>y 9 "o family2 ! head ( t family1 ceas+ to provide = 8 own wants1 is s]v$ by o!rs2 & he beg9s to assume ! sole (fice ( rul+4 ,at ! same "t !re has be5 aris+ a co-ord9ate species ( gov]nm5t--t ( ,religion4 ,z all anci5t records & traditions prove1 ! e>lie/ rul]s are reg>d$ z div9e p]sonages4 ,! maxims & comm&s !y utt]$ dur+ _! lives are held sacr$ aft] _! dea?s1 & are en=c$ by _! div9ely-desc5d$ successors2 :o 9 _! turns are promot$ to ! pan!on ( ! race1 !re to be wor%ipp$ & propitiat$ along ) _! pr$ecessors3 ! mo/ anci5t ( :om is ! supreme god1 & ! re/ subord9ate gods4 ,= a long "t ^! connate =ms ( gov]nm5t--civil & religi\s--cont9ue closely associat$4 ,= _m g5]ations ! k+ cont9ues to be ! *ief prie/1 & ! prie/hood to be memb]s ( ! royal race4 ,= _m ages religi\s law cont9ues to conta9 m or less ( civil regulation1 & civil law to possess m or less ( religi\s sanction2 & ev5 among ! mo/ advanc$ nations ^! two controll+ ag5cies are by no means completely diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r4 ,hav+ a common root ) ^!1 & gradually div]g+ f !m1 we f9d yet ano!r controll+ ag5cy--t ( ,mann]s or c]emonial usages4 ,all titles ( hon\r are orig9ally ! names ( ! god-k+2 aft]w>ds ( ,god & ! k+2 /ill lat] ( p]sons ( high rank2 & f9ally come1 "s ( !m1 to be us$ betwe5 man & man4 ,all =ms ( complim5t>y address 7 at fir/ ! expressions ( submission f prison]s to _! conqu]or1 or f subjects to _! rul]1 ei!r human or div9e--expressions t 7 aft]w>ds us$ to propitiate subord9ate au?orities1 & sl[ly desc5d$ into ord9>y int]c\rse4 ,all modes ( salutation 7 once obeisances made be=e ! mon>* & us$ 9 wor%ip ( him aft] 8 dea?4 ,pres5tly o!rs ( ! god-desc5d$ race 7 simil>ly salut$2 & by degrees "s ( ! salutations h become ! due ( all4#b ,?us1 no soon] does ! orig9ally homog5e\s social mass diff]5tiate into ! gov]n$ & ! gov]n+ p>ts1 ?an ?is la/ exhibits an incipi5t diff]5tiation into religi\s & secul>--,*ur* & ,/ate2 :ile at ! same "t !re beg9s to be diff]5tiat$ f bo?1 t less def9ite species ( gov]nm5t :i* rules our daily int]c\rse--a species ( gov]nm5t :i*1 z we may see 9 h]alds' colleges1 9 books ( ! pe]age1 9 ma/]s ( c]emonies1 is n )\t a c]ta9 embodim5t ( its own4 ,ea* ( ^! is itself subject to successive diff]5tiations4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages1 !re arises1 z among ourselves1 a highly complex political organisation ( mon>*1 m9i/]s1 lords & commons1 ) _! subord9ate adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts1 c\rts ( ju/ice1 rev5ue (fices1 etc41 supplem5t$ 9 ! prov9ces by municipal gov]nm5ts1 c\nty gov]nm5ts1 p>i% or union gov]nm5ts--all ( !m m or less elaborat$4 ,by its side !re gr[s up a highly complex religi\s organisation1 ) its v>i\s grades ( (ficials1 f ar*bi%ops d[n to sextons1 its colleges1 convocations1 ecclesia/ical c\rts1 etc42 to all :i* mu/ be add$ ! ev] multiply+ indep5d5t sects1 ea* ) its g5]al & local au?orities4 ,& at ! same "t !re is develop$ a highly complex aggregation ( cu/oms1 mann]s1 & tempor>y fa%ions1 en=c$ by society at l>ge1 & s]v+ to control ^? m9or transactions betwe5 man & man :i* are n regulat$ by civil & religi\s law4 ,moreov] x is to be obs]v$ t ?is ev] increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! gov]nm5tal appliances ( ea* nation1 has be5 accompani$ by an increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! gov]nm5tal appliances ( diff]5t nations2 all ( :i* are m or less unlike 9 _! political sy/ems & legislation1 9 _! cre$s & religi\s in/itutions1 9 _! cu/oms & c]emonial usages4 ,simultane\sly !re has be5 go+ on a second diff]5tiation ( a m famili> k9d2 t1 namely1 by :i* ! mass ( ! community has be5 segregat$ into di/9ct classes & ord]s ( work]s4 ,:ile ! gov]n+ "p has und]gone ! complex developm5t above detail$1 ! gov]n$ "p has und]gone an equally complex developm5t1 :i* has result$ 9 t m9ute division ( lab\r *>act]is+ advanc$ nations4 ,x is ne$less to trace out ?is progress f its fir/ /ages1 up ?r\gh ! ca/e divisions ( ! ,ea/ & ! incorporat$ guilds ( ,europe1 to ! elaborate produc+ & di/ribut+ organisation exi/+ among ourselves4 ,political economi/s h long s9ce describ$ ! evolution :i*1 beg9n+ ) a tribe ^: memb]s sev]ally p]=m ! same actions ea* = himself1 ends ) a civilis$ community ^: memb]s sev]ally p]=m diff]5t actions = ea* o!r2 & !y h fur!r po9t$ out ! *anges ?r\gh :i* ! solit>y produc] ( any "o commodity is trans=m$ into a comb9ation ( produc]s :o1 unit$ "u a ma/]1 take sep>ate p>ts 9 ! manufacture ( su* commodity4 ,b !re are yet o!r & high] phases ( ?is advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s 9 ! indu/rial organisation ( society4 ,long aft] consid]able progress has be5 made 9 ! division ( lab\r among diff]5t classes ( work]s1 !re is /ill little or no division ( lab\r among ! widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! community2 ! nation cont9ues comp>atively homog5e\s 9 ! respect t 9 ea* di/rict ! same occupations are pursu$4 ,b :5 roads & o!r means ( transit become num]\s & good1 ! diff]5t di/ricts beg9 to assume diff]5t functions1 & to become mutually dep5d5t4 ,! calico manufacture locates itself 9 ?is c\nty1 ! wooll5-clo? manufacture 9 t2 silks are produc$ "h1 lace !re2 /ock+s 9 "o place1 %oes 9 ano!r2 pott]y1 h>dw>e1 cutl]y1 come to h _! special t[ns2 & ultimately e locality becomes m or less di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by ! lead+ occupation c>ri$ on 9 x4 ,nay1 m1 ?is subdivision ( functions %[s itself n only among ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same nation1 b among diff]5t nations4 ,t ex*ange ( commodities :i* free-trade promises s greatly to increase1 w ultimately h ! effect ( specialis+1 9 a great] or less degree1 ! indu/ry ( ea* p4 ,s t beg9n+ ) a b>b>\s tribe1 almo/ if n q homog5e\s 9 ! functions ( its memb]s1 ! progress has be51 & /ill is1 t[>ds an economic aggregation ( ! :ole human race2 gr[+ ev] m het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! sep>ate functions assum$ by sep>ate nations1 ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! local sections ( ea* nation1 ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! _m k9ds ( mak]s & trad]s 9 ea* t[n1 & ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! work]s unit$ 9 produc+ ea* commodity4 ,n only is ! law ?us cle>ly exemplifi$ 9 ! evolution ( ! social organism1 b x is exemplifi$ ) equal cle>ness 9 ! evolution ( all products ( human ?\ght & action1 :e!r concrete or ab/ract1 real or ideal4 ,let u take ,language z our fir/ illu/ration4 ,! l[e/ =m ( language is ! exclamation1 by :i* an entire idea is vaguely convey$ ?r\gh a s+le s\nd2 z among ! l[] animals4 ,t human language ev] consi/$ solely ( exclamations1 & s 0 /rictly homog5e\s 9 respect ( its p>ts ( spee*1 we h no evid5ce4 ,b t language c be trac$ d[n to a =m 9 :i* n\ns & v]bs are its only elem5ts1 is an e/abli%$ fact4 ,9 ! gradual multiplication ( p>ts ( spee* out ( ^! prim>y ones--9 ! diff]5tiation ( v]bs into active & passive1 ( n\ns into ab/ract & concrete--9 ! rise ( di/9ctions ( mood1 t5se1 p]son1 ( numb] & case--9 ! =mation ( auxili>y v]bs1 ( adjectives1 adv]bs1 pron\ns1 prepositions1 articles--9 ! div]g5ce ( ^? ord]s1 g5]a1 species1 & v>ieties ( p>ts ( spee* by :i* civilis$ races express m9ute modifications ( mean+--we see a *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,& x may be rem>k$1 9 pass+1 t x is m especially 9 virtue ( hav+ c>ri$ ?is subdivision ( function to a great] ext5t & complet5ess1 t ! ,engli% language is sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,ano!r aspect "u :i* we may trace ! developm5t ( language is ! diff]5tiation ( words ( alli$ mean+s4 ,philology e>ly disclos$ ! tru? t 9 all languages words may be gr\p$ into families hav+ a common ance/ry4 ,an aborig9al "n appli$ indiscrim9ately to ea* ( an ext5sive & ill-def9$ class ( ?+s or actions1 pres5tly und]goes modifications by :i* ! *ief divisions ( ! class are express$4 ,^! sev]al names spr++ f ! primitive root1 !mselves become ! p>5ts ( o!r names /ill fur!r modifi$4 ,& by ! aid ( ^? sy/ematic modes :i* pres5tly arise1 ( mak+ d]ivations & =m+ comp\nd t]ms express+ /ill small] di/9ctions1 !re is f9ally develop$ a tribe ( words s het]og5e\s 9 s\nd & mean+1 t to ! un9itiat$ x seems incr$ible t !y %\ld h _h a common orig94 ,mean:ile f o!r roots !re are be+ evolv$ o!r su* tribes1 until !re results a language ( "s sixty ?\s& or m unlike words1 signify+ z _m unlike objects1 qualities1 acts4 ,yet ano!r way 9 :i* language 9 g5]al advances f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 is 9 ! multiplication ( languages4 ,:e!r z ,max ,muell] & ,buns5 ?9k1 all languages h gr[n f "o /ock1 or :e!r1 z "s philologi/s say1 !y h gr[n f two or m /ocks1 x is cle> t s9ce l>ge families ( languages1 z ! ,indo-,european1 are ( "o p>5tage1 !y h become di/9ct ?r\gh a process ( cont9u\s div]g5ce4 ,! same diffusion ov] ! ,e>?'s surface :i* has l$ to ! diff]5tiation ( ! race1 has simultane\sly l$ to a diff]5tiation ( _! spee*3 a tru? :i* we see fur!r illu/rat$ 9 ea* nation by ! peculi>ities ( dialect f\nd 9 sev]al di/ricts4 ,?us ! progress ( ,language con=ms to ! g5]al law1 alike 9 ! evolution ( languages1 9 ! evolution ( families ( words1 & 9 ! evolution ( p>ts ( spee*4 ,on pass+ f spok5 to writt5 language1 we come ^u sev]al classes ( facts1 all hav+ simil> implications4 ,writt5 language is connate ) ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture2 & at fir/ all ?ree are app5dages ( ,ar*itecture1 & h a direct connection ) ! prim>y =m ( all ,gov]nm5t--! !ocratic4 ,m]ely not+ by ! way ! fact t sundry wild races1 z = example ! ,au/ralians & ! tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 are giv5 to depict+ p]sonages & ev5ts ^u ! walls ( caves1 :i* are probably reg>d$ z sacr$ places1 let u pass to ! case ( ! ,egyptians4 ,among !m1 z also among ! ,assyrians1 we f9d mural pa9t+s us$ to decorate ! temple ( ! god & ! palace ( ! k+ 7:i* 71 inde$1 orig9ally id5tical72 & z su* !y 7 gov]nm5tal appliances 9 ! same s5se t /ate-pageants & religi\s fea/s 74 ,fur!r1 !y 7 gov]nm5tal appliances 9 virtue ( repres5t+ ! wor%ip ( ! god1 ! triumphs ( ! god-k+1 ! submission ( 8 subjects1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! rebelli\s4 ,& yet aga9 !y 7 gov]nm5tal1 z be+ ! products ( an art rev]5c$ by ! p z a sacr$ my/]y4 ,f ! habitual use ( ?is pictorial repres5tations !re naturally grew up ! b slightly-modifi$ practice ( picture-writ+--a practice :i* 0 f\nd /ill extant among ! ,mexicans at ! "t !y 7 discov]$4 ,by abbreviations analog\s to ^? /ill go+ on 9 our own writt5 & spok5 language1 ! mo/ famili> ( ^! pictur$ figures 7 successively simplifi$2 & ultimately !re grew up a sy/em ( symbols1 mo/ ( :i* _h b a di/ant resemblance to ! ?+s = :i* !y /ood4 ,! inf]5ce t ! hi]oglyphics ( ! ,egyptians 7 ?us produc$1 is confirm$ by ! fact t ! picture-writ+ ( ! ,mexicans 0 f\nd to h giv5 bir? to a l family ( ideographic =ms2 & among !m1 z among ! ,egyptians1 ^! _h be5 p>tially diff]5tiat$ into ! kuriological or imitative1 & ! tropical or symbolic3 :i* 71 h[ev]1 us$ toge!r 9 ! same record4 ,9 ,egypt1 writt5 language und]w5t a fur!r diff]5tiation3 :5ce result$ ! hi]atic & ! epi/olographic or en*orial3 bo? ( :i* are d]iv$ f ! orig9al hi]oglyphic4 ,at ! same "t we f9d t = ! expression ( prop] names :i* c\ld n be o!rwise convey$1 phonetic symbols 7 employ$2 & ?\gh x is alleg$ t ! ,egyptians nev] actually a*iev$ complete alphabetic writ+1 yet x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ^! phonetic symbols occasionally us$ 9 aid ( _! ideographic ones1 7 ! g]ms out ( :i* alphabetic writ+ grew4 ,once hav+ become sep>ate f hi]oglyphics1 alphabetic writ+ itself und]w5t num]\s diff]5tiations--multipli$ alphabets 7 produc$2 betwe5 mo/ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 m or less connection c /ill be trac$4 ,& 9 ea* civilis$ nation !re has n[ gr[n up1 = ! repres5tation ( "o set ( s\nds1 sev]al sets ( writt5 signs us$ = di/9ct purposes4 ,f9ally1 ?r\gh a yet m important diff]5tiation came pr9t+2 :i*1 uni=m 9 k9d z x 0 at fir/1 has s9ce become multi=m4 ,:ile writt5 language 0 pass+ ?r\gh its e>li] /ages ( developm5t1 ! mural decoration :i* =m$ its root 0 be+ diff]5tiat$ into ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture4 ,! gods1 k+s1 m51 & animals repres5t$1 7 orig9ally m>k$ by ind5t$ outl9es & col\r$4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! outl9es 7 ( su* dep?1 & ! object !y circumscrib$ s f> r\nd$ & m>k$ out 9 its lead+ p>ts1 z to =m a species ( "w int]m$iate betwe5 intaglio & bas-relief4 ,9 o!r cases we see an advance ^u ?is3 ! rais$ spaces betwe5 ! figures be+ *isell$ (f1 & ! figures !mselves appropriately t9t$1 a pa9t$ bas-relief 0 produc$4 ,! re/or$ ,assyrian ar*itecture at ,syd5ham exhibits ?is /yle ( art c>ri$ to great] p]fection--! p]sons & ?+s repres5t$1 ?\gh /ill b>b>\sly col\r$1 are c>v$ out ) m tru? & 9 great] detail3 & 9 ! w+$ lions & bulls us$ = ! angles ( gateways1 we may see a consid]able advance t[>ds a completely sculptur$ figure2 :i*1 nev]!less1 is /ill col\r$1 & /ill =ms "p ( ! build+4 ,b :ile 9 ,assyria ! production ( a /atue prop] seems to h be5 little1 if at all1 attempt$1 we may trace 9 ,egyptian art ! gradual sep>ation ( ! sculptur$ figure f ! wall4 ,a walk ?r\gh ! collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum w cle>ly %[ ?is2 :ile x w at ! same "t af=d an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! evid5t traces :i* ! indep5d5t /atues be> ( _! d]ivation f bas-relief3 see+ t ne>ly all ( !m n only display t union ( ! limbs ) ! body :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( bas-relief1 b h ! back ( ! /atue unit$ f head to foot ) a block :i* /&s 9 place ( ! orig9al wall4 ,greece repeat$ ! lead+ /ages ( ?is progress4 ,z 9 ,egypt & ,assyria1 ^! tw9 arts 7 at fir/ unit$ ) ea* o!r & ) _! p>5t1 ,ar*itecture1 & 7 ! aids ( ,religion & ,gov]nm5t4 ,on ! friezes ( ,greek temples1 we see col\r$ bas-reliefs repres5t+ sacrifices1 battles1 processions1 games--all 9 "s sort religi\s4 ,on ! p$im5ts we see pa9t$ sculptures m or less unit$ ) ! tympanum1 & hav+ = subjects ! triumphs ( gods or h]oes4 ,ev5 :5 we come to /atues t are def9itely sep>at$ f ! build+s to :i* !y p]ta91 we /ill f9d !m col\r$2 & only 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ,greek civilisation does ! diff]5tiation ( sculpture f pa9t+ appe> to h become complete4 ,9 ,*ri/ian art we may cle>ly trace a p>allel re-g5esis4 ,all e>ly pa9t+s & sculptures ?r\gh\t ,europe 7 religi\s 9 subject--repres5t$ ,*ri/s1 crucifixions1 virg9s1 holy families1 apo/les1 sa9ts4 ,!y =m$ integral p>ts ( *ur* ar*itecture1 & 7 among ! means ( excit+ wor%ip2 z 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries !y /ill are4 ,moreov]1 ! e>ly sculptures ( ,*ri/ on ! cross1 ( virg9s1 ( sa9ts1 7 col\r$3 & x ne$s b to call to m9d ! pa9t$ madonnas & crucifixes /ill abundant 9 cont95tal *ur*es & highways1 to p]ceive ! significant fact t pa9t+ & sculpture cont9ue 9 close/ connection ) ea* o!r :]e !y cont9ue 9 close/ connection ) _! p>5t4 ,ev5 :5 ,*ri/ian sculpture 0 pretty cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f pa9t+1 x 0 /ill religi\s & gov]nm5tal 9 its subjects--0 us$ = tombs 9 *ur*es & /atues ( k+s3 :ile1 at ! same "t1 pa9t+1 :]e n purely ecclesia/ical1 0 appli$ to ! decoration ( palaces1 & besides repres5t+ royal p]sonages1 0 almo/ :olly devot$ to sacr$ leg5ds4 ,only 9 q rec5t times h pa9t+ & sculpture become entirely secul> arts4 ,only )9 ^! few c5turies has pa9t+ be5 divid$ into hi/orical1 l&scape1 m>9e1 ar*itectural1 g5re1 animal1 /ill-life1 etc41 & sculpture gr[n het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! v>iety ( real & ideal subjects ) :i* x occupies itself4 ,/range z x seems !n1 we f9d x no less true1 t all =ms ( writt5 language1 ( pa9t+1 & ( sculpture1 h a common root 9 ! politico-religi\s decorations ( anci5t temples & palaces4 ,little resemblance z !y n[ h1 ! bu/ t /&s on ! console1 ! l&scape t hangs aga9/ ! wall1 & ! copy ( ! ,times ly+ ^u ! table1 are remotely ak92 n only 9 nature1 b by extraction4 ,! braz5 face ( ! knock] :i* ! po/man has j lift$1 is relat$ n only to ! woodcuts ( ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news :i* he is deliv]+1 b to ! *>act]s ( ! billet-d\x :i* accompanies x4 ,betwe5 ! pa9t$ w9d[1 ! pray]-book on :i* its light falls1 & ! adjac5t monum5t1 !re is consangu9ity4 ,! effigies on our co9s1 ! signs ov] %ops1 ! figures t fill e l$g]1 ! coats ( arms outside ! c>riage panel1 & ! plac>ds inside ! omnibus1 are1 9 common ) dolls1 blue-books1 pap]-hang+s1 l9eally desc5d$ f ! rude sculpture-pa9t+s 9 :i* ! ,egyptians repres5t$ ! triumphs & wor%ip ( _! god-k+s4 ,p]haps no example c be giv5 :i* m vividly illu/rates ! multiplicity & het]og5eity ( ! products t 9 c\rse ( "t may arise by successive diff]5tiations f a common /ock4 ,be=e pass+ to o!r classes ( facts1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! evolution ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s is display$ n only 9 ! sep>ation ( ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture f ,ar*itecture & f ea* o!r1 & 9 ! great] v>iety ( subjects !y embody1 b x is fur!r %[n 9 ! /ructure ( ea* "w4 ,a mod]n picture or /atue is ( f> m het]og5e\s nature ?an an anci5t "o4 ,an ,egyptian sculpture-fresco repres5ts all its figures z on "o plane--t is1 at ! same di/ance f ! eye2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ t repres5ts !m z at v>i\s di/ances f ! eye4 ,x exhibits all objects z expos$ to ! same degree ( light2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ :i* exhibits diff]5t objects & diff]5t p>ts ( ea* object z 9 diff]5t degrees ( light4 ,x uses sc>cely any b ! prim>y col\rs1 & ^! 9 _! full int5sity2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ :i*1 introduc+ ! prim>y col\rs b sp>+ly1 employs an endless v>iety ( int]m$iate t9ts1 ea* ( het]og5e\s composition1 & diff]+ f ! re/ n only 9 quality b 9 int5sity4 ,moreov]1 we see 9 ^! e>lie/ works a great uni=mity ( conception4 ,! same arrangem5t ( figures is p]petually reproduc$--! same actions1 attitudes1 faces1 dresses4 ,9 ,egypt ! modes ( repres5tation 7 s fix$ t x 0 sacrilege to introduce a novelty2 & inde$ x c\ld h be5 only 9 consequ5ce ( a fix$ mode ( repres5tation t a sy/em ( hi]oglyphics became possible4 ,! ,assyrian bas-reliefs display p>allel *>act]s4 ,deities1 k+s1 att5dants1 w+$ figures & animals1 are sev]ally depict$ 9 l positions1 hold+ l implem5ts1 do+ l ?+s1 & ) l expression or non-expression ( face4 ,if a palm-grove is introduc$1 all ! trees are ( ! same height1 h ! same numb] ( leaves1 & are equidi/ant4 ,:5 wat] is imitat$1 ea* wave is a c\nt]p>t ( ! re/2 & ! fi%1 almo/ always ( "o k9d1 are ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface4 ,! be>ds ( ! k+s1 ! gods1 & ! w+$ figures1 are e :]e simil>3 z are ! names ( ! lions1 & equally s ^? ( ! horses4 ,hair is repres5t$ ?r\gh\t by "o =m ( curl4 ,! k+'s be>d is q ar*itecturally built up ( comp\nd ti]s ( uni=m curls1 alt]nat+ ) twi/$ ti]s plac$ 9 a transv]se direction1 & arrang$ ) p]fect regul>ity2 & ! t]m9al tufts ( ! bulls' tails are repres5t$ 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,)\t trac+ out analog\s facts 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 9 :i*1 ?\gh less /rik+1 !y are /ill visible1 ! advance 9 het]og5eity w be suffici5tly manife/ on rememb]+ t 9 ! pictures ( our own day ! composition is endlessly v>i$2 ! attitudes1 faces1 expressions1 unlike2 ! subord9ate objects diff]5t 9 size1 =m1 position1 texture2 & m or less ( contra/ ev5 9 ! smalle/ details4 ,or1 if we comp>e an ,egyptian /atue1 seat$ bolt upright on a block ) h&s on knees1 f+]s outspread & p>allel1 eyes look+ /raight =w>d1 & ! two sides p]fectly symmetrical 9 e p>ticul>1 ) a /atue ( ! advanc$ ,greek or ! mod]n s*ool1 :i* is asymmetrical 9 respect ( ! position ( ! head1 ! body1 ! limbs1 ! arrangem5t ( ! hair1 dress1 app5dages1 & 9 its relations to neighb\r+ objects1 we %all see ! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s cle>ly manife/$4 ,9 ! co-ord9ate orig9 & gradual diff]5tiation ( ,poetry1 ,music & ,danc+1 we h ano!r s]ies ( illu/rations4 ,rhy?m 9 spee*1 rhy?m 9 s\nd1 & rhy?m 9 motion1 7 9 ! beg9n+ p>ts ( ! same ?+1 & h only 9 process ( "t become sep>ate ?+s4 ,among v>i\s exi/+ b>b>\s tribes we f9d !m /ill unit$4 ,! dances ( savages are accompani$ by "s k9d ( monoton\s *ant1 ! clapp+ ( h&s1 ! /rik+ ( rude in/rum5ts3 !re are measur$ movem5ts1 measur$ words1 & measur$ tones2 & ! :ole c]emony1 usually hav+ ref]5ce to w> or sacrifice1 is ( gov]nm5tal "*4 ,9 ! e>ly records ( ! hi/oric races we simil>ly f9d ^! ?ree =ms ( metrical action unit$ 9 religi\s fe/ivals4 ,9 ! ,hebrew writ+s we read t ! triumphal ode compos$ by ,moses on ! defeat ( ! ,egyptians1 0 sung to an accompanim5t ( danc+ & timbrels4 ,! ,israelites danc$ & sung at ! inauguration ( ! gold5 calf4 ,& z x is g5]ally agre$ t ?is repres5tation ( ! ,deity 0 borr[$ f ! my/]ies ( ,apis1 x is probable t ! danc+ 0 copi$ f t ( ! ,egyptians on ^? occasions4 ,!re 0 an annual dance 9 ,%iloh on ! sacr$ fe/ival2 & ,david danc$ be=e ! ark4 ,aga91 9 ,greece ! l relation is ev]y:]e se52 ! orig9al type be+ !re1 z probably 9 o!r cases1 a simultane\s *ant+ & mimetic repres5tation ( ! life & adv5tures ( ! god4 ,! ,sp>tan dances 7 accompani$ by hymns & songs2 & 9 g5]al ! ,greeks _h no fe/ivals or religi\s assemblies b :at 7 accompani$ ) songs & dances--bo? ( !m be+ =ms ( wor%ip us$ be=e alt>s4 ,among ! ,romans1 too1 !re 7 sacr$ dances3 ! ,salian & ,lup]calian be+ nam$ z ( t k9d4 ,& ev5 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 z at ,limoges1 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 ! p h danc$ 9 ! *oir 9 hon\r ( a sa9t4 ,! incipi5t sep>ation ( ^! once unit$ arts f ea* o!r & f religion1 0 e>ly visible 9 ,greece4 ,probably div]g+ f dances p>tly religi\s1 p>tly w>like1 z ! ,corybantian1 came ! w> dances prop]1 ( :i* !re 7 v>i\s k9ds2 & f ^! result$ secul> dances4 ,mean:ile ,music & ,poetry1 ?\gh /ill unit$1 came to h an exi/5ce sep>ate f danc+4 ,! aborig9al ,greek poems1 religi\s 9 subject1 7 n recit$1 b *ant$2 & ?\gh at fir/ ! *ant ( ! poet 0 accompani$ by ! dance ( ! *orus1 x ultimately grew into indep5d5ce4 ,lat] /ill1 :5 ! poem _h be5 diff]5tiat$ into epic & lyric--:5 x became ! cu/om to s+ ! lyric & recite ! epic--poetry prop] 0 born4 ,z dur+ ! same p]iod musical in/rum5ts 7 be+ multipli$1 we may presume t music came to h an exi/5ce ap>t f words4 ,& bo? ( !m 7 beg9n+ to assume o!r =ms besides ! religi\s4 ,facts hav+ l implications might be cit$ f ! hi/ories ( lat] times & p3 z ! practices ( our own e>ly m9/rels1 :o sang to ! h>p h]oic n>ratives v]sifi$ by !mselves to music ( _! own composition3 ?us unit+ ! n[ sep>ate (fices ( poet1 compos]1 vocali/1 & in/rum5tali/4 ,b1 )\t fur!r illu/ration1 ! common orig9 & gradual diff]5tiation ( ,danc+1 ,poetry1 & ,music w be suffici5tly manife/4 ,! advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is display$ n only 9 ! sep>ation ( ^! arts f ea* o!r & f religion1 b also 9 ! multipli$ diff]5tiations :i* ea* ( !m aft]w>ds und]goes4 ,n to dwell ^u ! numb]less k9ds ( danc+ t h1 9 c\rse ( "t1 come into use2 & n to occupy space 9 deta9+ ! progress ( poetry1 z se5 9 ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s =ms ( metre1 ( rhyme1 & ( g5]al organisation2 let u conf9e our att5tion to music z a type ( ! gr\p4 ,z argu$ by ,dr4 ,burney1 & z impli$ by ! cu/oms ( /ill extant b>b>\s races1 ! fir/ musical in/rum5ts 71 )\t d\bt1 p]cussive--/icks1 calaba%es1 tom-toms--& 7 us$ simply to m>k ! "t ( ! dance2 & 9 ?is con/ant repetition ( ! same s\nd1 we see music 9 its mo/ homog5e\s =m4 ,! ,egyptians _h a lyre ) ?ree /r+s4 ,! e>ly lyre ( ! ,greeks _h f\r1 con/itut+ _! tetra*ord4 ,9 c\rse ( "s c5turies lyres ( sev5 & eight /r+s 7 employ$4 ,&1 by ! expiration ( a ?\s& ye>s1 !y _h advanc$ to _! great sy/em ( ! d\ble octave4 ,?r\gh all :i* *anges !re ( c\rse arose a great] het]og5eity ( melody4 ,simultane\sly !re came into use ! diff]5t modes--,dorian1 ,ionian1 ,phrygian1 ,a,eolian1 & ,lydian--answ]+ to our keys2 & ( ^! !re 7 ultimately fifte54 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 !re 0 b little het]og5eity 9 ! "t ( _! music4 ,in/rum5tal music dur+ ?is p]iod be+ m]ely ! accompanim5t ( vocal music1 & vocal music be+ completely subord9at$ to words1 ! s+] be+ also ! poet1 *ant+ 8 own compositions & mak+ ! l5g?s ( 8 notes agree ) ! feet ( 8 v]ses1--!re unavoidably arose a tiresome uni=mity ( measure1 :i*1 z ,dr4 ,burney says1 no res\rces ( melody c\ld disguise4 ,lack+ ! complex rhy?m obta9$ by our equal b>s & unequal notes ! only rhy?m 0 t produc$ by ! quantity ( ! syllables & 0 ( necessity comp>atively monoton\s4 ,& fur!r1 x may be obs]v$ t ! *ant ?us result+1 be+ l recitative1 0 mu* less cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f ord9>y spee* ?an is our mod]n song4 ,nev]!less1 9 virtue ( ! ext5d$ range ( notes 9 use1 ! v>iety ( modes1 ! occasional v>iations ( "t consequ5t on *anges ( metre1 & ! multiplication ( in/rum5ts1 music _h1 t[>ds ! close ( ,greek civilisation1 atta9$ to consid]able het]og5eity--n inde$ z comp>$ ) our music1 b z comp>$ ) t :i* prec$$ x4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 !re exi/$ no?+ b melody3 h>mony 0 unkn[n4 ,x 0 n until ,*ri/ian *ur*-music _h rea*$ "s developm5t1 t music 9 p>ts 0 evolv$2 & !n x came into exi/5ce ?r\gh a v unobtrusive diff]5tiation4 ,difficult z x may be to conceive a priori h[ ! advance f melody to h>mony c\ld take place )\t a sudd5 leap1 x is none ! less true t x did s4 ,! circum/ance :i* prep>$ ! way = x 0 ! employm5t ( two *oirs s++ alt]nately ! same air4 ,aft]w>ds x became ! practice--v possibly fir/ sugge/$ by a mi/ake--= ! second *oir to comm5ce be=e ! fir/ _h ceas$2 ?us produc+ a fugue4 ,) ! simple airs !n 9 use1 a p>tially h>moni\s fugue might n improbably ?us result3 & a v p>tially h>moni\s fugue satisfi$ ! e>s ( t age1 z we "k f /ill pres]v$ examples4 ,! idea hav+ once be5 giv51 ! compos+ ( airs productive ( fugal h>mony w\ld naturally gr[ up2 z 9 "s way x did gr[ up out ( ?is alt]nate *oir-s++4 ,& f ! fugue to conc]t$ music ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & m p>ts1 ! transition 0 easy4 ,)\t po9t+ out 9 detail ! increas+ complexity t result$ f introduc+ notes ( v>i\s l5g?s1 f ! multiplication ( keys1 f ! use ( accid5tals1 f v>ieties ( "t1 & s =?1 x ne$s b to contra/ music z x is1 ) music z x 01 to see h[ imm5se is ! increase ( het]og5eity4 ,we see ?is if1 look+ at music 9 its ensemble1 we enum]ate its _m diff]5t g5]a & species--if we consid] ! divisions into vocal1 in/rum5tal1 & mix$2 & _! subdivisions into music = diff]5t voices & diff]5t in/rum5ts--if we obs]ve ! _m =ms ( sacr$ music1 f ! simple hymn1 ! *ant1 ! canon1 motet1 an!m1 etc41 up to ! oratorio2 & ! /ill m num]\s =ms ( secul> music1 f ! ballad up to ! s]5ata1 f ! in/rum5tal solo up to ! symphony4 ,aga91 ! same tru? is se5 on comp>+ any "o sample ( aborig9al music ) a sample ( mod]n music--ev5 an ord9>y song = ! piano2 :i* we f9d to be relatively highly het]og5e\s1 n only 9 respect ( ! v>ieties 9 ! pit* & 9 ! l5g? ( ! notes1 ! numb] ( diff]5t notes s\nd+ at ! same in/ant 9 company ) ! voice1 & ! v>iations ( /r5g? ) :i* !y are s\nd$ & sung1 b 9 respect ( ! *anges ( key1 ! *anges ( "t1 ! *anges ( timbre ( ! voice1 & ! _m o!r modifications ( expression4 ,:ile betwe5 ! old monoton\s dance-*ant & a gr& op]a ( our own day1 ) its endless or*e/ral complexities & vocal comb9ations1 ! contra/ 9 het]og5eity is s extreme t x seems sc>cely cr$ible t ! "o %\ld h be5 ! ance/or ( ! o!r4 ,7 !y ne$$1 _m fur!r illu/rations might be cit$4 ,go+ back to ! e>ly "t :5 ! de$s ( ! god-k+1 *ant$ & mimetically repres5t$ 9 dances r\nd 8 alt>1 7 fur!r n>rat$ 9 picture-writ+s on ! walls ( temples & palaces1 & s con/itut$ a rude lit]ature1 we might trace ! developm5t ( ,lit]ature ?r\gh phases 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 x pres5ts 9 "o "w !ology1 cosmogony1 hi/ory1 biography1 civil law1 e?ics1 poetry2 ?r\gh o!r phases 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ,iliad1 ! religi\s1 m>tial1 hi/orical1 ! epic1 dramatic1 & lyric elem5ts are simil>ly comm+l$2 d[n to its pres5t het]og5e\s developm5t1 9 :i* its divisions & subdivisions are s num]\s & v>i$ z to defy complete classification4 ,or we might trace out ! evolution ( ,sci5ce2 beg9n+ ) ! era 9 :i* x 0 n yet diff]5tiat$ f ,art1 & 01 9 union ) ,art1 ! h&maid ( ,religion2 pass+ ?r\gh ! era 9 :i* ! sci5ces 7 s few & rudim5t>y1 z to be simultane\sly cultivat$ by ! same philosoph]s2 & end+ ) ! era 9 :i* ! g5]a & species are s num]\s t few c enum]ate !m1 & no "o c adequately grasp ev5 "o g5us4 ,or we might d ! l ) ,ar*itecture1 ) ! ,drama1 ) ,dress4 ,b d\btless ! read] is already we>y ( illu/rations2 & our promise has be5 amply fulfill$4 ,we believe we h %[n beyond "q1 t t :i* ! ,g]man physiologi/s h f\nd to be ! law ( organic developm5t1 is ! law ( all developm5t4 ,! advance f ! simple to ! complex1 ?r\gh a process ( successive diff]5tiations1 is se5 alike 9 ! e>lie/ *anges ( ! ,univ]se to :i* we c reason our way back2 & 9 ! e>lie/ *anges :i* we c inductively e/abli%2 x is se5 9 ! geologic & climatic evolution ( ! ,e>?1 & ( e s+le organism on its surface2 x is se5 9 ! evolution ( ,humanity1 :e!r contemplat$ 9 ! civilis$ individual1 or 9 ! aggregation ( races2 x is se5 9 ! evolution ( ,society 9 respect alike ( its political1 its religi\s1 & its economical organisation2 & x is se5 9 ! evolution ( all ^? endless concrete & ab/ract products ( human activity :i* con/itute ! environm5t ( our daily life4 ,f ! remote/ pa/ :i* ,sci5ce c fa?om1 up to ! novelties ( ye/]day1 t 9 :i* ,progress ess5tially consi/s1 is ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 f ?is uni=mity ( proc$ure1 may we n inf] "s fundam5tal necessity :5ce x results8 ,may we n rationally seek = "s all-p]vad+ pr9ciple :i* det]m9es ?is all-p]vad+ process ( ?+s8 ,does n ! univ]sality ( ! law imply a univ]sal cause8 ,t we c fa?om su* cause1 n\m5ally consid]$1 is n to be suppos$4 ,to d ?is w\ld be to solve t ultimate my/]y :i* mu/ ev] transc5d human intellig5ce4 ,b x /ill may be possible = u to r$uce ! law ( all ,progress1 above e/abli%$1 f ! condition ( an empirical g5]alisation1 to ! condition ( a rational g5]alisation4 ,j z x 0 possible to int]pret ,kepl]'s laws z necess>y consequ5ces ( ! law ( gravitation2 s x may be possible to int]pret ?is law ( ,progress1 9 its multi=m manife/ations1 z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( "s simil>ly univ]sal pr9ciple4 ,z gravitation 0 assignable z ! cause ( ea* ( ! gr\ps ( ph5om5a :i* ,kepl] =mulat$2 s may "s equally simple attribute ( ?+s be assignable z ! cause ( ea* ( ! gr\ps ( ph5om5a =mulat$ 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,we may be able to affiliate all ^! v>i$ & complex evolutions ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 ^u c]ta9 simple facts ( imm$iate exp]i5ce1 :i*1 9 virtue ( endless repetition1 we reg>d z necess>y4 ,! probability ( a common cause1 & ! possibility ( =mulat+ x1 be+ grant$1 x w be well1 be=e go+ fur!r1 to consid] :at mu/ be ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( su* cause1 & 9 :at direction we ought to look = x4 ,we c ) c]ta9ty pr$ict t x has a high degree ( g5]ality2 see+ t x is common to su* inf9itely v>i$ ph5om5a3 j 9 proportion to ! univ]sality ( its application mu/ be ! ab/ractness ( its "*4 ,we ne$ n expect to see 9 x an obvi\s solution ( ?is or t =m ( ,progress2 because x equally ref]s to =ms ( ,progress be>+ little app>5t resemblance to !m3 its association ) multi=m ord]s ( facts1 involves its dissociation f any p>ticul> ord] ( facts4 ,be+ t :i* det]m9es ,progress ( e k9d--a/ronomic1 geologic1 organic1 e?nologic1 social1 economic1 arti/ic1 etc4--x mu/ be conc]n$ ) "s fundam5tal attribute possess$ 9 common by ^!2 & mu/ be expressible 9 t]ms ( ?is fundam5tal attribute4 ,! only obvi\s respect 9 :i* all k9ds ( ,progress are alike1 is1 t !y are modes ( *ange2 & h5ce1 9 "s *>act]i/ic ( *anges 9 g5]al1 ! desir$ solution w probably be f\nd4 ,we may suspect a priori t 9 "s law ( *ange lies ! explanation ( ?is univ]sal trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s4 ,?us mu* premis$1 we pass at once to ! /atem5t ( ! law1 :i* is ?is3--,e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange--e cause produces m ?an "o effect4 ,be=e ?is law c be duly compreh5d$1 a few examples mu/ be look$ at4 ,:5 "o body is /ruck aga9/ ano!r1 t :i* we usually reg>d z ! effect1 is a *ange ( position or motion 9 "o or bo? bodies4 ,b a mom5t's ?\ght %[s u t ?is is a c>eless & v incomplete view ( ! matt]4 ,besides ! visible me*anical result1 s\nd is produc$2 or1 to speak accurately1 a vibration 9 "o or bo? bodies1 & 9 ! surr\nd+ air3 & "u "s circum/ances we call ?is ! effect4 ,moreov]1 ! air has n only be5 made to vibrate1 b has _h sundry curr5ts caus$ 9 x by ! transit ( ! bodies4 ,fur!r1 !re is a dis>rangem5t ( ! p>ticles ( ! two bodies 9 ! neighb\rhood ( _! po9t ( collision2 am\nt+ 9 "s cases to a visible cond5sation4 ,yet m1 ?is cond5sation is accompani$ by ! dis5gagem5t ( heat4 ,9 "s cases a sp>k--t is1 light--results1 f ! inc&esc5ce ( a portion /ruck (f2 & sometimes ?is inc&esc5ce is associat$ ) *emical comb9ation4 ,?us1 by ! orig9al me*anical =ce exp5d$ 9 ! collision1 at lea/ five1 & (t5 m1 diff]5t k9ds ( *anges h be5 produc$4 ,take1 aga91 ! light+ ( a c&le4 ,prim>ily ?is is a *emical *ange consequ5t on a rise ( temp]ature4 ,! process ( comb9ation hav+ once be5 set go+ by extrane\s heat1 !re is a cont9u$ =mation ( c>bonic acid1 wat]1 etc4--9 itself a result m complex ?an ! extrane\s heat t fir/ caus$ x4 ,b accompany+ ?is process ( comb9ation !re is a production ( heat2 !re is a production ( light2 !re is an asc5d+ column ( hot gases g5]at$2 !re are curr5ts e/abli%$ 9 ! surr\nd+ air4 ,moreov] ! decomposition ( "o =ce into _m =ces does n end "h3 ea* ( ! sev]al *anges produc$ becomes ! p>5t ( fur!r *anges4 ,! c>bonic acid giv5 (f w by & by comb9e ) "s base2 or "u ! influ5ce ( sun%9e give up its c>bon to ! leaf ( a plant4 ,! wat] w modify ! hygrometric /ate ( ! air ar\nd2 or1 if ! curr5t ( hot gases conta9+ x come aga9/ a cold body1 w be cond5s$3 alt]+ ! temp]ature1 & p]haps ! *emical /ate1 ( ! surface x cov]s4 ,! heat giv5 out melts ! subjac5t tall[1 & exp&s :atev] x w>ms4 ,! light1 fall+ on v>i\s sub/ances1 calls =? f !m reactions by :i* x is modifi$2 & s div]s col\rs are produc$4 ,simil>ly ev5 ) ^! second>y actions1 :i* may be trac$ out into ev]-multiply+ ramifications1 until !y become too m9ute to be appreciat$4 ,& ?us x is ) all *anges :atev]4 ,no case c be nam$ 9 :i* an active =ce does n evolve =ces ( sev]al k9ds1 & ea* ( ^!1 o!r gr\ps ( =ces4 ,univ]sally ! effect is m complex ?an ! cause4 ,d\btless ! read] already =esees ! c\rse ( our argum5t4 ,?is multiplication ( results1 :i* is display$ 9 e ev5t ( to-day1 has be5 go+ on f ! beg9n+2 & is true ( ! gr&e/ ph5om5a ( ! univ]se z ( ! mo/ insignificant4 ,f ! law t e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange1 x is an inevitable coroll>y t ?r\gh all "t !re has be5 an ev]-gr[+ complication ( ?+s4 ,/>t+ ) ! ultimate fact t e cause produces m ?an "o effect1 we may readily see t ?r\gh\t creation !re mu/ h gone on1 & mu/ /ill g on1 a nev]-ceas+ trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s4 ,b let u trace out ?is tru? 9 detail4 ,)\t committ+ ourselves to x z m ?an a speculation1 ?\gh a highly probable "o1 let u aga9 comm5ce ) ! evolution ( ! sol> sy/em out ( a nebul\s m$ium4#c ,f ! mutual attraction ( ! atoms ( a diffus$ mass ^: =m is unsymmetrical1 !re results n only cond5sation b rotation3 gravitation simultane\sly g5]ates bo? ! c5tripetal & ! c5trifugal =ces4 ,:ile ! cond5sation & ! rate ( rotation are progressively increas+1 ! approa* ( ! atoms necess>ily g5]ates a progressively increas+ temp]ature4 ,z ?is temp]ature rises1 light beg9s to be evolv$2 & ultimately !re results a revolv+ sph]e ( fluid matt] radiat+ int5se heat & light--a sun4 ,!re are good reasons = believ+ t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! high tang5tial velocity1 & consequ5t c5trifugal =ce1 acquir$ by ! out] p>ts ( ! cond5s+ nebul\s mass1 !re mu/ be a p]iodical deta*m5t ( rotat+ r+s2 & t1 f ! break+ up ( ^! nebul\s r+s1 !re mu/ arise masses :i* 9 ! c\rse ( _! cond5sation repeat ! actions ( ! p>5t mass1 & s produce planets & _! satellites--an inf]5ce /rongly support$ by ! /ill extant r+s ( ,saturn4 ,%\ld x h]eaft] be satisfactorily %[n t planets & satellites 7 ?us g5]at$1 a /rik+ illu/ration w be af=d$ ( ! highly het]og5e\s effects produc$ by ! prim>y homog5e\s cause2 b x w s]ve our pres5t purpose to po9t to ! fact t f ! mutual attraction ( ! p>ticles ( an irregul> nebul\s mass !re result cond5sation1 rotation1 heat1 & light4 ,x foll[s z a coroll>y f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 t ! ,e>? mu/ at fir/ h be5 inc&esc5t2 & :e!r ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis be true or n1 ?is orig9al inc&esc5ce ( ! ,e>? is n[ inductively e/abli%$--or1 if n e/abli%$1 at lea/ r5d]$ s highly probable t x is a g5]ally admitt$ geological doctr9e4 ,let u look fir/ at ! a/ronomical attributes ( ?is once molt5 globe4 ,f its rotation !re result ! oblat5ess ( its =m1 ! alt]nations ( day & night1 & 7"u ! influ5ce ( ! moon7 ! tides1 aque\s & atmosph]ic4 ,f ! incl9ation ( its axis1 !re result ! precession ( ! equ9oxes & ! _m diff]5ces ( ! seasons1 bo? simultane\s & successive1 t p]vade its surface4 ,?us ! multiplication ( effects is obvi\s4 ,sev]al ( ! diff]5tiations due to ! gradual cool+ ( ! ,e>? h be5 already notic$--z ! =mation ( a cru/1 ! solidification ( sublim$ elem5ts1 ! precipitation ( wat]1 etc41--& we "h aga9 ref] to !m m]ely to po9t out t !y are simultane\s effects ( ! "o cause1 dim9i%+ heat4 ,let u n[1 h[ev]1 obs]ve ! multipli$ *anges aft]w>ds aris+ f ! cont9uance ( ?is "o cause4 ,! cool+ ( ! ,e>? involves its contraction4 ,h5ce ! solid cru/ fir/ =m$ is pres5tly too l>ge = ! %r9k+ nucleus2 & z x _c support itself1 inevitably foll[s ! nucleus4 ,b a sph]oidal envelope _c s9k d[n into contact ) a small] int]nal sph]oid1 )\t disruption2 x mu/ run into wr9kles z ! r9d ( an apple does :5 ! bulk ( its int]ior decreases f evaporation4 ,z ! cool+ progresses & ! envelope ?ick5s1 ! ridges consequ5t on ^! contractions mu/ become great]1 ris+ ultimately into hills & m\nta9s2 & ! lat] sy/ems ( m\nta9s ?us produc$ mu/ n only be high]1 z we f9d !m to be1 b !y mu/ be long]1 z we also f9d !m to be4 ,?us1 leav+ out ( view o!r modify+ =ces1 we see :at imm5se het]og5eity ( surface has aris5 f ! "o cause1 loss ( heat--a het]og5eity :i* ! telescope %[s u to be p>allel$ on ! face ( ! moon1 :]e aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies h be5 abs5t4 ,b we h yet to notice ano!r k9d ( het]og5eity ( surface simil>ly & simultane\sly caus$4 ,:ile ! ,e>?'s cru/ 0 /ill ?91 ! ridges produc$ by its contraction mu/ n only h be5 small1 b ! spaces betwe5 ^! ridges mu/ h re/$ ) great ev5ness ^u ! subjac5t liquid sph]oid2 & ! wat] 9 ^? arctic & ant>ctic regions 9 :i* x fir/ cond5s$1 mu/ h be5 ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,b z fa/ z ! cru/ grew ?ick] & ga9$ correspond+ /r5g?1 ! l9es ( fracture f "t to "t caus$ 9 x1 mu/ h occurr$ at great] di/ances ap>t2 ! int]m$iate surfaces mu/ h foll[$ ! contract+ nucleus ) less uni=mity2 & !re mu/ h result$ l>g] areas ( l& & wat]4 ,if any "o1 aft] wrapp+ up an orange 9 wet tissue pap]1 & obs]v+ n only h[ small are ! wr9kles1 b h[ ev5ly ! int]v5+ spaces lie ^u ! surface ( ! orange1 w !n wrap x up 9 ?ick c>tridge-pap]1 & note bo? ! great] height ( ! ridges & ! mu* l>g] spaces ?r\gh\t :i* ! pap] does n t\* ! orange1 he w realise ! fact1 t z ! ,e>?'s solid envelope grew ?ick]1 ! areas ( elevation & depression mu/ h become great]4 ,9 place ( isl&s m or less homog5e\sly scatt]$ ov] an all-embrac+ sea1 !re mu/ h gradually aris5 het]og5e\s arrangem5ts ( cont95t & ocean1 su* z we n[ "k4 ,once m1 ?is d\ble *ange 9 ! ext5t & 9 ! elevation ( ! l&s1 involv$ yet ano!r species ( het]og5eity1 t ( coa/-l9e4 ,a tol]ably ev5 surface rais$ out ( ! ocean1 mu/ h a simple1 regul> sea-m>g92 b a surface v>i$ by table-l&s & int]sect$ by m\nta9-*a9s mu/1 :5 rais$ out ( ! ocean1 h an outl9e extremely irregul> bo? 9 its lead+ features & 9 its details4 ,?us endless is ! accumulation ( geological & geographical results sl[ly br\ght ab\t by ?is "o cause--! contraction ( ! ,e>?4 ,:5 we pass f ! ag5cy :i* geologi/s t]m igne\s1 to aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies1 we see ! l ev] gr[+ complications ( effects4 ,! d5ud+ actions ( air & wat] h1 f ! beg9n+1 be5 modify+ e expos$ surface2 ev]y:]e caus+ _m diff]5t *anges4 ,oxidation1 heat1 w9d1 fro/1 ra91 glaci]s1 riv]s1 tides1 waves1 h be5 unceas+ly produc+ dis9tegration2 v>y+ 9 k9d & am\nt accord+ to local circum/ances4 ,act+ ^u a tract ( granite1 !y "h "w sc>cely an appreciable effect2 !re cause exfoliations ( ! surface1 & a result+ heap ( debris & b\ld]s2 & else:]e1 aft] decompos+ ! feldsp> into a :ite clay1 c>ry away ?is & ! accompany+ qu>tz & mica1 & deposit !m 9 sep>ate b$s1 fluviatile & m>9e4 ,:5 ! expos$ l& consi/s ( sev]al unlike =mations1 s$im5t>y & igne\s1 ! d5udation produces *anges proportionably m het]og5e\s4 ,! =mations be+ dis9tegrable 9 diff]5t degrees1 !re foll[s an increas$ irregul>ity ( surface4 ,! areas dra9$ by diff]5t riv]s be+ diff]5tly con/itut$1 ^! riv]s c>ry d[n to ! sea diff]5t comb9ations ( +r$i5ts2 & s sundry new /rata ( di/9ct composition are =m$4 ,& "h inde$ we may see v simply illu/rat$1 ! tru?1 :i* we %all pres5tly h to trace out 9 m involv$ cases1 t 9 proportion to ! het]og5eity ( ! object or objects on :i* any =ce exp5ds itself1 is ! het]og5eity ( ! results4 ,a cont95t ( complex /ructure1 expos+ _m /rata irregul>ly di/ribut$1 rais$ to v>i\s levels1 tilt$ up at all angles1 mu/1 "u ! same d5ud+ ag5cies1 give orig9 to imm5sely multipli$ results2 ea* di/rict mu/ be diff]5tly modifi$2 ea* riv] mu/ c>ry d[n a diff]5t k9d ( detritus2 ea* deposit mu/ be diff]5tly di/ribut$ by ! entangl$ curr5ts1 tidal & o!r1 :i* wa% ! contort$ %ores2 & ?is multiplication ( results mu/ manife/ly be greate/ :]e ! complexity ( ! surface is greate/4 ,x is out ( ! "q "h to trace 9 detail ! g5esis ( ^? endless complications describ$ by ,geology & ,physical ,geography3 else we might %[ h[ ! g5]al tru?1 t e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! highly involv$ fl[ ( ! tides1 9 ! ocean curr5ts1 9 ! w9ds1 9 ! di/ribution ( ra91 9 ! di/ribution ( heat1 & s =?4 ,b n to dwell ^u ^!1 let u1 = ! full] elucidation ( ?is tru? 9 relation to ! inorganic _w1 consid] :at w\ld be ! consequ5ces ( "s ext5sive cosmical revolution--say ! subsid5ce ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! imm$iate results ( ! di/urbance w\ld !mselves be suffici5tly complex4 ,besides ! numb]less dislocations ( /rata1 ! ejections ( igne\s matt]1 ! propagation ( e>?quake vibrations ?\s&s ( miles ar\nd1 ! l\d explosions1 & ! escape ( gases2 !re w\ld be ! ru% ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans to supply ! vacant space1 ! subsequ5t recoil ( enorm\s waves1 :i* w\ld trav]se bo? ^! oceans & produce myriads ( *anges along _! %ores1 ! correspond+ atmosph]ic waves complicat$ by ! curr5ts surr\nd+ ea* volcanic v5t1 & ! electrical dis*>ges ) :i* su* di/urbances are accompani$4 ,b ^! tempor>y effects w\ld be insignificant comp>$ ) ! p]man5t ones4 ,! complex curr5ts ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific w\ld be alt]$ 9 direction & am\nt4 ,! di/ribution ( heat a*iev$ by ^! ocean curr5ts w\ld be diff]5t f :at x is4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! iso!rmal l9es1 n ev5 on ! neighb\r+ cont95ts1 b ev5 ?r\gh\t ,europe1 w\ld be *ang$4 ,! tides w\ld fl[ diff]5tly f :at !y d n[4 ,!re w\ld be m or less modification ( ! w9ds 9 _! p]iods1 /r5g?s1 directions1 qualities4 ,ra9 w\ld fall sc>cely any:]e at ! same times & 9 ! same quantities z at pres5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! meteorological conditions ?\s&s ( miles (f1 on all sides1 w\ld be m or less revolutionis$4 ,?us1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! inf9itude ( modifications :i* ^! *anges ( climate w\ld produce ^u ! flora & fauna1 bo? ( l& & sea1 ! read] w see ! imm5se het]og5eity ( ! results wr\ght out by "o =ce1 :5 t =ce exp5ds itself ^u a previ\sly complicat$ area2 & he w readily draw ! coroll>y t f ! beg9n+ ! complication has advanc$ at an increas+ rate4 ,be=e go+ on to %[ h[ organic progress also dep5ds ^u ! univ]sal law t e =ce produces m ?an "o *ange1 we h to notice ! manife/ation ( ?is law 9 yet ano!r species ( inorganic progress--namely1 *emical4 ,! same g5]al causes t h wr\ght out ! het]og5eity ( ! ,e>?1 physically consid]$1 h simultane\sly wr\ght out its *emical het]og5eity4 ,)\t dwell+ ^u ! g5]al fact t ! =ces :i* h be5 increas+ ! v>iety & complexity ( geological =mations1 h1 at ! same "t1 be5 br++ into contact elem5ts n previ\sly expos$ to ea* o!r "u conditions fav\rable to union1 & s h be5 add+ to ! numb] ( *emical comp\nds1 let u pass to ! m important complications t h result$ f ! cool+ ( ! ,e>?4 ,!re is e reason to believe t at an extreme heat ! elem5ts _c comb9e4 ,ev5 "u su* heat z c be artificially produc$1 "s v /rong aff9ities yield1 z = in/ance1 t ( oxyg5 = hydrog52 & ! great majority ( *emical comp\nds are decompos$ at mu* l[] temp]atures4 ,b )\t insi/+ ^u ! highly probable inf]5ce1 t :5 ! ,e>? 0 9 its fir/ /ate ( inc&esc5ce !re 7 no *emical comb9ations at all1 x w suffice our purpose to po9t to ! unque/ionable fact t ! comp\nds t c exi/ at ! highe/ temp]atures1 & :i* mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 ! fir/ t 7 =m$ z ! ,e>? cool$1 are ^? ( ! simple/ con/itutions4 ,! protoxides--includ+ "u t head ! alkalies1 e>?s1 etc4--are1 z a class1 ! mo/ /able comp\nds we "k3 mo/ ( !m resi/+ decomposition by any heat we c g5]ate4 ,^!1 consi/+ sev]ally ( "o atom ( ea* compon5t elem5t1 are comb9ations ( ! simple/ ord]--are b "o degree less homog5e\s ?an ! elem5ts !mselves4 ,m het]og5e\s ?an ^!1 less /able1 & !re=e lat] 9 ! ,e>?'s hi/ory1 are ! deutoxides1 tritoxides1 p]oxides1 etc42 9 :i* two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m atoms ( oxyg5 are unit$ ) "o atom ( metal or o!r elem5t4 ,high] ?an ^! 9 het]og5eity are ! hydrates2 9 :i* an oxide ( hydrog51 unit$ ) an oxide ( "s o!r elem5t1 =ms a sub/ance ^: atoms sev]ally conta9 at lea/ f\r ultimate atoms ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds4 ,yet m het]og5e\s & less /able /ill are ! salts2 :i* pres5t u ) comp\nd atoms ea* made up ( five1 six1 sev51 eight1 t51 twelve1 or m atoms1 ( ?ree1 if n m1 k9ds4 ,!n !re are ! hydrat$ salts1 ( a yet great] het]og5eity1 :i* und]go p>tial decomposition at mu* l[] temp]atures4 ,aft] !m come ! fur!r-complicat$ sup]salts & d\ble salts1 hav+ a /ability aga9 decreas$2 & s ?r\gh\t4 ,)\t ent]+ into qualifications = :i* we lack space1 we believe no *emi/ w d5y x to be a g5]al law ( ^! inorganic comb9ations t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! /ability decreases z ! complexity increases4 ,& !n :5 we pass to ! comp\nds ( organic *emi/ry1 we f9d ?is g5]al law /ill fur!r exemplifi$3 we f9d mu* great] complexity & mu* less /ability4 ,an atom ( album51 = in/ance1 consi/s ( #dhb ultimate atoms ( five diff]5t k9ds4 ,fibr9e1 /ill m intricate 9 con/itution1 conta9s 9 ea* atom1 #bih atoms ( c>bon1 #dj ( nitrog51 #b ( sulphur1 #bbh ( hydrog51 & #ib ( oxyg5--9 all1 #ffj atoms2 or1 m /rictly speak+--equival5ts4 ,& ^! two sub/ances are s un/able z to decompose at q ord9>y temp]atures2 z t to :i* ! outside ( a jo9t ( roa/ meat is expos$4 ,?us x is manife/ t ! pres5t *emical het]og5eity ( ! ,e>?'s surface has aris5 by degrees1 z ! decrease ( heat has p]mitt$2 & t x has %[n itself 9 ?ree =ms--fir/1 9 ! multiplication ( *emical comp\nds2 second1 9 ! great] numb] ( diff]5t elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! m mod]n ( ^! comp\nds3 & ?ird1 9 ! high] & m v>i$ multiples 9 :i* ^! m num]\s elem5ts comb9e4 ,to say t ?is advance 9 *emical het]og5eity is due to ! "o cause1 dim9ution ( ! ,e>?'s temp]ature1 w\ld be to say too mu*2 = x is cle> t aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies h be5 conc]n$2 &1 fur!r1 t ! aff9ities ( ! elem5ts !mselves are impli$4 ,! cause has all along be5 a composite "o3 ! cool+ ( ! ,e>? hav+ be5 simply ! mo/ g5]al ( ! concurr5t causes1 or assemblage ( conditions4 ,& "h1 inde$1 x may be rem>k$ t 9 ! sev]al classes ( facts already dealt ) 7except+1 p]haps1 ! fir/71 & /ill m 9 ^? ) :i* we %all pres5tly deal1 ! causes are m or less comp\nd2 z inde$ are ne>ly all causes ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,sc>cely any *ange c ) logical accuracy be :olly ascrib$ to "o ag5cy1 to ! neglect ( ! p]man5t or tempor>y conditions "u :i* only ?is ag5cy produces ! *ange4 ,b z x does n mat]ially affect our argum5t1 we pref]1 = simplicity's sake1 to use ?r\gh\t ! popul> mode ( expression4 ,p]haps x w be fur!r object$1 t to assign loss ( heat z ! cause ( any *anges1 is to attribute ^! *anges n to a =ce1 b to ! abs5ce ( a =ce4 ,& ?is is true4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! *anges %\ld be attribut$ to ^? =ces :i* come into action :5 ! antagoni/ =ce is )drawn4 ,b ?\gh !re is an inaccuracy 9 say+ t ! freez+ ( wat] is due to ! loss ( its heat1 no practical error arises f x2 nor w a p>allel laxity ( expression vitiate our /atem5ts respect+ ! multiplication ( effects4 ,inde$1 ! objection s]ves b to draw att5tion to ! fact1 t n only does ! ex]tion ( a =ce produce m ?an "o *ange1 b ! )drawal ( a =ce produces m ?an "o *ange4 ,& ?is sugge/s t p]haps ! mo/ correct /atem5t ( our g5]al pr9ciple w\ld be its mo/ ab/ract /atem5t--e *ange is foll[$ by m ?an "o o!r *ange4 ,return+ to ! ?read ( our exposition1 we h next to trace out1 9 organic progress1 ?is same all-p]vad+ pr9ciple4 ,& "h1 :]e ! evolution ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s 0 fir/ obs]v$1 ! production ( _m *anges by "o cause is lea/ easy to demon/rate4 ,! developm5t ( a se$ into a plant1 or an ovum into an animal1 is s gradual1 :ile ! =ces :i* det]m9e x are s involv$1 & at ! same "t s unobtrusive1 t x is difficult to detect ! multiplication ( effects :i* is else:]e s obvi\s4 ,nev]!less1 guid$ by indirect evid5ce1 we may pretty safely rea* ! conclusion t "h too ! law holds4 ,obs]ve1 fir/1 h[ num]\s are ! effects :i* any m>k$ *ange works ^u an adult organism--a human be+1 = in/ance4 ,an al>m+ s\nd or sigh1 besides ! impressions on ! organs ( s5se & ! n]ves1 may produce a />t1 a scream1 a di/ortion ( ! face1 a trembl+ consequ5t ^u a g5]al muscul> relaxation1 a bur/ ( p]spiration1 an excit$ action ( ! he>t1 a ru% ( blood to ! bra91 foll[$ possibly by arre/ ( ! he>t's action & by syncope3 & if ! sy/em be feeble1 an indisposition ) its long tra9 ( complicat$ symptoms may set 94 ,simil>ly 9 cases ( disease4 ,a m9ute portion ( ! small-pox virus introduc$ into ! sy/em1 w1 9 a sev]e case1 cause1 dur+ ! fir/ /age1 rigors1 heat ( sk91 accel]at$ pulse1 furr$ tongue1 loss ( appetite1 ?ir/1 epiga/ric uneas9ess1 vomit+1 heada*e1 pa9s 9 ! back & limbs1 muscul> weakness1 convulsions1 delirium1 etc42 9 ! second /age1 cutane\s eruption1 it*+1 t+l+1 sore ?roat1 swell$ fauces1 salivation1 c\gh1 ho>s5ess1 dyspnoea1 etc42 & 9 ! ?ird /age1 o$emat\s inflammations1 pneumonia1 pleurisy1 di>rhoea1 inflammation ( ! bra91 oph?almia1 erysipelas1 etc42 ea* ( :i* enum]at$ symptoms is itself m or less complex4 ,m$ic9es1 special foods1 bett] air1 might 9 l mann] be in/anc$ z produc+ multipli$ results4 ,n[ x ne$s only to consid] t ! _m *anges ?us wr\ght by "o =ce ^u an adult organism1 w be 9 "p p>allel$ 9 an embryo organism1 to und]/& h[ "h also1 ! evolution ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s may be due to ! production ( _m effects by "o cause4 ,! ext]nal heat & o!r ag5cies :i* det]m9e ! fir/ complications ( ! g]m1 may1 by act+ ^u ^!1 sup]9duce fur!r complications2 ^u ^! /ill high] & m num]\s ones2 & s on cont9ually3 ea* organ z x is develop$ s]v+1 by its actions & reactions ^u ! re/1 to initiate new complexities4 ,! fir/ pulsations ( ! foetal he>t mu/ simultane\sly aid ! unfold+ ( e "p4 ,! gr[? ( ea* tissue1 by tak+ f ! blood special proportions ( elem5ts1 mu/ modify ! con/itution ( ! blood2 & s mu/ modify ! nutrition ( all ! o!r tissues4 ,! he>t's action1 imply+ z x does a c]ta9 wa/e1 necessitates an addition to ! blood ( effete matt]s1 :i* mu/ influ5ce ! re/ ( ! sy/em1 & p]haps1 z "s ?9k1 cause ! =mation ( excretory organs4 ,! n]v\s connections e/abli%$ among ! visc]a mu/ fur!r multiply _! mutual influ5ces3 & s cont9ually4 ,/ill /rong] becomes ! probability ( ?is view :5 we call to m9d ! fact1 t ! same g]m may be evolv$ into diff]5t =ms accord+ to circum/ances4 ,?us1 dur+ its e>li] /ages1 e embryo is sexless--becomes ei!r male or female z ! balance ( =ces act+ ^u x det]m9es4 ,aga91 x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t ! l>va ( a work+-bee w develop into a que5-bee1 if1 be=e x is too late1 its food be *ang$ to t on :i* ! l>vae ( que5-bees are f$4 ,ev5 m rem>kable is ! case ( c]ta9 entozoa4 ,! ovum ( a tape-worm1 gett+ into its natural habitat1 ! inte/9e1 unfolds into ! well-kn[n =m ( its p>5t2 b if c>ri$1 z x frequ5tly is1 into o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em1 x becomes a sac-l creature1 call$ by naturali/s ! ,e*9ococcus--a creature s extremely diff]5t f ! tape-worm 9 aspect & /ructure1 t only aft] c>eful inve/igations has x be5 prov$ to h ! same orig94 ,all :i* in/ances imply t ea* advance 9 embryonic complication results f ! action ( incid5t =ces ^u ! complication previ\sly exi/+4 ,inde$1 we may f9d a priori reason to ?9k t ! evolution proce$s aft] ?is mann]4 ,= s9ce x is n[ kn[n t no g]m1 animal or vegetable1 conta9s ! slighte/ rudim5t1 trace1 or indication ( ! future organism--n[ t ! microscope has %[n u t ! fir/ process set up 9 e f]tilis$ g]m1 is a process ( repeat$ spontane\s fissions end+ 9 ! production ( a mass ( cells1 n "o ( :i* exhibits any special "*3 !re seems no alt]native b to suppose t ! p>tial organisation at any mom5t subsi/+ 9 a gr[+ embryo1 is trans=m$ by ! ag5cies act+ ^u x into ! succe$+ phase ( organisation1 & ?is into ! next1 until1 ?r\gh ev]-increas+ complexities1 ! ultimate =m is rea*$4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! subtilty ( ! =ces & ! sl[ness ( ! results1 prev5t u f directly %[+ t ! /ages ( increas+ het]og5eity ?r\gh :i* e embryo passes1 sev]ally arise f ! production ( _m *anges by "o =ce1 yet1 indirectly1 we h /rong evid5ce t !y d s4 ,we h m>k$ h[ multitud9\s are ! effects :i* "o cause may g5]ate 9 an adult organism2 t a l multiplication ( effects mu/ happ5 9 ! unfold+ organism1 we h obs]v$ 9 sundry illu/rative cases2 fur!r1 x has be5 po9t$ out t ! ability :i* l g]ms h to orig9ate unlike =ms1 implies t ! successive trans=mations result f ! new *anges sup]9duc$ on previ\s *anges2 & we h se5 t /ructureless z e g]m orig9ally is1 ! developm5t ( an organism out ( x is o!rwise incompreh5sible4 ,n inde$ t we c ?us really expla9 ! production ( any plant or animal4 ,we are /ill 9 ! d>k respect+ ^? my/]i\s prop]ties 9 virtue ( :i* ! g]m1 :5 subject to fit influ5ces1 und]goes ! special *anges t beg9 ! s]ies ( trans=mations4 ,all we aim to %[1 is1 t giv5 a g]m possess+ ^! my/]i\s prop]ties1 ! evolution ( an organism f x1 probably dep5ds ^u t multiplication ( effects :i* we h se5 to be ! cause ( progress 9 g5]al1 s f> z we h yet trac$ x4 ,:51 leav+ ! developm5t ( s+le plants & animals1 we pass to t ( ! ,e>?'s flora & fauna1 ! c\rse ( our argum5t aga9 becomes cle> & simple4 ,?\gh1 z 0 admitt$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is article1 ! fragm5t>y facts ,palaeontology has accumulat$1 d n cle>ly w>rant u 9 say+ t1 9 ! lapse ( geologic "t1 !re h be5 evolv$ m het]og5e\s organisms1 & m het]og5e\s assemblages ( organisms1 yet we %all n[ see t !re mu/ ev] h be5 a t5d5cy t[>ds ^! results4 ,we %all f9d t ! production ( _m effects by "o cause1 :i*1 z already %[n1 has be5 all along increas+ ! physical het]og5eity ( ! ,e>?1 has fur!r involv$ an increas+ het]og5eity 9 its flora & fauna1 individually & collectively4 ,an illu/ration w make ?is cle>4 ,suppose t by a s]ies ( upheavals1 occurr+1 z !y are n[ kn[n to d1 at long int]vals1 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago 7 to be1 /ep by /ep1 rais$ into a cont95t1 & a *a9 ( m\nta9s =m$ along ! axis ( elevation4 ,by ! fir/ ( ^! upheavals1 ! plants & animals inhabit+ ,borneo1 ,sumatra1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ! re/1 w\ld be subject$ to slightly modifi$ sets ( conditions4 ,! climate 9 g5]al w\ld be alt]$ 9 temp]ature1 9 humidity1 & 9 its p]iodical v>iations2 :ile ! local diff]5ces w\ld be multipli$4 ,^! modifications w\ld affect1 p]haps inappreciably1 ! entire flora & fauna ( ! region4 ,! *ange ( level w\ld produce additional modifications3 v>y+ 9 diff]5t species1 & also 9 diff]5t memb]s ( ! same species1 accord+ to _! di/ance f ! axis ( elevation4 ,plants1 gr[+ only on ! sea-%ore 9 special localities1 might become ext9ct4 ,o!rs1 liv+ only 9 swamps ( a c]ta9 humidity1 w\ld1 if !y surviv$ at all1 probably und]go visible *anges ( appe>ance4 ,:ile /ill great] alt]ations w\ld occur 9 ! plants gradually spread+ ov] ! l&s newly rais$ above ! sea4 ,! animals & insects liv+ on ^! modifi$ plants1 w\ld !mselves be 9 "s degree modifi$ by *ange ( food1 z well z by *ange ( climate2 & ! modification w\ld be m m>k$ :]e1 f ! dw9dl+ or disappe>ance ( "o k9d ( plant1 an alli$ k9d 0 eat54 ,9 ! lapse ( ! _m g5]ations aris+ be=e ! next upheaval1 ! s5sible or ins5sible alt]ations ?us produc$ 9 ea* species w\ld become organis$--!re w\ld be a m or less complete adaptation to ! new conditions4 ,! next upheaval w\ld sup]9duce fur!r organic *anges1 imply+ wid] div]g5ces f ! prim>y =ms2 & s repeat$ly4 ,b n[ let x be obs]v$ t ! revolution ?us result+ w\ld n be a sub/itution ( a ?\s& m or less modifi$ species = ! ?\s& orig9al species2 b 9 place ( ! ?\s& orig9al species !re w\ld arise sev]al ?\s& species1 or v>ieties1 or *ang$ =ms4 ,ea* species be+ di/ribut$ ov] an area ( "s ext5t1 & t5d+ cont9ually to colonise ! new area expos$1 its diff]5t memb]s w\ld be subject to diff]5t sets ( *anges4 ,plants & animals spread+ t[>ds ! equator w\ld n be affect$ 9 ! same way ) o!rs spread+ f x4 ,^? spread+ t[>ds ! new %ores w\ld und]go *anges unlike ! *anges und]gone by ^? spread+ into ! m\nta9s4 ,?us1 ea* orig9al race ( organisms1 w\ld become ! root f :i* div]g$ sev]al races diff]+ m or less f x & f ea* o!r2 & :ile "s ( ^! might subsequ5tly disappe>1 probably m ?an "o w\ld survive 9 ! next geologic p]iod3 ! v disp]sion itself increas+ ! *ances ( survival4 ,n only w\ld !re be c]ta9 modifications ?us caus$ by *ange ( physical conditions & food1 b also 9 "s cases o!r modifications caus$ by *ange ( habit4 ,! fauna ( ea* isl&1 peopl+1 /ep by /ep1 ! newly-rais$ tracts1 w\ld ev5tually come 9 contact ) ! faunas ( o!r isl&s2 & "s memb]s ( ^! o!r faunas w\ld be unlike any creatures be=e se54 ,h]bivores meet+ ) new bea/s ( prey1 w\ld1 9 "s cases1 be l$ into modes ( def5ce or escape diff]+ f ^? previ\sly us$2 & simultane\sly ! bea/s ( prey w\ld modify _! modes ( pursuit & attack4 ,we "k t :5 circum/ances dem& x1 su* *anges ( habit d take place 9 animals2 & we "k t if ! new habits become ! dom9ant ones1 !y mu/ ev5tually 9 "s degree alt] ! organisation4 ,obs]ve1 n[1 h[ev]1 a fur!r consequ5ce4 ,!re mu/ arise n simply a t5d5cy t[>ds ! diff]5tiation ( ea* race ( organisms into sev]al races2 b also a t5d5cy to ! occasional production ( a some:at high] organism4 ,tak5 9 ! mass1 ^! div]g5t v>ieties :i* h be5 caus$ by fre% physical conditions & habits ( life1 w exhibit *anges q indef9ite 9 k9d & degree2 & *anges t d n necess>ily con/itute an advance4 ,probably 9 mo/ cases ! modifi$ type w be nei!r m nor less het]og5e\s ?an ! orig9al "o4 ,9 "s cases ! habits ( life adopt$ be+ simpl] ?an be=e1 a less het]og5e\s /ructure w result3 !re w be a retrogradation4 ,b x mu/ n[ & !n occur1 t "s division ( a species1 fall+ into circum/ances :i* give x r m complex exp]i5ces1 & dem& actions some:at m involv$1 w h c]ta9 ( its organs fur!r diff]5tiat$ 9 proportionately small degrees1--w become slightly m het]og5e\s4 ,?us1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 !re w f "t to "t arise an increas$ het]og5eity bo? ( ! ,e>?'s flora & fauna1 & ( individual races includ$ 9 !m4 ,omitt+ detail$ explanations1 & all[+ = ! qualifications :i* _c "h be specifi$1 we ?9k x is cle> t geological mutations h all along t5d$ to complicate ! =ms ( life1 :e!r reg>d$ sep>ately or collectively4 ,! same causes :i* h l$ to ! evolution ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ f ! simple into ! complex1 h simultane\sly l$ to a p>allel evolution ( ! ,life ^u its surface4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 previ\s ones1 we see t ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s is consequ5t ^u ! univ]sal pr9ciple1 t e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange4 ,! d$uction "h drawn f ! e/abli%$ tru?s ( geology & ! g5]al laws ( life1 ga9s imm5sely 9 weight on f9d+ x to be 9 h>mony ) an induction drawn f direct exp]i5ce4 ,j t div]g5ce ( _m races f "o race1 :i* we inf]r$ mu/ h be5 cont9ually occurr+ dur+ geologic "t1 we "k to h occurr$ dur+ ! pre-hi/oric & hi/oric p]iods1 9 man & dome/ic animals4 ,& j t multiplication ( effects :i* we conclud$ mu/ h produc$ ! fir/1 we see has produc$ ! la/4 ,s+le causes1 z fam9e1 pressure ( population1 w>1 h p]iodically l$ to fur!r disp]sions ( mank9d & ( dep5d5t creatures3 ea* su* disp]sion initiat+ new modifications1 new v>ieties ( type4 ,:e!r all ! human races be or be n d]iv$ f "o /ock1 philology makes x cle> t :ole gr\ps ( races n[ easily di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 7 orig9ally "o race1--t ! diffusion ( "o race into diff]5t climates & conditions ( exi/5ce1 has produc$ _m modifi$ =ms ( x4 ,simil>ly ) dome/ic animals4 ,?\gh 9 "s cases--z t ( dogs--community ( orig9 w p]haps be disput$1 yet 9 o!r cases--z t ( ! %eep or ! cattle ( our own c\ntry--x w n be que/ion$ t local diff]5ces ( climate1 food1 & treatm5t1 h trans=m$ "o orig9al bre$ into num]\s bre$s n[ become s f> di/9ct z to produce un/able hybrids4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh ! complications ( effects fl[+ f s+le causes1 we "h f9d1 :at we be=e inf]r$1 n only an increase ( g5]al het]og5eity1 b also ( special het]og5eity4 ,:ile ( ! div]g5t divisions & subdivisions ( ! human race1 _m h und]gone *anges n con/itut+ an advance2 :ile 9 "s ! type may h degrad$2 9 o!rs x has become decid$ly m het]og5e\s4 ,! civilis$ ,european dep>ts m widely f ! v]tebrate ar*etype ?an does ! savage4 ,?us1 bo? ! law & ! cause ( progress1 :i*1 f lack ( evid5ce1 c be b hypo!tically sub/antiat$ 9 respect ( ! e>li] =ms ( life on our globe1 c be actually sub/antiat$ 9 respect ( ! late/ =ms4 ,if ! advance ( ,man t[>ds great] het]og5eity is traceable to ! production ( _m effects by "o cause1 /ill m cle>ly may ! advance ( ,society t[>ds great] het]og5eity be s expla9$4 ,consid] ! gr[? ( an indu/rial organisation4 ,:51 z mu/ occasionally happ51 "s individual ( a tribe displays unusual aptitude = mak+ an article ( g5]al use--a weapon1 = in/ance--:i* 0 be=e made by ea* man = himself1 !re arises a t5d5cy t[>ds ! diff]5tiation ( t individual into a mak] ( su* weapon4 ,8 companions--w>riors & hunt]s all ( !m1--sev]ally feel ! importance ( hav+ ! be/ weapons t c be made2 & are !re=e c]ta9 to (f] /rong inducem5ts to ?is skill$ individual to make weapons = !m4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 hav+ n only an unusual faculty1 b an unusual lik+1 = mak+ su* weapons 7! tal5t & ! desire = any occupation be+ commonly associat$71 is pr$ispos$ to fulfil ^! commissions on ! (f] ( an adequate rew>d3 especially z 8 love ( di/9ction is also gratifi$4 ,?is fir/ specialisation ( function1 once comm5c$1 t5ds ev] to become m decid$4 ,on ! side ( ! weapon-mak] cont9u$ practice gives increas$ skill--increas$ sup]iority to 8 products3 on ! side ( 8 cli5ts1 cessation ( practice entails decreas$ skill4 ,?us ! influ5ces t det]m9e ?is division ( lab\r gr[ /rong] 9 bo? ways2 & ! incipi5t het]og5eity is1 on ! av]age ( cases1 likely to become p]man5t = t g5]ation1 if no long]4 ,obs]ve n[1 h[ev]1 t ?is process n only diff]5tiates ! social mass into two p>ts1 ! "o monopolis+1 or almo/ monopolis+1 ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 function1 & ! o!r hav+ lo/ ! habit1 & 9 "s measure ! p[]1 ( p]=m+ t function2 b x t5ds to imitate o!r diff]5tiations4 ,! advance we h describ$ implies ! introduction ( b>t]1--! mak] ( weapons has1 on ea* occasion1 to be paid 9 su* o!r articles z he agrees to take 9 ex*ange4 ,b he w n habitually take 9 ex*ange "o k9d ( article1 b _m k9ds4 ,he does n want mats only1 or sk9s1 or fi%+ ge>1 b he wants all ^!2 & on ea* occasion w b>ga9 = ! p>ticul> ?+s he mo/ ne$s4 ,:at foll[s8 ,if among ! memb]s ( ! tribe !re exi/ any slight diff]5ces ( skill 9 ! manufacture ( ^! v>i\s ?+s1 z !re are almo/ sure to d1 ! weapon-mak] w take f ea* "o ! ?+ :i* t "o excels 9 mak+3 he w ex*ange = mats ) him ^: mats are sup]ior1 & w b>ga9 = ! fi%+ ge> ( :oev] has ! be/4 ,b he :o has b>t]$ away 8 mats or 8 fi%+ ge>1 mu/ make o!r mats or fi%+ ge> = himself2 & 9 s do+ mu/1 9 "s degree1 fur!r develop 8 aptitude4 ,?us x results t ! small specialities ( faculty possess$ by v>i\s memb]s ( ! tribe1 w t5d to gr[ m decid$4 ,if su* transactions are f "t to "t repeat$1 ^! specialisations may become appreciable4 ,& :e!r or n !re ensue di/9ct diff]5tiations ( o!r individuals into mak]s ( p>ticul> articles1 x is cle> t incipi5t diff]5tiations take place ?r\gh\t ! tribe3 ! "o orig9al cause produces n only ! fir/ dual effect1 b a numb] ( second>y dual effects1 l 9 k9d1 b m9or 9 degree4 ,?is process1 ( :i* traces may be se5 among gr\ps ( s*oolboys1 _c well produce any la/+ effects 9 an unsettl$ tribe2 b :]e !re gr[s up a fix$ & multiply+ community1 ^! diff]5tiations become p]man5t1 & increase ) ea* g5]ation4 ,a l>g] population1 involv+ a great] dem& = e commodity1 int5sifies ! functional activity ( ea* specialis$ p]son or class2 & ?is r5d]s ! specialisation m def9ite :]e x already exi/s1 & e/abli%es x :]e x is nasc5t4 ,by increas+ ! pressure on ! means ( subsi/5ce1 a l>g] population aga9 augm5ts ^! results2 see+ t ea* p]son is =c$ m & m to conf9e himself to t :i* he c d be/1 & by :i* he c ga9 mo/4 ,?is indu/rial progress1 by aid+ future production1 op5s ! way = a fur!r gr[? ( population1 :i* reacts z be=e3 9 all :i* ! multiplication ( effects is manife/4 ,pres5tly1 "u ^! same /imuli1 new occupations arise4 ,compet+ work]s1 ev] aim+ to produce improv$ articles1 occasionally discov] bett] processes or raw mat]ials4 ,9 weapons & cutt+ tools1 ! sub/itution ( bronze = /one entails ^u him :o fir/ makes x a great increase ( dem&--s great an increase t he pres5tly f9ds all 8 "t occupi$ 9 mak+ ! bronze = ! articles he sells1 & is oblig$ to depute ! fa%ion+ ( ^! to o!rs3 &1 ev5tually1 ! mak+ ( bronze1 ?us gradually diff]5tiat$ f a pre-exi/+ occupation1 becomes an occupation by itself4 ,b n[ m>k ! ramifi$ *anges :i* foll[ ?is *ange4 ,bronze soon replaces /one1 n only 9 ! articles x 0 fir/ us$ =1 b 9 _m o!rs--9 arms1 tools1 & ut5sils ( v>i\s k9ds2 & s affects ! manufacture ( ^! ?+s4 ,fur!r1 x affects ! processes :i* ^! ut5sils subs]ve1 & ! result+ products--modifies build+s1 c>v+s1 dress1 p]sonal decorations4 ,yet aga91 x sets go+ sundry manufactures :i* 7 be=e impossible1 f lack ( a mat]ial fit = ! requisite tools4 ,& all ^! *anges react on ! p--increase _! manipulative skill1 _! intellig5ce1 _! com=t1--ref9e _! habits & ta/es4 ,?us ! evolution ( a homog5e\s society into a het]og5e\s "o1 is cle>ly consequ5t on ! g5]al pr9ciple1 t _m effects are produc$ by "o cause4 ,our limits w n all[ u to foll[ out ?is process 9 its high] complications3 else might we %[ h[ ! localisation ( special indu/ries 9 special p>ts ( a k+dom1 z well z ! m9ute subdivision ( lab\r 9 ! mak+ ( ea* commodity1 are simil>ly det]m9$4 ,or1 turn+ to a some:at diff]5t ord] ( illu/rations1 we might dwell on ! multitud9\s *anges--mat]ial1 intellectual1 moral--caus$ by pr9t+2 or ! fur!r ext5sive s]ies ( *anges wr\ght by gunp[d]4 ,b leav+ ! int]m$iate phases ( social developm5t1 let u take a few illu/rations f its mo/ rec5t & its pass+ phases4 ,to trace ! effects ( /eam-p[]1 9 its manifold applications to m9+1 navigation1 & manufactures ( all k9ds1 w\ld c>ry u into unmanageable detail4 ,let u conf9e ourselves to ! late/ embodim5t ( /eam-p[]--! locomotive eng9e4 ,?is1 z ! proximate cause ( our railway sy/em1 has *ang$ ! face ( ! c\ntry1 ! c\rse ( trade1 & ! habits ( ! p4 ,consid]1 fir/1 ! complicat$ sets ( *anges t prec$e ! mak+ ( e railway--! provisional arrangem5ts1 ! meet+s1 ! regi/ration1 ! trial section1 ! p>liam5t>y survey1 ! li?ograph$ plans1 ! books ( ref]5ce1 ! local deposits & notices1 ! application to ,p>liam5t1 ! pass+ ,/&+-,ord]s ,committee1 ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird read+s3 ea* ( :i* brief heads indicates a multiplicity ( transactions1 & ! developm5t ( sundry occupations--z ^? ( eng9e]s1 surveyors1 li?ograph]s1 p>liam5t>y ag5ts1 %>e-brok]s2 & ! creation ( sundry o!rs--z ^? ( traffic-tak]s1 ref]5ce-tak]s4 ,consid]1 next1 ! yet m m>k$ *anges impli$ 9 railway con/ruction--! cutt+s1 embank+s1 tunnell+s1 div]sions ( roads2 ! build+ ( bridges1 & /ations2 ! lay+ d[n ( balla/1 sleep]s1 & rails2 ! mak+ ( eng9es1 t5d]s1 c>riages1 & waggons3 :i* processes1 act+ ^u num]\s trades1 increase ! importation ( timb]1 ! qu>ry+ ( /one1 ! manufacture ( iron1 ! m9+ ( coal1 ! burn+ ( bricks3 in/itute a v>iety ( special manufactures weekly adv]tis$ 9 ! ,railway ,times2 &1 f9ally1 op5 ! way to sundry new occupations1 z ^? ( driv]s1 /ok]s1 clean]s1 plate-lay]s1 etc41 etc4 ,& !n consid] ! *anges1 m num]\s & involv$ /ill1 :i* railways 9 action produce on ! community at l>ge4 ,! organisation ( e bus9ess is m or less modifi$3 ease ( communication makes x bett] to d directly :at 0 be=e done by proxy2 ag5cies are e/abli%$ :]e previ\sly !y w\ld n h paid2 goods are obta9$ f remote :olesale h\ses in/ead ( ne> retail ones2 & commodities are us$ :i* di/ance once r5d]$ inaccessible4 ,aga91 ! rapidity & small co/ ( c>riage t5d to specialise m ?an ev] ! indu/ries ( diff]5t di/ricts--to conf9e ea* manufacture to ! p>ts 9 :i*1 f local advantages1 x c be be/ c>ri$ on4 ,fur!r1 ! dim9i%$ co/ ( c>riage1 facilitat+ di/ribution1 equalises prices1 & also1 on ! av]age1 l[]s prices3 ?us br++ div]s articles )9 ! means ( ^? be=e unable to buy !m1 & s increas+ _! com=ts & improv+ _! habits4 ,at ! same "t ! practice ( travell+ is imm5sely ext5d$4 ,classes :o nev] be=e ?\ght ( x1 take annual trips to ! sea2 visit _! di/ant relations2 make t\rs2 & s we are b5efit$ 9 body1 feel+s1 & intellect4 ,moreov]1 ! m prompt transmission ( lett]s & ( news produces fur!r *anges--makes ! pulse ( ! nation fa/]4 ,yet m1 !re arises a wide dissem9ation ( *eap lit]ature ?r\gh railway book-/alls1 & ( adv]tisem5ts 9 railway c>riages3 bo? ( !m aid+ ult]ior progress4 ,& all ! innum]able *anges "h briefly indicat$ are consequ5t on ! inv5tion ( ! locomotive eng9e4 ,! social organism has be5 r5d]$ m het]og5e\s 9 virtue ( ! _m new occupations introduc$1 & ! _m old ones fur!r specialis$2 prices 9 e place h be5 alt]$2 ea* trad] has1 m or less1 modifi$ 8 way ( do+ bus9ess2 & almo/ e p]son has be5 affect$ 9 8 actions1 ?\ghts1 emotions4 ,illu/rations to ! same effect might be indef9itely accumulat$4 ,t e influ5ce br\ght to be> ^u society works multipli$ effects2 & t increase ( het]og5eity is due to ?is multiplication ( effects2 may be se5 9 ! hi/ory ( e trade1 e cu/om1 e belief4 ,b x is ne$less to give additional evid5ce ( ?is4 ,! only fur!r fact dem&+ notice1 is1 t we "h see /ill m cle>ly ?an ev]1 ! tru? be=e po9t$ out1 t 9 proportion z ! area on :i* any =ce exp5ds itself becomes het]og5e\s1 ! results are 9 a yet high] degree multipli$ 9 numb] & k9d4 ,:ile among ! primitive tribes to :om x 0 fir/ kn[n1 ca\t*\c caus$ b a few *anges1 among ourselves ! *anges h be5 s _m & v>i$ t ! hi/ory ( !m occupies a volume4#d ,^u ! small1 homog5e\s community inhabit+ "o ( ! ,hebrides1 ! electric telegraph w\ld produce1 7 x us$1 sc>cely any results2 b 9 ,engl& ! results x produces are multitud9\s4 ,! comp>atively simple organisation "u :i* our ance/ors liv$ five c5turies ago1 c\ld h und]gone b few modifications f an ev5t l ! rec5t "o at ,canton2 b n[ ! legislative decision respect+ x sets up _m hundr$s ( complex modifications1 ea* ( :i* w be ! p>5t ( num]\s future ones4 ,space p]mitt+1 we c\ld will+ly h pursu$ ! argum5t 9 relation to all ! subtl] results ( civilisation4 ,z be=e1 we %[$ t ! law ( ,progress to :i* ! organic & inorganic worlds con=m1 is also con=m$ to by ,language1 ,sculpture1 ,music1 etc42 s might we "h %[ t ! cause :i* we h hi!rto f\nd to det]m9e ,progress holds 9 ^! cases also4 ,we might demon/rate 9 detail h[1 9 ,sci5ce1 an advance ( "o division pres5tly advances o!r divisions--h[ ,a/ronomy has be5 imm5sely =w>d$ by discov]ies 9 ,optics1 :ile o!r optical discov]ies h initiat$ ,microscopic ,anatomy1 & greatly aid$ ! gr[? ( ,physiology--h[ ,*emi/ry has indirectly increas$ our k ( ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 ,biology1 ,geology--h[ ,electricity has react$ on ,*emi/ry & ,magnetism1 develop$ our views ( ,light & ,heat1 & disclos$ sundry laws ( n]v\s action4 ,9 ,lit]ature ! same tru? might be exhibit$ 9 ! manifold effects ( ! primitive my/]y-play1 n only z orig9at+ ! mod]n drama1 b z affect+ ?r\gh x o!r k9ds ( poetry & fiction2 or 9 ! /ill multiply+ =ms ( p]iodical lit]ature t h desc5d$ f ! fir/ newspap]1 & :i* h sev]ally act$ & react$ on o!r =ms ( lit]ature & on ea* o!r4 ,! influ5ce :i* a new s*ool ( ,pa9t+--z t ( ! pre-,raffaelites--ex]cises ^u o!r s*ools2 ! h9ts :i* all k9ds ( pictorial art are d]iv+ f ,photography2 ! complex results ( new critical doctr9es1 z ^? ( ,mr4 ,rusk91 might sev]ally be dwelt ^u z display+ ! l multiplication ( effects4 ,b x w\ld ne$lessly tax ! read]'s pati5ce to pursue1 9 _! _m ramifications1 ^! v>i\s *anges3 "h become s involv$ & subtle z to be foll[$ ) "s difficulty4 ,)\t fur!r evid5ce1 we v5ture to ?9k our case is made out4 ,! imp]fections ( /atem5t :i* brevity has necessitat$1 d n1 we believe1 militate aga9/ ! propositions laid d[n4 ,! qualifications "h & !re dem&$ w\ld n1 if made1 affect ! inf]5ces4 ,?\gh 9 "o in/ance1 :]e suffici5t evid5ce is n atta9able1 we h be5 unable to %[ t ! law ( ,progress applies2 yet !re is high probability t ! same g5]alisation holds :i* holds ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( creation4 ,?\gh1 9 trac+ ! g5esis ( ,progress1 we h frequ5tly spok5 ( complex causes z if !y 7 simple ones2 x /ill rema9s true t su* causes are f> less complex ?an _! results4 ,detail$ criticisms _c affect our ma9 position4 ,endless facts g to %[ t e k9d ( progress is f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s2 & t x is s because ea* *ange is foll[$ by _m *anges4 ,& x is significant t :]e ! facts are mo/ accessible & abundant1 !re are ^! tru?s mo/ manife/4 ,h[ev]1 to avoid committ+ ourselves to m ?an is yet prov$1 we mu/ be cont5t ) say+ t su* are ! law & ! cause ( all progress t is kn[n to u4 ,%\ld ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis ev] be e/abli%$1 !n x w become manife/ t ! ,univ]se at l>ge1 l e organism1 0 once homog5e\s2 t z a :ole1 & 9 e detail1 x has unceas+ly advanc$ t[>ds great] het]og5eity2 & t its het]og5eity is /ill increas+4 ,x w be se5 t z 9 ea* ev5t ( to-day1 s f ! beg9n+1 ! decomposition ( e exp5d$ =ce into sev]al =ces has be5 p]petually produc+ a high] complication2 t ! increase ( het]og5eity s br\ght ab\t is /ill go+ on1 & mu/ cont9ue to g on2 & t ?us ,progress is n an accid5t1 n a ?+ )9 human control1 b a b5efic5t necessity4 ,a few words mu/ be add$ on ! ontological be>+s ( our argum5t4 ,probably n a few w conclude t "h is an attempt$ solution ( ! great que/ions ) :i* ,philosophy 9 all ages has p]plex$ itself4 ,let none ?us deceive !mselves4 ,only su* z "k n ! scope & ! limits ( ,sci5ce c fall into s grave an error4 ,! =ego+ g5]alisations apply1 n to ! g5esis ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 b to _! g5esis z manife/$ to ! human consci\sness4 ,aft] all t has be5 said1 ! ultimate my/]y rema9s j z x 04 ,! explanation ( t :i* is explicable1 does b br+ out into great] cle>ness ! inexplicabl5ess ( t :i* rema9s beh9d4 ,h[ev] we may succe$ 9 r$uc+ ! equation to its l[e/ t]ms1 we are n !reby enabl$ to det]m9e ! unkn[n quantity3 on ! contr>y1 x only becomes m manife/ t ! unkn[n quantity c nev] be f\nd4 ,little z x seems to d s1 fe>less inquiry t5ds cont9ually to give a firm] basis to all true ,religion4 ,! timid sect>ian1 al>m$ at ! progress ( k1 oblig$ to ab&on "o by "o ! sup]/itions ( 8 ance/ors1 & daily f9d+ 8 *]i%$ beliefs m & m %ak51 secretly fe>s t all ?+s may "s day be expla9$2 & has a correspond+ dread ( ,sci5ce3 ?us ev9c+ ! pr(\nde/ ( all infidelity--! fe> le/ ! tru? be bad4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s9c]e man ( sci5ce1 cont5t to foll[ :]ev] ! evid5ce leads him1 becomes by ea* new inquiry m pr(\ndly conv9c$ t ! ,univ]se is an insoluble problem4 ,alike 9 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal worlds1 he sees himself 9 ! mid/ ( p]petual *anges1 ( :i* he c discov] nei!r ! beg9n+ nor ! end4 ,if1 trac+ back ! evolution ( ?+s1 he all[s himself to ent]ta9 ! hypo!sis t all matt] once exi/$ 9 a diffus$ =m1 he f9ds x utt]ly impossible to conceive h[ ?is came to be s2 & equally1 if he speculates on ! future1 he c assign no limit to ! gr& succession ( ph5om5a ev] unfold+ !mselves be=e him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he looks inw>d1 he p]ceives t bo? t]m9ations ( ! ?read ( consci\sness are beyond 8 grasp3 he _c rememb] :5 or h[ consci\sness comm5c$1 & he _c exam9e ! consci\sness t at any mom5t exi/s2 = only a /ate ( consci\sness t is already pa/ c become ! object ( ?\ght1 & nev] "o :i* is pass+4 ,:51 aga91 he turns f ! succession ( ph5om5a1 ext]nal or int]nal1 to _! ess5tial nature1 he is equally at fault4 ,?\gh he may succe$ 9 resolv+ all prop]ties ( objects into manife/ations ( =ce1 he is n !reby enabl$ to realise :at =ce is2 b f9ds1 on ! contr>y1 t ! m he ?9ks ab\t x1 ! m he is baffl$4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh analysis ( m5tal actions may f9ally br+ him d[n to s5sations z ! orig9al mat]ials out ( :i* all ?\ght is wov51 he is none ! =w>d]2 = he _c 9 ! lea/ compreh5d s5sation--_c ev5 conceive h[ s5sation is possible4 ,inw>d & outw>d ?+s he ?us discov]s to be alike inscrutable 9 _! ultimate g5esis & nature4 ,he sees t ! ,mat]iali/ & ,spirituali/ controv]sy is a m]e w> ( words2 ! disputants be+ equally absurd--ea* believ+ he und]/&s t :i* x is impossible = any man to und]/&4 ,9 all directions 8 inve/igations ev5tually br+ him face to face ) ! unkn[able2 & he ev] m cle>ly p]ceives x to be ! unkn[able4 ,he le>ns at once ! greatness & ! littl5ess ( human intellect--its p[] 9 deal+ ) all t comes )9 ! range ( exp]i5ce2 its impot5ce 9 deal+ ) all t transc5ds exp]i5ce4 ,he feels1 ) a vividness :i* no o!rs c1 ! utt] incompreh5sibl5ess ( ! simple/ fact1 consid]$ 9 itself4 ,he alone truly sees t absolute k is impossible4 ,he alone kn[s t "u all ?+s !re lies an imp5etrable my/]y4 #a ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,april #aheg4 #b ,= detail$ pro( ( ^! ass]tions see essay on ,mann]s & ,fa%ion4 #c ,! idea t ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis has be5 disprov$ because :at 7 ?\ght to be exi/+ nebulae h be5 resolv$ into clu/]s ( />s is almo/ b5ea? notice4 ,a priori x 0 highly improbable1 if n impossible1 t nebul\s masses %\ld /ill rema9 uncond5s$1 :ile o!rs h be5 cond5s$ millions ( ye>s ago4 #d ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,ca\t*\c1 or ,india-,rubb] ,manufacture 9 ,engl&4 ,by ,?omas ,hancock4 ,,on ,,mann]s ,,& ,,fa%ion#a ,:oev] has /udi$ ! physiognomy ( political meet+s1 _c fail to h rem>k$ a connection betwe5 democratic op9ions & peculi>ities ( co/ume4 ,at a ,*>ti/ demon/ration1 a lecture on ,socialism1 or a soiree ( ! ,fri5ds ( ,italy1 !re w be se5 _m among ! audi5ce1 & a /ill l>g] ratio among ! speak]s1 :o get !mselves up 9 a /yle m or less unusual4 ,"o g5tleman on ! plat=m divides 8 hair d[n ! c5tre1 in/ead ( on "o side2 ano!r bru%es x back (f ! =ehead1 9 ! fa%ion kn[n z br++ out ! intellect2 a ?ird has s long =sworn ! scissors1 t 8 locks sweep 8 %\ld]s4 ,a consid]able spr9kl+ ( m\/a*es may be obs]v$2 "h & !re an imp]ial2 & occasionally "s c\rage\s break] ( conv5tions exhibits a full-gr[n be>d4#b ,?is noncon=mity 9 hair is c\nt5anc$ by v>i\s noncon=mities 9 dress1 %[n by o!rs ( ! assemblage4 ,b>e necks1 %irt-coll>s a la ,byron1 wai/coats cut ,quak] fa%ion1 wond]fully %aggy great coats1 num]\s oddities 9 =m & col\r1 de/roy ! monotony usual 9 cr[ds4 ,ev5 ^? exhibit+ no conspicu\s peculi>ity1 frequ5tly indicate by some?+ 9 ! patt]n or make-up ( _! clo!s1 t !y pay small reg>d to :at _! tailors tell !m ab\t ! prevail+ ta/e4 ,& :5 ! ga!r+ breaks up1 ! v>ieties ( head-ge> display$--! numb] ( caps1 & ! abundance ( felt hats--suffice to prove t 7 ! _w at l>ge l-m9d$1 ! black cyl9d]s :i* tyrannise ov] u w\ld soon be depos$4 ,! =eign correspond5ce ( our daily press %[s t ?is relation%ip betwe5 political discont5t & ! disreg>d ( cu/oms exi/s on ! ,cont95t also4 ,r$ republicanism has always be5 di/+ui%$ by its hirsut5ess4 ,! au?orities ( ,prussia1 ,au/ria1 & ,italy1 alike recognise c]ta9 =ms ( hat z indicative ( disaffection1 & fulm9ate aga9/ !m accord+ly4 ,9 "s places ! we>] ( a bl\se runs a risk ( be+ class$ among ! suspects2 & 9 o!rs1 he :o w\ld avoid ! bureau ( police1 mu/ bew>e h[ he goes out 9 any b ! ord9>y col\rs4 ,?us1 democracy abroad1 z at home1 t5ds t[>ds p]sonal s+ul>ity4 ,nor is ?is association ( *>act]i/ics peculi> to mod]n times1 or to re=m]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,x has always exi/$2 & x has be5 manife/$ z mu* 9 religi\s agitations z 9 political ones4 ,along ) diss5t f ! *ief e/abli%$ op9ions & arrangem5ts1 !re has ev] be5 "s diss5t f ! cu/om>y social practices4 ,! ,puritans1 disapprov+ ( ! long curls ( ! ,cavali]s1 z ( _! pr9ciples1 cut _! own hair %ort1 & s ga9$ ! "n ( ,r\ndheads4 ,! m>k$ religi\s noncon=mity ( ! ,quak]s 0 accompani$ by an equally-m>k$ noncon=mity ( mann]s--9 attire1 9 spee*1 9 salutation4 ,! e>ly ,moravians n only believ$ diff]5tly1 b at ! same "t dress$ diff]5tly1 & liv$ diff]5tly1 f _! fell[ ,*ri/ians4 ,t ! association betwe5 political indep5d5ce & indep5d5ce ( p]sonal conduct1 is n a ph5om5on ( to-day only1 we may see alike 9 ! appe>ance ( ,frankl9 at ! ,fr5* c\rt 9 pla9 clo!s1 & 9 ! :ite hats worn by ! la/ g5]ation ( radicals4 ,orig9ality ( nature is sure to %[ itself 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,! m5tion ( ,george ,fox's suit ( lea!r1 or ,pe/alozzi's s*ool "n1 ,h>ry ,oddity1 w at once sugge/ ! remembrance t m5 :o h 9 great ?+s div]g$ f ! beat5 track1 h frequ5tly done s 9 small ?+s likewise4 ,m9or illu/rations ( ?is tru? may be ga!r$ 9 almo/ e circle4 ,we believe t :oev] w numb] up 8 re=m+ & rationali/ acqua9tances1 w f9d among !m m ?an ! usual proportion ( ^? :o 9 dress or behavi\r exhibit "s degree ( :at ! _w calls ecc5tricity4 ,if x be a fact t m5 ( revolution>y aims 9 politics or religion1 are commonly revolutioni/s 9 cu/om also1 x is n less a fact t ^? ^: (fice x is to uphold e/abli%$ arrangem5ts 9 ,/ate & ,*ur*1 are also ^? :o mo/ adh]e to ! social =ms & obs]vances bequea!d to u by pa/ g5]ations4 ,practices else:]e ext9ct /ill l+] ab\t ! headqu>t]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,! mon>* /ill gives ass5t to ,acts ( ,p>liam5t 9 ! old ,fr5* ( ! ,normans2 & ,norman ,fr5* t]ms are /ill us$ 9 law4 ,wigs1 su* z ^? we see depict$ 9 old portraits1 may yet be f\nd on ! heads ( judges & b>ri/]s4 ,! ,beefeat]s at ! ,t[] we> ! co/ume ( ,h5ry ,v,i,ith's bodygu>d4 ,! ,univ]sity dress ( ! pres5t ye> v>ies b little f t worn soon aft] ! ,re=mation4 ,! cl>et-col\r$ coat1 knee-bree*es1 lace %irt frills1 ruffles1 :ite silk /ock+s1 & buckl$ %oes1 :i* once =m$ ! usual attire ( a g5tleman1 /ill survive z ! c\rt-dress4 ,& x ne$ sc>cely be said t at levees & draw+-rooms1 ! c]emonies are prescrib$ ) an exactness1 & en=c$ ) a rig\r1 n else:]e to be f\nd4 ,c we consid] ^! two s]ies ( co9cid5ces z accid5tal & unmean+8 ,mu/ we n r conclude t "s necess>y relation%ip obta9s betwe5 !m8 ,are !re n su* ?+s z a con/itutional cons]vatism1 & a con/itutional t5d5cy to *ange8 ,is !re n a class :i* cl+s to ! old 9 all ?+s2 & ano!r class s 9 love ) progress z (t5 to mi/ake novelty = improvem5t8 ,d we n f9d "s m5 ready to b[ to e/abli%$ au?ority ( :atev] k9d2 :ile o!rs dem& ( e su* au?ority its reason1 & reject x if x fails to ju/ify itself8 ,& mu/ n ! m9ds ?us contra/$ t5d to become respectively con=mi/ & noncon=mi/1 n only 9 politics & religion1 b 9 o!r ?+s8 ,submission1 :e!r to a gov]nm5t1 to ! dogmas ( ecclesia/ics1 or to t code ( behavi\r :i* society at l>ge has set up1 is ess5tially ( ! same nature2 & ! s5tim5t :i* induces resi/ance to ! despotism ( rul]s1 civil or spiritual1 likewise induces resi/ance to ! despotism ( ! _w's op9ion4 ,look at !m fundam5tally1 & all enactm5ts1 alike ( ! legislature1 ! consi/ory1 & ! saloon--all regulations1 =mal or virtual1 h a common "*3 !y are all limitations ( m5's fre$om4 ,d ?is--,refra9 f t1 are ! blank =mulas into :i* !y may all be writt53 & 9 ea* case ! und]/&+ is t ob$i5ce w br+ approbation "h & p>adise h]eaft]2 :ile disob$i5ce w entail imprisonm5t1 or s5d+ to ,cov5try1 or et]nal torm5ts1 z ! case may be4 ,& if re/ra9ts1 h[ev] nam$1 & ?r\gh :atev] app>atus ( means ex]cis$1 are "o 9 _! action ^u m51 x mu/ happ5 t ^? :o are pati5t "u "o k9d ( re/ra9t1 are likely to be pati5t "u ano!r2 & conv]sely1 t ^? impati5t ( re/ra9t 9 g5]al1 w1 on ! av]age1 t5d to %[ _! impati5ce 9 all directions4 ,t ,law1 ,religion1 & ,mann]s are ?us relat$--t _! respective k9ds ( op]ation come "u "o g5]alisation--t !y h 9 c]ta9 contra/$ *>act]i/ics ( m5 a common support & a common dang]--w1 h[ev]1 be mo/ cle>ly se5 on discov]+ t !y h a common orig94 ,little z f pres5t appe>ances we %\ld suppose x1 we %all yet f9d t at fir/1 ! control ( religion1 ! control ( laws & ! control ( mann]s1 7 all "o control4 ,h[ev] incr$ible x may n[ seem1 we believe x to be demon/rable t ! rules ( etiquette1 ! provisions ( ! /atute-book1 & ! comm&s ( ! decalogue1 h gr[n f ! same root4 ,if we g f> en\gh back into ! ages ( primeval ,feti%ism1 x becomes manife/ t orig9ally ,deity1 ,*ief1 & ,ma/] ( ! c]emonies 7 id5tical4 ,to make good ^! positions1 & to %[ _! be>+ on :at is to foll[1 x w be necess>y "h to trav]se gr\nd t is 9 "p some:at beat51 & at fir/ sight irrelevant to our topic4 ,we w pass ov] x z quickly z consi/s ) ! exig5cies ( ! argum5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ! e>lie/ social aggregations 7 rul$ solely by ! w ( ! /rong man1 few dispute4 ,t f ! /rong man proce$$ n only ,mon>*y1 b ! conception ( a ,god1 few admit3 mu* z ,c>lyle & o!rs h said 9 evid5ce ( x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^? :o are unable to believe ?is1 w lay aside ! ideas ( ,god & man 9 :i* !y h be5 educat$1 & /udy ! aborig9al ideas ( !m1 !y w at lea/ see "s probability 9 ! hypo!sis4 ,let !m rememb] t be=e exp]i5ce _h yet taught m5 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! possible & ! impossible2 & :ile !y 7 ready on ! slighte/ sugge/ion to ascribe unkn[n p[]s to any object & make a feti% ( x2 _! conceptions ( humanity & its capacities 7 necess>ily vague1 & )\t specific limits4 ,! man :o by unusual /r5g?1 or cunn+1 a*iev$ some?+ t o!rs _h fail$ to a*ieve1 or some?+ :i* !y did n und]/&1 0 consid]$ by !m z diff]+ f !mselves2 &1 z we see 9 ! belief ( "s ,polynesians t only _! *iefs h s\ls1 or 9 t ( ! anci5t ,p]uvians t _! nobles 7 div9e by bir?1 ! ascrib$ diff]5ce 0 apt to be n "o ( degree only1 b "o ( k9d4 ,let !m rememb] next1 h[ gross 7 ! notions ( ,god1 or r ( gods1 preval5t dur+ ! same era & aft]w>ds--h[ concretely gods 7 conceiv$ z m5 ( specific aspects dress$ 9 specific ways--h[ _! names 7 lit]ally ! /rong1 ! de/roy]1 ! p[]ful "o1--h[1 accord+ to ! ,sc&9avian my?ology1 ! sacr$ duty ( blood-rev5ge 0 act$ on by ! gods !mselves1--& h[ !y 7 n only human 9 _! v9dictiv5ess1 _! cruelty1 & _! qu>rels ) ea* o!r1 b 7 suppos$ to h am\rs on e>?1 & to consume ! vi&s plac$ on _! alt>s4 ,add to :i*1 t 9 v>i\s my?ologies1 ,greek1 ,sc&9avian1 & o!rs1 ! olde/ be+s are giants2 t accord+ to a traditional g5ealogy ! gods1 demi-gods1 & 9 "s cases m51 are desc5d$ f ^! aft] ! human fa%ion2 & t :ile 9 ! ,ea/ we he> ( sons ( ,god :o saw ! daught]s ( m5 t !y 7 fair1 ! ,teutonic my?s tell ( unions betwe5 ! sons ( m5 & ! daught]s ( ! gods4 ,let !m rememb]1 too1 t at fir/ ! idea ( dea? diff]$ widely f t :i* we h2 t !re are /ill tribes :o1 on ! decease ( "o ( _! numb]1 attempt to make ! corpse /&1 & put food into 8 m\?2 t ! ,p]uvians _h fea/s at :i* ! mummies ( _! dead ,incas presid$1 :51 z ,prescott says1 !y paid att5tion to ^! ins5sible rema9s z if !y 7 in/9ct ) life2 t among ! ,fejees x is believ$ t e enemy has to be kill$ twice2 t ! ,ea/]n ,pagans give ext5sion & figure to ! s\l1 & attribute to x all ! same sub/ances1 bo? solid & liquid1 ( :i* our bodies are compos$2 & t x is ! cu/om among mo/ b>b>\s races to bury food1 weapons1 & tr9kets along ) ! dead body1 "u ! manife/ belief t x w pres5tly ne$ !m4 ,la/ly1 let !m rememb] t ! o!r _w1 z orig9ally conceiv$1 is simply "s di/ant "p ( ?is _w--"s ,elysian fields1 "s happy hunt+-gr\nd1 accessible ev5 to ! liv+1 & to :i*1 aft] dea?1 m5 travel 9 anticipation ( a life analog\s 9 g5]al "* to t :i* !y l$ be=e4 ,!n1 co-ord9at+ ^! g5]al facts--! ascription ( unkn[n p[]s to *iefs & m$ic9e m52 ! belief 9 deities hav+ human =ms1 passions1 & behavi\r2 ! imp]fect compreh5sion ( dea? z di/+ui%$ f life2 & ! proximity ( ! future abode to ! pres5t1 bo? 9 position & "*--let !m reflect :e!r !y d n almo/ unavoidably sugge/ ! conclusion t ! aborig9al god is ! dead *ief2 ! *ief n dead 9 our s5se1 b gone away c>ry+ ) him food & weapons to "s rum\r$ region ( pl5ty1 "s promis$ l&1 :i!r he _h long int5d$ to lead 8 foll[]s1 & :5ce he w pres5tly return to fet* !m4 ,?is hypo!sis once ent]ta9$1 is se5 to h>monise ) all primitive ideas & practices4 ,! sons ( ! deifi$ *ief reign+ aft] him1 x necess>ily happ5s t all e>ly k+s are held desc5dants ( ! gods2 & ! fact t alike 9 ,assyria1 ,egypt1 among ! ,jews1 ,pho5icians1 & anci5t ,britons1 k+s' names 7 =m$ out ( ! names ( ! gods1 is fully expla9$4 ,! g5esis ( ,poly!ism out ( ,feti%ism1 by ! successive migrations ( ! race ( god-k+s to ! o!r _w--a g5esis illu/rat$ 9 ! ,greek my?ology1 alike by ! precise g5ealogy ( ! deities1 & by ! specifically ass]t$ apo!osis ( ! lat] ones--t5ds fur!r to be> x out4 ,x expla9s ! fact t 9 ! old cre$s1 z 9 ! /ill extant cre$ ( ! ,otaheitans1 e family has its gu>dian _s1 :o is suppos$ to be "o ( _! dep>t$ relatives2 & t !y sacrifice to ^! z m9or gods--a practice /ill pursu$ by ! ,*9ese & ev5 by ! ,russians4 ,x is p]fectly congru\s ) ! ,grecian my?s conc]n+ ! w>s ( ! ,gods ) ! ,titans & _! f9al usurpation2 & x simil>ly agrees ) ! fact t among ! ,teutonic gods prop] 0 "o ,freir :o came among !m by adoption1 b 0 born among ! ,vanes1 a some:at my/]i\s o!r dyna/y ( gods1 :o _h be5 conqu]$ & sup]s$$ by ! /rong] & m w>like ,od9 dyna/y4 ,x h>monises1 too1 ) ! belief t !re are diff]5t gods to diff]5t t]ritories & nations1 z !re 7 diff]5t *iefs2 t ^! gods cont5d = supremacy z *iefs d2 & x gives mean+ to ! boa/ ( neighb\r+ tribes--,our god is great] ?an y\r god4 ,x is confirm$ by ! notion univ]sally curr5t 9 e>ly times1 t ! gods come f ?is o!r abode1 9 :i* !y commonly live1 & appe> among m5--speak to !m1 help !m1 puni% !m4 ,& rememb]+ ?is1 x becomes manife/ t ! pray]s put up by primitive peoples to _! gods = aid 9 battle1 are meant lit]ally--t _! gods are expect$ to come back f ! o!r k+dom !y are reign+ ov]1 & once m fight ! old enemies !y _h be=e w>r$ aga9/ s implacably2 & x ne$s b to "n ! ,iliad1 to rem9d e "o h[ ?or\ghly !y believ$ ! expectation fulfill$4 ,all gov]nm5t1 !n1 be+ orig9ally t ( ! /rong man :o has become a feti% by "s manife/ation ( sup]iority1 !re arises1 at 8 dea?--8 suppos$ dep>ture on a long project$ exp$ition1 9 :i* he is accompani$ by 8 slaves & concub9es sacrific$ at 8 tomb--_! arises1 !n1 ! incipi5t division ( religi\s f political control1 ( civil rule f spiritual4 ,8 son becomes deput$ *ief dur+ 8 abs5ce2 8 au?ority is cit$ z t by :i* 8 son acts2 8 v5geance is invok$ on all :o disobey 8 son2 & 8 comm&s1 z previ\sly kn[n or z ass]t$ by 8 son1 become ! g]m ( a moral code2 a fact we %all ! m cle>ly p]ceive if we rememb]1 t e>ly moral codes inculcate ma9ly ! virtues ( ! w>rior1 & ! duty ( ext]m9at+ "s neighb\r+ tribe ^: exi/5ce is an (f5ce to ! deity4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds1 ^! two k9ds ( au?ority1 at fir/ complicat$ toge!r z ^? ( pr9cipal & ag5t1 become sl[ly m & m di/9ct4 ,z exp]i5ce accumulates1 & ideas ( causation gr[ m precise1 k+s lose _! sup]natural attributes2 &1 in/ead ( ,god-k+1 become ,god-desc5d$ k+1 ,god-appo9t$ k+1 ! ,"l's ano9t$1 ! viceg]5t ( heav51 rul] reign+ by ,div9e "r4 ,! old !ory1 h[ev]1 long cl+s to m5 9 feel+1 aft] x has disappe>$ 9 "n2 & su* div9ity do? h$ge a k+1 t ev5 n[1 _m1 on fir/ see+ "o1 feel a secret surprise at f9d+ him an ord9>y sample ( humanity4 ,! sacr$ness atta*+ to royalty atta*es aft]w>ds to its app5d$ in/itutions--to legislatures1 to laws4 ,legal & illegal are synonym\s ) "r & wrong2 ! au?ority ( ,p>liam5t is held unlimit$2 & a l+]+ fai? 9 gov]nm5tal p[] cont9ually g5]ates unf\nd$ hopes f its enactm5ts4 ,political scepticism1 h[ev]1 hav+ de/roy$ ! div9e pre/ige ( royalty1 goes on ev] increas+1 & promises ultimately to r$uce ! ,/ate to a purely secul> in/itution1 ^: regulations are limit$ 9 _! sph]e1 & h no o!r au?ority ?an ! g5]al w4 ,mean:ile1 ! religi\s control has be5 little by little sep>at+ itself f ! civil1 bo? 9 its ess5ce & 9 its =ms4 ,:ile f ! ,god-k+ ( ! savage h aris5 9 "o direction1 secul> rul]s :o1 age by age1 h be5 los+ ! sacr$ attributes m5 ascrib$ to !m2 !re has aris5 9 ano!r direction1 ! conception ( a deity1 :o1 at fir/ human 9 all ?+s1 has be5 gradually los+ human mat]iality1 human =m1 human passions1 human modes ( action3 until n[1 an?ropomorphism has become a reproa*4 ,along ) ?is wide div]g5ce 9 m5's ideas ( ! div9e & civil rul] has be5 tak+ place a correspond+ div]g5ce 9 ! codes ( conduct respectively proce$+ f !m4 ,:ile ! k+ 0 a deputy-god--a gov]nor su* z ! ,jews look$ = 9 ! ,messiah--a gov]nor consid]$1 z ! ,cz> /ill is1 our ,god ^u ,e>?1--x1 ( c\rse1 foll[$ t 8 comm&s 7 ! supreme rules4 ,b z m5 ceas$ to believe 9 8 sup]natural orig9 & nature1 8 comm&s ceas$ to be ! highe/2 & !re arose a di/9ction betwe5 ! regulations made by him1 & ! regulations h&$ d[n f ! old god-k+s1 :o 7 r5d]$ ev] m sacr$ by "t & ! accumulation ( my?s4 ,h5ce came respectively1 ,law & ,morality3 ! "o gr[+ ev] m concrete1 ! o!r m ab/ract2 ! au?ority ( ! "o ev] on ! decrease1 t ( ! o!r ev] on ! increase2 orig9ally ! same1 b n[ plac$ daily 9 m m>k$ antagonism4 ,simultane\sly !re has be5 go+ on a sep>ation ( ! in/itutions adm9i/]+ ^! two codes ( conduct4 ,:ile !y 7 yet "o1 ( c\rse ,*ur* & ,/ate 7 "o3 ! k+ 0 ar*-prie/1 n nom9ally1 b really--alike ! giv] ( new comm&s & ! *ief int]pret] ( ! old comm&s2 & ! deputy-prie/s com+ out ( 8 family 7 ?us simply exp\nd]s ( ! dictates ( _! ance/ry3 at fir/ z recollect$1 & aft]w>ds z asc]ta9$ by pr(ess$ int]views ) !m4 ,?is union--:i* /ill exi/$ practically dur+ ! middle ages1 :5 ! au?ority ( k+s 0 mix$ up ) ! au?ority ( ! pope1 :5 !re 7 bi%op-rul]s hav+ all ! p[]s ( feudal lords1 & :5 prie/s puni%$ by p5ances--has be51 /ep by /ep1 becom+ less close4 ,?\gh mon>*s are /ill def5d]s ( ! fai?1 & ecclesia/ical *iefs1 !y are b nom9ally su*4 ,?\gh bi%ops /ill h civil p[]1 x is n :at !y once _h4 ,prote/antism %ook loose ! bonds ( union2 ,diss5t has long be5 busy 9 organis+ a me*anism = ! ex]cise ( religi\s control1 :olly indep5d5t ( law2 9 ,am]ica1 a sep>ate organisation = t purpose already exi/s2 & if any?+ is to be hop$ f ! ,anti-,/ate-,*ur* ,association--or1 z x has be5 newly nam$1 ,! ,society = ! ,lib]ation ( ,religion f ,/ate ,patronage & ,control--we %all pres5tly h a sep>ate organisation "h also4 ,?us alike 9 au?ority1 9 ess5ce1 & 9 =m1 political & spiritual rule h be5 ev] m widely div]g+ f ! same root4 ,t increas+ division ( lab\r :i* m>ks ! progress ( society 9 o!r ?+s1 m>ks x also 9 ?is sep>ation ( gov]nm5t into civil & religi\s2 & if we obs]ve h[ ! morality :i* =ms ! sub/ance ( religions 9 g5]al1 is beg9n+ to be purifi$ f ! associat$ cre$s1 we may anticipate t ?is division w be ultimately c>ri$ mu* fur!r4 ,pass+ n[ to ! ?ird species ( control--t ( ,mann]s--we %all f9d t ?is1 too1 :ile x _h a common g5esis ) ! o!rs1 has gradually come to h a di/9ct sph]e & a special embodim5t4 ,among e>ly aggregations ( m5 be=e yet social obs]vances exi/$1 ! sole =ms ( c\rtesy kn[n 7 ! signs ( submission to ! /rong man2 z ! sole law 0 8 w1 & ! sole religion ! awe ( 8 suppos$ sup]naturalness4 ,orig9ally1 c]emonies 7 modes ( behavi\r to ! god-k+4 ,our commone/ titles h be5 d]iv$ f 8 names4 ,& all salutations 7 prim>ily wor%ip paid to him4 ,let u trace out ^! tru?s 9 detail1 beg9n+ ) titles4 ,! fact already notic$1 t ! names ( e>ly k+s among div]s races are =m$ by ! addition ( c]ta9 syllables to ! names ( _! gods--:i* c]ta9 syllables1 l our ,mac & ,fitz1 probably mean son (1 or desc5d$ f--at once gives mean+ to ! t]m ,fa!r z a div9e title4 ,& :5 we read1 9 ,seld51 t ! composition out ( ^! names ( ,deities 0 n only prop] to ,k+s3 _! ,gr&es & m hon\rable ,subjects 7no d\bt memb]s ( ! royal race7 _h sometimes ! l2 we see h[ ! t]m ,fa!r1 prop]ly us$ by ^! also1 & by _! multiply+ desc5dants1 came to be a title us$ by ! p 9 g5]al4 ,& x is significant z be>+ on ?is po9t1 t among ! mo/ b>b>\s nation 9 ,europe1 :]e belief 9 ! div9e nature ( ! rul] /ill l+]s1 ,fa!r 9 ?is high] s5se is /ill a regal di/9ction4 ,:51 aga91 we rememb] h[ ! div9ity at fir/ ascrib$ to k+s 0 n a complim5t>y fiction b a suppos$ fact2 & h[1 fur!r1 "u ! ,feti% philosophy ! cele/ial bodies are believ$ to be p]sonages :o once liv$ among m52 we see t ! appellations ( ori5tal rul]s1 ,bro!r to ! ,sun1 etc41 7 probably once expressive ( a g5u9e belief2 & h simply1 l _m o!r ?+s1 cont9u$ 9 use aft] all mean+ has gone out ( !m4 ,we way inf]1 too1 t ! titles1 ,god1 ,"l1 ,div9ity1 7 giv5 to primitive rul]s lit]ally--t ! no/ra div9itas appli$ to ! ,roman emp]ors1 & ! v>i\s sacr$ designations t h be5 borne by mon>*s1 d[n to ! /ill extant phrase1 ,our ,"l ! ,k+1 are ! dead & dy+ =ms ( :at 7 once liv+ facts4 ,f ^! names1 ,god1 ,fa!r1 ,"l1 ,div9ity1 orig9ally belong+ to ! ,god-k+1 & aft]w>ds to ,god & ! k+1 ! d]ivation ( our commone/ titles ( respect is cle>ly traceable4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ^! titles 7 orig9ally prop] names4 ,n only d we see among ! ,egyptians1 :]e ,ph>aoh 0 synonym\s ) k+1 & among ! ,romans1 :]e to be ,caes> meant to be ,emp]or1 t ! prop] names ( ! greate/ m5 7 transf]r$ to _! successors1 & s became class names2 b 9 ! ,sc&9avian my?ology we may trace a human title ( hon\r up to ! prop] "n ( a div9e p]sonage4 ,9 ,anglo-,saxon bealdor1 or baldor1 means ,"l2 & ,bald] is ! "n ( ! fav\rite ( ,od9's sons--! gods :o ) him con/itute ! ,teutonic ,pan!on4 ,h[ ^! names ( hon\r became g5]al is easily und]/ood4 ,! relatives ( ! primitive k+s--! gr&ees describ$ by ,seld5 z hav+ names =m$ on ^? ( ! gods1 & %[n by ?is to be memb]s ( ! div9e race--necess>ily %>$ 9 ! epi!ts1 su* z ,"l1 descriptive ( sup]human relation%ips & nature4 ,_! ev]-multiply+ (fspr+ inh]it+ ^!1 gradually r5d]$ !m comp>atively common4 ,& !n !y came to be appli$ to e man ( p[]3 p>tly f ! fact t1 9 ^! e>ly days :5 m5 conceiv$ div9ity simply z a /rong] k9d ( humanity1 great p]sons c\ld be call$ by div9e epi!ts ) b little exagg]ation2 p>tly f ! fact t ! unusually pot5t 7 apt to be consid]$ z unrecognis$ or illegitimate desc5dants ( ! /rong1 ! de/roy]1 ! p[]ful "o2 & p>tly1 also1 f complim5t & ! desire to propitiate4 ,progressively z sup]/ition dim9i%$1 ?is la/ became ! sole cause4 ,& if we rememb] t x is ! nature ( complim5t1 z we daily he> x1 to attribute m ?an is due--t 9 ! con/antly wid5+ application ( esquire1 9 ! p]petual repetition ( y\r hon\r by ! fawn+ ,iri%man1 & 9 ! use ( ! "n g5tleman to any coalheav] or du/man by ! l[] classes ( ,london1 we h curr5t examples ( ! depreciation ( titles consequ5t on complim5t--& t 9 b>b>\s times1 :5 ! wi% to propitiate 0 /rong] ?an n[1 ?is effect mu/ h be5 great]2 we %all see t !re naturally arose an ext5sive misuse ( all e>ly di/9ctions4 ,h5ce ! facts1 t ! ,jews call$ ,h]od a god2 t ,fa!r1 9 its high] s5se1 0 a t]m us$ among !m by s]vants to ma/]s2 t ,"l 0 applicable to any p]son ( wor? & p[]4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! fact t1 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ! ,roman ,empire1 e man salut$ 8 neighb\r z ,dom9us & ,rex4 ,b x is 9 ! titles ( ! middle ages1 & 9 ! gr[? ( our mod]n ones out ( !m1 t ! process is mo/ cle>ly se54 ,h]r1 ,don1 ,signior1 ,seigneur1 ,s5nor1 7 all orig9ally names ( rul]s--( feudal lords4 ,by ! complim5t>y use ( ^! names to all :o c\ld1 on any pret5ce1 be suppos$ to m]it !m1 & by successive degradations ( !m f ea* /ep 9 ! desc5t to a /ill l[] "o1 !y h come to be common =ms ( address4 ,at fir/ ! phrase 9 :i* a s]f acco/$ 8 despotic *ief1 me9 h]r is n[ famili>ly appli$ 9 ,g]many to ord9>y p4 ,! ,spani% title ,don1 once prop] to noblem5 & g5tlem5 only1 is n[ accord$ to all classes4 ,s1 too1 is x ) ,signior 9 ,italy4 ,seigneur & ,monseigneur1 by contraction 9 ,sieur & ,monsieur1 h produc$ ! t]m ( respect claim$ by e ,fr5*man4 ,& :e!r ,sire be or be n a l contraction ( ,signior1 x is cle> t1 z x 0 borne by sundry ( ! anci5t feudal lords ( ,france1 :o1 z ,seld5 says1 affect$ r to bee /il$ by ! "n ( ,sire ?an ,b>on1 z ,le ,sire de ,montmor5cie1 ,le ,sire de ,beauieu1 & ! l1 & z x has be5 commonly us$ to mon>*s1 our ^w ,sir1 :i* is d]iv$ f x1 orig9ally meant "l or k+4 ,?us1 too1 is x ) fem99e titles4 ,lady1 :i*1 accord+ to ,horne ,tooke1 means exalt$1 & 0 at fir/ giv5 only to ! few1 is n[ giv5 to all wom5 ( education4 ,dame1 once an hon\rable "n to :i*1 9 old books1 we f9d ! epi!ts ( high-born & /ately affix$1 has n[1 by repeat$ wid5+s ( its application1 become relatively a t]m ( contempt4 ,& if we trace ! comp\nd ( ?is1 ma ,dame1 ?r\gh its contractions--,madam1 ma'am1 mam1 mum1 we f9d t ! ,yes'm ( ,sally to h] mi/ress is orig9ally equival5t to ,yes1 my exalt$1 or ,yes1 y\r highness4 ,?r\gh\t1 !re=e1 ! g5esis ( words ( hon\r has be5 ! same4 ,j z ) ! ,jews & ) ! ,romans1 has x be5 ) ! mod]n ,europeans4 ,trac+ ^! ev]yday names to _! primitive significations ( "l & k+1 & rememb]+ t 9 aborig9al societies ^! 7 appli$ only to ! gods & _! desc5dants1 we arrive at ! conclusion t our famili> ,sir & ,monsieur are1 9 _! prim>y & exp&$ mean+s1 t]ms ( adoration4 ,fur!r to illu/rate ?is gradual depreciation ( titles & to confirm ! inf]5ce drawn1 x may be well to notice 9 pass+1 t ! olde/ ( !m h1 z might be expect$1 be5 depreciat$ to ! greate/ ext5t4 ,?us1 ,ma/]--a ^w prov$ by its d]ivation & by ! simil>ity ( ! connate words 9 o!r languages 7,fr41 maitre = ma/]2 ,russ41 ma/]3 ,dan41 mee/]2 ,g]41 mei/]7 to h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 use = express+ lord%ip--has n[ become applicable to *ildr5 only1 & "u ! modification ( ,mi/]1 to p]sons next above ! lab\r]4 ,aga91 knigh?ood1 ! olde/ k9d ( dignity1 is also ! l[e/2 & ,knight ,ba*elor1 :i* is ! l[e/ ord] ( knigh?ood1 is m anci5t ?an any o!r ( ! ord]s4 ,simil>ly1 too1 ) ! pe]age1 ,b>on is alike ! e>lie/ & lea/ elevat$ ( its divisions4 ,?is cont9ual degradation ( all names ( hon\r has1 f "t to "t1 made x requisite to introduce new ones hav+ t di/+ui%+ effect :i* ! orig9als _h lo/ by g5]ality ( use2 j z our habit ( misapply+ sup]latives has1 by gradually de/roy+ _! =ce1 entail$ ! ne$ = fre% ones4 ,& if1 )9 ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 ?is process has produc$ effects ?us m>k$1 we may readily conceive h[1 dur+ previ\s ?\s&s1 ! titles ( gods & demi-gods came to be us$ to all p]sons ex]cis+ p[]2 z !y h s9ce come to be us$ to p]sons ( respectability4 ,if f names ( hon\r we turn to phrases ( hon\r1 we f9d simil> facts4 ,! ,ori5tal /yles ( address1 appli$ to ord9>y p--,i am y\r slave1 ,all ,i h is y\rs1 ,i am y\r sacrifice--attribute to ! individual spok5 to ! same greatness t ,monsieur & ,my ,"l d3 !y ascribe to him ! "* ( an all-p[]ful rul]1 s immeasurably sup]ior to ! speak] z to be 8 own]4 ,s1 likewise1 ) ! ,poli% expressions ( respect--,i ?r[ myself "u y\r feet1 ,i kiss y\r feet4 ,9 our n[ mean+less subscription to a =mal lett]--,y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1--! same ?+ is visible4 ,nay1 ev5 9 ! famili> signature ,y\rs fai?fully1 ! y\rs1 if int]pret$ z orig9ally meant1 is ! expression ( a slave to 8 ma/]4 ,all ^! dead =ms 7 once liv+ embodim5ts ( fact--7 prim>ily ! g5u9e indications ( t submission to au?ority :i* !y v]bally ass]t2 7 aft]w>ds naturally us$ by ! weak & c[>dly to propitiate ^? above !m2 gradually grew to be consid]$ ! due ( su*2 &1 by a cont9ually wid] misuse1 h lo/ _! mean+s1 z ,sir & ,ma/] h done4 ,t1 l titles1 !y 7 9 ! beg9n+ us$ only to ! ,god-k+1 is indicat$ by ! fact t1 l titles1 !y 7 subsequ5tly us$ 9 common to ,god & ! k+4 ,religi\s wor%ip has ev] l>gely consi/$ ( pr(essions ( ob$i5ce1 ( be+ ,god's s]vants1 ( belong+ to him to d :at he w )4 ,l titles1 !re=e1 ^! common phrases ( hon\r _h a devotional orig94 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x is 9 ! use ( ! ^w y z a s+ul> pron\n t ! popul>is+ ( :at 7 once supreme di/9ctions is mo/ m>k$ly illu/rat$4 ,?is speak+ ( a s+le individual 9 ! plural 0 orig9ally an hon\r giv5 only to ! highe/--0 ! reciprocal ( ! imp]ial we assum$ by su*4 ,yet n[1 by be+ appli$ to successively l[] & l[] classes1 x has become all b univ]sal4 ,only by "o sect ( ,*ri/ians1 & 9 a few seclud$ di/ricts1 is ! primitive ?\ /ill us$4 ,& ! y1 9 becom+ common to all ranks1 has simultane\sly lo/ e ve/ige ( ! hon\r once atta*+ to x4 ,b ! g5esis ( ,mann]s out ( =ms ( allegiance & wor%ip is above all %[n 9 m5's modes ( salutation4 ,note fir/ ! significance ( ! ^w4 ,among ! ,romans1 ! salutatio 0 a daily homage paid by cli5ts & inf]iors to sup]iors4 ,?is 0 alike ! case ) civilians & 9 ! army4 ,! v d]ivation ( our ^w1 !re=e1 is sugge/ive ( submission4 ,pass+ to p>ticul> =ms ( obeisance 7m>k ! ^w aga971 let u beg9 ) ! ,ea/]n "o ( b>+ ! feet4 ,?is 01 prim>ily1 a m>k ( rev]5ce1 alike to a god & a k+4 ,! act ( ,moses be=e ! burn+ bu%1 & ! practice ( ,mahometans1 :o are sworn on ! ,koran ) _! %oes (f1 exemplify ! "o employm5t ( x2 ! cu/om ( ! ,p]sians1 :o remove _! %oes on ent]+ ! pres5ce ( _! mon>*1 exemplifies ! o!r4 ,z usual1 h[ev]1 ?is homage1 paid next to inf]ior rul]s1 has desc5d$ f grade to grade4 ,9 ,india1 x is a common m>k ( respect2 a polite man 9 ,turkey always leaves 8 %oes at ! door1 :ile ! l[] ord]s ( ,turks nev] ent] ! pres5ce ( _! sup]iors b 9 _! /ock+s2 & 9 ,japan1 ?is b>+ ( ! feet is an ord9>y salutation ( man to man4 ,take ano!r case4 ,seld51 describ+ ! c]emonies ( ! ,romans1 says3--,= :]eas x 0 usual ei!r to kiss ! ,images ( _! ,gods1 or ador+ !m1 to /& some:at (f be=e !m1 solemnly mov+ ! "r h& to ! lips1 & !n1 ca/+ x z if !y _h ca/ kisses1 to turne ! body on ! same h& 7:i* 0 ! "r =me ( ,adoration71 x grew also by cu/om1 fir/ t ! emp]ors1 be+ next to ,deities1 & by "s acc\nt$ z ,deities1 _h ! l done to !m 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( _! ,greatness4 ,if1 n[1 we call to m9d ! awkw>d salute ( a village s*ool-boy1 made by putt+ 8 op5 h& up to 8 face & describ+ a semicircle ) 8 =e>m2 & if we rememb] t ! salute ?us us$ z a =m ( rev]5ce 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 is mo/ likely a remnant ( ! feudal times2 we %all see reason = ?9k+ t our common wave ( ! h& to a fri5d across ! /reet1 repres5ts :at 0 prim>ily a devotional act4 ,simil>ly h orig9at$ all =ms ( respect dep5d+ ^u incl9ations ( ! body4 ,entire pro/ration is ! aborig9al sign ( submission4 ,! passage ( ,scripture1 ,?\ ha/ put all "u 8 feet1 & t o!r "o1 s sugge/ive 9 its an?ropomorphism1 ,! ,"l said unto my ,"l1 sit ?\ at my "r h&1 until ,i make ?9e enemies ?y foot/ool1 imply1 :at ! ,assyrian sculptures fully be> out1 t x 0 ! practice ( ! anci5t god-k+s ( ! ,ea/ to trample ^u ! conqu]$4 ,& :5 we be> 9 m9d t !re are exi/+ savages :o signify submission by plac+ ! neck "u ! foot ( ! p]son submitt$ to1 x becomes obvi\s t all pro/ration1 especially :5 accompani$ by kiss+ ! foot1 express$ a will+ness to be trodd5 ^u--0 an attempt to mitigate wra? by say+1 9 signs1 ,tread on me if y w4 ,rememb]+1 fur!r1 t kiss+ ! foot1 z ( ! ,pope & ( a sa9t's /atue1 /ill cont9ues 9 ,europe to be a m>k ( extreme rev]5ce2 t pro/ration to feudal lords 0 once g5]al2 & t its disappe>ance mu/ h tak5 place1 n abruptly1 b by gradual modification into some?+ else2 we h gr\nd = d]iv+ f ^! deepe/ ( humiliations all incl9ations ( respect2 especially z ! transition is traceable4 ,! rev]5ce ( a ,russian s]f1 :o b5ds 8 head to ! gr\nd1 & ! salaam ( ! ,h9doo1 are abridg$ pro/rations2 a b[ is a %ort salaam2 a nod is a %ort b[4 ,%\ld any hesitate to admit ?is conclusion1 !n p]haps1 on be+ rem9d$ t ! l[e/ ( ^! obeisances are common :]e ! submission is mo/ abject2 t among ourselves ! pr(undity ( ! b[ m>ks ! am\nt ( respect2 & la/ly1 t ! b[ is ev5 n[ us$ devotionally 9 our *ur*es--by ,ca?olics to _! alt>s1 & by ,prote/ants at ! "n ( ,*ri/--!y w see suffici5t evid5ce = ?9k+ t ?is salutation also 0 orig9ally wor%ip4 ,! same may be said1 too1 ( ! curtsy1 or c\rtesy1 z x is o!rwise writt54 ,its d]ivation f c\rtoisie1 c\rte\sness1 t is1 behavi\r l t at c\rt1 at once %[s t x 0 prim>ily ! rev]5ce paid to a mon>*4 ,& if we call to m9d t fall+ ^u ! knees1 or ^u "o knee1 has be5 a common obeisance ( subjects to rul]s2 t 9 anci5t manuscripts & tape/ries1 s]vants are depict$ z assum+ ?is attitude :ile (f]+ ! di%es to _! ma/]s at table2 & t ?is same attitude is assum$ t[>ds our own que5 at e pres5tation2 we may inf]1 :at ! "* ( ! curtsy itself sugge/s1 t x is an abridg$ act ( kneel+4 ,z ! ^w has be5 contract$ f c\rtoisie into curtsy1 s ! motion has be5 contract$ f a plac+ ( ! knee on ! floor1 to a l[]+ ( ! knee t[>ds ! floor4 ,moreov]1 :5 we comp>e ! curtsy ( a lady ) ! awkw>d "o a peasant girl makes1 :i*1 if cont9u$1 w\ld br+ h] d[n on bo? knees1 we may see 9 ?is la/ a remnant ( t great] rev]5ce requir$ ( s]fs4 ,& :51 f consid]+ t simple kneel+ ( ! ,we/1 /ill repres5t$ by ! curtsy1 we pass ,ea/w>d1 & note ! attitude ( ! ,mahometan wor%ipp]1 :o n only kneels b b[s 8 head to ! gr\nd1 we may inf] t ! curtsy also is an evanesc5t =m ( ! aborig9al pro/ration4 ,9 fur!r evid5ce ( ?is x may be rem>k$1 t !re has b rec5tly disappe>$ f ! salutations ( m51 an action hav+ ! same proximate d]ivation ) ! curtsy4 ,t backw>d sweep ( ! foot ) :i* ! conv5tional /age-sailor accompanies 8 b[--a movem5t :i* prevail$ g5]ally 9 pa/ g5]ations1 :5 a b[ & a scrape w5t toge!r1 & :i*1 )9 ! memory ( liv+ p]sons1 0 made by boys to _! s*oolma/] ) ! effect ( we>+ a hole 9 ! floor--is pretty cle>ly a prelim9>y to go+ on "o knee4 ,a motion s unga9ly c\ld nev] h be5 int5tionally introduc$2 ev5 if ! artificial introduction ( obeisances 7 possible4 ,h5ce we mu/ reg>d x z ! remnant ( some?+ antec$5t3 & t ?is some?+ antec$5t 0 humiliat+ may be inf]r$ f ! phrase1 scrap+ an acqua9tance2 :i*1 be+ us$ to d5ote ! ga9+ ( fav\r by obsequi\sness1 implies t ! scrape 0 consid]$ a m>k ( s]vility--t is1 ( s]f-ility4 ,consid]1 aga91 ! uncov]+ ( ! head4 ,almo/ ev]y:]e ?is has be5 a sign ( rev]5ce1 alike 9 temples & be=e pot5tates2 & x yet pres]ves among u "s ( its orig9al mean+4 ,:e!r x ra9s1 hails1 or %9es1 y mu/ keep y\r head b>e :ile speak+ to ! mon>*2 & on no plea may y rema9 cov]$ 9 a place ( wor%ip4 ,z usual1 h[ev]1 ?is c]emony1 at fir/ a submission to gods & k+s1 has become 9 process ( "t a common civility4 ,once an ackn[l$gm5t ( ano!r's unlimit$ supremacy1 ! removal ( ! hat is n[ a salute accord$ to v ord9>y p]sons1 & t uncov]+1 orig9ally res]v$ = entrance into ! h\se ( ,god1 good mann]s n[ dictates on entrance into ! h\se ( a common lab\r]4 ,/&+1 too1 z a m>k ( respect1 has und]gone l ext5sions 9 its application4 ,%[n1 by ! practice 9 our *ur*es1 to be int]m$iate betwe5 ! humiliation signifi$ by kneel+ & ! self-respect :i* sitt+ implies1 & us$ at c\rts z a =m ( homage :5 m active demon/rations ( x h be5 made1 ?is po/ure is n[ employ$ 9 daily life to %[ consid]ation2 z se5 alike 9 ! attitude ( a s]vant be=e a ma/]1 & 9 t ris+ :i* polit5ess prescribes on ! entrance ( a visitor4 ,_m o!r ?reads ( evid5ce might h be5 wov5 into our argum5t4 ,z1 = example1 ! significant fact1 t if we trace back our /ill exi/+ law ( primog5iture--if we consid] x z display$ by ,scotti% clans1 9 :i* n only own]%ip b gov]nm5t devolv$ f ! beg9n+ on ! elde/ son ( ! elde/--if we look fur!r back1 & obs]ve t ! old titles ( lord%ip1 ,signor1 ,seigneur1 ,s5nor1 ,sire1 ,sieur1 all orig9ally mean1 s5ior1 or eld]--if we g ,ea/w>d1 & f9d t ,%eick has a l d]ivation1 & t ! ,ori5tal names = prie/s1 z ,pir1 = in/ance1 are lit]ally int]pret$ old man--if we note 9 ,hebrew records h[ primeval is ! ascrib$ sup]iority ( ! fir/-born1 h[ great ! au?ority ( eld]s1 & h[ sacr$ ! memory ( patri>*s--& if1 !n1 we rememb] t among div9e titles are ,anci5t ( ,days1 & ,fa!r ( ,gods & m52--we see h[ completely ^! facts h>monise ) ! hypo!sis1 t ! aborig9al god is ! fir/ man suffici5tly great to become a tradition1 ! e>lie/ ^: p[] & de$s made him rememb]$2 t h5ce antiquity unavoidably became associat$ ) sup]iority1 & age ) ne>ness 9 blood to ! p[]ful "o2 t s !re naturally arose t dom9ation ( ! elde/ :i* *>act]ises all hi/ory1 & t !ory ( human deg5]acy :i* ev5 yet survives4 ,we might fur!r dwell on ! facts1 t ,"l signifies high-born1 or1 z ! same root gives a ^w mean+ heav51 possibly heav5-born2 t1 be=e x became common1 ,sir or ,sire1 z well z ,fa!r1 0 ! di/9ction ( a prie/2 t wor%ip1 orig9ally wor?-%ip--a t]m ( respect t has be5 us$ commonly1 z well z to magi/rates--is also our t]m = ! act ( attribut+ greatness or wor? to ! ,deity2 s t to ascribe wor?-%ip to a man is to wor%ip him4 ,we might make mu* ( ! evid5ce t all e>ly gov]nm5ts are m or less di/9ctly !ocratic2 & t among anci5t ,ea/]n nations ev5 ! commone/ =ms & cu/oms appe> to h be5 influ5c$ by religion4 ,we might en=ce our argum5t respect+ ! d]ivation ( c]emonies1 by trac+ out ! aborig9al obeisance made by putt+ du/ on ! head1 :i* probably symbolises putt+ ! head 9 ! du/3 by affiliat+ ! practice prevail+ among c]ta9 tribes1 ( do+ ano!r hon\r by pres5t+ him ) a portion ( hair torn f ! head--an act :i* seems tantam\nt to say+1 ,i am y\r slave2 by inve/igat+ ! ,ori5tal cu/om ( giv+ to a visitor any object he speaks ( admir+ly1 :i* is pretty cle>ly a c>ry+ out ( ! complim5t1 ,all ,i h is y\rs4 ,)\t enl>g+1 h[ev]1 on ^! & _m m9or facts1 we v5ture to ?9k t ! evid5ce already assign$ is suffici5t to ju/ify our position4 ,_h ! pro(s be5 few or ( "o k9d1 little fai? c\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ! inf]5ce4 ,b num]\s z !y are1 alike 9 ! case ( titles1 9 t ( complim5t>y phrases1 & 9 t ( salutes--simil> & simultane\s1 too1 z ! process ( depreciation has be5 9 all ( ^!2 ! evid5ces become /rong by mutual confirmation4 ,& :5 we recollect1 also1 t n only h ! results ( ?is process be5 visible 9 v>i\s nations & 9 all times1 b t !y are occurr+ among ourselves at ! pres5t mom5t1 & t ! causes assign$ = previ\s depreciations may be se5 daily work+ out o!r ones--:5 we recollect ?is1 x becomes sc>cely possible to d\bt t ! process has be5 z alleg$2 & t our ord9>y words1 acts1 & phrases ( civility 7 orig9ally ackn[l$gm5ts ( submission to ano!r's omnipot5ce4 ,?us ! g5]al doctr9e1 t all k9ds ( gov]nm5t ex]cis$ ov] m5 7 at fir/ "o gov]nm5t--t ! political1 ! religi\s1 & ! c]emonial =ms ( control are div]g5t bran*es ( a g5]al & once indivisible control--beg9s to look t5able4 ,:51 ) ! above facts fre% 9 m9d1 we read primitive records1 & f9d t !re 7 giants 9 ^? days--:5 we rememb] t 9 ,ea/]n traditions ,nimrod1 among o!rs1 figures 9 all ! *>act]s ( giant k+1 & div9ity--:5 we turn to ! sculptures exhum$ by ,mr4 ,lay>d1 & contemplat+ 9 !m ! effigies ( k+s driv+ ov] enemies1 trampl+ on prison]s1 & ador$ by pro/rate slaves1 !n obs]ve h[ _! actions correspond to ! primitive names = ! div9ity1 ! /rong1 ! de/roy]1 ! p[]ful "o--:5 we f9d t ! e>lie/ temples 7 also ! resid5ces ( ! k+s--& :51 la/ly1 we discov] t among races ( m5 /ill liv+ !re are curr5t sup]/itions analog\s to ^? :i* old records & old build+s indicate2 we beg9 to realise ! probability ( ! hypo!sis t has be5 set =?4 ,go+ back1 9 imag9ation1 to ! remote era :5 m5's !ories ( ?+s 7 yet un=m$2 & conceiv+ to ourselves ! conqu]+ *ief z dimly figur$ 9 anci5t my?s1 & poems1 & ru9s2 we may see t all rules ( conduct :atev] spr+ f 8 w4 ,alike legislator & judge1 all qu>rels among 8 subjects are decid$ by him2 & 8 words become ! ,law4 ,awe ( him is ! incipi5t ,religion2 & 8 maxims furni% its fir/ precepts4 ,submission is made to him 9 ! =ms he prescribes2 & ^! give bir? to ,mann]s4 ,f ! fir/1 "t develops political allegiance & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 f ! second1 ! wor%ip ( a be+ ^: p]sonality becomes ev] m vague1 & ! inculcation ( precepts ev] m ab/ract2 f ! ?ird1 =ms ( hon\r & ! rules ( etiquette4 ,9 con=mity ) ! law ( evolution ( all organis$ bodies1 t g5]al functions are gradually sep>at$ into ! special functions con/itut+ !m1 !re h gr[n up 9 ! social organism = ! bett] p]=mance ( ! gov]nm5tal (fice1 an app>atus ( law-c\rts1 judges1 & b>ri/]s2 a national *ur*1 ) its bi%ops & prie/s2 & a sy/em ( ca/e1 titles1 & c]emonies1 adm9i/]$ by society at l>ge4 ,by ! fir/1 ov]t aggressions are cognis$ & puni%$2 by ! second1 ! disposition to commit su* aggressions is 9 "s degree *eck$2 by ! ?ird1 ^? m9or brea*es ( good conduct1 :i* ! o!rs d n notice1 are d5\nc$ & *a/is$4 ,law & ,religion control behavi\r 9 its ess5tials3 ,mann]s control x 9 its details4 ,= regulat+ ^? daily actions :i* are too num]\s & too unimportant to be (ficially direct$1 !re comes into play ?is subtl] set ( re/ra9ts4 ,& :5 we consid] :at ^! re/ra9ts are--:5 we analyse ! words1 & phrases1 & salutes employ$1 we see t 9 orig9 z 9 effect1 ! sy/em is a sett+ up ( tempor>y gov]nm5ts betwe5 all m5 :o come 9 contact1 = ! purpose ( bett] manag+ ! int]c\rse betwe5 !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! proposition1 t ^! sev]al k9ds ( gov]nm5t are ess5tially "o1 bo? 9 g5esis & function1 may be d$uc$ sev]al important coroll>ies1 directly be>+ on our special topic4 ,let u fir/ notice1 t !re is n only a common orig9 & (fice = all =ms ( rule1 b a common necessity = !m4 ,! aborig9al man1 com+ fre% f ! kill+ ( be>s & f ly+ 9 ambu% = 8 enemy1 has1 by ! necessities ( 8 condition1 a nature requir+ to be curb$ 9 its e impulse4 ,alike 9 w> & 9 ! *ase1 8 daily discipl9e has be5 t ( sacrific+ o!r creatures to 8 own ne$s & passions4 ,8 "*1 bequea!d to him by ance/ors :o l$ simil> lives1 is m\ld$ by ?is discipl9e--is fitt$ to ?is exi/5ce4 ,! unlimit$ selfi%ness1 ! love ( inflict+ pa91 ! blood-?ir/9ess1 ?us kept active1 he br+s ) him into ! social /ate4 ,^! dispositions put him 9 con/ant dang] ( conflict ) 8 equally savage neighb\r4 ,9 small ?+s z 9 great1 9 words z 9 de$s1 he is aggressive2 & is h\rly liable to ! aggressions ( o!rs l natur$4 ,only1 !re=e1 by ! mo/ rigor\s control ex]cis$ ov] all actions1 c ! primitive unions ( m5 be ma9ta9$4 ,!re mu/ be a rul] /rong1 remorseless1 & ( indomitable w2 !re mu/ be a cre$ t]rible 9 its ?reats to ! disob$i5t2 & !re mu/ be ! mo/ s]vile submission ( all inf]iors to sup]iors4 ,! law mu/ be cruel2 ! religion mu/ be /]n2 ! c]emonies mu/ be /rict4 ,! co-ord9ate necessity = ^! sev]al k9ds ( re/ra9t might be l>gely illu/rat$ f hi/ory 7 !re space4 ,suffice x to po9t out1 t :]e ! civil p[] has be5 weak1 ! multiplication ( ?ieves1 assass9s1 & b&itti1 has indicat$ ! approa* ( social dissolution2 t :51 f ! corruptness ( its m9i/ry1 religion has lo/ its influ5ce1 z x did j be=e ! ,flagellants appe>$1 ! ,/ate has be5 endang]$2 & t ! disreg>d ( e/abli%$ social obs]vances has ev] be5 an accompanim5t ( political revolutions4 ,:oev] d\bts ! necessity = a gov]nm5t ( mann]s proportionate 9 /r5g? to ! co-exi/+ political & religi\s gov]nm5ts1 w be conv9c$ on call+ to m9d t until rec5tly ev5 elaborate codes ( behavi\r fail$ to keep g5tlem5 f qu>rell+ 9 ! /reets & fight+ duels 9 tav]ns2 & on rememb]+ fur!r1 t ev5 n[ p exhibit at ! doors ( a !atre1 :]e !re is no c]emonial law to rule !m1 a degree ( aggressiv5ess :i* w\ld produce confusion if c>ri$ into social int]c\rse4 ,z might be expect$1 we f9d t1 hav+ a common orig9 & l g5]al functions1 ^! sev]al controll+ ag5cies act dur+ ea* era ) simil> degrees ( vig\r4 ,"u ! ,*9ese despotism1 /r+5t & multitud9\s 9 its edicts & h>% 9 ! en=cem5t ( !m1 & associat$ ) :i* !re is an equally /]n dome/ic despotism ex]cis$ by ! elde/ surviv+ male ( ! family1 !re exi/s a sy/em ( obs]vances alike complicat$ & rigid4 ,!re is a tribunal ( c]emonies4 ,previ\s to pres5tation at c\rt1 ambassadors pass _m days 9 practis+ ! requir$ =ms4 ,social int]c\rse is cumb]$ by endless complim5ts & obeisances4 ,class di/9ctions are /rongly m>k$ by badges4 ,! *ief regret on los+ an only son is1 t !re w be no "o to p]=m ! sepul*ral rites4 ,& if !re wants a def9ite measure ( ! respect paid to social ord9ances1 we h x 9 ! torture to :i* ladies submit 9 hav+ _! feet cru%$4 ,9 ,india1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 !re exi/s a l connection betwe5 ! pitiless tyranny ( rul]s1 ! dread t]rors ( immemorial cre$s1 & ! rigid re/ra9t ( un*angeable cu/oms3 ! ca/e regulations cont9ue /ill unalt]able2 ! fa%ions ( clo!s & furniture h rema9$ ! same = ages2 suttees are s anci5t z to be m5tion$ by ,/rabo & ,diodorus ,siculus2 ju/ice is /ill adm9i/]$ at ! palace-gates z ( old2 9 %ort1 e usage is a precept ( religion & a maxim ( jurisprud5ce4 ,a simil> relation%ip ( ph5om5a 0 exhibit$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:ile all its gov]nm5ts 7 autocratic1 :ile feudalism held sway1 :ile ! ,*ur* 0 un%orn ( its p[]1 :ile ! crim9al code 0 full ( horrors & ! hell ( ! popul> cre$ full ( t]rors1 ! rules ( behavi\r 7 bo? m num]\s & m c>efully con=m$ to ?an n[4 ,diff]5ces ( dress m>k$ divisions ( rank4 ,m5 7 limit$ by law to a c]ta9 wid? ( %oe-toes2 & no "o bel[ a specifi$ degree might we> a cloak less ?an s _m in*es long4 ,! symbols on bann]s & %ields 7 c>efully att5d$ to4 ,h]aldry 0 an important bran* ( k4 ,prec$5ce 0 /rictly insi/$ on4 ,& ^? v>i\s salutes ( :i* we n[ use ! abridgm5ts 7 gone ?r\gh 9 full4 ,ev5 dur+ our own la/ c5tury1 ) its corrupt ,h\se ( ,commons & little-curb$ mon>*s1 we may m>k a correspond5ce ( social =malities4 ,g5tlem5 7 /ill di/+ui%$ f l[] classes by dress2 p sacrific$ !mselves to inconv5i5t requirem5ts--z p[d]1 hoop$ petticoats1 & t[]+ head-dresses2 & *ildr5 address$ _! p>5ts z ,sir & ,madam4 ,a fur!r coroll>y naturally foll[+ ?is la/1 & almo/1 inde$1 =m+ "p ( x1 is1 t ^! sev]al k9ds ( gov]nm5t decrease 9 /r+5cy at ! same rate4 ,simultane\sly ) ! decl9e 9 ! influ5ce ( prie/hoods1 & 9 ! fe> ( et]nal torm5ts--simultane\sly ) ! mitigation ( political tyranny1 ! gr[? ( popul> p[]1 & ! amelioration ( crim9al codes2 has tak5 place t dim9ution ( =malities & t fad+ ( di/9ctive m>ks1 n[ s obs]vable4 ,look+ at home1 we may note t !re is less att5tion to prec$5ce ?an !re us$ to be4 ,no "o 9 our day ends an int]view ) ! phrase y\r humble s]vant4 ,! employm5t ( ! ^w ,sir1 once g5]al 9 social int]c\rse1 is at pres5t consid]$ bad bre$+2 & on ! occasions call+ = !m1 x is held vulg> to use ! words ,y\r ,maje/y1 or ,y\r ,royal ,highness1 m ?an once 9 a conv]sation4 ,p no long] =mally dr9k ea* o!r's heal?s2 & ev5 ! tak+ w9e ) ea* o!r at d9n] has ceas$ to be fa%ionable4 ,! tak+-(f ( hats betwe5 g5tlem5 has be5 gradually fall+ into disuse4 ,ev5 :5 ! hat is remov$1 x is no long] swept out at arm's l5g?1 b is simply lift$4 ,h5ce ! rem>k made ^u u by =eign]s1 t we take (f our hats less ?an any o!r nation 9 ,europe--a rem>k t %\ld be c\pl$ ) ! o!r1 t we are ! free/ nation 9 ,europe4 ,z already impli$1 ?is association ( facts is n accid5tal4 ,^! titles ( address & modes ( salutation1 be>+ ab\t !m1 z !y all d1 some?+ ( t s]vility :i* m>ks _! orig91 become di/a/eful 9 proportion z m5 become m indep5d5t !mselves1 & sympa?ise m ) ! indep5d5ce ( o!rs4 ,! feel+ :i* makes ! mod]n g5tleman tell ! lab\r] /&+ b>ehead$ be=e him to put on 8 hat--! feel+ :i* gives u a dislike to ^? :o cr+e & fawn--! feel+ :i* makes u alike ass]t our own dignity & respect t ( o!rs--! feel+ :i* ?us leads u m & m to disc\nt5ance all =ms & names :i* confess inf]iority & submission2 is ! same feel+ :i* resi/s despotic p[] & inaugurates popul> gov]nm5t1 d5ies ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* & e/abli%es ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,a f\r? fact1 ak9 to ! =ego+1 is1 t ^! sev]al k9ds ( gov]nm5t n only decl9e toge!r1 b corrupt toge!r4 ,by ! same process t a ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y becomes a place n = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 b = ! )hold+ ( x--by ! same process t a national *ur*1 f be+ an ag5cy = moral control1 comes to be m]ely a ?+ ( =mulas & ti!s & bi%oprics--by ?is same process d titles & c]emonies t once _h a mean+ & a p[] become empty =ms4 ,coats ( arms :i* s]v$ to di/+ui% m5 9 battle1 n[ figure on ! c>riage panels ( retir$ groc]s4 ,once a badge ( high milit>y rank1 ! %\ld]-knot has become1 on ! mod]n footman1 a m>k ( s]vitude4 ,! "n ,bann]et1 :i* once m>k$ a p>tially-creat$ ,b>on--a ,b>on :o _h pass$ 8 milit>y little g--is n[1 "u ! modification ( ,b>onet1 applicable to any "o fav\r$ by weal? or int]e/ or p>ty feel+4 ,knigh?ood has s f> ceas$ to be an hon\r1 t m5 n[ hon\r !mselves by decl9+ x4 ,! milit>y dignity ,escuy] has1 9 ! mod]n ,esquire1 become a :olly unmilit>y affix4 ,n only d titles1 & phrases1 & salutes cease to fulfil _! orig9al functions1 b ! :ole app>atus ( social =ms t5ds to become useless = its orig9al purpose--! facilitation ( social int]c\rse4 ,^? mo/ le>n$ 9 c]emonies1 & mo/ precise 9 ! obs]vance ( !m1 are n always ! be/ behav$2 z ^? deepe/ read 9 cre$s & scriptures are n !re=e ! mo/ religi\s2 nor ^? :o h ! cle>e/ notions ( legality & illegality1 ! mo/ hone/4 ,j z lawy]s are ( all m5 ! lea/ not$ = probity2 z ca!dral t[ns h a l[] moral "* ?an mo/ o!rs2 s1 if ,swift is to be believ$1 c\rti]s are ! mo/ insignificant race ( p t ! isl& c af=d1 & ) ! smalle/ t9cture ( good mann]s4 ,b p]haps x is 9 t class ( social obs]vances compreh5d$ "u ! t]m ,fa%ion1 :i* we mu/ "h discuss p>5!tically1 t ?is process ( corruption is se5 ) ! greate/ di/9ctness4 ,z contra/$ ) ,mann]s1 :i* dictate our m9or acts 9 relation to o!r p]sons1 ,fa%ion dictates our m9or acts 9 relation to ourselves4 ,:ile ! "o prescribes t "p ( our deportm5t :i* directly affects our neighb\rs2 ! o!r prescribes t "p ( our deportm5t :i* is prim>ily p]sonal1 & 9 :i* our neighb\rs are conc]n$ only z spectators4 ,?us di/+ui%$ z !y are1 h[ev]1 ! two h a common s\rce4 ,= :ile1 z we h %[n1 ,mann]s orig9ate by imitation ( ! behavi\r pursu$ t[>ds ! great2 ,fa%ion orig9ates by imitation ( ! behavi\r ( ! great4 ,:ile ! "o has its d]ivation 9 ! titles1 phrases1 & salutes us$ to ^? 9 p[]2 ! o!r is d]iv$ f ! habits & appe>ances exhibit$ by ^? 9 p[]4 ,! ,c>rib "m :o squeezes h] *ild's head into a %ape l t ( ! *ief2 ! "y savage :o makes m>ks on himself simil> to ! sc>s c>ri$ by ! w>riors ( 8 tribe 7:i* is probably ! orig9 ( tattoo+72 ! ,highl&] :o adopts ! plaid worn by ! head ( 8 clan2 ! c\rti]s :o affect greyness1 or limp1 or cov] _! necks1 9 imitation ( _! k+2 & ! p :o ape ! c\rti]s2 are alike act+ "u a k9d ( gov]nm5t connate ) t ( ,mann]s1 &1 l x too1 prim>ily b5eficial4 ,= not)/&+ ! numb]less absurdities into :i* ?is copyism has l$ ! p1 f nose-r+s to e>-r+s1 f pa9t$ faces to beauty-spots1 f %av5 heads to p[d]$ wigs1 f fil$ tee? & /a9$ nails to bell-girdles1 peak$ %oes1 & bree*es /uff$ ) bran1--x mu/ yet be conclud$1 t z ! /rong m51 ! successful m51 ! m5 ( w1 intellig5ce1 & orig9ality1 :o h got to ! top1 are1 on ! av]age1 m likely to %[ judgm5t 9 _! habits & ta/es ?an ! mass1 ! imitation ( su* is advantage\s4 ,by & by1 h[ev]1 ,fa%ion1 corrupt+ l ^! o!r =ms ( rule1 almo/ :olly ceases to be an imitation ( ! be/1 & becomes an imitation ( q o!r ?an ! be/4 ,z ^? :o take ord]s are n ^? hav+ a special fitness = ! prie/ly (fice1 b ^? :o see _! way to a liv+ by x2 z legislators & public function>ies d n become su* by virtue ( _! political insight & p[] to rule1 b by virtue ( bir?1 acreage1 & class influ5ce2 s1 ! self-elect$ clique :o set ! fa%ion1 ga9 ?is pr]ogative1 n by _! =ce ( nature1 _! intellect1 _! high] wor? or bett] ta/e1 b ga9 x solely by _! un*eck$ assumption4 ,among ! initiat$ are to be f\nd nei!r ! noble/ 9 rank1 ! *ief 9 p[]1 ! be/ cultur$1 ! mo/ ref9$1 nor ^? ( greate/ g5ius1 wit1 or beauty2 & _! reunions1 s f> f be+ sup]ior to o!rs1 are not$ = _! inanity4 ,yet1 by ! example ( ^! %am great1 & n by t ( ! truly great1 does society at l>ge n[ regulate its go+s & com+s1 its h\rs1 its dress1 its small usages4 ,z a natural consequ5ce1 ^! h g5]ally little or none ( t suitabl5ess :i* ! !ory ( fa%ion implies !y %\ld h4 ,b in/ead ( a cont9ual progress t[>ds great] elegance & conv5i5ce1 :i* might be expect$ to occur did p copy ! ways ( ! really be/1 or foll[ _! own ideas ( propriety1 we h a reign ( m]e :im1 ( unreason1 ( *ange = ! sake ( *ange1 ( wanton oscillations f ei!r extreme to ! o!r--a reign ( usages )\t mean+1 times )\t fitness1 dress )\t ta/e4 ,& ?us life a la mode1 in/ead ( be+ life conduct$ 9 ! mo/ rational mann]1 is life regulat$ by sp5d?rifts & idl]s1 mill9]s & tailors1 d&ies & silly wom54 ,to ^! sev]al coroll>ies--t ! v>i\s ord]s ( control ex]cis$ ov] m5 h a common orig9 & a common function1 are call$ out by co-ord9ate necessities & co-exi/ 9 l /r+5cy1 decl9e toge!r & corrupt toge!r--x n[ only rema9s to add t !y become ne$less toge!r4 ,consequ5t z all k9ds ( gov]nm5t are ^u ! unfitness ( ! aborig9al man = social life2 & dim9i%+ 9 co]civ5ess z !y all d 9 proportion z ?is unfitness dim9i%es2 !y mu/ "o & all come to an end z humanity acquires complete adaptation to its new conditions4 ,t discipl9e ( circum/ances :i* has already wr\ght out su* great *anges 9 u1 mu/ g on ev5tually to "w out yet great] ones4 ,t daily curb+ ( ! l[] nature & culture ( ! high]1 :i* out ( cannibals & devil wor%ipp]s has evolv$ philan?ropi/s1 lov]s ( peace1 & hat]s ( sup]/ition1 _c fail to evolve out ( ^!1 m5 z mu* sup]ior to !m z !y are to _! prog5itors4 ,! causes t h produc$ pa/ modifications are /ill 9 action2 mu/ cont9ue 9 action z long z !re exi/s any incongruity betwe5 man's desires & ! requirem5ts ( ! social /ate2 & mu/ ev5tually make him organically fit = ! social /ate4 ,z x is n[ ne$less to =bid man-eat+ & ,feti%ism1 s w x ultimately become ne$less to =bid murd]1 !ft1 & ! m9or (f5ces ( our crim9al code4 ,:5 human nature has gr[n into con=mity ) ! moral law1 !re w ne$ no judges & /atute-books2 :5 x spontane\sly takes ! "r c\rse 9 all ?+s1 z 9 "s ?+s x does already1 prospects ( future rew>d or puni%m5t w n be want$ z inc5tives2 & :5 fit behavi\r has become in/9ctive1 !re w ne$ no code ( c]emonies to say h[ behavi\r %all be regulat$4 ,?us1 !n1 may be recognis$ ! mean+1 ! naturalness1 ! necessity ( ^? v>i\s ecc5tricities ( re=m]s :i* we set out by describ+4 ,!y are n accid5tal2 !y are n m]e p]sonal caprices1 z p are apt to suppose4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are inevitable results ( ! law ( relation%ip above illu/rat$4 ,t community ( g5esis1 function1 & decay :i* all =ms ( re/ra9t exhibit1 is simply ! obv]se ( ! fact at fir/ po9t$ out1 t !y h 9 two s5tim5ts ( human nature a common pres]v] & a common de/roy]4 ,awe ( p[] orig9ates & *]i%es !m all3 love ( fre$om und]m9es & p]iodically weak5s !m all4 ,! "o def5ds despotism & ass]ts ! supremacy ( laws1 adh]es to old cre$s & supports ecclesia/ical au?ority1 pays respect to titles & cons]ves =ms2 ! o!r1 putt+ rectitude above legality1 a*ieves p]iodical in/alm5ts ( political lib]ty1 inaugurates ,prote/antism & works out its consequ5ces1 ignores ! s5seless dictates ( ,fa%ion & emancipates m5 f dead cu/oms4 ,to ! true re=m] no in/itution is sacr$1 no belief above criticism4 ,ev]y?+ %all con=m itself to equity & reason2 no?+ %all be sav$ by its pre/ige4 ,conc$+ to ea* man lib]ty to pursue 8 own ends & satisfy 8 own ta/es1 he dem&s = himself l lib]ty2 & cons5ts to no re/rictions on ?is1 save ^? :i* o!r m5's equal claims involve4 ,no matt] :e!r x be an ord9ance ( "o man1 or an ord9ance ( all m51 if x tr5*es on 8 legitimate sph]e ( action1 he d5ies its validity4 ,! tyranny t w\ld impose on him a p>ticul> /yle ( dress & a set mode ( behavi\r1 he resi/s equally ) ! tyranny t w\ld limit 8 buy+s & sell+s1 or dictate 8 cre$4 ,:e!r ! regulation be =mally made by a legislature1 or in=mally made by society at l>ge--:e!r ! p5alty = disob$i5ce be imprisonm5t1 or fr[ns & social o/racism1 he sees to be a "q ( no mom5t4 ,he w utt] 8 belief not)/&+ ! ?reat5$ puni%m5t2 he w break conv5tions spite ( ! petty p]secutions t w be visit$ on him4 ,%[ him t 8 actions are inimical to 8 fell[-m51 & he w pause4 ,prove t he is disreg>d+ _! legitimate claims--t he is do+ :at 9 ! nature ( ?+s mu/ produce unhapp9ess2 & he w alt] 8 c\rse4 ,b until y d ?is--until y demon/rate t 8 proce$+s are ess5tially inconv5i5t or inelegant1 ess5tially irrational1 unju/1 or ung5]\s1 he w p]sev]e4 ,"s1 inde$1 argue t 8 conduct is unju/ & ung5]\s4 ,!y say t he has no "r to annoy o!r p by 8 :ims2 t ! g5tleman to :om 8 lett] comes ) no ,esq4 app5d$ to ! address1 & ! lady ^: ev5+ p>ty he ent]s ) gloveless h&s1 are vex$ at :at !y consid] 8 want ( respect1 or want ( bre$+2 t ?us 8 ecc5tricities _c be indulg$ save at ! exp5se ( 8 neighb\rs' feel+s2 & t h5ce 8 noncon=mity is 9 pla9 t]ms selfi%ness4 ,he answ]s t ?is position1 if logically develop$1 w\ld deprive m5 ( all lib]ty :atev]4 ,ea* mu/ con=m all 8 acts to ! public ta/e1 & n 8 own4 ,! public ta/e on e po9t hav+ be5 once asc]ta9$1 m5's habits mu/ !nce=? rema9 = ev] fix$2 see+ t no man c adopt o!r habits )\t s9n+ aga9/ ! public ta/e1 & giv+ p disagreeable feel+s4 ,consequ5tly1 be x an era ( pig-tails or high-heel$ %oes1 ( />*$ ruffs or trunk-hose1 all mu/ cont9ue to we> pig-tails1 high-heel$ %oes1 />*$ ruffs1 or trunk-hose to ! crack ( doom4 ,if x be /ill urg$ t he is n ju/ifi$ 9 break+ ?r\gh o!rs' =ms t he may e/abli% 8 own1 & s sacrific+ ! wi%es ( _m to ! wi%es ( "o1 he replies t all religi\s & political *anges might be negativ$ on l gr\nds4 ,he asks :e!r ,lu!r's say+s & do+s 7 n extremely (f5sive to ! mass ( 8 contempor>ies2 :e!r ! resi/ance ( ,hampd5 0 n disgu/+ to ! "t-s]v]s ar\nd him2 :e!r e re=m] has n %ock$ m5's prejudices1 & giv5 imm5se displeasure by ! op9ions he utt]$4 ,! affirmative answ] he foll[s up by dem&+ :at "r ! re=m] has1 !n1 to utt] ^! op9ions2 :e!r he is n sacrific+ ! feel+s ( _m to ! feel+s ( "o2 & s proves t1 to be consi/5t1 8 antagoni/s mu/ condemn n only all noncon=mity 9 actions1 b all noncon=mity 9 ?\ghts4 ,8 antagoni/s rejo9 t 8 position1 too1 may be pu%$ to an absurdity4 ,!y argue t if a man may (f5d by ! disreg>d ( "s =ms1 he may z legitimately d s by ! disreg>d ( all2 & !y inquire--,:y %\ld he n g out to d9n] 9 a dirty %irt1 & ) an un%orn *98 ,:y %\ld he n spit on ! draw+-room c>pet1 & /ret* 8 heels up to ! mantle-%elf8 ,! conv5tion-break] answ]s1 t to ask ?is1 implies a conf\nd+ ( two widely-diff]5t classes ( actions--! actions t are ess5tially displeasurable to ^? ar\nd1 ) ! actions t are b incid5tally displeasurable to !m4 ,he ^: sk9 is s unclean z to (f5d ! no/rils ( 8 neighb\rs1 or he :o talks s l\dly z to di/urb a :ole room1 may be ju/ly compla9$ (1 & rightly exclud$ by society f its assemblies4 ,b he :o pres5ts himself 9 a surt\t 9 place ( a dress-coat1 or 9 br[n tr\s]s in/ead ( black1 gives (f5ce n to m5's s5ses1 or _! innate ta/es1 b m]ely to _! prejudices1 _! bigotry ( conv5tion4 ,x _c be said t 8 co/ume is less elegant or less intr9sically appropriate ?an ! "o prescrib$2 see+ t a few h\rs e>li] 9 ! day x is admir$4 ,x is ! impli$ rebellion1 !re=e1 t annoys4 ,h[ little ! cause ( qu>rel has to d ) ! dress itself1 is se5 9 ! fact t a c5tury ago black clo!s w\ld h be5 ?\ght prepo/]\s = h\rs ( recreation1 & t a few ye>s h5ce "s n[ =bidd5 /yle may be ne>] ! requirem5ts ( ,fa%ion ?an ! pres5t "o4 ,?us ! re=m] expla9s t x is n aga9/ ! natural re/ra9ts1 b aga9/ ! artificial ones1 t he prote/s2 & t manife/ly ! fire ( sne]s & angry glances :i* he has to be>1 is p\r$ ^u him because he w n b[ d[n to ! idol :i* society has set up4 ,%\ld he be ask$ h[ we are to di/+ui% betwe5 conduct t is absolutely disagreeable to o!rs1 & conduct t is relatively s1 he answ]s1 t !y w di/+ui% !mselves if m5 w let !m4 ,actions intr9sically repugnant w ev] be fr[n$ ^u1 & mu/ ev] rema9 z exceptional z n[4 ,actions n intr9sically repugnant w e/abli% !mselves z prop]4 ,no relaxation ( cu/oms w introduce ! practice ( go+ to a p>ty 9 muddy boots1 & ) unwa%$ h&s2 = ! dislike ( dirt w\ld cont9ue 7 ,fa%ion aboli%$ to-morr[4 ,t love ( approbation :i* n[ makes p s solicit\s to be en regle w\ld /ill exi/--w\ld /ill make !m c>eful ( _! p]sonal appe>ance--w\ld /ill induce !m to seek admiration by mak+ !mselves ornam5tal--w\ld /ill cause !m to respect ! natural laws ( good behavi\r1 z !y n[ d ! artificial ones4 ,! *ange w\ld simply be f a repulsive monotony to a picturesque v>iety4 ,& if !re be any regulations respect+ :i* x is unc]ta9 :e!r !y are bas$ on reality or on conv5tion1 exp]im5t w soon decide1 if due scope be all[$4 ,:5 at l5g? ! controv]sy comes r\nd1 z controv]sies (t5 d1 to ! po9t :5ce x />t$1 & ! p>ty ( ord] repeat _! *>ge aga9/ ! rebel1 t he is sacrific+ ! feel+s ( o!rs to ! gratification ( 8 own wilfulness1 he replies once = all t !y *eat !mselves by mis/atem5ts4 ,he accuses !m ( be+ s despotic1 t1 n cont5t ) be+ ma/]s ov] _! own ways & habits1 !y w\ld be ma/]s ov] 8 also2 & grumble because he w n let !m4 ,he m]ely asks ! same fre$om :i* !y ex]cise2 !y1 h[ev]1 propose to regulate 8 c\rse z well z _! own--to cut & clip 8 mode ( life into agreem5t ) _! approv$ patt]n2 & !n *>ge him ) wilfulness & selfi%ness1 because he does n quietly submit6 ,he w>ns !m t he %all resi/1 nev]!less2 & t he %all d s1 n only = ! ass]tion ( 8 own indep5d5ce1 b = _! good4 ,he tells !m t !y are slaves1 & "k x n2 t !y are %ackl$1 & kiss _! *a9s2 t !y h liv$ all _! days 9 prison1 & compla9 at ! walls be+ brok5 d[n4 ,he says he mu/ p]sev]e1 h[ev]1 ) a view to 8 own release2 & 9 spite ( _! pres5t expo/ulations1 he prophesies t :5 !y h recov]$ f ! fright :i* ! prospect ( fre$om produces1 !y w ?ank him = aid+ 9 _! emancipation4 ,unamiable z seems ?is f9d-fault mood1 (f5sive z is ?is defiant attitude1 we mu/ bew>e ( ov]look+ ! tru?s enunciat$1 9 dislike ( ! advocacy4 ,x is an un=tunate h9drance to all innovation1 t 9 virtue ( _! v function1 ! innovators /& 9 a position ( antagonism2 & ! disagreeable mann]s1 & say+s1 & do+s1 :i* ?is antagonism g5]ates1 are commonly associat$ ) ! doctr9es promulgat$4 ,q =gett+ t :e!r ! ?+ attack$ be good or bad1 ! combative _s is necess>ily repulsive2 & q =gett+ t ! tol]ation ( abuses seems amiable m]ely f its passivity2 ! mass ( m5 contract a bias aga9/ advanc$ views1 & 9 fav\r ( /ation>y ones1 f int]c\rse ) _! respective adh]5ts4 ,cons]vatism1 z ,em]son says1 is debonnair & social2 re=m is individual & imp]i\s4 ,& ?is rema9s true1 h[ev] vici\s ! sy/em cons]v$1 h[ev] righte\s ! re=m to be effect$4 ,nay1 ! indignation ( ! puri/s is usually extreme 9 proportion z ! evils to be got rid ( are great4 ,! m urg5t ! requir$ *ange1 ! m intemp]ate is ! vehem5ce ( its promot]s4 ,let no "o1 !n1 conf\nd ) ! pr9ciples ( ?is social noncon=mity ! ac]bity & ! disagreeable self-ass]tion ( ^? :o fir/ display x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! mo/ plausible objection rais$ aga9/ resi/ance to conv5tions1 is gr\nd$ on its impolicy1 consid]$ ev5 f ! progressi/'s po9t ( view4 ,x is urg$ by _m ( ! m lib]al & intellig5t--usually ^? :o h !mselves %[n "s indep5d5ce ( behavi\r 9 e>li] days--t to rebel 9 ^! small matt]s is to de/roy y\r own p[] ( help+ on re=m 9 great] matt]s4 ,if y %[ y\rself ecc5tric 9 mann]s or dress1 ! _w1 !y say1 w n li/5 to y4 ,y w be consid]$ z crot*ety1 & impracticable4 ,! op9ions y express on important subjects1 :i* might h be5 treat$ ) respect _h y con=m$ on m9or po9ts1 w n[ inevitably be put d[n among y\r s+ul>ities2 & ?us1 by diss5t+ 9 trifles1 y disable y\rself f spread+ diss5t 9 ess5tials4 ,only not+1 z we pass1 t ?is is "o ( ^? anticipations :i* br+ ab\t _! own fulfilm5t--t x is because mo/ :o disapprove ^! conv5tions d n %[ _! disapproval1 t ! few :o d %[ x look ecc5tric--& t did all act out _! convictions1 no su* inf]5ce z ! above w\ld be drawn1 & no su* evil w\ld result2--not+ ?is z we pass1 we g on to reply t ^! social re/ra9ts1 & =ms1 & requirem5ts1 are n small evils1 b among ! greate/4 ,e/imate _! sum total1 & we d\bt :e!r !y w\ld n exce$ mo/ o!rs4 ,c\ld we add up ! tr\ble1 ! co/1 ! jeal\sies1 vexations1 misund]/&+s1 ! loss ( "t & ! loss ( pleasure1 :i* ^! conv5tions entail--c\ld we cle>ly realise ! ext5t to :i* we are all daily hamp]$ by !m1 daily enslav$ by !m2 we %\ld p]haps come to ! conclusion t ! tyranny ( ,mrs4 ,grundy is worse ?an any o!r tyranny we suff] "u4 ,let u look at a few ( its hurtful results2 beg9n+ ) ^? ( m9or importance4 ,x produces extravagance4 ,! desire to be comme il faut1 :i* und]lies all con=mities1 :e!r ( mann]s1 dress1 or /yles ( ent]ta9m5t1 is ! desire :i* makes _m a sp5d?rift & _m a bankrupt4 ,to keep up appe>ances1 to h a h\se 9 an approv$ qu>t] furni%$ 9 ! late/ ta/e1 to give exp5sive d9n]s & cr[d$ soirees1 is an ambition =m+ ! natural outcome ( ! con=mi/ _s4 ,x is ne$less to enl>ge on ^! follies3 !y h be5 satiris$ by ho/s ( writ]s1 & 9 e draw+-room4 ,all t "h conc]ns u1 is to po9t out t ! respect = social obs]vances1 :i* m5 ?9k s praisewor?y1 has ! same root ) ?is ef=t to be fa%ionable 9 mode ( liv+2 & t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! la/ _c be dim9i%$ )\t ! fir/ be+ dim9i%$ also4 ,if1 n[1 we consid] all t ?is extravagance entails--if we c\nt up ! robb$ tradesm51 ! /9t$ gov]nesses1 ! ill-educat$ *ildr51 ! fleec$ relatives1 :o h to suff] f x--if we m>k ! anxiety & ! _m moral del9qu5cies :i* its p]petrators involve !mselves 92 we %all see t ?is reg>d = conv5tions is n q s innoc5t z x looks4 ,aga91 x decreases ! am\nt ( social int]c\rse4 ,pass+ ov] ! reckless1 & ^? :o make a great display on speculation ) ! occasional result ( gett+ on 9 ! _w to ! exclusion ( mu* bett] m51 we come to ! f> l>g] class :o1 be+ prud5t & hone/ en\gh n to exce$ _! means1 & yet hav+ a /rong wi% to be respectable1 are oblig$ to limit _! ent]ta9m5ts to ! smalle/ possible numb]2 & t ea* ( ^! may be turn$ to ! greate/ advantage 9 meet+ ! claims ^u _! hospitality1 are induc$ to issue _! invitations ) little or no reg>d to ! com=t or mutual fitness ( _! gue/s4 ,a few inconv5i5tly-l>ge assemblies1 made up ( p mo/ly /range to ea* o!r or b di/antly acqua9t$1 & hav+ sc>cely any ta/es 9 common1 are made to s]ve 9 place ( _m small p>ties ( fri5ds intimate en\gh to h "s bond ( ?\ght & sympa?y4 ,?us ! quantity ( int]c\rse is dim9i%$1 & ! quality det]iorat$4 ,because x is ! cu/om to make co/ly prep>ations & provide co/ly refre%m5ts2 & because x entails bo? less exp5se & less tr\ble to d ?is = _m p]sons on a few occasions ?an = few p]sons on _m occasions2 ! reunions ( our less weal?y classes are r5d]$ alike infrequ5t & t$i\s4 ,let x be fur!r obs]v$1 t ! exi/+ =malities ( social int]c\rse drive away _m :o mo/ ne$ its ref9+ influ5ce3 & drive !m into injuri\s habits & associations4 ,n a few m51 & n ! lea/ s5sible m5 ei!r1 give up 9 disgu/ ?is go+ out to /ately d9n]s1 & /iff ev5+-p>ties2 & in/ead1 seek society 9 clubs1 & cig>-divans1 & tav]ns4 ,i'm sick ( ?is /&+ ab\t 9 draw+-rooms1 talk+ nons5se1 & try+ to look happy1 w answ] "o ( !m :5 tax$ ) 8 des]tion4 ,:y %\ld ,i any long] wa/e "t & money1 & temp]8 ,once ,i 0 ready en\gh to ru% home f ! (fice to dress2 ,i sport$ embroid]$ %irts1 submitt$ to tight boots1 & c>$ no?+ = tailors' & hab]da%]s' bills4 ,i "k bett] n[4 ,my pati5ce la/$ a good :ile2 = ?\gh ,i f\nd ea* night pass /upidly1 ,i always hop$ ! next w\ld make am5ds4 ,b ,i'm undeceiv$4 ,cab-hire & kid gloves co/ m ?an any ev5+ p>ty pays =2 or r--x is wor? ! co/ ( !m to avoid ! p>ty4 ,no1 no2 ,i'll no m ( x4 ,:y %\ld ,i pay five %ill+s a "t = ! privilege ( be+ bor$8 ,if1 n[1 we consid] t ?is v common mood t5ds t[>ds billi>d-rooms1 t[>ds long sitt+s ov] cig>s & br&y-&-wat]1 t[>ds ,evans's & ! ,coal ,hole1 t[>ds e place :]e amusem5t may be _h2 x becomes a "q :e!r ^! precise obs]vances :i* hamp] our set meet+s1 h n to answ] = mu* ( ! preval5t dissolut5ess4 ,m5 mu/ h excitem5ts ( "s k9d or o!r2 & if deb>r$ f high] ones w fall back ^u l[]4 ,x is n t ^? :o ?us take to irregul> habits are ess5tially ^? ( l[ ta/es4 ,(t5 x is q ! rev]se4 ,among half a doz5 intimate fri5ds1 ab&on+ =malities & sitt+ at ease r\nd ! fire1 none w ent] ) great] enjoym5t into ! highe/ k9d ( social int]c\rse--! g5u9e communion ( ?\ght & feel+2 & if ! circle includes wom5 ( intellig5ce & ref9em5t1 s mu* ! great] is _! pleasure4 ,x is because !y w no long] be *ok$ ) ! m]e dry husks ( conv]sation :i* society (f]s !m1 t !y fly its assemblies1 & seek ^? ) :om !y may h disc\rse t is at lea/ real1 ?\gh unpoli%$4 ,! m5 :o ?us long = sub/antial m5tal sympa?y1 & w g :]e !y c get x1 are (t51 inde$1 mu* bett] at ! core ?an ! m5 :o are cont5t ) ! inanities ( glov$ & sc5t$ p>ty-go]s--m5 :o feel no ne$ to come morally ne>] to _! fell[ creatures ?an !y c come :ile /&+1 tea-cup 9 h&1 answ]+ trifles ) trifles2 & :o1 by feel+ no su* ne$1 prove !mselves %all[-?\ght$ & cold-he>t$4 ,x is true1 t "s :o %un draw+-rooms d s f inability to be> ! re/ra9ts prescrib$ by a g5u9e ref9em5t1 & t !y w\ld be greatly improv$ by be+ kept "u ^! re/ra9ts4 ,b x is n less true t1 by add+ to ! legitimate re/ra9ts1 :i* are bas$ on conv5i5ce & a reg>d = o!rs1 a ho/ ( factiti\s re/ra9ts bas$ only on conv5tion1 ! ref9+ discipl9e1 :i* w\ld else h be5 borne ) b5efit1 is r5d]$ unbe>able1 & s misses its end4 ,excess ( gov]nm5t inv>iably defeats itself by driv+ away ^? to be gov]n$4 ,& if ov] all :o des]t its ent]ta9m5ts 9 disgu/ ei!r at _! empt9ess or _! =mality1 society ?us loses its salut>y influ5ce--if su* n only fail to receive t moral culture :i* ! company ( ladies1 :5 rationally regulat$1 w\ld give !m1 b1 9 default ( o!r relaxation1 are driv5 into habits & companion%ips :i* (t5 end 9 gambl+ & drunk5ness2 mu/ we n say t "h1 too1 is an evil n to be pass$ ov] z insignificant8 ,!n consid] :at a blight+ effect ^! multitud9\s prep>ations & c]emonies h ^u ! pleasures !y pr(ess to subs]ve4 ,:o1 on call+ to m9d ! occasions ( 8 highe/ social enjoym5ts1 does n f9d !m to h be5 :olly in=mal1 p]haps impromptu8 ,h[ delightful a picnic ( fri5ds1 :o =get all obs]vances save ^? dictat$ by good nature6 ,h[ pleasant ! little unpret5d$ ga!r+s ( book-societies1 & ! l2 or ^? purely accid5tal meet+s ( a few p well kn[n to ea* o!r6 ,!n1 inde$1 we may see t a man %>p5e? ! c\nt5ance ( 8 fri5d4 ,*eeks flu%1 & eyes sp>kle4 ,! witty gr[ brilliant1 & ev5 ! dull are excit$ into say+ good ?+s4 ,!re is an ov]fl[ ( topics2 & ! "r ?\ght1 & ! "r words to put x 91 spr+ up uns\ght4 ,grave alt]nates ) gay3 n[ s]i\s conv]se1 & n[ jokes1 anecdotes1 & playful raill]y4 ,e "o's be/ nature is %[n1 e "o's be/ feel+s are 9 pleasurable activity2 &1 = ! "t1 life seems well wor? hav+4 ,g n[ & dress = "s half-pa/ eight d9n]1 or "s t5 o'clock at home2 & pres5t y\rself 9 spotless attire1 ) e hair arrang$ to p]fection4 ,h[ great ! diff]5ce6 ,! enjoym5t seems 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! prep>ation4 ,^! figures1 got up ) su* f9i% & precision1 appe> b half alive4 ,!y h froz5 ea* o!r by _! primness2 & y\r faculties feel ! numb+ effects ( ! atmosph]e ! mom5t y ent] x4 ,all ^? ?\ghts1 s nimble & s apt a:ile s9ce1 h disappe>$--h sudd5ly acquir$ a pret]natural p[] ( elud+ y4 ,if y v5ture a rem>k to y\r neighb\r1 !re comes a trite rejo9d]1 & !re x ends4 ,no subject y c hit ^u outlives half a doz5 s5t5ces4 ,no?+ t is said excites any real int]e/ 9 y2 & y feel t all y say is li/5$ to ) apa?y4 ,by "s /range magic1 ?+s t usually give pleasure seem to h lo/ all *>m4 ,y h a ta/e = art4 ,we>y ( frivol\s talk1 y turn to ! table1 & f9d t ! book ( engrav+s & ! portfolio ( photographs are z flat z ! conv]sation4 ,y are fond ( music4 ,yet ! s++1 good z x is1 y he> ) utt] indiff]5ce2 & say ,?ank y ) a s5se ( be+ a pr(\nd hypocrite4 ,:olly at ease ?\gh y c\ld be1 = y\r own "p1 y f9d t y\r sympa?ies w n let y4 ,y see "y g5tlem5 feel+ :e!r _! ties are prop]ly adju/$1 look+ vacantly r\nd1 & consid]+ :at !y %all d next4 ,y see ladies sitt+ disconsolately1 wait+ = "s "o to speak to !m1 & wi%+ !y _h ! :]e) to occupy _! f+]s4 ,y see ! ho/ess /&+ ab\t ! doorway1 keep+ a factiti\s smile on h] face1 & rack+ h] bra9 to f9d ! requisite no?+s ) :i* to greet h] gue/s z !y ent]4 ,y see numb]less traits ( we>9ess & emb>rassm5t2 &1 if y h any fell[-feel+1 ^! _c fail to produce a feel+ ( discom=t4 ,! disord] is cat*+2 & d :at y w y _c resi/ ! g5]al infection4 ,y /ruggle aga9/ x2 y make spasmodic ef=ts to be lively2 b none ( y\r sallies or y\r good /ories d m ?an raise a simp] or a =c$ laugh3 intellect & feel+ are alike asphyxiat$4 ,& :51 at l5g?1 yield+ to y\r disgu/1 y ru% away1 h[ great is ! relief :5 y get into ! fre% air1 & see ! />s6 ,h[ y ,?ank ,god1 t's ov]6 & half resolve to avoid all su* bor$om = ! future6 ,:at1 n[1 is ! secret ( ?is p]petual misc>riage & disappo9tm5t8 ,does n ! fault lie ) all ^! ne$less adjuncts--^! elaborate dress+s1 ^! set =ms1 ^! exp5sive prep>ations1 ^! _m devices & arrangem5ts t imply tr\ble & raise expectation8 ,:o t has liv$ ?irty ye>s 9 ! _w has n discov]$ t ,pleasure is coy2 & mu/ n be too directly pursu$1 b mu/ be caught unaw>es8 ,an air f a /reet-piano1 he>d :ile at "w1 w (t5 gratify m ?an ! *oice/ music play$ at a conc]t by ! mo/ accompli%$ musicians4 ,a s+le good picture se5 9 a deal]'s w9d[1 may give ke5] enjoym5t ?an a :ole exhibition gone ?r\gh ) catalogue & p5cil4 ,by ! "t we h got ready our elaborate app>atus by :i* to secure happ9ess1 ! happ9ess is gone4 ,x is too subtle to be conta9$ 9 ^! receiv]s1 g>ni%$ ) complim5ts1 & f5c$ r\nd ) etiquette4 ,! m we multiply & complicate appliances1 ! m c]ta9 are we to drive x away4 ,! reason is pat5t en\gh4 ,^! high] emotions to :i* social int]c\rse m9i/]s1 are ( extremely complex nature2 !y consequ5tly dep5d = _! production ^u v num]\s conditions2 ! m num]\s ! conditions1 ! great] ! liability t "o or o!r ( !m w be di/urb$1 & ! emotions consequ5tly prev5t$4 ,x takes a consid]able mis=tune to de/roy appetite2 b cordial sympa?y ) ^? ar\nd may be ext+ui%$ by a look or a ^w4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! m multipli$ ! unnecess>y requirem5ts ) :i* social int]c\rse is surr\nd$1 ! less likely are its pleasures to be a*iev$4 ,x is difficult en\gh to fulfil cont9u\sly all ! ess5tials to a pleasurable communion ) o!rs3 h[ mu* m difficult1 !n1 mu/ x be cont9u\sly to fulfil a ho/ ( non-ess5tials also6 ,x is1 inde$1 impossible4 ,! attempt inevitably ends 9 ! sacrifice ( ! fir/ to ! la/--! ess5tials to ! non-ess5tials4 ,:at *ance is !re ( gett+ any g5u9e response f ! lady :o is ?9k+ ( y\r /upidity 9 tak+ h] 9 to d9n] on ! wrong arm8 ,h[ are y likely to h agreeable conv]se ) ! g5tleman :o is fum+ int]nally because he is n plac$ next to ! ho/ess8 ,=malities1 famili> z !y may become1 necess>ily occupy att5tion--necess>ily multiply ! occasions = mi/ake1 misund]/&+1 & jeal\sy1 on ! "p ( "o or o!r--necess>ily di/ract all m9ds f ! ?\ghts & feel+s t %\ld occupy !m--necess>ily1 !re=e1 subv]t ^? conditions "u :i* only any /]l+ int]c\rse is to be _h4 ,& ?is inde$ is ! fatal mis*ief :i* ^! conv5tions entail--a mis*ief to :i* e o!r is second>y4 ,!y de/roy ^? highe/ ( our pleasures :i* !y pr(ess to subs]ve4 ,all in/itutions are alike 9 ?is1 t h[ev] useful1 & ne$ful ev51 !y orig9ally 71 !y n only 9 ! end cease to be s1 b become detrim5tal4 ,:ile humanity is gr[+1 !y cont9ue fix$2 daily get m me*anical & unvital2 & by & by t5d to /rangle :at !y be=e pres]v$4 ,x is n simply t !y become corrupt & fail to act3 !y become ob/ructions4 ,old =ms ( gov]nm5t f9ally gr[ s oppressive1 t !y mu/ be ?r[n (f ev5 at ! risk ( reigns ( t]ror4 ,old cre$s end 9 be+ dead =mulas1 :i* no long] aid b di/ort & arre/ ! g5]al m9d2 :ile ! ,/ate-*ur*es adm9i/]+ !m1 come to be in/rum5ts = subsidis+ cons]vatism & repress+ progress4 ,old s*emes ( education1 inc>nat$ 9 public s*ools & colleges1 cont9ue fill+ ! heads ( new g5]ations ) :at has become relatively useless k1 &1 by consequ5ce1 exclud+ k :i* is useful4 ,n an organisation ( any k9d--political1 religi\s1 lit]>y1 philan?ropic--b :at1 by its ev]-multiply+ regulations1 its accumulat+ weal?1 its ye>ly addition ( (fic]s1 & ! creep+ into x ( patronage & p>ty feel+1 ev5tually loses its orig9al _s1 & s9ks into a m]e lifeless me*anism1 work$ ) a view to private ends--a me*anism :i* n m]ely fails ( its fir/ purpose1 b is a positive h9drance to x4 ,?us is x1 too1 ) social usages4 ,we read ( ! ,*9ese t !y h pond]\s c]emonies transmitt$ f "t immemorial1 :i* make social int]c\rse a burd54 ,! c\rt =ms prescrib$ by mon>*s = _! own exaltation1 h1 9 all times & places1 end$ 9 consum+ ! com=t ( _! lives4 ,& s ! artificial obs]vances ( ! d9+-room & saloon1 9 proportion z !y are _m & /rict1 ext+ui% t agreeable communion :i* !y 7 orig9ally int5d$ to secure4 ,! dislike ) :i* p commonly speak ( society t is =mal1 & /iff1 & c]emoni\s1 implies ! g5]al recognition ( ?is fact2 & ?is recognition1 logically develop$1 involves t all usages ( behavi\r :i* are n bas$ on natural requirem5ts1 are injuri\s4 ,t ^! conv5tions defeat _! own ends is no new ass]tion4 ,swift1 criticis+ ! mann]s ( 8 day1 says--,wise m5 are (t5 m uneasy at ! ov]-civility ( ^! ref9]s ?an !y c\ld possibly be 9 ! conv]sation ( peasants & me*anics4 ,b x is n only 9 ^! details t ! self-defeat+ action ( our arrangem5ts is traceable3 x is traceable 9 ! v sub/ance & nature ( !m4 ,our social int]c\rse1 z commonly manag$1 is a m]e semblance ( ! reality s\ght4 ,:at is x t we want8 ,"s sympa!tic conv]se ) our fell[-creatures3 "s conv]se t %all n be m]e dead words1 b ! vehicle ( liv+ ?\ghts & feel+s--conv]se 9 :i* ! eyes & ! face %all speak1 & ! tones ( ! voice be full ( mean+--conv]se :i* %all make u feel no long] alone1 b %all draw u clos] to ano!r1 & d\ble our own emotions by add+ ano!r's to !m4 ,:o is !re t has n1 f "t to "t1 felt h[ cold & flat is all ?is talk ab\t politics & sci5ce1 & ! new books & ! new m51 & h[ a g5u9e utt]ance ( fell[-feel+ outweighs ! :ole ( x8 ,m>k ! words ( ,bacon3--,= a cr[d is n a company1 & faces are b a gall]y ( pictures1 & talk b a t9kl+ cymbal1 :]e !re is no love4 ,if ?is be true1 !n x is only aft] acqua9tance has gr[n into intimacy1 & intimacy has rip5$ into fri5d%ip1 t ! real communion :i* m5 ne$ becomes possible4 ,a rationally-=m$ circle mu/ consi/ almo/ :olly ( ^? on t]ms ( famili>ity & reg>d1 ) b "o or two /rang]s4 ,:at folly1 !n1 und]lies ! :ole sy/em ( our gr& d9n]s1 our at homes1 our ev5+ p>ties--assemblages made up ( _m :o nev] met be=e1 _m o!rs :o j b[ to ea* o!r1 _m o!rs :o ?\gh famili> feel mutual indiff]5ce1 ) j a few real fri5ds lo/ 9 ! g5]al mass6 ,y ne$ b look r\nd at ! artificial expressions ( face1 to see at once h[ x is4 ,all h _! disguises on2 & h[ c !re be sympa?y betwe5 masks8 ,no wond] t 9 private e "o exclaims aga9/ ! /upidity ( ^! ga!r+s4 ,no wond] t ho/esses get !m up r because !y mu/ ?an because !y wi%4 ,no wond] t ! invit$ g less f ! expectation ( pleasure ?an f fe> ( giv+ (f5ce4 ,! :ole ?+ is a gigantic mi/ake--an organis$ disappo9tm5t4 ,& !n note1 la/ly1 t 9 ?is case1 z 9 all o!rs1 :5 an organisation has become effete & inop]ative = its legitimate purpose1 x is employ$ = q o!r ones--q opposite ones4 ,:at is ! usual plea put 9 = giv+ & att5d+ ^! t$i\s assemblies8 ,i admit t !y are /upid & frivol\s en\gh1 replies e man to y\r criticisms2 b !n1 y "k1 "o mu/ keep up "o's connections4 ,& c\ld y get f 8 wife a s9c]e answ]1 x w\ld be--,l y1 ,i am sick ( ^! frivolities2 b !n1 we mu/ get our daught]s m>ri$4 ,! "o kn[s t !re is a pr(ession to pu%1 a practice to ga91 a bus9ess to ext5d3 or p>liam5t>y influ5ce1 or c\nty patronage1 or votes1 or (fice1 to be got3 position1 b]?s1 fav\rs1 pr(it4 ,! o!r's ?\ghts run ^u husb&s & settlem5ts1 wives & d[ries4 ,wor?less = _! o/5sible purpose ( daily br++ human be+s into pleasurable relations ) ea* o!r1 ^! cumbr\s appliances ( our social int]c\rse are n[ p]sev]+ly kept 9 action ) a view to ! pecuni>y & matrimonial results :i* !y indirectly produce4 ,:o !n %all say t ! re=m ( our sy/em ( obs]vances is unimportant8 ,:5 we see h[ ?is sy/em induces fa%ionable extravagance1 ) its entail$ bankruptcy & ru9--:5 we m>k h[ greatly x limits ! am\nt ( social int]c\rse among ! less weal?y classes--:5 we f9d t _m :o mo/ ne$ to be discipl9$ by mix+ ) ! ref9$ are driv5 away by x1 & l$ into dang]\s & (t5 fatal c\rses--:5 we c\nt up ! _m m9or evils x inflicts1 ! extra "w :i* its co/l9ess entails on all pr(essional & m]cantile m51 ! damage to public ta/e 9 dress & decoration by ! sett+ up ( its absurdities z /&>ds = imitation1 ! injury to heal? indicat$ 9 ! faces ( its devotees at ! close ( ! ,london season1 ! mortality ( mill9]s & ! l1 :i* its sudd5 exig5cies ye>ly involve2--& :5 to all ^! we add its fatal s91 t x blights1 )]s up1 & kills1 t high enjoym5t x pr(ess$ly m9i/]s to--t enjoym5t :i* is a *ief end ( our h>d /ruggl+ 9 life to obta9--%all we n conclude t to re=m our sy/em ( etiquette & fa%ion1 is an aim yield+ to few 9 urg5cy8 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re ne$s1 !n1 a prote/antism 9 social usages4 ,=ms t h ceas$ to facilitate & h become ob/ructive--:e!r political1 religi\s1 or o!r--h ev] to be swept away2 & ev5tually are s swept away 9 all cases4 ,signs are n want+ t "s *ange is at h&4 ,a ho/ ( satiri/s1 l$ on by ,?ack]ay1 h be5 = ye>s engag$ 9 br++ our %am-fe/ivities1 & our fa%ionable follies1 into contempt2 & 9 _! c&id moods1 mo/ m5 laugh at ! frivolities ) :i* !y & ! _w 9 g5]al are delud$4 ,ridicule has always be5 a revolution>y ag5t4 ,t :i* is habitually assail$ ) sne]s & s>casms _c long survive4 ,in/itutions t h lo/ _! roots 9 m5's respect & fai? are doom$2 & ! day ( _! dissolution is n f> (f4 ,! "t is approa*+1 !n1 :5 our sy/em ( social obs]vances mu/ pass ?r\gh "s crisis1 out ( :i* x w come purifi$ & comp>atively simple4 ,h[ ?is crisis w be br\ght ab\t1 no "o c ) any c]ta9ty say4 ,:e!r by ! cont9uance & increase ( individual prote/s1 or :e!r by ! union ( _m p]sons = ! practice & propagation ( "s bett] sy/em1 ! future alone c decide4 ,! influ5ce ( diss5ti5ts act+ )\t co-op]ation1 seems1 "u ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 inadequate4 ,/&+ sev]ally alone1 & hav+ no well-def9$ views2 fr[n$ on by con=mi/s1 & expo/ulat$ ) ev5 by ^? :o secretly sympa?ise ) !m2 subject to petty p]secutions1 & unable to trace any b5efit produc$ by _! example2 !y are apt1 "o by "o1 to give up _! attempts z hopeless4 ,! "y conv5tion-break] ev5tually f9ds t he pays too heavily = 8 noncon=mity4 ,hat+1 = example1 ev]y?+ t be>s ab\t x any remnant ( s]vility1 he det]m9es1 9 ! ard\r ( 8 indep5d5ce1 t he w uncov] to no "o4 ,b :at he means simply z a g5]al prote/1 he f9ds t ladies int]pret into a p]sonal disrespect4 ,?\gh he sees t1 f ! days ( *ivalry d[nw>ds1 ^! m>ks ( supreme consid]ation paid to ! o!r sex h be5 b a hypocritical c\nt]p>t to ! actual subjection 9 :i* m5 h held !m--a pret5d$ submission to comp5sate = a real dom9ation2 & ?\gh he sees t :5 ! true dignity ( wom5 is recognis$1 ! mock dignities giv5 to !m w be aboli%$2 yet he does n l to be ?us misund]/ood1 & s hesitates 9 8 practice4 ,9 o!r cases1 aga91 8 c\rage fails him4 ,su* ( 8 unconv5tionalities z c be attribut$ only to ecc5tricity1 he has no qualms ab\t3 =1 on ! :ole1 he feels r complim5t$ ?an o!rwise 9 be+ consid]$ a disreg>d] ( public op9ion4 ,b :5 !y are liable to be put d[n to ignorance1 to ill-bre$+1 or to pov]ty1 he becomes a c[>d4 ,h[ev] cle>ly ! rec5t innovation ( eat+ "s k9ds ( fi% ) knife & =k proves ! =k-&-bread practice to h _h little b caprice = its basis1 yet he d>es n :olly ignore t practice :ile fa%ion p>tially ma9ta9s x4 ,?\gh he ?9ks t a silk h&k]*ief is q z appropriate = draw+-room use z a :ite cambric "o1 he is n altoge!r at ease 9 act+ out 8 op9ion4 ,!n1 too1 he beg9s to p]ceive t 8 resi/ance to prescription br+s r\nd disadvantage\s results :i* he _h n calculat$ ^u4 ,he _h expect$ t x w\ld save him f a great deal ( social int]c\rse ( a frivol\s k9d--t x w\ld (f5d ! fools1 b n ! s5sible p2 & s w\ld s]ve z a self-act+ te/ by :i* ^? wor? kn[+ w\ld be sep>at$ f ^? n wor? kn[+4 ,b ! fools prove to be s greatly 9 ! majority t1 by (f5d+ !m1 he closes aga9/ himself ne>ly all ! av5ues ?\gh :i* ! s5sible p are to be rea*$4 ,?us he f9ds1 t 8 noncon=mity is frequ5tly mis9t]pret$2 t !re are b few directions 9 :i* he d>es to c>ry x consi/5tly out2 t ! annoyances & disadvantages :i* x br+s ^u him are great] ?an he anticipat$2 & t ! *ances ( 8 do+ any good are v remote4 ,h5ce he gradually loses resolution1 & lapses1 /ep by /ep1 into ! ord9>y r\t9e ( obs]vances4 ,abortive z individual prote/s ?us g5]ally turn out1 x may possibly be t no?+ effectual w be done until !re arises "s organis$ resi/ance to ?is invisible despotism1 by :i* our modes & habits are dictat$4 ,x may happ51 t ! gov]nm5t ( ,mann]s & ,fa%ion w be r5d]$ less tyrannical1 z ! political & religi\s gov]nm5ts h be51 by "s antagoni/ic union4 ,alike 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 m5's fir/ emancipations f excess ( re/riction 7 a*iev$ by numb]s1 b\nd toge!r by a common cre$ or a common political fai?4 ,:at rema9$ undone :ile !re 7 b individual s*ismatics or rebels1 0 effect$ :5 !re came to be _m act+ 9 conc]t4 ,x is tol]ably cle> t ^! e>lie/ in/alm5ts ( fre$om c\ld n h be5 obta9$ 9 any o!r way2 = s long z ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce 0 weak & ! rule /rong1 !re c\ld nev] h be5 a suffici5t numb] ( sep>ate diss5ti5ts to produce ! desir$ results4 ,only 9 ^! lat] times1 dur+ :i* ! secul> & spiritual controls h be5 gr[+ less co]cive1 & ! t5d5cy t[>ds individual lib]ty great]1 has x become possible = small] & small] sects & p>ties to fight aga9/ e/abli%$ cre$s & laws2 until n[ m5 may safely /& ev5 alone 9 _! antagonism4 ,! failure ( individual noncon=mity to cu/oms1 z above illu/rat$1 sugge/s t an analog\s s]ies ( *anges may h to be gone ?r\gh 9 ?is case also4 ,x is true t ! lex non scripta diff]s f ! lex scripta 9 ?is1 t1 be+ unwritt51 x is m readily alt]$2 & t x has1 f "t to "t1 be5 quietly ameliorat$4 ,nev]!less1 we %all f9d t ! analogy holds sub/antially good4 ,= 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!rs1 ! ess5tial revolution is n ! sub/itut+ ( any "o set ( re/ra9ts = any o!r1 b ! limit+ or aboli%+ ! au?ority :i* prescribes re/ra9ts4 ,j z ! fundam5tal *ange inaugurat$ by ! ,re=mation 0 n a sup]s$+ ( "o cre$ by ano!r1 b an ignor+ ( ! arbit] :o be=e dictat$ cre$s--j z ! fundam5tal *ange :i* ,democracy long ago comm5c$1 0 n f ?is p>ticul> law to t1 b f ! despotism ( "o to ! fre$om ( all2 s1 ! p>allel *ange yet to be wr\ght out 9 ?is supplem5t>y gov]nm5t ( :i* we are treat+1 is n ! replac+ ( absurd usages by s5sible ones1 b ! de?ronem5t ( t secret1 irresponsible p[] :i* n[ imposes our usages1 & ! ass]tion ( ! "r ( all individuals to *oose _! own usages4 ,9 rules ( liv+1 a ,we/-end clique is our ,pope2 & we are all papi/s1 ) b a m]e spr9kl+ ( h]etics4 ,on all :o decisively rebel1 comes d[n ! p5alty ( excommunication1 ) its long catalogue ( disagreeable &1 inde$1 s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,! lib]ty ( ! subject ass]t$ 9 our con/itution1 & ev] on ! increase1 has yet to be wre/$ f ?is subtl] tyranny4 ,! "r ( private judgm5t1 :i* our ance/ors wrung f ! *ur*1 rema9s to be claim$ f ?is dictator ( our habits4 ,or1 z be=e said1 to free u f ^! idolatries & sup]/iti\s con=mities1 !re has /ill to come a prote/anism 9 social usages4 ,p>allel1 !re=e1 z is ! *ange to be wr\ght out1 x seems n improbable t x may be wr\ght out 9 an analog\s way4 ,t influ5ce :i* solit>y diss5ti5ts fail to ga91 & t p]sev]ance :i* !y lack1 may come into exi/5ce :5 !y unite4 ,t p]secution :i* ! _w n[ visits ^u !m f mi/ak+ _! noncon=mity = ignorance or disrespect1 may dim9i% :5 x is se5 to result f pr9ciple4 ,! p5alty :i* exclusion n[ entails may disappe> :5 !y become num]\s en\gh to =m visit+ circles ( _! own4 ,& :5 a successful /& has be5 made1 & ! brunt ( ! opposition has pass$1 t l>ge am\nt ( secret dislike to our obs]vances :i* n[ p]vades society1 may manife/ itself ) suffici5t p[] to effect ! desir$ emancipation4 ,:e!r su* w be ! process1 "t alone c decide4 ,t community ( orig91 gr[?1 supremacy1 & decad5ce1 :i* we h f\nd among all k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 sugge/s a community 9 modes ( *ange also4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,nature (t5 p]=ms sub/antially simil> op]ations1 9 ways app>5tly diff]5t4 ,h5ce ^! details c nev] be =etold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mean:ile1 let u glance at ! conclusions t h be5 rea*$4 ,on ! "o side1 gov]nm5t1 orig9ally "o1 & aft]w>ds subdivid$ = ! bett] fulfilm5t ( its function1 mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ ev] be51 9 all its bran*es--political1 religi\s1 & c]emonial--b5eficial2 &1 inde$1 absolutely necess>y4 ,on ! o!r side1 gov]nm5t1 "u all its =ms1 mu/ be reg>d$ z subs]v+ a tempor>y (fice1 made ne$ful by ! unfitness ( aborig9al humanity = social life2 & ! successive dim9utions ( its co]civ5ess 9 ,/ate1 9 ,*ur*1 & 9 ,cu/om1 mu/ be look$ ^u z /eps t[>ds its f9al disappe>ance4 ,to complete ! conception1 !re requires to be borne 9 m9d ! ?ird fact1 t ! g5esis1 ! ma9t5ance1 & ! decl9e ( all gov]nm5ts1 h[ev] nam$1 are alike br\ght ab\t by ! humanity to be controll$3 f :i* may be drawn ! inf]5ce t1 on ! av]age1 re/rictions ( e k9d _c la/ mu* long] ?an !y are want$1 & _c be de/roy$ mu* fa/] ?an !y ought to be4 ,society1 9 all its developm5ts1 und]goes ! process ( exuviation4 ,^! old =ms :i* x successively ?r[s (f1 h all be5 once vitally unit$ ) x--h sev]ally s]v$ z ! protective envelopes )9 :i* a high] humanity 0 be+ evolv$4 ,!y are ca/ aside only :5 !y become h9drances--only :5 "s inn] & bett] envelope has be5 =m$2 & !y bequea? to u all t !re 0 9 !m good4 ,! p]iodical abolitions ( tyrannical laws h left ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice n only un9jur$1 b purifi$4 ,dead & buri$ cre$s h n c>ri$ ) !m ! ess5tial morality !y conta9$1 :i* /ill exi/s1 uncontam9at$ by ! sl\ghs ( sup]/ition4 ,& all t !re is ( ju/ice & k9dness & beauty1 embodi$ 9 our cumbr\s =ms ( etiquette1 w live p]5nially :5 ! =ms !mselves h be5 =gott54 #a ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,april #ahed4 #b ,?is 0 writt5 be=e m\/a*es & be>ds _h become common4 ,,on ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,sci5ce#a ,!re has ev] prevail$ among m5 a vague notion t sci5tific k diff]s 9 nature f ord9>y k4 ,by ! ,greeks1 ) :om ,ma!matics--lit]ally ?+s le>nt--0 alone consid]$ z k prop]1 ! di/9ction mu/ h be5 /rongly felt2 & x has ev] s9ce ma9ta9$ itself 9 ! g5]al m9d4 ,?\gh1 consid]+ ! contra/ betwe5 ! a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce & ^? ( daily unme?odic ?9k+1 x is n surpris+ t su* a di/9ction has be5 assum$2 yet x ne$s b to rise a little above ! common po9t ( view1 to see t no su* di/9ction c really exi/3 or t at be/1 x is b a sup]ficial di/9ction4 ,! same faculties are employ$ 9 bo? cases2 & 9 bo? cases _! mode ( op]ation is fundam5tally ! same4 ,if we say t sci5ce is organis$ k1 we are met by ! tru? t all k is organis$ 9 a great] or less degree--t ! commone/ actions ( ! h\sehold & ! field presuppose facts colligat$1 inf]5ces drawn1 results expect$2 & t ! g5]al success ( ^! actions proves ! data by :i* !y 7 guid$ to h be5 correctly put toge!r4 ,if1 aga91 we say t sci5ce is prevision--is a see+ be=eh&--is a kn[+ 9 :at times1 places1 comb9ations1 or sequ5ces1 specifi$ ph5om5a w be f\nd2 we are yet oblig$ to confess t ! def9ition includes mu* t is utt]ly =eign to sci5ce 9 its ord9>y acceptation4 ,= example1 a *ild's k ( an apple4 ,?is1 z f> z x goes1 consi/s 9 previsions4 ,:5 a *ild sees a c]ta9 =m & col\rs1 x kn[s t if x puts out its h& x w h c]ta9 impressions ( resi/ance1 & r\ndness1 & smoo?ness2 & if x bites1 a c]ta9 ta/e4 ,& manife/ly its g5]al acqua9tance ) surr\nd+ objects is ( l nature--is made up ( facts conc]n+ !m1 s gr\p$ z t any "p ( a gr\p be+ p]ceiv$1 ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r facts includ$ 9 x is =ese54 ,if1 once m1 we say t sci5ce is exact prevision1 we /ill fail to e/abli% ! suppos$ diff]5ce4 ,n only d we f9d t mu* ( :at we call sci5ce is n exact1 & t "s ( x1 z physiology1 c nev] become exact2 b we f9d fur!r1 t _m ( ! previsions con/itut+ ! common /ock alike ( wise & ignorant1 are exact4 ,t an unsupport$ body w fall2 t a light$ c&le w g out :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]2 t ice w melt :5 ?r[n on ! fire--^!1 & _m l pr$ictions relat+ to ! famili> prop]ties ( ?+s h z high a degree ( accuracy z pr$ictions are capable (4 ,x is true t ! results pr$icat$ are ( a v g5]al "*2 b x is none ! less true t !y are rigor\sly correct z f> z !y g3 & ?is is all t is requisite to fulfil ! def9ition4 ,!re is p]fect accordance betwe5 ! anticipat$ ph5om5a & ! actual ones2 & no m ?an ?is c be said ( ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( ! sci5ces specially *>act]is$ z exact4 ,see+ ?us t ! assum$ di/9ction betwe5 sci5tific k & common k is n logically ju/ifiable2 & yet feel+1 z we mu/1 t h[ev] impossible x may be to draw a l9e betwe5 !m1 ! two are n practically id5tical2 !re arises ! "q--,:at is ! relation%ip t exi/s betwe5 !m8 ,a p>tial answ] to ?is "q may be drawn f ! illu/rations j giv54 ,on reconsid]+ !m1 x w be obs]v$ t ^? portions ( ord9>y k :i* are id5tical 9 "* ) sci5tific k1 compreh5d only su* comb9ations ( ph5om5a z are directly cognisable by ! s5ses1 & are ( simple1 inv>iable nature4 ,t ! smoke f a fire :i* %e is light+ w asc5d1 & t ! fire w pres5tly boil wat]1 are previsions :i* ! s]vant-girl makes equally well ) ! mo/ le>n$ physici/2 !y are equally c]ta91 equally exact ) 82 b !y are previsions conc]n+ ph5om5a 9 con/ant & direct relation--ph5om5a t foll[ visibly & imm$iately aft] _! antec$5ts--ph5om5a ( :i* ! causation is nei!r remote nor obscure--ph5om5a :i* may be pr$ict$ by ! simple/ possible act ( reason+4 ,if1 n[1 we pass to ! previsions con/itut+ :at is commonly kn[n z sci5ce--t an eclipse ( ! moon w happ5 at a specifi$ "t2 & :5 a b>omet] is tak5 to ! top ( a m\nta9 ( kn[n height1 ! m]curial column w desc5d a /at$ numb] ( in*es2 t ! poles ( a galvanic batt]y imm]s$ 9 wat] w give (f1 ! "o an inflammable & ! o!r an inflam+ gas1 9 def9ite ratio--we p]ceive t ! relations involv$ are n ( a k9d habitually pres5t$ to our s5ses2 t !y dep5d1 "s ( !m1 ^u special comb9ations ( causes2 & t 9 "s ( !m ! connection betwe5 antec$5ts & consequ5ts is e/abli%$ only by an elaborate s]ies ( inf]5ces4 ,! broad di/9ction1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! two ord]s ( k1 is n 9 _! nature1 b 9 _! remot5ess f p]ception4 ,if we reg>d ! cases 9 _! mo/ g5]al aspect1 we see t ! lab\r]1 :o1 on he>+ c]ta9 notes 9 ! adjac5t h$ge1 c describe ! p>ticul> =m & col\rs ( ! bird mak+ !m2 & ! a/ronom]1 :o1 hav+ calculat$ a transit ( ,v5us1 c del9eate ! black spot ent]+ on ! sun's disc1 z x w appe> ?r\gh ! telescope1 at a specifi$ h\r2 d ess5tially ! same ?+4 ,ea* kn[s t on fulfill+ ! requisite conditions1 he %all h a preconceiv$ impression--t aft] a def9ite s]ies ( actions w come a gr\p ( s5sations ( a =ekn[n k9d4 ,! diff]5ce1 !n1 is n 9 ! fundam5tal "* ( ! m5tal acts2 or 9 ! correctness ( ! previsions accompli%$ by !m2 b 9 ! complexity ( ! processes requir$ to a*ieve ! previsions4 ,mu* ( our commone/ k is1 z f> z x goes1 rigor\sly precise4 ,sci5ce does n increase ?is precision2 _c transc5d x4 ,:at !n does x d8 ,x r$uces o!r k to ! same degree ( precision4 ,t c]ta9ty :i* direct p]ception gives u respect+ coexi/5ces & sequ5ces ( ! simple/ & mo/ accessible k9d1 sci5ce gives u respect+ coexi/5ces & sequ5ces1 complex 9 _! dep5d5cies or inaccessible to imm$iate obs]vation4 ,9 brief1 reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view1 sci5ce may be call$ an ext5sion ( ! p]ceptions by means ( reason+4 ,on fur!r consid]+ ! matt]1 h[ev]1 x w p]haps be felt t ?is def9ition does n express ! :ole fact--t insep>able z sci5ce may be f common k1 & completely z we may fill up ! gap betwe5 ! simple/ previsions ( ! *ild & ! mo/ recondite ones ( ! natural philosoph]1 by int]pos+ a s]ies ( previsions 9 :i* ! complexity ( reason+ involv$ is great] & great]1 !re is yet a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two beyond t :i* is "h describ$4 ,& ?is is true4 ,b ! diff]5ce is /ill n su* z enables u to draw ! assum$ l9e ( dem>cation4 ,x is a diff]5ce n betwe5 common k & sci5tific k2 b betwe5 ! successive phases ( sci5ce itself1 or k itself--:i*ev] we *oose to call x4 ,9 its e>li] phases sci5ce atta9s only to c]ta9ty ( =ekn[l$ge2 9 its lat] phases x fur!r atta9s to complet5ess4 ,we beg9 by discov]+ a relation3 we end by discov]+ ! relation4 ,our fir/ a*ievem5t is to =etell ! k9d ( ph5om5on :i* w occur "u specific conditions3 our la/ a*ievem5t is to =etell n only ! k9d b ! am\nt4 ,or1 to r$uce ! proposition to its mo/ def9ite =m--undevelop$ sci5ce is qualitative prevision3 develop$ sci5ce is quantitative prevision4 ,?is w at once be p]ceiv$ to express ! rema9+ di/9ction betwe5 ! l[] & ! high] /ages ( positive k4 ,! pr$iction t a piece ( lead w take m =ce to lift x ?an a piece ( wood ( equal size1 exhibits c]ta9ty1 b n complet5ess1 ( =esight4 ,! k9d ( effect 9 :i* ! "o body w exce$ ! o!r is =ese52 b n ! am\nt by :i* x w exce$4 ,!re is qualitative prevision only4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr$iction t at a /at$ "t two p>ticul> planets w be 9 conjunction2 t by means ( a lev] hav+ arms 9 a giv5 ratio1 a kn[n =ce w raise j s _m p\nds2 t to decompose a specifi$ quantity ( sulphate ( iron by c>bonate ( soda w require s _m gra9s--^! pr$ictions exhibit =ekn[l$ge1 n only ( ! nature ( ! effects to be produc$1 b ( ! magnitude1 ei!r ( ! effects !mselves1 ( ! ag5cies produc+ !m1 or ( ! di/ance 9 "t or space at :i* !y w be produc$4 ,!re is n only qualitative b quantitative prevision4 ,& ?is is ! unexpress$ diff]5ce :i* leads u to consid] c]ta9 ord]s ( k z especially sci5tific :5 contra/$ ) k 9 g5]al4 ,are ! ph5om5a measurable8 is ! te/ :i* we unconsci\sly employ4 ,space is measurable3 h5ce ,geometry4 ,=ce & space are measureable3 h5ce ,/atics4 ,"t1 =ce1 & space are measureable3 h5ce ,dynamics4 ,! inv5tion ( ! b>omet] enabl$ m5 to ext5d ! pr9ciples ( me*anics to ! atmosph]e2 & ,a]o/atics exi/$4 ,:5 a !rmomet] 0 devis$ !re arose a sci5ce ( heat1 :i* 0 be=e impossible4 ,su* ( our s5sations z we h n yet f\nd modes ( measur+ d n orig9ate sci5ces4 ,we h no sci5ce ( smells2 nor h we "o ( ta/es4 ,we h a sci5ce ( ! relations ( s\nds diff]+ 9 pit*1 because we h discov]$ a way to measure !m2 b we h no sci5ce ( s\nds 9 respect to _! l\dness or _! timbre1 because we h got no measures ( l\dness & timbre4 ,obvi\sly x is ?is r$uction ( ! s5sible ph5om5a x repres5ts1 to relations ( magnitude1 :i* gives to any division ( k its especially sci5tific "*4 ,orig9ally m5's k ( weights & =ces 0 9 ! same condition z _! k ( smells & ta/es is n[--a k n ext5d+ beyond t giv5 by ! unaid$ s5sations2 & x rema9$ s until weigh+ in/rum5ts & dynamomet]s 7 inv5t$4 ,be=e !re 7 h\r-glasses & clepsydras1 mo/ ph5om5a c\ld be e/imat$ z to _! durations & int]vals1 ) no great] precision ?an degrees ( h>dness c be e/imat$ by ! f+]s4 ,until a !rmometric scale 0 contriv$1 m5's judgm5ts respect+ relative am\nts ( heat /ood on ! same foot+ ) _! pres5t judgm5ts respect+ relative am\nts ( s\nd4 ,& z 9 ^! initial /ages1 ) no aids to obs]vation1 only ! r\ghe/ comp>isons ( cases c\ld be made1 & only ! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ces p]ceiv$2 x is obvi\s t only ! mo/ simple laws ( dep5d5ce c\ld be asc]ta9$--only ^? laws :i*1 be+ uncomplicat$ ) o!rs1 & n di/urb$ 9 _! manife/ations1 requir$ no niceties ( obs]vation to dis5tangle !m4 ,:5ce x appe>s n only t 9 proportion z k becomes quantitative d its previsions become complete z well z c]ta91 b t until its assumption ( a quantitative "* x is necess>ily conf9$ to ! mo/ elem5t>y relations4 ,moreov] x is to be rem>k$ t :ile1 on ! "o h&1 we c discov] ! laws ( ! great] proportion ( ph5om5a only by inve/igat+ !m quantitatively2 on ! o!r h& we c ext5d ! range ( our quantitative previsions only z fa/ z we detect ! laws ( ! results we pr$ict4 ,= cle>ly ! ability to specify ! magnitude ( a result inaccessible to direct measurem5t1 implies k ( its mode ( dep5d5ce on some?+ :i* c be measur$--implies t we "k ! p>ticul> fact dealt ) to be an in/ance ( "s m g5]al fact4 ,?us ! ext5t to :i* our quantitative previsions h be5 c>ri$ 9 any direction1 indicates ! dep? to :i* our k rea*es 9 t direction4 ,& "h1 z ano!r aspect ( ! same fact1 we may fur!r obs]ve t z we pass f qualitative to quantitative prevision1 we pass f inductive sci5ce to d$uctive sci5ce4 ,sci5ce :ile purely inductive is purely qualitative3 :5 inaccurately quantitative x usually consi/s ( "p induction1 "p d$uction3 & x becomes accurately quantitative only :5 :olly d$uctive4 ,we d n mean t ! d$uctive & ! quantitative are coext5sive2 = !re is manife/ly mu* d$uction t is qualitative only4 ,we mean t all quantitative prevision is rea*$ d$uctively2 & t induction c a*ieve only qualitative prevision4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ^! di/9ctions enable u to sep>ate ord9>y k f sci5ce1 mu* z !y seem to d s4 ,:ile !y %[ 9 :at consi/s ! broad contra/ betwe5 ! extreme =ms ( ! two1 !y yet lead u to recognise _! ess5tial id5tity2 & once m prove ! diff]5ce to be "o ( degree only4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 ! commone/ positive k is to "s ext5t quantitative2 see+ t ! am\nt ( ! =ese5 result is kn[n )9 c]ta9 wide limits4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! highe/ quantitative prevision does n rea* ! exact tru?1 b only a v ne> approximation to x4 ,)\t clocks ! savage kn[s t ! day is long] 9 ! summ] ?an 9 ! w9t]2 )\t scales he kn[s t /one is heavi] ?an fle%3 t is1 he c =esee respect+ c]ta9 results t _! am\nts w exce$ ^!1 & be less ?an ^?--he kn[s ab\t :at !y w be4 ,&1 ) 8 mo/ delicate in/rum5ts & mo/ elaborate calculations1 all t ! man ( sci5ce c d1 is to r$uce ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =ese5 & ! actual results to an unimportant quantity4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d n only t all ! sci5ces are qualitative 9 _! fir/ /ages1--n only t "s ( !m1 z ,*emi/ry1 h b rec5tly rea*$ ! quantitative /age--b t ! mo/ advanc$ sci5ces h atta9$ to _! pres5t p[] ( det]m9+ quantities n pres5t to ! s5ses1 or n directly measurable1 by a sl[ process ( improvem5t ext5d+ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,s t sci5ce & ! k ( ! uncultur$ are alike 9 ! nature ( _! previsions1 widely z !y diff] 9 range2 !y possess a common imp]fection1 ?\gh ?is is imm5sely great] 9 ! la/ ?an 9 ! fir/2 & ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r has be5 ?r\gh a s]ies ( /eps by :i* ! imp]fection has be5 r5d]$ cont9ually less1 & ! range cont9ually wid]4 ,^! facts1 t sci5ce & ! positive k ( ! uncultur$ _c be sep>at$ 9 nature1 & t ! "o is b a p]fect$ & ext5d$ =m ( ! o!r1 mu/ necess>ily und]lie ! :ole !ory ( sci5ce1 its progress1 & ! relations ( its p>ts to ea* o!r4 ,!re mu/ be s]i\s incomplet5ess 9 any hi/ory ( ! sci5ces1 :i*1 leav+ out ( view ! fir/ /eps ( _! g5esis1 comm5ces ) !m only :5 !y assume def9ite =ms4 ,!re mu/ be grave defects1 if n a g5]al untru?1 9 a philosophy ( ! sci5ces consid]$ 9 _! int]dep5d5ce & developm5t1 :i* neglects ! inquiry h[ !y came to be di/9ct sci5ces1 & h[ !y 7 sev]ally evolv$ out ( ! *aos ( primitive ideas4 ,n only a direct consid]ation ( ! matt]1 b all analogy1 goes to %[ t 9 ! e>li] & simpl] /ages mu/ be s\ght ! key to all subsequ5t intricacies4 ,! "t 0 :5 ! anatomy & physiology ( ! human be+ 7 /udi$ by !mselves--:5 ! adult man 0 analys$ & ! relations ( p>ts & ( functions inve/igat$1 )\t ref]5ce ei!r to ! relations exhibit$ 9 ! embryo or to ! homolog\s relations exi/+ 9 o!r creatures4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x has become manife/ t no true conceptions1 no true g5]alisations1 are possible "u su* conditions4 ,anatomi/s & physiologi/s n[ f9d t ! real natures ( organs & tissues c be asc]ta9$ only by trac+ _! e>ly evolution2 & t ! aff9ities betwe5 exi/+ g5]a c be satisfactorily made out only by exam9+ ! fossil g5]a to :i* !y are alli$4 ,well1 is x n cle> t ! l mu/ be true conc]n+ all ?+s t und]go developm5t8 ,is n sci5ce a gr[?8 ,has n sci5ce1 too1 its embryology8 ,& mu/ n ! neglect ( its embryology lead to a misund]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples ( its evolution & ( its exi/+ organisation8 ,!re are a priori reasons1 !re=e1 = d\bt+ ! tru? ( all philosophies ( ! sci5ces :i* tacitly proce$ ^u ! common notion t sci5tific k & ord9>y k are sep>ate2 in/ead ( comm5c+1 z !y %\ld1 by affiliat+ ! "o ^u ! o!r1 & %[+ h[ x gradually came to be di/+ui%able f ! o!r4 ,we may expect to f9d _! g5]alisations ess5tially artificial2 & we %all n be deceiv$4 ,"s illu/rations ( ?is may "h be fitly introduc$1 by way ( prelim9>y to a brief sket* ( ! g5esis ( sci5ce f ! po9t ( view indicat$4 ,& we _c m readily f9d su* illu/rations ?an by glanc+ at a few ( ! v>i\s classifications ( ! sci5ces t h f "t to "t be5 propos$4 ,to consid] all ( !m w\ld take too mu* space3 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) "s ( ! late/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,comm5c+ ) ^? :i* may be soone/ dispos$ (1 let u notice fir/ ! arrangem5t prop\nd$ by ,ok54 ,an ab/ract ( x runs ?us3-- ,"p ,i4 ,,ma!sis4--,pneumatog5y3 ,prim>y ,art1 ,prim>y ,consci\sness1 ,god1 ,prim>y ,re/1 ,"t1 ,pol>ity1 ,motion1 ,man1 ,space1 ,po9t4 ,l9e1 ,surface1 ,globe1 ,rotation4--,hylog5y3 ,gravity1 ,matt]1 ,e!r1 ,heav5ly ,bodies1 ,light1 ,heat1 ,fire4 7,he expla9s t ,,ma!sis is ! doctr9e ( ! :ole2 ,pneumatog5y be+ ! doctr9e ( immat]ial totalities1 & ,hylog5y t ( mat]ial totalities47 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,ontology4--,cosmog5y3 ,re/1 ,c5tre1 ,motion1 ,l9e1 ,planets1 ,=m1 ,planet>y ,sy/em1 ,comets4--,/oe*iog5y3 ,cond5sation1 ,simple ,matt]1 ,elem5ts1 ,air1 ,wat]1 ,e>?--,/oe*iology3 ,functions ( ! ,elem5ts1 etc41 etc4--,k+doms ( ,nature3 ,individuals4 7,he says 9 explanation t ,,ontology tea*es u ! ph5om5a ( matt]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! are ! heav5ly bodies compreh5d$ by ,cosmog5y4 ,^! divide into elem5ts--,/oe*iog5y4 ,! e>? elem5t divides into m9]als--,m9]alogy4 ,^! unite into "o collective body--,geog5y4 ,! :ole 9 s+ul>s is ! liv+1 or ,organic1 :i* aga9 divides into plants & animals4 ,biology1 !re=e1 divides into ,organog5y1 ,phytosophy1 ,zoosophy47 ,,fir/ ,,k+dom4--,,m9]als4 ,m9]alogy1 ,geology4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,,biology4--,organosophy1 ,phytog5y1 ,phyto-physiology1 ,phytology1 ,zoog5y1 ,physiology1 ,zoology1 ,psy*ology4 ,a glance ov] ?is confus$ s*eme %[s t x is an attempt to classify k1 n aft] ! ord] 9 :i* x has be51 or may be1 built up 9 ! human consci\sness2 b aft] an assum$ ord] ( creation4 ,x is a pseudo-sci5tific cosmogony1 ak9 to ^? :i* m5 h enunciat$ f ! e>lie/ times d[nw>ds2 & only a little m respectable4 ,z su* x w n be ?\ght wor?y ( mu* consid]ation by ^? :o1 l ourselves1 hold t exp]i5ce is ! sole orig9 ( k4 ,o!rwise1 x might h be5 ne$ful to dwell on ! incongruities ( ! arrangem5ts--to ask h[ motion c be treat$ ( be=e space8 h[ !re c be rotation )\t matt] to rotate8 h[ pol>ity c be dealt ) )\t involv+ po9ts & l9es8 ,b x w s]ve our pres5t purpose j to po9t out a few ( ! extreme absurdities result+ f ! doctr9e :i* ,ok5 seems to hold 9 common ) ,hegel1 t to philosophise on ,nature is to re-?9k ! great ?\ght ( ,creation4 ,"h is a sample3-- ,ma!matics is ! univ]sal sci5ce2 s also is ,physio-philosophy1 al?\gh x is only a "p1 or r b a condition ( ! univ]se2 bo? are "o1 or mutually congru5t4 ,ma!matics is1 h[ev]1 a sci5ce ( m]e =ms )\t sub/ance4 ,physio-philosophy is1 !re=e1 ma!matics end[$ ) sub/ance4 ,f ! ,engli% po9t ( view x is suffici5tly amus+ to f9d su* a dogma n only gravely /at$1 b /at$ z an unque/ionable tru?4 ,"h we see ! exp]i5ces ( quantitative relations :i* m5 h ga!r$ f surr\nd+ bodies & g5]alis$ 7exp]i5ces :i* _h be5 sc>cely at all g5]alis$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod7--we f9d ^! g5]alis$ exp]i5ces1 ^! intellectual ab/ractions1 elevat$ into concrete actualities1 project$ back into ,nature1 & consid]$ z ! int]nal framework ( ?+s--! skeleton by :i* matt] is su/a9$4 ,b ?is new =m ( ! old realism is by no means ! mo/ />tl+ ( ! physio-philosophic pr9ciples4 ,we pres5tly read t1 ,! highe/ ma!matical idea1 or ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all ma!matics is ! z]o #j44444 ,z]o is 9 itself no?+4 ,ma!matics is bas$ ^u no?+1 &1 consequ5tly1 arises out ( no?+4 ,out ( no?+1 !re=e1 x is possible = some?+ to arise2 = ma!matics1 consi/+ ( propositions1 is some?+1 9 relation to #j4 ,by su* consequ5tlys & !re=es x is1 t m5 philosophise :5 !y re-?9k ! great ?\ght ( ,creation4 ,by dogmas t pret5d to be reasons1 no?+ is made to g5]ate ma!matics2 & by clo?+ ma!matics ) matt]1 we h ! univ]se6 ,if n[ we d5y1 z we d d5y1 t ! highe/ ma!matical idea is ! z]o2--if1 on ! o!r h&1 we ass]t1 z we d ass]t1 t ! fundam5tal idea und]ly+ all ma!matics1 is t ( equality2 ! :ole ( ,ok5's cosmogony disappe>s4 ,& "h1 inde$1 we may see illu/rat$1 ! di/9ctive peculi>ity ( ! ,g]man me?od ( proc$ure 9 ^! matt]s--! ba/>d a priori me?od1 z x may be t]m$4 ,! legitimate a priori me?od sets out ) propositions ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable2 ! a priori me?od z illegitimately appli$1 sets out ei!r ) propositions ( :i* ! negation is n inconceivable1 or ) propositions l ,ok5's1 ( :i* ! affirmation is inconceivable4 ,x is ne$less to proce$ fur!r ) ! analysis2 else might we detail ! /eps by :i* ,ok5 arrives at ! conclusions t ! planets are coagulat$ col\rs1 = !y are coagulat$ light2 t ! sph]e is ! exp&$ no?+2 t gravity is a weighty no?+1 a heavy ess5ce1 /riv+ t[>ds a c5tre2 t ! e>? is ! id5tical1 wat] ! indiff]5t1 air ! diff]5t2 or ! fir/ ! c5tre1 ! second ! radius1 ! la/ ! p]iph]y ( ! g5]al globe or ( fire4 ,to comm5t on !m w\ld be ne>ly z absurd z are ! propositions !mselves4 ,let u pass on to ano!r ( ! ,g]man sy/ems ( k--t ( ,hegel4 ,! simple fact t ,hegel puts ,jacob ,boehme on a p> ) ,bacon1 suffices alone to %[ t 8 /&po9t is f> remote f ! "o usually reg>d$ z sci5tific3 s f> remote1 inde$1 t x is n easy to f9d any common basis on :i* to f\nd a criticism4 ,^? :o hold t ! m9d is m\ld$ into con=mity ) surr\nd+ ?+s by ! ag5cy ( surr\nd+ ?+s1 are necess>ily at a loss h[ to deal ) ^?1 :o1 l ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 ass]t t surr\nd+ ?+s are solidifi$ m9d--t ,nature is petrifi$ intellig5ce4 ,h[ev]1 let u briefly glance at ,hegel's classification4 ,he divides philosophy into ?ree p>ts3-- #a4 ,logic1 or ! sci5ce ( ! idea 9 itself1 ! pure idea4 #b4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,nature1 or ! sci5ce ( ! idea consid]$ "u its o!r =m--( ! idea z ,nature4 #c4 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,m9d1 or ! sci5ce ( ! idea 9 its return to itself4 ,( ^!1 ! second is divid$ into ! natural sci5ces1 commonly s call$2 s t 9 its m detail$ =m ! s]ies runs ?us3--,logic1 ,me*anics1 ,physics1 ,organic ,physics1 ,psy*ology4 ,n[1 if we believe ) ,hegel1 fir/1 t ?\ght is ! true ess5ce ( man2 second1 t ?\ght is ! ess5ce ( ! _w2 & t1 !re=e1 !re is no?+ b ?\ght2 8 classification1 beg9n+ ) ! sci5ce ( pure ?\ght1 may be acceptable4 ,b o!rwise1 x is an obvi\s objection to 8 arrangem5t1 t ?\ght implies ?+s ?\ght (--t !re c be no logical =ms )\t ! sub/ance ( exp]i5ce--t ! sci5ce ( ideas & ! sci5ce ( ?+s mu/ h a simultane\s orig94 ,hegel1 h[ev]1 anticipates ?is objection1 &1 9 8 ob/9ate idealism1 replies1 t ! contr>y is true2 t all conta9$ 9 ! =ms1 to become some?+1 requires to be ?\ght3 & t logical =ms are ! f\ndations ( all ?+s4 ,x is n surpris+ t1 />t+ f su* premises1 & reason+ aft] ?is fa%ion1 ,hegel f9ds 8 way to /range conclusions4 ,out ( space & "t he proce$s to build up motion1 matt]1 repulsion1 attraction1 weight1 & in]tia4 ,he !n goes on to logically evolve ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 do+ ?is he widely div]ges f ! ,newtonian !ory2 rea*es by syllogism ! conviction t ! planets are ! mo/ p]fect cele/ial bodies2 &1 n be+ able to br+ ! />s )9 8 !ory1 says t !y are m]e =mal exi/5ces & n liv+ matt]1 & t z comp>$ ) ! sol> sy/em !y are z little admirable z a cutane\s eruption or a sw>m ( flies4#b ,results s outrage\s might be left z self-disprov$1 7 x n t speculators ( ?is class are n al>m$ by any am\nt ( incongruity ) e/abli%$ beliefs4 ,! only effici5t mode ( treat+ sy/ems l ?is ( ,hegel1 is to %[ t !y are self-de/ructive--t by _! fir/ /eps !y ignore t au?ority on :i* all _! subsequ5t /eps dep5d4 ,if ,hegel pr(esses1 z he manife/ly does1 to develop 8 s*eme by reason+--if he pres5ts successive inf]5ces z necess>ily foll[+ f c]ta9 premises2 he implies ! po/ulate t a belief :i* necess>ily foll[s aft] c]ta9 antec$5ts is a true belief3 &1 did an oppon5t reply to "o ( 8 inf]5ces1 t1 ?\gh x 0 impossible to ?9k ! opposite1 yet ! opposite 0 true1 he w\ld consid] ! reply irrational4 ,! proc$ure1 h[ev]1 :i* he w\ld ?us condemn z de/ructive ( all ?9k+ :atev]1 is j ! proc$ure exhibit$ 9 ! enunciation ( 8 own fir/ pr9ciples4 ,mank9d f9d !mselves unable to conceive t !re c be ?\ght )\t ?+s ?\ght (4 ,hegel1 h[ev]1 ass]ts t !re c be ?\ght )\t ?+s ?\ght (4 ,t ultimate te/ ( a true proposition--! inability ( ! human m9d to conceive ! negation ( x--:i* 9 all o!r cases he consid]s valid1 he consid]s invalid :]e x suits 8 conv5i5ce to d s2 & yet at ! same "t d5ies ! "r ( an oppon5t to foll[ 8 example4 ,if x is compet5t = him to posit dogmas1 :i* are ! direct negations ( :at human consci\sness recognises2 !n is x also compet5t = 8 antagoni/s to /op him at e /ep 9 8 argum5t by say+1 t ?\gh ! p>ticul> inf]5ce he is draw+ seems to 8 m9d1 & to all m9ds1 necess>ily to foll[ f ! premises1 yet x is n true1 b ! contr>y inf]5ce is true4 ,or1 to /ate ! dilemma 9 ano!r =m3--,if he sets out ) inconceivable propositions1 !n may he ) equal propriety make all 8 succe$+ propositions inconceivable ones--may at e /ep ?r\gh\t 8 reason+ draw exactly ! opposite conclusion to t :i* seems involv$4 ,hegel's mode ( proc$ure be+ ?us ess5tially suicidal1 ! ,hegelian classification :i* dep5ds ^u x falls to ! gr\nd4 ,let u consid] next t ( ,m4 ,comte4 ,z all 8 read]s mu/ admit1 ,m4 ,comte pres5ts u ) a s*eme ( ! sci5ces :i*1 unlike ! =ego+ ones1 dem&s respectful consid]ation4 ,widely z we diff] f him1 we *e]fully be> witness to ! l>g5ess ( 8 views1 ! cle>ness ( 8 reason+1 & ! value ( 8 speculations z contribut+ to intellectual progress4 ,did we believe a s]ial arrangem5t ( ! sci5ces to be possible1 t ( ,m4 ,comte w\ld c]ta9ly be ! "o we %\ld adopt4 ,8 fundam5tal propositions are ?or\ghly intelligible2 & if n true1 h a great semblance ( tru?4 ,8 successive /eps are logically co-ord9at$2 & he supports 8 conclusions by a consid]able am\nt ( evid5ce--evid5ce :i*1 s long z x is n critically exam9$1 or n met by c\nt] evid5ce1 seems to sub/antiate 8 positions4 ,b x only ne$s to assume t antagoni/ic attitude :i* ought to be assum$ t[>ds new doctr9es1 9 ! belief t1 if true1 !y w prosp] by conqu]+ objectors--x ne$s b to te/ 8 lead+ doctr9es ei!r by o!r facts ?an ^? he cites1 or by 8 own facts diff]5tly appli$1 to at once %[ t !y w n /&4 ,we w proce$ ?us to deal ) ! g5]al pr9ciple on :i* he bases 8 hi]>*y ( ! sci5ces4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( 8 ,c\rs de ,philosophic ,positive1 ,m4 ,comte says3--,our problem is1 !n1 to f9d ! "o rational ord]1 among/ a ho/ ( possible sy/ems4 444 ,?is ord] is det]m9$ by ! degree ( simplicity1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 ( g5]ality ( _! ph5om5a4 ,& ! arrangem5t he d$uces runs ?us3 ,ma!matics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,physiology1 ,social ,physics4 ,?is he ass]ts to be ! true filiation ( ! sci5ces4 ,he ass]ts fur!r1 t ! pr9ciple ( progression f a great] to a less degree ( g5]ality1 :i* gives ?is ord] to ! :ole body ( sci5ce1 arranges ! p>ts ( ea* sci5ce4 ,&1 f9ally1 he ass]ts t ! gradations ?us e/abli%$ a priori among ! sci5ces1 & ! p>ts ( ea* sci5ce1 is 9 ess5tial con=mity ) ! ord] :i* has spontane\sly tak5 place among ! bran*es ( natural philosophy2 or1 9 o!r words--corresponds ) ! ord] ( hi/oric developm5t4 ,let u comp>e ^! ass]tions ) ! facts4 ,t !re may be p]fect fairness1 let u make no *oice1 b take z ! field = our comp>ison1 ! succe$+ section treat+ ( ! fir/ sci5ce--,ma!matics2 & let u use none b ,m4 ,comte's own facts1 & 8 own admissions4 ,conf9+ ourselves to ?is "o sci5ce1 ( c\rse our comp>isons mu/ be betwe5 its sev]al p>ts4 ,m4 ,comte says1 t ! p>ts ( ea* sci5ce mu/ be arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! decreas+ g5]ality2 & t ?is ord] ( decreas+ g5]ality agrees ) ! ord] ( hi/orical developm5t4 ,our inquiry mu/ be1 !n1 :e!r ! hi/ory ( ma!matics confirms ?is /atem5t4 ,c>ry+ out 8 pr9ciple1 ,m4 ,comte divides ,ma!matics into ,ab/ract ,ma!matics1 or ! ,calculus 7tak+ ! ^w 9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se7 & ,concrete ,ma!matics1 :i* is compos$ ( ,g5]al ,geometry & ( ,rational ,me*anics4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! fir/ ( ^! is numb]2 ! subject-matt] ( ! second includes space1 "t1 motion1 =ce4 ,! "o possesses ! highe/ possible degree ( g5]ality2 = all ?+s :atev] admit ( enum]ation4 ,! o!rs are less g5]al2 see+ t !re are endless ph5om5a t are n cognisable ei!r by g5]al geometry or rational me*anics4 ,9 con=mity ) ! alleg$ law1 !re=e1 ! evolution ( ! calculus mu/ ?r\gh\t h prec$$ ! evolution ( ! concrete sub-sci5ces4 ,n[ some:at awkw>dly = him1 ! fir/ rem>k ,m4 ,comte makes be>+ ^u ?is po9t is1 t f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 ma!matical analysis appe>s to h ris5 out ( ! contemplation ( geometrical & me*anical facts4 ,true1 he goes on to say t1 x is n ! less indep5d5t ( ^! sci5ces logically speak+2 = t analytical ideas are1 above all o!rs1 univ]sal1 ab/ract1 & simple2 & geometrical conceptions are necess>ily f\nd$ on !m4 ,we w n take advantage ( ?is la/ passage to *>ge ,m4 ,comte ) tea*+1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,hegel1 t !re c be ?\ght )\t ?+s ?\ght (4 ,we are cont5t simply to comp>e ! two ass]tions1 t analysis arose out ( ! contemplation ( geometrical & me*anical facts1 & t geometrical conceptions are f\nd$ ^u analytical ones4 ,lit]ally int]pret$ !y exactly cancel ea* o!r4 ,int]pret$1 h[ev]1 9 a lib]al s5se1 !y imply1 :at we believe to be demon/rable1 t ! two _h a simultane\s orig94 ,! passage is ei!r nons5se1 or x is an admission t ab/ract & concrete ma!matics are coeval4 ,?us1 at ! v fir/ /ep1 ! alleg$ congruity betwe5 ! ord] ( g5]ality & ! ord] ( evolution does n hold good4 ,b may x n be t ?\gh ab/ract & concrete ma!matics took _! rise at ! same "t1 ! "o aft]w>ds develop$ m rapidly ?an ! o!r2 & has ev] s9ce rema9$ 9 advance ( x8 ,no3 & aga9 we call ,m4 ,comte himself z witness4 ,=tunately = 8 argum5t he has said no?+ respect+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! concrete & ab/ract divisions aft] _! div]g5ce f a common root2 o!rwise ! adv5t ( ,algebra long aft] ! ,greek geometry _h rea*$ a high developm5t1 w\ld h be5 an inconv5i5t fact = him to deal )4 ,b pass+ ov] ?is1 & limit+ ourselves to 8 own /atem5ts1 we f9d1 at ! op5+ ( ! next *apt]1 ! admission1 t ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ab/ract portion ( ma!matical sci5ce has1 s9ce ! "t ( ,desc>tes1 be5 = ! mo/ "p det]m9$ by t ( ! concrete4 ,fur!r on we read respect+ algebraic functions t mo/ functions 7 concrete 9 _! orig9--ev5 ^? :i* are at pres5t ! mo/ purely ab/ract2 & ! anci5ts discov]$ only ?r\gh geometrical def9itions elem5t>y algebraic prop]ties ( functions to :i* a num]ical value 0 n atta*$ till long aft]w>ds1 r5d]+ ab/ract to u :at 0 concrete to ! old geomet]s4 ,h[ d ^! /atem5ts tally ) 8 doctr9e8 ,aga91 hav+ divid$ ! calculus into algebraic & ari?metical1 ,m4 ,comte admits1 z p]=ce he mu/1 t ! algebraic is m g5]al ?an ! ari?metical2 yet he w n say t algebra prec$$ ari?metic 9 po9t ( "t4 ,& aga91 hav+ divid$ ! calculus ( functions into ! calculus ( direct functions 7common algebra7 & ! calculus ( indirect functions 7transc5d5tal analysis71 he is oblig$ to speak ( ?is la/ z possess+ a high] g5]ality ?an ! fir/2 yet x is f> m mod]n4 ,inde$1 by implication1 ,m4 ,comte himself confesses ?is incongruity2 = he says3--,x might seem t ! transc5d5tal analysis ought to be /udi$ be=e ! ord9>y1 z x provides ! equations :i* ! o!r has to resolve2 b ?\gh ! transc5d5tal is logically indep5d5t ( ! ord9>y1 x is be/ to foll[ ! usual me?od ( /udy1 tak+ ! ord9>y fir/4 ,9 all ^! cases1 !n1 z well z at ! close ( ! section :]e he pr$icts t ma!maticians w 9 "t create proc$ures ( a wid] g5]ality1 ,m4 ,comte makes admissions t are diametrically oppos$ to ! alleg$ law4 ,9 ! succe$+ *apt]s treat+ ( ! concrete dep>tm5t ( ma!matics1 we f9d simil> contradictions ,m4 ,comte himself names ! geometry ( ! anci5ts special geometry1 & t ( mod]ns ! g5]al geometry4 ,he admits t :ile ! anci5ts /udi$ geometry ) ref]5ce to ! bodies "u notice1 or specially2 ! mod]ns /udy x ) ref]5ce to ! ph5om5a to be consid]$1 or g5]ally4 ,he admits t :ile ! anci5ts extract$ all !y c\ld out ( "o l9e or surface be=e pass+ to ano!r1 ! mod]ns1 s9ce ,desc>tes1 employ !mselves on que/ions :i* relate to any figure :atev]4 ,^! facts are ! rev]se ( :at1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 !y %\ld be4 ,s1 too1 9 me*anics4 ,be=e divid+ x into /atics & dynamics1 ,m4 ,comte treats ( ! ?ree laws ( motion1 & is oblig$ to d s2 = /atics1 ! m g5]al ( ! two divisions1 ?\gh x does n involve motion1 is impossible z a sci5ce until ! laws ( motion are asc]ta9$4 ,yet ! laws ( motion p]ta9 to dynamics1 ! m special ( ! divisions4 ,fur!r on he po9ts out t aft] ,ar*im$es1 :o discov]$ ! law ( equilibrium ( ! lev]1 /atics made no progress until ! e/abli%m5t ( dynamics enabl$ u to seek ! conditions ( equilibrium ?r\gh ! laws ( ! composition ( =ces4 ,& he adds--,at ?is day ?is is ! me?od univ]sally employ$4 ,at ! fir/ glance x does n appe> ! mo/ rational--dynamics be+ m complicat$ ?an /atics1 & prec$5ce be+ natural to ! simpl]4 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 be m philosophical to ref] dynamics to /atics1 z has s9ce be5 done4 ,sundry discov]ies are aft]w>ds detail$1 %[+ h[ completely ! developm5t ( /atics has be5 a*iev$ by consid]+ its problems dynamically2 & be=e ! close ( ! section ,m4 ,comte rem>ks t be=e hydro/atics c\ld be compreh5d$ "u /atics1 x 0 necess>y t ! ab/ract !ory ( equilibrium %\ld be made s g5]al z to apply directly to fluids z well z solids4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ :5 ,lagrange suppli$1 z ! basis ( ! :ole ( rational me*anics1 ! s+le pr9ciple ( virtual velocities4 ,9 :i* /atem5t we h two facts directly at v>iance3 ) ,m4 ,comte's doctr9e2 fir/1 t ! simpl] sci5ce1 /atics1 rea*$ its pres5t developm5t only by ! aid ( ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities1 :i* belongs to ! m complex sci5ce1 dynamics2 & t ?is s+le pr9ciple und]ly+ all rational me*anics--?is mo/ g5]al =m :i* includes alike ! relations ( /atical1 hydro-/atical1 & dynamical =ces--0 rea*$ s late z ! "t ( ,lagrange4 ,?us x is n true t ! hi/orical succession ( ! divisions ( ma!matics has correspond$ ) ! ord] ( decreas+ g5]ality4 ,x is n true t ab/ract ma!matics 0 evolv$ antec$5tly to1 & indep5d5tly ( concrete ma!matics4 ,x is n true t ( ! subdivisions ( ab/ract ma!matics1 ! m g5]al came be=e ! m special4 ,& x is n true t concrete ma!matics1 9 ei!r ( its two sections1 began ) ! mo/ ab/ract & advanc$ to ! less ab/ract tru?s4 ,x may be well to m5tion1 p>5!tically1 t 9 def5d+ 8 alleg$ law ( progression f ! g5]al to ! special1 ,m4 ,comte some:]e comm5ts ^u ! two mean+s ( ! ^w g5]al1 & ! result+ liability to confusion4 ,)\t n[ discuss+ :e!r ! ass]t$ di/9ction c be ma9ta9$ 9 o!r cases1 x is manife/ t x does n exi/ "h4 ,9 sundry ( ! in/ances above quot$1 ! endeav\rs made by ,m4 ,comte himself to disguise1 or to expla9 away1 ! prec$5ce ( ! special ov] ! g5]al1 cle>ly indicate t ! g5]ality spok5 ( is ( ! k9d meant by 8 =mula4 ,& x ne$s b a brief consid]ation ( ! matt] to %[ t1 ev5 did he attempt x1 he c\ld n di/+ui% ?is g5]ality1 :i*1 z above prov$1 frequ5tly comes la/1 f ! g5]ality :i* he says always comes fir/4 ,= :at is ! nature ( t m5tal process by :i* objects1 dim5sions1 weights1 times1 & ! re/1 are f\nd capable ( hav+ _! relations express$ num]ically8 ,x is ! =mation ( c]ta9 ab/ract conceptions ( unity1 duality & multiplicity1 :i* are applicable to all ?+s alike4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( g5]al symbols s]v+ to express ! num]ical relations ( entities1 :atev] be _! special *>act]s4 ,& :at is ! nature ( ! m5tal process by :i* numb]s are f\nd capable ( hav+ _! relations express$ algebraically8 ,x is j ! same4 ,x is ! =mation ( c]ta9 ab/ract conceptions ( num]ical functions :i* are ! same :atev] be ! magnitudes ( ! numb]s4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( g5]al symbols s]v+ to express ! relations betwe5 numb]s1 z numb]s express ! relations betwe5 ?+s4 ,& transc5d5tal analysis /&s to algebra 9 ! same position t algebra /&s 9 to ari?metic4 ,to briefly illu/rate _! respective p[]s--ari?metic c express 9 "o =mula ! value ( a p>ticul> tang5t to a p>ticul> curve2 algebra c express 9 "o =mula ! values ( all tang5ts to a p>ticul> curve2 transc5d5tal analysis c express 9 "o =mula ! values ( all tang5ts to all curves4 ,j z ari?metic deals ) ! common prop]ties ( l9es1 areas1 bulks1 =ces1 p]iods2 s does algebra deal ) ! common prop]ties ( ! numb]s :i* ari?metic pres5ts2 s does transc5d5tal analysis deal ) ! common prop]ties ( ! equations exhibit$ by algebra4 ,?us1 ! g5]ality ( ! high] bran*es ( ! calculus1 :5 comp>$ ) ! l[]1 is ! same k9d ( g5]ality z t ( ! l[] bran*es :5 comp>$ ) geometry or me*anics4 ,& on exam9ation x w be f\nd t ! l relation exi/s 9 ! v>i\s o!r cases above giv54 ,hav+ %[n t ,m4 ,comte's alleg$ law ( progression does n hold among ! sev]al p>ts ( ! same sci5ce1 let u see h[ x agrees ) ! facts :5 appli$ to sep>ate sci5ces4 ,a/ronomy1 says ,m4 ,comte1 at ! op5+ ( ,book ,,iii41 0 a positive sci5ce1 9 its geometrical aspect1 f ! e>lie/ days ( ! s*ool ( ,alex&ria2 b ,physics1 :i* we are n[ to consid]1 _h no positive "* at all till ,galileo made 8 great discov]ies on ! fall ( heavy bodies4 ,on ?is1 our comm5t is simply t x is a misrepres5tation bas$ ^u an arbitr>y misuse ( words--a m]e v]bal artifice4 ,by *oos+ to exclude f t]re/rial physics ^? laws ( magnitude1 motion1 & position1 :i* he includes 9 cele/ial physics1 ,m4 ,comte makes x appe> t ! "o owes no?+ to ! o!r4 ,n only is ?is altoge!r unw>rantable1 b x is radically inconsi/5t ) 8 own s*eme ( divisions4 ,at ! outset he says--& z ! po9t is important we quote f ! orig9al--,p\r la physique inorganique n\s voyons d'abord1 en n\s con=mant t\j\rs a l'ordre de g5]alite et de dep5dance des ph5om5es1 qu'elle doit etre p>tagee en deux sections di/9ctes1 suivant qu'elle consid]e les ph5om5es g5]aux de l'univ]s1 ou1 en p>ticuli]1 ceux que pres5t5t les corps t]re/res4 ,d'ou la physique cele/e1 ou l'a/ronomie1 soit geometrique1 soit me*anique2 et la physique t]re/re4 ,"h !n we h inorganic physics cle>ly divid$ into cele/ial physics & t]re/rial physics--! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! univ]se1 & ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by e>?ly bodies4 ,if n[ cele/ial bodies & t]re/rial bodies exhibit sundry lead+ ph5om5a 9 common1 z !y d1 h[ c ! g5]alisation ( ^! common ph5om5a be consid]$ z p]ta9+ to ! "o class r ?an to ! o!r8 ,if inorganic physics includes geometry 7:i* ,m4 ,comte has made x d by compreh5d+ geometrical a/ronomy 9 its sub-section--cele/ial physics72 & if its sub-section--t]re/rial physics1 treats ( ?+s hav+ geometrical prop]ties2 h[ c ! laws ( geometrical relations be exclud$ f t]re/rial physics8 ,cle>ly if cele/ial physics includes ! geometry ( objects 9 ! heav5s1 t]re/rial physics includes ! geometry ( objects on ! e>?4 ,& if t]re/rial physics includes t]re/rial geometry1 :ile cele/ial physics includes cele/ial geometry1 !n ! geometrical "p ( t]re/rial physics prec$es ! geometrical "p ( cele/ial physics2 see+ t geometry ga9$ its fir/ ideas f surr\nd+ objects4 ,until m5 _h le>nt geometrical relations f bodies on ! e>?1 x 0 impossible = !m to und]/& ! geometrical relations ( bodies 9 ! heav5s4 ,s1 too1 ) cele/ial me*anics1 :i* _h t]re/rial me*anics = its p>5t4 ,! v conception ( =ce1 :i* und]lies ! :ole ( me*anical a/ronomy1 is borr[$ f our e>?ly exp]i5ces2 & ! lead+ laws ( me*anical action z exhibit$ 9 scales1 lev]s1 projectiles1 etc41 _h to be asc]ta9$ be=e ! dynamics ( ! sol> sy/em c\ld be ent]$ ^u4 ,:at 7 ! laws made use ( by ,newton 9 work+ out 8 gr& discov]y8 ,! law ( fall+ bodies disclos$ by ,galileo2 t ( ! composition ( =ces also disclos$ by ,galileo2 & t ( c5trifugal =ce f\nd out by ,huygh5s--all ( !m g5]alisations ( t]re/rial physics4 ,yet1 ) facts l ^! be=e him1 ,m4 ,comte places a/ronomy be=e physics 9 ord] ( evolution6 ,he does n comp>e ! geometrical p>ts ( ! two toge!r1 & ! me*anical p>ts ( ! two toge!r2 = ?is w\ld by no means suit 8 hypo!sis4 ,b he comp>es ! geometrical "p ( ! "o ) ! me*anical "p ( ! o!r1 & s gives a semblance ( tru? to 8 position4 ,he is l$ away by a v]bal delusion4 ,_h he conf9$ 8 att5tion to ! ?+s & disreg>d$ ! words1 he w\ld h se5 t be=e mank9d sci5tifically co-ord9at$ any "o class ( ph5om5a display$ 9 ! heav5s1 !y _h previ\sly co-ord9at$ a p>allel class ( ph5om5a display$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,7 x ne$ful we c\ld fill a score pages ) ! incongruities ( ,m4 ,comte's s*eme4 ,b ! =ego+ samples w suffice4 ,s f> is 8 law ( evolution ( ! sci5ces f be+ t5able1 t1 by foll[+ 8 example1 & arbitr>ily ignor+ "o class ( facts1 x w\ld be possible to pres5t1 ) great plausibility1 j ! opposite g5]alisation to t :i* he enunciates4 ,:ile he ass]ts t ! rational ord] ( ! sci5ces1 l ! ord] ( _! hi/oric developm5t1 is det]m9$ by ! degree ( simplicity1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 ( g5]ality ( _! ph5om5a2 x might contr>iwise be ass]t$1 t1 comm5c+ ) ! complex & ! special1 mank9d h progress$ /ep by /ep to a k ( great] simplicity & wid] g5]ality4 ,s mu* evid5ce is !re ( ?is z to h drawn f ,:ewell1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 ! g5]al rem>k t ! read] has already se5 repeat$ly 9 ! c\rse ( ?is hi/ory1 complex & d]ivative pr9ciples pres5t+ !mselves to m5's m9ds be=e simple & elem5t>y ones4 ,ev5 f ,m4 ,comte's own "w1 num]\s facts1 admissions1 & argum5ts1 might be pick$ out1 t5d+ to %[ ?is4 ,we h already quot$ 8 words 9 pro( t bo? ab/ract & concrete ma!matics h progress$ t[>ds a high] degree ( g5]ality1 & t he looks =w>d to a high] g5]ality /ill4 ,j to /r5g!n ?is adv]se hypo!sis1 let u take a fur!r in/ance4 ,f ! p>ticul> case ( ! scales1 ! law ( equilibrium ( :i* 0 famili> to ! e>lie/ nations kn[n1 ,ar*im$es advanc$ to ! m g5]al case ( ! unequal lev] ) unequal weights2 ! law ( equilibrium ( :i* includes t ( ! scales4 ,by ! help ( ,galileo's discov]y conc]n+ ! composition ( =ces1 ,d',alemb]t e/abli%$1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! equations ( equilibrium ( any sy/em ( =ces appli$ to ! diff]5t po9ts ( a solid body--equations :i* include all cases ( lev]s & an inf9ity ( cases besides4 ,cle>ly ?is is progress t[>ds a high] g5]ality--t[>ds a k m indep5d5t ( special circum/ances--t[>ds a /udy ( ph5om5a ! mo/ dis5gag$ f ! incid5ts ( p>ticul> cases2 :i* is ,m4 ,comte's def9ition ( ! mo/ simple ph5om5a4 ,does x n inde$ foll[ f ! famili>ly admitt$ fact1 t m5tal advance is f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 t ! univ]sal & !re=e mo/ simple tru?s are ! la/ to be discov]$8 ,is n ! gov]nm5t ( ! sol> sy/em by a =ce v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 a simpl] conception ?an any t prec$$ x8 ,%\ld we ev] succe$ 9 r$uc+ all ord]s ( ph5om5a to "s s+le law--say ( atomic action1 z ,m4 ,comte sugge/s--mu/ n t law answ] to 8 te/ ( be+ indep5d5t ( all o!rs1 & !re=e mo/ simple8 ,& w\ld n su* a law g5]alise ! ph5om5a ( gravity1 cohesion1 atomic aff9ity1 & electric repulsion1 j z ! laws ( numb] g5]alise ! quantitative ph5om5a ( space1 "t1 & =ce8 ,! possibility ( say+ s mu* 9 support ( an hypo!sis ! v rev]se ( ,m4 ,comte's1 at once proves t 8 g5]alisation is only a half-tru?4 ,! fact is1 t nei!r proposition is correct by itself2 & ! actuality is express$ only by putt+ ! two toge!r4 ,! progress ( sci5ce is duplex3 x is at once f ! special to ! g5]al1 & f ! g5]al to ! special3 x is analytical & syn!tical at ! same "t4 ,m4 ,comte himself obs]ves t ! evolution ( sci5ce has be5 accompli%$ by ! division ( lab\r2 b he q mis/ates ! mode 9 :i* ?is division ( lab\r has op]at$4 ,z he describes x1 x has simply be5 an arrangem5t ( ph5om5a into classes1 & ! /udy ( ea* class by itself4 ,he does n recognise ! con/ant effect ( progress 9 ea* class ^u all o!r classes2 b only on ! class succe$+ x 9 8 hi]>*ical scale4 ,or if he occasionally admits collat]al influ5ces & int]communications1 he does x s grudg+ly1 & s quickly puts ! admissions out ( sight & =gets !m1 z to leave ! impression t1 ) b trifl+ exceptions1 ! sci5ces aid ea* o!r only 9 ! ord] ( _! alleg$ succession4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! division ( lab\r 9 sci5ce1 l ! division ( lab\r 9 society1 & l ! physiological division ( lab\r 9 individual organisms1 has be5 n only a specialisation ( functions1 b a cont9u\s help+ ( ea* division by all ! o!rs1 & ( all by ea*4 ,e p>ticul> class ( inquir]s has1 z x 71 secret$ its own p>ticul> ord] ( tru?s f ! g5]al mass ( mat]ial :i* obs]vation accumulates2 & all o!r classes ( inquir]s h made use ( ^! tru?s z fa/ z !y 7 elaborat$1 ) ! effect ( enabl+ !m ! bett] to elaborate ea* its own ord] ( tru?s4 ,x 0 ?us 9 sundry ( ! cases we h quot$ z at v>iance ) ,m4 ,comte's doctr9e4 ,x 0 ?us ) ! application ( ,huygh5s's optical discov]y to a/ronomical obs]vation by ,galileo4 ,x 0 ?us ) ! application ( ! iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum to ! mak+ ( in/rum5ts = measur+ int]vals1 a/ronomical & o!r4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! discov]y t ! refraction & disp]sion ( light did n foll[ ! same law ( v>iation1 affect$ bo? a/ronomy & physiology by giv+ u a*romatic telescopes & microscopes4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ,bradley's discov]y ( ! ab]ration ( light enabl$ him to make ! fir/ /ep t[>ds asc]ta9+ ! motions ( ! />s4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ,cav5di%'s torsion-balance exp]im5t det]m9$ ! specific gravity ( ! e>?1 & s gave a datum = calculat+ ! specific gravities ( ! sun & planets4 ,x 0 ?us :5 tables ( atmosph]ic refraction enabl$ obs]v]s to write d[n ! real places ( ! heav5ly bodies in/ead ( _! app>5t places4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! discov]y ( ! diff]5t expansibilities ( metals by heat1 gave u ! means ( correct+ our *ronometrical measurem5ts ( a/ronomical p]iods4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! l9es ( ! prismatic spectrum 7 us$ to di/+ui% ! heav5ly bodies t are ( l nature ) ! sun f ^? :i* are n4 ,x 0 ?us :51 z rec5tly1 an electro-telegraphic in/rum5t 0 inv5t$ = ! m accurate regi/ration ( m]idional transits4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! diff]5ce 9 ! rates ( a clock at ! equator1 & ne>] ! poles1 gave data = calculat+ ! oblat5ess ( ! e>?1 & acc\nt+ = ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,x 0 ?us--b x is ne$less to cont9ue4 ,"h1 )9 our own limit$ k ( its hi/ory1 we h nam$ t5 additional cases 9 :i* ! s+le sci5ce ( a/ronomy has ow$ its advance to sci5ces com+ aft] x 9 ,m4 ,comte's s]ies4 ,n only its second>y /eps1 b its greate/ revolutions h be5 ?us det]m9$4 ,kepl] c\ld n h discov]$ 8 celebrat$ laws _h x n be5 = ,ty*o ,brahe's accurate obs]vations2 & x 0 only aft] "s progress 9 physical & *emical sci5ce t ! improv$ in/rum5ts ) :i* ^? obs]vations 7 made1 became possible4 ,! helioc5tric !ory ( ! sol> sy/em _h to wait until ! inv5tion ( ! telescope be=e x c\ld be f9ally e/abli%$4 ,nay1 ev5 ! gr& discov]y ( all--! law ( gravitation--dep5d$ = its pro( ^u an op]ation ( physical sci5ce1 ! measurem5t ( a degree on ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,s completely inde$ did x ?us dep5d1 t ,newton _h actually ab&on$ 8 hypo!sis because ! l5g? ( a degree1 z !n /at$1 br\ght out wrong results2 & x 0 only aft] ,pic>t's m exact measurem5t 0 publi%$1 t he return$ to 8 calculations & prov$ 8 great g5]alisation4 ,n[ ?is con/ant int]communion1 :i*1 = brevity's sake1 we h illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( "o sci5ce only1 has be5 tak+ place ) all ! sci5ces4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( _! evolution !re has be5 a cont9u\s cons5sus ( ! sci5ces--a cons5sus exhibit+ a g5]al correspond5ce ) ! cons5sus ( faculties 9 ea* phase ( m5tal developm5t2 ! "o be+ an objective regi/ry ( ! subjective /ate ( ! o!r4 ,f our pres5t po9t ( view1 !n1 x becomes obvi\s t ! conception ( a s]ial arrangem5t ( ! sci5ces is a vici\s "o4 ,x is n simply t ! s*emes we h exam9$ are unt5able2 b x is t ! sci5ces _c be rightly plac$ 9 any l9e> ord] :atev]4 ,x is n simply t1 z ,m4 ,comte admits1 a classification w always involve some?+1 if n arbitr>y1 at lea/ artificial2 x is n1 z he w\ld h u believe1 t1 neglect+ m9or imp]fections a classification may be sub/antially true2 b x is t any gr\p+ ( ! sci5ces 9 a succession gives a radically errone\s idea ( _! g5esis & _! dep5d5cies4 ,!re is no "o rational ord] among a ho/ ( possible sy/ems4 ,!re is no true filiation ( ! sci5ces4 ,! :ole hypo!sis is fundam5tally false4 ,inde$1 x ne$s b a glance at its orig9 to see at once h[ baseless x is4 ,:y a s]ies8 ,:at reason h we to suppose t ! sci5ces admit ( a l9e> arrangem5t8 ,:]e is our w>rant = assum+ t !re is "s succession 9 :i* !y c be plac$8 ,!re is no reason2 no w>rant4 ,:5ce !n has aris5 ! supposition8 ,to use ,m4 ,comte's own phraseology1 we %\ld say1 x is a metaphysical conception4 ,x adds ano!r to ! cases con/antly occurr+1 ( ! human m9d be+ made ! measure ( ,nature4 ,we are oblig$ to ?9k 9 sequ5ce2 x is ! law ( our m9ds t we mu/ consid] subjects sep>ately1 "o aft] ano!r3 !re=e ,nature mu/ be s]ial--!re=e ! sci5ces mu/ be classifiable 9 a succession4 ,see "h ! bir? ( ! notion1 & ! sole evid5ce ( its tru?4 ,m5 h be5 oblig$ :5 arrang+ 9 books _! s*emes ( education & sy/ems ( k1 to *oose "s ord] or o!r4 ,& f inquir+ :at is ! be/ ord]1 h naturally fall5 into ! belief t !re is an ord] :i* truly repres5ts ! facts--h p]sev]$ 9 seek+ su* an ord]2 q ov]look+ ! previ\s "q :e!r x is likely t ,nature has consult$ ! conv5i5ce ( book-mak+4 ,= ,g]man philosoph]s1 :o hold t ,nature is petrifi$ intellig5ce1 & t logical =ms are ! f\ndations ( all ?+s1 x is a consi/5t hypo!sis t z ?\ght is s]ial1 ,nature is s]ial2 b t ,m4 ,comte1 :o is s bitt] an oppon5t ( all an?ropomorphism1 ev5 9 its mo/ evanesc5t %apes1 %\ld h committ$ ! mi/ake ( impos+ ^u ! ext]nal _w an arrangem5t :i* s obvi\sly spr+s f a limitation ( ! human consci\sness1 is some:at /range4 ,& x is ! m /range :5 we call to m9d h[1 at ! outset1 ,m4 ,comte rem>ks t 9 ! beg9n+ t\tes les sci5ces sont cultivees simultanem5t p> les memes esprits2 t ?is is inevitable et meme indisp5sable2 & h[ he fur!r rem>ks t ! diff]5t sci5ces are comme les div]ses bran*es d'un tronc unique4 ,7 x n acc\nt$ = by ! di/ort+ influ5ce ( a *]i%$ hypo!sis1 x w\ld be sc>cely possible to und]/& h[1 aft] recognis+ tru?s l ^!1 ,m4 ,comte %\ld h p]si/$ 9 attempt+ to con/ruct une e*elle encyclop$ique4 ,! metaphor :i* ,m4 ,comte has "h s inconsi/5tly us$ to express ! relations ( ! sci5ces--bran*es ( "o trunk--is an approximation to ! tru?1 ?\gh n ! tru? itself4 ,x sugge/s ! facts t ! sci5ces _h a common orig92 t !y h be5 develop+ simultane\sly2 & t !y h be5 f "t to "t divid+ & subdivid+4 ,b x does n sugge/ ! yet m important fact1 t ! divisions & subdivisions ?us aris+ d n rema9 sep>ate1 b n[ & aga9 reunite 9 direct & indirect ways4 ,!y inosculate2 !y sev]ally s5d (f & receive connect+ gr[?s2 & ! int]communion has be5 ev] becom+ m frequ5t1 m intricate1 m widely ramifi$4 ,!re has all along be5 high] specialisation1 t !re might be a l>g] g5]alisation2 & a deep] analysis1 t !re might be a bett] syn!sis4 ,ea* l>g] g5]alisation has lift$ sundry specialisations /ill high]2 & ea* bett] syn!sis has prep>$ ! way = /ill deep] analysis4 ,& "h we may fitly ent] ^u ! task a:ile s9ce indicat$--a sket* ( ! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce1 reg>d$ z a gradual outgr[? f common k--an ext5sion ( ! p]ceptions by ! aid ( ! reason4 ,we propose to treat x z a psy*ological process hi/orically display$2 trac+ at ! same "t ! advance f qualitative to quantitative prevision2 ! progress f concrete facts to ab/ract facts1 & ! application ( su* ab/ract facts to ! analysis ( new ord]s ( concrete facts2 ! simultane\s advance 9 g5]alisation & specialisation2 ! cont9ually increas+ subdivision & reunion ( ! sci5ces2 & _! con/antly improv+ cons5sus4 ,to trace out sci5tific evolution f its deepe/ roots w\ld1 ( c\rse1 involve a complete analysis ( ! m9d4 ,= z sci5ce is a developm5t ( t common k acquir$ by ! unaid$ s5ses & uncultur$ reason1 s is t common k itself gradually built up out ( ! simple/ p]ceptions4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 beg9 some:]e abruptly2 & ! mo/ appropriate /age to take = our po9t ( dep>ture w be ! adult m9d ( ! savage4 ,comm5c+ ?us1 )\t a prop] prelim9>y analysis1 we are naturally some:at at a loss h[ to pres5t1 9 a satisfactory mann]1 ^? fundam5tal processes ( ?\ght out ( :i* sci5ce ultimately orig9ates4 ,p]haps our argum5t may be be/ initiat$ by ! proposition1 t all intellig5t action :atev] dep5ds ^u ! disc]n+ ( di/9ctions among surr\nd+ ?+s4 ,! condition "u :i* only x is possible = any creature to obta9 food & avoid dang] is1 t x %all be diff]5tly affect$ by diff]5t objects--t x %all be l$ to act 9 "o way by "o object1 & 9 ano!r way by ano!r4 ,9 ! l[] ord]s ( creatures ?is condition is fulfill$ by means ( an app>atus :i* acts automatically4 ,9 ! high] ord]s ! actions are p>tly automatic1 p>tly consci\s4 ,& 9 man !y are almo/ :olly consci\s4 ,?r\gh\t1 h[ev]1 !re mu/ necess>ily exi/ a c]ta9 classification ( ?+s accord+ to _! prop]ties--a classification :i* is ei!r organically regi/]$ 9 ! sy/em1 z 9 ! inf]ior creation1 or is =m$ by exp]i5ce1 z 9 ourselves4 ,& x may be fur!r rem>k$1 t ! ext5t to :i* ?is classification is c>ri$1 r\ghly indicates ! height ( intellig5ce--t :ile ! l[e/ organisms are able to d little m ?an discrim9ate organic f inorganic matt]2 :ile ! g5]ality ( animals c>ry _! classifications no fur!r ?an to a limit$ numb] ( plants or creatures s]v+ = food1 a limit$ numb] ( bea/s ( prey1 & a limit$ numb] ( places & mat]ials2 ! mo/ degrad$ ( ! human race possess a k ( ! di/9ctive natures ( a great v>iety ( sub/ances1 plants1 animals1 tools1 p]sons1 etc41 n only z classes b z individuals4 ,:at n[ is ! m5tal process by :i* classification is effect$8 ,manife/ly x is a recognition ( ! lik5ess or unlik5ess ( ?+s1 ei!r 9 respect ( _! sizes1 col\rs1 =ms1 weights1 textures1 ta/es1 etc41 or 9 respect ( _! modes ( action4 ,by "s special m>k1 s\nd1 or motion1 ! savage id5tifies a c]ta9 f\r-legg$ creature he sees1 z "o t is good = food1 & to be caught 9 a p>ticul> way2 or z "o t is dang]\s2 & acts accord+ly4 ,he has class$ toge!r all ! creatures t are alike 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,& manife/ly 9 *oos+ ! wood out ( :i* to =m 8 b[1 ! plant ) :i* to poison 8 arr[s1 ! bone f :i* to make 8 fi%-hooks1 he id5tifies !m ?r\gh _! *ief s5sible prop]ties z belong+ to ! g5]al classes1 wood1 plant1 & bone1 b di/+ui%es !m z belong+ to sub-classes by virtue ( c]ta9 prop]ties 9 :i* !y are unlike ! re/ ( ! g5]al classes !y belong to2 & s =ms g5]a & species4 ,& "h x becomes manife/ t n only is classification c>ri$ on by gr\p+ toge!r 9 ! m9d ?+s t are l2 b t classes & sub-classes are =m$ & arrang$ accord+ to ! degrees ( unlik5ess4 ,?+s widely contra/$ are alone di/+ui%$ 9 ! l[] /ages ( m5tal evolution2 z may be any day obs]v$ 9 an infant4 ,& gradually z ! p[]s ( discrim9ation increase1 ! widely contra/$ classes at fir/ di/+ui%$1 come to be ea* divid$ into sub-classes1 diff]+ f ea* o!r less ?an ! classes diff]2 & ^! sub-classes are aga9 divid$ aft] ! same mann]4 ,by ! cont9uance ( :i* process1 ?+s are gradually arrang$ into gr\ps1 ! memb]s ( :i* are less & less unlike2 end+1 f9ally1 9 gr\ps ^: memb]s diff] only z individuals1 & n specifically4 ,& ?us !re t5ds ultimately to arise ! notion ( complete lik5ess4 ,=1 manife/ly1 x is impossible t gr\ps %\ld cont9ue to be subdivid$ 9 virtue ( small] & small] diff]5ces1 )\t !re be+ a simultane\s approximation to ! notion ( no diff]5ce4 ,let u next notice t ! recognition ( lik5ess & unlik5ess1 :i* und]lies classification1 & out ( :i* cont9u$ classification evolves ! idea ( complete lik5ess--let u next notice t x also und]lies ! process ( nam+1 & by consequ5ce language4 ,= all language consi/s1 at ! beg9n+1 ( symbols :i* are z l to ! ?+s symbolis$ z x is practicable to make !m4 ,! language ( signs is a means ( convey+ ideas by mimick+ ! actions or peculi>ities ( ! ?+s ref]r$ to4 ,v]bal language is also1 at ! beg9n+1 a mode ( sugge/+ objects or acts by imitat+ ! s\nds :i* ! objects make1 or ) :i* ! acts are accompani$4 ,orig9ally ^! two languages 7 us$ simultane\sly4 ,x ne$s b to wat* ! ge/iculations ) :i* ! savage accompanies 8 spee*--to see a ,bu%man or a ,kaffir dramatis+ be=e an audi5ce 8 mode ( cat*+ game--or to note ! extreme paucity ( words 9 all primitive vocabul>ies2 to inf] t at fir/1 attitudes1 ge/ures1 & s\nds1 7 all comb9$ to produce z good a lik5ess z possible1 ( ! ?+s1 animals1 p]sons1 or ev5ts describ$2 & t z ! s\nds came to be und]/ood by !mselves ! ge/ures fell into disuse3 leav+ traces1 h[ev]1 9 ! mann]s ( ! m excitable civilis$ races4 ,b be ?is z x may1 x suffices simply to obs]ve1 h[ _m ( ! words curr5t among b>b>\s peoples are l ! s\nds app]ta9+ to ! ?+s signifi$2 h[ _m ( our own olde/ & simple/ words h ! same peculi>ity2 h[ *ildr5 t5d to inv5t imitative words2 & h[ ! sign-language spontane\sly =m$ by deaf mutes is inv>iably bas$ ^u imitative actions--to at once see t ! nation ( lik5ess is t f :i* ! nom5clature ( objects takes its rise4 ,7 !re space we might g on to po9t out h[ ?is law ( life is traceable1 n only 9 ! orig9 b 9 ! developm5t ( language2 h[ 9 primitive tongues ! plural is made by a duplication ( ! s+ul>1 :i* is a multiplication ( ! ^w to make x l ! multiplicity ( ! ?+s2 h[ ! use ( metaphor--t prolific s\rce ( new words--is a sugge/+ ( ideas t are l ! ideas to be convey$ 9 "s respect or o!r2 & h[1 9 ! copi\s use ( simile1 fable1 & allegory among uncivilis$ races1 we see t complex conceptions1 :i* !re is yet no direct language =1 are r5d]$1 by pres5t+ kn[n conceptions m or less l !m4 ,?is view is fur!r confirm$1 & ! pr$om9ance ( ?is notion ( lik5ess 9 primitive times fur!r illu/rat$1 by ! fact t our sy/em ( pres5t+ ideas to ! eye orig9at$ aft] ! same fa%ion4 ,writ+ & pr9t+ h desc5d$ f picture-language4 ,! e>lie/ mode ( p]man5tly regi/]+ a fact 0 by depict+ x on a wall2 t is--by exhibit+ some?+ z l to ! ?+ to be rememb]$ z x c\ld be made4 ,gradually z ! practice grew habitual & ext5sive1 ! mo/ frequ5tly repeat$ =ms became fix$1 & pres5tly abbreviat$2 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! hi]oglyphic & ideographic phases1 ! symbols lo/ all app>5t relations to ! ?+s signifi$3 j z ! majority ( our spok5 words h done4 ,obs]ve aga91 t ! same ?+ is true respect+ ! g5esis ( reason+4 ,! lik5ess t is p]ceiv$ to exi/ betwe5 cases1 is ! ess5ce ( all e>ly reason+ & ( mu* ( our pres5t reason+4 ,! savage1 hav+ by exp]i5ce discov]$ a relation betwe5 a c]ta9 object & a c]ta9 act1 inf]s t ! l relation w be f\nd 9 future cases4 ,& ! expressions we con/antly use 9 our argum5ts--analogy implies1 ! cases are n p>allel1 by p>ity ( reason+1 !re is no simil>ity1--%[ h[ con/antly ! idea ( lik5ess und]lies our ratioc9ative processes4 ,/ill m cle>ly w ?is be se5 on recognis+ ! fact t !re is a c]ta9 p>allelism betwe5 reason+ & classification2 t ! two h a common root2 & t nei!r c g on )\t ! o!r4 ,= on ! "o h&1 x is a famili> tru? t ! attribut+ to a body 9 consequ5ce ( "s ( its prop]ties1 all ^? o!r prop]ties 9 virtue ( :i* x is ref]r$ to a p>ticul> class1 is an act ( inf]5ce4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! =m+ ( a g5]alisation is ! putt+ toge!r 9 "o class all ^? cases :i* pres5t l relations2 :ile ! draw+ a d$uction is ess5tially ! p]ception t a p>ticul> case belongs to a c]ta9 class ( cases previ\sly g5]alis$4 ,s t z classification is a gr\p+ toge!r ( l ?+s2 reason+ is a gr\p+ toge!r ( l relations among ?+s4 ,add to :i*1 t :ile ! p]fection gradually a*iev$ 9 classification consi/s 9 ! =mation ( gr\ps ( objects :i* are completely alike2 ! p]fection gradually a*iev$ 9 reason+ consi/s 9 ! =mation ( gr\ps ( cases :i* are completely alike4 ,once m we may contemplate ?is dom9ant idea ( lik5ess z exhibit$ 9 art4 ,all art1 civilis$ z well z savage1 consi/s almo/ :olly 9 ! mak+ ( objects l o!r objects2 ei!r z f\nd 9 ,nature1 or z produc$ by previ\s art4 ,if we trace back ! v>i$ art-products n[ exi/+1 we f9d t at ea* /age ! div]g5ce f previ\s patt]ns is b small :5 comp>$ ) ! agreem5t2 & 9 ! e>lie/ art ! p]si/5cy ( imitation is yet m conspicu\s4 ,! old =ms & ornam5ts & symbols 7 held sacr$1 & p]petually copi$4 ,inde$1 ! /rong imitative t5d5cy notori\sly display$ by ! l[e/ human races1 ensures among !m a con/ant reproduc+ ( lik5ess ( ?+s1 =ms1 signs1 s\nds1 actions1 & :atev] else is imitable2 & we may ev5 suspect t ?is aborig9al peculi>ity is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! culture & developm5t ( ?is g5]al conception1 :i* we h f\nd s deep & widespread 9 its applications4 ,& n[ let u g on to consid] h[1 by a fur!r unfold+ ( ?is same fundam5tal notion1 !re is a gradual =mation ( ! fir/ g]ms ( sci5ce4 ,?is idea ( lik5ess :i* und]lies classification1 nom5clature1 language spok5 & writt51 reason+1 & art2 & :i* plays s important a "p because all acts ( intellig5ce are made possible only by di/+ui%+ among surr\nd+ ?+s1 or gr\p+ !m into l & unlike2--?is idea we %all f9d to be ! "o ( :i* sci5ce is ! especial product4 ,already dur+ ! /age we h be5 describ+1 !re has exi/$ qualitative prevision 9 respect to ! common] ph5om5a ) :i* savage life is famili>2 & we h n[ to inquire h[ ! elem5ts ( quantitative prevision are evolv$4 ,we %all f9d t !y orig9ate by ! p]fect+ ( ?is same idea ( lik5ess2 t !y h _! rise 9 t conception ( complete lik5ess :i*1 z we h se51 necess>ily results f ! cont9u$ process ( classification4 ,= :5 ! process ( classification has be5 c>ri$ z f> z x is possible = ! uncivilis$ to c>ry x--:5 ! animal k+dom has be5 gr\p$ n m]ely into quadrup$s1 birds1 fi%es1 & insects1 b ea* ( ^! divid$ into k9ds--:5 !re come to be sub-classes1 9 ea* ( :i* ! memb]s diff] only z individuals1 & n specifically2 x is cle> t !re mu/ occur a frequ5t obs]vation ( objects :i* diff] s little z to be indi/+ui%able4 ,among sev]al creatures :i* ! savage has kill$ & c>ri$ home1 x mu/ (t5 happ5 t "s "o1 :i* he wi%$ to id5tify1 is s exactly l ano!r t he _c tell :i* is :i*4 ,?us1 !n1 !re orig9ates ! notion ( equality4 ,! ?+s :i* among ourselves are call$ equal--:e!r l9es1 angles1 weights1 temp]atures1 s\nds or col\rs--are ?+s :i* produce 9 u s5sations t _c be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,x is true we n[ apply ! ^w equal *iefly to ! sep>ate ph5om5a :i* objects exhibit1 & n to gr\ps ( ph5om5a2 b ?is limitation ( ! idea has evid5tly aris5 by subsequ5t analysis4 ,& t ! notion ( equality did ?us orig9ate1 w1 we ?9k1 become obvi\s on rememb]+ t z !re 7 no artificial objects f :i* x c\ld h be5 ab/ract$1 x mu/ h be5 ab/ract$ f natural objects2 & t ! v>i\s families ( ! animal k+dom *iefly furni% ^? natural objects :i* display ! requisite exactitude ( lik5ess4 ,! same ord] ( exp]i5ces out ( :i* ?is g5]al idea ( equality is evolv$1 gives bir? at ! same "t to a m complex idea ( equality2 or1 r1 ! process j describ$ g5]ates an idea ( equality :i* fur!r exp]i5ce sep>ates into two ideas--equality ( ?+s & equality ( relations4 ,:ile organic1 & m especially animal =ms1 occasionally exhibit ?is p]fection ( lik5ess out ( :i* ! notion ( simple equality arises1 !y m frequ5tly exhibit only t k9d ( lik5ess :i* we call simil>ity2 & :i* is really comp\nd equality4 ,= ! simil>ity ( two creatures ( ! same species b ( diff]5t sizes1 is ( ! same nature z ! simil>ity ( two geometrical figures4 ,9 ei!r case1 any two p>ts ( ! "o be> ! same ratio to "o ano!r z ! homolog\s p>ts ( ! o!r4 ,giv5 9 any species1 ! proportions f\nd to exi/ among ! bones1 & we may1 & zoologi/s d1 pr$ict f any "o1 ! dim5sions ( ! re/2 j z1 :5 kn[+ ! proportions subsi/+ among ! p>ts ( a geometrical figure1 we may1 f ! l5g? ( "o1 calculate ! o!rs4 ,& if1 9 ! case ( simil> geometrical figures1 ! simil>ity c be e/abli%$ only by prov+ exactness ( proportion among ! homolog\s p>ts2 if we express ?is relation betwe5 two p>ts 9 ! "o1 & ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! o!r1 by ! =mula ,a is to ,b z a is to b2 if we o!rwise write ?is1 ,a to ,b a to b2 if1 consequ5tly1 ! fact we prove is t ! relation ( ,a to ,b equals ! relation ( a to b2 !n x is manife/ t ! fundam5tal conception ( simil>ity is equality ( relations4 ,) ?is explanation we %all be und]/ood :5 we say t ! notion ( equality ( relations is ! basis ( all exact reason+4 ,already x has be5 %[n t reason+ 9 g5]al is a recognition ( lik5ess ( relations2 & "h we fur!r f9d t :ile ! notion ( lik5ess ( ?+s ultimately evolves ! idea ( simple equality1 ! notion ( lik5ess ( relations evolves ! idea ( equality ( relations3 ( :i* ! "o is ! concrete g]m ( exact sci5ce1 :ile ! o!r is its ab/ract g]m4 ,^? :o _c und]/& h[ ! recognition ( simil>ity 9 creatures ( ! same k9d c h any alliance ) reason+1 w get ov] ! difficulty on rememb]+ t ! ph5om5a among :i* equality ( relations is ?us p]ceiv$1 are ph5om5a ( ! same ord] & are pres5t to ! s5ses at ! same "t2 :ile ^? among :i* develop$ reason p]ceives relations1 are g5]ally nei!r ( ! same ord]1 nor simultane\sly pres5t4 ,& if fur!r1 !y w call to m9d h[ ,cuvi] & ,ow51 f a s+le "p ( a creature1 z a too?1 con/ruct ! re/ by a process ( reason+ bas$ on ?is equality ( relations1 !y w see t ! two ?+s are intimately connect$1 remote z !y at fir/ seem4 ,b we anticipate4 ,:at x conc]ns u "h to obs]ve is1 t f famili>ity ) organic =ms !re simultane\sly arose ! ideas ( simple equality1 & equality ( relations4 ,at ! same "t1 too1 & out ( ! same m5tal processes1 came ! fir/ di/9ct ideas ( numb]4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages1 ! pres5tation ( sev]al l objects produc$ m]ely an indef9ite conception ( multiplicity2 z x /ill does among ,au/ralians1 & ,bu%m51 & ,dam>as1 :5 ! numb] pres5t$ exce$s ?ree or f\r4 ,) su* a fact be=e u we may safely inf] t ! fir/ cle> num]ical conception 0 t ( duality z contra/$ ) unity4 ,& ?is notion ( duality mu/ necess>ily h gr[n up side by side ) ^? ( lik5ess & equality2 see+ t x is impossible to recognise ! lik5ess ( two ?+s )\t also p]ceiv+ t !re are two4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ! conception ( numb] mu/ h be5 z x is /ill1 associat$ ) ! lik5ess or equality ( ! ?+s numb]$4 ,if we analyse x1 we f9d t simple enum]ation is a regi/ration ( repeat$ impressions ( any k9d4 ,t ^! may be capable ( enum]ation x is ne$ful t !y be m or less alike2 & be=e any absolutely true num]ical results c be rea*$1 x is requisite t ! units be absolutely equal4 ,! only way 9 :i* we c e/abli% a num]ical relation%ip betwe5 ?+s t d n yield u l impressions1 is to divide !m into p>ts t d yield u l impressions4 ,two unlike magnitudes ( ext5sion1 =ce1 "t1 weight1 or :at n1 c h _! relative am\nts e/imat$ only by means ( "s small unit t is conta9$ _m times 9 bo?2 & ev5 if we f9ally write d[n ! great] "o z a unit & ! o!r z a fraction ( x1 we /ate1 9 ! d5om9ator ( ! fraction1 ! numb] ( p>ts into :i* ! unit mu/ be divid$ to be comp>able ) ! fraction4 ,x is1 inde$1 true1 t by an evid5tly mod]n process ( ab/raction1 we occasionally apply numb]s to unequal units1 z ! furniture at a sale or ! v>i\s animals on a f>m1 simply z s _m sep>ate entities2 b no true result c be br\ght out by calculation ) units ( ?is ord]4 ,&1 inde$1 x is ! di/9ctive peculi>ity ( ! calculus 9 g5]al1 t x proce$s on ! hypo!sis ( t absolute equality ( its ab/ract units1 :i* no real units possess2 & t ! exactness ( its results holds only 9 virtue ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,! fir/ ideas ( numb] mu/ necess>ily !n h be5 d]iv$ f l or equal magnitudes z se5 *iefly 9 organic objects2 & z ! l magnitudes mo/ frequ5tly obs]v$ magnitudes ( ext5sion1 x foll[s t geometry & ari?metic _h a simultane\s orig94 ,n only are ! fir/ di/9ct ideas ( numb] co-ord9ate ) ideas ( lik5ess & equality1 b ! fir/ ef=ts at num]ation display$ ! same relation%ip4 ,on read+ ! acc\nts ( v>i\s savage tribes1 we f9d t ! me?od ( c\nt+ by ! f+]s1 /ill foll[$ by _m *ildr51 is ! aborig9al me?od4 ,neglect+ ! sev]al cases 9 :i* ! ability to enum]ate does n rea* ev5 to ! numb] ( f+]s on "o h&1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* x does n ext5d beyond t5--! limit ( ! simple f+] notation4 ,! fact t 9 s _m in/ances1 remote1 & seem+ly unrelat$ nations1 h adopt$ t5 z _! basic numb]2 toge!r ) ! fact t 9 ! rema9+ in/ances ! basic numb] is ei!r five 7! f+]s ( "o h&7 or tw5ty 7! f+]s & toes72 almo/ ( !mselves %[ t ! f+]s 7 ! orig9al units ( num]ation4 ,! /ill surviv+ use ( ! ^w digit1 z ! g5]al "n = a figure 9 ari?metic1 is significant2 & x is ev5 said t our ^w t5 7,sax4 tyn2 ,dut*1 ti52 ,g]man1 zehn7 means 9 its primitive exp&$ =m two h&s4 ,s t orig9ally1 to say !re 7 t5 ?+s1 0 to say !re 7 two h&s ( !m4 ,f all :i* evid5ce x is tol]ably cle> t ! e>lie/ mode ( convey+ ! idea ( any numb] ( ?+s1 0 by hold+ up z _m f+]s z !re 7 ?+s2 t is--us+ a symbol :i* 0 equal1 9 respect ( multiplicity1 to ! gr\p symbolis$4 ,= :i* inf]5ce !re is1 inde$1 /rong confirmation 9 ! rec5t /atem5t t our own soldi]s are ev5 n[ spontane\sly adopt+ ?is device 9 _! deal+s ) ! ,turks4 ,& "h x %\ld be rem>k$ t 9 ?is recomb9ation ( ! notion ( equality ) t ( multiplicity1 by :i* ! fir/ /eps 9 num]ation are effect$1 we may see "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^? inosculations betwe5 ! div]g+ bran*es ( sci5ce1 :i* are aft]w>ds ( p]petual occurr5ce4 ,inde$1 z ?is obs]vation sugge/s1 x w be well1 be=e trac+ ! mode 9 :i* exact sci5ce f9ally em]ges f ! m]ely approximate judgm5ts ( ! s5ses1 & %[+ ! non-s]ial evolution ( its divisions1 to note ! non-s]ial "* ( ^? prelim9>y processes ( :i* all aft] developm5t is a cont9uation4 ,on reconsid]+ !m x w be se5 t n only are !y div]g5t gr[?s f a common root1 n only are !y simultane\s 9 _! progress2 b t !y are mutual aids2 & t none c advance )\t ! re/4 ,t complet5ess ( classification = :i* ! unfold+ ( ! p]ceptions paves ! way1 is impossible )\t a correspond+ progress 9 language1 by :i* great] v>ieties ( objects are ?9kable & expressible4 ,on ! "o h& x is impossible to c>ry classification f> )\t names by :i* to designate ! classes2 & on ! o!r h& x is impossible to make language fa/] ?an ?+s are classifi$4 ,aga91 ! multiplication ( classes & ! consequ5t n>r[+ ( ea* class1 itself involves a great] lik5ess among ! ?+s class$ toge!r2 & ! consequ5t approa* t[>ds ! notion ( complete lik5ess itself all[s classification to be c>ri$ high]4 ,moreov]1 classification necess>ily advances p>i passu ) rationality--! classification ( ?+s ) ! classification ( relations4 ,= ?+s t belong to ! same class are1 by implication1 ?+s ( :i* ! prop]ties & modes ( behavi\r--! co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces--are m or less ! same2 & ! recognition ( ?is sam5ess ( co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces is reason+4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! advance ( classification is necess>ily proportionate to ! advance ( g5]alisations4 ,yet fur!r1 ! notion ( lik5ess1 bo? 9 ?+s & relations1 simultane\sly evolves by "o process ( culture ! ideas ( equality ( ?+s & equality ( relations2 :i* are ! respective bases ( exact concrete reason+ & exact ab/ract reason+--,ma!matics & ,logic4 ,& once m1 ?is idea ( equality1 9 ! v process ( be+ =m$1 necess>ily gives orig9 to two s]ies ( relations--^? ( magnitude & ^? ( numb]3 f :i* arise geometry & ! calculus4 ,?us ! process ?r\gh\t is "o ( p]petual subdivision & p]petual int]communication ( ! divisions4 ,f ! v fir/ !re has be5 t cons5sus ( diff]5t k9ds ( k1 answ]+ to ! cons5sus ( ! intellectual faculties1 :i*1 z already said1 mu/ exi/ among ! sci5ces4 ,let u n[ g on to obs]ve h[1 out ( ! notions ( equality & numb]1 z arriv$ at 9 ! mann] describ$1 !re gradually arose ! elem5ts ( quantitative prevision4 ,equality1 once hav+ come to be def9itely conceiv$1 0 readily applicable to o!r ph5om5a ?an ^? ( magnitude4 ,be+ pr$icable ( all ?+s produc+ indi/+ui%able impressions1 !re naturally grew up ideas ( equality 9 weights1 s\nds1 col\rs1 etc42 & inde$ x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! occasional exp]i5ce ( equal weights1 s\nds1 & col\rs1 _h a %>e 9 develop+ ! ab/ract conception ( equality--t ! ideas ( equality 9 size1 relations1 =ces1 resi/ances1 & s5sible prop]ties 9 g5]al1 7 evolv$ dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 x is cle> t z fa/ z ! notion ( equality ga9$ def9it5ess1 s fa/ did t l[e/ k9d ( quantitative prevision :i* is a*iev$ )\t any in/rum5tal aid1 become possible4 ,! ability to e/imate1 h[ev] r\ghly1 ! am\nt ( a =ese5 result1 implies ! conception t x w be equal to a c]ta9 imag9$ quantity2 & ! correctness ( ! e/imate w manife/ly dep5d ^u ! accuracy at :i* ! p]ceptions ( s5sible equality h arriv$4 ,a savage ) a piece ( /one 9 8 h&1 & ano!r piece ly+ be=e him ( great] bulk ( ! same k9d 7a fact :i* he inf]s f ! equality ( ! two 9 col\r & texture7 kn[s ab\t :at ef=t he mu/ put =? to raise ?is o!r piece2 & he judges accurately 9 proportion to ! accuracy ) :i* he p]ceives t ! "o is twice1 ?ree times1 f\r times1 etc41 z l>ge z ! o!r2 t is--9 proportion to ! precision ( 8 ideas ( equality & numb]4 ,& "h let u n omit to notice t ev5 9 ^! vague/ ( quantitative previsions1 ! conception ( equality ( relations is also involv$4 ,= x is only 9 virtue ( an undef9$ p]ception t ! relation betwe5 bulk & weight 9 ! "o /one is equal to ! relation betwe5 bulk & weight 9 ! o!r1 t ev5 ! r\ghe/ approximation c be made4 ,b h[ came ! transition f ^? unc]ta9 p]ceptions ( equality :i* ! unaid$ s5ses give1 to ! c]ta9 ones ) :i* sci5ce deals8 ,x came by plac+ ! ?+s comp>$ 9 juxtaposition4 ,equality be+ pr$icat$ ( ?+s :i* give u indi/+ui%able impressions1 & no accurate comp>ison ( impressions be+ possible unless !y occur 9 imm$iate succession1 x results t exactness ( equality is asc]ta9able 9 proportion to ! clos5ess ( ! comp>$ ?+s4 ,h5ce ! fact t :5 we wi% to judge ( two %ades ( col\r :e!r !y are alike or n1 we place !m side by side2 h5ce ! fact t we _c1 ) any precision1 say :i* ( two alli$ s\nds is ! l\d]1 or ! high] 9 pit*1 unless we he> ! "o imm$iately aft] ! o!r2 h5ce ! fact t to e/imate ! ratio ( weights1 we take "o 9 ea* h&1 t we may comp>e _! pressures by rapidly alt]nat+ 9 ?\ght f ! "o to ! o!r2 h5ce ! fact1 t 9 a piece ( music we c cont9ue to make equal beats :5 ! fir/ beat has be5 giv51 b _c ensure comm5c+ ) ! same l5g? ( beat on a future occasion2 & h5ce1 la/ly1 ! fact1 t ( all magnitudes1 ^? ( l9e> ext5sion are ^? ( :i* ! equality is mo/ accurately asc]ta9able1 & ^? to :i* by consequ5ce all o!rs h to be r$uc$4 ,= x is ! peculi>ity ( l9e> ext5sion t x alone all[s its magnitudes to be plac$ 9 absolute juxtaposition1 or1 r1 9 co9cid5t position2 x alone c te/ ! equality ( two magnitudes by obs]v+ :e!r !y w coalesce1 z two equal ma!matical l9es d1 :5 plac$ betwe5 ! same po9ts2 x alone c te/ equality by try+ :e!r x w become id5tity4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ! fact1 t all exact sci5ce is r$ucible1 by an ultimate analysis1 to results measur$ 9 equal units ( l9e> ext5sion4 ,/ill x rema9s to be notic$ 9 :at mann] ?is det]m9ation ( equality by comp>ison ( l9e> magnitudes orig9at$4 ,once m may we p]ceive t surr\nd+ natural objects suppli$ ! ne$ful lessons4 ,f ! beg9n+ !re mu/ h be5 a con/ant exp]i5ce ( l ?+s plac$ side by side--m5 /&+ & walk+ toge!r2 animals f ! same h]d2 fi% f ! same %oal4 ,& ! ceaseless repetition ( ^! exp]i5ces c\ld n fail to sugge/ ! obs]vation1 t ! ne>] toge!r any objects 71 ! m visible became any inequality betwe5 !m4 ,h5ce ! obvi\s device ( putt+ 9 apposition ?+s ( :i* x 0 desir$ to asc]ta9 ! relative magnitudes4 ,h5ce ! idea ( measure4 ,& "h we sudd5ly come ^u a gr\p ( facts :i* af=d a solid basis to ! rema9d] ( our argum5t2 :ile !y also furni% /rong evid5ce 9 support ( ! =ego+ speculations4 ,^? :o look sceptically on ?is attempt$ rehabilitation ( ! e>lie/ epo*s ( m5tal developm5t1 & :o m especially ?9k t ! d]ivation ( s _m prim>y notions f organic =ms is some:at /ra9$1 w p]haps see m probability 9 ! sev]al hypo!ses t h be5 v5tur$1 on discov]+ t all measures ( ext5sion & =ce orig9at$ f ! l5g?s & weights ( organic bodies2 & all measures ( "t f ! p]iodic ph5om5a ( ei!r organic or inorganic bodies4 ,?us1 among l9e> measures1 ! cubit ( ! ,hebrews 0 ! l5g? ( ! =e>m f ! elb[ to ! end ( ! middle f+]2 & ! small] scriptural dim5sions are express$ 9 h&-bread?s & spans4 ,! ,egyptian cubit1 :i* 0 simil>ly d]iv$1 0 divid$ into digits1 :i* 7 f+]-bread?s2 & ea* f+]-bread? 0 m def9itely express$ z be+ equal to f\r gra9s ( b>ley plac$ bread?wise4 ,o!r anci5t measures 7 ! orgyia or /ret* ( ! arms1 ! pace1 & ! palm4 ,s p]si/5t has be5 ! use ( ^! natural units ( l5g? 9 ! ,ea/1 t ev5 n[ "s ( ! ,arabs mete out clo? by ! =e>m4 ,s1 too1 is x ) ,european measures4 ,! foot prevails z a dim5sion ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & has done s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans1 by :om1 also1 x 0 us$3 its l5g?s 9 diff]5t places v>y+ n mu* m ?an m5's feet v>y4 ,! heights ( horses are /ill express$ 9 h&s4 ,! in* is ! l5g? ( ! t]m9al jo9t ( ! ?umb2 z is cle>ly %[n 9 ,france1 :]e p\ce means bo? ?umb & in*4 ,!n we h ! in* divid$ into ?ree b>ley-corns4 ,s completely1 inde$1 h ^! organic dim5sions s]v$ z ! sub/rata ( all m5suration1 t x is only by means ( !m t we c =m any e/imate ( "s ( ! anci5t di/ances4 ,= example1 ! l5g? ( a degree on ! ,e>?'s surface1 z det]m9$ by ! ,arabian a/ronom]s %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,h>\n-al-,ras*id1 0 fifty-six ( _! miles4 ,we "k no?+ ( _! mile fur!r ?an t x 0 #djjj cubits2 & :e!r ^! 7 sacr$ cubits or common cubits1 w\ld rema9 d\btful1 b t ! l5g? ( ! cubit is giv5 z tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 & ea* in* def9$ z ! ?ickness ( six b>ley-gra9s4 ,?us "o ( ! e>lie/ measurem5ts ( a degree comes d[n to u 9 b>ley-gra9s4 ,n only did organic l5g?s furni% ^? approximate measures :i* satisfi$ m5's ne$s 9 rud] ages1 b !y furni%$ also ! /&>d measures requir$ 9 lat] times4 ,"o in/ance occurs 9 our own hi/ory4 ,to rem$y ! irregul>ities !n prevail+1 ,h5ry ,i4 comm&$ t ! ulna1 or anci5t ell1 :i* answ]s to ! mod]n y>d1 %\ld be made ( ! exact l5g? ( 8 own arm4 ,measures ( weight aga9 _h a l d]ivation4 ,se$s seem commonly to h suppli$ ! unit4 ,! orig9al ( ! c>at us$ = weigh+ 9 ,india is a small bean4 ,our own sy/ems1 bo? troy & avoirdupois1 are d]iv$ prim>ily f :eat-corns4 ,our smalle/ weight1 ! gra91 is a gra9 ( :eat4 ,?is is n a speculation2 x is an hi/orically regi/]$ fact4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 enact$ t an ounce %\ld be ! weight ( #fdj dry gra9s ( :eat f ! middle ( ! e>4 ,& z all ! o!r weights are multiples or sub-multiples ( ?is1 x foll[s t ! gra9 ( :eat is ! basis ( our scale4 ,s natural is x to use organic bodies z weights1 be=e artificial weights h be5 e/abli%$1 or :]e !y are n to be _h1 t 9 "s ( ! remot] p>ts ( ,irel& ! p are said to be 9 ! habit1 ev5 n[1 ( putt+ a man into ! scales to s]ve z a measure = heavy commodities4 ,simil>ly ) "t4 ,a/ronomical p]iodicity1 & ! p]iodicity ( animal & vegetable life1 are simultane\sly us$ 9 ! fir/ /ages ( progress = e/imat+ epo*s4 ,! simple/ unit ( "t1 ! day1 nature supplies ready made4 ,! next simple/ p]iod1 ! moone? or mon?1 is also ?ru/ ^u m5's notice by ! conspicu\s *anges con/itut+ a lunation4 ,= l>g] divisions ?an ^!1 ! ph5om5a ( ! seasons1 & ! *ief ev5ts f "t to "t occurr+1 h be5 us$ by e>ly & uncivilis$ races4 ,among ! ,egyptians ! ris+ ( ! ,nile s]v$ z a m>k4 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s 7 f\nd to beg9 _! ye> f ! reappe>ance ( ! ,pleiades above ! sea4 ,"o ( ! uses ascrib$ to birds1 by ! ,greeks1 0 to indicate ! seasons by _! migrations4 ,b>r[ describes ! aborig9al ,hott5tot z d5ot+ p]iods by ! numb] ( moons be=e or aft] ! rip5+ ( "o ( 8 *ief articles ( food4 ,he fur!r /ates t ! ,kaffir *ronology is kept by ! moon1 & is regi/]$ by not*es on /icks--! dea? ( a fav\rite *ief1 or ! ga9+ ( a victory1 s]v+ = a new era4 ,by :i* la/ fact1 we are at once rem9d$ t 9 e>ly hi/ory1 ev5ts are commonly record$ z occurr+ 9 c]ta9 reigns1 & 9 c]ta9 ye>s ( c]ta9 reigns3 a proce$+ :i* practically made a k+'s reign a measure ( duration4 ,&1 z fur!r illu/rat+ ! t5d5cy to divide "t by natural ph5om5a & natural ev5ts1 x may be notic$ t ev5 by our own peasantry ! def9ite divisions ( mon?s & ye>s are b little us$2 & t !y habitually ref] to occurr5ces z be=e %eep-%e>+1 or aft] h>ve/1 or ab\t ! "t :5 ! squire di$4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t ! m or less equal p]iods p]ceiv$ 9 ,nature gave ! fir/ units ( measure = "t2 z did ,nature's m or less equal l5g?s & weights give ! fir/ units ( measure = space & =ce4 ,x rema9s only to obs]ve1 z fur!r illu/rat+ ! evolution ( quantitative ideas aft] ?is mann]1 t measures ( value 7 simil>ly d]iv$4 ,b>t]1 9 "o =m or o!r1 is f\nd among all b ! v l[e/ human races4 ,x is obvi\sly bas$ ^u ! notion ( equality ( wor?4 ,& z x gradually m]ges into trade by ! introduction ( "s k9d ( curr5cy1 we f9d t ! measures ( wor?1 con/itut+ ?is curr5cy1 are organic bodies2 9 "s cases c[ries1 9 o!rs cocoa-nuts1 9 o!rs cattle1 9 o!rs pigs2 among ! ,am]ican ,indians peltry or sk9s1 & 9 ,icel& dri$ fi%4 ,notions ( exact equality & ( measure hav+ be5 rea*$1 !re came to be def9ite ideas ( relative magnitudes z be+ multiples "o ( ano!r2 :5ce ! practice ( measurem5t by direct apposition ( a measure4 ,! det]m9ation ( l9e> ext5sions by ?is process c sc>cely be call$ sci5ce1 ?\gh x is a /ep t[>ds x2 b ! det]m9ation ( l5g?s ( "t by an analog\s process may be consid]$ z "o ( ! e>lie/ samples ( quantitative prevision4 ,= :5 x is fir/ asc]ta9$ t ! moon completes ! cycle ( h] *anges 9 ab\t ?irty days--a fact kn[n to mo/ uncivilis$ tribes t c c\nt beyond ! numb] ( _! f+]s--x is manife/ t x becomes possible to say 9 :at numb] ( days any specifi$ phase ( ! moon w recur2 & x is also manife/ t ?is prevision is effect$ by an opposition ( two times1 aft] ! same mann] t l9e> space is measur$ by ! opposition ( two l9es4 ,= to express ! moon's p]iod 9 days1 is to say h[ _m ( ^! units ( measure are conta9$ 9 ! p]iod to be measur$--is to asc]ta9 ! di/ance betwe5 two po9ts 9 "t by means ( a scale ( days1 j z we asc]ta9 ! di/ance betwe5 two po9ts 9 space by a scale ( feet or in*es3 & 9 ea* case ! scale co9cides ) ! ?+ measur$--m5tally 9 ! "o2 visibly 9 ! o!r4 ,s t 9 ?is simple/1 & p]haps e>lie/ case ( quantitative prevision1 ! ph5om5a are n only ?ru/ daily ^u m5's notice1 b ,nature is1 z x 71 p]petually repeat+ t process ( measurem5t by obs]v+ :i* ! prevision is effect$4 ,& ?us !re may be significance 9 ! rem>k :i* "s h made1 t alike 9 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat91 !re is an aff9ity betwe5 ! ^w mean+ moon1 & t mean+ measure4 ,?is fact1 t 9 v e>ly /ages ( social progress x is kn[n t ! moon goes ?r\gh h] *anges 9 ab\t ?irty days1 & t 9 ab\t twelve moons ! seasons return--?is fact t *ronological a/ronomy assumes a c]ta9 sci5tific "* ev5 be=e geometry does2 :ile x is p>tly due to ! circum/ance t ! a/ronomical divisions1 day1 mon?1 & ye>1 are ready made = u1 is p>tly due to ! fur!r circum/ances t agricultural & o!r op]ations 7 at fir/ regulat$ a/ronomically1 & t f ! suppos$ div9e nature ( ! heav5ly bodies _! motions det]m9$ ! p]iodical religi\s fe/ivals4 ,z in/ances ( ! "o we h ! obs]vation ( ! ,egyptians1 t ! ris+ ( ! ,nile correspond$ ) ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius2 ! directions giv5 by ,hesiod = reap+ & pl\gh+1 accord+ to ! positions ( ! ,pleiades2 & 8 maxim t fifty days aft] ! turn+ ( ! sun is a seasonable "t = beg9n+ a voyage4 ,z in/ances ( ! o!r1 we h ! nam+ ( ! days aft] ! sun1 moon1 & planets2 ! e>ly attempts among ,ea/]n nations to regulate ! cal5d> s t ! gods might n be (f5d$ by ! displacem5t ( _! sacrifices2 & ! fix+ ( ! great annual fe/ival ( ! ,p]uvians by ! position ( ! sun4 ,9 all :i* facts we see t1 at fir/1 sci5ce 0 simply an appliance ( religion & indu/ry4 ,aft] ! discov]ies t a lunation occupies ne>ly ?irty days1 & t "s twelve lunations occupy a ye>--discov]ies ( :i* !re is no hi/orical acc\nt1 b :i* may be inf]r$ z ! e>lie/1 f ! fact t exi/+ uncivilis$ races h made !m--we come to ! fir/ kn[n a/ronomical records1 :i* are ^? ( eclipses4 ,! ,*aldeans 7 able to pr$ict ^!4 ,?is !y did1 probably1 says ,dr4 ,:ewell 9 8 useful hi/ory1 f :i* mo/ ( ! mat]ials we are ab\t to use w be drawn1 by means ( _! cycle ( #bbc mon?s1 or ab\t eighte5 ye>s2 = at ! end ( ?is "t1 ! eclipses ( ! moon beg9 to return1 at ! same int]vals & 9 ! same ord] z at ! beg9n+4 ,n[ ?is me?od ( calculat+ eclipses by means ( a recurr+ cycle1--! ,s>os z !y call$ x--is a m complex case ( prevision by means ( co9cid5ce ( measures4 ,= by :at obs]vations mu/ ! ,*aldeans h discov]$ ?is cycle8 ,obvi\sly1 z ,delambre inf]s1 by inspect+ _! regi/]s2 by comp>+ ! successive int]vals2 by f9d+ t "s ( ! int]vals 7 alike2 by see+ t ^! equal int]vals 7 eighte5 ye>s ap>t2 by discov]+ t all ! int]vals t 7 eighte5 ye>s ap>t 7 equal2 by asc]ta9+ t ! int]vals =m$ a s]ies :i* repeat$ itself1 s t if "o ( ! cycles ( int]vals 7 sup]pos$ on ano!r ! divisions w\ld fit4 ,?is once p]ceiv$1 & x manife/ly became possible to use ! cycle z a scale ( "t by :i* to measure out future p]iods4 ,see+ ?us t ! process ( s pr$ict+ eclipses is 9 ess5ce ! same z t ( pr$ict+ ! moon's mon?ly *anges1 by obs]v+ ! numb] ( days aft] :i* !y repeat--see+ t ! two diff] only 9 ! ext5t & irregul>ity ( ! int]vals1 x is n difficult to und]/& h[ su* an am\nt ( k %\ld s e>ly h be5 rea*$4 ,& we %all be less surpris$1 on rememb]+ t ! only ?+s involv$ 9 ^! previsions 7 "t & numb]2 & t ! "t 0 9 a mann] self-numb]$4 ,/ill1 ! ability to pr$ict ev5ts recurr+ only aft] s long a p]iod z eighte5 ye>s1 implies a consid]able advance 9 civilisation--a consid]able developm5t ( g5]al k2 & we h n[ to inquire :at progress 9 o!r sci5ces accompani$1 & 0 necess>y to1 ^! a/ronomical previsions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re mu/ cle>ly h be5 a tol]ably effici5t sy/em ( calculation4 ,m]e f+]-c\nt+1 m]e head-reckon+1 ev5 ) ! aid ( a regul> decimal notation1 c\ld n h suffic$ = numb]+ ! days 9 a ye>2 mu* less ! ye>s1 mon?s1 & days betwe5 eclipses4 ,consequ5tly !re mu/ h be5 a mode ( regi/]+ numb]s2 probably ev5 a sy/em ( num]als4 ,! e>lie/ num]ical records1 if we may judge by ! practices ( ! less civilis$ races n[ exi/+1 7 probably kept by not*es cut on /icks1 or /rokes m>k$ on walls2 mu* z public-h\se scores are kept n[4 ,& !re seems reason to believe t ! fir/ num]als us$ 7 simply gr\ps ( /raight /rokes1 z "s ( ! /ill-extant ,roman ones are2 lead+ u to suspect t ^! gr\ps ( /rokes 7 us$ to repres5t gr\ps ( f+]s1 z ! gr\ps ( f+]s _h be5 us$ to repres5t gr\ps ( objects--a supposition q 9 con=mity ) ! aborig9al sy/em ( picture writ+ & its subsequ5t modifications4 ,be ?is s or n1 h[ev]1 x is manife/ t be=e ! ,*aldeans discov]$ _! ,s>os1 !re mu/ h be5 bo? a set ( writt5 symbols s]v+ = an ext5sive num]ation1 & a famili>ity ) ! simpl] rules ( ari?metic4 ,n only mu/ ab/ract ma!matics h made "s progress1 b concrete ma!matics also4 ,x is sc>cely possible t ! build+s belong+ to ?is era %\ld h be5 laid out & erect$ )\t any k ( geometry4 ,at any rate1 !re mu/ h exi/$ t elem5t>y geometry :i* deals ) direct measurem5t--) ! apposition ( l9es2 & x seems t only aft] ! discov]y ( ^? simple proce$+s1 by :i* "r angles are drawn1 & relative positions fix$1 c\ld s regul> an ar*itecture be execut$4 ,9 ! case ( ! o!r division ( concrete ma!matics--me*anics1 we h def9ite evid5ce ( progress4 ,we "k t ! lev] & ! incl9$ plane 7 employ$ dur+ ?is p]iod3 imply+ t !re 0 a qualitative prevision ( _! effects1 ?\gh n a quantitative "o4 ,b we "k m4 ,we read ( weights 9 ! e>lie/ records2 & we f9d weights 9 ru9s ( ! highe/ antiquity4 ,weights imply scales1 ( :i* we h also m5tion2 & scales involve ! prim>y !orem ( me*anics 9 its lea/ complicat$ =m--involve n a qualitative b a quantitative prevision ( me*anical effects4 ,& "h we may notice h[ me*anics1 9 common ) ! o!r exact sci5ces1 took its rise f ! simple/ application ( ! idea ( equality4 ,= ! me*anical proposition :i* ! scales involve1 is1 t if a lev] ) equal arms1 h equal weights susp5d$ f !m1 ! weights w rema9 at equal altitudes4 ,& we may fur!r notice h[1 9 ?is fir/ /ep ( rational me*anics1 we see illu/rat$ t tru? a:ile s9ce ref]r$ to1 t z magnitudes ( l9e> ext5sion are ! only ones ( :i* ! equality is exactly asc]ta9able1 ! equalities ( o!r magnitudes h at ! outset to be det]m9$ by means ( !m4 ,= ! equality ( ! weights :i* balance ea* o!r 9 scales1 :olly dep5ds ^u ! equality ( ! arms3 we c "k t ! weights are equal only by prov+ t ! arms are equal4 ,& :5 by ?is means we h obta9$ a sy/em ( weights1--a set ( equal units ( =ce1 !n does a sci5ce ( me*anics become possible4 ,:5ce1 inde$1 x foll[s1 t rational me*anics c\ld n possibly h any o!r />t+-po9t ?an ! scales4 ,let u fur!r rememb]1 t dur+ ?is same p]iod !re 0 a limit$ k ( *emi/ry4 ,! _m arts :i* we "k to h be5 c>ri$ on mu/ h be5 impossible )\t a g5]alis$ exp]i5ce ( ! modes 9 :i* c]ta9 bodies affect ea* o!r "u special conditions4 ,9 metallurgy1 :i* 0 ext5sively practis$1 ?is is abundantly illu/rat$4 ,& we ev5 h evid5ce t 9 "s cases ! k possess$ 01 9 a s5se1 quantitative4 ,=1 z we f9d by analysis t ! h>d alloy ( :i* ! ,egyptians made _! cutt+ tools1 0 compos$ ( copp] & t9 9 fix$ proportions1 !re mu/ h be5 an e/abli%$ prevision t su* an alloy 0 to be obta9$ only by mix+ !m 9 ^! proportions4 ,x is true1 ?is 0 b a simple empirical g5]alisation2 b s 0 ! g5]alisation respect+ ! recurr5ce ( eclipses2 s are ! fir/ g5]alisations ( e sci5ce4 ,respect+ ! simultane\s advance ( ! sci5ces dur+ ?is e>ly epo*1 x only rema9s to rem>k t ev5 ! mo/ complex ( !m mu/ h made "s progress--p]haps ev5 a great] relative progress ?an any ( ! re/4 ,= "u :at conditions only 7 ! =ego+ developm5ts possible8 ,!re fir/ requir$ an e/abli%$ & organis$ social sy/em4 ,a long cont9u$ regi/ry ( eclipses2 ! build+ ( palaces2 ! use ( scales2 ! practice ( metallurgy--alike imply a fix$ & popul\s nation4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a nation n only presupposes laws1 & "s adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 :i* we "k exi/$1 b x presupposes successful laws--laws con=m+ 9 "s degree to ! conditions ( social /ability--laws enact$ because x 0 se5 t ! actions =bidd5 by !m 7 dang]\s to ! ,/ate4 ,we d n by any means say t all1 or ev5 ! great] "p1 ( ! laws 7 ( ?is nature2 b we d say1 t ! fundam5tal ones 74 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! laws affect+ life & prop]ty 7 su*4 ,x _c be d5i$ t1 h[ev] little ^! 7 en=c$ betwe5 class & class1 !y 7 to a consid]able ext5t en=c$ betwe5 memb]s ( ! same class4 ,x c sc>cely be que/ion$1 t ! adm9i/ration ( !m betwe5 memb]s ( ! same class 0 se5 by rul]s to be necess>y = keep+ _! subjects toge!r4 ,& kn[+1 z we d1 t1 o!r ?+s equal1 nations prosp] 9 proportion to ! ju/ness ( _! arrangem5ts1 we may fairly inf] t ! v cause ( ! advance ( ^! e>lie/ nations out ( aborig9al b>b>ism 0 ! great] recognition among !m ( ! claims to life & prop]ty4 ,b supposition aside1 x is cle> t ! habitual recognition ( ^! claims 9 _! laws impli$ "s prevision ( social ph5om5a4 ,ev5 ?us e>ly !re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( social sci5ce4 ,nay1 x may ev5 be %[n t !re 0 a vague recognition ( t fundam5tal pr9ciple on :i* all ! true social sci5ce is bas$--! equal rights ( all to ! free ex]cise ( _! faculties4 ,t same idea ( equality :i*1 z we h se51 und]lies all o!r sci5ce1 und]lies also morals & sociology4 ,! conception ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! prim>y "o 9 morals2 & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! vital condition ( social exi/5ce2 are impossible )\t ! recognition ( a c]ta9 lik5ess 9 m5's claims 9 virtue ( _! common humanity4 ,equity lit]ally means equalness2 & if x be admitt$ t !re 7 ev5 ! vague/ ideas ( equity 9 ^! primitive eras1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !re 0 "s appreciation ( ! equalness ( m5's lib]ties to pursue ! objects ( life--"s appreciation1 !re=e1 ( ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( national equilibrium4 ,?us 9 ?is initial /age ( ! positive sci5ces1 be=e geometry _h yet done m ?an evolve a few empirical rules--be=e me*anics _h pass$ beyond its fir/ !orem--be=e a/ronomy _h advanc$ f its m]ely *ronological phase into ! geometrical2 ! mo/ involv$ ( ! sci5ces _h rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( developm5t--a developm5t )\t :i* no progress 9 o!r sci5ces 0 possible4 ,only not+ z we pass1 h[1 ?us e>ly1 we may see t ! progress ( exact sci5ce 0 n only t[>ds an increas+ numb] ( previsions1 b t[>ds previsions m accurately quantitative--h[1 9 a/ronomy1 ! recurr+ p]iod ( ! moon's motions 0 by & by m correctly asc]ta9$ to be n9ete5 ye>s1 or two hundr$ & ?irty-five lunations2 h[ ,callipus fur!r correct$ ?is ,metonic cycle1 by leav+ out a day at ! end ( e sev5ty-six ye>s2 & h[ ^! successive advances impli$ a long] cont9u$ regi/ry ( obs]vations1 & ! co-ord9ation ( a great] numb] ( facts--let u g on to inquire h[ geometrical a/ronomy took its rise4 ,! fir/ a/ronomical in/rum5t 0 ! gnomon4 ,?is 0 n only e>ly 9 use 9 ! ,ea/1 b x 0 f\nd also among ! ,mexicans2 ! sole a/ronomical obs]vations ( ! ,p]uvians 7 made by x2 & we read t #aajj ,b4,c41 ! ,*9ese f\nd t1 at a c]ta9 place1 ! l5g? ( ! sun's %ad[1 at ! summ] sol/ice1 0 to ! height ( ! gnomon z "o & a half to eight4 ,"h aga9 x is obs]vable1 n only t ! in/rum5t is f\nd ready made1 b t ,nature is p]petually p]=m+ ! process ( measurem5t4 ,any fix$1 erect object--a column1 a dead palm1 a pole1 ! angle ( a build+--s]ves = a gnomon2 & x ne$s b to notice ! *ang+ position ( ! %ad[ x daily ?r[s to make ! fir/ /ep 9 geometrical a/ronomy4 ,h[ small ?is fir/ /ep 01 may be se5 9 ! fact t ! only ?+s asc]ta9$ at ! outset 7 ! p]iods ( ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices1 :i* correspond$ ) ! lea/ & greate/ l5g?s ( ! mid-%ad[2 & to fix :i*1 x 0 ne$ful m]ely to m>k ! po9t to :i* ea* day's %ad[ rea*$4 ,& n[ let x n be ov]look$ t 9 ! obs]v+ at :at "t dur+ ! next ye> ?is extreme limit ( ! %ad[ 0 aga9 rea*$1 & 9 ! inf]5ce t ! sun _h !n arriv$ at ! same turn+ po9t 9 8 annual c\rse1 we h "o ( ! simple/ in/ances ( t comb9$ use ( equal magnitudes & equal relations1 by :i* all exact sci5ce1 all quantitative prevision1 is rea*$4 ,= ! relation obs]v$ 0 betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! sun's %ad[ & 8 position 9 ! heav5s2 & ! inf]5ce drawn 0 t :51 next ye>1 ! extremity ( 8 %ad[ came to ! same po9t1 he occupi$ ! same place4 ,t is1 ! ideas involv$ 71 ! equality ( ! %ad[s1 & ! equality ( ! relations betwe5 %ad[ & sun 9 successive ye>s4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! scales1 ! equality ( relations "h recognis$ is ( ! simple/ ord]4 ,x is n z ^? habitually dealt ) 9 ! high] k9ds ( sci5tific reason+1 :i* answ] to ! g5]al type--! relation betwe5 two & ?ree equals ! relation betwe5 six & n9e2 b x foll[s ! type--! relation betwe5 two & ?ree1 equals ! relation betwe5 two & ?ree2 x is a case ( n simply equal relations1 b co9cid+ relations4 ,& "h1 inde$1 we may see beautifully illu/rat$ h[ ! idea ( equal relations takes its rise aft] ! same mann] t t ( equal magnitude does4 ,z already %[n1 ! idea ( equal magnitudes arose f ! obs]v$ co9cid5ce ( two l5g?s plac$ toge!r2 & 9 ?is case we h n only two co9cid5t l5g?s ( %ad[s1 b two co9cid5t relations betwe5 sun & %ad[s4 ,f ! use ( ! gnomon !re naturally grew up ! conception ( angul> measurem5ts2 & ) ! advance ( geometrical conceptions !re came ! hemisph]e ( ,b]osus1 ! equ9octial armil1 ! sol/itial armil1 & ! quadrant ( ,ptolemy--all ( !m employ+ %ad[s z indices ( ! sun's position1 b 9 comb9ation ) angul> divisions4 ,x is obvi\sly out ( ! "q = u "h to trace ^! details ( progress4 ,x mu/ suffice to rem>k t 9 all ( !m we may see t notion ( equality ( relations ( a m complex k9d1 :i* is be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! a/rolabe1 an in/rum5t :i* consi/$ ( circul> rims1 movable "o )9 ! o!r1 or ab\t poles1 & conta9$ circles :i* 7 to be br\ght into ! position ( ! ecliptic1 & ( a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! sun & ! poles ( ! ecliptic--an in/rum5t1 !re=e1 :i* repres5t$1 z by a model1 ! relative positions ( c]ta9 imag9>y l9es & planes 9 ! heav5s2 :i* 0 adju/$ by putt+ ^! repres5tative l9es & planes into p>allelism & co9cid5ce ) ! cele/ial ones2 & :i* dep5d$ = its use ^u ! p]ception t ! relations betwe5 ^! repres5tative l9es & planes 7 equal to ! relations betwe5 ^? repres5t$4 ,7 !re space1 we might g on to po9t out h[ ! conception ( ! heav5s z a revolv+ holl[ sph]e1 ! discov]y ( ! globul> =m ( ! e>?1 ! explanation ( ! moon's phases1 & inde$ all ! successive /eps tak51 involv$ ?is same m5tal process4 ,b we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ref]r+ to ! !ory ( ecc5trics & epicycles1 z a fur!r m>k$ illu/ration ( x4 ,z fir/ sugge/$1 & z prov$ by ,hipp>*us to af=d an explanation ( ! lead+ irregul>ities 9 ! cele/ial motions1 ?is !ory involv$ ! p]ception t ! progressions1 retrogressions1 & v>iations ( velocity se5 9 ! heav5ly bodies1 might be reconcil$ ) _! assum$ uni=m movem5t 9 circles1 by suppos+ t ! e>? 0 n 9 ! c5tre ( _! orbits2 or by suppos+ t !y revolv$ 9 circles ^: c5tres revolv$ r\nd ! e>?2 or by bo?4 ,! discov]y t ?is w\ld acc\nt = ! appe>ances1 0 ! discov]y t 9 c]ta9 geometrical diagrams ! relations 7 su*1 t ! uni=m motion ( a po9t w\ld1 :5 look$ at f a p>ticul> position1 pres5t analog\s irregul>ities2 & ! calculations ( ,hipp>*us involv$ ! belief t ! relations subsi/+ among ^! geometrical curves 7 equal to ! relations subsi/+ among ! cele/ial orbits4 ,leav+ "h ^! details ( a/ronomical progress1 & ! philosophy ( x1 let u obs]ve h[ ! relatively concrete sci5ce ( geometrical a/ronomy1 hav+ be5 ?us f> help$ =w>d by ! developm5t ( geometry 9 g5]al1 react$ ^u geometry1 caus$ x also to advance1 & 0 aga9 assi/$ by x4 ,hipp>*us1 be=e mak+ 8 sol> & lun> tables1 _h to discov] rules = calculat+ ! relations betwe5 ! sides & angles ( triangles--trigonometry a subdivision ( pure ma!matics4 ,fur!r1 ! r$uction ( ! doctr9e ( ! sph]e to ! quantitative =m ne$$ = a/ronomical purposes1 requir$ ! =mation ( a sph]ical trigonometry1 :i* 0 also a*iev$ by ,hipp>*us4 ,?us bo? plane & sph]ical trigonometry1 :i* are p>ts ( ! highly ab/ract & simple sci5ce ( ext5sion1 rema9$ undevelop$ until ! less ab/ract & m complex sci5ce ( ! cele/ial motions _h ne$ ( !m4 ,! fact admitt$ by ,m4 ,comte1 t s9ce ,desc>tes ! progress ( ! ab/ract division ( ma!matics has be5 det]m9$ by t ( ! concrete division1 is p>allel$ by ! /ill m significant fact t ev5 ?us e>ly ! progress ( ma!matics 0 det]m9$ by t ( a/ronomy4 ,& "h1 inde$1 we may see exemplifi$ ! tru?1 :i* ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( sci5ce frequ5tly illu/rates1 t be=e any m ab/ract division makes a fur!r advance1 "s m concrete division mu/ sugge/ ! necessity = t advance--mu/ pres5t ! new ord] ( que/ions to be solv$4 ,be=e a/ronomy pres5t$ ,hipp>*us ) ! problem ( sol> tables1 !re 0 no?+ to raise ! "q ( ! relations betwe5 l9es & angles2 ! subject-matt] ( trigonometry _h n be5 conceiv$4 ,& z !re mu/ be subject-matt] be=e !re c be inve/igation1 x foll[s t ! progress ( ! concrete divisions is z necess>y to t ( ! ab/ract1 z ! progress ( ! ab/ract to t ( ! concrete4 ,j incid5tally notic+ ! circum/ance t ! epo* we are describ+ witness$ ! evolution ( algebra1 a comp>atively ab/ract division ( ma!matics1 by ! union ( its less ab/ract divisions1 geometry & ari?metic--a fact prov$ by ! e>lie/ extant samples ( algebra1 :i* are half algebraic1 half geometric--we g on to obs]ve t dur+ ! era 9 :i* ma!matics & a/ronomy 7 ?us advanc+1 rational me*anics made its second /ep2 & some?+ 0 done t[>ds giv+ a quantitative =m to hydro/atics1 optics1 & h>monics4 ,9 ea* case we %all see1 z be=e1 h[ ! idea ( equality und]lies all quantitative prevision2 & 9 :at simple =ms ?is idea is fir/ appli$4 ,z already %[n1 ! fir/ !orem e/abli%$ 9 me*anics 01 t equal weights susp5d$ f a lev] ) equal arms w\ld rema9 9 equilibrium4 ,ar*im$es discov]$ t a lev] ) unequal arms 0 9 equilibrium :5 "o weight 0 to its arm z ! o!r arm to its weight2 t is--:5 ! num]ical relation betwe5 "o weight & its arm 0 equal to ! num]ical relation betwe5 ! o!r arm & its weight4 ,! fir/ advance made 9 hydro/atics1 :i* we also owe to ,ar*im$es1 0 ! discov]y t fluids press equally 9 all directions2 & f ?is foll[$ ! solution ( ! problem ( float+ bodies3 namely1 t !y are 9 equilibrium :5 ! upw>d & d[nw>d pressures are equal4 ,9 optics1 aga91 ! ,greeks f\nd t ! angle ( incid5ce is equal to ! angle ( reflection2 & _! k rea*$ no fur!r ?an to su* simple d$uctions f ?is z _! geometry suffic$ =4 ,9 h>monics !y asc]ta9$ ! fact t ?ree /r+s ( equal l5g?s w\ld yield ! octave1 fif? & f\r?1 :5 /ra9$ by weights hav+ c]ta9 def9ite ratios2 & !y did n progress mu* beyond ?is4 ,9 ! "o ( :i* cases we see geometry us$ 9 elucidation ( ! laws ( light2 & 9 ! o!r1 geometry & ari?metic made to measure ! ph5om5a ( s\nd4 ,did space p]mit1 x w\ld be desirable "h to describe ! /ate ( ! less advanc$ sci5ces--to po9t out h[1 :ile a few _h ?us rea*$ ! fir/ /ages ( quantitative prevision1 ! re/ 7 progress+ 9 qualitative prevision--h[ "s small g5]alisations 7 made respect+ evaporation1 & heat1 & electricity1 & magnetism1 :i*1 empirical z !y 71 did n 9 t respect diff] f ! fir/ g5]alisations ( e sci5ce--h[ ! ,greek physicians _h made advances 9 physiology & pa?ology1 :i*1 consid]+ ! great imp]fection ( our pres5t k1 are by no means to be despis$--h[ zoology _h be5 s f> sy/ematis$ by ,ari/otle1 z1 to "s ext5t1 enabl$ him f ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 organs to pr$ict ! pres5ce ( o!rs--h[ 9 ,ari/otle's ,politics !re is "s progress t[>ds a sci5tific conception ( social ph5om5a1 & sundry previsions respect+ !m--& h[ 9 ! /ate ( ! ,greek societies1 z well z 9 ! writ+s ( ,greek philosoph]s1 we may recognise n only an increas+ cle>ness 9 t conception ( equity on :i* ! social sci5ce is bas$1 b also "s appreciation ( ! fact t social /ability dep5ds ^u ! ma9t5ance ( equitable regulations4 ,we might dwell at l5g? ^u ! causes :i* ret>d$ ! developm5t ( "s ( ! sci5ces1 z1 = example1 *emi/ry2 %[+ t relative complexity _h no?+ to d ) x--t ! oxidation ( a piece ( iron is a simpl] ph5om5on ?an ! recurr5ce ( eclipses1 & ! discov]y ( c>bonic acid less difficult ?an t ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes--b t ! relatively sl[ advance ( *emical k 0 due1 p>tly to ! fact t its ph5om5a 7 n daily ?ru/ on m5's notice z ^? ( a/ronomy 72 p>tly to ! fact t ,nature does n habitually supply ! means1 & sugge/ ! modes ( inve/igation1 z 9 ! sci5ces deal+ ) "t1 ext5sion1 & =ce2 & p>tly to ! fact t ! great majority ( ! mat]ials ) :i* *emi/ry deals1 in/ead ( be+ ready to h&1 are made kn[n only by ! arts 9 _! sl[ gr[?2 & p>tly to ! fact t ev5 :5 kn[n1 _! *emical prop]ties are n self-exhibit$1 b h to be s\ght out by exp]im5t4 ,m]ely indicat+ all ^! consid]ations1 h[ev]1 let u g on to contemplate ! progress & mutual influ5ce ( ! sci5ces 9 mod]n days2 only p>5!tically notic+ h[1 on ! revival ( ! sci5tific _s1 ! successive /ages a*iev$ exhibit ! dom9ance ( ! same law hi!rto trac$--h[ ! prim>y idea 9 dynamics1 a uni=m =ce1 0 def9$ by ,galileo to be a =ce :i* g5]ates equal velocities 9 equal successive times--h[ ! uni=m action ( gravity 0 fir/ exp]im5tally det]m9$ by %[+ t ! "t elaps+ be=e a body ?r[n up1 /opp$1 0 equal to ! "t x took to fall--h[ ! fir/ fact 9 comp\nd motion :i* ,galileo asc]ta9$ 01 t a body project$ horizontally w h a uni=m motion onw>ds & a uni=mly accel]at$ motion d[nw>ds2 t is1 w describe equal horizontal spaces 9 equal times1 comp\nd$ ) equal v]tical increm5ts 9 equal times--h[ 8 discov]y respect+ ! p5dulum 01 t its oscillations occupy equal int]vals ( "t :atev] _! l5g?--h[ ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities :i* he e/abli%$ is1 t 9 any ma*9e ! weights t balance ea* o!r are reciprocally z _! virtual velocities2 t is1 ! relation ( "o set ( weights to _! velocities equals ! relation ( ! o!r set ( velocities to _! weights2 & h[ ?us 8 a*ievem5ts consi/$ 9 %[+ ! equalities ( c]ta9 magnitudes & relations1 ^: equalities _h n be5 previ\sly recognis$4 ,:5 me*anics _h rea*$ ! po9t to :i* ,galileo br\ght x--:5 ! simple laws ( =ce _h be5 dis5tangl$ f ! friction & atmosph]ic resi/ance by :i* all _! e>?ly manife/ations are disguis$--:5 progress+ k ( physics _h giv5 a due insight into ^! di/urb+ causes--:51 by an ef=t ( ab/raction1 x 0 p]ceiv$ t all motion w\ld be uni=m & rectil9e> unless int]f]$ ) by ext]nal =ces--& :5 ! v>i\s consequ5ces ( ?is p]ception _h be5 work$ out2 !n x became possible1 by ! union ( geometry & me*anics1 to initiate physical a/ronomy4 ,geometry & me*anics hav+ div]g$ f a common root 9 m5's s5sible exp]i5ces2 hav+1 ) occasional inosculations1 be5 sep>ately develop$1 ! "o p>tly 9 connection ) a/ronomy1 ! o!r solely by analys+ t]re/rial movem5ts2 n[ jo9 9 ! inve/igations ( ,newton to create a true !ory ( ! cele/ial motions4 ,& "h1 also1 we h to notice ! important fact t1 9 ! v process ( be+ br\ght jo9tly to be> ^u a/ronomical problems1 !y are !mselves rais$ to a high] phase ( developm5t4 ,= x 0 9 deal+ ) ! que/ions rais$ by cele/ial dynamics t ! !n incipi5t inf9itesimal calculus 0 unfold$ by ,newton & 8 cont95tal successors2 & x 0 f inquiries into ! me*anics ( ! sol> sy/em t ! g5]al !orems ( me*anics conta9$ 9 ! ,pr9cipia1--_m ( !m ( purely t]re/rial application--took _! rise4 ,?us1 z 9 ! case ( ,hipp>*us1 ! pres5tation ( a new ord] ( concrete facts to be analys$1 l$ to ! discov]y ( new ab/ract facts2 & ^! ab/ract facts hav+ be5 laid hold (1 gave means ( access to endless gr\ps ( concrete facts be=e incapable ( quantitative treatm5t4 ,mean:ile1 physics _h be5 c>ry+ fur!r t progress )\t :i*1 z j %[n1 rational me*anics c\ld n be dis5tangl$4 ,9 hydro/atics1 ,/ev9us _h ext5d$ & appli$ ! discov]y ( ,ar*im$es4 ,torricelli _h prov$ atmosph]ic pressure1 by %[+ t ?is pressure su/a9$ diff]5t liquids at heights inv]sely proportional to _! d5sities2 & ,pascal e/abli%$ ! necess>y dim9ution ( ?is pressure at increas+ heights 9 ! atmosph]e3 discov]ies :i* 9 "p r$uc$ ?is bran* ( sci5ce to a quantitative =m4 ,some?+ _h be5 done by ,daniel ,b]n\illi t[>ds ! dynamics ( fluids4 ,! !rmomet] _h be5 inv5t$2 & a numb] ( small g5]alisations rea*$ by x4 ,huygh5s & ,newton _h made consid]able progress 9 optics2 ,newton _h approximately calculat$ ! rate ( transmission ( s\nd2 & ! cont95tal ma!maticians _h succe$$ 9 det]m9+ "s ( ! laws ( sonor\s vibrations4 ,magnetism & electricity _h be5 consid]ably advanc$ by ,gilb]t4 ,*emi/ry _h got z f> z ! mutual neutralisation ( acids & alkalies4 ,& ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h advanc$ 9 geology to ! conception ( ! deposition ( m>9e /rata z ! orig9 ( fossils4 ,our pres5t purpose does n require t we %\ld give p>ticul>s4 ,all t x "h conc]ns u to d is to illu/rate ! cons5sus subsi/+ 9 ?is /age ( gr[?1 & aft]w>ds4 ,let u look at a few cases4 ,! !oretic law ( ! velocity ( s\nd enunciat$ by ,newton on purely me*anical consid]ations1 0 f\nd wrong by "o-six?4 ,! error rema9$ unacc\nt$ = until ! "t ( ,laplace1 :o1 suspect+ t ! heat dis5gag$ by ! compression ( ! undulat+ /rata ( ! air1 gave additional ela/icity1 & s produc$ ! diff]5ce1 made ! ne$ful calculations & f\nd he 0 "r4 ,?us ac\/ics 0 arre/$ until !rmology ov]took & aid$ x4 ,:5 ,boyle & ,m>riot _h discov]$ ! relation betwe5 ! d5sity ( gases & ! pressures !y are subject to2 & :5 x ?us became possible to calculate ! rate ( decreas+ d5sity 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! atmosph]e1 x also became possible to make approximate tables ( ! atmosph]ic refraction ( light4 ,?us optics1 & ) x a/ronomy1 advanc$ ) b>ology4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( atmosph]ic pressure _h l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! air-pump by ,otto ,gu]icke2 & aft] x _h become kn[n t evaporation increases 9 rapidity z atmosph]ic pressure decreases2 x became possible = ,leslie1 by evaporation 9 a vacuum1 to produce ! greate/ cold kn[n2 & s to ext5d our k ( !rmology by %[+ t !re is no z]o )9 rea* ( our rese>*es4 ,:5 ,f\ri] _h det]m9$ ! laws ( conduction ( heat1 & :5 ! ,e>?'s temp]ature _h be5 f\nd to increase bel[ ! surface "o degree 9 e =ty y>ds1 !re 7 data = inf]r+ ! pa/ condition ( our globe2 ! va/ p]iod x has tak5 to cool d[n to its pres5t /ate2 & ! imm5se age ( ! sol> sy/em--a purely a/ronomical consid]ation4 ,*emi/ry hav+ advanc$ suffici5tly to supply ! ne$ful mat]ials1 & a physiological exp]im5t hav+ furni%$ ! requisite h9t1 !re came ! discov]y ( galvanic electricity4 ,galvanism react+ on *emi/ry disclos$ ! metallic bases ( ! alkalies1 & inaugurat$ ! electro-*emical !ory2 9 ! h&s ( ,o]/$ & ,amp]e x l$ to ! laws ( magnetic action2 & by its aid ,f>aday has detect$ significant facts relative to ! con/itution ( light4 ,brew/]'s discov]ies respect+ d\ble refraction & dipol>isation prov$ ! ess5tial tru? ( ! classification ( cry/all9e =ms accord+ to ! numb] ( axes1 by %[+ t ! molecul> con/itution dep5ds ^u ! axes4 ,9 ^! & 9 num]\s o!r cases1 ! mutual influ5ce ( ! sci5ces has be5 q indep5d5t ( any suppos$ hi]>*ical ord]4 ,(t51 too1 _! int]-actions are m complex ?an z ?us in/anc$--involve m sci5ces ?an two4 ,"o illu/ration ( ?is mu/ suffice4 ,we quote x 9 full f ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,9 book xi41 *ap1 ii41 on ,! ,progress ( ! ,electrical ,!ory1 ,dr4 ,:ewell writes3-- ,?us at t p]iod1 ma!matics 0 beh9d exp]im5t1 & a problem 0 propos$1 9 :i* !oretical results 7 want$ = comp>ison ) obs]vation1 b c\ld n be accurately obta9$2 z 0 ! case 9 a/ronomy also1 till ! "t ( ! approximate solution ( ! problem ( ?ree bodies1 & ! consequ5t =mation ( ! tables ( ! moon & planets1 on ! !ory ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,aft] "s "t1 electrical !ory 0 reliev$ f ?is reproa*1 ma9ly 9 consequ5ce ( ! progress :i* a/ronomy _h occasion$ 9 pure ma!matics4 ,ab\t #ahja !re appe>$ 9 ! ,bullet9 des ,sci5ces1 an exact solution ( ! problem ( ! di/ribution ( electric fluid on a sph]oid1 obta9$ by ,biot1 by ! application ( ! peculi> me?ods :i* ,laplace _h inv5t$ = ! problem ( ! figure ( ! planets4 ,&1 9 #ahaa1 ,m4 ,poisson appli$ ,laplace's artifices to ! case ( two sph]es act+ ^u "o ano!r 9 contact1 a case to :i* _m ( ,c\lomb's exp]im5ts 7 ref]rible2 & ! agreem5t ( ! results ( !ory & obs]vation1 ?us extricat$ f ,c\lomb's numb]s obta9$ above =ty ye>s previ\sly1 0 v /rik+ & conv9c+4 ,n only d ! sci5ces affect ea* o!r aft] ?is direct mann]1 b !y affect ea* o!r indirectly4 ,:]e !re is no dep5d5ce1 !re is yet analogy--equality ( relations2 & ! discov]y ( ! relations subsi/+ among "o set ( ph5om5a1 con/antly sugge/s a se>* = ! same relations among ano!r set4 ,?us ! e/abli%$ fact t ! =ce ( gravitation v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 be+ recognis$ z a necess>y *>act]i/ic ( all influ5ces proce$+ f a c5tre1 rais$ ! suspicion t heat & light foll[ ! same law2 :i* prov$ to be ! case--a suspicion & a confirmation :i* 7 repeat$ 9 respect to ! electric & magnetic =ces4 ,?us aga9 ! discov]y ( ! pol>isation ( light l$ to exp]im5ts :i* end$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! pol>isation ( heat--a discov]y t c\ld nev] h be5 made )\t ! antec$5t "o4 ,?us1 too1 ! kn[n refrangibility ( light & heat lately produc$ ! inquiry :e!r s\nd also is n refrangible2 :i* on trial x turns out to be4 ,9 "s cases1 inde$1 x is only by ! aid ( conceptions d]iv$ f "o class ( ph5om5a t hypo!ses respect+ o!r classes c be =m$4 ,! !ory1 at "o "t fav\r$1 t evaporation is a solution ( wat] 9 air1 0 an assumption t ! relation betwe5 wat] & air is l ! relation betwe5 salt & wat]2 & c\ld nev] h be5 conceiv$ if ! relation betwe5 salt & wat] _h n be5 previ\sly kn[n4 ,simil>ly ! receiv$ !ory ( evaporation--t x is a diffusion ( ! p>ticles ( ! evaporat+ fluid 9 virtue ( _! atomic repulsion--c\ld n h be5 ent]ta9$ )\t a =ego+ exp]i5ce ( magnetic & electric repulsions4 ,s complete 9 rec5t days has become ?is cons5sus among ! sci5ces1 caus$ ei!r by ! natural entanglem5t ( _! ph5om5a1 or by analogies 9 ! relations ( _! ph5om5a1 t sc>cely any consid]able discov]y conc]n+ "o ord] ( facts n[ takes place1 )\t v %ortly lead+ to discov]ies conc]n+ o!r ord]s4 ,to produce a tol]ably complete conception ( ?is process ( sci5tific evolution1 x w\ld be ne$ful to g back to ! beg9n+1 & trace 9 detail ! gr[? ( classifications & nom5clatures2 & to %[ h[1 z subsidi>y to sci5ce1 !y h act$ ^u x1 & x has react$ ^u !m4 ,we c only n[ rem>k t1 on ! "o h&1 classifications & nom5clatures h aid$ sci5ce by cont9ually subdivid+ ! subject-matt] ( rese>*1 & giv+ fixity & diffusion to ! tru?s disclos$2 & t on ! o!r h&1 !y h caught f x t increas+ quantitativ5ess1 & t progress f consid]ations t\*+ s+le ph5om5a to consid]ations t\*+ ! relations among _m ph5om5a1 :i* we h be5 describ+4 ,( ?is la/ influ5ce a few illu/rations mu/ be giv54 ,9 *emi/ry x is se5 9 ! facts1 t ! divid+ ( matt] into ! f\r elem5ts 0 o/5sibly bas$ ^u ! s+le prop]ty ( weight2 t ! fir/ truly *emical division into acid & alkal9e bodies1 gr\p$ toge!r bodies :i* _h n simply "o prop]ty 9 common1 b 9 :i* "o prop]ty 0 con/antly relat$ to _m o!rs2 & t ! classification n[ curr5t1 places toge!r 9 gr\ps support]s ( combu/ion1 metallic & non-metallic bases1 acids1 salts1 etc41 bodies :i* are (t5 q unlike 9 s5sible qualities1 b :i* are l 9 ! majority ( _! relations to o!r bodies4 ,9 m9]alogy aga91 ! fir/ classifications 7 bas$ ^u diff]5ces 9 aspect1 texture1 & o!r physical attributes4 ,b]zelius made two attempts at a classification bas$ solely on *emical con/itution4 ,t n[ curr5t1 recognises z f> z possible ! relations betwe5 physical & *emical *>act]s4 ,9 botany ! e>lie/ classes =m$ 7 trees1 %rubs1 & h]bs3 magnitude be+ ! basis ( di/9ction4 ,dioscorides divid$ vegetables into aromatic1 alim5t>y1 m$ic9al1 & v9\s3 a division ( *emical "*4 ,caesalp9us classifi$ !m by ! se$s1 & se$-vessels1 :i* he pref]r$ because ( ! relations f\nd to subsi/ betwe5 ! "* ( ! fructification & ! g5]al "* ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,:ile ! natural sy/em s9ce develop$1 c>ry+ out ! doctr9e ( ,l9naeus1 t natural ord]s mu/ be =m$ by att5tion n to "o or two1 b to all ! p>ts ( plants1 bases its divisions on l peculi>ities :i* are f\nd to be con/antly relat$ to ! greate/ numb] ( o!r l peculi>ities4 ,& simil>ly 9 zoology1 ! successive classifications1 f hav+ be5 orig9ally det]m9$ by ext]nal & (t5 subord9ate *>act]s n indicative ( ! ess5tial nature1 h be5 gradually m & m det]m9$ by ^? int]nal & fundam5tal diff]5ces1 :i* h uni=m relations to ! greate/ numb] ( o!r diff]5ces4 ,nor %all we be surpris$ at ?is analogy betwe5 ! modes ( progress ( positive sci5ce & classification1 :5 we be> 9 m9d t bo? proce$ by mak+ g5]alisations2 t bo? enable u to make previsions diff]+ only 9 _! precision2 & t :ile ! "o deals ) equal prop]ties & relations1 ! o!r deals ) prop]ties & relations t approximate t[>ds equality 9 v>iable degrees4 ,)\t fur!r argum5t1 x w1 we ?9k1 be suffici5tly cle> t ! sci5ces are none ( !m sep>ately evolv$--are none ( !m indep5d5t ei!r logically or hi/orically2 b t all ( !m h1 9 a great] or less degree1 requir$ aid & reciprocat$ x4 ,inde$1 x ne$s b to ?r[ aside ^!1 & contemplate ! mix$ "* ( surr\nd+ ph5om5a1 to at once see t ^! notions ( division & succession 9 ! k9ds ( k are none ( !m actually true1 b are simple sci5tific fictions3 good1 if reg>d$ m]ely z aids to /udy2 bad1 if reg>d$ z repres5t+ realities 9 ,nature4 ,consid] !m critically1 & no facts :atev] are pres5t$ to our s5ses uncomb9$ ) o!r facts--no facts :atev] b are 9 "s degree disguis$ by accompany+ facts3 disguis$ 9 su* a mann] t all mu/ be p>tially und]/ood be=e any "o c be und]/ood4 ,if x be said1 z by ,m4 ,comte1 t gravitat+ =ce %\ld be treat$ ( be=e o!r =ces1 see+ t all ?+s are subject to x1 x may on l gr\nds be said t heat %\ld be fir/ dealt )2 see+ t !rmal =ces are ev]y:]e 9 action2 t ! ability ( any portion ( matt] to manife/ visible gravitative ph5om5a dep5ds on its /ate ( aggregation1 :i* is det]m9$ by heat2 t only by ! aid ( !rmology c we expla9 ^? app>5t exceptions to ! gravitat+ t5d5cy :i* are pres5t$ by /eam & smoke1 & s e/abli% its univ]sality1 & t1 inde$1 ! v exi/5ce ( ! sol> sy/em 9 a solid =m is j z mu* a "q ( heat z x is "o ( gravitation4 ,take o!r cases3--,all ph5om5a recognis$ by ! eyes1 ?r\gh :i* only are ! data ( exact sci5ce asc]ta9able1 are complicat$ ) optical ph5om5a2 & _c be exhau/ively kn[n until optical pr9ciples are kn[n4 ,! burn+ ( a c&le _c be expla9$ )\t involv+ *emi/ry1 me*anics1 !rmology4 ,e w9d t bl[s is det]m9$ by influ5ces p>tly sol>1 p>tly lun>1 p>tly hygrometric2 & implies consid]ations ( fluid equilibrium & physical geography4 ,! direction1 dip1 & v>iations ( ! magnetic ne$le1 are facts half t]re/rial1 half cele/ial--are caus$ by e>?ly =ces :i* h cycles ( *ange correspond+ ) a/ronomical p]iods4 ,! fl[+ ( ! gulf-/ream & ! annual migration ( iceb]gs t[>ds ! equator1 dep5d+ z !y d on ! balanc+ ( ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces act+ on ! ocean1 involve 9 _! explanation ! ,e>?'s rotation & sph]oidal =m1 ! laws ( hydro/atics1 ! relative d5sities ( cold & w>m wat]1 & ! doctr9es ( evaporation4 ,x is no d\bt true1 z ,m4 ,comte says1 t our position 9 ! sol> sy/em1 & ! motions1 =m1 size1 equilibrium ( ! mass ( our _w among ! planets1 mu/ be kn[n be=e we c und]/& ! ph5om5a go+ on at its surface4 ,b1 fatally = 8 hypo!sis1 x is also true t we mu/ und]/& a great "p ( ! ph5om5a go+ on at its surface be=e we c "k its position1 etc41 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,x is n simply t1 z we h already %[n1 ^? geometrical & me*anical pr9ciples by :i* cele/ial appe>ances are expla9$1 7 fir/ g5]alis$ f t]re/rial exp]i5ces2 b x is t ! v obta9m5t ( correct data1 on :i* to base a/ronomical g5]alisations1 implies advanc$ t]re/rial physics4 ,until aft] optics _h made consid]able advance1 ! ,cop]nican sy/em rema9$ b a speculation4 ,a s+le mod]n obs]vation on a /> has to und]go a c>eful analysis by ! comb9$ aid ( v>i\s sci5ces--has to be dige/$ by ! organism ( ! sci5ces2 :i* h sev]ally to assimilate _! respective p>ts ( ! obs]vation1 be=e ! ess5tial fact x conta9s is available = ! fur!r developm5t ( a/ronomy4 ,x has to be correct$ n only = nutation ( ! e>?'s axis & = precession ( ! equ9oxes1 b = ab]ration & = refraction2 & ! =mation ( ! tables by :i* refraction is calculat$1 presupposes k ( ! law ( decreas+ d5sity 9 ! upp] atmosph]ic /rata2 ( ! law ( decreas+ temp]ature1 & ! influ5ce ( ?is on ! d5sity2 & ( hygrometric laws z also affect+ d5sity4 ,s t1 to get mat]ials = fur!r advance1 a/ronomy requires n only ! indirect aid ( ! sci5ces :i* h presid$ ov] ! mak+ ( its improv$ in/rum5ts1 b ! direct aid ( an advanc$ optics1 ( b>ology1 ( !rmology1 ( hygrometry2 & if we rememb] t ^! delicate obs]vations are 9 "s cases regi/]$ electrically1 & t !y are fur!r correct$ = ! p]sonal equation--! "t elaps+ betwe5 see+ & regi/]+1 :i* v>ies ) diff]5t obs]v]s--we may ev5 add electricity & psy*ology4 ,if1 !n1 s app>5tly simple a ?+ z asc]ta9+ ! position ( a /> is complicat$ ) s _m ph5om5a1 x is cle> t ?is notion ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! sci5ces1 or c]ta9 ( !m1 w n hold4 ,:e!r objectively indep5d5t or n1 !y _c be subjectively s--!y _c h indep5d5ce z pres5t$ to our consci\sness2 & ?is is ! only k9d ( indep5d5ce ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,& "h1 be=e leav+ ^! illu/rations1 & especially ?is la/ "o1 let u n omit to notice h[ cle>ly !y exhibit t increas+ly active cons5sus ( ! sci5ces :i* *>act]ises _! advanc+ developm5t4 ,besides f9d+ t 9 ^! lat] times a discov]y 9 "o sci5ce commonly causes progress 9 o!rs2 besides f9d+ t a great "p ( ! que/ions ) :i* mod]n sci5ce deals are s mix$ z to require ! co-op]ation ( _m sci5ces = _! solution2 we f9d 9 ?is la/ case t1 to make a s+le good obs]vation 9 ! pure/ ( ! natural sci5ces1 requires ! comb9$ assi/ance ( half a doz5 o!r sci5ces4 ,p]haps ! cle>e/ compreh5sion ( ! int]connect$ gr[? ( ! sci5ces may be obta9$ by contemplat+ t ( ! arts1 to :i* x is /rictly analog\s1 & ) :i* x is insep>ably b\nd up4 ,mo/ intellig5t p]sons mu/ h be51 at "o "t or o!r1 /ruck ) ! va/ array ( antec$5ts pre-suppos$ by "o ( our processes ( manufacture4 ,let him trace ! production ( a pr9t$ cotton1 & consid] all t is impli$ by x4 ,!re are ! _m successive improvem5ts ?r\gh :i* ! p[]-looms rea*$ _! pres5t p]fection2 !re is ! /eam-eng9e t drives !m1 hav+ its long hi/ory f ,pap9 d[nw>ds2 !re are ! la!s 9 :i* its cyl9d] 0 bor$1 & ! /r+ ( ance/ral la!s f :i* ^? la!s proce$$2 !re is ! /eam-hamm] "u :i* its crank %aft 0 weld$2 !re are ! puddl+-furnaces1 ! bla/-furnaces1 ! coal-m9es & ! iron-m9es ne$ful = produc+ ! raw mat]ial2 !re are ! sl[ly improv$ appliances by :i* ! factory 0 built1 & light$1 & v5tilat$2 !re are ! pr9t+ eng9e1 & ! die h\se1 & ! col\r laboratory ) its /ock ( mat]ials f all p>ts ( ! _w1 imply+ co*9eal-culture1 logwood-cutt+1 indigo-gr[+2 !re are ! implem5ts us$ by ! produc]s ( cotton1 ! g9s by :i* x is clean$1 ! elaborate ma*9es by :i* x is spun3 !re are ! vessels 9 :i* cotton is import$1 ) ! build+-slips1 ! rope-y>ds1 ! sail-clo? factories1 ! an*or-=ges1 ne$ful = mak+ !m2 & besides all ^! directly necess>y antec$5ts1 ea* ( !m involv+ _m o!rs1 !re are ! in/itutions :i* h develop$ ! requisite intellig5ce1 ! pr9t+ & publi%+ arrangem5ts :i* h spread ! necess>y in=mation1 ! social organisation :i* has r5d]$ possible su* a complex co-op]ation ( ag5cies4 ,fur!r analysis w\ld %[ t ! _m arts ?us conc]n$ 9 ! economical production ( a *ild's frock1 h ea* ( !m be5 br\ght to its pres5t effici5cy by sl[ /eps :i* ! o!r arts h aid$2 & t f ! beg9n+ ?is reciprocity has be5 ev] on ! increase4 ,x ne$s b on ! "o h& to consid] h[ utt]ly impossible x is = ! savage1 ev5 ) ore & coal ready1 to produce s simple a ?+ z an iron hat*et2 & !n to consid]1 on ! o!r h&1 t x w\ld h be5 impracticable among ourselves1 ev5 a c5tury ago1 to raise ! tubes ( ! ,britannia bridge f lack ( ! hydraulic press2 to at once see h[ mutually dep5d5t are ! arts1 & h[ all mu/ advance t ea* may advance4 ,well1 ! sci5ces are involv$ ) ea* o!r 9 j ! same mann]4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 inextricably wov5 into ! same complex web ( ! arts2 & are only conv5tionally indep5d5t ( x4 ,orig9ally ! two 7 "o4 ,h[ to fix ! religi\s fe/ivals2 :5 to s[3 h[ to weigh commodities2 & 9 :at mann] to measure gr\nd2 7 ! purely practical que/ions out ( :i* arose a/ronomy1 me*anics1 geometry4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 a p]petual inosculation ( ! sci5ces & ! arts4 ,sci5ce has be5 supply+ art ) tru] g5]alisations & m completely quantitative previsions4 ,art has be5 supply+ sci5ce ) bett] mat]ials & m p]fect in/rum5ts4 ,& all along ! int]dep5d5ce has be5 gr[+ clos]1 n only betwe5 art & sci5ce1 b among ! arts !mselves1 & among ! sci5ces !mselves4 ,h[ completely ! analogy holds ?r\gh\t1 becomes yet cle>] :5 we recognise ! fact t ! sci5ces are arts to ea* o!r4 ,if1 z occurs 9 almo/ e case1 ! fact to be analys$ by any sci5ce1 has fir/ to be prep>$--to be dis5tangl$ f di/urb+ facts by ! a=e discov]$ me?ods ( o!r sci5ces2 ! o!r sci5ces s us$1 /& 9 ! position ( arts4 ,if1 9 solv+ a dynamical problem1 a p>allelogram is drawn1 ( :i* ! sides & diagonal repres5t =ces1 & by putt+ magnitudes ( ext5sion = magnitudes ( =ce a measurable relation is e/abli%$ betwe5 quantities n else to be dealt )2 x may be fairly said t geometry plays t[>ds me*anics mu* ! same "p t ! fire ( ! f\nd] plays t[>ds ! metal he is go+ to ca/4 ,if1 9 analys+ ! ph5om5a ( ! col\r$ r+s surr\nd+ ! po9t ( contact betwe5 two l5ses1 a ,newton asc]ta9s by calculation ! am\nt ( c]ta9 int]pos$ spaces1 f> too m9ute = actual measurem5t2 he employs ! sci5ce ( numb] = ess5tially ! same purpose z t = :i* ! wat*mak] employs tools4 ,if1 be=e writ+ d[n 8 obs]vation on a />1 ! a/ronom] has to sep>ate f x all ! errors result+ f atmosph]ic & optical laws1 x is manife/ t ! refraction-tables1 & log>i?m-books1 & =mulae1 :i* he successively uses1 s]ve him mu* z retorts1 & filt]s1 & cupels s]ve ! assay] :o wi%es to sep>ate ! pure gold f all accompany+ +r$i5ts4 ,s close1 inde$1 is ! relation%ip1 t x is impossible to say :]e sci5ce beg9s & art ends4 ,all ! in/rum5ts ( ! natural philosoph] are ! products ( art2 ! adju/+ "o ( !m = use is an art2 !re is art 9 mak+ an obs]vation ) "o ( !m2 x requires art prop]ly to treat ! facts asc]ta9$2 nay1 ev5 ! employ+ e/abli%$ g5]alisations to op5 ! way to new g5]alisations1 may be consid]$ z art4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases previ\sly organis$ k becomes ! implem5t by :i* new k is got at3 & :e!r t previ\sly organis$ k is embodi$ 9 a tangible app>atus or 9 a =mula1 matt]s n 9 s f> z its ess5tial relation to ! new k is conc]n$4 ,if1 z no "o w d5y1 art is appli$ k1 !n su* portion ( a sci5tific inve/igation z consi/s ( appli$ k is art4 ,s t we may ev5 say t z soon z any prevision 9 sci5ce passes out ( its orig9ally passive /ate1 & is employ$ = rea*+ o!r previsions1 x passes f !ory into practice--becomes sci5ce 9 action--becomes art4 ,& :5 we ?us see h[ purely conv5tional is ! ord9>y di/9ction1 h[ impossible x is to make any real sep>ation--:5 we see n only t sci5ce & art 7 orig9ally "o2 t ! arts h p]petually assi/$ ea* o!r2 t !re has be5 a con/ant reciprocation ( aid betwe5 ! sci5ces & arts2 b t ! sci5ces act z arts to ea* o!r1 & t ! e/abli%$ "p ( ea* sci5ce becomes an art to ! gr[+ "p--:5 we recognise ! clos5ess ( ^! associations1 we %all ! m cle>ly p]ceive t z ! connection ( ! arts ) ea* o!r has be5 ev] becom+ m intimate2 z ! help giv5 by sci5ces to arts & by arts to sci5ces1 has be5 age by age increas+2 s ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! sci5ces !mselves has be5 ev] gr[+ great]1 _! mutual relations m involv$1 _! cons5sus m active4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 "h end+ our sket* ( ! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce1 we are consci\s ( hav+ done ! subject b scant ju/ice4 ,two difficulties h /ood 9 our way3 "o1 ! hav+ to t\* on s _m po9ts 9 su* small space2 ! o!r1 ! necessity ( treat+ 9 s]ial arrangem5t a process :i* is n s]ial--a difficulty :i* mu/ ev] att5d all attempts to del9eate processes ( developm5t1 :atev] _! special nature4 ,add to :i*1 t to pres5t 9 any?+ l complet5ess & proportion1 ev5 ! outl9es ( s va/ & complex a hi/ory1 dem&s ye>s ( /udy4 ,nev]!less1 we believe t ! evid5ce :i* has be5 assign$ suffices to sub/antiate ! lead+ propositions ) :i* we set out4 ,inquiry into ! fir/ /ages ( sci5ce confirms ! conclusion :i* we drew f ! analysis ( sci5ce z n[ exi/+1 t x is n di/9ct f common k1 b an outgr[? f x--an ext5sion ( ! p]ception by means ( ! reason4 ,t :i* we fur!r f\nd by analysis to =m ! m specific *>act]i/ic ( sci5tific previsions1 z contra/$ ) ! previsions ( uncultur$ intellig5ce--_! quantitativ5ess--we also see to h be5 ! *>act]i/ic alike 9 ! initial /eps 9 sci5ce1 & ( all ! /eps succe$+ !m4 ,! facts & admissions cit$ 9 dispro( ( ! ass]tion t ! sci5ces foll[ "o ano!r1 bo? logically & hi/orically1 9 ! ord] ( _! decreas+ g5]ality1 h be5 en=c$ by ! sundry in/ances we h met )1 9 :i* ! m g5]al or ab/ract sci5ces h be5 advanc$ only at ! in/igation ( ! m special or concrete--in/ances s]v+ to %[ t a m g5]al sci5ce z mu* owes its progress to ! pres5tation ( new problems by a m special sci5ce1 z ! m special sci5ce owes its progress to ! solutions :i* ! m g5]al sci5ce is ?us l$ to attempt--in/ances !re=e illu/rat+ ! position t sci5tific advance is z mu* f ! special to ! g5]al z f ! g5]al to ! special4 ,q 9 h>mony ) ?is position we f9d to be ! admissions t ! sci5ces are z bran*es ( "o trunk1 & t !y 7 at fir/ cultivat$ simultane\sly2 & ?is h>mony becomes ! m m>k$ on f9d+1 z we h done1 n only t ! sci5ces h a common root1 b t sci5ce 9 g5]al has a common root ) language1 classification1 reason+1 art2 t ?r\gh\t civilisation ^! h advanc$ toge!r1 act+ & react+ ^u ea* o!r j z ! sep>ate sci5ces h done2 & t ?us ! developm5t ( intellig5ce 9 all its divisions & subdivisions has con=m$ to ?is same law :i* we h %[n t ! sci5ces con=m to4 ,f all :i* we may p]ceive t ! sci5ces c ) no great] propriety be arrang$ 9 a succession1 ?an language1 classification1 reason+1 art1 & sci5ce1 c be arrang$ 9 a succession2 t1 h[ev] ne$ful a succession may be = ! conv5i5ce ( books & catalogues1 x mu/ be recognis$ m]ely z a conv5tion2 & t s f> f its be+ ! function ( a philosophy ( ! sci5ces to e/abli% a hi]>*y1 x is its function to %[ t ! l9e> arrangem5ts requir$ = lit]>y purposes1 h none ( !m any basis ei!r 9 ,nature or ,hi/ory4 ,!re is "o fur!r rem>k we mu/ n omit--a rem>k t\*+ ! importance ( ! "q t has be5 discuss$4 ,un=tunately x commonly happ5s t topics ( ?is ab/ract nature are slight$ z ( no practical mom5t2 &1 we d\bt n1 t _m w ?9k x ( v little consequ5ce :at !ory respect+ ! g5esis ( sci5ce may be ent]ta9$4 ,b ! value ( tru?s is (t5 great1 9 proportion z _! g5]ality is wide4 ,remote z !y seem f practical application1 ! highe/ g5]alisations are n unfrequ5tly ! mo/ pot5t 9 _! effects1 9 virtue ( _! influ5ce on all ^? subord9ate g5]alisations :i* regulate practice4 ,& x mu/ be s "h4 ,:5ev] e/abli%$1 a correct !ory ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! sci5ces mu/ h an imm5se effect ^u education2 &1 ?r\gh education1 ^u civilisation4 ,greatly z we diff] f him 9 o!r respects1 we agree ) ,m4 ,comte 9 ! belief t1 rightly conduct$1 ! education ( ! individual mu/ h a c]ta9 correspond5ce ) ! evolution ( ! race4 ,no "o c contemplate ! facts we h cit$ 9 illu/ration ( ! e>ly /ages ( sci5ce1 )\t recognis+ ! necessity ( ! processes ?r\gh :i* ^? /ages 7 rea*$--a necessity :i*1 9 respect to ! lead+ tru?s1 may likewise be trac$ 9 all aft] /ages4 ,?is necessity1 orig9at+ 9 ! v nature ( ! ph5om5a to be analys$ & ! faculties to be employ$1 m or less fully applies to ! m9d ( ! *ild z to t ( ! savage4 ,we say m or less fully1 because ! correspond5ce is n special b g5]al only4 ,7 ! environm5t ! same 9 bo? cases1 ! correspond5ce w\ld be complete4 ,b ?\gh ! surr\nd+ mat]ial out ( :i* sci5ce is to be organis$1 is1 9 _m cases1 ! same to ! juv5ile m9d & ! aborig9al m9d1 x is n s ?r\gh\t2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( *emi/ry1 ! ph5om5a ( :i* are accessible to ! "o1 b 7 inaccessible to ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 9 proportion z ! environm5t diff]s1 ! c\rse ( evolution mu/ diff]4 ,aft] admitt+ sundry exceptions1 h[ev]1 !re rema9s a sub/antial p>allelism2 &1 if s1 x becomes ( great mom5t to asc]ta9 :at really has be5 ! process ( sci5tific evolution4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an errone\s !ory mu/ be disa/r\s 9 its educational results2 :ile ! e/abli%m5ts ( a true "o mu/ ev5tually be f]tile 9 s*ool-re=ms & consequ5t social b5efits4 #a ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,july #ahed4 #b ,x is some:at curi\s t ! au?or ( ,! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 ) q o!r aims1 %\ld h p]suad$ himself into simil> conclusions4 ,,on ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,laught]#a ,:y d we smile :5 a *ild puts on a man's hat8 or :at induces u to laugh on read+ t ! corpul5t ,gibbon 0 unable to rise f 8 knees aft] mak+ a t5d] decl>ation8 ,! usual reply to su* que/ions is1 t laught] results f a p]ception ( incongruity4 ,ev5 7 !re n on ?is reply ! obvi\s criticism t laught] (t5 occurs f extreme pleasure or f m]e vivacity1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 ! real problem--,h[ comes a s5se ( ! incongru\s to be foll[$ by ^! peculi> bodily actions8 ,"s h alleg$ t laught] is due to ! pleasure ( a relative self-elevation1 :i* we feel on see+ ! humiliation ( o!rs4 ,b ?is !ory1 :atev] portion ( tru? x may conta91 is1 9 ! fir/ place1 op5 to ! fatal objection1 t !re are v>i\s humiliations to o!rs :i* produce 9 u any?+ b laught]2 &1 9 ! second place1 x does n apply to ! _m in/ances 9 :i* no "o's dignity is implicat$3 z :5 we laugh at a good pun4 ,moreov]1 l ! o!r1 x is m]ely a g5]alisation ( c]ta9 conditions to laught]2 & n an explanation ( ! odd movem5ts :i* occur "u ^! conditions4 ,:y1 :5 greatly delight$1 or impress$ ) c]ta9 unexpect$ contra/s ( ideas1 %\ld !re be a contraction ( p>ticul> facial muscles1 & p>ticul> muscles ( ! *e/ & abdom58 ,su* answ] to ?is "q z may be possible c be r5d]$ only by physiology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e *ild has made ! attempt to hold ! foot /ill :ile x is tickl$1 & has fail$2 & probably !re is sc>cely any "o :o has n va9ly tri$ to avoid w9k+1 :5 a h& has be5 sudd5ly pass$ be=e ! eyes4 ,^! examples ( muscul> movem5ts :i* occur indep5d5tly ( ! w1 or 9 spite ( x1 illu/rate :at physiologi/s call reflex-action2 z likewise d sneez+ & c\gh+4 ,to ?is class ( cases1 9 :i* involunt>y motions are accompani$ by s5sations1 has to be add$ ano!r class ( cases1 9 :i* involunt>y motions are unaccompani$ by s5sations3--in/ance ! pulsations ( ! he>t2 ! contractions ( ! /oma* dur+ dige/ion4 ,fur!r1 ! great mass ( seem+ly-volunt>y acts 9 su* creatures z insects1 worms1 molluscs1 are consid]$ by physiologi/s to be z purely automatic z is ! dilatation or closure ( ! iris "u v>iations 9 quantity ( light2 & simil>ly exemplify ! law1 t an impression on ! end ( an aff]5t n]ve is convey$ to "s ganglionic c5tre1 & is !nce usually reflect$ along an eff]5t n]ve to "o or m muscles :i* x causes to contract4 ,9 a modifi$ =m ?is pr9ciple holds ) volunt>y acts4 ,n]v\s excitation always t5ds to beget muscul> motion2 & :5 x rises to a c]ta9 int5sity1 always does beget x4 ,n only 9 reflex actions1 :e!r ) or )\t s5sation1 d we see t special n]ves1 :5 rais$ to a /ate ( t5sion1 dis*>ge !mselves on special muscles ) :i* !y are indirectly connect$2 b ^? ext]nal actions ?r\gh :i* we read ! feel+s ( o!rs1 %[ u t "u any consid]able t5sion1 ! n]v\s sy/em 9 g5]al dis*>ges itself on ! muscul> sy/em 9 g5]al3 ei!r ) or )\t ! guidance ( ! w4 ,! %iv]+ produc$ by cold1 implies irregul> muscul> contractions1 :i*1 ?\gh at fir/ only p>tly involunt>y1 become1 :5 ! cold is extreme1 almo/ :olly involunt>y4 ,:5 y h sev]ely burnt y\r f+]1 x is v difficult to pres]ve a dignifi$ composure3 contortion ( face1 or movem5t ( limb1 is pretty sure to foll[4 ,if a man receives good news ) nei!r *ange ( feature nor bodily motion1 x is inf]r$ t he is n mu* pleas$1 or t he has extraord9>y self-control--ei!r inf]5ce imply+ t joy almo/ univ]sally produces contraction ( ! muscles2 & s1 alt]s ! expression1 or attitude1 or bo?4 ,& :5 we he> ( ! feats ( /r5g? :i* m5 h p]=m$ :5 _! lives 7 at /ake--:5 we read h[1 9 ! en]gy ( despair1 ev5 p>alytic pati5ts h rega9$ = a "t ! use ( _! limbs1 we see /ill m cle>ly ! relations betwe5 n]v\s & muscul> excitem5ts4 ,x becomes manife/ bo? t emotions & s5sations t5d to g5]ate bodily movem5ts & t ! movem5ts are vehem5t 9 proportion z ! emotions or s5sations are int5se4#b ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! sole direction 9 :i* n]v\s excitem5t exp5ds itself4 ,visc]a z well z muscles may receive ! dis*>ge4 ,t ! he>t & blood-vessels 7:i*1 inde$1 be+ all contractile1 may 9 a re/rict$ s5se be class$ ) ! muscul> sy/em7 are quickly affect$ by pleasures & pa9s1 we h daily prov$ to u4 ,e s5sation ( any acut5ess accel]ates ! pulse2 & h[ s5sitive ! he>t is to emotions1 is te/ifi$ by ! famili> expressions :i* use he>t & feel+ z conv]tible t]ms4 ,simil>ly ) ! dige/ive organs4 ,)\t detail+ ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ^! may be influ5c$ by our m5tal /ates1 x suffices to m5tion ! m>k$ b5efits d]iv$ by dyspeptics1 z well z o!r invalids1 f *e]ful society1 welcome news1 *ange ( sc5e1 to %[ h[ pleasurable feel+ /imulates ! visc]a 9 g5]al into great] activity4 ,!re is /ill ano!r direction 9 :i* any excit$ portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em may dis*>ge itself2 & a direction 9 :i* x usually does dis*>ge itself :5 ! excitem5t is n /rong4 ,x may pass on ! /imulus to "s o!r portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?is is :at occurs 9 quiet ?9k+ & feel+4 ,! successive /ates :i* con/itute consci\sness1 result f ?is4 ,s5sations excite ideas & emotions2 ^! 9 _! turns ar\se o!r ideas & emotions2 & s1 cont9u\sly4 ,t is to say1 ! t5sion exi/+ 9 p>ticul> n]ves1 or gr\ps ( n]ves1 :5 !y yield u c]ta9 s5sations1 ideas1 or emotions1 g5]ates an equival5t t5sion 9 "s o!r n]ves1 or gr\ps ( n]ves1 ) :i* !re is a connection3 ! fl[ ( en]gy pass+ on1 ! "o idea or feel+ dies 9 produc+ ! next4 ,?us1 !n1 :ile we are totally unable to compreh5d h[ ! excitem5t ( c]ta9 n]ves %\ld g5]ate feel+--:ile1 9 ! production ( consci\sness by physical ag5ts act+ on physical /ructure1 we come to an absolute my/]y nev] to be solv$2 x is yet q possible = u to "k by obs]vation :at are ! successive =ms :i* ?is absolute my/]y may take4 ,we see t !re are ?ree *annels along :i* n]ves 9 a /ate ( t5sion may dis*>ge !mselves2 or r1 ,i %\ld say1 ?ree classes ( *annels4 ,!y may pass on ! excitem5t to o!r n]ves t h no direct connections ) ! bodily memb]s1 & may s cause o!r feel+s & ideas2 or !y may pass on ! excitem5t to "o or m motor n]ves1 & s cause muscul> contractions2 or !y may pass on ! excitem5t to n]ves :i* supply ! visc]a1 & may s /imulate "o or m ( ^!4 ,= simplicity's sake1 ,i h describ$ ^! z alt]native r\tes1 "o or o!r ( :i* any curr5t ( n]ve-=ce mu/ take2 !reby1 z x may be ?\ght1 imply+ t su* curr5t w be exclusively conf9$ to "s "o ( !m4 ,b ?is is by no means ! case4 ,r>ely1 if ev]1 does x happ5 t a /ate ( n]v\s t5sion1 pres5t to consci\sness z a feel+1 exp5ds itself 9 "o direction only4 ,v g5]ally x may be obs]v$ to exp5d itself 9 two2 & x is probable t ! dis*>ge is nev] absolutely abs5t f any "o ( ! ?ree4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 v>iety 9 ! proportions 9 :i* ! dis*>ge is divid$ among ^! diff]5t *annels "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 a man ^: fe> impels him to run1 ! m5tal t5sion g5]at$ is only 9 "p trans=m$ into a muscul> /imulus3 !re is a surplus :i* causes a rapid curr5t ( ideas4 ,an agreeable /ate ( feel+ produc$1 say by praise1 is n :olly us$ up 9 ar\s+ ! succe$+ phase ( ! feel+1 & ! new ideas appropriate to x2 b a c]ta9 portion ov]fl[s into ! visc]al n]v\s sy/em1 increas+ ! action ( ! he>t1 & probably facilitat+ dige/ion4 ,& "h we come ^u a class ( consid]ations & facts :i* op5 ! way to a solution ( our special problem4 ,= />t+ ) ! unque/ionable tru?1 t at any mom5t ! exi/+ quantity ( lib]at$ n]ve-=ce1 :i* 9 an inscrutable way produces 9 u ! /ate we call feel+1 mu/ exp5d itself 9 "s direction--mu/ g5]ate an equival5t manife/ation ( =ce some:]e--x cle>ly foll[s t1 if ( ! sev]al *annels x may take1 "o is :olly or p>tially clos$1 m mu/ be tak5 by ! o!rs2 or t if two are clos$1 ! dis*>ge along ! rema9+ "o mu/ be m int5se2 & t1 conv]sely1 %\ld any?+ det]m9e an unusual efflux 9 "o direction1 !re w be a dim9i%$ efflux 9 o!r directions4 ,daily exp]i5ce illu/rates ^! conclusions4 ,x is commonly rem>k$1 t ! suppression ( ext]nal signs ( feel+1 makes feel+ m int5se4 ,! deepe/ grief is sil5t grief4 ,:y8 ,because ! n]v\s excitem5t n dis*>g$ 9 muscul> action1 dis*>ges itself 9 o!r n]v\s excitem5ts--ar\ses m num]\s & m remote associations ( melan*oly ideas1 & s increases ! mass ( feel+s4 ,p :o conceal _! ang] are habitually f\nd to be m rev5geful ?an ^? :o explode 9 l\d spee* & vehem5t action4 ,:y8 ,because1 z be=e1 ! emotion is reflect$ back1 accumulates1 & int5sifies4 ,simil>ly1 m5 :o1 z prov$ by _! p[]s ( repres5tation1 h ! ke5e/ appreciation ( ! comic1 are usually able to d & say ! mo/ ludicr\s ?+s ) p]fect gravity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all are famili> ) ! tru? t bodily activity dead5s emotion4 ,"u great irritation we get relief by walk+ ab\t rapidly4 ,extreme ef=t 9 ! bootless attempt to a*ieve a desir$ end greatly dim9i%es ! int5sity ( ! desire4 ,^? :o are =c$ to ex]t !mselves aft] mis=tunes1 d n suff] ne>ly s mu* z ^? :o rema9 quiesc5t4 ,if any "o wi%es to *eck intellectual excitem5t1 he _c *oose a m effici5t me?od ?an runn+ till he is exhau/$4 ,moreov]1 ^! cases1 9 :i* ! production ( feel+ & ?\ght is h9d]$ by det]m9+ ! n]v\s en]gy t[>ds bodily movem5ts1 h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! cases 9 :i* bodily movem5ts are h9d]$ by extra absorption ( n]v\s en]gy 9 sudd5 ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,if1 :5 walk+ along1 !re fla%es on y an idea t creates great surprise1 hope1 or al>m1 y /op2 or if sitt+ cross-legg$1 sw++ y\r p5d5t foot1 ! movem5t is at once arre/$4 ,f ! visc]a1 too1 int5se m5tal action ab/racts en]gy4 ,joy1 disappo9tm5t1 anxiety1 or any moral p]turbation ris+ to a great height1 w de/roy appetite2 or if food has be5 tak51 w arre/ dige/ion2 & ev5 a purely intellectual activity1 :5 extreme1 w d ! l4 ,facts1 !n1 fully be> out ^! a priori inf]5ces1 t ! n]v\s excitem5t at any mom5t pres5t to consci\sness z feel+1 mu/ exp5d itself 9 "s way or o!r2 t ( ! ?ree classes ( *annels op5 to x1 x mu/ take "o1 two1 or m1 accord+ to circum/ances2 t ! closure or ob/ruction ( "o1 mu/ increase ! dis*>ge ?r\gh ! o!rs2 & conv]sely1 t if to answ] "s dem&1 ! efflux ( n]v\s en]gy 9 "o direction is unusually great1 !re mu/ be a correspond+ decrease ( ! efflux 9 o!r directions4 ,sett+ out f ^! premises1 let u n[ see :at int]pretation is to be put on ! ph5om5a ( laught]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t laught] is a display ( muscul> excitem5t1 & s illu/rates ! g5]al law t feel+ pass+ a c]ta9 pit* habitually v5ts itself 9 bodily action1 sc>cely ne$s po9t+ out4 ,x p]haps ne$s po9t+ out1 h[ev]1 t /rong feel+ ( almo/ any k9d produces ?is result4 ,x is n a s5se ( ! ludicr\s1 only1 :i* does x2 nor are ! v>i\s =ms ( joy\s emotion ! sole additional causes4 ,we h1 besides1 ! s>donic laught] & ! hy/]ical laught]1 :i* result f m5tal di/ress2 to :i* mu/ be add$ c]ta9 s5sations1 z tickl+1 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,ba91 cold1 & "s k9ds ( acute pa94 ,/rong feel+1 m5tal or physical1 be+1 !n1 ! g5]al cause ( laught]1 we h to note t ! muscul> actions con/itut+ x are di/+ui%$ f mo/ o!rs by ?is1 t !y are purposeless4 ,9 g5]al1 bodily motions t are prompt$ by feel+s are direct$ to special ends2 z :5 we try to escape a dang]1 or /ruggle to secure a gratification4 ,b ! movem5ts ( *e/ & limbs :i* we make :5 laugh+ h no object4 ,& n[ rem>k t ^! quasi-convulsive contractions ( ! muscles1 hav+ no object1 b be+ results ( an uncontroll$ dis*>ge ( en]gy1 we may see :5ce arise _! special *>act]s--h[ x happ5s t c]ta9 classes ( muscles are affect$ fir/1 & !n c]ta9 o!r classes4 ,= an ov]fl[ ( n]ve-=ce1 undirect$ by any motive1 w manife/ly take fir/ ! mo/ habitual r\tes2 & if ^! d n suffice1 w next ov]fl[ into ! less habitual ones4 ,well1 x is ?r\gh ! organs ( spee* t feel+ passes into movem5t ) ! greate/ frequ5cy4 ,! jaws1 tongue1 & lips are us$ n only to express /rong irritation or gratification2 b t v mod]ate fl[ ( m5tal en]gy :i* accompanies ord9>y conv]sation1 f9ds its *ief v5t ?r\gh ?is *annel4 ,h5ce x happ5s t c]ta9 muscles r\nd ! m\?1 small & easy to move1 are ! fir/ to contract "u pleasurable emotion4 ,! class ( muscles :i*1 next aft] ^? ( articulation1 are mo/ con/antly set 9 action 7or extra action1 we %\ld say7 by feel+s ( all k9ds1 are ^? ( respiration4 ,"u pleasurable or pa9ful s5sations we brea! m rapidly3 possibly z a consequ5ce ( ! increas$ dem& = oxyg5at$ blood4 ,! s5sations t accompany ex]tion also br+ on h>d-brea?+2 :i* "h m evid5tly responds to ! physiological ne$s4 ,& emotions1 too1 agreeable & disagreeable1 bo?1 at fir/1 excite respiration2 ?\gh ! la/ subsequ5tly depress x4 ,t is to say1 ( ! bodily muscles1 ! respiratory are m con/antly implicat$ ?an any o!rs 9 ^? v>i\s acts :i* our feel+s impel u to2 &1 h5ce1 :5 !re occurs an undirect$ dis*>ge ( n]v\s en]gy into ! muscul> sy/em1 x happ5s t1 if ! quantity be consid]able1 x convulses n only c]ta9 ( ! articulatory & vocal muscles1 b also ^? :i* expel air f ! lungs4 ,%\ld ! feel+ to be exp5d$ be /ill great] 9 am\nt--too great to f9d v5t 9 ^! classes ( muscles--ano!r class comes into play4 ,! upp] limbs are set 9 motion4 ,*ildr5 frequ5tly clap _! h&s 9 glee2 by "s adults ! h&s are rubb$ toge!r2 & o!rs1 "u /ill great] int5sity ( delight1 slap _! knees & sway _! bodies backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,la/ ( all1 :5 ! o!r *annels = ! escape ( ! surplus n]ve-=ce h be5 fill$ to ov]fl[+1 a yet fur!r & less-us$ gr\p ( muscles is spasmodically affect$3 ! head is ?r[n back & ! sp9e b5t inw>ds--!re is a slight degree ( :at m$ical m5 call opi/hotonos4 ,?us1 !n1 )\t cont5d+ t ! ph5om5a ( laught] 9 all _! details are to be s acc\nt$ =1 we see t 9 _! ensemble !y con=m to ^! g5]al pr9ciples3--t feel+ excites to muscul> action2 t :5 ! muscul> action is unguid$ by a purpose1 ! muscles fir/ affect$ are ^? :i* feel+ mo/ habitually /imulates2 & t z ! feel+ to be exp5d$ increases 9 quantity1 x excites an increas+ numb] ( muscles1 9 a succession det]m9$ by ! relative frequ5cy ) :i* !y respond to ! regulat$ dictates ( feel+4 ,!re /ill1 h[ev]1 rema9s ! "q ) :i* we set out4 ,! explanation "h giv5 applies only to ! laught] produc$ by acute pleasure or pa93 x does n apply to ! laught] t foll[s c]ta9 p]ceptions ( incongruity4 ,x is an insuffici5t explanation t1 9 ^! cases1 laught] is a result ( ! pleasure we take 9 escap+ f ! re/ra9t ( grave feel+s4 ,t ?is is a "p-cause is true4 ,d\btless v (t51 z ,mr4 ,ba9 says1 x is ! co]c$ =m ( s]i\sness & solemnity )\t ! reality t gives u t /iff position f :i* a contact ) triviality or vulg>ity relieves u1 to our upro>i\s delight4 ,& 9 s f> z mir? is caus$ by ! gu% ( agreeable feel+ t foll[s ! cessation ( m5tal /ra91 x fur!r illu/rates ! g5]al pr9ciple above set =?4 ,b no explanation is ?us af=d$ ( ! mir? :i* ensues :5 ! %ort sil5ce betwe5 ! &ante & allegro 9 "o ( ,bee?ov5's symphonies1 is brok5 by a l\d sneeze4 ,9 ?is1 & ho/s ( l cases1 ! m5tal t5sion is n co]c$ b spontane\s--n disagreeable b agreeable2 & ! com+ impressions to :i* ! att5tion is direct$1 promise a gratification t few1 if any1 desire to escape4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! unlucky sneeze occurs1 x _c be t ! laught] ( ! audi5ce is due simply to ! release f an irksome attitude ( m9d3 "s o!r cause mu/ be s\ght4 ,?is cause we %all arrive at by c>ry+ our analysis a /ep fur!r4 ,we h b to consid] ! quantity ( feel+ t exi/s "u su* circum/ances1 & !n to ask :at are ! conditions t det]m9e ! direction ( its dis*>ge1 to at once rea* a solution4 ,take a case4 ,y are sitt+ 9 a !atre1 absorb$ 9 ! progress ( an int]e/+ drama4 ,"s climax has be5 rea*$ :i* has ar\s$ y\r sympa?ies--say1 a reconciliation betwe5 ! h]o & h]o9e1 aft] long & pa9ful misund]/&+4 ,! feel+s excit$ by ?is sc5e are n ( a k9d f :i* y seek relief2 b are1 on ! contr>y1 a grateful relief f ! pa9ful feel+s ) :i* y h witness$ ! previ\s e/rangem5t4 ,moreov]1 ! s5tim5ts ^! fictiti\s p]sonages h = ! mom5t inspir$ y )1 are n su* z w\ld lead y to rejoice 9 any indignity (f]$ to !m2 b r1 su* z w\ld make y res5t ! indignity4 ,& n[1 :ile y are contemplat+ ! reconciliation ) a pleasurable sympa?y1 !re appe>s f beh9d ! sc5es a tame kid1 :i*1 hav+ />$ r\nd at ! audi5ce1 walks up to ! lov]s & sniffs at !m4 ,y _c help jo9+ 9 ! ro> :i* greets ?is contretemps4 ,inexplicable z is ?is irresi/ible bur/ on ! hypo!sis ( a pleasure 9 escap+ f m5tal re/ra9t2 or on ! hypo!sis ( a pleasure f relative increase ( self-importance1 :5 witness+ ! humiliation ( o!rs2 x is readily explicable if we consid] :at1 9 su* a case1 mu/ become ( ! feel+ t exi/$ at ! mom5t ! incongruity arose4 ,a l>ge mass ( emotion _h be5 produc$2 or1 to speak 9 physiological language1 a l>ge portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em 0 9 a /ate ( t5sion4 ,!re 0 also great expectation ) respect to ! fur!r evolution ( ! sc5e--a quantity ( vague1 nasc5t ?\ght & emotion1 into :i* ! exi/+ quantity ( ?\ght & emotion 0 ab\t to pass4 ,_h !re be5 no int]ruption1 ! body ( new ideas & feel+s next excit$ w\ld h suffic$ to absorb ! :ole ( ! lib]at$ n]v\s en]gy4 ,b n[1 ?is l>ge am\nt ( n]v\s en]gy1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to exp5d itself 9 produc+ an equival5t am\nt ( ! new ?\ghts & emotions :i* 7 nasc5t1 is sudd5ly *eck$ 9 its fl[4 ,! *annels along :i* ! dis*>ge 0 ab\t to take place are clos$4 ,! new *annel op5$--t af=d$ by ! appe>ance & proce$+s ( ! kid--is a small "o2 ! ideas & feel+s sugge/$ are n num]\s & massive en\gh to c>ry (f ! n]v\s en]gy to be exp5d$4 ,! excess mu/ !re=e dis*>ge itself 9 "s o!r direction2 & 9 ! way already expla9$1 !re results an efflux ?r\gh ! motor n]ves to v>i\s classes ( ! muscles1 produc+ ! half-convulsive actions we t]m laught]4 ,?is explanation is 9 h>mony ) ! fact1 t :51 among sev]al p]sons :o witness ! same ludicr\s occurr5ce1 !re are "s :o d n laugh2 x is because !re has aris5 9 !m an emotion n p>ticipat$ 9 by ! re/1 & :i* is suffici5tly massive to absorb all ! nasc5t excitem5t4 ,among ! spectators ( an awkw>d tumble1 ^? :o pres]ve _! gravity are ^? 9 :om !re is excit$ a degree ( sympa?y ) ! suff]]1 suffici5tly great to s]ve z an outlet = ! feel+ :i* ! occurr5ce _h turn$ out ( its previ\s c\rse4 ,sometimes ang] c>ries (f ! arre/$ curr5t2 & s prev5ts laught]4 ,an in/ance ( ?is 0 lately furni%$ me by a fri5d :o _h be5 witness+ ! feats at ,franconi's4 ,a trem5d\s leap _h j be5 made by an acrobat ov] a numb] ( horses4 ,! cl[n1 seem+ly envi\s ( ?is success1 made o/5tati\s prep>ations = do+ ! l2 & !n1 tak+ ! prelim9>y run ) imm5se en]gy1 /opp$ %ort on rea*+ ! fir/ horse1 & pret5d$ to wipe "s du/ f its haun*es4 ,9 ! majority ( ! spectators1 m]rim5t 0 excit$2 b 9 my fri5d1 w\nd up by ! expectation ( ! com+ leap to a /ate ( great n]v\s t5sion1 ! effect ( ! baulk 0 to produce indignation4 ,exp]i5ce ?us proves :at ! !ory implies3 namely1 t ! dis*>ge ( arre/$ feel+s into ! muscul> sy/em1 takes place only 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r adequate *annels--does n take place if !re arise o!r feel+s equal 9 am\nt to ^? arre/$4 ,evid5ce /ill m conclusive is at h&4 ,if we contra/ ! incongruities :i* produce laught] ) ^? :i* d n1 we at once see t 9 ! non-ludicr\s ones ! unexpect$ /ate ( feel+ ar\s$1 ?\gh :olly diff]5t 9 k9d1 is n less 9 quantity or int5sity4 ,among incongruities t may excite any?+ b a laugh1 ,mr4 ,ba9 in/ances--,a decrepit man "u a heavy burd51 five loaves & two fi%es among a multitude1 & all unfitness & gross disproportion2 an in/rum5t out ( tune1 a fly 9 o9tm5t1 sn[ 9 ,may1 ,ar*im$es /udy+ geometry 9 a siege1 & all discordant ?+s2 a wolf 9 %eep's clo?+1 a brea* ( b>ga91 & falsehood 9 g5]al2 ! multitude tak+ ! law 9 _! own h&s1 & ev]y?+ ( ! nature ( disord]2 a corpse at a fea/1 p>5tal cruelty1 filial +ratitude1 & :atev] is unnatural2 ! entire catalogue ( ! vanities giv5 by ,solomon1 are all incongru\s1 b !y cause feel+s ( pa91 ang]1 sadness1 loa?+1 r ?an mir?4 ,n[ 9 ^! cases1 :]e ! totally unlike /ate ( consci\sness sudd5ly produc$ is n inf]ior 9 mass to ! prec$+ "o1 ! conditions to laught] are n fulfill$4 ,z above %[n1 laught] naturally results only :5 consci\sness is unaw>es transf]r$ f great ?+s to small--only :5 !re is :at we call a desc5d+ incongruity4 ,& n[ obs]ve1 f9ally1 ! fact1 alike inf]able a priori & illu/rat$ 9 exp]i5ce1 t an asc5d+ incongruity n only fails to cause laught]1 b works on ! muscul> sy/em an effect ( exactly ! rev]se k9d4 ,:5 aft] some?+ v insignificant !re arises )\t anticipation some?+ v great1 ! emotion we call wond] results2 & ?is emotion is accompani$ n by an excitem5t ( ! muscles1 b by a relaxation ( !m4 ,9 *ildr5 & c\ntry p1 t fall+ ( ! jaw :i* occurs on witness+ some?+ t is impos+ & unexpect$ exemplifies ?is effect4 ,p]sons :o h be5 wond]-/ruck at ! production ( v /rik+ results by a seem+ly inadequate cause1 are frequ5tly describ$ z unconsci\sly dropp+ ! ?+s !y held 9 _! h&s4 ,su* are j ! effects to be anticipat$4 ,aft] an av]age /ate ( consci\sness1 absorb+ b a small quantity ( n]v\s en]gy1 is ar\s$ )\t ! slighte/ notice1 a /rong emotion ( awe1 t]ror1 or admiration1 jo9$ ) ! a/oni%m5t due to an app>5t want ( adequate causation4 ,?is new /ate ( consci\sness dem&s f> m n]v\s en]gy ?an t :i* x has sudd5ly replac$2 & ?is increas$ absorption ( n]v\s en]gy 9 m5tal *anges involves a tempor>y dim9ution ( ! outfl[ 9 o!r directions3 :5ce ! p5d5t jaw & ! relax+ grasp4 ,"o fur!r obs]vation is wor? mak+4 ,among ! sev]al sets ( *annels into :i* surplus feel+ might be dis*>g$1 0 nam$ ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! visc]a4 ,! sudd5 ov]fl[ ( an arre/$ m5tal excitem5t1 :i*1 z we h se51 results f a desc5d+ incongruity1 mu/ d\btless /imulate n only ! muscul> sy/em1 z we see x does1 b also ! int]nal organs2 ! he>t & /oma* mu/ come 9 = a %>e ( ! dis*>ge4 ,& ?us !re seems to be a good physiological basis = ! popul> notion t mir?-creat+ excitem5t facilitates dige/ion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?\gh 9 do+ s ,i g beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! imm$iate topic1 ,i may fitly po9t out t ! me?od ( inquiry "h foll[$1 is "o :i* enables u to und]/& v>i\s ph5om5a besides ^? ( laught]4 ,to %[ ! importance ( pursu+ x1 ,i w indicate ! explanation x furni%es ( ano!r famili> class ( facts4 ,all "k h[ g5]ally a l>ge am\nt ( emotion di/urbs ! action ( ! intellect1 & int]f]es ) ! p[] ( expression4 ,a spee* deliv]$ ) great facility to tables & *airs1 is by no means s easily deliv]$ to an audi5ce4 ,e s*oolboy c te/ify t 8 trepidation1 :5 /&+ be=e a ma/]1 has (t5 disabl$ him f repeat+ a lesson :i* he _h duly le>nt4 ,9 explanation ( ?is we commonly say t ! att5tion is di/ract$--t ! prop] tra9 ( ideas is brok5 by ! intrusion ( ideas t are irrelevant4 ,b ! "q is1 9 :at mann] does unusual emotion produce ?is effect2 & we are "h suppli$ ) a tol]ably obvi\s answ]4 ,! repetition ( a lesson1 or set spee* previ\sly ?\ght out1 implies ! fl[ ( a v mod]ate am\nt ( n]v\s excitem5t ?r\gh a comp>atively n>r[ *annel4 ,! ?+ to be done is simply to call up 9 succession c]ta9 previ\sly-arrang$ ideas--a process 9 :i* no great am\nt ( m5tal en]gy is exp5d$4 ,h5ce1 :5 !re is a l>ge quantity ( emotion1 :i* mu/ be dis*>g$ 9 "s direction or o!r2 & :51 z usually happ5s1 ! re/rict$ s]ies ( intellectual actions to be gone ?r\gh1 does n suffice to c>ry x (f2 !re result dis*>ges along o!r *annels besides ! "o prescrib$3 !re are ar\s$ v>i\s ideas =eign to ! tra9 ( ?\ght to be pursu$2 & ^! t5d to exclude f consci\sness ^? :i* %\ld occupy x4 ,& n[ obs]ve ! mean+ ( ^? bodily actions spontane\sly set up "u ^! circum/ances4 ,! s*ool-boy say+ 8 lesson commonly has 8 f+]s actively engag$--p]haps 9 twi/+ ab\t a brok5 p51 or p]haps squeez+ ! angle ( 8 jacket2 & if told to keep 8 h&s /ill1 he soon aga9 falls into ! same or a simil> trick4 ,_m anecdotes are curr5t ( public speak]s hav+ incurable automatic actions ( ?is class3 b>ri/]s :o p]petually w\nd & unw\nd pieces ( tape2 memb]s ( p>liam5t ev] putt+ on & tak+ (f _! spectacles4 ,s long z su* movem5ts are unconsci\s1 !y facilitate ! m5tal actions4 ,at lea/ ?is seems a fair inf]5ce f ! fact t confusion frequ5tly results f putt+ a /op to !m3 witness ! case n>rat$ by ,sir ,walt] ,scott ( 8 s*ool-fell[1 :o became unable to say 8 lesson aft] ! removal ( ! wai/coat-button t he habitually f+]$ :ile 9 class4 ,b :y d !y facilitate ! m5tal actions8 ,cle>ly because !y draw (f a portion ( ! surplus n]v\s excitem5t4 ,if1 z above expla9$1 ! quantity ( m5tal en]gy g5]at$ is great] ?an c f9d v5t along ! n>r[ *annel ( ?\ght t is op5 to x2 & if1 9 consequ5ce1 x is apt to produce confusion by ru%+ into o!r *annels ( ?\ght2 !n by all[+ x an exit ?r\gh ! motor n]ves into ! muscul> sy/em1 ! pressure is dim9i%$1 & irrelevant ideas are less likely to intrude on consci\sness4 ,?is fur!r illu/ration w1 ,i ?9k1 ju/ify ! position t some?+ may be a*iev$ by pursu+ 9 o!r cases ?is me?od ( psy*ological inquiry4 ,a complete explanation ( ! ph5om5a1 requires u to trace out all ! consequ5ces ( any giv5 /ate ( consci\sness2 & we _c d ?is )\t /udy+ ! effects1 bodily & m5tal1 z v>y+ 9 quantity at ea* o!r's exp5se4 ,we %\ld probably le>n mu* if we 9 e case ask$--,:]e is all ! n]v\s en]gy gone8 #a ,macmillan's ,magaz9e1 ,m>* #ahfj4 #b ,= num]\s illu/rations see essay on ,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music4 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,function ,,( ,,music#a ,:5 ,c>lo1 /&+1 *a9$ to 8 k5nel1 sees 8 ma/] 9 ! di/ance1 a slight motion ( ! tail indicates 8 b fa9t hope t he is ab\t to be let out4 ,a mu* m decid$ wagg+ ( ! tail1 pass+ by & by into lat]al undulations ( ! body1 foll[s 8 ma/]'s ne>] approa*4 ,:5 h&s are laid on 8 coll>1 & he kn[s t he is really to h an out+1 8 jump+ & wriggl+ are su* t x is by no means easy to loose 8 fa/5+s4 ,& :5 he f9ds himself actually free1 8 joy exp5ds itself 9 b\nds1 9 pir\ettes1 & 9 sc\r+s hi!r & ?i!r at ! top ( 8 spe$4 ,puss1 too1 by erect+ h] tail1 & by e "t rais+ h] back to meet ! c>ess+ h& ( h] mi/ress1 simil>ly expresses h] gratification by c]ta9 muscul> actions2 z likewise d ! p>rot by awkw>d danc+ on 8 p]*1 & ! can>y by hopp+ & flutt]+ ab\t 8 cage ) unwont$ rapidity4 ,"u emotions ( an opposite k9d1 animals equally display muscul> excitem5t4 ,! enrag$ lion la%es 8 sides ) 8 tail1 knits 8 br[s1 protrudes 8 claws4 ,! cat sets up h] back2 ! dog retracts 8 upp] lip2 ! horse ?r[s back 8 e>s4 ,& 9 ! /ruggles ( creatures 9 pa91 we see t ! l relation holds betwe5 excitem5t ( ! muscles & excitem5t ( ! n]ves ( s5sation4 ,9 ourselves1 di/+ui%$ f l[] creatures z we are by feel+s alike m p[]ful & m v>i$1 p>allel facts are at once m conspicu\s & m num]\s4 ,we may conv5i5tly look at !m 9 gr\ps4 ,we %all f9d t pleasurable s5sations & pa9ful s5sations1 pleasurable emotions & pa9ful emotions1 all t5d to produce active demon/rations 9 proportion to _! int5sity4 ,9 *ildr51 & ev5 9 adults :o are n re/ra9$ by reg>d = appe>ances1 a highly agreeable ta/e is foll[$ by a smack+ ( ! lips4 ,an infant w laugh & b\nd 9 its nurse's arms at ! sight ( a brilliant col\r or ! he>+ ( a new s\nd4 ,p are apt to beat "t ) head or feet to music :i* p>ticul>ly pleases !m4 ,9 a s5sitive p]son an agreeable p]fume w produce a smile2 & smiles w be se5 on ! faces ( a cr[d gaz+ at "s spl5did bur/ ( fireworks ,ev5 ! pleasant s5sation ( w>m? felt on gett+ to ! fireside out ( a w9t]'s /orm1 w simil>ly express itself 9 ! face4 ,pa9ful s5sations1 be+ mo/ly f> m int5se ?an pleasurable ones1 cause muscul> actions ( a mu* m decid$ k9d4 ,a sudd5 tw+e produces a convulsive />t ( ! :ole body4 ,a pa9 less viol5t1 b cont9u\s1 is accompani$ by a knitt+ ( ! br[s1 a sett+ ( ! tee? or bit+ ( ! lip1 & a contraction ( ! features g5]ally4 ,"u a p]si/5t pa9 ( a sev]] k9d1 o!r muscul> actions are add$3 ! body is sway$ to & fro2 ! h&s cl5* any?+ !y c lay hold (2 & %\ld ! agony rise /ill high]1 ! suff]] rolls ab\t on ! floor almo/ convuls$4 ,?\gh m v>i$1 ! natural language ( ! pleasurable emotions comes )9 ! same g5]alisation4 ,a smile1 :i* is ! commone/ expression ( gratifi$ feel+1 is a contraction ( c]ta9 facial muscles2 & :5 ! smile broad5s into a laugh1 we see a m viol5t & m g5]al muscul> excitem5t produc$ by an int5s] gratification4 ,rubb+ toge!r ( ! h&s1 & t o!r motion :i* ,dick5s some:]e describes z wa%+ ) impalpable soap 9 invisible wat]1 h l implications4 ,*ildr5 may (t5 be se5 to jump = joy4 ,ev5 9 adults ( excitable temp]am5t1 an action approa*+ to x is sometimes witness$4 ,& danc+ has all ! _w ?r\gh be5 reg>d$ z natural to an elevat$ /ate ( m9d4 ,_m ( ! special emotions %[ !mselves 9 special muscul> actions4 ,! gratification result+ f success1 raises ! head & gives firmness to ! gait4 ,a he>ty grasp ( ! h& is curr5tly tak5 z indicative ( fri5d%ip4 ,"u a gu% ( affection ! "m clasps h] *ild to h] brea/1 feel+ z ?\gh %e c\ld squeeze x to dea?4 ,& s 9 sundry o!r cases4 ,ev5 9 t bright5+ ( ! eye ) :i* good news is receiv$ we may trace ! same tru?2 = ?is appe>ance ( great] brilliancy is due to an extra contraction ( ! muscle :i* raises ! eyelid1 & s all[s m light to fall ^u1 & be reflect$ f1 ! wet surface ( ! eyeball4 ,! bodily indications ( pa9ful emotions are equally num]\s1 & /ill m vehem5t4 ,discont5t is %[n by rais$ eyebr[s & wr9kl$ =ehead2 disgu/ by a curl ( ! lip2 (f5ce by a p\t4 ,! impati5t man beats a tattoo ) 8 f+]s on ! table1 sw+s 8 p5d5t leg ) increas+ rapidity1 gives ne$less pok+s to ! fire1 & pres5tly paces ) ha/y /rides ab\t ! room4 ,9 great grief !re is wr++ ( ! h&s1 & ev5 te>+ ( ! hair4 ,an angry *ild /amps1 or rolls on its back & kicks its heels 9 ! air2 & 9 manhood1 ang]1 fir/ %[+ itself 9 fr[ns1 9 di/5d$ no/rils1 9 compress$ lips1 goes on to produce gr9d+ ( ! tee?1 cl5*+ ( ! f+]s1 bl[s ( ! fi/ on ! table1 & p]haps ends 9 a viol5t attack on ! (f5d+ p]son1 or 9 ?r[+ ab\t & break+ ! furniture4 ,f t purs+ ( ! m\? indicative ( slight displeasure1 up to ! frantic /ruggles ( ! maniac1 we %all f9d t m5tal irritation t5ds to v5t itself 9 bodily activity4 ,all feel+s1 !n--s5sations or emotions1 pleasurable or pa9ful--h ?is common *>act]i/ic1 t !y are muscul> /imuli4 ,n =gett+ ! few app>5tly exceptional cases 9 :i* emotions exce$+ a c]ta9 int5sity produce pro/ration1 we may set x d[n z a g5]al law t1 alike 9 man & animals1 !re is a direct connection betwe5 feel+ & motion2 ! la/ gr[+ m vehem5t z ! fir/ gr[s m int5se4 ,7 x all[able "h to treat ! matt] sci5tifically1 we might trace ?is g5]al law d[n to ! pr9ciple kn[n among physiologi/s z t ( reflex action4#b ,)\t do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ! above num]\s in/ances ju/ify ! g5]alisation1 t m5tal excitem5t ( all k9ds ends 9 excitem5t ( ! muscles2 & t ! two pres]ve a m or less con/ant ratio to ea* o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b :at has all ?is to d ) ,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music8 asks ! read]4 ,v mu*1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,all music is orig9ally vocal4 ,all vocal s\nds are produc$ by ! ag5cy ( c]ta9 muscles4 ,^! muscles1 9 common ) ^? ( ! body at l>ge1 are excit$ to contraction by pleasurable & pa9ful feel+s4 ,& !re=e x is t feel+s demon/rate !mselves 9 s\nds z well z 9 movem5ts4 ,!re=e x is t ,c>lo b>ks z well z leaps :5 he is let out--t puss purrs z well z erects h] tail--t ! can>y *irps z well z flutt]s4 ,!re=e x is t ! angry lion ro>s :ile he la%es 8 sides1 & ! dog gr[ls :ile he retracts 8 lip4 ,!re=e x is t ! maim$ animal n only /ruggles1 b h[ls4 ,& x is f ?is cause t 9 human be+s bodily suff]+ expresses itself n only 9 contortions1 b 9 %rieks & groans--t 9 ang]1 & fe>1 & grief1 ! ge/iculations are accompani$ by %\ts & screams--t delightful s5sations are foll[$ by exclamations--& t we he> screams ( joy & %\ts ( exultation4 ,we h "h1 !n1 a pr9ciple und]ly+ all vocal ph5om5a2 includ+ ^? ( vocal music1 & by consequ5ce ^? ( music 9 g5]al4 ,! muscles t move ! *e/1 l>ynx1 & vocal *ords1 contract+ l o!r muscles 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ! feel+s2 e diff]5t contraction ( ^! muscles involv+1 z x does1 a diff]5t adju/m5t ( ! vocal organs2 e diff]5t adju/m5t ( ! vocal organs caus+ a *ange 9 ! s\nd emitt$2--x foll[s t v>iations ( voice are ! physiological results ( v>iations ( feel+2 x foll[s t ea* inflection or modulation is ! natural outcome ( "s pass+ emotion or s5sation2 & x foll[s t ! explanation ( all k9ds ( vocal expression mu/ be s\ght 9 ?is g5]al relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5ts4 ,let u1 !n1 see :e!r we _c ?us acc\nt = ! *ief peculi>ities 9 ! utt]ance ( ! feel+s3 gr\p+ ^! peculi>ities "u ! heads ( l\dness1 quality1 or timbre1 pit*1 int]vals1 & rate ( v>iation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,betwe5 ! lungs & ! organs ( voice !re is mu* ! same relation z betwe5 ! bell[s ( an organ & its pipes4 ,& z ! l\dness ( ! s\nd giv5 out by an organ-pipe increases ) ! /r5g? ( ! bla/ f ! bell[s2 s1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! l\dness ( a vocal s\nd increases ) ! /r5g? ( ! bla/ f ! lungs4 ,b ! expulsion ( air f ! lungs is effect$ by c]ta9 muscles ( ! *e/ & abdom54 ,! =ce ) :i* ^! muscles contract1 is proportionate to ! int5sity ( ! feel+ exp]i5c$4 ,h5ce1 a priori1 l\d s\nds w be ! habitual results ( /rong feel+s4 ,t !y are s we h daily pro(4 ,! pa9 :i*1 if mod]ate1 c be borne sil5tly1 causes outcries if x becomes extreme4 ,:ile a slight vexation makes a *ild :imp]1 a fit ( passion calls =? a h[l t di/urbs ! neighb\rhood4 ,:5 ! voices 9 an adjac5t room become unusually audible1 we inf] ang]1 or surprise1 or joy4 ,l\dness ( applause is significant ( great approbation2 & ) upro>i\s mir? we associate ! idea ( high enjoym5t4 ,comm5c+ ) ! sil5ce ( apa?y1 we f9d t ! utt]ances gr[ l\d] z ! s5sations or emotions1 :e!r pleasurable or pa9ful1 gr[ /rong]4 ,t diff]5t qualities ( voice accompany diff]5t m5tal /ates1 & t "u /ates ( excitem5t ! tones are m sonor\s ?an usual1 is ano!r g5]al fact admitt+ ( a p>allel explanation4 ,! s\nds ( common conv]sation h b little resonance2 ^? ( /rong feel+ h mu* m4 ,"u ris+ ill temp] ! voice acquires a metallic r+4 ,9 accordance ) h] con/ant mood1 ! ord9>y spee* ( a virago has a pi]c+ quality q opposite to t s(tness indicative ( placidity4 ,a r++ laugh m>ks an especially joy\s temp]am5t4 ,grief unburd5+ itself uses tones approa*+ 9 timbre to ^? ( *ant+3 & 9 8 mo/ pa!tic passages an eloqu5t speak] simil>ly falls into tones m vibratory ?an ^? common to him4 ,n[ any "o may readily conv9ce himself t resonant vocal s\nds c be produc$ only by a c]ta9 muscul> ef=t additional to t ord9>ily ne$$4 ,if aft] utt]+ a ^w 9 8 speak+ voice1 ! read]1 )\t *ang+ ! pit* or ! l\dness1 w s+ ?is ^w1 he w p]ceive t be=e he c s+ x1 he has to alt] ! adju/m5t ( ! vocal organs2 to d :i* a c]ta9 =ce mu/ be us$2 & by putt+ 8 f+]s on t ext]nal prom95ce m>k+ ! top ( ! l>ynx1 he w h fur!r evid5ce t to produce a sonor\s tone ! organs mu/ be drawn out ( _! usual position4 ,?us1 !n1 ! fact t ! tones ( excit$ feel+ are m vibratory ?an ^? ( common conv]sation is ano!r in/ance ( ! connection betwe5 m5tal excitem5t & muscul> excitem5t4 ,! speak+ voice1 ! recitative voice1 & ! s++ voice1 sev]ally exemplify "o g5]al pr9ciple4 ,t ! pit* ( ! voice v>ies accord+ to ! action ( ! vocal muscles sc>cely ne$s say+4 ,all "k t ! middle notes1 9 :i* !y conv]se1 are made )\t any appreciable ef=t2 & all "k t to make ei!r v high or v l[ notes requires a consid]able ef=t4 ,9 ei!r asc5d+ or desc5d+ f ! pit* ( ord9>y spee*1 we are consci\s ( an increas+ muscul> /ra91 :i*1 at bo? extremes ( ! regi/]1 becomes positively pa9ful4 ,h5ce x foll[s f our g5]al pr9ciple1 t :ile indiff]5ce or calmness w use ! m$ium tones1 ! tones us$ dur+ excitem5t w be ei!r above or bel[ !m2 & w rise high] & high]1 or fall l[] & l[]1 z ! feel+s gr[ /rong]4 ,?is physiological d$uction we also f9d to be 9 h>mony ) famili> facts4 ,! habitual suff]] utt]s 8 compla9ts 9 a voice rais$ consid]ably above ! natural key2 & agonis+ pa9 v5ts itself 9 ei!r %rieks or groans--9 v high or v l[ notes4 ,beg9n+ at 8 talk+ pit*1 ! cry ( ! disappo9t$ ur*9 gr[s m %rill z x gr[s l\d]4 ,! ,oh6 ( a/oni%m5t or delight1 beg9s sev]al notes bel[ ! middle voice1 & desc5ds /ill l[]4 ,ang] expresses itself 9 high tones1 or else 9 curses n l\d b deep4 ,deep tones1 too1 are always us$ 9 utt]+ /rong reproa*es4 ,su* an exclamation z ,bew>e6 if made dramatically--t is1 if made ) a %[ ( feel+--mu/ be _m notes l[] ?an ord9>y4 ,fur!r1 we h groans ( disapprobation1 groans ( horror1 groans ( remorse4 ,& extreme joy & fe> are alike accompani$ by %rill outcries4 ,ne>ly alli$ to ! subject ( pit*1 is t ( int]vals2 & ! explanation ( !m c>ries our argum5t a /ep fur!r4 ,:ile calm spee* is comp>atively monoton\s1 emotion makes use ( fif?s1 octaves1 & ev5 wid] int]vals4 ,li/5 to any "o n>rat+ or repeat+ some?+ 9 :i* he has no int]e/1 & 8 voice w n w&] m ?an two or ?ree notes above or bel[ 8 m$ium note1 & t by small /eps2 b :5 he comes to "s excit+ ev5t he w be he>d n only to use ! high] & l[] notes ( 8 regi/]1 b to g f "o to ! o!r by l>g] leaps4 ,be+ unable 9 pr9t to imitate ^! traits ( feel+1 we feel "s difficulty 9 fully realis+ !m to ! read]4 ,b we may sugge/ a few remembrances :i* w p]haps call to m9d a suffici5cy ( o!rs4 ,if two m5 liv+ 9 ! same place1 & frequ5tly see+ "o ano!r1 meet1 say at a public assembly1 any phrase ) :i* "o may be he>d to acco/ ! o!r--z ,hallo1 are y "h8--w h an ord9>y intonation4 ,b if "o ( !m1 aft] long abs5ce1 has unexpect$ly return$1 ! expression ( surprise ) :i* 8 fri5d may greet him--,hallo6 h[ came y "h8--w be utt]$ 9 mu* m /rongly contra/$ tones4 ,! two syllables ( ! ^w ,hallo w be1 ! "o mu* high] & ! o!r mu* l[] ?an be=e2 & ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce w simil>ly asc5d & desc5d by long] /eps4 ,aga91 if1 suppos+ h] to be 9 an adjo9+ room1 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se calls ,m>y1 ! two syllables ( ! "n w be spok5 9 an asc5d+ int]val ( a ?ird4 ,if ,m>y does n reply1 ! call w be repeat$ probably 9 a desc5d+ fif?2 imply+ ! slighte/ %ade ( annoyance at ,m>y's inatt5tion4 ,%\ld ,m>y /ill make no answ]1 ! increas+ annoyance w %[ itself by ! use ( a desc5d+ octave on ! next repetition ( ! call4 ,& suppos+ ! sil5ce to cont9ue1 ! lady1 if n ( a v ev5 temp]1 w %[ h] irritation at ,m>y's seem+ly int5tional neglig5ce by f9ally call+ h] 9 tones /ill m widely contra/$--! fir/ syllable be+ high] & ! la/ l[] ?an be=e4 ,n[1 ^! & analog\s facts1 :i* ! read] w readily accumulate1 cle>ly con=m to ! law laid d[n4 ,= to make l>ge int]vals requires m muscul> action ?an to make small ones4 ,b n only is ! ext5t ( vocal int]vals ?us explicable z due to ! relation betwe5 n]v\s & muscul> excitem5t1 b also 9 "s degree _! direction1 z asc5d+ or desc5d+4 ,! middle notes be+ ^? :i* dem& no appreciable ef=t ( muscul> adju/m5t2 & ! ef=t becom+ great] z we ei!r asc5d or desc5d2 x foll[s t a dep>ture f ! middle notes 9 ei!r direction w m>k increas+ emotion2 :ile a return t[>ds ! middle notes w m>k decreas+ emotion4 ,h5ce x happ5s t an en?usia/ic p]son utt]+ su* a s5t5ce z--,x 0 ! mo/ spl5did sight ,i ev] saw6 w asc5d to ! fir/ syllable ( ! ^w spl5did1 & !nce w desc5d3 ! ^w spl5did m>k+ ! climax ( ! feel+ produc$ by ! recollection4 ,h5ce1 aga91 x happ5s t1 "u "s extreme vexation produc$ by ano!r's /upidity1 an irascible man1 exclaim+--,:at a conf\nd$ fool ! fell[ is6 w beg9 some:at bel[ 8 middle voice1 & desc5d+ to ! ^w fool1 :i* he w utt] 9 "o ( 8 deepe/ notes1 w !n asc5d aga94 ,& x may be rem>k$1 t ! ^w fool w n only be deep] & l\d] ?an ! re/1 b w also h m emphasis ( articulation--ano!r mode 9 :i* muscul> excitem5t is %[n4 ,!re is "s dang]1 h[ev]1 9 giv+ in/ances l ?is2 see+ t z ! mode ( r5d]+ w v>y accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! feel+ :i* ! read] feigns to himself1 ! "r cad5ce may n be hit ^u4 ,) s+le words !re is less difficulty4 ,?us ! ,inde$6 ) :i* a surpris+ fact is receiv$1 mo/ly beg9s on ! middle note ( ! voice1 & rises ) ! second syllable2 or1 if disapprobation z well z a/oni%m5t is felt1 ! fir/ syllable w be bel[ ! middle note1 & ! second l[] /ill4 ,conv]sely1 ! ^w ,alas6 :i* m>ks n ! rise ( a p>oxysm ( grief1 b its decl9e1 is utt]$ 9 a cad5ce desc5d+ t[>ds ! middle note2 or1 if ! fir/ syllable is 9 ! l[] "p ( ! regi/]1 ! second asc5ds t[>ds ! middle note4 ,9 ! ,heigh-ho6 expressive ( m5tal & muscul> pro/ration1 we may see ! same tru?2 & if ! cad5ce appropriate to x be inv]t$1 ! absurdity ( ! effect cle>ly %[s h[ ! mean+ ( int]vals is dep5d5t on ! pr9ciple we h be5 illu/rat+4 ,! rema9+ *>act]i/ic ( emotional spee* :i* we h to notice is t ( v>iability ( pit*4 ,x is sc>cely possible "h to convey adequate ideas ( ?is m complex manife/ation4 ,we mu/ be cont5t ) simply indicat+ "s occasions on :i* x may be obs]v$4 ,on a meet+ ( fri5ds1 = in/ance--z :5 !re arrives a p>ty ( mu*-wi%$-=-visitors--! voices ( all w be he>d to und]go *anges ( pit* n only great] b mu* m num]\s ?an usual4 ,if a speak] at a public meet+ is int]rupt$ by "s squabble among ^? he is address+1 8 comp>atively level tones w be 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! rapidly *ang+ "o ( ! disputants4 ,& among *ildr51 ^: feel+s are less "u control ?an ^? ( adults1 ?is peculi>ity is /ill m decid$4 ,dur+ a sc5e ( compla9t & recrim9ation betwe5 two excitable little girls1 ! voices may be he>d to run up & d[n ! gamut sev]al times 9 ea* s5t5ce4 ,9 su* cases we once m recognise ! same law3 = muscul> excitem5t is %[n n only 9 /r5g? ( contraction b also 9 ! rapidity ) :i* diff]5t muscul> adju/m5ts succe$ ea* o!r4 ,?us we f9d all ! lead+ vocal ph5om5a to h a physiological basis4 ,!y are s _m manife/ations ( ! g5]al law t feel+ is a /imulus to muscul> action--a law con=m$ to ?r\gh\t ! :ole economy1 n ( man only1 b ( e s5sitive creature--a law1 !re=e1 :i* lies deep 9 ! nature ( animal organisation4 ,! expressiv5ess ( ^! v>i\s modifications ( voice is !re=e innate4 ,ea* ( u1 f babyhood upw>ds1 has be5 spontane\sly mak+ !m1 :5 "u ! v>i\s s5sations & emotions by :i* !y are produc$4 ,hav+ be5 consci\s ( ea* feel+ at ! same "t t we he>d ourselves make ! consequ5t s\nd1 we h acquir$ an e/abli%$ association ( ideas betwe5 su* s\nd & ! feel+ :i* caus$ x4 ,:5 ! l s\nd is made by ano!r1 we ascribe ! l feel+ to him2 & by a fur!r consequ5ce we n only ascribe to him t feel+1 b h a c]ta9 degree ( x ar\s$ 9 ourselves3 = to become consci\s ( ! feel+ :i* ano!r is exp]i5c+1 is to h t feel+ awak5$ 9 our own consci\sness1 :i* is ! same ?+ z exp]i5c+ ! feel+4 ,?us ^! v>i\s modifications ( voice become n only a language ?r\gh :i* we und]/& ! emotions ( o!rs1 b also ! means ( excit+ our sympa?y ) su* emotions4 ,h we n "h1 !n1 adequate data = a !ory ( music8 ,^! vocal peculi>ities :i* indicate excit$ feel+ are ^? :i* especially di/+ui% song f ord9>y spee*4 ,e "o ( ! alt]ations ( voice :i* we h f\nd to be a physiological result ( pa9 or pleasure1 is c>ri$ to its greate/ extreme 9 vocal music4 ,= in/ance1 we saw t1 9 virtue ( ! g5]al relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5t1 "o *>act]i/ic ( passionate utt]ance is l\dness4 ,well1 its comp>ative l\dness is "o ( ! di/9ctive m>ks ( song z contra/$ ) ! spee* ( daily life2 & fur!r1 ! =te passages ( an air are ^? int5d$ to repres5t ! climax ( its emotion4 ,we next saw t ! tones 9 :i* emotion expresses itself are1 9 con=mity ) ?is same law1 ( a m sonor\s timbre ?an ^? ( calm conv]sation4 ,"h1 too1 song displays a /ill high] degree ( ! peculi>ity2 = ! s++ tone is ! mo/ resonant we c make4 ,aga91 x 0 %[n t1 f a l cause1 m5tal excitem5t v5ts itself 9 ! high] & l[] notes ( ! regi/]2 us+ ! middle notes b seldom4 ,& x sc>cely ne$s say+ t vocal music is /ill m di/+ui%$ by its comp>ative neglect ( ! notes 9 :i* we talk1 & its habitual use ( ^? above or bel[ !m &1 moreov]1 t its mo/ passionate effects are commonly produc$ at ! two extremities ( its scale1 b especially ! upp] "o4 ,a yet fur!r trait ( /rong feel+1 simil>ly acc\nt$ =1 0 ! employm5t ( l>g] int]vals ?an are employ$ 9 common conv]se4 ,?is trait1 also1 e ballad & aria c>ries to an ext5t beyond t he>d 9 ! spontane\s utt]ances ( emotion3 add to :i*1 t ! direction ( ^! int]vals1 :i*1 z div]g+ f or conv]g+ t[>ds ! m$ium tones1 we f\nd to be physiologically expressive ( increas+ or decreas+ emotion1 may be obs]v$ to h 9 music l mean+s4 ,once m1 x 0 po9t$ out t n only extreme b also rapid v>iations ( pit* are *>act]i/ic ( m5tal excitem5t2 & once m we see 9 ! quick *anges ( e melody1 t song c>ries ! *>act]i/ic z f>1 if n f>!r4 ,?us1 9 respect alike ( l\dness1 timbre1 pit*1 int]vals1 & rate ( v>iation1 song employs & exagg]ates ! natural language ( ! emotions2--x arises f a sy/ematic comb9ation ( ^? vocal peculi>ities :i* are ! physiological effects ( acute pleasure & pa94 ,besides ^! *ief *>act]i/ics ( song z di/+ui%$ f common spee*1 !re are sundry m9or ones simil>ly explicable z due to ! relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5t2 & be=e proce$+ fur!r ^! %\ld be briefly notic$4 ,?us1 c]ta9 passions1 & p]haps all passions :5 pu%$ to an extreme1 produce 7probably ?r\gh _! influ5ce ov] ! action ( ! he>t7 an effect ! rev]se ( t :i* has be5 describ$3 !y cause a physical pro/ration1 "o symptom ( :i* is a g5]al relaxation ( ! muscles1 & a consequ5t trembl+4 ,we h ! trembl+ ( ang]1 ( fe>1 ( hope1 ( joy2 & ! vocal muscles be+ implicat$ ) ! re/1 ! voice too becomes tremul\s4 ,n[1 9 s++1 ?is tremul\sness ( voice is v effectively us$ by "s vocali/s 9 highly pa!tic passages2 sometimes1 inde$1 because ( its effectiv5ess1 too mu* us$ by !m--z by ,tamb]lik1 = in/ance4 ,aga91 !re is a mode ( musical execution kn[n z ! /accato1 appropriate to en]getic passages--to passages expressive ( exhil>ation1 ( resolution1 ( confid5ce4 ,! action ( ! vocal muscles :i* produces ?is /accato /yle is analog\s to ! muscul> action :i* produces ! %>p decisive1 en]getic movem5ts ( body indicat+ ^! /ates ( m9d2 & !re=e x is t ! /accato /yle has ! mean+ we ascribe to x4 ,conv]sely1 slurr$ int]vals are expressive ( g5tl] & less active feel+s2 & are s because !y imply ! small] muscul> vivacity due to a l[] m5tal en]gy4 ,! diff]5ce ( effect result+ f diff]5ce ( "t 9 music is also attributable to ! same law4 ,already x has be5 po9t$ out t ! m frequ5t *anges ( pit* :i* ord9>ily result f passion are imitat$ & develop$ 9 song2 & "h we h to add1 t ! v>i\s rates ( su* *anges1 appropriate to ! diff]5t /yles ( music1 are fur!r traits hav+ ! same d]ivation4 ,! sl[e/ movem5ts1 l>go & adagio1 are us$ :]e su* depress+ emotions z grief1 or su* unexcit+ emotions z rev]5ce1 are to be portray$2 :ile ! m rapid movem5ts1 &ante1 allegro1 pre/o1 repres5t successively increas+ degrees ( m5tal vivacity2 & d ?is because !y imply t muscul> activity :i* fl[s f ?is m5tal vivacity4 ,ev5 ! rhy?m1 :i* =ms a rema9+ di/9ction betwe5 song & spee*1 may n improbably h a k9dr$ cause4 ,:y ! actions excit$ by /rong feel+ %\ld t5d to become rhy?mical is n v obvi\s2 b t !y d s !re are div]s evid5ces4 ,!re is ! sway+ ( ! body to & fro "u pa9 or grief1 ( ! leg "u impati5ce or agitation4 ,danc+1 too1 is a rhy?mical action natural to elevat$ emotion4 ,t "u excitem5t spee* acquires a c]ta9 rhy?m1 we may occasionally p]ceive 9 ! highe/ ef=ts ( an orator4 ,9 poetry1 :i* is a =m ( spee* us$ = ! bett] expression ( emotional ideas1 we h ?is rhy?mical t5d5cy develop$4 ,& :5 we be> 9 m9d t danc+1 poetry1 & music are connate--are orig9ally con/itu5t p>ts ( ! same ?+1 x becomes cle> t ! measur$ movem5t common to !m all implies a rhy?mical action ( ! :ole sy/em1 ! vocal app>atus includ$2 & t s ! rhy?m ( music is a m subtle & complex result ( ?is relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5t4 ,b x is "t to end ?is analysis1 :i* possibly we h already c>ri$ too f>4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! m special peculi>ities ( musical expression are to be def9itely expla9$4 ,?\gh probably !y may all 9 "s way con=m to ! pr9ciple t has be5 work$ out1 x is obvi\sly impracticable to trace t pr9ciple 9 its m ramifi$ applications4 ,nor is x ne$ful to our argum5t t x %\ld be s trac$4 ,! =ego+ facts suffici5tly prove t :at we reg>d z ! di/9ctive traits ( song1 are simply ! traits ( emotional spee* int5sifi$ & sy/ematis$4 ,9 respect ( its g5]al *>act]i/ics1 we ?9k x has be5 made cle> t vocal music1 & by consequ5ce all music1 is an idealisation ( ! natural language ( passion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z f> z x goes1 ! scanty evid5ce furni%$ by hi/ory confirms ?is conclusion4 ,note fir/ ! fact 7n prop]ly an hi/orical "o1 b fitly gr\p$ ) su*7 t ! dance-*ants ( savage tribes are v monoton\s2 & 9 virtue ( _! monotony are mu* m ne>ly alli$ to ord9>y spee* ?an are ! songs ( civilis$ races4 ,jo9+ ) ?is ! fact t !re are /ill extant among boatm5 & o!rs 9 ! ,ea/1 anci5t *ants ( a l monoton\s "*1 we may inf] t vocal music orig9ally div]g$ f emotional spee* 9 a gradual1 unobtrusive mann]2 & ?is is ! inf]5ce to :i* our argum5t po9ts4 ,fur!r evid5ce to ! same effect is suppli$ by ,greek hi/ory4 ,! e>ly poems ( ! ,greeks--:i*1 be x rememb]$1 7 sacr$ leg5ds embodi$ 9 t rhy?mical1 metaphorical language :i* /rong feel+ excites--7 n recit$1 b *ant$3 ! tones & ! cad5ces 7 made musical by ! same influ5ces :i* made ! spee* poetical4 ,by ^? :o h inve/igat$ ! matt]1 ?is *ant+ is believ$ to h be5 n :at we call s++1 b ne>ly alli$ to our recitative 7f> simpl] inde$1 if we may judge f ! fact t ! e>ly ,greek lyre1 :i* _h b f\r /r+s1 0 play$ 9 unison ) ! voice1 :i* 0 !re=e conf9$ to f\r notes71 & z su*1 mu* less remote f common spee* ?an our own s++ is4 ,= recitative1 or musical recitation1 is 9 all respects int]m$iate betwe5 spee* & song4 ,its av]age effects are n s l\d z ^? ( song4 ,its tones are less sonor\s 9 timbre ?an ^? ( song4 ,commonly x div]ges to a small] ext5t f ! middle notes--uses notes nei!r s high nor s l[ 9 pit*4 ,! int]vals habitual to x are nei!r s wide nor s v>i$4 ,its rate ( v>iation is n s rapid4 ,& at ! same "t t its prim>y rhy?m is less decid$1 x has none ( t second>y rhy?m produc$ by recurr5ce ( ! same or p>allel musical phrases1 :i* is "o ( ! m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( song4 ,?us1 !n1 we may n only inf]1 f ! evid5ce furni%$ by exi/+ b>b>\s tribes1 t ! vocal music ( pre-hi/oric times 0 emotional spee* v slightly exalt$2 b we see t ! e>lie/ vocal music ( :i* we h any acc\nt diff]$ mu* less f emotional spee* ?an does ! vocal music ( our days4 ,t recitative--beyond :i*1 by ! way1 ! ,*9ese & ,h9doos seem nev] to h advanc$--grew naturally out ( ! modulations & cad5ces ( /rong feel+1 we h inde$ /ill curr5t evid5ce4 ,!re are ev5 n[ to be met ) occasions on :i* /rong feel+ v5ts itself 9 ?is =m4 ,:oev] has be5 pres5t :5 a meet+ ( ,quak]s 0 address$ by "o ( _! prea*]s 7^: practice x is to speak only "u ! influ5ce ( religi\s emotion71 mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! q unusual tones1 l ^? ( a subdu$ *ant1 9 :i* ! address 0 made4 ,x is cle>1 too1 t ! inton+ us$ 9 "s *ur*es is repres5tative ( ?is same m5tal /ate2 & has be5 adopt$ on acc\nt ( ! in/9ctively felt congruity betwe5 x & ! contrition1 supplication1 or rev]5ce v]bally express$4 ,& if1 z we h good reason to believe1 recitative arose by degrees out ( emotional spee*1 x becomes manife/ t by a cont9uance ( ! same process song has aris5 out ( recitative4 ,j z1 f ! orations & leg5ds ( savages1 express$ 9 ! metaphorical1 allegorical /yle natural to !m1 !re sprung epic poetry1 out ( :i* lyric poetry 0 aft]w>ds develop$2 s1 f ! exalt$ tones & cad5ces 9 :i* su* orations & leg5ds 7 deliv]$1 came ! *ant or recitative music1 f :5ce lyrical music has s9ce gr[n up4 ,& !re has n only ?us be5 a simultane\s & p>allel g5esis1 b !re is also a p>allelism ( results4 ,= lyrical poetry diff]s f epic poetry1 j z lyrical music diff]s f recitative3 ea* /ill fur!r int5sifies ! natural language ( ! emotions4 ,lyrical poetry is m metaphorical1 m hyp]bolic1 m elliptical1 & adds ! rhy?m ( l9es to ! rhy?m ( feet2 j z lyrical music is l\d]1 m sonor\s1 m extreme 9 its int]vals1 & adds ! rhy?m ( phrases to ! rhy?m ( b>s4 ,& ! kn[n fact t out ( epic poetry ! /rong] passions develop$ lyrical poetry z _! appropriate vehicle1 /r5g!ns ! inf]5ce t !y simil>ly develop$ lyrical music out ( recitative4 ,nor inde$ are we )\t evid5ces ( ! transition4 ,x ne$s b to li/5 to an op]a to he> ! lead+ gradations4 ,betwe5 ! comp>atively level recitative ( ord9>y dialogue1 ! m v>i$ recitative ) wid] int]vals & high] tones us$ 9 excit+ sc5es1 ! /ill m musical recitative :i* preludes an air1 & ! air itself1 ! successive /eps are b small2 & ! fact t among airs !mselves gradations ( l nature may be trac$1 fur!r confirms ! conclusion t ! highe/ =m ( vocal music 0 arriv$ at by degrees4 ,moreov]1 we h "s clue to ! influ5ces :i* h induc$ ?is developm5t2 & may r\ghly conceive ! process ( x4 ,z ! tones1 int]vals1 & cad5ces ( /rong emotion 7 ! elem5ts out ( :i* song 0 elaborat$1 s we may expect to f9d t /ill /rong] emotion produc$ ! elaboration3 & we h evid5ce imply+ ?is4 ,in/ances 9 abundance may be cit$1 %[+ t musical compos]s are m5 ( extremely acute s5sibilities4 ,! ,life ( ,moz>t depicts him z "o ( int5sely active affections & highly impressionable temp]am5t4 ,v>i\s anecdotes repres5t ,bee?ov5 z v susceptible & v passionate4 ,m5delssohn is describ$ by ^? :o knew him to h be5 full ( f9e feel+4 ,& ! almo/ incr$ible s5sitiv5ess ( ,*op9 has be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! memoirs ( ,george ,s&4 ,an unusually emotional nature be+ ?us ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( musical compos]s1 we h 9 x j ! ag5cy requir$ = ! developm5t ( recitative & song4 ,int5s] feel+ produc+ int5s] manife/ations1 any cause ( excitem5t w call =? f su* a nature tones & *anges ( voice m m>k$ ?an ^? call$ =? f an ord9>y nature--w g5]ate j ^? exagg]ations :i* we h f\nd to di/+ui% ! l[] vocal music f emotional spee*1 & ! high] vocal music f ! l[]4 ,?us x becomes cr$ible t ! f\r-ton$ recitative ( ! e>ly ,greek poets 7l all poets1 ne>ly alli$ to compos]s 9 ! comp>ative int5sity ( _! feel+s71 0 really no?+ m ?an ! slightly exagg]at$ emotional spee* natural to !m1 :i* grew by frequ5t use into an organis$ =m4 ,& x is readily conceivable t ! accumulat$ ag5cy ( subsequ5t poet-musicians1 inh]it+ & add+ to ! products ( ^? :o w5t be=e !m1 suffic$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! t5 c5turies :i* we "k x took1 to develop ?is f\r-ton$ recitative into a vocal music hav+ a range ( two octaves4 ,n only may we s und]/& h[ m sonor\s tones1 great] extremes ( pit*1 & wid] int]vals1 7 gradually introduc$2 b also h[ !re arose a great] v>iety & complexity ( musical expression4 ,= ?is same passionate1 en?usia/ic temp]am5t1 :i* naturally leads ! musical compos] to express ! feel+s possess$ by o!rs z well z himself1 9 extrem] int]vals & m m>k$ cad5ces ?an !y w\ld use1 also leads him to give musical utt]ance to feel+s :i* !y ei!r d n exp]i5ce1 or exp]i5ce 9 b slight degrees4 ,9 virtue ( ?is g5]al susceptibility :i* di/+ui%es him1 he reg>ds ) emotion1 ev5ts1 sc5es1 conduct1 "*1 :i* produce ^u mo/ m5 no appreciable effect4 ,! emotions s g5]at$1 comp\nd$ z !y are ( ! simpl] emotions1 are n expressible by int]vals & cad5ces natural to ^!1 b by comb9ations ( su* int]vals & cad5ces3 :5ce arise m involv$ musical phrases1 convey+ m complex1 subtle1 & unusual feel+s4 ,& ?us we may 9 "s measure und]/& h[ x happ5s t music n only s /rongly excites our m famili> feel+s1 b also produces feel+s we nev] _h be=e--ar\ses dormant s5tim5ts ( :i* we _h n conceiv$ ! possibility & d n "k ! mean+2 or1 z ,ri*t] says--tells u ( ?+s we h n se5 & %all n see4 99 99 99 99 99 ,indirect evid5ces ( sev]al k9ds rema9 to be briefly po9t$ out4 ,"o ( !m is ! difficulty1 n to say impossibility1 ( o!rwise acc\nt+ = ! expressiv5ess ( music4 ,:5ce comes x t special comb9ations ( notes %\ld h special effects ^u our emotions8--t "o %\ld give u a feel+ ( exhil>ation1 ano!r ( melan*oly1 ano!r ( affection1 ano!r ( rev]5ce8 ,is x t ^! special comb9ations h intr9sic mean+s ap>t f ! human con/itution8--t a c]ta9 numb] ( a]ial waves p] second1 foll[$ by a c]ta9 o!r numb]1 9 ! nature ( ?+s signify grief1 :ile 9 ! rev]se ord] !y signify joy2 & simil>ly ) all o!r int]vals1 phrases1 & cad5ces8 ,few w be s irrational z to ?9k ?is4 ,is x1 !n1 t ! mean+s ( ^! special comb9ations are conv5tional only8--t we le>n _! implications1 z we d ^? ( words1 by obs]v+ h[ o!rs und]/& !m8 ,?is is an hypo!sis n only devoid ( evid5ce1 b directly oppos$ to ! exp]i5ce ( e "o4 ,h[1 !n1 are musical effects to be expla9$8 ,if ! !ory above set =? be accept$1 ! difficulty disappe>s4 ,if music1 tak+ = its raw mat]ial ! v>i\s modifications ( voice :i* are ! physiological results ( excit$ feel+s1 int5sifies1 comb9es1 & complicates !m--if x exagg]ates ! l\dness1 ! resonance1 ! pit*1 ! int]vals1 & ! v>iability1 :i*1 9 virtue ( an organic law1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( passionate spee*--if1 by c>ry+ out ^! fur!r1 m consi/5tly1 m unit$ly1 & m su/a9$ly1 x produces an idealis$ language ( emotion2 !n its p[] ov] u becomes compreh5sible4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is !ory1 ! expressiv5ess ( music appe>s to be inexplicable4 ,aga91 ! pref]5ce we feel = c]ta9 qualities ( s\nd pres5ts a l difficulty1 admitt+ only ( a l solution4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! tones ( ! human voice are m pleas+ ?an any o!rs4 ,grant t music takes its rise f ! modulations ( ! human voice "u emotion1 & x becomes a natural consequ5ce t ! tones ( t voice %\ld appeal to our feel+s m ?an any o!rs2 & s %\ld be consid]$ m beautiful ?an any o!rs4 ,b d5y t music has ?is orig91 & ! only alt]native is ! unt5able position t ! vibrations proce$+ f a vocali/'s ?roat are1 objectively consid]$1 ( a high] ord] ?an ^? f a horn or a viol94 ,simil>ly ) h>% & s(t s\nds4 ,if ! conclusiv5ess ( ! =ego+ reason+s be n admitt$1 x mu/ be suppos$ t ! vibrations caus+ ! la/ are intr9sically bett] ?an ^? caus+ ! fir/2 & t1 9 virtue ( "s pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 ! high] feel+s & natures produce ! "o1 & ! l[] ! o!r4 ,b if ! =ego+ reason+s be valid1 x foll[s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t we %all l ! s\nds t habitually accompany agreeable feel+s1 & dislike ^? t habitually accompany disagreeable feel+s4 ,once m1 ! "q--,h[ is ! expressiv5ess ( music to be o!rwise acc\nt$ =8 may be supplem5t$ by ! "q--,h[ is ! g5esis ( music to be o!rwise acc\nt$ =8 ,t music is a product ( civilisation is manife/2 = ?\gh savages h _! dance-*ants1 ^! are ( a k9d sc>cely to be dignifi$ by ! title musical3 at mo/1 !y supply b ! vague/ rudim5t ( music1 prop]ly s call$4 ,& if music has be5 by sl[ /eps develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( civilisation1 x mu/ h be5 develop$ out ( some?+4 ,if1 !n1 its orig9 is n t above alleg$1 :at is its orig98 ,?us we f9d t ! negative evid5ce confirms ! positive1 & t1 tak5 toge!r1 !y furni% /rong pro(4 ,we h se5 t !re is a physiological relation1 common to man & all animals1 betwe5 feel+ & muscul> action2 t z vocal s\nds are produc$ by muscul> action1 !re is a consequ5t physiological relation betwe5 feel+ & vocal s\nds2 t all ! modifications ( voice expressive ( feel+ are ! direct results ( ?is physiological relation2 t music1 adopt+ all ^! modifications1 int5sifies !m m & m z x asc5ds to its high] & high] =ms1 & becomes music simply 9 virtue ( ?us int5sify+ !m2 t1 f ! anci5t epic poet *ant+ 8 v]ses1 d[n to ! mod]n musical compos]1 m5 ( unusually /rong feel+s prone to express !m 9 extreme =ms1 h be5 naturally ! ag5ts ( ^! successive int5sifications2 & t s !re has little by little aris5 a wide div]g5ce betwe5 ?is idealis$ language ( emotion & its natural language3 to :i* direct evid5ce we h j add$ ! indirect--t on no o!r t5able hypo!sis c ei!r ! expressiv5ess or ! g5esis ( music be expla9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 :at is ! function ( music8 ,has music any effect beyond ! imm$iate pleasure x produces8 ,analogy sugge/s t x has4 ,! enjoym5ts ( a good d9n] d n end ) !mselves1 b m9i/] to bodily well-be+4 ,?\gh p d n m>ry ) a view to ma9ta9 ! race1 yet ! passions :i* impel !m to m>ry secure its ma9t5ance4 ,p>5tal affection is a feel+ :i*1 :ile x conduces to p>5tal happ9ess1 ensures ! nurture ( (fspr+4 ,m5 love to accumulate prop]ty1 (t5 )\t ?\ght ( ! b5efits x produces2 b 9 pursu+ ! pleasure ( acquisition !y indirectly op5 ! way to o!r pleasures4 ,! wi% = public approval impels all ( u to d _m ?+s :i* we %\ld o!rwise n d1--to und]take great lab\rs1 face great dang]s1 & habitually rule ourselves 9 a way t smoo?s social int]c\rse3 t is1 9 gratify+ our love ( approbation we subs]ve div]s ult]ior purposes4 ,&1 g5]ally1 our nature is su* t 9 fulfill+ ea* desire1 we 9 "s way facilitate ! fulfilm5t ( ! re/4 ,b ! love ( music seems to exi/ = its own sake4 ,! delights ( melody & h>mony d n obvi\sly m9i/] to ! welf>e ei!r ( ! individual or ( society4 ,may we n suspect1 h[ev]1 t ?is exception is app>5t only8 ,is x n a rational inquiry--,:at are ! indirect b5efits :i* accrue f music1 9 addition to ! direct pleasure x gives8 ,b t x w\ld take u too f> out ( our track1 we %\ld prelude ?is inquiry by illu/rat+ at "s l5g? a c]ta9 g5]al law ( progress2--! law t alike 9 occupations1 sci5ces1 arts1 ! divisions t _h a common root1 b by cont9ual div]g5ce h become di/9ct1 & are n[ be+ sep>ately develop$1 are n truly indep5d5t1 b sev]ally act & react on ea* o!r to _! mutual advancem5t4 ,m]ely h9t+ ?us mu*1 h[ev]1 by way ( %[+ t !re are _m analogies to ju/ify u1 we g on to express ! op9ion t !re exi/s a relation%ip ( ?is k9d betwe5 music & spee*4 ,all spee* is comp\nd$ ( two elem5ts1 ! words & ! tones 9 :i* !y are utt]$--! signs ( ideas & ! signs ( feel+s4 ,:ile c]ta9 articulations express ! ?\ght1 c]ta9 vocal s\nds express ! m or less ( pa9 or pleasure :i* ! ?\ght gives4 ,us+ ! ^w cad5ce 9 an unusually ext5d$ s5se1 z compreh5d+ all modifications ( voice1 we may say t cad5ce is ! comm5t>y ( ! emotions ^u ! propositions ( ! intellect4 ,! duality ( spok5 language1 ?\gh n =mally recognis$1 is recognis$ 9 practice by e "o2 & e "o kn[s t v (t5 m weight atta*es to ! tones ?an to ! words4 ,daily exp]i5ce supplies cases 9 :i* ! same s5t5ce ( disapproval w be und]/ood z mean+ little or mean+ mu*1 accord+ to ! inflections ( voice :i* accompany x2 & daily exp]i5ce supplies /ill m /rik+ cases 9 :i* words & tones are 9 direct contradiction--! fir/ express+ cons5t1 :ile ! la/ express reluctance2 & ! la/ be+ believ$ r ?an ! fir/4 ,^! two di/9ct b int]wov5 elem5ts ( spee* h be5 und]go+ a simultane\s developm5t4 ,we "k t 9 ! c\rse ( civilisation words h be5 multipli$1 new p>ts ( spee* h be5 introduc$1 s5t5ces h gr[n m v>i$ & complex2 & we may fairly inf] t dur+ ! same "t new modifications ( voice h come into use1 fre% int]vals h be5 adopt$1 & cad5ces h become m elaborate4 ,= :ile1 on ! "o h&1 x is absurd to suppose t1 along ) ! undevelop$ v]bal =ms ( b>b>ism1 !re exi/$ a develop$ sy/em ( vocal inflections2 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 necess>y to suppose t1 along ) ! high] & m num]\s v]bal =ms ne$$ to convey ! multipli$ & complicat$ ideas ( civilis$ life1 !re h gr[n up ^? m involv$ *anges ( voice :i* express ! feel+s prop] to su* ideas4 ,if intellectual language is a gr[?1 s also1 )\t d\bt1 is emotional language a gr[?4 ,n[1 ! hypo!sis :i* we h h9t$ above1 is1 t beyond ! direct pleasure :i* x gives1 music has ! indirect effect ( develop+ ?is language ( ! emotions4 ,hav+ its root1 z we h endeav\r$ to %[1 9 ^? tones1 int]vals1 & cad5ces ( spee* :i* express feel+--aris+ by ! comb9ation & int5sify+ ( ^!1 & com+ f9ally to h an embodim5t ( its own--music has all along be5 react+ ^u spee*1 & increas+ its p[] ( r5d]+ emotion4 ,! use 9 recitative & song ( inflections m expressive ?an ord9>y ones1 mu/ f ! beg9n+ h t5d$ to develop ! ord9>y ones4 ,famili>ity ) ! m v>i$ comb9ations ( tones t occur 9 vocal music c sc>cely h fail$ to give great] v>iety ( comb9ation to ! tones 9 :i* we utt] our impressions & desires4 ,! complex musical phrases by :i* compos]s h convey$ complex emotions1 may rationally be suppos$ to h influ5c$ u 9 mak+ ^? involv$ cad5ces ( conv]sation by :i* we convey our subtl] ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,t ! cultivation ( music has no effect on ! m9d1 few w be absurd en\gh to cont5d4 ,& if x has an effect1 :at m natural effect is !re ?an ?is ( develop+ our p]ception ( ! mean+s ( inflections1 qualities1 & modulations ( voice2 & giv+ u a correspond+ly increas$ p[] ( us+ !m8 ,j z ma!matics1 tak+ its />t f ! ph5om5a ( physics & a/ronomy1 & pres5tly com+ to be a sep>ate sci5ce1 has s9ce react$ on physics & a/ronomy to _! imm5se advancem5t--j z *emi/ry1 fir/ aris+ out ( ! processes ( metallurgy & ! indu/rial arts1 & gradually gr[+ into an indep5d5t /udy1 has n[ become an aid to all k9ds ( production--j z physiology1 orig9at+ out ( m$ic9e & once subord9ate to x1 b latt]ly pursu$ = its own sake1 is 9 our day com+ to be ! sci5ce on :i* ! progress ( m$ic9e dep5ds2--s1 music1 hav+ its root 9 emotional language1 & gradually evolv$ f x1 has ev] be5 react+ ^u & fur!r advanc+ x4 ,:oev] w exam9e ! facts w f9d ?is hypo!sis to be 9 h>mony ) ! me?od ( civilisation ev]y:]e display$4 ,x w sc>cely be expect$ t mu* direct evid5ce 9 support ( ?is conclusion c be giv54 ,! facts are ( a k9d :i* x is difficult to measure1 & ( :i* we h no records4 ,"s sugge/ive traits1 h[ev]1 may be not$4 ,may we n say1 = in/ance1 t ! ,italians1 among :om mod]n music 0 e>lie/ cultivat$1 & :o h m especially practis$ & excell$ 9 melody 7! division ( music ) :i* our argum5t is *iefly conc]n$7--may we n say t ^! ,italians speak 9 m v>i$ & expressive inflections & cad5ces ?an any o!r nation8 ,on ! o!r h&1 may we n say t1 conf9$ almo/ exclusively z !y h hi!rto be5 to _! national airs1 :i* h a m>k$ family lik5ess1 & !re=e accu/om$ to b a limit$ range ( musical expression1 ! ,scot* are unusually monoton\s 9 ! int]vals & modulations ( _! spee*8 ,& aga91 d we n f9d among diff]5t classes ( ! same nation1 diff]5ces t h l implications8 ,! g5tleman & ! cl[n /& 9 a v decid$ contra/ ) respect to v>iety ( intonation4 ,li/5 to ! conv]sation ( a s]vant-girl1 & !n to t ( a ref9$1 accompli%$ lady1 & ! m delicate & complex *anges ( voice us$ by ! latt] w be conspicu\s4 ,n[1 )\t go+ s f> z to say t out ( all ! diff]5ces ( culture to :i* ! upp] & l[] classes are subject$1 diff]5ce ( musical culture is t to :i* alone ?is diff]5ce ( spee* is ascribable1 yet we may fairly say t !re seems a mu* m obvi\s connection ( cause & effect betwe5 ^! ?an betwe5 any o!rs4 ,?us1 :ile ! inductive evid5ce to :i* we c appeal is b scanty & vague1 yet :at !re is fav\rs our position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,probably mo/ w ?9k t ! function "h assign$ to music is "o ( v little mom5t4 ,b fur!r reflection may lead !m to a contr>y conviction4 ,9 its be>+s ^u human happ9ess1 we believe t ?is emotional language :i* musical culture develops & ref9es is only second 9 importance to ! language ( ! intellect2 p]haps n ev5 second to x4 ,= ^! modifications ( voice produc$ by feel+s are ! means ( excit+ l feel+s 9 o!rs4 ,jo9$ ) ge/ures & expressions ( face1 !y give life to ! o!rwise dead words 9 :i* ! intellect utt]s its ideas2 & s enable ! he>] n only to und]/& ! /ate ( m9d !y accompany1 b to p>take ( t /ate4 ,9 %ort1 !y are ! *ief m$ia ( sympa?y4 ,& if we consid] h[ mu* bo? our g5]al welf>e & our imm$iate pleasures dep5d ^u sympa?y1 we %all recognise ! importance ( :atev] makes ?is sympa?y great]4 ,if we be> 9 m9d t by _! fell[-feel+ m5 are l$ to behave ju/ly1 k9dly1 & consid]ately to ea* o!r--t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cruelty ( ! b>b>\s & ! humanity ( ! civilis$1 results f ! increase ( fell[-feel+2 if we be> 9 m9d t ?is faculty :i* makes u %>]s 9 ! joys & sorr[s ( o!rs1 is ! basis ( all ! high] affections--t 9 fri5d%ip1 love1 & all dome/ic pleasures1 x is an ess5tial elem5t2 if we be> 9 m9d h[ mu* our direct gratifications are int5sifi$ by sympa?y1--h[1 at ! !atre1 ! conc]t1 ! picture gall]y1 we lose half our enjoym5t if we h no "o to enjoy ) u2 if1 9 %ort1 we be> 9 m9d t = all happ9ess beyond :at ! unfri5d$ recluse c h1 we are indebt$ to ?is same sympa?y2--we %all see t ! ag5cies :i* communicate x c sc>cely be ov]rat$ 9 value4 ,! t5d5cy ( civilisation is m & m to repress ! antagoni/ic elem5ts ( our *>act]s & to develop ! social ones--to curb our purely selfi% desires & ex]cise our unselfi% ones--to replace private gratifications by gratifications result+ f1 or involv+1 ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,& :ile1 by ?is adaptation to ! social /ate1 ! sympa!tic side ( our nature is be+ unfold$1 !re is simultane\sly gr[+ up a language ( sympa!tic int]c\rse--a language ?r\gh :i* we communicate to o!rs ! happ9ess we feel1 & are made %>]s 9 _! happ9ess4 ,?is d\ble process1 ( :i* ! effects are already suffici5tly appreciable1 mu/ g on to an ext5t ( :i* we c z yet h no adequate conception4 ,! habitual concealm5t ( our feel+s dim9i%+1 z x mu/1 9 proportion z our feel+s become su* z d n dem& concealm5t1 we may conclude t ! exhibition ( !m w become mu* m vivid ?an we n[ d>e all[ x to be2 & ?is implies a m expressive emotional language4 ,at ! same "t1 feel+s ( a high] & m complex k9d1 z yet exp]i5c$ only by ! cultivat$ few1 w become g5]al2 & !re w be a correspond+ developm5t ( ! emotional language into m involv$ =ms4 ,j z !re has sil5tly gr[n up a language ( ideas1 :i*1 rude z x at fir/ 01 n[ enables u to convey ) precision ! mo/ subtle & complicat$ ?\ghts2 s1 !re is /ill sil5tly gr[+ up a language ( feel+s1 :i*1 not)/&+ its pres5t imp]fection1 we may expect w ultimately enable m5 vividly & completely to impress on ea* o!r all ! emotions :i* !y exp]i5ce f mom5t to mom5t4 ,?us if1 z we h endeav\r$ to %[1 x is ! function ( music to facilitate ! developm5t ( ?is emotional language1 we may reg>d music z an aid to ! a*ievem5t ( t high] happ9ess :i* x indi/9ctly %ad[s =?4 ,^? vague feel+s ( unexp]i5c$ felicity :i* music ar\ses--^? indef9ite impressions ( an unkn[n ideal life :i* x calls up1 may be consid]$ z a prophecy1 to ! fulfilm5t ( :i* music is itself p>tly in/rum5tal4 ,! /range capacity :i* we h = be+ s affect$ by melody & h>mony may be tak5 to imply bo? t x is )9 ! possibilities ( our nature to realise ^? int5s] delights !y dimly sugge/1 & t !y are 9 "s way conc]n$ 9 ! realisation ( !m4 ,on ?is supposition ! p[] & ! mean+ ( music become compreh5sible2 b o!rwise !y are a my/]y4 ,we w only add1 t if ! probability ( ^! coroll>ies be admitt$1 !n music mu/ take rank z he highe/ ( ! f9e arts--z ! "o :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 m9i/]s to human welf>e4 ,& ?us1 ev5 leav+ out ( view ! imm$iate gratifications x is h\rly giv+1 we _c too mu* applaud t progress ( musical culture :i* is becom+ "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( our age4 #a ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 ,octob] #aheg4 #b ,^? :o seek in=mation on ?is po9t may f9d x 9 an int]e/+ tract by ,mr4 ,alex&] ,ba91 on ,animal ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce4