,,american ,,society ,,of ,,civil ,,engineers ,,instituted #aheb ,,transactions ,paper ,no4 #aagj ,,the ,,water ,,supply ,,of ,,the ,,el ,,paso ,,and ,,southwestern ,,railway ,,from ,,carrizozo ,,to ,,santa ,,rosa1 ,n4 ,,mex4,a ,,by ,j4,l4 ,,campbell1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4,e4 ,,with ,,discussion ,,by ,,messrs ,g4,e4,p4 ,,smith1 ,,kenneth ,,allan1 and ,j4,l4 ,,campbell4 ,location4--,the ,el ,paso and ,southwestern ,railway traverses the arid country west of the #ajjth ,meridian in ,new ,mexico1 ,texas1 and ,arizona1 as shown on the map1 ,fig4 #a4 ,the water supply herein described serves that division of this road lying between ,carrizozo and ,santa ,rosa1 a distance of #abh miles4 ,rainfall4--,the average annual precipitation is #i4hd in4 ,the year #aiji was exceptionally dry1 with a rainfall of less than #e in4 ,original ,water ,supply4--,east and west of ,el ,paso1 for distances of #bgj miles in each direction1 the railway crosses no streams1 and the supply was obtained from wells ranging from #ajj to #a1ajj ft4 in depth4 ,on the division served by the new supply1 this well-water is of very bad quality1 as shown in ,table #a4 ,after the most thorough practicable treatment1 these waters were still so bad that they caused violent foaming1 low steam pressure1 hard scaling1 rapid destruction of boiler tubes1 high coal and water consumption1 extraordinary engine failures and repairs1 small engine mileage1 low train tonnage1 excessive overtime1 and a demoralized train service4 ,footnote ,a3 ,presented at the meeting of ,may #dth1 #aiaj4 ,,table #a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,incrusting solids1 in ,non-incrusting solids1 ,station4 grains per gallon4 in grains per gallon4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,carrizozo #ca #g ,ancho #ad #ad ,gallinas #ia #h ,varney #ahj #ad ,duran #abg #ee ,tony #aae #aa ,pastura #ada #f ,pintado #ha #i ,santa ,rosa #adj #bi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,new ,water ,supply4--,the writer was directed to find1 if possible1 a supply of good water1 and his efforts proved successful4 ,the pure water now in use has eliminated the adverse conditions before mentioned2 has improved the esprit de corps of the train service2 and1 in a short time1 the reduction in operating expenses will liquidate the first cost of the new supply4 ,this supply is taken from the ,south ,fork of ,bonito ,creek1 which flows down the eastern slope of ,white ,mountain4 ,the latter is #ab1jjj ft4 high1 and is #af miles south of ,carrizozo 7,fig4 #a74 ,the watershed is a granite and porphyry formation1 heavily timbered1 and the stream is fed by snow and rain4 ,this combination yields an excellent water1 carrying on an average #f4je grains of incrusting and ,o4#ie grains of non-incrusting solids per gallon4 ,the ,north ,fork of the creek carries #af4fj and #b4dj grains1 respectively4 ,below the junction of these forks1 the water contains #aj4dh grains of incrusting and #a4eg grains of non-incrusting solids per gallon2 and a branch pipe line takes water from the creek during intervals in dry years when the daily flow of the ,south ,fork is less than the consumption4 ,the ,water ,plant4--,the water is taken to and along the railway in pipe lines4 ,the system includes #aaf miles of wood pipe1 #ai miles of iron pipe1 one #dbb1jjj1jjj-;gal4 storage reservoir1 four #b1ejj1jjj-;gal4 service reservoirs1 two pumping plants in duplicate1 and accessories of valves1 stand-pipes1 etc4 ,from a small concrete dam across the creek at an elevation of #g1gbh ft41 the pipe line drops down the narrow valley eastward1 #e-a_/b miles1 to an elevation of #f1ihj ft1 where it turns abruptly north1 rising in #a mile to a table-land1 #g1bae ft4 above sea level1 across which it continues northward #e miles to the storage reservoir1 which is on the north edge of this elevated country4 ,hereafter1 this reservoir will be called the ,nogal ,reservoir1 from the old mining village of ,nogal lying #a-a_/b miles to the north and #fjj ft4 below it4 ,from this reservoir1 the line drops abruptly to the ,carrizozo plain1 and crosses the latter northward to ,coyote1 at ,mile #aef1 on the railway1 at an elevation of #e1haj ft41 passing1 on the way1 #f miles east of ,carrizozo1 to which a branch pipe runs1 ,carrizozo being #e1dcj ft4 above sea level4 ,there is a #b1ejj1jjj-;gal4 reservoir at ,coyote1 and a similar one at ,carrizozo4 ,illustration3 ,,fig #a4 ,,map ,,of ,,lines ,,of ,,el ,,paso ,,southwestern ,,system ,this describes the gravity section of the line which brings the water from the mountain stream to the railway4 ,from ,nogal ,reservoir to the latter1 the capacity of the pipe is equal to the future daily requirements2 from the source of supply to the reservoir1 the pipe has twice as great a capacity1 thereby storing surplus water4 ,this section is #cb miles long1 with a #f-mile branch line4 ,the second1 or pumping section1 extends eastward along the railway1 rising from an elevation of #e1haj ft4 at ,coyote to #f1gej ft4 on the ,corona summit1 which is the water-shed line between the ,rio ,grande on the west and the ,rio ,pecos on the east4 ,at ,coyote a pumping station lifts the water to ,luna ,reservoir and the pumps at ,mile #aga1 and the latter lift it to the reservoir on ,corona summit at ,mile #aib-a_/b4 ,this section is #cf-a_/b miles long4 ,the third1 or gravity section1 extends from the reservoir on the ,corona summit to the ,rio ,pecos at ,mile #bgb1 dropping from an elevation of #f1gej to #d1egj ft4 in #hj miles4 ,the pipe line extends to ,pastura1 #eh-a_/b miles from ,corona1 as shown on ,plate ,v4 ,where the pipe line passes a water tank on the railway1 a #d-;in4 branch pipe is carried to the bottom of the tank and up to the top1 where it is capped by an automatic valve4 ,a gate-valve is placed in the branch pipe at its junction with the pipe line4 ,there are regulating1 relief1 check1 blow-off1 and air-valves1 air-chambers1 and open stand-pipes on the line1 too numerous to mention in detail4 ,they are designed to keep the wood pipe full1 regulate flow1 prevent accumulation of pressure and water-hammer1 and remove sediment4 ,water ,pipe4--,a study of the profile developed a system of hydraulic grades1 pipe diameters1 and open stand-pipes limiting the pressure to #acj lb4 per sq4 in41 except on #ai miles of the pump main between ,coyote and ,corona where the estimated maximum pressure is #caj lb4 ,investigation justified the assumption that wood pipe under a pressure of #acj lb4 would give satisfactory service for #be years1 on which basis it would be less expensive than cast iron1 and therefore it was used4 ,cast iron was considered preferable to steel for pressures not exceeding #caj lb4 on account of its greater durability4 ,wood ,pipe4--,machine-made1 spirally-wound1 wood-stave pipe1 made in sections from #h to #ab ft4 long1 with the exterior surface covered with a heavy coat of asphalt1 was selected in preference to unprotected1 continuous1 stave pipe4 ,the diameters were not so great as to require the latter4 ,the first #dj miles of wood pipe was furnished by the ,wykoff ,wood ,pipe ,company1 of ,elmira1 ,n4,y41 and the ,michigan ,pipe ,company1 of ,bay ,city1 ,mich41 delivered the remaining #gf miles4 ,the pipe is wound with flat steel bands of from #ad to #ah gauge and from #a to #b in4 wide4 ,the machine winds at any desired pitch and tension4 ,at each end the spiral wind is doubled two turns1 the second lying over the first and developing a frictional resistance similar to that of a double hitch of a rope around a post4 ,the ends of the band are held by screw nails or a forged clip1 the latter being the better4 ,it has two or three spikes on the under side which seat into the stave1 and two side lugs on top which turn down over the band4 ,the latter passes twice over the seat on the clip1 the first turn holding the clip to the stave1 while the second turn is held by the lugs which are hammered down over it4 ,the end of the band is then turned back over the clip and held down by a staple4 ,the staves are double-tongued and grooved and from #a-c_/h to #b in4 thick4 ,the smaller thickness is sufficient4 ,the exterior face of the staves should be turned concentric with the axis of the pipe and form a circle1 so that the band will have perfect contact with the wood4 ,the joints are formed by turning a chamber in one end of the pipe and a tenon on the other1 or both ends are turned to a true exterior circle and driven into a wood or steel sleeve4 ,the chamber and tenon were used in this work4 ,finally1 each piece of pipe is covered with as much hot asphalt as it will carry4 ,steel ,bands4--,the specifications required bands of mild steel1 of #fj1jjj lb4 strength1 with an elastic limit half as great4 ,the winding was spaced to limit the tension to #ae1jjj lb4 per sq4 in4 ,if severe water-hammer is present1 the ordinary working stress should be materially less than the latter1 otherwise the spiral bands will stretch enough to permit the water to spurt out between the staves4 ,this was determined to be true on #d1ejj ft4 of #ab-;in4 pipe connecting the ,carrizozo ,reservoir with a water column at the roundhouse there4 ,in pumping tests at the mills1 attempts were made1 at various times1 to burst the pipe1 but they never succeeded4 ,before the elastic limit was exceeded1 the water was running out between the staves as fast as the pump forced it in4 ,on the following day1 pipe thus tested would carry the pressure for which it was designed without leaking4 ,except for defects in the band1 pipe of this kind will not burst in the service for which it is properly designed4 ,this is true1 without exception1 of the #ajj1jjj pieces of pipe in this service4 ,there has been some trouble with a number of the riveted splices on the banding4 ,such a splice occurs for every spool of banding used4 ,in every case where one of these splices has pulled apart1 the break was the result of defective riveting1 permitting the rivets to pull out4 ,in no case has a rivet been found sheared off1 and even one good rivet appears to be sufficient to prevent rupture4 ,the explanation is found in the high frictional resistance between the band and the pipe1 which distributes the weakness of a bad splice over several adjacent turns of the band around the pipe4 ,the band loosens a few turns only on either side of a parted splice1 generally not more than three4 ,in no case has any pipe been removed from the trench1 repairs being made without interruption to the flow of water4 ,it is desirable to substitute welding for the riveting of these splices4 ,the trouble is not present with the round band1 the wrapped splice of the latter giving practically #ajj efficiency4 ,the flat band was chosen for this work because it is the more effectively buried in and protected by the asphalt1 and will not crush the soft wood staves under high pressure4 ,the longevity of either the flat or the round steel band is dependent primarily on effective protection against contact with corrosive elements4 ,wrought iron should be used for this kind of service1 and1 for the same reason1 for many other purposes4 ,engineers and consumers should join in some comprehensive and effective plan to bring back the old-time production of high-grade wrought iron4 ,wood ,staves4--,the staves of this pipe are of ,michigan and ,canadian white pine4 ,this pine cannot now be had of clear stuff or in long lengths in large quantities2 otherwise1 it is unexcelled4 ,douglas fir and yellow pine1 coarser and harder woods1 have the advantages of clear lumber and long length4 ,cypress is not as plentiful1 and redwood is costly4 ,the mill tests did not determine definitely the minimum degree of seasoning necessary1 and press of time compelled the acceptance of some rather green lumber4 ,service tests do not show that there is any abnormal leakage from pipe made of such lumber1 and it could not now be distinguished in the trench by such tests4 ,undoubtedly1 however1 thorough air seasoning should be required4 ,bored ,pipe4--,owing to its small size1 a part of the #c-a_/b-;in4 pipe was bored from the log4 ,this was a mistake1 for bored pipe has a rough interior and a reduced capacity4 ,the inspection and culling are difficult and unsatisfactory1 and imperfections readily apparent in a stave frequently escape detection in bored pipe4 ,pipe ,joints4--,the chamber and tenon of this pipe is an all-wood joint1 #d in4 deep4 ,an iron sleeve makes a better and stronger joint4 ,it compensates for any lack of initial tension in the banding over the chamber of the wood joint1 and secures full advantage of the swelling of the wood4 ,cast iron is better than steel2 it is more rigid1 and its granulated surface breaks up the smoothness of the wood surface swelling against it4 ,one objection to the cast-iron sleeve is that of cost1 but it adds #d in4 to the effective length of every section of pipe1 as compared with the wood joints4 ,on the ,pacific ,coast1 a banded wood-stave sleeve is used with success4 ,coating4--,to preserve the banding from corrosion and the wood from exterior decay1 the pipe is thoroughly enveloped in refined asphalt having a flow-point adjusted to the prevailing temperature during shipment and laying4 ,one grade can be used through a considerable range of temperature4 ,this coating endured a #b1jjj-mile shipment successfully4 ,each piece was carefully inspected along the trench1 and any break in the coating was thoroughly painted with hot asphalt4 ,enough of the latter came in barrels1 with the pipe1 from the factory4 ,the first #cg miles of this pipe has been in service for two years4 ,recent inspections show the coating to be in excellent condition and the steel underneath to be bright and clean4 ,in some cases1 where the initial pressure and leaking between the staves of the dry pipe were great1 the escaping air and water lifted the coating into bubbles4 ,at some points where this lifting was great enough to rupture the asphalt1 and the soil is heavily charged with alkali1 some corrosion has begun4 ,the integrity and impermeability of this asphalt coat are quite as vital as constant saturation4 ,this coating protects the entire pipe from exterior contact with destructive agencies4 ,with such effective exterior protection1 a constantly full pipe is not so imperative4 ,in the exterior protection of the wood1 this coated pipe has quite an advantage over continuous stave pipe4 ,each piece of pipe goes directly from the winder to the asphalt rolls1 then to an adjacent saw-dust table1 then back to the rolls1 then to the table again1 and then to the dry finishing rolls at the opposite end of the table4 ,the coating thus consists of two layers of asphalt and two of saw-dust4 ,when the pipe leaves the finishing rolls1 the coat is hard and smooth and about #a #c_/af in4 thick4 ,this describes the coating as done at ,bay ,city1 ,mich4 ,at ,elmira1 ,n4,y41 one application of asphalt and saw-dust only1 without a finishing dry roll1 completed the work2 but the band was run through a bath of hot asphalt as it was wound1 thus coating its underside also4 ,this initial treatment of the band on the ,wykoff pipe is necessary because the exterior of the stave is neither planed nor turned to a circle4 ,the exterior of the pipe forms a polygon1 and the band is in perfect contact only at the angles4 ,the theory in regard to the ,michigan pipe is that the perfect contact of the band and the wood on the true exterior circle excludes air from the under surface of the metal1 and prevents corrosion4 ,experience appears to justify this theory4 ,cast-iron ,pipe4--,beginning at the first pumping plant at ,coyote1 at ,mile #aef1 and running up to ,mile #aff1 and again commencing at the ,luna pumps1 at ,mile #aga1 and extending up to ,mile #agi1 the minimum pressure on those portions of the pump main is more than the #acj lb4 per sq4 in4 allowed for wood pipe1 and the final estimated maximum pressures run up to #caj lb4 ,the selection of iron pipe for these pressures was1 first1 as between steel and cast-iron2 and1 second1 as between the lead joint of the standard bell and spigot pipe and the machined iron joint of the universal joint pipe4 ,again1 the choice was as between lead and leadite for the bell and spigot pipe4 ,cast iron was selected because of the certainty of its long life1 and the bell and spigot pipe was selected on the basis of comparative costs for pipe laid4 ,the standard lead joint was chosen on the result of tests4 ,this cast-iron pumping main has a diameter of #ab in4 throughout4 ,pipe ,weights4--,makers of standard bell and spigot pipe urged the usual heavy weights selected for municipal service and heavy water-hammer4 ,three pressures1 viz41 #bag1 #bfj1 and #cjd lb41 were used for the division of pipe weights1 on which the standard pipe-makers specified shell thicknesses of #j4hb1 #j4hi1 and #j4ig in4 ,eliminating water-hammer and adopting a working stress of #b1djj lb41 the thicknesses are reduced to #j4ed1 #j4fe1 and #j4gf in4 ,to make the latter conform to the specifications of the ,new ,england ,water-,works ,association1 the pipe was cast to #j4eg1 #j4fe1 and #j4gg in4 ,the reduction in cost amounts to #eb1haa4 ,by the provision of air-cushions1 hereafter described1 the writer's anticipation of no water-hammer on the pumping main has been fully realized4 ,the pipe was manufactured and inspected under the above-mentioned specifications4 ,pipe ,joints4--,there was a question about the reliability of the lead joint at #cjj lb4 ,the writer had a section of #ab-;in4 pipe1 with standard joints containing #bb lb4 of lead1 laid and tested to #ejj lb4 without sign of failure or leakage4 ,the joints were caulked down #c_/af in4 below the face of the bell4 ,of #h1gjj joints thus made in the field1 not one has blown out or failed4 ,a few weeped slightly on top1 and they were made permanently tight by additional caulking4 ,the present maximum pressure is #bgh lb4 ,these joints are the standard joints specified by the ,new ,england ,water-,works ,association4 ,it should be borne in mind that there is no water-hammer on this line4 ,in #h1gjj joints1 #aih1jjj lb4 of lead and #c1bjj lb4 of oakum were used1 or #bb4gf and #j4cg lb4 per joint4 ,leadite was tested in competition with lead1 but it leaked at #ajj lb4 and failed under a sustained pressure of #cjj lb4 ,it is a friable material1 and cannot be caulked successfully4 ,its principal ingredient appears to be sulphur4 ,the failure was by slow creeping out of the joints4 ,it is melted and poured1 but not caulked4 ,it has attractive features for low pressures and for lines not subject to movement or heavy jarring4 ,air-,cushions4--,to prevent water-hammer on the pumping main1 all pumps are provided with large air-chambers4 ,in addition1 and as the special feature for absorbing the shock of pumping under high pressure through a pipe #ba miles long1 a large air-chamber in the form of a closed steel cylinder1 #e ft4 in diameter and #ae ft4 long1 is mounted on the pumping main outside of the pump-house4 ,this cylinder is set on its side1 in concrete collars1 directly over the pipe beneath1 to which it is connected by a #ab-;in4 tee1 in which a #ab-;in4 gate-valve is set4 ,the cylinder is provided with a glass gauge1 cocks1 etc4 ,it was designed for a working pressure of #cjj lb41 and1 at each pumping plant1 it has proved to be entirely air-and water-tight4 ,as indicated by sensitive gauges on the pump main1 just beyond these large air-chambers1 the latter absorb all the water-hammer which gets beyond the air-chamber on the pumps4 ,air-,pumps4--,each pumping plant is provided with four automatic air-charging devices1 connecting to all air-chambers of the pumps and to the air-chamber on the pumping main4 ,they are of the ,nordberg type1 and have proved very efficient4 ,they are operated only a part of the time2 otherwise1 they accumulate too much air in the chambers4 ,air-,valves4--,on the entire line there are #add automatic air-valves made by the ,united ,states ,metal ,manufacturing ,company1 of ,berwick1 ,pa4 ,they are working satisfactorily4 ,gate-,valves4--,in addition to the customary gate-and check-valves at the reservoirs and pumping stations1 gate-valves are located at necessary points and elevations in the line to control the flow of water and keep the pipe full1 even to the extent of closing all such valves tight and holding the line full without flow4 ,this is for the purpose of delivering through a full pipe any desired quantity of water less than that required to keep the open pipe full4 ,this1 of course1 is on account of the wood pipe4 ,as the differences of elevations are very great on the gravity sections of the line1 and as any one valve might inadvertently become closed tight when other valves above would be open1 the bursting of the pipe under such conditions is prevented either by a pressure relief valve attached to and immediately above the gate-valve1 or by an open stand-pipe erected on some suitable elevation between the valves4 ,this is more clearly shown on the profile1 ,plate ,v1 of the ground line and the hydraulic grades of the pipe line4 ,an inspection of this profile will show that these controlling valves are located so that1 when closed1 the pressure against them does not rise above the maximum pressure on the section above1 due to the hydraulic grade of the line when carrying its full capacity4 ,safety ,valves4--,to prevent rupture of the pipe or injury to the pumps1 in case the pumping mains should become obstructed1 a #f-;in4 pop safety valve is mounted on the main just beyond the large air-chamber already described4 ,these valves are set to release at the maximum working pressure of the pumps when the regular quantity of water is being pumped1 and they are piped to the adjacent reservoir1 so that there is no loss from them4 ,check-,valves4--,check-valves are placed in the pumping main to prevent the backward flow of water4 ,there is one near the pumps1 and one at the upper end and outside of the reservoir into which the main discharges4 ,blow-,off ,valves4--,these valves are located in all material valleys or depressions4 ,stand-,pipes4--,between the gate-valves1 at certain points where the maximum hydraulic grade is not more than #fj ft4 above the surface of the ground1 open stand-pipes are erected4 ,if the grade line is too high1 relief-valves are used1 as stated4 ,also at two points1 where a steep grade ends near the ground surface and is followed by a flatter grade1 stand-pipes are erected4 ,these stand-pipes are of #f-;in4 iron pipe standing in a special casting in the pipe line and enclosed in a concrete base4 ,they are1 of course1 open at the top1 and vary in height from #ae to #fj ft41 depending on the elevation of the hydraulic grade4 ,they have given some checks on the position of this grade during the velocity measurements hereinafter described4 ,their locations are shown on the profile1 ,plate ,v4 ,nogal ,reservoir4--,nogal ,reservoir is the storage unit of the system1 and is on the north edge of a table-land1 #a1gjj ft4 above the railway1 on the ,carrizozo plain1 #ae miles away4 ,it is #aa-a_/b miles from the head of the pipe on ,bonito ,creek4 ,this reservoir is a natural basin or bowl1 #a_/b mile in diameter across the top1 #a_/d mile on the bottom1 and #cf ft4 deep4 ,a level line1 #a1ejj ft4 long1 drawn from its bottom1 comes out to grade on the north declivity of the table-land4 ,on this level line an open cut was made and the outlet pipe laid4 ,the cut was then closed by a dam4 ,the supply pipe from ,bonito ,creek delivers water into the basin over the top of its southern rim1 the water1 as it leaves the pipe1 flowing over a standard weir1 without end contractions1 into a stone gutter4 ,a by-pass pipe1 with suitable valves1 passes around the western side of the basin and connects to the outlet pipe4 ,this comparatively small amount of work equipped a very good natural reservoir with a capacity of #dbb1jjj1jjj gal41 which can be increased to #a1jjj1jjj1jjj gal4 by embankments across low places in the rim4 ,service ,reservoirs4--,at ,coyote1 an artificial service reservoir1 #ajj by #bjj ft4 on the bottom1 with slopes of #a-a_/b on #a and a total depth of #ae ft41 serves as an equalizer of the flow to and away from the pumps at that point4 ,the pump-house is built alongside this reservoir4 ,the delivery pipe from the ,nogal ,reservoir runs directly to the pumps1 but has a tee-branch1 #ej ft4 long1 into the ,coyote ,reservoir4 ,this branch passes through a valve chamber between the pump-house and the reservoir4 ,in this chamber there are controlling valves and an automatic overflow4 ,this overflow is provided against the contingency of a full reservoir and idle pumps4 ,if the pipe line is delivering water faster than the pumps discharge it1 the surplus goes into the reservoir4 ,this arrangement is self-acting and controlling4 ,there is a similar arrangement at the ,luna pumping plant1 also at the ,carrizozo service reservoir1 and at the regulating reservoir on the ,corona summit4 ,each of the four service reservoirs is of the same size1 and lined with #d in4 of #a3b3d concrete4 ,at ,luna and ,corona the concrete is reinforced with #c_/h-;in4 round rods spaced #ab in4 from center to center1 both ways4 ,this reinforcement should have been used in all the work4 ,pumping ,plants4--,the pumps at ,coyote and ,luna are ,nordberg duplex1 cross-compound1 condensing1 crank-and-fly-wheel machines1 with #f-;in4 plungers1 traveling #fjj ft4 per min4 at full normal speed1 and designed to work against #cjj lb4 per sq4 in4 ,they have a guaranteed efficiency of #ace1jjj1jjj ft-lb4 per #ajjj lb4 of steam at #aej lb4 and superheated #ge degrees4 ,the boilers are #abe-;h4p41 ,sterling1 water-tube1 with ,foster superheaters1 and #cc-;in4 stacks1 #ajj ft4 high4 ,each plant is in complete duplicate pump and boiler units1 only one set working at a time4 ,the pump building is a substantial concrete1 brick1 and steel structure1 #ej by #hj ft4 in plan1 with a fire-wall1 with two steel doors dividing the floor space into an engine-room #ej by #ej ft41 and a boiler-room #ej by #cj ft4 ,a concrete coal-bin adjoins the exterior boiler-room door4 ,coal is delivered directly from the car to the bin4 ,the plant is lighted by a small1 but very complete1 engine and dynamo on one base and run by steam from the ,sterling boilers4 ,the two plants are exactly alike throughout4 ,reservoir ,leakage4--,the ,nogal ,reservoir basin is covered with from #b to #e ft4 of good clay1 except where it is punctured by a dike1 or washed down to the underlying sandstone by a few gullies4 ,these punctures or washes were covered or filled with clay from #a to #d ft4 deep4 ,during the first season the leakage1 above the #f-;ft4 contour1 was at the rate of #b in4 per day4 ,as the water fell1 due to leakage1 evaporation1 and use1 a herd of from #cjj to #djj cattle were worked around the shore line4 ,this reduced the leakage to #c_/h in4 below #h ft41 and to nothing below #f ft41 above the outlet4 ,as the flow line rises higher each season1 the puddling will be continued to the top4 ,the leakage at #ab ft4 above the outlet1 or #ag ft4 above the bottom1 is still approximately #a in4 per day4 ,the total puddling1 to date1 covering two seasons1 is equivalent to #aa1aej days' work of one cow1 and covers an area of #a1ejj1jjj sq4 ft4 ,the clay packed densely1 the final hoof marks being not more than #a_/d in4 deep and remaining distinct under the water around the shore line for one year4 ,apparently1 the reservoir will finally become water-tight at all elevations4 ,the soil in which the four service reservoirs on the railway are built proved to be about the worst for such work4 ,in its natural state on the prairie1 after the excavation for the reservoir was completed1 it filtered water at the rate of #c ft4 per day4 ,tamping and puddling still left a filtration of #ab in4 per day1 with a tendency to increase4 ,enough water filtered through the concrete to produce settlement and cracks4 ,finally1 the concrete was water-proofed with two coats of soap1 two of alum1 and one of asphalt4 ,this has made all the reservoirs water-tight4 ,elaterite1 an asphalt paint made by the ,elaterite ,paint and ,manufacturing ,company1 of ,des ,moines1 ,iowa1 was used successfully on the ,luna ,reservoir4 ,this paint is applied cold1 and preliminary tests showed it to be quite efficient4 ,the analysis of the soil is as follows3 ,loss on ignition #c4ce ,silica #ef4cf ,oxide of iron #b4ic ,oxide of aluminum #h4ig ,calcium oxide #ae4ie ,magnesium oxide #j4ih ,oxides of sodium and potassium #j4dg ,carbonic acid #aa4ce ,sulphuric acid #j4aa ,chlorine #j4jd ,manganese ,traces ------ #ajj4ea ,insoluble matter1 #fd4ej per cent4 ,pipe-,line ,leakage4--,there is no measurable leakage from the iron pipe4 ,by thorough inspection and measurement at the end of two years1 leakage on the wood pipe1 between ,coyote and ,bonito ,creek1 from the #aa-;and #ab-;in4 pipe1 was found to be as follows3 ,on #h4f miles1 #aa-;in4 pipe1 #adf1fjj gal4 per day #ag1jdf gal4 per mile4 #d #ab #ad1hbi #c1gjb ,the #g-a_/b-;in4 pipe on this section appears to be leaking less than the #ab-;in4 pipe4 ,inspection and measurement of it are to be made in a short time4 ,there is no material leakage from the #aj-;and #af-;in4 pipe between ,bonito ,creek and ,nogal ,reservoir1 as determined by velocity and volumetric measurements hereafter described4 ,the greatest probable error in the velocity measurements would not exceed #a_/b per cent4 ,if such error existed1 and was all charged to leakage1 it would amount to but #ag1bjd gal4 per day1 or #a1ehb gal4 per mile1 out of a daily delivery of #c1ghd1jjj gal42 but the measured discharge of the pipe1 as determined by the velocity1 was #e4hd sec-ft41 while the mean maximum volume of this water over the weir at the end of the pipe is recorded by the weir as #e4hh sec-ft4 ,from ,coyote1 east along the railway1 the wood pipe is remarkably tight4 ,the rate of leakage from it1 as determined by #fjj observations uniformly distributed1 was as follows3 #aa-;in4 pipe #abj gal4 per mile per day4 #h-a_/b and #g-a_/b-;in4 pipe #bfh ,the maximum rate on #a mile was #a1fac gal4 ,the minimum found was zero4 ,the observations were made by uncovering a joint and measuring the leakage therefrom for #aj min4 ,a graduated glass measuring to drams was used4 ,the rate of leakage varied from #e drops to #de oz4 in #aj min4 ,of the joints uncovered #eg was found to be leaking4 ,it is rather remarkable that1 in the large leakage of the #aa-;and #ab-;in4 pipe between ,coyote and ,bonito1 only one out of every eight joints was leaking4 ,this indicates a physical defect in such joints4 ,the largest leak found on one joint was at the rate of #ag18bhj gal4 per day4 ,leakage between or through the staves is not measurable1 as it is not fast enough to come away in drops unless there is some imperfection in the wood4 ,the insignificant leakage of #abj gal41 stated above1 is from the #aa-;in4 pipe in the pumping main between ,coyote and ,corona4 ,the present maximum working pressure on it is #ajj lb4 per sq4 in4 ,all the figures given above include visible and invisible leakage1 the latter being such as does not appear on the surface4 ,the visible leakage is but a small part of the total4 ,stopping the ,leaks4--,generally1 any ordinary leak is readily stopped by pine wedges4 ,sometimes a loose joint requires individual bands bolted around it4 ,bran or saw-dust is effective in stopping the small leaks which cannot be reached by the wedges4 ,the good effect of the latter is likely to be destroyed by a rapid emptying of the pipe4 ,if the water is drawn out faster than the air can enter through the air-valves1 heavy vacuums are formed down long slopes1 and the air forces its way in through the joints and between the staves4 ,the result is that the pipe will frequently leak badly for some time after it is refilled1 although it may have been tight previously4 ,a full pipe and a steady pressure are highly desirable4 ,this doubtless accounts to some extent for the extreme tightness of the wood pipe in the pumping main4 ,grade ,lines4--,the hydraulic grade lines1 shown on ,plate ,v1 were laid as best fitting the controlling elevations4 ,the various diameters of pipe were determined by ,darcy's general formula1 with ,c #j4jjjcc for wood and #j4jjjff for iron pipe1 checking by ,kutter's formula1 with n #j4ja for wood and #j4jab for iron4 ,these coefficients were taken as conservative and on the safe side1 and such they proved to be4 ,it was desired that the line should carry not less than #e sec-ft4 to ,nogal and half as much beyond4 ,velocities4--,the pipe line from ,bonito ,creek to the ,nogal ,reservoir affords excellent conditions for velocity and capacity measurements1 there being no distribution service from it4 ,beginning at the creek1 it consists of #ab1gjj ft4 of #aj-;in4 wood pipe1 with a hydraulic grade of #j4jccch1 followed by #dh1jjj ft4 of #af-;in4 wood pipe1 with a hydraulic grade of #j4jjcjfbe1 ending on the south rim of the ,nogal ,reservoir4 ,there is an open stand-pipe where the two pipes and grades join4 ,when this section of the line was laid1 the last car of #af-;in4 pipe was late in arriving and1 as it was desirable to get water into the reservoir as soon as possible1 #ejj ft4 of #aj-;in4 pipe were laid in the lower part of the #af-;in4 line1 near the reservoir1 as indicated on ,fig4 #b1 which shows the hydraulic grades and the pipe diameters of this section of the line4 ,when the first two velocity measurements1 of ,march #ajth and #cast1 #aijh1 described below1 were made 7after the line had been put into service on ,february #bjth1 #aijh71 the #ejj ft4 of #aj-;in4 pipe were still in the #af-;in4 line1 and the hydraulic grade was defined by the solid line1 ,,abcde1 ,fig4 #b4 ,when the third measurement1 of ,may #abth1 #aiji1 also described below1 was made1 the #aj-;in4 pipe had been replaced by #af-;in4 pipe1 and the hydraulic grade was defined by the solid line1 ,,abe4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,the dotted line1 ,,afe1 is the approximate theoretical position which the grade1 ,,abcde1 should have assumed when the #ejj ft4 of #aj-;in4 pipe were taken out of the #af-;in4 line4 ,on the contrary1 it took the position of the grade line1 ,,abe4 ,during the interval between ,march1 #aijh1 and ,may1 #aiji1 the water came to overflow from the stand-pipe at ,b1 when the line was running under full pressure1 indicating an increase of capacity in the #aj-;in4 pipe greater than a corresponding increase in the #af-;in4 ,the alignment of the #aj-;in4 line1 vertically and horizontally1 is more regular and uniform than the #af-;in4 line4 ,the latter has many abrupt curves and bends1 vertically and horizontally4 ,it crosses nine sharp ridges and dips under as many deep arroyos4 ,this introduces a fixed element of frictional resistance which does not decrease with the increasing smoothness of the interior surface of wood pipe1 and probably accounts for the higher resistance of the #af-;in4 line4 ,from ,fig4 #b it appears that1 while the #aj-;in4 line had an initial coefficient of roughness slightly greater than #j4jji and now equal to it1 the #af-;in4 line had one equal at first but now slightly less than #j4ja4 ,the line from ,bonito ,creek to ,nogal ,reservoir was to have a capacity of #e sec-ft4 ,referring to the profile1 it was determined that for the hydraulic grade of #cc-a_/c ft4 per #ajjj ft41 a #aj-;in4 pipe was necessary1 and that a #af-;in4 pipe was required for the grade of #c ft4 per #ajjj ft4 ,test ,no4 #a4--,on ,march #ajth1 #aijh1 a quantity of bran was poured into the upper end of the #aj-;in4 pipe at ,a 7,fig4 #b71 and the time of its appearance at the lower end of the #af-;in4 pipe at ,e was noted4 ,the time was #c hours and #ej min4 ,this gave3 ,area of #aj-;in4 pipe #j4eded sq4 ft4 #af #a4cifj ,length #aj #ac1bjj ft4 #af #dg1ejj ,time1 #ac1hjj sec4 ,let x velocity of flow in #af-;in4 pipe1 in feet per second1 then #b4ef x velocity of flow in #aj-;in4 pipe1 in feet per second4 ,from which3 #ac1bjj #dg1ejj ------- ------- #ac1hjj #b4efx x x #c4hje and #b4efx #i4gdj ,the discharge is3 ,for the #af-;in4 pipe1 #a4cif x #c4hje #e4ca cu4 ft4 per sec42 and1 for the #aj-;in4 pipe1 #j4eded x #i4gd #e4ca cu4 ft4 per sec4 ,the question arose as to whether or not the particles of bran in the water traveled as fast as the water flowed4 ,it was also desired to check by observation the relative velocities in the two pipes1 as above deduced4 ,test ,no4 #b4--,to determine these points1 a second test was made1 on ,march #cast1 #aijh1 twenty days after the first one4 ,in this test1 green aniline1 red potassium permanganate1 and bran were used4 ,an observer was placed at the end of the #aj-;in4 line at ,b 7,fig4 #b71 and1 by letting a small quantity of water run from a relief-valve there1 he was able to note the time of the appearance of the colors and the bran4 ,the green was started in the upper end of the #aj-;in4 pipe1 at ,a 7,fig4 #b71 at #h4cj ,a4,m4 ,it appeared at ,b in #bb min41 and at ,e in #c hours and #eb min4 ,the red was started at #h4de ,a4,m4 ,it reached ,b in #ba-a_/b min41 but it was so faded that the time of its appearance at ,e could not be noted exactly4 ,the bran was started at #i4jj ,a4,m4 ,it reached ,b in #bb min41 and appeared at ,e in #c hours and #ea min4 ,from the average of these figures1 the velocities were3 ,in the #af-;in4 pipe1 #c4gib ft4 per sec4 #aj #i4fie and the discharges were3 ,in the #aj-;in4 pipe1 #e4bhg cu4 ft4 per sec4 #af #e4bic ,the application of the equation for equalized relative velocities1 as in the first test1 gives3 ,velocity in #af-;in4 pipe #i4gje #aj #c4gia ,discharge of #af #e4bib #aj #e4bic ,these last figures would check exactly1 except for dropping figures in the fourth decimal place4 ,the results of these two tests1 considering that #bj days elapsed between them1 are in very close agreement1 and establish the fact that bran is an accurate medium of measurement4 ,test ,no #c4--,the #ejj ft4 of #aj-;in4 pipe in the #af-;in4 line near the reservoir 7,fig4 #b7 were replaced by #af-;in4 pipe in the summer of #aijh4 ,on ,may #abth1 #aiji1 green aniline was started through the pipe at ,a at #aa4jj ,a4,m41 #aa4cj ,a4,m41 and #ab4jj ,p4,m4 ,in each case it appeared at ,e in #c hours and #ca min4 ,this time is #bj min4 less than that observed in the tests of the previous year1 and is due to the removal of the #aj-;in4 pipe from the #af-;in4 line and to the increasing smoothness of the interior surface of the pipe4 ,the relative velocities and discharges under the third test1 using the nomenclature of the first and correcting the lengths of pipe on account of the removal of the #aj-;in4 pipe near the reservoir1 are3 #dh1jjj #ab1gjj ----- --------- #ab1ffj x #b4efx x #d4ahc and #b4efx #aj4gjh and the discharges are3 ,from the #aj-;in4 pipe #e4hdj cu4 ft4 per sec4 #af #e4hci ,coefficients4--,on ,may #abth1 #aiji1 the #aj-;in4 line was working on a grade of #j4jccch1 and1 with n #j4jji1 ,c should have been #aca4 ,it was actually #ach1 making n #j4jjhff4 ,the #af-;in4 line was working on a grade of #j4jjcjfbe1 and1 with n #j4jji1 ,c should have been #ade4 ,it was actually #ada1 making n #j4jjib4 ,referring to the estimated hydraulic grade between ,coyote and ,corona 7,plate ,v71 the coefficients1 #j4ja and #j4jab1 were used for wood and iron1 respectively1 on which basis1 the maximum pressure at ,coyote was expected to be #cjd lb4 and1 at ,luna1 #caj lb4 per sq4 in4 ,the actual maximum at ,coyote1 with pumps at full normal speed1 was #bgj lb41 and1 at ,luna1 #bgh lb41 indicating that the values of the coefficients taken were too high4 ,this checks with the tests between ,bonito and ,nogal4 ,of course1 the iron pipe will increase in roughness1 and1 in time the pumping pressure will approach the calculated amount4 ,the interior of the iron pipe now has a smooth coat of asphalt4 ,pipe ,breakage4--,the breakage or damage to the wood pipe in shipment occurred on the ends1 the tenons being most exposed to injury from shifting in the cars4 ,the damage due to the shipment and handling of the ,elmira pipe was #a and one-half as much for the ,bay ,city pipe4 ,less than #f pieces out of #ajj1jjj laid have had to be removed from the trench4 ,the iron pipe came from ,chattanooga1 and was badly handled in transit4 ,much of it was transferred en route1 and #f was broken when received4 ,the breaks were generally cracks of the spigot end4 ,of this broken pipe1 practically all was cut and laid4 ,the average cut was about #af in4 from the spigot end of #ecc pieces4 ,this cut pipe has caused no trouble in the trench4 ,at least #bg pieces of cracked pipe got past the field inspectors and into the trench4 ,this cracked pipe began blowing out at a pressure of #ej lb41 and continued until the full normal pumping pressure was reached1 when the breaks suddenly ceased4 ,these pipes were broken out at the rate of #a or #b per day1 with an occasional day between breaks4 ,a #bd-;hour work-train service was maintained4 ,the pipe gang soon became skilled1 and could put in a new section of pipe in from #d to #f hours4 ,each break generally caused an interruption of about #f hours to the pumps on the section where it occurred4 ,the best record was #c hours and #ej min4 from the stopping to the starting of the pumps4 ,this strenuous life lasted #cj days4 ,most of these breaks were in or near the middle of the pipe4 ,evidently1 the field inspectors were not expecting cracks in that locality4 ,an inspection usually indicated that the pipe had been struck by the bell of another one in the vicinity of the break4 ,all pipes were lifted from the car carefully and laid down at the trench along the track in a single movement by a logging crane1 and were not broken in such handling4 ,three breaks only have been reported as due to defective metal or casting4 ,no break of a sound shell of full thickness has been found4 ,trenching4--,deep frosts are unknown in this section4 ,the pipe was laid so that the top was about #a ft4 below the surface of the ground4 ,the trenching was a simple matter4 ,part of the work between ,bonito and the railway on the ,carrizozo plain was done by ,buckeye ditchers4 ,all other ditching was done by a railroad plow followed by pick and shovel1 or by the two latter tools only4 ,the ditcher could open #b1jjj ft4 of trench per day1 but averaged about #ejj4 ,the plow and #ce men could open #c1ejj ft4 ,a chain about #f ft4 long separated the end of the plow beam and the double tree4 ,in this way the trench was plowed to the bottom4 ,two mules1 two men1 and a scraper could back-fill #c1ejj ft4 per day4 ,pipe ,laying4--,between ,bonito and the railway1 one gang of ten men could lay #d1jjj ft4 of #ab-;in4 pipe per day4 ,the average was much less1 owing to a variety of causes4 ,at the end1 the railway company added to the contractor's force1 and laid the last #aj miles of pipe in #g days1 there being a half dozen separate gangs at work4 ,along the railway1 the day's record on wood pipe was #d1jjj ft4 of #aa-;in41 #f1bjj ft4 of #g-a_/b-;in4 and #hcde ft4 of #c-a_/b-;in1 pipe laid by a gang of eight men after the pipe was distributed along the trench4 ,these eight men1 of whom five were ,americans1 laid #gf miles of pipe1 and became expert4 ,their operation was like the working of a clock4 ,on the #ab-;in4 iron pipe1 the regular day's work was #if joints1 or #a1aeb ft4 of pipe laid and caulked4 ,the record was #a1fdd ft4 ,two gangs laid #aja1cjj lin4 ft4 in #fj days4 ,such a gang consisted of #a foreman1 #a inspector1 #h caulkers1 #d yarners1 #a melter1 #a pourer1 #a helper1 and #aj men putting pipe into the trench4 ,cost ,data4--,the pipe from ,bonito to the railway was laid by contract4 ,the price was #ah cents per lin4 ft4 laid and back-filled from the railway to the ,nogal ,reservoir1 and #bh cents from ,nogal to ,bonito4 ,in addition1 #ej cents per ton per mile was paid for hauling pipe1 and extra compensation for setting valves4 ,from ,coyote1 east along the railway1 the work was done by the railway company under the writer's direction4 ,the total cost of laying #chd1cjj ft4 of wood pipe1 from #aa to #c-a_/b in4 in diameter1 was #ah1aef4gg1 or #d4gb cents per ft41 divided as follows3 ,ditching #j4jbdi ,laying #j4jaac ,back-filling #j4jaaj ------- ,total #j4jdgb ,this includes unloading from the cars4 ,train service cost #a_/c cent per ft4 additional4 ,the pipe gang1 including back-filling1 consisted of #a foreman1 at #ajj per month1 one assistant foreman at #ge1 and about #cj ,mexicans at #a per day4 ,the rates were the same in the ditching gang4 ,the plow team cost #f per day4 ,including all general expense1 the cost does not exceed #f cents per lin4 ft4 ,the cost of laying #aja1cjj ft4 of #ab-;in4 cast-iron pipe was #bchbf4fg1 or #bc4e cents per ft41 divided as follows3 ,ditching #j4jbdi ,laying #j4aahj ,back-filling #j4jaaj ,lead #j4jgij ,oakum #j4jjad ------- ,total #j4bcdc ,this includes train service and unloading pipe1 but nothing for tools4 ,the foreman and inspector received #ajj per month1 the caulkers1 #c2 pourer1 #c2 melter1 #b4ej2 #b pipe-men1 #b1 and laborers1 #a per day4 ,professional caulkers wanted #e per day4 ,carpenters1 blacksmiths1 and boiler-makers made good caulkers2 their work is standing perfectly under a #bge-lb4 service4 ,the cost of the pumping plants complete per horse-power is as follows3 ,pumps #gi4jj ,boilers #ah4gj ,building #da4gj ------ ,total #aci4dj per h4p4 ,the approximate cost per million gallons of storage capacity is as follows3 ,nogal ,storage ,reservoir #ajc4jj ,carrizozo ,service #c1jdj4jj ,coyote #b1hhj4jj ,luna #c1dhj4jj ,corona #b1gbj4jj ,to cover general expense1 #c should be added to all the costs above given4 ,the costs per foot of pipe-laying include the setting of all specials1 valves1 and stand-pipes4 ,the difference of cost in laying #aa-;in4 and #c-a_/b-;in4 wood pipe is not nearly as great as the difference in diameter or the total quantity laid on record days4 ,while the record is #d1jjj ft4 and #h1cde ft41 the #gf miles of pipe of all diameters were laid in a total time1 including all delays1 of #bbc days1 or an average of only #agbc ft4 per day4 ,the cost of the #aa-;in4 pipe is covered by #g cents per ft4 ,the pipe was laid by a single gang as fast as it was received from the factory4 ,the reduction from #g to #c-a_/b in4 at ,mile #bcj 7,plate ,v7 is on account of delivering water to the ,santa ,f's new transcontinental low-grade line which crosses the ,el ,paso and ,southwestern ,railway at ,vaughn1 and has a division point there4 ,on its adjacent divisions1 the ,santa ,f had the same trouble with local waters which compelled the ,el ,paso and ,southwestern to find a better supply4 ,the ,bonito water is conducted to and used at points #afj miles from its origin on ,bonito ,creek4 ,,discussion ,g4,e4,p4 ,,smith1 ,,assoc4 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4,e4 7by letter74--,the author has done great service to the ,west in demonstrating the practicability of transporting small water supplies to great distances4 ,close association with the desert is required to appreciate fully its waterless condition4 ,for most of the year there are no living waters on the surface4 ,as a rule1 ground-waters are concentrated beneath very limited areas of valley land4 ,the great masses of valley fill in some places are underdrained to great depths and in other places are so compacted and cemented as to be impervious4 ,wells sometimes are driven from #a1jjj to #b1jjj ft41 without securing any supply at all4 ,moreover1 desert ground-waters are often exceedingly hard or alkaline1 and1 therefore1 are unfit for many uses4 ,in going to the high mountains for a supply1 the author has struck a principle of wide application4 ,in many of the mountains of the ,southwest there are springs and small streams of excellent water4 ,often1 as in the case discussed1 very little storage is required4 ,these streams1 however1 are absorbed or disappear before reaching even the mouths of the caons1 and the problem has been to convey the water to distant cities and mining camps at reasonable cost4 ,there are several cities in ,arizona now possessing pumped water supplies1 which have possible gravity supplies of superior quality4 ,the writer believes that ultimately the gravity supplies will replace the pumping plants4 ,in the ,bonita pipe line1 wood-stave pipe was used for the gravity sections4 ,in other localities1 where the grade of the line is very uniform1 as would be the case down a typical clinoplain1 cement pipe is deserving of consideration4 ,it would cost no more than wood stave1 would be more durable1 and1 furthermore1 it need have no greater leakage4 ,its cost1 however1 increases rapidly when built to withstand high pressures4 ,the use of bran for determining velocities is of interest4 ,the results are in close accord with those obtained from the weir measurements4 ,in the measurement of ground-water velocities by means of salts in solution1 it is found that the velocities of different filaments of waters are extremely variable1 and a quart of salt solution1 after moving forward a few feet1 is widely dispersed4 ,it would be of value to know to what extent the bran was distributed during its #d-;hour journey through the pipe line1 and during how many minutes it was being discharged at the lower end of the line4 ,was the first appearance1 or the average time of appearance1 accepted for computing the velocity of flow8 ,,kenneth ,,allen1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4,e4 7by letter74--,from its lightness1 toughness1 flexibility1 and the facility with which it can be laid1 wood pipe has manifest advantages for use in inaccessible places and where handling is difficult2 loss in transportation is almost negligible1 it will stand much unequal settlement without cracking1 and ordinary leaks are easily repaired4 ,the coating of the bands is of such great importance that it should be inspected very thoroughly1 in order to remedy defects before the back-filling is done4 ,the writer has found ,durable ,metal ,coating an excellent preservative4 ,bands coated with this preparation were buried in a salt marsh1 and1 after a year1 the metal was found intact and the coating fresh and elastic4 ,this coating1 however1 does not adhere very firmly to a smooth metal surface1 so that1 with careless handling1 patches may become rubbed or torn off4 ,there is no advantage in coating the surface of the pipe4 ,to prevent decay1 such pipe should carry water under pressure or be laid in a saturated soil1 so that the wood of which it is made will always be saturated1 and coating the wood may interfere with this4 ,under these conditions the life of such pipe is not known1 but it is evidently very great4 ,large quantities of wood pipe have been removed from trenches in ,boston1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 and elsewhere1 usually in perfectly sound condition4 ,it was commonly made of logs of spruce1 yellow pine1 or oak1 from #ab to #ah ft4 long1 #ab to #bd in4 in diameter1 and with a bore from #c to #f in4 in diameter4 ,some #f-;in4 pipe taken up in ,philadelphia had an external diameter of #cj in4 ,the ends were usually bound with wrought-iron collars1 and adjacent lengths were connected by an iron thimble driven into the end of each piece4 ,a few years ago the writer took up more than #bjjj ft4 of wood pipe of this kind1 which had been laid in saturated soil about a century earlier4 ,it was of ,southern pine logs1 about #af in4 in diameter1 #ad-a_/b ft4 long1 and had a #e-;in4 bore4 ,joints were made with tapering cast-iron ferrules #i in4 long1 and connections to smaller service pipes were made with similar but smaller ferrules of cast brass4 ,the wood was apparently as sound as when it was first laid4 ,the use of flat iron for wrapping or banding pipe is believed to be wrong in principle4 ,round iron furnishes the requisite strength with the least exposure to corrosion1 and ensures a more perfect contact with the wood4 ,in a #db-;in4 stave pipe laid by the writer for the ,water ,department of ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4,j41 the lumber used was ,washington fir1 cypress having been found difficult to procure in sufficient quantity1 and redwood being more costly and no better4 ,in this1 his experience coincided with that of the author4 ,cedar was considered1 but could not be obtained in sufficient lengths or quantity1 and long-leaf pine which would have passed the somewhat rigid specifications would have been difficult to secure4 ,it is believed1 however1 that there is a field at least for long-leaf pine for such construction4 ,washington fir was found admirable in every respect1 and was moderate in cost at that time4 ,the bands were bent in the field1 and1 after heating in an oven for about #c min41 were dipped in bunches of five into a kettle of melted mineral rubber at a temperature of about #djj ,fahr41 and then hung up for the coating to harden4 ,this took place rapidly1 as the work was done in winter4 ,if the band were wound spirally1 the coating would have to be done in the shop1 but field coating is preferable1 as it avoids injury to the coating during transportation4 ,an advantage of wood pipe for conveying water is its low coefficient of friction4 ,the results obtained by the author 7n #j4jjhff to #j4jjib7 appear to be very low as compared with determinations made for wood-stave pipe4 ,kutter's coefficient for the latter varies from #j4jjif in the case of the #cj-;in4 pipe at ,denver1,b to from #j4jab to #j4jae as determined by ,messrs4 ,marx1 ,wing1 and ,hoskins for the #gb-;in4 pipe of the ,pioneer ,power ,plant of ,ogden4,c ,probably #j4jaa would be a fairly safe figure to use in designing new work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,details ,,of ,,old ,,wood ,,pipe4 ,j4,l4 ,,campbell1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4,e4 7by letter74--,referring to ,mr4 ,smith's question about the velocity measurements by bran1 the first appearance of the bran and the colors was taken because the intervals of time given thereby were in close accord among themselves and with the weir measurements4 ,the time from the first trace of bran or color until final disappearance varied between #ae and #bj min4 ,bran in abundance or pronounced color showed in #b min4 after the first appearance1 while the disappearance or fading was noticeable after a period of from #g to #aj min4 ,it required #b-a_/b min4 to get the bran or colors into the intake at the head of the line and leave the water clear4 ,footnote ,b3 ,transactions1 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4,e41 ,vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #bf4 ,footnote ,c3 ,journal1 ,new ,england ,water ,works ,assoc41 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #bgi4 ,mr4 ,allen refers to the bored wood pipe laid many years ago in ,eastern cities4 ,the writer's experience indicates that a bored pipe will not deliver as much water as a planed stave pipe1 on account of the greater interior roughness of the former4 ,referring to the profile1 the #h-a_/b-;in4 pipe between ,corona and ,duran had a theoretical capacity of #gdd1jjj gal4 per day4 ,a recent test showed it to be delivering water at the rate of #gei1jjj gal4 per day4 ,the #c-a_/b-;in4 pipe between ,vaughn and ,pastura had a theoretical capacity of #hd #jjj gal4 per day4 ,it delivers only #fe1jjj gal4 per day4 ,there are #e miles of bored pipe on the upper end of this section4 ,pressure gaugings show a hydraulic gradient in excess of the theoretical on the bored pipe1 whereas the stave pipe on the lower end carries the #fe1jjj gal4 on a flatter gradient than the theoretical one4 ,experience on this pipe line indicates that n #j4jji1 in ,kutter's formula1 closely approximates the capacity of planed wood stave pipes of #h to #af in4 in diameter4 ,the writer favors the use of #j4ja as conservative and economical4 ,with equal exposure to corrosion1 the round band is undoubtedly the better1 but the flat band has the advantage of being completely buried in the protective coat of the particular kind of wood pipe under consideration4