,,transcriber',s ,,note3 ,the ,esperanto alphabet contains #bh characters4 ,these are the characters of ,english1 but with q1 w1 x1 and y removed1 and six diacritical letters added4 ,the diacritical letters are c1 g1 h1 j and s with circumflexes 7or hats1 as ,esperantists fondly call them71 and u with a breve4 ,zamenhof himself suggested that where the diacritical letters caused difficulty1 one could instead use ch1 gh1 hh1 jh1 sh and u4 ,a plain ,,ascii file is one such place2 there are no ,,ascii codes for ,esperanto's special letters4 ,however1 there are two problems with ,zamenhof's h-method4 ,there is no difference between u and u with a breve1 and there is no way to determine 7without prior knowledge of the word7s7 involved1 and sometimes a bit of context7 whether an h following one of those other five letters is really the second half of a diacritical pair1 or just an h that happened to find itself next to one of them4 ,consequently other1 unambiguous1 methods have been used over the years4 ,one is the x-method1 which uses the digraphs cx1 gx1 hx1 jx1 sx and ux to represent the special letters4 ,there is no ambiguity because the letter x is not an ,esperanto letter1 and each diacritical letter has a unique transliteration4 ,this is the method used in the ,,ascii ,however1 in the discussion of the name ,washington1 ,w and sh were indeed used in the original document4 ,esparanto and flexbility were also found in the original document and retained1 along with a than where a then was probably intended4 ,in addition1 the #g-;bit ,,ascii version of this book uses the ,german -e convention to represent characters with umlauts4 ,the #h-;bit ,,ascii version uses the ,,iso-#hhei-a character set to represent these ,german and ,volapk characters4 ,the ,,html version uses ,unicode and therefore displays properly all the characters for the languages444 including ,esperanto6 ,,esperanto ,,hearings ,,before ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,house ,,of ,,representatives ,,sixty-,,third ,,congress ,,second ,,session ,,on ,h4 ,,res4 #dae ,a ,,resolution ,,providing ,,for ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,esperanto ,,as ,,an ,,auxiliary ,,language ,,statements ,,of ,,hon4 ,,richard ,,bartholdt ,a ,,representative ,,from ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,missouri ,,and ,,prof4 ,a4 ,,christen ------------ ,,march #ag1 #aiad ------------ ,,washington ,,government ,,printing ,,office #aiad ,,committee ,,on ,,education4 ,,house ,,of ,,representatives1 ,,sixty-,,third ,,congress4 ,,dudley ,m4 ,,hughes1 ,georgia1 ,chairman4 ,,william ,w4 ,,rucker1 ,missouri4 ,,james ,f4 ,,burke1 ,pennsylvania4 ,,robert ,l4 ,,doughton1 ,north ,carolina4 ,,caleb ,,powers1 ,kentucky4 ,,john ,w4 ,,abercrombie1 ,alabama4 ,,horace ,m4 ,,towner1 ,iowa4 ,j4 ,,thompson ,,baker1 ,new ,jersey4 ,,edmund ,,platt1 ,new ,york4 ,,john ,r4 ,,clancy1 ,new ,york4 ,,allen ,t4 ,,treadway1 ,massachusetts4 ,,thomas ,c4 ,,thacher1 ,massachusetts4 ,,simeon ,d4 ,,fess1 ,ohio4 ,,stephen ,a4 ,,hoxworth1 ,illinois4 ,,arthur ,r4 ,,rupley1 ,pennsylvania4 ,james ,l4 ,fort1 ,clerk4 ,,esperanto4 --------- ,,house ,,of ,,representatives1 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,tuesday1 ,march #ag1 #aiad ,the committee this day met1 ,hon4 ,dudley ,m4 ,hughes 7chairman7 presiding4 ,,statement ,,of ,,hon4 ,,richard ,,bartholdt1 ,a ,,representative ,,in ,,congress ,,from ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,missouri4 ,mr4 ,,bartholdt4 ,mr4 ,chairman and gentlemen1 ,i do not wish to occupy your time1 for the reason that ,i can be here almost any time1 while ,prof4 ,christen has made a special trip from ,new ,york for this purpose1 and ,i should like to give him all the time you can afford to devote to this bill4 ,i merely wish to say1 in explanation1 that ,i have not1 as you will notice1 introduced this bill by request2 ,i have assumed responsibility for it personally because ,i thoroughly believe in it4 ,i first introduced the bill in the shape of a request to the ,committee on ,education to investigate the subject2 that is1 as to the practicability and advisability of introducing ,esperanto as an auxiliary language in the public schools4 ,that resolution was referred to the ,committee on ,rules and1 of course1 ,i could not get any action in that committee1 and for that reason ,i introduced the bill in its present form1 which merely provides that ,esperanto be taught as a part of the course of study in the schools of ,washington1 this being the only jurisdiction we have in the matter of education4 ,we ,americans are known the world over as being deficient in the knowledge of languages4 ,i think we might as well admit that4 ,while every other nation is teaching two or three languages in its schools we have failed to do so1 and yet the requirements of international trade and commerce make it absolutely essential that our young men should be taught at least one language or two languages besides their own4 ,now1 this being the case and ,esperanto now being taken up by nearly all the civilized countries as an auxiliary language1 how easy it would be for us1 instead of compelling our children in the schools to learn ,spanish1 ,french1 and ,german1 to simply take one lesson a week in ,esperanto and thereby enable this nation to correspond and communicate in a common language with all the other nations of the world4 ,the ,,chairman4 ,your idea would be that the various nations would understand ,esperanto1 and that whenever they would use that language all would understand and comprehend it8 ,is that your idea8 ,mr4 ,,bartholdt4 ,yes4 ,i want to say that there is a movement on foot in nearly every civilized country to make ,esperanto a part of the course of study in the schools4 ,if that were carried out1 each country would learn its own language and ,esperanto1 in ,england ,english and ,esperanto1 and so on1 so that the international language would really be ,esperanto4 ,as one who has studied languages to some extent ,i can feel the shortcomings and handicaps of a man who1 for instance1 having studied ,french for some time1 comes to ,paris4 ,the very moment you open your mouth the people will notice that you are a foreigner1 no matter how well you speak ,french1 so that the other man1 the native1 has a certain advantage over you4 ,but if that ,frenchman were obliged to speak ,esperanto with you then you would be on a common level and neither would have an advantage over the other4 ,i have read in several of the ,esperanto newspapers that1 for instance1 in ,england the great manufacturing establishments are now printing their catalogues and price lists in ,esperanto1 and that other publications are sent all over the world printed in that language1 in matters of trade and commerce4 ,so you can see it is coming4 ,and since we have not overcrowded the minds of our children with languages as yet1 ,i think it would be advisable and profitable for us to start with ,esperanto4 ,i want to add that it is a very easy language4 ,i have learned it in four lessons4 ,of course ,i have not had the time to keep it up1 and you must keep in practice4 ,the ,,chairman4 ,does ,esperanto partake more of the ,spanish language8 ,mr4 ,,bartholdt4 ,no4 ,for an ,english speaking person it is very easy to learn1 because it is composed of words taken from the ,english language1 some from the ,german language1 and some from the ,latin4 ,but the whole construction of the language is so remarkably simple1 that you will wonder why it is that a universal language of that kind has not been introduced before for the use of civilized men4 ,that is all ,i wish to say1 gentlemen1 and ,i take pleasure in introducing ,prof4 ,christen1 of ,new ,york1 to you1 whom ,i regard as one of the greatest living experts in that language and a missionary for ,esperanto4 ,,statement ,,of ,,prof4 ,a4 ,,christen1 #df ,,manhattan ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york ,,city4 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,mr4 ,chairman and gentlemen1 this is quite a novel experience to me4 ,i do not even know how these hearings are carried on1 but ,i am entirely at your disposal and shall be very glad to answer questions4 ,if ,i had my own way ,i would like to speak for at least an hour and a half or two hours1 but ,i understand that you can not give me so much time4 ,therefore1 it will be rather difficult to put in all the information ,i would like to lay before you4 ,i should like to tell you something about the absurd and ridiculous linguistic chaos to which the world has been brought through those great agencies of progress which have now practically abolished distance and brought the ends of the earth nearer to each other than were the opposite frontiers of the smallest kingdom #djj years ago2 7#a7a then about the advisability1 nay1 the absolute necessity of an international language2 how various attempts have been made to meet this growing demand for a special international language1 not for home consumption but only for intercourse with all other nations1 and why this one is1 in my opinion and in that of many wiser men1 bound to succeed1 and that is because it absolutely fills the bill and is fool-proof2 as a scientific and at the same time practical scheme1 it can not be improved upon4 ,next1 ,i should like to speak about the reason why neither ,english1 nor any other living language1 can ever become international4 ,no living language can become international because they are all too difficult1 too complicated1 and not neutral2 7#b7 and then1 perhaps1 ,i ought to give you a few outlines of the construction of ,esperanto to show you why it is so easy1 how it meets all the requirements of the case1 and is going to succeed4 ,however1 ,i do not suppose ,i shall be able to do all of this1 and1 therefore1 will merely take a few points4 #a,see additions to verbatim report of hearing4 ,dr4 ,bartholdt has mentioned to you the movement that is already in existence for ,esperanto4 ,here is the official yearbook of the ,universala ,esperanto-,asocio 7#c71 the best-organized international society that the movement has yet produced4 ,this society is called the ,universal ,esperanto ,association4 ,it is not a propaganda society1 but purely a commercial league for the coordained use of the language1 not merely for the spread of it1 but for its practical use among those who have already learned it4 ,this association has #fih branches throughout the world1 and is in its sixth year4 ,here is a map showing the places in which the society is represented1 and to-day1 if ,i want any information on any industrial1 commercial1 educational1 scientific1 or any other matter--say1 in ,portugal1 ,russia1 ,japan1 ,spain1 ,belgium1 ,holland1 or ,china1 etc4--,i look up the place nearest to the district from which ,i want that information and find the address of the ,esperanto center there4 ,then ,i write to the delegate and ask for the information in ,esperanto1 and no matter what language he speaks at home ,i will get a reply in ,esperanto1 and he will take any amount of trouble to satisfy my demands4 ,this society has done a remarkable amount of excellent work in the last five years1 and ,esperanto is more and more used for all practical international purposes4 ,now1 ,dr4 ,bartholdt told you about many commercial houses in different countries already using ,esperanto practically1 that is to say1 actually using it for their business purposes internationally1 printing their circulars1 price lists1 catalogues1 and so on1 in ,esperanto1 and using it for correspondence4 ,i am reminded that seven years ago1 in the north of ,scotland1 ,i saw a communication to a ,scotch railroad company from a ,french railroad company written in ,english1 but across the communication there were stamped the words1 ,we correspond in ,esperanto4 ,and that was six or seven years ago1 and since that time ,esperanto has made very great strides4 ,i have here a number of trade catalogues in ,esperanto1 and you will see from the nature of them that they are really very elaborate things and on which these firms have spent a great deal of money1 which they would not do if they did not think the thing was actually paying4 ,i have only about #dj such samples here because ,i can not carry them all about with me4 ,for instance1 here is a very elaborate1 costly1 and handsome catalogue from the biggest firm of photographic instrument makers in ,germany1 and1 ,i believe1 in the world4 ,here is a pamphlet issued by the ,chamber of ,commerce of ,los ,angeles1 a very attractive pamphlet4 ,that was published in order to attract ,european immigration to that portion of ,california1 and that same chamber of commerce has made large use of ,esperanto for that purpose4 ,two years ago they sent a man to lecture all over ,europe and in some parts of ,asia on the attractions of ,california4 ,that lecturer visited #bg different countries2 he lectured in #abj different towns during #ah months and every one of his lectures was given in ,esperanto1 and in several places he was obliged to give his lecture two or three times1 because the crowds that came were so large that it was impossible for everybody who desired to hear the lecture to get in at the same time4 ,there were large numbers of people in every place who actually understood him2 all did not understand him1 but a large number did in every town4 ,for instance1 in ,paris and ,barcelona there are many thousands who understand ,esperanto4 ,here is another ,german firm in ,berlin4 ,here is a bookseller in ,paris issuing a catalogue entirely in ,esperanto4 ,here is a leaflet about the ,panama ,exposition published in ,esperanto4 ,here is the town of ,baden1 a watering place near ,vienna4 ,they publish a guide of their town in ,esperanto4 ,here is a catalogue issued by the ,oliver ,typewriter ,co4 printed in ,esperanto4 ,cook's famous touring agency has used ,esperanto for the last seven years4 ,here is a ,scotch tea firm publishing a circular in ,esperanto4 ,here is a bicycle-saddle maker in ,germany using ,esperanto for publicity4 ,here is a ,berlin taximeter catalogue in ,esperanto4 ,two years ago there was held in ,leipsic the greatest hygienic exposition ever held anywhere4 ,it was the most successful of its kind up to date1 and hundreds of thousands of people attended from all over the world4 ,in that exposition ,esperanto was used to a great extent and the exhibition authorities published a guide to the exposition in ,esperanto4 ,here is a railroad company that uses ,esperanto4 ,a great many railroad companies in ,europe already use it4 ,they issue regional guides to the most attractive parts of their districts in ,esperanto4 ,here is a ,paris automobile company with a circular in ,esperanto4 ,here is the biggest iron works in ,england1 the ,consett ,iron ,co41 of ,durham1 a firm that employs #cj1jjj hands1 and that firm publishes its catalogues and price lists in ,esperanto4 ,this is only one of their ,esperanto publications4 ,here is a circular issued by a ,paris department store4 ,all the big department stores of ,paris not only use ,esperanto in their publications1 but actually have interpreters for ,esperanto in their stores4 ,the biggest ink firm in the world--the ,stephens ,blue ,ink ,co41 in ,london--use this language for their correspondence4 ,about six years ago they began to use ,esperanto and published their advertisements and their circulars for foreign trade entirely in ,esperanto4 ,the town of ,antwerp publishes an illustrated guide of the town in ,esperanto4 ,here is a very big ,anglo-,american firm of medical supplies1 ,burroughs1 ,wellcome ,co41 and they use ,esperanto in many of their circulars4 ,the ,government of ,brazil three years ago sent a man to lecture in ,europe as to the attractions of ,brazil4 ,that man lectured in ,paris to an audience of #c1jjj people entirely in ,esperanto1 and the ,government published his lecture in that language4 ,here is a curious document4 ,this was issued by the anti-alcohol congress in ,italy last year1 and you will notice that ,esperanto is used1 and that it is recommended as the only remedy against the language trouble which entirely hampered the deliberations of this congress1 as it does all international conventions of every kind4 ,i will hand this to ,mrs4 ,crafts1 because she will be able to tell you more about it1 since she was there4 ,that is the commercial side of it1 and these are only a very few samples of the actual and practical use being made of ,esperanto in this one alone4 ,i could produce1 no doubt1 a great many more such examples1 but ,i can not carry them all about with me4 ,here are some #fj to #gj guide leaflets published by so many different towns in ,france1 in ,italy1 in ,austria1 in ,germany1 in ,england1 and in several other countries--leaflets printed in ,esperanto for the use of foreigners and tourists4 ,they give them information in ,esperanto about the various things they might first need to know on arriving at those cities4 ,for instance1 here is ,milan1 ,italy1 and ,poitiers1 ,france1 and ,insbruck4 ,austria1 and ,tavia1 ,italy1 and ,davos1 ,switzerland1 and so on4 ,in the same line here are #bj more elaborate guidebooks to various towns in ,europe1 published entirely in ,esperanto by the local authorities4 ,of course1 you will not have the time to look at all these things just now1 but ,i will leave them with you4 ,then1 again1 ,i think ,i can safely say that there are over #ajj periodicals published in ,esperanto in different countries4 ,esperanto is making very rapid progress in ,japan and ,china2 for instance1 ,i have here an excellent ,esperanto paper published by a native society in ,japan4 ,the ,,chairman4 ,in what nation is it progressing most rapidly8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,that is difficult to say1 but seven years ago ,france was at the head1 and ,germany did not take it up for a long time4 ,then about five or six years ago ,england shot ahead of ,france1 and then suddenly ,germany took it up1 and now ,i think ,germany is ahead of all the other countries in the practical use of ,esperanto4 ,but it is making good progress everywhere--in ,france1 in ,england1 in ,denmark1 in ,bulgaria1 in ,spain1 in ,south ,america1 in ,germany1 in ,india1 in ,china1 and in ,japan4 ,in ,germany the authorities and scientific people have very strongly espoused ,esperanto4 ,for instance1 the ,government of ,saxony sustains financially an ,esperanto institute in ,dresden1 and that does a great deal of good work4 ,the ,government of ,saxony is also a large contributor to an ,esperanto library1 which is the biggest in the world1 as yet4 ,and in many towns in ,spain1 in ,germany1 and in ,france1 especially in ,france1 whenever an ,esperanto lecturer goes into a town he gets a stipend from the town2 the town pays out of the city funds the expenses of his propaganda1 or partly pays them2 they contribute #ej or #ajj francs1 and frequently more1 according to the size of the place4 ,that is the practice in many places in other countries besides ,france1 but especially in ,france4 ,even the ,russian ,government gives financial aid to ,esperanto propaganda4 ,the ,,chairman4 ,as ,i understand it1 this is not supposed to be a universal language8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,no2 an international language4 ,the ,,chairman4 ,but at the same time it is a language in which all the universe can meet upon a common plane and converse8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,that is the intention1 to give the whole of the civilized world one and the same secondary language4 ,the ,,chairman4 ,in which they can all meet on a common plane8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,yes2 no matter where you may go1 if you know ,esperanto1 you shall not be a foreigner anywhere4 ,the intention is to do away with this terrible handicap of being unable to converse with your fellow men of the various countries you may visit unless you learn all or most of those languages1 a thing which1 as you know1 is in most cases quite impossible4 ,it is the intention to have all the nations understand ,esperanto1 and by that means make it possible for all the peoples of the world to commune directly with each other4 ,the time has come in the world's history when a common vehicle of human expression is absolutely necessary1 and the barrier of ,babel must fall1 as mostly all other obstacles to free intercourse have already fallen1 before the triumphant advance of modern science and technology4 ,it is positively fatuous and futile to ask the modern man1 be he in commerce or science or what not1 to become an expert in his particular line of endeavor and a polyglot besides4 ,it can not be done4 ,languages are too many and each one too complicated for our crowded curricula4 ,the obligatory study of foreign languages belongs to a remote past when there existed no sciences and no industrial arts1 when life was less crowded and when there were fewer world languages4 ,even less than a hundred years ago a man was an accomplished cosmopolitan if he knew ,french and his own mother tongue4 ,to-day he wants and ought to be conversant with ,french1 ,german1 and ,spanish1 at the very least1 besides ,english1 and before long he will have to tackle ,russian and ,japanese4 ,as a matter of fact in some of the ,european countries and in ,south ,america the school children actually spend from #ce to #fj per cent of the school time in acquiring that sort of an education1 which is really not education at all but only a means to an end4 ,the ,,chairman4 ,what progress has ,esperanto made in the ,united ,states8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,in this matter the ,united ,states is behind all other progressive countries4 ,there have been many sporadic efforts made and there are ,esperanto groups in different places from ,new ,york and ,boston to ,chicago1 ,san ,francisco1 ,seattle1 ,portland1 ,tacoma1 etc41 but as a national movement it is not what it should be1 and the difficulty is1 to far as ,i can make it out1 the enormous size of the country4 ,it is difficult for a society1 without very large funds1 to carry on an effective propaganda all over the country4 ,then another difficulty is that ,americans are not generally very much given to what ,i should call ethical ideas of this kind1 that offer no immediate and sudden cash returns1 until they really become a craze or until a certain class1 perhaps1 takes them up4 7#d7 ,let us not forget also that the ,american people are not so much in touch with the language difficulty as are other countries1 and they do not yet appreciate the enormous use that ,esperanto will be to them1 for1 in my opinion1 no white people will benefit more from ,esperanto than will the ,american people1 chiefly because like all ,english-speaking nations they are very poor linguists4 ,then it is becoming more and more acknowledged among educational people that the ,english language is the only language that can not be taught4 ,it is well known that if you put educated people from different countries together the ,anglo-,saxon will invariably be the one who understands his own language least4 ,that is due to the peculiar construction of the ,english language4 ,however1 ,esperanto would not be difficult for the ,american people because it is so scientific1 so logical1 and entirely free of all irregularities4 ,prof4 ,mayer1 of the ,university of ,oxford1 learned ,esperanto in his seventy-ninth year4 ,i heard him make a speech in the language about six or seven days after he took it up1 and he declared that ,esperanto ought to be introduced into the educational system of the country4 ,he was professor of the ,latin language at the ,oxford ,university4 ,he declared ,esperanto ought to be introduced into the schools1 into the kindergartens1 where children of #e years of age should begin with ,esperanto1 and ,i hold with him1 because if children were to learn ,esperanto it would be of help to them in their ,english4 ,it is extremely easy to learn and can be learned in a very pleasant fashion1 because it is so scientific and so simple4 7#e7 ,if children understood ,esperanto1 they would understand ,english better1 and much of the time we waste in trying to teach them ,english would be profitably spent1 for they would have something to go upon1 something to compare ,english with1 and that something so scientific and so logical as ,esperanto4 ,take1 for instance1 analysis4 ,i will not say it is difficult but ,i will say it is impossible to analyze an ,english word1 because every word can be so many things4 ,it can generally be an adjective1 a noun1 a verb1 a preposition1 a conjunction1 and an interjection1 that is1 the same word1 without any structural change1 so that it is difficult for a child to discriminate and label the word4 ,take the word benefited4 ,that might be used in the past tense 7,i benefited71 or as a past participle3 7,we may have benefited71 and it is impossible for a child to sense the difference1 and such confusion occurs to a great extent with most words in the ,english language4 ,i am a teacher of languages and have done nothing all my life but study and impart languages4 ,if ,i had to teach you gentlemen1 say1 ,french upon the theory that you were going on an important mission this day #ab months1 and that it was absolutely necessary that you should speak ,french 7or any other language that ,i could impart you7 by that time1 ,i would say it was impossible for a number of busy men to acquire a new language inside one year2 that ,i could not guarantee useful results1 but that if you would take two months to start with for the learning of ,esperanto1 then ,i might be able to teach you the other language in the rest of the time1 because ,esperanto is the best foundation for learning any language4 ,and1 as ,i say1 an ,english-speaking student1 be he young or old1 knowing ,esperanto would more easily distinguish the parts of speech in ,english and possess a real and valuable linguistic feeling 7which he now entirely lacks7 because of his ,esperanto4 ,the ,,chairman4 ,is ,esperanto made up of the derivatives of the various languages8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,i will explain that1 if you like1 in a very few words4 ,esperanto is the work of a ,polish scholar1 ,dr4 ,ludovico ,l4 ,zamenhof1 who started with an inspired mind4 ,i should say he was a great genius4 ,he had studied a large number of languages1 for1 as a boy1 nay1 as a child in the cradle1 he spoke four languages1 because so many different languages were actually spoken in his home town4 ,then at school he learned several more and it is due to this polyglotic experience and the evils caused daily by ,babel in his own circle that as a child1 almost1 he conceived the idea of constructing a language that should at once and for all time put an end to a foolish and intolerable situation4 ,he must have been inspired in what he did1 because he at once hit upon the only possible solution of the thing1 and he hit upon it without knowing that scores of others1 older and more learned1 had tried the same thing and failed4 ,his first stroke of genius was in the composing of his entire vocabulary by borrowing all his words from well-known sources4 ,with the true insight of the genius he decided that the words of an artificial international language must be taken from international sources1 and so he first of all hit upon the good idea to use first of all those words which are already common to most languages1 and there are a great many more such words than we have dreamed of4 ,he decided that that should be the starting point of his world tongue1 because everybody would know those words to start with4 ,take the names of animals and produce that come from certain parts of the world and carry their names with them1 such as elephant1 tiger1 lion1 camel1 and a great many more4 ,take the rose3 the rose is a rose in every language2 so an orange1 a lemon1 a nut1 and tea1 coffee1 and tobacco1 etc41 are the same in most languages4 ,they may not be spelled the same or pronounced the same1 but they are international1 and therefore they are ,esperanto4 ,that was the foundation of the vocabulary in ,zamenhof's new language--take words that everybody would know and use them in ,esperanto 7#f74 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,how do you determine those common names8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,well1 he formed his vocabulary2 he selected these words because they were international--to the exclusion of anything else4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,well1 that was not definite2 it might be enlarged8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,oh1 yes4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,what was the vocabulary that he first issued8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,offhand1 ,i think1 about #ifc words4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,what is the vocabulary now8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,probably about #c1jjj words4 ,now1 ,i have dealt with the so-called international words2 but the bulk of every language consists of what ,i would call home words1 which every country has for its own2 and the only way to bring equivalents for such words into the language was to select them from all the principal languages under consideration1 which means1 of course1 the ,european languages and to select these words on the principle of greatest internationality--that is to say1 such verbs as to come1 to do1 to write1 etc41 or the nouns1 hand1 knife1 water1 table1 etc41 or adjectives1 like good1 bad1 healthy1 etc4 ,before he put these words into his vocabulary1 ,zamenhof had their equivalents in all the ,european languages before him1 and then he took from the whole list the root which was the most prominent1 the root that occurred oftenest1 and this became ,esperanto1 the idea being that the words selected should be common to at least four or five different languages4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,you do not mean that1 do you8 ,you do not mean that the only words you would put into the ,esperanto vocabulary would be those that might be common to at least four or five of the principal languages8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,yes2 whenever it is possible to find such words1 and the words do not conflict with the general harmony of the language4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,that is what ,i thought you meant4 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,the consequence is that a language formed on these lines must be a ,latin or ,romance language because ,latin gave birth to at least six languages3 ,french1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 ,portuguese1 ,roumanian1 and ,english1 and besides1 ,latin and ,french have influenced and enriched the literature and languages of every other modern nation4 ,the dictionary of ,latin words contained1 for instance1 in ,russian or ,german would be a very large volume indeed4 ,it is a fact that all modern attempts at making an artificial language1 and their name is legion1 especially since the acknowledged success of ,esperanto1 are based on ,latin4 ,consequently also1 the international language must be largely ,english1 because mostly those ,latin words will be chosen that are common at least to ,french and ,english4 ,i have lectured to hundreds of ,english audiences1 and ,i have given them numerous examples of ,esperanto words in my lectures that could be easily understood by everybody4 ,take the words skribi1 to write2 lerni1 to learn2 mangxi1 to eat2 trinki1 to drink2 tablo1 a table2 glaso1 a glass2 nazo1 the nose1 and busxo1 the mouth2 mano1 the hand2 take the adjectives1 bona1 bela1 granda1 kapabla1 etc4 ,few1 indeed1 are the ,esperanto words that do not connect at all with the ,english2 in most cases1 in at least #hg cases out of #ajj1 you will find those words connect with one or many ,english words4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,you mean that #hg per cent of the words now in the ,esperanto vocabulary are formative words8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,yes3 they are connected with the ,english language1 and from each ,esperanto word you can form mechanically absolutely every word that sense and logic can possibly connect with the one and only meaning of the original ,esperanto word4 ,i am accustomed to lecturing before audiences and making this statement1 which ,i make without fear of contradiction1 that if all of you were to take up ,esperanto now and carry it on until you were as expert in it as ,i am1 you would not in the whole of your studies come across more than #fj words1 probably not more than #ej words1 which are entirely new to you4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,of course1 a vocabulary of #c1jjj words is a very limited vocabulary2 it is a primitive vocabulary8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,yes8 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,how are you going to increase it8 ,for instance1 how are you going to make it a literary language8 ,how are you going to write poems8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,personally ,i should not want an international language for poetry1 although ,esperanto does in fact lend itself excellently to the purposes of the muses4 ,but to answer your question3 ,first of all1 the ,esperanto language does not contain any words at all2 ,i think there are only #ach full-fledged words1 prepositions1 adverbs1 and conjunctions1 but the rest of the vocabulary is formed of roots only4 ,let us take the words to sew1 to stitch4 ,the root is kudr4 ,it is only a root1 and that alone stands in the vocabulary4 ,now1 if you want to make this root into a noun o is added to it1 kudro3 if you want to make it an adjective1 you add a to it1 kudra2 if you want to make it an adverb you add e1 kudre1 which would mean by or through sewing1 sewingly1 if it could be so expressed in ,english2 and if you want to make it a verb it would be kudri1 because every infinitive ends in i4 ,you see1 with that root to begin with you can form four words1 and you can express a great deal more in ,esperanto than anybody can possibly imagine2 in fact ,esperanto is1 on account of its perfect and absolutely complete flexibility1 more precise and more comprehensive than any language under the sun4 ,as ,i said before1 you can form four words from every root at the start if sense allows it1 and sense allows you a great deal more leeway in ,esperanto than anybody can possibly know about1 because in no language are you allowed to proceed by sense4 ,the ,english language does not allow it1 nor does any other1 not oven ,german or ,greek1 but it is allowed in this most logical of all languages1 ,esperanto4 7#g7 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,take the illustration you have just used4 ,we say ,the sewing is beautiful4 and ,we find her sewing assiduously4 ,now1 we use the same word1 but the formation of the sentence determines whether or not it is a noun or a verb4 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,you mean the distinction between the participle and the noun8 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,yes4 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,with your permission ,i will not answer that particularly1 but will deal with the whole subject4 ,i want to say that from every root you form four words1 the four principal parts of speech4 ,and the first thing to remember is this positive stroke of genius--that every noun ends with o1 every adjective with a1 every derived adverb with e1 and every infinitive with i4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,how would you carry that to proper names8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,london would be ,londono2 ,robert is ,roberto1 but proper names you are at liberty to do with as you please2 give them the ,esperanto ending or leave them in the original form4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,what about ,washington8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,washingtono4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,i mean1 you would really change it8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,yes2 if you prefer it2 that is1 if it sounds better4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,in the language8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,for instance1 if you were speaking about the city of ,washington1 you would not say ,washington1 but ,washingtono8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,you will find it frequently printed as ,washingtono4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,why do you do that1 because ,washingtono is not the name of the city8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,let me say that you say ,london in ,english1 but that is not ,french4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,but we always spell ,paris the ,french way1 although we do not pronounce it the same way2 that is1 ,paree4 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,but ,london is not ,london in ,french2 it is ,londres in ,french4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,do you mean to say that if a letter were addressed to ,london from ,paris the ,frenchman would not pronounce and write it ,london but ,londres8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,yes4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,he does not say ,london8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,no1 he says ,londres4 ,and the same is true with ,dover2 ,dover is not ,french2 ,the ,french would be ,douvres4 ,however1 ,i want to say this1 that after the first three or four years after ,i took up ,esperanto geographical or proper names were left optional and they were not given any particular spelling in the ,esperanto language and are not now4 ,many ,esperantists now would say ,washington and ,london4 ,but you can make the change if you want to4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,internationally1 has not that come to be the custom1 to pronounce the geographical names and proper names in the way they are pronounced in the country in which they originate8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,i think so4 ,as ,i said1 there is no arbitrary rule about personal names or geographical names4 ,now1 let me proceed with this marvelous scheme and repeat that every part of speech is distinctive in itself2 that is the reason a child1 when it follows ,esperanto1 will not find ,english so hard and will understand ,english better than in any other way4 ,such a child will understand ,english far better than if it did not understand ,esperanto1 and that is a statement ,i often make in my lectures4 ,mr4 ,,ripley4 ,we had a man here the other day who has a language which he claims is an improvement on ,esperanto4 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,yes8 ,mr4 ,,ripley4 ,he is from ,ohio1 ,i believe4 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,i know4 ,since ,esparanto began to move forward there have been at least #cj to #dj different schemes elaborated1 and that is easily done4 ,you can do it overnight4 ,but there is no scheme that has ever touched and no scheme that can ever touch ,esperanto1 because it has hit the mark from the first4 7#h7 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,what do you do with adverbs8 ,do they have a definite form8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,every derived adverb ends in e4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,so you could not distinguish from the form between a verb and an adverb1 could you8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,perfectly4 ,the adverb ends in e and the infinitive ends in i4 ,mr4 ,,ripley4 ,it is your contention that children will do better in ,english if they acquire a knowledge of ,esperanto8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,undoubtedly2 this is a statement ,i make in my lectures3 ,if you gentlemen will give me a number of children aged #d or #e years ,i will give them a quarter of an hour's pleasant explanation about grammar1 that is ,esperanto grammar1 and they will understand it after a quarter of an hour's explanation2 then ,i will jumble together a number of blocks1 with various words on these blocks1 and ,i will say to these children pick out every noun1 and they will be able to do it--that is1 pick the nouns from the adjectives--and so with every part of speech4 ,the ,,chairman4 ,because they will know to a certainty8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,yes2 every word tells its own tale on account of its distinctive ending4 ,now1 that is a thing you can not do in ,english2 that nobody can do in ,english1 because we can not tell the parts of speech simply by the appearance of the words2 we can only know from the context and that is not always easy6 ,the ,,chairman4 ,how does that apply to other languages8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,the same thing applies more or less to all1 because they are all irregular2 they were not formed2 they have growd like ,topsy4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,the ,latin language is more regular8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,yes3 but it does not begin to compare with ,esperanto4 ,now1 we have had these four words1 and ,i want to proceed a little further1 and ,i will take up something that will help me to answer your questions4 ,if ,i had to teach you gentlemen ,french ,i would have to make you commit to memory #b1ffg endings and contractions for the verb alone2 it would take you months and months to learn that alone4 ,the same absurdities and even worse occur in ,italian1 in ,spanish1 in ,german1 in ,english1 and in all so-called natural languages4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,and we never could learn these irregularities and exceptions4 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,well1 if you did learn them you would never remember them at the right time because the whole scheme is so complicated4 ,this is only one of the many reasons which make us so shy at speaking foreign languages4 ,now1 the same thing is true of ,german1 and of all other languages1 but it is not true of ,esperanto4 ,i will teach you the whole ,esperanto conjugation in five minutes and you will never forget it1 because there is nothing to remember4 ,you already know that a noun ends in o and that the infinitive ends in i1 and so on3 there is absolutely no difficulty whatever4 7#i7 ,now1 ,i am sorry ,i have to speak so rapidly1 because ,i would like to give you more information4 ,the ,,chairman4 ,we would be glad to have you add to your remarks4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,you can extend your remarks4 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,since my time is up and1 indeed1 far exceeded1 ,i will be very glad to do so4 ,but before ,i leave you1 let me read one or two items1 which will only take two minutes more4 ,here is a quotation from the ,british ,esperantist1 of ,november1 #aiac1 showing the progress ,esperanto is making3 ,the central ,esperanto bureau1 of ,paris1 gives the following statistics3 ,in #ahhi1 there had been published #bi books in ,esperanto2 in #ahii1 #abh2 in #aiaj1 #a1eed2 in #aiab 7to ,august #cj71 #a1hcg4 ,enough already to keep most readers going for full five years of ,sundays1 and the output1 both of bookshop and of press1 is increasing daily4 ,mr4 ,,towner4 ,in a general way1 what is the character of this literature8 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,up to now chiefly textbooks for learning ,esperanto1 such as this little book indicating1 which can be purchased for #aj cents4 ,you can learn the whole mechanism of the language from one of these little books4 ,then there are a great many other publications1 translations1 scientific articles1 etc41 and we have already several novels originally written in the new language4 ,mrs4 ,,crafts4 ,may ,i say a word right here8 ,i hold in my hand the ,new ,testament1 published by the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society together with the ,scotch ,bible ,society4 ,it is a translation from ,nestle's ,greek ,testament1 and the ,old ,testament is now being translated by one of the most eminent ,hebrew scholars in the world4 ,prof4 ,,christen4 ,here is the next item1 which ,i would like to read to you3 ,evening classes for the study of ,esperanto under the auspices of the ,l4,c4,c4 7,london county council7 are being held at the ,halstow ,road ,nonvocational ,institute1 ,greenwich1 ,s4,e41 on ,thursday1 #g4cj-i4cj p4m41 and at ,bloomfield ,road ,commercial ,institute1 ,plumstead1 ,s4,e41 on ,fridays1 #g4bj-aj4ej p4 m4 ,instructor ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,dennis1 ,b4,d4,e4,a41 #ajh1 ,eglinton ,road1 ,plumstead1 ,s4,e41 from whom any information may be obtained4 ,these classes are designed especially to meet the requirements of the serious student1 beginner or advanced4 7#aj7 ,that is from ,london4 ,then ,i have another quotation which ,i want to read from ,edinburgh3 ,the chief constable of ,edinburgh has interested himself in ,esperanto1 especially in view of the #aiae congress4 ,the chief constable has ordered a copy of ,esperanto ,for ,all1 to be sent to the #fej members of the ,edinburgh police force1 with a recommendation that the police learn the language4 ,a class for policemen is being arranged1 for which #ad names have been received4 ,esperanto classes for policemen have been conducted for several years in several towns in ,germany1 in ,france1 in ,spain1 etc41 and even during their hours of duty classes are going on in ,esperanto so that policemen may learn ,esperanto without the loss of their own personal time4 ,i thank you1 gentlemen1 for bearing with me so long4 ,mr4 ,,bartholdt4 ,i should like to have an opportunity1 if possible1 at some future time to have you give us about #aj or #ae minutes to hear ,mrs4 ,crafts4 ,the ,,chairman4 ,we shall be very glad indeed to give you that time4 7,the additional matter submitted by ,prof4 ,christen follows37 7#a7 ,we are apt to lose sight of the fact that the whole world's business is daily becoming more and more internationalized and that what in former centuries was done parochially is now more and more done internationally4 ,the first public international convention ever held took place less than #ge years ago2 it is a significant fact that this was a peace convention4 ,to-day there are over #cjj societies3 ,commercial1 scientific1 religious1 sociological1 industrial1 sporting1 etc41 organized internationally4 ,during those seventy-odd years over #b1jjj international congresses of one kind or another have actually taken place1 and now a days not one year passes without several scores being added to the total4 ,an incomplete list for #aiad gives #di such prospective international gatherings and over one score of exhibitions1 fairs1 and festivals of an international character4 ,what lamentable and foolish and provoking situation at such gatherings is due to the multitude of tongues only those know who have wasted time and money in attending them4 ,usually three or more languages are officially accepted and most of the time is irretrievably lost in misunderstandings and more or less inadequate translations4 ,compare with this the nine yearly international ,esperanto congresses held at ,boulogne1 ,geneva1 ,cambridge1 ,dresden1 ,barcelona1 ,washington1 ,cracow1 ,antwerp1 and ,berne1 at which from #hjj to #a1ejj delegates from #bj to #cj different countries spent a week in complete communion through this wonderful language4 ,orations1 discussions1 sermons1 concerts1 theatrical performances1 and general fellowship among the members being freely enjoyed by all1 and often by individuals who had only had a few weeks of acquaintance with the language4 ,an international language of some sort has become an absolute necessity of our new era of universal solidarity4 ,a hopeful sign of progress is that many international organizations have already declared in favor of ,esperanto for their future meetings4 7#b7 ,the impossibility of ever making any national language international will at once become clear if we imagine the whole youth of the ,united ,states condemned to become proficient in ,french or ,spanish or ,german4 ,say we take the easiest of them1 ,spanish3 does anyone dream the thing possible8 ,only an infinitesimal fraction of our young people could attain even a smattering1 and that at the cost of from two to three years' study2 and even then it is quite unlikely that other nations would adopt the same language4 ,but if they all did this impossible thing the ,spanish speaking peoples would still have the pull on them all because they grow up with the language and have not to acquire it artificially4 ,what holds good for ,spanish holds good for even other so called natural language1 including ,english1 and more with ,english than any other on account of its barbarous spelling and pronunciation4 ,none of these objections1 neither structural nor national1 apply to ,esperanto1 which is entirely neutral and ideally simple4 7#c7 ,the ,u4,e4,a4 7,universala ,esperanto ,asocio7 has its central office at #aj ,rue de la ,bourse1 ,geneva1 ,switzerland4 ,yearly dues #ej cents for private members1 #b4ej for business firms4 ,these contributions entitle the members to use the machinery of the association for the acquisition of information--free of cost1 except postage--on any subject whatever 7except confidential matters71 the only condition being that the request be written in ,esperanto4 ,a sufficient amount of ,esperanto for this purpose can be acquired by anyone in a few days1 or even in a few hours4 ,it is not even necessary to have a teacher1 the textbooks being very easy to master4 ,in ,america1 if local booksellers do not yet stock ,esperanto literature1 the would-be student may apply to ,peter ,reilly1 ,esperanto bookseller1 #acc ,north ,thirteenth ,street1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,a growing number of ,esperantists all over the world are using the services of the ,u4,e4,a41 not only in correspondence1 but actually traveling through many countries for pleasure or profit by means of ,esperanto alone1 and finding everywhere helpful hints and congenial surroundings in the local ,esperanto groups4 ,in addition to the ,u4,e4,a4 there is an international ,esperanto society for the propaganda of the language2 this has its world center at #ea ,rue de ,clichy1 ,paris1 ,france1 and powerful national societies in ,france 7#bdj branches71 in ,england 7#aah branches71 in ,germany 7over #bej branches71 etc4 7#d7 ,i should1 however1 add1 in justice to the ,american people1 that wherever ,esperanto has been brought to their notice by press or platform it has been well received4 ,i have myself lectured to large and sympathetic audiences in ,chautauqua1 ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,pittsburgh1 and ,washington4 ,public schools1 high schools1 and universities have frequently opened their doors to ,esperanto1 and in my own case the ,university of ,pennsylvania and the ,university of ,columbia have shown their open-mindedness to the extent of engaging a paid lecturer for a prolonged course4 ,so has the ,department of ,education of the city of ,new ,york4 ,in the ,bureau of ,standards1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 a considerable number of scientists have declared in favor of ,esperanto1 and are adepts of the language4 ,my experience is that in this country the informed public warmly approves of ,esperanto and the ideals it stands for1 but expects the spread of the language to come through the schools4 ,there is consequently in this country a special inertia in this matter1 in spite of approval2 this makes organised propaganda extremely difficult in such a vast territory4 ,accordingly the national organization1 the ,e4,a4,n4,a4 7,esperanto ,association of ,north ,america71 central offices1 ,newton ,center1 ,mass41 has so far had but a checkered and precarious existence4 ,a rival society1 the ,u4,s4,e4,a4 7,united ,states ,esperanto ,association7 has its headquarters at ,shaller1 ,iowa4 7#e7 ,if ,i were asked how ,esperanto could best be introduced into the schools1 ,i should suggest that a limited course of lecture lessons1 say1 from #f to #ab1 to the teachers would suffice to give them all that is necessary to enable them to practice the language until complete proficiency is attained4 ,in many places there is even now a supply of local ,esperantists ready to cooperate with the schools4 ,after a month's study any teacher should be able to teach others and perfect himself in the process4 ,at that ,i would teach the language only to the pupils in their last year of school2 many of them could make immediate use of ,esperanto on entering business2 most of them would probably get enough of the language during the last session at school to engage them to keep up the practice afterwards according to local opportunities4 ,please do not judge of this probability by your experience with other languages1 which most students drop as soon as possible4 ,their endless complications make the study and practice irksome and futile1 while ,esperanto is positively fascinating4 ,in my opinion two lessons of #de minutes a week would amply suffice to secure practical results never dreamed of in the ,french1 ,german1 or ,spanish classes4 ,after a very short course of study1 the boys and girls would get an opportunity to correspond with scholars of their own age and station in many lands4 ,there are even now hundreds of school boys and girls in ,france1 ,germany1 ,austria1 ,spain1 and even in ,china and ,japan eager for such interchange of thoughts by means of ,esperanto4 ,the hour or hour and a half spent weekly on this subject would be amply repaid by the increased intelligence and linguistic feeling of the pupils1 and ultimately the subject could be taught with great benefit to the whole school1 doing away with the necessity of ineffectual attempts at teaching foreign languages to all and sundry1 regardless of taste and capacity4 7#f7 ,perhaps a few remarks may be in place here to substantiate still more clearly the postulate that ,esperanto fulfills absolutely the ideal requirement of a language that means to be introduced throughout the world as a secondary or auxiliary language3 ,facility of acquirement to all nations4 7a7 ,there is not one difficult sound1 such as our th1 our obscure vowels1 the ,french nasals1 the ,german 1 1 1 etc4 ,the vowels are a1 e1 i1 o1 and u4 ,each has but one sound value1 and that long and full1 approximately as in the phrase3 ,pa may we go1 too8 7b7 ,the tonic accent1 an insuperable difficulty in ,english1 on account of its irregularity and elusiveness1 is in ,esperanto invariably on the last vowel but one4 7c7 ,the grammar is reduced to a minimum1 the whole mechanism of ,esperanto being compassed within #af rules which any one can grasp and assimilate inside one hour4 7d7 ,the vocabulary is extremely small1 less than #a1jjj roots1 mostly common to every ,aryan tongue1 being sufficient for all ordinary purposes of language4 ,this is due to the marvelously ingenious system of word building1 which enables anyone to derive from a dozen to one hundred and more words from every root1 there being to this derivation no limit but that of common sense4 ,of course1 the vocabulary for science and technology is considerably larger1 but equally flexible4 7e7 ,there are no troublesome genders2 sex is expressed by the insertion of in before the o ending of nouns1 and of course only in the case of animate creation4 ,for instance1 viro is man1 virino woman1 frato brother1 fratino sister1 kuzo male cousin1 kuzino female cousin1 etc4 ,and here ,esperanto has over all other languages not only the signal advantage that there are no irregularities1 but the far more important advantage that the scheme is applicable to all cases4 ,for instance1 although we have in ,english from #cj to #dj different ways of forming the feminine such as father1 mother2 brother1 sister2 uncle1 aunt2 bull1 cow2 stallion1 mare2 fox1 vixen2 etc41 yet in most cases we possess no decent or sensible way to indicate the sex of the individuals2 as1 for instance1 in the cases of teacher1 doctor1 friend1 cousin1 neighbor1 witness1 elephant1 camel1 goat1 typist1 stenographer1 companion1 president1 chairman1 etc4 ,last1 but not least1 every word parses itself by its distinctive ending4 7#g7 ,the stupendous flexibility of ,esperanto will be still better understood if ,i state here that it possesses some #cj particles 7prefixes and suffixes71 each with a definite meaning and each available whenever you want to attach that particular meaning to any word4 ,we have already seen that the suffix in expresses the female sex whenever it may be desirable to give it expression4 ,so id denotes the offspring1 il the tool or instrument1 isto the profession1 ul the person or individual1 ec the quality 7abstract71 ajx the concrete thing1 product1 or result1 eg means large1 and et small1 etc4 ,now1 let us see how this works out in practice4 ,bovo is bull2 bovino1 cow2 bovido1 calf2 bovajxo1 beef2 bovidino1 female calf4 ,and you may say bovego1 boveto1 bovinego1 bovineto1 bovidego1 bovideto1 bovidinego1 and bovidineto if you wish to add the idea of size or smallness to the original or to the derived word4 ,again3 ,lern is the root for learning4 ,we first get lerni1 to learn2 lerna1 learned2 lerne1 learnedly2 learno1 learning4 ,next1 using a few of the particles we can make3 lernebla1 capable of being learned2 lernema1 inclined to learn 7studious72 lerninda1 worth learning2 lernilo1 a text book 7a tool72 lernisto 7a professional learner71 a student2 lernulo1 a learned person1 a scholar2 lerneco1 learning in the abstract2 lernajxo1 the matter to be learned 7concrete71 etc4 ,and once more note that what you can do with one root you can do with every root in the vocabulary4 ,so that the originally available number of words is multiplied ten and hundred fold4 ,which simply means a tremendous saving of labor in learning words and forms and yet secures a range of expression and a degree of precision undreamed of in any other language4 7#h7 ,on the possible rivals1 past1 present1 or future1 to ,esperanto see closing remarks4 7#i7 ,to complete what ,i said on the verb during the hearing ,i give here the entire paradigm of the verb in ,esperanto4 ,paroli1 to speak2 parolanta1 speaking2 parolata1 spoken4 ,present1 ,i speak1 etc43 ,mi parolas1 vi parolas1 li parolas1 sxi parolas1 ni parolas1 vi parolas1 ili parolas1 oni 7one7 parolas1 gxi 7it7 parolas4 ,there a thus only one ending as for the present of every verb and the same for every person4 ,in the past the ending is is3 mi parolis1 ,i spoke1 etc4 ,in the future os mi parolos1 ,i shall speak1 etc4 ,in the conditional us3 mi parolus1 ,i should speak1 etc4 ,in the subjunctive u3 ke mi parolu1 that ,i may or might speak1 the tense being sufficiently indicated by the antecedent verb4 ,for the imperative we use the subjunctive without conjunction and generally without subject4 ,the participle has a most ingenious flexbility1 it having three forms1 anta1 inta1 onta for the active1 and ata1 ita1 ota for the passive2 parolanta1 speaking now2 parolinta1 having spoken2 parolonta1 about to be speaking2 parolata1 being spoken now2 parolita1 spoken formerly2 parolota1 to be spoken later4 ,only practice can reveal the wonderful usefulness of this scheme1 again1 of course1 applicable to all verbs4 ,one interesting sequel is1 that as every word can be turned into a noun--if sense demands it--by simply changing the ending into o1 we therefore get3 parolanto1 the present speaker2 parolinto1 the past speaker2 parolonto1 the future speaker4 ,let no one say that such richness and possibility of precision is of no importance2 many a life's jeopardy has turned on less4 ,nor can it be said that this unlimited capacity of expression makes the mechanism of the language cumbersome1 for the whole scheme of ,esperanto can be thoroughly mastered in a few hours4 7#aj7 ,in ,england ,esperanto has been on the school rates for several years2 any technical or continuation school can apply to the board of education for permission to put ,esperanto on its program4 ,in #aiji it was already thus taught in #cc centers4 ,the ,london ,chamber of ,commerce holds examinations in ,esperanto every year1 and has done so since #aijg4 ,the ,united ,kingdom ,association of ,teachers prepares for the certificate of proficiency in ,esperanto4 ,in the town of ,lille1 ,france1 ,esperanto has been taught in the high schools for at least nine years2 about #a1ejj pupils benefiting yearly from this4 ,the same is true of ,rio de ,janeiro1 in ,brasil4 ,in conclusion1 ,i wish to register my opinion as an unbiased student of the whole movement for the adoption of an international language that ,esperanto has nothing to fear from any rival scheme--present1 past1 or future4 ,of upward of #aej different projects that have seen the light since the seventeenth century1 not one was born with a life worth saving but ,esperanto2 not one has ever attained one-hundredth part the power and vogue and vitality that ,esperanto has achieved4 ,one only of all these schemes has ever come prominently before the public before ,esperanto came into the field1 ,volapk1 and this failed of its own defects4 ,one only among some #bj or #cj imitations of ,esperanto1 namely1 ,ido1 succeeded for a time in creating a diversion in the ,esperanto camp4 ,if ,volapk died of its defects1 it is permissible to say that ,ido never lived on account of its numerous authors' everlasting chase after theoretical perfection1 each one having a different opinion--and changing the same with every wind--as to what constitutes perfection in every one of a thousand features of a human language4 ,accordingly1 the ,idoists have altered their mock ,esperanto a hundred times in six years1 so that no one has been able to keep track of the changes1 and the adherents of the secession themselves have never been able to learn1 speak1 and use the language4 ,during these six years ,esperanto has succeeded in establishing itself and getting a firm hold in every civilized country from ,china to ,peru and from ,greenland to ,zanzibar1 because it is a live and growing language1 perfect in so far that it is endowed from the start with all the power of evolution without the need of any internal changes in its wonderfully simple structure4 ,here are a few quotations from great thinkers as to the need for an auxiliary language3 ,the diversity of languages is fatal for genius and progress4 ,if there were a universal language1 we should save a third of life4 7,leibnitz47 ,the interrelationships of the peoples are so great that they most certainly need a universal language4 7,montesquieu47 ,one of the greatest torments of life is the diversity of language4 7,voltaire47 ,what an immeasurable profit it would be for the human race if we were able to intercommunicate by means of one language4 7,volney47 ,it seems to me quite possible--probable even--than an artificial language to be universally used will be greed upon4 7,herbert ,spencer47 ,the learning of many languages fills the memory with words instead of facts and thoughts1 and this is a vessel which1 with every person1 can only contain certain limited amount of records4 ,therefore the learning of many languages is injudicious1 inasmuch as it arouses the belief in the possession of dexterity1 and1 as a matter of fact1 it lends a kind of delusive importance to social intercourse4 ,it is also injurious in that it opposes the acquirement of solid knowledge and the intention to win the respect of men in an honest way4 ,finally1 it is the ax which is laid at the root of a delicate sense of language in our mother tongue1 which thereby is incurably injured and destroyed4 ,the two nations which have produced the greatest stylists1 the ,greeks and the ,french1 learned no foreign languages2 but as human intercourse grows more cosmopolitan1 and as1 for instance1 a good merchant in ,london must now be able to read and write eight languages1 the learning of many tongues has certainly become a necessary evil2 but which1 when finally carried to an extreme1 will compel mankind to find a remedy1 and in some far off future there will be a new language used at first as a language of commerce1 then as a language of intellectual intercourse1 then for all1 as surely as some time or other there will be aviation4 ,why else should philology have studied the laws of language for a whole century and have estimated the necessary1 the valuable1 and the successful portion of each separate language8 7,nietsche47 ,in this connection it may be well to repeat once more that ,esperanto is only an auxiliary language4 ,nobody dreams of it being a universal language4 ,,examples ,,of ,,esperanto4 ,simpla1 fleksebla1 belsona1 vere internacia en siaj elementoj#a1 la lingvo ,esperanto prezentas al la mondo civilizita la sole veran solvon#b de lingvo internacia3 cxar#c1 tre facila por homoj nemulte instruitaj1 ,esperanto estas komprenata sen peno de la personoj bone edukitaj4 ,mil faktoj atestas la meriton praktikan de la nomita lingvo4 #a j has the sound of ,english y1 as in boy1 and is the sign for the plural of nouns and adjectives4 #b n is the mark of the accusative or object of the verb4 #c ,the diacritic sign occurs on c1 g1 h1 j1 s and has the force of an h after the first and the last--ch1 sh4 gx is pronounced like ,english g in ,george1 which g without sign has the value of g in good4 jx is pronounced like s in pleasure1 while j simple has the sound of y in yes1 esp4 jes4 hx occurs rarely and is doomed to disappear in favor of k4 ,kaj se vi pregxas1 vi ne devas esti kiel la hipokrituloj1 kiuj volonte staras kaj pregxas en la lernejoj1 kaj apud la anguloj de la stratetoj2 por ke ili estu vidataj de la homoj4 ,vere1 mi diras al vi3 ,ili ricevis sian pagon4 ,sed se vi pregxas1 iru en la cxambreton kaj fermu la pordon1 kaj pregxu al via patro en la kasxito1 kaj via patro1 kiu vidas en la kasxiton1 rekompencos gxin al vi publike4 ,kaj se vi pregxas1 vi ne devas multe babili1 kiel la idolistoj1 cxar ili opinias ke gxi estos akceptata1 se ili faras multe da paroloj4 ,tial vi ne devas simili al ili4 ,via patro scias1 kion vi bezonas1 antaux ol vi petas lin4 ,tial vi devas pregxi tiamaniere4 ,patro nia en la cxielo4 ,via nomo estu sanktigata4 ,via regno venu4 ,via volo farigxu sur la tero1 kiel en la cxielo4 ,nian panon cxiutagan donu al ni hodiaux4 ,kaj pardonu al ni niajn kulpojn1 kiel ni pardonas niajn kulpulojn4 ,kaj ne konduku nin en tenton1 sed savu nin de la malbono4 ,cxar via estas la regno1 kaj la forto1 kaj la gloro en eterneco4 ,amen4 ,cxar se vi pardonos al la homoj iliajn kulpojn1 tiam via cxiela patro pardonos ankaux al vi4 ,sed se vi ne pardonos al la homoj iliajn kulpojn1 tiam via cxiela patro ankaux ne pardonos al vi viajn kulpojn4 7,la ,evangelio ,sankta ,mateo ,,vi1 #e-af47