,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #fbj ,,new ,,york1 ,,novemb] #ah1 #aiig ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv41 ,no4 #fbj4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,ar*itecture--,bri/ol ,ca!dral--,! hi/ory & description ( ?is anci5t build+1 ) l>ge illu/ration4--#a illu/ration4 #iijd ,,ii4 ,,biography--,oliv] ,evans & ! ,/eam ,eng9e4--,! "w ( ?is e>ly pione]1 hi!rto b slightly recogniz$ at 8 true wor? z an inv5tor4 #ihif ,,iii4 ,,*emi/ry--,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,cotton ,fib]--,by ,dr4 ,,b[man--,an int]e/+ inve/igation1 %[+ ! v>iation 9 composition 9 diff]5t cottons4 #iiji ,syn!sis ( ,/yrol5e4 #iiaj ,notes on ,sac*>94 #iiaj ,alcohol & ,turp5t9e4 #iiaj ,,iv4 ,,eng9e]+--,augu/e's ,endless ,/one ,saw--,a valuable improvem5t1 introduc+ ! pr9ciple ( ! b& saw1 & produc+ a horizontal cut--#aj illu/rations4 #ihif ,v4 ,,electricity4--,a ,curr5t ,met]--,! ,jehl ,rupp met] = electricity describ$--#a illu/ration4 #iijc ,mix ,g5e/'s ,microphone ,telephone--,! new telephone rec5tly adopt$ by ! imp]ial po/ (fice dep>tm5t ( ,g]many--#c illu/rations4 #iijb ,/orage ,batt]ies = ,electric ,locomotion--,by ,a4 ,,reck5zaun--,a valuable pap] on ?is subject1 giv+ hi/orical facts & work+ figures ( exp5se1 etc4 #iijc ,! ,telemet] ,sy/em--,by ,r4,f4 ,,upton--,! sy/em ( 4,l4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,new ,york1 z describ$ be=e ! ,briti% ,association--,a valuable tribute to an ,am]ican inv5tor--#a illu/ration4 #iijj ,,vi4 ,,metallurgy4--,! ,newb]y-,vaut9 ,*lor9ation ,process--,a new process ( extract+ gold f its ores1 ) details ( ! managem5t ( ! process & app>atus--#a illu/ration4 #iijg ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,a ,gigantic ,load ( ,lumb]--,! l>ge/ b>ge load ( lumb] ev] %ipp$--,! b>ge ,wahnapit & h] appe>ance z load$ at ,dulu?--#a illu/ration4 #iijg ,app>atus = ,ex]cis+ ! ,muscles--,an appliance = use by invalids requir+ to ex]cise atrophi$ limbs--#a illu/ration4 #iijh ,practical ,education4--,a plea = ! support ( manual tra9+ s*ools4 #iijf ,waves--,! subject ( ocean waves fully treat$--,an int]e/+ resume ( our pres5t k ( ?is ph5om5on ( fluids4 #iijf ,,viii4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+--,! ,new ,spani% ,armor$ ,cruis] ,re9a ,reg5te4--,illu/ration & full description ( ?is rec5t addition to ! ,spani% navy4--#a illu/ration4 #ihie ,! ,spani% ,torp$o ,boat ,azor--,illu/ration & note ( spe$1 etc41 ( ?is new vessel--#a illu/ration4 #ihie ,,ix4 ,,oph?almology--,! ,bull ,optomet]--,an app>atus = te/+ ! eyesight4--,! inv5tion ( ,dr ,george ,j4 ,bull4--#c illu/rations4 #iijh ,x4 ,,sanitation ,,& ,,hygi5e--,! ,sanitation ( ,t[ns--,by ,j4 ,,gordon1 ,c4,e4--,a presid5tial address be=e ! ,leice/] meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors ( ,engl&4 #iiji ,,xi4 ,,te*nology--,a ,new ,mon/] ,revolv+ ,black ,a% ,furnace & ! ,"w ,done ) ,x--,by ,,watson ,,smi?--,! great furnace ( ! ,widnes ,alkali ,company describ$1 ) results & features ( its work+--#d illu/rations4 #iijj ,app>atus ,us$ = ,mak+ ,alcohol = ,hospital ,use dur+ ! ,civil ,w> betwe5 ! ,/ates--,by ,,*>les ,k4 ,,gallagh]--,a curiosity ( w> times describ$ & illu/rat$4--#a illu/ration4 #iijj ,conf$]ate ,app>atus = ,manufactur+ ,saltpet] = ,ammunition --,by ,,*>les ,k4 ,,gallagh]--,primitive process = extract+ saltpet] f e>? & o!r mat]ial--#a illu/ration4 #iijj ,electrolysis & ,ref9+ ( ,sug>--,a me?od ( blea*+ sug> said to be due to ozone produc$ by electric curr5ts act+ on ! solution--#a illu/ration4 #iijc ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,portl& ,cem5t--,by ,,fr$]ick ,,ransome1 ,a4,i4,c4,e4--,an important pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 giv+ ! la/ & mo/ advanc$ me?ods ( manufacture4 #iija ,roburite1 ! ,new ,explosive--,practical te/s ( ?is sub/ance1 ) special application to coal m9+4 #ihig ,! ,me*anical ,reel+ ( ,silk4--,an advanc$ me?od ( treat+ silk cocoons1 design$ to disp5se ) ! old h& w9d+ ( ! raw silk4--#c illu/rations4 #ihih 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,spani% ,,torp$o ,,boat ,,azor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spani% ,,torp$o ,,boat ,,azor4 ,! ,azor 0 built by ,y>r[ ,co41 ,london1 is ( ! l>g] class1 hav+ a displacem5t ( #abj tons1 & is "o ( ! fa/e/ boats afloat4 ,h] spe$ is #bd miles p] h\r4 ,%e has two tubes = laun*+ torp$oes & ?ree rapid fir+ ,nord5felt guns4 ,%e lately arriv$ 9 ,sant&]1 ,spa91 aft] ! v rapid passage ( =ty h\rs f ,engl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,spani% ,,armor$ ,,cruis] ,,re9a ,,reg5te4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,spani% ,,armor$ ,,cruis] ,,re9a ,,reg5te4 ,! new armor$ cruis] ,re9a ,reg5te1 :i* has be5 built & eng9$ by ,messrs4 ,james ,george ,?omson1 ( ,clydebank1 = ! ,spani% gov]nm5t1 has rec5tly complet$ h] (ficial spe$ trials on ! ,clyde1 ! results atta9$ be+ suffici5t to ju/ify ! /atem5t made on h] behalf t %e is ! fa/e/ w> cruis] 9 ! _w4 ,%e is a vessel ( consid]able size1 ! foll[+ be+ h] measurem5ts3 ,l5g? ov] all1 #ccj ft41 & #cjg ft4 betwe5 p]p5dicul>s2 bread?1 #ej ft42 & h] draught is #bj ft41 giv+ a displacem5t ( #e1jjj tons1 :i* w be increas$ to #e1fjj tons :5 %e is fully equipp$4 ,?is vessel belongs to ! int]nally protect$ type ( w> cruis]s1 a type ( rec5t orig91 & ( :i* %e is ! l>ge/ example yet built4 ,! int]nal protection includes an armor$ deck :i* consi/s ( /eel plates rang+ f #c-a_/h 94 9 ?ickness 9 ! flat c5t] to #d 94 at ! slop+ sides ( ! deck4 ,?is protective deck cov]s ! vitals ( ! %ip1 ! ma*9]y1 boil]s1 etc4 ,!n !re is a v m9ute subdivision 9 ! hull ( ! %ip1 !re be+1 9 all1 #aef wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 #hc ( :i* are betwe5 ! armor$ deck & ! "o imm$iately above x1 or betwe5 w9d & wat]4 ,mo/ ( ^! comp>tm5ts are us$ z coal bunk]s4 ,( ! rema9d] ( ! wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 #fj are b5ea? ! armor4 ,?r\gh\t h] :ole l5g? ! ,re9a ,reg5te has a d\ble bottom1 :i* also ext5ds f side to side ( ! %ip4 ,9 ord] to keep ! vessel z free ( wat] z possible1 !re h be5 fitt$ on bo>d f\r #ad 94 c5trifugal pumps1 all ( :i* are connect$ to a ma9 pipe runn+ "r =e & aft 9 ! %ip1 & into :i* bran*es are receiv$ f e comp>tm5t4 ,^! pumps are ( ! ,bon ,accord type1 & 7 suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,drysdale ,co41 ,glasg[4 ,n be+ weight$ by massive ext]nal armor1 ! ,re9a ,reg5te is unusually light 9 proportion to h] bulk1 & 9 consequ5ce x has be5 r5d]$ possible to supply h] ) eng9es ( extraord9>y p[]4 ,!y are ( ! horizontal triple expansion type1 driv+ tw9 screws1 & plac$ 9 sep>ate wat]-tight comp>tm5ts4 ,! boil]s1 f\r 9 numb]1 are also 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts4 ,well above ! wat] l9e !re are two auxili>y boil]s1 :i* 7 suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,m]rywea!r1 ,london1 & are int5d$ = rais+ /eam rapidly 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,^! boil]s are connect$ ) all ! auxili>y eng9es ( ! %ip1 numb]+ no few] ?an =ty-?ree4 ,! eng9es h be5 design$ to indicate #ab1jjj horse p[]1 & on ! trial1 :5 !y 7 mak+ #aaj revolutions p] m9ute1 !y indicat$ consid]ably upw>d ( #aa1jjj horse p[]1 ! be>+s all ! :ile keep+ wond]fully cool1 & ! temp]ature ( ! eng9e & boil] rooms be+ nev] excessive4 ,! boil]s are fitt$ ) a =c$ draught arrangem5t giv+ a pressure ( #a 94 ( wat]4 ,9 ! (ficial run %e atta9$ a spe$ equal to #ba knots 7ov] #bd miles7 p] h\r1 & ov] a p]iod ( f\r h\rs an av]age spe$ ( #bj4gb knots p] h\r 0 develop$1 )\t ! full p[] ( ! eng9es be+ atta9$4 ,! av]age /eam pressure 9 ! boil]s 0 #adj lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "s private trials made by ! build]s1 ! consumption ( coal 0 te/$1 ) ! result t :ile ! vessel 0 go+ at a mod]ate spe$ ! v l[ consumption ( #ad lb4 ( coal p] indicat$ horse p[] p] h\r 0 rea*$4 ,! vessel is capable ( /eam+ #f1jjj knots :5 !re is a normal supply ( coal 9 h] bunk]s1 & :5 !y are full !re is suffici5t to enable h] to /eam #ac1jjj knots4 ,! ,re9a ,reg5te w be mann$ by #ej (fic]s & a crew ( #cej m51 all ( :om w h _! qu>t]s on ! ma9 deck4 ,among h] fitt+s & equipm5t !re are ?ree /eam lifeboats & eight o!r boats1 five ( ,sir ,william ,?omson's pat5t compasses1 & a complete electric light in/allation1 ! latt] includ+ two p[]ful se>* lights1 :i* are plac$ on ! bridge4 ,all p>ts ( ! vessel are 9 communication by means ( speak+ tubes4 ,9 ord] to enable ! vessel to turn spe$ily1 %e is fitt$ ) ! /]nway rudd] ( ,messrs4 ,?omson ,biles4 ,?is contrivance is a comb9ation ( a p>tially balanc$ rudd] ) a rudd] =m$ z a cont9uation ( ! aft] l9es ( a %ip4 ,! p>tial balance t5ds to r$uce ! /ra9s on ! /e]+ ge>1 & !reby enables ! rudd] area to be increas$ )\t unduly /ra9+ ! ge>4 ,:5 fitt$ out = actual s]vice1 ?is novel w> cruis] w h a mo/ =midable armam5t1 consi/+ ( f\r #bd c5timet] ,hontorio guns 7ea* ( #ba tons71 six #ab c5timet] guns 7also ( ! ,hontorio type71 six #f p\nd] ,nord5felt guns1 f\rte5 small guns1 & five torp$o tubes--"o at ! /]n1 two amid%ips1 & two at ! b[ ( ! %ip4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ?is w> cruis] 0 con/ruct$ 9 fifte5 mon?s1 or ?ree mon?s "u ! /ipulat$ contract "t2 9 fact1 ! (ficial trial ( ! vessel took place exactly eighte5 mon?s f ! sign+ ( ! contract4 ,n only is ?is ! fa/e/ w> cruis] afloat1 b h] own]s also possess 9 ! ,el ,de/ructor :at is probably ! simple/ torp$o cat*] afloat1 a vessel :i* has atta9$ a spe$ ( #bb knots1 or ov] #bf miles1 p] h\r4 --,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,oliv] ,,evans ,,& ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,new ,york ,times1 deem+ t f> too mu* cr$it has be5 giv5 to =eign]s = ! practical developm5t ( ! /eam eng9e1 contributes ! foll[+ int]e/+ resume3 ,( all ! inv5tions ( anci5t or mod]n times none h m importantly & b5efic5tly influ5c$ ! affairs ( mank9d ?an ! d\ble act+ high pressure /eam eng9e1 ! locomotive1 ! /eam railway sy/em1 & ! /eamboat1 all ( :i* inv5tions are ( ,am]ican orig94 ,! fir/ ?ree are directly & ! la/ indirectly associat$ ) a pat5t t 0 grant$ by ! ,/ate ( ,m>yl&1 9 #aghg1 be+ ! v ye> ( ! fram+ ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 view ( ! mom5t\s nature ( ! s]vices :i* ^! f\r inv5tions h r5d]$ to ! mat]ial & national int]e/s ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is to be hop$ t nei!r !y nor _! orig9 w be =gott5 9 ! com+ celebration ( ! c5t5nial ( ! fram+ ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! high pressure /eam eng9e 9 its /ation>y =m is almo/ ubiquit\s 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 all great iron & /eel works1 9 all factories1 9 all plants = light+ cities ) electricity1 9 brief1 :]ev] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates great p[] 9 compact =m is want$1 !re w be f\nd ! high pressure /eam eng9e furni%+ all ! p[] t is requir$1 & m1 too1 if m is dem&$1 because x appe>s to be equal to e human requisition4 ,b g beyond ,am]ica4 ,g to ,great ,brita91 & ! ,am]ican /eam eng9e--al?\gh x is n t]m$ ,am]ican 9 ,great ,brita9--w be f\nd fa/ sup]s$+ ! ,engli% eng9e--9 o!r words1 ,james ,watt's cond5s+ eng9e4 ,x is ! same ! _w ov]4 ,on all ! e>? !re is n a /eam locomotive t c\ld turn a :eel b = ! fact t1 9 common ) e locomotive f ! e>lie/ introduction ( t inv5tion1 x is simply ! ,am]ican /eam eng9e put on :eels1 & x 0 fir/ put on :eels by its ,am]ican inv5tor1 ,oliv] ,evans1 be+ ! same ,oliv] ,evans to :om ! ,/ate ( ,m>yl& grant$ ! be=e m5tion$ pat5t ( #aghg4 ,he is ! same ,oliv] ,evans :om ,elijah ,gall[ay1 ! ,briti% writ] on ! /eam eng9e1 comp>$ ) ,james ,watt z to ! au?or%ip ( ! locomotive1 or r /eam c>riage1 z ! locomotive 0 9 ^? days t]m$4 ,aft] %[+ ! unfitness ( ,mr4 ,watt's l[ pressure /eam eng9e = locomotive purposes1 ,mr4 ,gall[ay1 m ?an fifty ye>s ago1 wrote3 ,we h made ^! rem>ks 9 ?is place 9 ord] to set at re/ ! title ( ,mr4 ,watt to ! inv5tion ( /eam c>riages4 ,&1 tak+ = our rule t ! p>ty :o fir/ attempt$ !m 9 practice by me*anical arrangem5ts ( 8 own is entitl$ to ! reputation ( be+ _! inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,oliv] ,evans1 ( ,am]ica1 appe>s to u to be ! p]son to :om t honor is due4 ,he is ! same ,oliv] ,evans :om ! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 ( ,london1 ! lead+ j\rnal ( its k9d at t p]iod1 _h 9 m9d :51 9 its numb] ( ,septemb]1 #ahcj1 x publi%$ ! (ficial report ( ! competitive trial betwe5 ! /eam c>riages ,rocket1 ,san ,p>iel1 ,novelty1 & o!rs on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 ,9 t trial ! company's eng9es develop$ ab\t #ae miles 9 an h\r1 & spurts ( /ill high] spe$4 ,! ,magaz9e po9ts to ! results ( ! trial1 & !n1 "u ! head+ ( ,! ,fir/ ,projector ( ,/eam ,travel+1 x decl>es t all t _h be5 accompli%$ _h be5 anticipat$ & its feasibility practically exemplifi$ ov] a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e by ,oliv] ,evans1 an ,am]ican citiz54 ,! ,magaz9e %[$ t _m ye>s be=e ! trial ,mr4 ,evans _h (f]$ to furni% /eam c>riages t1 on level railways1 %\ld run at ! rate ( #cjj miles 9 a day1 or he w\ld n ask pay !re=4 ,! writ] w /ate t ?is (f] by ,mr4 ,evans 0 made 9 ,novemb]1 #ahab1 at :i* date n a ,briti% /eam c>riage _h yet accompli%$ sev5 miles 9 an h\r4 ,9 #ahji ,mr4 ,evans endeavor$ to e/abli% a /eam railway bo? = freight & pass5g] traffic betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 (f]+ to inve/ #ejj p] mile 9 ! ent]prise4 ,at ! date ( 8 ef=t !re 0 n a railway 9 ! _w ov] t5 miles long1 nor does !re appe> to h be5 ano!r human be+ :o up to t date _h ent]ta9$ ev5 ! ?\ght ( a /eam railway = pass5g] & freight traffic4 ,9 view ( all ?is1 is x at all surpris+ t ! ,briti% ,me*anics' ,magaz9e decl>$ ,oliv] ,evans1 an ,am]ican1 to be ! fir/ projector ( /eam railway travel+8 ,9 #ahjd ,mr4 ,evans made a mo/ notewor?y demon/ration1 8 object be+ to practically exemplify t locomotion c\ld be imp>t$ by 8 high pressure /eam eng9e to bo? c>riages & boats1 & ! read] w see t ! date ( ! demon/ration 0 ?ree ye>s be=e ,fulton mov$ a boat by means ( ,watt's l[ pressure /eam eng9e4 ,! ma*9e us$ involv$ ! orig9al d\ble act+ high pressure /eam eng9e1 ! orig9al /eam locomotive1 & ! orig9al high pressure /eamboat4 ,! :ole mass weigh$ ov] tw5ty tons4 ,not)/&+ !re 0 no railway1 except a tempor>y "o laid ov] a sl\gh 9 ! pa?1 ,mr4 ,evans' eng9e mov$ ?is great weight ) ease f ! s\!a/ corn] ( ,n9? & ,m>ket /reets1 9 ! city ( ,philadelphia1 "o & a half miles1 to ! ,riv] ,s*uylkill4 ,!re ! ma*9e 0 laun*$ into ! riv]1 & ! l& :eels be+ tak5 (f & a paddle :eel atta*$ to ! /]n & connect$ ) ! eng9e1 ! n[ /eamboat sp$ away d[n ! riv] until x empti$ into ! ,delaw>e1 :5ce x turn$ upw>d until x rea*$ ,philadelphia4 ,al?\gh ?is /range craft 0 squ>e bo? at b[ & /]n1 x nev]!less pass$ all ! up-b\nd %ips & o!r sail+ vessels 9 ! riv]1 ! w9d be+ to !m ahead4 ,! writ] repeats t ?is ?or\gh demon/ration by ,oliv] ,evans ( ! possibility ( navigation by /eam 0 made ?ree ye>s be=e ,fulton4 ,b = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury prior to ?is demon/ration ,mr4 ,evans _h "t & aga9 ass]t$ t vessels c\ld be ?us navigat$4 ,he did n cont5d ) ,john ,fit*1 b on ! contr>y tri$ to aid him & advis$ him to use o!r means ?an o>s to propel 8 boat4 ,b ,fit* 0 w$d$ to 8 own me?ods4 ,9 #ahje ,mr4 ,evans publi%$ a book on ! /eam eng9e1 ma9ly devot$ to 8 =m !re(4 ,9 ?is book he gives directions h[ to propel boats by means ( 8 eng9e aga9/ ! curr5t ( ! ,mississippi4 ,prior to ?is publication he associat$ himself ) "s citiz5s ( ,k5tucky--"o ( :om 0 ! gr&fa!r ( ! pres5t ,g54 ,*auncey ,mc,keever1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army--! purpose be+ to build a /eamboat to run on ! ,mississippi4 ,! boat 0 actually built 9 ,k5tucky & float$ to ,new ,orleans4 ,! eng9e 0 actually built 9 ,philadelphia by ,mr4 ,evans & s5t to ,new ,orleans1 b be=e ! eng9e arriv$ out ! boat 0 de/roy$ by fire or hurricane4 ,! eng9e 0 !n put to saw+ timb]1 & x op]at$ s successfully t ,mr4 ,/ackh\se1 ! eng9e] :o w5t out ) x1 report$ on 8 return f ! ,s\? t = ! #ac mon?s prior to 8 leav+ ! eng9e _h be5 con/antly at "w1 n hav+ lo/ a s+le day6 ,! read] c ?us see ! high /age ( effici5cy :i* ,oliv] ,evans _h imp>t$ to 8 eng9e full #hj ye>s ago4 ,on ?is po9t ,dr4 ,ern/ ,alban1 ! ,g]man writ] on ! /eam eng9e1 :5 speak+ ( ! high pressure /eam eng9e1 writes3 ,inde$1 to su* p]fection did he ,evans br+ x1 t ,trevi?ick & ,vivian1 :o came aft] him1 foll[$ b clumsily 9 8 wake1 & d n des]ve ! title ( ei!r inv5tors or improv]s ( ! high pressure eng9e1 :i* ! ,engli% are s anxi\s to aw>d to !m4444 ,:5 x is consid]$ "u :at unfavorable circum/ances ,oliv] ,evans work$1 8 m]it mu/ be mu* enhanc$2 & all attempts made to less5 8 fame only %[ t he is nei!r und]/ood nor equal$ by 8 detractors4 ,! writ] has already %[n t !re are bright exceptions to ?is g5]al *>ge br\ght by ,dr4 ,alban aga9/ ,briti% writ]s1 b ! ov]:elm+ mass ( !m h act$ m l envi\s *ildr5 ?an l m5 :5 speak+ ( ! au?or%ip ( ! d\ble act+ high pressure /eam eng9e1 ! locomotive1 & ! /eam railway sy/em4 ,speak+ ( ?is class ( ,briti% writ]s1 ,pr(4 ,r5wick1 :5 allud+ to _! treatm5t ( ,oliv] ,evans1 writes3 ,conflict+ national pride comes 9 aid ( individual jeal\sy1 & ! writ]s ( "o nation (t5 claim = _! own va9 & ineffici5t projectors ! honors due to ! successful ent]prise ( a =eign]4 ,_m ( ^! writ]s totally ignore ! v exi/5ce ( ,oliv] ,evans1 & all ( !m attribute to ,trevi?ick & ,vivian ! au?or%ip ( ! high pressure /eam eng9e & ! locomotive4 ,yet1 :5 do+ s1 all ( !m sub/antially ackn[l$ge ! ,am]ican orig9 ( bo? inv5tions1 because x is morally c]ta9 t ,trevi?ick & ,vivian got possession ( ! plans & specifications ( 8 eng9e4 ,oliv] ,evans s5t !m to ,engl& 9 #agid-e by ,mr4 ,joseph ,/acy ,sampson1 ( ,bo/on1 ) ! hope t "s ,briti% eng9e] w\ld approve & conjo9tly ) him take out pat5ts = ! inv5tions4 ,mr4 ,sampson di$ 9 ,engl&1 b n until aft] he _h ext5sively exhibit$ ,mr4 ,evans' plans1 app>5tly1 h[ev]1 )\t success4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,sampson's dea? ,trevi?ick & ,vivian took out a pat5t = a high pressure /eam eng9e4 ,?is c\ld happ5 & yet ! inv5tion be orig9al ) !m4 ,b !y introduc$ into ,cornwall a =m ( boil] hi!rto unkn[n 9 ,great ,brita91 namely1 ! cyl9drical flue boil]1 :i* ,oliv] ,evans _h inv5t$ & us$ 9 ,am]ica ye>s be=e ! names ( ,trevi?ick & ,vivian 7 associat$ ) ! /eam eng9e4 ,h5ce1 !y 7 *>g$ ov] fifty ye>s ago ) hav+ /ol5 ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,evans1 & ! *>ge has nev] be5 refut$4 ,h5ce :5 ,briti% writ]s ignore ! j claims ( ,oliv] ,evans & ass]t = ,trevi?ick & ,vivian ! au?or%ip ( ! high pressure /eam eng9e & ! locomotive1 !y !reby sub/antially ackn[l$ge ! ,am]ican orig9 ( bo? inv5tions4 ,!y are n only ( ,am]ican orig91 b _! au?or1 al?\gh born 9 #agee1 0 nev]!less an ,am]ican ( ! second g5]ation1 see+ t he 0 desc5d$ f ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,evans ,evans1 :o 9 ! e>li] days ( ! colony ( ,p5nsylvania came out to take *>ge ( ! affairs ( ! ,episcopal ,*ur* 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! writ] has ?us %[n t ) ! pat5t grant$ by ! ,/ate ( ,m>yl& to ,oliv] ,evans 9 #aghg 7 associat$--fir/1 ! d\ble act+ high pressure /eam eng9e1 :i* to-day is ! /&>d /eam eng9e ( ! _w2 second1 ! locomotive1 t is 9 worldwide use2 ?ird1 ! /eam railway sy/em1 :i* p]vades ! _w2 f\r?1 ! high pressure /eamboat1 :i* t]m embraces all ! great ocean /eam%ips t are actuat$ by ! comp\nd /eam eng9e1 z well z all ! /eam%ips on ! ,mississippi & its bran*es4 ,! "t & opportunity has n[ arriv$ to ass]t be=e all ! _w ! ,am]ican orig9 ( ^! univ]sally b5efic5t inv5tions4 ,su* a demon/ration %\ld be made1 if only = ! in/ruction ( ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,n a s*ool book has fall5 into ! h&s ( ! writ] t correctly sets =? ! orig9 ( ! subject matt] ( ?is pap]4 ,he appreh5ds t x is ! same ) ! books us$ 9 colleges & univ]sities1 = o!rwise h[ c\ld t p>ody on ! hi/ory ( ! locomotive1 call$ ,! ,life ( ,george ,/eph5son1 ,railway ,eng9e]1 by ,samuel ,smiles1 h met su* unb\nd$ success8 ,to ! amazem5t ( ! writ]1 a le>n$ pr(essor 9 "o ( ! mo/ important in/itutions ( le>n+ 9 ! c\ntry did1 9 a lecture1 quote ,smiles z au?ority on a po9t be>+ on ! hi/ory ( ! locomotive6 ,x is true t he made am5ds by add+1 :5 8 lecture 0 publi%$1 a c\nt] /atem5t2 b t su* a man %\ld h s]i\sly cit$ su* a "w %[s ! widespread mis*ief done among p n v]s$ 9 eng9e]+ lore by ! admirably writt5 romance ( ,smiles1 :o z ,edw>d ,c4 ,knight1 9 8 ,me*anical ,diction>y1 truly decl>es1 has pettifogg$ ! :ole case4 ,if1 z ,pr(4 ,r5wick intimates1 conflict+ national pride has l$ ! major "p ( ,briti% writ]s to suppress ! tru? z to ! orig9 ( ! high pressure /eam eng9e1 ! locomotive1 & ! /eam railway sy/em1 surely true national pride %\ld induce ! c\ntrym5 ( ,oliv] ,evans to ass]t x4 ,9 clos+ ?is pap] ! writ] w say1 = ! in=mation ( ! s-call$ practical m5 ( ! c\ntry1 or1 9 o!r words1 ^? m5 ^: judgm5t ( an inv5tion is ma9ly guid$ by its money value1 t ,poor's ,manual ( ,railroads 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = #ahhf puts _! capital /ock & _! debts at ov] #h1afb1jjj1jjj4 ,! value ( ! /eam%ips & /eamboats actuat$ by ! high pressure /eam eng9e ! writ] has no means ( asc]ta9+4 ,nei!r c he appraise ! factories & o!r plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--to say no?+ ( ! re/ ( ! _w--9 :i* ! high pressure /eam eng9e =ms ! motive p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,augu/e',s ,,endless ,,/one ,,saw4 ,x does n seem z if ! b& or endless saw %\ld r5d] ! same s]vices 9 saw+ /one z 9 work+ wood & metals1 = ! reason t q a great /ress is necess>y to cause ! advance ( ! /one 7:i* is 9 mo/ cases v heavy7 aga9/ ! blade4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,augu/e1 h[ev]1 has n /opp$ at su* a consid]ation1 or1 bett]1 he has got r\nd ! difficulty by hold+ ! block /ation>y & mak+ ! blade act horizontally4 ,fig4 #a gives a g5]al view ( ! app>atus2 ,fig4 #b gives a plan view2 ,fig4 #c is a transv]se section2 ,fig4 #d is an end view2 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 & #g %[ details ( ! wat] & s& di/ribut]2 & ,figs4 #h1 #i1 & #aj %[ ! pulleys arrang$ = obta9+ sev]al slabs at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,,augu/e',s ,,/one ,,saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,,augu/e',s ,,/one ,,saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #c & #d ,,augu/e',s ,,/one ,,saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #e ?r\gh #aj ,,augu/e',s ,,/one ,,saw4 ,! ma*9e is :olly ( ca/ iron4 ,! frame consi/s ( f\r columns1 ,a1 bolt$ to a rectangul> b$ plate1 ,a'1 & connect$ above by a frame1 ,b1 t =ms a table = ! support ( ! transmission pieces1 z well z ! iron ladd]s1 a1 & ! plat=m1 b1 t supports ! wat] res]voirs1 ,c1 & s& receptacles1 ,c'4 ,betwe5 ! two columns at ! ends ( ! ma*9e !re are two crosspieces1 ,d & ,d'1 s arrang$ t !y c move v]tically1 l c>riages4 ,^! pieces c>ry ! axles ( ! pulleys1 ,p & ,p'1 ar\nd :i* ! b& saw1 ,s1 passes4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! b$ plate1 ,a'1 :i* is ca/ 9 two pieces connect$ by bolts1 !re are ties to :i* are screw$ iron rails1 e1 :i* =m a railway ov] :i* ! plat=m c>1 ,e1 c>ry+ ! /one is made to advance b5ea? ! saw4 ,! saw consi/s ( an endless b& ( /eel1 ei!r smoo? or provid$ ) tee? t are spac$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial to be work$4 ,x passes ar\nd ! pulleys1 ,p & ,p'1 :i* are ea* encircl$ by a wide & /\t b& ( rubb] to cause ! blade to adh]e1 & :i* are likewise provid$ ) two flanges4 ,( ! latt]1 ! upp] "o is ca/ 9 a piece ) ! pulley1 & ! l[] "o is =m$ ( sections ( a circle connect$ by screws4 ,! pulley1 ,p1 is fa/1 & c>ries along ! saw2 ! o!r1 ,p'1 is loose1 & its hub is provid$ ) a bronze socket 7,figs4 #a & #d74 ,x is ?r\gh ?is second pulley t ! blade is giv5 ! desir$ t5sion1 & to ?is effect its axle is =g$ ) a small disk adju/$ 9 a frame & trav]s$ by a screw1 d'1 :i* is maneuv]$ ?r\gh a h& :eel4 ,! extremities ( ! crosspieces1 ,d & ,d'1 are provid$ ) brass sockets ?r\gh :i* ! pieces slide up & d[n ! columns1 ) slight friction1 "u ! action ( ! v]tical screws1 g & g'1 )9 ! columns4 ,a rot>y motion is communicat$ to ! f\r screws simultane\sly by ! transmission arrang$ ^u ! frame4 ,to ?is effect1 ! pulley1 ,p1 :i* receives ! motion & transmits x to ! saw1 has its axle1 f1 prolong$1 & groov$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? 9 ord] t x may always be c>ri$ along1 :atev] be ! place x occupies1 by ! holl[ %aft1 ,f1 :i* is provid$ at ! upp] extremity ) a bevel :eel & two keys plac$ at ! level ( ! bronze coll>s ( its support1 ,g4 ,! slid]1 ,d1 is ca/ 9 a piece ) ! pill[ block t supports ! %aft1 f1 & ! bronze bu%+ ( ?is pill[ block is arrang$ to receive a %\ld] & an annul> projection1 bo? =g$ ) ! %aft & design$ to c>ry x1 z well z ! pulley1 ,p1 key$ to its extremity4 ,n[ ! latt]1 by its weight1 ex]ts a pressure :i* det]m9es a s5sible friction ^u ! bu%+ ?r\gh ?is %\ld] & projection1 &1 9 ord] to dim9i% ! same1 ! bu%+ is cont9u\sly moi/5$ ) a solution ( soap & wat] ?r\gh ! pipe1 g1 :i* runs f ! res]voir1 ,g'4 ,! saw is kept f deviat+ f its c\rse by movable guides plac$ on ! slid]s1 ,d & ,d'4 ,^! guides1 ,h & ,h'1 ea* consi/ ( a ca/ iron box fix$ by a nut to ! extremity ( ! arms1 h & h'1 & c\pl$ by crosspieces1 j & j'1 :i* keep !m ap>t & give ! guides ! necess>y rigidity4 ,! %aft1 m1 m\nt$ 9 pill[ blocks fix$ to ! left extremity ( ! frame1 receives motion f ! motor ?r\gh ! pulley1 p1 at ! side ( :i* is m\nt$ ! loose pulley1 p4 ,?is motion is transmitt$ by ! drum1 ,m1 & ! pulley1 ,l1 to ! %aft1 l1 at ! o!r extremity4 ,?is latt] is provid$ ) a p9ion1 l'1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! :eel1 ,f'1 gives motion to ! saw4 ,! %aft1 m1 likewise controls ! upw>d or d[nw>d motion ( ! saw ?r\gh ! small drums1 ,n & n1 & ! two pairs ( fa/ & loose pulleys1 ,n' & n'4 ,?is %aft1 too1 transmits motion 7a v sl[ "o7 to ! f\r screws1 g & g'1 9 ! int]ior ( ! columns1 & ! nuts ( :i* are affix$ to ! slid]s1 ,d & ,d'4 ,to ?is effect1 ! %aft1 q1 is provid$ at its extremities ) endless screws t ge> ) two :eels1 q'1 ) helicoidal tee? fix$ ne> ! middle ( two p>allel axes1 r1 runn+ above ! table1 ,b1 & t]m9at+ 9 bevel :eels1 r'1 t engage ) simil> :eels fix$ at ! end ( ! screws1 g & g'4 ,! c> t c>ries ! block to ! saw consi/s ( a /rong frame1 ,e1 m\nt$ ^u f\r :eels4 ,?is frame is provid$ ) a pivot & a circul> track = ! reception ( ! ca/ iron plat=m1 ,e'1 :i* re/s !reon ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( roll]s4 ,betwe5 ! rails1 e1 & p>allel ) !m1 are fix$ two /rong screws1 e'1 held by supports t raise !m to ! bottom ( ! c> frame1 s t !y c be affix$ !reto4 ,:5 once ! c> is fa/5$ 9 ?is way1 ! screws are revolv$ by means ( w9*es1 & ! block is ?us made to advance or rec$e a suffici5t di/ance to make ! l9es m>k$ on its surface come exactly opposite ! saw blade4 ,9 saw+ h>d /ones1 x is necess>y1 z well kn[n1 to keep up a fl[ ( wat] & f9e s& ^u ! blade 9 ord] to increase its friction4 ,^u two plat=ms1 b1 at ! extremities ( ! ma*9e1 are fix$ ! wat] res]voir1 ,c1 & ! receptacles1 ,c'1 conta9+ f9e s& or dry pulv]iz$ grit /one4 ,z may be se5 f ,figs4 #e & #f1 ! bottom ( ! s& box1 ,c'1 is conical & t]m9ates 9 a hopp]1 ,t1 b5ea? :i* is adju/$ a slide valve1 t1 connect$ ) a screw t c>ries a pulley1 ,t'4 ,by means ( ?is valve1 ! bottom ( ! hopp] may be op5$ or clos$ 9 su* a way z to regulate ! fl[ ( ! s& at w by act+ ^u ! pulley1 ,t'1 ?r\gh a *a91 t'1 pass+ ov] ! guide pulley1 t4 ,a rubb] tube1 u1 :i* />ts f ! hopp]1 runs into a metal pipe1 ,u1 t desc5ds to ! guide1 ,h1 ) :i* x is connect$ by a coll>4 ,"u ! latt]1 ?is pipe t]m9ates 9 a sph]e conta9+ a small ap]ture to all[ ! s& to escape ^u an incl9$ bo>d provid$ ) a flange4 ,at ! same "t1 ?r\gh ! rubb] tube1 c1 com+ f ! res]voir1 ,c1 a /ream ( wat] is direct$ ^u ! bo>d 9 ord] to wet ! s&4 ,z ! app>atus ) b a s+le endless saw makes b two k]fs at once1 ,mr4 ,augu/e has devis$ an arrangem5t by means ( :i* sev]al blades may be us$1 & ! "w ?us be exp$it$4 ,)\t *ang+ ! g5]al arrangem5ts1 he replaces ! pulleys1 ,p & ,p'1 by two half drums1 ,v & ,v' 7,figs4 #h1 #i1 & #aj71 :i* are ea* ca/ 9 a piece ) ! crosspieces1 ,d & ,d1 design$ to replace ,d & ,d'1 &1 l !m1 slid+ up & d[n ! columns1 ,a1 ( ! frame4 ,motion is transmitt$ to all ! saw blades by a cog :eel1 ,x1 key$ to ! v]tical %aft1 f1 & ge>+ ) small p9ions1 x1 :i* are equally di/ant all ar\nd1 & :i* !mselves ge> ) simil> p9ions =m+ ! radii ( a succession ( circles conc5tric ) ! fir/4 ,all ^! p9ions are m\nt$ ^u axles trav]s+ bronze be>+s )9 ! drum1 :i*1 to ?is effect1 is provid$ ) slots4 ,! axles ( ! p9ions are prolong$ 9 ord] to receive roll]s1 x'1 surr\nd$ ) rubb] s z to facilitate1 ?r\gh friction1 ! motion ( all ! blades runn+ betwe5 !m4 ,! o!r drum1 ,v'1 is arrang$ 9 ! same way1 except t x is n ca/ 9 a piece ) ! c>riage1 ,d1 b is s adju/$ to x t a t5sion may be ex]t$ ^u ! blades by means ( ! screw1 d1 & its h& :eel4 ,?r\gh ?is comb9ation1 all ! blades are c>ri$ along at once 9 opposite directions & at ! same spe$4--,publication ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,roburite1 ,,! ,,new ,,explosive4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ( great int]e/ & vital importance to colli]y own]s & all ^? engag$ 9 m9+ coal has be5 c>ri$ out dur+ ! la/ t5 days 9 ! ,s\? ,york%ire coal field4 ,! new m9es regulation act provides t any explosible us$ 9 coal m9es %all ei!r be fir$ 9 a wat] c>tridge or be ( su* a nature t x _c inflame fir$amp4 ,?is inde$ is ! problem :i* has puzzl$ _m able *emi/s dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 & :i* ,dr4 ,ro?1 ( ,b]l91 claims to h solv$ ) 8 explosive roburite4 ,we rec5tly gave a detail$ acc\nt ( trials c>ri$ out at ! ,s*ool ( ,milit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,*a?am1 to te/ ! safety & /r5g? ( roburite1 z comp>$ ) gun cotton1 dynamite1 & bla/+ gelat9e4 ,! results 7 conclusive ( ! great p[] ( ! new explosive1 & s f> fully confirm$ ! reports ( ! able m9+ eng9e] & ! *emical exp]ts :o _h be5 s5t to ,g]many to make full inquiries4 ,^! g5tlem5 _h ample opportunity ( see+ roburite us$ 9 ! coal m9es ( ,we/phalia1 & x 0 ma9ly ^u _! te/imony t ! pat5ts = ! ,briti% empire 7 acquir$ by ! ,roburite ,explosive ,company4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 deem$ advisable to give practical pro( to ^? :o w\ld h to use x1 t roburite possesses all ! high qualities claim$ = x1 & h5ce sep>ate & indep5d5t trials h be5 arrang$ 9 su* repres5tative colli]ies z ! ,:>ncliffe ,silk/one1 ne> ,%effield1 ,monk ,bretton1 ne> ,b>nsley1 &1 fur!r nor?1 9 ! ,durham coal field1 at ,"l ,londond]ry's ,seaham & ,silkswor? colli]ies4 ,mr4 ,g4,b4 ,walk]1 resid5t manag] ( ! ,:>ncliffe ,colli]y ,company1 _h gone to ,g]many z an indep5d5t obs]v]--provid$ ) a lett] ( introduction f ! ,"u ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,=eign ,affairs--& _h se5 ! director ( ! gov]nm5t m9es at ,sa>bruck1 :o gave x z 8 op9ion t1 s f> z 8 exp]i5ce _h gone1 ! new explosive 0 a mo/ valuable inv5tion4 ,mr4 ,walk] 0 s impress$ ) ! great advantages ( roburite t he desir$ to introduce x into 8 own colli]y1 :]e he gladly arrang$ ) ! company to make ! fir/ coal m9+ exp]im5ts 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! 7 rec5tly c>ri$ out 9 ! ,p>kgate seam ( ! ,:>ncliffe ,silk/one colli]y1 "u ! p]sonal sup]9t5d5ce ( ! inv5tor1 ,dr4 ,ro?1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( a numb] ( colli]y manag]s & o!r practical m54 ,9 all six %ots 7 fir$1 five ( :i* 7 = ! purpose ( w9n+ coal1 :ile ! six? 0 expressly arrang$ z a bl[\t %ot4 ,! roburite--:i* resembles no?+ s mu* z a common yell[ sug>--is pack$ 9 c>tridges ( ab\t #d 94 9 l5g? & #a 94 9 diamet]1 ea* conta9+ ab\t #fe grammes 7"o-sev5? ( a p\nd7 inclos$ 9 a wat]pro( envelope4 ,by divid+ a c>tridge1 any desir$ /r5g? ( *>ge c be obta9$4 ,! fir/ %ot _h a *>ge ( #ij grammes 7"o-fif? ( a p\nd7 plac$ 9 a hole drill$ to a dep? ( ab\t #d ft4 #f 941 & #a 94 9 diamet]4 ,all ! safety lamps 7 c>efully cov]$1 s t complete d>kness 0 produc$1 b !re 0 no visible sign ( an explosion 9 ! %ape ( flame--n ev5 a sp>k--only ! dull1 heavy report & ! noise made by ! displac$ coal4 ,a l>ge quantity ( coal 0 br\ght d[n1 b x 0 consid]$ by mo/ ( ! practical m5 pres5t to be r too mu* brok54 ,! second %ot 0 fir$ ) a s+le c>tridge ( #fe grammes1 & ?is gave ! same rem>kable results z reg>ds abs5ce ( flame1 &1 9 ea* case1 !re 7 no noxi\s fumes p]ceivable1 ev5 ! mom5t aft] ! %ot 0 fir$4 ,?is r$uc$ *>ge gave excell5t results z reg>ds coal w9n+1 & "o ( ! subsequ5t %ots1 ) ! same weight ( roburite1 produc$ f #aj to #aa tons ( coal 9 almo/ a solid mass4 ,x has be5 f\nd t a f]tile cause ( accid5ts 9 coal m9es is insuffici5t tamp+1 or /emm+1 z x is call$ 9 ,york%ire4 ,!re=e a hole 0 bor$ into a /rong wall ( coal1 & a *>ge ( #de grammes ins]t$1 & v slightly tamp$1 ) ! view ( produc+ a flame if su* 7 possible4 ,?is bl[\t %ot is s t]m$ f ! fact ( its be+ easi] = ! explosion to bl[ out ! tamp+1 l ! %ot f a gun1 ?an to split or displace ! coal4 ,! result 0 mo/ successful1 z !re 0 no fla% to relieve ! utt] d>kness4 ,! second set ( exp]im5ts took place on ,octob] #bd la/1 9 ! ,monk ,bretton colli]y1 ne> ,b>nsley1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,w4 ,pepp]1 ( ,le$s1 is own]4 ,?is g5tleman det]m9$ to give ! new explosive a fair & exhau/ive trial1 & ! foll[+ programme 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! pres5ce ( a v l>ge ga!r+ ( g5tlem5 int]e/$ 9 coal m9+4 ,! *ief inspector ( m9es = ,york%ire & ,l9coln%ire1 ,mr4 ,f4,n4 ,w>dell1 0 also pres5t1 & ! ,roburite ,explosives ,company 0 repres5t$ by ,lieut4-,g5]al ,sir ,john ,/okes1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,r4,e41 *airman1 & sev]al ( ! directors4 #a4 ,surface ,exp]im5ts4--,a %ot fir$ on ! gr\nd1 expos$4 ,?is gave no p]ceptible flame 7#gj grammes ( roburite 0 ! *>ge 9 ^! exp]im5ts74 #b4 ,a %ot fir$ on ! gr\nd1 b$d$ 9 f9e coal du/4 ,no flame nor ignition ( ! coal du/ 0 p]ceptible4 #c4 ,a %ot fir$ susp5d$ 9 a case into :i* gas 0 conduct$1 & ! atmosph]ic air all[$ to ent] s z to =m an explosive mixture4 ,! gas 0 n fir$4 #d4 ,a %ot fir$ 9 a boil] flue #af ft4 by #b ft4 #h 941 plac$ horizontally1 9 :i* 0 a quantity ( f9e coal du/ kept susp5d$ 9 ! air by ! action ( a fan4 ,no flame nor ignition ( ! coal du/ took place4 #e4 ,a %ot fir$ z above1 except t an explosive mixture ( gas & air 0 fl[+ into ! boil] tube 9 addition to ! coal du/4 ,t ?is mixture 0 fir$amp 0 prov$ by ! introduction ( a safety lamp1 ! flame ( :i* 0 elongat$1 %[+ :at m9]s call ! blue cap4 ,!re 0 no explosion ( ! gas or sign ( flames4 #f4 ,a %ot ( roburite fir$ 9 ! boil] tube )\t any gas or susp5d$ coal du/4 ,! report 0 q z l\d z 9 ! prec$+ case2 inde$1 to sev]al pres5t x seem$ m di/9ct4 #g4 ,a %ot ( lb4 gunp[d] 0 fir$ "u ! same condition z ,no4 #e1 i4e41 9 an explosive mixture ( gas & air ) coal du/4 ,! result 0 mo/ /rik+1 & appe>$ to c>ry conviction ( ! great comp>ative safety ( roburite to all pres5t4 ,n only 0 !re an unmi/akable explosion ( ! fir$amp1 ) v l\d report1 & a vivid %eet ( flame1 b ! gas fl[+ into ! f> end ( ! boil] tube 0 ignit$ & rema9$ burn+ until turn$ (f4 ,9 ! ,pit4--#a4 ,a #b 94 hole 0 drill$ #d ft4 #f 94 deep into coal1 hav+ a face #g y>ds wide1 fa/ at bo? ends1 & hol$ "u = a dep? ( #h ft41 end on1 ?ickness ( front ( coal to be bl[n d[n #b ft4 #aj 941 plus #i 94 ( dirt4 ,?is repres5t$ a mo/ difficult %ot1 hav+ reg>d to ! natural l9es ( cleavage ( ! coal--a heavy job z x 0 locally t]m$4 ,! *>ge 0 #fe grammes ( roburite1 :i* br\ght d[n a l>ge quantity ( coal1 n at all too small 9 size4 ,no flame 0 p]ceptible1 al?\gh all ! lamps 7 c>efully cov]$4 #b4 ,a #b 94 hole drill$ #d ft4 #f 94 into ! side ( ! coal ab\t #aj 94 f ! top1 fa/ ends n hol$ "u1 wid? ( space #aj ft4 ,?is 0 purposely a bl[\t %ot4 ,! result 0 aga9 mo/ satisfactory1 ! *>ge explod+ 9 p]fect d>kness4 #c4 ,a break+ up %ot plac$ 9 ! /one ro( = ripp+1 ! hole be+ drill$ at an angle ( #ce deg4 or #dj deg4 ,?is is int5d$ to op5 a cavity 9 ! p]fectly smoo? ro(1 ! ripp+ be+ cont9u$ by means ( ! lip ?us =m$4 ,! *>ge 0 #aje grammes 7ne>ly #d oz71 & x br\ght d[n l>ge quantities ( /one4 #d4 ,a ripp+ %ot 9 ! /one ro(1 hole #d ft4 #f 94 deep1 wid? ( place #ae ft4 ) a lip ( #b ft4 #f 94 ,?is is a /rong /one b9d1 & v difficult to get d[n4 ,! trial 0 mo/ successful1 a l>ge heap ( /one be+ br\ght d[n & m loos5$4 #e4 ,a second bl[\t %ot1 "u ! conditions mo/ likely to produce an accid5t 9 a fi]y m9e4 ,a #b 94 hole1 #d ft4 #f 94 deep1 0 drill$ 9 ! face ( ! coal ne> ! ro(1 & *>g$ ) #aje grammes ( roburite4 ,a space ( #f 94 or #h 94 0 purposely left betwe5 ! *>ge & ! tamp+4 ,! hole 0 !n /rongly tamp$ = a di/ance ( ne>ly #b ft4 ,! report 0 v l\d1 & a trumpet-%ap$ orifice 0 =m$ at ! m\? ( ! hole1 b no flame or sp>k c\ld be p]ceiv$1 nor 0 any inconv5i5ce caus$ by ! fumes1 ev5 ! in/ant aft] ! explosion4 ,fur!r ,exp]im5ts at ,:>ncliffe ,colli]y4--,on ,tuesday1 ,octob] #be1 "s v int]e/+ surface trials 7 arrang$ ) great c>e by ,mr4 ,walk]4 ,an old boil] flue 0 plac$ v]tically1 & clos$ at top by means ( a removable wood5 cov]1 ! int]ior space be+ ab\t #gb cubic feet4 ,a tempor>y gasomet] _h be5 arrang$ at a suitable di/ance by means ( a p>aff9 cask hav+ a capacity ( #f cubic feet susp5d$ inside a l>g] cask1 & by ?is means ! boil] 0 *>g$ ) a highly explosive mixture ( gas & air 9 ! proportion ( #a to #ab4 #a4 ,a *>ge ( gunp[d] 0 plac$ 9 ! clos$ end ( a piece ( gas pipe1 & /rongly tamp$1 s z to give ! conditions mo/ unfavorable to ! ignition ( ! fir$amp4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ignit$1 & a l\d explosion produc$1 :i* blew (f ! wood5 cov] & fill$ ! boil] tube ) flame4 #b4 ,"u ! same conditions z to fir$amp1 a *>ge ( roburite 0 plac$ on a block ( wood inside ! boil]1 totally unconf9$ except by a ?9 cov]+ ( coal du/4 ,:5 explod$ by electricity1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 no flame 0 produc$1 nor 0 ! fir$amp ignit$4 #c4 ,! prec$+ exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) ! same results4 #d4 ,a *>ge ( bla/+ gelat9e1 ins]t$ 9 "o ( ,settle's wat] c>tridges1 0 susp5d$ 9 ! boil] tube & fir$ ) a fulm9ate ( m]cury detonator 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! gelat9e did n1 h[ev]1 explode1 ! only report be+ t ( ! detonator4 ,aft] a safe int]val ! unexplod$ c>tridge 0 recov]$1 or s mu* ( x z _h n be5 scatt]$ by ! detonator1 & ! gelat9e 0 f\nd to be froz54 ,?is fact 0 also evid5t f an inspection ( o!r gelat9e dynamite c>tridges :i* _h be5 /or$ 9 ! same magaz9e dur+ ! night4 ,?is result1 al?\gh n t int5d$1 0 mo/ in/ructive z reg>ds ! dang] ( us+ explosives :i* are liable to freeze at su* a mod]ate temp]ature1 & ! ?aw+ ( :i* is und\bt$ly att5d$ ) great risk unless mo/ c>efully p]=m$4 ,also1 ! small pieces ( ! gelat9e or dynamite1 :5 scatt]$ by ! explosion ( ! detonator1 might cause s]i\s accid5t if trodd5 ^u4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,reel+ ,,( ,,silk4 ,:5 automatic ma*9]y = ?read sp9n+ 0 inv5t$1 ,engli% intellig5ce & ent]prise 7 quick to utilize & develop x1 & ?us ga9$ t supremacy 9 textile manufacture :i* has rema9$ up to ! pres5t "t1 & :i* w d\btless long cont9ue4 ,! mak+ ( ! prim>y ?read is ! f\ndation ( all textile processes1 & x is on ! possibility ( do+ ?is by automatic ma*9]y t ,engl&'s great textile indu/ries dep5d4 ,! use ( highly develop$ ma*9]y = sp9n+ cotton1 wool1 & flax has gr[n to be s mu* a "p ( our conception ( mod]n life1 z contra/$ ) ! times ( our gr&fa!rs1 z (t5 to lead to ! feel+ t a complete & univ]sal *ange has occurr$ 9 all ! textile indu/ries4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! case4 ,!re is "o great textile indu/ry--"o ( ! mo/ /aple & valuable--/ill 9 ! primitive condition ( =m] times1 & employ+ processes & app>atus ess5tially ! same z ^? kn[n & employ$ be=e su* developm5t _h tak5 place4 ,we mean ! art ( silk reel+4 ,! improvem5ts made 9 ! production ( ?reads ( all o!r mat]ials h only be5 appli$ to silk 9 ! m9or processes = utiliz+ wa/e2 b ! :ole silk trade & manufacture ( ! _w has1 up to ?is "t1 be5 dep5d5t = its raw silk ?reads ^u app>atus :i*1 me*anically speak+1 is ne>ly or q z primitive z ! anci5t sp9n+ :eels4 ,?\s&s ( op]atives are con/antly employ$ 9 =m+ up ^! ?reads by h&1 add+ filam5t by filam5t to ! ?read z requir$1 :ile wat*+ ! unw9d+ f ! cocoon ( _m miles ( filam5t 9 ord] to produce a s+le p\nd ( ! raw silk ?read1 mak+ up ! ?read unaid$ by any me*anical device beyond a simple reel on :i* ! ?read is w\nd z f9i%$1 & a bas9 ( heat$ wat] 9 :i* ! cocoons are plac$4 ,view$ f any /&po9t to :i* we are accu/om$1 ?is /ate ( ?+s is s rem>kable t we are naturally l$ to ! belief t !re mu/ be "s special causes :i* t5d$ to ret>d ! introduction ( automatic ma*9]y1 & ^! are n f> to seek4 ,! sp9n+ ma*9]y employ$ = ! production ( ?reads1 o!r ?an ^? ( raw silk1 may be broadly describ$ z consi/+ ( devices capable ( tak+ a mass ( confus$ & comp>atively %ort fib]s1 lay+ !m p>allel ) "o ano!r1 & twi/+ !m into a cyl9drical ?read1 dep5d+ = its /r5g? ^u ! friction & int]lock+ ( ^! con/itu5t fib]s4 ,?is process is radically diff]5t f t employ$ to make a ?read ( raw silk1 :i* consi/s ( filam5ts1 ea* sev]al ?\s& feet long1 laid side by side1 almo/ )\t twi/1 & glu$ toge!r into a solid ?read by means ( ! gum or glue ) :i* ea* filam5t is naturally coat$4 ,if ?is radical diff]5ce be borne 9 m9d1 b v little me*anical k is requir$ to make x evid5t t ! pr9ciple ( sp9n+ ma*9]y 9 g5]al is utt]ly unsuit$ to ! mak+ up ( ! ?reads ( raw silk4 ,s9ce sp9n+ ma*9]y1 z usually con/ruct$ = o!r fib]s1 c\ld n be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( raw silk1 & z ! c\ntries :]e silk is produc$ are1 g5]ally speak+1 n ! seat ( great me*anical indu/ries1 :]e ! ne$ ( special ma*9]y w\ld be quickly recogniz$ & suppli$1 silk reel+ 7! mak+ ( raw silk7 has be5 pass$ by1 & has nev] become an indu/rial art4 ,x rema9$ "o ( ! few manual h&icrafts1 :ile yet s]v+ z ! base ( a great & /aple indu/ry ( worldwide importance4 ,!re is e reason to suppose t we are ab\t to witness a trans=mation 9 ! art ( silk reel+1 a *ange simil> to t :i* has already be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ! sp9n+ ( o!r ?reads1 & ( :i* ! consequ5ces w be ( ! highe/ importance4 ,= "s ye>s pa/ "w has be5 done 9 ,france 9 develop+ an automatic silk-reel+ ma*9e1 & incomplete notes conc]n+ x h f "t to "t be5 publi%$4 ,t ! acc\nts :i* 7 all[$ to rea* ! out] _w 7 incomplete w cause no surprise to ^? :o "k :at exp]im5tal "w is--h[ easily & (t5 an inv5tor or pione] f9ds himself hamp]$ by premature publication4 ,! process 9 "q has n[1 h[ev]1 em]g$ f ! exp]im5tal /ate1 & is practically complete4 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ! inv5tor we are 9 a position to lay be=e our read]s an exact analysis ( ! pr9ciples1 ess5tial p>ts1 & me?od ( op]ation ( ! new silk-reel+ ma*9e4 ,z silk reel+ is n widely kn[n 9 ,engl&1 x w1 h[ev]1 be well to preface our rem>ks by "s details conc]n+ ! cocoon & ! mann] 9 :i* x is at pres5t manufactur$ into raw silk1 promis+ t if ^! seem t$i\s1 ! labor ( read+ !m w be amply repaid by ! cle>] und]/&+ ( ! new me*anical process :i* w be ! result4 ,! silkworm1 :5 ready to make its cocoon1 seeks a suitable support4 ,?is is usually f\nd among ! twigs ( bru% plac$ = ! purpose ov] ! trays 9 :i* ! worms h be5 gr[n4 ,at fir/ ! worm proce$s by /ret*+ filam5ts backw>d & =w>d f "o twig to ano!r 9 su* mann] z to include a space l>ge en\gh = ! future cocoon4 ,:5 suffici5t support has ?us be5 obta9$1 ! worm incloses itself 9 a lay] ( filam5ts adh]+ to ! support & foll[+ ! %ape ( ! new cocoon1 ( :i* x =ms ! out]mo/ /ratum4 ,aft] hav+ ?us provid$ a support & outl9$ ! cocoon1 ! worm beg9s ! s]i\s "w ( con/rution4 ,! filam5t f its silk receiv] issues f two small sp9n>ets situat$ ne> its jaws4 ,ea* filam5t1 z x comes out1 is coat$ ) a lay] ( exce$+ly t5aci\s natural gum1 & !y at once unite to =m a s+le flatt5$ ?read1 ! two p>ts ly+ side by side4 ,x is ?is flat ?read1 call$ ! baye or br91 :i* s]ves z ! mat]ial = mak+ ! cocoon1 & :i*1 :5 subsequ5tly unw\nd1 is ! filam5t us$ 9 mak+ up ! raw silk4 ,:ile sp9n+1 ! worm moves its head cont9ually f "r to left1 lay+ on ! filam5t 9 a succession ( l9es some:at resembl+ ! %ape ( ! figure eight4 ,z ! worm cont9ues ! "w ( mak+ its cocoon1 ! filam5t express$ f its body 9 ! mann] describ$ is deposit$ 9 ne>ly ev5 lay]s all ov] ! int]ior ( ! wall ( ! cocoon1 :i* gradually becomes ?ick] & h>d]4 ,! filam5t issu+ f ! sp9n>ets is imm$iately atta*$ to t already 9 place by means ( ! gum :i* has be5 m5tion$4 ,:5 ! /ore ( silk 9 ! body ( ! worm is exhau/$1 ! cocoon is f9i%$1 & ! worm1 once m %$d+ its sk91 becomes dormant & beg9s to und]go its *ange into a mo?4 ,x is at ?is po9t t its labors 9 ! production ( silk t]m9ate & ^? ( man beg94 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ! cocoons are set aside = reproduction4 ,9 s\!rn c\ntries ! reproduction ( silkworms is a va/ indu/ry to :i* great att5tion is giv51 & :i* receives important & regul> aid f ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q di/9ct f ! manufactur+ indu/ry ) :i* at pres5t we h to d4 ,! cocoons to be us$ = reel+1 i4e41 all b ^? :i* are res]v$ = reproduction1 are 9 ! fir/ place /ifl$1 t is to say1 !y are put into a /eam or o!r ov5 & ! insect is kill$4 ,! cocoons are !n ready = reel+1 b ^? n to be us$ at once are all[$ to dry4 ,9 ?is process1 :i* is c>ri$ on = ab\t two mon?s1 !y lose ab\t two-?irds ( _! weight1 repres5t+ ! wat] 9 ! fre% *rysalis4 ,! /&>d & dri$ cocoons =m ! raw mat]ial ( ! reel+ mills1 or filatures1 z !y are call$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,ea* filature endeavors z f> z possible to collect1 /ifle1 & dry ! cocoons 9 its own neighborhood2 b dri$ cocoons1 nev]!less1 give rise to an important comm]ce1 hav+ its c5t] at ,m>seilles4 ,! appe>ance ( ! cocoon is probably well kn[n to mo/ ( our read]s4 ,indu/rially consid]$1 ! cocoon may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 7#a7 ,! floss1 :i* consi/s ( ! rema9s ( ! filam5ts us$ = support+ ! cocoon on ! twigs ( ! bru% among :i* x 0 built & ! outside lay] ( ! cocoon1 toge!r ) su* ends & p>ts ( ! ?read =m+ ! ma9 "p ( ! %ell z h become brok5 9 deta*+ & h&l+ ! cocoon2 7#b7 ! %ell ( ! cocoon1 :i* is =m$1 z has be5 describ$1 ( a long cont9u\s filam5t1 :i* x is ! object ( ! reel] to unw9d & to =m up into ?reads ( raw silk2 & 7#c7 ! dri$ body ( ! *rysalis4 ,we %all fir/ describe ! usual practice ( reel+1 :i* is z foll[s3 ,! cocoons are put into a bas9 ( boil+ wat]1 on ! surface ( :i* !y float4 ,!y are /irr$ ab\t s z to be z uni=mly act$ ^u z possible4 ,! hot wat] s(t5s ! gum1 & all[s ! floss to become p>tially deta*$4 ,?is process is call$ cook+ ! cocoons4 ,:5 ! cocoons are suffici5tly cook$1 !y are subject$ to a process call$ beat+1 or bru%+1 ! object ( :i* is to remove ! floss4 ,z h]et(ore c>ri$ on1 ?is bru%+ is a mo/ rudim5t>y & wa/eful op]ation4 ,x consi/s ( pass+ a bru% ( hea!r or broom twigs ov] ! float+ cocoons 9 su* mann] t ! ends ( ! bru% come 9 contact ) ! s(t5$ cocoons1 cat* ! floss1 & drag x (f4 ,9 practice x happ5s t ! bru% cat*es ! s\nd filam5ts on ! surface ( ! cocoon z well z ! floss1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! s\nd filam5t is brok51 dragg$ (f1 & wa/$4 ,9 treat+ "s k9ds ( cocoons z mu* z a ?ird ( ! silk is wa/$ 9 ?is mann]1 & ev5 9 ! be/ reel+1 z at pres5t practic$1 !re is an excessive loss f ?is cause4 ,at ! pres5t l[ price ( cocoons ?is wa/e is n z important z x 0 "s "t ago1 :5 cocoons 7 mu* de>]2 b ev5 at pres5t x am\nts to betwe5 fifte5 & tw5ty millions ( francs p] annum 9 ! silk di/ricts ( ,france & ,italy alone4 ,9 ,france ! cook+ & bru%+ are usually done by ! same wom5 :o reel1 & 9 ! same bas9s4 ,9 ,italy ! bru%+ is usually done by girls1 & (t5 ) ! aid ( me*anically rotat$ bru%es1 an app>atus :i* is ( d\btful utility1 z1 9 imitat+ ! movem5t ( h& bru%+1 ! same wa/e is occasion$4 ,aft] ! cocoons are bru%$ !y are1 9 ! ord9>y process1 clean$ by h&1 :i* is ano!r t$i\s & wa/eful op]ation p]=m$ by ! reel]1 & conc]n+ :i* we %all h m to say fur!r on4 ,:atev] may be ! prep>atory op]ations1 !y result 9 furni%+ ! reel] ) a quantity ( cocoons1 ea* hav+ its floss remov$1 & ! end ( ! filam5t ready to be unw\nd4 ,ea* reel] is provid$ ) a bas9 conta9+ wat]1 :i* may be heat$ ei!r by a furnace or by /eam1 & a reel1 ^u :i* ! silk is w\nd :5 put 9 motion by h& or by p[]4 ,9 civiliz$ c\ntries heat+ by /eam & ! use ( motive p[] is ne>ly univ]sal4 ,! reel] is ord9>ily seat$ be=e ! reel & ! bas94 ,! reel] beg9s op]ations by assembl+ ! cocoons 9 ! bas91 & atta*+ all ! ends to a peg at its side4 ,%e !n introduces ! ends ( ! filam5ts f sev]al cocoons into small dies ( agate or porcela91 :i* are held ov] ! bas9 by a support4 ,! ends s br\ght 9 contact /ick toge!r1 ow+ to ! adhesive sub/ance !y naturally conta91 & =m a ?read4 ,to wr+ out ! wat] :i* is br\ght up ) ! ends1 & fur!r consolidate ! ?read1 x is s arrang$ z to twi/ r\nd ei!r itself or ano!r simil> ?read dur+ its passage f ! bas9 to ! reel4 ,?is process is call$ croisure1 & is facilitat$ by guides or small pulleys4 ,hav+ made ! croisure1 :i* consi/s ( ab\t two hundr$ turns1 ! op]ator atta*es ! end ( a ?read to ! reel1 previ\sly pass+ x ?r\gh a guide fix$ 9 a b>1 :i* moves backw>d & =w>d1 s z to di/ribute ! ?read on ! reel1 =m+ a hank ab\t ?ree in*es wide4 ,! reel is n[ put into movem5t1 & w9ds ! ?read =m$ by ! union ( ! filam5ts4 ,x is at ?is mom5t t ! real difficulties ( ! reel] beg94 ,%e has n[ to ma9ta9 ! size & regul>ity ( ! ?read z ne>ly z possible by add+ new filam5ts at ! prop] mom5t4 ,! op]ation ( add+ an end ( a filam5t consi/s ( ?r[+ x 9 a peculi> mann] on ! o!r filam5ts already be+ reel$1 s t x /icks to !m1 & is c>ri$ up ) !m4 ,we may m5tion "h t ?is process ( silk reel+ c be se5 9 op]ation at ! ,man*e/] exhibition4 ,x is only aft] a long appr5tice%ip t a reel] succe$s 9 ?r[+ ! end prop]ly4 ,! ?read produc$ by ! sev]al filam5ts is itself s f9e t its size _c readily be judg$ by ! eye1 & ! spe$ ) :i* x is be+ w\nd r5d]s ?is ev5 m difficult4 ,b1 9 ord] to h an idea ( ! size1 ! reel] wat*es ! cocoons z !y unw9d1 c\nts !m1 &1 on ! hypo!sis t ! filam5t ( "o cocoon is ( ! same diamet] z t ( ano!r1 gets an approximate idea ( ! size ( ! ?read t %e is reel+4 ,b ?is hypo!sis is n exact1 & ! filam5t be+ l>ge/ at ! end :i* is fir/ unw\nd1 & tap]+ ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 ! result is t ! reel] has n only to keep go+ a c]ta9 numb] ( cocoons1 b also to appreciate h[ mu* has be5 unw\nd f ea*4 ,if ! cocoons are b slightly unw\nd1 !re mu/ be few] ?an if a c]ta9 quantity ( silk has be5 unw\nd f !m4 ,consequ5tly _! numb] mu/ be con/antly v>y+ 9 accordance ) _! condition4 ,^! facts %[ t ! difficulty ( ma9ta9+ regul>ity 9 a ?read is v great4 ,nev]!less1 ?is regul>ity is "o ( ! pr9cipal factors ( ! value ( a ?read ( grege1 & ?is to su* an ext5t t badly reel$ silks are sold at f tw5ty to tw5ty-five francs a kilogramme less ?an ^? :i* are satisfactorily regul>4 ,! difficulty ( ?is h& labor c be /ill bett] und]/ood if x be rememb]$ t ! reel] be+ oblig$ to wat* at e mom5t ! unw9d+ ( ea* cocoon1 9 ord] to obta9 "o p\nd ( well reel$ silk1 %e mu/ incessantly wat*1 & )\t a mom5t ( di/raction1 ! unw9d+ ( ab\t two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ miles ( silk filam5ts4 ,= n9e p\nds ( silk1 %e reels a l5g? ( filam5t suffici5t to girdle ! e>?4 ,! manufactur]1 !re=e1 _c & mu/ n dep5d only on ! con/ant att5tion t ea* reel] %\ld give to ! "w confid$ to h] c>e4 ,he is oblig$ to h ov]se]s :o con/antly wat* ! reel]s1 s t ! defects 9 ! "w ( any s+le reel]1 :o o!rwise might n give ! att5tion requir$ by h] "w1 w n greatly dim9i% ! value ei!r ( h] own "w or t ( sev]al o!r reel]s ^: silk is (t5 comb9$ to =m a s+le lot4 ,9 addition to ! ord9>y h& labor1 consid]able exp5se is ?us necessitat$ = ! wat*+ ( ! reel]s4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said1 we ?9k1 to give a good idea ( silk reel+1 z usually practic$1 & to %[ h[ mu* x is beh9d o!r textile arts f a me*anical po9t ( view4 ,to any "o at all famili> ) indu/rial "w1 or possess+ ! lea/ p[] ( analysis or calculation1 x is evid5t t a process c>ri$ on 9 s primitive a mann] is entirely unsuitable = use 9 any c\ntry 9 :i* ! conditions ( labor are su* z to dem& its mo/ advantage\s employm5t4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = in/ance1 or 9 ,engl&1 silk reel+1 z a great national indu/ry1 w\ld be out ( ! "q unless m me*anical means = do+ x c\ld be devis$4 ,! ,engli% climate is n suitable = ! rais+ ( cocoons1 & 9 consequ5ce ! matt] has n attract$ v mu* att5tion 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b ,am]ica is v diff]5tly situat$4 ,previ\s to #ahgf x _h be5 abundantly demon/rat$ t cocoons c\ld be rais$ to great advantage 9 _m p>ts ( t c\ntry4 ,! only "q 0 :e!r !y c\ld be reel$4 ,9 fact1 x 0 /at$ at ! "t t ! "q ( reel+ silk pres5t$ a /rik+ analogy to ! "q ( cotton be=e ! inv5tion ( ! g94 ,x w be rememb]$ t cotton rais+ 0 sev]al times tri$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ab&on$ because ! fib] c\ld n be pr(itably prep>$ = ! m>ket4 ,! impossibility ( compet+ ) ,india & o!r *eap labor c\ntries 9 ?is "w became at lea/ a fact fully demon/rat$1 & any hope t cotton w\ld ev] be produc$ 9 ,am]ica 0 conf9$ to ! brea/s ( a few en?usia/s4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z x 0 %[n t ! ma*9e inv5t$ by ,eli ,:itney w\ld make x possible to d ?is "w me*anically1 ! conditions 7 *ang$2 cotton rais+ become n only possible1 b ! /aple indu/ry ( a great "p ( ! c\ntry2 ! population 0 rapidly increas$1 ! value ( real e/ate multipli$1 & )9 a comp>atively %ort "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates became ! lead+ cotton c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,= _m ye>s mu* m cotton has be5 gr[n 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 all ! o!r c\ntries ( ! _w comb9$2 & x is int]e/+ to note t bo? ! imm5se agricultural weal? ( ,am]ica & ! supply requir$ = ! cotton indu/ry ( ,engl& fl[ directly f ! inv5tion ( ! cotton g94 ,att5tion 0 turn$ 9 #ahgf to silk rais+1 & x 0 f\nd t all ! conditions = produc+ cocoons ( good quality & at l[ co/ 7 mo/ favorable4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 useless to raise cocoons unless !y c\ld be utiliz$2 9 a ^w1 x 0 se5 t ! c\ntry ne$$ silk-reel+ ma*9]y 9 #ahgf1 z x _h ne$$ cotton-g9n+ ma*9]y 9 #agij4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,w4 ,s]rell1 ,jr41 an eng9e] ( ,new ,york1 und]took ! /udy ( ! matt]1 & soon became conv9c$ t ! production ( su* ma*9]y 0 feasible4 ,he devot$ 8 "t to ?is "w1 & by #ahhj _h pu%$ 8 inve/igations z f> z 0 possible 9 a c\ntry :]e silk reel+ 0 n comm]cially c>ri$ on4 ,he !n w5t to ,france1 :]e he has s9ce be5 incessantly engag$ 9 ! he>t ( ! silk-reel+ di/rict 9 p]fect+1 r$uc+ to practice1 & apply+ 8 improvem5ts & inv5tions4 ,! success obta9$ 0 su* t ,mr4 ,s]rell has be5 enabl$ to int]e/ _m ( ! pr9cipal silk produc]s ( ! ,cont95t 9 8 "w1 & a revolution 9 silk reel+ is be+ gradually br\ght ab\t1 =1 /rangely en\gh1 he f\nd t ! "w :i* he _h und]tak5 solely = ,am]ica 0 ( equal importance = all silk-produc+ c\ntries4 ,we h describ$ ! processes by :i* cocoons are ord9>ily cook$ & bru%$1 ^! be+ ! fir/ processes ( ! filature4 ,in/ead ( fir/ s(t5+ ! gum ( ! cocoons & !n attack+ ! floss ) ! po9ts ( a bru%1 ,mr4 ,s]rell places ! cocoons 9 a receptacle full ( boil+ wat]1 9 :i* by v>i\s means viol5t reciprocat+ or vortex curr5ts are produc$4 ,! result is t by ! action ( ! wat] itself & ! rubb+ ( ! cocoons "o aga9/ ! o!r ! floss is remov$1 c>ry+ ) x ! end ( ! cont9u\s filam5t )\t unduly s(t5+ ! cocoon or expos+ any ( ! m delicate filam5t to ! r\gh action ( ! bru%1 z has hi!rto be5 ! case4 ,! advantages ( ?is process w be readily und]/ood4 ,9 bru%+ aft] ! ord9>y mann]1 ! po9t ( ! bru% is almo/ sure to come into contact ) & to break "s ( ! filam5t =m+ ! body ( ! cocoon4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 & ! cocoon is s5t to be reel$1 x naturally becomes deta*$ :5 ! unw9d+ rea*es ! po9t at :i* ! break exi/s4 ,x !n has to be s5t back1 & ! end ( ! filam5t deta*$ by bru%+ ov] aga91 :5 sev]al lay]s ( filam5t are inevitably caught by ! bru% & wa/$1 & v probably "s o!r "p ( ! filam5t is cut4 ,?is acc\nts = ! enorm\s wa/e :i* occurs 9 silk reel+1 & to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,its importance w be appreciat$ :5 x is rememb]$ t e p\nd ( fib] ?us dragg$ (f by ! bru% repres5ts a net loss ( ab\t #ais4 at ! pres5t l[ prices4 ,! me*anical details by :i* ,mr4 ,s]rell c>ries out ?is process v>y some:at accord+ to ! nature ( ! diff]5t cocoons to be treat$4 ,9 "o type ( ma*9e ! wat] is caus$ to surge 9 & out ( a metal vessel ) p]=at$ sides2 9 ano!r a v]tical bru% is rapidly rais$ & l[]$1 agitat+ ! wat] 9 a bas91 )\t1 h[ev]1 actually t\*+ ! cocoons4 ,aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( /rokes ! bru% is automatically rais$1 :5 ! ends ( ! filam5ts are f\nd to adh]e to x1 hav+ be5 swept aga9/ x by ! sc\r+ action ( ! wat]4 ,! clean+ ( ! cocoons is p]=m$ by means ( a me*anism also entirely new4 ,9 ! bru%+ ma*9]y ! floss is loos5$ & p>tially deta*$ f ! cocoon4 ,! object ( ! clean+ ma*9e is to ?or\ghly complete ! op]ation4 ,to ?is end ! cocoons are float$ "u a plate1 & ! floss pass$ up ?r\gh a slot 9 ! latt]4 ,a rapid to & fro horizontal movem5t is giv5 to ! plate1 & ^? cocoons f :i* ! floss has be5 entirely remov$ easily give (f a few in*es ( _! filam5t1 & all[ !mselves to be pu%$ on "o side1 :i* is accompli%$ by ! cocoons :i* /ill h "s floss adh]+ to !m2 because ^! latt]1 n be+ free to pay (f1 are drawn up to ! slot 9 ! plate1 & by its motion are rapidly wa%$ backw>d & =w>d 9 ! wat]4 ,?is wa%+ soon causes all ! cocoons to be fre$ f ! la/ ve/iges ( floss )\t break+ ! filam5t1 & aft] ab\t tw5ty seconds ( movem5t !y are all free & clean1 ready = reel+4 ,we h n[ to expla9 ! op]ation ( ! ma*9e by :i* ! ?read is =m$ f ! prep>$ cocoon4 ,at ! risk ( "s repetition1 h[ev]1 x seems necess>y to call att5tion to ! "* ( ! "w itself4 ,9 ea* prep>$ cocoon are ab\t a ?\s& y>ds ( filam5t ready to pay (f1 b ?is filam5t is ne>ly z f9e z a cobweb & is tap]+4 ,! object is to =m a ?read by lay+ ^! filam5ts side by side 9 suffici5t numb] to obta9 ! desir$ size4 ,= ! ?reads ( raw silk us$ 9 comm]ce1 ! sizes v>y1 s t :ile "s require b an av]age ( ?ree filam5ts1 ! co>se/ sizes require tw5ty-five or ?irty4 ,x be+ necess>y keep ! ?read at z ne> ! same size z possible1 ! "w requir$ is1 9 effect1 to add an additional cocoon filam5t to ! ?read :i* is be+ w\nd :5ev] ?is latt] has tap]$ d[n to a giv5 size1 or :5ev] "o ( ! filam5ts go+ to =m x has become deta*$4 ,^? famili> ) cotton sp9n+ w und]/& :at is meant :5 x is said t ! reel+ is effectively a d\bl+ op]ation1 b p]=m$ ) a v>iable numb] ( ends1 s z to comp5sate = ! tap] ( ! filam5ts4 ,9 reel+ by h&1 z has be5 said1 ! size ( ! silk is judg$1 z ne>ly z possible1 by a complex m5tal op]ation1 tak+ into acc\nt ! numb]1 size1 & /ate ( unw9d+ ( ! cocoons4 ,x is impossible to d ?is me*anically1 if = no o!r reason ?an ?is1 t ! cocoons mu/ be left free to float & roll ab\t 9 ! wat] 9 ord] to give (f _! ends )\t break+1 & any me*anical device :i* t\*$ !m w\ld defeat ! object ( ! ma*9e4 ,! only way 9 :i* ! ?read c be me*anically regulat$ 9 silk reel+ is by "s k9d ( actual measurem5t p]=m$ aft] ! ?read has left ! cocoons4 ,! conditions are su* t no direct measurem5t ( size c be made1 ev5 ) v delicate & exp5sive app>atus2 b ,mr4 ,s]rell discov]$ t1 ow+ to ! great t5acity ( ! ?read 9 proportion to its size1 its almo/ absolute ela/ic uni=mity1 & f ! fact t x c\ld be /ret*$1 two or ?ree p] c5t4 )\t injury1 x 0 possible to measure its size indirectly1 b z accurately z c\ld be desir$4 ,z ?is fact is ! />t+ po9t ( an entirely new & important class ( ma*9]y1 we may expla9 ) consid]able detail ! me?od 9 :i* ?is measurem5t is p]=m$4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t ! ?read is ( uni=m quality1 x is evid5t t x w require m =ce to /ret* a co>se ?read by a giv5 p]c5tage ( its l5g? ?an x w to /ret* "o t is f9]4 ,suppos+ ! ?read is uni=m 9 quality b v>y+ 9 size1 ! =ce requir$ to /ret* x v>ies directly ) ! size or sectional area ( ! ?read itself4 ,9 ! automatic reel+ ma*9e ?is /ret* is obta9$ by caus+ ! ?read to take a turn r\nd a pulley ( a giv5 w9d+ spe$1 & !n1 aft] leav+ ?is pulley1 to take a turn ar\nd a second pulley hav+ a some:at great] w9d+ spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,,! ,,me*anical ,,reel+ ,,( ,,silk4 ,by ?is means ! ?read :i* is pass+ f "o pulley to ! o!r is /ret*$ by an am\nt equal to ! diff]5ce ( ! w9d+ spe$ ( ! two pulleys4 ,9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #b7 ! ?read passes1 z %[n by ! arr[s1 ov] ! pulley1 ,p1 & !n ov] ! pulley1 ,p1 ! latt] hav+ a slightly great] w9d+ spe$4 ,betwe5 ^! pulleys x passes ov] ! guide pulley1 ,g4 ,?is latt] is support$ by a lev] h+$ at ,s1 & movable betwe5 ! /ops1 ,,tt4 ,w is an adju/able c\nt]weight4 ,:5 ! ?read is pass$ ov] ! pulleys & guid$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! /ret* to :i* x is subject$ t5ds to raise ! guide & lev]1 s t ! latt] w be drawn up aga9/ ! /op1 ,t1 :5 ! ?read is s co>se t ! ef=t requir$ to /ret* x is suffici5t to ov]come ! weight ( ! guide pulley & ! adju/able c\nt]weight4 ,b z ! ?read becomes f9]1 :i*1 9 ! case ( reel+ silk1 happ5s ei!r f ! tap]+ ( ! filam5ts or ! dropp+ (f ( a cocoon1 a mom5t arrives :5 x is no long] /rong en\gh to keep up ! lev] & c\nt]weight4 ,^! !n desc5d1 & ! lev] t\*es ! l[] /op1 ,t4 ,x w be readily se5 t ! up & d[n movem5ts ( ! lev] c be made to take place :5 ! ?read has rea*$ any desir$ maximum or m9imum ( size1 ! limits be+ fix$ by suitably adju/+ ! c\nt]weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,9 ! automatic reel+ ma*9e ?is is ! me?od employ$ = regulat+ ! supply ( cocoons4 ,! c\nt]weight be+ suitably adju/$1 ! lev] falls :5 ! ?read has become f9e en\gh to ne$ ano!r cocoon4 ,! /op1 ,t1 & ! lev] s]ve z two p>ts ( an electric contact1 s t :5 !y t\* ea* o!r a circuit is complet$1 :i* trips a trigg] & sets 9 motion ! fe$ app>atus by :i* a new cocoon is add$4 ,9 practice ! two drums or pulleys are m\nt$ on ! same %aft1 ,d 7,fig4 #a71 diff]5ce ( w9d+ spe$ be+ obta9$ by mak+ !m ( slightly diff]5t diamet]s4 ,! lev] is m\nt$ z a horizontal p5dulum1 & ! less or great] /ress requir$ accord+ to ! size to be reel$ is obta9$ by incl9+ its axis to a less or great] degree f ! v]tical4 ,an arrangem5t is also adopt$ by :i* ! /ra9s exi/+ 9 ! ?read :5 x arrives at ! fir/ drum are neutraliz$1 s f> z _! effect ^u ! lev] is conc]n$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by simply plac+ ^u ! lev] an extra guide pulley1 ,l1 ^u ! side opposite to t :i* corresponds to ! guide %[n 9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #b4 ,an electric contact is clos$ by a slight movem5t ( ! lev] :5ev] ! ?read requires a new filam5t ( cocoon1 & brok5 aga9 :5 ! ?read has be5 prop]ly /r5g!n$4 ,x is evid5t t a delicate fall] movem5t might be employ$ to set ! fe$ me*anism 9 motion in/ead ( ! electric circuit1 b1 "u ! circum/ances1 z ! motion is v slight & )\t =ce1 be+1 9 fact1 comp>able to ! sw++ ( ! beam ( a balance ?r\gh ! space ( ab\t ! sixte5? ( an in*1 x is simpl] to use a contact4 ,! actual "w ( supply+ ! cocoons to ! runn+ ?read is p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,! clean$ cocoons are put into :at is call$ ! fe$+ bas91 ,b#a 7,fig4 #a71 a receptacle plac$ alongside ( ! ord9>y reel+ bas91 ,b1 ( a filature4 ,a circul> elevator1 ,e1 into :i* ! cocoons are *>g$ by a slight curr5t ( wat]1 lifts !m ov] "o corn] ( ! reel+ bas9 & drops !m "o by "o ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 a plate ab\t six in*es above ! wat] ( ! reel+ bas94 ,! end ( ! filam5t hav+ be5 atta*$ to a peg above ! elevator1 x happ5s t :5 a cocoon has be5 br\ght into ! corn] ( ! reel+ bas91 ! filam5t is /rung f x to ! edge ( ! hole 9 ! plate 9 su* a position z to be readily seiz$ by a me*anical f+]1 ,k 7,fig4 #c71 atta*$ to a truck arrang$ to run backw>d & =w>d along "o side ( ! bas94 ,?is f+] is m\nt$ on an axis1 & has a tang project+ at "r angles to ! side ( ! bas91 s t ! :ole is 9 ! =m ( a bell crank m\nt$ on ! truck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,!re are usually f\r ?reads to ea* bas94 ,:5 nei!r "o ( !m ne$s an additional cocoon1 ! f+] ( ! di/ribut+ app>atus rema9s1 hold+ ! filam5t ( ! cocoon at ! corn] ( ! bas9 :]e x has be5 dropp$4 ,:5 a circuit is clos$ by ! weak5+ ( any "o ( ! ?reads1 an electromagnetic cat* is releas$1 & ! truck ) its f+] is drawn across ! bas9 by a weight4 ,at ! same "t ! /op %[n dott$ 9 ,fig4 #c is ?r[n out opposite to ! ?read t ne$s /r5g!n+4 ,?is /op /rikes ! tang ( ! f+]1 & causes ! latt] to be ?r[n out ne> to ! po9t at :i* ! filam5ts go+ to make up ! weak5$ ?read are be+ drawn f ! cocoons4 ,"h ! new filam5t is atta*$ to ! new runn+ ?read by a k9d ( revolv+ f+]1 ,j1 call$ 9 ,france a lance-b\t4 ,?is contrivance takes ! place ( ! agate ( ! ord9>y filature1 & is made up1 ess5tially1 ( ! foll[+ p>ts3 7#a7 ,a holl[ axis1 ?r\gh ! inside ( :i* ! ?read passes in/ead ( go+ ?r\gh ! hole ( an agate4 ,?is holl[ axis is furni%$1 ne> its l[] end1 ) a ridge :i* s]ves to support a movable portion turn+ con/antly r\nd ! axis4 7#b7 ,a movable portion turn+ con/antly r\nd ! axis4 7#c7 ,a f+] or hook fa/5$ on ! side ( ! movable portion & revolv+ ) x4 ,?is hook1 9 revolv+1 cat*es ! filam5t br\ght up by ! f+] & s]ves x on to ! ?read4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! automatic reel+ ma*9e4 ,al?\gh ! fact t ?is ma*9e is entirely a new inv5tion has necessitat$ a some:at long explanation1 its pr9cipal organs c nev]!less be summ$ up 9 a few words3 7#a7 ,a controll+ drum :i* s]ves to give ! ?read a con/ant elongation2 7#b7 a pulley m\nt$ on a pivot :i* closes an electric curr5t e "t t ! ?read becomes too f9e1 & atta9s1 9 consequ5ce1 its m9imum /r5g?1 9 o!r words1 e "t t a fre% cocoon is ne$$2 7#c7 electromagnets ) ! necess>y conduct+ wires2 7#d7 ! fe$+ bas92 7#e7 di/ribut+ f+] & /ops2 & 7#f7 ! lance-b\t4 ,our illu/ration1 ,fig4 #a1 %[s diagrammatically a section ?r\gh ! cocoon frame & reel4 ,! ?read is compos$ ( ?ree1 f\r1 or m filam5ts1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! lance-b\t1 x travels z %[n by ! arr[s4 ,at fir/ x is w\nd r\nd itself ab\t two hundr$ times1 !n pass$ ov] a fix$ guide pulley1 & ov] a second guide pulley l[] d[n fix$ to ! frames :i* c>ry ! lance-b\ts1 !n up ?r\gh ! twi/ & ov] ! small] ( ! pulleys1 ,d4 ,tak+ "o complete turn1 x is l$ r\nd ! guide pulley1 ,l1 f !re r\nd ! l>g] ( ! pulleys1 ,d1 r\nd ! second guide pulley1 ,l1 !n back to ! l>ge :eel1 & ov] a fix$ guide pulley across to ! reel+ frame4 ,p[] is suppli$ to ! latt] by means ( a friction clut*1 & to insure ev5 w9d+ ! usual reciprocat+ motion ( a guide is employ$4 ,! measur+ app>atus is pivot$ at ,f1 & by rais+ or l[]+ ! nuts at ! end ( ! b> ! requir$ incl9ation is giv54 ,we _h rec5tly an opportunity ( exam9+ ! :ole ( ?is ma*9]y 9 detail1 & see+ ! process ( silk reel+ 9 actual op]ation1 ,mr4 ,s]rell hav+ put up a complete set ( 8 ma*9es 9 ,que5 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,london4 ,reg>d$ simply z a piece ( +5i\s me*anism1 ! p]=mance ( ^! ma*9es _c fail to be ( ! highe/ int]e/ to eng9e]s1 ! reel+ ma*9e prop] seem+ almo/ end[$ ) human intellig5ce1 s p]fectly does x "w4 ,b1 ap>t f ! te*nical p]fection1 ,mr4 ,s]rell's improvem5ts are ( great importance z calculat$ to introduce ! silk-reel+ indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry on a l>ge scale1 :ile at ! same "t its effect ^u ,india z a silk-gr[+ c\ntry w be ( equal importance4--,indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,us$ ,,= ,,mak+ ,,alcohol ,,= ,,hospital ,,use ,,dur+ ,,! ,,civil ,,w> ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,/ates4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read at ! ,c9c9nati meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical ,association4 ,by ,,*>les ,k4 ,,gallagh]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,n4,c4 ,a is an ord9>y f>m boil] or kettle1 ) an iron lid securely bolt$ on2 ,b1 a /eam pipe end+ 9 a coil )9 a tr\gh1 ,d4 ,c1 ,d1 two tr\ghs made ( gum logs1 "o inv]t$ ov] ! o!r1 securely lut$ & fa/5$ toge!r by clamps & w$ges4 ,! be] to be di/ill$ 0 introduc$ at ,e & ! op5+ clos$ ) a plug4 ,! di/illate--l[ w9e--0 collect$ at ,f1 & r$i/ill$ f a set ( simil> tr\ghs n %[n 9 above figure1 & heat$ by a cont9uation ( ! /eam coil f ,d4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,conf$]ate ,,app>atus ,,= ,,manufactur+ ,,saltpet] ,,= ,,ammunition4 ,by ,,*>les ,k4 ,,gallagh]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,n4,c4 ,any conv5i5t numb] ( p]colators1 made ( r\gh bo>ds1 arrang$ ov] a tr\gh aft] ! /yle ( ! old fa%ion$ lye /&1 simil> to ! figure4 ,into ^! 0 plac$ ! e>? scrap$ f ar\nd old tobacco b>ns1 f "u kit*5s & smokeh\ses4 ,!n wat] or wat] & ur9e 0 p\r$ ^u x until ! mass 0 ?or\ghly lea*$ or exhau/$4 ,! p]colate 0 collect$ 9 a receptacle & evaporat$1 ! salt r$issolv$1 filt]$1 aga9 evaporat$1 & cry/alliz$ f ! "m wat]4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,telemet] ,,sy/em4 ,by ,f4,r4 ,,upton4 ,9 ?is pap]1 read be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 ! au?or expla9$ t ! ,telemet] ,sy/em1 inv5t$ by ,c4,l4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,new ,york1 is a me?od by :i* ! sl[ movem5t ( a revolv+ h& ( any indicat+ in/rum5t may be reproduc$ by ! movem5t ( a simil> h& at a di/ant place1 us+ electricity to convey ! impulse4 ,! prim>y h& moves until x makes electrical contact1 ?us s5d+ an impulse4 ,x is "h t all previ\s me?ods h fail$4 ,?is contact %\ld be absolute & positive1 = if x is n1 ! receiv] w n "w 9 unison4 ,! contact c\ld (t5 be d\bl$ by ! j>r+ ( ! in/rum5t1 ?us mak+ ! receiv] jump twice4 ,cl>ke has ov]come ?is defect by s arrang+ 8 me*anism t ! fa9te/ contact 9 ! prim>y in/rum5t closes two plat9um po9ts 9 multiple arc ) x1 ?us mak+ a firm & positive contact1 :i* is n di/urb$ by any j> on ! prim>y contact4 ,?is gives ! in/rum5ts a positive />t = ! s]ies ( op]ations1 in/ead ( ! fa9t contact :i* w\ld be giv51 = example1 by ! light & sl[ly mov+ h& ( a metallic !rmomet]4 ,! o!r tr\ble ) previ\s me?ods 0 t ! contact po9ts w\ld corrode1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( su* corrosion1 ! in/rum5t w\ld fail to s5d impulses4 ,corrosion ( ! contacts is due to break+ ! circuit sl[ly on a small surface4 ,?is is entirely rem$i$ by break+ ! circuit else:]e ?an at ! prim>y contact1 us+ a quick motion1 & also by giv+ ?is break+ contact l>ge surface & mak+ x firm4 ,! in/rum5t1 z appli$ to a !rmomet]1 is made z foll[s3 ,f ! free end ( ! light spiral ( a metallic !rmomet] fix$ at ! o!r end1 an arm1 ,c1 is atta*$1 ! end ( :i* moves ov] an arc ( a circle :5 ! temp]ature v>ies4 ,?is end c>ries on ei!r side ( its extremity plat9um contacts :i*1 :5 ! !rmomet] is at re/1 lie betwe5 two o!r plat9um po9ts1 ,a ,b1 c>ri$ on radial arms4 ,any v>iation 9 temp]ature br+s a po9t on ! !rmomet] arm 9 contact ) "o ( ^! po9ts1 & ?us gives ! initial />t to ! s]ies ( op]ations )\t oppos+ any friction to ! free motion ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! fir/ result is ! clos+ ( a %ort circuit r\nd ! initial po9t ( contact1 s t no curr5t fl[s ?r\gh x4 ,!n ! magnets :i* op]ate "o set ( pawls come into play4 ,! two contact po9ts are atta*$ to a too!d :eel 9 :i* ! pawls play1 & ^! pawls are s arrang$ t !y drive ! :eel :5ev] mov$ by _! magnets2 ?us ! prim>y contact is brok54 ,illu/ration ,9 ! receiv] !re is a simil> too!d :eel c>ry+ ! h& ( ! indicat+ in/rum5t1 & actuat$ at ! same mom5t z ! transmitt]4 ,! prim>y contacts are s arrang$ t ! contact is made = ea* degree ( temp]ature to be indicat$4 ,?is s]ies ( op]ations leaves ! in/rum5ts clos$ & ! pawls home 9 ! too!d :eel4 ,to break ! circuit ano!r wire & sep>ate set ( contacts are employ$4 ,^! are arrang$ on ! arms c>ry+ ! pawls1 & s adju/$ t no contact is made until aft] ! too!d :eel has mov$ a degree1 :5 a circuit is clos$ & a magnet attracts an armature atta*$ to a p5dulum4 ,?is p5dulum1 aft] />t+1 breaks ! circuit ( ! magnets :i* hold ! pawls d[n1 z well z ( ! %ort-circuit+ device4 ,z ! p5dulum takes an appreciable "t to vibrate1 ?is all[s all ! magnets to drop back1 & breaks all circuits1 leav+ ! prim>y contacts 9 ! same relation z at fir/4 ,! _m details ( ! in/rum5ts are c>efully work$ out4 ,all ! contacts are ( a rubb+ nature1 ?us avoid+ dang] f dirt1 & !y are made ) spr+s1 s z n to be affect$ by j>4 ,! receiv+ in/rum5ts c be made record]s also by simple devices4 ,?us1 hav+ only a mo/ delicate pressure 9 ! prim>y in/rum5t1 a di/9ct ink record may be made 9 ! receiv]1 ev5 ?\gh ! pap] be r\gh & s(t4 ,! me?od is applicable to /eam gauges1 wat] indicators1 clocks1 b>omet]s1 etc41 9 fact1 to any measur+ in/rum5t :]e a mov+ h& c be employ$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,mon/] ,,revolv+ ,,black ,,a% ,,furnace ,,& ,,! ,,"w ,,done ,,) ,,x4 ,by ,,watson ,,smi?1 ,lectur] 9 ,*emical ,te*nology 9 ! ,victoria ,univ]sity1 etc4 ,! ,widnes ,alkali ,company1 limit$1 to :i* ,i am indebt$ = p]mission to describe ?is late/ addition to a family ( revolv+ black a% furnaces1 ( late n only increas+ 9 numb]1 b also individual size1 has k9dly all[$ my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,bak]1 to photograph ! great revolv] 9 "q1 & ,i h pleasure n[ 9 ?r[+ on ! scre5 a picture ( x1 & also "o ( a revolv] ( ord9>y size1 s z to r5d] a comp>ison possible4 ,! revolv] ( ord9>y size measures at mo/ #ah ft4 long1 ) a diamet] ( #ab ft4 ,! boil+ d[n pans connect$ ) su* a furnace measure #fj ft4 9 l5g?4 ,ea* *>ge conta9s f\r tons ( salt cake1 & "s ( ^! revolv]s get ?r\gh #ah tons ( salt cake p] day & consume #ac cwt4 ( coal p] ton ( cake decompos$4 ,) reg>d to ! l>g] revolv]1 x may be j said t ! ,widnes ,alkali ,company has n at once sprung to ! adoption ( a furnace ( ! imm5se size to be pres5tly giv51 b 9 #ahhd x erect$ a revolv] only ab\t #c ft4 to #d ft4 %ort ( ! l5g? ( t "o1 & hav+ two dis*>g+ holes4 ,! giant revolv+ furnace to be describ$ measures 9 l5g? #cj ft4 & has a diamet] ( #ab ft4 #f 94 ,inside l5g? is #bh ft4 #f 941 ) a diamet] ( #aa ft4 #d 94 ,x is l9$ ) #af1jjj fire bricks & #abj fire-clay blocks or break]s1 weigh+ ea* #a cwt4 ,! bricks weigh p] #a1jjj ab\t f\r tons4 ,! weight ( salt cake p] *>ge 7i4e41 conta9$ 9 ea* *>ge ( salt cake1 lime/one1 mud1 & slack7 is #h tons #ab cwt4 ,= #ajj tons ( salt cake *>g$1 !re are also *>g$ ab\t #aaj tons ( lime mud & lime/one & #ee tons ( mix+ slack4 ,9 a week ( sev5 days ab\t #dh *>ges are work$ ?r\gh1 weigh+ ( raw mat]ials ab\t #be tons p] *>ge4 ,! total am\nt ( salt cake decompos$ weekly is ab\t #djj tons1 & may be reckon$ z yield+ #bdj tons ( #fj p] c5t4 cau/ic soda4 ,z reg>ds fuel us$ = fir+1 ?is may be put d[n z #bjj tons p] week1 or ab\t #aj cwt4 p] ton ( salt cake decompos$4 ,also ) reg>d to ! conc5tration ( liquor f #bj ,tw4 to #ej ,tw41 !re is suffici5t ( su* conc5trat$ liquor evaporat$ d[n to keep ?ree self-fir$ cau/ic pots work+1 :i* are boil$ at a /r5g? ( #hj ,tw4 ,7 x n = ?is liquor1 no less ?an sev5 self-fir$ pots w\ld be requir$ to d ?is "w1 %[+ a diff]5ce ( #hj tons ( fuel4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,new ,,mon/] ,,revolv+ ,,black ,,a% ,,furnace4 7#b ,figures47 ,! "q may be ask$1 ,:y increase ! size ( ^! huge pieces ( app>atus8 ,! answ]1 ,i appreh5d1 is t ow+ to competition & r$uction ( prices1 great] ef=ts are necess>y to r$uce co/s4 ,) automatic app>atus l ! black a% revolv]1 we may consid] no v s5sible addition ( man p[] w\ld be ne$$1 9 pass+ f ! smalle/ siz$ to ! l>ge/ siz$ revolv]4 ,!n1 aga91 we may1 reckon+ a c]ta9 con/ant am\nt ( heat lo/ p] ea* revolv] furnace ( ! small size1 consid] t if we d\bl$ ! size ( su* revolv]1 we %\ld lose by no means d\ble ! am\nt ( heat lo/ ) ! small app>atus2 b only ! same z t lo/ 9 ! small furnace plus a c]ta9 fraction ( t quantity1 :i* w be small] ! bett] & m effici5t ! arrangem5ts are4 ,!n1 aga91 !re is an economy 9 iron plate = su* a l>ge revolv]2 !re is economy 9 exp5se on ! eng9e p[] & on fuel consum$1 z well z 9 we> & te>4 ,j to m5tion fuel alone1 we saw t ) an ord9>y l>ge siz$ revolv]1 ! coal consumption 0 #ac cwt4 p] ton ( salt cake decompos$ 9 ! black a% process2 b ) ! giant revolv] we h be5 describ+1 t consumption is r$uc$ to #aj cwt4 p] ton ( cake decompos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,new ,,mon/] ,,revolv+ ,,black ,,a% ,,furnace4 7#b ,figures47 ,! "q w be probably ask$1 ,h[ is x possible to get a flame f "o furnace to c>ry ?r\gh su* a long revolv] & d its "w 9 fus+ ! black a% mixture effectively f "o end to ! o!r8 ,! furnace employ$ view$ 9 front looks v l an ord9>y revolv] fireplace1 b at ! side !re(1 9 l9e ) ! front ( ! revolv]1 at :i* ! dis*>ge ( ! crude soda takes place1 !re are obs]v$ to be ?ree *>g+ holes1 r ?an doors1 ?r\gh :i* fuel is *>g$ f a plat=m directly into ! furnace ?r\gh ^? holes4 ,! furnace is ( c\rse a l>g] "o ?an furnaces adju/$ to revolv]s ( ! usual size4 ,b ! effect ( "o *>g+ door 9 front & ?ree at ! side1 :i* aft] *>g+ are bank$ up ) coal1 ) ! exception ( a small ap]ture above = admission ( air1 is v simil> to t sometimes adopt$ 9 ! laboratory = increas+ heat+ effect by jo9+ sev]al ,buns5 lamps toge!r to produce "o l>ge1 p[]ful flame4 ,9 ?is case1 ! f\r *>g+ holes repres5t1 z x 71 ! air ap]tures ( ! sev]al ,buns5 lamps4 ,( c\rse ! "o fir+ door at front w\ld be totally inadequate to supply & fe$ a fire capable ( yield+ a flame t w\ld be adequate = ! work+ ( s huge a revolv]4 ,z an ef=t ( *emical eng9e]+1 x is a v int]e/+ example ( :at skill & ent]prise 9 t direction alone w d 9 r$uc+ co/s1 )\t 9 ! lea/ modify+ ! *emical reactions tak+ place4--,j\rnal ,soc4 ,*em4 ,indu/ry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,portl& ,,cem5t4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,briti% ,association4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,ransoms1 ,a4,i4,c4,e4 ,s mu* has be5 said & writt5 on & 9 relation to ,portl& cem5t t fur!r communications ^u ! subject may appe> to _m ( ! pres5t company to be sup]flu\s4 ,b is ?is really s8 ,! au?or ?9ks n1 & he hopes by ! foll[+ communication1 to place be=e ?is meet+ & ! community at l>ge "s facts :i* h up to ! pres5t "t1 or until )9 a v rec5t date1 be5 practically disreg>d$ or ov]look$ 9 ! production ( ?is v important & valuable mat]ial1 s ess5tial 9 c>ry+ out ! great & important works ( ! pres5t day1 :e!r ( docks & h>bors1 our coa/ def5ses1 or our m num]\s op]ations on l&1 includ+ ! con/ruction ( our railways1 tunnels1 & bridges1 aqu$ucts1 viaducts1 f\ndations1 etc4 ,! au?or does n propose to occupy ! "t ( ?is meet+ by ref]r+ to ! orig9 or ! circum/ances att5dant ^u ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is mat]ial1 ! manufacture ( :i* has n[ assum$ su* gigantic proportions--^! matt]s h already be5 fully dealt ) by o!r m compet5t au?orities2 b r to direct ! att5tion ( ^? int]e/$ !re9 to c]ta9 modifications1 :i* he consid]s improvem5ts1 by means ( :i* a l>ge proportion ( capital unnecess>ily involv$ 9 its manufacture may be set free 9 ! future1 ! me?od ( manufacture simplifi$1 ! co/ ( manipulation r$uc$1 & /rong] & m uni=mly reliable cem5t be plac$ )9 ! rea* ( ^? ^u :om devolves ! duty & responsibility ( con/ruct+ works ( a sub/antial & p]man5t "*2 b 9 ord] to d ?is x w be necess>y to allude to c]ta9 palpable errors & defects :i*1 9 ! au?or's op9ion1 are p]petuat$1 & are 9 g5]al practice at ! pres5t day4 ,portl& cem5t is1 z is well kn[n1 compos$ ( a mixture ( *alk1 or o!r c>bonate ( lime1 & clay--su* z is obta9$ on ! banks ( ! ,?ames or ! ,m$way--intimately mix$ & !n subject$ to heat 9 a kiln1 produc+ incipi5t fusion1 & !reby =m+ a *emical comb9ation ( lime ) silica & alum9a1 or practically ( lime ) dehydrat$ clay4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is1 ! usual me?od is to place ! me*anically mix$ *alk & clay 7te*nically call$ slurry71 9 lumps v>y+ 9 size1 say1 f #d to #aj lb41 9 kilns ) alt]nate lay]s ( coke1 & raise ! mass to a gl[+ heat suffici5t to effect ! requir$ comb9ation1 9 ! =m ( v h>d cl9k]4 ,^! kilns diff] 9 capacity1 b p]haps a fair av]age size w\ld be capable ( produc+ ab\t #cj tons ( cl9k]1 requir+ = ! op]ation1 say1 f #fj to #gj tons ( dri$ slurry1 ) f #ab to #ae tons ( coke or o!r fuel4 ,! kiln1 aft] be+ ?us load$1 is light$ by means ( wood & %av+s at ! base1 &1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! lumps ( slurry at ! l[] "p ( ! kiln are burn$ fir/1 b ! moi/ure & sulphur\s gases lib]at$ by ! heat are cond5s$ by ! cool] lay]s above1 & rema9 until ! heat f combu/ion1 gradually asc5d+1 raises ! temp]ature to a suffici5t degree to drive !m fur!r upw>d1 until at l5g? !y escape at ! top ( ! kiln4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 load+1 burn+1 & draw+ a kiln ( #cj tons ( cl9k] av]ages ab\t sev5 days4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t ! outside ( ! cl9k] s produc$ mu/ h be5 subject$ to a mu* great] am\nt ( heat !n 0 necess>y1 be=e ! c5t] ( su* cl9k] c\ld h receiv$ suffici5t to h produc$ ! incipi5t fusion necess>y to effect ! *emical comb9ation ( its +r$i5ts2 & ! result is n only a consid]able wa/e ( heat1 b1 z always occurs1 ! cl9k] is n uni=mly burnt1 a portion ( ! out] "p has to be disc>d$ z ov]burnt & useless1 :ile ! inn] "p is n suffici5tly burnt1 & has to be reburn$ aft]w>d4 ,moreov]1 ! cl9k]1 :i* is ( excessively h>d "*1 has to be r$uc$ by means ( a cru%] to p>ticles suffici5tly small to be admitt$ by ! mill/ones1 :]e x is gr\nd into a f9e p[d]1 & becomes ! ,portl& cem5t ( comm]ce4 ,?is process ( manufacture is almo/ id5tical 9 pr9ciple & 9 practice ) t describ$ & pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,joseph ,aspd5 9 ! ye> #ahbd2 & ?\gh v>i\s me?ods h be5 pat5t$ = utiliz+ ! wa/e heat ( ! kilns 9 dry+ ! slurry previ\s to calc9ation1 /ill ! ma9 feature ( burn+ ! mat]ial 9 mass 9 l>ge & exp5sive kilns rema9$ ! same1 & is cont9u$ 9 practice to ! pres5t day4 ,! att5tion ( ! au?or 0 direct$ to ?is subject "s "t s9ce 9 consequ5ce ( ! failure ( a /ructure 9 :i* ,portl& cem5t =m$ an ess5tial elem5t1 & he _h n proce$$ f> 9 8 inve/igation ( ! cause ( ! failure :5 he 0 /ruck ) :at appe>$ to him to be ! unsci5tific me?od adopt$ 9 its manufacture1 & ! unc]ta9 results t mu/ necess>ily accrue !refrom4 ,admitt+1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! mat]ials employ$ 7 consid]$ ! be/ & mo/ economical = ! purpose readily accessible1 viz41 *alk & an alluvial deposit f\nd 9 abundance on ! banks ( ! ,?ames & ! ,m$way1 & be+ intimately mix$ toge!r 9 suitable proportions1 0 x necess>y1 9 ord] to effect ! *emical comb9ation ( ! +r$i5ts at an int5se heat1 to employ su* massive & exp5sive /ructures ( masonry1 occupy+ su* an enorm\s space ( valuable gr\nd1 ) tall *imney /acks = ! purpose ( dis*>g+ ! objectionable gases1 etc41 at su* a height1 9 ord] to r$uce ! nuisance to ! surr\nd+ neighborhood8 ,aga91 0 x possible to effect ! p]fect calc9ation ( ! int]ior ( ! lumps allud$ to )\t be/[+ ^u ! out] portions a great] heat ?an 0 necess>y = ! purpose1 caus+ a wa/eful exp5diture ( bo? "t & fuel8 ,& fur!r1 z cem5t is requir$ to be us$ 9 ! /ate ( p[d]1 c\ld n ! mixture ( ! raw mat]ials be calc9$ 9 p[d]1 !reby avoid+ ! production ( su* a h>d cl9k]1 :i* has aft]w>d to be brok5 up & r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] by gr9d+ 9 an ord9>y mill8 ,! =ego+ are "s ( ! defects :i* ! au?or appli$ himself to remove1 & he n[ desires to draw att5tion to ! way 9 :i* ! object has be5 atta9$ by ! sub/itution ( a revolv+ furnace = ! massive cem5t kilns n[ 9 g5]al use1 & by ! application ( gase\s products to effect calc9ation1 9 ! place ( coke or o!r solid fuel4 ,! revolv+ furnace consi/s ( a cyl9drical cas+ ( /eel or boil] plate support$ ^u /eel roll]s 7& rotat$ by means ( a worm & :eel1 driv5 by a pulley ^u ! %aft c>ry+ ! worm71 l9$ ) good refractory fire brick1 s arrang$ t c]ta9 c\rses are set s z to =m ?ree or m radial project+ f9s or l$ges4 ,! cyl9drical cas+ is provid$ ) two circul> rails or pa?ways1 turn$ p]fectly true1 to revolve ^u ! /eel roll]s1 m\nt$ on suitable brickwork1 ) reg5]ative flues1 by pass+ ?r\gh :i* ! gas & air sev]ally become heat$1 be=e !y meet 9 ! combu/ion *amb]1 at ! m\? ( ! revolv+ furnace4 ,! gas may be suppli$ f slack coal or o!r hydroc>bon burnt 9 any suitable gas produc] 7su*1 = in/ance1 z ^? = :i* pat5ts h be5 obta9$ by ,messrs4 ,brook ,wilson1 ( ,middlesbr\gh1 or by ,mr4 ,?waite1 ( ,liv]pool71 :i* produc] may be plac$ 9 any conv5i5t situation4 ,! cem5t mixture or slurry1 in/ead ( be+ burnt 9 lumps1 is pass$ betwe5 roll]s or any suitable mill1 :51 x readily falls into co>se dry p[d]1 :i* p[d] is !nce convey$ by an elevator & f$ into ! revolv+ furnace by means ( a hopp] & pipe1 :i*1 be+ set at an angle ) ! horizon1 z x turns gradually conveys ! cem5t mat]ial 9 a tortu\s pa? t[>d ! l[] & hott] end1 :]e x is dis*>g$ prop]ly calc9$4 ,! mat]ial hav+ be5 f$ into ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d] falls ?r\gh ! flame to ! l[] side ( x2 ! cyl9d] be+ 9 motion lifts x on its advanc+ side1 :]e x re/s aga9/ "o ( its project+ f9s or l$ges until x has rea*$ su* an angle t x %oots (f 9 a %[] ?r\gh ! flame & falls once m on ! l[] side4 ,?is aga9 causes x to travel 9 a simil> pa?1 & e rotation ( ! cyl9d] produces a l effect1 s t by ! "t x arrives at ! l[] & hott] end x has pursu$ a r\ghly helical pa?1 dur+ :i* x has be5 con/antly lift$ & %ot ?r\gh ! flame1 occupy+ ab\t half an h\r 9 its transit4 ,to "s :o h be5 accu/om$ to ! m t$i\s process ( kiln burn+1 ! "t ?us occupi$ may appe> insuffici5t to effect ! comb9ations necess>y to produce ! requir$ result2 b x w be se5 t ! conditions "h atta9$ are1 9 fact1 ^? be/ suit$ to c>ry out effectively ! *emical *anges necess>y = ! production ( cem5t4 ,! raw mat]ial be+ 9 p[d] (f]s e facility = ! spe$y lib]ation ( wat] & c>bonic acid1 ! op]ation be+ greatly ha/5$ by ! velocity ( ! furnace gases ?r\gh :i* ! p>ticles pass4 ,t su* is practically ! case is %[n by ! foll[+ analysis ( cem5t s burnt 9 ! revolv+ furnace or cyl9d]3 ,p] c5t4 ,c>bonic acid1 anhydr\s #j4d ,sulphuric acid1 anhydr\s #j4bf ,silica soluble #bd4fh ,silica insoluble #j4f ,alum9a & oxide ( iron #aj4ef ,lime #fa4dh ,magnesia1 wat]1 & alkalies #b4jb ------ #ajj ,aga91 f95ess ( ! p>ticles results 9 _! be+ spe$ily heat$ to a uni=m temp]ature1 s t !y d n s]ve z nuclei = ! cond5sation ( ! moi/ure exi/+ 9 ! furnace gas4 ,! calc9$ mat]ial1 on rea*+ ! l[] end ( ! furnace1 is dis*>g$ on to ! floor or on to a suitable convey]1 & remov$ to a conv5i5t locality = cool+ & subsequ5t gr9d+ or f9i%+4 ,x1 h[ev]1 is n 9 ! condition ( h>d1 heavy cl9k]s1 su* z are produc$ 9 ! ord9>y cem5t kiln1 :i* require special ma*9]y = break+ up into small] pieces be=e be+ admitt$ betwe5 ! mill/ones = ! f9al process ( gr9d+2 nor does x consi/ ( an ov]burnt ext]ior & an und]burnt core or c5t] portion2 b x issues f ! cyl9drical furnace 9 a condition resembl+ 9 appe>ance co>se gunp[d]1 ) occasional agglut9ations ( small friable p>ticles readily r$uc$ to f9e p[d] 9 an ord9>y mill1 requir+ b small p[] to "w1 & produc+ b little we> & te> ^u ! mill/ones4 ,! op]ation is cont9u\s4 ,! revolv] or furnace1 once />t$1 works on night & day1 receiv+ ! adju/$ quantity ( p[d]$ mat]ial at ! upp] or fe$ end1 & deliv]+ its equival5t 9 prop]ly burnt cem5t at ! opposite end1 ?us effect+ a great sav+ ( "t1 & prev5t+ ! enorm\s wa/e ( heat & s]i\s injury to ! brickwork1 etc41 incid5tal to ! cool+ d[n1 )draw+ ! *>ge1 & reload+ ! ord9>y kiln4 ,cem5t1 :5 tak5 f ! furnace1 weigh$ #aaj lb4 p] bu%el4 ,cem5t1 :5 gr\nd1 leav+ #aj p]c5t4 on sieve ) #b1ejj holes to ! in*1 weigh$ #aba lb4 p] bu%el1 & :5 cold #aah lb4 p] bu%el4 ,:5 made into briquettes1 ! t5sile break+ /ra9 ^u ! squ>e in*3 ,at #d days 0 #daj lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,at #f days #faj ,at #ad days #haj ,at #di days #ijj ,at #gf days #a1jdj ,a cyl9drical furnace1 su* z ! au?or has describ$1 is capable ( turn+ out at lea/ #bj tons ( good cem5t p] day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ) a consumption ( ab\t #c tons ( slack coal4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t ^! furnaces c be work$ m economically 9 pairs ?an s+ly1 z !y c be s arrang$ t "o produc] may furni% a suffici5t quantity ( gas = ! supply ( two cyl9d]s1 & ! same labor w suffice2 b 9 ord] to provide = possible cont+5cies ! au?or advises t a sp>e gas produc] & an extra furnace %\ld be 9 read9ess1 s t by a simple arrangem5t ( valves1 etc41 two cyl9d]s may always be 9 op]ation1 :ile f any cause "o may be und]go+ tempor>y repairs1 & by ?is means any dim9ution 9 ! output may be avoid$4 ,! au?or consid]s x unnecess>y "h to discuss ei!r ! advantages or ! economy ( fuel effect$ by ! employm5t ( gas produc]s = su* a purpose4 ,^! h be5 abundantly prov$ 9 /eel & glass mak+ indu/ries1 :]e a sav+ ( f #ej to #gj p] c5t4 ( ! fuel =m]ly employ$ has be5 made4 ,_! co/ is small1 !y occupy little room1 !y c be plac$ at any reasonable di/ance f ! place :]e ! gas is to be burnt2 any labor] c %ovel ! slack into !m1 & !y d n require con/ant skill$ sup]vision4 ,x is claim$ by ! au?or ( ?is pap] t ! foll[+ are among ! _m advantages d]ivable f ! adoption ( ?is me?od ( manufactur+ ,portl& cem5t1 z comp>$ ) ! old sy/em3 7#a7 ,economy ( space--! furnaces1 ) _! appurt5ances1 requir+ only ab\t "o-f\r? ! space ( :at w\ld be occupi$ by ! ord9>y kilns = produc+ ! same quantity ( f9i%$ cem5t4 7#b7 ,cont9u\s work+1 & consequ5t economy ( fuel lo/ by cool+ & subsequ5t reheat+ ( ! kiln walls4 7#c7 ,economy ( repairs1 :i* are ( a simple & comp>atively inexp5sive "*1 & ( mu* less frequ5t occurr5ce1 z ! cont9u\s heat avoids ! rack+ occasion$ by ! alt]nate heat+ & cool+4 7#d7 ,economy 9 fir/ co/4 7#e7 ,economy 9 gr9d+1 a friable granul> sub/ance be+ produc$ in/ead ( a h>d cl9k]1 :]eby cru%]s are q aboli%$1 & ! we> & te> ( mill/ones greatly r$uc$4 7#f7 ,economy ( labor1 ! conveyance to & removal f1 ! revolv+ furnace be+ conduct$ automatically by me*anical elevators & convey]s4 7#g7 ,improv$ quality ( ! cem5t1 f non-mixture ) fuel1 a%1 or o!r impurities1 & no ov]burn+ or und]burn+ ( ! mat]ial4 7#h7 ,?or\gh control1 f ! facility ( increas+ or dim9i%+ ! fl[ ( cru%$ slurry & ( regulat+ ! heat 9 ! furnace z desirable4 7#i7 ,abs5ce ( smoke & delet]i\s gases4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 "s localities ! mat]ials f :i* ,portl& cem5t is made are ( su* a p[d]y "* t !y h to be comb9$ or m\ld$ into balls or bricks previ\s to calc9ation 9 ! ord9>y way1 ?us entail+ exp5se :i* w\ld be entirely obviat$ by ! adoption ( ! pat5t revolv+ furnace1 z has be5 prov$ by ! au?or 9 produc+ excell5t cem5t ) a mixture ( slag s& f ! bla/ furnaces ( ! ,clevel& iron di/rict1 ) a prop] proportion ( *alk or lime/one1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! friable nature ( ! comp\nd1 he 0 unable to burn 9 ! ord9>y cem5t kiln1 b :i*1 :5 burnt 9 ! revolv+ furnace1 gave ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,! cem5t s made possess$ extraord9>y /r5g? & h>dness1 & x has be5 a matt] ( surprise t iron ma/]s & o!rs h n adopt$ su* a means ( conv]t+ a wa/e mat]ial--:i* at ! pres5t "t entails ^u its produc]s con/ant heavy outlay = its removal--into a remun]ative bran* ( indu/ry by ! exp5diture ( a comp>atively small am\nt ( capital4 ,! dem& = ,portl& cem5t has increas$ & is /ill increas+ at a rapid ratio4 ,x is be+ manufactur$ ^u a gigantic scale4 ,great int]e/s are involv$2 l>ge sums ( money are be+ exp5d$ 9 ! erection & ma9t5ance ( exp5sive plant = its production2 & ! au?or submits t ! developm5t ( any me?od :i* w improve ! quality & at ! same "t r$uce ! co/ ( manufacture ( ?is valuable mat]ial w t5d to increase ! prosp]ity ( "o ( our great national indu/ries1 & /imulate comm]cial ent]prise4 ,works are 9 progress = manufactur+ cem5t by ?is improv$ process1 & ! au?or tru/s ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 ! unsightly /ructures :i* n[ disfigure ! banks ( "s ( our riv]s w be aboli%$--! pres5t cem5t kilns1 l ! w9dmills once su* a common feature ( our c\ntry1 be+ reg>d$ z curiosities ( ! pa/1 & cem5t manufactur]s cease to be compla9$ ( z caus+ nuisances to _! neighbors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mix ,,& ,,g5e/',s ,,microphone ,,telephone4 ,we illu/rate 9 ! annex$ engrav+ ! microphone-telephone con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,mix ,g5e/1 ( ,b]l91 :i*1 aft] ext5d$ trials1 has be5 adopt$ 9 pref]5ce to o!rs by ! imp]ial po/al dep>tm5t ( ,g]many4 ,!re are n[ m ?an #e1jjj ( ^! in/rum5ts 9 use1 & we ne$ sc>cely m5tion t ! inv5tion has be5 pat5t$ 9 _m c\ntries4 ,9 "s microphones a rattl+ noise is frequ5tly occasion$1 :i* borne along ) ! s\nd ( ! human voice causes an audible di/urbance 9 ! telephone4 ,! *ief cause ( ^! di/urbances may be ascrib$ to ! fact t ! c>bon roll]s 9 _! j\rnals1 re/ loose 9 ! flut+s ( ! beam1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! s\nd plate4 ,ow+ to ! %ocks giv5 to ! entire app>atus1 & indep5d5t ( ! oscillations ( ! s\nd plate1 !y are set 9 motion & roll to & fro 9 _! be>+s4 ,9 microphones 9 :i* ! s\nd plates are arrang$ v]tically 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b71 ^! di/urbances assume su* a "* t !re is no possibility ( und]/&+ ! speak]1 = 9 ?is case ! horizontally direct$ oscillations ( ! s\nd plate1 m1 cause !mselves a backw>d & =w>d motion on ! "p ( ! c>bon roll]s )\t increas+ or decreas+ at ! same "t ! ly+-on pressure ( ! roll] j\rnals1 & by do+ s br+ ! places ( contact "o on ! o!r1 & ?us occasion a conduct+ resi/ance ( great] or less =ce4 ,?is circum/ance s]ves z an explanation ( ! reason :y ! s\nd plates 9 ,ad]'s microphones are n arrang$ v]tically1 al?\gh ?is way ( arrang+ !m (f]s _m advantages ov] a horizontal or slightly incl9$ arrangem5t ( ! s\nd plates4 ,speak+ is m conv5i5t 9 ! v]tical arrangem5t1 & moreov] ! plates c be fitt$ on to in/rum5ts bett] 9 ?is way4 ,all ! drawbacks j enum]at$ & f\nd 9 ,ad]'s microphones are avoid$ 9 ! app>atus made by ,messrs4 ,mix ,g5e/4 ,a sort ( brak+ contrivance op]ates on ! c>bon roll]s 9 su* a way z to prev5t _! j\rnals f ly+ on ! l[] po9ts 9 ! flut+s ( ! beams4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 if 9 a microphone ) a horizontal s\nd plate1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 ! c>bon roll]s are press$ upw>d by outw>d =ce1 x is evid5t t only a v trifl+ roll+ & di/urb+ motion c occur1 & only small pieces ( c>bon c be knock$ (f1 :i* w\ld act injuri\sly z a second>y contact4 ,! same may be said ( ! j\rnals ( microphones ) v]tical s\nd plates1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 :5 ! c>bon roll]s are press$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 p1 t is to say1 aga9/ ! s\nd plate4 ,9 ?is case ! j\rnals1 a1 are fix$ 9 ! flut+s ( ! beams1 b1 9 a direction giv5 !m by ! p[] & gravity op]at+ on !m1 :i* is cle>ly repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ design1 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,! ,,mix ,,& ,,g5e/ ,,telephone ,9 all su* cases ! regulat+ contrivance appli$ to brake ! c>bon roll]s 9 _! motion has ! result t only ! oscillations transmitt$ f ! s\nd plate on to ! contacts come 9 op]ation1 :]eas di/urb+ me*anical %ocks result+ f any outw>d influ5ces occasion v insignificant vibrations1 :i* are n p]ceptible 9 ! telephone4 ,! sep>ate contacts ?us =m a firm sy/em ) ! s\nd plate1 s t ! =m] are influ5c$ 9 _! motions & effects solely & alone by ! %ocks & oscillations :i* op]ate direct on ^! s\nd plates4 ,! roll] motion ( ! c>bon is ?us remov$1 & ! di/9ctness ( ! words spok5 is greatly augm5t$4 ,! above ,figs4 #a & #b %[ ! microphone 9 side view & 9 cross section4 ,a metal r+1 ,r 7see ,fig4 #a71 is fa/5$ by means ( ! f\r screws1 r#a r#b r#c r#d1 on a wood5 m\?piece4 ,9 a recess ( ! above r+ is ! diaphragm1 ,m1 :i* is provid$ on its out] edge ) an ,india rubb] b& & is held 9 position by ! two clamps1 a & a#a4 ,! diaphragm is cut out ( f9ely fib]$ firwood & is well lacqu]$ to pres]ve x aga9/ dampness4 ,on x !re are two c>bon beams1 b1 & 9 ! p]=ations ( ! latt] are ! j\rnals ( ! c>bon roll]s1 k4 ,! alt]ations 9 contact take place 9 ! t\*+ po9ts4 ,! cross piece1 f1 t runs /raight across ! c>bon roll]s s]ves z a brak+ contrivance1 :i* is regulat$ z may be necess>y by ! l>ge project+ screws4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! app>atus 9 cross section4 ,t is ! m\? piece1 ,r ! metal r+1 ,m ! diaphragm1 f ! break+ cross piece4 ,on ! latt] is a metal block fa/5$ by means ( two screws4 ,on ?is metal block is a s(t ela/ic /rip 7d7 ( felt or simil> mat]ial4 ,! lett]s s & s indicate ! regulat+ screws = ! brak+ contrivance4 ,! excell5t qualities ( o!r microphones1 9 p>ticul> _! extreme s5sibility = ! v lea/ impressions1 are und5iable2 b x is j ?is s5sibility t is ! cause ( ! compla9ts made by ! public4 ,9 practical use ?is ov]great s5sibility proves to be a fault4 ,9 ! app>atus con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,mix & ,g5e/ ! well-kn[n defici5cies ( o!r sy/ems are avoid$4 ,! effect ( ! s\nd & ! di/9ctness ( ! human voice are cle>] & f> m intelligible4 ,"o simple regulation ( ! microphone suffices = ! in/allation1 = !re is no dang] ( its gett+ out ( ord]4 ,ow+ to its peculi> con/ruction1 ?is new microphone is v firm & solid1 & = ?is v reason (f]s ano!r advantage1 namely1 ! possibility ( transmitt+ s\nd ov] v long di/ances4 ,9 ! competitive trials in/itut$ by ord] ( ! imp]ial po/al dep>tm5t1 app>atus ( v>i\s sy/ems & con/ructions 7 subject$ to te/s1 & ! app>atus we are speak+ ( %[$ ! favorable results j m5tion$4 ,?is microphone has ov]come 9 p>ticul> ! difficulties connect$ ) ! us+ ( comb9$ l9es above & bel[ gr\nd1 & ) ! aid ( x ! excell5t telephonic communication is c>ri$ on 9 ,b]l91 9 :i* city ! telephone net is mo/ ext5sive & complicat$4 ,at ! same "t ?is microphone transmits ! s\nd ov] long di/ances 7up to #bjj kilom4 ev57 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]4 ,ano!r peculi> advantage ( ?is con/ruction is t x ex]cises a v small inductive effect on cables & free l9es1 & consequ5tly ! simultane\s speak+ on p>allel l9es causes b little di/urbance4 ,aft] repeat$ trials made by ! ,g]man imp]ial po/al dep>tm5t ) ! microphones con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,mix & ,g5e/1 ^! app>atus h be5 introduc$ 9 ! place ( ! telephones & ,bell-,blake microphones hi!rto us$ 9 ! telephone s]vice4 ,at pres5t we und]/& !re are ab\t #h1jjj ( ^! app>atus 9 use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electrolysis ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,( ,,sug>4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,fahrig1 ( ,eccles1 ,lanca%ire1 has inv5t$ a new process ( ref9+ sug> ?r\gh electrolysis4 ,! br[n sug> is decoloriz$ by means ( ozone produc$ by electric curr5ts ( high t5sion f a dynamo4 ,! electrodes consi/ ( metal grills cov]$ ) plat9um or "s o!r inoxidizable metal1 & are plac$ 9 a vat ) ! int]v5tion ( p]=at$ e>!nw>e plates4 ,aft] be+ gr\nd & dri$ 9 hot air1 ! crude sug> is plac$ betwe5 ! plate & ! grills1 & ! dis*>ges pass+ betwe5 ! electrodes produce ozone1 :i* sep>ates ! sug> f ! color+ matt]4 ,to purify ! sug> /ill fur!r1 ,mr4 ,fahrig dries x & places x 9 ano!r vat1 ) c>bon or plat9um conduct+ plates sep>at$ by a por\s p>tition4 ,! sug> is plac$ on "o side ( ?is p>tition1 & wat] circulates on ! o!r side4 ,! curr5t f a dynamo ( feeble t5sion is s5t ?r\gh ! vat betwe5 ! plates4 ,! wat] c>ries along ! impurities sep>at$ by ! curr5t1 & ! sug> is fur!r :it5$ & ref9$4 ,illu/ration ,! accompany+ figure %[s a s]ies ( f\r vats arrang$ "o above ano!r1 9 ord] to p]mit ! wat] to circulate4 ,"h i & h repres5t ! plates connect$ ) ! poles ( ! dynamo ?r\gh ! conductors1 f & g2 m repres5ts ! por\s p>tition2 ,l1 ! spaces fill$ ) sug>2 & l1 ! comp>tm5ts 9 :i* ! wat] circulates4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,electrician4 ,a ,,curr5t ,,met]4 ,we give a description ( a met] we made 9 ,june1 #ahhc4 ,y w f9d a cross section ( ! met] & also a pr9t$ dial we _h made at ! "t4 ,we call$ x an amp]e regi/]1 b no d\bt we w\ld give x a bett] "n to-day4 ,! met] consi/$ ( a glass tube1 c1 bo? ends ( :i* 7 fitt$ into two b5t pieces ( pip+1 ,d & ,f1 z %[n4 ,?r\gh ^! b5t tubes1 ,d & ,f1 pass$ ! wires1 a & b1 :i* 7 connect$ to ! b9d+ po/s1 ,a & ,b4 ,! "p ( ! wire :]e x pass$ into ! tubes 0 well insulat$4 ,at ! ends1 a' & b'1 0 connect$ ! coil1 ,r1 :i* consi/$ simply ( a few turns ( copp] wire ^: diamet] 0 less ?an ! lead+ wires1 a & b4 ,to ! tube1 ,d1 0 atta*$ a squ>e tube1 ,e1 :i* _h a little op5+ at ! top s z to p]mit a small und]%ot :eel1 ,i1 to revolve freely4 ,?is und]%ot :eel 0 well pivot$ & con/ruct$ v light4 ,to ! axis ( ?is :eel 0 connect$ ano!r sy/em ( :eels ) indicators1 z %[n1 ,j4 ,n[ ! tubes1 ,e & ,f1 7 connect$ to a res]voir1 ,g4 ,?is res]voir consi/$ ( a squ>e tank1 9 ! inside ( :i* 7 sold]$ 9 an alt]nat+ mann] squ>e %eets ( copp] z %[n 9 ! draw+1 g g' g'' g''' 444 ,^! %eets act$ z diffus]s4 ,^! plates or %eets pres5t$ a v l>ge surface4 ,on ! outside ( ! tank1 ,g1 7 also diffus]s1 h h' 444 arrang$ all r\nd & pres5t+ an appe>ance z if two books 7 op5 s z to =m a squ>e ) _! cov]s1 ! leaves be+ ! diffus]s4 ,! diffus]s on ! outside 7 at "r angles to ^? inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,jehl ,,& ,,rupp',s ,,curr5t ,,met]4 ,! action ( ! met] 0 ?us3 ,:5 a curr5t passes ?r\gh ! coil1 ,r1 x heats ! liquid at ! place1 ?us caus+ a circulation1 ! w>m liquid asc5d+ :ile ! cold liquid desc5ds z %[n by ! arr[s4 ,?is circulation causes ! und]%ot :eel to revolve1 & its revolutions are regi/]$ by ! clockwork4 ,! /rong] ! curr5t1 ! m ! heat1 & ?us ! m rapid ! circulation4 ,! w>m liquid once 9 ! tank1 :i* is ( a reasonable size1 w imp>t its heat to all ! diffus]s4 ,! surface ( ! glass tube1 etc41 is v small 9 comp>ison to ! surface ( ! tank4 ,x w be se5 t ! function ( ?is app>atus is indep5d5t ( ! outw>d temp]ature1 = ! motion ( ! liquid is due only to t heat :i* is g5]at$ by ! curr5t4 ,:5 ! curr5t does n pass1 x is evid5t t ! liquid1 at :atev] temp]ature x may be1 does n circulate1 z all p>ts are ( ! same temp]ature2 b ! mom5t ! curr5t passes1 a diff]5ce is produc$1 :i* causes a circulation 9 proportion to ! curr5t4 ,we may m5tion t we tri$ v>i\s liquids1 & give pref]5ce to pure olive oil4 ,x w also be se5 t ?is met] is good = alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,9 conclusion1 we may rem>k t ! te/s we made gave satisfaction1 & we want$ to publi% !m1 b t ,mr4 ,jehl 0 call$ away to fit up ! ,edison exhibit 9 ! ,vi5na exhibition = ! ,societe ,electrique ,edison ( ,p>is4 ,aft] ! exhibition we began our "w ^u our disk ma*9e1 & _h almo/ =gott5 our met]4 ,! :ole app>atus is m\nt$ on a base1 ,k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dial ,,face4 ,,jehl ,,& ,,rupp4 ,brnn1 ,sept4 #bf1 #ahhg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/orage ,,batt]ies ,,= ,,electric ,,locomotion4#a ,footnote #a3 ,f a pap] read be=e ! ,national ,electric ,light ,association1 ,new ,york1 ,augu/1 #ahhg4 ,by ,a4 ,,reck5zaun4 ,! idea ( employ+ second>y batt]ies = propell+ vehicles is almo/ contemporane\s ) ! discov]y ( ?is me?od ( /or+ en]gy4 ,to ,mr4 ,plante1 m ?an to any o!r inve/igator1 mu* ( our k 9 ?is bran* ( electrical sci5ce is due4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to take advantage ( ! action ( second>y curr5ts 9 voltaic batt]ies4 ,plante is a sci5ti/ ( ! fir/ grade1 & he is a wond]fully exact exp]im5t]4 ,he exam9$ ! :ole "q ( pol>ization ( electrodes1 us+ all k9ds ( metal z electrodes & _m diff]5t liquids z electrolytes1 & dur+ 8 endless rese>*es he f\nd t ! greate/ useful effect 0 produc$ :5 dilute sulphuric acid 0 electrolyz$ betwe5 electrodes ( metallic lead4 ,a set ( ,plante's orig9al cells 0 exhibit$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,m>*1 #ahfj1 be=e ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,sci5ti/s admir$ & prais$ x1 b ! g5]al public knew no?+ ( ?is great discov]y ?us br\ght to notice4 ,inde$1 at t p]iod little comm]cial value c\ld be atta*$ to su* app>atus1 s9ce ! accumulator _h to be *>g$ by means ( prim>y batt]ies1 & x 0 !n well kn[n t electrical en]gy1 :5 produc$ by *emical means 9 voltaic cells1 0 f> too exp5sive = any purpose outside ! physical laboratory or ! telegraph (fice4 ,x 0 tw5ty ye>s aft] ?is exhibition at ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is t public att5tion 0 drawn to ! importance ( /orage batt]ies1 & t ,mr4 ,faure conceiv$ ! idea ( con/ruct+ plates consi/+ ( lead & oxides ( lead4 ,at t "t ! advantages accru+ ?r\gh a sy/em ( electrical /orage c\ld be fully appreciat$1 s9ce electrical en]gy 0 already be+ produc$ by me*anical means ?r\gh ! m$ium ( dynamo-electric ma*9es4 ,x 0 ! dynamo ma*9e :i* creat$ ! dem& = ! /orage batt]y1 & ! latt] 0 introduc$ anew to ! public at l>ge & to ! capitali/ ) great pomp & en?usiasm4 ,"o ( ,faure's accumulators 0 s5t to ,sir ,william ,?omson1 & ?is em95t sci5ti/ 9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5ts asc]ta9$ t a s+le cell1 weigh+ #afe lb41 c /ore two million foot-p\nds ( en]gy1 or "o horse p[] = "o h\r1 & t ! loss ( en]gy 9 *>g+ did n exce$ #ae p] c5t4 ,^! results appe>$ highly enc\rag+4 ,!re we _h a me?od ( /or+ t c\ld give out ! great] "p ( ! en]gy put 94 ,! imm5se developm5t :i* ! electric transmission ( en]gy 0 ev5 at t e>ly day expect$ to und]go po9t$ to ! fact t a conv5i5t me?od ( receiv+ l>ge quantities ( transmitt$ en]gy1 & ( hold+ x 9 read9ess until want$1 mu/ be ( ! highe/ importance4 ,num]\s applications ( ! ,faure batt]y 7 at once sugge/$1 & ! public jump$ to ! conclusion t a ?+ = :i* s _m uses c\ld be in/antly f\nd mu/ necess>ily be a pr(itable inve/m5t1 & pl5ty ( money 0 provid$ =?)1 n ) ! idea ( comm5c+ c>eful exp]im5ts & develop+ ! !n crude inv5tion1 :i* w\ld h be5 ! correct ?+1 b = manufactur+ tons ( accumulators 9 _! fir/ & immature =m4 ,i ne$ n describe ! disappo9tm5ts :i* foll[$ ! fir/ unfulfill$ hopes1 nor repeat ! criticism t 0 heap$ ^u ! heads ( ! e>ly promot]s4 ,^? e>ly hopes 7 untimely & unreasonable4 ,a ?\s& difficulties _h to be ov]come--sci5tific difficulties & manufactur+ difficulties4 ,?is inv5tion1 l mo/ o!rs1 _h to g ?r\gh /eady hi/orical developm5ts & evolution1 & foll[ ! recogniz$ laws ( nature1 :i* are aga9/ abnormal & in/antane\s maturity4 ,! p]iod ( maturity has also be5 ret>d$ by injudici\s treatm5t1 b ! ultimate success 0 inevitable4 ,great advances h be5 made )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 & ,i propose n[ to (f] a few facts & figures relat+ to ! pres5t /ate ( ! subject ) ref]5ce to ! application ( /orage batt]ies to locomotive purposes4 ,x is n )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is pap] to discuss all ! diff]5t inv5tions ( second>y batt]ies nor to (f] any sugge/ions ) reg>d to priority1 !re=e ,i w conf9e myself to g5]al /atem5ts4 ,i am aw>e ( ! good "w t 0 done 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,kir*h(f tw5ty-six ye>s ago1 & ( ! m rec5t "w ( ,mr4 ,bru%1 ( ,clevel&1 ,mr4 ,juli5 & o!rs1 b ,i am m p>ticul>ly acqua9t$ ) ! rec5t a*ievem5ts ( ! ,electrical ,accumulator ,company1 :o own ! rights ( ! ,electrical ,p[] ,/orage ,company1 ( ,london4 ,i h us$ ! batt]ies ( ! latt] company = propell+ electric boats & electric /reet c>s4 ,! fir/ ( ! boats 0 ! ,electricity1 :i* 0 laun*$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhb1 & :i* atta9$ a spe$ ( sev5 miles an h\r = six consecutive h\rs4 ,s9ce !n a doz5 electric boats ( v>i\s sizes h be5 fitt$ up & work$ successfully by means ( /orage batt]ies & motors ( my design4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 7 ! laun* ,volta & ano!r simil> craft1 :i* is us$ by ! ,italian gov]nm5t = torp$o "w 9 ! h>bor ( ,spezia4 ,on ! measur$ mile trial trips ! ,italian laun* gave an av]age spe$ ( #h4dc miles an h\r ) & aga9/ ! tide4 ,! hull ( ?is vessel 0 built by ,messrs4 ,y>r[ ,co41 & ! motors 7 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,/eph5s1 ,smi? ,co41 ( ,london4 ,! ,volta1 :i* 0 entirely fitt$ by ! latt] firm1 is #cg feet long & #g feet beam4 ,%e draws #b'f ( wat] :5 c>ry+ #dj p]sons1 = :om !re is ample sitt+ accommodation4 ,!re are #fd cells 9 ?is boat4 ,^! are plac$ z balla/ "u ! floor1 & actuate a pair ( motors & a screw c\pl$ direct to ! armature %aft runn+ at #gjj revolutions a m9ute4 ,we cross$ ! ,engli% ,*annel ) ?is boat 9 ,septemb] ( la/ ye>1 leav+ ,dov] at #aj3dj 9 ! morn+1 arriv+ at ,calais at #b3cj ,p4,m42 /ay$ ab\t an h\r 9 ! ,fr5* h>bor = lun*eon & float$ into ,dov] docks ! same ev5+1 at #f3cj1 ) full spe$4 ,! actual di/ance trav]s$ )\t entirely dis*>g+ ! cells 0 #ed miles4 ,! curr5t rema9$ con/ant at #bh amp]es until #e ,p4,m41 & x only dropp$ to #be amp]es at ! completion ( ! d\ble voyage betwe5 ,engl& & ,france4 ,sev]al electric laun*es are n[ be+ con/ruct$ 9 ,london1 & "o 9 ,new ,york by ! ,electrical ,accumulator ,company4 ,m4 ,tr\ve exhibit$ a small boat & a tricycle1 bo? work$ by ,plante accumulators1 at ,p>is1 9 #ahha4 ,! fir/ locomotive actuat$ by /orage batt]ies 0 us$ at a blea*+ works 9 ,france 9 #ahhb4 ,dur+ ! same ye> ,i design$ an electric /reet c> = ! /orage company1 & ?is 0 tri$ on ! l9es ( ! ,we/ ,metropolitan ,tramways 9 ,m>*1 #ahhc4 ,x _h accommodation = #df pass5g]s4 ,?is c> _h _m defects1 & ,i recon/ruct$ x entirely1 & ran x aft]w>d 9 its improv$ =m on ! ,s\? ,london ,tramways1 & also on a private track at ,millwall1 :]e x is n[ 9 good condition1 & ,i h a simil> c> 9 ,b]l94 ,m4 ,phillipp>t exhibit$ a c> 9 ,p>is & ,m4 ,juli5 made successful exp]im5ts 9 ,brussels1 ,antw]p1 & ,hamburg4 ,mr4 ,elieson is runn+ /orage batt]y locomotives 9 ,london4 ,mr4 ,juli5 has also be5 exp]im5t+ ) a c> 9 ,new ,york1 & ,i believe "o is 9 c\rse ( con/ruction = a l9e 9 ! city ( ,bo/on4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,:>ton1 ,jr4 ,co4 h a /orage batt]y c> runn+ at ,philadelphia on ,spruce & ,p9e /reets1 & ?is en]getic firm is n[ fitt+ up ano!r c> ) two trucks1 ea* c>ry+ an indep5d5t motor1 simil> to my ,european c>s4 ,i h m5tion$ all ^! facts 9 ord] to %[ t !re is a consid]able am\nt ( activity display$ 9 ! matt] ( /orage batt]ies = /reet c>s1 & t cont9u$ & sub/antial progress is be+ made 9 ea* successive case4 ,! prejudices aga9/ ! application ( second>y batt]ies are be+ rapidly dispell$1 & !re are indications ev]y:]e t ?is me?od ( propulsion w soon take a recogniz$ place among ! great transit facilities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i feel conv9c$ t ?is c\ntry w also 9 ?is respect be f> ahead ( ,europe be=e ano!r ye> has pass$ ov] our heads4 ,!re are sev]al popul> & ,i may say s]i\s objections to ! employm5t ( /orage batt]ies = propell+ /reet c>s4 ,^! objections ,i w n[ enum]ate1 & endeavor to %[ h[ f> !y are true1 & 9 :at measure !y int]f]e ) ! economical side ( ! "q4 ,fir/ objection3 ,! loss ( en]gy1 :i* am\nts 9 practice to #bj & sometimes #cj p] c5t4 ,n[1 e me?od ( /or+ or transmitt+ en]gy involves "s wa/e1 b 9 say+ ?is we ne$ n condemn ! sy/em1 = aft] all ! t]m effici5cy is only a relative "o4 ,= in/ance1 a #aj horse p[] /eam eng9e consumes ?ree times z mu* fuel p] horse p[] h\r z a #a1jjj horse p[] eng9e does1 yet ?is small eng9e mu/ be1 & is reg>d$ z1 "o ( ! mo/ economical labor-sav+ appliances kn[n to u4 ,consid]$ z a heat eng9e1 ! effici5cy ( ! mo/ economical /eam motor is b t5 p] c5t4--#ij p] c5t ( ! available units ( heat conta9$ 9 coal be+ lo/ dur+ its trans=mation into me*anical en]gy4 ,?us1 if we f9d t ! /orage batt]y does n return m ?an #gj p] c5t1 ( ! "w exp5d$ 9 *>g+ x1 we ought n to condemn x on t acc\nt until we h asc]ta9$ :e!r ?is l[ effici5cy r5d]s ! sy/em unfit = any or all comm]cial purposes4 ,x is ne$less to g into figures 9 ord] to %[ t1 :5 comp>$ ) animal p[]1 ?is objection drops into insignificance4 ,! second1 m =midable1 objection relates to ! weight ( /orage batt]ies--& ?is involves two disadvantages1 viz41 wa/e ( p[] 9 propell+ ! accumulator along ) ! c>1 & increas$ pressure ^u ! /reet rails1 :i* are only fitt$ to c>ry a maximum ( #e tons di/ribut$ ov] #d po9ts1 s t ea* :eel ( an ord9>y c> produces a pressure ( #a tons ^u a po9t ( ! rail imm$iately "u x4 ,! la/ m5tion$ objection is easily ov]come by di/ribut+ ! weight ( ! c> ) its electrical app>atus ov] #h :eels or #b small trucks1 :]eby ! pressure p] unit ( section on ! rails is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,) reg>d to ! weight ( ! /orage batt]ies1 relatively to ! am\nt ( en]gy ! same are capable ( hold+ & transmitt+1 ,i beg to (f] a few practical figures4 ,!oretically1 ! en]gy manife/$ 9 ! sep>ation ( "o p\nd ( lead f its oxide is equival5t to #cfj1jjj foot p\nds1 b ^! *emical equival5ts1 ?\gh int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 gives u no tangible idea ( ! actual capacity ( a batt]y4 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts h %[n me t ! capacity ( a second>y batt]y cell v>ies ) ! rate at :i* x is *>g$ & dis*>g$4 ,= in/ance1 a cell su* z we use on /reet c>s gave a useful capacity ( #acg4c amp]e h\rs :5 dis*>g$ at ! av]age rate ( #de4gf amp]es1 & ?is same cell yield$ #aef4ch amp]e h\rs :5 work$ at ! rate ( #bb4cd amp]es4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! dis*>ge ! ,e4,m4,f ( ! batt]y 0 #b4a volts1 & ?is 0 all[$ to drop to #a4hg volts :5 ! exp]im5t 0 conclud$4 ,! entire active mat]ial conta9$ 9 ! plates ( "o cell weigh$ #aa4e lb41 !re=e ! en]gy giv5 (f p] p\nd ( active sub/ance at ! above high rate ( dis*>ge 0 #fb4bbe foot p\nds1 & :5 dis*>g+ at ! l[] rate ( #bb4cd amp]es ! available useful en]gy 0 #gb4cac foot p\nds1 or ne>ly #b4b electrical horse p[] p] p\nd ( active matt]4 ,b ?is active sub/ance has to be support$1 & ! /r5g? or weight ( ! support has to be made suffici5tly great to give ! plate a def9ite /r5g? & durability4 ,! support ( ! plates inclusive ( ! t]m9als above ref]r$ to weighs m ?an ! active mat]ial1 :i* consi/s ( p]oxide ( lead & spongy lead2 s t ! plates ( "o cell weigh actually #bf4e p\nds4 ,add to ?is ! weight ( ! receptacle & acid1 & y get a total ( ab\t #da p\nds p] cell :5 9 work+ ord]4 ,sev5ty ( ^! cells w propel an ord9>y /reet c> = f\r h\rs & a half1 :ile consum+ ! /or$ en]gy at ! rate ( #cj amp]es1 or ov] #e4f electrical horse p[]4 ,! :ole set ( sev5ty cells weighs #b1hgj lb41 :i* is b>ely "o-fif? ( ! entire weight ( ! c> :5 x c>ries =ty adult pass5g]s4 ,!re=e ! en]gy wa/$ 9 propell+ ! accumulator along ) a e> does n am\nt to m ?an #bj p] c5t4 ( ! total p[]1 & ?is we c easily af=d to lose s long z animal p[] is our only competitor4 ,f num]\s & exhau/ive te/s ) accumulators on c>s 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad1 ,i h come to ! conclusion t ! motive p[] = haul+ a full-siz$ /reet c> = fifte5 h\rs a day does n exce$ #a4ge1 & ?is includes fuel1 wat]1 oil1 att5dance1 & repairs to eng9e1 boil]1 & dynamo4 ,we h ?us an imm5se m>g9 left betwe5 ! co/ ( electric traction & horse traction1 & ! la/ objection1 t relat+ to ! depreciation ( ! batt]y plates1 c be mo/ lib]ally met1 & yet leave ample pr(its ov] ! old me?od ( propulsion by means ( animals4 ,! advantages ( /orage batt]y /reet c>s = city traffic are self-evid5t1 s t ,i ne$ n tr\ble y ) fur!r details 9 ?is respect1 b ,i w\ld beg ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ! progress ( ! electric locomotive to give ?is subject all ! consid]ation x des]ves1 & ,i w\ld assure !m t ! sy/em :i* ,i h advocat$ 9 ?is brief b v incomplete sket* is wor?y ( an ext5d$ trial1 & ready = ! purposes set =?4 ,!re is no reason :y ^? connect$ ) electric light+ int]e/s 9 ! v>i\s cities & t[ns %\ld n give ! matt] _! special att5tion1 z !y are ! be/ in=m$ on electrical eng9e]+ & already h a local control ( ! supply ( curr5t ne$$ = *>g+4 ,9 ! c> :i* we use 9 ,philadelphia !re are actually #hj cells1 because !re are consid]able gradi5ts to g ov]4 ,ea* cell weighs #dj p\nds & ! av]age horse p[] ( ea* batt]y is six4 ,sometimes we only use two horse p[] & sometimes1 go+ up grades ( #e p] c5t41 we use z mu* z #ab horse p[]1 b ! av]age rate is #f electrical horse p[]4 ,) ref]5ce to ! weight ( pass5g]s on ! c>s1 we h nev] c>ri$ m ?an #ej pass5g]s on t c>1 because x is impossible to put m ?an #ej m5 into x4 ,!re are seats = #bd1 & ! re/ h to /& on ! plat=ms or 9 ! aisle4 ,! *ang+ ( ! batt]ies takes ?ree m9utes ) prop] appliances4 ,"o set ( cells is drawn out by means ( a small w9* & a fre%ly *>g$ set is put 94 ,x takes ! same "t to *>ge ! batt]y z x does to dis*>ge x 9 ! work+ ( ! c>s1 s "o res]ve set w\ld be suffici5t to keep ! c> cont9ually mov+4 ,! loss ( en]gy f /&+ ab\t is probably no?+4 ,if a batt]y 7 to /& *>g$ = ?ree mon?s 9 a dry case1 ! loss ( en]gy might be 9 ?ree mon?s #aj p] c5t4 ,i purposely _h a set ( cells /&+ = two ye>s *>g$ & nev] us$ !m4 ,aft] two ye>s !re 0 /ill a small am\nt ( en]gy left4 ,s z reg>ds ! loss ( en]gy 9 a batt]y /&+ idle1 x is practically no?+1 because no "o w\ld ?9k ( *>g+ a batt]y & lett+ x /& = ?ree mon?s or a ye>4 ,i h _h !m /& ?ree or f\r mon?s & ,i c\ld h>dly appreciate ! loss go+ on1 provid$ always t ! cells are /&+ on a dry floor4 ,if ! ext]ior ( ! box be moi/1 or if x /&s on a moi/ floor1 !re w naturally be a surface leakage go+ on3 b :]e !re is no surface leakage ! m]e local action betwe5 ! oxides & metallic lead w n dis*>ge ! batt]y = a v consid]able "t4 ,i h made exp]im5ts 9 ,london ) a load$ c> pull$ by two horses4 ,i put a dynamomet] betwe5 ! atta*m5t ( ! horse & ! c>1 s z to asc]ta9 exactly ! am\nt ( pull1 measur$ 9 p\nds multipli$ by ! di/ance trav]s$ 9 a m9ute4 ,y w be surpris$ to "k t two horses1 :5 do+ _! easie/ "w1 draw+ a load$ c> on a p]fectly level road1 ex]t f two to ?ree horse p[]4 ,i h m5tion$ a c> 9 ,philadelphia :]e we use betwe5 two & twelve horse p[]4 ,a horse is capable ( ex]t+ eight horse p[] = a few m9utes1 & :5 a c> is be+ driv5 up grades1 su* z ,i see 9 ,bo/on1 = in/ance1 pull+ a load ( pass5g]s up ^! grades1 ! horses mu/ be ex]t+ f #ab to #af horse p[]1 me*anical horse p[]4 ,t is ! reason t /reet c> horses _c run m ?an ?ree or f\r h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,if !y 7 to run long]1 !y w\ld be dead 9 a few weeks4 ,if !y run two h\rs a day1 !y w la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,! life ( ! cells mu/ be express$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( amp]e h\rs or ! am\nt ( en]gy giv5 (f by !m4 ,/reet c> s]vice requires t ! cells "w _! h>de/ = fifte5 or sixte5 h\rs a day4 ,! life ( ! cells has to be divid$2 fir/1 into ! life ( ! box :i* conta9s ! plates4 ,?is box1 if appropriately con/ruct$ ( ! be/ mat]ials1 w la/ _m ye>s1 because !re is no actual we> on x4 ,! life ( ! negative plates w be v consid]able1 because no *emical action is go+ on 9 ! negative plate4 ,! negative plate consi/s almo/ entirely ( spongy lead1 & ! hydrog5 is me*anically occlud$ 9 t spongy lead4 ,!re=e ! depreciation ( ! batt]y is almo/ entirely due to ! oxidation ( ! positive plates4 ,if we 7 to make a lead batt]y ( plates in* ?ick1 x w\ld la/ _m ye>s2 b = /reet c> "w t w\ld be f> too heavy4 ,!re=e we make ! positive plates a little m ?an "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,i f9d t ! plates get suffici5tly brittle to almo/ fall to pieces aft] ! c> has run fifte5 h\rs a day = six mon?s4 ,! plates !n h to be r5ew$4 ,b ?is r5ewal does n mean ! ?r[+ away ( ! plates4 ,! weight is ! same z be=e1 because no consumption ( mat]ial takes place4 ,we take out p]oxide ( lead in/ead ( r$ lead4 ,t p]oxide1 if conv]t$1 produces #gj p] c5t4 ( metallic lead1 s t !re is a loss ( #cj p] c5t4 9 value4 ,!n comes ! "q ( ! manufacture ( ^! positive plates1 :i*1 ,i believe1 at ! pres5t day are r exp5sive4 ,b ,i believe ! "t w come :5 batt]y plates w be manufactur$ l %oe nails1 & ! process ( r5ew+ ! positive plates w be a v *eap "o4 ,i asc]ta9$ 9 ,europe t ! motive p[] co/s #b c5ts p] c> mile2 t is1 ! /eam p[] & att5dance = *>g+ ! batt]ies4 ,we h to all[ twice z mu* = ! depreciation ( a batt]y at ! pres5t high rate at :i* we h to pay = ! batt]y--#ab = ea* cell4 ,b ,i believe t z soon z ! /orage batt]y indu/ry is suffici5tly ext5d$1 ! total co/ = propell+ ^! c>s w n be m ?an six c5ts a mile1 or ab\t "o half ! co/ ( ! *eape/ horse traction4 ,i h made "s v c>eful obs]vations on ! cable tramway 9 ,philadelphia1 :i* is q an ext5sive sy/em4 ,i h nev] be5 able to asc]ta9 ! exact am\nt ( wa/e 9 pull+ ! cable itself2 b ,i h x on ! au?ority ( c]ta9 te*nical pap]s t !re is a wa/e ( ab\t eighty p] c5t4 ,i d n int5d to depreciate cable or any o!r tramways1 b !re is a difficulty ab\t introduc+ cable tramways4 ,x is necess>y to dig up ! /reets & int]f]e ) ! roadways4 ,i h be5 told t ! cable arrangem5ts 9 ,philadelphia co/ #ajj1jjj a mile1 & t ! cable road 9 ,san ,francisco co/ m ?an t4 ,"o ( ! directors ( ! cable company 9 ,philadelphia told me t if he _h se5 ! batt]y sy/em be=e ! introduction ( ! cable1 he w\ld probably h made up 8 m9d 9 favor ( ! =m]4 ,! we> & te> 9 ! case ( ! /orage sy/em is also consid]able4 ,!re is a wa/e ( en]gy 9 ! dynamo2 secondly1 9 ! accumulator *>g$ by t dynamo2 ?irdly1 9 ! motor :i* is driv5 by ! accumulator2 & f\r?ly1 9 ! ge>+ t r$uces ! spe$ ( ! motor to ! spe$ requir$ by ! c> axles4 ,x w\ld be difficult to make a motor run at ! rate ( eighty revolutions p] m9ute1 :i* is ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! /reet c> axle :5 runn+ at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r4 ,take all ^! wa/es1 & y f9d 9 practice t y d n utilize m ?an #dj p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy giv5 by ! /eam eng9e4 ,b ?is is q suffici5t to make ?is sy/em mu* *eap] ?an horse traction4 ,x is well kn[n t we c dis*>ge ! /orage batt]y ad libitum at ! rate ( #b amp]es or #bjj amp]es4 ,i c get out ( a /orage batt]y almo/ any horse p[] ,i l = a %ort space ( "t4 ,i h n ! lea/ objection to ! direct sy/em4 ,b :5 y come to run tw5ty or ?irty or fifty c>s on "o l9e1 y w require v l>ge conductors or dang]\sly high electromotive =ce4 ,! ov]head sy/em is applicable to its own p>ticul> purposes4 ,:]e !re are only five or t51 or ev5 tw5ty1 c>s runn+ on "o l9e1 & t l9e runs ?r\gh a suburb or a "p ( a city :]e !re are n _m h\ses1 t sy/em is to be pref]r$4 ,! objection to ! ov]head sy/em is n s mu* ! want ( beauty1 b ! want ( practicability4 ,y h to put y\r po/s v high inde$1 s z to let great wagon loads ( hay & all sorts ( ?+s pass und]nea?4 ,mo/ ( ! tr\ble comes 9 w9t]1 & :5 x is sn[+ h>d a great _m difficulties arise4 ,z reg>ds ! loss1 suppose t ! resi/ance ( ! ov]head l9es is "o ohm4 ,to draw "o c> x w take an av]age ( #bj amp]es1 & ! only loss w be #bj multipli$ by #bj1 t is1 #djj watts ?r\gh l9e resi/ance4 ,b if !re are t5 c>s on t l9e1 y get #dj1jjj watts loss ( en]gy1 unless y increase ! conductor 9 proportion to ! numb] ( c>s4 ,if y d t1 y get an enorm\s conductor1 & h a sort ( elevat$ railroad in/ead ( a telegraph wire1 z mo/ p imag9e an ov]head conductor to be4 ,! curr5t requir$ to run a /reet c> is ab\t ?irty amp]es1 & an electromotive =ce ( ab\t #ahj volts4 ,if c>s are run 9 connection ) an inc&esc5t light /ation1 we c arrange our app>atus s t we c use an ,e4,m4,f4 say ( #aaj volts1 & !n we c put 9 a small] numb] ( cells ) a l>g] capacity t w give a correspond+ horse p[]4 ,we c *>ge su* l>g] cells ) #ej or #fj amp]es in/ead ( ?irty4 ,9 reg>d to arc light+ ma*9]y1 ! arc light+ dynamo %\ld n be us$ to *>ge ! accumulators4 ,!y c be us$1 b !y require su* con/ant att5tion z to make !m impracticable4 ,we c only use %unt-w\nd dynamos conv5i5tly = t purpose4 ,9 reg>d to us+ two motors on a c>1 !re are sev]al advantages 9 x4 ,i use two motors on all my c>s 9 ,europe1 & always h done s f ! beg9n+4 ,"o ( ! advantages is t 9 case ( an accid5t to "o motor ! o!r w br+ ! c> home2 secondly1 ) two motors we c v>y ! spe$ )\t *ang+ ! ,e4,m4,f4 ( ! batt]y4 ,if ,i want v mu* p[]1 ,i put two motors 9 p>allel1 gett+ f\r times ! p[] t ,i d ) "o ma*9e1 & an int]m$iate p[] ( two motors4 ,!re is ano!r advantage ( hav+ two motors1 & t is t we c use two driv+ axles in/ead ( "o1 & we c g up grades ) almo/ d\ble ! facility t way1 because ! adhesion w\ld be d\ble4 ,^! are ! ma9 advantages aris+ f ! use ( two or m motors4 ,mr4 ,maill\x ask$ if ,i w\ld give my exp]i5ce 9 reg>d to ! me*anical transmission betwe5 ! motor & ! c> axle4 ,i h us$ almo/ ev]y?+ t 0 kn[n at ! "t1 b 9 ord] to give y a full & detail$ acc\nt ( ! v>i\s modes ( transmission :i* ,i h us$ ,i %\ld h to give y figures to be> out c]ta9 exp]im5ts4 ,i %\ld only be able to d t 9 a lecture ( at lea/ five h\rs' duration1 s ,i hope t y w k9dly excuse me on t po9t4 ,) reg>d to ! durability ( plates1 ,i h tak5 into consid]ation fifte5 h\rs a day4 ,9 reg>d to ! application ( electrical brakes1 ,i w say t t 0 "o ( ! fir/ ideas t ent]$ my head :5 ,i began to use electric motors1 & o!r p _h t idea long be=e me4 ,i h us$ an electric brake1 us+ ! motor itself z a brake--t is1 z ! c> runs d[n a grade by mom5tum1 x g5]ates a curr5t1 b ?is curr5t _c be us$ = re*>g+ a batt]y4 ,x is utt] nons5se to talk ab\t t unless we h a /eady grade f\r or five miles long4 ,! advantages are v small inde$1 & ! complications :i* w\ld be introduc$ by employ+ automatic cut-outs1 gov]nors1 & s on1 w\ld c\nt]balance any?+ t might be ga9$4 ,z reg>ds go+ up an incl9e1 ( c\rse /opp+ & />t+ aga9 has to be done (t51 & anybody :o at any "t works c>s by electricity1 :e!r !y h /orage batt]ies or n1 has to all[ = suffici5t motive p[] to ov]come all ! difficulties t any l9e might pres5t4 ,"o ( ! great mi/akes :i* "s ( ! pione]s 9 ?is direction made 0 t !y did n put suffici5t p[] ^u ! c>s4 ,y always ought to put on ! c>s p[] capable ( ex]t+ p]haps #bj to #dj p] c5t4 m ?an is necess>y 9 ! ord9>y /reet s]vice1 s t 9 case ( ! road be+ sn[$ up1 or 9 ! case ( any o!r accid5t :i* is liable to occur1 y ought to h pl5ty ( p[] to get out ( ! scrape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bri/ol ,,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bri/ol ,,ca!dral4 ,an ,augu/9ian mona/]y1 f\nd$ by ,rob]t ,fitzh>d+e 9 #aadb1 _h its *ur*1 ( ,norman ar*itecture1 to :i* additions 7 made 9 ! e>ly ,engli% p]iod4 ,:5 ,edmund ,kn[le 0 abbot1 f #acjf to #accb1 ! ,norman *oir 0 replac$ by t :i* n[ exi/s4 ,8 successor1 ,abbot ,sn[1 built ! *apels on ! s\? side ( ! *oir4 ,abbot ,newl&1 betwe5 #adha & #aeae1 enri*$ ! transepts ) a gro9$ ro( & ) ornam5tal "w ( ! decorat$ ,go?ic /yle1 & erect$ ! c5tral t[]4 ,abbot ,elliott1 :o foll[$ ,newl&1 remov$ ! ,norman nave & aisles1 int5d+ to rebuild !m2 b ?is 0 prev5t$ by 8 dea? 9 #aebf & by ! dissolution ( ! mona/]y a few ye>s aft]w>d2 he complet$1 h[ev]1 ! vault+ ( ! s\? transept4 ,! *ur* rema9$ ) a nave1 & o!rwise incomplete1 until ! mod]n re/orations2 aft] :i*1 9 #ahgg1 x 0 reop5$ ) a special s]vice4 ,messrs4 ,pope ,b9don1 ( ,bri/ol1 7 ! ar*itects employ$4 ,! ext]ior1 ( :i* we give an illu/ration1 view$ f ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,gre51 or ,upp] ,college ,gre51 is n v impos+2 f ! ,l[] ,gre5 !re is a good view ( ! c5tral t[] & ! transept4 ,! height ( ! t[] is b #abg ft4 ,x is ( p]p5dicul> ,go?ic ar*itecture1 b ! pi]s support+ x are ,norman4 ,! int]ior pres5ts _m features ( int]e/4 ,! clu/]$ triple %afts ( ! pi]s 9 ! *oir1 ) _! capitals ( graceful foliage1 ! l(ty po9t$ ar*es betwe5 !m1 & ! gro9$ vault+1 h mu* beauty4 ,! *ancel is decorat$ ) trac]y ( a peculi> patt]n4 ,! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,augu/9e at ,bri/ol 0 surr5d]$ to ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 9 #aech1 & became1 9 #aedb1 ! ca!dral ( ! new ,episcopal see !n creat$4 ,! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol1 ,paul ,bu%1 0 depriv$ ( 8 see by ,que5 ,m>y1 be+ a m>ri$ cl]gyman & refus+ to "p ) 8 wife4 ,bi%op ,flet*]1 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s "t1 aft]w>d ,bi%op ( ,worce/] & ( ,london1 0 twice m>ri$1 at :i* ?is que5 likewise express$ h] displeasure4 ,he 0 fa!r ( ,flet*]1 ! dramatic poet2 & he is said to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ ,engli% smok]s ( tobacco4 ,among not$ ,bi%ops ( ,bri/ol 7 ,bi%op ,lake1 aft]w>d ( ,*i*e/]1 & ,bi%op ,trelawny 7,sir ,jona?an ,trelawny1 ,b>t41 ( ,cornwall71 two ( ! sev5 bi%ops2 imprison$ = disobey+ an illegal ord] ( ,james ,,ii4 ,& %all ,trelawny die8 ,!n tw5ty ?\s& ,corni%m5 w "k ! reason :y4 ,b ! mo/ em95t 0 ,bi%op ,joseph ,butl]1 ! au?or ( ,! ,analogy ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion & ( ! ,s]mons on ,human ,nature4 ,he 0 born at ,wantage1 9 ,b]k%ire1 & 0 educat$ z a ,noncon=mi/4 ,he 0 ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol f #agch to #agej1 :5 he 0 translat$ to ,durham4 ,9 #ahcf1 ! see ( ,bri/ol 0 jo9$ ) t ( ,gl\ce/]2 & ! ,"r ,rev4 ,drs4 ,j4,h4 ,monk1 ,o4 ,b>+1 ,w4 ,?omson 7n[ ,ar*bi%op ( ,york71 & ,c4,j4 ,ellicott h be5 ,bi%ops ( ,gl\ce/] & ,bri/ol4--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,waves4 ,9 ! fir/ days ( ,augu/1 two />tl+ ann\ncem5ts rea*$ u f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y 7 z foll[s3 7#a47 ,! comm&] ( ! ,cun>d] ,umbria reports t at #c o'clock on ,july #bg1 ab\t #a1ejj miles f ,s&y ,hook1 ! vessel 0 /ruck by a tidal wave #ej ft4 high1 :i* swept ! decks1 c>ri$ away a portion ( ! bridge & ! =w>d hat*1 & flood$ ! cab9s & /e]age4 7#b47 ,! capta9 ( ! ,wilson l9e /eam] ,m>tello reports t at half-pa/ #h on ! ev5+ ( ,july #be1 :5 9 lat4 #di #c' ,n41 long4 #ca ,w41 an enorm\s wave /ruck ! vessel1 completely subm]g+ ! decks4 ,9 view ( ^! reports1 & inasmu* z que/ions 7 ask$ on ! subject 9 ,p>liam5t1 ?\gh x is q possible t1 z reg>ds ! tidal "* ( ! waves1 !re may be some?+ ( newspap] gobem\*]ie 9 ! ann\ncem5ts1 we (f] a few rem>ks on waves 9 g5]al1 :i* may be useful to "s ( our read]s4 ,tidal ph5om5a pres5t !mselves "u two aspects3 z alt]nate elevations & depressions ( ! sea & z recurr5t infl[s & outfl[s ( /reams4 ,c>eful writ]s1 h[ev]1 use ! ^w tide 9 /rict ref]5ce to ! *anges ( elevation 9 ! wat]1 :ile !y di/+ui% ! recurr5t /reams z tidal curr5ts4 ,h5ce1 also1 rise & fall app]ta9 to ! tide1 :ile flood & ebb ref] to ! tidal curr5t4 ,! cause ( ! tides is ! comb9$ action ( ! sun & moon4 ,! relative effects ( ^! two bodies on ! oceanic wat]s are directly z _! mass & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( _! di/ance2 b ! moon1 ?\gh small 9 comp>ison ) ! sun1 is s mu* ne>] to ! e>? t %e ex]ts ! great] influ5ce 9 ! production ( ! great tide wave4 ,?us ! mean =ce ( ! moon1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! sun1 is z #b to #a4 ,! attractive =ce ( ! moon is mo/ /rongly felt by ^? p>ts ( ! ocean ov] :i* %e is v]tical1 & !y are1 consequ5tly1 drawn t[>d h]4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! influ5ce ( ! lum9>y be+ less p[]fully ex]t$ on ! wat]s fur!/ f h] ?an on ! e>? itself1 !y mu/ rema9 beh9d4 ,by ^! means1 at ! two opposite sides ( ! e>?1 9 ! direction ( ! /raight l9e betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! e>? & moon1 ! wat]s are simultane\sly rais$ above _! mean level2 & ! moon1 9 h] progressive we/]ly motion1 z %e comes to ea* m]idian 9 succession1 causes two upris+s ( ! wat]--two high tides--! "o :5 %e passes ! m]idian above1 ! o!r :5 %e crosses x bel[2 & ?is is done1 n by draw+ aft] h] ! wat] fir/ rais$1 b by rais+ cont9ually t "u h] at ! "t2 ?is is ! tide wave4 ,9 a simil> mann] 7f causes already ref]r$ to7 ! sun produces two tides ( mu* small] dim5sions1 & ! jo9t effect ( ! action ( ! two lum9>ies is ?is1 t in/ead ( f\r sep>ate tides result+ f _! sep>ate influ5ce1 ! sun m]ely alt]s ! =m ( ! wave rais$ by ! moon2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! great] ( ! two waves 7:i* is due to ! moon7 is modifi$ 9 its height by ! small] 7sun's7 wave4 ,:5 ! summit ( ! two happ5s to co9cide1 ! summit ( ! comb9$ wave w be at ! highe/4 ,:5 ! holl[ ( ! small] wave co9cides ) ! summit ( ! l>g]1 ! summit ( ! comb9$ wave w be at ! l[e/4 ,x is necess>y to h a cle> & di/9ct conception ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! motion ( a wave & t ( a curr5t4 ,9 ! curr5t !re is a transf] ( wat]2 9 ! wave ! transf] is no m ?an w\ld be br\ght ab\t by a p>ticle ( wat] imp++ on ano!r :]e t p>ticle has a motion p]p5dicul> to ! surface1 & a ris+ & fall+ results4 ,! onw>d movem5t ( ! wave itself is always p]ceptible en\gh4 ,t ! wat] is n mov+ ) ! same velocity is also evid5t f wat*+ ! progress ( any light body float+ on its surface4 ,?is fact may be practically illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( a %ip at sea1 sail+ be=e ! w9d 9 ! same direction z ! waves are mov+4 ,:5 ! cre/ ( a wave is ne> ! /]n1 drop a piece ( wood on x4 ,almo/ in/antly ! wave w be se5 %oot+ ahead ( ! vessel1 :ile ! wood is sc>cely remov$ f ! position :]e x fell on ! wat]4 ,! wave has mov$ onw>d1 pres]v+ its id5tity z a wave1 ! wat] ( :i* x is =m$ be+ con/antly *ang$2 & ?us ! motion ( ! wave is "o ?+1 t ( ! wat] 9 :i* ! waves are =m$ is q ano!r ?+4 ,aga91 waves are =m$ by a =ce act+ horizontally2 b 9 ! case ( ! tide wave1 t =ce acts uni=mly f ! surface to ! l[e/ dep?s ( ! ocean1 & ! bread? ( ! wave is t curv$ surface :i*1 comm5c+ at l[ wat]1 passes ov] ! summit ( ! tide d[n to ! next l[ wat]--?is is a wave ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,9 waves ( ! second ord]1 ! =ce rais+ !m acts only on ! surface1 & !re ! effect is greate/ 7z 9 ! w9d waves7--:]e "o assi/s 9 giv+ to ! wat] oscillat+ motion :i* ma9ta9s ! next1 & gradually puts ! :ole surface 9 commotion2 b at a %ort di/ance d[n t effect entirely disappe>s4 ,if ! e>? pres5t$ a uni=m globe1 ) a belt ( sea ( great & uni=m dep? encircl+ x r\nd ! equator1 ! tide wave w\ld be p]fectly regul> & uni=m4 ,its velocity1 :]e ! wat] 0 deep & free to foll[ ! two lum9>ies1 w\ld be #a1jjj miles an h\r1 & ! height ( tide inconsid]able4 ,b ev5 ! ,atlantic is n broad en\gh = ! =mation ( a p[]ful tide wave4 ,! cont95ts1 ! v>iation 9 ! direction ( ! coa/ l9e1 ! diff]5t dep?s ( ! ocean1 ! n>r[ness ( *annels1 all int]f]e to modify x4 ,at fir/ x is affect$ ) only a slight curr5t motion t[>d ! we/--a motion :i* only acquires /r5g? :5 ! wave is heap$ up1 z x 71 by ob/acles to its progress1 z happ5s to x ov] ! %all[ p>ts ( ! sea1 on ! coa/s1 9 gulfs1 & 9 ! m\?s ( riv]s4 ,?us ! fir/ wave advanc+ meets 9 its c\rse ) resi/ance on ! two sides ( a n>r[ *annel1 x is =c$ to rise by ! pressure ( ! foll[+ waves1 ^: motion is n at all ret>d$1 or c]ta9ly less s ?an t ( ! fir/ wave4 ,?us an actual curr5t ( wat] is produc$ 9 /raits & n>r[ *annels2 & x is always important to di/+ui% betwe5 ! tide wave1 z br++ high wat]1 & ! tidal /ream--betwe5 ! rise & fall ( ! tide & ! fl[ & ebb4 ,9 ! op5 ocean1 & at a di/ance f ! l&1 ! tide wave is imp]ceptible1 & ! rise & fall ( ! wat] is small4 ,among ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific f\r to six feet is ! usual spr+ rise4 ,b ! range is consid]ably affect$ by local causes1 z by ! %oal+ ( ! wat] & ! n>r[+ ( ! *annel1 or by ! *annel op5+ to ! free entrance ( ! tide wave4 ,9 su* cases ! range ( tide is #dj to #ej feet or m1 & ! tidal /ream is "o ( great velocity4 ,x may "u su* circum/ances ev5 pres5t ! peculi> ph5om5on call$ ! bore--a wave t comes roll+ 9 ) ! fir/ ( flood1 &1 ) a foam+ cre/1 ru%es onw>d1 ?reat5+ de/ruction to %ipp+1 & sweep+ away all imp$im5ts ly+ 9 its c\rse4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 ! op5 ocean ! great tide wave c\ld n be recogniz$ z a wave1 s9ce x is m]ely a tempor>y alt]ation ( ! sea level4 ,waves :i* h _! orig9 9 ! action ( ! w9d /rik+ ! surface ( ! wat] comm5ce z a s]ies ( small & sl[ undulations or wavelets--a m]e ripple4 ,z ! /r5g?1 & consequ5tly ! pressure1 ( ! w9d increases1 waves are =m$2 & a num]ical relation exi/s betwe5 ! l5g? ( a wave1 its velocity ( progress1 & ! dep? ( ! wat] 9 :i* x travels4 ,! height ( a wave is measur$ f tr\gh to cre/2 & ?\gh waves z se5 f ! deck ( a small vessel appe> to be enorm\s & ov]:elm+1 _! height1 9 an ord9>y gale1 9 deep wat]1 does n exce$ #ae to #bj feet4 ,9 a v heavy gale ( "s days' cont9uance !y w1 ( c\rse1 be mu* high]4 ,scoresby has obs]v$ !m #cj ft4 high 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic2 & ,ross measur$ waves ( #bb ft4 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic4 ,wilkes records #cb ft4 9 ! ,pacific4 ,b ! highe/ waves h be5 report$ (f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ,cape ,horn1 :]e !y h be5 obs]v$1 on r>e occasions1 f #cj to #dj ft high2 & #cf ft4 has be5 giv5 z ! admeasurem5t 9 ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 "u v exceptional circum/ances4 ,9 ! voyage r\nd ! _w ! ,v5us & ,bonite record a maximum ( #bg ft41 :ile ! ,nov>a f\nd ! maximum to be #ce ft4 ,b waves ( #ab to #ad ft4 9 %all[ seas are (t5 m try+ ?an ^? ( l>g] dim5sions 9 deep] wat]4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t a di/ance f cre/ to cre/ ( #aej to #cej ft4 9 ! /orm wave gives a velocity 79 ! *ange ( =m7 ( f #ag to #bh miles p] h\r4 ,b :at is requir$ 9 ! computation ( ! velocity is ! p]iod ( passage betwe5 two cre/s4 ,?us a di/ance ( #ejj to #fjj ft4 betwe5 two cre/s1 & a p]iod ( #aj to #aa seconds1 indicates a velocity ( #cd miles p] h\r4 ,! foll[+ table1 by ,sir ,g4,b4 ,airy 7late ,a/ronom] ,royal71 %[s ! velocities ) :i* waves ( giv5 l5g?s travel 9 wat] ( c]ta9 dep?3 ,dep? ( ,l5g? ( ! ,wave 9 ,feet4#a ! ,wat] 9 ,feet4 #aj #ajj #a1jjj #aj1jjj #ajj1jjj #a1jjj1jjj #aj1jjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,correspond+ ,velocity ( ,wave p] ,h\r 9 ,nautical ,miles4 #a #c4b #c4d #c4d #c4d #c4d #c4d #c4d #aj #d4c #aj4a #aj4g #aj4h #aj4h #aj4h #aj4h #ajj #d4c #ac4e #cb4j #cd4j #cd4j #cd4j #cd4j #a1jjj #d4c #ac4e #db4i #aja4h #ajg4e #ajg4e #ajg4e #aj1jjj #d4c #ac4e #db4i #ace4g #cbj4c #cdj4j #cdj4c #ajj1jjj #d4c #ac4e #db4i #ace4g #dbi4c #ajac4j #ajge4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,footnote #a3 ,z an example1 ?is table %[s t waves #a1jjj feet 9 l5g? travel #dc nautical miles p] h\r 9 wat] #a1jjj feet deep4 ,! l5g? is measur$ f cre/ to cre/4 ,f ^! numb]s x appe>s t-- #a4 ,:5 ! l5g? ( ! wave is n great] ?an ! dep? ( ! wat]1 ! velocity ( ! wave dep5ds 7s5sibly7 only on its l5g?1 & is proportional to ! squ>e root ( its l5g?4 #b4 ,:5 ! l5g? ( ! wave is n less ?an a ?\s& times ! dep? ( ! wat]1 ! velocity ( ! wave dep5ds 7s5sibly7 only on ! dep?1 & is proportional to ! squ>e root ( ! dep?4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! same z ! velocity :i* a free body w\ld acquire by fall+ f re/ "u ! action ( gravity ?r\gh a height equal to half ! dep? ( ! wat]4 ,roll]s are ( ! nature ( a viol5t gr\nd swell1 & possibly ! wor/ ( !m may be due to ! propagation ( an e>?quake wave4 ,!y come ) little notice1 & r>ely la/ long4 ,all ! small isl&s 9 ! ,mid-,atlantic exp]i5ce !m1 & !y are frequ5t on ! ,african coa/ 9 ! calm season4 ,!y are also n unkn[n 9 ! o!r oceans4 ,9 discuss+ ! meteorology ( ! equatorial di/rict ( ! ,atlantic1 ext5d+ f lat4 #bj to #aj ,s1 ,capta9 ,toynbee obs]ves t swells ( ! sea are n always caus$ by ! prevail+ w9d ( ! neighborhood4 ,= in/ance1 dur+ ! nor!rn w9t] & spr+ mon?s1 nor?we/]ly swells ab\nd4 ,!y are sometimes long & heavy1 & ext5d to ! mo/ s\!rn limit ( ! di/rict4 ,aga91 dur+ ! s\!rn w9t] & spr+ mon?s1 s\!rly & s\?we/]ly swells ab\nd1 ext5d+ at times to ! mo/ nor!rn limit ( ! di/rict4 ,!y are frequ5tly v heavy & long4 ,! great =c$ sea waves1 due to e>?quakes1 & g5]ally to subt]ranean & volcanic action1 h be5 kn[n to atta9 ! enorm\s height ( #fj feet or m1 & sweep to de/ruction :ole t[ns situat$ on ! %ores :]e !y h brok5--z = example ,lisbon & places on ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica & 9 ! isl& ( ,java4 ,?\gh s de/ructive :5 !y come 9 t[>d ! l&1 & beg9 to feel ! %elv+ sea bottom1 x is n probable t1 9 ! op5 ocean1 ?is wave w\ld d m ?an appe> z a long roll+ swell4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 obs]v$ t a wave ) a g5tle front has probably be5 produc$ by g5tle rise or fall ( a "p ( ! sea bottom1 :ile a wave ) a /eep front has probably be5 due to a some:at sudd5 elevation or depression4 ,waves ( complicat$ surface =m aga9 w\ld indicate viol5t oscillations ( ! bottom4 ,! altitude & volume ( ! great sea wave result+ f an e>?quake dep5d ^u ! sudd5ness & ext5t ( ! orig9at+ di/urbance & ^u ! dep? ( wat] at its orig94 ,its velocity ( translation at ! surface ( ! sea v>ies ) ! dep? ( ! sea at any giv5 po9t1 & its =m & dim5sions dep5d ^u ?is also1 z well z ^u ! sort ( sea room x has to move 94 ,9 deep ocean wat]1 "o ( ^! waves may be s long & l[ z to pass "u a %ip )\t be+ obs]v$1 b1 z x approa*es a slop+ %ore1 its advanc+ slope becomes /eep]1 & :5 ! dep? ( wat] becomes less ?an ! altitude ( ! wave1 x topples ov]1 & comes a%ore z an enorm\s & ov]:elm+ break]4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! /orm wave--! result ( ! cyclone or hurricane--&1 p]haps1 ! greate/ t]ror to seam51 = x almo/ always appe>s 9 ! "* ( a heavy cross sea1 ! p]iod ( :i* is irregul> & unc]ta94 ,! di/urbance )9 ! area ( ! cyclone is n conf9$ to ! air1 b ext5ds also to ! ocean1 produc+ fir/ a roll+ swell1 :i* ev5tually culm9ates 9 a trem5d\s pyramidal sea & a s]ies ( /orm waves1 ! undulations ( :i* are propagat$ to an extraord9>y di/ance1 beh9d1 be=e1 & on ea* side ( ! /orm field4 ,en\gh has n[ be5 said to %[ t :atev] ! "* ( ! waves enc\nt]$ by ! ,umbria & ,m>tello 9 ,july la/1 !y 7 9 no s5se tidal1 b1 if approximat+ to ! dim5sions /at$1 !y 7 ei!r due to /orm or e>?quake1 or1 possibly1 to a comb9ation ( bo? ! la/ ag5ts4 ,= ^? ( our read]s :o may be int]e/$ 9 wave obs]vations1 we conclude by introduc+ ,pr(4 ,/okes' summ>y ( ! me?od ( obs]v+ ! ph5om5on3 ,= a ,%ip at ,sea4 7#a47 ,! app>5t p]iodic "t1#b obs]v$ z if ! %ip 7 at re/4 7#b47 ,! true direction f :i* ! waves come1 also ! %ip's true c\rse & spe$ p] h\r4 7#c47 ,a measure or e/imate ( ! height ( ! waves4 7#d47 ,! dep? ( ! sea if x is kn[n1 b1 at any rate1 ! position ( ! %ip z ne> z possible1 ei!r by cross be>+s ( l& or any o!r me?od1 s t ! dep? may be got f *>ts or o!r s\rces4 ,= a ,%ip at ,an*or4 7#a47 ,! p]iodic "t4 7#b47 ,! true direction f :i* ! waves come4 7#c47 ,a measure or e/imate ( ! height ( ! waves4 7#d47 ,! dep? ( wat] :]e %e is an*or$4 ,footnote #b3 ,! p]iod ( a wave is ! int]val ( "t :i* elapses betwe5 ! transits ( two successive wave cre/s pa/ a /ation>y float+ body1 ! wave cre/ be+ ! highe/ l9e along ! ridge4 ,x is ! op9ion ( sci5ti/s t :5 ! p]iod ( oscillation ( ! %ip & ! p]iod ( ! wave are ne>ly ! same1 ! turn+ ov] ( ! %ip is an approximate consequ5ce1 & ?us ! wave to su* a %ip w\ld appe> m =midable ?an to ano!r %ip ) a diff]5t p]iod ( oscillation4--,nautical ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,practical ,,education4 ,x is n[ recogniz$ t "o ( ! elem5ts 9 :i* ! public s*ool sy/ems ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are mo/ lack+ is 9 ! practical bran*es 9 tea*+ trades & indu/ry4 ,!re is too mu* book le>n+1 too little practical education4 ,?r\gh\t ! cont95t ( ,europe !re are trade & indu/rial s*ools :i* h accompli%$ mu* 9 turn+ out skill$ workm5 = ! v>i\s bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,"h we h "o4 ,our defici5cy 9 ?is matt] 0 recogniz$ by ! late commission] ( education1 & att5tion call$ to x 9 sev]al ( 8 reports1 & a numb] ( ! ,/ate sup]9t5d5ts ( education h also urg$ ! e/abli%m5t ( manual or tra9+ s*ools z a "p ( ! ,/ate sy/ems4 ,we h su* an in/itution "h 9 ! ,tulane ,manual ,s*ool4 ,9 ,philadelphia1 ,clevel&1 & ,*icago1 ! sy/em has be5 adopt$ on a l>ge scale1 & made "p ( ! high s*ool c\rse4 ,ano!r city :i* has inaugurat$ ! manual tra9+ s*ool z a "p ( its public s*ools is ,tol$o1 ,o4 ,a ri* citiz5 ( t t[n1 :o rec5tly di$1 left a l>ge sum = ! e/abli%m5t ( a univ]sity ( arts & trades4 ,in/ead ( f\nd+ a sep>ate univ]sity1 h[ev]1 ! money 0 appli$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( manual s*ools 9 connection ) ! public s*ools1 = bo? boys & girls4 ,! c\rse ( girls' "w giv5 w af=d "s idea ( :at x is propos$ to d4 ,?is beg9s ) ! s5ior gramm> s*ool grade & cont9ues ?ree ye>s 9 high s*ool4 ,x includes free h&1 me*anical1 & ar*itectural draw+1 light c>p5try1 wood c>v+1 design+ = wood c>v+1 wood turn+1 clay m\ld+1 decorative design+1 etc4 ,b m practical ?an ^! ?+s are ! lessons 9 cook+1 sew+1 & h\sehold managem5t4 ,! c\rse 9 dome/ic economy is arrang$ ) special ref]5ce to giv+ "y wom5 su* a lib]al & practical education z w inspire !m ) a belief 9 ! dignity & nobl5ess ( an e>ne/ womanhood1 & incite !m to a fai?ful p]=mance ( ! e day duties ( life4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! assumption t a pleasant home is an ess5tial elem5t ( broad culture1 & "o ( ! sure/ safegu>ds ( morality & virtue4 ,! report ( ! s*ool also rem>ks t ! design ( ?is c\rse is to furni% ?or\gh in/ruction 9 appli$ h\sekeep+1 & ! sci5ces relat$ !reto1 & /ud5ts w receive practical drill 9 all bran*es ( h\sework2 9 ! pur*ase & c>e ( family supplies1 & 9 g5]al h\sehold managem5t2 b w n be expect$ to p]=m m labor ?an is actually necess>y = ! desir$ in/ruction4 ,a special bran* :i* w be well receiv$ is t :i* proposes to tea* ! girls h[ to cook4 ,! curriculum is "o t e h\sekeep] ought to g ?r\gh4 ,boil+--,practical illu/rations ( boil+ & /eam+1 & treatm5t ( vegetables1 meats1 fi%1 & c]eals1 s\p mak+1 etc4 ,broil+--,lessons & practice 9 meat1 *ick51 fi%1 oy/]s1 etc4 ,bread ,mak+--,*emical & me*anical action ( mat]ials us$4 ,manipulations 9 bread mak+ 9 its v>i\s dep>tm5ts4 ,yea/s & _! sub/itutes4 ,bak+--,heat 9 its action on diff]5t mat]ials 9 ! process ( bak+4 ,practical exp]im5ts 9 bak+ bread1 pa/ry1 pudd+s1 cakes1 meat1 fi%1 etc4 ,fry+--,*emical & me*anical pr9ciples involv$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! fry+ ( vegetables1 meats1 fi%1 oy/]s1 etc4 ,mix+--,! art ( mak+ comb9ations1 z 9 s\ps1 salads1 pudd+s1 pies1 cakes1 sauces1 dress+s1 flavor+s1 condim5ts1 etc4 ,9 m>ket+1 economy1 etc41 ! c\rse comprises g5]al tea*+ on ! foll[+ subjects3 ,! selection & pur*ase ( h\sehold supplies4 ,g5]al in/ructions 9 sy/ematiz+ & economiz+ ! h\sehold "w & exp5ses4 ,! anatomy ( animals us$ z food1 & h[ to *oose ! sev]al p>ts4 ,lessons on ! qualities ( wat] & /eam2 ! con/ruction ( /oves & ranges2 ! prop]ties ( diff]5t fuels4 ,aga91 !re is a dressmak+ & mill9]y dep>tm5t1 :]e ! girls are taught h[ to cut & make dresses & o!r g>m5ts1 & ! economical & ta/eful use ( mat]ials4 ,s mu* = ! girls4 ,! c\rses 9 ! boys' s*ools are some:at simil>1 turn+1 h[ev]1 on ! m practical in/ruction 9 trades & indu/ries1 9 c>p5t]+1 wood & iron "w1 etc4 ,! ,tol$o exp]im5t has be5 tri$ !re b "o ye>1 & has giv5 g5]al satisfaction4 ,! bo>d ( s*ool directors has int]e/$ ! public 9 its ef=ts1 & advisory committees ( ladies & g5tlem5 h be5 appo9t$ to assi/ 9 manag+ ^! s*ools4 ,x is to be hop$ t o!r & l>g] cities w imitate ,tol$o 9 ! matt]4 ,^? philan?ropi/s :o are giv+ money s lib]ally = ! e/abli%m5t ( in/itutions ( high] le>n+ might d mu* good 9 provid+ = manual tra9+ s*ools ( ?is k9d t w assure ! c\ntry good h\sewives & skill$ me*anics 9 ! future4--,tru/ees' ,t4 ,j\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,gigantic ,,load ,,( ,,lumb]4 ,:5 x 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! ,lumb]man t ! b>ge ,wahnapit _h c>ri$ a c>go ( #b1aha1jjj feet ( lumb]1 lett]s 7 receiv$ ask+ if x 0 n a typographical error4 ,x 0 ?\ght by _m t no boat c\ld c>ry su* a load4 ,= ! purpose ( %[+ ! b>ge on pap]1 a photograph 0 obta9$ ( h] :5 load$ at ,dulu?1 :i* is h]e) reproduc$4 ,! freight rate obta9$ to ,tonaw&a 0 #c4ge a ?\s&1 :i* foot$ up to a total ( #h1agh4ge ,! own]s ( ! boat1 h[ev]1 7 n satisfi$ ) su* a record1 & proce$$ to break x by load+ at ,dulu? #b1dji1hjj feet ( lumb]1 :i* also w5t to ,tonaw&a1 & :i* is put d[n z ! bigge/ c>go ( lumb] on record4 ,at ! latt] place ! c>go 0 unload$ on ,saturday aft]noon & ,monday =5oon--"o work+ day4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t ! money-mak+ capacity ( ! b>ge is ( ! ,jumbo ord] also4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,b>ge ,,wahnapit1 ,,load$ ,,) #b1aha1jjj ,,feet ,,( ,,lumb]4 ,! b>ge is own$ by ! ,sag9aw ,lumb] & ,salt ,company & ! ,em]y ,lumb] ,company1 & co/ #cj1jjj4 ,%e is #bge feet long & #ea feet beam4 ,! lumb] on h] 0 pil$ #bb feet high & %e drew #aa feet ( wat]4 ,_h %e be5 #aj in*es wid]1 %e c\ld n h pass$ ?r\gh ! ,soo canal4 ,! boat 0 built on ! ,sag9aw riv] a ye> ago la/ w9t]1 & 0 design$ = c>ry+ logs f ! ,georgian bay to ! ,sag9aw riv] & ,tawas mills4 ,! ,canadian gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 increas$ ! export duty on logs1 & ! b>ge 0 put into ! lumb]-c>ry+ trade--,n4,w4 ,lumb]man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,newb]y-,,vaut9 ,,*lor9ation ,,process4 ,! process ( extract+ gold f ores by absorption ( ! preci\s metal 9 *lor9e gas1 f :i* x is r$uc$ to a metallic /ate1 is n a v new discov]y4 ,x 0 fir/ introduc$ by ,plattn] _m ye>s ago1 & at t "t promis$ to revolutionize ! processes = gold extraction4 ,by degrees x 0 f\nd t only a v clev] *emi/ c\ld "w ?is process ) practically p]fect results1 = _m reasons4 ,lime & magnesia might be conta9$ 9 ! qu>tz1 & w\ld be attack$ by ! *lor9e4 ,^! consume ! reag5ts )\t produc+ any results1 e>?y p>ticles w\ld settle & surr\nd ! small gold & prev5t *lor9ation1 !n lead & z9c or o!r metals 9 comb9ation ) ! gold w\ld also be absorb$ by ! *lor9e2 or1 aga91 f "s locally *emical peculi>ity 9 ! wat] or ! ore1 gold held 9 solution by ! wat] might be aga9 precipitat$ 9 ! tail+s be=e filtration 0 complete1 & ?us be lo/4 ,h5d]son1 ,cl>k1 ,de ,lacy1 ,me>s1 & ,deacon1 all introduc$ improvem5ts1 or :at 7 claim$ to be improvem5ts1 on ,plattn]1 b ^! *iefly fail$ because !y did n cov] e p>ticul> v>iety ( case :i* gold extraction pres5t$4 ,!re=e1 :]e delicate *emical op]ations 7 necess>y = success1 practice g5]ally fail$ f want ( k on ! "p ( ! op]ator1 & _m times ext5sive plants h be5 pron\nc$ useless f ?is cause alone4 ,h5ce x is n to be wond]$ t processes requir+ su* c>e & uncommon k are n greatly 9 favor4 ,mr4 ,claude ,vaut91 a g5tleman possess$ ( mu* practical exp]i5ce ( gold m9+ & extraction 9 ,que5sl&1 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,j4 ,cosmo ,newb]y1 analytical *emi/ to ! gov]nm5t ( ,victoria1 h develop$ a process :i* !y claim to comb9e all ! advantages ( ! =ego+ me?ods1 & by ! addition ( c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! ma*9]y & mode ( treatm5t to ov]come ! difficulties :i* h hi!rto prev5t$ ! g5]al adoption ( ! *lor9ation process4 ,by ref]5ce to ! illu/rations ( ! plant bel[1 ! sy/em by :i* ! ore is treat$ c be readily und]/ood4 ,! mat]ials = treatm5t--cru%$ & roa/$ ore1 or tail+s1 z ! case may be--are put into ! hopp] above ! revolv+ b>rel1 or *lor9ator4 ,?is latt] is made ( iron1 l9$ ) wood & lead1 & suffici5tly /rong to be> a pressure ( #ajj lb4 to ! squ>e in*1 its capacity be+ ab\t #cj cwt ( ore4 ,! *>ge falls f ! hopp] into ! *lor9ator4 ,wat] & *lor9e-produc+ *emicals are add$--g5]ally sulphuric acid & *loride ( lime--! manhole cov] is replac$ & screw$ d[n s z to be gas tight4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! b>rel !re is a valve connect$ ) an air pump1 ?r\gh :i* air to ab\t ! pressure ( f\r atmosph]es is pump$ 91 to liquefy ! *lor9e gas t is g5]at$1 aft] :i* ! valve is screw$ d[n4 ,! b>rel is !n set revolv+ at ab\t t5 revolutions a m9ute1 ! p[] be+ transmitt$ by a friction :eel4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! ore1 or ! size ( ! gra9s ( gold1 ?is movem5t is cont9u$ f "o to f\r h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t ! gold1 f comb9ation ) ! *lor9e gas1 has =m$ a soluble gold *loride1 :i* has all be5 tak5 up by ! wat] 9 ! b>rel4 ,! *lor9ator is !n /opp$1 & ! gas & compress$ air all[$ to escape f ! valve ?r\gh a rubb] hose into a vat ( lime wat]4 ,?is is to prev5t ! inhalation ( any *lor9e gas by ! workm54 ,! manhole cov] is n[ remov$ & ! b>rel aga9 set revolv+1 by :i* means ! cont5ts are ?r[n automatically into ! filt] bel[4 ,?is filt] is an iron vat l9$ ) lead4 ,x has a false bottom1 to :i* is connect$ a pipe f a vacuum pump work+ int]mitt5tly4 ,z soon z all ! ore has fall5 f ! *lor9ator into ! filt]1 ! pump is set go+1 a p>tial vacuum is produc$ 9 ! *amb] bel[ ! false bottom 9 ! filt]1 & v rapid filtration results4 ,by ?is means all ! gold *lorides conta9$ 9 ! wet ore may be wa%$ out1 a cont9ual /ream be+ pass$ ?r\gh x :ile filtration is go+ on4 ,! solution runn+ f ! filt] is cont9ually te/$1 & :5 f\nd free f gold1 ! /ream ( wat] is /opp$1 z is also ! vacuum pump4 ,! filt] is !n tipp$ up into a truck bel[1 & ! tail+s run out to ! wa/e heap4 ,! process ( wa%+ & filtration occupies ab\t an h\r1 dur+ :i* "t ano!r *>ge may be 9 process ( treatm5t 9 ! *lor9ator above4 ,! dis*>ge f ! filt] & ! wa%+s are run into a vat1 & f ?is !y are all[$ to pass sl[ly ?r\gh a tap into a *>coal filt]4 ,dur+ ! passage ( ! liquid ?r\gh ! *>coal filt]1 ! *loride ( gold is decompos$ & ! gold is deposit$ on ! *>coal1 :i*1 :5 fully *>g$1 is burnt1 ! a%es are fus$ ) borax 9 a crucible1 & ! gold is obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,newb]y-,,vaut9 ,,*lor9ation ,,process4 ,we h specifi$ above ! objections to ! old processes ( *lor9ation1 s x may be fairly ask$ 9 :at way ! ,newb]y-,vaut9 process avoids ! v>i\s *emical actions :i* h hi!rto prov$ s difficult to cont5d )4 ,= any sy/em ( *lor9ation yet introduc$ x is necess>y to free ! ore f sulphides4 ,?is is done by roa/+ accord+ to any ( ! well-kn[n sy/ems 9 vogue4 ,x is a matt] :i* requires great c>e & consid]able skill4 ,! heat mu/ be appli$ & increas$ sl[ly & /eadily4 ,if1 ?r\gh any neglect on ! "p ( ! roa/]1 ! ore is all[$ to fuse1 9 mo/ cases x is be/ to ?r[ ! *>ge away1 z wa/e4 ,?is roa/+ applies equally to ! ,vaut9 process z to any o!rs4 ,s on ?is head !re is no alt]ation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important advantages is n a *emical "o1 b is ! rapidity ) :i* ! *>ge c be treat$4 ,9 ! old] /yles ( treatm5t ! "t v>i$ f ?irty six to n9ety h\rs4 ,n[ ?is is accompli%$ 9 f ?ree to six h\rs ) a practically p]fect result4 ,! old] processes requir$ a c>eful damp+ ( ! ore1 :i*1 to get good results1 mu/ leave ! ore nei!r too wet nor too dry4 ,n[ damp+ is entirely done away )1 & 9 its place wat] is p\r$ into ! b>rel4 ,pressure to ! ext5t ( f\r atmosph]es causes *lor9e gas to leave its vapor\s =m4 ,?us ! pressure appli$ n only enables a /rong solution ( *lor9e to be =m$ ) ! wat] 9 ! b>rel1 b =ces ?is into contact ) ! gold ?r\gh e crevice 9 ! ore4 ,*lor9e gas also takes up any silv] :i* may exi/ 9 association ) ! gold4 ,9 ! old] processes ?is is deposit$ z a film ( *loride ( silv] ar\nd ! f9e gold gra9s1 & f its insolubility 9 wat] prev5ts ! absorption ( ! gold4 ,! rot>y motion ( ! b>rel 9 ! ,newb]y-,vaut9 me?od c\nt]acts ?is by cont9ually rubb+ ! p>ticles toge!r2 ?is frees ! p>ticles f any accumulations1 s t !y always pres5t fre% surfaces = ! action ( ! solv5t4 ,aga91 ! %ort "t ! ore is 9 contact ) ! *lor9e does n all[ ( ! =mation ( hydro*loric acid1 :i* has a t5d5cy to precipitate ! gold f its soluble =m 9 ! wat] be=e be+ )drawn f ! *lor9ator4 ,hi!rto1 :5 ! ore 0 v f9e or conta9$ slimes1 ! difficulty ( filtration 0 increas$1 sometimes 9 extreme cases to su* an ext5t t *lor9ation became impracticable4 ,by ! introduction ( ! vacuum pump ?is is greatly facilitat$2 !n by mak+ ! action int]mitt5t a jigg+ motion is giv5 to ! mat]ial 9 ! filt] :i* prev5ts any clogg+ except 9 cases ( extreme f95ess4 ,! advantage ( us+ *>coal z a decompos+ ag5t = *loride ( gold 0 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,newb]y "s tw5ty ye>s ago2 f\r or five ye>s s9ce ! idea 0 pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b z ?is 0 giv5 gratis to ! _w ye>s be=e1 ! pat5t did n hold good4 ,! =m ( precipitation g5]ally adopt$ 0 to add sulphate ( iron to ! liquid drawn f ! filt]4 ,?is n only ?rew d[n ! gold x conta9$1 b also ! lime & magnesia4 ,!n v great c>e 0 necess>y1 & a t$i\s process _h to be gone ?r\gh to divide ! gold f ^!4 ,n[1 by filtration ?r\gh *>coal ev]y?+ t is soluble 9 hydro*loric acid passes away ) ! wat]2 = in/ance1 lime & magnesia1 :i* be=e gave su* great tr\ble4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! *>coal1 ! *loride ( gold is decompos$ & all f9e gold p>ticles are tak5 up by ! *>coal1 s t x is coat$ by :at appe>s to be a purple film4 ,%\ld copp] be associat$ ) ! gold1 ! wat]1 aft] runn+ ?r\gh ! *>coal filt]1 is pass$ ov] scrap iron1 ^u :i* ! copp] is precipitat$ by a natural *emical action4 ,if silv] is conta9$ 9 ! ore1 x is f\nd among ! tail+s 9 ! filt]1 9 a *loride :i* is insoluble 9 wat]4 ,%\ld ! quantity prove suffici5tly l>ge1 x may be lea*$ out 9 ! usual way by hyposulphites4 ,"o ( ! great advantages common to all sy/ems ( *lor9ation is t ores may be cru%$ dry & treat$1 s t ! loss f float gold may be avoid$4 ,( ?is loss1 :i* is mo/ s]i\s1 we %all h some?+ to say on ano!r occasion4 ,an advantage 9 amalgamation ) *lor9e gas in/ead ( amalgamation ) quicksilv] 9 ! wet way1 is t ! ore ne$ n be cru%$ s f9ely4 ,roa/+ takes ! place ( f9e cru%+1 z ! ore f ! roa/+ furnace is ei!r f\nd some:at spongy 9 texture or ! gra9s ( silica 9 :i* f9e gold may be incas$ are split or flaw$ by ! fire4 ,= quicksilv] amalgamation v f9e cru%+ is necess>y to br+ all gold p>ticles 9 contact ) x4 ,quicksilv] be+ s ?ick 9 sub/ance1 x w n f9d its way readily 9 & out ( a microscopically f9e spongy body or ?r\gh v f9e flaws 9 gra9s ( silica1 :]eas *lor9e gas or a solution ( liquefi$ *lor9e does ?is1 & absorbs ! gold f> m readily4 ,!re are cases :5 gold is conta9$ 9 ores 9 :at is kn[n z a p]fectly free =m--t is1 !re is an abs5ce ( all sulphides1 ars5ides1 etc4--:5 x is n practicable to extract x ei!r ) ! ord9>y =ms ( quicksilv] amalgamation ( or any process ( *lor9ation1 )\t fir/ roa/+4 ,?is is because ! f9] gold is lock$ up inside f9e gra9s ( silica & hydrat$ oxide ( iron4 ,no ord9>y cru%+ w br+ ?is f9e en\gh1 b :5 roa/+ is resort$ to by draw+ x rapidly ?r\gh a furnace heat$ to a *]ry r$1 ^! gra9s are split up s t *lor9e gas is enabl$ to p5etrate to ! gold4 ,x may be said t an equally clev] *emi/ w be requir$ to "w ?is improv$ process z comp>$ ) ^? t h1 "o by "o1 fall5 into disuse1 ma9ly f want ( k among ! op]ators4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is is s4 ,! natural *emical actions are n s delicate1 b an ignorant op]ator w\ld spoil ?is process1 z he does ne>ly e o!r4 ,:5 a reef is discov]$1 practice %[s t its /ronge/ *>act]i/ics are consi/5tly c>ri$ ?r\gh\t x :]ev] x be>s gold4 ,be=e ,messrs4 ,newb]y & ,vaut9 leave a pur*as] to deal himself ) _! process1 !y get l>ge samples ( 8 ore to _! works & !re exp]im5t cont9ually until a practically p]fect result is obta9$2 !n any "o ) a mod]ate am\nt ( k c "w ) ! =mula suppli$4 ,x has be5 _! exp]i5ce t ! ore f any two m9es r>ely pres5ts ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,exp]im5ts are begun by treat+ v co>se cru%+s4 ,^!1 if n satisfactory1 are gradually r$uc$ until ! desir$ result is obta9$4 ,to treat ! :ole body ( ore f a m9e1 dry cru%+ is /rongly recomm5d$4 ,to accompli% ?is 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann]1 a /one break] :i* w r$uce to ab\t 94 cubes is necess>y4 ,= subsequ5t cru%+ ,kroms rolls h1 up to ! pres5t "t1 prov$ mo/ satisfactory4 ,!y w cru% ) consid]able ev5ness to a ?irty me%1 :i* is g5]ally suffici5t4 ,! cru%+s are !n roa/$ 9 ! ord9>y way 9 a rev]b]atory furnace & ! :ole ( ! roa/+s are pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9e we h j describ$4 ,by ?is x is claim$ t ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( ! gold c be extract$ at v mu* ! same co/ z ! processes n[ 9 g5]al use 9 gold produc+ c\ntries1 :i* on ! av]age b>ely return #ej p] c5t4 ,if s1 ! g5tlem5 :o h br\ght =w>d ^! improvem5ts des]ve all ! success _! process promises4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,ex]cis+ ,,! ,,muscles4 ,! app>atus h]e) illu/rat$ consi/s ( a wood5 base1 :i* may be bolt$ to ! floor1 & :i* supports two wood5 uprights1 to :i* is affix$ ! app>atus design$ to ex]cise ! legs4 ,! app>atus = ex]cis+ ! arms is m\nt$ ^u a second frame t slides up & d[n ! wood5 supports4 ,x is fix$ 9 position at any height by means ( two screws4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,ex]cis+ ,,! ,,muscles4 ,! app>atus = ex]cis+ ! legs1 z well z ! "o = ! arms1 consi/s ess5tially ( a fly :eel m\nt$ ^u an axle ext5d+ to ! second upright & b5t into ! =m ( a crank 9 ! c5t]4 ,! fly :eel is provid$ ) a w9* ^: arm is capable ( elongation 9 ord] to accommodate x to ! rea* ( ! s\nd limb4 ,! app>atus = ! legs is arrang$ 9 a contr>y direction1 t is to say1 ! :eel is on ! opposite side ( ! frame1 & ^u ! fix$ uprights4 ,x is really a velocip$e1 "o ( ! p$als ( :i* is movable ^u ! w9*1 & is capable ( runn+ f ! axle to ! extremity1 z 9 ! upp] app>atus4 ,?is p$al has ! =m ( a %oe1 & is provid$ ) two /raps to keep ! foot 9 place & cause x to foll[ ! p$al 9 its rot>y motion4 ,a movable seat1 capable ( ris+ & desc5d+ & mov+ backw>d & =w>d1 accord+ to ! leg t ne$s treatm5t1 is fix$ back ( ! app>atus4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,suppose t ! atrophi$ arm is ! left "o4 ,! invalid1 fac+ ! app>atus1 grasps ! movable h&le on ! crank ) 8 left h&1 & revolves ! w9* ) 8 "r4 ,! left h& be+ ?us c>ri$ along1 ! arm is submitt$ to a motion t obliges x to elongate & contract alt]nately1 & ! result is an ext5sion ( ! muscles :i* /r5g!ns !m4 ,! app>atus1 :i* is z simple z x is +5i\s1 c1 x is true1 be appli$ only :5 "o ( ! two limbs1 arm or leg1 is diseas$1 ! o!r be+ always necess>y to set ! app>atus 9 motion2 b1 ev5 r$uc$ to su* conditions1 x is de/9$ to r5d] num]\s s]vices 9 cases ( p>alysis1 atrophy1 contusions1 etc4--,moniteur des ,inv5tions ,indu/rielles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,bull ,,optomet]4 ,dr4 ,javal has j pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e a v +5i\s & practical optomet] devis$ by ,george ,j4 ,bull1 a "y ,am]ican doctor1 aft] a numb] ( rese>*es made at ! laboratory ( oph?almology at ! ,sorbonne4 ,among o!r applications t c be made ( x1 !re is "o t is q orig9al & t w insure x "s success 9 ! _w4 ,x p]mits1 9 fact1 ( approximately d$uc+ ! age ( a p]son f c]ta9 data t x furni%es z to 8 or h] sight4 ,z well kn[n1 ! organs become weak ) age1 _! functions are accompli%$ ) less regul>ity & precision1 &1 accord+ to ! expression ( ! poet1 ,en m>*ant a la mort1 on meurt a *aque pas1 ! s5ses become blunt$1 ! he>+ becomes dull1 ! eyes lose _! lu/]1 vivacity1 & /r5g?1 & vision becomes 9 g5]al %ort]1 less pi]c+1 & less p[]ful4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( ! eye1 b m p>ticul>ly ! cry/all9e l5s1 und]go modifications 9 =m & /ructure4 ,accommodation is effect$ ) m & m difficulty1 &1 t[>d ! age ( sixty1 x c h>dly be effect$ at all4 ,^! *anges occur 9 emmetropics z well z 9 hyp]metropics & myopics4 ,z w be se51 !n1 !re is a relation betwe5 ! age ( a p]son & ! amplitude ( ! accommodation ( 8 eyes4 ,if we _c express a law1 we c at lea/1 ?r\gh /ati/ics1 f9d out1 approximately1 ! age ( a p]son if we "k ! ext5t ( ! accommodation ( 8 eyes4 ,a ,dut* oculi/1 ,dond]s1 has got up a table 9 :i*1 opposite ! amplitudes1 ! correspond+ ages are f\nd4 ,n[1 ! ,javal-,bull optomet] p]mits ( a quick det]m9ation ( ! value ( ! amplitude ( accommodation 9 dioptries4 7,a dioptrie is ! p[] ( a l5s ^: focal di/ance is "o met]47 ,! fir/ idea ( ?is app>atus is due to ! illu/ri\s physici/ ,?omas ,"y1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t a c5tury ago4 ,! ,"y app>atus is n[ a sc>cely kn[n sci5tific curiosity t ,messrs4 ,javal & ,bull h resuscitat$ & trans=m$ & complet$4 ,x consi/s ( a light wood5 rule ab\t #bd in*es long by #a in* wide t c easily be held 9 ! h& by means ( a h&le fix$ at "r angles ) ! flat "p 7,fig4 #a74 ,at "o extremity !re is a squ>e ?9 piece ( metal ( ! wid? ( ! rule1 & at "r angles ) ! latt]1 b on ! side opposite ! h&le4 ,?is piece ( metal conta9s a circul> ap]ture a few hundr$?s ( an in* 9 diamet] 7,fig4 #c74 ,t[>d ?is ap]ture !re may be mov$ ei!r a conv]g+ l5s ( five dioptries or a div]g+ l5s ( ! same diamet]1 b ( six dioptries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #a4--,,mode ,,( ,,us+ ,,! ,,bull ,,optomet] ,on hold+ ! app>atus by ! h&le & putt+ ! eye to ! ap]ture1 provid$ or n ) a l5s1 we see a s]ies ( dom9oes ext5d+ along ! rule1 f ! d\ble ace1 :i* occupies ! extremity mo/ di/ant f ! eye1 to ! d\ble six1 :i* is v ne> ! eye 7,fig4 #b74 ,! numb]s f two to twelve1 simply1 are indicat$1 b ?is orig9al means ( repres5t+ !m has be5 *os5 9 ord] to call att5tion to !m bett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #b4--,,! ,,rule1 ,,) ,,! ,,dom9oes 7 ,actual ,size47 ,figures are *>act]s )\t physiognomy1 if we may s express ourselves1 :ile ! spots on ! dom9oes take p>ticul> arrangem5ts accord+ to ! numb] repres5t$1 & diff]5tiate !mselves m cle>ly f ea* o!r ?an figures d4 ,!y are at ! same "t m easily read ?an figures or regul>ly spac$ dots4 ,n[1 x is v important to fix ! att5tion ^u ! numb]s1 s9ce !y are arrang$ at di/ances express$ 9 dioptries & indicat$ by ! numb] ( ! spots4 ,on look+ ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 we see 9 ! fir/ place "o ( ! dom9oes m di/9ctly ?an ! re/4 ,!n1 on endeavor+ to see ^? t are ne>] or f>!r (f1 we succe$ 9 accommodat+ ! eye & 9 see+ ! numb]s t express ! extreme t]ms ( ! accommodation1 & consequ5tly ! amplitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,details ,,( ,,eye ,,piece4 ,let u n[ take "s examples3 ,if we wi% to express 9 dioptries ! myopia ( a p]son1 we put ! app>atus 9 8 h&1 & ask him to place 8 eye v ne> ! ap]ture & note ! numb] ( spots on ! mo/ di/ant dom9o t he sees di/9ctly4 ,?is is ! numb] s\ght4 ,if ! obs]vation be made ?r\gh ! upp] l5s1 x w be necess>y to subtract five f ! numb] obta9$2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! o!r l5s is us$1 x w be necess>y to add six4 ,if x is a "q ( a presbyope1 let him look ) 8 spectacles1 & note ! ne>e/ dom9o se5 di/9ctly4 ,?is w be ! numb] ( dioptries express+ ! ne>e/ po9t at :i* he c read4 ,?is numb] p]mits u to "k :e!r x is necess>y to add or subtract dioptries 9 ord] to all[ him to read ne>] by or f>!r (f4 ,if1 = example1 he sees ! deuce & ! ace di/9ctly1 say #c dioptries or #j4cc met]1 & we want to all[ him to read at #j4be met]1 correspond+ to f\r dioptries1 x w be necess>y to increase ! p[] ( 8 spectacles by "o dioptrie4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,dr4 ,bull's optomet] p]mits ( measur+ ! amplitude ( accommodation1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( obta9+ ! approximate age ( p1 ( kn[+ ! extreme di/ances ( ! accommodation1 & ( quickly f9d+ ! numb] ( ! glass necess>y = ea* "o4 ,x reveals ! defects 9 ! accommodation1 & s]ves = ! quick det]m9ation ( refraction4 ,s1 9 say+ t ?is little in/rum5t is v +5i\s & v practical1 ,dr4 ,javal has us$ no exagg]ation4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sanitation ,,( ,,t[ns4#a ,footnote #a3 ,ab/ract f ! presid5tial address deliv]$ be=e ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,sanit>y ,eng9e]s & ,surveyors1 at ! annual meet+ 9 ,leice/]1 ,july #ah1 #ahhg4 ,by ,mr4 ,j4 ,,gordon1 ,c4,e4 ,! av]age mortality = ,engl& & ,wales 0 #bb4d 9 #ahch1 & 9 #ahhf #ai4c1 :i* %[s a sav+ on la/ ye>'s population ( ,engl& & ,wales ( #hf1djj lives annually1 & a sav+ 9 suff]+ f an e/imat$ numb] ( ab\t #a1gbh1jjj cases ( sickness4 ,to accompli% all ?is1 va/ sums ( money h be5 exp5d$1 probably n always wisely1 inasmu* z !re h be5 mi/akes made 9 ?is direction1 z 9 all new developm5ts ( sci5ce :5 appli$ 9 practice1 & evils h aris5 :i*1 if =ese5 at all at ! outset1 7 und]rat$4 ,! great object ( ! public heal? act1 #ahdh1 0 to enable local au?orities by its adoption to prop]ly sew]1 dra91 & cleanse _! t[ns1 & to provide effici5t supplies ( wat]1 free f contam9ation & impurities dang]\s to heal?4 ,! rais+ ( money by loans repayable 9 a s]ies ( ye>s1 :i* ! act emp[]$1 enabl$ all ^! objects to be accompli%$1 &1 :ile ! fir/ duty ( local au?orities 0 und\bt$ly ! provision ( a good supply ( wat] & prop] sew]age = ! removal ( liquid fil? f ! imm$iate vic9ity ( inhabit$ dwell+s1 ! c>ry+ out ( prop] works = ! latt] object has be5 ( mu* sl[] gr[? ?an ! =m]4 ,private companies l$ ! way1 9 fact1 9 provid+ supplies ( wat]1 inasmu* z !re 0 a prospect ( ! works becom+ remun]ative to %>ehold]s inve/+ _! money 9 !m2 & 9 ne>ly e in/ance :]e local au?orities h ev5tually f\nd x to be 9 ! int]e/s ( ! inhabitants ( _! di/ricts to pur*ase ! "w1 !y h _h to pay high prices = ! und]tak+4 ,?is has g5]ally l$ to a great deal ( dissatisfaction ) companies hold+ su* works1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! companies w\ld1 9 mo/ in/ances1 nev] h _h any exi/5ce if ! local au?orities _h tak5 ! initiative1 & t b = ! companies ?is great boon ( a pure supply ( wat] w\ld mo/ probably h be5 long delay$ to _m l>ge z well z small communities4 ,! evils :i* h aris5 f ! sew]+ & dra9+ ( t[ns h be5 ( a tw(old "*4 ,fir/1 9 ! increas$ pollution ( riv]s & /reams into :i* ! sewage1 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ^! works1 0 p\r$ )\t any previ\s treatm5t2 & secondly1 9 ! production ( sew] gas1 :i* up to ! pres5t mom5t seems s difficult to deal )4 ,^! concomitant evils & difficulties att5d+ ! execution ( sanit>y works are 9 no way to be und]rat$1 b x /ill rema9s ! fir/ duty ( t[n au?orities to remove1 z quickly z possible1 all liquid & o!r refuse f ! mid/ & imm$iate vic9ity ( l>ge populations1 be=e putrefaction has _h "t to take place4 ,!re are "s m9ds ^: c\rse ( reason+ seems to lead !m to ! conclusion t ! evils att5d+ ! introduction ( mod]n sy/ems ( sew]age are great] ?an ^? ( ! old me?ods ( deal+ ) t[n sewage & refuse1 b ! facts are aga9/ !m to su* an ext5t t x w\ld be difficult to po9t to a responsible m$ical (fic] 9 ! k+dom :o w\ld be c\rage\s en\gh to advocate a return to ! old regime ( cesspools1 privy a%pits1 op5 dit*es1 & flat bottom$ culv]ts4 ,! introduction ( e>? closets z "o ( ! safegu>ds aga9/ sew] gas has made no headway = l>ge populations1 & is beset ) practical difficulties4 ,9 ! ,midl& & ,lanca%ire t[ns ! sy/em kn[n z ! pail or tub sy/em has be5 mu* m l>gely introduc$ z a sub/itute = ! wat] closet1 & x has1 f a l&lord's po9t ( view1 _m attractions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! fir/ co/1 z comp>$ ) t ( a wat] closet1 is v small1 & ! l&lord is reliev$ = ev] aft]w>d ,i believe1 9 mo/ t[ns1 ( all future co/s & ma9t5ance2 :]eas1 9 ! case ( wat] closets1 !re is und\bt$ly great difficulty 9 cottage prop]ty 9 keep+ !m 9 good work+ ord]1 especially dur+ ! fro/s ( w9t]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m objections to ! pail sy/em1 :i* x is n propos$ to t\* ^u 9 ?is address1 beyond ?is1 t x appe>s to be a co/ly app5dage to ! wat] c>riage sy/em1 )\t ! expect$ correspond+ advantage ( reliev+ ! municipal au?orities ( any ( ! difficulties ( riv] pollution1 inasmu* z ! rema9+ liquid refuse ( ! t[n has /ill to be dealt ) by ! mod]n sy/ems ( precipitation or irrigation1 at practically ! same co/ z w\ld h be5 ! case if ! wat] c>riage sy/em _h be5 adopt$ 9 its entirety4 ,! riv]s pollution act gave an impetus to works = ! treatm5t ( sewage1 al?\gh mu* _h be5 done prior to t1 & ,leice/] 0 "o ( ^? t[ns :i* l$ ! way s e>ly z #ahed 9 precipitat+ ! solids ( ! sewage be=e all[+ x to ent] ! riv]4 ,! innum]able me?ods :i* h s9ce !n be5 tri$1 & aft] l>ge exp5ditures ( money h prov$ to be failures1 %[ ! difficulties ( ! "q4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 sewage f>ms1 or a comb9ation ( ! *emical sy/em ) irrigation or int]mitt5t filtration1 h be5 ! mo/ successful1 s t ! fir/ evil to :i* ! cleans+ ( t[ns by ! increas$ pollution ( riv]s gave rise may n[ be said to be capable ( satisfactory solution1 not)/&+ t ! old battle ( ! sy/ems ( precipitation v]sus application ( sewage to l& /ill wages :5ev] opportunity occurs4 ,! second evil to :i* ,i h made ref]5ce1 viz41 t ( sew] v5tilation1 seems /ill unsolv$1 & ,i w\ld e>ne/ly entreat memb]s1 all ( :om h m or less opportunities ( exp]im5t+ & mak+ obs]vations ( ! behavior ( sew] gas "u c]ta9 conditions1 to direct _! att5tion to ?is subject4 ,x is admitt$ on all h&s t ! sew]s mu/ be v5tilat$--t is1 t !re mu/ be a means ( escape = ! pollut$ air ( ! sew]s2 = x is well kn[n t ! conditions prevail+ )9 ! sew]s dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! day are v v>y+1 & on ?is subject ! e>ly obs]vations ( ! late m$ical (fic] = ! ,city ( ,london 7,dr4 ,le!by71 & ! pres5t eng9e] = ! ,city ( ,london 7,lieut5ant-,colonel ,heywood71 & ! /ill m rec5t inve/igations ( ,pr(essor ,pett5k(]1 ( ,muni*1 ,pr(essor ,soyka1 ( ,prague1 & our own memb]s1 ,mr4 ,mc,kie1 ( ,c>lisle1 ,mr4 ,read1 ( ,gl\ce/]1 & o!rs1 are wor?y ( att5tion4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 seem to be s readily or univ]sally conc$$ t a pl5tiful supply ( fre% air is ( equal importance1 & t ! great aim & object ( sew] v5tilation %\ld be ! introduction ( atmosph]ic air = ! purpose ( dilut+ & oxidiz+ ! air ( ! sew]s1 & ! creation ( a curr5t to "s exit1 :i* %all1 if possible1 ei!r be above ! ro(s ( ! h\ses1 or1 /ill bett]1 to "s po9t :]e ! sew] gas c be cremat$4 ,! mo/ rec5t contribution to ?is subject1 9 direct opposition to ^! views1 is to be f\nd 9 ! address ( ,pr(essor ,attfield to ! ,h]t=d%ire ,natural ,hi/ory ,society & ,field ,club1 9 :i* x is laid d[n t all t is necess>y is a v5t at an elevation above ! gr\nd1 & t1 !re=e1 ! surface v5tilators1 or o!r op5+s = ! introduction ( fre% air1 are n only n necess>y1 b are1 on ! contr>y1 injuri\s1 ev5 :5 act+ z d[nca/ %afts4 ,^! aims & objects are beset ) difficulties1 & ! mo/ sci5tific m9ds ( ! c\ntry h fail$ s f> to devise a me?od ( v5tilation :i* %all at ! same "t be )9 ! range ( practical application z reg>ds co/ & univ]sally satisfactory4 ,! report ( la/ ye> ( a committee ( ! metropolitan bo>d ( works is wor? att5tion1 z %[+ ! op9ion ( metropolitan surveyors4 ,out ( =ty di/ricts1 ! op9ions ( ^: surveyors 7 tak51 ?irty-five 7 9 favor ( op5 v5tilation1 two 7 d\btful1 two aga9/1 & "o _h no exp]i5ce 9 ?is matt]4 ,! av]age di/ances ( ! v5tilators 7 f #cj to #bjj y>ds1 & ! committee came to ! conclusion t pipe v5tilators ( l>ge section c be us$ ) great advantage 9 addition to1 & n 9 sub/itution =1 surface v5tilators4 ,to supplem5t ! /reet op5+s z mu* z possible ) v]tical ca/ iron or o!r %afts up ! h\se sides w\ld seem to be ! fir/ ?+ to d1 = !re c be no d\bt t ! m ?is is done1 ! m p]fect w be ! v5tilation ( ! sew]s4 ,x mu/ also n be =gott5 t ! anxiety1 ( late ye>s1 ( ,engli% sanit>ians to protect ea* h\se f ! possible dang]s ( sew] gas f ! /reet sew] has l$ to a sy/em ( s-call$ disconnection ( ! h\se dra9s by a wat] seal or siphon trap1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! soil pipes ( ! h\ses1 :i*1 :5 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ro(s1 act$ z v5tilators to ! public sew]s1 h be5 lo/ = ?is purpose1 & ?us ! difficulty ( sew] v5tilation has be5 greatly increas$4 ,9 ,leice/] we h be5 =tunate en\gh to secure ! co-op]ation ( factory own]s1 :o h all[$ u to connect no few] ?an fifty-two *imneys2 :ile we h already c>ri$ out1 at a co/ ( ab\t #a1bej1 #adf special %afts up ! h\se sides1 ) a lock$ op5+ ^u a l>ge numb] ( !m1 by means ( :i* we c te/ ! velocity ( ! curr5t z well z ! temp]ature ( ! outfl[+ air4 ,! connections ) ! high factory *imneys are all ( too small a calib] to be ( great use1 be+ g5]ally only six in*es1 ) a few exceptionally ( n9e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! radius ( effect ( specially erect$ *imneys1 z %[n by ! exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,joseph ,bazalgette1 & z exp]i5c$ ) ! special v5tilat+ t[]s erect$ at ,frankfurt1 is disappo9t+ & disc\rag+ :5 ! co/ is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,x c n be expect$1 h[ev]1 t manufactur]s w admit l>g] connections to be made ) _! *imney2 o!rwise1 ( c\rse1 mu* m satisfactory results w\ld be obta9$4 ,to fall back ^u special %afts up ! h\se sides means1 9 my op9ion1 t !re %\ld be probably z _m 9 numb] z are repres5t$ by ! soil pipes ( ! h\ses1 = 9 ?is we h a te/$ example at ,frankfurt1 :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 has up to ! pres5t mom5t prov$ em95tly satisfactory4 ,! di/ance ap>t ( su* %afts w\ld l>gely dep5d on ! size ( !m1 b z a rule x w be f\nd t h\se own]s object to l>ge pipes1 9 :i* case ! numb] mu/ be increas$1 & if we take a di/ance ( ab\t #cj y>ds1 we %\ld require ab\t #e1jjj su* %afts 9 ,leice/]4 ,:e!r "s artificial means ( induc+ curr5ts 9 sew]s by draw+ d[n fre% air f %afts above ! eaves ( ! h\ses1 & s5d+ =? ! dilut$ sew] gas to /ill high] levels1 or burn+ x 9 an outca/ %aft1 w take ! place ( natural v5tilation1 & prove to be less co/ly & m c]ta9 9 its action1 rema9s to be se54 ,b x is q c]ta9 t not)/&+ ! pat5ts :i* h already be5 tak5 out & fail$1 & ^? n[ be=e ! public1 !re is /ill a wide field ( rese>* be=e ?is "q is satisfactorily solv$1 s t no cause :atev] %all rema9 ( compla9t on ! "p ( ! mo/ fa/idi\s4 ,"o o!r important "q common to all t[ns is t ( ! collection & disposal ( ! a%es & refuse ( ! h\seholds4 ,x is "o :i* is becom+ daily m difficult to deal )1 especially 9 ^? l>ge communities :]e ! old privy & a%pit sy/em has n be5 entirely aboli%$4 ,! removal ( su* a%es is at all times a s\rce ( nuisance1 & if !y _c be dispos$ ( to ! agriculturi/s ( ! di/rict1 !y become a s\rce ( difficulty4 ,9 purely wat]-closet$ t[ns ! s-call$ dry a%pits _c be kept 9 su* a condition z to be entirely free f nuisance1 especially 9 ! summ] mon?s1 inasmu* z ! refuse ( vegetable & animal matt] f9ds its way into !m1 & !y are1 9 close & inhabit$ di/ricts1 necess>ily too close to ! liv+ ap>tm5ts ( ! dwell+s4 ,! t5d5cy !re=e n[ is r to disc\rage ! e/abli%m5t ( a%pits by ! sub/itution ( a%b9s1 to be collect$ daily or weekly z ! case may be1 & ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt t f a sanit>y po9t ( view ?is is by f> ! be/ sy/em1 h>moniz+ z x does ) ! g5]al pr9ciple applicable to t[n sanitation ( remov+ all refuse1 likely by decomposition to become dang]\s to heal?1 z quickly z possible f ! prec9cts ( human habitations4 ,! difficulty ( dispos+ ( ! a%es1 mix$ z !y mu/ necess>ily be ) animal & vegetable matt]1 is "o t is =c+ itself ^u ! att5tion ( all t[n au?orities1 & ! days ( ! ri* du/ contractors ( ! metropolis are practically numb]$4 ,de/ruction by fire seems to be ! ultimate end to be aim$ at1 & 9 ?is respect sev]al t[ns h l$ ! way4 ,b z ?is is a subject :i* w be fully dealt ) by a pap] to be read dur+ ! meet+1 ,i w n anticipate ! in=mation :i* w be br\ght be=e y1 fur!r ?an to say t ! great end to be aim$ at 9 ?is me?od ( dispos+ ( ! a%es & refuse ( t[ns is great] economy 9 co/ ( con/ruction ( de/ructors1 z well z 9 co/ ( work+ !m4 ,! progress 9 sanitation on ! ,cont95t1 ,am]ica1 & ! colonies has n be5 co9cid5t ) ! progress 9 ,engl&1 b ^! c\ntries h l>gely b5efit$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & 9 "s respects _! speciali/s take m extreme views ?an ^? ( ?is c\ntry 9 matt]s ( detail4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 m p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! ,am]icans1 :o h devis$ all sorts ( exceptional details 9 connection ) private dra9age1 9 ord] to protect ! int]ior ( ! h\ses f sew] gas1 & to p]fect its v5tilation4 ,9 plumb+ matt]s !y seem also to be v advanc$1 & to h e/abli%$ exam9ations = plumb]s & f>-rea*+ regulations = h\se dra9age4 ,"t w n p]mit me to exam9e into ! works ( a sanit>y "* :i* h be5 und]tak5 9 ! sev]al c\ntries aft] ! example ( ,engl&1 b !y h be5 att5d$ ) simil> b5eficial results & sav+ 9 life & sickness z 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh ! ,cont95tal t[ns :i* h l$ ! way ) su* works _c z yet po9t to ! l[ rates ( mortality = l>ge t[ns :i* h be5 atta9$ 9 ,engl&1 ) ! exception ( ! ,g]man t[ns ( ,c>lsruhe1 ,frankfurt1 ,wiesbad51 & ,/uttg>t1 :i* %[ dea? rates ( #bj4ee1 #bj4fd1 #bb1 & #ba4d respectively4 ,! greate/ r$uction ( ! mortality by ! execution ( prop] sew]age & wat] works took place 9 ,danzig1 on ! ,baltic1 & ,l9z1 on ! ,danube1 :]e aft] ! execution ( ! works ! mortality 0 r$uc$ by #g4he & #aj4ag p] #a1jjj respectively1 & 9 ! case ( ,danzig ?is r$uction is almo/ exclusively 9 zymotic diseases4 ,b]l9 is also a rem>kable example ( ! ent]prise ( ,g]man sanit>ians1 = !re !y are demon/rat+ to ! _w ! practicability ( deal+ ) ! sewage f a population ( ov] #a million ^u #af1jjj acres ( l&1 ( :i* ab\t #aj1jjj acres are already "u irrigation4 ,9 tak+ ?is *air1 x has be5 usual1 :5 meet+s h be5 held out ( ,london1 = y\r presid5t to give "s acc\nt ( ! works ( 8 own t[n4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ,i feel t ,i c disp5se ) ?is c\rse1 9 s f> z t ,i ne$ n d m ?an g5]ally indicate :at has be5 ! c\rse ( ev5ts s9ce ,i read to a l>gely att5d$ di/rict meet+ 9 ,may1 #ahhd1 a pap] on ,! ,public ,works ( ,leice/]4 ,at t "t l>ge flood prev5tion works 7 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 "u an act obta9$ 9 #ahha1 = cont9u+ ! riv] improvem5t works execut$ "u previ\s acts4 ,! works !n "u contract ext5d$ f ! ,nor? ,mill ,lock & ! ,nor? ,bridge on ! nor? to ! ,we/ ,bridge & ,bram/one ,gate ,bridge on ! s\?1 along ! riv] & canal1 & includ$ bridges1 weirs1 reta9+ walls1 & "s heavy und]p9n+ works 9 connection ) ! wid5+ & deep5+ ( ! riv] & canal4 ,^! works 7 duly complet$1 z well z a fur!r l5g? ( works on ! ,riv] ,so> up to :at is kn[n z ! old grass weir1 includ+ ! ,braun/one ,gate ,bridge1 add$ to "o ( ! !n runn+ contracts1 at a total co/1 exclud+ l& & comp5sation1 ( #gg1jjj4 ,at ?is po9t a halt 0 made 9 consequ5ce ( ! incomplet5ess ( ! negotiations ) ! l& own]s on ! upp] rea* ( ! riv]1 & ?is1 toge!r ) v>i\s o!r circum/ances1 has contribut$ to great] delay 9 aga9 resum+ ! works4 ,9 ! int]val1 a "q ( :e!r !re %\ld be only "o *annel = bo? riv] & canal in/ead ( two1 z au?oriz$ by ! act1 has necess>ily add$ consid]ably to ! delay4 ,b z t has n[ be5 settl$ 9 favor ( ! orig9al p>liam5t>y s*eme1 ! au?ority ( ! c\ncil has be5 giv5 to proce$ ) ! :ole ( ! works4 ,"o contract1 n[ 9 progress1 :i* memb]s w h an opportunity ( inspect+1 0 let to ,mr4 ,evans1 ( ,birm+ham1 9 ,m>* la/1 = ab\t #ah1jjj4 ,x consi/s ( a /one & concrete weir1 #ejj feet 9 l5g?1 ) a lock ( #g feet #f in*es lift & l>ge flood bas9s1 reta9+ & t[+ pa? walls1 includ+ a sunk weir p>allel ) ! ,midl& ,railway viaduct4 ,?is contract is to be complet$ by ,m>* next4 ,! rema9d] ( ! works ab\t to be ent]$ ^u include a new canal & flood *annel ab\t #a1ddg y>ds long1 & ! deep5+ & wid5+ ( ! ,riv] ,so> = a l5g? ( ab\t #ibj y>ds1 ) two or ?ree bridges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,cotton ,,fib]4 ,by ,dr4 ,,b[man4 ,e *emi/ kn[s t cotton is *iefly compos$ ( cellulose1 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e1 ) "s o!r sub/ances 9 small] quantities4 ,?is1 al?\gh ! usual op9ion1 is only true 9 a p>tial s5se1 z ! au?or f\nd on inve/igat+ samples ( cotton f v>i\s s\rces4 ,?us1 :ile m]e cellulose conta9s c>bon #dd4dd p] c5t4 & hydrog5 #f4agc1 he f\nd 9 ,surat cotton #g4f p] c5t4 ( hydrog51 9 ,am]ican cotton #f4c p] c5t41 & 9 ,egyptian cotton #g4b p] c5t4 ,! fact is t along ) cellulose 9 ord9>y cotton !re are a numb] ( celluloid bodies d]iv$ f ! inspissat$ juices ( ! cotton plant4 ,9 ord] to ga9 in=mation on ?is subject1 ! au?or has gr[n cotton "u glass1 & analyz$ x at v>i\s /ages ( its life hi/ory4 ,9 ! e>ly /age ( unrip5ess he has f\nd an a/r+5t sub/ance 9 ! fib]4 ,?is sub/ance disappe>s z ! plant rip5s1 & seems to closely resemble "s =ms ( tann94 ,d\btless ! pres5ce ( ?is body 9 cotton put ^u ! m>ket 9 an unripe condition may acc\nt = c]ta9 d>k /a9s sometimes appe>+ 9 ! f9i%$ calicoes4 ,! tann9 matt] =ms d>k /a9s ) any comp\nd or salt ( iron1 & is a great bugbe> to ! manufactur]4 ,"s ye>s ago !re 0 q a panic because ( ! preval5ce ( ^! /a9s1 & p 9 ,york%ire began to ?9k ! sp9n]s 7 us+ "s new or inf]ior k9d ( oil4 ,dr4 ,b[man made inquiries1 & f\nd t 9 ,egypt dur+ t ye> ! season _h be5 v foggy & unfavorable to ! rip5+ ( ! cotton1 & x seem$ probable t ^! tann9-l matt]s 7 pres5t 9 ! fib]1 & l$ to ! disa/r\s results4 ,al?\gh ! hydrog5 & oxyg5 pres5t 9 pure cellulose are 9 ! same relative proportions z 9 wat]1 !y d n exi/ z wat] 9 ! comp\nd4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 cotton a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] pres5t 9 a /ate ( loose comb9ation ) ! cellulose1 & ! celluloid bodies previ\sly ref]r$ to appe> to conta9 wat] simil>ly comb9$1 b 9 great] proportion4 ,oxycellulose is ano!r body pres5t 9 ! cotton fib]4 ,x is a triple cellulose1 9 :i* f\r atoms ( hydrog5 are replac$ by "o atom ( oxyg51 & l cellulose =ms nitro comp\nds analog\s to nitro glyc]9e4 ,x is probable t ! pres5ce ( ?is oxycellulose has a m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! behavior ( cotton1 especially ) dye matt]s4 ,! e>?y sub/ances 9 cotton are also ( importance4 ,^! are potassium c>bonate1 *loride1 & sulphate1 ) simil> sodium salts1 & ^! v>y 9 diff]5t samples ( cotton1 & possibly influ5ce its prop]ties to "s ext5t4 ,!n !re are oily matt]s 9 ! "y fib] :i*1 ^u its rip5+1 become ! waxy matt] :i* ,dr4 ,s*unk has inve/igat$4 ,res9 also is pres5t1 & hav+ a high melt+ po9t is n remov$ by ! manipulative processes t cotton is subject$ to4 ,:5 ?is is 9 excessive am\nt1 x comes to ! surface ( ! goods aft] dye+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,syn!sis ,,( ,,/yrol5e4 ,,mm4 ,vabet & ,vi5ne1 9 a rec5t numb] ( ,comptes ,r5dus1 /ate t by pass+ a curr5t ( acetyl5e ?r\gh #bjj grammes ( b5z5e conta9+ #ej grammes ( alum9um *loride = #cj h\rs ! oily liquid rema9+ aft] removal ( ! unalt]$ alum9um *loride by wa%+ 0 f\nd to yield1 on fractional di/illation1 ?ree di/9ct products4 ,! fir/1 :i* came ov] betwe5 #adc & #ade1 & :i* am\nt$ to #hj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole1 consi/$ ( pure c9nam5e or /yrol5e 7,c#f;,h#e4;,,*4,,*#b71 :i* is "o ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( liquid /orax1 & 0 syn!tiz$ by ,m4 ,b]!lot by pass+ acetyl5e & b5z5e vapor ?r\gh a tube heat$ to r$ness4 ,! second fraction1 com+ ov] at #bfe-bgj1 consi/$ ( diph5yl e?ane 77,c#f;,h#e7b ,,*4,,*#c72 & ! ?ird fraction1 boil+ at #bhj-bhf1 0 f\nd to consi/ entirely ( dib5zyl 7,c#f;,h#e4;,,*#b4;,,*#b4;,c#f;,h#e71 a solid sub/ance isom]ic ) diph5yl e?ane4 ,^! syn!ses af=d ano!r in/ance ( ! s+ul> action ( alum9um *loride 9 attack+ ! b5z5e nucleus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,on ,,sac*>94 ,by ,,edw>d ,d4 ,,gravill1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,r4,m4,s4 ,n[ t a supply ( ?is reput$ sub/itute = sug> has be5 plac$ ^u ! ,london m>ket1 x w d\btless h attract$ ! att5tion ( _m ph>maci/s1 & z in=mation hav+ ref]5ce to its *>act]s & prop]ties is z yet some:at sc>ce1 ! foll[+ notes may be ( int]e/4 ,! sample to :i* ^! notes ref] repres5ts1 ,i believe1 a portion ( ! fir/ supply t has be5 (f]$ to u z a comm]cial article1 & may !re=e be tak5 to repres5t ! same z x at pres5t occurs 9 comm]ce4 ,i ?9k x desirable to call att5tion to ?is fact1 because ( ! wide diff]5ce ,i h se5 9 o!r samples obta9$1 ,i ?9k1 by special reque/ "s weeks ago1 & :i* d n favorably correspond ) ! sample "u consid]ation1 be+ mu* m highly color$1 & 9 comp>ison hav+ a v /rong odor4 ,sac*>9 n[ occurs z a v pale yell[1 ne>ly :ite1 amorph\s p[d]1 free f gritt9ess1 b giv+ a di/9ct s5sation ( r\ghness :5 rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,x is n entirely free f odor1 b ?is is v slight1 & n at all objectionable1 rem9d+ "o ( a v slight flavor ( ess5tial oils ( almonds4 ,its ta/e is int5sely sweet & p]si/5t1 :i* 9 ! raw /ate is foll[$ by a slight h>%ness ^u ! tongue & palate4 ,! sweetness is v di/9ct :5 dilut$ to #a 9 #aj1jjj4 ,"u ! microscope x pres5ts no def9ite =m ( cry/allization4 ,a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c1 ev5 if cont9u$ = "s "t1 has no p]ceptible effect ^u sac*>92 x loses no weight1 & und]goes no physical *ange4 ,x fuses at a temp]ature ( f #aah to #abj ,c41 & at #aej ,c4 =ms a cle> light yell[ liquid1 :i* boils a few degrees high]4 ,at ! latt] temp]ature d5se :ite fumes appe>1 & a cond5sation ( tufts ( acicul> cry/als 7"s well def9$7 is f\nd ^u ! cool surface ( ! app>atus4 ,^! cry/als1 except = a slight sweetness ( ta/e1 correspond 9 *>act]s & te/s to b5zoic acid4 ,! sweet flavor1 ,i ?9k1 may be due to ! pres5ce ( a v small quantity ( undecompos$ sac*>91 c>ri$ me*anically ) ! fumes4 ,! escap+ vapors1 :i* are v irritable1 & give a m decid$ odor ( hydride ( b5zole ?an ! p[d] itself1 also communicate a v di/9ct s5sation ( sweetness to ! back "p ( ! palate4 ,heat$ ov] ! flame1 ) free access ( air1 sac*>9 c>bonizes & burns ) a dull yell[ smoky flame1 leav+ a residue am\nt+ to #j4fe p] c5t4 ( sodium salts4 ,x does n r$uce an alkal9e copp] solution1 b1 l glyc]9e1 lib]ates boracic acid f borax1 ! latt] salt dissolv+ sac*>9 readily 9 aque\s solution1 due no d\bt to a displacem5t ( ! boracic acid4 ,! /rong acids1 ei!r hot or cold1 %[ no *>act]i/ic color reaction2 ! comp\nd ent]s solution at ! boil+ po9t ( ! acid1 & 9 ! case ( hydro*loric %[s a :ite granul> sep>ation on cool+4 ,sulphuric acid develops an un*>act]i/ic light br[n color4 ,! comp\nd1 l mo/ ( ! organic acids1 %[s a *>act]i/ic reaction ) f]ro & f]rid cyanide ( potassium4 ,9 ! =m] case no *ange is p]ceptible until boil$ :5 a gre5i% :ite turbidity appe>s1 ) ! lib]ation ( small quantities ( hydrocyanic acid4 ,9 ! latt] case a trace also ( ?is acid is set free1 ) ! =mation ( a v di/9ct gre5 solution1 ! latt] reaction be+ v p]ceptible ) a few drops ( a #a 9 #a1jjj solution ( sac*>9 9 wat]4 ,heat$ ) lime1 v di/9ct odors ( b5zoic aldehyde are develop$4 ,sac*>9 possesses v decid$ acid prop]ties1 & comb9es readily ) alkalies or alkal9e c>bonates1 =m+ anhydro-or?o sulpham9e-b5zoates ( ! same1 9 ! latt] case at ! exp5se ( ! c>bonic anhydride1 caus+ /rong eff]vesc5ce4 ,^! comb9ations are v soluble 9 wat]1 ! alkal9e c>bonate ?us =m+ a ready m$ium = ! solution ( ?is acid1 :i* alone is s sp>+ly soluble4 ,ano!r advantage ( "s importance is t1 :ile ! h>%ness ( flavor p]ceptible 9 a simple solution ( ! acid is de/roy$1 ! great sweetness appe>s to be di/9ctly int5sifi$ & ref9$4 ,! foll[+ %[s ! solubility ( sac*>9 9 ! v>i\s liquids quot$1 all1 ) ! exception ( ! boil+ wat]1 be+ tak5 at #fj ,f43 ,boil+ wat] #j4fj p>ts p] #ajj by volume4 ,cold wat] #j4bj ,alcohol #j4hjj #d4be ,rectifi$ _s #j4hch #c4bj ,e!r #j4gag #a4jj ,*lor(orm #a4di #j4bj ,b5z5e #j4dj ,petroleum e!r insoluble4 ,x is also sp>+ly soluble 9 glyc]9 & fix$ oils1 & to a great] or less ext5t 9 volatile oils4 ,b5zoic aldehyde dissolves sac*>9 9 l>ge quantities4 ,i 0 some:at disappo9t$ at ! slight solubility ( sac*>9 9 e!r1 z x has be5 repeat$ly /at$ to be v soluble 9 t liquid4 ,! quantity ( sac*>9 requir$ to communicate an agreeable degree ( sweetness1 l sug>1 diff]s ) ! mat]ial to be sweet5$2 b f half to "o & half gra9s1 accord+ to ta/e1 w be f\nd suffici5t = an ord9>y breakfa/ cup full ( tea or c(fee infusion4--,ph>m4 ,j\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,alcohol ,,& ,,turp5t9e4 ,9 a pap] entitl$ ,! ,oxidation ( ,e?yl ,alcohol 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ,turp5t9e1 communicat$ to ! ,*emical ,society by ,mr4 ,c4,e4 ,/e$man1 ,william/[n1 ,victoria1 ! au?or /ates t dilute e?yl alcohol 9 ! pres5ce ( air & turp5t9e becomes oxidiz$ to acetic acid4 ,he plac$ 9 a cle> glass #af oz4 bottle a mixture ( #b dra*ms ( alcohol1 #a dra*m ( turp5t9e1 & #a oz4 ( wat]4 ,! bottle 0 securely cork$ & left expos$ to a v>y+ temp]ature av]ag+ ab\t #hj ,f4 = ?ree mon?s4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! liquid 0 /rongly acid f ! pres5ce ( acetic acid4 ,"o curi\s fact appe>s to h light ?r[n ^u x by ?is obs]vation4 ,mr4 ,mc,alpine1 ,pr(essor ( ,biology at ,ormond ,college1 ,melb\rne ,univ]sity1 has a me?od ( pres]v+ biological specim5s by ab/ract+ _! moi/ure ) alcohol aft] h>d5+ 9 *romic acid1 & !n plac+ ! specim5 9 turp5t9e = "s "t2 great discrepancies arise1 h[ev]1 accord+ z ! alcohol is all[$ or n to evaporate f ! specim5 be=e dipp+ x into turp5t9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition4 #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,build+ ,,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway4 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,,co4 are solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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