,,sev5? ,,edition ,a ,treatise on ,simple ,c\nt]po9t 9 ,=ty ,lessons ,by ,fri$ri* ,j4 ,lehmann ,in/ructor ( ,!ory 9 ! ,ob]l9 ,cons]vatory ( ,music ,au?or ( ,lessons 9 ,h>mony ,g4 ,,s*irm]1 ,,inc4 ,,new ,,york ,,preface ,! purpose ( ?is "w is to supply ! ne$ 9 ! ,ob]l9 ,cons]vatory ( ,music ( a text-book on ,simple ,c\nt]po9t conta9+ a def9ite assignm5t ( lessons1 & af=d+ m practice ?an usual 9 comb9+ species4 ,x is a treatise on /rict c\nt]po9t1 b /rict 9 a limit$ s5se only4 ,9 two-"p c\nt]po9t ) o!r ?an ! fir/ species 9 bo? p>ts1 dissonances are p]mitt$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 & 9 ?ree- & f\r-"p writ+ ! unprep>$ sev5? & n9?1 & ! six-f\r *ord1 are all[$ 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,:ile ! illu/rations h be5 writt5 9 close score1 x is nev]!less urg$ t all ex]cises be writt5 out 9 op5 score1 z ! movem5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts is ?us m cle>ly se54 ,! use ( ! ,c-clefs is left optional ) ! tea*]4 ,a k ( h>mony is presuppos$1 h5ce no?+ is said p]ta9+ to x4 ,! au?or wi%es to express 8 indebt$ness to ,pr(essor ,a4,e4 ,heacox = 8 help & advice4 ,f4,j4 ,,lehmann4 ,,ob]l91 ,,ohio1 ,jan4 #f1 #aijg4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,simple ,,c\nt]po9t ,,lesson ,i4 ,def9itions & ,illu/rations4 ,,simple ,,c\nt]po9t ,,9 ,,two ,,p>ts ,fir/ ,species3 ,note aga9/ ,note4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,ii4 ,second ,species3 ,two ,notes aga9/ ,"o4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,iii4 ,second ,species 9 ,bo? ,p>ts4 ,examples4 ,second ,species ,mix$ 9 ,bo? ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,iv4 ,?ird ,species3 ,f\r ,notes aga9/ ,"o4 ,fir/ ,species aga9/ ,six ,notes4 ,second ,species ,cont9u\sly 9 ,bo? ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,v4 ,?ird ,species 9 ,bo? ,p>ts2 ,mix$4 ,?ird ,species ,cont9u\sly 9 ,bo? ,p>ts4 ,two ,notes aga9/ ,f\r2 ,two aga9/ ,six2 ,?ree aga9/ ,six4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,vi4 ,f\r? ,species3 ,two ,notes ,syncopat$ aga9/ ,"o4 ,?ree ,notes ,syncopat$ aga9/ ,"o4 ,two ,notes aga9/ ,f\r2 ,two aga9/ ,six2 ,?ree aga9/ ,six4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,vii4 ,f\r? ,species 7cont9u$74 ,mix$1 9 ,bo? ,p>ts4 ,?ree ,notes ,syncopat$ aga9/ ,"o4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,viii4 ,f\r? ,species 7cont9u$74 ,two ,notes ,syncopat$ aga9/ ,two2 ,two aga9/ ,f\r2 ,two aga9/ ,six2 ,?ree aga9/ ,six4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,ix4 ,fif? ,species3 ,florid ,c\nt]po9t4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,x4 ,florid ,c\nt]po9t 7cont9u$74 ,comb9+ ,fif? ,species ) ,second2 ) ,?ird2 ) ,f\r?2 ) ,fif?4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,simple ,,c\nt]po9t ,,9 ,,?ree ,,p>ts ,,lesson ,,xi4 ,fir/ ,species 9 ,all ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xii4 ,second ,species 9 ,"o ,"p4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xiii4 ,second ,species 9 ,two or ,m ,p>ts4 ,fir/ & ,second ,species ,mix$ 9 ,all ,p>ts4 ,second ,species 9 ,all ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xiv4 ,?ird ,species 9 ,"o ,"p4 ,second ,species 9 ,all ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xv4 ,?ird ,species 9 ,two or ,m ,p>ts4 ,fir/ & ,?ird ,species ,mix$ 9 ,all ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xvi4 ,?ird ,species 7cont9u$74 ,mix+ ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,species 9 ,all ,p>ts4 ,?ird ,species 9 ,all ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xvii4 ,f\r? ,species 9 ,"o ,"p4 ,?ree ,notes ,syncopat$ 9 ,"o ,"p4 ,comb9+ ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,species4 ,examples1 & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xviii4 ,f\r? ,species 7cont9u$74 ,mix$ 9 ,all ,p>ts4 ,comb9+ ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,f\r? ,species1 & ,fir/1 ,?ird1 & ,f\r?4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xix4 ,fif? ,species 9 ,"o ,"p4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xx4 ,fif? ,species 7cont9u$74 ,comb9+ ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,fif?2 ,fir/1 ,?ird1 & ,fif?2 ,fir/1 ,f\r?1 & ,fif?2 ,fif? 9 ,two ,p>ts4 ,example & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxi4 ,comb9+ ! ,v>i\s ,species3 ,second1 ,?ird1 & ,f\r?2 ,second1 ,?ird1 & ,fif?2 ,second1 ,f\r?1 & ,fif?2 ,?ird1 ,fif?1 & ,fif?2 ,f\r?1 ,fif?1 & ,fif?4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxii4 ,fif? ,species 9 ,all ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,simple ,,c\nt]po9t ,,9 ,,f\r ,,p>ts ,,lesson ,,xxiii4 ,fir/ ,species 9 ,all ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxiv4 ,second ,species 9 ,"o ,"p4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxv4 ,?ird ,species 9 ,"o ,"p4 ,second ,species ,mix$ 9 ,?ree ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxvi4 ,?ird ,species 7cont9u$74 ,mix$ 9 ,?ree ,p>ts4 ,second ,species ,cont9u\sly 9 ,two ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxvii4 ,f\r? ,species 9 ,"o ,"p4 ,a ,cantus ,firmus ) ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,species 9 ! ,o!r ,?ree ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxviii4 ,f\r? ,species 7cont9u$74 ,a giv5 ,cantus ,firmus1 ) ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,f\r? ,species2 ) ,fir/1 ,?ird1 & ,f\r?2 ) ,f\r? ,species ,mix$4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxix4 ,fif? ,species 9 ,"o ,"p4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxx4 ,fif? ,species 9 ,two ,p>ts4 ,mix+ ,second1 ,?ird1 & ,f\r? ,species 9 ,all ,p>ts4 ,comb9+ ,fir/1 ,second1 ,?ird1 & ,f\r? ,species4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxxi4 ,fif? ,species 9 ,?ree or ,f\r ,p>ts4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxxii4 ,fif? ,species 9 ,all ,p>ts1 ) ,imitation4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,florid ,,melodies ,,z ,,canti ,,firmi ,,lesson ,,xxxiii4 ,two-"p ,florid ,c\nt]po9t4 ,free ,h>monization4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lessons ,,xxxiv & ,,xxxv4 ,?ree-"p ,florid ,c\nt]po9t4 ,free ,h>monization4 ,examples & ,ex]cises4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi4 ,?ree-"p ,florid ,c\nt]po9t 7cont9u$74 ,ex]cise 9 ,orig9al ,writ+4 ,,lessons ,,xxxvii to ,,xl4 ,f\r-"p ,florid ,c\nt]po9t1 ,example & ,ex]cises4 ,,simple ,,c\nt]po9t ,,lesson ,i ,c\nt]po9t is ! art ( comb9+ two or m melodies ( equal melodic individuality4 ,9 simple c\nt]po9t all p>ts mu/ rema9 9 ! same relative position to "o ano!r4 ,! ,cantus ,firmus is a giv5 melodic phrase t is to receive contrapuntal treatm5t1 t is1 "o or m p>ts are to be add$ above or bel[ x4 ,! ,c\nt]po9t is any "p o!r ?an ! ,cantus ,firmus4 ,int]vals are h>monic or melodic4 ,an ,h>monic int]val is ! diff]5ce 9 pit* betwe5 two tones s\nd+ at ! same "t4 ,a ,melodic int]val is ! diff]5ce 9 pit* betwe5 two tones s\nd$ 9 succession by ! same voice4 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,h>monic int]vals are divid$ into ,consonances & ,dissonances4 ,consonances are class$ z p]fect or imp]fect4 ,! ,p]fect consonances are ! ,unison1 ,fif?1 & ,octave4 ,fig4 #b;a4 ,! ,imp]fect consonances are ! ,major & ,m9or ,?irds & ,six?s4 ,fig4 #b;b4 ,all o!r int]vals are dissonances4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a ,diatonic progression is "o 9 :i* bo? "n & pit* are *ang$4 ,fig4 #c;a4 ,a ,*romatic progression is "o 9 :i* ! pit* is *ang$ a semitone1 :ile ! "n rema9s ! same4 ,fig4 #c;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,progression f "o *ord to ano!r is call$ ,h>monic progression2 f "o tone to ano!r1 ,melodic progression4 ,9 melodic progression all major1 m9or1 p]fect & dim9i%$ int]vals are all[$ except ! major & m9or sev5?4 ,! m9or sev5? may1 h[ev]1 be us$ :5 h>mony does n *ange 7a74 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,9 c\nt]po9t !re are ,five ,species1 or ord]s4 ,:5 ! c\nt]po9t has "o note = ea* note ( ! cantus firmus1 x is ( ! ,fir/ ,species 7a72 if x has two notes = ea* note ( ! cantus firmus1 x is ! ,second ,species 7b72 if f\r notes1 ! ,?ird ,species 7c72 if two notes syncopat$1 ! ,f\r? ,species 7d72 & a mixture ( ^! species is ! ,fif? ,species1 or ,florid ,c\nt]po9t 7e74 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,,simple ,,c\nt]po9t ,,9 ,,two ,,p>ts ,,fir/ ,,species ,two-"p c\nt]po9t comprises a cantus firmus & a c\nt]po9t4 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,al?\gh 9 two-"p c\nt]po9t we h to deal ) int]vals1 r ?an h>monies1 /ill ! h>monic progressions repres5t$ by ^! int]vals %\ld be reg>d$4 ,! ex]cises %\ld beg9 & close ) tonic h>mony4 ,at ! beg9n+ ! unison1 fif? or octave1 & at ! close ! unison or octave1 are p]mitt$4 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,aft] ! fir/ measure x is bett] to use imp]fect consonances only4 ,! p]fect consonances1 h[ev]1 may be us$ sp>+ly :5 a m melodi\s c\nt]po9t is !reby obta9$4 ,! unison may be us$ 9 ! fir/ & la/ measures only4 ,fig4 #g4 ,all progressions mu/ be diatonic1 & p>ts %\ld n cross4 ,! repetition ( a note 9 a l[] "p %\ld be avoid$ :]ev] possible4 ,9 a high] "p1 repetition to ! ext5t ( ?ree notes 9 succession is all[$4 ,d n use m ?an ?ree ?irds or six?s 9 succession4 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,successive simil> skips1 except ! m9or ?ird 7a71 9 "o direction1 are to be avoid$4 ,successive skips ( a f\r? are good :5 ! tones are ! fif?s ( ! triads on ,i1 ,,iv & vii deg44 ,! la/ tone %\ld return "o degree 7b74 ,fig4 #i4 ,d n move m ?an an octave 9 "o direction 9 two skips4 ,fig4 #i;c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,cov]$ fif?s & octaves1 except f ,i to ,v1 or ,v to ,i1 are =bidd54 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,bo? p>ts skipp+ 9 contr>y motion to a fif? or octave %\ld be avoid$ 9 two-"p writ+4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,avoid consecutive p]fect int]vals4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! augm5t$ f\r? 7,tritone7 is n only consid]$ bad z a melodic int]val by "s au?orities1 b its appe>ance betwe5 diff]5t p>ts 9 successive int]vals is also prohibit$4 ,?is prohibition1 h[ev]1 holds good only :5 ! *ords 9 :i* x appe>s are 9 fundam5tal position1 z 9 ,fig4 #ac;a4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact1 t if "o "p skips z at b1 !re is no unpleasant effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,avoid consecutive major ?irds 9 major keys4 ,9 m9or keys !y are good4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,use adjac5t voices 9 writ+1 & d n exce$ ! vocal compass ( a voice4 ,modulation may be resort$ to )9 ! ex]cises1 b only to ne>ly relat$ keys2 = example1 9 ,c1 to ,g1 ,f1 a1 e1 or d4 ,at ! close p>ts %\ld proce$ /epwise to ! unison1 or octave4 ,fig4 #ae;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a close z 9 ,fig4 #ae;b may be us$ occasionally4 ,9 ?is case ! lead+-tone is bett] 9 ! high] "p4 ,,ex]cises ,to ea* ( ! foll[+ canti firmi write two c\nt]po9ts above1 & two bel[4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,second ,,species ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,all rules = ! fir/ species mu/ be obs]v$4 ,two notes are writt5 9 ! c\nt]po9t to "o ( ! cantus firmus1 except 9 ! la/ measure4 ,fig4 #ah;a4 ,9 ! la/ measure b "o ! fir/ species may sometimes be us$4 ,fig4 #ah;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,repetition ( a note 9 any b ! fir/ species is =bidd54 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! c\nt]po9t may beg9 on ! fir/ or ! second half ( ! measure1 pref]5ce be+ giv5 to ! second half4 ,:5 x beg9s on ! fir/ half x mu/ be a unison1 fif?1 or octave2 :5 on ! second half1 x may be any consonance4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,aft] ! fir/ measure ! int]val on ! fir/ beat %\ld be an imp]fect consonance1 z 9 ! fir/ species1 b ! fif?1 or octave1 may be us$ occasionally4 ,9 ?is & succe$+ lessons1 all notes 9 ! measure n belong+ to ! h>mony impli$ on ! fir/ beat1 mu/ be treat$ z dissonances1 e4g41 ^? belong+ to ! impli$ h>mony may be left by a skip 7a7 or /epwise progression 7b7 unless dissonant ) ! cantus firmus2 !n avoid _! use2 if =eign to x1 :e!r consonant 7c7 ) ! ,c4,f4 or n 7d71 !y mu/ be treat$ z embelli%m5ts or pass+-tones4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! embelli%m5t may be us$ z foll[s3 :5 above ! pr9cipal tone1 x may be a semitone 7a7 or a :ole tone 7b7 di/ant f x2 & :5 bel[1 a semitone 7c74 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,:5 ! c\nt]po9t is bel[ ! cantus firmus1 ! fif? ( ! *ord ne$s special treatm5t4 ,x is p]mitt$ on ! weak beat :5 ! l[] is treat$ z an h>monic pass+-tone4 ,an h>monic pass+-tone is ! second ( ?ree tones belong+ to ! same *ord4 ,fig4 #bc;a4 ,:ile ! ?ird tone %\ld be a memb] ( ! *ord conta9+ ! fif? z an h>monic pass+-tone1 ! *ord above x may *ange z 9 ,fig4 #bc;b4 ,! fif? is p]mitt$ on ! /rong beat :5 x is only an impli$ fif? 7six-f\r *ord72 t is1 ! ?ird & fif? appe> on ! /rong beat1 & ! root does n come 9 until ! second half ( ! measure4 ,fig4 #bc;c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! unison is p]mitt$ on ! weak beat4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,avoid brok5-*ord effects1 t is1 d n use m ?an ?ree tones belong+ to ! same *ord 9 succession4 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,avoid frequ5t skipp+ ( p>ts4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,p>ts may cross occasionally1 b %\ld return imm$iately ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,consecutive fif?s or octaves on consecutive /rong beats are bad2 b !y are good on ! weak beats if ! second fif? or octave is approa*$ 9 ! opposite direction f ! fir/4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,9 m9or ! six? degree may occasionally be rais$ on ! /rong beat1 if x is desir$ to proce$ upw>d to ! rais$ sev5? degree4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,9 ! la/ measure b "o1 bo? ! sup]tonic & lead+ tone %\ld appe>4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,?ree notes may be writt5 to "o ( ! cantus firmus1 z 9 ,fig4 #ca4 ,= ?is no new rules are requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! cad5ces 9 ,fig4 #cb are good4 ,x w be se5 t ! cad5ces ( ! fir/ species may also be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write two c\nt]po9ts above & two bel[ 9 ! fir/ species4 ,to cantus firmus b write two above & two bel[ 9 ! second species4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,,lesson ,,iii ,,second ,,species ,,9 ,,bo? ,,p>ts#a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 #a ,9 ?is & simil> cases ! t]m species w be und]/ood z ref]r+ simply to ! numb] ( notes1 or to ! note-comb9ations1 ( ! contrapuntal "p or p>ts 9 "q4 ,second species 9 bo? p>ts means1 !re=e1 t bo? p>ts progress 9 half-notes4 ,:5 writ+ second species 9 bo? p>ts no cantus firmus is us$1 bo? p>ts be+ orig9al4 ,"o "p beg9s on ! fir/ beat1 ! o!r may beg9 on ei!r ! fir/ or second beat4 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! int]val =m$ by ! two notes appe>+ on ! second beat %\ld be a consonance1 or "o ( ! foll[+ dissonances3 ,! augm5t$ f\r?1 ! dim9i%$ fif?1 ! m9or or dim9i%$ sev5? :5 prop]ly resolv$1 & ! p]fect f\r? :5 approa*$ 9 contr>y motion4 ,all tones n belong+ to ! h>mony impli$ on ! fir/ beat1 mu/ be treat$ z dissonances4 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! sev5? or n9? ( ! impli$ h>mony ( a measure1 :5 approa*$ 9 an upw>d direction1 may be us$ 9 ei!r "p1 provid$ x is consonant ) ! o!r "p1 or comes )9 ! requirem5ts ( ! exceptions4 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! pass+ major sev5? & its root may appe> on ! weak beat1 ev5 :5 approa*$ 9 simil> motion z 9 ,fig4 #cg;a4 ,! sev5? mu/ !n be treat$ z a pass+-tone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,! cad5ces 9 ,fig4 #ch are good :5 writ+ second species 9 bo? p>ts4 ,^? hav+ ! second species 9 "o "p only1 may also be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,writ+ ! second species 9 bo? p>ts w1 9 ?is lesson1 be conf9$ to a mixture ( ! fir/ & second species1 z 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,9 ?is d n use ! second species m ?an f\r measures cont9u\sly 9 "o "p4 ,x w be notic$ t ! second species may occasionally be us$ 9 bo? p>ts4 ,9 lat] lessons opportunity w be giv5 to write x cont9u\sly 9 bo? p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,,ex]cises ,write two eight-measure phrases mix+ ! fir/ & second species4 ,fig4 #ci4 ,to cantus firmus a write "o c\nt]po9t above & "o bel[1 ?ree notes to ! measure4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,to cantus firmus b write "o above & "o bel[1 9 ! second species4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,,lesson ,,iv ,,?ird ,,species ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,9 ?is species1 f\r notes are writt5 9 ! c\nt]po9t to ea* note ( ! cantus firmus4 ,! c\nt]po9t may beg9 on ! fir/1 second1 or f\r? qu>t]4 ,! second qu>t] is1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ usual4 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,! ex]cises %\ld beg9 & end ) tonic h>mony4 ,:5 ! c\nt]po9t beg9s on ! fir/ qu>t] x mu/ =m a p]fect consonance ) ! cantus firmus4 ,:5 on ! second or f\r? qu>t]1 any consonance may be us$4 ,all previ\s rules are to be reg>d$1 unless exceptions are made4 ,at lea/ "o ( ! fir/ ?ree qu>t]-notes ( a measure %\ld be left degreewise4 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! la/ qu>t] ( a measure is usually left degreewise4 ,if approa*$ by a skip or by a degreewise progression ( at lea/ two qu>t]-notes1 x may be left by a skip 9 ! opposite direction f :i* x 0 approa*$4 ,a skip ( a ?ird 9 ! same direction is also good :5 ?is skip is prec$$ by a skip ( a ?ird 7d74 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,p>ts may cross occasionally4 ,! use ( non-h>monic tones1 z 9 ,fig4 #de1 is good 9 ei!r "p4 ,at a ! pass+-tone1 in/ead ( progress+ directly to ! adjac5t *ord-tone1 skips a ?ird to ! o!r side ( x & !n returns4 ,! embelli%m5t is treat$ 9 ! same way1 b is mo/ effective :5 ! pr9cipal tone is ! lead+-tone1 z at b4 ,9 bo? cases ! c\nt]po9t %\ld cont9ue degreewise ?r\gh ! *ord-tone4 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,! fif?1 :5 9 ! l[] "p1 may be us$ on any b ! fir/ qu>t]1 provid$ x is treat$ z a pass+-tone1 e4g41 approa*$ & left by /epwise progression 9 "o direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,consecutive fif?s & octaves are =bidd5 :5 appe>+ on ! acc5t$ beats ( successive measures2 betwe5 prom95t notes ( successive measures n m ?an f\r qu>t]s ap>t2 & betwe5 a prom95t note ( "o measure & ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! next4 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,oblique motion to ! unison is bad4 ,x is p]mitt$ if x cont9ues 9 ! same direction ?r\gh ! unison4 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! unison may be us$ on any b ! fir/ qu>t] ( a measure4 ,frequ5t repetition ( a figure z 9 ,fig4 #di is n good4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,! embelli%m5t may be us$ ei!r above or bel[1 :e!r a semitone or a :ole tone2 b :5 x is a :ole tone bel[1 x is mo/ satisfactory z ! n9? ( ! impli$ *ord4 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,9 m9or ! six? & sev5? degrees ( ! scale are rais$ bo? asc5d+ & desc5d+1 :5 us$ 9 h>monies conta9+ ! lead+-tone z a *ord-tone4 ,!y are unalt]$ bo? asc5d+ & desc5d+ 9 h>monies conta9+ ! six? degree ( ! scale z a *ord-tone4 ,9 o!r h>monies !y are rais$ 9 asc5d+ only4 ,! six? or sev5? degrees may be *romatically alt]$ ) only "o note int]v5+4 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,six notes may be writt5 to "o ( ! cantus firmus1 z 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! cad5ces 9 ,fig4 #ec are good4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write ?ree c\nt]po9ts above & ?ree bel[1 9 ! ?ird species4 ,write two eight-measure phrases1 us+ second species cont9u\sly 9 bo? p>ts4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,,cantus ,,firmus ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,,lesson ,v ,,?ird ,,species ,,9 ,,bo? ,,p>ts ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,! sugge/ions giv5 = writ+ second species 9 bo? p>ts apply "h1 except t :5 bo? p>ts move degreewise1 any int]val may come on ! second & f\r? qu>t]s1 pref]ably a consonance4 ,! ?ird qu>t] is treat$ ! same z ! second half :5 writ+ ! second species 9 bo? p>ts4 ,! augm5t$ f\r?1 & dim9i%$ fif? & sev5?1 may be approa*$ 9 simil> motion4 ,fig4 #ef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,! augm5t$ f\r? foll[+ ! p]fect f\r?1 z 9 ,fig4 #ef;a1 is good4 ,! m9or sev5?1 & ! major & m9or n9? ( a *ord1 may be us$ freely on any b ! fir/ qu>t]1 b mu/ be consonant ) ! o!r "p4 ,fig4 #eg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,! fir/ & ?ird species may be mix$1 z 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,! second species may be us$ 9 "o "p & ! ?ird 9 ! o!r1 also six notes 9 "o "p & two 9 ! o!r1 & six 9 "o & ?ree 9 ! o!r4 ,all tones appe>+ simultane\sly1 mu/ comply ) ! sugge/ions = tones appe>+ on ! weak beat giv5 9 previ\s lessons1 :]e bo? p>ts h o!r ?an ! fir/ species4 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,! cad5ces 9 ,fig4 #fj are good1 & w sugge/ o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write "o c\nt]po9t above & "o bel[1 9 ! ?ird species4 ,to cantus firmus b write c\nt]po9ts 9 six notes1 "o above & "o bel[4 ,fig4 #eb4 ,write "o eight-measure phrase1 mix+ ! fir/ & ?ird species4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,write two eight-measure phrases1 us+ ?ird species 9 bo? p>ts4 ,fig4 #ee4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,,lesson ,,vi ,,f\r? ,,species ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,?is species is ! same z ! second1 except t ! la/ note ( ! measure is ti$ to ! fir/ note ( ! next1 =m+ a syncopation4 ,z 9 ! second species1 ! fir/ note ( ! c\nt]po9t %\ld =m a unison1 octave or fif?1 & :5 ! c\nt]po9t beg9s on ! second half x may also be an imp]fect consonance4 ,:5 ! c\nt]po9t beg9s on ! fir/ half1 ! second half is treat$ ! same z ! second half ( succe$+ measures1 describ$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,aft] ! fir/ measure1 ! second half ( ! measure %\ld conta9 a consonance 7,fig4 #fc;a71 ! fir/ half a consonance 7b71 or dissonance 7c71 pref]ably ! latt]1 9 :i* case a susp5sion is =m$4 ,?is is ! mo/ desirable =m ( syncopation4 ,:5 ! fir/ half conta9s a dissonance1 ! c\nt]po9t mu/ desc5d--or asc5d 9 ret>dation 7d7--"o degree to an imp]fect consonance 7c74 ,:5 ! fir/ half is a consonance1 x may be left by a skip to "s o!r *ord-tone 7e71 or by degreewise progression 7f74 ,9 ! latt] case ! second note is non-h>monic1 & !re=e %\ld n be us$ to prep>e a syncopation except z 9 ,fig4 #fc;d 7,ret>dation ( ! root 9 ,i#f74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,:5 writ+ ?ree notes to "o 9 ! f\r? species1 ! susp5sion may resolve on ! second beat 7a71 or ! ?ird 7b74 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! susp5sion skips 7c7 to "s o!r *ord-tone1 be=e resolv+4 ,! resolution to ! lead+-tone 7d7 =ms an important exception to ?is rule4 ,fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,! fif? may be us$ 9 ! l[] "p if x becomes ! prep>ation ( a susp5sion 7,fig4 #fe;a74 ,x may also be us$ 9 ! l[] "p1 z 9 ,fig4 #fe;b1 provid$ x resolves by skipp+ to ! ?ird ( ! *ord4 ,9 skipp+ f ! fif? to ! root1 or ! rev]se1 9 ! l[] "p1 d s 9 an upw>d direction4 ,! fif?1 :5 treat$ z an h>monic pass+-tone1 may1 h[ev]1 be approa*$ ei!r asc5d+ or desc5d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,! ret>dation %\ld be us$ only :5 prep>$ by ! lead+-tone4 ,x rises a semitone 9 resolv+4 ,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! foll[+ dissonant int]vals may be us$ on ! fir/ half ( ! measure3--,:5 ! c\nt]po9t is above1 ! f\r? & sev5? 9 susp5sion1 & second & fif? 9 ret>dation2 & :5 bel[1 ! second 9 susp5sion1 & ! f\r? & sev5? 9 ret>dation4 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,consecutive fif?s on consecutive /rong beats ( ! measure are good :5 "o ( ! tones ( ! second fif? is prep>$1 z 9 ,fig4 #fh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,! foll[+ cad5ces are good3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,,ex]cises ,write "o eight-measure phrase ) two notes to ! measure 9 "o "p & six 9 ! o!r2 "o ) ?ree notes 9 "o & six 9 ! o!r2 & "o ) two notes 9 "o "p & f\r 9 ! o!r4 7,fig4 #ei47 ,9 comb9+ ! species 9 ?is & succe$+ lessons ! /ud5t may place any species 9 any "p4 ,to ! cantus firmus write two c\nt]po9ts above & two bel[1 9 ! f\r? species4 ,,cantus ,,firmus ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,,lesson ,,vii ,,f\r? ,,species 7,cont9u$7 ,! fir/ & f\r? species may be mix$ z 9 ,fig4 #ga4 ,rules = writ+ o!r ?an ! fir/ species 9 bo? p>ts are to be reg>d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write two c\nt]po9ts above & two bel[1 9 ! f\r? species4 ,to cantus firmus b write two above & two bel[1 ?ree half-notes to ! measure1 ) syncopations4 ,write two eight-measure phrases1 mix+ ! fir/ & f\r? species4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,,lesson ,,viii ,,comb9+ ,,! ,,f\r? ,,species ,,) ,,! ,,o!rs ,all previ\s rules = comb9+ species /ill apply4 ,9 comb9+ ! f\r? species ) o!r ?an ! fir/1 ! foll[+ int]vals may be us$ on ! fir/ half ( ! measure1 9 addition to ^? m5tion$ 9 ,lesson ,,vi3 ,:5 ! c\nt]po9t is bel[1 ! f\r?1 fif? & sev5? 9 susp5sion1 & ! n9? 9 ret>dation2 & :5 above1 ! fif? 9 susp5sion1 & ! sev5? 9 ret>dation2 b 9 e su* case ! "p hav+ o!r ?an ! f\r? species mu/ skip to "s o!r *ord-tone be=e resolv+ ! susp5sion4 ,fig4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,! lead+-tone may be d\bl$ z 9 ,fig4 #gd4 ,"h ! lead+-tone t is prep>$ skips to "s o!r *ord-tone1 :ile ! new lead+-tone rema9s /ation>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,! m9or or dim9i%$ sev5?1 major or m9or n9?1 may be us$ z prep>ation ( a susp5sion 9 ei!r "p1 provid$ x is approa*$ by a skip 9 an upw>d direction1 & is consonant ) ! o!r "p1 or is "o ( ! p]mitt$ dissonances4 ,fig4 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,! f\r? species may be comb9$ ) ! second or ?ird species1 & two or ?ree notes syncopat$ may be writt5 9 "o "p ) six 9 ! o!r4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,,ex]cises ,to ! cantus firmus write "o c\nt]po9t above & "o bel[1 9 ! f\r? species4 ,write "o eight-measure phrase ea*1 ( ! foll[+ comb9ations3 ,! f\r? species ) ! second2 ! f\r? ) ! ?ird2 two notes syncopat$ aga9/ six notes2 & ?ree notes syncopat$ aga9/ six notes4 ,write "s 9 major & "s 9 m9or4 ,fig4 #gf4 ,,cantus ,,firmus ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,,lesson ,,ix ,,fif? ,,species3 ,,florid ,,c\nt]po9t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,florid c\nt]po9t is a mixture ( ! second1 ?ird & f\r? species4 ,9 addition to ^! species eigh?-notes may be us$ 9 gr\ps ( two on ! second & f\r? qu>t]s ( ! measure4 ,bo? notes %\ld be approa*$ & left /epwise1 ) ! exception t ! fir/ may be tak5 by a skip4 ,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,n m ?an "o & "o-half measures ( any "o species %\ld be us$ cont9u\sly 9 "o "p4 ,fig4 #hj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,9 ! use ( qu>t]-notes x is necess>y to ex]cise c>e4 ,!y may be us$ on ! fir/ half :5 prec$$ by qu>t]-notes1 :5 ! entire measure is fill$1 or :5 !y prec$e a half-note :i* is ! prep>ation ( a susp5sion4 ,on ! second half !y are always good4 ,fig4 #ha4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,= ! pres5t ! susp5sion %\ld n be less ?an a half-note or its rhy?mic equival5t 9 ! ornam5tal resolution4 ,9 ?is species ! susp5sion may resolve ornam5tally1 t is1 x may h "s note or notes int]polat$ betwe5 ! susp5sion & its resolution4 ,! relative position ( ! susp5sion & its resolution mu/ rema9 ! same z 9 ! regul> resolution4 ,fig4 #hb4 ,:5 ! susp5sion is left by a leap1 ! note skipp$ to %\ld be consonant ) ! o!r "p 7b74 ,:5 eigh?-notes are us$1 z at a1 !y mu/ be approa*$ & left /epwise4 ,! susp5sion1 in/ead ( be+ su/a9$ z a half-note1 may be repeat$ on ! second qu>t]1 z at c4 ,9 ?is case x is be/ to cont9ue /epwise ?r\gh ! tone ( resolution4 ,at d ! resolution1 in/ead ( com+ on ! second half1 appe>s on ! qu>t]s on ei!r side4 ,?is is good4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,! ornam5tal resolution may be us$ 9 ei!r "p4 ,use ! susp5sion freely4 ,! solutions %\ld be musical1 & are to be writt5 ov] & ov] aga9 until su* are secur$4 ,all cad5ces ( ! second1 ?ird & f\r? species1 or any comb9ation ( ^!1 may be us$4 ,,ex]cises ,to canti firmi a & b write two c\nt]po9ts above & two bel[1 9 ! fif? species ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,,lesson ,x ,,florid ,,c\nt]po9t 7,cont9u$7 ,:5 florid c\nt]po9t is comb9$ ) o!r ?an fir/ species1 ! dott$ half foll[$ by a qu>t]-note 7a71 or two eigh?-notes 7b71 is good4 ,also1 a rhy?mic figure1 z at c1 :]e a half-note occupies ! second & ?ird qu>t]s1 may be us$4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,,ex]cises ,write "o eight-measure phrase1 ea*1 ( ! foll[+ comb9ations3 ,! fif? species ) ! second2 ! fif? ) ! ?ird2 & ! fif? ) ! f\r?4 ,write also two eight-measure phrases ) fif? species 9 bo? p>ts4 ,fig4 #he4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,,simple ,,c\nt]po9t ,,9 ,,?ree ,,p>ts ,,lesson ,,xi ,,fir/ ,,species ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,reg>d all rules = two-"p c\nt]po9t1 unless o!rwise m5tion$4 ,if possible1 ea* measure %\ld conta9 a complete *ord4 ,:5 9 ! fir/ species x becomes necess>y to d\ble an int]val1 let x be pref]ably ! root4 ,! ?ird %\ld be d\bl$ only :5 a decid$ly smoo!r melodic progression is !reby obta9$2 & :5 bo? ?irds are 9 out] p>ts1 ea* %\ld be approa*$ & left /epwise 9 "o direction 7,fig4 #hg74 ,! d\bl+ ( ! fif? is1 ( c\rse1 impossible1 s9ce x necessitates ! omission ( ! ?ird4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,all triads may be us$ 9 _! fir/ inv]sion4 ,dim9i%$ & augm5t$ triads1 h[ev]1 are be/ us$ 9 _! fir/ inv]sion4 ,! six-f\r *ord may be us$ at ! close z ! cad5c+ tonic six-f\r *ord4 ,d n approa* ! root & fif? 9 simil> motion1 z at b4 ,fig4 #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,! dom9ant sev5? may be us$ 9 any b its second inv]sion1 ! fif? be+ omitt$4#b ,! sev5? requires no prep>ation4 ,o!r *ords ( ! sev5? are bett] n us$ until second species & lat]4 ,if possible1 let ! *ord 9 ! fir/ measure appe> complete4 ,! la/ *ord b "o %\ld be complete1 unless "s =m ( ,v or ,v#g is us$4 ,fig4 #hi4 #b ,9 sev]ely /rict c\nt]po9t all p>ts above ! l[e/ mu/ be consonant ) x4 ,dissonances1 :5 ent]+ simultane\sly ) x1 mu/ be treat$ z susp5sions1 & :5 us$ 9 ! progression ( a "p f "o *ord to ano!r1 %\ld be treat$ z pass+-tones or embelli%m5ts4 ,?is excludes ! use ( ! unprep>$ sev5? & n9?2 all dim9i%$ & augm5t$ triads except 9 _! fir/ inv]sion2 & all six-f\r *ords1 except :5 ! l[e/ "p is treat$ z a pass+-tone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,consecutive major ?irds may be us$ :5 ?ree or m p>ts are employ$4 ,fig4 #ij4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,a note may n[ be repeat$ 9 ! l[e/ "p :5 x becomes ! sev5? ( a dom9ant sev5?-*ord4 ,fig4 #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,9 writ+1 use soprano1 alto & t5or1 or alto1 t5or & bass2 & d n sep>ate upp] p>ts m ?an an octave4 ,= a *ord or two !y may 7= ! sake ( bett] voice-lead+7 sep>ate a t5?4 ,all hidd5 fif?s & octaves are bad1 except betwe5 ,i & ,v & ,v & ,i4 ,fig4 #ib;a1 b4 ,! p]fect fif? foll[+ ! dim9i%$ fif? is good :5 tak5 9 an upw>d direction /epwise 9 ! high] p>ts4 ,fig4 #ib;c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,all cad5ces us$ 9 h>mony are good4 ,unless o!rwise m5tion$1 put ! cantus firmus 9 any "p1 b avoid its cont9u$ use 9 ! same "p4 ,,ex]cises ,to canti firmi a & b write ! fir/ species 9 all p>ts4 ,write ea* ?ree times1 sett+ ! cantus firmus 9 a diff]5t "p 9 ea* solution4 ,?is necessitates transpos+ ! cantus firmus1 :5 sett+ x 9 ! o!r p>ts4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,,lesson ,,xii ,,! ,,second ,,species ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,! second species is writt5 9 "o "p & ! fir/ 9 ! o!r two4 ,all sugge/ions made = ! second species 9 two-"p c\nt]po9t are to be obs]v$1 unless o!rwise m5tion$4 ,^? reg>d+ consecutive p]fect int]vals are especially to be obs]v$4 ,! fif?1 :5 9 ! l[e/ voice1 %\ld be us$ z 9 two-"p c\nt]po9t1 except :5 us$ 9 ,v#d_/c or ! cad5c+ tonic six-f\r *ord4 ,! ,v#d_/c *ord may be us$ on ! weak beat1 necessitat+ ! omission ( ! ?ird4 ,fig4 #ie;a4 ,! ?ird may be omitt$ 7b71 or d\bl$ 7c71 on ! weak beat 9 ?is & succe$+ species4 ,fig4 #ie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,! m9or or dim9i%$ sev5? may be approa*$ by a skip 9 an upw>d direction on ! weak beat 9 any "p4 ,?is usually necessitates ! omission ( "s o!r *ord-memb] on ! weak beat4 ,! major or m9or n9? may also be us$ 9 ! same way1 except 9 ! l[e/ "p1 provid$ x is at lea/ a n9? above ! root4 ,fig4 #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,! progression f vii#f deg4 to ,v 9 root-position or any inv]sion 9 ! same measure1 is good4 ,fig4 #ig4 ,use b & c only :5 us+ o!r ?an fir/ species 9 two or m p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,ea* measure %\ld usually conta9 a complete *ord4 ,if n complete on ! fir/ beat1 br+ ! miss+ int]val 9 on ! second4 ,fig4 #ih4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,! cad5ces 9 ,fig4 #ii are good1 & w sugge/ o!rs4 ,! use ( ! f\r? species is p]mitt$ z at a4 ,a note may be repeat$ 9 ! f9al cad5ce 9 all species z at b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write ! fir/ species 9 all p>ts1 z previ\sly direct$4 ,to cantus firmus b write second species 9 "o "p4 ,write ?ree times1 *ang+ cantus firmus & c\nt]po9t ab\t s t !y w appe> 9 ea* "p 9 turn4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,,lesson ,,xiii ,,second ,,species ,,9 ,,two ,,p>ts ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,! sugge/ions = second species 9 bo? p>ts1 9 two-"p c\nt]po9t1 apply = ! two p>ts hav+ ! second species 9 ?ree-"p c\nt]po9t4 ,accid5tal h>monies sometimes appe> on ! weak beat4 ,all tones 9 ?is accid5tal h>mony =eign to ! *ord on ! /rong beat mu/ be treat$ z dissonances4 ,?is mu/ be reg>d$ :5ev] two or m p>ts h o!r ?an ! fir/ species4 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,at ,fig4 #ajb;a1 ! accid5tal h>mony f-a-c is on ! weak beat4 ,! f & a1 be+ =eign to ! *ord c-e-g on ! /rong beat1 are correctly treat$ z dissonances4 ,at b1 ! f & a are left by skip1 :i* is n p]mitt$4 ,! second species may be writt5 cont9u\sly 9 all p>ts2 ! tones appe>+ on ! weak beat mu/ be h>monically relat$ to "o ano!r1 & ^? =eign to ! *ord on ! /rong beat mu/ be treat$ z dissonances4 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,! fir/ & second species may be mix$1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,! cad5ces 9 ,fig4 #aje are good1 & w sugge/ o!rs4 ,^? ) fir/ species 9 all p>ts may also be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write a c\nt]po9t 9 ! second species 9 "o "p4 ,write ?ree sett+s1 z direct$ 9 ! previ\s lesson4 ,write two eight-measure phrases mix+ ! fir/ & second species 9 all p>ts4 ,to cantus firmus b write c\nt]po9ts 9 ! second species 9 ! o!r two p>ts4 ,write two sett+s1 ) ! cantus firmus 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,,lesson ,,xiv ,,?ird ,,species ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! sugge/ions = ?ird species 9 two-"p c\nt]po9t1 z well z ^? = writ+ ! second species 9 ?ree-"p c\nt]po9t1 apply :5 writ+ ?ird species 9 ?ree-"p c\nt]po9t4 ,! cad5ces at ,fig4 #ajh are good1 & w sugge/ o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write ?ird species 9 "o "p4 ,write ?ree sett+s z previ\sly direct$4 ,to cantus firmus b write second species 9 two p>ts1 z previ\sly direct$4 ,write "o eight-measure phrase1 us+ second species 9 all p>ts4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,,lesson ,,xv ,,?ird ,,species ,,9 ,,two ,,or ,,m ,,p>ts ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,previ\s sugge/ions :5 two or m p>ts h o!r ?an fir/ species1 apply "h4 ,9 us+ ! n9? ( a *ord x is well to keep x at lea/ a sev5? di/ant f ! ?ird1 z well z a n9? above ! root1 except 9 ! case ( ! dom9ant n9? 9 m9or keys1 :]e x may be sep>at$ by only an augm5t$ second 7b74 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,9 writ+ ! ?ird species 9 all p>ts1 notes appe>+ simultane\sly %\ld be h>monically relat$4 ,treat all tones =eign to ! *ord on ! fir/ qu>t] z dissonances4 ,! cad5ces 9 ,fig4 #aab are good4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write ?ird species 9 "o "p1 z previ\sly direct$4 ,to cantus firmus b write ?ird species 9 two p>ts1 z 9 ,fig4 #aaj;b4 ,write twice1 *ang+ ! cantus firmus ab\t4 ,write "o eight-measure phrase1 mix+ fir/ & ?ird species z 9 ,fig4 #aaj;a4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,,lesson ,,xvi ,,?ird ,,species 7,cont9u$7 ,,ex]cises ,to ! cantus firmus write ?ird species 9 "o "p1 z previ\sly direct$4 ,write "o eight-measure phrase1 mix+ fir/ & ?ird species2 also "o mix+ fir/1 second & ?ird4 ,fig4 #aad4 ,write "o eight-measure phrase1 us+ ?ird species 9 all p>ts4 ,fig4 #aaj;c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,,cantus ,,firmus ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,,lesson ,,xvii ,,f\r? ,,species ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,:5 ! syncopation is a susp5sion or ret>dation1 x is treat$ ! same z 9 h>mony4 ,! ret>dation %\ld always be prep>$ by ! lead+-tone4 ,:5 ! syncopat$ note belongs to ! h>mony ( ! measure1 x may be left by a skip or /epwise progression4 ,fig4 #aag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,! ?ird may be omitt$ on ! /rong beat 9 ?is species1 provid$ ! "p hav+ f\r? species skips to ! miss+ ?ird1 z at ,fig4 #aag;a4 ,consecutive fif?s1 b n octaves1 are sav$ by ! susp5sion4 ,:5ev] !y occur1 d n use ! note ( resolution z prep>ation ( a susp5sion1 or tie x into ! next measure 7a71 s9ce x is really ! pass+ sev5?1 & t does n l5d itself well to ei!r ( ! above1 except 9 sequ5ce z at b4 ,fig4 #aah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,! sev5? or n9? ( a *ord1 except ! major sev5?1 may be us$ z prep>ation ( a susp5sion :5 approa*$ by a skip 9 an upw>d direction1 z 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,?is species may also be writt5 9 triple rhy?m4 ,fig4 #abj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,! cad5ces 9 ,fig4 #aba are good1 z well z ^? ( ! second species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write f\r? species 9 "o "p4 ,write ?ree sett+s1 z usual4 ,to cantus firmus b write f\r? species 9 "o "p 9 triple rhy?m4 ,write ?ree sett+s1 z above4 ,to cantus firmus b write second species 9 "o "p & ?ird 9 ! o!r4 ,fig4 #abb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,,lesson ,,xviii ,,f\r? ,,species 7,cont9u$7 ,,ex]cises ,write two eight-measure phrases1 us+ ! f\r? species mix$ 9 all p>ts4 ,fig4 #abd;a4 ,to cantus firmus a write second species 9 "o "p & f\r? 9 ! o!r4 ,fig4 #abd;b4 ,to cantus firmus b write ?ird species 9 "o "p & f\r? 9 ! o!r4 ,fig4 #abd;c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,,lesson ,,xix ,,fif? ,,species ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,no sugge/ions o!r ?an h already be5 giv5 = two- & ?ree-"p c\nt]po9t are necess>y = ?is species4 ,,ex]cises ,to canti firmi a & b write fif? species 9 "o "p4 ,write ea* ?ree times1 z usual4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,,lesson ,,xx ,,fif? ,,species 7,cont9u$7 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write second species 9 "o "p & fif? 9 ! o!r4 ,fig4 #abh;a4 ,to cantus firmus b write ?ird species 9 "o "p & fif? 9 ! o!r4 b4 ,to cantus firmus c write f\r? species 9 "o "p & fif? 9 ! o!r4 c4 ,to cantus firmus d write fif? species 9 two p>ts4 d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,,lesson ,,xxi ,,comb9+ ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,species ,,ex]cises ,write "o eight-measure phrase ea*1 ( ! foll[+ comb9ations3 7#a7 #bnd1 #crd & #d? species 7,fig4 #acj;a72 7#b7 #bnd1 #crd & fif? species 7b7 7#c7 #crd1 #e? & #e? species 7c72 7#d7 #bnd1 #d? & #e? species 7d72 7#e7 #d?1 #e? & #e? species 7e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,,lesson ,,xxii ,,fif? ,,species ,,9 ,,all ,,p>ts ,,ex]cises ,write five eight-measure phrases ) fif? species 9 all p>ts1 mak+ use ( imitation at ! beg9n+ z 9 ,fig4 #aca4 ,! imitation ne$ only be relative & cont9ue = ?ree or f\r notes4 ,x is also well1 :5 a "p uses a /rik+ melodic figure1 to h "s o!r "p imitate x imm$iately aft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,,simple ,,c\nt]po9t ,,9 ,,f\r ,,p>ts ,,lesson ,,xxiii ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,no new sugge/ions are ne$$1 except z foll[s3 ,all cov]$ fif?s & octaves p]mitt$ 9 h>mony are all[$ "h4 ,:5 ! cantus firmus is 9 ! l[e/ "p & ! *oice ( ! la/ *ord b "o is ,v#d_/c or vii#f deg41 use ! latt]1 z 9 ,fig4 #acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,,ex]cises ,to canti firmi a & b write ! fir/ species 9 ! o!r p>ts4 ,write ea* f\r times1 sett+ ! cantus firmus 9 ea* "p 9 turn4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,,lesson ,,xxiv ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write ! fir/ species 9 all p>ts1 z 9 ! previ\s lesson4 ,to cantus firmus b write ! second species 9 "o "p4 ,write f\r times1 & *ange ) ea* solution1 s t bo? ! cantus firmus & ! second species w appe> 9 ea* "p4 ,fig4 #ace4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,,lesson ,,xxv ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write second species 9 "o "p z previ\sly direct$4 ,to cantus firmus b write ! fir/ & second species mix$ 9 ! o!r ?ree p>ts4 ,fig4 #acg;a4 ,to cantus firmus c write ?ird species 9 "o "p1 z direct$ = ! second species 7b74 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,,lesson ,,xxvi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write ! second species 9 two p>ts & ! fir/ 9 ! o!rs4 ,write twice1 *ang+ ! p>ts ab\t4 ,fig4 #aci;a4 ,to cantus firmus b write ?ird species 9 "o "p z previ\sly direct$4 ,to cantus firmus c write ?ird species mix$ 9 ! o!r ?ree p>ts1 z at ,fig4 #aci;b4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,,lesson ,,xxvii ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write ! fir/1 second & ?ird species 9 ! o!r ?ree p>ts4 ,write twice1 *ang+ ! p>ts ab\t ,fig4 #ada;a4 ,to cantus firmus b write f\r? species 9 "o "p1 z direct$ 9 previ\s lessons4 ,fig4 #ada;b4 ,to cantus firmus c write ?ird species mix$ 9 ! o!r ?ree p>ts4 ,fig4 #aci;b4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,,lesson ,,xxviii ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write ! f\r? species 9 "o "p1 z usual4 ,to cantus firmus b write fir/1 second & f\r? species 9 ! o!r ?ree p>ts4 ,fig4 #adc;a4 ,to cantus firmus c write ! fir/1 ?ird & f\r? species 9 ! o!r ?ree p>ts4 ,fig4 #adc;b4 ,to cantus firmus c write f\r? species mix$ 9 ! o!r p>ts4 ,fig4 #adc;c4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,,lesson ,,xxix ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,,ex]cises ,to canti firmi a & b write fif? species 9 "o "p1 z be=e4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,,lesson ,,xxx ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,,ex]cises ,to ! cantus firmus write ! fif? species 9 two p>ts4 ,write f\r times1 *ang+ ! cantus firmus into e "p4 ,fig4 #adg;a4 ,write "o eight-measure phrase mix+ ! second1 ?ird & f\r? species 7b74 ,also write "o ex]cise comb9+ ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & f\r? species 7c74 ,,cantus ,,firmus ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,,lesson ,,xxxi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,,ex]cises ,to ! cantus firmus write ! fif? species 9 all ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,fig4 #adi;a4 ,write f\r eight-measure phrases ) ! fif? species 9 all p>ts4 ,fig4 #adi;b4 ,,cantus ,,firmus ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,,lesson ,,xxxii ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,,ex]cises ,write six eight-measure phrases1 us+ ! fif? species 9 all ! p>ts4 ,let ! p>ts beg9 "o aft] ! o!r 9 imitation4 ,fig4 #aea4 ,,lesson ,,xxxiii ,,florid ,,melodies ,,z ,,canti ,,firmi ,,free ,,h>monization ,,9 ,,two-,,"p ,,c\nt]po9t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,?us f>1 all notes 9 ! measure =eign to ! h>mony on ! fir/ beat 7 treat$ z dissonances4 ,n[1 ! cantus firmus may be h>moniz$ at pleasure1 ! only re/riction be+ t any tone =eign to ! *ord ) :i* x ent]s mu/ be treat$ z a dissonance4 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,x is n necess>y t ea* "p be /rictly florid1 b t ! effect ( ! p>ts z a :ole %\ld be s4 ,?is applies f ?is po9t to ! end ( ^! lessons4 ,! susp5sion may n[ be a qu>t]-note1 or its rhy?mic equival5t4 ,x !n comes on ! fir/ 7a7 or ?ird 7b7 qu>t] ( ! measure1 & ! resolution on ! qu>t] foll[+4 ,! prep>ation %\ld be z long z1 or long] ?an1 ! susp5sion4 ,fig4 #aec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,! eigh?-note z 9 ,fig4 #aed;a is good4 ,x %\ld be us$ only on ! second half ( a weak beat1 & be prec$$ by a dott$ qu>t]-note4 ,sixte5?-notes may be us$ 9 place ( ! eigh?-note1 b %\ld be approa*$ & left /ep-wise4 ,fig4 #aed;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,! fir/ species may be employ$ occasionally 9 ! c\rse ( an ex]cise4 ,make pl5tiful use ( imitation4 ,:5 m ?an "o l9e ( a *oral is us$1 x may be treat$ by hav+ ! o!r p>ts cont9ue ?r\gh ! holds1 z at a1 or lett+ !m re/1 z at b4 ,fig4 #aee4 ,:51 9 place ( ! hold1 ! movem5t cont9ues1 x is necess>y to int]polate a full measure 9 place ( ! hold4 ,fig4 #aee & ,fig4 #aei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,! note "u ! hold may be cont9u$ ! extra measure1 or ! "p may re/ & !n re5t]4 ,all t is requir$ is t x beg9 aft] ! lapse ( "o measure1 i4e41 :5 ! l9e ends on ! acc5t ! next l9e beg9s on ! weak beat ( ! measure foll[+1 & if x ends on ! weak beat !n on ! acc5t ( ! next measure4 ,! int]val at any hold except ! la/ ( a *oral may be ei!r a p]fect 7a7 or imp]fect consonance 7b74 ,fig4 #aef4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,modulation (t5 occurs at ! holds4 ,if s1 make x cle>4 ,9 ?is & 9 succe$+ lessons set ! cantus firmus 9 any "p1 & transpose if necess>y4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus b write two c\nt]po9ts above & two bel[4 ,to cantus firmus a write "o above & "o bel[1 ) bo? p>ts re/+ at ! hold4 ,also d ! same ) ! c\nt]po9t cont9u+ at ! hold4 ,fig4 #aee;a1 b4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,,lesson ,,xxxiv ,,free ,,h>monization ,,9 ,,?ree-,,"p ,,c\nt]po9t ,:5 writ+ 9 ?ree or m p>ts1 x is well to let a "p re/ occasionally1 &1 :5 x re5t]s1 h x imitate "o ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,,ex]cises ,to cantus firmus a write two c\nt]po9ts above & two bel[ 9 two-"p c\nt]po9t4 ,write two orig9al eight-measure phrases 9 two-"p c\nt]po9t4 ,to cantus firmus b write "o example 9 ?ree-"p c\nt]po9t ) cont9u\s movem5t at ! hold4 ,fig4 #aei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,,lesson ,,xxxv ,to canti firmi a & b write two p>ts4 ,write ea* ?ree times1 sett+ ! cantus firmus 9 all p>ts 9 turn4 ,write "o ( ! solutions ( ! *oral ) cont9u\s movem5t at ! hold4 ,,canti ,,firmi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi ,write two eight-measure phrases1 & "o sixte5-measure phrase1 ( orig9al c\nt]po9t 9 ?ree p>ts4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvii ,,free ,,h>monization ,,9 ,,f\r-,,"p ,,c\nt]po9t ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,,ex]cises ,to ! cantus firmus write ?ree p>ts4 ,write two sixte5-measure phrases ( orig9al f\r-"p c\nt]po9t1 "o major & "o m9or4 ,,cantus ,,firmus ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,,lesson ,,xxxviii ,9 ?is & ! foll[+ lessons h ! p>ts 9 "s ( ! ex]cises beg9 "o aft] ! o!r 9 imitation4 ,fig4 #aea4 ,,ex]cises ,write two eight-measure phrases1 & "o sixte5-measure phrase1 ( orig9al f\r-"p c\nt]po9t4 ,,lesson ,,xxxix ,write two sixte5-measure phrases ( orig9al f\r-"p c\nt]po9t4 ,,lesson ,,xl ,write an orig9al ex]cise 9 f\r-"p c\nt]po9t1 ext5d$ to ?irty-two measures4