file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #afcgj-;h4htm or #afcgj-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/f_ /c_/g_/afcgj_/afcgj-;h_/#afcgj-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/f_ /c_/g_/afcgj_/afcgj-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! orig9al text 0 inconsi/5t 9 ! use ( acc5ts & hyph5ation4 ,^! v>iants & a small numb] ( typographical errors 7 ma9ta9$ 9 ?is transcription4 ,a complete li/ ( ! v>iant spell+s is f\nd at ! end ( ! book along ) ! li/ ( typographical errors4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts li/s ! ,au?orities ,cit$ section z prec$+ ! ,index1 b x 0 pr9t$ foll[+ ! ,index4 ,?is ord] has be5 reta9$ 9 ?is transcription4 ,vet]9>y ,practition]s' ,s]ies ,no4 #a ,,lam5ess ,,( ,,! ,,horse by ,j4 ,v4 ,lacroix1 ,d4,v4,s4 ,pr(essor ( ,surg]y1 ,! ,kansas ,city ,vet]9>y ,college ,au?or ( ,animal ,ca/ration ,illu/rat$ ,*icago ,am]ican ,j\rnal ,( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e #aiaf ,,preface ,all t c be kn[n on ! subject ( lam5ess1 is f\nd$ on a k ( anatomy & ( ! physiology ( locomotion4 ,)\t su* k1 no "o c ma/] ! pr9ciples ( ! diagnosis ( lam5ess4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ be assum$ t ! read]s are in=m$ on ^! subjects1 z x is impossible to include ?is fundam5tal in/ruction 9 a "w s brief z ?is "o4 ,! te*nic ( c]ta9 op]ative or corrective proc$ures1 has be5 describ$ at l5g? only :]e su* me?ods are n g5]ally employ$4 ,:]e !re is no dep>ture f ! usual me?ods1 treatm5t t is ess5tially )9 ! doma9 ( surg]y or practice is n giv5 9 specific detail4 ,realiz+ ! ne$ = a treatise 9 ! ,engli% language deal+ ) diagnosis & treatm5t ( lam5ess1 ! au?or und]took ! prep>ation ( ?is manuscript4 ,t ! difficulties ( depict+ by means ( ^w-pictures1 ! symptoms ev9c$ 9 baffl+ cases ( lam5ess1 pres5t$ !mselves 9 due c\rse ( writ+1 x is ne$less to say4 ,x is hop$ t ?is volume w s]ve its read]s to ! end t ! h&l+ ( cases ( lam5ess w become a m satisfactory & successful "p ( _! "w2 t bo? ! practition] & 8 cli5ts may pr(it !reby2 & la/ b by no means lea/1 t ! horse1 :i* has giv5 su* incalculable s]vice to mank9d & is des]v+ ( a m concrete rew>d1 w be b5efit$ by ! application ( ! pr9ciples h]e9 outl9$4 ,9 addition to ! consultation ( /&>d works be>+ on v>i\s phases ( ! subject ( lam5ess1 ! au?or wi%es to ?ankfully ackn[l$ge helpful advice & assi/ance receiv$ f ! publi%]1 ,dr4 ,d4,m4 ,campbell2 to appreciatively cr$it ,drs4 ,l4,a4 ,m]illat1 ,a4 ,trickett & ,f4,f4 ,br[n = valuable sugge/ions giv5 f "t to "t4 ,p>ticul> ackn[l$gm5t is made to ,dr4 ,septimus ,sisson1 au?or1 & ,w4,b4 ,saund]s ,co41 publi%]s ( ,! ,anatomy ( ,dome/ic ,animals1 = p]mission to use a numb] ( illu/rations f t "w4 ,j4,v4,l4 ,*icago1 ,ill9ois1 ,octob]1 #aiaf4 ,ju/ice %[s a triumphant face at ! works ( humane practition]s1 :o give s]i\s ?\ght & exp5d hone/ ef=t1 = ! alleviation ( animal suff]+4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,page ,illu/rations #g ,introduction #aa ,,section ,i ,etiology & ,occurr5ce #ae ,affections ( ,bones #ae ,r>efy+ ,o/eitis1 or ,deg5]ative ,*anges #af ,fractures #af ,affections ( ,ligam5ts #bj ,luxations--,dislocations #ba ,ar?ritis #bb ,affections ( ,bursae & ,!cae #bg ,affections ( ,muscles & ,t5dons #bh ,affections ( ,n]ves #cj ,affections ( ,blood ,vessels #ca ,affections ( ,lymph ,vessels & ,gl&s #cb ,affections ( ! ,feet #cd ,,section ,,ii ,diagno/ic ,pr9ciples #cg ,anamnesis #ch ,visual ,exam9ation #ci ,attitude ( ! ,subject #da ,exam9ation by ,palpation #dc ,passive ,movem5ts #dg ,obs]v+ ! ,"* ( ! ,gait #dh ,special ,me?ods ( ,exam9ation #ec ,,section ,,iii ,lam5ess 9 ! ,=e ,leg ,anatomo-,physiological ,review ( ,p>ts ( ! ,=e ,leg #ee ,%\ld] ,lam5ess #fa ,fracture ( ! ,scapula #fb ,scapulohum]al ,ar?ritis #fe ,infecti\s ,ar?ritis #ff ,injuries #ff ,w\nds #fg ,luxation ( ! ,scapulohum]al ,jo9t #fg ,inflammation ( ! ,bicipital ,bursa #fh ,contusions ( ! ,triceps ,bra*ii #ga ,%\ld] ,atrophy 7,swe5y7 #gc ,p>alysis ( ! ,suprascapul> ,n]ve #ge ,radial ,p>alysis #gg ,?rombosis ( ! ,bra*ial ,art]y #ha ,fracture ( ! ,hum]us #hb ,inflammation ( ! ,elb[ #hd ,fracture ( ! ,ulna #hf ,fracture ( ! ,radius #hg ,w\nds ( ! ,ant]ior ,bra*ial ,region #ij ,inflammation & ,contraction ( ! ,c>pal ,flexors #ic ,fracture & ,luxation ( ! ,c>pal ,bones #if ,c>pitis #ih ,op5 ,c>pal ,jo9t #ajj ,!citis & ,bursitis #ajd ,fracture ( ! ,metac>pus #ajf ,spl9ts #ajg ,op5 ,fetlock ,jo9t #aaj ,phalangeal ,exo/osis 7,r+bone7 #aah ,op5 ,%ea? ( ! ,flexors ( ! ,phalanges #abd ,luxation ( ! ,fetlock ,jo9t #abe ,sesamoiditis #abg ,fracture ( ! ,proximal ,sesamoids #abh ,inflammation ( ! ,po/]ior ,ligam5ts ( ! ,pa/]n ,proximal ,int]phalangeal ,jo9t #abi ,fracture ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,phalanges #aca ,t5d9itis 7,inflammation ( ! ,flexor ,t5dons7 #ace ,*ronic ,t5d9itis & ,contraction ( ! ,flexor ,t5dons #acg ,contract$ ,t5dons ( ,foals #adc ,rupture ( ! ,flexor ,t5dons & ,susp5sory ,ligam5t #adf ,!citis & ,bursitis 9 ! ,fetlock ,region #aej ,ar?ritis ( ! ,fetlock ,jo9t #aeb ,ossification ( ! ,c>tilages ( ! ,?ird ,phalanx #aee ,navicul> ,disease #aeg ,lam9itis #afj ,calk ,w\nds 7,p>ony*ia7 #agj ,corns #agb ,quittor #agd ,nail ,punctures #agh ,,section ,,iv ,lam5ess 9 ! ,h9d ,leg ,anatomo-,physiological ,consid]ation ( ! ,pelvic ,limbs #ahe ,hip ,lam5ess #aie ,fractures ( ! ,pelvic ,bones #aif ,fractures ( ! ,femur #aii ,luxation ( ! ,femur #bja ,gluteal ,t5do-,synovitis #bjc ,p>alysis ( ! ,h9d ,leg #bjd ,p>alysis ( ! ,femoral 7,crural7 ,n]ve #bjd ,p>alysis ( ! ,obturator ,n]ve #bjf ,p>alysis ( ! ,sciatic ,n]ve #bjh ,iliac ,?rombosis #bji ,fracture ( ! ,patella #bab ,luxation ( ! ,patella #bac ,*ronic ,gonitis #bag ,op5 ,/ifle ,jo9t #bbj ,fracture ( ! ,tibia #bbb ,rupture & ,w\nds ( ! ,t5do ,a*illis #bbd ,spr+-,halt 7,/r+-,halt7 #bbe ,op5 ,t>sal ,jo9t #bbi ,fracture ( ! ,fibul> ,t>sal ,bone 7,calcaneum7 #bcj ,t>sal ,spra9s #bcb ,curb #bcc ,spav9 7,bone ,spav97 #bce ,di/5sion ( ! ,t>sal ,jo9t ,capsule 7,bog ,spav97 #bdb ,di/5sion ( ! ,t>sal ,%ea? ( ! ,deep ,digital ,flexor 7,?or\ghp97 #bdf ,capp$ ,hock #bea ,rupture & ,division ( ! ,long ,digital ,ext5sor 7,ext5sor ,p$is7 #bec ,w\nds f ,int]f]+ #bee ,lymphangitis #beg ,au?orities ,cit$ #bfe ,index #bfg ,,illu/rations ,page ,fig4 #a--;,ho( ,te/]s #ec ,fig4 #b--,muscles ( ,left ,?oracic ,limb1 ,lat]al ,view #ef ,fig4 #c--,muscles ( ,left ,?oracic ,limb1 ,m$ial ,view #eg ,fig4 #d--,sagital ,section ( ,digit & ,di/al ,"p ( ,metac>pus #ei ,fig4 #e--,ord9>y ,type ( ,heavy ,sl+ #fb ,fig4 #f--;,a ,sl+ ,made 9 ,two ,p>ts #fc ,fig4 #g--,p>alysis ( ! ,suprascapul> ,n]ve ( ,left ,%\ld] #gf ,fig4 #h--,radial ,p>alysis #gh ,fig4 #i--,m]illat's ,me?od ( ,fix+ ,c>pus 9 ,radial ,p>alysis #gi ,fig4 #aj--;,contraction ( ,c>pal ,flexors1 ,knee ,sprung #ie ,fig4 #aa--,p]ic>pal ,inflammation & ,enl>gem5t ,due to ,injury #ii ,fig4 #ab--;,hygromat\s ,condition ( ! ,"r ,c>pus #ajj ,fig4 #ac--;,c>pal ,exo/osis 9 ,ag$ ,horse #aja ,fig4 #ad--;,exo/osis ( ,c>pus ,resultant f ,c>pitis #ajb ,fig4 #ae--;,di/al ,end ( ,radius1 ,illu/rat+ ,effects ( ,c>pitis #ajb ,fig4 #af--,po/]ior ,view ( ,radius1 ,illu/rat+ ,effects ( ,spl9t #ajh ,fig4 #ag--,phalangeal ,exo/eses #abj ,fig4 #ah--,r>efy+ ,o/eitis 9 ,*ronic ,r+bone #aba ,fig4 #ai--,phalangeal ,exo/oses 9 ,*ronic ,r+bone #abb ,fig4 #bj--;,contraction ( ,sup]ficial ,digital ,flexor ,t5don ,due to ,t5d9itis #ach ,fig4 #ba--;,contraction ( ,deep ,flexor ,t5don ,due to ,t5d9itis #aci ,fig4 #bb--;,*ronic ,case ( ,contraction ( ,bo? ,flexor ,t5dons ( ! ,phalanges #adj ,fig4 #bc--;,contraction ( ,sup]ficial & ,deep ,flexor ,t5dons #ada ,fig4 #bd--;,contraction ( ,sup]ficial ,digital ,flexor & ,slight ,contraction ( ,deep ,flexor ,t5don #adb ,fig4 #be--;,fi% ,knees #ade ,fig4 #bf--;,extreme ,dorsal ,flexion #adf ,fig4 #bg--;,a ,good ,/yle ( ,%oe = ,brac+ ! ,fetlock #adh ,fig4 #bh--,! ,rob]ts ,brace 9 ,op]ation #adi ,fig4 #bi--;,di/5sion ( ,!ca ( ,ext5sor ( ! ,digit #aea ,fig4 #cj--,r>efy+ ,o/eitis ,:]e9 ,articul> ,c>tilage ,0 ,de/roy$ #aec ,fig4 #ca--,r+bone & ,sidebone #aef ,fig4 #cb--,position ,assum$ by ,horse ,hav+ ,unilat]al ,navicul> ,disease #aei ,fig4 #cc--,! ,ho( 9 ,*ronic ,lam9itis #afe ,fig4 #cd--;,effects ( ,lam9itis #aff ,fig4 #ce--;,co*ran ,%oe1 ,inf]ior ,surface #afh ,fig4 #cf--;,co*ran ,%oe1 ,sup]ior ,surface #afi ,fig4 #cg--;,hyp]plasia ( ,eight ,=efoot ,due to ,*ronic ,quittor #agf ,fig4 #ch--;,*ronic ,quittor1 ,left ,h9d ,foot #agg ,fig4 #ci--,skiagraph ( ,foot #agi ,fig4 #dj--,sagital ,section ( ,eight ,hock #ahf ,fig4 #da--,muscles ( ,"r ,leg2 ,front ,view #ahg ,fig4 #db--,muscles ( ,l[] ,"p ( ,?igh1 ,leg & ,foot #ahi ,fig4 #dc--,"r ,/ifle ,jo9t2 ,lat]al ,view #aij ,fig4 #dd--,left ,/ifle ,jo9t2 ,m$ial ,view #aia ,fig4 #de--,left ,/ifle ,jo9t2 ,front ,view #aic ,fig4 #df--,oblique ,fracture ( ! ,femur #bjj ,fig4 #dg--;,fracture ( ,femur ,aft] ,six ,mon?s' ,treatm5t #bja ,fig4 #dh--;,aorta & ,its ,bran*es ,%[+ ,location ( ,?rombi #baj ,fig4 #di--,?rombosis ( ! ,aorta1 ,iliacs & ,bran*es #baa ,fig4 #ej--;,*ronic ,gonitis #bah ,fig4 #ea--,position ,assum$ 9 ,gonitis #bai ,fig4 #eb--,spr+-halt #bbf ,fig4 #ec--,lat]al ,view ( ,t>sus ,%[+ ,effects ( ,t>sitis #bbh ,fig4 #ed--,"r ,hock ,jo9t #bca ,fig4 #ee--,spav9 #bce ,fig4 #ef--;,bog ,spav9 #bdc ,fig4 #eg--,?or\ghp9 #bdg ,fig4 #eh--;,fibrosity ( ,t>sus 9 ,*ronic ,?or\ghp9 #bdh ,fig4 #ei--;,ano!r ,view ( ,case ,%[n 9 ,fig4 #eh #bdi ,fig4 #fj--;,capp$ ,hock #beb ,fig4 #fa--;,*ronic ,lymphangitis #beh ,fig4 #fb--;,elephantiasis #bei ,,introduction ,lam5ess is a symptom ( an ailm5t or affection & is n to be consid]$ 9 itself z an anomal\s condition4 ,x is ! manife/ation ( a /ructural or functional disord] ( "s "p ( ! locomotory app>atus1 *>act]iz$ by a limp+ or halt+ gait4 ,!re=e1 any affection caus+ a s5sation & sign ( pa9 :i* is increas$ by ! be>+ ( weight ^u ! affect$ memb]1 or by ! mov+ ( su* a di/ress$ "p1 results 9 an irregul>ity 9 locomotion1 :i* is kn[n z lam5ess or claudication4 ,a halt+ gait may also be produc$ by ! abnormal developm5t ( a memb]1 or by ! %ort5+ ( ! leg occasion$ by ! loss ( a %oe4 ,= descriptive purposes lam5ess may be classifi$ z true & false4 ,true lam5ess is su* z is occasion$ by /ructural or functional defects ( "s "p ( ! app>atus ( locomotion1 su* z w\ld be caus$ by spav91 r+-bone1 or t5d9itis4 ,false lam5ess is an imp$im5t 9 ! gait n caus$ by /ructural or functional di/urbances1 b is br\ght on by conditions su* z may result f ! too rapid driv+ ( an unbridle-wise colt ov] an irregul> road surface1 or by urg+ a horse to trot at a pace exce$+ ! normal gait ( ! animal's capacity1 caus+ x to cr[-hop or to lose balance 9 ! /ride4 ,! latt] manife/ation might1 to ! inexp]i5c$ eye1 simulate true lam5ess ( ! h9d legs1 b 9 reality1 is m]ely ! result ( ! animal hav+ be5 =c$ to assume an abnormal pace & a lack ( balance 9 locomotion is ! consequ5ce4 ,! degree ( lam5ess1 ?\gh v>iable 9 diff]5t in/ances1 is 9 mo/ cases proportionate to ! causative factor1 & ?is fact s]ves z a helpful indicator 9 ! matt] ( e/abli%+ a diagnosis & giv+ ! prognosis1 especially 9 cases ( some:at unusual "*4 ,an animal may be slightly lame & ! exhibition ( lam5ess be su* z to r5d] ! cause baffl+ly obscure4 ,cases ( ?is nature are sometimes q difficult to classify & 9 occasional in/ances a positive diagnosis is impossible4 ,subjects ( ?is k9d may n be suffici5tly inconv5i5c$ to w>rant _! be+ tak5 out ( s]vice1 yet a lame horse1 no matt] h[ slightly affect$1 %\ld n be cont9u$ 9 s]vice unless x c be positively e/abli%$ t ! degree ( discom=t occasion$ by ! claudication is small & ! "w to be done by ! animal1 ( ! sort t w n aggravate ! condition4 ,subjects t are v lame--s lame t little weight is borne by ! affect$ memb]--are1 ( c\rse1 unfit = s]vice & z a rule are n difficult ( diagnosis4 ,= in/ance1 a fracture ( ! second phalanx w\ld cause mu* m lam5ess ?an an injury to ! lat]al ligam5t ( ! coron>y jo9t :]e9 !re _h occurr$ only a slight spra91 & ?\gh crepitation is n recogniz$1 ! diagno/ician is n ju/ifi$ 9 exclud+ ! possibility ( fracture1 if ! lam5ess seems disproportionate to ! app>5t fir/ cause4 ,! c\rse tak5 by cases ( lam5ess is z v>iable z ! degree ( its manife/ation1 & no "o c def9itely pr$ict ! duration ( any giv5 cause ( claudication4 ,because ( ! fact t horses are n (t5 good self-nurses at be/1 & t x is difficult to en=ce prop] c>e = ! p>ts affect$1 "o c n wisely /ate t resolution w promptly foll[ 9 an acute involvem5t1 nor c he pr$ict t ! case w or w n become *ronic4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t complete or p>tial recov]y may result1 or aga91 t no *ange may occur 9 any giv5 case1 & t 9 "s in/ances ev5 :]e rational treatm5t is e>ly adm9i/]$1 a decid$ aggravation ( ! condition may foll[ unacc\ntably4 ,h[ev]1 because ( ! economic elem5t to be reckon$ )1 x is ( "s value to be able to give a fairly accurate prognosis 9 ! h&l+ ( cases ( lam5ess1 z 9 ! majority ( in/ances ! treatm5t & mann] ( aft]-c>e are det]m9$ l>gely by ! exp5se t any prescrib$ l9e ( att5tion w occasion4 ,a case ( acute bone spav9 9 a horse ( little value is n g5]ally treat$ 9 a mann] t w incur an exp5se equival5t to "o-half ! value ( ! subject4 ,! fact is always to be consid]$ 9 su* cases1 t ev5 :]e ideal conditions favor prop] treatm5t1 ! outcome is unc]ta94 ,:]e less ?an six weeks ( re/ c be all[$ ! animal1 "o affect$ ) bone spav9 w\ld !re=e n be treat$ ) ! expectation ( obta9+ good results1 z six weeks' "t1 at lea/1 is necess>y = a successful outcome4 ,if ! co/ att5d+ ! en=c$ idl5ess ( an animal ( ?is k9d is consid]$ prohibitive = ! employm5t ( prop] measures to affect a cure1 & if lam5ess is slight1 ! animal %\ld be giv5 suitable "w1 b 9 cases ( articul> spav9 9 ag$ subjects1 !y %\ld be humanely de/roy$ & n subject$ to prolong$ mis]y4 ,a ?or\gh k ( ! /ructure & functions ( ! affect$ p>ts is necess>y to proce$ 9 cases ( lam5ess2 likewise1 ! age1 con=mation & temp]am5t ( ! subject ne$ to be tak5 into consid]ation2 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( complications dem& ! att5tion2 ! k9d ( c>e ! subject w probably receive directly influ5ces ! outcome2 & ! "* ( s]vice expect$ ( ! subject1 too1 ne$s to be c>efully consid]$ be=e ! ultimate outcome may reasonably be =etold4 ,! practition] is (t5 confront$ ) ! problem ( h[ be/ to h&le c]ta9 cases4 ,w !y d bett] "u conditions :]e absolute quiet is en=c$1 or is x pref]able to all[ ex]cise at w8 ,! temp]am5t ( ! animal mu/ be consid]$ 9 su* cases1 & if a lame horse is too active & playful :5 giv5 8 fre$om1 ex]cise mu/ be re/rict$ or prev5t$1 z ! case may require4 ,9 cases ( /ra9s ( t5dons1 dur+ ! acute /age1 immobilization ( ! affect$ p>ts is 9 ord]4 ,9 c]ta9 sub-acute inflammatory processes or 9 in/ances ( p>alytic di/urbance :]e convalesc5ce is 9 progress1 mod]ate ex]cise is highly b5eficial4 ,consequ5tly1 ea* case 9 itself pres5ts an individual problem to be judg$ & h&l$ 9 ! mann] exp]i5ce has taught to be mo/ effective1 appropriate & practical1 & ! vet]9>ian %\ld give due consid]ation to ! com=t & welf>e ( ! crippl$ animal z well z to ! int]e/s ( ! own]4 ,,section ,i4 ,,etiology ,,& ,,occurr5ce4 ,9 discussions ( pa?ological conditions contribut+ to lam5ess 9 ! horse1 cause is g5]ally classifi$ "u two heads--pr$ispos+ & excit+4 ,x becomes necess>y1 h[ev]1 to adopt a m g5]al & compreh5sive me?od ( classification1 h]e91 :i* w enable ! read] to obta9 a bett] conception ( ! subject & to m cle>ly associate ! p>ts s gr\p$ descriptively4 ,?\gh pr$ispos+ factors1 su* z faulty con=mation1 are (t5 to be reckon$ )1 excit+ causes pr$om9ate m frequ5tly 9 any giv5 numb] ( cases4 ,! noble t5d5cy ( ! horse to s]ve its ma/] "u ! /ress ( pa91 ev5 to ! po9t ( complete exhau/ion & sudd5 dea?1 %\ld w9 = ^! will+ s]vants a deep] consid]ation ( _! welf>e4 ,too frequ5tly are _! manife/ations ( discom=t all[$ to pass unhe$$ by c>eless1 incompet5t driv]s lack+ 9 a s5se ( compassion4 ,symptoms ( malaise %\ld nev] be ignor$ 9 any case2 ! humane & economic features %\ld be realiz$ by any own] ( animals4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( gr\p causes1 lam5ess may be said to orig9ate f affections ( bones1 ligam5ts1 !cae & bursae1 muscles & t5dons1 n]ves1 lymph vessels & gl&s1 & blood vessels1 & may also result f an involvem5t ( "o or sev]al ( ! a=em5tion$ tissues1 caus$ by rheumatism4 ,fur!r1 affections ( ! feet m]it sep>ate consid]ation1 &1 f9ally1 a miscellane\s gr\p+ ( v>i\s dissimil> ailm5ts1 :i* = ! mo/ "p1 d n directly involve ! locomotory app>atus b d1 by _! nature1 imp$e normal movem5t4 ,,affections ,,( ,,bones4 ,! bony column s]v+ z ! framework & support ( ! legs1 probably con/itutes ! mo/ vital elem5t hav+ to d ) weight be>+ & locomotion1 & !re=e dur+ ! acute & pa9ful /age ( bone affections1 ! pa9 becomes m int5se 9 ! process & pressure ( /&+ ?an :5 ! memb] is swung or advanc$4 ,c]ta9 bones are s well protect$ by muscul> /ructures t !y are n frequ5tly injur$ except z a result ( viol5ce :i* may produce fracture4 ,h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 bones :i* receive ! con/ant %ock ( concussion :5 ! animal is subject$ to daily1 rapid "w on h>d road surfaces4 ,spl9ts1 r+bones & spav9s are ! mo/ g5]al examples produc$ by ^! conditions4 ,v>y+ pa?ological developm5ts (t5 result f concussion1 contusion or o!r viol5t %ocks to ! bony /ructures4 ,9 su* cases !re ei!r foll[s a simple p]io/itis :i* may resolve spontane\sly ) no obvi\s outw>d symptom1 or o/eitis1 :i* may occur ) tissue *anges1 z 9 exo/osis2 or ! case may produce any degree ( reaction betwe5 ^! two possible extremes4 ,r>efy+ ,o/eitis1 or ,deg5]ative ,*anges4 ,c]ta9 bone affections1 su* z o/eomalacia or o/eoporosis1 are 9 ! ma91 responsible = di/ortions & morphological *anges ( bone1 caus+ lam5ess1 p]man5t blemi% & ev5 result+ 9 dea? ( ! affect$ animal4 ,! climatic conditions 9 "s localities favor ^! occurr5ces b !y may also be ascrib$ to improp] food con/itu5ts & to possible infective ag5cies4 ,r>efy+ deg5]ative *anges manife/$ by exo/osis involv+ ! phalanges ( ! "y1 caus+ r+bone1 are fairly common 9 occurr5ce ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry4 ,?is is due1 suppos$ly1 to a lack ( m9]al sub/ance 9 ! bony /ructure ( ! affect$ animals1 & is kn[n z ra*itis--commonly call$ rickets4 ,s9ce ! affect$ subjects suff] involvem5t ( sev]al ( ! extremities at ! same "t1 ! !ory ( ra*itic orig9 seems well support$4 ,fractures4 ,fractures ( bones con/itute s]i\s conditions & are always manife/$ by lam5ess4 ,a sub-classification is ess5tial "h = ! /ud5t ( vet]9>y m$ic9e :o w\ld compreh5d ! te*nic ( r$uction & subsequ5t treatm5t 9 su* cases4 ,fractures are classifi$ by _m au?orities z be+ simple1 comp\nd1 & comm9ut$4 ,?is me?od is practical because x sep>ates dissimil> conditions4 ,!re are also gr\p$ fractures1 ! pa?ologic anatomy ( :i* is simil>4 ,classification on an etiological basis w\ld attempt to associate conditions1 ! morbid anatomy & gravity ( :i* w\ld ju/ly preclude _! be+ comb9$4 ,simple ,fracture is a condition :]e ! cont9uity ( ! bone has be5 brok5 )\t s]i\s de/ruction ( ! s(t /ructures adjac5t1 & :]e no op5+ has be5 made to ! surface ( ! fle%4 ,su* fractures d n r$uce ! bone to fragm5ts4 ,long bones are frequ5tly subject$ to simple fracture1 :ile %ort ?ick bones1 su* z ! second phalanx1 may suff] multiple or comm9ut$ fractures4 ,comp\nd ,fracture designates a break ( bone ) ! de/ruction ( ! s(t tissues cov]+ x1 mak+ an op5 w\nd to ! surface ( ! sk94 ,?is =m ( fracture is s]i\s because ( ! att5dant dang] ( infection1 & 9 treatm5t1 necessitates special precaution be+ tak5 9 ! application ( spl9ts t ! w\nd may be c>$ = )\t infection ( ! tissues4 ,^! fractures g5]ally occur z a result ( "s =ceful impact ?r\gh ! fle% to ! bone1 or :]e ! bones are driv5 outw>d by ! bl[4 ,common examples are 9 fractures ( ! metac>pus & metat>sus ( ! fir/ phalanx4 ,?is k9d ( injury 9 mature horses usually produces an irrep>able condition1 & view$ economically1 is g5]ally consid]$ fatal4 ,comm9ut$ ,fractures1 z ! t]m implies1 are ^? cases :]e9 ! bone is r$uc$ to a numb] ( small pieces4 ,?is k9d ( break may be classifi$ z simple-comm9ut$ fracture :5 ! sk9 is unbrok51 & :5 ! bone is expos$ z a result ( ! injury1 x is kn[n z a comp\nd-comm9ut$ fracture4 ,su* fractures are caus$ by viol5t contusion or :]e ! memb] is caught betwe5 two objects & cru%$4 ,multiple ,fractures4 ,fractures are call$ multiple :5 ! bone is r$uc$ to a numb] ( pieces ( l>ge size4 ,?is condition diff]s f a comm9ut$ fracture 9 t ! multiple fracture may break ! bone into sev]al pieces )\t ! pieces be+ gr\nd or cru%$1 & ! affect$ bone may /ill reta9 its normal %ape4 ,fur!r classification is ( value 9 describ+ fractures ( bone ) respect to ! mann] 9 :i* ! bone is brok5--! direction ( ! fissure or fissures 9 relation to its long axis4 ,a fracture is transv]se :5 ! bone is brok5 at a "r angle f its long axis4 ,su* breaks :5 simple1 are ! lea/ tr\ble to c>e = because !re is little likelihood t ! brok5 ends ( bone w become s displac$ t !y w n rema9 9 apposition4 ,simple transv]se fracture ( ! metac>pus1 = in/ance1 con/itutes a favorable case = treatm5t if o!r conditions are favorable4 ,oblique fractures1 z may be surmis$1 are solutions ( cont9uity ( bone 9 su* mann] t ! fissure crosses ! long axis ( a bone at an acute or obtuse angle4 ,^! fractures are prone to injure ! s(t /ructures adjac5t1 & are frequ5tly comp\nd1 z well4 ,moreov]1 because ( ! fact t ! appos+ pieces ( bone are bevel$1 ! brok5 ends ( bone are likely to pass "o ano!r 9 su* a way z to %ort5 ! di/ance betwe5 ! extremities ( ! injur$ memb]4 ,contraction ( muscles also t5ds to ex]t traction ^u a bone s fractur$1 result+ 9 a lat]al approximation ( ! diaphysis & ?us prev5t+ union because ! brok5 surfaces are n 9 prop] contact4 ,fractures are longitud9al :5 ! fissure is p>allel ) ! long axis ( ! bone4 ,?is v>iety ( break is n infrequ5t 9 ! fir/ phalanx2 & a v]tical fracture ( ! second phalanx is also said to be longitud9al1 h[ev]1 !re is little diff]5ce 7if any1 9 "s subjects7 betwe5 ! v]tical & transv]se diamet]s ( ?is p>ticul> bone4 ,gre5 /ick fractures are ess5tially ^? result+ f falls to "y animals4 ,!y are usually sub-p]io/eal & :5 ! p]io/eum is left intact or ne>ly s1 no crepitation is disc]nible4 ,if ?is fracture is simple1 prompt recov]y may be expect$4 ,bones ( "y animals1 because !y d n conta9 proportionately z mu* m9]al sub/ance z d bones ( adults1 are m resili5t & less apt to become completely fractur$4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 subject to :at is kn[n z gre5 /ick fracture4 ,impact$ fractures are usually occasion$ by falls4 ,:5 ! weight ( ! body is sudd5ly caught by a memb] 9 su* mann] z to =cefully drive ! epiphyseal portions ( bone into & aga9/ ! diaphysis1 multiple longitud9al fractures occur at ! po9t ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,p>ts s affect$ und]go a fibrill>y sep>ation1 increas+ ! transv]se diamet] ( ! bone2 or if ! impact has be5 suffici5tly viol5t1 ! portion becomes an amorph\s mass4 ,9 a treatise on ! subject ( lam5ess1 ! bones *iefly conc]n$ & mo/ (t5 affect$ mu/ be especially consid]$4 ,! %ape & size ( a bone :5 injur$1 det]m9es 9 a measure1 ! c\rse & probable outcome 9 mo/ cases1 b ( fir/ & great] importance is ! function ( ! bone4 ,a fracture ( ! fibula 9 ! horse ne$ n incapacitate ! subject1 b a tibial fracture is s]i\s & g5]ally proves cause = fatal t]m9ation4 ,! body ( ! scapula may be completely fractur$ & recov]y w probably result 9 mo/ cases )\t mu* att5tion be+ giv5 to ! subject1 yet a fracture ( ! neck ( ?is same bone con/itutes an injury ( s]i\s consequ5ce4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! function ( diff]5t p>ts ( ?is same bone1 z well z its %ape & mode ( atta*m5t1 det]m9e ! gravity ( ! case2 s x is 9 fractures ( o!r bones ) respect to ! c\rse & prognosis ( ! case--function is ! important factor to be consid]$4 ,next 9 importance is ! age ( ! animal suff]+ fracture ( ! bone4 ,capacity = reg5]ation is naturally great] 9 a vigor\s1 "y animal ?an 9 ag$ or ev5 middle-ag$ subjects4 ,a heal?y condition ( ! bone & ! body favor ! process ( repair 9 case ( fracture1 & prognosis may be favorable or unfavorable1 dep5d+ ^u ^! factors m5tion$ = consid]ation4 ,individuals ( ! same species1 diff]+ 9 temp]am5t1 may comport !mselves 9 a mann] t is conductive to prompt recov]y1 or to e>ly de/ruction4 ,?is feature _c be ov]e/imat$ 9 importance1 z x is sometimes a decisive elem5t1 reg>dless ( o!r conditions4 ,a horse suff]+ f an o!rwise rem$iable pelvic fracture may be s worri$ & tortur$ by be+ conf9$ 9 a sl+ t ! case calls = special att5tion & c>e because ( ! animal's temp]am5t4 ,sometimes1 ! con/ant pres5ce ( a k9d att5dant w s reassure ! subject t x w become resign$ to unnatural conf9em5t1 9 a day or two4 ,?is precaution may1 9 itself1 det]m9e ! outcome1 & ! wise vet]9>ian w n ov]look ?is feature or fail to deviate f ! usual rote 9 ! h&l+ ( av]age cases4 ,recov]y may be br\ght ab\t 9 irritable subjects by ?is concession to ! individual idiosyncrasies ( su* animals4 ,,affections ,,( ,,ligam5ts4 ,ligam5ts :i* h to d ) ! locomotory app>atus are1 = ! mo/ "p1 inela/ic /ructures :i* are compos$ ( :ite fibr\s tissue & s]ve to jo9 toge!r ! articul> ends ( bones2 to b9d d[n t5dons2 & to act z %ea!s or grooves ?r\gh :i* t5dons pass1 & z capsul> membranes = ret5tion ( synovia 9 contact ) articul> surfaces ( bones4 ,ligam5ts are injur$ less frequ5tly ?an are bones4 ,because ( _! flexibility !y escape fracture 9 ! mann] t bones suff]4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 completely sev]$ by be+ cut or ruptur$1 ?\gh fibrill>y fracture ! result ( con/ant or int]mitt5t t5sile /ra9 is ( m frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,simple inflammation ( ligam5ts is ( occasional occurr5ce b1 unless consid]able injury is done ?is tissue1 no p]ceptible manife/ation ( injury results4 ,no d\bt _m cases :]e9 fibrill>y fracture ( ligam5ts 7spra97 takes place "s lam5ess is caus$1 b because ( ! d5se1 comp>atively nonvascul> nature ( ^! /ructures1 little if any manife/ation1 except lam5ess1 is evid5t4 ,& su* cases1 if recogniz$ are usually diagnos$ by exclud+ ! exi/5ce ( o!r possible causes & conditions :i* might also cause lam5ess4 ,c]ta9 ligam5ts are subject$ to /ra9 m ?an are o!rs & !re=e1 :5 s involv$1 frequ5tly cause lam5ess4 ,examples ( ?is k9d are affections ( ! collat]al 7lat]al7 ligam5ts ( ! phalanges4 ,because ( ! lev]age af=d$ by ! transv]se diamet] ( ! foot1 :5 an animal is made to travel ov] unev5 road surfaces1 consid]able /ra9 is br\ght to be> on ! collat]al ligam5ts ( ! phalanges4 ,a sequel to ?is =m ( injury is a circumscrib$ p]io/itis at ! site ( atta*m5t ( ! ligam5ts & frequ5tly ! =mation ( an exo/osis--r+bone--results4 ,:]e sudd5 & viol5t /ra9 is plac$ ^u a ligam5t & rupture occurs1 ! division is usually effect$ by ! ligam5t be+ torn f its atta*m5t to ! bone4 ,9 su* cases1 a portion ( p]io/eum & bone is usually deta*$ & ! condition may !n prop]ly be call$ "o ( fracture4 ,9 "s cases ( ?is k9d recov]y is t>dy1 because ( ! difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ p]fect apposition ( ! divid$ /ructures1 & reaction>y inflammation is n ( suffici5t ext5t to enhance prompt repair4 ,9 fact1 "s cases ( ?is k9d seem to progress m favorably1 :5 no attempt at immobilization ( ! affect$ memb] is attempt$4 ,if "s fre$om ( movem5t is all[$1 acute inflammation result+ 9 nature's provisional swell+ soon develops & repair is ha/5$ because ( increas$ vascul>ity4 ,b :]e luxation ( phalanges accompanies spra91 reposition & immobilization are necess>y--t is if cases are ?\ght likely to b5efit by any treatm5t4 ,luxations--,dislocations4 ,luxation or dislocation is a condition :]e ! normal relation betwe5 articul> ends ( bones has be5 d]ang$ to ! ext5t t p>tial or complete loss ( function results4 ,:5 a bone is luxat$ 7out ( jo9t71 !re has occurr$ a p>tial or complete rupture ( c]ta9 ligam5ts or t5dons2 or a bone may be luxat$ :5 an abnormal or unusual ela/icity ( inhibitory ligam5ts or t5dons obta9s4 ,luxations may be practically classifi$ z tempor>y & fix$4 ,9 tempor>y luxations1 dis>ticulation is b mom5t>y & spontane\s reposition always results2 :ile a fix$ luxation does n r$uce spontane\sly b rema9s luxat$ until reposition is effect$ by prop] manipulation & treatm5t4 ,fix$ luxation may be ( su* "* z to be practically irr$ucible because ( ext5sive damage done to ligam5ts or c>tilage4 ,:]e a complete luxation ( ! metac>pophalangeal jo9t exi/s1 x is probable t 9 mo/ cases suffici5t injury to collat]al & capsul> ligam5ts has be5 done to r5d] complete recov]y improbable1 if n impossible4 ,tempor>y luxation ( ! patella is a common affection ( ! horse & fix$ luxation ( ?is bone also occurs4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 ! horse1 patell> luxation is ! "o frequ5t affection ( ?is k9d4 ,z a rule1 complete dis>ticulation immobilizes ! affect$ jo9t & 9 mo/ in/ances !re is noticeable an abnormal prom95ce 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity--9 patell> luxation1 ! :ole bone4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! articul> portion only1 ( ! affect$ bone is malposition$4 ,usually1 luxation & fracture may be diff]5tiat$ 9 t !re is no crepitation 9 luxation & m or less crepitation exi/s 9 fracture4 ,x is evid5t1 :5 "o consid]s ! symptomatology & nature ( ! affection1 t fix$ luxation is usually caus$ by undue /ra9 or viol5t & abnormal movem5t ( a "p4 ,jo9ts hav+ ! great] fre$om ( movem5t are apt to suff] luxation m frequ5tly4 ,ar?ritis4 ,! /udy ( ar?ritis 9 ! horse is limit$ to a consid]ation ( jo9t inflammations :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 are ( traumatic orig94 ,unlike ! human1 ! horse is n subject to _m =ms ( specific ar?ritis--tub]cul>1 gonorrheal1 syphilitic1 etc4 ,a practical mann] ( classification ( ar?ritis is traumatic & meta/atic4 ,traumatic ar?ritis may result f all sorts ( accid5ts :]e9 jo9ts are contus$4 ,su* cases may be consid]$ z be+ caus$ by direct injuries4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d1 dep5d+ on ! degree ( insult1 manife/ evid5ce ( injury :i* ranges f a simple synovitis to ! mo/ active inflammatory involvem5t ( ! entire /ructure & adjac5t tissues4 ,! reaction>y inflammation :i* att5ds a case ( t>sitis caus$ by a horse be+ kick$ is a good example ( ! result ( direct injury4 ,su* cases1 if ! contusion is ( suffici5t viol5ce1 result 9 ar?ritis & p]i>?ritis4 ,9 inactive f>m horses1 dur+ cold wea!r1 ?is condition becomes *ronic1 swell+ rema9s = weeks aft] all lam5ess & pa9 h subsid$ & occasionally hyp]?rophy is p]man5t4 ,ar?ritis occasion$ by indirect injury1 su* z *>act]izes jo9t inflammation f cont9u\s concussion1 is se5 9 horses t are work$ at a rapid pace on city /reets or o!r h>d road surfaces4 ,su* affections may be acute1 z 9 "s cases ( spav91 b are usually inflammatory conditions t d n occasion s]i\s di/urbance :5 ^! affections become *ronic4 ,if ! involvem5t p]si/s ) suffici5t active inflammation1 !re may foll[ erosion ( c>tilage & incurable lam5ess4 ,if ext5sive necrosis ( c>tilage takes place1 ! att5dant pa9 w be suffici5t to cause ! animal to favor ! diseas$ "p & su* immobilization enhances e>ly ankylosis--nature's sub/itute = resolution 9 ?is disease4 ,w\nds invad+ ! tissues adjac5t to jo9ts1 :5 ^! w\nds are ( consid]able ext5t1 cause inflammation ( su* articulations by contigu\s ext5sion ( inflammation4 ,z long z an injury rema9s practically aseptic1 or if infect$ & ! septic process does n involve ! jo9t prop] by direct ext5sion1 no m s]i\s di/urbance ?an a simple synovitis w result4 ,if1 in/ead1 a p]i>?ritic inflammation is s]i\s or de/ructive 9 "*1 ! type ( ar?ritis w be grave--ev5 ?\gh due to an indirect cause4 ,:]e a vuln]ant body p5etrates all /ructures & invades ! int]ior ( ! jo9t capsule ! result is t a m or less active di/urbance is incit$4 ,! introduction ( a /]ile in/rum5t into a jo9t cavity1 "u /rict asepsis1 :]e a p]fect te*nic is execut$1 does n cause p]ceptible manife/ation ( ! injury1 if ! op5+ s made is small--su* z a suitable exploratory troc> makes4 ,b a puncture made 9 a simil> mann] & ) ! same in/rum5t )\t due reg>d to asepsis is likely to cause an infecti\s synovitis & ar?ritis usually foll[s4 ,a l>g] op5+ ?an is produc$ by means ( an exploratory tro*> may be made into a jo9t cavity1 caus+ escape ( synovia z x is secret$ = days & ev5 = weeks & no s]i\s or p]man5t tr\ble is exp]i5c$ 9 "s cases4 ,if ! synovitis or ar?ritis rema9s non-infect$ & ! w\nd1 traumatic or surgical1 is n too l>ge1 heal+ by granulation occurs1 & ! dis*>ge ( synovia ceases4 ,h[ev]1 if synovial dis*>ge p]si/s too long because ( t>dy closure ( an op5 jo9t1 !re is great dang] ( infection ga9+ entrance into ! synovial cavity1 or 9 "s in/ances1 desiccation ( endo!lial cells ( ! articulation occurs1 9 areas1 & ! reaction>y inflammation ev5tually results 9 ankylosis4 ,a small puncture :i* introduces into ! synovial cavity infecti\s mat]ial ( active virul5ce w cause an ar?ritis t is m s]i\s1 mu* m pa9ful & m difficult to h&le ?an is occasion$ by a w\nd ( mod]ate size1 t af=ds ready escape ( synovia ev5 ?r\gh ! virul5ce ( ! infection be ! same4 ,synovia is a good culture m$ium & ! environm5t is ideal = multiplication ( bact]ia2 consequ5tly1 ! grave di/urbances :i* may att5d ! introduction ( pa?og5ic organisms into a synovial cavity z ! result ( a puncture w\nd are n to be =gott54 ,! vet]9>ian is 9 no position to e/imate ! virul5cy ( organisms s introduc$2 nei!r c he det]m9e ! exact degree ( resi/ance possess$ by ! subject 9 any giv5 case4 ,!re=e1 he is unc]ta9 z to ! be/ me?od ( h&l+ su* cases :]e an injury has be5 rec5tly inflict$ & positive evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( an infecti\s synovitis is n pres5t4 ,if "o c\ld det]m9e 9 advance ! degree ( infection & injury t is to foll[ small p5etrant w\nds ( jo9t capsules1 x w\ld !n be possible to select c]ta9 cases & imm$iately dra9 away all synovia & fill ! cavity by injection ) suitable antiseptic solutions4 ,?is (f]s a broad field = exp]im5tation :i* w 9 "t be productive ( a radical *ange 9 ! mann] ( treat+ su* cases4 ,meta/atic ar?ritis is se5 m frequ5tly 9 colts or "y animals ?an 9 mature horses & we "h take ! lib]ty ( classify+ ) ! ar?ritis ( omphalophlebitis & /rangles ! s-call$ rheumatic v>iety4 ,a specific poly>?ritis or synovitis :i* att5ds navel infection ( foals is p]haps ! mo/ frequ5t =m ( ar?ritis t is to be consid]$ meta/atic4 ,?is condition is truly a disease ( "y animals &1 :ile x is a specific ar?ritis1 ! cause is yet to be attribut$ to any def9ite pa?og5ic organism ) c]ta9ty4 ,?is condition is well def9$ by ,boll+] z quot$ by ,ho>e1#a :5 he calls x a purul5t omphalophlebitis due to local infection ( ! umbilicus & umbilical vessels1 by pyog5ic organisms1 caus+ a meta/atic pyemia4 ,?is affection is grave2 its c\rse is comp>atively brief2 ! prognosis is usually unfavorable2 & omphalophlebitis occasions a =m ( lam5ess :i* at once impresses ! practition] t s]i\s con/itutional di/urbance exi/s4 ,its consid]ation prop]ly belongs to discussions on practice or ob/etrics & diseases ( ! new born1 & x has receiv$ c>eful att5tion & is discuss$ at l5g? 9 ^! works4 ,a second =m ( meta/atic ar?ritis is met ) 9 /rangles4 ,/rangles occurs 9 ! "y pr9cipally & is n a frequ5t cause ( synovitis or ar?ritis 9 ! adult animal4 ,/rangles or di/emp] is1 accord+ to mo/ pa?ologi/s1 due to ! ,/reptococcus equi4 ,ho>e#b /ates t 9 ?is type ( specific ar?ritis ! contagium is probably c>ri$ by ! blood4 ,he gives x z 8 op9ion t ev5 lam9itis has occurr$ z a result ( ! /reptococcus-equi4 ,?is1 inde$1 w\ld po9t t[>d probable ext5sion by ! blood z well z by way ( lymph vessels4 ,septic synovitis & infecti\s ar?ritis are always s]i\s affections ev5 9 "y animals & mu* dep5ds ^u individual resi/ance & e>ly rational treatm5t 9 su* cases1 if recov]y is to foll[4 ,! same g5]al plan ( treatm5t is indicat$ 9 ?is k9d ( septic synovitis z is employ$ 9 all cases ( infective synovitis & septic infection 9 op5 jo9ts4 ,!re is to be consid]$1 h[ev]1 ! fact t ! "y animal is m agile1 a bett] self-nurse1 & 9 a g5]al way m apt to recov] ?an is ! adult1 "u simil> conditions4 ,rheumatic ar?ritis1 if "o is ju/ifi$ 9 classify+ rheumatic inflammation ( jo9ts z a meta/atic =m ( ar?ritis1 is n a common condition1 ?\gh se5 9 mature & ag$ animals4 ,cases t may be diagnos$ ) c]ta9ty are usually advanc$ affections :]e9 dep5dable hi/ory is obta9able & ! symptoms are well m>k$4 ,rheumatism may be ?\ght (1 ) respect to ar?ritic inflammation caus$ !reby1 z a sort ( pyemia4 ,und\bt$ly1 exposure to wet & cold wea!r is an active factor1 b probably a pr$ispos+ "o only4 ,likewise a memb] t suff]s f *ronic inflammation due to recurr5t injury or to con/ant or repeat$ /ra9 is less able to resi/ ! vicissitudes ( climate & "w4 ,consequ5tly1 rheumatic ar?ritis is to be se5 affect+ horses t are 9 s]vice1 m (t5 at heavy draft "w :]e !y are expos$ to sev]e /ra9+ ( jo9ts2 :]e /abl+ is insanit>y2 & :]e !y are oblig$ to lie d[n 7if !y d n rema9 /&+7 ^u cold & wet gr\nd or ^u h>d unb$d$ floors or pav+4 ,:]e su* inhumane & cruel treatm5t is giv5 animals ^? responsible ought to be impress$ ) ! unfairness to ! animal z well z ! economic loss occasion$ by inflict+ su* unnecess>y & m]ciless treatm5t ^u _! helpless & uncompla9+ subjects4 ,! v nature ( ! vet]9>ian's "w af=ds him con/ant & frequ5t opportunity to conv9ce ^? :o are responsible = keep+ animals 9 ?is mann]1 t x is inhumane & unpr(itable4 ,cases ( ?is k9d are n uncommon ab\t "s grad+ & lumb]+ camps & 9 contract "w :]e1 (t51 %elt] = animals is giv5 little ?\ght2 ! result is a cruel wa/e ( horsefle%4 ,*ronic articul> rheumatism is occasionally obs]v$ 9 "y animals t h nev] be5 9 s]vice4 ,9 ^! cases x seems t !re exi/s an individual susceptibility & 9 "s in/ances ! condition is recurr5t4 ,ea* attack is ( long] duration1 & ev5tually dea? results f cont9u$ suff]+1 emaciation & intoxication4 ,,affections ,,( ,,bursae ,,& ,,!cae4 ,acute bursitis & !citis is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 horses because ( direct injury f contusion1 punctures & o!r =ms ( traumatism4 ,^! synovial membranes1 ) few exceptions1 :5 inflam$ occasion a synovitis t may be v acute1 yet !re is less manife/ation ( pa9 ?an 9 ar?ritis4 ,x is only 9 /ructures su* z ! bursa int]tub]cul>is or 9 ! %ea? ( ! deep digital flexor t an inflammation causes mu* pa9 & is apt to result 9 p]man5t lam5ess4 ,?is is due to ! peculi> "* ( ! function ( su* /ructures4 ,an acute inflammation ( a small bursa may ev5 result 9 ! de/ruction ( su* synovial app>atus )\t s]i\s inconv5i5ce to ! subject1 ei!r at ! "t ( de/ruction or !reaft]4 ,oblit]ation ( ! sup]ficial bursa ov] ! summit ( ! os calcis is n likely to cause s]i\s inconv5i5ce or di/ress to ! subject unless x be due to an infect$ w\nd4 ,ev5 !n1 ) reasonably good c>e giv5 ! animal1 recov]y is almo/ c]ta94 ,complete return ( function ( ! memb] & cessation ( lam5ess takes place )9 a few weeks 9 ! av]age case4 ,:]e an infecti\s synovitis involves a /ructure su* z ! %ea? ( ! t5don ( ! deep digital flexor 7p]=ans7 ! condition is grave & because ( ! location ( ?is !ca ! prognosis is n mu* m favorable ?an 9 an articul> synovitis4 ,inflammation ( bursae & !cae may be classifi$ on a *ronological basis ) propriety because ! duration ( su* affections1 9 _m cases1 mat]ially modifies ! result4 ,a *ronic inflammatory involvem5t ( a !ca ?r\gh :i* an important t5don plays may cause adhesions to =m4 ,or !re may occur erosions ( ! p>ts ) ev5tual hyp]trophy & loss ( function1 p>tial or complete4 ,h[ev]1 9 g5]al practice a classification on an etiological basis is probably m practical & we %all consid] inflammation ( bursae & !cae z infecti\s & non9fecti\s4 ,infecti\s bursitis & !citis is usually ! result ( direct introduction ( septic mat]ial into ! synovial /ructure by means ( injuries4 ,infection by contigu\s ext5sion occurs & also meta/atic involvem5t is met ) occasionally4 ,! non9fecti\s inflammation ( bursae & !cae usually result f contusions or /ra9s & g5]ally run _! c\rse )\t becom+ infective 9 "*1 :]e vitality & resi/ance ( ! subject are normal4 ,9 a g5]al way1 inflammation & o!r affections ( bursae & !cae are consid]$ v simil> to l affections ( jo9ts4 ,,affections ,,( ,,muscles ,,& ,,t5dons4 ,muscles & t5dons hav+ to d ) locomotion are m frequ5tly injur$ ?an are any ( ! o!r /ructures ^: function is to propel ! body or su/a9 weight4 ,?is is due 9 "p to ! expos$ position ( muscles & t5dons4 ,!y s]ve z a protection to ! und]ly+ /ructures & 9 ?is mann] receive _m bl[s ! =ce & viol5ce ( :i* are sp5t be=e injury ext5ds beyond ^! tissues4 ,muscles ( ! brea/1 %\ld] & rump are mo/ frequ5tly ! recipi5t ( injuries ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! abductors ( ! ?igh are subject$ to bruis+ :5 horses are ?r[n a/ride ( wagon poles or simil> objects4 ,?us 9 "o way or ano!r muscle injuries are occasion$ & cause lam5ess4 ,traumatic affection ( muscles ( locomotion may be surface or subsurface--subsurface ) little injury done ! sk9 & fascia1 b ) subsurface extravasation ( blood & masc]ation ( tissue4 ,puncture w\nds :]e9 ! vuln]ant body is ( small diamet]1 are obs]v$1 & !y occasion deep seat$ infecti\s inflammation ( ! p>ts affect$1 ) surface w\nds t are (t5 unnoticeable4 ,su* injuries--puncture w\nds--are always s]i\s1 & because ( ! fact t1 !re exi/s little evid5ce ( injury at ! "t ( _! infliction1 treatm5t is usually def]r$ sev]al days & (t5 infection has become q ext5sive :5 ! practition] is consult$4 ,:]e infective w\nds ( muscles ( locomotion occur1 ! c\rse & gravity ( ! affection are directly influ5c$ by ! proximity ( ! injury to lymph plexuses4 ,= in/ance1 injuries caus+ an infecti\s inflammatory involvem5t ( ! adductors ( ! ?igh may result 9 a g5]alization ( ! infection by way ( ! +u9al lymph gl&s4 ,l>ge op5 w\nds t ext5d deep into muscles1 r5d] inactive su* /ructures1 & ev5 :]e division is n complete1 ! pa9 occasion$ causes ! subject to favor ! "p 9 e way possible4 ,contraction ( muscul> fib]s ( su* p>ts increases pa9 & because ( ?is fact gr\ps ( muscles are at times disabl$ because ( injury done to "o muscle4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are frequ5tly se5 :]e %\ld] injuries1 :i* affect b "o muscle1 exi/2 yet because ( su* injury a m>k$ sw++-leg lam5ess is pres5t4 ,t5dons1 because ( _! inela/icity1 are subject$ to injuries peculi> to !mselves4 ,9 addition to be+ affect$ z are muscles1 w\nds ( _m k9ds are f\nd to affect t5dons--contusions1 int]f]5ce w\nds1 p5etrant w\nds1 incis$ w\nds & lac]ations4 ,h[ev]1 ! common] =m ( injury done t5dons1 is /ra9 or spra94 ,because ( ! sudd5 t5sile /ra9 br\ght to be> ^u t5dons 9 ! %ocks ( concussion1 z well z 9 propulsion ( ! body1 !re frequ5tly occurs a rupture ( fib]s & ?is we "k z spra94 ,spra9s may be consid]$ z fibrill>y fractures ( s(t /ructures & s9ce ?is =m ( injury is subsurface1 & limit$ to fractional portions ( t5dons1 ! inflammation occasion$ usually rema9s an aseptic "o4 ,reaction to ?is =m ( injury is *>act]iz$ by inflammation1 ! c\rse ( :i* is erratic & v>iable4 ,9 *ronic inflammation ( t5dons1 :]e animals are cont9u$ 9 s]vice1 ! usual sequel is contraction1 or %ort5+ ( ^! /ructures4 ,! degree ( contraction z well z its import v>ies 9 diff]5t subjects & 9 ! v>i\s t5dons :i* may be affect$4 ,contraction is a sl[-go+ process t is progressive1 gradually caus+ a decrease 9 ! l5g? ( ! affect$ /ructure & ev5tually r5d]+ ! animal useless4 ,! practice ( apply+ %oes ) ext5d$ toe-calks = ! purpose ( /ret*+ contract$ deep digital flexor t5dons 7flexor p$is p]=ans7 _c be too /rongly condemn$4 ,:ile ! addition ( an ext5sion su* z is ord9>ily employ$ to ! toe ( a %oe ( ?is k9d1 prev5ts = a "t1 frequ5t /umbl+ 9 su* cases1 ! increas$ t5sile /ra9 :i* is ?us occasion$ ha/5s fur!r contraction & subjects animals s %od to mu* unnecess>y pa94 ,,affections ,,( ,,n]ves4 ,because ( _! be+ protect$ by o!r /ructures1 n]ve trunks1 :i* supply muscles ( locomotion1 are n subject$ to frequ5t injuries su* z contusions4 ,h[ev]1 !y d become injur$ at times & ! result is lam5ess1 m or less sev]e4 ,lam5ess orig9at+ f n]ve affection1 may involve c5tral /ructures z1 = example1 ! sp9al cord1 m$ulla oblongata or p>ts ( ! bra94 ,9 mak+ an exam9ation ( "s lame animals x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 cases ( lam5ess t are ( c5tral orig9 & m>k$ by incoo]d9ation ( movem5t1 & di/urbances caus$ by o!r affections4 ,tetanus 9 its incipi5cy %\ld n be confus$ ) lam9itis involv+ all f\r feet1 or ) c]ta9 =ms ( pleuritis1 :5 c>eful exam9ation is made1 yet1 9 a way1 to "o n tra9$1 ! cl9ical symptoms are simil>4 ,di/urbances ( n]ve function are caus$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to discuss c5tral n]v\s di/urbances caus$ by +e/ion ( m\ldy prov5d]1 or di/urbances ( ! bra9 or cord occasion$ by infecti\s diseases1 b m5tion ( ! exi/5ce ( su* conditions is appropriate4 ,by direct injury ! result ( bl[s1 c]ta9 n]ves are injur$ & muscles suppli$ by su* n]ves are r5d]$ inactive4 ,dep5d+ ^u ! nature & ext5t ( an injury ?us inflict$1 s ! mann] 9 :i* ! affection is manife/$ v>ies4 ,! suprascapul> n]ve is r frequ5tly injur$ caus+ p>tial or complete loss ( function ( ! /ructures suppli$ by ?is n]ve1 & abduction ( ! scapulohum]al jo9t naturally results4 ,9 "s cases ( dy/ocia ! obturator n]ve1 7or n]ves1 if ! involvem5t is bilat]al71 becomes injur$ by be+ caught betwe5 ! mat]nal pelvis & "s d5se "p ( ! fetus4 ,?is results 9 p>alysis ( ! adductors ( ! ?igh if suffici5t injury is done4 ,x is said t n]ves become ov]-/ret*$ & held t5se1 9 c]ta9 positions 9 :i* animals are oblig$ to rema9 :ile ca/ 9 conf9em5t su* z 9 "s in/ances :]e unusual me?ods ( re/ra9t are employ$4 ,:5 ! =e feet are drawn backw>d 9 su* mann] t great /ra9 is put ^u ! radial n]ve1 x suff]s m or less injury1 & ?is is foll[$ by p>tial or complete p>alysis :i* may be tempor>y or p]man5t4 ,deg5]ative *anges affect+ n]ves1 z 9 o!r tissues1 occur & m or less locomotory imp$im5t w foll[--?is dep5d+ ^u ! n]ve or n]ves affect$ & ! nature ( su* involvem5t4 ,tumors may surr\nd n]ves & ev5tually ! n]ve s expos$ becomes implicat$ 9 ! de/ructive process4 ,be=e deg5]ative *anges take place 9 ! n]ve sub/ance1 9 su* cases1 pressure may completely p>alyze a n]ve :5 x is s situat$4 ,melanotic tumors 9 ! p>aproctal tissue 9 "s cases1 because ( ! l>ge size ( ! new-gr[?s1 cause p>alysis ( ! sciatic n]ve4 ,! au?or has se5 "o case ( bra*ial p>alysis occasion$ by an enorm\s developm5t ( fibr\s tissue involv+ ! /ructures ab\t ! ulna4 ,,affections ,,( ,,blood ,,vessels4 ,lam5ess caus$ by di/urbances ( circulation may be due to /ructural affection ( vessels1 or functional disord]s ( ! he>t1 & 9 "s in/ances1 a comb9ation ( ^! causes may be active4 ,direct involvem5t ( vessels is ! common] =m ( circulatory di/urbance :i* occasions lam5ess1 & ! mo/ frequ5t cause is ( p>asitic orig94 ,scl]o/omiasis ) att5dant art]itis1 ?rombus =mation & subsequ5t lodgem5t ( emboli 9 ! iliac1 femoral1 or o!r art]ies1 causes suffici5t ob/ruction to prev5t free circulation ( blood1 & ! *>act]i/ic lam5ess ( ?rombosis results4 ,indirect injury to vessels may occur because ( contus$ w\nds & subsequ5t inflammation ( tissues suppli$ by su* vessels4 ,if ! injury be ( suffici5t ext5t1 consid]able extravasation ( blood w take place & ! pa9fully swoll5 p>ts necess>ily impair locomotion4 ,9 su* in/ances lymph vessels p>ticipate 9 ! di/urbance1 & ! condition !n becomes "o :]e9 lymphangitis is ! pr$om9ant di/urb+ elem5t4 ,angiomat\s tumors are occasionally f\nd affect+ horses' legs--usually ! result ( "s injury2 & because ( _! size or position1 !y me*anically int]f]e ) function4 ,fur!rmore1 :5 su* tumors are locat$ on ! inn] or flexor side ( jo9ts1 en\gh pa9 is occasion$ t affect$ animals %[ evid5ce ( di/ress1 usually by int]mitt5t lam5ess4 ,horses d n suff] f di/5sion ( ve9s z does man1 t is1 !re is r>ely to be se5 a case :]e9 mu* di/urbance f ?is s\rce exi/s4 ,,affections ,,( ,,lymph ,,vessels ,,& ,,gl&s4 ,inflam$ lymph vessels & gl&s1 ! result ( v>i\s causes1 is a r common s\rce ( lam5ess ( horses4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! proportion ( tissue t is compos$ ( lymph vessels & gl&s1 x is !n obvi\s t inflammation ( ^! /ructures %\ld cause a pa9ful affection ( memb]s1 :5 s affect$1 & t m>k$ lam5ess &1 9 "s in/ances1 g5]al con/itutional di/urbance su* z anorexia1 hyp]!rmia & g5]al circulatory disord] are to foll[4 ,lymphangitis is mo/ frequ5tly occasion$ by ! introduction ( septic mat]ial into ! tissues2 consequ5tly1 infecti\s lymphangitis is m frequ5tly obs]v$ ?an ! non-infecti\s type4 ,specific infecti\s =ms ( lymphangitis are se5 9 gl&]s & 9 /rangles2 infecti\s types ( ?is di/urbance are f\nd 9 _m in/ances :]e1 initially1 a localiz$ or circumscrib$ infection has occurr$--! contagium hav+ be5 introduc$ by way ( an injury4 ,an example ( ?is k9d is to be se5 9 a w\nd p]=at+ ! tibial fascia1 :]e ! injury is inflict$ by means ( a horse be+ kick$ by ano!r animal %od ) %>p %oe-calks4 ,cases ( ?is k9d inv>iably result 9 a septic lymphangitis1 & frequ5tly lymphad5itis also occurs1 = ! +u9al lymph gl&s are s situat$ t _! becom+ contam9at$ is almo/ c]ta94 ,! trite phrase t ! tissues are ba!d 9 lymph %\ld make cle> ! reason = ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( infecti\s lymphangitis & lymphad5itis4 ,=eign sub/ances1 bact]ia & _! products1 inorganic mat]ial & 9 fact1 any?+ t is introduc$ into ! tissues1 if soluble or miscible1 w be tak5 up & convey$ by ! aff]5t lymph vessels & dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t ! sy/em--h5ce ! con/itutional di/urbances s frequ5tly ?us caus$4 ,a non-infecti\s type ( lymphangitis is frequ5tly se5 9 ! heavy draft bre$s ( horses & 9 su* cases "o or bo? h9d legs are involv$--x is v seldom t ! ?oracic limbs become s affect$4 ,law#c ref]s to ?is ailm5t z ,acute ,lymphangitis ( ,ple?ora 9 ,horse4 ,:5 "o takes into consid]ation t ^! cases s frequ5tly occur 9 heavy draft animals t are n work$ regul>ly1 t ! pelvic limbs are ! ones involv$1 & t ! disord] (t5 runs a %ort c\rse 7recov]y (t5 tak+ place )9 two or ?ree days1 ) no treatm5t giv5 o!r ?an a purge1 circulatory /imulants & walk+ ex]cise7 x is plausible to ascribe ! condition to idiopa?ic factors4 ,admitt+ ! frequ5cy ( non-infecti\s lymphangitis1 ! practition] mu/ n confuse ?is type ) simil> lymphatic inflammation occasion$ by nail punctures ( ! foot4 ,x is v emb>rass+ inde$ to make a diagnosis ( lymphangitis--expect+ t ! di/urbance w t]m9ate favorably & unev5tually--& lat] to discov] a sub-sol> abscess caus$ by a nail prick 9 ! region ( ! heel4 ,recurr5t attacks ( ?is di/urbance cause hyp]trophy ( ! lymph vessels & 9 "s cases lymphangiectasis4 ,9 old subjects us$ = dissection or surgical purposes1 x is v evid5t t 9 ! ones :i* h suff]$ f *ronic lymphangitis !re exi/s an excessive am\nt ( sub-facial connective tissue1 mak+ subcutane\s neurectomies q difficult 9 "s in/ances4 ,a sequel ( *ronic lymphangitis is a condition kn[n z elephantiasis4 ,9 su* cases !re occurs a hyp]plasia ( ! sk9 & subcutane\s tissues1 result+ 9 "s in/ances1 9 ! affect$ memb] atta9+ an enorm\s size4 ,sporadic cases ( ?is k9d are to be se5 occasionally1 & are app>5tly caus$ by repeat$ attacks ( lymphangitis4 ,! affection is n b5efit$ by treatm5t1 & :ile a horse's leg may become s heavy & cumb]some z to me*anically imp$e its gait1 z well z to fatigue ! subject :5 made to d s]vice ev5 at a sl[ pace1 elephantiasis causes no con/itutional d]angem5t4 ,! h9d legs1 9 elephantiasis1 are affect$ & a unilat]al involvem5t is m (t5 se5 ?an a bilat]al "o4 ,! legs may be enl>g$ f ! extremity to ! body1 b ord9>ily ! affection does n ext5d high] ?an ! hock or ! mid-tibial region4 ,a *ronic1 progressive1 hyp]pla/ic-deg5]ation exi/s 9 "s cases & ! subjects are 9 "t r5d]$ uns]viceable because ( ! burd5 ( gett+ ab\t encumb]$ by ! affect$ extremity4 ,9 o!r animals hyp]plasia progresses = a "t--until ! p>ts become greatly enl>g$ & conditions app>5tly atta9 an immutable /ate4 ,nev]!less animals s affect$ may cont9ue 9 s]vice = ye>s )\t be+ di/ress$4 ,,affections ,,( ,,! ,,feet4 ,lam5ess is v (t5 due to affections ( ! feet1 & 9 all foot diseases probably ! mo/ con/ant cause is injury inflict$ 9 "s mann]4 ,resultant f injury1 !re frequ5tly develops complications & ! "o mo/ (t5 se5 is infection4 ,because ( ! fact t ! feet are con/antly expos$ to g]m-lad5 soil & fil?1 if n actually ba!d 9 su* infecti\s mat]ials1 x naturally foll[s t septic infection ( "s "p ( ! feet mu/ be ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,subsequ5t to be+ oblig$ to /& 9 mud & o!r damp or wet m$ia1 exposure to desiccat+ influ5ces su* z /abl+ ^u dry floors1 or at s]vice on hot & dry road surfaces causes ! ins5sitive p>ts ( ! feet to become dry1 h>d & brittle4 ,?is favors *eck+ ( ! protect+ /ructures & x frequ5tly results 9 ! =mation ( l>ge fissures :i* expose ! und]ly+ s5sitive p>ts ( ! feet & lam5ess is ! inevitable outcome4 ,! function ( ! feet--be>+ ! weight ( ! animal at all times :5 ! subject is n recumb5t1 & 9 addition to ?is1 ! increas$ /ra9 put ^u !m at heavy draft "w1 toge!r ) ! concussion & buffet+ occasion$ by locomotion1 make ! feet susceptible to frequ5t affections ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,be+ almo/ completely encas$ by a some:at inexpansible & ins5sitive wall & sole1 r5d]s ! foot subject to pa?ologic *anges peculi> to itself4 ,! v nature ( ! /ructure ( ! foot toge!r ) ! function ( ! s5sitive lam9a is suffici5t cause = an affection unlike t se5 involv+ o!r tissues--lam9itis4 ,an exhau/ive consid]ation ( foot affections is a /udy 9 itself & "o t comes )9 ! realm ( pa?ologic %oe+2 nev]!less1 a practical k ( diseases ( ! foot is indisp5sable 9 ! diagnosis ( lam5ess :]e9 ! foot may be at fault4 ,! peculi> nature ( foot affections r5d]s !m difficult ( classification on any sort ( basis t is helpful 9 ! consid]ation ( ?is subject4 ,injuries are ! mo/ con/ant cause ( foot lam5ess1 yet "o mu/ admit t !re results complications because ( infection 9 mo/ in/ances2 & t 9 "s cases ! injury is slight--j en\gh to p]mit ! introduction ( vuln]ant organisms into ! tissues4 ,!re=e1 "o might well classify affections ( ! feet z infecti\s & non-infecti\s4 ,!re c be gr\p$ 9 ! class ( infecti\s affections su* conditions z nail pricks1 calk w\nds & cank]4 ,9 ! class ( non-infecti\s affections "o may consid] conditions su* z lam9itis1 /ra9 & fractures4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,a ,sy/em ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e by ,e4 ,wallis ,ho>e1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,vol4 ,i1 page #eai4 ,footnote #b3 ,ibid1 page #hjg4 ,footnote #c3 ,vol4 ,i1 page #ecd1 ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e1 by ,james ,law1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,diagno/ic ,,pr9ciples4 ,to obs]ve att5tively is to rememb] di/9ctly4--,poe4 ,be=e treatm5t is adm9i/]$ 9 con/itutional di/urbances result+ 9 disease1 cause is logically s\ght2 s1 9 ord] to h&le effectively any case ( lam5ess1 x is necess>y fir/ to discov] ! s\rce ( ! tr\ble & contribut+ conditions affect+ ! /ructures4 ,h5ce1 diagno/ic ability is ! prime requisite2 & a ?or\gh k ( pa?ologic anatomy or ( surgical te*nic is ( little value if ?is k is n appli$ ) ! insight ( ! tra9$ diagno/ician4 ,! cruel & unnecess>y me?ods employ$ by ^? untra9$ = diagno/ics1 _c be too vigor\sly condemn$4 ,= in/ance1 ! application ( an active & depilat+ vesicant ^u a l>ge area on ! gluteal or crural region1 9 a case :]e ! practition] guesses ! condition to be "o ( hip lam5ess1 con/itutes an exposition ( gross ignorance1 & at once /amps ! p]petrator z a crude bungl] )\t sci5tific insight ^: works are no cr$it to 8 pr(ession4 ,h[ mu* bett] x w\ld be1 if ! practition] does n see fit to call 9 a compet5t consultant1 to prescribe a suitable ag5t to be giv5 int]nally1 & to recomm5d complete re/ = ! subject4 ,9 e/abli%+ a diagnosis 9 su* cases1 ! /ud5t or practition] seldom has rec\rse to laboratory assi/ance1 & 8 "w is done by means ( physical exam9ation2 !re=e1 a ?or\gh k & a cle> conception ( ! physiology ( locomotion are ess5tial4 ,memoriz+ nosological facts )\t an und]/&+ ( und]ly+ pr9ciples is ( no m practical b5efit = qualification z a diagno/ician 9 cases ( lam5ess1 ?an is ! employm5t ( simil> me?ods 9 ! /udy ( !ory & practice4 ,a k ( ! dosage ( drugs does n 9 itself qualify "o z be+ compet5t to adm9i/] su* !rapeutic ag5ts to a prop] effect4 ,h[ mu* is a practition] b5efit$ by ! k t a high temp]ature is usually pres5t 9 septic intoxication1 if he is n possess$ ( a sci5tific und]/&+ ( anatomy1 physiology1 bact]iology & pa?ology1 z well z ! pr9ciples ( cl9ical diagnosis8 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! reasons = c]ta9 symptoms manife/$ by ! subject1 an analysis ( ^! symptoms is ! prop] me?od ( proc$ure1 ins(> z ?is is possible4 ,if "o may reason t an animal assumes a c]ta9 position :ile at re/ to all[ relaxation ( an inflam$ t5don or ligam5t1 su* a fact enables ! diagno/ician to recall t ?is is indicative ( "s specific ailm5t4 ,9 acute t5d9itis1 ! subject :ile at re/1 ma9ta9s ! affect$ memb] 9 vol> flexion because ?is position p]mits relaxation ( ! inhibitory app>atus1 includ+ ! inflam$ t5don4 ,likewise1 ! v>i\s abnormal positions assum$1--adduction1 abduction1 undue flexion or po9t+--h _! own significance & are tak5 into acc\nt by ! tra9$ diagno/ician 9 ! c\rse ( an exam9ation4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( lame subjects1 :]e ! cause is n obvi\s1 a sy/ematic me?od ( diagnosis is pursu$ ev5 by ! mo/ exp]t practition]s4 ,9 all obscure cases ( lam5ess a me?odical & ?or\ghly practical exam9ation ( ! animal accord+ to an e/abli%$ proc$ure is necess>y to det]m9e ! nature & s\rce ( ! affliction4 ,anamnesis4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be giv5 consid]ation 9 diagnosis is ! fact t relat$ hi/ory ( ! case is n always dep5dable1 because ( lack ( accurate obs]vation or wilful deceit on ! "p ( ! own] or att5dant4 ,! successful vet]9>ian soon acquires ! faculty ( obta9+ in=mation 9 a mann] be/ adapt$ to 8 cli5t1--ei!r by direct int]rogation or by subtle means ( sugge/ion1 & 9 ?is way he draws out evad$ facts ess5tial to 8 diagnosis4 ,9 "t he le>ns to make all[ance = mis/atem5ts made to %ield ! own] or driv] & to hide ! facts ( app>5t neglect or abuse t ! subject may h exp]i5c$4 ,a suppurat+ c>tilag9\s quittor1 complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( a l>ge am\nt ( hyp]pla/ic tissue1 _c be successfully repres5t$ to be an acute & rec5tly develop$ affection1 :]e a tra9$ practition] is left to judge ! validity ( ! /atem5t4 ,9 complicat$ conditions1 :]e !re is evid5t a *ronic di/urbance :i* c\ld n be conceiv$ z suffici5t cause = a m>k$ manife/ation ( lam5ess1 accurate hi/ory ( ! case may be ( great aid 9 arriv+ at a diagnosis4 ,an ag$ animal1 hav+ rec5tly become v lame1 %[+ a small exo/osis on ! fir/ phalanx1 & ) ! hi/ory giv5 t ! osse\s deposit 0 ( long /&+1 %\ld at once lead ! vet]9>ian to seek ! s\rce ( tr\ble else:]e4 ,visual ,exam9ation4 ,z 9 all diagno/ic "w1 a c>eful visual exam9ation ( ! subject %\ld be made be=e x is approa*$4 ,! novice is giv5 to ha/y exam9ation by palpation1 n realiz+ h[ mu* may be reveal$ by a c>eful scrut9y ( ! subject4 ,9 ?is way he is l$ to errone\s conclusions :i* ! skill$ diagno/ician has le>n$ f exp]i5ce to avoid4 ,too mu* emphasis _c be plac$ on ! importance ( mak+ a ?\ghtful visual exam9ation 9 e in/ance be=e ! subject is approa*$4 ,9 ?is exam9ation1 type1 con=mation & temp]am5t are tak5 into acc\nt at once1 = ea* ( ^! qualities is 9 itself1 a det]m9+ factor 9 pr$ispos+ a subject to c]ta9 ailm5ts or inh]5t attributes1 :i* may ex]t a favorable or unfavorable influ5ce ^u exi/+ conditions & ?us make recov]y probable or o!rwise4 ,draft animals are less likely to be p]man5tly incapacitat$ z a result ( t5d9itis1 ?an are ?or\ghbr$s4 ,likewise1 "o w\ld n expect to f9d ?is affection pres5t 9 heavy h>ness horses z frequ5tly z 9 light h>ness animals4 ,mal-=mation ( a "p1 or an asymmetrical developm5t ( ! body z a :ole1 may r5d] an animal susceptible to c]ta9 affections :i* cause lam5ess4 ,a ti$ 9 hock pr$isposes ! subject to curb1 & an animal hav+ p[]ful & well-develop$ hips & imp]fectly =m$ hocks1 w1 if subject$ to heavy "w1 be a favorable subject = bone spav94 ,! matt] ( temp]am5t _c be disreg>d$ 9 diagnosis1 = 9 "s in/ances1 x is ! *ief det]m9+ factor :i* mat]ially influ5ces ! outcome ( ! case4 ,a n]v\s1 excitable animal1 t is kept at h>d "w1 may1 "u "s conditions1 be expect$ to exp]i5ce di/urbances :i* m le?>gic subjects escape4 ,n]v\s subjects1 x is kn[n1 are m prone to azoturia ?an are ^? ( lymphatic temp]am5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ! lymphatic subject (t5 recov]s f c]ta9 bone fractures :i* are successfully treat$ only :5 ! animal is suffici5tly resign$ by nature to rema9 conf9$ 9 a sl+ = weeks )\t resi/ance4 ,! physiognomy ( a subject is (t5 indicative ( ! gravity ( its condition4 ,! facial expression ( an animal suff]+ ! ?roes ( tetanus1 azoturia1 or acute synovitis1 is readily recogniz$ by ! exp]i5c$ eye1 & ^u physiognomy alone1 9 _m in/ances1 may ! op9ions reg>d+ prognosis be bas$4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true :]e dea? is a matt] ( m9utes1 or at mo/ is only a few h\rs di/ant4 ,due all[ance %\ld be made = re/iv5ess manife/$ by "s m n]v\s animals :5 ! surr\nd+s are /range & unusual4 ,9 su* in/ances1 ev5 pa?ognomic symptoms may be mask$ to ! ext5t t little1 if any1 sign ( pa9 or malaise is ev9c$4 ,9 ^! cases ! subject %\ld be giv5 suffici5t "t to adju/ itself to ! new environm5t1 or x %\ld be remov$ to a m suitable place = exam9ation4 ,animals quickly detect ! note ( fri5dly reassurance 9 ! human voice & c v (t5 be calm$ by be+ spok5 to4 ,by visual exam9ation "o may detect ! pres5ce ( v>i\s swell+s or enl>gem5ts1 su* z *>act]ize bruises & /ra9s ( t5dons :]e inflammation is acute4 ,inflammation ( ! plant> 7calcaneocuboid7 ligam5t 9 curb is readily detect$ :5 ! affect$ memb] is view$ 9 pr(ile4 ,spav91 r+bone1 spl9ts1 quittor & _m o!r anomal\s conditions may all be obs]v$ f c]ta9 prop] angles4 ,! fact t ! sk9s ( mo/ animals are pigm5t$ & cov]$ ) hair1 precludes ! easy detection ( ery!ma by visual exam9ation1 consequ5tly ?is indicator ( possible inflammation is n (t5 made use ( 9 ! exam9ation ( equ9e subjects4 ,attitude ( ! ,subject4 ,! position assum$ :ile ! subject is 9 repose1 is (t5 *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 affections & ?is1 ( c\rse1 is not$ at once4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! weight is borne by ! animal at re/1 %\ld attract ! att5tion ( ! diagno/ician & if ! attitude ( ! subject is abnormal or peculi>1 ! exam9] tries to det]m9e ! reason = x4 ,if weight-be>+ causes symptoms ( pa91 ! affect$ memb] w inv>iably be favor$ & held 9 "s "o ( a numb] ( positions4 ,! foot may contact ! gr\nd squ>ely & yet ! leg may rema9 relax$ & free f pressure2 vol> flexion1 9 su* cases1 is indicative ( inflammation ( a "p ( ! flexor app>atus4 ,if ! condition be v pa9ful1 position ( ! afflict$ memb] is frequ5tly %ift$1 b 9 all cases :]e ! pa9 is n s ke5ly felt1 ! inflam$ memb] is held 9 a /ate ( relaxation4 ,!re is ne$ !n1 = a k ( anatomy & c]ta9 pr9ciples 9 physics to enable ! obs]v] to det]m9e j :i* /ructures are purposely eas$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,:]e palpation ( p>ts is possible1 "o does n ne$ to dep5d on visual exam9ation alone1 & x is always wise to take into consid]ation e factor t may influ5ce conditions4 ,manipulation or palpation ( ! /ructures ?\ght to be involv$1 %\ld n be resort$ to until a c>eful & ?or\gh obs]vation ( ! subject has reveal$ all t x c reveal to ! diagno/ician4 ,9 all conditions :]e extreme pa9 is manife/$ by ! con/ant desire ( ! animal to keep its foot 9 motion (f ! gr\nd1 exam9ation %\ld be made = local cause4 ,?is is se5 9 c]ta9 septic inflammations ( ! feet su* z ^? caus$ by nail punctures invad+ ! navicul> jo9t1 or 9 newly made w\nds :]e n]ves h be5 divid$ & ! proximal end ( su* a n]ve is expos$ to pressure or irritation4 ,po9t+ af=ds a com=table position 9 "s cases ( navicul> disease1 & 9 a unilat]al affection1 "o may obs]ve ! subject be>+ weight ) "o s\nd memb]1 :ile ! affect$ foot is plant$ well ahead ( ! s\nd "o4 ,9 a bilat]al involvem5t ( ?is k9d1 weight may be frequ5tly %ift$ f "o foot to ! o!r1 or 9 *ronic cases1 :]e no m>k$ pa9 is exp]i5c$1 ! subject /&s squ>ely ^u bo? front feet & no peculi> %ift+ ( weight or po9t+ is evid5t4 ,9 "s cases ( hip or %\ld] involvem5t1 complete relaxation ( all p>ts ( ! affect$ memb] may be notic$4 ,9 bra*ial p>alysis1 ! pectoral memb] is held limply2 if ! pati5t is made to move1 x is evid5t !re is lack ( inn]vation to ! afflict$ "p4 ,9 "s cases :]e contusion has caus$ acute inflammation ( ! memb]1 ! subject in/9ctively tries to keep x inactive to relieve ! pa9 :i* movem5t occasions4 ,:]e !re is an active & pa9ful inflammation ( ! prescapul> lymph gl&s & contigu\s /ructures1 9 "s cases ( levator-hum]i abscess1 ! scapulohum]al jo9t is ext5d$4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by flexion ( ! elb[ & c>pal jo9ts4 ,!re are "s cases ( bi-lat]al affections :i* occasion su* pa9 dur+ weight-be>+ t ! subject %ifts its weight f "o affect$ leg to ! o!r2 an example ( ?is condition may be obs]v$ 9 any acute case ( gonitis :i* affects bo? patell> regions1 mak+ x equally pa9ful to be> ! weight on ei!r memb]4 ,a peculi> *>act]i/ic position is assum$ 9 acute lam9itis ( ! =e feet4 ,9 su* in/ances1 ! h9d feet are br\ght =w>d "u ! body suffici5tly to relieve ! front feet ( ! weight1 ins(> z is possible by ! abnormal position tak5 9 cases ( acute lam9itis4 ,s 9 ea* position t is abnormal to any degree1 assum$ by a suff]+ animal1 !re may be d$uc$1 ! fact t ! subject is attempt+ to relieve ! affect$ /ructures1 & 9 ea* cl9ical picture ( ?is k9d1 ! tra9$ diagno/ician sees "s index to ! nature & s\rce ( ! tr\ble4 ,fur!r exam9ation is r5d]$ m effective because ( ?is prelim9>y visual exam9ation :i* has preclud$ ! unnecess>y annoyance ( ! animal by manipulat+ unaffect$ /ructures4 ,x has be5 presuppos$ 9 ! =ego+1 t ! "o mak+ visual exam9ation ( a lame animal = diagno/ic purposes1 w rememb] t ) ! normal animal ! weight is borne equally well ) bo? =e legs2 & t ?is is done )\t %ift+ f "o to ! o!r2 & t ! pelvic limbs d n support ! body 9 ?is mann]4 ,normal subjects %ift _! weight f "o h9d leg to ! o!r & ! "o relax$1 re/s 9 a /ate ( flexion ) ! toe on ! gr\nd & ! heel rais$4 ,exam9ation by ,palpation4 ,9 ne>ly e case :]e lam5ess exi/s an exam9ation ( ! affect$ p>ts1 by palpation or by digital manipulation1 is necess>y be=e an accurate conclusion may be drawn2 b 9 mak+ ?is k9d ( an exam9ation "o ne$s to ex]cise good judgm5t le/ he fail to acquire a correct impression ( ! actual exi/5t conditions4 ,!re is ne$ = ! diagno/ician1 "h1 z well z 9 o!r conditions :]e physical exam9ation is made1 to approa* ! subject 9 a mann] t w n excite or di/urb to ! ext5t t ! animal w1 9 "o way or ano!r1 resi/ or object to ! approa* ( ! diagno/ician1 !reby mask+ ! symptoms s\ght4 ,! practition] w\ld be/ acquire skill z a horseman--if he is n possess$ ( su*--& h&le ea* individual subject 9 ! mann] calculat$ to be/ suit ! temp]am5t ( ! animal exam9$4 ,! unbrok5 subject is n h&l$ z satisfactorily z is ! intellig5t family horse2 9 ! =m]1 9 "s cases1 little dep5d5ce is plac$ ^u digital exam9ation4 ,by palpation "o is enabl$ to recognize hyp]!rmia & ?is1 9 lieu ( dep5dable hi/ory1 is at times suffici5t evid5ce ^u :i* to det]m9e ! duration ( any giv5 inflammatory affection4 ,by comp>ison ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! same memb] or ) an analog\s portion ( ano!r memb] any m>k$ increase 9 ! app>5tly normal temp]ature ( a "p at once signalizes inflammation4 ,9 ?is mann]1 9 exam9+ a case :]e lam9itis or o!r inflammation ( ! feet is suspect$1 "o may arrive at a fairly accurate conclusion )\t ! employm5t ( o!r means4 ,?robb+ vessels are n always easily recogniz$ if ! subject is a victim ( *ronic lymphangitis4 ,9 "s in/ances1 :]e a mod]ate degree ( lam5ess exi/s & cause is app>5tly obscure1 ! recognition ( hyp]!rmia may be ! decid+ factor 9 e/abli%+ a diagnosis4 ,9 cases ( spra9$ ligam5ts 9 ! phalangeal region1 because ( ! d5se "* ( ! /ructures involv$1 little if any evid5ce ( ! cause ( lam5ess1 o!r ?an local heat1 may be f\nd tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] ! injury has be5 inflict$4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! am\nt or ext5t ( hyp]!rmia ) a fair degree ( accuracy 9 any giv5 case1 "o mu/ make due all[ance = ext]nal conditions affect+ temp]ature2 also ! effect ( a consid]able am\nt ( hair cov]+ an area1 z well z any possible dirt contact+ ! surface ( ! sk9 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,all dirt %\ld be remov$ if practicable1 s t ! diagno/ician's palms may come z ne>ly 9 contact ) ! inflam$ /ructures z possible4 ,!n1 too1 ! s5se ( t\* if ! op]ator's h&s are *ill$1 is n dep5dable4 ,9 su* in/ances ! novice w ne$ to be delib]ate z to 8 f9d+s--:e!r or n hyp]!rmia really exi/s4 ,su* an exam9ation is ( little value :]e ! subject's feet are wet & an exam9ation is hurri$ly made1 z 9 cases ( suspect$ lam9itis4 ,(t51 be=e be+ able to di/+ui% ! pres5ce ( a hyp]!rmic condition1 "o is impress$ ) ! fact t an animal manife/s evid5ce ( be+ sup]s5sitive4 ,9 fact1 "s animals 9 ! anticipation ( pa9 at ! t\* ( an injur$ "p1 w in/9ctively )draw--9 self-protection--su* an ail+ memb] or resi/ ! approa* ( ! practition]4 ,?is s5sitiv5ess is m app>5t 9 animals t h be5 subject$ to previ\s manipulation or treatm5t :i* has occasion$ pa91 & consequ5tly1 all[ance mu/ be made = ?is exhibition ( fe>4 ,no bett] example ( ?is condition c be imag9$ ?an is pres5t 9 cases ( %oe boil1 :]e !re exi/s an ext5sive area ( acute inflammation ( ! elb[4 ,!re is always m or less surface di/urbance :]ev] vesication has be5 produc$1 & 9 cases :]e irritants ( any k9d h be5 employ$ = sev]al days or a week previ\s to an exam9ation1 m or less sup]s5sitiv5ess is to be expect$4 ,"o mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t unscrupul\s deal]s1--trad]s--make use ( _! k ( ?is pr9ciple 9 v>i\s way usually = ! purpose ( attract+ att5tion to a "p1 :i*1 presumably might h be5 bli/]$ 9 ord] to int5tionally produce inflammation ( tissues1 9 ?is way1 caus+ lam5ess :i* is n manife/$ until an animal has be5 kept by its new own] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs or m4 ,?is1 to be sure1 usually makes a dissatisfi$ pur*as] :o is will+ to dispose ( 8 newly acquir$ animal at a sacrifice1 ?us enabl+ ! orig9al own] or 8 ag5t to rega9 possession ( ! victimiz$ animal at less ?an its real value4 ,"s n]v\s animals1 because ( ! mann] ( approa* ( ! practition]1 are wont to fl9*1 & !re is manife/$ a pseudo-sup]s5sitiv5ess4 ,"y animals n accu/om$ to be+ h&l$ are likely to be timor\s1 & "o mu/ n ha/ily conclude t a "p is pa9ful to ! t\* because ! subject res5ts ev5 g5tle digital manipulation ( su* p>ts4 ,9 in/ances ( ?is k9d1 "o ne$s to comp>e s5sibility by manipulation ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! subject's body 9 a c>eful & g5tle mann]2 & by ex]cis+ pati5ce & good judgm5t 9 su* "w1 x is possible to actually di/+ui% betwe5 normal s5sibility & abnormal s5sitiv5ess1 9 mo/ cases4 ,"h1 aga91 ! diagno/ician ne$s to possess skill z a horseman & good judgm5t z to individual temp]am5t ( diff]5t animals1 "u any condition :i* may exi/ at ! "t he makes 8 exam9ation4 ,by palpation alone1 "o c recognize ! pres5ce ( fluctuat+ enl>gem5ts2 "o may n only recognize su* conditions1 b di/+ui% betwe5 a fluctuat+ mass su* z exi/s 9 non-/rangulat$ h]nia & a l>ge fibr\s tumor4 ,by palpation1 = ! recognition ( d5sity & = det]m9+ ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( hyp]!rmia1 "o may decide t !re exi/s an abscess & n a tumor4 ,edemat\s swell+s are recogniz$ by palpation1--! *>act]i/ic ind5tations :i* may be made 9 dropsical swell+s are pa?ognomonic indicators4 ,9 ?is mann] x is easy to diff]5tiate po/-op]ative or po/-traumatic edemas :i* may or may n cause lam5ess4 ,at any rate1 x is ess5tial to take into acc\nt all det]m9ate conditions t may assi/ 9 ! prognosis ( any giv5 case1 = ! purpose ( be+ able to outl9e rational rem$ial measures4 ,to be able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! g5]alization ( a septic infection 9 its incipi5cy1 & a m or less b5ign edema1 is l>gely possible by digital manipulation alone4 ,an extremity may be greatly swoll5 because ( ! exi/5ce ( *ronic lymphangitis1 influ5za1 or an acute septic infection occasion$ by ! introduction ( pa?og5ic & a]og5ic organisms4 ,s9ce ! effect produc$ by ^! dissimil> ailm5ts are productive ( conditions t may t]m9ate favorably or unfavorably1 x becomes necess>y = ! diagno/ician to develop a tra9$1 discrim9at+1 tactile-digital s5se1 9 ord] to correctly int]pret exi/+ conditions1 & h&le cases 9 a rational & skillful mann]4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! ext5t & exact location ( a tumor1 an exo/osis1 or o!r enl>gem5ts1 ! diagno/ician1 "h also1 ne$s to be 9 possession ( a tra9$ tactile s5se & 9 addition if he be =tifi$ ) an accurate k ( normal anatomy & pa?ology1 he is able to arrive at prop] conclusions1 :5 digital manipulations h be5 employ$4 ,fibr\s tumors are sometimes locat$ 9 ! inf]ior "p ( ! m$ial side ( ! t>sus--exactly ov] ! seat ( bone-spav94 ,su* tumors1 :5 ! affect$ memb] is support+ weight1 are n to be di/+ui%$ f exo/oses2 b z soon z ! affect$ leg ceases to be> weight1 x may be passively flex$ & ! nature ( ! enl>gem5t recogniz$ because x may be slightly displac$ by digital manipulation4 ,displacem5t1 ( c\rse1 is n possible ) an exo/osis4 ,a necess>y qualification1 :i* ! diagno/ician mu/ possess1 is t ( be+ able to judge c>efully ! ne>ness ( any giv5 exo/osis to articul> /ructures4 ,also1 ! ext5t or area ( ! base ( an exo/osis z well z its exact position1 ne$s be det]m9$ be=e "o may e/imate ! probable outcome 9 any case1--:e!r treatm5t %\ld be enc\rag$ or disc\rag$ by ! practition]4 ,p]i>ticul> r+bone may1 because ( ! size & location ( ! exo/osis1 con/itute a condition :i* _c be reliev$ 9 any way 9 "o case1 & 9 ano!r1 because ( ! mann] ( di/ribution ( su* osse\s deposits1 ! condition may be su* t prompt recov]y w foll[ prop] treatm5t4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( an exo/osis ( ! t>sus1 x is p>ticul>ly important to det]m9e ! exact location ( ! exo/osis--:e!r or n ! spav9 involves ! tibial t>sal 7a/ragulus7 bone v ne> its tibial articul> portions4 ,obvi\sly1 if articul> surfaces ( jo9ts are involv$1 complete recov]y _c result despite ! mo/ skillful att5tion giv5 ! subject4 ,passive ,movem5ts4 ,:]ev] x is possible to ga9 ! confid5ce ( a tractable animal to ! ext5t t x w relax ! /ructures suffici5tly to make possible passive movem5t ( affect$ p>ts1 mu* is to be le>n$ z a result ( su* manipulation4 ,by ?is me?od "o may diff]5tiate true crepitation1 false crepitation1 luxation & inflammation ( ligam5ts t h be5 injur$1 z 9 spra9s ( su* /ructures 9 ! phalangeal region4 ,true crepitation is recognizable by ! *>act]i/ic vibration :i* is int]pret$ by tactile s5se4 ,x is possible to recognize fracture by ! use ( o!r me?ods--auscultation1 tun+ =k te/s1 etc41 b 9 ord9>y vet]9>y practice "o mu/ rely ^u ! s5se ( t\* = recognition ( crepitation4 ,:]e pa9 is n s great t relaxation ( p>ts does n occur1 "o c1 by g5tly mov+ an extremity 9 v>i\s directions--z 9 flexion1 ext5sion & lat]al motion z well z by rotation--cause to be manife/$ ?is peculi> grat+1--! friction ( newly brok5 bone4 ,?is is kn[n z true crepitation4 ,:]e ! subject1 suff]+ phalangeal fracture1 manife/s evid5ce ( pa9 due to t5s+ ! /ructures ab\t a fractur$ "p1 "o may ane/hetize ! p>ts by us+ ab\t two cubic c5timet]s ( a two p] c5t4 solution ( coca9 ^u ! plant> n]ves1 proximal to ! fracture4 ,x is p]haps be/ to deposit ! coca9 solution by means ( two hypod]mic punctures at diff]5t po9ts along ! c\rse ( ea* n]ve1 ?\gh closely situat$ to "o ano!r1 !reby mak+ m sure ( ! solution actually contact+ ! n]ve4 ,9 "s multiple fractures ( ! fir/ or second phalanx ?is is q necess>y2 o!rwise1 pa9 produc$ by passive manipulation causes ! subject to keep ! t5dons s t5se t crepitation may n be detect$4 ,! unnecess>y infliction ( pa9 is always to be avoid$4 ,we "k z false crepitation a vibrat+ impulse occasion$ by normal contact ( articul> portions ( bones su* z 9 ! metac>pophalangeal jo9t :5 ?is /ructure is passively mov$1 :]e ! subject p]mits ! p>ts to rema9 9 a /ate ( complete relaxation4 ,attempts to recognize sup]s5sitiv5ess or inflammation by means ( passive movem5t ( ! %\ld] or hip1 :e!r g5tly or =cefully1 is n productive ( good1 9 any case1 9 l>ge animals4 ,because ( ! bulk & weight ( p>ts s manipulat$1 z well z ! resi/ance ! subject (f]s ev5 9 normal cases1 no accurate conclusion is to be arriv$ at 9 ?is mann] 9 ! av]age in/ance4 ,animals ne>ly always resi/ ! plac+ ( memb]s 9 any position t is s unusual & uncom=table z t :i* is requir$ to mat]ially displace ! compon5t tissues ( ! %\ld] or hip2 !re=e1 su* practice is useless because "o c n di/+ui% betwe5 normal resi/ance & fl9*+ caus$ by pa9ful s5sations 9 injur$ p>ts4 ,su* manipulations are practical 9 small animals4 ,obs]v+ ! ,"* ( ! ,gait4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! degree ( lam5ess z well z its "*1 x is necess>y to cause ! subject :i* is be+ exam9$1 to move 9 "s mann]4 ,! degree ( inconv5i5ce or di/ress exp]i5c$ by a lame animal t is be+ s exam9$ is manife/$ by ! "* ( ! claudication2 & :]e mu* pa9 is occasion$ 9 locomotion !re is di/urbance ( respiration2 p]spiration may be noticeable & 9 "s in/ances manife/ation ( n]v\s %ock are v evid5t--?is 9 timid1 n]v\s animals t anticipate be+ puni%$ :5 approa*$ &1 consequ5tly1 make e ef=t possible to move :5 urg$ to d s4 ,an animal1 !n1 %\ld be mov$ only suffici5tly to cause x to exhibit ! degree ( lam5ess pres5t 9 any giv5 case1 & if a m>k$ imp$im5t is manife/$ x is n necess>y to cause ! subject to be ex]t$ to ! ext5t ( inflict+1 9 su* mann]1 unnecess>y puni%m5t4 ,fur!r or conclusive exam9ation is made by palpation4 ,to cause ! subject to move1 an assi/ant may simply lead ! animal ) a halt] & compel x to walk a few /eps4 ,9 ?is way1 lam5ess1 :e!r manife/$ dur+ ! weight-be>+ p]iod ( an affect$ memb]1 or :5 su* a memb] is be+ advanc$1 or :e!r a comb9ation ( ! two conditions exi/s1 is made app>5t4 ,9 ! words ( ,doll>1 "o is ?us enabl$ to recognize ! exi/5ce ( support+-leg-lam5ess1 sw++-leg-lam5ess or mix$ lam5ess4 ,:5 ! cause ( lam5ess is n /rik+ly app>5t x becomes necess>y to h ! subject mov$ f>!r ?an a few /eps & at diff]5t paces4 ,dep5d+ !n1 ^u ! "* ( lam5ess manife/$1 z well z ^u its degree ( int5sity1 "o ne$s to ex]cise ! subject 9 v>i\s ways1 b ?is %\ld n be ov]done4 ,! fir/ ?+ app>5t 9 ! lame subject 9 action1 is ! lame leg4 ,if ?is is n readily det]m9able1 z 9 "s complicat$ cases1 ! leg or legs :i* are at fault are to be discov]$ by fur!r exam9ation1 & to d ?is1--^w-pictures convey little t is helpful 9 difficult cases1--long practice is ! "o r\te by :i* "o may become effici5t2 t is1 by exp]i5ce ga9$ aft] fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 ! diagnosis ( lam5ess h be5 ma/]$4 ,= a c>eful /udy ( support+-leg-lam5ess involv+ a =e limb1 ! subject is driv5 or l$ t[>d ! "o mak+ su* exam9ation4 ,if a h9d leg is to be obs]v$1 ! animal is made to travel away f ! exam9]4 ,:]e !re exi/s sw++-leg-lam5ess1 ! subject %\ld be caus$ to move pa/ ! diagno/ician1 s t he may get a side view ( ! subject :ile x is 9 motion4 ,9 e case su* exam9ations are made to ! be/ advantage if ! practition] c view 8 pati5t f a little di/ance4 ,"h1 aga91 a visual exam9ation is made b ?is _c be successfully execut$1 9 difficult cases1 if ! practition] is /ation$ at too close range4 ,! av]age subject is be/ obs]v$ by be+ l$1 r ?an be+ ridd51 & 9 s do+ ! animal %\ld be giv5 mod]ately free re94 ,a close grasp on ! lead may int]f]e some:at ) head movem5ts4 ,nodd+ ( ! head ) ! cat*+ up ( weight by a s\nd memb] 9 support+-leg-lam5ess ( a =e leg1 con/itutes ! *ief symptom consid]$ 9 detect+ ! lame leg4 ,:]e support+-leg-lam5ess affects a h9d limb ! head is rais$ at ! "t weight is caught by ! s\nd memb]--"h ! long axis ( ! subject's body may be lik5$ unto a lev] ( ! fir/ class4 ,! po/]ior "p ( ! body1 at ! "t weight is tak5 ^u ! s\nd leg1 is z ! long arm3 ! =e limbs ! fulcrum1 & ! subject's head ! weight1 :i* is lift$4 ,! head movem5ts ( a horse at a trot1 9 support+-leg-lam5ess ( a front leg1 syn*ronize ) ! dis*>ge ( weight f a lame leg to ! opposite "o if s\nd2 b 9 pelvic limb affections1 ! head is ?r[n or j]k$ upw>d z weight is caught by ! s\nd memb]1--?is peculi> nodd+ movem5t is opposite 9 ! two in/ances4 ,9 pac+ horses1 s9ce front & h9d legs ( ! same side are advanc$ at ! same "t1 !re occurs 9 support+-leg-lam5ess1 a nodd+ ( ! head ) dis*>ge ( weight f ! lame leg1 & a dropp+ ( ! hip z weight is caught by ! s\nd pelvic memb]4 ,9 obs]v+ animals t are limp+1 7z 9 support+-leg-lam5ess7 "o notices p>ticul>ly ! sacro-iliac region 9 h9d leg affections & ! occipital region 9 lam5ess ( ! front legs4 ,:]e !re exi/s a bilat]al affection1 7su* z *>act]izes "s cases ( navicul> disease or o!r affections caus+ support+-leg-lam5ess7 !re occurs no nodd+ ( ! head2 weight is support$ = an equal l5g? ( "t ^u ea* "o ( ! two legs1 b ! /ride#d is %ort5$4 ,! gait1 9 su* cases1 is peculi>1 animals appe>+ /iff & !y are said1 by horsem51 to h a *oppy gait4 ,x is desirable1 9 "s cases1 to cause an animal to move f side to side2 9 o!r in/ances ! subject is be/ made to walk or trot 9 a circle1 & if ! circle be v small ! animal !n p>ticul>ly employs ! inn] =e leg z a pivotal support+ memb]4 ,to augm5t ! manife/ation ( c]ta9 affections1 x is necess>y to cause ! pati5t to walk backw>d1 & ea* "o ( ^! te/s ( locomotion s]ves to po9t out 9 a m or less *>act]i/ic mann]1 ! site ( ! affection :i* is caus+ lam5ess 9 diff]5t cases4 ,spra9s or injuries ( lat]al ligam5ts ( ! extremities1 r+bone & c]ta9 foot affections1 are made manife/ by a side to side movem5t or a pivotal movem5t4 ,9 fact1 :]ev] x is possible to cause undue or unusual t5sion to be ex]t$ ^u an inflam$ /ructure1 manife/ation ( pa9 is ! response4 ,9 an inflam$ condition ( ! lat]al side ( ! phalanges1 unequal weight-be>+ su* z a r\gh road surface w1 by virtue ( ! lev]age :i* ! sol> surface ( ! foot af=ds1 cause undue /ra9 ^u su* inflam$ p>ts1 & increas$ lam5ess is evid5t4 ,:5 an animal is made to travel 9 a circle1 :5 a memb] affect$ ) support+-leg-lam5ess is on ! inn] side ( ! circle1 lam5ess is acc5tuat$ because weight is borne by ! lame leg = a great] l5g? ( "t1 ! result ( su* circuit\s mann] ( locomotion4 ,9 sw++-leg-lam5ess1 on ! o!r h&1 because pa9 is increas$ at ! "t an affect$ memb] is be+ advanc$1 lam5ess is increas$ :5 ! subject is made to travel 9 a circle1 ) ! lame leg on ! outside ( a circle ?us describ$4 ,9 support+-leg-lam5ess1 ! transi5tness ( ! weight-be>+ p]iod ^u ! affect$ memb] is ! det]m9+ factor 9 ! production ( lam5ess4 ,?is unequal p]iod ( weight-be>+ ^u ! front legs1 = in/ance1 causes an accel]ation 9 ! advancem5t ( ! s\nd memb]1 9 ord] to relieve ! diseas$ "o :i* is be>+ weight4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 an animal t is affect$ ) support+-leg-lam5ess travels 9 a /raight l9e1 s9ce weight is borne by ! diseas$ leg = an abnormally %ort p]iod ( "t1 ! s\nd memb] ne$s be 9 ! act ( advancem5t a correspond+ly %ort p]iod4 ,! result is !n1 an unequal division ( /ride2 a nodd+ ( ! head ) ! cat*+ up ( weight by ! s\nd leg1--9 front leg affections--& ?is is t]m$ limp+4 ,) cont9u\s ex]tion z 9 travel = a consid]able di/ance1 9 "s cases1 lam5ess becomes less evid5t--z 9 spav94 ,?is w>m+ out process is due 9 a measure to ! p>ts becom+ less s5sitive ^u ex]tion1 & is to be se51 to a limit$ ext5t1 9 all inflammatory affections t are n too sev]e2 consequ5tly1 9 "s cases1 exam9ation ( a lame animal %\ld beg9 9 ! /all1 = 9 in/ances :]e ! imp$im5t is n m>k$1 !re may be no evid5ce ( lam5ess aft] ! subject has walk$ a few /eps4 ,9 o!r cases1 lam5ess increases z ! subject cont9ues to travel1 & (t5 to ! ext5t t ! imp$im5t becomes too sev]e to all[ ! animal be+ s]viceable4 ,!re=e1 "o c n1 9 e case ( lam5ess obs]v$1 positively det]m9e ! gravity ( ! situation1 )\t hav+ se5 ! affect$ animal 9 action = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to und]/& ! nature ( ! condition exi/+4 ,?is necessitates driv+ ! animal = sev]al miles 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,sometimes x is impossible to arrive at any def9ite conclusion1 z ! result ( a s+le exam9ation1 & x !n becomes necess>y to see ! subject aga9 at a lat] date1 or "u m favorable circum/ances4 ,?is is to be expect$ 9 "s conditions :]e !re exi/s rheumatic affections1 & also 9 "s foot diseases4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( "y animals1 unus$ to h>ness & to o!r /range incumbrances1 "o is oblig$ to make all[ance = imp$im5ts ( gait1 :i* are n occasion$ by diseas$ conditions4 ,su* affections h be5 t]m$ false lam5ess4 ,"y mules t are n well brok5 to h>ness1 are difficult subjects = exam9ation & 9 "s cases x is necess>y to h !m l$ or driv5 = a consid]able di/ance be=e "o c def9itely int]pret ! nature ( ! imp$im5t 9 ! gait :5 lam5ess is n pron\nc$4 ,x is especially difficult to satisfactorily exam9e su* subjects1 = ! reason t _! normal rebelli\s temp]am5ts cause resi/ance :5ev] a /range p]son approa*es !m1 z x is necess>y to d = an exam9ation by palpation4 ,9 su* cases--if an exam9ation does n reveal ! cause ( tr\ble1 re/ mu/ be recomm5d$ & fur!r exam9ation made at a lat] date1 :]eupon any new developm5ts may be not$1 if su* *anges exi/4 ,special ,me?ods ( ,exam9ation4 ,aft] hav+ complet$ a g5]al exam9ation ( a lame animal--obta9+ ! hi/ory ( ! case1 not+ its temp]am5t1 type1 size1 con=mation1 position assum$ :ile at repose1 swell+s or enl>gem5ts if pres5t1 caus+ ! subject to move to note ! degree & "* ( lam5ess manife/$2 palpat+ & manipulat+ ! p>ts affect$ to acquire a fairly def9ite notion ( ! nature ( an inflammation or to recognize crepitation x becomes necess>y 9 "s cases to employ peculi> means ( exam9ation 9 s+ul> in/ances4 ,?is may be done by mak+ use ( coca9 9 solution = ! production ( local ane/hesia z 9 lam5ess ( ! phalanges4 ,su* means are n1 9 !mselves1 dep5dable b are valuable :5 us$ 9 conjunction ) all o!r available & practical me?ods4 ,trial use ( v>i\s %oes 9 ord] to %ift ! weight f "o "p ( ! foot to ano!r or to cause an animal to break ov] 9 a diff]5t mann] s t ! gait may be *ang$1 con/itutes a special te/ proc$ure4 ,! use ( ho( te/]s or ( a hamm] to note ! degree or pres5ce ( sup]s5sitiv5ess is ano!r means t is ( practical s]vice4 ,no exam9ation1 9 any case ( lam5ess1 is complete )\t hav+ remov$ ! %oe & scrut9iz$ ! sol> surface ( ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a--;,ho( te/]s ) special jaws ( suffici5t size to grasp ! l>ge/ foot4 ,diagnosis by exclusion1 f9ally1 is resort$ to1 &1 z 9 any o!r case :]e ! recognition ( cause is difficult1 exclusion ( ! exi/5ce ( conditions1--"o at a "t1 by an analysis ( symptoms--g5]ally enables ! practiction] to elim9ate all b ! di/urb+ elem5t4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #d3 ,by /ride is meant ! di/ance betwe5 two successive impr9ts ( ! same foot4 ,! t]m is n us$ 9 ?is "w z be+ synonym\s ) /ep4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,lam5ess ,,9 ,,! ,,=e ,,leg4 ,anatomo-,physiological ,review ( p>ts ( ! ,=e ,leg4 ,= support+ weight1 :e!r ! subject is at re/ or 9 motion1 ! bony column ( ! leg1 toge!r ) atta*$ ligam5ts1 t5dons & muscles1 is wond]fully well adapt$ by nature = ! function :i* !y p]=m4 ,! sev]al bones :i* g to make up ! supportive portion ( ! leg1 are s jo9$ at _! po9ts ( articulation1 t a m9imum degree ( /ra9 is put ^u ea* atta*m5t4 ,! upp] ?ird ( ! scapula1 ) its c>tilage ( prolongation1 is suffici5tly broad & flatt5$ t x fits snugly aga9/ ! ?orax )\t necessity = a complicat$ me?od ( atta*m5t--! clavicle be+ abs5t1 atta*m5t is muscul>4 ,smi?#e has v aptly /at$ t3 ,x seems q legitimate to reg>d ! muscul> union betwe5 ! ?orax & =elimb z a jo9t4 ,!re are no bones re/+ on ea* o!r1 no synovia2 b :]e ! scapula has its l>ge/ range ( movem5t !re is a rem>kable am\nt ( areol> tissue1 :i* r5d]s movem5t easy4 ,! :ole c5tral area b5ea? ! scapula & hum]us n occupi$ by muscul> atta*m5t1 is fill$ ) ?is easy-mov+1 app>5tly gase\sly di/5d$1 crepitant1 areol> tissue ov] :i* ! =e legs glide on ! *e/ wall z freely z if ! p>ts 7 a l>ge1 well lubricat$ jo9t4 ,! scapulohum]al articulation 7%\ld] jo9t7 is an en>?rodial 7ball & socket7 jo9t b because ( its be+ held m or less firmly aga9/ ! ?oracic wall by muscul> & t5d9\s atta*m5t1 & because a "p ( ?is atta*m5t af=ds a means ( support = ! body itself1 !re is no ne$ = b9d+ ligam5ts & movem5t is possible 9 all directions ev5 ?\gh re/rict$ z to ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b--,muscles ( ,left ,?oracic ,limb f ,elb[ ,d[nw>d2 ,lat]al 7,ext]nal7 ,view4 a1 ,ext5sor c>pi radialis2 g1 bra*ialis2 g'1 ant]ior sup]ficial pectoral2 c1 common digital ext5sor2 e1 uln>is lat]alis4 7,aft] ,ell5b]g]-,baum1 ,anat4 fu] ,ku5/l]47 7,f ,sisson's ,anatomy ( ! ,dome/ic ,animals74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c--,muscles ( ,left ,?oracic ,limb f ,elb[ ,d[nw>d2 ,m$ial 7,int]nal7 ,view4 ,! fascia & ! uln> head ( ! flexor c>pi uln>is h be5 remov$4 #a1 ,di/al end ( hum]us2 #b1 m$ian vessels & n]ve4 7,f ,sisson's ,anatomy ( ! ,dome/ic ,animals74 ,undue ext5sion1 7by ext5sion is meant su* movem5t z w cause ! long axis ( two articulat+ bones to assume a position :i* approa*es or =ms a /raight l9e--opposite to flexion71 ( ! scapulohum]al jo9t is impossible :ile weight is borne1 because ( ! normally flex$ position ( ! hum]us on ! scapula2 :]eas flexion1 beyond desirable limits1 is inhibit$ by ! biceps bra*ii 7flexor bra*ii or coracoradialis7 muscle4 ,! di/al end ( ! hum]us1 h[ev]1 articulat+ ) ! radius & ulna 9 a fa%ion t no support is l5t by any sort ( contact ) ! body1 is a g+lymus 7h+e7 jo9t & lat]al motion1 because ( ! long transv]se diamet] ( its articul> portions1 is easily prev5t$ by ! m$ial & lat]al ligam5ts 7int]nal & ext]nal ligam5ts74 ,flexion ( ?is1 ! hum]oradi\ln> jo9t 7elb[71 is re/ra9$ by ! triceps bra*ii & ext5sion is *eck$ by ! biceps bra*ii 7flexor bra*ii74 ,! c>pal jo9t 7errone\sly call$ ! knee jo9t71 is compos$ ( ! sev]al c>pal bones :i* int]>ticulate &1 :5 tak5 z a gr\p1 s]ve z a means ( atta*m5t & articulation = ! radius & metac>pal bones4 ,! transv]se diamet] ( ?is jo9t is long1 ?us giv+ x contact+ surfaces t are suffici5tly ext5sive to m9imize ! /ra9 ^u ! mesial & lat]al ligam5ts 7int]nal & ext]nal lat]al common ligam5ts74 ,motion is t ( flexion & ext5sion2 slight rotation is possible :5 ! position is t ( flexion4 ,:ile support+ weight ! c>pus is fix$ 9 position by a slight dorsal flexion1 b undue dorsal flexion is prev5t$ by ! flexor muscles & t5dons & vol>-c>pal or annul> ligam5t1 toge!r ) ! sup]ior *eck ligam5t4 ,! metac>pophalangeal articulation 7fetlock jo9t71 is a h+e jo9t & its articul> surfaces contact "o ano!r1 ) respect to _! hav+ a long be>+ surface f side to side1 z d all g+lymus 7h+e7 jo9ts4 ,two common lat]al ligam5ts b9d ! bones toge!r4 ,:ile be>+ weight1 !re is assum$ a position ( slight dorsal flexion1 undue flexion be+ *eck$ by ! inhibitory app>atus ( ! jo9t--*eck ligam5ts1 & _! t5dons & ! susp5sory ligam5t4 ,! inhibitory app>atus ( ! fetlock jo9t is mat]ially re9=c$ by ! proximal sesamoid bones4 ,situat$ z !y are1 betwe5 ! bifurcat+ portions ( ! susp5sory ligam5t & ! po/]ior "p ( ! di/al end ( ! metac>pus--) :i* !y articulate--! sesamoid bones s]ve to *ange ! c\rse ( ! bran*es ( ! susp5sory ligam5t 9 a mann] t !y give firm support to ?is jo9t4 ,vol> flexion is limit$ by ! ext5sors ( ! phalanges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d--,sagital ,section ( ,digit & ,di/al ,"p ( ,metac>pus4 ,a1 ,metac>pal bone2 ,b1 fir/ phalanx2 ,c1 second phalanx1 ,d1 ?ird phalanx2 ,e1 di/al sesamoid bone2 #a1 vol> p\* ( capsule ( fetlock jo9t2 #b1 int]-sesamoidean ligam5t2 #c1 #d1 proximal end ( digital synovial %ea?2 #e1 r+ =m$ by sup]ficial flexor t5don2 #f1 fibr\s tissue und]ly+ ergot2 #g1 ergot2 #h1 #i1 #i'1 bran*es ( digital vessels2 #aj1 di/al ligam5t ( di/al sesamoid bone2 #aa1 susp5sory ligam5t ( di/al sesamoid bone2 #ab1 #ab'1 proximal & di/al ends ( bursa podotro*le>is4 7,f ,sisson's ,anatomy ( ! ,dome/ic ,animals74 ,! fir/ phalanx 7os suffrag9is7 normally sets at an angle ( ab\t #ej to #ee degrees f a horizontal plane :ile weight is be+ support$4 ,its di/al end articulates ) ! second or m$ian phalanx 7os corona7 & =ms ! proximal int]phalangeal 7pa/]n or suffrag9ocoron>y7 jo9t4 ,?is also1 is a g+lymus jo9t1 hav+ b slight lat]al motion1 & t only :5 x is 9 a /ate ( flexion4 ,a r broad articul> surface--f side to side--exi/s "h1 less5+ ! /ra9 on ! collat]al ligam5ts some:at4 ,dorsal flexion is *eck$ by ! flexor t5dons & dorsal ligam5ts4 ,vol> flexion is re/ra9$ by ! ext5sor t5dons4 ,! di/al end ( ! second phalanx 7os corona7 has b slight lat]al motion & ?is is manife/$ pr9cipally :5 x is 9 a /ate ( vol> flexion4 ,undue dorsal flexion is prev5t$ by ! deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans7 & vol> flexion is inhibit$ by ! ext5sor ( ! digit 7ext5sor p$is74 ,?us x is se51 t :5 ! leg is a weight-be>+ memb]1 weight is support$ by ! bony framework ^: con/itu5t p>ts are jo9$ toge!r by ligam5ts & t5dons & ea* "o ( ! sev]al bones articulates 9 su* mann] t ! jo9t is lock$4 ,! articul> p>ts ( bones re/ ^u or aga9/ an inhibitory app>atus1 & are slightly flex$1 z 9 ! c>pus1 or consid]ably flex$ su* z 9 ! fetlock jo9t :5 weight is be+ support$4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 = example1 ! flexors ( ! c>pus & ! sup]ior *eck ligam5t assi/$ by ! flexors ( ! phalanges con/itute ! inhibitory app>atus4 ,x w be not$ t provision = weight be>+ is s arrang$ t muscul> en]gy is n requir$ except 9 ! matt] ( susp5sion ( ! body betwe5 ! scapulae & "h tonic impulses only are necess>y to ma9ta9 an equilibrium#f1 yet 9 e in/ance :]e weight is n support$ by bones1 inela/ic ligam5ts or t5d9\s /ructures relieve ! musculature ( ?is con/ant /ra94 ,?is expla9s ! fact t "s horses d n lie 9 ! /all1 yet 9 spite ( _! con/ant /&+ position1 !y are able to re/ & sleep4 ,! /ud5t ( lam5ess is int]e/$ 9 ! function ( ! legs 9 ! role ( support+ weight & z propell+ p>ts1 & n p>ticul>ly 9 ! capacity ( ^! memb]s = inflict+ (f5se or z weapons ( def5se4 ,yet1 9 ! ex]cise ( _! functions o!r ?an t ( locomotive appliances1 injury (t5 results1 b usually x is ! recipi5t ( a bl[ t suff]s ! injury1 su* z an animal may receive ^u be+ kick$4 ,!re=e1 we d n (t5 conc]n ourselves ) /ra9s or o!r injuries t ! subject exp]i5ces z ! result ( ef=ts put =? 9 kick+ or /rik+4 ,:]e su* injuries occur1 h[ev]1 a diagnosis is e/abli%$ by mak+ use ( ! pr9ciples h]et(ore discuss$4 ,z propell+ memb]s ! front legs be> weight & are advanc$ alt]nately :5 ! horse is walk+ or trott+--9 cant]+ ?is is n s4 ,:5 ! normal subject travels 9 a /raight l9e1 at a walk or a trot1 ! l5g? ( ! /ride is ! same ) ! "r & left memb]s4 ,! /ride ( ! "r foot !n1 = example1 is equally divid$ by ! impr9t ( ! left foot1 9 ! normal horse1 :5 travel+ at a walk & 9 a /raight l9e4 ,%\ld] ,lam5ess4 ,?is enigmatical t]m is frequ5tly employ$ by ! diagno/ician :5 he is baffl$ 9 ! matt] ( def9itely locat+ ! cause ( lam5ess2 :5 he has by exclusion & o!rwise arriv$ at a decision t lam5ess is high up4 ,%\ld] lam5ess may be caus$ by any "o or sev]al ( a numb] ( conditions1 e4g41 fractures ( ! scapula or hum]us2 ar?ritis ( ! %\ld] or elb[ jo9t2 luxation ( ! %\ld] or elb[ jo9t 7r>ely72 injuries ( muscles & t5dons ( ! region due to /ra9s1 contusions or p5etrant w\nds2 p>alysis ( ! bra*ial plexus or ( ! prescapul> n]ve2 involvem5t ( lymph gl&s2 art]ial ?rombosis2 meta/atic infections2 rheumatic di/urbances2 & z ! result ( inflammation1 infecti\s or non-infecti\s occasion$ by coll> bruises4 ,9 "s in/ances su* inflammation is due to ! mann] ( treatm5t ( coll> injuries4 ,!re=e1 :5 "o consid]s ! num]\s & dissimil> possible causes ( %\ld] lam5ess1 x behooves ! practition] to become pr(ici5t 9 diagno/ic pr9ciples4 ,a pr9ciple :i* is elem5tal 9 ! diagnosis ( locomotory imp$im5t1 is t lam5ess ( ! %\ld] or hip is usually manife/$ by m or less difficulty 9 sw++ ! affect$ memb]4 ,sw++-leg-lam5ess1 !n1 is usually pres5t 9 %\ld] affections4 ,9 "s in/ances lam5ess is mix$ z 9 jo9t ailm5ts1 involvem5t ( ! bicipital bursa 7bursa int]tub]cul>is71 etc4 ,9 affections ( ! extremity !re exi/s support+ leg lam5ess4 ,consequ5tly1 we employ ?is elem5tal pr9ciple1 &1 by a visual exam9ation ( ! subject1 :i* is be+ made to travel suitably1 "o may decide t lam5ess is ei!r high up--%\ld] lam5ess or1 l[ d[n--( ! extremity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e--,ord9>y type ( heavy sl+4 ,to make practical use ( ?is pr9ciple1 ! exam9] mu/ be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! anatomy ( ! v>i\s /ructures conc]n$ 9 advanc+ ! leg--^? :i* support weight z well z ^? conc]n$ bo? 9 weight be>+ & sw++ ! memb]4 ,fracture ( ! ,scapula4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,fractures ( ! body ( ! scapula are ( infrequ5t occurr5ce 9 horses = ! reason t protection is af=d$ ?is bone because ( its position4 ,its function1 too1 is su* t v unusual conditions are necess>y to subject x to fracture4 ,! sp9e is occasionally brok5 due to bl[s su* z kicks1 etc41 & "h frequ5tly a comp\nd fracture exi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f--;,a sl+ made 9 two p>ts s t horses may be support$ )\t use ( c5tral "p or bodice4 ,?is sl+ is m com=table ?an is ! ord9>y /yle & is p>ticul>ly useful 9 cases t require a long p]iod ( ?is mann] ( conf9em5t4 ,:]e fractures ( ! body ( ! scapula occur1 heavy contusions h be5 ! cause z a rule1 & s]i\s injury is done ! subject2 consequ5tly1 treatm5t ( fracture ( ! body ( ! scapula is seldom successfully practis$4 ,fractures ( ! body ( ?is bone result+ f accid5ts n involv+ int]nal injury or o!r di/urbances & :i* w\ld n s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! vitality ( ! subject1 are n necess>ily s]i\s unless comp\nd4 ,fractures ( ! neck ( ! scapula are s]i\s because ( ! fact t !re occurs displacem5t ( ! brok5 p>ts & p]fect apposition ( ! fractur$ ends is difficult1 if n impossible4 ,fractures t ext5d to ! articul> surface are v s]i\s1 & complete recov]y 9 su* in/ances is practically impossible4 ,! c>tilage ( prolongation ( ! scapula is sometimes s]i\sly involv$ 9 c]ta9 cases ( fi/ul\s )]s1 & 9 "s in/ances x has be5 sep>at$ f its atta*m5t to ! rhomboidea muscles1 & lam5ess has result$4 ,9 su* in/ances1 ! upp] portion ( ! scapula is disjo9$ f all atta*m5t1 & ) e movem5t ! animal makes1 ! scapula is mov$ back & =?4 ,complete recov]y 9 su* cases does n occur4 ,symptomatology4--,fractures ( ! scapul> sp9e are ord9>ily readily recogniz$ because !re is usually visible displacem5t ( ! brok5 "p4 ,crepitation is also detect$ )\t difficulty4 ,9 fractures ( ! body ( ! scapula :]e an exam9ation may be made be=e mu* swell+ has tak5 place1 & 9 subjects t are n heavily muscl$1 "o %\ld h no difficulty 9 recogniz+ ! crepitation4 ,fractures ( ! neck ( ! scapula are recogniz$ by crepitation1 by passively mov+ ! leg1 b x is necess>y to exclude fractures ( ! hum]us :5 "o dep5ds ^u ! f9d+ ( crepitation by ?is means4 ,h[ev]1 unless undue swell+ exi/s1 ! exact location ( ! crepitation is recogniz$ )\t s]i\s difficulty4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t ( comp\nd fractures ( ! scapul> sp9e consi/s 9 ! removal ( ! brok5 piece ( bone by way ( a cutane\s incision s situat$ t good dra9age ( ! w\nd w foll[4 ,simple fractures ( ! body ( ! scapula are be/ treat$ by plac+ ! subject 9 a sl+1 if ! animal is halt] brok51 & en=c+ absolute quiet = a p]iod ( f ?ree to six weeks4 ,spl9ts or simil> appliances are n ( practical value 9 scapul> fractures4 ,comp\nd fractures ( ! scapula usually result f viol5ce1 :i* at ! same "t does s]i\s injury to adjac5t /ructures1 & x !n becomes necess>y to adm9i/] an expectant treatm5t1 obs]v+ g5]al surgical pr9ciples & provid+ 9 s f> z possible = ! com=t ( ! pati5t4 ,scapulohum]al ,ar?ritis4 ,anatomy4--,! scapulohum]al jo9t is an en>?rodial 7ball & socket7 jo9t :]e9 ! ball or hum]al articulat+ head greatly exce$s 9 size ! socket or gl5oid cavity ( ! scapula4 ,! capsul> ligam5t surr\nd+ ?is jo9t is v l>ge & admits ( free & ext5sive movem5t ( ! articulation4 ,!re exi/ no lat]al or common ligam5ts jo9t+ ! scapula & hum]us z 9 o!r jo9ts1 b in/ead ! t5d9\s portions ( muscles p]=m ?is function4 ,! pr9cipal ones :i* are atta*$ to ! scapula & hum]us t act z ligam5ts are ! suprasp9atus 7antea-sp9atus71 infrasp9atus 7po/ea-sp9atus7 biceps-bra*ii 7flexor bra*ii7 & subscapul>is muscles4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,inflammation ( ! scapulohum]al articulation results f injuries ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+ punctures :i* p]=ate ! jo9t capsule1 bruises f coll>s1 meta/atic infections & involvem5t z a result ( direct ext5sion ( infecti\s conditions situat$ ne> ! jo9t4 ,classification4--,acute ar?ritis may be septic or aseptic1 & !re seems to be a rem>kable t5d5cy = recov]y 9 cases ( septic ar?ritis involv+ ?is jo9t 9 ! horse4 ,*ronic ar?ritis ) de/ruction ( articul> surfaces & ankylosis1 is seldom obs]v$4 ,x is only 9 cases ( sev]e injury1 :]e ! articul> portions ( ! bones are damag$ at ! "t ( infliction ( ! injury1 & :]e ! articulation rema9s expos$ = weeks at a "t1 toge!r ) immobility ( ! p>ts because ( att5d+ pa91 t p]man5t ankylosis results4 ,scapulohum]al ar?ritis may result !n f infections1 local or meta/atic2 f injuries1 su* z contusions ( v>i\s k9ds2 f w\nds1 :i* break ! surface /ructure or p]=ate ! jo9t capsule2 or f luxations4 ,infecti\s ,ar?ritis4 ,infecti\s ar?ritis ( ! scapulohum]al jo9t ! result ( local causes o!r ?an produc$ by septic w\nds1 seldom causes s]i\s inconv5i5ce to ! subject4 ,:]e su* occurs1 h[ev]1 !re is manife/$ mix$ lam5ess & complete ext5sion ( ! extremity is impossible4 ,local swell+ is pres5t & manife/ations ( pa9 are evid5t ^u palpation ( ! affect$ area4 ,treatm5t4--,dur+ ! fir/ /age ( ! infection1 local applications1 hot or cold1 are indicat$4 ,a hot p\ltice ( bran or o!r suitable mat]ial conta9$ )9 a musl9 sack1 may be support$ by means ( cords or tapes :i* are pass$ ov] ! )]s & ti$ ar\nd ! opposite =e leg4 ,su* an appliance may be held 9 position m securely by atta*+ x to ! affect$ memb]4 ,foll[+ ! acute /age ( su* an infection1 any local c\nt]-irritat+ application or ev5 a vesicant is 9 ord]4 ,:]e abatem5t ( ! infecti\s process does n take place1 & suppuration ( ! /ructures 9 ! vic9ity ( ! jo9t occurs1 x is necess>y to provide dra9age = pus4 ,9 "s cases ( /rangles1 = in/ance1 l>ge pus cavities are =m$ & dra9age is imp]ative4 ,h[ev]1 meta/atic inflammation ( ?is jo9t is seldom obs]v$ except 9 cases ( /rangles4 ,! animal %\ld be kept p]fectly quiet until recov]y has tak5 place4 ,injuries4 ,injuries to ! scapulohum]al jo9t may be ! result ( kicks1 runaway accid5ts or bruises f ! coll>1 & !re may result1 because ( su* injuries1 reaction>y inflammation :i* w v>y 9 int5sity f ! milde/ synovitis to ! mo/ sev]e ar?ritis1 caus+ m or less lam5ess4 ,treatm5t4--,! g5]al plan ( treatm5t 9 ?is =m ( ar?ritis is ! same z has be5 outl9$ "u ! head ( infecti\s ar?ritis1 ) ! exception t !re is seldom occasion to provide = dra9age ( pus4 ,w\nds4 ,w\nds :i* cause a break ( ! sk9 & fascia ov]ly+ ! scapulohum]al jo9t are usually ( little consequ5ce1 unless ! bl[ is ( suffici5t =ce to directly injure ! articulation1 & 9 su* cases1 ! treatm5t ( ! injury along g5]al surgical pr9ciples1 su* z cleans+ ! area1 provid+ dra9age = w\nd secretion1 & ! adm9i/ration ( suitable dress+ mat]ials su* z antiseptic du/+ p[d]1 is all t is requir$ = ! w\nd4 ,! symptoms manife/$ by ! subject 9 su* cases are ! same z h be5 discuss$ h]et(ore & m]it no special consid]ation4 ,prognosis4--,unless v s]i\s injury be done ! articul> portions ( ! scapula or ! hum]us1 result+ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! capsul> ligam5t1 prognosis is entirely favorable4 ,op5 ,jo9t4--,:]e ! capsul> ligam5t is p]=at$ & ! condition becomes "o ( op5 jo9t1 !n a special w\nd treatm5t becomes necess>y4 ,! surface ( ! sk9 is fir/ fre$ f all hair & fil? 9 ! vic9ity ( ! w\nd4 ,! w\nd prop] is cle>$ ( all =eign mat]ial ei!r by clipp+ ) ! scissors1 curett+ or mopp+ ) cotton or gauze pl$gets4 ,! :ole expos$ w\nd surface z well z ! int]ior ( ! jo9t cavity1 if mu* expos$1 is moi/5$ ) t9cture ( iod94 ,subsequ5t treatm5t consi/s 9 a local application ( a desiccant du/+ p[d]1 :i* %\ld be appli$ five or six times daily4 ,! composition ( ! p[d] %\ld be su* z to p]mit ( its lib]al use1 !reby af=d+ me*anical protection to ! w\nd z well z ex]t+ a desiccative effect4 ,equal p>ts ( boric acid & exsiccat$ alum s]ve v well 9 su* cases4 ,animals suff]+ f op5 jo9ts ( ?is k9d %\ld be conf9$ 9 a /&+ position1 pref]ably 9 sl+s1 & kept s conf9$ = ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,s9ce !y usually be> weight ^u ! affect$ memb]1 !re is no dang] ( lam9itis result+4 ,luxation ( ! ,scapulohum]al ,jo9t4 ,because ( ! l>ge hum]al head articulat+ z x does ) a gl5oid cavity1 scapulohum]al luxations are v r>e 9 ! horse4 ,accord+ to ,moll]#g1 luxation is g5]ally due to excessive flexion ( ! scapulohum]al jo9t4 ,9 su* cases ! head ( ! hum]us is displac$ ant]ior to ! articul> portion ( ! scapula & rema9s s fix$4 ,symptoms4--,complete luxation ( ! scapula is recogniz$ because ( immobility ( ! scapulohum]al jo9t & ( ! abnormal position ( ! head ( ! hum]us1 :i* c be recogniz$ by palpation1 unless ! swell+ be excessive4 ,immobility ( ! scapulohum]al jo9t is noticeable :5 "o attempts to passively move ! p>ts4 ,treatm5t4--,r$uction ( ! luxation is effect$ by mak+ use ( ! same g5]al pr9ciples t are employ$ 9 ! r$uction ( all luxations1 & !y are--! control ( ! animal s t ! manipulations ( ! op]ator are n antagoniz$ by muscul> contraction1 :i* is be/ accompli%$ by ane/hesia2 plac+ ! luxat$ bones 9 ! position :i* !y h tak5 to become unjo9t$2 & !n mak+ use ( =ce :i* is direct$ 9 a mann] opposite to t :i* has effect$ ! luxation4 ,9 a =w>d luxation ( ?is k9d1 ! op]ator %\ld fur!r flex ! hum]us1 & :ile x is 9 ?is flex$ position1 =ce is ex]t$ ^u ! articul> head ( ?is bone1 & x is pu%$ d[nw>d & backw>d into its normal position4 ,aft]-c>e consi/s 9 re/riction ( ex]cise &1 if necess>y1 conf9+ ! subject 9 a sl+ & ! application ( a vesicant ov] ! scapulohum]al region4 ,inflammation ( ! ,bicipital ,bursa4 7,bursitis ,int]tub]cul>is47 ,anatomy4--,!re is int]pos$ betwe5 ! t5don ( ! biceps bra*ii 7flexor bra*ii7 & ! int]tub]cul> or bicipital groove a heavy c>tilag9\s pad1 :i* is a "p ( ! bursa ( ! biceps bra*ii4 ,?is synovial bursa =ms a smoo? groove ?r\gh :i* ! biceps bra*ii glides 9 ! ant]ior scapulohum]al region4 ,great /ra9 is put ^u ^! p>ts because ! biceps bra*ii is ! *ief inhibit+ /ructure ( ! scapulohum]al articulation--! "o :i* prev5ts fur!r flexion ( ! hum]us dur+ weight be>+4 ,pass+1 z x does1 ov] two articulations1 ! biceps bra*ii has a some:at complicat$ function1 be+ a flexor ( ! radius & an ext5sor ( ! hum]us4 ,?us x is se51 ! biceps bra*ii is a weight be>+ /ructure1 z well z "o t has to d ) sw++ ! leg4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,because ( ! expos$ position ( ! bicipital bursa 7bursa-int]tub]cul>is7 x is occasionally injur$4 ,bl[s & injuries receiv$ 9 runaway accid5ts d s]i\s injury to ! bursa & because ( ! peculi> & important "p x plays dur+ locomotion1 s]i\s injuries are n likely to resolve1 & too (t5 *ronic lam5ess results4 ,x is to be not$ t ! t5don ( ! biceps bra*ii 7flexor bra*ii7 is always involv$ 9 cases ( inflammation ( ! bicipital bursa1 & accord+ to ! late ,dr4 ,bell#h /ra9 ( ! biceps bra*ii is a frequ5t cause ( lam5ess 9 city horses1 m frequ5t ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,pa?ological ,anatomy4--,m or less de/ruction ( ! c>tilag9\s portion ( ! bursa1 sometimes involv+ ! t5d9\s portion ( ! biceps1 takes place &1 accord+ to ,moll]1 9 "s in/ances !re occurs ossification ( ! t5don4 ,autopsies 9 "s old horses reveal ! pres5ce ( erosions ( c>tilage & hyp]?rophy ( ! inflam$ p>ts4 ,symptoms4--,9 acute inflammations1 !re is always m>k$ lam5ess4 ,?is is manife/$ to a great] degree :5 ! subject advances ! affect$ leg4 ,!re is incomplete advancem5t ( ! memb]2 ! toe is dragg$ :5 ! horse is made to walk & ! foot kept 9 a position po/]ior to ! opposite or weight be>+ foot :ile ! subject is at re/4 ,lam5ess is disproportionate to ! am\nt ( local manife/ation 9 ! way ( heat1 swell+ & pa9 t is to be recogniz$ on palpation4 ,9 fact1 9 "s cases s mu* pa9 att5ds ! condition t no weight is borne by ! affect$ memb]1 & :5 compell$ to walk1 ! subject hops on ! s\nd leg4 ,*ronic inflammation ( ! bicipital bursa is occasionally met ) :]e9 bo? memb]s are affect$4 ,because ( ! nature ( ! /ructures involv$1 :5 inflam$1 *ronic inflammation is a m frequ5t t]m9ation ?an is complete recov]y4 ,bilat]al affections are se5 9 horses t are driv5 = ye>s1 regul>ly at a fa/ pace on pav$ /reets4 ,9 su* cases1 ! gait is /ilt$1 t is1 !re is incomplete advancem5t ( bo? memb]s &1 ( c\rse1 ! p]iod ( weight be>+ is correspond+ly %ort5$2 h5ce ! %ort /rides4 ,9 *ronic cases1 little if any evid5ce ( inflammation is to be detect$ by digital manipulation ( ! p>ts4 ,if fl9*+ occurs1 "o is (t5 unable to int]pret ! manife/ation z to :e!r x is due to inflammation or n4 ,!re is no m>k$ w>m+ out 9 ?is condition1 & animals are ne>ly z lame aft] hav+ be5 driv5 a consid]able di/ance z :5 />t$1 al?\gh ! lam5ess is n z a rule v great4 ,treatm5t4--,9 v pa9ful cases acute inflammation is treat$ by employ+ cold applications dur+ ! initial /age4 ,crack$ ice :5 conta9$ 9 a suitable sack may be held 9 contact ) ! affect$ "p & ! pack is support$ by means ( cords or tapes z sugge/$ 9 ! discussion on treatm5t ( scapulohum]al ar?ritis on page #ff4 ,lat]1 hot applications may be employ$ to good advantage4 ,9 ! c\rse ( t5 days or two weeks1 if ! acute pa9ful condition has entirely subsid$1 vesication is indicat$4 ,! ord9>y m]cury & can?>ides comb9ation does v well4 ,dep5d+ ^u ! c\rse tak5 9 any giv5 case1 "o is guid$ 9 ! treatm5t employ$4 ,if prompt resolution comes to pass1 ! subject may be giv5 free run at pa/ure aft] ?ree or f\r weeks conf9em5t 9 a box /all4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! case does n progress 9 a prompt & satisfactory mann]1 absolute quiet mu/ be en=c$ = six weeks or m4 ,repeat$ bli/]+ is b5eficial1 al?\gh x is d\btful if fir+ is ( suffici5t b5efit 9 ! av]age *ronic case ( int]tub]cul> bursitis to ju/ify ! puni%m5t :i* ?is =m ( treatm5t inflicts1 unless infliction ( pa9 is ! ?+ s\ght1 to en=ce repose 9 re/less subjects4 ,pati5ts are be/ giv5 a long re/ at pa/ure & return$ to "w = two or ?ree mon?s aft] an acute attack ( inflammation ( ! bursa1 le/ ! condition become *ronic4 ,:5 due consid]ation is giv5 ! pa?ology ( su* cases1 ! frequ5t unsatisfactory t]m9ation "u ! mo/ c>eful treatm5t1 is readily und]/ood4 ,contusions ( ! ,triceps ,bra*ii4 7,triceps ,ext5sor ,bra*ii3 ,caput ,muscles47 ,anatomy4--,! triceps bra*ii is ! pr9cipal /ructure :i* fills ! space betwe5 ! po/]ior bord] ( ! scapula & ! hum]us4 ,! sev]al heads orig9ate = ! mo/ "p on ! bord] ( ! scapula1 ! deltoid tub]osity ( ! hum]us & ! %aft ( ! hum]us4 ,ins]tion ( ?is l>ge muscul> mass is effect$ by means ( sev]al t5dons to ! olecranon4 ,a synovial bursa is situat$ und]nea? ! t5d9\s atta*m5t ( ! po/]ior portion ( ! triceps bra*ii--! long head or caput magnum4 ,! function ( ! triceps z a :ole is to flex ! %\ld] jo9t & ext5d ! =e>m4 ,! triceps bra*ii is ! *ief antagoni/ ( ! biceps bra*ii4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,ow+ to ! expos$ position ( ?is /ructure1 x is n infrequ5tly contus$1 ! result ( falls1 kicks & o!r injuries4 ,! function ( ! triceps is su* t x becomes /ra9$ ^u r>e occasions :5 a horse resi/s conf9em5t ( re/ra9t 9 su* mann] t ! p>ts are unduly t5s$ 9 contraction4 ,?is sort ( resi/ance may /ret* ! radial n]ve or its bran*es 9 a way t p>alysis results4 ,a condition kn[n z dropp$ elb[ is describ$ by ,h5ry ,taylor1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41 9 ! ,vet]9>y ,record#i1 :]e9 a two-ye>-old colt :ile resi/+ conf9em5t 0 s injur$4 ,! triceps gr\p because ( its conv5i5t location1 con/itutes ! site = hypod]mic injection ( drugs & biologic ag5ts1 ) "s practition]s2 & z a result1 m or less inflammation may occur4 ,! au?or has obs]v$ & treat$ "s tw5ty cases :]e an int5sely pa9ful infecti\s inflammation ( ! triceps bra*ii 0 caus$ by ! intramuscul> injection ( a cau/ic solution by a cruel & unscrupul\s empiric1 ^: object 0 to increase 8 practice4 ,symptomatology4--,z ! triceps bra*ii is n p>ticul>ly tax$ dur+ weight be>+ 9 ! subject at re/1 !re may be no unnatural position assum$ dur+ inflammation ( ! triceps4 ,m or less swell+ & sup]s5sitiv5ess is always pres5t1 h[ev]1 & great c>e & discrim9ation mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 digital manipulation ( ! triceps region because _m animals are normally s5sitive to palpation ( ^! p>ts4 ,x is sometimes difficult to correctly int]pret ! true /ate ( conditions because ( ?is peculi>ity4 ,!re is always sw++-leg-lam5ess1 :i* is acc5tuat$ :5 ! subject is urg$ to trot4 ,:]e symptoms are pron\nc$1 x is unnecess>y to cause ! subject to move at a fa/] pace ?an at a walk to recognize ! condition4 ,! =w>d /ride is %ort5$ & 9 extremley pa9ful conditions1 no attempt is made to ext5d ! leg4 ,x is simply c>ri$ en une piece--flexion ( ! %\ld] & elb[ jo9ts is c>efully avoid$4 ,treatm5t4--,dur+ ! e>ly /age ( inflammation1 hot or cold applications are b5eficial4 ,long cont9u$ use ( moi/ heat--fom5tations--allays pa9 & /imulates resolution4 ,keep+ 9 contact ) ! pa9fully swoll5 p>ts a suitable bag fill$ ) bran1 :i* c be moi/5$ at int]vals ) w>m wat]1 con/itutes a practical & easy means ( treatm5t4 ,by employ+ ?is me?od1 "o is m likely to succe$ 9 hav+ 8 pati5t prop]ly c>$ =1 9 t less "w is entail$ ?an if hot fom5tations are prescrib$4 ,aft] ! acute & pa9ful /age has subsid$1 a /imulat+ l9im5t is ( b5efit4 ,! subject %\ld be kept )9 a com=table & roomy box /all = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t to favor prompt resolution4 ,wild & n]v\s subjects1 if n s conf9$1 w probably ov]ex]t ! affect$ p>ts if all[$ ! fre$om ( a paddock or pa/ure4 ,:]e ! inflammation becomes infective1 surgical int]f]5ce is necess>y4 ,! prompt evacuation ( pus1 ) adequate provision = w\nd dis*>ge1 %\ld be att5d$ to be=e ext5sive de/ruction ( tissue takes place4 ,resolution is prompt z a rule 9 su* cases because ( ! vascul>ity ( ! /ructures & ! ease ) :i* prop] dra9age may be effect$4 ,no special aft]-c>e is necess>y if dra9age is p]fect1 except t "o %\ld avoid inject+ ! w\nd cavity ) aque\s solutions unless x be absolutely necess>y to cleanse su* cavity1 & !n x is be/ to swab ! w\nd r ?an to irrigate x freely4 ,%\ld] ,atrophy4 7,swe5y or ,sw9ney7 ,no satisfactory consid]ation ( ! pa?og5y ( ?is condition is record$1 b practition]s h long di/+ui%$ betwe5 muscul> atrophies :i* are app>5tly caus$ )\t do+ s]i\s injury to n]ves & muscul> atrophy :i* seems to be due to n]ve affection4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 recov]y :5 prop] att5tion is giv51 is prompt2 :]eas1 9 ! latt]1 reg5]ation ( ! wa/$ tissues requires mon?s 9 spite ( ! be/ sort ( treatm5t4 ,! p>ts m frequ5tly affect$ are ! supra- & infrascapul>is 7antea- & po/easp9atus7 muscles4 ,b 9 "s cases ! triceps gr\p is involv$2 h[ev]1 ?is occurs 9 unusual & *ronic affections4 ,no d\bt1 ^! *ronic cases are due to susp5d$ inn]vation & are n to be class$ ) ! ord9>y case ( atrophy ( ! abductor muscles ( ! hum]us 7supra- & infrasp9atus7 z 9 ! usual case ( swe5y4 ,occurr5ce4--,%\ld] atrophy su* z ! g5]al practition] commonly meets )1 is an affection1 m (t5 se5 9 "y animals & x seems to be due to injuries ( v>i\s k9ds :i* contuse ! muscles ( ! %\ld]4 ,ill-fitt+ coll>s & pull+ 9 a mann] t !re occurs side draft ) unusual /ra9 on ! muscles ( "o side ( ! neck & %\ld]1 seem to be ! m frequ5t causes ( ?is tr\ble4 ,bl[s su* z are occasion$ by kicks & falls frequ5tly result 9 atrophy ( %\ld] muscles4 ,c\rse4--,9 "s cases a rapidly progressive atrophy *>act]izes ! case & lam5ess & atrophy appe> at ab\t ! same "t4 ,! affection 9 su* in/ances does n recov] spontane\sly b con/itutes a condition :i* requires prompt & rational treatm5t s t function may be fully re/or$ to ! p>ts involv$4 ,occasionally "o may obs]ve cases :]e !re is b slight atrophy2 :]e ! disease progresses sl[ly & atrophy is n ext5sive or m>k$4 ,9 vigor\s "y animals t are left to run at pa/ure :5 s mildly affect$1 spontane\s recov]y occurs4 ,symptomatology4--,lam5ess is ! fir/ manife/ation ( %\ld] atrophy1 & 9 _m cases :]e lam5ess is slight1 ! vet]9>ian may fail to discov] ! exact nature ( ! tr\ble if he is n v pr(ici5t z a diagno/ician ( lam5ess or if he is c>eless 9 tak+ into consid]ation obta9able hi/ory1 age ( ! subject1 etc4 ,because ( ! fact t ! av]age layman believes t practically e case ( =e-leg lam5ess :]e9 x is n obvi\s t ! cause is else:]e1 is due to a %\ld] affection ( "s k9d1 we may be too ha/y 9 giv+ ! cli5t assurance t no swe5y exi/s4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases :]e a diagnosis ( %\ld] lam5ess has be5 made & ! cli5t has be5 assur$ t no swe5y exi/s1 ! pati5t is return$ 9 ab\t a week & !re is !n m>k$ atrophy ( "o or bo? ( ! sp9atus muscles4 ,a mix$ type ( lam5ess *>act]izes ?is affection1 & 9 ! av]age case !re exi/s little evid5ce ( local pa94 ,! sali5t po9ts 9 recogniz+ ! condition are a consid]ation ( hi/ory if obta9able2 age ( ! subject2 f9d+ slight local sor5ess1 by c>efully manipulat+ ! muscles :i* are usually involv$2 not+ ! "* ( ! lam5ess if any is pres5t2 & :]e atrophy is evid5t1 ( c\rse1 ! true condition is obvi\s4 ,treatm5t4--,subcutane\s injections ( equal p>ts ( ref9$ oil ( turp5t9e & alcohol1 ) a suitable hypod]mic syr+e1 is a practical & ord9>ily effective treatm5t4 ,f five to fifte5 cubic c5timet]s 7! quantity v>ies ) ! size ( ! animal71 ( ?is mixture is inject$ into ! atrophi$ p>ts at diff]5t po9ts1 tak+ c>e to introduce only ab\t "o to two cubic c5timet]s at ea* po9t ( injection4 ,! syr+e %\ld be /]ile &1 ne$less to say1 ! site ( injections mu/ be surgically clean4 ,o!r ag5ts1 su* z t9cture ( iod91 solutions ( silv] nitrate1 sal9e solutions & v>i\s m or less irritat+ prep>ations h be5 employ$2 b 9 ! use ( ^! prep>ations "o may ei!r fail to /imulate suffici5t inflammation to cause reg5]ation to take place1 or infection is apt to occur4 ,:]e suppuration results1 surgical evacuation ( pus mu/ be promptly effect$ else l>ge suppurat+ cavities =m4 ,! employm5t ( setons con/itutes a dep5dable me?od ( treatm5t ( %\ld] atrophy1 b because ( ! att5dant suppurative process :i* inevitably results1 ?is me?od is n popul> ) mod]n surgeons & is a la/ resort proc$ure4 ,aft]-c>e4--,regul> ex]cise su* z ! horse usually takes :5 at pa/ure1 is v helpful 9 treat+ atrophy1 & 9 "s cases x has be5 f\nd t no reasonable am\nt ( irritation w\ld /imulate muscul> reg5]ation2 b by lat] all[+ pati5ts to ex]cise at w1 recov]y took place 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,no special att5tion is ord9>ily necess>y4 ,p>alysis ( ! ,suprascapul> ,n]ve4 ,anatomy4--,! suprascapul> 7ant]ior scapul>7 n]ve1 a small bran* ( ! bra*ial plexus1 is giv5 (f f ! ant]ior portion ( ?is plexus4 ,! n]ve r\nds ! ant]ior bord] ( ! neck ( ! scapula1 pass+ upw>d & backw>d "u ! suprasp9atus 7antea-sp9atus7 muscle & t]m9at+ 9 ! infrasp9atus 7po/ea-sp9atus7 muscle4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,z ! result ( direct injury to ?is n]ve by contusion su* z may be receiv$ 9 runaway accid5ts1 coll> bruises1 especially coll> bruises 9 "y horses t are n accu/om$ to pull+ & t walk 9 a mann] to cause side draft1 injury to ! n]ve occurs1 & p>tial or complete p>alysis sup]v5es4 ,"s writ]s /ate t x may be produc$ by conf9+ an animal 9 recumb5cy1 ) ! ca/+ h>ness4 ,! common cause ( p>alysis or p>esis ( ?is n]ve 9 cases su* z "o obs]ves 9 c\ntry practice1 is bruises f ! coll> 9 colts t are put to heavy f>m "w or :]e ill fitt+ coll>s are us$4 ,symptomatology4--,) p>tial or complete susp5sion ( function ( ! suprascapul> n]ve !re results en]vation ( ! suprasp9atus & infrasp9atus muscles4 ,s9ce ^! muscles act z ext]nal lat]al ligam5ts ( ! scapulohum]al jo9t1 :5 !y are incapacitat$1 !re naturally foll[s m or less abduction ( ! %\ld] :5 weight is borne4 ,9 extreme cases1 z soon z ! ail+ animal is caus$ to support weight ) ! affect$ memb]1 ! jo9t is sudd5ly ?r[n outw>d 9 a mann] t ! av]age layman at once concludes t !re mu/ be scapulohum]al luxation1 & ! vet]9>ian receives a call to see a case :]e9 ! %\ld] is out ( place4 ,!re exi/s1 h[ev]1 no luxation 9 su* cases4 ,if s]i\s injury is done ! n]ve s t x und]goes deg5]ative *anges1 !re w result atrophy ( ! muscles t d]ive _! n]ve supply f ! suprascapul> n]ve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g--,p>alysis ( ! suprascapul> n]ve ( ! left %\ld] ,treatm5t4--,dur+ ! fir/ few days foll[+ injuries :i* result 9 ?is =m ( p>alysis1 x is well to keep ! subject inactive1 & if mu* inflammation ( ! injur$ /ructures contigu\s to ! n]ve exi/s1 ! application ( cold packs is b5eficial4 ,lat]1 z soon z acute inflammation has subsid$1 vesication ( a lib]al area ar\nd ! ant]oext]nal "p ( ! scapulohum]al jo9t & ov] ! c\rse ( ! suprascapul> n]ve1 w /imulate recov]y 9 favorable cases4 ,z a rule1 9 mild cases1 ! subject is 9 a condition to return to "w 9 two or ?ree weeks4 ,radial ,p>alysis4 ,describ$ "u ! titles ( ,radial ,p>alysis & ,bra*ial ,p>alysis1 !re is to be f\nd 9 vet]9>y lit]ature a discussion ( conditions :i* v>y 9 "* f ! almo/ insignificant =m ( p>esis to ! incurably affect$ conditions :]e9 ! :ole %\ld] is completely p>alyz$4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! anatomy ( ! bra*ial n]ve plexus & ! di/ribution ( its v>i\s bran*es1 ! location ( ?is plexus & its proximity to ! fir/ rib1 & ! inevitable injury x mu/ suff] 9 fracture ( ?is bone1 toge!r ) ! inaccessibility ( ! plexus1 x is n /range t a correct diagnosis ( ! v>i\s affections ( ! bra*ial plexus & ! radial n]ve is (t5 impossible until sev]al days or weeks h pass$4 ,&1 9 "s in/ances1 diagnosis is n e/abli%$ until an autopsy has be5 p]=m$4 ,"h1 too1 we fail to f9d cause = p>alysis 9 "s r>e in/ances4 ,anatomy4--,! radial n]ve is a l>ge bran* ( ! bra*ial plexus & is *iefly d]iv$ f ! fir/ ?oracic root ( ! plexus & is "h situat$ po/]ior to ! deep bra*ial art]y4 ,x is direct$ d[nw>d & backw>d "u ! subscapul>is & t]es major muscles1 r\nd+ ! po/]ior "p ( ! hum]us1 & pass+ to ! ant]ior & di/al end ( ! hum]us1 x f9ally t]m9ates 9 ! ant]ior c>pal region4 ,! radial n]ve supplies bran*es to ! ?ree heads ( ! triceps bra*ii1 to ! common & lat]al ext5sors ( ! digit & also to ! sk9 cov]+ ! =e>m4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,no?+ def9ite is kn[n ab\t ! cause ( "s =ms ( radial p>alysis4 ,h[ev]1 radial p>alysis is enc\nt]$ foll[+ injury to ! n]ve occasion$ by its be+ /ret*$1 z 9 cases :]e ! triceps bra*ii is unduly ext5d$ 9 re/ra9+ subjects by means ( a ca/+ h>ness4 ,b]ns#aj /ates t 9 conf9+ horses on an old op]at+ table :]e x 0 necess>y to draw ! affect$ foot =w>d tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six in*es 9 advance ( its fell[1 :i* 0 secur$ 9 a natural v]tical position1 radial p>alysis ( a mild =m 0 ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,c\ntry practition]s1 9 re/ra9+ colts by ca/+ ) h>ness or ropes1 occasionally obs]ve a =m ( p>esis :]e9 ! radial n]ve suff]s suffici5t injury t !re is caus$ a tempor>y loss ( function ( ! triceps bra*ii4 ,su* cases recov] )9 ?ree or f\r days & are n a true p>alysis1 b nev]!less con/itute conditions :]e9 normal n]ve function is tempor>ily susp5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h--,radial p>alysis4 ,symptoms4--,imm$iately subsequ5t to injuries :i* involve ! radial n]ve1 !re is manife/$ m or less impairm5t ( function4 ,rememb]+ ! /ructures suppli$ by ! radial n]ve & its bran*es1 "o c readily und]/& t !re %\ld occur z ,cadiot#aa has /at$3 ,9 complete p>alysis1 ! jo9ts ( ! affect$ limb ) ! exception ( ! %\ld] are usually flex$ :5 ! horse is re/+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( loss ( p[] 9 ! triceps & ant]ior bra*ial muscles1 ! arm is ext5d$ & /raight5$ on ! %\ld]1 ! scapulohum]al angle is op51 & ! elb[ depress$4 ,! =e>m is flex$ on ! arm by ! contraction ( ! coracoradialis 7biceps bra*ii71 :ile ! metac>pus & phalanges are b5t by ! action ( ! po/]ior antibra*ial muscles4 ,! knee is c>ri$ 9 advance1 level )1 or 9 front (1 a v]tical l9e dropp$ f ! po9t ( ! %\ld]4 ,! ho( is usually re/$ on ! toe1 b :5 advanc$ beyond ! above m5tion$ v]tical l9e1 x may be plac$ flat on ! gr\nd1 ! jo9ts !n be+ less m>k$ly b5t4 ,:5 ! limb z a :ole is flex$1 x may be br\ght into normal position by ?ru/+ back ! knee ) suffici5t =ce to c\nt]act ! action ( ! flexor muscles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i--,m]illat's me?od ( fix+ c>pus 9 radial p>alysis4 ,c\rtesy1 ,alex4 ,eg]4 ,:5 made to walk1 ! animal be+ unable to ex]t muscul> action ) ! p>alyz$ /ructures1 limply c>ries ! memb] z a :ole1 & !re is %ort5+ ( ! ant]ior portion ( ! /ride4 ,!re be+ loss ( function ( ! triceps bra*ii1 x is impossible = ! subject to /raight5 ! leg 9 ! normal position = support+ weight2 !re=e1 any attempt to be> weight results 9 fur!r flexion ( ! affect$ memb] & ! animal w fall if ! body is n sudd5ly caught up ) ! s\nd leg4 ,diff]5tial ,diagnosis4--,9 mak+ exam9ation ( ^! cases1 "o c exclude fracture by abs5ce ( crepitation & usually1 also1 swell+ is abs5t 9 radial p>alysis4 ,9 a typical case ( radial p>alysis1 ! affect$ leg c su/a9 its normal %>e ( weight if plac$ 9 position1 t is1 if ! c>pal jo9t is ext5d$ 9 su* mann] t ! leg is position$ z 9 its normal weight-be>+ attitude4 ,9 bra*ial p>alysis1 :e!r due to fracture ( ! fir/ rib or to o!r s]i\s injury1 x is impossible = ! subject to support weight ) ! affect$ memb] ev5 :5 x is passively plac$ 9 position4 ,no difficulty is ord9>ily exp]i5c$ 9 diff]5tiat+ radial p>alysis f muscul> injuries to ! triceps2 yet1 9 "s cases ( dropp$ elb[1 x is necess>y to obs]ve ! progress ( ! case = t5 days or two weeks be=e "o c positively e/abli% a diagnosis4 ,quot+ ,m]illat#ab3 ,:51 aft] f\r weeks1 !re is no amelioration ( ! p>alysis1 ! muscles h atrophi$1 & ! pati5t has become emaciat$ f pa9 & discom=t1 ! diagnosis ( bra*ial p>alysis ) fracture ( ! fir/ rib may !n be ann\nc$4 ,prognosis4--,:5 no complete p>alysis ( ! bra*ial plexus or no fracture ( ! fir/ rib exi/s1 ! majority ( cases recov] completely 9 f t5 days to six weeks4 ,"s writ]s claim t recov]ies occur 9 n9ety p] c5t ( cases :5 conditions are favorable4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 incomplete radial p>alysis exi/s1 little ne$s be done except to all[ ! subject mod]ate ex]cise & to provide = its com=t4 ,local applications1 /imulative 9 "*1 are b5eficial1 & ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( /ry*n9 is indicat$4 ,9 ! cases :]e weight is n support$ )\t ! affect$ leg be+ passively plac$ 9 position1 x is necess>y to provide = ! subject's com=t 9 sev]al ways4 ,me*anical appliances su* z braces ( "s k9d 9 ord] to keep ! affect$ leg 9 a position ( c>pal ext5sion1 con/itute ! ess5tial "p ( treatm5t4 ,! leg is support$ 9 su* a mann] t flexion ( ! c>pus is impossible4 ,due reg>d is giv5 to prev5t *af+ or pressure necrosis by contact ( ! sk9 ) ! braces--?is may be done by b&ag+ ) cotton4 ,! supportive appliance is kept 9 position = t5 days or two weeks4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! brace may be remov$ & ! subject giv5 a *ance to walk1 & improvem5t1 if any exi/s1 w be evid5t4 ,:5 !re is manife/$ an amelioration ( ! condition1 mod]ate daily ex]cise & massage ( ! affect$ p>ts are helpful4 ,%\ld ! subject be s]i\sly inconv5i5c$ by ! application ( a brace or o!r supportive appliances1 x is necess>y to employ sl+s4 ,fur!r1 if weight is support$ entirely by ! unaffect$ memb]1 lam9itis may sup]v5e if a sl+ is n us$4 ,?rombosis ( ! ,bra*ial ,art]y4 ,?rombosis ( ! bra*ial art]y or ( its pr9cipal bran*es is ( v r>e occurr5ce 9 horses4 ,etiology4--,p>tial or complete ob/ruction ( art]ies 7bra*ial or o!rs7 occurs z ! result ( direct injury to ! vessel wall f compression & t5sion ( muscles & resultant art]itis2 lodg+ ( emboli2 & p>asitic invasion ( vessel walls caus+ int]nal art]itis4 ,symptomatology4--,if suffici5t collat]al circulation exi/s to supply ! p>ts ) blood1 no inconv5i5ce is manife/$ :ile ! subject is at re/4 ,:]e ! lum5 ( ! affect$ vessel is n completely occlud$1 !re may be no manife/ation ( lam5ess :5 ! ail+ animal is mod]ately ex]cis$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! degree ( lam5ess dep5ds ^u ! ext5t ( ! ob/ruction to circulation2 &1 likewise1 ! c\rse & prognosis dep5d ^u ! "* & ext5t ( su* ob/ruction4 ,9 sev]e cases1 lam5ess is m>k$ly increas$ by caus+ ! animal to travel at a fa/ pace = only a %ort di/ance4 ,!re are ev9c$ symptoms ( pa91 muscul> tremors & sudation1 b ! affect$ memb] rema9s dry & !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! normal areas & ! cool anemic p>ts4 ,:5 ! subject is all[$ to re/1 circulation is n tax$1 & !re is a return to ! orig9al & app>5tly normal condition1 only to recur aga9 ) ex]tion4 ,?is condition *>act]izes ?rombosis4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ^! cases1 little if any good directly results f any sort ( treatm5t 9 ! way ( m$ication4 ,absolute re/ is ?\ght to be helpful4 ,potassium iodid1 alkal9e ag5ts su* z ammonium c>bonate & potassium c>bonate1 h be5 adm9i/]$4 ,circulatory /imulants also h be5 giv51 b x is d\btful if any good has come f m$ication4 ,fracture ( ,hum]us4 ,! %aft ( ! hum]us1 protect$ z x is by heavy muscles1 is n frequ5tly fractur$2 & fractures ( its less protect$ p>ts1 z = example1 ! head1 are complicat$ 9 su* mann] t resultant ar?ritis soon con/itutes ! m s]i\s condition4 ,z a result ( falls on froz5 gr\nd1 kicks or any o!r =m ( heavy contusion1 ! hum]us is occasionally brok54 ,x is r>ely fractur$ o!rwise4 ,because ( ! =ce ( contusions usually requir$ to effect hum]al fracture1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! bone is brok51 ) respect to direction1 is v>iable4 ,(t5 oblique fractures exi/ & occasionally !re occurs multiple fracture4 ,9 addition to ! ord9>ily s]i\s nature ( ! fracture itself1 !re is always mu* injury done ! adjo9+ /ructures4 ,symptomatology4--,mix$ lam5ess & manife/ation ( sev]e pa9 *>act]ize ?is affection4 ,consid]able swell+ :i* increases1 9 "s cases = a week or m1 is to be obs]v$4 ,crepitation is readily detect$1 if pa9 & swell+ is n too great to prev5t passive movem5t ( ! memb]4 ,:]e int5se pa9 is n manife/$1 because ( manipulation1 "o may abduct ! extremity & !reby occasion di/9ct crepitation2 b :5 x is possible to recognize crepitation by hold+ ! h& 9 contact ) ! olecranon :ile ! animal is made to walk1 ?is me?od is to be pref]r$1 if ! subject c move )\t s]i\s difficulty4 ,! pa?ognomonic symptom "h is recognition ( crepitation1 b ?is may be v difficult to recognize 9 fracture ( condyles1 & 9 su* in/ances1 a c>eful exam9ation is necess>y4 ,g5tle manipulation 9 a mann] t pa9 is n aggravat$ w t5d to inspire confid5ce on ! "p ( ! subject & relaxation ( muscles w enable ! op]ator to detect crepitation4 ,c\rse & ,prognosis4--,because ( ! direction ( ! long axis ( ! hum]us1 ) relation to ! bony column ( ! extremity1 x is obvi\s t any lat]al movem5t ( ! leg t5ds to rotate ! %aft ( ?is bone4 ,9 fractures ( ! %aft ( ! hum]us1 !n1 x is app>5t t immobilization is v difficult if at all possible4 ,! proximity to ! axill>y lymph gl&s makes = easy dissem9ation ( infection :5 ! contus$ musculature becomes infect$4 ,! adjac5t bra*ial n]ve plexus is s v apt to become involv$1 if n actually injur$ at ! "t fracture occurs1 t p>alysis is a probable complication4 ,consequ5tly1 x is logical to reason t because ( ! _m possible s]i\s complications1 su* z %ock1 occasion$ by ! injury & ! di/ress & pa9 :i* ?is accid5t produces1 recov]y mu/ be ! exception 9 fracture ( ! hum]us4 ,h[ev]1 recov]ies d take place & 9 addition to ! report$ recov]ies by ,liaut>d1 ,moll]1 ,/ockfle?1 ,lafosse1 ,frohn] & o!rs1 we h in/ances cit$ by ,am]ican practition]s :]e cases result$ 9 recov]y4 ,?ompson#ac reports a good recov]y 9 a #afjj-p\nd m>e :]e !re exi/$ an oblique fracture ( ! hum]us4 ,?is m>e 0 kept 9 sl+s = eight weeks4 ,walt]s#ad reports complete recov]y 9 hum]al fracture 9 a foal ?ree days old4 ,! only treatm5t giv5 0 ! application ( a pit* pla/] f ! top ( ! scapula to ! radius4 ,! colt 0 kept 9 a com=table box /all & 9 ab\t f\r weeks rega9$ use ( ! leg4 ,complete recov]y ev5tually result$4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! au?or1 recov]y has n occurr$ 9 hum]al fractures4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 animals are n ag$ & ( suffici5t value to ju/ify treatm5t1 !y are be/ support$ 9 a sl+1 if halt] brok54 ,if subjects are n]v\s1 wild & unbrok51 x is possible to employ ! sl+1 if c>e is giv5 to tra9 ! animal to ?is mann] ( re/ra9t4 ,! pres5ce ( an att5dant = a day or two w reassure su* subjects s t ev5 9 ^! cases x may be practicable to employ ! sl+4 ,braces & o!r me*anical appliances int5d$ to immobilize ! p>ts are n ( practical b5efit 9 ! horse4 ,unlike ! dog1 ! horse z yet has n be5 successfully subject$ to tol]at+ rigid braces = ! %\ld] & hip4 ,ev]y?+ possible mu/ be done t w make = ! pati5t's com=t4 ,if ! subject turns out to be a good self nurse1 & ! nature ( ! fracture is su* t practical apposition ( ! brok5 ends ( bone may be ma9ta9$1 recov]y w occur 9 "s cases4 ,inflammation ( ! ,elb[4 7,ar?ritis47 ,affections ( ?is articulation o!r ?an ^? :i* are produc$ by traumatism are r>e4 ,?is jo9t has wide articul> surfaces1 & securely jo9$ z !y are by ! heavy m$ial & lat]al ligam5ts 7int]nal & ext]nal lat]al ligam5ts71 luxation is practically impossible4 ,:5 luxation does occur1 irrep>able injury is usually done4 ,ca/agne z quot$ by ,liaut>d#ae1 reports a case ( true luxation ( ! elb[ jo9t 9 a horse :]e r$uction 0 effect$ & complete recov]y took place at ! end ( tw5ty-five days4 ,?is is an unusual case4 ,! av]age practition] does n meet ) su* in/ances4 ,anatomy4--,! condyles ( ! hum]us articulate ) ! gl5oid cavities ( ! radius & a portion ( ! ulna4 ,two /rong collat]al ligam5ts pass f ! di/al end ( ! hum]us to ! head ( ! radius4 ,! capsul> ligam5t is a l>ge1 loose membrane :i* encloses ! articul> portion ( ! hum]us ) ! radius & ulna & also ! radi\ln> articulation4 ,x is atta*$ ant]iorly to ! t5don ( ! biceps bra*ii 7flexor bra*ii74 ,! capsule ext5ds d[nw>d b5ea? ! orig9 ( ^! digital flexors4 ,?is fact %\ld be rememb]$ 9 deal+ ) puncture w\nds 9 ! region1 le/ an error be made 9 e/imat+ _! ext5t & an op5 jo9t be ov]look$ at ! initial exam9ation4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,exclusive ( specific or meta/atic ar?ritis1 :i* is seldom obs]v$ except 9 "y animals1 inflammation ( ! elb[ jo9t is usually caus$ by injury4 ,?is articulation is n subject to pa?ologic *anges due to concussion or spra9s z occasion$ by ord9>y s]vice1 b is frequ5tly injur$ by contusion f falls1 bl[s f ! wagon-pole & kicks4 ,w\nds :i* affect ! elb[ jo9t1 !n1 may be ?\ght ( 9 mo/ cases1 z resultant f ext]nal viol5ce4 ,!y may be contus$ w\nds or p5etrant w\nds4 ,%>p %oe-calks af=d a means ( infliction ( p5etrant w\nds :i* may occasion op5 jo9t & infecti\s ar?ritis4 ,classification4--,a practical mann] ( classify+ inflammation ( ! elb[ is on an etiological basis4 ,elim9at+ ! =ms ( elb[ inflammation1 su* z are caus$ by meta/atic infection & o!r conditions :i* prop]ly belong to ! doma9 ( !ory ( practice1 we may consid] ?is affection "u ! classification ( contusive w\nds & p5etrative w\nds4 ,symptomatology4--,any injury :i* is ( suffici5t viol5ce to occasion inflammation ( ! elb[ causes m>k$ lam5ess & manife/ation ( pa94 ,! degree ( lam5ess & di/ress manife/$ by ! subject1 dep5ds ^u ! nature & ext5t ( ! involvem5t4 ,a contusion suff]$ z ! result ( a fall1 :i* occasions a circumscrib$ inflammation ( ! /ructures cov]+ ?is jo9t & :]e little inflammation ( ! articulat+ p>ts exi/s1 m>k$ evid5ce ( pa9 & lam5ess might be abs5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a true ar?ritis is incit$1 !re w be evid5t di/ress manife/$1 su* z hurri$ respiration1 accel]at$ pulse1 inappet5ce1 mix$ lam5ess1 local evid5ce ( inflammation & p>ticul>ly m>k$ sup]s5sitiv5ess ( ! affect$ p>ts4 ,consid]+ ^! two extremes ( manife/$ di/ress & injury1 "o may readily conclude t 9 ! frequ5tly se5 case1 :]e9 contusion has occasion$ a mod]ate degree ( injury1 prognosis is favorable & recov]y ord9>ily foll[s 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks' treatm5t4 ,9 cases ( ar?ritis due to p5etrative w\nds 7because ( ! important function ( ?is jo9t & its l>ge capsule1 :i* :5 inflam$ dis*>ges synovia 9 a mann] t closure ( su* an op5 jo9t is seldom possible7 a v grave condition results4 ,treatm5t4--,inflammation ( ! elb[1 su* z is frequ5tly se5 9 g5]al practice :]e horses are turn$ out toge!r & expos$ to kicks & o!r injuries1 yields to treatm5t readily1 if an op5 jo9t does n exi/4 ,hot packs support$ 9 contact ) ! elb[ & kept ar\nd ! inflam$ articulation = a few days1 mat]ially decrease pa9 & t5d to r$uce inflammation4 ,! subject mu/ be kept quiet 9 a com=table /all &1 if necess>y1 a sl+ us$4 ,:]e x is impossible = ! animal to support mu* weight ) ! injur$ memb] ! sl+ %\ld be employ$4 ,z inflammation abates1 :i* x does 9 ! c\rse ( f "o to ?ree weeks 9 uncomplicat$ cases1 ! subject may be all[$ ! fre$om ( a com=table box /all4 ,vesication ( ! p>ts is 9 ord]1 & ?is may be repeat$ 9 ! c\rse ( two weeks1 if x is deem$ necess>y4 ,p5etrative w\nds result+ 9 op5 jo9t are n treat$ ) success z a rule1 & because ( ! h&icap "u :i* vet]9>ians labor1 me?ods ( h&l+ su* cases1 :]e l>ge1 important articulations are affect$1 are n be+ rapidly improv$4 ,prognosis is usually unfavorable1 & = humane & economic reasons1 animals s affect$ %\ld be de/roy$4 ,ord9>y w\nds ( ! region ( ! elb[ are treat$ along g5]al l9es usually employ$4 ,!y m]it no special consid]ation1 except t x may be m5tion$ t ) su* injuries concomitant contusion ( ! p>ts occasions injury t does n recov] quickly4 ,fracture ( ! ,ulna4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,fractures ( ! ulna 9 ! horse are n common 9 spite ( ! expos$ position ( ! olecranon4 ,?is bone :5 brok51 is usually fractur$ by heavy bl[s & any =m ( uln> fracture is s]i\s because ( its function & position 9 relation to ! jo9t capsule4 ,transv]se fractures d n readily unite because ( ! t5sion ( ! triceps muscles1 :i* prev5t close approximation ( ! brok5 ends ( ! bone4 ,?ompson#af1 h[ev]1 reports a case ( transv]se simple fracture ( ! ulna 9 a m>e1 ! result ( a kick1 9 :i* complete recov]y took place4 ,he kept ! subject 9 a sl+ = six weeks & !n all[$ six mon?s re/4 ,symptomatology4--,! position assum$ by a horse suff]+ f a transv]se fracture ( ! ulna1 is simil> to t 9 radial p>alysis4 ,crepitation may be detect$ by manipulat+ ! p>ts1 & 9 "s in/ances ( fracture ( ! olecranon1 !re occurs m>k$ displacem5t ( ! brok5 portions ( ! bone4 ,lam5ess is int5se & ! p>ts are swoll5 & sup]s5sitive4 ,! capsul> ligam5t ( ! elb[ jo9t is usually involv$ 9 ! injury because fracture ( ! ulna may directly ext5d )9 ! capsul> ligam5t4 ,9 su* cases1 !re is synovitis1 & lat] ar?ritis causes a fatal t]m9ation4 ,treatm5t4--,! impossibility ( apply+ a b&age 9 any way to practically immobilize ^! p>ts 9 fracture ( ! ulna1 prev5ts our employ+ b&ages & spl9ts4 ,!re=e1 "o c d little else ?an to put ! pati5t 9 a sl+ & try to keep x quiet & z ne>ly com=table z circum/ances all[4 ,fracture ( ! ,radius4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,f heavy bl[s receiv$ su* z kicks1 collision ) trees or 9 falls 9 runaway accid5ts1 ! radius is occasionally fractur$4 ,9 v "y foals1 fracture ( ! radius1 z well z ( ! tibia & o!r bones1 results f _! be+ trampl$ ^u by ! "m4 ,symptomatology4--,except+ 9 "s cases ( radial fracture ( foals :]e consid]able swell+ has tak5 place1 !re is no difficulty 9 readily recogniz+ ?is condition4 ,! heavy bra*ial fascia mat]ially contributes to ! support ( ! radius1 & 9 cases :]e swell+ is m>k$1 crepitation may n be readily detect$4 ,9 fact1 a sub-p]io/eal fracture may exi/ = sev]al days or a week or m & !n1 ) subsequ5t fracture ( ! p]io/eum1 crepitation & abnormal mobility ( ! memb] are to be recogniz$4 ,9 su* cases1 ! subject w be> "s weight ^u ! affect$ memb]1 b ?is causes mu* di/ress4 ,9 "o in/ance ! au?or obs]v$ a transv]se fracture ( ! l[] ?ird ( ! radius :i* 0 n positively diagnos$ until ab\t t5 days aft] injury 0 inflict$4 ,9 ?is case1 )\t d\bt1 ! subject orig9ally suff]$ a sub-p]io/eal fracture ( ! bone & because ! animal 0 a good self nurse1 ! bra*ial fascia support$ ! radius until ! p]io/eum gave way & ! leg dangl$4 ,9 ?is in/ance infection took place & suppuration result$4 ,x 0 deem$ advisable to de/roy ?is animal4 ,prognosis4--,9 adult animals1 radial fracture con/itutes a grave condition2 g5]ally speak+1 prognosis1 9 su* cases1 is unfavorable4 ,because ( ! lev]age af=d$ by ! extremity1 immobilization ( ! radius is difficult4 ,any sort ( me*anical appliance1 :i* w immobilize ^! p>ts1 is likely to produce pressure-necrosis ( ! s(t /ructures s contact$4 ,!re is occasion$ !reby mu* pa9 & ! subject becomes re/ive1 unmanageable & sometimes ! spl9ts are completely d]ang$ because ( ! animal's /ruggles1 & mu* additional injury to ! leg is done4 ,occasionally1 an o!rwise favorable case is ?us r5d]$ hopelessly impossible to h&le1 & ! subject mu/ be de/roy$ sev]al days aft] treatm5t has be5 in/itut$4 ,consequ5tly1 unless all conditions are good1 & ! affect$ animal a favorable subject1 "y1 ( good disposition1 & ! fracture a simple transv]se "o1 complete recov]y is n likely to result f any practical means ( h&l+4 ,treatm5t4--,mature subjects ought to be put 9 sl+s & kept s re/ra9$ ?r\gh\t ! entire "t ( treatm5t4 ,immobilization ( ! brok5 p>ts ( ! bone is ! object s\ght4 ,?is is attempt$ by practition]s :o employ v>i\s me?ods1 & ea* me?od has its advocates4 ,ca/s are us$ by "s & s]ve v well 9 _m cases2 b because ( _! bulk & unyield+ & rigid nature1 !y are n well adapt$ to use on fractures ( bones proximal to ! c>pus & t>sus4 ,?is is 9 ref]5ce to pla/]-(-p>is ca/s or ^? ( any simil> mat]ial4 ,appliances :i* dep5d on glue or o!r adhesive sub/ances comb9$ ) lea!r1 wood or fib] = _! support1 are efficaci\s b n com=table4 ,! use ( heavy lea!r :5 ! memb] has be5 suitably padd$ ) cotton & b&ages1 con/itutes a v good mann] ( r$uc+ fracture ( ! radius or ( ! tibia4 ,lea!r :5 cut to fit bo? ! m$ial & lat]al sides ( a leg1 & firmly held ) b&ages1 w =m a firm support t yields slightly to *anges ( position1 ?us mak+ = com=t ( ! subject4 ,su* a spl9t or support %\ld ext5d f ! fetlock region to ! elb[1 b ! cotton & b&ages are to rea* to ! foot4 ,:5 "o consid]s t1 ) ! supportive appliance plac$ on ea* side ( ! affect$ memb]1 rigidity is accompli%$ z mu* f t5sile /ra9 put ^u ! lea!r z f its own /iffness1 x is se5 t ! lea!r ne$ n be ( ! heavie/--sole lea!r is unnecess>y4 ,because ( ! m com=table immobiliz+ appliance1 ! subject is less re/ive1 & *ances = a successful outcome are mat]ially increas$ !reby4 ,9 ! mature subject1 six or eight weeks' "t is requir$ = union ( ! p>ts to occur suffici5tly s t spl9ts may be disp5s$ )4 ,re>rangem5t ( ! supportive app>atus1 h[ev]1 is possible & usually necess>y dur+ ! fir/ few weeks ( treatm5t4 ,by employ+ c>e 9 h&l+ ! p>ts1 ! subject w be unlikely to d itself injury at ! "t readju/m5t ( spl9ts is be+ effect$4 ,9 foals1 x is be/ to give !m ! run ( a box /all ) ! "m4 ,be+ agile1 !y get up & lie at w )\t do+ injury to ! fractur$ memb]4 ,! spl9ts 7lea!r is pref]able 9 ^! cases also7 are look$ aft] & readju/$ z necessity dem&s4 ,?ree or f\r weeks "t is all t is requir$ = ! av]age "y colt to be kept 9 spl9ts :5 suff]+ f simple transv]se fracture ( ! radius4 ,comp\nd fractures are necess>ily m difficult to treat ?an are ! simple v>iety1 b ev5 9 su* cases recov]y results sometimes1 & ! practition] is ju/ifi$ 9 attempt+ treatm5t aft] hav+ expla9$ ! situation to 8 cli5t4 ,oblique fractures1 ev5 :5 simple1 d n completely recov]4 ,muscul> & t5d9\s contraction1 toge!r ) ! natural t5d5cy = ! bevel$ contact+ p>ts ( ! brok5 bone to pass "o ano!r 9 oblique fracture1 results 9 %ort5+ ( ! leg &1 if union results1 a l>ge callus usually =ms4 ,:]e %ort5+ ( bones occur1 necess>ily1 p]man5t lam5ess foll[s4 ,w\nds ( ! ,ant]ior ,bra*ial ,region4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,contusions & lac]ations ( ! =e>m are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 horses & are tr\blesome cases to h&le2 p>ticul>ly is ?is noticeable :]e ext5sive lac]ation ( ! p>ts occurs4 ,^! injuries are caus$ by animals be+ kick$2 by /rik+ ! =e>m aga9/ b>s 9 jump+2 & 9 sections ( ! c\ntry :]e b>b$ wire is us$ to enclose pa/ures1 ext5sive lac]at$ w\nds are met ) :5 horses jump into su* f5ces4 ,symptomatology4--,any w\nd :i* causes inflammation ( ! /ructures ( ! ant]ior half ( ! =e>m1 is *>act]iz$ by sw++-leg-lam5ess4 ,dep5d+ ^u ! nature & ext5t ( ! injury1 manife/ation v>ies4 ,9 cases :]e lac]ation has practically divid$ all ( ! sub/ance ( ! ext5sor t5dons1 x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible = ! subject to advance ! leg2 b :]e lac]at$ w\nds involve only a "p ( ! ext5sor app>atus ( ! =eleg1 n s mu* inconv5i5ce is evid5t1 unless ! w\nd is s]i\sly infect$ & inflammation involves contigu\s /ructures4 ,!re=e1 9 _m in/ances1 lam5ess is m pron\nc$ 9 contusions ( ! ant]ior bra*ial region ?an :]e tissues h be5 divid$ m or less ke5ly4 ,9 e in/ance diagnosis is easily e/abli%$4 ,! injury is q evid5t1 & ! mann] ( locomotion is n 9 itself an ess5tial feature to be consid]$ 9 a discussion ( symptoms4 ,:]e a contusion ( ! ant]ior bra*ial /ructures occurs1 !re is1 9 addition to lam5ess1 swell+ :i* is pa9ful because ( ! pressure occasion$ by ! heavy non-yield+ bra*ial fascia4 ,& :]e suppuration occurs1 !re is !n an int5sely pa9ful condition :i* is n reliev$ until pus has be5 evacuat$4 ,r frequ5tly1 dra9age = w\nd secretions is a difficult problem1 & approximation ( ! divid$ ends ( muscles is always difficult to ma9ta94 ,treatm5t4--,contus$ w\nds ( ! ant]ior bra*ial region are treat$ along usual l9es2 t is1 attempt is made to /imulate prompt resolution4 ,hot or cold applications are employ$ ?r\gh\t ! acute /age ( ! affection4 ,complete re/ is provid$ = until all pa9 has subsid$4 ,lat]1 /imulat+ l9im5ts are b5eficial4 ,:]e no injury is done ! p]io/eum or bone1 complete resorption ( all products ( inflammation usually occurs1 ?\gh 9 _m in/ances1 ?is is t>dy--six weeks or m are sometimes requir$ = recov]y to take place4 ,if suppuration occurs1 x is necess>y to provide = dra9age z soon z x is possible to di/+ui% ! pres5ce ( pus4 ,due reg>d is giv5 ! mann] ( e/abli%+ dra9age because ( ! usual exi/5ce ( sub-fascial fi/ulae4 ,9 ^! cases1 "o avoids inject+ solutions ( aque\s antiseptics4 ,by g5tly compress+ ! p>ts1 pus is caus$ to dra9 out & 9 en=c+ a mod]ate am\nt ( ex]cise at a walk1 :5 lam5ess is n int5se1 dra9age is ma9ta9$4 ,cotton packs1 moi/5$ ) hot antiseptic solutions1 & kept ar\nd ! =e>m = sev]al h\rs daily1 are helpful because dra9age is facilitat$1 & resolution is /imulat$ by ! increase ( blood ?us attract$ to ! p>ts1 & pa9 mat]ially dim9i%es4 ,9 lac]at$ w\nds ( ! ant]ior bra*ial region1 aft] hav+ controll$ hemorrhage1 an area ar\nd ! w\nd m>g9 is fre$ ( hair by clipp+ or %av+4 ,! w\nd is c>efully exam9$1 & ! be/ site = dra9age is select$ & a suitable op5+ = w\nd dis*>ge is provid$ =4 ,:]e ! ext5sor c>piradialis 7metac>pi magnus7 ) o!r /ructures1 is divid$ & ! di/al portion is torn d[nw>d1 z frequ5tly is ! case 9 b>b$ wire cuts1 x is necess>y to make c>eful provision = dra9age4 ,! w\nd is ?or\ghly cleans$ by means ( ablutions if necess>y2 b pref]ably by swabb+ ) pl$gets ( cotton or gauze :i* are moi/5$ 9 antiseptic solutions4 ,all %r$s ( mac]at$ tissue are clipp$ ) scissors & f9ally ! :ole w\nd surface is pa9t$ ) t9cture ( iod94 ,if dra9age is made by cutt+ ?r\gh ! tissues 9 ! m$ian portion ( ! /ructures t h be5 displac$1 ! op5+ %\ld be pack$ ) gauze s t x may rema9 pat5t aft] swell+ has occurr$4 ,su* pack+ is left 9 situ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! p5dant muscul> portions ( tissues are sutur$ up by means ( tapes &1 :ile p]fect apposition is n ord9>ily possible1 x is v ess5tial to tra9 ! p5dant tissues 9 _! normal position ev5 if !y require resutur+ )9 a week4 ,?is m9imizes granulation ( tissue1 & !re results less sc> if ! deta*$ portions are kept ne>1 ev5 if n 9 contact ) ! proximal w\nd m>g9s4 ,! sk9 toge!r ) subcutane\s fascia is sutur$ on ei!r side unless dra9age is to be provid$ = on "o side1 & ! l[]mo/ "p ( t side is left unsutur$4 ,aft]-c>e4--,:]e ext5sive sutur+ ( tissues has be5 necess>y1 subjects mu/ be kept quiet4 ,!y are be/ conf9$ 9 box /alls & n tak5 out = sev]al weeks4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true :]e transv]se division ( ext5sors has tak5 place4 ,sutures are remov$ at ! end ( f t5 days to ?ree weeks z cases p]mit4 ,dra9age ( w\nd secretions1 :i* usually become infect$1 is necess>y1 because ) ob/ruct$ dra9age 9 an infect$ w\nd ( ?is k9d1 !re w result an e>ly de/ruction ( tissue at "s po9t sutur$4 ,daily irrigation done 9 a mann] t practical asepsis is c>ri$ out1 is necess>y = ab\t a week4 ,all irrigation is done by way ( ! dra9age op5+1 & ?is ) w>m aque\s solutions ( suitable antiseptics4 ,aft] a week or t5 days' "t1 ! w\nd %\ld n be dress$ m frequ5tly ?an twice weekly4 ,if x is necess>y to leave a portion ( ! w\nd uncov]$1 z 9 cases :]e sk9 is de/roy$1 ! frequ5t 7?ree or f\r daily7 application ( a suitable antiseptic p[d] is necess>y to *eck exub]ant granulation4 ,?is may be directly effect$ by ! use ( an a/r+5t or desiccant prep>ation1 & su* dress+ s]ves z a me*anical protection z well4 ,:5 su* w\nds are kept clean1 :]e dra9age is prop]ly ma9ta9$1 & ! subject kept quiet1 no p>ticul> att5tion o!r ?an ! local application ( an a/r+5t lotion 7su* z ! z9c & lead lotion7 is necess>y aft] ! fir/ ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,usually1 if ! animal gnaws at ! p>ts or o!rwise manife/s evid5ce ( discom=t1 x is an indication t new areas ( infection are be+ e/abli%$ because ( ob/ruct$ dra9age or reta9$ es*>s4 ,a ?or\gh cleans+ ( ! w\nd ) a two p] c5t solution ( ,liquor ,cresolis ,compositus & ?is foll[$ by moi/5+ e "p ( ! w\nd ) t9cture ( iod91 w *eck all su* di/urbance if done promptly4 ,:]e practically all ( ! ant]ior surface ( ! radius has be5 d5ud$1 recov]y is t>dy & !re is 9 "s cases imp]fect ext5sion ( ! leg = mon?s aft] ! w\nd has heal$4 ,b 9 su* in/ances1 animals gradually rega9 complete use ( ! affect$ memb] & 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> function is fully re/or$4 ,inflammation & ,contraction ( ! ,c>pal ,flexors4 ,anatomy4--,! /ructures :i* are usually consid]$ z true flexors ( ! c>pus are a gr\p ( ?ree muscles1 :i* h sep>ate heads ( orig9 & diff]5t po9ts ( t5d9\s ins]tion4 ,! flexor c>piradialis 7flexor metac>pi int]nus7 orig9ates f ! m$ial epicondyle ( ! hum]us4 ,x is ins]t$ to ! proximal end ( ! m$ial metac>pal 7inn] metac>pal or spl9t7 bone4 ,?is muscle is ! small] ( ! ?ree & is n usually divid$ 9 do+ c>pal t5otomy4 ,! flexor c>piuln>is 7flexor metac>pi m$ius7 has two heads ( orig92 "o1 ! l>g]1 orig9ates f ! epicondyle ( ! hum]us & ! o!r f ! po/]ior surface ( ! olecranon4 ,! two heads unite at ! upp] ?ird ( ! radius & ! muscle1 becom+ t5d9\s1 z is ! case ) ! o!r c>pal flexors1 is atta*$ by "o po9t ( ins]tion to ! accessory c>pal bone 7trapezum74 ,! o!r bl5ds ) ! po/]ior annul> ligam5t ( ! c>pus4 ,! uln>is lat]alis 7flexor metac>pi ext]nus7 has its orig9 f ! lat]al epicondyle ( ! hum]us & ins]ts to ! proximal extremity ( ! f\r? metac>pal 7out] spl9t7 bone & by ano!r atta*m5t to ! accessory c>pal bone 7trapezium7 ) ! t5don ( ! flexor c>piuln>is 7flexor metac>pi m$ius74 ,act+ toge!r1 ^! muscles flex ! c>pus or ext5d ! elb[ & ?is action is antagoniz$ by ! biceps bra*ii 7flexor bra*ii7 & ext5sors ( ! c>pus & phalanges4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,inflammation ( ! muscul> or t5d9\s p>ts ( ! c>pal flexors1 does n occur z frequ5tly z does inflammation ( ! flexors ( ! extremity4 ,!y are subject to injury su* z is occasion$ by h>d "w & concussion & contract z a result2 b1 m frequ5tly a cong5ital mal=mation ( ! leg is responsible = undue /ra9 ^u ^! p>ts4 ,horses t are knee sprung or t h a cong5ital condition :]e 9 ! ant]ior l9e1 z =m$ by ! radius1 c>pal & metac>pal bones1 is b5t =w>d at ! c>pus1 are subject to inflammation & contraction ( ! c>pal flexors4 ,:5 ^! flexors are contract$1 ! condition is commonly kn[n among horsem5 z buck knee4 ,9 itself1 inflammation ( ! c>pal flexors is n a condition :i* is likely to prove tr\blesome1 b because ( c>pal involvem5t 7:i* is (t5 pres5t7 ! cause ( ! tr\ble rema9s1 & inflammation ( ! c>pal flexors recurs or becomes *ronic & contraction ( t5dons results4 ,symptomatology4--,inflammation ( ! c>pal flexors1 :5 acute & uncomplicat$1 is *>act]iz$ by a pa9fully swoll5 condition ( ! affect$ t5dons4 ,no weight is borne ^u ! affect$ leg & ! c>pal jo9t is flex$4 ,mix$ lam5ess is pres5t4 ,!re is no difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 arriv+ at a diagnosis because ( ! v noticeably inflam$ p>ts4 ,_m fully develop$ cases ( contraction ( ! t5dons ( ! c>pal flexors are obs]v$ :]e ! condition has become e/abli%$ gradually & no lam5ess has result$ f t5d9itis or c>pitis4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases1 subjects are /umbl]s & :5 !y are c>elessly h&l$ or kept at fa/ "w ov] irregul> or h>d roads1 *ronic c>pitis ) hyp]plasia ( ! /ructures ( ! ant]ior c>pal region results1 ow+ to frequ5t bruis+ f falls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj--;,contraction ( c>pal flexors1 knee sprung4 ,:]e inflammation is caus$ by a puncture w\nd & subfascial infection occurs1 !re is evid5t manife/ation ( pa94 ,no weight is support$ by ! affect$ memb] & because ( ! pressure1 occasion$ by ! swoll5 muscles conf9$ )9 ! non-yield+ bra*ial fascia1 !re exi/s m>k$ sup]s5sitiv5ess ( ! affect$ p>ts4 ,flexion ( ! elb[ is avoid$ because contraction ( ! biceps bra*ii 7flexor bra*ii7 or ! ext5sors1 :i* are antagoni/s ( ! flexors ( ! c>pus1 t5ses ! c>pal flexors & pa9 is !reby increas$4 ,h[ev]1 9 mo/ in/ances1 ! practition]'s att5tion is n direct$ to typical & uncomplicat$ cases1 b to subacute or *ronic inflammations :i* are (t5 att5d$ ) contraction ( ! t5d9\s p>ts ( ! c>pal flexors1 & 9 su* cases c>pitis is pres5t4 ,animals s affect$ h lo/ ! rigidity :i* *>act]izes ! normal c>pal jo9t :5 ! leg is a weight be>+ memb]1 & because ( its sprung condition1 ! leg trembles :5 support+ weight4 ,treatm5t4--,acute inflammation is treat$ by means ( local application ( cold or hot packs until ! pa9 & acute /age ( inflammation has subsid$ & lat] /imulat+ l9im5ts are indicat$4 ,absolute quiet mu/ be en=c$4 ,especially :]e ! c>pus is involv$ mu/ ! subject be kept quiet until all evid5ce ( inflammation has subsid$4 ,! application ( vesicants or l9e-fir+ is b5eficial 9 subacute inflammation ( ! t5dons ( ! c>pal flexors4 ,:]e contraction ( t5dons exi/s & no osse\s or ligam5t\s *ange prev5ts correction ( ! condition1 t5otomy is necess>y4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ,m]illat's ,vet]9>y ,surg]y#ag = a good description ( ! te*nic ( ?is op]ation4 ,9 all s]i\s cases ( inflammation ( ! c>pal flexors1 :e!r t5otomy has be5 p]=m$ or n1 ! subject ne$s a long p]iod ( re/ subsequ5t to treatm5t4 ,9 fact1 ?ree or f\r mon?s at pa/ure is necess>y to p]mit ( recov]y & ?is :]e no cong5ital de=mity has pr$ispos$ ! subject to su* affection ( ! flexors4 ,return to "w mu/ be gradual & ! "* ( ! "w su* z to enable ! animal to become inur$ to s]vice )\t a recurr5ce ( ! tr\ble if possible4 ,x foll[s !n1 t t5otomy1 "h z 9 o!r cases1 is n practical f an economic viewpo9t1 unless ! animal be ( suffici5t value to ju/ify ! long p]iod ( re/ = recov]y4 ,t5otomy is n ( practical b5efit unless ample "t is all[$ = reg5]ation ( divid$ t5d9\s tissue4 ,fracture & ,luxation ( ! ,c>pal ,bones4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,fracture ( ! c>pal bones is ( infrequ5t occurr5ce 9 horses &1 :5 x does occur1 x is usually due to injuries1 & because ( _! nature 7result+ z !y g5]ally d f heavy falls or 9 be+ run ov] by /reet c>s or wagons71 a comm9ut$ fracture ( "o or m bones exi/s4 ,! accessory c>pal bone 7trapezium7 is said to be fractur$ at times )\t be+ subject$ to bl[s or l injuries1 b ?is is exceptional4 ,luxations ( ! c>pal jo9t are ( r>e occurr5ce1 & v few cases ( ?is k9d are on record4 ,walt]s#ah reports a case ( c>pometac>pal luxation 9 a pony :]e9 r$uction 0 spontane\s & an unev5tful recov]y foll[$4 ,8 reason = report+ ! case1 z he /ates1 is its r>ity4 ,symptomatology4--,fractures ( ! c>pal bones z !y usually take place are diagnos$ )\t difficulty4 ,because ( _! usually be+ comm9ut$1 abnormal movem5t ( ! jo9t is possible4 ,su* movem5t is n re/rict$ & flexion ( ! leg at ! c>pus 9 any direction is possible4 ,crepitation is readily detect$ & frequ5tly ^! fractures are ( ! comp\nd-comm9ut$ v>iety4 ,9 fracture ( ! accessory c>pal bone 7trapezium7 or 9 fracture ( any o!r s+le bone :5 su* exi/s1 !re is no increase 9 ! movem5t ( ! jo9t4 ,! accessory c>pal bone may be readily manipulat$ & :5 fractur$1 its p>ts are m or less displac$4 ,recognition ( fracture ( any o!r s+le c>pal bone mu/ be done by detect+ crepitation unless x be a comp\nd fracture1 :]eupon prob+ is ( aid 9 e/abli%+ a diagnosis4 ,c>pal luxation :5 pres5t is to be recogniz$ by f9d+ ! appos+ c>pal bones jo9$ 9 an abnormal mann]--t is1 out ( position4 ,!re is re/rict$ or susp5d$ function ( ! jo9t1 & 9 ! cases record$1 no difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ a diagnosis4 ,! c>pometac>pal portion ( ! articulation is ! "p :i* is usually affect$4 ,prognosis & ,treatm5t4--,!re is no *ance = complete recov]y 9 ! usual case ( c>pal fracture because ( ! fact t !re results suffici5t ar?ritis to de/roy articul> c>tilage beyond repair4 ,9 ! av]age in/ance1 because ( ar?ritis :i* p]si/s = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 m or less ankylosis results4 ,at be/1 "o c only hope = p>tial recov]y1 t is to say1 ! memb] may rega9 its usefulness z a weight-support+ "p1 b because ( re/rict$ or aboli%$ jo9t function1 locomotion is m or less difficult4 ,exo/oses1 articul> & p]i>ticul>1 occur & ! c>pus usually becomes a l>ge immobile articulation4 ,!re is dang] ( infection result+ 9 simple c>pal fractures &1 ne$less to say1 9 a comp\nd-comm9ut$ fracture ( ! c>pus1 infection usually occurs & a fatal outcome is probable4 ,:5 treatm5t is in/itut$1 antiseptic precautions are tak5 9 h&l+ ! comp\nd fractures1 & 9 any case immobilization ( ! p>ts is s\ght4 ,"h1 z has be5 previ\sly po9t$ out1 x is be/ to employ lea!r spl9ts1 s t a maximum degree ( rigidity ) a m9imum ( di/ress & inconv5i5ce to ! pati5t w result4 ,! leg mu/ be b&ag$ f ! ho( upw>d1 mak+ use ( a suffici5t am\nt ( cotton to ensure aga9/ pressure-necrosis4 ,! lea!r spl9ts are plac$ mesially & lat]ally &1 ( c\rse1 ne$ to ext5d z high z ! proximal end ( ! radius4 ,subjects mu/ be kept 9 sl+s until union ( bones has become e/abli%$1 & z a rule !re w !n exi/ m>k$ ankylosis4 ,!re is no p>ticul> diff]5ce 9 ! h&l+ ( c>pal luxation & dislocation ( o!r bones4 ,:]e ligam5ts h n be5 de/roy$ to ! ext5t t r$uction is ( no practical use1 ! p>ts are kept immobiliz$1 if ?\ght necess>y4 ,lat]1 vesication ( ! :ole p]ic>pal region is done & ! subject all[$ ex]cise at w4 ,c>pitis4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,inflammation ( ! c>pus is caus$ by contusions1 su* z are occasion$ 9 fall+1 by kicks by /rik+ ! c>pus aga9/ objects 9 jump+ & sometimes by /rik+ x aga9/ ! mang] 9 paw+4 ,! condition is ( r frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,symptomatology4--,evid5t symptoms ( inflammation 9 c>pitis are always pres5t--hyp]!rmia1 sup]s5sitiv5ess & swell+4 ,also1 !re exi/s lam5ess :i* is *>act]iz$ by an app>5t inability to flex ! leg1 & !re is circumduction ( ! leg z x is advanc$ because 9 ?is way little if any flexion ( ! c>pus 7:i* increases pa97 is necess>y4 ,dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! cause1 !re occurs a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! "* & am\nt ( swell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa--,p]ic>pal inflammation & enl>gem5t due to injury4 ,naturally1 :5 mu* extravasation ( s]um & blood takes place1 !re is occasion$ a fluctuat+ swell+ :i* is usually less pa9ful to ! subject ^u manipulation ?an is a d5se inflammatory *ange )\t m>k$ extravasation4 ,9 acute c>pitis1 !re is pres5t1 !n1 a v pa9ful condition :i* involves ! articulation1 caus+ m>k$ lam5ess1 di/urbance ( appetite & "s elevation ( temp]ature4 ,*ronic cases d n occasion s]i\s pa9 or con/itutional di/urbances1 b d int]f]e ) locomotion 9 direct proportion to ! exi/+ articul> inflammation & p]i>ticul> hyp]trophy ( ligam5t\s & t5d9\s /ructures4 ,treatm5t4--,if possible1 keep ! subject absolutely quiet1 employ+ ! sl+ if necess>y4 ,dur+ ! fir/ /ages ( inflammation1 ! application ( ice packs to ! affect$ p>ts1 is ( m>k$ b5efit4 ,at ! end ( =ty-eight h\rs1 hot applications may be us$ & ?is treatm5t cont9u$ ?r\gh\t sev]al days4 ,anodyne l9im5ts are ( s]vice & %\ld be employ$ ?r\gh\t ! acute /age ( inflammation dur+ int]vals betwe5 ! hydro!rapeutic treatm5ts4 ,z inflammation subsides1 a c\nt]irritat+ application su* z a suitable l9im5t & lat] bli/]+ or l9e-fir+ is helpful 9 /imulat+ resolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab--;,hygromat\s condition ( ! "r c>pus1 also di/5sion ( %ea?s ( ext5sor t5dons ( bo? =e legs4 ,op5 ,c>pal ,jo9t4 ,anatomy4--,! c>pal bones z !y articulate ) "o ano!r & ) ! radius & metac>pal bones1 z class$ by anatomi/s1 =m ?ree di/9ct articul> p>ts ( ! jo9t z a :ole & are kn[n z radioc>pal1 int]c>pal & c>pometac>pal4 ,^! ?ree pairs ( articulat+ surfaces are all enclos$ )9 "o capsul> ligam5t4 ,on ! ant]ior face ( ! bones1 ! capsul> ligam5t is atta*$ to ! c>pal bones 9 su* mann] t an imp]fect p>tition+ ( ! ?ree jo9t comp>tm5ts is =m$4 ,po/]iorly1 ! capsule is v heavy & =ms a sort ( padd+ ov] ! irregul> surfaces ( ! bones1 & also its reflexions con/itute ! %ea?s ( ! flexor t5dons4 ,! ant]ior portion ( ! capsul> ligam5t =ms %ea?s = ! ext5sor t5dons1 & bo? portions ( ! jo9t h an atta*m5t ar\nd ! di/al end ( ! radius & ano!r at ! proximal end ( ! metac>pal bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac--;,c>pal exo/osis 9 ag$ horse4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,puncture w\nds ( any k9d may s]ve to p]=ate ! jo9t capsule & su* traumatisms are occasion$ by falls1 kicks & 9 v>i\s ways 9 runaway accid5ts1 & op5 c>pal jo9t may foll[4 ,symptomatology4--,! pa?ognomonic symptoms ( ! exi/5ce ( an op5 jo9t is ! exposure to view ( articul> surfaces ( bones or not+ ! escape ( synovia f ! jo9t capsule4 ,z has be5 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 !re always exi/s a peculi> susp5sion ( c>pal flexion 9 all cases ( c>pitis4 ,non-infective w\nds :i* may cause op5 jo9t are n necess>ily productive ( an active c>pitis--a synovitis may be ! ext5t ( ! di/urbance4 ,unlike synovitis1 :i* may *>act]ize a non-infecti\s p5etrative w\nd ( ! capsul> ligam5t1 septic ar?ritis :i* may sup]v5e is a v pa9ful inflammatory di/urbance4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by all ( ! symptoms :i* att5d ! case ( op5 jo9t & synovitis plus ! obvi\s manife/ation ( great pa94 ,!re is an elevation ( temp]ature ( f two to five degrees above normal2 circulation is accel]at$2 ! pulse is b\nd+2 respiration is hurri$2 !re is an expression ( pa9 z indicat$ by ! physiognomy2 & because ( rapid erosive *anges ( c>tilages :i* take place1 !re is soon s mu* ( ! articulation de/roy$ t dea? is inevitable4 ,dea? is usually due to g5]alization ( ! ar?ritic infection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad--;,exo/osis ( c>pus resultant f c>pitis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae--;,di/al end ( radius4 ,illu/rat+ ! effects ( *ronic c>pitis4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 if ! "* ( ! infecti\s mat]ial is n s virul5t1 ! disease w take on a sl[] c\rse & ! subject may exp]i5ce lam9itis f support+ weight ^u ! s\nd memb]1 or because ( cont9u$ recumb5cy1 decubital gangr5e & emaciation sometimes cause dea?4 ,if ! subject does n soon succumb1 x is compell$ to und]go days or ev5 weeks ( unnecess>y suff]+1 & too (t5 9 su* cases1 x is lat] deem$ advisable to de/roy ! animal because ( ! co/ ( cont9u+ treatm5t until ! horse is s]viceable4 ,!re=e1 x is evid5t t :5 su* jo9ts z ! c>pus or t>sus are op5 & infection exi/s1 if !y are n promptly treat$ & ! infecti\s process *eck$1 x is nei!r humane nor practical to prolong treatm5t4 ,di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 ! diff]5t jo9ts :5 infect$ z ! condition is mu* m s]i\s 9 "s cases ?an 9 o!rs4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 p]haps op5 jo9ts rank1 ) respect to be+ s]i\s cases z foll[s3 elb[1 navicul>1 /ifle1 t>sus1 c>pus1 fetlock & pa/]n4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is re/rict$ to articulations ( ! locomotory app>atus4 ,treatm5t4--,prelim9>y c>e 9 ! treatm5t ( an op5 c>pal jo9t1 is ! same z has be5 describ$ 9 ?is condition z x affects ! scapulohum]al articulation describ$ on page #fe4 ,likewise ! fur!r treatm5t ( su* cases is along ! same l9es except t :]e x is possible1 ! p>ts are kept cov]$ ) cotton & b&ages4 ,h[ev]1 9 "s cases1 animals h be5 successfully treat$ )\t b&ag+ & by keep+ ! pati5t 9 a /&+ position & on pill> re9s until recov]y result$4 ,su* cases 7 ( ! non-infecti\s type & recov]y 0 possible )9 ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,fur!r1 ! condition is n suffici5tly pa9ful 9 su* in/ances z to prev5t ! subjects be>+ weight ) ! affect$ memb]2 h5ce1 no dang] ( result+ lam9itis is incurr$4 ,& f9ally1 :]e b&ages are n employ$1 ! frequ5t use ( antiseptic du/+ p[d]s is sub/itut$ = cotton z a protector4 ,:5 b&ag$1 su* w\nds ne$ dress+ m or less frequ5tly1 z individual in/ances dem&4 ,! purul5t infective inflammation ( a c>pal jo9t w require daily dress+2 :]eas1 9 o!r cases 7non-infective71 semi-weekly *ange ( b&ages is suffici5t4 ,equal p>ts ( boric acid & exsiccat$ alum con/itute a suitable comb9ation = ! treatm5t ( ^! cases1 & ?is p[d] %\ld be lib]ally employ$4 ,t9cture ( iod9 may be inject$ into ! jo9t capsule :]e !re is provision = its ready evacuation1 z conditions seem to require4 ,daily injections = ?ree1 f\r or five days1 are n h>mful & w control infection 9 _m in/ances4 ,!citis & ,bursitis4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,! !cae & bursae ( ! leg are sev]al 9 numb]4 ,9 ! c>pal region1 ! flexors ( ! phalanges are conta9$ toge!r 9 ! c>pal %ea?1 & ?is is ! pr9cipal !ca 9 ! c>pal region4 ,ea* ( ! t5dons is provid$ ) synovial %ea?s :i* are subject to inflammation & occasionally synovitis & di/5sion ( ^! synovial %ea?s occur4 ,because ( faulty con=mation1 "s animals are subject to inflammation ( ^! %ea?s1 & all =ms ( /r5u\s "w :i* taxes ! t5dons greatly is apt to result 9 synovitis4 ,direct injury su* z bl[s may be ! cause ( synovial di/5sion ( !cae & ! affection is to be se5 9 all horses t h done mu* fa/ "w on h>d road surfaces or pavem5ts4 ,! usual case z x occurs 9 practice is a non-infective synovitis1 b :]e puncture w\nds cause ! tr\ble1 an infecti\s inflammation obta9s4 ,symptomatology4--,no tr\ble is exp]i5c$ 9 diagnos+ di/5sion ( t5don %ea?s1 = ! affection is v palpable4 ,dur+ acute inflammatory /ages ( ?is affection1 "s lam5ess is pres5t--9 infecti\s inflammation lam5ess is int5se4 ,local heat & pa9 ^u manipulation are readily disc]nible 9 all acute cases4 ,& f9ally1 :]e !re is reason = d\bt1 an aseptic exploratory puncture ( ! wall ( ! fluctuat+ enl>gem5t may be made ) a suitable troc>1 & ! dis*>g+ synovia w be pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( synovial di/5sion4 ,aft] ! affection becomes subacute or *ronic1 no lam5ess or inconv5i5ce is manife/$1 & ! condition is undesirable only because ( its be+ a blemi%4 ,treatm5t4--,acute non-infecti\s synovial di/5sion ( t5don %ea?s is treat$ by aspirat+ z mu* synovia z possible f ! affect$ !ca 7?is is1 ( c\rse1 done "u /rict asepsis7 & by means ( b&ages1 a uni=m degree ( pressure is kept ov] ! p>ts = t5 days or two weeks4 ,! pati5t is kept quiet & 9 ! c\rse ( two weeks an active bli/]+ ag5t is employ$ ov] ! region affect$4 ,usually1 at ! end ( a mon?'s "t1 complete recov]y has tak5 place & ! subject may be gradually return$ to "w4 ,:5 synovial di/5sions are ( long /&+1 x is necess>y to take special precautions to *eck excessive secretion ( synovial fluid1 &1 also because ( ! atonic condition ( ! tissues affect$1 resolution is t>dy4 ,9 addition to aspirat+ synovia1 ! introduction ( equal p>ts ( alcohol & t9cture ( iod9 into ! !ca is necess>y4 ,! quantity ( ?is comb9ation inject$1 dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! %ea? affect$ & ! am\nt ( synovia reta9$ at ! "t injection is made4 ,exp]i5ce is necess>y to judge z to ?is "p ( ! "w1 b "o may consid] t a quantity betwe5 ?ree & t5 cubic c5timet]s ( equal p>ts ( t9cture ( iod9 & alcohol con/itutes ! prop] am\nt to employ4 ,:]e mu* synovia is conta9$ )9 ! %ea? at ! "t ( injection1 !re occurs great dilution ( ! ag5t inject$ & consequ5tly less irritation results4 ,! object ( su* injections is to *eck synovial secretion1 & ?is is s\ght by ! local effect ( iod9 9 contact ) ! secret+ cells toge!r ) ! reaction>y swell+ :i* occasions pressure4 ,an increase 9 ! local blood supply also foll[s4 ,9 all cases :]e x is possible to employ suitable b&ages1 ?is %\ld be done4 ,! ord9>y d]by b&ages s]ve well & if _! use is cont9u$ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 good results foll[4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( treat+ ^! affections1 & ea* has its advantages & disadvantages4 ,l9e-fir+1 in/ead ( ! vesicant is made use ( by "s1 b ! object desir$ is ! same & results obta9$ are simil>4 ,%ea?s may be op5$ surgically by means ( a knife1 & ! removal ( a portion ( ! wall ( di/5d$ & atonic t5don %ea?s is possible4 ,^! op]ations belong to ! realm ( surg]y & are n prop]ly a "p ( ?is treatise4 ,h[ev]1 9 pass+1 x may be said t if a p]fect te*nic is possible 9 do+ ! la/ nam$ op]ation1 a p]man5t recov]y is ! outcome4 ,fracture ( ! ,metac>pus4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,z ! result ( all sorts ( viol5ce1 su* z falls & injuries 9 accid5ts ( v>i\s k9ds :]e9 ! metac>pals are subject$ to contusions1 fractures may result4 ,9 ! horse x is unusual = fracture ( "o ( ! small metac>pal bones to take place )\t !re be+ at ! same "t a fracture ( ! ?ird 7l>ge7 metac>pal bone4 ,classification4--,fractures ( ! metac>pal bones z !y occur1 are z likely to be comp\nd z simple1 & ! multiple & comm9ut$ v>ieties are occasionally obs]v$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! ?ird 7l>ge7 metac>pus is fractur$1 l>gely det]m9es ! outcome 9 any giv5 case4 ,symptomatology4--,abnormal mobility ( ! brok5 p>ts ( bone & crepitation m>k fracture ( ! metac>pus1 & ! condition is easily diagnos$4 ,9 _m in/ances1 :5 comp\nd fracture exi/s1 brok5 ends ( bone are protrud+ ?r\gh ! sk94 ,no weight is borne ^u ! fractur$ memb] ord9>ily1 al?\gh dur+ ! excitem5t occasion$ by runaways1 horses are sometimes se5 to support weight ) a brok5 leg ev5 :5 ! protrud+ bone is sunk into ! gr\nd 9 s do+4 ,prognosis4--,g5]ally speak+1 fractures o!r ?an ! simple-transv]se 9 "y animals1 are consid]$ unfavorable cases4 ,) ! metac>pus1 h[ev]1 !re are in/ances :]e comp\nd fracture occurs 9 colts t ju/ify treatm5t4 ,b 9 all cases ( comp\nd fracture1 ! elem5t ( infection 9 addition to ! increas$ difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ immobility ( ! brok5 bone1 creates almo/ insup]able difficulties 9 ! av]age in/ance4 ,& unless ! practition] di/9ctly expla9s to 8 cli5t ! v>i\s reasons :i* make treatm5t an economic impracticability1 dissatisfaction is likely to foll[ if treatm5t is in/itut$ )\t su* an und]/&+4 ,treatm5t4--,p]fect apposition ( ! brok5 ends ( bone is easily effect$ & less difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 ma9ta9+ su* relations 9 metac>pal fractures ?an 9 fractures ( ! radius4 ,h[ev]1 r$uction & immobilization ( ?is z 9 all fractures1 mu/ be done )\t delay4 ,9 simple fracture1 ! metac>pus is cov]$ ) en\gh cotton to pad ! p>ts1 & ?is is reta9$ 9 position by b&ages4 ,spl9ts ( heavy lea!r or ( ?9 pieces ( t\gh flexible wood are plac$ on ea* side ( ! leg & firmly held 9 position ) b&ages4 ,b&ages may be put on 9 lay]s & a coat+ ( glue appli$ ov] ea* lay] if ?is is ?\ght necess>y4 ,! advantage ga9$ 9 us+ glue or o!r adhesive mat]ials is t ! ca/ ?us =m$ is m rigid ?an :]e su* mat]ial is n employ$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ela/icity is lo/ z soon z ! ca/ adapts itself to ! cont\r ( ! extremity1 & because ( ?is rigidity1 x is d\btful if any?+ is ga9$ by ! incorporation ( glue1 except 9 ! way ( add$ /r5g? ( ! ca/4 ,s9ce ! animal does n walk ^u ! brok5 leg1 x is possible to employ spl9ts ( suitable mat]ials :i* are reta9$ 9 position )\t glue & frequ5t readju/m5t ( a "p ( ! immobiliz+ app>atus is possible4 ,?is is impossible ) ca/s4 ,9 comp\nd fractures1 provision ought to be made = dress+ ! w\nd ( ! s(t /ructures4 ,?is entails adju/+ ! spl9ts 9 su* mann] t "o spl9t may be reta9$ & o!rs remov$ = dress+ ! w\nd & readju/$ z (t5 z w\nd dress+ is necess>y4 ,spl9ts4 ,by ?is t]m is meant a condition :]e !re exi/s an exo/osis :i* involves usually ! second 7inn] small7 & ?ird 7l>ge7 metac>pal bones4 ,:ile an exo/osis involv+ any "o ( ! spl9t bones1 ev5 :5 directly caus$ by an injury1 is call$ a spl9t1 ! t]m is employ$ "h1 9 ref]5ce to exo/oses n due to direct injury su* z 9 contusions4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,?is condition is "o :]e9 !re is osse\s =mation foll[+ a p]io/itis & ! region ( ! upp] portion ( ! second 7inn] small7 metac>pal bone is ! usual site ( ! exo/osis4 ,!re is incit$ an inflammation ( ! p]io/eum at ! site ( ! int]osse\s ligam5t :i* atta*es ! small to ! l>ge metac>pal bone4 ,?is ligam5t is involv$ 9 ! inflammatory process1 & accord+ to ,havemann1 ^: view is support$ by ,moll]1 ?is inflammation is ! orig9 ( ! tr\ble4 ,v>i\s !ories attempt+ an explanation ( ! frequ5t affection ( ?is "o c]ta9 "p s regul>ly involv$ h be5 (f]$1 b no pro( ( ! correctness ( any exi/s4 ,x foll[s1 h[ev]1 t spl9ts occur 9 "y animals2 t ! affection seldom />ts 9 subjects t are t5 ye>s ( age or old]1 & t :5 ! exo/osis has =m$1 lam5ess usually subsides4 ,any?+ :i* w cause undue /ra9 or irritation ( ! metac>pal bones 9 "y animals1 is q apt to result 9 a spl9t be+ =m$4 ,concussion su* z is caus$ by fa/ "w on h>d roads1 or "w on r\gh or irregul> road surfaces :i* cause unequal di/ribution ( weight1 w cause spl9t lam5ess & exo/osis foll[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af--,po/]ior view ( radius 7"r7 illu/rative ( effects ( spl9t4 ,note ! ext5t ( exo/osis4 ,c\rse4--,because ( ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* ! second & ?ird metac>pal bones articulate 9 "y animals1 until ! bones become ossifi$ & p]man5tly jo9$1 ! inflammation :i* att5ds ! acute /age ( ?is affection1 causes lam5ess4 ,lat]1 unless an unusually l>ge exo/osis is =m$1 :i* may cause a con/ant irritation due to its size & juxtaposition to ! c>pus1 lam5ess is discont9u$4 ,symptomatology4--,lam5ess is usually ! fir/ manife/ation ( ?is disord]1 & ! ?+ :i* *>act]izes spl9t lam5ess is its peculi> int]mitt5ce4 ,!re is a mix$ =m ( lam5ess :i* may n be 9 evid5ce :5 an affect$ animal is />t$ on a drive1 b :i* is m>k$ aft] ! subject has gone "s di/ance4 ,! animal may1 h[ev]1 g lame ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( a drive & cont9ue to be lame = sev]al days or weeks 9 "s cases4 ,x is noticeable t lam5ess is augm5t$ or produc$ :5 ! subject travels on r\gh road surfaces & t little or no difficulty is enc\nt]$ :5 roads are smoo?4 ,! heavy bra*ial fascia is ins]t$ 9 "p to ! head ( ! second metac>pal 7inn] small7 bone toge!r ) ! oblique digital ext5sor 7ext5sor metac>pi obliquus7 & ?is expla9s ! reason = pa9 be+ manife/$ dur+ ext5sion ( ! memb]4 ,be=e !re is a visible exo/osis1 sup]s5sitiv5ess is readily recogniz$ ^u palpation ( ! p>ts1 if c>eful comp>ison is made betwe5 ! s\nd & uns\nd memb]s4 ,h[ev]1 frequ5tly spl9ts occur on bo? =elegs at ! same "t & 9 "s in/ances exo/oses are sev]al 9 numb] ^u ea* memb] affect$4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! affection involves ! out] spl9t bone & no evid5t involvem5t ( ! inn] "o exi/s4 ,treatm5t4--,at ! onset complete re/ %\ld be provid$ & ! local application ( "s good cataplasm is 9 ord]4 ,a /imulat+ l9im5t is b5eficial :5 employ$ sev]al times daily & massage is also q helpful4 ,lat]1 ! application ( a bli/]+ o9tm5t is good treatm5t4 ,! use ( ! actual caut]y /imulates prompt resolution1 b !re is seldom any resorption ( products ( inflammation foll[+ fir+4 ,:]eas1 9 cases :]e o!r treatm5t is begun e>ly1 !re usually foll[s consid]able dim9ution 9 ! size ( ! exo/osis4 ,a re/ ( f\r or five weeks is necess>y & v "y animals %\ld n be put to "w too soon1 if ! "* ( ! "w is su* z to induce a recurr5ce ( ! tr\ble4 ,_m cases are treat$ successfully 9 draft types ( animals 7:]e ! subjects are n kept at "w t occasions s]i\s irritation to ! affect$ p>ts7 by bli/]+ ! exo/osis repeat$ly & all[+ ! animals to cont9ue 9 s]vice4 ,9 su* cases1 x is unreasonable to expect to *eck ! size ( ! exo/osis &1 ( c\rse1 su* me?ods are n employ$ :]e lam5ess causes di/ress to ! subject4 ,fir+ usually causes prompt recov]y f lam5ess & is a dep5dable mann] ( treat+ su* cases b !re rema9s m blemi% foll[+ caut]ization ?an :]e vesication is done4 ,,op5 ,,fetlock ,,jo9t4 ,?is condition1 because ( ! frequ5cy ) :i* x occurs may be tak5 z typal1 f ! /&po9t ( treatm5t & results obta9$ !refrom4 ,:ile x s]ves to con/itute a basis f :i* o!r jo9ts1 :5 op51 are to be consid]$1 due all[ance mu/ be made = ! fact t1 z has be5 previ\sly m5tion$1 "s articulations :5 op5 con/itute cause = grave consequ5ces2 :ile ) o!rs an op5 capsule1 ev5 :5 infect$1 does n cause di/urbance en\gh to be class$ z difficult to h&le4 ,moreov]1 ! fetlock jo9t is admirably suit$1 anatomically1 to b&ag+2 & :5 w\nd$1 is easily kept protect$ by means ( surgical dress+s4 ,?is fact is ( great importance 9 influ5c+ ! c\rse & t]m9ation 9 any giv5 case ( op5 fetlock jo9t & %\ld n be =gott54 ,!re is no logical reason = comp>+ ! p$al jo9t ) ! pa/]n on ! basis t x may also be completely & securely b&ag$4 ,op5 navicul> jo9t does n occur1 z a rule1 except by way ( ! sol> surface ( ! foot1 & ! introduction ( active & virul5t contagium is c]ta9 to happ52 consequ5tly1 an acute synovitis quickly result+ 9 an int5sely septic & progressively de/ructive ar?ritis soon foll[s 9 p]=ation ( ! capsule ( ! di/al int]phalangeal articulation4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,w\nds ( ! fetlock region result+ 9 p]=ation or de/ruction ( a "p ( ! capsul> ligam5t are caus$ by all sorts ( accid5ts1 su* z wire cuts1 incis$ w\nds occasion$ by pl[%>es1 disc h>r[s1 /alk cutt]s & o!r f>m+ implem5ts4 ,9 runaways ! jo9t capsule is sometimes punctur$ by %>p pieces ( wood or o!r objects4 ,9 horses driv5 on unpav$ c\ntry roads ! fetlock is occasionally w\nd$ by be+ /ruck aga9/ ! %>p end ( "s object1 ! o!r end ( :i* is firmly emb$d$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 "o in/ance ! au?or treat$ a case :]e9 ! fetlock jo9t 0 p]=at$ by ! sickle-gu>d ( a self-b9d]4 ,9 ?is case !re occurr$ complete p]=ation caus+ two op5+s ?r\gh ! cul-de-sac ( ! jo9t4 ,su* w\nds are produc$ by implem5ts :i* are1 to say ! lea/1 non-/]ile1 & ?is p]=ation ( ! uncleans$ sk9 conveys infecti\s mat]ial into ! jo9t capsule4 ,yet 9 _m in/ances1 especially 9 c\ntry practice1 no infecti\s ar?ritis results :]e cases are promptly c>$ =4 ,symptomatology4--,a diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( symptoms is evid5c$ :5 dissimil> causes exi/4 ,small p5etrant w\nds :i* infect ! synovial membranes cause infecti\s ar?ritis 9 "s cases1 :]eas a w\nd ( suffici5t size to produce evacuation ( all synovia w1 9 _m in/ances1 cause no s]i\s di/ress to ! subject1 ev5 :5 n treat$ = sev]al days4 ,if x is n evid5t t an op5 jo9t exi/s & ! articul> cavity is n expos$ to view a positive diagnosis may be e>ly e/abli%$ by c>efully prob+ ! w\nd4 ,9 "s cases :]e a small w\nd has p]=at$ ! jo9t capsule1 swell+ & slight *ange ( relation ( ! ov]ly+ tissues may preclude all successful exploratory prob+4 ,9 su* in/ances x is necess>y to await developm5t ( symptoms4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] injury has be5 inflict$1 !re is noticeable dis*>ge ( synovia :i* coagulates ab\t ! m>g9 ( ! orifice1 :]e synovial dis*>ge is possible4 ,p>ticul>ly evid5t is ?is accumulation ( coagulat$ synovia :]e w\nds h be5 b&ag$--!re is no mi/ak+ ! *>act]i/ic /raw-color$ coagulum :i*1 9 su* cases1 is some:at t5aci\s4 ,no diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 o!r symptoms 9 infecti\s ar?ritis caus$ by punctures1 & non-infecti\s ar?ritis1 except+ ! int5sity ( ! pa9 occasion$1 ! rise 9 temp]ature1 circulatory di/urbances1 etc42 all ( :i* h be5 previ\sly m5tion$4 ,treatm5t4--,j z has be5 /at$ 9 discussions on ! subject ( op5 jo9t1 prob+ or o!r in/rum5tation is to be avoid$ until ! ext]ior ( ! w\nd & a lib]al area surr\nd+ has be5 ?or\ghly cleans$--too mu* importance c n be plac$ on ?is prelim9>y measure4 ,9 cases ( op5 jo9t :]e ragg$ w\nd m>g9s exi/ & ! int]ior ( ! jo9t capsule is contam9at$1 mu* "t is requir$ to ?or\ghly cleanse all soil$ p>ts4 ,9 "s in/ances an h\r's "t is requir$ = ?is cleans+ process aft] ! subject has be5 re/ra9$ & prep>$4 ,9 ord] to ?or\ghly cleanse ^! delicate /ructures )\t do+ !m s]i\s injury1 "o ought to be skillful & c>eful 9 all manipulations ( ! expos$ p>ts ( ! jo9t capsule4 ,! g5]al plan ( treatm5t1 aft] prelim9>y cleans+ has be5 accompli%$1 has be5 outl9$ on page #ff 9 ! consid]ation ( scapulohum]al jo9t affections4 ,! injection ( undilut$ t9cture ( iod9 9 ounce quantities1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is n to be done unless !re is provision = its free exit4 ,:]e good dra9age f ! jo9t cavity exi/s all infect$ w\nds %\ld be ?us treat$1 & ?is treatm5t may be repeat$ z conditions seem to require--until infection is *eck$4 ,if daily injections are necess>y1 dilution ( ! t9cture ( iod9 ) an equal am\nt ( alcohol is advisable 9 ord] to avoid do+ irrep>able damage to ! articul> c>tilages & synovial membranes4 ,an antiseptic p[d] compos$ ( equal p>ts ( boric acid & exsiccat$ alum is employ$ to protect ! w\nd surfaces & ! m>g9s1 & ! p>ts are !n b&ag$4 ,9 b&ag+ w\nds ( ?is k9d a lib]al am\nt ( cotton %\ld be employ$1 & aft] a l>ge surface surr\nd+ ! w\nd has be5 ?or\ghly cleans$1 x mu/ be s kept !reaft]4 ,?is is impossible1 if "o uses a small am\nt ( cotton1 p>ticul>ly if su* meag] quantity ( dress+ mat]ial is c>elessly wrapp$ 9 position ) an insuffici5t am\nt ( b&age mat]ial4 ,m5tion1 )\t description ( ! elem5tal problem ( apply+ cotton & b&ages to a w\nd1 w\ld be suffici5t1 7 x n t ?is is a v important "p ( ! h&l+ ( su* cases1 & _m practition]s are n only ?\ghtless 9 ?is "p ( _! "w1 b also app>5tly c>eless4 ,:at does x pr(it to prep>e a "p & cleanse a w\nd ) pa9/ak+ c>e & !n neglect to take e possible precaution to prev5t its subsequ5t contam9ation8 ,9 ! h&l+ ( op5 jo9t capsules :]e ! p]=ation ( ! capsul> ligam5t is small & dis*>ge ( synovia does n imm$iately foll[1 !re is pres5t$ a problem :i* is difficult to decide ^u & t is ! mann] 9 :i* su* w\nds are to be h&l$4 ,"o hesitates to enl>ge su* op5+s to dra9 or irrigate ! capsule :5 !re is no pro( t s]i\s tr\ble w foll[ because ( infecti\s mat]ial :i* has probably be5 introduc$ at ! "t ! w\nd 0 inflict$4 ,x is especially difficult to decide ^u ! mann] ( h&l+ su* cases :]e ! t>sal jo9t is w\nd$1 al?\gh "o hesitates to invade any jo9t to ! ext5t ( incis+ its capsule1 unless !re is urg5t ne$ ( s do+4 ,fro/#ai (f]s ! foll[+ sugge/ion 9 su* in/ances3 ,! treatm5t recomm5d$ by u = op5 jo9ts1 9 :i* we wi% to prev5t ankylosis1 is1 fir/1 to %ave all hair f ! area surr\nd+ ! w\nd1 foll[+ ) a ?or\gh cleans+ ( ! sk9 & dis9fection ( ! w\nd1 & !n to inject a tw5ty p] c5t ,lugol's solution 9 glyc]9 into ! w\nd4 ,?is %\ld be repeat$ two or ?ree times a day1 ea* "t en\gh ( ! solution be+ inject$ to fill ! jo9t capsule1 !reby secur+ ! flu%+ effect4 ,z ?is solution does n cause irritation to ! tissue & yet is a /rong antiseptic1 x s]ves to %ort5 ! p]iod ( conge/ion & inflammation & to ov]come ! infection )\t caus+ a de/ruction ( ! secret+ membrane until ! ext]nal w\nd has _h "t to heal4 ,! injection ( ?is solution seems to ret>d ! excessive secretion ( synovia4 ,! l>g] ! jo9t capsule & ! small] ! ext]nal w\nd1 ! long] our antiseptic w rema9 9 contact ) ! inflam$ tissues z ! glyc]91 be+ ?ick1 does n fl[ ?r\gh a small op5+4 ,aft]-c>e4--,foll[+ ! initial cleans+ & treatm5t ( op5 jo9t1 subsequ5t dress+ is necess>y z frequ5tly z conditions dem&4 ,if ! p>ts are badly infect$ & pr(use dis*>ge ( pus exi/s a daily *ange ( dress+s is necess>y4 ,9 ! av]age in/ance1 h[ev]1 semi-weekly treatm5ts are suffici5t4 ,& 9 _m in/ances :]e "o is oblig$ to travel a consid]able di/ance to h&le ! affect$ animal "o weekly dress+ ( ! w\nd w suffice aft] ! second treatm5t4 ,! same g5]al plan ( treatm5t conc]n+ ! subject's com=t t has be5 previ\sly m5tion$ 9 ar?ritis1 is c>ri$ out "h4 ,a fur!r & detail$ consid]ation ( ! subject ( h&l+ ( op5 jo9ts foll[s4#bj 99 99 99 ,su* w\nds may be classifi$ 9 two g5]al gr\ps z foll[s3 ,fir/1 w\nds 9 :i* ! trauma has expos$ ! articulation to view1 & second1 ^? ! result ( punctures1 9 :i* ! ext]nal w\nd is small & free dra9age is lack+4 ,w\nds 9 :i* ! articulation is expos$ to view h dra9age ei!r all ready provid$ =1 or x is e/abli%$ )\t hesitancy surgically4 ,) free dra9age ?us e/abli%$ !re is little or no *ance = ! adjac5t tissues to become infiltrat$ ) infect$ w\nd dis*>ge4 ,?is prev5ts an ext5sion ( ! injury & ! e/abli%m5t ( a good field = ! gr[? ( ana]obic bact]ia4 ,op5 jo9ts caus$ by punctures1 unless ! puncture is aseptic1 produce a swell+ :i* is m pa9ful ?an is ! op5 w\nd :i* exposes ! jo9t to view4 ,especially is ?is true if ! puncture is ( small diamet]1 all[+ ! tissues to p>tially close ! op5+ imm$iately aft] ! w\nd has be5 made4 ,:]e dra9age is lack+ !re foll[s an exudation :i* conge/s ! tissues surr\nd+ ! injury & all factors favor+ g]m gr[? are pres5t4 ,x is p]haps advisable to e/abli% good dra9age 9 su* cases z soon z a diagnosis is made4 ,x is n always an easy matt] to recognize an op5-jo9t1 :5 fir/ made1 b twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs lat] !re is no cause = d\bt4 ,! condition is !n a v pa9ful "o2 lam5ess is excessive2 !re is rise 9 temp]ature2 accel]ation ( ! pulse & manipulation or palpation ( ! region affect$1 occasions great pa94 ,! treatm5t ( op5 jo9ts mu/ be v>i$ to suit ! disposition ( ! animal1 ! nature & location ( ! injury1 ! l5g? ( "t int]v5+ betwe5 ! infliction ( ! w\nd & ! fir/ att5tion giv51 & ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* ! pati5t is kept4 ,9 ea* & e case 9 :i* !re exi/s an op5 w\nd ! surface surr\nd+ ! w\nd is cleans$ ?or\ghly1 ! hair is %av$ if possible1 & ! m>g9 ( ! w\nd is currett$ & cleans$ ?or\ghly ) antiseptic solutions4 ,if !re is evid5ce t ! articulation conta9s infective mat]ial1 x is wa%$ out ) copi\s quantities ( p]oxide ( hydrog5--usually z mu* z six or eight ounces4 ,?is is foll[$ by injection ( an ounce or two ( t9cture ( iod94 ,ev5 ?\gh ! jo9t appe>s to be clean "s t9cture ( iod9 is us$1 z x *ecks ! secretion ( synovia & is1 9 e way1 b5eficial4 ,c>e is tak5 to apply ! iod9 also to ! surface imm$iately surr\nd+ ! w\nd4 ,! entire w\nd is !n cov]$ ) a du/+ p[d] compos$ ( z9c oxide1 boric acid1 exsiccat$ alum1 ph5ol & camphor4 ,?is p[d] is us$ 9 abundance & ! w\nd is !n cov]$ ) a heavy lay] ( absorb5t cotton & well b&ag$4 ,?is b&age is n di/urb$ = at lea/ ?ree days & may be left 9 place = a week4 ,9 cases 9 :i* x is necess>y to keep ! dress+ on = a week1 or 9 cases :]e ! pati5t is1 ?r\gh necessity1 kept 9 qu>t]s t are wet or unclean1 ! fir/ b&age is cov]$ ) a lay] ( oakum :i* has be5 saturat$ 9 oil ( t> & ?is 9 turn is held 9 place by means ( sev]al lay]s ( b&ages4 ,! b&ages are also saturat$ ) oil ( t>4 ,9 f "o to two mon?s w\nds s treat$1 unless !y are foot-w\nds1 w be ready to dress )\t be+ b&ag$4 ,x is ord9>ily unnecess>y to dress foot-w\nds (t5] ?an e second week aft] ! dis*>ge ( synovia has ceas$4 ,:5 ! w\nd has fill$ ) granulation1 a protective dress+ is appli$ :i* is r5d]$ wat] pro( by ! use ( b&ages cov]$ ) oil ( t>4 ,! pati5t c n[ be turn$ out = a mon? or six weeks )\t di/urb+ ! dress+4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! b&ages1 ! only treatm5t necess>y is an occasional application ( "s mildly antiseptic o9tm5t4 ,except 9 nail pricks ( ! foot1 occasion$ by punctures1 a five p] c5t t9cture ( iod9 is inject$ into op5 jo9ts1 if ! w\nd rema9s suffici5tly op51 & ?is treatm5t is cont9u$ s long z !re is a dis*>ge ( synovia4 ,surgical dra9age is e/abli%$ if x is consid]$ practicable & ! rema9d] ( ! treatm5t is ab\t ! same z = w\nds :i* are op54 ,op5 jo9ts occur 9 horses at pa/ure & are sometimes n discov]$ until sev]al days or a week aft] ! injury1 & 9 "s in/ances ! w\nds are fill$ ) maggots4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! cases is t m "t & c>e is tak5 9 cleans+ ! w\nd1 m curett+ is necess>y1 & aft] cleans+ ! w\nd ) p]oxide ( hydrog51 ! jo9t is ?or\ghly wa%$ out ) equal p>ts ( t9cture ( iod9 & *lor(orm4 ,?is is foll[$ by ! injection ( a quantity ( sev5ty-five p]c5t alcohol & ! w\nd is dress$ & b&ag$ z already describ$4 ,at ea* subsequ5t dress+ ( infect$ w\nds s treat$ less suppuration is notic$ & ! synovial dis*>ge usually ceases 9 f "o to two mon?s4 ,ab\t n9ety p]c5t ( all cases ( op5 jo9t make complete recov]ies1 ab\t f\r p] c5t p>tially recov] & six p] c5t are fatal4 ,among ! fatal cases are ! op5 jo9ts ) complications z sev]$ t5dons1 ^? occasion$ by calk w\nds 9 horses t are /abl$1 & nail punctures ( ! feet4 ,! foll[+ report ( twelve favorable cases is tak5 f a record ( sixty-two cases4 ,! favorable ones are report$1 *iefly because !re are n[ en\gh reports on record ( su* cases :i* h t]m9at$ fatally4 ,case #a4--;,a gray geld+ us$ z a saddle pony receiv$ a horizontal wire cut lay+ completely b>e ! scapulohum]al articulation4 ,! m>g9s ( ! w\nd 7 cleans$ z h]et(ore describ$1 a dra9age 0 provid$ surgically1 t9cture ( iod9 0 inject$ & ! w\nd 0 cov]$ ) equal p>ts ( boric acid & exsiccat$ alum4 ,! horse 0 kept ti$ & a dilut$ t9cture ( iod9 0 inject$ into ! w\nd once daily & ! p[d] appli$ (t5 en\gh to keep ! w\nd cov]$4 ,! case made a complete recov]y & ! pony 0 aga9 9 s]vice )9 sixty days4 ,case #b4--;,a twelve-hundr$-p\nd bay m>e ) an op5 c>pal jo9t4 ,! w\nd 0 an op5 "o ab\t two & "o-half in*es 9 l5g?1 & made transv]sely & :5 ! memb] 0 flex$ ! articul> surface ( ! c>pal bones 7 pres5t$ to view4 ,an ounce ( t9cture ( iod9 0 inject$ into ?is jo9t aft] hav+ cleans$ ! m>g9 ( ! w\nd & ! m>e 0 cross-ti$ 9 a s+le /all to keep h] f ly+ d[n4 ,! own] 0 in/ruct$ to keep ! outside ( ! w\nd p[d]$ ) air slak$ lime & a v unfavorable prognosis 0 giv54 ,i he>d no?+ fur!r f ?is case until fifty-n9e days f ! date ( ! injury1 :5 ,i met ! own] driv+ ?is m>e to a buggy4 ,! w\nd _h heal$ by fir/ int5tion & at t "t s little cicatrix rema9$ t x 0 difficult to f9d x4 ,case #c4--;,a br[n m>e ) an op5 fetlock jo9t due to a spike-nail puncture4 ,lam5ess 0 excessive1 & jo9t greatly swoll54 ,t9cture ( iod9 0 inject$ into ! w\nd & t[els dipp$ 9 hot antiseptic solutions 7 appli$ = sev]al h\rs daily until ! acute /age _h pass$4 ,lat] ! m>e 0 turn$ out to pa/ure & a vesicant 0 appli$ once or twice a mon? until recov]y 0 complete :i* 0 9 ab\t six mon?s4 ,case #d4--;,a f\r-ye>-old bay m>e hav+ a wire-cut :i* op5$ ! t>sus jo9t 0 treat$ z h]et(ore describ$4 ,! w\nd 0 kept b&ag$ = ab\t two weeks & lat] x 0 dress$ )\t be+ b&ag$4 ,9 n9ety days %e _h completely recov]$4 ,case #e4--;,a twelve-ye>-old m>e ) an op5 fetlock jo9t due to a puncture w\nd4 ,! m>g9s ( ! w\nd 7 cleans$ & ! ext]nal w\nd enl>g$ to facilitate dra9age4 ,t9cture ( iod9 0 inject$2 ! w\nd 0 b&ag$ & dress$ = a mon? 9 ! mann] h]et(ore describ$1 :5 all dis*>ge _h /opp$4 ,a vesicant 0 appli$2 ! m>e 0 put to pa/ure & )9 sixty days f ! date ( ! injury %e 0 be+ driv5 on %ort trips4 ,case #f4--;,a two-ye>-old br[n geld+ ) a wire-cut on ! left front foot4 ,! w\nd ext5d$ d[n ?r\gh ! sole & op5$ ! navicul> jo9t4 ,?is colt 0 v wild & x 0 necess>y to tie x d[n ea* "t ! w\nd 0 dress$4 ,! w\nd 0 dress$ weekly = a mon? & less frequ5tly !reaft]4 ,x 0 h&l$ eight times2 ! la/ dress+ 0 left 9 place until worn out4 ,six mon?s lat] ! colt 0 practically well1 a v little lam5ess be+ %[n :5 walk+ on froz5 gr\nd4 ,case #g4--;,a sev5-ye>-old saddle-horse weigh+ elev5 hundr$ & fifty p\nds receiv$ a w\nd ( ! t>sus1 lay+ b>e ! articul> surfaces ( a "p ( ! jo9t4 ,x 0 impossible to keep ?is w\nd b&ag$ because ( ! re/less disposition ( ! subject4 ,injections ( a dilute t9cture ( iod9 7 employ$ e second or ?ird day = a mon? & ! w\nd 0 kept cov]$ ) ! antiseptic du/+ p[d] ref]r$ to h]et(ore4 ,9 five mon?s complete recov]y _h tak5 place1 ) ! exception ( a /ubborn sk9 di/urbance :i* 0 successfully treat$ six mon?s aft] ! w\nd 0 inflict$4 ,! horse is /ill 9 use & is absolutely free f lam5ess4 ,case #h4--;,a two-ye>-old br[n geld+ ) a wire-w\nd op5+ ! scapulohum]al jo9t4 ,?is w\nd 0 l>ge en\gh to expose to view ! articul> portion ( ! hum]us4 ,! same treatm5t z t giv5 case ,no4 "o 0 in/itut$ & 9 n9ety days ! colt 0 practically well4 ,case #i4--;,a ?ree-ye>-old bay filly 0 f\nd at pa/ure ) "o =e foot badly injur$4 ,! own] int5d$ to de/roy h]1 b a neighbor prevail$ ^u him to h h] treat$4 ,app>5tly ! w\nd 0 ( ab\t a week's /&+ & 9 a v bad condition1 fill$ ) maggots & dirt4 ,bo? ! navicul> & coron>y articulations 7 op54 ,?is w\nd 0 cleans$ 9 ! usual mann] & ! own] c>$ = ! case ! balance ( ! "t because ! di/ance f my (fice 0 too great to give h] p]sonal att5tion4 ,%e made an almo/ complete recov]y 9 five mon?s4 ,case #aj4--;,at two-ye>-old mule ) an op5 navicul> jo9t due to a b>b$ wire w\nd4 ,usual c>e 0 giv5 ?is case & 9 five mon?s recov]y 0 complete & little sc> is to be se54 ,?is case receiv$ sev5 treatm5ts4 ,case #aa4--;,an eighte5-mon?s-old colt at pa/ure 0 f\nd d[n & unable to rise )\t help4 ,9 addition to sev]al w\nds ( less] importance !re 0 a l>ge w\nd on ! inn] side ( ! elb[1 ! jo9t 0 op5 & ! entire leg 0 greatly swoll5 & 9 a /ate ( acute infecti\s inflammation4 ,! colt c\ld n walk1 its temp]ature 0 #aje deg41 pulse 0 rapid & respiration 0 a little hurri$4 ,aft] advis+ ! own] to put ! poor animal out ( its mis]y ,i left ! place4 ,f\r days lat] ! own] came to my (fice & ask$ if he c\ld borr[ "s old %e>s to trim (f "s loose hide f t colt4 ,he left ! colt 9 ! pa/ure & all ! c>e x receiv$ 0 ! regul> application ( a propriet>y du/+ p[d]4 ,x made a complete recov]y4 ,case #ab4--;,a family m>e1 heavy 9 foal1 receiv$ a v]tical w\nd ( ! fetlock jo9t inflict$ by a disc-h>r[4 ,! cul-de-sac ( ! ligam5t ( ?is jo9t 0 op5$ freely4 ,! w\nd 0 dress$ 9 ! usual mann] & aga9 ?ree days lat] :5 no suppuration _h tak5 place4 ,f\r days lat] ! pati5t gave bir? to a colt & suckl$ x "r along ?r\gh h] convalesc5ce4 ,?is w\nd heal$ by fir/ int5tion & sev5ty-n9e days f ! date ( ! injury ! m>e 0 driv5 to t[n1 two & "o-half miles di/ant1 & %[$ b little lam5ess4 ,phalangeal ,exo/osis 7,r+bone7 ,?is t]m is appli$ to exo/oses involv+ ! fir/ & second phalanges 7suffrag9is & corona71 reg>dless ( _! size1 ext5t or location4 ,x is a misnom]1 9 a s5se1 & ! vet]9>ian is frequ5tly oblig$ to sp5d consid]able "t ) 8 cli5ts 9 ord] to conv9ce !m t a sph]odial exo/osis ( ! proximal phalanx1 9 c]ta9 cases1 is 9 reality r+bone1 ev5 ?\gh !re exi/s no exo/osis :i* completely encircles ! affect$ bone4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,exo/osis ( ! fir/ & second phalanges is usually due to "s =m ( injury1 :e!r x be a contusion1 a lac]at$ w\nd :i* damages ! p]io/eum1 or p]io/ititis & o/eitis incit$ by concussions ( locomotion1 or ligam5t\s /ra94 ,practically ! only exception is 9 ! ra*itic =m ( r+bone :i* affects "y animals4 ,!re are pr$ispos+ causes t m]it consid]ation1 *ief among :i* is ! normal con=mation ( ! coronet jo9t4 ,?is proclivity is con/ant2 ! normal int]phalangeal articulation is an incomplete g+lymoid jo9t & :ile its dorso-vol> diamet] is great1 ?is 9 no wise comp5sates = its disproportionately n>r[ transv]se diamet]4 ,! pivotal /ra9 :i* is sometimes ?r[n ^u ?is articulation :5 an animal turns on "o foot1 z well z ! t5sion :i* is put on ! collat]al ligam5ts :5 ! inn] or ! out] qu>t] ( ! foot re/s 9 a depression ( ! road surface1 t5ds to deta* ! ins]tion ( ^! ligam5ts or to cause fibrill>y fractures ( _! sub/ance4 ,%ort1 upright1 pa/]ns receive great] concussion dur+ fa/ travel on h>d roads ?an d ! long] m slop+ & well =m$ extremities4 ,^? :o are advocates ( ! !ory t ?is type ( o/eitis ) its complications has its orig9 9 ! articul> portion ( ! jo9t1 claim t ! upright pa/]n con/itutes an important t5d5cy t[>d r+bone4 ,h[beit1 r+bone is an active1 s]i\s & frequ5t cause ( lam5ess & x affects animals ( all ages & occurs "u v>i\s conditions4 ,horses hav+ good con=mation & kept at "w :]e9 no great am\nt ( /ra9 is put ^u ^! p>ts1 are occasionally victims ( ?is affection4 ,classification4--,! arrangem5t employ$ by ,moll]#ba is int5sely practical & logical4 ,he consid]s r+bone z articul>1 p]i>ticul>1 ra*itic & traumatic4 ,a mode ( classification t is common & 9 a practical way1 good1 is1 high & l[ r+bone4 ,:5 prognosis is consid]$1 = in/ance1 x is v conv5i5t to /ate t ! *ances = recov]y are mu* bett] 9 high r+bone ?an 9 l[ r+bone4 ,! classification ( ,moell] w be foll[$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag--,phalangeal exo/oses4 ,symptomatology4--,9 all =ms ( incipi5t r+bone except ra*itic1 ! fir/ manife/ation ( its exi/5ce1 or ( injury to ! ligam5ts 9 ! region ( ! pa/]n jo9t :i* causes p]io/itis1 or affections ( ! articul> portions ( ! proximal int]-phalangeal jo9t1 is lam5ess4 ,lam5ess :i* typifies r+bone is ( ! support+-leg v>iety & by compell+ ! subject to /ep f side to side1 m>k$ fl9*+ is obs]v$1 especially 9 p]i>ticul> r+bone2 caus+ ! affect$ animal to turn abruptly on ! diseas$ memb]1 us+ x z a pivot1 likewise acc5tuates ! manife/ation4 ,9 fact1 _m subjects t exhibit no evid5ce ( locomotory imp$im5t :ile walk+ or trott+ 9 a /raight l9e on a smoo? road surface1 w manife/ ! *>act]i/ic =m ( lam5ess f r+bone :5 ! a=em5tion$ side to side movem5t is p]=m$4 ,:5 ! mann] 9 :i* pa9 is occasion$ is consid]$1 x w be und]/ood :y lam5ess is int]mitt5t 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ?is affection & may ev5 be unnotic$ by ! driv]4 ,an animal may travel on a smoo? road )\t giv+ evid5ce ( any inconv5i5ce1 b z soon z a r\gh & irregul> pavem5t or road surface is rea*$1 w limp4 ,z ! subject is driv5 f>!r on level /reets ! lam5ess may disappe>4 ,?is int]mitt5t type ( lam5ess may cont9ue until !re is develop$ a l>ge exo/osis1 or until articul> involvem5t causes s mu* di/ress dur+ locomotion t lam5ess is con/ant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 resolution may occur dur+ ! /age ( p]io/eal inflammation1 or1 an exo/osis =ms :i* causes no int]f]5ce ) function4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah--,r>efy+ o/eitis 9 *ronic r+bone & ossification ( lat]al c>tilages4 ,be=e !re is evid5ce ( an exo/osis1 diagnosis ( r+bone is n easy1 = x is !n a problem ( detect+ ! pres5ce ( a ligam5t\s spra91 p]io/itis1 or o/eitis4 ,! diagno/ician %\ld take note ( local manife/ations ( hyp]s5sitiv5ess1 or heat if su* exi/1 &1 9 addition1 o!r conditions mu/ be exclud$ be=e def9ite conclusions are possible4 ,9 articul> r+bone z soon z !re is develop$ an exo/osis1 x occupies a position on ! dorsal 7ant]ior7 "p ( ! articulation & ext5ds ar\nd ! sides ( ! jo9t4 ,p]i>ticul> r+bone is *>act]iz$ by exo/oses :i* are situat$ on ! sides ( ! phalanges & n ext5d+ ar\nd to ! ant]ior "p ( ! jo9t4 ,?is type ( r+bone z well z ! articul> may occur high or l[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai--,phalangeal exo/oses 9 *ronic r+bone4 ,museum specim5 ( ! ,kansas ,city ,vet]9>y ,college4 ,) ! traumatic =m ( r+bone1 all consequ5ces1 z to ! size & =m ! exo/osis is to assume1 dep5d ^u ! nature & ext5t ( ! injury4 ,ra*itic r+bone is frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry & does n ord9>ily cause mu* if any lam5ess4 ,x is a disease ( colts & may affect "o or all ( ! phalanges at ! same "t4 ,z ! subject advances 9 age !re is m or less dim9ution 9 ! size ( ! enl>gem5ts4 ,treatm5t4--,re/ is ess5tial 9 ! treatm5t ( r+bone4 ,if diagnos$ dur+ its incipi5cy1 rem$ial measures su* z are usually employ$ to treat spra9s1 are indicat$ & lat] ! p>ts %\ld be bli/]$4 ,:5 an exo/osis has develop$ puncture fir+ is ! rem$y p> excell5ce4 ,n t ?is me?od ( treatm5t is infallible1 = to any ?9k+ "o :o takes into consid]ation ! pa?ological anatomy ( ?is condition1 x is evid5t t no mann] ( treatm5t is b5eficial 9 "s cases4 ,if ! exo/osis is s situat$ t x does n me*anically int]f]e ) function1 & is n s l>ge t x may inhibit flexion & ext5sion1 & :]e ! articul> portions ( ! jo9t are n erod$1 good results att5d ! use ( ! actual caut]y4 ,9 fir+1 aft] hav+ ane/hetiz$ ! extremity1 & prep>$ ! surgical area1 ! caut]y is deeply ins]t$ 9 num]\s places1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 n to op5 ! jo9t4 ,! p>ts are imm$iately cov]$ ) aseptic absorb5t cotton & ?is dress+ is left 9 position = =ty-eight h\rs & if p]*ance !re is evid5ce ( synovial dis*>ge1 ! p>ts are aga9 aseptically dress$ 9 ord] to prev5t infection ( ! articulation4 ,if1 z is ! case usually1 no p]=ation ( ! jo9t capsule exi/s1 ! op5+s made by ! caut]y h be5 clos$ by ! coagulation ( s]um & !re is !n little *ance ( infection caus+ tr\ble1 ev5 ?\gh ! memb] is left unb&ag$4 ,9 sev]al in/ances1 ! au?or has treat$ r+bone by ?is me?od :]e ! p]i>ticul> type exi/$ & lam5ess 0 m>k$1 & 9 ?ree weeks ! subjects 7 9 s]vice & n lame--?is1 9 "o in/ance 9 a valuable polo pony :]e ! subject cont9u$ 9 s]vice = m ?an a ye> )\t any evid5ce ( recurr5ce ( ! lam5ess4 ,! production ( a deep-seat$ & acute inflammation ) ! actual caut]y is pref]able to any sort ( c\nt]-irritation :i* may be produc$ by vesicants4 ,!re is no occasion = any diff]5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( ei!r ( ! fir/ ?ree classes ( r+bone1 b 9 ! ra*itic type :]e treatm5t is giv51 ! application ( a vesicant is all t is requir$4 ,9 mo/ in/ances treatm5t is n necess>y4 ,! affect$ animals require a mon? to ?ree mon?s' "t = recov]y to take place 9 ! av]age favorable cases ( r+bone4 ,m$ian neurectomy is ( s]vice 9 _m in/ances :]e lam5ess is n completely reliev$ by ! use ( ! actual caut]y & no bad results att5d ! p]=mance ( ?is op]ation ev5 ?\gh no b5efit is d]iv$ !reby4 ,plant> neurectomy is contra9dicat$ 9 all cases :]e !re exi/s mu* lam5ess4 ,if lam5ess is due to acute inflammation bad results su* z sl\gh+ & loss ( ! ho( may foll[2 & if l>ge exo/oses me*anically int]f]e ) function ( ! jo9t1 or :]e articul> erosions exi/1 no possible good c come f neurectomy4 ,c>eful discrim9ation %\ld be employ$ 9 select+ cases = neurectomy = ?is op]ation2 o!rwise1 x is v likely to prove disappo9t+4 ,op5 ,%ea? ( ! ,flexors ( ! ,phalanges4 ,?is condition does n diff] f a l affection involv+ o!r t5dons except t ! function ( ^! t5dons is su* t l>ge synovial %ea?s are necess>y1 & :5 synovitis exi/s1 ! condition !n becomes m s]i\s4 ,infecti\s synovitis involv+ ^! t5dons 9 ! fetlock region is ( m frequ5t occurr5ce ?an a l affection ( c>pal or t>sal %ea?s4 ,) ! exception ( ! ext5t ( ! involvem5t & di/ress occasion$ !reby1 synovitis ! result ( op5 t5don %ea?s1 is simil> :]ev] x occurs4 ,etiology4--,! same conditions :i* are responsible = op5 fetlock jo9t & o!r w\nds ( ! pa/]n region1 cause op5 t5don %ea?s ( ! flexor t5dons4 ,symptomatology4--,because ( ! size & ext5t ( ?is %ea? & ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* x is op5$1 !re is manife/$ dissimil> symptoms 9 diff]5t cases4 ,a nail puncture :i* p]=ates ! %ea? 9 ! pa/]n region & at ! same "t produces an infecti\s synovitis1 w cause a m>k$ly diff]5t manife/ation ?an w a w\nd :i* freely op5s ! %ea? above ! fetlock4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! condition is mu* m pa9ful2 swell+ is int5se 9 "s cases2 & if ! subject does n possess suffici5t resi/ance s t spontane\s resolution promptly occurs1 surgical evacuation ( pus is usually necess>y4 ,:5 ^! t5don %ea?s are op5$1 !re foll[s a reaction :i* is q analog\s to t :i* exi/s 9 ar?ritic synovitis1 b in/ead ( ankylosis1 adhesions ) !cal oblit]ation occur4 ,r>ely !re result c>tilag9\s & osse\s =mations4 ,! con/itutional di/urbances :i* *>act]ize ?is condition v>y ) ! degree ( di/ress occasion$4 ,z ! infection is virul5t & causes s]i\s de/ruction ( ! affect$ p>ts1 s does evid5ce ( malaise & f9ally di/ress appe>4 ,detail$ discussions ( symptomatology 9 simil> conditions h h]et(ore be5 giv51 & fur!r repetition is unnecess>y4 ,treatm5t4--,! same g5]al plan ( treatm5t :i* is employ$ = h&l+ op5 jo9t is put 9 practice 9 ^! cases4 ,foll[+ ! preop]ative cleans+ ( ! ext]nal w\nd & adjac5t surfaces1 :]e lib]al dra9age exi/s1 t9cture ( iod9 is inject$ into ! %ea?1 ! p>ts cov]$ ) a suitable dress+ p[d]1 & ! entire memb] is c>efully dress$ ) cotton & b&ages4 ,subsequ5t treatm5t is ! same z has be5 outl9$ 9 ! discussion ( op5 fetlock jo9t on page #aab4 ,! same g5]al plan ( aft]-c>e is necess>y4 ,recov]y1 h[ev]1 does n require s mu* "t ord9>ily1 yet punctures ( ! %ea? occasion$ by nails or o!r small implem5ts make = long drawn out cases ( infective synovitis4 ,luxation ( ! ,fetlock ,jo9t4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,! mann] ( con/ruction ( ! fetlock jo9t is su* t dis>ticulation )\t irrep>able injury result+1 is practically impossible4 ,logically1 ?is jo9t 9 ! =e legs 7n s 9 ! pelvic limbs7 %\ld dis>ticulate 9 su* mann] t ei!r all ( ! inhibitory app>atus 7flexor t5dons & susp5sory ligam5t7 mu/ rupture or a lat]al luxation is necess>y4 ,lat]al dis>ticulation mu/ necess>ily sev] ! atta*m5t ( "o ( ! common collat]al ligam5ts4 ,because ( ! wid? 7transv]se diamet]7 ( ! articulat+ surfaces ( ?is jo9t1 lat]al luxation requires a great /ra92 & a =ce t is suffici5t to occasion ?is trauma usually causes s]i\s additional injury4 ,!re=e1 ! condition is consid]$ "o :]e9 prognosis is always unfavorable 9 s f> z practical me?ods ( treatm5t are conc]n$4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b>bi]#bb reports a case ( bilat]al luxation ( ! fetlock jo9ts ( ! h9d legs 9 a horse4 ,?is 0 done 9 jump+1 & ! ext5sor t5don ( ea* leg 0 ruptur$ & ! ant]ior portion ( ! metat>sus 0 protrud+ ?r\gh ! sk94 ,pr(use hemorrhage _h tak5 place due to te>+ ( ! blood vessels4 ,symptomatology4--,entire luxation ( ?is jo9t :5 pres5t is s evid5t t "o _c fail to recognize ! condition4 ,complete dis>rangem5t ( normal relation occurs & !re is ei!r a break+ d[n ( ! inhibitory app>atus1 or if a lat]al dis>ticulation exi/s1 ! normally /raight l9e =m$ by ! bones ( ! front leg1 z view$ f ! front or re>1 is brok5 at ! fetlock4 ,(t5 fracture ( bones are concomitant & !n1 ( c\rse1 mobility is increas$ & n decreas$ z is ! case 9 uncomplicat$ luxation4 ,su* viol5ce occurs at times1 :5 ?is jo9t is dis>ticulat$1 t ! jo9t capsule is also completely ruptur$ & ! articul> portion ( ! bones is expos$ to view4 ,treatm5t4--,! condition be+ practically a hopeless "o1 de/ruction ( ! subject is ! ?+ :i* %\ld be promptly done4 ,9 valuable bre$+ animals1 own]s may pref] t treatm5t be attempt$ :5 a lat]al luxation & deta*m5t ( b "o common ligam5t h p]mitt$ luxation )\t complete dis>ticulation & rupture ( ! jo9t capsule4 ,9 su* cases1 by immobiliz+ ! affect$ p>ts z 9 fracture1 & conf9+ ! subject 9 a sl+ = ab\t sixty days1 p>tial recov]y may occur 9 "s in/ances4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t :]e luxation ) deta*m5t ( a collat]al ligam5t occurs1 recov]y is sl[ & incomplete--!re always results consid]able exo/osis at ! site ( injury4 ,sesamoiditis4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,inflammation ( ! proximal sesamoid bones is caus$ by any k9d ( irritation :i* may involve ?is "p ( ! inhibitory app>atus4 ,position$ z !y are1 betwe5 ! bifurcations ( ! susp5sory ligam5t & ! pa/]n jo9t1 !y s]ve z fulcra & effectively assi/ 9 m9imiz+ concussion :i* is receiv$ by ! susp5sory ligam5t4 ,! flexor t5dons also1 9 contract+1 ex]t /ra9 ^u ! int]-sesamoidean ligam5t1 :i* has a simil> effect ^u ! sesamoid bones z t :i* is produc$ by ! susp5sory ligam5t4 ,! condition occurs q frequ5tly1 & because ( ! important function p]=m$ by ^! bones1 active inflammation ( ! sesamoids con/itutes a s]i\s affection4 ,because ( ! fact t ^! bones h proportionately l>ge articul> surfaces1 :5 !y are inflam$ to ! ext5t t deg5]ative *anges affect ! articul> c>tilage1 complete recov]y seldom results4 ,! same pa?ological *anges occur "h t are to be se5 9 any case ( ar?ritis4 ,no special pa?ological condition *>act]izes sesamoiditis b ?is condition causes incurable lam5ess :5 ! sesamoid bones are mu* inflam$4 ,symptomatology4--,9 acute inflammation1 !re exi/ all ! symptoms :i* portray any ar?ritic inflammation ( l "*4 ,! p>ts are readily palpable & are f\nd to be hot1 sup]s5sitive1 & m or less infiltration ( ! tissues contigu\s to ! jo9t causes swell+4 ,!re is vol> flexion ( ! phalanges :5 ! subject is at re/4 ,lam5ess is int5se2 9 "s acute inflammatory di/urbances ! subject is unable to be> weight on ! affect$ memb]4 ,9 *ronic sesamoiditis1 con/ant lam5ess is ! "o sali5t feature :i* m>ks ! condition4 ,:ile x is possible = "o sesamoid bone to become involv$ )\t its fell[ be+ affect$1 ?is is n usual4 ,consid]able organization ( tissue surr\nd+ ! jo9t is pres5t & no p>ticul> evid5ce ( sup]s5sitiv5ess exi/s4 ,h[ev]1 support+ weight br+s suffici5t pressure to be> ^u ! inflam$ & m or less erod$ bones s t pa9 is occasion$ & lam5ess results4 ,treatm5t4--,dur+ acute inflammation1 absolute quiet is1 ( c\rse1 ( fir/ consid]ation4 ,cold packs are to be kept 9 contact ) ! p>ts until acute inflammatory symptoms subside4 ,! fetlock region is !n envelop$ ) a p\ltice or an iod9 & glyc]9 comb9ation 7iod9 "o "p to sev5 p>ts ( glyc]97 is appli$ & a dress+ ( cotton is kept 9 contact ) ! inflam$ region4 ,foll[+ ?is1 a vesicant is employ$ & ! subject is all[$ a mon?'s re/4 ,9 sub-acute cases1 ! entire region surr\nd+ ! pa/]n is bli/]$ or ! actual caut]y is us$4 ,l9e-fir+ is pref]able4 ,! subject is giv5 a mon? or six weeks re/ & "o may be guid$ by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( lam5ess z to :e!r improvem5t or recov]y is tak+ place4 ,old *ronic cases1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :]e !re are consid]able induration & fibr\s organization ( tissue surr\nd+ ! jo9t1 are n to be b5efit$ by treatm5t4 ,! *ief consid]ation 9 h&l+ sesamoiditis is *eck+ inflammation z e>ly z possible & prev5t+1 if ?is c be done1 ! erosion ( articul> surfaces4 ,if de/ruction ( any "p ( ! articul> surfaces c be prev5t$ & ! pati5t all[$ ample "t = complete resolution ( ! affect$ p>ts to occur1 p]man5t relief is possible4 ,fracture ( ! ,proximal ,sesamoids4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,fracture ( ! proximal sesamoid bones is caus$ by viol5t /ra9 :5 !re exi/s fragilitas osseum1 or by contusions4 ,! au?or treat$ a case :]e fracture ( "o sesamoid 0 occasion$ by a horse receiv+ a puncture w\nd :]e9 ! %>p end ( a /eel b> 0 protrud+ f ! gr\nd :]e x 0 firmly emb$d$4 ,! subject 9 ?is case 0 injur$ :ile be+ driv5 along a c\ntry road4 ,fro/#bc reports simultane\s fracture ( all ( ! proximal sesamoids occurr+ 9 a sixte5-ye>-old pony4 ,! condition is ( r common occurr5ce 9 "s c\ntries because ( ! fragile condition ( horses' bones4 ,symptomatology4--,if ! p>ts c be exam9$ be=e extravasation ( blood & swell+ mask ! condition1 crepitation may be detect$4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 x is possible to note a displacem5t ( p>ts ( ! sesamoid bones--?is 9 horizontal fracture4 ,!re occurs m or less desc5t ( ! fetlock :i* mu/ n be attribut$ to rupture ( ! sup]ficial flexor t5don 7p]=atus74 ,by outl9+ ! c\rse ( ?is t5don ) ! f+]s1 :5 x is passively t5s$ suffici5tly to foll[ its c\rse1 "o may exclude rupture ( ! sup]ficial flexor4 ,f9d+ ! susp5sory ligam5t intact f its orig9 to ! sesamoid atta*m5ts1 "o may also elim9ate rupture ( ?is /ructure z a cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,ne$less to say1 m>k$ lam5ess & swell+ ( ! fetlock soon take place4 ,! condition is pa9ful1 & ord9>ily1 recov]y is impossible4 ,treatm5t4--,:]e treatm5t is attempt$1 immobilization z 9 luxation is 9 ord]4 ,! pati5t's com=t is s\ght1 & if ! fractur$ p>ts c be kept 9 close proximity1 _! union may occur 9 "t4 ,h[ev]1 *ances = p>tial recov]y 7:i* is ! be/ to be hop$ =7 are s remote t e>ly de/ruction ( ! subject is ! humane & economical ?+ to d4 ,:]e treatm5t is in/itut$1 x is f\nd t !re is requir$ a long "t = union ( ! fractur$ bones to occur 7:]e union does take place7 & ! co/ ( treatm5t toge!r ) ! unc]ta9ty ( ev5 p>tial recov]y1 makes = an unfavorable outcome4 ,:5 ! be/ possible results succe$ treatm5t1 a l>ge callosity is =m$ & movem5t ( ! pa/]n jo9t is re/rict$4 ,lam5ess1 ?\gh n int5se1 9 ! case ref]r$ to1 :]e "o bone 0 brok51 0 p]man5t & ! subject 0 out ( s]vice = ne>ly a ye>4 ,inflammation ( ! ,po/]ior ,ligam5ts ( ! ,pa/]n 7,proximal ,int]phalangeal7 ,jo9t4 ,anatomy4--,! ligam5ts "h involv$ are ! f\r vol> ligam5ts describ$ by ,sisson#bd z foll[s3 ,! vol> ligam5ts 7,ligg ,vol>ia7 consi/ ( a c5tral pair & a lat]al & m$ial b&s :i* are atta*$ bel[ to ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! proximal end ( ! second phalanx & its complem5t>y fibro-c>tilage4 ,! lat]al & m$ial ligam5ts are atta*$ above to ! middle ( ! bord]s ( ! fir/ phalanx1 ! c5tral pair l[] d[n & on ! m>g9 ( ! triangul> r\gh area4 ,?is portion ( ! inhibitory app>atus is describ$ by ,/rangeways' ,anatomy z two po/]ior ligam5ts :i* run ea* f ?ree po9ts on ! sides ( ! os suffrag9is to a piece ( fibro c>tilage1 describ$ z ! gl5oid c>tilage1 & atta*$ to ! po/]o-sup]ior edge ( ! os coronae2 betwe5 !m is ! ins]tion ( ! inf]ior sesamoidean ligam5t4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,ev]y?+ t5d+ to increase /ra9 ^u ^! ligam5ts is contributory to possible fibrill>y fracture ( ^! /ructures4 ,excessive lev]age z furni%$ by long toes1 long toe-calks & l[ heels increases ! normal t5sion on ! po/]ior ligam5ts ( ! pa/]n jo9t4 ,faulty con=mation1 :i* ?r[s an abnormal /ra9 on ^! ligam5ts1 is a pr$ispos+ cause ( inflammation ( ^! /ructures4 ,h>d pull+ ^u slipp]y & r\gh or froz5 roads is a common excit+ cause ( ?is injury4 ,! condition is ( comp>atively frequ5t occurr5ce & is se5 affect+ draft horses frequ5tly1 9 ! h9d legs4 ,symptomatology4--,lam5ess is ! fir/ manife/ation ( ?is affection & weight be>+ is pa9ful 9 direct proportion to ! ext5t ( injury pres5t4 ,vol> flexion ( ! phalanges relieves t5sion on ! p>ts2 !re=e1 ?is position is assum$ :ile ! subject is at re/4 ,:5 consid]able tissue has be5 ruptur$1 & ! condition is v pa9ful1 ! foot is held (f ! gr\nd z 9 all pa9ful affections ( ! extremity4 ,by palpation evid5ce ( pa9 is disc]nible1 ?\gh v little swell+ occurs4 ,pa9 is increas$ by manual t5sion ( ! p>ts :i* is done by grasp+ ! toe ( ! foot & ex]t+ traction on ! flexor app>atus4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 execut+ su* manipulations1 & x is only by comp>ison ( ! affect$ memb] ) ! s\nd "o & not+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! manife/ations ( discom=t t we may arrive at ! prop] conclusion4 ,"s hyp]!rmia is to be recogniz$ 9 acute inflammation1 by comp>+ ! extremities4 ,9 ! =e legs1 navicul> disease is diff]5tiat$ by not+ abs5ce ( contraction at ! heel4 ,by use ( ! ho( te/]s "o may recognize evid5ce ( inflammation ( ! navicul> app>atus4 ,9 inflammation ( ! po/]ior ligam5ts ( ! pa/]n jo9t1 !re is also abs5ce ( ! *>act]i/ic /umbl+ :i* is se5 9 navicul> disease4 ,treatm5t4--,re/ is ! fir/ requisite1 & 9 addition e me*anical means possible to *ange ! c5t] ( gravity 9 ! phalangeal region1 is to be employ$4 ,?is is be/ accompli%$ by %ort5+ ! toe & p>+ ! sole at ! toe z mu* z conditions w p]mit4 ,! heel is rais$ by means ( a %oe ) mod]ately high heel calks4 ,! iod9-glyc]9 comb9ation h]et(ore m5tion$ may be appli$ & ! p>ts cov]$ ) cotton & b&age4 ,subjects require f ?ree weeks to sev]al mon?s' re/ & mu/ be return$ to "w c>efully1 le/ ! incompletely reg5]at$ tissues suff] injury4 ,reg5]ation ( tissue 9 su* cases1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 is sl[ & suffici5t "t = complete recov]y mu/ be all[$ or relapses w occur4 ,fracture ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,phalanges4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,fractures ( ! fir/ phalanx 7suffrag9is7 occur ) respect to frequ5cy1 second to pelvic fractures4 ,(t51 almo/ insignificant injuries cause phalangeal fractures4 ,on city /reets1 horses %od ) %oes hav+ long calks get caught 9 frogs ( /reet railways or by slipp+ on rails1 & phalangeal bones are (t5 brok54 ,! au?or obs]v$ a case ( comm9ut$ fracture ( bo? ! fir/ & second phalanges 7suffrag9is & corona7 9 a polo pony caus$ by mak+ a sudd5 turn :ile 9 action 9 a conte/ on ! turf4 ,symptomatology4--,fracture ( ! phalanges is ne>ly always signaliz$ by lam5ess1 & ?is is m>k$ dur+ ! p]iod ( weight be>+4 ,lam5ess is usually int5se & :]e ! pa?ognomonic symptom 7crepitation7 is n recogniz$1 ! int5sity ( ! claudication1 :5 o!r causes are abs5t1 is indicative ( fracture4 ,! subject does n be> weight ^u ! affect$ memb] & :]e pa9 is int5se1 ! foot is held 9 an elevat$ position & swung back & =?4 ,9 h9d legs ! memb] is (t5 flex$ 9 abduction & held 9 ?is position = sev]al m9utes1 be+ re/$ on ! gr\nd only dur+ %ort int]vals4 ,:5 compell$ to walk1 if pa9 is excruciat+1 ! animal hops ) ! s\nd leg1 no weight be+ support$ by ! fractur$ memb]4 ,:5 an exam9ation ( ! subject is possible be=e ! extremity is swoll51 crepitation is usually f\nd )\t great difficulty1 except 9 a subp]io/eal break or 9 "s cases ( v]tical or oblique fracture4 ,great c>e is necess>y 9 h&l+ ! injur$ extremity 9 ^! cases1 & p>ticul>ly 9 n]v\s subjects or 9 excit$ animals t h be5 rec5tly injur$ 9 runaways1 is x necess>y to be g5tle 9 manipulat+ ! extremity1 if def9ite d$uctions are to be made4 ,z has be5 m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] on diagno/ic pr9ciples1 if ! condition is s pa9ful t ! subject does n relax ! p>ts & crepitation is mask$1 local ane/hesia is necess>y4 ,an ane/hetic solution ( coca9 or novoca9 may be appli$ to ! metac>pal or metat>sal n]ves & an entirely satisfactory exam9ation is !n possible4 ,passive movem5t ( ! phalanges 9 all directions is practis$ 9 ord] to produce crepitation4 ,:5 rotation ( ! p>ts does n occasion crepitation1 g5tle flexion & ext5sion may d s4 ,& 9 _m in/ances1 consid]able manipulation ( ! phalanges is necess>y be=e ! pa?ognomonic symptom is to be recogniz$4 ,9 cases :]e crepitation is n f\nd & lam5ess is pron\nc$1 out ( proportion ) o!r possible exi/+ causes1 "o may by exclusion ( o!r causes e/abli% a diagnosis ( fracture 9 ! c\rse ( =ty-eight h\rs4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 support is giv5 ! affect$ memb] by apply+ an effective lea!r spl9t1 s t pa9 may be dim9i%$4 ,to combat inflammation1 a suitable cataplasm may be appli$ directly to ! sk91 ! extremity b&ag$1 & ! tempor>y immobiliz+ appliance may be secur$ ov] all4 ,9 ?is mann] "o may make repeat$ exam9ations ( ! subject1 & if sl+s are us$ & e o!r necess>y precaution tak5 to promote com=t = ! subject1 no h>m w result 9 delay+ = sev]al days ! application ( p]man5t immobilization--b&ages & spl9ts or ca/s4 ,9 fact1 :]e mu* swell+ exi/s at ! "t "o is call$ to treat su* cases1 x is advisable to delay ! application ( a p]man5t dress+ or ca/ until inflammation has some:at subsid$4 ,c\rse & ,prognosis4--,:]e conditions are favorable1 ! nature ( ! fracture "o t w yield to treatm5t1 ! subject n ag$1 & facilities = giv+ good att5tion to ! affect$ animal are ample1 fractures ( ! fir/ & second phalanges recov] completely 9 f six weeks to f\r mon?s4 ,only simple fractures are consid]$ curable f a practical & economical po9t ( view1 except+ 9 foals1 :]e comp\nd1 & ev5 comm9ut$1 fractures may be s h&l$ t animals may ev5tually become s]viceable ?\gh blemi%$4 ,age ret>ds ! process ( osse\s reg5]ation1 b 9 "o in/ance at ! ,kansas ,city ,vet]9>y ,college1 a v ag$ m>e suff]+ f a multiple fracture ( ! fir/ phalanx 0 treat$ & at ! end ( sixty days 0 able to walk into an ambulance4 ,l>ge exo/oses _h develop$ & ! subject rema9$ lame1 b union ( ! brok5 bone took place 9 a surpris+ly prompt & effective mann]1 :5 age ( ! subject & nature ( ! fracture are consid]$4 ,z a rule1 "o is loa? to recomm5d treatm5t1 ev5 9 a simple transv]se fracture ( ! fir/ phalanx1 9 animals t5 ye>s ( age or old]4 ,! conditions :i* exi/ 9 any giv5 locality t regulate ! exp5se ( c>+ = an animal dur+ ! p]iod ( treatm5t1 especially influ5ce ! c\rse to be pursu$ 9 treat+ fractures4 ,treatm5t4--,= p]man5t immobilization ( ! phalanges 9 fracture1 mat]ials :i* might adapt !mselves to ! irregul> cont\r ( ! memb] & at ! same "t contribute suffici5t rigidity to ! p>ts )\t do+ injury to ! s(t /ructures1 w\ld con/itute ideal means ( treatm5t2 b no su* mat]ials h yet be5 devis$1 & op9ions are v>i\s z to ! mo/ effici5t & practical me?od to employ4 ,aft] ! fetlock has be5 %orn ( hair & ! ergot trimm$1 ! sk9 is ?or\ghly cleans$ & all[$ to dry4 ,sev]al ?9 lay]s ( long fib] cotton are !n wrapp$ ar\nd ! extremity--en\gh to pad well ! memb]--& ?is is reta9$ 9 position ) a wide b&age4 ,gauze b&ages are pref]able to heavi] b&ages ( cotton fabric because !y are some:at m ela/ic & yield to ! irregul> cont\r ( ! p>ts to a bett] advantage4 ,lay]s ( ?ree in* gauze b&ages1 :i* are soak$ ) a cold />* pa/e are w\nd ab\t ! extremity4 ,/rips ( lea!r t are flexible & n m ?an an in* 9 wid? are plac$ 9 a v]tical position ar\nd ! leg & ^! are also cov]$ ) ! />* & securely held 9 position ) ! b&ages4 ,9 ?is way1 "o is able to provide a suffici5t degree ( rigidity & at ! same "t1 :]e ! ca/ is c>efully appli$1 little if any injury is done ! sk94 ,su* a ca/ is n difficult to remove & is s inexp5sive t x may be remov$ & reappli$ at any "t x %\ld be ?\ght pref]able to d s4 ,( c\rse1 ?is does n con/itute an effective means ( support if ! p>ts are to be frequ5tly & ?or\ghly soak$ ) wat]1 b animals und]go+ ?is sort ( treatm5t are usually kept %elt]$4 ,! same aft]-c>e is necess>y 9 su* cases z is giv5 9 fractures ( o!r bones4 ,two mon?s aft] ! injury has be5 done1 ! application ( a bli/]+ o9tm5t to ! entire region is ( b5efit4 ,results4--,mu* dep5ds on ! nature ( fractures z to ! success "o may atta9 9 approximat+ ! p>ts ( a brok5 bone1 & 9 "s cases ( oblique fracture = in/ance1 complete recov]y is impossible1 despite ! mo/ skillful & pa9/ak+ att5tion giv54 ,on ! o!r h&1 cases ( simple transv]se fractures make p]fect recov]ies 9 "s in/ances4 ,all fractures are s]i\s1 & 9 e in/ance ! practition] w\ld be/ be c>eful to impress 8 cli5t ) ! _m difficulties :i* usually att5d ! treatm5t ( fracture 9 horses4 ,t5d9itis4 ,inflammation ( ! ,flexor ,t5dons4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common causes ( lam5ess 9 light h>ness & saddle horses is t5d9itis1 & because ( ! "* ( ! /ructure ( t5dons & because ( _! function1 an active inflammation ( ^! p>ts is always s]i\s4 ,be+ almo/ inela/ic & n well suppli$ ) blood1 t5d9\s tissue is sl[ly reg5]at$1 & s mu* "t is requir$ = complete recov]y to take place 9 t5d9itis1 t affect$ animals seldom fully recov] be=e !y are 9 s]vice or vigor\sly ex]cis+ at w4 ,z a result1 complete recov]y is delay$ or prev5t$4 ,! ext5sor t5dons1 because ( ! nature ( _! function1 are v seldom /ra9$2 !y are (t5 bruis$ & occasionally divid$1 b unlike ?is condition 9 ! flexors1 t5d9itis ( ! ext5sors is ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,= a concise discussion ( ?is subject ! mo/ practical classification is "o made on a *ronological basis & we may !n consid] t5d9itis z acute & *ronic4 ,,acute ,,t5d9itis4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,causes ( t5d9itis1 z 9 almo/ all diseases1 may be consid]$ "u ! heads ( pr$ispos+ & excit+4 ,among ! pr$ispos+ causes ( t5d9itis may be m5tion$1 faulty con=mation4 ,ev]y?+ :i* has to d ) increas+ ! /ra9 ^u t5dons adds to ! probability ( _! be+ ov]-tax$4 ,long1 slop+1 pa/]n bones2 disproportionate developm5t ( p>ts1 su* z a heavy body & small1 weak t5dons & long ho(s1 are ! pr9cipal factors :i* usually pr$ispose to t5d9\s spra9s4 ,deg5]ative *anges :i* take place 9 t5dons foll[+ con/itutional diseases su* z influ5za may also be class$ z a pr$ispos+ cause4 ,excessive /ra9 :5 put ^u t5dons 9 any possible mann]1 su* z is occasion$ 9 runn+ & jump+2 mak+ mis/eps & cat*+ up ! weight ( ! body ) "o foot1 :5 ! =ce ?us ?r[n ^u ! support+ /ructure is great because ( mom5tum ga9$ at a rapid pace1 are excit+ causes ( t5d9itis4 ,symptomatology4--,9 all cases ( acute t5d9itis !re is pres5t$ a *>act]i/ic attitude by ! subject4 ,vol> flexion 9 a suffici5t degree to relax ! inflam$ /ructures is always evid5t4 ,! foot may be re/$ on ! toe or plac$ slightly 9 advance ( ! "o support+ weight1 b ! fetlock is always ?r[n =w>d4 ,m or less swell+ ( ! inflam$ t5dons is pres5t4 ,:]e ! deep flexor 7p]=ans7 is involv$ swell+ is m>k$ & ) swell+ !re is pres5t ! o!r symptoms ( inflammation--heat & sup]s5sitiv5ess4 ,9 manipulat+ t5dons = ! purpose ( detect+ sup]s5sitiv5ess1 c>e mu/ be tak5 s t no false conclusion be drawn1 because ( ! av]sion _m horses h to submitt+ to palpation ( ! t5dons ev5 :5 !y are 9 a normal condition4 ,support+-leg-lam5ess is pres5t & v>ies 9 degree ) ! int5sity ( ! pa9 caus$ by weight be>+4 ,9 _m in/ances1 z soon z ! subject has travel$ a consid]able di/ance1 lam5ess dim9i%es or discont9ues4 ,z soon z ! affect$ animal is p]mitt$ to /& long en\gh to cool out !re is a return ( ! lam5ess1 :i* is !n m>k$4 ,no difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 mak+ a practical diagnosis 9 t5d9itis2 t is1 "o may fail to readily recognize ! ext5t ( ! involvem5t z x affects ! sup]ficial flexor t5don1 = in/ance1 b ?is has no practical be>+ on ! prognosis & treatm5t1 :5 exi/+ inflammation ( ! deep flexor is recogniz$4 ,! c\rse ( ea* t5don is readily outl9$ by palpation2 all p>ts are easily manipulat$2 & ) exp]i5ce "o may readily recognize ! ext5t & degree ( ! inflammation4 ,treatm5t4--,9 "s cases ( acute t5d9itis1 pa9 is int5se & ! application ( cold packs dur+ ?is /age is v b5eficial 9 t pa9 is controll$ & inflammation subsides4 ,! extremity may be b&ag$ ) a lib]al quantity ( absorb5t cotton or ) wool5 mat]ial4 ,ice wat] is !n p\r$ ar\nd ! b&ag$ memb] e fifte5 m9utes & ?is %\ld be cont9u$ = ab\t =ty-eight h\rs4 ,9 "s cases ?is treatm5t is n necess>y = m ?an twelve h\rs2 at ! end ( ?is l5g? ( "t1 pa9 has subsid$ & ! acute /age ( inflammation has pass$ or its int5sity has be5 dim9i%$4 ,foll[+ ! application ( cold packs1 ! use ( a p\ltice su* z "s ( ! /]ile1 m$icat$ muds1 is ( m>k$ b5efit4 ,! au?or has made use ( t9cture ( iod9 & glyc]9 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( iod9 to sev5 p>ts glyc]91 ) v satisfactory results4 ,?is comb9ation is hygroscopic1 anodyne & antiseptic & is easily appli$4 ,a lib]al quantity is directly appli$ all ar\nd ! affect$ t5dons & ! leg cov]$ ) a heavy lay] ( cotton1 & ?is is snugly held 9 position ) b&ages4 ,! application may be us$ once or twice daily1 or if x is ?\ght necess>y1 an att5dant may p\r a quantity ( ! iodiz$-glyc]9 ar\nd ! leg & "u ! b&age once daily )\t remov+ ! cotton & b&age4 ,ne$less to say1 absolute re/ is imp]ative4 ,:5 all evid5ce ( acute inflammation has subsid$ vesication is indicat$4 ,at ?is /age walk+ ex]cise is b5eficial & ! subject may be all[$ ! fre$om ( a paddock4 ,"s practition]s are p>tial to ! use ( ! actual caut]y 9 ^! cases1 b x is d\btful if x is necess>y to produce su* a great degree ( c\nt]-irritation 9 cases :]e ! subject is suff]+ ! fir/ attack ( t5d9itis4 ,z has be5 indicat$1 ample "t %\ld be all[$ = recov]y & dep5d+ ^u conditions1 x takes f ?ree weeks to six mon?s = complete recov]y to become e/abli%$4 ,*ronic ,t5d9itis & ,contraction ( ! ,flexor ,t5dons4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,acute inflammation ( ! flexor t5dons may result 9 *ronic t5d9itis4 ,recurr5t attacks 9 cases :]e insuffici5t "t is all[$ = complete recov]y to result1 is foll[$ by *ronic inflammation & hyp]trophy ( ! t5dons4 ,aga91 9 subjects :]e con=mation is faulty1 no am\nt ( c>e w be suffici5t to prev5t a recurr5ce ( ! inflammation & ! condition mu/ become *ronic4 ,symptomatology4--,on visual exam9ation ( ! subject at re/1 "o may note ! hyp]trophi$ condition ( ! affect$ t5dons4 ,_! transv]se diamet] is usually p]ceptibly increas$ & 9 _m cases1 !re is an increase 9 ! ant]o-po/]ior diamet]4 ,! latt] condition causes a bulg+ ( ! t5don t is s noticeable1 because ( ! convexity ?us =m$1 x is commonly kn[n z b[$ t5don4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj--;,contraction ( ! sup]ficial digital flexor t5don 7p]=atus7 ( ! "r h9d leg1 due to t5d9itis4 ,9 *ronic t5d9itis !re occurs repeat$ attacks ( inflammation :]e9 lam5ess is pron\nc$ & !re exi/s 9 reality1 at su* times1 acute inflammation ( a hyp]trophic /ructure1 :]e at no "t does inflammation completely subside4 ,!re=e1 9 *ronic t5d9itis !re is to be f\nd at times ! same conditions :i* *>act]ize acute inflammation1 except t !re is usually a v>iance ( symptoms because ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( inflammation & pa94 ,! diagnosis ( contraction ( t5dons is an easy matt] because ( ! fact t relations betwe5 ! phalanges are con/antly *ang$ ) t5d9\s contraction4 ,if "o be>s 9 m9d ! atta*m5ts & function ( ! digital flexors1 no difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 recogniz+ contraction ( ei!r t5don4 ,contraction ( ! sup]ficial digital flexor 7p]=atus71 :5 uncomplicat$1 is *>act]iz$ by vol> flexion ( ! pa/]n jo9t4 ,! foot is flat on ! gr\nd & ! heel is n rais$ because ! sup]ficial flexor t5don does n h its ins]tion to ! di/al phalanx 7os p$is7 & !re=e c n affect ! position ( ! foot4 ,by caus+ ! subject to /& on ! affect$ memb]1 "o may outl9e ! c\rse ( ! flexor t5dons by palpation1 & 9 ?is way recognize any lack ( t5s5ess or contraction ( t5dons or ( ! susp5sory ligam5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba--;,contraction ( ! deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans7 ( ! "r h9d leg1 due to t5d9itis4 ,contraction ( ! susp5sory ligam5t w\ld cause ! pa/]n jo9t to assume ! same position z is occasion$ by contraction ( ! sup]ficial digital flexor 7p]=atus7 t5don1 b :5 ! subject is be>+ weight on ! affect$ memb]1 x is easy to det]m9e t no contraction ( ! susp5sory ligam5t exi/s1 by not+ an abs5ce ( abnormal t5s5ess ( ?is /ructure4 ,& f9ally1 contraction ( ! susp5sory ligam5t is ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,contraction ( ! deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans7 causes an elevation ( ! heel4 ,! foot c n set flat because ! ins]tion ( ! deep flexor t5don to ! sol> surface ( ! di/al phalanx 7os p$is7 causes :5 ! t5don is contract$--a rotation ( ! di/al phalanx on its transv]se axis--h5ce ! rais$ heel4 ,no o!r t5don has ?is same effect on ! di/al phalanx & ! condition is correctly diagnos$ )\t difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb--;,a *ronic case ( contraction ( bo? flexor t5dons ( ! phalanges4 ,9 ?is case 7pres5t$ at a cl9ic ( ! ,kansas ,city ,vet]9>y ,college7 because ( long cont9u$ contraction ( ! flexors1 :i* prev5t$ weight be+ support$ ) any degree ( com=t1 !re result$ a p>tial p>alysis ( ! ext5sors1 & consequ5tly ! extremity 0 dragg$ on ! gr\nd4 ,c\rse & ,complications4--,?is condition may exi/ = ye>s )\t caus+ ! subject any s]i\s inconv5i5ce1 if ! affect$ animal is kept at suitable "w4 ,9 o!r in/ances recurr5t attacks ( lam5ess are ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce t ! subject is n fit = s]vice4 ,_m affect$ animals t are kept 9 s]vice 9 spite ( lam5ess 7& 9 "s in/ances :]e no lam5ess is pres5t71 soon become uns]viceable because ( contraction ( ! inflam$ t5don4 ,?is1 9 fact1 is ! condition :i* ev5tually becomes e/abli%$ 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,treatm5t4--,:]e con=mation is n too faulty s t recov]y may be expect$1 good results are obta9$ by l9e-fir+ ! t5dons & all[+ ! subject a few mon?s' re/4 ,9 "s cases m$ian neurectomy is advisable4 ,?is is recomm5d$ by ,breton#be z be+ productive ( good results ev5 :]e contraction ( t5dons exi/s & t5otomy is done4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc--;,contraction ( ! sup]ficial & deep flexor t5dons 7p]=atus & p]=ans7 ( ! left =e leg4 ,by %oe+ ) high heel-calks consid]able /ra9 is tak5 f ! inflam$ t5dons because ( ! *ang$ position ( ! foot :i* alt]s ! di/ribution ( weight on diff]5t p>ts ( ! leg4 ,rubb] pads mat]ially dim9i% concussion & %\ld be made use ( :5 ! subject is return$ to "w1 if ! "* ( ! "w is su* z to occasion mu* concussion4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 spra9s !re occurs fibrill>y fracture ( s(t /ructures & "t is requir$ = reg5]ation ( tissue :i* has be5 injur$ or de/roy$4 ,absolute re/ is necess>y :]e inflammation is acute & 9 sub-acute or *ronic t5d9itis avoidance ( all "w :i* causes irritation to ! affect$ t5dons is imp]ative4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd--;,contraction ( sup]ficial digital flexor & slight contraction ( deep flexor t5don4 ,:]e contraction ( t5dons exi/s surgical treatm5t is necess>y4 ,no good comes f appliances :i* are calculat$ to /ret* ! affect$ t5dons2 9 fact1 !y aggravate ! inflam$ condition & ha/5 complete loss ( function ( ! affect$ memb]4 ,:]e !re exi/s no articul> or ligam5t\s diseases :i* w\ld defeat ! purpose1 t5otomy is ! only rem$y = contract$ t5dons4 ,contract$ ,t5dons ( ,foals4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,?is condition is occasionally obs]v$ & no positive explanation ( ! reason = its exi/5ce c be giv54 ,t mal-position en ut]o causes ! metac>pal bones to develop 9 l5g? s rapidly t ! t5dons are too %ort1 is an explanation t is (f]$4 ,be t z x may1 9 bre$+ sections ( ! c\ntry ! g5]al practition] is oblig$ to h&le ^! cases & successful me?ods ( treatm5t are ess5tial ev5 ?\gh cause is n removable4 ,symptomatology4--,! sup]ficial flexor t5don 7p]=atus7 alone1 is ! "o usually contract$1 & :ile bo? flexors are at times involv$1 ?is r>ely occurs4 ,! condition is usually bilat]al4 ,! degree ( contraction v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t cases4 ,9 "s1 contraction exi/s to su* ext5t t x is impossible = ! colt to /&1 & because ( cont9ual decubitus :]e no relief is giv51 ! subject is lo/ because ( gangr5\s infection occasion$ by b$ sores4 ,o!rwise ! same symptoms are to be obs]v$ 9 ?is condition1 t exi/ 9 contraction ( t5dons ( ! mature animal4 ,treatm5t4--,:]ev] contraction is n too m>k$ & weight is borne ) ! affect$ memb]s1 & :]e ! feet c be kept on ! gr\nd 9 a ne>ly normal position1 x is possible to correct ! condition )\t do+ t5otomy4 ,t is1 9 cases :]e ! subject is simply cock-ankl$1 :]e vol> flexion ( ! pa/]n jo9t exi/s b ! foot is kept flat on ! gr\nd1 correction is possible )\t t5otomy4 ,9 su* in/ances ! foal mu/ be treat$ e>ly--be=e ! sk9 on ! ant]ior pa/]n region has be5 badly damag$ by knuckl+ ov]4 ,x is possible 9 _m cases to /ret* ! flexor t5dons by grasp+ ! colt's foot ) "o h&1 & ) ! o!r h& "o may pu% ! pa/]n 9 ! direction ( dorsal flexion4 ,?is may be tri$ & :5 a reasonable am\nt ( =ce is employ$1 no h>m is done1 ev5 ?\gh no mat]ial b5efit results4 ,"s vet]9>ians claim good results f ?is treatm5t alone & direct _! cli5ts to repeat ! /ret*+ process sev]al times daily4 ,:e!r ! t5dons are manually /ret*$ or n1 spl9ts %\ld be adju/$ to ! affect$ memb]s4 ,! legs are padd$ ) cotton & b&ages & a suitable spl9t is appli$ on ei!r side ( ! memb]s & securely fix$ 9 position by b&ag+4 ,! spl9ts are kept 9 position = f\r or five days & !n remov$ = inspection ( ! affect$ p>ts4 ,if necess>y1 !y are reappli$ & left 9 position = a week2 h[ev]1 ?is is unnecess>y 9 ! av]age case t is treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,:]e contraction exi/s to ! ext5t t ! subject c n /& & :]e no weight is borne by ! feet1 x is necess>y to divide ! affect$ t5dons surgically4 ,! same te*nic is put into practice t is employ$ 9 ! mature subject b !re is mu* great] *ance = a favorable outcome 9 ! foal4 ,fur!r1 if necess>y1 "o may divide ) impunity1 bo? t5dons on ea* leg1 at ! same "t4 ,9 all cases ?is op]ation is done by obs]v+ /rict aseptic precautions & ! legs are1 ( c\rse1 b&ag$4 ,if bo? t5dons are divid$1 spl9ts %\ld be employ$ & kept 9 position = t5 days or two weeks4 ,prim>y union ( ! small surgical w\nd ( ! sk9 & fascia occurs 9 =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ,william's ,vet]9>y ,surgical & ,ob/etrical ,op]ations1 = a complete description ( ?is op]ation4 ,9 vet]9>y lit]ature !re is occasionally describ$ a condition :i* affects "y foals :]e9 symptoms simil> to ^? ( contraction ( ! flexors are manife/$1 b ^u exam9ation x is f\nd t rupture ( ! ext5sor ( ! digit 7ext5sor p$is7 exi/s4 ,?is affection is briefly describ$ by ,cadiot b no complete treatise on ?is condition has be5 publi%$4 ,9 p>ts ( ,canada foals ( f "o to ?ree days ( age are f\nd affect$ 9 su* mann] t m or less int]f]5ce ) ! gait is to be se5 9 ^? mod]ately affect$4 ,!re is1 9 "s subjects1 only a slight imp$im5t 9 locomotion :i* is occasion$ by inability to prop]ly ext5d ! digit4 ,9 o!r subjects1 :ile able to /& & walk1 great difficulty is exp]i5c$ because ( vol> flexion ( ! phalanges4 ,! m s]i\sly affect$ animals are unable to /& &1 9 mo/ in/ances1 p]i% because ( ! effects ( prolong$ decubitus4 ,a local enl>gem5t occurs at ! ant]ior c>pal region & ! mass is some:at fluctuat+1 extravasat$ fluids becom+ infect$ 9 _m in/ances1 & necrosis ( ! sk9 & fascia provide means = spontane\s dis*>ge ( ! cont5ts ( ! enl>gem5t if x is n op5$4 ,! infection :5 x becomes g5]aliz$ causes a fatal t]m9ation 9 mo/ cases t are n treat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be--;,fi% knees4--,photo by ,?os4 ,mill>1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,native /ock own]s ( "s p>ts ( ,canada "k ?is condition z fi% knees because ( ! pres5ce ( ! ruptur$ end ( ! ext5sor t5don :i* is f\nd coil$ 9 ! cavity ( ! enl>gem5ts caus$ by ! ruptur$ t5don4 ,local practition]s h treat$ ! condition by incis+ ! swoll5 mass & remov+ ! "p ( t5don conta9$ )9 su* cavities4 ,treatm5t has n prov$ entirely satisfactory 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 p]haps because ( t>dy int]f]5ce4 ,9 a colt's leg s5t ! au?or by ,mr4 ,?omas ,mill>1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ( ,asqui?1 ,saskat*ewan1 a c>eful dissection ( ! c>pal region reveal$ ! fact t 9 ?is case ! ruptur$ ext5sor t5don 0 due to injury4 ,! colt may h be5 trampl$ ^u by its dam 9 su* mann] t ! t5don 0 divid$4 ,no noticeable evid5ce ( injury to ! sk9 0 to be se5 on its out] surface1 b on ! fascial side a cyanotic conge/$ area1 :i* 0 situat$ imm$iately ov] ! site ( ! ruptur$ t5don1 0 v evid5t4 ,) ! execution ( a good surgical te*nic1 ! ruptur$ t5don might be sutur$2 ! w\nd ( ! t5don %ea? z well z t ( ! sk9 c>efully unit$ by means ( gut sutures1 ! leg b&ag$ & immobiliz$ ) lea!r spl9ts & recov]y foll[ 9 a reasonable p]c5tage ( cases s treat$4 ,^! cases af=d an opportunity = ! p]fection ( practical means ( treatm5t by ^? :o frequ5tly meet ) ?is affection4 ,rupture ( ! ,flexor ,t5dons & ,susp5sory ,ligam5t4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,rupture ( ! flexor t5dons or ( ! susp5sory ligam5t is ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,frequ5tly1 ^! /ructures are divid$ z ! result ( w\nds2 b rupture1 due to /ra91 is n frequ5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf--;,extreme dorsal flexion said to h result$ f an attack ( di/emp]4 ,f ,am]4 ,j'n'l4 ,vet4 ,m$41 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,no4 #d4 ,9 "s cases 9 runn+ horses1 or 9 animals t are put to /r5u\s p]=mances1 su* z are jump]s1 rupture ( t5dons or ( ! susp5sory ligam5t takes place4 ,h[ev]1 m frequ5tly ?is foll[s c]ta9 debilitat+ diseases su* z influ5za or local infecti\s inflammation ( ! p>ts :i* results 9 deg5]ative *anges & rupture foll[s4 ,! non-ela/ic susp5sory ligam5t receives "s heavy /ra9s dur+ c]ta9 attitudes :i* are tak5 by horses 9 hurdle jump+ z is expla9$ 9 detail by ,montane & ,b\rdelle#bf "u ! description ( ?is ligam5t4 ,b 9 spite ( ! frequ5t & unusually heavy /ra9s1 :i* ^! /ructures receive1 complete rupture is n frequ5tly se54 ,symptomatology4--,:5 ! anatomy & function ( ! flexor t5dons & susp5sory ligam5t is ?or\ghly und]/ood1 recognition ( rupture ( ei!r ( ^! /ructures is easily recogniz$4 ,:5 "o consid]s t 9 rupture1 a position directly opposite to t :i* is se5 9 contraction 9 ei!r "o ( ^! /ructures1 is assum$1 a detail$ description ( ea* sep>ate condition is ne$less repetition4 ,h[ev]1 x is p]t95t to sugge/ t rupture ( ! deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans7 all[s a turn+ up ( ! toe4 ,:e!r x be torn loose f its po9t ( atta*m5t or ruptur$ at "s po9t proximal !reto1 ! position is ! same--heel flat on ! gr\nd1 toe slightly rais$ & ?is rais+ ( ! toe v>ies 9 degree z ! subject moves ab\t4 ,:5 ! sup]ficial flexor 7p]=atus7 is ruptur$ !re is no *ange 9 ! position ( ! foot b ! fetlock jo9t is slightly l[]$4 ,! pa?ognomonic symptom is ! lax t5don dur+ weight be>+1 :i* may be felt by palpation ( ! t5don along its c\rse 9 ! metac>pal region4 ,) complete rupture ( ! susp5sory ligam5t !re occurs a m>k$ dropp+ ( ! fetlock jo9t & an abnormal am\nt ( weight is !n ?r[n ^u ! sup]ficial flexor t5don 7p]=atus71 caus+ x to be m>k$ly t5s$4 ,?is is readily recogniz$ by palpation4 ,by palpat+ ! susp5sory ligam5t f its proximal portion d[n to & beyond its bifurcation1 :ile ! affect$ memb] is support+ weight1 x is possible to diagnose rupture ( "o ( its bran*es4 ,prognosis & ,treatm5t4--,9 rupture ( ! sup]ficial flexor t5don 7p]=atus7 because ( its comp>atively less important function1 prognosis is favorable & recov]y takes place :5 prop] treatm5t is put into practice4 ,) rupture ( ! deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans71 especially :5 x occurs at or ne> its po9t ( ins]tion & sometimes foll[+ disease1 prognosis is unfavorable4 ,rupture ( ! susp5sory ligam5t con/itutes a condition :i* is1 z a rule1 hopeless1 because ( ! impracticability ( treat+ su* cases4 ,! sali5t feature :i* *>act]izes any practical attempt at treatm5t ( ruptur$ t5dons or o!r portions ( ! inhibitory app>atus ( ! fetlock region1 is to reta9 ! phalanges 9 _! normal position = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t t ! approximat$ ends ( ruptur$ t5dons or ligam5ts may unite4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ?is to occur1 toge!r ) ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 conf9+ ! affect$ extremities 9 suitable braces or supportive appliances1 precludes all possibility ( ?is condition's be+ practically am5able to treatm5t :5 ! deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans7 & susp5sory ligam5t are simultane\sly ruptur$4 ,x does n foll[1 ev5 s1 t recov]y does n succe$ treatm5t 9 "s ( ^! unfavorable cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg--;,a good /yle ( %oe = brac+ ! fetlock :]e t5otomy has be5 p]=m$1 or 9 case ( traumatic division ( ! flexor t5dons4 ,an inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,g4,h4 ,rob]ts4 ,affect$ subjects are kept 9 sl+s z long z x seems necess>y--until !y le>n to get up )\t d]ang+ ! braces worn4 ,sev]al /yles ( braces are 9 use & ea* has its objections2 nev]!less "s sort ( support to ! affect$ memb] is necess>y & /eel braces :i* are connect$ ) %oes are usually employ$4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty :i* att5ds ! use ( braces is pressure-necrosis ( ! sk9 :i* is caus$ by ! con/ant & firm contact ( ! metal support4 ,! practition]'s +5uity is tax$ 9 e case to contrive practical means ( padd+ ! expos$ p>ts 9 ord] to prev5t or m9imize necrosis f pressure4 ,?is is attempt$--) m or less success--by frequ5t *ang+ ( b&ages & ! local application ( su* ag5ts z alcohol or wit* hazel4 ,ne$less to say1 ! sk9 mu/ be kept p]fectly clean & ! dress+s free f all irritat+ sub/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh--,%[+ ! ,rob]ts brace 9 op]ation4 ,! fact t t5dons or ligam5ts :i* are ruptur$1 d n reg5]ate z readily z 9 cases :]e traumatic or surgical division occurs1 mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 & prognosis is giv5 9 accordance4 ,!citis & ,bursitis 9 ! ,fetlock ,region4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,synovial di/5sion ( t5don %ea?s & bursae 9 ! region ( ! fetlock are caus$ by ! same active ag5cies :i* produce ?is condition 9 o!r p>ts4 ,! fetlock region is expos$ to m frequ5t injury ?an is ! c>pus & z a consequ5ce is m (t5 affect$4 ,! same proportionate am\nt ( irritation affects ?is "p ( ! leg1 ow+ to /ra9s1 z affect ! c>pus f a simil> cause2 & synovitis f ?is cause1 is z frequ5t 9 "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,!re=e1 x is a natural sequ5ce t ! t5don %ea?s ( ! metac>pophalangeal region are frequ5tly di/5d$ because ( *ronic synovitis & !citis4 ,^! inflammations are usually non-infective 9 "*4 ,! cul-de-sac ( ! capsul> ligam5t ( ! fetlock jo9t :i* ext5ds upw>d betwe5 ! bifurcation ( ! susp5sory ligam5t is ! mo/ frequ5tly affect$ /ructure 9 ?is region4 ,:5 di/5d$1 two sph]oidal masses bulge lat]ally & ant]ior to ! flexor t5dons 9 a *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,?is condition is kn[n among horsem5 z w9d-gall or fetlock-gall4 ,! %ea? ( ! flexor t5dons1 :i* beg9s ab\t ! middle portion ( ! l[] ?ird ( ! metac>pus1 & cont9ues d[nw>d bel[ ! pa/]n jo9t is (t5 di/5d$4 ,except+ 9 cases ( acute inflammation att5d+ synovitis ( ^! p>ts1 no lam5ess m>ks its exi/5ce & 9 *ronic cases ( synovial di/5sion ! s]vice ( affect$ animals is n int]f]$ )4 ,^! di/5sions con/itute unsightly blemi%es & !y are treat$ *iefly = ?is reason4 ,no difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 recogniz+ ^! conditions ev5 :]e consid]able organization ( tissue ov]ly+ di/5d$ !cae occurs4 ,9 su* cases !re may be only slight fluctuation ( ! enl>gem5t1 b if necess>y1 an aseptic exploratory puncture may be made ) a suitable ne$le or troc>4 ,treatm5t4--,complete re/ & ! local application ( cold packs are 9 ord] 9 acute synovitis :5 !re is di/5sion ( t5don %ea?s4 ,9 ! fetlock region1 because ( ! ease ) :i* pressure may be employ$1 ! p>ts %\ld be kept snugly wrapp$ ) cotton1 & d]by b&ages are us$ to ex]t ! desir$ am\nt ( pressure ov] ! affect$ region4 ,! pressure-b&ages %\ld be employ$ z soon z all acute & pa9ful inflammation has subsid$2 & !n !y %\ld be cont9u$1 day & night1 = t5 days or two weeks4 ,! b&ages %\ld be remov$ morn+ & night4 ,aft] ! sk9 ( ! leg has ?or\ghly dri$ (f1 an infriction ( alcohol or di/ill$ extract ( hamamelis is giv5 ! p>ts & ! cotton & b&ages are readju/$4 ,a good1 ev5 & firm pressure 9 su* cases is productive ( satisfactory results4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi--;,di/5sion ( !ca ( ! ext5sor ( ! digit 7ext5sor p$is74 ,9 *ronic di/5sions ( t5don %ea?s synovia may be aspirat$ & ab\t five cubic c5timet]s ( equal p>ts ( t9cture ( iod9 & alcohol is inject$ into ! cavity4 ,?is is n done1 h[ev]1 )\t usual aseptic precautions4 ,if no m>k$ swell+ results )9 =ty-eight h\rs ! entire fetlock region is ?or\ghly vesicat$ &1 z soon z ! sk9 has recov]$ f ! effects ( ! vesicant1 pressure b&ages may be employ$4 ,9 ^! cases1 subjects may be put into s]vice aft] all swell+ :i* ! injection or ! vesicant has produc$ has subsid$4 ,! pressure b&ages are us$ at night or dur+ ! "t t ! horse is 9 its /all & !y are n worn by ! subject :ile at "w4 ,:]e no m>k$ swell+ occurs )9 t5 days1 z ! result ( ! injection ( iod91 ! injection may be repeat$ &1 if ?\ght necess>y1 ! quantity may be mat]ially increas$4 ,if swell+ does n occur x is indicative t no p>ticul> irritation has be5 caus$4 ,"s swell+ is desirable & mu* swell+ sometimes results & p]si/s = weeks4 ,?is is n 9 any way likely to cause p]man5t tr\ble2 & if ! te*nic ( injection is skilfully execut$ no infection w foll[4 ,by p]si/5t & c>eful use ( suitable ela/ic b&ages1 ! support ?us giv5 ! p>ts1 toge!r ) ! absorption ( products ( inflammation :i* con/ant pressure occasions1 "s *ronic cases ( synovial di/5sion ( t5don %ea?s recov] 9 two or ?ree mon?s & ?is )\t o!r treatm5t4 ,su* good results are n to be expect$ 9 ag$ subjects1 nor 9 horses hav+ at ! same "t1 *ronic lymphangitis4 ,:]e b&ages ( pure rubb] are employ$ great c>e is necess>y1 if "o is n exp]i5c$ 9 _! use1 le/ necrosis result4 ,:]e b&ages are uncom=tably tight ! subject w manife/ discom=t1 & an att5dant %\ld obs]ve ! animal at int]vals = a few h\rs 7:]e !re may be "s d\bt z to ! degree ( pressure :i* is ex]t$ by ela/ic b&ages7 & readju/m5t made be=e any h>m is done4 ,ar?ritis ( ! ,fetlock ,jo9t4 ,anatomy4--,! anatomy ( ! metac>pophalangeal articulation is briefly review$ on page #eh "u ! head+ ( ,anatomo-,physiological ,review ( ,p>ts ( ! ,=eleg4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,! *ief causes ( non-infective ar?ritis ( ! fetlock jo9t are irritations f concussion & contusions due to int]f]+4 ,! condition occurs 9 "y animals t are ov]-driv5 9 liv]y s]vice or o!r simil> exhau/+ "w1 :]e !y become s we>y t s]i\s injury is done ^! p>ts by /rik+ ! pa/]ns ) ! feet--int]f]+4 ,9 ^! leg-we>y animals1 t are always kept %od ) fairly heavy %oes1 mu* direct injury is done at times by concussion due to self-inflict$ bl[s4 ,9 old] animals1 :]e !re exi/s simil> conditions1 ) respect to _! be+ worn f fatigue &1 9 addition1 p]i>ticul> inflammatory organizations1 ar?ritis is n ( uncommon occurr5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj--,r>efy+ o/eitis :]e9 articul> c>tilage 0 de/roy$ 9 a case ( ar?ritis ( fetlock jo9t4 ,symptomatology4--,9 true ar?ritis !re exi/s a v pa9ful affection :i* is *>act]iz$ by manife/ations ( di/ress4 ,! subject may keep ! extremity mov+ ab\t--:]e pa9 is great--susp5d$ & sw++4 ,!re is swell+ :i* is m or less hot to ! t\* & compression ( ! p>ts ) ! f+]s increases pa94 ,lam5ess is always pron\nc$ & no weight is support$ ) ! affect$ memb] 9 v acute & g5]aliz$ ar?ritic inflammations4 ,!re occurs ! usual facial manife/ations ( pa9--! t5se condition ( ! facial muscles & ! fix$ eye & no/ril are 9 evid5ce4 ,9 cases :]e !re exi/s a synovitis or :]e a v limit$ portion ( ! articulation is involv$1 a some:at diff]5t cl9ical picture is pres5t$4 ,!n1 ! di/urbance causes less di/ress2 local swell+ & evid5ce ( sup]s5sitiv5ess are n s pron\nc$ & lam5ess is n int5se1 ?\gh weight-be>+ is pa9ful4 ,prognosis4--,!re is a con/ant diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( pa9 manife/$1 z well z ! o!r symptoms ( inflammation1 betwe5 true ar?ritis1 :i* involves mu* ( ! jo9t1 & synovitis2 or synovitis plus a small circumscrib$ area ( jo9t involvem5t4 ,?is diff]5ce is pres5t 9 all jo9t affections ( ! extremities &1 9 pass+1 x is well to say t infection usually increases e manife/ation ( pa94 ,infection occasions m pron\nc$ local symptoms ( inflammation &1 because ( ! rapid progress ( necrotic de/ruction ( c>tilage1 ! c\rse ( ! affection is usually rapid2 ankylosis is a frequ5t result & loss ( ! subject is (t5 inevitable4 ,h[ev]1 9 non-infective ar?ritis ( ! fetlock jo9t1 prognosis is favorable4 ,treatm5t4--,! same g5]al pr9ciples :i* are employ$ 9 ar?ritis ( o!r jo9ts are us$ "h4 ,re/ & com=t = ! pati5t is s\ght 9 e available mann]4 ,if ! subject rema9s /&+ too long1 ! sl+ %\ld be us$ & a well-b$d$ box-/all w contribute mu* to ! com=t ( ! pati5t4 ,pa9 & acute inflammation is dim9i%$ or controll$1 if possible1 by us+ ice-cold packs4 ,9 n]v\s1 well-br$ animals analgesic ag5ts may be employ$2 or small doses ( morph9 sulphate--"o to two gra9s--giv5 at int]vals ( ?ree h\rs dur+ ! fir/ /ages ( ! affection is v b5eficial4 ,?is is especially indicat$ 9 infecti\s ar?ritis4 ,z inflammation subsides1 hot applications are us$ & f9ally c\nt] irritants are employ$4 ,_! selection is a matt] ( *oice ) ! practition]4 ,! object s\ght is ! same ) e practition] & :ile me?ods employ$ v>y1 results are n m>k$ly diff]5t except 9 s f> z ! degree ( c\nt] irritation :i* is produc$ v>ies 9 giv5 cases4 ,:]e a great degree ( c\nt] irritation is ?\ght necess>y1 l9e-fir+ ) ! actual caut]y is ! rem$y p> excell5ce4 ,aft]-c>e4--,9 ! c\rse ( ?ree or f\r weeks subjects may be all[$ ! run ( a paddock &1 aft] a complete re/ ( six weeks at pa/ure1 !y may be return$ to "w ) c>e1 if ! "w is n ( a nature to occasion concussion or o!r mann] ( irritation to ! articulation4 ,neurectomy is n indicat$ ev5 ?\gh !re is a recurr5ce ( lam5ess1 unless ! lam5ess is n pron\nc$ & inflammation is p]i>ticul> & no osse\s enl>gem5ts me*anically int]f]e ) function ( ! jo9t4 ,!re are few cases !n1 :]e neurectomy is mat]ially helpful4 ,ossification ( ! ,c>tilages ( ! ,?ird ,phalanx4 7,ossification ( ! ,lat]al ,c>tilages47 ,anatomy & ,function ( ! ,c>tilages4--,surm\nt+ ea* w+ ( ! di/al phalanx 7os p$is7 is ! irregul>ly-quadrangul> c>tilage4 ,! sup]ior bord] ( ?is c>tilage is ?91 g5]ally convex1 & p]=at$ = vessels to pass to ! frog2 ! inf]ior bord] is atta*$ to ! w+ ( ! ?ird phalanx & po/]iorly1 x is reflect$ inw>d & is cont9u\s ) ! inf]ior surface ( ! s5sitive frog4 ,! ant]ior bord] :i* is direct$ obliquely d[nw>d & backw>d becomes bl5d$ ) ! ant]ior lat]al ligam5t ( ! c(f9 jo9t4 ,! fibr\s expansion ( ! ant]ior digital ext5sor 7ext5sor p$is7 is unit$ to ! ant]ior bord]s ( ! lat]al c>tilages4 ,accord+ to ,smi?#bg3 ,^! /ructures =m an ela/ic wall to ! s5sitive foot1 & atta*m5t to ! vascul> lam9ae2 !y also admit ( increase 9 wid? occurr+ at ! po/]ior "p ( ! foot )\t de/roy+ ! union ( ! two set ( leaves4 ,fur!r1 by _! connection ) ! vascul> sy/em ( ! foot1 _! ela/ic movem5ts mat]ially assi/ ! circulation4 ,! prim>y use ( ! lat]al c>tilages is to r5d] ! int]nal foot ela/ic1 & admit ( its *ange 9 %ape :i* occurs "u ! influ5ce ( ! weight ( ! body4 ,! alt]ation 9 ! %ape ( ! foot is br\ght ab\t by pressure on ! pad1 :i* wid5s & 9 consequ5ce presses on ! b>s4 ,! pressure receiv$ by ! pad is also transmitt$ to ! plant> cu%ion1 :i* likewise flatt5s & spreads "u pressure4 ,bo? ( ^! factors =ce ! c>tilages slightly outw>ds4 ,:5 ! po/]ior wall recoils ! c>tilages are c>ri$ back to _! orig9al position4 ,%\ld ! ela/ic c>tilage "u pa?ological conditions become conv]t$ into bone1 its functions are de/roy$1 & lam5ess may occur4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,! causes ( ossification ( ^! c>tilages are sev]al4 ,no d\bt !re exi/s a pr$isposition to ?is condition = x is ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce 9 heavy draft types ( horses4 ,concussion plays an important role &1 accord+ to ,moell]'s#bh !ory1 :i* is s\nd1 high heel calks prev5t ! frog f contact+ ! gr\nd1 & z weight is plac$ ^u ! foot ! lat]al c>tilages are subject$ to a cont9u\s inw>d & d[nw>d dragg+ /ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca--,r+bone & sidebone4 ,! condition affects ! c>tilages ( ! =e feet m frequ5tly ?an ^? ( ! h9d & ! out] c>tilage is m (t5 ossifi$ ?an is ! inn]4 ,?is fact may be acc\nt$ = by its m expos$ position2 x is also frequ5tly injur$ by be+ trampl$ ^u & o!rwise contus$ or cut1 z 9 lac]at$ w\nds ( ! qu>t]4 ,symptomatology4--,ossification ( ! c>tilages is kn[n by grasp+ ! free bord]s ) ! f+]s & attempt+ _! flexion2 ! rigid inflexible ossifi$ c>tilage is ?us easily recogniz$4 ,lam5ess dur+ weight-be>+ occurs 9 ! majority ( cases at "s "t4 ,mu* dep5ds on ! con=mation ( ! foot & :e!r ! involvem5t affects "o or bo? c>tilages z to ! degree & duration ( lam5ess :i* m>ks ?is affection4 ,9 n>r[ & contract$ heels x is reasonable to expect m lam5ess ?an 9 well =m$ feet4 ,:]e only "o c>tilage is ossifi$1 ! o!r be+ flexible1 !re is less inconv5i5ce exp]i5c$ by ! subject dur+ weight-be>+1 because ( ! expansion ( ! heel :i* ! "o normal c>tilage all[s4 ,treatm5t4--,!re is little if any?+ to be done 9 case ! c>tilage has become ossifi$ except to %oe )\t high calks b pref]ably ) rubb] pads4 ,! ho( %\ld be kept moi/2 ! wall at ! qu>t] may be rasp$ ?9 & kept ano9t$4 ,fir+ is ( no practical b5efit 9 ^! cases1 & x is d\btful if vesication is helpful except+ :]e only a "p ( ! c>tilage is ossifi$4 ,subjects :i* cont9ue some:at lame1 because ( complete ossification ( bo? c>tilages1 are be/ put to sl[ "w on s(t gr\nd & n driv5 on pavem5ts4 ,navicul> ,disease4 ,?is m or less ambigu\s t]m has be5 appli$ to v>i\s diseases affect+ ! /ructures :i* make up ! c(f9 jo9t4 ,we consid] ?is "n to be applicable to inflammatory involvem5t ( ! ?ird sesamoid 7navicul> bone71 ! deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans7 & ! bursa podotro*le>is or navicul> bursa4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,9 #ahfd ,?omas ,greaves#bi wrote on ! subject ( navicul> disease z foll[s3 ,! op9ion ,i ent]ta9 ^u ! subject ( navicul> disease is1 t 9 by f> ! great] majority 7if n all7 ( ^! cases !re exi/s 9 ! animal affect$ a cong5ital t5d5cy or pr$isposition1 t1 g5]ally speak+1 x is ! high /epp]1 ! good go]1 t becomes ! victim to ?is disease2 & x is a fact well atte/$1 t x z frequ5tly develops itself 9 ! feet ) wide frogs1 bulb\s heels1 %all[ heels1 spread flatti% feet1 z 9 ! n>r[ upright feet4444 ,i h kn[n foals1 born f defective p>5ts1 9 :i* ?is condition 0 s /rongly develop$1 t all m5 w\ld at once pron\nce !m affect$ ) navicul> disease1 & su* lam5ess 0 p]man5t4 ,(t5 bo? =e feet are affect$ & ?is w\ld po9t t[>d its be+ a disease :]e9 ei!r con=mation or cong5ital t5d5cies exi/s4 ,x is r>e t h9d feet are involv$4 ,!re are _m !ories reg>d+ ! possible excit+ causes ( navicul> disease &1 :5 "o has c>efully consid]$ ! explanations z (f]$ by ,pet]s1 ,moell]1 ,branell1 ,s*rad] & o!rs1 he may conclude t navicul> disease is a non-infectu\s inflammatory affection ( ! ?ird sesamoid 7navicul>7 bone1 deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans7 & adjo9+ /ructures4 ,:e!r x orig9ates 9 ! flexor t5don or :e!r ! bone is ! orig9al "p affect$1 ! disease is frequ5tly met1 & ( all possible causes1 j>s & irritation incid5t to concussion ( travel1 are probably ! pr9cipal causative ag5ts4 ,symptomatology4--,lam5ess is ! prim>y indicator & a con/ant symptom :i* att5ds navicul> disease :]ev] mu* /ructural *ange affects ! infirm p>ts4 ,z ! degree ( int5sity or ext5t v>ies1 s is !re a dissimil>ity 9 ! "* ( ! imp$im5t4 ,incipi5t cases ( bilat]al involvem5t are m difficult to diagnose ?an are unilat]al affections1 p>ticul>ly :5 lam5ess is n m>k$4 ,!re is manife/$ a support+-leg-lam5ess :i* v>ies z to degree 9 ! same subject at diff]5t times4 ,?is may be notic$ dur+ ! same trip 9 an animal t is be+ driv54 ,!re is a t5d5cy = ! subject to /umble &1 ( c\rse1 :]e ! affection is bilat]al1 !re is a /ilt$ gait ow+ to %ort5$ /rides4 ,at re/ ! lame animal usually po9ts ) ! affect$ memb]4 ,because ( ! fact t ! di/ance is less5$ betwe5 ! orig9 & ins]tion ( ! deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans7 by ?is attitude1 "o may readily und]/& ! reason = ! position assum$ by ! subject4 ,pressure on ! navicul> bone is dim9i%$ & t5sion on ! flexor t5don is reliev$ by ev5 slight vol> flexion4 ,9 acute inflammatory affections abnormal heat may be detect$ 9 ! region ( ! heel4 ,by ex]t+ t5sion on ! flexor t5don1 by means ( passive dorsal flexion ( ! memb]1 evid5ce ( hyp]e/hesia may be detect$4 ,) ! ho( te/]s "o may det]m9e sup]s5sitiv5ss 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,!re occurs m or less contraction ( ! ho( 9 navicul> disease1 b ?is is n to be tak5 z a cause ( ! affection1 b r a sequ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb--,po9t+--! position assum$ by horse hav+ unilat]al navicul> disease4 ,9 "s cases ( unilat]al navicul> disease !re is a m>k$ contra/ 9 size betwe5 ! s\nd & uns\nd foot4 ,h[ev]1 "o mu/ n be misguid$ 9 ?is p>ticul>1 = 9 "s pairs ( s\nd feet !re exi/s consid]able diff]5ce 9 size4 ,f9ally1 by a *ange f ! normal position ( ! foot to "o 9 :i* ! heel is some:at elevat$ 7z may be obta9$ by %oe+ ) high heel calks71 relief is evid5t1 & 9 ! opposite position1 ! condition is aggravat$4 ,?is exp]im5t may be us$ = diagno/ic purposes4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 ! anatomy ( ! diseas$ p>ts is tak5 into consid]ation1 & an analysis ( ! lesions :i* occur 9 cases :]e consid]able /ructural *ange is occasion$ by ?is affection1 x is obvi\s t recov]y is impossible4 ,only 9 cases :]e ! inflammation is promptly *eck$ be=e damage has be5 done ! navicul> bone or ! flexor t5don1 is p]man5t recov]y possible4 ,! disease is n frequ5tly treat$ dur+ ?is /age1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! majority ( in/ances ! condition becomes *ronic4 ,z soon z a diagnosis is made ! %oes mu/ be remov$1 ! toe %ort5$ ) ! ho( p9c]s & rasp & ! subject is put 9 a well b$d$ box-/all4 ,if ! animal is v lame & ! inflammation is acute1 ice-cold packs %\ld be appli$ to ! feet4 ,z soon z acute inflammation has subsid$ ! foot may be s p>$ t all excess ( sole & frog is remov$ )\t l[]+ ! heels1 & ! animal may be bli/]$ ab\t ! coronet region4 ,! subject may be %od lat]1 ) heel calks t raise ! heel mod]ately & a protract$ p]iod ( re/ %\ld be en=c$4 ,9 cases :]e no acute inflammatory condition exi/s1 neurectomy is b5eficial4 ,"o mu/ discrim9ate1 h[ev]1 betwe5 favorable & unfavorable subjects4 ,?is is n a la/ resort exp$i5t to be employ$ 9 cases :]e ext5sive lesions ( ! navicul> /ructures exi/s4 ,) prop] %oe+1 & by putt+ ! subject at suitable "w1 :]e concussion ( fa/ travel on h>d roads is n necess>y1 ! be/ results are obta9able4 ,lam9itis4 ,?is disease is prim>ily a non-infective inflammation ( ! s5sitive lam9ae :i* v frequ5tly affects ! front feet4 ,(t5 all f\r feet are affect$1 less frequ5tly "o foot 7:5 its fell[ is unable to su/a9 weight7 & r>ely ! h9d feet alone4 ,occurr5ce4--,probably a great] numb] ( cases ( lam9itis occur 9 localities :]e horses t are work$ on heavy transf] wagons are1 :5 9 a /ate ( p]spiration1 all[$ to /& expos$ to sudd5 l[]+ ( temp]ature & to /& 9 a cool or cold %[] ( ra9 su* z occurs ne> ! coa/ ( ! ,great ,lakes or ! ocean 9 "s p>ts ( ?is c\ntry4 ,?is disease occurs 9 connection ) dige/ive disord]s ( v>i\s k9ds &1 because ( ! frequ5t association ( ! two conditions1 ! common t]m f\nd] has long be5 employ$ to designate lam9itis4 ,9 cases ( ov]-load+1 p>ticul>ly :5 a l>ge quantity ( :eat has be5 eat5 by animals t are unaccu/om$ to ?is diet1 lam9itis almo/ con/antly results4 ,l>ge draughts ( cold wat]1 :5 drunk by animals t are ov]heat$ is (t5 foll[$ by lam9itis4 ,concussion1 su* z att5ds h>d driv+1 especially 9 un%od horses or on r\gh & h>d roads1 is (t5 succe$$ by ?is affection4 ,likewise1 z has be5 /at$1 injury su* z is occasion$ by long cont9u$ /&+ on ! same foot is foll[$ by lam9itis4 ,"s horses t are frequ5tly %od1 suff] f ?is affection a few h\rs aft] %oes h be5 reset4 ,dr4 ,*as4 ,r4 ,treadway ( ,kansas ,city reports ! r frequ5t occurr5ce ( su* conditions 9 horses t are 9 ! fire dep>tm5t s]vice 9 8 city4 ,age 9 no way influ5ces ! occurr5ce ( lam9itis & ! g5]al condition ( an animal ) reg>d to its vigor or /ate ( fle% has no app>5t influ5ce t[>d pr$ispos+ horses to ?is ailm5t4 ,etiology & ,classification4--,z x is ) "s o!r diseases1 "o may unpr(itably !orize on cause & readily enum]ate _m conditions :i* are app>5tly contributory t[>d produc+ ! affection4 ,causes may well be gr\p$1 h[ev]1 & a m def9ite und]/&+ ( lam9itis is possible z a result4 ,su* collocation w\ld include conditions :i* directly or indirectly affect ! dige/ion1 su* z pu]p]al lam9itis1 dr9k+ ( l>ge quantities ( cold wat] & exposure to cold & ra9 :5 ! body is w>m4 ,all ( ^! v>i\s conditions might be said to affect ! vaso-con/rictor n]ves 9 su* mann] t ! natural t5d5cy 7because ( ! peculi> /ructure ( ! s5sitive lam9ae & _! mode ( atta*m5t to ! non-s5sitive wall7 :i* solip$s h = ?is affection is indirectly due to ?is "o cause--vaso-con/riction4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,d4,m4 ,campbell1 ! effect ( toxic mat]ials1 :i* may be absorb$ f ! dige/ive tract or ! ut]us 9 p>turi5t females1 ^u ! vaso-con/rictor n]ves1 is su* t a passive conge/ion ( ! s5sitive lam9ae occurs & lam9itis is ! result4 ,he believes t ev5 ! *ill+ ( ! surface ( ! body :5 v w>m1 by a cold ra91 con/itutes a condition :]e9 ! effect ^u ! vaso-con/rictors is ! same4 ,?is gr\p+ does n include ! effect ( direct injuries ( any & all k9ds to :i* ! feet are subject$ su* z3 ,concussion 9 fa/ road "w1 injuries occasion$ by tight or ill fitt+ %oes1 contusions ( any k9d result+ 9 non-infecti\s inflammation ( ! s5sitive lam9ae1 z well z ! causes :i* produce lam9itis :]e weight is borne by "o foot :5 its fell[ is out ( function4 ,a classification :i* is practical is t ( acute & *ronic lam9itis4 ,to ! practic+ vet]9>ian x is ?is mann] ( consid]ation t is ess5tial 9 ! h&l+ ( ^! cases4 ,symptomatology4--,9 ! acute attack ! condition is s well describ$ by ,dr4 ,r4,c4 ,moore#cj t we quote him 9 "p z foll[s3 ,! acute =m is g5]ally u%]$ 9 v sudd5ly4 ,(t5 a horse t is p]fectly free f symptoms ( ! disease is f\nd a few h\rs lat] s /iff & sore t he w sc>cely move4 ,!y /& l !y 7 rivet$ to ! gr\nd4 ,if =c$ to move ! evid5ce ( pa9 subsides to "s ext5t aft] !y h gone a %ort di/ance1 to return m sev]e ?an ev] aft] !y h be5 all[$ to /& = a %ort "t4 ,if ! disease is conf9$ to ! two front feet1 ! h9d feet are plac$ well "u ! c5t] ( ! body to support ! weight & ! front ones are advanc$ 9 front ( a p]p5dicul> l9e s z to less5 ! weight !y mu/ be>4 ,if !y are made to move1 ! same position ( ! feet is ma9ta9$4 ,if made to turn 9 a small circle1 !y d s by us+ ! h9d feet z a pivot1 br++ ! front p>ts ar\nd by plac+ z little weight on !m z possible4 ,plac+ ! h9d feet s f> "u ! body1 ar*es ! back & (t5 leads to errors 9 diagnosis1 ! condition sometimes be+ tak5 = diseases ( ! lo9s or kidneys4 ,if all f\r feet are involv$1 ! animal /&s 9 ! usual position assum$ 9 heal?1 b if urg$ to move1 ! lea/ ef=t to d s usually br+s on *ronic spasms ( ! entire body4 ,9 v sev]e cases1 a slight t\* ( ! h& w develop ! spasms4 ,at times !y are s sev]e1 & h su* %ort int]missions1 t ! disease has be5 mi/ak5 = tetanus4 ,h[ev]1 ! clonic nature ( ! spasm %\ld prev5t su* an error4 ,if !y are ly+ d[n1 x is difficult to get !m to arise1 & if !y d s1 !y %[ m>k$ symptoms ( pa9 = "s "t aft] ris+4 ,if ! disease is conf9$ to ! h9d feet1 !y are plac$ well =w>d to relieve ! /ra9 on ! toe caus$ by ! d[nw>d pull ( ! p]=ans 7deep flexor7 t5don1 b 9 place ( ! front feet be+ kept 9 front ( a p]p5dicul> l9e1 z !y are :5 ! disease is conf9$ to ! front ones1 !y are plac$ f> back "u ! body1 s !y w c>ry ! maximum %>e ( ! body weight ( :i* !y are capable4 ,! position ( ! feet is ( great importance & (f]s symptoms t %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,:5 ! subject is caus$ to walk1 symptoms ( excruciat+ pa9 are manife/$ 9 all acute cases ( lam9itis4 ,9 "s cases :]e all f\r feet are affect$1 no reasonable am\nt ( p]suasion w cause ! suff]+ animal to move f its tracks4 ,!re is accel]ation ( ! rate ( he>t action2 ! pulse is full & 9 "s cases1 b\nd+4 ,z ! affection progresses ! pulse becomes r weak & irregul>4 ,! "* ( ! pulse 9 ! region ( ! extremity is a reliable indicator2 b "o has to le>n to make necess>y discrim9ation because ( ! condition ( ! p>ts1 z 9 "s cases ( lymphangitis or :]e ! sk9 is abnormally ?ick4 ,! *>act]i/ic ?robb+ pulse is1 h[ev]1 easily recogniz$ 9 mo/ cases4 ,temp]ature is v>iable1 ?\gh usually elevat$ f "o to f\r degrees above normal4 ,?is symptom v>ies ) ! type & /age ( ! affection4 ,9 a subject t has be5 d[n1 unable to rise = sev]al days1 :]e !re is a suppurative & sl\gh+ condition ( ! lam9ae1 ! temp]ature is high4 ,:]eas1 9 "s o!r & less de/ructive cases !re may be little !rmic di/urbance aft] ! fir/ few h\rs h laps$4 ,a con/ant symptom 9 bilat]al affections ( acute lam9itis is ! difficulty ) :i* ! subject supports weight ) "o foot4 ,x is ?is :i* causes ! victim to /& z if root$ to ! gr\nd :5 all f\r feet are involv$4 ,if "o attempts to take up "o foot1 ?us caus+ ! subject to /& on ! o!r1 !re is mu* resi/ance & 9 _m cases ! animal refuses to give ! foot4 ,:5 we consid] t ! s5sitive p>ts ( ! foot are encas$ by a horny1 unyield+ box & t1 :5 ! lam9ae are conge/$1 a great pressure is br\ght to be> ^u ! s5sitive /ructures1 x is easy to und]/& :y ! condition is s pa9ful4 ,*ronic lam9itis is a sequel ( acute inflammation ( ! s5sitive lam9ae4 ,x v>ies z to int5sity & ! exact mann] ( its manife/ation dep5ds ^u preexi/+ di/urbances4 ,9 "s mild cases ( lam9itis !re are recurr5t attacks :]e9 no p>ticul> /ructural *ange exi/s1 & diagnosis is e/abli%$ *iefly by not+ ! "* ( ! pulse at ! bifurcation ( ! l>ge metac>pal 7or metat>sal7 art]y j above ! fetlock4 ,! same manife/ation ( pa9 is pres5t :5 weight is support$ by "o foot1 ?\gh 9 a less] degree4 ,!re is less local heat to be detect$ by palpation ?an 9 ! acute cases4 ,*ronic lam9itis z x occurs foll[+ acute attacks :i* h result$ 9 /ructural *anges ( ! foot1 pres5t ! same symptoms j describ$ &1 9 addition1 ! peculi> alt]ations 9 /ructure exi/4 ,:51 ow+ to acute inflammation ( ! s5sitive lam9ae1 !re has result$ necrosis ( ?is s5sitive tissue toge!r ) infiltration betwe5 ! ant]ior surface ( ! di/al phalanx 7os p$is7 & ! contact+ ho(1 ! l[] portion ( ! di/al phalanx is turn$ d[nw>d & backw>d 7rotat$ ^u its transv]se axis74 ,because ( ! traction :i* is ex]t$ by ! deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans71 z x atta*es to ! sol> surface ( ! di/al phalanx1 ?is rotation is facilitat$4 ,) hyp]plasia ( lam9a1 at ! ant]ior portion ( ! di/al phalanx1 !re results a ?ick :ite l9e4 ,rotation ( ! di/al phalanx necessitates a desc5t ( its apical portion & !re occurs a dropp$ sole4 ,9 "t1 p>tly because ( excessive we> ( ho( at ! heel1 ow+ to an alt]$ condition 9 ! normal antagoni/ic relation betwe5 ! flexor & ext5sor t5dons1 ! toe makes an excessive gr[?1 & ! concavity ( ! ant]ior l9e is acc5tuat$ ow+ to ?is abnormal l5g? ( ho(4 ,! ho(1 because ( recurr5t inflammatory attacks1 is corrugat$--elevations ( horn 9 p>allel r+s are usually pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc--,! ho( 9 *ronic lam9itis4 ,note ! concavity4 ,?is animal 0 s]viceable = any "w t c\ld be p]=m$ at a walk4 ,animals t are s affect$ 9 travel+ /rike ! heel fir/ & ! toe is lat] contact$ ) ! gr\nd surface4 ,rotation ( ! di/al phalanx ^u its transv]se axis produces a condition1 ) respect to ?is peculi> imp$im5t1 t is equival5t to add$ & excessive l5g? ( ! deep flexor t5don4 ,:]e !re occurs suppuration1 by c>eful inspection ( ! coron>y region1 "o may e>ly recognize deta*m5t ( ho(4 ,9 su* cases animals rema9 recumb5t &1 :ile ! condition is n s pa9ful at ?is /age1 ! practition] mu/ n ov]look ! real /ate ( affairs4 ,hi/ory1 if obta9able1 w be a helpful guide 9 su* cases4 ,sep>ation ( ho( occurs z a rule 9 f f\r to t5 days aft] ! initial attack ( acute lam9itis4 ,ne$less to say ^! cases are hopeless1 :5 ! economic phase ( h&l+ subjects is consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd--,%[+ ! effects ( lam9itis4 ,by p]mission1 f ,m]illat's ,vet]9>y ,surgical ,op]ations4 ,treatm5t4--,mu* dep5ds ^u ! concomitant di/urbances 7or causes if "o is ju/ifi$ 9 ref]r+ to !m z su*7 z to ! mann] 9 :i* lam9itis is to be treat$4 ,9 all cases :]e dige/ive di/urbances exi/1 ! prompt unload+ ( ! cont5ts ( ! alim5t>y canal is c]ta9ly indicat$4 ,d4,m4 ,campbell#ca 9 a discussion ( lam9itis has ! foll[+ to say reg>d+ ! treatm5t ( su* cases3 ,because sup]purgation may be foll[$ by lam9itis1 ! advisability ( us+ ! active hypod]mic ca?>tics is que/ion$4 ,nei!r arecol9 nor es]9 c cause sup]purgation4 ,! action ( ! =m] does n cont9ue long] ?an an h\r aft] adm9i/ration & ( ! latt] n m ?an eight h\rs4 ,! action ( ei!r is mild aft] ! fir/ few m9utes4 ,i d n ?9k t anyone has recomm5d$ ei!r arecol9 or es]9 :]e !re is sev]e purgation4 ,:]e ! inte/9al canal is fairly well empti$ & its cont5ts fluid1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to rely ^u inte/9al antiseptics to hold 9 *eck h>mful bact]ial gr[?4 ,! use ( alum 9 ! treatm5t ( lam9itis is held to be )\t reason o!r ?an ! empirical "o t x is b5eficial4 ,if lam9itis is due *iefly to an auto9toxication1 good & suffici5t reason = ! adm9i/ration ( alum c be %[n bas$ ^u its kn[n physiological action4 ,x is ! mo/ p[]ful inte/9al a/r+5t t ,i "k ( & has ! fewe/ disadvantages4 ,i h n not$ con/ipation foll[+ its use nor di>rhea1 nor a /opp+ ( p]i/alsis1 nor indige/ion1 & 9 any case its action la/s at mo/ only a few h\rs1 & if x did all ^!1 x c\ld n mu* matt]4 ,quitman says1 t x con/ricts ! capill>ies4 ,if ?is is true1 a ?+ ( :i* ,i am n c]ta91 is x n reasonable to suppose t z ) o!r vaso-con/rictors1 e4g41 digitalis1 !re is a selective action on ! "p ( ! capill>ies 7n ( ! drug7 & ^? t ne$ x mo/1 i4e41 ^? ( ! affect$ feet 9 lam9itis1 are con/rict$ mo/8 ,all body cells ex]t ?is selective action 9 ! assimilation ( food1 ! tissue ne$+ mo/ any p>ticul> k9d ( food circulat+ 9 ! blood1 gets x4 ,our fir/ consid]ation 9 lam9itis %\ld be to remove ! cause--to /op ! absorption ( ! tox9 9 ! inte/9al tract t is produc+ ! condition4 ,?is we accompli% by p>tially unload+ x by ! use ( ! active hypod]mic ca?>tics & /opp+ absorption by ! sure/ & mo/ h>mless ( inte/9al a/r+5ts4 ,:e!r ! a/oni%+ly prompt & c]ta9 action ( alum 9 ?is case is due :olly to its a/r+5t action or :e!r alum comb9es ) ! h>mful bact]ial products *emically & =ms an innocu\s comb9ation1 ,i c only surmise1 & x is unimportant4 ,at any rate1 :5 alum is adm9i/]$1 ! onslaught ( ! disease is promptly /opp$4 ,irrep>able damage may already h be5 done if ! case is a neglect$ "o1 b :e!r adm9i/]$ e>ly or late 9 acute attacks1 ! progress ( ! disease is /opp$ imm$iately4 ,! same au?ority may be pr(itably quot$ 9 ! matt] ( h&l+ all cases :]e9 ! revulsive effect ( ag5ts :i* dim9i% vascul> t5sion are *iefly indicat$ or necess>y z adjuvants4 ,9 ?is connection1 ,campbell says3 ,! e>ly & vigor\s adm9i/ration ( aconit9 9 lam9itis to its full physiological effect1 is m logical4 ,assum+ t lam9itis is due to absorption ( h>mful products f ! inte/9al tract p]mitt$ ?r\gh ! d]ang$ function+ ( ! organs ( dige/ion1 or assum+ t x is due to an ext5sion ( ! inflammation f ! mucosa to ! s5sitive lam9a1 or t x is a reflex f a sudd5 *ill+ ( ! sk91 we h 9 any ( ^! conditions a di/urb$ circulation1 & aconit9 is ! fir/ & =emo/ ( circulation equaliz]s4 ,fur!rmore1 9 lam9itis !re is an elevation ( ! temp]ature1 an almo/ inv>iable indication = aconit94 ,a spe$y return ( ! temp]ature to normal1 a v m>k$ dim9ution ( ! pa9 & improv$ conditions g5]ally1 appe> co9cid5t ) ! symptoms ( full physiological effect ( aconit9 :5 giv5 9 cases ( lam9itis1 :i* con/itutes assur$ly an important "p ( its treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce--;,inf]ior 7convex7 surface ( ,co*ran %oe4 ,:]e lam5ess is n great z 9 cases :]e9 no m>k$ /ructural *ange ( ! foot has occurr$1 prop] %oe+ is v b5eficial4 ,by keep+ ! heels z l[ z possible & %oe+ )\t heel calks a m com=table position is made possible4 ,?9 rubb] pads :i* d n elevate ! heel are ( s]vice 9 dim9i%+ concussion4 ,dr4 ,david ,w4 ,co*ran ( ,new ,york ,city has atta9$ unusual success 9 cases ( *ronic lam9itis ) dropp$ sole by ! use ( a specially design$ %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf--,sup]ior surface1 %[+ concavity or b[l1 z =m$ by ! toe & bran*es ( ! %oe1 z design$ by ,dr4 ,david ,w4 ,co*ran4 ,co*ran claims t1 n only are horses ) dropp$ soles t w\ld o!rwise h to be put (f ! /reets enabl$ to d a fair am\nt ( "w by means ( ?is %oe1 b t cont9ually we>+ x1 mean:ile keep+ ! convexity ( ! front ( ! ho( rasp$ ?91 9 "t br+s ab\t a m>k$ improvem5t1 & t aft] "s mon?s or ye>s ( use ! animals are able to "w ) ord9>y rubb]-pad %oes1 provid$ !y are arrang$ to facilitate break+ ov]4 ,f hav+ be5 successfully us$ on "s race horses ( high value1 ! ,co*ran %oe has atta9$ consid]able notoriety & is be+ us$ by a numb] ( practition]s4 ,a disadvantage1 h[ev]1 arises f ! fact t few horse%o]s o!r ?an ,doctor ,co*ran seem able to make ! %oe1 ! peculi> %ape ( :i* (f]s consid]able difficulty 9 =g+4 ,conc]n+ ! application ( ! %oe ,co*ran#cb says3 ,! mo/ important prim>y proc$ure is ! prep>ation ( ! foot to receive ! %oe4 ,all excess ( gr[? mu/ be remov$ f ! ant]ior face ( ! ho(4 ,! out] face mu/ be r$uc$ at ! toe 7n %ort5$71 b rasp$ d[n ?9 = ! light] ! top ( ! foot is1 ! m *ance ! sole & c(f9 bone w h ( resum+ _! =m] normal position4 ,! pressure ( ! wall at ! toe ^u ! exudate betwe5 wall & c(f9 bone1 t5ds to =ce ! c(f9 bone & sole out ( _! normal position4 ,leave ! sole alone4 ,y c l[] ! excess ( gr[? at ! heels4 ,!re are _m designs ( %oes to relieve ?is condition4 ,a great deal dep5ds on ! judgm5t ( ! %o] to meet ! conditions pres5t$1 dep5d+ on ! degree ( ! convexity & /r5g? ( ! sole4 ,9 "s cases we use a %oe t admits ( a l>ge am\nt ( sole room4 ,aga91 we %oe ) a %oe ( wide cov]4 ,9 o!r cases a %oe ) ev5 pressure ov] ! :ole sole4 ,9 "s cases a high1 n>r[ %oe1 re/+ only on ! wall1 or ! ord9>y pla9 %oe ) side calks weld$ close to ! outside edge & ! %oe di%$ well f ^! z a f\ndation4 ,!n we h ! air cu%ion pad design$ aft] ! model ( ! b[l %oe4 ,9 cases :5 slight & p]si/5t lam5ess int]f]es suffici5tly to prev5t us+ an animal at any sort ( "w on h>d roads1 m$ian neurectomy w relieve all lam5ess 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,?is is a safe op]ation1 moreov]1 9 t no bad aft] effects are to be fe>$1 ev5 ?\gh lam5ess 7 to cont9ue4 ,calk ,w\nds4 7,p>ony*ia47 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,injuries ( v>i\s k9ds are inflict$ ^u ! coron>y region b usually !y are due to ! foot be+ trampl$ ^u4 ,:5 ! foot t inflicts ! injury happ5s to be un%od1 a contusion ( ! injur$ memb] is occasion$1 b 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 w\nds t dem& att5tion are ! result ( %oe calks :i* h p5etrat$ ! tissues 9 ! region ( ! coron>y b&4 ,(t5 calk w\nds are self-inflict$4 ,:5 animals are excit$ & 9 turn+ cr[d "o ano!r1 !y (t5 p]=m danc+ movem5ts :i* frequ5tly result 9 deep calk w\nds ( ! coronet4 ,"s horses h a habit ( re/+ ! heel ( "o h9d foot ^u ! ant]ior coron>y region ( ! o!r4 ,:ile sleep+ 9 ?is position1 if !y are sudd5ly awak5$1 ! weight is abruptly %ift$ to ! upp]mo/ foot & ! "o und]nea? is 7because ( ! pa9 att5d+ its be+ w\nd$7 quickly drawn out f "u its fell[4 ,9 ?is way deep cuts may divide ! coron>y b& & inflict ext5sive injury to ! s5sitive lam9a z well4 ,an infecti\s type ( coron>y inflammation occurs 9 "s localities dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 :]e9 ! condition is enzootic4 ,symptomatology4--,dep5d+ ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! injury has be5 produc$1 ! appe>ance ( ! w\nd v>ies & likewise lam5ess is m or less pron\nc$4 ,if ! tissues are n divid$ & ! w\nd is *iefly ( ! subsurface /ructures1 !re w n imm$iately occur pron\nc$ local evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( injury2 b z soon z ! lame animal is made to move1 ! peculi> "* ( ! imp$im5t 7support+-leg lam5ess ) ! affect$ foot kept well 9 advance ( its normal position7 directs att5tion to ! extremity & all ( ! symptoms ( acute inflammation are discov]$4 ,:]e a w\nd is inflict$ :i* divides1 9 "s mann]1 ! surface /ructures 7sk91 coron>y b&1 or ! ho( wall7 "o's att5tion is at once call$ to ! exi/5ce ( ! w\nd4 ,because ( ! fact t !re is e facility = ! production ( a sub-coron>y & podophyl\s infection1 ^! w\nds %\ld receive prompt att5tion4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! pa/]n jo9t is op5$ by calk w\nds & !n1 ( c\rse1 an infecti\s ar?ritis succe$s ! injury4 ,treatm5t4--,9 all contus$ w\nds ( ! coron>y region ! p>ts ne$ ?or\gh cleans+2 ! hair1 if long is clipp$ & a cataplasm is appli$4 ,or pref]ably1 an iod9-glyc]9 comb9ation ( "o "p ( iod9 to f\r p>ts ( glyc]9 is p\r$ on a lay] ( cotton1 & ?is is conf9$ 9 contact ) ! inflam$ p>ts by means ( a b&age4 ,:]e normal resi/ance to infection obta9s1 ! subject usually suff]s no suppurative di/urbance :5 ! surface /ructures are n brok52 & daily applications ( ! antiseptic lotion above ref]r$ to /imulates complete resolution4 ,?is may be expect$ 9 f f\r to t5 days dep5d+ ^u ! ext5t ( ! injury4 ,if a calk w\nd has be5 inflict$1 ! adjo9+ surface /ructures are fre$ ( hair & ! p>ts cleans$ 9 ! usual mann]1 7:i* 9 w\nds rec5tly inflict$1 %\ld be done )\t employ+ quantities ( wat]7 & aft] pa9t+ ! w\nd surface ) t9cture ( iod9 & saturat+ its dep?s ) ! same ag5t1 ! w\nd is cleans$1 if x conta9s fil?1 by means ( a small curette4 ,by us+ a small & %>p curette1 "o is enabl$ to cleanse ! av]age w\nd quickly & almo/ pa9lessly4 ,9 su* cases1 equal p>ts ( t9cture ( iod9 & glyc]9 are employ$4 ,! w\nd is fill$ ) ?is prep>ation & a quantity ( x is p\r$ ^u a suitable piece ( aseptic gauze or cotton & ?is is contact$ ) ! w\nd4 ,! extremity is c>efully b&ag$ & ?is dress+ is left 9 position = =ty-eight h\rs unless !re occurs1 9 ! mean:ile1 evid5ce ( pr(use suppuration--:i* is unusual4 ,"o is to be guid$ z to ! progress made by ! degree ( lam5ess pres5t4 ,if little or no lam5ess develops1 x is reasonable to expect t infection has be5 *eck$2 t ! w\nd is dry & r$ress+ e second day is suffici5tly frequ5t4 ,:]e cases progress favorably1 recov]y 7unless infecti\s ar?ritis results7 %\ld occur 9 f t5 days to ?ree weeks4 ,:]e ext5sive sub-coron>y fi/ulae result1 ei!r f lack ( prompt or prop] att5tion1 ! condition is !n "o requir+ a radical op]ation to e/abli% dra9age & to dis9fect if possible1 ! suppurat+ tissues4 ,corns4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,9 horses1 because ( a t5d5cy t[>d contraction ( ! heel 9 "s subjects1 toge!r ) "w on h>d roads & pavem5ts1 :]e ! feet become dry & brittle1 & because ( neglect ( ! matt] ( %oe+1 ?is affection is ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,un%od horses are r>ely affect$4 ,if con=mation is faulty & too mu* weight is borne on ! inn] or ! out] qu>t]1 & ! ho( wall at ! qu>t] t5ds to turn inw>d1 corns are usually pres5t4 ,!y occur m frequ5tly on ! inn] qu>t]s ( ! front feet1 ?\gh ! out] qu>t]s are occasionally also affect$ & 9 r>e in/ances corns are f\nd at ! toes4 ,!y d n (t5 affect ! h9d feet4 ,z soon z injury by pressure1 su* z is suppos$ to cause ! =mation ( corns1 is br\ght to be> on ! s5sitive sole1 an extravasation ( blood occurs4 ,9 "t :5 ! cause rema9s active1 ?is discoloration is evid5t 9 ! sub/ance ( ! ins5sitive sole & consi/s 9 a r$ or yell[i% spot :i* v>ies 9 size--?is is ord9>ily t]m$ dry corn4 ,9 "s cases :]e infection ( ?is extravasation ( blood & s]um occurs1 in/ead ( desiccation & discoloration ( ! ins5sitive p>ts1 !re is1 9 "t1 manife/$ a circumscrib$ area ( de/ruction ( ! ins5sitive sole & ! abscess may1 :]e no provision = dra9age exi/s1 burr[ betwe5 s5sitive & ins5sitive lam9ae & p]=ate ! tissues at ! coronet4 ,if ! suppurative mat]ial dis*>ges readily by way ( ! sole1 no di/urbance ( ! heel or qu>t]s occurs above ! ho(4 ,symptomatology4--,a support+-leg-lam5ess *>act]izes ?is condition2 & ?is lam5ess 9 mo/ in/ances v>ies 9 degree ) ! am\nt ( di/ress :i* is occasion$ by pressure ^u ! inflam$ p>ts4 ,by an exam9ation ( ! sole aft] hav+ remov$ all dirt1 & expos$ ! horny sole to view1 no difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 locat+ ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,treatm5t4--,be=e suppuration has tak5 place & 9 ! cases :]e suppuration does n occur1 ! horse-%o]'s me?od ( p>+ out ! diseas$ tissue af=ds a means ( tempor>y relief2 b unless frequ5tly done1 9 _m cases1 lam5ess results )9 ab\t ?ree weeks aft] su* treatm5t has be5 giv54 ,9 o!r in/ances tempor>y relief is n to be gott5 9 ?is mann] = any great l5g? ( "t or until a m rational mode ( treatm5t becomes necess>y s t ! subject may exp]i5ce a cessation ( ! inconv5i5ce or di/ress4 ,! g5]al plan :i* meets ) ! approval ( mo/ practition]s consi/s 9 c>eful level+ ( ! foot & remov+ en\gh ( ! wall & sole at ! qu>t]s to make possible frog pressure by means ( a b> %oe4 ,) frog pressure1 expansion ( ! heel foll[s 9 "t1 & p]man5t relief is obta9able 9 ?is mann]4 ,?9n+ ! wall ( ! qu>t] is advocat$ by _m practition]s & is und\bt$ly b5eficial 9 *ronic cases :]e m>k$ contraction has tak5 place4 ,! wall mu/ be ?9n$ ) a rasp until x is readily flexible by compress+ ) ! ?umbs4 ,!re are in/ances1 h[ev]1 :]e corns & contraction ( ! heel h exi/$ s long t !y d n yield to treatm5t4 ,su* cases are f\nd 9 old light-h>ness or saddle-horses t h be5 m or less lame = ye>s & :]e !re exi/s m>k$ contraction ( ! heels1 r\gh ho( walls1 & h>d & atrophi$ frogs4 ,suppurat+ corns require surgical att5tion 9 ! way ( removal ( ! purul5t necrotic mass & mak+ provision = dra9age4 ,dry dress+s1 su* z equal p>ts ( z9c sulphate & boric acid1 may be employ$ to pack ! cavity4 ,aft] ! infecti\s condition has be5 controll$1 & ! w\nd is dry1 ! same plan ( treatm5t is indicat$ t is employ$ 9 ! non-suppurat+ corn4 ,ample "t is all[$1 h[ev]1 = ! surgically invad$ tissues to granulate &1 if ! subject is to be put 9 s]vice1 a lea!r pad1 "u :i* !re has be5 pack$ oakum & t>1 af=ds good protection4 ,quittor4 ,?is "n is employ$ to designate an infecti\s inflammation ( ! lat]al c>tilage & adjo9+ /ructures4 ,! disease is *>act]iz$ by a sl[ly progressive necrosis & by a de/ruction ( m or less ( ! c>tilage & by ! pres5ce ( fi/ul\s tracts4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,! disease is due to ! introduction ( pus produc+ organisms into ! subcoron>y region ( ! foot "u conditions :i* favor ! ret5tion ( su* contagium & ext5sion ( infection into contigu\s tissues4 ,morbific mat]ial is introduc$ into ! region ( ! lat]al c>tilage by means ( calk w\nds & o!r p5etrant injuries ( ! foot4 ,a sub-coron>y abscess :i*1 because ( lack ( prop] c>e or because ( virul5cy ( ! contagium or l[ vitality ( ! subject1 is q apt to result 9 c>tilag9\s affection & its p]=ation by necrosis foll[s4 ,symptomatology4--,quittor is readily diagnos$ on sight 9 _m in/ances4 ,:]e !re is dep5dable hi/ory or o!r evid5ce ( ! *ronicity ( an infecti\s inflammation ( ! k9d1 quittor is easily id5tifi$4 ,if no positive evid5ce ( ! disease exi/s1 by means ( c>eful exploration ( s9uses ) ! probe1 "o may di/+ui% betwe5 true c>tilag9\s quittor & sup]ficial abscess =mation t is (t5 accompani$ by hyp]plasia4 ,lam5ess dep5ds ^u ! ext5t ( ! involvem5t z x affects ! /ructures contigu\s to ! c>tilage4 ,a v>iable degree ( lam5ess is manife/$ 9 diff]5t cases4 ,treatm5t4--,two g5]al plans ( h&l+ ?is disease are 9 vogue4 ,"o1 ! m popul> me?od1 consi/s 9 ! injection ( cau/ic solutions ( v>i\s k9ds into ! fi/ul\s op5+s ) ! object ( caus+ sl\gh+ ( necrotic tissue & ! /imulation ( heal?y granulation ( su* w\nds4 ,! o!r mode consi/s 9 ei!r complete surgical removal ( ! c>tilage or its rema9+ portions1 or removal ( ! diseas$ p>ts ( curettage4 ,:5 quittor has n ext5sively damag$ ! foot & ! lat]al c>tilage is n p>tly ossifi$ z x is 9 "s old *ronic cases1 ! complete removal ( ! lat]al c>tilage by means ( ! ,bay] op]ation or a modification !re( is indicat$4 ,a complete description ( ! ,bay] op]ation z well z ,m]illat's op]ation = ?is disease 7! latt] consi/+ 9 "p1 9 ! removal ( diseas$ c>tilage ) ! curette7 are giv5 9 ,volume ?ree ( ,m]illat's ,vet]9>y ,surgical ,op]ations4 ,treatm5t by injection ( cau/ic solutions has _m advocates & because ( ! fact t1 9 _m in/ances ! condition is su* t !y are n desirable surgical cases & also because "s animals may be put 9 s]vice be=e treatm5t is complet$1 ! injection me?od is popul>4 ,! mode ( treatm5t advocat$ by ,joseph ,hughes1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 con/itutes a v successful mann] ( h&l+ quittor & we c d no bett] ?an quote ,dr4 ,j4,t4 ,seeley#cc on 8 mann] ( us+ ?is p>ticul> treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg--;,hyp]plasia ( "r =e foot1 due to *ronic quittor4 ,prep>ation4--,fir/ remove ! %oe1 h ! foot p>$ v ?9 & balanc$ z nicely z possible4 ,moreov]1 all loose fragm5ts ( horn mu/ be deta*$ & all crevices clean$ ?or\ghly4 ,next1 h ! leg bru%$ & hair clipp$ f ! knee or hock to ! foot & scrubb$ ) e!real soap & w>m wat]1 aft] :i* ! foot mu/ be scrubb$ 9 l mann]4 ,! foot is !n plac$ 9 a bi*lorid ba? sev]al h\rs daily1 = f two to five days1 dep5d+ ^u :e!r or n sor5ess is %[n4 ,! bi*lorid solution is #a to #a1jjj /r5g?4 ,on remov+ ! horse f ! ba? a lib]al lay] ( gauze is soak$ 9 #a to #a1jjj bi*lorid solution & plac$ s z to cov] ! entire foot4 ,on discont9u+ ! ba?1 cov] ! foot ) gauze saturat$ ) a #a to #a1jjj bi*lorid solution4 ,?is is to be cov]$ ) absorb5t cotton & a gauze b&age1 & ov] all is plac$ an oil clo? or silk cov]+4 ,?is pack is kept moi/ ) bi*loride solution = =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! foot is !n ready = injection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch--;,*ronic quittor1 left h9d foot4 ,%[+ position assum$ because ( pa9fulness ( ! affection4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,injection ,fluids4--,h on h& a p9t ( a "o p] c5t aque\s solution ( =maldehyd made "u cleanly conditions1 ev5 to a clean bottle & cork1 & a clean conta9] :5 ready to use ! liquid4 ,prep>e also a bi*lorid ( m]cury solution z foll[s3 ,hydr>g4 ,*lor4 ,corros4 #c;,,iv2 ,acid ,hydro*lor4 #c;,iss42 ,aqua ,bulli5s1 ,oij4 ,?is %\ld be ?or\ghly triturat$1 & !n filt]$ into a clean bottle1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,injection4--,! pati5t %\ld be laid on a table1 if "o is available1 or ca/1 & ! foot securely fix$4 ,!n1 ) an ord9>y "o-ounce h>d rubb] syr+e1 ) a good plung] 7tri$ fir/ to note :e!r or n any fluid works ar\nd betwe5 ! b>rel & ! plung]71 introduce "o syr+e full ( ! =maldehyd solution1 !n ?or\ghly probe ! quittor to det]m9e ! numb] ( s9uses4 ,?is done1 inject ea* s9us4 ,if two s9uses op5 on ! surface1 close "o ) cotton :ile fill+ ! o!r s t if !re is a connection ! solution w come 9 contact ) all tissues involv$4 ,irrigate ) ! full p9t ( =maldehyd solution fir/1 !n foll[ ) six or eight ounces ( ! bi*lorid solution4 ,nev] probe ! foot nor all[ x to be tamp]$ ) except 9 ! mann] prescrib$4 ,aft]-,treatm5t4--,put on a pack saturat$ ) a solution ( bi*lorid ( m]cury #a to #a1jjj & let x rema9 two days4 ,remove pack1 & once daily aft]w>ds wipe (f ) cotton ! secretion :i* accumulates on ! outside1 & apply a dry dress+ or heal+ oil compos$ ( ph5ol1 camphor gum & olive oil4 ,:5 ,dang]\s to ,inject4--,nev] inject a quittor 9 ! acute /age4 ,nev] inject a quittor if consid]able lam5ess is pres5t4 ,on inject+ a solution ( =mal91 hold cotton tightly ar\nd ! nozzle ( ! syr+e1 :5 ! plung] is d[n1 !n )draw ! syr+e g5tly & note p>ticul>ly if ! fluid returns ?r\gh ! op5+2 if none returns cease op]ations at once1 z x is dang]\s to proce$ f>!r1 x indicates t ! s9us is n well def9$ & ! fluid reta9$ w cause mu* tr\ble & (t5 ! dea? ( ! pati5t4 ,exp]i5ce has taught t1 if ext5sive de/ructive *anges ( ! foot exi/1 ! ,bay] op]ation is n indicat$4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 :]e quittors are n s frequ5tly met z 9 urban practice1 ! ,m]illat op]ation is pref]able 9 all cases4 ,h[ev]1 ! co/ ( ! protract$ p]iod ( idl5ess1 :i* convalesc5t surgical pati5ts require1 r5d]s ! ,hughes me?od m satisfactory 9 ! h&s ( ! g5]al practition]1 especially 9 ! city4 ,nail ,punctures4 ,nail punctures1 z h]e9 consid]$1 embrace all p5etrant w\nds ( ! sol> surface ( ! horse's foot due to trampl+ ^u /reet nails4 ,?is does n include accid5tal nail pricks occasion$ 9 %oe+4 ,9 city practice1 9 "s /ables1 ^! cases are ( frequ5t occurr5ce2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 nail punctures are obs]v$ m frequ5tly 9 urban horses ?an 9 animals t are kept 9 ! c\ntry4 ,occurr5ce & ,me?od ( ,exam9ation4--,?is condition1 !n1 is a r common cause ( lam5ess & 9 no case1 :]e cause ( ! claudication is n obvi\s1 is ! practition] w>rant$ 9 conclud+ 8 exam9ation )\t c>eful se>* = ! possible exi/5ce ( nail puncture ( ! sol> surface ( ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci--,skiagraph ( foot4 ,! ,x-ray (f]s v limit$ possibilities 9 ! diagnosis ( lam5ess4 ,! location ( a gravel or a nail t _h work$ its way "s di/ance f ! surface1 or ( an abscess ( "s proportion1 deep 9 ! tissues1 might be facilitat$ "u "s circum/ances by ! aid ( ! ,x-ray4 ,its use 9 ! det5tion ( fractures is v limit$1 ow+ to ! difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 gett+ a view f ! "r position--_m trials be+ necess>y 9 mo/ cases4 ,! case %[n above 0 diagnos$ cl9ically z incipi5t r+bone4 ,! ,x-ray reveal$ no lesions4 7,photo by ,l4 ,griessmann47 ,9 occasional in/ances !re co-exi/s an obvi\s cause = support+-leg-lam5ess & an occult cause--a nail puncture4 ,:]e su* complications are met1 ! practition] is n necess>ily guilty ( neglect or c>elessness :5 ! nail puncture is n discov]$ at once1 nev]!less1 an exam9ation is n complete until practically e possible cause ( lam5ess has be5 locat$ or exclud$ 9 any giv5 case4 ,9 a se>* = nail puncture x is necess>y to expose to view e portion ( ! sole & frog 9 su* mann] t ! exi/5ce ( ! smalle/ possible w\nd w be reveal$4 ,?is necessitates removal ( ! %oe1 if1 aft] a prelim9>y exam9ation1 a puncture is n f\nd1 :5 !re is good reason to suspect its pres5ce4 ,h[ev]1 :]e x is readily possible to locate & c>e = a w\nd )\t removal ( ! %oe1 all[+ ! %oe to rema9 mat]ially facilitates reta9+ dress+s 9 position & relieves ! sol> surface ( contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,if ext5sive injury or infection exi/s1 x is ( c\rse necess>y to remove ! %oe & leave x (f4 ,by remov+ a sup]ficial portion ( all ( ! sole & frog1 ?us c>efully & completely expos+ to view all p>ts ( ! sol> surface ( ! foot1 & ) ! aid ( ho(-te/]s "o is enabl$ to positively det]m9e ! exi/5ce ( nail punctures4 ,because ( ! t5d5cy ( puncture w\nds ( ! foot to close1 & s9ce ! sup]ficial portion ( ! sol> /ructures are usually soil$1 x is absolutely necess>y to conduct exam9ations ( ?is k9d 9 a ?or\gh mann]4 ,symtomatology4--,n all cases ( nail puncture cause lam5ess dur+ ! c\rse ( ! di/urbance & 9 _m in/ances no lam5ess is manife/$ = "s "t aft] ! injury has be5 inflict$--n until infection has be5 ! means ( caus+ consid]able inflammation ( s5sitive /ructures4 ,nev]!less1 ?is lack ( manife/ation occurs only 9 cases :]e s]i\s injury has n tak5 place & ! degree ( lam5ess is a con/ant & reliable indicator ( ! "* & ext5t ( nail punctures )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] injury has be5 inflict$4 ,! position assum$ by ! affect$ animal incon/antly v>ies ) ! location & nature ( ! injury & is n ( p>ticul> importance 9 e/abli%+ a diagnosis4 ,! subject may support "s weight ) ! affect$ memb] & /& base-wide or base-n>r[1 or no weight may be borne ) ! foot or ! animal may po9t or keep ! extremity 9 a /ate ( vol> flexion4 ,9 cases :]e ext5sive injury has be5 inflict$1 & great pa9 exi/s1 ! foot is kept (f ! gr\nd mu* ( ! "t & x may be swung back & =? z 9 all pa9ful affections ( ! extremity4 ,nail punctures cause typical support+-leg-lam5ess & 9 "s cases c]ta9 peculi>ities ( locomotory imp$im5t are wor?y ( notice4 ,punctures ( ! region ( ! heel1 :i* directly affect or involve ! deep t5don %ea?1 cause a type ( lam5ess :]e9 pa9 is augm5t$1 :5 dorsal flexion ( ! extremity occurs z well z :5 weight is borne4 ,w\nds 9 ! region ( ! toe ( ! h9d feet sometimes cause ! subject to c>ry ! extremity consid]ably 9 advance ( ! po9t :]e x is plant$ &1 j be=e plac+ ! foot on ! gr\nd1 x is c>ri$ backw>d a little way--t5 or twelve in*es4 ,h[ev]1 diagnosis ( nail puncture is bas$ on ! f9d+ ( ! *>act]i/ic w\nd or resultant local *anges4 ,c\rse & ,prognosis4--,! nature ( ! progress & ! mann] ( t]m9ation ( ^! cases are v>iable4 ,if ! c(f9 jo9t has be5 invad$1 & a septic ar?ritis exi/s1 ! condition is at once grave4 ,an op5 & infect$ t5don %ea?1 :ile n s s]i\s1 con/itutes a condition :i* is di/ress+1 & recov]y is sl[ ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,:]e a heavy1 rigid & %>p nail ent]s ! foot1 9 su* mann] t fracture ( ! ?ird phalanx 7os p$is7 occurs1 ?is complication makes = a protraction ( ! condition4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t ! natural c\rse & t]m9ation 9 ^! cases are modifi$ by ! location & dep? ( ! injury1 virul5cy ( ! contagium & resi/ance ( ! subject to su* infection4 ,prev5tion4--,9 all horses :i* are kept at su* "w t exposure to nail punctures is frequ5t1 a practical means ( prev5tion ( su* injuries consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( heavy sole lea!r or suitable %eet metal to cov] ! sole ( ! foot &1 at ! same "t1 conf9e oakum & t> 9 contact ) ! sol> surface to prev5t ! introduction ( =eign mat]ial betwe5 ! foot & su* protect+ appliances4 ,fur!r1 if driv]s & own]s c\ld be impress$ ) ! s]i\s complications :i* s frequ5tly att5d w\nds ( ?is k9d1 und\bt$ly _m cases :i* are n[ lo/1 because ( ignorance or neglect on ! "p ( ! team/]s or proprietors ( horses1 w\ld be sav$ by prompt & rational treatm5t4 ,treatm5t4--,! treatm5t ( ?is condition falls s l>gely )9 ! dom9ion ( surg]y t we c give little m ?an an outl9e "h4 ,9 cases :]e !re exi/s no evid5ce ( op5 jo9t or op5 t5don %ea? z judg$ by ! site ( ! puncture & degree ( lam5ess pres5t 7aft] hav+ ?or\ghly cleans$ ! sol> surface ( ! foot & enl>g$ ! op5+ 9 ! nons5sitive sole7 a little ph5ol is introduc$ into ! w\nd4 ,9 su* cases1 :]e x is possible = ! antiseptic to contact e "p ( w\nd surface to ! extreme dep?s ( ! puncture1 infection is prev5t$ :5 su* treatm5t is promptly adm9i/]$4 ,?is may be consid]$ z fir/ aid1 or em]g5cy c>e1 & is indicat$ 9 all w\nds ( ! foot :e!r ! injury be s]i\s or almo/ insignificant4 ,subsequ5tly "o ( two g5]al c\rses may be pursu$ 9 ! treatm5t ( cases ( nail puncture4 ,"o1 by ! employm5t ( means to keep ! w\nd pat5t & injection ( suitable antiseptics1 or ag5ts t are m or less cau/ic 9 conjunction ) /rict obs]vance ( asepsis & w\nd protection4 ,! o!r me?od consi/s 9 prompt e/abli%m5t ( dra9age by surgical means & includes exploration & curettage4 ,! fir/ me?od is bett] adapt$ to ! use ( ! av]age g5]al practition] & he w\ld d well to keep ! op5+ 9 ! nons5sitive /ructures pat5t4 ,by introduc+ equal p>ts ( t9cture ( iod9 & glyc]9 daily1 good results w foll[ 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,! w\nd is protect$ 9 un%od horses1 ei!r by completely b&ag+ ! foot & reta9+1 9 contact ) ! w\nd1 cotton t is saturat$ ) iod9 & glyc]91 or1 if a m9or injury exi/s1 ! mod]ately enl>g$ op5+ 9 ! nons5sitive sole or frog1 :i* has be5 moi/5$ ) ! antiseptic1 is pack$ ) a v small quantity ( cotton4 ,a little practice 9 ?is mode ( clos+ b5ign puncture w\nds w enable ! practition] to successfully protect ! s5sitive p>ts 9 ! treatm5t ( su* cases 9 un%od c\ntry horses4 ,:5 ! condition progresses favorably ! w\nd may be dress$ e second day or twice weekly1 & 9 ! c\rse ( f two to six weeks recov]y %\ld be complete4 ,if ! practition] is some:at pr(ici5t z a surgeon1 & has at 8 comm& facilities = do+ surg]y1 ! second me?od is pref]able 9 _m cases4 ,by us+ a local ane/hetic on ! plant> n]ves & conf9+ ! subject on an op]at+ table1 re/ra9t %\ld be p]fect4 ,! sol> surface ( ! foot is fir/ ?or\ghly cleans$1 ! puncture w\nd is enl>g$ 9 ! nons5sitive /ructures & ! p>ts are !n moi/5$ ) ph5ol or o!r suitable antiseptics4 ,by means ( a small probe ! puncture is explor$ &1 dep5d+ on ! "* ( ! w\nd & ! /ructures involv$1 surgical int]v5tion is v>i$ to suit ! case4 ,if necess>y1 all ( ! ins5sitive frog is remov$1 & 9 w\nds affect+ ! region ( ! heel ! tissues may be incis$ f ! puncture outw>d divid+ all ( ! tissues outw>d & backw>d to ! surface4 ,a suitable surgical dress+ is !n appli$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! puncture ext5ds into ! navicul> bursa1 ! radical op]ation is p]haps indicat$1 ?\gh n until "o is sure t infection ( ! bursa & s]i\s consequ5ces are to foll[ if ?is op]ation is n p]=m$4 ,detail$ description ( ! te*nic ( ?is op]ation belongs to ! realm ( surg]y & a good discussion ( x is to be f\nd 9 ,william's "w on vet]9>y surgical & ob/etrical op]ations4 ,"o may summ>ize ! discussion ( treatm5t ( nail puncture by say+ t em]g5cy c>e z h]e9 describ$ is ( fir/ consid]ation4 ,9 e case an immuniz+ dose ( anti-tetanic s]um %\ld be giv54 ,subsequ5tly1 ! me?od employ$ mu/ suit ! "* ( ! w\nd1 exi/+ facilities = h&l+ ! subject & ! skill & aptitude ( ! practition]4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #e3 ,manual ( ,vet]9>y ,physiology1 by ,major-,g5]al ,f4 ,smi?1 page #eij4 ,footnote #f3 ,manual ( ,vet]9>y ,physiology by ,major-,g5]al ,f4 ,smi?1 page #ehi4 ,footnote #g3 ,regional ,vet]9>y ,surg]y & ,op]ative ,te*nique1 ,jno4 ,a4,w4 ,doll>1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,m4,r4,i41 page #gfe4 ,footnote #h3 ,dr4 ,roscoe ,r4 ,bell 9 ! ,proce$+s1 ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,vet]9>y ,m$ical ,society1 #ahii4 ,footnote #i3 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #ce1 ,p4 #def4 ,footnote #aj3 ,radial ,p>alysis & ,its ,treatm5t by ,me*anical ,fixation ( ,knee & ,ankle1 ,geo4 ,h4 ,b]ns1 ,d4,v4,s4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,m$ical ,association1 #aiab1 p4 #bai4 ,footnote #aa3 ,z quot$ by ,b]ns1 9 ,radial ,p>alysis1 etc41 ,proce$+s ( ! ,a4,v4,m4,a41 #aiab4 ,footnote #ab3 ,vet]9>y ,surgical ,op]ations1 by ,l4,a4 ,m]illat1 ,v4,s41 p4 #ejg4 ,footnote #ac3 ,a pap] pres5t$ be=e ! ,ill9ois ,vet]9>y ,m$ical ,assn4 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,?ompson ( ,paxton1 ,ill41 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #ad3 ,fractures 9 ,foals1 by ,dr4 ,wilfr$ ,walt]s1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e1 ,vol4 #h1 p4 #ffi4 ,footnote #ae3 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #bf1 p4 #ajfh4 ,footnote #af3 ,fractures1 by ,h4 ,?ompson1 ,paxton1 ,ill41 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #ag3 ,vet]9>y ,surgical ,op]ations1 by ,l4,a4 ,m]illat1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #aih4 ,footnote #ah3 ,wilfr$ ,walt]s1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e1 ,vol4 #h1 p4 #fjf4 ,footnote #ai3 ,j4,n4 ,fro/1 assi/ant pr(essor ( ,surg]y1 ,vet]9>y ,dept41 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 9 ,w\nd ,treatm5t1 page #aei4 ,footnote #bj3 ,op5 ,jo9ts & ,_! ,treatm5t 9 my practice1 by ,j4,v4 ,lacroix1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e1 ,vol4 #e1 page #bjc4 ,footnote #ba3 ,regional ,vet]9>y ,surg]y ,moell]--,doll>1 page #fje4 ,footnote #bb3 ,extract f ,receuil de ,m$ec9e ,vet]9aire 9 ,ameircan ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #bc1 p4 #hic4 ,footnote #bc3 ,fracture ( ,all ! ,sesamoid ,bones1 by ,r4,f4 ,fro/1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,a4,v4,d41 ,rangoon1 ,burmah1 9 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #cfb4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! ,anatomy ( ! ,dome/ic ,animal1 by ,septimus ,sisson1 ,s4,b41 ,v4,s4 ,footnote #be3 ,traite ,de ,!rapeutique ,*irurgicale ,des ,animaux ,dome/ique1 p> ,p4,j4 ,cadiot et ,j4 ,almy1 ,tome ,second1 page #edg4 ,footnote #bf3 ,anatomie ,regionale ,des ,animaux ,dome/ique1 page #fie4 ,footnote #bg3 ,manual ( ,vet]9>y ,physiology1 by ,major-,g5]al ,f4 ,smi?1 ,c4,b41 ,c4,m4,g41 page #fgh4 ,footnote #bh3 ,moell]'s ,regional ,vet]9>y ,surg]y1 by ,doll>1 page #fcj4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ed9burgh ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 page #faf4 ,footnote #cj3 ,equ9e ,lam9itis or ,podod]matitis1 by ,r4,c4 ,moore1 ,d4,v4,s41 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 page #bhd4 ,footnote #ca3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 page #cah4 ,footnote #cb3 ,! ,%oe+ ( a ,dropp$ ,sole ,foot by ,dr4 ,david ,w4 ,co*ran1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,! ,horse ,%o]s ,j\rnal1 ,m>*1 #aiae4 ,footnote #cc3 ,quittor & ,its ,treatm5t by ! ,hughes ,me?od1 ,j4,t4 ,seeley1 ,m4,d4,c41 ,seattle1 ,wa%+ton1 ,*icago ,vet]9>y ,college ,qu>t]ly ,bullet91 ,vol4 #i1 page #bg4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,lam5ess ,,9 ,,! ,,h9d ,,leg4 ,anatomo-,physiological ,consid]ation ( ! ,pelvic ,limbs4 ,! pelvic bones z a :ole con/itute ! analogue ( ! scapulae ) respect to _! function z a "p ( ! me*anism ( locomotive & supportive app>atus ( ! horse4 ,! mann] ( atta*m5t or connection betwe5 ! ilia & ! trunk is mat]ially diff]5t f t ( ! scapulae1 h[ev]1 & ! angles z =m$ by ! long axes ( ! ilia 9 relation to ! sp9al column are ma9ta9$ by two functionally antagoni/ic /ructures--! sacrosciatic ligam5ts1 & ! abdom9al muscles by means ( ! prepubian t5don4 ,! sacro-iliac articulations are su* t a v limit$ am\nt ( movem5t is possible2 free movem5t1 h[ev]1 is unnecess>y because ( ! en>?rodial 7ball & socket7 fem]opelvic jo9t4 ,! v>i\s muscles :i* ex]t _! effect ^u ! pelvis 9 *ang+ _! relation%ip betwe5 ! long axes ( ! ilia & sp9al column1 are conc]n$ b little m 9 propulsion & weight be>+ ?an are ! pectoral muscles4 ,a g5]al treatise on ! subject ( lam5ess does n prop]ly include su* /ructures any m ?an x does ! v>i\s affections ( ! dorsal1 lumb> & sacral v]tebrae or inflammation ( ! abdom9al p>ietes4 ,involvem5t ( su* p>ts cause manife/ations ( lam5ess b ! matt] ( e/abli%+ a diagnosis is difficult 9 _m in/ances & 9 "s cases impossible4 ,! fem]opelvic articulation is =m$ by ! hemisph]ical head ( ! femur & ! acetabulum2 ! latt] con/itut+ a cotyloid cavity :i* is deep5$ by ! cotyloid ligam5t4 ,! r\nd ligam5t 7ligam5tum t]es7 is ! pr9cipal b9d+ /ructure ( ! hip jo9t & x arises 9 a not* 9 ! head ( ! femur & is atta*$ 9 ! subpubic groove close to ! acetabul> not*4 ,ano!r ligam5t1 peculi> to ,equidae--! accessory 7pubi(emoral7--is atta*$ to ! head ( ! femur ne> ! r\nd ligam5t & passes ?r\gh ! cotyloid not* & along ! "u side ( ! pubis4 ,x is ins]t$ or bl5ds ) ! prepubic t5don4 ,?is ligam5t prev5ts extreme abduction ( ! leg4 ,! jo9t capsule encompasses ! articulation & is atta*$ to ! brim ( ! acetabulum & ! edge ( ! head ( ! femur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj--,sagital section ( "r hock4 ,! section passes ?r\gh ! middle ( ! groove ( ! tro*lea ( ! tibial t>sal bone4 #a & #b4 ,proximal ends ( cavity ( hock jo9t4 #c4 ,?ick "p ( jo9t capsule ov] :i* deep flexor t5don plays4 #d4 ,fibul> t>sal bone 7su/5taculum74 ,a l>ge ve9 crosses ! upp] "p ( ! jo9t capsule 79 front ( #a74 7,f ,sisson's ,anatomy ( ! ,dome/ic ,animals47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da--,muscles ( "r leg2 front view4 ,! great] "p ( ! long ext5sor has be5 remov$4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,/umps ( patell> ligam5ts4 #d4 ,tub]osity ( tibia4 7,f ,sisson's ,anatomy ( ! ,dome/ic ,animals47 ,! /ifle jo9t is analag\s to ! knee jo9t ( man & is to be consid]$ an atypical g+lymus 7h+e7 articulation =m$ by ! femur1 tibia & patella4 ,! ligam5ts are fem]otibial1 fem]opatell> & capsul>4 ,9 addition to ! usual provision = articulation ( bones !re are situat$ c>tilag9\s m5isci betwe5 ! condyles ( ! femur & ! head ( ! tibia4 ,^! discs surr\nd ! tibial sp9e & are o!rwise %ap$ to fit p]fectly betwe5 ! articul> portions ( ! femur & tibia4 ,collat]al ligam5ts 7int]nal & ext]nal lat]al7 pass f ! di/al end ( ! femur to ! proximal portion ( ! tibia4 ,! mesial 7int]nal7 arises f ! int]nal condyle ( ! femur & is atta*$ to a r\gh area bel[ ! m>g9 ( ! m$ial 7int]nal7 condyle ( ! tibia4 ,! lat]al 7ext]nal71 %ort] & ?ick]1 arises f ! depression on ! lat]al epicondyle & ins]ts to ! head ( ! fibula4 ,! crucial or int]osseus1 ant]ior & po/]ior1 are situat$ betwe5 ! femur & tibia1 & accord+ to ,smi?1#cd ! crucial ligam5ts are necess>y to prop]ly jo9 ! two bones1 because ( ! "* ( ! /ructure ( ! articul> ends ( ! femur & tibia4 ,! fem]opatella ligam5ts are two ?9 b&s :i* re9=ce ! capsul> ligam5t4 ,!y arise f ! lat]al aspects ( ! femur1 j above ! condyles & are ins]t$ to ! correspond+ surfaces ( ! patella4 ,! patell> ligam5ts are ?ree /rong b&s :i* arise f ! ant]o-inf]ior surface ( ! patella1 & are ins]t$ to ! ant]ior aspect ( ! tub]osity ( ! tibia4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! t>sal bones1 int]>ticulat+ & articulat+ ) ! tibia & metat>sal bones =m ! hock jo9t & ?is articulation is analag\s to ! c>pus4 ,z ) ! c>pus1 !re is less movem5t 9 ! inf]ior portion ( ! jo9t ?an 9 ! sup]ior "p ( ! articulation4 ,! *ief articulat+ p>ts are ! tibia ) ! tibial t>sal bone 7a/ragulus74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db--,muscles ( l[] "p ( ?igh1 leg & foot2 lat]al view1 o'1 ,fascia lata2 q1 q'1 q1 biceps femoris2 r1 semit5d9osus2 #ba'1 lat]al condyle ( tibia4 ,! ext5sor brevis is visible 9 ! angle betwe5 ! long & lat]al ext5sor t5dons4 7,aft] ,ell5b]g]-,baum1 ,anat4 fu] ,ku5/l]47 7,f ,sisson's ,anatomy ( ! ,dome/ic ,animals47 ,! capsul> ligam5t is atta*$ ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! articul> surfaces ( ! tibia1 to ! t>sal bones1 ! collat]al ligam5ts 7int]nal & ext]nal lat]al7 & to ! metat>sus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc--,"r /ifle jo9t2 lat]al view4 ,! femoro-patell> capsule 0 fill$ ) pla/]-(-,p>is & !n remov$ aft] ! ca/ 0 set4 ,! femoro-tibial capsule & mo/ ( ! lat]al patell> ligam5t are remov$4 ,m4 ,lat]al m5iscus4 7,f ,sisson's ,anatomy ( ! ,dome/ic ,animals47 ,! common ligam5ts ( ! t>sal jo9t are ! collat]al1 ! plant> 7calcaneo-metat>sal & c4 cuboid7 & dorsal ligam5ts 7oblique74 ,! m$ial 7int]nal lat]al7 ligam5t s]ves to jo9 ! m$ial 7int]nal7 tibial malleolus ) tibial t>sal 7a/ragalus7 & o!r t>sal bones4 ,! lat]al 7ext]nal lat]al7 ligam5t is ins]t$ to ! lat]al 7ext]nal7 tibial malleolus & its di/al portions are atta*$ to ! tibial t>sal 7a/ragalus71 fibul> t>sal 7calcaneum7 bone1 f\r? t>sal 7cuboid7 & metat>sus bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd--,left /ifle jo9t2 m$ial view4 ,! capsules are remov$4 7,f ,sisson's ,anatomy ( ! ,dome/ic ,animals47 ,! plant> ligam5t 7calcaneo-cuboid7 is a /rong flat b& :i* is atta*$ to ! plant> surface ( ! fibul> & f\r? t>sal bones 7calcaneum & cuboid7 & ! head ( ! lat]al metat>sal 7ext]nal small7 bone4 ,! dorsal 7oblique7 ligam5t is atta*$ above to ! di/al tub]osity on ! inn] side ( ! tibia4 ,x is ins]t$ bel[ to ! c5tral 7cunei=m magnum7 & ?ird 7c4 m$ium7 t>sal bones1 to ! proximal ends ( ! l>ge & out] small metat>sal bones4 ,! t>sus is a true h+e jo9t & because ( ! great /ra9 :i* x su/a9s1 is subject to frequ5t injury4 ,ab\t sev5ty-five p]c5t ( cases ( lam5ess affect+ ! h9d leg may be said to arise f disease ( ! hock4 ,z memb]s ( locomotion ! legs receive /ra9s ( two k9ds3 ^? ( concussion & weight-be>+ & /ra9s ( propulsion2 ! latt] are ! great]4 ,9 ! horse z a "w animal1 ! h9d legs are probably subject$ to great] /ra9s ?an are ! front b ! mann] ( con/ruction ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! pelvic limbs ) ! possible exception 7accord+ to "s au?orities7 ( ! tibial t>sal jo9t1 (fsets ?is condition4 ,! femur may be consid]$ analag\s to ! hum]us 9 t x be>s a simil> relation%ip to ! ilium1 t exi/ betwe5 ! hum]us & scapula4 ,fur!r flexion dur+ repose is prev5t$ *iefly by ! glut5s m$ius 7maximus7 muscle & its t5dons4 ,! l>g] t5don ins]ts to ! summit ( ! tro*ant] major ( ! femur & corresponds to ! biceps bra*ii 9 ! action ( ! latt] on ! scapulohum]al jo9t1 except t ! gluteus m$ius1 9 atta*+ to ! femoral tro*ant]1 ex]ts its effect z a lev] ( ! fir/ class4 ,because ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! long axes ( ! femur & iliac %aft x is evid5t t ! angle =m$ by ^! two bones is ma9ta9$ *iefly by ! gluteus muscles dur+ weight be>+4 ,contraction ( muscul> fib]s ( ! gluteus m$ius causes ext5sion ( ! femur & muscul> /ra9 is prev5t$ to a great degree by ! inela/ic portion ( ?is muscle4 ,! *ief physiological antagoni/ics ( ! glutei are ! quadriceps femoris & t5sor fascia lata4 ,:ile ! leg is support+ weight ! /ifle jo9t is fix$ 9 position ma9ly by ! quadriceps femoris gr\p ( muscles :i* are atta*$ to ! patella4 ,t5d9\s fibres int]sect ?is muscul> mass & relieve muscul> /ra9 dur+ weight be>+4 ,because ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! patella functionates ) ! tro*lea ( ! femur1 comp>atively little en]gy is requir$ to prev5t fur!r flexion ( ! /ifle jo9t4 ,! patella1 accord+ to ,/rangeways1 may be consid]$ a sesamoid bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de--,left /ifle jo9t2 front view4 ,! capsules are remov$4 #a4 ,middle patell> ligam5t4 #b4 ,/ump ( fascia lata4 #c4 ,/ump ( common t5don ( ext5sor longus & p]oneus t]tius4 7,f ,sisson's ,anatomy ( ,dome/ic ,animals47 ,! quadriceps gr\p ( muscles is assi/$ by ! ant]ior digital ext5sor 7ext5sor p$is7 p]oneus t]tius & tibialis anticus 7flexor metat>si7 muscles4 ,! latt] pair 7flexor metat>si1 muscul> & t5d9\s portions1 because ( _! atta*m5t to ! ext]nal condyle ( ! femur & to ! metat>sal bone7 are enabl$ to automatically flex ! t>sal jo9t :5 ! /ifle is flex$4 ,! hock is kept fix$ 9 position by ! ga/rocnemius & ! sup]ficial digital flexor 7p]=atus74 ,! latt] /ructure1 :i* is *iefly t5d9\s1 orig9ates 9 ! supracondyloid fossa ( ! femur & has an ins]tion to ! summit ( ! fibul> t>sal 7calcis7 bone4 ,x relieves ! ga/rocnemius ( muscul> /ra9 dur+ weight be>+4 ,smi?#ce /yles ! function ( ! /ifle & hock jo9ts a reciprocat+ action1 & we quote f ?is au?ority ! foll[+3 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is evid5t t flexion & ext5sion ( /ifle & hock are id5tical 9 _! action4 ,:5 ! /ifle is ext5d$1 ! hock is automatically ext5d$1 nor c x "u any circum/ances flex )\t ! previ\s flexion ( ! /ifle4 ,!re is no p>allel to ?is 9 ! body4 ,! two jo9ts1 ?\gh f> ap>t1 act z "o1 & !y are lock$ by ! draw+ up ( ! patella1 & 9 no o!r way4 ,! s-call$ dislocation ( ! /ifle 9 ! horse is a misnom]4 ,t ! patella is capable ( be+ dislocat$ is beyond d\bt1 b ! ord9>y condition describ$ "u t t]m1 :5 ! /ifle & hock are rigid :ile ! foot is turn$ back ) its wall on ! gr\nd1 is no?+ m ?an spasm ( ! muscles :i* keeps ! patella drawn up4 ,! mom5t !y relax ! previ\sly immovable limb & useless foot h _! function re/or$ z if by magic1 b are imm$iately ?r[n out ( ge> 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes z a recurr5ce ( ! tetanus ( ! petall> muscle takes place4 ,! fascia ( ! ?igh1 l t ( ! arm1 is a mo/ pot5t factor 9 giv+ assi/ance to ! con/ant /ra9 impos$ on ! muscles ( ! limbs dur+ /&+4 ,bel[ ! hock ! h9d limb is arrang$ l t ( ! =e1 ! deep flexor 7p]=ans7 receiv+ its additional support f ! *eck ligam5t1 z 9 ! =e leg4 ,! natural attitude ( /&+ adopt$ by ! horse is to re/ on ?ree legs--"o h9d & two =e4 ,if he is al]t1 he /&s on all f\r limbs2 b if /&+ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 he always re/s on "o h9d leg4 ,he does n rema9 long 9 ?is position )\t *ang+ to ! o!r4 ,h\r by h\r he /&s1 %ift+ 8 weight at int]vals f "o to ! o!r h9d leg1 & re/+ its fell[ by flex+ ! hock & /&+ on ! toe4 ,he nev] sp>es 8 =e-limbs 9 ?is mann] 9 a /ate ( heal?1 b always /&s squ>ely on !m4 ,hip ,lam5ess4 ,=tunately1 because ( ! heavy musculature :i* goes to =m a "p ( ! locomotive app>atus ( ! re> extremity1 hip lam5ess is comp>atively r>e4 ,:ile ! t]m is 9 itself ambigu\s & signifies no?+ m def9ite ?an does %\ld] lam5ess1 yet diagnosis ( almo/ any condition t may be class$ "u ! head ( hip lam5ess is n easy except 9 cases :]e ! cause is obvi\s1 z 9 w\nds ( ! musculature & c]ta9 fractures4 ,to ! complexity :i* ! gait ( ! quadrup$ contributes1 because ( its be+ f\r-legg$1 !re is add$ ! complicat$ mann] ( articulation ( ! bones ( ! h9d leg4 ,?is involves ! hip 9 ! mann] ( diagno/ic problems & because ( ! inaccessibility ( c]ta9 p>ts1 ow+ to ! bulk ( ! musculature ( ^! p>ts1 diagnosis ( "s hip ailm5ts becomes an intricate problem4 ,consequ5tly1 9 "s in/ances1 be=e "o may arrive at def9ite & enlight5+ conclusions1 repeat$ exam9ations are necess>y z well z a k ( reliable hi/ory & record$ obs]vations ( ! subject ov] a consid]able p]iod4 ,rheumatic affections1 :5 pres5t1 usually cause recurr5t attacks ( lam5ess2 myalgia1 due to subsurface injury occasion$ by contusion1 g5]ally produces an ephem]al di/urbance2 & :ile ^! are examples ( cases :]e occult causes are active1 !y are by no means unprec$5t$4 ,9 cases :]e ! cause ( lam5ess is n def9itely locat$1 & :5 by ! process ( exclusion "o is enabl$ to decide t ! seat ( tr\ble is 9 ! hip1 a t5tative diagnosis ( hip lam5ess is always appropriate4 ,9 "o in/ance a ,%etl& pony ev9c$ a peculi> =m ( int]mitt5t lam5ess :i* affect$ ! left hip1 & repeat$ exam9ations did n disclose ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,aft] ab\t a ye> !re 0 e/abli%$ spontane\sly an op5+ ?r\gh ! integum5t ov]ly+ ! region ( ! atta*m5t ( ! psoas major 7magnus71 ?r\gh :i* pus dis*>g$4 ,) ! occurr5ce ( ?is fi/ula1 lam5ess almo/ entirely disappe>$1 b ! emission ( a small am\nt ( pus p]si/$ = m ?an a ye>4 ,! subject 0 n obs]v$ !reaft] & ! outcome 9 ?is case is n a matt] ( record4 ,:e!r !re exi/$ a psoic phlegmon due to meta/atic infection or necrosis ( a "p ( a lumb] or dorsal v]tebra is a matt] = speculation4 ,?us ! pres5ce ( "s anomal\s conditions :i* affect ! pelvic region & cause lam5ess may be discov]$1 yet bo? 9 hip & %\ld] regions causes may n be def9itely locat$ by means ( practical me?ods ( exam9ation4 ,injuries ( all k9ds are ! m frequ5t causes ( hip lam5ess4 ,9 su* cases1 lam5ess may result directly & resolution be prompt1 or ! claudication become aggravat$ 9 "t1 due to muscul> atrophy or deg5]ative *anges affect+ ! hip jo9t or n]ves4 ,rheumatism or meta/atic infection may be ! cause ( hip lam5ess z well z affections ( ! pelvic bones1 lumb> & sacral v]tebrae4 ,hip lam5ess may also be provok$ by melanotic or o!r tumors4 ,9 ! diagnosis ( hip lam5ess1 "o is guid$ 9 a g5]al way by ! "* ( ! imp$im5t manife/$4 ,sw++-leg lam5ess is (t5 pres5t & ! imp$im5t is m acc5tuat$ :5 ! animal is caus$ to /ep backw>d4 ,9 _m cases lam5ess is mix$1 be+ ab\t equally noticeable dur+ weight be>+ & :ile ! memb] is be+ swung4 ,by exclusion ( causes :i* might affect o!r p>ts2 "o may def9itely locate ! cause ( ! tr\ble or det]m9e t a c]ta9 region is affect$4 ,! sudd5 manife/ation ( lam5ess is indicative ( injury2 !rmic di/urbances may signalize meta/atic infection2 hi/ory1 if dep5dable1 is always helpful4 ,repeat$ obs]vations1 tak+ into acc\nt ! c\rse :i* ! affection assumes dur+ a p]iod ( a few days1 (t5 s]ve to af=d a means ( e/abli%+ a diagnosis 9 baffl+ cases4 ,fractures ( ! ,pelvic ,bones4 ,! os innom9atum may be s fractur$ t ! pelvic girdle is brok51 z 9 fracture ( ! iliac %aft1 or 9 a mann] t ! girdl+ cont9uity ( ! innom9ate bones is n int]rupt$4 ,x naturally foll[s t great] injury is done :5 ! pelvic girdle is brok5 ?an :5 x is n1 except 9 cases :]e ! acetabulum is involv$ & its brim n completely divid$4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,pelvic fractures are usually caus$ by falls or o!r mann] ( contusion4 ,cases are report$ :]e x w\ld seem t fracture ( ! iliac angle result$ f muscul> contraction1 b x is c]ta9 t mo/ fractures ( ?is k9d are due to collisions ) door jambs or simil> injuries4 ,9 old horses especially1 fracture ( pelvic bones occurs frequ5tly4 ,?is =m ( injury is ( m frequ5t occurr5ce 9 animals ( all ages t "w on pav$ /reets4 ,! c\ntry horse is n subject$ to ! unc]ta9 foot+ ( ! slipp]y pavem5t1 nor to injuries :i* comp>e ) ^? caus$ by contusions su/a9$ 9 fall+ ^u asphalt or cobble-/ones4 ,symptomatology4--,:ile 9 _m cases ( pelvic fracture lam5ess or abnormal decumb5cy are ! sali5t manife/ations1 yet ! pa?ognomic symptoms are crepitation or palpable evid5ce :i* may be obta9$ by rectal or vag9al exam9ation4 ,9 fractures ( ! angle ( ! ilium & ! is*ial tub]osity1 p]ceptible evid5ce always exi/s4 ,9 cases :]e fracture ( "s portion ( ! pelvic girdle is suspect$ & ! subject is able to walk1 crepitation is s\ght by plac+ "o h& on an ext]nal angle ( ! ilium & ! o!r on ! is*ial tub]osity & ! animal is !n made to walk4 ,or1 by plac+ ! h&s z j direct$1 an assi/ant may grasp ! horse's tail & by alt]nately ex]t+ traction on ! tail & pu%+ aga9/ ! hip 9 su* mann] t weight is %ift$ f "o leg to ! o!r1 crepitation may be detect$4 ,fracture ( ! pubis ne> its symphysis con/itutes a grave injury1 z !re is dang] ( ! bladd] becom+ caught 9 ! fissure & p]=ation ( its wall may result4 ,su* a case is report$ by ,bauman#cf :]e9 a ?ree-ye>-old geld+ bore ! hi/ory ( hav+ be5 lame = t5 days4 ,^u rectal exam9ation ! bladd] 0 f\nd to be h>d & tumor-l & ab\t ! size ( a baseball4 ,! body ( ! is*ium 9 ?is case 0 fractur$ & a r5t 9 ! bladd] 0 caus$ by a %>p project+ piece ( bone4 ,autopsy reveal$1 9 addition to ! fracture & r5t ( ! bladd] wall1 a l>ge quantity ( ur9e 9 ! p]itoneal cavity4 ,9 o!r in/ances hemorrhage caus$ dea? & n infrequ5tly infection 0 responsible = a fatal issue4 ,moll]1#cg quot+ ,noc>d1 describes a case :]e fracture occurr$ ?r\gh ! region ( ! =am5 ovale & p>alysis ( ! obturator n]ve foll[$4 ,fractures :i* include ! acetabul> bones cause great pa94 ,?is is manife/$ by m>k$ lam5ess1 bo? dur+ weight be>+ & :5 ! memb] is swung4 ,su* cases t]m9ate unfavorably--complete recov]y is impossible4 ,:]e small portions ( ! angle ( ! ilium are brok51 & ! sk9 is left intact1 !re exi/s ! lea/ tr\blesome class ( pelvic fracture4 ,if l>ge portions ( ! ilium are fractur$1 consid]able di/urbance results4 ,!re ev5tually occurs m or less displacem5t 9 su* cases1 if su* displacem5t does n take place at ! "t ( injury4 ,! same may be said ( fracture ( ! tub] is*ii1 b :5 ^! bones are fractur$ a m s]i\s condition results4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 a case is f\nd to be uncomplicat$1 t is1 if ! fracture is su* t recov]y seems possible & aft] hav+ det]m9$ t treatm5t may be practicable1 ! fir/ consid]ation is t ( conf9+ ! subject 9 suitable sl+s4 ,9 _m cases ( pelvic fracture1 ! affect$ animal w ne$ to be kept 9 sl+s f six weeks to ?ree mon?s1 & x becomes a difficult problem to m9imize ! di/ress dur+ ?is long p]iod ( conf9em5t 9 ! peculi> mann] requir$ = favorable outcome4 ,! patt]n ( sl+ employ$ %\ld be ! be/ t is obta9able & ! matt] ( its adju/m5t is q important le/ unnecess>y *af+ or ev5 necrosis ( sk9 result4 ,frequ5t readju/m5t may be necess>y1 & "t is well sp5t 9 ?is mann] s9ce ?is contributes mat]ially t[>d a favorable t]m9ation by enc\rag+ ! subject to rema9 quiet s t coaptation ( ! brok5 bones may be ma9ta9$4 ,aside f sl+s1 me*anical appliances t are helpful 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! cases are n yet 9 use4 ,a regim5 t is nutritive & at ! same "t laxative is ess5tial & 9 "s cases ca?>tics & enemata are necess>y4 ,also1 dur+ ! fir/ few days1 if !re is ret5tion ( ur9e1 ca!t]ization is imp]ative4 ,9 a ^w1 ! h&l+ ( su* cases consi/s l>gely 9 keep+ ! subject inactive1 z com=table z possible1 & giv+ att5tion to suitable diet4 ,simple fracture ( ! ext]nal iliac angle ne$s no p>ticul> att5tion1 except t ! subject is kept quiet until lam5ess subsides4 ,9 all cases :]e mu* ( ! bone is brok51 ! animal is blemi%$1 b int]f]5ce ) function does n foll[4 ,if infection results because ( a comp\nd fracture1 loose pieces ( bone mu/ be remov$ surgically & dra9age provid$ =4 ,9 fracture ( ! is*ial tub]osity1 infection is m apt to result ?an 9 l injury ( ! ilium1 & great] displacem5t ( bone occurs4 ,?is displacem5t1 due to contraction ( ! atta*$ muscles1 is 9 "s in/ances a contribut+ cause to ! infection :i* (t5 foll[s 9 ^! cases4 ,9 females :]e ! body ( ! is*ium is fractur$1 lac]ations ( ! vag9a may be pres5t1 & ?is con/itutes a s]i\s complication :i* usually t]m9ates fatally4 ,aft]-c>e 9 fracture ( ! pelvic girdle consi/s pr9cipally 9 all[+ a protract$ p]iod ( re/ be=e subjects are put to "w4 ,fractures ( ! ,femur4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,?is is a comp>atively r>e injury 9 ! horse because ( ! protection af=d$ ! femur by ! heavy musculature4 ,fragilitas ( ! bone probably exi/s 9 _m cases :5 fracture ( its diaphysis occurs4 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! neck ( ! femur is r>ely brok5 because ( a lack ( con/riction 9 ?is "p1 b fracture ( ! tro*ant]s has be5 record$ r frequ5tly4 ,h[ev]1 ,li5aux & ,zwan5poete#ch /ate t fracture ( ! neck ( ! femur is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,belgian colts4 ,tapley#ci reports 9 ! ,vet]9>y ,j\rnal 7,engli%7 fracture ( ! head & int]nal tro*ant] ( ! femur & patell> luxation occurr+ simultane\sly affect+ a mule4 ,9 ?is case ! mule 0 f\nd decumb5t on a concrete floor4 ,aft] ?ree weeks1 ! subject 0 de/roy$ & autopsy reveal$ rupture ( ! left pubi(emoral ligam5t1 te>+ ) x a portion ( ! articul> surface ( ! femur4 ,! int]nal tro*ant] 0 also fractur$ 9 f\r small pieces4 ,9 ?is case x is fair to suppose t ! mule 9 try+ to rega9 foot+ on a slipp]y floor viol5tly abduct$ ! legs & fracture result$4 ,x is possible also t a tempor>y luxation ( ! patella took place fir/ & caus$ ! animal to /ruggle 9 su* mann] t fracture foll[$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df--,oblique fracture ( ! femur ( a #a1ejj six-ye>-old draft horse4 ,%[+ %ort5+ ( bone1 ow+ to a lat]al approximation ( ! diaphysis because ( muscul> contraction4 ,photo by ,dr4 ,edw>d ,m]illat4 ,symptomatology4--,accord+ to ,cadiot & ,almy1#dj reg>dless ( ! location ( femoral fractures1 ! subject is usually int5sely lame1 ! animal frequ5tly walk+ on ?ree legs--fractures ( ! diaphysis are *>act]iz$ by an abnormal mobility4 ,z a rule1 crepitation is to be recogniz$ 9 fractures ( ! %aft ( ! bone1 by passively mov+ ! leg to & f ! m$ial plane 7adduction & abduction74 ,fracture ( ! tro*ant] major is signaliz$ by local swell+ & evid5ce ( pa92 ! =w>d /ride is %ort5$ because ?is movem5t t5ses ! t5don ( ! gluteus major 7maximus7 :i* is atta*$ pr9cipally to ! tro*ant]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg--,same bone z 9 ,fig4 #df aft] ab\t six mon?s' treatm5t4 ,9 ?is case ,dr4 ,m]illat employ$ a weight to c\nt]act muscul> contraction4 ,x is noticeable t v little provisional callus has =m$ 9 ?is case1 & 9 spite ( unusual +5uity & good facilities = c>+ = ! subject1 union ( bone did n occur4 ,treatm5t4--,r$uction ( femoral fracture 9 ! horse is practically impossible1 & reta9+ ! brok5 bones 9 coaptation is n possible by means ( me*anical appliances4 ,consequ5tly1 prognosis is unfavorable 9 fracture ( ! body ( ! femur4 ,:5 union ( bone occurs1 !re results %ort5+ ( ! leg & animals are r5d]$ p]man5tly lame4 ,if ! imm$iate region ( ! head ( ! bone is involv$ z well z 9 case ( fracture ( ! condyles1 an incurable ar?ritis ensues4 ,:]e ! tro*ant]s are brok51 *ronic lam5ess & muscul> atrophy is ! result4 ,!re=e1 x is evid5t t1 because ( ! mann] ( function ( ! femur1 ! lev]age af=d$ by its great tro*ant] & its heavy muscul> atta*m5ts1 fractures ( ?is bone 9 ! horse d n t]m9ate favorably4 ,luxation ( ! ,femur4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,uncomplicat$ femoral luxation is ( less frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! horse ?an 9 ! o!r dome/ic animals4 ,! deep cotyloid cavity r5d]s dis>ticulation difficult & luxation does n (t5 take place4 ,complications t usually occur are rupture ( ! r\nd 7cox(emoral7 ligam5t or fracture ( ! neck ( ! femur4 ,falls or viol5t /ra9s are necess>y to produce ?is luxation4 ,g\baux is quot$ by ,cadiot & ,almy#da z hav+ obs]v$ ! head ( ! femur 9 an in/ance :]e9 luxation _h long exi/$4 ,9 ?is case autopsy reveal$ ! fact t ! inn] portion 7two-?irds7 ( ! head ( ! femur _h completely disappe>$4 ,luxation ( ! femur is obs]v$ 9 old emaciat$ animals t are work$ on slipp]y pavem5ts4 ,occasionally1 evid5ce ( *ronic luxation ( ! femur is obs]v$ 9 ! anatomical laboratory4 ,! *ronicity ( ! condition is obvi\s :5 "o notes ! well =m$ articulation :i* ,nature provides = ! head ( ! femur1 :]e fracture or o!r s]i\s complications are n pres5t4 ,symptomatology4--,9 e case !re mu/ exi/ ei!r re/riction ( movem5t or an evid5t abnormal position ( ! leg1 or bo? conditions may exi/ at once4 ,also1 ! leg may be m>k$ly %ort5$4 ,manife/ation ( ?is affection v>ies1 dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( ! luxation 7position ( ! head ( ! hum]us ) relation to ! acetabulum74 ,lusk#db cites a case ( a mule :i* _h suff]$ femoral luxation4 ,! animal 0 de/roy$ & on autopsy ! head ( ! femur f\nd to be conta9$ )9 a false articul> cavity situat$ ab\t f\r in*es above ! acetabulum4 ,9 ,dr4 ,lusk's case z he /ates x1 ! foll[+ symptoms 7 pres5t$3 ,limb %ort5$ & fix$ 9 a position ( adduction4 ,:ile /&+ ! affect$ limb hung directly across & 9 front ( ! opposite "o2 upp] tro*ant] v prom95t2 sk9 ov] hip jo9t v t5se4 ,! mobility ( ! limb 0 v limit$1 especially 9 ! =w>d direction4 ,be+ v prom95t :5 !re is an upw>d luxation & less p]ceptible 9 d[nw>d displacem5t1 ! location ( ! tro*ant] major is an indicator ( ! "* ( ! luxation ) respect to ! position ( ! head ( ! femur4 ,?is v>iation ( position causes abnormal t5s5ess or loos5ess ( ! sk9 ov] ! region ( ! tro*ant] major4 ,rectal exam9ation is ( aid 9 locat+ ! head ( ! hum]us4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 x is evid5t t a subject %\ld be giv5 treatm5t & n de/roy$1 ! animal mu/ be ca/ & completely ane/hetiz$4 ,) complete relaxation ?us secur$ by rotation ( ! limb1 us+ ! hip jo9t region z a pivot1 r$uction may be effect$4 ,traction is ex]t$ 9 ! same direction f ! acetabulum t ! head ( ! femur is situat$ & by press+ ov] ! jo9t1 ! displac$ bone may be return$ 9 position4 ,if luxation is d[nw>d1 traction on ! extremity w t5d to dislodge ! head ( ! femur f ! inf]ior acetabul> m>g9 mak+ r$uction possible4 ,! same g5]al plan :i* is ord9>ily employ$ 9 correct+ luxation is indicat$ "h1 b because ( ! heavy musculature ( ! hip1 complete ane/hesia is imp]ative 9 all su* manipulations4 ,gluteal ,t5do-,synovitis4 ,! glut5s m$ius 7g4 maximus7 muscle is ins]t$ *iefly by means ( two t5dons2 "o to ! summit ( ! tro*ant] major ( ! femur & ! o!r pass+ ov] ! ant]ior "p ( ! convexity ( ! tro*ant]1 & be+ atta*$ to ! cre/ bel[ x4 ,! tro*ant] is cov]$ ) c>tilage1 & a bursa 7! tro*ant]ic7 is int]pos$ betwe5 ! t5don & ! c>tilage4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,?is affection is probably caus$ 9 mo/ in/ances by direct injury to ! p>ts1 su* z may be occasion$ by be+ kick$1 fall+ on pavem5t1 or be+ /ruck by ! body ( a heavy wagon4 ,/ra9s 9 pull+ or 9 slipp+ are und\bt$ly causative factors & 9 draft horses su* /ra9s may result 9 involvem5t ( ?is synovial app>atus4 ,symptomatology4--,if pa9 be sev]e & inflammation acute1 weight may n be borne ) ! affect$ memb]4 ,!re is "s local manife/ation ( ! condition 9 acute cases4 ,swell+ ( ! tissues contigu\s to ! bursa is pres5t & pa9 is ev9c$ ^u manipulation ( ! p>ts4 ,a *>act]i/ic gait m>ks inflammation ( ! tro*ant]ic bursa1 & z ,gun!r has put x1 ! subject g5]ally moves or trots z does ! dog--! s\nd memb] be+ c>ri$ 9 advance ( ! affect$ "o & ! =w>d /ride ( ! diseas$ leg is %ort5$4 ,9 "s *ronic cases crepitation is disc]nible by hold+ ! h& on ! tro*ant] :ile ! subject walks4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ! fir/ /ages ( an acute affection absolute quiet mu/ be en=c$2 local antiphlogi/ic applications are b5eficial4 ,lat]1 vesication ( a lib]al area surr\nd+ ! tro*ant] major is indicat$4 ,:]e ! condition has become *ronic 9 horses t are to be kept at heavy draft "w !re is little *ance = complete recov]y4 ,&1 naturally1 "o is n to expect resolution 9 cases :]e !re exi/ erosion & ossification ( c>tilage--:]e crepitation is disc]nible4 ,p>alysis ( ! ,h9d ,leg4 ,aside f p>aplegic conditions due to disease ( ! cord or ! lumbosacral plexus1 & monoplegic affections resultant f di/urbances ( ?is plexus1 p>alysis ( c]ta9 n]ves are occasionally enc\nt]$4 ,anatomy4--,! lumbosacral plexus results sub/antially f ! union ( ! v5tral bran*es ( ! la/ ?ree lumb> & ! fir/ two sacral n]ves1 b x d]ives a small root f ! ?ird lumb> n]ve also4 ,! ant]ior "p ( ! plexus lies 9 front ( ! int]nal iliac art]y1 betwe5 ! lumb> transv]se processes & ! psoas m9or4 ,x supplies bran*es to ! iliopsoas#dc 7designat$ by ,gir>d1 ! iliacomuscul> n]ves74 ,! po/]ior "p lies p>tly ^u & p>tly 9 ! texture ( ! sacrosciatic ligam5t4 ,f ! plexus are d]iv$ ! n]ves ( ! pelvic limb 7,sisson74 ,p>alysis ( ! ,femoral 7,crural7 ,n]ve4 ,anatomy4--,! femoral n]ve 7crural7 is d]iv$ *iefly f ! f\r? & fif? lumb> n]ves4 ,x runs v5trally & backw>d1 at fir/ betwe5 ! psoas major & m9or1 !n crosses ! deep face ( ! t5don ( ! latt] & desc5ds "u cov] ( ! s>tori\s ov] ! t]m9al "p ( ! iliopsoas4 ,x inn]vates ! psoas major 7magnus71 psoas m9or 7p>vus71 s>tori\s1 rectus femoris1 va/us lat]alis 7int]ims74 ,bran*es supply ! /ifle & ! adductor & pect9eus muscles4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,:ile p>alysis ( ! femoral n]ve1 also kn[n z dropp$ /ifle occurs z a result ( local injuries & melanotic tumors 9 gray horses1 mo/ cases are due to azoturia4 ,s-call$ crural p>alysis or hip sw9ney is occasionally obs]v$ b ?is is n a condition :]e9 ! n]ve is affect$ 9 ! mann] t *>act]izes ! m>k$ atrophy ( quadriceps femoris 7crural7 muscles 9 "s cases ( hemaglob9uria4 ,?is =m ( p>alysis accord+ to ,hutyra & ,m>ek is due prim>ily to diffuse deg5]ation ( ! muscles4 ,symptomatology4--,:5 muscul> atrophy is n ext5sive no p>ticul> evid5ce ( ?is condition may be manife/$ :ile ! subject is at re/1 b :]e muscul> wa/e has occurr$1 ! nature ( ! ailm5t is at once recogniz$4 ,s9ce ! femoral n]ve supplies ! quadriceps femoris muscles1 x foll[s t :5 ! psoic portion ( ?is n]ve becomes diseas$1 ! /ifle loses its support1 & 9 a unilat]al involvem5t :5 ! subject attempts to walk on ! affect$ memb]1 ! /ifle s9ks d[n = want ( support & ! leg collapses unless weight is caught up ) ! o!r leg4 ,(t51 foll[+ azoturia1 a bilat]al affection is to be obs]v$4 ,treatm5t4--,horses may be re/ra9$ 9 ! /&+ position1 & 9 ! av]age in/ance1 a twit* & hood are all ! re/ra9+ appliances necess>y4 ,9 cases :]e ! disease is unilat]al & atrophy is n ( too long /&+1 recov]y is possible 9 vigor\s subjects4 ,all affections1 h[ev]1 :]e9 deg5]ative *anges involve ! n]ve trunk1 :e!r due to diffuse myositis or pressure f malignant tumors1 w n yield to treatm5t4 ,! same g5]al plan ( treatm5t is indicat$ t is describ$ on page #gd 9 ! consid]ation ( atrophy ( ! scapul> muscles4 ,x is especially important to provide = ! subject to be ex]cis$ :5 !re is atrophy ( ! quadriceps muscles foll[+ azoturia4 ,9 addition to ! =ego+1 good results h att5d$ ! use ( intramuscul> injections ( oxyg54 ,! te*nic ( ! op]ation consi/s 9 prep>+ ! area ( sk9 :i* cov]s ! atrophi$ muscles z = any op]ation4 ,! hair is clipp$ ov] five or six or m circul> areas ( ab\t an in* 9 diamet]2 ! sk9 is cleans$ & !n pa9t$ ) t9cture ( iod94 ,a long heavy /]ile ne$le1 :i* is connect$ ) an oxyg5 tank by means ( six feet ( rubb] tub+1 is ?ru/ into ! dep?s ( ! affect$ muscles & ! gas is g5tly introduc$ into ! tissues4 ,"o ne$s ex]cise extreme c>e t ! gas ent] sl[ly because great pa9 is produc$ by ! sudd5 injection ( ! oxyg54 ,likewise too mu* ( ! gas mu/ n be introduc$ at "o place4 ,:5 ! oxyg5 is sl[ly introduc$ x may be all[$ to ent] ! tissues until ! subject gives evid5ce ( exp]i5c+ consid]able pa91 or if ! p>ts are n p>ticul>ly s5sitive1 a reasonable am\nt 7en\gh to cause a mild degree ( diffuse inflammation7 is introduc$ at ea* "o ( five or six po9ts4 ,9 l>ge animals m po9ts ( injection may be us$4 ,no infection or o!r bad results w foll[ ! execution ( a good te*nic & ! treatm5t may be repeat$ e ?ree or f\r weeks until ei!r m>k$ reg5]ation ( tissue is evid5t or ! case is obvi\sly prov$ hopeless4 ,p>alysis ( ! ,obturator ,n]ve4 ,anatomy4--,! obturator n]ve1 situat$ at fir/ "u ! p]itoneum1 accompanies ! obturator art]y ?r\gh ! obturator =am5 & ga9+ ! muscles on ! int]nal face ( ! ?igh1 t]m9ates 9 ! obturator ext]nus1 adductors1 pect9eus & gracilis1 also giv+ twigs to ! obturator int]nus 7,/rangeways74 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,?is condition occurs ^u r>e occasions z ! result ( injury su* z falls :i* cause extreme abduction ( ! legs1 or 9 pelvic fracture :]e ! n]ve is directly injur$1 or :5 melanotic tumors or o!r new gr[?s compress ! n]ve 9 su* mann] t its function is susp5d$4 ,p>alysis ( ! obturator n]ve or n]ves is met ) r frequ5tly1 not)/&+1 9 m>es1 foll[+ dy/ocia4 ,! n]ves 7"o or bo?7 may become bruis$ at ! brim ( ! obturator =am5 by be+ caught betwe5 ! pelvis & ! body ( ! fetus 9 "s cases ( protract$ labor4 ,symptomatology4--,9 a unilat]al affection !re may be little evid5ce ( ! tr\ble :ile ! subject is /&+2 or !re is to be se5 "s abduction2 or ! affect$ memb] may pres5t abduction ( ! /ifle & /& toe outw>d4 ,if ! animal is walk$ !re w be manife/$ m or less abduction & ! "* ( ! imp$im5t v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ! involvem5t4 ,foll[+ protract$ cases ( labor 9 "s in/ances :]e only a unilat]al p>alysis exi/s1 walk+ is p]=m$ ) difficulty2 ! subject may be unable to support weight ) ! affect$ memb] & is oblig$ to hop on ! "o s\nd h9d leg4 ,9 bilat]al affections1 !y are unable to rise4 ,if ! condition is sev]e ! sl+ is requir$ to keep ! subject /&+1 & ) ?is c>e1 recov]y w foll[4 ,treatm5t4--,if new gr[?s or callosities or simil> conditions affect ! n]ve1 little1 if any1 hope = recov]y exi/s4 ,9 "y & vigor\s subjects :]e cause is n def9itely kn[n1 a c\rse ( /ry*n9 may be giv54 ,good nurs+1 provid+ = ! subject's com=t & all[+ mod]ate ex]cise1 con/itute rational treatm5t4 ,/imulat+ embrocations on ! abductor muscles resort$ to 9 cases dur+ ! incipi5t /age may prove helpful4 ,:5 p>alysis ( ! obturator n]ve occurs z a po/-p>tum complication1 & o!r conditions are favorable1 ! subject %\ld be rais$ to its feet )\t unnecess>y delay4 ,if ! m>e is unable to assi/ 9 rega9+ h] feet1 a sl+ is requir$4 ,usually little else is necess>y & aft] a few days 9 ! sl+ ! subject c get ab\t unassi/$4 ,9 ! mean:ile ! well-be+ ( ! affect$ animal is to be consid]$ j z 9 any o!r case :]e ! pati5t is s conf9$4 ,! foal 9 su* in/ances con/itutes a s\rce ( "s tr\ble1 b ! av]age m>e (f]s no s]i\s resi/ance to ! conf9em5t occasion$ by ! sl+4 ,good hygi5ic c>e1 a suitable diet & full physiological doses ( /ry*n9 are indicat$4 ,cadiot & ,almy recomm5d vag9al d\*es ( cold wat] & c\nt]irritation ( ! region ( ! inn] ?igh 9 ^! cases4 ,p>alysis ( ! ,sciatic ,n]ve4 ,anatomy4--,! great sciatic n]ve leaves ! pelvis 9 company ) ! gluteal n]ves1 ?r\gh ! great sciatic =am5 7not*71 pass+ d[nw>d along ! po/]ior face ( ! femur4 ,ne> ! /ifle x passes betwe5 ! two heads ( ! ga/rocnemius muscle & cont9ues z ! tibial4 ,bran*es supply ! foll[+ muscles--obturator1 semimembranosus 7adductor magnus71 biceps femoris 7triceps abductor femoris71 semit5d9osus 7biceps rotator tibialis71 lat]al ext5sor 7p]oneus7 & ! tibial n]ve1 its cont9uation1 inn]vates ! digital flexors4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,p>alysis ( ! great sciatic n]ve may be caus$ by c5tral disord]s1 injury 9 fall+1 fractures & new gr[?s4 ,because ( its protect$ position1 ?is n]ve does n (t5 suff] injury1 & p>alysis ( ! sciatic n]ve is record$ 9 a few in/ances ow+ to its r>ity4 ,symptomatology4--,:5 consid]ation is giv5 ! numb] ( muscles t are suppli$ by ! sciatic n]ve & ! function ( ^! muscul> /ructures1 x is obvi\s t ! leg _c be us$ 9 sciatic p>alysis4 ,h[ev]1 ! limb is capable ( su/a9+ weight :5 x is fix$ 9 position1 b ?is is done )\t ex]tion ( muscul> fib]s :i* are suppli$ by ! great sciatic n]ve4 ,trott+ is impossible & flexion ( ! affect$ memb] is also likewise preclud$4 ,! foot is dragg$ :5 ! subject is caus$ to advance4 ,"u ! head+ sciatica1 ,scott#dd has describ$ a case ( acute sciatic affection :]e9 a pac+ horse manife/$ evid5ce ( great pa9 ( a n]v\s "*4 ,!re 7 muscul> twit*+s & ! leg 0 held (f ! floor & mov$ ab\t convulsively4 ,brea?+ 0 v mu* accel]at$1 pulse #he p] m9ute1 ! temp]ature 0 #ajc deg4 & manipulation ( ! hips augm5t$ ! pa94 ,?is 0 n a p>alytic condition & recov]y result$1 yet und\bt$ly ?is 0 a case :i*1 if n prop]ly c>$ =1 might h t]m9at$ unfavorably4 ,treatm5t4--,prognosis is decid$ly unfavorable 9 p>alysis ( ! great sciatic n]ve4 ,if treatm5t is attempt$1 x is to be conduct$ along ! same g5]al l9es z 9 femoral p>alysis4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be giv5 to conditions :i* w make = ! pati5t's com=t1 & z soon z x is evid5t t ! affection is n progress+ favorably1 ! subject %\ld be humanely de/roy$4 ,iliac ,?rombosis4 ,?is condition is und\bt$ly ( m frequ5t occurr5ce ?an we are wont to grant :5 "o consid]s ! comp>atively small numb] ( cases t are actually recogniz$ 9 practice4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t iliac ?rombosis r>ely exi/s4 ,probably 9 ! majority ( in/ances !re is insuffici5t ob/ruction ( ! lum9a ( vessels to provoke noticeable inconv5i5ce4 ,or1 if circulation is hamp]$ to ! ext5t t function is impair$ & manife/ations are obs]v$ by ! driv]1 ! subject may be p]mitt$ to re/ a few days & p>tial resolution occurs1 s t fur!r tr\ble is n noticeable4 ,z judg$ by lesions ( ! aorta & iliac art]ies 9 dissect+ subjects1 ! conclusion t art]itis & resultant disord]s are ( r frequ5t occurr5ce1 is logical4 ,etiology4--,inflammation ( ! vessel walls & resultant prolifi]ation ( tissue toge!r ) ! accumulation ( clott$ blood becom+ organiz$1 s]ve to ob/ruct ! lum5 ( ! affect$ art]y4 ,! cause ( art]itis is unkn[n 9 _m in/ances1 b p>asitic invasion & contigu\s involvem5t ( vessels 9 "s inflammatory injuries are etiological factors4 ,symptomatology4--,a *>act]i/ic type ( lam5ess signalizes iliac ?rombosis & ! foll[+ brief ab/ract f a contribution on ?is subject by ,drs4 ,m]illat#de1 cle>ly portrays ! *ief symptoms3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh--;,exposure ( aorta & its bran*es1 %[+ location ( ?rombi 9 num]\s places4 ,9 ?is case 7same z ,fig4 #di7 ,dr4 ,l4,a4 & ,dr4 ,edw>d ,m]illat f\nd ! cause ( ! condition to be due to scl]a/omiasis4 ,! seizures are accompani$ ) pr(use sudation1 tremors1 dilat$ no/rils1 accel]at$ respirations & o!r symptoms ( pa9 & di/ress1 all ( :i*1 toge!r ) ! lam5ess1 disappe> z rapidly z !y _h develop$1 leav+ ! animal 9 an app>5tly p]fect /ate ( heal?1 ready to fall ) ano!r attack ( precisely ! same k9d1 z soon z en\gh ex]cise is =c$ ^u x4 ,! rectal explorations may reveal a pulseless /ate ( "o or m ( ! iliac art]ies & a h>dness & enl>gem5t ( ! aortic quadrifurcation1 b sometimes ?is palpation fails to disclose any p]ceptible dim9ution ( ! blood curr5t ( ^! vessels4 ,! obturation be+ incomplete1 x may be impossible by palpation to decide t ?rombosis really exi/s4 ,9 ?is ev5t &1 9 fact1 9 all eases1 ! cl9ical symptoms are suffici5tly *>act]i/ic to make a diagnosis )\t res]vation4 ,x _c be mi/ak5 = any o!r disease1 once prop]ly inve/igat$4 ,any giv5 seizure may easily be mi/ak5 = azoturia1 at fir/1 b a bett] exam9ation soon excludes t disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di--;,illu/rative ( ?rombosis ( ! aorta1 iliacs & bran*es4 ,photo by ,dr4 ,l4,a4 ,m]illat4 ,prognosis & ,treatm5t4--,9 ! majority ( in/ances1 :5 !re is occasion$ s]i\s inconv5i5ce1 ! outcome is n likely to be favorable1 accord+ to ,moell]4 ,deta*m5t ( a portion ( ! ?rombus1 accord+ to ,ho>e1 may result 9 ! lodgm5t ( an embolus 9 ! bra9 or kidneys4 ,! latt] au?ority also /ates t muscul> atrophy may occur ow+ to lack ( blood supply 9 "s ( ^! cases4 ,moell] /ates t mod]ate ex]cise or "w /imulates ! e/abli%m5t ( collat]al circulation4 ,massage p] rectum is condemn$ z dang]\s by ,cadiot4 ,fracture ( ! ,patella4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,patell> fractures are r>ely met ) 9 ! horse b may be caus$ by falls & heavy contusions4 ,viol5t muscul> contraction1 x is said1 may also br+ ab\t ! same condition4 ,symptomatology4--,fracture may be transv]se or v]tical1 & dep5d+ on ! mann] 9 :i* ! bone is brok51 prognosis is ei!r at once r5d]$ favorable or unfavorable4 ,! patella p]=ms a function :i* is 9 a way simil> to t ( ! sesamoids & :5 fractur$1 complete recov]y is improbable 9 ! av]age in/ance4 ,:5 complete1 transv]se fractures p]mit ( sep>ation ( ! p>ts ( bone4 ,t5sion on ! /raight ligam5ts bel[ & contraction ( ! quadriceps above usually cause insup]able difficulty 9 ! h&l+ ( ?is type ( fracture 9 ! horse4 ,comp\nd fractures z well z multiple or comm9ut$ fractures occasionally occur & ^! con/itute injuries :i* are g5]ally consid]$ fatal1 al?\gh ,&ri51 accord+ to ,cadiot & ,almy1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ complete recov]y 9 a case ( comp\nd fracture ( ! patella & ! horse 0 9 s]vice & almo/ free f lam5ess two mon?s aft] treatm5t 0 begun4 ,no difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 recogniz+ ! fracture ( ! patella because ( ! expos$ position ( ! bone4 ,crepitation1 & 9 "s cases fissures1 may be easily detect$4 ,treatm5t4--,9 simple fracture1 :5 treatm5t is ?\ght advisable1 ! subject is put 9 a sl+ & kept z ne>ly com=table z possible4 ,if little inflammation exi/s1 ! application ( a vesicant two or ?ree weeks aft] ! injury has be5 inflict$ w be helpful & s]ve to ha/5 repair4 ,b&ages or me*anical appliances are ( no practical use 9 ! h&l+ ( ^! cases4 ,luxation ( ! ,patella4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,?is1 ! mo/ common luxation met ) 9 ! equ9e subject1 has be5 describ$ by writ]s z exi/+ 9 _m =ms4 ,patell> dis>ticulation may be m practically consid]$ z mom5t>y & fix$1 reg>dless ( ! position tak5 by ! patella4 ,describ$ "u ! title ( false luxation are record$ cases :]e9 ! quadriceps 7crural7 muscles become contract$ 9 su* mann] t a condition simulat+ true dis>ticulation ( ! patella obta9s4 ,also1 "s practiction]s report cases ( patell> luxation & ref] to pseudo-luxations1 )\t cle>ly def9+ ! conditions :i* con/itute pseudo-luxation4 ,?is has contribut$ to ! extant cause ( misconception z to actual diff]5ces betwe5 luxation & conditions simulat+ dislocation4 ,luxation ( ! patella is a condition :]e9 ! articul> portions ( ! femur & patella assume abnormal relations :e!r su* displacem5t ( ! patella be mom5t>y & capable ( spontane\s r$uction1 or fix$ & requir+ corrective manipulation4 ,spasmodic contraction ( ! crural muscles :i* sometimes reta9s ! patella 9 su* position t ! leg is rigidly ext5d$1 does n 9 itself con/itute luxation ( ! patella2 & unless ?is bone becomes lodg$ on ! upp] portion ( a femoral condyle or lat]ally displac$ out ( its femoral groove1 luxation _c be said to exi/ 9 ! horse4 ,^! are sub-luxations4 ,occasionally "o may obs]ve 9 suckl+ colts outw>d luxation ( ! patella :]e9 !re is hi/ory ( navel infection & no m>k$ evid5ce ( ra*itis is pres5t4 ,"s ( ^! cases recov]4 ,9 a unilat]al involvem5t ( ?is k9d 9 a ?ree-mon?-old mule colt1 ! au?or obs]v$ a case :]e9 an unfavorable prognosis 0 giv5 & de/ruction ( ! subject advis$1 because ( ! extreme dislocation ( ! patella4 ,?is colt1 h[ev]1 0 n de/roy$ & 9 ?ree weeks _h app>5tly recov]$4 ,no treatm5t 0 giv5 9 ?is in/ance2 ! colt 0 all[$ ! run ( a small pa/ure ) its dam & 9 "t x matur$1 becom+ a s\nd & s]viceable animal4 ,classification4--,two =ms ( true patell> luxation 9 ! horse may be consid]$2 "o :i* is due to ! patella becom+ fix$ ^u ! int]nal tro*le> rim ( ! femur & ! o!r :5 ! patella slips ov] ! out] rim ( ! tro*lea4 ,! fir/ =m is kn[n z upw>d luxation & is made possible by rupture ( ! mesial 7int]nal7 fem]opatell> ligam5t4 ,accord+ to ,cadiot & ,almy1 x is only by ! rupture ( ?is ligam5t--! fem]opatell>--t upw>d luxation may occur4 ,?is type ( luxation is r>ely obs]v$ & is usually due to viol5t /ra9 & abnormal ext5sion ( ! /ifle jo9t4 ,! second class1 outw>d luxation1 occurs 9 colts & is1 9 _m in/ances1 cong5ital4 ,?is =m ( luxation is also ! "o usually se5 foll[+ debilitat+ diseases su* z influ5za & pneumonia4 ,upw>d luxation ( ! patella is *>act]iz$ by ! /iff-ext5d$ position ( ! leg4 ,:5 ! patella is situat$ ^u ! inn] tro*le> rim1 ! tibia mu/ be ext5d$ because ( ! traction ex]t$ by ! /raight ligam5ts4 ,s9ce ! /ifle & hock jo9ts ext5d & flex 9 unison1 !re is pres5t$ also an ext5sion ( ! t>sus4 ,ext5sion ( ! /ifle jo9t w\ld increase ! di/ance betwe5 ! femoral orig9 ( ! ga/rocnemius & its ins]tion to ! summit ( fibul> t>sal bone 7calcis7 7 x n = ! ga/rocnemius & sup]ficial flexor 7p]=atus74 ,ext5sion ( ! hock 9 upw>d luxation ( ! patella1 p]mits ( flexion ( ! phalanges4 ,9 upw>d luxation1 !n1 ! leg is ext5d$ z if too long1 b ! phalanges may be 9 a /ate ( mod]ate flexion4 ,if ! foot re/s on ! gr\nd :5 ! extremity is n flex$1 x is almo/ impossible = ! subject to /ep backw>d4 ,because ( immobilization ( ! /ifle & hock jo9ts 9 upw>d luxation1 ! subject c walk only by hopp+ on ! s\nd leg & !n ! extremity is flex$1 all[+ ! ant]ior portion ( ! fetlock to drag on ! gr\nd4 ,9 "s cases practition]s are call$ to att5d "y animals t are report$ to be /ifl$ 7(t5 9 "y mules t h made a rapid gr[?7 & ^u arrival ! only noticeable symptom ( preexi/+ luxation is ! soil$ condition ( ! ant]ior fetlock region--evid5ce ( its hav+ be5 dragg$4 ,su* cases may be /yl$ mom5t>y luxation1 :e!r !y are due to a weak5$ condition ( ! patell> ligam5ts or spasmodic contraction ( ! crural muscles4 ,9 upw>d luxation1 r$uction is effect$ by attempt+ fur!r ext5sion ( ! /ifle jo9t & at ! same "t ! patella is pull$ outw>d1 (f ! int]nal rim ( ! tro*lea4 ,?is is attempt$ by secur+ ! subject 9 a /&+ position2 ! s\nd side is kept aga9/ a wall if possible & a rope is ti$ to ! extremity ( ! affect$ leg4 ,traction is ex]t$ ^u ! rope & at ! same "t =ce is direct$ aga9/ ! /ifle jo9t to produce fur!r ext5sion if possible1 s t ! /raight patell> ligam5ts may relax suffici5tly to all[ ! patella to be dislodg$ f its position ^u ! inn] tro*le> lip4 ,fail+ 9 ?is mann] ( proc$ure1 ! affect$ animal is to be ca/ & ane/hetiz$ ) *lor(orm4 ,! relaxation :i* att5ds surgical ane/hesia w p]mit ( r$uction ( ! dislocat$ bone & manipulations su* z h j be5 outl9$ may be employ$4 ,foll[+ r$uction 9 ! av]age case x is ess5tial t ! subject be giv5 vigor\s ex]cise = a few m9utes4 ,r$uction hav+ be5 affect$1 ! application ( a vesicant ov] ! :ole patell> region is cu/om>y4 ,9 cases ( habitual luxation1 unless ! ligam5ts are s lax t ! patella may be displac$ lat]ally ov] ! inn] z well z ! out] tro*l] rims1 division ( ! inn] /raight patell> ligam5t w correct ! condition4 ,?is desmotomy has be5 advocat$ by ,bassi1 & good results 9 appropriate cases h be5 report$ by ,cadiot1 ,m]illat & ,s*uma*]4 ,?is op]ation has be5 f\nd a corrective 9 cases ( outw>d luxation z well z ^? ( upw>d dislocation ( ! patella :5 resort$ to be=e ! tro*leae are worn f frequ5t luxation4 ,outw>d luxation ( ! patella is occasion$ by a lax condition ( ! int]nal fem]opatell> ligam5t or a rupture ( ! same s t ! patella slips ov] ! out] femoral tro*le> rim & p]mits ( an abnormal flexion ( ! /ifle jo9t4 ,! out] tro*le> rim be+ ! small] ( ! two1 inw>d luxation does n occur 9 ! horse4 ,) ! patella dis>ticulat$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! action ( ! quapriceps femoral gr\p ( muscles has no effect on ! /ifle jo9t &1 !re=e1 flexion ( ?is articulation occurs z soon z ! subject attempts to su/a9 weight & ! leg collapses unless weight is at once tak5 up by ! o!r memb] if s\nd4 ,z a rule1 ! r$uction ( ?is =m ( luxation is n difficult4 ,! patella may be pu%$ inw>d & into position )\t manipulation ( ! leg4 ,ret5tion ( ! patella 9 position is a difficult problem4 ,b&ag+ is consid]$ impractical & is n ord9>ily done 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b5>d1 accord+ to ,cadiot & ,almy1 recomm5ds b&ag+ ) a heavy piece ( clo? 9 :i* an op5+ is made ?r\gh :i* ! patella is all[$ to protrude1 & by turn+ su* a b&age snugly ab\t ! /ifle sev]al times1 ! patella is held 9 position4 ,?is b&age %\ld be kept 9 place = ab\t t5 days4 ,9 "y & ra*itic animals outdoor ex]cise & a good nutritive ration = ! subject are indicat$4 ,hypophosphites 9 assimilable =m may be b5eficial1 & vesication ( ! patell> region contributes to recov]y4 ,:]e extreme luxation is pres5t 9 bo? /ifles1 ! prognosis is unfavorable4 ,9 su* cases1 deg5]ative *anges may exi/ & 9 "s in/ances ! ligam5ts are s diseas$ & elongat$ t reg5]ation is impossible4 ,williams#df reports a case :]e bilat]al float+ 7outw>d7 luxation 0 pres5t & ext5sive deg5]ation *anges affect$ ! articulation4 ,9 subjects suff]+ frequ5t dislocation ( ! patella 7habitual luxation7 x is possible 9 "s cases1 to prev5t its occurr5ce or at lea/ to m9imize ! di/ress occasion$ by mom5t>y luxation1 by keep+ ! animals 9 wide /alls s t back+ is unnecess>y4 ,9 "s n]v\s subjects t seem to be suff]+ f cramp ( ! crural muscles1 ! difficulty & pa9 ( _! be+ back$ out ( n>r[ /alls1 acc5tuates ! n]v\sness4 ,sudation & re/lessness are manife/$ & ! subject pres5ts a cl9ical picture ( di/ress & fe> ( a pa9ful ordeal4 ,9 "s cases ( ?is k9d1 complete recov]y takes place by ! "t animals are five or six ye>s ( age4 ,"o %\ld avoid keep+ su* subjects 9 n>r[ /alls4 ,pref]ably patell> desmotomy %\ld be p]=m$ t relief may be obta9$ at once4 ,luxations att5d+ "s cases ( influ5za recov] promptly :5 subjects are kept com=tably conf9$ 9 roomy box-/alls4 ,! adm9i/ration ( /imulative m$icam5ts su* z nux vomica & ! application ( an active bli/]+ ag5t to ! patella s]ve to ha/5 recov]y4 ,dislocations 9 su* cases are (t5 bilat]al & !y are usually mom5t>y4 ,r$uction occurs spontane\sly1 z a rule1 & ! subjects are n occasion$ mu* di/ress if !y are kept quiet = a few days4 ,*ronic ,gonitis4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,*ronic inflammation ( ! /ifle jo9t is met ) foll[+ acute synovitis due to /ra9s & concussion4 ,x is an ailm5t :i* affects heavy horses & p>ticul>ly animals t are kept at "w on pav$ /reets1 b ?is does n expla9 its exi/5ce 9 animals t are n subject$ to "w likely to cause concussion4 ,b]ns#dg consid]s rheumatism a probable cause ( gonitis &1 z he /ates1 ! dropsical =m ( affection ( ?is jo9t is n ord9>ily att5d$ ) manife/ations ( inconv5i5ce to ! subject4 ,gonitis is (t5 bilat]al & its onset is insidi\s 9 _m in/ances4 ,symptomatology4--,9 unilat]al gonitis weight is n borne by ! affect$ memb]4 ,!re is noticeable di/5sion ( ! jo9t capsule--a *>act]i/ic p5dant p\*+ protrusion4 ,:5 bo? /ifles are affect$ ! subject frequ5tly %ifts ! weight f "o limb to ! o!r4 ,lam5ess comes on gradually & dur+ ! incipi5t /ages may be int]mitt5t b x progressively increases s t 9 "t affect$ animals become useless4 ,9 bilat]al affections animals drag ! toes because ( ! pa9 incid5t to flex+ ! /ifles4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly evid5t :5 ! subject is made to trot4 ,z ! disease progresses1 atrophy ( ! quadriceps femoris muscles becomes pron\nc$ & z de/ructive *anges involv+ ! articul> c>tilages take place4 ,! subject becomes m lame & ev5tually is r5d]$ incapable ( s]vice4 ,^u manipulation ( ! patell> region1 "o is impress$ ) ! fact t hyp]e/hesia does n exi/ 9 proportion to ! pa9 manife/$ dur+ locomotion4 ,9 "s cases a gelat9\s swell+ is pres5t & may be detect$ by palpat+ betwe5 ! /raight ligam5ts ( ! patella4 ,williams1 ,hughes1 ,m]illat1 ,hadley & o!rs h direct$ att5tion to ! exi/5ce ( float+ masses 7corpora oryzoidea7 9 ! synovial capsule ( ?is jo9t 9 gonitis1 & z ) all cases ( ar?ritis1 irrep>able damage is (t5 done ! articul> c>tilages dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ailm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej--;,*ronic gonitis4 ,! knuckl+ :i* results f long cont9u$ inactivity ( ! crural muscles 9 *ronic cases is m>k$ 9 ?is in/ance4 ,photo by ,dr4 ,l4,a4 ,m]illat4 ,treatm5t4--,no effective me?od is z yet kn[n :i* w control ?is condition dur+ its incipi5cy4 ,! disease progresses1 & m or less damage is done ! affect$ p>ts 9 ! c\rse ( mon?s or ev5 ye>s 9 "s cases be=e subjects are r5d]$ hopelessly crippl$4 ,:5 recogniz$ e>ly 7be=e *ronic gonitis exi/s7 aspiration ( ! synovia & ! injection ( dilut$ t9cture ( iod9 might prove b5eficial 9 cases ( synovial di/5sion4 ,*ronic gonitis is consid]$ an incurable affection & z soon z subjects manife/ evid5ce ( di/ress f ?is condition !y %\ld by all means be tak5 f "w4 ,fir+ & vesication h n be5 productive ( b5eficial results4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea--;,gonitis4 ,%[+ position assum$ 9 su* cases because ( pa9 occasion$4 ,photo by ,dr4 ,c4,a4 ,mc,killip4 ,op5 ,/ifle ,jo9t4 ,anatomy ( ! ,jo9t ,capsule4--,?is jo9t capsule is ?9 & v capaci\s4 ,on ! patella x is atta*$ ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! articul> surface1 b on ! femur ! l9e ( atta*m5t is at a v>y+ di/ance f ! articul> surface4 ,on ! m$ial side x is an in* or m f ! articul> c>tilage2 on ! lat]al side & above1 ab\t half an in*4 ,x p\*es upw>d "u ! quadriceps femoris = a di/ance ( two or ?ree in*es1 a pad ( fat sep>at+ ! capsule f ! muscle4 ,bel[ ! patella x is sep>at$ f ! patell> ligam5ts by a ?ick pad ( fat1 b inf]iorly x is 9 contact ) ! fem]otibial capsules4 ,! jo9t cavity is ! mo/ ext5sive 9 ! body4 ,x usually communicates ) ! m$ial sac ( ! fem]otibial jo9t cavity by a slit-l op5+ situat$ at ! l[e/ "p ( ! m$ial ridge ( ! tro*lea4 ,a simil>1 usually small]1 communication ) ! lat]al sac ( ! fem]otibial capsule is (t5 f\nd at ! l[e/ "p ( ! lat]al ridge4 7,sisson's ,anatomy47 ,?us x is se5 t because ( its frequ5t communication ) ! o!r p>ts ( ?is l>ge synovial membrane1 a w\nd :i* op5s ! ext]nal portion ( ! fem]otibial capsule may be ! cause ( contam9ation & resultant infecti\s ar?ritis ( ! :ole /ifle jo9t4 ,because ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! mo/ dep5d5t "p ( ! fem]otibial articulation & ! summit ( ! patella1 "o may misjudge ! exact location ( ! l[]mo/ "p ( ?is portion ( ! capsul> ligam5t ( ! /ifle jo9t & !reby fail at once to appreciate ! s]i\sness ( calk w\nds 9 ?is region4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,w\nds to ! patell> region are ( r frequ5t occurr5ce1 & because ( ! comp>atively unprotect$ position ( ^! /ructures1 ! capsul> ligam5ts ( ! /ifle jo9t may be p]=at$ z a result ( viol5ce 9 "s =m4 ,calk w\nds :i* p5etrate ! tissues 9 ! imm$iate region ( ! l[] portion ( ! ext]nal "p ( ! fem]otibial capsule sometimes result 9 op5 jo9t because ( tissue necrosis result+ f ! introduction ( infection4 ,contus$ w\nds sometimes de/roy ! sk9 & fascia ov] l>ge areas on ! lat]al patell> region & because ( subsequ5t sl\gh+ ( tissue due to infection z well z to ! mann] 9 :i* su* w\nds are inflict$1 septic ar?ritis subsequ5tly occurs4 ,p5etrant w\nds1 su* z may be caus$ by a =k t9e may n result 9 infection2 if infecti\s mat]ial is introduc$ an infecti\s ar?ritis does n necess>ily foll[1 ?\gh su* cases %\ld be consid]$ z s]i\s f ! outset4 ,symptomatology4--,! pa?ognomonic symptom ( op5 /ifle jo9t is ! pr(use escape ( synovia1 indicat+ p]=ation ( ! synovial capsule2 by means ( a probe ! w\nd may be explor$ 9 a way t w cle>ly reveal ! nature ( ! injury4 ,aft] a few days h elaps$ 9 cases :]e consid]able infection has tak5 place1 !re is manife/ation ( pa9 z 9 all cases ( infective ar?ritis4 ,hughes#dh gives an excell5t description ( ! cl9ical aspect ( ar?ritis :i* applies "h3 ,acute ar?ritis beg9s l an ord9>y attack ( synovitis4 ,9 jo9ts o!r ?an ! p$al & pa/]n1 !re is sudd5 & ext5sive swell+1 :i* at fir/ is intra-articul>1 succe$$ by extra-articul> tumefaction1 & accompani$ by viol5t lam5ess4 ,! pa9 soon becomes int5se & agoniz+4 ,!re is sev]e con/itutional di/urbance1 ! temp]ature rang+ f #ajd to #ajf degrees & ! pulse f #fj to #gb4 ,pa9ful convulsions ( ! limb occur1 %[n by involunt>y spasmodic elevations due to reflex irritation ( ! muscles4 ,!re is loss ( appetite1 rapid emaciation1 ! flank is tuck$ up & ! back ar*$4 ,9 f ?ree to six days1 ! tumefaction ar\nd ! jo9t t5ds to s(t5 at a p>ticul> place1 & bur/s1 & a dis*>ge t is sometimes ( a sani\s "*1 mix$ ) synovia1 escapes4 ,great exhau/ion at times sup]v5es1 & if ! jo9t is an important "o1 ! horse lies or falls & is unable to rise4 ,treatm5t4--,9 small puncture w\nds ! imm$iate application ( a vesicat+ o9tm5t has giv5 good results1 b :5 infection has tak5 place to su* ext5t t ! animal manife/s evid5ce ( int5se pa91 & lam5ess is m>k$ & local swell+ & hyp]e/hesia are great1 vesication is contra9dicat$4 ,9 su* in/ances ! ext]ior ( ! w\nd & its m>g9s %\ld be prep>$ z 9 simil> affections ( o!r jo9ts4 ,a quantity ( synovia is !n aspirat$ by means ( a small troc> & c>e %\ld be tak5 to obs]ve all due aseptic precautions4 ,subsequ5tly ! injection ( f f\r to six ounces ( a mixture ( t9cture ( iod91 "o "p to t5 p>ts ( glyc]91 & g5tle massage ( ! jo9t imm$iately aft] ! injection has be5 made1 s]ves to *eck ! infective process 9 "s cases4 ,! subject %\ld be c>$ = z has be5 previ\sly sugge/$ 9 ar?ritis prop] provisions = com=t be+ made4 ,good nurs+ is always ess5tial to a successful issue4 ,h[ev]1 ! au?or _c view cases ( op5 /ifle jo9t ) ! same optimism conc]n+ _! c\rse & outcome t is express$ by a numb] ( writ]s on ?is subject4 ,x is a grave condition :]e9 ! prognosis %\ld be giv5 advis$ly4 ,fracture ( ! ,tibia4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,because ( its expos$ position to kicks1 & its lack ( protection by heavy musculature 7especially on its inn] surface71 !re is af=d$ ample opportunity = frequ5t injury to ! tibia4 ,fractures are complete & v>y+ z to nature1 or incomplete4 ,! heavy tibial fascia af=ds suffici5t protection s t fissures )\t entire solution ( cont9uity ( ! bone may occur f viol5ce to :i* ?is "p is (t5 subject$4 ,moell] classes tibial fracture z rank+ second 9 frequ5cy--pelvic fracture be+ m (t5 met ) 9 horses4 ,?is does n apply 9 our c\ntry z phalangeal & metac>pal & ev5 metat>sal fractures are obs]v$ 9 m in/ances ?an are su* injuries to ! tibia4 ,! tibia is occasionally brok5 at its middle & l[] ?irds1 b malleol> fractures are n common4 ,symptomatology4--,:5 fracture is complete & all support is remov$1 ! leg dangles1 & ! nature ( ! injury is s obvi\s t !re is no mi/ak+ its id5tity4 ,h[ev]1 9 case ( incomplete fracture "o ne$s to base all conclusions ^u ! hi/ory ( ! case1 evid5ce ( injury1 or o!r k ( ! "* ( viol5ce to :i* ?is bone has be5 expos$4 ,= )\t ! pres5ce ( crepitation 7ev5 by exclud+ o!r possible causes = ! pron\nc$ lam5ess :i* *>act]izes "s ( ^! cases7 we c only resort to ! k :i* exp]i5ce has taught t fracture may be deem$ probable 9 _m injuries to ! tibial region4 ,consequ5tly1 we are to look ^u all injuries t affect ! tibia z be+ fractures ( "s sort :5 !re is ei!r local evid5ce ( ! infliction ( viol5ce or :5ev] m>k$ lam5ess att5ds su* injuries1 unless !re is positive indication t no fractures exi/4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( p>ts ( ! tibia1 i4e41 not+ ! am\nt & pa9fulness ( swell+s1 exploration ) ! probe1 & obs]vations ( ! c\rse tak5 9 any giv5 case1 w det]m9e ! exact nature ( injuries4 ,su* exam9ation ne$s to ext5d ov] a p]iod ( a week or 9 "s in/ances two or ?ree weeks may pass be=e ! true /ate ( affairs is app>5t4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 cases are to be h&l$ z ?\gh tibial fracture c]ta9ly exi/$4 ,prognosis4--,pr$iction ( ! outcome 9 tibial fracture is some:at presumptu\s1 b 9 ! majority ( cases 9 mature subjects fatality results4 ,cadiot#di1 h[ev]1 views ?is condition ) m optimism ?an h ,am]ican practition]s4 ,:ile he consid]s ! condition grave1 9 cit+ case reports ( successful treatm5t by d',arboval1 ,du*em91 ,leblanc1 & o!rs1 8 conclusion is t _m practition]s errone\sly consid] fractures ( ! tibia z incurable4 ,! me?od ( h&l+ ^! cases by ,leblanc is z foll[s3 ,! subject is plac$ 9 a sl+2 a pit is excavat$ bel[ ! affect$ memb] s t a heavy weight may be atta*$ to ! extremity2 spl9ts are appli$ to ea* side ( ! leg1 :i* is padd$ ) oakum1 & ?is is kept 9 position by means ( b&ages cov]$ ) pit*4 ,! out] spl9t ext5ds f ! ho( to ! /ifle & ! inn] "o f ! ho( to ! upp] ?ird ( ! leg4 ,?is me?od 9 ! h&s ( ,leblanc has be5 successful 9 sev]al in/ances1 accord+ to ,cadiot4 ,9 a foal ! au?or has 9 "o in/ance succe$$ 9 obta9+ complete recov]y 9 a simple fracture ( ! l[] ?ird ( ! tibia :]e ! only support giv5 ! brok5 bone 0 a f\r-in* pla/]-(-p>is b&age :i* 0 adju/$ above ! hock4 ,bel[ ! t>sus a cotton & gauze b&age 0 appli$ to prev5t swell+ ( ! extremity4 ,9 ?is in/ance 7an em]g5cy case 9 :i* mat]ials t are n to be recomm5d$ 7 necess>ily employ$7 recov]y took place )9 ?irty days4 ,z has be5 m5tion$ 9 ! consid]ation ( radial fractures1 heavy lea!r is bett] suit$ = immobilization ( ^! p>ts ?an a ca/ or o!r rigid spl9t mat]ials4 ,mature animals may be expect$ to resi/ ! immobilization ( ! h9d legs because ( ! normal mann] ( flexion ( ! t>sal & /ifle jo9ts 9 unison4 ,!re=e1 ! application ( rigid spl9ts to ! leg & includ+ ! hock is productive ( disa/r\s results 9 "s cases4 ,! application ( cotton & b&ages to pad ! memb] & ! adju/+ ( heavy lea!r spl9ts on ei!r side ( ! leg1 & reta9+ !m 9 position ) f\r-in* gauze b&ages w prove m ne>ly satisfactory ?an "s o!r me?ods employ$4 ,prognosis is unfavorable1 h[ev]1 9 mo/ cases ( comp\nd fracture & recov]y is improbable :5 ! upp] portion ( ! tibia is brok54 ,rupture & ,w\nds ( ! ,t5do ,a*illis4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,cases are record$ by ,uhlri* 9 :i* rupture has foll[$ deg5]ative *anges affect+ ! t5do ,a*illis4 ,n infrequ5tly1 ! result ( a trauma1 division ( ! t5do ,a*illis occurs4 ,moell] /ates t rupture ( ?is t5don may be due to jump+1 9 rid+ horses & 9 draught horses1 9 _! ef=ts to avoid slipp+4 ,9 runaways1 x sometimes occurs :]e %>p-edg$ implem5ts are b\nc$ aga9/ ! legs 9 su* fa%ion t division ( ! t5don results4 ,symptomatology4--,) division ( ! t5do ,a*illis or ( ! musculature ( ! ga/ro5emii & ! sup]ficial flexor 7p]=atus71 !re rema9s no?+ to inhibit t>sal flexion except ! deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans7 & ?is does n support ! leg4 ,:5 attempt is made to su/a9 weight ) ! affect$ memb]1 abnormal flexion ( ! t>sus takes place & ! hock s9ks almo/ to ! gr\nd4 ,! symptoms are s *>act]i/ic t recognition is always easy ev5 9 case no w\nd ( ! sk9 exi/s4 ,prognosis4--,spontane\s recov]ies occur & su* cases are report$ by ,b\ley :o is quot$ by ,cadiot z hav+ obs]v$ division ( ! t5do ,a*illis due to a sword w\nd :]e9 at ! end ( f\r mon?s recov]y 0 complete4 ,division ( ?is t5don 9 brood m>es has be5 practic$ by ! e>ly settl]s ( p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! purpose ( prev5t+ _! /ray+ too f> f home4 ,9 su* in/ances "o leg only 0 s mutilat$ & 9 mo/ in/ances1 x is report$ t spontane\s recov]y took place4 ,9 unilat]al involvem5t )\t complications1 ! prognosis is n unfavorable if provisions = giv+ necess>y att5tion are available4 ,treatm5t4--,! subject is to be conf9$ 9 a sl+ & ! memb] b&ag$ & support$ by means ( lea!r spl9ts4 ,immobilization z = fracture is n necess>y b1 nev]!less1 movem5t is to be re/rict$ z mu* z possible4 ,9 case ( op5 w\nds1 ! expos$ tissues are c>$ = along g5]al surgical l9es4 ,:]e ! divid$ p>ts ( ! t5don are ma9ta9$ 9 fairly close & con/ant relation1 granulation ( tissue1 suffici5t to su/a9 weight takes place 9 f six weeks to ?ree mon?s4 ,spr+-,halt4 7,/r+-,halt47 ,occurr5ce4--,?is condition is a myoclonic affection ( ! h9d leg :i* is discuss$ 9 works on !ory & practice "u ! head ( neuroses1 b ! cause or causes h n be5 e/abli%$4 ,!ories t h]$ity is responsible h _! support]s & advocates ( hypo!ses attribut+ x to disease ( ! sciatic n]ve1 patell> subluxation1 fascial contraction ( v>i\s muscles1 dry spav9 7t>sal ar?ritis71 iliac exo/oses1 disease ( ! foot & contraction ( ! ho(1 are on record 9 vet]9>y lit]ature4 ,?is ailm5t affects old horses m frequ5tly ?an x does "y & is se5 9 all bre$s ( animals includ+ mules4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb--,spr+-halt4 ,symptomatology4--,?is disease develops sl[ly1 & progressively increases 9 sev]ity z a rule1 b does n ord9>ily con/itute cause = r5d]+ an animal uns]viceable4 ,:ile ! affection is sometimes bilat]al 7occasionally affections ( ! =elegs are report$7 & ! extreme flexion ( ! legs 9 ! spasmodic mann] :i* *>act]izes spr+-halt1 cause great wa/e ( en]gy dur+ locomotion1 yet su* cases are r>e4 ,usually ! ailm5t is m>k$ly ev9c$ :5 subjects are fir/ tak5 f ! /able1 b z !y are ex]cis$ ! manife/ation dim9i%es1 & 9 _m in/ances x completely subsides4 ,! condition is g5]ally m noticeable :5 ! subject is made to /ep backw>d4 ,9 "s animals !re is m>k$ abduction at ! "t flexion occurs & 9 s+ul> in/ances ! spasmodic contraction is s viol5t t ! subject falls to ! gr\nd z a result ( ! peculi> flexion ( ! leg4 ,9 sev]e cases ( scrat*es or *emical irritation ( ! extremity1 ! legs are abnormally flex$ 9 a mann] :i* simulates spr+-halt1 b because ( ! evid5t injury ( ! p>ts ?is is n likely to confuse4 ,s9ce all facts conc]n+ etiological ag5cies are surr\nd$ ) s mu* obscurity1 classification does n l5d any p>ticul> assi/ance 9 ! consid]ation ( ?is ailm5t4 ,prognosis4--,"o _c intellig5tly give a prognosis 9 ^! cases if =eca/ is expect$ to /ate ! exact c\rse foll[+ treatm5t4 ,h[ev]1 9 a g5]al way1 cases ( rec5t affection are ?\ght m favorable ?an are ^? ( long /&+ or 9 old animals :]e myositis & o!r muscul> & fascial affections exi/ ow+ to ye>s ( h>d s]vice4 ,treatm5t4--,no kn[n l9e ( m$ic9al treatm5t is ( s]vice1 nor is any p>ticul> surgical op]ation to be consid]$ dep5dable = obta9+ relief4 ,op]ations ( almo/ e conceivable nature h be5 tri$ ) ! hope ( secur+ recov]y 9 spr+-halt b "u no condition c ! practition] z yet be reasonably c]ta9 ( effect+ p]man5t relief 9 any case4 ,treatm5t is1 !re=e1 entirely empirical4 ,neurectomies h be5 p]=m$ & recov]ies foll[+ 7 attribut$ !reto2 fascial divisions 9 ! crural region h be5 done ) good results & ?is mann] ( treatm5t has its favor]s4 ,advocates ( t5otomies1 likewise1 are to be f\nd4 ,consequ5tly1 "o may summ>ize ?us3 ,spr+-halt is a disease ( unkn[n orig9--! exact cause has n be5 det]m9$2 !re=e1 all treatm5t is1 9 a way1 exp]im5tal4 ,! recomm5dation ( any giv5 proc$ure 9 h&l+ cases mu/ !n be a matt] ( op9ion bas$ ei!r ^u practical exp]i5ce or k ( ! exp]i5ces ( o!rs4 ,divisions ( ! lat]al digital ext5sor 7p]oneus7 bel[ ! t>sus ne> its po9t ( ins]tion to ! ext5sor ( ! digit is recomm5d$ "h because x is foll[$ by a p]c5tage ( recov]ies t is z l>ge z 9 any o!r me?od ( treatm5t & ! op]ation is n difficult to p]=m nor is its p]=mance fraught ) any dang]\s complications4 ,9 select$ subjects ab\t fifty p] c5t ( cases recov] 9 f two to six weeks foll[+ ?is op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec--,lat]al 7ext]nal7 view ( t>sus %[+ effects ( g5]aliz$ t>sitis4 ,op5 ,t>sal ,jo9t4 ,l ! tibia ! hock is expos$ to frequ5t injuries & 9 "s cases w\nds p]=ate ! jo9t capsule4 ,:5 due to calk w\nds :]e horses are kick$1 ! injury is (t5 on ! side ( ! t>sus 7m$ial or lat]al7 & su* w\nds n infrequ5tly result 9 infecti\s ar?ritis4 ,horses sometimes jump ov] wire f5ces & w\nds are inflict$ :i* con/itute ext5sive lac]ation ( ! jo9t capsule4 ,9 fir+ = bone spav91 :]e a deep puncture is made v ne> ! tibial t>sal 7tibioa/ragul>7 jo9t if infection ga9s entrance1 s]i\s & g5]aliz$ infection ( ! op5 jo9t cavity sup]v5es 9 "s cases4 ,symptomatology4--,!re is no m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! con/itutional di/urbances :i* are occasion$ 9 ?is condition & ^? enc\nt]$ 9 o!r cases ( septic ar?ritis 7previ\sly consid]$ h]e97 except t !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( resultant d]angem5t & local tissue *anges4 ,*iefly1 because ( ! difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 keep+ ! hock jo9t 9 an aseptic condition or securely b&ag$1 op5 t>sal jo9t con/itutes a m s]i\s condition ?an a simil> affection ( ! fetlock4 ,o!rwise1 a v simil> condition obta9s & ! same diagno/ic pr9ciples s]ve "h t h be5 describ$ on page #aaj 9 consid]+ op5 fetlock jo9t4 ,treatm5t4--,! same plan t is describ$ 9 detail = treatm5t ( simil> conditions affect+ ! fetlock jo9t is indicat$ 9 ?is affection4 ,exce$+ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 b&ag+ ! hock1 h[ev]1 le/ ! animal be s irritat$ t 9 ! extreme flexion ( ! t>sus :i* is (t5 caus$ by b&ag+1 ! w\nd dress+s may be completely d]ang$4 ,a wide gauze b&age mat]ial is mo/ satisfactory2 cotton ( long fib] is sep>at$ 9 ?9 lay]s & w\nd ab\t ! hock1 ext5d+ f ! site ( injury to a po9t ab\t six in*es proximal to ! summit ( ! os calcis4 ,by us+ an abundance ( cotton 9 ?is way1 x w n be f\nd necess>y to apply ! b&ages v snugly2 ) a f\r-in* gauze b&age mat]ial1 :i* is support$ above ! cap ( ! hock & br\ght across ! ant]ior face ( ! t>sus 9 a diagonal mann]1 a com=table & v s]viceable protective dress+ is provid$ =4 ,animals s treat$ w n ord9>ily resi/ because ( pressure f ! b&ages4 ,pressure is unavoidable 9 ! use ( adhesive dress+s or :]e c>eful att5tion is n giv5 ! mann] ( apply+ cotton to ! p>ts4 ,su* me?ods are sure to result disa/r\sly4 ,b if subjects are kept quiet aft] ! p>ts h be5 prop]ly b&ag$1 no difficulty is enc\nt]$ 9 ma9ta9+ asepsis 9 an un9fect$ w\nd4 ,recov]y takes place 9 favorable cases 9 f ?ree weeks to ?ree mon?s1 dep5d+ on ! nature & ext5t ( injuries inflict$4 ,fracture ( ! ,fibul> ,t>sal ,bone 7,calcaneum47 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,?is condition ?\gh r>ely met ) 9 ! horse1 is ! result ( viol5t /ra9 ^u ! os calcis by ! ga/rocnemius & sup]ficial flexor t5dons 9 ef=ts put =? by animals 9 attempts to rega9 a foot+ :5 ! h9d feet slip =w>d "u ! body1 or 9 jump+ & 9 falls or direct contusion by heavy bodies4 ,ho>e#ej reports a case ( a m>e t _h produc$ fracture 9 jump+4 ,fracture ( ! o!r t>sal bones are v seldom obs]v$ b may be occasion$ by contusions :]e9 multiple or comm9ut$ fractures are produc$1 su* z are to be se5 9 small animals4 ,fracture ( ! tibial t>sal bone 7a/ragalus7 is to be obs]v$ z a complication 9 luxations ( ! t>sal jo9t &1 accord+ to ,cadiot1 ! o!r t>sal bones may likewise suff] fracture 9 luxations ( ! hock4 ,symptomatology4--,great pa9 att5ds ?is accid5t accord+ to ! obs]vations giv5 9 record$ cases4 ,9 ! case cit$ by ,ho>e ! animal ev9c$ great pa9 & uneas9ess2 ! hock 0 unduly flex$2 ! calcaneum 0 displac$ =w>d2 & m>k$ crepitation 0 pres5t4 ,a portion ( ! body ( ! calcaneum 0 protrud+ ?r\gh ! p]=at$ sk94 ,! animal 0 de/roy$ & ! bone 0 f\nd brok5 9 ?ree pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed--,"r hock jo9t4 ,view$ f ! front & slightly lat]ally aft] removal ( jo9t capsule & long collat]al ligam5ts4 ,t4t41 ,tibial t>sal bone 7di/al tub]osity74 ,t4c41 c5tral t>sal bone4 ,t4#c4 ,ridge ( ?ird t>sal bone4 ,t4f4 ,fibul> t>sal bone 7di/al end74 ,t4#d4 ,f\r? t>sal bone4 ,mt4 ,,iii1 ,mt4 ,,iv4 ,metat>sal bones4 ,arr[ po9ts to vascul> canal4 7,f ,sisson's ,anatomy ( ! ,dome/ic ,animals47 ,s9ce ! support = ! t5do ,a*illis is remov$ 9 su* fracture & no lev]age on ! metat>sus obta9s1 x naturally foll[s t any attempt to su/a9 weight mu/ result 9 extreme flexion ( ! hock & desc5t ( ?is "p 9 a mann] simil> to cases ( rupture or division ( ! ,a*illes' t5don4 ,! two conditions %\ld n be confus$1 h[ev]1 z ! p>ts may be def9itely outl9$ by palpation & ! slack condition ( ! t5don & displac$ summit ( ! calcaneum1 :i* *>act]ize fracture ( ! fibul> t>sal bone1 are easily recogniz$4 ,treatm5t4--,prognosis is unfavorable 9 ! majority ( cases1 b %\ld attempts at treatm5t be und]tak5 9 "y & quiet m>es :i* might prove valuable = bre$+ purposes 9 case ( imp]fect recov]y1 !y %\ld be put 9 sl+s & ! memb] is to be immobiliz$ z 9 tibial fracture4 ,au?orities are agre$ t prognosis is entirely unfavorable 9 mature animals1 :5 ! case is view$ f an economic /&po9t4 ,t>sal ,spra9s4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,! hock jo9t is (t5 subject$ to great /ra9 because ( ! /ructural nature ( ?is "p & its relation to ! hip z well z ! mann] 9 :i* ! t>sus functionates dur+ locomotion4 ,t ligam5t\s injuries ow+ to spra9 frequ5tly occur & att5dant p]i>ticul> inflammations ) subsequ5t hyp]trophic *anges foll[1 is a logical inf]5ce4 ,fibrill>y fracture ( ! collat]al ligam5ts may take place 9 falls or :5 animals make viol5t ef=ts to ma9ta9 _! foot+ on slipp]y /reets4 ,9 express+ op9ions conc]n+ ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! hock is f\nd to be ! seat ( tr\ble 9 lam5ess ( ! pelvic memb]s1 diff]5t writ]s place ! p]c5tage ( hock lam5ess at f sev5ty-five to n9ety p] c5t4 ,& :5 "o consid]s ! possibility t a goodly proportion ( cases ( t>sal exo/is are ! outcome ( spra9s1 ! occurr5ce ( t>sal spra9s may be m g5]ally admitt$4 ,symptomatology4--,a mix$ type ( lam5ess is pres5t & ! nature ( ! imp$im5t v>ies1 dep5d+ ^u ! location ( ! injury4 ,spra9s ( ! mesial t>sal ligam5ts cause lam5ess some:at simil> to t ( spav94 ,h[ev]1 9 e/abli%+ a diagnosis1 local evid5ce 9 ^! cases is ( great] significance ?an ! mann] ( locomotion4 ,dur+ ! acute /age ( inflammation !re is to be detect$ local hyp]!rmia1 "s hyp]e/hesia & a little swell+4 ,lat]1 :5 resolution is n prompt1 consid]able swell+ 7or p]haps correctly speak+1 an indurat$ enl>gem5t7 v>iable 9 size is develop$4 ,9 "s cases ! entire t>sal region becomes greatly enl>g$ & ?is swell+ is v sl[ly absorb$ 9 "p or completely4 ,su* sub-acute cases are obs]v$ dur+ ! w9t] season & p>ticul>ly :]e subjects are kept 9 tie /alls )\t ex]cise = weeks at a "t4 ,treatm5t4--,att5tion %\ld be direct$ t[>d relief = ! animal 9 all acute inflammations4 ,local applications ( heat are helpful &1 ( c\rse1 re/ is ess5tial4 ,t[els t are wrung out ( hot wat] & held 9 position by means ( a few turns ( a loose b&age & ?is cov]$ ) an imp]vi\s rubb] %eet1 w s]ve z a practical means ( application ( hydro!rapy4 ,foll[+ ?is :5 conditions improve1 z 9 ! h&l+ ( all simil> cases1 c\nt]irritation is indicat$4 ,:5 prop] c>e is giv5 at ! onset & :]e injury does n involve too mu* ligam5t\s tissue1 recov]y takes place 9 a few weeks b 9 "s cases :i* occur dur+ ! w9t] season 9 f>m horses1 complete recov]y does n result until sev]al mon?s h pass$4 ,curb4 ,! hock is said to be curb$ :5 ! normal appe>ance1 view$ f ! side1 is t ( bulg+ po/]iorly at any po9t betwe5 ! summit ( ! calcaneum & ! upp] ?ird ( ! metat>sus4 ,among "s horsem5 a hock is said to be curby :5ev] !re exi/s an enl>gem5t ( any k9d on ! po/]ior face ( ! t>sus :e!r x be due to spra91 exo/osis or prolif]ation ( tissue z a result ( contusion4 ,fr5* vet]9>ians consid] "u ! title ( c\rbe1 an exo/osis situat$ on ! mesial side ( ! di/al end ( ! tibia4 ,cadiot & ,almy /ate t ?is condition 7c\rbe7 is ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,p]civall def9es curb z a prom95ce ^u ! back ( ! h9d leg1 a little bel[ ! hock1 ( a curvil9e> %ape1 runn+ 9 a direct l9e d[nw>ds & consi/+ ( infusion into1 or ?ick5+ (1 ! %ea? ( ! flexor t5dons4 ,moell]'s v]sion ( true curb is a ?ick5+ ( ! plant> ligam5t 7calcaneocuboid or calcaneometat>sal74 ,hughes & ,m]illat consid] curb z a synovitis hav+ = its seat ! synovial bursa :i* is situat$ betwe5 ! sup]ficial flexor t5don 7p]=atus7 & ! plant> ligam5t4 ,occurr5ce4--,c]ta9 pr$ispos+ factors seem to favor ! occurr5ce ( curb4 ,a mal=mation ( ! inf]ior "p ( ! t>sus s t its ant]o-po/]ior diamet] is consid]ably less ?an normal is a contribut+ cause4 ,su* hocks are kn[n z ti$-94 ,ano!r fault 9 con=mation is ! exi/5ce ( a weak hock t is set l[ d[n on a crook$ leg1 especially :5 su* a memb] is heavily muscl$ at ! hip4 ,giv5 su* con=mation 9 an excitable horse1 & curb is usually produc$ be=e ! subject is old en\gh = s]vice4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 cases :]e con=mation is bad1 great] /ra9 is put ^u ! plant> ligam5t4 ,?is /ructure s]ves to b9d ! tibial t>sal 7calcis7 bone to ! metat>sus2 traction ex]t$ ^u its summit by ! t5do ,a*illis is great :5 animals run1 jump or re> & also at heavy pull+4 ,9 animals hav+ curby hocks1 spra9 is likely to result & curb sup]v5es4 ,symptomatology4--,! *>act]i/ic swell+ :i* m>ks curb may develop quickly & lam5ess occur sudd5ly or ! enl>gem5t comes on gradually & sl[ly1 caus+ little lam5ess4 ,lam5ess is n proportionate to ! size ( ! swell+ & 9 all cases :e!r subacute or *ronic1 ! condition improves ) re/1 b lam5ess is aga9 manife/$ ^u ex]tion4 ,a horse :i* ?r[s a curb w g lame until ! acute inflammatory condition subsides & dep5d+ ^u treatm5t receiv$ & con=mation ( ! hock1 ?is requires f ?ree days to two or ?ree weeks4 ,! "* ( ! swell+ v>ies2 9 "s cases x is n l>ge b r d5se & lack+ 9 evid5ce ( heat & hyp]e/hesia2 9 o!r cases !re is consid]able swell+1 :i* is hot & d\ghy1 some:at pa9ful to ! t\* b n necess>ily productive ( mu* lam5ess4 ,9 any ev5t1 :e!r ! swell+ or enl>gem5t is big or little1 its location makes x conspicu\s :5 view$ 9 pr(ile4 ,9 mo/ cases aft] ! acute inflammatory p]iod has pass$1 lam5ess is slight1 if at all pres5t1 & 9 "t no int]f]5ce ) ! subject's usefulness is occasion$ because ( ! curb1 b ! animals (t5 rema9 blemi%$--complete resorption ( inflammatory products be+ unusual :5 mu* di/urbance has exi/$4 ,treatm5t4--,! h&l+ ( curb dur+ ! acute inflammatory /age is along ! same l9es z 9 spra9--local applications ( cold & heat4 ,subjects mu/ be kept quiet until all inflammation has subsid$1 = !re are no cases :]e9 a little brisk ex]cise is m likely to cause a recurr5ce ( lam5ess be=e recov]y is complete ?an 9 curb4 ,vesication is 9 ord] 9 a week or t5 days aft] ! affection has set 92 9 old /ubborn cases t h resi/$ ord9>y treatm5t = a few mon?s1 ! use ( ! actual caut]y 7l9e fir+7 is to be recomm5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee--,spav94 ,spav94 7,bone ,spav947 ,?is t]m is appli$ to an affection ( ! t>sus :i* is usually *>act]iz$ by ! exi/5ce ( an exo/osis on ! mesial & inf]ior portion ( ! hock4 ,!re is also includ$ "u ?is "n1 articul> inflammation :]e9 no ext]nal evid5ce is %[n4 ,spav9 lam5ess has long be5 recogniz$ & mu* has be5 writt5 ^u ?is subject4 ,s9ce au?orities are agre$ t mo/ cases ( lam5ess 9 ! h9d leg are due to hock affection1 & because ! majority ( cases ( lam5ess :i* h ! t>sal region z ! seat ( tr\ble are in/ances ( spav9 lam5ess1 ?is disease m]its all ! att5tion x has receiv$4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,causes may well be classifi$ z pr$ispos+ & excit+1 = !re are _m etiologic factors to be reckon$ ) 9 spav91 "s ( :i* are widely diff]5t 9 nature4 ,consid]$ z pr$ispos+ causes1 h]$it>y influ5ces play an important role & may1 ow+ to faulty con=mation1 subject an animal to affections ( ?is k9d because ( disproportionate developm5t ( p>ts 7weak & small jo9ts & heavy muscul> hips72 or z a consequ5ce ( inh]it$ traits1 a subject may manife/ susceptibility to deg5]ative bone *anges :i* are signaliz$ by ! =mation ( exo/oses ( diff]5t p>ts on "o or m ( ! legs4 ,h]$it>y pr$ispositions make = ! pres5ce ( spav9 9 a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! prog5y ( sires s affect$4 ,?is fact has be5 repeat$ly demon/rat$ 9 ?is c\ntry z well z else:]e accord+ to ,quitman1 ,dalrymple & ,m]illat4#ea ,a numb] ( /ates h pass$ /allion inspection laws /ipulat+ t animals hav+ su* exo/oses z spav9 & r+bone _c be regi/]$ except z uns\nd4 ,asymmetrical con=mation1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! hock is obvi\sly small & weak z comp>$ ) o!r p>ts ( ! leg1 con/itutes a notewor?y pr$ispos+ cause4 ,pet]s' !ory is plausible t ! screw-l jo9t betwe5 ! tibia & ! tibial t>sal 7a/ragulus7 bones causes ^! /ructures to functionate 9 a mann] n 9 h>mony ) ! provisions all[$ by ! collat]al ligam5ts ( ! t>sus1 p]mitt+ movem5t only 9 a direction p>allel ) ! long axis ( ! body4 ,because ( ! quality ( _! temp]am5ts1 n]v\s animals possess+ no p>ticul> cong5ital /ructural defects ( ! hock & hav+ no hi/ory ( spav9$ prog5itors1 are subject to spav9 :5 kept at "w likely to produce t>sal spra94 ,spav9 usually develops e>ly 9 su* subjects & examples ( ?is k9d may be frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 agricultural sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,:]e spav9 develops 9 un%od colts at ?ree & f\r ye>s ( age1 %oe+ is n an influ5c+ ag5cy :5 animals are n work$ on pavem5ts4 ,excit+ causes ( spav9 are spra9 & concussion4 ,v>i\s hypo!ses are record$ z to h[ spra9s are influ5c$ & among o!rs may be m5tion$ t ( ,mc,donough#eb1 :i* is t ! foot is robb$ ( its normal mann] ( support by ! ord9>y ?ree-calk$ %oe4 ,) su* a %oe1 little support is giv5 ! sides ( ! foot2 h5ce1 undue /ra9 is put ^u ! collat]al ligam5ts ( ! t>sus4 ,moreov]1 ! %oe ) its calks increases ! l5g? ( ! leg & adds to ! lev]age on ! hock1 by virtue ( su* add$ l5g?4 ,?is makes = great] /ra9 ^u ! mesial or lat]al t>sal ligam5ts :5ev] ! foot be>s ^u a slop+ gr\nd surface1 s t "o side 7inn] or out]7 is high] or l[] ?an ! o!r4 ,b accord+ to ,mc,donough's !ory 7a good "o conc]n+ horses t "w on pavem5ts71 ! *ief error 9 %oe+ lies 9 t ! foot is depriv$ ( its normal base or support on ! sides--! ?ree-calk$ %oe be+ an un/able support--& t ?is mann] ( %oe+ city horses work+ on pavem5ts is an inhumane practice1 a diabolical me?od4 ,:e!r spav9 has its po9t ( orig9 )9 ! articulation z a r>efy+ o/itis ( ! cancellat$ /ructure ( ! l[] t>sal bones z sugge/$ by ,eb]le92 or1 z ,diek]h(f ass]ts1 t ! cunean bursa may be ! initial po9t ( affection1 is unsettl$2 b x is reasonable to consid] occult spav9 z hav+ its orig9 )9 ! articulation1 & t cases readily yield+ to cunean t5otomy are prim>ily due to affection ( ! cunean bursa4 ,symptomatology4--,:]e a visible exo/osis exi/s1 ! pres5ce ( spav9 is easily detect$1 yet exo/oses t ext5d ov] l>ge areas may con/itute cause = s]i\s tr\ble & /ill be difficult ( detection4 ,by obs]v+ ! int]nal surface ( ! hock f v>i\s suitable angles1 su* z f betwe5 ! =elegs or directly beh9d ! subject1 "o may note ! pres5ce ( any ord9>y exo/osis4 ,! position assum$ by ! spav9$ horse is (t5 *>act]i/ic4 ,m or less knuckl+ is usually pres5t 7,liaut>d1 ,mc,donald74 ,!re is abduction ( ! /ifle 9 "s cases1 or ! toe may be worn 9 un%od horses s t x pres5ts a /raight l9e at ! surface4 ,?is is manife/$ to a great degree 9 "s animals & 9 o!rs ! foot is n dragg$ & !re is no we>+ ( ! ho( at ! toe4 ,spav9 lam5ess is s di/9ctive t "o tra9$ & exp]i5c$ 9 ! exam9ation ( horses t are spav9$1 %\ld correctly diagnose ! condition 9 practically e in/ance )\t rec\rse to o!r means ?an not+ ! peculi> "* ( ! gait ( ! subject4 ,lam5ess develops gradually 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 & an important feature 9 spav9 lam5ess is t x disappe>s aft] ! subject has gone a little way1 to return aga9 z soon z ! animal has re/$ = a v>iable l5g? ( "t--f a half h\r to sev]al h\rs4 ,?is w>m+ out is m>k$ dur+ ! incipi5t /age1 b less pron\nc$ 9 mo/ *ronic cases4 ,a complete disappe>ance ( lam5ess is obs]v$ 9 "s in/ances1 :ile 9 o!rs only p>tial subsid5ce is evid5t4 ,because ( ! fact t pa9 is occasion$ bo? dur+ weight be>+ & :ile ! leg is be+ flex$ & advanc$1 !re is manife/$ ! *>act]i/ic mix$ lam5ess & exagg]at$ hip action :i* typifies spav94 ,by ?r[+ ! hips upw>d ) ! s\nd memb] x is possible to advance ! affect$ leg ) less flexion1 h5ce less pa9 is exp]i5c$ 9 ?is mann] ( locomotion4 ,:5 made to /ep aside 9 ! /all1 a spav9$ horse w flex ! affect$ memb] abruptly & :5 weight is tak5 on ! diseas$ leg1 symptoms are ev9c$ ( pa91 & weight is imm$iately %ift$ to ! s\nd limb4 ,?is is m>k$ dur+ ! incipi5t /ages ( spav94 ,lam5ess usually prec$es ! =mation ( exo/osis1 ?\gh cases are obs]v$ :]e9 an exo/osis is pres5t & no lam5ess is manife/$ & no hi/ory ( ! previ\s exi/5ce ( lam5ess is available4 ,! spav9 te/ is ( value z a diagno/ic measure :5 x is employ$ ) o!r means ( exam9ation1 ?\gh reaction to ?is te/ is se5 9 "s cases 9 old crampy horses t h exp]i5c$ h>d s]vice4 ,! te/ consi/s 9 flex+ ! affect$ leg 7elevat+ ! foot f ! gr\nd twelve to tw5ty-f\r in*es7 & hold+ ! memb] 9 ?is position = a m9ute1 :]eupon ! animal is made to /ep away imm$iately at a trot4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few /eps tak5 directly !reaft]1 ! subject %[s pron\nc$ lam5ess & ?is con/itutes a reaction to ! spav9 te/4 ,:]e no exo/osis is pres5t x becomes necess>y to exclude o!r causes = lam5ess b ! *>act]i/ic spav9 lam5ess is to be reli$ ^u to a great] ext5t 9 su* cases ?an are o!r means ( exam9ation4 ,su* cases are kn[n z occult spav9 & may be pres5t = mon?s be=e any ext]nal *anges 9 /ructure are obs]vable4 ,9 "s in/ances no extoses =m ev5 dur+ ! c\rse ( ye>s4 ,! spav9 te/ is ( aid 9 e/abli%+ a diagnosis "h b ! m>k$ w>m+ out peculi> to spav9 is n s pron\nc$ 9 su* cases4 ,prognosis4--,an animal hav+ h]$it>y pr$isposition to spav9 is n likely to recov] completely :e!r ?is pr$isposition be due to faulty con=mation or susceptibility to bone *anges4 ,9 pr$ict+ ! outcome1 ! temp]am5t ( ! subject is to be tak5 into acc\nt1 z well z ! "* ( s]vice ! animal is expect$ to p]=m4 ,& f9ally1 a v important feature to be not$1 is ! location ( ! exo/osis4 ,if situat$ r high & ext5d+ ant]ior to ! hock1 !re is less likelihood ( recov]y result+ ?an :]e an exo/osis is conf9$ to ! l[] r[ ( t>sal bones4 ,:5 situat$ ant]ior to ! t>sus a l>ge exo/osis may by me*anical int]f]5ce to function1 cause lam5ess :5 all o!r causes are abs5t4 ,9 mak+ exam9ations "o mu/ n be deceiv$ by ! inconspicu\s & seem+ly insignificant exo/osis :i* has a broad base4 ,9 "s cases ( ?is k9d1 deal]s /yle ! condition z r\gh 9 ! hock :5 z a matt] ( fact1 9 "s in/ances1 incurable spav9 lam5ess develops4 ,treatm5t4--,_m incipi5t cases ( spav9 yield to vesication & a protract$ p]iod ( re/4 ,results dep5d prim>ily ^u ! nature ( ! affection4 ,h[ev]1 9 e in/ance if !re is involvem5t ( ! tibial t>sal 7a/ragalus7 bone1 complete recov]y is highly improbable4 ,:5 ! disease is conf9$ to ! l[] t>sal bones1 lam5ess subsides z soon z ! deg5]ative *anges are *eck$ & ankylosis occurs4 ,! use ( ! actual caut]y :5 prop]ly employ$ con/itutes an excell5t me?od ( treatm5t4 ,! auto-caut]y :5 equipp$ ) a po9t ( ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet] & ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 l5g? is well suit$ = ?is p>ticul> op]ation4 ,be=e decid+ to caut]ize1 x is necess>y to asc]ta9 ! ext5t ( area affect$4 ,! ne>ness ( ! exo/osis to ! tibiot>sal articulation c be def9itely det]m9$ by palpation4 ,! hair ov] ! entire surgical field is clipp$ & ! caut]y at :ite heat is pu%$ ?r\gh ! ov]ly+ s(t tissues & into ! c5tral "p ( ! exo/osis4 ,c>e is tak5 to keep ! caut]y-po9t away f ! articul> m>g9 ( ! tibial t>sal bone ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*4 ,no dang] w result f caut]iz+ to a dep? ( ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 ! av]age case4 ,two or ?ree 7& n m7 c5trally locat$ po9ts = p5etration ) ! caut]y are suffici5t4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t sev]al 7five or six or m7 punctures are n productive ( good results4 ,:5 consid]able cicatricial tissue is pres5t1 due to ! action ( depilat+ vesicants or o!r *emicals1 sl\gh+ ( tissue is v apt to foll[ deep caut]ization1 if "o is n c>eful to keep ! punctures at lea/ "o-half in* ap>t :5 ?ree are made4 ,x is be/1 9 su* cases1 to make b two deep p5etrations ) ! caut]y b additional sup]ficial punctures may be made if kept ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* di/ant & n ne>] ?an ?is to "o ano!r4 ,sl\gh+ ( tissue is n necess>ily productive ( bad results b !re is occasion$ an op5 w\nd :i* usually becomes infect$ & necrosis ( tissue may ext5d into ! articulation4 ,no b5efit results f sl\gh+ & x %\ld be avoid$4 ,9 small horses1 "o deep po9t ( caut]ization is suffici5t if ! osse\s tissues are p5etrat$ to a prop] dep? s t an active inflammation is induc$4 ,! caut]y may1 if necess>y1 be re9troduc$ sev]al times4 ,:5 ! field ( op]ation has be5 prop]ly prep>$ & x is ?\ght advisable 7z :]e subjects are kept 9 ! hospital = a "t71 ! hock may be cov]$ ) cotton & b&ag$ & no *ance = infection w occur4 ,aft] caut]ization ! subject %\ld be kept quiet 9 a com=table /all = ?ree weeks2 !reaft]1 if ! animal is n too playful1 ! run ( a paddock may be all[$ = ab\t t5 days & a protract$ re/ ( a mon? or m at pa/ure is be/4 ,x is unwise 9 ! av]age case to put an animal 9 s]vice e>li] ?an two mon?s aft] hav+ be5 fir$4 ,:]e cases progress favorably1 lam5ess subsides 9 ab\t ?ree weeks aft] caut]ization & little if any recurr5ce ( ! imp$im5t is manife/$ !reaft]4 ,h[ev]1 because ( viol5t ex]cise tak5 9 "s in/ances :5 subjects are put out aft] be+ conf9$ 9 ! /all1 a return ( lam5ess occurs & x may rema9 = sev]al days or 9 "s cases become p]man5t4 ,no good comes f ! use ( bli/]+ o9tm5ts imm$iately aft] caut]ization4 ,! actual caut]y is a means ( produc+ all necess>y inflammation & x %\ld be s employ$ t suffici5t reaction>y inflammation succe$s su* fir+4 ,! use ( a vesicat+ o9tm5t subsequ5t to caut]ization invites infection because ( ! du/ t is reta9$ 9 contact ) ! w\nd4 ,! employm5t ( irritat+ *emicals 9 a liquid =m foll[+ fir+ is ne$less & cruel4 ,9 _m in/ances lam5ess is n reliev$ & subjects %[ no improvem5t at ! end ( six weeks "t & x !n becomes a "q ( :e!r or n recov]y is to be expect$ ev5 ) cont9u$ re/ & treatm5t4 ,z a rule1 su* cases are unfavorable4 ,9 "o in/ance ! au?or employ$ ! actual caut]y ?ree times dur+ ! c\rse ( six mon?s & lam5ess gradually dim9i%$ = a ye>4 ,9 ?is case ! spav9 0 ( ne>ly "o ye>'s /&+ :5 treatm5t 0 in/itut$4 ,! subject 0 a n]v\s & re/less b well-=m$ sev5-ye>-old geld+4 ,recov]y 0 n complete2 recurr5t int]vals ( lam5ess m>k$ ?is case1 b ! horse limp$ s slightly t ! av]age obs]v] c\ld n detect its exi/5ce aft] ! animal _h be5 driv5 a little way4 ,cunean t5otomy has be5 advocat$ & practic$ by ,abildga>d1 ,lafosse1 ,pet]s1 ,h]r+1 ,zuill & o!rs & good results h foll[$ 9 _m cases s treat$4 ,consid]+ results1 ! employm5t ( *emicals ( v>i\s k9ds = ! purpose ( reliev+ spav9 lam5ess does n comp>e favorably ) fir+4 ,moreov]1 s _m animals h be5 tortur$ & ne$lessly blemi%$ 9 ! attempt$ cure ( spav9 t ag5ts :i* are n ( kn[n value1 ! use ( :i* are likely to result 9 ext5sive injury to ! tissues1 are only to be condemn$4 ,:5 spav9 is bilat]al & lam5ess is likewise affect+ bo? memb]s1 prognosis is at once unfavorable4 ,su* cases are (t5 b5efit$ by caut]ization b only "o leg at a "t %\ld be treat$4 ,bossi's d\ble t>sal neurectomy 7division ( ! ant]ior & po/]ior tibial n]ves7 has und\bt$ly be5 ( decid$ b5efit 9 _m cases1 b is n at pres5t a popul> me?od ( treatm5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is op]ation has its indications1 h[ev]1 & may be recomm5d$ 9 *ronic lam5ess :]e no ext5sive exo/osis exi/s :i* may me*anically int]f]e ) function4 ,di/5sion ( ! ,t>sal ,jo9t ,capsule4 7,bog ,spav947 ,di/5sion ( ! capsul> ligam5t ( ! tibial t>sal 7tibioa/ragul>7 jo9t ) synovia is commonly kn[n z bog spav94 ,?is condition is sep>ate & di/9ct f t ( di/5sion ( ! %ea? ( ! deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans7 ?\gh n infrequ5tly ! two affections coexi/4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,foll[+ /ra9s f "w 9 ! h>ness or "u ! saddle1 horses develop an acute synovitis ( ! hock jo9t1 :i* (t5 results 9 *ronic synovial di/5sion4 ,debilitat+ diseases favor ! production ( ?is affection 9 "s animals4 ,x is also frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 "y horses & 9 draught colts ( twelve to eighte5 mon?s ( age4 ,?is condition occurs :ile ! subjects are at pa/ure & (t5 spontane\s recov]y results by ! "t ! animals are two ye>s ( age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef--;,bog spav94 ,%[+ po9t ( view :i* may be mo/ advantage\sly tak5 by ! diagno/ician 9 exam9+ = di/5sion ( ! capsul> ligam5t ( ! t>sal jo9t4 ,symptomatology4--,bog spav9 is recogniz$ by ! di/5d$ condition ( ! jo9t capsule :i* is prom95t j bel[ ! int]nal tibial malleolus & ?is affection is *>act]iz$ by a fluctuat+ swell+ :i* v>ies consid]ably 9 size 9 diff]5t subjects4 ,except 9 cases ( acute synovitis1 lam5ess is n pres5t & 9 *ronic di/5sion ( ! capsule ( ! t>sal jo9t1 no int]f]5ce ) ! subject's usefulness occurs4 ,9 ! majority ( in/ances1 ! disfigurem5t :i* att5ds bog spav9 is ! pr9cipal objectionable feature4 ,! condition is bilat]al 9 _m in/ances1 & 9 su* cases ! subjects h a pr$isposition to ?is condition or x foll[s attacks ( /rangles or o!r debilitat+ ailm5ts4 ,because ( a rapid & unusual gr[?1 bilat]al affections are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 "s animals4 ,treatm5t4--,! mo/ practical me?od ( h&l+ bog spav9 consi/s 9 aspiration ( synovia & injection ( t9cture ( iod94 ,discretion %\ld be employ$ 9 select+ subjects = treatm5t1 reg>dless ( ! mann] 9 :i* su* cases are to be h&l$4 ,:]e !re exi/s *ronic di/5sion ( ! jo9t capsule ( sev]al ye>s' /&+ 9 old or weak subjects1 ne$less to say1 recov]y is n likely to result4 ,:5 animals are vigor\s & two or ?ree mon?s' "t is available1 treatm5t may be begun ) reasonable hope = success4 ,! av]age subject is h&l$ /&+ & c be re/ra9$ ) a twit*1 sidel9e & hood4 ,aspirat+ ne$les & all necess>y equipm5t mu/ be 9 read9ess 7/]ile & wrapp$ 9 aseptic cotton or gauze7 s t no delay w occur f ?is cause :5 ! op]ation has be5 />t$4 ,! c5tral or mo/ prom95t "p ( ! di/5d$ portion ( ! capsule is *os5 = p]=ation & an area ( an in* & a half 9 diamet] is %av$4 ,! sk9 is cleans$ & !n pa9t$ ) t9cture ( iod94 ,! /]ile aspirat+ ne$le is pu%$ ?r\gh ! tissues & into ! capsule ) a sudd5 ?ru/4 ,) a l>ge & %>p ne$le 7f\rte5 gauge71 synovia c be drawn f ! cavity 9 mo/ in/ances & ! subject usually (f]s no resi/ance4 ,by compress+ ! di/5d$ capsule & surr\nd+ /ructures ) ! f+]s1 consid]able synovia may be evacuat$4 ,9 s+ul> in/ances1 no synovia is to be aspirat$ ) ! ne$le1 & 9 su* cases ! am\nt ( iod9 inject$ ne$s be increas$1 possibly tw5ty-five p] c5t41 z exp]i5ce w indicate4 ,f two to five cubic c5timet]s ( ,u4,s4,p4 t9cture ( iod9 is inject$ ?r\gh ! aspirat+ ne$le into ! synovial cavity ( ! jo9t1 & ! ext]ior ( ! p>ts are vigor\sly massag$ imm$iately aft] injection to /imulate di/ribution ( ! iod9 ?r\gh\t ! synovial cavity4 ,:]e a bilat]al affection exi/s1 two or ?ree weeks' "t %\ld int]v5e betwe5 ! treatm5ts ( ea* leg4 ,a /]ile metal syr+e equipp$ ) a slip jo9t = ! ne$le is well adapt$ to ?is op]ation4 ,lubrication ( ! plung] ) heavy /]ile vasel9e or glyc]9 w prev5t ! syr+e f be+ ru9$ by ! iod94 ,foll[+ ! injection1 ! subject is kept 9 a /all or 9 a suitable paddock1 s t conditions may be obs]v$ = f\r or five days4 ,! object s\ght by ! introduction ( iod9 is n only = a local effect ^u ! synovial membranes 9 *eck+ secretions1 b ! production ( an active inflammation & great swell+1 :i* w rema9 f f\r weeks to ?ree mon?s subsequ5t to ! injection4 ,?is p]i>ticul> swell+ %\ld produce & ma9ta9 a con/ant pressure ov] ! entire affect$ p>ts = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t until normal tone is re-e/abli%$4 ,9 "s cases1 swell+ does n develop z ! result ( a s+le injection ( iod94 ,:5 m>k$ swell+ has n tak5 place )9 five days1 none w occur & a repetition ( ! injection may be made )9 t5 days aft] ! fir/ treatm5t has be5 giv54 ,"o may safely increase ! am\nt ( iod9 at ! second injection 9 su* cases by "o-f\r? to "o-?ird4 ,9 ,europe ?is me?od ( treat+ bog spav9 has be5 employ$ by ,leblanc1 ,abadie1 ,dupont & o!rs accord+ to ,cadiot2 b ,b\ley1 ,rey1 ,lafosse & ,v>ri] us$ x ) bad results4 ,:]e a p]fect te*nic is execut$ 7& no o!r is excusable 9 ?is op]ation71 no infection w occur if a reasonable am\nt ( iod9 is inject$4 ,! dilution ( iod9 ) an equal am\nt ( alcohol has be5 practis$ by ! au?or 9 _m cases1 b lat] ?is 0 f\nd unnecess>y4 ,o!r me?ods ( treatm5t h be5 us$ ) success4 ,p]haps ! mo/ h]oic consi/s 9 op5+ ! jo9t capsule ) a bi/\ry or ) ! actual caut]y4 ,su* practice is too haz>d\s = g5]al use & is n to be recomm5d$1 al?\gh good results %\ld foll[ ! employm5t ( su* me?ods if infecti\s ar?ritis does n occur4 ,l9e fir+ ov] ! di/5d$ capsule is a practical me?od ( treatm5t4 ,?is is att5d$ ) good results 9 "y animals 9 _m cases1 b consid]able blemi% is caus$ :5 suffici5t irritation is produc$ to /imulate resolution4 ,vesication also is successfully employ$ 9 "s in/ances4 ,h[ev]1 only cases ( rec5t orig9 9 "y animals--colts ( two ye>s or y\ng]--yield to bli/]+1 & 9 "s affect$ colts no d\bt recov]y w\ld h be5 spontane\s _h no treatm5t be5 in/itut$4 ,ligation ( ! saph5\s ve9 at two po9ts1 "o above & ! o!r bel[ ! di/5d$ ligam5t\s capsule1 is an old op]ation1 :i* has und\bt$ly giv5 good results 9 "s cases1 al?\gh x does n seem to be a rational proc$ure4 ,aft]-,c>e4--,aft] swell+ has fully develop$--:i* occurs )9 a week--! subject is turn$ to pa/ure & no att5tion is necess>y !reaft]4 ,a gradual subsid5ce ( ! swell+ occurs & 9 ! av]age in/ance1 ?is completely resolves )9 six or eight weeks4 ,complete recov]y succe$s ! aspiration-&-injection-treatm5t 9 ab\t sev5ty-five p] c5t ( cases z ! result ( "o op]ation1 & subjects may be gradually & c>efully return$ to "w 9 ab\t sixty days aft] treatm5t has be5 giv54 ,di/5sion ( ! ,t>sal ,%ea? ( ! ,deep ,digital ,flexor4 7,?or\ghp947 ,! t]ms ?or\ghp9 or ?r\ghp9 are translations f ! ,fr5* vessignon *eville & h ! same significance4 ,!y are s nam$ because ( ! diametrically oppos$ di/5sions ( ! %ea? ( ! deep flexor t5don 9 su* mann] t ! di/5sions appe> to be due to a support+ peg4 ,anatomy4--,! !ca ?r\gh :i* ! deep digital flexor 7p]=ans7 plays 9 ! t>sal region1 beg9s ab\t ?ree in*es above ! inn] tibial malleolus & ext5ds ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! way d[n ! metat>sus4 ,! po/]ior "p ( ! capsul> ligam5t ( ! hock jo9t is v ?ick 9 its mo/ dep5d5t portions & is 9 "p c>tilag9\s1 =m+ a suitable groove = ! passage ( ! deep flexor t5don4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg--,?or\ghp94 ,%[+ di/5sion ( ! %ea? ( ! deep flexor t5don z x protrudes ant]o-ext]nally to ! fibul> t>sal bone 7calcaneum74 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,/ra9s & sequellae to debilitat+ diseases con/itute ! usual causes ( ?is affection4 ,z a result ( acute synovitis a *ronic synovial di/5sion ( ! t>sal %ea? occurs4 ,bog spav9 is (t5 pres5t 9 case ( ?or\ghp9 b ! two conditions are sep>ate & di/9ct except+ 9 t bo? may occur simultane\sly & z ! result ( ! same cause4 ,"s animals are und\bt$ly pr$ispos$ to disease ( synovial /ructures4 ,! av]age horse t has be5 subject$ to h>d s]vice on pavem5ts or h>d roads at fa/ "w suff]s synovial di/5sion ( bursae1 !cae or ( jo9t capsules4 ,"s ( ! well br$ types su* z ! ?or\ghbr$ horses may be subject$ to ye>s ( h>d s]vice & /ill rema9 clean limb$ & free f all blemi%es4 ,?us x seems t subjects ( r faulty con=mation1 animals hav+ lymphatic temp]am5ts & ! co>se-br$ types1 are prone to synovial di/urbances su* z ?or\ghp91 bog spav91 etc41 sometimes hav+ bo? legs affect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh--;,fibrosity ( t>sus z a complication 9 *ronic ?or\ghp94 ,symptomatology4--,?or\ghp9 is *>act]iz$ by a di/5d$ condition ( ! t>sal %ea? :i* is manife/$ by protrusions ant]ior to ! t5do ,a*illis4 ,h[ev]1 :]e b mod]ate di/5sion ( ! %ea? exi/s1 !re is little1 if any1 bulg+ on ! mesial side ( ! hock & b a small hemisph]ical enl>gem5t is pres5t$ on ! out] side ( ! t>sus1 ant]ior to ! summit ( ! os calcis4 ,9 "s in/ances ! protrud+ p>ts assume l>ge proportions1 b always1 because ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! fibul> t>sal bone 7calcaneum7 & ! t5don %ea?1 ! l>g] protrusion is situat$ mesially4 ,dur+ ! acute inflammatory /age !re is m>k$ lam5ess pres5t b ?is soon subsides :5 local antiphlogi/ic ag5ts are appli$ to ! p>ts4 ,9 fact1 spontane\s relief f lam5ess usually results 9 ! c\rse ( t5 days' "t foll[+ ! appe>ance ( ?or\ghp94 ,no lam5ess m>ks ! adv5t ( ?is affection :5 x develops z ! result ( cont9u\s /ra9 & concussion occasion$ by h>d s]vice1 & local *anges t5d to rema9 9 /atus quo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei--;,ano!r view ( same case z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,treatm5t4--,re/ & ! local application ( heat or cold w suffice to promote resolution ( acute inflammation & lam5ess :5 pres5t w subside )9 two weeks4 ,9 *ronic affections1 h[ev]1 ! matt] & mann] ( effect+ a correction ( ! condition--di/5d$ t>sal %ea?--m]it c>eful consid]ation4 ,:ile dra9age ( di/5d$ !cae & bursae by means ( op5+s made ) hot irons 0 practic$ by ! ,arabs1 c5turies ago1 & good results h att5d$ su* h]oic corrective measures1 nev]!less ! occasional s]i\s complications :i* result f infection likely to be introduc$ 9 foll[+ su* proc$ures1 cause ! prud5t & skilful practition] to employ saf] me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,! application ( bli/]+ ag5ts is ( no value 9 /imulat+ resorption ( an excessive am\nt ( synovia 9 *ronic cases & ! actual caut]y :5 employ$ )\t p]=ation ( ! synovial /ructure1 is ( little b5efit4 ,trusses or me*anical appliances = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ pressure ^u ! di/5d$ p>ts are ( no practical value because ( ! great difficulty ( keep+ su* contrivances 9 position4 ,!y usually cause s mu* discom=t to ! subject t !y are n tol]at$4 ,a v practical & fairly successful me?od ( treatm5t consi/s 9 ! aspiration ( a quantity ( synovia & inject+ t9cture ( iod94 ,cadiot recomm5ds ! dra9age ( synovia ) a suitable troc> & cannula & inject+ a mixture consi/+ ( t9cture ( iod91 "o "p1 to two p>ts ( /]ile wat]1 to :i* is add$ a small quantity ( potassium iodid4 ,! latt] ag5t is add$ to prev5t precipitation ( ! iod94 ,?is au?ority 7,cadiot7 fur!r advocates ! removal ( practically all ( ! synovia t w run out ?r\gh ! cannula & ! imm$iate introduction ( z mu* z "o hundr$ cubic c5timet]s ( ! above m5tion$ iod9 solution4 ,?is solution is all[$ to rema9 9 ! synovial cavity a few m9utes & by compress+ ! tissues surr\nd+ ! t5don %ea?1 ! evacuation ( z mu* ( ! cont5ts ( ! synovial cavity z is practicable1 is effect$4 ,subsequ5tly ! subject is all[$ absolute re/ & m or less inflammatory reaction foll[s4 ,9 "s cases !re occur m>k$ lam5ess & "s febrile di/urbance1 b :]e a good te*nic is c>ri$ out1 no bad results foll[4 ,at ! end ( f\r weeks' "t1 horses s treat$ may be return$ to s]vice1 b ! full b5eficial effect ( su* treatm5t is n exp]i5c$ until sev]al mon?s' "t h elaps$4 ,:]e good facilities = execut+ a c>eful te*nic 9 e detail are at h&1 incision ( ! t>sal %ea?1 evacuation ( its cont5ts & unit+ its walls aga9 by means ( sutures & provid+ = dra9age ) a suitable dra9age tube1 may be practic$4 ,?is mann] ( treatm5t has be5 satisfactory 9 ! h&s ( a numb] ( surgeons4 ,capp$ ,hock4 ,enl>gem5ts :i* occur ^u ! summit ( ! os calcis1 :e!r hyp]trophy ( ! sk9 & subcuticul> fascia1 ! result ( injury or repeat$ vesication1 di/5sion ( ! subcutane\s bursa or injury to ! sup]ficial flexor t5don 7p]=atus7 or its %ea?1 are g5]ally kn[n z capp$ hock4 ,h[ev]1 ! t]m %\ld be re/rict$ to use 9 ref]5ce to di/5sions ( synovial /ructures ( t region4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,usually !re occurs a hygromat\s involvem5t ( ! subcutane\s bursa due to contusion4 ,z 9 bog spav91 foll[+ c]ta9 infecti\s diseases 7influ5za1 purpura hemorrhagica1 etc47 !re rema9s a di/5d$ condition ( ! subcutane\s bursa1 aft] swell+ ( ! memb] has subsid$4 ,9 fe$+ p5s :]e numb]s ( "y mules are kept 9 cr[d$ qu>t]s _m cases may be obs]v$4 ,9 "s in/ances :]e viol5t contusions result f kick+ cross-b>s ( wagon %afts 7by nymphomaniacs or 9 habitual kick]s :]e !re is opportunity = do+ su* injury7 ! sup]ficial flexor t5don & its synovial app>atus are injur$ & a m s]i\s condition may result4 ,symptomatology4--,9 acute & ext5sive inflammation ( ! p>ts1 lam5ess is pres5t1 b 9 ! av]age case no inconv5i5ce to ! subject results4 ,! prom95t site ( ! affection is cause = an unsightly blemi%4 ,?is is undesirable1 p>ticul>ly 9 light-h>ness or saddle horses4 ,^! affections are *>act]iz$ by a fluctuat+ mass :i* has a ?9 wall & 9 all cases ( long /&+ ! condition is pa9less4 ,by c>eful palpation "o may readily di/+ui% betwe5 a hygromat\s condition ( ! sup]ficial bursa & involvem5t ( ! und]ly+ /ructures4 ,affection ( ! exp&$ portion ( ! flexor t5don & contigu\s /ructures makes = an organiz$ mass ( tissue :i* is some:at d5se & 9 "s in/ances pa9ful to ! subject :5 manipulat$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 cases :]e ! p>ts are regul>ly & repeat$ly injur$ z 9 habitual kick]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj--;,capp$ hock4 ,di/5sion ( ! bursa ov] ! summit ( ! os calcis4 ,treatm5t4--,9 acute inflammation1 antiphlogi/ic applications are indicat$ & ! subject mu/ be kept quiet4 ,! matt] ( b&ag+ ! hock is a difficult problem 9 "s cases & ne$s be done ) c>e4 ,z has be5 previ\sly /at$ 9 ?is volume1 ! t>sus ne$s to be well padd$ ) cotton be=e ! b&ages are appli$ & only a mod]ate degree ( t5sion is employ$ 9 apply+ ! b&ages le/ anemic-necrosis result f pressure4 ,9 di/5sion ( ! sup]ficial bursa1 aft] clipp+ ! hair ov] a lib]al area & prep>+ ! sk9 by ?or\ghly cleans+ & pa9t+ ) t9cture ( iod91 ! capsule is incis$ ) a bi/\ry4 ,an incision ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 situat$ l[ en\gh to provide dra9age1 is made ?r\gh ! tissues & ! cont5ts are evacuat$4 ,t9cture ( iod9 is inject$ into ! cavity & ! p>ts are cov]$ ) cotton & b&ag$4 ,no aft]-c>e is necess>y except to reta9 ! dress+ 9 position1 :i* is n difficult 9 ! av]age case if ! subject is kept ti$4 ,if mu* resi/ance is exhibit$1 su* z extreme flexion ( ! b&ag$ hock1 ! animal may be put 9 a sl+ & little if any objection to ! b&age w be (f]$ !reaft]4 ,! w\nd may be dress$ at ! end ( =ty-eight h\rs & no r$ress+ w be necess>y 9 ! av]age in/ance if infection is n pres5t4 ,b slight local di/urbance & little di/ress to ! subject result 9 cases s treat$ ev5 :5 infection occurs1 b a good te*nic is possible ( execution 9 mo/ in/ances & no infection %\ld take place4 ,! surgical w\nd heals 9 two or ?ree weeks & inflammation gradually subsides4 ,b&ages are reta9$ "o or two weeks1 z ! case may require1 & subsequ5tly a good w\nd lotion may be employ$ sev]al times daily4 ,a good lotion = su* cases z well z 9 _m o!rs has long be5 employ$ ) success by ,dr4 ,a4 ,trickett ( ,kansas ,city4 ,x consi/s ( approximately equal p>ts ( glyc]91 alcohol & di/ill$ extract ( wit* hazel1 to :i* is add$ liquor cresolis compositus1 two p]c5t1 & color+ matt] q4s4 ,complete resolution does n occur 9 ! av]age case4 ,!re rema9s "s hyp]pla/ic tissue & ev5 :]e ! enl>gem5t is slight1 ! prom95t situation ( ! affection precludes its be+ unnotic$4 ,9 disease ( ! flexor t5don & its bursa :]e contigu\s inflammation ( tissue is pres5t1 ! p>ts are bli/]$ or fir$4 ,l9e fir+ is b5eficial 9 su* in/ances b 9 all cases ! cause is to be remov$ if possible4 ,rupture & ,division ( ! ,long ,digital ,ext5sor 7,ext5sor ,p$is74 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,because ( ! fact t ! long digital ext5sor is ! only ext5sor ( ! phalanges ( ! pelvic limb1 its rupture or division con/itutes a tr\blesome condition1 :i* 9 "s cases does n readily respond to treatm5t4 ,rupture ( ?is t5don may occur dur+ "w on r\gh & unev5 roads1 p>ticul>ly 9 range horses t are ridd5 ov] gr\nd t is burr[$ by goph]s or prairie dogs2 9 su* cases1 horses are apt to sudd5ly & viol5tly turn ! foot 9 position ( vol> flexion1 !reby caus+ undue /ra9 to ! digital ext5sor & its rupture sometimes foll[s4 ,9 foals ( "o or two days ( age1 ?is t5don is sometimes f\nd p>t$ or ruptur$ & ! condition may be bilat]al4 ,z ! result ( accid5ts1 ! digital ext5sor may be divid$ & :5 ! w\nd becomes contam9at$1 z x does because ( ! m>k$ vol> flexion 7knuckl+7 :i* occurs dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is affection1 reg5]ation ( tissue is *eck$ & recov]y is t>dy4 ,symptomatology4--,!re is no int]f]5ce ) ability to su/a9 weight 9 su* cases1 :5 ! foot is plac$ 9 normal position2 b imm$iately ^u attempt+ to walk1 ! toe is dragg$1 & if weight is borne ) ! affect$ memb]1 x comes ^u ! ant]ior face ( ! fetlock4 ,! flexors are n antagoniz$ & if !re be an op5 w\nd ! p>ts soon become contam9at$2 or1 9 rupture1 if animals travel ab\t v mu*1 !re soon occurs necrosis ( ! tissues ( ! ant]ior fetlock region & ! condition is r5d]$ incurable4 ,cases are report$ ( animals t h suff]$ rupture ( ! long digital ext5sor & ! subjects le>n$ to ?r[ ! memb] =w>d dur+ ext5sion1 sub/itut+ = ! ext5sor t5don ! p5dulum-l mom5tum :i* ! foot af=ds :5 s employ$2 & a walk+ & ev5 a trott+ pace 0 possible )\t do+ injury to ! fetlock region4 ,:]e a subcutane\s division exi/s z 9 rupture1 ! divid$ ends ( ! t5don may be def9itely recogniz$ by palpation4 ,treatm5t4--,subjects are be/ put 9 sl+s & kept s conf9$ until reg5]ation ( t5d9\s /ructures has be5 complet$4 ,?is requires f six weeks to two mon?s' "t4 ,9 addition1 ! extremity is kept 9 a /ate ( ext5sion by means ( suitable spl9ts & %oes1--a %oe equipp$ ) an ext5sion at ! toe & p]=at$ s t a /eel brace may be hook$ into ! p]=ation & ! brace fa%ion$ to be buckl$ to ! upp] metat>sal region4 ,:5 braces are plac$ 9 front ( ! foot1 great c>e is necess>y 9 prop]ly padd+ ! memb] ) cotton le/ sl\gh+ f pressure occurs at ! coronet2 b ?is does n apply 9 rupture ( ext5sors s mu* z :]e flexors are ruptur$4 ,op5 w\nds are treat$ along g5]al surgical l9es1 dress$ z frequ5tly z occasion dem&s1 & recov]y w be complete 9 a few mon?s' "t unless mu* ( ! t5don has be5 de/roy$4 ,9 "o in/ance1 ! au?or _h occasion to obs]ve su* a condition1 :i*1 because ( ! ext5sive de/ruction ( t5don & lack ( facilities = giv+ prop] att5tion to ! subject1 results 7 s unfavorable t x 0 deem$ necess>y to de/roy ! animal4 ,w\nds ,f ,int]f]+4 ,:51 dur+ locomotion1 injury is inflict$ ^u ! mesial side ( an extremity by ! sw++ foot ( ! o!r memb]1 ! condition is t]m$ int]f]+4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,faulty con=mation1 bad %oe+ & ov]-"w are ! pr9cipal causes ( int]f]+4 ,horses t are base n>r[ or t h crook$ legs are q apt to int]f]e4 ,%oes t are put on a foot t is n level or appli$ 9 a twi/$ position1 or %oes wide at ! heel w (t5 cause int]f]+ & injury4 ,animals t are driv5 at fa/ "w until !y become ne>ly exhau/$ may be expect$ to int]f]e4 ,su* cases are frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 "y horses t are driv5 ov] r\gh roads1 p>ticul>ly :5 s ne>ly exhau/$ or weak5$ f disease or inanition t ! feet are dragg$ =w>d r ?an pick$ up & advanc$ 9 ! normal mann]4 ,symptomatology4--,w\nds inflict$ by /rik+ ! extremities 9 ?is mann] pres5t v>i\s appe>ances & occasion dissimil> manife/ations4 ,! h9d legs are almo/ z frequ5tly affect$ z ! front & ! fetlock region is mo/ (t5 injur$1 ?\gh w\nds may be inflict$ to ! coronet4 ,9 front1 ! c>pus is sometimes ! site ( injury4 ,:5 only an abrasion is caus$1 little if any lam5ess occurs1 b :]e int]f]+ is cont9u$ & n]ves are involv$ or subfascial infection & ext5sive inflammation succe$ su* abrasions1 m>k$ lam5ess & evid5ce ( great pa9 are manife/$4 ,frequ5tly1 9 *ronic cases affect+ ! h9d leg1 ! fetlock assumes l>ge proportions1 & at times dur+ ! c\rse ( e drive ! subject /rikes ! inflam$ "p1 imm$iately flex+ & abduct+ ! injur$ memb]1 & ! victim hops on ! o!r leg until pa9 has some:at subsid$4 ,int]f]+ is mu* m s]i\s 9 animals t are us$ at fa/ "w ?an 9 draft horses4 ,9 light-h>ness or saddle horses1 x may r5d] ! subject practically valueless or uns]viceable if ! condition _c be correct$4 ,treatm5t4--,:]ev] possible1 cause is to be remov$ & if animals are prop]ly us$1 ord9>y int]f]+ w\nds w yield to treatm5t4 ,if ! %oe+ is faulty1 ?is %\ld be correct$1 ! foot prop]ly prep>$ & level$ be=e be+ %od & suitable %oes appli$4 ,9 "y animals t become leg-we>y f con/ant ov]work1 re/ & recup]ation are necess>y to enhance recov]y4 ,9 su* cases x w be f\nd t v light %oes1 frequ5tly reset1 w t5d to prev5t injury to ! fetlock region su* z *>act]izes ^! injuries ( h9d legs4 ,palliative measures ( v>i\s k9ds are employ$ :]e cause is n to be remov$ & a degree ( success att5ds su* ef=t4 ,9 draft horses or animals t are us$ at a sl[ pace1 %ields ( v>i\s k9ds are /rapp$ to ! extremity & protection is ?us af=d$4 ,or1 l>ge encircl+ pads ( lea!r1 v>i\sly con/ruct$1 s]ve to cause ! subject to walk ) ! extremities ap>t4 ,int]f]+ %oes ( diff]5t types are ( mat]ial b5efit 9 _m in/ances4 ,(t5 ! pr9ciple ^u :i* corrective %oe+ is bas$ is t ! mesial 7inn]7 side ( ! foot is too l[2 ! foot is consequ5tly level$ & ! inn] bran* ( ! %oe is made ?ick] ?an ! out]1 alt]+ ! position ( ! foot 9 ?is way4 ,?is is productive ( desirable results4 ,h[ev]1 mu* dep5ds ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! foot 9 motion /rikes ! weight-be>+ memb] z to ! corrective measures t are indicat$4 ,?is belongs to ! doma9 ( pa?ological %oe+ & ! read] is ref]r$ to works on ?is subject = fur!r /udy ( ?is phase ( lam5ess4 ,lymphangitis4 ,exclud+ gl&]s1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 lymphangitis 9 ! horse1 su* z frequ5tly affects ! h9d legs1 is due to ! local introduction ( infecti\s mat]ial into ! tissues z a result ( w\nds4 ,h[ev]1 "o may obs]ve 9 "s in/ances an acute lymphangitis :i* affects ! pelvic limbs ( horses & no evid5ce ( infection exi/s4 ,consequ5tly1 lymphangitis may be consid]$ z infecti\s & non-infecti\s4 ,,infecti\s ,,lymphangitis4 ,etiology & ,occurr5ce4--,traumatisms ( ! legs frequ5tly result 9 infection & :5 su* injuries are ne> lymph gl&s1 ev5 ?\gh ! degree ( infection be slight1 m or less di/urbance ( function ( ! muscles 9 ! vic9ity ( su* gl&s occurs & lam5ess foll[s4 ,! prescapul>1 axill>y & cubital lymph gl&s :5 9 a /ate ( inflammation1 cause lam5ess ( ! front leg1 & ! sup]ficial +u9al & deep +u9al lymph gl&s n infrequ5tly become involv$ also4 ,because ( ! location ( ^! lymph gl&s1 !y are subject to comp>atively frequ5t injury & inflammation1 caus+ lam5ess m (t5 ?an o!r lymph-gl&-affections4 ,small puncture w\nds 9 ! region ( ! elb[ are (t5 met )4 ,^! may be inflict$ :5 horses lie d[n ^u %>p /umps ( vegetation or %oe-calk injuries may be ! means ( introduc+ contagium1 & an infecti\s inflammation results4 ,abscess =mation1 ! result ( /rangles or o!r infection 9 ! prescapul> gl&s1 may be obs]v$ at times4 ,foll[+ ca/ration1 ! +u9al lymph gl&s may become involv$ 9 an infecti\s inflammation & locomotion is imp$$ to a m>k$ degree4 ,horses runn+ at pa/ure sometimes become injur$ by trampl+ ^u pieces ( wood1 caus+ "o end ( ^! or ( v>i\s implem5ts to become emb$d$ 9 ! s(t e>? & ! o!r end to ent] at ! +u9al region & ev5 p5etrate ! tissues to & ?r\gh ! sk9 & fascia j bel[ ! p]9eal region4 ,nail punctures result+ 9 infection frequ5tly cause an infecti\s lymphangitis & a m>k$ & pa9ful swell+ ( ! legs sup]v5es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa--;,*ronic lymphangitis4 ,%[+ hyp]trophy ( ! left h9d leg1 due to repeat$ inflammation4 ,symptomatology4--,lam5ess1 mix$ or sw++-leg1 signalizes ! pres5ce ( acute lymphangitis4 ,!re is always m or less swell+ pres5t & manipulation ( ! affect$ p>ts gives pa9 to ! subject4 ,dep5d+ ^u ! "* ( ! infection & its ext5t1 !re is pres5t$ a v>y+ degree ( con/itutional di/urbance4 ,!re may be a rise 9 temp]ature ( f two to five degrees1 & 9 su* in/ances !re is an accel]at$ pulse4 ,:]e mu* intoxication is pres5t1 anorexia & dipsosis are to be notic$4 ,swell+ may increase gradually & 9 "t dis*>ge ( pus may take place spontane\sly )\t dra9age be+ provid$ =1 if ! "* ( ! infection does n cause e>ly dea?4 ,9 ^! cases lam5ess is pron\nc$ & ! cause ( ! di/urbance is to be s\ght1 p>ticul>ly if ! condition be due to a nail puncture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb--;,elephantiasis4 ,treatm5t4--,location ( ! site ( injury is advisable 9 all cases & 9 "s in/ances provision = dra9age1 z 9 puncture w\nds1 is helpful4 ,locally1 curettage & ! application ( suitable antiseptics are indicat$4 ,hot fom5tations are b5eficial & %\ld be cont9u$ = sev]al days if necess>y1 to /imulate resolution4 ,a brisk purge %\ld be adm9t]$ at ! onset & /ry*n91 because ( its indirect /imulative effect ^u ! circulation toge!r ) its tonic effect ^u ! musculature1 is b5eficial4 ,9 all su* cases rational treatm5t1 good hygi5e & c>eful nurs+ are ! pr9cipal factors :i* /imulate recov]y4 ,individual resi/ance or l[]$ vitality has a m>k$ influ5ce on ! c\rse ( ?is affection4 ,,non-,,infecti\s ,,lymphangitis4 ,?is type ( lymphangitis is associat$ )1 or ! result (1 a d]angem5t ( dige/ion4 ,x affects heavy draft horses1 r>ely o!r types ( animals1 & involves "o or bo? h9d legs4 ,occurr5ce4--,9 heal?y & well n\ri%$ horses irregul>ly us$1 ?is affection may sudd5ly manife/ itself4 ,x occurs 9 s+ul> in/ances 9 m>es t are 9 advanc$ pregnancy ev5 :5 su* animals are at pa/ure4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ?is malady is f\nd 9 heavy draft horses t h be5 kept /abl$ f "o to ?ree days4 ,symptomatology4--,at ! outset 9 sev]e cases1 !re is elevation ( temp]ature1 labor$ brea?+1 accel]at$ pulse1 anorexia & m or less swell+ ( ! affect$ memb]s4 ,swell+ is v pa9ful & :5 ! affect$ legs are palpat$1 pa9 is manife/$ by fl9*+4 ,! +u9al lymph gl&s are (t5 swoll5 b 9 "s cases !y are n affect$ 9 any p]ceptible degree4 ,9 ! av]age case suppuration does n occur & :5 conditions are favorable1 resolution is complete )9 t5 days4 ,! ext5t ( ! involvem5t & ! int5sity ( ! affection v>y mat]ially 9 diff]5t cases & a *ronic lymphangitis may succe$ ! acute attacks & f9ally 9 "s in/ances1 elephantiasis results4 ,treatm5t4--,an active purgative %\ld be giv5 at once & 9 ! ord9>y case1 /imulants are indicat$4 ,if m>k$ di/ress is pres5t1 morph9 is giv5 & :]e !re is mu* rise ( temp]ature1 cold dr9k+ wat] is (f]$ 9 abundance & ca?>sis is enhanc$ by enemata4 ,locally1 hot applications are ( b5efit4 ,hot t[els or cotton held 9 position by b&ages & kept soak$ ) w>m wat] w relieve pa9 & /imulate resolution4 ,diuretics may be ( b5efit & anodyne applications are to be employ$ ) pr(it 9 "s cases4 ,walk+ ex]cise1 if n indulg$ 9 to excess1 is helpful z soon z acute inflammation has subsid$4 ,by giv+ c>eful att5tion to ! regim5 & provid+ regul> ex]cise = susceptible subjects1 ?is type ( lymphangitis is (t5 =e/all$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cd3 ,manual ( ,vet]9>y ,physiology4 ,page #faj4 ,footnote #ce3 ,manual ( ,vet]9>y ,physiology1 page #fja4 ,footnote #cf3 ,case report at meet+ ( ! ,i[a ,/ate ,vet]9>y ,m$ical ,association1 ,jan41 #aijd1 by ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,bauman1 ,birm+ham1 ,ia4 ,footnote #cg3 ,regional ,vet]9>y ,surg]y & ,op]ative ,te*nique1 by ,john ,a4,w4 ,doll>1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,m4,r4,i41 page #gcc4 ,footnote #ch3 ,z quot$ by ,a4 ,liaut>d1 ,m4,d41 ,v4,m41 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #cg1 page #ffg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,quot$ by ,pr(4 ,liaut>d1 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #cc1 page #aij4 ,footnote #dj3 ,traite de ,!rapeutique ,*irurgical des ,animaux ,dome/ique p> ,p4,j4 ,cadiot et ,j4 ,almy1 ,tome second1 page #dfj4 ,footnote #da3 ,traite de ,!rapeutique ,*irurgical1 ,tome second1 page #dfe4 ,footnote #db3 ,luxation ( ! ,femur1 by ,wm4 ,v4 ,lusk1 ,vet]9>y ,surgeon1 ,u4,s4 ,cavalry1 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #ba1 page #bed4 ,footnote #dc3 ,because ( ! intimacy ( ! psoas major 7p4 magnus7 & ! iliacus !y are sometimes call$ iliopsoas4 ,footnote #dd3 ,dr4 ,john ,scott1 ,peoria1 ,ill41 9 ,! ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #af1 page #af4 ,footnote #de3 ,annotation on ,surgical ,items1 by ,drs4 ,l4,a4 & ,edw>d ,m]illat1 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #ca1 page #ceh4 ,footnote #df3 ,w4,l4 ,williams 9 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #ba1 page #deb4 ,footnote #dg3 ,geo4 ,h4 ,b]ns1 ,d4,v4,s41 report1 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,m$ical ,association1 #aiab1 page #bch4 ,footnote #dh3 ,joseph ,hughes1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 9 ! ,*icago ,vet]9>y ,college ,qu>t]ly ,bullet91 ,vol4 #aj1 page #ae4 ,footnote #di3 ,traite de ,!rap4 ,*ir4 ,cadiot et ,almy1 ,tome second1 page #dhj4 ,footnote #ej3 ,e4 ,wallis ,ho>e1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review1 ,vol4 #bg1 page #aahi4 ,footnote #ea3 ,discussions on pap] entitl$ ,! ,spav9 ,gr\p ( ,lam5esses1 by ,w4,l4 ,williams1 ,c>l ,w4 ,fi%] & ,d4,h4 ,udall1 ,proce$+s ( ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,m$ical ,association1 #aije4 ,footnote #eb3 ,hock-,jo9t ,lam5ess1 by ,dr4 ,james ,mc,donough1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,a4,v4,m4,a41 #aiac1 page #ede4 ,,index ,a ,acetabulum1 #ahe ,acute ar?ritis1 #fe ,acute lam9itis1 #afb ,acute t5d9itis1 #ace ,affections ( blood vessels1 #ca ,affections ( bursae & !cae1 #bg ,affections ( ! feet1 #cd ,affections ( ligam5ts1 #bj ,affections ( lymph vessels & gl&s1 #cb ,affections ( muscles & t5dons1 #bh ,affections ( n]ves1 #cj ,anamnesis1 #ch ,anatomo-physiological review ( p>ts ( =e leg1 #ee ,anatomo-physiological consid]ation ( ! pelvic limbs1 #ahe ,anatomy ( ! jo9t capsule1 #bbj ,annul> ligam5t1 #eh ,antea-sp9atus muscle1 #fe ,ant]ior bra*ial region1 w\nds (1 #ij ,ant]ior digital ext5sor muscle1 #aic ,art]itis1 #bji ,art]y 7bra*ial71 ?rombosis ( !1 #ha ,ar?ritis1 #bb1 #hd ,ar?ritis1 acute1 #fe ,ar?ritis1 *ronic1 #fe ,ar?ritis1 infecti\s1 #ff ,ar?ritis1 meta/atic1 #be ,ar?ritis ( ! fetlock jo9t1 #aeb ,ar?ritis1 rheumatic1 #bf ,ar?ritis1 scapulohum]al1 #fe ,ar?ritis1 t>sal1 #bbe ,ar?ritis1 traumatic1 #bb ,articul> r+bone1 #aba ,articulation1 fem]opelvic1 #ahe ,articulation1 metac>pophalangeal1 #eh ,articulation1 scapulohum]al1 #ee ,aspiration-&-injection treatm5t ( bog spav91 #bdd ,aspiration-&-injection treatm5t ( capp$ hock1 #beb ,aspiration-&-injection treatm5t ( ?or\ghp91 #bej ,a/ragalus1 #aij ,a/ragalus1 fracture ( !1 #bcj ,attitude ( ! subject1 #da ,atrophy ( ! quadriceps muscles1 #bje ,atrophy1 %\ld]1 #gc ,b ,biceps bra*ii1 #eh1 #fe1 #fh1 #fi ,bicipital bursa1 inflammation (1 #fh ,blood vessels1 affections (1 #ca ,bog spav91 #bdb ,bog spav91 aspiration-&-injection treatm5t (1 #bdd ,bog spav91 l9e fir+ =1 #bdf ,bog spav91 vesication =1 #bdf ,bone spav91 #bce ,bones1 deg5]ative *anges 91 #af ,bones1 t>sal1 #aij ,bossi's d\ble t>sal neurectomy1 #bdb ,bra*ial art]y1 ?rombosis ( !1 #ha ,bra*ial p>alysis1 #gg ,bursa int]tub]cul>is1 #fb1 #fi ,bursa podotro*le>is1 inflammation ( !1 #aeg ,bursae1 affections (1 #bg ,bursitis1 #bg1 #ajd ,bursitis1 infecti\s1 #bh ,bursitis 9 ! fetlock region1 #aej ,bursitis int]tub]cul>is1 #fh ,bursitis1 non9fecti\s1 #bh ,c ,calcaneo-cuboid ligam5ts1 #aij ,calcaneo-metat>sal ligam5ts1 #aij ,calcaneum1 fracture ( !1 #bcj ,calk w\nds1 #agj ,capp$ hock1 #bea ,capp$ hock1 aspiration-&-injection treatm5t (1 #beb ,capsul> ligam5t1 #aij ,caput muscles1 #ga ,c>pal bones1 fracture ( !1 #if ,c>pal bones1 luxation ( !1 #if ,c>pal flexors1 contraction ( !1 #ic ,c>pal flexors1 inflammation ( !1 #ic ,c>pal jo9t1 #eh ,c>pal jo9t1 op51 #ajj ,c>pitis1 #ih ,c>pus1 inflammation ( !1 #ih ,c>tilage1 lat]al1 inflammation (1 #agd ,c>tilages ( ! ?ird phalanx1 ossification ( !1 #aee ,*ronic ar?ritis1 #fe ,*ronic gonitis1 #bag ,*ronic lam9itis1 #afd ,*ronic t5d9itis1 #acg ,co*ran %oe = dropp$ soles1 #afi ,collat]al ligam5ts1 #aij ,comm9ut$ fractures1 #ag ,comp\nd fractures1 #ag ,contract$ t5dons ( foals1 #adc ,contraction ( ! c>pal flexors1 #ic ,contraction ( ! flexor t5dons1 #acg ,contusions ( ! triceps bra*ii1 #ga ,contusive w\nds1 #he ,coracoradialis1 #eh ,corns1 #agb ,coron>y region1 w\nds ( !1 #agj ,corpora oryzoidea1 #bah ,cotyloid ligam5t1 #ahe ,c\rbe1 #bcc ,crepitation1 false1 #dh ,crepitation1 true1 #dg ,crucial ligam5ts1 #ahh ,crural n]ve1 p>alysis ( !1 #bjd ,cunean bursa1 #bcg ,cunean t5otomy1 #bdb ,cunei=m magnum1 #aia ,cunei=m m$ium1 #aia ,curb1 #bcc ,d ,deep digital flexor1 di/5sion ( ! t>sal %ea? (1 #bdf ,deep flexor t5don 7p]=ans71 #fj ,deg5]ative *anges 9 bones1 #af ,diagnosis by exclusion1 #ec ,diagnosis by use ( ! ,x-ray1 #agi ,diagno/ic pr9ciples1 #cg ,disease1 navicul>1 #aeg ,dislocations1 #ba ,di/5sion ( ! t>sal jo9t capsule1 #bdb ,di/5sion ( ! t>sal %ea? ( ! deep digital flexor1 #bdf ,division ( long digital ext5sor1 #bec ,dorsal ligam5ts1 #aij ,dropp$ elb[1 #ga1 #hj ,dropp$ soles1 %oe =1 #afi ,dropp$ /ifle1 #bje ,dry spav91 #bbe ,e ,elb[1 dropp$1 #ga1 #hj ,elb[1 inflammation ( !1 #hd ,elb[ jo9t1 #eh ,elephantiasis1 #cd ,etiology1 g5]al discussion (1 #ae ,exam9ation by palpation1 #dc ,exam9ation1 special me?ods (1 #ec ,exam9ation1 visual1 #ci ,exclusion1 diagnosis by1 #ec ,exo/osis ( spl9t bones1 #ajg ,exo/osis1 phalangeal1 #aah ,ext5sor 7long digital7 rupture & division (1 #bec ,ext5sor ( ! digit1 rupture (1 #ade ,ext5sor p$is1 #fj ,ext5sor p$is1 rupture (1 #ade ,ext5sor p$is1 rupture & division (1 #bec ,f ,false crepitation1 #dh ,feet1 affection ( !1 #cd ,femoral n]ve1 p>alysis ( !1 #bjd ,fem]opatella ligam5ts1 #ahh ,fem]opelvic articulation1 #ahe ,femur1 #ahe1 #aib ,femur1 fracture ( !1 #aii ,femur1 luxation ( !1 #bja ,fetlock jo9t1 #eh ,fetlock jo9t1 ar?ritis ( !1 #aeb ,fetlock jo9t1 luxation ( !1 #abe ,fetlock jo9t1 op51 #aaj ,fetlock region1 !citis & bursitis 91 #adh ,fetlock1 %oe = brac+ !1 #aha ,fibul> t>sal bone1 fracture ( !1 #bcj ,fir+1 treatm5t ( r+bone by1 #abc ,fir/ phalanx1 #ei ,fi% knees1 #ade ,fix$ luxations1 #ba ,fix$ patell> dis>ticulation1 #bac ,flexor bra*ii1 #eh1 #fh1 #fi ,flexor c>piradialis1 #ic ,flexor c>piuln>is1 #ic ,flexor metac>pi ext]nus1 #id ,flexor metac>pi int]nus1 #ic ,flexor metac>pi m$ius1 #ic ,flexor metat>si1 #aic ,flexor1 sup]ficial digital1 #aid ,flexor t5dons1 contraction ( !1 #acg ,flexor t5dons1 inflammation ( !1 #ace ,flexor t5dons1 rupture (1 #adf ,flexors ( phalanges1 op5 %ea? (1 #abd ,foals1 contract$ t5dons (1 #adc ,=e>m1 w\nds (1 #ij ,=e leg1 lam5ess 9 !1 #ee ,fracture ( ! c>pal bones1 #if ,fracture ( ! femur1 #aii ,fracture ( ! fibul> t>sal bone1 #bcj ,fracture ( fir/ & second phalanges1 #aca ,fracture ( hum]us1 #hb ,fracture ( ! ilium1 #aih ,fracture ( ! is*ial tub]osity1 #aii ,fracture ( ! metac>pus1 #ajf ,fracture ( ! patella1 #bab ,fractures ( ! pelvic bones1 #aif ,fracture ( ! proximal sesamoids1 #abh ,fracture ( ! pubis1 #aig ,fracture ( ! radius1 #hg ,fracture ( ! scapula1 #fb ,fracture ( ! tibia1 #bbb ,fracture ( ! tibial t>sal bone1 #bcj ,fracture ( ! ulna1 #hf ,fractures1 #af ,fractures1 comm9ut$1 #ag ,fractures1 comp\nd1 #ag ,fractures1 gre5 /ick1 #ah ,fractures1 impact$1 #ai ,fractures1 longitud9al1 #ah ,fractures1 multiple1 #ah ,fractures1 multiple longitud9al1 #ai ,fractures1 oblique1 #ah ,fractures1 simple1 #ag ,fractures1 simple transv]se1 #ah ,fractures1 transv]se1 #ah ,fragilitas1 #aii ,fragilitas osseum1 #abh ,g ,gait1 obs]v+ "* (1 #dh ,ga/rocnemius1 #aid ,gluteal t5do-synovitis1 #bjc ,gluteus m$ius muscle1 #aib1 #bjc ,gonitis1 *ronic1 #bag ,gre5 /ick fractures1 #ah ,h ,h9d leg1 lam5ess 9 !1 #ahe ,h9d leg1 p>alysis ( !1 #bjd ,hip lam5ess1 #aie ,hip sw9ney1 #bje ,hock1 capp$1 #bea ,hock jo9t1 #ahh ,ho( te/]s1 #ec ,hum]oradi\ln> jo9t1 #eh ,hum]us1 fracture (1 #hb ,i ,iliac ?rombosis1 #bji ,iliopsoas1 #bjd ,ilium1 fracture ( !1 #aih ,impact$ fractures1 #ai ,infecti\s ar?ritis1 #ff ,infecti\s bursitis1 #bh ,infecti\s inflammation ( ! lat]al c>tilage1 #agc ,infecti\s lymphangitis1 #beg ,infecti\s synovitis1 #abd ,inflammation ( ! bicipital bursa1 #fh ,inflammation ( ! bursa podotro*le>is1 #aeg ,inflammation ( ! c>pal flexors1 #ic ,inflammation ( ! c>pus1 #ih ,inflammation ( ! elb[1 #hd ,inflammation ( ! flexor t5dons1 #ace ,inflammation ( po/]ior ligam5ts ( pa/]n1 #abi ,inflammation ( proximal sesamoid bones1 #abg ,inflammation ( ?ird sesamoid & deep flexor t5don1 #aeg ,inflammation ( ! tro*ant]ic bursa1 #bjd ,infrasp9atus muscle1 #fe ,injection ( fluids = quittor1 #agg ,injuries to scapulohum]al jo9t1 #ff ,int]f]+1 %oe+ =1 #bef ,int]f]+1 w\nds f1 #bee ,is*ial tub]osity1 fracture ( !1 #aii ,j ,jo9t capsule1 anatomy ( !1 #bbj ,jo9t1 c>pal1 #eh ,jo9t1 elb[1 #eh ,jo9t1 fetlock1 #eh ,jo9t capsule1 t>sal1 di/5sion ( !1 #bdb ,jo9t1 fetlock1 ar?ritis ( !1 #aeb ,jo9t1 fetlock1 luxation (1 #abe ,jo9t1 hock1 #ahh ,jo9t1 hum]oradi\ln>1 #eh ,jo9t1 op51 #fg ,jo9t1 op5 c>pal1 #ajj ,jo9t1 op5 fetlock1 #aaj ,jo9t1 pa/]n proximal int]phalangeal1 #abi ,jo9t1 %\ld]1 #ee ,jo9t1 /ifle1 op51 #bbj ,jo9t1 t>sal1 op51 #bbi ,l ,lam5ess1 hip1 #aie ,lam5ess1 mix$1 #di ,lam5ess 9 ! =e leg1 #ee ,lam5ess 9 ! h9d leg1 #ahe ,lam5ess1 %\ld]1 #fa ,lam5ess1 support+-leg1 #di ,lam5ess1 sw++-leg1 #di ,lam9itis1 #afj ,lam9itis1 acute1 #afb ,lam9itis1 *ronic1 #afd ,lat]al c>tilage1 infecti\s inflammation ( !1 #agd ,lat]al c>tilages1 ossification (1 #aee ,ligam5ts1 affections (1 #bj ,ligam5t1 capsul>1 #aij ,ligam5ts1 collat]al1 #aij ,ligam5t1 cotyloid1 #ahe ,ligam5ts1 crucial1 #ahh ,ligam5ts1 dorsal1 #aij ,ligam5ts1 fem]opatella1 #ahh ,ligam5t1 m$ial1 #aij ,ligam5ts1 mesial t>sal1 spra9s ( !1 #bcb ,ligam5ts ( pa/]n proximal int]phalangeal jo9t1 inflammation (1 #abi ,ligam5ts1 patell>1 #ahh ,ligam5ts1 plant>1 #aij ,ligam5t1 pubi(emoral1 #ahe ,ligam5t1 sup]ior *eck1 #eh ,ligam5t1 susp5sory1 rupture (1 #adf ,ligam5ts1 vol>1 #abi ,ligam5t1 vol>-c>pal or annul>1 #eh ,ligation ( ! saph5\s ve91 #bdf ,l9e fir+ = bog spav91 #bdf ,longitud9al fractures1 #ah ,lumbosacral plexus1 #bjd ,luxation ( ! c>pal bones1 #if ,luxation ( ! femur1 #bja ,luxation ( fetlock jo9t1 #abe ,luxation ( ! patella1 #bac ,luxation ( ! patella1 outw>d1 #bae ,luxation ( ! patella1 upw>d1 #bad ,luxation ( scapulohum]al jo9t1 #fg ,luxations1 #ba ,luxations1 fix$1 #ba ,luxations1 tempor>y1 #ba ,lymph vessels & gl&s1 affections (1 #cb ,lymphangitis1 #cb ,lymphangitis1 infecti\s1 #beg ,lymphangitis1 non-infecti\s1 #bfj ,m ,m$ial ligam5t1 #aij ,m$ian neurectomy1 #abd ,mesial t>sal ligam5ts1 spra9s ( !1 #bcb ,metac>pophalangeal articulation1 #eh ,metac>pus1 fracture ( !1 #ajf ,meta/atic ar?ritis1 #be ,mix$ lam5ess1 #di ,mom5t>y patell> dis>ticulation1 #bac ,movem5ts1 passive1 #dg ,multiple fractures1 #ah ,multiple longitud9al fractures1 #ai ,muscles1 affections (1 #bh ,muscle1 antea-sp9atus1 #fe ,muscle1 ant]ior digital ext5sor1 #aic ,muscle1 biceps bra*ii1 #eh ,muscle1 caput1 #ga ,muscle1 gluteus m$ium1 #aib1 #bjc ,muscle1 infrasp9atus1 #fe ,muscle1 p]oneus t]tius1 #aic ,muscle1 po/ea-sp9atus1 #fe ,muscles1 quadriceps1 #aic ,muscles1 quadriceps1 atrophy ( !1 #bje ,muscle1 subscapul>is1 #fe ,muscle1 suprasp9atus1 #fe ,muscle1 tibialis anticus1 #aic ,muscle1 triceps bra*ii1 #eh ,myalgia1 #aie ,n ,nail punctures1 #agh ,navicul> disease1 #aeg ,n]ves1 affections (1 #cj ,n]ve1 femoral1 p>alysis ( !1 #bjd ,n]ve1 obturator1 p>alysis ( !1 #bjf ,n]ve1 sciatic1 p>alysis ( !1 #bjh ,n]ve1 7suprascapul>7 p>alysis ( !1 #ge ,non-infecti\s lymphangitis1 #bfj ,non-infecti\s bursitis1 #bh ,neurectomy1 ,bossi's d\ble t>sal1 #bdb ,neurectomy1 m$ian1 #abd ,neurectomy1 plant>1 #abd ,o ,oblique fractures1 #ah ,obs]v+ "* ( gait1 #dh ,obturator n]ve1 p>alysis ( !1 #bjf ,occurr5ce1 g5]al discussion (1 #ae ,omphalophlebitis1 #be ,op5 c>pal jo9t1 #ajj ,op5 fetlock jo9t1 #aaj ,op5 jo9t1 #fg ,op5 %ea? ( flexors ( phalanges1 #abd ,op5 /ifle jo9t1 #bbj ,op5 t>sal jo9t1 #bbi ,os corona1 #fj ,ossification ( c>tilages ( ! ?ird phalanx1 #aee ,ossification ( ! lat]al c>tilages1 #aee ,os innom9atum1 #aif ,os suffrag9is1 #ei ,o/eitis1 r>efy+1 #af ,outw>d luxation ( ! patella1 #bae ,p ,palpation1 exam9ation by1 #dc ,p>alysis1 bra*ial1 #gg ,p>alysis ( ! femoral n]ve1 #bjd ,p>alysis ( ! h9d leg1 #bjd ,p>alysis ( ! obturator n]ve1 #bjf ,p>alysis ( ! sciatic n]ve1 #bjh ,p>alysis ( ! suprascapul> n]ve1 #ge ,p>alysis1 radial1 #gg ,p>ony*ia1 #agj ,passive movem5ts1 #dg ,pa/]n proximal int]phalangeal jo9t1 inflammation ( ligam5ts (1 #abi ,patella1 #ahh ,patella1 fracture ( !1 #bab ,patella1 luxation ( !1 #bac ,patella1 outw>d luxation ( !1 #bae ,patella1 upw>d luxation ( !1 #bad ,patell> dis>ticulation1 fix$1 #bac ,patell> dis>ticulation1 mom5t>y1 #bac ,patell> ligam5ts1 #ahh ,pelvic bones1 fractures ( !1 #aif ,pelvic limbs1 anatomo-physiological consid]ation ( !1 #ahe ,p5etrative w\nds1 #he ,p]i>ticul> r+bone1 #abb ,p]oneus t]tius muscle1 #aic ,phalangeal exo/osis1 #aah ,phalanges1 fracture ( fir/ & second1 #aca ,phalanges1 op5 %ea? ( flexors (1 #abd ,phalanx1 fir/1 #ei ,phalanx1 second1 #fj ,phalanx1 ?ird1 ossification ( c>tilages (1 #aee ,plant> ligam5ts1 #aij ,plant> neurectomy1 #abd ,poly>?ritis1 #be ,po/ea-sp9atus muscle1 #fe ,pr9ciples1 diagno/ic1 #cg ,proximal sesamoid bones1 inflammation (1 #abg ,proximal sesamoids1 fracture (1 #abh ,pubi(emoral ligam5t1 #ahe ,pubis1 fracture ( !1 #aig ,punctures1 nail1 #agh ,q ,quadriceps muscles1 #aic ,quadriceps muscles1 atrophy ( !1 #bje ,quittor1 #agd ,quittor1 injection ( fluids =1 #agg ,r ,ra*itic r+bone1 #abb ,radial p>alysis1 #gg ,radius1 fracture ( !1 #hg ,r>efy+ o/eitis1 #af ,rheumatic ar?ritis1 #bf ,rheumatism1 #aif ,r+bone1 #aah ,r+bone1 articul>1 #aba ,r+bone1 p]i>ticul>1 #abb ,r+bone1 ra*itic1 #abb ,r+bone1 traumatic1 #abb ,r+bone treat$ by fir+1 #abc ,rob]ts %oe = brac+ ! fetlock1 #aha ,rupture ( ! ext5sor p$is1 #ade ,rupture ( flexor t5dons & susp5sory ligam5t1 #adf ,rupture ( long digital ext5sor1 #bec ,rupture ( ! t5do ar*illis1 #bbd ,s ,saph5\s ve91 ligation ( !1 #bdf ,scapula1 fracture ( !1 #fb ,scapulohum]al articulation1 #ee ,scapulohum]al jo9t1 injuries to1 #ff ,scapulohum]al jo9t1 luxation (1 #fg ,scapulohum]al jo9t1 w\nds (1 #fg ,scapulohum]al ar?ritis1 #fe ,sciatica1 #bjh ,sciatic n]ve1 p>alysis ( !1 #bjh ,second phalanx1 #fj ,sesamoid bones1 #ei ,sesamoid1 ?ird1 inflammation ( !1 #aeg ,sesamoids1 proximal1 fracture (1 #abh ,sesamoiditis1 #abg ,setons1 #ge ,%ea? ( flexors ( phalanges1 op51 #abd ,%ea? 7t>sal7 ( ! deep digital flexor1 di/5sion ( !1 #bdf ,%oe = dropp$ soles1 #afi ,%oe+ = int]f]+1 #bef ,%\ld] atrophy1 #gc ,%\ld] jo9t1 #ee ,%\ld] lam5ess1 #fa ,simple fractures1 #ag ,simple transv]se fractures1 #ah ,soles1 dropp$1 %oe =1 #afi ,spav91 bog1 #bdb ,spav91 bone1 #bce ,spav91 dry1 #bbe ,spav9 te/1 #bci ,special me?ods ( exam9ation1 #ec ,spra9s ( ! mesial t>sal ligam5ts1 #bcb ,spra9s1 t>sal1 #bcb ,spl9ts1 #ajg ,spr+-halt1 #bbe ,/ifle1 dropp$1 #bje ,/ifle jo9t1 op51 #bbj ,/rangles1 #be ,/reptococcus equi1 #be ,/r+-halt1 #bbe ,subject1 attitude ( !1 #da ,subscapul>is muscle1 #fe ,support+-leg-lam5ess1 #di ,suprascapul> n]ve1 p>alysis ( !1 #ge ,suprasp9atus muscle1 #fe ,sup]ficial digital flexor1 #aid ,sup]ior *eck ligam5t1 #eh ,susp5sory ligam5t1 rupture (1 #adf ,swe5y1 #gc ,sw++-leg-lam5ess1 #di ,sw9ney1 #gc ,sw9ney1 hip1 #bje ,synovial di/5sion ( t5don %ea?s1 #ajd ,synovitis1 #be ,synovitis1 infecti\s1 #abd ,t ,t>sal ar?ritis1 #bbe ,t>sal bones1 #aij ,t>sal jo9t capsule1 di/5sion ( !1 #bdb ,t>sal jo9t1 op51 #bbi ,t>sal %ea? ( ! deep digital flexor1 di/5sion ( !1 #bdf ,t>sal spra9s1 #bcb ,t>sus1 #aib ,tempor>y luxations1 #ba ,t5d9itis1 #ace ,t5d9itis1 acute1 #ace ,t5d9itis1 *ronic1 #acg ,t5do a*illis1 rupture & w\nds ( !1 #bbd ,t5don1 deep flexor1 inflammation ( !1 #aeg ,t5don1 deep flexor 7p]=ans71 #fj ,t5don1 ext5sor1 rupture (1 #ade ,t5don1 flexor1 rupture (1 #adf ,t5dons ( foals1 contract$1 #adc ,t5don %ea?s1 synovial di/5sion (1 #ajd ,t5dons1 affections (1 #bh ,t5dons1 flexor1 contraction ( !1 #acg ,t5dons1 flexor1 inflammation ( !1 #ace ,t5do-synovitis1 gluteal1 #bjc ,t5otomy1 cunean1 #bdb ,t5sor fascia lata1 #aib ,te/1 spav91 #bci ,te/]s1 ho(1 #ec ,!cae1 affections (1 #bg ,!citis1 #bg1 #ajd ,!citis 9 ! fetlock region1 #aej ,?or\ghp91 #bdf ,?or\ghp91 aspiration-&-injection treatm5t (1 #bej ,?rombosis1 iliac1 #bji ,?rombosis ( ! bra*ial art]y1 #ha ,tibia1 #ahh ,tibia1 fracture ( !1 #bbb ,tibial t>sal bone1 fracture ( !1 #bcj ,tibialis anticus muscle1 #aic ,tibioa/ragul> jo9t1 di/5sion ( !1 #bdb ,transv]se fractures1 #ah ,traumatic ar?ritis1 #bb ,traumatic r+bone1 #abb ,treatm5t ( bog spav9 by aspiration & injection1 #bdd ,treatm5t ( capp$ hock by aspiration & injection1 #beb ,treatm5t ( r+bone by fir+1 #abc ,treatm5t ( ?or\ghp9 by aspiration & injection1 #bej ,triceps bra*ii1 #eh ,triceps bra*ii1 contusions (1 #ga ,triceps ext5sor bra*ii1 #ga ,tro*ant]ic bursa1 inflammation ( !1 #bjd ,true crepitation1 #dg ,u ,ulna1 fracture ( !1 #hf ,uln>is lat]alis1 #id ,upw>d luxation ( ! patella1 #bad ,v ,ve91 saph5\s1 ligation ( !1 #bdf ,vesication = bog spav91 #bdf ,vessignon *eville1 #bdf ,visual exam9ation1 #ci ,vol>-c>pal ligam5t1 #eh ,vol> ligam5ts1 #abi ,w ,w\nds1 calk1 #agj ,w\nds1 contusive1 #he ,w\nds f int]f]+1 #bee ,w\nds ( ant]ior bra*ial region1 #ij ,w\nds ( coron>y region1 #agj ,w\nds ( scapulohum]al jo9t1 #fg ,w\nds ( t5do a*illis1 #bbd ,w\nds1 p5etrative1 #he ,x ,x-ray diagnosis1 #agi ,,au?orities ,,cit$ ,almy1 ,j41 #ada1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bjh1 #bab1 #baf1 #bad1 #bcc ,bassi1 #bae ,bauman1 ,s4,h41 #aig ,bell1 ,roscoe ,r41 #fi ,b5>d1 #baf ,b]ns1 ,geo4 ,h41 #gg1 #bah ,b\ley1 #bbe ,b\rdelle1 #adg ,cadiot1 ,p4,j41 #gh1 #ada1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bjh1 #bab1 #bad1 #baf1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bcc1 #bde1 #bej ,campbell1 ,d4,m41 #afb1 #aff1 #afg ,ca/agne1 #hd ,co*ran1 ,david ,w41 #afi1 #agj ,diek]h(f1 #bcg ,doll>1 ,jno4 ,a4,w41 #fh1 #aih ,eb]le91 #bcg ,fi%]1 ,c>l ,w41 #bcf ,fro/1 ,j4,n41 #aac ,fro/1 ,r4,f41 #abh ,greaves1 ,?omas1 #aeg ,ho>e1 ,e4 ,wallis1 #be1 #baa1 #bcj ,hughes1 ,joseph1 #agf1 #bba ,hutyra & ,m>ek1 #bje ,law1 ,james1 #cc ,leblanc1 #bbc ,liaut>d1 ,a41 #hd1 #aii1 #bch ,lusk1 ,wm4 ,v41 #bjc ,mc,donough1 ,james1 #bcg ,m]illat1 ,edw>d1 #baj ,m]illat1 ,l4,a41 #hj1 #if1 #age1 #baj ,mill>1 ,?omas1 #ade ,moell]1 ,h41 #aai1 #aef1 #baa1 #bbb ,montane1 #adg ,moore1 ,r4,c41 #afb ,rob]ts1 ,g4,h41 #aha ,s*uma*]1 #bae ,scott1 ,john1 #bjh ,seeley1 ,j4,t41 #agf ,sisson1 ,septimus1 #abi1 #bjd1 #bbj ,smi?1 ,f41 ,major ,g5]al1 #ef1 #fj1 #aee1 #ahh1 #aid ,/rangeways1 #aic ,taylor1 ,h5ry1 #ga ,?ompson1 ,h41 #hc1 #hg ,trickett1 ,a41 #bec ,udall1 ,d4,h41 #bcf ,uhlri*1 #bbd ,walt]s1 ,wilfr$1 #hc1 #ig ,williams1 ,w4,l41 #bag1 #bcf ,transcrib]'s notes3 ,acc5t$ words3 ,! foll[+ spell+ diff]5ces h be5 ma9ta9$3 ,moll] _/ ,moell] ,montane _/ ,montane ,traite _/ ,traite4 ,hyph5ation3 ,! foll[+ hyph5ation diff]5ces h be5 ma9ta9$3 bilat]al _/ bi-lat]al calcaneocuboid _/ calcaneo-cuboid calcaneometat>sal _/ calcaneo-metat>sal c\nt]irritation _/ c\nt]-irritation c\nt]irritat+ _/ c\nt]-irritat+ =eleg _/ =e-leg int]phalangeal _/ int]-phalangeal non9fecti\s _/ non-infecti\s nons5sitive _/ non-s5sitive ov]work _/ ov]-"w po/easp9atus _/ po/ea-sp9atus r+bone _/ r+-bone subacute _/ sub-acute subcoron>y _/ sub-coron>y subfascial _/ sub-fascial subp]io/eal _/ sub-p]io/eal ,typographical errors3 sub-facial = sub-fascial ,at two-ye>-old = ,a two-ye>-old ,ameircan = ,am]ican ,symtomatology = ,symptomatology extoses = exo/oses adm9t]$ = adm9i/]$