,,m5o by ,plato ,translat$ by ,b5jam9 ,j[ett ,,introduction4 ,?is ,dialogue beg9s abruptly ) a "q ( ,m5o1 :o asks1 ':e!r virtue c be taught4' ,socrates replies t he does n z yet "k :at virtue is1 & has nev] kn[n anyone :o did4 ',!n he _c h met ,gorgias :5 he 0 at ,a!ns4' ,yes1 ,socrates _h met him1 b he has a bad memory1 & has =gott5 :at ,gorgias said4 ,w ,m5o tell him 8 own notion1 :i* is probably n v diff]5t f t ( ,gorgias8 ',o yes--no?+ easi]3 !re is ! virtue ( a man1 ( a woman1 ( an old man1 & ( a *ild2 !re is a virtue ( e age & /ate ( life1 all ( :i* may be easily describ$4' ,socrates rem9ds ,m5o t ?is is only an enum]ation ( ! virtues & n a def9ition ( ! notion :i* is common to !m all4 ,9 a second attempt ,m5o def9es virtue to be '! p[] ( comm&4' ,b to ?is1 aga91 exceptions are tak54 ,= !re mu/ be a virtue ( ^? :o obey1 z well z ( ^? :o comm&2 & ! p[] ( comm& mu/ be ju/ly or n unju/ly ex]cis$4 ,m5o is v ready to admit t ju/ice is virtue3 ',w\ld y say virtue or a virtue1 = !re are o!r virtues1 su* z c\rage1 temp]ance1 & ! l2 j z r\nd is a figure1 & black & :ite are col\rs1 & yet !re are o!r figures & o!r col\rs4 ,let ,m5o take ! examples ( figure & col\r1 & try to def9e !m4' ,m5o confesses 8 inability1 & aft] a process ( int]rogation1 9 :i* ,socrates expla9s to him ! nature ( a 'simile 9 multis1' ,socrates himself def9es figure z '! accompanim5t ( col\r4' ,b "s "o may object t he does n "k ! mean+ ( ! ^w 'col\r2' & if he is a c&id fri5d1 & n a m]e disputant1 ,socrates is will+ to furni% him ) a simpl] & m philosophical def9ition1 into :i* no disput$ ^w is all[$ to intrude3 ',figure is ! limit ( =m4' ,m5o imp]i\sly insi/s t he mu/ /ill h a def9ition ( col\r4 ,"s raill]y foll[s2 & at l5g? ,socrates is induc$ to reply1 't col\r is ! efflu5ce ( =m1 s5sible1 & 9 due proportion to ! sight4' ,?is def9ition is exactly suit$ to ! ta/e ( ,m5o1 :o welcomes ! famili> language ( ,gorgias & ,emp$ocles4 ,socrates is ( op9ion t ! m ab/ract or dialectical def9ition ( figure is f> bett]4 ,n[ t ,m5o has be5 made to und]/& ! nature ( a g5]al def9ition1 he answ]s 9 ! _s ( a ,greek g5tleman1 & 9 ! words ( a poet1 't virtue is to delight 9 ?+s hon\rable1 & to h ! p[] ( gett+ !m4' ,?is is a ne>] approximation ?an he has yet made to a complete def9ition1 &1 reg>d$ z a piece ( prov]bial or popul> morality1 is n f> f ! tru?4 ,b ! objection is urg$1 't ! hon\rable is ! good1' & z e "o equally desires ! good1 ! po9t ( ! def9ition is conta9$ 9 ! words1 '! p[] ( gett+ !m4' ',& !y mu/ be got ju/ly or ) ju/ice4' ,! def9ition w !n /& ?us3 ',virtue is ! p[] ( gett+ good ) ju/ice4' ,b ju/ice is a "p ( virtue1 & !re=e virtue is ! gett+ ( good ) a "p ( virtue4 ,! def9ition repeats ! ^w def9$4 ,m5o compla9s t ! conv]sation ( ,socrates has ! effect ( a torp$o's %ock ^u him4 ,:5 he talks ) o!r p]sons he has pl5ty to say ab\t virtue2 9 ! pres5ce ( ,socrates1 8 ?\ghts des]t him4 ,socrates replies t he is only ! cause ( p]plexity 9 o!rs1 because he is himself p]plex$4 ,he proposes to cont9ue ! enquiry4 ,b h[1 asks ,m5o1 c he enquire ei!r into :at he kn[s or into :at he does n "k8 ,?is is a sophi/ical puzzle1 :i*1 z ,socrates rem>ks1 saves a great deal ( tr\ble to him :o accepts x4 ,b ! puzzle has a real difficulty lat5t "u x1 to :i* ,socrates w endeav\r to f9d a reply4 ,! difficulty is ! orig9 ( k3-- ,he has he>d f prie/s & prie/esses1 & f ! poet ,p9d>1 ( an immortal s\l :i* is born aga9 & aga9 9 successive p]iods ( exi/5ce1 return+ into ?is _w :5 %e has paid ! p5alty ( anci5t crime1 &1 hav+ w&]$ ov] all places ( ! upp] & "u _w1 & se5 & kn[n all ?+s at "o "t or o!r1 is by association out ( "o ?+ capable ( recov]+ all4 ,= nature is ( "o k9dr$2 & e s\l has a se$ or g]m :i* may be develop$ into all k4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is lat5t k is fur!r prov$ by ! int]rogation ( "o ( ,m5o's slaves1 :o1 9 ! skilful h&s ( ,socrates1 is made to ackn[l$ge "s elem5t>y relations ( geometrical figures4 ,! !orem t ! squ>e ( ! diagonal is d\ble ! squ>e ( ! side--t fam\s discov]y ( primitive ma!matics1 9 hon\r ( :i* ! leg5d>y ,py?agoras is said to h sacrific$ a hecatomb--is elicit$ f him4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( tea*+ has made him consci\s ( 8 own ignorance4 ,he has _h ! 'torp$o's %ock' giv5 him1 & is ! bett] = ! op]ation4 ,b :5ce _h ! un$ucat$ man ?is k8 ,he _h nev] le>nt geometry 9 ?is _w2 nor 0 x born ) him2 he mu/ !re=e h _h x :5 he 0 n a man4 ,& z he always ei!r 0 or 0 n a man1 he mu/ h always _h x4 7,comp>e ,pha$o47 ,aft] ,socrates has giv5 ?is specim5 ( ! true nature ( tea*+1 ! orig9al "q ( ! tea*abl5ess ( virtue is r5ew$4 ,aga9 he pr(esses a desire to "k ':at virtue is' fir/4 ,b he is will+ to argue ! "q1 z ma!maticians say1 "u an hypo!sis4 ,he w assume t if virtue is k1 !n virtue c be taught4 7,?is 0 ! /age ( ! argum5t at :i* ! ,protagoras conclud$47 ,socrates has no difficulty 9 %[+ t virtue is a good1 & t goods1 :e!r ( body or m9d1 mu/ be "u ! direction ( k4 ,^u ! assumption j made1 !n1 virtue is tea*able4 ,b :]e are ! tea*]s8 ,!re are none to be f\nd4 ,?is is extremely disc\rag+4 ,virtue is no soon] discov]$ to be tea*able1 ?an ! discov]y foll[s t x is n taught4 ,virtue1 !re=e1 is & is n tea*able4 ,9 ?is dilemma an appeal is made to ,anytus1 a respectable & well-to-d citiz5 ( ! old s*ool1 & a family fri5d ( ,m5o1 :o happ5s to be pres5t4 ,he is ask$ ':e!r ,m5o %all g to ! ,sophi/s & be taught4' ,! sugge/ion ?r[s him into a rage4 ',to :om1 !n1 %all ,m5o g8' asks ,socrates4 ,to any ,a!nian g5tleman--to ! great ,a!nian /atesm5 ( pa/ times4 ,socrates replies "h1 z else:]e 7,la*es1 ,prot471 t ,!mi/ocles1 ,p]icles1 & o!r great m51 _h sons to :om !y w\ld surely1 if !y c\ld h done s1 h imp>t$ _! own political wisdom2 b no "o ev] he>d t ^! sons ( !irs 7 rem>kable = any?+ except rid+ & wre/l+ & simil> accompli%m5ts4 ,anytus is angry at ! imputation :i* is ca/ on 8 fav\rite /atesm51 & on a class to :i* he supposes himself to belong2 he breaks (f ) a significant h9t4 ,! m5tion ( ano!r opportunity ( talk+ ) him1 & ! sugge/ion t ,m5o may d ! ,a!nian p a s]vice by pacify+ him1 are evid5t allusions to ! trial ( ,socrates4 ,socrates returns to ! consid]ation ( ! "q ':e!r virtue is tea*able1' :i* 0 d5i$ on ! gr\nd t !re are no tea*]s ( x3 7= ! ,sophi/s are bad tea*]s1 & ! re/ ( ! _w d n pr(ess to tea*74 ,b !re is ano!r po9t :i* we fail$ to obs]ve1 & 9 :i* ,gorgias has nev] in/ruct$ ,m5o1 nor ,prodicus ,socrates4 ,?is is ! nature ( "r op9ion4 ,= virtue may be "u ! guidance ( "r op9ion z well z ( k2 & "r op9ion is = practical purposes z good z k1 b is incapable ( be+ taught1 & is also liable1 l ! images ( ,da$alus1 to 'walk (f1' because n b\nd by ! tie ( ! cause4 ,?is is ! sort ( in/9ct :i* is possess$ by /atesm51 :o are n wise or kn[+ p]sons1 b only inspir$ or div9e4 ,! high] virtue1 :i* is id5tical ) k1 is an ideal only4 ,if ! /atesman _h ?is k1 & c\ld tea* :at he knew1 he w\ld be l ,tiresias 9 ! _w bel[1--'he alone has wisdom1 b ! re/ flit l %ad[s4' ,?is ,dialogue is an attempt to answ] ! "q1 ,c virtue be taught8 ,no "o w\ld ei!r ask or answ] su* a "q 9 mod]n times4 ,b 9 ! age ( ,socrates x 0 only by an ef=t t ! m9d c\ld rise to a g5]al notion ( virtue z di/9ct f ! p>ticul> virtues ( c\rage1 lib]ality1 & ! l4 ,& :5 a hazy conception ( ?is ideal 0 atta9$1 x 0 only by a fur!r ef=t t ! "q ( ! tea*abl5ess ( virtue c\ld be resolv$4 ,! answ] :i* is giv5 by ,plato is p>adoxical en\gh1 & seems r int5d$ to /imulate ?an to satisfy enquiry4 ,virtue is k1 & !re=e virtue c be taught4 ,b virtue is n taught1 & !re=e 9 ?is high] & ideal s5se !re is no virtue & no k4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,sophi/s is confess$ly inadequate1 & ,m5o1 :o is _! pupil1 is ignorant ( ! v nature ( g5]al t]ms4 ,he c only produce out ( _! arm\ry ! sophism1 't y c nei!r enquire into :at y "k nor into :at y d n "k2' to :i* ,socrates replies by 8 !ory ( rem9isc5ce4 ,to ! doctr9e t virtue is k1 ,plato has be5 con/antly t5d+ 9 ! previ\s ,dialogues4 ,b ! new tru? is no soon] f\nd ?an x vani%es away4 ',if !re is k1 !re mu/ be tea*]s2 & :]e are ! tea*]s8' ,!re is no k 9 ! high] s5se ( sy/ematic1 connect$1 reason$ k1 su* z may "o day be atta9$1 & su* z ,plato himself seems to see 9 "s f> (f vision ( a s+le sci5ce4 ,& !re are no tea*]s 9 ! high] s5se ( ! ^w2 t is to say1 no real tea*]s :o w ar\se ! _s ( enquiry 9 _! pupils1 & n m]ely in/ruct !m 9 rhetoric or imp>t to !m ready-made in=mation = a fee ( '"o' or ( 'fifty dra*ms4' ,plato is desir\s ( deep5+ ! notion ( education1 & !re=e he ass]ts ! p>adox t !re are no educators4 ,?is p>adox1 ?\gh diff]5t 9 =m1 is n really diff]5t f ! rem>k :i* is (t5 made 9 mod]n times by ^? :o w\ld depreciate ei!r ! me?ods ( education commonly employ$1 or ! /&>d atta9$--t '!re is no true education among u4' ,!re rema9s /ill a possibility :i* mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,ev5 if !re be no true k1 z is prov$ by '! wret*$ /ate ( education1' !re may be "r op9ion1 :i* is a sort ( guess+ or div9ation re/+ on no k ( causes1 & incommunicable to o!rs4 ,?is is ! gift :i* our /atesm5 h1 z is prov$ by ! circum/ance t !y are unable to imp>t _! k to _! sons4 ,^? :o are possess$ ( x _c be said to be m5 ( sci5ce or philosoph]s1 b !y are inspir$ & div9e4 ,!re may be "s trace ( irony 9 ?is curi\s passage1 :i* =ms ! conclud+ portion ( ! ,dialogue4 ,b ,plato c]ta9ly does n mean to intimate t ! sup]natural or div9e is ! true basis ( human life4 ,to him k1 if only atta9able 9 ?is _w1 is ( all ?+s ! mo/ div9e4 ,yet1 l o!r philosoph]s1 he is will+ to admit t 'probability is ! guide ( life 7,butl]'s ,analogy472' & he is at ! same "t desir\s ( contra/+ ! wisdom :i* gov]ns ! _w ) a high] wisdom4 ,!re are _m in/9cts1 judgm5ts1 & anticipations ( ! human m9d :i* _c be r$uc$ to rule1 & ( :i* ! gr\nds _c always be giv5 9 words4 ,a p]son may h "s skill or lat5t exp]i5ce :i* he is able to use himself & is yet unable to tea* o!rs1 because he has no pr9ciples1 & is incapable ( collect+ or arrang+ 8 ideas4 ,he has practice1 b n !ory2 art1 b n sci5ce4 ,?is is a true fact ( psy*ology1 :i* is recogniz$ by ,plato 9 ?is passage4 ,b he is f> f say+1 z "s h imag9$1 t inspiration or div9e grace is to be reg>d$ z high] ?an k4 ,he w\ld n h pref]r$ ! poet or man ( action to ! philosoph]1 or ! virtue ( cu/om to ! virtue bas$ ^u ideas4 ,also "h1 z 9 ! ,ion & ,pha$rus1 ,plato appe>s to ackn[l$ge an unreason+ elem5t 9 ! high] nature ( man4 ,! philosoph] only has k1 & yet ! /atesman & ! poet are inspir$4 ,!re may be a sort ( irony 9 reg>d+ 9 ?is way ! gifts ( g5ius4 ,b !re is no reason to suppose t he is d]id+ !m1 any m ?an he is d]id+ ! ph5om5a ( love or ( en?usiasm 9 ! ,symposium1 or ( oracles 9 ! ,apology1 or ( div9e intimations :5 he is speak+ ( ! daemonium ( ,socrates4 ,he recognizes ! l[] =m ( "r op9ion1 z well z ! high] "o ( sci5ce1 9 ! _s ( "o :o desires to include 9 8 philosophy e aspect ( human life2 j z he recognizes ! exi/5ce ( popul> op9ion z a fact1 & ! ,sophi/s z ! expression ( x4 ,?is ,dialogue conta9s ! fir/ intimation ( ! doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce & ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! pro( is v slight1 ev5 slight] ?an 9 ! ,pha$o & ,republic4 ,because m5 _h ab/ract ideas 9 a previ\s /ate1 !y mu/ h always _h !m1 & _! s\ls !re=e mu/ h always exi/$4 ,= !y mu/ always h be5 ei!r m5 or n m54 ,! fallacy ( ! latt] words is transp>5t4 ,& ,socrates himself appe>s to be consci\s ( _! weakness2 = he adds imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ',i h said "s ?+s ( :i* ,i am n altoge!r confid5t4' 7,comp>e ,pha$o47 ,x may be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! fanciful notion ( pre-exi/5ce is comb9$ ) a true b p>tial view ( ! orig9 & unity ( k1 & ( ! association ( ideas4 ,k is prior to any p>ticul> k1 & exi/s n 9 ! previ\s /ate ( ! individual1 b ( ! race4 ,x is pot5tial1 n actual1 & c only be appropriat$ by /r5u\s ex]tion4 ,! idealism ( ,plato is "h pres5t$ 9 a less develop$ =m ?an 9 ! ,pha$o & ,pha$rus4 ,no?+ is said ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ideas ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & ! l4 ,nor is ,socrates positive ( any?+ b ! duty ( enquiry4 ,! doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce too is expla9$ m 9 accordance ) fact & exp]i5ce z aris+ out ( ! aff9ities ( nature 7ate tes ?useos oles sugg5\s ouses74 ,mod]n philosophy says t all ?+s 9 nature are dep5d5t on "o ano!r2 ! anci5t philosoph] _h ! same tru? lat5t 9 8 m9d :5 he affirm$ t out ( "o ?+ all ! re/ may be recov]$4 ,! subjective 0 conv]t$ by him into an objective2 ! m5tal ph5om5on ( ! association ( ideas 7comp>e ,pha$o7 became a real *a9 ( exi/5ces4 ,! g]ms ( two valuable pr9ciples ( education may also be ga!r$ f ! 'words ( prie/s & prie/esses3' 7#a7 t true k is a k ( causes 7comp>e ,ari/otle's !ory ( epi/eme72 & 7#b7 t ! process ( le>n+ consi/s n 9 :at is br\ght to ! le>n]1 b 9 :at is drawn out ( him4 ,"s less] po9ts ( ! dialogue may be not$1 su* z 7#a7 ! acute obs]vation t ,m5o pref]s ! famili> def9ition1 :i* is embelli%$ ) poetical language1 to ! bett] & tru] "o2 or 7#b7 ! %rewd reflection1 :i* may admit ( an application to mod]n z well z to anci5t tea*]s1 t ! ,sophi/s hav+ made l>ge =tunes2 ?is mu/ surely be a crit]ion ( _! p[]s ( tea*+1 = t no man c\ld get a liv+ by %oemak+ :o 0 n a good %oemak]2 or 7#c7 ! rem>k convey$1 almo/ 9 a ^w1 t ! v]bal sceptic is sav$ ! lab\r ( ?\ght & enquiry 7oud5 dei to toi\to zeteseos74 ,*>act]i/ic also ( ! temp] ( ! ,socratic enquiry is1 7#d7 ! proposal to discuss ! tea*abl5ess ( virtue "u an hypo!sis1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ma!maticians2 & 7#e7 ! repetition ( ! fav\rite doctr9e :i* occurs s frequ5tly 9 ! e>li] & m ,socratic ,dialogues1 & gives a col\r to all ( !m--t mank9d only desire evil ?r\gh ignorance2 7#f7 ! exp]im5t ( elicit+ f ! slave-boy ! ma!matical tru? :i* is lat5t 9 him1 & 7#g7 ! rem>k t he is all ! bett] = kn[+ 8 ignorance4 ,! "* ( ,m5o1 l t ( ,critias1 has no relation to ! actual circum/ances ( 8 life4 ,plato is sil5t ab\t 8 trea*]y to ! t5 ?\s& ,greeks1 :i* ,x5ophon has record$1 z he is also sil5t ab\t ! crimes ( ,critias4 ,he is a ,!ssalian ,alcibiades1 ri* & luxuri\s--a spoilt *ild ( =tune1 & is describ$ z ! h]$it>y fri5d ( ! great k+4 ,l ,alcibiades he is inspir$ ) an ard5t desire ( k1 & is equally will+ to le>n ( ,socrates & ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,he may be reg>d$ z /&+ 9 ! same relation to ,gorgias z ,hippocrates 9 ! ,protagoras to ! o!r great ,sophi/4 ,he is ! sophi/icat$ y\? on :om ,socrates tries 8 cross-exam9+ p[]s1 j z 9 ! ,*>mides1 ! ,lysis1 & ! ,eu?ydemus1 +5u\s boyhood is made ! subject ( a simil> exp]im5t4 ,he is treat$ by ,socrates 9 a half-playful mann] suit$ to 8 "*2 at ! same "t he appe>s n q to und]/& ! process to :i* he is be+ subject$4 ,= he is exhibit$ z ignorant ( ! v elem5ts ( dialectics1 9 :i* ! ,sophi/s h fail$ to in/ruct _! disciple4 ,8 def9ition ( virtue z '! p[] & desire ( atta9+ ?+s hon\rable1' l ! fir/ def9ition ( ju/ice 9 ! ,republic1 is tak5 f a poet4 ,8 answ]s h a sophi/ical r+1 & at ! same "t %[ ! sophi/ical incapacity to grasp a g5]al notion4 ,anytus is ! type ( ! n>r[-m9d$ man ( ! _w1 :o is indignant at innovation1 & equally dete/s ! popul> tea*] & ! true philosoph]4 ,he seems1 l ,ari/ophanes1 to reg>d ! new op9ions1 :e!r ( ,socrates or ! ,sophi/s1 z fatal to ,a!nian greatness4 ,he is ( ! same class z ,callicles 9 ! ,gorgias1 b ( a diff]5t v>iety2 ! immoral & sophi/ical doctr9es ( ,callicles are n attribut$ to him4 ,! mod]ation ) :i* he is describ$ is rem>kable1 if he be ! accus] ( ,socrates1 z is app>5tly indicat$ by 8 p>t+ words4 ,p]haps ,plato may h be5 desir\s ( %[+ t ! accusation ( ,socrates 0 n to be attribut$ to badness or malevol5ce1 b r to a t5d5cy 9 m5's m9ds4 ,or he may h be5 reg>dless ( ! hi/orical tru? ( ! *>act]s ( 8 dialogue1 z 9 ! case ( ,m5o & ,critias4 ,l ,*a]ephon 7,apol47 ! real ,anytus 0 a democrat1 & _h jo9$ ,?rasybulus 9 ! conflict ) ! ?irty4 ,! ,protagoras arriv$ at a sort ( hypo!tical conclusion1 t if 'virtue is k1 x c be taught4' ,9 ! ,eu?ydemus1 ,socrates himself (f]$ an example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! true tea*] may draw out ! m9d ( y\?2 ?is 0 9 contra/ to ! quibbl+ follies ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,9 ! ,m5o ! subject is m develop$2 ! f\ndations ( ! enquiry are laid deep]1 & ! nature ( k is m di/9ctly expla9$4 ,!re is a progression by antagonism ( two opposite aspects ( philosophy4 ,b at ! mom5t :5 we approa* ne>e/1 ! tru? d\bles ^u u & passes out ( our rea*4 ,we seem to f9d t ! ideal ( k is irreconcilable ) exp]i5ce4 ,9 human life !re is inde$ ! pr(ession ( k1 b "r op9ion is our actual guide4 ,!re is ano!r sort ( progress f ! g5]al notions ( ,socrates1 :o ask$ simply1 ':at is fri5d%ip8' ':at is temp]ance8' ':at is c\rage8' z 9 ! ,lysis1 ,*>mides1 ,la*es1 to ! transc5d5talism ( ,plato1 :o1 9 ! second /age ( 8 philosophy1 s\ght to f9d ! nature ( k 9 a prior & future /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,! difficulty 9 fram+ g5]al notions :i* has appe>$ 9 ?is & 9 all ! previ\s ,dialogues recurs 9 ! ,gorgias & ,!aetetus z well z 9 ! ,republic4 ,9 ! ,gorgias too ! /atesm5 reappe>1 b 9 /rong] opposition to ! philosoph]4 ,!y are no long] all[$ to h a div9e insight1 b1 ?\gh ackn[l$g$ to h be5 clev] m5 & good speak]s1 are d5\nc$ z 'bl9d lead]s ( ! bl9d4' ,! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l is also c>ri$ fur!r1 be+ made ! f\ndation n only ( a !ory ( k1 b ( a doctr9e ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,9 ! ,republic ! relation ( k to virtue is describ$ 9 a mann] m consi/5t ) mod]n di/9ctions4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! virtues )\t ! possession ( k 9 ! high] or philosophical s5se is admitt$ to be possible4 ,"r op9ion is aga9 introduc$ 9 ! ,!aetetus z an acc\nt ( k1 b is reject$ on ! gr\nd t x is irrational 7z "h1 because x is n b\nd by ! tie ( ! cause71 & also because ! conception ( false op9ion is giv5 up z hopeless4 ,! doctr9es ( ,plato are necess>ily diff]5t at diff]5t times ( 8 life1 z new di/9ctions are realiz$1 or new /ages ( ?\ght atta9$ by him4 ,we are n !re=e ju/ifi$1 9 ord] to take away ! appe>ance ( inconsi/5cy1 9 attribut+ to him hidd5 mean+s or remote allusions4 ,!re are no ext]nal crit]ia by :i* we c det]m9e ! date ( ! ,m5o4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t any ( ! ,dialogues ( ,plato 7 writt5 be=e ! dea? ( ,socrates2 ! ,m5o1 :i* appe>s to be "o ( ! e>lie/ ( !m1 is prov$ to h be5 ( a lat] date by ! allusion ( ,anytus4 ,we _c argue t ,plato 0 m likely to h writt51 z he has done1 ( ,m5o be=e ?an aft] 8 mis]able dea?2 = we h already se51 9 ! examples ( ,*>mides & ,critias1 t ! *>act]s 9 ,plato are v f> f resembl+ ! same *>act]s 9 hi/ory4 ,! repulsive picture :i* is giv5 ( him 9 ! ,anabasis ( ,x5ophon1 :]e he also appe>s z ! fri5d ( ,ari/ippus '& a fair y\? hav+ lov]s1' has no o!r trait ( lik5ess to ! ,m5o ( ,plato4 ,! place ( ! ,m5o 9 ! s]ies is d\btfully indicat$ by int]nal evid5ce4 ,! ma9 "* ( ! ,dialogue is ,socrates2 b to ! 'g5]al def9itions' ( ,socrates is add$ ! ,platonic doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce4 ,! problems ( virtue & k h be5 discuss$ 9 ! ,lysis1 ,la*es1 ,*>mides1 & ,protagoras2 ! puzzle ab\t kn[+ & le>n+ has already appe>$ 9 ! ,eu?ydemus4 ,! doctr9es ( immortality & pre-exi/5ce are c>ri$ fur!r 9 ! ,pha$rus & ,pha$o2 ! di/9ction betwe5 op9ion & k is m fully develop$ 9 ! ,!aetetus4 ,! lessons ( ,prodicus1 :om he faceti\sly calls 8 ma/]1 are /ill runn+ 9 ! m9d ( ,socrates4 ,unlike ! lat] ,platonic ,dialogues1 ! ,m5o arrives at no conclusion4 ,h5ce we are l$ to place ! ,dialogue at "s po9t ( "t lat] ?an ! ,protagoras1 & e>li] ?an ! ,pha$rus & ,gorgias4 ,! place :i* is assign$ to x 9 ?is "w is due ma9ly to ! desire to br+ toge!r 9 a s+le volume all ! ,dialogues :i* conta9 allusions to ! trial & dea? ( ,socrates4 9999999999 ,,on ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,plato4 ,plato's doctr9e ( ideas has atta9$ an imag9>y cle>ness & def9it5ess :i* is n to be f\nd 9 8 own writ+s4 ,! popul> acc\nt ( !m is p>tly d]iv$ f "o or two passages 9 8 ,dialogues int]pret$ )\t reg>d to _! poetical environm5t4 ,x is due also to ! misund]/&+ ( him by ! ,ari/otelian s*ool2 & ! errone\s notion has be5 fur!r n>r[$ & has become fix$ by ! realism ( ! s*oolm54 ,?is popul> view ( ! ,platonic ideas may be summ$ up 9 "s su* =mula z ! foll[+3 ',tru? consi/s n 9 p>ticul>s1 b 9 univ]sals1 :i* h a place 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 or 9 "s f>-(f heav54 ,^! 7 reveal$ to m5 9 a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce1 & are recov]$ by rem9isc5ce 7anamnesis7 or association f s5sible ?+s4 ,! s5sible ?+s are n realities1 b %ad[s only1 9 relation to ! tru?4' ,^! unmean+ propositions are h>dly suspect$ to be a c>icature ( a great !ory ( k1 :i* ,plato 9 v>i\s ways & "u _m figures ( spee* is seek+ to unfold4 ,poetry has be5 conv]t$ into dogma2 & x is n rem>k$ t ! ,platonic ideas are to be f\nd only 9 ab\t a ?ird ( ,plato's writ+s & are n conf9$ to him4 ,! =ms :i* !y assume are num]\s1 & if tak5 lit]ally1 inconsi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,at "o "t we are 9 ! cl\ds ( my?ology1 at ano!r among ! ab/ractions ( ma!matics or metaphysics2 we pass imp]ceptibly f "o to ! o!r4 ,reason & fancy are m+l$ 9 ! same passage4 ,! ideas are sometimes describ$ z _m1 coext5sive ) ! univ]sals ( s5se & also ) ! fir/ pr9ciples ( e?ics2 or aga9 !y are absorb$ into ! s+le idea ( good1 & subord9at$ to x4 ,!y are n m c]ta9 ?an facts1 b !y are equally c]ta9 7,pha$o74 ,!y are bo? p]sonal & imp]sonal4 ,!y are ab/ract t]ms3 !y are also ! causes ( ?+s2 & !y are ev5 trans=m$ into ! demons or spirits by ^: help ,god made ! _w4 ,& ! idea ( good 7,republic7 may )\t viol5ce be conv]t$ into ! ,supreme ,be+1 :o 'because ,he 0 good' creat$ all ?+s 7,tim474 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to try & reconcile ^! diff]+ modes ( ?\ght4 ,!y are n to be reg>d$ s]i\sly z hav+ a di/9ct mean+4 ,!y are p>ables1 prophecies1 my?s1 symbols1 revelations1 aspirations aft] an unkn[n _w4 ,!y d]ive _! orig9 f a deep religi\s & contemplative feel+1 & also f an obs]vation ( curi\s m5tal ph5om5a4 ,!y ga!r up ! elem5ts ( ! previ\s philosophies1 :i* !y put toge!r 9 a new =m4 ,_! great div]sity %[s ! t5tative "* ( e>ly endeav\rs to ?9k4 ,!y h n yet settl$ d[n into a s+le sy/em4 ,plato uses !m1 ?\gh he also criticises !m2 he ackn[l$ges t bo? he & o!rs are always talk+ ab\t !m1 especially ab\t ! ,idea ( ,good2 & t !y are n peculi> to himself 7,pha$o2 ,republic2 ,soph474 ,b 9 8 lat] writ+s he seems to h laid aside ! old =ms ( !m4 ,z he proce$s he makes = himself new modes ( expression m ak9 to ! ,ari/otelian logic4 ,yet amid all ^! v>ieties & incongruities1 !re is a common mean+ or _s :i* p]vades 8 writ+s1 bo? ^? 9 :i* he treats ( ! ideas & ^? 9 :i* he is sil5t ab\t !m4 ,?is is ! _s ( idealism1 :i* 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy has _h _m names & tak5 _m =ms1 & has 9 a measure influ5c$ ^? :o seem$ to be mo/ av]se to x4 ,x has (t5 be5 *>g$ ) inconsi/5cy & fancifulness1 & yet has _h an elevat+ effect on human nature1 & has ex]cis$ a wond]ful *>m & int]e/ ov] a few spirits :o h be5 lo/ 9 ! ?\ght ( x4 ,x has be5 bani%$ aga9 & aga91 b has always return$4 ,x has attempt$ to leave ! e>? & so> heav5w>ds1 b soon has f\nd t only 9 exp]i5ce c\ld any solid f\ndation ( k be laid4 ,x has deg5]at$ into pan!ism1 b has aga9 em]g$4 ,no o!r k has giv5 an equal /imulus to ! m9d4 ,x is ! sci5ce ( sci5ces1 :i* are also ideas1 & "u ei!r aspect require to be def9$4 ,!y c only be ?\ght ( 9 due proportion :5 conceiv$ 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,!y are ! glasses ?r\gh :i* ! k+doms ( sci5ce are se51 b at a di/ance4 ,all ! greate/ m9ds1 except :5 liv+ 9 an age ( reaction aga9/ !m1 h unconsci\sly fall5 "u _! p[]4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,platonic ideas 9 ! ,m5o is ! simple/ & cle>e/1 & we %all be/ illu/rate _! nature by giv+ ?is fir/ & !n comp>+ ! mann] 9 :i* !y are describ$ else:]e1 e4g4 9 ! ,pha$rus1 ,pha$o1 ,republic2 to :i* may be add$ ! criticism ( !m 9 ! ,p>m5ides1 ! p]sonal =m :i* is attribut$ to !m 9 ! ,timaeus1 ! logical "* :i* !y assume 9 ! ,sophi/ & ,philebus1 & ! allusion to !m 9 ! ,laws4 ,9 ! ,cratylus !y dawn ^u him ) ! fre%ness ( a newly-discov]$ ?\ght4 ,! ,m5o goes back to a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce1 9 :i* m5 did & suff]$ good & evil1 & receiv$ ! rew>d or puni%m5t ( !m until _! s9 0 purg$ away & !y 7 all[$ to return to e>?4 ,?is is a tradition ( ! old5 "t1 to :i* prie/s & poets be> witness4 ,! s\ls ( m5 return+ to e>? br+ back a lat5t memory ( ideas1 :i* 7 kn[n to !m 9 a =m] /ate4 ,! recollection is awak5$ into life & consci\sness by ! sight ( ! ?+s :i* resemble !m on e>?4 ,! s\l evid5tly possesses su* innate ideas be=e %e has _h "t to acquire !m4 ,?is is prov$ by an exp]im5t tri$ on "o ( ,m5o's slaves1 f :om ,socrates elicits tru?s ( ari?metic & geometry1 :i* he _h nev] le>n$ 9 ?is _w4 ,he mu/ !re=e h br\ght !m ) him f ano!r4 ,! notion ( a previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce is f\nd 9 ! v]ses ( ,emp$ocles & 9 ! fragm5ts ( ,h]acleitus4 ,x 0 ! natural answ] to two que/ions1 ',:5ce came ! s\l8 ,:at is ! orig9 ( evil8' & prevail$ f> & wide 9 ! ea/4 ,x f\nd its way into ,hellas probably ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,orphic & ,py?agorean rites & my/]ies4 ,x 0 easi] to ?9k ( a =m] ?an ( a future life1 because su* a life has really exi/$ = ! race ?\gh n = ! individual1 & all m5 come into ! _w1 if n 'trail+ cl\ds ( glory1' at any rate able to ent] into ! inh]itance ( ! pa/4 ,9 ! ,pha$rus1 z well z 9 ! ,m5o1 x is ?is =m] r ?an a future life on :i* ,plato is dispos$ to dwell4 ,!re ! ,gods1 & m5 foll[+ 9 _! tra91 g =? to contemplate ! heav5s1 & are borne r\nd 9 ! revolutions ( !m4 ,!re !y see ! div9e =ms ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & ! l1 9 _! un*angeable beauty1 b n )\t an ef=t m ?an human4 ,! s\l ( man is lik5$ to a *>iote] & two /e$s1 "o mortal1 ! o!r immortal4 ,! *>iote] & ! mortal /e$ are 9 fi]ce conflict2 at l5g? ! animal pr9ciple is f9ally ov]p[]$1 ?\gh n ext+ui%$1 by ! comb9$ en]gies ( ! passionate & rational elem5ts4 ,?is is "o ( ^? passages 9 ,plato :i*1 p>tak+ bo? ( a philosophical & poetical "*1 is necess>ily indi/9ct & inconsi/5t4 ,! magnific5t figure "u :i* ! nature ( ! s\l is describ$ has n mu* to d ) ! popul> doctr9e ( ! ideas4 ,yet !re is "o little trait 9 ! description :i* %[s t !y are pres5t to ,plato's m9d1 namely1 ! rem>k t ! s\l1 :i* _h se5 tru?s 9 ! =m ( ! univ]sal1 _c aga9 return to ! nature ( an animal4 ,9 ! ,pha$o1 z 9 ! ,m5o1 ! orig9 ( ideas is s\ght = 9 a previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,!re 0 no "t :5 !y c\ld h be5 acquir$ 9 ?is life1 & !re=e !y mu/ h be5 recov]$ f ano!r4 ,! process ( recov]y is no o!r ?an ! ord9>y law ( association1 by :i* 9 daily life ! sight ( "o ?+ or p]son recalls ano!r to our m9ds1 & by :i* 9 sci5tific enquiry f any "p ( k we may be l$ on to inf] ! :ole4 ,x is also argu$ t ideas1 or r ideals1 mu/ be d]iv$ f a previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce because !y are m p]fect ?an ! s5sible =ms ( !m :i* are giv5 by exp]i5ce4 ,b 9 ! ,pha$o ! doctr9e ( ideas is subord9ate to ! pro( ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ',if ! s\l exi/$ 9 a previ\s /ate1 !n x w exi/ 9 a future /ate1 = a law ( alt]nation p]vades all ?+s4' ,&1 ',if ! ideas exi/1 !n ! s\l exi/s2 if n1 n4' ,x is to be obs]v$1 bo? 9 ! ,m5o & ! ,pha$o1 t ,socrates expresses himself ) diffid5ce4 ,he speaks 9 ! ,pha$o ( ! words ) :i* he has com=t$ himself & 8 fri5ds1 & w n be too confid5t t ! description :i* he has giv5 ( ! s\l & h] mansions is exactly true1 b he 'v5tures to ?9k t some?+ ( ! k9d is true4' ,& 9 ! ,m5o1 aft] dwell+ ^u ! immortality ( ! s\l1 he adds1 ',( "s ?+s :i* ,i h said ,i am n altoge!r confid5t' 7comp>e ,apology2 ,gorgias74 ,f ?is class ( unc]ta9ties he exempts ! diff]5ce betwe5 tru? & appe>ance1 ( :i* he is absolutely conv9c$4 ,9 ! ,republic ! ideas are spok5 ( 9 two ways1 :i* ?\gh n contradictory are diff]5t4 ,9 ! t5? book !y are repres5t$ z ! g5]a or g5]al ideas "u :i* individuals hav+ a common "n are conta9$4 ,= example1 !re is ! b$ :i* ! c>p5t] makes1 ! picture ( ! b$ :i* is drawn by ! pa9t]1 ! b$ exi/+ 9 nature ( :i* ,god is ! au?or4 ,( ! latt] all visible b$s are only ! %ad[s or reflections4 ,?is & simil> illu/rations or explanations are put =?1 n = _! own sake1 or z an exposition ( ,plato's !ory ( ideas1 b ) a view ( %[+ t poetry & ! mimetic arts are conc]n$ ) an inf]ior "p ( ! s\l & a l[] k9d ( k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! #f? & #g? books ( ! ,republic we rea* ! highe/ & mo/ p]fect conception1 :i* ,plato is able to atta91 ( ! nature ( k4 ,! ideas are n[ f9ally se5 to be "o z well z _m1 causes z well z ideas1 & to h a unity :i* is ! idea ( good & ! cause ( all ! re/4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to h lo/ _! fir/ aspect ( univ]sals "u :i* individuals are conta9$1 & to h be5 conv]t$ into =ms ( ano!r k9d1 :i* are inconsi/5tly reg>d$ f ! "o side z images or ideals ( ju/ice1 temp]ance1 hol9ess & ! l2 f ! o!r z hypo!ses1 or ma!matical tru?s or pr9ciples4 ,9 ! ,timaeus1 :i* 9 ! s]ies ( ,plato's works imm$iately foll[s ! ,republic1 ?\gh probably writt5 "s "t aft]w>ds1 no m5tion occurs ( ! doctr9e ( ideas4 ,geometrical =ms & ari?metical ratios furni% ! laws accord+ to :i* ! _w is creat$4 ,b ?\gh ! conception ( ! ideas z g5]a or species is =gott5 or laid aside1 ! di/9ction ( ! visible & intellectual is z firmly ma9ta9$ z ev]4 ,! ,,idea ( good likewise disappe>s & is sup]s$$ by ! conception ( a p]sonal ,god1 :o works accord+ to a f9al cause or pr9ciple ( goodness :i* he himself is4 ,no d\bt is express$ by ,plato1 ei!r 9 ! ,timaeus or 9 any o!r dialogue1 ( ! tru?s :i* he conceives to be ! fir/ & highe/4 ,x is n ! exi/5ce ( ,god or ! idea ( good :i* he approa*es 9 a t5tative or hesitat+ mann]1 b ! inve/igations ( physiology4 ,^! he reg>ds1 n s]i\sly1 z a "p ( philosophy1 b z an innoc5t recreation 7,tim474 ,pass+ on to ! ,p>m5ides1 we f9d 9 t dialogue n an exposition or def5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ideas1 b an assault ^u !m1 :i* is put into ! m\? ( ! vet]an ,p>m5ides1 & might be ascrib$ to ,ari/otle himself1 or to "o ( 8 disciples4 ,! doctr9e :i* is assail$ takes two or ?ree =ms1 b fails 9 any ( !m to escape ! dialectical difficulties :i* are urg$ aga9/ x4 ,x is admitt$ t !re are ideas ( all ?+s1 b ! mann] 9 :i* individuals p>take ( !m1 :e!r ( ! :ole or ( ! "p1 & 9 :i* !y become l !m1 or h[ ideas c be ei!r )9 or )\t ! sph]e ( human k1 or h[ ! human & div9e c h any relation to ea* o!r1 is held to be incapable ( explanation4 ,& yet1 if !re are no univ]sal ideas1 :at becomes ( philosophy8 7,p>m5ides47 ,9 ! ,sophi/ ! !ory ( ideas is spok5 ( z a doctr9e held n by ,plato1 b by ano!r sect ( philosoph]s1 call$ '! ,fri5ds ( ,ideas1' probably ! ,meg>ians1 :o 7 v di/9ct f him1 if n oppos$ to him 7,sophi/74 ,nor 9 :at may be t]m$ ,plato's abridgem5t ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy 7,soph471 is any m5tion made su* z we f9d 9 ! fir/ book ( ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics1 ( ! d]ivation ( su* a !ory or ( any "p ( x f ! ,py?agoreans1 ! ,eleatics1 ! ,h]acleiteans1 or ev5 f ,socrates4 ,9 ! ,philebus1 probably "o ( ! late/ ( ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 ! conception ( a p]sonal or semi-p]sonal deity express$ "u ! figure ( m9d1 ! k+ ( all1 :o is also ! cause1 is reta9$4 ,! "o & _m ( ! ,pha$rus & ,!aetetus is /ill work+ 9 ! m9d ( ,plato1 & ! correlation ( ideas1 n ( 'all ) all1' b ( '"s ) "s1' is ass]t$ & expla9$4 ,b !y are spok5 ( 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & are n suppos$ to be recov]$ f a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,! metaphysical conception ( tru? passes into a psy*ological "o1 :i* is cont9u$ 9 ! ,laws1 & is ! f9al =m ( ! ,platonic philosophy1 s f> z c be ga!r$ f 8 own writ+s 7see especially ,laws74 ,9 ! ,laws he h>ps once m on ! old /r+1 & returns to g5]al notions3--^! he ackn[l$ges to be _m1 & yet he insi/s t !y are also "o4 ,! gu>dian mu/ be made to recognize ! tru?1 = :i* he has cont5d$ long ago 9 ! ,protagoras1 t ! virtues are f\r1 b !y are also 9 "s s5se "o 7,laws2 comp>e ,protagoras74 ,s v>i\s1 & if reg>d$ on ! surface only1 inconsi/5t1 are ! /atem5ts ( ,plato respect+ ! doctr9e ( ideas4 ,if we attempt$ to h>monize or to comb9e !m1 we %\ld make out ( !m1 n a sy/em1 b ! c>icature ( a sy/em4 ,!y are ! ev]-v>y+ expression ( ,plato's ,idealism4 ,! t]ms us$ 9 !m are 9 _! sub/ance & g5]al mean+ ! same1 al?\gh !y seem to be diff]5t4 ,!y pass f ! subject to ! object1 f e>? 7diesseits7 to heav5 7j5seits7 )\t reg>d to ! gulf :i* lat] !ology & philosophy h made betwe5 !m4 ,!y are also int5d$ to supplem5t or expla9 ea* o!r4 ,!y relate to a subject ( :i* ,plato himself w\ld h said t 'he 0 n confid5t ( ! precise =m ( 8 own /atem5ts1 b 0 /rong 9 ! belief t some?+ ( ! k9d 0 true4' ,x is ! _s1 n ! lett]1 9 :i* !y agree--! _s :i* places ! div9e above ! human1 ! spiritual above ! mat]ial1 ! "o above ! _m1 ! m9d be=e ! body4 ,! /ream ( anci5t philosophy 9 ! ,alex&rian & ,roman times wid5s into a lake or sea1 & !n disappe>s und]gr\nd to reappe> aft] _m ages 9 a di/ant l&4 ,x beg9s to fl[ aga9 "u new conditions1 at fir/ conf9$ betwe5 high & n>r[ banks1 b f9ally spread+ ov] ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,x is & is n ! same ) anci5t philosophy4 ,!re is a great deal 9 mod]n philosophy :i* is inspir$ by anci5t4 ,!re is mu* 9 anci5t philosophy :i* 0 'born out ( due "t2 & be=e m5 7 capable ( und]/&+ x4 ,to ! fa!rs ( mod]n philosophy1 _! own ?\ghts appe>$ to be new & orig9al1 b !y c>ri$ ) !m an e*o or %ad[ ( ! pa/1 com+ back by recollection f an eld] _w4 ,( ?is ! enquir]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o to !mselves appe>$ to be work+ out indep5d5tly ! enquiry into all tru?1 7 unconsci\s4 ,!y /ood 9 a new relation to !ology & natural philosophy1 & = a "t ma9ta9$ t[>ds bo? an attitude ( res]ve & sep>ation4 ,yet ! simil>ities betwe5 mod]n & anci5t ?\ght are great] f> ?an ! diff]5ces4 ,all philosophy1 ev5 t "p ( x :i* is said to be bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1 is really ideal2 & ideas are n only d]iv$ f facts1 b !y are also prior to !m & ext5d f> beyond !m1 j z ! m9d is prior to ! s5ses4 ,e>ly ,greek speculation culm9ates 9 ! ideas ( ,plato1 or r 9 ! s+le idea ( good4 ,8 foll[]s1 & p]haps he himself1 hav+ arriv$ at ?is elevation1 in/ead ( go+ =w>ds w5t backw>ds f philosophy to psy*ology1 f ideas to numb]s4 ,b :at we p]ceive to be ! real mean+ ( !m1 an explanation ( ! nature & orig9 ( k1 w always cont9ue to be "o ( ! fir/ problems ( philosophy4 ,plato also left beh9d him a mo/ pot5t in/rum5t1 ! =ms ( logic--arms ready = use1 b n yet tak5 out ( _! arm\ry4 ,!y 7 ! late bir? ( ! e>ly ,greek philosophy1 & 7 ! only "p ( x :i* has _h an un9t]rupt$ hold on ! m9d ( ,europe4 ,philosophies come & g2 b ! detection ( fallacies1 ! fram+ ( def9itions1 ! inv5tion ( me?ods /ill cont9ue to be ! ma9 elem5ts ( ! reason+ process4 ,mod]n philosophy1 l anci5t1 beg9s ) v simple conceptions4 ,x is almo/ :olly a reflection on self4 ,x might be describ$ z a quick5+ into life ( old words & notions lat5t 9 ! semi-b>b>\s ,lat91 & putt+ a new mean+ into !m4 ,unlike anci5t philosophy1 x has be5 unaffect$ by impressions d]iv$ f outw>d nature3 x arose )9 ! limits ( ! m9d itself4 ,f ! "t ( ,desc>tes to ,hume & ,kant x has _h little or no?+ to d ) facts ( sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! anci5t & m$iaeval logic reta9$ a cont9u\s influ5ce ov] x1 & a =m l t ( ma!matics 0 easily impress$ ^u x2 ! pr9ciple ( anci5t philosophy :i* is mo/ app>5t 9 x is scepticism2 we mu/ d\bt ne>ly e traditional or receiv$ notion1 t we may hold fa/ "o or two4 ,! be+ ( ,god 9 a p]sonal or imp]sonal =m 0 a m5tal necessity to ! fir/ ?9k]s ( mod]n times3 f ?is alone all o!r ideas c\ld be d$uc$4 ,!re _h be5 an obscure pres5tim5t ( 'cognito1 ergo sum' m ?an #bjjj ye>s previ\sly4 ,! ,eleatic notion t be+ & ?\ght 7 ! same 0 reviv$ 9 a new =m by ,desc>tes4 ,b n[ x gave bir? to consci\sness & self-reflection3 x awak5$ ! 'ego' 9 human nature4 ,! m9d nak$ & ab/ract has no o!r c]ta9ty b ! conviction ( its own exi/5ce4 ',i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am2' & ?is ?\ght is ,god ?9k+ 9 me1 :o has also communicat$ to ! reason ( man 8 own attributes ( ?\ght & ext5sion--^! are truly imp>t$ to him because ,god is true 7comp>e ,republic74 ,x has be5 (t5 rem>k$ t ,desc>tes1 hav+ begun by dismiss+ all presuppositions1 introduces sev]al3 he passes almo/ at once f scepticism to dogmatism4 ,x is m important = ! illu/ration ( ,plato to obs]ve t he1 l ,plato1 insi/s t ,god is true & incapable ( deception 7,republic7--t he proce$s f g5]al ideas1 t _m elem5ts ( ma!matics may be f\nd 9 him4 ,a c]ta9 influ5ce ( ma!matics bo? on ! =m & sub/ance ( _! philosophy is disc]nible 9 bo? ( !m4 ,aft] mak+ ! greate/ opposition betwe5 ?\ght & ext5sion1 ,desc>tes1 l ,plato1 supposes !m to be reunit$ = a "t1 n 9 _! own nature b by a special div9e act 7comp>e ,pha$rus71 & he also supposes all ! p>ts ( ! human body to meet 9 ! p9eal gl&1 t alone af=d+ a pr9ciple ( unity 9 ! mat]ial frame ( man4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! fir/ p]iod ( mod]n philosophy1 t hav+ begun 7l ! ,presocratics7 ) a few g5]al notions1 ,desc>tes fir/ falls absolutely "u _! influ5ce1 & !n quickly disc>ds !m4 ,at ! same "t he is less able to obs]ve facts1 because !y are too mu* magnifi$ by ! glasses ?r\gh :i* !y are se54 ,! common logic says '! great] ! ext5sion1 ! less ! compreh5sion1' & we may put ! same ?\ght 9 ano!r way & say ( ab/ract or g5]al ideas1 t ! great] ! ab/raction ( !m1 ! less are !y capable ( be+ appli$ to p>ticul> & concrete natures4 ,n v diff]5t f ,desc>tes 9 8 relation to anci5t philosophy is 8 successor ,sp9oza1 :o liv$ 9 ! foll[+ g5]ation4 ,! sy/em ( ,sp9oza is less p]sonal & also less duali/ic ?an t ( ,desc>tes4 ,9 ?is respect ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is l t betwe5 ,x5ophanes & ,p>m5ides4 ,! tea*+ ( ,sp9oza might be describ$ g5]ally z ! ,jewi% religion r$uc$ to an ab/raction & tak+ ! =m ( ! ,eleatic philosophy4 ,l ,p>m5ides1 he is ov]p[]$ & intoxicat$ ) ! idea ( ,be+ or ,god4 ,! greatness ( bo? philosophies consi/s 9 ! imm5sity ( a ?\ght :i* excludes all o!r ?\ghts2 _! weakness is ! necess>y sep>ation ( ?is ?\ght f actual exi/5ce & f practical life4 ,9 nei!r ( !m is !re any cle> opposition betwe5 ! inw>d & outw>d _w4 ,! sub/ance ( ,sp9oza has two attributes1 :i* alone are cognizable by man1 ?\ght & ext5sion2 ^! are 9 extreme opposition to "o ano!r1 & also 9 insep>able id5tity4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z ! two aspects or expressions "u :i* ,god or sub/ance is unfold$ to man4 ,"h a /ep is made beyond ! limits ( ! ,eleatic philosophy4 ,! fam\s !orem ( ,sp9oza1 ',omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio1' is already conta9$ 9 ! 'negation is relation' ( ,plato's ,sophi/4 ,! gr& description ( ! philosoph] 9 ,republic ,,vi1 z ! spectator ( all "t & all exi/5ce1 may be p>allel$ ) ano!r fam\s expression ( ,sp9oza1 ',contemplatio r]um sub specie et]nitatis4' ,accord+ to ,sp9oza f9ite objects are unreal1 = !y are condition$ by :at is ali5 to !m1 & by "o ano!r4 ,human be+s are includ$ 9 ! numb] ( !m4 ,h5ce !re is no reality 9 human action & no place = "r & wrong4 ,individuality is accid5t4 ,! boa/$ fre$om ( ! w is only a consci\sness ( necessity4 ,tru?1 he says1 is ! direction ( ! reason t[>ds ! inf9ite1 9 :i* all ?+s repose2 & h]e9 lies ! secret ( man's well-be+4 ,9 ! exaltation ( ! reason or intellect1 9 ! d5ial ( ! volunt>9ess ( evil 7,timaeus2 ,laws7 ,sp9oza approa*es ne>] to ,plato ?an 9 8 conception ( an inf9ite sub/ance4 ,z ,socrates said t virtue is k1 s ,sp9oza w\ld h ma9ta9$ t k alone is good1 & :at contributes to k useful4 ,bo? are equally f> f any real exp]i5ce or obs]vation ( nature4 ,& ! same difficulty is f\nd 9 bo? :5 we seek to apply _! ideas to life & practice4 ,!re is a gulf fix$ betwe5 ! inf9ite sub/ance & f9ite objects or individuals ( ,sp9oza1 j z !re is betwe5 ! ideas ( ,plato & ! _w ( s5se4 ,remov$ f ,sp9oza by less ?an a g5]ation is ! philosoph] ,leibnitz1 :o aft] deep5+ & int5sify+ ! opposition betwe5 m9d & matt]1 reunites !m by 8 preconc]t$ h>mony 7comp>e aga9 ,pha$rus74 ,to him all ! p>ticles ( matt] are liv+ be+s :i* reflect on "o ano!r1 & 9 ! lea/ ( !m ! :ole is conta9$4 ,"h we cat* a rem9isc5ce bo? ( ! omoiom]e1 or simil> p>ticles ( ,anaxagoras1 & ( ! _w-animal ( ! ,timaeus4 ,9 ,bacon & ,locke we h ano!r developm5t 9 :i* ! m9d ( man is suppos$ to receive k by a new me?od & to "w by obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,b we may rem>k t x is ! idea ( exp]i5ce1 r ?an exp]i5ce itself1 ) :i* ! m9d is fill$4 ,x is a symbol ( k r ?an ! reality :i* is v\*saf$ to u4 ,! ,organon ( ,bacon is n mu* ne>] to actual facts ?an ! ,organon ( ,ari/otle or ! ,platonic idea ( good4 ,_m ( ! old rags & ribbons :i* defac$ ! g>m5t ( philosophy h be5 /ripp$ (f1 b "s ( !m /ill adh]e4 ,a crude conception ( ! ideas ( ,plato survives 9 ! '=ms' ( ,bacon4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m passages ( ,plato 9 :i* ! importance ( ! inve/igation ( facts is z mu* insi/$ ^u z by ,bacon4 ,bo? are almo/ equally sup]ior to ! illusions ( language1 & are con/antly cry+ out aga9/ !m1 z aga9/ o!r idols4 ,locke _c be truly reg>d$ z ! au?or ( s5sationalism any m ?an ( idealism4 ,8 sy/em is bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1 b ) him exp]i5ce includes reflection z well z s5se4 ,8 analysis & con/ruction ( ideas has no f\ndation 9 fact2 x is only ! dialectic ( ! m9d 'talk+ to h]self4' ,! philosophy ( ,b]keley is b ! transposition ( two words4 ,= objects ( s5se he w\ld sub/itute s5sations4 ,he imag9es himself to h *ang$ ! relation ( ! human m9d t[>ds ,god & nature2 !y rema9 ! same z be=e1 ?\gh he has drawn ! imag9>y l9e by :i* !y are divid$ at a diff]5t po9t4 ,he has annihilat$ ! outw>d _w1 b x in/antly reappe>s gov]n$ by ! same laws & describ$ "u ! same names4 ,a l rem>k applies to ,david ,hume1 ( ^: philosophy ! c5tral pr9ciple is ! d5ial ( ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,he w\ld deprive m5 ( a famili> t]m :i* !y c ill af=d to lose2 b he seems n to h obs]v$ t ?is alt]ation is m]ely v]bal & does n 9 any degree affect ! nature ( ?+s4 ,/ill less did he rem>k t he 0 argu+ f ! necess>y imp]fection ( language aga9/ ! mo/ c]ta9 facts4 ,& "h1 aga91 we may f9d a p>allel ) ! anci5ts4 ,he goes beyond facts 9 8 scepticism1 z !y did 9 _! idealism4 ,l ! anci5t ,sophi/s1 he relegates ! m important pr9ciples ( e?ics to cu/om & probability4 ,b crude & unmean+ z ?is philosophy is1 x ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on 8 successors1 n unlike t :i* ,locke ex]cis$ ^u ,b]keley & ,b]keley ^u ,hume himself4 ,all ?ree 7 bo? sceptical & ideal 9 almo/ equal degrees4 ,nei!r !y nor _! pr$ecessors _h any true conception ( language or ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,hume's p>adox has be5 =gott5 by ! _w1 & did n any m ?an ! scepticism ( ! anci5ts require to be s]i\sly refut$4 ,l "s o!r philosophical p>adoxes1 x w\ld h be5 bett] left to die out4 ,x c]ta9ly c\ld n be refut$ by a philosophy su* z ,kant's1 9 :i*1 no less ?an 9 ! previ\sly m5tion$ sy/ems1 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d & ! nature ( language are almo/ :olly ignor$1 & ! c]ta9ty ( objective k is transf]r$ to ! subject2 :ile absolute tru? is r$uc$ to a figm5t1 m ab/ract & n>r[ ?an ,plato's ideas1 ( '?+ 9 itself1' to :i*1 if we reason /rictly1 no pr$icate c be appli$4 ,! "q :i* ,plato has rais$ respect+ ! orig9 & nature ( ideas belongs to ! infancy ( philosophy2 9 mod]n times x w\ld no long] be ask$4 ,_! orig9 is only _! hi/ory1 s f> z we "k x2 !re c be no o!r4 ,we may trace !m 9 language1 9 philosophy1 9 my?ology1 9 poetry1 b we _c argue a priori ab\t !m4 ,we may attempt to %ake !m (f1 b !y are always return+1 & 9 e sph]e ( sci5ce & human action are t5d+ to g beyond facts4 ,!y are ?\ght to be innate1 because !y h be5 famili> to u all our lives1 & we c no long] dismiss !m f our m9d4 ,_m ( !m express relations ( t]ms to :i* no?+ exactly or no?+ at all 9 r]um natura corresponds4 ,we are n su* free ag5ts 9 ! use ( !m z we sometimes imag9e4 ,fix$ ideas h tak5 ! mo/ complete possession ( "s ?9k]s :o h be5 mo/ det]m9$ to r5\nce !m1 & h be5 vehem5tly affirm$ :5 !y c\ld be lea/ expla9$ & 7 incapable ( pro(4 ,! _w has (t5 be5 l$ away by a ^w to :i* no di/9ct mean+ c\ld be atta*$4 ,ab/ractions su* z 'au?ority1' 'equality1' 'utility1' 'lib]ty1' 'pleasure1' 'exp]i5ce1' 'consci\sness1' '*ance1' 'sub/ance1' 'matt]1' 'atom1' & a heap ( o!r metaphysical & !ological t]ms1 are ! s\rce ( q z mu* error & illusion & h z little relation to actual facts z ! ideas ( ,plato4 ,few /ud5ts ( !ology or philosophy h suffici5tly reflect$ h[ quickly ! bloom ( a philosophy passes away2 or h[ h>d x is = "o age to und]/& ! writ+s ( ano!r2 or h[ nice a judgm5t is requir$ ( ^? :o are seek+ to express ! philosophy ( "o age 9 ! t]ms ( ano!r4 ,! 'et]nal tru?s' ( :i* metaphysicians speak h h>dly ev] la/$ m ?an a g5]ation4 ,9 our own day s*ools or sy/ems ( philosophy :i* h once be5 fam\s h di$ be=e ! f\nd]s ( !m4 ,we are /ill1 z 9 ,plato's age1 grop+ ab\t = a new me?od m compreh5sive ?an any ( ^? :i* n[ prevail2 & also m p]man5t4 ,& we seem to see at a di/ance ! promise ( su* a me?od1 :i* c h>dly be any o!r ?an ! me?od ( idealiz$ exp]i5ce1 hav+ roots :i* /rike f> d[n into ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,x is a me?od :i* does n divorce ! pres5t f ! pa/1 or ! "p f ! :ole1 or ! ab/ract f ! concrete1 or !ory f fact1 or ! div9e f ! human1 or "o sci5ce f ano!r1 b lab\rs to connect !m4 ,along su* a road we h proce$$ a few /eps1 suffici5t1 p]haps1 to make u reflect on ! want ( me?od :i* prevails 9 our own day4 ,9 ano!r age1 all ! bran*es ( k1 :e!r relat+ to ,god or man or nature1 w become ! k ( '! revelation ( a s+le sci5ce' 7,symp471 & all ?+s1 l ! />s 9 heav51 w %$ _! light ^u "o ano!r4 ,,m5o ,,p]sons ,,( ,,! ,,dialogue3 ,m5o1 ,socrates1 ,a ,slave ( ,m5o 7,boy71 ,anytus4 ,,m5o3 ,c y tell me1 ,socrates1 :e!r virtue is acquir$ by tea*+ or by practice2 or if nei!r by tea*+ nor by practice1 !n :e!r x comes to man by nature1 or 9 :at o!r way8 ,,socrates3 ,o ,m5o1 !re 0 a "t :5 ! ,!ssalians 7 fam\s among ! o!r ,hell5es only = _! ri*es & _! rid+2 b n[1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 !y are equally fam\s = _! wisdom1 especially at ,l>isa1 :i* is ! native city ( y\r fri5d ,ari/ippus4 ,& ?is is ,gorgias' do+2 = :5 he came !re1 ! fl[] ( ! ,aleuadae1 among !m y\r admir] ,ari/ippus1 & ! o!r *iefs ( ! ,!ssalians1 fell 9 love ) 8 wisdom4 ,& he has taught y ! habit ( answ]+ que/ions 9 a gr& & bold /yle1 :i* becomes ^? :o "k1 & is ! /yle 9 :i* he himself answ]s all com]s2 & any ,hell5e :o likes may ask him any?+4 ,h[ diff]5t is our lot6 my de> ,m5o4 ,"h at ,a!ns !re is a de>? ( ! commodity1 & all wisdom seems to h emigrat$ f u to y4 ,i am c]ta9 t if y 7 to ask any ,a!nian :e!r virtue 0 natural or acquir$1 he w\ld laugh 9 y\r face1 & say3 ',/rang]1 y h f> too good an op9ion ( me1 if y ?9k t ,i c answ] y\r "q4 ,= ,i lit]ally d n "k :at virtue is1 & mu* less :e!r x is acquir$ by tea*+ or n4' ,& ,i myself1 ,m5o1 liv+ z ,i d 9 ?is region ( pov]ty1 am z poor z ! re/ ( ! _w2 & ,i confess ) %ame t ,i "k lit]ally no?+ ab\t virtue2 & :5 ,i d n "k ! 'quid' ( any?+ h[ c ,i "k ! 'quale'8 ,h[1 if ,i knew no?+ at all ( ,m5o1 c\ld ,i tell if he 0 fair1 or ! opposite ( fair2 ri* & noble1 or ! rev]se ( ri* & noble8 ,d y ?9k t ,i c\ld8 ,,m5o3 ,no1 inde$4 ,b are y 9 e>ne/1 ,socrates1 9 say+ t y d n "k :at virtue is8 ,& am ,i to c>ry back ?is report ( y to ,!ssaly8 ,,socrates3 ,n only t1 my de> boy1 b y may say fur!r t ,i h nev] kn[n ( any "o else :o did1 9 my judgm5t4 ,,m5o3 ,!n y h nev] met ,gorgias :5 he 0 at ,a!ns8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,i h4 ,,m5o3 ,& did y n ?9k t he knew8 ,,socrates3 ,i h n a good memory1 ,m5o1 & !re=e ,i _c n[ tell :at ,i ?\ght ( him at ! "t4 ,& ,i d>e say t he did "k1 & t y "k :at he said3 please1 !re=e1 to rem9d me ( :at he said2 or1 if y w\ld r1 tell me y\r own view2 = ,i suspect t y & he ?9k mu* alike4 ,,m5o3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n z he is n "h1 nev] m9d him1 & d y tell me3 ,by ! gods1 ,m5o1 be g5]\s1 & tell me :at y say t virtue is2 = ,i %all be truly delight$ to f9d t ,i h be5 mi/ak51 & t y & ,gorgias d really h ?is k2 al?\gh ,i h be5 j say+ t ,i h nev] f\nd anybody :o _h4 ,,m5o3 ,!re w be no difficulty1 ,socrates1 9 answ]+ y\r "q4 ,let u take fir/ ! virtue ( a man--he %\ld "k h[ to adm9i/] ! /ate1 & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( x to b5efit 8 fri5ds & h>m 8 enemies2 & he mu/ also be c>eful n to suff] h>m himself4 ,a woman's virtue1 if y wi% to "k ab\t t1 may also be easily describ$3 h] duty is to ord] h] h\se1 & keep :at is indoors1 & obey h] husb&4 ,e age1 e condition ( life1 "y or old1 male or female1 bond or free1 has a diff]5t virtue3 !re are virtues numb]less1 & no lack ( def9itions ( !m2 = virtue is relative to ! actions & ages ( ea* ( u 9 all t we d4 ,& ! same may be said ( vice1 ,socrates 7,comp>e ,ari/4 ,pol474 ,,socrates3 ,h[ =tunate ,i am1 ,m5o6 ,:5 ,i ask y = "o virtue1 y pres5t me ) a sw>m ( !m 7,comp>e ,!aet471 :i* are 9 y\r keep+4 ,suppose t ,i c>ry on ! figure ( ! sw>m1 & ask ( y1 ,:at is ! nature ( ! bee8 & y answ] t !re are _m k9ds ( bees1 & ,i reply3 ,b d bees diff] z bees1 because !re are _m & diff]5t k9ds ( !m2 or are !y n r to be di/+ui%$ by "s o!r quality1 z = example beauty1 size1 or %ape8 ,h[ w\ld y answ] me8 ,,m5o3 ,i %\ld answ] t bees d n diff] f "o ano!r1 z bees4 ,,socrates3 ,& if ,i w5t on to say3 ,t is :at ,i desire to "k1 ,m5o2 tell me :at is ! quality 9 :i* !y d n diff]1 b are all alike2--w\ld y be able to answ]8 ,,m5o3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,& s ( ! virtues1 h[ev] _m & diff]5t !y may be1 !y h all a common nature :i* makes !m virtues2 & on ?is he :o w\ld answ] ! "q1 ',:at is virtue8' w\ld d well to h 8 eye fix$3 ,d y und]/&8 ,,m5o3 ,i am beg9n+ to und]/&2 b ,i d n z yet take hold ( ! "q z ,i c\ld wi%4 ,,socrates3 ,:5 y say1 ,m5o1 t !re is "o virtue ( a man1 ano!r ( a woman1 ano!r ( a *ild1 & s on1 does ?is apply only to virtue1 or w\ld y say ! same ( heal?1 & size1 & /r5g?8 ,or is ! nature ( heal? always ! same1 :e!r 9 man or woman8 ,,m5o3 ,i %\ld say t heal? is ! same1 bo? 9 man & woman4 ,,socrates3 ,& is n ?is true ( size & /r5g?8 ,if a woman is /rong1 %e w be /rong by reason ( ! same =m & ( ! same /r5g? subsi/+ 9 h] :i* !re is 9 ! man4 ,i mean to say t /r5g?1 z /r5g?1 :e!r ( man or woman1 is ! same4 ,is !re any diff]5ce8 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k n4 ,,socrates3 ,& w n virtue1 z virtue1 be ! same1 :e!r 9 a *ild or 9 a gr[n-up p]son1 9 a woman or 9 a man8 ,,m5o3 ,i _c help feel+1 ,socrates1 t ?is case is diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,,socrates3 ,b :y8 ,7 y n say+ t ! virtue ( a man 0 to ord] a /ate1 & ! virtue ( a woman 0 to ord] a h\se8 ,,m5o3 ,i did say s4 ,,socrates3 ,& c ei!r h\se or /ate or any?+ be well ord]$ )\t temp]ance & )\t ju/ice8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n !y :o ord] a /ate or a h\se temp]ately or ju/ly ord] !m ) temp]ance & ju/ice8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n bo? m5 & wom51 if !y are to be good m5 & wom51 mu/ h ! same virtues ( temp]ance & ju/ice8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& c ei!r a "y man or an eld] "o be good1 if !y are intemp]ate & unju/8 ,,m5o3 ,!y _c4 ,,socrates3 ,!y mu/ be temp]ate & j8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n all m5 are good 9 ! same way1 & by p>ticipation 9 ! same virtues8 ,,m5o3 ,su* is ! inf]5ce4 ,,socrates3 ,& !y surely w\ld n h be5 good 9 ! same way1 unless _! virtue _h be5 ! same8 ,,m5o3 ,!y w\ld n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n n[ t ! sam5ess ( all virtue has be5 prov51 try & rememb] :at y & ,gorgias say t virtue is4 ,,m5o3 ,w y h "o def9ition ( !m all8 ,,socrates3 ,t is :at ,i am seek+4 ,,m5o3 ,if y want to h "o def9ition ( !m all1 ,i "k n :at to say1 b t virtue is ! p[] ( gov]n+ mank9d4 ,,socrates3 ,& does ?is def9ition ( virtue include all virtue8 ,is virtue ! same 9 a *ild & 9 a slave1 ,m5o8 ,c ! *ild gov]n 8 fa!r1 or ! slave 8 ma/]2 & w\ld he :o gov]n$ be any long] a slave8 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k n1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,no1 inde$2 !re w\ld be small reason 9 t4 ,yet once m1 fair fri5d2 accord+ to y1 virtue is '! p[] ( gov]n+2' b d y n add 'ju/ly & n unju/ly'8 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 ,socrates2 ,i agree !re2 = ju/ice is virtue4 ,,socrates3 ,w\ld y say 'virtue1' ,m5o1 or 'a virtue'8 ,,m5o3 ,:at d y mean8 ,,socrates3 ,i mean z ,i might say ab\t any?+2 t a r\nd1 = example1 is 'a figure' & n simply 'figure1' & ,i %\ld adopt ?is mode ( speak+1 because !re are o!r figures4 ,,m5o3 ,q "r2 & t is j :at ,i am say+ ab\t virtue--t !re are o!r virtues z well z ju/ice4 ,,socrates3 ,:at are !y8 tell me ! names ( !m1 z ,i w\ld tell y ! names ( ! o!r figures if y ask$ me4 ,,m5o3 ,c\rage & temp]ance & wisdom & magnanimity are virtues2 & !re are _m o!rs4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,m5o2 & aga9 we are 9 ! same case3 9 se>*+ aft] "o virtue we h f\nd _m1 ?\gh n 9 ! same way z be=e2 b we h be5 unable to f9d ! common virtue :i* runs ?r\gh !m all4 ,,m5o3 ,:y1 ,socrates1 ev5 n[ ,i am n able to foll[ y 9 ! attempt to get at "o common notion ( virtue z ( o!r ?+s4 ,,socrates3 ,no wond]2 b ,i w try to get ne>] if ,i c1 = y "k t all ?+s h a common notion4 ,suppose n[ t "s "o ask$ y ! "q :i* ,i ask$ be=e3 ,m5o1 he w\ld say1 :at is figure8 ,& if y answ]$ 'r\ndness1' he w\ld reply to y1 9 my way ( speak+1 by ask+ :e!r y w\ld say t r\ndness is 'figure' or 'a figure2' & y w\ld answ] 'a figure4' ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& = ?is reason--t !re are o!r figures8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& if he proce$$ to ask1 ,:at o!r figures are !re8 y w\ld h told him4 ,,m5o3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,& if he simil>ly ask$ :at col\r is1 & y answ]$ :it5ess1 & ! que/ion] rejo9$1 ,w\ld y say t :it5ess is col\r or a col\r8 y w\ld reply1 ,a col\r1 because !re are o!r col\rs z well4 ,,m5o3 ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,& if he _h said1 ,tell me :at !y are8--y w\ld h told him ( o!r col\rs :i* are col\rs j z mu* z :it5ess4 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& suppose t he 7 to pursue ! matt] 9 my way1 he w\ld say3 ,ev] & anon we are l&$ 9 p>ticul>s1 b ?is is n :at ,i want2 tell me !n1 s9ce y call !m by a common "n1 & say t !y are all figures1 ev5 :5 oppos$ to "o ano!r1 :at is t common nature :i* y designate z figure--:i* conta9s /raight z well z r\nd1 & is no m "o ?an ! o!r--t w\ld be y\r mode ( speak+8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 speak+ ?us1 y d n mean to say t ! r\nd is r\nd any m ?an /raight1 or ! /raight any m /raight ?an r\nd8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,y only ass]t t ! r\nd figure is n m a figure ?an ! /raight1 or ! /raight ?an ! r\nd8 ,,m5o3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,to :at !n d we give ! "n ( figure8 ,try & answ]4 ,suppose t :5 a p]son ask$ y ?is "q ei!r ab\t figure or col\r1 y 7 to reply1 ,man1 ,i d n und]/& :at y want1 or "k :at y are say+2 he w\ld look r a/oni%$ & say3 ,d y n und]/& t ,i am look+ = ! 'simile 9 multis'8 ,& !n he might put ! "q 9 ano!r =m3 ,m5o1 he might say1 :at is t 'simile 9 multis' :i* y call figure1 & :i* includes n only r\nd & /raight figures1 b all8 ,c\ld y n answ] t "q1 ,m5o8 ,i wi% t y w\ld try2 ! attempt w be good practice ) a view to ! answ] ab\t virtue4 ,,m5o3 ,i w\ld r t y %\ld answ]1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,%all ,i indulge y8 ,,m5o3 ,by all means4 ,,socrates3 ,& !n y w tell me ab\t virtue8 ,,m5o3 ,i w4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ,i mu/ d my be/1 = !re is a prize to be won4 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 ,i w try & expla9 to y :at figure is4 ,:at d y say to ?is answ]8--,figure is ! only ?+ :i* always foll[s col\r4 ,w y be satisfi$ ) x1 z ,i am sure t ,i %\ld be1 if y w\ld let me h a simil> def9ition ( virtue8 ,,m5o3 ,b1 ,socrates1 x is su* a simple answ]4 ,,socrates3 ,:y simple8 ,,m5o3 ,because1 accord+ to y1 figure is t :i* always foll[s col\r4 7,,socrates3 ,grant$47 ,,m5o3 ,b if a p]son 7 to say t he does n "k :at col\r is1 any m ?an :at figure is--:at sort ( answ] w\ld y h giv5 him8 ,,socrates3 ,i %\ld h told him ! tru?4 ,& if he 7 a philosoph] ( ! eri/ic & antagoni/ic sort1 ,i %\ld say to him3 ,y h my answ]1 & if ,i am wrong1 y\r bus9ess is to take up ! argum5t & refute me4 ,b if we 7 fri5ds1 & 7 talk+ z y & ,i are n[1 ,i %\ld reply 9 a mild] /ra9 & m 9 ! dialectician's ve92 t is to say1 ,i %\ld n only speak ! tru?1 b ,i %\ld make use ( premises :i* ! p]son int]rogat$ w\ld be will+ to admit4 ,& ?is is ! way 9 :i* ,i %all endeav\r to approa* y4 ,y w ackn[l$ge1 w y n1 t !re is su* a ?+ z an end1 or t]m9ation1 or extremity8--all :i* words ,i use 9 ! same s5se1 al?\gh ,i am aw>e t ,prodicus might draw di/9ctions ab\t !m3 b /ill y1 ,i am sure1 w\ld speak ( a ?+ z end$ or t]m9at$--t is all :i* ,i am say+--n any?+ v difficult4 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 ,i %\ld2 & ,i believe t ,i und]/& y\r mean+4 ,,socrates3 ,& y w\ld speak ( a surface & also ( a solid1 z = example 9 geometry4 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,well !n1 y are n[ 9 a condition to und]/& my def9ition ( figure4 ,i def9e figure to be t 9 :i* ! solid ends2 or1 m concisely1 ! limit ( solid4 ,,m5o3 ,& n[1 ,socrates1 :at is col\r8 ,,socrates3 ,y are outrage\s1 ,m5o1 9 ?us plagu+ a poor old man to give y an answ]1 :5 y w n take ! tr\ble ( rememb]+ :at is ,gorgias' def9ition ( virtue4 ,,m5o3 ,:5 y h told me :at ,i ask1 ,i w tell y1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,a man :o 0 bl9dfold$ has only to he> y talk+1 & he w\ld "k t y are a fair creature & h /ill _m lov]s4 ,,m5o3 ,:y d y ?9k s8 ,,socrates3 ,:y1 because y always speak 9 imp]atives3 l all beauties :5 !y are 9 _! prime1 y are tyrannical2 & also1 z ,i suspect1 y h f\nd out t ,i h weakness = ! fair1 & !re=e to hum\r y ,i mu/ answ]4 ,,m5o3 ,please d4 ,,socrates3 ,w\ld y l me to answ] y aft] ! mann] ( ,gorgias1 :i* is famili> to y8 ,,m5o3 ,i %\ld l no?+ bett]4 ,,socrates3 ,d n he & y & ,emp$ocles say t !re are c]ta9 efflu5ces ( exi/5ce8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& passages into :i* & ?r\gh :i* ! efflu5ces pass8 ,,m5o3 ,exactly4 ,,socrates3 ,& "s ( ! efflu5ces fit into ! passages1 & "s ( !m are too small or too l>ge8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& !re is su* a ?+ z sight8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& n[1 z ,p9d> says1 'read my mean+3'--col\r is an efflu5ce ( =m1 comm5surate ) sight1 & palpable to s5se4 ,,m5o3 ,t1 ,socrates1 appe>s to me to be an admirable answ]4 ,,socrates3 ,:y1 yes1 because x happ5s to be "o :i* y h be5 9 ! habit ( he>+3 & y\r wit w h discov]$1 ,i suspect1 t y may expla9 9 ! same way ! nature ( s\nd & smell1 & ( _m o!r simil> ph5om5a4 ,,m5o3 ,q true4 ,,socrates3 ,! answ]1 ,m5o1 0 9 ! or?odox solemn ve91 & !re=e 0 m acceptable to y ?an ! o!r answ] ab\t figure4 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet1 ,o son ( ,alexidemus1 ,i _c help ?9k+ t ! o!r 0 ! bett]2 & ,i am sure t y w\ld be ( ! same op9ion1 if y w\ld only /ay & be initiat$1 & 7 n compell$1 z y said ye/]day1 to g away be=e ! my/]ies4 ,,m5o3 ,b ,i w /ay1 ,socrates1 if y w give me _m su* answ]s4 ,,socrates3 ,well !n1 = my own sake z well z = y\rs1 ,i w d my v be/2 b ,i am afraid t ,i %all n be able to give y v _m z good3 & n[1 9 y\r turn1 y are to fulfil y\r promise1 & tell me :at virtue is 9 ! univ]sal2 & d n make a s+ul> into a plural1 z ! faceti\s say ( ^? :o break a ?+1 b deliv] virtue to me :ole & s\nd1 & n brok5 into a numb] ( pieces3 ,i h giv5 y ! patt]n4 ,,m5o3 ,well !n1 ,socrates1 virtue1 z ,i take x1 is :5 he1 :o desires ! hon\rable1 is able to provide x = himself2 s ! poet says1 & ,i say too-- ',virtue is ! desire ( ?+s hon\rable & ! p[] ( atta9+ !m4' ,,socrates3 ,& does he :o desires ! hon\rable also desire ! good8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n are !re "s :o desire ! evil & o!rs :o desire ! good8 ,d n all m51 my de> sir1 desire good8 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k n4 ,,socrates3 ,!re are "s :o desire evil8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,d y mean t !y ?9k ! evils :i* !y desire1 to be good2 or d !y "k t !y are evil & yet desire !m8 ,,m5o3 ,bo?1 ,i ?9k4 ,,socrates3 ,& d y really imag9e1 ,m5o1 t a man kn[s evils to be evils & desires !m not)/&+8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly ,i d4 ,,socrates3 ,& desire is ( possession8 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 ( possession4 ,,socrates3 ,& does he ?9k t ! evils w d good to him :o possesses !m1 or does he "k t !y w d him h>m8 ,,m5o3 ,!re are "s :o ?9k t ! evils w d !m good1 & o!rs :o "k t !y w d !m h>m4 ,,socrates3 ,&1 9 y\r op9ion1 d ^? :o ?9k t !y w d !m good "k t !y are evils8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,is x n obvi\s t ^? :o are ignorant ( _! nature d n desire !m2 b !y desire :at !y suppose to be goods al?\gh !y are really evils2 & if !y are mi/ak5 & suppose ! evils to be goods !y really desire goods8 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 9 t case4 ,,socrates3 ,well1 & d ^? :o1 z y say1 desire evils1 & ?9k t evils are hurtful to ! possessor ( !m1 "k t !y w be hurt by !m8 ,,m5o3 ,!y mu/ "k x4 ,,socrates3 ,& mu/ !y n suppose t ^? :o are hurt are mis]able 9 proportion to ! hurt :i* is inflict$ ^u !m8 ,,m5o3 ,h[ c x be o!rwise8 ,,socrates3 ,b are n ! mis]able ill-fat$8 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 inde$4 ,,socrates3 ,& does any "o desire to be mis]able & ill-fat$8 ,,m5o3 ,i %\ld say n1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,b if !re is no "o :o desires to be mis]able1 !re is no "o1 ,m5o1 :o desires evil2 = :at is mis]y b ! desire & possession ( evil8 ,,m5o3 ,t appe>s to be ! tru?1 ,socrates1 & ,i admit t nobody desires evil4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet1 7 y n say+ j n[ t virtue is ! desire & p[] ( atta9+ good8 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 ,i did say s4 ,,socrates3 ,b if ?is be affirm$1 !n ! desire ( good is common to all1 & "o man is no bett] ?an ano!r 9 t respect8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& if "o man is n bett] ?an ano!r 9 desir+ good1 he mu/ be bett] 9 ! p[] ( atta9+ x8 ,,m5o3 ,exactly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 accord+ to y\r def9ition1 virtue w\ld appe> to be ! p[] ( atta9+ good8 ,,m5o3 ,i entirely approve1 ,socrates1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* y n[ view ?is matt]4 ,,socrates3 ,!n let u see :e!r :at y say is true f ano!r po9t ( view2 = v likely y may be "r3--,y affirm virtue to be ! p[] ( atta9+ goods8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! goods :i* y mean are su* z heal? & weal? & ! possession ( gold & silv]1 & hav+ (fice & hon\r 9 ! /ate--^? are :at y w\ld call goods8 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 ,i %\ld include all ^?4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 accord+ to ,m5o1 :o is ! h]$it>y fri5d ( ! great k+1 virtue is ! p[] ( gett+ silv] & gold2 & w\ld y add t !y mu/ be ga9$ pi\sly1 ju/ly1 or d y deem ?is to be ( no consequ5ce8 ,& is any mode ( acquisition1 ev5 if unju/ & di%one/1 equally to be deem$ virtue8 ,,m5o3 ,n virtue1 ,socrates1 b vice4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ju/ice or temp]ance or hol9ess1 or "s o!r "p ( virtue1 z w\ld appe>1 mu/ accompany ! acquisition1 & )\t !m ! m]e acquisition ( good w n be virtue4 ,,m5o3 ,:y1 h[ c !re be virtue )\t ^!8 ,,socrates3 ,& ! non-acquisition ( gold & silv] 9 a di%one/ mann] = oneself or ano!r1 or 9 o!r words ! want ( !m1 may be equally virtue8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! acquisition ( su* goods is no m virtue ?an ! non-acquisition & want ( !m1 b :atev] is accompani$ by ju/ice or hone/y is virtue1 & :atev] is devoid ( ju/ice is vice4 ,,m5o3 ,x _c be o!rwise1 9 my judgm5t4 ,,socrates3 ,& 7 we n say+ j n[ t ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & ! l1 7 ea* ( !m a "p ( virtue8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& s1 ,m5o1 ?is is ! way 9 :i* y mock me4 ,,m5o3 ,:y d y say t1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,:y1 because ,i ask$ y to deliv] virtue into my h&s :ole & unbrok51 & ,i gave y a patt]n accord+ to :i* y 7 to frame y\r answ]2 & y h =gott5 already1 & tell me t virtue is ! p[] ( atta9+ good ju/ly1 or ) ju/ice2 & ju/ice y ackn[l$ge to be a "p ( virtue4 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n x foll[s f y\r own admissions1 t virtue is do+ :at y d ) a "p ( virtue2 = ju/ice & ! l are said by y to be p>ts ( virtue4 ,,m5o3 ,:at ( t8 ,,socrates3 ,:at ( t6 ,:y1 did n ,i ask y to tell me ! nature ( virtue z a :ole8 ,& y are v f> f tell+ me ?is2 b decl>e e action to be virtue :i* is done ) a "p ( virtue2 z ?\gh y _h told me & ,i mu/ already "k ! :ole ( virtue1 & ?is too :5 fritt]$ away into little pieces4 ,&1 !re=e1 my de> ,m5o1 ,i fe> t ,i mu/ beg9 aga9 & repeat ! same "q3 ,:at is virtue8 = o!rwise1 ,i c only say1 t e action done ) a "p ( virtue is virtue2 :at else is ! mean+ ( say+ t e action done ) ju/ice is virtue8 ,ought ,i n to ask ! "q ov] aga92 = c any "o :o does n "k virtue "k a "p ( virtue8 ,,m5o3 ,no2 ,i d n say t he c4 ,,socrates3 ,d y rememb] h[1 9 ! example ( figure1 we reject$ any answ] giv5 9 t]ms :i* 7 z yet unexpla9$ or unadmitt$8 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 ,socrates2 & we 7 q "r 9 do+ s4 ,,socrates3 ,b !n1 my fri5d1 d n suppose t we c expla9 to any "o ! nature ( virtue z a :ole ?r\gh "s unexpla9$ portion ( virtue1 or any?+ at all 9 t fa%ion2 we %\ld only h to ask ov] aga9 ! old "q1 ,:at is virtue8 ,am ,i n "r8 ,,m5o3 ,i believe t y are4 ,,socrates3 ,!n beg9 aga91 & answ] me1 ,:at1 accord+ to y & y\r fri5d ,gorgias1 is ! def9ition ( virtue8 ,,m5o3 ,o ,socrates1 ,i us$ to be told1 be=e ,i knew y1 t y 7 always d\bt+ y\rself & mak+ o!rs d\bt2 & n[ y are ca/+ y\r spells ov] me1 & ,i am simply gett+ bewit*$ & en*ant$1 & am at my wits' end4 ,& if ,i may v5ture to make a je/ ^u y1 y seem to me bo? 9 y\r appe>ance & 9 y\r p[] ov] o!rs to be v l ! flat torp$o fi%1 :o torpifies ^? :o come ne> him & t\* him1 z y h n[ torpifi$ me1 ,i ?9k4 ,= my s\l & my tongue are really torpid1 & ,i d n "k h[ to answ] y2 & ?\gh ,i h be5 deliv]$ ( an inf9ite v>iety ( spee*es ab\t virtue be=e n[1 & to _m p]sons--& v good ones !y 71 z ,i ?\ght--at ?is mom5t ,i _c ev5 say :at virtue is4 ,& ,i ?9k t y are v wise 9 n voyag+ & go+ away f home1 = if y did 9 o!r places z y d 9 ,a!ns1 y w\ld be ca/ into prison z a magician4 ,,socrates3 ,y are a rogue1 ,m5o1 & _h all b caught me4 ,,m5o3 ,:at d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,i c tell :y y made a simile ab\t me4 ,,m5o3 ,:y8 ,,socrates3 ,9 ord] t ,i might make ano!r simile ab\t y4 ,= ,i "k t all pretty "y g5tlem5 l to h pretty similes made ab\t !m--z well !y may--b ,i %all n return ! complim5t4 ,z to my be+ a torp$o1 if ! torp$o is torpid z well z ! cause ( torpidity 9 o!rs1 !n inde$ ,i am a torp$o1 b n o!rwise2 = ,i p]plex o!rs1 n because ,i am cle>1 b because ,i am utt]ly p]plex$ myself4 ,& n[ ,i "k n :at virtue is1 & y seem to be 9 ! same case1 al?\gh y did once p]haps "k be=e y t\*$ me4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h no objection to jo9 ) y 9 ! enquiry4 ,,m5o3 ,& h[ w y enquire1 ,socrates1 into t :i* y d n "k8 ,:at w y put =? z ! subject ( enquiry8 ,& if y f9d :at y want1 h[ w y ev] "k t ?is is ! ?+ :i* y did n "k8 ,,socrates3 ,i "k1 ,m5o1 :at y mean2 b j see :at a tiresome dispute y are introduc+4 ,y argue t a man _c enquire ei!r ab\t t :i* he kn[s1 or ab\t t :i* he does n "k2 = if he kn[s1 he has no ne$ to enquire2 & if n1 he _c2 = he does n "k ! v subject ab\t :i* he is to enquire 7,comp>e ,ari/ot4 ,po/4 ,anal474 ,,m5o3 ,well1 ,socrates1 & is n ! argum5t s\nd8 ,,socrates3 ,i ?9k n4 ,,m5o3 ,:y n8 ,,socrates3 ,i w tell y :y3 ,i h he>d f c]ta9 wise m5 & wom5 :o spoke ( ?+s div9e t-- ,,m5o3 ,:at did !y say8 ,,socrates3 ,!y spoke ( a glori\s tru?1 z ,i conceive4 ,,m5o3 ,:at 0 x8 & :o 7 !y8 ,,socrates3 ,"s ( !m 7 prie/s & prie/esses1 :o _h /udi$ h[ !y might be able to give a reason ( _! pr(ession3 !re h be5 poets also1 :o spoke ( ^! ?+s by inspiration1 l ,p9d>1 & _m o!rs :o 7 inspir$4 ,& !y say--m>k1 n[1 & see :e!r _! words are true--!y say t ! s\l ( man is immortal1 & at "o "t has an end1 :i* is t]m$ dy+1 & at ano!r "t is born aga91 b is nev] de/roy$4 ,& ! moral is1 t a man ought to live always 9 p]fect hol9ess4 ',= 9 ! n9? ye> ,p]sephone s5ds ! s\ls ( ^? f :om %e has receiv$ ! p5alty ( anci5t crime back aga9 f b5ea? into ! light ( ! sun above1 & ^! are !y :o become noble k+s & mighty m5 & great 9 wisdom & are call$ sa9tly h]oes 9 aft] ages4' ,! s\l1 !n1 z be+ immortal1 & hav+ be5 born aga9 _m times1 & hav+ se5 all ?+s t exi/1 :e!r 9 ?is _w or 9 ! _w bel[1 has k ( !m all2 & x is no wond] t %e %\ld be able to call to remembrance all t %e ev] knew ab\t virtue1 & ab\t ev]y?+2 = z all nature is ak91 & ! s\l has le>n$ all ?+s2 !re is no difficulty 9 h] elicit+ or z m5 say le>n+1 out ( a s+le recollection all ! re/1 if a man is /r5u\s & does n fa9t2 = all enquiry & all le>n+ is b recollection4 ,& !re=e we ought n to li/5 to ?is sophi/ical argum5t ab\t ! impossibility ( enquiry3 = x w make u idle2 & is sweet only to ! slugg>d2 b ! o!r say+ w make u active & inquisitive4 ,9 t confid+1 ,i w gladly enquire ) y into ! nature ( virtue4 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 ,socrates2 b :at d y mean by say+ t we d n le>n1 & t :at we call le>n+ is only a process ( recollection8 ,c y tea* me h[ ?is is8 ,,socrates3 ,i told y1 ,m5o1 j n[ t y 7 a rogue1 & n[ y ask :e!r ,i c tea* y1 :5 ,i am say+ t !re is no tea*+1 b only recollection2 & ?us y imag9e t y w involve me 9 a contradiction4 ,,m5o3 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i prote/ t ,i _h no su* int5tion4 ,i only ask$ ! "q f habit2 b if y c prove to me t :at y say is true1 ,i wi% t y w\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,x w be no easy matt]1 b ,i w try to please y to ! utmo/ ( my p[]4 ,suppose t y call "o ( y\r num]\s att5dants1 t ,i may demon/rate on him4 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,come hi!r1 boy4 ,,socrates3 ,he is ,greek1 & speaks ,greek1 does he n8 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 inde$2 he 0 born 9 ! h\se4 ,,socrates3 ,att5d n[ to ! que/ions :i* ,i ask him1 & obs]ve :e!r he le>ns ( me or only rememb]s4 ,,m5o3 ,i w4 ,,socrates3 ,tell me1 boy1 d y "k t a figure l ?is is a squ>e8 ,,boy3 ,i d4 ,,socrates3 ,& y "k t a squ>e figure has ^! f\r l9es equal8 ,,boy3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& ^! l9es :i* ,i h drawn ?r\gh ! middle ( ! squ>e are also equal8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,a squ>e may be ( any size8 ,,boy3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& if "o side ( ! figure be ( two feet1 & ! o!r side be ( two feet1 h[ mu* w ! :ole be8 ,let me expla93 if 9 "o direction ! space 0 ( two feet1 & 9 ! o!r direction ( "o foot1 ! :ole w\ld be ( two feet tak5 once8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b s9ce ?is side is also ( two feet1 !re are twice two feet8 ,,boy3 ,!re are4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! squ>e is ( twice two feet8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& h[ _m are twice two feet8 c\nt & tell me4 ,,boy3 ,f\r1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,& might !re n be ano!r squ>e twice z l>ge z ?is1 & hav+ l ?is ! l9es equal8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ( h[ _m feet w t be8 ,,boy3 ,( eight feet4 ,,socrates3 ,& n[ try & tell me ! l5g? ( ! l9e :i* =ms ! side ( t d\ble squ>e3 ?is is two feet--:at w t be8 ,,boy3 ,cle>ly1 ,socrates1 x w be d\ble4 ,,socrates3 ,d y obs]ve1 ,m5o1 t ,i am n tea*+ ! boy any?+1 b only ask+ him que/ions2 & n[ he fancies t he kn[s h[ long a l9e is necess>y 9 ord] to produce a figure ( eight squ>e feet2 does he n8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& does he really "k8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,he only guesses t because ! squ>e is d\ble1 ! l9e is d\ble4 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,obs]ve him :ile he recalls ! /eps 9 regul> ord]4 7,to ! ,boy37 ,tell me1 boy1 d y ass]t t a d\ble space comes f a d\ble l9e8 ,rememb] t ,i am n speak+ ( an oblong1 b ( a figure equal e way1 & twice ! size ( ?is--t is to say ( eight feet2 & ,i want to "k :e!r y /ill say t a d\ble squ>e comes f d\ble l9e8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b does n ?is l9e become d\bl$ if we add ano!r su* l9e "h8 ,,boy3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& f\r su* l9es w make a space conta9+ eight feet8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,let u describe su* a figure3 ,w\ld y n say t ?is is ! figure ( eight feet8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& are !re n ^! f\r divisions 9 ! figure1 ea* ( :i* is equal to ! figure ( f\r feet8 ,,boy3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& is n t f\r times f\r8 ,,boy3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& f\r times is n d\ble8 ,,boy3 ,no1 inde$4 ,,socrates3 ,b h[ mu*8 ,,boy3 ,f\r times z mu*4 ,,socrates3 ,!re=e ! d\ble l9e1 boy1 has giv5 a space1 n twice1 b f\r times z mu*4 ,,boy3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,f\r times f\r are sixte5--are !y n8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,:at l9e w\ld give y a space ( eight feet1 z ?is gives "o ( sixte5 feet2--d y see8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! space ( f\r feet is made f ?is half l9e8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,good2 & is n a space ( eight feet twice ! size ( ?is1 & half ! size ( ! o!r8 ,,boy3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,su* a space1 !n1 w be made out ( a l9e great] ?an ?is "o1 & less ?an t "o8 ,,boy3 ,yes2 ,i ?9k s4 ,,socrates3 ,v good2 ,i l to he> y say :at y ?9k4 ,& n[ tell me1 is n ?is a l9e ( two feet & t ( f\r8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! l9e :i* =ms ! side ( eight feet ought to be m ?an ?is l9e ( two feet1 & less ?an ! o!r ( f\r feet8 ,,boy3 ,x ought4 ,,socrates3 ,try & see if y c tell me h[ mu* x w be4 ,,boy3 ,?ree feet4 ,,socrates3 ,!n if we add a half to ?is l9e ( two1 t w be ! l9e ( ?ree4 ,"h are two & !re is "o2 & on ! o!r side1 "h are two also & !re is "o3 & t makes ! figure ( :i* y speak8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b if !re are ?ree feet ?is way & ?ree feet t way1 ! :ole space w be ?ree times ?ree feet8 ,,boy3 ,t is evid5t4 ,,socrates3 ,& h[ mu* are ?ree times ?ree feet8 ,,boy3 ,n9e4 ,,socrates3 ,& h[ mu* is ! d\ble ( f\r8 ,,boy3 ,eight4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ! figure ( eight is n made out ( a l9e ( ?ree8 ,,boy3 ,no4 ,,socrates3 ,b f :at l9e8--tell me exactly2 & if y w\ld r n reckon1 try & %[ me ! l9e4 ,,boy3 ,inde$1 ,socrates1 ,i d n "k4 ,,socrates3 ,d y see1 ,m5o1 :at advances he has made 9 8 p[] ( recollection8 ,he did n "k at fir/1 & he does n "k n[1 :at is ! side ( a figure ( eight feet3 b !n he ?\ght t he knew1 & answ]$ confid5tly z if he knew1 & _h no difficulty2 n[ he has a difficulty1 & nei!r kn[s nor fancies t he kn[s4 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,is he n bett] (f 9 kn[+ 8 ignorance8 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k t he is4 ,,socrates3 ,if we h made him d\bt1 & giv5 him ! 'torp$o's %ock1' h we done him any h>m8 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k n4 ,,socrates3 ,we h c]ta9ly1 z w\ld seem1 assi/$ him 9 "s degree to ! discov]y ( ! tru?2 & n[ he w wi% to rem$y 8 ignorance1 b !n he w\ld h be5 ready to tell all ! _w aga9 & aga9 t ! d\ble space %\ld h a d\ble side4 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,b d y suppose t he w\ld ev] h enquir$ into or le>n$ :at he fanci$ t he knew1 ?\gh he 0 really ignorant ( x1 until he _h fall5 into p]plexity "u ! idea t he did n "k1 & _h desir$ to "k8 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k n1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he 0 ! bett] = ! torp$o's t\*8 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k s4 ,,socrates3 ,m>k n[ ! f>!r developm5t4 ,i %all only ask him1 & n tea* him1 & he %all %>e ! enquiry ) me3 & d y wat* & see if y f9d me tell+ or expla9+ any?+ to him1 in/ead ( elicit+ 8 op9ion4 ,tell me1 boy1 is n ?is a squ>e ( f\r feet :i* ,i h drawn8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& n[ ,i add ano!r squ>e equal to ! =m] "o8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& a ?ird1 :i* is equal to ei!r ( !m8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,suppose t we fill up ! vacant corn]8 ,,boy3 ,v good4 ,,socrates3 ,"h1 !n1 !re are f\r equal spaces8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& h[ _m times l>g] is ?is space ?an ?is o!r8 ,,boy3 ,f\r times4 ,,socrates3 ,b x ought to h be5 twice only1 z y w rememb]4 ,,boy3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& does n ?is l9e1 rea*+ f corn] to corn]1 bisect ea* ( ^! spaces8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& are !re n "h f\r equal l9es :i* conta9 ?is space8 ,,boy3 ,!re are4 ,,socrates3 ,look & see h[ mu* ?is space is4 ,,boy3 ,i d n und]/&4 ,,socrates3 ,has n ea* int]ior l9e cut (f half ( ! f\r spaces8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& h[ _m spaces are !re 9 ?is section8 ,,boy3 ,f\r4 ,,socrates3 ,& h[ _m 9 ?is8 ,,boy3 ,two4 ,,socrates3 ,& f\r is h[ _m times two8 ,,boy3 ,twice4 ,,socrates3 ,& ?is space is ( h[ _m feet8 ,,boy3 ,( eight feet4 ,,socrates3 ,& f :at l9e d y get ?is figure8 ,,boy3 ,f ?is4 ,,socrates3 ,t is1 f ! l9e :i* ext5ds f corn] to corn] ( ! figure ( f\r feet8 ,,boy3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& t is ! l9e :i* ! le>n$ call ! diagonal4 ,& if ?is is ! prop] "n1 !n y1 ,m5o's slave1 are prep>$ to affirm t ! d\ble space is ! squ>e ( ! diagonal8 ,,boy3 ,c]ta9ly1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,:at d y say ( him1 ,m5o8 ,7 n all ^! answ]s giv5 out ( 8 own head8 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 !y 7 all 8 own4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet1 z we 7 j n[ say+1 he did n "k8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,b /ill he _h 9 him ^? notions ( 8--_h he n8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n he :o does n "k may /ill h true notions ( t :i* he does n "k8 ,,m5o3 ,he has4 ,,socrates3 ,& at pres5t ^! notions h j be5 /irr$ up 9 him1 z 9 a dream2 b if he 7 frequ5tly ask$ ! same que/ions1 9 diff]5t =ms1 he w\ld "k z well z any "o at la/8 ,,m5o3 ,i d>e say4 ,,socrates3 ,)\t any "o tea*+ him he w recov] 8 k = himself1 if he is only ask$ que/ions8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ?is spontane\s recov]y ( k 9 him is recollection8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ?is k :i* he n[ has mu/ he n ei!r h acquir$ or always possess$8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b if he always possess$ ?is k he w\ld always h kn[n2 or if he has acquir$ ! k he c\ld n h acquir$ x 9 ?is life1 unless he has be5 taught geometry2 = he may be made to d ! same ) all geometry & e o!r bran* ( k4 ,n[1 has any "o ev] taught him all ?is8 ,y mu/ "k ab\t him1 if1 z y say1 he 0 born & br$ 9 y\r h\se4 ,,m5o3 ,& ,i am c]ta9 t no "o ev] did tea* him4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet he has ! k8 ,,m5o3 ,! fact1 ,socrates1 is und5iable4 ,,socrates3 ,b if he did n acquire ! k 9 ?is life1 !n he mu/ h _h & le>n$ x at "s o!r "t8 ,,m5o3 ,cle>ly he mu/4 ,,socrates3 ,:i* mu/ h be5 ! "t :5 he 0 n a man8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& if !re h be5 always true ?\ghts 9 him1 bo? at ! "t :5 he 0 & 0 n a man1 :i* only ne$ to be awak5$ into k by putt+ que/ions to him1 8 s\l mu/ h always possess$ ?is k1 = he always ei!r 0 or 0 n a man8 ,,m5o3 ,obvi\sly4 ,,socrates3 ,& if ! tru? ( all ?+s always exi/$ 9 ! s\l1 !n ! s\l is immortal4 ,:]e=e be ( good *e]1 & try to recollect :at y d n "k1 or r :at y d n rememb]4 ,,m5o3 ,i feel1 someh[1 t ,i l :at y are say+4 ,,socrates3 ,& ,i1 ,m5o1 l :at ,i am say+4 ,"s ?+s ,i h said ( :i* ,i am n altoge!r confid5t4 ,b t we %all be bett] & brav] & less helpless if we ?9k t we ought to enquire1 ?an we %\ld h be5 if we indulg$ 9 ! idle fancy t !re 0 no kn[+ & no use 9 seek+ to "k :at we d n "k2--t is a !me ^u :i* ,i am ready to fight1 9 ^w & de$1 to ! utmo/ ( my p[]4 ,,m5o3 ,!re aga91 ,socrates1 y\r words seem to me excell5t4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 z we are agre$ t a man %\ld enquire ab\t t :i* he does n "k1 %all y & ,i make an ef=t to enquire toge!r into ! nature ( virtue8 ,,m5o3 ,by all means1 ,socrates4 ,& yet ,i w\ld mu* r return to my orig9al "q1 ,:e!r 9 seek+ to acquire virtue we %\ld reg>d x z a ?+ to be taught1 or z a gift ( nature1 or z com+ to m5 9 "s o!r way8 ,,socrates3 ,_h ,i ! comm& ( y z well z ( myself1 ,m5o1 ,i w\ld n h enquir$ :e!r virtue is giv5 by in/ruction or n1 until we _h fir/ asc]ta9$ ':at x is4' ,b z y ?9k only ( controll+ me :o am y\r slave1 & nev] ( controll+ y\rself1--su* be+ y\r notion ( fre$om1 ,i mu/ yield to y1 = y are irresi/ible4 ,& !re=e ,i h n[ to enquire into ! qualities ( a ?+ ( :i* ,i d n z yet "k ! nature4 ,at any rate1 w y condesc5d a little1 & all[ ! "q ',:e!r virtue is giv5 by in/ruction1 or 9 any o!r way1' to be argu$ ^u hypo!sis8 ,z ! geometrician1 :5 he is ask$ :e!r a c]ta9 triangle is capable be+ inscrib$ 9 a c]ta9 circle 7,or1 :e!r a c]ta9 area is capable ( be+ inscrib$ z a triangle 9 a c]ta9 circle471 w reply3 ',i _c tell y z yet2 b ,i w (f] a hypo!sis :i* may assi/ u 9 =m+ a conclusion3 ,if ! figure be su* t :5 y h produc$ a giv5 side ( x 7,or1 :5 y apply x to ! giv5 l9e1 i4e4 ! diamet] ( ! circle 7aut\7471 ! giv5 area ( ! triangle falls %ort by an area correspond+ to ! "p produc$ 7,or1 simil> to ! area s appli$471 !n "o consequ5ce foll[s1 & if ?is is impossible !n "s o!r2 & !re=e ,i wi% to assume a hypo!sis be=e ,i tell y :e!r ?is triangle is capable ( be+ inscrib$ 9 ! circle'3--t is a geometrical hypo!sis4 ,& we too1 z we "k n ! nature & qualities ( virtue1 mu/ ask1 :e!r virtue is or is n taught1 "u a hypo!sis3 z ?us1 if virtue is ( su* a class ( m5tal goods1 w x be taught or n8 ,let ! fir/ hypo!sis be t virtue is or is n k1--9 t case w x be taught or n8 or1 z we 7 j n[ say+1 'rememb]$'8 ,= !re is no use 9 disput+ ab\t ! "n4 ,b is virtue taught or n8 or r1 does n e "o see t k alone is taught8 ,,m5o3 ,i agree4 ,,socrates3 ,!n if virtue is k1 virtue w be taught8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n n[ we h made a quick end ( ?is "q3 if virtue is ( su* a nature1 x w be taught2 & if n1 n8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,! next "q is1 :e!r virtue is k or ( ano!r species8 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 t appe>s to be ! "q :i* comes next 9 ord]4 ,,socrates3 ,d we n say t virtue is a good8--,?is is a hypo!sis :i* is n set aside4 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,n[1 if !re be any sort ( good :i* is di/9ct f k1 virtue may be t good2 b if k embraces all good1 !n we %all be "r 9 ?9k+ t virtue is k8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& virtue makes u good8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& if we are good1 !n we are pr(itable2 = all good ?+s are pr(itable8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n virtue is pr(itable8 ,,m5o3 ,t is ! only inf]5ce4 ,,socrates3 ,!n n[ let u see :at are ! ?+s :i* sev]ally pr(it u4 ,heal? & /r5g?1 & beauty & weal?--^!1 & ! l ( ^!1 we call pr(itable8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet ^! ?+s may also sometimes d u h>m3 w\ld y n ?9k s8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at is ! guid+ pr9ciple :i* makes !m pr(itable or ! rev]se8 ,are !y n pr(itable :5 !y are rightly us$1 & hurtful :5 !y are n rightly us$8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,next1 let u consid] ! goods ( ! s\l3 !y are temp]ance1 ju/ice1 c\rage1 quickness ( appreh5sion1 memory1 magnanimity1 & ! l8 ,,m5o3 ,surely4 ,,socrates3 ,& su* ( ^! z are n k1 b ( ano!r sort1 are sometimes pr(itable & sometimes hurtful2 z1 = example1 c\rage want+ prud5ce1 :i* is only a sort ( confid5ce8 ,:5 a man has no s5se he is h>m$ by c\rage1 b :5 he has s5se he is pr(it$8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! same may be said ( temp]ance & quickness ( appreh5sion2 :atev] ?+s are le>n$ or done ) s5se are pr(itable1 b :5 done )\t s5se !y are hurtful8 ,,m5o3 ,v true4 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 g5]al1 all t ! s\l attempts or endures1 :5 "u ! guidance ( wisdom1 ends 9 happ9ess2 b :5 %e is "u ! guidance ( folly1 9 ! opposite8 ,,m5o3 ,t appe>s to be true4 ,,socrates3 ,if !n virtue is a quality ( ! s\l1 & is admitt$ to be pr(itable1 x mu/ be wisdom or prud5ce1 s9ce none ( ! ?+s ( ! s\l are ei!r pr(itable or hurtful 9 !mselves1 b !y are all made pr(itable or hurtful by ! addition ( wisdom or ( folly2 & !re=e if virtue is pr(itable1 virtue mu/ be a sort ( wisdom or prud5ce8 ,,m5o3 ,i q agree4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! o!r goods1 su* z weal? & ! l1 ( :i* we 7 j n[ say+ t !y are sometimes good & sometimes evil1 d n !y also become pr(itable or hurtful1 accord+ly z ! s\l guides & uses !m rightly or wrongly2 j z ! ?+s ( ! s\l h]self are b5efit$ :5 "u ! guidance ( wisdom & h>m$ by folly8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! wise s\l guides !m rightly1 & ! fooli% s\l wrongly4 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& is n ?is univ]sally true ( human nature8 ,all o!r ?+s hang ^u ! s\l1 & ! ?+s ( ! s\l h]self hang ^u wisdom1 if !y are to be good2 & s wisdom is inf]r$ to be t :i* pr(its--& virtue1 z we say1 is pr(itable8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& ?us we arrive at ! conclusion t virtue is ei!r :olly or p>tly wisdom8 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k t :at y are say+1 ,socrates1 is v true4 ,,socrates3 ,b if ?is is true1 !n ! good are n by nature good8 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k n4 ,,socrates3 ,if !y _h be51 !re w\ld assur$ly h be5 disc]n]s ( *>act]s among u :o w\ld h kn[n our future great m52 & on _! %[+ we %\ld h adopt$ !m1 & :5 we _h got !m1 we %\ld h kept !m 9 ! citadel out ( ! way ( h>m1 & set a /amp ^u !m f> r ?an ^u a piece ( gold1 9 ord] t no "o might tamp] ) !m2 & :5 !y grew up !y w\ld h be5 useful to ! /ate8 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 ,socrates1 t w\ld h be5 ! "r way4 ,,socrates3 ,b if ! good are n by nature good1 are !y made good by in/ruction8 ,,m5o3 ,!re appe>s to be no o!r alt]native1 ,socrates4 ,on ! supposition t virtue is k1 !re c be no d\bt t virtue is taught4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 inde$2 b :at if ! supposition is errone\s8 ,,m5o3 ,i c]ta9ly ?\ght j n[ t we 7 "r4 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 ,m5o2 b a pr9ciple :i* has any s\ndness %\ld /& firm n only j n[1 b always4 ,,m5o3 ,well2 & :y are y s sl[ ( he>t to believe t k is virtue8 ,,socrates3 ,i w try & tell y :y1 ,m5o4 ,i d n retract ! ass]tion t if virtue is k x may be taught2 b ,i fe> t ,i h "s reason 9 d\bt+ :e!r virtue is k3 = consid] n[ & say :e!r virtue1 & n only virtue b any?+ t is taught1 mu/ n h tea*]s & disciples8 ,,m5o3 ,surely4 ,,socrates3 ,& conv]sely1 may n ! art ( :i* nei!r tea*]s nor disciples exi/ be assum$ to be incapable ( be+ taught8 ,,m5o3 ,true2 b d y ?9k t !re are no tea*]s ( virtue8 ,,socrates3 ,i h c]ta9ly (t5 enquir$ :e!r !re 7 any1 & tak5 great pa9s to f9d !m1 & h nev] succe$$2 & _m h assi/$ me 9 ! se>*1 & !y 7 ! p]sons :om ,i ?\ght ! mo/ likely to "k4 ,"h at ! mom5t :5 he is want$ we =tunately h sitt+ by u ,anytus1 ! v p]son ( :om we %\ld make enquiry2 to him !n let u repair4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he is ! son ( a weal?y & wise fa!r1 ,an!mion1 :o acquir$ 8 weal?1 n by accid5t or gift1 l ,ism5ias ! ,!ban 7:o has rec5tly made himself z ri* z ,polycrates71 b by 8 own skill & indu/ry1 & :o is a well-condition$1 mode/ man1 n insol5t1 or ov]be>+1 or annoy+2 moreov]1 ?is son ( 8 has receiv$ a good education1 z ! ,a!nian p c]ta9ly appe> to ?9k1 = !y *oose him to fill ! highe/ (fices4 ,& ^! are ! sort ( m5 f :om y are likely to le>n :e!r !re are any tea*]s ( virtue1 & :o !y are4 ,please1 ,anytus1 to help me & y\r fri5d ,m5o 9 answ]+ our "q1 ,:o are ! tea*]s8 ,consid] ! matt] ?us3 ,if we want$ ,m5o to be a good physician1 to :om %\ld we s5d him8 ,%\ld we n s5d him to ! physicians8 ,,anytus3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,or if we want$ him to be a good cobbl]1 %\ld we n s5d him to ! cobbl]s8 ,,anytus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& s =?8 ,,anytus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,let me tr\ble y ) "o m "q4 ,:5 we say t we %\ld be "r 9 s5d+ him to ! physicians if we want$ him to be a physician1 d we mean t we %\ld be "r 9 s5d+ him to ^? :o pr(ess ! art1 r ?an to ^? :o d n1 & to ^? :o dem& paym5t = tea*+ ! art1 & pr(ess to tea* x to any "o :o w come & le>n8 ,& if ^! 7 our reasons1 %\ld we n be "r 9 s5d+ him8 ,,anytus3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& might n ! same be said ( flute-play+1 & ( ! o!r arts8 ,w\ld a man :o want$ to make ano!r a flute-play] refuse to s5d him to ^? :o pr(ess to tea* ! art = money1 & be plagu+ o!r p]sons to give him in/ruction1 :o are n pr(ess$ tea*]s & :o nev] _h a s+le disciple 9 t bran* ( k :i* he wi%es him to acquire--w\ld n su* conduct be ! height ( folly8 ,,anytus3 ,yes1 by ,zeus1 & ( ignorance too4 ,,socrates3 ,v good4 ,& n[ y are 9 a position to advise ) me ab\t my fri5d ,m5o4 ,he has be5 tell+ me1 ,anytus1 t he desires to atta9 t k9d ( wisdom & virtue by :i* m5 ord] ! /ate or ! h\se1 & hon\r _! p>5ts1 & "k :5 to receive & :5 to s5d away citiz5s & /rang]s1 z a good man %\ld4 ,n[1 to :om %\ld he g 9 ord] t he may le>n ?is virtue8 ,does n ! previ\s argum5t imply cle>ly t we %\ld s5d him to ^? :o pr(ess & av\* t !y are ! common tea*]s ( all ,hellas1 & are ready to imp>t in/ruction to any "o :o likes1 at a fix$ price8 ,,anytus3 ,:om d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,y surely "k1 d y n1 ,anytus1 t ^! are ! p :om mank9d call ,sophi/s8 ,,anytus3 ,by ,h]acles1 ,socrates1 =be>6 ,i only hope t no fri5d or k9sman or acqua9tance ( m9e1 :e!r citiz5 or /rang]1 w ev] be s mad z to all[ himself to be corrupt$ by !m2 = !y are a manife/ pe/ & corrupt+ influ5ce to ^? :o h to d ) !m4 ,,socrates3 ,:at1 ,anytus8 ,( all ! p :o pr(ess t !y "k h[ to d m5 good1 d y mean to say t ^! are ! only ones :o n only d !m no good1 b positively corrupt ^? :o are entru/$ to !m1 & 9 return = ?is diss]vice h ! face to dem& money8 ,inde$1 ,i _c believe y2 = ,i "k ( a s+le man1 ,protagoras1 :o made m out ( 8 craft ?an ! illu/ri\s ,pheidias1 :o creat$ su* noble works1 or any t5 o!r /atu>ies4 ,h[ c\ld t be8 ,a m5d] ( old %oes1 or pat*] up ( clo!s1 :o made ! %oes or clo!s worse ?an he receiv$ !m1 c\ld n h rema9$ ?irty days undetect$1 & w\ld v soon h />v$2 :]eas dur+ m ?an =ty ye>s1 ,protagoras 0 corrupt+ all ,hellas1 & s5d+ 8 disciples f him worse ?an he receiv$ !m1 & he 0 nev] f\nd out4 ,=1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 he 0 ab\t sev5ty ye>s old at 8 dea?1 =ty ( :i* 7 sp5t 9 ! practice ( 8 pr(ession2 & dur+ all t "t he _h a good reputation1 :i* to ?is day he reta9s3 & n only ,protagoras1 b _m o!rs are well spok5 (2 "s :o liv$ be=e him1 & o!rs :o are /ill liv+4 ,n[1 :5 y say t !y deceiv$ & corrupt$ ! y\?1 are !y to be suppos$ to h corrupt$ !m consci\sly or unconsci\sly8 ,c ^? :o 7 deem$ by _m to be ! wise/ m5 ( ,hellas h be5 out ( _! m9ds8 ,,anytus3 ,out ( _! m9ds6 ,no1 ,socrates2 ! "y m5 :o gave _! money to !m 7 out ( _! m9ds1 & _! relations & gu>dians :o entru/$ _! y\? to ! c>e ( ^! m5 7 /ill m out ( _! m9ds1 & mo/ ( all1 ! cities :o all[$ !m to come 91 & did n drive !m out1 citiz5 & /rang] alike4 ,,socrates3 ,has any ( ! ,sophi/s wrong$ y1 ,anytus8 ,:at makes y s angry ) !m8 ,,anytus3 ,no1 inde$1 nei!r ,i nor any ( my belong+s has ev] _h1 nor w\ld ,i suff] !m to h1 any?+ to d ) !m4 ,,socrates3 ,!n y are entirely unacqua9t$ ) !m8 ,,anytus3 ,& ,i h no wi% to be acqua9t$4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 my de> fri5d1 h[ c y "k :e!r a ?+ is good or bad ( :i* y are :olly ignorant8 ,,anytus3 ,q well2 ,i am sure t ,i "k :at mann] ( m5 ^! are1 :e!r ,i am acqua9t$ ) !m or n4 ,,socrates3 ,y mu/ be a div9]1 ,anytus1 = ,i really _c make out1 judg+ f y\r own words1 h[1 if y are n acqua9t$ ) !m1 y "k ab\t !m4 ,b ,i am n enquir+ ( y :o are ! tea*]s :o w corrupt ,m5o 7let !m be1 if y please1 ! ,sophi/s72 ,i only ask y to tell him :o !re is 9 ?is great city :o w tea* him h[ to become em95t 9 ! virtues :i* ,i 0 j n[ describ+4 ,he is ! fri5d ( y\r family1 & y w oblige him4 ,,anytus3 ,:y d y n tell him y\rself8 ,,socrates3 ,i h told him :om ,i suppos$ to be ! tea*]s ( ^! ?+s2 b ,i le>n f y t ,i am utt]ly at fault1 & ,i d>e say t y are "r4 ,& n[ ,i wi% t y1 on y\r "p1 w\ld tell me to :om among ! ,a!nians he %\ld g4 ,:om w\ld y "n8 ,,anytus3 ,:y s+le out individuals8 ,any ,a!nian g5tleman1 tak5 at r&om1 if he w m9d him1 w d f> m good to him ?an ! ,sophi/s4 ,,socrates3 ,& did ^? g5tlem5 gr[ ( !mselves2 & )\t hav+ be5 taught by any "o1 7 !y nev]!less able to tea* o!rs t :i* !y _h nev] le>n$ !mselves8 ,,anytus3 ,i imag9e t !y le>n$ ( ! previ\s g5]ation ( g5tlem54 ,h !re n be5 _m good m5 9 ?is city8 ,,socrates3 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 ,anytus2 & _m good /atesm5 also !re always h be5 & !re are /ill1 9 ! city ( ,a!ns4 ,b ! "q is :e!r !y 7 also good tea*]s ( _! own virtue2--n :e!r !re are1 or h be51 good m5 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 b :e!r virtue c be taught1 is ! "q :i* we h be5 discuss+4 ,n[1 d we mean to say t ! good m5 ( our own & ( o!r times knew h[ to imp>t to o!rs t virtue :i* !y _h !mselves2 or is virtue a ?+ incapable ( be+ communicat$ or imp>t$ by "o man to ano!r8 ,t is ! "q :i* ,i & ,m5o h be5 argu+4 ,look at ! matt] 9 y\r own way3 ,w\ld y n admit t ,!mi/ocles 0 a good man8 ,,anytus3 ,c]ta9ly2 no man bett]4 ,,socrates3 ,& mu/ n he !n h be5 a good tea*]1 if any man ev] 0 a good tea*]1 ( 8 own virtue8 ,,anytus3 ,yes c]ta9ly1--if he want$ to be s4 ,,socrates3 ,b w\ld he n h want$8 ,he w\ld1 at any rate1 h desir$ to make 8 own son a good man & a g5tleman2 he c\ld n h be5 jeal\s ( him1 or h int5tionally ab/a9$ f imp>t+ to him 8 own virtue4 ,did y nev] he> t he made 8 son ,cleophantus a fam\s horseman2 & _h him taught to /& upright on horseback & hurl a javel91 & to d _m o!r m>vell\s ?+s2 & 9 any?+ :i* c\ld be le>n$ f a ma/] he 0 well tra9$8 ,h y n he>d f our eld]s ( him8 ,,anytus3 ,i h4 ,,socrates3 ,!n no "o c\ld say t 8 son %[$ any want ( capacity8 ,,anytus3 ,v likely n4 ,,socrates3 ,b did any "o1 old or "y1 ev] say 9 y\r he>+ t ,cleophantus1 son ( ,!mi/ocles1 0 a wise or good man1 z 8 fa!r 08 ,,anytus3 ,i h c]ta9ly nev] he>d any "o say s4 ,,socrates3 ,& if virtue c\ld h be5 taught1 w\ld 8 fa!r ,!mi/ocles h s\ght to tra9 him 9 ^! m9or accompli%m5ts1 & all[$ him :o1 z y mu/ rememb]1 0 8 own son1 to be no bett] ?an 8 neighb\rs 9 ^? qualities 9 :i* he himself excell$8 ,,anytus3 ,inde$1 inde$1 ,i ?9k n4 ,,socrates3 ,"h 0 a tea*] ( virtue :om y admit to be among ! be/ m5 ( ! pa/4 ,let u take ano!r1--,ari/ides1 ! son ( ,lysima*us3 w\ld y n ackn[l$ge t he 0 a good man8 ,,anytus3 ,to be sure ,i %\ld4 ,,socrates3 ,& did n he tra9 8 son ,lysima*us bett] ?an any o!r ,a!nian 9 all t c\ld be done = him by ! help ( ma/]s8 ,b :at has be5 ! result8 ,is he a bit bett] ?an any o!r mortal8 ,he is an acqua9tance ( y\rs1 & y see :at he is l4 ,!re is ,p]icles1 aga91 magnific5t 9 8 wisdom2 & he1 z y are aw>e1 _h two sons1 ,p>alus & ,xan?ippus4 ,,anytus3 ,i "k4 ,,socrates3 ,& y "k1 also1 t he taught !m to be unrivall$ horsem51 & _h !m tra9$ 9 music & gymna/ics & all sorts ( arts--9 ^! respects !y 7 on a level ) ! be/--& _h he no wi% to make good m5 ( !m8 ,nay1 he mu/ h wi%$ x4 ,b virtue1 z ,i suspect1 c\ld n be taught4 ,& t y may n suppose ! incompet5t tea*]s to be only ! mean] sort ( ,a!nians & few 9 numb]1 rememb] aga9 t ,?ucydides _h two sons1 ,melesias & ,/ephanus1 :om1 besides giv+ !m a good education 9 o!r ?+s1 he tra9$ 9 wre/l+1 & !y 7 ! be/ wre/l]s 9 ,a!ns3 "o ( !m he committ$ to ! c>e ( ,xan?ias1 & ! o!r ( ,eudorus1 :o _h ! reputation ( be+ ! mo/ celebrat$ wre/l]s ( t day4 ,d y rememb] !m8 ,,anytus3 ,i h he>d ( !m4 ,,socrates3 ,n[1 c !re be a d\bt t ,?ucydides1 ^: *ildr5 7 taught ?+s = :i* he _h to sp5d money1 w\ld h taught !m to be good m51 :i* w\ld h co/ him no?+1 if virtue c\ld h be5 taught8 ,w y reply t he 0 a mean man1 & _h n _m fri5ds among ! ,a!nians & allies8 ,nay1 b he 0 ( a great family1 & a man ( influ5ce at ,a!ns & 9 all ,hellas1 &1 if virtue c\ld h be5 taught1 he w\ld h f\nd out "s ,a!nian or =eign] :o w\ld h made good m5 ( 8 sons1 if he c\ld n himself sp>e ! "t f c>es ( /ate4 ,once m1 ,i suspect1 fri5d ,anytus1 t virtue is n a ?+ :i* c be taught8 ,,anytus3 ,socrates1 ,i ?9k t y are too ready to speak evil ( m53 &1 if y w take my advice1 ,i w\ld recomm5d y to be c>eful4 ,p]haps !re is no city 9 :i* x is n easi] to d m5 h>m ?an to d !m good1 & ?is is c]ta9ly ! case at ,a!ns1 z ,i believe t y "k4 ,,socrates3 ,o ,m5o1 ?9k t ,anytus is 9 a rage4 ,& he may well be 9 a rage1 = he ?9ks1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,i am defam+ ^! g5tlem52 & 9 ! second place1 he is ( op9ion t he is "o ( !m himself4 ,b "s day he w "k :at is ! mean+ ( defamation1 & if he ev] does1 he w =give me4 ,mean:ile ,i w return to y1 ,m5o2 = ,i suppose t !re are g5tlem5 9 y\r region too8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly !re are4 ,,socrates3 ,& are !y will+ to tea* ! "y8 & d !y pr(ess to be tea*]s8 & d !y agree t virtue is taught8 ,,m5o3 ,no inde$1 ,socrates1 !y are any?+ b agre$2 y may he> !m say+ at "o "t t virtue c be taught1 & !n aga9 ! rev]se4 ,,socrates3 ,c we call ^? tea*]s :o d n ackn[l$ge ! possibility ( _! own vocation8 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k n1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,& :at d y ?9k ( ^! ,sophi/s1 :o are ! only pr(essors8 ,d !y seem to y to be tea*]s ( virtue8 ,,m5o3 ,i (t5 wond]1 ,socrates1 t ,gorgias is nev] he>d promis+ to tea* virtue3 & :5 he he>s o!rs promis+ he only laughs at !m2 b he ?9ks t m5 %\ld be taught to speak4 ,,socrates3 ,!n d y n ?9k t ! ,sophi/s are tea*]s8 ,,m5o3 ,i _c tell y1 ,socrates2 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 ,i am 9 d\bt1 & sometimes ,i ?9k t !y are tea*]s & sometimes n4 ,,socrates3 ,& are y aw>e t n y only & o!r politicians h d\bts :e!r virtue c be taught or n1 b t ,!ognis ! poet says ! v same ?+8 ,,m5o3 ,:]e does he say s8 ,,socrates3 ,9 ^! elegiac v]ses 7,!og473 ',eat & dr9k & sit ) ! mighty1 & make y\rself agreeable to !m2 = f ! good y w le>n :at is good1 b if y mix ) ! bad y w lose ! intellig5ce :i* y already h4' ,d y obs]ve t "h he seems to imply t virtue c be taught8 ,,m5o3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,b 9 "s o!r v]ses he %ifts ab\t & says 7,!og473 ',if und]/&+ c\ld be creat$ & put into a man1 !n !y' 7:o 7 able to p]=m ?is feat7 'w\ld h obta9$ great rew>ds4' ,& aga93-- ',nev] w\ld a bad son h sprung f a good sire1 = he w\ld h he>d ! voice ( in/ruction2 b n by tea*+ w y ev] make a bad man into a good "o4' ,& ?is1 z y may rem>k1 is a contradiction ( ! o!r4 ,,m5o3 ,cle>ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& is !re any?+ else ( :i* ! pr(essors are affirm$ n only n to be tea*]s ( o!rs1 b to be ignorant !mselves1 & bad at ! k ( t :i* !y are pr(ess+ to tea*8 or is !re any?+ ab\t :i* ev5 ! ackn[l$g$ 'g5tlem5' are sometimes say+ t '?is ?+ c be taught1' & sometimes ! opposite8 ,c y say t !y are tea*]s 9 any true s5se ^: ideas are 9 su* confusion8 ,,m5o3 ,i %\ld say1 c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,b if nei!r ! ,sophi/s nor ! g5tlem5 are tea*]s1 cle>ly !re c be no o!r tea*]s8 ,,m5o3 ,no4 ,,socrates3 ,& if !re are no tea*]s1 nei!r are !re disciples8 ,,m5o3 ,agre$4 ,,socrates3 ,& we h admitt$ t a ?+ _c be taught ( :i* !re are nei!r tea*]s nor disciples8 ,,m5o3 ,we h4 ,,socrates3 ,& !re are no tea*]s ( virtue to be f\nd any:]e8 ,,m5o3 ,!re are n4 ,,socrates3 ,& if !re are no tea*]s1 nei!r are !re s*ol>s8 ,,m5o3 ,t1 ,i ?9k1 is true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n virtue _c be taught8 ,,m5o3 ,n if we are "r 9 our view4 ,b ,i _c believe1 ,socrates1 t !re are no good m53 ,& if !re are1 h[ did !y come into exi/5ce8 ,,socrates3 ,i am afraid1 ,m5o1 t y & ,i are n good = mu*1 & t ,gorgias has be5 z poor an educator ( y z ,prodicus has be5 ( me4 ,c]ta9ly we %all h to look to ourselves1 & try to f9d "s "o :o w help 9 "s way or o!r to improve u4 ,?is ,i say1 because ,i obs]ve t 9 ! previ\s discussion none ( u rem>k$ t "r & good action is possible to man "u o!r guidance ?an t ( k 7epi/eme72--& inde$ if ?is be d5i$1 !re is no see+ h[ !re c be any good m5 at all4 ,,m5o3 ,h[ d y mean1 ,socrates8 ,,socrates3 ,i mean t good m5 are necess>ily useful or pr(itable4 ,7 we n "r 9 admitt+ ?is8 ,x mu/ be s4 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& 9 suppos+ t !y w be useful only if !y are true guides to u ( action--!re we 7 also "r8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,b :5 we said t a man _c be a good guide unless he h k 7phrhonesis71 ?is we 7 wrong4 ,,m5o3 ,:at d y mean by ! ^w '"r'8 ,,socrates3 ,i w expla94 ,if a man knew ! way to ,l>isa1 or any:]e else1 & w5t to ! place & l$ o!rs ?i!r1 w\ld he n be a "r & good guide8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& a p]son :o _h a "r op9ion ab\t ! way1 b _h nev] be5 & did n "k1 might be a good guide also1 might he n8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& :ile he has true op9ion ab\t t :i* ! o!r kn[s1 he w be j z good a guide if he ?9ks ! tru?1 z he :o kn[s ! tru?8 ,,m5o3 ,exactly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n true op9ion is z good a guide to correct action z k2 & t 0 ! po9t :i* we omitt$ 9 our speculation ab\t ! nature ( virtue1 :5 we said t k only is ! guide ( "r action2 :]eas !re is also "r op9ion4 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,!n "r op9ion is n less useful ?an k8 ,,m5o3 ,! diff]5ce1 ,socrates1 is only t he :o has k w always be "r2 b he :o has "r op9ion w sometimes be "r1 & sometimes n4 ,,socrates3 ,:at d y mean8 ,c he be wrong :o has "r op9ion1 s long z he has "r op9ion8 ,,m5o3 ,i admit ! cog5cy ( y\r argum5t1 & !re=e1 ,socrates1 ,i wond] t k %\ld be pref]r$ to "r op9ion--or :y !y %\ld ev] diff]4 ,,socrates3 ,& %all ,i expla9 ?is wond] to y8 ,,m5o3 ,d tell me4 ,,socrates3 ,y w\ld n wond] if y _h ev] obs]v$ ! images ( ,da$alus 7,comp>e ,eu?yphro72 b p]haps y h n got !m 9 y\r c\ntry8 ,,m5o3 ,:at h !y to d ) ! "q8 ,,socrates3 ,because !y require to be fa/5$ 9 ord] to keep !m1 & if !y are n fa/5$ !y w play truant & run away4 ,,m5o3 ,well1 :at ( t8 ,,socrates3 ,i mean to say t !y are n v valuable possessions if !y are at lib]ty1 = !y w walk (f l runaway slaves2 b :5 fa/5$1 !y are ( great value1 = !y are really beautiful works ( art4 ,n[ ?is is an illu/ration ( ! nature ( true op9ions3 :ile !y abide ) u !y are beautiful & fruitful1 b !y run away out ( ! human s\l1 & d n rema9 long1 & !re=e !y are n ( mu* value until !y are fa/5$ by ! tie ( ! cause2 & ?is fa/5+ ( !m1 fri5d ,m5o1 is recollection1 z y & ,i h agre$ to call x4 ,b :5 !y are b\nd1 9 ! fir/ place1 !y h ! nature ( k2 &1 9 ! second place1 !y are abid+4 ,& ?is is :y k is m hon\rable & excell5t ?an true op9ion1 because fa/5$ by a *a94 ,,m5o3 ,:at y are say+1 ,socrates1 seems to be v l ! tru?4 ,,socrates3 ,i too speak r 9 ignorance2 ,i only conjecture4 ,& yet t k diff]s f true op9ion is no matt] ( conjecture ) me4 ,!re are n _m ?+s :i* ,i pr(ess to "k1 b ?is is mo/ c]ta9ly "o ( !m4 ,,m5o3 ,yes1 ,socrates2 & y are q "r 9 say+ s4 ,,socrates3 ,& am ,i n also "r 9 say+ t true op9ion lead+ ! way p]fects action q z well z k8 ,,m5o3 ,!re aga91 ,socrates1 ,i ?9k y are "r4 ,,socrates3 ,!n "r op9ion is n a :it inf]ior to k1 or less useful 9 action2 nor is ! man :o has "r op9ion inf]ior to him :o has k8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,& surely ! good man has be5 ackn[l$g$ by u to be useful8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,see+ !n t m5 become good & useful to /ates1 n only because !y h k1 b because !y h "r op9ion1 & t nei!r k nor "r op9ion is giv5 to man by nature or acquir$ by him--7d y imag9e ei!r ( !m to be giv5 by nature8 ,,m5o3 ,n ,i47 ,,socrates3 ,!n if !y are n giv5 by nature1 nei!r are ! good by nature good8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,& nature be+ exclud$1 !n came ! "q :e!r virtue is acquir$ by tea*+8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,if virtue 0 wisdom 7or k71 !n1 z we ?\ght1 x 0 taught8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& if x 0 taught x 0 wisdom8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& if !re 7 tea*]s1 x might be taught2 & if !re 7 no tea*]s1 n8 ,,m5o3 ,true4 ,,socrates3 ,b surely we ackn[l$g$ t !re 7 no tea*]s ( virtue8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,!n we ackn[l$g$ t x 0 n taught1 & 0 n wisdom8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& yet we admitt$ t x 0 a good8 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! "r guide is useful & good8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! only "r guides are k & true op9ion--^! are ! guides ( man2 = ?+s :i* happ5 by *ance are n "u ! guidance ( man3 b ! guides ( man are true op9ion & k4 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k s too4 ,,socrates3 ,b if virtue is n taught1 nei!r is virtue k4 ,,m5o3 ,cle>ly n4 ,,socrates3 ,!n ( two good & useful ?+s1 "o1 :i* is k1 has be5 set aside1 & _c be suppos$ to be our guide 9 political life4 ,,m5o3 ,i ?9k n4 ,,socrates3 ,& !re=e n by any wisdom1 & n because !y 7 wise1 did ,!mi/ocles & ^? o!rs ( :om ,anytus spoke gov]n /ates4 ,?is 0 ! reason :y !y 7 unable to make o!rs l !mselves--because _! virtue 0 n gr\nd$ on k4 ,,m5o3 ,t is probably true1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,b if n by k1 ! only alt]native :i* rema9s is t /atesm5 mu/ h guid$ /ates by "r op9ion1 :i* is 9 politics :at div9ation is 9 religion2 = div9]s & also prophets say _m ?+s truly1 b !y "k n :at !y say4 ,,m5o3 ,s ,i believe4 ,,socrates3 ,& may we n1 ,m5o1 truly call ^? m5 'div9e' :o1 hav+ no und]/&+1 yet succe$ 9 _m a gr& de$ & ^w8 ,,m5o3 ,c]ta9ly4 ,,socrates3 ,!n we %all also be "r 9 call+ div9e ^? :om we 7 j n[ speak+ ( z div9]s & prophets1 includ+ ! :ole tribe ( poets4 ,yes1 & /atesm5 above all may be said to be div9e & illum9$1 be+ inspir$ & possess$ ( ,god1 9 :i* condition !y say _m gr& ?+s1 n kn[+ :at !y say4 ,,m5o3 ,yes4 ,,socrates3 ,& ! wom5 too1 ,m5o1 call good m5 div9e--d !y n8 & ! ,sp>tans1 :5 !y praise a good man1 say 't he is a div9e man4' ,,m5o3 ,& ,i ?9k1 ,socrates1 t !y are "r2 al?\gh v likely our fri5d ,anytus may take (f5ce at ! ^w4 ,,socrates3 ,i d n c>e2 z = ,anytus1 !re w be ano!r opportunity ( talk+ ) him4 ,to sum up our enquiry--! result seems to be1 if we are at all "r 9 our view1 t virtue is nei!r natural nor acquir$1 b an in/9ct giv5 by ,god to ! virtu\s4 ,nor is ! in/9ct accompani$ by reason1 unless !re may be suppos$ to be among /atesm5 "s "o :o is capable ( educat+ /atesm54 ,& if !re be su* an "o1 he may be said to be among ! liv+ :at ,hom] says t ,tiresias 0 among ! dead1 'he alone has und]/&+2 b ! re/ are flitt+ %ades'2 & he & 8 virtue 9 l mann] w be a reality among %ad[s4 ,,m5o3 ,t is excell5t1 ,socrates4 ,,socrates3 ,!n1 ,m5o1 ! conclusion is t virtue comes to ! virtu\s by ! gift ( ,god4 ,b we %all nev] "k ! c]ta9 tru? until1 be=e ask+ h[ virtue is giv51 we enquire into ! actual nature ( virtue4 ,i fe> t ,i mu/ g away1 b d y1 n[ t y are p]suad$ y\rself1 p]suade our fri5d ,anytus4 ,& d n let him be s exasp]at$2 if y c conciliate him1 y w h done good s]vice to ! ,a!nian p4