,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s ,,in/itut$ #aheb ,,transactions ,pap] ,no4 #aagj ,,! ,,wat] ,,supply ,,( ,,! ,,el ,,paso ,,& ,,s\?we/]n ,,railway ,,f ,,c>rizozo ,,to ,,santa ,,rosa1 ,n4 ,,mex4,a ,,by ,j4,l4 ,,campbell1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4,e4 ,,) ,,discussion ,,by ,,messrs ,g4,e4,p4 ,,smi?1 ,,k5ne? ,,allan1 & ,j4,l4 ,,campbell4 ,location4--,! ,el ,paso & ,s\?we/]n ,railway trav]ses ! arid c\ntry we/ ( ! #ajj? ,m]idian 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,texas1 & ,arizona1 z %[n on ! map1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! wat] supply h]e9 describ$ s]ves t division ( ?is road ly+ betwe5 ,c>rizozo & ,santa ,rosa1 a di/ance ( #abh miles4 ,ra9fall4--,! av]age annual precipitation is #i4hd 94 ,! ye> #aiji 0 exceptionally dry1 ) a ra9fall ( less ?an #e 94 ,orig9al ,wat] ,supply4--,ea/ & we/ ( ,el ,paso1 = di/ances ( #bgj miles 9 ea* direction1 ! railway crosses no /reams1 & ! supply 0 obta9$ f wells rang+ f #ajj to #a1ajj ft4 9 dep?4 ,on ! division s]v$ by ! new supply1 ?is well-wat] is ( v bad quality1 z %[n 9 ,table #a4 ,aft] ! mo/ ?or\gh practicable treatm5t1 ^! wat]s 7 /ill s bad t !y caus$ viol5t foam+1 l[ /eam pressure1 h>d scal+1 rapid de/ruction ( boil] tubes1 high coal & wat] consumption1 extraord9>y eng9e failures & repairs1 small eng9e mileage1 l[ tra9 tonnage1 excessive ov]time1 & a demoraliz$ tra9 s]vice4 ,footnote ,a3 ,pres5t$ at ! meet+ ( ,may #d?1 #aiaj4 ,,table #a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,incru/+ solids1 9 ,non-incru/+ solids1 ,/ation4 gra9s p] gallon4 9 gra9s p] gallon4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,c>rizozo #ca #g ,an*o #ad #ad ,gall9as #ia #h ,v>ney #ahj #ad ,duran #abg #ee ,tony #aae #aa ,pa/ura #ada #f ,p9tado #ha #i ,santa ,rosa #adj #bi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,new ,wat] ,supply4--,! writ] 0 direct$ to f9d1 if possible1 a supply ( good wat]1 & 8 ef=ts prov$ successful4 ,! pure wat] n[ 9 use has elim9at$ ! adv]se conditions be=e m5tion$2 has improv$ ! esprit de corps ( ! tra9 s]vice2 &1 9 a %ort "t1 ! r$uction 9 op]at+ exp5ses w liquidate ! fir/ co/ ( ! new supply4 ,?is supply is tak5 f ! ,s\? ,=k ( ,bonito ,creek1 :i* fl[s d[n ! ea/]n slope ( ,:ite ,m\nta94 ,! latt] is #ab1jjj ft4 high1 & is #af miles s\? ( ,c>rizozo 7,fig4 #a74 ,! wat]%$ is a granite & porphyry =mation1 heavily timb]$1 & ! /ream is f$ by sn[ & ra94 ,?is comb9ation yields an excell5t wat]1 c>ry+ on an av]age #f4je gra9s ( incru/+ & ,o4#ie gra9s ( non-incru/+ solids p] gallon4 ,! ,nor? ,=k ( ! creek c>ries #af4fj & #b4dj gra9s1 respectively4 ,bel[ ! junction ( ^! =ks1 ! wat] conta9s #aj4dh gra9s ( incru/+ & #a4eg gra9s ( non-incru/+ solids p] gallon2 & a bran* pipe l9e takes wat] f ! creek dur+ int]vals 9 dry ye>s :5 ! daily fl[ ( ! ,s\? ,=k is less ?an ! consumption4 ,! ,wat] ,plant4--,! wat] is tak5 to & along ! railway 9 pipe l9es4 ,! sy/em includes #aaf miles ( wood pipe1 #ai miles ( iron pipe1 "o #dbb1jjj1jjj-;gal4 /orage res]voir1 f\r #b1ejj1jjj-;gal4 s]vice res]voirs1 two pump+ plants 9 duplicate1 & accessories ( valves1 /&-pipes1 etc4 ,f a small concrete dam across ! creek at an elevation ( #g1gbh ft41 ! pipe l9e drops d[n ! n>r[ valley ea/w>d1 #e-a_/b miles1 to an elevation ( #f1ihj ft1 :]e x turns abruptly nor?1 ris+ 9 #a mile to a table-l&1 #g1bae ft4 above sea level1 across :i* x cont9ues nor?w>d #e miles to ! /orage res]voir1 :i* is on ! nor? edge ( ?is elevat$ c\ntry4 ,h]eaft]1 ?is res]voir w be call$ ! ,nogal ,res]voir1 f ! old m9+ village ( ,nogal ly+ #a-a_/b miles to ! nor? & #fjj ft4 bel[ x4 ,f ?is res]voir1 ! l9e drops abruptly to ! ,c>rizozo pla91 & crosses ! latt] nor?w>d to ,coyote1 at ,mile #aef1 on ! railway1 at an elevation ( #e1haj ft41 pass+1 on ! way1 #f miles ea/ ( ,c>rizozo1 to :i* a bran* pipe runs1 ,c>rizozo be+ #e1dcj ft4 above sea level4 ,!re is a #b1ejj1jjj-;gal4 res]voir at ,coyote1 & a simil> "o at ,c>rizozo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #a4 ,,map ,,( ,,l9es ,,( ,,el ,,paso ,,s\?we/]n ,,sy/em ,?is describes ! gravity section ( ! l9e :i* br+s ! wat] f ! m\nta9 /ream to ! railway4 ,f ,nogal ,res]voir to ! latt]1 ! capacity ( ! pipe is equal to ! future daily requirem5ts2 f ! s\rce ( supply to ! res]voir1 ! pipe has twice z great a capacity1 !reby /or+ surplus wat]4 ,?is section is #cb miles long1 ) a #f-mile bran* l9e4 ,! second1 or pump+ section1 ext5ds ea/w>d along ! railway1 ris+ f an elevation ( #e1haj ft4 at ,coyote to #f1gej ft4 on ! ,corona summit1 :i* is ! wat]-%$ l9e betwe5 ! ,rio ,gr&e on ! we/ & ! ,rio ,pecos on ! ea/4 ,at ,coyote a pump+ /ation lifts ! wat] to ,luna ,res]voir & ! pumps at ,mile #aga1 & ! latt] lift x to ! res]voir on ,corona summit at ,mile #aib-a_/b4 ,?is section is #cf-a_/b miles long4 ,! ?ird1 or gravity section1 ext5ds f ! res]voir on ! ,corona summit to ! ,rio ,pecos at ,mile #bgb1 dropp+ f an elevation ( #f1gej to #d1egj ft4 9 #hj miles4 ,! pipe l9e ext5ds to ,pa/ura1 #eh-a_/b miles f ,corona1 z %[n on ,plate ,v4 ,:]e ! pipe l9e passes a wat] tank on ! railway1 a #d-;94 bran* pipe is c>ri$ to ! bottom ( ! tank & up to ! top1 :]e x is capp$ by an automatic valve4 ,a gate-valve is plac$ 9 ! bran* pipe at its junction ) ! pipe l9e4 ,!re are regulat+1 relief1 *eck1 bl[-(f1 & air-valves1 air-*amb]s1 & op5 /&-pipes on ! l9e1 too num]\s to m5tion 9 detail4 ,!y are design$ to keep ! wood pipe full1 regulate fl[1 prev5t accumulation ( pressure & wat]-hamm]1 & remove s$im5t4 ,wat] ,pipe4--,a /udy ( ! pr(ile develop$ a sy/em ( hydraulic grades1 pipe diamet]s1 & op5 /&-pipes limit+ ! pressure to #acj lb4 p] sq4 941 except on #ai miles ( ! pump ma9 betwe5 ,coyote & ,corona :]e ! e/imat$ maximum pressure is #caj lb4 ,inve/igation ju/ifi$ ! assumption t wood pipe "u a pressure ( #acj lb4 w\ld give satisfactory s]vice = #be ye>s1 on :i* basis x w\ld be less exp5sive ?an ca/ iron1 & !re=e x 0 us$4 ,ca/ iron 0 consid]$ pref]able to /eel = pressures n exce$+ #caj lb4 on acc\nt ( its great] durability4 ,wood ,pipe4--,ma*9e-made1 spirally-w\nd1 wood-/ave pipe1 made 9 sections f #h to #ab ft4 long1 ) ! ext]ior surface cov]$ ) a heavy coat ( asphalt1 0 select$ 9 pref]5ce to unprotect$1 cont9u\s1 /ave pipe4 ,! diamet]s 7 n s great z to require ! latt]4 ,! fir/ #dj miles ( wood pipe 0 furni%$ by ! ,wyk(f ,wood ,pipe ,company1 ( ,elmira1 ,n4,y41 & ! ,mi*igan ,pipe ,company1 ( ,bay ,city1 ,mi*41 deliv]$ ! rema9+ #gf miles4 ,! pipe is w\nd ) flat /eel b&s ( f #ad to #ah gauge & f #a to #b 94 wide4 ,! ma*9e w9ds at any desir$ pit* & t5sion4 ,at ea* end ! spiral w9d is d\bl$ two turns1 ! second ly+ ov] ! fir/ & develop+ a frictional resi/ance simil> to t ( a d\ble hit* ( a rope ar\nd a po/4 ,! ends ( ! b& are held by screw nails or a =g$ clip1 ! latt] be+ ! bett]4 ,x has two or ?ree spikes on ! "u side :i* seat into ! /ave1 & two side lugs on top :i* turn d[n ov] ! b&4 ,! latt] passes twice ov] ! seat on ! clip1 ! fir/ turn hold+ ! clip to ! /ave1 :ile ! second turn is held by ! lugs :i* are hamm]$ d[n ov] x4 ,! end ( ! b& is !n turn$ back ov] ! clip & held d[n by a /aple4 ,! /aves are d\ble-tongu$ & groov$ & f #a-c_/h to #b 94 ?ick4 ,! small] ?ickness is suffici5t4 ,! ext]ior face ( ! /aves %\ld be turn$ conc5tric ) ! axis ( ! pipe & =m a circle1 s t ! b& w h p]fect contact ) ! wood4 ,! jo9ts are =m$ by turn+ a *amb] 9 "o end ( ! pipe & a t5on on ! o!r1 or bo? ends are turn$ to a true ext]ior circle & driv5 into a wood or /eel sleeve4 ,! *amb] & t5on 7 us$ 9 ?is "w4 ,f9ally1 ea* piece ( pipe is cov]$ ) z mu* hot asphalt z x w c>ry4 ,/eel ,b&s4--,! specifications requir$ b&s ( mild /eel1 ( #fj1jjj lb4 /r5g?1 ) an ela/ic limit half z great4 ,! w9d+ 0 spac$ to limit ! t5sion to #ae1jjj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,if sev]e wat]-hamm] is pres5t1 ! ord9>y work+ /ress %\ld be mat]ially less ?an ! latt]1 o!rwise ! spiral b&s w /ret* en\gh to p]mit ! wat] to spurt out betwe5 ! /aves4 ,?is 0 det]m9$ to be true on #d1ejj ft4 ( #ab-;94 pipe connect+ ! ,c>rizozo ,res]voir ) a wat] column at ! r\ndh\se !re4 ,9 pump+ te/s at ! mills1 attempts 7 made1 at v>i\s times1 to bur/ ! pipe1 b !y nev] succe$$4 ,be=e ! ela/ic limit 0 exce$$1 ! wat] 0 runn+ out betwe5 ! /aves z fa/ z ! pump =c$ x 94 ,on ! foll[+ day1 pipe ?us te/$ w\ld c>ry ! pressure = :i* x 0 design$ )\t leak+4 ,except = defects 9 ! b&1 pipe ( ?is k9d w n bur/ 9 ! s]vice = :i* x is prop]ly design$4 ,?is is true1 )\t exception1 ( ! #ajj1jjj pieces ( pipe 9 ?is s]vice4 ,!re has be5 "s tr\ble ) a numb] ( ! rivet$ splices on ! b&+4 ,su* a splice occurs = e spool ( b&+ us$4 ,9 e case :]e "o ( ^! splices has pull$ ap>t1 ! break 0 ! result ( defective rivet+1 p]mitt+ ! rivets to pull out4 ,9 no case has a rivet be5 f\nd %e>$ (f1 & ev5 "o good rivet appe>s to be suffici5t to prev5t rupture4 ,! explanation is f\nd 9 ! high frictional resi/ance betwe5 ! b& & ! pipe1 :i* di/ributes ! weakness ( a bad splice ov] sev]al adjac5t turns ( ! b& ar\nd ! pipe4 ,! b& loos5s a few turns only on ei!r side ( a p>t$ splice1 g5]ally n m ?an ?ree4 ,9 no case has any pipe be5 remov$ f ! tr5*1 repairs be+ made )\t int]ruption to ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,x is desirable to sub/itute weld+ = ! rivet+ ( ^! splices4 ,! tr\ble is n pres5t ) ! r\nd b&1 ! wrapp$ splice ( ! latt] giv+ practically #ajj effici5cy4 ,! flat b& 0 *os5 = ?is "w because x is ! m effectively buri$ 9 & protect$ by ! asphalt1 & w n cru% ! s(t wood /aves "u high pressure4 ,! longevity ( ei!r ! flat or ! r\nd /eel b& is dep5d5t prim>ily on effective protection aga9/ contact ) corrosive elem5ts4 ,wr\ght iron %\ld be us$ = ?is k9d ( s]vice1 &1 = ! same reason1 = _m o!r purposes4 ,eng9e]s & consum]s %\ld jo9 9 "s compreh5sive & effective plan to br+ back ! old-"t production ( high-grade wr\ght iron4 ,wood ,/aves4--,! /aves ( ?is pipe are ( ,mi*igan & ,canadian :ite p9e4 ,?is p9e _c n[ be _h ( cle> /uff or 9 long l5g?s 9 l>ge quantities2 o!rwise1 x is unexcell$4 ,d\glas fir & yell[ p9e1 co>s] & h>d] woods1 h ! advantages ( cle> lumb] & long l5g?4 ,cypress is n z pl5tiful1 & r$wood is co/ly4 ,! mill te/s did n det]m9e def9itely ! m9imum degree ( season+ necess>y1 & press ( "t compell$ ! acceptance ( "s r gre5 lumb]4 ,s]vice te/s d n %[ t !re is any abnormal leakage f pipe made ( su* lumb]1 & x c\ld n n[ be di/+ui%$ 9 ! tr5* by su* te/s4 ,und\bt$ly1 h[ev]1 ?or\gh air season+ %\ld be requir$4 ,bor$ ,pipe4--,ow+ to its small size1 a "p ( ! #c-a_/b-;94 pipe 0 bor$ f ! log4 ,?is 0 a mi/ake1 = bor$ pipe has a r\gh int]ior & a r$uc$ capacity4 ,! inspection & cull+ are difficult & unsatisfactory1 & imp]fections readily app>5t 9 a /ave frequ5tly escape detection 9 bor$ pipe4 ,pipe ,jo9ts4--,! *amb] & t5on ( ?is pipe is an all-wood jo9t1 #d 94 deep4 ,an iron sleeve makes a bett] & /rong] jo9t4 ,x comp5sates = any lack ( initial t5sion 9 ! b&+ ov] ! *amb] ( ! wood jo9t1 & secures full advantage ( ! swell+ ( ! wood4 ,ca/ iron is bett] ?an /eel2 x is m rigid1 & its granulat$ surface breaks up ! smoo?ness ( ! wood surface swell+ aga9/ x4 ,"o objection to ! ca/-iron sleeve is t ( co/1 b x adds #d 94 to ! effective l5g? ( e section ( pipe1 z comp>$ ) ! wood jo9ts4 ,on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 a b&$ wood-/ave sleeve is us$ ) success4 ,coat+4--,to pres]ve ! b&+ f corrosion & ! wood f ext]ior decay1 ! pipe is ?or\ghly envelop$ 9 ref9$ asphalt hav+ a fl[-po9t adju/$ to ! prevail+ temp]ature dur+ %ipm5t & lay+4 ,"o grade c be us$ ?r\gh a consid]able range ( temp]ature4 ,?is coat+ endur$ a #b1jjj-mile %ipm5t successfully4 ,ea* piece 0 c>efully inspect$ along ! tr5*1 & any break 9 ! coat+ 0 ?or\ghly pa9t$ ) hot asphalt4 ,en\gh ( ! latt] came 9 b>rels1 ) ! pipe1 f ! factory4 ,! fir/ #cg miles ( ?is pipe has be5 9 s]vice = two ye>s4 ,rec5t inspections %[ ! coat+ to be 9 excell5t condition & ! /eel und]nea? to be bright & clean4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e ! initial pressure & leak+ betwe5 ! /aves ( ! dry pipe 7 great1 ! escap+ air & wat] lift$ ! coat+ into bubbles4 ,at "s po9ts :]e ?is lift+ 0 great en\gh to rupture ! asphalt1 & ! soil is heavily *>g$ ) alkali1 "s corrosion has begun4 ,! integrity & imp]meability ( ?is asphalt coat are q z vital z con/ant saturation4 ,?is coat+ protects ! entire pipe f ext]ior contact ) de/ructive ag5cies4 ,) su* effective ext]ior protection1 a con/antly full pipe is n s imp]ative4 ,9 ! ext]ior protection ( ! wood1 ?is coat$ pipe has q an advantage ov] cont9u\s /ave pipe4 ,ea* piece ( pipe goes directly f ! w9d] to ! asphalt rolls1 !n to an adjac5t saw-du/ table1 !n back to ! rolls1 !n to ! table aga91 & !n to ! dry f9i%+ rolls at ! opposite end ( ! table4 ,! coat+ ?us consi/s ( two lay]s ( asphalt & two ( saw-du/4 ,:5 ! pipe leaves ! f9i%+ rolls1 ! coat is h>d & smoo? & ab\t #a #c_/af 94 ?ick4 ,?is describes ! coat+ z done at ,bay ,city1 ,mi*4 ,at ,elmira1 ,n4,y41 "o application ( asphalt & saw-du/ only1 )\t a f9i%+ dry roll1 complet$ ! "w2 b ! b& 0 run ?r\gh a ba? ( hot asphalt z x 0 w\nd1 ?us coat+ its und]side also4 ,?is initial treatm5t ( ! b& on ! ,wyk(f pipe is necess>y because ! ext]ior ( ! /ave is nei!r plan$ nor turn$ to a circle4 ,! ext]ior ( ! pipe =ms a polygon1 & ! b& is 9 p]fect contact only at ! angles4 ,! !ory 9 reg>d to ! ,mi*igan pipe is t ! p]fect contact ( ! b& & ! wood on ! true ext]ior circle excludes air f ! "u surface ( ! metal1 & prev5ts corrosion4 ,exp]i5ce appe>s to ju/ify ?is !ory4 ,ca/-iron ,pipe4--,beg9n+ at ! fir/ pump+ plant at ,coyote1 at ,mile #aef1 & runn+ up to ,mile #aff1 & aga9 comm5c+ at ! ,luna pumps1 at ,mile #aga1 & ext5d+ up to ,mile #agi1 ! m9imum pressure on ^? portions ( ! pump ma9 is m ?an ! #acj lb4 p] sq4 94 all[$ = wood pipe1 & ! f9al e/imat$ maximum pressures run up to #caj lb4 ,! selection ( iron pipe = ^! pressures 01 fir/1 z betwe5 /eel & ca/-iron2 &1 second1 z betwe5 ! lead jo9t ( ! /&>d bell & spigot pipe & ! ma*9$ iron jo9t ( ! univ]sal jo9t pipe4 ,aga91 ! *oice 0 z betwe5 lead & leadite = ! bell & spigot pipe4 ,ca/ iron 0 select$ because ( ! c]ta9ty ( its long life1 & ! bell & spigot pipe 0 select$ on ! basis ( comp>ative co/s = pipe laid4 ,! /&>d lead jo9t 0 *os5 on ! result ( te/s4 ,?is ca/-iron pump+ ma9 has a diamet] ( #ab 94 ?r\gh\t4 ,pipe ,weights4--,mak]s ( /&>d bell & spigot pipe urg$ ! usual heavy weights select$ = municipal s]vice & heavy wat]-hamm]4 ,?ree pressures1 viz41 #bag1 #bfj1 & #cjd lb41 7 us$ = ! division ( pipe weights1 on :i* ! /&>d pipe-mak]s specifi$ %ell ?icknesses ( #j4hb1 #j4hi1 & #j4ig 94 ,elim9at+ wat]-hamm] & adopt+ a work+ /ress ( #b1djj lb41 ! ?icknesses are r$uc$ to #j4ed1 #j4fe1 & #j4gf 94 ,to make ! latt] con=m to ! specifications ( ! ,new ,engl& ,wat]-,works ,association1 ! pipe 0 ca/ to #j4eg1 #j4fe1 & #j4gg 94 ,! r$uction 9 co/ am\nts to #eb1haa4 ,by ! provision ( air-cu%ions1 h]eaft] describ$1 ! writ]'s anticipation ( no wat]-hamm] on ! pump+ ma9 has be5 fully realiz$4 ,! pipe 0 manufactur$ & inspect$ "u ! above-m5tion$ specifications4 ,pipe ,jo9ts4--,!re 0 a "q ab\t ! reliability ( ! lead jo9t at #cjj lb4 ,! writ] _h a section ( #ab-;94 pipe1 ) /&>d jo9ts conta9+ #bb lb4 ( lead1 laid & te/$ to #ejj lb4 )\t sign ( failure or leakage4 ,! jo9ts 7 caulk$ d[n #c_/af 94 bel[ ! face ( ! bell4 ,( #h1gjj jo9ts ?us made 9 ! field1 n "o has bl[n out or fail$4 ,a few weep$ slightly on top1 & !y 7 made p]man5tly tight by additional caulk+4 ,! pres5t maximum pressure is #bgh lb4 ,^! jo9ts are ! /&>d jo9ts specifi$ by ! ,new ,engl& ,wat]-,works ,association4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t !re is no wat]-hamm] on ?is l9e4 ,9 #h1gjj jo9ts1 #aih1jjj lb4 ( lead & #c1bjj lb4 ( oakum 7 us$1 or #bb4gf & #j4cg lb4 p] jo9t4 ,leadite 0 te/$ 9 competition ) lead1 b x leak$ at #ajj lb4 & fail$ "u a su/a9$ pressure ( #cjj lb4 ,x is a friable mat]ial1 & _c be caulk$ successfully4 ,its pr9cipal +r$i5t appe>s to be sulphur4 ,! failure 0 by sl[ creep+ out ( ! jo9ts4 ,x is melt$ & p\r$1 b n caulk$4 ,x has attractive features = l[ pressures & = l9es n subject to movem5t or heavy j>r+4 ,air-,cu%ions4--,to prev5t wat]-hamm] on ! pump+ ma91 all pumps are provid$ ) l>ge air-*amb]s4 ,9 addition1 & z ! special feature = absorb+ ! %ock ( pump+ "u high pressure ?r\gh a pipe #ba miles long1 a l>ge air-*amb] 9 ! =m ( a clos$ /eel cyl9d]1 #e ft4 9 diamet] & #ae ft4 long1 is m\nt$ on ! pump+ ma9 outside ( ! pump-h\se4 ,?is cyl9d] is set on its side1 9 concrete coll>s1 directly ov] ! pipe b5ea?1 to :i* x is connect$ by a #ab-;94 tee1 9 :i* a #ab-;94 gate-valve is set4 ,! cyl9d] is provid$ ) a glass gauge1 cocks1 etc4 ,x 0 design$ = a work+ pressure ( #cjj lb41 &1 at ea* pump+ plant1 x has prov$ to be entirely air-& wat]-tight4 ,z indicat$ by s5sitive gauges on ! pump ma91 j beyond ^! l>ge air-*amb]s1 ! latt] absorb all ! wat]-hamm] :i* gets beyond ! air-*amb] on ! pumps4 ,air-,pumps4--,ea* pump+ plant is provid$ ) f\r automatic air-*>g+ devices1 connect+ to all air-*amb]s ( ! pumps & to ! air-*amb] on ! pump+ ma94 ,!y are ( ! ,nordb]g type1 & h prov$ v effici5t4 ,!y are op]at$ only a "p ( ! "t2 o!rwise1 !y accumulate too mu* air 9 ! *amb]s4 ,air-,valves4--,on ! entire l9e !re are #add automatic air-valves made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,metal ,manufactur+ ,company1 ( ,b]wick1 ,pa4 ,!y are work+ satisfactorily4 ,gate-,valves4--,9 addition to ! cu/om>y gate-& *eck-valves at ! res]voirs & pump+ /ations1 gate-valves are locat$ at necess>y po9ts & elevations 9 ! l9e to control ! fl[ ( wat] & keep ! pipe full1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( clos+ all su* valves tight & hold+ ! l9e full )\t fl[4 ,?is is = ! purpose ( deliv]+ ?r\gh a full pipe any desir$ quantity ( wat] less ?an t requir$ to keep ! op5 pipe full4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is on acc\nt ( ! wood pipe4 ,z ! diff]5ces ( elevations are v great on ! gravity sections ( ! l9e1 & z any "o valve might inadv]t5tly become clos$ tight :5 o!r valves above w\ld be op51 ! bur/+ ( ! pipe "u su* conditions is prev5t$ ei!r by a pressure relief valve atta*$ to & imm$iately above ! gate-valve1 or by an op5 /&-pipe erect$ on "s suitable elevation betwe5 ! valves4 ,?is is m cle>ly %[n on ! pr(ile1 ,plate ,v1 ( ! gr\nd l9e & ! hydraulic grades ( ! pipe l9e4 ,an inspection ( ?is pr(ile w %[ t ^! controll+ valves are locat$ s t1 :5 clos$1 ! pressure aga9/ !m does n rise above ! maximum pressure on ! section above1 due to ! hydraulic grade ( ! l9e :5 c>ry+ its full capacity4 ,safety ,valves4--,to prev5t rupture ( ! pipe or injury to ! pumps1 9 case ! pump+ ma9s %\ld become ob/ruct$1 a #f-;94 pop safety valve is m\nt$ on ! ma9 j beyond ! l>ge air-*amb] already describ$4 ,^! valves are set to release at ! maximum work+ pressure ( ! pumps :5 ! regul> quantity ( wat] is be+ pump$1 & !y are pip$ to ! adjac5t res]voir1 s t !re is no loss f !m4 ,*eck-,valves4--,*eck-valves are plac$ 9 ! pump+ ma9 to prev5t ! backw>d fl[ ( wat]4 ,!re is "o ne> ! pumps1 & "o at ! upp] end & outside ( ! res]voir into :i* ! ma9 dis*>ges4 ,bl[-,(f ,valves4--,^! valves are locat$ 9 all mat]ial valleys or depressions4 ,/&-,pipes4--,betwe5 ! gate-valves1 at c]ta9 po9ts :]e ! maximum hydraulic grade is n m ?an #fj ft4 above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 op5 /&-pipes are erect$4 ,if ! grade l9e is too high1 relief-valves are us$1 z /at$4 ,also at two po9ts1 :]e a /eep grade ends ne> ! gr\nd surface & is foll[$ by a flatt] grade1 /&-pipes are erect$4 ,^! /&-pipes are ( #f-;94 iron pipe /&+ 9 a special ca/+ 9 ! pipe l9e & enclos$ 9 a concrete base4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 op5 at ! top1 & v>y 9 height f #ae to #fj ft41 dep5d+ on ! elevation ( ! hydraulic grade4 ,!y h giv5 "s *ecks on ! position ( ?is grade dur+ ! velocity measurem5ts h]e9aft] describ$4 ,_! locations are %[n on ! pr(ile1 ,plate ,v4 ,nogal ,res]voir4--,nogal ,res]voir is ! /orage unit ( ! sy/em1 & is on ! nor? edge ( a table-l&1 #a1gjj ft4 above ! railway1 on ! ,c>rizozo pla91 #ae miles away4 ,x is #aa-a_/b miles f ! head ( ! pipe on ,bonito ,creek4 ,?is res]voir is a natural bas9 or b[l1 #a_/b mile 9 diamet] across ! top1 #a_/d mile on ! bottom1 & #cf ft4 deep4 ,a level l9e1 #a1ejj ft4 long1 drawn f its bottom1 comes out to grade on ! nor? declivity ( ! table-l&4 ,on ?is level l9e an op5 cut 0 made & ! outlet pipe laid4 ,! cut 0 !n clos$ by a dam4 ,! supply pipe f ,bonito ,creek deliv]s wat] into ! bas9 ov] ! top ( its s\!rn rim1 ! wat]1 z x leaves ! pipe1 fl[+ ov] a /&>d weir1 )\t end contractions1 into a /one gutt]4 ,a by-pass pipe1 ) suitable valves1 passes ar\nd ! we/]n side ( ! bas9 & connects to ! outlet pipe4 ,?is comp>atively small am\nt ( "w equipp$ a v good natural res]voir ) a capacity ( #dbb1jjj1jjj gal41 :i* c be increas$ to #a1jjj1jjj1jjj gal4 by embankm5ts across l[ places 9 ! rim4 ,s]vice ,res]voirs4--,at ,coyote1 an artificial s]vice res]voir1 #ajj by #bjj ft4 on ! bottom1 ) slopes ( #a-a_/b on #a & a total dep? ( #ae ft41 s]ves z an equaliz] ( ! fl[ to & away f ! pumps at t po9t4 ,! pump-h\se is built alongside ?is res]voir4 ,! deliv]y pipe f ! ,nogal ,res]voir runs directly to ! pumps1 b has a tee-bran*1 #ej ft4 long1 into ! ,coyote ,res]voir4 ,?is bran* passes ?r\gh a valve *amb] betwe5 ! pump-h\se & ! res]voir4 ,9 ?is *amb] !re are controll+ valves & an automatic ov]fl[4 ,?is ov]fl[ is provid$ aga9/ ! cont+5cy ( a full res]voir & idle pumps4 ,if ! pipe l9e is deliv]+ wat] fa/] ?an ! pumps dis*>ge x1 ! surplus goes into ! res]voir4 ,?is arrangem5t is self-act+ & controll+4 ,!re is a simil> arrangem5t at ! ,luna pump+ plant1 also at ! ,c>rizozo s]vice res]voir1 & at ! regulat+ res]voir on ! ,corona summit4 ,ea* ( ! f\r s]vice res]voirs is ( ! same size1 & l9$ ) #d 94 ( #a3b3d concrete4 ,at ,luna & ,corona ! concrete is re9=c$ ) #c_/h-;94 r\nd rods spac$ #ab 94 f c5t] to c5t]1 bo? ways4 ,?is re9=cem5t %\ld h be5 us$ 9 all ! "w4 ,pump+ ,plants4--,! pumps at ,coyote & ,luna are ,nordb]g duplex1 cross-comp\nd1 cond5s+1 crank-&-fly-:eel ma*9es1 ) #f-;94 plung]s1 travel+ #fjj ft4 p] m94 at full normal spe$1 & design$ to "w aga9/ #cjj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,!y h a gu>ante$ effici5cy ( #ace1jjj1jjj ft-lb4 p] #ajjj lb4 ( /eam at #aej lb4 & sup]heat$ #ge degrees4 ,! boil]s are #abe-;h4p41 ,/]l+1 wat]-tube1 ) ,fo/] sup]heat]s1 & #cc-;94 /acks1 #ajj ft4 high4 ,ea* plant is 9 complete duplicate pump & boil] units1 only "o set work+ at a "t4 ,! pump build+ is a sub/antial concrete1 brick1 & /eel /ructure1 #ej by #hj ft4 9 plan1 ) a fire-wall1 ) two /eel doors divid+ ! floor space into an eng9e-room #ej by #ej ft41 & a boil]-room #ej by #cj ft4 ,a concrete coal-b9 adjo9s ! ext]ior boil]-room door4 ,coal is deliv]$ directly f ! c> to ! b94 ,! plant is light$ by a small1 b v complete1 eng9e & dynamo on "o base & run by /eam f ! ,/]l+ boil]s4 ,! two plants are exactly alike ?r\gh\t4 ,res]voir ,leakage4--,! ,nogal ,res]voir bas9 is cov]$ ) f #b to #e ft4 ( good clay1 except :]e x is punctur$ by a dike1 or wa%$ d[n to ! und]ly+ s&/one by a few gullies4 ,^! punctures or wa%es 7 cov]$ or fill$ ) clay f #a to #d ft4 deep4 ,dur+ ! fir/ season ! leakage1 above ! #f-;ft4 cont\r1 0 at ! rate ( #b 94 p] day4 ,z ! wat] fell1 due to leakage1 evaporation1 & use1 a h]d ( f #cjj to #djj cattle 7 work$ ar\nd ! %ore l9e4 ,?is r$uc$ ! leakage to #c_/h 94 bel[ #h ft41 & to no?+ bel[ #f ft41 above ! outlet4 ,z ! fl[ l9e rises high] ea* season1 ! puddl+ w be cont9u$ to ! top4 ,! leakage at #ab ft4 above ! outlet1 or #ag ft4 above ! bottom1 is /ill approximately #a 94 p] day4 ,! total puddl+1 to date1 cov]+ two seasons1 is equival5t to #aa1aej days' "w ( "o c[1 & cov]s an area ( #a1ejj1jjj sq4 ft4 ,! clay pack$ d5sely1 ! f9al ho( m>ks be+ n m ?an #a_/d 94 deep & rema9+ di/9ct "u ! wat] ar\nd ! %ore l9e = "o ye>4 ,app>5tly1 ! res]voir w f9ally become wat]-tight at all elevations4 ,! soil 9 :i* ! f\r s]vice res]voirs on ! railway are built prov$ to be ab\t ! wor/ = su* "w4 ,9 its natural /ate on ! prairie1 aft] ! excavation = ! res]voir 0 complet$1 x filt]$ wat] at ! rate ( #c ft4 p] day4 ,tamp+ & puddl+ /ill left a filtration ( #ab 94 p] day1 ) a t5d5cy to increase4 ,en\gh wat] filt]$ ?r\gh ! concrete to produce settlem5t & cracks4 ,f9ally1 ! concrete 0 wat]-pro($ ) two coats ( soap1 two ( alum1 & "o ( asphalt4 ,?is has made all ! res]voirs wat]-tight4 ,elat]ite1 an asphalt pa9t made by ! ,elat]ite ,pa9t & ,manufactur+ ,company1 ( ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a1 0 us$ successfully on ! ,luna ,res]voir4 ,?is pa9t is appli$ cold1 & prelim9>y te/s %[$ x to be q effici5t4 ,! analysis ( ! soil is z foll[s3 ,loss on ignition #c4ce ,silica #ef4cf ,oxide ( iron #b4ic ,oxide ( alum9um #h4ig ,calcium oxide #ae4ie ,magnesium oxide #j4ih ,oxides ( sodium & potassium #j4dg ,c>bonic acid #aa4ce ,sulphuric acid #j4aa ,*lor9e #j4jd ,manganese ,traces ------ #ajj4ea ,insoluble matt]1 #fd4ej p] c5t4 ,pipe-,l9e ,leakage4--,!re is no measurable leakage f ! iron pipe4 ,by ?or\gh inspection & measurem5t at ! end ( two ye>s1 leakage on ! wood pipe1 betwe5 ,coyote & ,bonito ,creek1 f ! #aa-;& #ab-;94 pipe1 0 f\nd to be z foll[s3 ,on #h4f miles1 #aa-;94 pipe1 #adf1fjj gal4 p] day #ag1jdf gal4 p] mile4 #d #ab #ad1hbi #c1gjb ,! #g-a_/b-;94 pipe on ?is section appe>s to be leak+ less ?an ! #ab-;94 pipe4 ,inspection & measurem5t ( x are to be made 9 a %ort "t4 ,!re is no mat]ial leakage f ! #aj-;& #af-;94 pipe betwe5 ,bonito ,creek & ,nogal ,res]voir1 z det]m9$ by velocity & volumetric measurem5ts h]eaft] describ$4 ,! greate/ probable error 9 ! velocity measurem5ts w\ld n exce$ #a_/b p] c5t4 ,if su* error exi/$1 & 0 all *>g$ to leakage1 x w\ld am\nt to b #ag1bjd gal4 p] day1 or #a1ehb gal4 p] mile1 out ( a daily deliv]y ( #c1ghd1jjj gal42 b ! measur$ dis*>ge ( ! pipe1 z det]m9$ by ! velocity1 0 #e4hd sec-ft41 :ile ! mean maximum volume ( ?is wat] ov] ! weir at ! end ( ! pipe is record$ by ! weir z #e4hh sec-ft4 ,f ,coyote1 ea/ along ! railway1 ! wood pipe is rem>kably tight4 ,! rate ( leakage f x1 z det]m9$ by #fjj obs]vations uni=mly di/ribut$1 0 z foll[s3 #aa-;94 pipe #abj gal4 p] mile p] day4 #h-a_/b & #g-a_/b-;94 pipe #bfh ,! maximum rate on #a mile 0 #a1fac gal4 ,! m9imum f\nd 0 z]o4 ,! obs]vations 7 made by uncov]+ a jo9t & measur+ ! leakage !refrom = #aj m94 ,a graduat$ glass measur+ to drams 0 us$4 ,! rate ( leakage v>i$ f #e drops to #de oz4 9 #aj m94 ,( ! jo9ts uncov]$ #eg 0 f\nd to be leak+4 ,x is r rem>kable t1 9 ! l>ge leakage ( ! #aa-;& #ab-;94 pipe betwe5 ,coyote & ,bonito1 only "o out ( e eight jo9ts 0 leak+4 ,?is indicates a physical defect 9 su* jo9ts4 ,! l>ge/ leak f\nd on "o jo9t 0 at ! rate ( #ag18bhj gal4 p] day4 ,leakage betwe5 or ?r\gh ! /aves is n measurable1 z x is n fa/ en\gh to come away 9 drops unless !re is "s imp]fection 9 ! wood4 ,! insignificant leakage ( #abj gal41 /at$ above1 is f ! #aa-;94 pipe 9 ! pump+ ma9 betwe5 ,coyote & ,corona4 ,! pres5t maximum work+ pressure on x is #ajj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,all ! figures giv5 above include visible & invisible leakage1 ! latt] be+ su* z does n appe> on ! surface4 ,! visible leakage is b a small "p ( ! total4 ,/opp+ ! ,leaks4--,g5]ally1 any ord9>y leak is readily /opp$ by p9e w$ges4 ,sometimes a loose jo9t requires individual b&s bolt$ ar\nd x4 ,bran or saw-du/ is effective 9 /opp+ ! small leaks :i* _c be rea*$ by ! w$ges4 ,! good effect ( ! latt] is likely to be de/roy$ by a rapid empty+ ( ! pipe4 ,if ! wat] is drawn out fa/] ?an ! air c ent] ?r\gh ! air-valves1 heavy vacuums are =m$ d[n long slopes1 & ! air =ces its way 9 ?r\gh ! jo9ts & betwe5 ! /aves4 ,! result is t ! pipe w frequ5tly leak badly = "s "t aft] x is refill$1 al?\gh x may h be5 tight previ\sly4 ,a full pipe & a /eady pressure are highly desirable4 ,?is d\btless acc\nts to "s ext5t = ! extreme tightness ( ! wood pipe 9 ! pump+ ma94 ,grade ,l9es4--,! hydraulic grade l9es1 %[n on ,plate ,v1 7 laid z be/ fitt+ ! controll+ elevations4 ,! v>i\s diamet]s ( pipe 7 det]m9$ by ,d>cy's g5]al =mula1 ) ,c #j4jjjcc = wood & #j4jjjff = iron pipe1 *eck+ by ,kutt]'s =mula1 ) n #j4ja = wood & #j4jab = iron4 ,^! coeffici5ts 7 tak5 z cons]vative & on ! safe side1 & su* !y prov$ to be4 ,x 0 desir$ t ! l9e %\ld c>ry n less ?an #e sec-ft4 to ,nogal & half z mu* beyond4 ,velocities4--,! pipe l9e f ,bonito ,creek to ! ,nogal ,res]voir af=ds excell5t conditions = velocity & capacity measurem5ts1 !re be+ no di/ribution s]vice f x4 ,beg9n+ at ! creek1 x consi/s ( #ab1gjj ft4 ( #aj-;94 wood pipe1 ) a hydraulic grade ( #j4jccch1 foll[$ by #dh1jjj ft4 ( #af-;94 wood pipe1 ) a hydraulic grade ( #j4jjcjfbe1 end+ on ! s\? rim ( ! ,nogal ,res]voir4 ,!re is an op5 /&-pipe :]e ! two pipes & grades jo94 ,:5 ?is section ( ! l9e 0 laid1 ! la/ c> ( #af-;94 pipe 0 late 9 arriv+ &1 z x 0 desirable to get wat] into ! res]voir z soon z possible1 #ejj ft4 ( #aj-;94 pipe 7 laid 9 ! l[] "p ( ! #af-;94 l9e1 ne> ! res]voir1 z indicat$ on ,fig4 #b1 :i* %[s ! hydraulic grades & ! pipe diamet]s ( ?is section ( ! l9e4 ,:5 ! fir/ two velocity measurem5ts1 ( ,m>* #aj? & #ca/1 #aijh1 describ$ bel[1 7 made 7aft] ! l9e _h be5 put into s]vice on ,febru>y #bj?1 #aijh71 ! #ejj ft4 ( #aj-;94 pipe 7 /ill 9 ! #af-;94 l9e1 & ! hydraulic grade 0 def9$ by ! solid l9e1 ,,abcde1 ,fig4 #b4 ,:5 ! ?ird measurem5t1 ( ,may #ab?1 #aiji1 also describ$ bel[1 0 made1 ! #aj-;94 pipe _h be5 replac$ by #af-;94 pipe1 & ! hydraulic grade 0 def9$ by ! solid l9e1 ,,abe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! dott$ l9e1 ,,afe1 is ! approximate !oretical position :i* ! grade1 ,,abcde1 %\ld h assum$ :5 ! #ejj ft4 ( #aj-;94 pipe 7 tak5 out ( ! #af-;94 l9e4 ,on ! contr>y1 x took ! position ( ! grade l9e1 ,,abe4 ,dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ,m>*1 #aijh1 & ,may1 #aiji1 ! wat] came to ov]fl[ f ! /&-pipe at ,b1 :5 ! l9e 0 runn+ "u full pressure1 indicat+ an increase ( capacity 9 ! #aj-;94 pipe great] ?an a correspond+ increase 9 ! #af-;94 ,! alignm5t ( ! #aj-;94 l9e1 v]tically & horizontally1 is m regul> & uni=m ?an ! #af-;94 l9e4 ,! latt] has _m abrupt curves & b5ds1 v]tically & horizontally4 ,x crosses n9e %>p ridges & dips "u z _m deep arroyos4 ,?is introduces a fix$ elem5t ( frictional resi/ance :i* does n decrease ) ! increas+ smoo?ness ( ! int]ior surface ( wood pipe1 & probably acc\nts = ! high] resi/ance ( ! #af-;94 l9e4 ,f ,fig4 #b x appe>s t1 :ile ! #aj-;94 l9e _h an initial coeffici5t ( r\ghness slightly great] ?an #j4jji & n[ equal to x1 ! #af-;94 l9e _h "o equal at fir/ b n[ slightly less ?an #j4ja4 ,! l9e f ,bonito ,creek to ,nogal ,res]voir 0 to h a capacity ( #e sec-ft4 ,ref]r+ to ! pr(ile1 x 0 det]m9$ t = ! hydraulic grade ( #cc-a_/c ft4 p] #ajjj ft41 a #aj-;94 pipe 0 necess>y1 & t a #af-;94 pipe 0 requir$ = ! grade ( #c ft4 p] #ajjj ft4 ,te/ ,no4 #a4--,on ,m>* #aj?1 #aijh1 a quantity ( bran 0 p\r$ into ! upp] end ( ! #aj-;94 pipe at ,a 7,fig4 #b71 & ! "t ( its appe>ance at ! l[] end ( ! #af-;94 pipe at ,e 0 not$4 ,! "t 0 #c h\rs & #ej m94 ,?is gave3 ,area ( #aj-;94 pipe #j4eded sq4 ft4 #af #a4cifj ,l5g? #aj #ac1bjj ft4 #af #dg1ejj ,"t1 #ac1hjj sec4 ,let x velocity ( fl[ 9 #af-;94 pipe1 9 feet p] second1 !n #b4ef x velocity ( fl[ 9 #aj-;94 pipe1 9 feet p] second4 ,f :i*3 #ac1bjj #dg1ejj ------- ------- #ac1hjj #b4efx x x #c4hje & #b4efx #i4gdj ,! dis*>ge is3 ,= ! #af-;94 pipe1 #a4cif x #c4hje #e4ca cu4 ft4 p] sec42 &1 = ! #aj-;94 pipe1 #j4eded x #i4gd #e4ca cu4 ft4 p] sec4 ,! "q arose z to :e!r or n ! p>ticles ( bran 9 ! wat] travel$ z fa/ z ! wat] fl[$4 ,x 0 also desir$ to *eck by obs]vation ! relative velocities 9 ! two pipes1 z above d$uc$4 ,te/ ,no4 #b4--,to det]m9e ^! po9ts1 a second te/ 0 made1 on ,m>* #ca/1 #aijh1 tw5ty days aft] ! fir/ "o4 ,9 ?is te/1 gre5 anil9e1 r$ potassium p]manganate1 & bran 7 us$4 ,an obs]v] 0 plac$ at ! end ( ! #aj-;94 l9e at ,b 7,fig4 #b71 &1 by lett+ a small quantity ( wat] run f a relief-valve !re1 he 0 able to note ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ! colors & ! bran4 ,! gre5 0 />t$ 9 ! upp] end ( ! #aj-;94 pipe1 at ,a 7,fig4 #b71 at #h4cj ,a4,m4 ,x appe>$ at ,b 9 #bb m941 & at ,e 9 #c h\rs & #eb m94 ,! r$ 0 />t$ at #h4de ,a4,m4 ,x rea*$ ,b 9 #ba-a_/b m941 b x 0 s fad$ t ! "t ( its appe>ance at ,e c\ld n be not$ exactly4 ,! bran 0 />t$ at #i4jj ,a4,m4 ,x rea*$ ,b 9 #bb m941 & appe>$ at ,e 9 #c h\rs & #ea m94 ,f ! av]age ( ^! figures1 ! velocities 73 ,9 ! #af-;94 pipe1 #c4gib ft4 p] sec4 #aj #i4fie & ! dis*>ges 73 ,9 ! #aj-;94 pipe1 #e4bhg cu4 ft4 p] sec4 #af #e4bic ,! application ( ! equation = equaliz$ relative velocities1 z 9 ! fir/ te/1 gives3 ,velocity 9 #af-;94 pipe #i4gje #aj #c4gia ,dis*>ge ( #af #e4bib #aj #e4bic ,^! la/ figures w\ld *eck exactly1 except = dropp+ figures 9 ! f\r? decimal place4 ,! results ( ^! two te/s1 consid]+ t #bj days elaps$ betwe5 !m1 are 9 v close agreem5t1 & e/abli% ! fact t bran is an accurate m$ium ( measurem5t4 ,te/ ,no #c4--,! #ejj ft4 ( #aj-;94 pipe 9 ! #af-;94 l9e ne> ! res]voir 7,fig4 #b7 7 replac$ by #af-;94 pipe 9 ! summ] ( #aijh4 ,on ,may #ab?1 #aiji1 gre5 anil9e 0 />t$ ?r\gh ! pipe at ,a at #aa4jj ,a4,m41 #aa4cj ,a4,m41 & #ab4jj ,p4,m4 ,9 ea* case x appe>$ at ,e 9 #c h\rs & #ca m94 ,?is "t is #bj m94 less ?an t obs]v$ 9 ! te/s ( ! previ\s ye>1 & is due to ! removal ( ! #aj-;94 pipe f ! #af-;94 l9e & to ! increas+ smoo?ness ( ! int]ior surface ( ! pipe4 ,! relative velocities & dis*>ges "u ! ?ird te/1 us+ ! nom5clature ( ! fir/ & correct+ ! l5g?s ( pipe on acc\nt ( ! removal ( ! #aj-;94 pipe ne> ! res]voir1 are3 #dh1jjj #ab1gjj ----- --------- #ab1ffj x #b4efx x #d4ahc & #b4efx #aj4gjh & ! dis*>ges are3 ,f ! #aj-;94 pipe #e4hdj cu4 ft4 p] sec4 #af #e4hci ,coeffici5ts4--,on ,may #ab?1 #aiji1 ! #aj-;94 l9e 0 work+ on a grade ( #j4jccch1 &1 ) n #j4jji1 ,c %\ld h be5 #aca4 ,x 0 actually #ach1 mak+ n #j4jjhff4 ,! #af-;94 l9e 0 work+ on a grade ( #j4jjcjfbe1 &1 ) n #j4jji1 ,c %\ld h be5 #ade4 ,x 0 actually #ada1 mak+ n #j4jjib4 ,ref]r+ to ! e/imat$ hydraulic grade betwe5 ,coyote & ,corona 7,plate ,v71 ! coeffici5ts1 #j4ja & #j4jab1 7 us$ = wood & iron1 respectively1 on :i* basis1 ! maximum pressure at ,coyote 0 expect$ to be #cjd lb4 &1 at ,luna1 #caj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,! actual maximum at ,coyote1 ) pumps at full normal spe$1 0 #bgj lb41 &1 at ,luna1 #bgh lb41 indicat+ t ! values ( ! coeffici5ts tak5 7 too high4 ,?is *ecks ) ! te/s betwe5 ,bonito & ,nogal4 ,( c\rse1 ! iron pipe w increase 9 r\ghness1 &1 9 "t ! pump+ pressure w approa* ! calculat$ am\nt4 ,! int]ior ( ! iron pipe n[ has a smoo? coat ( asphalt4 ,pipe ,breakage4--,! breakage or damage to ! wood pipe 9 %ipm5t occurr$ on ! ends1 ! t5ons be+ mo/ expos$ to injury f %ift+ 9 ! c>s4 ,! damage due to ! %ipm5t & h&l+ ( ! ,elmira pipe 0 #a & "o-half z mu* = ! ,bay ,city pipe4 ,less ?an #f pieces out ( #ajj1jjj laid h _h to be remov$ f ! tr5*4 ,! iron pipe came f ,*attanooga1 & 0 badly h&l$ 9 transit4 ,mu* ( x 0 transf]r$ en r\te1 & #f 0 brok5 :5 receiv$4 ,! breaks 7 g5]ally cracks ( ! spigot end4 ,( ?is brok5 pipe1 practically all 0 cut & laid4 ,! av]age cut 0 ab\t #af 94 f ! spigot end ( #ecc pieces4 ,?is cut pipe has caus$ no tr\ble 9 ! tr5*4 ,at lea/ #bg pieces ( crack$ pipe got pa/ ! field inspectors & into ! tr5*4 ,?is crack$ pipe began bl[+ out at a pressure ( #ej lb41 & cont9u$ until ! full normal pump+ pressure 0 rea*$1 :5 ! breaks sudd5ly ceas$4 ,^! pipes 7 brok5 out at ! rate ( #a or #b p] day1 ) an occasional day betwe5 breaks4 ,a #bd-;h\r "w-tra9 s]vice 0 ma9ta9$4 ,! pipe gang soon became skill$1 & c\ld put 9 a new section ( pipe 9 f #d to #f h\rs4 ,ea* break g5]ally caus$ an int]ruption ( ab\t #f h\rs to ! pumps on ! section :]e x occurr$4 ,! be/ record 0 #c h\rs & #ej m94 f ! /opp+ to ! />t+ ( ! pumps4 ,?is /r5u\s life la/$ #cj days4 ,mo/ ( ^! breaks 7 9 or ne> ! middle ( ! pipe4 ,evid5tly1 ! field inspectors 7 n expect+ cracks 9 t locality4 ,an inspection usually indicat$ t ! pipe _h be5 /ruck by ! bell ( ano!r "o 9 ! vic9ity ( ! break4 ,all pipes 7 lift$ f ! c> c>efully & laid d[n at ! tr5* along ! track 9 a s+le movem5t by a logg+ crane1 & 7 n brok5 9 su* h&l+4 ,?ree breaks only h be5 report$ z due to defective metal or ca/+4 ,no break ( a s\nd %ell ( full ?ickness has be5 f\nd4 ,tr5*+4--,deep fro/s are unkn[n 9 ?is section4 ,! pipe 0 laid s t ! top 0 ab\t #a ft4 bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! tr5*+ 0 a simple matt]4 ,"p ( ! "w betwe5 ,bonito & ! railway on ! ,c>rizozo pla9 0 done by ,buckeye dit*]s4 ,all o!r dit*+ 0 done by a railroad pl[ foll[$ by pick & %ovel1 or by ! two latt] tools only4 ,! dit*] c\ld op5 #b1jjj ft4 ( tr5* p] day1 b av]ag$ ab\t #ejj4 ,! pl[ & #ce m5 c\ld op5 #c1ejj ft4 ,a *a9 ab\t #f ft4 long sep>at$ ! end ( ! pl[ beam & ! d\ble tree4 ,9 ?is way ! tr5* 0 pl[$ to ! bottom4 ,two mules1 two m51 & a scrap] c\ld back-fill #c1ejj ft4 p] day4 ,pipe ,lay+4--,betwe5 ,bonito & ! railway1 "o gang ( t5 m5 c\ld lay #d1jjj ft4 ( #ab-;94 pipe p] day4 ,! av]age 0 mu* less1 ow+ to a v>iety ( causes4 ,at ! end1 ! railway company add$ to ! contractor's =ce1 & laid ! la/ #aj miles ( pipe 9 #g days1 !re be+ a half doz5 sep>ate gangs at "w4 ,along ! railway1 ! day's record on wood pipe 0 #d1jjj ft4 ( #aa-;941 #f1bjj ft4 ( #g-a_/b-;94 & #hcde ft4 ( #c-a_/b-;91 pipe laid by a gang ( eight m5 aft] ! pipe 0 di/ribut$ along ! tr5*4 ,^! eight m51 ( :om five 7 ,am]icans1 laid #gf miles ( pipe1 & became exp]t4 ,_! op]ation 0 l ! work+ ( a clock4 ,on ! #ab-;94 iron pipe1 ! regul> day's "w 0 #if jo9ts1 or #a1aeb ft4 ( pipe laid & caulk$4 ,! record 0 #a1fdd ft4 ,two gangs laid #aja1cjj l94 ft4 9 #fj days4 ,su* a gang consi/$ ( #a =eman1 #a inspector1 #h caulk]s1 #d y>n]s1 #a melt]1 #a p\r]1 #a help]1 & #aj m5 putt+ pipe into ! tr5*4 ,co/ ,data4--,! pipe f ,bonito to ! railway 0 laid by contract4 ,! price 0 #ah c5ts p] l94 ft4 laid & back-fill$ f ! railway to ! ,nogal ,res]voir1 & #bh c5ts f ,nogal to ,bonito4 ,9 addition1 #ej c5ts p] ton p] mile 0 paid = haul+ pipe1 & extra comp5sation = sett+ valves4 ,f ,coyote1 ea/ along ! railway1 ! "w 0 done by ! railway company "u ! writ]'s direction4 ,! total co/ ( lay+ #chd1cjj ft4 ( wood pipe1 f #aa to #c-a_/b 94 9 diamet]1 0 #ah1aef4gg1 or #d4gb c5ts p] ft41 divid$ z foll[s3 ,dit*+ #j4jbdi ,lay+ #j4jaac ,back-fill+ #j4jaaj ------- ,total #j4jdgb ,?is includes unload+ f ! c>s4 ,tra9 s]vice co/ #a_/c c5t p] ft4 additional4 ,! pipe gang1 includ+ back-fill+1 consi/$ ( #a =eman1 at #ajj p] mon?1 "o assi/ant =eman at #ge1 & ab\t #cj ,mexicans at #a p] day4 ,! rates 7 ! same 9 ! dit*+ gang4 ,! pl[ team co/ #f p] day4 ,includ+ all g5]al exp5se1 ! co/ does n exce$ #f c5ts p] l94 ft4 ,! co/ ( lay+ #aja1cjj ft4 ( #ab-;94 ca/-iron pipe 0 #bchbf4fg1 or #bc4e c5ts p] ft41 divid$ z foll[s3 ,dit*+ #j4jbdi ,lay+ #j4aahj ,back-fill+ #j4jaaj ,lead #j4jgij ,oakum #j4jjad ------- ,total #j4bcdc ,?is includes tra9 s]vice & unload+ pipe1 b no?+ = tools4 ,! =eman & inspector receiv$ #ajj p] mon?1 ! caulk]s1 #c2 p\r]1 #c2 melt]1 #b4ej2 #b pipe-m51 #b1 & labor]s1 #a p] day4 ,pr(essional caulk]s want$ #e p] day4 ,c>p5t]s1 blacksmi?s1 & boil]-mak]s made good caulk]s2 _! "w is /&+ p]fectly "u a #bge-lb4 s]vice4 ,! co/ ( ! pump+ plants complete p] horse-p[] is z foll[s3 ,pumps #gi4jj ,boil]s #ah4gj ,build+ #da4gj ------ ,total #aci4dj p] h4p4 ,! approximate co/ p] million gallons ( /orage capacity is z foll[s3 ,nogal ,/orage ,res]voir #ajc4jj ,c>rizozo ,s]vice #c1jdj4jj ,coyote #b1hhj4jj ,luna #c1dhj4jj ,corona #b1gbj4jj ,to cov] g5]al exp5se1 #c %\ld be add$ to all ! co/s above giv54 ,! co/s p] foot ( pipe-lay+ include ! sett+ ( all specials1 valves1 & /&-pipes4 ,! diff]5ce ( co/ 9 lay+ #aa-;94 & #c-a_/b-;94 wood pipe is n ne>ly z great z ! diff]5ce 9 diamet] or ! total quantity laid on record days4 ,:ile ! record is #d1jjj ft4 & #h1cde ft41 ! #gf miles ( pipe ( all diamet]s 7 laid 9 a total "t1 includ+ all delays1 ( #bbc days1 or an av]age ( only #agbc ft4 p] day4 ,! co/ ( ! #aa-;94 pipe is cov]$ by #g c5ts p] ft4 ,! pipe 0 laid by a s+le gang z fa/ z x 0 receiv$ f ! factory4 ,! r$uction f #g to #c-a_/b 94 at ,mile #bcj 7,plate ,v7 is on acc\nt ( deliv]+ wat] to ! ,santa ,f's new transcont95tal l[-grade l9e :i* crosses ! ,el ,paso & ,s\?we/]n ,railway at ,vaughn1 & has a division po9t !re4 ,on its adjac5t divisions1 ! ,santa ,f _h ! same tr\ble ) local wat]s :i* compell$ ! ,el ,paso & ,s\?we/]n to f9d a bett] supply4 ,! ,bonito wat] is conduct$ to & us$ at po9ts #afj miles f its orig9 on ,bonito ,creek4 ,,discussion ,g4,e4,p4 ,,smi?1 ,,assoc4 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4,e4 7by lett]74--,! au?or has done great s]vice to ! ,we/ 9 demon/rat+ ! practicability ( transport+ small wat] supplies to great di/ances4 ,close association ) ! des]t is requir$ to appreciate fully its wat]less condition4 ,= mo/ ( ! ye> !re are no liv+ wat]s on ! surface4 ,z a rule1 gr\nd-wat]s are conc5trat$ b5ea? v limit$ areas ( valley l&4 ,! great masses ( valley fill 9 "s places are und]dra9$ to great dep?s & 9 o!r places are s compact$ & cem5t$ z to be imp]vi\s4 ,wells sometimes are driv5 f #a1jjj to #b1jjj ft41 )\t secur+ any supply at all4 ,moreov]1 des]t gr\nd-wat]s are (t5 exce$+ly h>d or alkal9e1 &1 !re=e1 are unfit = _m uses4 ,9 go+ to ! high m\nta9s = a supply1 ! au?or has /ruck a pr9ciple ( wide application4 ,9 _m ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,s\?we/ !re are spr+s & small /reams ( excell5t wat]4 ,(t51 z 9 ! case discuss$1 v little /orage is requir$4 ,^! /reams1 h[ev]1 are absorb$ or disappe> be=e rea*+ ev5 ! m\?s ( ! caons1 & ! problem has be5 to convey ! wat] to di/ant cities & m9+ camps at reasonable co/4 ,!re are sev]al cities 9 ,arizona n[ possess+ pump$ wat] supplies1 :i* h possible gravity supplies ( sup]ior quality4 ,! writ] believes t ultimately ! gravity supplies w replace ! pump+ plants4 ,9 ! ,bonita pipe l9e1 wood-/ave pipe 0 us$ = ! gravity sections4 ,9 o!r localities1 :]e ! grade ( ! l9e is v uni=m1 z w\ld be ! case d[n a typical cl9opla91 cem5t pipe is des]v+ ( consid]ation4 ,x w\ld co/ no m ?an wood /ave1 w\ld be m durable1 &1 fur!rmore1 x ne$ h no great] leakage4 ,its co/1 h[ev]1 increases rapidly :5 built to )/& high pressures4 ,! use ( bran = det]m9+ velocities is ( int]e/4 ,! results are 9 close accord ) ^? obta9$ f ! weir measurem5ts4 ,9 ! measurem5t ( gr\nd-wat] velocities by means ( salts 9 solution1 x is f\nd t ! velocities ( diff]5t filam5ts ( wat]s are extremely v>iable1 & a qu>t ( salt solution1 aft] mov+ =w>d a few feet1 is widely disp]s$4 ,x w\ld be ( value to "k to :at ext5t ! bran 0 di/ribut$ dur+ its #d-;h\r j\rney ?r\gh ! pipe l9e1 & dur+ h[ _m m9utes x 0 be+ dis*>g$ at ! l[] end ( ! l9e4 ,0 ! fir/ appe>ance1 or ! av]age "t ( appe>ance1 accept$ = comput+ ! velocity ( fl[8 ,,k5ne? ,,all51 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4,e4 7by lett]74--,f its lightness1 t\ghness1 flexibility1 & ! facility ) :i* x c be laid1 wood pipe has manife/ advantages = use 9 inaccessible places & :]e h&l+ is difficult2 loss 9 transportation is almo/ negligible1 x w /& mu* unequal settlem5t )\t crack+1 & ord9>y leaks are easily repair$4 ,! coat+ ( ! b&s is ( su* great importance t x %\ld be inspect$ v ?or\ghly1 9 ord] to rem$y defects be=e ! back-fill+ is done4 ,! writ] has f\nd ,durable ,metal ,coat+ an excell5t pres]vative4 ,b&s coat$ ) ?is prep>ation 7 buri$ 9 a salt m>%1 &1 aft] a ye>1 ! metal 0 f\nd intact & ! coat+ fre% & ela/ic4 ,?is coat+1 h[ev]1 does n adh]e v firmly to a smoo? metal surface1 s t1 ) c>eless h&l+1 pat*es may become rubb$ or torn (f4 ,!re is no advantage 9 coat+ ! surface ( ! pipe4 ,to prev5t decay1 su* pipe %\ld c>ry wat] "u pressure or be laid 9 a saturat$ soil1 s t ! wood ( :i* x is made w always be saturat$1 & coat+ ! wood may int]f]e ) ?is4 ,"u ^! conditions ! life ( su* pipe is n kn[n1 b x is evid5tly v great4 ,l>ge quantities ( wood pipe h be5 remov$ f tr5*es 9 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 & else:]e1 usually 9 p]fectly s\nd condition4 ,x 0 commonly made ( logs ( spruce1 yell[ p9e1 or oak1 f #ab to #ah ft4 long1 #ab to #bd 94 9 diamet]1 & ) a bore f #c to #f 94 9 diamet]4 ,"s #f-;94 pipe tak5 up 9 ,philadelphia _h an ext]nal diamet] ( #cj 94 ,! ends 7 usually b\nd ) wr\ght-iron coll>s1 & adjac5t l5g?s 7 connect$ by an iron ?imble driv5 into ! end ( ea* piece4 ,a few ye>s ago ! writ] took up m ?an #bjjj ft4 ( wood pipe ( ?is k9d1 :i* _h be5 laid 9 saturat$ soil ab\t a c5tury e>li]4 ,x 0 ( ,s\!rn p9e logs1 ab\t #af 94 9 diamet]1 #ad-a_/b ft4 long1 & _h a #e-;94 bore4 ,jo9ts 7 made ) tap]+ ca/-iron f]rules #i 94 long1 & connections to small] s]vice pipes 7 made ) simil> b small] f]rules ( ca/ brass4 ,! wood 0 app>5tly z s\nd z :5 x 0 fir/ laid4 ,! use ( flat iron = wrapp+ or b&+ pipe is believ$ to be wrong 9 pr9ciple4 ,r\nd iron furni%es ! requisite /r5g? ) ! lea/ exposure to corrosion1 & ensures a m p]fect contact ) ! wood4 ,9 a #db-;94 /ave pipe laid by ! writ] = ! ,wat] ,dep>tm5t ( ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4,j41 ! lumb] us$ 0 ,wa%+ton fir1 cypress hav+ be5 f\nd difficult to procure 9 suffici5t quantity1 & r$wood be+ m co/ly & no bett]4 ,9 ?is1 8 exp]i5ce co9cid$ ) t ( ! au?or4 ,c$> 0 consid]$1 b c\ld n be obta9$ 9 suffici5t l5g?s or quantity1 & long-leaf p9e :i* w\ld h pass$ ! some:at rigid specifications w\ld h be5 difficult to secure4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t !re is a field at lea/ = long-leaf p9e = su* con/ruction4 ,wa%+ton fir 0 f\nd admirable 9 e respect1 & 0 mod]ate 9 co/ at t "t4 ,! b&s 7 b5t 9 ! field1 &1 aft] heat+ 9 an ov5 = ab\t #c m941 7 dipp$ 9 bun*es ( five into a kettle ( melt$ m9]al rubb] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #djj ,fahr41 & !n hung up = ! coat+ to h>d54 ,?is took place rapidly1 z ! "w 0 done 9 w9t]4 ,if ! b& 7 w\nd spirally1 ! coat+ w\ld h to be done 9 ! %op1 b field coat+ is pref]able1 z x avoids injury to ! coat+ dur+ transportation4 ,an advantage ( wood pipe = convey+ wat] is its l[ coeffici5t ( friction4 ,! results obta9$ by ! au?or 7n #j4jjhff to #j4jjib7 appe> to be v l[ z comp>$ ) det]m9ations made = wood-/ave pipe4 ,kutt]'s coeffici5t = ! latt] v>ies f #j4jjif 9 ! case ( ! #cj-;94 pipe at ,d5v]1,b to f #j4jab to #j4jae z det]m9$ by ,messrs4 ,m>x1 ,w+1 & ,hosk9s = ! #gb-;94 pipe ( ! ,pione] ,p[] ,plant ( ,ogd54,c ,probably #j4jaa w\ld be a fairly safe figure to use 9 design+ new "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,details ,,( ,,old ,,wood ,,pipe4 ,j4,l4 ,,campbell1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4,e4 7by lett]74--,ref]r+ to ,mr4 ,smi?'s "q ab\t ! velocity measurem5ts by bran1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! bran & ! colors 0 tak5 because ! int]vals ( "t giv5 !reby 7 9 close accord among !mselves & ) ! weir measurem5ts4 ,! "t f ! fir/ trace ( bran or color until f9al disappe>ance v>i$ betwe5 #ae & #bj m94 ,bran 9 abundance or pron\nc$ color %[$ 9 #b m94 aft] ! fir/ appe>ance1 :ile ! disappe>ance or fad+ 0 noticeable aft] a p]iod ( f #g to #aj m94 ,x requir$ #b-a_/b m94 to get ! bran or colors into ! intake at ! head ( ! l9e & leave ! wat] cle>4 ,footnote ,b3 ,transactions1 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4,e41 ,vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote ,c3 ,j\rnal1 ,new ,engl& ,wat] ,works ,assoc41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #bgi4 ,mr4 ,all5 ref]s to ! bor$ wood pipe laid _m ye>s ago 9 ,ea/]n cities4 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce indicates t a bor$ pipe w n deliv] z mu* wat] z a plan$ /ave pipe1 on acc\nt ( ! great] int]ior r\ghness ( ! =m]4 ,ref]r+ to ! pr(ile1 ! #h-a_/b-;94 pipe betwe5 ,corona & ,duran _h a !oretical capacity ( #gdd1jjj gal4 p] day4 ,a rec5t te/ %[$ x to be deliv]+ wat] at ! rate ( #gei1jjj gal4 p] day4 ,! #c-a_/b-;94 pipe betwe5 ,vaughn & ,pa/ura _h a !oretical capacity ( #hd #jjj gal4 p] day4 ,x deliv]s only #fe1jjj gal4 p] day4 ,!re are #e miles ( bor$ pipe on ! upp] end ( ?is section4 ,pressure gaug+s %[ a hydraulic gradi5t 9 excess ( ! !oretical on ! bor$ pipe1 :]eas ! /ave pipe on ! l[] end c>ries ! #fe1jjj gal4 on a flatt] gradi5t ?an ! !oretical "o4 ,exp]i5ce on ?is pipe l9e indicates t n #j4jji1 9 ,kutt]'s =mula1 closely approximates ! capacity ( plan$ wood /ave pipes ( #h to #af 94 9 diamet]4 ,! writ] favors ! use ( #j4ja z cons]vative & economical4 ,) equal exposure to corrosion1 ! r\nd b& is und\bt$ly ! bett]1 b ! flat b& has ! advantage ( be+ completely buri$ 9 ! protective coat ( ! p>ticul> k9d ( wood pipe "u consid]ation4