,lectures & ,essays ,,by ,,?omas ,,h5ry ,,huxley ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet1 ,,london #aiaj ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,?omas ,,h5ry ,,huxley4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,works ,,( ,,?omas ,,h5ry ,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,ev]sley ,s]ies4 ,twelve vols4 ,globe #hvo1 #ds4 net ea*4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,me?od ,,& ,,results4 ,,ii4 ,,d>w9iana4 ,,iii4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,education4 ,,iv4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,hebrew ,,tradition4 ,v4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,*ri/ian ,,tradition4 ,,vi4 ,,hume1 ,,) ,,helps ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,b]keley4 ,,vii4 ,,man',s ,,place ,,9 ,,nature4 ,,viii4 ,,disc\rses1 ,,biological ,,& ,,geological4 ,,ix4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,e?ics1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays4 ,x4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,lett]s ,,( ,,pr(essor ,,huxley4 ,,xii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,aphorisms ,,& ,,reflections ,,f ,,! ,,works ,,( ,t4,h4 ,,huxley4 ,select$ by ,,h5rietta ,a4 ,,huxley4 ,) ,portrait4 ,pott #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,also clo? elegant1 #bs4 #f;d4 net4 ,limp ,lea!r1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,gold5 ,treasury ,s]ies4 ,,am]ican ,,addresses4 #hvo1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,critiques ,,& ,,addresses4 #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,physiology4 ,f'cap #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,que/ions4 ,pott #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,lay ,,s]mons1 ,,addresses1 ,,& ,,reviews4 #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,introductory ,,prim] ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,pott #hvo1 #as4 ,,physiography3 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,nature4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,physiography4 ,a ,new ,edition4 ,revis$ & p>tly re-writt5 by ,r4,a4 ,,gregory4 ,globe #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,social ,,diseases ,,& ,,worse ,,rem$ies4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,sew$1 #as4 net4 ,,lectures ,,& ,,essays4 #hvo4 ,sew$4 #f;d4 ,,essays3 ,,e?ical ,,& ,,political4 #hvo1 ,sew$4 #f;d4 ,,life ,,( ,,hume4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,libr>y ,edition4 #bs4 net4 ,popul> ,edition1 #as4 #f;d4 ,sew$4 #as4 ,f'cap #hvo4 ,pocket ,edition4 #as4 net4 ,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s4 ,by ,pr(4 ,t4,h4 ,,huxley1 assi/$ by ,pr(4 ,h4,n4 ,,m>t94 ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,practical ,,biology4 ,revis$ & ext5d$ by ,g4,b4 ,,h[es & ,d4,h4 ,,scott4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london4 ,,lectures ,,& ,,essays ,,by ,,?omas ,,h5ry ,,huxley ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet1 ,,london #aiaj ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,autobiography #e ,,lectures ,,on ,,evolution #aa ,,on ,,! ,,physical ,,basis ,,( ,,life #de ,,naturalism ,,& ,,sup]naturalism #eg ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,witness ,,to ,,! ,,miracul\s #ga ,,agno/icism #hc ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,tradition ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,judaic ,,*ri/ianity #if ,,agno/icism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity #ajh ,fir/ ,edition1 ,febru>y #aijb4 ,repr9t$1 ,decemb] #aijb1 #aijc1 #aijd1 #aiaj4 ,,autobiography ,i 0 born ab\t eight o'clock 9 ! morn+ on ! #d? ( ,may1 #ahbe1 at ,eal+1 :i* 01 at t "t1 z quiet a little c\ntry village z c\ld be f\nd )9 half-a-doz5 miles ( ,hyde ,p>k ,corn]4 ,n[ x is a suburb ( ,london )1 ,i believe1 #cj1jjj inhabitants4 ,my fa!r 0 "o ( ! ma/]s 9 a l>ge semi-public s*ool :i* at "o "t _h a high reputation4 ,i am n aw>e t any port5ts prec$$ my arrival 9 ?is _w1 b1 9 my *ildhood1 ,i rememb] he>+ a traditional acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,i lo/ ! *ance ( an end[m5t ( great practical value4 ,! w9d[s ( my "m's room 7 op51 9 consequ5ce ( ! unusual w>m? ( ! wea!r4 ,= ! same reason1 probably1 a neighb\r+ beehive _h sw>m$1 & ! new colony1 pit*+ on ! w9d[-sill1 0 mak+ its way into ! room :5 ! horrifi$ nurse %ut d[n ! sa%4 ,if t well-mean+ woman _h only ab/a9$ f h] ill-tim$ int]f]5ce1 ! sw>m might h settl$ on my lips1 & ,i %\ld h be5 end[$ ) t melliflu\s eloqu5ce :i*1 9 ?is c\ntry1 leads f> m surely ?an wor?1 capacity1 or hone/ "w1 to ! highe/ places 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,b ! opportunity 0 lo/1 & ,i h be5 oblig$ to cont5t myself ?r\gh life ) say+ :at ,i mean 9 ! pla9e/ ( pla9 language1 ?an :i*1 ,i suppose1 !re is no habit m ru9\s to a man's prospects ( advancem5t4 ,:y ,i 0 *ri/5$ ,?omas ,h5ry ,i d n "k2 b x is a curi\s *ance t my p>5ts %\ld h fix$ = my usual d5om9ation ^u ! "n ( t p>ticul> ,apo/le ) :om ,i h always felt mo/ sympa?y4 ,physically & m5tally ,i am ! son ( my "m s completely--ev5 d[n to peculi> movem5ts ( ! h&s1 :i* made _! appe>ance 9 me z ,i rea*$ ! age %e _h :5 ,i notic$ !m--t ,i c h>dly f9d any trace ( my fa!r 9 myself1 except an inborn faculty = draw+1 :i* un=tunately1 9 my case1 has nev] be5 cultivat$1 a hot temp]1 & t am\nt ( t5acity ( purpose :i* unfri5dly obs]v]s sometimes call ob/9acy4 ,my "m 0 a sl5d] brunette1 ( an emotional & en]getic temp]am5t1 & possess$ ( ! mo/ pi]c+ black eyes ,i ev] saw 9 a woman's head4 ,) no m education ?an o!r wom5 ( ! middle classes 9 h] day1 %e _h an excell5t m5tal capacity4 ,h] mo/ di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 h[ev]1 0 rapidity ( ?\ght4 ,if "o v5tur$ to sugge/ %e _h n tak5 mu* "t to arrive at any conclusion1 %e w\ld say1 ,i _c help x1 ?+s fla% across me4 ,t peculi>ity has be5 pass$ on to me 9 full /r5g?2 x has (t5 /ood me 9 good /ead2 x has sometimes play$ me sad tricks1 & x has always be5 a dang]4 ,b1 aft] all1 if my "t 7 to come ov] aga91 !re is no?+ ,i w\ld less will+ly "p ) ?an my inh]itance ( "m wit4 ,i h next to no?+ to say ab\t my *ildhood4 ,9 lat] ye>s my "m1 look+ at me almo/ reproa*fully1 w\ld sometimes say1 ,ah6 y 7 su* a pretty boy6 :5ce ,i _h no difficulty 9 conclud+ t ,i _h n fulfill$ my e>ly promise 9 ! matt] ( looks4 ,9 fact1 ,i h a di/9ct recollection ( c]ta9 curls ( :i* ,i 0 va91 & ( a conviction t ,i closely resembl$ t h&some1 c\rtly g5tleman1 ,sir ,h]b]t ,oakley1 :o 0 vic> ( our p>i%1 & :o 0 z a god to u c\ntry folk1 because he 0 occasionally visit$ by ! !n ,pr9ce ,george ( ,cambridge4 ,i rememb] turn+ my p9a=e wrong side =w>ds 9 ord] to repres5t a surplice1 & prea*+ to my "m's maids 9 ! kit*5 z ne>ly z possible 9 ,sir ,h]b]t's mann] "o ,sunday morn+ :5 ! re/ ( ! family 7 at *ur*4 ,t is ! e>lie/ indication ,i c call to m9d ( ! /rong cl]ical aff9ities :i* my fri5d ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has always ascrib$ to me1 ?\gh ,i fancy !y h = ! mo/ "p rema9$ 9 a lat5t /ate4 ,my regul> s*ool tra9+ 0 ( ! briefe/1 p]haps =tunately1 = ?\gh my way ( life has made me acqua9t$ ) all sorts & conditions ( m51 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 ,i delib]ately affirm t ! society ,i fell into at s*ool 0 ! wor/ ,i h ev] kn[n4 ,we boys 7 av]age lads1 ) mu* ! same inh]5t capacity = good & evil z any o!rs2 b ! p :o 7 set ov] u c>$ ab\t z mu* = our intellectual & moral welf>e z if !y 7 baby-f>m]s4 ,we 7 left to ! op]ation ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce among ourselves1 & bully+ 0 ! lea/ ( ! ill practices curr5t among u4 ,almo/ ! only *e]ful rem9isc5ce 9 connection ) ! place :i* arises 9 my m9d is t ( a battle ,i _h ) "o ( my classmates1 :o _h bulli$ me until ,i c\ld /& x no long]4 ,i 0 a v slight lad1 b !re 0 a wild-cat elem5t 9 me :i*1 :5 r\s$1 made up = lack ( weight1 & ,i lick$ my adv]s>y effectually4 ,h[ev]1 "o ( my fir/ exp]i5ces ( ! extremely r\gh-&-ready nature ( ju/ice1 z exhibit$ by ! c\rse ( ?+s 9 g5]al1 arose out ( ! fact t ,i--! victor--_h a black eye1 :ile he--! vanqui%$--_h none1 s t ,i got into disgrace & he did n4 ,we made x up1 & !reaft] ,i 0 unmole/$4 ,"o ( ! greate/ %ocks ,i ev] receiv$ 9 my life 0 to be told a doz5 ye>s aft]w>ds by ! groom :o br\ght me my horse 9 a /able-y>d 9 ,sydney t he 0 my quondam antagoni/4 ,he _h a long /ory ( family mis=tune to acc\nt = 8 position1 b at t "t x 0 necess>y to deal v cauti\sly ) my/]i\s /rang]s 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & on inquiry ,i f\nd t ! un=tunate "y man _h n only be5 s5t out1 b _h und]gone m ?an "o colonial conviction4 ,z ,i grew old]1 my great desire 0 to be a me*anical eng9e]1 b ! fates 7 aga9/ ?is1 &1 :ile v "y1 ,i comm5c$ ! /udy ( m$ic9e "u a m$ical bro!r-9-law4 ,b1 ?\gh ! ,in/itute ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s w\ld c]ta9ly n own me1 ,i am n sure t ,i h n all along be5 a sort ( me*anical eng9e] 9 p>tibus infidelium4 ,i am n[ occasionally horrifi$ to ?9k h[ v little ,i ev] knew or c>$ ab\t m$ic9e z ! art ( heal+4 ,! only "p ( my pr(essional c\rse :i* really & deeply int]e/$ me 0 physiology1 :i* is ! me*anical eng9e]+ ( liv+ ma*9es2 &1 not)/&+ t natural sci5ce has be5 my prop] bus9ess1 ,i am afraid !re is v little ( ! g5u9e naturali/ 9 me4 ,i nev] collect$ any?+1 & species "w 0 always a burd5 to me2 :at ,i c>$ = 0 ! ar*itectural & eng9e]+ "p ( ! bus9ess1 ! work+ out ! wond]ful unity ( plan 9 ! ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( div]se liv+ con/ructions1 & ! modifications ( simil> app>atuses to s]ve div]se ends4 ,! extraord9>y attraction ,i felt t[>ds ! /udy ( ! intricacies ( liv+ /ructure ne>ly prov$ fatal to me at ! outset4 ,i 0 a m]e boy--,i ?9k betwe5 ?irte5 & f\rte5 ye>s ( age--:5 ,i 0 tak5 by "s old] /ud5t fri5ds ( m9e to ! fir/ po/-mortem exam9ation ,i ev] att5d$4 ,all my life ,i h be5 mo/ un=tunately s5sitive to ! disagreeables :i* att5d anatomical pursuits1 b on ?is occasion my curiosity ov]p[]$ all o!r feel+s1 & ,i sp5t two or ?ree h\rs 9 gratify+ x4 ,i did n cut myself1 & none ( ! ord9>y symptoms ( dissection-poison sup]v5$1 b poison$ ,i 0 someh[1 & ,i rememb] s9k+ into a /range /ate ( apa?y4 ,by way ( a la/ *ance1 ,i 0 s5t to ! c>e ( "s good1 k9d p1 fri5ds ( my fa!r's1 :o liv$ 9 a f>mh\se 9 ! he>t ( ,w>wick%ire4 ,i rememb] /agg]+ f my b$ to ! w9d[ on ! bright spr+ morn+ aft] my arrival1 & ?r[+ op5 ! casem5t4 ,life seem$ to come back on ! w+s ( ! breeze1 & to ?is day ! fa9t od\r ( wood-smoke1 l t :i* float$ across ! f>m-y>d 9 ! e>ly morn+1 is z good to me z ! sweet s\? ^u a b$ ( violets4 ,i soon recov]$1 b = ye>s ,i suff]$ f occasional p>oxysms ( int]nal pa91 & f t "t my con/ant fri5d1 hypo*ondriacal dyspepsia1 comm5c$ 8 half c5tury ( co-t5ancy ( my fle%ly tab]nacle4 ,look+ back on my ,lehrjahre1 ,i am sorry to say t ,i d n ?9k t any acc\nt ( my do+s z a /ud5t w\ld t5d to edification4 ,9 fact1 ,i %\ld di/9ctly w>n +5u\s y\? to avoid imitat+ my example4 ,i work$ extremely h>d :5 x pleas$ me1 & :5 x did n--:i* 0 a v frequ5t case--,i 0 extremely idle 7unless mak+ c>icatures ( "o's pa/ors & ma/]s is to be call$ a bran* ( indu/ry71 or else wa/$ my en]gies 9 wrong directions4 ,i read ev]y?+ ,i c\ld lay h&s ^u1 includ+ novels1 & took up all sorts ( pursuits to drop !m aga9 q z spe$ily4 ,no d\bt x 0 v l>gely my own fault1 b ! only in/ruction f :i* ,i ev] obta9$ ! prop] effect ( education 0 t :i* ,i receiv$ f ,mr4 ,:>ton ,jones1 :o 0 ! lectur] on physiology at ! ,*>+ ,cross ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e4 ,! ext5t & precision ( 8 k impress$ me greatly1 & ! sev]e exactness ( 8 me?od ( lectur+ 0 q to my ta/e4 ,i d n "k t ,i h ev] felt s mu* respect = anybody z a tea*] be=e or s9ce4 ,i work$ h>d to obta9 8 approbation1 & he 0 extremely k9d & helpful to ! y\ng/] :o1 ,i am afraid1 took up m ( 8 "t ?an he _h any "r to d4 ,x 0 he :o sugge/$ ! publication ( my fir/ sci5tific pap]--a v little "o--9 ! ,m$ical ,gazette ( #ahde1 & mo/ k9dly correct$ ! lit]>y faults :i* ab\nd$ 9 x1 %ort z x 02 = at t "t1 & = _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,i dete/$ ! tr\ble ( writ+1 & w\ld take no pa9s ov] x4 ,x 0 9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #ahdf1 t hav+ f9i%$ my obligatory m$ical /udies & pass$ ! fir/ ,m4,b4 exam9ation at ! ,london ,univ]sity--?\gh ,i 0 /ill too "y to qualify at ! ,college ( ,surgeons--,i 0 talk+ to a fell[-/ud5t 7! pres5t em95t physician1 ,sir ,joseph ,fayr]71 & wond]+ :at ,i %\ld d to meet ! imp]ative necessity = e>n+ my own bread1 :5 my fri5d sugge/$ t ,i %\ld write to ,sir ,william ,burnett1 at t "t ,director-,g5]al = ! ,m$ical ,s]vice ( ! ,navy1 = an appo9tm5t4 ,i ?\ght ?is r a /rong ?+ to d1 z ,sir ,william 0 p]sonally unkn[n to me1 b my *e]y fri5d w\ld n li/5 to my scruples1 s ,i w5t to my lodg+s & wrote ! be/ lett] ,i c\ld devise4 ,a few days aft]w>ds ,i receiv$ ! usual (ficial circul> ( ackn[l$gm5t1 b at ! bottom !re 0 writt5 an in/ruction to call at ,som]set ,h\se on su* a day4 ,i ?\ght t look$ l bus9ess1 s at ! appo9t$ "t ,i call$ & s5t 9 my c>d1 :ile ,i wait$ 9 ,sir ,william's ante-room4 ,he 0 a tall1 %rewd-look+ old g5tleman1 ) a broad ,scot* acc5t--& ,i ?9k ,i see him n[ z he ent]$ ) my c>d 9 8 h&4 ,! fir/ ?+ he did 0 to return x1 ) ! frugal rem9d] t ,i %\ld probably f9d x useful on "s o!r occasion4 ,! second 0 to ask :e!r ,i 0 an ,iri%man4 ,i suppose ! air ( mode/y ab\t my appeal mu/ h /ruck him4 ,i satisfi$ ! ,director-,g5]al t ,i 0 ,engli% to ! backbone1 & he made "s inquiries z to my /ud5t c>e]1 f9ally desir+ me to hold myself ready = exam9ation4 ,hav+ pass$ ?is1 ,i 0 9 ,h] ,maje/y's ,s]vice1 & ent]$ on ! books ( ,nelson's old %ip1 ! ,victory1 = duty at ,hasl> ,hospital1 ab\t a c\ple ( mon?s aft] ,i made my application4 ,my (ficial *ief at ,hasl> 0 a v rem>kable p]son1 ! late ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson1 an excell5t naturali/1 & f>-fam$ z an indomitable ,arctic travell]4 ,he 0 a sil5t1 res]v$ man1 outside ! circle ( 8 family & intimates2 &1 hav+ a full %>e ( y\?ful vanity1 ,i 0 extremely disgu/$ to f9d t ,old ,john1 z we irrev]5t y\ng/]s call$ him1 took n ! slighte/ notice ( my wor%ipful self ei!r ! fir/ "t ,i att5d$ him1 z x 0 my duty to d1 or = "s weeks aft]w>ds4 ,i am afraid to ?9k ( ! l5g?s to :i* my tongue may h run on ! subject ( ! *urli%ness ( ! *ief1 :o 01 9 tru?1 "o ( ! k9de/-he>t$ & mo/ consid]ate ( m54 ,b "o day1 z ,i 0 cross+ ! hospital squ>e1 ,sir ,john /opp$ me1 & heap$ coals ( fire on my head by tell+ me t he _h tri$ to get me "o ( ! resid5t appo9tm5ts1 mu* covet$ by ! assi/ant-surgeons1 b t ! ,admiralty _h put 9 ano!r man4 ,h[ev]1 said he1 ,i mean to keep y "h till ,i c get y some?+ y w l1 & turn$ ^u 8 heel )\t wait+ = ! ?anks ,i /amm]$ out4 ,t expla9$ h[ x 0 ,i _h n be5 pack$ (f to ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa l "s ( my juniors1 & :y1 ev5tually1 ,i rema9$ altoge!r sev5 mon?s at ,hasl>4 ,aft] a long int]val1 dur+ :i* ,old ,john ignor$ my exi/5ce almo/ z completely z be=e1 he /opp$ me aga9 z we met 9 a casual way1 & describ+ ! s]vice on :i* ! ,rattlesnake 0 likely to be employ$1 said t ,capta9 ,ow5 ,/anley1 :o 0 to comm& ! %ip1 _h ask$ him to recomm5d an assi/ant surgeon :o knew some?+ ( sci5ce2 w\ld ,i l t8 ,( c\rse ,i jump$ at ! (f]4 ,v well1 ,i give y leave2 g to ,london at once & see ,capta9 ,/anley4 ,i w5t1 saw my future comm&]1 :o 0 v civil to me1 & promis$ to ask t ,i %\ld be appo9t$ to 8 %ip1 z 9 due "t ,i 04 ,x is a s+ul> ?+ t1 dur+ ! few mon?s ( my /ay at ,hasl>1 ,i _h among my messmates two future ,directors-,g5]al ( ! ,m$ical ,s]vice ( ! ,navy 7,sir ,alex&] ,arm/rong & ,sir ,john ,watt-,reid71 ) ! pres5t ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,physicians & my k9de/ ( doctors1 ,sir ,&rew ,cl>k4 ,life on bo>d ,h] ,maje/y's %ips 9 ^? days 0 a v diff]5t affair f :at x is n[1 & ours 0 exceptionally r\gh1 z we 7 (t5 _m mon?s )\t receiv+ lett]s or see+ any civilis$ p b ourselves4 ,9 ex*ange1 we _h ! int]e/ ( be+ ab\t ! la/ voyag]s1 ,i suppose1 to :om x c\ld be possible to meet ) p :o knew no?+ ( fire-arms--z we did on ! s\? ,coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea--& ( mak+ acqua9tance ) a v>iety ( int]e/+ savage & semi-civilis$ p4 ,b1 ap>t f exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d & ! opportunities (f]$ = sci5tific "w1 to me1 p]sonally1 ! cruise 0 extremely valuable4 ,x 0 good = me to live "u %>p discipl9e2 to be d[n on ! realities ( exi/5ce by liv+ on b>e necess>ies2 to f9d out h[ extremely well wor? liv+ life seem$ to be :5 "o woke up f a night's re/ on a s(t plank1 ) ! sky = canopy & cocoa & weevilly biscuit ! sole prospect = breakfa/2 &1 m especially1 to le>n to "w = ! sake ( :at ,i got = myself out ( x1 ev5 if x all w5t to ! bottom & ,i along ) x4 ,my bro!r (fic]s 7 z good fell[s z sailors ought to be & g5]ally are1 b1 naturally1 !y nei!r knew nor c>$ any?+ ab\t my pursuits1 nor und]/ood :y ,i %\ld be s zeal\s 9 pursuit ( ! objects :i* my fri5ds1 ! middies1 *ri/5$ ,buffons1 aft] ! title conspicu\s on a volume ( ! ,suites ,buffon1 :i* /ood on my %elf 9 ! *>t room4 ,dur+ ! f\r ye>s ( our abs5ce1 ,i s5t home communication aft] communication to ! ,l9nean ,society2 ) ! same result z t obta9$ by ,noah :5 he s5t ! rav5 out ( 8 ark4 ,tir$ at la/ ( he>+ no?+ ab\t !m1 ,i det]m9$ to d or die1 & 9 #ahdi ,i drew up a m elaborate pap] & =w>d$ x to ! ,royal ,society4 ,?is 0 my dove1 if ,i _h only kn[n x4 ,b ow+ to ! movem5ts ( ! %ip1 ,i he>d no?+ ( t ei!r until my return to ,engl& 9 ! latt] end ( ! ye> #ahej1 :5 ,i f\nd t x 0 pr9t$ & publi%$1 & t a huge packet ( sep>ate copies await$ me4 ,:5 ,i he> "s ( my "y fri5ds compla9 ( want ( sympa?y & enc\ragem5t1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t my naval life 0 n ! lea/ valuable "p ( my education4 ,?ree ye>s aft] my return 7 occupi$ by a battle betwe5 my sci5tific fri5ds on ! "o h& & ! ,admiralty on ! o!r1 z to :e!r ! latt] ought1 or ought n1 to act up to ! _s ( a pl$ge !y _h giv5 to enc\rage (fic]s :o _h done sci5tific "w by contribut+ to ! exp5se ( publi%+ m9e4 ,at la/ ! ,admiralty1 gett+ tir$1 ,i suppose1 cut %ort ! discussion by ord]+ me to jo9 a %ip1 :i* ?+ ,i decl9$ to d1 & z ,ra/ignac1 9 ! ,pre ,goriot1 says to ,p>is1 ,i said to ,london1 n\s deux4 ,i desir$ to obta9 a ,pr(essor%ip ( ei!r ,physiology or ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 & z vacancies occurr$ ,i appli$1 b 9 va94 ,my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 & ,i 7 c&idates at ! same "t1 he = ! ,*air ( ,physics & ,i = t ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 :i*1 =tunately1 z x turn$ out1 w\ld n look at ei!r ( u4 ,i say =tunately1 n f any lack ( respect = ,toronto1 b because ,i soon made up my m9d t ,london 0 ! place = me1 & h5ce ,i h /eadily decl9$ ! inducem5ts to leave x1 :i* h at v>i\s times be5 (f]$4 ,at la/1 9 #ahed1 on ! translation ( my w>m fri5d ,edw>d ,=bes1 to ,ed9burgh1 ,sir ,h5ry ,de la ,be*e1 ! ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,geological ,survey1 (f]$ me ! po/ ,=bes vacat$ ( ,paleontologi/ & ,lectur] on ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,i refus$ ! =m] po9t blank1 & accept$ ! latt] only provisionally1 tell+ ,sir ,h5ry t ,i did n c>e = fossils1 & t ,i %\ld give up ,natural ,hi/ory z soon z ,i c\ld get a physiological po/4 ,b ,i held ! (fice = ?irty-"o ye>s1 & a l>ge "p ( my "w has be5 paleontological4 ,at t "t ,i dislik$ public speak+1 & _h a firm conviction t ,i %\ld break d[n e "t ,i op5$ my m\?4 ,i believe ,i _h e fault a speak] c\ld h 7except talk+ at r&om or indulg+ 9 rhetoric71 :5 ,i spoke to ! fir/ important audi5ce ,i ev] address$1 on a ,friday ev5+3 at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 9 #aheb4 ,yet1 ,i mu/ confess to hav+ be5 guilty1 malgr moi1 ( z mu* public speak+ z mo/ ( my contempor>ies1 & = ! la/ t5 ye>s x ceas$ to be s mu* ( a bugbe> to me4 ,i us$ to pity myself = hav+ to g ?r\gh ?is tra9+1 b ,i am n[ m dispos$ to compassionate ! un=tunate audi5ces1 especially my ev]-fri5dly he>]s at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 :o 7 ! subjects ( my oratorical exp]im5ts4 ,! la/ ?+ t x w\ld be prop] = me to d w\ld be to speak ( ! "w ( my life1 or to say at ! end ( ! day :e!r ,i ?9k ,i h e>n$ my wages or n4 ,m5 are said to be p>tial judges ( !mselves4 ,"y m5 may be2 ,i d\bt if old m5 are4 ,life seems t]ribly =e%ort5$ z !y look back1 & ! m\nta9 !y set !mselves to climb 9 y\? turns out to be a m]e spur ( immeasurably high] ranges :51 ) fail+ brea?1 !y rea* ! top4 ,b if ,i may speak ( ! objects ,i h _h m or less def9itely 9 view s9ce ,i began ! asc5t ( my hillock1 !y are briefly ^!3 ,to promote ! increase ( natural k & to =w>d ! application ( sci5tific me?ods ( inve/igation to all ! problems ( life to ! be/ ( my ability1 9 ! conviction :i* has gr[n ) my gr[? & /r5g!n$ ) my /r5g?1 t !re is no alleviation = ! suff]+s ( mank9d except v]acity ( ?\ght & ( action1 & ! resolute fac+ ( ! _w z x is :5 ! g>m5t ( make-believe by :i* pi\s h&s h hidd5 its ugli] features is /ripp$ (f4 ,x is ) ?is int5t t ,i h subord9at$ any reasonable1 or unreasonable1 ambition = sci5tific fame :i* ,i may h p]mitt$ myself to ent]ta9 to o!r ends2 to ! popul>isation ( sci5ce2 to ! developm5t & organisation ( sci5tific education2 to ! endless s]ies ( battles & skirmi%es ov] evolution2 & to untir+ opposition to t ecclesia/ical _s1 t cl]icalism1 :i* 9 ,engl&1 z ev]y:]e else1 & to :atev] d5om9ation x may belong1 is ! deadly enemy ( sci5ce4 ,9 /riv+ = ! atta9m5t ( ^! objects1 ,i h be5 b "o among _m1 & ,i %all be well cont5t to be rememb]$1 or ev5 n rememb]$1 z su*4 ,circum/ances1 among :i* ,i am pr\d to reckon ! devot$ k9dness ( _m fri5ds1 h l$ to my occupation ( v>i\s prom95t positions1 among :i* ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society is ! highe/4 ,x w\ld be mock mode/y on my "p1 ) ^! & o!r sci5tific hon\rs :i* h be5 be/[$ ^u me1 to pret5d t ,i h n succe$$ 9 ! c>e] :i* ,i h foll[$1 r because ,i 0 driv5 into x ?an ( my own free w2 b ,i am afraid ,i %\ld n c\nt ev5 ^! ?+s z m>ks ( success if ,i c\ld n hope t ,i _h some:at help$ t movem5t ( op9ion :i* has be5 call$ ! ,new ,re=mation4 ,,lectures ,,& ,,essays ,,lectures ,,on ,,evolution ,,new ,,york2 #ahgf ,i ,,! ,,?ree ,,hypo!ses ,,respect+ ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,nature ,we live 9 & =m "p ( a sy/em ( ?+s ( imm5se div]sity & p]plexity1 :i* we call ,nature2 & x is a matt] ( ! deepe/ int]e/ to all ( u t we %\ld =m j conceptions ( ! con/itution ( t sy/em & ( its pa/ hi/ory4 ,) relation to ?is univ]se1 man is1 9 ext5t1 little m ?an a ma!matical po9t2 9 duration b a fleet+ %ad[2 he is a m]e re$ %ak5 9 ! w9ds ( =ce4 ,b z ,pascal long ago rem>k$1 al?\gh a m]e re$1 he is a ?9k+ re$2 & 9 virtue ( t wond]ful capacity ( ?\ght1 he has ! p[] ( fram+ = himself a symbolic conception ( ! univ]se1 :i*1 al?\gh d\btless highly imp]fect & inadequate z a picture ( ! great :ole1 is yet suffici5t to s]ve him z a *>t = ! guidance ( 8 practical affairs4 ,x has tak5 long ages ( toilsome & (t5 fruitless lab\r to enable man to look /eadily at ! %ift+ sc5es ( ! phantasmagoria ( ,nature1 to notice :at is fix$ among h] fluctuations1 & :at is regul> among h] app>5t irregul>ities2 & x is only comp>atively lately1 )9 ! la/ few c5turies1 t ! conception ( a univ]sal ord] & ( a def9ite c\rse ( ?+s1 :i* we t]m ! c\rse ( ,nature1 has em]g$4 ,b1 once orig9at$1 ! conception ( ! con/ancy ( ! ord] ( ,nature has become ! dom9ant idea ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,to any p]son :o is famili> ) ! facts ^u :i* t conception is bas$1 & is compet5t to e/imate _! significance1 x has ceas$ to be conceivable t *ance %\ld h any place 9 ! univ]se1 or t ev5ts %\ld dep5d ^u any b ! natural sequ5ce ( cause & effect4 ,we h come to look ^u ! pres5t z ! *ild ( ! pa/ & z ! p>5t ( ! future2 &1 z we h exclud$ *ance f a place 9 ! univ]se1 s we ignore1 ev5 z a possibility1 ! notion ( any int]f]5ce ) ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,:atev] may be m5's speculative doctr9es1 x is q c]ta9 t e intellig5t p]son guides 8 life & risks 8 =tune ^u ! belief t ! ord] ( ,nature is con/ant1 & t ! *a9 ( natural causation is nev] brok54 ,9 fact1 no belief :i* we ent]ta9 has s complete a logical basis z t to :i* ,i h j ref]r$4 ,x tacitly und]lies e process ( reason+2 x is ! f\ndation ( e act ( ! w4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! broade/ induction1 & x is v]ifi$ by ! mo/ con/ant1 regul>1 & univ]sal ( d$uctive processes4 ,b we mu/ recollect t any human belief1 h[ev] broad its basis1 h[ev] def5sible x may seem1 is1 aft] all1 only a probable belief1 & t our wide/ & safe/ g5]alisations are simply /atem5ts ( ! highe/ degree ( probability4 ,?\gh we are q cle> ab\t ! con/ancy ( ! ord] ( ,nature1 at ! pres5t "t1 & 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 x by no means necess>ily foll[s t we are ju/ifi$ 9 exp&+ ?is g5]alisation into ! inf9ite pa/1 & 9 d5y+1 absolutely1 t !re may h be5 a "t :5 ,nature did n foll[ a fix$ ord]1 :5 ! relations ( cause & effect 7 n def9ite1 & :5 extra-natural ag5cies int]f]$ ) ! g5]al c\rse ( ,nature4 ,cauti\s m5 w all[ t a univ]se s diff]5t f t :i* we "k may h exi/$2 j z a v c&id ?9k] may admit t a _w 9 :i* two & two d n make f\r1 & 9 :i* two /raight l9es d inclose a space1 may exi/4 ,b ! same caution :i* =ces ! admission ( su* possibilities dem&s a great deal ( evid5ce be=e x recognises !m to be any?+ m sub/antial4 ,& :5 x is ass]t$ t1 s _m ?\s& ye>s ago1 ev5ts occurr$ 9 a mann] utt]ly =eign to & inconsi/5t ) ! exi/+ laws ( ,nature1 m5 :o )\t be+ p>ticul>ly cauti\s are simply hone/ ?9k]s1 unwill+ to deceive !mselves or delude o!rs1 ask = tru/wor?y evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,did ?+s s happ5 or did !y n8 ,?is is a hi/orical "q1 & "o ! answ] to :i* mu/ be s\ght 9 ! same way z ! solution ( any o!r hi/orical problem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s f> z ,i "k1 !re are only ?ree hypo!ses :i* ev] h be5 ent]ta9$1 or :i* well c be ent]ta9$1 respect+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,nature4 ,i w1 9 ! fir/ place1 /ate ! hypo!ses1 & !n ,i w consid] :at evid5ce be>+ ^u !m is 9 our possession1 & by :at light ( criticism t evid5ce is to be int]pret$4 ,^u ! fir/ hypo!sis1 ! assumption is1 t ph5om5a ( ,nature simil> to ^? exhibit$ by ! pres5t _w h always exi/$2 9 o!r words1 t ! univ]se has exi/$1 f all et]nity1 9 :at may be broadly t]m$ its pres5t condition4 ,! second hypo!sis is t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s has _h only a limit$ duration2 & t1 at "s p]iod 9 ! pa/1 a condition ( ! _w1 ess5tially simil> to t :i* we n[ "k1 came into exi/5ce1 )\t any prec$5t condition f :i* x c\ld h naturally proce$$4 ,! assumption t successive /ates ( ,nature h aris51 ea* )\t any relation ( natural causation to an antec$5t /ate1 is a m]e modification ( ?is second hypo!sis4 ,! ?ird hypo!sis also assumes t ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s has _h b a limit$ duration2 b x supposes t ?is /ate has be5 evolv$ by a natural process f an antec$5t /ate1 & t f ano!r1 & s on2 &1 on ?is hypo!sis1 ! attempt to assign any limit to ! s]ies ( pa/ *anges is1 usually1 giv5 up4 ,x is s ne$ful to =m cle> & di/9ct notions ( :at is really meant by ea* ( ^! hypo!ses t ,i w ask y to imag9e :at1 accord+ to ea*1 w\ld h be5 visible to a spectator ( ! ev5ts :i* con/itute ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,on ! fir/ hypo!sis1 h[ev] f> back 9 "t t spectator might be plac$1 he w\ld see a _w ess5tially1 ?\gh p]haps n 9 all its details1 simil> to t :i* n[ exi/s4 ,! animals :i* exi/$ w\ld be ! ance/ors ( ^? :i* n[ live1 & simil> to !m2 ! plants1 9 l mann]1 w\ld be su* z we "k2 & ! m\nta9s1 pla9s1 & wat]s w\ld =e%ad[ ! sali5t features ( our pres5t l& & wat]4 ,?is view 0 held m or less di/9ctly1 sometimes comb9$ ) ! notion ( recurr5t cycles ( *ange1 9 anci5t times2 & its influ5ce has be5 felt d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t x is a hypo!sis :i* is n inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( ,uni=mit>ianism1 ) :i* geologi/s are famili>4 ,t doctr9e 0 held by ,hutton1 & 9 8 e>li] days by ,lyell4 ,hutton 0 /ruck by ! demon/ration ( a/ronom]s t ! p]turbations ( ! planet>y bodies1 h[ev] great !y may be1 yet soon] or lat] "r !mselves2 & t ! sol> sy/em possesses a self-adju/+ p[] by :i* ^! ab]rations are all br\ght back to a mean condition4 ,hutton imag9$ t ! l might be true ( t]re/rial *anges2 al?\gh no "o recognis$ m cle>ly ?an he ! fact t ! dry l& is be+ con/antly wa%$ d[n by ra9 & riv]s & deposit$ 9 ! sea2 & t ?us1 9 a long] or %ort] "t1 ! inequalities ( ! e>?'s surface mu/ be levell$1 & its high l&s br\ght d[n to ! ocean4 ,b1 tak+ into acc\nt ! int]nal =ces ( ! e>?1 :i*1 upheav+ ! sea bottom1 give rise to new l&1 he ?\ght t ^! op]ations ( degradation & elevation might comp5sate ea* o!r2 & t ?us1 = any assignable "t1 ! g5]al features ( our planet might rema9 :at !y are4 ,& inasmu* z1 "u ^! circum/ances1 !re ne$ be no limit to ! propagation ( animals & plants1 x is cle> t ! consi/5t work+-out ( ! uni=mit>ian idea might lead to ! conception ( ! et]nity ( ! _w4 ,n t ,i mean to say t ei!r ,hutton or ,lyell held ?is conception--assur$ly n2 !y w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to repudiate x4 ,nev]!less1 ! logical developm5t ( "s ( _! argum5ts t5ds directly t[>ds ?is hypo!sis4 ,! second hypo!sis supposes t ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s1 at "s no v remote "t1 _h a sudd5 orig91 & t ! _w1 su* z x n[ is1 _h *aos = its ph5om5al antec$5t4 ,t is ! doctr9e :i* y w f9d /at$ mo/ fully & cle>ly 9 ! immortal poem ( ,john ,milton--! ,engli% ,div9a ,comm$ia--,p>adise ,lo/4 ,i believe x is l>gely to ! influ5ce ( t rem>kable "w1 comb9$ ) ! daily tea*+s to :i* we h all li/5$ 9 our *ildhood1 t ?is hypo!sis owes its g5]al wide diffusion z "o ( ! curr5t beliefs ( ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,if y turn to ! sev5? book ( ,p>adise ,lo/1 y w f9d !re /at$ ! hypo!sis to :i* ,i ref]1 :i* is briefly ?is3 ,t ?is visible univ]se ( ours came into exi/5ce at no great di/ance ( "t f ! pres5t2 & t ! p>ts ( :i* x is compos$ made _! appe>ance1 9 a c]ta9 def9ite ord]1 9 ! space ( six natural days1 9 su* a mann] t1 on ! fir/ ( ^! days1 light appe>$2 t1 on ! second1 ! firmam5t1 or sky1 sep>at$ ! wat]s above1 f ! wat]s b5ea?1 ! firmam5t2 t1 on ! ?ird day1 ! wat]s drew away f ! dry l&1 & ^u x a v>i$ vegetable life1 simil> to t :i* n[ exi/s1 made its appe>ance2 t ! f\r? day 0 signalis$ by ! app>ition ( ! sun1 ! />s1 ! moon1 & ! planets2 t1 on ! fif? day1 aquatic animals orig9at$ )9 ! wat]s2 t1 on ! six? day1 ! e>? gave rise to our f\r-foot$ t]re/rial creatures1 & to all v>ieties ( t]re/rial animals except birds1 :i* _h appe>$ on ! prec$+ day2 &1 f9ally1 t man appe>$ ^u ! e>?1 & ! em]g5ce ( ! univ]se f *aos 0 f9i%$4 ,milton tells u1 )\t ! lea/ ambiguity1 :at a spectator ( ^! m>vell\s occurr5ces w\ld h witness$4 ,i d\bt n t 8 poem is famili> to all ( y1 b ,i %\ld l to recall "o passage to y\r m9ds1 9 ord] t ,i may be ju/ifi$ 9 :at ,i h said reg>d+ ! p]fectly concrete1 def9ite1 picture ( ! orig9 ( ! animal _w :i* ,milton draws4 ,he says3-- ,! six?1 & ( creation la/1 arose ,) ev5+ h>ps & mat91 :5 ,god said1 ',let ! e>? br+ =? s\l liv+ 9 h] k9d1 ,cattle & creep+ ?+s1 & bea/ ( ! e>?1 ,ea* 9 _! k9d6' ,! e>? obey$1 &1 /raight ,op5+ h] f]tile womb1 teem$ at a bir? ,innum]\s liv+ creatures1 p]fect =ms1 ,limb$ & full-gr[n4 ,out ( ! gr\nd uprose1 ,z f 8 lair1 ! wild bea/1 :]e he wons ,9 =e/ wild1 9 ?icket1 brake1 or d52 ,among ! trees 9 pairs !y rose1 !y walk$2 ,! cattle 9 ! fields & mead[s gre52 ,^? r>e & solit>y2 ^! 9 flocks ,pa/ur+ at once1 & 9 broad h]ds upsprung4 ,! grassy clods n[ calv$2 n[ half appe>s ,! tawny lion1 paw+ to get free ,8 h9d] p>ts--!n spr+s1 z broke f bonds1 ,& rampant %akes 8 br9d$ mane2 ! ounce1 ,! libb>d1 & ! tig]1 z ! mole ,ris+1 ! crumbl$ e>? above !m ?rew ,9 hillocks2 ! swift /ag f und]gr\nd ,bore up 8 bran*+ head2 sc>ce f 8 m\ld ,behemo?1 bigge/ born ( e>?1 upheav$ ,8 va/ness2 fleec$ ! flocks & bleat+ rose ,z plants2 ambigu\s betwe5 sea & l&1 ,! riv]-horse & scaly crocodile4 ,at once came =? :atev] creeps ! gr\nd1 ,insect or worm4 ,!re is no d\bt z to ! mean+ ( ?is /atem5t1 nor z to :at a man ( ,milton's g5ius expect$ w\ld h be5 actually visible to an eye-witness ( ?is mode ( orig9ation ( liv+ ?+s4 ,! ?ird hypo!sis1 or ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 supposes t1 at any comp>atively late p]iod ( pa/ "t1 our imag9>y spectator w\ld meet ) a /ate ( ?+s v simil> to t :i* n[ obta9s2 b t ! lik5ess ( ! pa/ to ! pres5t w\ld gradually become less & less1 9 proportion to ! remot5ess ( 8 p]iod ( obs]vation f ! pres5t day2 t ! exi/+ di/ribution ( m\nta9s & pla9s1 ( riv]s & seas1 w\ld %[ itself to be ! product ( a sl[ process ( natural *ange op]at+ ^u m & m widely diff]5t antec$5t conditions ( ! m9]al framework ( ! e>?2 until1 at l5g?1 9 place ( t framework1 he w\ld behold only a va/ nebul\s mass1 repres5t+ ! con/itu5ts ( ! sun & ( ! planet>y bodies4 ,prec$+ ! =ms ( life :i* n[ exi/1 our obs]v] w\ld see animals & plants1 n id5tical ) !m1 b l !m1 increas+ _! diff]5ces ) _! antiquity &1 at ! same "t1 becom+ simpl] & simpl]2 until1 f9ally1 ! _w ( life w\ld pres5t no?+ b t undiff]5tiat$ protoplasmic matt] :i*1 s f> z our pres5t k goes1 is ! common f\ndation ( all vital activity4 ,! hypo!sis ( evolution supposes t 9 all ?is va/ progression !re w\ld be no brea* ( cont9uity1 no po9t at :i* we c\ld say ,?is is a natural process1 & ,?is is n a natural process2 b t ! :ole might be comp>$ to t wond]ful op]ation ( developm5t :i* may be se5 go+ on e day "u our eyes1 9 virtue ( :i* !re arises1 out ( ! semi-fluid comp>atively homog5e\s sub/ance :i* we call an egg1 ! complicat$ organisation ( "o ( ! high] animals4 ,t1 9 a few words1 is :at is meant by ! hypo!sis ( evolution4 ,i h already sugge/$ t1 9 deal+ ) ^! ?ree hypo!ses1 9 endeav\r+ to =m a judgm5t z to :i* ( !m is ! m wor?y ( belief1 or :e!r none is wor?y ( belief--9 :i* case our condition ( m9d %\ld be t susp5sion ( judgm5t :i* is s difficult to all b tra9$ intellects--we %\ld be indiff]5t to all a priori consid]ations4 ,! "q is a "q ( hi/orical fact4 ,! univ]se has come into exi/5ce someh[ or o!r1 & ! problem is1 :e!r x came into exi/5ce 9 "o fa%ion1 or :e!r x came into exi/5ce 9 ano!r2 &1 z an ess5tial prelim9>y to fur!r discussion1 p]mit me to say two or ?ree words z to ! nature & ! k9ds ( hi/orical evid5ce4 ,! evid5ce z to ! occurr5ce ( any ev5t 9 pa/ "t may be rang$ "u two heads :i*1 = conv5i5ce' sake1 ,i w speak ( z te/imonial evid5ce & z circum/antial evid5ce4 ,by te/imonial evid5ce ,i mean human te/imony2 & by circum/antial evid5ce ,i mean evid5ce :i* is n human te/imony4 ,let me illu/rate by a famili> example :at ,i und]/& by ^! two k9ds ( evid5ce1 & :at is to be said respect+ _! value4 ,suppose t a man tells y t he saw a p]son /rike ano!r & kill him2 t is te/imonial evid5ce ( ! fact ( murd]4 ,b x is possible to h circum/antial evid5ce ( ! fact ( murd]2 t is to say1 y may f9d a man dy+ ) a w\nd ^u 8 head hav+ exactly ! =m & "* ( ! w\nd :i* is made by an axe1 &1 ) due c>e 9 tak+ surr\nd+ circum/ances into acc\nt1 y may conclude ) ! utmo/ c]ta9ty t ! man has be5 murd]$2 t 8 dea? is ! consequ5ce ( a bl[ inflict$ by ano!r man ) t implem5t4 ,we are v mu* 9 ! habit ( consid]+ circum/antial evid5ce z ( less value ?an te/imonial evid5ce1 & x may be t1 :]e ! circum/ances are n p]fectly cle> & intelligible1 x is a dang]\s & unsafe k9d ( evid5ce2 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t1 9 _m cases1 circum/antial is q z conclusive z te/imonial evid5ce1 & t1 n unfrequ5tly1 x is a great deal weighti] ?an te/imonial evid5ce4 ,= example1 take ! case to :i* ,i ref]r$ j n[4 ,! circum/antial evid5ce may be bett] & m conv9c+ ?an ! te/imonial evid5ce2 = x may be impossible1 "u ! conditions t ,i h def9$1 to suppose t ! man met 8 dea? f any cause b ! viol5t bl[ ( an axe wield$ by ano!r man4 ,! circum/antial evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a murd] hav+ be5 committ$1 9 t case1 is z complete & z conv9c+ z evid5ce c be4 ,x is evid5ce :i* is op5 to no d\bt & to no falsification4 ,b ! te/imony ( a witness is op5 to multitud9\s d\bts4 ,he may h be5 mi/ak54 ,he may h be5 actuat$ by malice4 ,x has con/antly happ5$ t ev5 an accurate man has decl>$ t a ?+ has happ5$ 9 ?is1 t1 or ! o!r way1 :5 a c>eful analysis ( ! circum/antial evid5ce has %[n t x did n happ5 9 t way1 b 9 "s o!r way4 ,we may n[ consid] ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( or aga9/ ! ?ree hypo!ses4 ,let me fir/ direct y\r att5tion to :at is to be said ab\t ! hypo!sis ( ! et]nity ( ! /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* we n[ live4 ,:at w fir/ /rike y is1 t x is a hypo!sis :i*1 :e!r true or false1 is n capable ( v]ification by any evid5ce4 ,=1 9 ord] to obs]ve ei!r circum/antial or te/imonial evid5ce suffici5t to prove ! et]nity ( duration ( ! pres5t /ate ( nature1 y mu/ h an et]nity ( witnesses or an inf9ity ( circum/ances1 & nei!r ( ^! is atta9able4 ,x is utt]ly impossible t su* evid5ce %\ld be c>ri$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t ( "t2 & all t c\ld be said1 at mo/1 w\ld be1 t s f> z ! evid5ce c\ld be trac$1 !re 0 no?+ to contradict ! hypo!sis4 ,b :5 y look1 n to ! te/imonial evid5ce--:i*1 consid]+ ! relative insignificance ( ! antiquity ( human records1 might n be good = mu* 9 ?is case--b to ! circum/antial evid5ce1 !n y f9d t ?is hypo!sis is absolutely incompatible ) su* evid5ce z we h2 :i* is ( s pla9 & simple a "* t x is impossible 9 any way to escape f ! conclusions :i* x =ces ^u u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,ideal ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,cru/ ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,y are1 d\btless1 all aw>e t ! out] sub/ance ( ! e>?1 :i* alone is accessible to direct obs]vation1 is n ( a homog5e\s "*1 b t x is made up ( a numb] ( lay]s or /rata1 ! titles ( ! pr9cipal gr\ps ( :i* are plac$ ^u ! accompany+ diagram4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps repres5ts a numb] ( b$s ( s&1 ( /one1 ( clay1 ( slate1 & ( v>i\s o!r mat]ials4 ,on c>eful exam9ation1 x is f\nd t ! mat]ials ( :i* ea* ( ^! lay]s ( m or less h>d rock are compos$ are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( ! same nature z ^? :i* are at pres5t be+ =m$ "u kn[n conditions on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,= example1 ! *alk1 :i* con/itutes a great "p ( ! ,cretace\s =mation 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 is practically id5tical 9 its physical & *emical *>act]s ) a sub/ance :i* is n[ be+ =m$ at ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 & cov]s an enorm\s area2 o!r b$s ( rock are comp>able ) ! s&s :i* are be+ =m$ ^u sea-%ores1 pack$ toge!r1 & s on4 ,?us1 omitt+ rocks ( igne\s orig91 x is demon/rable t all ^! b$s ( /one1 ( :i* a total ( n less ?an sev5ty ?\s& feet is kn[n1 h be5 =m$ by natural ag5cies1 ei!r out ( ! wa/e & wa%+ ( ! dry l&1 or else by ! accumulation ( ! exuvi ( plants & animals4 ,_m ( ^! /rata are full ( su* exuvi--! s-call$ fossils4 ,rema9s ( ?\s&s ( species ( animals & plants1 z p]fectly recognisable z ^? ( exi/+ =ms ( life :i* y meet ) 9 museums1 or z ! %ells :i* y pick up ^u ! sea-bea*1 h be5 imb$d$ 9 ! anci5t s&s1 or muds1 or lime/ones1 j z !y are be+ imb$d$ n[1 9 s&y1 or clayey1 or calc>e\s subaque\s deposits4 ,!y furni% u ) a record1 ! g5]al nature ( :i* _c be mis9t]pret$1 ( ! k9ds ( ?+s t h liv$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? dur+ ! "t t is regi/]$ by ?is great ?ickness ( /ratifi$ rocks4 ,b ev5 a sup]ficial /udy ( ^! fossils %[s u t ! animals & plants :i* live at ! pres5t "t h _h only a tempor>y duration2 = ! rema9s ( su* mod]n =ms ( life are met )1 = ! mo/ "p1 only 9 ! upp]mo/ or late/ t]ti>ies1 & _! numb] rapidly dim9i%es 9 ! l[] deposits ( t epo*4 ,9 ! old] t]ti>ies1 ! places ( exi/+ animals & plants are tak5 by o!r =ms1 z num]\s & div]sifi$ z ^? :i* live n[ 9 ! same localities1 b m or less diff]5t f !m2 9 ! mesozoic rocks1 ^! are replac$ by o!rs yet m div]g5t f mod]n types2 &1 9 ! palozoic =mations ! contra/ is /ill m m>k$4 ,?us ! circum/antial evid5ce absolutely negatives ! conception ( ! et]nity ( ! pres5t condition ( ?+s4 ,we c say1 ) c]ta9ty1 t ! pres5t condition ( ?+s has exi/$ = a comp>atively %ort p]iod2 & t1 s f> z animal & vegetable nature are conc]n$1 x has be5 prec$$ by a diff]5t condition4 ,we c pursue ?is evid5ce until we rea* ! l[e/ ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 9 :i* we lose ! indications ( life altoge!r4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! et]nity ( ! pres5t /ate ( nature may !re=e be put out ( c\rt4 ,we n[ come to :at ,i w t]m ,milton's hypo!sis--! hypo!sis t ! pres5t condition ( ?+s has endur$ = a comp>atively %ort "t2 &1 at ! comm5cem5t ( t "t1 came into exi/5ce )9 ! c\rse ( six days4 ,i d\bt n t x may h excit$ "s surprise 9 y\r m9ds t ,i %\ld h spok5 ( ?is z ,milton's hypo!sis1 r ?an t ,i %\ld h *os5 ! t]ms :i* are m cu/om>y1 su* z ! doctr9e ( creation1 or ! ,biblical doctr9e1 or ! doctr9e ( ,moses1 all ( :i* d5om9ations1 z appli$ to ! hypo!sis to :i* ,i h j ref]r$1 are c]ta9ly mu* m famili> to y ?an ! title ( ! ,miltonic hypo!sis4 ,b ,i h _h :at ,i _c b ?9k are v weighty reasons = tak+ ! c\rse :i* ,i h pursu$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i h disc>d$ ! title ( ! doctr9e ( creation1 because my pres5t bus9ess is n ) ! "q :y ! objects :i* con/itute ,nature came into exi/5ce1 b :5 !y came into exi/5ce1 & 9 :at ord]4 ,?is is z /rictly a hi/orical "q z ! "q :5 ! ,angles & ! ,jutes invad$ ,engl&1 & :e!r !y prec$$ or foll[$ ! ,romans4 ,b ! "q ab\t creation is a philosophical problem1 & "o :i* _c be solv$1 or ev5 approa*$1 by ! hi/orical me?od4 ,:at we want to le>n is1 :e!r ! facts1 s f> z !y are kn[n1 af=d evid5ce t ?+s arose 9 ! way describ$ by ,milton1 or :e!r !y d n2 &1 :5 t "q is settl$1 x w be "t en\gh to inquire into ! causes ( _! orig9ation4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i h n spok5 ( ?is doctr9e z ! ,biblical doctr9e4 ,x is q true t p]sons z div]se 9 _! g5]al views z ,milton ! ,prote/ant & ! celebrat$ ,jesuit ,fa!r ,su>ez1 ea* put ^u ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis ! int]pretation embodi$ 9 ,milton's poem4 ,x is q true t ?is int]pretation is t :i* has be5 in/ill$ into e "o ( u 9 our *ildhood2 b ,i d n = "o mom5t v5ture to say t x c prop]ly be call$ ! ,biblical doctr9e4 ,x is n my bus9ess1 & does n lie )9 my compet5cy1 to say :at ! ,hebrew text does1 & :at x does n signify2 moreov]1 7 ,i to affirm t ?is is ! ,biblical doctr9e1 ,i %\ld be met by ! au?ority ( _m em95t s*ol>s1 to say no?+ ( m5 ( sci5ce1 :o1 at v>i\s times1 h absolutely d5i$ t any su* doctr9e is to be f\nd 9 ,g5esis4 ,if we are to li/5 to _m expositors ( no mean au?ority1 we mu/ believe t :at seems s cle>ly def9$ 9 ,g5esis--z if v great pa9s _h be5 tak5 t !re %\ld be no possibility ( mi/ake--is n ! mean+ ( ! text at all4 ,! acc\nt is divid$ into p]iods t we may make j z long or z %ort z conv5i5ce requires4 ,we are also to und]/& t x is consi/5t ) ! orig9al text to believe t ! mo/ complex plants & animals may h be5 evolv$ by natural processes1 la/+ = millions ( ye>s1 out ( /ructureless rudim5ts4 ,a p]son :o is n a ,hebrew s*ol> c only /& aside & admire ! m>vell\s flexibility ( a language :i* admits ( su* div]se int]pretations4 ,b assur$ly1 9 ! face ( su* contradictions ( au?ority ^u matt]s respect+ :i* he is incompet5t to =m any judgm5t1 he w ab/a91 z ,i d1 f giv+ any op9ion4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ,i h c>efully ab/a9$ f speak+ ( ?is z ! ,mosaic doctr9e1 because we are n[ assur$ ^u ! au?ority ( ! highe/ critics1 & ev5 ( dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur*1 t !re is no evid5ce t ,moses wrote ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 or knew any?+ ab\t x4 ,y w und]/& t ,i give no judgm5t--x w\ld be an imp]t95ce ^u my "p to volunte] ev5 a sugge/ion--^u su* a subject4 ,b1 t be+ ! /ate ( op9ion among ! s*ol>s & ! cl]gy1 x is well = ! unle>n$ 9 ,hebrew lore1 & = ! laity1 to avoid entangl+ !mselves 9 su* a vex$ "q4 ,happily1 ,milton leaves u no excuse = d\bt+ :at he means1 & ,i %all !re=e be safe 9 speak+ ( ! op9ion 9 "q z ! ,miltonic hypo!sis4 ,n[ we h to te/ t hypo!sis4 ,= my "p1 ,i h no prejudice "o way or ! o!r4 ,if !re is evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is view1 ,i am burd5$ by no !oretical difficulties 9 ! way ( accept+ x2 b !re mu/ be evid5ce4 ,sci5tific m5 get an awkw>d habit--no1 ,i won't call x t1 = x is a valuable habit--( believ+ no?+ unless !re is evid5ce = x2 & !y h a way ( look+ ^u belief :i* is n bas$ ^u evid5ce1 n only z illogical1 b z immoral4 ,we w1 if y please1 te/ ?is view by ! circum/antial evid5ce alone2 =1 f :at ,i h said1 y w und]/& t ,i d n propose to discuss ! "q ( :at te/imonial evid5ce is to be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( x4 ,if ^? ^: bus9ess x is to judge are n at "o z to ! au!nticity ( ! only evid5ce ( t k9d :i* is (f]$1 nor z to ! facts to :i* x be>s witness1 ! discussion ( su* evid5ce is sup]flu\s4 ,b ,i may be p]mitt$ to regret ?is necessity ( reject+ ! te/imonial evid5ce ! less1 because ! exam9ation ( ! circum/antial evid5ce leads to ! conclusion1 n only t x is incompet5t to ju/ify ! hypo!sis1 b t1 s f> z x goes1 x is contr>y to ! hypo!sis4 ,! consid]ations ^u :i* ,i base ?is conclusion are ( ! simple/ possible "*4 ,! ,miltonic hypo!sis conta9s ass]tions ( a v def9ite "* relat+ to ! succession ( liv+ =ms4 ,x is /at$ t plants1 = example1 made _! appe>ance ^u ! ?ird day1 & n be=e4 ,& y w und]/& t :at ! poet means by plants are su* plants z n[ live1 ! ance/ors1 9 ! ord9>y way ( propagation ( l by l1 ( ! trees & %rubs :i* fl\ri% 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,x mu/ ne$s be s2 =1 if !y 7 diff]5t1 ei!r ! exi/+ plants h be5 ! result ( a sep>ate orig9ation s9ce t describ$ by ,milton1 ( :i* we h no record1 nor any gr\nd = supposition t su* an occurr5ce has tak5 place2 or else !y h aris5 by a process ( evolution f ! orig9al /ocks4 ,9 ! second place1 x is cle> t !re 0 no animal life be=e ! fif? day1 & t1 on ! fif? day1 aquatic animals & birds appe>$4 ,& x is fur!r cle> t t]re/rial liv+ ?+s1 o!r ?an birds1 made _! appe>ance ^u ! six? day & n be=e4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s t1 if1 9 ! l>ge mass ( circum/antial evid5ce z to :at really has happ5$ 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! globe we f9d indications ( ! exi/5ce ( t]re/rial animals1 o!r ?an birds1 at a c]ta9 p]iod1 x is p]fectly c]ta9 t all t has tak5 place1 s9ce t "t1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! six? day4 ,9 ! great ,c>bonif]\s =mation1 :5ce ,am]ica d]ives s va/ a proportion ( h] actual & pot5tial weal?1 9 ! b$s ( coal :i* h be5 =m$ f ! vegetation ( t p]iod1 we f9d abundant evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( t]re/rial animals4 ,!y h be5 describ$1 n only by ,european b by y\r own naturali/s4 ,!re are to be f\nd num]\s insects alli$ to our cockroa*es4 ,!re are to be f\nd spid]s & scorpions ( l>ge size1 ! latt] s simil> to exi/+ scorpions t x requires ! practis$ eye ( ! naturali/ to di/+ui% !m4 ,inasmu* z ^! animals c be prov$ to h be5 alive 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 x is p]fectly cle> t1 if ! ,miltonic acc\nt is to be accept$1 ! huge mass ( rocks ext5d+ f ! middle ( ! ,palozoic =mations to ! upp]mo/ memb]s ( ! s]ies1 mu/ belong to ! day :i* is t]m$ by ,milton ! six?4 ,b1 fur!r1 x is expressly /at$ t aquatic animals took _! orig9 on ! fif? day1 & n be=e2 h5ce1 all =mations 9 :i* rema9s ( aquatic animals c be prov$ to exi/1 & :i* !re=e te/ify t su* animals liv$ at ! "t :5 ^! =mations 7 9 c\rse ( deposition1 mu/ h be5 deposit$ dur+ or s9ce ! p]iod :i* ,milton speaks ( z ! fif? day4 ,b !re is absolutely no fossilif]\s =mation 9 :i* ! rema9s ( aquatic animals are abs5t4 ,! olde/ fossils 9 ! ,silurian rocks are exuvi ( m>9e animals2 & if ! view :i* is ent]ta9$ by ,pr9cipal ,dawson & ,dr4 ,c>p5t] respect+ ! nature ( ! ,eozon be well-f\nd$1 aquatic animals exi/$ at a p]iod z f> antec$5t to ! deposition ( ! coal z ! coal is f u2 inasmu* z ! ,eozon is met ) 9 ^? ,laur5tian /rata :i* lie at ! bottom ( ! s]ies ( /ratifi$ rocks4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 pla9ly en\gh1 t ! :ole s]ies ( /ratifi$ rocks1 if !y are to be br\ght into h>mony ) ,milton1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! fif? & six? days1 & t we _c hope to f9d ! slighte/ trace ( ! products ( ! e>li] days 9 ! geological record4 ,:5 we consid] ^! simple facts1 we see h[ absolutely futile are ! attempts t h be5 made to draw a p>allel betwe5 ! /ory told by s mu* ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? z is kn[n to u & ! /ory :i* ,milton tells4 ,! :ole s]ies ( fossilif]\s /ratifi$ rocks mu/ be ref]r$ to ! la/ two days2 & nei!r ! ,c>bonif]\s1 nor any o!r1 =mation c af=d evid5ce ( ! "w ( ! ?ird day4 ,n only is !re ?is objection to any attempt to e/abli% a h>mony betwe5 ! ,miltonic acc\nt & ! facts record$ 9 ! fossilif]\s rocks1 b !re is a fur!r difficulty4 ,accord+ to ! ,miltonic acc\nt1 ! ord] 9 :i* animals %\ld h made _! appe>ance 9 ! /ratifi$ rocks w\ld be ?is3 ,fi%es1 includ+ ! great :ales1 & birds2 aft] !m1 all v>ieties ( t]re/rial animals except birds4 ,no?+ c\ld be fur!r f ! facts z we f9d !m2 we "k ( n ! slighte/ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( birds be=e ! ,jurassic1 or p]haps ! ,triassic1 =mation2 :ile t]re/rial animals1 z we h j se51 occur 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,if !re 7 any h>mony betwe5 ! ,miltonic acc\nt & ! circum/antial evid5ce1 we ought to h abundant evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( birds 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ! ,devonian1 & ! ,silurian rocks4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ?is is n ! case1 & t n a trace ( birds makes its appe>ance until ! f> lat] p]iod :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,& aga91 if x be true t all v>ieties ( fi%es & ! great :ales1 & ! l1 made _! appe>ance on ! fif? day1 we ought to f9d ! rema9s ( ^! animals 9 ! old] rocks--9 ^? :i* 7 deposit$ be=e ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,fi%es we d f9d1 9 consid]able numb] & v>iety2 b ! great :ales are abs5t1 & ! fi%es are n su* z n[ live4 ,n "o solit>y species ( fi% n[ 9 exi/5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! ,devonian or ,silurian =mations4 ,h5ce we are introduc$ afre% to ! dilemma :i* ,i h already plac$ be=e y3 ei!r ! animals :i* came into exi/5ce on ! fif? day 7 n su* z ^? :i* are f\nd at pres5t1 are n ! direct & imm$iate ance/ors ( ^? :i* n[ exi/2 9 :i* case1 ei!r fre% creations ( :i* no?+ is said1 or a process ( evolution1 mu/ h occurr$2 or else ! :ole /ory mu/ be giv5 up1 z n only devoid ( any circum/antial evid5ce1 b contr>y to su* evid5ce z exi/s4 ,i plac$ be=e y 9 a few words1 "s little "t ago1 a /atem5t ( ! sum & sub/ance ( ,milton's hypo!sis4 ,let me n[ try to /ate1 z briefly1 ! effect ( ! circum/antial evid5ce be>+ ^u ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>? :i* is furni%$1 )\t ! possibility ( mi/ake1 ) no *ance ( error z to its *ief features1 by ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,:at we f9d is1 t ! great s]ies ( =mations repres5ts a p]iod ( "t ( :i* our human *ronologies h>dly af=d u a unit ( measure4 ,i w n pret5d to say h[ we ought to e/imate ?is "t1 9 millions or 9 billions ( ye>s4 ,= my purpose1 ! det]m9ation ( its absolute duration is :olly uness5tial4 ,b t ! "t 0 enorm\s !re c be no "q4 ,x results f ! simple/ me?ods ( int]pretation1 t leav+ out ( view c]ta9 pat*es ( metamorphos$ rocks1 & c]ta9 volcanic products1 all t is n[ dry l& has once be5 at ! bottom ( ! wat]s4 ,x is p]fectly c]ta9 t1 at a comp>atively rec5t p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory--! ,cretace\s epo*--none ( ! great physical features :i* at pres5t m>k ! surface ( ! globe exi/$4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7 n4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s 7 n4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,alps & ! ,pyr5ees _h no exi/5ce4 ,! evid5ce is ( ! pla9e/ possible "*1 & is simply ?is3--,we f9d rais$ up on ! flanks ( ^! m\nta9s1 elevat$ by ! =ces ( upheaval :i* h giv5 rise to !m1 masses ( ,cretace\s rock :i* =m$ ! bottom ( ! sea be=e ^? m\nta9s exi/$4 ,x is !re=e cle> t ! elevatory =ces :i* gave rise to ! m\nta9s op]at$ subsequ5tly to ! ,cretace\s epo*2 & t ! m\nta9s !mselves are l>gely made up ( ! mat]ials deposit$ 9 ! sea :i* once occupi$ _! place4 ,z we g back 9 "t1 we meet ) con/ant alt]nations ( sea & l&1 ( e/u>y & op5 ocean2 &1 9 correspond5ce ) ^! alt]nations1 we obs]ve ! *anges 9 ! fauna & flora to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,b ! inspection ( ^! *anges give u no "r to believe t !re has be5 any discont9uity 9 natural processes4 ,!re is no trace ( g5]al cataclysms1 ( univ]sal deluges1 or sudd5 de/ructions ( a :ole fauna or flora4 ,! appe>ances :i* 7 =m]ly int]pret$ 9 t way h all be5 %[n to be delusive1 z our k has increas$ & z ! blanks :i* =m]ly appe>$ to exi/ betwe5 ! diff]5t =mations h be5 fill$ up4 ,t !re is no absolute break betwe5 =mation & =mation1 t !re has be5 no sudd5 disappe>ance ( all ! =ms ( life & replacem5t ( !m by o!rs1 b t *anges h gone on sl[ly & gradually1 t "o type has di$ out & ano!r has tak5 its place1 & t ?us1 by ins5sible degrees1 "o fauna has be5 replac$ by ano!r1 are conclusions /r5g!n$ by con/antly increas+ evid5ce4 ,s t )9 ! :ole ( ! imm5se p]iod indicat$ by ! fossilif]\s /ratifi$ rocks1 !re is assur$ly n ! slighte/ pro( ( any break 9 ! uni=mity ( ,nature's op]ations1 no indication t ev5ts h foll[$ o!r ?an a cle> & ord]ly sequ5ce4 ,t1 ,i say1 is ! natural & obvi\s tea*+ ( ! circum/antial evid5ce conta9$ 9 ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,i leave y to consid] h[ f>1 by any +5uity ( int]pretation1 by any /ret*+ ( ! mean+ ( language1 x c be br\ght into h>mony ) ! ,miltonic hypo!sis4 ,!re rema9s ! ?ird hypo!sis1 t ( :i* ,i h spok5 z ! hypo!sis ( evolution2 & ,i purpose t1 9 lectures to come1 we %\ld discuss x z c>efully z we h consid]$ ! o!r two hypo!ses4 ,i ne$ n say t x is q hopeless to look = te/imonial evid5ce ( evolution4 ,! v nature ( ! case precludes ! possibility ( su* evid5ce1 = ! human race c no m be expect$ to te/ify to its own orig91 ?an a *ild c be t5d]$ z a witness ( its own bir?4 ,our sole inquiry is1 :at f\ndation circum/antial evid5ce l5ds to ! hypo!sis1 or :e!r x l5ds none1 or :e!r x controv]ts ! hypo!sis4 ,i %all deal ) ! matt] entirely z a "q ( hi/ory4 ,i %all n indulge 9 ! discussion ( any speculative probabilities4 ,i %all n attempt to %[ t ,nature is un9telligible unless we adopt "s su* hypo!sis4 ,= any?+ ,i "k ab\t ! matt]1 x may be ! way ( ,nature to be un9telligible2 %e is (t5 puzzl+1 & ,i h no reason to suppose t %e is b\nd to fit h]self to our notions4 ,i %all place be=e y ?ree k9ds ( evid5ce entirely bas$ ^u :at is kn[n ( ! =ms ( animal life :i* are conta9$ 9 ! s]ies ( /ratifi$ rocks4 ,i %all endeav\r to %[ y t !re is "o k9d ( evid5ce :i* is neutral1 :i* nei!r helps evolution nor is inconsi/5t ) x4 ,i %all !n br+ =w>d a second k9d ( evid5ce :i* indicates a /rong probability 9 fav\r ( evolution1 b does n prove x2 &1 la/ly1 ,i %all adduce a ?ird k9d ( evid5ce :i*1 be+ z complete z any evid5ce :i* we c hope to obta9 ^u su* a subject1 & be+ :olly & /rik+ly 9 fav\r ( evolution1 may fairly be call$ demon/rative evid5ce ( its occurr5ce4 ,,ii ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,evolution4 ,,! ,,neutral ,,& ,,! ,,fav\rable ,,evid5ce ,9 ! prec$+ lecture ,i po9t$ out t !re are ?ree hypo!ses :i* may be ent]ta9$1 & :i* h be5 ent]ta9$1 respect+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( life ^u ! globe4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ ( ^! hypo!ses1 liv+ be+s1 su* z n[ exi/1 h exi/$ f all et]nity ^u ?is e>?4 ,we te/$ t hypo!sis by ! circum/antial evid5ce1 z ,i call$ x1 :i* is furni%$ by ! fossil rema9s conta9$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 & we f\nd t x 0 obvi\sly unt5able4 ,i !n proce$$ to consid] ! second hypo!sis1 :i* ,i t]m$ ! ,miltonic hypo!sis1 n because x is ( any p>ticul> consequ5ce :e!r ,john ,milton s]i\sly ent]ta9$ x or n1 b because x is /at$ 9 a cle> & unmi/akable mann] 9 8 great poem4 ,i po9t$ out to y t ! evid5ce at our comm& z completely & fully negatives t hypo!sis z x did ! prec$+ "o4 ,& ,i confess t ,i _h too mu* respect = y\r intellig5ce to ?9k x necess>y to add t ! negation 0 equally cle> & equally valid1 :atev] ! s\rce f :i* t hypo!sis might be d]iv$1 or :atev] ! au?ority by :i* x might be support$4 ,i fur!r /at$ t1 accord+ to ! ?ird hypo!sis1 or t ( evolution1 ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s is ! la/ t]m ( a long s]ies ( /ates1 :i*1 :5 trac$ back1 w\ld be f\nd to %[ no int]ruption & no brea* 9 ! cont9uity ( natural causation4 ,i propose1 9 ! pres5t & ! foll[+ lecture1 to te/ ?is hypo!sis rigor\sly by ! evid5ce at comm&1 & to inquire h[ f> t evid5ce c be said to be indiff]5t to x1 h[ f> x c be said to be fav\rable to x1 &1 f9ally1 h[ f> x c be said to be demon/rative4 ,f almo/ ! orig9 ( ! discussions ab\t ! exi/+ condition ( ! animal & vegetable worlds & ! causes :i* h det]m9$ t condition1 an argum5t has be5 put =w>d z an objection to evolution1 :i* we %all h to consid] v s]i\sly4 ,x is an argum5t :i* 0 fir/ cle>ly /at$ by ,cuvi] 9 8 criticism ( ! doctr9es prop\nd$ by 8 great contempor>y1 ,lam>ck4 ,! ,fr5* exp$ition to ,egypt _h call$ ! att5tion ( le>n$ m5 to ! wond]ful /ore ( antiquities 9 t c\ntry1 & !re _h be5 br\ght back to ,france num]\s mummifi$ corpses ( ! animals :i* ! anci5t ,egyptians rev]$ & pres]v$1 & :i*1 at a reasonable computation1 mu/ h liv$ n less ?an ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s be=e ! "t at :i* !y 7 ?us br\ght to light4 ,cuvi] endeav\r$ to te/ ! hypo!sis t animals h und]gone gradual & progressive modifications ( /ructure1 by comp>+ ! skeletons & su* o!r p>ts ( ! mummies z 7 9 a fitt+ /ate ( pres]vation1 ) ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! repres5tatives ( ! same species n[ liv+ 9 ,egypt4 ,he arriv$ at ! conviction t no appreciable *ange _h tak5 place 9 ^! animals 9 ! c\rse ( ?is consid]able lapse ( "t1 & ! ju/ice ( 8 conclusion is n disput$4 ,x is obvi\s t1 if x c be prov$ t animals h endur$1 )\t und]go+ any demon/rable *ange ( /ructure1 = s long a p]iod z f\r ?\s& ye>s1 no =m ( ! hypo!sis ( evolution :i* assumes t animals und]go a con/ant & necess>y progressive *ange c be t5able2 unless1 inde$1 x be fur!r assum$ t f\r ?\s& ye>s is too %ort a "t = ! production ( a *ange suffici5tly great to be detect$4 ,b x is no less pla9 t if ! process ( evolution ( animals is n indep5d5t ( surr\nd+ conditions2 if x may be indef9itely ha/5$ or ret>d$ by v>iations 9 ^! conditions2 or if evolution is simply a process ( accommodation to v>y+ conditions2 ! argum5t aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( evolution bas$ on ! un*ang$ "* ( ! ,egyptian fauna is wor?less4 ,= ! monum5ts :i* are coeval ) ! mummies te/ify z /rongly to ! abs5ce ( *ange 9 ! physical geography & ! g5]al conditions ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 = ! "t 9 "q1 z ! mummies d to ! unv>y+ *>act]s ( its liv+ population4 ,! progress ( rese>* s9ce ,cuvi]'s "t has suppli$ f> m /rik+ examples ( ! long duration ( specific =ms ( life ?an ^? :i* are furni%$ by ! mummifi$ ,ibises & ,crocodiles ( ,egypt4 ,a rem>kable case is to be f\nd 9 y\r own c\ntry1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! falls ( ,niag>a4 ,9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! :irlpool1 & aga9 ^u ,goat ,isl&1 9 ! sup]ficial deposits :i* cov] ! surface ( ! rocky subsoil 9 ^? regions1 !re are f\nd rema9s ( animals 9 p]fect pres]vation1 & among !m1 %ells belong+ to exactly ! same species z ^? :i* at pres5t inhabit ! /ill wat]s ( ,lake ,erie4 ,x is evid5t1 f ! /ructure ( ! c\ntry1 t ^! animal rema9s 7 deposit$ 9 ! b$s 9 :i* !y occur at a "t :5 ! lake ext5d$ ov] ! region 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,?is involves ! conclusion t !y liv$ & di$ be=e ! falls _h cut _! way back ?r\gh ! gorge ( ,niag>a2 &1 inde$1 x has be5 det]m9$ t1 :5 ^! animals liv$1 ! falls ( ,niag>a mu/ h be5 at lea/ six miles fur!r d[n ! riv] ?an !y are at pres5t4 ,_m computations h be5 made ( ! rate at :i* ! falls are ?us cutt+ _! way back4 ,^? computations h v>i$ greatly1 b ,i believe ,i am speak+ )9 ! b\nds ( prud5ce1 if ,i assume t ! falls ( ,niag>a h n retreat$ at a great] pace ?an ab\t a foot a ye>4 ,six miles1 speak+ r\ghly1 are #cj1jjj feet2 #cj1jjj feet1 at a foot a ye>1 gives #cj1jjj ye>s2 & ?us we are fairly ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t no less a p]iod ?an ?is has pass$ s9ce ! %ell-fi%1 ^: rema9s are left 9 ! b$s to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 7 liv+ creatures4 ,b !re is /ill /rong] evid5ce ( ! long duration ( c]ta9 types4 ,i h already /at$ t1 z we "w our way ?r\gh ! great s]ies ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations1 we f9d _m species ( animals id5tical ) ^? :i* live at ! pres5t day1 dim9i%+ 9 numb]s1 x is true1 b /ill exi/+1 9 a c]ta9 proportion1 9 ! olde/ ( ! ,t]ti>y rocks4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 we exam9e ! rocks ( ! ,cretace\s epo*1 we f9d ! rema9s ( "s animals :i* ! close/ scrut9y _c %[ to be1 9 any important respect1 diff]5t f ^? :i* live at ! pres5t "t4 ,t is ! case ) "o ( ! cretace\s lamp-%ells 7,t]ebratula7 :i* has cont9u$ to exi/ un*ang$1 or ) insignificant v>iations1 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,su* is ! case ) ! ,globig]91 ! skeletons ( :i*1 aggregat$ toge!r1 =m a l>ge proportion ( our ,engli% *alk4 ,^? ,globig]9 c be trac$ d[n to ! ,globig]9 :i* live at ! surface ( ! pres5t great oceans1 & ! rema9s ( :i*1 fall+ to ! bottom ( ! sea give rise to a *alky mud4 ,h5ce x mu/ be admitt$ t c]ta9 exi/+ species ( animals %[ no di/9ct sign ( modification1 or trans=mation1 9 ! c\rse ( a lapse ( "t z great z t :i* c>ries u back to ! ,cretace\s p]iod2 & :i*1 :atev] its absolute measure1 is c]ta9ly va/ly great] ?an ?irty ?\s& ye>s4 ,!re are gr\ps ( species s closely alli$ toge!r1 t x ne$s ! eye ( a naturali/ to di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r4 ,if we disreg>d ! small diff]5ces :i* sep>ate ^! =ms1 & consid] all ! species ( su* gr\ps z modifications ( "o type1 we %all f9d t1 ev5 among ! high] animals1 "s types h _h a m>vell\s duration4 ,9 ! *alk1 = example1 !re is f\nd a fi% belong+ to ! highe/ & ! mo/ diff]5tiat$ gr\p ( osse\s fi%es1 :i* goes by ! "n ( ,b]yx4 ,! rema9s ( t fi% are among ! mo/ beautiful & well-pres]v$ ( ! fossils f\nd 9 our ,engli% *alk4 ,x c be /udi$ anatomically1 s f> z ! h>d p>ts are conc]n$1 almo/ z well z if x 7 a rec5t fi%4 ,b ! g5us ,b]yx is repres5t$1 at ! pres5t day1 by v closely alli$ species :i* are liv+ 9 ! ,pacific & ,atlantic ,oceans4 ,we may g /ill f>!r back4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! fact1 t ! ,c>bonif]\s =mations1 9 ,europe & 9 ,am]ica1 conta9 ! rema9s ( scorpions 9 an admirable /ate ( pres]vation &1 t ^? scorpions are h>dly di/+ui%able f su* z n[ live4 ,i d n mean to say t !y are n diff]5t1 b close scrut9y is ne$$ 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m f mod]n scorpions4 ,m ?an ?is4 ,at ! v bottom ,( ! ,silurian s]ies1 9 b$s :i* are by "s au?orities ref]r$ to ! ,cambrian =mation1 :]e ! signs ( life beg9 to fail u--ev5 !re1 among ! few & scanty animal rema9s :i* are discov]able1 we f9d species ( mollusc\s animals :i* are s closely alli$ to exi/+ =ms t1 at "o "t1 !y 7 gr\p$ "u ! same g5]ic "n4 ,i ref] to ! well kn[n ,l+ula ( ! ,l+ula flags1 lately1 9 consequ5ce ( "s slight diff]5ces1 plac$ 9 ! new g5us ,l+ulella4 ,practically1 x belongs to ! same great g5]ic gr\p z ! ,l+ula1 :i* is to be f\nd at ! pres5t day ^u y\r own %ores & ^? ( _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! same tru? is exemplifi$ if we turn to c]ta9 great p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory--z1 = example1 ! ,mesozoic epo*4 ,!re are gr\ps ( reptiles1 su* z ! ,i*?yosauria & ! ,plesiosauria1 :i* appe> %ortly aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ?is epo*1 & !y occur 9 va/ numb]s4 ,!y disappe> ) ! *alk &1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! great s]ies ( ,mesozoic rocks1 !y pres5t no su* modifications z c safely be consid]$ evid5ce ( progressive modification4 ,facts ( ?is k9d are und\bt$ly fatal to any =m ( ! doctr9e ( evolution :i* po/ulates ! supposition t !re is an intr9sic necessity1 on ! "p ( animal =ms :i* h once come into exi/5ce1 to und]go cont9ual modification2 & !y are z di/9ctly oppos$ to any view :i* involves ! belief1 t su* modification z may occur1 mu/ take place1 at ! same rate1 9 all ! diff]5t types ( animal or vegetable life4 ,! facts1 z ,i h plac$ !m be=e y obvi\sly directly contradict any =m ( ! hypo!sis ( evolution :i* /&s 9 ne$ ( ^! two po/ulates4 ,b1 "o great s]vice t has be5 r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 to ! doctr9e ( evolution 9 g5]al is ?is3 he has %[n t !re are two *ief factors 9 ! process ( evolution3 "o ( !m is ! t5d5cy to v>y1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 9 all liv+ =ms may be prov$ by obs]vation2 ! o!r is ! influ5ce ( surr\nd+ conditions ^u :at ,i may call ! p>5t =m & ! v>iations :i* are ?us evolv$ f x4 ,! cause ( ! production ( v>iations is a matt] n at all prop]ly und]/ood at pres5t4 ,:e!r v>iation dep5ds ^u "s intricate ma*9]y--if ,i may use ! phrase--( ! liv+ organism itself1 or :e!r x arises ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( conditions ^u t =m1 is n c]ta91 & ! "q may1 = ! pres5t1 be left op54 ,b ! important po9t is t grant+ ! exi/5ce ( ! t5d5cy to ! production ( v>iations2 !n1 :e!r ! v>iations :i* are produc$ %all survive & supplant ! p>5t1 or :e!r ! p>5t =m %all survive & supplant ! v>iations1 is a matt] :i* dep5ds entirely on ^? conditions :i* give rise to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,if ! surr\nd+ conditions are su* t ! p>5t =m is m compet5t to deal ) !m1 & fl\ri% 9 !m ?an ! d]iv$ =ms1 !n1 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! p>5t =m w ma9ta9 itself & ! d]iv$ =ms w be ext]m9at$4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 ! conditions are su* z to be m fav\rable to a d]iv$ ?an to ! p>5t =m1 ! p>5t =m w be extirpat$ & ! d]iv$ =m w take its place4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !re w be no progression1 no *ange ( /ructure1 ?r\gh any imag9able s]ies ( ages2 9 ! second place !re w be modification ( *ange & =m4 ,?us ! exi/5ce ( ^! p]si/5t types1 z ,i h t]m$ !m1 is no real ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,take ! case ( ! scorpions to :i* ,i h j ref]r$4 ,no d\bt1 s9ce ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 conditions h always obta9$1 su* z exi/$ :5 ! scorpions ( t epo* fl\ri%$2 conditions 9 :i* scorpions f9d !mselves bett] (f1 m compet5t to deal ) ! difficulties 9 _! way1 ?an any v>iation f ! scorpion type :i* !y may h produc$2 &1 = t reason1 ! scorpion type has p]si/$1 & has n be5 supplant$ by any o!r =m4 ,& !re is no reason1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 :y1 z long z ?is _w exi/s1 if !re be conditions m fav\rable to scorpions ?an to any v>iation :i* may arise f !m1 ^! =ms ( life %\ld n p]si/4 ,!re=e1 ! /ock objection to ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 bas$ on ! long duration ( c]ta9 animal & vegetable types1 is no objection at all4 ,! facts ( ?is "*--& !y are num]\s--belong to t class ( evid5ce :i* ,i h call$ indiff]5t4 ,t is to say1 !y may af=d no direct support to ! doctr9e ( evolution1 b !y are capable ( be+ int]pret$ 9 p]fect consi/5cy ) x4 ,!re is ano!r ord] ( facts belong+ to ! class ( negative or indiff]5t evid5ce4 ,! great gr\p ( ,liz>ds1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! pres5t _w1 ext5ds ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( =mations z f> back z ! ,p]mian1 or late/ ,palozoic1 epo*4 ,^! ,p]mian liz>ds diff] a/oni%+ly little f ! liz>ds :i* exi/ at ! pres5t day4 ,comp>+ ! am\nt ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m & mod]n liz>ds1 ) ! prodigi\s lapse ( "t betwe5 ! ,p]mian epo* & ! pres5t age1 x may be said t ! am\nt ( *ange is insignificant4 ,b1 :5 we c>ry our rese>*es f>!r back 9 "t1 we f9d no trace ( liz>ds1 nor ( any true reptile :atev]1 9 ! :ole mass ( =mations b5ea? ! ,p]mian4 ,n[1 x is p]fectly cle> t if our palontological collections are to be tak51 ev5 approximately1 z an adequate repres5tation ( all ! =ms ( animals & plants t h ev] liv$2 & if ! record furni%$ by ! kn[n s]ies ( b$s ( /ratifi$ rock cov]s ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts :i* con/itute ! hi/ory ( life on ! globe1 su* a fact z ?is directly contrav5es ! hypo!sis ( evolution2 because ?is hypo!sis po/ulates t ! exi/5ce ( e =m mu/ h be5 prec$$ by t ( "s =m little diff]5t f x4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we h to take into consid]ation t important tru? s well insi/$ ^u by ,lyell & by ,d>w9--! imp]fection ( ! geological record4 ,x c be demon/rat$ t ! geological record mu/ be incomplete1 t x c only pres]ve rema9s f\nd 9 c]ta9 fav\rable localities & "u p>ticul> conditions2 t x mu/ be de/roy$ by processes ( d5udation1 & oblit]at$ by processes ( metamorphosis4 ,b$s ( rock ( any ?ickness1 cramm$ full ( organic rema9s1 may yet1 ei!r by ! p]colation ( wat] ?r\gh !m1 or by ! influ5ce ( subt]ranean heat1 lose all trace ( ^! rema9s1 & pres5t ! appe>ance ( b$s ( rock =m$ "u conditions 9 :i* liv+ =ms 7 abs5t4 ,su* metamorphic rocks occur 9 =mations ( all ages2 &1 9 v>i\s cases1 !re are v good gr\nds = ! belief t !y h conta9$ organic rema9s1 & t ^? rema9s h be5 absolutely oblit]at$4 ,i insi/ ^u ! defects ( ! geological record ! m because ^? :o h n att5d$ to ^! matt]s are apt to say1 ,x is all v well1 b1 :5 y get into a difficulty ) y\r !ory ( evolution1 y appeal to ! incomplet5ess & ! imp]fection ( ! geological record2 & ,i want to make x p]fectly cle> to y t ?is imp]fection is a great fact1 :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 all our speculations1 or we %all con/antly be go+ wrong4 ,y see ! s+ul> s]ies ( footm>ks1 drawn ( its natural size 9 ! l>ge diagram hang+ up "h 7,fig4 #b71 :i* ,i owe to ! k9dness ( my fri5d ,pr(essor ,m>%1 ) :om ,i _h ! opportunity rec5tly ( visit+ ! precise locality 9 ,massa*usetts 9 :i* ^! tracks occur4 ,i am1 !re=e1 able to give y my own te/imony1 if ne$$1 t ! diagram accurately repres5ts :at we saw4 ,! valley ( ! ,connecticut is classical gr\nd = ! geologi/4 ,x conta9s great b$s ( s&/one1 cov]+ _m squ>e miles1 :i* h evid5tly =m$ a "p ( an anci5t sea-%ore1 or1 x may be1 lake-%ore4 ,= a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t aft] _! deposition1 ^! b$s h rema9$ suffici5tly s(t to receive ! impressions ( ! feet ( :atev] animals walk$ ov] !m1 & to pres]ve !m aft]w>ds1 9 exactly ! same way z su* impressions are at ?is h\r pres]v$ on ! %ores ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy & else:]e4 ,! diagram repres5ts ! track ( "s gigantic animal1 :i* walk$ on its h9d legs4 ,y see ! s]ies ( m>ks made alt]nately by ! "r & by ! left foot2 s t1 f "o impression to ! o!r ( ! ?ree-to$ foot on ! same side1 is "o /ride1 & t /ride1 z we measur$ x1 is six feet n9e in*es4 ,i leave y1 !re=e1 to =m an impression ( ! magnitude ( ! creature :i*1 z x walk$ along ! anci5t %ore1 made ^! impressions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,tracks ,,( ,,brontoz\m4 ,( su* impressions !re are untold ?\s&s ^u ^! s&/ones4 ,fifty or sixty diff]5t k9ds h be5 discov]$1 & !y cov] va/ areas4 ,b1 up to ?is pres5t "t1 n a bone1 n a fragm5t1 ( any "o ( ! animals :i* left ^! great footm>ks has be5 f\nd2 9 fact1 ! only animal rema9s :i* h be5 met ) 9 all ^! deposits1 f ! "t ( _! discov]y to ! pres5t day--?\gh !y h be5 c>efully hunt$ ov]--is a fragm5t>y skeleton ( "o ( ! small] =ms4 ,:at has become ( ! bones ( all ^! animals8 ,y see we are n deal+ ) little creatures1 b ) animals t make a /ep ( six feet n9e in*es2 & _! rema9s mu/ h be5 left some:]e4 ,! probability is1 t !y h be5 dissolv$ away1 & completely lo/4 ,i h _h occasion to "w out ! nature ( fossil rema9s1 ( :i* !re 0 no?+ left except ca/s ( ! bones1 ! solid mat]ial ( ! skeleton hav+ be5 dissolv$ out by p]colat+ wat]4 ,x 0 a *ance1 9 ?is case1 t ! s&/one happ5$ to be ( su* a con/itution z to set1 & to all[ ! bones to be aft]w>d dissolv$ out1 leav+ cavities ( ! exact %ape ( ! bones4 ,_h t con/itution be5 o!r ?an :at x 01 ! bones w\ld h be5 dissolv$1 ! lay]s ( s&/one w\ld h fall5 toge!r into "o mass1 & n ! slighte/ indication t ! animal _h exi/$ w\ld h be5 discov]able4 ,i "k ( no m /rik+ evid5ce ?an ^! facts af=d1 ( ! caution :i* %\ld be us$ 9 draw+ ! conclusion1 f ! abs5ce ( organic rema9s 9 a deposit1 t animals or plants did n exi/ at ! "t x 0 =m$4 ,i believe t1 ) a "r und]/&+ ( ! doctr9e ( evolution on ! "o h&1 & a j e/imation ( ! importance ( ! imp]fection ( ! geological record on ! o!r1 all difficulty is remov$ f ! k9d ( evid5ce to :i* ,i h adv]t$2 & t we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t all su* cases are examples ( :at ,i h designat$ negative or indiff]5t evid5ce--t is to say1 !y 9 no way directly advance ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 b !y are n to be reg>d$ z ob/acles 9 ! way ( our belief 9 t doctr9e4 ,i n[ pass on to ! consid]ation ( ^? cases :i*1 = reasons :i* ,i w po9t out to y by & by1 are n to be reg>d$ z demon/rative ( ! tru? ( evolution1 b :i* are su* z mu/ exi/ if evolution be true1 & :i* !re=e are1 ^u ! :ole1 evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e4 ,if ! doctr9e ( evolution be true1 x foll[s1 t1 h[ev] div]se ! diff]5t gr\ps ( animals & ( plants may be1 !y mu/ all1 at "o "t or o!r1 h be5 connect$ by gradational =ms2 s t1 f ! highe/ animals1 :atev] !y may be1 d[n to ! l[e/ speck ( protoplasmic matt] 9 :i* life c be manife/$1 a s]ies ( gradations1 lead+ f "o end ( ! s]ies to ! o!r1 ei!r exi/s or has exi/$4 ,und\bt$ly t is a necess>y po/ulate ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,b :5 we look ^u liv+ ,nature z x is1 we f9d a totally diff]5t /ate ( ?+s4 ,we f9d t animals & plants fall into gr\ps1 ! diff]5t memb]s ( :i* are pretty closely alli$ toge!r1 b :i* are sep>at$ by def9ite1 l>g] or small]1 breaks1 f o!r gr\ps4 ,9 o!r words1 no int]m$iate =ms :i* bridge ov] ^! gaps or int]vals are1 at pres5t1 to be met )4 ,to illu/rate :at ,i mean3 ,let me call y\r att5tion to ^? v]tebrate animals :i* are mo/ famili> to y1 su* z mammals1 birds1 & reptiles4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ^! gr\ps ( animals are p]fectly well-def9$ f "o ano!r4 ,we "k ( no animal n[ liv+ :i*1 9 any s5se1 is int]m$iate betwe5 ! mammal & ! bird1 or betwe5 ! bird & ! reptile2 b1 on ! contr>y1 !re are _m v di/9ct anatomical peculi>ities1 well-def9$ m>ks1 by :i* ! mammal is sep>at$ f ! bird1 & ! bird f ! reptile4 ,! di/9ctions are obvi\s & /rik+ if y comp>e ! def9itions ( ^! great gr\ps z !y n[ exi/4 ,! same may be said ( _m ( ! subord9ate gr\ps1 or ord]s1 into :i* ^! great classes are divid$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 = example1 !re are num]\s =ms ( non-rum9ant pa*yd]ms1 or :at we may call broadly1 ! pig tribe1 & _m v>ieties ( rum9ants4 ,^! latt] h _! def9ite *>act]i/ics1 & ! =m] h _! di/+ui%+ peculi>ities4 ,b !re is no?+ t fills up ! gap betwe5 ! rum9ants & ! pig tribe4 ,! two are di/9ct4 ,su* also is ! case 9 respect ( ! m9or gr\ps ( ! class ( reptiles4 ,! exi/+ fauna %[s u crocodiles1 liz>ds1 snakes1 & tortoises2 b no connect+ l9k betwe5 ! crocodile & liz>d1 nor betwe5 ! liz>d & snake1 nor betwe5 ! snake & ! crocodile1 nor betwe5 any two ( ^! gr\ps4 ,!y are sep>at$ by absolute breaks4 ,if1 !n1 x c\ld be %[n t ?is /ate ( ?+s _h always exi/$1 ! fact w\ld be fatal to ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,if ! int]m$iate gradations1 :i* ! doctr9e ( evolution requires to h exi/$ betwe5 ^! gr\ps1 are n to be f\nd any:]e 9 ! records ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! globe1 _! abs5ce is a /rong & weighty negative argum5t aga9/ evolution2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if su* int]m$iate =ms are to be f\nd1 t is s mu* to ! good ( evolution2 al?\gh = reasons :i* ,i w lay be=e y by & by1 we mu/ be cauti\s 9 our e/imate ( ! evid5tial cog5cy ( facts ( ?is k9d4 ,x is a v rem>kable circum/ance t1 f ! comm5cem5t ( ! s]i\s /udy ( fossil rema9s1 9 fact f ! "t :5 ,cuvi] began 8 brilliant rese>*es ^u ^? f\nd 9 ! qu>ries ( ,montm>tre1 palontology has %[n :at %e 0 go+ to d 9 ?is matt]1 & :at k9d ( evid5ce x lay 9 h] p[] to produce4 ,i said j n[ t1 9 ! exi/+ ,fauna1 ! gr\p ( pig-l animals & ! gr\p ( rum9ants are entirely di/9ct2 b "o ( ! fir/ ( ,cuvi]'s discov]ies 0 an animal :i* he call$ ! ,anoplo!rium1 & :i* prov$ to be1 9 a great _m important respects1 int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! pigs on ! "o h&1 & ! rum9ants on ! o!r ,?us1 rese>* into ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ did1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 t5d to fill up ! brea* betwe5 ! gr\p ( rum9ants & ! gr\p ( pigs4 ,ano!r rem>kable animal re/or$ by ! great ,fr5* palontologi/1 ! ,palo!rium1 simil>ly t5d$ to connect toge!r animals to all appe>ance s diff]5t z ! rh9oc]os1 ! horse1 & ! tapir4 ,subsequ5t rese>* has br\ght to light multitudes ( facts ( ! same ord]2 &1 at ! pres5t day1 ! inve/igations ( su* anatomi/s z ,rtimey] & ,gaudry h t5d$ to fill up1 m & m1 ! gaps 9 our exi/+ s]ies ( mammals1 & to connect gr\ps =m]ly ?\ght to be di/9ct4 ,b ,i ?9k x may h an especial int]e/ if1 in/ead ( deal+ ) ^! examples1 :i* w\ld require a great deal ( t$i\s o/eological detail1 ,i take ! case ( birds & reptiles2 gr\ps :i*1 at ! pres5t day1 are s cle>ly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r t !re are p]haps no classes ( animals :i*1 9 popul> appreh5sion1 are m completely sep>at$4 ,exi/+ birds1 z y are aw>e1 are cov]$ ) fea!rs2 _! ant]ior extremities1 specially & peculi>ly modifi$1 are conv]t$ into w+s1 by ! aid ( :i* mo/ ( !m are able to fly2 !y walk upright ^u two legs2 & ^! limbs1 :5 !y are consid]$ anatomically1 pres5t a great numb] ( exce$+ly rem>kable peculi>ities1 to :i* ,i may h occasion to adv]t incid5tally z ,i g on1 & :i* are n met )1 ev5 approximately1 9 any exi/+ =ms ( reptiles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 exi/+ reptiles h no fea!rs4 ,!y may h nak$ sk9s1 or be cov]$ ) horny scales1 or bony plates1 or ) bo?4 ,!y possess no w+s2 !y nei!r fly by means ( _! =e-limbs1 nor habitually walk upright ^u _! h9d-limbs2 & ! bones ( _! legs pres5t no su* modifications z we f9d 9 birds4 ,x is impossible to imag9e any two gr\ps m def9itely & di/9ctly sep>at$1 not)/&+ c]ta9 *>act]s :i* !y possess 9 common4 ,z we trace ! hi/ory ( birds back 9 "t1 we f9d _! rema9s1 sometimes 9 great abundance1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! t]ti>y rocks2 b1 s f> z our pres5t k goes1 ! birds ( ! t]ti>y rocks reta9 ! same ess5tial *>act]s z ! birds ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 o!r words1 ! t]ti>y birds come )9 ! def9ition ( ! class con/itut$ by exi/+ birds1 & are z mu* sep>at$ f reptiles z exi/+ birds are4 ,n v long ago no rema9s ( birds _h be5 f\nd bel[ ! t]ti>y rocks1 & ,i am n sure b t "s p]sons 7 prep>$ to demon/rate t !y c\ld n h exi/$ at an e>li] p]iod4 ,b1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ few ye>s1 su* rema9s h be5 discov]$ 9 ,engl&2 ?\gh1 un=tunately1 9 s imp]fect & fragm5t>y a condition1 t x is impossible to say :e!r !y diff]$ f exi/+ birds 9 any ess5tial "* or n4 ,9 y\r c\ntry ! developm5t ( ! cretace\s s]ies ( rocks is enorm\s2 ! conditions "u :i* ! lat] cretace\s /rata h be5 deposit$ are highly fav\rable to ! pres]vation ( organic rema9s2 & ! rese>*es1 full ( lab\r & risk1 :i* h be5 c>ri$ on by ,pr(essor ,m>% 9 ^! cretace\s rocks ( ,we/]n ,am]ica1 h rew>d$ him ) ! discov]y ( =ms ( birds ( :i* we _h hi!rto no conception4 ,by 8 k9dness1 ,i am enabl$ to place be=e y a re/oration ( "o ( ^! extraord9>y birds1 e "p ( :i* c be ?or\ghly ju/ifi$ by ! m or less complete skeletons1 9 a v p]fect /ate ( pres]vation1 :i* he has discov]$4 ,?is ,hesp]ornis 7,fig4 #c71 :i* measur$ betwe5 five & six feet 9 l5g?1 is a/oni%+ly l our exi/+ div]s or grebes 9 a great _m respects2 s l !m inde$ t1 _h ! skeleton ( ,hesp]ornis be5 f\nd 9 a museum )\t its skull1 improbably w\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ! same gr\p ( birds z ! div]s & grebes ( ! pres5t day4#a ,b ,hesp]ornis diff]s f all exi/+ birds1 & s f> resembles reptiles1 9 "o important p>ticul>--x is provid$ ) tee?4 ,! long jaws are arm$ ) tee? :i* h curv$ cr[ns & ?ick roots 7,fig4 #d71 & are n set 9 di/9ct sockets1 b are lodg$ 9 a groove4 ,9 possess+ true tee?1 ! ,hesp]ornis diff]s f e exi/+ bird1 & f e bird yet discov]$ 9 ! t]ti>y =mations1 ! too?-l s]rations ( ! jaws 9 ! ,odontopt]yx ( ! ,london clay be+ m]e processes ( ! bony sub/ance ( ! jaws1 & n tee? 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,9 view ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is bird we are !re=e oblig$ to modify ! def9itions ( ! classes ( birds & reptiles4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ,hesp]ornis1 ! def9ition ( ! class ,aves bas$ ^u our k ( exi/+ birds might h be5 ext5d$ to all birds2 x might h be5 said t ! abs5ce ( tee? 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! class ( birds2 b ! discov]y ( an animal :i*1 9 e "p ( its skeleton1 closely agrees ) exi/+ birds1 & yet possesses tee?1 %[s t !re 7 anci5t birds1 :i*1 9 respect ( possess+ tee?1 approa*$ reptiles m ne>ly ?an any exi/+ bird does1 &1 to t ext5t1 dim9i%es ! hiatus betwe5 ! two classes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c--;,,hesp]ornis ,,regalis 7,m>%74 ,! same =mation has yield$ ano!r bird ,i*?yornis 7,fig4 #e71 :i* also possesses tee?2 b ! tee? are situat$ 9 di/9ct sockets1 :ile ^? ( ,hesp]ornis are n s lodg$4 ,! latt] also has su* v small1 almo/ rudim5t>y w+s1 t x mu/ h be5 *iefly a swimm] & a div] l a ,p5gu92 :ile ,i*?yornis has /rong w+s & no d\bt possess$ correspond+ p[]s ( flight4 ,i*?yornis also diff]$ 9 ! fact t its v]tebr h n ! peculi> *>act]s ( ! v]tebr ( exi/+ & ( all kn[n t]ti>y birds1 b 7 concave at ea* end4 ,?is discov]y leads u to make a fur!r modification 9 ! def9ition ( ! gr\p ( birds1 & to "p ) ano!r ( ! *>act]s by :i* almo/ all exi/+ birds are di/+ui%$ f reptiles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,hesp]ornis ,,regalis 7,m>%74 ,side & upp] views ( half ! l[] jaw2 side & end views ( a v]tebra & a sep>ate too?4 ,ap>t f ! few fragm5t>y rema9s f ! ,engli% gre5s&1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 ! ,mesozoic rocks1 old] ?an ^? 9 :i* ,hesp]ornis & ,i*?yornis h be5 discov]$ h af=d$ no c]ta9 evid5ce ( birds1 ) ! rem>kable exception ( ! ,sol5h(5 slates4 ,^! s-call$ slates are compos$ ( a f9e gra9$ calc>e\s mud :i* has h>d5$ into li?ographic /one1 & 9 :i* organic rema9s are almo/ z well pres]v$ z !y w\ld be if !y _h be5 imb$d$ 9 s mu* pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,!y h yield$ ! ,ar*opt]yx1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 fir/ made kn[n by ! f9d+ ( a fossil fea!r1 or r ( ! impression ( "o4 ,x is wond]ful en\gh t su* a p]i%able ?+ z a fea!r1 & no?+ m1 %\ld be discov]$2 yet = a long "t1 no?+ 0 kn[n ( ?is bird except its fea!r4 ,b by & by a solit>y skeleton 0 discov]$ :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! skull ( ?is solit>y specim5 is un=tunately want+1 & x is !re=e unc]ta9 :e!r ! ,ar*opt]yx possess$ tee? or n4#b ,b ! rema9d] ( ! skeleton is s well pres]v$ z to leave no d\bt respect+ ! ma9 features ( ! animal1 :i* are v s+ul>4 ,! feet are n only altoge!r bird-l1 b h ! special *>act]s ( ! feet ( p]*+ birds1 :ile ! body _h a clo?+ ( true fea!rs4 ,nev]!less1 9 "s o!r respects1 ,ar*opt]yx is unlike a bird & l a reptile4 ,!re is a long tail compos$ ( _m v]tebr4 ,! /ructure ( ! w+ diff]s 9 "s v rem>kable respects f t :i* x pres5ts 9 a true bird4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! end ( ! w+ answ]s to ! ?umb & two f+]s ( my h&2 b ! metac>pal bones1 or ^? :i* answ] to ! bones ( ! f+]s :i* lie 9 ! palm ( ! h&1 are fus$ toge!r into "o mass2 & ! :ole app>atus1 except ! la/ jo9ts ( ! ?umb1 is b\nd up 9 a %ea? ( integum5t1 :ile ! edge ( ! h& c>ries ! pr9cipal quill fea!rs4 ,9 ! ,ar*opt]yx1 ! upp]-arm bone is l t ( a bird2 & ! two bones ( ! =e-arm are m or less l ^? ( a bird1 b ! f+]s are n b\nd toge!r--!y are free4 ,:at _! numb] may h be5 is unc]ta92 b sev]al1 if n all1 ( !m 7 t]m9at$ by /rong curv$ claws1 n l su* z are sometimes f\nd 9 birds1 b su* z reptiles possess2 s t1 9 ! ,ar*opt]yx1 we h an animal :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 occupies a midway place betwe5 a bird & a reptile4 ,x is a bird s f> z its foot & sundry o!r p>ts ( its skeleton are conc]n$2 x is ess5tially & ?or\ghly a bird by its fea!rs2 b x is mu* m prop]ly a reptile 9 ! fact t ! region :i* repres5ts ! h& has sep>ate bones1 ) claws resembl+ ^? :i* t]m9ate ! =e-limb ( a reptile4 ,moreov]1 x _h a long reptile-l tail ) a fr+e ( fea!rs on ea* side2 :ile1 9 all true birds hi!rto kn[n1 ! tail is relatively %ort1 & ! v]tebr :i* con/itute its skeleton are g5]ally peculi>ly modifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,i*?yornis ,,disp> 7,m>%74 7,side & upp] views ( half ! l[] jaw2 & side & end views ( a v]tebra47 ,l ! ,anoplo!rium & ! ,palo!rium1 !re=e1 ,ar*aopt]yx t5ds to fill up ! int]val betwe5 gr\ps :i*1 9 ! exi/+ _w1 are widely sep>at$1 & to de/roy ! value ( ! def9itions ( zoological gr\ps bas$ ^u our k ( exi/+ =ms4 ,& su* cases z ^! con/itute evid5ce 9 fav\r ( evolution1 9 s f> z !y prove t1 9 =m] p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory1 !re 7 animals :i* ov]/epp$ ! b\nds ( exi/+ gr\ps1 & t5d$ to m]ge !m into l>g] assemblages4 ,!y %[ t animal organisation is m flexible ?an our k ( rec5t =ms might h l$ u to believe2 & t _m /ructural p]mutations & comb9ations1 ( :i* ! pres5t _w gives u no indication1 may nev]!less h exi/$4 ,b x by no means foll[s1 because ! ,palo!rium has mu* 9 common ) ! horse1 on ! "o h&1 & ) ! rh9oc]os on ! o!r1 t x is ! int]m$iate =m ?r\gh :i* rh9oc]oses h pass$ to become horses1 or vice v]sa2 on ! contr>y1 any su* supposition w\ld c]ta9ly be errone\s4 ,nor d ,i ?9k x likely t ! transition f ! reptile to ! bird has be5 effect$ by su* a =m z ,ar*opt]yx4 ,& x is conv5i5t to di/+ui% ^! int]m$iate =ms betwe5 two gr\ps1 :i* d n repres5t ! actual passage f ! "o gr\p to ! o!r1 z int]cal>y types1 f ^? l9e> types :i*1 m or less approximately1 indicate ! nature ( ! /eps by :i* ! transition f "o gr\p to ! o!r 0 effect$4 ,i conceive t su* l9e> =ms1 con/itut+ a s]ies ( natural gradations betwe5 ! reptile & ! bird1 & enabl+ u to und]/& ! mann] 9 :i* ! reptilian has be5 metamorphos$ into ! bird type1 are really to be f\nd among a gr\p ( anci5t & ext9ct t]re/rial reptiles kn[n z ! ,orni?oscelida4 ,! rema9s ( ^! animals occur ?r\gh\t ! s]ies ( ,mesozoic =mations1 f ! ,trias to ! ,*alk1 & !re are indications ( _! exi/5ce ev5 9 ! lat] ,palozoic /rata4 ,mo/ ( ^! reptiles1 at pres5t kn[n1 are ( great size1 "s hav+ atta9$ a l5g? ( =ty feet or p]haps m4 ,! majority resembl$ liz>ds & crocodiles 9 _! g5]al =m1 & _m ( !m 71 l crocodiles1 protect$ by an arm\r ( heavy bony plates4 ,b1 9 o!rs1 ! h9d-limbs elongate & ! =e-limbs %ort51 until _! relative proportions approa* ^? :i* are obs]v$ 9 ! %ort-w+$1 flightless1 o/ri* tribe among birds4 ,! skull is relatively light1 & 9 "s cases ! jaws1 ?\gh be>+ tee?1 are beak-l at _! extremities & appe> to h be5 envelop$ 9 a horny %ea?4 ,9 ! "p ( ! v]tebral column :i* lies betwe5 ! haun* bones & is call$ ! sacrum1 a numb] ( v]tebr may unite toge!r into "o :ole1 & 9 ?is respect1 z 9 "s details ( its /ructure1 ! sacrum ( ^! reptiles approa*es t ( birds4 ,b x is 9 ! /ructure ( ! pelvis & ( ! h9d limb t "s ( ^! anci5t reptiles pres5t ! mo/ rem>kable approximation to birds1 & cle>ly indicate ! way by :i* ! mo/ specialis$ & *>act]i/ic features ( ! bird may h be5 evolv$ f ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! reptile4 ,9 ,fig4 #f1 ! pelvis & h9d-limbs ( a crocodile1 a ?ree-to$ bird1 & an orni?oscelidan are repres5t$ side by side2 &1 = facility ( comp>ison1 9 correspond+ positions2 b x mu/ be recollect$ t1 :ile ! position ( ! bird's limb is natural1 t ( ! crocodile is n s4 ,9 ! bird1 ! ?igh-bone lies close to ! body1 & ! metat>sal bones ( ! foot 7ii41 iii41 iv41 ,fig4 #f7 are1 ord9>ily1 rais$ into a m or less v]tical position2 9 ! crocodile1 ! ?igh-bone /&s out at an angle f ! body1 & ! metat>sal bones 7i41 ii41 iii41 iv41 ,fig4 #f7 lie flat on ! gr\nd4 ,h5ce1 9 ! crocodile1 ! body usually lies squat betwe5 ! legs1 :ile1 9 ! bird1 x is rais$ ^u ! h9d legs1 z ^u pill>s4 ,9 ! crocodile1 ! pelvis is obvi\sly compos$ ( ?ree bones on ea* side3 ! ilium 7,il471 ! pubis 7,pb471 & ! is*ium 7,is474 ,9 ! adult bird !re appe>s to be b "o bone on ea* side4 ,! exam9ation ( ! pelvis ( a *ick1 h[ev]1 %[s t ea* half is made up ( ?ree bones1 :i* answ] to ^? :i* rema9 di/9ct ?r\gh\t life 9 ! crocodile4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a fundam5tal id5tity ( plan 9 ! con/ruction ( ! pelvis ( bo? bird & reptile2 ?\gh ! diff]5ce 9 =m1 relative size1 & direction ( ! correspond+ bones 9 ! two cases are v great4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,bird4 ,,orni?oscelidan4 ,,crocodile4 7,! lett]s h ! same signification 9 all ! figures4 ,il41 ,ilium2 a1 ant]ior end2 b1 po/]ior end ,is41 is*ium2 ,pb41 pubis2 ,t1 tibia2 ,f1 fibula2 ,z41 a/ragalus2 ,ca41 calcaneum2 i1 di/al portion ( ! t>sus2 i41 ii41 iii41 iv41 metat>sal bones47 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! two lies 9 ! bones ( ! leg & ( t "p ( ! foot t]m$ ! t>sus1 :i* foll[s ^u ! leg4 ,9 ! crocodile1 ! fibula 7,f7 is relatively l>ge & its l[] end is complete4 ,! tibia 7,t7 has no m>k$ cre/ at its upp] end1 & its l[] end is n>r[ & n pulley-%ap$4 ,!re are two r[s ( sep>ate t>sal bones 7,z41 ,ca41 c47 & f\r di/9ct metat>sal bones1 ) a rudim5t ( a fif?4 ,9 ! bird ! fibula is small & its l[] end dim9i%es to a po9t4 ,! tibia has a /rong cre/ at its upp] end & its l[] extremity passes into a broad pulley4 ,!re seem at fir/ to be no t>sal bones2 & only "o bone1 divid$ at ! end into ?ree heads = ! ?ree toes :i* are atta*$ to x1 appe>s 9 ! place ( ! metat>sus4 ,9 a "y bird1 h[ev]1 ! pulley-%ap$ app>5t end ( ! tibia is a di/9ct bone1 :i* repres5ts ! bones m>k$ ,z41 ,ca41 9 ! crocodile2 :ile ! app>5tly s+le metat>sal bone consi/s ( ?ree bones1 :i* e>ly unite ) "o ano!r & ) an additional bone1 :i* repres5ts ! l[] r[ ( bones 9 ! t>sus ( ! crocodile4 ,9 o!r words x c be %[n by ! /udy ( developm5t t ! bird's pelvis & h9d limb are simply extreme modifications ( ! same fundam5tal plan z t ^u :i* ^! p>ts are modell$ 9 reptiles4 ,on comp>+ ! pelvis & h9d limb ( ! orni?oscelidan ) t ( ! crocodile1 on ! "o side1 & t ( ! bird1 on ! o!r 7,fig4 #f71 x is obvi\s t x repres5ts a middle t]m betwe5 ! two4 ,! pelvic bones approa* ! =m ( ^? ( ! birds1 & ! direction ( ! pubis & is*ium is ne>ly t :i* is *>act]i/ic ( birds2 ! ?igh bone1 f ! direction ( its head1 mu/ h la9 close to ! body2 ! tibia has a great cre/2 &1 immovably fitt$ on to its l[] end1 !re is a pulley-%ap$ bone1 l t ( ! bird1 b rema9+ di/9ct4 ,! l[] end ( ! fibula is mu* m sl5d]1 proportionally1 ?an 9 ! crocodile4 ,! metat>sal bones h su* a =m t !y fit toge!r immovably1 ?\gh !y d n ent] into bony union2 ! ?ird toe is1 z 9 ! bird1 longe/ & /ronge/4 ,9 fact1 ! orni?oscelidan limb is comp>able to t ( an unhat*$ *ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,re/oration ,,( ,,compsogna?us ,,longipes4 ,tak+ all ^! facts toge!r1 x is obvi\s t ! view1 :i* 0 ent]ta9$ by ,mantell & ! probability ( :i* 0 demon/rat$ by y\r own di/+ui%$ anatomi/1 ,leidy1 :ile mu* additional evid5ce 9 ! same direction has be5 furni%$ by ,pr(essor ,cope1 t "s ( ^! animals may h walk$ ^u _! h9d legs1 z birds d1 acquires great weight4 ,9 fact1 !re c be no reasonable d\bt t "o ( ! small] =ms ( ! ,orni?oscelida1 ,compsogna?us1 ! almo/ entire skeleton ( :i* has be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,sol5h(5 slates1 0 a bip$al animal4 ,! p>ts ( ?is skeleton are some:at twi/$ out ( _! natural relations1 b ! accompany+ figure gives a j view ( ! g5]al =m ( ,compsogna?us & ( ! proportions ( its limbs2 :i*1 9 "s respects1 are m completely bird-l ?an ^? ( o!r ,orni?oscelida4 ,we h _h to /ret* ! def9ition ( ! class ( birds s z to include birds ) tee? & birds ) paw-l =e-limbs & long tails4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,compsogna?us possess$ fea!rs2 b1 if x did1 x w\ld be h>d inde$ to say :e!r x %\ld be call$ a reptilian bird or an avian reptile4 ,z ,compsogna?us walk$ ^u its h9d legs1 x mu/ h made tracks l ^? ( birds4 ,& z ! /ructure ( ! limbs ( sev]al ( ! gigantic ,orni?oscelida1 su* z ,igu&on1 leads to ! conclusion t !y also may h con/antly1 or occasionally1 assum$ ! same attitude1 a peculi> int]e/ atta*es to ! fact t1 9 ! ,weald5 /rata ( ,engl&1 !re are to be f\nd gigantic foot/eps1 arrang$ 9 ord] l ^? ( ! ,brontoz\m1 & :i* !re c be no reasonable d\bt 7 made by "s ( ! ,orni?oscelida1 ! rema9s ( :i* are f\nd 9 ! same rocks4 ,&1 kn[+ t reptiles t walk$ ^u _! h9d legs & %>$ _m ( ! anatomical *>act]s ( birds did once exi/1 x becomes a v important "q :e!r ! tracks 9 ! ,trias ( ,massa*usetts1 to :i* ,i ref]r$ "s "t ago1 & :i* =m]ly us$ to be unhesitat+ly ascrib$ to birds may n all h be5 made by ,orni?oscelidan reptiles2 & :e!r1 if we c\ld obta9 ! skeletons ( ! animals :i* made ^! tracks1 we %\ld n f9d 9 !m ! actual /eps ( ! evolutional process by :i* reptiles gave rise to birds4 ,! evid5tial value ( ! facts ,i h br\ght =w>d 9 ?is ,lecture mu/ be nei!r ov] nor "u e/imat$4 ,x is n hi/orical pro( ( ! occurr5ce ( ! evolution ( birds f reptiles1 = we h no safe gr\nd = assum+ t true birds _h n made _! appe>ance at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,mesozoic epo*4 ,x is 9 fact1 q possible t all ^! m or less avi=m reptiles ( ! ,mesozoic epo* are n t]ms 9 ! s]ies ( progression f birds to reptiles at all1 b simply ! m or less modifi$ desc5dants ( ,palozoic =ms ?r\gh :i* t transition 0 actually effect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,pt]odactylus ,,spectabilis 7,von ,mey]74 ,we are n 9 a position to say t ! kn[n ,orni?oscelida are int]m$iate 9 ! ord] ( _! appe>ance on ! e>? betwe5 reptiles & birds4 ,all t c be said is t1 if indep5d5t evid5ce ( ! actual occurr5ce ( evolution is producible1 !n ^! int]cal>y =ms remove e difficulty 9 ! way ( und]/&+ :at ! actual /eps ( ! process1 9 ! case ( birds1 may h be54 ,t int]cal>y =ms %\ld h exi/$ 9 anci5t times is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! tru? ( ! hypo!sis ( evolution2 &1 h5ce1 ! evid5ce ,i h laid be=e y 9 pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( su* =ms1 is1 s f> z x goes1 9 fav\r ( t hypo!sis4 ,!re is ano!r s]ies ( ext9ct reptiles :i* may be said to be int]cal>y betwe5 reptiles & birds1 9 s f> z !y comb9e "s ( ! *>act]s ( ^! gr\ps2 & :i*1 z !y possess$ ! p[] ( flight1 may seem1 at fir/ sight1 to be ne>] repres5tatives ( ! =ms by :i* ! transition f ! reptile to ! bird 0 effect$1 ?an ! ,orni?oscelida4 ,^! are ! ,pt]osauria1 or ,pt]odactyles1 ! rema9s ( :i* are met ) ?r\gh\t ! s]ies ( ,mesozoic rocks1 f ! lias to ! *alk1 & "s ( :i* atta9 a great size1 _! w+s hav+ a span ( eighte5 or tw5ty feet4 ,^! animals1 9 ! =m & proportions ( ! head & neck relatively to ! body1 & 9 ! fact t ! ends ( ! jaws 7 (t51 if n always1 m or less ext5sively en%ea!d 9 horny beaks1 rem9d u ( birds4 ,moreov]1 _! bones conta9$ air cavities1 r5d]+ !m specifically light]1 z is ! case 9 mo/ birds4 ,! brea/-bone 0 l>ge & keel$1 z 9 mo/ birds & 9 bats1 & ! %\ld] girdle is /rik+ly simil> to t ( ord9>y birds4 ,b x seems to me t ! special resemblance ( pt]odactyles to birds ends "h1 unless ,i may add ! entire abs5ce ( tee? :i* *>act]ises ! great pt]odactyles 7,pt]anodon7 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,m>%4 ,all o!r kn[n pt]odactyles h tee? lodg$ 9 sockets4 ,9 ! v]tebral column & ! h9d-limbs !re are no special resemblances to birds1 & :5 we turn to ! w+s !y are f\nd to be con/ruct$ on a totally diff]5t pr9ciple f ^? ( birds4 ,!re are f\r f+]s4 ,^! f\r f+]s are l>ge1 & ?ree ( !m1 ^? :i* answ] to ! ?umb & two foll[+ f+]s 9 my h&--are t]m9at$ by claws1 :ile ! f\r? is enorm\sly prolong$ & conv]t$ into a great jo9t$ /yle4 ,y see at once1 f :at ,i h /at$ ab\t a bird's w+1 t !re c\ld be no?+ less l a bird's w+ ?an ?is is4 ,x 0 conclud$ by g5]al reason+ t ?is f+] _h ! (fice ( support+ a web :i* ext5d$ betwe5 x & ! body4 ,an exi/+ specim5 proves t su* 0 really ! case1 & t ! pt]odactyles 7 devoid ( fea!rs1 b t ! f+]s support$ a va/ web l t ( a bat's w+2 9 fact1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is anci5t reptile flew aft] ! fa%ion ( a bat4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! pt]odactyle is a reptile :i* has become modifi$ 9 su* a mann] z to enable x to fly1 & !re=e1 z might be expect$1 pres5ts "s po9ts ( resemblance to o!r animals :i* fly2 x has1 s to speak1 gone (f ! l9e :i* leads directly f reptiles to birds1 & has become disqualifi$ = ! *anges :i* lead to ! *>act]i/ic organisation ( ! latt] class4 ,!re=e1 view$ 9 relation to ! classes ( reptiles & birds1 ! pt]odactyles appe> to me to be1 9 a limit$ s5se1 int]cal>y =ms2 b !y are n ev5 approximately l9e>1 9 ! s5se ( exemplify+ ^? modifications ( /ructure ?r\gh :i* ! passage f ! reptile to ! bird took place4 ,,iii ,,! ,,demon/rative ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,evolution ,! occurr5ce ( hi/orical facts is said to be demon/rat$1 :5 ! evid5ce t !y happ5$ is ( su* a "* z to r5d] ! assumption t !y did n happ5 9 ! highe/ degree improbable2 & ! "q ,i n[ h to deal ) is1 :e!r evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! evolution ( animals ( ?is degree ( cog5cy is1 or is n1 obta9able f ! record ( ! succession ( liv+ =ms :i* is pres5t$ to u by fossil rema9s4 ,^? :o h att5d$ to ! progress ( palontology are aw>e t evid5ce ( ! "* :i* ,i h def9$ has be5 produc$ 9 consid]able & cont9ually-increas+ quantity dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,inde$1 ! am\nt & ! satisfactory nature ( t evid5ce are some:at surpris+1 :5 we consid] ! conditions "u :i* alone we c hope to obta9 x4 ,x is obvi\sly useless to seek = su* evid5ce except 9 localities 9 :i* ! physical conditions h be5 su* z to p]mit ( ! deposit ( an unbrok51 or b r>ely int]rupt$1 s]ies ( /rata ?r\gh a long p]iod ( "t 9 :i* ! gr\p ( animals to be inve/igat$ has exi/$ 9 su* abundance z to furni% ! requisite supply ( rema9s2 & 9 :i*1 f9ally1 ! mat]ials compos+ ! /rata are su* z to ensure ! pres]vation ( ^! rema9s 9 a tol]ably p]fect & undi/urb$ /ate4 ,x s happ5s t ! case :i*1 at pres5t1 mo/ ne>ly fulfils all ^! conditions is t ( ! s]ies ( ext9ct animals :i* culm9ates 9 ! horses1 by :i* t]m ,i mean to d5ote n m]ely ! dome/ic animals ) :i* we are all s well acqua9t$1 b _! allies1 ! ass1 zebra1 quagga1 & ! l4 ,9 %ort1 ,i use horses z ! equival5t ( ! te*nical "n ,equid1 :i* is appli$ to ! :ole gr\p ( exi/+ equ9e animals4 ,! horse is 9 _m ways a rem>kable animal2 n lea/ s 9 ! fact t x pres5ts u ) an example ( "o ( ! mo/ p]fect pieces ( ma*9]y 9 ! liv+ _w4 ,9 tru?1 among ! works ( human +5uity x _c be said t !re is any locomotive s p]fectly adapt$ to its purposes1 do+ s mu* "w ) s small a quantity ( fuel1 z ?is ma*9e ( ,nature's manufacture--! horse4 ,&1 z a necess>y consequ5ce ( any sort ( p]fection1 ( me*anical p]fection z ( o!rs1 y f9d t ! horse is a beautiful creature1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( all l& animals4 ,look at ! p]fect balance ( its =m1 & ! rhy?m & =ce ( its action4 ,! locomotive ma*9]y is1 z y are aw>e1 resid5t 9 its sl5d] =e & h9d limbs2 !y are flexible & ela/ic lev]s1 capable ( be+ mov$ by v p[]ful muscles2 &1 9 ord] to supply ! eng9es :i* "w ^! lev]s ) ! =ce :i* !y exp5d1 ! horse is provid$ ) a v p]fect app>atus = gr9d+ its food & extract+ !refrom ! requisite fuel4 ,)\t attempt+ to take y v f> into ! region ( o/eological detail1 ,i mu/ nev]!less tr\ble y ) "s /atem5ts respect+ ! anatomical /ructure ( ! horse2 &1 m especially1 w x be ne$ful to obta9 a g5]al conception ( ! /ructure ( its =e & h9d limbs1 & ( its tee?4 ,b ,i %all only t\* ^u ^? po9ts :i* are absolutely ess5tial to our inquiry4 ,let u turn 9 ! fir/ place to ! =e-limb4 ,9 mo/ quadrup$s1 z 9 ourselves1 ! =e-arm conta9s di/9ct bones call$ ! radius & ! ulna4 ,! correspond+ region 9 ! horse seems at fir/ to possess b "o bone4 ,c>eful obs]vation1 h[ev]1 enables u to di/+ui% 9 ?is bone a "p :i* cle>ly answ]s to ! upp] end ( ! ulna4 ,?is is closely unit$ ) ! *ief mass ( ! bone :i* repres5ts ! radius1 & runs out into a sl5d] %aft :i* may be trac$ = "s di/ance d[nw>ds ^u ! back ( ! radius1 & !n 9 mo/ cases ?9s out & vani%es4 ,x takes /ill m tr\ble to make sure ( :at is nev]!less ! fact1 t a small "p ( ! l[] end ( ! bone ( ! horse's =e-arm1 :i* is only di/9ct 9 a v "y foal1 is really ! l[] extremity ( ! ulna4 ,:at is commonly call$ ! knee ( a horse is its wri/4 ,! cannon bone answ]s to ! middle bone ( ! five metac>pal bones1 :i* support ! palm ( ! h& 9 ourselves4 ,! pa/]n1 coron>y1 & c(f9 bones ( vet]9>ians answ] to ! jo9ts ( our middle f+]s1 :ile ! ho( is simply a greatly enl>g$ & ?ick5$ nail4 ,b if :at lies bel[ ! horse's knee ?us corresponds to ! middle f+] 9 ourselves1 :at has become ( ! f\r o!r f+]s or digits8 ,we f9d 9 ! places ( ! second & f\r? digits only two sl5d] spl9t-l bones1 ab\t two-?irds z long z ! cannon-bone1 :i* gradually tap] to _! l[] ends & be> no f+] jo9ts1 or1 z !y are t]m$1 phalanges4 ,sometimes1 small bony or gri/ly nodules are to be f\nd at ! bases ( ^! two metac>pal spl9ts1 & x is probable t ^! repres5t rudim5ts ( ! fir/ & fif? toes4 ,?us1 ! "p ( ! horse's skeleton :i* corresponds ) t ( ! human h& conta9s "o ov]gr[n middle digit1 & at lea/ two imp]fect lat]al digits2 & ^! answ]1 respectively1 to ! ?ird1 ! second1 & ! f\r? f+]s 9 man4 ,correspond+ modifications are f\nd 9 ! h9d limb4 ,9 ourselves1 & 9 mo/ quadrup$s1 ! leg conta9s two di/9ct bones1 a l>ge bone1 ! tibia1 & a small] & m sl5d] bone1 ! fibula4 ,b 9 ! horse1 ! fibula seems1 at fir/1 to be r$uc$ to its upp] end2 a %ort sl5d] bone unit$ ) ! tibia1 & end+ 9 a po9t bel[1 occupy+ its place4 ,exam9ation ( ! l[] end ( a "y foal's %9-bone1 h[ev]1 %[s a di/9ct portion ( osse\s matt]1 :i* is ! l[] end ( ! fibula2 s t ! app>5tly s+le l[] end ( ! %9-bone is really made up ( ! coalesc$ ends ( ! tibia & fibula1 j z ! app>5tly s+le l[] end ( ! =e-arm bone is compos$ ( ! coalesc$ radius & ulna4 ,! heel ( ! horse is ! "p commonly kn[n z ! hock4 ,! h9d] cannon-bone answ]s to ! middle metat>sal bone ( ! human foot1 ! pa/]n1 coron>y1 & c(f9 bones1 to ! middle toe bones2 ! h9d ho( to ! nail1 z 9 ! =e-foot4 ,&1 z 9 ! =e-foot1 !re are m]ely two spl9ts to repres5t ! second & ! f\r? toes4 ,sometimes a rudim5t ( a fif? toe appe>s to be traceable4 ,! tee? ( a horse are n less peculi> ?an its limbs4 ,! liv+ eng9e1 l all o!rs1 mu/ be well /ok$ if x is to d its "w2 & ! horse1 if x is to make good its we> & te>1 & to ex]t ! enorm\s am\nt ( =ce requir$ = its propulsion1 mu/ be well & rapidly f$4 ,to ?is end1 good cutt+ in/rum5ts & p[]ful & la/+ cru%]s are ne$ful4 ,accord+ly1 ! twelve cutt+ tee? ( a horse are close-set & conc5trat$ 9 ! =e-"p ( its m\?1 l s _m adzes or *isels4 ,! gr9d]s or mol>s are l>ge1 & h an extremely complicat$ /ructure1 be+ compos$ ( a numb] ( diff]5t sub/ances ( unequal h>dness4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is t !y we> away at diff]5t rates2 &1 h5ce1 ! surface ( ea* gr9d] is always z unev5 z t ( a good mill/one4 ,i h said t ! /ructure ( ! gr9d+ tee? is v complicat$1 ! h>d] & ! s(t] p>ts be+1 z x 71 int]lac$ ) "o ano!r4 ,! result ( ?is is t1 z ! too? we>s1 ! cr[n pres5ts a peculi> patt]n1 ! nature ( :i* is n v easily deciph]$ at fir/2 b :i* x is important we %\ld und]/& cle>ly4 ,ea* gr9d+ too? ( ! upp] jaw has an out] wall s %ap$ t1 on ! worn cr[n1 x exhibits ! =m ( two cresc5ts1 "o 9 front & "o beh9d1 ) _! concave sides turn$ outw>ds4 ,f ! inn] side ( ! front cresc5t1 a cresc5tic front ridge passes inw>ds & backw>ds1 & its inn] face enl>ges into a /rong longitud9al fold or pill>4 ,f ! front "p ( ! h9d] cresc5t1 a back ridge takes a l direction1 & also has its pill>4 ,! deep int]spaces or valleys betwe5 ^! ridges & ! out] wall are fill$ by bony sub/ance1 :i* is call$ cem5t1 & coats ! :ole too?4 ,! patt]n ( ! worn face ( ea* gr9d+ too? ( ! l[] jaw is q diff]5t4 ,x appe>s to be =m$ ( two cresc5t-%ap$ ridges1 ! convexities ( :i* are turn$ outw>ds4 ,! free extremity ( ea* cresc5t has a pill>1 & !re is a l>ge d\ble pill> :]e ! two cresc5ts meet2 ,! :ole /ructure is1 z x 71 imb$d$ 9 cem5t1 :i* fills up ! valleys1 z 9 ! upp] gr9d]s4 ,if ! gr9d+ faces ( an upp] & ( a l[] mol> ( ! same side are appli$ toge!r1 x w be se5 t ! appos$ ridges are n[h]e p>allel1 b t !y frequ5tly cross2 & t ?us1 9 ! act ( ma/ication1 a h>d surface 9 ! "o is con/antly appli$ to a s(t surface 9 ! o!r1 & vice v]sa4 ,!y ?us con/itute a gr9d+ app>atus ( great effici5cy1 & "o :i* is repair$ z fa/ z x we>s1 ow+ to ! long-cont9u$ gr[? ( ! tee?4 ,"s o!r peculi>ities ( ! d5tition ( ! horse mu/ be notic$1 z !y be> ^u :at ,i %all h to say by & by4 ,?us ! cr[ns ( ! cutt+ tee? h a peculi> deep pit1 :i* gives rise to ! well-kn[n m>k ( ! horse4 ,!re is a l>ge space betwe5 ! out] incisors & ! front gr9d]4 ,9 ?is space ! adult male horse pres5ts1 ne> ! incisors on ea* side1 above & bel[1 a can9e or tu%1 :i* is commonly abs5t 9 m>es4 ,9 a "y horse1 moreov]1 !re is n unfrequ5tly to be se5 9 front ( ! fir/ gr9d]1 a v small too?1 :i* soon falls out4 ,if ?is small too? be c\nt$ z "o1 x w be f\nd t !re are sev5 tee? beh9d ! can9e on ea* side2 namely1 ! small too? 9 "q1 & ! six great gr9d]s1 among :i*1 by an unusual peculi>ity1 ! =emo/ too? is r l>g] ?an ^? :i* foll[ x4 ,i h n[ enum]at$ ^? *>act]i/ic /ructures ( ! horse :i* are ( mo/ importance = ! purpose we h 9 view4 ,to any "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! morphology ( v]tebrat$ animals1 !y %[ t ! horse deviates widely f ! g5]al /ructure ( mammals2 & t ! horse type is1 9 _m respects1 an extreme modification ( ! g5]al mammalian plan4 ,! lea/ modifi$ mammals1 9 fact1 h ! radius & ulna1 ! tibia & fibula1 di/9ct & sep>ate4 ,!y h five di/9ct & complete digits on ea* foot1 & no "o ( ^! digits is v mu* l>g] ?an ! re/4 ,moreov]1 9 ! lea/ modifi$ mammals1 ! total numb] ( ! tee? is v g5]ally =ty-f\r1 :ile 9 horses1 ! usual numb] is =ty1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! can9es1 x may be r$uc$ to ?irty-six2 ! incisor tee? are devoid ( ! fold se5 9 ^? ( ! horse3 ! gr9d]s regul>ly dim9i% 9 size f ! middle ( ! s]ies to its front end2 :ile _! cr[ns are %ort1 e>ly atta9 _! full l5g?1 & exhibit simple ridges or tub]cles1 9 place ( ! complex fold+s ( ! horse's gr9d]s4 ,h5ce ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! hypo!sis ( evolution lead to ! conclusion t ! horse mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f "s quadrup$ :i* possess$ five complete digits on ea* foot2 :i* _h ! bones ( ! =e-arm & ( ! leg complete & sep>ate2 & :i* possess$ =ty-f\r tee?1 among :i* ! cr[ns ( ! incisors & gr9d]s _h a simple /ructure2 :ile ! latt] gradually increas$ 9 size f be=e backw>ds1 at any rate 9 ! ant]ior "p ( ! s]ies1 & _h %ort cr[ns4 ,& if ! horse has be5 ?us evolv$1 & ! rema9s ( ! diff]5t /ages ( its evolution h be5 pres]v$1 !y ought to pres5t u ) a s]ies ( =ms 9 :i* ! numb] ( ! digits becomes r$uc$2 ! bones ( ! =e-arm & leg gradually take on ! equ9e condition2 & ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! tee? successively approximate to ^? :i* obta9 9 exi/+ horses4 ,let u turn to ! facts1 & see h[ f> !y fulfil ^! requirem5ts ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,9 ,europe abundant rema9s ( horses are f\nd 9 ! ,quat]n>y & lat] ,t]ti>y /rata z f> z ! ,plioc5e =mation4 ,b ^! horses1 :i* are s common 9 ! cave-deposits & 9 ! gravels ( ,europe1 are 9 all ess5tial respects l exi/+ horses4 ,& t is true ( all ! horses ( ! latt] "p ( ! ,plioc5e epo*4 ,b1 9 deposits :i* belong to ! e>li] ,plioc5e & lat] ,mioc5e epo*s1 & :i* occur 9 ,brita91 9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,greece1 9 ,india1 we f9d animals :i* are extremely l horses--:i*1 9 fact1 are s simil> to horses1 t y may foll[ descriptions giv5 9 works ^u ! anatomy ( ! horse ^u ! skeletons ( ^! animals--b :i* diff] 9 "s important p>ticul>s4 ,= example1 ! /ructure ( _! =e & h9d limbs is some:at diff]5t4 ,! bones :i*1 9 ! horse1 are repres5t$ by two spl9ts1 imp]fect bel[1 are z long z ! middle metac>pal & metat>sal bones2 &1 atta*$ to ! extremity ( ea*1 is a digit ) ?ree jo9ts ( ! same g5]al "* z ^? ( ! middle digit1 only v mu* small]4 ,^! small digits are s dispos$ t !y c\ld h _h b v little functional importance1 & !y mu/ h be5 r ( ! nature ( ! dew-claws1 su* z are to be f\nd 9 _m rum9ant animals4 ,! ,hipp>ion1 z ! ext9ct ,european ?ree-to$ horse is call$1 9 fact1 pres5ts a foot simil> to t ( ! ,am]ican ,protohippus 7,fig4 #i71 except t1 9 ! ,hipp>ion1 ! small] digits are situat$ f>!r back1 & are ( small] proportional size1 ?an 9 ! ,protohippus4 ,! ulna is slightly m di/9ct ?an 9 ! horse2 & ! :ole l5g? ( x1 z a v sl5d] %aft1 intimately unit$ ) ! radius1 is completely traceable4 ,! fibula appe>s to be 9 ! same condition z 9 ! horse4 ,! tee? ( ! ,hipp>ion are ess5tially simil> to ^? ( ! horse1 b ! patt]n ( ! gr9d]s is 9 "s respects a little m complex1 & !re is a depression on ! face ( ! skull 9 front ( ! orbit1 :i* is n se5 9 exi/+ horses4 ,9 ! e>li] ,mioc5e1 & p]haps ! lat] ,eoc5e deposits ( "s p>ts ( ,europe1 ano!r ext9ct animal has be5 discov]$1 :i* ,cuvi]1 :o fir/ describ$ "s fragm5ts ( x1 consid]$ to be a ,palo!rium4 ,b z fur!r discov]ies ?rew new light ^u its /ructure1 x 0 recognis$ z a di/9ct g5us1 "u ! "n ( ,an*i!rium4 ,9 its g5]al *>act]s1 ! skeleton ( ,an*i!rium is v simil> to t ( ! horse4 ,9 fact1 ,l>tet & ,de ,bla9ville call$ x ,palo!rium equ9um or hippoides2 & ,de ,*ri/ol1 9 #ahdg1 said t x diff]$ f ,hipp>ion 9 little m ?an ! *>act]s ( its tee?1 & gave x ! "n ( ,hipp>i!rium4 ,ea* foot possesses ?ree complete toes2 :ile ! lat]al toes are mu* l>g] 9 proportion to ! middle toe ?an 9 ,hipp>ion1 & d\btless re/$ on ! gr\nd 9 ord9>y locomotion4 ,! ulna is complete & q di/9ct f ! radius1 ?\gh firmly unit$ ) ! latt]4 ,! fibula seems also to h be5 complete4 ,its l[] end1 ?\gh intimately unit$ ) t ( ! tibia1 is cle>ly m>k$ (f f ! latt] bone4 ,!re are =ty-f\r tee?4 ,! incisors h no /rong pit4 ,! can9es seem to h be5 well develop$ 9 bo? sexes4 ,! fir/ ( ! sev5 gr9d]s1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 is frequ5tly abs5t1 &1 :5 x does exi/1 is small 9 ! horse1 is a good-siz$ & p]man5t too?1 :ile ! gr9d] :i* foll[s x is b little l>g] ?an ! h9d] ones4 ,! cr[ns ( ! gr9d]s are %ort1 & ?\gh ! fundam5tal patt]n ( ! horse-too? is disc]nible1 ! front & back ridges are less curv$1 ! accessory pill>s are want+1 & ! valleys1 mu* %all[]1 are n fill$ up ) cem5t4 ,sev5 ye>s ago1 :5 ,i happ5$ to be look+ critically into ! be>+ ( palontological facts ^u ! doctr9e ( evolution1 x appe>$ to me t ! ,an*i!rium1 ! ,hipp>ion1 & ! mod]n horses1 con/itute a s]ies 9 :i* ! modifications ( /ructure co9cide ) ! ord] ( *ronological occurr5ce1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y mu/ co9cide1 if ! mod]n horses really are ! result ( ! gradual metamorphosis1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 ( a less specialis$ ance/ral =m4 ,& ,i f\nd by correspond5ce ) ! late em95t ,fr5* anatomi/ & palontologi/1 ,m4 ,l>tet1 t he _h arriv$ at ! same conclusion f ! same data4 ,t ! ,an*i!rium type _h become metamorphos$ into ! ,hipp>ion type1 & ! latt] into ! ,equ9e type1 9 ! c\rse ( t p]iod ( "t :i* is repres5t$ by ! latt] half ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits1 seem$ to me to be ! only explanation ( ! facts = :i* !re 0 ev5 a %ad[ ( probability4#c ,&1 h5ce1 ,i h ev] s9ce held t ^! facts af=d evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( evolution1 :i*1 9 ! s5se already def9$1 may be t]m$ demon/rative4 ,all :o h occupi$ !mselves ) ! /ructure ( ,an*i!rium1 f ,cuvi] onw>ds1 h ackn[l$g$ its _m po9ts ( lik5ess to a well-kn[n g5us ( ext9ct ,eoc5e mammals1 ,palo!rium4 ,inde$1 z we h se51 ,cuvi] reg>d$ 8 rema9s ( ,an*i!rium z ^? ( a species ( ,palo!rium4 ,h5ce1 9 attempt+ to trace ! p$igree ( ! horse beyond ! ,mioc5e epo* & ! ,an*i!roid =m1 ,i naturally s\ght among ! v>i\s species ( ,palo!roid animals = its ne>e/ ally1 & ,i 0 l$ to conclude t ! ,palo!rium m9us 7,plagiolophus7 repres5t$ ! next /ep m ne>ly ?an any =m !n kn[n4 ,i ?9k t ?is op9ion 0 fully ju/ifiable2 b ! progress ( inve/igation has ?r[n an unexpect$ light on ! "q1 & has br\ght u mu* ne>] ?an c\ld h be5 anticipat$ to a k ( ! true s]ies ( ! prog5itors ( ! horse4 ,y are all aw>e t1 :5 y\r c\ntry 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,europeans1 !re 7 no traces ( ! exi/5ce ( ! horse 9 any "p ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! acc\nts ( ! conque/ ( ,mexico dwell ^u ! a/oni%m5t ( ! natives ( t c\ntry :5 !y fir/ became acqua9t$ ) t a/\nd+ ph5om5on--a man seat$ ^u a horse4 ,nev]!less1 ! inve/igations ( ,am]ican geologi/s h prov$ t ! rema9s ( horses occur 9 ! mo/ sup]ficial deposits ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 j z !y d 9 ,europe4 ,!re=e1 = "s reason or o!r--no feasible sugge/ion on t subject1 s f> z ,i "k1 has be5 made--! horse mu/ h di$ out on ?is cont95t at "s p]iod prec$+ ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,( late ye>s !re has be5 discov]$ 9 y\r ,we/]n ,t]ritories t m>vell\s accumulation ( deposits1 admirably adapt$ = ! pres]vation ( organic rema9s1 to :i* ,i ref]r$ ! o!r ev5+1 & :i* furni%es u ) a consecutive s]ies ( records ( ! fauna ( ! old] half ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 = :i* we h no p>allel 9 ,europe4 ,!y h yield$ fossils 9 an excell5t /ate ( cons]vation & 9 unexampl$ numb] & v>iety4 ,! rese>*es ( ,leidy & o!rs h %[n t =ms alli$ to ! ,hipp>ion & ! ,an*i!rium are to be f\nd among ^! rema9s4 ,b x is only rec5tly t ! admirably conceiv$ & mo/ ?or\ghly & pati5tly work$-out inve/igations ( ,pr(essor ,m>% h giv5 u a j idea ( ! va/ fossil weal?1 & ( ! sci5tific importance1 ( ^! deposits4 ,i h _h ! advantage ( glanc+ ov] ! collections 9 ,yale ,museum2 & ,i c truly say t1 s f> z my k ext5ds1 !re is no collection f any "o region & s]ies ( /rata comp>able1 = ext5t1 or = ! c>e ) :i* ! rema9s h be5 got toge!r1 or = _! sci5tific importance1 to ! s]ies ( fossils :i* he has deposit$ !re4 ,?is va/ collection has yield$ evid5ce be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! p$igree ( ! horse ( ! mo/ /rik+ "*4 ,x t5ds to %[ t we mu/ look to ,am]ica1 r ?an to ,europe1 = ! orig9al seat ( ! equ9e s]ies2 & t ! ar*aic =ms & successive modifications ( ! horse's ance/ry are f> bett] pres]v$ "h ?an 9 ,europe4 ,pr(essor ,m>%'s k9dness has enabl$ me to put be=e y a diagram1 e figure 9 :i* is an actual repres5tation ( "s specim5 :i* is to be se5 at ,yale at ?is pres5t "t 7,fig4 #i74 ,! succession ( =ms :i* he has br\ght toge!r c>ries u f ! top to ! bottom ( ! ,t]ti>ies4 ,fir/ly1 !re is ! true horse4 ,next we h ! ,am]ican ,plioc5e =m ( ! horse 7,pliohippus72 9 ! con=mation ( its limbs x pres5ts "s v slight deviations f ! ord9>y horse1 & ! cr[ns ( ! gr9d+ tee? are %ort]4 ,!n comes ! ,protohippus1 :i* repres5ts ! ,european ,hipp>ion1 hav+ "o l>ge digit & two small ones on ea* foot1 & ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! =e-arm & leg to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,b x is m valuable ?an ! ,european ,hipp>ion1 = ! reason t x is devoid ( "s ( ! peculi>ities ( t =m--peculi>ities :i* t5d to %[ t ! ,european ,hipp>ion is r a memb] ( a collat]al bran*1 ?an a =m 9 ! direct l9e ( succession4 ,next1 9 ! backw>d ord] 9 "t1 is ! ,miohippus1 :i* corresponds pretty ne>ly ) ! ,an*i!rium ( ,europe4 ,x pres5ts ?ree complete toes--"o l>ge m$ian & two small] lat]al ones2 & !re is a rudim5t ( t digit1 :i* answ]s to ! little f+] ( ! human h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,! ,european record ( ! p$igree ( ! horse /ops "h2 9 ! ,am]ican ,t]ti>ies1 on ! contr>y1 ! s]ies ( ance/ral equ9e =ms is cont9u$ into ! ,eoc5e =mations4 ,an old] ,mioc5e =m1 t]m$ ,mesohippus1 has ?ree toes 9 front1 ) a l>ge spl9t-l rudim5t repres5t+ ! little f+]2 & ?ree toes beh9d4 ,! radius & ulna1 ! tibia & ! fibula1 are di/9ct1 & ! %ort cr[n$ mol> tee? are an*i!rold 9 patt]n4 ,b ! mo/ important discov]y ( all is ! ,orohippus1 :i* comes f ! ,eoc5e =mation1 & is ! olde/ memb] ( ! equ9e s]ies z yet kn[n4 ,"h we f9d f\r complete toes on ! front limb1 ?ree toes on ! h9d-limb1 a well-develop$ ulna1 a well-develop$ fibula1 & %ort-cr[n$ gr9d]s ( simple patt]n4 ,?us1 ?anks to ^! important rese>*es1 x has become evid5t t1 s f> z our pres5t k ext5ds1 ! hi/ory ( ! horse-type is exactly & precisely t :i* c\ld h be5 pr$ict$ f a k ( ! pr9ciples ( evolution4 ,& ! k we n[ possess ju/ifies u completely 9 ! anticipation1 t :5 ! /ill l[] ,eoc5e deposits1 & ^? :i* belong to ! cretace\s epo*1 h yield$ up _! rema9s ( ance/ral equ9e animals1 we %all f9d1 fir/1 a =m ) f\r complete toes & a rudim5t ( ! inn]mo/ or fir/ digit 9 front1 ) probably a rudim5t ( ! fif? digit 9 ! h9d foot2#d :ile1 9 /ill old] =ms1 ! s]ies ( ! digits w be m & m complete1 until we come to ! five-to$ animals1 9 :i*1 if ! doctr9e ( evolution is well f\nd$1 ! :ole s]ies mu/ h tak5 its org94 ,t is :at ,i mean by demon/rative evid5ce ( evolution4 ,an inductive hypo!sis is said to be demon/rat$ :5 ! facts are %[n to be 9 entire accordance ) x4 ,if t is n sci5tific pro(1 !re are no m]ely inductive conclusions :i* c be said to be prov$4 ,& ! doctr9e ( evolution1 at ! pres5t "t1 re/s ^u exactly z secure a f\ndation z ! ,cop]nican !ory ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies did at ! "t ( its promulgation4 ,its logical basis is precisely ( ! same "*--! co9cid5ce ( ! obs]v$ facts ) !oretical requirem5ts4 ,! only way ( escape1 if x be a way ( escape1 f ! conclusions :i* ,i h j indicat$1 is ! supposition t all ^! diff]5t equ9e =ms h be5 creat$ sep>ately at sep>ate epo*s ( "t2 &1 ,i repeat1 t ( su* an hypo!sis z ?is !re nei!r is1 nor c be1 any sci5tific evid5ce2 &1 assur$ly s f> z ,i "k1 !re is none :i* is support$1 or pret5ds to be support$1 by evid5ce or au?ority ( any o!r k9d4 ,i c b ?9k t ! "t w come :5 su* sugge/ions z ^!1 su* obvi\s attempts to escape ! =ce ( demon/ration1 w be put ^u ! same foot+ z ! supposition made by "s writ]s1 :o are ,i believe n completely ext9ct at pres5t1 t fossils are m]e simulacra1 are no indications ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( ! animals to :i* !y seem to belong2 b t !y are ei!r sports ( ,nature1 or special creations1 int5d$--z ,i he>d sugge/$ ! o!r day--to te/ our fai?4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( evolution1 & !re is none aga9/ x4 ,& ,i say ?is1 al?\gh p]fectly well aw>e ( ! seem+ difficulties :i* h be5 built up ^u :at appe>s to ! un9=m$ to be a solid f\ndation4 ,i meet con/antly ) ! argum5t t ! doctr9e ( evolution _c be well f\nd$1 because x requires ! lapse ( a v va/ p]iod ( "t2 :ile ! duration ( life ^u ! e>? ?us impli$ is inconsi/5t ) ! conclusions arriv$ at by ! a/ronom] & ! physici/4 ,i may v5ture to say t ,i am famili> ) ^? conclusions1 inasmu* z "s ye>s ago1 :5 ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 ,i took ! lib]ty ( criticis+ !m1 & ( %[+ 9 :at respects1 z x appe>$ to me1 !y lack$ complete & ?or\gh demon/ration4 ,b1 putt+ t po9t aside1 suppose t1 z ! a/ronom]s1 or "s ( !m1 & "s physical philosoph]s1 tell u1 x is impossible t life c\ld h endur$ ^u ! e>? = z long a p]iod z is requir$ by ! doctr9e ( evolution--suppos+ t to be prov$--,i desire to be in=m$1 :at is ! f\ndation = ! /atem5t t evolution does require s great a "t8 ,! biologi/ kn[s no?+ :atev] ( ! am\nt ( "t :i* may be requir$ = ! process ( evolution4 ,x is a matt] ( fact t ! equ9e =ms :i* ,i h describ$ to y occur1 9 ! ord] /at$1 9 ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,b ,i h n ! slighte/ means ( guess+ :e!r x took a million ( ye>s1 or t5 millions1 or a hundr$ millions1 or a ?\s& millions ( ye>s1 to give rise to t s]ies ( *anges4 ,a biologi/ has no means ( arriv+ at any conclusion z to ! am\nt ( "t :i* may be ne$$ = a c]ta9 quantity ( organic *ange4 ,he takes 8 "t f ! geologi/4 ,! geologi/1 consid]+ ! rate at :i* deposits are =m$ & ! rate at :i* d5udation goes on ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 arrives at m or less ju/ifiable conclusions z to ! "t :i* is requir$ = ! deposit ( a c]ta9 ?ickness ( rocks2 & if he tells me t ! ,t]ti>y =mations requir$ #ejj1jjj1jjj ye>s = _! deposit1 ,i suppose he has good gr\nd = :at he says1 & ,i take t z a measure ( ! duration ( ! evolution ( ! horse f ! ,orohippus up to its pres5t condition4 ,&1 if he is "r1 und\bt$ly evolution is a v sl[ process & requires a great deal ( "t4 ,b suppose1 n[1 t an a/ronom] or a physici/--= in/ance1 my fri5d ,sir ,william ,?omson--tells me t my geological au?ority is q wrong2 & t he has weighty evid5ce to %[ t life c\ld n possibly h exi/$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>? #ejj1jjj1jjj ye>s ago1 because ! e>? w\ld h !n be5 too hot to all[ ( life1 my reply is3 ,t is n my affair2 settle t ) ! geologi/1 & :5 y h come to an agreem5t among y\rselves ,i w adopt y\r conclusion4 ,we take our "t f ! geologi/s & physici/s2 & x is mon/r\s t hav+ tak5 our "t f ! physical philosoph]'s clock1 ! physical philosoph] %\ld turn r\nd ^u u1 & say we are too fa/ or too sl[4 ,:at we desire to "k is1 is x a fact t evolution took place8 ,z to ! am\nt ( "t :i* evolution may h occupi$1 we are 9 ! h&s ( ! physici/ & ! a/ronom]1 ^: bus9ess x is to deal ) ^? que/ions4 ,i h n[1 ladies & g5tlem51 arriv$ at ! conclusion ( ! task :i* ,i set be=e myself :5 ,i und]took to deliv] ^! lectures4 ,my purpose has be51 n to enable ^? among y :o h paid no att5tion to ^! subjects be=e1 to leave ?is room 9 a condition to decide ^u ! validity or ! invalidity ( ! hypo!sis ( evolution2 b ,i h desir$ to put be=e y ! pr9ciples ^u :i* all hypo!ses respect+ ! hi/ory ( ,nature mu/ be judg$2 & fur!rmore1 to make app>5t ! nature ( ! evid5ce & ! am\nt ( cog5cy :i* is to be expect$ & may be obta9$ f x4 ,to ?is end1 ,i h n hesitat$ to reg>d y z g5u9e /ud5ts & p]sons desir\s ( kn[+ ! tru?4 ,i h n %runk f tak+ y ?r\gh long discussions1 t ,i fe> may h sometim$ tri$ y\r pati5ce2 & ,i h inflict$ ^u y details :i* 7 indisp5sable1 b :i* may well h be5 we>isome4 ,b ,i %all rejoice--,i %all consid] t ,i h done y ! greate/ s]vice :i* x 0 9 my p[] to d--if ,i h ?us conv9c$ y t ! great "q :i* we h be5 discuss+ is n "o to be dealt ) by rhetorical fl\ri%es1 or by loose & sup]ficial talk2 b t x requires ! ke5 att5tion ( ! tra9$ intellect & ! pati5ce ( ! accurate obs]v]4 ,,on ,,! ,,physical ,,basis ,,( ,,life #ahfh ,9 ord] to make ! title ( ?is disc\rse g5]ally intelligible1 ,i h translat$ ! t]m ,protoplasm1 :i* is ! sci5tific "n ( ! sub/ance ( :i* ,i am ab\t to speak1 by ! words ! physical basis ( life4 ,i suppose t1 to _m1 ! idea t !re is su* a ?+ z a physical basis1 or matt]1 ( life may be novel--s widely spread is ! conception ( life z a some?+ :i* works ?r\gh matt]1 b is indep5d5t ( x2 & ev5 ^? :o are aw>e t matt] & life are insep>ably connect$1 may n be prep>$ = ! conclusion pla9ly sugge/$ by ! phrase1 ! physical basis or matt] ( life1 t !re is "s "o k9d ( matt] :i* is common to all liv+ be+s1 & t _! endless div]sities are b\nd toge!r by a physical1 z well z an ideal1 unity4 ,9 fact1 :5 fir/ appreh5d$1 su* a doctr9e z ?is appe>s almo/ %ock+ to common s5se4 ,:at1 truly1 c seem to be m obvi\sly diff]5t f "o ano!r1 9 faculty1 9 =m1 & 9 sub/ance1 ?an ! v>i\s k9ds ( liv+ be+s8 ,:at community ( faculty c !re be betwe5 ! brightly-col\r$ li*51 :i* s ne>ly resembles a m]e m9]al incru/ation ( ! b>e rock on :i* x gr[s1 & ! pa9t]1 to :om x is in/9ct ) beauty1 or ! botani/1 :om x fe$s ) k8 ,aga91 ?9k ( ! microscopic fungus--a m]e inf9itesimal ovoid p>ticle1 :i* f9ds space & duration en\gh to multiply into c\ntless millions 9 ! body ( a liv+ fly2 & !n ( ! weal? ( foliage1 ! luxuriance ( fl[] & fruit1 :i* lies betwe5 ?is bald sket* ( a plant & ! giant p9e ( ,cali=nia1 t[]+ to ! dim5sions ( a ca!dral spire1 or ! ,indian fig1 :i* cov]s acres ) its pr(\nd %ad[1 & endures :ile nations & empires come & g ar\nd its va/ circumf]5ce4 ,or1 turn+ to ! o!r half ( ! _w ( life1 picture to y\rselves ! great ,f9n] :ale1 huge/ ( bea/s t live1 or h liv$1 disport+ 8 eighty or n9ety feet ( bone1 muscle1 & blubb]1 ) easy roll1 among waves 9 :i* ! /\te/ %ip t ev] left docky>d w\ld fl\nd] hopelessly2 & contra/ him ) ! invisible animalcules--m]e gelat9\s specks1 multitudes ( :i* c\ld1 9 fact1 dance ^u ! po9t ( a ne$le ) ! same ease z ! angels ( ! ,s*oolm5 c\ld1 9 imag9ation4 ,) ^! images be=e y\r m9ds1 y may well ask1 :at community ( =m1 or /ructure1 is !re betwe5 ! animalcule & ! :ale2 or betwe5 ! fungus & ! fig-tree8 ,&1 a =tiori1 betwe5 all f\r8 ,f9ally1 if we reg>d sub/ance1 or mat]ial composition1 :at hidd5 bond c connect ! fl[] :i* a girl we>s 9 h] hair & ! blood :i* c\rses ?r\gh h] y\?ful ve9s2 or1 :at is !re 9 common betwe5 ! d5se & resi/+ mass ( ! oak1 or ! /rong fabric ( ! tortoise1 & ^? broad disks ( glassy jelly :i* may be se5 pulsat+ ?r\gh ! wat]s ( a calm sea1 b :i* dra9 away to m]e films 9 ! h& :i* raises !m out ( _! elem5t8 ,su* objections z ^! mu/1 ,i ?9k1 arise 9 ! m9d ( e "o :o pond]s1 = ! fir/ "t1 ^u ! conception ( a s+le physical basis ( life und]ly+ all ! div]sities ( vital exi/5ce2 b ,i propose to demon/rate to y t1 not)/&+ ^! app>5t difficulties1 a ?reefold unity--namely1 a unity ( p[] or faculty1 a unity ( =m1 & a unity ( sub/antial composition--does p]vade ! :ole liv+ _w4 ,no v ab/ruse argum5tation is ne$$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to prove t ! p[]s1 or faculties1 ( all k9ds ( liv+ matt]1 div]se z !y may be 9 degree1 are sub/antially simil> 9 k9d4 ,goe! has cond5s$ a survey ( all p[]s ( mank9d into ! well-kn[n epigram3-- ,w>um treibt si* das ,volk s und s*reit8 ,es w si* ernhr5 ,k9d] zeug51 und die nhr5 s gut es v]mag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,weit] br+t es ke9 ,m5s*1 /ell' er si* wie er au* w4 ,9 physiological language ?is means1 t all ! multif>i\s & complicat$ activities ( man are compreh5sible "u ?ree categories4 ,ei!r !y are imm$iately direct$ t[>ds ! ma9t5ance & developm5t ( ! body1 or !y effect transitory *anges 9 ! relative positions ( p>ts ( ! body1 or !y t5d t[>ds ! cont9uance ( ! species4 ,ev5 ^? manife/ations ( intellect1 ( feel+1 & ( w1 :i* we rightly "n ! high] faculties1 are n exclud$ f ?is classification1 inasmu* z to e "o b ! subject ( !m1 !y are kn[n only z transitory *anges 9 ! relative positions ( p>ts ( ! body4 ,spee*1 ge/ure1 & e o!r =m ( human action are1 9 ! long run1 resolvable into muscul> contraction1 & muscul> contraction is b a transitory *ange 9 ! relative positions ( ! p>ts ( a muscle4 ,b ! s*eme :i* is l>ge en\gh to embrace ! activities ( ! highe/ =m ( life1 cov]s all ^? ( ! l[] creatures4 ,! l[e/ plant1 or animalcule1 fe$s1 gr[s1 & reproduces its k9d4 ,9 addition1 all animals manife/ ^? transitory *anges ( =m :i* we class "u irritability & contractility2 &1 x is m ?an probable1 t :5 ! vegetable _w is ?or\ghly explor$1 we %all f9d all plants 9 possession ( ! same p[]s1 at "o "t or o!r ( _! exi/5ce4 ,i am n n[ allud+ to su* phnom5a1 at once r>e & conspicu\s1 z ^? exhibit$ by ! leaflets ( ! s5sitive plants1 or ! /am5s ( ! b>b]ry1 b to mu* m widely spread1 & at ! same "t1 m subtle & hidd51 manife/ations ( vegetable contractility4 ,y are d\btless aw>e t ! common nettle owes its /++ prop]ty to ! innum]able /iff & ne$le-l1 ?\gh exquisitely delicate1 hairs :i* cov] its surface4 ,ea* /++-ne$le tap]s f a broad base to a sl5d] summit1 :i*1 ?\gh r\nd$ at ! end1 is ( su* microscopic f95ess t x readily p5etrates1 & breaks (f 91 ! sk94 ,! :ole hair consi/s ( a v delicate out] case ( wood1 closely appli$ to ! inn] surface ( :i* is a lay] ( semi-fluid matt]1 full ( innum]able granules ( extreme m9ut5ess4 ,?is semi-fluid l9+ is protoplasm1 :i* ?us con/itutes a k9d ( bag1 full ( a limpid liquid1 & r\ghly correspond+ 9 =m ) ! int]ior ( ! hair :i* x fills4 ,:5 view$ ) a suffici5tly high magnify+ p[]1 ! protoplasmic lay] ( ! nettle hair is se5 to be 9 a condition ( unceas+ activity4 ,local contractions ( ! :ole ?ickness ( its sub/ance pass sl[ly & gradually f po9t to po9t1 & give rise to ! appe>ance ( progressive waves1 j z ! b5d+ ( successive /alks ( corn by a breeze produces ! app>5t bill[s ( a cornfield4 ,b1 9 addition to ^! movem5ts1 & indep5d5tly ( !m1 ! granules are driv51 9 relatively rapid /reams1 ?r\gh *annels 9 ! protoplasm :i* seem to h a consid]able am\nt ( p]si/5ce4 ,mo/ commonly1 ! curr5ts 9 adjac5t p>ts ( ! protoplasm take simil> directions2 &1 ?us1 !re is a g5]al /ream up "o side ( ! hair & d[n ! o!r4 ,b ?is does n prev5t ! exi/5ce ( p>tial curr5ts :i* take diff]5t r\tes2 & sometimes tra9s ( granules may be se5 c\rs+ swiftly 9 opposite directions )9 a tw5ty-?\s&? ( an in* ( "o ano!r2 :ile1 occasionally1 opposite /reams come into direct collision1 &1 aft] a long] or %ort] /ruggle1 "o pr$om9ates4 ,! cause ( ^! curr5ts seems to lie 9 contractions ( ! protoplasm :i* b\nds ! *annels 9 :i* !y fl[1 b :i* are s m9ute t ! be/ microscopes %[ only _! effects1 & n !mselves4 ,! spectacle af=d$ by ! wond]ful en]gies prison$ )9 ! compass ( ! microscopic hair ( a plant1 :i* we commonly reg>d z a m]ely passive organism1 is n easily =gott5 by "o :o has wat*$ its display1 cont9u$ h\r aft] h\r1 )\t pause or sign ( weak5+4 ,! possible complexity ( _m o!r organic =ms1 seem+ly z simple z ! protoplasm ( ! nettle1 dawns ^u "o2 & ! comp>ison ( su* a protoplasm to a body ) an int]nal circulation1 :i* has be5 put =w>d by an em95t physiologi/1 loses mu* ( its />tl+ "*4 ,curr5ts simil> to ^? ( ! hairs ( ! nettle h be5 obs]v$ 9 a great multitude ( v diff]5t plants1 & weighty au?orities h sugge/$ t !y probably occur1 9 m or less p]fection1 9 all "y vegetable cells4 ,if su* be ! case1 ! wond]ful noonday sil5ce ( a tropical =e/ is1 aft] all1 due only to ! dulness ( our he>+2 & c\ld our e>s cat* ! murmur ( ^! t9y ,mael/roms1 z !y :irl 9 ! innum]able myriads ( liv+ cells :i* con/itute ea* tree1 we %\ld be /unn$1 z ) ! ro> ( a great city4 ,among ! l[] plants1 x is ! rule r ?an ! exception1 t contractility %\ld be /ill m op5ly manife/$ at "s p]iods ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! protoplasm ( ,alg & ,fungi becomes1 "u _m circum/ances1 p>tially1 or completely1 fre$ f its woody case1 & exhibits movem5ts ( its :ole mass1 or is propell$ by ! contractility ( "o1 or m1 hair-l prolongations ( its body1 :i* are call$ vibratile cilia4 ,&1 s f> z ! conditions ( ! manife/ation ( ! phnom5a ( contractility h yet be5 /udi$1 !y are ! same = ! plant z = ! animal4 ,heat & electric %ocks influ5ce bo?1 & 9 ! same way1 ?\gh x may be 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,x is by no means my int5tion to sugge/ t !re is no diff]5ce 9 faculty betwe5 ! l[e/ plant & ! highe/1 or betwe5 plants & animals4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p[]s ( ! l[e/ plant1 or animal1 & ^? ( ! highe/1 is "o ( degree1 n ( k9d1 & dep5ds1 z ,milne-,edw>ds long ago s well po9t$ out1 ^u ! ext5t to :i* ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( lab\r is c>ri$ out 9 ! liv+ economy4 ,9 ! l[e/ organism all p>ts are compet5t to p]=m all functions1 & "o & ! same portion ( protoplasm may successfully take on ! function ( fe$+1 mov+1 or reproduc+ app>atus4 ,9 ! highe/1 on ! contr>y1 a great numb] ( p>ts comb9e to p]=m ea* function1 ea* "p do+ its allott$ %>e ( ! "w ) great accuracy & effici5cy1 b be+ useless = any o!r purpose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 not)/&+ all ! fundam5tal resemblances :i* exi/ betwe5 ! p[]s ( ! protoplasm 9 plants & 9 animals1 !y pres5t a /rik+ diff]5ce 7to :i* ,i %all adv]t m at l5g? pres5tly71 9 ! fact t plants c manufacture fre% protoplasm out ( m9]al comp\nds1 :]eas animals are oblig$ to procure x ready made1 & h5ce1 9 ! long run1 dep5d ^u plants4 ,^u :at condition ?is diff]5ce 9 ! p[]s ( ! two great divisions ( ! _w ( life dep5ds1 no?+ is at pres5t kn[n4 ,) su* qualification z arises out ( ! la/-m5tion$ fact1 x may be truly said t ! acts ( all liv+ ?+s are fundam5tally "o4 ,is any su* unity pr$icable ( _! =ms8 ,let u seek 9 easily v]ifi$ facts = a reply to ?is "q4 ,if a drop ( blood be drawn by prick+ "o's f+]1 & view$ ) prop] precautions1 & "u a suffici5tly high microscopic p[]1 !re w be se51 among ! innum]able multitude ( little1 circul>1 discoidal bodies1 or corpuscles1 :i* float 9 x & give x its col\r1 a comp>atively small numb] ( col\rless corpuscles1 ( some:at l>g] size & v irregul> %ape4 ,if ! drop ( blood be kept at ! temp]ature ( ! body1 ^! col\rless corpuscles w be se5 to exhibit a m>vell\s activity1 *ang+ _! =ms ) great rapidity1 draw+ 9 & ?ru/+ out prolongations ( _! sub/ance1 & creep+ ab\t z if !y 7 indep5d5t organisms4 ,! sub/ance :i* is ?us active is a mass ( protoplasm1 & its activity diff]s 9 detail1 r ?an 9 pr9ciple1 f t ( ! protoplasm ( ! nettle4 ,"u sundry circum/ances ! corpuscle dies & becomes di/5d$ into a r\nd mass1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* is se5 a small] sph]ical body1 :i* exi/$1 b 0 m or less hidd51 9 ! liv+ corpuscle1 & is call$ its nucleus4 ,corpuscles ( ess5tially simil> /ructure are to be f\nd 9 ! sk91 9 ! l9+ ( ! m\?1 & scatt]$ ?r\gh ! :ole framework ( ! body4 ,nay1 m2 9 ! e>lie/ condition ( ! human organism1 9 t /ate 9 :i* x has b j become di/+ui%able f ! egg 9 :i* x arises1 x is no?+ b an aggregation ( su* corpuscles1 & e organ ( ! body 01 once1 no m ?an su* an aggregation4 ,?us a nucleat$ mass ( protoplasm turns out to be :at may be t]m$ ! /ructural unit ( ! human body4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! body1 9 its e>lie/ /ate1 is a m]e multiple ( su* units2 & 9 its p]fect condition1 x is a multiple ( su* units1 v>i\sly modifi$4 ,b does ! =mula :i* expresses ! ess5tial /ructural "* ( ! highe/ animal cov] all ! re/1 z ! /atem5t ( its p[]s & faculties cov]$ t ( all o!rs8 ,v ne>ly4 ,bea/ & f[l1 reptile & fi%1 mollusk1 worm1 & polype1 are all compos$ ( /ructural units ( ! same "*1 namely1 masses ( protoplasm ) a nucleus4 ,!re are sundry v l[ animals1 ea* ( :i*1 /ructurally1 is a m]e col\rless blood-corpuscle1 lead+ an indep5d5t life4 ,b at ! v bottom ( ! animal scale1 ev5 ?is simplicity becomes simplifi$1 & all ! phnom5a ( life are manife/$ by a p>ticle ( protoplasm )\t a nucleus4 ,nor are su* organisms insignificant by reason ( _! want ( complexity4 ,x is a fair "q :e!r ! protoplasm ( ^? simple/ =ms ( life1 :i* p an imm5se ext5t ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 w\ld n outweigh t ( all ! high] liv+ be+s :i* inhabit ! l& put toge!r4 ,& 9 anci5t times1 no less ?an at ! pres5t day1 su* liv+ be+s z ^! h be5 ! greate/ ( rock build]s4 ,:at has be5 said ( ! animal _w is no less true ( plants4 ,emb$d$ 9 ! protoplasm at ! broad1 or atta*$1 end ( ! nettle hair1 !re lies a sph]oidal nucleus4 ,c>eful exam9ation fur!r proves t ! :ole sub/ance ( ! nettle is made up ( a repetition ( su* masses ( nucleat$ protoplasm1 ea* conta9$ 9 a wood5 case1 :i* is modifi$ 9 =m1 sometimes into a woody fibre1 sometimes into a duct or spiral vessel1 sometimes into a poll5 gra91 or an ovule4 ,trac$ back to its e>lie/ /ate1 ! nettle arises z ! man does1 9 a p>ticle ( nucleat$ protoplasm4 ,& 9 ! l[e/ plants1 z 9 ! l[e/ animals1 a s+le mass ( su* protoplasm may con/itute ! :ole plant1 or ! protoplasm may exi/ )\t a nucleus4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x may well be ask$1 h[ is "o mass ( non-nucleat$ protoplasm to be di/+ui%$ f ano!r8 :y call "o plant & ! o!r animal8 ,! only reply is t1 s f> z =m is conc]n$1 plants & animals are n sep>able1 & t1 9 _m cases1 x is a m]e matt] ( conv5tion :e!r we call a giv5 organism an animal or a plant4 ,!re is a liv+ body call$ ?alium septicum1 :i* appe>s ^u decay+ vegetable sub/ances1 &1 9 "o ( its =ms1 is common ^u ! surfaces ( tan-pits4 ,9 ?is condition x is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 a fungus1 & =m]ly 0 always reg>d$ z su*2 b ! rem>kable inve/igations ( ,de ,b>y h %[n t1 9 ano!r condition1 ! ?alium is an actively locomotive creature1 & takes 9 solid matt]s1 ^u :i*1 app>5tly1 x fe$s1 ?us exhibit+ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( animality4 ,is ?is a plant2 or is x an animal8 ,is x bo?2 or is x nei!r8 ,"s decide 9 fav\r ( ! la/ supposition1 & e/abli% an int]m$iate k+dom1 a sort ( biological ,no ,man's ,l& = all ^! que/ionable =ms4 ,b1 z x is admitt$ly impossible to draw any di/9ct b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ?is no man's l& & ! vegetable _w1 on ! "o h&1 or ! animal1 on ! o!r1 x appe>s to me t ?is proce$+ m]ely d\bles ! difficulty :i*1 be=e1 0 s+le4 ,protoplasm1 simple or nucleat$1 is ! =mal basis ( all life4 ,x is ! clay ( ! pott]3 :i*1 bake x & pa9t x z he w1 rema9s clay1 sep>at$ by artifice1 & n by nature1 f ! commone/ brick or sun-dri$ clod4 ,?us x becomes cle> t all liv+ p[]s are cognate1 & t all liv+ =ms are fundam5tally ( "o "*4 ,! rese>*es ( ! *emi/ h reveal$ a no less /rik+ uni=mity ( mat]ial composition 9 liv+ matt]4 ,9 p]fect /rictness1 x is true t *emical inve/igation c tell u little or no?+1 directly1 ( ! composition ( liv+ matt]1 inasmu* z su* matt] mu/ ne$s die 9 ! act ( analysis1--& ^u ?is v obvi\s gr\nd1 objections1 :i* ,i confess seem to me to be some:at frivol\s1 h be5 rais$ to ! draw+ ( any conclusions :atev] respect+ ! composition ( actually liv+ matt]1 f t ( ! dead matt] ( life1 :i* alone is accessible to u4 ,b objectors ( ?is class d n seem to reflect t x is also1 9 /rictness1 true t we "k no?+ ab\t ! composition ( any body :atev]1 z x is4 ,! /atem5t t a cry/al ( calc-sp> consi/s ( c>bonate ( lime1 is q true1 if we only mean t1 by appropriate processes1 x may be resolv$ into c>bonic acid & quicklime4 ,if y pass ! same c>bonic acid ov] ! v quicklime ?us obta9$1 y w obta9 c>bonate ( lime aga92 b x w n be calc-sp>1 nor any?+ l x4 ,c x1 !re=e1 be said t *emical analysis tea*es no?+ ab\t ! *emical composition ( calc-sp>8 ,su* a /atem5t w\ld be absurd2 b x is h>dly m s ?an ! talk "o occasionally he>s ab\t ! uselessness ( apply+ ! results ( *emical analysis to ! liv+ bodies :i* h yield$ !m4 ,"o fact1 at any rate1 is out ( rea* ( su* ref9em5ts1 & ?is is1 t all ! =ms ( protoplasm :i* h yet be5 exam9$ conta9 ! f\r elem5ts1 c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 9 v complex union1 & t !y behave simil>ly t[>ds sev]al reag5ts4 ,to ?is complex comb9ation1 ! nature ( :i* has nev] be5 det]m9$ ) exactness1 ! "n ( ,prote9 has be5 appli$4 ,& if we use ?is t]m ) su* caution z may prop]ly arise out ( our comp>ative ignorance ( ! ?+s = :i* x /&s1 x may be truly said1 t all protoplasm is prote9ace\s1 or1 z ! :ite1 or album51 ( an egg is "o ( ! commone/ examples ( a ne>ly pure prote9e matt]1 we may say t all liv+ matt] is m or less album9oid4 ,p]haps x w\ld n yet be safe to say t all =ms ( protoplasm are affect$ by ! direct action ( electric %ocks2 & yet ! numb] ( cases 9 :i* ! contraction ( protoplasm is %[n to be affect$ by ?is ag5cy increases e day4 ,nor c x be affirm$ ) p]fect confid5ce1 t all =ms ( protoplasm are liable to und]go t peculi> coagulation at a temp]ature ( #dj-ej c5tigrade1 :i* has be5 call$ heat-/iff5+1 ?\gh ,khne's beautiful rese>*es h prov$ ?is occurr5ce to take place 9 s _m & su* div]se liv+ be+s1 t x is h>dly ra% to expect t ! law holds good = all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,en\gh has1 p]haps1 be5 said to prove ! exi/5ce ( a g5]al uni=mity 9 ! "* ( ! protoplasm1 or physical basis1 ( life1 9 :atev] gr\p ( liv+ be+s x may be /udi$4 ,b x w be und]/ood t ?is g5]al uni=mity by no means excludes any am\nt ( special modifications ( ! fundam5tal sub/ance4 ,! m9]al1 c>bonate ( lime1 assumes an imm5se div]sity ( *>act]s1 ?\gh no "o d\bts t1 "u all ^! ,protean *anges1 x is "o & ! same ?+4 ,& n[1 :at is ! ultimate fate1 & :at ! orig91 ( ! matt] ( life8 ,is x1 z "s ( ! old] naturali/s suppos$1 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se 9 molecules1 :i* are inde/ructible & un*angeable 9 !mselves2 b1 9 endless transmigration1 unite 9 innum]able p]mutations1 into ! div]sifi$ =ms ( life we "k8 ,or1 is ! matt] ( life compos$ ( ord9>y matt]1 diff]+ f x only 9 ! mann] 9 :i* its atoms are aggregat$8 ,is x built up ( ord9>y matt]1 & aga9 resolv$ into ord9>y matt] :5 its "w is done8 ,mod]n sci5ce does n hesitate a mom5t betwe5 ^! alt]natives4 ,physiology writes1 ov] ! portals ( life-- ,debemur morti nos no/raque1 ) a pr(\nd] mean+ ?an ! ,roman poet atta*$ to t melan*oly l9e4 ,"u :atev] disguise x takes refuge1 :e!r fungus or oak2 worm or man1 ! liv+ protoplasm n only ultimately dies & is resolv$ into its m9]al & lifeless con/itu5ts1 b is always dy+1 &1 /range z ! p>adox may s\nd1 c\ld n live unless x di$4 ,9 ! wond]ful /ory ( ! ,peau de ,*agr91 ! h]o becomes possess$ ( a magical wild ass' sk91 :i* yields him ! means ( gratify+ all 8 wi%es4 ,b its surface repres5ts ! duration ( ! proprietor's life2 & = e satisfi$ desire ! sk9 %r9ks 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( fruition1 until at l5g? life & ! la/ h&-bread? ( ! peau de *agr91 disappe> ) ! gratification ( a la/ wi%4 ,balzac's /udies _h l$ him ov] a wide range ( ?\ght & speculation1 & 8 %ad[+ =? ( physiological tru? 9 ?is /range /ory may h be5 int5tional4 ,at any rate1 ! matt] ( life is a v]itable peau de *agr91 & = e vital act x is some:at ! small]4 ,all "w implies wa/e1 & ! "w ( life results1 directly or indirectly1 9 ! wa/e ( protoplasm4 ,e ^w utt]$ by a speak] co/s him "s physical loss2 &1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 he burns t o!rs may h light--s mu* eloqu5ce1 s mu* ( 8 body resolv$ into c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & urea4 ,x is cle> t ?is process ( exp5diture _c g on = ev]4 ,b1 happily1 ! protoplasmic peau de *agr9 diff]s f ,balzac's 9 its capacity ( be+ repair$1 & br\ght back to its full size1 aft] e ex]tion4 ,= example1 ?is pres5t lecture1 :atev] its intellectual wor? to y1 has a c]ta9 physical value to me1 :i* is1 conceivably1 expressible by ! numb] ( gra9s ( protoplasm & o!r bodily sub/ance wa/$ 9 ma9ta9+ my vital processes dur+ its deliv]y4 ,my peau de *agr9 w be di/9ctly small] at ! end ( ! disc\rse ?an x 0 at ! beg9n+4 ,by & by1 ,i %all probably h rec\rse to ! sub/ance commonly call$ mutton1 = ! purpose ( /ret*+ x back to its orig9al size4 ,n[ ?is mutton 0 once ! liv+ protoplasm1 m or less modifi$1 ( ano!r animal--a %eep4 ,z ,i %all eat x1 x is ! same matt] alt]$1 n only by dea?1 b by exposure to sundry artificial op]ations 9 ! process ( cook+4 ,b ^! *anges1 :atev] be _! ext5t1 h n r5d]$ x incompet5t to resume its old functions z matt] ( life4 ,a s+ul> inw>d laboratory1 :i* ,i possess1 w dissolve a c]ta9 portion ( ! modifi$ protoplasm2 ! solution s =m$ w pass into my ve9s2 & ! subtle influ5ces to :i* x w !n be subject$ w conv]t ! dead protoplasm into liv+ protoplasm1 & transub/antiate %eep into man4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,if dige/ion 7 a ?+ to be trifl$ )1 ,i might sup ^u lob/]1 & ! matt] ( life ( ! cru/acean w\ld und]go ! same wond]ful metamorphosis into humanity4 ,& 7 ,i to return to my own place by sea1 & und]go %ipwreck1 ! cru/acean might1 & probably w\ld1 return ! complim5t1 & demon/rate our common nature by turn+ my protoplasm into liv+ lob/]4 ,or1 if no?+ bett] 7 to be _h1 ,i might supply my wants ) m]e bread1 & ,i %\ld f9d ! protoplasm ( ! :eat-plant to be conv]tible into man1 ) no m tr\ble ?an t ( ! %eep1 & ) f> less1 ,i fancy1 ?an t ( ! lob/]4 ,h5ce x appe>s to be a matt] ( no great mom5t :at animal1 or :at plant1 ,i lay "u contribution = protoplasm1 & ! fact speaks volumes = ! g5]al id5tity ( t sub/ance 9 all liv+ be+s4 ,i %>e ?is ca?olicity ( assimilation ) o!r animals1 all ( :i*1 s f> z we "k1 c\ld ?rive equally well on ! protoplasm ( any ( _! fell[s1 or ( any plant2 b "h ! assimilative p[]s ( ! animal _w cease4 ,a solution ( smell+-salts 9 wat]1 ) an inf9itesimal proportion ( "s o!r sal9e matt]s1 conta9s all ! elem5t>y bodies :i* ent] into ! composition ( protoplasm2 b1 z ,i ne$ h>dly say1 a hog%ead ( t fluid w\ld n keep a hungry man f />v+1 nor w\ld x save any animal :atev] f a l fate4 ,an animal _c make protoplasm1 b mu/ take x ready-made f "s o!r animal1 or "s plant--! animal's highe/ feat ( con/ructive *emi/ry be+ to conv]t dead protoplasm into t liv+ matt] ( life :i* is appropriate to itself4 ,!re=e1 9 seek+ = ! orig9 ( protoplasm1 we mu/ ev5tually turn to ! vegetable _w4 ,a fluid conta9+ c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & nitrog5\s salts1 :i* (f]s su* a ,b>mecide fea/ to ! animal1 is a table ri*ly spread to multitudes ( plants2 &1 ) a due supply ( only su* mat]ials1 _m a plant w n only ma9ta9 itself 9 vig\r1 b gr[ & multiply until x has increas$ a million-fold1 or a million million-fold1 ! quantity ( protoplasm :i* x orig9ally possess$2 9 ?is way build+ up ! matt] ( life1 to an indef9ite ext5t1 f ! common matt] ( ! univ]se4 ,?us1 ! animal c only raise ! complex sub/ance ( dead protoplasm to ! high] p[]1 z "o may say1 ( liv+ protoplasm2 :ile ! plant c raise ! less complex sub/ances--c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & nitrog5\s salts--to ! same /age ( liv+ protoplasm1 if n to ! same level4 ,b ! plant also has its limitations4 ,"s ( ! fungi1 = example1 appe> to ne$ high] comp\nds to />t )2 & no kn[n plant c live ^u ! uncomp\nd$ elem5ts ( protoplasm4 ,a plant suppli$ ) pure c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog51 phosphorus1 sulphur1 & ! l1 w\ld z infallibly die z ! animal 9 8 ba? ( smell+-salts1 ?\gh x w\ld be surr\nd$ by all ! con/itu5ts ( protoplasm4 ,nor1 inde$1 ne$ ! process ( simplification ( vegetable food be c>ri$ s f> z ?is1 9 ord] to arrive at ! limit ( ! plant's ?aumaturgy4 ,let wat]1 c>bonic acid1 & all ! o!r ne$ful con/itu5ts be suppli$ except nitrog5\s salts1 & an ord9>y plant w /ill be unable to manufacture protoplasm4 ,?us ! matt] ( life1 s f> z we "k x 7& we h no "r to speculate on any o!r71 breaks up1 9 consequ5ce ( t cont9ual dea? :i* is ! condition ( its manife/+ vitality1 into c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & nitrog5\s comp\nds1 :i* c]ta9ly possess no prop]ties b ^? ( ord9>y matt]4 ,& out ( ^! same =ms ( ord9>y matt]1 & f none :i* are simpl]1 ! vegetable _w builds up all ! protoplasm :i* keeps ! animal _w a-go+4 ,plants are ! accumulators ( ! p[] :i* animals di/ribute & disp]se4 ,b x w be obs]v$1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! matt] ( life dep5ds on ! pre-exi/5ce ( c]ta9 comp\nds2 namely1 c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & c]ta9 nitrog5\s bodies4 ,)draw any "o ( ^! ?ree f ! _w1 & all vital phnom5a come to an end4 ,!y are z necess>y to ! protoplasm ( ! plant z ! protoplasm ( ! plant is to t ( ! animal4 ,c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 & nitrog5 are all lifeless bodies4 ,( ^!1 c>bon & oxyg5 unite 9 c]ta9 proportions & "u c]ta9 conditions1 to give rise to c>bonic acid2 hydrog5 & oxyg5 produce wat]2 nitrog5 & o!r elem5ts give rise to nitrog5\s salts4 ,^! new comp\nds1 l ! elem5t>y bodies ( :i* !y are compos$1 are lifeless4 ,b :5 !y are br\ght toge!r1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 !y give rise to ! /ill m complex body1 protoplasm1 & ?is protoplasm exhibits ! phnom5a ( life4 ,i see no break 9 ?is s]ies ( /eps 9 molecul> complication1 & ,i am unable to und]/& :y ! language :i* is applicable to any "o t]m ( ! s]ies may n be us$ to any ( ! o!rs4 ,we ?9k fit to call diff]5t k9ds ( matt] c>bon1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog51 & to speak ( ! v>i\s p[]s & activities ( ^! sub/ances z ! prop]ties ( ! matt] ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,:5 hydrog5 & oxyg5 are mix$ 9 a c]ta9 proportion1 & an electric sp>k is pass$ ?r\gh !m1 !y disappe>1 & a quantity ( wat]1 equal 9 weight to ! sum ( _! weights1 appe>s 9 _! place4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ p>ity betwe5 ! passive & active p[]s ( ! wat] & ^? ( ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 :i* h giv5 rise to x4 ,at #cb ,fahr5heit1 & f> bel[ t temp]ature1 oxyg5 & hydrog5 are ela/ic gase\s bodies1 ^: p>ticles t5d to ru% away f "o ano!r ) great =ce4 ,wat]1 at ! same temp]ature1 is a /rong ?\gh brittle solid1 ^: p>ticles t5d to coh]e into def9ite geometrical %apes1 & sometimes build up fro/y imitations ( ! mo/ complex =ms ( vegetable foliage4 ,nev]!less we call ^!1 & _m o!r /range phnom5a1 ! prop]ties ( ! wat]1 & we d n hesitate to believe t1 9 "s way or ano!r1 !y result f ! prop]ties ( ! compon5t elem5ts ( ! wat]4 ,we d n assume t a some?+ call$ aquosity ent]$ into & took possession ( ! oxidat$ hydrog5 z soon z x 0 =m$1 & !n guid$ ! aque\s p>ticles to _! places 9 ! facets ( ! cry/al1 or among/ ! leaflets ( ! ho>fro/4 ,on ! contr>y1 we live 9 ! hope & 9 ! fai? t1 by ! advance ( molecul> physics1 we %all by & by be able to see our way z cle>ly f ! con/itu5ts ( wat] to ! prop]ties ( wat]1 z we are n[ able to d$uce ! op]ations ( a wat* f ! =m ( its p>ts & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are put toge!r4 ,is ! case 9 any way *ang$ :5 c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & nitrog5\s salts disappe>1 & 9 _! place1 "u ! influ5ce ( pre-exi/+ liv+ protoplasm1 an equival5t weight ( ! matt] ( life makes its appe>ance8 ,x is true t !re is no sort ( p>ity betwe5 ! prop]ties ( ! compon5ts & ! prop]ties ( ! resultant1 b nei!r 0 !re 9 ! case ( ! wat]4 ,x is also true t :at ,i h spok5 ( z ! influ5ce ( pre-exi/+ liv+ matt] is some?+ q un9telligible2 b does anybody q compreh5d ! modus op]&i ( an electric sp>k1 :i* trav]ses a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog58 ,:at ju/ification is !re1 !n1 = ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce 9 ! liv+ matt] ( a some?+ :i* has no repres5tative1 or correlative1 9 ! n liv+ matt] :i* gave rise to x8 ,:at bett] philosophical /atus has vitality ?an aquosity8 ,& :y %\ld vitality hope = a bett] fate ?an ! o!r itys :i* h disappe>$ s9ce ,m>t9us ,scribl]us acc\nt$ = ! op]ation ( ! meat-jack by its inh]5t meat-roa/+ quality1 & scorn$ ! mat]ialism ( ^? :o expla9$ ! turn+ ( ! spit by a c]ta9 me*anism work$ by ! draught ( ! *imney4 ,if sci5tific language is to possess a def9ite & con/ant signification :5ev] x is employ$1 x seems to me t we are logically b\nd to apply to ! protoplasm1 or physical basis ( life1 ! same conceptions z ^? :i* are held to be legitimate else:]e4 ,if ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by wat] are its prop]ties1 s are ^? pres5t$ by protoplasm1 liv+ or dead1 its prop]ties4 ,if ! prop]ties ( wat] may be prop]ly said to result f ! nature & disposition ( its compon5t molecules1 ,i c f9d no intelligible gr\nd = refus+ to say t ! prop]ties ( protoplasm result f ! nature & disposition ( its molecules4 ,b ,i bid y bew>e t1 9 accept+ ^! conclusions1 y are plac+ y\r feet on ! fir/ rung ( a ladd] :i*1 9 mo/ p's e/imation1 is ! rev]se ( ,jacob's1 & leads to ! antipodes ( heav54 ,x may seem a small ?+ to admit t ! dull vital actions ( a fungus1 or a =am9if]1 are ! prop]ties ( _! protoplasm1 & are ! direct results ( ! nature ( ! matt] ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,b if1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to prove to y1 _! protoplasm is ess5tially id5tical )1 & mo/ readily conv]t$ into1 t ( any animal1 ,i c discov] no logical halt+-place betwe5 ! admission t su* is ! case1 & ! fur!r concession t all vital action may1 ) equal propriety1 be said to be ! result ( ! molecul> =ces ( ! protoplasm :i* displays x4 ,& if s1 x mu/ be true1 9 ! same s5se & to ! same ext5t1 t ! ?\ghts to :i* ,i am n[ giv+ utt]ance1 & y\r ?\ghts reg>d+ !m1 are ! expression ( molecul> *anges 9 t matt] ( life :i* is ! s\rce ( our o!r vital phnom5a4 ,pa/ exp]i5ce leads me to be tol]ably c]ta9 t1 :5 ! propositions ,i h j plac$ be=e y are accessible to public comm5t & criticism1 !y w be condemn$ by _m zeal\s p]sons1 & p]haps by "s few ( ! wise & ?\ghtful4 ,i %\ld n wond] if gross & brutal mat]ialism 7 ! milde/ phrase appli$ to !m 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s4 ,&1 mo/ und\bt$ly1 ! t]ms ( ! propositions are di/9ctly mat]iali/ic4 ,nev]!less two ?+s are c]ta92 ! "o1 t ,i hold ! /atem5ts to be sub/antially true2 ! o!r1 t ,i1 individually1 am no mat]iali/1 b1 on ! contr>y1 believe mat]ialism to involve grave philosophical error4 ,?is union ( mat]iali/ic t]m9ology ) ! repudiation ( mat]iali/ic philosophy ,i %>e ) "s ( ! mo/ ?\ghtful m5 ) :om ,i am acqua9t$4 ,&1 :5 ,i fir/ und]took to deliv] ! pres5t disc\rse1 x appe>$ to me to be a fitt+ opportunity to expla9 h[ su* a union is n only consi/5t )1 b necessitat$ by1 s\nd logic4 ,i purpos$ to lead y ?r\gh ! t]ritory ( vital phnom5a to ! mat]iali/ic sl\gh 9 :i* y f9d y\rselves n[ plung$1 & !n to po9t out to y ! sole pa? by :i*1 9 my judgm5t1 extrication is possible4 ,an occurr5ce ( :i* ,i 0 unaw>e until my arrival "h la/ night r5d]s ?is l9e ( argum5t s+ul>ly opportune4 ,i f\nd 9 y\r pap]s ! eloqu5t address ,on ! ,limits ( ,philosophical ,inquiry1 :i* a di/+ui%$ prelate ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* deliv]$ be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,philosophical ,in/itution on ! previ\s day4 ,my argum5t1 also1 turns ^u ?is v po9t ( ! limits ( philosophical inquiry2 & ,i _c br+ out my own views bett] ?an by contra/+ !m ) ^? s pla9ly &1 9 ! ma91 fairly /at$ by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york4 ,b ,i may be p]mitt$ to make a prelim9>y comm5t ^u an occurr5ce t greatly a/oni%$ me4 ,apply+ ! "n ( ! ,new ,philosophy to t e/imate ( ! limits ( philosophical inquiry :i* ,i1 9 common ) _m o!r m5 ( sci5ce1 hold to be j1 ! ,ar*bi%op op5s 8 address by id5tify+ ?is ,new ,philosophy ) ! ,positive ,philosophy ( ,m4 ,comte 7( :om he speaks z its f\nd]72 & !n proce$s to attack t philosoph] & 8 doctr9es vigor\sly4 ,n[1 s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ! mo/ rev]5d prelate might dialectically hew ,m4 ,comte 9 pieces1 z a mod]n ,agag1 & ,i %\ld n attempt to /ay 8 h&4 ,9 s f> z my /udy ( :at specially *>act]ises ! ,positive ,philosophy has l$ me1 ,i f9d !re9 little or no?+ ( any sci5tific value1 & a great deal :i* is z ?or\ghly antagoni/ic to ! v ess5ce ( sci5ce z any?+ 9 ultramontane ,ca?olicism4 ,9 fact1 ,m4 ,comte's philosophy1 9 practice1 might be comp5di\sly describ$ z ,ca?olicism m9us ,*ri/ianity4 ,b :at has ,comtism to d ) ! ,new ,philosophy1 z ! ,ar*bi%op1 def9es x 9 ! foll[+ passage8 ,let me briefly rem9d y ( ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ?is new philosophy4 ,all k is exp]i5ce ( facts acquir$ by ! s5ses4 ,! traditions ( old] philosophies h obscur$ our exp]i5ce by mix+ ) x mu* t ! s5ses _c obs]ve1 & until ^! additions are disc>d$ our k is impure4 ,?us metaphysics tell u t "o fact :i* we obs]ve is a cause1 & ano!r is ! effect ( t cause2 b1 ^u a rigid analysis1 we f9d t our s5ses obs]ve no?+ ( cause or effect3 !y obs]ve1 fir/1 t "o fact succe$s ano!r1 &1 aft] "s opportunity1 t ?is fact has nev] fail$ to foll[--t = cause & effect we %\ld sub/itute inv>iable succession4 ,an old] philosophy tea*es u to def9e an object by di/+ui%+ its ess5tial f its accid5tal qualities3 b exp]i5ce kn[s no?+ ( ess5tial & accid5tal2 %e sees only t1 c]ta9 m>ks atta* to an object1 &1 aft] _m obs]vations1 t "s ( !m atta* inv>iably1 :il/ o!rs may at times be abs5t4444 ,z all k is relative1 ! notion ( any?+ be+ necess>y mu/ be bani%$ ) o!r traditions4 #e ,!re is mu* "h t expresses ! _s ( ! ,new ,philosophy1 if by t t]m be meant ! _s ( mod]n sci5ce2 b ,i _c b m>vel t ! assembl$ wisdom & le>n+ ( ,ed9burgh %\ld h utt]$ no sign ( diss5t1 :5 ,comte 0 decl>$ to be ! f\nd] ( ^! doctr9es4 ,no "o w accuse ,scot*m5 ( habitually =gett+ _! great c\ntrym52 b x 0 en\gh to make ,david ,hume turn 9 8 grave1 t "h1 almo/ )9 e>-%ot ( 8 h\se1 an in/ruct$ audi5ce %\ld h li/5$1 )\t a murmur1 :ile 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic doctr9es 7 attribut$ to a ,fr5* writ] ( fifty ye>s lat] date1 9 ^: dre>y & v]bose pages we miss alike ! vig\r ( ?\ght & ! exquisite cle>ness ( /yle ( ! man :om ,i make bold to t]m ! mo/ acute ?9k] ( ! eighte5? c5tury--ev5 ?\gh t c5tury produc$ ,kant4 ,b ,i did n come to ,scotl& to v9dicate ! hon\r ( "o ( ! neate/ m5 %e has ev] produc$4 ,my bus9ess is to po9t out to y t ! only way ( escape out ( ! crass mat]ialism 9 :i* we j n[ l&$1 is ! adoption & /rict work+ out ( ! v pr9ciples :i* ! ,ar*bi%op holds up to reprobation4 ,let u suppose t k is absolute1 & n relative1 & !re=e1 t our conception ( matt] repres5ts t :i* x really is4 ,let u suppose1 fur!r1 t we d "k m ( cause & effect ?an a c]ta9 def9ite ord] ( succession among facts1 & t we h a k ( ! necessity ( t succession--& h5ce1 ( necess>y laws--& ,i1 = my "p1 d n see :at escape !re is f utt] mat]ialism & necess>ianism4 ,= x is obvi\s t our k ( :at we call ! mat]ial _w is1 to beg9 )1 at lea/ z c]ta9 & def9ite z t ( ! spiritual _w1 & t our acqua9tance ) law is ( z old a date z our k ( spontaneity4 ,fur!r1 ,i take x to be demon/rable t x is utt]ly impossible to prove t any?+ :atev] may n be ! effect ( a mat]ial & necess>y cause1 & t human logic is equally incompet5t to prove t any act is really spontane\s4 ,a really spontane\s act is "o :i*1 by ! assumption1 has no cause2 & ! attempt to prove su* a negative z ?is is1 on ! face ( ! matt]1 absurd4 ,& :ile x is ?us a philosophical impossibility to demon/rate t any giv5 phnom5on is n ! effect ( a mat]ial cause1 any "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( sci5ce w admit1 t its progress has1 9 all ages1 meant1 & n[1 m ?an ev]1 means1 ! ext5sion ( ! prov9ce ( :at we call matt] & causation1 & ! concomitant gradual bani%m5t f all regions ( human ?\ght ( :at we call _s & spontaneity4 ,i h endeav\r$1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is disc\rse1 to give y a conception ( ! direction t[>ds :i* mod]n physiology is t5d+2 & ,i ask y1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! conception ( life z ! product ( a c]ta9 disposition ( mat]ial molecules1 & ! old notion ( an ,ar*u gov]n+ & direct+ bl9d matt] )9 ea* liv+ body1 except ?is--t "h1 z else:]e1 matt] & law h dev\r$ _s & spontaneity8 ,& z surely z e future gr[s out ( pa/ & pres5t1 s w ! physiology ( ! future gradually ext5d ! realm ( matt] & law until x is co-ext5sive ) k1 ) feel+1 & ) action4 ,! consci\sness ( ?is great tru? weighs l a nightm>e1 ,i believe1 ^u _m ( ! be/ m9ds ( ^! days4 ,!y wat* :at !y conceive to be ! progress ( mat]ialism1 9 su* fe> & p[]less ang] z a savage feels1 :51 dur+ an eclipse1 ! great %ad[ creeps ov] ! face ( ! sun4 ,! advanc+ tide ( matt] ?reat5s to dr[n _! s\ls2 ! tight5+ grasp ( law imp$es _! fre$om2 !y are al>m$ le/ man's moral nature be debas$ by ! increase ( 8 wisdom4 ,if ! ,new ,philosophy be wor?y ( ! reprobation ) :i* x is visit$1 ,i confess _! fe>s seem to me to be well f\nd$4 ,:ile1 on ! contr>y1 c\ld ,david ,hume be consult$1 ,i ?9k he w\ld smile at _! p]plexities1 & *ide !m = do+ ev5 z ! hea!n1 & fall+ d[n 9 t]ror be=e ! hide\s idols _! own h&s h rais$4 ,=1 aft] all1 :at d we "k ( ?is t]rible matt]1 except z a "n = ! unkn[n & hypo!tical cause ( /ates ( our own consci\sness8 ,& :at d we "k ( t _s ov] ^: ?reat5$ ext9ction by matt] a great lam5tation is aris+1 l t :i* 0 he>d at ! dea? ( ,pan1 except t x is also a "n = an unkn[n & hypo!tical cause1 or condition1 ( /ates ( consci\sness8 ,9 o!r words1 matt] & _s are b names = ! imag9>y sub/rata ( gr\ps ( natural phnom5a4 ,& :at is ! dire necessity & iron law "u :i* m5 groan8 ,truly1 mo/ gratuit\sly inv5t$ bugbe>s4 ,i suppose if !re be an iron law1 x is t ( gravitation2 & if !re be a physical necessity1 x is t a /one1 unsupport$1 mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,b :at is all we really "k1 & c "k1 ab\t ! latt] phnom5a8 ,simply1 t1 9 all human exp]i5ce1 /ones h fall5 to ! gr\nd "u ^! conditions2 t we h n ! smalle/ reason = believ+ t any /one s circum/anc$ w n fall to ! gr\nd2 & t we h1 on ! contr>y1 e reason to believe t x w s fall4 ,x is v conv5i5t to indicate t all ! conditions ( belief h be5 fulfill$ 9 ?is case1 by call+ ! /atem5t t unsupport$ /ones w fall to ! gr\nd1 a law ( ,nature4 ,b :51 z commonly happ5s1 we *ange w into mu/1 we introduce an idea ( necessity :i* mo/ assur$ly does n lie 9 ! obs]v$ facts1 & has no w>ranty t ,i c discov] else:]e4 ,= my "p1 ,i utt]ly repudiate & ana!matise ! intrud]4 ,fact ,i "k2 & ,law ,i "k2 b :at is ?is ,necessity1 save an empty %ad[ ( my own m9d's ?r[+8 ,b1 if x is c]ta9 t we c h no k ( ! nature ( ei!r matt] or _s1 & t ! notion ( necessity is some?+ illegitimately ?ru/ into ! p]fectly legitimate conception ( law1 ! mat]iali/ic position t !re is no?+ 9 ! _w b matt]1 =ce1 & necessity1 is z utt]ly devoid ( ju/ification z ! mo/ baseless ( !ological dogmas4 ,! fundam5tal doctr9es ( mat]ialism1 l ^? ( spiritualism1 & mo/ o!r isms1 lie outside ! limits ( philosophical inquiry1 & ,david ,hume's great s]vice to humanity is 8 irrefragable demon/ration ( :at ^! limits are4 ,hume call$ himself a sceptic & !re=e o!rs _c be blam$ if !y apply ! same title to him2 b t does n alt] ! fact t ! "n1 ) its exi/+ implications1 does him gross inju/ice4 ,if a man asks me :at ! politics ( ! inhabitants ( ! moon are1 & ,i reply t ,i d n "k2 t nei!r ,i1 nor any "o else1 has any means ( kn[+2 & t1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ,i decl9e to tr\ble myself ab\t ! subject at all1 ,i d n ?9k he has any "r to call me a sceptic4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 reply+ ?us1 ,i conceive t ,i am simply hone/ & tru?ful1 & %[ a prop] reg>d = ! economy ( "t4 ,s ,hume's /rong & subtle intellect takes up a great _m problems ab\t :i* we are naturally curi\s1 & %[s u t !y are ess5tially que/ions ( lun> politics1 9 _! ess5ce incapable ( be+ answ]$1 & !re=e n wor? ! att5tion ( m5 :o h "w to d 9 ! _w4 ,& he ?us ends "o ( 8 essays3-- ,if we take 9 h& any volume ( ,div9ity1 or s*ool metaphysics1 = in/ance1 let u ask1 ,does x conta9 any ab/ract reason+ conc]n+ quantity or numb]8 ,no4 ,does x conta9 any exp]im5tal reason+ conc]n+ matt] ( fact & exi/5ce8 ,no4 ,commit x !n to ! flames2 = x c conta9 no?+ b sophi/ry & illusion4 #f ,p]mit me to en=ce ?is mo/ wise advice4 ,:y tr\ble ourselves ab\t matt]s ( :i*1 h[ev] important !y may be1 we d "k no?+1 & c "k no?+8 ,we live 9 a _w :i* is full ( mis]y & ignorance1 & ! pla9 duty ( ea* & all ( u is to try to make ! little corn] he c influ5ce some:at less mis]able & some:at less ignorant ?an x 0 be=e he ent]$ x4 ,to d ?is effectually x is necess>y to be fully possess$ ( only two beliefs3 ! fir/1 t ! ord] ( ,nature is asc]ta9able by our faculties to an ext5t :i* is practically unlimit$2 ! second1 t our volition#g c\nts = some?+ z a condition ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,ea* ( ^! beliefs c be v]ifi$ exp]im5tally1 z (t5 z we l to try4 ,ea*1 !re=e1 /&s ^u ! /ronge/ f\ndation ^u :i* any belief c re/1 & =ms "o ( our highe/ tru?s4 ,if we f9d t ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! ord] ( nature is facilitat$ by us+ "o t]m9ology1 or "o set ( symbols1 r ?an ano!r1 x is our cle> duty to use ! =m]2 & no h>m c accrue1 s long z we be> 9 m9d1 t we are deal+ m]ely ) t]ms & symbols4 ,9 itself x is ( little mom5t :e!r we express ! phnom5a ( matt] 9 t]ms ( _s2 or ! phnom5a ( _s 9 t]ms ( matt]3 matt] may be reg>d$ z a =m ( ?\ght1 ?\ght may be reg>d$ z a prop]ty ( matt]--ea* /atem5t has a c]ta9 relative tru?4 ,b ) a view to ! progress ( sci5ce1 ! mat]iali/ic t]m9ology is 9 e way to be pref]r$4 ,= x connects ?\ght ) ! o!r phnom5a ( ! univ]se1 & sugge/s inquiry into ! nature ( ^? physical conditions1 or concomitants ( ?\ght1 :i* are m or less accessible to u1 & a k ( :i* may1 9 future1 help u to ex]cise ! same k9d ( control ov] ! _w ( ?\ght1 z we already possess 9 respect ( ! mat]ial _w2 :]eas1 ! alt]native1 or spirituali/ic1 t]m9ology is utt]ly b>r51 & leads to no?+ b obscurity & confusion ( ideas4 ,?us !re c be little d\bt1 t ! fur!r sci5ce advances1 ! m ext5sively & consi/5tly w all ! phnom5a ( ,nature be repres5t$ by mat]iali/ic =mul & symbols4 ,b ! man ( sci5ce1 :o1 =gett+ ! limits ( philosophical inquiry1 slides f ^! =mul & symbols into :at is commonly und]/ood by mat]ialism1 seems to me to place himself on a level ) ! ma!matician1 :o %\ld mi/ake ! x's & y's ) :i* he works 8 problems1 = real entities--& ) ?is fur!r disadvantage1 z comp>$ ) ! ma!matician1 t ! blund]s ( ! latt] are ( no practical consequ5ce1 :ile ! errors ( sy/ematic mat]ialism may p>alyse ! en]gies & de/roy ! beauty ( a life4 ,,naturalism ,,& ,,sup]naturalism ,,f ,,prologue ,,to ,,controv]t$ ,,que/ions1 #ahib4 ,!re is a s+le problem ) diff]5t aspects ( :i* ?9k+ m5 h be5 occupi$1 ev] s9ce !y began s]i\sly to consid] ! wond]ful frame ( ?+s 9 :i* _! lives are set1 & to seek = tru/wor?y guidance among its intricacies4 ,exp]i5ce spe$ily taught !m t ! %ift+ sc5es ( ! _w's /age h a p]man5t backgr\nd2 t !re is ord] amid/ ! seem+ contusion1 & t _m ev5ts take place accord+ to un*ang+ rules4 ,to ?is region ( famili> /ead9ess & cu/om>y regul>ity !y gave ! "n ( ,nature4 ,b at ! same "t1 _! infantile & untutor$ reason1 little m1 z yet1 ?an ! playfell[ ( ! imag9ation1 l$ !m to believe t ?is tangible1 commonplace1 ord]ly _w ( ,nature 0 surr\nd$ & int]p5etrat$ by ano!r intangible & my/]i\s _w1 no m b\nd by fix$ rules ?an1 z !y fanci$1 7 ! ?\ghts & passions :i* c\rs$ ?r\gh _! m9ds & seem$ to ex]cise an int]mitt5t & caprici\s rule ov] _! bodies4 ,!y attribut$ to ! entities1 ) :i* !y peopl$ ?is dim & dreadful region1 an unlimit$ am\nt ( t p[] ( modify+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts ( :i* !y !mselves possess$ a small %>e1 & ?us came to reg>d !m z n m]ely beyond1 b above1 ,nature4 ,h5ce arose ! conception ( a ,sup]nature anti!tic to ,nature--! primitive dualism ( a natural _w fix$ 9 fate & a sup]natural1 left to ! free play ( volition--:i* has p]vad$ all lat] speculation1 &1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 has ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce on practice4 ,= x is obvi\s t1 on ?is !ory ( ! ,univ]se1 ! successful conduct ( life mu/ dem& c>eful att5tion to bo? worlds2 &1 if ei!r is to be neglect$1 x may be saf] t x %\ld be ,nature4 ,9 any giv5 cont+5cy1 x mu/ d\btless be desirable to "k :at may be expect$ to happ5 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s2 b x mu/ be q z necess>y to h "s inkl+ ( ! l9e likely to be tak5 by sup]natural ag5cies able1 & possibly will+1 to susp5d or rev]se t c\rse4 ,inde$1 logically develop$1 ! duali/ic !ory mu/ ne$s end 9 almo/ exclusive att5tion to ,sup]nature1 & 9 tru/ t its ov]-rul+ /r5g? w be ex]t$ 9 fav\r ( ^? :o /& well ) its d5iz5s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lessons ( ! great s*ool-ma/]1 exp]i5ce1 h h>dly seem$ to accord ) ?is conclusion4 ,!y h taught1 ) consid]able emphasis1 t x does n answ] to neglect ,nature2 & t1 on ! :ole1 ! m att5tion paid to h] dictates ! bett] m5 f>e4 ,?us ! !oretical anti!sis br\ght ab\t a practical antagonism4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h any k1 ,naturalism & ,sup]naturalism h consci\sly1 or unconsci\sly1 compet$ & /ruggl$ ) "o ano!r2 & ! v>y+ =tunes ( ! conte/ are writt5 9 ! records ( ! c\rse ( civilisation f ^? ( ,egypt & ,babylonia1 six ?\s& ye>s ago1 d[n to ^? ( our own "t & p4 ,^! records in=m u t1 s f> z m5 h paid att5tion to ,nature1 !y h be5 rew>d$ = _! pa9s4 ,!y h develop$ ! ,arts :i* h furni%$ ! conditions ( civilis$ exi/5ce2 & ! ,sci5ces1 :i* h be5 a progressive revelation ( reality1 & h af=d$ ! be/ discipl9e ( ! m9d 9 ! me?ods ( discov]+ tru?4 ,!y h accumulat$ a va/ body ( univ]sally accept$ k2 & ! conceptions ( man & ( society1 ( morals & ( law1 bas$ ^u t k1 are e day m & m1 ei!r op5ly or tacitly1 ackn[l$g$ to be ! f\ndations ( "r action4 ,hi/ory also tells u t ! field ( ! sup]natural has rew>d$ its cultivators ) a h>ve/1 p]haps n less luxuriant1 b ( a diff]5t "*4 ,x has produc$ an almo/ inf9ite div]sity ( ,religions4 ,^!1 if we set aside ! e?ical concomitants ^u :i* natural k also has a claim1 are compos$ ( in=mation ab\t ,sup]nature2 !y tell u ( ! attributes ( sup]natural be+s1 ( _! relations ) ,nature1 & ( ! op]ations by :i* _! int]f]5ce ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts c be secur$ or av]t$4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t sup]naturali/s h atta9$ to any agreem5t ab\t ^! matt]s or t hi/ory indicates a wid5+ ( ! influ5ce ( sup]naturalism on practice1 ) ! onw>d fl[ ( "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! v>i\s religions are1 to a great ext5t1 mutually exclusive2 & _! adh]5ts delight 9 *>g+ ea* o!r1 n m]ely ) error1 b ) crim9ality1 des]v+ & ensu+ puni%m5t ( inf9ite sev]ity4 ,9 s+ul> contra/ ) natural k1 aga91 ! acqua9tance ( mank9d ) ! sup]natural appe>s ! m ext5sive & ! m exact1 & ! influ5ce ( sup]natural doctr9es ^u conduct ! great]1 ! fur!r back we g 9 "t & ! l[] ! /age ( civilisation submitt$ to inve/igation4 ,hi/orically1 inde$1 !re w\ld seem to be an inv]se relation betwe5 sup]natural & natural k4 ,z ! latt] has wid5$1 ga9$ 9 precision & 9 tru/wor?9ess1 s has ! =m] %runk1 gr[n vague & que/ionable2 z ! "o has m & m fill$ ! sph]e ( action1 s has ! o!r retreat$ into ! region ( m$itation1 or vani%$ beh9d ! scre5 ( m]e v]bal recognition4 ,:e!r ?is diff]5ce ( ! =tunes ( ,naturalism & ( ,sup]naturalism is an indication ( ! progress1 or ( ! regress1 ( humanity2 ( a fall f1 or an advance t[>ds1 ! high] life2 is a matt] ( op9ion4 ,! po9t to :i* ,i wi% to direct att5tion is t ! diff]5ce exi/s & is mak+ itself felt4 ,m5 are gr[+ to be s]i\sly alive to ! fact t ! hi/orical evolution ( humanity :i* is g5]ally1 & ,i v5ture to ?9k n unreasonably1 reg>d$ z progress1 has be51 & is be+1 accompani$ by a co-ord9ate elim9ation ( ! sup]natural f its orig9ally l>ge occupation ( m5's ?\ghts4 ,! "q--,h[ f> is ?is process to g8--is 9 my appreh5sion1 ! ,controv]t$ ,"q ( our "t4 ,controv]sy on ?is matt]--prolong$1 bitt]1 & f\ght out ) ! weapons ( ! fle%1 z well z ) ^? ( ! _s--is no new ?+ to ,engli%m54 ,we h be5 m or less occupi$ ) x ^! five hundr$ ye>s4 ,&1 dur+ t "t1 we h made attempts to e/abli% a modus viv5di betwe5 ! antagoni/s1 "s ( :i* h _h a _w-wide influ5ce2 ?\gh1 un=tunately1 none h prov$ univ]sally & p]man5tly satisfactory4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! controv]t$ "q among u 01 :e!r c]ta9 portions ( ! ,sup]naturalism ( m$ival ,*ri/ianity 7 well-f\nd$4 ,john ,wicliff propos$ a solution ( ! problem :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ two hundr$ ye>s1 acquir$ wide popul>ity & va/ hi/orical importance3 ,loll>ds1 ,hussites1 ,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 ,zw+lians1 ,soc9ians1 & ,anabapti/s1 :atev] _! disagreem5ts1 concurr$ 9 ! proposal to r$uce ! ,sup]naturalism ( ,*ri/ianity )9 ! limits sanction$ by ! ,scriptures4 ,none ( ! *iefs ( ,prote/antism call$ 9 "q ei!r ! sup]natural orig9 & infallible au?ority ( ! ,bible1 or ! exactitude ( ! acc\nt ( ! sup]natural _w giv5 9 its pages4 ,9 fact1 !y c\ld n af=d to ent]ta9 any d\bt ab\t ^! po9ts1 s9ce ! infallible ,bible 0 ! fulcrum ( ! lev] ) :i* !y 7 endeav\r+ to upset ! ,*air ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! fre$om ( private judgm5t :i* !y proclaim$1 meant no m1 9 practice1 ?an p]mission to !mselves to make free ) ! public judgm5t ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 9 respect ( ! canon & ( ! mean+ to be atta*$ to ! words ( ! canonical books4 ,private judgm5t--t is to say1 reason--0 7!oretically1 at any rate7 at lib]ty to decide :at books 7 & :at 7 n to take ! rank ( ,scripture2 & to det]m9e ! s5se ( any passage 9 su* books4 ,b ?is s5se1 once asc]ta9$ to ! m9d ( ! sect>y1 0 to be tak5 = pure tru?--= ! v ^w ( ,god4 ,! controv]sial effici5cy ( ! pr9ciple ( biblical infallibility lay 9 ! fact t ! cons]vative adv]s>ies ( ! ,re=m]s 7 n 9 a position to contrav5e x )\t entangl+ !mselves 9 s]i\s difficulties2 :ile1 s9ce bo? ,papi/s & ,prote/ants agre$ 9 tak+ effici5t measures to /op ! m\?s ( any m radical critics1 ^! did n c\nt4 ,! impot5ce ( _! adv]s>ies1 h[ev]1 did n remove ! inh]5t weakness ( ! position ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,! dogma ( ! infallibility ( ! ,bible is no m self-evid5t ?an is t ( ! infallibility ( ! ,pope4 ,if ! =m] is held by fai?1 !n ! latt] may be4 ,if ! latt] is to be accept$1 or reject$1 by private judgm5t1 :y n ! =m]8 ,ev5 if ! ,bible c\ld be prov$ any:]e to ass]t its own infallibility1 ! value ( t self-ass]tion to ^? :o dispute ! po9t is n obvi\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! infallibility ( ! ,bible 0 re/$ on t ( a primitive ,*ur*1 ! admission t ! ,*ur* 0 =m]ly infallible 0 awkw>d 9 ! extreme = ^? :o d5i$ its pres5t infallibility4 ,moreov]1 no soon] 0 ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple appli$ to practice1 ?an x became evid5t t ev5 an infallible text1 :5 manipulat$ by private judgm5t1 w imp>tially c\nt5ance contradictory d$uctions2 & furni% =? cre$s & confessions z div]se z ! quality & ! in=mation ( ! intellects :i* ex]cise1 & ! prejudices & passions :i* sway1 su* judgm5ts4 ,e sect1 confid5t 9 ! d]ivative infallibility ( its wire-draw+ ( infallible mat]ials1 0 ready to supply its cont+5t ( m>tyrs2 & to enable hi/ory1 once m1 to illu/rate ! tru?1 t /eadfa/ness "u p]secution says mu* = ! s9c]ity & /ill m = ! t5acity1 ( ! believ]1 b v little = ! objective tru? ( t :i* he believes4 ,no m>tyrs h seal$ _! fai? ) _! blood m /eadfa/ly ?an ! ,anabapti/s4 ,la/1 b n lea/1 ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple conta9$ )9 itself ! g]ms ( ! de/ruction ( ! f9ality1 :i* ! ,lu!ran1 ,calv9i/ic1 & o!r ,prote/ant ,*ur*es fondly imag9$ !y _h rea*$4 ,s9ce _! cre$s 7 pr(ess$ly bas$ on ! canonical ,scriptures1 x foll[$ t1 9 ! long run1 :oso settl$ ! canon def9$ ! cre$4 ,if ! private judgm5t ( ,lu!r might legitimately conclude t ! epi/le ( ,james 0 contemptible1 :ile ! epi/les ( ,paul conta9$ ! v ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 x mu/ be p]missible = "s o!r private judgm5t1 on z good or z bad gr\nds1 to rev]se ^! conclusions2 ! critical process :i* exclud$ ! ,apocrypha c\ld n be b>r$1 at any rate by p :o reject$ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 f ext5d+ its op]ations to ,daniel1 ! ,canticles1 & ,ecclesia/es2 nor1 hav+ got s f>1 0 x easy to allege any good gr\nd = /ay+ ! fur!r progress ( criticism4 ,9 fact1 ! logical developm5t ( ,prote/antism c\ld n fail to lay ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures at ! feet ( ,reason2 & 9 ! h&s ( latitud9>ian & rationali/ic !ologians1 ! despotism ( ! ,bible 0 rapidly conv]t$ into an extremely limit$ mon>*y4 ,treat$ ) z mu* respect z ev]1 ! sph]e ( its practical au?ority 0 m9imis$2 & its decrees 7 valid only s f> z !y 7 c\nt]sign$ by common s5se1 ! responsible m9i/]4 ,! *ampions ( ,prote/antism are mu* giv5 to glorify ! ,re=mation ( ! sixte5? c5tury z ! emancipation ( ,reason2 b x may be d\bt$ if _! cont5tion has any solid gr\nd2 :ile !re is a good deal ( evid5ce to %[1 t aspirations aft] intellectual fre$om _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! movem5t4 ,dante1 :o /ruck ! ,papacy z h>d bl[s z ,wicliff2 ,wicliff himself & ,lu!r himself1 :5 !y began _! "w2 7 f> en\gh f any int5tion ( m$dl+ ) ev5 ! mo/ irrational ( ! dogmas ( m$ival ,sup]naturalism4 ,f ,wicliff to ,soc9us1 or ev5 to ,mnz]1 ,ro?mann1 & ,john ( ,leyd51 ,i fail to f9d a trace ( any desire to set reason free4 ,! mo/ t c be discov]$ is a proposal to *ange ma/]s4 ,f be+ ! slave ( ! ,papacy ! intellect 0 to become ! s]f ( ! ,bible2 or1 to speak m accurately1 ( somebody's int]pretation ( ! ,bible1 :i*1 rapidly %ift+ its attitude f ! humility ( a private judgm5t to ! arrogant ,cs>o-papi/ry ( a /ate-en=c$ cre$ _h no m hesitation ab\t =cibly ext+ui%+ oppon5t private judgm5ts & judges1 ?an _h ! old-fa%ion$ ,pontiff-papi/ry4 ,x 0 ! iniquities1 & n ! irrationalities1 ( ! ,papal sy/em t lay at ! bottom ( ! revolt ( ! laity2 :i* 01 ess5tially1 an attempt to %ake (f ! intol]able burd5 ( c]ta9 practical d$uctions f a ,sup]naturalism 9 :i* ev]ybody1 9 pr9ciple1 acquiesc$4 ,:at 0 ! ga9 to intellectual fre$om ( aboli%+ transub/antiation1 image wor%ip1 indulg5ces1 ecclesia/ical infallibility2 if consub/antiation1 real-unreal pres5ce my/ifications1 ! bibliolatry1 ! inn]-light pret5sions1 & ! demonology1 :i* are fruits ( ! same sup]naturali/ic tree1 rema9$ 9 enjoym5t ( ! spiritual & temporal support ( a new infallibility8 ,"o does n free a prison] by m]ely scrap+ away ! ru/ f 8 %ackles4 ,x w be ask$1 p]haps1 0 n ! ,re=mation "o ( ! products ( t great outbreak ( _m-sid$ free m5tal activity includ$ "u ! g5]al head ( ! ,r5asc5ce8 ,melan*?on1 ,ulri* von ,hutt51 ,beza1 7 !y n all humani/s8 ,0 n ! ar*-humani/1 ,erasmus1 fautor-9-*ief ( ! ,re=mation1 until he got fright5$ & basely des]t$ x8 ,f ! language ( ,prote/ant hi/orians1 x w\ld seem t !y (t5 =get t ,re=mation & ,prote/antism are by no means conv]tible t]ms4 ,!re 7 pl5ty ( s9c]e & inde$ zeal\s re=m]s1 be=e1 dur+1 & aft] ! bir? & gr[? ( ,prote/antism1 :o w\ld h no?+ to d ) x4 ,assur$ly1 ! rejuv5esc5ce ( sci5ce & ( art2 ! wid5+ ( ! field ( ,nature by geographical & a/ronomical discov]y2 ! revelation ( ! noble ideals ( antique lit]ature by ! revival ( classical le>n+2 ! /ir ( ?\ght1 ?r\gh\t all classes ( society1 by ! pr9t]s' "w1 loos5$ traditional bonds & weak5$ ! hold ( m$ival ,sup]naturalism4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( lib]al culture & ( national welf>e1 ! humani/s 7 eag] to l5d a h& to any?+ :i* t5d$ to ! discomfiture ( _! sworn enemies1 ! monks1 & !y will+ly support$ e movem5t 9 ! direction ( weak5+ ecclesia/ical int]f]5ce ) civil life4 ,b ! bond ( a common enemy 0 ! only real tie betwe5 ! humani/ & ! prote/ant2 _! alliance 0 b\nd to be ( %ort duration1 &1 soon] or lat]1 to be replac$ by int]nec9e w>f>e4 ,! goal ( ! humani/s1 :e!r !y 7 aw>e ( x or n1 0 ! atta9m5t ( ! complete intellectual fre$om ( ! antique philosoph]1 ?an :i* no?+ c\ld be m abhorr5t to a ,lu!r1 a ,calv91 a ,beza1 or a ,zw+li4 ,! key to ! compreh5sion ( ! conduct ( ,erasmus1 seems to me to lie 9 ! cle> appreh5sion ( ?is fact4 ,t he 0 a man ( _m weaknesses may be true2 9 fact1 he 0 q aw>e ( !m & pr(ess$ himself no h]o4 ,b he nev] des]t$ t re=matory movem5t :i* he orig9ally contemplat$2 & x 0 impossible he %\ld h des]t$ ! specifically ,prote/ant re=mation 9 :i* he nev] took "p4 ,he 0 ess5tially a !ological :ig1 to :om radicalism 0 z hateful z x is to all :igs2 or to borr[ a /ill m appropriate comp>ison f mod]n times1 a broad *ur*man :o refus$ to enli/ ) ei!r ! ,high ,*ur* or ! ,l[ ,*ur* zealots1 & paid ! p5alty ( be+ call$ c[>d1 "t-s]v] & traitor1 by bo?4 ,yet really !re is a good deal 9 8 pa!tic remon/rance t he does n see :y he is b\nd to become a m>tyr = t 9 :i* he does n believe2 & a fair consid]ation ( ! circum/ances & ! consequ5ces ( ! ,prote/ant re=mation seems to me to g a long way t[>ds ju/ify+ ! c\rse he adopt$4 ,few m5 _h bett] means ( be+ acqua9t$ ) ! condition ( ,europe2 none c\ld be m compet5t to gauge ! intellectual %all[ness & self-contradiction ( ! ,prote/ant criticism ( ,ca?olic doctr9e2 & to e/imate1 at its prop] value1 ! fond imag9ation t ! wat]s let out by ! ,r5asc5ce w\ld come to re/ amid/ ! bl9d alleys ( ! new ecclesia/icism4 ,! ba/>d1 :ilom poor /ud5t & monk1 become ! famili> ( bi%ops & pr9ces1 at home 9 all grades ( society1 c\ld n fail to be aw>e ( ! gravity ( ! social position1 ( ! dang]s imm95t f ! pr(ligacy & indiff]5ce ( ! rul+ classes1 no less ?an f ! an>*ical t5d5cies ( ! p :o groan$ "u _! oppression4 ,! w&]] :o _h liv$ 9 ,g]many1 9 ,france1 9 ,engl&1 9 ,italy1 & :o c\nt$ _m ( ! be/ & mo/ influ5tial m5 9 ea* c\ntry among 8 fri5ds1 0 n likely to e/imate wrongly ! enorm\s =ces :i* 7 /ill at ! comm& ( ! ,papacy4 ,bad z ! *ur*m5 might be1 ! /atesm5 7 worse2 & a p]son ( f> m sangu9e temp]am5t ?an ,erasmus might h se5 no hope = ! future1 except 9 gradually free+ ! ubiquit\s organisation ( ! ,*ur* f ! corruptions :i* alone1 z he imag9$1 prev5t$ x f be+ z b5efic5t z x 0 p[]ful4 ,! broad tol]ance ( ! s*ol> & man ( ! _w might well be revolt$ by ! ruffianism1 h[ev] g5ial1 ( "o great light ( ,prote/antism1 & ! n>r[ fanaticism1 h[ev] le>n$ & logical1 ( o!rs1 & to a cauti\s ?9k]1 by :om1 :atev] 8 %ort-com+s1 ! e?ical ideal ( ! ,*ri/ian evangel 0 s9c]ely priz$1 x really 0 a fair "q :e!r x 0 wor? :ile to br+ ab\t a political & social deluge1 ! end ( :i* no mortal c\ld =esee1 = ! purpose ( sett+ up ,lu!ran1 ,zw+lian1 & o!r ,pet]k9s1 9 ! place ( ! actual claimant to ! rev]sion ( ! spiritual weal? ( ! ,galilean fi%]man4 ,let u suppose t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,lu!ran & ,zw+lian movem5t1 a vision ( its imm$iate consequ5ces _h be5 grant$ to ,erasmus2 imag9e t to ! spectre ( ! fi]ce outbreak ( ,anabapti/ communism :i* op5$ ! apocalypse _h succe$$1 9 %ad[y procession1 ! reign ( t]ror & ( spoliation 9 ,engl&1 ) ! judicial murd]s ( 8 fri5ds1 ,m & ,fi%]2 ! bitt] tyranny ( evangeli/ic cl]icalism 9 ,g5eva & 9 ,scotl&2 ! long agony ( religi\s w>s1 p]secutions1 & massacres1 :i* deva/at$ ,france & r$uc$ ,g]many almo/ to savag]y2 f9i%+ ) ! spectacle ( ,lu!ranism 9 its native c\ntry sunk into m]e dead ,era/ian =malism1 be=e x 0 a c5tury old2 :ile ,jesuitry triumph$ ov] ,prote/antism 9 ?ree-f\r?s ( ,europe1 br++ 9 its tra9 a recrudesc5ce ( all ! corruptions ,erasmus & 8 fri5ds s\ght to aboli%2 might n he h q hone/ly ?\ght ?is a some:at too heavy price to pay = ,prote/antism2 m especially1 s9ce no "o 0 9 a bett] position ?an himself to "k h[ little ! dogmatic f\ndation ( ! new confessions 0 able to be> ! light :i* ! inevitable progress ( humani/ic criticism w\ld ?r[ ^u !m8 ,z ! wis] ( 8 contempor>ies saw1 ,erasmus 01 at he>t1 nei!r ,prote/ant nor ,papi/1 b an ,indep5d5t ,*ri/ian2 &1 z ! wis] ( 8 mod]n biograph]s h disc]n$1 he 0 ! precursor1 n ( sixte5? c5tury re=m1 b ( eighte5? c5tury enlight5m5t2 a sort ( broad-*ur* ,voltaire1 :o held by 8 ,indep5d5t ,*ri/ianity z /\tly z ,voltaire by 8 ,deism4 ,9 fact1 ! /ream ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 :i* bore ,erasmus along1 left ,prote/anism /r&$ amid/ ! mudbanks ( its articles & cre$s3 :ile its true c\rse became visible to all m51 two c5turies lat]4 ,by ?is "t1 ^? 9 :om ! movem5t ( ! ,r5asc5ce 0 inc>nate became aw>e :at _s !y 7 (2 & !y attack$ ,sup]naturalism 9 its ,biblical /ronghold1 def5d$ by ,prote/ants & ,romani/s ) equal zeal4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,patri>*1 ,ultramontanism1 ,jans5ism1 & ,calv9ism 7 m]ely ?ree p]sons ( ! "o ,infme :i* x 0 ! object ( 8 life to cru%4 ,if he hat$ "o m ?an ano!r1 x 0 probably ! la/2 :ile ,d',holba*1 & ! extreme left ( ! free-?9k+ be/1 7 dispos$ to %[ no m m]cy to ,deism & ,pan!ism4 ,! sceptical insurrection ( ! eighte5? c5tury made a t]rific noise & fright5$ n a few wor?y p out ( _! wits2 b cool judges might h =ese51 at ! outset1 t ! ef=ts ( ! lat] rebels 7 no m likely ?an ^? ( ! e>li]1 to furni% p]man5t re/+-places = ! _s ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,h[ev] wor?y ( admiration may be ! acut5ess1 ! common s5se1 ! wit1 ! broad humanity1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! be/ ( ! free-?9k]s2 !re is r>ely mu* to be said = _! "w z an example ( ! adequate treatm5t ( a grave & difficult inve/igation4 ,i d n ?9k any imp>tial judge w ass]t t1 f ?is po9t ( view1 !y are mu* bett] ?an _! adv]s>ies4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !y %>e to ! full ! fatal weakness ( a priori philosophis+1 no less ?an ! moral frivolity common to _! age2 :ile a s+ul> want ( appreciation ( hi/ory1 z ! record ( ! moral & social evolution ( ! human race1 p]mitt$ !m to resort to prepo/]\s !ories ( impo/ure1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! religi\s ph5om5a :i* are natural products ( t evolution4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! ,romani/ & ,prote/ant adv]s>ies ( ! free-?9k]s met !m ) argum5ts no bett] ?an _! own2 & ) vitup]ation1 s f> inf]ior t x lack$ ! wit4 ,b "o great ,*ri/ian ,apologi/ fairly captur$ ! guns ( ! free-?9k+ array1 & turn$ _! batt]ies ^u !mselves4 ,speculative infidelity ( ! eighte5? c5tury type 0 mortally w\nd$ by ! ,analogy2 :ile ! progress ( ! hi/orical & psy*ological sci5ces br\ght to light ! important "p play$ by ! my?opoeic faculty2 &1 by demon/rat+ ! extreme read9ess ( m5 to impose ^u !mselves1 r5d]$ ! call+ 9 ( sac]dotal co-op]ation1 9 mo/ cases1 a sup]fluity4 ,aga91 z 9 ! f\rte5? & ! sixte5? c5turies1 social & political influ5ces came into play4 ,! free-?9k+ philosophes1 :o object$ to ,r\sseau's s5tim5tal religiosity almo/ z mu* z !y did to ,l',infme1 7 cr$it$ ) ! responsibility = all ! evil de$s ( ,r\sseau's ,jacob9 disciples1 ) ab\t z mu* ju/ification z ,wicliff 0 held responsible = ! ,peasants' revolt1 or ,lu!r = ! ,bau]n-krieg4 ,9 ,engl&1 ?\gh our anci5 rgime 0 n altoge!r lovely1 ! social edifice 0 nev] 9 su* a bad way z 9 ,france2 x 0 /ill capable ( be+ repair$2 & our =efa!rs1 v wisely1 pref]r$ to wait until t op]ation c\ld be safely p]=m$1 r ?an pull x all d[n ab\t _! e>s1 9 ord] to build a philosophically plann$ h\se on br&-new speculative f\ndations4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is n wond]ful t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 practical m5 pref]r$ ! ,gospel ( ,wesley & ,:itfield to t ( ,jean ,jacques2 :ile en\gh ( ! old leav5 ( ,puritanism rema9$ to ensure ! fav\r & support ( a l>ge numb] ( religi\s m5 to a revival ( evangelical sup]naturalism4 ,?us1 by degrees1 ! free-?9k+1 or ! indiff]5ce1 preval5t among u 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 replac$ by a /rong sup]naturali/ic reaction1 :i* subm]g$ ! "w ( ! free-?9k]s2 & ev5 seem$1 = a "t1 to h arre/$ ! naturali/ic movem5t ( :i* t "w 0 an imp]fect indication4 ,yet1 l ,loll>dry1 f\r c5turies e>li]1 free-?\ght m]ely took to runn+ und]gr\nd1 safe1 soon] or lat]1 to return to ! surface4 ,my memory1 un=tunately1 c>ries me back to ! f\r? decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! evangelical flood _h a little abat$ & ! tops ( c]ta9 m\nta9s 7 soon to appe>1 *iefly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ox=d2 b :51 nev]!less1 bibliolatry 0 rampant2 :5 *ur* & *apel alike proclaim$1 z ! oracles ( ,god1 ! crude assumptions ( ! wor/ in=m$ &1 9 natural sequ5ce1 ! mo/ presumptu\sly bigot$1 ( all !ological s*ools4 ,9 accordance ) promises made on my behalf1 b c]ta9ly )\t my au?orisation1 ,i 0 v e>ly tak5 to he> s]mons 9 ! vulg> tongue4 ,& vulg> en\gh (t5 0 ! tongue 9 :i* "s prea*]1 ignorant alike ( lit]ature1 ( hi/ory1 ( sci5ce1 & ev5 ( !ology1 outside t patronis$ by 8 own n>r[ s*ool1 p\r$ =?1 f ! safe entr5*m5t ( ! pulpit1 invectives aga9/ ^? :o deviat$ f 8 notion ( or?odoxy4 ,f d>k allusions to sceptics & infidels1 ,i became aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( p :o tru/$ 9 c>nal reason2 :o audaci\sly d\bt$ t ! _w 0 made 9 six natural days1 or t ! deluge 0 univ]sal2 p]haps ev5 w5t s f> z to "q ! lit]al accuracy ( ! /ory ( ,eve's temptation1 or ( ,balaam's ass2 &1 f ! horror ( ! tones 9 :i* !y 7 m5tion$1 ,i %\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ ! conclusion t ^! ra% m5 belong$ to ! crim9al classes4 ,at ! same "t1 ^? :o 7 m directly responsible = provid+ me ) ! k ess5tial to ! "r guidance ( life 7& :o s9c]ely desir$ to d s71 imag9$ !y 7 dis*>g+ t mo/ sacr$ duty by impress+ ^u my *ildi% m9d ! necessity1 on pa9 ( reprobation 9 ?is _w & damnation 9 ! next1 ( accept+1 9 ! /rict & lit]al s5se1 e /atem5t conta9$ 9 ! ,prote/ant ,bible4 ,i 0 told to believe1 & ,i did believe1 t d\bt ab\t any ( !m 0 a s91 n less repreh5sible ?an a moral delict4 ,i suppose t1 out ( a ?\s& ( my contempor>ies1 n9e hundr$1 at lea/1 _h _! m9ds sy/ematically w>p$ & poison$1 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( tru?1 by l discipl9e4 ,i am sure t1 ev5 a score ( ye>s lat]1 ^? :o v5tur$ to "q ! exact hi/orical accuracy ( any "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & a =tiori ( ! ,gospels1 _h to expect a pitiless %[] ( v]bal missiles1 to say no?+ ( ! o!r disagreeable consequ5ces :i* visit ^? :o1 9 any way1 run c\nt] to t *aos ( prejudices call$ public op9ion4 ,my recollections ( ?is "t h rec5tly be5 reviv$ by ! p]usal ( a rem>kable docum5t1#h sign$ by z _m z ?irty-eight out ( ! tw5ty odd ?\s& cl]gym5 ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,x does n appe> t ! signatories are (ficially accr$it$ spokesm5 ( ! ecclesia/ical corporation to :i* !y belong2 b ,i feel b\nd to take _! ^w = x t !y are /ew>ds ( ! ,"l :o h receiv$ ! ,holy ,gho/1 &1 !re=e1 to accept ?is memorial z evid5ce t1 ?\gh ! ,evangelicism ( my e>ly days may be depos$ f its place ( p[]1 ?\gh s _m ( ! colleagues ( ! ?irty-eight ev5 repudiate ! title ( ,prote/ants1 yet ! gre5 bay tree ( bibliolatry fl\ri%es z x did sixty ye>s ago4 ,&1 z 9 ^? good old times1 :oso refuses to (f] inc5se to ! idol is held to be guilty ( a di%on\r to ,god1 imp]ill+ 8 salvation4 ,x is to ! cr$it ( ! p]spicacity ( ! memoriali/s t !y disc]n ! real nature ( ! ,controv]t$ ,"q ( ! age4 ,!y are awake to ! unque/ionable fact t1 if ,scripture has be5 discov]$ n to be wor?y ( unque/ion+ belief1 fai? 9 ! sup]natural itself is1 s f>1 und]m9$4 ,& ,i may congratulate myself ^u su* weighty confirmation ( op9ion 9 :i* ,i h _h ! =tune to anticipate !m4 ,b :e!r x is m to ! cr$it ( ! c\rage1 ?an to ! intellig5ce1 ( ! ?irty-eight t !y %\ld g on to proclaim t ! canonical scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts decl>e incontrov]tibly ! actual hi/orical tru? 9 all records1 bo? ( pa/ ev5ts & ( ! deliv]y ( pr$ictions to be !reaft] fulfill$1 mu/ be left to ! com+ g5]ation to decide4 ,! int]e/ :i* atta*es to ?is s+ul> docum5t w1 ,i ?9k1 be bas$ by mo/ ?9k+ m51 n ^u :at x is1 b ^u t ( :i* x is a sign4 ,x is an op5 secret1 t ! memorial is put =? z a c\nt]bla/ to a manife/ation ( op9ion ( a contr>y "*1 on ! "p ( c]ta9 memb]s ( ! same ecclesia/ical body1 :o !re=e h1 z ,i suppose1 an equal "r to decl>e !mselves /ew>ds ( ! ,"l & recipi5ts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,9 fact1 ! /ream ( t5d5cy t[>ds ,naturalism1 ! c\rse ( :i* ,i h briefly trac$1 has1 ( late ye>s1 fl[$ s /rongly1 t ev5 ! ,*ur*es h begun1 ,i d>e n say to drift1 b1 at any rate1 to sw+ at _! moor+s4 ,)9 ! pale ( ! ,anglican e/abli%m5t1 ,i v5ture to d\bt1 :e!r1 at ?is mom5t1 !re are z _m ?or\gh-go+ def5d]s ( pl5>y inspiration z !re 7 timid que/ion]s ( t doctr9e1 half a c5tury ago4 ,comm5t>ies1 sanction$ by ! highe/ au?ority1 give up ! actual hi/orical tru? ( ! cosmogonical & diluvial n>ratives4 ,univ]sity pr(essors ( des]v$ly high repute accept ! critical decision t ! ,hexateu* is a compilation1 9 :i* ! %>e ( ,moses1 ei!r z au?or or z editor1 is n q s cle>ly demon/rable z x might be2 highly plac$ ,div9es tell u t ! pre-,abrahamic ,scripture n>ratives may be ignor$2 t ! book ( ,daniel may be reg>d$ z a patriotic romance ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c42 t ! words ( ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel are n always to be di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus4 ,cons]vative1 b consci5ti\s1 revis]s decide t :ole passages1 "s ( dogmatic & "s ( e?ical importance1 are int]polations4 ,an uneasy s5se ( ! weakness ( ! dogma ( ,biblical infallibility seems to be at ! bottom ( a prevail+ t5d5cy once m to sub/itute ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* = t ( ! ,bible4 ,9 my old age1 x has happ5$ to me to be tak5 to task = reg>d+ ,*ri/ianity z a religion ( a book z gravely z1 9 my y\?1 ,i %\ld h be5 repreh5d$ = d\bt+ t proposition4 ,x is a no less int]e/+ symptom t ! ,/ate ,*ur* seems m & m anxi\s to repudiate all complicity ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation & to call itself ,anglo-,ca?olic4 ,inspiration1 depriv$ ( its old intelligible s5se1 is wat]$ d[n into a my/ification4 ,! ,scriptures are1 inde$1 inspir$2 b !y conta9 a :olly undef9$ & indef9able human elem5t2 & ?is un=tunate intrud] is conv]t$ into a sort ( biblical :ipp+-boy4 ,:atsoev] sci5tific inve/igation1 hi/orical or physical1 proves to be errone\s1 ! human elem5t be>s ! blame3 :ile ! div9e inspiration ( su* /atem5ts1 z by _! nature are out ( rea* ( pro( or dispro(1 is /ill ass]t$ ) all ! vig\r inspir$ by consci\s safety f attack4 ,?\gh ! proposal to treat ! ,bible l any o!r book :i* caus$ s mu* sc&al1 =ty ye>s ago1 may n yet be g5]ally accept$1 & ?\gh ,bi%op ,col5so's criticisms may /ill lie1 =mally1 "u ecclesia/ical ban1 yet ! ,*ur* has n :olly turn$ a deaf e> to ! voice ( ! sci5tific tempt]2 & _m a coy div9e1 :ile cry+ ,i w ne'er cons5t1 has cons5t$ to ! proposals ( t sci5tific criticism :i* ! memoriali/s r5\nce & d5\nce4 ,a humble layman1 to :om x w\ld seem ! height ( presumption to assume ev5 ! unconsid]$ dignity ( a /ew>d ( sci5ce1 may well f9d ?is conflict ( app>5tly equal ecclesia/ical au?orities p]plex+--sugge/ive1 inde$1 ( ! wisdom ( po/pon+ att5tion to ei!r1 until ! "q ( prec$5ce betwe5 !m is settl$4 ,& ?is c\rse w probably appe> ! m advisable1 ! m closely ! fundam5tal position ( ! memoriali/s is exam9$4 ,no op9ion ( ! fact or =m ( ,div9e ,revelation1 f\nd$ on lit]>y criticism & ,i suppose ,i may add hi/orical1 or physical1 criticism ( ! ,scriptures !mselves1 c be admitt$ to int]f]e ) ! tradition>y te/imony ( ! ,*ur*1 :5 t has be5 once asc]ta9$ & v]ifi$ by appeal to antiquity4 #i ,grant t x is ! tradition>y te/imony ( ! ,*ur* :i* gu>antees ! canonicity ( ea* & all ( ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,grant also t canonicity means infallibility2 yet1 accord+ to ! ?irty-eight1 ?is tradition>y te/imony has to be asc]ta9$ & v]ifi$ by appeal to antiquity4 ,b asc]ta9m5t & v]ification are purely intellectual processes1 :i* mu/ be conduct$ accord+ to ! /rict rules ( sci5tific inve/igation1 or be self-convict$ ( wor?lessness4 ,moreov]1 be=e we c set ab\t ! appeal to antiquity1 ! exact s5se ( t usefully vague t]m mu/ be def9$ by simil> means4 ,antiquity may include any numb] ( c5turies1 great or small2 & :e!r antiquity is to comprise ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 or to /op a little beyond t ( ,nica1 or to come to an end 9 ! "t ( ,ir5u1 or 9 t ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 are knotty que/ions :i* c be decid$1 if at all1 only by ^? critical me?ods :i* ! signatories treat s cavali]ly4 ,& yet ! decision ( ^! que/ions is fundam5tal1 = z ! limits ( ! canonical scriptures v>y1 s may ! dogmas d$uc$ f !m require modification4 ,*ri/ianity is "o ?+1 if ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ! pa/oral ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse are canonical & 7by ! hypo!sis7 infallibly true2 & ano!r ?+1 if !y are n4 ,z ,i h already said1 :oso def9es ! canon def9es ! cre$4 ,n[ x is q c]ta9 ) respect to "s ( ^! books1 su* z ! ,apocalypse & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 t ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n ,*ur* diff]$ 9 op9ion = c5turies2 & yet nei!r ! "o bran* nor ! o!r c h consid]$ its judgm5t infallible1 s9ce !y ev5tually agre$ to a transaction by :i* ea* gave up its objection to ! book patronis$ by ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 ! fa!rs argue 79 a m or less rational mann]7 ab\t ! canonicity ( ?is or t book1 & are by no means above produc+ evid5ce1 int]nal & ext]nal1 9 fav\r ( ! op9ions !y advocate4 ,9 fact1 imp]fect z _! conceptions ( sci5tific me?od may be1 !y n unfrequ5tly us$ x to ! be/ ( _! ability4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t ?\gh sci5ce1 l ,nature1 may be driv5 out ) a =k1 ecclesia/ical or o!r1 yet %e surely comes back aga94 ,! appeal to antiquity is1 9 fact1 an appeal to sci5ce1 fir/ to def9e :at antiquity is2 secondly1 to det]m9e :at antiquity1 s def9$1 says ab\t canonicity2 ?irdly1 to prove t canonicity means infallibility4 ,& :5 sci5ce1 l>gely 9 ! %ape ( ! abhorr$ criticism1 has answ]$ ?is appeal1 & has %[n t antiquity us$ h] own me?ods1 h[ev] clumsily & imp]fectly1 %e naturally turns r\nd ^u ! appellants1 & dem&s t !y %\ld %[ cause :y1 9 ^! days1 sci5ce %\ld n resume ! "w ! anci5ts did s imp]fectly1 & c>ry x out effici5tly4 ,b no su* cause c be %[n4 ,if antiquity p]mitt$ ,eusebius1 ,orig51 ,t]tullian1 ,ir5u1 to argue = ! reception ( ?is book into ! canon & ! rejection ( t1 ^u rational gr\nds1 antiquity admitt$ ! :ole pr9cipal ( mod]n criticism4 ,if ,ir5u produces ridicul\s reasons = limit+ ! ,gospels to f\r1 x 0 op5 to any "o else to produce good reasons 7if he _h !m7 = cutt+ !m d[n to ?ree1 or increas+ !m to five4 ,if ! ,ea/]n bran* ( ! ,*ur* _h a "r to reject ! ,apocalypse & accept ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,we/]n an equal "r to accept ! ,apocalypse & reject ! ,epi/le1 d[n to ! f\r? c5tury1 any o!r bran* w\ld h an equal "r1 on cause %[n1 to reject bo?1 or z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* aft]w>ds actually did1 to accept bo?4 ,?us ,i _c b ?9k t ! ?irty-eight are hoi/ ) _! own pet>d4 ,_! appeal to antiquity turns out to be no?+ b a r\nd-ab\t way ( appeal+ to ! tribunal ! jurisdiction ( :i* !y affect to d5y4 ,hav+ re/$ ! _w ( ,*ri/ian sup]naturalism on ! elephant ( biblical infallibility1 & furni%$ ! elephant ) /&+ gr\nd on ! tortoise ( antiquity1 !y1 l _! fam\s ,h9doo analogue1 h be5 cont5t to look no fur!r2 & h !reby be5 sp>$ ! horror ( discov]+ t ! tortoise re/s on a griev\sly fragile con/ruction1 to a great ext5t ! "w ( t v intellectual op]ation :i* !y ana!matise & repudiate4 ,moreov]1 !re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$4 ,x is ( c\rse true t a ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7:e!r ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 or n1 dep5ds on ! connotation ( ! def9ite article7 exi/$ be=e ! ,*ri/ian scriptures2 & t infallibility ( ^! dep5ds ^u infallibility ( ! judgm5t ( ! p]sons :o select$ ! books ( :i* !y are compos$1 out ( ! mass ( lit]ature curr5t among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,! logical acum5 ( ,augu/9e %[$ him t ! au?ority ( ! ,gospel he prea*$ mu/ re/ on t ( ! ,*ur* to :i* he belong$4#aj ,b x is no less true t ! ,hebrew & ! ,septuag9t v]sions ( mo/1 if n all1 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books exi/$ be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 & t _! div9e au?ority is presuppos$ by1 & !re=e c h>dly dep5d ^u1 ! religi\s body con/itut$ by 8 disciples4 ,z ev]ybody kn[s1 ! v conception ( a ,*ri/ is purely ,jewi%4 ,! validity ( ! argum5t f ! ,messianic prophecies vani%es unless _! infallible au?ority is grant$2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 :e!r we turn to ! ,gospels1 ! ,epi/les1 or ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,apologi/s1 ! ,jewi% scriptures are recognis$ z ! highe/ c\rt ( appeal ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,! proposal to cite ,*ri/ian antiquity z a witness to ! infallibility ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :5 its own claims to au?ority vani%1 if c]ta9 propositions conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are errone\s1 h>dly satisfies ! requirem5ts ( lay logic4 ,x is z if a claimant to be sole legatee1 "u ano!r k9d ( te/am5t1 %\ld (f] 8 ass]tion z suffici5t evid5ce ( ! validity ( ! w4 ,&1 ev5 7 n su* a circul>1 or r rotatory argum5t1 t ! infallibility ( ! ,bible is te/ifi$ by ! infallible ,*ur*1 ^: infallibility is te/ifi$ by ! infallible ,bible1 too absurd = s]i\s consid]ation1 x rema9s p]missible to ask1 ,:]e & :5 ! ,*ur*1 dur+ ! p]iod ( its infallibility1 z limit$ by ,anglican dogmatic necessities1 has (ficially decre$ ! actual hi/orical tru? ( all records 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,0 ,augu/9e h]etical :5 he d5i$ ! actual hi/orical tru? ( ! record ( ! ,creation8 ,fa!r ,su>ez1 /&+ on lat] ,roman tradition1 may h a "r to decl>e t he 02 b x does n lie 9 ! m\? ( ^? :o limit _! appeal to t e>ly antiquity1 9 :i* ,augu/9e play$ s great a "p1 to say s4 ,among ! wat*]s ( ! c\rse ( ! _w ( ?\ght1 "s view ) delight & "s ) horror1 ! recrudesc5ce ( ,sup]naturalism :i* manife/s itself among u1 9 %apes rang$ along ! :ole flight ( /eps1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 sep>ates ! sublime f ! ridicul\s--f ,neo-,ca?olicism & ,inn]-light my/icism1 at ! top1 to unclean ?+s1 n wor?y ( m5tion 9 ! same brea?1 at ! bottom4 ,9 my poor op9ion1 ! importance ( ^! manife/ations is (t5 greatly ov]-e/imat$4 ,! extant =ms ( ,sup]naturalism h deep roots 9 human nature1 & w und\bt$ly die h>d2 b1 9 ^! latt] days1 !y h to cope ) an enemy ^: full /r5g? is only j beg9n+ to be put out1 & ^: =ces1 ga!r+ /r5g? ye> by ye>1 are hemm+ !m r\nd on e side4 ,?is enemy is ,sci5ce1 9 ! acceptation ( sy/ematis$ natural k1 :i*1 dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 has ext5d$ ^? me?ods ( inve/igation1 ! wor? ( :i* is confirm$ by daily appeal to ,nature1 to e region 9 :i* ! ,sup]natural has hi!rto be5 recognis$4 ,:5 sci5tific hi/orical criticism r$uc$ ! annals ( h]oic ,greece & ( regal ,rome to ! level ( fables2 :5 ! unity ( au?or%ip ( ! ,iliad 0 successfully assail$ by sci5tific lit]>y criticism2 :5 sci5tific physical criticism1 aft] explod+ ! geoc5tric !ory ( ! univ]se & r$uc+ ! sol> sy/em itself to "o ( millions ( gr\ps ( l cosmic specks1 circl+ at unimag9able di/ances f "o ano!r ?r\gh inf9ite space1 %[$ ! sup]naturali/ic !ories ( ! duration ( ! e>? & ( life ^u x to be z inadequate z ^? ( its relative dim5sions & importance _h be52 x ne$$ no prophetic gift to see t1 soon] or lat]1 ! ,jewi% & ! e>ly ,*ri/ian records w\ld be treat$ 9 ! same mann]2 t ! au?or%ip ( ! ,hexateu* & ( ! ,gospels w\ld be z sev]ely te/$2 & t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! v]acity ( _m ( ! /atem5ts f\nd 9 ! ,scriptures w\ld h to be /rong inde$ if !y 7 to be oppos$ to ! conclusions ( physical sci5ce4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 no "o compet5t to judge ( ! evid5tial /r5g? ( ^! conclusions v5tures n[ to say t ! biblical acc\nts ( ! ,creation & ( ! ,deluge are true 9 ! natural s5se ( ! words ( ! n>ratives4 ,! mo/ mod]n ,reconcil]s v5ture ^u is to affirm1 t "s q diff]5t s5se may be put ^u ! words2 & t ?is non-natural s5se may1 ) a little tr\ble1 be manipulat$ into "s sort ( non-contradiction ( sci5tific tru?4 ,my purpose1 9 an essay#aa :i* treats ( ! n>rative ( ! ,deluge1 0 to prove1 by physical criticism1 t no su* ev5t z t describ$ ev] took place2 to exhibit ! untru/wor?y "* ( ! n>rative demon/rat$ by lit]>y criticism2 &1 f9ally1 to acc\nt = its orig9 by produc+ a =m ( ^? anci5t leg5ds ( pagan ,*aldaea1 f :i* ! biblical compilation is manife/ly d]iv$4 ,i h yet to le>n t ! ma9 proposition ( ?is essay c be s]i\sly *all5g$4 ,9 two essays#ab on ! n>rative ( ! ,creation1 ,i h endeav\r$ to controv]t ! ass]tion t mod]n sci5ce supports1 ei!r ! int]pretation put ^u x by ,mr4 ,glad/one1 or any int]pretation :i* is compatible ) ! g5]al s5se ( ! n>rative1 q ap>t f p>ticul> details4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis tea*es ! sup]natural creation ( ! pres5t =ms ( life2 mod]n sci5ce tea*es t !y h come ab\t by evolution4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis tea*es ! successive orig9--fir/ly1 ( all ! plants2 secondly1 ( all ! aquatic & a]ial animals2 ?irdly1 ( all ! t]re/rial animals1 :i* n[ exi/--dur+ di/9ct int]vals ( "t2 mod]n sci5ce tea*es t1 ?r\gh\t all ! duration ( an imm5sely long pa/1 s f> z we h any adequate k ( x 7t is f> back z ! ,silurian epo*71 plants1 aquatic1 a]ial1 & t]re/rial animals h co-exi/$2 t ! e>lie/ kn[n are unlike ^? :i* at pres5t exi/2 & t ! mod]n species h come into exi/5ce z ! la/ t]ms ( a s]ies1 ! memb]s ( :i* h appe>$ "o aft] ano!r4 ,?us1 f> f confirm+ ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis1 ! results ( mod]n sci5ce1 s f> z !y g1 are 9 pr9ciple1 z 9 detail1 hopelessly discordant ) x4 ,yet1 if ! pret5sions to infallibility set up1 n by ! anci5t ,hebrew writ+s !mselves1 b by ! ecclesia/ical *ampions & fri5ds f :om !y may well pray to be deliv]$1 ?us %att] !mselves aga9/ ! rock ( natural k1 9 respect ( ! two mo/ important ( all ev5ts1 ! orig9 ( ?+s & ! pal+5esis ( t]re/rial life1 :at hi/orical cr$it d>e any s]i\s ?9k] atta* to ! n>ratives ( ! fabrication ( ,eve1 ( ! ,fall1 ( ! comm]ce betwe5 ! ,b5e ,elohim & ! daught]s ( m51 :i* lie betwe5 ! creational & ! diluvial leg5ds8 ,&1 if ^! are to lose all hi/orical wor?1 :at becomes ( ! infallibility ( ^? :o1 accord+ to ! lat] scriptures1 h accept$ !m1 argu$ f !m1 & /ak$ f>-rea*+ dogmatic conclusions ^u _! hi/orical accuracy8 ,x is ! m]e/ o/ri* policy = contempor>y ecclesia/icism to try to bide its ,hexateu*al head--9 ! hope t ! insep>able connection ( its body ) pre-,abrahamic leg5ds may be ov]look$4 ,! "q w /ill be ask$1 ,if ! fir/ n9e *apt]s ( ! ,p5tateu* are unhi/orical1 h[ is ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! rema9d] to be gu>ante$8 ,:at m intr9sic claim has ! /ory ( ! ,exodus ?an ( ! ,deluge1 to belief8 ,if ,god n walk 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 h[ we be assur$ t he spoke f ,s9ai8 ,9 o!r essays#ac ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t sob] & well-f\nd$ physical & lit]>y criticism plays no less havoc ) ! doctr9e t ! canonical scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t decl>e incontrov]tibly ! actual hi/orical tru? 9 all records4 ,we are told t ! ,gospels conta9 a true revelation ( ! spiritual _w--a proposition :i*1 9 "o s5se ( ! ^w spiritual1 ,i %\ld n ?9k x necess>y to dispute4 ,b1 :5 x is tak5 to signify t ev]y?+ we are told ab\t ! _w ( spirits 9 ^! books is infallibly true2 t we are b\nd to accept ! demonology :i* con/itutes an insep>able "p ( _! tea*+2 & to pr(ess belief 9 a ,sup]naturalism z gross z t ( any primitive p--x is at any rate p]missible to ask :y8 ,sci5ce may be unable to def9e ! limits ( possibility1 b x _c escape f ! moral obligation to weigh ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( any alleg$ wond]ful occurr5ce2 & ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! evid5ce = ! ,gad>5e miracle is altoge!r wor?less4 ,we h simply ?ree1 p>tially discrepant1 v]sions ( a /ory1 ab\t ! primitive =m1 ! orig91 & ! au?ority = :i* we "k absolutely no?+4 ,b ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,gad>5e miracle is z good z t = any o!r4 ,else:]e ,i h po9t$ out t x is utt]ly beside ! m>k to declaim aga9/ ^! conclusions on ! gr\nd ( _! ass]t$ t5d5cy to deprive mank9d ( ! consolations ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & to de/roy ! f\ndations ( morality3 /ill less to br& !m ) ! "q-begg+ vitup]ative appellation ( infidelity4 ,! po9t is n :e!r !y are wick$2 b1 :e!r1 f ! po9t ( view ( sci5tific me?od1 !y are irrefragably true4 ,if !y are !y w be accept$ 9 "t1 :e!r !y are wick$ or n wick$4 ,nature1 s f> z we h be5 able to atta9 to any insight into h] ways1 recks little ab\t consolation & makes = righte\sness by v r\nd-ab\t pa?s4 ,&1 at any rate1 :atev] may be possible = o!r p1 x is becom+ less & less possible = ! man :o puts 8 fai? 9 sci5tific me?ods ( asc]ta9+ tru?1 & is accu/om$ to h t fai? ju/ifi$ by daily exp]i5ce1 to be consci\sly false to 8 pr9ciple 9 any matt]4 ,b ! numb] ( su* m51 driv5 into ! use ( sci5tific me?ods ( inquiry & taught to tru/ !m1 by _! education1 _! daily pr(essional & bus9ess ne$s1 is increas+ & w cont9ually increase4 ,! phraseology ( ,sup]naturalism may rema9 on m5's lips1 b 9 practice !y are ,naturali/s4 ,! magi/rate :o li/5s ) dev\t att5tion to ! precept ,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live on ,sunday1 on ,monday dismisses1 z intr9sically absurd1 a *>ge ( bewit*+ a c[ br\ght aga9/ "s old woman2 ! sup]9t5d5t ( a lunatic asylum :o sub/itut$ exorcism = rational modes ( treatm5t w\ld h b a %ort t5ure ( (fice2 ev5 p>i% cl]ks d\bt ! utility ( pray]s = ra91 s long z ! w9d is 9 ! ea/2 & an outbreak ( pe/il5ce s5ds m51 n to ! *ur*es1 b to ! dra9s4 ,9 spite ( pray]s = ! success ( our arms & ,te ,deums = victory1 our real fai? is 9 big battalions & keep+ our p[d] dry2 9 k ( ! sci5ce ( w>f>e2 9 en]gy1 c\rage1 & discipl9e4 ,9 ^!1 z 9 all o!r practical affairs1 we act on ! aphorism ,labor>e e/ or>e2 we admit t intellig5t "w is ! only acceptable wor%ip2 & t1 :e!r !re be a ,sup]nature or n1 our bus9ess is ) ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is important to note t ! pr9ciple ( ! sci5tific ,naturalism ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 :i* ! intellectual movem5t ( ! ,r5asc5ce has culm9at$1 & :i* 0 fir/ cle>ly =mulat$ by ,desc>tes1 leads n to ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( any ,sup]nature2#ad b simply to ! d5ial ( ! validity ( ! evid5ce adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ?is1 or ( t1 extant =m ( ,sup]naturalism4 ,look+ at ! matt] f ! mo/ rigidly sci5tific po9t ( view1 ! assumption t1 amid/ ! myriads ( worlds scatt]$ ?r\gh endless space1 !re c be no intellig5ce z mu* great] ?an man's z 8 is great] ?an a blackbeetle's2 no be+ end[$ ) p[]s ( influ5c+ ! c\rse ( ,nature z mu* great] ?an 8 z 8 is great] ?an a snail's1 seems to me n m]ely baseless1 b imp]t95t4 ,)\t /epp+ beyond ! analogy ( t :i* is kn[n1 x is easy to p ! cosmos ) entities1 9 asc5d+ scale1 until we rea* some?+ practically indi/+ui%able f omnipot5ce1 omnipres5ce & omnisci5ce4 ,if our intellig5ce c1 9 "s matt]s1 surely reproduce ! pa/ ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ago & anticipate ! future ?\s&s ( ye>s h5ce1 x is cle>ly )9 ! limits ( possibility t "s great] intellect1 ev5 ( ! same ord]1 may be able to mirror ! :ole pa/ & ! :ole future2 if ! univ]se is p5etrat$ by a m$ium ( su* a nature t a magnetic ne$le on ! e>? answ]s to a commotion 9 ! sun1 an omnipres5t ag5t is also conceivable2 if our insignificant k gives u "s influ5ce ov] ev5ts1 practical omnisci5ce may conf] indef9ably great] p[]4 ,f9ally1 if evid5ce t a ?+ may be 7 equival5t to pro( t x is1 analogy might ju/ify ! con/ruction ( a naturali/ic !ology & demonology n less wond]ful ?an ! curr5t sup]natural2 j z x might ju/ify ! peopl+ ( ,m>s1 or ( ,jupit]1 ) liv+ =ms to :i* t]re/rial biology (f]s no p>allel4 ,until human life is long] & ! duties ( ! pres5t press less heavily1 ,i d n ?9k t wise m5 w occupy !mselves ) ,jovian1 or ,m>tian1 natural hi/ory2 & !y w probably agree to a v]dict ( n prov5 9 respect ( naturali/ic !ology1 tak+ refuge 9 t agno/ic confession1 :i* appe>s to me to be ! only position = p :o object to say t !y "k :at !y are q aw>e !y d n "k4 ,z to ! int]e/s ( morality1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t if mank9d c\ld be got to act up to ?is la/ pr9ciple 9 e relation ( life1 a re=mation w\ld be effect$ su* z ! _w has n yet se52 an approximation to ! mill5nium1 su* z no sup]naturali/ic religion has ev] yet succe$$1 or seems likely ev] to succe$1 9 effect+4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,witness ,,to ,,! ,,miracul\s #ahhi ,*>les1 or m prop]ly1 ,k>l1 ,k+ ( ! ,franks1 consecrat$ ,roman ,emp]or 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s on ,*ri/mas ,day1 ,a4,d4 #hjj1 & kn[n to po/]ity z ! ,great 7*iefly by 8 agglut9ative ,gallicis$ d5om9ation ( ,*>lemagne71 0 a man great 9 all ways1 physically & m5tally4 ,)9 a c\ple ( c5turies aft] 8 dea? ,*>lemagne became ! c5tre ( innum]able leg5ds2 & ! my?-mak+ process does n seem to h be5 s5sibly int]f]$ ) by ! exi/5ce ( sob] & tru?ful hi/ories ( ! ,emp]or & ( ! times :i* imm$iately prec$$ & foll[$ 8 reign1 by a contempor>y writ] :o occupi$ a high & confid5tial position 9 8 c\rt1 & 9 t ( 8 successor4 ,?is 0 "o ,eg9h>d1 or ,e9h>d1 :o appe>s to h be5 born ab\t ,a4,d4 #ggj1 & sp5t 8 y\? at ! c\rt1 be+ educat$ along ) ,*>les's sons4 ,!re is excell5t contempor>y te/imony n only to ,eg9h>d's exi/5ce1 b to 8 abilities1 & to ! place :i* he occupi$ 9 ! circle ( ! intimate fri5ds ( ! great rul] ^: life he subsequ5tly wrote4 ,9 fact1 !re is z good evid5ce ( ,eg9h>d's exi/5ce1 ( 8 (ficial position1 & ( 8 be+ ! au?or ( ! *ief works attribut$ to him1 z c reasonably be expect$ 9 ! case ( a man :o liv$ m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & 0 nei!r a great k+ nor a great w>rior4 ,! works are--#a4 ,! ,life ( ! ,emp]or ,k>l4 #b4 ,! ,annals ( ! ,franks4 #c4 ,lett]s4 #d4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,translation ( ! ,bless$ ,m>tyrs ( ,*ri/1 ,,ss4 ,m>cell9us & ,petrus4 ,x is to ! la/1 z "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> & int]e/+ records ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,roman _w pass$ into t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 t ,i wi% to direct att5tion4#ae ,x 0 writt5 9 ! n9? c5tury1 some:]e1 app>5tly1 ab\t ! ye> #hcj1 :5 ,eg9h>d1 ail+ 9 heal? & we>y ( political life1 _h )drawn to ! mona/]y ( ,selig5/adt1 ( :i* he 0 ! f\nd]4 ,a manuscript copy ( ! "w1 made 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & once ! prop]ty ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,bavon on ! ,s*eldt1 ( :i* ,eg9h>d 0 abbot1 is /ill extant1 & !re is no reason to believe t1 9 ?is copy1 ! orig9al has be5 9 any way int]polat$ or o!rwise tamp]$ )4 ,! ma9 features ( ! /range /ory conta9$ 9 ! ,hi/oria ,translations are set =? 9 ! foll[+ pages1 9 :i*1 9 reg>d to all matt]s ( importance1 ,i %all adh]e z closely z possible to ,eg9h>d's own words4 ,:ile ,i 0 /ill at ,c\rt1 busi$ ) secul> affairs1 ,i (t5 ?\ght ( ! leisure :i* ,i hop$ "o day to enjoy 9 a solit>y place1 f> away f ! cr[d1 ) :i* ! lib]ality ( ,pr9ce ,l\is1 :om ,i !n s]v$1 _h provid$ me4 ,?is place is situat$ 9 t "p ( ,g]many :i* lies betwe5 ! ,neck> & ! ,ma9e1#af & is n[adays call$ ! ,od5wald by ^? :o live 9 & ab\t x4 ,& "h hav+ built1 accord+ to my capacity & res\rces1 n only h\ses & p]man5t dwell+s1 b also a basilica fitt$ = ! p]=mance ( div9e s]vice & ( no mean /yle ( con/ruction1 ,i began to ?9k to :at sa9t or m>tyr ,i c\ld be/ d$icate x4 ,a good deal ( "t _h pass$ :ile my ?\ghts fluctuat$ ab\t ?is matt]1 :5 x happ5$ t a c]ta9 deacon ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 nam$ ,deusdona1 arriv$ at ! ,c\rt = ! purpose ( seek+ ! fav\r ( ! ,k+ 9 "s affairs 9 :i* he 0 int]e/$4 ,he rema9$ "s "t2 & !n1 hav+ transact$ 8 bus9ess1 he 0 ab\t to return to ,rome1 :5 "o day1 mov$ by c\rtesy to a /rang]1 we invit$ him to a mode/ refection2 & :ile talk+ ( _m ?+s at table1 m5tion 0 made ( ! translation ( ! body ( ! bless$ ,seba/ian1#ag & ( ! neglect$ tombs ( ! m>tyrs1 ( :i* !re is su* a prodigi\s numb] at ,rome2 & ! conv]sation hav+ turn$ t[>ds ! d$ication ( our new basilica1 ,i began to inquire h[ x might be possible = me to obta9 "s ( ! true relics ( ! sa9ts :i* re/ at ,rome4 ,he at fir/ hesitat$1 & decl>$ t he did n "k h[ t c\ld be done4 ,b obs]v+ t ,i 0 bo? anxi\s & curi\s ab\t ! subject1 he promis$ to give me an answ] "s o!r day4 ,:5 ,i return$ to ! "q "s "t aft]w>ds1 he imm$iately drew f 8 bosom a pap]1 :i* he begg$ me to read :5 ,i 0 alone1 & to tell him :at ,i 0 dispos$ to ?9k ( t :i* 0 !re9 /at$4 ,i took ! pap] &1 z he desir$1 read x alone & 9 secret4 7,cap4 #a1 #b1 #c47 ,i %all h occasion to return to ,deacon ,deusdona's conditions1 & to :at happ5$ aft] ,eg9h>d's acceptance ( !m4 ,suffice x1 = ! pres5t1 to say t ,eg9h>d's not>y1 ,ratleicus 7,ratleig71 0 despat*$ to ,rome & succe$$ 9 secur+ two bodies1 suppos$ to be ^? ( ! holy m>tyrs ,m>cell9us & ,petrus2 & :5 he _h got z f> on 8 homew>d j\rney z ! ,burgundian t[n ( ,solo?urn1 or ,soleure1#ah not>y ,ratleig despat*$ to 8 ma/]1 at ,/4 ,bavon1 a lett] ann\nc+ ! success ( 8 mission4 ,z soon z by read+ x ,i 0 assur$ ( ! arrival ( ! sa9ts1 ,i despat*$ a confid5tial mess5g] to ,mae/ri*t to ga!r toge!r prie/s1 o!r cl]ics1 & also laym51 to g out to meet ! com+ sa9ts z spe$ily z possible4 ,& he & 8 companions1 hav+ lo/ no "t1 aft] a few days met ^? :o _h *>ge ( ! sa9ts at ,solo?urn4 ,jo9$ ) !m1 & ) a va/ cr[d ( p :o ga!r$ f all p>ts1 s++ hymns1 & amid/ great & univ]sal rejoic+s1 !y travell$ quickly to ! city ( ,arg5toratum1 :i* is n[ call$ ,/rasburg4 ,!nce emb>k+ on ! ,rh9e1 !y came to ! place call$ ,portus1#ai & l&+ on ! ea/ bank ( ! riv]1 at ! fif? /ation !nce !y arriv$ at ,mi*il9/adt1#bj accompani$ by an imm5se multitude1 prais+ ,god4 ,?is place is 9 t =e/ ( ,g]many :i* 9 mod]n times is call$ ! ,od5wald1 & ab\t six leagues f ! ,ma9e4 ,& "h1 hav+ f\nd a basilica rec5tly built by me1 b n yet consecrat$1 !y c>ri$ ! sacr$ rema9s into x & deposit$ !m !re91 z if x 7 to be _! f9al re/+-place4 ,z soon z all ?is 0 report$ to me ,i travell$ ?i!r z quickly z ,i c\ld4 7,cap4 ii4 #ad47 ,?ree days aft] ,eg9h>d's arrival began ! s]ies ( wond]ful ev5ts :i* he n>rates1 & = :i* we h 8 p]sonal gu>antee4 ,! fir/ ?+ t he notices is ! dream ( a s]vant ( ,ratleig1 ! not>y1 :o1 be+ set to wat* ! holy relics 9 ! *ur* aft] vesp]s1 w5t to sleep &1 dur+ 8 slumb]s1 _h a vision ( two pigeons1 "o :ite & "o gray & :ite1 :i* came & sat ^u ! bi] ov] ! relics2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 a voice ord]$ ! man to tell 8 ma/] t ! holy m>tyrs _h *os5 ano!r re/+-place & desir$ to be transport$ ?i!r )\t delay4 ,un=tunately1 ! sa9ts seem to h =gott5 to m5tion :]e !y wi%$ to g2 &1 ) ! mo/ anxi\s desire to gratify _! smalle/ wi%es1 ,eg9h>d 0 naturally greatly p]plex$ :at to d4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate ( m9d1 he 0 "o day contemplat+ 8 great & wond]ful treasure1 m preci\s ?an all ! gold 9 ! _w1 :5 x /ruck him t ! *e/ 9 :i* ! relics 7 conta9$ 0 q unwor?y ( its cont5ts2 &1 aft] vesp]s1 he gave ord]s to "o ( ! sacri/ans to ! measure ( ! *e/ 9 ord] a m fitt+ %r9e might be con/ruct$4 ,! man1 hav+ light$ a c&le & rais$ ! pall :i* cov]$ ! relics1 9 ord] to c>ry out 8 ma/]'s ord]s1 0 a/oni%$ & t]rifi$ to obs]ve t ! *e/ 0 cov]$ ) a blood-l exudation 7loculum mirum 9 modum humore sangu9eo undique di/illantem71 & at once s5t a message to ,eg9h>d4 ,!n ,i & ^? prie/s :o accompani$ me beheld ?is /up5d\s miracle1 wor?y ( all admiration4 ,= j z :5 x is go+ to ra91 pill>s & slabs & m>ble images exude moi/ure1 &1 z x 71 sweat1 s ! *e/ :i* conta9$ ! mo/ sacr$ relics 0 f\nd moi/ ) ! blood exud+ on all sides4 7,cap4 ii4 #af47 ,?ree days' fa/ 0 orda9$ 9 ord] t ! mean+ ( ! port5t might be asc]ta9$4 ,all t happ5$1 h[ev]1 0 t1 at ! end ( t "t1 ! blood1 :i* _h be5 exud+ 9 drops all ! :ile1 dri$ up4 ,eg9h>d is c>eful to say t ! liquid _h a sal9e ta/e1 some?+ l t ( te>s1 & 0 ?9 z wat]1 ?\gh ( ! col\r ( true blood1 & he cle>ly ?9ks ?is satisfactory evid5ce t x 0 blood4 ,! same night1 ano!r s]vant _h a vision1 9 :i* /ill m imp]ative ord]s = ! removal ( ! relics 7 giv52 &1 f t "t =?1 n a s+le night pass$ )\t "o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree ( our companions receiv+ revelations 9 dreams t ! bodies ( ! sa9ts 7 to be transf]r$ f t place to ano!r4 ,at la/ a prie/1 ,hildfrid1 saw1 9 a dream1 a v5]able :ite-hair$ man 9 a prie/'s ve/m5ts1 :o bitt]ly reproa*$ ,eg9h>d = n obey+ ! repeat$ ord]s ( ! sa9ts2 &1 ^u ?is1 ! j\rney 0 comm5c$4 ,:y ,eg9h>d delay$ ob$i5ce to ^! repeat$ visions s long does n appe>4 ,he does n say s1 9 s _m words1 b ! g5]al t5or ( ! n>rative leads "o to suppose t ,mul9heim 7aft]w>ds ,selig5/adt7 is ! solit>y place 9 :i* he _h built ! *ur* :i* await$ d$ication4 ,9 t case1 all ! p ab\t him w\ld "k t he desir$ t ! sa9ts %\ld g !re4 ,if a glimm]+ ( secul> s5se l$ him to be a little suspici\s ab\t ! real cause ( ! unanimity ( ! vision>y be+s :o manife/$ !mselves to 8 ent\rage 9 fav\r ( mov+ on1 he does n say s4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ day's j\rney1 ! preci\s relics 7 deposit$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t91 9 ! village ( ,o/heim4 ,hi!r1 a p>alytic nun 7sanctimonialis qudam p>alytica7 ( ! "n ( ,ruodlang 0 br\ght1 9 a c>1 by h] fri5ds & relatives f a mona/]y a league (f4 ,%e sp5t ! night wat*+ & pray+ by ! bi] ( ! sa9ts2 & heal? return+ to all h] memb]s1 on ! morr[ %e w5t back to h] place :5ce %e came1 on h] feet1 nobody support+ h]1 or 9 any way giv+ h] assi/ance4 7,cap4 ii4 #ai47 ,on ! second day1 ! relics 7 c>ri$ to ,upp] ,mul9heim2 &1 f9ally1 9 accordance ) ! ord]s ( ! m>tyrs1 deposit$ 9 ! *ur* ( t place1 :i* 0 !re=e r5am$ ,selig5/adt4 ,"h1 ,daniel1 a begg> boy ( fifte51 & s b5t t he c\ld n look at ! sky )\t ly+ on 8 back1 collaps$ & fell d[n dur+ ! celebration ( ! ,mass4 ,?us he lay a long "t1 z if asleep1 & all 8 limbs /raight5+ & 8 fle% /r5g!n+ 7recepta firmitate n]vorum71 he arose be=e our eyes1 q well4 7,cap4 ii4 #bj47 ,"s "t aft]w>ds an old man ent]$ ! *ur* on 8 h&s & knees1 be+ unable to use 8 limbs prop]ly3-- ,he1 9 pres5ce ( all ( u1 by ! p[] ( ,god & ! m]its ( ! bless$ m>tyrs1 9 ! same h\r 9 :i* he ent]$ 0 s p]fectly cur$ t he walk$ )\t s mu* z a /ick4 ,& he said t1 ?\gh he _h be5 deaf = five ye>s1 8 deafness _h ceas$ along ) ! palsy4 7,cap4 iii4 #cc47 ,eg9h>d 0 n[ oblig$ to return to ! ,c\rt at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 :]e 8 duties kept him ?r\gh ! w9t]2 & he is c>eful to po9t out t ! lat] miracles :i* he proce$s to speak ( are kn[n to him only at second h&4 ,b1 z he naturally obs]ves1 hav+ se5 su* wond]ful ev5ts ) 8 own eyes1 :y %\ld he d\bt simil> n>rations :5 !y are receiv$ f tru/wor?y s\rces8 ,wond]ful /ories ^! are inde$1 b z !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( ! same g5]al "* z ^? already rec\nt$1 !y may be pass$ ov]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an acc\nt ( a possess$ maid5 :i* is wor? att5tion4 ,?is is set =? 9 a memoir1 ! pr9cipal cont5ts ( :i* are ! spee*es ( a demon :o decl>$ himself to possess ! s+ul> appellation ( ,wiggo1 & reveal$ himself 9 ! pres5ce ( _m witnesses1 be=e ! alt>1 close to ! relics ( ! bless$ m>tyrs4 ,x is notewor?y t ! revelations appe> to h be5 made 9 ! %ape ( replies to ! que/ions ( ! exorcis+ prie/2 & !re is no means ( judg+ h[ f> ! answ]s are1 really1 only ! que/ions to :i* ! pati5t repli$ yes or no4 ,! possess$ girl1 ab\t sixte5 ye>s ( age1 0 br\ght by h] p>5ts to ! basilica ( ! m>tyrs4 ,:5 %e approa*$ ! tomb conta9+ ! sacr$ bodies1 ! prie/1 accord+ to cu/om1 read ! =mula ( exorcism ov] h] head4 ,:5 he began to ask h[ & :5 ! demon _h ent]$ h]1 %e answ]$1 n 9 ! tongue ( ! b>b>ians1 :i* alone ! girl knew1 b 9 ! ,roman tongue4 ,& :5 ! prie/ 0 a/oni%$ & ask$ h[ %e came to "k ,lat91 :5 h] p>5ts1 :o /ood by1 7 :olly ignorant ( x1 ,?\ ha/ nev] se5 my p>5ts1 0 ! reply4 ,to ?is ! prie/1 ,:5ce art ?\1 !n1 if ^! are n ?y p>5ts8 ,& ! demon1 by ! m\? ( ! girl1 ,i am a foll[] & disciple ( ,satan1 & = a long "t ,i 0 gatekeep] 7janitor7 9 hell2 b1 = "s ye>s1 along ) elev5 companions1 ,i h ravag$ ! k+dom ( ! ,franks4 7,cap4 v4 #di47 ,he !n goes on to tell h[ !y bla/$ ! crops & scatt]$ pe/il5ce among bea/s & m51 because ( ! preval5t wick$ness ( ! p4#ba ,! enum]ation ( all ^! iniquities1 9 oratorical /yle1 takes up a :ole octavo page2 & at ! end x is /at$1 ,all ^! ?+s ! demon spoke 9 ,lat9 by ! m\? ( ! girl4 ,& :5 ! prie/ imp]atively ord]$ him to come out1 ,i %all g1 said he1 n 9 ob$i5ce to y1 b on acc\nt ( ! p[] ( ! sa9ts1 :o d n all[ me to rema9 any long]4 ,&1 hav+ said ?is1 he ?rew ! girl d[n on ! floor & !re compell$ h] to lie pro/rate = a "t1 z ?\gh %e slumb]$4 ,aft] a little :ile1 h[ev]1 he go+ away1 ! girl1 by ! p[] ( ,*ri/ & ! m]its ( ! bless$ m>tyrs1 z x 7 awak+ f sleep1 rose up q well1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( all pres5t2 nor aft] ! demon _h gone out 0 %e able to speak ,lat93 s t x 0 pla9 en\gh t x 0 n %e :o _h spok5 9 t tongue1 b ! demon by h] m\?4 7,cap4 v4 #ea47 ,if ! ,hi/oria ,translations conta9$ no?+ m ?an has be5 laid be=e ! read]1 up to ?is "t1 disbelief 9 ! miracles ( :i* x gives s precise & full a record might well be reg>d$ z hyp]-scepticism4 ,x might fairly be said1 ,"h y h a man1 ^: high "*1 acute intellig5ce1 & l>ge in/ruction are c]tifi$ by em95t contempor>ies2 a man :o /ood high 9 ! confid5ce ( "o ( ! greate/ rul]s ( any age1 & ^: o!r works prove him to be an accurate & judici\s n>rator ( ord9>y ev5ts4 ,?is man tells y1 9 language :i* be>s ! /amp ( s9c]ity1 ( ?+s :i* happ5$ )9 8 own k1 or )9 t ( p]sons 9 ^: v]acity he has entire confid5ce1 :ile he appeals to 8 sov]eign & ! c\rt z witnesses ( o!rs2 :at possible gr\nd c !re be = disbeliev+ him8 ,well1 x is h>d ^u ,eg9h>d to say s1 b x is exactly ! hone/y & s9c]ity ( ! man :i* are 8 undo+ z a witness to ! miracul\s4 ,he himself makes x q obvi\s t :5 8 pr(\nd piety comes on ! /age1 8 good s5se & ev5 8 p]ception ( "r & wrong1 make _! exit4 ,let u g back to ! po9t at :i* we left him1 secretly p]us+ ! lett] ( ,deacon ,deusdona4 ,z he tells u1 its cont5ts 7 t he ! deacon _h _m relics ( sa9ts at home1 & t he w\ld give !m to me if ,i w\ld furni% him ) ! means ( return+ to ,rome2 he _h obs]v$ t ,i _h two mules1 & if ,i w\ld let him h "o ( !m & w\ld despat* ) him a confid5tial s]vant to take *>ge ( ! relics1 he w\ld at once s5d !m to me4 ,?is plausibly express$ proposition pleas$ me1 & ,i made up my m9d to te/ ! value ( ! some:at ambigu\s promise at once2#bb s giv+ him ! mule & money = 8 j\rney ,i ord]$ my not>y ,ratleig 7:o already desir$ to g to ,rome to (f] 8 devotions !re7 to g ) him4 ,!re=e1 hav+ left ,aix-la-,*apelle 7:]e ! ,emp]or & 8 ,c\rt resid$ at ! "t7 !y came to ,soissons4 ,"h !y spoke ) ,hildo91 abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,m$>dus1 because ! said deacon _h assur$ him t he _h ! means ( plac+ 9 8 possession ! body ( ! bless$ ,tiburtius ! ,m>tyr4 ,attract$ by :i* promises he 7,hildo97 s5t ) !m a c]ta9 prie/1 ,hunus by "n1 a %>p man 7hom9em callidum71 :om he ord]$ to receive & br+ back ! body ( ! m>tyr 9 "q4 ,& s1 resum+ _! j\rney1 !y proce$$ to ,rome z fa/ z !y c\ld4 7,cap4 i4 #c47 ,un=tunately1 a s]vant ( ! not>y1 "o ,reg9bald1 fell ill ( a t]tian fev]1 & imp$$ ! progress ( ! p>ty4 ,h[ev]1 ?is piece ( adv]sity _h its sweet uses2 = ?ree days be=e !y rea*$ ,rome1 ,reg9bald _h a vision4 ,somebody habit$ z a deacon appe>$ to him & ask$ :y 8 ma/] 0 9 su* a hurry to get to ,rome2 & :5 ,reg9bald expla9$ _! bus9ess1 ?is vision>y deacon1 :o seems to h tak5 ! measure ( 8 bro!r 9 ! fle% ) "s accuracy1 told him n by any means to expect t ,deusdona w\ld fulfil 8 promises4 ,moreov]1 tak+ ! s]vant by ! h&1 he l$ him to ! top ( a high m\nta9 &1 %[+ him ,rome 7:]e ! man _h nev] be571 po9t$ out a *ur*1 add+ ,tell ,ratleig ! ?+ he wants is hidd5 !re2 let him get x z quickly z he c & g back to 8 ma/]4 ,by way ( a sign t ! ord] 0 au?oritative1 ! s]vant 0 promis$ t1 f t "t =?1 8 fev] %\ld disappe>4 ,& z ! fev] did vani% to return no m1 ! fai? ( ,eg9h>d's p 9 ,deacon ,deusdona naturally vani%$ ) x 7et fidem diaconi promissis non hab]5t74 ,nev]!less1 !y put up at ! deacon's h\se ne> ,/4 ,pet] ad ,v9cula4 ,b "t w5t on & no relics made _! appe>ance1 :ile ! not>y & ! prie/ 7 put (f ) all sorts ( excuses--! bro!r to :om ! relics _h be5 confid$ 0 gone to ,b5ev5tum & n expect$ back = "s "t1 & s on--until ,ratleig & ,hunus began to despair1 & 7 m9d$ to return1 infecto negotio4 ,b my not>y1 call+ to m9d 8 s]vant's dream1 propos$ to 8 companion t !y %\ld g to ! cemet]y :i* _! ho/ _h talk$ ab\t )\t him4 ,s1 hav+ f\nd & hir$ a guide1 !y w5t 9 ! fir/ place to ! basilica ( ! bless$ ,tiburtius 9 ! ,via ,labicana1 ab\t ?ree ?\s& paces f ! t[n1 & cauti\sly & c>efully inspect$ ! tomb ( t m>tyr1 9 ord] to discov] :e!r x c\ld be op5$ )\t any "o be+ ! wis]4 ,!n !y desc5d$ into ! adjo9+ crypt1 9 :i* ! bodies ( ! bless$ m>tyrs ( ,*ri/1 ,m>cell9us & ,petrus1 7 buri$2 &1 hav+ made out ! nature ( _! tomb1 !y w5t away ?9k+ _! ho/ w\ld n "k :at !y _h be5 ab\t4 ,b ?+s fell out diff]5tly f :at !y _h imag9$4 7,cap4 i4 #g47 ,9 fact1 ,deacon ,deusdona1 :o d\btless kept an eye on 8 gue/s1 knew all ab\t _! manoeuvres & made ha/e to (f] 8 s]vices1 9 ord] t1 ) ! help ( ,god 7si ,deus votis eorum fav]e dign>etur71 !y %\ld all "w toge!r4 ,! deacon 0 evid5tly al>m$ less !y %\ld succe$ )\t 8 help4 ,s1 by way ( prep>ation = ! contemplat$ vol avec affraction !y fa/$ ?ree days2 & !n1 at night1 )\t be+ se51 !y betook !mselves to ! basilica ( ,/4 ,tiburtius1 & tri$ to break op5 ! alt> erect$ ov] 8 rema9s4 ,b ! m>ble prov+ too solid1 !y desc5d$ to ! crypt1 &1 hav+ evok$ our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ & ador$ ! holy m>tyrs1 !y proce$$ to prise (f ! /one :i* cov]$ ! tomb1 & !reby expos$ ! body ( ! mo/ sacr$ m>tyr1 ,m>cell9us1 ^: head re/$ on a m>ble tablet on :i* 8 "n 0 inscrib$4 ,! body 0 tak5 up ) ! greate/ v5]ation1 wrapp$ 9 a ri* cov]+1 & giv5 ov] to ! keep+ ( ! deacon & 8 bro!r1 ,lunison1 :ile ! /one 0 replac$ ) su* c>e t no sign ( ! !ft rema9$4 ,z sacrilegi\s proce$+s ( ?is k9d 7 puni%able ) dea? by ! ,roman law1 x seems n unnatural t ,deacon ,deusdona %\ld h become uneasy1 & h urg$ ,ratleig to be satisfi$ ) :at he _h got & be (f ) 8 spoils4 ,b ! not>y hav+ ?us clev]ly captur$ ! bless$ ,m>cell9us1 ?\ght x a pity he %\ld be p>t$ f ! bless$ ,petrus1 side by side ) :om he _h re/$1 = five hundr$ ye>s & m1 9 ! same sepul*re 7z ,eg9h>d pa!tically obs]ves72 & ! pi\s man c\ld nei!r eat1 dr9k1 nor sleep1 until he _h compass$ 8 desire to re-unite ! sa9tly colleagues4 ,?is "t1 app>5tly 9 consequ5ce ( ,deusdona's opposition to any fur!r resurrectioni/ do+s1 he took c\nsel ) a ,greek monk1 "o ,basil1 &1 accompani$ by ,hunus1 b say+ no?+ to ,deusdona1 !y committ$ ano!r sacrilegi\s burgl>y1 secur+ ?is "t1 n only ! body ( ! bless$ ,petrus1 b a quantity ( du/1 :i* !y agre$ ! prie/ %\ld take1 & tell 8 employ] t x 0 ! rema9s ( ! bless$ ,tiburtius4 ,h[ ,deusdona 0 squ>$1 & :at he got = 8 n v valuable complicity 9 ^! transactions1 does n appe>4 ,b at la/ ! relics 7 s5t (f 9 *>ge ( ,lunison1 ! bro!r ( ,deusdona1 & ! prie/ ,hunus1 z f> z ,pavia1 :ile ,ratleig /opp$ beh9d = a week to see if ! robb]y 0 discov]$1 &1 presumably1 to act z a bl9d1 if any hue & cry 0 rais$4 ,b1 z ev]y?+ rema9$ quiet1 ! not>y betook himself to ,pavia1 :]e he f\nd ,lunison & ,hunus await+ 8 arrival4 ,! not>y's op9ion ( ! "* ( 8 wor?y colleagues1 h[ev]1 may be ga!r$ f ! fact t hav+ p]suad$ !m to set out 9 advance along a road :i* he told !m he 0 ab\t to take1 he imm$iately adopt$ ano!r r\te1 &1 travell+ by way ( ,/4 ,maurice & ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ev5tually rea*$ ,soleure4 ,eg9h>d tells all ?is /ory ) ! mo/ naive air ( unconsci\sness t !re is any?+ rem>kable ab\t an abbot1 & a high (fic] ( /ate to boot1 be+ an accessory1 bo? be=e & aft] ! fact1 to a mo/ gross & sc&al\s act ( sacrilegi\s & burgl>i\s robb]y4 ,& an amus+ sequel to ! /ory proves t1 :]e relics 7 conc]n$1 8 fri5d ,hildo91 ano!r high ecclesia/ical dignit>y1 0 ev5 less scrupul\s ?an himself4 ,on go+ to ! palace e>ly "o morn+1 aft] ! sa9ts 7 safely be/[$ at ,selig5/adt1 he f\nd ,hildo9 wait+ = an audi5ce 9 ! ,emp]or's ante*amb]1 & began to talk to him ab\t ! miracle ( ! bloody exudation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation1 ,eg9h>d happ5$ to allude to ! rem>kable f95ess ( ! g>m5t ( ! bless$ ,m>cell9us4 ,:]eupon ,abbot ,hildo9 obs]v$ 7to ,eg9h>d's /upefaction7 t 8 obs]vation 0 q correct4 ,mu* a/oni%$ at ?is rem>k f a p]son 0 suppos$ n to h se5 ! relics1 ,eg9h>d ask$ him h[ he knew t8 ,^u ?is1 ,hildo9 saw he _h bett] make a clean brea/ ( x1 & he told ! foll[+ /ory1 :i* he _h receiv$ f 8 prie/ly ag5t1 ,hunus4 ,:ile ,hunus & ,lunison 7 at ,pavia1 wait+ = ,eg9h>d's not>y1 ,hunus 7accord+ to 8 own acc\nt7 _h robb$ ! robb]s4 ,! relics 7 plac$ 9 a *ur*2 & a numb] ( laym5 & cl]ics1 ( :om ,hunus 0 "o1 und]took to keep wat* ov] !m4 ,"o night1 h[ev]1 all ! wat*]s1 save wide-awake ,hunus1 w5t to sleep2 & !n1 accord+ to ! /ory :i* ?is %>p ecclesia/ic foi/$ ^u 8 patron1 x 0 borne 9 ^u 8 m9d t !re mu/ be "s great reason :y all ! p1 except himself1 _h sudd5ly become somnol5t2 &1 det]m9+ to avail himself ( ! opportunity ?us (f]$ 7oblata occasione ut5dum71 he rose &1 hav+ light$ a c&le1 sil5tly approa*$ ! *e/s4 ,!n1 hav+ burnt ?r\gh ! ?reads ( ! seals ) ! flame ( ! c&le1 he quickly op5$ ! *e/s1 :i* _h no locks2#bc &1 tak+ out portions ( ea* ( ! bodies :i* 7 ?us expos$1 he clos$ ! *e/s & connect$ ! burnt ends ( ! ?reads ) ! seals aga91 s t !y appe>$ n to h be5 t\*$2 &1 no "o hav+ se5 him1 he return$ to 8 place4 7,cap4 iii4 #bc47 ,hildo9 w5t on to tell ,eg9h>d t ,hunus at fir/ decl>$ to him t ^! purlo9$ relics belong$ to ,/4 ,tiburtius b aft]w>ds confess$1 z a great secret1 h[ he _h come by !m1 & he w\nd up 8 disc\rse ?us3 ,!y h a place ( hon\r beside ,/4 ,m$>dus1 :]e !y are wor%ipp$ ) great v5]ation by all ! p2 b :e!r we may keep !m or n is = y\r judgm5t4 7,cap4 iii4 #bc47 ,poor ,eg9h>d 0 ?r[n into a /ate ( great p]turbation ( m9d by ?is revelation4 ,an acqua9tance ( 8 _h rec5tly told him ( a rum\r t 0 spread ab\t t ,hunus _h contriv$ to ab/ract all ! rema9s ( ,,ss4 ,m>cell9us & ,petrus :ile ,eg9h>d's ag5ts 7 9 a drunk5 sleep2 & t1 :ile ! real relics 7 9 ,abbot ,hildo9's h&s at ,/4 ,m$>dus1 ! ,%r9e at ,selig5/adt conta9$ no?+ b a little du/4 ,?\gh greatly annoy$ by ?is execrable rum\r1 spread ev]y:]e by ! subtlety ( ! devil1 ,eg9h>d _h d\btless com=t$ himself by 8 suppos$ k ( its falsity1 & he only n[ discov]$ h[ consid]able a f\ndation !re 0 = ! sc&al4 ,!re 0 no?+ = x b to insi/ ^u ! return ( ! /ol5 treasures4 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght t ! holy man1 :o _h admitt$ himself to be kn[+ly a receiv] ( /ol5 goods1 w\ld h made in/ant re/itution & begg$ only = absolution4 ,b ,eg9h>d intimates t he _h v great difficulty 9 gett+ 8 bro!r abbot to see t ev5 re/itution 0 necess>y4 ,hildo9's proce$+s 7 n ( su* a nature z to lead any "o to place implicit confid5ce 9 any?+ he might say2 /ill less _h 8 ag5t1 prie/ ,hunus1 e/abli%$ mu* claim to confid5ce2 & x is n surpris+ t ,eg9h>d %\ld h lo/ no "t 9 summon+ 8 not>y & ,lunison to 8 pres5ce1 9 ord] t he might he> :at !y _h to say ab\t ! bus9ess4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 at once prote/$ t prie/ ,hunus's /ory 0 a p>cel ( lies1 & t aft] ! relics left ,rome no "o _h any opportunity ( m$dl+ ) !m4 ,moreov]1 ,lunison1 ?r[+ himself at ,eg9h>d's feet1 confess$ ) _m te>s :at actually took place4 ,x w be rememb]$ t aft] ! body ( ,/4 ,m>cell9us 0 ab/ract$ f its tomb1 ,ratleig deposit$ x 9 ! h\se ( ,deusdona1 9 *>ge ( ! latt]'s bro!r1 ,lunison4 ,b ,hunus be+ v mu* disappo9t$ t he c\ld n get hold ( ! body ( ,/4 ,tiburtius1 & afraid to g back to 8 abbot empty-h&$1 brib$ ,lunison ) f\r pieces ( gold & five ( silv] to give him access to ! *e/4 ,?is ,lunison did1 & ,hunus help$ himself to z mu* z w\ld fill a gallon-measure 7vas sext>ii m5suram7 ( ! sacr$ rema9s4 ,eg9h>d's indignation at ! rap9e ( ?is nequissimus nebulo is exquisitely droll4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! adage ab\t ! receiv] be+ z bad z ! ?ief 0 n curr5t 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,let u n[ briefly sum up ! hi/ory ( ! acquisition ( ! relics4 ,eg9h>d makes a contract ) ,deusdona = ! deliv]y ( c]ta9 relics :i* ! latt] says he possesses4 ,eg9h>d makes no inquiry h[ he came by !m2 o!rwise1 ! transaction is innoc5t en\gh4 ,deusdona turns out to be a sw9dl]1 & has no relics4 ,!reupon ,eg9h>d's ag5t1 aft] due fa/+ & pray]1 breaks op5 ! tombs & helps himself4 ,eg9h>d discov]s by ! self-betrayal ( 8 bro!r abbot1 ,hildo91 t portions ( 8 relics h be5 /ol5 & convey$ to ! latt]4 ,) mu* ado he succe$s 9 gett+ !m back4 ,hildo9's ag5t1 ,hunus1 9 deliv]+ ^! /ol5 goods to him1 at fir/ decl>$ !y 7 ! relics ( ,/4 ,tiburtius1 :i* ,hildo9 desir$ him to obta92 b aft]w>ds inv5t$ a /ory ( _! be+ ! product ( a !ft1 :i* ! provid5tial dr[s9ess ( 8 companions enabl$ him to p]petrate1 f ! relics :i* ,hildo9 well knew 7 ! prop]ty ( 8 fri5d4 ,lunison1 on ! contr>y1 swe>s t all ?is /ory is false1 & t he himself 0 brib$ by ,hunus to all[ him to /eal :at he pleas$ f ! prop]ty confid$ to 8 own & 8 bro!r's c>e by _! gue/ ,ratleig4 ,& ! hone/ not>y himself seems to h no hesitation ab\t ly+ & /eal+ to any ext5t1 :]e ! acquisition ( relics is ! object 9 view4 ,= a p>allel to ^! transactions "o mu/ read a police report ( ! do+s ( a long firm or ( a set ( horse-c\p]s2 yet ,eg9h>d seems to be aw>e ( no?+1 b t he has be5 r badly us$ by 8 fri5d ,hildo91 & ! nequissimus nebulo ,hunus4 ,x is n easy = a mod]n ,prote/ant1 /ill less = any "o :o has ! lea/ t9cture ( sci5tific culture1 :e!r physical or hi/orical1 to picture to himself ! /ate ( m9d ( a man ( ! n9? c5tury1 h[ev] cultivat$1 enlight5$1 & s9c]e he may h be54 ,8 deepe/ convictions1 8 mo/ *]i%$ hopes1 7 b\nd up ) ! belief 9 ! miracul\s4 ,life 0 a con/ant battle betwe5 sa9ts & demons = ! possession ( ! s\ls ( m54 ,! mo/ sup]/iti\s among our mod]n c\ntrym5 turn to sup]natural ag5cies only :5 natural causes seem insuffici5t2 to ,eg9h>d & 8 fri5ds ! sup]natural 0 ! rule3 & ! suffici5cy ( natural causes 0 all[$ only :5 !re 0 no?+ to sugge/ o!rs4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be recollect$ t ! possession ( miracle-work+ relics 0 greatly covet$1 n only on high1 b on v l[ gr\nds4 ,to a man l ,eg9h>d1 ! m]e satisfaction ( ! religi\s s5tim5t 0 obvi\sly a p[]ful attraction4 ,b1 m ?an ?is1 ! possession ( su* a treasure 0 an imm5se practical advantage4 ,if ! sa9ts 7 duly flatt]$ & wor%ipp$1 !re 0 no tell+ :at b5efits might result f _! int]position on y\r behalf4 ,= physical evils1 access to ! %r9e 0 l ! grant ( ! use ( a univ]sal pill & o9tm5t manufactory2 & pilgrimages !reto might suffice to cleanse ! p]=m]s f any am\nt ( s94 ,a lett] to ,lupus1 subsequ5tly ,abbot ( ,f]r>a1 writt5 :ile ,eg9h>d 0 sm>t+ "u ! grief caus$ by ! loss ( 8 mu*-lov$ wife ,imma1 af=ds a /rik+ insight into ! curr5t view ( ! relation betwe5 ! glorifi$ sa9ts & _! wor%ipp]s4 ,! writ] %[s t he is any?+ b satisfi$ ) ! way 9 :i* he has be5 treat$ by ! bless$ m>tyrs ^: rema9s he has tak5 su* pa9s to convey to ,selig5/adt1 & to hon\r !re z !y w\ld nev] h be5 hon\r$ 9 _! ,roman obscurity4 ,x is an aggravation ( my grief & a reop5+ ( my w\nd1 t our v[s h be5 ( no avail1 & t ! fai? :i* we plac$ 9 ! m]its & int]v5tion ( ! m>tyrs has be5 utt]ly disappo9t$4 ,we may admit1 !n1 )\t impea*m5t ( ,eg9h>d's s9c]ity1 or ( 8 hon\r "u all ord9>y circum/ances1 t :5 piety1 self-int]e/1 ! glory ( ! ,*ur* 9 g5]al1 & t ( ! *ur* at ,selig5/adt 9 p>ticul>1 all pull$ "o way1 ev5 ! workaday pr9ciples ( morality 7 disreg>d$2 &1 a =tiori1 any?+ l prop] inve/igation ( ! reality ( alleg$ miracles 0 ?r[n to ! w9ds4 ,& if ?is 0 ! condition ( m9d ( su* a man z ,eg9h>d1 :at is x n legitimate to suppose may h be5 t ( ,deacon ,deusdona1 ,lunison1 ,hunus1 & company1 ?ieves & *eats by _! own confession1 or ( ! probably hy/]ical nun1 or ( ! pr(essional begg>s1 = ^: incapacity to walk & /raight5 !mselves !re is no gu>antee b _! own8 ,:o is to make sure t ! exorci/ ( ! demon ,wiggo 0 n j su* ano!r prie/ z ,hunus2 & is x n at lea/ possible1 :5 ,eg9h>d's s]vants dream$1 night aft] night1 9 su* a curi\sly co9cid5t fa%ion1 t a c>eful inquir] might h f\nd !y 7 v anxi\s to please _! ma/]8 ,q ap>t f delib]ate & consci\s fraud 7:i* is a r>] ?+ ?an is (t5 suppos$71 p ^: my?opoeic faculty is once /irr$1 are capable ( say+ ! ?+ t is n1 & ( act+ z !y %\ld n1 to an ext5t :i* is h>dly imag9able by p]sons :o are n s easily affect$ by ! contagion ( bl9d fai?4 ,!re is no falsity s gross t hone/ m5 &1 /ill m1 virtu\s wom51 anxi\s to promote a good cause1 w n l5d !mselves to x )\t any cle> consci\sness ( ! moral be>+s ( :at !y are do+4 ,! cases ( miracul\sly-effect$ cures ( :i* ,eg9h>d is ocul> witness appe> to belong to classes ( disease 9 :i* mal+]+ is possible or hy/]ia presumable4 ,)\t mod]n means ( diagnosis1 ! names giv5 to !m are q wor?less4 ,"o miracle1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! pati5t1 a woman1 0 cur$ by ! m]e sight ( ! *ur* 9 :i* ! relics ( ! bless$ m>tyrs lay1 is an unmi/akable case ( dislocation ( ! l[] jaw2 & x is obvi\s t1 z n unfrequ5tly happ5s 9 su* accid5ts 9 weakly subjects1 ! jaw slipp$ sudd5ly back into place1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( a jolt1 z ! woman rode t[>ds ! *ur*4 7,cap4 v4 #ec47bd ,!re is also a good deal said ab\t a v que/ionable bl9d man--"o ,albricus 7,alb]i*87--:o hav+ be5 cur$1 n ( 8 bl9dness1 b ( ano!r disease "u :i* he lab\r$1 took up 8 qu>t]s at ,selig5/adt1 & came out z a prophet1 inspir$ by ! ,ar*angel ,gabriel4 ,eg9h>d intimates t 8 prophecies 7 fulfill$2 b z he does n /ate exactly :at !y 71 or h[ !y 7 accompli%$1 ! /atem5t mu/ be accept$ ) mu* caution4 ,x is obvi\s t he 0 n ! man to hesitate to ease a prophecy until x fitt$1 if ! cr$it ( ! %r9e ( 8 fav\rite sa9ts c\ld be increas$ by su* a proc$ure4 ,!re is no impea*m5t ( 8 hon\r 9 ! supposition4 ,! logic ( ! matt] is q simple1 if some:at sophi/ical4 ,! hol9ess ( ! ,*ur* ( ! m>tyrs gu>antees ! reality ( ! appe>ance ( ! ,ar*angel ,gabriel !re2 & :at ! ar*angel says mu/ be true4 ,!re=e if any?+ seem to be wrong1 t mu/ be ! mi/ake ( ! transmitt]2 &1 9 ju/ice to ! ar*angel1 x mu/ be suppress$ or set "r4 ,?is sort ( reconciliation is n unkn[n 9 q mod]n times1 & among p :o w\ld be v mu* %ock$ to be comp>$ ) a b5ight$ papi/ ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,! read]s ( ?is essay are1 ,i imag9e1 v l>gely compos$ ( p :o w\ld be %ock$ to be reg>d$ z any?+ b enlight5$ ,prote/ants4 ,x is n unlikely t ^? ( !m :o h accompani$ me ?us f> may be dispos$ to say1 ,well1 ?is is all v amus+ z a /ory1 b :at is ! practical int]e/ ( x8 ,we are n likely to believe 9 ! miracles work$ by ! spolia ( ,,ss4 ,m>cell9us & ,petrus1 or by ^? ( any o!r sa9ts 9 ! ,roman ,cal5d>4 ,! practical int]e/ is ?is3 if y d n believe 9 ^! miracles rec\nt$ by a witness ^: "* & compet5cy are firmly e/abli%$1 ^: s9c]ity _c be d\bt$1 & :o appeals to 8 sov]eign & o!r comtempor>ies z witnesses ( ! tru? ( :at he says 9 a docum5t ( :i* a ,,ms4 copy exi/s1 probably dat+ )9 a c5tury ( ! au?or's dea?1 :y d y pr(ess to believe 9 /ories ( a l "*1 :i* are f\nd 9 docum5ts ( ! dates & ( ! au?or%ip ( :i* no?+ is c]ta9ly det]m9$1 & no kn[n copies ( :i* come )9 two or ?ree c5turies ( ! ev5ts !y record8 ,if x be true t ! f\r ,gospels & ! ,acts 7 writt5 by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 all t we "k ( ^! p]sons comes to no?+ 9 comp>ison ) our k ( ,eg9h>d2 & n only is !re no pro( t ! traditional au?ors ( ^! works wrote !m1 b v /rong reasons to ! contr>y may be alleg$4 ,if1 !re=e1 y refuse to believe t ,wiggo 0 ca/ out ( ! possess$ girl on ,eg9h>d's au?ority1 ) :at ju/ice c y pr(ess to believe t ! legion ( devils 7 ca/ out ( ! man among ! tombs ( ! ,gad>5es8 ,& if1 on ! o!r h&1 y accept ,eg9h>d's evid5ce1 :y d y laugh at ! suppos$ efficacy ( relics & ! sa9t-wor%ip ( ! mod]n ,romani/s8 ,x _c be pret5d$1 9 ! face ( all evid5ce1 t ! ,jews ( ! ye> #cj ,a4,d4 or !reab\ts1 7 less imbu$ ) ! belief 9 ! sup]natural ?an 7 ! ,franks ( ! ye> #hjj ,a4,d4 ,! same influ5ces 7 at "w 9 ea* case1 & x is only reasonable to suppose t ! results 7 ! same4 ,if ! evid5ce ( ,eg9h>d is insuffici5t to lead reasonable m5 to believe 9 ! miracles he relates1 a =tiori ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! ,gospels & ! ,acts mu/ be s4#be ,b x may be said t no s]i\s critic d5ies ! g5u95ess ( ! f\r great ,paul9e ,epi/les--,galatians1 ,fir/ & ,second ,cor9?ians1 & ,romans--& t 9 ?ree out ( ^! f\r ,paul lays claim to ! p[] ( work+ miracles4#bf ,mu/ we suppose1 !re=e1 t ! ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles has /at$ t :i* is false8 ,b to h[ mu* does ?is s-call$ claim am\nt8 ,x may mean mu* or little4 ,paul n[h]e tells u :at he did 9 ?is direction2 & 9 8 sore ne$ to ju/ify 8 assumption ( apo/le%ip aga9/ ! sne]s ( 8 enemies1 x is h>dly likely t1 if he _h any v /rik+ cases to br+ =w>d1 he w\ld h neglect$ evid5ce s well calculat$ to put !m to %ame4 ,&1 )\t ! slighte/ impea*m5t ( ,paul's v]acity1 we mu/ fur!r rememb] t 8 /rongly-m>k$ m5tal *>act]i/ics1 display$ 9 unmi/akable fa%ion 9 ^! ,epi/les1 are any?+ b ^? :i* w\ld ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ him z a critical witness respect+ matt]s ( fact1 or z a tru/wor?y int]pret] ( _! significance4 ,:5 a man te/ifies to a miracle1 he n only /ates a fact1 b he adds an int]pretation ( ! fact4 ,we may admit 8 evid5ce z to ! =m]1 & yet ?9k 8 op9ion z to ! latt] wor?less4 ,if ,eg9h>d's calm & objective n>rative ( ! hi/orical ev5ts ( 8 "t is no gu>antee = ! s\ndness ( 8 judgm5t :]e ! sup]natural is conc]n$1 ! heat$ rhetoric ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 8 absolute confid5ce 9 ! inn] light1 & ! extraord9>y conceptions ( ! nature & requirem5ts ( logical pro( :i* he betrays1 9 page aft] page ( 8 ,epi/les1 af=d /ill less security4 ,!re is a comp>atively mod]n man :o %>$ to ! full ,paul's tru/ 9 ! inn] light1 & :o1 ?\gh widely diff]5t f ! fi]y evangeli/ ( ,t>sus 9 v>i\s obvi\s p>ticul>s1 yet1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 %>es 8 deepe/ *>act]i/ics4 ,i speak ( ,george ,fox1 :o sep>at$ himself f ! curr5t ,prote/antism ( ,engl&1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z ,paul sep>at$ himself f ! ,judaism ( ! fir/ c5tury1 at ! bidd+ ( ! inn] light2 :o w5t ?r\gh p]secutions z s]i\s z ^? :i* ,paul enum]ates2 :o 0 beat51 /on$1 ca/ out = dead1 imprison$ n9e times1 sometimes = long p]iods1 :o 0 9 p]ils on l& & p]ils at sea4 ,george ,fox 0 an ev5 m widely-travell$ mission>y2 :ile 8 success 9 f\nd+ congregations1 & 8 en]gy 9 visit+ !m1 n m]ely 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 b on ! cont95t ( ,europe & t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 7 no less rem>kable4 ,a few ye>s aft] ,fox began to prea*1 !re 7 reckon$ to be a ?\s& ,fri5ds 9 prison 9 ! v>i\s gaols ( ,engl&2 at 8 dea?1 less ?an fifty ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ! sect1 !re 7 #gj1jjj ,quak]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! *e]fulness ) :i* ^! p--wom5 z well z m5--und]w5t m>tyrdom 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,no "o :o reads ! volum9\s autobiography ( ,hone/ ,george c d\bt ! man's utt] tru?fulness2 & ?\gh1 9 8 multitud9\s lett]s1 he b r>ely rises f> above ! incoh]5t commonplaces ( a /reet prea*]1 !re c be no "q ( 8 p[] z a speak]1 nor any d\bt z to ! dignity & attractiv5ess ( 8 p]sonality1 or ( 8 possession ( a l>ge am\nt ( practical good s5se & gov]n+ faculty4 ,b t ,george ,fox _h full fai? 9 8 own p[]s z a miracle-work]1 ! foll[+ passage ( 8 autobiography 7to :i* o!rs might be add$7 demon/rates3-- ,n[ aft] ,i 0 set at lib]ty f ,nott+ham gaol 7:]e ,i _h be5 kept a prison] a pretty long "t7 ,i travell$ z be=e1 9 ! "w ( ! ,"l4 ,& com+ to ,mansfield ,woodh\se1 !re 0 a di/ract$ woman1 "u a doctor's h&1 ) h] hair let loose all ab\t h] e>s2 & he 0 ab\t to let h] blood1 %e be+ fir/ b\nd1 & _m p be+ ab\t h]1 hold+ h] by viol5ce2 b he c\ld get no blood f h]4 ,& ,i desir$ !m to unb9d h] & let h] alone2 = !y c\ld n t\* ! _s 9 h] by :i* %e 0 torm5t$4 ,s !y did unb9d h]1 & ,i 0 mov$ to speak to h]1 & 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l to bid h] be quiet & /ill4 ,& %e 0 s4 ,& ! ,"l's p[] settl$ h] m9d & %e m5d$2 & aft]w>ds receiv$ ! tru? & cont9u$ 9 x to h] dea?4 ,& ! ,"l's "n 0 hon\r$2 to :om ! glory ( all ,8 works belongs4 ,_m great & wond]ful ?+s 7 wr\ght by ! heav5ly p[] 9 ^? days4 ,= ! ,"l made b>e ,8 omnipot5t arm & manife/$ ,8 p[] to ! a/oni%m5t ( _m2 by ! heal+ virtue :]e( _m h be5 deliv]$ f great infirmities1 & ! devils 7 made subject ?r\gh ,8 "n3 ( :i* p>ticul> in/ances might be giv5 beyond :at ?is unbeliev+ age is able to receive or be>4#bg ,x ne$s no long /udy ( ,fox's writ+s1 h[ev]1 to arrive at ! conviction t ! di/9ction betwe5 subjective & objective v]ities _h n ! same place 9 8 m9d z x has 9 t ( an ord9>y mortal4 ,:5 an ord9>y p]son w\ld say ,i ?\ght s & s1 or ,i made up my m9d to d s & s1 ,george ,fox says1 ,x 0 op5$ to me1 or at ! comm& ( ,god ,i did s & s4 ,!n at ! comm& ( ,god on ! n9? day ( ! sev5? mon? #afdc 7,fox be+ j n9ete571 ,i left my relations & brake (f all famili>ity or fri5d%ip ) "y or old4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #afdg ,i 0 mov$ ( ! ,"l to g into ,d>by%ire4 ,fox he>s voices & he sees visions1 "s ( :i* he br+s be=e ! read] ) apocalyptic p[] 9 ! simple & /rong ,engli%1 alike untutor$ & undefil$1 ( :i*1 l ,john ,bunyan1 8 contempor>y1 he 0 a ma/]4 ,& "o morn+1 z ,i 0 sitt+ by ! fire1 a great cl\d came ov] me & a temptation beset me2 & ,i sate /ill4 ,& x 0 said1 ,all ?+s come by ,nature4 ,& ! elem5ts & />s came ov] me2 s t ,i 0 9 a mann] q cl\d$ ) x4444 ,& z ,i sate /ill "u x1 & let x alone1 a liv+ hope arose 9 me & a true voice arose 9 me :i* said1 ,!re is a liv+ ,god :o made all ?+s4 ,& imm$iately ! cl\d & ! temptation vani%$ away1 & life rose ov] x all1 & my he>t 0 glad & ,i prais$ ! liv+ ,god 7p4 #ac74 ,if ,george ,fox c\ld speak1 z he proves 9 ?is & "s o!r passages he c\ld write1 8 a/\nd+ influ5ce on ! contempor>ies ( ,milton & ( ,cromwell is no my/]y4 ,b ?is mod]n reproduction ( ! anci5t prophet1 ) 8 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,?is is ! "w ( ! ,"l1 /eep$ 9 sup]naturalism & glory+ 9 bl9d fai?1 is ! m5tal antipodes ( ! philosoph]1 f\nd$ 9 naturalism & a fanatic = evid5ce1 to :om ^! affirmations inevitably sugge/ ! previ\s "q3 ,h[ d y "k t ! ,"l sai? x8 ,h[ d y "k t ! ,"l doe? x8 & :o is compell$ to dem& t rational gr\nd = belief1 )\t :i*1 to ! man ( sci5ce1 ass5t is m]ely an immoral pret5ce4 ,& x is ?is rational gr\nd ( belief :i* ! writ]s ( ! ,gospels1 no less ?an ,paul1 & ,eg9h>d1 & ,fox1 s little dream ( (f]+ t !y w\ld reg>d ! dem& = x z a k9d ( blasphemy4 ,,agno/icism #ahhi ,)9 ! la/ few mon?s #ahhi ! public has receiv$ mu* & v>i$ in=mation on ! subject ( ,agno/ics1 _! t5ets1 & ev5 _! future4 ,agno/icism ex]cis$ ! orators ( ! ,*ur* ,congress at ,man*e/]4#bh ,x has be5 furni%$ ) a set ( articles1 few]1 b n less rigid1 & c]ta9ly n less consi/5t ?an ! ?irty-n9e2 its nature has be5 analys$1 & its future sev]ely pr$ict$ by ! mo/ eloqu5t ( t prophetical s*ool ^: ,samuel is ,augu/e ,comte4 ,x may /ill be a "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! public is z mu* ! wis] z might be expect$1 consid]+ all ! tr\ble t has be5 tak5 to enlight5 x4 ,n only are ! ?ree acc\nts ( ! agno/ic position sadly out ( h>mony ) "o ano!r1 b ,i propose to %[ cause = my belief t all ?ree mu/ be s]i\sly que/ion$ by any "o :o employs ! t]m agno/ic 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally us$4 ,! le>n$ ,pr9cipal ( ,k+'s ,college1 :o br\ght ! topic ( ,agno/icism be=e ! ,*ur* ,congress1 took a %ort & easy way ( settl+ ! bus9ess3-- ,b if ?is be s1 = a man to urge1 z an escape f ?is article ( belief1 t he has no means ( a sci5tific k ( ! unse5 _w1 or ( ! future1 is irrelevant4 ,8 diff]5ce f ,*ri/ians lies n 9 ! fact t he has no k ( ^! ?+s1 b t he does n believe ! au?ority on :i* !y are /at$4 ,he may pref] to call himself an agno/ic2 b 8 real "n is an old] "o--he is an infidel2 t is to say1 an unbeliev]4 ,! ^w infidel1 p]haps1 c>ries an unpleasant significance4 ,p]haps x is "r t x %\ld4 ,x is1 & x ought to be1 an unpleasant ?+ = a man to h to say pla9ly t he does n believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4#bi ,s mu* ( ,dr4 ,wace's address ei!r explicitly or implicitly conc]ns me1 t ,i take ^u myself to deal ) x2 b1 9 do+ s1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ,i speak = myself alone4 ,i am n aw>e t !re is any sect ( ,agno/ics2 & if !re be1 ,i am n its ackn[l$g$ prophet or pope4 ,i desire to leave to ! ,comti/s ! entire monopoly ( ! manufacture ( imitation ecclesia/icism4 ,let u calmly & dispassionately consid] ,dr4 ,wace's appreciation ( agno/icism4 ,! agno/ic1 accord+ to 8 view1 is a p]son :o says he has no means ( atta9+ a sci5tific k ( ! unse5 _w or ( ! future2 by :i* some:at loose phraseology ,dr4 ,wace presumably means ! !ological unse5 _w & future4 ,i _c ?9k ?is description happy1 ei!r 9 =m or sub/ance2 b = ! pres5t x may pass4 ,dr4 ,wace cont9ues t is n 8 diff]5ce f ,*ri/ians4 ,are !re !n any ,*ri/ians :o say t !y "k no?+ ab\t ! unse5 _w & ! future8 ,i 0 ignorant ( ! fact1 b ,i am ready to accept x on ! au?ority ( a pr(essional !ologian1 & ,i proce$ to ,dr4 ,wace's next proposition4 ,! real /ate ( ! case1 !n1 is t ! agno/ic does n believe ! au?ority on :i* ^! ?+s are /at$1 :i* au?ority is ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he is simply an old-fa%ion$ infidel :o is afraid to own to 8 "r "n4 ,z presbyt] is prie/ writ l>ge1 s is agno/ic ! m]e ,greek equival5t = ! ,lat9 infidel4 ,!re is an attractive simplicity ab\t ?is solution ( ! problem2 & x has t advantage ( be+ some:at (f5sive to ! p]sons attack$1 :i* is s de> to ! less ref9$ sort ( controv]siali/4 ,! agno/ic says1 ,i _c f9d good evid5ce t s & s is true4 ,ah1 says 8 adv]s>y1 seiz+ 8 opportunity1 !n y decl>e t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 untru?ful1 = he said s & s2 a v tell+ me?od ( r\s+ prejudice4 ,b suppose t ! value ( ! evid5ce z to :at ,jesus may h said & done1 & z to ! exact nature & scope ( 8 au?ority1 is j t :i* ! agno/ic f9ds x mo/ difficult to det]m9e4 ,if ,i v5ture to d\bt t ! ,duke ( ,well+ton gave ! comm& ,up1 ,gu>ds1 & at 'em6 at ,wat]loo1 ,i d n ?9k t ev5 ,dr4 ,wace w\ld accuse me ( disbeliev+ ! ,duke4 ,yet x w\ld be j z reasonable to d ?is z to accuse any "o ( d5y+ :at ,jesus said1 be=e ! prelim9>y "q z to :at he did say is settl$4 ,n[1 ! "q z to :at ,jesus really said & did is /rictly a sci5tific problem1 :i* is capable ( solution by no o!r me?ods ?an ^? practis$2 by ! hi/orian & ! lit]>y critic4 ,x is a problem ( imm5se difficulty1 :i* has occupi$ "s ( ! be/ heads 9 ,europe = ! la/ c5tury2 & x is only ( late ye>s t _! inve/igations h begun to conv]ge t[>ds "o conclusion4#cj ,t k9d ( fai? :i* ,dr4 ,wace describes & lauds is ( no use "h4 ,inde$1 he himself takes pa9s to de/roy its evid5tial value4 ,:at made ! ,mahomm$an _w8 ,tru/ & fai? 9 ! decl>ations & assurances ( ,mahomm$4 ,& :at made ! ,*ri/ian _w8 ,tru/ & fai? 9 ! decl>ations & assurances ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les 7l4c4 p4 #bec74 ,! triumphant tone ( ?is imag9>y cate*ism leads me to suspect t its au?or has h>dly appreciat$ its full import4 ,presumably1 ,dr4 ,wace reg>ds ,mahomm$ z an unbeliev]1 or1 to use ! t]m :i* he pref]s1 infidel2 & consid]s t 8 assurances h giv5 rise to a va/ delusion :i* has l$1 & is lead+1 millions ( m5 /raight to ev]la/+ puni%m5t4 ,& ?is be+ s1 ! ,tru/ & fai? :i* h made ! ,mahomm$an _w1 9 j ! same s5se z !y h made ! ,*ri/ian _w1 mu/ be tru/ & fai? 9 falsehood4 ,no man :o has /udi$ hi/ory1 or ev5 att5d$ to ! occurr5ces ( ev]yday life1 c d\bt ! enorm\s practical value ( tru/ & fai?2 b z little w he be incl9$ to d5y t ?is practical value has n ! lea/ relation to ! reality ( ! objects ( t tru/ & fai?4 ,9 examples ( pati5t con/ancy ( fai? & ( unsw]v+ tru/1 ! ,acta ,m>tyrum d n excel ! annals ( ,babism4#ca ,! discussion ^u :i* we h ent]$ goes s ?or\ghly to ! root ( ! :ole matt]2 ! "q ( ! day is s completely1 z ! au?or ( ,rob]t ,elsm]e says1 ! value ( te/imony1 t ,i %all (f] no apology = foll[+ x out some:at 9 detail2 &1 by way ( giv+ sub/ance to ! argum5t1 ,i %all base :at ,i h to say ^u a case1 ! consid]ation ( :i* lies /rictly )9 ! prov9ce ( natural sci5ce1 & ( t p>ticul> "p ( x kn[n z ! physiology & pa?ology ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,i f9d1 9 ! second ,gospel 7*ap4 v471 a /atem5t1 to all appe>ance int5d$ to h ! same evid5tial value z any o!r conta9$ 9 t hi/ory4 ,x is ! well-kn[n /ory ( ! devils :o 7 ca/ out ( a man1 & ord]$1 or p]mitt$1 to ent] into a h]d ( sw9e1 to ! great loss & damage ( ! innoc5t ,g]as5e1 or ,gad>5e1 pig own]s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! n>rator int5ds to convey to 8 read]s 8 own conviction t ?is ca/+ out & ent]+ 9 7 effect$ by ! ag5cy ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 t1 by spee* & action1 ,jesus en=c$ ?is conviction2 nor does any inkl+ ( ! legal & moral difficulties ( ! case manife/ itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev]y?+ t ,i "k ( physiological & pa?ological sci5ce leads me to ent]ta9 a v /rong conviction t ! ph5om5a ascrib$ to possession are z purely natural z ^? :i* con/itute smallpox2 ev]y?+ t ,i "k ( an?ropology leads me to ?9k t ! belief 9 demons & demoniacal possession is a m]e survival ( a once univ]sal sup]/ition1 & t its p]si/5ce1 at ! pres5t "t1 is pretty mu* 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! g5]al in/ruction1 intellig5ce1 & s\nd judgm5t ( ! population among :om x prevails4 ,ev]y?+ t ,i "k ( law & ju/ice conv9ces me t ! wanton de/ruction ( o!r p's prop]ty is a misdemean\r ( evil example4 ,aga91 ! /udy ( hi/ory1 & especially ( t ( ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies1 leaves no %ad[ ( d\bt on my m9d t ! belief 9 ! reality ( possession & ( wit*craft1 ju/ly bas$1 alike by ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 ^u ?is & innum]able o!r passages 9 bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 gave rise1 ?r\gh ! special influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian ecclesia/ics1 to ! mo/ horrible p]secutions & judicial murd]s ( ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( innoc5t m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,& :5 ,i reflect t ! record ( a pla9 & simple decl>ation ^u su* an occasion z ?is1 t ! belief 9 wit*craft & possession is wick$ nons5se1 w\ld h r5d]$ ! long agony ( m$ival humanity impossible1 ,i am prompt$ to reject1 z di%on\r+1 ! supposition t su* decl>ation 0 )held out ( condesc5sion to popul> error4 ,come =?1 ?\ unclean _s1 out ( ! man 7,m>k v4 #h7cb are ! words attribut$ to ,jesus4 ,if ,i decl>e1 z ,i h no hesitation 9 do+1 t ,i utt]ly disbelieve 9 ! exi/5ce ( unclean spirits1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 ! possibility ( _! com+ =? out ( a man1 ,i suppose t ,dr4 ,wace w tell me ,i am disreg>d+ ! te/imony ( our ,"l4 ,=1 if ^! words 7 really us$1 ! mo/ res\rceful ( reconcil]s c h>dly v5ture to affirm t !y are compatible ) a disbelief 9 ^! ?+s4 ,z ! le>n$ & fair-m9d$1 z well z or?odox1 ,dr4 ,alex&] rem>ks1 9 an editorial note to ! article ,demoniacs 9 ! ,biblical ,cyclopdia 7vol4 i4 p4 #ffd1 note73-- 444 ,on ! l[e/ gr\nds on :i* our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les c be plac$ !y mu/1 at lea/1 be reg>d$ z hone/ m54 ,n[1 ?\gh hone/ spee* does n require t words %\ld be us$ always & only 9 _! etymological s5se1 x does require t !y %\ld n be us$ s z to affirm :at ! speak] kn[s to be false4 ,:il/1 !re=e1 our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les might use ! ^w ,greek3 daimonize/hai1 or ! phrase1 ,greek3 daimonion e*e91 z a popul> description ( c]ta9 diseases1 )\t giv+ 9 to ! belief :i* lay at ! s\rce ( su* a mode ( expression1 !y c\ld n speak ( demons ent]+ into a man1 or be+ ca/ out ( him1 )\t pl$g+ !mselves to ! belief ( an actual possession ( ! man by ! demons4 7,campbell1 ,prel4 ,diss4 vi4 #a1 #aj47 ,if1 consequ5tly1 !y did n hold ?is belief1 !y spoke n z hone/ m54 ,! /ory :i* we are consid]+ does n re/ on ! au?ority ( ! second ,gospel alone4 ,! ?ird confirms ! second1 especially 9 ! matt] ( comm&+ ! unclean _s to come out ( ! man 7,luke viii4 #bi72 &1 al?\gh ! fir/ ,gospel ei!r gives a diff]5t v]sion ( ! same /ory1 or tells ano!r ( l k9d1 ! ess5tial po9t rema9s3 ,if ?\ ca/ u out1 s5d u away into ! h]d ( sw9e4 ,& ,he said unto !m3 ,g6 7,matt4 viii4 #ca1 #cb74 ,if ! concurr5t te/imony ( ! ?ree synoptics1 !n1 is really suffici5t to d away ) all rational d\bt z to ! matt] ( fact ( ! utmo/ practical & speculative importance--belief or disbelief 9 :i* may affect1 & has affect$1 m5's lives & _! conduct t[>ds o!r m51 9 ! mo/ s]i\s way--!n ,i am b\nd to believe t ,jesus implicitly affirm$ himself to possess a k ( ! unse5 _w1 :i* af=d$ full confirmation ( ! belief 9 demons & possession curr5t among 8 contempor>ies4 ,if ! /ory is true1 ! m$ival !ory ( ! invisible _w may be1 & probably is1 q correct2 & ! wit*-f9d]s1 f ,spr5g] to ,hopk9s & ,ma!r1 are mu*-malign$ m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 humanity1 not+ ! frightful consequ5ces ( ?is belief2 common s5se1 obs]v+ ! futility ( ! evid5ce on :i* x is bas$1 9 all cases t h be5 prop]ly inve/igat$2 sci5ce1 m & m see+ its way to inclose all ! ph5om5a ( s-call$ possession )9 ! doma9 ( pa?ology1 s f> z !y are n to be relegat$ to t ( ! police--all ^! p[]ful influ5ces concur 9 w>n+ u1 at our p]il1 aga9/ accept+ ! belief )\t ! mo/ c>eful scrut9y ( ! au?ority on :i* x re/s4 ,i c disc]n no escape f ?is dilemma3 ei!r ,jesus said :at he is report$ to h said1 or he did n4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x is inevitable t 8 au?ority on matt]s connect$ ) ! unse5 _w %\ld be r\ghly %ak52 9 ! latt]1 ! bl[ falls ^u ! au?ority ( ! synoptic ,gospels4 ,if _! report on a matt] ( su* /up5d\s & f>-rea*+ practical import z ?is is untru/wor?y1 h[ c we be sure ( its tru/wor?9ess 9 o!r cases8 ,! fav\rite e>? 9 :i* ! h>d-press$ reconcil] takes refuge1 t ! ,bible does n pr(ess to tea* sci5ce1#cc is /opp$ 9 ?is in/ance4 ,= ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( demon3 & ( possession by !m1 ?\gh x lies /rictly )9 ! prov9ce ( sci5ce is also ( ! deepe/ moral & religi\s significance4 ,if physical & m5tal disord]s are caus$ by demons1 ,gregory ( ,t\rs & 8 contempor>ies rightly consid]$ t relics & exorci/s 7 m useful ?an doctors2 ! grave/ que/ions arise z to ! legal & moral responsibilities ( p]sons inspir$ by demoniacal impulses2 & our :ole conception ( ! univ]se & ( our relations to x becomes totally diff]5t f :at x w\ld be on ! contr>y hypo!sis4 ,! !ory ( life ( an av]age m$ival ,*ri/ian 0 z diff]5t f t ( an av]age n9ete5?-c5tury ,engli%man z t ( a ,we/ ,african negro is n[1 9 ^! respects4 ,! mod]n _w is sl[ly1 b surely1 %ak+ (f ^! & o!r mon/r\s survivals ( savage delusions2 &1 :atev] happ5s1 x w n return to t wall[+ 9 ! mire4 ,until ! contr>y is prov$1 ,i v5ture to d\bt :e!r1 at ?is pres5t mom5t1 any ,prote/ant !ologian1 :o has a reputation to lose1 w say t he believes ! ,gad>5e /ory4 ,! *oice !n lies betwe5 discr$it+ ^? :o compil$ ! ,gospel biographies & disbeliev+ ! ,ma/]1 :om !y1 simple s\ls1 ?\ght to hon\r by pres]v+ su* traditions ( ! ex]cise ( 8 au?ority ov] ,satan's invisible _w4 ,?is is ! dilemma4 ,no deep s*ol>%ip1 no?+ b a k ( ! revis$ v]sion 7on :i* x is to be suppos$ all t m]e s*ol>%ip c d has be5 done71 ) ! application !reto ( ! commone/ canons ( common s5se1 is ne$ful to enable u to make a *oice betwe5 its alt]natives4 ,x is h>dly d\btful t ! /ory1 z told 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 is m]ely a v]sion ( t told 9 ! second & ?ird4 ,nev]!less1 ! discrepancies are s]i\s & irreconcilable2 &1 on ?is gr\nd alone1 a susp5sion ( judgm5t at ! lea/1 is call$ =4 ,b !re is a great deal m to be said4 ,f ! dawn ( sci5tific biblical criticism until ! pres5t day1 ! evid5ce aga9/ ! long-*]i%$ notion t ! ?ree synoptic ,gospels are ! works ( ?ree indep5d5t au?ors1 ea* prompt$ by ,div9e inspiration1 has /eadily accumulat$1 until at ! pres5t "t !re is no visible escape f ! conclusion t ea* ( ! ?ree is a compilation consi/+ ( a gr\ndwork common to all ?ree--! ?reefold tradition2 & ( a sup]/ructure1 consi/+1 fir/ly1 ( matt] common to x ) "o ( ! o!rs1 &1 secondly1 ( matt] special to ea*4 ,! use ( ! t]ms gr\ndwork & sup]/ructure by no means implies t ! latt] mu/ be ( lat] date ?an ! =m]4 ,on ! contr>y1 "s p>ts ( x may be1 & probably are1 old] ?an "s p>ts ( ! gr\ndwork4#cd ,! /ory ( ! ,gad>5e sw9e belongs to ! gr\ndwork2 at lea/1 ! ess5tial "p ( x1 9 :i* ! belief 9 demoniac possession is express$1 does2 & !re=e ! compil]s ( ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird ,gospels1 :oev] !y 71 c]ta9ly accept$ t belief 7:i*1 inde$1 0 univ]sal among bo? ,jews & pagans at t "t71 & attribut$ x to ,jesus4 ,:at1 !n1 d we "k ab\t ! orig9ator1 or orig9ators1 ( ?is gr\ndwork--( t ?reefold tradition :i* all ?ree witnesses 79 ,paley's phrase7 agree ^u--t we %\ld all[ _! m]e /atem5ts to outweigh ! c\nt] argum5ts ( humanity1 ( common s5se1 ( exact sci5ce1 & to imp]il ! respect :i* all w\ld be glad to be able to r5d] to _! ,ma/]8 ,absolutely no?+4#ce ,!re is no pro(1 no?+ m ?an a fair presumption1 t any "o ( ! ,gospels exi/$1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we f9d x 9 ! au?oris$ v]sion ( ! ,bible1 be=e ! second c5tury1 or 9 o!r words1 sixty or sev5ty ye>s aft] ! ev5ts record$4 ,& betwe5 t "t & ! date ( ! olde/ extant manuscripts1 ( ! ,gospels1 !re is no tell+ :at additions & alt]ations & int]polations may h be5 made4 ,x may be said t ?is is all m]e speculation1 b x is a good deal m4 ,z compet5t s*ol>s & hone/ m51 our revis]s h felt compell$ to po9t out t su* ?+s h happ5$ ev5 s9ce ! date ( ! olde/ kn[n manuscripts4 ,! olde/ two copies ( ! second ,gospel end ) ! #h? v]se ( ! #af? *apt]2 ! rema9+ twelve v]ses are spuri\s1 & x is notewor?y t ! mak] ( ! addition has n hesitat$ to introduce a spee* 9 :i* ,jesus promises 8 disciples t 9 ,my "n %all !y ca/ out devils4 ,! o!r passage reject$ to ! m>g9 is /ill m in/ructive4 ,x is t t\*+ apologue1 ) its pr(\nd e?ical s5se1 ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y--:i*1 if int]nal evid5ce 7 an infallible guide1 might well be affirm$ to be a typical example ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus4 ,yet1 say ! revis]s1 pitilessly1 ,mo/ ( ! anci5t au?orities omit ,john vii4 #ec-viii4 #aa4 ,n[ let any reasonable man ask himself ?is "q3 ,if1 aft] an approximate settlem5t ( ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ev5 lat] ?an ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 lit]>y fabricators _h ! skill & ! audacity to make su* additions & int]polations z ^!1 :at may !y h done :5 no "o _h ?\ght ( a canon2 :5 oral tradition1 /ill unfix$1 0 reg>d$ z m valuable ?an su* writt5 records z may h exi/$ 9 ! latt] portion ( ! fir/ c5tury8 ,or1 to take ! o!r alt]native1 if ^? :o gradually settl$ ! canon did n "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! olde/ codices :i* h come d[n to u2 or if1 kn[+ !m1 !y reject$ _! au?ority1 :at is to be ?\ght ( _! compet5cy z critics ( ! text8 ,p :o object to free criticism ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures =get t !y are :at !y are 9 virtue ( v free criticism2 unless ! advocates ( inspiration are prep>$ to affirm t ! majority ( influ5tial ecclesia/ics dur+ sev]al c5turies 7 safegu>d$ aga9/ error4 ,=1 ev5 grant+ t "s books ( ! p]iod 7 inspir$1 !y 7 c]ta9ly few among/ _m1 & ^? :o select$ ! canonical books1 unless !y !mselves 7 also inspir$1 mu/ be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( m]e critics1 &1 f ! evid5ce !y h left ( _! intellectual habits1 v uncritical critics4 ,:5 "o ?9ks t su* delicate que/ions z ^? involv$ fell into ! h&s ( m5 l ,papias 7:o believ$ 9 ! fam\s mill5>ian grape /ory72 ( ,ir5u ) 8 reasons = ! exi/5ce ( only f\r ,gospels2 & ( su* calm & dispassionate judges z ,t]tullian1 ) 8 ,cr$o quia impossibile3 ! m>vel is t ! selection :i* con/itutes our ,new ,te/am5t is z free z x is f obvi\sly objectionable matt]4 ,! apocryphal ,gospels c]ta9ly des]ve to be apocryphal2 b "o may suspect t a little m critical discrim9ation w\ld h enl>g$ ! ,apocrypha n inconsid]ably4 ,at ?is po9t a v obvi\s objection arises & des]ves full & c&id consid]ation4 ,x may be said t critical scepticism c>ri$ to ! l5g? sugge/$ is hi/orical pyrrhonism2 t if we are altoge!r to discr$it an anci5t or a mod]n hi/orian1 because he has assum$ fabul\s matt] to be true1 x w be z well to give up pay+ any att5tion to hi/ory4 ,x may be said1 & ) great ju/ice1 t ,eg9h>d's ,life ( ,*>lemagne is none ! less tru/wor?y because ( ! a/\nd+ revelation ( cr$ulity1 ( lack ( judgm5t1 & ev5 ( respect = ! eigh? comm&m5t1 :i* he has unconsci\sly made 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,translation ( ! ,bless$ ,m>tyrs ,m>cell9us & ,paul4 ,or1 to g no fur!r back ?an ! la/ numb] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 surely t excell5t lady1 ,miss ,/rickl&1 is n to be refus$ all cr$5ce1 because ( ! my? ab\t ! second ,james's rema9s1 :i* %e seems to h unconsci\sly inv5t$4 ,( c\rse ?is is p]fectly true4 ,i am afraid !re is no man alive ^: witness c\ld be accept$1 if ! condition prec$5t 7 pro( t he _h nev] inv5t$ & promulgat$ a my?4 ,9 ! m9ds ( all ( u !re are little places "h & !re1 l ! indi/+ui%able spots on a rock :i* give foo?old to moss or /onecrop2 on :i*1 if ! g]m ( a my? fall1 x is c]ta9 to gr[1 )\t 9 ! lea/ degree affect+ our accuracy or tru?fulness else:]e4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott knew t he c\ld n repeat a /ory )\t1 z he said1 giv+ x a new hat & /ick4 ,mo/ ( u diff] f ,sir ,walt] only 9 n kn[+ ab\t ?is t5d5cy ( ! my?opoeic faculty to break out unnotic$4 ,b x is also p]fectly true t ! my?opoeic faculty is n equally active 9 all m9ds1 nor 9 all regions & "u all conditions ( ! same m9d4 ,david ,hume 0 c]ta9ly n s liable to temptation z ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 or ev5 z "s rec5t hi/orians :o c\ld be m5tion$2 & ! mo/ imag9ative ( debtors1 if he owes five p\nds1 nev] makes an obligation to pay a hundr$ out ( x4 ,! rule ( common s5se is prima facie to tru/ a witness 9 all matt]s1 9 :i* nei!r 8 self-int]e/1 8 passions1 8 prejudices1 nor t love ( ! m>vell\s1 :i* is inh]5t to a great] or less degree 9 all mank9d1 are /rongly conc]n$2 &1 :5 !y are involv$1 to require corroborative evid5ce 9 exact proportion to ! contrav5tion ( probability by ! ?+ te/ifi$4 ,n[1 9 ! ,gad>5e affair1 ,i d n ?9k ,i am unreasonably sceptical1 if ,i say t ! exi/5ce ( demons :o c be transf]r$ f a man to a pig1 does ?us contrav5e probability4 ,let me be p]fectly c&id4 ,i admit ,i h no a priori objection to (f]4 ,!re are physical ?+s1 su* z lni & tri*9 :i* c be transf]r$ f m5 to pigs1 & vice v]sa1 & :i* d und\bt$ly produce mo/ diabolical & deadly effects on bo?4 ,= any?+ ,i c absolutely prove to ! contr>y1 !re may be spiritual ?+s capable ( ! same transmigration1 ) l effects4 ,moreov] ,i am b\nd to add t p]fectly tru?ful p]sons1 = ,i h ! greate/ respect1 believe 9 /ories ab\t spirits ( ! pres5t day1 q z improbable z t we are consid]+4 ,s ,i decl>e1 z pla9ly z ,i c1 t ,i am unable to %[ cause :y ^! transf]able devils %\ld n exi/2 nor c ,i d5y t1 n m]ely ! :ole ,roman ,*ur*1 b _m ,wacean infidels ( no mean repute1 d hone/ly & firmly believe t ! activity ( su* l demonic be+s is 9 full sw+ 9 ?is ye> ( grace #ahhi4 ,nev]!less1 z good ,bi%op ,butl] says1 probability is ! guide ( life2 & x seems to me t ?is is j "o ( ! cases 9 :i* ! canon ( cr$ibility & te/imony1 :i* ,i h v5tur$ to lay d[n1 has full =ce4 ,s t1 ) ! mo/ entire respect = _m 7by no means = all7 ( our witnesses = ! tru? ( demonology1 anci5t & mod]n1 ,i conceive _! evid5ce on ?is p>ticul> matt] to be ridicul\sly insuffici5t to w>rant _! conclusion4#cf ,aft] :at has be5 said1 ,i d n ?9k t any s5sible man1 unless he happ5 to be angry1 w accuse me ( contradict+ ! ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les if ,i reit]ate my total disbelief 9 ! :ole ,gad>5e /ory4 ,b1 if t /ory is discr$it$1 all ! o!r /ories ( demoniac possession fall "u suspicion4 ,& if ! belief 9 demons & demoniac possession1 :i* =ms ! sombre backgr\nd ( ! :ole picture ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is %ak51 :at is to be said1 9 any case1 ( ! uncorroborat$ te/imony ( ! ,gospels ) respect to ! unse5 _w8 ,i am n aw>e t ,i h be5 influ5c$ by any m bias 9 reg>d to ! ,gad>5e /ory ?an ,i h be5 9 deal+ ) o!r cases ( l k9d ! inve/igation ( :i* has int]e/$ me4 ,i 0 br\ght up 9 ! /ricte/ s*ool ( evangelical or?odoxy2 & :5 ,i 0 old en\gh to ?9k = myself ,i />t$ ^u my j\rney ( inquiry ) little d\bt ab\t ! g5]al tru? ( :at ,i _h be5 taught2 & ) t feel+ ( ! unpleasantness ( be+ call$ an infidel :i*1 we are told1 is s "r & prop]4 ,ne> my j\rney's end1 ,i f9d myself 9 a condition ( some?+ m ?an m]e d\bt ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( o!r inquiries1 ,i h _h to d ) fossil rema9s :i* look$ q pla9 at a di/ance1 & became m & m indi/9ct z ,i tri$ to def9e _! outl9e by close inspection4 ,!re 0 some?+ !re--some?+ :i*1 if ,i c\ld w9 assurance ab\t x1 might m>k a new epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?2 b1 /udy z long z ,i might1 c]ta9ty elud$ my grasp4 ,s has x be5 ) me 9 my ef=ts to def9e ! gr& figure ( ,jesus z x lies 9 ! prim>y /rata ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,is he ! k9dly1 peaceful ,*ri/ depict$ 9 ! ,catacombs8 ,or is he ! /]n ,judge :o fr[ns above ! alt> ( ,,ss4 ,cosmas & ,damianus8 ,or c he be rightly repres5t$ by ! ble$+ ascetic1 brok5 d[n by physical pa91 ( too _m m$ival pictures8 ,are we to accept ! ,jesus ( ! second1 or ! ,jesus ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 z ! true ,jesus8 ,:at did he really say & d2 & h[ mu* t is attribut$ to him1 9 spee* & action1 is ! embroid]y ( ! v>i\s p>ties into :i* 8 foll[]s t5d$ to split !mselves )9 tw5ty ye>s ( 8 dea?1 :5 ev5 ! ?reefold tradition 0 only nasc5t8 ,if any "o w answ] ^! que/ions = me ) some?+ m to ! po9t ?an feeble talk ab\t ! c[>dice ( agno/icism1 ,i %all be deeply 8 debtor4 ,unless & until !y are satifactorily answ]$1 ,i say ( agno/icism 9 ?is matt]1 ,j'y suis1 et j'y re/e4 ,b1 z we h se51 x is ass]t$ t ,i h no bus9ess to call myself an agno/ic2 t1 if ,i am n a ,*ri/ian ,i am an infidel2 & t ,i ought to call myself by t "n ( unpleasant significance4 ,well1 ,i d n c>e mu* :at ,i am call$ by o!r p1 & if ,i _h at my side all ^? :o1 s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era1 h be5 call$ infidels by o!r folks1 ,i c\ld n desire bett] company4 ,if ^! are my ance/ors1 ,i pref]1 ) ! old ,frank to be ) !m :]ev] !y are4 ,b !re are sev]al po9ts 9 ,dr4 ,wace's cont5tion :i* mu/ be elucidat$ be=e ,i c ev5 ?9k ( und]tak+ to c>ry out 8 wi%es4 ,i mu/1 = in/ance1 "k :at a ,*ri/ian is4 ,n[ :at is a ,*ri/ian8 ,by ^: au?ority is ! signification ( t t]m def9$8 ,is !re any d\bt t ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,jesus1 ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es1 7 /rictly or?odox ,jews diff]+ f o!r ,jews n m ?an ! ,sadducees1 ! ,ph>isees1 & ! ,ess5es diff]$ f "o ano!r1 9 fact1 only 9 ! belief t ! ,messiah1 = :om ! re/ ( _! nation wait$1 _h come8 ,0 n _! *ief1 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 rev]5c$ alike by ,sadducee1 ,ph>isee1 & ,naz>5e8 ,at ! fam\s conf]5ce :i*1 accord+ to ! ,acts1 took place at ,j]usalem1 does n ,james decl>e t myriads ( ,jews1 :o by t "t1 _h become ,naz>5es1 7 all zeal\s = ! ,law8 ,0 n ! "n ( ,*ri/ian fir/ us$ to d5ote ! conv]ts to ! doctr9e promulgat$ by ,paul & ,b>nabas at ,antio*8 ,does ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity leave any d\bt t1 f ?is "t =?1 ! little rift )9 ! lute caus$ by ! new tea*+1 develop$1 if n inaugurat$1 at ,antio*1 grew wid] & wid]1 until ! two types ( doctr9e irreconcilably div]g$8 ,did n ! primitive ,naz>5ism1 or ,ebionism1 develop into ! ,naz>5ism1 & ,ebionism1 & ,elkasaitism ( lat] ages1 & f9ally die out 9 obscurity & condemnation1 z damnable h]esy2 :ile ! y\ng] doctr9e ?rove & pu%$ out its %oots into t endless v>iety ( sects1 ( :i* ! ?ree /ronge/ survivors are ! ,roman & ,greek ,*ur*es & mod]n ,prote/antism8 ,s+ul> /ate ( ?+s6 ,if ,i 7 to pr(ess ! doctr9e :i* 0 held by ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & by e "o ( ! myriads ( 8 foll[]s & co-religioni/s 9 ,j]usalem up to tw5ty or ?irty ye>s aft] ! ,crucifixion 7& "o kn[s n h[ mu* lat] at ,pella71 ,i %\ld be condemn$ ) unanimity1 z an ebionis+ h]etic by ! ,roman1 ,greek1 & ,prote/ant ,*ur*es6 ,&1 probably1 ?is he>ty & unanim\s condemnation ( ! cre$1 held by ^? :o 7 9 ! close/ p]sonal relation ) _! ,"l1 is almo/ ! only po9t ^u :i* !y w\ld be cordially ( "o m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ,i h>dly d>e imag9e su* a ?+1 ,i v mu* fe> t ! pill>s ( ! primitive ,hi]osolymitan ,*ur* w\ld h consid]$ ,dr4 ,wace an infidel4 ,no "o c read ! fam\s second *apt] ( ,galatians & ! book ( ,revelation )\t see+ h[ n>r[ 0 ev5 ,paul's escape f a simil> fate4 ,&1 if ecclesia/ical hi/ory is to be tru/$1 ! ?irty-n9e articles1 be !y "r or wrong1 div]ge f ! primitive doctr9e ( ! ,naz>5es va/ly m ?an ev5 ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity did4 ,b1 fur!r ?an ?is1 ,i h great difficulty 9 assur+ myself t ev5 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & 8 myriads ( ,naz>5es1 prop]ly repres5t$ ! doctr9es ( _! ,ma/]4 ,= x is con/antly ass]t$ by our mod]n pill>s t "o ( ! *ief features ( ! "w ( ,jesus 0 ! in/auration ( ,religion by ! abolition ( :at our /ickl]s = articles & liturgies1 ) unconsci\s hum\r1 call ! n>r[ re/rictions ( ! ,law4 ,yet1 if ,james knew ?is1 h[ c\ld ! bitt] controv]sy ) ,paul h aris52 & :y did n "o or ! o!r side quote any ( ! v>i\s say+s ( ,jesus1 record$ 9 ! ,gospels1 :i* directly be> on ! "q--sometimes1 app>5tly1 9 opposite directions4 ,s1 if ,i am ask$ to call myself an infidel1 ,i reply3 ,to :at doctr9e d y ask me to be fai?ful8 ,is x t conta9$ 9 ! ,nic5e & ! ,a?anasian ,cre$s8 ,my firm belief is t ! ,naz>5es1 say ( ! ye> #dj1 head$ by ,james1 w\ld h /opp$ _! e>s & ?\ght wor?y ( /on+ ! audaci\s man :o prop\nd$ x to !m4 ,is x conta9$ 9 ! s-call$ ,apo/les' ,cre$6 ,i am pretty sure t ev5 t w\ld h creat$ a recalcitrant commotion at ,pella 9 ! ye> #gj1 among ! ,naz>5es ( ,j]usalem1 :o _h fl$ f ! soldi]s ( ,titus4 ,& yet1 if ! unadult]at$ tradition ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,naz>5e 7 to be f\nd any:]e1 x surely %\ld h be5 amid/ ^? n v ag$ disciples :o may h he>d !m z !y 7 deliv]$4 ,!re=e1 h[ev] sorry ,i may be to be unable to demon/rate t1 if necess>y1 ,i %\ld n be afraid to call myself an infidel1 ,i _c d x4 ,infidel is a t]m ( reproa*1 :i* ,*ri/ians & ,mahomm$ans1 9 _! mode/y1 agree to apply to ^? :o diff] f !m4 ,if he _h only ?\ght ( x1 ,dr4 ,wace might h us$ ! t]m miscreant1 :i*1 ) ! same etymological signification1 has ! advantage ( be+ /ill m unpleasant to ! p]sons to :om x is appli$4 ,b :y %\ld a man be expect$ to call himself a miscreant or an infidel8 ,t ,/4 ,patrick _h two bir?days because he 0 a tw9 is a reasonable & intelligible utt]ance beside t ( ! man :o %\ld decl>e himself to be an infidel1 on ! gr\nd ( d5y+ 8 own belief4 ,x may be logically1 if n e?ically1 def5sible t a ,*ri/ian %\ld call a ,mahomm$an an infidel & vice v]sa2 b1 on ,dr4 ,wace's pr9ciples1 bo? ought to call !mselves infidels1 because ea* applies ! t]m to ! o!r4 ,n[ ,i am afraid t all ! ,mahomm$an _w w\ld agree 9 reciprocat+ t appellation to ,dr4 ,wace himself4 ,i once visit$ ! ,haz> ,mosque1 ! great ,univ]sity ( ,mahomm$anism1 9 ,cairo1 9 ignorance ( ! fact t ,i 0 unprovid$ ) prop] au?ority4 ,a sw>m ( angry "u-graduates1 z ,i suppose ,i ought to call !m1 came buzz+ ab\t me & my guide2 & if ,i _h kn[n ,arabic1 ,i suspect t dog ( an infidel w\ld h be5 by no means ! mo/ unpleasant ( ! epi!ts %[]$ ^u me1 be=e ,i c\ld expla9 & apologise = ! mi/ake4 ,if ,i _h _h ! pleasure ( ,dr4 ,wace's company on t occasion1 ! undiscrim9ative foll[]s ( ! ,prophet w\ld1 ,i am afraid1 h made no diff]5ce betwe5 u2 n ev5 if !y _h kn[n t he 0 ! head ( an or?odox ,*ri/ian sem9>y4 ,& ,i h n ! smalle/ d\bt t ev5 "o ( ! le>n$ mollahs1 if 8 grave c\rtesy w\ld h p]mitt$ him to say any?+ (f5sive to m5 ( ano!r mode ( belief1 w\ld h told u t he wond]$ we did n f9d x v unpleasant to disbelieve 9 ! ,prophet ( ,islam4 ,f :at prec$es1 ,i ?9k x becomes suffici5tly cle> t ,dr4 ,wace's acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! "n ( ,agno/ic is q wrong4 ,inde$1 ,i am b\nd to add t v slight ef=t to discov] ! tru? w\ld h conv9c$ him t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! t]m arose o!rwise4 ,i am loa? to g ov] an old /ory once m2 b m ?an "o object :i* ,i h 9 view w be s]v$ by tell+ x a little m fully ?an x has yet be5 told4 ,look+ back ne>ly fifty ye>s1 ,i see myself z a boy1 ^: education has be5 int]rupt$1 & :o intellectually 0 left1 = "s ye>s1 altoge!r to 8 own devices4 ,at t "t ,i 0 a voraci\s & omnivor\s read]2 a dream] & speculator ( ! fir/ wat]1 well end[$ ) t spl5did c\rage 9 attack+ any & e subject1 :i* is ! bless$ comp5sation ( y\? & inexp]i5ce4 ,among ! books & essays1 on all sorts ( topics f metaphysics to h]aldry1 :i* ,i read at ?is "t1 two left indelible impressions on my m9d4 ,"o 0 ,guizot's ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation1 ! o!r 0 ,sir ,william ,hamilton's essay ,on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$1 :i* ,i came ^u1 by *ance1 9 an odd volume ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review4 ,! latt] 0 c]ta9ly /range read+ = a boy1 & ,i c\ld n possibly h und]/ood a great deal ( x2#cg nev]!less ,i dev\r$ x ) avidity1 & x /amp$ ^u my m9d ! /rong conviction t1 on ev5 ! mo/ solemn & important ( que/ions1 m5 are apt to take cunn+ phrases = answ]s2 & t ! limitation ( our faculties1 9 a great numb] ( cases1 r5d]s real answ]s to su* que/ions1 n m]ely actually impossible1 b !oretically inconceivable4 ,philosophy & hi/ory hav+ laid hold ( me 9 ?is ecc5tric fa%ion1 h nev] loos5$ _! grip4 ,i h no pret5sion to be an exp]t 9 ei!r subject2 b ! turn = philosophical & hi/orical read+1 :i* r5d]$ ,hamilton & ,guizot attractive to me1 has n only fill$ _m lawful leisure h\rs1 & /ill m sleepless ones1 ) ! repose ( *ang$ m5tal occupation1 b has n unfrequ5tly disput$ my prop] "w-"t ) my liege lady1 ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,9 ?is way ,i h f\nd x possible to cov] a good deal ( gr\nd 9 ! t]ritory ( philosophy2 & all ! m easily t ,i h nev] c>$ mu* ab\t ,a's or ,b's op9ions1 b h r s\ght to "k :at answ] he _h to give to ! que/ions ,i _h to put to him--t ( ! limitation ( possible k ! *ief4 ,! ord9>y exam9]1 8 ,/ate ! views ( ,s-&-s1 w\ld h floor$ me at any "t4 ,if he _h said :at d y ?9k ab\t any giv5 problem1 ,i might h got on fairly well4 ,! read] :o has _h ! pati5ce to foll[ ! en=c$1 b unwill+1 egotism ( ?is v]itable hi/ory 7especially if 8 /udies h l$ him 9 ! same direction71 w n[ see :y my m9d /eadily gravitat$ t[>ds ! conclusions ( ,hume & ,kant1 s well /at$ by ! latt] 9 a s5t5ce1 :i* ,i h quot$ else:]e4 ,! greate/ & p]haps ! sole use ( all philosophy ( pure reason is1 aft] all1 m]ely negative1 s9ce x s]ves n z an organon = ! enl>gem5t ( k1 b z a discipl9e = its delimitation2 &1 in/ead ( discov]+ tru?1 has only ! mode/ m]it ( prev5t+ error4 #ch ,:5 ,i rea*$ intellectual maturity & began to ask myself :e!r ,i 0 an a!i/1 a !i/1 or a pan!i/2 a mat]iali/ or an ideali/2 a ,*ri/ian or a free?9k]2 ,i f\nd t ! m ,i le>n$ & reflect$1 ! less ready 0 ! answ]2 until1 at la/1 ,i came to ! conclusion t ,i _h nei!r art nor "p ) any ( ^! d5om9ations1 except ! la/4 ,! "o ?+ 9 :i* mo/ ( ^! good p 7 agre$ 0 ! "o ?+ 9 :i* ,i diff]$ f !m4 ,!y 7 q sure !y _h atta9$ a c]ta9 gnosis1--_h1 m or less successfully1 solv$ ! problem ( exi/5ce2 :ile ,i 0 q sure ,i _h n1 & _h a pretty /rong conviction t ! problem 0 insoluble4 ,&1 ) ,hume & ,kant on my side1 ,i c\ld n ?9k myself presumptu\s 9 hold+ fa/ by t op9ion4 ,l ,dante1 ,nel mezzo del camm9 di no/ra vita ,mi ritrovai p] una selva oscura1 b1 unlike ,dante1 ,i _c add1 ,*e la diritta via era sm>rita4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i _h1 & h1 ! firme/ conviction t ,i nev] left ! v]ace via--! /raight road2 & t ?is road l$ n[h]e else b into ! d>k dep?s ( a wild & tangl$ =e/4 ,& ?\gh ,i h f\nd leop>ds & lions 9 ! pa?2 ?\gh ,i h made abundant acqua9tance ) ! hungry wolf1 t ) privy paw dev\rs apace & no?+ said1 z ano!r great poet says ( ! rav5+ bea/2 & ?\gh no fri5dly spectre has ev5 yet (f]$ 8 guidance1 ,i 01 & am1 m9d$ to g /raight on1 until ,i ei!r come out on ! o!r side ( ! wood1 or f9d !re is no o!r side to x1 at lea/1 none atta9able by me4 ,?is 0 my situation :5 ,i _h ! good =tune to f9d a place among ! memb]s ( t rem>kable confrat]nity ( antagoni/s1 long s9ce deceas$1 b ( gre5 & pi\s memory1 ! ,metaphysical ,society4 ,e v>iety ( philosophical & !ological op9ion 0 repres5t$ !re1 & express$ itself ) entire op5ness2 mo/ ( my colleagues 7 -i/s ( "o sort or ano!r2 &1 h[ev] k9d & fri5dly !y might be1 ,i1 ! man )\t a rag ( a label to cov] himself )1 c\ld n fail to h "s ( ! uneasy feel+s :i* mu/ h beset ! hi/orical fox :51 aft] leav+ ! trap 9 :i* 8 tail rema9$1 he pres5t$ himself to 8 normally elongat$ companions4 ,s ,i took ?\ght1 & inv5t$ :at ,i conceiv$ to be ! appropriate title ( agno/ic4 ,x came into my head z sugge/ively anti!tic to ! gno/ic ( ,*ur* hi/ory1 :o pr(ess$ to "k s mu* ab\t ! v ?+s ( :i* ,i 0 ignorant2 & ,i took ! e>lie/ opportunity ( p>ad+ x at our ,society1 to %[ t ,i1 too1 _h a tail1 l ! o!r foxes4 ,to my great satisfaction1 ! t]m took2 & :5 ! ,spectator _h /ood godfa!r to x1 any suspicion 9 ! m9ds ( respectable p t a k ( its p>5tage might h awak5$ 01 ( c\rse1 completely lull$4 ,t is ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ! t]ms agno/ic & agno/icism2 & x w be obs]v$ t x does n q agree ) ! confid5t ass]tion ( ! rev]5d ,pr9cipal ( ,k+'s ,college1 t ! adoption ( ! t]m agno/ic is only an attempt to %ift ! issue1 & t x involves a m]e evasion 9 relation to ! ,*ur* & ,*ri/ianity4#ci 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ objection 7,i rejoice z mu* z my read]s mu/ d1 t x is ! la/7 :i* ,i h to take to ,dr4 ,wace's deliv]ance be=e ! ,*ur* ,congress arises1 ,i am sorry to say1 on a "q ( morality4 ,x is1 & x ought to be1 au?oritatively decl>es ?is (ficial repres5tative ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 an unpleasant ?+ = a man to h to say pla9ly t he does n believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ 7l4c4 p4 #bed74 ,:e!r x is s dep5ds1 ,i imag9e1 a good deal on :e!r ! man 0 br\ght up 9 a ,*ri/ian h\sehold or n4 ,i d n see :y x %\ld be unpleasant = a ,mahomm$an or ,buddhi/ to say s4 ,b t x ought to be unpleasant = any man to say any?+ :i* he s9c]ely1 & aft] due delib]ation1 believes1 is1 to my m9d1 a proposition ( ! mo/ pr(\ndly immoral "*4 ,i v]ily believe t ! great good :i* has be5 effect$ 9 ! _w by ,*ri/ianity has be5 l>gely c\nt]act$ by ! pe/il5t doctr9e on :i* all ! ,*ur*es h insi/$1 t hone/ disbelief 9 _! m or less a/oni%+ cre$s is a moral (f5ce1 inde$ a s9 ( ! deepe/ dye1 des]v+ & involv+ ! same future retribution z murd] & robb]y4 ,if we c\ld only see1 9 "o view1 ! torr5ts ( hypocrisy & cruelty1 ! lies1 ! slaught]1 ! violations ( e obligation ( humanity1 :i* h fl[$ f ?is s\rce along ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian nations1 our wor/ imag9ations ( ,hell w\ld pale beside ! vision4 ,a ?\s& times1 no6 ,x ought n to be unpleasant to say t :i* "o hone/ly believes or disbelieves4 ,t x s con/antly is pa9ful to d s1 is q en\gh ob/acle to ! progress ( mank9d 9 t mo/ valuable ( all qualities1 hone/y ( ^w or ( de$1 )\t erect+ a sad concomitant ( human weakness into some?+ to be admir$ & *]i%$4 ,! brave/ ( soldi]s (t51 & v naturally1 feel x unpleasant to g into action2 b a c\rt-m>tial :i* did its duty w\ld make %ort "w ( ! (fic] :o promulgat$ ! doctr9e t 8 m5 ought to feel _! duty unpleasant4 ,i am v well aw>e1 z ,i suppose mo/ ?\ghtful p are 9 ^! times1 t ! process ( break+ away f old beliefs is extremely unpleasant2 & ,i am mu* dispos$ to ?9k t ! enc\ragem5t1 ! consolation1 & ! peace af=d$ to e>ne/ believ]s 9 ev5 ! wor/ =ms ( ,*ri/ianity are ( great practical advantage to !m4 ,:at d$uctions mu/ be made f ?is ga9 on ?is score ( ! h>m done to ! citiz5 by ! ascetic o!r-worldl9ess ( logical ,*ri/ianity2 to ! rul]1 by ! hatr$1 malice1 & all un*>itabl5ess ( sect>ian bigotry2 to ! legislator1 by ! _s ( exclusiv5ess & dom9ation ( ^? t c\nt !mselves pill>s ( or?odoxy2 to ! philosoph]1 by ! re/ra9ts on ! fre$om ( le>n+ & tea*+ :i* e ,*ur* ex]cises1 :5 x is /rong en\gh2 to ! consci5ti\s s\l1 by ! introspective hunt+ aft] s9s ( ! m9t & cumm9 type1 ! fe> ( !ological error1 & ! ov]p[]+ t]ror ( possible damnation1 :i* h accompani$ ! ,*ur*es l _! %ad[1 ,i ne$ n n[ consid]2 b !y are assur$ly n small4 ,if agno/ics lose heavily on ! "o side1 !y ga9 a good deal on ! o!r4 ,p :o talk ab\t ! com=ts ( belief appe> to =get its discom=ts2 !y ignore ! fact t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,*ur*es is some?+ m ?an fai? 9 ! ideal p]sonality ( ,jesus1 :i* !y create = !mselves1 plus s mu* z c be c>ri$ into practice1 )\t disorganis+ civil society1 ( ! maxims ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,trip 9 morals or 9 doctr9e 7especially 9 doctr9e71 )\t due rep5tance or retractation1 or fail to get prop]ly baptiz$ be=e y die1 & a plbiscite ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,europe1 if !y 7 true to _! cre$s1 w\ld affirm y\r ev]la/+ damnation by an imm5se majority4 ,prea*]s1 or?odox & het]odox1 d9 into our e>s t ! _w _c get on )\t fai? ( "s sort4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* t is z em95tly z obvi\sly true2 !re is ano!r1 9 :i*1 9 my judgm5t1 x is z em95tly z obvi\sly false1 & x seems to me t ! hortatory1 or pulpit1 m9d is apt to oscillate betwe5 ! false & ! true mean+s1 )\t be+ aw>e ( ! fact4 ,x is q true t ! gr\nd ( e "o ( our actions1 & ! validity ( all our reason+s1 re/ ^u ! great act ( fai?1 :i* leads u to take ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ z a safe guide 9 our deal+s ) ! pres5t & ! future4 ,f ! nature ( ratioc9ation1 x is obvi\s t ! axioms1 on :i* x is bas$1 _c be demon/rat$ by ratioc9ation4 ,x is also a trite obs]vation t1 9 ! bus9ess ( life1 we con/antly take ! mo/ s]i\s action ^u evid5ce ( an utt]ly insuffici5t "*4 ,b x is surely pla9 t fai? is n necess>ily entitl$ to disp5se ) ratioc9ation because ratioc9ation _c disp5se ) fai? z a />t+-po9t2 & t because we are (t5 oblig$1 by ! pressure ( ev5ts1 to act on v bad evid5ce1 x does n foll[ t x is prop] to act on su* evid5ce :5 ! pressure is abs5t4 ,! writ] ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews tells u t fai? is ! assurance ( ?+s hop$ =1 ! prov+ ( ?+s n se54 ,9 ! au?oris$ v]sion1 sub/ance /&s = assurance1 & evid5ce = prov+4 ,! "q ( ! exact mean+ ( ! two words1 ,greek3 hypo/asis & ,greek3 el5*os1 af=ds a f9e field ( discussion = ! s*ol> & ! metaphysician4 ,b ,i fancy we %all be n f> f ! m>k if we take ! writ] to h _h 9 8 m9d ! pr(\nd psy*ological tru?1 t m5 con/antly feel c]ta9 ab\t ?+s = :i* !y /rongly hope1 b h no evid5ce1 9 ! legal or logical s5se ( ! ^w2 & he calls ?is feel+ fai?4 ,i may h ! mo/ absolute fai? t a fri5d has n committ$ ! crime ( :i* he is accus$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,engli% hi/ory1 if my fri5d c\ld h obta9$ a few m compurgators ( a l robu/ fai?1 he w\ld h be5 acquitt$4 ,at ! pres5t day1 if ,i t5d]$ myself z a witness on t score1 ! judge w\ld tell me to /& d[n1 & ! y\nge/ b>ri/] w\ld smile at my simplicity4 ,mis]able inde$ is ! man :o has n su* fai? 9 "s ( 8 fell[-m5--only less mis]able ?an ! man :o all[s himself to =get t su* fai? is n1 /rictly speak+1 evid5ce2 & :5 8 fai? is disappo9t$1 z w happ5 n[ & aga91 turns ,timon & blames ! univ]se = 8 own blund]s4 ,& s1 if a man c f9d a fri5d1 ! hypo/asis ( all 8 hopes1 ! mirror ( 8 e?ical ideal1 9 ! ,jesus ( any1 or all1 ( ! ,gospels1 let him live by fai? 9 t ideal4 ,:o %all or c =bid him8 ,b let him n delude himself ) ! notion t 8 fai? is evid5ce ( ! objective reality ( t 9 :i* he tru/s4 ,su* evid5ce is to be obta9$ only by ! use ( ! me?ods ( sci5ce1 z appli$ to hi/ory & to lit]ature1 & x am\nts at pres5t to v little4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,tradition ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,judaic ,,*ri/ianity ,,f ,,agno/icism3 ,a ,,rejo9d]1 #ahhi ,! mo/ con/ant reproa* :i* is laun*$ aga9/ p]sons ( my way ( ?9k+ is t x is all v well = u to talk ab\t ! d$uctions ( sci5tific ?\ght1 b :at are ! poor & ! un$ucat$ to d8 ,has x ev] occurr$ to ^? :o talk 9 ?is fa%ion1 t _! cre$s & ! articles ( _! sev]al confessions1 _! det]m9ation ( ! exact nature & ext5t ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus1 _! expositions ( ! real mean+ ( t :i* is writt5 9 ! ,epi/les 7to leave aside all que/ions conc]n+ ! ,old ,te/am5t71 are no?+ m ?an d$uctions :i*1 at any rate1 pr(ess to be ! result ( /rictly sci5tific ?9k+1 & :i* are n wor? att5d+ to unless !y really possess t "*8 ,if x is n hi/orically true t su* & su* ?+s happ5$ 9 ,pale/9e eighte5 c5turies ago1 :at becomes ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,& :at is hi/orical tru? b t ( :i* ! evid5ce be>s /rict sci5tific inve/igation8 ,i d n call to m9d any problem ( natural sci5ce :i* has come "u my notice :i* is m difficult1 or m curi\sly int]e/+ z a m]e problem1 ?an t ( ! orig9 ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels & t ( ! hi/orical value ( ! n>ratives :i* !y conta94 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,*ur*es /&s or falls by ! results ( ! purely sci5tific inve/igation ( ^! que/ions4 ,!y 7 fir/ tak5 up1 9 a purely sci5tific _s1 ab\t a c5tury ago2 !y h be5 /udi$ ov] & ov] aga9 by m5 ( va/ k & critical acum52 b he w\ld be a ra% man :o %\ld ass]t t any solution ( ^! problems1 z yet =mulat$1 is exhau/ive4 ,! mo/ t c be said is t c]ta9 preval5t solutions are c]ta9ly false1 :ile o!rs are m or less probably true4 ,if ,i am do+ my be/ to r\se any c\ntrym5 out ( _! dogmatic slumb]s1 x is n t !y may be amus$ by see+ :o gets ! be/ ( x 9 a conte/ betwe5 a sci5ti/ & a !ologian4 ,! s]i\s "q is :e!r !ological m5 ( sci5ce1 or !ological special plead]s1 are to h ! confid5ce ( ! g5]al public2 x is ! "q :e!r a c\ntry 9 :i* x is possible = a body ( excell5t cl]ical & lay g5tlem5 to discuss 9 public meet+ assembl$1 h[ mu* x is desirable to let ! congregations ( ! fai?ful "k ( ! results ( biblical criticism1 is likely to wake up ) any?+ %ort ( ! grasp ( a r\gh lay h& ^u its %\ld]2 x is ! "q :e!r ! ,new ,te/am5t books1 be+ z ,i believe !y 71 writt5 & compil$ by p :o1 accord+ to _! lights1 7 p]fectly s9c]e1 w n1 :5 prop]ly /udi$ z ord9>y hi/orical docum5ts1 af=d u ! means ( self-criticism4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,new ,te/am5t books are n responsible = ! doctr9e inv5t$ by ! ,*ur*es t !y are any?+ b ord9>y hi/orical docum5ts4 ,! au?or ( ! ?ird gospel tells u1 z /raight=w>dly z a man c1 t he has no claim to any o!r "* ?an t ( an ord9>y compil] & editor1 :o _h be=e him ! works ( _m & v>i\sly qualifi$ pr$ecessors4 ,9 my =m] pap]s1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,wace1 ,i h evad$ giv+ an answ] to 8 ma9 proposition1 :i* he /ates z foll[s-- ,ap>t f all disput$ po9ts ( criticism1 no "o practically d\bts t our ,"l liv$1 & t ,he di$ on ! cross1 9 ! mo/ int5se s5se ( filial relation to ,8 ,fa!r 9 ,heav51 & t ,he bore te/imony to t ,fa!r's provid5ce1 love1 & grace t[>ds mank9d4 ,! ,"l's ,pray] af=ds a suffici5t evid5ce on ^! po9ts4 ,if ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt alone be add$1 ! :ole unse5 _w1 ( :i* ! ,agno/ic refuses to "k any?+1 /&s unveil$ be=e u4444 ,if ,jesus ,*ri/ prea*$ t ,s]mon1 made ^? promises1 & taught t pray]1 !n any "o :o says t we "k no?+ ( ,god1 or ( a future life1 or ( an unse5 _w1 says t he does n believe ,jesus ,*ri/ 7pp4 #ced-cee74 ,aga9-- ,! ma9 "q at issue1 9 a ^w1 is "o :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley has *os5 to leave entirely on "o side--:e!r1 namely1 all[+ = ! utmo/ unc]ta9ty on o!r po9ts ( ! criticism to :i* he appeals1 !re is any reasonable d\bt t ! ,"l's ,pray] & ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt af=d a true acc\nt ( our ,"l's ess5tial belief & c>d9al tea*+ 7p4 #cee74 ,i c]ta9ly 0 n aw>e t ,i _h evad$ ! que/ions "h /at$2 inde$ ,i %\ld say t ,i h indicat$ my reply to !m pretty cle>ly2 b1 z ,dr4 ,wace wants a pla9] answ]1 he %all c]ta9ly be gratifi$4 ,if1 z ,dr4 ,wace decl>es x is1 8 :ole case is involv$ 9 ! argum5t z /at$ 9 ! latt] ( ^! two extracts1 s mu* ! worse = 8 :ole case4 ,= ,i am ( op9ion t !re is ! grave/ reason = d\bt+ :e!r ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 0 ev] prea*$1 & :e!r ! s-call$ ,"l's ,pray] 0 ev] pray$1 by ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,my reasons = ?is op9ion are1 among ,o!rs1 ^!3--,!re is n[ no d\bt t ! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels1 s f> f be+ ! "w ( ?ree indep5d5t writ]s1 are closely int]-dep5d5t1#dj & t 9 "o ( two ways4 ,ei!r all ?ree conta91 z _! f\ndation1 v]sions1 to a l>ge ext5t v]bally id5tical1 ( "o & ! same tradition2 or two ( !m are ?us closely dep5d5t on ! ?ird2 & ! op9ion ( ! majority ( ! be/ critics has ( late ye>s m & m conv]g$ t[>ds ! conviction t our canonical second gospel 7! s-call$ ,m>k's ,gospel7 is t :i* mo/ closely repres5ts ! primitive gr\ndwork ( ! ?ree4#da ,t ,i take to be "o ( ! mo/ valuable results ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism1 ( immeasurably great] importance ?an ! discussion ab\t dates & au?or%ip4 ,b if1 z ,i believe to be ! case1 beyond any rational d\bt or dispute1 ! second gospel is ! ne>e/ extant repres5tative ( ! olde/ tradition1 :e!r writt5 or oral1 h[ comes x t x conta9s nei!r ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt nor ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ^? typical embodim5ts1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,wace1 ( ! ess5tial belief & c>d9al tea*+ ( ,jesus8 ,n only does ,m>k's gospel fail to conta9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 or any?+ b a v few ( ! say+s conta9$ 9 t collection2 b1 at ! po9t ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus :]e ! ,s]mon occurs 9 ,mat!w1 !re is 9 ,m>k an app>5tly unbrok5 n>rative f ! call+ ( ,james & ,john to ! heal+ ( ,simon's wife's "m4 ,?us ! olde/ tradition n only ignores ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 b1 by implication1 raises a probability aga9/ its be+ deliv]$ :5 & :]e ! lat] ,mat!w ins]ts x 9 8 compilation4 ,& /ill m weighty is ! fact t ! ?ird gospel1 ! au?or ( :i* tells u t he wrote aft] _m o!rs _h tak5 9 h& ! same ent]prise2 :o %\ld !re=e h kn[n ! fir/ gospel 7if x exi/$71 & 0 b\nd to pay to x ! def]5ce due to ! "w ( an apo/olic eye-witness 7if he _h any reason = ?9k+ x 0 s7--?is writ]1 :o exhibits f> m lit]>y compet5ce ?an ! o!r two1 ignores any ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 su* z t report$ by ,mat!w1 j z mu* z ! olde/ au?ority does4 ,yet ,luke has a great _m passages id5tical1 or p>allel1 ) ^? 9 ,mat!w's ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :i* are1 = ! mo/ "p1 scatt]$ ab\t 9 a totally diff]5t connection4 ,int]pos$1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! nom9ation ( ! ,apo/les & a visit to ,cap]naum2 occupy+1 !re=e1 a place :i* answ]s to t ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 9 ! fir/ gospel1 !re is1 9 ! ?ird gospel a disc\rse :i* is z closely simil> to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 9 "s p>ticul>s1 z x is widely unlike x 9 o!rs4 ,?is disc\rse is said to h be5 deliv]$ 9 a pla9 or level place 7,luke vi4 #ag71 & by way ( di/9ction we may call x ! ,s]mon on ! ,pla94 ,i see no reason to d\bt t ! two ,evangeli/s are deal+1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ) ! same traditional mat]ial2 & a comp>ison ( ! two ,s]mons sugge/s v /rongly t ,luke's v]sion is ! e>li]4 ,! correspond5ces betwe5 ! two =bid ! notion t !y are indep5d5t4 ,!y bo? beg9 ) a s]ies ( bless+s1 "s ( :i* are almo/ v]bally id5tical4 ,9 ! middle ( ea* 7,luke vi4 #bg-ch1 ,matt4 v4 #dc-dh7 !re is a /rik+ exposition ( ! e?ical _s ( ! comm& giv5 9 ,leviticus xix4 #ah4 ,& ea* ends ) a passage conta9+ ! decl>ation t a tree is to be kn[n by its fruit1 & ! p>able ( ! h\se built on ! s&4 ,b :ile !re are only #bi v]ses 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,pla91 !re are #ajg 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 ! excess 9 l5g? ( ! latt] be+ *iefly due to ! long int]polations1 "o ( #cj v]ses be=e1 & "o ( #cd v]ses aft]1 ! middlemo/ p>allelism ) ,luke4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is q impossible to admit t !re is m probability t ,mat!w's v]sion ( ! ,s]mon is hi/orically accurate1 ?an !re is t ,luke's v]sion is s2 & !y _c bo? be accurate4 ,luke ei!r knew ! collection ( loosely-connect$ & aphori/ic utt]ances :i* appe> "u ! "n ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 9 ,mat!w2 or he did n4 ,if he did n1 he mu/ h be5 ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a docum5t z our canonical ,mat!w1 a fact :i* does n make = ! g5u95ess1 or ! au?ority1 ( t book4 ,if he did1 he has %[n t he does n c>e = its au?ority on a matt] ( fact ( no small importance2 & t does n p]mit u to conceive t he believes ! fir/ gospel to be ! "w ( an au?ority to :om he ought to def]1 let alone t ( an apo/olic eye-witness4 ,! tradition ( ! ,*ur* ab\t ! second gospel1 :i* ,i believe to be q wor?less1 b :i* is all ! evid5ce !re is = ,m>k's au?or%ip1 w\ld h u believe t ,m>k 0 little m ?an ! m\?piece ( ! apo/le ,pet]4 ,consequ5tly1 we are to suppose t ,pet] ei!r did n "k1 or did n c>e v mu* =1 t acc\nt ( ! ess5tial belief & c>d9al tea*+ ( ,jesus :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt3 &1 c]ta9ly1 he c\ld n h %>$ ,dr4 ,wace's view ( its importance#db ,i ?\ght t all fairly att5tive & intellig5t /ud5ts ( ! gospels1 to say no?+ ( !ologians ( reputation1 knew ^! ?+s4 ,b h[ c any "o :o does "k !m h ! consci5ce to ask :e!r !re is any reasonable d\bt t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 0 prea*$ by ,jesus ( ,naz>e?8 ,if conjecture is p]missible1 :]e no?+ else is possible1 ! mo/ probable conjecture seems to be t ,mat!w1 hav+ a c5to ( say+s attribut$--rightly or wrongly x is impossible to say--to ,jesus among 8 mat]ials1 ?\ght !y 71 or might be1 records ( a cont9u\s disc\rse1 & put !m 9 at ! place he ?\ght likelie/4 ,anci5t hi/orians ( ! highe/ "* saw no h>m 9 compos+ long spee*es :i* nev] 7 spok51 & putt+ !m into ! m\?s ( /atesm5 & w>riors2 & ,i presume t :oev] is repres5t$ by ,mat!w w\ld h be5 griev\sly a/oni%$ to f9d t any "o object$ to 8 foll[+ ! example ( ! be/ models accessible to him4 ,s ) ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,abs5t 9 our repres5tative ( ! olde/ tradition appe>s 9 bo? ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,!re is reason to believe t e pi\s ,jew1 at ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 pray$ ?ree times a day1 accord+ to a =mula :i* is embodi$ 9 ! pres5t ,s*mone-,esre #dc ( ! ,jewi% pray]-book4 ,jesus1 :o 0 assur$ly1 9 all respects1 a pi\s ,jew1 :atev] else he may h be51 d\btless did ! same4 ,:e!r he modifi$ ! curr5t =mula1 or :e!r ! s-call$ ,"l's ,pray] is ! pray] sub/itut$ = ! ,s*mone-,esre 9 ! congregations ( ! ,g5tiles1 is a "q :i* c h>dly be answ]$4 ,9 a subsequ5t passage ( ,dr4 ,wace's article 7p4 #cef7 he adds to ! li/ ( ! v]ities :i* he imag9es to be unassailable1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,passion4 ,i am n q sure :at he means by ?is4 ,i am n aw>e t any "o 7) ! exception ( c]ta9 anci5t h]etics7 has prop\nd$ d\bts z to ! reality ( ! crucifixion2 & c]ta9ly ,i h no incl9ation to argue ab\t ! precise accuracy ( e detail ( t pa!tic /ory ( suff]+ & wrong4 ,b1 if ,dr4 ,wace means1 z ,i suppose he does1 t t :i*1 accord+ to ! or?odox view1 happ5$ aft] ! crucifixion1 & :i* is1 9 a dogmatic s5se1 ! mo/ important "p ( ! /ory1 is f\nd$ on solid hi/orical pro(s1 ,i mu/ beg leave to express a diametrically opposite conviction4 ,:at d we f9d :5 ! acc\nts ( ! ev5ts 9 "q1 conta9$ 9 ! ?ree ,synoptic gospels1 are comp>$ toge!r8 ,9 ! olde/1 !re is a simple1 /raight=w>d /atem5t :i*1 = any?+ t ,i h to urge to ! contr>y1 may be exactly true4 ,9 ! o!r two1 !re is1 r\nd ?is possible & probable nucleus1 a mass ( accretions ( ! mo/ que/ionable "*4 ,! cruelty ( dea? by crucifixion dep5d$ v mu* ^u its l+]+ "*4 ,if !re 7 a support = ! weight ( ! body1 z n unfrequ5tly 0 ! practice1 ! pa9 dur+ ! fir/ h\rs ( ! infliction 0 n1 necess>ily1 extreme2 nor ne$ any s]i\s physical symptoms1 at once1 arise f ! w\nds made by ! nails 9 ! h&s & feet1 suppos+ !y 7 nail$1 :i* 0 n inv>iably ! case4 ,:5 exhau/ion set 91 & hung]1 ?ir/1 & n]v\s irritation _h done _! "w1 ! agony ( ! suff]] mu/ h be5 t]rible2 & ! m t]rible t1 9 ! abs5ce ( any effectual di/urbance ( ! ma*9]y ( physical life1 x might be prolong$ = _m h\rs1 or ev5 days4 ,temp]ate1 /rong m51 su* z 7 ! ord9>y ,galilean peasants1 might live = sev]al days on ! cross4 ,x is necess>y to be> ^! facts 9 m9d :5 we read ! acc\nt conta9$ 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ! second gospel4 ,jesus 0 crucifi$ at ! ?ird h\r 7xv4 #be71 & ! n>rative seems to imply t he di$ imm$iately aft] ! n9? h\r 7v4 #cd74 ,9 ?is case1 he w\ld h be5 crucifi$ only six h\rs2 & ! "t sp5t on ! cross _c h be5 mu* long]1 because ,joseph ( ,arima?a mu/ h gone to ,pilate1 made 8 prep>ations1 & deposit$ ! body 9 ! rock-cut tomb be=e sunset1 :i*1 at t "t ( ! ye>1 0 ab\t ! twelf? h\r4 ,t any "o %\ld die aft] only six h\rs' crucifixion c\ld n h be5 at all 9 accordance ) ,pilate's l>ge exp]i5ce ( ! effects ( t me?od ( puni%m5t4 ,x1 !re=e1 q agrees ) :at might be expect$1 t ,pilate m>vell$ if he 7 already dead & requir$ to be satisfi$ on ?is po9t by ! te/imony ( ! ,roman (fic] :o 0 9 comm& ( ! execution p>ty4 ,^? :o h paid att5tion to ! extraord9>ily difficult "q1 ,:at are ! indisputable signs ( dea?8--w be able to e/imate ! value ( ! op9ion ( a r\gh soldi] on su* a subject1 ev5 if 8 report to ! ,procurator 7 9 no wise affect$ by ! fact t ! fri5d ( ,jesus1 :o anxi\sly await$ 8 answ]1 0 a man ( influ5ce & ( weal?4 ,! inanimate body1 wrapp$ 9 l951 0 deposit$ 9 a spaci\s1#dd cool rock *amb]1 ! entrance ( :i* 0 clos$1 n by a well-fitt+ door1 b by a /one roll$ aga9/ ! op5+1 :i* w\ld ( c\rse all[ free passage ( air4 ,a little m ?an ?irty-six h\rs aft]w>ds 7,friday1 #f ,p4,m41 to ,sunday1 #f ,a4,m41 or a little aft]7 ?ree wom5 visit ! tomb & f9d x empty4 ,& !y are told by a "y man array$ 9 a :ite robe t ,jesus is gone to 8 native c\ntry ( ,galilee1 & t ! disciples & ,pet] w f9d him !re4 ,?us x /&s1 pla9ly record$1 9 ! olde/ tradition t1 = any evid5ce to ! contr>y1 ! sepul*re may h be5 empti$ at any "t dur+ ! ,friday or ,saturday nights4 ,if x is said t no ,jew w\ld h violat$ ! ,sabba? by tak+ ! =m] c\rse1 x is to be recollect$ t ,joseph ( ,arima?a might well be famili> ) t wise & lib]al int]pretation ( ! f\r? comm&m5t1 :i* p]mitt$ works ( m]cy to m5--nay1 ev5 ! draw+ ( an ox or an ass out ( a pit--on ! ,sabba?4 ,at any rate1 ! ,saturday night 0 free to ! mo/ scrupul\s ( obs]v]s ( ! ,law4 ,^! are ! facts ( ! case z /at$ by ! olde/ extant n>rative ( !m4 ,i d n see :y any "o %\ld h a ^w to say aga9/ ! inh]5t probability ( t n>rative2 &1 = my "p1 ,i am q ready to accept x z an hi/orical fact1 t s mu* & no m is positively kn[n ( ! end ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,on :at gr\nds c a reasonable man be ask$ to believe any m8 ,s f> z ! n>rative 9 ! fir/ gospel1 on ! "o h&1 & ^? 9 ! ?ird gospel & ! ,acts1 on ! o!r1 g beyond :at is /at$ 9 ! second gospel1 !y are hopelessly discrepant ) "o ano!r4 ,& ?is is ! m significant because ! pregnant phrase "s d\bt$1 9 ! fir/ gospel1 is ignor$ 9 ! ?ird4 ,b x is said t we h ! witness ,paul speak+ to u directly 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,!re is little d\bt t we h1 & a v s+ul> witness he is4 ,accord+ to 8 own %[+1 ,paul1 9 ! vig\r ( 8 manhood1 ) e means ( becom+ acqua9t$1 at fir/ h&1 ) ! evid5ce ( eye-witnesses1 n m]ely refus$ to cr$it !m1 b p]secut$ ! ,*ur* ( ,god & made havoc ( x4 ,! reason+ ( ,/eph5 fell dead ^u ! acute intellect ( ?is zealot = ! traditions ( 8 fa!rs3 8 eyes 7 bl9d to ! ec/atic illum9ation ( ! m>tyr's c\nt5ance z x _h be5 ! face ( an angel2 & :51 at ! words ,behold1 ,i see ! heav5s op5$ & ! ,son ( ,man /&+ on ! "r h& ( ,god1 ! murd]\s mob ru%$ ^u & /on$ ! rapt disciple ( ,jesus1 ,paul o/5tati\sly made himself _! (ficial accomplice4 ,yet ?is /range man1 because he has a vision "o day1 at once1 & ) equally headlong zeal1 flies to ! opposite pole ( op9ion4 ,& he is mo/ c>eful to tell u t he ab/a9$ f any re-exam9ation ( ! facts4 ,imm$iately ,i conf]r$ n ) fle% & blood2 nei!r w5t ,i up to ,j]usalem to !m :i* 7 ,apo/les be=e me2 b ,i w5t away into ,arabia4 7,galatians i4 #af1 #ag47 ,i d n presume to qu>rel ) ,paul's proc$ure4 ,if x satisfi$ him1 t 0 8 affair2 &1 if x satisfies any "o else1 ,i am n call$ ^u to dispute ! "r ( t p]son to be satisfi$4 ,b ,i c]ta9ly h ! "r to say t x w\ld n satisfy me 9 l case2 t ,i %\ld be v mu* a%am$ to pret5d t x c\ld1 or ought to1 satisfy me2 & t ,i c ent]ta9 b a v l[ e/imate ( ! value ( ! evid5ce ( p :o are to be satisfi$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 :5 que/ions ( objective fact1 9 :i* _! fai? is int]e/$1 are conc]n$4 ,s t :5 ,i am call$ ^u to believe a great deal m ?an ! olde/ gospel tells me ab\t ! f9al ev5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus on ! au?ority ( ,paul 7#a ,cor9?ians xv4 #e-h7 ,i mu/ pause4 ,did he ?9k x1 at any subsequ5t "t1 wor? :ile ,to conf] ) fle% & blood1 or1 9 mod]n phrase1 to re-exam9e ! facts = himself8 or 0 he ready to accept any?+ t fitt$ 9 ) 8 preconceiv$ ideas8 ,does he mean1 :5 he speaks ( all ! appe>ances ( ,jesus aft] ! crucifixion z if !y 7 ( ! same k9d1 t !y 7 all visions1 l ! manife/ation to himself8 ,&1 f9ally1 h[ is ?is acc\nt to be reconcil$ ) ^? 9 ! fir/ & ?ird gospels--:i*1 z we h se51 disagree ) "o ano!r8 ,until ^! que/ions are satisfactorily answ]$1 ,i am afraid t1 s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,paul's te/imony _c be s]i\sly reg>d$1 except z x may af=d evid5ce ( ! /ate ( traditional op9ion at ! "t at :i* he wrote1 say betwe5 #ee & #fj ,a4,d42 t is1 m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] ! ev5t2 a p]iod mu* m ?an suffici5t = ! developm5t ( any am\nt ( my?ology ab\t matt]s ( :i* no?+ 0 really kn[n4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 among ! contempor>ies & neighb\rs ( ! ,jews1 &1 if ! mo/ probable int]pretation ( ! ,apocalypse c be tru/$1 among ! foll[]s ( ,jesus also1 x 0 fully believ$1 9 spite ( all ! evid5ce to ! contr>y1 t ! ,emp]or ,n]o 0 n really dead1 b t he 0 hidd5 away some:]e 9 ! ,ea/1 & w\ld spe$ily come aga9 at ! head ( a great army1 to be rev5g$ ^u 8 enemies4#de ,?us1 ,i conceive t ,i h %[n cause = ! op9ion t ,dr4 ,wace's *all5ge t\*+ ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 & ! ,passion 0 m valor\s ?an discreet4 ,aft] all ?is discussion1 ,i am /ill at ! agno/ic po9t4 ,tell me1 fir/1 :at ,jesus c be prov$ to h be51 said1 & done1 & ,i w say :e!r ,i believe him1 or 9 him1#df or n4 ,z ,dr4 ,wace admits t ,i h dissipat$ 8 l+]+ %ade ( unbelief ab\t ! b$evilm5t ( ! ,gad>5e pigs1 he might h done some?+ to help m9e4 ,in/ead ( t1 he manife/s a total want ( conception ( ! nature ( ! ob/acles :i* imp$e ! conv]sion ( 8 infidels4 ,! tru? ,i believe to be1 t ! difficulties 9 ! way ( arriv+ at a sure conclusion z to ^! matt]s1 f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 or any o!r data (f]$ by ! ,synoptic gospels 7& a =tiori f ! f\r? gospel71 are insup]able4 ,e "o ( ^! records is col\r$ by ! prepossessions ( ^? among :om ! primitive traditions arose1 & ( ^? by :om !y 7 collect$ & edit$3 & ! difficulty ( mak+ all[ance = ^! prepossessions is enhanc$ by our ignorance ( ! exact dates at :i* ! docum5ts 7 fir/ put toge!r2 ( ! ext5t to :i* !y h be5 subsequ5tly work$ ov] & int]polat$2 & ( ! hi/orical s5se1 or want ( s5se1 & ! dogmatic t5d5cies ( _! compil]s & editors4 ,let u see if !re is any o!r road :i* w take u into some?+ bett] ?an negation4 ,!re is a widespread notion t ! primitive ,*ur*1 :ile "u ! guidance ( ! ,apo/les & _! imm$iate successors1 0 a sort ( dogmatic dovecot1 p]vad$ by ! mo/ lov+ unity & doctr9al h>mony4 ,prote/ants1 especially1 are fond ( attribut+ to !mselves ! m]it ( be+ ne>] ! ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/les ?an _! neighb\rs2 & !y are ! less to be excus$ = _! /range delusion because !y are great read]s ( ! docum5ts :i* prove ! exact contr>y4 ,! fact is t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( its exi/5ce1 ! ,*ur* rapidly und]w5t a process ( evolution ( ! mo/ rem>kable "*1 ! f9al /age ( :i* is f> m diff]5t f ! fir/ ?an ,anglicanism is f ,quak]ism4 ,! key to ! compreh5sion ( ! problem ( ! orig9 ( t :i* is n[ call$ ,*ri/ianity1 & its relation to ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 lies "h4 ,nor c we arrive at any s\nd conclusion z to :at x is probable t ,jesus actually said & did1 )\t be+ cle> on ?is head4 ,by f> ! mo/ important & subsequ5tly influ5tial /eps 9 ! evolution ( ,*ri/ianity took place 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5tury1 m or less1 :i* foll[$ ^u ! crucifixion4 ,x is almo/ ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ,*ur* hi/ory1 b1 mo/ =tunately1 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! p]iod are brightly illum9at$ by ! contempor>y evid5ce ( two writ]s ( ^: hi/orical exi/5ce !re is no d\bt1#dg & aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ^: mo/ important works !re is no widely admitt$ objection4 ,^! are ,ju/91 ! philosoph] & m>tyr1 & ,paul1 ! ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles4 ,i %all call ^u ^! witnesses only to te/ify to ! condition ( op9ion among ^? :o call$ !mselves disciples ( ,jesus 9 _! "t4 ,ju/91 9 8 ,dialogue ) ,trypho ! ,jew1 :i* 0 writt5 some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 enum]ates c]ta9 categories ( p]sons :o1 9 8 op9ion1 w1 or w n1 be sav$4#dh ,^! are3-- #a4 ,or?odox ,jews :o refuse to believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,n ,sav$4 #b4 ,jews :o obs]ve ! ,law2 believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/2 b :o insi/ on ! obs]vance ( ! ,law by ,g5tile conv]ts4 ,n ,sav$4 #c4 ,jews :o obs]ve ! ,law2 believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/1 & hold t ,g5tile conv]ts ne$ n obs]ve ! ,law4 ,sav$ 79 ,ju/9's op9ion2 b "s ( 8 fell[-,*ri/ians ?9k ! contr>y74 #d4 ,g5tile conv]ts to ! belief 9 ,jesus z ! ,*ri/1 :o obs]ve ! ,law4 ,sav$ 7possibly74 #e4 ,g5tile believ]s 9 ,jesus z ! ,*ri/1 :o d n obs]ve ! ,law !mselves 7except s f> z ! refusal ( idol sacrifices71 b d n consid] ^? :o d obs]ve x h]etics4 ,sav$ 7?is is ,ju/9's own view74 #f4 ,g5tile believ]s :o d n obs]ve ! ,law1 except 9 refus+ idol sacrifices1 & hold ^? :o d obs]ve x to be h]etics4 ,sav$4 #g4 ,g5tiles :o believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/ & call !mselves ,*ri/ians1 b :o eat meats sacrific$ to idols4 ,n ,sav$4 #h4 ,g5tiles :o disbelieve 9 ,jesus z ! ,*ri/4 ,n ,sav$4 ,ju/9 does n consid] ,*ri/ians :o believe 9 ! natural bir? ( ,jesus1 ( :om he implies t !re is a respectable m9ority1 to be h]etics1 ?\gh he himself /rongly holds ! pret]natural bir? ( ,jesus & 8 pre-exi/5ce z ! ,logos or ,^w4 ,he conceives ! ,logos to be a second ,god1 inf]ior to ! fir/1 unkn[able ,god1 ) respect to :om ,ju/91 l ,philo1 is a complete agno/ic4 ,! ,holy ,_s is n reg>d$ by ,ju/9 z a sep>ate p]sonality1 & is (t5 mix$ up ) ! ,logos4 ,! doctr9e ( ! natural immortality ( ! s\l is1 = ,ju/91 a h]esy2 & he is z a believ] 9 ! resurrection ( ! body1 z 9 ! spe$y ,second ,com+ e/abli%m5t ( ! mill5nium4 ,?is pill> ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury--a mu*-travell$ native ( ,sam>ia--0 c]ta9ly well acqua9t$ ) ,rome1 probably ) ,alex&ria2 & x is likely t he knew ! /ate ( op9ion ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! ,*ri/ian _w z well z any man ( 8 "t4 ,if ! v>i\s categories above enum]at$ are arrang$ 9 a s]ies ?us3-- ,ju/9's ,*ri/ianity ,or?odox ,judo- ,idolo?ytic ,paganism ,judaism ,*ri/ianity ,*ri/ianity ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 x is obvi\s t !y =m a gradational s]ies f or?odox ,judaism1 on ! extreme left1 to ,paganism1 :e!r philosophic or popul>1 on ! extreme "r2 & x w fur!r be obs]v$ t1 :ile ,ju/9's conception ( ,*ri/ianity is v broad1 he rigor\sly excludes two classes ( p]sons :o1 9 8 "t1 call$ !mselves ,*ri/ians2 namely1 ^? :o insi/ on circumcision & o!r obs]vances ( ! ,law on ! "p ( ,g5tile conv]ts3 t is to say1 ! /rict ,judo-,*ri/ians 7,,ii473 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o ass]t ! lawfulness ( eat+ meat (f]$ to idols--:e!r !y are ,gno/ic or n 7,,vii474 ,^! la/ ,i h call$ idolo?ytic ,*ri/ians1 because ,i _c devise a bett] "n1 n because x is /rictly def5sible etymologically4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 ,i d n suppose !re is an ,engli% mission>y 9 any hea!n l& :o w\ld tr\ble himself :e!r ! mat]ials ( 8 d9n] _h be5 previ\sly (f]$ to idols or n4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i suppose !re is no ,prote/ant sect )9 ! pale ( or?odoxy1 to say no?+ ( ! ,roman & ,greek ,*ur*es1 :i* w\ld hesitate to decl>e ! practice ( circumcision & ! obs]vance ( ! ,jewi% ,sabba? & diet>y rules1 %ock+ly h]etical4 ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity has1 9 fact1 n only %ift$ f> to ! "r ( ,ju/9's position1 b x is ( mu* n>r[] compass4 ,ju/9 ,judo- ,mod]n ,paganism ,*ri/ianity ,*ri/ianity ,judaism ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 ,=1 ?\gh x includes ,,vii41 & ev51 9 sa9t & relic wor%ip1 cuts a mon/r\s cantle out ( paganism1 x excludes1 n only all ,judo-,*ri/ians1 b all :o d\bt t su* are h]etics4 ,ev] s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,inquisition w\ld h *e]fully burn$1 & 9 ,spa9 did abundantly burn1 all p]sons :o came "u ! categories ,,ii41 ,,iii4 ,,iv41 ,v4 ,& ! wolf w\ld play ! same havoc n[1 if x c\ld only get its blood-/a9$ jaws free f ! muzzle impos$ by ! secul> arm4 ,fur!r1 !re is n a ,prote/ant body except ! ,unit>ian1 :i* w\ld n decl>e ,ju/9 himself a h]etic1 on acc\nt ( 8 doctr9e ( ! inf]ior god%ip ( ! ,logos2 :ile ,i am v mu* afraid t1 9 /rict logic1 ,dr4 ,wace w\ld be "u ! necessity1 s pa9ful to him1 ( call+ him an infidel1 on ! same & on o!r gr\nds4 ,n[ let u turn to our o!r au?ority4 ,if !re is any result ( critical inve/igations ( ! s\rces ( ,*ri/ianity :i* is c]ta91#di x is t ,paul ( ,t>sus wrote ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians some:]e betwe5 ! ye>s #ee & #fj ,a4,d41 t is to say1 r\ghly1 tw5ty1 or five-&-tw5ty ye>s aft] ! crucifixion4 ,if ?is is s1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians is "o ( ! olde/1 if n ! v olde/1 ( extant docum5t>y evid5ces ( ! /ate ( ! primitive ,*ur*4 ,&1 be x obs]v$1 if x is ,paul's writ+1 x unque/ionably furni%es u ) ! evid5ce ( a p>ticipator 9 ! transactions n>rat$4 ,) ! exception ( two or ?ree ( ! o!r ,paul9e ,epi/les1 !re is n "o solit>y book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ! au?or%ip & au?ority ( :i* we h su* good evid5ce4 ,& :at is ! /ate ( ?+s we f9d disclos$8 ,a bitt] qu>rel1 9 8 acc\nt ( :i* ,paul by no means m9ces matt]s1 or hesitates to hurl defiant s>casms aga9/ ^? :o 7 reput$ to be pill>s3 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 ,pet]1 ! rock on :om ,jesus is said to h built 8 ,*ur*1 & ,john1 ! belov$ disciple4 ,& no def]5ce t[>d ! rock )holds ,paul f *>g+ ,pet] to 8 face ) dissimulation4 ,! subject ( ! hot dispute 0 simply ?is4 ,7 ,g5tile conv]ts b\nd to obey ! ,law or n8 ,paul answ]$ 9 ! negative2 &1 act+ ^u 8 op9ion1 he _h creat$ at ,antio* 7& else:]e7 a specifically ,*ri/ian community1 ! sole qualifications = admission into :i* 7 ! confession ( ! belief t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 & baptism ^u t confession4 ,9 ! epi/le 9 "q1 ,paul puts ?is--8 gospel1 z he calls x--9 its mo/ extreme =m4 ,n only does he d5y ! necessity ( con=mity ) ! ,law1 b he decl>es su* con=mity to h a negative value1 ,behold1 ,i1 ,paul1 say unto y1 t if ye receive circumcision1 ,*ri/ w pr(it y no?+ 7,galatians v4 #b74 ,he calls ! legal obs]vances begg>ly rudim5ts1 & ana!matises e "o :o prea*es to ! ,galatians any o!r gospel ?an 8 own4 ,t is to say1 by direct consequ5ce1 he ana!matises ! ,naz>5es ( ,j]usalem1 ^: zeal = ! ,law is te/ifi$ by ,james 9 a passage ( ! ,acts cit$ fur!r on4 ,9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 deal+ ) ! "q ( eat+ meat (f]$ to idols1 x is cle> t ,paul himself ?9ks x a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 b he advises t x %\ld n be done1 = ! sake ( ! weak] bre?r54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,naz>5es ( ,j]usalem mo/ /r5u\sly oppos$ ,paul's gospel1 insi/+ on e conv]t becom+ a regul> ,jewi% proselyte1 & consequ5tly on 8 obs]vance ( ! :ole ,law2 & ?is p>ty 0 l$ by ,james & ,pet] & ,john 7,galatians ii4 #i74 ,paul does n sugge/ t ! "q ( pr9ciple 0 settl$ by ! discussion ref]r$ to 9 ,galatians4 ,all he says is1 t x end$ 9 ! practical agreem5t t he & ,b>nabas %\ld d z !y _h be5 do+1 9 respect to ! ,g5tiles3 :ile ,james & ,pet] & ,john %\ld deal 9 _! own fa%ion ) ,jewi% conv]ts4 ,aft]w>ds1 he compla9s bitt]ly ( ,pet]1 because1 :5 on a visit to ,antio*1 he1 at fir/1 incl9$ to ,paul's view & ate ) ! ,g5tile conv]ts2 b :5 c]ta9 came f ,james1 drew back1 & sep>at$ himself1 fe>+ !m t 7 ( ! circumcision4 ,& ! re/ ( ! ,jews dissembl$ likewise ) him2 insomu* t ev5 ,b>nabas 0 c>ri$ away ) _! dissimulation 7,galatians ii4 #ab-ac74 ,!re is b "o conclusion to be drawn f ,paul's acc\nt ( ?is fam\s dispute1 ! settlem5t ( :i* det]m9$ ! =tunes ( ! nasc5t religion4 ,x is t ! disciples at ,j]usalem1 head$ by ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r1 & by ! lead+ apo/les1 ,pet] & ,john1 7 /rict ,jews1 :o _h object$ to admit any conv]ts into _! body1 unless ^!1 ei!r by bir?1 or by becom+ proselytes1 7 also /rict ,jews4 ,9 fact1 ! sole diff]5ce betwe5 ,james & ,pet] & ,john1 ) ! body ( ! disciples :om !y l$ & ! ,jews by :om !y 7 surr\nd$1 & ) :om !y1 = _m ye>s1 %>$ ! relig\s obs]vances ( ! ,temple1 0 t !y believ$ t ! ,messiah1 :om ! lead]s ( ! nation yet look$ =1 _h already come 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is h>dly a v tru/wor?y hi/ory2 x is c]ta9ly ( lat] date ?an ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 suppos+ !m to be g5u9e4 ,& ! writ]'s v]sion ( ! conf]5ce ( :i* ,paul gives s graphic a description1 if t is correct1 is unmi/akably col\r$ ) all ! art ( a reconcil]1 anxi\s to cov] up a sc&al4 ,b x is none ! less in/ructive on ?is acc\nt4 ,! judgm5t ( ! c\ncil deliv]$ by ,james is t ! ,g5tile conv]ts %all m]ely ab/a9 f ?+s sacrific$ to idols1 & f blood & f ?+s /rangl$1 & f =nication4 ,b not)/&+ ! accommodation 9 :i* ! writ] ( ! ,acts w\ld h u believe1 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* held to its endeav\r to reta9 ! obs]vance ( ! ,law4 ,long aft] ! conf]5ce1 "s "t aft] ! writ+ ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,galatians & ,cor9?ians1 & imm$iately aft] ! despat* ( t to ! ,romans1 ,paul makes 8 la/ visit to ,j]usalem1 & pres5ts himself to ,james & all ! eld]s4 ,& ?is is :at ! ,acts tells u ( ! int]view3-- ,& !y said unto him1 ,?\ see/1 bro!r1 h[ _m ?\s&s or myriads !re are among ! ,jews ( !m :i* h believ$2 & !y are all zeal\s = ! law2 & !y h be5 in=m$ conc]n+ !e1 t ?\ tea*e/ all ! ,jews :i* are among ! ,g5tiles to =sake ,moses1 tell+ !m n to circumcise _! *ildr51 nei!r to walk aft] ! cu/oms4 7,acts xxi4 #bj1 #ba47 ,!y !re=e reque/ t he %\ld p]=m a c]ta9 public religi\s act 9 ! ,temple1 9 ord] t all %all "k t !re is no tru? 9 ! ?+s :]e( !y h be5 in=m$ conc]n+ !e2 b t ?\ ?yself walke/ ord]ly1 keep+ ! law 7ibid4 #bd74ej ,h[ f> ,paul c\ld d :at he is "h reque/$ to d1 & :i* ! writ] ( ! ,acts goes on to say he did1 ) a cle> consci5ce1 if he wrote ! ,epi/les to ! ,galatians & ,cor9?ians ,i may leave any c&id read] ( ^! epi/les to decide4 ,! po9t to :i* ,i wi% to direct att5tion is ! decl>ation t ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 l$ by ! bro!r ( ,jesus & by 8 p]sonal disciples & fri5ds1 tw5ty ye>s & m aft] 8 dea?1 consi/$ ( /rict & zeal\s ,jews4 ,t]tullus1 ! orator1 c>+ v little ab\t ! int]nal diss5sions ( ! foll[]s ( ,jesus1 speaks ( ,paul z a r+lead] ( ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es 7,acts xxiv4 #e71 :i* mu/ h affect$ ,james mu* 9 ! same way z x w\ld h mov$ ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 9 ,george ,fox's day1 to he> ! latt] call$ a r+lead] ( ! sect ( ,anglicans4 ,9 fact1 ,naz>5e 01 z is well kn[n1 ! di/9ctive appellation appli$ to ,jesus2 8 imm$iate foll[]s 7 kn[n z ,naz>5es2 :ile ! congregation ( ! disciples1 &1 lat]1 ( conv]ts at ,j]usalem--! ,j]usalem ,*ur*--0 emphatically ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es1 no m1 9 itself1 to be reg>d$ z any?+ outside ,judaism ?an ! sect ( ! ,sadducees1 or t ( ! ,ess5es#ea4 ,9 fact1 ! t5ets ( bo? ! ,sadducees & ! ,ess5es div]g$ mu* m widely f ! ,ph>isaic /&>d ( or?odoxy ?an ,naz>5ism did4 ,let u consid] ! position ( affairs n[ 7,a4,d4 #ej-fj7 9 relation to t :i* obta9$ 9 ,ju/9's "t1 a c5tury lat]4 ,x is pla9 t ! ,naz>5es--presid$ ov] by ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & compris+ )9 _! body all ! twelve apo/les--belong$ to ,ju/9's second category ( ,jews :o obs]ve ! ,law1 believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/1 b :o insi/ on ! obs]vance ( ! ,law by ,g5tile conv]ts1 up till ! "t at :i* ! controv]sy report$ by ,paul arose4 ,!y !n1 accord+ to ,paul1 simply all[$ him to =m 8 congregations ( non-legal ,g5tile conv]ts at ,antio* & else:]e2 & x w\ld seem t x 0 to ^! conv]ts1 :o w\ld come "u ,ju/9's fif? category1 t ! title ( ,*ri/ian 0 fir/ appli$4 ,if any ( ^! ,*ri/ians _h act$ ^u ! m ?an half-p]mission giv5 by ,paul1 & _h eat5 meats (f]$ to idols1 !y w\ld h belong$ to ,ju/9's sev5? category4 ,h5ce1 x appe>s t1 if ,ju/9's op9ion1 :i* 0 probably t ( ! ,*ur* g5]ally 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 0 correct1 ,james & ,pet] & ,john & _! foll[]s c\ld n be sav$2 nei!r c\ld ,paul1 if he c>ri$ into practice 8 views z to ! indiff]5ce ( eat+ meats (f]$ to idols4 ,or1 to put ! matt] ano!r way1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( or?odoxy1 :i* is at ! extreme "r ( ! s]ies 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 at ! extreme left1 j be=e ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury1 :5 ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es con/itut$ ! :ole *ur* f\nd$ by ,jesus & ! apo/les2 :ile1 9 ! "t ( ,ju/91 x lay midway betwe5 ! two4 ,x is !re=e a pr(\nd mi/ake to imag9e t ! ,judo-,*ri/ians 7,naz>5es & ,ebionites7 ( lat] times 7 h]etical outgr[?s f a primitive univ]sali/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! univ]sali/ ,*ri/ianity is an outgr[? f ! primitive1 purely ,jewi%1 ,naz>5ism2 :i*1 gradually elim9at+ all ! c]emonial & diet>y p>ts ( ! ,jewi% law1 has ?ru/ aside its p>5t1 & all ! int]m$iate /ages ( its developm5t1 into ! position ( damnable h]esies4 ,su* be+ ! case1 we are 9 a position to =m a safe judgm5t ( ! limits )9 :i* ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? mu/ h be5 conf9$4 ,ecclesia/ical au?ority w\ld h u believe t ! words :i* are giv5 at ! end ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 ,g ye1 !re=e1 & make disciples ( all ! nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 are "p ( ! la/ comm&s ( ,jesus1 issu$ at ! mom5t ( 8 p>t+ ) ! elev54 ,if s1 ,pet] & ,john mu/ h he>d ^! words2 !y are too pla9 to be misund]/ood2 & ! occasion is too solemn = !m ev] to be =gott54 ,yet ! ,acts tells u t ,pet] ne$$ a vision to enable him s mu* z to baptize ,cornelius2 & ,paul1 9 ! ,galatians1 kn[s no?+ ( words :i* w\ld h completely borne him out z aga9/ ^? :o1 ?\gh !y he>d1 mu/ be suppos$ to h ei!r =gott51 or ignor$ !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pet] & ,john1 :o are suppos$ to h he>d ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 "k no?+ ( ! say+ t ,jesus _h n come to de/roy ! ,law1 b t e jot & tittle ( ! ,law mu/ be fulfill$1 :i* surely w\ld h be5 pretty good evid5ce = _! view ( ! "q4 ,we are sometimes told t ! p]sonal fri5ds & daily companions ( ,jesus rema9$ zeal\s ,jews & oppos$ ,paul's innovations1 because !y 7 h>d ( he>t & dull ( compreh5sion4 ,?is hypo!sis is h>dly 9 accordance ) ! concomitant fai? ( ^? :o adopt x1 9 ! miracul\s insight & sup]human sagacity ( _! ,ma/]2 nor d ,i see any way ( gett+ x to h>monise ) ! or?odox po/ulate2 namely1 t ,mat!w 0 ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel & ,john ( ! f\r?4 ,if t is s1 !n1 mo/ assur$ly1 ,mat!w 0 no dull>d2 & z = ! f\r? gospel--a !osophic romance ( ! fir/ ord]--x c\ld h be5 writt5 by none b a man ( rem>kable lit]>y capacity1 :o _h deep ( ,alex&rian philosophy4 ,moreov]1 ! doctr9e ( ! writ] ( ! f\r? gospel is m remote f t ( ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es ?an is t ( ,paul himself4 ,i am q aw>e t or?odox critics h be5 capable ( ma9ta9+ t ,john1 ! ,naz>5e1 :o 0 probably well pa/ fifty ye>s ( age1 :5 he is suppos$ to h writt5 ! mo/ ?or\ghly ,judais+ book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--! ,apocalypse--9 ! r\ghe/ ( ,greek1 und]w5t an a/\nd+ metamorphosis ( bo? doctr9e & /yle by ! "t he rea*$ ! ripe age ( n9ety or s1 & provid$ ! _w ) a hi/ory 9 :i* ! acute/ critic _c always make out :]e ! spee*es ( ,jesus end & ! text ( ! n>rative beg9s2 :ile t n>rative1 is utt]ly irreconcilable1 9 reg>d to matt]s ( fact1 ) t ( 8 fell[-apo/le1 ,mat!w4 ,! end ( ! :ole matt] is ?is3--,! sect ( ! ,naz>5es1 ! bro!r & ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,jesus1 commission$ by him z apo/les1 & ^? 7 taught by !m up to ! ye> #ej;,a4,d41 7 n ,*ri/ians 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t t]m has be5 und]/ood ev] s9ce its ass]t$ orig9 at ,antio*1 b ,jews--/rict or?odox ,jews--^: belief 9 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus nev] l$ to _! exclusion f ! ,temple s]vices1 nor w\ld h %ut !m out f ! wide embrace ( ,judaism4#eb ,! op5 proclamation ( _! special view ab\t ! ,messiah 0 d\btless (f5sive to ! ,ph>isees1 j z rampant ,l[ ,*ur*ism is (f5sive to bigot$ ,high ,*ur*ism 9 our own c\ntry2 or z any k9d ( diss5t is (f5sive to f]vid religioni/s ( all cre$s4 ,to ! ,sadducees1 no d\bt1 ! political dang] ( any ,messianic movem5t 0 s]i\s2 & !y w\ld h be5 glad to put d[n ,naz>5ism1 le/ x %\ld end 9 useless rebellion aga9/ _! ,roman ma/]s1 l t o!r ,galilean movem5t head$ by ,judas1 a g5]ation e>li]4 ,galilee 0 always a hotb$ ( s$iti\s en?usiasm aga9/ ! rule ( ,rome2 & high prie/ & procurator alike _h ne$ to keep a %>p eye ^u natives ( t di/rict4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! ,naz>5es 7 b little tr\bl$ = ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( _! exi/5ce2 & ! undy+ hatr$ ( ! ,jews aga9/ ^? lat] conv]ts1 :om !y reg>d$ z apo/ates & fautors ( a %am ,judaism1 0 awak5$ by ,paul4 ,f _! po9t ( view1 he 0 a m]e r5egade ,jew1 oppos$ alike to or?odox ,judaism & to or?odox ,naz>5ism2 & ^: tea*+s ?reat5$ ,judaism ) de/ruction4 ,&1 f _! po9t ( view1 !y 7 q "r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 ,paul9e influ5ces _h a l>ge %>e 9 driv+ primitive ,naz>5ism f be+ ! v he>t ( ! new fai? into ! position ( sc\t$ error2 & ! _s ( ,paul's doctr9e cont9u$ its "w ( driv+ ,*ri/ianity f>!r & f>!r away f ,judaism1 until meats (f]$ to idols might be eat5 )\t scruple1 :ile ! ,naz>5e me?ods ( obs]v+ ev5 ! ,sabba?1 or ! ,passov]1 7 br&$ ) ! m>k ( ,judais+ h]esy4 ,b if ! primitive ,naz>5es ( :om ! ,acts speaks 7 or?odox ,jews1 :at sort ( probability c !re be t ,jesus 0 any?+ else8 ,h[ c he h f\nd$ ! univ]sal religion :i* 0 n he>d ( till tw5ty ye>s aft] 8 dea?8#ec ,t ,jesus possess$1 9 a r>e degree1 ! gift ( atta*+ m5 to 8 p]son & to 8 =tunes2 t he 0 ! au?or ( _m a /rik+ say+1 & ! advocate ( equity1 ( love1 & ( humility2 t he may h disreg>d$ ! subtleties ( ! bigots = legal obs]vance1 & appeal$ r to ^? noble conceptions ( religion :i* con/itut$ ! pi? & k]nel ( ! tea*+ ( ! great prophets ( 8 nation sev5 hundr$ ye>s e>li]2 & t1 9 ! la/ sc5es ( 8 c>e]1 he may h embodi$ ! ideal suff]] ( ,isaiah1 may be1 z ,i ?9k x is1 extremely probable4 ,b all ?is involves n a /ep beyond ! bord]s ( or?odox ,judaism4 ,aga91 :o is to say :e!r ,jesus proclaim$ himself ! v]itable ,messiah1 expect$ by 8 nation s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! pseudo-prophetic "w ( ,daniel1 a c5tury & a half be=e 8 "t2 or :e!r ! en?usiasm ( 8 foll[]s gradually =c$ him to assume t position8 ,b "o ?+ is q c]ta93 if t belief 9 ! spe$y second com+ ( ! ,messiah :i* 0 %>$ by all p>ties 9 ! primitive ,*ur*1 :e!r ,naz>5e or ,paul9e2 :i* ,jesus is made to prophesy1 ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! ,synoptic gospels2 & :i* dom9at$ ! life ( ,*ri/ians dur+ ! fir/ c5tury aft] ! crucifixion2--if he believ$ & taught t1 !n assur$ly he 0 "u an illusion1 & he is responsible = t :i* ! m]e effluxion ( "t has demon/rat$ to be a prodigi\s error4 ,,agno/icism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity ,nemo ergo ex me scire qurat1 quod me nescire scio1 nisi =te ut nescire discat4--,,augu/9us4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xii4 #g4 ,! p :o call !mselves ,agno/ics h be5 *>g$ ) do+ s because !y h n ! c\rage to decl>e !mselves ,infidels4 ,x has be5 ins9uat$ t !y h adopt$ a new "n 9 ord] to escape ! unpleasantness :i* atta*es to _! prop] d5om9ation4 ,to ?is :olly errone\s imputation1 ,i h repli$ by %[+ t ! t]m ,agno/ic did1 z a matt] ( fact1 arise 9 a mann] :i* negatives x2 & my /atem5t has n be51 & _c be1 refut$4 ,moreov]1 speak+ = myself1 & )\t impugn+ ! "r ( any o!r p]son to use ! t]m 9 ano!r s5se1 ,i fur!r say t ,agno/icism is n prop]ly describ$ z a negative cre$1 nor inde$ z a cre$ ( any k9d1 except 9 s f> z x expresses absolute fai? 9 ! validity ( a pr9ciple1 :i* is z mu* e?ical z intellectual4 ,?is pr9ciple may be /at$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b !y all am\nt to ?is3 t x is wrong = a man to say t he is c]ta9 ( ! objective tru? ( any proposition unless he c produce evid5ce :i* logically ju/ifies t c]ta9ty4 ,?is is :at ,agno/icism ass]ts2 &1 9 my op9ion1 x is all t is ess5tial to ,agno/icism4 ,t :i* ,agno/ics d5y & repudiate1 z immoral1 is ! contr>y doctr9e1 t !re are propositions :i* m5 ought to believe1 )\t logically satisfactory evid5ce2 & t reprobation ought to atta* to ! pr(ession ( disbelief 9 su* inadequately support$ propositions4 ,! ju/ification ( ! ,agno/ic pr9ciple lies 9 ! success :i* foll[s ^u its application1 :e!r 9 ! field ( natural1 or 9 t ( civil1 hi/ory2 & 9 ! fact t1 s f> z ^! topics are conc]n$1 no sane man ?9ks ( d5y+ its validity4 ,/ill speak+ = myself1 ,i add1 t ?\gh ,agno/icism is n1 & _c be1 a cre$1 except 9 s f> z its g5]al pr9ciple is conc]n$2 yet t ! application ( t pr9ciple results 9 ! d5ial (1 or ! susp5sion ( judgm5t conc]n+1 a numb] ( propositions respect+ :i* our contempor>y ecclesia/ical gno/ics pr(ess entire c]ta9ty4 ,&1 9 s f> z ^! ecclesia/ical p]sons c be ju/ifi$ 9 _! old-e/abli%$ cu/om 7:i* _m n[adays ?9k m hon\r$ 9 ! brea* ?an ! obs]vance7 ( us+ opprobri\s names to ^? :o diff] f !m1 ,i fully admit _! "r to call me & ^? :o ?9k ) me ,infidels2 all ,i h v5tur$ to urge is t !y mu/ n expect u to speak ( ourselves by t title4 ,! ext5t ( ! region ( ! unc]ta91 ! numb] ( ! problems ! inve/igation ( :i* ends 9 a v]dict ( n prov51 w v>y accord+ to ! k & ! intellectual habits ( ! individual ,agno/ic4 ,i d n v mu* c>e to speak ( any?+ z unkn[able4 #ed ,:at ,i am sure ab\t is t !re are _m topics ab\t :i* ,i "k no?+2 & :i*1 s f> z ,i c see1 are out ( rea* ( my faculties4 ,b :e!r ^! ?+s are kn[able by any "o else is exactly "o ( ^? matt]s :i* is beyond my k1 ?\gh ,i may h a tol]ably /rong op9ion z to ! probabilities ( ! case4 ,relatively to myself1 ,i am q sure t ! region ( unc]ta9ty--! nebul\s c\ntry 9 :i* words play ! "p ( realities--is f> m ext5sive ?an ,i c\ld wi%4 ,mat]ialism & ,idealism2 ,!ism & ,a!ism2 ! doctr9e ( ! s\l & its mortality or immortality--appe> 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy l ! %ades ( ,sc&9avian h]oes1 et]nally slay+ "o ano!r & et]nally com+ to life aga9 9 a metaphysical ,nifelheim4 ,x is gett+ on = tw5ty-five c5turies1 at lea/1 s9ce mank9d began s]i\sly to give _! m9ds to ^! topics4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 philosophy has be5 doom$ to roll ! /one uphill2 &1 j z all ! _w swore x 0 at ! top1 d[n x has roll$ to ! bottom aga94 ,all ?is is writt5 9 innum]able books2 & he :o w toil ?r\gh !m w discov] t ! /one is j :]e x 0 :5 ! "w began4 ,hume saw ?is2 ,kant saw x2 s9ce _! "t1 m & m eyes h be5 cleans$ ( ! films :i* prev5t$ !m f see+ x2 until n[ ! weight & numb] ( ^? :o refuse to be ! prey ( v]bal my/ifications has begun to tell 9 practical life4 ,x 0 inevitable t a conflict %\ld arise betwe5 ,agno/icism & ,!ology2 or1 r1 ,i ought to say1 betwe5 ,agno/icism & ,ecclesia/icism4 ,= ,!ology1 ! sci5ce1 is "o ?+2 & ,ecclesia/icism1 ! *ampion%ip ( a =egone conclusion#ee z to ! tru? ( a p>ticul> =m ( ,!ology1 is ano!r4 ,) sci5tific ,!ology1 ,agno/icism has no qu>rel4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,agno/ic1 kn[+ too well ! influ5ce ( prejudice & idiosyncrasy1 ev5 on ^? :o desire mo/ e>ne/ly to be imp>tial1 c wi% = no?+ m urg5tly ?an t ! sci5tific !ologian %\ld n only be at p]fect lib]ty to ?re% out ! matt] 9 8 own fa%ion2 b t he %\ld1 if he c1 f9d flaws 9 ! ,agno/ic position2 &1 ev5 if demon/ration is n to be _h1 t he %\ld put1 9 _! full =ce1 ! gr\nds ( ! conclusions he ?9ks probable4 ,! sci5tific !ologian admits ! ,agno/ic pr9ciple1 h[ev] widely 8 results may diff] f ^? rea*$ by ! majority ( ,agno/ics4 ,b1 z betwe5 ,agno/icism & ,ecclesia/icism1 or1 z our neighb\rs across ! ,*annel call x1 ,cl]icalism1 !re c be nei!r peace nor truce4 ,! ,cl]ic ass]ts t x is morally wrong n to believe c]ta9 propositions1 :atev] ! results ( a /rict sci5tific inve/igation ( ! evid5ce ( ^! propositions4 ,he tells u t religi\s error is1 9 itself1 ( an immoral nature4 #ef ,he decl>es t he has prejudg$ c]ta9 conclusions1 & looks ^u ^? :o %[ cause = arre/ ( judgm5t z emiss>ies ( ,satan4 ,x necess>ily foll[s t1 = him1 ! atta9m5t ( fai?1 n ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru?1 is ! highe/ aim ( m5tal life4 ,&1 on c>eful analysis ( ! nature ( ?is fai?1 x w too (t5 be f\nd to be1 n ! my/ic process ( unity ) ! ,div9e1 und]/ood by ! religi\s en?usia/2 b t :i* ! c&id simplicity ( a ,sunday s*ol> once def9$ x to be4 ,fai?1 said ?is unconsci\s plagi>i/ ( ,t]tullian1 is ! p[] ( say+ y believe ?+s :i* are incr$ible4 ,n[ ,i1 & _m o!r ,agno/ics1 believe t fai?1 9 ?is s5se1 is an abom9ation2 & ?\gh we d n indulge 9 ! luxury ( self-righte\sness s f> z to call ^? :o are n ( our way ( ?9k+ h>d names1 we d feel t ! disagreem5t betwe5 ourselves & ^? :o hold ?is doctr9e is ev5 m moral ?an intellectual4 ,x is desirable !re %\ld be an end ( any mi/akes on ?is topic4 ,if our cl]ical oppon5ts 7 cle>ly aw>e ( ! real /ate ( ! case1 !re w\ld be an end ( ! curi\s delusion1 :i* (t5 appe>s betwe5 ! l9es ( _! writ+s1 t ^? :om !y are s fond ( call+ ,infidels are p :o n only ought to be1 b 9 _! he>ts are1 a%am$ ( !mselves4 ,x w\ld be disc\rte\s to d m ?an h9t ! antipodal opposition ( ?is pleasant dream ( !irs to facts4 ,! cl]ics & _! lay allies commonly tell u1 t if we refuse to admit t !re is good gr\nd = express+ def9ite convictions ab\t c]ta9 topics1 ! bonds ( human society w dissolve & mank9d lapse into savag]y4 ,!re are sev]al answ]s to ?is ass]tion4 ,"o is t ! bonds ( human society 7 =m$ )\t ! aid ( _! !ology2 &1 9 ! op9ion ( n a few compet5t judges1 h be5 weak5$ r ?an /r5g!n$ by a good deal ( x4 ,greek sci5ce1 ,greek art1 ! e?ics ( old ,israel1 ! social organisation ( old ,rome1 contriv$ to come into be+1 )\t ! help ( any on :o believ$ 9 a s+le di/9ctive article ( ! simple/ ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$s4 ,! sci5ce1 ! art1 ! jurisprud5ce1 ! *ief political & social !ories1 ( ! mod]n _w h gr[n out ( ^? ( ,greece & ,rome--n by fav\r (1 b 9 ! tee? ( ! fundam5tal tea*+s ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 to :i* sci5ce1 art1 & any s]i\s occupation ) ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 7 alike despicable4 ,aga91 all t is be/ 9 ! e?ics ( ! mod]n _w1 9 s f> z x has n gr[n out ( ,greek ?\ght1 or ,b>b>ian manhood1 is ! direct developm5t ( ! e?ics ( old ,israel4 ,!re is no code ( legislation1 anci5t or mod]n1 at once s j & s m]ciful1 s t5d] to ! weak & poor1 z ! ,jewi% law2 &1 if ! ,gospels are to be tru/$1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? himself decl>$ t he taught no?+ b t :i* lay implicitly1 or explicitly1 9 ! religi\s & e?ical sy/em ( 8 p4 ,& ! scribe said unto him1 ,( a tru?1 ,tea*]1 ?\ ha/ well said t he is "o2 & !re is none o!r b he1 & to love him ) all ! he>t1 & ) all ! und]/&+1 & ) all ! /r5g?1 & to love 8 neighb\r z himself1 is mu* m ?an all :ole burnt (f]+s & sacrifices4 7,m>k xii4 #cb1 #cc47 ,"h is ! briefe/ ( summ>ies ( ! tea*+ ( ! prophets ( ,israel ( ! eigh? c5tury2 does ! ,tea*]1 ^: doctr9e is ?us set =? 9 8 pres5ce1 repudiate ! exposition8 ,nay2 we are told1 on ! contr>y1 t ,jesus saw t he answ]$ discreetly1 & repli$1 ,?\ art n f> f ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,s t ,i ?9k t ev5 if ! cre$s1 f ! s-call$ ,apo/les to ! s-call$ ,a?anasian1 7 swept into oblivion2 & ev5 if ! human race %\ld arrive at ! conclusion t1 :e!r a bi%op wa%es a cup or leaves x unwa%$1 is n a matt] ( ! lea/ consequ5ce1 x w get on v well4 ,! causes :i* h l$ to ! developm5t ( morality 9 mank9d1 :i* h guid$ or impell$ u all ! way f ! savage to ! civilis$ /ate1 w n cease to op]ate because a numb] ( ecclesia/ical hypo!ses turn out to be baseless4 ,&1 ev5 if ! absurd notion t morality is m ! *ild ( speculation ?an ( practical necessity & inh]it$ in/9ct1 _h any f\ndation2 if all ! _w is go+ to ?ieve1 murd]1 & o!rwise misconduct itself z soon z x discov]s t c]ta9 portions ( anci5t hi/ory are my?ical2 :at is ! relevance ( su* argum5ts to any "o :o holds by ! ,agno/ic pr9ciple8 ,surely1 ! attempt to ca/ out ,beelzebub by ! aid ( ,beelzebub is a hopeful proc$ure z comp>$ to t ( pres]v+ morality by ! aid ( immorality4 ,= ,i suppose x is admitt$ t an ,agno/ic may be p]fectly s9c]e1 may be compet5t1 & h /udi$ ! "q at issue ) z mu* c>e z 8 cl]ical oppon5ts4 ,b1 if ! ,agno/ic really believes :at he says1 ! dreadful consequ5ce argufi] 7consi/5tly1 ,i admit1 ) 8 own pr9ciples7 virtually asks him to ab/a9 f tell+ ! tru?1 or to say :at he believes to be untrue1 because ( ! suppos$ injuri\s consequ5ces to morality4 ,belov$ bre?r51 t we may be spotlessly moral1 be=e all ?+s let u lie1 is ! sum total ( _m an exhortation address$ to ! ,infidel4 ,n[1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 we _c oblige our exhort]s4 ,we leave ! practical application ( ! conv5i5t doctr9es ( ,res]ve & ,non-natural int]pretation to ^? :o inv5t$ !m4 ,i tru/ t ,i h n[ made am5ds = any ambiguity1 or want ( fulness1 9 my previ\s exposition ( t :i* ,i hold to be ! ess5ce ( ! ,agno/ic doctr9e4 ,h5ce=w>d1 ,i might hope to he> no m ( ! ass]tion t we are necess>ily ,mat]iali/s1 ,ideali/s1 ,a!i/s1 ,!i/s1 or any o!r i/s1 if exp]i5ce _h l$ me to ?9k t ! prov$ falsity ( a /atem5t 0 any gu>antee aga9/ its repetition4 ,& ^? :o appreciate ! nature ( our position w see1 at once1 t :5 ,ecclesia/icism decl>es t we ought to believe ?is1 t1 & ! o!r1 & are v wick$ if we don't1 x is impossible = u to give any answ] b ?is3 ,we h n ! slighte/ objection to believe any?+ y l1 if y w give u good gr\nds = belief2 b1 if y _c1 we mu/ respectfully refuse1 ev5 if t refusal %\ld wreck morality & insure our own damnation sev]al times ov]4 ,we are q cont5t to leave t to ! decision ( ! future4 ,! c\rse ( ! pa/ has impress$ u ) ! firm conviction t no good ev] comes ( falsehood1 & we feel w>rant$ 9 refus+ ev5 to exp]im5t 9 t direction4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t discussion x has be5 ass]t$ t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & ! ,"l's ,pray] furni% a summ>y & cond5s$ view ( ! ess5tials ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 set =? by himself4 ,n[ ?is suppos$ ,summa ( ,naz>5e !ology di/9ctly affirms ! exi/5ce ( a spiritual _w1 ( a ,heav51 & ( a ,hell ( fire2 x tea*es ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god & ! malignity ( ! ,devil2 x decl>es ! sup]9t5d+ provid5ce ( ! =m] & our ne$ ( deliv]ance f ! ma*9ations ( ! latt]2 x affirms ! fact ( demoniac possession & ! p[] ( ca/+ out devils by ! fai?ful4 ,&1 f ^! premises1 ! conclusion is drawn1 t ^? ,agno/ics :o d5y t !re is any evid5ce ( su* a "* z to ju/ify c]ta9ty1 respect+ ! exi/5ce & ! nature ( ! spiritual _w1 contradict ! express decl>ations ( ,jesus4 ,i h repli$ to ?is argum5tation by %[+ t !re is /rong reason to d\bt ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! attribution to ,jesus ( ei!r ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt or ! ,"l's ,pray] 2 &1 !re=e1 t ! conclusion 9 "q is n w>rant$1 at any rate1 on ! gr\nds set =?4 ,b1 :e!r ! ,gospels conta9 tru/wor?y /atem5ts ab\t ?is & o!r alleg$ hi/orical facts or n1 x is q c]ta9 t f !m1 tak5 toge!r ) ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we may collect a pretty complete exposition ( t !ory ( ! spiritual _w :i* 0 held by bo? ,naz>5es & ,*ri/ians2 & :i* 0 und\bt$ly suppos$ by !m to be fully sanction$ by ,jesus1 ?\gh x is j z cle> t !y did n imag9e x conta9$ any revelation by him ( some?+ h]et(ore unkn[n4 ,if ! pneumatological doctr9e :i* p]vades ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t is n[h]e sy/ematically /at$1 x is ev]y:]e assum$4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,gospels & ( ! ,acts take x = grant$1 z a matt] ( common k2 & x is easy to ga!r f ^! s\rces a s]ies ( propositions1 :i* only ne$ arrangem5t to =m a complete sy/em4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 ,man is consid]$ to be a duality =m$ ( a spiritual elem5t1 ! s\l2 & a corporeal#eg elem5t1 ! body4 ,& ?is duality is repeat$ 9 ! ,univ]se1 :i* consi/s ( a corporeal _w embrac$ & int]p5etrat$ by a spiritual _w4 ,! =m] consi/s ( ! e>?1 z its pr9cipal & c5tral con/itu5t1 ) ! subsidi>y sun1 planets1 & />s4 ,above ! e>? is ! air1 & bel[ is ! wat]y abyss4 ,:e!r ! heav51 :i* is conceiv$ to be above ! air1 & ! hell 91 or bel[1 ! subt]ranean deeps1 are to be tak5 z corporeal or incorporeal is n cle>4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! heav5 & ! air1 ! e>? & ! abyss1 are peopl$ by innum]able be+s analog\s 9 nature to ! spiritual elem5t 9 man1 & ^! spirits are ( two k9ds1 good & bad4 ,! *ief ( ! good spirits1 inf9itely sup]ior to all ! o!rs1 & _! creator1 z well z ! creator ( ! corporeal _w & ( ! bad spirits1 is ,god4 ,8 resid5ce is heav51 :]e he is surr\nd$ by ! ord]$ ho/s ( good spirits2 8 angels1 or mess5g]s1 & ! executors ( 8 w ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *ief ( ! bad spirits is ,satan1 ! devil p> excell5ce4 ,he & 8 company ( demons are free to roam ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! univ]se1 except ! heav54 ,^! bad spirits are f> sup]ior to man 9 p[] & subtlety2 & _! :ole en]gies are devot$ to br++ physical & moral evils ^u him1 & to ?w>t+1 s f> z _! p[] goes1 ! b5evol5t int5tions ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,9 fact1 ! s\ls & bodies ( m5 =m bo? ! !atre & ! prize ( an incessant w>f>e betwe5 ! good & ! evil spirits--! p[]s ( light & ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,by lead+ ,eve a/ray1 ,satan br\ght s9 & dea? ^u mank9d4 ,z ! gods ( ! hea!n1 ! demons are ! f\nd]s & ma9ta9]s ( idolatry2 z ! p[]s ( ! air !y afflict mank9d ) pe/il5ce & fam9e2 z unclean spirits !y cause disease ( m9d & body4 ,! significance ( ! appe>ance ( ,jesus1 9 ! capacity ( ! ,messiah1 or ,*ri/1 is ! rev]sal ( ! satanic "w by putt+ an end to bo? s9 & dea?4 ,he ann\nces t ! k+dom ( ,god is at h&1 :5 ! ,pr9ce ( ?is _w %all be f9ally ca/ out 7,john xii1 #ca7 f ! cosmos1 z ,jesus1 dur+ 8 e>?ly c>e]1 ca/ him out f individuals4 ,!n w ,satan & all 8 devilry1 along ) ! wick$ :om !y h s$uc$ to _! de/ruction1 be hurl$ into ! abyss ( unqu5*able fire--!re to endure cont9ual torture1 )\t a hope ( w9n+ p>don f ! m]ciful ,god1 _! ,fa!r2 or ( mov+ ! glorifi$ ,messiah to "o m act ( pitiful int]cession2 or ev5 ( int]rupt+1 by a mom5t>y sympa?y ) _! wret*$ness1 ! h>moni\s psalmody ( _! bro!r angels & m51 et]nally lapp$ 9 bliss unspeakable4 ,! /raite/ ,prote/ant1 :o refuses to admit ! exi/5ce ( any s\rce ( ,div9e tru?1 except ! ,bible1 w n d5y t e po9t ( ! pneumatological !ory "h set =? has ample scriptural w>ranty4 ,! ,gospels1 ! ,acts1 ! ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse ass]t ! exi/5ce ( ! devil1 ( 8 demons & ( ,hell1 z pla9ly z !y d t ( ,god & 8 angels & ,heav54 ,x is pla9 t ! ,messianic & ! ,satanic conceptions ( ! writ]s ( ^! books are ! obv]se & ! rev]se ( ! same intellectual co9age4 ,if we turn f ,scripture to ! traditions ( ! ,fa!rs & ! confessions ( ! ,*ur*es1 x w appe> t1 9 ?is "o p>ticul>1 at any rate1 "t has br\ght ab\t no important deviation f primitive belief4 ,f ,ju/9 onw>ds1 x may (t5 be a fair "q :e!r ,god1 or ! devil1 occupies a l>g] %>e ( ! att5tion ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,x is ! devil :o in/igates ! ,roman au?orities to p]secute2 ! gods & goddesses ( paganism are devils1 & idolatry itself is an inv5tion ( ,satan2 if a sa9t falls away f grace1 x is by ! s$uction ( ! demon2 if h]esy arises1 ! devil has sugge/$ x2 & "s ( ! ,fa!rs#eh g s f> z to *all5ge ! pagans to a sort ( exorcis+ mat*1 by way ( te/+ ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,m$ival ,*ri/ianity is at "o ) patri/ic1 on ?is head4 ,! masses1 ! cl]gy1 ! !ologians1 & ! philosoph]s alike1 live & move & h _! be+ 9 a _w full ( demons1 9 :i* sorc]y & possession are ev]yday occurr5ces4 ,nor did ! ,re=mation make any diff]5ce4 ,:atev] else ,lu!r assail$1 he left ! traditional demonology unt\*$2 nor c\ld any "o h ent]ta9$ a m he>ty & uncompromis+ belief 9 ! devil1 ?an he &1 at a lat] p]iod1 ! ,calv9i/ic fanatics ( ,new ,engl& did4 ,f9ally1 9 ^! la/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! demonological hypo!ses ( ! fir/ c5tury are1 explicitly or implicitly1 held & occasionally act$ ^u by ! imm5se majority ( ,*ri/ians ( all confessions4 ,only "h & !re has ! progress ( sci5tific ?\ght1 outside ! ecclesia/ical _w1 s f> affect$ ,*ri/ians1 t !y & _! tea*]s fight %y ( ! demonology ( _! cre$4 ,!y are fa9 to conceal _! real disbelief 9 "o half ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e by judici\s sil5ce ab\t x2 or by flight to ^? refuges = ! logically de/itute1 accommodation or allegory4 ,b ! fai?ful :o fly to allegory 9 ord] to escape absurdity resemble no?+ s mu* z ! %eep 9 ! fable :o--to save _! lives--jump$ into ! pit4 ,! allegory pit is too commodi\s1 is ready to swall[ up s mu* m ?an "o wants to put into x4 ,if ! /ory ( ! temptation is an allegory2 if ! e>ly recognition ( ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god by ! demons is an allegory2 if ! pla9 decl>ation ( ! writ] ( ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john 7iii4 #h71 ,to ?is end 0 ! ,son ( ,god manife/$1 t ,he might de/roy ! works ( ! devil1 is allegorical1 !n ! ,paul9e v]sion ( ! ,fall may be allegorical1 & /ill m ! words ( consecration ( ! ,eu*>i/1 or ! promise ( ! second com+2 9 fact1 !re is n a dogma ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity ! scriptural basis ( :i* may n be :ittl$ away by a simil> process4 ,z to accommodation1 let any hone/ man :o c read ! ,new ,te/am5t ask himself :e!r ,jesus & 8 imm$iate fri5ds & disciples c be di%on\r$ m grossly ?an by ! supposition t !y said & did t :i* is attribut$ to !m2 :ile1 9 reality1 !y disbeliev$ 9 ,satan & 8 demons1 9 possession & 9 exorcism8#ei ,an em95t !ologian has ju/ly obs]v$ t we h no "r to look at ! propositions ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? ) "o eye op5 & ! o!r %ut4 7,tract #he1 p4 #bi47 ,x really is n p]missible to see1 ) "o eye1 t ,jesus is affirm$ to decl>e ! p]sonality & ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god1 ,8 lov+ provid5ce & ,8 accessibility to pray]2 & to %ut ! o!r to ! no less def9ite tea*+ ascrib$ to ,jesus1 9 reg>d to ! p]sonality & ! misan?ropy ( ! devil1 8 malignant wat*fulness1 & 8 subjection to exorci/ic =mul & rites4 ,jesus is made to say t ! devil 0 a murd]] f ! beg9n+ 7,john viii4 #dd7 by ! same au?ority z t ^u :i* we dep5d = 8 ass]t$ decl>ation t ,god is a _s 7,john iv4 #bd74 ,to ^? :o admit ! au?ority ( ! fam\s ,v9c5tian dictum t ! doctr9e :i* has be5 held always1 ev]y:]e1 & by all is to be receiv$ z au?oritative1 ! demonology mu/ possess a high] sanction ?an any o!r ,*ri/ian dogma1 except1 p]haps1 ^? ( ! ,resurrection & ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus2 = x w\ld be difficult to "n any o!r po9ts ( doctr9e on :i* ! ,naz>5e does n diff] f ! ,*ri/ian1 & ! diff]5t hi/orical /ages & contempor>y subdivisions ( ,*ri/ianity f "o ano!r4 ,&1 if ! demonology is accept$1 !re c be no reason = reject+ all ^? miracles 9 :i* demons play a "p4 ,! ,gad>5e /ory fits into ! g5]al s*eme ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ! evid5ce = ,legion & _! do+s is j z good z any o!r 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t = ! doctr9e :i* ! /ory illu/rates4 ,x 0 ) ! purpose ( br++ ?is great fact into prom95ce2 ( gett+ p to op5 bo? _! eyes :5 !y look at ,ecclesia/icism2 t ,i devot$ s mu* space to t miracul\s /ory :i* happ5s to be "o ( ! be/ types ( its class4 ,& ,i c\ld n wi% = a bett] ju/ification ( ! c\rse ,i h adopt$1 ?an ! fact t my h]oically consi/5t adv]s>y has decl>$ 8 implicit belief 9 ! ,gad>5e /ory & 7by necess>y consequ5ce7 9 ! ,*ri/ian demonology z a :ole4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s1 by ?is "t1 t1 if ! acc\nt ( ! spiritual _w giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 pr(ess$ly on ! au?ority ( ,jesus1 is true1 !n ! demonological half ( t acc\nt mu/ be j z true z ! o!r half4 ,&1 !re=e1 ^? :o "q ! demonology1 or try to expla9 x away1 d5y ! tru? ( :at ,jesus said1 & are1 9 ecclesia/ical t]m9ology1 ,infidels j z mu* z ^? :o d5y ! spirituality ( ,god4 ,?is is z pla9 z any?+ c well be1 & ! dilemma = my oppon5t 0 ei!r to ass]t t ! ,gad>5e pig-b$evilm5t actually occurr$1 or to write himself d[n an ,infidel4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 he *ose ! =m] alt]native2 & ,i may express my great satisfaction at f9d+ t !re is "o spot ( common gr\nd on :i* bo? he & ,i /&4 ,s f> z ,i c judge1 we are agre$ to /ate "o ( ! broad issues betwe5 ! consequ5ces ( agno/ic pr9ciples 7z ,i draw !m71 & ! consequ5ces ( ecclesia/ical dogmatism 7z he accepts x71 z foll[s4 ,ecclesia/icism says3 ,! demonology ( ! ,gospels is an ess5tial "p ( t acc\nt ( t spiritual _w1 ! tru? ( :i* x decl>es to be c]tifi$ by ,jesus4 ,agno/icism 7me judice7 says3 ,!re is no good evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a demoniac spiritual _w1 & mu* reason = d\bt+ x4 ,"h ^u ! ecclesia/ic may obs]ve3 ,y\r d\bt means t y disbelieve ,jesus2 !re=e y are an ,infidel in/ead ( an ,agno/ic4 ,to :i* ! agno/ic may reply3 ,no2 = two reasons3 fir/1 because y\r evid5ce t ,jesus said :at y say he said is wor? v little2 & secondly1 because a man may be an agno/ic1 9 ! s5se ( admitt+ he has no positive k1 & yet consid] t he has m or less probable gr\nd = accept+ any giv5 hypo!sis ab\t ! spiritual _w4 ,j z a man may frankly decl>e t he has no means ( kn[+ :e!r ! planets g5]ally are inhabit$ or n1 & yet may ?9k "o ( ! two possible hypo!ses m likely ?an ! o!r1 s he may admit he has no means ( kn[+ any?+ ab\t ! spiritual _w1 & yet may ?9k "o or o!r ( ! curr5t views on ! subject1 to "s ext5t1 probable4 ,! second answ] is s obvi\sly valid t x ne$s no discussion4 ,i draw att5tion to x simply 9 ju/ice to ^? agno/ics :o may atta* great] value ?an ,i d to any sort ( pneumatological speculations2 & n because ,i wi% to escape ! responsibility ( decl>+ t1 :e!r ,jesus sanction$ ! demonological "p ( ,*ri/ianity or n1 ,i unhesitat+ly reject x4 ,! fir/ answ]1 on ! o!r h&1 op5s up ! :ole "q ( ! claim ( ! biblical & o!r s\rces1 f :i* hypo!ses conc]n+ ! spiritual _w are d]iv$1 to be reg>d$ z unimpea*able hi/orical evid5ce z to matt]s ( fact4 ,n[1 9 respect ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,gospel n>ratives1 ,i 0 anxi\s to get rid ( ! common assumption t ! det]m9ation ( ! au?or%ip & ( ! dates ( ^! works is a matt] ( fundam5tal importance4 ,t assumption is bas$ ^u ! notion t :at contempor>y witnesses say mu/ be true1 or1 at lea/1 has always a prima facie claim to be s reg>d$2 s t if ! writ]s ( any ( ! ,gospels 7 contempor>ies ( ! ev5ts 7& /ill m if !y 7 9 ! position ( eye-witnesses7 ! miracles !y n>rate mu/ be hi/orically true1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! demonology :i* !y involve mu/ be accept$4 ,b ! /ory ( ! ,translation ( ! bless$ m>tyrs ,m>cell9us & ,petrus1 & ! o!r consid]ations 7to :i* endless additions might h be5 made f ! ,fa!rs & ! m$ival writ]s7 set =? 9 a prec$+ essay1 yield1 9 my judgm5t1 satisfactory pro( t1 :]e ! miracul\s is conc]n$1 nei!r consid]able intellectual ability1 nor und\bt$ hone/y1 nor k ( ! _w1 nor prov$ fai?fulness z civil hi/orians1 nor pr(\nd piety1 on ! "p ( eye-witnesses & contempor>ies1 af=ds any gu>antee ( ! objective tru? ( _! /atem5ts1 :5 we "k t a firm belief 9 ! miracul\s 0 +ra9$ 9 _! m9ds1 & 0 ! presupposition ( _! obs]vations & reason+s4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh x be1 z ,i believe1 demon/rable t we h no real k ( ! au?or%ip1 or ( ! date ( composition ( ! ,gospels1 z !y h come d[n to u1 & t no?+ bett] ?an m or less probable guesses c be arriv$ at on t subject1 ,i h n c>$ to exp5d any space on ! "q4 ,x w be admitt$1 ,i suppose1 t ! au?ors ( ! works attribut$ to ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 :oev] !y may be1 are p]sonages ^: capacity & judgm5t 9 ! n>ration ( ord9>y ev5ts are n q s well c]tifi$ z ^? ( ,eg9h>d2 & we h se5 :at ! value ( ,eg9h>d's evid5ce is :5 ! miracul\s is 9 "q4 ,i h be5 c>eful to expla9 t ! argum5ts :i* ,i h us$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is discussion are n new2 t !y are hi/orical & h no?+ to d ) :at is commonly call$ sci5ce2 & t !y are all1 to ! be/ ( my belief1 to be f\nd 9 ! works ( !ologians ( repute4 ,! position :i* ,i h tak5 up1 t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( su* miracles z ^? record$ by ,eg9h>d1 & consequ5tly ( m$ival demonology1 is q z good z t 9 fav\r ( su* miracles z ! ,gad>5e1 & consequ5tly ( ,naz>5e demonology1 is none ( my discov]y4 ,its /r5g? 01 witt+ly or unwitt+ly1 sugge/$1 a c5tury & a half ago1 by a !ological s*ol> ( em95ce2 & x has be51 if n exactly occupi$1 yet s =tifi$ ) ba/ions & r$\bts by a liv+ ecclesia/ical ,vauban1 t1 9 my judgm5t1 x has be5 r5d]$ impregnable4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 ! ecclesia/ical m9d 9 ?is c\ntry 0 mu* ex]cis$ by ! "q1 n exactly ( miracles1 ! occurr5ce ( :i* 9 biblical times 0 axiomatic1 b by ! problem3 ,:5 did miracles cease8 ,anglican div9es 7 q sure t no miracles _h happ5$ 9 _! day1 nor = "s "t pa/2 !y 7 equally sure t !y happ5$ sixte5 or sev5te5 c5turies e>li]4 ,& x 0 a vital "q = !m to det]m9e at :at po9t ( "t1 betwe5 ?is t]m9us a quo & t t]m9us ad quem miracles came to an end4 ,! ,anglicans & ! ,romani/s agre$ 9 ! assumption t ! possession ( ! gift ( miracle-work+ 0 prima facie evid5ce ( ! s\ndness ( ! fai? ( ! miracle-work]s4 ,! supposition t miracul\s p[]s might be wield$ by h]etics 7?\gh x might be support$ by high au?ority7 l$ to consequ5ces too frightful to be ent]ta9$ by p :o 7 busi$ 9 build+ _! dogmatic h\se on ! s&s ( e>ly ,*ur* hi/ory4 ,if1 z ! ,romani/s ma9ta9$1 an unbrok5 s]ies ( g5u9e miracles adorn$ ! records ( _! ,*ur*1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( its exi/5ce1 no ,anglican c\ld lightly v5ture to accuse !m ( doctr9al corruption4 ,h5ce1 ! ,anglicans1 :o indulg$ 9 su* accusations1 7 b\nd to prove ! mod]n1 ! m$ival ,roman1 & ! lat] ,patri/ic1 miracles false2 & to %ut (f ! wond]-work+ p[] f ! ,*ur* at ! exact po9t ( "t :5 ,anglican doctr9e ceas$ & ,roman doctr9e began4 ,) a little adju/m5t--a squeeze "h & a pull !re--! ,*ri/ianity ( ! fir/ ?ree or f\r c5turies might be made to fit1 or seem to fit1 pretty well into ! ,anglican s*eme4 ,s ! miracles1 f ,ju/9 say to ,j]ome1 might be recognis$2 :ile1 9 lat] times1 ! ,*ur* hav+ become corrupt--t is to say1 hav+ pursu$ "o & ! same l9e ( developm5t fur!r ?an 0 pleas+ to ,anglicans--its alleg$ miracles mu/ ne$s be %ams & impo/ures4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x may be imag9$ t ! e/abli%m5t ( a sci5tific fronti] betwe5 ! e>li] realm ( suppos$ fact & ! lat] ( ass]t$ delusion1 _h its difficulties2 & torr5ts ( !ological special plead+ ab\t ! subject fl[$ f cl]ical p5s2 until t le>n$ & acute ,anglican div9e1 ,cony]s ,middleton1 9 8 ,free ,inquiry1 tore ! sophi/ical web !y _h labori\sly wov5 to pieces1 & demon/rat$ t ! miracles ( ! patri/ic age1 e>ly & late1 mu/ /& or fall toge!r1 inasmu* z ! evid5ce = ! lat] is j z good z ! evid5ce = ! e>li] wond]s4 ,if ! "o set are c]tifi$ by contemporane\s witnesses ( high repute1 s are ! o!r2 &1 9 po9t ( probability1 !re is n a p9 to *oose betwe5 ! two4 ,t is ! solid & irrefragable result ( ,middleton's contribution to ! subject4 ,b ! ,free ,inquir]'s fre$om _h its limits2 & he draws a %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! patri/ic & ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles--on ! pr(ess$ gr\nd t ! acc\nts ( ! latt]1 be+ inspir$1 are out ( ! rea* ( criticism4 ,a c5tury lat]1 ! "q 0 tak5 up by ano!r div9e1 ,middleton's equal 9 le>n+ & acut5ess1 & f> 8 sup]ior 9 subtlety & dialectic skill2 :o1 ?\gh an ,anglican1 scorn$ ! "n ( ,prote/ant2 &1 :ile yet a ,*ur*man1 made x 8 bus9ess1 to p>ade1 ) inf9ite skill1 ! utt] holl[ness ( ! argum5ts ( ^? ( 8 bro!r ,*ur*m5 :o dream$ t !y c\ld be bo? ,anglicans & ,prote/ants4 ,! argum5t ( ! ,essay on ! ,miracles record$ 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>ly ,ages #fj by ! pres5t #ahhi ,roman ,c>d9al1 b !n ,anglican ,doctor1 ,john ,h5ry ,newman1 is comp5di\sly /at$ by himself 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,if ! miracles ( ,*ur* hi/ory _c be def5d$ by ! argum5ts ( ,leslie1 ,lyttelton1 ,paley1 or ,d\glas1 h[ _m ( ! ,scripture miracles satisfy _! conditions8 7,p4 cvii47 ,&1 al?\gh ! answ] is n giv5 9 s _m words1 little d\bt is left on ! m9d ( ! read]1 t 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]1 x is3 ,none4 ,9 fact1 ?is conclusion is "o :i* _c be resi/$1 if ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,scripture miracles is bas$ ^u t :i* laym51 :e!r lawy]s1 or m5 ( sci5ce1 or hi/orians1 or ord9>y m5 ( affairs1 call evid5ce4 ,b !re is some?+ really impressive 9 ! magnific5t contempt ) :i*1 at times1 ,dr4 ,newman sweeps aside alike ^? :o (f] & ^? :o dem& su* evid5ce4 ,"s infidel au?ors advise u to accept no miracles :i* w\ld n h a v]dict 9 _! fav\r 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice2 t is1 !y employ aga9/ ,scripture a weapon :i* ,prote/ants w\ld conf9e to attacks ^u ! ,*ur*2 z if moral & religi\s que/ions requir$ legal pro(1 & evid5ce 7 ! te/ ( tru?#fa 7p4 cvii74 ,z if evid5ce 7 ! te/ ( tru?6--al?\gh ! tru? 9 "q is ! occurr5ce1 or ! non-occurr5ce1 ( c]ta9 ph5om5a at a c]ta9 "t & 9 a c]ta9 place4 ,?is sudd5 revelation ( ! great gulf fix$ betwe5 ! ecclesia/ical & ! sci5tific m9d is en\gh to take away ! brea? ( any "o unfamili> ) ! cl]ical organon4 ,z if1 "o may retort1 ! assumption t miracles may1 or h1 s]v$ a moral or a religi\s end1 9 any way alt]s ! fact t !y pr(ess to be hi/orical ev5ts1 ?+s t actually happ5$2 &1 z su*1 mu/ ne$s be exactly ^? subjects ab\t :i* evid5ce is appropriate & legal pro(s 7:i* are su* m]ely because !y af=d adequate evid5ce7 may be ju/ly dem&$4 ,! ,gad>5e miracle ei!r happ5$1 or x did n4 ,:e!r ! ,gad>5e "q is moral or religi\s1 or n1 has no?+ to d ) ! fact t x is a purely hi/orical "q :e!r ! demons said :at !y are decl>$ to h said1 & ! devil-possess$ pigs did1 or did n1 ru% ov] ! heights b\nd+ ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>et on a c]ta9 day ( a c]ta9 ye>1 aft] ,a4,d4 #bf & be=e ,a4,d4 #cf3 = vague & unc]ta9 z ,new ,te/am5t *ronology is1 ,i suppose x may be assum$ t ! ev5t 9 "q1 if x happ5$ at all1 took place dur+ ! procurator%ip ( ,pilate4 ,if t is n a matt] ab\t :i* evid5ce ought to be requir$1 & n only legal1 b /rict sci5tific pro( dem&$ by sane m5 :o are ask$ to believe ! /ory--:at is8 ,is a reasonable be+ to be s]i\sly ask$ to cr$it /atem5ts1 :i*1 to put ! case g5tly1 are n exactly probable1 & on ! acceptance or rejection ( :i* 8 :ole view ( life may dep5d1 )\t ask+ = z mu* legal pro( z w\ld s5d an alleg$ pickpocket to gaol1 or z w\ld suffice to prove ! validity ( a disput$ w8 ,infidel au?ors 7if1 z ,i am assur$1 ,i may answ] = !m7 w decl9e to wa/e "t on m]e d>k5+s ( c\nsel ( ?is sort2 b to ^? ,anglicans :o accept 8 premises1 ,dr4 ,newman is a truly =midable antagoni/4 ,:at1 inde$1 are !y to reply :5 he puts ! v p]t95t "q3-- :e!r p]sons :o n m]ely "q1 b prejudge ! ,ecclesia/ical miracles on ! gr\nd ( _! want ( resemblance1 :atev] t be1 to ^? conta9$ 9 ,scripture--z if ! ,almighty c\ld n d 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :at ,he _h n already done at ! "t ( its f\ndation1 or "u ! ,mosaic ,cov5ant--:e!r su* reason]s are n sid+ ) ! sceptic1 & :e!r x is n a happy inconsi/5cy by :i* !y cont9ue to believe ! ,scriptures :ile !y reject ! ,*ur*#fb 7p4 liii74 ,aga91 ,i invite ,anglican or?odoxy to consid] ?is passage3-- ! n>rative ( ! combats ( ,/4 ,antony ) evil spirits1 is a developm5t r ?an a contradiction ( revelation1 viz4 ( su* texts z speak ( ,satan be+ ca/ out by pray] & fa/+4 ,to be %ock$1 !n1 at ! miracles ( ,ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 or to ridicule !m = _! /rang5ess1 is no "p ( a scriptural philosophy 7pp4 liii-liv74 ,fur!r on1 ,dr4 ,newman decl>es t x has be5 admitt$ t a di/9ct l9e c lie drawn 9 po9t ( "* & circum/ance betwe5 ! miracles ( ,scripture & ( ,*ur* hi/ory2 b ?is is by no means ! case 7p4 lv7 444 specim5s are n want+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 ( miracles z awful 9 _! "* & z mom5t\s 9 _! effects z ^? :i* are record$ 9 ,scripture4 ,! fire int]rupt+ ! rebuild+ ( ! ,jewi% ,temple1 & ! dea? ( ,arius1 are in/ances1 9 ,ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 ( su* solemn ev5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 difficult in/ances 9 ! ,scripture hi/ory are su* z ^!3 ! s]p5t 9 ,ed51 ! ,ark1 ,jacob's vision = ! multiplication ( 8 cattle1 ! speak+ ( ,balaam's ass1 ! axe swimm+ at ,eli%a's ^w1 ! miracle on ! sw9e1 & v>i\s in/ances ( pray]s or prophecies1 9 :i*1 z 9 t ( ,noah's bless+ & curse1 words :i* seem ! result ( private feel+ are expressly or virtually ascrib$ to a ,div9e sugge/ion 7p4 lvi74 ,:o is to ga9say our ecclesia/ical au?ority "h8 ,infidel au?ors might be accus$ ( a wi% to ridicule ! ,scripture miracles by putt+ !m on a level ) ! rem>kable /ory ab\t ! fire :i* /opp$ ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple1 or t ab\t ! dea? ( ,arius--b ,dr4 ,newman is above suspicion4 ,! pity is t 8 li/ ( :at he delicately t]ms difficult in/ances is s %ort4 ,:y omit ! manufacture ( ,eve out ( ,adam's rib1 on ! /rict hi/orical accuracy ( :i* ! *ief argum5t ( ! def5d]s ( an iniquit\s portion ( our pres5t m>riage law dep5ds8 ,:y leave out ! acc\nt ( ! ,b5e ,elohim & _! gallantries1 on :i* a l>ge "p ( ! wor/ practices ( ! m$ival inquisitors into wit*craft 0 bas$8 ,:y =get ! angel :o wre/l$ ) ,jacob1 &1 z ! acc\nt sugge/s1 some:at ov]-/epp$ ! b\nd ( fair play1 at ! end ( ! /ruggle8 ,surely1 we mu/ agree ) ,dr4 ,newman t1 if all ^! camels h gone d[n1 x sav\rs ( affectation to /ra9 at su* gnats z ! sudd5 ailm5t ( ,arius 9 ! mid/ ( 8 deadly1 if pray]ful1#fc enemies2 & ! fi]y explosion :i* /opp$ ! ,julian build+ op]ations4 ,?\gh ! words ( ! ,conclusion ( ! ,essay on ,miracles may1 p]haps1 be quot$ aga9/ me1 ,i may express my satisfaction at f9d+ myself 9 sub/antial accordance ) a !ologian above all suspicion ( het]odoxy4 ,) all my he>t1 ,i c decl>e my belief t !re is j z good reason = believ+ 9 ! miracul\s slay+ ( ! man :o fell %ort ( ! ,a?anasian p[] ( affirm+ contradictories1 ) respect to ! nature ( ! ,godhead1 z !re is = believ+ 9 ! /ories ( ! s]p5t & ! ark told 9 ,g5esis1 ! speak+ ( ,balaam's ass 9 ,numb]s1 or ! float+ ( ! axe1 at ,eli%a's ord]1 9 ! second book ( ,k+s4 ,x is "o ( ! peculi>ities ( a really s\nd argum5t t x is susceptible ( ! fulle/ developm5t2 & t x sometimes leads to conclusions unexpect$ by ^? :o employ x4 ,to my m9d1 x is impossible to refuse to foll[ ,dr4 ,newman :5 he ext5ds 8 reason+1 f ! miracles ( ! patri/ic & m$ival ages backw>d 9 "t1 z f> z miracles are record$4 ,b1 if ! rules ( logic are valid1 ,i feel compell$ to ext5d ! argum5t =w>ds to ! alleg$ ,roman miracles ( ! pres5t day1 :i* ,dr4 ,newman might n h admitt$1 b :i* ,c>d9al ,newman may h>dly reject4 ,beyond "q1 !re is z good1 or p]haps bett]1 evid5ce ( ! miracles work$ by our ,lady ( ,l\rdes1 z !re is = ! float+ ( ,eli%a's axe1 or ! speak+ ( ,balaam's ass4 ,b we mu/ g /ill fur!r2 !re is a mod]n sy/em ( ?aumaturgy & demonology :i* is j z well c]tifi$ z ! anci5t4#fd ,v]aci\s1 excell5t1 sometimes le>n$ & acute p]sons1 ev5 philosoph]s ( no mean pret5sions1 te/ify to ! levitation ( bodies mu* heavi] ?an ,eli%a's axe2 to ! exi/5ce ( spirits :o1 to ! m]e tactile s5se1 h be5 indi/+ui%able f fle% & blood2 &1 occasionally1 h wre/l$ ) all ! vig\r ( ,jacob's oppon5t2 yet1 fur!r1 to ! spee*1 9 ! language ( raps1 ( spiritual be+s1 ^: disc\rses1 9 po9t ( coh]5ce & value1 are f> inf]ior to t ( ,balaam's humble b sagaci\s /e$4 ,i h n ! smalle/ d\bt t1 if ^! 7 p]secut+ times1 !re is _m a wor?y spirituali/ :o w\ld *e]fully g to ! /ake 9 support ( 8 pneumatological fai?2 & furni% evid5ce1 aft] ,paley's own he>t1 9 pro( ( ! tru? ( 8 doctr9es4 ,n a few mod]n div9es1 d\btless /ruck by ! impossibility ( refus+ ! spirituali/ evid5ce1 if ! ecclesia/ical evid5ce is accept$1 & depriv$ ( any a priori objection by _! implicit belief 9 ,*ri/ian ,demonology1 %[ !mselves ready to take poor ,sludge s]i\sly1 & to believe t he is possess$ by o!r devils ?an ^? ( ne$1 gre$1 & va+lory4 ,"u ^!1 circum/ances1 x 0 to be expect$1 ?\gh x is none ! less int]e/+ to note ! fact1 t ! argum5ts ( ! late/ s*ool ( spirituali/s pres5t a wond]ful family lik5ess to ^? :i* adorn ! subtle disquisitions ( ! advocate ( ecclesia/ical miracles ( =ty ye>s ago4 ,x is un=tunate = ! spirituali/s t1 ov] & ov] aga91 celebrat$ & tru/$ m$ia1 :o really1 9 "s respects1 call to m9d ! ,montani/#fe & gno/ic se]s ( ! second c5tury1 are ei!r prov$ 9 c\rts ( law to be fraudul5t impo/ors2 or1 9 %e] we>9ess1 z x w\ld seem1 ( ! hone/ dupes :o swe> by !m1 spontane\sly confess _! long-cont9u$ iniquities1 z ! ,fox wom5 did ! o!r day 9 ,new ,york4#ff ,b1 :5ev] a cata/rophe ( ?is k9d takes place1 ! believ]s are no wise dismay$ by x4 ,!y freely admit t n only ! m$ia1 b ! spirits :om !y summon1 are sadly apt to lose sight ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( "r & wrong2 & !y triumphantly ask3 ,h[ does ! occurr5ce ( occasional impo/ures disprove ! g5u9e manife/ations 7t is to say1 all ^? :i* h n yet be5 prov$ to be impo/ures or delusions78 ,&1 9 ?is1 !y unconsci\sly plagi>ise f ! *ur*man1 :o j z freely admits t _m ecclesia/ical miracles may h be5 =g$2 & asks1 ) calm contempt1 n only ( legal pro(s1 b ( common-s5se probability1 ,:y does x foll[ t none are to be suppos$ g5u9e8 ,i mu/ say1 h[ev]1 t ! spirituali/s1 s f> z ,i "k1 d n v5ture to outrage "r reason s boldly z ! ecclesia/ics4 ,!y d n sne] at evid5ce2 nor repudiate ! requirem5t ( legal pro(s4 ,9 fact1 !re c be no d\bt t ! spirituali/s produce bett] evid5ce = _! manife/ations ?an c be %[n ei!r = ! miracul\s dea? ( ,arius1 or = ! ,inv5tion ( ! ,cross4#fg ,f ! levitation ( ! axe at "o end ( a p]iod ( ne> ?ree ?\s& ye>s to ! levitation ( ,sludge ,co4 at ! o!r end1 !re is a complete cont9uity ( ! miracul\s1 ) e gradation1 f ! *ildi% to ! /up5d\s1 f ! gratification ( a caprice to ! illu/ration ( sublime tru?4 ,!re is no draw+ a l9e 9 ! s]ies t might be set out ( plausibly atte/$ cases ( spiritual int]v5tion4 ,if "o is true1 all may be true2 if "o is false1 all may be false4 ,?is is1 to my m9d1 ! inevitable result ( t me?od ( reason+ :i* is appli$ to ! confutation ( ,prote/antism1 ) s mu* success1 by "o ( ! acute/ & subtle/ disputants :o h ev] *ampion$ ,ecclesia/icism--& "o _c put 8 claims to acut5ess & subtlety high]4 444 ! ,*ri/ianity ( hi/ory is n ,prote/antism4 ,if ev] !re 7 a safe tru? x is ?is 444 ,to be deep 9 hi/ory is to cease to be a ,prote/ant4 #fh ,i h n a %ad[ ( d\bt t ^! anti-,prote/ant epigrams are pr(\ndly true4 ,b ,i h z little t1 9 ! same s5se1 ! ,*ri/ianity ( hi/ory is n ,romanism2 & t to be deep] 9 hi/ory is to cease to be a ,romani/4 ,! reasons :i* compel my d\bts ab\t ! compatibility ( ! ,roman doctr9e1 or any o!r =m ( ,ca?olicism1 ) hi/ory1 arise out ( exactly ! same l9e ( argum5t z t adopt$ by ,dr4 ,newman 9 ! fam\s essay :i* ,i h j cit$4 ,if1 ) "o h&1 ,dr4 ,newman has de/roy$ ,prote/antism1 he has annihilat$ ,romanism ) ! o!r2 & ! total result ( 8 ambidextral ef=ts is to %ake ,*ri/ianity to its f\ndations4 ,nor 0 any "o bett] aw>e t ?is mu/ be he inevitable result ( 8 argum5ts--if ! _w %\ld refuse to accept ,roman doctr9es & ,roman miracles--?an ! writ] ( ,tract #he4 ,dr4 ,newman made 8 *oice & pass$ ov] to ! ,roman ,*ur* half a c5tury ago4 ,"s ( ^? :o 7 ess5tially 9 h>mony ) 8 views prec$$1 & _m foll[$ him4 ,b _m rema9$2 &1 z ! quondam ,puseyite & pres5t ,rituali/ic p>ty1 !y are cont9u+ t "w ( sapp+ & m9+ ! ,prote/antism ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* :i* he & 8 fri5ds s ably comm5c$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 !y h no little claim to be consid]$ victori\s all along ! l9e4 ,i am old en\gh to recollect ! small beg9n+s ( ! ,tract>ian p>ty2 & ,i am amaz$ :5 ,i consid] ! pres5t position ( _! heirs4 ,_! little leav5 has leav5$1 if n ! :ole1 yet a v l>ge lump ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*2 :i* is n[ pretty mu* ( a prep>atory s*ool = ,papi/ry4 ,s t x really behoves ,engli%m5 7:o1 z ,i h be5 in=m$ by high au?ority1 are all legally memb]s ( ! ,/ate ,*ur*1 if !y pr(ess to belong to no o!r sect7 to wake up to :at t p[]ful organisation is ab\t1 & :i!r x is t5d+4 ,on ?is po9t1 ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,newman1 :ile he /ill rema9$ )9 ! ,anglican fold1 are a va/ /ore ( ! be/ & ! mo/ au?oritative in=mation4 ,8 doctr9es on ,ecclesia/ical miracles & on ,developm5t are ! ,corn]-/ones ( ! ,tract>ian fabric4 ,he believ$ t 8 argum5ts l$ ei!r ,romew>d1 or to :at ecclesia/ics call ,infidelity1 & ,i call ,agno/icism4 ,i believe t he 0 q "r 9 ?is conviction2 b :ile he *ooses ! "o alt]native1 ,i *oose ! o!r2 z he rejects ,prote/antism on ! gr\nd ( its incompatibility ) hi/ory1 s1 a =tiori1 ,i conceive t ,romanism ought to be reject$2 & t an imp>tial consid]ation ( ! evid5ce mu/ refuse ! au?ority ( ,jesus to any?+ m ?an ! ,naz>5ism ( ,james & ,pet] & ,john4 ,& let x n be suppos$ t ?is is a m]e infidel p]v]sion ( ! facts4 ,no "o has m op5ly & cle>ly admitt$ ! possibility t !y may be fairly int]pret$ 9 ?is way ?an ,dr4 ,newman4 ,if1 he says1 !re are texts :i* seem to %[ t ,jesus contemplat$ ! evangelisation ( ! hea!n3 444 ,did n ! ,apo/les he> our ,"l8 & :at 0 _! impression f :at !y he>d8 ,is x n c]ta9 t ! ,apo/les did n ga!r ?is tru? f ,8 tea*+8 7,tract #he1 p4 #fc47 ,he said1 ,prea* ! ,gospel to e creature1 ,^! words ne$ h only meant ,br+ all m5 to ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh ,judaism4 ,make !m ,jews1 t !y may enjoy ,*ri/'s privileges1 :i* are lodg$ 9 ,judaism2 tea* !m ^? rites & c]emonies1 circumcision & ! l1 :i* hi!rto h be5 dead ord9ances1 & n[ are liv+3 & s ! ,apo/les seem to h und]/ood !m 7ibid4 p4 #fe74 ,s f> z ,naz>5ism diff]5tiat$ itself f contempor>y or?odox ,judaism1 x seems to h t5d$ t[>ds a revival ( ! e?ical & religi\s _s ( ! prophetic age1 accompani$ by ! belief 9 ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 & by v>i\s accretions :i* _h gr[n r\nd ,judaism subsequ5tly to ! exile4 ,to ^! belong ! doctr9es ( ! ,resurrection1 ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ( ,heav5 & ,hell2 ( ! hi]>*y ( good angels2 ( ,satan & ! hi]>*y ( evil spirits4 ,& !re is v /rong gr\nd = believ+ t all ^! doctr9es1 at lea/ 9 ! %apes 9 :i* !y 7 held by ! po/-exilic ,jews1 7 d]iv$ f ,p]sian & ,babylonian#fi s\rces1 & are ess5tially ( hea!n orig94 ,h[ f> ,jesus positively sanction$ all ^! indra9+s ( circumjac5t ,paganism into ,judaism2 h[ f> any "o has a "r to decl>e t ! refusal to accept "o or o!r ( ^! doctr9es1 z asc]ta9$ v]ities1 comes to ! same ?+ z contradict+ ,jesus1 x appe>s to me n easy to say4 ,b x is h>dly less difficult to conceive t he c\ld h di/9ctly negativ$ any ( !m2 &1 m especially1 t demonology :i* has be5 accept$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 9 e age & "u all _! mutual antagonisms4 ,b ,i repeat my conviction t1 :e!r ,jesus sanction$ ! demonology ( 8 "t & nation or n1 x is doom$4 ,! future ( ,*ri/ianity1 z a dogmatic sy/em & ap>t f ! old ,israeliti% e?ics :i* x has appropriat$ & develop$1 lies 9 ! answ] :i* mank9d w ev5tually give to ! "q1 :e!r !y are prep>$ to believe su* /ories z ! ,gad>5e & ! pneumatological hypo!ses :i* g ) x1 or n4 ,my belief is !y w decl9e to d any?+ ( ! sort1 :5ev] & :]ev] _! m9ds h be5 discipl9$ by sci5ce4 ,& t discipl9e mu/1 & w1 at once foll[ & lead ! foot/eps ( advanc+ civilisation4 ,! prec$+ pages 7 writt5 be=e ,i became acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! ,may numb] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 :]e9 ,i discov] _m ?+s :i* are decid$ly n to my advantage4 ,x w\ld appe> t evasion is my *ief res\rce1 incapacity = /rict argum5t & rott5ness ( ratioc9ation my ma9 m5tal *>act]i/ics1 & t x is b>ely cr$ible t a /atem5t :i* ,i pr(ess to make ( my own k is true4 ,all :i* ?+s ,i notice1 m]ely to illu/rate ! great tru?1 =c$ on me by long exp]i5ce1 t x is only f ^? :o enjoy ! bless+ ( a firm hold ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? t su* manife/ations ( meekness1 pati5ce1 & *>ity are to be expect$4 ,i _h imag9$ t no "o :o _h read my prec$+ pap]s1 c\ld ent]ta9 a d\bt z to my position 9 respect ( ! ma9 issue1 z x has be5 /at$ & re/at$ by my oppon5t3 an ,agno/icism :i* kn[s no?+ ( ! relation ( man to ,god mu/ n only refuse belief to our ,"l's mo/ und\bt$ tea*+1 b mu/ d5y ! reality ( ! spiritual convictions 9 :i* ,he liv$4#gj ,t is said to be ! simple "q :i* is at issue betwe5 u1 & ! ?ree te/imonies to t tea*+ & ^? convictions select$ are ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 & ! ,/ory ( ! ,passion4 ,my answ]1 r$uc$ to its briefe/ =m1 has be53 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! evid5ce is su* t ! exact nature ( ! tea*+s & ! convictions ( ,jesus is extremely unc]ta92 s t :at ecclesia/ics are pleas$ to call a d5ial ( !m may be no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 if ,jesus taught ! demonological sy/em involv$ 9 ! ,gad>5e /ory--if a belief 9 t sy/em =m$ a "p ( ! spiritual convictions 9 :i* he liv$ & di$--!n ,i1 = my "p1 unhesitat+ly refuse belief 9 t tea*+1 & d5y ! reality ( ^? spiritual convictions4 ,& ,i g fur!r & add1 t1 exactly 9 s f> z x c be prov$ t ,jesus sanction$ ! ess5tially pagan demonological !ories curr5t among ! ,jews ( 8 age1 exactly 9 s f>1 = me1 w 8 au?ority 9 any matt] t\*+ ! spiritual _w be weak5$4 ,) respect to ! fir/ half ( my answ]1 ,i h po9t$ out t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 z giv5 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 is1 9 ! op9ion ( ! be/ critics1 a mosaic "w ( mat]ials d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces1 & ,i d n und]/& t ?is /atem5t is *all5g$4 ,! only o!r ,gospel--! ?ird--:i* conta9s some?+ l x1 makes1 n only ! disc\rse1 b ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 deliv]$1 v diff]5t4 ,n[1 x is "o ?+ to say t !re 0 some?+ real at ! bottom ( ! two disc\rses--:i* is q possible2 & ano!r to affirm t we h any "r to say :at t some?+ 01 or to fix ^u any p>ticul> phrase & decl>e x to be a g5u9e utt]ance4 ,^? :o pursue !ology z a sci5ce1 & br+ to ! /udy an adequate k ( ! ways ( anci5t hi/orians1 w f9d no difficulty 9 provid+ illu/rations ( my mean+4 ,i may supply "o :i* has come )9 range ( my own limit$ vision4 ,9 ,josephus's ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,jews 7*ap1 xix471 t writ] reports a spee* :i* he says ,h]od made at ! op5+ ( a w> ) ! ,arabians4 ,x is 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & c\ld naturally be suppos$ by ! read] to be int5d$ = a true v]sion ( :at ,h]od said4 ,9 ! ,antiquities1 writt5 "s sev5te5 ye>s lat]1 ! same writ] gives ano!r report1 also 9 ! fir/ p]son1 ( ,h]od's spee* on ! same occasion4 ,?is second oration is twice z long z ! fir/ &1 ?\gh ! g5]al t5or ( ! two spee*es is pretty mu* ! same1 !re is h>dly any v]bal id5tity1 & a good deal ( matt] is introduc$ into ! "o1 :i* is abs5t f ! o!r4 ,josephus prides himself on 8 accuracy2 p ^: fa!rs might h he>d ,h]od's oration 7 8 ,contempor>ies2 & yet 8 hi/orical s5se is s curi\sly undevelop$ t he c1 q innoc5tly1 p]petrate an obvi\s lit]>y fabrication2 = "o ( ! two acc\nts mu/ be incorrect4 ,n[1 if ,i am ask$ :e!r ,i believe t ,h]od made "s p>ticul> /atem5t on ?is occasion2 :e!r1 = example1 he utt]$ ! pi\s aphorism1 ,:]e ,god is1 !re is bo? multitude & c\rage1 :i* is giv5 9 ! ,antiquities1 b n 9 ! ,w>s1 ,i am compell$ to say ,i d n "k4 ,"o ( ! two reports mu/ be errone\s1 possibly bo? are3 at any rate1 ,i _c tell h[ mu* ( ei!r is true4 ,&1 if "s f]v5t admir] ( ! ,idumean %\ld build up a !ory ( ,h]od's piety ^u ,josephus's evid5ce t he prop\nd$ ! aphorism1 is x a m]e evasion to say1 9 reply1 t ! evid5ce t he did utt] x is wor?less8 ,x appe>s aga9 t1 adopt+ ! tactics ( ,cona*> :5 br\ght face to face ) ,hal o' ! ,wynd1 ,i h be5 try+ to get my simple-m9d$ adv]s>y to foll[ me on a wild-goose *ase ?r\gh ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! hope ( escap+ imp5d+ defeat on ! ma9 issue4 ,b ,i may be p]mitt$ to po9t out t !re is an alt]native hypo!sis :i* equally fits ! facts2 & t1 aft] all1 !re may h be5 me?od 9 ! madness ( my suppos$ panic4 ,= suppose x to be e/abli%$ t ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity 0 a totally diff]5t ?+ f ! ,naz>5ism ( ,jesus & 8 imm$iate disciples2 suppose x to be demon/rable t1 z e>ly z ! six? decade ( our era at lea/1 !re 7 viol5t div]g5cies ( op9ion among ! foll[]s ( ,jesus2 suppose x to be h>dly d\btful t ! ,gospels & ! ,acts took _! pres5t %apes "u ! influ5ce ( ^? div]g5cies2 suppose t _! au?ors1 & ^? ?r\gh ^: h&s !y pass$1 _h notions ( hi/orical v]acity n m ecc5tric ?an ^? :i* ,josephus occasionally displays3 surely ! *ances t ! ,gospels are altoge!r tru/wor?y records ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus become v sl5d]4 ,&1 s9ce ! :ole ( ! case ( ! o!r side is bas$ on ! supposition t !y are accurate records 7especially ( spee*es1 ab\t :i* anci5t hi/orians are s curi\sly loose71 ,i really d v5ture to submit t ?is "p ( my argum5t be>s v s]i\sly on ! ma9 issue2 &1 z ratioc9ation1 is s\nd to ! core4 ,aga91 :5 ,i pass$ by ! topic ( ! spee*es ( ,jesus on ! ,cross1 x appe>s t ,i c\ld h _h no o!r motive ?an ! dictates ( my native evasiv5ess4 ,an ecclesia/ical dignit>y may h respectable reasons = decl9+ a f5c+ mat* 9 sight ( ,ge?semane & ,calv>y2 b an ecclesia/ical ,infidel6 ,nev]4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible t1 9 ! belief t ! great] includes ! less1 ,i1 hav+ decl>$ ! ,gospel evid5ce 9 g5]al1 z to ! say+s ( ,jesus1 to be ( que/ionable value1 ?\ght x ne$less to select = illu/ration ( my views1 ^? p>ticul> in/ances :i* 7 likely to be mo/ (f5sive to p]sons ( ano!r way ( ?9k+4 ,b any supposition t may h be5 ent]ta9$ t ! old famili> tones ( ! ecclesia/ical w>-drum w tempt me to engage 9 su* ne$less discussion _h bett] be r5\nc$4 ,i %all d no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,let x suffice t ,i ask my read]s to turn to ! tw5ty-?ird *apt] ( ,luke 7revis$ v]sion71 v]se ?irty-f\r1 & he w f9d 9 ! m>g9 ,"s anci5t au?orities omit3 ,& ,jesus said1 ,fa!r1 =give !m1 = !y "k n :at !y d4 ,s t1 ev5 z late z ! f\r? c5tury1 !re 7 anci5t au?orities1 inde$ "s ( ! mo/ anci5t & weightie/1 :o ei!r did n "k ( ?is utt]ance1 s (t5 quot$ z *>act]i/ic ( ,jesus1 or did n believe x _h be5 utt]$4 ,_m ye>s ago1 ,i receiv$ an anonym\s lett]1 :i* abus$ me he>tily = my want ( moral c\rage 9 n speak+ out4 ,i ?\ght t "o ( ! odde/ *>ges an anonym\s lett]-writ] c\ld br+4 ,b ,i am n sure t ! pl5tiful s[+ ( ! pages ( ! article ) :i* ,i am deal+ ) accusations ( evasion1 may n seem odd] to ^? :o consid] t ! ma9 /r5g? ( ! answ]s ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ 79 ?is review & else:]e7 is devot$1 n to any?+ 9 ! text ( my fir/ pap]1 b to a note :i* occurs at p4 #hd4 ,9 ?is ,i say3 ,dr4 ,wace tells u3 ,x may be ask$ h[ f> we c rely on ! acc\nts we possess ( our ,"l's tea*+ on ^! subjects4 ,& he seems to ?9k ! "q appropriately answ]$ by ! ass]tion t x ought to be reg>d$ z settl$ by ,m4 ,r5an's practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se case4 ,i reque/$ ,dr4 ,wace to po9t out ! passages ( ,m4 ,r5an's works 9 :i*1 z he affirms1 ?is practical surr5d] 7n m]ely z to ! age & au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels1 be x obs]v$1 b z to _! hi/orical value7 is made1 & he has be5 s good z to d s4 ,n[ let u consid] ! p>ts ( ,dr4 ,wace's citation f ,r5an :i* are relevant to ! issue3-- ,! au?or ( ?is ,gospel ,luke is c]ta9ly ! same z ! au?or ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,n[ ! au?or ( ! ,acts seems to be a companion ( ,/4 ,paul--a "* :i* accords completely ) ,/4 ,luke4 ,i "k t m ?an "o objection may be oppos$ to ?is reason+3 b "o ?+1 at all ev5ts1 is beyond d\bt1 namely1 t ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel & ( ! ,acts is a man :o belong$ to ! second apo/olic g5]ation2 & ?is suffices = our purpose4 ,?is is a curi\s practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se case4 ,m4 ,r5an ?9ks t !re is no d\bt t ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel is ! au?or ( ! ,acts--a conclusion 9 :i* ,i suppose critics g5]ally agree4 ,he goes on to rem>k t ?is p]son seems to be a companion ( ,/4 ,paul1 & adds t ,luke 0 a companion ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,!n1 some:at ne$lessly1 ,m4 ,r5an po9ts out t !re is m ?an "o objection to jump+1 f su* data z ^!1 to ! conclusion t ,luke is ! writ] ( ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,&1 f9ally1 ,m4 ,r5an is cont5t to r$uce t :i* is beyond d\bt to ! fact t ! au?or ( ! two books is a man ( ! second apo/olic g5]ation4 ,well1 x seems to me t ,i c\ld agree ) all t ,m4 ,r5an consid]s beyond d\bt "h1 )\t surr5d]+ any?+1 ei!r practically or !oretically4 ,dr4 ,wace 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>*1 p4 #cfc7 /ates t he d]ives ! above citation f ! preface to ! #ae? edition ( ! ,vie de ,jsus4 ,my copy ( ,les vangiles1 dat$ #ahgg1 conta9s a li/ ( ,r5an's ,oeuvres ,compltes1 at ! head ( :i* ,i f9d ,vie de ,jsus1 #ae edition4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a lat] "w ?an ! edition ( ! ,vie de ,jsus :i* ,dr4 ,wace quotes4 ,n[ ,les vangiles1 z its "n implies1 treats fully ( ! que/ions respect+ ! date & au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels2 & any "o :o desir$1 n m]ely to use ,m4 ,r5an's expressions = controv]sial purposes1 b to give a fair acc\nt ( 8 views 9 _! full significance1 w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 ref] to ! lat] s\rce4 ,if ?is c\rse _h be5 tak51 ,dr4 ,wace might h f\nd "s z decid$ expressions ( op9ion1 9 fav\r ( ,luke's au?or%ip ( ! ?ird ,gospel1 z he has discov]$ 9 ,! ,apo/les4 ,i m5tion ?is circum/ance1 because ,i desire to po9t out t1 tak+ ev5 ! /ronge/ ( ,r5an's /atem5ts1 ,i am /ill at a loss to see h[ x ju/ifies t l>ge s\nd+ phrase1 practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se case4 ,=1 on p4 #dch ( ,les vangiles1 ,r5an speaks ( ! way 9 :i* ,luke's excell5t int5tions h l$ him to torture hi/ory 9 ! ,acts2 he decl>es ,luke to be ! f\nd] ( t et]nal fiction :i* is call$ ecclesia/ical hi/ory2 &1 on ! prec$+ page1 he talks ( ! my? ( ! ,asc5sion--) its mise en scne v\lue4 ,at p4 #dce1 ,i f9d ,luc1 ou ,fauteur quel qu'il soit du troisime vangile2 at p4 #bhj1 ! acc\nts ( ! ,passion1 ! dea? & ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 are said to be peu hi/oriques2 at p4 #bhc1 ,la valeur hi/orique du troisime vangile e/ srem5t mo9dre que celles des deux premi]s4 ,a ,pyrrhic sort ( victory = or?odoxy1 ?is surr5d]6 ,&1 all ! :ile1 ! sci5tific /ud5t ( !ology kn[s t1 ! m reason !re may be to believe t ,luke 0 ! companion ( ,paul1 ! m d\btful becomes 8 cr$ibility1 if he really wrote ! ,acts4 ,=1 9 t case1 he c\ld n fail to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ,paul's acc\nt ( ! ,j]usalem conf]5ce1 & he mu/ h consci\sly misrepres5t$ x4 ,we may next turn to ! ess5tial "p ( ,dr4 ,wace's citation 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 p4 #cfe7 t\*+ ! fir/ ,gospel3-- ,/4 ,mat!w evid5tly des]ves peculi> confid5ce = ! disc\rses4 ,"h are ! oracles--! v notes tak5 :ile ! memory ( ! in/ruction ( ,jesus 0 liv+ & def9ite4 ,m4 ,r5an "h expresses ! v g5]al op9ion z to ! exi/5ce ( a collection ( logia1 hav+ a diff]5t orig9 f ! text 9 :i* !y are emb$d$1 9 ,mat!w4 ,notes are some:at sugge/ive ( a %or?& writ]1 b ! sugge/ion is un9t5tional1 = ,m4 ,r5an assumes t ^! notes 7 tak51 n at ! "t ( ! deliv]y ( ! logia b subsequ5tly1 :ile 7z he assumes7 ! memory ( !m 0 liv+ & def9ite2 s t1 9 ?is v citation1 ,m4 ,r5an leaves op5 ! "q ( ! g5]al hi/orical value ( ! fir/ ,gospel2 :ile x is obvi\s t ! accuracy ( notes tak51 n at ! "t ( deliv]y1 b f memory1 is a matt] ab\t :i* m ?an "o op9ion may be fairly held4 ,moreov]1 ,r5an expressly calls att5tion to ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ! au!ntic logia f lat] additions ( ! same k9d 7,les vangiles1 p4 #bja74 ,! fact is1 !re is no contradiction "h to t op9ion ab\t ! fir/ ,gospel :i* is express$ 9 ,les vangiles 7p4 #age74 ,! text ( ! s-call$ ,mat!w supposes ! pre-exi/5ce ( t ( ,m>k1 & does little m ?an complete x4 ,he completes x 9 two fa%ions--fir/1 by ! ins]tion ( ^? long disc\rses :i* gave _! *ief value to ! ,hebrew ,gospels2 !n by add+ traditions ( a m mod]n =mation1 results ( successive developm5ts ( ! leg5d1 & to :i* ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness already atta*$ inf9ite value4 ,m4 ,r5an goes on to sugge/ t besides ,m>k1 ,pseudo-,mat!w us$ an ,aramaic v]sion ( ! ,gospel1 orig9ally set =? 9 t dialect4 ,f9ally1 z to ! second ,gospel 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 p4 #cfe73-- ,he ,m>k is full ( m9ute obs]vations1 proce$+1 beyond d\bt1 f an eye-witness4 ,!re is no?+ to conflict ) ! supposition t ?is eye-witness 444 0 ! ,apo/le ,pet] himself1 z ,papias has x4 ,let u consid] ?is citation by ! light ( ,les vangiles3-- ,?is "w1 al?\gh compos$ aft] ! dea? ( ,pet]1 01 9 a s5se1 ! "w ( ,pet]2 x repres5ts ! way 9 :i* ,pet] 0 accu/om$ to relate ! life ( ,jesus 7p4 #aaf74 ,m4 ,r5an goes on to say t1 z an hi/orical docum5t1 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k has a great sup]iority 7p4 #aaf72 b ,m>k has a motive = omitt+ ! disc\rses1 & he atta*es a pu]ile importance to miracles 7p1 #aag74 ,! ,gospel ( ,m>k is less a leg5d1 ?an a biography writt5 ) cr$ulity 7p4 #aah74 ,x w\ld be ra% to say t ,m>k has n be5 int]polat$ & ret\*$ 7p4 #abj74 ,if any "o ?9ks t ,i h n be5 w>rant$ 9 draw+ a %>p di/9ction betwe5 sci5tific !ologians & c\nsels = cre$s2 or t my w>n+ aga9/ ! too ready acceptance ( c]ta9 decl>ations z to ! /ate ( biblical criticism 0 ne$less2 or t my anxiety z to ! s5se ( ! ^w practical 0 sup]flu\s2 let him comp>e ! /atem5t t ,m4 ,r5an has made a practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se case ) ! facts j set =?4 ,= :at is ! adv]se case8 ,! "q1 z ,dr4 ,wace puts x1 is ,x may be ask$ h[ f> c we rely on ! acc\nts we possess ( our ,"l's tea*+ on ^! subjects4 ,x w be obvi\s t ,m4 ,r5an's /atem5ts am\nt to an adv]se answ]--to a practical d5ial t any great reliance c be plac$ on ^! acc\nts4 ,he does n believe t ,mat!w1 ! apo/le1 wrote ! fir/ ,gospel2 he does n pr(ess to "k :o is responsible = ! collection ( logia1 or h[ _m ( !m are au!ntic2 ?\gh he calls ! second ,gospel ! mo/ hi/orical1 he po9ts out t x is writt5 ) cr$ulity1 & may h be5 int]polat$ & ret\*$2 & z to ! au?or1 quid qu'il soit1 ( ! ?ird ,gospel1 :o is to rely on ! acc\nts ( a writ]1 :o des]ves ! cavali] treatm5t :i* ,luke meets ) at ,m4 ,r5an's h&s8 ,i repeat :at ,i h already m ?an once said1 t ! "q ( ! age & ! au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels has n1 9 my judgm5t1 ! importance :i* is s commonly assign$ to x = ! simple reason t ! reports ev5 ( eye-witnesses1 w\ld n suffice to ju/ify belief 9 a l>ge & ess5tial "p ( _! cont5ts2 on ! contr>y1 ^! reports w\ld discr$it ! witnesses4 ,! ,gad>5e miracle1 = example1 is s extremely improbable t ! fact ( its be+ report$ by ?ree ev5 indep5d5t1 au?orities c\ld n ju/ify belief 9 x1 unless we _h ! cle>e/ evid5ce z to _! capacity z obs]v]s & z int]pret]s ( _! obs]vations4 ,b x is evid5t t ! ?ree au?orities are n indep5d5t2 t !y h simply adopt$ a leg5d ( :i* !re 7 two v]sions2 & in/ead ( _! prov+ its tru?1 x sugge/s _! sup]/iti\s cr$ulity2 s t if ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke are really responsible = ! ,gospels1 x is n ! bett] = ! ,gad>5e /ory1 b ! worse = !m4 ,a wond]ful am\nt ( controv]sial capital has be5 made out ( my ass]tion 9 ! note to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 z an obit] dictum ( no consequ5ce to my argum5t1 t if ,r5an's "w#ga 7 non-extant1 ! ma9 results ( biblical criticism1 z set =? 9 ! works ( ,/rauss1 ,baur1 ,reuss1 & ,volkm>1 = example1 w\ld n be s5sibly affect$4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h expla9$ x satisfactorily already1 b x seems t my explanation has only exhibit$ /ill m ( my native p]v]sity1 s ,i ask = "o m *ance4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( any bran* ( sci5ce1 :at is univ]sally obs]v$ is ?is3 t ! m5 :o make epo*s1 & are ! real ar*itects ( ! fabric ( exact k1 are ^? :o introduce fruitful ideas or me?ods4 ,z a rule1 ! man :o does ?is pu%es 8 idea1 or 8 me?od1 too f>2 or1 if he does n1 8 s*ool is sure to d s2 & ^? :o foll[ h to r$uce 8 "w to its prop] value1 & assign x its place 9 ! :ole4 ,n unfrequ5tly1 !y1 9 _! turn1 ov]do ! critical process1 &1 9 try+ to elim9ate error1 ?r[ away tru?4 ,?us1 z ,i said1 ,l9nu1 ,buffon1 ,cuvi]1 ,lam>ck1 really set =? ! results ( a develop+ sci5ce1 al?\gh !y (t5 he>tily contradict "o ano!r4 ,not)/&+ ?is circum/ance1 mod]n classificatory me?od & nom5clature h l>gely gr[n out ( ! "w ( ,l9nu3 ! mod]n conception ( biology1 z a sci5ce1 & ( its relation to climatology1 geography1 & geology1 are1 z l>gely1 root$ 9 ! results ( ! lab\rs ( ,buffon2 comp>ative anatomy & palontology owe a va/ debt to ,cuvi]'s results2 :ile inv]tebrate zoology & ! revival ( ! idea ( evolution are intimately dep5d5t on ! results ( ! "w ( ,lam>ck4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ma9 results ( biology up to ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury are to be f\nd 91 or spr+ out (1 ! works ( ^! m54 ,s1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ,/rauss1 if he did n orig9ate ! idea ( tak+ ! my?opoeic faculty into acc\nt 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,gospel n>ratives1 & ?\gh he may h exagg]at$ ! influ5ce ( t faculty1 oblig$ sci5tific !ology1 h]eaft]1 to take t elem5t into s]i\s consid]ation2 s ,baur1 9 giv+ prom95ce to ! c>d9al fact ( ! div]g5ce ( ! ,naz>5e & ,paul9e t5d5cies 9 ! primitive ,*ur*2 s ,reuss1 9 sett+ a m>vell\s example ( ! cool & dispassionate application ( ! pr9ciples ( sci5tific criticism ov] ! :ole field ( ,scripture2 s ,volkm>1 9 8 cle> & =cible /atem5t ( ! ,naz>5e limitations ( ,jesus1 contribut$ results ( p]man5t value 9 sci5tific !ology4 ,i took ^! names z !y occurr$ to me4 ,und\bt$ly1 ,i might h advantage\sly add$ to !m2 p]haps1 ,i might h made a bett] selection4 ,b x really is absurd to try to make out t ,i did n "k t ^! writ]s widely disagree2 & ,i believe t no sci5tific !ologian w d5y t1 9 pr9ciple1 :at ,i h said is p]fectly correct4 ,ecclesia/ical advocates1 ( c\rse1 _c be expect$ to take ?is view ( ! matt]4 ,to !m1 ^! m]e seek]s aft] tru?1 9 s f> z _! results are unfav\rable to ! cre$ ! cl]ics h to support1 are m or less infidels1 or fav\r]s ( infidelity2 & ! only ?+ !y c>e to see1 or probably c see1 is ! fact t1 9 a great _m matt]s1 ! tru?-seek]s diff] f "o ano!r1 & !re=e c easily be exhibit$ to ! public1 z if !y did no?+ else2 z if any "o :o ref]r$ to _! hav+1 ea* & all1 contribut$ 8 %>e to ! results ( !ological sci5ce1 0 m]ely %[+ 8 ignorance2 & z if a *>ge ( inconsi/5cy c\ld be bas$ on ! fact t he himself (t5 disagrees ) :at !y say4 ,i h nev] l5t a %ad[ ( f\ndation to ! assumption t ,i am a foll[] ( ei!r ,/rauss1 or ,baur1 or ,reuss1 or ,volkm>1 or ,r5an2 my debt to ^! em95t m5--s f> my sup]iors 9 !ological k--is1 inde$1 great2 yet x is n = _! op9ions1 b = ^? ,i h be5 able to =m = myself1 by _! help4 ,9 ,agno/icism3 a ,rejo9d]1 ,i h ref]r$ to ! difficulties "u :i* ^? pr(essors ( ! sci5ce ( !ology1 ^: t5ure ( _! po/s dep5ds on ! results ( _! inve/igations1 mu/ lab\r2 &1 9 a note1 ,i add-- ,imag9e t all our *airs ( ,a/ronomy _h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & t _! incumb5ts 7 b\nd to sign ,ptolemaic articles4 ,9 t case1 ) e respect = ! ef=ts ( p]sons ?us hamp]$ to atta9 & exp\nd ! tru?1 ,i ?9k m5 ( common s5se w\ld g else:]e to le>n a/ronomy4 ,i did n write ?is p>agraph )\t a k t its s5se w\ld be op5 to ! k9d ( p]v]sion :i* x has suff]$2 b1 if t 0 cle>1 ! necessity = ! /atem5t 0 /ill cle>]4 ,x is my delib]ate op9ion3 ,i reit]ate x2 & ,i say t1 9 my judgm5t1 x is extremely inexp$i5t t any subject :i* calls itself a sci5ce %\ld be entru/$ to tea*]s :o are deb>r$ f freely foll[+ out sci5tific me?ods to _! legitimate conclusions1 :atev] ^? conclusions may be4 ,if ,i may borr[ a phrase p>ad$ at ! ,*ur* ,congress1 ,i ?9k x ought to be unpleasant = any man ( sci5ce to f9d himself 9 ! position ( su* a tea*]4 ,human nature is n alt]$ by seat+ x 9 a pr(essorial *air1 ev5 ( !ology4 ,i h v little d\bt t if1 9 ! ye> #ahei1 ! t5ure ( my (fice _h dep5d$ ^u my adh]5ce to ! doctr9es ( ,cuvi]1 ! objections to !m set =? 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species w\ld h _h a halo ( gravity ab\t !m t1 be+ free to tea* :at ,i pleas$1 ,i fail$ to discov]4 ,&1 9 mak+ t /atem5t1 x does n appe> to me t ,i am confess+ t ,i %\ld h be5 deb>r$ by selfi% int]e/s f mak+ c&id inquiry1 or t ,i %\ld h be5 biass$ by sordid motives4 ,i hope t ev5 su* a fragm5t ( moral s5se z may rema9 9 an ecclesia/ical infidel might h got me ?r\gh ! difficulty2 b x w\ld be unwor?y to d5y1 or disguise1 ! fact t a v s]i\s difficulty mu/ h be5 creat$ = me by ! nature ( my t5ure4 ,& let x be obs]v$ t ! temptation1 9 my case1 w\ld h be5 f> slight] ?an 9 t ( a pr(essor ( !ology2 :atev] biological doctr9e ,i _h repudiat$1 nobody ,i c>$ = w\ld h ?\ght ! worse ( me = s do+4 ,no sci5tific j\rnals w\ld h h[l$ me d[n1 z ! religi\s newspap]s h[l$ d[n my too hone/ fri5d1 ! late ,bi%op ( ,natal2 nor w\ld my colleagues ( ! ,royal ,society h turn$ _! backs ^u me1 z 8 episcopal colleagues boycott$ him4 ,i say ^! facts are obvi\s1 &1 t x is :olesome & ne$ful t !y %\ld be /at$4 ,x is 9 ! int]e/s ( !ology1 if x be a sci5ce1 & x is 9 ! int]e/s ( ^? tea*]s ( !ology :o desire to be some?+ bett] ?an c\nsel = cre$s1 t x %\ld be tak5 to he>t4 ,! seek] aft] !ological tru? & t only1 w no m suppose t ,i h insult$ him1 ?an ! prison] :o works 9 fett]s w try to pick a qu>rel ) me1 if ,i sugge/ t he w\ld get on bett] if ! fett]s 7 knock$ (f2 unless inde$1 z x is said does happ5 9 ! c\rse ( long captivities1 t ! victim at l5g? ceases to feel ! weight ( 8 *a9s1 or ev5 takes to hugg+ !m1 z if !y 7 hon\rable ornam5ts4 ,r4 ,,clay ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,bread ,,/4 ,,hill1 ,e4,c41 ,,& ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk4 99 99 99 99 99 ,footnote #a3 ,! abs5ce ( any keel on ! brea/-bone & "s o!r o/eological peculi>ities1 obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,m>%1 h[ev]1 sugge/ t ,hesp]ornis may be a modification ( a less specialis$ gr\p ( birds ?an t to :i* ^! exi/+ aquatic birds belong4 ,footnote #b3 ,a second specim51 discov]$ 9 #ahgg1 & at pres5t 9 ! ,b]l9 museum1 %[s an excell5tly pres]v$ skull ) tee?3 & ?ree digits1 all t]m9at$ by claws1 9 ! =e-limb4 #ahic4 ,footnote #c3 ,i use ! ^w type because x is highly probable t _m =ms ( ,an*i!rium-l & ,hipp>ion-l animals exi/$ 9 ! ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e epo*s1 j z _m species ( ! horse tribe exi/ n[2 & x is highly improbable t ! p>ticul> species ( ,an*i!rium or ,hipp>ion1 :i* happ5 to h be5 discov]$1 %\ld be precisely ^? :i* h =m$ "p ( ! direct l9e ( ! horse's p$igree4 ,footnote #d3 ,s9ce ?is lecture 0 deliv]$1 ,pr(essor ,m>% has discov]$ a new g5us ( equ9e mammals 7,eohippus7 f ! l[e/ ,eoc5e deposits ( ! ,we/1 :i* corresponds v ne>ly to ?is description4--,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,novemb]1 #ahgf4 ,footnote #e3 ,! ,limits ( ,philosophical ,inquiry1 pp4 #d & #e4 ,footnote #f3 ,hume's ,essay1 ,( ! ,academical or ,sceptical ,philosophy1 9 ! ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+4--,_m critics ( ?is passage seem to =get t ! subject-matt] ( ,e?ics & /hetics consi/s (1 matt]s ( fact & exi/5ce4--#ahib4 ,footnote #g3 ,or1 to speak m accurately1 ! physical /ate ( :i* volition is ! expression4--#ahib4 ,footnote #h3 ,decl>ation on ! ,tru? ( ,holy ,scripture1 ,! ,times1 #ah? ,decemb]1 #ahia4 ,footnote #i3 ,decl>ation1 ,article #aj4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ego v]o evangelio non cr$]em1 nisi ecclesi ,ca?olic me commov]et auctoritas4--,contra ,epi/olam ,mani*i cap4 v4 ,footnote #aa3 ,hasisadra's ,adv5ture4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! ,int]pret]s ( ,g5esis & ! ,int]pret]s ( ,nature & ,mr4 ,glad/one & ,g5esis4 ,footnote #ac3 ,agno/icism2 ,! ,value ( ,witness to ! ,miracul\s2 ,agno/icism3 a ,rejo9d]2 ,agno/icism & ,*ri/ianity2 ,! ,keep]s ( ! ,h]d ( ,sw9e2 & ,illu/rations ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,controv]sial ,me?ods4 ,footnote #ad3 ,i employ ! words ,sup]nature & ,sup]natural 9 _! popul> s5ses4 ,= myself1 ,i am b\nd to say t ! t]m ,nature cov]s ! totality ( t :i* is4 ,! _w ( psy*ical ph5om5a appe>s to me to be z mu* "p ( ,nature z ! _w ( physical ph5om5a2 & ,i am unable to p]ceive any ju/ification = cutt+ ! ,univ]se into two halves1 "o natural & "o sup]natural4 ,footnote #ae3 ,my citations are made f ,teulet's ,e9h>di omnia qu extant op]a1 ,p>is1 #ahdj-ahdc1 :i* conta9s a biography ( ! au?or1 a hi/ory ( ! text1 ) translations into ,fr5*1 & _m valuable annotations4 ,footnote #af3 ,at pres5t includ$ 9 ! ,du*ies ( ,hesse-,d>m/adt & ,bad54 ,footnote #ag3 ,?is took place 9 ! ye> #hbf ,a4,d4 ,! relics 7 br\ght f ,rome & deposit$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m$>dus at ,soissons4 ,footnote #ah3 ,n[ includ$ 9 ,we/]n ,switz]l&4 ,footnote #ai3 ,probably1 accord+ to ,teulet1 ! pres5t ,s&h(]-fahrt1 a little bel[ ! emb\*ure ( ! ,neck>4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! pres5t ,mi*il/adt1 ?irty miles ,n4,e4 ( ,heidelb]g4 ,footnote #ba3 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages "o ( ! mo/ fav\rite accusations aga9/ wit*es 0 t !y committ$ j ^! enormities4 ,footnote #bb3 ,x is pretty cle> t ,eg9h>d _h 8 d\bts ab\t ! deacon1 ^: pl$ges he qualifies z sponsiones inc]t4 ,b1 to be sure1 he wrote aft] ev5ts :i* fully ju/ifi$ scepticism4 ,footnote #bc3 ,! words are scr9ia s9e clave1 :i* seems to mean hav+ no key4 ,b ! circum/ances =bid ! idea ( break+ op54 ,footnote #bd3 ,eg9h>d speaks ) l(ty contempt ( ! vana ac sup]/itiosa prsumptio ( ! poor woman's companions 9 try+ to alleviate h] suff]+s ) h]bs & frivol\s incantations4 ,va9 en\gh1 no d\bt1 b ! muli]cul might h return$ ! epi!t sup]/iti\s ) int]e/4 ,footnote #be3 ,( c\rse !re is no?+ new 9 ?is argum5t2 b x does n gr[ weak] by age4 ,& ! case ( ,eg9h>d is f> m in/ructive ?an t ( ,augu/9e1 because ! =m] has s v frankly1 ?\gh incid5tally1 reveal$ to u n only 8 own m5tal & moral habits1 b ^? ( ! p ab\t him4 ,footnote #bf3 ,see #a ,cor4 xii4 #aj-bh2 #b ,cor4 vi4 #ab ,rom4 xv1 #ai4 ,footnote #bg3 ,a ,j\rnal or ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,life1 ,travels1 ,suff]+s1 & ,*ri/ian ,exp]i5ces1 c41 ( ,george ,fox4 ,ed4 #afid1 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 ,footnote #bh3 ,see ! ,(ficial ,report ( ! ,*ur* ,congress held at ,man*e/]1 ,octob] #ahhh1 pp4 #bec1 #bed4 ,footnote #bi3 ,9 ?is place & 9 ,illu/rations ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,controv]sial ,me?ods1 !re are ref]5ces to ! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,york :i* are ( no importance to my ma9 argum5t1 & :i* ,i h expung$ because ,i desire to oblit]ate ! traces ( a tempor>y misund]/&+ ) a man ( r>e ability1 c&\r1 & wit1 = :om ,i ent]ta9$ a great lik+ & no less respect4 ,i rejoice to ?9k n[ ( ! 7!n7 ,bi%op's cordial hail ! fir/ "t we met aft] our little skirmi%1 ,well1 is x to be peace or w>8 ,i repli$1 ,a little ( bo?4 ,b !re 0 only peace :5 we p>t$1 & ev] aft]4 ,footnote #cj3 ,dr4 ,wace tells u1 ,x may be ask$ h[ f> we c rely on ! acc\nts we possess ( our ,"l's tea*+ on ^! subjects4 ,& he seems to ?9k ! "q appropriately answ]$ by ! ass]tion t x ought to be reg>d$ z settl$ by ,m4 ,r5an's practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se case4 ,i ?\ght ,i knew ,m4 ,r5an's works pretty well1 b ,i h contriv$ to miss ?is practical 7,i wi% ,dr4 ,wace _h def9$ ! scope ( t useful adjective7 surr5d]4 ,h[ev]1 z ,dr4 ,wace c f9d no difficulty 9 po9t+ out ! passage ( ,m4 ,r5an's writ+s1 by :i* he feels ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ 8 /atem5t1 ,i %all wait = fur!r enlight5m5t1 cont5t+ myself1 = ! pres5t1 ) rem>k+ t if ,m4 ,r5an 7 to retract & d p5ance 9 ,notre-,dame to-morr[ = any contributions to ,biblical criticism t may be specially 8 prop]ty1 ! ma9 results ( t criticism1 z !y are set =? 9 ! works ( ,/rauss1 ,baur1 ,reuss1 & ,volkm>1 = example1 c\ld n be s5sibly affect$4 ,footnote #ca3 ,see ,de ,gob9eau1 ,les ,religions et les ,philosophies dans l',asie ,c5trale2 & ! rec5tly publi%$ "w ( ,mr4 ,e4,g4 ,br[ne1 ,! ,episode ( ! ,bab4 ,footnote #cb3 ,"h1 z always1 ! revis$ v]sion is cit$4 ,footnote #cc3 ,does any "o really mean to say t !re is any int]nal or ext]nal crit]ion by :i* ! read] ( a biblical /atem5t1 9 :i* sci5tific matt] is conta9$1 is enabl$ to judge :e!r x is to be tak5 au srieux or n8 ,is ! acc\nt ( ! ,deluge1 accept$ z true 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 less precise & specific ?an t ( ! call ( ,abraham1 also accept$ z true !re98 ,by :at m>k does ! /ory ( ! fe$+ ) manna 9 ! wild]ness1 :i* involves "s v curi\s sci5tific problems1 %[ t x is meant m]ely = edification1 :ile ! /ory ( ! inscription ( ! ,law on /one by ! h& ( ,jahveh is lit]ally true8 ,if ! /ory ( ! ,fall is n ! true record or an hi/orical occurr5ce1 :at becomes ( ,paul9e !ology8 ,yet ! /ory ( ! ,fall z directly conflicts ) probability1 & is z devoid ( tru/wor?y evid5ce1 z t ( ! ,creation or t ( ! ,deluge1 ) :i* x =ms an h>moni\sly leg5d>y s]ies4 ,footnote #cd3 ,see1 = an admirable discussion ( ! :ole subject1 ,dr4 ,abbott's article on ! ,gospels 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica2 & ! rem>kable monograph by ,pr(essor ,volkm>1 ,jesus ,naz>5us und die er/e *ri/li*e ,zeit 7#ahhb74 ,:e!r we agree ) ! conclusions ( ^! writ]s or n1 ! me?od ( critical inve/igation :i* !y adopt is unimpea*able4 ,footnote #ce3 ,not)/&+ ! h>d words %ot at me f beh9d ! h$ge ( anonymity by a writ] 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,i repeat1 )\t ! slighte/ fe> ( refutation1 t ! f\r ,gospels1 z !y h come to u1 are ! "w ( unkn[n writ]s4 ,footnote #cf3 ,_! argum5ts1 9 ! long run1 are always r$ucible to "o =m4 ,o!rwise tru/wor?y witnesses affirm t su* & su* ev5ts took place4 ,^! ev5ts are inexplicable1 except ! ag5cy ( spirits is admitt$4 ,!re=e spirits 7 ! cause ( ! ph5om5a4 ,& ! heads ( ! reply are always ! same4 ,rememb] ,goe!'s aphorism3 ,alles factis*e i/ s*on ,!orie4 ,tru/wor?y witnesses are con/antly deceiv$1 or deceive !mselves1 9 _! int]pretation ( s5sible ph5om5a4 ,no "o c prove t ! s5sible ph5om5a1 9 ^! cases1 c\ld be caus$ only by ! ag5cy ( spirits3 & !re is abundant gr\nd = believ+ t !y may be produc$ 9 o!r ways4 ,!re=e1 ! utmo/ t c be reasonably ask$ =1 on ! evid5ce z x /&s1 is susp5sion ( judgm5t4 ,&1 on ! necessity = ev5 t susp5sion1 reasonable m5 may diff]1 accord+ to _! views ( probability4 ,footnote #cg3 ,yet ,i mu/ someh[ h laid hold ( ! pi? ( ! matt]1 =1 _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ,dean ,mansel's ,bampton ,lectures 7 publi%$1 x seem$ to me ,i already knew all t ?is em95tly agno/ic ?9k] _h to tell me4 ,footnote #ch3 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 ,edit4 ,h>t5/e9 p4 #bef4 ,footnote #ci3 ,report ( ! ,*ur* ,congress1 ,man*e/]1 #ahhh1 p4 #beb4 ,footnote #dj3 ,i suppose ?is is :at ,dr4 ,wace is ?9k+ ab\t :5 he says t ,i allege t !re is no visible escape f ! supposition ( an ,ur-,m>cus 7p4 #cfg74 ,t a !ologian ( repute %\ld conf\nd an indisputable fact ) "o ( ! modes ( expla9+ t fact is n s s+ul> z ^? :o are unaccu/om$ to ! ways ( !ologians might imag9e4 ,footnote #da3 ,any exam9] ^: duty x has be5 to exam9e into a case ( copy+ w be p>ticul>ly well prep>$ to appreciate ! =ce ( ! case /at$ 9 t mo/ excell5t little book1 ,! ,common ,tradition ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 by ,dr4 ,abbott & ,mr4 ,ru%brooke 7,macmillan1 #ahhd74 ,to ^? :o h n pass$ ?r\gh su* pa9ful exp]i5ces ,i may recomm5d ! brief discussion ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,casket ,lett]s 9 my fri5d ,mr4 ,skelton's int]e/+ book1 ,maitl& ( ,le?+ton4 ,! second edition ( ,holtzmann's ,lehrbu*1 publi%$ 9 #ahhf1 gives a rem>kably fair & full acc\nt ( ! pres5t results ( criticism4 ,at p4 #cff he writes t ! pres5t burn+ "q is :e!r ! relatively primitive n>rative & ! root ( ! o!r synoptic texts is conta9$ 9 ,mat!w or 9 ,m>k4 ,x is only on ?is po9t t prop]ly-in=m$ 7sa*kundige7 critics diff]1 & he decides 9 fav\r ( ,m>k4 ,footnote #db3 ,holtzmann 7,die synoptis*5 ,evangeli5 #ahfc1 p4 #ge71 foll[+ ,ewald1 argues t ! ,s\rce ,a 7 ! ?reefold tradition1 m or less7 conta9$ some?+ t answ]$ to ! ,s]mon on ! ,pla9 imm$iately aft] ! words ( our pres5t ,m>k1 ,& he come? into a h\se 7iii #ai74 ,b :at conceivable motive c\ld ,m>k h = omitt+ x8 ,holtzmann has no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is a compilation1 or z he calls x 9 8 rec5tly-publi%$ ,lehrbu* 7p4 #cgb71 an artificial mosaic "w4 ,footnote #dc3 ,see ,s*r]1 ,ges*i*te des jdis*5 ,volkes1 ,zweit] ,!il1 p4 #chd4 ,footnote #dd3 ,spaci\s1 because a "y man c\ld sit 9 x on ! "r side 7xv4 #e71 & !re=e ) pl5ty ( room to sp>e4 ,footnote #de3 ,k+ ,h]od _h n ! lea/ difficulty 9 suppos+ ! resurrection ( ,john ! ,bapti/--,john1 :om ,i behead$1 he is ris5 7,m>k vi4 #af74 ,footnote #df3 ,i am v sorry = ! int]polat$ 91 because citation ought to be accurate 9 small ?+s z 9 great4 ,b :at diff]5ce x makes :e!r "o believes ,jesus or believes 9 ,jesus mu* ?\ght has n enabl$ me to discov]4 ,if y believe him y mu/ believe him to be :at he pr(ess$ to be--t is believe 9 him2 & if y believe 9 him y mu/ necess>ily believe him4 ,footnote #dg3 ,true = ,ju/93 b !re is a s*ool ( !ological critics1 :o m or less "q ! hi/orical reality ( ,paul1 & ! g5u95ess ( ev5 ! f\r c>d9al epi/les4 ,footnote #dh3 ,see ,dial4 cum ,tryphone1 #dg & #ce4 ,x is to be und]/ood t ,ju/9 does n arrange ^! categories 9 ord]1 z ,i h done4 ,footnote #di3 ,i gu>d myself aga9/ be+ suppos$ to affirm t ev5 ! f\r c>d9al epi/les ( ,paul may n h be5 s]i\sly tamp]$ )4 ,see note #dg above4 ,footnote #ej3 ,paul1 9 fact1 is requir$ to commit 9 ,j]usalem1 an act ( ! same "* z t :i* he br&s z dissimulation on ! "p ( ,pet] 9 ,antio*4 ,footnote #ea3 ,all ?is 0 q cle>ly po9t$ out by ,rits*l ne>ly =ty ye>s ago4 ,see ,die ,ent/ehung d] alt-ka?olis*5 ,kir*e 7#ahej71 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #eb3 ,if e "o 0 baptiz$ z soon z he ackn[l$g$ ,jesus to be ! ,messiah1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ians c h be5 aw>e ( no o!r ess5tial diff]5ces f ! ,jews4--,zell]1 ,vortrge 7#ahfe71 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #ec3 ,dr4 ,h>nack1 9 ! lately-publi%$ second edition ( ,8 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 says 7p4 #ci71 ,jesus ,*ri/ br\ght =w>d no new doctr9e2 & aga91 7p4 #fe71 ,x is n difficult to set aga9/ e portion ( ! utt]ances ( ,jesus an obs]vation :i* deprives him ( orig9ality4 ,see also ,zusatz #d1 on ! same page4 ,footnote #ed3 ,i confess t1 long ago1 ,i once or twice made ?is mi/ake2 ev5 to ! wa/e ( a capital ',u4' #ahic4 ,footnote #ee3 ,let u ma9ta91 be=e we h prov$4 ,?is seem+ p>adox is ! secret ( happ9ess 7,dr4 ,newman3 ,tract #he1 p4 #he74 ,footnote #ef3 ,dr1 ,newman1 ,essay on ,developm5t1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #eg3 ,x is by no means to be assum$ t spiritual & corporeal are exact equival5ts ( immat]ial & mat]ial 9 ! m9ds ( anci5t speculators on ^! topics4 ,! spiritual body ( ! ris5 dead 7#a ,cor4 xv47 is n ! natural fle% & blood body4 ,paul does n tea* ! resurrection ( ! body 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w body2 a fact1 (t5 ov]look$1 b pregnant ) _m consequ5ces4 ,footnote #eh3 ,t]tullian 7,apolog4 adv4 ,g5tes1 cap4 xxiii47 ?us *all5ges ! ,roman au?orities3 let !m br+ a possess$ p]son into ! pres5ce ( a ,*ri/ian be=e _! tribunal2 & if ! demon does n confess himself to be su*1 on ! ord] ( ! ,*ri/ian1 let ! ,*ri/ian be execut$ out ( h&4 ,footnote #ei3 ,see ! expression ( or?odox op9ion ^u ! accommodation subt]fuge already cit$ above1 pp4 #he & #hf4 ,footnote #fj3 ,i quote ! fir/ edition 7#ahdc74 ,a second edition appe>$ 9 #ahgj4 ,tract #he ( ! ,tracts = ! ,times %\ld be read ) ?is ,essay4 ,if ,i 7 call$ ^u to compile a ,prim] ( ,infidelity1 ,i ?9k ,i %\ld save myself tr\ble by mak+ a selection f ^! works1 & f ! ,essay on ,developm5t by ! same au?or4 ,footnote #fa3 ,yet1 :5 x suits 8 purpose1 z 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,essay on ,developm5t1 ,dr4 ,newman c dem& /rict evid5ce 9 religi\s que/ions z %>ply z any infidel au?or2 & he c ev5 pr(ess to yield to its =ce 7,essay on ,miracles1 #ahgj2 note1 p4 #cia74 ,footnote #fb3 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,newman1 ,?is pray] t ( ,bi%op ,alex&]1 :o begg$ ,god to 'take ,arius away' is said to h be5 (f]$ ab\t #c ,p4,m4 on ! ,saturday2 t same ev5+ ,arius 0 9 ! great squ>e ( ,con/ant9e1 :5 he 0 sudd5ly seiz$ ) indisposition 7p4 clxx74 ,! infidel ,gibbon seems to h d>$ to sugge/ t an option betwe5 poison & miracle is pres5t$ by ?is case2 &1 x mu/ be admitt$1 t1 if ! ,bi%op _h be5 )9 ! rea* ( a mod]n police magi/rate1 ?+s might h gone h>dly ) him4 ,mod]n ,infidels1 possess$ ( a slight k ( *emi/ry1 are n unlikely1 ) no less audacity1 to sugge/ an option betwe5 fire-damp & miracle 9 seek+ = ! cause ( ! fi]y outbur/ at ,j]usalem4 ,footnote #fc3 ,comp>e ,tract #he1 p4 #aaj2 ,i am p]suad$ t 7 m5 b consi/5t :o oppose ! ,*ur* doctr9es z be+ unscriptural1 !y w\ld v9dicate ! ,jews = reject+ ! ,gospel4 ,footnote #fd3 ,a writ] 9 a spirituali/ j\rnal takes me s\ndly to task = v5tur+ to d\bt ! hi/orical & lit]al tru? ( ! ,gad>5e /ory4 ,! foll[+ passage 9 8 lett] is wor? quotation3 ,n[ to ! mat]iali/ic & sci5tific m9d1 to ! un9itiat$ 9 spiritual v]ities1 c]ta9ly ?is /ory ( ! ,gad>5e or ,g]ges5e sw9e1 pres5ts insurm\ntable difficulties2 x seems grotesque & nons5sical4 ,to ! exp]i5c$1 tra9$1 & cultivat$ ,spirituali/ ?is miracle is1 z ,i am prep>$ to %[1 "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive1 ! mo/ pr(\ndly useful1 & ! mo/ b5efic5t :i* ,jesus ev] wr\ght 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ,8 pilgrimage ( r$emption on e>?4 ,j s4 ,& ! fir/ page ( ?is same j\rnal pres5ts ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t1 among o!rs ( ! same kidney3-- ,,to ,,weal?y ,,spirituali/s4--,a ,lady ,m$ium ( tri$ p[] wi%es to meet ) an eld]ly g5tleman :o w\ld be will+ to give h] a com=table home & ma9t5ance 9 ,ex*ange = h] ,spirituali/ic s]vices1 z h] guides consid] h] heal? is too delicate = public sitt+s3 ,london pref]r$4--,address ',m>y1' ,(fice ( ,light4 ,are we go+ back to ! days ( ! ,judges1 :5 weal?y ,micah set up 8 private ephod1 t]aphim1 & ,levite8 ,footnote #fe3 ,consid] ,t]tullian's si/] 7hodie apud nos71 :o conv]s$ ) angels1 saw & he>d my/]ies1 knew m5's ?\ghts1 & prescrib$ m$ic9e = _! bodies 7,de ,anima4 cap4 #i74 ,t]tullian tells u t ?is woman saw ! s\l z corporeal1 & describ$ its col\r & %ape4 ,! infidel w probably be unable to refra9 f insult+ ! memory ( ! ec/atic sa9t by ! rem>k1 t ,t]tullian's kn[n views ab\t ! corporeality ( ! s\l may h _h some?+ to d ) ! rem>kable p]ceptive p[]s ( ! ,montani/ m$ium1 9 ^: revelations ( ! spiritual _w he took su* pr(\nd int]e/4 ,footnote #ff3 ,see ! ,new ,york ,_w = ,sunday1 #ba/ ,octob]1 #ahhh2 & ! ,report ( ! ,/yb]t ,commission ,philadelphia1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #fg3 ,dr4 ,newman's obs]vation t ! miracul\s multiplication ( ! pieces ( ! true cross 7) :i* ! :ole _w is fill$1 accord+ to ,cyril ( ,j]usalem2 & ( :i* "s say !re are en\gh extant to build a man-(-w>7 is no m wond]ful ?an t ( ! loaves & fi%es1 is "o t ,i d n see my way to contradict4 ,see ,essay on ,miracles1 #b;d ed4 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #fh3 ,an ,essay on ! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 by ,j4,h4 ,newman1 ,d4,d41 pp4 #g & #h4 7#ahgh47 ,footnote #fi3 ,dr4 ,newman faces ?is "q ) 8 cu/om>y ability4 ,n[1 ,i own1 ,i am n at all solicit\s to d5y t ?is doctr9e ( an apo/ate ,angel & 8 ho/s 0 ga9$ f ,babylon3 x might /ill be ,div9e nev]!less4 ,god :o made ! prophet's ass speak1 & !reby in/ruct$ ! prophet1 might in/ruct ,8 ,*ur* by means ( hea!n ,babylon 7,tract #he1 p4 #hc74 ,!re seems to be no end to ! apologetic burd5 t ,balaam's ass c c>ry4 ,footnote #gj3 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,may #ahhi 7p4 #gja74 ,footnote #ga3 ,i tru/ x may n be suppos$ t ,i und]value ,m4 ,r5an's lab\rs1 or int5d$ to speak slight+ly ( !m4