,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,arcady                   
,,by                      ,,grant ,,all5
                           ,,london3    
,,lawr5ce  ,,bull51   #af1 ,,h5rietta   
,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,w4,c4 #ahib4  
,to ,,grant ,,ri*>ds1   ,,9 ,,grateful  
,,ackn[l$gm5t ,,( ,,_m ,,k9d ,,(fices4  
,avuncul> ,greet+4                      
,,cont5ts4                              
,,page    ,,my ,,isl&s                  
#a    ,,tropical ,,education            
#ba    ,,on ,,! ,,w+s ,,( ,,! ,,w9d     
#dj    ,a ,,des]t ,,fruit               
#ef    ,,pretty ,,poll                  
#ga    ,,high ,,life                    
#ij    ,,eight-,,legg$ ,,fri5ds         
#aje    ,,mud                           
#abc    ,,! ,,gre5wood ,,tree           
#adj    ,,fi% ,,z ,,fa!rs               
#aeg    ,,an ,,engli% ,,%ire            
#agg    ,,! ,,bronze ,,axe              
#bab    ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,ruim           
#bca    ,a ,,hill-,,top ,,/ronghold     
#bej    ,a ,,p]si/5t ,,nationality      
#bff    ,,ca/]s ,,& ,,*e/]s             

#bgd                                    
,,preface4  ,^! essays deal = ! mo/ "p )
 ,sci5ce 9 ,arcady4 ',tis my native     
c\ntry3 = ,i am n ( ^? :o 'praise ! busy
 t[n4' ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! words ( !     
great poet :o has j dep>t$ to jo9       
,milton & ,%elley 9 a place ( high      
collat]al glory1 ,i 'love to rail aga9/ 
x /ill1' ) a naturali/'s bitt]ness4 ,= !
 t[n is always dead & lifeless4 ,!re are
 :o admire x1 !y say--poor purbl9d      
creatures--because1 =soo?1 '!re is s mu*
 life !re4' ,s mu* life1 inde$6 ,no     
grass 9 ! /reets2 no fl[]s 9 ! lanes2 no
 beetles or butt]flies on ! dull /one   
pavem5ts6 ,brick & mort> h kill$ out all
 life ov] squ>e miles ( ,middlesex4 ,=  
myself1 ,i love bett] ! d5sely-peopl$   
fields ?an ?is human des]t1 ?is beflagg$
 & macadamis$ man-made solitude4 ,!     
c\ntry teems ) life on e h&2 a ?\s&     
diff]5t plants & fl[]s 9 ! spangl$      
mead[s2 a ?\s& v>i$ d5iz5s ( pond1 &    
air1 & hea?1 & copses4 ,_! ways are     
endless4 ,!y attract me f> m ) _!       

inf9ite div]sity ?an ! grey & gloomy    
haunts ( ! cab-horse & ! /ock-brok]4  ,b
 my ,arcady1 z y w see1 is none ! less  
tol]ably broad & eclectic 9 its limits4 
,^! v>i\s essays h be5 sugge/$ to my p5 
by rambles f> & wide betwe5 its ela/ic  
conf9es4 ,! little tractate on ,mud1 =  
example1 recalls to m9d "s pleasant     
weeks among ! ,italian lakes & on ! pla9
 ( ,lomb>dy4 ,a ,des]t ,fruit owes its  
orig9 to a morn+ at ,luxor4 ,high ,life 
_h its key-note /ruck by a =tnight 9 !  
,tyrol4 ,tropical ,education is a dim   
rem9isc5ce ( old ,jamaican exp]i5ces4   
,our ,eight-,legg$ ,fri5ds 7 obs]v$ at  
leisure on ! w9d[-panes ( our own little
 nook at ,dork+4 ,a ,hill-,top          
,/ronghold 0 sket*$ 9 situ at ,flor5ce  
by a w9d[ t look$ across ! valley to    
,fiesole4 ,excursions into books or into
 ! remot] pa/ h giv5 occasion = !       
ar*ological essays relegat$ "h to ! end 
( ! volume4  ,my ?anks are due to       
,messrs4 ,longmans = p]mission to repr9t
 f _! magaz9e ,my ,isl&s1 ,a ,hill-,top 

,/ronghold1 ,a ,des]t ,fruit1 ,! ,isle (
 ,ruim1 ,eight-,legg$ ,fri5ds1 &        
,tropical ,education4 ,i h also to      
ackn[l$ge a simil> c\rtesy on ! "p (    
,messrs4 ,smi?  ,eld] ) reg>d to ,mud1  
,! ,bronze ,axe1 ,high ,life1 ,pretty   
,poll1 ,! ,gre5wood ,tree1 ,on ! ,w+s ( 
! ,w9d1 ,ca/]s & ,*e/]s1 & ,fi% z       
,fa!rs1 all ( :i* orig9ally appe>$ 9 !  
,cornhill4 ,messrs4 ,*atto  ,w9dus h be5
 equally k9d z reg>ds ! pap] on ,an     
,engli% ,%ire contribut$ to !           
,g5tleman's4 ,a ,p]si/5t ,nationality   
made its fir/ b[ 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican     
,review1 & has /ill to be introduc$ to  
an ,engli% audi5ce4  ,g4,a4  ,h9d ,head1
 ,surrey1 ,oct41 #ahib4                 
,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,arcady4                  
,,my ,,isl&s4  ,ab\t ! middle ( !       
,mioc5e p]iod1 z well z ,i c n[ rememb] 
7= ,i made no note ( ! precise date at !
 mom5t71 my isl&s fir/ appe>$ above !   
/ormy %eet ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,atlantic z a 
little ris+ gr\p ( m\nta9 tops1 capp+ a 
broad boss ( subm>9e volcanoes4 ,my     

att5tion 0 orig9ally call$ to ! new     
ar*ipelago by a bro!r inve/igator ( my  
own a]ial race1 :o po9t$ out to me on ! 
w+ t at a spot "s #ijj miles to ! we/ ( 
! ,portuguese coa/1 j opposite ! place  
:]e y\r mu%room city ( ,lisbon n[ /&s1 !
 wat] ( ! ocean1 z se5 9 a bird's-eye   
view f "s ?ree ?\s& feet above1 =m$ a   
di/9ct gre5i% pat* su* z always betok5s 
%oals or ris+ gr\nd at ! bottom4 ,fly+  
out at once to ! po9t he indicat$1 &    
pois+ myself above x on my broad p9ions 
at a giddy altitude1 ,i saw at a glance 
t my fri5d 0 q "r4 ,l& mak+ 0 9         
progress4 ,a volcanic upheaval 0 tak+   
place on ! b$ ( ! sea4 ,a new isl& gr\p 
0 be+ =c$ "r up by lat]al pressure or   
int]nal en]gies f a dep? ( at lea/ two  
?\s& fa?oms4  ,i _h always _h a great   
lik+ = ! /udy ( mat]ial plants &        
animals1 & ,i 0 s mu* int]e/$ 9 !       
occurr5ce ( ?is novel ph5om5on--! gr[? &
 developm5t ( an oceanic isl& be=e my v 
eyes--t ,i det]m9$ to devote ! next few 
?\s& c5turies or s ( my onian exi/5ce to

 wat*+ ! c\rse ( its gradual evolution4 
,if ,i tru/$ to unaid$ memory1 h[ev]1 = 
my dates & facts1 ,i might p]haps at ?is
 di/ance ( "t be unc]ta9 :e!r ! mom5t 0 
really :at ,i h r\ghly giv51 )9 a       
geological age or two1 ! p]iod ( !      
,mid-,mioc5e4 ,b exi/+ rema9s on "o ( ! 
isl&s con/itut+ my gr\p 7n[ call$ 9 y\r 
new-fangl$ t]m9ology ,santa ,m>ia7 help 
me to fix ) comp>ative c]ta9ty ! precise
 epo* ( _! orig9al upheaval4 ,= ^!      
rema9s1 /ill 9 evid5ce on ! spot1 consi/
 ( a few small m>9e deposits ( ,upp]    
,mioc5e age2 & ,i recollect di/9ctly t  
aft] ! ma9 gr\p _h be5 = "s "t rais$    
above ! surface ( ! ocean1 & aft] s& &  
/reams _h =m$ a small s$im5t>y deposit  
conta9+ ,upp] ,mioc5e fossils b5ea? !   
%oal wat] surr\nd+ ! ma9 gr\p1 a slight 
*ange ( level occurr$1 dur+ :i* ?is m9or
 isl& 0 pu%$ up ) ! ,mioc5e deposits on 
its %\ld]s1 z a sort ( natural memor&um 
to assi/ my r&om sci5tific              
recollections4 ,) t solit>y exception1  
h[ev]1 ! entire gr\p rema9s ess5tially  

volcanic 9 its composition1 exactly z x 
0 :5 ,i fir/ saw its y\?ful crat]s & its
 r$-hot a%-cones pu%$ gradually up1     
c5tury aft] c5tury1 f ! deep blue wat]s 
( ! ,mid-,mioc5e ocean4  ,all r\nd my   
isl&s ! ,atlantic !n1 z n[1 _h a dep?1 z
 ,i said be=e1 ( two ?\s& fa?oms2 inde$1
 9 "s p>ts betwe5 ! gr\p & ,portugal !  
plummet ( y\r human navigators f9ds no  
bottom1 ,i h (t5 he>d !m say1 till x    
rea*es #b1ejj2 & out ( ?is pr(\nd sea-b$
 ! volcanic en]gies pu%$ up my isl&s z a
 small subm>9e m\nta9 range1 ^: topmo/  
summits alone /ood out bit by bit above 
! level ( ! surr\nd+ sea4 ,"o ( !m1 !   
mo/ abrupt & cone-l1 by "n n[ ,pico1    
rises to ?is day1 a magnific5t sight1   
%e] sev5 ?\s& feet into ! sky f ! placid
 %eet t girds x r\nd on e side4 ,y      
creatures ( to-day1 approa*+ x 9 "o (   
y\r clumsy new-fa%ion$ fire-driv5 canoes
 t y call /eam]s1 mu/ admire imm5sely   
its conical peak1 z x /&s out silh\ett$ 
aga9/ ! gl[+ horizon 9 ! deep r$ gl>e ( 
a sub-tropical ,atlantic sunset4  ,b :5 

,i1 f my solit>y a]ial p]*1 saw my isl&s
 rise b>e & massive fir/ f ! wat]'s     
edge1 ! e>lie/ idea t occurr$ to me z an
 inve/igator ( nature 0 simply ?is3 h[ w
 !y ev] get clad ) soil & h]bage & liv+ 
creatures8 ,s nak$ & b>r5 7 _! black    
crags & rocks ( volcanic slag1 t ,i c\ld
 h>dly conceive h[ !y c\ld ev] come to  
resemble ! o!r smil+ oceanic isl&s :i*  
,i look$ d[n ^u 9 my flight f day to day
 ov] s _m wide & scatt]$ oceans4 ,i set 
myself to wat*1 accord+ly1 :5ce !y w\ld 
d]ive ! fir/ se$s ( life1 & :at *anges  
w\ld take place "u d9t ( "t ^u _!       
desolate surface4  ,= a long epo*1 :ile 
! m\nta9s 7 /ill ris+ 9 _! active       
volcanic /ate1 ,i saw b little evid5ce (
 a m>k$ sort ( ! gr[? ( liv+ creatures  
^u _! loose piles ( pumice4 ,gradually1 
h[ev]1 ,i obs]v$ t spores ( li*5s1 bl[n 
t[>ds !m by ! w9d1 7 beg9n+ to spr\t ^u 
! m settl$ rocks1 & to discol\r !       
surface 9 places ) grey & yell[ pat*es4 
,bit by bit1 z ra9 fell ^u ! new-born   
hills1 x br\ght d[n f _! wea!r$ summits 

s& & mud1 :i* ! torr5ts gr\nd small &   
deposit$ 9 little holl[s 9 ! valleys2 & 
at la/ some?+ l e>? 0 f\nd at c]ta9     
spots1 on :i* se$s1 if !re _h be5 any1  
might d\btless h root$ & fl\ri%$        
exce$+ly4  ,my primitive idea1 z ,i     
wat*$ my isl&s 9 ?is _! almo/ lifeless  
condition1 0 t ! ,gulf ,/ream & ! trade 
w9ds f ,am]ica w\ld br+ ! e>lie/ high]  
plants & animals to our %ores4 ,b 9 ?is 
,i soon f\nd ,i 0 q mi/ak54 ,! di/ance  
to be trav]s$ 0 s great1 & ! curr5t s   
sl[1 t ! few se$s or g]ms ( ,am]ican    
species ca/ up ^u ! %ore f "t to "t 7   
mo/ly f> too old & wat]-logg$ to %[     
signs ( life 9 su* ung5ial conditions4  
,x 0 f ! ne>] coa/s ( ,europe1 on !     
contr>y1 t our e>lie/ coloni/s seem$ to 
come4 ,?\gh ! preval5t w9ds set f ! we/1
 m viol5t /orms rea*$ u occasionally f !
 ea/w>d direction2 & ^!1 bl[+ f ,europe1
 :i* lay s mu* clos] to our gr\p1 7 f> m
 likely to br+ ) !m by waves or w9d "s  
waifs & /rays ( ! ,european fauna &     
flora4  ,i well rememb] ! fir/ ( ^!     

great /orms t produc$ any di/9ct        
impression on my isl&s4 ,! plants t     
foll[$ 9 its wake 7 a few small f]ns1 ^:
 light spores 7 m readily c>ri$ on !    
breeze ?an any regul> se$s ( fl[]+      
plants4 ,= a mon? or two no?+ v m>k$    
occurr$ 9 ! way ( *ange1 b sl[ly !      
spores root$1 & soon produc$ a small    
crop ( f]ns1 :i*1 f9d+ ! gr\nd          
unoccupi$1 spread :5 once fairly />t$ ) 
extraord9>y rapidity1 till !y cov]$ all 
! suitable positions ?r\gh\t ! isl&s4   
,= ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 additions to !      
flora1 & /ill m to ! fauna1 7 v         
gradually made2 s mu* s t mo/ ( !       
species n[ f\nd 9 ! gr\p did n arrive   
!re till aft] ! end ( ! ,glacial epo*1 &
 belong ess5tially to ! mod]n ,european 
assemblage ( plants & animals4 ,?is 0   
p>tly because ! isl&s !mselves 7        
surr\nd$ by pack-ice dur+ t *illy p]iod1
 :i* int]rupt$ = a "t ! c\rse ( my      
exp]im5t4 ,x 0 int]e/+1 too1 aft] ! ice 
cle>$ away1 to note :at k9ds c\ld manage
 by /ray accid5ts to cross ! ocean ) a  

fair *ance ( spr\t+ or hat*+ out on !   
new soil1 & :i* 7 totally unable by     
orig9al con/itution to survive ! ordeal 
( imm]sion 9 ! sea4 ,= in/ance1 ,i look$
 anxi\sly at fir/ = ! arrival ( "s      
casual acorn or "s float+ filb]t1 :i*   
might /ock my isl&s ) wav+ gre5]y ( oaks
 & hazel bu%es4 ,b ,i gradually         
discov]$1 9 ! c\rse ( a few c5turies1 t 
^! heavy nuts nev] float$ securely s f> 
z ! outskirts ( my little ar*ipelago2 & 
t consequ5tly no *e/nuts1 apple trees1  
bee*es1 ald]s1 l>*es1 or p9es ev] came  
to div]sify my isl& valleys4 ,! se$s t  
did really rea* u f "t to "t belong$ r  
to "o or o!r ( f\r special classes4     
,ei!r !y 7 v small & light1 l ! spores (
 f]ns1 fungi1 & club-mosses2 or !y 7 w+$
 & fea!ry1 l d&elion & ?i/le-d[n2 or !y 
7 ! /ones ( fruits t are eat5 by birds1 
l rose-hips & haw?orn2 or !y 7 *affy    
gra9s1 enclos$ 9 pap]y scales1 l grasses
 & s$ges1 ( a k9d well adapt$ to be     
readily borne on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,9 
all ^! ways new plants did really get   

waft$ by sl[ degrees to ! isl&s2 & if !y
 7 ( k9ds adapt$ to ! climate !y grew & 
fl\ri%$1 liv+ d[n ! fir/ gr[? ( f]ns &  
fl[]less h]bs 9 ! ri* valleys4  ,! "t   
:i* x took to p my ar*ipelago ) ^! v>i\s
 plants 01 ( c\rse1 :5 judg$ by y\r     
human /&>ds1 imm5sely long1 z (t5 ! gr\p
 receiv$ only a s+le new addition 9 !   
lapse ( two or ?ree c5turies4 ,b ,i     
notic$ "o v curi\s result ( ?is haphaz>d
 & l5g?y mode ( /ock+ ! c\ntry3 "s ( !  
plants :i* arriv$ ! e>lie/1 hav+ ! coa/ 
all cle> to !mselves1 free f ! fi]ce    
competition to :i* !y _h always be5     
expos$ on ! ma9l& ( ,europe1 began to   
sport a great deal 9 v>i\s directions1 &
 be+ act$ ^u "h by new conditions1 soon 
assum$ "u /ress ( natural selection     
totally di/9ct specific =ms4 7,y see1 ,i
 h q ma/]$ y\r be/ mod]n sci5tific      
vocabul>y47 ,= in/ance1 !re 7 at fir/ no
 insects ( any sort on ! isl&s2 & s ^?  
plants :i* 9 ,europe dep5d$ = _!        
f]tilisation ^u bees or butt]flies _h "h
 ei!r to adapt !mselves someh[ to ! w9d 

z a c>ri] ( _! poll5 or else to die out 
= want ( cross+4 ,aga91 ! numb] (       
enemies be+ r$uc$ to a m9imum1 ^! e>ly  
plants t5d$ to lose v>i\s def5ces or    
protections !y _h acquir$ on ! ma9l&    
aga9/ slugs or ants1 & s to become      
diff]5t 9 a correspond+ degree f _!     
,european ance/ors4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t by
 ! "t y m5 fir/ discov]$ ! ar*ipelago no
 few] ?an =ty k9ds ( plants _h s f>     
div]g$ f ! p>5t =ms 9 ,europe or else:]e
 t y\r savants consid]$ !m at once z    
di/9ct species1 & set !m d[n at fir/ z  
indig5\s creations4 ,x amus$ me         
imm5sely4  ,= out ( ^! =ty plants       
?irty-f\r 7 to my c]ta9 k ( ,european   
orig94 ,i _h se5 _! se$s br\ght ov] by !
 w9d or waves1 & ,i _h wat*$ !m         
gradually alt]+ "u /ress ( ! new        
conditions into fre% v>ieties1 :i* 9    
process ( "t became di/9ct species4 ,two
 ( ! olde/ 7 fl[]s ( ! d&elion & daisy  
gr\p1 provid$ ) fea!ry se$s :i* enable  
!m to fly f> be=e ! c>ry+ breeze2 & ^!  
two und]w5t su* pr(\nd modifications 9  

_! insul> home t ! sy/ematic botani/s :o
 at la/ exam9$ !m insi/$ ^u putt+ ea*   
into a new g5us1 all by itself1 inv5t$ =
 ! special purpose ( _! reception4 ,"o  
almo/ equally anci5t inhabitant1 a sort 
( h>ebell1 also became 9 process ( "t   
extremely unlike any o!r h>ebell ,i _h  
ev] se5 9 any "p ( my airy w&]+s4 ,b !  
rema9+ ?irty new species or s evolv$ 9 !
 isl&s by ! special circum/ances ( !    
gr\p _h v>i$ s comp>atively little f _! 
primitive ,european ance/ors1 t !y h>dly
 des]v$ to be call$ any?+ m ?an v di/9ct
 & div]g5t v>ieties4  ,"s five or six   
plants1 h[ev]1 ,i not$ arrive 9 my      
ar*ipelago1 n f ,europe1 b f ! ,can>ies 
or ,madeira1 ^: di/ant blue peaks lay   
dim on ! horizon f> to ! s\?-we/ ( u1 z 
,i pois$ 9 mid-air high above ! topmo/  
p9nacle ( my wild craggy ,pico4 ,^!     
k9ds1 belong+ to a mu* w>m] region1     
soon1 z ,i notic$1 und]w5t consid]able  
modification 9 our cool] climate1 & 7   
all ( !m adjudg$ di/9ct species by !    
le>n$ g5tlem5 :o f9ally report$ ^u my   

isl& realm to ,briti% sci5ce4  ,z f> z  
,i c recollect1 !n1 ! total numb] (     
fl[]+ plants ,i not$ 9 ! isl&s be=e !   
arrival ( man 0 ab\t #bjj2 & ( ^!1 z ,i 
said be=e1 only =ty _h s f> alt]$ 9 type
 z to be consid]$ at pres5t peculi> to !
 ar*ipelago4 ,! rema9d] 7 ei!r          
comp>atively rec5t arrivals or else _h  
f\nd ! conditions ( _! new home s l ^? (
 ! old "o f :i* !y migrat$1 t           
comp>atively little *ange took place 9  
_! =ms or habits4 ,( c\rse1 j 9         
proportion z ! isl&s got /ock$ ,i notic$
 t ! *anges 7 less & less m>k$2 = ea*   
new plant1 insect1 or bird t e/abli%$   
itself successfully t5d$ to make !      
balance ( nature m simil> to ! "o t     
obta9$ 9 ! ma9l& opposite1 & s decreas$ 
! *ances ( novelty ( v>iation4  ,h5ce1 x
 /ruck me t ! olde/ arrivals 7 ! ones   
:i* alt]$ mo/ 9 adaptation to !         
circum/ances1 :ile ! newe/1 f9d+        
!mselves 9 comp>atively famili>         
surr\nd+s1 _h less occasion to be       
select$ = /range & curi\s freaks or     

sports ( =m or col\r4  ,! peopl+ ( !    
isl&s ) birds & animals1 h[ev]1 0 to me 
ev5 a m int]e/+ & engross+ /udy 9       
natural evolution ?an its peopl+ by     
plants1 %rubs1 & trees4 ,i may z well   
beg91 !re=e1 by tell+ y at once t no    
furry or hairy quadrup$ ( any sort--no  
mammal1 z ,i und]/& y\r m5 ( sci5ce call
 !m--0 ev] /r&$ alive ^u ! %ores ( my   
isl&s4 ,= tw5ty or ?irty c5turies inde$1
 ,i wait$ pati5tly1 exam9+ e piece (    
driftwood ca/ up ^u our bea*es1 9 ! fa9t
 hope t p]haps "s t9y m\se or %rew or   
wat]-vole might lurk half dr[n$ 9 "s    
cranny or crevice ( ! b>k or trunk4 ,b x
 0 all 9 va94 ,i ought to h kn[n be=eh& 
t t]re/rial animals ( ! high] types nev]
 by any *ance rea* an oceanic isl& 9 any
 "p ( ?is planet4 ,! only ?ree specim5s 
( mammals ,i ev] saw toss$ up on ! bea* 
7 two dr[n$ mice & an unhappy squirrel1 
all z dead z doornails1 & horribly maul$
 by ! sea & ! break]s4 ,nor did we ev]  
get a snake1 a liz>d1 a frog1 or a      
fre%-wat] fi%1 ^: eggs ,i at fir/ fondly

 suppos$ might occasionally be          
transport$ to u on bits ( float+ trees  
or matt$ turf1 torn by floods f ^?      
prehi/oric ,lusitanian or ,african =e/s4
 ,no su* luck 0 ours4 ,n a s+le         
t]re/rial v]tebrate ( any sort appe>$ ^u
 our %ores be=e ! adv5t ( man ) 8       
dome/ic animals1 :o play$ havoc at once 
) my int]e/+ exp]im5t4  ,x 0 q o!rwise )
 ! unobtrusive small de] ( life--!      
snails1 & beetles1 & flies1 &           
e>?worms--& especially ) ! w+$ ?+s3     
birds1 bats1 & butt]flies4 ,9 ! v e>lie/
 days ( my isl&s' exi/5ce1 inde$1 a few 
/ray fea!r$ f[ls ( ! air 7 driv5 a%ore  
"h by viol5t /orms1 at a "t :5          
vegetation _h n yet begun to clo! ! nak$
 pumice & volcanic rock2 b ^!1 ( c\rse1 
p]i%$ = want ( food1 z did also a few   
lat] arrivals1 :o came "u /ress ( wea!r 
at ! p]iod :5 only f]ns1 li*5s1 & mosses
 _h z yet obta9$ a foo?old on ! "y      
ar*ipelago4 ,sea-birds1 ( c\rse1 soon   
f\nd out our rocks2 b z !y live (f fi%  
only1 !y contribut$ little m ?an ri* b$s

 ( guano to ! p]man5t colonis+ ( !      
isl&s4 ,z well z ,i c rememb]1 !        
l&-snails 7 ! e>lie/ truly t]re/rial    
casuals t manag$ to pick up a /ray      
livelihood 9 ^! fir/ colonial days ( !  
ar*ipelago4 ,!y came (t5e/ 9 ! egg1     
sometimes cl++ to wat]-logg$ leaves ca/ 
up by /orms1 sometimes hidd5 9 ! b>k (  
float+ driftwood1 & sometimes swimm+    
free on ! op5 ocean4 ,9 "o case1 z ,i   
recall to myself well1 a swall[1 driv5  
(f f ! ,portuguese coa/1 a little be=e !
 ,glacial p]iod _h begun to :it5 !      
di/ant m\nta9s ( c5tral & nor!rn        
,europe1 fell exhau/$ at la/ ^u ! %ore (
 ,t]ceira4 ,!re 7 no insects !n = ! poor
 bird to fe$ ^u1 s x di$ ( />vation &   
we>9ess be=e ! day 0 out2 b a little e>?
 t clung 9 a pellet to "o ( its feet    
conta9$ ! egg ( a l&-%ell1 :ile !       
prickly se$ ( a common ,spani% plant 0  
entangl$ among ! w+$ fea!rs by its hook$
 awns4 ,! egg hat*$ out1 & became ! p>5t
 ( a l>ge brood ( m9ute snails1 :i*1    
outliv+ ! cold spell ( ! ,ice ,age1 _h  

develop$ into a v di/9ct type 9 ! long  
p]iod t int]v5$ be=e ! adv5t ( man 9 !  
isl&s2 :ile ! se$ sprang up on ! natural
 manure heap af=d$ by ! swall['s decay+ 
body1 & cl++ to ! valleys dur+ !        
,glacial ,age on ! hill-tops1 gave bir? 
9 due season to "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ly       
indig5\s ( our ,t]ceira plants4         
,occasionally1 too1 v m9ute l&-snails   
w\ld arrive alive on ! isl& aft] _! long
 sea-voyage on bits ( brok5 =e/-trees--a
 circum/ance :i* ,i w\ld p]haps hesitate
 to m5tion 9 m]e human society 7 x n t  
,i h be5 cr$ibly in=m$ y\r own great    
naturali/1 ,d>w91 tri$ ! exp]im5t       
himself ) "o ( ! bigge/ ,european       
l&-molluscs1 ! great edible ,roman      
snail1 & f\nd t x /ill liv$ on 9 vigor\s
 /yle aft] imm]sion 9 sea-wat] = tw5ty  
days4 ,n[1 ,i myself obs]v$ t sev]al (  
^! bits ( brok5 trees1 torn d[n by      
floods 9 heavy /orm "t f ! banks (      
,spani% or ,portuguese riv]s1 rea*$ my  
isl& 9 eight or t5 days aft] leav+ !    
ma9l&1 & sometimes conta9$ eggs ( small 

l&-snails4 ,b z v long p]iods (t5 pass$ 
)\t a s+le new species be+ introduc$    
into ! gr\p1 any k9d t once manag$ to   
e/abli% itself on any ( ! isl&s usually 
rema9$ = ages undi/urb$ by new arrivals1
 & s _h pl5ty ( opportunity to adapt    
itself p]fectly by natural selection to 
! new conditions4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t out
 ( "s sev5ty l&-snails n[ kn[n 9 !      
isl&s1 ?irty-two _h assum$ di/9ct       
specific features be=e ! adv5t ( man1   
:ile ?irty-sev5 7_m ( :i*1 ,i ?9k1 ,i   
nev] notic$ till ! introduction (       
cultivat$ plants7 are common to my gr\p 
) ,europe or ) ! o!r ,atlantic isl&s4   
,mo/ ( ^!1 ,i believe1 came 9 ) man & 8 
disconc]t+ agriculture4  ,z to ! pond & 
riv] snails1 s f> z ,i c\ld obs]ve1 !y  
mo/ly rea*$ u lat]1 be+ convey$ 9 ! egg 
on ! feet ( /ray wad]s or wat]-birds1   
:i* gradually peopl$ ! isl& aft] !      
,glacial epo*4  ,birds & all o!r fly+   
creatures are n[ v abundant 9 all !     
isl&s2 b ,i c\ld tell y "s curi\s &     
int]e/+ facts1 too1 z to ! mode ( _!    

arrival & ! vicissitudes ( _! settlem5t4
 ,= example1 dur+ ! age ( ! ,=e/ ,b$s 9 
,europe1 a /ray bullf9* 0 driv5 out to  
sea by a viol5t /orm1 & p]*$ at la/ on a
 bu% at ,fayal4 ,i wond]$ at fir/ :e!r  
he w\ld effect a settlem5t4 ,b at t "t  
no se$s or fruits fit = bullf9*es to eat
 exi/$ on ! isl&s4 ,/ill1 z x turn$ out1
 ?is p>ticul> bullf9* happ5$ to h 9 8   
crop sev]al undige/$ se$s ( ,european   
plants exactly suit$ to ! bullf9* ta/e2 
s :5 he di$ on ! spot1 ^! se$s1 g]m9at+ 
abundantly1 gave rise to a :ole         
valleyful ( appropriate plants =        
bullf9*es to fe$ ^u4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !re 0  
no bullf9* to eat !m4 ,= a long "t1     
inde$1 no o!r bullf9*es arriv$ at my    
ar*ipelago4 ,once1 to be sure1 a few    
hundr$ ye>s lat]1 a s+le cock bird did  
rea* ! isl& alone1 mu* exhau/$ ) 8      
j\rney1 & manag$ to pick up a liv+ =    
himself (f ! se$s introduc$ by 8 unhappy
 pr$ecessor4 ,b z he _h no mate1 he di$ 
at la/1 z y\r lawy]s w\ld say1 )\t      
issue4  ,x 0 a c\ple ( hundr$ ye>s or s 

m be=e ,i saw a ?ird bullf9*--:i* didn't
 surprise me1 = bullf9*es are v woodl&  
birds1 & non-migratory into ! b>ga9--s t
 !y didn't (t5 get bl[n seaw>d ov] !    
broad ,atlantic4 ,at ! end ( t "t1      
h[ev]1 ,i obs]v$ "o morn+ a pair (      
f9*es1 aft] a heavy /orm1 dry+ _! poor  
batt]$ w+s ^u a %rub 9 "o ( ! isl&s4 ,f 
?is solit>y pair a new race sprang up1  
:i* develop$ aft] a "t1 z ,i imag9$ !y  
mu/1 into a di/9ct species4 ,^! local   
bullf9*es n[ =m ! only birds peculi> to 
! isl&s2 & ! reason is "o well div9$ by 
"o ( y\r own great naturali/s 7to :om ,i
 mean be=e ,i end to make ! am5de       
honorable74 ,9 almo/ all o!r cases !    
birds kept gett+ re9=c$ f "t to "t by   
o!rs ( _! k9d bl[n out to sea           
accid5tally--= only su* species 7 likely
 to arrive !re--& ?is kept up ! purity (
 ! orig9al race1 by ensur+ a cross e n[ 
& aga9 ) ! ,european community4 ,b !    
bullf9*es1 be+ ! m]e/ casuals1 nev] aga9
 to my k 7 re9=c$ f ! ma9l&1 & s !y h   
produc$ at la/ a special isl& type1     

exactly adapt$ to ! peculi>ities ( _!   
new habitat4  ,y see1 !re 0 h>dly ev] a 
big /orm on l& t didn't br+ at lea/ "o  
or two new birds ( "s sort or o!r to !  
isl&s4 ,naturally1 too1 ! newcom]s l&$  
always on ! fir/ %ore !y c\ld sight2 & s
 at ! pres5t day ! greate/ numb] (      
species is f\nd on ! two ea/]nmo/ isl&s 
ne>e/ ! ma9l&1 :i* h =ty k9ds (         
l&-birds1 :ile ! c5tral isl&s h b       
?irty-six1 & ! we/]n only tw5ty-n9e4 ,x 
w\ld h be5 q diff]5t1 ( c\rse1 if !     
birds came ma9ly f ,am]ica ) ! trade    
w9ds & ! ,gulf ,/ream1 z ,i at fir/     
anticipat$4 ,9 t case1 !re w\ld h be5   
mo/ k9ds 9 ! we/]nmo/ isl&s1 & fewe/    
/raggl]s 9 ! f> ea/]n4 ,b y\r own       
naturali/s h rightly se5 t ! exi/+      
di/ribution necess>ily implies !        
opposite explanation4  ,birds1 ,i e>ly  
notic$1 are always great c>ri]s (       
fruit-se$s1 because !y eat ! b]ries1 b  
don't dige/ ! h>d little /ones )94 ,x 0 
9 t way1 ,i fancy1 t ! ,portugal laurel 
fir/ came to my isl&s1 because x has an 

edible fruit ) a v h>d se$2 & ! same    
reason mu/ acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( !       
myrtle1 ) its small blue b]ry2 !        
lauru/9us ) its currant-l fruit2 !      
eld]-tree1 ! can>y laurel1 ! local      
sweet-gale1 & ! peculi> junip]4 ,be=e ^!
 %rubs 7 introduc$ ?us unconsci\sly by  
our fea!r$ gue/s1 !re 7 no fruits on :i*
 b]ry-eat+ birds c\ld live2 b n[ !y are 
! only native trees or l>ge bu%es on !  
isl&s--,i mean ! only ones n directly   
plant$ by y mis*ief-mak+ m51 :o h       
entirely spoilt my nice little exp]im5t4
  ,x 0 mu* ! same ) ! hi/ory ( "s among 
! birds !mselves4 ,n a few birds ( prey1
 = example1 7 driv5 to my little        
ar*ipelago by /ress ( wea!r 9 its v e>ly
 days2 b !y all p]i%$ = want ( suffici5t
 small qu>ry to make a liv+ out (4 ,z   
soon1 h[ev]1 z ! isl&s _h got well /ock$
 ) rob9s1 black-caps1 wr5s1 & wagtails1 
( ,european types--z soon z ! *aff9*es  
_h e/abli%$ !mselves on ! seaw>d pla9s1 
& ! can>y _h le>nt to ne/ )\t fe> among 
! ,portugal laurels--!n buzz>ds1        

long-e>$ owls1 & common b>n-owls1 driv5 
we/w>d by tempe/s1 began to pick up a   
dec5t liv+ on all ! isl&s1 & h ev] s9ce 
be5 p]man5t resid5ts1 to ! imm5se t]ror 
& discom=t ( our small] song-birds4 ,?us
 ! old] ! ar*ipelago got ! less *ance 0 
!re ( local v>iation tak+ place to any  
l>ge degree1 because ! balance ( life   
ea* day grew m closely to resemble t :i*
 ea* species _h left beh9d x 9 its      
native ,european or ,african ma9l&4  ,i 
said a little :ile ago we _h no mammal 9
 ! isl&s4 ,9 t ,i 0 n q /rictly correct4
 ,i ought to h said1 no t]re/rial       
mammal4 ,a little ,spani% bat got bl[n  
to u once by a r\gh nor'ea/]1 & took up 
its abode at once among ! caves ( our   
ar*ipelago1 :]e x hawks to ?is day aft] 
our flies & beetles4 ,?is seem$ to me to
 %[ v conspicu\sly ! advantage :i* w+$  
animals h 9 ! matt] ( cosmopolitan      
disp]sion2 = :ile x 0 q impossible =    
rats1 mice1 or squirrels to cross !     
int]v5+ belt ( ?ree hundr$ leagues (    
sea1 _! little w+$ relation1 !          

flitt]-m\se1 made ! j\rney across q     
safely on 8 own lea!ry vans1 & ) no     
great] difficulty ?an a swall[ or a     
wood-pigeon4  ,! insects ( my ar*ipelago
 tell v mu* ! same /ory z ! birds & !   
plants4 ,"h1 too1 w+$ species h /ood at 
a great advantage4 ,to be sure1 ! e>lie/
 butt]flies & bees t arriv$ 9 ! f]n-clad
 p]iod 7 />v$ = want ( honey2 b z soon z
 ! valleys began to be ?ickly tangl$ )  
composites1 h>ebells1 & sweet-sc5t$     
myrtle bu%es1 ^! nect>-eat+ insects     
e/abli%$ !mselves successfully1 & kept  
_! bre$ true by occasional crosses )    
fre% arrivals bl[n to sea aft]w>ds4 ,!  
developm5t ( ! beetles ,i wat*$ ) f>    
great] int]e/1 z !y assum$ fre% =ms mu* 
m rapidly "u _! new conditions (        
re/rict$ food & limit$ enemies4 ,_m k9ds
 ,i obs]v$ :i* came orig9ally f ,europe1
 sometimes 9 ! l>val /ate1 sometimes 9 !
 egg1 & sometimes fly+ z full-gr[n      
insects be=e ! bla/ ( ! angry tempe/4   
,sev]al ( ^! *ang$ _! features rapidly  
aft] _! arrival 9 ! isl&s1 produc+ at   

fir/ div]g5t v>ieties1 & f9ally1 by d9t 
( selection1 act+ 9 v>i\s ways1 ?r\gh   
climate1 food1 or enemies1 on ^! nasc5t 
=ms1 evolv+ into /able & well-adapt$    
species4 ,b ,i notic$ ?ree cases :]e    
bits ( driftwood ?r[n up f ,s\? ,am]ica 
on ! we/]n coa/s conta9$ ! eggs or l>vae
 ( ,am]ican beetles1 :ile sev]al o!rs 7 
driv5 a%ore f ! ,can>ies or ,madeira2 & 
9 "o in/ance ev5 a small insect1 belong+
 to a type n[ conf9$ to ,madagasc>1 f\nd
 its way safely by sea to ?is remote    
spot1 :]e1 be+ a female ) eggs1 x       
succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a fl\ri%+ colony4 ,i 
believe1 h[ev]1 t at ! "t ( its arrival 
x /ill exi/$ on ! ,african cont95t1 b   
becom+ ext9ct !re "u /ress ( competition
 ) high] =ms1 x n[ survives only 9 ^!   
two widely sep>at$ insul> areas4  ,x 0  
an endless amusem5t to me dur+ ^? long  
c5turies1 :ile ,i devot$ myself entirely
 to ! task ( wat*+ my fauna & flora     
develop itself1 to look out f day to day
 = any *ance arrival by w9d or waves1 & 
to foll[ ! c\rse ( its subsequ5t        

vicissitudes & evolution4 ,9 a great _m 
cases1 especially at fir/1 ! new-com]   
f\nd no ni*e ready = x 9 ! e/abli%$ ord]
 ( ?+s on ! isl&s1 & 0 fa9 at la/1 aft] 
a h>d /ruggle1 to retire = ev] f !      
unequal conte/4 ,b (t5 en\gh1 too1 he   
made a gallant fight = x1 &1 adapt+     
himself rapidly to 8 new environm5t1    
*ang$ 8 =m & habits ) surpris+ facility4
 ,= natural selection1 ,i f\nd1 is a h>d
 s*oolma/]4 ,if y happ5 to fit y\r place
 9 ! _w1 y live & ?rive1 b if y don't   
happ5 to fit x1 to ! wall ) y )\t qu>t]4
 ,?us sometimes ,i w\ld see a small     
can>y beetle quickly take to new food & 
new modes ( life on my isl&s "u my v    
eyes1 s t 9 a c5tury or s ,i judg$ him  
myself wor?y ( ! di/9ction ( a sep>ate  
species2 :ile 9 ano!r case1 ,i rememb]1 
a s\? ,european weevil evolv$ be=e long 
into some?+ s :olly diff]5t f 8 =m] self
 t a sy/ematic entomologi/ w\ld h be5   
=c$ to enrol him 9 a di/9ct g5us4 ,i (t5
 wi% n[ t ,i _h kept a regul> collection
 ( all ! int]m$iate =ms1 to pres5t z an 

illu/rative s]ies to "o ( y\r human     
museums2 b 9 ^? days1 ( c\rse1 we none (
 u imag9$ anybody b ourselves w\ld ev]  
take an int]e/ 9 ^! problems ( !        
developm5t ( life1 & we let ! *ance     
slide till x 0 too late to recov] x4    
,naturally1 dur+ all ^! ages *anges (   
o!r sorts 7 go+ on 9 my                 
isl&s--elevations & subsid5ces1         
sep>ations & reunions1 :i* help$ to     
modify ! life ( ! gr\p consid]ably4     
,inde$1 volcanic action 0 con/antly at  
"w alt]+ ! %apes & sizes ( ! diff]5t    
rocky m\nta9-tops1 & br++ n[ "o1 n[     
ano!r1 into clos] relations ?an be=e )  
its neighb\rs4 ,:y1 z rec5tly z #ahaa 7a
 date :i* is s fre% 9 my memory t ,i    
c\ld h>dly =get x7 a new isl& 0 sudd5ly 
=m$ by subm>9e eruption (f ! coa/ ( ,/4 
,mi*ael's1 to :i* ! "n ( ,sabr9a 0      
mom5t>ily giv5 by y\r human geograph]s4 
,x 0 ab\t a mile ar\nd & #cjj feet high2
 b1 consi/+ z x did ( loose c9d]s only1 
x 0 soon wa%$ away by ! =ce ( ! waves 9 
t /ormy region4 ,i m]ely m5tion x "h to 

%[ h[ rec5tly volcanic *anges h tak5    
place 9 my isl&s1 & h[ cont9u\sly !     
int]nal en]gy has be5 at "w modify+ &   
re-arrang+ !m4  ,up to ! mom5t ( !      
arrival ( man 9 ! ar*ipelago ! :ole     
population1 animal & vegetable1 consi/$ 
entirely ( ^! waifs & /rays1 bl[n out to
 sea f ,europe or ,africa1 & modifi$ m  
or less on ! spot 9 accordance ) ! v>y+ 
ne$s ( _! new home4 ,b ! adv5t ( !      
obtrusive human species spoilt ! game at
 once = an indep5d5t obs]v]4 ,man       
imm$iately introduc$ oranges1 bananas1  
sweet potatoes1 grapes1 plums1 almonds1 
& _m o!r trees or %rubs1 9 :i*1 = selfi%
 reasons1 he 0 p]sonally int]e/$4 ,at ! 
same "t he q unconsci\sly &             
un9t5tionally /ock$ ! isl&s ) a f9e     
vigor\s crop ( ,european we$s1 s t !    
numb] ( k9ds ( fl[]+ plants includ$ 9 ! 
mod]n flora ( my little ar*ipelago      
exce$s1 ,i ?9k1 by fully "o-half t :i*  
,i rememb] be=e ! date ( ! ,portuguese  
occupation4 ,9 ! same way1 besides 8    
dome/ic animals1 ?is spoil-sport coloni/

 man br\ght 9 8 tra9 accid5tally        
rabbits1 weasels1 mice1 & rats1 :i* n[  
ab\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! gr\p1 s t ! isl&s h 
n[ 9 effect a wild mammalian fauna4 ,:at
 is m odd1 a small liz>d has also got   
ab\t 9 ! walls--n z y w\ld imag9e1 a    
native-born ,portuguese subject1 b ( a  
k9d f\nd only 9 ,madeira & ,t5]iffe1 &1 
z f> z ,i c\ld make out at ! "t1 x seem$
 to me to come ov] ) cutt+s ( ,madeira  
v9es = plant+ at ,/4 ,mi*ael's4 ,x 0    
ab\t ! same "t1 ,i imag9e1 t eels &     
gold-fi% fir/ got loose f glass globes  
into ! ponds & wat]-c\rses4  ,i h =gott5
 to m5tion1 :at y w no d\bt y\rself long
 s9ce h inf]r$1 t my ar*ipelago is kn[n 
among human be+s 9 mod]n times z !      
,azores2 & also t traces ( all ^! curi\s
 facts ( introduction & modification1   
:i* ,i h detail$ "h 9 _! hi/orical ord]1
 may /ill be detect$ by an acute obs]v] 
& reason] 9 ! exi/+ condition ( ! fauna 
& flora4 ,inde$1 "o ( y\r own c\ntrym51 
,mr4 ,goodman1 has collect$ all ! mo/   
sali5t ( ^! facts 9 8 ',natural ,hi/ory 

( ! ,azores1' & ano!r ( y\r di/+ui%$ m5 
( sci5ce1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 
has giv5 ess5tially ! same explanations 
be=eh& z ^? :i* ,i h "h v5tur$ to lay1 f
 ano!r po9t ( view1 be=e a critical     
human audi5ce4 ,b :ile ,mr4 ,wallace has
 arriv$ at !m by a process ( argu+      
backw>d f exi/+ facts to prior causes & 
probable antec$5ts1 x occurr$ to me1 :o 
_h enjoy$ su* exceptional opportunities 
( wat*+ ! :ole process unfold itself f !
 v beg9n+1 t a /rictly hi/orical acc\nt 
( h[ ,i _h se5 x come ab\t1 /ep aft]    
/ep1 might possess = "s ( y a great]    
direct int]e/ ?an ,mr4 ,wallace's       
inf]5tial solution ( ! self-same        
problem4 ,if1 ?r\gh lapse ( memory or   
inatt5tion to detail at s remote a      
p]iod1 ,i h set d[n aught amiss1 ,i     
s9c]ely tru/ y w be k9d en\gh to =give  
me4 ,b ?is little epic ( ! peopl+ ( a   
s+le oceanic ar*ipelago by casual /rays1
 :i* ,i alone h _h ! good =tune to foll[
 ?r\gh all its episodes1 seem$ to me too
 unique & valuable a *apt] 9 ! annals ( 

life to be )held entirely f ! sci5tific 
_w ( y\r eag]1 ephem]al1 n9ete5? c5tury 
humanity4                               
,,tropical ,,education4  ,if any "o 7 to
 ask me 7:i* is highly unlikely7 ',9 :at
 univ]sity w\ld an intellig5t "y man d  
be/ to /udy8' ,i ?9k ,i %\ld be v mu*   
incl9$ inde$ to answ] (fh&1 ',9 !       
,tropics4'  ,no d\bt ?is advice s\nds on
 fir/ he>+ j a trifle p>adoxical2 & no  
d\bt1 too1 ! propos$ univ]sity has c]ta9
 s]i\s drawbacks 7l _m o!rs7 on ! v>i\s 
gr\nds ( heal?1 exp5se1 fai?1 & morals4 
,s5ior ,proctors are unkn[n at          
,honolulu2 ,select ,prea*]s don't range 
z f> z ! ,we/ ,coa/4 ,b x has always    
seem$ to me1 nev]!less1 t c]ta9 elem5ts 
( a lib]al education are to be acquir$  
tropically :i* c nev] be acquir$ 9 a    
temp]ate1 /ill less 9 an arctic or      
ant>ctic academy4 ,?is is m especially  
true1 ,i all[1 9 ! p>ticul> cases ( !   
biologi/ & ! sociologi/2 b x is also    
true 9 a some:at less degree ( ! m]e    
common arts c\rse1 & ! m]e av]age seek] 

aft] lib]al culture4 ,va/ aspects (     
nature & human life exi/ :i* c nev]     
adequately be und]/ood aright except 9  
tropical c\ntries2 vivid side-lights are
 ca/ ^u our own hi/ory & ! hi/ory ( our 
globe :i* c nev] adequately be          
appreciat$ except b5ea? ! se>*+ & all   
too g>i% rays ( a tropical sun4  ,:5ev] 
,i meet a cultivat$ man :o kn[s 8       
,tropics--& m p>ticul>ly "o :o has kn[n 
8 ,tropics dur+ ! =mative p]iod ( m5tal 
developm5t1 say f eighte5 to ?irty--,i  
feel in/9ctively t he possesses c]ta9   
keys ( man & nature1 c]ta9 clues to !   
problems ( ! _w we live 91 n possess$ 9 
any?+ l ! same degree by ! m]e av]age   
annual output ( ,ox=d or ( ,heidelb]g4  
,i feel t we talk l ,freemasons         
toge!r--we ( ! ,high] ,bro!rhood :o h   
wor%ipp$ ! sun1 prs5tiorem deum1 9 8 own
 ne>] temples4  ,let me beg9 by posit+  
an extreme p>allel4 ,h[ obvi\sly        
inadequate is ! conception ( life enjoy$
 by ! ord9>y ,lapl&] or ! mo/ intellig5t
 ,fuegian6 ,suppose ev5 he has att5d$ ! 

mission s*ool ( 8 native village1 &     
become le>n$ !re 9 all ! le>n+ ( !      
,egyptians1 up to ! extreme level ( !   
six? /&>d1 yet h[ feeble mu/ be 8 idea (
 ! planet on :i* he moves6 ,h[ mu* mu/ 8
 horizon be cab9$1 cribb$1 conf9$ by !  
fro/ & sn[1 ! gloom & pov]ty1 ( ! b>e l&
 ar\nd him6 ,he lives 9 a d>k cold _w ( 
scrubby vegetation & scant animal life3 
a _w :]e human exi/5ce is necess>ily    
pres]v$ only by ceaseless lab\r & at    
sev]e odds2 a _w out ( :i* all ! noble/ 
& mo/ beautiful liv+ creatures h be5    
ru?lessly press$2 a _w :]e no?+ great   
has be5 or c be2 a _w doom$ by its m]e  
physical conditions to et]nal pov]ty1   
discom=t1 & squalor4 ,= gre5 fields he  
has sn[ & re9de] moss3 = s++ birds &    
fl[]s1 ! pt>migan & ! tundra4 ,h[ c he  
ev] =m any fitt+ conception ( ! glory ( 
life--( ! means by :i* animal &         
vegetable organisms fir/ grew & fl\ri%$8
 ,h[ c he frame to himself any          
reasonable picture ( civilis$ society1  
or ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( human       

faculty & human organisation8  ,some:at 
! same1 ?\gh ( c\rse 9 a highly mitigat$
 degree1 are ! disadvantages "u :i* !   
pure temp]ate education lab\rs1 :5      
comp>$ ) ! education unconsci\sly drunk 
9 at e pore by an intellig5t m9d 9      
tropical climates4 ,& fully to und]/&   
?is pregnant educational importance ( ! 
,tropics we mu/ consid] ) ourselves h[  
l>ge a "p tropical conditions h borne 9 
! developm5t ( life 9 g5]al1 & ( human  
life & society 9 p>ticul>4  ,! ,tropics1
 we mu/ c>efully rememb]1 are ! norma ( 
nature3 ! way ?+s mo/ly are & always h  
be54 ,!y repres5t to u ! common         
condition ( ! :ole _w dur+ by f> !      
great] "p ( its entire exi/5ce4 ,n only 
are !y /ill 9 ! /ricte/ s5se !          
biological head-qu>t]s3 !y are also !   
/&>d or c5tral type by :i* we mu/ expla9
 all ! re/ ( nature1 bo? 9 man & bea/1 9
 plant & animal4  ,! temp]ate & arctic  
worlds1 on ! o!r h&1 are a m]e pass+    
accid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( our planet3 a      
hole-&-corn] developm5t2 a special      

result ( ! great ,glacial epo*1 & ( t   
va/ sl[ secul> cool+ :i* prec$$ & l$ up 
to x1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mioc5e or         
,mid-,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,our ,european      
ideas1 poor1 h>%1 & n>r[1 are ma9ly =m$ 
among a *ill$ & /unt$ fauna & flora1 "u 
inclem5t skies1 & 9 gloomy days1 all (  
:i* c give u b a v cramp$ & fa9t        
conception ( ! joy\s exub]ance1 ! teem+ 
vitality1 ! fi]ce h&-to-h& conflict1 & !
 victori\s exultation ( tropical life 9 
its full free developm5t4  ,all ?r\gh ! 
,prim>y & ,second>y epo*s ( geology1 x  
is n[ pretty c]ta91 ho?\se conditions   
practically prevail$ almo/ )\t a break  
ov] ! :ole _w f pole to pole4 ,x may be 
true1 inde$1 z ,dr4 ,croli believes 7& 8
 reason+ on ! po9t ,i confess is fairly 
conv9c+71 t f "t to "t glacial p]iods 9 
"o or o!r hemisph]e broke 9 = a :ile ^u 
! g5ial w>m? t *>act]is$ ! great] "p (  
^? va/ & immeasurable primval ons4 ,b   
ev5 if t 7 s--if at long int]vals ! _w =
 "s h\rs 9 its cosmical ye> 0 *ill$ &   
froz5 9 an insignificant cap at ei!r    

extremity--^! casual episodes 9 a long  
/ory d n int]f]e ) ! g5]al tru? ( !     
pr9ciple t life z a :ole dur+ ! great]  
portion ( its antique exi/5ce has be5   
c>ri$ on "u ess5tially tropical         
conditions4 ,no matt] :at geological    
=mation we exam9e1 we f9d ev]y:]e ! same
 tale unfold$ 9 pla9 inscriptions be=e  
our eyes4 ,take1 = example1 ! giant     
club-mosses & luxuriant tree-f]ns       
nature-pr9t$ on %ales ( ! coal age 9    
,brita93 & we see 9 ! wild und]gr[? ( ^?
 palozoic =e/s ample evid5ce ( a w>m &  
almo/ ,we/ ,indian climate among ! l[   
bask+ islets ( our nor!rn c>bonif]\s    
seas4 ,or take once m ! oolitic epo* 9  
,engl&1 li?ograph$ on its own mud1 ) its
 puzzle-monkeys & its sago-palms1 its   
crocodiles & its de9osaurs1 its w+$     
pt]odactyls & its :ale-l liz>ds4 ,all ^!
 huge creatures & ^! broad-leav$ trees  
pla9ly indicate ! exi/5ce ( a temp]ature
 ov] ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,europe almo/ z   
w>m z t ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago 9 our own
 day4 ,! wea!r report = all ! e>li] ages

 /&s almo/ un9t]rupt$ly at ,set ,fair4  
,r\ghly speak+1 inde$1 "o may say t     
?r\gh ! long s]ies ( ,prim>y & ,second>y
 =mations h>dly a trace c be f\nd ( ice 
or sn[1 autumn or w9t]1 leafless b\ghs  
or p9*$ & />v$ decidu\s vegetation4     
,ev]y?+ is p[]ful1 luxuriant1 vivid4    
,life1 z ,comus fe>$1 0 /rangl$ ) its   
wa/e f]tility4 ,once1 inde$1 9 ! ,p]mian
 ,age1 all ov] ! temp]ate regions1 nor? 
& s\?1 we get pass+ indications ( :at   
seems v l a glacial epo*1 p>tially      
comp>able to t great glaciation on ^:   
la/ fr+e we /ill abide to-day4 ,b ! ,ice
 ,age ( ! ,p]mian1 if su* !re 71 pass$  
away entirely1 leav+ ! _w once m w>m &  
fruitful up to ! v poles "u conditions  
:i* we w\ld n[ describe z ess5tially    
tropical4  ,x 0 ) ! ,t]ti>y             
p]iod--p]haps1 inde$1 only ) ! middle   
subdivision ( t p]iod--t ! gradual cool+
 ( ! pol> & int]m$iate regions began4   
,we "k f ! deposits ( ! *alk epo* 9     
,gre5l& t late 9 ,second>y times f]ns1  
magnolias1 myrtles1 & sago-palms--an    

,indian or ,mexican flora--fl\ri%$      
exce$+ly 9 :at is n[ ! dre>ie/ & mo/    
ice-clad region ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4   
,lat] /ill1 9 ! ,eoc5e days1 ?\gh !     
plants ( ,gre5l& _h gr[n slightly m     
temp]ate 9 type1 we /ill f9d among !    
fossils1 n only oaks1 planes1 v9es1 &   
walnuts1 b also well+tonias l ! big     
trees ( ,cali=nia1 ,spani% *e/nuts1     
qua9t s\!rn salisburias1 broad-leav$    
liquidamb>s1 & ,am]ican sassafras4 ,nay1
 ev5 9 glaci]-clad ,spitzb]g5 itself1   
:]e ! "* ( ! flora already beg9s to %[  
signs ( incipi5t *ill+1 we nev]!less see
 among ! ,eoc5e types su* plants z !    
swamp-cyprus ( ! ,c>ol9as & !           
well+tonias ( ! ,f> ,we/1 toge!r ) a ri*
 =e/ vegetation ( popl>s1 bir*es1 oaks1 
planes1 hazels1 walnuts1 wat]-lilies1 & 
irises4 ,z a :ole1 ?is vegetation /ill  
bespeaks a climate consid]ably m g5ial1 
mild1 & equable ?an t ( mod]n ,engl&4   
,x 0 9 ?is bask+ _w ( ! *alk & ! ,eoc5e 
t ! great mammalian fauna fir/ took its 
rise2 x 0 9 ?is easy _w ( fruits &      

sun%9e t ! primitive ance/ors ( man fir/
 began to "w upw>ds t[>d ! di/9ctively  
human level ( ! paloli?ic p]iod4  ,b !n1
 9 ! mid-c>e] ( t ?ird day ( !          
geological drama1 came a fro/--a        
nipp+-fro/2 & sl[ly b surely ! :ole     
arctic & ant>ctic worlds 7 *ill$ &      
cramp$1 degree aft] degree1 by ! gradual
 on-com+ ( ! ,great ,ice ,age4 ,i am n  
go+ to deal "h ) ei!r ! causes or !     
ext5t ( t colossal cataclysm2 ,i %all   
take all ^? = grant$ at pres5t3 :at we  
are conc]n$ ) n[ are ! results x left   
beh9d--! *anges :i* x wr\ght on fauna & 
flora & on human society4 ,especially is
 x ( importance 9 ?is connection to po9t
 out t ! ,glacial epo* is n yet entirely
 f9i%$--if1 inde$1 x is ev] de/9$ to be 
f9i%$4 ,we are liv+ /ill on ! fr+e ( !  
,ice ,age1 9 a cold & *e]less era1 !    
legacy ( ! accumulat$ glaci]s ( ! nor!rn
 & s\!rn sn[-fields4  ,if once t ice 7  
melt$ (f--ah1 well1 !re is mu* virtue 9 
an if4 ,/ill1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel       
,wallace seems to sugge/ some:]e t ! sun

 is gradually mak+ inroads ev5 n[ on ^? 
great glaci]-%eets ( ! nor!rn cap1 j z  
we "k he is do+ on ! small] glaci]-%eets
 ( ,switz]l& 7mo/ ( :i* are rec$+71 & t 
9 "t p]haps 7say 9 a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s or
 s7 w>m ocean curr5ts may once m        
p5etrate to ! v poles !mselves4 ,t1     
h[ev]1 is nei!r "h nor !re4 ,! fact     
rema9s t we ( ,nor!rn ,europe live      
to-day 9 a cramp$1 *ill$1 contract$ _w2 
a _w f :i* all ! l>g]1 fi]c]1 & gr&]    
types h ei!r be5 kill$ (f or driv5 s\?2 
a _w :i* /&s to ! full & vigor\s _w ( ! 
,eoc5e & ,mioc5e p]iods 9 some:at ! same
 relation z ,lapl& /&s to-day to ,italy 
or ! ,rivi]a4  ,?is be+ s1 x naturally  
results t if we want really to und]/& ! 
hi/ory ( life1 its orig9 & its episodes1
 we mu/ turn n[adays to t "p ( our      
planet :i* /ill mo/ ne>ly pres]ves !    
orig9al conditions--t is to say1 !      
,tropics4 ,& x has always seem$ to me1  
bo?  priori &  po/]iori1 t ! ,tropics on
 ?is acc\nt d really possess = e "o ( u 
a va/ & = ! mo/ "p unrecognis$          

educational importance4  ,i say '= e "o 
( u1' ( delib]ate design4 ,i don't mean 
m]ely = ! biologi/1 ?\gh to him1 no     
d\bt1 _! value 9 ?is respect is greate/ 
( all4 ,inde$1 ,i d\bt :e!r ! v ideas ( 
! /ruggle = life1 natural selection1 !  
survival ( ! fitte/1 w\ld ev] h occurr$ 
at all to ! /ay-at-home naturali/s ( !  
,l9nan epo*4 ,x 0 9 ! dep?s ( ,brazilian
 =e/s1 or "u ! broad %ade ( ,ea/ ,indian
 palms1 t ^? f]tile conceptions fir/    
fla%$ indep5d5tly ^u two s\!rn explor]s4
 ,x is v notewor?y inde$ t all !        
biologi/s :o h done mo/ to revolutionise
 ! sci5ce ( life 9 our own day--,d>w91  
,huxley1 ,wallace1 ,bates1 ,fritz ,mll]1
 & ,belt--h )\t exception =m$ _! notions
 ( ! plant & animal _w dur+ tropical    
travels 9 e>ly life4 ,no "o c read !    
',voyage ( ! ,beagle1' ! ',naturali/ on 
! ,amazons1' or ! ',malay ,ar*ipelago'  
)\t feel+ at e page h[ pr(\ndly ! facts 
( tropical nature _h p5etrat$ & modifi$ 
_! au?ors' m9ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is well
 wor? :ile to notice t ! =mal opposition

 to ! new & m expansive evolution>y     
views came ma9ly f ! museum & laboratory
 type ( naturali/s 9 ,london & ,p>is1 ! 
(ficial expon5ts ( dry bones1 :o knew   
nature only ?r\gh books & pres]v$       
specim5s1 or ?r\gh h] impov]i%$ & f>    
less pla/ic developm5ts 9 nor!rn l&s4 ,!
 battle ( organic evolution has be5 wag$
 by ! ,d>w9s1 ! ,huxleys1 & ! ,mll]s on 
! "o h&1 aga9/ ! ,cuvi]s1 ! ,ow5s1 & !  
,vir*[s on ! o!r4  ,/ill1 x is n only 9 
biology1 z ,i said j n[1 t a ta/e ( !   
,tropics 9 e>ly life ex]ts a m>k$ wid5+ 
& philosophic influ5ce ^u a man's :ole  
m5tal horizon4 ,9 t5 ?\s& ways1 9 t     
great tropical univ]sity1 m5 feel       
!mselves 9 clos] t\* ?an else:]e ) !    
ultimate facts & tru?s ( nature4 ,i     
don't "k :e!r x is all fancy &          
preconceiv$ op9ion1 b ,i (t5 imag9e :5  
,i talk ) new-met m5 t ,i c detect a    
c]ta9 diff]5ce 9 tone & feel+ at fir/   
sight betwe5 ^? :o h & ^? :o h n pass$ !
 ,tropical ,tripos4 ,9 ! ,tropics1 9    
%ort1 we seem to get d[n to ! v roots ( 

?+s4 ,?\s&s ( que/ions1 social1         
political1 economical1 e?ical1 pres5t   
!mselves at once 9 new & m engag+ly     
simple aspects4 ,difficulties vani%1    
di/9ctions disappe>1 conv5tions fade1   
clo!s are r$uc$ to _! lea/ common       
measure1 man /&s =? 9 8 native nak$ness4
 ,?+s t 9 ! ,nor? we _h come to reg>d z 
inevitable--g>m5ts1 fir+1 income tax1   
morality--evaporate or simplify !mselves
 ) in/ructive ease & phantasmagoric     
read9ess4 ,mal?us & ! food "q assume    
fre% =ms1 z 9 dissolv+ views1 be=e our v
 eyes4 ,h[ are slums conceivable or ,ea/
 ,ends possible :]e e man c plant 8 own 
yam & cocoa-nut1 & reap _! fruit        
f\r-hundr$-fold8 ,h[ c ,mrs4 ,grundy    
?rive :]e e woman may re> h] own t5     
*ildr5 on h] t5-rood plot )\t aid or    
assi/ance f _! indet]m9ate fa!rs8 ,:at  
ne$ ( c>p5try :]e a few bamboos1 cut d[n
 at r&om1 c be fa/5$ toge!r ) ?ongs into
 a com=table *air8 ,:at use ( pott]y :]e
 calaba%es hang on e tree1 & cocoa-nuts1
 ) ! wat] fre% & pure )91 supply at once

 ! cup1 & ! filt]1 & ! ,apoll9>is )98   
,( c\rse ,i don't mean to ass]t1 ei!r1 t
 ?is tropical univ]sity w 9 itself      
suffice = all ! ne$s ( educat$ or r (   
educable m54 ,x mu/ be tak51 bi5 ent5du1
 z a supplem5t>y c\rse to ! ,lit]       
,humaniores4 ,!re are ?+s :i* c only be 
le>nt 9 ! cr[d$ haunts & cities ( m5--9 
,london1 ,p>is1 ,new ,york1 ,vi5na4 ,!re
 are ?+s :i* c only be le>nt 9 ! c5tres 
( culture or ( arti/ic h&icraft--9      
,ox=d1 ,muni*1 ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice1 ,rome4 
,!re is only "o ,gr& ,canal & only "o   
,pitti ,palace4 ,we mu/ h ,%akespe>e1   
,hom]1 ,catullus1 ,dante2 we mu/ h      
,phidias1 ,fra ,angelico1 ,rafael1      
,m5delssohn2 we mu/ h ,ari/otle1        
,newton1 ,laplace1 ,sp5c]4 ,b aft] all  
^!1 & be=e all ^!1 !re is some?+ m left 
to le>n4 ,hav+ fir/ read !m1 we mu/ read
 ourselves out ( !m4 ,we mu/ =get all   
?is =mal mod]n life2 we mu/ break away f
 ?is cramp$1 cold1 nor!rn _w2 we mu/ f9d
 ourselves face to face at la/1 9       
,pacific isles or ,african =e/s1 ) !    

und]ly+ tru?s ( simple nak$ nature4 ,=  
t1 9 its p]fection1 we mu/ g to !       
,tropics2 & !re1 we %all le>n & unle>n  
mu*1 com+ back1 no d\bt1 ) %att]$ fai?s 
& brok5 gods1 & /rangely disconc]t$     
,european prejudices1 b look+ out ^u    
life ) a new outlook1 an outlook undimm$
 by t5 ?\s& preconceptions :i* hem 9 !  
vision & ob/ruct ! view ( ! m]e         
temp]ately educat$4  ,nor is x only on !
 lite ( ! _w t ?is tropical tra9+ has 9 
its own way a wid5+ influ5ce4 ,x is     
good1 ( c\rse1 = our ,galtons to h se5  
,s\? ,africa2 good = our ,tylors to h   
/udi$ ,mexico2 good = our ,hook]s to h  
numb]$ ! rhodod5drons & deod>s ( !      
,himalayas4 ,i sometimes fancy1 ev51 t 9
 ! works ( our v greate/ /ay-at-home    
?9k]s on an?ropological or sociological 
subjects1 ,i detect "h & !re a c]ta9    
=mali/ & s*ematic note :i* betrays !    
want ( fir/-h& acqua9tance ) ! pla/ic & 
expansive nature ( tropical society4 ,! 
beliefs & relations ( ! actual savage h 
n q t def9it5ess ( =m & expression :i*  

our ,univ]sity ,pr(essors w\ld fa9      
assign to !m4 ,b ap>t f ! wid5+ influ5ce
 ( ! ,tropics on ^! pick$ m9ds1 !re is a
 wid5+ influ5ce ex]t$ ins5sibly on ! v  
plant]s or m]*ants1 ! rank & file (     
,european settl]s1 :i* c h>dly fail to  
impress all ^? :o h liv$ among/ !m4 ,!  
cramp+ effect ( ! w9t] cold & !         
artificial life is all remov$4 ,m5 live 
9 a fre]1 wid]1 w>m] air2 _! doors &    
w9d[s /& op5 day & night2 ! sc5t ( fl[]s
 & ! hum ( insects bl[ 9 ^u !m ) e      
breeze2 _! bro!r man & si/] woman are m 
pat5t 9 e action to _! eyes2 ! _w %[s   
itself m frankly2 x has few] secrets1 & 
readi] sympa?ies4 ,i don't mean to say !
 result is all ga94 ,f> f x4 ,!re are   
evils inh]5t 9 tropical life :i*1 z a   
noble "l rem>ks ( nature g5]ally1 no    
prea*] c heal4 ,b view$ z education1 l  
,sa9t-,simon's ?iev+1 x is all valuable4
 ,i %\ld ?9k mo/ m5 :o h once pass$     
?r\gh a tropical exp]i5ce w\ld no m wi% 
t full *apt] blott$ out ( _! lives ?an  
!y w\ld cons5t to lose _! univ]sity     

culture1 _! ,cont95tal travel1 or _!    
lit]>y1 sci5tific1 or arti/ic education4
  ,& :at are ! elem5ts ( ?is tropical   
curriculum :i* give x su* imm5se        
educational value8 ,i ?9k !y are        
manifold4 ,a few only may be select$ z (
 typical importance4  ,9 ! fir/ place1  
because fir/ 9 ord] ( realisation1 !re  
is its value z a m5tal b\lev]sem5t1 a   
revolution 9 ideas1 a sort ( moral &    
intellectual cold %[]-ba?1 a n]v\s %ock 
to ! sy/em g5]ally4 ,! pati5t or pupil  
gets s ?or\ghly upset 9 all 8           
preconceiv$ ideas2 he f9ds all r\nd him 
a life s diff]5t f ! life to :i* he has 
be5 accu/om$ 9 cold] regions1 t he wakes
 up sudd5ly1 rubs 8 eyes h>d1 & beg9s to
 look ab\t him = "s g5]al explanation ( 
! _w he lives 94 ,x is good = ! ord9>y  
man to get ?us unc]emoni\sly upset4     
,take ! av]age "y intellig5ce ( !       
,london /reets1 ) its glib ideas already
 =m$ f supply & dem& 9 a civilis$       
c\ntry1 :]e soil is appropriat$1 &      
classes di/9ct1 & commodities drop z x 7

 f ! cl\ds ^u ! middle-class            
breakfa/-table--take su* an intellig5ce1
 self-satisfi$ & empty1 & place its     
possessor all at once 9 a new           
environm5t1 :]e ev]y?+ mat]ial1 m5tal1 &
 moral seems topsy-turvy1 :]e life is   
real & morals are rudim5t>y--& unless he
 is a v p>ticul> fool inde$1 :at a lot y
 mu/ really give t bli! new-com] to turn
 ov] & ?9k ab\t6 ,! sun t %ifts n[ nor?1
 n[ s\? ( him2 ! seasons t g by f\rs    
in/ead ( twos2 ! trees t blossom & be>  
fruit f ,janu>y to ,decemb]1 ) no app>5t
 reg>d = ! cal5d> mon?s z by law        
e/abli%$2 ! black1 br[n1 or yell[ p1 :o 
"k n 8 cre$ or 8 social code2 ! ca/es & 
cross-divisions t puzzle & surprise him2
 ! pride & ! scruples1 deep] ?an ^? (   
civilis$ life1 b t nev]!less run c\nt]  
to 8 own2 ! economic conditions t defy 8
 preconceptions2 ! virtues & ! vices t  
equally rub him up ! wrong way--all ^!  
?+s are highly conducive to ! production
 ( t fir/ sub/ratum ( philosophic ?9k+1 
a ,socratic attitude ( supreme          

ignorance1 a pure ,c>tesian frame (     
univ]sal d\bt4  ,!n aga9 !re is !       
m>vell\s exub]ance & novelty ( ! fauna &
 flora4 ,& ?is once m has some?+ bett] =
 u all ?an m]e speciali/ int]e/4 ,sug> &
 g+] gr[ = all alike4 ,= we mu/ rememb] 
t n only d ! ,tropics repres5t ! va/ly  
great] portion ( ! _w's pa/3 !y also    
repres5t ! va/ly great] portion ( ! _w's
 pres5t4 ,by f> ! l>g] "p ( ! l& surface
 ( ! e>? is tropical or subtropical2 !  
temp]ate & arctic regions make up b a   
m9or & unimportant fraction ( ! soil (  
our planet4 ,& if we include ! sea z    
well1 ?is tru? becomes ev5 m /rik+ly    
evid5t3 ! ,tropics are ev5 n[ ! rule (  
life2 ! cold] regions are b an abnormal 
& outly+ ecc5tricity ( nature4 ,yet x is
 f ?is />v$ & dw>f$ & impov]i%$ nor!rn  
area t mo/ ( u h =m$ our views ( life1  
to ! total exclusion ( ! wid]1 ri*]1 m  
v>i$ _w t calls = our admiration 9      
tropical latitudes4  ,ins5sibly ?is     
ri*ness & vividness ( nature all ar\nd  
"o1 on a fir/ visit to ! ,tropics1 s9ks 

into "o's m9d1 & produces pr(\nd1 ?\gh  
at fir/ unconsci\s1 modifications 9 "o's
 :ole mode ( reg>d+ man & 8 univ]se4    
,especially is ?is ! case 9 e>ly life1  
:5 ! "* is /ill pla/ic & ! eye /ill ke53
 pictures are =m$ 9 t brilliant sun%9e &
 "u ^? dim ar*es ( hot grey sky t       
photograph !mselves = ev] on ! la/+     
tablets ( ! human memory4 ,john ,/u>t   
,mill 9 8 ,autobiography dwells lov+ly1 
,i rememb]1 on ! pr(\nd effect produc$  
on himself by 8 *ildi% visits to ,j]emy 
,b5?am at ,=d ,abbey 9 ,dorset%ire1 on !
 delightful s5se ( space & fre$om &     
g5]\s expansion giv5 to 8 m9d by ! m]e  
act ( liv+ & mov+ 9 ^? /ately halls &   
wide airy g>d5s4 ,e univ]sity man mu/   
look back ) pleasure ( some:at ! same   
sort to ! free breezy memories ( !      
quadrangles & common rooms ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*
 or ( ,tr9ity4 ,b 9 ! tropical univ]sity
 ev]ybody passes 8 "t 9 arcades ( ,greek
 or ,pompeian air9ess3 ! palm-trees wave
 & :isp] ar\nd 8 head z he sits =       
coolness on 8 wide v]&ah2 ! humm+-birds 

d>t f fl[] to fl[] on ! delicate b\quets
 t cr[d 8 draw+-room4 ,i knew a lady :o 
made a capital collection ( butt]flies &
 mo?s at h] own d9n]-table by simply    
imp\nd+ 9 pap] boxes ! insects t flitt$ 
ab\t ! lamp at dess]t4 ,:y1 if x comes  
to t1 ! v bread itself comprises g5]ally
 a :ole entomological cab9et1 & conta9s 
9 fragm5ts ! disjecta membra ( specim5s 
en\gh to /ock entire glass cases at     
sev]e ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,h['s t = an       
inducem5t to /udy life :]e x is ri*e/ & 
mo/ abundant 9 its native />t+-place8   
,b above all 9 educational importance ,i
 rank ! advantage ( see+ human nature 9 
its primitive surr\nd+s1 f> f ! squalid 
& *illy influ5ces ( ! tail-end ( !      
,glacial epo*4 ,i admit at once t cold  
has done mu*1 exce$+ mu*1 = human       
developm5t--has be5 ! "m ( civilisation 
9 some:at ! same s5se t necessity has   
be5 ! "m ( inv5tion4 ,to x1 no d\bt1 we 
owe to a great ext5t1 9 v>y+ /ages1     
clo?+1 ! h\se1 fire1 ! /eam-eng9e4 ,yet 
none ! less is x true t ! fir/ levels ( 

society mu/ ne$s h be5 pass$ "u         
ess5tially tropical conditions1 & t     
nasc5t civilisation spread b sl[ly      
nor?w>d1 f ,egypt & ,asia1 ?r\gh ,greece
 & ,italy1 to ! cl\dy regions :]e its   
*ief c5tres are at pres5t domicil$ "u   
canopies ( coal smoke4 ,& ev5 to-day !  
sight ( ! tropics1 gre5 & luxuriant1    
br+s u into t\* at once ) e>li] ideas & 
habits ( ! race--makes u m able n only  
to und]/&1 b also to sympa?ise )1 our   
anci5t ance/ors ( ! nak$-&-n-a%am$ era (
 culture4 ,views =m$ exclusively 9 !    
,nor? t5d too mu* to imitate ! r$uc$    
g5tlewoman's outlook ^u life2 views =m$ 
9 ! ,tropics correct ?is refractive     
influ5ce by a c]ta9 g5ial & tol]ant     
virile expansion1 n to be le>n$ at !    
,common1 ,clapham4  ,to "o ^: economic  
p5dulum has hi!rto oscillat$ betwe5     
selfi% luxury 9 ,mayfair & squalid      
pov]ty 9 ,sev5 ,dials1 !re is inde$ a _w
 ( novelty 9 ! fir/ view ( ! tropical   
pov]ty t is n squalid b cont5t$ly       
luxuri\s--( ! dusky fa!r ) 8 wife or    

wives 7! m]e numb] is a detail7 sprawl+ 
at full l5g?1 half clad1 9 ! eye ( !    
sun1 be=e ! palm-?at*$ hut1 :ile ! fat  
black babies & ! fat black little pigs  
wall[ toge!r almo/ indi/+ui%ably 9 ! du/
 at 8 side1 j out ( rea* ( ! muscul>    
foot t might o!rwise ( pure wantonness  
mole/ !m4 ,:at a flood ( light x all    
ca/s ^u ! future possibilities (        
society1 t leisur$1 cultureless         
h\sehold1 on ^: g>d5-plot yam or        
bread-fruit or bananas or sweet potatoes
 c be gr[n 9 suffici5t quantity to      
support ! family )\t m lab\r ?an 9      
,engl& w\ld pay = its kit*5 coals2 :]e !
 hut is b a %elt] f ra91 or a b$-curta9 
= night1 & :]e ! untax$ sun supplies !  
place ( a draw+-room fire all ! ye>     
r\nd1 & w>ms ! wat] = ! baby's ba? at   
no?+ ! gallon6 ,if !re is any man :o    
doesn't sympa?ise ) 8 dusky bro!r :5 he 
sees him ?us at home 9 8 airy           
palace--any man :o doesn't frat]nise    
closely ) 8 k9d :5 ?us br\ght face to   
face ) our primitive exi/5ce1 ,i don't  

envy him 8 /]n & wild ,cal$onian e?ics4 
,! bea*-comb] in/9ct %\ld be /rong 9 all
 sane m9ds4 ,or if t blunt way ( putt+ x
 p]*ance (f5d ! weak] bre?r51 let u say 
r1 ! _s ( ! ,lotus-eat]s4 ,= ! man :o   
doesn't want to eat ( ! ,lotus j once 9 
8 life has become too civilis$3 ! iron (
 ! ,gradgr9d era ( univ]sal competition 
& paym5t by results has ent]$ to deeply 
into 8 sordid s\l4 ,he wants a c\rse (  
,egypt & ,tahiti4  ,oh1 yes2 ,i "k :at y
 are go+ to object1 & ,i grant x at     
once3 ! influ5ce ( ! ,tropics is by no  
means an ascetic "o4 ,!y1 t5d r to      
enc\rage a c]ta9 g5ial & fri5dly        
tol]ance ( all possible human =ms (     
society--ev5 ! l[e/4 ,!y are ess5tially 
democratic1 n to say sociali/ic &       
revolution>y 9 tone4 ,by br++ u all d[n 
to ! und]ly+ v]ities ( life1 ap>t f its 
conv5tions1 !y beget p]haps a some:at   
ha/y impati5ce ( ,c\rt dress & ! ,"l    
,*amb]la9's regulations4 ,b1 p] contra1 
!y tea* u to feel t e man1 :e!r black1  
br[n1 or :ite1 is v human1 & e woman &  

*ild1 if possible1 ev5 a trifle m s4    
,wick$ z x all is1 !re is yet 9 tropical
 political economy m ( ! ,gospel accord+
 to ,/4 ,john1 & less ( ,adam ,smi?1    
,ric>do1 & ,mal?us1 ?an 9 any or?odox   
political economy prescrib$ by exam9]s =
 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,x is some?+ to
 see a _w :]e ceaseless toil is n !     
necess>y & inevitable lot ( all :o don't
 pay income tax on a ?\s& a ye>1 ev5 if 
,bo>d s*ools are unkn[n & quadratic     
equations a vani%+ quantity4 ,x is      
some?+ to see a /ick ( sug>-cane        
protrud+ f ! m\? ( e *ild1 & oranges    
retail$ at twelve = a ha'p5ny4 ,x is    
some?+ to "k h[ ! va/ majority ( ! human
 race /ill live & move & h _! be+1 & to 
feel t aft] all _! mode ( life1 ?\gh    
lack+ 9 ,greek iambics1 wallpap]s1 & !  
,saturday ,review1 yet appeals 9 its own
 bea*-comb]i% way to "s ( "o's inmo/ &  
deepe/ ye>n+s4 ,! hibiscus t flames be=e
 ! wattl$ hut1 ! p>rot t *att]s f ! gre5
 & gold5 mango-tree1 ! li!1 heal?y      
figures ( ! *ildr5 9 ! /ream1 are "s    

comp5sation = ! lack ( ,london mud1     
,london fog1 & ,london illu/rations (   
practical ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,isle ( ,dogs 
& ! ,b]mondsey purlieus4 ,i don't "k    
:e!r ,i am knock+ ! la/ nail into !     
complet$ c(f9 ( my own cont5tion1 b ,i  
believe e "r-m9d$ man returns f !       
,tropics a good deal m ( a ,communi/ ?an
 :5 he w5t !re4  ,"o ^w ( explanation to
 prev5t mi/ake4 ,i am n myself1 l       
,k+sley or ,wallace1 an en?usia/ic      
tropici/4 ,on ! contr>y1 view$ z a place
 ( p]man5t resid5ce1 ,i don't at all l !
 ,tropics to live 94 ,i am plead+ "h    
only = _! educational value1 9 small    
doses4 ,sp5d+ two or ?ree ye>s !re 9 !  
heyday ( life is v mu* l read+          
,h]odotus--a ?+ "o is glad "o _h once to
 d1 b "o w\ld nev] will+ly d aga9 = any 
money4 ,we nor!rn creatures are remote  
products ( ! ,great ,ice ,age1 & by ?is 
"t1 l ,pol> be>s1 we h gr[n adapt$ to   
our glacial environm5t4 ,all ! m1 !re=e1
 is x a useful %ak+-up = u to get       
transport$ bodily f our cramp$ &        

pov]ty-/rick5 nor!rn slums1 j once 9 our
 life1 to ! palms & temples ( ! ,s\?1 ! 
l&s :]e ! human body is a h>dy plant1 n 
a frail exotic4 ,we come back to our    
*illy home among ! fogs & bogs ) wid]   
projects = ! ?aw+ d[n ( ! social        
ice-heap1 & ! introduction ( !          
bread-fruit-tree & ! currant-bun-bu%    
into ! remote/ wilds ( ! bor\gh (       
,hackney4 ,i am n ev5 q sure t tropical 
exp]i5ce doesn't pr$ispose u some:at 9  
fav\r ( plant+ ! sweet potato in/ead (  
graz+ batt]+-rams 9 ! upl&s ( ,connem>a4
 ,b hu%2 ,i he> an editorial fr[n4 ,no m
 ( ?is h]esy4                           
,,on ,,! ,,w+s ,,( ,,! ,,w9d4  ,( c\rse1
 y "k my fri5d ! squirt+ cucumb]4 ,if y 
don't1 t c be only because y've nev]    
look$ 9 ! "r place to f9d him4 ,on all  
wa/e gr\nd outside mo/ s\!rn            
cities--,nice1 ,cannes1 ,flor5ce3 ,rome1
 ,algi]s1 ,granada3 ,a!ns1 ,pal]mo1     
,tunis1 :]e y w--! soil is ?ickly cov]$ 
by d>k trail+ v9es :i* be> on _! bran*es
 a que] hairy gre5 fruit1 mu* l a common

 cucumb] at t e>ly /age ( its exi/5ce :5
 we "k x be/ 9 ! comm]cial =m ( pickl$  
gh]k9s4 ,z long z y don't int]f]e ) !m1 
^! hairy gre5 fruits d no?+ out ( !     
common 9 ! way ( p]sonal aggressiv5ess4 
,l ! model "y lady ( ! books on         
etiquette1 !y don't speak unless !y're  
spok5 to4 ,b if p]adv5ture y *ance to   
bru% up aga9/ ! plant accid5tally1 or y 
irritate x ( set purpose ) y\r foot or  
y\r cane1 !n1 z ,mr4 ,rid] ,hagg>d w\ld 
say1 'a /range ?+ happ5s'3 (f jumps !   
little gre5 fruit ) a />tl+ b\nce1 &    
scatt]s its juice & pulp & se$s         
explosively ?r\gh a hole 9 ! end :]e !  
/em jo9$ on to x4 ,! entire c5tral "p ( 
! cucumb]1 9 %ort 7answ]+ to ! se$s &   
pulp ( a ripe melon71 squirts out       
ela/ically ?r\gh ! brea* 9 ! out] wall1 
leav+ ! holl[ %ell beh9d z a m]e empty  
w9dbag4  ,naturally1 ! squirt+ cucumb]  
kn[s its own bus9ess be/1 & is n )\t    
suffici5t reasons ( its own = ?is /range
 &1 to "s ext5t1 unmann]ly behavi\r4 ,by
 its que] trick ( squirt+1 x manages to 

kill at lea/ two birds ) "o /one4 ,=1 9 
! fir/ place1 ! sudd5 ela/ic jump ( !   
fruit fright5s away br[s+ animals1 su* z
 goats & cattle4 ,^? m$itative rum9ants 
are little accu/om$ to f9d+ %rubs or    
plants take ! aggressive aga9/ !m2 & :5 
!y see a fruit t q lit]ally flies 9 _!  
faces ( its own accord1 !y hesitate to  
attack ! uncanny v9e :i* bri/les ) su*  
magical & almo/ miracul\s def5ces4      
,moreov]1 ! juice ( ! squirt+ cucumb] is
 bitt] & nause\s1 & if x gets into !    
eyes or no/rils ( man or bea/1 x        
impresses itself on ! memory by /++ l r$
 pepp]4 ,s ! trick ( squirt+ s]ves 9 a  
d\ble way z a protection to ! plant     
aga9/ ! attacks ( h]bivor\s animals &   
o!r enemies4  ,b t's n all4 ,ev5 :5 no  
enemy is ne>1 ! ripe fruits at la/ drop 
(f ( !mselves1 & scatt] _! se$s         
ela/ically 9 e direction4 ,?is !y d     
simply 9 ord] to dissem9ate _! k9d 9 new
 & unoccupi$ spots1 :]e ! se$l+s w root 
& f9d an op5+ 9 life = !mselves4        
,obs]ve1 inde$1 t ! v ^w 'dissem9ate'   

implies a g5]al vague recognition ( ?is 
pr9ciple ( plant-life on ! "p (         
humanity4 ,x means1 etymologically1 to  
scatt] se$2 & x po9ts to ! fact t       
ev]y:]e 9 nature se$s are scatt]$       
broadca/1 inf9ite pa9s be+ tak5 by !    
"m-plant = _! g5]al diffusion ov] wide  
areas ( woodl&1 pla91 or prairie4  ,let 
u take z examples a s+le little set (   
in/ances1 famili> to ev]ybody1 b f>     
common] 9 ! _w at l>ge ?an ! inhabitants
 ( t[ns are at all aw>e (3 ,i mean1 !   
w+$ se$s1 t fly ab\t freely 9 ! air by  
means ( fea!ry hairs or gossam]1 l      
?i/le-d[n & d&elion4 ,( ^! w+$ types we 
h _m hundr$ v>ieties 9 ,engl& alone4    
,all ! will[-h]bs1 = example1 h su*     
fea!ry se$s 7or r fruits7 to help !m on 
_! way ?r\gh life2 & "o k9d1 ! beautiful
 p9k rose-bay1 flies ab\t s readily1 &  
ov] su* wide spaces ( op5 c\ntry1 t !   
plant is kn[n to f>m]s 9 ,am]ica z      
firewe$1 because x always spr+s up at   
once ov] :ole squ>e miles ( *>r$ & smok+
 soil aft] e deva/at+ =e/ fire4 ,x      

travels fa/1 = x travels l ,ariel4 ,9   
mu* ! same way1 ! coltsfoot gr[s on all 
new ,engli% railway banks1 because its  
w+$ se$s are waft$ ev]y:]e 9 myriads on 
! w9ds ( ,m>*4 ,all ! will[s & popl>s h 
also w+$ se$s3 s h ! :ole va/ tribe (   
hawkwe$s1 gr\ndsels1 ragworts1 ?i/les1  
fleabanes1 cat's-e>s1 d&elions1 &       
lettuces4 ,inde$1 "o may say r\ghly1 !re
 are v few plants ( any size or         
importance 9 ! economy ( nature :i*     
don't delib]ately provide1 9 "o way or  
ano!r1 = ! disp]sal & dissem9ation ( _! 
fruits or se$l+s4  ,:y is ?is8 ,:y isn't
 ! plant cont5t j to let its gra9s or   
b]ries drop quietly on to ! soil b5ea?1 
& !re %ift = !mselves z be/ !y may on _!
 own res\rces8  ,! answ] is a m pr(\nd  
"o ?an y w\ld at fir/ imag9e4 ,plants   
discov]$ ! gr& pr9ciple ( ! rotation (  
crops long be=e man did4 ,! f>m] n[ kn[s
 t if he s[s :eat or turnips too _m ye>s
 runn+ on ! same plot1 he 'exhau/s !    
soil1' z we say--deprives x ( c]ta9     
special m9]al or animal con/itu5ts      

ne$ful = t p>ticul> crop1 & makes ! gr[?
 ( ! plant1 !re=e1 feeble or ev5        
impossible4 ,to avoid ?is mis=tune1 he  
lets ! l& lie fall[1 or v>ies 8 crops f 
ye> to ye> accord+ to a regul> &        
delib]ate cycle4 ,well1 natural         
selection =c$ ! same discov]y ^u !      
plants !mselves long be=e ! f>m] _h     
dream$ ( its exi/5ce4 ,= plants1 be+1 9 
! /ricte/ s5se1 'root$ to ! spot1'      
absolutely require t all _! ne$s %\ld be
 suppli$ q locally4 ,h5ce1 f ! v beg9n+1
 ^? plants :i* scatt]$ _! se$s wide/    
?rove ! be/2 :ile ^? :i* m]ely dropp$ !m
 on ! gr\nd "u _! own %ad[1 & on soil   
exhau/$ by _! own previ\s dem&s ^u x1   
f>$ ill 9 ! /ruggle = life aga9/ _! m   
discursive competitors4 ,! result has   
be5 t 9 ! long run few species h        
surviv$1 except ^? :i* 9 "o way or ano!r
 arrang$ be=eh& = ! disp]sal ( _! se$s &
 fruits ov] fre% & unoccupi$ areas (    
pla9 or hillside4  ,i don't1 ( c\rse1 by
 any means int5d to ass]t t se$s always 
d x by ! simple device ( w+s or fea!ry  

projections4 ,e v>iety ( plan or dodge  
or exp$i5t has be5 adopt$ 9 turn to     
secure ! self-same end2 & provid$ only x
 succe$s 9 secur+ x1 any v>iety ( !m all
 is equally satisfactory4 ,"o might     
p>allel x ) ! case ( hat*+ birds' eggs4 
,mo/ birds sit ^u _! eggs !mselves1 &   
supply ! necess>y w>m? f _! own bodies4 
,b any alt]native plan t atta9s ! same  
end does j z well4 ,! feloni\s cuckoo   
drops h] f\ndl+s unaw>es 9 ano!r bird's 
ne/3 ! o/ri* tru/s h] unhat*$ (fspr+ to 
! heat ( ! burn+ des]t s&3 & !          
,au/ralian bru%-turkeys1 ) vic>i\s      
mat]nal in/9ct1 collect great m\nds (   
decay+ & f]m5t+ leaves & rubbi%1 9 :i*  
!y deposit _! eggs to be artificially   
incubat$1 z x 71 by ! sl[ heat g5]at$ 9 
! process ( putrefaction4 ,j 9 ! same   
way1 we %all see 9 ! case ( se$s t any  
me?od ( disp]sion w s]ve ! plant's      
purpose equally well1 provid$ only x    
succe$s 9 c>ry+ a few ( ! "y se$l+s to a
 prop] place 9 :i* !y may />t fair at   
la/ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4  ,z 9 ! case 

( ! f]tilization ( fl[]s1 s 9 t ( !     
disp]sal ( se$s1 !re are two ma9 ways 9 
:i* ! "w is effect$--by animals & by    
w9d-p[]4 ,i w n insult ! intellig5ce ( !
 read] at ! pres5t "t ( day by tell+ him
 t poll5 is usually transf]r$ f blossom 
to blossom 9 "o or o!r ( ^! two *ief    
ways--x is c>ri$ on ! heads or bodies ( 
bees & o!r honey-seek+ insects1 or else 
x is waft$ on ! w+s ( ! w9d to !        
s5sitive surface ( a si/]-fl[]4 ,s1 too1
 se$s are = ! mo/ "p ei!r disp]s$ by    
animals or bl[n ab\t by ! breezes (     
heav5 to new situations4 ,^! are ! two  
mo/ obvi\s means ( locomotion provid$ by
 nature2 & x is curi\s to see t !y h bo?
 be5 utiliz$ almo/ equally by plants1   
alike = _! poll5 & _! se$s1 j z !y h be5
 utiliz$ by man = 8 own purposes on sea 
or l&1 9 %ip1 or w9dmill1 or pack-horse1
 or c>riage4  ,!re are two ways 9 :i*   
animals may be employ$ to disp]se       
se$s--volunt>ily & involunt>ily4 ,!y may
 be compell$ to c>ry !m aga9/ _! wills3 
or !y may be brib$ & cajol$ & flatt]$   

into do+ ! plant's "w = x 9 return = "s 
sub/antial advantage or b5efit ! plant  
conf]s ^u !m4 ,! fir/ plan is ! "o      
adopt$ by burrs & cleav]s4 ,^! adhesive 
fruits are l ! man :o buttonholes y &   
won't be %ak5 (f3 !y are provid$ )      
little curv$ hooks or b5t & b>b$ hairs  
:i* cat* ^u ! wool ( %eep1 ! coat (     
cattle1 or ! ne!r integum5ts ( wayf>+   
humanity1 & c't be got rid ( )\t "s     
little difficulty4 ,mo/ ( !m1 y w f9d on
 exam9ation1 belong$ to confirm$ h$g][  
or woodside plants3 !y gr[ among bu%es  
or l[ scrub1 & ?ickets ( gorse or       
bramble4 ,n[1 to su* plants z ^!1 x is  
obvi\sly useful to h adhesive fruits &  
se$s3 = :5 %eep or o!r animals get !m   
caught 9 _! coats1 !y c>ry !m away to   
o!r bu%y spots1 & !re1 to get rid ( !   
annoyance caus$ by ! =eign body1 scrat* 
!m (f at once aga9/ "s holly-bu% or     
black?orn4 ,y may (t5 f9d se$s ( ?is    
type /ick+ on ?orns z ! nucleus ( a     
little matt$ mass ( wool1 s left by !   
%eep 9 ! v spots be/ adapt$ = ! free    

gr[? ( _! vigor\s se$l+s4  ,ev5 among   
plants :i* tru/ to ! involunt>y s]vices 
( animals 9 disp]s+ _! se$s1 a great _m 
v>ieties ( detail may be obs]v$ on close
 inspection4 ,= example1 9 h\nd's-tongue
 & goose-grass1 two ( ! be/-kn[n        
in/ances among our common ,engli% we$s1 
ea* little nut is cov]$ ) _m small      
hooks1 :i* make x cat* on firmly by     
sev]al po9ts ( atta*m5t to pass+        
animals4 ,^! are ! k9ds we human be+s ( 
ei!r sex (t5e/ f9d cl++ to our skirts or
 tr\s]s aft] a walk 9 a rabbit-w>r54 ,b 
9 h]b-b5net & av5s ea* nut has a s+le   
long awn1 crook$ ne> ! middle ) a v     
peculi> ,s-%ap$ jo9t1 :i* effectually   
cat*es on to ! wool or hair1 b drops at 
! elb[ aft] a %ort p]iod ( )]+4         
,sometimes1 too1 ! :ole fruit is provid$
 ) preh5sile hooks1 :ile sometimes x is 
r ! individual se$s !mselves t are s    
accommodat$4 ,odde/ ( all is ! plan     
foll[$ by ! common burdock4 ,"h1 an     
involucre or common cup-%ap$ receptacle 
( hook$ bracts surr\nds an entire head (

 purple tubul> fl[]s1 & ea* ( ^! fl[]s  
produces 9 "t a di/9ct fruit2 b ! hook$ 
involucre conta9s ! :ole comp\nd mass1  
&1 be+ pull$ (f bodily by a /ray %eep or
 dog1 effects ! transf]5ce ( ! composite
 lot at once to "s fitt+ place = _!     
g]m9ation4  ,^? plants1 on ! o!r h&1 :i*
 dep5d r1 l ,london hospitals1 ^u !     
volunt>y sy/em1 produce t v famili> =m (
 edible capsule :i* we commonly call 9 !
 re/rict$ s5se a fruit or b]ry4 ,9 su*  
cases1 ! se$-vessel is usually swoll5 & 
pulpy3 x is /or$ ) sweet juices to      
attract ! birds or o!r animal allies1 & 
x is brightly col\r$ s z to adv]tise to 
_! eyes ! pres5ce ( ! allur+ sug>y      
food/uff4 ,^! in/ances1 h[ev]1 are n[ s 
famili> to ev]ybody t ,i won't dwell ^u 
!m at any l5g?4 ,ev5 ! deg5]ate s*oolboy
 ( ! pres5t day1 mu* z he has decl9$ f !
 high /&>d set =? by ,macaulay1 kn[s all
 ab\t ! way ! actual se$ itself is cov]$
 7z 9 ! plum or ! *]ry7 by a h>d /ony   
coat :i* 'resi/s ! action ( ! ga/ric    
juice' 7s physiologi/s put x1 ) _! usual

 frankness71 & ?us passes undige/$ ?r\gh
 ! body ( its swall[]4 ,all ,i w d "h1  
!re=e1 is to note v briefly t "s edible 
fruits1 l ! two j m5tion$1 z well z !   
apricot1 ! pea*1 ! nect>9e1 & ! mango1  
consi/ ( a s+le se$ ) its out] cov]+2 9 
o!rs1 z 9 ! raspb]ry1 ! blackb]ry1 !    
cl\db]ry1 & ! dew-b]ry1 _m se$s are     
mass$ toge!r1 ea* ) a sep>ate edible    
pulp2 9 yet o!rs1 z 9 ! gooseb]ry1 !    
currant1 ! grape1 & ! :ortleb]ry1 sev]al
 se$s are emb$d$ )9 ! fruit 9 a common  
pulpy mass2 & 9 o!rs aga91 z 9 ! apple1 
pe>1 qu9ce1 & m$l>1 !y are surr\nd$ by a
 quantity ( spongy edible fle%4 ,inde$1 
! v>iety t prevails among fruits 9 ?is  
respect almo/ defies classification3 =  
sometimes1 z 9 ! mulb]ry1 ! sep>ate     
little fruits ( sev]al di/9ct fl[]s gr[ 
toge!r at la/ into a common b]ry3       
sometimes1 z 9 a fig1 ! g5]al fl[]-/alk 
( sev]al t9y "o-se$$ blossoms =ms !     
edible "p3 & sometimes1 z 9 ! /rawb]ry1 
! true little nuts or fruits appe> z m]e
 specks or dots on ! bloat$ surface ( ! 

swoll5 & ov]gr[n /em1 :i* =ms ! lusci\s 
morsel de> to ! human palate4  ,yet 9 e 
case x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t1 :ile !   
se$s :i* dep5d = disp]sion ^u ! breeze  
are easily deta*$ f ! p>5t plant & bl[n 
ab\t by e w9d ( doctr9e1 ! se$s or      
fruits :i* dep5d = _! disp]sion ^u birds
 or animals always1 on ! contr>y1 hang  
on to _! native b\ghs to ! v la/1 till  
"s unconsci\s fri5d pecks !m (f & dev\rs
 !m4 ,haws1 rose-hips1 & holly-b]ries w 
)] & wilt on ! tree 9 mild w9t]s1       
because !y c't drop (f ( !mselves )\t ! 
aid ( birds1 :ile ! birds are too well  
suppli$ ) o!r food to c>e = !m4 ,"o ( ! 
/range/ cases ( all1 h[ev]1 is t ( !    
mi/letoe1 :i*1 liv+ p>asitically ^u !   
=e/-b\ghs & apple-trees1 w\ld ( c\rse be
 utt]ly lo/ if its b]ries dropp$ _! se$s
 on to ! gr\nd b5ea? x4 ,to avoid su* a 
mis=tune1 ! mi/letoe b]ries are fill$ ) 
an exce$+ly viscid & /icky pulp1        
surr\nd+ ! h>d little nut-l se$s3 & ?is 
pulp makes ! se$s cl+ to ! bills & feet 
( v>i\s birds :i* fe$ ^u ! fruit1 b mo/ 

p>ticul>ly ( ! missel ?ru%1 :o d]ives 8 
common ,engli% "n f 8 devotion to !     
mi/letoe4 ,! birds !n c>ry !m away      
unwitt+ly to "s neighb\r+ tree1 & rub !m
 (f1 :5 !y get uncom=table1 aga9/ a =k$ 
bran*--! exact spots t be/ suits ! "y   
mi/letoe = spr\t+ 94 ,man1 9 turn1 makes
 use ( ! /icky pulp = ! manufacture (   
bird-lime1 & s employs aga9/ ! birds ! v
 qualities :i* ! plant int5d$ z a bribe 
= _! k9dly s]vices4  ,among se$s t tru/ 
= _! disposal to ! w9d1 ! commone/1     
simple/1 & lea/ evolv$ type is t ( !    
ord9>y capsule1 z 9 ! poppies &         
campions4 ,at fir/ sight1 to be sure1 a 
casual obs]v] might suppose !re exi/$ 9 
^! cases no recognisable device at all =
 ! dissem9ation ( ! se$l+s4 ,b y & ,i1  
mo/ excell5t & discreet read]1 are      
emphatically n1 ( c\rse1 m]e casual     
obs]v]s4 ,we look close1 & g to ! v root
 ( ?+s4 ,& :5 we d s1 we see = ourselves
 at once t almo/ all capsules op5--:]e8 
:y1 at ! top1 s t ! se$s c only be %ak5 
out :5 !re is a high en\gh w9d bl[+ to  

sway ! /ems to & fro ) "s viol5ce1 &    
scatt] ! small black gra9s inside to a  
consid]able di/ance4 ,fur!rmore1 9 _m   
in/ances1 ( :i* ! common poppy-head is  
an excell5t example1 ! capsule op5s by  
lat]al pores at ! top ( a flat head--a  
fur!r precaution :i* all[s ! se$s to get
 out only by a few at a "t1 aft] a      
di/9ct j]k1 & s scatt]s !m pretty ev5ly1
 ) diff]5t w9ds1 ov] a wide circul>     
space ar\nd ! "m plant4 ,exp]im5t w %[  
h[ ?is simple dodge works4 ,try to %ake 
out ! poppy-se$ f a ripe poppy-head on !
 plant z x gr[s1 )\t break+ ! /em or    
b5d+ x unnaturally1 & y w easily see h[ 
mu* =ce ( w9d is requir$ 9 ord] to put  
?is unobtrusive b v effective me*anism  
into work+ ord]4  ,! devices ( ?is "*   
employ$ by v>i\s plants = ! disp]sal (  
se$s ev5 9 ord9>y dry capsules are f>   
too num]\s = me to describe 9 full      
detail1 ?\gh !y =m a delightful subject 
= individual /udy 9 any small suburban  
g>d54 ,i w only give "o m illu/rative   
case1 j to %[ ! sort ( po9t an amateur  

%\ld always be on ! look-out =4 ,!re is 
an extremely common1 ?\gh inconspicu\s1 
,engli% we$1 ! m\se-e> *ickwe$1 f\nd    
ev]y:]e 9 fl[]-b$s or grass-plots1 h[ev]
 small1 & noticeable = its qua9t little 
horn-%ap$ capsules4 ,^! h a v odd sort (
 twi/ or cock-up 9 ! middle1 j above !  
"p :]e ! se$s lie2 & !y op5 at ! top by 
t5 small tee?1 po9t$ obliquely outw>d = 
no app>5t reason4 ,yet e po9t has a     
mean+ ( its own = all t4 ,! plant is "o 
t lies r close ^u ! gr\nd2 & ! effect ( 
?is twi/ 9 ! capsule is t ! se$s1 :i*   
are relatively heavy1 & well /or$ )     
nutrim5t1 c nev] get out at all1 unless 
a v /rong w9d is bl[+1 :i* sweeps ov] ! 
h]bage 9 long quick waves1 & c>ries     
ev]y?+ x %akes out = great di/ances be=e
 x4 ,s mu* design h ev5 ! smalle/ we$s  
put into ! me*anism = ! disp]sion ( _!  
preci\s se$s1 ! hope ( _! race & ! e>ne/
 ( _! future6  ,artill]y m>ks a high]   
/age ?an ! sl+ & ! /one4 ,j s1 9 _m     
plants1 a /ep high] 9 ! evolution>y     
scale z reg>ds ! me?od ( disp]sion1 !   

capsule itself bur/s op5 explosively1 & 
scatt]s its cont5ts to ! f\r w9ds (     
heav54 ,su* plants may be said to       
dis*>ge _! gra9s on ! pr9ciple ( ! b[ & 
arr[4 ,! balsam is a famili> example (  
?is />tl+ mode ( mov+ to fre% fields &  
pa/ures new3 its capsule consi/s ( five 
long /raight valves1 :i* break asund]   
ela/ically ! mom5t !y are t\*$1 :5 fully
 ripe1 & %$ _! se$s on all sides1 l s _m
 small bomb%ells4 ,our fri5d ! squirt+  
cucumb]1 :i* s]v$ z ! prime text = ?is  
pres5t disc\rse1 falls into some:at !   
same category1 ?\gh 9 o!r ways x r      
resembles ! true succul5t fruits1 &     
belongs1 inde$1 to ! same family z !    
melon1 ! g\rd1 ! pumpk91 & !            
vegetable-m>r[1 almo/ all ( :i* are     
edible & 9 e way fruit-l4 ,among ,engli%
 we$s1 ! little bitt]cress t gr[s on dry
 walls & h$ge-banks =ms an excell5t     
example ( ! same device4 ,village *ildr5
 love to t\* ! long1 ripe1 br[n capsules
 on ! top ) "o timid f+]1 & !n jump     
away1 half laugh+1 half t]rifi$1 :5 !   

mild-look+ little plant goes (f sudd5ly 
) a small bang & %oots its gra9s l a    
catapult po9t-blank 9 _! faces4  ,x is 9
 ! tropics1 h[ev]1 t ^! ela/ic fruits   
rea* _! highe/ developm5t4 ,!re !y h to 
fight1 n m]ely aga9/ su* small fry z    
rob9s1 squirrels1 & h>ve/-mice1 b aga9/ 
! aggressive p>rot1 ! h>d-bill$ t\can1 !
 p]si/5t lemur1 & ! inquisitive monkey4 
,moreov]1 ! ela/ic fruits ( ! tropics   
gr[ (t5 on spread+ =e/ trees1 & mu/     
!re=e %$ _! se$s to imm5se di/ances if  
!y are to rea* comp>atively virg9 soil1 
unexhau/$ by ! deep-set roots ( ! "m    
trunk4 ,"u su* exceptional circum/ances1
 ! tropical examples ( ^! ela/ic        
capsules are by no means m]e toys to be 
lightly play$ ) by babes & suckl+s4 ,!  
s&-box tree ( ! ,we/ ,indies has l>ge   
r\nd fruits1 conta9+ se$s ab\t z big z  
an ,engli% horsebean2 & ! capsule       
explodes1 :5 ripe1 ) a detonation l a   
pi/ol1 scatt]+ its cont5ts ) z mu*      
viol5ce z a %ot f an air-gun4 ,x is     
dang]\s to g too ne> ^! natural batt]ies

 dur+ ! %oot+ season4 ,a bl[ 9 ! eye f  
"o w\ld bl9d a man in/antly4 ,i well    
rememb] ! v fir/ night ,i sp5t 9 my own 
h\se 9 ,jamaica1 :]e ,i w5t to live     
%ortly aft] ! repression ( ',gov]nor    
,eyre's rebellion1' z ev]ybody calls x  
locally4 ,all night long ,i he>d        
somebody1 z ,i ?\ght1 practis+ ) a      
revolv] 9 my own back g>d53 a s\nd :i*  
some:at al>m$ me "u ^? v un/able social 
conditions4 ,an e>?quake ab\t midnight1 
x is true1 div]t$ my att5tion tempor>ily
 f ! recurr+ %ots1 b didn't produce !   
slighte/ effect ^u ! suppos$ rebel's    
devotion to ! improvem5t ( 8 m>ksman%ip4
 ,:5 morn+ dawn$1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd x 0    
only a s&-box tree1 & t ! %ots 7 no?+ m 
?an ! explosions ( ! capsules4 ,z to !  
wond]ful tales told ab\t ! ,brazilian   
cannon-ball tree1 ,i _c p]sonally       
endorse !m f orig9al obs]vation1 & w n  
/a9 ?is v]aci\s page ) any second-h&    
quotations f ! /range /ories ( mod]n    
sci5tific ,mun*aus5s4  ,/ill high] 9 !  
evolution>y scale ?an ! ela/ic fruits   

are ^? airy species :i* h tak5 to       
!mselves w+s l ! eagle1 & so> =? ^u !   
free breeze 9 se>* ( :at ! ,am]icans    
describe z 'fre% locations4' ,( ?is     
class ! simple/ type may be se5 9 ^?    
=e/-trees1 l ! maple & ! sycamore1 ^:   
fruits are flatt5$ out into long        
expansions or p>a*utes1 te*nically kn[n 
z 'keys1' by ^: aid !y flutt] d[n       
obliquely to ! gr\nd at a consid]able   
di/ance4 ,! keys ( ! sycamore1 to take a
 s+le in/ance1 :5 deta*$ f ! tree 9     
autumn1 fall spirally ?r\gh ! air ow+ to
 ! twi/ ( ! w+$ arm1 & are c>ri$ s f> t1
 z e g>d5] kn[s1 "y sycamore trees rank 
among ! commone/ we$s among our plots & 
fl[]-b$s4 ,a curi\s v>iant ^u ?is type  
is pres5t$ by ! lime1 or l9d51 ^: fruits
 are 9 !mselves small w+less nuts2 b !y 
are born 9 clu/]s ^u a common /alk1 :i* 
is w+$ on ei!r side by a l>ge membran\s 
bract4 ,:5 ! nuts are ripe1 ! :ole clu/]
 deta*es itself 9 a body f ! bran*1 &   
flutt]s away be=e ! breeze by means ( ! 
common p>a*ute1 to "s spot a hundr$ y>ds

 or m1 :]e ! w9d *ances to l& x4  ,!    
topmo/ place ( all 9 ! hi]>*y ( se$     
life1 x seems to me1 is tak5 by ! fea!ry
 fruits & se$s :i* float freely hi!r &  
?i!r :]ev] ! w9d may be> !m4 ,an imm5se 
numb] ( ! v highe/ plants--! ari/ocrats 
( ! vegetable k+dom1 su* z ! lordly     
composites1 ^? ultimate products ( plant
 evolution--possess su* float+ fea!ry   
se$s2 ?\gh "h1 aga91 ! v>ieties ( detail
 are too inf9ite = rapid or popul>      
classification4 ,inde$1 among !         
composites alone--! ?i/le & d&elion     
tribe ) d[ny fruits--,i c reckon up m   
?an a hundr$ & fifty di/9ct v>iations ( 
plan among ! w+$ se$s kn[n to me 9 v>i\s
 p>ts ( ,europe4 ,b if ,i am /rong1 ,i  
am m]ciful3 ,i w let ! public (f ) a    
hundr$ & =ty-eight ( !m4 ,my two        
exceptions %all be ,john-g-to-b$-at-noon
 & ! hairy hawkwe$1 bo? ( !m common     
,engli% mead[-plants4 ,! fir/1 & m      
qua9tly nam$1 ( ! two has little ribb$  
fruits t end 9 a long & n>r[ beak1      
support+ a radial rib-"w ( spokes l !   

frame ( an umbrella2 & f rib to rib (   
?is framework /ret* fea!ry cross-pieces1
 cont9u\s all r\nd1 s z to make ( ! :ole
 me*anism a p]fect circul> p>a*ute1     
resembl+ some:at ! web ( a geometrical  
spid]4 ,b ! hairy hawkwe$ is /ill m     
cunn+ 9 its g5]ation2 = t clev] &       
cauti\s we$ produces its se$s or fruits 
9 clu/]$ heads1 ( :i* ! c5tral ones are 
w+$1 :ile ! out] are heavy1 squat1 &    
w+less4 ,?us does ! plant make ! be/ (  
all *ances t may happ5 to op5 be=e x3 if
 "o lot goes f> & f>es b ill1 ! o!r is  
pretty sure to score a bull's-eye4  ,^! 
are only a few select$ examples ( !     
inf9ite dodges employ$ by enlight5$ h]bs
 & %rubs to propagate _! scions 9 =eign 
p>ts4 ,_m m1 equally int]e/+1 mu/ be    
left undescrib$4 ,only = a s+le case m c
 ,i /ill f9d room--t ( ! subt]ranean    
clov]1 :i* has be5 driv5 by its num]\s  
enemies to take refuge at la/ 9 a v     
rem>kable & almo/ unique mode1 (        
protect+ its (fspr+4 ,?is p>ticul> k9d (
 clov] affects smoo? & close-cropp$     

hillsides1 :]e ! %eep nibble d[n ! grass
 & o!r h]bage almo/ z fa/ z x spr+s up  
aga94 ,n[1 clov] se$s resemble _! allies
 ( ! pea & bean tribe 9 be+ exce$+ly ri*
 9 />* & o!r valuable food/uffs4 ,h5ce1 
!y are mu* s\ght aft] by ! inquir+ %eep1
 :i* eat !m (f :]ev] f\nd1 z            
exceptionally nutriti\s & da9ty morsels4
 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! subt]ranean     
clov] has le>nt to produce small heads (
 bloom1 press$ close to ! gr\nd1 9 :i*  
only ! out] fl[]s are p]fect & f]tile1  
:ile ! inn] ones are trans=m$ into t9y  
wriggl+ corkscrews4 ,z soon z ! f]tile  
fl[]s h begun to set _! se$1 by ! k9d   
aid ( ! bees1 ! :ole /em b5ds d[nw>d1   
automatically1 ( its own accord2 !      
little corkscrews !n worm _! way into ! 
turf b5ea?2 & ! pods rip5 & mature 9 !  
actual soil itself1 :]e no pry+ ewe c   
poke an inquisitive nose to grub !m up &
 dev\r !m4 ,cases l ?is po9t 9 c]ta9    
ways to ! absolute high-wat]-m>k (      
vegetable +5uity3 !y g ne>e/ ( all 9 !  
plant-_w to ! similitude ( consci\s     

animal intellig5ce4                     
,a ,,des]t ,,fruit4  ,:o kn[s !         
,m$it]ranean1 kn[s ! prickly pe>4 ,n t t
 qua9t & uncanny-look+ cactus1 ) its    
yell[ blossoms & bri/l+ fruits t seem to
 gr[ p>adoxically out ( ! edge ( ?ick   
fle%y leaves1 is really a native (      
,italy1 ,spa91 & ,nor? ,africa1 :]e x n[
 ab\nds on e sun-smitt5 hillside4 ,l    
,mr4 ,h5ry ,james & ,mr4 ,m>ion ,craw=d1
 ! ,b>b>y fig1 z ! ,fr5* call x1 is1 9  
po9t ( fact1 an ,am]ican citiz51        
domicil$ & half naturalis$ on ?is side (
 ! ,atlantic1 b r$ol5t /ill at he>t (   
its ,columbian orig94 ,no?+ is m common1
 inde$1 ?an to see classical pictures ( 
! ,alma-,tadema s*ool--n1 ( c\rse1 f !  
bru% ( ! ma/] himself1 :o is impeccable 
9 su* details1 b fair works ( dec5t     
imitators--9 :i* ,caia or ,m>cia leans  
gracefully 9 h] :ite /ole on "o p5sive  
elb[ aga9/ a m>ble l9tel1 beside a      
c\rty>d decorat$ ) a ,pompeian bas91 &  
ov]gr[n ) prickly pe> or ,am]ican aloes4
 ,i ne$ h>dly say t1 z a matt] ( pla9   

hi/orical fact1 nei!r cactuses nor      
agaves 7 kn[n 9 ,europe till long aft]  
,*ri/oph] ,columbus _h /e]$ 8 w&]+ b>k  
to ! s&y %ores ( ,cat's ,isl& 9 !       
,bahamas4 7,i h se5 ,cat's ,isl& ) ^! v 
eyes1 & c hone/ly assure y t its %ores  
are s&y47 ,b ?is is only "o among ! _m  
p>donable little inaccuracies ( pa9t]s1 
:o ?ru/ sc>let g]aniums f ! ,cape (     
,good ,hope into ! f+]s ( ,aspasia1 or  
supply ,k+ ,solomon 9 all 8 glory )     
,japanese lilies ( ! mo/ rec5t          
introduction4  ,at ! pres5t day1 x is   
true1 bo? ! prickly-pe> cactus & !      
,am]ican agave 7:i* ! _w at l>ge insi/s 
^u conf\nd+ ) ! aloe1 a memb] ( a       
totally di/9ct family7 h spread !mselves
 9 an app>5tly wild condition ov] all ! 
rocky coa/s bo? ( ,s\!rn ,europe & (    
,nor!rn ,africa4 ,! ali5 des]t we$s h   
fix$ _! roots firmly 9 ! sunbak$ clefts 
( ,ligurian ,ap5n9es2 ! tall c&elabrum (
 ! we/]n agave has re>$ its great spike 
( bran*+ blossoms 7:i* fl[]1 n once 9 a 
c5tury1 z leg5d av]s1 b once 9 "s fifte5

 ye>s or s7 on all ! bask+ hillsides ( !
 ,mauritanian ,atlas4 ,b = ! orig91 &   
!re=e = ! evolution>y hi/ory1 ( ei!r    
plant1 we mu/ look away f ! %ore ( !    
inl& sea to ! arid expanse ( ! ,mexican 
des]t4 ,x 0 !re1 among ! swelt]+ rocks (
 ! ,ti]ras ,cali5tes1 t ^! unga9ly      
cactuses fir/ le>n$ to clo! !mselves 9  
prickly mail1 to /ore 9 _! loose tissues
 an abundant supply ( /icky moi/ure1 &  
to set at defiance ! p]si/5t attacks (  
all ext]nal enemies4 ,! prickly pe>1 9  
fact1 is a typical in/ance ( a des]t    
plant1 z ! camel is a typical in/ance ( 
a des]t animal4 ,ea* lays itself out to 
endure ! long dr\ghts ( its almo/       
ra9less habitat by dr9k+ z mu* z x c :5 
opportunity (f]s1 ho>d+ up ! sup]flu\s  
wat] = future use1 & economis+          
evaporation by e means 9 its p[]4  ,if y
 ask t conv5i5t fiction1 ! ,man 9 !     
,/reet1 :at sort ( plant a cactus is1 he
 w probably tell y x is all leaf & no   
/em1 & ea* ( ! leaves gr[s out ( ! la/  
"o4 ,:5ev] we set up ! ,man 9 ! ,/reet1 

h[ev]1 y mu/ h notic$ we d x 9 ord] to  
knock him d[n aga9 l a n9e-p9 next      
mom5t3 & ?is p>ticul> in/ance is no     
exception to ! rule2 = ! tru? is t a    
cactus is practically all /em & no      
leaves1 :at looks l a leaf be+ really a 
bran* /ick+ out at an angle4 ,! true    
leaves1 if !re are any1 are r$uc$ to m]e
 sp9es or prickles on ! surface1 :ile ! 
bran*es1 9 ! prickly-pe> & _m ( !       
ornam5tal hot-h\se cactuses1 are flatt5$
 out l a leaf to p]=m foli> functions4  
,9 mo/ plants1 to put x simply1 ! leaves
 are ! m\?s & /oma*s ( ! organism2 _! ?9
 & flatt5$ blades are spread out        
horizontally 9 a wide expanse1 cov]$ )  
t9y ?roats & lips :i* suck 9 c>bonic    
acid f ! surr\nd+ air1 & dis9tegrate x 9
 _! own cells "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight4 
,9 ! prickly pe>s1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! 
flatt5$ /em & bran*es :i* und]take ?is  
ess5tial op]ation 9 ! life ( ! plant--! 
suck+-9 ( c>bon & giv+-out ( oxyg51 :i* 
is to ! vegetable exactly :at ! eat+ &  
dige/+ ( food is to ! animal organism4  

,9 _! old age1 h[ev]1 ! /ems ( ! prickly
 pe> display _! true "* by becom+ woody 
9 texture & los+ _! articulat$ leaf-l   
appe>ance4  ,ev]y?+ on ?is e>? c be/ be 
und]/ood by inve/igat+ ! hi/ory ( its   
orig9 & developm5t1 & 9 ord] to und]/&  
?is curi\s rev]sal ( ! ord9>y rule 9 !  
cactus tribe we mu/ look at !           
circum/ances "u :i* ! race 0 evolv$ 9 ! 
h[l+ wa/e ( ,am]ican des]ts4 7,all      
des]ts h a prescriptive "r to h[l1 & ,i 
w\ldn't = worlds deprive !m ( !         
privilege47 ,"s famili> analogies w help
 u to see ! utility ( ?is arrangem5t4   
,ev]ybody kn[s our common ,engli%       
/one-crops--or if he doesn't he ought   
to1 = !y are pretty & ubiquit\s4 ,n[    
/one-crops gr[ = ! mo/ "p 9 *9ks ( !    
rock or ?ir/y s&y soil2 !y are          
ess5tially plants ( v dry positions4    
,h5ce !y h ?ick & succul5t little /ems &
 leaves1 :i* m]ge into "o ano!r by      
imp]ceptible gradations4 ,all p>ts ( !  
plant alike are /umpy1 gre51 &          
cyl9drical4 ,if y squa% !m ) y\r f+] &  

?umb y f9d t ?\gh ! out] sk9 or epid]mis
 is ?ick & firm1 ! inside is /icky1     
moi/1 & jelly-l4 ,! reason = all ?is is 
pla92 ! /one-crops dr9k gre$ily by _!   
roots :5ev] !y get a *ance1 & /ore up ! 
wat] s obta9$ to keep !m f )]+ "u ! hot 
& pitiless sun t beats d[n ^u !m = h\rs 
9 ! bak$ clefts ( _! granite matrix4    
,x's ! camel trick ov] aga94 ,s leaves &
 /em gr[ ?ick & r\nd & juicy )92 b      
outside !y are enclos$ 9 a /\t lay] (   
epid]mis1 :i* consi/s ( empty glassy    
cells1 & :i* c be peel$ (f or flay$ ) a 
knife l ! sk9 ( an animal4 ,?is out]    
lay] prev5ts evaporation1 & is a m>k$   
feature ( all succul5t plants :i* gr[   
expos$ to ! sun on arid rocks or 9 s&y  
des]ts4  ,! t5d5cy to produce r\nd$ /ems
 & leaves1 little di/+ui%able f "o      
ano!r1 is equally noticeable 9 _m       
seaside plants :i* frequ5t ! /rip (     
?ir/y s& beyond ! rea* ( ! tides4 ,t    
belt ( dry bea* t /ret*es betwe5        
high-wat] m>k & ! zone ( vegetable m\ld1
 is to all int5ts & purpose a m9iature  

des]t4 ,true1 x is wat]$ by ra9 f "t to 
"t2 b ! drops s9k 9 s fa/ t 9 half an   
h\r1 z we "k1 ! entire /rip is z dry z  
,sah>a aga94 ,n[ !re are _m %ore we$s ( 
?is int]m$iate s&-belt :i* mimic to a   
surpris+ degree ! *ief ext]nal features 
( ! cactuses4 ,"o su* we$1 ! common     
salicornia1 :i* gr[s 9 s&y bottoms or   
holl[s ( ! bea*1 has a jo9t$ /em1 bran*$
 & succul5t1 aft] ! true cactus patt]n1 
& entirely )\t leaves or _! equival5ts 9
 any way4 ,/ill m cactus-l 9 g5]al      
effect is ano!r famili> ,engli% seaside 
we$1 ! kali or glasswort1 s call$       
because x 0 =m]ly burnt to extract !    
soda4 ,! glasswort has leaves1 x is     
true1 b !y are ?ick & fle%y1 cont9u\s ) 
! /em1 & ea* "o t]m9at+ 9 a %>p1 ne$le-l
 sp9e1 :i* effectually protects ! we$   
aga9/ all br[s+ aggressors4  ,n[1 :]ev] 
y get v dry & s&y conditions ( soil1 y  
get ?is same type ( cactus-l            
vegetation--plantes grasses1 z ! ,fr5*  
well call !m4 ,! species :i* exhibit x  
are n necess>y relat$ to "o ano!r 9 any 

way2 (t5 !y belong to mo/ widely di/9ct 
families2 x is an adaptive resemblance  
alone1 due to simil>ity ( ext]nal       
circum/ances only4 ,! plants h to fight 
aga9/ ! same difficulties1 & !y adopt = 
! mo/ "p ! same tactics to fight !m )4  
,9 o!r words1 any plant ( :atev] family1
 :i* wi%es to ?rive 9 des]t conditions1 
mu/ almo/1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 become    
?ick & succul5t1 s z to /ore up wat]1 & 
mu/ be protect$ by a /\t epid]mis to    
prev5t its evaporation "u ! fi]ce heat (
 ! sunlight4 ,!y d n necess>ily lose _! 
leaves 9 ! process2 b ! jo9t$ /em       
usually answ]s ! purpose ( leaves "u su*
 conditions f> bett] ?an any ?9 & expos$
 blade c\ld d 9 ! arid air ( a bak+     
des]t4 ,& !re=e1 z a rule1 des]t plants 
are leafless4  ,9 ,india1 = example1 !re
 are no cactuses4 ,b ,i w\ldn't advise y
 to dispute ! po9t ) a pepp]y1 fire-eat+
 ,anglo-,indian colonel4 ,i did s once1 
myself1 at ! risk ( my life1 at a table 
d'hte on ! ,cont95t2 & ! wond] is t ,i'm
 /ill alive to tell ! /ory4 ,i _h no?+ b

 facts on my side1 :ile ! colonel _h    
fi/s1 & probably pi/ols4 ,& :5 ,i say no
 cactuses1 ,i mean1 ( c\rse1 no indig5\s
 species2 = prickly pe>s & epiphyllums  
may naturally be plant$ by ! h& ( man   
any:]e4 ,b :at p take = ?ickets ( cactus
 9 ! ,indian jungle are really ?ickets (
 cactus-l spurges4 ,9 ! dry soil (      
,india1 _m spurges gr[ ?ick & succul5t1 
le>n to suppress _! leaves1 & assume !  
biz>re =ms & qua9t jo9t$ appe>ance ( !  
true cactuses4 ,9 fl[] & fruit1 h[ev]1  
!y are euphorbias to ! end2 x is only 9 
! ?ick & fle%y /em t !y resemble _!     
nobl] & m beautiful ,we/]n rivals4 ,no  
true cactus gr[s truly wild any:]e on   
e>? except 9 ,am]ica4 ,! family 0       
develop$ !re1 &1 till man transplant$ x1
 nev] succe$$ 9 ga9+ a foo?old else:]e4 
,ess5tially tropical 9 type1 x 0 provid$
 ) no means ( disp]s+ its se$s across ! 
enorm\s expanse ( int]v5+ ocean :i*     
sep>at$ its habitat f ! si/] cont95ts4  
,b :y are cactuses s almo/ univ]sally   
prickly8 ,f ! grotesque little          

melon-cactuses ( our ,engli% ho?\ses to 
! huge & unga9ly mon/]s :i* =m miles (  
h$g][s on ,jamaican hillsides1 ! memb]s 
( ?is des]t family are mo/ly di/+ui%$ by
 _! abundant sp9es & ?orns1 or by !     
irritat+ hairs :i* break (f 9 y\r sk9 if
 y happ5 to bru% incauti\sly aga9/ !m4  
,cactuses are ! h$gehogs ( ! vegetable  
_w2 _! motto is ,nemo me impune         
lacessit4 ,_m a "t 9 ! ,we/ ,indies ,i h
 pu%$ my h& = a second into a bit (     
tangl$ 'bu%1' z ! negroes call x1 to    
seize "s r>e fl[] or "s beautiful       
insect1 & be5 puni%$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs   
aft]w>ds by ! /+s ( ! almo/ invisible & 
glass-l little cactus-ne$les4 ,:5 y rub 
!m !y only break 9 pieces1 & e piece    
inflicts a fre% w\nd on ! fle% :]e x    
rankles4 ,"s ( ! species h l>ge1 /\t    
prickles2 "s h clu/]s ( irritat+ hairs  
at measur$ di/ances2 & "s rejoice 9 bo? 
means ( def5ce at once1 scatt]$         
imp>tially ov] _! entire surface4 ,9 !  
prickly pe>1 ! bundles ( prickles are   
arrang$ geometrically ) great regul>ity 

9 a p]fect qu9cunx4 ,b t is a small     
consolation inde$ to ! reflective m9d :5
 y've /ung y\rself badly ) !m4  ,!      
reason = ?is bellicose disposition on ! 
"p ( ! cactuses is a tol]ably easy "o to
 guess4 ,fodd] is r>e 9 ! des]t4 ,! />v+
 h]bivores t f9d !mselves f "t to "t    
belat$ on ! conf9es ( su* ?ir/y regions 
w\ld seize ) avidity ^u any succul5t    
plant :i* (f]$ !m food & dr9k at once 9 
_! la/ extremity4 ,fancy ! joy ) :i* a  
lo/ c>avan1 dy+ ( hung] & ?ir/ 9 !      
byways ( ,sah>a1 w\ld hail a great b$ ( 
melons1 cucumb]s1 & lettuces6 ,ne$less  
to say1 h[ev]1 "u su* circum/ances      
melon1 cucumb]1 & lettuce w\ld soon be  
ext]m9at$3 !y w\ld be promptly eat5 up  
at discretion )\t leav+ a desc5dant to  
repres5t !m 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,9 !   
ceaseless w> betwe5 h]bivore & plant1   
:i* is wag$ e day & all day long ! :ole 
_w ov] ) f> great] p]si/5ce ?an ! w>    
betwe5 c>nivore & prey1 only ^? species 
( plant c survive 9 su* expos$          
situations :i* happ5 to develop sp9es1  

?orns1 or prickles z a means ( def5ce   
aga9/ ! m\?s ( hungry & desp]ate        
assailants4  ,nor is ?is s difficult a  
bit ( evolution z x looks at fir/ sight4
 ,almo/ all plants are m or less cov]$ )
 hairs1 & x ne$s b a slight ?ick5+ at ! 
base1 a slight woody deposit at ! po9t1 
to turn !m =?) into ! /\t prickles ( !  
rose or ! bramble4 ,mo/ leaves are m or 
less po9t$ at ! end or at ! summits ( ! 
lobes2 & x ne$s b a slight              
int5sification ( ?is po9t$ t5d5cy to    
produce =?) ! %>p def5sive foliage (    
gorse1 ?i/les1 & holly4 ,(t5 "o c see   
all ! int]m$iate /ages /ill surviv+ "u  
"o's v eyes4 ,! ?i/les1 !mselves1 =     
example1 v>y f s(t & un>m$ species :i*  
haunt out-(-!-way spots beyond ! rea* ( 
br[s+ h]bivores1 to su* trebly-mail$    
types z t enemy ( ! agricultural int]e/1
 ! creep+ ?i/le1 9 :i* ! leaves cont9ue 
!mselves z prickly w+s d[n e side ( !   
/em1 s t ! :ole plant is amply clad f   
head to foot 9 a def5sive coat ( fi]ce &
 bri/l+ spe>heads4 ,!re is a common     

little ,engli% mead[ we$1 ! re/-h>r[1   
:i* 9 ri* & uncropp$ fields produces no 
def5sive arm\r ( any sort2 b on !       
mu*-br[s$-ov] suburban commons & 9      
simil> expos$ spots1 :]e only gorse &   
black?orn /& a *ance = _! lives aga9/ ! 
c[s & donkeys1 x has develop$ a protect$
 v>iety 9 :i* "s ( ! bran*es gr[        
abortive1 & end abruptly 9 /\t sp9es l a
 haw?orn's4 ,only ^? re/-h>r[s h !re    
surviv$ 9 ! %>p /ruggle = exi/5ce :i*   
happ5$ mo/ to baffle _! rel5tless       
pursu]s4  ,des]t plants naturally c>ry  
?is t5d5cy to its highe/ po9t (         
developm5t4 ,n[h]e else is ! /ruggle =  
life s fi]ce2 n[h]e else is ! enemy s   
goad$ by hung] & ?ir/ to desp]ate       
measures4 ,x is a place = int]nec9e     
w>f>e ,h5ce1 all des]t plants are q     
absurdly prickly4 ,! />v+ h]bivores w   
attack & dev\r "u su* circum/ances ev5  
?orny we$s1 :i* te> or /+ _! t5d]       
tongues & palates1 b :i* supply !m at   
lea/ ) a little food & moi/ure3 s !     
plants are compell$ 9 turn to take almo/

 extravagant precautions4 ,sometimes !  
leaves end 9 a /\t dagg]-l po9t1 z ) !  
agave1 or s-call$ ,am]ican aloe2        
sometimes !y are r$uc$ to m]e prickles  
or bundles ( ne$le-l spikes2 sometimes  
!y are suppress$ altoge!r1 & ! "w (     
def5ce is und]tak5 9 _! /ead by irritat+
 hairs int]mix$ ) caltrops ( sp9es po9t+
 outw>d f a common c5tre 9 e direction4 
,:5 "o rememb]s h[ delicately s5sitive  
are ! t5d] noses ( mo/ br[s+ h]bivores1 
"o c realize :at an excell5t mode (     
def5ce ^! irritat+ hairs mu/ naturally  
con/itute4 ,i h se5 c[s 9 ,jamaica almo/
 madd5$ by _! /+s1 & ev5 savage bulls w 
?9k twice 9 _! rage be=e !y attempt to  
make _! way ?r\gh ! s]ri$ spe>s ( a d5se
 cactus h$ge4 ,to put x briefly1 plants 
h surviv$ "u v arid or s&y conditions   
precisely 9 proportion z !y display$ ?is
 t5d5cy t[>ds ! production ( ?orns1     
sp9es1 bri/les1 & prickles4  ,x is a    
m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! cactus tribe to be v
 t5aci\s ( life1 & :5 hack$ to pieces1  
to spr+ afre% 9 full vig\r f e scrap or 

fragm5t4 ,true vegetable hydras1 :5 y   
cut d[n "o1 t5 spr+ 9 its place3 e      
sep>ate morsel ( ! ?ick & succul5t /em  
has ! p[] ( gr[+ anew into a sep>ate    
cactus4 ,surpris+ z ?is peculi>ity seems
 at fir/ sight1 x is only a special     
des]t modification ( a faculty possess$ 
9 a less degree by almo/ all plants & by
 _m animals4 ,if y cut (f ! end ( a rose
 bran* & /ick x 9 ! gr\nd "u suitable   
conditions1 x gr[s into a rose tree4 ,if
 y take cutt+s ( sc>let g]aniums or     
common v]b5as1 & pot !m 9 moi/ soil1 !y 
bud out apace into new plants l _!      
p>5ts4 ,c]ta9 special types c ev5 be    
propagat$ f fragm5ts ( ! leaf2 =        
example1 !re is a p>ticul>ly vivaci\s   
begonia (f :i* y may snap a corn] ( "o  
blade1 & hang x up by a /r+ f a peg or !
 ceil+1 :51 hi1 pre/o6 little begonia   
plants beg9 to bud out incont95tly on e 
side f its edges4 ,a c]ta9 ,g]man       
pr(essor w5t ev5 fur!r ?an t2 he *opp$  
up a liv]wort v f9e into vegetable      
m9cemeat1 :i* he !n spread ?9 ov] a     

sauc]ful ( moi/ s&1 & lo6 9 a few days !
 :ole surface ( ! mess 0 cov]$ ) a      
p]fect =e/ ( spr\t+ little liv]worts4   
,r\ghly speak+1 "o may say t e fragm5t (
 e organism has 9 x ! p[] to rebuild 9  
its entirety ano!r organism l ! "o ( :i*
 x once =m$ a compon5t elem5t4          
,simil>ly ) animals4 ,cut (f a liz>d's  
tail1 & /raightway a new tail gr[s 9 its
 place ) surpris+ promptitude4 ,cut (f a
 lob/]'s claw1 & 9 a v few weeks t lob/]
 is walk+ ab\t airily on 8 native rocks1
 ) two claws z usual4 ,true1 9 ^! cases 
! tail & ! claw don't bud out 9 turn    
into a new liz>d or a new lob/]4 ,b t is
 a p5alty ! high] organisms h to pay =  
_! extreme complexity4 ,!y h lo/ t      
pla/icity1 t fre$om ( gr[?1 :i*         
*>act]izes ! simpl] & m primitive =ms ( 
life2 9 _! case ! p[] ( produc+ fre%    
organisms entire f a s+le fragm5t1 once 
diffus$ equally ov] ! :ole body1 is n[  
conf9$ to c]ta9 specializ$ cells :i*1 9 
_! develop$ =m1 we "k z se$s or eggs4   
,yet1 ev5 among animals1 at a l[ /age ( 

developm5t1 ?is orig9al p[] ( reproduc+ 
! :ole f a s+le "p rema9s inh]5t 9 !    
organism2 = y may *op up a fre%-wat]    
hydra into a hundr$ little bits1 & e bit
 w be capable ( gr[+ afre% into a       
complete hydra4  ,n[1 des]t plants w\ld 
naturally reta9 ?is primitive t5d5cy 9 a
 v high degree2 = !y are specially      
organiz$ to resi/ dr\ght--be+ !         
survivors ( g5]ations ( dr\ght-pro(     
ance/ors--&1 l ! camel1 !y h (t5 to     
/ruggle on ?r\gh long p]iods ( "t )\t a 
drop ( wat]4 ,exactly ! same ?+ happ5s  
at home to _m ( our pretty little       
,european /one-crops4 ,i h a rock]y ne> 
my h\se ov]gr[n ) ! little :ite s$um (  
our g>d5s4 ,! birds (t5 peck (f a t9y   
leaf or bran*2 x drops on ! dry soil1 & 
rema9s !re = days )\t giv+ a sign (     
life4 ,b its ?ick epid]mis effectually  
saves x f )]+2 & z soon z ra9 falls1 wee
 :ite rootlets spr\t out f ! "u side ( !
 fragm5t z x lies1 & x gr[s be=e long   
into a fre% small s$um plant4 ,?us1 :at 
seem l de/ructive ag5cies !mselves1 are 

turn$ 9 ! end by m]e t5acity ( life into
 a second>y means ( propagation4  ,t is 
:y ! prickly pe> is s common 9 all      
c\ntries :]e ! climate suits x1 & :]e x 
has once manag$ to ga9 a foo?old4 ,! m y
 cut x d[n1 ! ?ick] x spr+s2 ea* murd]$ 
bit becomes ! p>5t 9 due "t ( a num]\s  
(fspr+4 ,man1 h[ev]1 ) 8 usual +5uity1  
has manag$ to be/ ! plant1 on ?is its   
own gr\nd1 & turn x into a useful fodd] 
= 8 bea/s ( burd54 ,! prickly pe> is    
plant$ abundantly on b>e rocks 9        
,alg]ia1 :]e no?+ else w\ld gr[1 & is   
cut d[n :5 adult1 dive/$ ( its ?orns by 
a r\gh process ( hack+1 & us$ z food =  
camels & cattle4 ,x ?us provides fre%   
moi/ fodd] 9 ! ,african summ] :5 ! grass
 is dri$ up & all o!r pa/ure crops h    
fail$ entirely4  ,! fl[]s ( ! prickly   
pe>1 z ( _m o!r cactuses1 gr[ app>5tly  
on ! edge ( ! leaves1 :i* alone might   
give ! obs]vant m9d a h9t z to ! true   
nature ( ^? ?ick & flatt5$ expansions4  
,= :5ev] :at look l leaves be> fl[]s or 
fruit on _! edge or midrib1 z 9 !       

famili> in/ance ( but*]'s broom1 y may  
be sure at a glance !y are really       
bran*es 9 disguise masqu]ad+ z foliage4 
,! blossoms 9 ! prickly pe> are l>ge1   
h&some1 & yell[2 at lea/1 !y w\ld be    
h&some if "o c\ld ev] see !m1 b !y are  
g5]ally cov]$ s ?ick 9 du/ t x is       
difficult prop]ly to appreciate _!      
beauty4 ,!y h a great _m petals 9 num]\s
 r[s1 & a great _m /am5s 9 a rosette 9 !
 c5tre2 &1 to ! be/ ( my k & belief1 z  
lawy]s put x1 !y are f]tiliz$ = ! mo/ "p
 by tropical butt]flies2 b on ?is po9t1 
hav+ obs]v$ !m b little 9 _! native     
habitats1 ,i speak "u correction4  ,!   
fruit itself1 to :i* ! plant owes its   
popul> "n1 is botanically a b]ry1 ?\gh a
 v big "o1 & x exhibits 9 a highly      
specializ$ degree ! g5]al tactics ( all 
its family4 ,z f> z _! leaf-l /ems g1 ! 
ma9 object 9 life ( ! cactuses is--n to 
get eat54 ,b :5 x comes to ! fruit1 ?is 
object 9 life is exactly rev]s$2 ! plant
 desires its fruit to be dev\r$ by "s   
fri5dly bird or adapt$ animal1 9 ord] t 

! h>d little se$s buri$ 9 ! pulp )9 may 
be disp]s$ = g]m9ation "u suitable      
conditions4 ,at ! same "t1 true to its  
c5tral idea1 x cov]s ev5 ! pe> itself ) 
det]r5t & prickly hairs1 meant to act z 
a def5ce aga9/ useless ?ieves or petty  
depr$ators1 :o w\ld eat ! s(t pulp on ! 
plant z x /&s 7mu* z wasps d pea*es7 )\t
 b5efit+ ! species 9 return by disp]s+  
its se$l+s4 ,?is practice is fully 9    
accordance ) ! g5]al habit ( tropical or
 sub-tropical fruits1 :i* lay !mselves  
out to des]ve ! k9d (fices ( monkeys1   
p>rots1 t\cans1 hornbills1 & o!r su*    
l>ge & p[]ful fruit-fe$]s4 ,fruits :i*  
arrange !mselves = a cli5tle1 ( ?is "* h
 usually ?ick or nause\s r9ds1 prickly  
husks1 or o!r det]r5t integum5ts2 b !y  
are full )9 ( juicy pulp1 emb$d+ /ony or
 nutlike se$s1 :i* pass undige/$ ?r\gh !
 gizz>ds ( _! swall[]s4  ,= a simil>    
reason1 ! actual prickly pe>s !mselves  
are attractively col\r$4 ,i ne$ h>dly   
po9t out1 ,i suppose1 at ! pres5t "t (  
day1 t su* t9ts 9 ! vegetable _w act l !

 gaudy po/]s ( our ,london adv]tis]s4   
,fruits & fl[]s :i* desire to attract ! 
att5tion ( bea/s1 birds1 or insects1 are
 trick$ out 9 flaunt+ hues ( crimson1   
purple1 blue1 & yell[2 fruits & fl[]s   
:i* c\ld only be injur$ by ! notice (   
animals are small & gre51 or d+y &      
inconspicu\s4                           
,,pretty ,,poll4  ,x is an error ( y\?  
to despise p>rots = _! mu* talk+4       
,loquacity isn't always a sign (        
empty-head$ness1 nor is sil5ce a sure   
pro( ( weight & wisdom4 ,biologi/s1 = _!
 "p1 "k bett] ?an t4 ,by common cons5t1 
!y rank ! p>rot gr\p z ! v head & cr[n (
 bird creation4 ,n1 ( c\rse1 because    
pretty ,poll c talk 79 a /ate ( nature1 
p>rots only *att] some:at mean+lessly to
 "o ano!r71 b because ! gr\p display on 
! :ole1 all r\nd1 a great] am\nt (      
intellig5ce1 ( clev]ness1 & (           
adaptability to circum/ances ?an any o!r
 birds1 includ+ ev5 _! cunn+ & secretive
 rivals1 ! rav5s1 ! jackdaws1 ! cr[s1 & 
! magpies4  ,:at are ! effici5t causes (

 ?is exceptionally high intellig5ce 9   
p>rots8 ,well1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,i   
believe1 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ! intimate
 connection t exi/s ?r\gh\t ! animal _w 
betwe5 m5tal developm5t & ! p[] ( grasp+
 an object all r\nd s z to "k exactly   
its %ape & its tactile prop]ties4 ,!    
possession ( an effective preh5sile     
organ--a h& or its equival5t--seems to  
be ! fir/ great requisite = ! evolution 
( a high ord] ( intellect4 ,man & !     
monkeys1 = example1 h a pair ( h&s2 & 9 
_! case "o c see at a glance h[ dep5d5t 
is _! intellig5ce ^u ^! grasp+ organs4  
,all human arts base !mselves ultimately
 ^u ! human h&2 & ev5 ! apes approa*    
ne>e/ to humanity 9 virtue ( _!         
ev]-active & busy little f+]s4 ,!       
elephant1 aga91 has 8 flexible trunk1   
:i*1 z we h all he>d ov] & ov] aga91    
usque ad nauseam1 is equally well adapt$
 to pick up a p9 or to break ! great    
b\ghs ( tropical =e/ trees4 7,t p91 9   
p>ticul>1 is n[ a well-worn classic47 ,!
 squirrel1 once m1 celebrat$ = 8 unusual

 intellig5ce :5 judg$ by a rod5t /&>d1  
uses 8 pretty little paws z v]itable    
h&s1 by :i* he c grasp a nut or fruit   
all r\nd1 & s ga9 9 8 small m9d a cle>  
conception ( its true %ape & prop]ties4 
,?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom g5]ally1 inde$1 
?is correspond5ce1 or r ?is *a9 (       
causation1 makes itself ev]y:]e felt2 no
 high intellig5ce )\t a highly develop$ 
preh5sile & grasp+ organ4  ,p]haps !    
opossum is ! v be/ & mo/ crucial in/ance
 t c\ld possibly be adduc$ ( ! intimate 
connection :i* exi/s betwe5 t\* &       
intellect4 ,= ! opossum is a m>supial2 x
 belongs to ! same gr\p ( l[ly-organiz$1
 antiquat$1 & p\*-be>+ animals z !      
kang>oo1 ! wombat1 & ! o!r belat$       
,au/ralian mammals4 ,n[ ev]ybody kn[s ! 
m>supials z a class are no?+ %ort (     
pret]naturally /upid4 ,!y are j ab\t ! v
 dulle/ & sillie/ ( all exi/+ quadrup$s4
 ,& ?is is reasonable en\gh1 :5 "o comes
 to ?9k ( x1 = !y repres5t a v antique &
 e>ly type1 ! fir/ r\gh sket* ( !       
mammalian idea1 if ,i may s describe !m1

 ) wits un%>p5$ z yet by contact ) ! _w 
9 ! fi]ce competition ( ! /ruggle = life
 z x displays itself on ! cr[d$ /age ( !
 great cont95ts4 ,!y /&1 9 %ort1 to !   
lions & tig]s1 ! elephants & horses1 !  
monkeys & squirrels1 ( ,europe &        
,am]ica1 z ! ,au/ralian blackfell[ /&s  
to ! ,engli%man or ! ,yankee4 ,!y are ! 
la/ relic ( ! orig9al second>y          
quadrup$s1 /r&$ = ages 9 a remote s\!rn 
isl&1 & /ill keep+ up among ,au/ralian  
=e/s ! antique type ( life t w5t out (  
fa%ion 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica be=e 
! *alk 0 laid d[n or ! ,london ,clay    
deposit$ on ! b$ ( our nor!rn oceans4   
,h5ce !y h /ill v n>r[ bra9s1 & are s   
extremely /upid t a kang>oo1 x is       
said--?\gh ,i don't v\* = x myself--:5  
/ruck a sm>t bl[1 w turn & bite ! /ick t
 hurts him in/ead ( exp5d+ 8 ang] on !  
h& t holds x4  ,n[1 e ,girton girl is   
well aw>e t ! opossum1 ?\gh x is a      
m>supial too1 diff]s inexpressibly 9    
psy*ological developm5t f ! kang>oo & ! 
wombat4 ,y\r opossum1 9 %ort1 is active1

 sly1 & extremely intellig5t4 ,he kn[s 8
 way ab\t ! _w he lives 94 ',a 'possum  
up a gum-tree' is accept$ by ! obs]vant 
,am]ican m9d z ! v inc>nation ( animal  
clev]ness1 cunn+1 & duplicity4 ,9 negro 
folk-lore ! res\rceful 'possum takes !  
place ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox 9 ,european      
/ories3 he is ! ,mac*iavelli ( wild     
bea/s3 !re is no ruse on e>? ( :i* he   
isn't amply capable1 no artful trick :i*
 he c't design & execute1 no wily       
manoeuvre :i* he c't contrive & c>ry to 
an end successfully4 ,all guile &       
intrigue1 ! 'possum c circumv5t ev5     
,uncle ,remus himself by 8 crafty       
diplomacy4 ,& :at is x t makes all !    
diff]5ce betwe5 ?is 'cute ,yankee       
m>supial & 8 backw>d & belat$ ,au/ralian
 c\s9s8 ,:y1 no?+ b ! possession ( a    
preh5sile h& & tail4 ,!re9 lies ! :ole  
secret4 ,! opossum's h9d foot has a     
g5u9e opposable ?umb2 & he also uses 8  
tail 9 climb+ z a sup]num]>y h&1 almo/ z
 mu* z d any ( ! monkeys4 ,he (t5       
susp5ds himself by x1 l an acrobat1 sw+s

 8 body to & fro to get up /eam1 !n lets
 g sudd5ly1 & flies away to a di/ant    
bran*1 :i* he clut*es by means ( 8 h&-l 
h9d feet4 ,if ! toes play him false1 he 
c 'recov] 8 tip1' z circus-folk put x1 )
 8 preh5sile tail4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! 
opossum1 be+ able to =m = himself cle> &
 accurate conceptions ( ! real %apes &  
relations ( ?+s by ^! two di/9ct grasp+ 
organs1 has acquir$ an unusual am\nt (  
g5]al intellig5ce4 ,& fur!r1 9 ! ke5    
competition ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 he has
 be5 =c$ to develop an am\nt ( clev]ness
 & l[ cunn+ :i* leaves 8 ,au/ralian poor
 relations f> beh9d 9 ! ,middle ,ages ( 
evolution4  ,at ! risk ( seem+ to run (f
 at a tang5t & =sake our o/5sible       
subject1 pretty ,poll1 altoge!r1 ,i mu/ 
j pause = "o mom5t m to answ] an        
objection :i* ,i "k has be5 trembl+ on !
 tip ( y\r tongue any "t ! la/ five     
m9utes4 ,y've be5 wait+ till y c\ld get 
a ^w 9 edgeways to give me a fri5dly    
nudge & rem>k v wisely1 ',b look "h1 ,i 
say2 h[ ab\t ! dog & ! horse 9 y\r      

argum5t8 ,!y've got no preh5sile organ t
 ev] ,i he>d (1 & yet !y're univ]sally  
all[$ to be ! clev]e/ & mo/ intellig5t (
 all e>?ly quadrup$s4' ,true1 ,o mo/    
sapi5t & c\rte\s objector4 ,i grant x y 
at once4 ,b obs]ve ! diff]5ce4 ,!       
clev]ness ( ! horse & ! dog is acquir$1 
n orig9al4 ,x has probably aris5 9 !    
c\rse ( _! long h]$it>y int]c\rse &     
companion%ip ) man1 ! clev]e/ & mo/     
s]viceable individuals be+ delib]ately  
select$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 z dams &
 sires to bre$ f4 ,we c't fairly comp>e 
^! artificial human products1 !re=e1 )  
wild races ^: intellig5ce is all native 
& self-evolv$4 ,moreov]1 ! horse at lea/
 has to "s slight ext5t a preh5sile     
organ 9 8 v mobile & s5sitive lip1 :i*  
he uses l an undevelop$ or rudim5t>y    
proboscis to feel ?+s all ov] )4 ,s t ! 
dog alone rema9s z a contradictory      
in/ance2 & ev5 ! dog d]ives 8 clev]ness 
indirectly f man1 ^: h& & ?umb 9 ! la/  
resort are really at ! bottom ( 8       
vic>i\s wisdom4  ,we may conclude1 !n1  

,i believe1 t t\*1 z ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 
admirably words x1 is '! "m-tongue ( !  
s5ses2' & t 9 proportion z animals h or 
h n highly develop$ & s]viceable tactile
 organs w !y rank high or l[ 9 !        
intellectual hi]>*y ( nature4 ,n[1 h[   
does ?is be> ^u ! family ( p>rots8      
,well1 9 ! fir/ place1 ev]ybody :o has  
ev] kept a cockatoo or a macaw 9 dome/ic
 slav]y is well aw>e t 9 no o!r birds d 
! claws s closely resemble a human or   
simian h&1 n inde$ 9 out] =m or         
appe>ance1 b 9 opposability ( ! ?umbs & 
9 p]fection ( grasp+ p[]4 ,! toes on ea*
 foot are arrang$ 9 opposite pairs--two 
turn+ 9 front & two backw>d1 :i* gives  
all p>rots _! peculi> firmness 9 cl++ on
 a p]* or on ! bran* ( a tree ) "o foot 
only1 :ile !y ext5d ! o!r to grasp a    
fruit or to clut* at any object !y      
desire to take possession (4 ,true1 ?is 
peculi>ity isn't entirely conf9$ to !   
p>rots alone1 z su*4 ,!y %>e ! division 
( ! foot into two ?umbs & two f+]s ) a  
:ole l>ge gr\p ( alli$ birds1 call$1 9 !

 *>m+ly concise & poetical language (   
te*nical orni?ology1 ! ,scansorial      
,pic>ians1 & m g5]ally1 kn[n to !       
unle>n$ h]d 7mean+ y & me7 by _! sev]al 
names ( woodpeck]s1 cuckoos1 t\cans1 &  
planta9-eat]s4 ,all ! memb]s ( ?is great
 gr\p1 ( :i* ! p>rots prop] are only !  
mo/ advanc$ & develop$ family1 possess !
 same arrangem5t ( ! digits into        
front-toes & back-toes4 ,b 9 none is !  
arrangem5t s p]fect z 9 ! p>rots1 & 9   
none is ! p[] ( grasp+ an object all    
r\nd s completely develop$ & s pregnant 
9 moral & intellectual consequ5ces4     
,all ! ,scansorial ,pic>ians1 h[ev] 7if 
! read] ) 8 prov]bial c\rtesy w k9dly   
p>don me ! inevitable use ( su* v bad   
words71 are ess5tially tree-haunt]s2 & !
 tree-haunt+ & climb+ habit1 z is well  
bekn[n1 seems p>ticul>ly fav\rable to ! 
gr[? ( intellig5ce4 ,?us s*oolboys climb
 trees--b ,i =got3 ?is is a sci5tific   
article1 & su* levity is inconsi/5t ) ! 
dignity ( sci5ce4 ,let u be s]i\s6      
,well1 at any rate1 monkeys1 squirrels1 

opossums1 wild cats1 are all ( !m       
climb]s1 & all ( !m1 9 ! act ( cl++1    
jump+1 & balanc+ !mselves on b\ghs1 ga9 
su* an accurate idea ( geometrical      
figure1 p]spective1 di/ance1 & ! true   
nature ( space-relations1 z c\ld h>dly  
be acquir$ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,9 "o ^w1 !y
 ?or\ghly und]/& space ( ?ree dim5sions1
 & ! tactual realities t answ] to &     
und]lie ea* visible appe>ance4 ,?is is !
 v sub/ratum ( all intellig5ce2 & !     
monkeys1 possess+ x m pr(\ndly ?an any  
o!r animals1 h accord+ly tak5 ! top ( ! 
=m 9 ! competitive exam9ation p]petually
 conduct$ by survival ( ! fitte/4  ,s1  
too1 among birds1 ! p>rots & _! allies  
climb trees & rocks ) exceptional ease &
 agility4 ,ev5 9 _! own dep>tm5t !y are 
! great fea!r$ acrobats4 ,anybody :o    
wat*es a woodpeck]1 = example1 grasp+ ! 
b>k ( a tree ) its crook$ & p[]ful toes1
 :ile x /eadies itself beh9d by digg+   
its /iff tail-fea!rs into ! crannies ( !
 out] r9d1 w readily und]/& h[ cle> a   
notion ! bird mu/ ga9 into ! practical  

action ( ! laws ( gravity4 ,b ! true    
p>rots g a /ep fur!r 9 ! same direction 
?an ! woodpeck]s or ! t\cans2 =1 9      
addition to preh5sile feet1 !y h also a 
highly-develop$ preh5sile bill1 & )9 x a
 tongue :i* acts 9 reality z an organ ( 
t\*4 ,!y use _! crook$ beaks to help !m 
9 climb+ f bran* to bran*2 & be+ ?us    
provid$ alike ) w+s1 legs1 h&s1 f+]s1   
bill & tongue1 !y are 9 fact ! mo/ truly
 arboreal ( all kn[n animals1 & pres5t 9
 ! fulle/ & highe/ degree all ! peculi> 
features ( ! tree-haunt+ exi/5ce4  ,nor 
is t all4 ,alone among birds or mammals1
 ! p>rots h ! curi\s peculi>ity ( be+   
able to move ! upp] z well z ! l[] jaw4 
,x is ?is /range mobility ( bo? !       
m&ibles toge!r1 comb9$ ) ! crafty effect
 ( ! sideways glance f ^? artful eyes1 t
 gives ! *>act]i/ic air ( intellig5ce & 
wisdom to ! p>rot's face4 ,we naturally 
expect s clev] a bird to speak4 ,& :5 x 
turns ^u u sudd5ly ) a copy-book maxim1 
we are 9 no way a/oni%$ at its surpass+ 
sm>tness4  ,p>rots are veget>ians2 ) a  

s+le degrad$ exception to :om ,i %all   
recur h]eaft]1 ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson      
himself c\ldn't f9d fault ) _! regim54  
,!y live *iefly ^u a light b nutriti\s  
diet ( fruit & se$s1 or ^u ! abundant   
nect> ( ri* tropical fl[]s4 ,& x is     
ma9ly = ! sake ( gett+ at _! *os5 food t
 !y h develop$ ! l>ge & p[]ful bills :i*
 *>act]ise ! family4 ,y may h p]haps    
not$ t mo/ tropical fruit-eat]s1 l !    
hornbills & ! t\cans1 are rem>kable = ! 
size & /r5g? ( _! beaks3 if y hav5't1 ,i
 d>e say y w g5]\sly take my ^w = x4 ,&1
 p] contra1 x may also h /ruck y t mo/  
tropical fruits h ?ick or h>d or nause\s
 r9ds1 :i* ne$ to be torn (f be=e !     
monkeys or birds = ^: use !y are int5d$1
 c get at !m & eat !m4 ,our little      
nor!rn /rawb]ries1 & raspb]ries1 &      
currants1 & :ortleb]ries1 develop$ ) a  
s+le eye to ! petty rob9s & f9*es (     
temp]ate climates1 c be popp$ into1 !   
m\? :ole & eat5 z !y /&3 !y are meant = 
small birds to dev\r1 & to disp]se ! t9y
 undige/$ nut-l se$s 9 return = ! bribe 

( ! s(t pulp t surr\nds !m4 ,b x is q   
o!rwise ) oranges1 %addocks1 bananas1   
planta9s1 mangoes1 & p9e-apples3 ^?     
great tropical fruits c only be eat5    
prop]ly ) a knife & =k1 aft] /ripp+ (f !
 h>d & (t5 acrid r9d t gu>ds & pres]ves 
!m4 ,!y lay !mselves out = disp]sion by 
monkeys1 t\cans1 & o!r relatively l>ge &
 p[]ful fruit-eat]s2 & ! r9d is put !re 
z a b>ri] aga9/ small ?ieves :o w\ld rob
 ! sweet pulp1 b be absolutely incapable
 ( c>ry+ away & disp]s+ ! l>ge &        
ri*ly-/or$ se$s x cov]s4  ,p>rots &     
t\cans1 h[ev]1 h no knives & =ks to cut 
(f ! r9d )2 b z monkeys use _! f+]s1 s !
 birds use = ! same purpose _! %>p &    
p[]ful bills4 ,no bett] nut-crack]s &   
fruit-p>]s c\ld possibly be f\nd4 ,!    
p>rot1 9 p>ticul>1 has develop$ = !     
purpose 8 curv$ & inflat$ beak--a       
wond]ful weapon1 ke5 z a tailor's       
scissors1 & mov$ by p[]ful muscles on   
ei!r side ( ! face :i* br+ toge!r !     
cutt+ edges ) extraord9>y en]gy4 ,! way 
! bird holds ! fruit g+]ly 9 "o claw1   

:ile he /rips (f ! r9d dext]\sly ) 8    
"u-hung l[] m&ible1 & keeps a %>p       
look-out mean:ile on ei!r side ) ^? sly 
& /eal?y eyes ( 8 = a possible intrud]1 
sugge/s to ! obs]v+ m9d ! :ole liv+     
drama ( 8 native =e/4 ,"o sees 9 t vivid
 _w ! wat*ful monkey ev] ready to swoop 
d[n ^u ! tempt+ tail-fea!rs ( 8 h]$it>y 
foe3 "o sees ! canny p>rot ev] prep>$ = 
8 rapid attack1 & ev] eag] to make him  
pay ) five jo9ts ( 8 tail = 8 imp]t95t  
int]f]5ce ) an un(f5d+ fell[-citiz5 ( ! 
arboreal community4  ,/ill1 !re are     
p>rots & p>rots1 ( c\rse4 ,n all ?is va/
 family are 9 all ?+s ( l passions "o ) 
ano!r4 ,! great black cockatoo1 =       
example1 ! l>ge/ ( ! tribe1 lives almo/ 
entirely (f ! c5tral %oot or 'cabbage' (
 palm-trees3 an exp5sive k9d ( food1 =  
:5 once ! 'cabbage' is eat5 ! tree dies 
=?)1 s t ea* black cockatoo mu/ h kill$ 
9 8 "t :ole groves ( cabbage-palms4     
,o!rs1 aga91 fe$ (f fruits & se$s2 & n a
 few are entirely adapt$ = fl[]-haunt+ &
 honey-suck+4  ,z a gr\p1 ! p>rots are  

comp>atively mod]n birds4 ,inde$1 !y    
c\ld h no place 9 ! _w till ! big       
tropical fruits & nuts 7 beg9n+ to be   
develop$4 ,& x is n[ pretty c]ta9 t     
fruits & nuts are = ! mo/ "p ( v rec5t &
 special evolution4 ,to put x briefly1 !
 monkeys & p>rots develop$ ! fruits &   
nuts1 :ile ! fruits & nuts return$ !    
complim5t by develop+ conv]sely !       
monkeys & p>rots4 ,9 o!r words1 bo?     
types grew up side by side 9 mutual     
dep5d5ce1 & evolv$ !mselves p>i passu = 
"o ano!r's b5efit4 ,)\t ! fruits !re    
c\ld be no fruit-eat]s2 & )\t !         
fruit-eat]s to disp]se _! se$s1 !re c\ld
 j to ! same ext5t be no fruits to speak
 (4  ,mo/ ( ! p>rots v mu* resemble !   
monkeys & o!r tropical fruit-fe$]s 9 _! 
habits & mann]s4 ,!y are greg>i\s1      
mis*iev\s1 noisy1 & irresponsible4 ,!y h
 no moral s5se1 & are fond ( practical  
jokes & o!r s*oolboy horseplay4 ,!y move
 ab\t 9 flocks1 scree*+ al\d z !y g1 &  
alight toge!r on "s tree well cov]$ )   
b]ries4 ,no d\bt1 !y h]d toge!r = ! sake

 ( protection & scree* bo? to keep !    
flock 9 a body & to /rike al>m &        
con/]nation into ! brea/s ( _! enemies4 
,:5 dang] ?reat5s1 ! fir/ bird t        
p]ceives x s\nds a note ( w>n+2 & 9 a   
mom5t ! :ole troop is on ! w+ at once1  
vocif]\s & eag]1 ro>+ =? a song 9 _! own
 tongue :i* may be r\ghly int]pret$ z   
/at+ 9 ,engli% t !y don't want to fight1
 b by ,j+o1 if !y d1 !y'll te> _! enemy 
to %r$s & dr9k 8 blood up too4  ,!      
common grey p>rot1 ! be/ kn[n 9         
conf9em5t ( all 8 k9d1 & unrivall$ z an 
orator = 8 graces ( spee*1 is a native (
 ,we/ ,africa2 s t he %>es ) o!r ,we/   
,africans t p]fect comm& ( language :i* 
has always be5 a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( !    
negro race4 ,he fe$s 9 a g5]al way ^u   
palm-nuts1 bananas1 mangoes1 & guavas1 b
 he is by no means av]se1 if opportunity
 (f]s1 to ! ,indian corn ( ! indu/ri\s  
native4 ,8 wife accompanies him 9 8     
solit>y rambles1 = !y are n greg>i\s4 ,9
 h] native haunts1 inde$1 ,polly is an  
unsociable bird4 ,x is only 9 conf9em5t 

t h] f9] qualities come out1 & t %e     
develops into a spee*-mak] ( di/+ui%$   
atta9m5ts4  ,a v peculi> & exceptional  
(f%oot ( ! p>rot gr\p is ! bru%-tongu$  
lory1 sev]al species ( :i* are common 9 
,au/ralia1 ,india1 & ! ,molucca ,isl&s4 
,^! pretty & int]e/+ creatures are 9    
po9t ( fact p>rots :i* h practically    
made !mselves into humm+-birds by long  
cont9uance 9 ! poetical habit ( visit+  
fl[]s = food4 ,l ,mr4 ,osc> ,wilde 9 8  
/hetic days1 !y breakfa/ (f a lily4     
,flitt+ ab\t f tree to tree ) great     
rapidity1 !y ?ru/ _! long ext5sible     
tongues1 p5cill$ ) honey-ga!r+ hairs1   
into ! tubes ( _m big tropical blossoms4
 ,! lories1 inde$1 live entirely on     
nect>1 & !y are s common 9 ! region !y h
 made _! own t all ! l>g] fl[]s !re h   
be5 develop$ ) a special view to _!     
ta/es & habits1 z well z to ! /ructure (
 _! peculi> bru%-l honey-collector4 ,9  
mo/ p>rots ! m\? is dry & ! tongue      
horny2 b 9 ! lories x is moi/ & mu* m l 
! same organ 9 ! humm+-birds &          

sun-birds4 ,! preval5ce ( v l>ge &      
brilliantly col\r$ fl[]s 9 ! ,malayan   
region mu/ be set d[n = ! mo/ "p to !   
selective action ( ^! /hetic &          
col\r-lov+ little bru%-tongu$ p>rots4   
,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 z ev]ybody     
kn[s1 are ! c\ntries :]e ev]y?+ goes by 
contr>ies4 ,& x is "h t ! p>rot gr\p has
 develop$ "s ( its /range/ & mo/        
abnormal (f%oots4 ,"o w\ld imag9e be=eh&
 t no two birds c\ld be m unlike 9 e    
respect ?an ! gaudy1 noisy1 greg>i\s    
cockatoos & ! sombre1 nocturnal1 solit>y
 owls4 ,yet ! ,new ,zeal& owl-p>rot is1 
to put x pla9ly1 a lory :i* has assum$  
all ! out] appe>ance & habits ( an owl4 
,a lurk] 9 ! twilight or "u ! %ades (   
night1 burr[+ = its ne/ 9 holes 9 !     
gr\nd1 x has d+y br[n plumage l ! owls1 
) an und]tone ( gre5 to bespeak its     
p>rot orig93 :ile its face is entirely  
made up ( two great disks1 surr\nd+ !   
eyes1 :i* succe$ 9 giv+ x a mo/ m>k$ &  
unmi/akable owl-l appe>ance4  ,n[1 :y   
%\ld a p>rot s /rangely disguise itself 

& belie its ance/ry8 ,! reason is pla94 
,x f\nd a place = x ready made 9 nature4
 ,new ,zeal& is a remote & sp>sely-/ock$
 isl&1 peopl$ by m]e casual waifs &     
/rays ( life f adjac5t b /ill v di/ant  
cont95ts4 ,!re are no dang]\s enemies   
!re4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a cle> *ance = a nightly
 pr[l]4 ,! owl-p>rot ) true bus9ess     
in/9ct saw ! op5+ ?us cle>ly laid be=e  
x1 & took to a nocturnal & burr[+ life1 
) ! natural consequ5ce t x acquir$ 9 "t 
! d+y plumage1 crepuscul> eyes1 & broad 
disk-l reflectors ( o!r pr[l+           
night-fli]s4 ,unlike ! owls1 h[ev]1 !   
owl-p>rot1 true to ! veget>ian in/9cts (
 ! :ole lory race1 lives almo/ entirely 
^u sprigs ( mosses & o!r creep+ plants4 
,x is ?us ess5tially a gr\nd bird2 & z x
 fe$s at night 9 a c\ntry possess+ no   
native bea/s ( prey1 x has almo/ lo/ !  
p[] ( flight1 & uses its w+s only z a   
sort ( p>a*ute to break its fall 9      
desc5d+ f a rock or tree to its accu/om$
 fe$+-gr\nd4 ,to get up aga91 x climbs1 
p>rot-l1 ) its hook$ claws1 up ! surface

 ( ! trunk or ! face ( a precipice4     
,ev5 m ab]rant 9 its ways1 h[ev]1 ?an ! 
burr[+ owl-p>rot1 is t o!r /range & hat$
 ,new ,zeal& lory1 ! kea1 :i*1 alone    
among its k9d1 has abjur$ ! g5tle       
ance/ral veget>ianism ( ! cockatoos &   
macaws1 9 fav\r ( a c>nivor\s diet (    
s+ul> f]ocity4 ,& :at is odd] /ill1 ?is 
evil habit has be5 develop$ 9 ! kea s9ce
 ! colonization ( ,new ,zeal& by !      
,engli%1 ^? mo/ demoraliz+ ( new-com]s4 
,! settl]s h taught ! ,maori to we> tall
 hats & to dr9k /rong liquors3 & !y h   
?r[n temptation 9 ! way ( ev5 ! once    
innoc5t native p>rot4 ,be=e ! :ite man  
came1 9 fact1 ! kea 0 a mild-mann]$     
fruit-eat+ or honey-suck+ bird4 ,b z    
soon z %eep-/ations 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! isl& 
^! deg5]ate p>rots began to acquire a   
di/9ct ta/e = raw mutton4 ,at fir/1 to  
be sure1 !y ate only ! %eep's heads &   
(fal t 7 ?r[n out f ! slaught]-h\ses    
pick+ ! bones z clean ( meat z a dog or 
a jackal4 ,b 9 process ( "t1 z ! ta/e = 
blood grew ^u !m1 a /ill vil] idea ent]$

 into _! wick$ heads4 ,! fir/ /ep on !  
d[nw>d pa? sugge/$ ! second4 ,if dead   
%eep are good to eat1 :y n also liv+    
ones8 ,! kea1 pond]+ deeply on ?is      
ab/ruse problem1 solv$ x at once ) an   
emphatic affirmative4 ,& he /raightway  
proce$$ to act ^u 8 convictions1 & inv5t
 a really hide\s mode ( proc$ure4 ,p]*+ 
on ! backs ( ! liv+ %eep he has n[ le>nt
 ! exact spot :]e ! kidneys are to be   
f\nd2 & he te>s op5 ! fle% to get at ^! 
da9ty morsels1 :i* he pulls out &       
dev\rs1 leav+ ! unhappy animal to die 9 
mis]able agony4 ,z _m z two hundr$ ewes 
h ?us be5 kill$ 9 a night at a s+le     
/ation4 ,i ne$ h>dly add t ! %eep-f>m]  
naturally res5ts ?is irregul> proce$+1 s
 oppos$ to all ideals ( good graz+1 & t 
! days ( ! kea are n[ numb]$ 9 ,new     
,zeal&4 ,b f ! purely psy*ological po9t 
( view ! case is an int]e/+ "o1 z be+ ! 
be/ record$ in/ance ( ! gr[? ( a new &  
complex in/9ct actually "u ! eyes (     
human obs]v]s4  ,"o ^w z to ! g5]al     
col\r+ ( ! p>rot gr\p z a :ole4         

,tropical =e/9e birds h usually a gr\nd 
tone ( gre5 because t col\r enables !m  
be/ to escape notice among ! monoton\s  
v]dure ( equatorial woodl& sc5]y4 ,9 !  
nor?1 to be sure1 gre5 is a v conspicu\s
 col\r2 b t is only because = half ! ye>
 our trees are b>e1 & ev5 dur+ ! o!r    
half !y lack t 'bread? ( tropic %ade'   
:i* *>act]ises ! =e/s ( all hot         
c\ntries4 ,!re=e1 9 temp]ate climates1 !
 common gr\nd-tone ( birds is br[n1 to  
h>monise ) ! b>e b\ghs & leafless twigs1
 ! clods ( e>? & dead turf or /ubble4 ,b
 9 ! ev]gre5 tropics gre5 is ! "r hue = 
concealm5t or def5ce4 ,!re=e ! p>rots1 !
 mo/ purely tropical family ( birds on  
e>?1 are mo/ly gre5i%2 & among ! small] 
& m def5celess sorts1 l ! famili> little
 love-birds1 :]e ! ne$ = protection is  
greate/1 ! gre5 ( ! plumage is almo/    
unbrok54 ,( ! t9y ,pigmy ,p>rots ( ,new 
,gu9ea1 = in/ance1 ,mr4 ,b[dl] ,%>pe    
says3 ',ow+ to _! small size & !        
resemblance ( _! gre5 col\r+ to ! =e/s  
!y inhabit1 !y are n easily se51 & until

 rec5t ye>s 7 v h>d to procure4' ,& ( ! 
gre5 p>rot ( ,jamaica1 ,mr4 ,gosse      
rem>ks3 ',(t5 we he> _! voices proce$+ f
 a c]ta9 tree1 or else h m>k$ ! desc5t (
 a flock on x2 b on proce$+ to ! spot1  
?\gh ! eye has n w&]$ f x1 we _c discov]
 an individual4 ,we g close to ! tree1 b
 all is sil5t & /ill z dea?4 ,we        
in/itute a c>eful survey ( e "p ) ! eye1
 to detect ! slighte/ motion1 or ! =m ( 
a bird among ! leaves1 b all 9 va94 ,we 
beg9 to ?9k !y h /ol5 (f unp]ceiv$2 b on
 ?r[+ a /one into ! tree1 a doz5 ?roats 
bur/ =? into a cry1 & z _m gre5 birds   
ru% =? ^u ! w+4 ,gre5 may ?us be reg>d$ 
z ! normal or basal p>rot t9t1 f :i* all
 o!r col\rs are special decorative      
v>iations4  ,b fruit-eat+ & fl[]-fe$+   
creatures1 l butt]flies &               
humm+-birds--seek+ _! food ev] among !  
bright b]ries & brilliant fl[]s1 almo/  
inv>iably acquire 9 ! long run an /hetic
 ta/e = pure & v>i$ col\r+1 & by ! aid (
 sexual selection ?is ta/e /]eotypes    
itself at la/ 9 _! own w+s & plumage4   

,!y *oose _! mates = col\r z !y *oose _!
 food/uffs4 ,h5ce all ! l>g] & m        
greg>i\s p>rots1 9 :i* ! ne$ =          
concealm5t is less1 t5d to div]sify !   
fundam5tal gre5 ( _! coats ) crimson1   
yell[1 or blue1 :i* 9 "s cases take     
possession ( ! entire body4 ,! l>ge/    
k9ds ( all1 l ! great blue & yell[ or   
crimson macaws1 are z gorge\s z ,solomon
 9 all 8 glory3 & !y are also ! species 
lea/ afraid ( enemies2 = 9 ,brazil y may
 (t5 see !m w5d+ _! way homew>d op5ly 9 
pairs e ev5+1 ) z little attempt at     
concealm5t z rooks 9 ,engl&4 ,9 !       
,moluccas & ,new ,gu9ea1 says ,mr4      
,wallace1 :ite cockatoos & gorge\s      
lories 9 crimson & blue are ! v commone/
 objects 9 ! local fauna4 ,ev5 ! ,new   
,zeal& owl-p>rot1 h[ev]1 /ill reta9s _m 
traces ( 8 orig9al gre5ness1 mix$ ) !   
dirty br[n & d+y yell[ ( 8 acquir$      
nocturnal & burr[+ nature4  ,if         
fruit-eat]s are f9e1 fl[]-haunt]s are   
magnific5t4 ,& ! bru%-tongu$ lories1 t  
se>* = nect> among ! bells ( ,malayan   

blossoms1 are ! brighte/-col\r$ ( all ! 
p>rot tribes4 ,inde$1 no gr\p ( birds1  
accord+ to ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace 
7:o ought to "k1 if anybody does71      
exhibits )9 ! same limit$ numb] ( types 
s extraord9>y a div]sity & ri*ness (    
col\r+ z ! p>rots4 ',z a rule1' he says1
 'p>rots may be t]m$ gre5 birds1 !      
majority ( ! species hav+ ?is col\r z ! 
basis ( _! plumage1 reliev$ by caps1    
gorgets1 b&s & w+-spots ( o!r & bright] 
hues4 ,yet ?is g5]al gre5 t9t sometimes 
*anges into light or deep blue1 z 9 "s  
macaws2 into pure yell[ or ri* orange1 z
 9 "s ( ! ,am]ican macaw-p>rots2 into   
purple1 grey or dove-col\r1 z 9 "s      
,am]ican1 ,african1 & ,indian species2  
into ! pure/ crimson1 z 9 "s ( ! lories2
 into rosy-:ite & pure :ite1 z 9 !      
cockatoos2 & into a deep purple1 a%y or 
black1 z 9 sev]al ,papuan1 ,au/ralian1 &
 ,masc>5e species4 ,!re is 9 fact h>dly 
a s+le di/9ct & def9able col\r t _c be  
fairly mat*$ among ! #cij species ( kn[n
 p>rots4 ,_! habits1 too1 are su* z to  

br+ !m prom95tly be=e ! eye4 ,!y usually
 fe$ 9 flocks2 !y are noisy1 & s attract
 att5tion2 !y love g>d5s1 or*>ds1 & op5 
sunny places2 !y w&] ab\t f> 9 se>* (   
food1 & t[>ds sunset return homew>d 9   
noisy flocks1 or 9 con/ant pairs4 ,_!   
=ms & motions are (t5 beautiful &       
attractive4 ,! imm5sely long tails ( !  
macaws & ! m sl5d] tails ( ! ,indian    
p>roquets1 ! f9e cre/ ( ! cockatoos1 !  
swift flight ( _m ( ! small] species1 & 
! graceful motions ( ! little love-birds
 & alli$ =ms1 toge!r ) _! affectionate  
natures1 aptitude = dome/ication1 & p[] 
( mimicry1 comb9e to r5d] !m at once !  
mo/ conspicu\s & ! mo/ attractive ( all 
! specially tropical =ms ( bird life4'  
,i h purposely left to ! la/ ! "o po9t  
ab\t p>rots :i* mo/ (t5 attracts !      
att5tion ( ! "y1 ! gay1 ! giddy1 & !    
?\ghtless3 ,i mean _! p[] ( mimicry 9   
human language4 ,& ,i believe ,i am     
ju/ifi$ 9 pass+ x ov] lightly4 ,= 9 fact
 ?is p[] is b a v incid5tal result ( !  
g5]al intellig5ce ( p>rots1 comb9$ ) !  

o!r peculi>ities ( _! social life &     
=e/9e "*4 ,dom9ant woodl& animals1      
inde$1 l monkeys1 p>rots1 t\cans1 &     
hornbills1 at lea/ if veget>ian 9 _!    
habits1 are almo/ always greg>i\s1      
noisy1 mis*iev\s1 & imitative4 ,& !     
imitation results directly f ! unusual  
intellig5ce2 =1 aft] all1 :at is ! p[] (
 le>n+ itself--at lea/1 9 all save its v
 highe/ phases--b ! faculty ( accurately
 imitat+ ano!r8 ,monkeys = ! mo/ "p     
imitate action only1 because !y hav5't v
 v>i$ or flexible voices4 ,p>rots & _m  
o!r birds1 on ! contr>y--l ! />l+ & /ill
 m m>k$ly ! ,am]ican mock+-bird--be+    
end[$ ) consid]able flexibility ( voice1
 imitate ei!r songs or spok5 words )    
great di/9ctness4 ,9 ! p>rot ! p[] (    
att5tion is also v consid]able1 = ! bird
 w (t5 try ov] ) itself repeat$ly !     
lesson x has set itself to le>n4 ,b p   
too g5]ally =get t at be/ ! p>rot kn[s  
only ! g5]al application ( a s5t5ce1 n !
 sep>ate mean+s ( its compon5t words4 ,x
 kn[s1 = example1 t ',polly wants a lump

 ( sug>' is a phrase (t5 foll[$ by a    
pres5t ( food4 ,b to believe x c und]/& 
an ab/ract expression1 l ! fam\s ',by   
,jove6 :at a bea/ly lot ( p>rots6' is to
 conf\nd le>n+ by rote ) g5u9e          
compreh5sion4 ,a c>eful review ( all !  
evid5ce makes almo/ e sci5tific obs]v]  
conclude t at mo/ a p>rot kn[s a ^w (   
comm& z a horse kn[s ',:oa6' or a dog   
kn[s ! ord] to hunt = rats 9 ! wa9scot4 
,,high ,,life4  ,ev]ybody kn[s m\nta9   
fl[]s are beautiful4 ,z "o rises up any 
m9or height 9 ! ,alps or ! ,pyr5ees bel[
 sn[-level1 "o notices at once !        
extraord9>y brilliancy & ri*ness ( !    
blossoms "o meets !re4 ,all nature is   
dress$ 9 its brighte/ robes4 ,great     
belts ( blue g5tian hang l a zone on !  
m\nta9 slopes2 masses ( yell[ globe-fl[]
 /> ! upl& pa/ures2 nodd+ heads (       
soldanella lurk l[ among ! rugg$ b\ld]s 
by ! glaci]'s side4 ,no l[l& blossoms h 
su* vividness ( col\r+1 or gr[ 9 su*    
conspicu\s pat*es4 ,to /rike ! eye f    
af>1 to attract & allure at a di/ance1  

is ! great aim & end 9 life ( ! ,alp9e  
flora4  ,n[1 :y are ,alp9e plants s     
anxi\s to be se5 ( m5 & angels8 ,:y d !y
 flaunt _! gold5 glories s op5ly be=e ! 
_w1 in/ead ( %r9k+ 9 mode/ res]ve b5ea? 
_! own gre5 leaves1 l ! ,puritan        
primrose & ! retir+ violet8 ,! answ] is1
 ,because ( ! extreme r>ity ( ! m\nta9  
air4 ,x's ! b>omet] t does x4 ,at fir/  
sight1 ,i w readily admit1 ?is          
explanation seems z fanciful z !        
traditional connection betwe5 ,goodw9   
,s&s & ,t5t]d5 ,/eeple4 ,b1 l ! amateur 
/ories 9 c\ntry pap]s1 x is 'f\nd$ on   
fact1' = all t4 7,imag9e1 by ! way1 a   
tale f\nd$ entirely on fiction6 ,h[     
*>m+ly a]ial67 ,by a r\ndab\t road1     
?r\gh v>y+ *a9s ( cause & effect1 !     
r>ity ( ! air does really acc\nt 9 !    
long run = ! beauty & conspicu\sness ( !
 m\nta9 fl[]s4  ,= bees1 ! common       
g-betwe5s ( ! loves ( ! plants1 cease to
 range ab\t a ?\s& or fifte5 hundr$ feet
 bel[ sn[-level4 ,& :y8 ,because x's too
 cold = !m8 ,oh1 de>1 no3 on sunny days 

9 e>ly ,engli% spr+1 :5 ! !rmomet]      
doesn't rise above freez+ 9 ! %ade1 y w 
see bo? ! honey-bees & ! great black    
bumble z busy z _! conv5tional "* dem&s 
( !m among ! gold5 cups ( ! fir/ timid  
crocuses4 ,give ! bee sun%9e1 inde$1 ) a
 temp]ature j ab\t freez+-po9t1 & he'll 
flit ab\t joy\sly on 8 communi/ic err&4 
,b bees1 "o mu/ rememb]1 h heavy bodies 
& relatively small w+s3 9 ! r>efi$ air (
 m\nta9 heights !y c't manage to support
 !mselves 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se4 ,h5ce _! 
place 9 ^! high /ations ( ! _w is tak5  
by ! gay & airy butt]flies1 :i* h light]
 bodies & a mu* bigg] expanse ( w+-area 
to buoy !m up4 ,9 ! valleys & pla9s !   
bee competes at an advantage ) !        
butt]flies = all ! sweets ( life3 b 9   
?is broad sub-glacial belt on !         
m\nta9-sides ! butt]flies 9 turn h ?+s  
all _! own way4 ,!y flit ab\t l mon>*s (
 all !y survey1 )\t a rival 9 ! _w to   
dispute _! supremacy4  ,& h[ does !     
prepond]ance ( butt]flies 9 ! upp]      
regions ( ! air affect ! col\r &        

brilliancy ( ! fl[]s8 ,simply ?us4      
,bees1 z we are all aw>e on ! au?ority (
 ! great ,dr4 ,watts1 are indu/ri\s     
creatures :i* employ ea* %9+ h\r        
7well-*os5 epi!t1 '%9+'7 = ! good ( !   
community1 & to ! be/ purpose4 ,! bee1 9
 fact1 is ! bon b\rgeois ( ! insect _w3 
he att5ds /rictly to bus9ess1 loses no  
"t 9 wild or reckless excursions1 &     
flies by ! /raighte/ pa? f fl[] to fl[] 
( ! same species ) ma!matical precision4
 ,moreov]1 he is c>eful1 cauti\s1       
obs]vant1 & /eady-go+--a model bus9ess  
man1 9 fact1 ( s\nd middle-class morals 
& sob] middle-class intellig5ce4 ,no    
flitt+ = him1 no coquett+1 no fickl5ess4
 ,!re=e1 ! fl[]s t h adapt$ !mselves to 
8 ne$s1 & t dep5d ^u him ma9ly or solely
 = f]tilisation1 wa/e no unnecess>y     
mat]ial on ^? big flaunt+ col\r$ po/]s  
:i* we human obs]v]s "k z petals4 ,!y h1
 = ! mo/ "p1 simple blue or purple      
fl[]s1 tubul> 9 %ape &1 individually1   
inconspicu\s 9 hue2 & !y are (t5e/      
arrang$ 9 long spikes ( blossom to avoid

 wa/+ ! "t ( _! w+$ ,mr4 ,bultitudes4 ,s
 long z !y are j bright en\gh to cat* ! 
bee's eye a few y>ds away1 !y are c]ta9 
to receive a visit 9 due season f t     
indu/ri\s & p]si/5t comm]cial travell]4 
,hav+ a circle ( good cu/om]s ^u :om !y 
c dep5d ) c]ta9ty = f]tilisation1 !y h  
no ne$ to wa/e any l>ge proportion ( _! 
sub/ance ^u exp5sive adv]tisem5ts or    
gaudy petals4  ,x is j ! opposite )     
butt]flies4 ,^? gay & irrepressible     
creatures1 ! fa%ionable & frivol\s      
elem5t 9 ! insect _w1 gad ab\t f fl[] to
 fl[] ov] great di/ances at once1 & ?9k 
mu* m ( sunn+ !mselves & ( attract+ _!  
fell[s ?an ( att5tion to bus9ess4 ,& !  
reason is obvi\s1 if "o consid]s = a    
mom5t ! diff]5ce 9 ! political & dome/ic
 economy ( ! two oppos$ gr\ps4 ,= !     
honey-bees are neut]s1 sexless purveyors
 ( ! hive1 ) no int]e/ on e>? save !    
/or+ ( honey = ! common b5efit ( !      
phalan/]y to :i* !y belong4 ,b !        
butt]flies are full-fl$g$ males &       
females1 on ! hunt ?r\gh ! _w = suitable

 p>tn]s3 !y ?9k f> less ( fe$+ ?an (    
display+ _! *>ms3 a little honey to     
support !m dur+ _! flight is all !y     
ne$3--',= ! bee1 a long r\nd ( ceaseless
 toil2 = me1' says ! gay butt]fly1 'a   
%ort life & a m]ry "o4' ,mr4 ,h>old     
,skimpole ne$$ only 'music1 sun%9e1 a   
few grapes4' ,! butt]flies are ( 8 k9d4 
,! high m\nta9 zone is = !m a true      
ball-room3 ! fl[]s are light refre%m5ts 
laid out 9 ! ve/ibule4 ,_! real bus9ess 
9 life is n to gorge & lay by1 b to     
coquette & display !mselves & f9d fitt+ 
p>tn]s4  ,s :ile ! bees ) _! honey-bags1
 l ! f9anci] ) 8 money-bags1 are /or+ up
 pr(it = ! composite community1 !       
butt]fly1 on ! contr>y1 lays himself out
 = an agreeable flutt]1 & sips nect> :]e
 he w1 ov] l>ge areas ( c\ntry4 ,he     
flies r high1 flaunt+ 8 w+s 9 ! sun1    
because he wants to %[ himself (f 9 all 
8 airy beauty3 & :5 he spies a b$ (     
bright fl[]s af> (f on ! sun-smitt5     
slopes1 he sails (f t[>ds !m lazily1 l a
 gr& signior :o amuses himself4 ,no     

regul> plodd+ ?r\gh a monoton\s spike ( 
pla9 little bells = him3 :at he wants is
 brilliant col\r1 bold adv]tisem5t1 good
 honey1 & pl5ty ( x4 ,he doesn't c>e to 
se>*4 ,:o wants 8 fav\rs mu/ make       
himself conspicu\s4  ,n[1 plants are    
good %opkeep]s2 !y lay !mselves out     
/rictly to attract _! cu/om]s4 ,h5ce !  
"* ( ! fl[]s on ?is beeless belt (      
m\nta9 side is entirely det]m9$ by ! "* 
( ! butt]fly f]tilis]s4 ,only ^? plants 
:i* laid !mselves out f "t immemorial to
 suit ! butt]flies1 9 o!r words1 h      
succe$$ 9 ! long run 9 ! /ruggle =      
exi/5ce4 ,s ! butt]fly-plants ( !       
butt]fly-zone are all /rictly adapt$ to 
butt]fly ta/es & butt]fly fancies4 ,!y  
are1 = ! mo/ "p1 individually l>ge &    
brilliantly col\r$3 !y h lots ( honey1  
(t5 /or$ at ! base ( a deep & op5 bell  
:i* ! long proboscis ( ! insect c easily
 p5etrate3 & !y habitually gr[ close    
toge!r 9 broad belts or pat*es1 s t !   
col\r ( ea* re9=ces & aids ! col\r ( !  
o!rs4 ,x is ?is cumulative habit t      

acc\nts = ! m>k$ fl[]b$ or jam-t>t "*   
:i* ev]ybody mu/ h notic$ 9 ! high      
,alp9e flora4  ,ari/ocracies usually    
pride !mselves on _! antiquity3 & ! high
 life ( ! m\nta9s is und5iably anci5t4  
,! plants & animals ( ! butt]fly-zone   
belong to a special gr\p :i* appe>s     
ev]y:]e 9 ,europe & ,am]ica ab\t ! limit
 ( sn[1 :e!r nor?w>d or upw>d4 ,=       
example1 ,i 0 pleas$ to note ne> !      
summit ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton 7! highe/ peak 9
 ,new ,hamp%ire7 t a l>ge numb] ( !     
fl[]s belong$ to species well kn[n on ! 
op5 pla9s ( ,lapl& & ,f9l&4 ,! plants ( 
! ,high ,alps are f\nd also1 z a rule1 n
 only on ! ,high ,pyr5ees1 ! ,c>pa?ians1
 ! ,scot* ,grampians1 & ! ,norwegian    
fjelds1 b also r\nd ! ,arctic ,circle 9 
,europe & ,am]ica4 ,!y reappe> at long  
di/ances :]e suitable conditions recur3 
!y foll[ ! sn[-l9e z ! sn[-l9e rec$es   
ev] 9 summ] high] nor? t[>d ! pole or   
high] v]tically t[>d ! m\nta9 summits4  
,& ?is bespeaks 9 "o way to ! reason+   
m9d a v anci5t ance/ry4 ,x %[s !y date  

back to a v old & cold epo*4  ,let me   
give a s+le in/ance :i* /rik+ly         
illu/rates ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,ne> ! top 
( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 z a=esaid1 lives to   
?is day a little colony ( v cold-lov+ & 
m\nta9\s butt]flies1 :i* nev] desc5d    
bel[ a c\ple ( ?\s& feet f ! w9d-swept  
summit4 ,except j !re1 !re are no m (   
!re sort any:]e ab\t3 & z f> z !        
butt]flies !mselves are aw>e1 no o!rs ( 
_! species exi/ on e>?3 !y nev] h se5 a 
s+le "o ( _! k9d1 save ( _! own little  
colony4 ,"o might comp>e !m ) !         
,pitcairn ,isl&]s 9 ! ,s\? ,seas--an    
isolat$ gr\p ( ,engli% orig91 cut (f by 
a va/ di/ance f all _! cong5]s 9 ,europe
 or ,am]ica4 ,b if y g nor? "s eight or 
n9e hundr$ miles f ,new ,hamp%ire to    
,labrador1 at a c]ta9 po9t ! same       
butt]fly reappe>s1 & spreads nor?w>d    
t[>d ! pole 9 great abundance4 ,n[1 h[  
did ?is little colony ( *illy insects   
get sep>at$ f ! ma9 body1 & isl&$1 z x  
71 on a remote m\nta9-top 9 f> w>m] ,new
 ,hamp%ire8  ,! answ] is1 !y 7 /r&$ !re 

at ! end ( ! ,glacial epo*4  ,a c\ple ( 
hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ago or !reab\ts--don't 
let u haggle1 ,i beg ( y1 ov] a few     
casual c5turies--! :ole ( nor!rn ,europe
 & ,am]ica 0 cov]$ f end to end1 z      
ev]ybody kn[s1 by a %eet ( solid ice1 l 
! "o :i* ,fri?i( ,nans5 cross$ f sea to 
sea on 8 own acc\nt 9 ,gre5l&4 ,= _m    
?\s& ye>s1 ) occasional w>m] spells1 t  
va/ ice-%eet brood$1 sil5t & grim1 ov] !
 face ( ! two cont95ts4 ,life 0 ext9ct z
 f> s\? z ! latitude ( ,new ,york &     
,london4 ,no plant or animal surviv$ !  
g5]al freez+4 ,n a creature broke !     
monotony ( t endless glacial des]t4 ,at 
la/1 z ! cele/ial cycle came r\nd 9 due 
season1 fre% conditions sup]v5$4 ,w>m]  
wea!r set 91 & ! ice began to melt4 ,!n 
! plants & animals ( ! sub-glacial      
di/rict 7 pu%$ sl[ly nor?w>d by ! w>m?  
aft] ! retreat+ ice-cap4 ,z "t w5t on1 !
 climate ( ! pla9s got too hot to hold  
!m4 ,! summ] 0 too mu* = ! glacial types
 to endure4 ,!y rema9$ only on ! highe/ 
m\nta9 peaks or close to ! s\!rn limit (

 et]nal sn[4 ,9 ?is way1 e isolat$ range
 9 ei!r cont95t has its own little      
colony ( arctic or glacial plants &     
animals1 :i* /ill survive by !mselves1  
unaffect$ by int]c\rse ) _! unkn[n &    
unsuspect$ fell[-creatures else:]e4  ,n 
only has ! ,glacial epo* left ^! organic
 traces ( its exi/5ce1 h[ev]2 9 "s p>ts 
( ,new ,hamp%ire1 :]e ! glaci]s 7       
unusually ?ick & deep1 fragm5ts ( !     
primval ice itself /ill rema9 on ! spots
 :]e !y 7 orig9ally /r&$4 ,among ! %ady 
gl5s ( ! :ite m\nta9s !re occur "h & !re
 great masses ( anci5t ice1 ! unmelt$   
remnant ( primval glaci]s2 & "o ( ^! is 
s l>ge t an artificial cave has be5     
clev]ly excavat$ 9 x1 z an attraction = 
t\ri/s1 by ! canny ,yankee proprietor4  
,else:]e ! old ice-blocks are buri$ "u !
 dbris ( mora9e-/uff & alluvium1 & are  
only accid5tally discov]$ by ! s9k+ (   
:at are locally kn[n z ice-wells4 ,no   
exi/+ conditions c acc\nt = ! =mation ( 
su* solid rocks ( ice at su* a dep? 9 ! 
soil4 ,!y are ess5tially glaci]-l 9     

orig9 & "*3 !y result f ! pressure ( sn[
 into a cry/all9e mass 9 a m\nta9       
valley3 & !y mu/ h rema9$ !re unmelt$   
ev] s9ce ! close ( ! ,glacial epo*1 :i*1
 by ,dr4 ,croll's calculations1 mu/ mo/ 
probably h ceas$ to plague our e>? "s   
eighty ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,mod]n ,am]ica1   
h[ev]1 has no respect = antiquity3 & x  
is at pres5t engag$ 9 us+ up ?is        
palocry/ic deposit--?is belat$ /oreh\se 
( prehi/oric ice--9 ! manufacture ( g9  
sl+s & br&y cocktails4  ,z "o scales a  
m\nta9 ( mod]ate height--say sev5 or    
eight ?\s& feet--9 a temp]ate climate1  
"o is sure to be /ruck by ! gradual     
dim9ution z "o goes 9 ! size ( ! trees1 
till at la/ !y tail (f into m]e %rubs & 
bu%es4 ,?is dim9ution--an old           
commonplace ( t\ri/s--is a m>k$         
*>act]i/ic ( m\nta9 plants1 & x dep5ds1 
( c\rse1 9 ! ma9 ^u ! effect ( cold1 & (
 ! w9d 9 w9t]4 ,cold1 h[ev]1 is by f> ! 
m pot5t factor ( ! two1 ?\gh x is ! lea/
 (t5 insi/$ ^u3 & ?is c be se5 9 a mom5t
 by anyone :o rememb]s t trees %ade (f 9

 j ! self-same mann] ne> ! s\!rn limit (
 p]man5t sn[ 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,& !  
way ! cold acts is simply ?is3 x nips (f
 ! "y buds 9 spr+ 9 expos$ situations1 z
 ! *illy sea-breeze does ) coa/ plants1 
:i*1 z we commonly b incorrectly say1   
are bl[n sideways f seaw>d4  ,( c\rse1 !
 l[] d[n "o gets1 & ! ne>] to ! soil1 ! 
w>m] ! lay] ( air becomes1 bo? because  
!re is great] radiation1 & because "o c 
secure a little m %elt]4 ,s1 v f> nor?1 
& v ne> ! sn[-l9e on m\nta9s1 y always  
f9d ! vegetation runs l[ & /unt$4 ,x    
takes advantage ( e crack1 e cranny 9 ! 
rocks1 e sunny little nook1 e jutt+ po9t
 or wee promontory ( %elt]4 ,& z !      
m\nta9 plants h be5 accu/om$ = ages to !
 /r5u\s conditions ( su* cold &         
w9d-swept situations1 !y h end$1 (      
c\rse1 by adapt+ !mselves to t /ation 9 
life to :i* x has pleas$ ! p[]s t be to 
call !m4 ,!y gr[ q naturally l[ & /umpy 
& rosette-%ap$3 !y are compact ( =m & v 
h>d ( fibre3 !y pres5t no surface (     
resi/ance to ! w9d 9 any way2 r\nd$ &   

boss-l1 !y seldom rise above ! level ( !
 rooks & /ones1 ^: int]/ices !y occupy4 
,x is ?is comb9ation ( *>act]s t makes  
m\nta9 plants su* fav\rites ) flori/s3 =
 !y possess ( !mselves t close-gr[n     
habit & t ri* pr(usion ( clu/]$ fl[]s   
:i* x is ! gr& object ( ! g>d5] by      
artificial selection to produce &       
enc\rage4  ,:5 "o talks ( ! '! limit (  
trees' on a m\nta9 side1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be
 rememb]$ t ! phrase is us$ 9 a /rictly 
human or ,pickwickian s5se1 & t x is    
only ! size1 n ! type1 ( ! vegetation t 
is really 9 "q4 ,= trees exi/ ev5 on !  
highe/ hill-tops3 only !y h accommodat$ 
!mselves to ! exig5cies ( ! situation4  
,small] & ev] small] species h be5      
develop$ by natural selection to suit ! 
peculi>ities ( ^! inclem5t spots4 ,take1
 = example1 ! will[ & popl> gr\p4       
,nobody w\ld d5y t a weep+ will[ by an  
,engli% riv]1 or a ,lomb>dy popl> 9 an  
,italian av5ue1 0 z mu* ( a true tree z 
an oak or a *e/nut4 ,b z "o m\nts t[>ds 
! b>e & w9d-swept m\nta9 heights "o f9ds

 t ! will[s beg9 to gr[ d[nw>d          
gradually4 ,! 'nett$ will[' ( ! ,alps & 
,pyr5ees1 :i* %elt]s itself "u ! lee (  
little jutt+ rocks1 atta9s ! height (   
only a few in*es2 :ile ! 'h]bace\s      
will[1' common on all v high m\nta9s 9  
,we/]n ,europe1 is a t9y creep+ we$1 :i*
 nobody w\ld ev] take = a =e/ tree by   
orig9 at all1 unless he happ5$ to see x 
9 ! catk9-be>+ /age1 :5 its true nature 
& hi/ory w\ld become at once app>5t to  
him4  ,yet ?is little h]b-l will[1 "o ( 
! mo/ nor!rly & h>dy ( ,european plants1
 is a true tree at he>t none ! less =   
all t4 ,s(t & succul5t z x looks 9 bran*
 & leaf1 y may yet c\nt on x sometimes z
 _m r+s ( annual gr[? z on a lordly     
,scot* fir-tree4 ,b :]e8 ,:y1 und]gr\nd4
 ,= see h[ cunn+ x is1 ?is little /unt$ 
desc5dant ( pr\d =e/ lords3 h>d-press$  
by nature1 x has le>nt to make ! be/ (  
its difficult & prec>i\s position4 ,x   
has a woody trunk at core1 l all o!r    
trees2 b ?is trunk nev] appe>s above !  
level ( ! soil3 x creeps & roots        

und]gr\nd 9 tortu\s zigzags betwe5 !    
crags & b\ld]s t lie /rewn ?r\gh its ?9 
%eet ( upl& leaf-m\ld4 ,by ?is simple   
plan ! will[ manages to get protection 9
 w9t]1 on ! same pr9ciple z :5 we human 
g>d5]s lay d[n ! /ems ( v9es3 only !    
will[ rema9s laid d[n all ! ye> &       
always4 ,b 9 summ] x s5ds up its        
%ort-liv$ h]bace\s bran*es1 cov]$ ) t9y 
gre5 leaves1 & end+ at la/ 9 a s+le     
silky catk94 ,yet betwe5 ! great weep+  
will[ & ?is la/ degrad$ m\nta9          
repres5tative ( ! same primitive type1 y
 c trace 9 ,europe alone at lea/ a doz5 
di/9ct int]m$iate =ms1 all well m>k$ 9  
_! diff]5ces1 & all progressively dw>f$ 
by long /ress ( unfav\rable conditions4 
,f ! comb9ation ( su* unfav\rable       
conditions 9 ,arctic c\ntries & "u !    
sn[-l9e ( m\nta9s !re results a curi\s  
fact1 already h9t$ at above1 t ! colde/ 
floras are also1 f ! purely human po9t (
 view1 ! mo/ beautiful4 ,n1 ( c\rse1 !  
mo/ luxuriant3 = lu% ri*ness ( foliage &
 'bread? ( tropic %ade' 7to quote a     

noble "l7 "o mu/ g1 z ev]yone kn[s1 to !
 equatorial regions4 ,b1 contr>y to !   
common op9ion1 ! tropics1 ho>y %ams1 are
 n rem>kable = ! abundance or beauty (  
_! fl[]s4 ,q o!rwise1 inde$3 an         
unreliev$ gre5 /rikes ! keynote (       
equatorial =e/s4 ,?is is my own         
exp]i5ce1 & x is borne out 7:i* is f> m 
important7 by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel       
,wallace1 :o has se5 a wid] range ( !   
unt\*$ tropics1 9 all f\r               
hemisph]es--nor!rn1 s\!rn1 ea/]n1       
we/]n--?an any o!r man1 ,i suppose1 t   
ev] liv$ on ?is planet4 ,& ,mr4 ,wallace
 is firm 9 8 conviction t ! tropics 9   
?is respect are a complete fraud4       
,bright fl[]s are !re q conspicu\sly    
abs5t4 ,x is r 9 ! cold & less fav\r$   
regions ( ! _w t "o mu/ look = f9e      
floral displays & bright masses ( col\r4
 ,close up to ! sn[-l9e ! weal? ( fl[]s 
is always ! greate/4  ,9 ord] to und]/& 
?is app>5t p>adox "o mu/ rememb] t !    
highe/ type ( fl[]s1 f ! po9t ( view (  
organisation1 is n at ! same "t by any  

means ! mo/ beautiful4 ,on ! contr>y1   
plants ) v little special adaptation to 
any p>ticul> insect1 l ! wat]-lilies & !
 poppies1 are oblig$ to flaunt =? 9 v   
brilliant hues1 & to run to v l>ge sizes
 9 ord] to attract ! att5tion ( a great 
numb] ( visitors1 "o or o!r ( :om may   
casually f]tilise !m2 :ile plants ) v   
special adaptations1 l ! sage & m9t     
gr\p1 or ! little ,engli% or*ids1 are s 
cunn+ly arrang$ t !y c't fail (         
f]tilisation at ! v fir/ visit1 :i* (   
c\rse enables !m to a great ext5t to    
disp5se ) ! aid ( big or brilliant      
petals4 ,s t1 :]e ! /ruggle = life is   
fi]ce/1 & adaptation mo/ p]fect1 ! flora
 w on ! :ole be n mo/1 b lea/1          
conspicu\s 9 ! matt] ( v h&some fl[]s4  
,n[1 ! /ruggle = life is fi]ce/1 & !    
weal? ( nature is greate/1 "o ne$ h>dly 
say1 9 tropical climates4 ,!re alone d  
we f9d e in* ( soil 'encumb]$ by its    
wa/e f]tility1' z ,comus puts x2 weigh$ 
d[n by luxuriant gr[? ( tree1 %rub1 h]b1
 creep]4 ,!re alone d liz>ds lurk 9 e   

hole2 beetles dwell manifold 9 e cranny2
 butt]flies flock ?ick 9 e grove2 bees1 
ants1 & flies sw>m by myriads on e      
sun-smitt5 hillside4 ,accord+ly1 9 !    
tropics1 adaptation rea*es its highe/   
po9t2 & tangl$ ri*ness1 n beauty (      
col\r1 becomes ! dom9ant note ( !       
equatorial =e/s4 ,n[ & !n1 to be sure1 z
 y w&] ?r\gh ,brazilian or ,malayan     
woods1 y may light ^u "s bright tree    
clad 9 sc>let bloom1 or "s glori\s or*id
 droop+ p5dant f a b\gh ) long sprays ( 
beauty3 b su* sights are infrequ5t4     
,gre51 & gre51 & ev] gre5 aga9--t is !  
g5]al feel+ ( ! equatorial =e/3 z       
diff]5t z possible f ! ri* mosaic ( a   
high alp 9 e>ly ,june1 or a ,scot*      
hillside deep 9 gold5 gorse & purple    
hea!r 9 broad ,augu/ sun%9e4  ,9 v cold 
c\ntries1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ! conditions
 are sev]e1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is n    
really s h>d1 because1 9 "o ^w1 !re are 
few] competitors4 ,! field is less      
occupi$2 life is less ri*1 less v>i$1   
less self-/rangl+4 ,& !re=e             

specialisation hasn't gone ne>ly s f> 9 
cold latitudes or altitudes4 ,l[] &     
simpl] types ev]y:]e occupy ! soil2     
mosses1 matt$ fl[]s1 small beetles1 dw>f
 butt]flies4 ,nature is less luxuriant1 
yet 9 "s ways m beautiful4 ,z we rise on
 ! m\nta9s ! =e/ trees disappe>1 & ) !m 
! =e/ bea/s1 f be>s to squirrels2 a l[1 
w9d-swept vegetation succe$s1 v poor 9  
species1 & /unt$ 9 gr[?1 b mak+ a floor 
( ri* fl[]s almo/ unkn[n else:]e4 ,!    
humble butt]flies & beetles ( ! *illi]  
elevation produce 9 ! result m beautiful
 bloom ?an ! highly develop$            
honey-seek]s ( ! ri*] & w>m] l[l&s4     
,luxuriance is aton$ = by a ,turkey     
c>pet ( floral magnific5ce4  ,h[1 !n1   
has ! _w at l>ge fall5 into ! p>donable 
error ( believ+ tropical nature to be s 
ri* 9 col\r+1 & circumpol> nature to be 
s d+y & unlovable8 ,simply ?us1 ,i      
believe4 ,! tropics embrace ! l>ge/ l&  
areas 9 ! _w1 & are ri*] by a ?\s& times
 9 species ( plants & animals ?an all ! 
re/ ( ! e>? 9 a lump put toge!r4 ,t     

ri*ness necess>ily results f ! fi]c5ess 
( ! competition4 ,n[ among ?is enorm\s  
mass ( tropical plants x naturally      
happ5s t "s h f9] fl[]s ?an any temp]ate
 species2 :ile z to ! animals & birds1  
!y are und\bt$ly1 on ! :ole1 bo? l>g] & 
h&som] ?an ! fauna ( cold] climates4 ,b 
9 ! g5]al aspect ( tropical nature an   
occasional bright fl[] or brilliant     
p>rot c\nts = v little among ! mass (   
lu% gre5 :i* surr\nds & conceals x4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 9 our museums & cons]vatories 
we s$ul\sly pick out ! r>e/ & mo/       
beautiful ( ^! r>e & beautiful species1 
& we isolate !m completely f _! natural 
surr\nd+s4 ,! consequ5ce is t !         
untravell$ m9d reg>ds ! tropics m5tally 
z a sort ( p]petual replica ( !         
hot-h\ses at ,kew1 sup]impos$ on ! be/ (
 ,mr4 ,bull's or*id %[s4 ,z a matt] (   
fact1 p :o "k ! hot _w well c tell y t !
 av]age tropical woodl& is mu* m l ! d>k
 %ade ( ,box ,hill or ! deepe/ glades ( 
! ,black ,=e/4 ,= really f9e floral     
display 9 ! mass1 all at once1 y mu/ g1 

n to ,ceylon1 ,sumatra1 ,jamaica1 b to !
 f> nor? ( ,canada1 ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 ! 
moors ( ,inv]ness-%ire1 ! ,nor? ,cape ( 
,norway4 ,fl[]s are lovelie/ :]e !      
climate is colde/2 =e/s are gre5e/1 mo/ 
luxuriant1 lea/ blossom+1 :]e !         
conditions ( life are ri*e/1 w>me/1     
fi]ce/4 ,9 "o ^w1 ,high ,life is always 
poor b beautiful4                       
,,eight-,,legg$ ,,fri5ds4  ,a s+ul>     
opportunity 0 af=d$ me la/ summ] = mak+ 
myself ?or\ghly at home ) ! habits &    
mann]s ( ! common ,engli% geometrical   
spid]4 ,by ! pure *ance ( circum/ance1  
two ladies ( t intellig5t & int]e/+     
species 7 k9d en\gh to select = _!      
tempor>y resid5ce a l>ge pane ( glass j 
outside my draw+-room w9d[4 ,n[1 x s    
happ5$ t ?is p>ticul> pane 0 con/ruct$ n
 to op51 be+1 9 fact1 "p ( a big        
b[-w9d[1 ! alt]nate sa%es ( :i* 7 alone 
int5d$ = v5tilation4 ,h5ce x came to    
pass t by dilig5t c>e ,i 0 enabl$ to    
pres]ve my two eight-legg$ acqua9tances 
f ! dev\r+ broom ( ! ,briti% h\semaid1 &

 to keep !m con/antly "u obs]vation at  
all times & seasons dur+ a :ole summ]4  
,( c\rse ?is result 0 only obta9$ by a  
di/9ct ex]cise ( despotic au?ority1 = ,i
 "k ^? poor spid]s 7 a con/ant eyesore 9
 ,ell5's sight--! h\semaid ( ! mom5t    
bore ! "n ( ,ell5--b ,i p]si/$ 9 my     
prohibition ( any =cible ejectm5t1 & ,i 
c>ri$ my po9t 9 ! end 9 ! v tee? ( t    
con/itut$ dome/ic au?ority4 ,s          
successful 0 ,i1 inde$1 t :5 at la/ we  
flitt$ s\?w>ds ourselves ) ! swall[s on 
our annual migration to ! ,m$it]ranean  
%ores1 we left ,lucy & ,eliza--^? 7 !   
names we _h giv5 !m--9 undi/urb$        
possession ( _! prescriptive rights 9 ! 
draw+-room w9d[s4 ,?is ye> !y are gone1 
& our home is left spid]less4  ,!y 7    
curi\s & un9vit+ pets1 ,i'm b\nd to     
admit1 ^? great juicy-look+ creatures4  
,nobody c\ld say t any =m ( spid] is    
precisely :at our ,italian fri5ds       
prettily describe 9 _! liquid way z     
simpatico4 ,at times1 inde$1 ! conduct (
 ,lucy & ,eliza 0 s peculi>ly horrible &

 blood-curdl+ 9 its atrocity1 t ev5 ,i1 
_! be/ fri5d1 :o _h s (t5 int]c$$ = _!  
lives & sav$ !m f ! deva/at+ du/] ( !   
aggressive h\semaid--ev5 ,i myself1 ,i  
say1 m ?an once debat$ 9 my own m9d :e!r
 ,i 0 ju/ifi$ 9 lett+ !m g on any long] 
9 _! c>e] ( crime un*eck$1 or :e!r ,i   
ought n r to ru% out at once1 av5g+ rag 
9 h&1 & sweep !m away at "o fell swoop f
 ! surface ( a _w !y disgrac$ ) _!      
unbridl$ wick$ness4 ,eliza1 9 p>ticul>1 
,i'm con/ra9$ to all[1 0 a p]fect mon/] 
( vice--a sort ( undevelop$ ara*nid     
,borgia1 quick to slay & rel5tless 9    
pursuit2 a mass ( eight-legg$ s9s1 /a9$ 
) ! col\rless gore ( t5 ?\s& /ruggl+    
victims1 & absolutely )\t a s+le r$eem+ 
po9t 9 h] hateful "*4 ,& yet1 :5ev] any 
m ?an usually horrible massacre ( "s    
pretty & innoc5t fly almo/ mov$ me 9 my 
righte\s wra? to ru% out into ! g>d5 9  
hot ha/e & put an end at once to ! cruel
 wret*'s exi/5ce ) a judicial           
antimacass>1 a numb] ( moral scruples1  
su* z c\ld only be adequately resolv$ by

 ! editor ( ! ,spectator1 always occurr$
 spontane\sly to my m9d & consci5ce j 9 
"t to ensure t wick$ ,eliza a fre% spell
 ( life 9 :i* to cont9ue unaba%$ h]     
atroci\s behavi\r4  ,has man1 ,i ask$   
myself at su* mom5ts1 m]e human man1 any
 "r to set himself up 9 ! place ( e>?ly 
provid5ce1 z s mu* bett] & m moral ?an  
ins5ti5t nature8 ,if ! spid] cruelly    
dev\rs liv+ flies & intellig5t or highly
 s5sitive bees1 we mu/ at lea/ rememb] t
 %e has no *oice 9 ! matt]1 & t1 z !    
poet ju/ly rem>ks1 ''tis h] nature to4' 
,b !n1 on ! o!r h&1 x might be plausibly
 argu$ t 'tis our nature equally to kill
 ! creature t we see s hatefully        
fulfill+ ! law ( its own cruel be+4 ,&  
yet aga9 x might be plead$ by any able  
c\nsel :o und]took ! def5ce ( ,lucy or  
,eliza on h] trial = h] life aga9/ h]   
human accus]s1 t %e 0 impell$ to all ^! 
evil de$s by mat]nal affection1 "o ( !  
noble/ & mo/ unselfi% ( animal in/9cts4 
,moreov]1 if ! spid] didn't prey1 x w\ld
 obvi\sly die2 & x seems r h>d on any   

creature to condemn x to dea? = no bett]
 reason ?an because x happ5s to h be5   
born a memb] ( its own k9d1 & n ( any   
o!r & less morally objectionable        
species4 ,j$burgh ju/ice o t sort r     
sav\rs ( ! me?od pursu$ by ! fam\s      
c\ntryman :o 0 f\nd cutt+ a h>mless     
amphibian into a hundr$ pieces ) 8      
murd]\s spade1 & say+ spitefully z he   
did s1 at e p>ticul>ly savage cut3      
',i'll l>n ye to be a twoad1 ,i w2 ,i'll
 l>n ye to be a twoad6'  ,nev]!less1 9  
spite ( all ?is my vaunt$ philosophy1 ,i
 w frankly confess t m ?an once ,eliza &
 ,lucy sorely tri$ my pati5ce1 & t ,i 0 
(t5 a good deal bett] ?an half-m9d$ 9 my
 s\l to ru% out 9 a fev]i% fit ( moral  
indignation & put an end to _! gha/ly   
c>e] ( crime )\t wait+ to he> :at !y _h 
to say 9 _! own fav\r1 %[+ cause :y     
s5t5ce ( dea? %\ld n be execut$ ^u !m4  
,& ,i w\ld h done x1 ,i believe1 _h x n 
be5 = t peculi> arrangem5t ( !          
draw+-room w9d[s1 :i* made x impossible 
to get at ! culprits direct1 )\t go+ out

 into ! g>d5 & r\nd ! h\se2 :i*1 (      
c\rse1 is a sev]e /ra9 9 wet or w9dy    
wea!r to put ^u anybody's moral         
en?usiasm4 ,9 ! end1 !re=e1 ,i always   
gave ! evil-do]s ! b5efit ( ! d\bt2 & ,i
 only m5tion my e?ical scruples 9 !     
matt] "h le/ sc(f]s %\ld say1 :5 !y come
 to read :at mann] ( ?+s ,lucy & ,eliza 
did3 ',oh yes1 t's j l ^? sci5tific     
folks2 !y're always s cold-blood$4 ,he  
c\ld /& by & see ^! poor helpless flies 
tortur$ sl[ly to dea?1 )\t a *ance = _! 
lives1 & nev] put out a help+ h& to save
 !m6' ,well1 ,i w\ld only ask y "o "q1  
my sapi5t fri5d1 :o talk l t3 ,has x ev]
 occurr$ to y t1 if y kill "o spid]1 y  
m]ely make room 9 ! ov]fl[+ economy (   
nature = ano!r to pick up a di%one/     
livelihood8 ,h y ev] reflect$ t ! prime 
blame ( spid]hood re/s ) ,nature h]self 
7if we may v5ture to p]sonify t         
imp]sonal entity72 & t %e has provid$   
su* a con/ant supply or relay ( spid]s z
 w amply suffice to fill up all !       
possible vacancies t c ev] occur 9      

insect-eat+ circles8 ,unless y h        
consid]$ all ^! po9ts c>efully1 & h an  
answ] to give ab\t !m1 y are n 9 a      
position to pron\nce ^u ! subject1 & y  
_h bett] be ref]r$ = six mon?s long]1 z 
! m$ical exam9]s gracefully put x1 to   
y\r e?ical1 psy*ological1 & biological  
/udies4 ,! great po9t ab\t ! position 9 
:i* ,eliza & ,lucy _h plac$ !mselves 0  
simply ?is4 ,!y /ood full aga9/ ! light1
 s t we c\ld see "r ?r\gh _! transluc5t 
bodies1 :i* 7 almo/ liquid to look ^u1 &
 beautifully dappl$ ) d>k spots on a    
grey gr\nd 9 a v pretty & effective     
patt]n4 ,s fav\rable 0 ! opportunity =  
obs]vation1 inde$1 t we c\ld cle>ly make
 out ) ! nak$ eye ev5 ! jo9ts ( _! legs1
 ! hairs on _! t>si--excuse ! phrase--& 
! v %ape ( _! cruel tig]like claws1 z !y
 ru%$ =? ^u _! prey 9 a sort ( c>nivor\s
 fr5zy4 ,at all h\rs ( ! day we c\ld    
notice exactly :at !y 7 do+ or suff]+2 &
 s famili> did we become ) !m           
individually & p]sonally1 t be=e ! end (
 ! season we recogniz$ 9 detail all !   

diff]5ces ( _! *>act]s almo/ z "o might 
d ) cats or dogs1 & spoke ( !m by _!    
,*ri/ian names l old & well-kn[n        
acqua9tances4  ,z ! webs :i* ,lucy &    
,eliza spun 7 sev]al times brok5 or     
mutilat$ dur+ ! ye>1 ei!r by accid5t or 
! g>d5]1 we _h pl5ty ( *ances = see+ h[ 
!y proce$$ 9 mak+ !m4 ,! l9es 7 9 bo?   
cases /ret*$ betwe5 a :ite rose-bu% t   
climb$ up "o side ( ! w9d[1 & a purple  
clematis t occupi$ & drap$ ! opposite   
mullion4 ,b ,lucy & ,eliza didn't live 9
 ! webs--^? 7 only _! sn>es or traps =  
prey2 ea* ( !m _h 9 addition a private  
home or ap>tm5t ( h] own "u %elt] ( a   
rose-leaf at "s di/ance f ! trea*]\s    
geometrical /ructure4 ,! h\se itself    
consi/$ m]ely ( a silk5 cell1 built out 
f ! rose-leaf1 & connect$ ) ! sn>e by a 
s+le /\t cord ( v solid con/ruction4 ,on
 ?is cord ! spid] kept "o foot--,i _h   
almo/ said "o h&--con/antly fix$4 ,%e   
pois$ x lightly by h] claws1 & :5ev] an 
insect got entangl$ 9 ! web1 a subtle   
electric message1 s to speak1 seem$ to  

run along ! l9e to ! ev]-wat*ful        
c>nivore4 ,9 "o %ort second ,lucy or    
,eliza1 z ! case might be1 _h d>t$ out  
^u h] qu>ry1 & 0 tackl+ x might ma91    
accord+ to ! p>ticul> way its size &    
/r5g? r5d]$ !n & !re advisable4 ,! me?od
 ( proc$ure1 :i* ,i %all describe m     
fully by-&-by1 diff]$ consid]ably f case
 to case1 z ^! v l>ge & /rong spid]s h  
sometimes to deal ) m]e t9y midges1 &   
sometimes ) extremely big & dang]\s     
creatures1 l bumble-bees1 wasps1 & ev5  
hornets4  ,9 build+ _! webs1 z 9 _m o!r 
small po9ts1 ,lucy & ,eliza %[$ f ! fir/
 no inconsid]able p]sonal diff]5ces4    
,lucy began h]s by sp9n+ a long l9e f h]
 sp9n]ets1 & lett+ ! w9d c>ry x :]ev] x 
w\ld2 :ile ,eliza1 m ar*itectural 9 "*1 
pref]r$ to take h] l9es p]sonally f po9t
 to po9t1 & see h]self to _! prop]      
fa/5+4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ ?+   
done 0 to /ret* "s eight or t5 /\t      
?reads f place to place on ! outside ( !
 future web1 to act z po9ts d'appuy = ! 
rema9d] ( ! /ructure4 ,to ^! out]       

?reads1 :i* ! spid]s /r5g!n$ s z to be> 
a consid]able /ra9 by d\bl+ & trebl+ !m1
 o!r ?9n] s+le ?reads 7 !n c>ri$        
radially at irregul> di/ances1 l !      
spokes ( a :eel1 f a po9t 9 ! c5tre1 :]e
 !y 7 all made fa/ & connect$ toge!r4 ,z
 soon z ?is radiat+ framework or        
scaffold+ 0 f9i%$1 l ! wo( on a loom1 ! 
indu/ri\s craftswoman />t$ at ! middle1 
& began ! task ( putt+ 9 ! cross-pieces 
or weft :i* 7 to complete & b9d toge!r !
 circul> patt]n4 ,^! %e wove r\nd & r\nd
 9 a cont9u\s spiral1 sett+ out at !    
c5tre1 & keep+ on 9 ev]-wid5+ circlets1 
till %e arriv$ at la/ at ! ext]ior or   
f\ndation ?reads4 ,h[ %e fa/5$ ^!       
cross-pieces to ! ray-l9es ,i c\ld nev] 
q make out1 ?\gh ,i (t5 foll[$ ! "w     
closely f inside ?r\gh ! pane ( glass ) 
a platyscopic l5s2 =1 /range to say1 !  
spid]s 7 n 9 ! lea/ di/urb$ by be+ wat*$
 at _! "w1 & nev] took ! slighte/ notice
 ( any?+ t w5t on at ! o!r side ( !     
w9d[4 ,my impression is1 h[ev]1 t %e    
gumm$ !m toge!r1 lett+ !m h>d5 into "o z

 !y dri$2 = ! ?read itself is always    
semi-liquid :5 fir/ exud$4  ,!          
cross-pieces1 we obs]v$ f ! v beg9n+1 7 
inv>iably cov]$ by little sp>kl+ drops (
 some?+ wet & beadlike1 :i* at fir/ 9   
our ignorance we took = dew2 = until ,i 
began sy/ematically obs]v+ ,lucy &      
,eliza1 ,i w frankly confess ,i _h nev] 
paid any p>ticul> att5tion to !         
spid]-k9d ) ! solit>y exception ( my old
 w9t] fri5ds1 ! trap-door spid]s ( !    
,m$it]ranean %ores4 ,b1 aft] a little   
exp]i5ce1 we soon f\nd out t ^! pe>ly   
drops on ! web 7 n dew at all1 b a /icky
 sub/ance1 ak91 to t ( ! web1 secret$ by
 ! animals !mselves f _! own bodies4 ,we
 also quickly discov]$1 com+ to !       
obs]vation z we did ) m9ds unbias$ by   
previ\s k1 t ! viscid liquid 9 "q 0 ( ! 
utmo/ importance to ! spid]s 9 secur+ _!
 prey1 & t un=tunate insects 7 n m]ely  
entangl$ b likewise gumm$ d[n or glu$ by
 x1 l birds 9 bird-lime or flies 9      
treacle4 ,s necess>y is ! /icky /uff1   
inde$1 to ! success ( ! trap1 t ,lucy & 

,eliza us$ to r5ew ! entire set (       
cross-pieces 9 ! web e morn+1 & ?us     
ensure f day to day a p]fectly fre%     
supply ( viscid fluid2 b1 s f> z ,i c\ld
 see1 !y only r5ew$ ! rays & !          
f\ndation-?reads "u /ress ( necessity1  
:5 ! sn>e _h be5 s greatly injur$ by    
l>ge insects /ruggl+ 9 x1 or by ! w9d or
 ! g>d5]1 z to r5d] repairs absolutely  
unavoidable4 ,! :ole /ructure1 :5       
complete1 is s beautiful & wond]ful a   
sight1 ) its geometrical regul>ity & its
 bead$ drops1 t if x 7 produc$ by a r>e 
creature f ,madagasc> or ! ,cape1 9 !   
insect-h\se at ! ,zoo1 all ! _w1 ,i'm   
conv9c$1 w\ld ru% to look at x z a      
n9e-days' wond]4 ,b s9ce x's only ! trap
 ( ! common ,engli% g>d5 spid]1 :y1 we  
all pass x by )\t deign+ ev5 to glance  
at x4  ,at night my eight-legg$ fri5ds  
slept always 9 _! own homes or ne/s "u  
%elt] ( ! rose-leaves4 ,b dur+ ! day !y 
alt]nat$ betwe5 ! ne/ & ! c5tre ( ! web1
 :i* la/ seem$ to s]ve !m z a conv5i5t  
/ation :]e !y wait$ = _! prey1 /&+ head 

d[nw>d ) legs wide spread on ! rays1 on 
! look-out = incid5ts4 ,:e!r at ! c5tre 
or 9 ! ne/1 h[ev]1 !y kept _! feet      
con/antly on ! wat* = any di/urbance on 
! webs2 & ! in/ant any unhappy little   
fly got entangl$ 9 _! me%es1 !          
ev]-wat*ful spid] 0 out l a fla% (      
lightn+1 & d[n at once 9 full =ce ^u t  
incauti\s intrud]4 ,i 0 conv9c$ aft] _m 
obs]vations t x is by t\* alone ! spid] 
recognizes ! pres5ce ( prey 9 its web1 &
 t x h>dly d]ives any indications wor?  
speak+ ( f its num]\s little eyes1 at   
lea/ z reg>ds ! arrival ( booty4 ,if a v
 big insect has got into ! web1 !n a    
relatively l>ge volume ( di/urbance is  
propagat$ along ! telegraphic wire t    
runs f ! sn>e to ! h\se1 or f !         
circumf]5ce to ! c5tre2 if a small "o1  
!n a slight di/urbance2 & ! spid] ru%es 
out accord+ly1 ei!r ) an air ( caution  
or ( f]oci\s triumph4  ,suppos+ ! booty 
9 h& 0 a t9y fly1 !n ,lucy or ,eliza    
w\ld jump ^u x at once ) t /range access
 ( app>5tly p]sonal animosity ) seems 9 

"s my/]i\s way a *>act]i/ic ( all hunt+ 
c>nivor\s animals4 ,%e w\ld !n c>elessly
 w9d a ?read or two ab\t x1 9 a         
p]functory way1 bury h] jaws 9 its body1
 & 9 less ?an half a m9ute suck out its 
juices to ! la/ drop1 leav+ ! empty %ell
 unhurt1 l a dry skeleton or ! sl\gh ( a
 dragon-fly l>va4 ,b :5 wasps or o!r    
l>ge & dang]\s insects got entangl$ 9 ! 
webs1 ! hunt]s proce$$ ) f> great]      
caution4 ,lucy1 inde$1 :o 0 a decid$    
c[>d1 w\ld /& & look anxi\sly at !      
d\btful intrud] = sev]al seconds1 feel+ 
! web ) h] claws1 & runn+ up & d[n 9 !  
mo/ undecid$ mann]1 z if 9 d\bt :e!r or 
n to tackle ! unc]ta9 cu/om]4 ,b ,eliza1
 ^: spirits always rose l ,nelson's be=e
 ! face ( dang]1 & ^: motto seem$ to be 
',de l'audace1 de l'audace1 et t\j\rs de
 l'audace1' w\ld ru% at ! huge foe 9 a  
p]fect transport ( wild fury1 & g to "w 
at once to enclose him 9 h] toils (     
triple silk5 cables4 ,i always fanci$1  
inde$1 t ,eliza 0 9 a ?or\ghly          
h\sewifely tantrum at see+ h] nice new  

web s ru?lessly torn & tatt]$ by !      
unwelcome visitor1 & t %e said to h]self
 9 h] own language3 ',oh well1 !n1 if y 
w h x1 y %all h x2 s "h goes = y4' ,& g 
= him %e did1 ) mo/ unladylike f]ocity4 
,inde$1 ,eliza's be/ fri5d1 ,i mu/ fa9  
admit1 c\ld nev] h said ( h] t %e 0 a   
p]fect lady4  ,! *aw+-up ( t wasp 0 a   
sight to behold4 ,i h no great sympa?y )
 wasps--!y h done me s _m bad turns 9 my
 "t t ,i don't pret5d to reg>d !m z     
des]v+ ( exceptional pity--b ,i mu/ say 
,eliza's way ( go+ at !m 0 unduly       
b>b>ic4 ,%e treat$ !m = all ! _w z if !y
 7 entirely devoid ( a n]v\s sy/em4 ,i  
w\ldn't treat a ,saturday ,review]      
myself z t spid] treat$ ! wasps :5 once 
%e 0 sure ( !m4 ,%e w5t at !m ) a sort (
 angry1 half-contemptu\s da%1 kept      
cauti\sly out ( ! way ( ! protrud$ /+1  
began 9 mo/ bus9ess-l fa%ion at ! head1 
& roll+ ! wasp r\nd & r\nd ) h] legs &  
feel]s1 swa!d him rapidly & effectually1
 ) incr$ible spe$1 9 a d5se network (   
web p\r$ =? f h] sp9n]ets4 ,9 less ?an  

half a m9ute ! a/oni%$ wasp1 accu/om$ r 
to act on ! (f5sive ?an ! def5sive1 f\nd
 himself helplessly enclos$ 9 a p]fect  
coil ( tangl$ silk1 :i* conf9$ him f    
head to /+ )\t ! possibility ( movem5t 9
 any direction4 ,! :ole "t ?is _h be5   
go+ on ! victim1 /ruggl+ & wri?+1 _h be5
 pu%+ out its /+ & do+ ! v be/ x knew to
 deal ! wily ,eliza a poison$ dea?-bl[4 
,b ,eliza1 taught by ance/ral exp]i5ce1 
kept c>efully out ( ! way2 & ! wasp felt
 itself f9ally twirl$ r\nd & r\nd 9 ^?  
p[]ful h&s1 & ti$ ab\t z to its w+s by a
 ?\s&-fold cable4 ,sometimes1 aft] !    
wasp 0 secur$1 ,eliza ev5 took ! tr\ble 
to saw (f ! w+s s z to prev5t fur!r     
/ruggl+ & consequ5t damage to ! preci\s 
web2 b m (t5 %e m]ely proce$$ to eat x  
alive )\t fur!r =mality1 /ill avoid+ its
 /+ z long z ! creature _h a kick left 9
 x1 b o!rwise entirely ignor+ its "* z a
 s5ti5t be+ 9 ! mo/ inhuman fa%ion4 ,&  
all ! "t1 till ! la/ drop ( 8 blood 0   
suck$ out1 ! wasp w\ld cont9ue vici\sly 
to /ick out 8 deadly /+1 :i* ! spid]    

w\ld /ill avoid ) h]$it>y cunn+4 ,x 0 a 
horrid sight--a duel  outrance betwe5   
two equally hateful & poison\s oppon5ts2
 a liv+ comm5t>y on ! appall+ b         
o'er-true words ( ! poet1 t ',nature is 
"o ) rap9e1 a h>m no prea*] c heal4'    
,?\gh ^! 7 ! occasions :5 "o sometimes  
felt z if ! cup ( ,eliza's iniquities 0 
really full1 & "o mu/ pass s5t5ce at    
la/1 )\t respite or reprieve1 ^u t      
life-long murd]ess4  ,"o insect !re 01  
h[ev]1 be=e :i* ev5 ,eliza h]self1 h>d5$
 wret* z %e seem$1 us$ to c[] & %iv]2 & 
t 0 ! great black bumble-bee1 ! l>ge/ & 
mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,briti% bee-k9d4 ,:5 "o (
 ^! dang]\s mon/]s1 a burly1 buzz+      
b\rgeois1 got entangl$ 9 h] web1 ,eliza1
 %ak+ 9 h] %oes 7,i all[ h] ^? %oes by  
poetical lic5ce7 w\ld retire 9 high     
dudgeon to h] inmo/ b[]1 & !re w\ld sit 
& sulk1 9 visible bad temp]1 till !     
clumsy big ?+1 aft] _m futile ef=ts1 _h 
torn its way by ma9 =ce out ( ! coils t 
surr\nd$ x4 ,!n1 ! mom5t ! telegraphic  
communication told h] ! l9es 9 ! web 7  

once m free1 ,eliza w\ld sally =? aga9 )
 a smil+ face--oh yes1 ,i assure y1 we  
c\ld tell by h] look :5 %e 0 smil+--&   
w\ld repair afre% ) *e]ful alacrity !   
damage done to h] sn>e by ! unwelcome   
visitor4 ,humm+bird hawk-mo?s1 on ! o!r 
h&1 ?\gh s big & quick1 %e w\ld kill    
imm$iately4 ,z = ,lucy1 crav5 s\l1 %e _h
 s little s5se ( prop] pride & ara*nid  
hon\r1 t %e %rank ev5 f ! wasps :i*     
,eliza s bravely & unhesitat+ly tackl$2 
& m ?an once we caught h] 9 ! v act (   
cutt+ !m out entire1 ) ! :ole piece (   
web 9 :i* !y 7 imme%$1 & lett+ !m drop  
on to ! gr\nd b5ea?1 m]ely z a %ort way 
( gett+ rid ( !m f h] premises4 ,i      
always r despis$ ,lucy4 ,%e hadn't ev5 !
 "o r$eem+ virtue ( mo/ c>nivor\s or    
pr$atory races--an ins5sate & almo/     
automatic c\rage4  ,i ne$ h>dly say1    
h[ev]1 t ! spid] does n kill h] prey by 
a m]e fair-&-squ>e bite alone4 ,%e has  
rec\rse to ! art ( ! ,palm]s &          
,br9villi]s4 ,all spid]s1 z f> z kn[n1  
are provid$ ) poison-fangs 9 ! jaws1 :i*

 sometimes1 z 9 ! t>antula & _m o!r l>ge
 tropical k9ds1 well kn[n to me 9       
,jamaica & else:]e1 are suffici5tly     
p[]ful to produce s]i\s effects ^u man  
himself2 :ile ev5 mu* small] spid]s1 l  
,eliza & ,lucy1 h poison en\gh 9 _!     
falces1 z ! jawlike organs are call$1 to
 kill a good big insect1 su* z a wasp or
 a bumble-bee4 ,^! *annell$ poison-gl&s1
 comb9$ ) _! savage tig]like claws1 make
 ! spid]s z a gr\p extremely =midable & 
dom9ant creatures1 ! analogues 9 _! own 
small] inv]tebrate _w ( ! s]p5ts &      
wolves 9 ! v]tebrate creation4  ,lucy & 
,eliza's family relations1 ,i am sorry  
to say1 7 n1 we f\nd1 ( a k9d to ende>  
!m to a critical public already         
suffici5tly sc&aliz$ by _! g5]al mode ( 
behavi\r to _! in(f5sive neighb\rs4 ,z  
mo!rs1 inde$1 gossip itself _h n a ^w ( 
blame to :isp] aga9/ !m2 b z wives1 _!  
conduct 0 di/9ctly op5 to ! sev]e/      
animadv]sion4 ,! males ( ! g>d5 spid]1 z
 9 _m o!r in/ances1 are decid$ly small] 
?an _! big r\nd mates2 s mu* s is ?is ! 

case1 inde$1 9 c]ta9 species t !y seem  
almo/ l p>asites ( ! imm5sely l>g]      
sack-bodi$ females4 ,n[1 j z ! work]    
bees kill (f ! drones z soon z !        
que5-bee has be5 duly f]tiliz$1 reg>d+  
!m z ( no fur!r importance or value to !
 hive1 s d ! lady-spid]s n only kill b  
eat _! husb&s z soon z !y f9d !y h no   
fur!r use = !m4 ,nay1 if a female spid] 
doesn't c>e = ! looks ( a suitor :o is  
press+ himself too mu* ^u h] fond       
att5tion1 h] way ( express+ h]          
disapprobation ( 8 appe>ance & mann]s is
 to make a murd]\s spr+ at him1 &1 if   
possible1 dev\r him4 ,"u ^! pa9ful      
circum/ances ! process ( c\rt%ip is     
necess>ily to "s ext5t a difficult &    
delicate "o1 fraught ) no small dang] to
 ! adv5tur\s swa9 :o has ! boldness to  
comm5d himself by p]sonal approa* to ^! 
v fickle & irascible fair ones4 ,x 0 mo/
 curi\s & excit+1 accord+ly1 to wat* !  
details ( ! /range c\rt%ip1 :i* we c\ld 
only obs]ve 9 ! case ( ! cruel ,eliza1 !
 r g5tl] ,lucy hav+ be5 already mat$1   

app>5tly1 be=e %e took up h] qu>t]s 9   
our climb+ :ite rose-bu%4 ,"o day1      
h[ev]1 a timid-look+ male spid]1 )      
inquiry & d\bt 9 e movem5t ( 8 t>si1    
/roll$ t5tatively up on ! neat r\nd web 
:]e ,eliza 0 hang+1 head d[nw>d z usual1
 all h] feet on ! ?read1 on ! look-out =
 h\se-flies4 ,we knew he 0 a male at    
once by 8 long] & ?9n] body1 & by 8     
natural mode/y4 ,he walk$ g+]ly on all  
eights1 l an ara*nid ,agag1 9 !         
direction ( ! object ( 8 ard5t          
affections1 ) a mo/ comic unc]ta9ty 9 e 
/ep he took t[>ds h]4 ,8 claws felt !   
?reads z he mov$ ) anxi\s c>e2 & x 0    
cle> he 0 ready at a mom5t's notice to  
jump away & flee = 8 life ) headlong    
spe$ to 8 native obscurity if ,eliza %[$
 ! slighte/ disposition1 by ge/ure or   
movem5t1 to turn & r5d him4 ,n[ & aga91 
z he approa*$1 ,eliza1 half coquetti%1  
mov$ h] feet a %ort /ep1 & seem$ to     
debate )9 h] own m9d 9 :i* _s %e %\ld   
meet 8 flatt]+ advances--:e!r to accept 
him or to eat him4 ,at ea* su*          

hesitation1 ! unhappy male1 fe>+ ! wor/1
 & sore afraid1 w\ld turn on 8 heel &   
fly = de> life z fa/ z eight trembl+    
legs w\ld c>ry him4 ,!n1 aft] a m9ute or
 two1 he w\ld evid5tly come to !        
conclusion t he _h wrong$ 8 lady-love1 &
 t h] movem5t 0 "o ( true1 true love r  
?an ( c>nivor\s & cannibali/ic appetite4
 ,at la/1 z ,i judg$1 8 con/ancy 0      
rew>d$1 ?\gh 8 om9\s disappe>ance v     
%ortly aft]w>ds made me fe> = ! wor/ z  
to 8 f9al adv5tures4  ,9 ! end1 ,eliza  
laid a l>ge numb] ( eggs 9 a silk5      
cocoon1 9 %ape a balloon1 & secret$1 l !
 web1 by h] invaluable sp9n]ets4 ,inde$1
 ! real reason--,i won't say excuse--= !
 rapacity & ,g>gantuan appetite ( !     
spid] lies1 no d\bt1 9 ! imm5se am\nt ( 
mat]ial %e has to supply = h]           
daily-r5ew$ webs1 h] home1 & h] cocoon1 
all :i* h actually to be spun out ( !   
assimilat$ food-/uffs 9 h] own body2 to 
say no?+ ( ! additional necessity impos$
 ^u h] by nature = lay+ a trifle ( six  
or sev5 hundr$ eggs 9 a s+le summ]4 ,&1 

to tell ! tru?1 ,lucy & ,eliza seem$ to 
u to be always eat+4 ,no matt] at :at   
h\r "o look$ 9 ^u !m1 !y 7 pretty       
con/antly engag$ 9 dev\r+ "s in(f5sive  
fly1 or weav+ hateful labyr9?s ( ha/y   
cord r\nd "s fi]cely-/ruggl+ wasp or "s 
unhappy beetle4  ,we w]5't =tunate      
en\gh1 ,i regret to say1 to see ,eliza's
 eggs hat* out f ! cocoon2 b 9 o!r      
in/ances1 especially 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1  
,i h notic$ ! little heap ( well-cov]$  
ova1 glu$ toge!r into a mass1 & atta*$  
to a bran* or twig by /\t silk5 cables4 
,if y op5 ! cocoon :5 ! "y spid]s are j 
hat*$1 !y beg9 to run ab\t 9 ! mo/      
lively fa%ion1 & look l a liv+ & mov+   
cong]ies ( little balls or se$lets4 ,!  
common g>d5 spid] lays "s sev5 hundr$ or
 m su* eggs at a sitt+1 & out ( ^? sev5 
hundr$ only two on an av]age rea*       
maturity & once m propagate _! k9d4 ,=  
if only f\r liv$ & ?rove1 !n cle>ly1 9 !
 next g5]ation1 !re w\ld be twice z _m  
spid]s z 9 ?is2 & 9 ! g5]ation aft] t   
aga91 f\r times z _m2 & !n eight times2 

& s on ad inf9itum1 until ! :ole _w 0 j 
"o liv+ & see?+ mass ( common g>d5      
spid]s4  ,:at keeps !m d[n1 !n1 9 ! end 
to _! av]age numb]8 ,:at prev5ts !      
developm5t ( ! :ole sev5 hundr$8 ,!     
simple answ] is1 cont9u\s />vation4 ,z  
usual1 nature works ) cruel lavi%ness4  
,!re are j z _m spid]s at any giv5 m9ute
 z !re are insects en\gh 9 ! _w or 9 _! 
area to fe$ ^u4 ,e spid] lays hundr$s ( 
eggs1 s z to make up = ! av]age infant  
mortality by />vation1 or by ! attacks (
 i*neumon flies1 or by be+ eat5 !mselves
 9 ! "y /age1 or by o!r casualties4 ,& s
 ) all o!r species4 ,ea* produces z _m  
"y on ! av]age z w all[ = ! ord9>y      
infant mortality ( _! k9d1 & leave en\gh
 ov] j to replace ! p>5ts 9 ! next      
g5]ation4 ,& t's "o ( ! reasons :y x's  
no use puni%+ ,lucy & ,eliza = _!       
misde$s 9 ?is _w4 ,kill !m (f if y w1 & 
be=e next week a doz5 m l !m w dispute )
 "o ano!r ! vacant place y h ?us creat$ 
9 ! balanc$ economy ( t microcosm !     
g>d54  ,our obs]vations ^u ,lucy &      

,eliza1 h[ev]1 _h ! effect ( mak+ u take
 an increas$ int]e/ !nce=? 9 spid]s 9   
g5]al1 :i* till t "t we _h treat$ )     
scant c\rtesy1 & set u ab\t le>n+ some?+
 z to ! extraord9>y v>iety ( life &     
habit to be f\nd )9 ! range ( ?is s+le  
gr\p ( ar?ropods1 at fir/ sight s       
extremely alike 9 _! %apes1 _!          
appe>ance1 _! morals1 & _! mann]s4 ,x's 
p]fectly a/oni%+1 ?\gh1 :5 "o comes to  
look into x 9 detail1 h[ exce$+ly div]se
 spid]s are 9 _! mode ( life1 _!        
/ructure1 & ! v>iety ( uses to :i* !y   
put _! "o extremely di/9ctive /ructural 
organ1 ! sp9n]ets4 ,i w only say "h t "s
 spid]s use ^! peculi> gl&s to =m light 
webs by ^: aid1 ?\gh w+less1 !y float   
balloon-wise ?r\gh ! air2 t o!rs employ 
!m to l9e ! sides ( _! und]gr\nd        
tunnels1 & to make ! basis ( _!         
m>vell\sly +5i\s e>!n trap-doors2 t yet 
o!rs h le>nt h[ to adapt ^! same organs 
to a subaquatic exi/5ce1 & to fill      
cocoons ) air1 l m9iature div+ bells2   
:ile o!rs1 aga91 h taught !mselves to   

con/ruct webs ?ick en\gh to cat* & hold 
ev5 creatures s sup]ior to !mselves 9 ! 
scale ( be+ z humm+-birds & sunbirds4   
,?is extraord9>y v>iety 9 ! utilization 
( a s+le organ tea*es once m ! same     
lesson :i* is impress$ ^u u else:]e by s
 _m o!r =ms ( organic evolution3 :atev] 
enables an animal or plant to ga9 an    
advantage ov] o!rs 9 ! /ruggle = life1  
no matt] 9 :at way1 is sure to survive1 
& to be turn$ 9 "t to e conceivable use 
( :i* its /ructure is capable1 9 !      
inf9ite :irligig ( ev]-v>y+ nature4     
,,mud4  ,ev5 a prejudic$ obs]v] w       
readily admit t ! mo/ valuable m9]al on 
e>? is mud4 ,diamonds & rubies are j    
n[h]e by comp>ison4 ,i don't mean weight
 = weight1 ( c\rse--mud is '*eap z      
dirt1' to buy 9 small quantities--b     
aggregate = aggregate4 ,q lit]ally1 &   
)\t hocus-pocus ( any sort1 ! money     
valuation ( ! mud 9 ! _w mu/ outnumb] _m
 ?\s& times ! money valuation ( all !   
o!r m9]als put toge!r4 ,only we reckon x
 usually n by ! ton1 b by ! acre1 ?\gh !

 acre is wor? mo/ :]e ! mud lies deepe/4
 ,nay1 m1 ! _w's weal? is :olly bas$ on 
mud4 ,corn1 n gold1 is ! true /&>d (    
value4 ,)\t mud !re w\ld be no human    
life1 no productions ( any k9d3 = food  
/uffs ( e description are rais$ on mud2 
& :]e no mud exi/s1 or c be made to     
exi/1 !re1 we say1 !re is des]t or      
s&-wa/e4 ,l&1 )\t mud1 has no economic  
value4 ,to put x briefly1 ! only p>ts ( 
! _w t c\nt mu* = human habitation are !
 mud deposits ( ! great riv]s1 & notably
 ( ! ,nile1 ! ,euphrates1 ! ,ganges1 !  
,indus1 ! ,irrawaddy1 ! ,hoang ,ho1 !   
,yang-tse-,kiang2 ( ! ,po1 ! ,rhone1 !  
,danube1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,volga1 ! ,dniep]2 (
 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! ,mississippi1 !      
,miss\ri1 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,amazons1 ! ,la  
,plata4 ,a corn-field is j a big mass ( 
mud2 & ! deep] & pur] & fre] f /ones or 
o!r impurities x is ! bett]4  ,b ,engl&1
 y say1 is n a great riv]-mud field2 yet
 x supports ! d5se/ population 9 ! _w4  
,true2 b ,engl& is an exceptional       
product ( mod]n civilization4 ,%e c't   

fe$ h]self3 %e is f$ f ,odessa1         
,alex&ria1 ,bombay1 ,new ,york1         
,montreal1 ,bu5os ,ayres--9 o!r words1 f
 ! mud fields ( ! ,russian1 ! ,egyptian1
 ! ,indian1 ! ,am]ican1 ! ,canadian1 !  
,arg5t9e riv]s4 ,orontes1 said ,juv5al1 
has fl[$ into ,tib]2 ,nile1 we may say  
n[adays1 ) equal tru?1 has fl[$ into    
,?ames4  ,!re is no?+ to make "o realize
 ! importance ( mud1 inde$1 l a j\rney  
up ,nile :5 ! inundation is j ov]4 ,y   
l\nge on ! deck ( y\r dahabieh1 & dr9k 9
 geography almo/ )\t kn[+ x4 ,! voyage  
=ms a p]fect introduction to ! /udy (   
mudology1 & sugge/s to ! obs]vant m9d   
7mean+ y & me7 ! real nature ( mud z    
no?+ else on e>? t ,i "k ( c sugge/ x4  
,= 9 ,egypt y get y\r ph5om5on isolat$1 
z x 71 f all di/urb+ elem5ts4 ,y h no   
ra9fall to bo!r y1 no local /reams1 no  
complex d5udation3 ! ,nile does all1 & !
 ,nile does ev]y?+4 ,on ei!r h& /ret*es 
away ! b>e des]t1 ris+ up 9 grey rocky  
hills4 ,d[n ! mid/ runs ! "o long l9e ( 
alluvial soil--9 o!r words1 ,nile       

mud--:i* alone all[s cultivation & life 
9 t ra9less di/rict4 ,! c\ntry bases    
itself absolutely on mud4 ,! crops are  
rais$ on x2 ! h\ses & villages are built
 ( x2 ! l& is manur$ ) x2 ! v air is    
full ( x4 ,! crude brick build+s t      
dissolve 9 du/ are ,nile mud solidifi$2 
! r$ pott]y ( ,assi\t is ,nile mud bak$ 
h>d2 ! village mosques & m9>ets are     
,nile mud :itewa%$4 ,i h ev5 se5 a %ip's
 bulw>ks neatly repair$ ) mud4 ,x       
p]vades ! :ole l&1 :5 wet1 z mud        
undisguis$2 :5 dry1 z du/-/orm4  ,egypt1
 says ,h]odotus1 is a gift ( ! ,nile4 ,a
 tru] or m pregnant ^w 0 nev] spok54 ,( 
c\rse x is j equally true1 9 a way1 t   
,b5gal is a gift ( ! ,ganges1 & t       
,l\isiana & ,arkansas are gifts ( !     
,mississippi2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 !   
case ( ! ,nile ! dep5d5ce is f> m       
obvi\s1 f> fre] f di/urb+ or di/ract+   
details4 ,= t reason1 & also because !  
,nile is s mu* m famili> to mo/         
,engli%-speak+ folk ?an ! ,am]ican      
riv]s1 ,i *oose ,egypt fir/ z my type ( 

a regul> mud-l&4 ,b 9 ord] to und]/& x  
fully y mu/n't /op all y\r "t 9 ,cairo &
 ! ,delta2 y mu/n't view x only f !     
t]race ( ,%ephe>d's ,hotel or ! rocky   
plat=m ( ! ,great ,pyramid at ,ghizeh3 y
 mu/ pu% up c\ntry e>ly1 "u ,mr4 ,cook's
 c>e1 to ,luxor & ! ,fir/ ,cat>act4 ,x  
is up c\ntry t ,egypt unrolls itself    
visibly be=e y\r eyes 9 ! v process (   
mak+3 x is !re t ! full importance (    
good1 ri* black mud fir/ =ces itself ^u 
y by und5iable evid5ce4  ,= rememb] t1 f
 a po9t above ,b]b] to ! sea1 ! dw9dl+  
,nile nev] receives a s+le tribut>y1 a  
s+le drop ( fre% wat]4 ,= m ?an fifte5  
hundr$ miles ! ev]-less5+ riv] rolls on 
betwe5 b>e des]t hills & spreads        
f]tility ov] ! deep valley 9 _! mid/--j 
z f> z its own mud %eet c cov] ! b>r5   
rocky bottom1 & no f>!r4 ,= ! mo/ "p !  
l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! grey b>e des]t
 & ! cultivable pla9 is z cle> & z      
well-def9$ z ! m>g9 ( sea & l&3 y c /& )
 "o foot on ! b>r5 rock & "o on ! gre5  
soil ( ! till$ & irrigat$ mud-l&4 ,= !  

wat] rises up to a c]ta9 level1 & to t  
level accord+ly x di/ributes bo? mud &  
moi/ure3 above x comes ! arid rock1 z   
de/itute ( life1 z dead & b>e & lonely z
 ! c5tre ( ,sah>a4 ,9 & out1 9 wav+ l9e1
 up to ! base ( ! hills1 cultivation &  
gre5]y foll[1 ) absolute accuracy1 ! l9e
 ( highe/ flood-level2 beyond x ! hot   
rock /ret*es dre>y & desolate4 ,"h & !re
 isl&s ( s&/one /& out above ! gre5 sea 
( d\ra or cotton2 "h & !re a bay (      
f]tility runs away up "s lat]al valley1 
foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! mud2 b "o in* above !
 inundation-m>k vegetation & life /op   
%ort all at once ) absolute abruptness4 
,9 ,egypt1 !n1 m ?an any:]e else1 "o    
sees ) "o's own eyes t mud & moi/ure are
 ! v conditions ( mundane f]tility4     
,beyond ,cairo1 z "o desc5ds seaw>d1 !  
mud beg9s to op5 out fan-wise & =m a    
delta4 ,! n>r[ m\nta9 ranges no long]   
hem x 94 ,x has room to exp& & spread   
itself freely ov] ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 won
 by degrees f ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,at ! m\?s
 ! mud p\rs out into ! sea & =ms fre%   

deposits con/antly on ! bottom1 :i* are 
gradually silt+ up /ill new] l&s to     
seaw>d4 ,sl[ z is ! progress ( ?is      
l&-=m+ action1 !re c be no d\bt t !     
,nile has ! int5tion ( fill+ up by      
degrees ! :ole ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 & t 9
 process ( "t--say 9 no m ?an a few     
million ye>s or s1 a m]e bagatelle to ! 
geologi/--) ! aid ( ! ,po & "s o!r less]
 /reams1 x w trans=m ! entire bas9 ( !  
inl& sea into a level & cultivable pla91
 l ,b5gal or ,mesopotamia1 !mselves 7z  
we %all see7 ! f9al result ( j su* silt+
 action4  ,x is s v important1 = ^? :o  
wi% to see ?+s z cle> z mud1 to und]/&  
?is prime pr9ciple ( ! =mation (        
mud-l&s1 t ,i %all make no apology =    
insi/+ on x fur!r 9 "s little detail2 = 
:5 "o comes to look ! matt] pla9ly 9 !  
face1 "o c see 9 a m9ute t almo/ all !  
big ?+s 9 human hi/ory h be5 entirely   
dep5d5t ^u ! mud ( ! great riv]s4 ,!bes 
& ,memphis1 ,rameses & ,am5hotep1 bas$  
_! civilisation absolutely ^u ! mud (   
,nile4 ,! bricks ( ,babylon 7 m\ld$ (   

,euphrates mud2 ! greatness ( ,n9eveh   
repos$ on ! silt ( ! ,tigris4 ,upp]     
,india is ! ,indus2 ,agra & ,delhi are  
,ganges & ,jumna mud2 ,*9a is ! ,hoang  
,ho & ! ,yang-tse-,kiang2 ,burmah is !  
paddy field ( ! ,irrawaddy delta4 ,& s  
_m great pla9s 9 ei!r hemisph]e consi/  
really ( no?+ else b mud-banks ( almo/  
incr$ible ext5t1 fill+ up prehi/oric    
,baltics & ,m$it]raneans1 t a glance at 
! probable c\rse ( future evolution 9   
?is respect may help u to und]/& & to   
realize m fully ! gigantic scale ( "s   
pa/ accumulations4  ,z a prelim9>y cant]
 ,i %all trot out fir/ ! valley ( ! ,po1
 ! exi/+ mud flat be/ kn[n by p]sonal   
exp]i5ce to ! feet & eyes ( ! twe$-clad 
,engli% t\ri/4 ,ev]ybody :o has look$   
d[n ^u ! wide ,lomb>d pla9 f ! p9nacl$  
ro( ( ,milan ,ca!dral1 or :o has pass$  
by rail ?r\gh t monoton\s level ( popl>s
 & v9es betwe5 ,v]ona & ,v5ice1 kn[s    
well :at a mud flat due to inundation & 
gradual silt+ up ( a valley looks l4    
,:at ,i want to d n[ is to inquire into 

its orig91 & to foll[ up 9 fancy ! same 
process1 /ill 9 action1 till x has fill$
 ! ,adriatic f end to end ) "o great    
cultivable l[l&4  ,once ^u a "t 7,i l to
 be at lea/ z precise z a fairy tale 9 !
 matt] ( dates7 !re 0 no ,lomb>dy4 ,& t 
"t 0 n1 geologically speak+1 s v remote2
 = ! :ole valley ( ! ,po1 f ,tur9 to !  
sea1 consi/s entirely ( alluvial        
deposits--or1 9 o!r words1 ( ,alp9e     
mud--:i* has all accumulat$ :]e x n[    
lies at a fairly rec5t p]iod4 ,we "k x  
is rec5t1 because no "p ( ,italy has ev]
 be5 subm]g$ s9ce x began to ga!r !re4  
,to put x m def9itely1 ! entire mass has
 almo/ c]ta9ly be5 laid d[n s9ce ! fir/ 
appe>ance ( man on our e>?3 ! e>lie/    
human be+s :o rea*$ ! ,alps or !        
,ap5n9es--black savages clad 9 sk9s (   
ext9ct wild bea/s--mu/ h look$ d[n f _! 
slopes1 ) %ad$ eyes1 n on a level pla9  
su* z we see to-day1 b on a great arm ( 
! sea :i* /ret*$ l a gulf f> up t[>ds ! 
base ( ! hills ab\t ,tur9 & ,rivoli4 ,( 
?is anci5t sea ! ,adriatic =ms ! /ill   

unsilt$ portion4 ,9 o!r words1 ! great  
gulf :i* n[ /ops %ort at ,trie/e &      
,v5ice once wa%$ ! foot ( ! ,alps & !   
,ap5n9es to ! ,sup]ga at ,tur91 cov]+ ! 
sites ( ,padua1 ,f]r>a1 ,bologna1       
,rav5na1 ,mantua1 ,cremona1 ,mod5a1     
,p>ma1 ,piac5za1 ,pavia1 ,milan1 &      
,nov>a4 ,! indu/ri\s read] :o gets out 8
 ,ba$ek] & looks up ! %ad$ map ( ,nor?  
,italy :i* =ms its frontispiece w be    
rew>d$ = 8 pa9s by a bett] compreh5sion 
( ! di/rict ?us dem>cat$4 ,! idle mu/ be
 cont5t to take my ^w = :at foll[s4 ,i  
pl$ge !m my hon\r t ,i'll d my be/ n to 
deceive _! tru/ful innoc5ce4  ,x may    
s\nd at fir/ he>+ a /range ?+ to say s1 
b ! :ole ( t va/ gulf1 f ,tur9 to       
,v5ice1 has be5 entirely fill$ up )9 !  
human p]iod by ! mud %eet br\ght d[n by 
m\nta9 torr5ts f ! ,alps & ! ,ap5n9es4  
,a p>allel else:]e w make ?is easi] (   
belief4 ,y h look$ d[n1 no d\bt1 f !    
g>d5 ( ! hotel at ,glion ^u ! lake (    
,g5eva & ! valley ( ! ,rhone ab\t       
,vill5euve & ,aigle4 ,if s1 y c und]/& f

 p]sonal k ! fir/ great /age 9 !        
mud-fill+ process2 = y mu/ h obs]v$ =   
y\rself f t comm&+ height t ! lake once 
ext5d$ a great deal f>!r up c\ntry t[>ds
 ,bex & ,/4 ,maurice ?an x does at      
pres5t4 ,y c /ill trace at once on ei!r 
side ! old m\nta9\s banks1 desc5d+ into 
! pla9 z abruptly & unmi/akably z !y    
/ill desc5d to ! wat]'s edge at         
,montreux & ,vevey4 ,b ! silt ( !       
,rhone1 br\ght d[n 9 great %eets (      
glaci] mud 7ab\t :i* m anon7 f ! ,furca 
& ! ,jungfrau & ! ,monte ,rosa *a91 has 
completely fill$ 9 ! upp] n9e miles ( ! 
old lake bas9 ) a level mass ( f]tile   
alluvium4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! fact3 y
 c see x = y\rself ) half an eye f t    
specul> m\nt 7to give ! ,devil 8 due1 ,i
 quote ,milton's ,satan73 ! mud lies ev5
 f bank to bank1 rais$ only a few in*es 
above ! level ( ! lake1 & z lacu/r9e 9  
effect z ! v]ie/ geologi/ on e>? c\ld   
wi% x4 ,inde$1 ! process ( fill+ up /ill
 cont9ues unabat$ at ! pres5t day :]e ! 
mud-lad5 ,rhone ent]s ! lake at ,b\v]et1

 to leave x aga91 cle> & blue &         
beautiful1 "u ! bridge at ,g5eva4 ,!    
little delta :i* ! riv] =ms at its m\?  
%[s ! fre% mud 9 %eets ga!r+ ?ick ^u !  
bottom4 ,e day ?is new mud-bank pu%es   
out f>!r & f>!r into ! wat]1 s t 9      
process ( "t ! :ole bas9 w be fill$ 91 &
 a level pla91 l t :i* n[ spreads f ,bex
 & ,aigle to ,vill5euve1 w occupy !     
entire b$ f ,montreux to ,g5eva4  ,turn 
m5tally to ! upp] fe$]s ( ! ,po itself1 
& y f9d ! same causes equally 9 action4 
,y h /opp$ at ,pallanza--,g>oni's is s  
com=table4 ,well1 !n1 y "k h[ e ,alp9e  
/ream1 z x fl[s1 full-gorg$1 into !     
,italian lakes1 is busily engag$ 9 fill+
 !m up z fa/ z ev] x c ) turbid mud f ! 
upl&s4 ,! bas9s ( ,maggiore1 ,como1     
,lugano1 & ,g>da are by orig9 deep      
holl[s scoop$ out long s9ce dur+ !      
,great ,ice ,age by ! pressure ( huge   
glaci]s t !n spread f> d[n into :at is  
n[ ! popl>-clad pla9 ( ,lomb>dy4 ,b ev] 
s9ce ! ice cle>$ away1 & ! torr5ts began
 to ru% headlong d[n ! deep gorges ( !  

,val ,lev5t9a & ! ,val ,maggia1 ! mud   
has be5 h>d at "w1 do+ its level be/ to 
fill ^? great ice-worn b[ls up aga94    
,ne> ! m\? ( ea* ma9 /ream x has already
 succe$$ 9 spread+ a fan-%ap$ delta4 ,i 
w n insult y by ask+ y at ! pres5t "t ( 
day :e!r y h be5 ov] ! ,/4 ,go?>d4 ,9   
?is age ( tra9s de luxe ,i "k to my co/ 
ev]ybody has be5 ev]y:]e4 ,no *ance (   
pret5d+ to sup]ior k ab\t ,japan or     
,honolulu2 ! t\ri/ kn[s !m4 ,v well1 !n2
 y mu/ rememb] z y g pa/                
,bell9zona--revolution>y little         
,bell9zona ) its ?ree ca/l$ crags--y    
look d[n ^u a va/ mud flat by ! m\? ( ! 
,tic9o4 ,"p ( ?is mud flat is already   
solid l&1 b "p is m]e m>% or %ift+      
quicks&4 ,t is ! fir/ /age 9 ! abolition
 ( ! lakes3 ! mud is annihilat+ !m4     
,maggiore1 inde$1 lea/ =tunate ( ! ?ree 
ma9 %eets1 is be+ attack$ by ! insidi\s 
foe at ?ree po9ts simultane\sly4 ,at !  
upp] end1 ! ,tic9o1 t furi\s radical    
riv]1 has fill$ 9 a l>ge arm1 :i* once  
spread f> away up ! valley t[>ds        

,bell9zona4 ,a little l[] d[n1 ! ,maggia
 ne> ,loc>no c>ries 9 a fre%            
contribution ( mud1 :i* =ms ano!r       
fan-%ap$ delta1 & /ret*es its ugly mass 
half across ! lake1 compell+ ! /eam]s to
 make a consid]able det\r ea/w>d4 ,?is  
delta is rapidly ext5d+ into ! op5 wat]1
 & w 9 "t fill 9 ! :ole rema9+ space f  
bank to bank1 cutt+ (f ! upp] end ( !   
lake ab\t ,loc>no f ! ma9 bas9 by a     
p>tition ( l[l&4 ,?is upp] end w !n =m a
 sep>ate m9or lake1 & ! ,tic9o w fl[ out
 ( x across ! int]v5+ mud flat into !   
new & small] ,maggiore ( our            
great-great-gr&*ildr54 ,if y d\bt x1    
look :at ! torr5t ( ! ,toce1 ! ?ird     
assail+ battalion ( ! p]si/5t mud =ce1  
has already done 9 ! neighb\rhood (     
,pallanza4 ,x has entirely cut (f ! upp]
 end ( ! bay1 t turns we/w>d t[>ds !    
,simplon1 by a p>tition ( mud2 & ?is    
isolat$ upp] bit =ms n[ 9 our own day a 
sep>ate lake1 ! ,lago di ,m]gozzo1      
divid$ f ! ma9 %eet by an un9t]e/+ mud  
bank4 ,9 process ( "t1 no d\bt1 ! :ole (

 ,maggiore w be simil>ly fill$ 9 by !   
advanc+ mud %eet1 & w become a level    
alluvial pla91 surr\nd$ by m\nta9s1 &   
greatly admir$ by ! a/ute ,pi$montese   
cultivator4  ,:at is go+ on 9 ,maggiore 
is go+ on equally 9 all ! o!r sub-,alp9e
 lakes ( ! ,po valley4 ,!y are be+      
gradually fill$ 91 e "o ( !m1 by !      
aggressive mud %eet4 ,! upp] end (      
,lugano1 = example1 has already be5 cut 
(f1 z ! ,lago del ,piano1 f ! ma9 body2 
& ! piano itself1 f :i* ! little isolat$
 t>n takes its "n1 is ! alluvial mud    
fiat ( a lat]al torr5t--! mud flat1 9   
fact1 :i* ! railway f ,porlezza trav]ses
 = tw5ty m9utes be=e x beg9s its /eep & 
picturesque climb by successive zigzags 
ov] ! m\nta9s to ,m5aggio4 ,simil>ly !  
influx ( ! ,adda at ! upp] end ( ,como  
has cut (f ! ,lago di ,mezzola f ! ma9  
lake1 & has =m$ ! alluvial level t      
/ret*es s dre>ily all ar\nd ,colico4    
,sl[ly ! mud fi5d encroa*es ev]y:]e on !
 lakes2 & if y look = him :5 y g1 !re y 
c see him actually at "w e spr+ "u y\r v

 eyes1 pil+ up fre% banks & deltas )    
al>m+ indu/ry1 & prep>+ 79 a few hundr$ 
?\s& ye>s7 to ru9 ! t\ri/ trade (       
,cad5abbia & ,bellagio4  ,if we turn f !
 lakes !mselves to ! ,lomb>d pla9 at    
l>ge1 :i* is an imm5sely old] & l>g]    
bas91 we see traces ( ! same action on a
 va/ly great] scale4 ,a glance at ! map 
w %[ ! intellig5t & ev] c\rte\s read] t 
! 'w&]+ ,po'--,i drop into poetry aft]  
,goldsmi?--fl[s mu* ne>] ! foot ( !     
,ap5n9es ?an ( ! ,alps 9 ! c\rse ( its  
divagations1 & seems purposely to b5d   
away f ! great] range ( m\nta9s4 ,:y is 
?is1 s9ce ev]y?+ 9 nature mu/ ne$s h a  
reason8 ,well1 x is because1 :5 ! mud   
fir/ began to accumulate 9 ! old ,lomb>d
 bay ( ! ,adriatic1 !re 0 no ,po at all1
 :e!r w&]+ or o!rwise3 ! big riv] has   
sl[ly gr[n up 9 "t by ! union ( ! lat]al
 torr5ts t p\r d[n f ei!r side1 z ! gr[?
 ( ! mud flat br\ght !m gradually       
toge!r4 ,c>eful /udy ( a good map w %[  
h[ ?is has happ5$1 especially if x has !
 pla9s & m\nta9s di/9ctively t9t$ aft] !

 excell5t ,g]man fa%ion4 ,! ,tic9o1 !   
,adda1 ! ,m9cio1 if y look at !m close1 
reveal !mselves z tribut>ies ( ! ,po1   
:i* once fl[$ sep>ately into ! ,lomb>d  
bay2 ! ,adige1 ! ,piave1 ! ,tagliam5to  
f>!r along ! coa/1 reveal !mselves      
equally z tribut>ies ( ! future ,po1 :5 
once ! great riv] %all h fill$ up ) its 
mud ! space betwe5 ,trie/e & ,v5ice1    
?\gh = ! mom5t !y empty !mselves & _!   
/ore ( detritus into ! op5 ,adriatic4   
,fix y\r eyes = a mom5t on ,v5etia      
prop]1 & y w see h[ ?is has all happ5$ &
 is /ill happ5+4 ,ea* m\nta9 torr5t t   
leaps f ! ,tyrolese ,alps br+ d[n 9 its 
lap a ri* mass ( mud1 :i* has gradually 
spread ov] a /rip ( sea "s =ty or fifty 
miles wide1 f ! base ( ! m\nta9s to !   
mod]n coa/-l9e ( ! prov9ce4 ,ne> !      
sea--or1 9 o!r words1 at ! tempor>y     
outlet--x =ms banks & lagoons1 ( :i* ^? 
ab\t ,v5ice are ! be/ kn[n to t\ri/s1   
?\gh ! lea/ *>act]i/ic4 ,= miles & miles
 betwe5 ,v5ice & ,trie/e ! %ift+ nor?   
%ore ( ! ,adriatic consi/s ( no?+ b su* 

accumulat+ mud banks4 ,ye> aft] ye> !y  
pu% f>!r seaw>d1 & ye> aft] ye> fre%    
islets & %oals gr[ out into ! waves     
beyond ! tempor>y deltas4 ,9 "t1 !re=e1 
! ga!r+ mud banks ( ^! ,alp9e torr5ts   
mu/ jo9 ! great] mud bank t runs rapidly
 seaw>d at ! delta ( ! ,po4 ,z soon z !y
 d s ! riv]s mu/ ru% toge!r1 & :at 0    
once an indep5d5t /ream1 empty+ itself  
into ! ,adriatic1 mu/ become a tribut>y 
( ! ,po1 help+ to swell ! wat]s ( t     
great unit$ riv]4 ,! ,adige has n[ j    
rea*$ ?is /ate3 its delta is cont9u\s ) 
! delta ( ! ,po1 & _! bran*es           
int]osculate4 ,! ,m9cio & ! ,adda rea*$ 
x ages s9ce3 ! ,piave & ! ,liv5ia w n   
rea* x = ages4 ,9 ,roman days ,hatria 0 
/ill on ! sea3 x is n[ "s fifte5 miles  
inl&4  ,f all ?is y c ga!r :y ! exi/+   
,po fl[s f> f ! ,alps & ne>] ! base ( ! 
,ap5n9es4 ,! ,alp9e /reams 9 f> di/ant  
days br\ght d[n relatively l>ge floods (
 glacial mud2 =m$ relatively l>ge deltas
 9 ! old ,lomb>d bay2 fill$ up )        
relative rapidity _! l>g] half ( ! bas94

 ,! ,ap5n9es1 less l(ty1 & free f       
glaci]s1 s5t d[n %ort] & small] torr5ts1
 lad5 ) f> less mud1 & capable !re=e (  
do+ b little alluvial "w = ! fill+ 9 ( !
 future ,lomb>dy4 ,s ! riv] 0 pu%$      
s\?w>d by ! ,alp9e deposits ( ! nor!rn  
/reams1 leav+ ! great pla9s ( ,cisalp9e 
,gaul spread away to ! nor? ( x4  ,& ?is
 l&-mak+ action is ceaseless & cont9u\s4
 ,ab\t ,v5ice1 ,*ioggia1 ,mae/ra1       
,comac*io1 ! delta ( ! ,po is /ill      
spread+ seaw>d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages--if   
no?+ un=ese5 occurs mean:ile to prev5t  
x--! ,alp9e mud w h fill$ 9 ! entire    
,adriatic2 & ! ,ionian ,isles w spr+ l  
isolat$ m\nta9 ridges f ! ,adriatic     
pla91 z ! ,euganean hills--^? 'm\nta9s  
,euganean' :]e ,%elley '/ood li/5+ to ! 
pan ) :i* ! legion$ rocks did hail !    
sun's uprise maje/ical'--spr+ 9 our own 
"t f ! dead level ( ,lomb>dy4 ,once !y 9
 turn 7 ! ,euganean isl&s1 & ev5 n[ to !
 tra9$ eye ( ! hi/orical obs]v] !y /& up
 isl&-l f ! va/ gre5 pla9 t spreads flat
 ar\nd !m4  ,p]haps x seems to y a r    

l>ge ord] to be ask$ to believe t       
,lomb>dy & ,v5etia are no?+ m ?an an    
outspread %eet ( deep ,alp9e mud4 ,well1
 !re is no?+ s good = incr$ulity1 don't 
y "k1 z capp+ ! climax4 ,if a man w n   
swall[ an in* ( fact1 ! be/ rem$y is to 
make him gulp d[n an ell ( x4 ,&1 inde$1
 ! ,lomb>d pla9 is b an insignificant   
mud flat comp>$ ) ! va/ alluvial pla9s (
 ,asiatic & ,am]ican riv]s4 ,! alluvium 
( ! ,euphrates1 ( ! ,mississippi1 ( !   
,hoang ,ho1 ( ! ,amazons w\ld take 9 _m 
,lomb>dies & half-a-doz5 ,v5etias )\t   
notic+ ! addition4 ,b ,i w insi/ ^u only
 "o example--! riv]s ( ,india1 :i* h =m$
 ! gigantic deep mud flat ( ! ,ganges & 
! ,jumna1 "o ( ! v bigge/ on e>?1 & t   
because ! ,himalayas are ! highe/ &     
newe/ m\nta9 *a9 expos$ to d5udation4   
,=1 z we saw =e%ad[$ 9 ! case ( ! ,alps 
& ,ap5n9es1 ! bigg] ! m\nta9s on :i* we 
c draw ! great] ! result+ mass (        
alluvium4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s give rise  
to ! ,miss\ri 7:i* is ! real            
,mississippi72 ! ,&es give rise to      

,amazons & ! ,la ,plata2 ! ,himalayas   
give rise to ! ,ganges & ! ,indus4      
,great m\nta91 great riv]1 great result+
 mud %eet4  ,at a v remote p]iod1 s long
 ago t we _c r$uce x to any common      
measure ) our mod]n *ronology1 ! s\!rn  
table-l& ( ,india--! ,deccan1 z we call 
x--=m$ a great isl& l ,au/ralia1 sep>at$
 f ! cont95t ( ,asia by a broad arm ( ! 
sea :i* occupi$ :at is n[ ! great pla9 (
 ,b5gal1 ! ,nor?-,we/1 & ! ,punjaub4    
,?is anci5t sea wa%$ ! foot ( !         
,himalayas1 & spread s\? !nce = #fjj    
miles to ! base ( ! ,v9dhyas4 ,b !      
,himalayas are high & clad ) gigantic   
glaci]s4 ,mu* ice gr9ds mu* mud on ^?   
sn[-capp$ summits4 ,! riv]s t fl[$ f !  
,ro( ( ! ,_w c>ri$ d[n va/ %eets (      
alluvium1 :i* =m$ fans at _! m\?s1 l !  
cones /ill deposit$ on a f> small] scale
 9 ! ,lake ( ,g5eva by little lat]al    
torr5ts4 ,gradually ! silt ?us br\ght   
d[n accumulat$ on ei!r side1 till !     
riv]s ran toge!r into two great         
sy/ems--"o we/w>d--! ,indus1 ) its f\r  

great tribut>ies1 ,jhelum1 ,*5ab1       
,ravee1 ,sutlej2 "o ea/w>d1 ! ,ganges1  
re9=c$ l[] d[n by ! si/] /reams ( !     
,jumna & ! ,brahmapootra4 ,! colossal   
accumulation ( silt ?us produc$ fill$ up
 at la/ all ! great arm ( ! sea betwe5 !
 two m\nta9 *a9s1 & jo9$ ! ,deccan by   
sl[ degrees to ! cont95t ( ,asia4 ,x is 
/ill engag$ 9 fill+ up ! ,bay ( ,b5gal  
on "o side by ! detritus ( ! ,ganges1 & 
! ,arabian ,sea on ! o!r by ! s&-banks (
 ! ,indus4  ,9 ! same way1 no d\bt1 !   
silt ( ! ,?ames1 ! ,humb]1 ! ,rh9e1 & ! 
,meuse t5d sl[ly 7b> accid5ts7 to fill  
up ! ,nor? ,sea1 & anticipate ,sir      
,edw>d ,watk9 by ?r[+ a l& bridge across
 ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,if ev] t %\ld      
happ51 !n hi/ory w h repeat$ itself1 = x
 is j s t ! ,deccan 0 jo9$ to ! ma9l& ( 
,asia4  ,"o "q m4 ,:5ce comes ! mud8 ,! 
answ] is1 ,ma9ly f ! detritus ( !       
m\nta9s4 ,!re x has two orig9s4 ,"p ( x 
is glacial1 "p ( x is leaf-m\ld4 ,9 ord]
 to feel we h really got to ! v bottom (
 ! mud problem--& we are no?+ if n      

?or\gh--we mu/ exam9e 9 brief ^! two    
sep>ate orig9s4  ,! glaci] mud is ( a v 
simple nature4 ,x is dis9tegrat$ rock1  
worn small by ! enorm\s mill/one ( ice t
 rolls sl[ly ov] ! b$1 & deposit$ 9 "p z
 't]m9al mora9e' ne> ! summ] melt+-po9t4
 ,x is ! quantity ( mud ?us produc$1 &  
borne d[n by m\nta9 torr5ts1 t makes !  
alluvial pla9s collect s quickly at _!  
base4 ,! mud flats ( ! _w are 9 l>ge "p 
! we> & te> ( ! et]nal hills "u ! plan+ 
action ( ! et]nal glaci]s4  ,b let u be 
j to our fri5ds4 ,a l>ge "p is also due 
to ! indu/ri\s e>?-worm1 ^: place 9     
nature ,d>w9 fir/ taught u to e/imate at
 its prop] wor?4 ,= !re is mu* detritus 
& mu* fir/-rate soil ev5 on hills n     
cov]$ by glaci]s4 ,"s ( ?is takes its   
orig91 x is true1 f dis9tegration by w9d
 or ra91 b mu* m is caus$ by ! e>?-worm 
9 p]son4 ,t fri5d ( humanity1 s little  
recogniz$ 9 8 true light1 has a habit ( 
draw+ d[n leaves into 8 subt]ranean ne/1
 & !re eat+ !m up1 s z to conv]t _!     
rema9s into vegetable m\ld 9 ! =m (     

worm-ca/s4 ,?is m\ld1 ! mo/ preci\s (   
soils1 gets dissolv$ aga9 by ! ra91 &   
c>ri$ (f 9 solution by ! /reams to ! sea
 or ! l[l&s1 :]e x helps to =m ! future 
cultivable area4 ,at ! same "t !        
e>?worms secrete an acid1 :i* acts ^u ! 
b>e surface ( rock b5ea?1 & helps to    
dis9tegrate x 9 prep>ation = plant life 
9 unfav\rable places4 ,x is probable t  
we owe almo/ m on ! :ole to ^! unkn[n b 
consci5ti\s & indu/ri\s annelids ?an ev5
 to ^? 'mills ( ,god' ! glaci]s1 ( :i* !
 ,am]ican poet ju/ly obs]ves t ?\gh !y  
gr9d sl[ly1 yet !y gr9d exce$+ly small4 
,9 ! la/ resort1 !n1 x is ma9ly on mud t
 ! life ( humanity 9 all c\ntries bases 
itself4 ,e great pla9 is ! alluvial     
deposit ( a great riv]1 ultimately d]iv$
 f a great m\nta9 *a94 ,! sub/ance      
consi/s z a rule ( ! dbris ( torr5ts1   
:i* is (t5 inf]tile1 ow+ to its /on9ess 
& its purely m9]al "*2 b :]ev] x has la9
 long en\gh to be cov]$ by e>?-worms ) a
 deep black lay] ( vegetable m\ld1 !re !
 result+ soil %[s ! surpris+            

fruitfulness "o gets 7= example7 9      
,lomb>dy1 :]e twelve crops a ye> are    
sometimes tak5 f ! mead[s4 ,ev]y:]e &   
always ! am\nt & dep? ( ! mud is !      
measure ( possible f]tility2 & ev5 :]e1 
z 9 ! ,great ,am]ican ,des]t1 want (    
wat] conv]ts alluvial pla9s into arid   
/ret*es ( s&-wa/e1 ! wild]ness c be made
 to blossom l ! rose 9 a v few ye>s by  
artificial irrigation4 ,! div]sion ( !  
,arkansas ,riv] has spread pl5ty ov] a  
va/ sage scrub2 ! f9e/ crops 9 ! _w are 
n[ rais$ ov] a tract ( c\ntry :i* 0 once
 ! t]ror ( ! travell] across ! wild we/ 
( ,am]ica4                              
,,! ,,gre5wood ,,tree4  ,x is a common1 
n to say a vulg> error1 to believe t    
trees & plants gr[ out ( ! gr\nd4 ,& (  
c\rse1 hav+ ?us begun by call+ x bad    
names1 ,i w n = a mom5t insult !        
intellig5ce ( my read]s by suppos+ !m to
 %>e s fooli% a delusion4 ,i beg to /ate
 f ! outset t ,i write ?is article      
entirely = ! b5efit ( ,o!r ,p4 ,y & ,i1 
,o prov]bially ,c&id & ,intellig5t ,"o1 

x ne$ h>dly be said1 are bett] in=m$4 ,b
 ,o!r ,p fall into su* ridicul\s blund]s
 t x is j z well to put !m on _! gu>d   
be=eh& aga9/ ! insidi\s advance ( false 
op9ions4 ,i h kn[n o!rwise good &       
e/imable m51 inde$1 :o = lack ( s\nd    
e>ly tea*+ on ?is po9t w5t to _! graves 
) a confirm$ belief 9 ! t]re/rial orig9 
( all e>?ly vegetation4 ,!y 7 probably  
victims ( :at ! ,*ur* 9 its succ9ct way 
describes & d5\nces z ,inv9cible        
,ignorance4  ,n[1 ! reason :y ^! delud$ 
creatures suppos$ trees to gr[ out ( !  
gr\nd1 in/ead ( out ( ! air1 is probably
 only because !y saw _! roots !re4  ,(  
c\rse1 :5 p see a wallfl[] root$ 9 !    
clefts ( "s old *ur* t[]1 !y don't jump 
at once to ! inane conclusion t x is    
made ( rock--t x d]ives its n\ri%m5t    
direct f ! solid lime/one2 nor :5 !y    
obs]ve a b>nacle hang+ by its suck] to a
 %ip's hull1 d !y imag9e x to draw up   
its food incont95tly f ! copp] bottom4  
,b :5 !y see t famili> pride ( our      
c\ntry1 a ,briti% oak1 ) its great      

und]gr\nd buttresses spread+ abroad     
?r\gh ! soil 9 e direction1 !y inf] at  
once t ! buttresses are !re1 n--z is    
really ! case--to support x & uphold x1 
b to dr9k 9 nutrim5t f ! e>? b5ea?1 :i* 
is j ab\t z capable ( produc+ oak-wood z
 ! copp] plate on ! %ip's hull is       
capable ( produc+ ! fle% ( a b>nacle4   
,sundry famili> facts ab\t manur+ &     
wat]+1 to :i* ,i w return lat] on1 give 
a c]ta9 col\r ( reasonabl5ess1 x is     
true1 to ?is mi/ak5 inf]5ce4 ,b h[      
mi/ak5 x really is = all t1 a s+le & v  
famili> little exp]im5t w easily %[ "o4 
,cut d[n t ,briti% oak ) y\r ,glad/onian
 axe2 lop him ( 8 bran*es2 divide him   
into logs2 pile him up into a pyramid2  
put a mat* to 8 base2 9 %ort1 make a    
bonfire ( him2 & :at becomes ( robu/    
maje/y8 ,he is r$uc$ to a%es1 y say4    
,ah1 yes1 b :at proportion ( him8       
,conduct y\r exp]im5t c>efully on a     
small scale2 dry y\r wood well1 & weigh 
x be=e burn+2 weigh y\r a% aft]w>ds1 &  
:at w y f9d8 ,:y1 t ! solid matt] :i*   

rema9s aft] ! burn+ is a m]e            
inf9itesimal fraction ( ! total weight3 
! great] "p has gone (f into ! air1 f   
:5ce x came1 z c>bonic acid4 ,du/ to    
du/1 a%es to a%es2 b air to air1 too1 is
 ! rule ( nature4  ,x may s\nd />tl+--to
 ,o!r ,p1 ,i mean--b ! simple tru?      
rema9s1 t trees & plants gr[ out ( !    
atmosph]e1 n out ( ! gr\nd4 ,!y are1 9  
fact1 solidifi$ air2 or to be m /rictly 
correct1 solidifi$ gas--c>bonic acid4   
,take an ord9>y soda-wat] syphon1 ) or  
)\t a w9e-glassful ( br&y1 & empty x    
till only a few drops rema9 9 ! bottom4 
,!n ! bottle is full ( gas2 & t gas1 :i*
 w ru% out ) a spurt :5 y press ! knob1 
is ! /uff t plants eat--! raw mat]ial ( 
life1 bo? animal & vegetable4 ,! tree   
gr[s & lives by tak+ 9 ! c>bonic acid f 
! air1 & solidify+ its c>bon2 ! animal  
gr[s & lives by tak+ ! solidifi$ c>bon f
 ! plant1 & conv]t+ x once m into       
c>bonic acid4 ,t1 9 its ideally simple  
=m1 is ! ,iliad 9 a nut%ell1 ! core &   
k]nel ( biology4 ,! :ole cycle ( life is

 "o et]nal see-saw4 ,fir/ ! plant       
collects its c>bon comp\nds f ! air 9 ! 
oxidiz$ /ate2 x deoxidizes & rebuilds   
!m3 & !n ! animal proce$s to burn !m up 
by sl[ combu/ion )9 8 own body1 & to    
turn !m loose ^u ! air1 once m oxidiz$4 
,aft] :i* ! plant />ts aga9 on ! same   
r\nd z be=e1 & ! animal also recomm5ces 
da capo4 ,& s on ad inf9itum4  ,b ! po9t
 :i* ,i want p>ticul>ly to emphasize "h 
is j ?is3 t trees & plants don't gr[ out
 ( ! gr\nd at all1 z mo/ p d va9ly talk1
 b directly out ( ! air2 & t :5 !y die  
or get consum$1 !y return once m to !   
atmosph]e f :i* !y 7 tak54 ,trees       
und5iably eat c>bon4  ,( c\rse1 !re=e1  
all ! ord9>y unsci5tific conceptions (  
h[ plants fe$ are absolutely errone\s4  
,vegetable physiology1 inde$1 got beyond
 ^! conceptions a good hundr$ ye>s ago4 
,b x usually takes a hundr$ ye>s = ! _w 
at l>ge to make up its leeway4 ,trees   
don't suck up _! nutrim5t by ! roots1 !y
 don't d]ive _! food f ! soil1 !y don't 
ne$ to be f$1 l babies ?r\gh a tube1 )  

t]re/rial solids4 ,! solit>y in/ance (  
an or*id hung up by a /r+ 9 a           
cons]vatory on a piece ( b>k1 ought to  
be suffici5t at once to dispel = ev] ?is
 /range illusion--if p ev] ?\ght2 b (   
c\rse !y don't ?9k--,i mean ,o!r ,p4 ,! 
true m\?s & /oma*s ( plants are n to be 
f\nd 9 ! roots1 b 9 ! gre5 leaves2 _!   
true food is n suck$ up f ! soil1 b is  
inhal$ ?r\gh t9y *annels f ! air2 ! mass
 ( _! mat]ial is c>bon1 z we c all see  
visibly to ! nak$ eye :5 a log ( wood is
 r$uc$ to *>coal3 & t c>bon ! leaves    
!mselves dr9k 91 by a ?\s& small gre5   
m\?s1 f ! atmosph]e ar\nd !m4  ,b h[    
ab\t ! juice1 ! sap1 ! qualities ( !    
soil1 ! manure requir$8 is ! incr$ul\s  
cry ( ,o!r ,p4 ,:at is ! use ( ! roots1 
& especially ( ! rootlets1 if !y are n !
 m\?s & supply-tubes ( ! plants8 ,well1 
,i pla9ly p]ceive ,i c get 'no =r>d]1' l
 ! f>m] ) 8 cl>et1 till ,i've answ]$ t  
"q1 provisionally at lea/2 s ,i w say "h
 at once1 )\t fur!r ado--! plant        
requires dr9k z well z food1 & ! roots  

are ! m\?s t supply x ) wat]4 ,!y also  
suck up a few o!r ?+s z well1 :i* are   
necess>y inde$1 b f> f =m+ ! bulk ( !   
nutrim5t4 ,_m plants1 h[ev]1 don't ne$  
any roots at all1 :ile none c get on )\t
 leaves z m\?s & /oma*s4 ,t is to say1  
no true plantlike plants1 = "s p>asitic 
plants are practically1 to all int5ts & 
purposes1 animals4 ,to put x briefly1 e 
plant has "o set ( a]ial m\?s to suck 9 
c>bon1 & _m plants h ano!r set (        
subt]ranean m\?s z well1 to suck up wat]
 & m9]al con/itu5ts4  ,h y ev] gr[n     
mu/>d & cress 9 ! w9d[ on a piece (     
flannel8 ,if s1 t's a capital practical 
example ( ! comp>ative unimportance (   
soil1 except z a means ( supply+        
moi/ure4 ,y put y\r flannel 9 a         
s\p-plate by ! d9+-room w9d[2 y keep x  
well wet1 & y lay ! se$s ( ! cress on   
top ( x4 ,! "y plants1 be+ suppli$ )    
wat] by _! roots1 & ) c>bon by ! air    
ar\nd1 h all ! little !y ne$ bel[1 & gr[
 & ?rive 9 ^! conditions wond]fully4 ,b 
if y 7 to cov] !m up ) an air-tight     

glass case1 s z to exclude fre% air1    
!y'd %rivel up at once = want ( c>bon1  
:i* is _! solid food1 z wat] is _!      
liquid4  ,! way ! plant really eats is  
little kn[n to g>d5]s1 b v int]e/+4 ,all
 ov] ! l[] surface ( ! gre5 leaf lie    
scatt]$ doz5s ( t9y m\?s or ap]tures1   
ea* ( !m gu>d$ by two small purs$-up    
lips :i* h a ridicul\sly human appe>ance
 :5 se5 ?r\gh a simple microscope4 ,:5 !
 conditions ( air & moi/ure are         
fav\rable1 ^! lips op5 visible to admit 
gases2 & !n ! t9y m\?s suck 9 c>bonic   
acid 9 abundance f ! air ar\nd !n4 ,a   
s]ies ( pipes conveys ! gase\s food ?us 
suppli$ to ! upp] surface ( ! leaf1 :]e 
! sunlight falls full ^u x4 ,n[1 ! cells
 ( ! leaf conta9 a peculi> gre5 dige/ive
 mat]ial1 :i* ,i regret to say has no   
simpl] or m *e]ful "n ?an *lorophyll2 & 
:]e ! sunlight plays ^u ?is my/]i\s     
*lorophyll1 x sev]s ! oxyg5 f ! c>bon 9 
! c>bonic acid1 turns ! free gas loose  
^u ! atmosph]e once m ?r\gh ! t9y m\?s1 
& reta9s ! sev]$ c>bon intact 9 its own 

tissues4 ,t is ! :ole process ( fe$+ 9  
plants3 !y eat c>bonic acid1 dige/ x 9  
_! leaves1 get rid ( ! oxyg5 ) :i* x 0  
=m]ly comb9$1 & keep ! c>bon /or$ up =  
_! own purposes4  ,life z a :ole dep5ds 
entirely ^u ?is prop]ty ( *lorophyll2 = 
e atom ( organic matt] 9 y\r body or m9e
 0 orig9ally s manufactur$ by sunlight 9
 ! leaves ( "s plant f :i*1 directly or 
indirectly1 we d]ive x4  ,to be sure1 9 
ord] to make up ! v>i\s sub/ances :i*   
compose _! tissues--to build up _! wood1
 _! leaves1 _! fruits1 _!               
blossoms--plants require hydrog51       
nitrog51 & ev5 small quantities ( oxyg5 
z well2 b ^! v>i\s mat]ials are         
suffici5tly suppli$ 9 ! wat] :i* is tak5
 up by ! roots1 & !y really contribute v
 little inde$ to ! bulk ( ! tree1 :i*   
consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( almo/ pure c>bon4  
,if y 7 to take a ?or\ghly dry piece (  
wood1 & !n drive (f f x by heat ^!      
extrane\s matt]s1 y w\ld f9d t !        
rema9d]1 ! pure *>coal1 =m$ ! bulk ( !  
weight1 ! re/ be+ = ! mo/ "p v light &  

gase\s4 ,briefly put1 plants are mo/ly  
c>bon & wat]1 & ! c>bon :i* =ms _! solid
 "p is extract$ direct f ! air ar\nd !m4
  ,h[ does x come ab\t !n t a c>eless _w
 9 g5]al1 & m especially ! happy-g-lucky
 race ( g>d5]s & f>m]s 9 p>ticul>1 :o h 
to deal s mu* ) plants 9 _! practical   
aspect1 always atta* s great importance 
to root1 soil1 manure1 m9]als1 & s      
little to ! real gase\s food /uff ( :i* 
_! crops are1 9 fact1 compos$8 ,:y does 
,hodge1 :o is s /rong on gra9 & guano1  
"k absolutely no?+ ab\t c>bonic acid8 ,t
 seems at fir/ sight a difficult "q to  
meet4 ,b ,i ?9k we c meet x ) a simple  
analogy4  ,oxyg5 is an absolute necess>y
 ( human life4 ,ev5 food itself is h>dly
 s important an elem5t 9 our daily      
exi/5ce2 = ,succi1 ,dr4 ,tann]1 !       
prophet ,elijah1 & o!r adv5tur\s s\ls   
too num]\s to m5tion1 h abundantly %[n u
 t a man c d )\t food altoge!r = =ty    
days at a /ret*1 :ile he c't d )\t oxyg5
 = a s+le m9ute4 ,cut (f 8 supply ( t   
life-support+ gas1 *oke him1 or         

suffocate him1 or place him 9 an        
atmosph]e ( pure c>bonic acid1 or hold 8
 head 9 a bucket ( wat]1 & he dies at   
once4 ,yet1 except 9 m9es or subm>9e    
tunnels1 nobody ev] takes into acc\nt   
practically ?is mo/ important factor 9  
human & animal life4 ,we toil = bread1 b
 we ignore ! supply ( oxyg54 ,& :y8     
,simply because oxyg5 is univ]sally     
diffus$ ev]y:]e4 ,x co/s no?+4 ,only 9 !
 ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta or 9 a brok5  
tunnel %aft d m5 ev] beg9 to f9d        
!mselves practically %ort ( t           
life-su/a9+ gas1 & !n !y "k ! want ( x  
f> soon] & f> m %>ply ?an !y "k ! want (
 food on a %ipwreck raft1 or ! want (   
wat] 9 ! ?ir/y des]t4 ,yet antiquity    
nev] ev5 he>d ( oxyg54 ,a prime necess>y
 ( life pass$ unnotic$ = ages 9 human   
hi/ory1 only because !re 0 abundance ( x
 to be _h ev]y:]e4  ,n[ x isn't q !     
same1 ,i admit1 ) ! c>bonace\s food (   
plants4 ,c>bonic acid isn't q s         
univ]sally di/ribut$ z oxyg51 nor c e   
plant always get z mu* z x wants ( x4 ,i

 %all %[ by-&-by t a real /ruggle = food
 takes place betwe5 plants1 exactly z x 
takes place betwe5 animals2 & t c]ta9   
plants1 l ,oliv] ,twi/ 9 ! workh\se1    
nev] practically get en\gh to eat4      
,/ill1 c>bonic acid is pres5t 9 v l>ge  
quantities 9 ! air 9 mo/ situations1 &  
is freely br\ght by ! w9d to all ! op5  
spaces :i* alone man uses = 8 crops & 8 
g>d5+4 ,! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! food 
( plants is ?us 9 effect almo/ ev]y:]e  
available1 especially f ! po9t ( view ( 
! m]e practical ev]yday human           
agriculturi/4 ,! w9d t bl[e? :]e x li/e?
 br+s fre% supplies ( c>bon on its w+s )
 e breeze to ! m\?s & ?roats ( ! gre$y &
 eag] plants t long to absorb x4  ,x is 
q o!rwise1 h[ev]1 ) ! soil & its        
con/itu5ts4 ,l&1 we all "k--or if we    
don't1 x isn't ! fault ( ,mr4 ,george & 
,mr4 ,a4,r4 ,wallace--l& is 'naturally  
limit$ 9 quantity4' ,e plant !re=e      
/ruggles = a foo?old 9 ! soil f> m      
fi]cely & f> m t5aci\sly ?an x /ruggles 
= its %>e 9 ! free air ( heav54 ,y\r    

plant is a l&-grabb] ( ,rob ,roy        
proclivities2 x believes 9 a fair fight 
& no fav\r4 ,a suffici5t supply ( food x
 almo/ takes = grant$1 if only x c once 
ga9 a suffici5t gr\nd-space4 ,b o!r     
plants are compet+ ) x1 too? & nail 7if 
plants may be p]mitt$ by c\rtesy ^?     
metaphorical adjuncts71 = _! %>e ( !    
soil1 l cr(t]s or sociali/s2 e sp>e in* 
( e>? is p]meat$ & p]vad$ ) matt$       
fibres2 & ea* is /riv+ to )draw f ea* ! 
small modicum ( moi/ure1 m9]al matt]1 & 
manure = :i* all alike are eag]ly       
battl+4  ,n[1 :at ! plant wants f ! soil
 is ?ree ?+s4 ,fir/ & =emo/ x wants     
support2 l all ! re/ ( u x mu/ h its p\ 
/o1 its pi$--t]re1 its locus /&i4 ,x c't
 hang al(t1 l ,mahomet's c(f91          
miracul\sly susp5d$ on an a]ial p]*     
betwe5 e>? & heav54 ,secondly1 x wants  
wat]1 & ?is x c take 91 z a rule1 only  
or ma9ly by means ( ! rootlets1 ?\gh !re
 are "s peculi> plants :i* gr[ 7n       
p>asitically7 on ! bran*es ( trees1 &   
absorb all ! moi/ure !y ne$ by pores on 

_! surface4 ,& ?irdly1 x wants small    
quantities ( nitrog5\s matt]--9 ! simpl]
 language ( ev]yday life call$ manure--z
 well z ( m9]al matt]--9 ! simpl]       
language ( ev]yday life call$ a%es4 ,x  
is ma9ly ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree1 support1 t ! 
f>m] ?9ks ( :5 he calculates crops &    
acreage2 = ! second1 he dep5ds ^u       
ra9fall or irrigation2 b ! ?ird1 manure1
 he c supply artificially2 & z manure   
makes a great deal ( incid5tal diff]5ce 
to "s ( 8 crops1 especially corn--:i*   
requires abundant phosphates--he is apt 
to ov]-e/imate va/ly its importance f a 
!oretical po9t ( view4  ,besides1 look  
at x 9 ano!r light4 ,ov] l>ge areas     
toge!r1 ! conditions ( air1 climate1 &  
ra9fall are practically id5tical4 ,b    
soil diff]s greatly f place to place4   
,"h x's black2 !re x's yell[2 "h x's ri*
 loam2 !re x's boggy m\ld or s&y gravel4
 ,& "s soils are bett] adapt$ to gr[+   
c]ta9 plants ?an o!rs4 ,ri* l[l&s &     
oolites suit ! c]eals2 r$ m>l produces  
wond]ful graz+ grass2 b>e upl&s are be/ 

= gorse & hea!r4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ fav\rs = !
 practical man ! mi/ak5 idea t plants & 
trees gr[ ma9ly out ( ! soil4 ,8 own    
eyes tell him s2 he sees !m gr[+1 he    
sees ! visible result und5iable be=e 8  
face2 :ile ! real act ( fe$+ (f ! c>bon 
9 ! air is :olly unkn[n to him1 be+     
realizable only by ! aid ( ! microscope1
 aid$ by ! mo/ delicate & difficult     
*emical analysis4  ,nev]!less ,fr5*     
*emi/s h amply prov$ by actual exp]im5t 
t plants c gr[ & produce excell5t       
results )\t any aid f ! soil at all4 ,y 
h only to susp5d ! se$s freely 9 ! air  
by a /r+1 & supply ! rootlets ( ! spr\t+
 se$l+s ) a little wat]1 conta9+ 9      
solution small quantities (             
manure-/uffs1 & ! plants w gr[ z well z 
on _! native hea?1 or ev5 bett]4 ,inde$1
 nature has tri$ ! same exp]im5t on a   
l>g] scale 9 _m cases1 z ) ! cliff-side 
plants t root !mselves 9 ! nak$ clefts (
 granite rocks2 ! tropical or*ids t fa/5
 lightly on ! b>k ( huge =e/ trees2 & ! 
mosses t spread ev5 ov] ! b>e face ( h>d

 brick walls1 ) sc>cely a *9k or cranny 
9 :i* to fa/5 _! m9ute rootlets4 ,!     
insect-eat+ plants are also int]e/+     
examples 9 _! way ( ! curi\s means :i*  
nature takes = keep+ up ! manure supply 
"u try+ circum/ances4 ,^! uncanny ?+s   
are all d5iz5s ( loose1 peaty soil1 :]e 
!y c root !mselves suffici5tly =        
purposes ( foo?old & dr9k1 b :]e ! wat] 
rapidly wa%es away all animal matt]4 ,"u
 su* conditions ! cunn+ sundews & !     
ru?less pit*]-plants set deceptive honey
 traps = unsuspect+ insects1 :i* !y cat*
 & kill1 absorb+ & us+ up ! protoplasmic
 cont5ts ( _! bodies1 by way ( manure1  
to supply _! quota ( nitrog5\s mat]ial4 
,x is ! lit]al fact1 !n1 t plants really
 eat & live (f c>bon1 j z truly z %eep  
eat grass or lions eat antelopes2 & t ! 
gre5 leaves are ! m\?s & /oma*s ) :i* !y
 eat & dige/ x4 ,f ?is x naturally      
results t ! gr[? & spread ( ! leaves mu/
 l>gely dep5d ^u ! supply ( c>bon1 z !  
gr[? & fatness ( %eep dep5ds ^u ! supply
 ( pa/urage4 ,"u mo/ circum/ances1 to be

 sure1 !re is c>bon en\gh & to sp>e ly+ 
ab\t loose = e "o ( !m2 b conditions d  
n[ & aga9 occur :]e we c cle>ly see !   
importance ( ! c>bon supply4 ,wat]1 =   
example1 conta9s practically mu* less   
c>bonic acid ?an atmosph]ic air1        
especially :5 ! wat] is /agnant1 & !re=e
 n suppli$ fre% to ! plant f mom5t to   
mom5t4 ,z a consequ5ce1 almo/ all       
wat]-plants h subm]g$ leaves v n>r[ &   
wav+1 :ile float+ plants1 l !           
wat]-lilies1 h !m l>ge & r\nd1 ow+ to ! 
abs5ce ( competition f o!r k9ds ab\t1   
:i* enables !m to spread freely 9 e     
direction f ! c5tral /alk4 ,moreov]1 ^! 
leaves1 loll+ on ! wat] z !y d1 h _!    
m\?s on ! upp] in/ead ( ! "u surface4 ,b
 ! mo/ rem>kable fact ( all is t _m wat]
 plants h two entirely diff]5t types (  
leaves1 "o subm]g$ & hair-l1 ! o!r      
float+ & broad or circul>4 ,our own     
,engli% wat]-cr[foot1 = example1 has !  
leaves t spr+ f its /em1 bel[ ! surface1
 divid$ into endless long wav+ filam5ts1
 :i* look ab\t 9 ! wat] = ! /ray        

p>ticles ( c>bon2 b ! mom5t x rea*es !  
top ( its native pond ! foliage exp&s at
 once into broad lily-l lobes1 t recl9e 
on ! wat] l ori5tal beauties1 & absorb  
c>bon f ! air to _! he>t's cont5t1 ,! "o
 type may be lik5$ to gills1 t simil>ly 
cat* ! dissolv$ oxyg5 diffus$ 9 wat]2 ! 
o!r type may be lik5$ to lungs1 t dr9k 9
 ! free & op5 air ( heav54  ,equally    
important to ! plant1 h[ev]1 ) ! supply 
( c>bonic acid1 is ! supply ( sun%9e by 
^: aid to dige/ x4 ,! c>bon alone is no 
good to ! tree if x c't get some?+ :i* w
 sep>ate x f ! oxyg51 lock$ 9 close     
embrace ) x4 ,t ?+ is sun%9e4 ,!re is   
no?+1 !re=e1 = :i* h]bs1 trees1 & %rubs 
compete m eag]ly ?an = _! fair %>e (    
sol> en]gy4 ,9 _! anxiety = ?is !y jo/le
 "o ano!r d[n mo/ m]cilessly1 9 ! native
 condition1 grasses /ruggl+ up ) _!     
holl[ /ems above ! prone l[ h]bs1 %rubs 
ov]topp+ ! grasses 9 turn1 & trees once 
m kill+ out ! ov]%ad[$ und]%rubs4 ,"o   
mu/ rememb] t :]ev] nature has free     
play1 in/ead ( be+ controll$ by ! h& (  

man1 d5se =e/ cov]s e acre ( gr\nd :]e !
 soil is deep en\gh2 gorse1 :9s1 &      
hea!r1 or _! equival5ts gr[ :]ev] ! =e/ 
fails2 & h]bs c only hold _! own 9 ! r>e
 int]vals :]e ^! dom9e]+ lords ( !      
vegetable creation c f9d no foo?old4    
,mead[s or prairies occur n[h]e 9       
nature1 except 9 places :]e ! liability 
to de/ructive fires ov] wide areas      
toge!r cru%es out =e/ trees1 or else :]e
 goats1 bison1 de]1 & o!r l>ge h]bivores
 br[se !m ceaselessly d[n 9 ! /age (    
se$l+s4 ,competition = sunlight is ?us  
ev5 ke5] p]haps ?an competition =       
food/uffs4 ,alike on trees1 %rubs1 &    
h]bs1 accord+ly ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves 
is always exactly calculat$ s z to all[ 
! l>ge/ possible horizontal surface1 & !
 greate/ exposure ( ! blade to ! op5    
sun%9e4 ,9 trees ?is arrangem5t c (t5 be
 v well obs]v$1 all ! leaves be+ plac$  
at ! extremities ( ! bran*es1 & =m+ a   
great dome-%ap$ or umbrella-%ap$ mass1 e
 "p ( :i* /&s an ev5 *ance ( cat*+ its  
fair %>e ( c>bonic acid & sol> en]gy4   

,! %apes ( ! leaves !mselves are also   
l>gely due to ! same cause1 e leaf be+ s
 design$ 9 =m & outl9e z to int]f]e z   
little z possible ) ! o!r leaves on !   
same /em1 z reg>ds supply bo? ( light & 
( c>bonace\s food/uffs4 ,x is only 9 r>e
 cases1 l t ( ! wat]-lily1 t p]fectly   
r\nd leaves occur1 because ! conditions 
are seldom equal all r\nd1 & ! incid5ce 
( light & ! supply ( c>bon are seldom   
unlimit$4 ,b :]ev] leaves rise free &   
solit>y into ! air1 )\t mutual          
int]f]5ce1 !y are always circul>1 z may 
be well se5 9 ! common na/urtium & !    
,engli% p5nywort4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among   
d5se h$g][s & ?ickets1 :]e ! sil5t1     
invisible /ruggle = life is fi]ce inde$1
 & :]e sunlight & c>bonic acid are      
int]cept$ by a ?\s& compet+ m\?s & arms1
 ! prevail+ types ( leaf are extremely  
cut up & m9utely subdivid$ into small   
lace-l fragm5ts4 ,! plant 9 su* cases   
c't af=d mat]ial to fill up ! int]/ices 
betwe5 ! ve9s & ribs :i* det]m9e its    
und]ly+ ar*itectural /ructure4 ,(t5     

inde$ species :i* gr[ "u ^! h>d         
conditions produce leaves :i* are1 z x  
71 b skeleton repres5tatives ( _! l>ge &
 well fill$-out compe]s 9 ! op5 mead[s4 
,x is only by be>+ vividly 9 m9d ?is    
ceaseless & noiseless /ruggle betwe5    
plants = _! gase\s food & ! sun%9e :i*  
enables !m to dige/ x t we c ev] fully  
und]/& ! v>y+ =ms & habits ( ! vegetable
 k+dom4 ,to mo/ p1 no d\bt1 x s\nds l   
pure metaphor to talk ( an int]nec9e    
/ruggle betwe5 root$ be+s :i* _c budge  
"o in* f _! places1 nor fight ) horns1  
ho(s1 or tee?1 nor dev\r "o ano!r       
bodily1 nor tread "o ano!r d[n ) ru?less
 foot/eps4 ,b t is only because we      
habitually =get t competition is j z    
really a /ruggle = life z op5 w>f>e4 ,! 
m5 :o try aga9/ "o ano!r = a cl]k%ip 9 !
 ,city1 or a po/ 9 a gang ( build]'s    
workm51 are j z surely tak+ away bread &
 butt] out ( _! fell[s' m\?s = _! own   
advantage1 z if !y f\ght = x op5ly )    
fi/s or six-%oot]s4 ,! :ite man :o      
encloses ! hunt+ gr\nds ( ! ,indian1 &  

plants !m ) corn1 is j z surely doom+ t 
,indian to dea? z if he scalp$ or       
tomahawk$ him4 ,& s too ) ! unconsci\s  
w>f>e ( plants4 ,! daisy or ! planta9 t 
spreads its rosette ( leaves flat aga9/ 
! gr\nd is j z truly monopoliz+ a       
def9ite space ( l& z ! noble own] ( a   
,highl& de] =e/4 ,no blade ( grass c    
spr+ b5ea? ! %ad[ ( ^? tightly press$   
little mats ( foliage2 no fragm5t (     
c>bon1 no ray ( sun%9e c ev] p5etrate   
bel[ t close f5ce ( liv+ gre5/uff4      
,plants1 9 fact1 compete ) "o ano!r all 
r\nd = ev]y?+ !y /& 9 ne$ (4 ,!y compete
 = _! food--c>bonic acid4 ,!y compete = 
_! en]gy--_! fair %>e ( sunlight4 ,!y   
compete = wat]1 & _! foo?old 9 ! soil4  
,!y compete = ! fav\rs ( ! insects t    
f]tilize _! fl[]s4 ,!y compete = ! good 
s]vices ( ! birds or mammals t          
dissem9ate _! se$s 9 prop] spots =      
g]m9ation4 ,& h[ real ?is competition is
 we c see 9 a mom5t1 if we ?9k ( !      
difficulties ( human cultivation4 ,!re1 
we$s are always battl+ manfully ) our   

crops or our fl[]s = ma/]y ov] ! field  
or g>d54 ,we are oblig$ to root up )    
ceaseless toil ^! intrusive competitors1
 if we wi% to enjoy ! k9dly fruits ( !  
e>? 9 due season4 ,:5 we leave a g>d5 to
 itself = a few %ort ye>s1 we realize at
 once :at effect ! competition ( h>dy   
natives has ^u our c>efully t5d$ &      
un/able exotics4 ,9 a v brief "t !      
dahlias & phloxes & lilies h all        
disappe>$1 & 9 _! place ! co>se-gr[+    
docks & nettles & ?i/les h rais$ _!     
heads al(t to monopolize air & space &  
sun%9e4  ,exactly ! same /ruggle is     
always tak+ place 9 ! fields & woods &  
moors ar\nd u1 & especially 9 ! spots   
made ov] to pure nature4 ,!re1 !        
gre5wood tree raises its huge umbrella (
 foliage to ! skies1 & all[s h>dly a ray
 ( sunlight to /ruggle ?r\gh to ! l[    
woodl& vegetation ( or*id or w9t]gre5   
und]nea?4 ,:]e ! soil is n deep en\gh = 
trees to root securely1 bu%es & hea!rs  
ov]gr[ ! gr\nd1 & compete ) _! bell-%ap$
 blossoms = ! covet$ fav\r ( bees &     

butt]flies4 ,& 9 op5 glades1 :]e = "s   
reason or o!r ! =e/ fails1 tall grasses 
& o!r aspir+ h]bs run up apace t[>ds !  
free air ( heav54 ,else:]e1 creep]s     
/ruggle up to ! sun ov] ! /ems & bran*es
 ( /rong] bu%es or trees1 :i* !y (t5    
*oke & />ve by monopoliz+ at la/ all !  
available c>bon & sunlight4 ,& s        
?r\gh\t2 ! /ruggle = life goes on j z   
ceaselessly & truly among ^! unconsci\s 
combatants z among ! lions & tig]s ( !  
tropical jungle1 or among ! human s]fs (
 ! ov]/ock$ m>ket4  ,an ounce ( example1
 !y say1 is wor? a p\nd ( precept4 ,s a 
s+le concrete case ( a fi]ce vegetable  
campaign n[ actually 9 progress ov] all 
,nor!rn ,europe may help to make my     
mean+ a trifle cle>]4 ,till v lately !  
=e/s ( ! nor? 7 l>gely compos$ 9 places 
( ! light & airy silv] bir*es4 ,b ) !   
gradual amelioration ( ! climate ( our  
cont95t1 :i* has be5 go+ on = sev]al    
c5turies1 ! bee*1 a m s\!rn type ( tree1
 has begun to spread sl[ly ?\gh surely  
nor?w>d4 ,n[1 bee*es are gre$y trees1 ( 

v d5se & compact foliage2 no?+ else c   
gr[ b5ea? _! ?ick %ade1 :]e once !y h   
ga9$ a foo?old2 & ! se$l+s ( ! silv]    
bir* /& no *ance at all 9 ! /ruggle =   
life aga9/ ! s]ri$ leaves ( _! =midable 
rivals4 ,! bee* lit]ally eats !m out (  
h\se & home2 & ! consequ5ce is t ! ?ick 
& ru?less s\!rn tree is at ?is v mom5t  
gradually sup]s$+ ov] va/ tracts (      
c\ntry its m graceful & beautiful1 b f> 
less voraci\s competitor4               
,,fi% ,,z ,,fa!rs4  ,comp>atively little
 is kn[n z yet1 ev5 9 ?is age (         
publicity1 ab\t ! dome/ic arrangem5ts & 
private life ( fi%es4 ,n t ! creatures  
!mselves %un ! wiles ( ! int]view]1 or  
are at all %y & retir+1 z a matt] (     
delicacy1 ab\t _! family affairs2 on !  
contr>y1 !y display a /rik+ lack (      
retic5ce 9 _! native elem5t1 & are s f> 
f pu%+ p>5tal affection to a quixotic   
extreme t _m ( !m1 l ! common rabbit    
immortalis$ by ,mr4 ,sque]s1 'frequ5tly 
dev\r _! own (fspr+4' ,b nature h]self  
opposes c]ta9 obvi\s ob/acles to !      

pursuit ( k 9 ! great deep1 :i* r5d] x  
difficult = ! ard5t naturali/1 h[ev] mu*
 he may be s dispos$1 to c>ry on 8      
obs]vations ) ! same facility z 9 ! case
 ( birds & quadrup$s4 ,y c't drop 9 ^u  
mo/ fi%1 casually1 9 _! own homes2 & :5 
y conf9e !m 9 aqu>iums1 :]e y\r         
opportunities ( wat*+ !m ?r\gh a %eet ( 
plate-glass are consid]ably great]1 mo/ 
( ! captives get huffy "u ! n>r[        
re/rictions ( _! prison life1 &         
ob/9ately refuse to re> a brood (       
h]$it>y helots = ! m]e gratification (  
y\r sci5tific curiosity4  ,/ill1 by hook
 & by crook 7especially ! =m]71 by      
obs]vation "h & exp]im5t !re1 naturali/s
 9 ! end h manag$ to piece toge!r a     
consid]able mass ( curi\s & int]e/+     
in=mation ( an out-(-!-way sort ab\t !  
dome/ic habits & mann]s ( sundry pisc9e 
races4 ,&1 inde$1 ! morals ( fi% are f> 
m v>i$ & div]g5t ?an ! uni=m nature ( ! 
_w !y inhabit might lead an  priori     
philosoph] to imag9e4 ,to ! eye ( ! m]e 
casual obs]v] e fi% w\ld seem at fir/   

sight to be a m]e fi%1 & to diff] b     
little 9 s5tim5ts & e?ical culture f all
 ! re/ ( 8 remote c\s9s4 ,b :5 "o comes 
to look clos] at _! "* & antec$5ts1 x   
becomes evid5t at once t !re is a deal (
 unsuspect$ orig9ality & caprice ab\t   
%>ks & flat-fi%4 ,in/ead ( con=m+       
?r\gh\t to a s+le plan1 z ! "y1 ! gay1 !
 giddy1 & ! ?\ghtless are too prone to  
conclude1 fi% are 9 reality z v>i\s &   
v>iable 9 _! mode ( life z any o!r great
 gr\p 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,monogamy &     
polygamy1 socialism & individualism1 !  
patri>*al & matri>*al types ( gov]nm5t1 
! ovip>\s & vivip>\s me?ods (           
reproduction1 p]haps ev5 ! dissid5ce (  
diss5t & esot]ic ,buddhism1 all alike   
are well repres5t$ 9 "o family or ano!r 
( ?is extremely eclectic &              
philosophically unprejudic$ class (     
animals4  ,if y want a p]fect model (   
dome/ic virtue1 = example1 :]e c y f9d x
 9 high] p]fection ?an 9 t exempl>y &   
devot$ fa!r1 ! common great pipe-fi% ( !
 ,nor? ,atlantic & ! ,briti% ,seas8 ,?is

 high-pr9cipl$ lophobran* is s c>eful ( 
its call[ & helpless "y t x c>ries ab\t 
! unhat*$ eggs ) him "u 8 own tail1 9   
:at sci5tific i*?yologi/s pleasantly    
describe z a subcaudal p\* or cutane\s  
receptacle4 ,!re !y hat* out 9 p]fect   
security1 free f ! dang]s t beset !     
spawn & fry ( s _m o!r less t5d]-he>t$  
k9ds2 & z soon z ! little pipe-fi% are  
big en\gh to look aft] !mselves ! sac   
divides spontane\sly d[n ! middle1 &    
all[s !m to escape1 to %ift = !mselves 9
 ! broad ,atlantic4 ,ev5 s1 h[ev]1 !    
juniors take c>e always to keep tol]ably
 ne> t fri5dly %elt]1 & creep back into 
x aga9 on any ?reat ( dang]1 exactly z  
baby-kang>oos d into _! "m's m>supium4  
,! fa!r-fi%1 9 fact1 has gone to !      
tr\ble & exp5se ( develop+ out ( 8 own  
tissues a membran\s bag1 on purpose to  
hold ! eggs & "y dur+ ! fir/ /ages ( _! 
embryonic evolution4 ,?is bag is =m$ by 
two folds ( ! sk91 "o ( :i* gr[s out f  
ea* side ( ! body1 ! free m>g9s be+     
firmly glu$ toge!r 9 ! middle by a      

natural exudation1 :ile ! eggs are      
und]go+ incubation1 b op5+ once m 9 !   
middle to let ! little fi% out z soon z 
! process ( hat*+ is fairly f9i%$4  ,s  
curi\s a provision = ! safety ( ! "y 9 !
 pipe-fi% may be comp>$ to "s ext5t1 z  
,i h9t$ above1 ) ! p\* 9 :i* kang>oos & 
o!r m>supial animals c>ry _! cubs aft]  
bir?1 till !y h atta9$ an age ( complete
 indep5d5ce4 ,b ! /range/ "p ( x all is 
! fact t :ile 9 ! kang>oo x is ! "m :o  
owns ! p\* & takes c>e ( ! "y1 9 !      
pipe-fi% x is ! fa!r1 on ! contr>y1 :o  
?us specially provides = ! safety ( 8   
def5celess (fspr+4 ,& :at is odd] /ill1 
?is topsy-turvy arrangem5t 7z x seems to
 u7 is ! common rule ?r\gh\t ! class (  
fi%es4 ,= ! mo/ "p x mu/ be c&idly      
admitt$ by _! w>me/ admir]1 fi% make v  
bad p>5ts inde$4 ,!y lay _! eggs any:]e 
on a suitable spot1 & z soon z !y h once
 deposit$ !m1 l ! o/ri* 9 ,job1 !y g on 
_! way rejoic+1 & nev] be/[ ano!r pass+ 
?\ght ^u _! des]t$ prog5y4 ,b if ev] a  
fi% does take any pa9s 9 ! education &  

social upbr++ ( its "y1 y're pretty sure
 to f9d on enquiry x's ! fa!r--n z "o   
w\ld naturally expect1 ! "m--:o devotes 
8 "t & att5tion to ! cong5ial task (    
hat*+ or fe$+ !m4 ,x is he :o builds !  
ne/1 & sits ^u ! eggs1 & nurses ! "y1 & 
imp>ts moral in/ruction 7) a snap ( 8   
jaw or a swi% ( 8 tail7 to ! bold1 !    
truant1 ! *eeky1 or ! imprud5t2 :ile 8  
unnatural sp\se1 well satisfi$ ) h] own 
"p 9 hav+ m]ely br\ght ! helpless eggs  
into ?is _w ( sorr[1 goes (f on h] own  
acc\nt 9 ! giddy :irl ( society1 =getful
 ( ! sacr$ claims ( h] wriggl+ (fspr+ ^u
 a "m's he>t4  ,9 ! pipe-fi% family1    
too1 ! ard5t evolutioni/ c trace a :ole 
s]ies ( in/ructive & illu/rative        
gradations 9 ! developm5t ( ?is in/9ct &
 ! correspond+ p\*-l /ructure among !   
male fi%4 ,) ! lea/ highly-evolv$ types1
 l ! long-nos$ pipe-fi% ( ! ,engli%     
,*annel1 & _m alli$ =ms f ,european     
seas1 !re is no p\* at all1 b ! fa!r ( !
 family c>ries ! eggs ab\t ) him1 glu$  
firmly on to ! s]vice ( 8 abdom5 by a   

natural mucus4 ,9 a some:at m advanc$   
tropical k9d1 ! ridges ( ! abdom5 are   
slightly dilat$1 s z to =m an op5       
groove1 :i* loosely holds ! eggs1 ?\gh  
its edges d n meet 9 ! middle z 9 !     
great pipe-fi%4 ,!n come yet o!r m      
progressive =ms1 l ! great pipe-fi%     
himself1 :]e ! folds meet s z to produce
 a complete sac1 :i* op5s at maturity1  
to let out its little inmates4 ,&       
f9ally1 9 ! common ,m$it]ranean         
sea-horses1 :i* y c pick up by doz5s on 
! ,lido at ,v5ice1 & a specim5 ( :i*    
exi/s 9 ! dri$ =m 9 e dome/ic museum1 ! 
p\* is p]man5tly clos$ by coalesc5ce ( !
 edges1 leav+ a n>r[ op5+ 9 front1 ?r\gh
 :i* ! small hippocampi creep out "o by 
"o z soon z !y consid] !mselves capable 
( buffet+ ! waves ( ! ,adriatic4  ,fi% t
 take mu* c>e ( _! (fspr+ naturally     
don't ne$ to produce eggs 9 ! same      
reckless abundance z ^? dissipat$ k9ds t
 leave _! spawn expos$ on ! b>e s&y     
bottom1 at ! m]cy ( e com] :o *ooses to 
take a bite at x4 ,!y c af=d to lay a   

small] numb]1 & to make ea* individual  
egg mu* l>g] & ri*] 9 proportion ?an _! 
rivals4 ,?is plan1 ( c\rse1 enables ! "y
 to beg9 life f> bett] provid$ ) muscles
 & f9s ?an ! t9y little fry :i* come out
 ( ! eggs ( ! improvid5t species4 ,=    
example1 ! cod-fi% lays n9e million odd 
eggs2 b anybody :o has ev] eat5 fri$    
cod's-roe mu/ ne$s h notic$ t ea*       
individual ovum 0 s v small z to be     
almo/ indi/+ui%able to ! nak$ eye4      
,?\s&s ( ^! inf9itesimal specks are     
dev\r$ be=e !y hat* out by pr$ace\s fi%2
 ?\s&s m ( ! "y fry are swall[$ alive   
dur+ _! helpless infancy by ! enemies ( 
_! species4 ,imag9e ! v fractional am\nt
 ( p>5tal affection :i* ea* ( ! n9e     
million mu/ ne$s put up )6 ,on ! o!r h&1
 !re is a pat]nally-m9d$ gr\p ( cat-fi% 
kn[n z ! g5us ,arius1 ( ,ceylon1        
,au/ralia1 & o!r tropical p>ts1 ! males 
( :i* c>ry ab\t ! ova loose 9 _! m\?s1  
or r 9 an enl>gem5t ( ! ph>ynx1 some:at 
resembl+ ! pelican's p\*2 & ! sp\ses (  
^! v devot$ sires lay accord+ly only v  

few ova1 all told1 b ea* almo/ z big z a
 h$ge-sp>r['s egg--a wond]ful contra/ to
 ! t9y mites ( ! cod-fi%4 ,to put x     
briefly1 ! great] ! am\nt ( protection  
af=d$ ! eggs1 ! small] ! numb] & ! l>g] 
! size4 ,& conv]sely1 ! l>g] ! size ( ! 
egg to />t )1 ! bett] fitt$ to beg9 !   
battle ( life is ! "y fi% :5 fir/ turn$ 
out on a cold _w ^u 8 own res\rces4     
,?is is a g5]al law1 inde$1 t runs ?r\gh
 all nature1 f ,london slums to ! deep  
sea4 ,wa/eful species produce _m "y1 &  
take b little c>e ( !m :5 once produc$4 
,economical species produce v few "y1 b 
/>t ea* individual well-equipp$ = its   
place 9 life & look aft] !m closely till
 !y c take c>e ( !mselves 9 ! /ruggle = 
exi/5ce4 ,& on ! av]age1 h[ev] _m or    
h[ev] few ! (fspr+ to />t )1 j en\gh    
atta9 maturity 9 ! long run to replace  
_! p>5ts 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,7 x        
o!rwise1 ! sea w\ld soon become "o solid
 mass ( h]r+1 cod1 & mack]el4  ,^!      
cat-fi%1 h[ev]1 are n ! only good fa!rs 
t c>ry _! "y 7l woodcock7 9 _! own m\?s4

 ,a fre%wat] species ( ! ,sea (         
,galilee1 ,*romis ,&re by "n 7d$icat$ by
 sci5ce to ! memory ( t fi%]man apo/le1 
,/4 ,&rew1 :o mu/ (t5 h nett$ !m71 has !
 same habit ( hat*+ out its "y 9 its own
 gullet3 & "h aga9 x is ! male fi% ^u   
:om ?is app>5tly mat]nal duty devolves1 
j z x is ! male cass[>y t sits ^u ! eggs
 ( 8 unnatural mate1 & ! male emu t t5ds
 ! ne/1 :ile ! h5 bird looks on         
sup]cili\sly & cont5ts h]self ) ex]cis+ 
a g5]al fri5dly sup]vision ( ! nurs]y   
dep>tm5t4 ,i may add p>5!tically t 9 mo/
 fi% families ! eggs are f]tilis$ aft]  
!y h be5 laid1 in/ead ( be=e1 :i* no    
d\bt acc\nts = ! seem+ anomaly4  ,/ill1 
good mo!rs too may be f\nd among fi%1   
?\gh f> f frequ5tly4 ,"o ( ! ,guiana    
catfi%es1 kn[n z ,aspr$o1 v mu*         
resembles h] c\ntrywoman ! ,sur9am toad 
9 h] nurs]y arrangem5ts4 ,( c\rse y "k !
 ,sur9am toad--:om n to "k argues       
y\rself unkn[n--t curi\s creature t     
c>ries h] eggs 9 little pits on h] back1
 :]e ! "y hat* out & pass ?r\gh _!      

tadpole /age 9 a slimy fluid1 em]g+ at  
la/ f ! cells ( ?is liv+ honeycomb only 
:5 !y h atta9$ ! full amphibian hon\rs (
 f\r-legg$ maturity4 ,well1 ,aspr$o     
among cat-fi% manages h] brood 9 mu* !  
same fa%ion2 only %e c>ries h] eggs     
b5ea? h] body in/ead ( on h] back l h]  
amphibi\s rival4 ,:5 spawn+ "t          
approa*es1 & ,aspr$o's fancy lightly    
turns to ?\ghts ( love1 ! l[] side ( h] 
trunk beg9s to assume1 by anticipation1 
a s(t & spongy texture1 honeycomb$ )    
pits1 betwe5 :i* are arrang$ little     
spiky protub]ances4 ,aft] lay+ h] eggs1 
! "m lies flat ^u !m on ! riv] bottom1 &
 presses !m into ! spongy sk91 :]e !y   
rema9 safely atta*$ until !y hat* out & 
beg9 to manage = !mselves 9 life4 ,x is 
curi\s t ! only two creatures on e>? :i*
 h hit out indep5d5tly ?is orig9al mode 
( provid+ = _! (fspr+ %\ld bo? be       
citiz5s ( ,guiana1 :]e ! riv]s & m>%es  
mu/ probably h>b\r "s special dang] to  
be ?us avoid$1 n f\nd 9 equal int5sity 9
 o!r fre% wat]s4  ,a prettily m>k$ fi% (

 ! ,indian ,ocean1 alli$1 ?\gh n v      
closely1 to ! pipe fi%es1 has also !    
di/9ction ( h&+ ov] ! "y to ! c>e ( ! "m
 in/ead ( ! fa!r4 ,its "n is ,sol5o/oma 
7,i regret t no m popul> title exi/s71 &
 x has a p\*1 =m$ 9 ?is case by a pair (
 long broad f9s1 )9 :i* ! eggs are      
atta*$ by int]lac+ ?reads t pu% out f ! 
body4 ,probably 9 ?is in/ance nutrim5t  
is actually provid$ ?r\gh ^! ?reads = ! 
use ( ! embryo1 9 :i* case we mu/ reg>d 
! me*anism z v closely analog\s inde$ to
 t :i* obta9s among mammals4  ,"s few   
fi%1 inde$1 are truly vivip>\s2 among !m
 c]ta9 bl5nies & c>ps1 9 :i* ! eggs hat*
 out entirely )9 ! body ( ! "m4 ,"o ( ! 
mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! div]g5t types is !     
common ,cali=nian & ,mexican silv]-fi%1 
an inhabitant ( ! bays & inlets (       
sub-tropical ,am]ica4 ,its *ief         
peculi>ity & title to fame lies 9 !     
extreme bigness ( its "y at bir?4 ,!    
full-gr[n fi% runs to ab\t t5 in*es 9   
l5g?1 fi%]man's scale1 :ile ! fry       
measure z mu* z ?ree in*es apiece2 s t  

!y lie1 z ,pr(essor ,seeley some:at     
=cibly expresses x1 'pack$ 9 ! body ( ! 
p>5t z close z h]r+s 9 a b>rel4' ,?is   
/range habit ( reta9+ ! eggs till aft]  
!y h hat*$ out is n peculi> to fi% among
 egg-lay+ animals1 = ! common little    
br[n ,engli% liz>d is simil>ly vivip>\s1
 ?\gh mo/ ( its relatives else:]e       
deposit _! eggs to be hat*$ by ! heat ( 
! sun 9 e>? or s&banks4  ,mr4 ,hannibal 
,*ollop1 if ,i recollect aright1 once   
%ot an imprud5t /rang] = rem>k+ 9 pr9t t
 ! anci5t ,a!nians1 t inf]ior race1 _h  
got ahead 9 _! "t ( ! mod]n ,loco-foco  
ticket4 ,b sev]al k9ds ( fi% h und\bt$ly
 got ahead 9 ?is respect ( ! common     
reptilian ticket2 = in/ead ( leav+ ab\t 
_! eggs any:]e on ! loose to take c>e ( 
!mselves1 !y build a regul> ne/1 l      
birds1 & sit ^u _! eggs till ! fry em]ge
 f !m4 ,all ! /icklebacks1 = in/ance1   
are confirm$ ne/-build]s3 b "h once m x 
is ! male1 n ! female1 :o weaves !      
mat]ials toge!r & takes c>e ( ! eggs    
dur+ _! p]iod ( incubation4 ,!          

receptacle itself is made ( fibres (    
wat]-we$s or /alks ( grass1 & is op5 at 
bo? ends to let a curr5t pass ?r\gh4 ,z 
soon z ! lordly little polygami/ has    
built x1 he coaxes & allures 8 *os5     
mates into ! entrance1 "o by "o1 to lay 
_! eggs2 & !n :5 ! ne/ is full1 he m\nts
 gu>d ov] !m bravely1 fann+ !m ) 8 f9s1 
& s keep+ up a cont9ual supply ( oxyg5  
:i* is necess>y = ! prop] developm5t ( !
 embryo )94 ,x takes a mon?'s sitt+ be=e
 ! "y hat* out1 & ev5 aft] !y appe>1 ?is
 excell5t fa!r 7little ,turk ?\gh he be1
 & savage w>rior = ! /ock+ ( 8 h>em7    
goes out att5d$ by all 8 brood :5ev] he 
sallies =? = a morn+ con/itutional 9    
se>* ( caddis-worms1 :i* %[s t !re may  
be m good ?an we imag9e1 aft] all1 9 !  
dome/ic in/itutions ev5 ( p :o don't    
agree ) u4  ,! bullheads or mill]'s     
?umbs1 ^? qua9t big-head$ bea/s :i*     
divide ) ! /icklebacks ! polite         
att5tions ( +5i\s ,briti% y\?1 are also 
ne/-build]s1 & ! male fi% are said to   
anxi\sly wat* & protect _! (fspr+ dur+  

_! undiscipl9$ nonage4 ,equally dome/ic 
are ! habits ( ^? que] %apeless         
creatures1 ! m>9e lump-suck]s1 :i* fa/5 
!mselves on to rocks1 l limpets1 by _!  
/range suck+ disks1 & defy all ! ef=ts (
 enemy or fi%]m5 to dislodge !m by ma9  
=ce f _! well-*os5 position4 ,! pretty  
little tropical walk+-fi% ( ! filuroid  
tribe--^? fi% out ( wat]--c>ry !        
ne/-mak+ in/9ct a po9t fur!r1 = !y g    
a%ore boldly at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season
 9 _! native woods1 & scoop out a hole 9
 ! bea* z a place ( safety1 9 :i* !y    
make regul> ne/s ( leaves & o!r         
t]re/rial mat]ials to hold _! eggs4 ,!n 
fa!r & "m take turns-ab\t at look+ aft] 
! hat*+1 & def5d ! spawn ) great zeal & 
c\rage aga9/ all intrud]s4  ,i regret to
 say1 h[ev]1 !re are o!r unpr9cipl$ fi% 
:i* display _! affection & c>e = _! "y 9
 f> m que/ionable & unpleasant mann]s4  
,= in/ance1 !re is t uncanny creature t 
ins]ts its p>asitic fry z a t9y egg     
inside ! unsuspect+ %ells ( mussels &   
cockles4 ,our fi%]m5 are only too well  

acqua9t$1 aga91 ) "o unpleasant m>9e    
lamprey1 ! hag or bor]1 s call$ because 
x lives p>asitically ^u o!r fi%es1 ^:   
bodies x ent]s1 & !n sl[ly eats !m up f 
)9 outw>d1 till no?+ at all is left ( !m
 b sk91 scales1 & skeleton4 ,!y are     
repulsive eel-%ap$ creatures1 bl9d1 s(t1
 & slimy2 _! m\? consi/s ( a hide\s     
rasp+ suck]2 & !y p\r out f ! gl&s on _!
 sides a copi\s mucus1 :i* makes !m z   
disagreeable to h&le z !y are unsightly 
to look at4 ,mack]el & cod are ! hag's  
pr9cipal victims2 b (t5 ! fi%]man draws 
up a hag-eat5 haddock on ! end ( 8 l9e1 
( :i* n a wrack rema9s b ! holl[ %ell or
 b>e out] simulacrum4 ,z _m z tw5ty ( ^!
 disgu/+ p>asites h sometimes be5 f\nd  
)9 ! body ( a s+le cod-fi%4  ,yet see h[
 c>efully nature provides nev]!less = ! 
due reproduction ( ev5 h] mo/ loa?some &
 revolt+ creations4 ,! hag n only lays a
 small numb] ( comp>atively l>ge &      
well-/or$ eggs1 b also arranges = _!    
success 9 life by supply+ ea* ) a bundle
 ( ?reads at ei!r end1 e su* ?read      

t]m9at+ at la/ 9 a triple hook1 l ^? )  
:i* we are s famili> 9 ! case ( adhesive
 fruits & se$s1 l burrs or cleav]s4 ,by 
means ( ^! b>b$ processes1 ! eggs atta* 
!mselves to liv+ fi%es2 & ! "y bor]1 z  
soon z he em]ges f 8 horny cov]+1 makes 
8 way at once into ! body ( 8 unconsci\s
 ho/1 :om he proce$s by sl[ degrees to  
dev\r alive ) rel5tless indu/ry1 f !    
inte/9es outw>d4 ,?is beautiful         
provision ( nature enables ! infant hag 
to />t 9 life at once 9 v snug qu>t]s ^u
 a ready-made fi% pres]ve4 ,i und]/&1   
h[ev]1 t cod-fi% philosoph]s1 actuat$ by
 purely p]sonal & selfi% conceptions (  
utility1 refuse to admit ! beauty or    
b5efic5ce ( ?is mo/ satisfactory        
arrangem5t = ! bor] species4  ,probably 
! be/ kn[n ( all fi%es' eggs1 h[ev] 7) !
 solit>y exception ( ! /urgeon's1       
commonly obs]v$ betwe5 br[n bread &     
butt]1 "u ! "n ( cavi>e71 are ! que]    
lea!ry purse-%ap$ ova ( ! %>ks1 rays1   
skates1 & dog-fi%es4 ,ev]ybody has pick$
 !m up on ! sea%ore1 :]e *ildr5 "k !m z 

devil's purses & devil's :eelb>r[s4 ,mo/
 ( ^! que] eggs are oblong &            
quadrangul>1 ) ! f\r corn]s produc$ into
 a sort ( h&les or /ream]s1 (t5 end+ 9  
long t5drils1 & useful = atta*+ !m to   
corall9es or seawe$s on ! b$ ( ! ocean4 
,b x is wor? notic+ t 9 col\r !         
egg-cases closely resemble ! common     
wrack to :i* !y are (t5e/ fa/5$2 & z !y 
wave up & d[n 9 ! wat] ) ! d>k mass     
ar\nd !m1 !y mu/ be almo/ indi/+ui%able 
f ! wrack itself by ! ke5e/-sight$ ( _! 
enemies4 ,?is protective resemblance1   
c\pl$ ) ! t\ghness & slipp]9ess ( _!    
lea!ry envelope or egg-%ell1 r5d]s !m   
almo/ p]fectly secure f all evil-m9d$   
intrud]s4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! dog-fi% lay
 b v few eggs ea* season1 & ^? few1 l>ge
 & well provid$ ) nutrim5t = _! spott$  
(fspr+4 ,x is ^! purses1 & ^? ( !       
?ornback & ! edible skate1 t we (t5e/   
pick up on ! ,engli% coa/4 ,! l>g]      
oceanic %>ks are mo/ly vivip>\s4  ,9 "s 
few cases1 inde$1 among ! %>k & ray     
family1 ! me*anism = protection goes a  

/ep or two fur!r ?an 9 ^! simple k9ds4  
,t well-kn[n frequ5t] ( ,au/ralian      
h>b\rs1 ! ,port ,jackson %>k1 lays a    
pe>-%ap$ egg1 ) a sort ( spiral /aircase
 ( lea!ry ridges w9d+ r\nd x outside1   
,*9ese pagoda wise1 s t ev5 if y bite x 
7,i speak 9 ! p]son ( a pr$ace\s fi%7 x 
eludes y\r tee?1 & goes dodg+ (f        
screw-fa%ion into ! wat] beyond4 ,!re's 
no gett+ at ?is evasive body any:]e2 :5 
y ?9k y h x1 x wriggles away sideways1 &
 refuses to give any hold = jaws or     
palate4 ,9 fact1 a m slipp]y or guileful
 egg 0 nev] yet devis$ by nature's      
unconsci\s +5uity4 ,!n1 aga91 !         
,ant>ctic *imra 7s call$ f its v        
unprepossess+ p]sonal appe>ance7 relies 
r ^u pure deception ?an ^u me*anical    
means = ! security ( its eggs4 ,! %ell  
or case 9 ?is in/ance is prolong$ at !  
edge into a k9d ( broad w+ on ei!r side1
 s t x exactly resembles "o ( ! l>ge    
flat leaves ( ! ,ant>ctic fucus 9 ^:    
mid/ x lurks4 ,x =ms ! high-wat] m>k1 ,i
 fancy1 ( protective resemblance among/ 

eggs1 = n only is ! m>g9 leaf-l 9 %ape1 
b x is ev5 gracefully wav$ & fr+$ )     
float+ hairs1 z is ! fa%ion ) ! exp&$   
fronds ( s _m among ! gigantic f>-s\!rn 
sea-we$s4  ,a mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ set (
 ph5om5a are ^? :i* (t5 occur :5 a gr\p 
( fi%es1 once m>9e1 take by practice to 
inhabit+ fre%wat] riv]s2 or1 vice-v]s1  
:5 a fre%wat] k9d1 mov$ by an aspiration
 = m expansive surr\nd+s1 takes up its  
resid5ce 9 ! sea z a naturalis$ m>9e4   
,:5ev] su* a *ange ( address happ5s1 x  
usually foll[s t ! "y fry _c /& !       
conditions ( ! new home to :i* _!       
ance/ors 7 unaccu/om$--we all "k ! +ra9$
 cons]vatism ( *ildr5--& s ! p>5ts are  
oblig$ once a ye> to und]take a         
pilgrimage to _! orig9al dwell+-place = 
! bre$+ season4  ,extreme cases (       
t]re/rial animals1 once aquatic 9       
habits1 ?r[ a flood ( lurid light 7z !  
newspap]s say7 ^u ! reason :y ?is %\ld  
be s4 ,= example1 frogs & toads develop 
f tadpoles1 :i* 9 all ess5tials are true
 gill-brea?+ fi%4 ,x is1 !re=e1 obvi\s t

 !y _c lay _! eggs on dry l&1 :]e !     
tadpoles w\ld be unable to f9d any?+ to 
brea!2 s t ev5 ! drie/ & mo/ tree-haunt+
 toads mu/ ne$s repair to ! wat] once a 
ye> to deposit _! spawn 9 its native    
surr\nd+s4 ,once m1 crabs pass _! e>li] 
l>val /ages z free-swimm+ cru/aceans1   
some:at %rimp-l 9 appe>ance1 & z agile z
 fleas3 x is only by gradual            
metamorphosis t !y acquire _! legs &    
claws & heavy p$e/rian habits4 ,n[ !re  
are c]ta9 k9ds ( crab1 l ! ,we/ ,indian 
l&-crabs 7^? da9ty morsels ^: image e   
epicure :o has visit$ ! ,antilles /ill  
en%r9es ) regret 9 a w>m corn] ( 8      
he>t71 :i* h tak5 9 adult life to walk+ 
bodily on %ore1 & visit+ ! summits ( !  
highe/ m\nta9s1 l ! fi% ( ,deucalion's  
deluge 9 ,horace4 ,b once a ye>1 z !    
l&-crabs bask 9 ! sun on ,/4 ,ca!r9e's  
,peak or ! ,f]n ,walk1 a /range         
in/9ctive long+ comes ov] !m            
automatically to return = a :ile to _!  
native elem5t2 &1 ob$i5t to t inn]      
monitor ( _! race1 d[n !y m>* 9 ?\s&s1  

velut agm9e facto1 to lay _! eggs at _! 
leisure 9 ,port ,royal h>b\r4 ,on ! way1
 ! negroes cat* !m1 all full ( ri*      
coral1 wait+ to be spawn$2 & ,*loe or   
,d9ah1 s]ves !m up hot1 ) breadcrumbs1 9
 _! own r$ %ells1 neatly ne/l+ betwe5 ! 
folds ( a nice :ite napk94 ,! re/ run   
away1 & deposit _! eggs 9 ! sea1 :]e !  
"y hat* out1 & pass _! l>val /age once m
 z free & active little swimm+          
cru/aceans4  ,well1 crabs1 ,i ne$ h>dly 
expla9 9 ?is age ( enlight5m5t1 are n   
fi%2 b _! actions help to ?r[ a         
side-light on ! migratory in/9ct 9      
salmon1 eels1 & s _m o!r true fi% :i* h 
*ang$ ) "t _! aborig9al habits4 ,!      
salmon himself1 = in/ance1 is by desc5t 
a tr\t1 & 9 ! p>r /age he is ev5 n[     
almo/ indi/+ui%able f _m k9ds (         
riv]-tr\t t nev] migrate seaw>d at all4 
,b at "s remote p]iod1 ! ance/ors ( !   
true salmon took to go+ d[n to ! great  
deep 9 se>* ( food1 & be+ l>ge & active 
fi%1 f\nd mu* m to eat 9 ! salt wat] ?an
 ev] !y _h discov]$ 9 _! native /reams4 

,s !y settl$ p]man5tly 9 _! new home1 z 
f> z _! own lives w5t at lea/2 ?\gh !y  
f\nd ! t5d] "y c\ld n /& ! br9e t did no
 h>m to ! t\gh] con/itutions ( ! eld]s4 
,no d\bt ! *ange 0 made gradually1 a bit
 at a "t1 ?r\gh ! bracki% wat]1 !       
species gett+ fur!r & fur!r seaw>d d[n  
bays & e/u>ies ) successive g5]ations1 b
 always return+ to spawn 9 its native   
riv]1 z all well-behav$ salmon d to !   
pres5t mom5t4 ,at la/1 ! habit h>d5$    
into an organic in/9ct1 & n[adays ! "y  
salmon hat* out l _! fa!rs z p>r 9 fre% 
wat]1 !n g to ! sea 9 ! grilse /age &   
gr[ enorm\sly1 & f9ally return z        
full-gr[n salmon to spawn & bre$ 9 _!   
p>ticul> bir?place4  ,exactly ! opposite
 fate has happ5$ to ! eels4 ,!          
salmonoids z a family are fre%wat] fi%1 
& by f> ! great] numb] ( k9ds--tr\t1 *>1
 :itefi%1 grayl+1 pollan1 v5dace1       
gwyniad1 & s =?--are inhabitants (      
lakes1 /eams1 ponds1 & riv]s1 only a v  
small numb] hav+ tak5 p]man5tly or      
tempor>ily to a m>9e resid5ce4 ,b !     

eels1 z a family1 are a saltwat] gr\p1  
mo/ ( _! allies1 l ! cong]s & murnas1   
be+ exclusively conf9$ to ! sea1 & only 
a v small numb] ( ab]rant types hav+ ev]
 tak5 to invad+ inl& wat]s4 ,if !       
life-hi/ory ( ! salmon1 h[ev]1 has giv5 
rise to z mu* controv]sy z ! ,m> pe]age1
 ! life-hi/ory ( ! eel is a complete    
my/]y4 ,to beg9 )1 nobody has ev] s mu* 
z di/+ui%$ betwe5 male & female eels2   
except microscopically1 eels h nev] be5 
se5 9 ! act ( spawn+1 nor obs]v$ any:]e 
) mature eggs4 ,! ova !mselves are :olly
 unkn[n3 ! mode ( _! production is a    
dead secret4 ,all we "k is ?is3 t eels  
nev] reproduce 9 fre% wat]2 t a c]ta9   
numb] ( adults desc5d ! riv]s to ! sea1 
irregul>ly1 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s2 & t "s ( 
^! mu/ presumably spawn ) ! utmo/       
circumspection 9 bracki% wat] or 9 !    
deep sea1 = 9 ! c\rse ( ! summ] myriads 
( "y eels1 commonly call$ grigs1 &      
prov]bial = _! m]rim5t1 asc5d ! riv]s 9 
enorm\s bodies1 & ent] e small] or l>g] 
tribut>y4  ,if we "k little ab\t !      

pat]nity & mat]nity ( eels1 we "k a     
great deal ab\t _! *ildhood & y\?1 or1  
to speak m eeli%ly1 _! grigg9ess &      
elv]hood4 ,! "y grigs1 :5 !y d make _!  
appe>ance1 leave u 9 no d\bt at all ab\t
 _! pres5ce or _! reality4 ,!y wriggle  
up weirs1 walls1 & floodgates2 !y =ce   
!re way bodily ?r\gh *9ks & ap]tures2 !y
 f9d out e dra91 pipe1 or conduit 9 a   
giv5 plane rectil9e> figure2 & :5 all   
o!r spots h be5 fully occupi$1 !y take  
to dry l&1 l v]itable snakes1 & cut     
/raight across c\ntry = ! ne>e/ lake1   
pond1 or ornam5tal wat]s4  ,^! sw>ms or 
migrations are kn[n to f>m]s z          
eel-fairs2 b ! ^w ought m prop]ly to be 
writt5 eel-f>es1 z ! eels !n f>e or     
travel up ! /reams to _! p]man5t qu>t]s4
 ,a great _m eels1 h[ev]1 nev] migrate  
seaw>d at all1 & nev] seem to atta9 to  
ye>s ( sexual maturity4 ,!y m]ely bury  
!mselves "u /ones 9 w9t]1 & live & die z
 celibates 9 _! inl& retreats4 ,s v     
t]re/rial d !y become1 inde$1 t eels h  
be5 tak5 ) rats or field-mice undige/$ 9

 _! /oma*s4  ,! /urgeon is ano!r m or   
less migratory fi%1 orig9ally 7l !      
salmon7 ( fre%wat] habits1 b n[ p>tially
 m>9e1 :i* asc5ds its p>5t /ream =      
spawn+ dur+ ! summ] season4 ,incr$ible  
quantities are caught = cavi>e 9 ! great
 ,russian riv]s4 ,at "o po9t on !       
,volga1 a hundr$ ?\s& p collect 9 spr+ =
 ! fi%]y1 & "w by relays1 day & night   
cont9u\sly1 z long z ! /urgeons are go+ 
up /ream4 ,on "s ( ! tribut>ies1 :5 fi%+
 is int]mitt$ = a s+le day1 ! /urgeons h
 be5 kn[n to completely fill a riv] #cfj
 feet wide1 s t ! backs ( ! upp]mo/ fi% 
7 pu%$ out ( ! wat]4 7,i take ?is       
/atem5t1 n f ! ',arabian ,nights1' z !  
sc(f] might imag9e1 b f t mo/           
respectable au?ority1 ,pr(essor         
,seeley47 ,/ill1 9 spite ( ! enorm\s    
quantity kill$1 !re is no dang] ( any   
fall+ (f 9 ! supply = ! future1 = e fi% 
lays f two to ?ree million eggs1 ea* (  
:i*1 z cavi>e eat]s well "k1 is q big   
en\gh to be di/9ctly se5 ) ! nak$ eye 9 
! f9i%$ product4 ,! be/ cavi>e is simply

 bottl$ exactly z f\nd1 ) ! addition    
m]ely ( a little salt4 ,no man ( ta/e c 
pret5d to l ! na/y sun-dri$ sort1 9 :i* 
! individual eggs are r$uc$ to a k9d (  
black pulp1 & press$ h>d ) ! feet into  
d\btful b>rels4  ,9 conclusion1 let me  
add "o ^w ( w>n+ z to c]ta9 popul>      
errors ab\t ! "y fry ( sundry well-kn[n 
species4 ,no?+ is m common ?an to he> x 
ass]t$ t sprats are only immature h]r+4 
,?is is a complete mi/ake4 ,believe x n4
 ,sprats are a v di/9ct species ( ! h]r+
 g5us1 & !y nev] gr[ mu* bigg] ?an :5 !y
 appe>1 bro*s1 at table4 ,! l>ge/ adult 
sprat measures only six in*es1 :ile     
full-gr[n h]r+ may atta9 z mu* z fifte54
 ,moreov]1 h]r+ h tee? on ! palate1     
always want+ 9 sprats1 by :i* means !   
species may be readily di/+ui%$ at all  
ages4 ,:5 9 d\bt1 !re=e1 d n play       
trumps1 b exam9e ! palate4 ,on ! o!r h&1
 :itebait1 long suppos$ to be a di/9ct  
species1 has n[ be5 prov$ by ,dr4 ,gn!r1
 ! greate/ ( i*?yologi/s1 to consi/     
*iefly ( ! fry or "y ( h]r+4 ,to        

complete our discomfiture1 ! same em95t 
au?ority has also %[n t ! pil*>d & !    
s>d9e1 :i* we ?\ght s unlike1 are "o & !
 same fi%1 call$ by diff]5t names       
accord+ z he is caught (f ! ,corni% coa/
 or 9 ,breton1 ,portuguese1 or          
,m$it]ranean wat]s4 ,su* aliases are by 
no means uncommon among 8 class4 ,to say
 ! pla9 tru?1 fi% are ! mo/ v>iable &   
ill-def9$ ( animals2 !y diff] s mu* 9   
diff]5t habitats1 s _m hybrids occur    
betwe5 !m1 & v>ieties m]ge s readily by 
imp]ceptible /ages into "o ano!r1 t only
 an exp]t c decide 9 d\btful cases--& e 
exp]t c>efully rev]ses ! la/ man's      
op9ion4 ,let u at lea/ be ?ankful t     
:itebait by any o!r "n w\ld eat z nice2 
t sci5ce has n a s+le :isp] to brea!    
aga9/ _! connection ) lemon2 & t :e!r !y
 are really ! "y ( ,clupea h>5gus or n1 
! supply at ,bill+sgate %[s no symptom (
 fall+ %ort ( ! dem&4                   
,,an ,,engli% ,,%ire4  ,= ! reasons :i* 
h det]m9$ ! exi/5ce ( ,sussex z a c\nty 
( ,engl&1 & :i* h giv5 x ! exact        

b\nd>ies t x n[ possesses1 we mu/ g back
 to ! remote geological hi/ory ( !      
second>y ages4 ,its limits & its v      
exi/5ce z a sep>ate %ire 7 pr$et]m9$ = x
 by ! %ape & consi/5ce ( ! mud or s& :i*
 ga!r$ at ! bottom ( ! great ,weald5    
lake1 or fill$ up ! holl[s ( ! old inl& 
cretace\s sea4 ,p>adoxical z x s\nds to 
say s1 ! ,celtic k+dom ( ! ,regni1 !    
,s\? ,saxon pr9cipality ( lle !         
,bretwalda1 ! mod]n ,engli% c\nty (     
,sussex1 h all _h _! de/9ies m\ld$ by ! 
geological con=mation ( ! rock ^u :i* !y
 repose4 ,:]e human annals see only !   
h&icraft & int]action ( human           
be+s--,eusk>ian & ,aryan1 ,celt &       
,roman1 ,engli%man & ,norman--a clos]   
scrut9y ( hi/ory may p]haps see ! work+ 
( /ill deep] elem5ts--*alk & clay1      
volcanic upheaval & glacial d5udation1  
b>r5 upl& & =e/-clad pla94 ,! value &   
importance ( ^! und]ly+ facts 9 !       
compreh5sion ( hi/ory has1 ,i believe1  
be5 v g5]ally ov]look$2 & ,i propose    
accord+ly "h to take ! s+le c\nty (     

,sussex 9 detail1 9 ord] to %[ t :5 !   
geological & geographical factors ( !   
problem are giv51 all ! re/ foll[s z a  
matt] ( c\rse4 ,by su* detail$ treatm5t 
alone c "o hope to e/abli% ! tru? ( !   
g5]al pr9ciple t human hi/ory is at     
bottom a result ( geographical          
conditions1 act+ ^u ! fundam5tally      
id5tical con/itution ( man4  ,9 a c]ta9 
s5se1 x is q cle> t human life dep5ds   
ma9ly ^u soil & con=mation1 to an ext5t 
t nobody d5ies4 ,y _c h a d5se          
population 9 ,sah>a2 & y c h>dly fail to
 h "o 9 ! fruitful valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! 
gr[? ( t[ns 9 "o di/rict r ?an ano!r mu/
 be gov]n$ l>gely by ! exi/5ce ( riv]s  
or h>b\rs1 ( coal or metals1 (          
agricultural l[l&s or def5sible heights4
 ,glasg[ c\ld n spr+ up 9 inl&          
,leice/]%ire1 nor ,man*e/] 9 coalless   
,norfolk4 ,insul> ,engl& mu/ naturally  
be ! greate/ %ipp+ c\ntry 9 ,europe2    
:ile no l>ge =eign trade is possible 9  
any ,bohemia except ,%akespe>e's4 ,s mu*
 ev]ybody admits4 ,b x seems to me t ^! 

und]ly+ causes h col\r$ ! entire local  
hi/ory ( e di/rict to an ext5t :i* few p
 adequately recognise1 & t until su*    
recognition becomes m g5]al1 our views (
 hi/ory mu/ necess>ily be v n>r[4 ,we   
mu/ see n only t some?+ dep5ds ^u       
geographical configuration1 n ev5 m]ely 
t a great deal dep5ds ^u x1 b t ev]y?+  
dep5ds ^u x4 ,we mu/ unle>n our purely  
human hi/ory1 & le>n a hi/ory (         
int]action betwe5 nature & man in/ead4  
,f ! great c5tral boss ( ! *alk sy/em 9 
,salisbury ,pla91 two long cretace\s    
horns or projections run out to ea/w>d  
t[>ds ! ,*annel & ! ,g]man ,sea4 ,^! two
 horns1 sep>at$ by ! deep valley ( !    
,weald1 are kn[n z ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,d[ns 
respectively4 ,! fir/ great spur or     
ridge passes ?r\gh ! he>t ( ,surrey1 &  
!n =ms ! backbone ( ,k5t1 exp&+ into a  
fan at its ea/w>d extremity1 :]e x      
topples ov] abruptly into ! sea 9 ! %e] 
bluffs :i* sweep r\nd 9 a huge arc f !  
,nor? ,=el& 9 ! ,isle ( ,?anet1 to      
,%akespe>e's ,cliff at ,dov]4 ,! second 

or s\!rnmo/ range1 t ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1    
p>ts company f ! ma9 boss 9 ,hamp%ire1 &
 runs ea/w>d 9 a n>r[] b bold] l9e1 till
 ! ,*annel cuts %ort its progress 9 !   
wat]-worn precipice ( ,bea*y ,head4     
,betwe5 ^! two ranges ( ,d[ns lies ! l[ 
=e/ region ( ! ,weald1 & betwe5 ! ,s\?  
,d[ns & ! sea /ret*es a long b v n>r[   
/rip ( l[l&1 beg9n+ at ,*i*e/]1 & end+  
:]e ! *alk cliffs fir/ meet ! %ore      
beside ! new ,aqu>ium & ,*a9 ,pi] at    
,brighton4 ,?us ! :ole ( ,sussex consi/s
 ( ?ree well-m>k$ p>allel belts3 ! l[   
coa/-l9e on ! s\?-we/1 ! high *alk ,d[ns
 9 ! c5tre1 & ! ,weald di/rict on ! nor?
 & nor?-we/4 ,z ^! ?ree belts det]m9e ! 
:ole hi/ory & v exi/5ce ( ,sussex z an  
,engli% %ire1 ,i %all make no apology = 
treat+ _! orig9 "h 9 "s rapid detail4   
,! olde/ geological =mation ) :i* we h  
to deal 9 ,sussex 7to any consid]able   
ext5t7 is ! ,weald53 s t our inquiry ne$
 n g any f>!r back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ?an
 ! lat] second>y ages4 ,be=e t "t1 & =  
long ons aft]w>d1 ! portion ( ! e>?'s   

cru/ :i* n[ =ms ,sussex _h probably nev]
 em]g$ f ! ocean4 ,brita9 0 !n :olly    
repres5t$ by ! prim>y regions ( ,wales1 
,scotl&1 & ,cornwall1 =m+ a small       
ar*ipelago or gr\p ( rocky isl&s sep>at$
 at "s di/ance by a wide passage f !    
nucleus ( ! "y ,european cont95t4 ,b by 
! ,weald5 p]iod1 ! ,engli% ,*annel & !  
,ea/]n half ( ,engl& _h be5 consid]ably 
elevat$ above ! level ( ! sea4 ,great   
riv]s & lakes exi/$ 9 ?is new cont95tal 
region1 mu* l ^? :i* n[ exi/ 9 ,sw$51   
,nor!rn ,russia1 & ,canada2 & ! deposits
 ( s& or mud =m$ at _! bottoms or 9 _!  
e/u>ies compose ! *ief "p ( ! ,weald5   
=mation 9 ,engl&4 ,)\t go+ fully into   
?is "q 7some:at complicat$ by frequ5t   
*anges ( level71 x w suffice = our      
pres5t purpose to say t ! ,weald5       
consi/s1 9 ! ma91 ( two great divisions1
 :i* =m1 s to speak1 ! floor1 or l[e/   
/ory1 ( ! ,sussex =mations4 ,! fir/ or  
bottom division is *iefly compos$ ( a r 
s(t & friable s&/one1 :i* runs ?r\gh !  
:ole ,=e/ ,ridges1 & crops out 9 ! grey 

cliffs ( ,ha/+s & ,fairlight4 ,! second 
or upp] division is *iefly compos$ ( a  
?ick greasy clay1 :i* =ms ! soil 9 !    
great] "p ( ! ,weald1 & glides          
unobtrusively "u ! sea 9 ! flat %ore on 
ei!r side ( ,ha/+s1 giv+ rise to ! l[l&s
 ( ,pev5sey ,bay & ! ,romney ,m>%es4 ,:y
 ! s&/one1 :i* is really ! bottom lay]1 
%\ld appe> high] ?an ! clay 9 ^! places1
 we %all see a little lat]4  ,aft] !    
deposition ( ! gritty or muddy ,weald5  
b$s 9 ! lake & emb\*ure ( ! old         
cont95tal riv]1 !re came a second p]iod 
( consid]able depression1 dur+ :i* !    
:ole ( s\?-ea/]n ,engl& 0 once m cov]$  
by a %all[ sea4 ,?is sea ran1 l an e>ly 
nor!rn ,m$it]ranean1 "r across ! face ( 
,c5tral ,europe2 & on its bottom 0      
deposit$ ! s(t ooze ( globig]9a %ells & 
silice\s sponge skeletons :i* has n[    
h>d5$ into *alk & fl9t4 ,a great        
cretace\s %eet ?us ov]lay ! ,weald5 b$s 
& ! :ole face ( ,sussex to a dep? ( at  
lea/ #fjj feet2 & if x _h n be5 aft]w>ds
 worn (f 9 places1 z ! nurs]y rhyme says

 ( old ,pillicock1 x w\ld be !re /ill4  
,i ne$ h>dly say t ! *alk is yet en     
vid5ce along ! :ole range ( ,s\? ,d[ns1 
& =ms ! tall :ite cliffs betwe5         
,brighton & ,bea*y ,head4  ,f9ally1 dur+
 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 ano!r lay] ( ,london  
clay & o!r s(t deposits 0 spread ov] !  
top ( ! *alk1 c]ta9ly on ! /rip betwe5 !
 ,s\? ,d[ns & ! sea1 & probably ov] !   
:ole di/rict betwe5 ! ,*annel & ! ,?ames
 valley3 ?\gh 9 ?is case1 lat] d5udation
 has proce$$ s f> t v few traces ( !    
,t]ti>y =mations are pres]v$ any:]e     
except 9 ! great] holl[s4  ,su* be+ !   
orig9al disposition ( ! /rata :i*       
compose ,sussex1 we h next to ask1 ,:at 
are ! causes :i* h produc$ its exi/+    
configuration8 ,if ! :ole mass _h m]ely 
be5 uplift$ /raight out ( ! sea1 we     
ought n[ to f9d ! :ole c\ntry a flat &  
level table-l&1 cov]$ ov] its entire    
surface ) a uni=m coat ( ,t]ti>y        
deposits4 ,on digg+ or bor+ bel[ ^!1 we 
ought to come ^u ! *alk1 & bel[ ! *alk  
aga91 ) its cretace\s cong5]s ! gre5s&  

or ! gault1 we ought to meet ! ,weald   
clay & ! ,ha/+s s&4 ,:]ev] a seaw>d     
cliff exhibit$ a section = our          
obs]vation1 we ought to f9d ^! same     
/rata all expos$ 9 regul> ord]--! s&/one
 at ! bottom1 ! clay above x1 ! broad   
belt ( *alk halfway up1 & ! ,t]ti>y muds
 & rubbles at ! top4 ,b 9 ! c\nty z we  
actually f9d x1 we get a v diff]5t /ate 
( ?+s4 ,"h1 ! surface at sea-level is   
compos$ ( ,london clay2 !re1 a great    
m\nd ( *alk rises into a swell+ d[n2 &  
yond]1 once m1 a /eep esc>pm5t leads u  
d[n into a broad l[l& ( ! ,weald4 ,!    
causes :i* h l$ to ?is arrangem5t (     
surface & con=mation mu/ n[ be consid]$ 
) necess>y brevity4  ,! ,nor? & ,s\?    
,d[ns1 ) all ! c\ntry betwe5 !m1 =m "p (
 a great fold or outw>d bulge ( ! /rata 
above enum]at$1 hav+ its c5tre ab\t !   
middle l9e ( ! ,=e/ ,ridge4 ,imag9e ^!  
/rata b5t or pu%$ upw>d by an int]nal   
upheav+ =ce act+ along t l9e1 & y w get 
a r\gh picture ( ! orig9al circum/ances 
:i* h l$ to ! exi/+ arrangem5t ( !      

c\nty4 ,y w\ld !n h1 in/ead ( a flat    
table-l&1 z suppos$ above1 a great curv$
 m\nta9 slope1 ) its c5tre on top ( !   
,=e/ ,ridge4 ,?is g5tle slope w\ld rise 
f ! sea betwe5 ,*i*e/] & a po9t s\? (   
,bea*y1 w\ld swell sl[ly upw>d till x   
rea*$ a height ( two or ?ree ?\s& feet  
at ! ,surrey bord]1 & w\ld fall aga9    
gradually t[>ds ! ,?ames valley at      
,london4 ,on ! s\!rn side ( ! ,d[ns ?is 
is pretty mu* :at we n[ get1 ! ,t]ti>y  
/rata be+ pres]v$ 9 ! di/rict ne>       
,*i*e/]2 ?\gh f>!r ea/1 ar\nd ,ne:av5 & 
,bea*y ,head1 ! sea has encroa*$ ^u !   
*alk s z to cut out ! great :ite cliffs 
:i* b\nd ! view ev]y:]e along ! %ore f  
,brighton to ,ea/b\rne4 ,9 ! c5tral     
portion ( ! boss1 h[ev]1 almo/ all !    
highe/ elevat$ "p has be5 d5ud$ by ice  
or wat] action4 ,betwe5 ! ,nor? & ,s\?  
,d[ns1 :]e we ought to f9d ! m\nta9     
ridge1 we f9d in/ead ! valley ( !       
,weald4 ,"h ! *alk has be5 q worn away1 
giv+ rise to ! /eep esc>pm5t on ! nor!rn
 side ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 se5 f ! ,devil's  

,dyke1 s t at ! foot ( ! sudd5 desc5t we
 get ! ,weald clay expos$2 :ile 9 ! v   
c5tre ( ! upheav$ tract ! clay itself   
has be5 cut ?r\gh1 & ! ,ha/+s s& appe>s 
^u ! surface4 ,moreov]1 ! s&1 be+       
uprais$ by ! c5tral =ce1 /&s high] ?an !
 clay on ei!r side1 :i* =ms ! tr\gh ( ! 
,weald2 & ?us ! =e/ ridge1 :i* abuts ^u 
! sea 9 ! cliffs ( ,ha/+s ,ca/le1 seems 
to lie above ! clay1 "u :i*1 h[ev]1 x   
really glides on ei!r side4 ,i ne$ h>dly
 add t ?is r\gh diagrammatic description
 is only meant z a g5]al indication ( ! 
facts1 & t x consid]ably simplifies !   
real geological *anges probably involv$ 
9 ! sculpture ( ,sussex4 ,nev]!less1 ,i 
believe x pretty accurately repres5ts ! 
ma9 =mative po9ts 9 ! ante-human hi/ory 
( ! c\nty4  ,s mu* by way ( preface or  
introduction4 ,^! facts ( /ructure =m ! 
data = ! recon/ruction ( ! ,sussex      
annals dur+ ! human p]iod4 ,^u !m z     
framework all ! subsequ5t developm5t ( !
 c\nty hangs4 ,& fir/ let u obs]ve h[1  
be=e ! adv5t ( man ^u ! sc5e1 ! %ire 0  

already /rictly dem>cat$ by its natural 
b\nd>ies4 ,along ! coa/1 betwe5 ,*i*e/] 
,h>b\r & ,brighton1 /ret*$ a long1 n>r[1
 level /rip ( clay & alluvium1 suitable 
= ! dwell+-place ( an agricultural p4   
,back ( ?is coa/wise belt lay ! b>e     
r\nd$ range ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns--good graz+  
l& = %eep1 b naturally incapable (      
cultivation4 ,two riv]s1 h[ev]1 fl[$ 9  
deep valleys ?r\gh ! ,d[ns1 & _! bas9s1 
) ! outly+ combes & gl5s1 7 also !      
pr$e/9$ seats ( agricultural            
communities4 ,! "o 0 ! ,ouse1 pass+     
?r\gh ! f]tile c\ntry ar\nd ,lewes1 &   
fall+ at la/ into ! ,engli% ,*annel at  
,sea=d1 n z n[ at ,ne:av52 ! o!r 0 !    
,cuckm]e riv]1 :i* has cut itself a deep
 gl5 9 ! *alk hills j b5ea? ! high      
cliffs ( ,bea*y ,head4 ,beyond ! ,d[ns  
aga91 to ! nor?1 ! c\ntry desc5d$       
abruptly to ! deep tr\gh ( ! ,weald1 ^: 
cold & /icky clays or por\s s&/ones are 
nev] ( any use = purposes ( tillage4    
,h5ce1 z its v "n tells u1 ! ,weald has 
always be5 a wild & wood-clad region4 ,!

 ,romans knew x z ! ,silva ,&]ida1 or   
=e/ ( ,pev5sey2 ! e>ly ,engli% z !      
,&r$esweald4 ,bo? names are d]iv$ f a   
,celtic root signify+ ',! ,un9habit$4'  
,ev5 9 our own day1 a l>ge "p ( ?is     
tract is cov]$ by ! woodl&s ( ,tolgate  
,=e/1 ,/4 ,leon>d's ,=e/1 & ,a%d[n ,=e/2
 :ile ! rema9d] is only v scantily laid 
d[n 9 pa/ure-l& or hop-fields1 ) a      
consid]able spr9kl+ ( copses1 woods1    
commons1 & p>ks4 ,f its v nature1 inde$1
 ! ,weald c nev] be any?+ else1 9 its   
great] portion1 ?an a wild1 uncultivat$1
 & wood$ region4  ,let u note1 too1 h[ !
 really habitable /rip ( ,sussex1 f !   
po9t ( view ( an e>ly p1 0 q naturally  
cut (f f all o!r p>ts ( ,engl& by obvi\s
 limits4 ,?is habitable /rip consi/s1 ( 
c\rse1 ( ! coa/wise belt f ,brighton to 
! ,hamp%ire bord] 7:i* belt ,i %all     
h5ce=w>d take ! lib]ty ( designat+ z    
,sussex ,prop]71 toge!r ) ! seaw>d      
valleys & combes ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns4 ,to !  
we/1 ! great tidal flats & swamps ab\t  
,hayl+ ,isl& cut (f ,sussex f ,hamp%ire2

 & be=e dra9age & reclamation _h done _!
 "w1 ^! m>%y di/ricts mu/ h =m$ a mo/   
impassable fronti]4 ,f ?is po9t1 ! great
 woodl& region ( ! ,weald1 ?ickly cov]$ 
) primval =e/1 & t5ant$ by wolves1 be>s1
 wild bo>s1 & r$ de]1 swept r\nd 9 a    
long curve f ! swamps at ,bo%am &       
,havant to ! correspond+ swamps ( !     
opposite end at ,pev5sey & ,hur/monceux4
 ,! belt ( savage wood$ c\ntry1 ?ick ) !
 lairs ( wild bea/s1 :i* ?us r+$ r\nd ! 
great] "p ( ! c\nty1 %ut (f ! coa/wise  
/rip at once f all possibility (        
communication ) ! re/ ( ,engl&4 ,s      
,sussex ,prop] & ! combes ( ! ,d[ns 7   
naturally pr$e/9$ to =m a s+le ,celtic  
k+dom1 a s+le ,saxon pr9cipality1 & a   
s+le ,engli% %ire4  ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is
 description leaves :olly out (         
consid]ation ! /rip ( c\ntry ab\t       
,ha/+s1 ,rye1 & ,w9*elsea4 ,x does s    
int5tionally4 ,t /rip ( c\ntry does n   
belong to ,sussex 9 ! same intimate &   
/rictly necess>y mann] z ! re/ ( !      
c\nty4 ,x probably once =m$ ! seat ( a  

small indep5d5t community by itself2 &  
?\gh !re 7 good & obvi\s reasons :y x   
%\ld become f9ally unit$ to ,sussex r   
?an to ,k5t1 x may be reg>d$ z to "s    
ext5t a debateable isl& betwe5 !m4 ,= an
 isl& x practically 0 9 e>ly times4 ,at 
,pev5sey ,bay ! ,weald ran d[n into !   
sea by a s]ies ( swamps & bogs /ill     
artificially dra9$ by dykes & sluices4  
,on ! o!r side1 ! ,romney m>%es =m$ a   
simil> ?\gh wid] /ret* ( tidal flats1   
reclaim$ & dra9$ at a f> lat] p]iod1    
p>tly ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! long %+le bank  
?r[n up r\nd ! l[ mod]n spit (          
,dung5ess4 ,betwe5 !m1 ! ,ha/+s cliffs  
rose high above m>% & sea4 ,9 _! re>1 ! 
,weald =e/ cov]$ ! ridge2 s t ! ,ha/+s  
di/rict 7/ill a sep>ate rape or division
 ( ! c\nty7 =m$ a sort ( small] ,sussex1
 divid$1 l ! l>g] "o1 f all ! re/ (     
,engl& by a semicircul> belt ( m>%1 =e/1
 & m>% once m4 ,^! are ! ma9 elem5ts out
 ( :i* ! hi/ory ( ! c\nty is made up4   
,h[ f> su* conditions may h act$ ^u ! v 
e>lie/ human inhabitants ( ,sussex--!   

paloli?ic savages ( ! drift--be=e ! la/ 
,glacial epo*1 x is impossible to say1  
because we "k t _m ( !m did n !n exi/1 &
 t ! pres5t configuration ( ! c\nty is  
l>gely due to subsequ5t ag5cies4 ,brita9
 0 !n unit$ to ! cont95t by a broad belt
 ( l&1 fill+ up ! b$ ( ! ,engli%        
,*annel1 & x possess$ a climate :olly   
diff]5t f t ( ! pres5t day2 :ile !      
position ( ! drift & ! riv] gravels %[s 
t ! sculpture ( ! surface 0 !n 9 _m     
respects unlike ! exi/+ di/ribution (   
hill & valley4 ,we mu/ conf9e ourselves1
 !re=e1 to ! lat] or rec5t p]iod        
7subsequ5t to ! la/ glaciation (        
,brita971 dur+ :i* man has employ$      
implem5ts ( poli%$ /one1 ( bronze1 & (  
iron4  ,! ,eusk>ian neoli?ic population 
( ,brita9--a d>k :ite race1 l ! mod]n   
,basques--_h settlem5ts 9 ,sussex1 at   
lea/ 9 ! coa/ di/rict betwe5 ! ,d[ns & !
 sea4 ,"h !y c\ld obta9 9 abundance !   
fl9ts = ! manufacture ( _! poli%$ /one  
hat*ets2 :ile on ! alluvial l[l&s (     
,selsea & ,%oreham !y c\ld gr[ ^? c]eals

 ^u :i* !y l>gely dep5d$ = _! daily     
bread4 ,neoli?ic monum5ts1 inde$1 are   
common along ! range ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns1 z  
!y are also on ! ma9 mass ( ! *alk 9    
,salisbury ,pla92 & at ,cissbury ,hill1 
ne> ,wor?+1 we h rema9s ( "o ( ! l>ge/  
neoli?ic camp refuges 9 ,brita94 ,!     
evid5ce ( tumuli & weapons goes to %[ t 
! ,eusk>ian p ( ,sussex occupi$ ! coa/  
belt & ! combes ( ! ,d[ns f ! ,*i*e/]   
m>%l& to ,pev5sey1 b t !y did n spread  
at all into ! ,weald4 ,9 fact1 x is mo/ 
probable t at ?is e>ly p]iod ,sussex 0  
divid$ into sev]al little tribes or     
*iefta9%ips1 ea* ( :i* _h its own cle>+ 
9 ! l[l& cut labori\sly out ( ! =e/ by !
 aid ( its /one axes2 :ile 9 ! c5tre    
/ood ! compact village ( wood5 huts1    
surr\nd$ by a /ockade1 & girt )\t by !  
small cultivat$ plots ( ! villag]s4 ,on 
! ,d[ns above rose ! camp or refuge ( ! 
tribe--an e>?work rudely con/ruct$ 9    
accordance ) ! natural l9es ( !         
hills--to :i* ! :ole body ( p1 ) _!     
wom51 *ildr51 & cattle1 retreat$ 9 case 

( ho/ile invasion f ! villag]s on ei!r  
side4 ,x is n likely t any =eign]s f    
beyond ! great =e/ belt ( ! ,weald w\ld 
ev] come on ! w>-trail across t dang]\s 
& trackless wild]ness2 & x is probable1 
!re=e1 t ! camps or refuges 7 con/ruct$ 
z places ( retreat = ! tribes aga9/ _!  
imm$iate neighb\rs1 r ?an aga9/ ali5    
intrud]s f )\t4 ,h5ce we may reasonably 
conclude--z inde$ is natural at su* an  
e>ly /age ( civilisation--t ! :ole      
di/rict 0 n yet consolidat$ "u a s+le   
rule1 b t ea* village /ill rema9$       
indep5d5t1 & liable to be engag$ 9      
ho/ilities ) all o!rs4 ,ev5 if ext5d$   
*iefta9%ips ov] sev]al villages _h      
already be5 set up1 z is p]haps impli$  
by ! great tumuli ( *iefs & ! size ( !  
camps 9 "s p>ts ( ,brita91 we mu/       
suppose !m to h be5 conf9$ = ! mo/ "p to
 a s+le riv] valley4 ,if s1 !re may h   
be5 petty ,eusk>ian pr9cipalities1 rude 
supremacies or *iefta9%ips l ^? ( ,s\?  
,africa1 9 ! ,*i*e/] l[l&s1 9 ! dale (  
,arun1 9 ! valleys ( ! ,adur1 ! ,ouse1 &

 ! ,cuckm]e ,riv]1 & p]haps1 too1 9 !   
insulat$ ,ha/+s region1 betwe5 !        
,pev5sey levels & ! ,romney m>%4 ,^!    
pr9cipalities w\ld !n r\ghly co9cide ) !
 mod]n rapes ( ,*i*e/]1 ,arundel1       
,bramb]1 ,lewes1 ,pev5sey1 & ,ha/+s4    
,ea* w\ld possess its own gr\p (        
villages1 & till$ l[l&1 its own b\nd>y (
 =e/1 & its own camp ( refuge on !      
hill-tops4 ,cissbury almo/ und\bt$ly =m$
 su* a camp = ! f]tile valley ( ! ,adur 
& ! coa/ /rip f ,wor?+ to ,brighton4 ,on
 its summit has be5 discov]$ an actual  
manufactory ( /one implem5ts f ! copi\s 
mat]ial suppli$ by ! fl9t ve9s 9 ! *alk 
( :i* x is compos$4  ,su* a society1    
left to itself 9 ,sussex1 c\ld nev] h   
got mu* fur!r ?an ?is4 ,x c\ld n discov]
 or use metals1 :5 x _h no metal 9 its  
soil except ! small quantity ( iron to  
be f\nd 9 ! !n inaccessible ,weald4 ,x  
_h no copp] & no t91 & !re=e x c\ld n   
manufacture bronze4 ,b ! geographical   
position ( ,engl& g5]ally1 )9 sight ( ! 
,european cont95t1 made x c]ta9 t if ev]

 any:]e else bronze %\ld come to be us$1
 ! bronze-weapon$ p mu/ ultimately cross
 ov] & subjugate ! /one-weapon$         
aborig9es ( ! isl&4 ,moreov]1 bronze 0  
c]ta9 to be fir/ hit ^u 9 ^? c\ntries   
:]e t9 & copp] 7 mo/ easily workable--t 
is to say1 9 ,asia4 ,f ,asia1 ! secret (
 its manufacture spread to ! outly+     
p59sula ( ,europe1 :]e x 0 quickly      
adopt$ by ! ,aryan ,celts1 :o _h already
 invad$ ! outly+ cont95t1 arm$ only )   
weapons ( /one4 ,z soon z !y _h le>nt ! 
use ( bronze1 c]ta9 great *anges &      
improvem5ts foll[$ naturally--among/    
o!rs1 an imm5se advance 9 ! art (       
boat-build+4 ,! ,celts ( ! bronze age   
soon con/ruct$ vessels :i* enabl$ !m to 
cross ! n>r[ seas & invade ,brita94 ,_! 
sup]ior weapons gave !m at once an      
enorm\s advantage ov] ! ,eusk>ian       
natives1 arm$ only ) _! poli%$ fl9t     
hat*ets1 & be=e long !y ov]ran ! :ole   
isl&1 save only ! recesses ( ,wales & ! 
nor? ( ,scotl&4 ,f t mom5t1 ! bronze age
 ( ,brita9 set 9--say "s #a1jjj or      

#a1ejj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4  ,!    
,celts1 h[ev]1 did n ext]m9ate ! :ole   
,eusk>ian p2 !y 7 too few 9 numb] & too 
f> advanc$ 9 civilisation = su* a c\rse4
 ,!y knew x 0 bett] to make !m slaves   
?an to de/roy !m3 = ! ,celts _h j rea*$1
 b _h n yet got beyond1 ! slave-mak+    
/age ( culture4 ,to ?is day1 p ( mix$   
,eusk>ian p>5tage1 & m>k$ by ! long     
skull1 d>k complexion1 & black eyes ( ! 
,eusk>ian type1 =m a l>ge proportion ( !
 ,engli% peasantry2 & !y are f\nd ev5 9 
,sussex1 :i* subsequ5tly suff]$ m ?an   
mo/ o!r p>ts ( ,brita9 f ! de/ructive   
deluge ( ,teutonic b>b>ism 9 ! fif?     
c5tury4 ,b ?\gh ! ,celts did n ext]m9ate
 ! ,eusk>ians1 !y completely ,celticis$ 
!m1 j z ! ,teuton is n[ ,teutonis+ ! old
 population ( ,scotl&1 ,wales1 & ,irel&4
 ,9 ,s\? ,wales & else:]e1 inde$1 !     
aborig9es reta9$ _! own language &      
in/itutions1 z ,silures & s =?2 b 9 !   
conqu]$ di/ricts ( s\!rn & ea/]n ,brita9
 !y le>n$ ! tongue ( _! ma/]s1 & came to
 be c\nt$ z ,celtic s]fs4 ,?us1 at ! "t 

:5 ,brita9 comes =? into ! full hi/oric 
gl>e ( ,roman civilisation1 we f9d !    
c\ntry inhabit$ by a ,celtic ari/ocracy 
( ,aryan type--r\nd-head$1 fair-hair$1 &
 blue-ey$2 toge!r-) a plebs ( ,celticis$
 ,eusk>ian or half-ca/e s]fs1 reta9+1 z 
!y /ill reta91 ! long skulls & d>k      
complexions ( _! aborig9al ance/ors4    
,?is 0 ! e?nical composition ( ! ,sussex
 population at ! date ( ! fir/ ,roman   
invasions4  ,"u ! bronze-weapon$ ,celts1
 a v diff]5t type ( civilisation became 
possible4 ,9 ! fir/ place a m ext5d$    
*iefta9%ip result$ f ! improv$ weapons &
 consequ5t milit>y p[]2 & all ,brita9   
7at lea/1 t[>ds ! close ( ! ,celtic     
dom9ation7 became amalgamat$ into       
consid]able k+doms1 "s ( :i* seem to h  
spread ov] sev]al mod]n %ires4 ,sussex1 
h[ev]1 enclos$ by its b>ri] ( =e/1 w\ld 
naturally rema9 a s+le little           
pr9cipality ( itself1 held1 at lea/ 9   
lat] times1 by a tribe kn[n to ! ,romans
 z ,regni4 ,traces ( ,celtic occupation 
are ma9ly conf9$ to ! ,d[ns & ! seaw>d  

slope ( ,sussex ,prop]2 9 ! broad       
expanse ( ! ,weald1 !y are few & f>     
betwe54 ,! ,celts occupi$ ! f]tile      
valleys & alluvial slopes1 cut d[n !    
woods by ! riv] sides & on ! pla9s1 &   
built _! l>g] & m regul> camps ( refuge 
^u ! ,d[ns1 = protection aga9/ ! k9dr$  
,cantii beyond ! ,weald1 or ! m         
di/antly-relat$ ,belg across ! ,hayl+   
tidal flats4 ,( ^! hill-=ts1 ,holl+bury 
,ca/le1 ne> ,brighton1 may be tak5 z a  
typical example4 ,bronze weapons & o!r  
implem5ts ( ! bronze age are f\nd 9     
great numb]s ab\t ,lewes 9 p>ticul> 7:]e
 ! isolat$ height1 n[ cr[n$ by ! ,norman
 ,ca/le1 mu/ always h comm&$ ! f]tile   
riv] vale ( ! ,ouse71 z well z at       
,*i*e/]1 ,bognor1 & else:]e4 ,b ! great 
=e/1 inhabit$ by savage bea/s & /ill m  
t]rible fi5ds1 prov$ a b>ri] to _!      
nor?w>d ext5sion4 ,ev5 if !y _h cle>$ ! 
l&1 !y c\ld n h cultivat$ x ) _! exi/+  
me?ods2 & s x is only 9 a few spots ne> 
! upp] riv] valleys t we f9d any traces 
( outly+ ,celtic hamlets 9 ! wild]ness (

 ! ,weald4 ,"s k9d ( trade1 h[ev]1 mu/ h
 exi/$ betwe5 ! ,regni & ! o!r tribes ( 
,brita91 9 ord] to supply !m ) ! bronze1
 ^: compon5t elem5ts ,sussex does n     
possess4 ,woolsonbury1 ,we/burton ,hill1
 ,clayton ,hill1 ,wilm+ton1 ,hangleton  
,d[n1 ,plumpton ,pla91 & _m o!r places  
along ! coa/ h yield$ l>ge numb]s (     
bronze implem5ts2 :ile ! occurr5ce ( !  
raw metal 9 lumps1 toge!r ) ! f9i%$     
weapons1 at ,wor?+ & ,bea*y ,head1 z    
well ! discov]y ( a m\ld = a socket$    
celt at ,wilm+ton1 %[s t ! actual f\ndry
 "w 0 p]=m$ 9 ,sussex itself4 ,a        
beautiful torque f ,holl+bury ,ca/le    
atte/s ! workman%ip ( ! ,sussex f\nd]s4 
,no d\bt ! t9 0 import$ f ,cornwall1    
:ile ! copp] 0 probably br\ght ov] f !  
cont95t4 ,glass beads1 d\btless ( ,s\!rn
 7p]haps ,egyptian7 manufacture1 h also 
be5 f\nd 9 ,sussex1 ) implem5ts ( !     
bronze age4  ,9 ! poli%$ /one age1 !    
c\nty _h be5 self-support+1 because (   
its possession ( fl9t4 ,9 ! bronze age x
 0 dep5d5t ^u o!r places1 ?r\gh its     

non-possession ( copp] or t94 ,dur+ !   
=m] p]iod x may h export$ weapons f     
,cissbury2 dur+ ! latt]1 x mu/ h import$
 ! mat]ial ( weapons f ,cornwall &      
,gaul4  ,be=e ! ,romans came1 ! ,celts (
 ,brita9 _h le>n$ ! use ( iron4 ,:e!r !y
 ev] work$ ! iron ( ! ,weald1 h[ev]1 is 
unc]ta94 ,b z ! ores lie ne> ! surface1 
z wood 7to be made into *>coal7 = !     
smelt+ 0 abundant1 & z ^! two facts     
caus$ ! ,weald iron to be ext5sively    
employ$ 9 lat] times1 x is probable t   
small cle>+s w\ld be made 9 ! mo/       
accessible spots1 & t rude ironworks    
w\ld be e/abli%$4  ,! same geographical 
causes :i* made ,brita9 "p ( ! ,roman _w
 naturally affect$ ,sussex1 z "o ( its  
compon5t portions4 ,ev5 "u ! ,empire1   
h[ev]1 ! c\nty rema9$ s+ul>ly sep>ate4  
,! ,romans built two /rong =tresses at  
,&]ida & ,regnum1 ,pev5sey & ,*i*e/]1 to
 gu>d ! two ,gw5ts or l[l& pla9s1 :]e ! 
%ore %elves sl[ly to seaw>d2 & !y ran "o
 ( _! great roads across ! coa/wise     
tract1 f ,dov] to ! ,portus ,magnus 7n[ 

,por*e/]71 ne> ,portsm\?2 b !y left     
,sussex o!rwise v mu* to its own        
devices4 ,we "k t ! ,regni 7 /ill       
p]mitt$ to keep _! native *ief1 :o      
probably ex]cis$ ov] 8 tribesm5 some:at 
! same subord9ate au?ority :i* a ,rjput 
raja n[ ex]cises "u ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 
,"h1 aga91 we see ! natural result ( !  
isolation ( ,sussex4 ,! ,romans rul$    
directly 9 ! op5 pla9s ( ! ,york%ire    
,ouse & ! ,?ames1 z we ourselves rule 9 
! ,b5gal ,delta1 ! ,db1 & ! ,punjb2 b !y
 left a measure ( indep5d5ce to ! native
 pr9ces ( s\? ,wales1 ( ,sussex1 & (    
,cornwall1 z we ourselves d to ! native 
rul]s 9 ! des]ts ( ,rjputana1 !         
inaccessible m\nta9s ( ,nipal1 & !      
aborig9al hill di/ricts ( ,c5tral       
,india4  ,:5 ! ,roman p[] began to      
decay1 ! outly+ possessions 7 ! fir/ to 
be giv5 up4 ,! ,romans _h enslav$ &     
demoralis$ ! prov9cial population2 & :5 
!y 7 gone1 ! great f>ms till$ by slave  
lab\r "u ! direction ( ,roman           
mortgagee-proprietors lay op5 to !      

attacks ( fre% & w>like b>b>ians f      
beyond ! sea4 ,h[ e>ly ! f]tile ea/     
coa/s ( ,york%ire1 ,l9coln%ire1 & ,ea/  
,anglia may h fall5 a prey to !         
,teutonic pirates we _c say4 ,! wret*$  
leg5ds1 inde$1 retail$ to u by ,gildas1 
,bda1 & ! ,engli% ,*ronicle1 w\ld h u   
believe t !y 7 colonis$ at a lat] p]iod2
 b z !y lay directly 9 ! pa? ( ! m>aud]s
 f ,sleswick1 z !y 7 c]ta9ly ,teutonis$ 
v ?or\ghly1 & z no real records survive1
 we may well take x = grant$ t !        
long-boats ( ! ,engli%1 sail+ d[n ) !   
preval5t nor?-ea/ w9ds f ! wicks (      
,d5m>k1 came fir/ to %ore on ^! f]tile  
coa/s4 ,aft] !y _h be5 conqu]$ &        
colonis$1 ! ,saxon & ,juti% freeboot]s  
began to look = settlem5ts1 on _! "p1   
f>!r s\?4 ,"o horde1 l$1 z ! leg5d      
v]aci\sly assures u1 by ,h5ge/ & ,horsa1
 l&$ 9 ,?anet2 ano!r1 compos$ entirely (
 ,saxons1 & "u ! comm& ( a c]ta9 dubi\s 
lle1 came to %ore on ! spit ( ,selsea4  
,x 0 f ?is la/ body t ! c\nty took its  
new] "n ( ,su?-,seaxe1 ,su? ,sexe1 or   

,sussex4 ,let u fir/ frankly n>rate !   
leg5d1 & !n see h[ f> x may fairly be   
rationalis$4  ,9 #dgg1 says ! ,engli%   
,*ronicle--writt5 d[n1 x mu/ be         
rememb]$1 f traditional s\rces1 f\r     
c5turies lat]1 at ! c\rt ( ,alfr$ ! ,we/
 ,saxon--9 #dgg1 lle & 8 ?ree sons1     
,cym51 ,wl5c+1 & ,cissa1 came to ,brita9
 9 ?ree %ips1 & l&$ at ! /[ t is clep$  
,cym5es-ora4 ,!re t ilk day !y slew _m  
,wel%m51 & ! re/ !y drave into ! wood   
hight ,&r$es-leah4 ,9 #dhe1 lle1 fight+ 
! ,wel% ne> ,me>cr$es ,burn1 slew _m1 & 
! re/ he put to flight4 ,9 #dia1 lle1 ) 
8 son ,cissa1 beset ,&r$es-cea/]1 & slew
 all t !re9 71 nor 0 !re aft] "o        
,wel%man left4 ,su* is ! :ole /ory1 z   
told 9 ! bald & simple entries ( ! ,we/ 
,saxon annali/1 ,a m dubi\s tradition   
fur!r /ates t lle 0 also ,bretwalda1 or 
ov]lord1 ( all ! ,teutonic tribes 9     
,brita94  ,& n[ let u see :at we c make 
( ?is :olly unhi/orical & leg5d>y tale4 
,:e!r !re ev] 0 a ,s\? ,saxon k+ nam$   
lle we _c say2 b t ! e>lie/ ,engli%     

pirate fleet on ?is coa/ %\ld h l&$ ne> 
,selsea is likely en\gh4 ,! m>aud]s w\ld
 n l& ne> ! ,romney m>%es or ! ,pev5sey 
flats1 :]e ! great =tresses ( ,lymne &  
,&]ida w\ld block _! passage2 & !y c\ld 
n bea* _! keels easily any:]e along !   
cliff-girt coa/ betwe5 ,bea*y ,head &   
,brighton2 s !y w\ld naturally sail     
along pa/ ! m>%l& & ! *alk cliffs till  
!y rea*$ ! op5 *ampaign %ore ne>        
,*i*e/]4 ,cym5es-ora1 :]e !y are said to
 h l&$1 is n[ ,keynor on ! ,bill (      
,selsea2 & ,selsea itself1 z its "n     
7correctly ,selsey7 cle>ly %[s u1 0 !n  
an isl& 9 ! tidal flats4 ,?is 0 j ! sort
 ( place :i* ! ,engli% pirates lov$1 =  
all tradition repres5ts _! fir/         
settlem5ts z effect$ on isolat$ spots l 
,?anet1 ,hur/ ,ca/le1 ,hold]ness1 &     
,bambor\gh4 ,!nce !y w\ld m>* ^u        
,regnum1 ! squ>e ,roman t[n at ! h>b\r  
head1 & r$uce x by /orm1 g>rison$ z x   
d\btless 0 by a h&ful ( semi-,romanis$  
,wel%m5 or ,britons4 ,! t[n took !      
,engli% "n ( ,cissancea/]1 or ,*i*e/]4  

,moreov]1 all ar\nd ! ,*i*e/] di/rict1  
we /ill f9d a gr\p ( ,engli% clan       
villages1 ) ! *>act]i/ic patronymic     
t]m9ation +4 ,su* are ,ea/ & ,we/       
,witt]+1 ,donn+ton1 ,funt+ton1 ,didl+1 &
 o!rs4 ,x is vraisemblable en\gh t !    
little /rip ( v l[ coa/ betwe5 ,hayl+   
,isl& & ! ,arun may h be5 ! fir/ orig9al
 ,s\? ,saxon colony4 ,nor is x by any   
means impossible t ! names ( ,keynor &  
,*i*e/] ,cym5es-ora & ,cissancea/]--may 
/ill en%r9e ! memory ( two among ! old  
,s\? ,saxon freeboot]s4  ,! tradition ( 
a battle at ,me>cr$es ,burn1 :5 ! ,wel% 
7 aga9 defeat$1 may ref] to an advance  
by :i*1 a few ye>s lat]1 ! ,s\? ,saxon  
pirates pu%$ ea/w>d along ! coa/1 &     
occupi$ ! /rip ( %ore z f> z ,brighton1 
toge!r ) ! f]tile valley ( ! ,lewes     
,ouse4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$ di/rict we f9d a  
l>ge gr\p ( ,engli% ,clan villages1     
includ+ ,pat*+1 ,pol+1 ,angm]+1 ,gor+1  
,wor?+1 ,t>r+1 ,wa%+ton1 ,lull+ton1     
,blat*+d51 ,ov+dean1 ,rott+dean1 & _m   
o!rs4 ,among/ !m is "o :i* has cle>ly   

giv5 rise to ! "n ( lle's ?ird son1 & t 
is ,lanc+4 ,un=tunately = ! leg5d1 we   
mu/ decide t ?is 0 really ! settlem5t ( 
an ,engli% clan ( ,lanc+as1 z ,wa%+ton 0
 ! tun or enclosure ( ! ,weas+as1 &     
,b$d+ham 0 ! ham or home ( ! ,b$d+as4   
,ar\nd ,lewes1 9 l mann]1 we f9d ,t>r+1 
,mall+1 ,pidd+hoe1 ,blet*+ton1 & o!rs2  
:ile 9 ! valley j to ! ea/ we h t5 or   
elev5 su* names z ,lull+ton1 ,wilm+ton1 
,folk+ton1 & ,littl+ton4 ,^! di/ricts1  
,i imag9e1 repres5t ! second advance ( !
 ,engli% conqu]ors4  ,f9ally1 f\rte5    
ye>s aft] ! fir/ l&+1 ! ,s\? ,saxons    
cross$ ! ,d[ns & attack$ ,&]ida4 ,!     
,roman walls ( ! great =tress 7 ?ick &  
/rong1 z _! rema9s1 built ov] by !      
,norman ,ca/le1 /ill %[2 b !y 7 def5d$  
by half-tra9$ ,wel%1 :o c\ld n )/& !    
,engli% onset4 ,) ! fall ( ,&]ida1 !    
native p[] 0 brok5 = ev]1 'nor 0 !re    
aft] "o ,wel%man left4' ,! ,engli% tribe
 ( ! ,ha/+as settl$ at ,ha/+s2 & ! ,s\? 
,saxons 7 n[ supreme f m>% to m>%4  ,b  
did !y really ext]m9ate ! native        

,celt-,eusk>ian population8 ,i v5ture to
 say1 no4 ,"s no d\bt1 especially ! m51 
!y slew2 b ! wom5 & *ildr51 z ev5 ,mr4  
,freeman admits1 7 probably sp>$ 9 l>ge 
numb]s4 ,ev5 ( ! m51 _m d\btless became 
slaves to ! ,saxon lords2 :ile o!rs     
ma9ta9$ !mselves 9 isolat$ b&s 9 !      
,weald4 ,to ?is day ! ,eusk>ian type (  
humanity is n uncommon among ! ,sussex  
peasantry1 & all ! riv]s /ill be> !     
,celtic names ( ,arun1 ,adur1 ,ouse1 &  
,cald]4 ,t !re 0 'no ,wel%m5 left' is   
only ano!r way ( say+ t ! arm$ ,wel%    
resi/ance ceas$4 ,! ,romanis$ ,britons  
became ,engli% *urls & s]fs--nay1 ! v "n
 = a s]f 9 ord9>y conv]sation 0 ,weala  
or ,wel%man4 ,! population receiv$ a new
 elem5t--! ,engli% ,saxons--b x 0 n     
completely *ang$4 ,! ,weor?+as & ,gor+as
 simply became ma/]s ( ! l&s =m]ly held 
by ,roman own]s2 & ! cab9s ( _! ,briti% 
s]fs /ill clu/]$ ar\nd ! wood5 hall ( ! 
,engli% lords4  ,nev]!less1 ,sussex is  
"o ( ! mo/ ?or\ghly ,teutonis$ c\nties 9
 ,engl&4 ,! proportion ( ,saxon blood is

 v m>k$3 light hair & blue eyes1 toge!r 
) ! broad & %ort ,engli% skull1 are     
common ev5 among ! peasantry4 ,! numb] (
 ,engli% ,clan names notic$ by ,mr4     
,kemble 9 ! t[ns & villages ( ,sussex is
 #fh z aga9/ #fj 9 almo/ equally        
,teutonic ,k5t1 #dh 9 ,essex1 #ba 9     
l>gely ,celtic ,dorset1 #f 9 ,cumb]l&1  
#b 9 ,cornwall1 & none 9 ,monm\?4 ,!    
size & numb] ( ! hundr$s into :i* !     
c\nty is divid$ tells u mu* ! same tale4
 ,ea* hundr$ 0 orig9ally a gr\p ( "o    
hundr$ free ,engli% families1 settl$ on 
! soil1 & hold+ 9 *eck ! native subject 
population ( ,anglicis$ ,celt-,eusk>ian 
*urls4 ,n[1 9 ,sussex we get #fa        
hundr$s1 & 9 ,k5t #fa1 z aga9/ #ac 9    
,surrey beyond ! ,weald 7:]e ! clan     
names also s9k to #ah71 & #h 9          
,h]t=d%ire4 ,or1 to put x ano!r way1 :i*
 ,i borr[ f ,mr4 ,isaac ,taylor1 9      
,sussex !re is "o hundr$ to e #bc squ>e 
miles2 9 ,k5t to e #bd2 9 ,dorset to e  
#cj2 9 ,surrey to e #eh2 9 ,h]ts to e   
#gi2 9 ,gl\ce/] to e #ig2 9 ,d]by to e  

#afb2 9 ,w>wick to e #agi2 & 9          
,lanca%ire to e #cjb4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile
 9 ,k5t1 ,sussex1 & ! ea/ ! free ,engli%
 inhabitants clu/]$ ?ickly on ! soil1 ) 
a relatively small s]vile population1 9 
,m]cia & ! we/ ! ,engli% population 0   
mu* m sp>sely scatt]$1 ) a relatively   
great s]vile population4 ,s1 z late z ! 
"t ( ,domesday1 9 ,k5t & ,sussex !      
slaves m5tion$ 9 ! great survey 7only a 
small "p1 probably1 ( ! total7 numb]$   
only #aj p] c5t4 ( ! population1 :ile 9 
,devon & ,cornwall !y numb]$ #bj p]     
c5t41 & 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire #cc p] c5t4  ,^! 
results are all inevitable4 ,x is obvi\s
 t ! fir/ attacks mu/ necess>ily be made
 ^u ! ea/ & s\? coa/s1 & t ! inl&       
di/ricts & ! we/ mu/ only sl[ly be      
conqu]$ aft]w>d4 ,especially 0 x easy to
 f\nd ,teutonic k+doms 9 ! f\r isolat$  
regions ( ,l9coln%ire1 ,ea/ ,anglia1    
,k5t1 & ,sussex1 ea* ( :i* 0 cut (f f ! 
re/ ( ,engl& 9 e>ly times by impassable 
f5s1 m>%es1 =e/s1 or riv]s4 ,x 0 easy "h
 to kill (f ! ,wel% fight+ population1  

to drive ! remnants into ! ,f5 ,c\ntry  
or ! ,weald1 to enslave ! captives1 !   
wom51 & ! *ildr51 & to secure !         
,teutonic colony by a m>k or bord] (    
woodl&1 swamp1 or hill4 ,on ! o!r h&1   
,wessex1 ,nor?umbria1 & ,m]cia1 ) a     
vague & ill-def9$ int]nal bord]1 _h h>d]
 "w to fight _! way 9 aga9/ a unit$     
,wel% resi/ance2 & x 0 only v sl[ly t !y
 pu%$ across ! c5tral wat]%$1 to        
dismemb] ! unconqu]$ remnant ( !        
,britons at la/ into ! ?ree isolat$     
bodies ( ,damnonia 7,cornwall & ,devon71
 ,wales ,prop]1 & ,/ra?clyde4 ,?is is   
probably :y ! e>lie/ settlem5ts 7 made 9
 ^! isolat$ coa/ regions1 & :y ! inw>d  
progress ( ! o!r colonies 0 s relatively
 sl[4  ,! ,s\? ,saxons1 !n1 at fir/     
occupi$ ! ?ree f]tile bits ( ! c\nty--! 
coa/ belt ( ,sussex ,prop]1 ! ,valley ( 
! ,ouse1 & ! isolat$ ,ha/+s             
di/rict--because ^! 7 ! be/ adapt$ = _! 
/rictly agricultural life4 ,9 spite ( ! 
leg5d ( lle1 ,i d n suppose t !y 7 all  
unit$ f ! fir/ "u a s+le pr9cipality4 ,x

 seems f> m probable t ea* little clan  
settlem5t 0 at fir/ :olly indep5d5t2 t  
aft]w>ds ?ree little *iefta9%ips grew up
 9 ! ?ree f]tile /rips--typifi$1 p]haps1
 by ! /ory ( lle's ?ree sons--& t ! :ole
 f9ally coalesc$ into a s+le k+dom ( !  
,s\? ,saxons1 :i* is ! /ate 9 :i* we f9d
 ! c\nty 9 ,bda's "t4 ,z ev]1 its       
b\nd>ies 7 m>k$ out = x by nature1 = !  
,weald rema9$ z yet an almo/ unbrok5    
=e/2 & ! names ( ,selsea1 ,pev5sey1     
,w9*elsea1 ,romney1 & _m o!rs1 %[ by _! 
common insul> t]m9ation 7f\nd 9 all     
isles r\nd ! ,briti% coa/1 z 9 ,%eppey1 
,walney1 ,b>dsea1 ,anglesea1 ,fursey1   
,wallasey1 & s =?7 t ! m>%l& 0 /ill     
:olly undra9$1 & t a few isl&s alone    
/ood "h & !re z masses ( dry l& out ( _!
 desolate & wat]y expanse4 ,! ,ha/+s    
di/rict1 too1 fell m naturally to       
,sussex ?an to ,k5t1 because ! m>%es    
divid+ x f ! =m] 7 f> less =midable ?an 
^? :i* sev]$ x f ! latt]4 ,mo/ probably 
! ,s\? ,saxons int5tionally aid$ nature 
9 cutt+ (f _! t]ritory f all o!r p>ts ( 

,brita92 = e ,engli% k+dom lov$ to      
surr\nd itself ) a di/9ct m>k or bord] (
 wa/e1 z a def5ce aga9/ invasion f      
outside4 ,! ,romans _h br\ght ,sussex )9
 ! great network ( _! road sy/em2 b !   
,s\? ,saxons no d\bt took special pa9s  
to cut (f ^? p>ts ( ! roads :i* l$      
across _! own fronti]4 ,at any rate1 x  
is q cle> t ,sussex did n l>gely        
p>ticipate 9 ! g5]al life ( ! new       
,engl&1 & t int]c\rse ) ! re/ ( ! _w 0  
extremely limit$4  ,! ,s\? ,saxon k+s   
probably liv$ = ! mo/ "p at ,*i*e/]1    
?\gh no d\bt !y _h hams1 aft] ! royal   
,teutonic fa%ion g5]ally1 9 _m o!r p>ts 
( _! t]ritory2 & !y mov$ ab\t f "o to ! 
o!r1 ) _! suite ( !gns1 eat+ up 9 ea*   
:at food 0 provid$ by _! s]fs = _! use1 
& !n mov+ on to ! next4 ,! isolation (  
,sussex is /rik+ly %[n by its long      
adh]5ce to ! primitive paganism4        
,mission>ies f ,rome1 "u ! guidance (   
,augu/9e1 conv]t$ ,k5t z e>ly z #eig4 ,=
 ,k5t 0 ! ne>e/ k+dom to ! cont95t2 x   
conta9$ ! *ief port ( entry = cont95tal 

travell]s1 ,ri*bor\gh--! ,dov] ( ^?     
days--& its k+1 accu/om$ to cont95tal   
connections1 _h m>ri$ a ,*ri/ian        
,franki% pr9cess f ,p>is4 ,h5ce ,k5t 0  
naturally ! fir/ ,teutonic pr9cipality  
to receive ! fai?4 ,next came           
,nor?umbria1 ,l9dsey1 ,ea/ ,anglia1     
,wessex1 & ev5 inl& ,m]cia4 ,b ,sussex  
/ill held out = ,?or & ,wod5 z late z   
#fgi1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury aft] !     
conv]sion ( ,k5t1 & tw5ty ye>s aft]     
,m]cia itself _h giv5 way to ! new fai?4
 ,ev5 :5 ,sussex 0 f9ally conv]t$1 !    
mann] 9 :i* ! *ange took place 0        
*>act]i/ic4 ,x 0 n by mission>ies f     
beyond ! ,weald 9 ,k5t or ,surrey1 nor f
 beyond ! m>% 9 ,wessex4 ,an ,iri% monk1
 ,bda tells u1 com+ a%ore on ! op5 coa/ 
ne> ,*i*e/]1 e/abli%$ a small mona/]y at
 ,bo%am--ev5 !n1 no d\bt1 a royal ham1 z
 we "k x 0 "u ,h>old--'a place1' says ! 
old hi/orian significantly1 'girt r\nd  
by sea & =e/4' 7,x lies j on ! m>k      
betwe5 ,wessex & ! ,s\? ,saxons47       
!lwealh1 ! k+--a curi\s "n1 = x means   

'noble ,wel%man' 7p]haps he 0 ( mix$    
blood7--_h already be5 baptiz$ 9 ,m]cia1
 & 8 wife 0 ! daught] ( a ,*ri/ian      
ealdorman ( ! ,worce/]-m52 b ! re/ ( !  
pr9cipality 0 hea!n4 ,! ,iri% monk      
effect$ no?+2 b %ortly aft] ,wilfri?1 ! 
fi]y ,bi%op ( ,york1 on "o ( 8 usual    
fly+ visits to ,rome1 got %ipwreck$ (f  
,selsea4 ,) 8 accu/om$ vig\r1 he w5t    
a%ore1 & began a crusade 9 ! hea!n l&4  
,he 0 able at once to baptize ! 'lead]s 
& soldi]s'--t is to say1 ! free milit>y 
,engli% population2 :ile 8 att5dant     
prie/s--,eappa1 ,padda1 ,burghelm1 &    
,oiddi 7x is pleasant to pres]ve ^!     
little p]sonal t\*es7--proce$$ to       
baptize ! 'plebs'--t is to say1 ! s]vile
 ,anglicis$ ,celt-,eusk>ian             
sub/ratum--up & d[n ! c\ntry villages4  
,x 0 to ,wilfri?1 too1 t ,sussex ow$ h] 
fir/ ca!dral4 !lwealh made him a pres5t 
( ,selsea1 'a place surr\nd$ by ! sea on
 e side save "o1 :]e an i/hmus ab\t z   
broad z a /one's-?r[ connects x ) !     
ma9l&1' & !re ! ard5t bi%op f\nd$ a     

regul> mona/]y1 9 :i* he himself rema9$ 
= five ye>s4 ,on ! soil 7 #bej s]fs1 :om
 ,wilfri? at once set free4 ,aft] ! dea?
 ( ,aldhelm1 ! ,we/ ,saxon bi%op1 9     
#gji1 ,sussex 0 made a sep>ate bi%opric1
 ) its seat at ,selsea2 & x 0 n till    
aft] ! ,norman ,conque/ t ! ca!dral 0   
remov$ to ,*i*e/]4 ,x may be not$ t all 
^! arrangem5ts 7 9 /rict accordance )   
e>ly ,engli% cu/om4 ,! k+s g5]ally gave 
_! bi%ops a seat ne> _! own *ief t[n1 z 
,cu?b]t _h 8 see at ,l9disf>ne1 close to
 ! royal ,nor?umbrian capital (         
,bambor\gh2 s t ! proximity ( ,selsea to
 ,*i*e/] made x ! mo/ natural place = a 
bi%op/ool2 &1 aga91 x 0 usual to make   
ov] spots 9 ! f5s or m>%es to ! monks1  
:o1 by dra9+ & cultivat+ !m1 p]=m$ a    
useful secul> "w4 ,no traces n[ rema9 ( 
old ,selsea ,ca!dral1 its site hav+ long
 be5 swall[$ up by incursions ( ! sea4  
,bda has ! ord9>y numb] ( miracles to   
record 9 connection ) ! mona/]y4  ,z "t 
w5t on1 h[ev]1 ! isolation ( ,sussex    
became less complete4 !lwealh _h got    

himself into complications ) ,wessex by 
accept+ ! sov]eignty ( ! ,isle ( ,wight 
& ! ,meonw>as ab\t ,s\?hampton f ! h&s (
 a ,m]cian conqu]or4 ,p]haps !lwealh !n 
repair$ ! old ,roman roads :i* l$ f 8   
own ham at ,*i*e/] to ,portsm\? 9       
,wessex1 & broke d[n ! m>k1 s z to      
connect 8 old & 8 new dom9ions ) "o     
ano!r4 ,at any rate1 %ortly aft]1       
,cdwalla1 ! ,we/ ,saxon1 an !l+ at l>ge 
on ! look-out = a k+dom1 attack$ him    
sudd5ly ) 8 ho/ ( !gns f ?is unexpect$  
qu>t]1 kill$ ! ,k+ himself1 & h>ri$ !   
,s\? ,saxons f m>% to m>%4 ,two ,s\?    
,saxons !gns expell$ him = a "t1 & made 
!mselves ma/]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,b aft]w>ds1 
,cdwalla1 becom+ ,k+ ( ! ,we/ ,saxons1  
recov]$ ,sussex once m1 & h&$ x on to 8 
successor1 ,ini4 ,h5ce ! ,s\? ,saxons _h
 no bi%opric ( _! own dur+ ?is p]iod1 b 
7 includ$ 9 ! see ( ! ,we/ ,saxons at   
,w9*e/]4  ,dur+ ! hundr$ ye>s ( !       
,m]cian ,supremacy1 co9cid5t1 r\ghly    
speak+1 ) ! eigh? c5tury1 we he> little 
( ,sussex2 b x seems to h %ak5 (f ! yoke

 ( ,wessex1 & to h be5 9 subjection to !
 great ,m]cian ov]-lords alone4 ,x _h   
its own "u-k+s & its own bi%ops4 ,e>ly 9
 ! n9? c5tury1 h[ev]1 :5 ,ecgb]ht ! ,we/
 ,saxon succe$+ 9 ?r[+ (f ! ,m]cian     
yoke1 ! o!r ,saxon ,/ates ( ,s\? ,brita9
 will+ly jo9$ him aga9/ ! ,anglian      
oppressors4 ',! m5 ( ,k5t & ,surrey1    
,sussex & ,essex1 gladly submitt$ to ,k+
 ,ecgb]ht4' ,:5 ! royal h\se ( ! ,s\?   
,saxons di$ out1 ,sussex /ill reta9$ a  
sort ( sep>ate exi/5ce )9 ! ,we/ ,saxon 
,/ate1 z ,wales does 9 ! ,engl& ( our   
own day4 !lwulf made 8 son "u-k+ ( ,k5t1
 ,essex1 ,surrey1 & ,sussex2 & s1 dur+ !
 tr\bl\s times ( ! ,dani% invasion1 :5  
all s\!rn ,engl& became "o 9 its        
resi/ance to ! hea!n1 ^? old            
pr9cipalities gradually sank into !     
position ( prov9ces or %ires4  ,f !     
p]iod ( union ) ! g5]al ,we/ ,saxon     
,k+dom 7:i* grew sl[ly into ! ,k+dom (  
,engl& "u ,eadg> & ,cnut71 ! m>kl& ( !  
,weald seems to h be5 gradually encroa*$
 ^u f ! s\?4 ,mo/ ( ! names 9 t di/rict 

are di/9ctly ',anglo-,saxon' 9 type2 by 
:i* ,i mean t !y 7 impos$ be=e ! ,norman
 ,conque/1 & belong to ! /age ( !       
language !n 9 use4 ,ev5 dur+ ! ,roman   
p]iod1 settlem5ts = iron-m9+ exi/$ 9 !  
,weald1 & ^! cle>+s w\ld ( c\rse be     
occupi$ by ! ,engli% coloni/s at a      
comp>atively e>ly "t4 ,j at ! foot ( !  
,d[ns1 too1 on ! nor? side1 we f9d a few
 clan settlem5ts on ! edge ( ! ,weald1  
:i* mu/ date f ! fir/ p]iod ( ,engli%   
colonisation4 ,su* are ,poyn+s1 ,didl+1 
,dit*l+1 ,*ill+ton1 & ,*ilt+ton4 ,f>!r  
91 h[ev]1 ! clan names gr[ r>]2 & :]e we
 f9d !m !y are n hams or tuns1 regul>   
communities ( ,saxon settl]s1 b !y %[1  
by _! =e/9e t]m9ations ( hur/1 ley1 d51 
& field1 t !y 7 m]e outly+ %elt]s (     
hunt]s or sw9eh]ds 9 ! trackless =e/4   
,su* are ,bill+hur/1 ,w>m+hur/1         
,it*+field1 & ,ard+ley4 ,on ! ,cuckm]e  
riv]1 ! villages 9 ! combes be> names l 
,jev+ton & ,lull+ton2 b 9 ! upp] valley 
( ! little /ream1 :]e x fl[s ?r\gh !    
,weald1 we f9d in/ead ,*idd+ley &       

,hell+ley4 ,mo/ ( ! ,weald villages1    
h[ev]1 be> /ill m woodl&                
titles--,midhur/1 ,f>nhur/1 ,nu?ur/1    
,maplehur/1 & ,lamb]hur/2 ,cuckfield1   
,mayfield1 ,ro!rfield1 ,h>tfield1       
,hea?field1 & ,wivelsfield2 ,crawley1   
,c[fold1 ,loxwood1 ,l9*m]e1 & ,m>d54    
,hams & tuns1 ! sure signs ( e>ly       
,engli% colonisation1 are almo/ :olly   
lack+2 9 _! place we get abundance ( su*
 names z ,coneyhur/ ,common1 ,wat] ,d[n 
,=e/1 ,hayw>d's ,hea?1 ,mill& ,m>%1 &   
,bell's ,oak ,gre54 ,to ?is day ev51 !  
great] "p ( ! ,weald is d[n 9 p>k1      
copse1 hea?1 =e/1 common1 or m>%l&4     
,?r\gh\t ! :ole expanse ( ! woodl&      
region 9 ,sussex1 ) ! outly+ portions 9 
,k5t1 ,surrey1 & ,hants1 ,mr4 ,isaac    
,taylor has collect$ no few] ?an #bii   
local names ) ! significant =e/         
t]m9ations 9 hur/1 d51 ley1 holt1 &     
field4 ,^! facts %[ t1 dur+ ! lat]      
',anglo-,saxon' p]iod1 ! ,weald 0 be+   
sl[ly colonis$ 9 a few fav\rable spots4 
,its use z a m>k 0 n[ gone1 & x might be

 safely employ$ = ! peaceful purposes ( 
! ar*] & ! sw9eh]d4 ,names ref]r+ to    
pa/ure & ! wild bea/s are !re=e common4 
,to ! same "t mu/ d\btless be assign$ ! 
exact delimitation ( ! ,sussex fronti]s4
 ,dur+ ! e>ly p]iods1 ! ,k5t+s1 !       
,su?rige1 & ! ,we/ ,saxons w\ld all     
ext5d on _! side z f> z ! ,weald1 :i*   
w\ld be treat$ z a sort ( neutral zone4 
,b :5 ! ,woodl& itself began to be      
occupi$1 a dem>cation w\ld naturally be 
made betwe5 ! neighb\r+ prov9ces4 ,!    
b\nd>y foll[s ! mo/ obvi\s c\rse4 ,x    
/>ts on ! ea/ f ! old m\? ( ! ,ro!r 7n[ 
div]t$ to ,rye ,new ,h>b\r71 kn[n z !   
,k5t ,dit*1 9 :at 0 !n ! c5tral & mo/   
impassable "p ( ! m>%l&4 ,x runs along !
 ,ro!r to its bifurcation1 & !n makes = 
! heav5-wat]-p>t+ or divid+ back ( !    
,=e/ ,ridge1 beside two or ?ree less]   
/reams4 ,!n x passes along ! cre/ ( !   
ridge f ,tunbridge ,wells1 pa/ ,ea/     
,gr9/ead & ,crawley1 till x /rikes !    
,hamp%ire bord]4 ,!re x foll[s ! l9e    
betwe5 ! two wat]%$s to ! sea1 :i* x    

rea*es at ,emswor?4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o  
long insulat$ spur ( ,hamp%ire runn+ d[n
 f ,haslem]e to ,graffham 79 app>5t     
defiance ( geographical features71 ^:   
orig9 & mean+ ,i d n und]/&4  ,) !      
,norman ,conque/1 ! hi/ory ( ,sussex1 & 
( ,engl& g5]ally1 = ! mo/ "p ceases     
abruptly2 all ! re/ is m]e p]sonal      
gossip ab\t ,pr9ce ,edw>d & ! battle (  
,lewes1 or ab\t ,george ,,iv4 & !       
,brighton ,pavilion4 ,n1 ( c\rse1 t !re 
is n real national hi/ory "h z else:]e2 
b x is h>d to dis5tangle f ! pu]ile     
p]sonalities ( hi/orians g5]ally4       
,nev]!less1 "s brief attempt to         
recon/ruct ! ma9 facts 9 ! subsequ5t    
hi/ory ( ,sussex mu/ /ill be und]tak54  
,! "p :i* ,sussex bore passively 9 !    
actual ,conque/ is itself typical ( !   
new relations4 ,engl& 0 gett+ drawn into
 ! g5]al run ( ,european civilisation1 &
 ! old isolation ( ,sussex 0 beg9n+ to  
be brok5 d[n4 ,ly+ s ne> ! ,cont95t1    
,sussex 0 naturally ! l&+-place = an    
army com+ f ,norm&y or ,pon?ieu4        

,william's fleet came a%ore on ! l[ coa/
 at ,pev5sey4 ,naturally he turn$ t[>ds 
,ha/+s1 :5ce a road n[ l$ ?r\gh ! ,weald
 to ,london4 ,on ! tall cliffs he ?rew  
up an e>?work1 & !n m>*$ t[>ds ! great  
t[n4 ,h>old's army met him on ! heights 
( ,s5lac1 "p ( ! solit>y ridge betwe5 ! 
m>%es1 by :i* alone ,london c\ld be     
rea*$4 ,h>old fell on ! spot n[ m>k$ by 
! ru9$ high alt> ( ,battle ,abbey--a    
national monum5t at pres5t 9 ! keep+ (  
an ,engli% duke4 ,once ! native army 0  
r\t$1 ,william m>*$ on resi/lessly to   
,london1 & ,sussex & ,engl& 7 at 8 feet4
  ,! new feudal organisation ( ! c\nty  
is d\btless %ad[$ =? 9 ! exi/+ rapes4 ,(
 ^! !re are six1 call$ respectively aft]
 ,*i*e/]1 ,arundel1 ,bramb]1 ,lewes1    
,pev5sey1 & ,ha/+s4 ,x w be notic$ at   
once t ^! 7 ! seats ( ! new bi%opric & (
 ! five great e>ly ca/les4 ,9 "o =m or  
ano!r1 m or less mod]nis$1 ,arundel     
,ca/le1 ,bramb] ,ca/le1 ,lewes ,ca/le1  
,pev5sey ,ca/le1 & ,ha/+s ,ca/le all    
survive to our own day4 ,9 accordance ) 

_! ord9>y policy ( remov+ ca!drals f    
villages to *ief t[ns1 & s conc5trat+ ! 
civil & ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t1 !       
,normans br\ght ! bi%op/ool f ,selsea to
 ,*i*e/]4 ,! six rapes are fairly       
co9cid5t--,*i*e/] ) ! m>% di/rict2      
,arundel ) ! dale ( ,arun2 ,bramb] ) !  
dale ( ,adur2 ,lewes ) ! we/]n dale (   
,ouse2 ,pev5sey ) ! ea/]n dale ( ,ouse2 
& ,ha/+s ) ! insulat$ region betwe5 !   
m>%es4 ,9 o!r words1 ,sussex seems to h 
be5 cut up into six natural divisions   
along ! sea-%ore2 :ile to ea* division 0
 assign$ all ! ,weald back ( its own    
%ore /rip z f> z ! bord]4 ,?us ! rapes  
consi/ ( six long longitud9al belts1 ea*
 ) a %ort sea front & a long /ret* back 
into ! ,weald4  ,increas$ int]c\rse ) ! 
,cont95t br\ght ! ,c9que ,ports into    
importance2 &1 z premi] ,c9que ,port1   
,ha/+s grew to be "o ( ! *ief t[ns 9    
,sussex4 ,! con/ant ,fr5* w>s made !m   
prom95t 9 m$ival hi/ory4 ,z trade grew  
up1 o!r comm]cial h>b\rs gave rise to   
consid]able m]cantile t[ns4 ,rye &      

,w9*elsea1 at ! m\? ( ! ,ro!r1 7 great  
ports ( entry f ,france z late z ! days 
( ,elizabe?4 ,sea=d1 at ! m\? ( ! ,ouse1
 0 also an important h>b\r till #aegj1  
:5 a t]rible /orm *ang$ ! c\rse ( !     
/ream to ! t[n call$ f t fact ,ne:av54  
,lewes 0 likewise a port1 z ! e/u>y ( ! 
,ouse 0 navigable f ! m\? up to ! t[n4  
,brigh!lm/one 0 /ill a village2 b old   
,%oreham on ! ,adur 0 a consid]able     
place4 ,arundel ,hav5 & ,*i*e/] ,h>b\r  
recalls ! old m]cantile importance ( _! 
respective neighb\rhoods4 ,! only o!r   
places ( any note 9 m$ival ,sussex 7    
,/eyn+1 "u ! walls ( ,bramb] ,ca/le2    
,hur/monceux1 :i* ! ,conqu]or be/[$ ^u !
 "l ( ,eu2 ,battle1 :]e he plant$ 8     
great expiatory abbey2 & ,hur/ ,pi]pont1
 :i* also dates f ,william's own "t4 ,! 
sole important "p ( ! c\nty 0 /ill !    
/rip along ! coa/ betwe5 ! ,weald & !   
sea4  ,dur+ ! ,plantag5et p]iod1 ,engl& 
became a wool-export+ c\ntry1 l         
,au/ralia at ! pres5t day2 & !re=e !    
wool-gr[+ p>ts ( ! isl& rose quickly    

into great importance4 ,sussex1 ) its   
l>ge expanse ( *alk d[ns1 naturally =m$ 
"o ( ! be/ wool-produc+ tracts2 & 9 !   
reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,*i*e/] 0 made "o
 ( ! '/aples' to :i* ! wool trade 0     
conf9$ by /atute4 ,sussex ,prop] & !    
,lewes valley 7 n[ among ! mo/ ?ickly   
populat$ regions ( ,engl&4  ,! ,weald1  
too1 0 beg9n+ to h its turn4 ,engli%    
iron 0 gett+ to be 9 reque/ = ! cannon1 
arm\r1 & arms requir$ 9 ! ,fr5* w>s2 &  
n[h]e 0 iron m easily procur$1 side by  
side ) ! fuel = smelt+ x1 ?an 9 !       
,sussex ,weald4 ,f ! days ( ! ,edw>ds to
 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! woods 
( ! ,weald 7 cut d[n 9 quantities = !   
iron works4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 sev]al small  
t[ns began to spr+ up 9 ! old =e/       
region1 ( :i* ! *ief are ,midhur/1      
,petwor?1 ,bill+hur/1 ,hor%am1          
,cuckfield1 & ,ea/ ,gr9/ead4 ,_m ( !    
des]t$ smelt+-places may /ill be se51 ) 
_! inv>iable accompanim5t ( a pond or   
dam4 ,! wood supply began to fail z e>ly
 z ,elizabe?'s reign1 b iron 0 /ill     

smelt$ 9 #agfj4 ,f t "t onw>d1 !        
competition ( ,%effield & ,birm+ham--:]e
 iron 0 prep>$ by ! 'new me?od' )       
coal--blew out ! ,sussex furnaces1 & !  
,weald relaps$ once m into a wild       
hea!r-clad & wood-cov]$ region1 n[      
?ickly int]sp]s$ ) p>ks & c\ntry seats1 
( :i* ,petwor?1 ,c[dry1 & ,a%burnham are
 ! be/ kn[n4  ,mod]n times1 ( c\rse1 h  
br\ght _! *anges4 ,) ! nor?w>d          
revolution caus$ by /eam & coal1        
,sussex1 l ! re/ ( s\!rn ,engl&1 has    
fall5 back to a purely agricultural     
life4 ,! sea has block$ up ! h>b\rs (   
,rye1 ,w9*elsea1 ,sea=d1 & ,lewes4      
,man's h& has dra9$ ! m>%es ( ! ,ro!r1 (
 ,pev5sey1 & ( ,selsea ,bill2 & railways
 h brok5 d[n ! isolation ( ,sussex f !  
rema9d] ( ! c\ntry4 ,/ill1 z ( old1 !   
natural configuration cont9ues to       
produce its necess>y effects4 ,ev5 n[   
!re are no t[ns ( any size 9 ! ,weald3  
few1 save ,lewes1 ,arundel1 & ,*i*e/]1  
any:]e b on ! coa/4 ,! ,d[ns are giv5 up
 to %eep-f>m+2 ! ,weald to game &       

pleasure-gr\nds2 ! %ore to holiday-mak+4
 ,! proximity to ,london is n[ ! *ief   
cause ( ,sussex prosp]ity4 ,9 ! old     
coa*+ days1 ,brighton 0 a =egone        
conclusion4 ,sixty miles by road f t[n1 
x 0 ! ne>e/ accessible spot by !        
seaside4 ,z soon z p began to ?9k (     
annual holidays1 ,brighton mu/          
necess>ily attract !m4 ,h5ce ,george    
,,iv4 & ! ,pavilion4 ,! railroad has    
done m4 ,x has made ,brighton into a    
suburb1 & rais$ its population to ov]   
#ajj1jjj4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,s\? ,coa/   
l9e has begott5 wat]+-places at ,wor?+1 
,bognor1 & ,littlehampton4 ,9 ! o!r     
direction1 x has creat$ ,ea/b\rne4 ,^?  
:o d n love *alk 7z ! ,georges did71    
*oose r ! m brok5 & wood$ c\ntry r\nd   
,ha/+s & ,/4 ,leon>ds1 :]e ! ,weald     
s&/one runs d[n to ! sea4 ,! diff]5ce   
betwe5 ! r\nd$ ,d[ns & sauc]-%ap$ combes
 ( ! *alk1 & ! deep gl5s trav]s+ ! s(t  
friable /rata ( ! ,weald51 is well se5 9
 pass+ f ,bea*y ,head to ,ecclesb\rne & 
,fairlight4 ,%oreham is kept half alive 

by ! ,brighton coal trade3 ,ne:av5      
/ruggles on z a port = ,dieppe4 ,b z a  
:ole1 ! c\nty is n[ "o va/ seaside      
resort f end to end1 s t to-day ! flat  
coa/s at ,selsea1 ,pev5sey1 & ,rye1 are 
alone left out 9 ! cold4 ,! iron trade &
 ! wool trade h long s9ce gone nor? to !
 coal di/ricts4 ,brighton & ,ha/+s sum  
up 9 !mselves all t is vital 9 ! ,sussex
 ( #ahha4                               
,,! ,,bronze ,,axe4  ,!re is always a   
c]ta9 fasc9ation 9 beg9n+ a subject at !
 wrong end & work+ backw>d3 x has ! *>m 
:i* inevitably atta*es to all evil      
practices2 y "k y oughtn't1 & s y c't   
resi/ ! temptation to outrage !         
proprieties & d x4 ,i c't myself resi/ !
 temptation ( beg9n+ ?is article :]e x  
ought to break (f--) ,*9ese money1 :i*  
is n ! orig91 b ! f9al outcome & sole   
rema9+ mod]n repres5tative ( t antique &
 almo/ prehi/oric implem5t1 ! ,bronze   
,age hat*et4  ,improbable & grotesque z 
?is affiliation s\nds at fir/ he>+1 x   
is1 nev]!less1 ab\t z c]ta9 z any o!r   

fact 9 an?ropological sci5ce--:i* isn't1
 p]haps1 say+ a great deal4 ,! famili>  
little brass ca%1 ) ! squ>e hole = /r++ 
!m toge!r on a ?read 9 ! c5tre1 well    
kn[n to ! frequ5t] ( m9or prov9cial     
museums1 are1 /range to say1 ! l9eal    
desc5dants1 9 unbrok5 ord]1 ( ! bronze  
axe ( remote ,cele/ial ance/ors4 ,f !   
regul> hat*et to ! mod]n co9 "o c trace 
a di/9ct1 if some:at brok51 succession1 
s t x is impossible to say :]e ! "o     
leaves (f & ! o!r beg9s--:]e ! implem5t 
m]ges into ! m$ium ( ex*ange1 & settles 
d[n f9ally into ! root ( all evil4  ,"h 
is h[ ?is curi\s p$igree fir/ work$     
itself out4 ,9 e>ly times1 be=e co9 0   
inv5t$1 b>t] 0 usually conduct$ betwe5  
produc] & consum] ) metal implem5ts1 z x
 /ill is 9 ,c5tral ,africa at ! pres5t  
day ) ,v5etian glass beads & rolls ( r$ 
calico4 ,paym5ts 7 all made 9 k9d1 &    
bronze 0 ! commone/ =m ( specie4 ,a     
g5tleman desir\s ( effect+ pur*ases 9   
=eign p>ts w5t ab\t ! _w ) a numb] (    
bronze axes 9 8 pocket 7or its          

sub/itute71 :i* he ex*ang$ = o!r goods )
 ! native traffick]s 9 ! c\ntry :]e he  
did 8 primitive bus9ess4 ,at fir/1 !    
e>ly ,*9ese 9 t unsophi/icat$ age 7     
cont5t to use real hat*ets = ?is        
comm]cial purpose2 b1 aft] a "t1 ) !    
pr(\nd m]cantile in/9ct ( _! race1 x    
occurr$ to "s ( !m t :5 a man want$ half
 a hat*et's wor? ( goods he might z well
 pay = !m ) half a hat*et4 ,/ill1 z x   
w\ld be a pity to spoil a good work+    
implem5t by cutt+ x 9 two1 ! wor?y ,ah  
,s9 +5i\sly compromis$ ! matt] by mak+  
?9 hat*ets1 ( ! usual size & %ape1 b f> 
too sl5d] = practical usage4 ,by s do+  
he inv5t$ co93 &1 :at is m1 he inv5t$ x 
f> e>li] ?an ! rival claimants to t pr\d
 di/9ction1 ! ,lydians1 ^: electrum     
/at]s 7 fir/ /ruck 9 ! sev5? c5tury1    
,b4,c4 ,b1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,t]ri5  
de la ,c\p]ie1 "s ( ! fancy ,*9ese      
hat*ets :i* we /ill reta9 date back z f>
 z ! ye> #ajjj 7a good r\nd numb]71 &   
are s ?9 t !y c\ld only h be5 int5d$ to 
possess ex*ange value4 ,& :5 a di/+ui%$ 

,s9ologi/ gives u a date = any?+ ,*9ese1
 x behoves ! re/ ( ! unle>n$ _w to op5  
its m\? & %ut its eyes1 & ?ankfully     
receive :atev] ! di/+ui%$ ,s9ologi/ may 
s5d x4  ,9 ! sev5? c5tury1 !n1 ^!       
m]cantile axes1 made 9 ! /ricte/ s5se to
 sell & n to use1 7 /amp$ ) an (ficial  
/amp to m>k _! am\nt1 & became !reby    
conv]t$ into true co9s--t 0 ! root ( !  
'root ( all evil4' ,!nce ! decl5sion to 
! 'ca%' is easy2 ! =m grew gradually m &
 m regul>1 :ile ! squ>e hole 9 ! c5tre1 
once us$ = ! h&le1 0 reta9$ by          
cons]vatism & practical s5se z a        
conv5i5t means ( /r++ !m toge!r4  ,s ?is
 0 ! end ( ! old bronze hat*et1 p]haps !
 mo/ wond]ful civiliz+ ag5t ev] inv5t$  
by human +5uity4 ,let u h>k back n[1 & f
 ! opposite side see :at 0 its fir/     
beg9n+4  ',b :y1' y ask1 '! mo/ wond]ful
 civiliz+ ag5cy8 ,:at did ! bronze axe  
ev] d = humanity8' ,well1 ne>ly ev]y?+4 
,i believe ,i h really n said too mu*4  
,we are apt to talk big n[adays ab\t !  
/eam-eng9e1 & t m>vell\s electricity :i*

 is always go+ to d wond]s = u          
all--to-morr[2 b ,i don't "k :e!r ei!r  
ev] produc$ s great a revolution 9 human
 life1 or s completely metamorphos$     
human exi/5ce1 z t simple & commonplace 
bronze hat*et4  ,=1 consid] t be=e !    
days ( bronze man knew no weapon or     
implem5t ( any sort save ! /one axe1 or 
tomahawk1 & ! fl9t-tipp$ arr[4 ,consid]1
 t ! highe/ /age ( human culture he _h  
!n rea*$ 0 h>dly high] ?an t ( !        
scalp-hunt+ ,r$ ,indian or ! seal-spe>+ 
,esquimaux4 ,consid]1 t 9 8 ,/one ,age  
agriculture & gra9s 7 almo/ unkn[n--!   
=e/ uncle>$1 ! soil untill$1 & hunt+ &  
fi%+ ! sole or pr9cipal human           
activities4 ,x 0 ! bronze axe t fir/    
enabl$ man to make cle>+s 9 ! woodl& on 
! l>ge scale1 & to s[ on ^? cle>+s 9    
good big fields ! :eat & b>ley :i*      
det]m9$ ! fir/ great upw>d /ep 9 ! drama
 ( civilization4 ,all ^! ?+s dep5d 9    
ultimate analysis ^u t pione] ( culture1
 ! bronze hat*et4  ,& h[ did ! fir/     
,watt or ,edison ( metallurgy come to   

make t e>lie/ bronze implem5t8 ,well1 x 
seems probable t betwe5 ! ,/one ,age & !
 ,bronze ,age !re int]v5$ ev]y:]e1 or   
ne>ly ev]y:]e1 a v %ort & transi5t age (
 copp]4 ,& ! reason = ?us ?9k+ is       
?reefold4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 bronze is an 
alloy ( t9 & copp]3 & x seems natural to
 suppose t m5 w\ld use ! simple metals 9
 isolation to beg9 )1 be=e !y discov]$ t
 !y c\ld h>d5 & temp] !m by mix+ ! two  
toge!r4 ,9 ! second place1 copp] occurs 
9 ! pure or native /ate 7)\t ! tr\ble ( 
smelt+7 9 sev]al c\ntries1 & 0 !re=e a v
 natural metal = e>ly man to ca/ 8      
inquir+ glance ^u4 ,& 9 ! ?ird place1   
weapons ( unmix$ copp]1 app>5tly ( v    
antique types1 h be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts (
 ! _w1 bo? 9 ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,accord+  
to ,mr4 ,john ,evans1 ! mo/ le>n$       
hi/orian ( ! ,bronze ,age1 ! greate/    
copp] 'f9d' ( ! ea/]n hemisph]e 0 t at  
,gung]ia1 9 ,c5tral ,india2 & ! copp]   
implem5ts !re f\nd consi/$ entirely (   
flat celts ( a v e>ly & almo/ primitive 
patt]n4  ,! copp] weapons ( ,am]ica1    

h[ev]1 h great] illu/rative &           
e?nological int]e/1 because ! noble r$  
man1 at ! p]iod :5 ,columbus fir/       
discov]$ him1 & :5 he fir/ discov]$     
,columbus1 0 /ill 9 ! ,/one ,age ( 8 v  
imp]fect culture1 or1 to speak m        
correctly1 ( extreme b>b>ism4 ,! fact   
is1 ! ,indians ( ,lake ,sup]ior 7 only j
 beg9n+ to employ copp]1 & 7 on ! eve ( 
indep5d5tly inaugurat+ a ,bronze ,age ( 
_! own1 :5 ! intrusive :ite man came &  
spoil$ ! fun by ! incont95t introduction
 ( iron1 fire>ms1 mission>ies1 :isky1 & 
all ! o!r res\rces ( civilization4 ,on !
 %ores ( ,lake ,sup]ior native copp]    
exi/s 9 abundance2 & ! intellig5t ,r$   
,indian1 f9d+ ?is h&some r$ /one 9 !    
cliffs by 8 side1 0 pretty sure to try 8
 h& at *ipp+ a tomahawk out ( ! r>e     
mat]ial4 ,b1 z soon z he did s1 ,mr4    
,evans sugge/s1 he w\ld f9d to 8        
surprise t x yield$ to 8 bl[s2 9 %ort1 t
 he _h got t s+ul> ph5om5on1 a malleable
 /one1 to deal )4 ,hamm]+ away at 8 new 
inv5tion1 he mu/ %ortly h hamm]$ x into 

a %apely axe4 ,! new process took 8     
practical fancy at once3 vi/as ( an     
untold weal? ( scalps float$ gaily be=e 
8 fev]$ bra92 & he proce$$ to hamm]     
himself v>i\s weapons & implem5ts )\t   
delay4 ,among/ o!rs1 he produc$ =       
himself v neat spe>-heads1 ) sockets    
adapt$ = ! reception ( a %aft1 made by  
hamm]+ out ! base flat1 & !n turn+ ov] !
 edges s z to enclose ! wood betwe5 !m1 
l a mod]n hoe-h&le4 ,9 ,wiscons9 alone m
 ?an a hundr$ ( su* copp] axes1         
spe>-heads1 & knives h be5 une>!d by    
antiqu>ies & duly record$4  ,all ^!     
weapons1 h[ev]1 are simply hamm]$1 n ca/
 or melt$4 ,! ,r$ ,indian hadn't yet    
rea*$ ! /age ( mak+ a m\ld :5 ,de       
,*ampla9 & 8 voyageurs came d[n ^u      
,canada & int]rupt$ ?is int]e/+ exp]im5t
 9 indu/rial developm5t by spr++ !      
sev5te5? c5tury ^u ! unsophi/icat$ r$   
man at "o fell bl[1 ) all its inh]it$   
weal? ( ,european sci5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! 
,indians mu/ h kn[n t fire melt$ copp]2 
= ! heat ( ! alt>s 0 great en\gh1 say   

,squi] & ,davis1 to fuse ! implem5ts &  
ornam5ts laid ^u !m 9 sacrificial rites2
 & s ! fact ( its fusibility c\ld h>dly 
h escap$ !m4 ,a p :o _h advanc$ s f> on 
! road t[>ds ! inv5tion ( ca/+ c\ld     
h>dly h be5 prev5t$ f tak+ ! f9al /ep1  
save by ! sudd5 int]v5tion ( "s social  
cataclysm l ! ,european invasion (      
,ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,& h[ awful a calamity t
 0 = ! ,indians !mselves we at ?is day c
 h>dly ev5 realize4  ,9 "s simil> way1  
no d\bt1 ! ,asiatic p :o fir/ inv5t$    
bronze mu/ h le>n$ ! fact ( ! fusibility
 ( metals1 & h appli$ x 9 "t1 at fir/1  
p]haps1 by accid5t1 to ! manufacture ( t
 h>d alloy4 ,i say ,asiatic1 because !re
 seems good reason to believe t ,asia 0 
! orig9al home ( ! nasc5t bronze        
indu/ry4 ,= a ,bronze ,age almo/        
necess>ily implies a brief prec$+ age ( 
copp]2 & !re is no pro( ( pure copp]    
implem5ts ev] hav+ be5 l>gely us$ 9     
,europe1 :ile !re is ample pro( ( _!    
hav+ be5 us$ to a v consid]able ext5t 9 
,asia4 ,h5ce we may reasonably inf] t ! 

art ( bronze-mak+ 0 develop$ 9 ,asia by 
a copp]-us+ p1 & t :5 metallurgy 0 fir/ 
introduc$ into ,europe ! me?od ( mix+ ! 
copp] ) t9 _h already be5 p]fect$4 ,!   
abundance ( t9 9 ! s\?-ea/]n isl&s (    
,asia r5d]s ?is view probable2 :ile 9   
,europe !re are no t9 m9es wor? m5tion+1
 except 9 ! remote/ "p ( a remote outly+
 isl&--to wit1 9 ,cornwall4  ,be ?is z x
 may1 ! e>lie/ & simple/ =ms ( bronze   
axe ) :i* we are acqua9t$ are pr(\ndly  
int]e/+1 z ca/+ a flood ( light ^u !    
g5]al process ( human evolution all ! _w
 ov]4 ,e new human inv5tion is always at
 fir/ directly modell$ ^u ! o!r simil>  
products :i* h prec$$ x4 ,!re is no     
really new ?+ "u ! sun4 ,= example1 !   
e>lie/ ,engli% railway c>riages 7 built 
on ! model ( ! old /age-coa*1 only t    
?ree /age-coa*es1 z x 71 7 telescop$    
toge!r1 side by side--! v fir/ bore !   
significant motto1 ,tria juncta 9 uno--&
 x 0 ?is preconception ( ! ,engli%      
coa*build] t has hamp]$ u ev] s9ce ) our
 hateful 'comp>tm5ts1' in/ead ( !       

commodi\s & com=table op5 ,am]ican      
saloon c>riages4 ,s1 too1 ! e>lie/      
fire>ms 7 modell$ on ! /ock ( ! old     
cross-b[1 & ! e>lie/ e>!nw>e pots & pans
 7 %ap$ l ! /ill m primitive g\rds &    
calaba%es4 ,x ne$ n surprise u1 !re=e1  
to f9d t ! e>lie/ metal axes ( :i* we h 
any k 7 directly m\ld$ on ! orig9al %ape
 ( ! /one tomahawk4  ,su* a copp]       
hat*et1 ca/ 9 a m\ld =m$ by a poli%$    
neoli?ic /one celt1 0 f\nd 9 an e>ly    
,etruscan tomb1 & is /ill pres]v$ 9 !   
,museum at ,b]l94 ,see h[ natural ?is   
process w\ld be4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 !  
primitive workman1 kn[+ already only "o 
=m ( axe1 ! /one tomahawk1 w\ld         
naturally reproduce x 9 ! new mat]ial1  
)\t ?9k+ :at improvem5ts 9 %ape & design
 ! malleability & fusibility ( ! metal  
w\ld r5d] possible or easy4 ,b1 m ?an t1
 ! idea ( coat+ ! poli%$ /one axe )     
pla/ic clay1 & !reby mak+ a m\ld = !    
molt5 metal1 w\ld be s v simple t ev5 ! 
neoli?ic savage1 already accu/om$ to !  
manufacture ( co>se pott]y ^u natural   

%apes1 c\ld h>dly fail to ?9k ( x4 ,z a 
matt] ( fact1 he did ?9k ( x3 = celts ( 
bronze or copp]1 ca/ 9 m\lds made f /one
 hat*ets1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,cyprus by ,g5]al
 di ,cesnola1 on ! site ( ,troy by ,dr4 
,s*liemann1 & 9 _m o!r assort$          
localities by less di/+ui%$ b equally   
tru/wor?y ar*ologi/s4  ,to ! neoli?ic   
hunt]1 h]dsman1 & villag] ?is progress f
 ! /one to ! metal axe probably seem$ at
 fir/ a m]e sub/itution ( an easi] = a m
 difficult mat]ial4 ,he little knew :i!r
 8 discov]y t5d$4 ,x 0 pure human       
laz9ess t urg$ ! *ange4 ,h[ nice to save
 y\rself all t long tr\ble ( *ipp+ &    
poli%+1 ) ceaseless toil1 9 fav\r ( a   
/one :i* y c\ld melt at "o g & p\r :ile 
hot into a ready-made m\ld6 ,x mu/ h    
look$1 by comp>ison1 l weapon-mak+ by   
magic2 = prop]ly to cut & poli% a /one  
axe is ! "w ( weeks & weeks (           
elb[-grease4 ,yet "h1 9 a mom5t1 a bett]
 hat*et c\ld be turn$ out all f9i%$6 ,b 
! impli$ effects lay deep] f> ?an !     
neoli?ic hunt] c\ld ev] h imag9$4 ,!    

bronze axe 0 ! beg9n+ ( civilization2 x 
br\ght ! /eam-eng9e1 ! telephone1       
woman's rights1 & ! c\nty c\ncillor     
directly 9 its tra94 ,) ! eye ( fai?1 _h
 he only possess$ t useful optical      
organ1 ! ,/one ,age artizan might       
d\btless h beheld ,pe>s' soap & !       
deceas$ wife's si/] loom+ dimly 9 !     
remote future4 ,till t mom5t human life 
_h be5 almo/ /ation>y3 !nce=?1 x proce$$
 by leaps & b\nds1 l a kang>oo society1 
on its upw>d pa? t[>ds triumphant       
democracy & ! p5ny po/4 ,! n9ete5?      
c5tury & all its wiles hung by a ?read  
^u ! success ( 8 melt+ pot4  ,inde$1 !  
:ole hi/ory ( human civilization has be5
 "o ( a con/antly accel]at$ progress4 ,!
 ,old] ,/one ,age1 :5 m5 knew only h[ to
 *ip fl9t implem5ts1 b hadn't yet inv5t$
 ! art ( gr9d+ & poli%+ !m1 0 "o (      
imm5se & incalculable duration1 to be   
reckon$ p]haps by t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s--"s
 bold *ronologi/s w\ld ev5 sugge/ by    
hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,improvem5t !re 01 to  
be sure1 dur+ all t long epo* ( sl[     

developm5t2 b x 0 improvem5t at a       
snail's pace4 ,! v rude *ipp$ axes ( !  
nak$ drift age give way aft] ?\s&s &    
?\s&s ( ye>s to ! %apeli] *ipp$ lances1 
javel9s1 & arr[heads ( ! sk9-clad       
cavem54 ,m4 ,gabriel de ,mortillet1     
inde$1 mo/ indefatigable ( !ori/s1 has  
ev5 po9t$ out f\r /ages ( culture1 m>k$ 
by f\r diff]5t types ( weapons1 into :i*
 he subdivides ! ,old] ,/one ,age4 ,yet 
va/ epo*s elaps$ be=e "s prehi/oric     
,/eph5son or dusky ,morse fir/1 half by 
accid5t1 smote out ! idea ( gr9d+ 8     
tomahawk smoo? to a %>p cutt+ edge1     
in/ead ( m]ely *ipp+ x %>p1 & s initiat$
 ! ,neoli?ic ,p]iod4 ,?is ,neoli?ic     
,p]iod itself1 aga91 0 imm5sely long z  
comp>$ ) ! ,bronze ,age :i* foll[$1 ?\gh
 %ort by comp>ison ) ! ,paloli?ic epo*  
:i* prec$$ x4 ,!n ! ,bronze ,age saw    
enorm\s *anges come fa/] & fa/]1 till ! 
use ( iron /ill fur!r accel]at$ ! rate (
 progress4 ,= ea* new improvem5t        
becomes1 9 turn1 ! p>5t ( yet new]      
triumphs1 s t at la/1 z 9 ! pres5t day1 

a s+le c5tury sees va/] *anges 9 ! _w ( 
man ?an :ole ages be=e x h done 9 f>    
long] int]vals4  ,b ! inv5tion ( bronze1
 or1 9 o!r words1 ! introduction ( h>d  
metal1 0 really p]haps ! v greate/ epo* 
( all1 ! mo/ di/9ct turn+-po9t 9 ! :ole 
hi/ory ( humanity4 ,true1 "s beg9n+s (  
civilisation 7 already f\nd 9 ! ,new]   
,/one ,age4 ,man did n !n live by       
slaught] alone4 ,h&-made pott]y & rude  
tissues ( flax are f\nd 9 neoli?ic lake 
dwell+s 9 ,switz]l&4 ,agriculture 0     
already practis$ 9 a feeble way on small
 op5 cle>+s1 cauti\sly cleav$ ) fire or 
hewn ) ! tomahawk 9 ! native =e/s4 ,!   
c[1 ! %eep1 & ! goat 7 m or less        
dome/icat$1 ?\gh ! horse 0 yet rid]less2
 & ! pa/oral _h !re=e1 to "s ext5t1     
sup]s$$ ! pure hunt+ /age4 ,b :at inroad
 c\ld ! /one hat*et make unaid$ ^u !    
virg9 =e/s ( ^? remote days8 ,! neoli?ic
 cle>+ mu/ h be5 a m]e /ray oasis 9 a   
des]t ( woodl&1 l ! villages ( ! ,new   
,gu9ea savages at ! pres5t day1 ly+ few 
& f> betwe5 among va/ /ret*es ( primval 

=e/4  ,) ! adv5t ( bronze1 ev]y?+ 0     
diff]5t2 & ! diff]5ce %[$ itself )      
extraord9>y rapidity4 ,"o may comp>e !  
revolution effect$ by bronze 9 ! e>ly   
_w1 inde$1 ) ! revolution effect$ by    
railways 9 our own "t2 only ! neoli?ic  
_w _h be5 s v simple a "o t ! *ange 0   
p]haps ev5 m m>vell\s 9 its sudd5ness & 
its compreh5siv5ess4 ,metal itself      
impli$ metal-work+2 & metal-work+ br\ght
 ab\t1 n only ! arts ( smelt+ & ca/+1 b 
also endless incid5tal arts ( design &  
decoration4 ,! bronze hat*ets1 =        
example1 to take our typical implem5t1  
beg9 by be+ m]e copies ( ! /one         
orig9als2 b1 z "t goes on1 !y acquire   
rapidly innum]able improvem5ts4 ,fir/1  
metal is economiz$ 9 ! upp] "p :i* fits 
into ! h&le1 :ile ! l[] or cutt+ edge is
 wid5$ out sideways1 s z to =m an       
elegant & gracefully curv$ outl9e = !   
:ole implem5t4 ,next come ! flang$ axes1
 ) project+ l$ges on ei!r side2 & !n !  
pal/aves ) loops & ribs1 ea* m>k+ "s new
 improvem5t 9 ! "* ( ! weapon1 :i* !    

inv5tor w\ld no d\bt h pat5t$ b = !     
un=tunate fact t pat5ts 7 z yet :olly   
unkn[n to ,bronze ,age humanity4 ,lat]  
/ill come ! socket$ hat*ets ( _m        
patt]ns1 ) endless +5i\s little devices 
= secur+ "s small advantage to ! special
 manufactur]4 ,i c fancy ! ,bronze ,age 
smi? %[+ !m (f ) pride to 8 int]e/$     
cu/om]s3 ',^! are our own patt]ns--!    
newe/ ?+ out 9 bronze axes2 obs]ve !    
advantage y ga9 f ! ribs & pellets1 & ! 
peculi> "* :i* ! octagonal socket gives 
to ! haft+6' ,inde$1 9 ?is s+le dep>tm5t
 ( bronze celts alone1 ,mr4 ,evans 9 8  
great monum5tal "w figures ov] a hundr$ 
& eighty di/9ct specim5s 7out ( ?\s&s   
kn[n71 ea* "o pres5t+ "s well-m>k$      
advance 9 type ^u its pr$ecessor4 ,!re  
is almo/ a ,yankee +5uity ( design 9 _m 
( ! dodges ?us regi/]$ = our inspection4
  ,_m ( ! celts1 ,i may add1 are mo/    
beautifully decorat$ ) geometrical      
patt]ns1 "s ( :i* belong to a v high    
ord] ( ornam5tal art4 ,?is is /ill m !  
case ) ! dagg]s1 swords1 & def5sive     

arm\r1 (t5 int5d$ = ! use ( great       
*iefta9s1 & execut$ ) an am\nt ( ta/e & 
feel+ long s9ce dead among ! deg5]ate   
workm5 ( our iron age4  ,b ! indirect   
effects ( ! introduction ( metal work+ 7
 f> m int]e/+ & important 9 _! way ?an !
 direct effects4 ,) bronze began ! great
 age ( agriculture1 ( comm]ce1 & (      
navigation4  ,( agriculture fir/1       
because ! bronze hat*et enabl$ m5 to    
make su* op5+s 9 ! =e/ z neoli?ic man _h
 nev] ev] dream$ (4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 !    
hi/ory ( our race1 :ole tracts ( c\ntry 
at once began to be cle>$ & cultivat$4  
,/one ,age tillage 0 ! tillage ( t9y    
plots 9 ! =e/'s dep?s2 ,bronze ,age     
tillage 0 ! tillage ( fields & wide op5 
spaces 9 ! *ampaign c\ntry4 ,! ,/one    
,age knew no specials implem5ts (       
agriculture z su*2 its tomahawk 0       
indiscrim9ately appli$ to all purposes  
alike ( w> or g>d5+4 ,y scalp$ y\r enemy
 ) x1 or y cut up y\r d9n]1 or y dug y\r
 field1 or y plant$ y\r se$-corn1       
accord+ z ta/e or circum/ances direct$4 

,b :ile ! ,bronze ,age m5 _h axes to hew
 d[n ! wood1 !y _h also sickles &       
reap+-hooks to cut _! crops1 & a sort ( 
hoe or scrap] to till ! soil )4         
,specialisation rea*$ a v high pit*4    
,all ! rema9s ( ! ,bronze ,age %[ u an  
agricultural p by no means idyllic 9 _! 
habits to be sure1 & n all dispos$ to   
jo9 ! ,peace ,pres]vation ,society1 b   
cultivat+ l>ge /ret*es ( :eat or b>ley1 
gr9d+ _! meal 9 regul> mills1 & possess$
 ( implem5ts ( consid]able div]sity1 "s 
( :i* ,i %all proce$ to notice lat]4  ,!
 evid5ces ( comm]ce & ( navigation are  
equally obvi\s4 ,bronze itself consi/s (
 t9 & copp]3 & !re are only two p>ts ( !
 _w f :i* t9 9 any l>ge quantities c be 
procur$--namely1 ,cornwall & ! ,malay   
,ar*ipelago4 ,! v exi/5ce ( bronze1     
!re=e1 necess>ily implies ! exi/5ce ( a 
sea-go+ trade 9 t91 = :i* "s correspond+
 b5efits mu/ ( c\rse h be5 (f]$ by !    
e>ly pur*as]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we "k )
 "s probability t x 0 ,corni% t9 :i*    
fir/ tempt$ ! ,pho5icians out ( ! inl&  

sea1 pa/ ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 to brave 
! t]rors ( ! op5 ,atlantic4 ,long be=e !
 days ( su* advanc$ navigation1 h[ev]1 !
 ,corni% t9 0 transport$ by l& across ! 
:ole bread? ( ,s\!rn ,brita9 & %ipp$ = !
 ,cont95t f ! ,isle ( ,?anet4 ,a v old  
trackway runs along ! cre/ ( ! ,d[ns f !
 ,we/ ,c\ntry to ,k5t1 kn[n n[ z !      
,pilgrim's ,way1 because x 0 foll[$ 9 f>
 lat] times by m$ival wayf>]s f ,som]set
 & ,dorset to ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,?omas       
,becket at ,cant]bury4 ,b ,mr4 ,*>les   
,elton has %[n conclusively t !         
,pilgrim's ,way is _m c5turies m anci5t 
?an ! m>tyr ( ,k+ ,h5ry's epo*1 & t x 0 
us$ 9 ! ,bronze ,age = ! transport ( t9 
f ! m9es 9 ,cornwall to ! port ( ,s&wi*4
 ,to ?is day antique +ots ( ! valuable  
metal are (t5 dug up 9 ho>ds or f9ds    
along ! l9e ( ! anci5t track4 ,!y 7     
evid5tly buri$ !re 9 fe> & trembl+1 long
 ages s9ce1 9 :at ,indian voyageurs /ill
 call a ca*e1 by c>avans hurri$ly       
surpris$ by ! enemy2 & ow+ to !         
un=tunate accid5t ( ! possessors all    

gett+ kill$ (f 9 ! ensu+ fray1 ! +ots h 
be5 left undi/urb$ = c5turies = ! b5efit
 ( antiqu>ies at ! pres5t "t4 ',x's an  
ill w9d t bl[s nobody good4' ,probably !
 inhabitants ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii _h
 v little notion :at valuable relics _! 
bodies & h\ses w\ld prove 9 ! end =     
curi\s po/]ity4  ,! conv]se evid5ce ( a 
return trade 9 o!r goods is no less     
/rik+4 ,n only are articles 9 amb] f\nd 
9 ,bronze ,age tombs all ov] ,europe    
7?\gh ! gum itself belongs to ! ,baltic 
& ! ,nor? ,sea alone71 b also gold      
objects ( s\!rn workman%ip occur 9      
,briti% b>r[s2 :ile sometimes ev5 ivory 
f ,africa is notic$ 9 ! inlaid h&les (  
"s ,wel% or ,brigantian *iefta9's sword4
 ,glass beads 7 likewise import$ into   
,brita91 z 7 also ornam5ts ( ,egyptian  
porcela94 ,9 fact1 ! ,bronze ,age cle>ly
 m>ks = u ! p]iod :5 trade r\tes ext5d$ 
9 e direction f ! ,m$it]ranean1 nor? &  
s\?1 & :5 ! _w began to be comm]cially  
solidifi$ by a primitive !ory ( =eign   
ex*ange4 ,x is a little odd t ! basis ( 

all ?is traffic 0 t91 & t we /ill use ! 
"n ( t same metal z a brief equival5t = 
co9 9 g5]al3 b p]sons ( s]i\s economical
 or philological intellig5ce are        
p>ticul>ly reque/$ n to ent] into grave 
correspond5ce ) ! au?or ( ?is pap] on   
any possible levity :i* !y may detect   
lurk+ 9 ?is innoc5t rem>k4  ,"s small   
idea ( ! rapid advance 9 civilization   
:i* m>k$ ! ,bronze ,age may p]haps be   
=m$ f a brief enum]ation ( ! pr9cipal   
classes ( rema9s :i* h come d[n to u    
intact f t fir/ epo* ( metal4 ,besides  
all ! v>i\s celts1 hat*ets1 & adzes1 ^: 
"n is legion1 & ^: patt]ns are manifold1
 _m o!r tools or implem5ts occur        
abundantly 9 ! b>r[s or ca*es4 ,*isels1 
ei!r pla91 tang$1 ) lugs1 or socket$2   
g\ges1 hamm]s1 anvils1 & tongs2 pun*es1 
awls1 drills1 & prick]s2 tweez]s1       
ne$les1 fi%-hooks1 & weights2 all ^! are
 f\nd by doz5s 9 endless v>iety (       
design4 ,knives are common1 & ! vanity (
 ,bronze ,age man made him ev5 put up   
)\t a murmur ) ! pangs ( %av+ ) a bronze

 razor4 ,dagg]s & rapi]s naturally      
ab\nd1 _m ( !m ( r>e & beautiful        
workman%ip4 ,halb]ds turn up less       
frequ5tly1 b swords are abundant1 & are 
sometimes ta/efully decorat$ ) gold or  
ivory4 ,ev5 ! scabb>ds sometimes        
survive1 :ile ! %ields1 adorn$ )        
conc5tric r+s or ) knobs & bosses1 w\ld 
put to %ame ! rank & file ( *eap mod]n  
metal "w4 ,nay1 ! v trumpets :i* s\nd$ !
 onset (t5 lie buri$ by ! w>rior's side1
 & ! bells :i* adorn$ 8 horse's neck br+
 back to u vividly ! ,hom]ic pictures ( 
,bronze ,age w>f>e4  ,! private life (  
,bronze ,age man & 8 correlative wife is
 illu/rat$ = u by ano!r great gr\p ( m  
/rictly p]sonal relics4 ,!re are p9s    
simple & p9s ( ! infantile safety-p9    
ord]3 !re are broo*es :i* might be worn 
by mod]n ladies1 & e>-r+s s huge t ev5  
mod]n ladies w\ld 9 all probability     
object to we>+ !m1 unless1 inde$1 a     
pr9cess or an actress made !m ! fa%ion4 
,! torques1 or necklets1 are among ! be/
 kn[n male decorations1 & are /ill fam\s

 9 ,irel&1 :]e ,mala*i 7:oev] he may h  
be57 wore ! coll> ( gold :i* he tore f !
 pr\d invad]4 ,_m ( ! bracelets are     
extremely beautiful2 b1 /range to say1 z
 if on purpose to spite ! common        
prejudice ab\t ! deg5]acy ( mod]n man1  
!y are all s small 9 gir? z to betok5 a 
race ) arms & legs h>dly any bigg] ?an !
 ,f9ns or ,lapl&]s4 ,( ! clasps1        
buttons1 & buckles ,i w say no?+ "h4 ,i 
h enum]at$ en\gh to sugge/ to ev5 ! mo/ 
casual obs]v] ! va/ness ( ! revolution  
:i* ! ,bronze ,age wr\ght 9 ! mode (    
life & ! civilisation ( anci5t man4     
,bronze f\nd our e>ly ance/or1 9 fact1 a
 half-develop$ savage3 x left him a     
semi-civiliz$ ,hom]ic ,greek4 ,x came 9 
^u a _w ( sk9-clad hunt]s & fi%]s3 x w5t
 out ^u a _w ( ,pho5ician navigators1   
,egyptian ar*itects1 ,a*an poets1 &     
,roman soldi]s4 ,& all ?is wide diff]5ce
 0 wr\ght 9 a p]iod ( "s eight or t5    
c5turies at ! outside1 almo/ entirely by
 ! adv5t ( ! simple bronze axe4         
,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,ruim4  ,p]haps y h nev]

 he>d its "n be=e2 yet 9 ! e>li] ages ( 
?is k+dom ( ,brita91 ,ruim ,isle1 ris+  
dim ?r\gh ! mi/ ( prehi/oric oceans1 0  
once 9 its own way fam\s & important4   
,(f ! old & oblit]at$ s\?-ea/]n         
promontory ( our isl&1 :]e ! l& ( ,k5t  
%elv$ almo/ imp]ceptibly into ! ,wantsum
 ,/rait1 ,ruim ,isl&--! ,holm ( !       
,headl&--/ood out ) its :ite wall (     
brok5 cliffs into ! ,g]man ,sea4 ,!     
great] "p ( x consi/$ ( gorse-clad *alk 
d[n1 ! la/ subsid+ spur ( t great upl&  
range :i*1 />t+ f ! c5tral boss (       
,salisbury ,pla91 runs "r across ! face 
( ,surrey & ,k5t1 &1 bifurcat+ ne>      
,cant]bury1 falls %e] into ! sea at !   
end ( ei!r =k by ,ramsgate or ,dov]4 ,b 
9 e>li] days ,ruim ,isle 0 n jo9$ z n[  
by flats & m>%es to ! adjac5t ma9l&2 !  
*alk dipp$ "u ! op5 ,wantsum ,/rait1 mu*
 z ! *alk ( ,hamp%ire dips to-day "u !  
,sol5t ,sea1 & reappe>$ aga9 on ! o!r   
side 9 ! ,?anet ,d[ns1 z x reappe>s 9 ! 
,isle ( ,wight at ! ridge ( ,/4         
,boniface & ! c5tral hills ab\t ,newport

 & ,c>isbrooke4 ,= n[ ! murd] inde$ is  
out1 & y h discov]$ already t ,ruim--8  
dim1 my/]i\s ,ruim--is only j !         
commonplace1 vulg>iz$ ,isle ( ,?anet4   
,/ill1 x is n )\t cause t ,i h v5tur$ to
 call x by t /range & n[ almo/ =gott5   
old-_w "n4 ,!re is reason1 we "k1 9 !   
roa/+ ( eggs1 &1 if ,i h gone out ( my  
way to introduce ! anci5t isle to y by  
its title ( ,ruim1 x is 9 ord] t we     
might />t cle> ( ! od\r ( tea & %rimps1 
! artificial nigg]s1 & *eap             
excursioni/s1 t ! "n ( ,?anet br+s up   
mo/ prom95tly at ! pres5t day be=e !    
travell$ m9d ( ! mod]n ,london]4 ,i want
 to c>ry y back to a "t :5 ,ramsgate 0  
/ill b a gre5 gap 9 ! long l9e ( *alk   
cliff1 & ,m>gate b ! *9e ( a little     
trickl+ /reamlet t tumbl$ seaw>d ov] !  
undesecrat$ s&s2 :5 a broad arm ( ! sea 
/ill cut (f ,we/gate f ! ,reculv]       
cliffs1 & :5 ! tide swept unoppos$ f\r  
times a day ov] ! subm]g$ s&s ( ,m9/]   
,level4 ,y mu/ ?9k ( ,?anet z !n greatly
 resembl+ ,wight 9 geographical         

features1 & ! ,wantsum z ! equival5t ( !
 ,sol5t ,sea4  ,9 ! v e>lie/ p]iod ( our
 hi/ory1 be=e ev] ! exi/+ names _h be5  
giv5 at all to ! t[ns or villages--nay1 
:5 ! t[ns & villages !mselves 7 n--,ruim
 0 already a notewor?y isl&4 ,= !re is  
n[ v little d\bt inde$ t ,?anet is !    
,ictis or ',*annel ,isl&' to :i* ,corni%
 t9 0 convey$ across ,brita9 = %ipm5t to
 ! cont95t4 ,! great h>b\r ( ,brita9 0  
!n ! ,wantsum ,sea1 kn[n aft]w>ds z !   
,rutup9e ,port1 & lat] /ill z ,s&wi*    
,hav54 ,to t port came ,gauli% &        
,pho5ician vessels1 or possibly ev5 at  
times "s belat$ ,phocan galley f        
,massilia4 ,b ! trade 9 t9 0 "o ( imm5se
 antiquity1 long ant$at+ ^! almo/ mod]n 
comm]cial nations3 = t9 is a necess>y   
compon5t ( bronze1 & ! bronze age (     
,europe 0 entirely dep5d5t = its supply 
( t all-important metal ^u ! ,corni%    
m9es4 ,f a v e>ly date1 !re=e1 we may be
 sure t +ots ( t9 7 export$ by ?is r\te 
to ! cont95t1 & !n transport$ ov]l& by !
 ,rhone valley to ! %ores ( !           

,m$it]ranean4  ,! t9 road1 to give x its
 m prop] "n1 foll[$ ! cre/ ( ! ,hog's   
,back & ! ,guild=d d[ns1 cross+ ! v>i\s 
riv]s at spots ^: v names /ill atte/ !  
anci5t passages--! ,wey at ,%al=d1 !    
,mole at ,bur=d1 ! ,m$way at ,ayles=d1 &
 ! ,wantsum ,/rait at ,wade1 9 :i* la/  
,i seem to he> ! dim e*o to ?is day ( ! 
,roman ,vada4 ,ruim itself1 z less      
liable to attack ?an an inl& place1 =m$ 
! dept = ! t9 trade1 & ! +ots 7 no d\bt 
%ipp$ ne> ! site ( ,ri*bor\gh4 ,we may  
reg>d x1 9 fact1 z a sort ( prehi/oric  
,hong-,kong or ,zanzib>1 a trad+ isl&1  
:]e m]*ants might traffic at ease ) ! %y
 & suspici\s isl&]s4  ,ruim at t "t mu/ 
h consi/$ almo/ entirely ( op5 d[n1     
slop+ upw>d f ! tidal ,wantsum1 & ext5d+
 a little f>!r out to sea ?an at !      
pres5t mom5t4 ,pegwell ,bay 0 !n a wide 
sea-m\?2 ,s&wi* flats did n yet exi/2 & 
! ,/\r itself fell into ! ,wantsum      
,/rait at ! place :i* /ill be>s !       
hi/oric "n ( ,/\rm\?4 ,r\nd ! out] coa/ 
only a few h\seless gaps m>k$ ! spots   

:]e 'long l9es ( cliff1 break+1 _h left 
a *asm'--! gaps t aft]w>ds bore !       
famili> names ( ,ramsgate1 t is to say  
,ruim's ,gate1 or '! ,door ( ,?anet2'   
,m>gate1 t is to say1 ,m]e ,gate1 ! gap 
( ! m]e 7,k5ti% = a brook71 ,broad/airs1
 ,k+sgate1 ,newgate1 & ,we/gate4 ,!     
pres5t condition ( ,dumpton ,gap 7m9us !
 telegraph7 w give "s idea ( :at ^!     
,gates look$ l 9 _! e>lie/ days2 only1  
in/ead ( see+ ! cultivat$ d[n1 we mu/   
imag9e x wildly clad ) primval und]gr[? 
( yew & junip]1 l ! beautiful tangl$    
di/rict ne> ,guild=d1 /ill kn[n z       
,fairyl&4 ,?anet is n[ all sea-front--x 
turns its face1 freckl$ ) summ] resorts1
 t[>ds ! op5 ,g]man ,ocean4 ,ruim _h !n 
no sea-front at all1 save ! b>e &       
inaccessible :ite cliffs2 x turn$1 su* z
 x 01 n t[>d ! sea1 b t[>d ! navigable  
,wantsum4 ,ev5 until late 9 ! middle    
ages ,m9/] 0 ! mo/ important place 9 !  
:ole isl&2 & aft] x rank$ ,monkton1 ,/4 
,ni*olas1 & ,bir*+ton--villages1 all (  
!m1 on ! flat we/]n slope4 ,! gr[? 9    

importance ( ! seaw>d esc>pm5t dates    
only f ! days :5 ,?anet became          
practically a ,london suburb4  ,) !     
,roman invasion ,ruim saw a new epo*    
beg94 ,a great organization took hold ( 
,brita94 ,roads 7 made & colonies       
e/abli%$4 ,v]ulam & ,camulodun gave     
place 9 "p z c5tres ( life & trade to   
,york & ,london4 ,ev5 9 ! native days1  
,i believe1 ! ,?ames mu/ always h be5 a 
great comm]cial focus1 & ! ,pool by ,t[]
 ,hill mu/ always h be5 :at ,b$e call$ x
 _m c5turies lat]1 'a m>t ( _m nations4'
 ,b "u ! ,romans ,london grew into a    
consid]able city2 & z ! regul> sea      
highway to ! ,?ames lay ?r\gh !         
,wantsum1 9 ! re> ( ,?anet1 t /rip (    
e/u>y became ( imm5se importance4 ,9 ^? 
days ( coa/+ navigation1 inde$1 ! habit 
0 to avoid headl&s1 & take advantage    
ev]y:]e ( %all[ %ort cuts4 ,%ips f !    
cont95t1 !re=e1 avoid$ ! ,nor? ,=el& by 
runn+ ?r\gh ! ,wantsum at ! back (      
,?anet2 z !y avoid$ ,%ellness & ,w>d5   
,po9t by runn+ ?r\gh ! ,swale1 at ! back

 ( ,%eppey4  ,to protect ?is ma9        
navigable *annel1 accord+ly1 ! ,romans  
built ! two great gu>dian =tresses ( !  
coa/1 ,rutupi1 or ,ri*bor\gh1 at ! s\!rn
 entrance1 & ,regulbium1 or ,reculv]1 at
 ! nor!rn exit4 ,"u ! walls ( ^! p[]ful 
/rongholds1 ^: grim ru9s /ill fr[n ^u ! 
dry *annel at _! feet1 %ips 7 safe f    
piracy1 :ile ,ruim itself %elt]$ !m f ! 
heavy sea t n[ beats ) nor?-ea/ w9ds ^u 
! ,=el& beyond4 ,9 fact1 ! ,wantsum 0 an
 e>ly ,spi!ad3 x /ood to ,rutupi z !    
,sol5t /&s to ,portsm\? & ,s\?ampton4 ,b
 ,?anet ,isle h>dly %>$ at all 9 ?is    
increas$ civilisation2 on ! contr>y1    
,rutupi 7! precursor ( ,s&wi* ,hav57    
seems to h div]t$ all its e>ly comm]ce4 
,= ,rutupi became cle>ly ! naval capital
 ( our isl&1 ! seat ( t vir spectabilis1
 ! ,c\nt ( ,saxon ,%ore1 & ! r5dezv\s ( 
! fleets ( ^? ,briti% 'usurp]s' ,maximus
 & ,c>ausius4 ,x 0 also ! ,dov] ( its   
own day1 ! fav\rite l&+ place =         
cont95tal travell]s2 :ile its fam\s     
oy/]s1 ! true natives1 n[ driv5 by !    

silt+ up ( _! anci5t b$s to ,:it/able1 7
 z mu* 9 repute ) ,roman epicures z _!  
desc5dants are to-day ) ! "y ,luculluses
 ( ! ,gaiety & ! ,crit]ion4  ,i h v5tur$
 by ?is "t to speak ( ,ruim z ,?anet2 & 
inde$ t 0 already "o ( ! names by :i* ! 
isl& 0 kn[n to its own inhabitants4 ,!  
ord9>y hi/ory books1 to be sure1 w tell 
y 9 _! glib way t ,?anet is ',saxon' =  
,ruim2 b1 :5 !y say s1 believe n ! fond 
?+1 va9ly imag9$4 ,! "n is e day z old z
 ! ,roman occupation4 ,sol9us1 writ+ 9 !
 ?ird c5tury1 calls x ,?anaton1 & 9 !   
torn ,briti% fragm5t ( ! ,peut+]        
,tables--t curi\s old map ( ! lat]      
empire--x is m>k$ z ,t5et4 ,inde$1 x is 
a matt] ( demon/ration t e spot :i* _h a
 kn[n "n 9 ,roman ,brita9 reta9$ t "n   
aft] ! ,engli% conque/4 ,k5t itself is a
 case 9 po9t1 & e "o ( its t[ns be>s out
 ! law1 f ,dov] & ,lymne to ,reculv] &  
,ri*bor\gh1 :i* la/ is spelt            
',ratesburg' by ,lel&1 ,h5ry ! ,eigh?'s 
commission]4  ,9 "s ways1 h[ev]1 ,?anet1
 "u ! ,romans1 mu/ h %>$ 9 ! g5]al      

advance ( ! c\ntry4 ,sol9us says x 0    
'glad ) corn-fields'--felix frum5t>iis  
campis--b ?is c\ld only h be5 on !      
t]ti>y slope fac+ ,k5t1 z agriculture _h
 n yet attempt$ to scale ! flanks ( !   
*alk d[ns4 ,z ly+ s ne> ,rutupi1 too1   
villas mu/ c]ta9ly h occupi$ ! soil 9   
places1 z we "k !y did 9 ! ,isle (      
,wight2 :ile ! imm5se numb] ( ,roman    
co9s pick$ up 9 ! isl& appe>s to betok5 
a some:at d5se prov9cial population4  ,!
 adv5t ( ! ,engli% br+s ,?anet itself1 z
 di/9ct f its anci5t port1 ! ,wantsum1  
into ! full gl>e ( leg5d>y hi/ory4      
,accord+ to tradition1 x 0 at ,ebb's    
,fleet1 a little side creek ne> ,m9/]1 t
 ,h5ge/ & ,horsa fir/ disemb>k$ 9       
,brita94 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re is      
reason to suppose t at a v e>ly "t an   
,engli% colony did really settle d[n 9  
peace 9 ,?anet4 ,on ,os5gal ,hill1 n f> 
f ,ebb's ,fleet1 ! cemet]y ( ^! e>lie/  
,engli% pione]s 9 ,engl& 0 laid b>e by !
 build+ ( ! ,s\? ,ea/]n ,railway4 ,!    
graves are dug v %all[ 9 ! *alk1 seldom 

z deep z f\r feet2 & 9 !m lie ! rema9s (
 ! old hea!n pirates1 buri$ ) _! arms & 
p]sonal ornam5ts1 _! amb] beads & /r+s (
 glass1 & ! co9s t 7 to pay _! way 9 !  
o!r _w4 ,b1 :at is odde/ ( all1 a few ( 
! graves 9 ?is e>lie/ ,engli% cemet]y   
are ,roman 9 "*1 & 9 !m ! int]m5t is    
made 9 ! ,roman fa%ion4 ,! inf]5ce is   
almo/ irresi/ible t ! fir/ settlem5t (  
,?anet by ! ,engli% 0 a purely fri5dly  
"o1 & t ,roman & ,jute liv$ on side by  
side z neighb\rs & allies on ! ,k5ti%   
isl&4  ,i don't d\bt1 myself1 t ! :ole  
settlem5t ( ,k5t 0 equally fri5dly1 & t 
! population ( ! c\nty conta9s ?r\gh\t  
an almo/ balanc$ mixture ( ,celtic &    
,teutonic elem5ts4  ,h[ev]1 ! c5tury & a
 half t succe$$ ! ,engli% colonization (
 s\?-ea/]n ,brita9 71 no d\bt1 a "t (   
great retrogression t[>ds b>b>ism1 z    
ev]y:]e else 9 ,romanis$ ,europe4 ,!    
villas t mu/ h cov]$ ! g5tle slopes     
t[>ds ! ,wantsum fell into decay2 !     
=tresses 7 de/roy$2 ! roads ran wild2 & 
! sea & riv] began sl[ly to slit up !   

c5tral "p ( ! great navigable backwat]4 
,a hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ,h5ge/ &    
,horsa1 if ^? excell5t g5tlem5 ev]      
really exi/$1 ano!r fam\s l&+ took place
 9 ,?anet4 ,augu/9e & 8 companions      
disemb>k$ at ,ebb's ,fleet1 & held close
 by 7on ! hill beh9d ,prospect ,h\se7 _!
 fir/ int]view ) !lb]ht4 ,b ?\gh ?is    
epo*-mak+ ev5t happ5$ to occur 9 ,?anet1
 x has no special connection ) ! hi/ory 
( ! isl&1 any fur!r ?an z a compon5t (  
,engl& g5]ally4 ,& inde$1 ev5 ?r\gh !   
g>bl$ v]sion ( ,b$e1 x is pla9 en\gh to 
see t ,briti% ,*ri/5dom 0 n yet :olly   
wip$ out 9 ea/]n ,brita94 ,! conv]sion (
 ,k5t 0 ess5tially a conv]sion ( ! k+ & 
nobles to ! ,roman communion2 x br\ght  
back once m ! "p ( ,brita9 mo/ 9        
connection ) ! cont95t into ! broad fold
 ( cont95tal ,*ri/5dom4 ,x is q cle>1 9 
fact1 t ,rutupi & ,durov]num1 ,ri*bor\gh
 & ,cant]bury1 _h nev] ceas$ to hold    
close int]c\rse ) ! opposite %ore1 ^:   
cliffs /ill %9e s di/9ctly f ! hills    
ab\t ,ramsgate4 ,= !lb]ht himself 0     

m>ri$ to a ,*ri/ian ,franki% pr9cess ( !
 h\se ( ! ,m]w+s2 & co9s ( ! ,franki%   
k+s & ( ! ,byzant9e emp]ors h be5 f\nd  
on ! surface or 9 contempor>y ,juti%    
graves 9 ,k5t4  ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve1
 too1 t ( ! monks :om ,gregory *ose to  
accompany ,augu/9e on 8 easy mission1 "o
 0 ,lawr5ce1 :o succe$$ 8 lead] z second
 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & ano!r 0      
,pet]1 ! fir/ ,abbot ( ,/4 ,augu/9e's   
mona/]y4 ,out ( complim5t to ^! pione]  
mission>ies1 or to _! ,roman h\se ( ,/4 
,&rew's1 almo/ e old *ur* 9 t "p ( ,k5t 
is d$icat$ accord+ly1 ei!r to ,/4       
,augu/9e1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4  
,gregory1 ,/4 ,&rew1 or ,/4 ,m>t9       
7patron ( ,b]?a's fir/ *ur* at          
,cant]bury74 ,?us1 z we %all see        
h]eaft]1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce 0 ! "m *ur* (     
,ramsgate1 & ,/4 ,pet]'s ( ,broad/airs1 
:ile ! entire la! be>s ! "n ( ,/4       
,augu/9e4  ,9 ,?anet1 too1 ! fir/       
evid5ce ( ! new ord] ( ?+s 0 ! f\ndation
 9 ! isl& ( t great civiliz+ ag5cy (    
m$ival ,engl&1 a mona/]y4 ,! site *os5 =

 its home 0 /ill1 h[ev]1 *>act]i/ic ( ! 
old po9t ( view ( ,?anet4 ,x 0 ! place t
 yet be>s ! "n ( ,m9/]1 situat$ on a    
little creek ( ! ,wantsum sea1 :]e "s   
slight rema9s ( an anci5t pi] may ev5 n[
 be trac$ among ! silt ( ! m>%es4 ,!    
isl& /ill look$ t[>ds ! n>r[ seas & !   
port ( ,rutupi1 n1 z n[1 t[>ds ! tall   
cliffs & ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,ecgb]ht1 f\r?
 ,*ri/ian k+ ( ,k5t1 by ! advice (      
,!odore1 ! monk ( ,t>sus :o became      
,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 made ov] to !   
lady ^: "n is conv5i5tly ,lat9is$ z     
,dompneva1 fir/ abbess1 "s =ty-eight    
pl\gh-l&s 9 ! ,isle ( ,?anet4 ,?is      
cultivat$ di/rict1 b\nd$ by ! anci5t    
e>?work kn[n 7f ! "n ( ! second abbess7 
z ,/4 ,mildr$'s ,lyn*1 lay almo/        
entirely )9 ! we/w>d-slop+ & ma9ly      
t]ti>y l&s2 ! high] *alk c\ntry 0 z yet 
app>5tly consid]$ unfit = tillage4 ,!   
exi/+ rema9s ( ,m9/] ,abbey are1 (      
c\rse1 ( comp>atively late ,plantag5et  
date2 b z p>ts ( a great grange1 ^: /ill
 l>g] gran>y 0 burnt d[n only 9 ! la/   

c5tury1 !y s]ve well to %[ ! importance 
( ! mona/ic sy/em z a civiliz+ ag5cy 9 !
 c\ntry di/ricts ( ,engl&4  ,already 9  
,b$e's "t ! ,wantsum 0 beg9n+ to get    
silt$ up1 ma9ly by ! muddy deposits     
br\ght d[n by ! ,/\r4 ,x 0 !n only ?ree 
furlongs wide1 & c\ld be =d$ at two     
po9ts1 ne> ,s>r & at ,wade4 ,! seaw>d   
m\? 0 also beg9n+ to be encumb]$ ) s&1 &
 ! fir/ indication we get ( ?is         
important imp5d+ *ange is ! fact t we n[
 he> less ( ,ri*bor\gh1 & m ( ,s&wi*1 ! 
new port a little ne>] ! sea1 ^: v "n ( 
! ,wick or hav5 on ! ,s&1 9 itself      
suffici5tly tells ! hi/ory ( its orig94 
,z ! old] port got progressively silt$  
up1 ! new] "o grew into ev] great]      
importance1 exactly z ,norwi* ou/$      
,cai/]1 or z ,portsm\? has tak5 ! place 
( ,por*e/]4 ,nev]!less1 ! c5tral *annel 
/ill rema9$ navigable = ! vessels ( t   
age--!y c only h drawn a v few feet (   
wat]--& ?is made ! ,wantsum 9 "t ! great
 highway = ! ,dani% pirates on _! way to
 ,london1 & expos$ ,?anet exceptionally 

to _! rel5tless incursions4  ,9 fact1 ! 
,danes & ,nor?m5 7 j :at !y lov$ to call
 !mselves1 vik-+s or wick+s1 m5 ( !     
viks1 wicks1 bays1 or e/u>ies4 ,:at !y  
lov$ 0 a fiord1 a /rait1 a p59sula1 an  
isl&4 ,ev]y:]e r\nd ! coa/ ( ,brita9 !y 
seiz$ & =tifi$ ! project+ headl&s4 ,b 9 
! neighb\rhood ( ! ,?ames1 ! high road  
to ! great comm]cial port ( ,london1 !  
mem5toes ( _! pres5ce are p>ticul>ly    
frequ5t4 ,! :ole nom5clature ( ! l[]    
,?ames navigation1 z ,canon ,isaac      
,taylor has po9t$ out1 is ,sc&9avian to 
?is day4 ,dept=d 7! deep fiord71        
,gre5wi* 7! gre5 rea*71 & ,woolwi* 7!   
hill rea*7 all be> good ,norse names4 ,s
 d ! ,=5ess1 ! ,:it5ess1 ,%ellness1     
,%e]ness1 ,%oeburyness1 ,f\lness1       
,wrabness1 & ,or=dness4                 
,walton-on-!-,naze ne> ,h>wi* 9 l mann] 
/ill recalls ! "t :5 a ,dani% 'wall'--t 
is to say1 a vallum1 or e>?work--ran    
across ! i/hmus to def5d ! ,sc&9avian   
p59sula f its ,engli% enemies4  ,at su* 
a "t ,s&wi*1 ) its %all[ fiord1 0 sure  

to af=d good %elt] to ! nor!rn long     
%ips2 & isolat$ ,?anet1 ov]look+ !      
navigable /rait1 0 a pr$e/9$ dept = !   
nor!rn pirates1 z f\r c5turies e>li] x  
_h be5 = ! foll[]s ( ^? my?ical         
p]sonifications1 ,h5ge/ & ,horsa4 ,long 
be=e ! unification ( ,engl& "u a s+le   
,we/ ,saxon ov]lord%ip ! ,danes us$ to  
l& 9 ! isl& e ye>1 to plund] ! crops1 & 
9 #hea1 :5 !lwulf 0 "l ( ,wessex at     
,w9*e/]1 'hea!n m51' says ! ,w9*e/]     
,*ronicle1 ) its usual *>m+ concis5ess1 
'fir/ sat ov] w9t] 9 ,t5et4' ,f t "t    
=w>d ! 'hea!n m5' cont9ually return$ to 
! isl&1 :i* !y us$ app>5tly z a base (  
op]ations1 ) _! %ips ly+ 9 ,s&wi* ,hav52
 9 fact1 ,?anet mu/ long h be5 a sort ( 
irregul> ,dani% colony4 ,/ill1 ,/4      
,mildr$'s nuns appe> to h liv$ on someh[
 at ,m9/] ?r\gh ! d>k "t1 = 9 #ihh !    
,danes l&$ & burnt ! abbey1 z !y did    
aga9 "u ,sweg5 9 #ajaa1 kill+ at ! same 
"t ! abbess & all ! inmates4 ,on ! :ole1
 x is probable t life & prop]ty 9 ,?anet
 7 f> f secure any "t 9 ! n9?1 t5?1 &   

e>ly elev5? c5turies4  ,at lea/ z late z
 ! ,norman conque/ ! ,wantsum rema9$ a  
navigable *annel1 & ! usual r\te to     
,london by sea 0 9 at ,s&wi* & out at   
,nor?m\?4 ,x 0 ?us t ,k+ ,h>old's fleet 
sail$ on its plund]+ exp$ition r\nd !   
coa/ ( ,k5t 7a small unexpla9$ incid5t (
 ! e>ly ,engli% type1 only to be        
und]/ood by ! analogies ( lat] ,scot*   
hi/ory71 & ?us too1 t _m o!r exp$itions 
are describ$ 9 ! concise /yle ( our     
unsophi/icat$ e>ly hi/orians4 ,b f !    
elev5? c5tury onw>d we he> little ( !   
,wantsum z a navigable *annel2 x has    
dw9dl$ d[n almo/ entirely to ,s&wi*     
,hav51 '! mo/ fam\s ( ,engli% ports1'   
says ! writ] ( ! life ( ,emma ( ,norm&y1
 ab\t #ajej4 ,s&wi* is inde$ ! olde/ ( !
 ,c9que ,ports1 succe$+ 9 ?is matt] to !
 hon\rs ( ,rutupi1 & all ?r\gh ! middle 
ages x rema9$ ! great h>b\r = cont95tal 
traffic4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 sail$ !nce =     
,france or ,fl&]s1 & z late z #addf x is
 /ill spok5 ( by a =eign ambassador z ! 
resort ( %ips f all qu>t]s ( ,europe4   

,/ill1 ! ,wantsum 0 all ?is :ile        
gradually silt+ up1 a gra9 at a "t1 & ! 
,isle ( ,ruim 0 sl[ly becom+ jo9$ to !  
opposite ma9l&4 ,:5 ,lel& visit$ x1 9   
,h5ry ,,viii4's reign1 ! *ange 0 almo/  
complete4 ',at ,nor?m\?1' says ! royal  
commission]1 9 8 qua9t dry way1 ':]e !  
e/]y ( ! se 01 ! salt wat] swelle? yet  
up at a ,creeke a myle or m t[>d a place
 call$ ,s>re1 :i* 0 ! commune f]y :5    
,?anet 0 fulle il$4' ,s&wi* ,hav5 itself
 began to be difficult ( access ab\t    
#aejj 7,h5ry ,,vii4 be+ k+71 & 9 #aeeh  
7"u ,m>y7 a ,flemi% eng9e]1 'a cunn+ &  
exp]t man 9 wat]works1' 0 engag$ to     
rem$y ! block+ ( ! *annel4 ,by a c5tury 
lat] x 0 q clos$1 & ! ,isle ( ,?anet _h 
ceas$ to exi/1 except 9 "n1 ! ,/\r n[   
fl[+ seaw>d by a long b5d ?r\gh ,m9/]   
,level1 :ile h>dly a relic ( ! ,wantsum 
c\ld be trac$ 9 ! artificial dit*es t   
int]sect ! flat & bank$-up surface ( !  
,/4 ,ni*olas m>%es4  ,mean:ile1 ,?anet  
_h be5 gr[+ once m into an agricultural 
c\ntry4 ,m9/]1 unt5able by its nuns1 _h 

be5 made ov] aft] ! ,dani% invasions to 
! monks ( ,/4 ,augu/9e at ,cant]bury1 & 
x 0 !y :o built ! great b>n & manor h\se
 :i* 7 ! out] symbol ( its new          
agricultural importance4 ,monkton1 close
 by1 belong$ to ! rival h\se ( ,*ri/    
,*ur* at ,cant]bury 7! ca!dral mona/]y71
 z did also ,/4 ,ni*olas at ,wade1      
rem>kable = its l>ge & h&some ,e>ly     
,engli% *ur*4 ,all ^! ecclesia/ical l&s 
7 excell5tly till$4 ,aft] ! ,re=mation1 
h[ev]1 ?+s *ang$ greatly4 ,! silt+ up ( 
! ,wantsum & ! decay ( ,s&wi* ,hav5 left
 ,?anet q out ( ! _w1 remote f all ! ma9
 highroads ( ! new ,engl&4 ,%ips n[ w5t 
pa/ ! ,nor? ,=el& to ,london1 & knew x  
only z a dang]\s po9t1 n )\t a s9i/]    
reputation = wreck+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on ! 
l& side1 ! isl& lay (f ! great highways1
 surr\nd$ by m>% or half-reclaim$       
levels2 & x seems rapidly to h sunk into
 a /ate resembl+ t ( ! m di/ant p>ts (  
,cornwall4 ,! inhabitants deg5]at$ into 
good wreck]s & bad till]s4 ,!y say an   
,orkney man is a f>m] :o owns a boat1   

:ile a ,%etl&] is a fi%]man :o owns a   
f>m4 ,9 mu* ! same _s1 ,camd5 speaks ( !
 ,elizabe?an ,?anet folks z 'a sort (   
amphibi\s creatures1 equally skill$ 9   
hold+ helm & pl\gh'2 :ile ,lewis1 e>ly 9
 ! la/ c5tury1 tells u !y made 'two     
voyages a ye> to ! ,nor? ,seas1 & came  
home soon en\gh = ! m5 to g to ! :eat   
season4' ,) g5ial tol]ance ! ,georgian  
hi/orian adds1 ',x's a ?\s& pities !y   
are s apt to pilf] /r&$ %ips4' ,piracy1 
:i* ran 9 ! ,?anet blood1 seem$ to _!   
good easy local annali/ a regrettable   
peccadillo4  ,9 all ?is1 h[ev]1 we beg9 
to cat* ! fir/ fa9tly-res\nd+ note (    
mod]n ,?anet4 ,! intellig5t read] w no  
d\bt h obs]v$1 ) 8 usual acut5ess1 t up 
to date we h he>d practically no?+ (    
,ramsgate1 ,m>gate1 & ,broad/airs1 :i*  
n[ =m ! real c5tres ( population 9 !    
nom9al isl&4 ,its relations h all be5 ) 
,rutupi1 ,s&wi*1 ,cant]bury1 & ! ma9l&4 
,b ! silt+ up ( ! ,wantsum turn$ ! new  
,?anet seaw>d1 by ! *alky cliffs2 & !   
gaps or gates 9 t natural sea-wall n[   

began to be ( comp>ative importance z   
fi%+ /ations & small hav5s4 ,ebb's      
,fleet 0 no long] ! port ( ,ruim4 ,!    
c5tre ( gravity ( ! isl& %ifts at ?is   
po9t1 accord+ly1 f ,m9/] to ,ramsgate4  
,! *ange is well m>k$ by c]ta9 int]e/+  
ecclesia/ical facts4 ,nei!r ,ramsgate   
nor ,broad/airs _h orig9ally *ur*es ( _!
 own4 ,! fir/ =m$ "p ( ! p>i% ( ,/4     
,lawr5ce1 :i* 0 itself a m]e *apelry (  
,m9/] till late 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!  
old village lies half a mile inl&1 &    
,ramsgate itself 0 ?r\gh\t ! middle ages
 no?+ m ?an a m]e gap & cove :]e !      
fi%]m5 ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce kept _! boats4 ,! 
fir/ *ur* 9 ! t[n prop] 0 n erect$ till 
#agia4 ,simil>ly1 ,broad/airs =m$ "p ( !
 p>i% ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! village ( :i*    
lies back at ab\t ! same di/ance f ! sea
 z ,/4 ,lawr5ce2 & ,/ ,pet]'s1 too1 0 at
 fir/ a *apelry ( ,m9/]4 ,! cliffs 7 !n 
no?+2 ! inw>d slope 0 ev]y?+4  ,m>gate  
seems to h be5 ! fir/ place 9 ! new     
,?anet to atta9 ! hon\r ( a place 9     
hi/ory4 ,z 9 two previ\s cases1 ! ,m]e  

,gate 0 at fir/ b a fi%]man's /ation = !
 village ( ,/4 ,john's1 :i* ga!r$ ab\t !
 old *ur* at ! s\? end ( ! exi/+ t[n4 ,b
 z ! ,nor?m\? clos$ up1 & ,s&wi* ,hav5  
decay$1 ! ,m]e ,gate naturally became ! 
little local port = corn gr[n on ! isl& 
& wool rais$ on ! newly-reclaim$ ,m9/]  
,level4 ,a wood5 pi] exi/$ at ,m>gate   
long be=e ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 :5   
,lel& f\nd x sore decay$1 & ! village 0 
9 repute = fi%]y & coa/+ trade4 ,?r\gh\t
 ! ,/u>t p]iod ,m>gate 0 ! ord9>y place 
( dep>ture & arrival = ,flu%+ & ! ,l[   
,c\ntries4 ,william ( ,orange frequ5tly 
sail$ h5ce1 & ,m>ybor\gh us$ x = almo/  
all 8 exp$itions4 ,x 0 ab\t ! middle ( !
 la/ c5tury1 h[ev]1 t ! real prosp]ity (
 ,m>gate fir/ began4 ,!n x 0 t citiz5s (
 cr$it & r5[n 9 ,london fir/ hit ^u !   
glori\s discov]y ( ! seaside1 & t       
wat]+-places t5tatively & timidly rais$ 
_! unobtrusive heads along ! ne>]       
bea*es4 ,! j\rney f ,london c\ld be made
 f> m easily by riv] ?an t to ,brighton 
by coa*2 & s ,m>gate1 ! ne>e/ spot to   

t[n 7by wat]7 on ! real sea ) any       
accommodation = visitors1 became 9 po9t 
( fact ! e>lie/ ,london seaside resort4 
,x 01 if n ! fir/ place1 at lea/ "o ( ! 
fir/ places 9 ,engl& to (f] to its gue/s
 ! p]il\s joy ( ba?+ ma*9es1 :i* 7      
inaugurat$ "h ab\t #agij4  ,) !         
introduction ( /eam]s ,m>gate's =tune 0 
made4 ,floods ( ,cockneydom 7 let loose 
^u ! nasc5t lodg+-h\ses4 ,!n came !     
,london1 ,*a?am & ,dov]1 & ,s\? ,ea/]n  
,railways1 & ) !m an ev]-increas+       
inundation ( good-hum\r$ *eap-tripp]s4  
,! ,hall-by-!-,sea & o!r mod]n          
improvem5ts & attractions foll[$4 ,l !  
re/ ( ,?anet1 ,m>gate has n[ become a   
m]e suburb ( ,london1 & :at x resembles 
at ! pres5t day a delicate reg>d = !    
feel+s ( ! inhabitants =bids me to      
enl>ge ^u4 ,i w m]ely add t ! recogniz$ 
mod]n "n ( ,m>gate is an etymological   
blund]1 due to ! idea immortaliz$ 9 !   
bor\gh motto1 ,porta m>is1 ,portus      
salutis1 t x means ,door ( ! ,sea4 ,!   
true ^w is /ill univ]sally pres]v$ on ! 

lips ( ! local fi%]-folk1 :o always     
religi\sly call x ei!r ,m]egate or      
,m]gate4  ,ramsgate1 a mu* m attractive 
& enjoyable c5tre1 ri* 9 excursions to  
po9ts ( g5u9e int]e/1 dates some:at     
lat]4 ,x fir/ came into note ab\t !     
beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 x did a  
mode/ trade ) ! ,levant & ! ,black ,sea1
 or1 z contempor>y ,engli% m prettily   
phrases x1 ') ,russia & ! ea/ c\ntry4'  
,9 #agej ! fir/ pi] 0 built1 z a        
national "w1 ma9ly to s]ve z a h>b\r (  
refuge = %ips caught 9 gales (f ! ,d[ns4
 ,! eng9e] 0 ,smeaton1 & he succe$$ 9   
creat+ an artificial h>b\r ( great      
ext5t1 :i* has la/$ sub/antially up to !
 pres5t "t4 ,?is new port1 r5d]$ saf] by
 ! enl>gem5t 9 #aghh1 made ,ramsgate at 
once into an important seaf>+ t[n1 !    
capital ( ! ,k5ti% h]r+ trade1 alive )  
smacks 9 ! busy season4 ,! /eam]s did x 
less good at fir/ ?an !y did to ,m>gate2
 b ! completion ( ! two railways1 & !   
build+ ( ! h&some ext5sions on ! ea/ &  
we/ cliffs1 turn$ x at once into a      

frequ5t$ wat]+-place4 ,x is ! fa%ion    
n[adays r to laugh at ,ramsgate4 ,m>9e  
pa9t]s "k bett]4 ,few h>b\rs are liveli]
 ) r$ & br[n sails2 few coa/s m         
enjoyable ?an ! cliff walk look+ across 
t[>ds ! ,goodw9s1 ! l[ %ore by ,s&wi*1 !
 high] gr\nd ab\t ,deal & ,dov]1 & ! dim
 :ite l9e ( ,cape ,blancnez 9 ! di/ance4
  ,broad/airs1 close by ! ligh?\se on ! 
,nor? ,=el& 7! ,cantium ,promontorium ( 
,roman geography71 is /ill new] z a     
place ( public resort4 ,b z a fi%+      
village x dates back to ! middle ages1  
:5 ! little *apel ( ,our ,lady ( ,brad/[
 /ood 9 ! gap ( ! cliffs1 & 0 mu*       
address$ by anxi\s sailors r\nd+ !      
dang]\s po9t aft] ! silt+ up ( !        
,wantsum4 ,%ips z !y pass$ l[]$ _!      
top-sails to d x rev]5ce4 ,"u ,h5ry     
,,viii4 a small wood5 pi] 0 ?r[n out to 
protect ! fi%+ boats2 & ab\t ! same "t1 
z "p ( ! g5]al s*eme ( coa/ def5ce      
inaugurat$ by ! k+1 a gate & portcullis 
7 erect$ to close ! gap seaw>d1 9 case (
 invasion4 ,! ar*way & portcullis groove

 rema9 to ?is day1 ) an inscription     
record+ _! repair 9 #agie by ,sir ,john 
,h5nik]4 ,! railway has turn$           
,broad/airs into a m9or rival (         
,ramsgate & ,m>gate & 'a fav\rite resort
 = g5try1' :]e '^? :o require quietness1
 ei!r f ill heal? or a retir+           
disposition1' says a local guide-book1  
may enjoy '! unit$ advantages (         
tranquillity & seclusion4' ,hundr$s (   
retir+ s\ls inde$ may be obs]v$ on !    
bea* any day dur+ ! season1 seek+       
tranquillity 9 a game ( c>ds1 repair+ _!
 heal? ) ! /imulus ( donkey ex]cise1 or 
soo?+ _! s\ls 9 secret h\r ) music sweet
 z love1 disc\rs$ to !m by g5tlem5 9    
loose p9k suits & artificially imitat$  
?iopian c\nt5ances4  ,we/gate is ! v    
late/-born ( ^! ,?anet gates1 a br&-new 
wat]+-place1 :]e e h\se proclaims !     
futility ( ! popul> belief t ,que5 ,anne
 is dead1 & :]e fa%ionable physicians   
s5d fa%ionable pati5ts to cure imag9>y  
diseases by a dose ( fre% air4 ,x has no
 hi/ory1 = only a few ye>s s9ce x       

consi/$ entirely ( a coa/gu>d /ation &  
?ree or f\r cottages3 b x is int]e/+ z  
ca/+ light on ! nature ( ! revolution   
:i* has turn$ ,?anet inside out & h9d "p
 be=e1 mak+ ! op5 sea take ! place ( !  
,k5ti% ma9l&1 & ! railway to ,london t (
 ! silt$ ,wantsum4  ,at ! pres5t day    
,?anet z a :ole consi/s ( two p>ts3 !   
live sea front1 :i* is "o long          
succession ( suburban wat]+-places2 & ! 
agricultural int]ior1 includ+ ! reclaim$
 e/u>y1 :i* ranks among ! be/-f>m$ & mo/
 productive di/ricts 9 all ,engl&1 ,yet 
till a v rec5t date ! ,?anet f>m]s /ill 
reta9$ ! use ( ! old ,k5ti% pl\gh1 !    
c\lt] ( :i* is rev]s$ at ! end ( e      
furr[2 & _m o!r curi\s insul> cu/oms m>k
 (f ! agriculture ( ! isl& ev5 n[ f t   
:i* prevails ov] ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4  ,i  
don't "k :e!r ,i'm wrong1 b x (t5 seems 
to me ! v be/ way to ga9 an idea ( !    
real hi/ory ( ,engl& is ?us to take a   
s+le di/rict piecemeal1 & trace out =   
"o's self ! ma9 features ( its gradual  
evolution4 ,by s do+ we get away f m]e  

dyna/ic or political consid]ations1     
leave beh9d ! bang ( drums or ! bl>e (  
trumpets1 & rea* d[n to ! liv+ facts (  
common human activity !mselves--!       
realities ( ! workaday _w ( toil]s &    
sp9n]s4 ,by n>r[+ our field ( view1 9   
fact1 we ga9 a cle>] picture on our     
small] focus4 ,we see h[ ! big hi/orical
 revolutions actually affect$ ! life ( !
 p2 & we trace m readily ! true nature (
 deep-rea*+ *anges :5 we foll[ !m out 9 
detail ov] a p>ticul> area4             
,a ,,hill-,,top ,,/ronghold4  ',:y1 :at 
did !y want to build a city "r up "h =1 
anyway8' ! pretty ,am]ican ask$1 :o _h  
come ) u to ,fiesole1 z we re/$1 pant+1 
aft] our long /eep climb1 on ! ca!dral  
plat=m4  ,n[ ! "q 0 a p]t95t & 9 its way
 a truly philosophical "o4 ,fiesole     
cre/s ! ridge ( a ,tuscan hill1 & 9     
,am]ica !y don't build cities on        
hill-tops4 ,y may se>* ?r\gh ! l5g? &   
bread? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ,ma9e to    
,cali=nia1 & ,i v5ture to bet a mode/   
doll> y won't f9d a s+le t[n p]*$ any:]e

 9 a position at all resembl+ t ( _m a  
gl[+ ,etrurian fa/ness1 t ',l an eagle's
 ne/ ,hangs on ! cre/ ,( purple         
,ap5n9e4' ,t[ns 9 ,am]ica /& all on !   
level3 mo/ ( !m are built by h>b\rs (   
sea or inl& lake2 or by navigable riv]s2
 or at ! junction ( railways2 or at a   
po9t :]e cat>acts 7sadly debas$7 supply 
ample wat]-p[] = saw-mills & factories2 
or else 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood (     
coal1 iron1 oil wells1 or gold & silv]  
m9es4 ,9 %ort1 ! position ( ,am]ican    
t[ns be>s always an imm$iate & obvi\s   
ref]5ce to ! wants & necessities ( our  
mod]n indu/rial & comm]cial sy/em4 ,!y  
are t[ns t h gr[n up 9 a /ate ( pr(\nd  
peace1 & t imply advanc$ means (        
communication1 ) a free int]*ange (     
agricultural & manufactur$ products4    
,h5ce 9 ,am]ica x is always q easy to   
see at a glance ! raison d'tre ( e t[n  
or village "o comes across4 ,new ,york1 
,bo/on1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore--,new 
,orleans1 ,montreal1 ,san ,francisco1   
,*>le/on--are all great ports = !       

exportation ( corn1 pork1 'lumb]1'      
cotton1 or tobacco1 & ! importation (   
,european manufactur$ goods4 ,*icago is 
! ma9 collect+ & di/ribut+ c5tre = !    
wide bas9 ( ! upp] ,great ,lakes1 z     
,c9c9nati is = ! ,ohio ,valley1 & ,/4   
,l\is = ! ,mississippi & ,miss\ri       
conflu5ts4 ,pittsburg bases itself ^u   
its coal & its iron2 ,buffalo exi/s z ! 
po9t ( transf] :]e elevators raise !    
corn ( ,*icago f lake-go+ vessels into !
 long1 l[ b>ges ( ! ,erie ,canal4 ,9 e  
case1 9 t newe/ ( worlds1 "o c see =    
oneself at a glance exactly :y s l>ge a 
body ( human be+s has collect$ j at t   
precise spot1 & at no o!r4  ,b :5 y h   
toil$ up1 hot & brea?less1 ?r\gh olive &
 p9e1 f ! ,viale at ,flor5ce to !       
antique ,cyclopean walls ( ,etruscan    
,fsul1 y wond] to y\rself1 l our        
,am]ican fri5d1 z y pant on ! t]race ( !
 ,romanesque ca!dral1 :at on e>? !y c\ld
 ev] h want$ to build a t[n up !re =1   
anyway4  ,if we look away f ,tuscany to 
our own ,engl&1 h[ev]1 we %all f9d on _m

 a des]t$ d[n or lonely tor ample       
evid5ce ( ! causes :i* l$ ! p ( ?is     
anci5t ,etruscan t[n to build _! citadel
 at s great a height above ! neighb\r+  
valley4 ,fiesole1 says ,dante1 9 a      
well-kn[n v]se1 0 ! "m ( ,flor5ce4 ,ev5 
s 9 ,engl&1 ,old ,s>um 0 inde$ ! "m (   
,salisbury1 & ,ca] ,badon or ,sulis 0 ! 
"m ( ,ba?4 ,& :5 !re 0 fir/ a ,fsul on !
 hill "h !re c\ld be no ,flor5ce1 z :5  
fir/ !re 0 an ,old ,s>um on ! ,wilt%ire 
d[ns !re c\ld be no ,salisbury1 & :5    
fir/ !re 0 a ,ca] ,badon on ! heights ( 
,avon !re c\ld be no ,ba?4  ,9 v e>ly   
times inde$1 9 ! ,european l& area1 :5  
m5 began fir/ to ga!r toge!r into t[ns  
or villages1 two necessities det]m9$ _! 
*oice ( a place to dwell 93 fir/1       
food-supply 7includ+ wat]72 & second1   
def5ce4 ,h5ce e e>ly community /&s1 to  
/>t )1 ne> its own cultivable t]ritory1 
usually a broad riv]-valley1 an alluvial
 pla91 a 'c>se' or l[l&1 = upl&s z yet 7
 incapable ( tillage by ! primitive     
agriculture ( ^? e>ly epo*s4 ,b x does n

 /& actually 9 ! c>se2 x occupies z a   
rule ! ne>e/ conv5i5t height or         
hill-top1 mo/ (t5 ! "o t juts out f>!/  
into ! subjac5t pla91 by way ( security 
aga9/ ! attack ( enemies4 ,?is is !     
beg9n+ ( almo/ e great hi/orical        
,european t[n2 x is an arx or acropolis 
ov]hang+ its own til? or ag]2 & ?\gh 9  
_m cases ! t[n came d[n at la/ into !   
valley1 reta9+ /ill its old "n1 yet !   
rema9s ( ! old e>?works or walls on !   
hill-top above (t5 be> witness to our   
own day to ! orig9al site ( ! antique   
settlem5t ^u ! high places4  ,"o c m>k1 
too1 v>i\s /ages 9 ?is gradual process (
 secul> desc5t f ! w9d-swept hills into 
! valleys bel[1 z fre] communications & 
great] security made access to wat]1    
roads1 & riv]s ( great] importance ?an  
m]e def5ce or elevat$ position4 ,at     
,ba?1 = example1 x 0 ! ,pax ,romana t   
br\ght d[n ! t[n f ! /ockad$ height (   
,ca] ,badon1 & ! ,hill ( ,solisbury to !
 =d & ! hot spr+s 9 ! valley ( ! ,avon4 
,at ,old ,s>um1 on ! o!r h&1 ! hill-top 

t[n rema9$ mu* long]3 x liv$ f ! ,celtic
 fir/ into ! ,roman & !n into ! ,we/    
,saxon _w2 x _h a ca!dral ( its own 9   
,norman times2 & ev5 long aft] ,bi%op   
,rog] ,poore f\nd$ ! ,new ,s>um1 :i* we 
n[ call ,salisbury1 at ! po9t :]e !     
great we/ road pass$ ! riv] bel[1 !     
hill-top t[n cont9u$ to be inhabit$1 &1 
z ev]ybody kn[s1 :5 all its population  
_h f9ally dw9dl$ away1 reta9$ "s ve/ige 
( its anci5t importance by return+ a    
memb] ( its own = a s+le f>mh\se to !   
unre=m$ ,p>liam5t till '#cb4 ,z =       
,fiesole1 ?\gh ,flor5ce has long s9ce   
sup]s$$ x z ! capital ( ! ,arno ,valley1
 ! t[n itself /ill lives on to our own  
"t 9 a dead-alive way1 &1 l ,norman4    
,old ,s>um1 reta9s ev5 n[ its beautiful 
old ca!dral1 its ,palazzo ,pretorio1 &  
its ackn[l$g$ claims to anci5t          
bor\gh%ip4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,i "k by p]sonal  
exp]i5ce only "o su* hill-top t[n ( !   
antique sort /ill surviv+1 & t is       
,%aftsbury2 b ,i am told t ,launce/on1 )
 its /rong ca/le ov]look+ ! ,tam>1 is   

ev5 a f9] example4 ,?is relatively e>ly 
disappe>ance ( ! hill-top =tress f our  
own mid/ is 9 "p due1 no d\bt1 to ! e>ly
 gr[? ( ! indu/rial _s 9 ,engl&1 & our  
long-cont9u$ fre$om f dome/ic w>f>e4 ,b 
all ov] ,s\!rn ,europe1 z ev]ybody mu/ h
 notic$1 ! hill-top t[n1 p]*$1 l ,eza1  
on ! v summit ( a po9t$ p9nacle1 /ill   
rema9s ev]y:]e 9 evid5ce z a common     
object ( ! c\ntry 9 our own day4  ,i    
said above t ,fiesole 0 ! "m ( ,flor5ce1
 &1 9 spite ( =mal objections to !      
contr>y1 ,i v5ture to def5d t n[ some:at
 obsolete & h]etical op9ion4 ,= :y does 
,fiesole /& j :]e x does8 ,:at made !m  
build a city up !re1 anyway8 ,well1 a   
t[n always exi/s j :]e x does exi/ = "s 
good & amply suffici5t reason4 ,ev5 if1 
l ,fiesole1 x is ma9ly a survival 7?\gh 
at ,fiesole !re are1 inde$1 olives 9    
pl5ty & o!r live trades to keep a t[n   
go+71 x yet exi/s !re 9 virtue ( facts  
:i* once ^u a "t 7 q suffici5t to br+ ! 
_w to ! spot1 & x goes on exi/+1 p>tly  
by m]e cons]vative use & wont1 no d\bt1 

b p>tly also because !re are h\ses1     
*ur*es1 mills1 & roads all ready built  
!re4 ,n[1 a t[n mu/ always1 f a v e>ly  
p]iod1 h exi/$ ^u ! exact site (        
,fiesole4 ,& :y8 ,to answ] t "q y h only
 to look at ! view f ! plat=m4 ,i d n   
mean to sugge/ t ! anci5t ,etruscans    
came !re to enjoy ! prospect z we g     
n[adays to ! hotels on ! ,rigi or to !  
summit ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton4 ,! anci5t      
,etruscan 0 a practical man1 & 8 views  
ab\t views 7 probably rudim5t>y4 ,b gaze
 d[n = a mom5t f ! ca!dral plat=m ^u !  
valley ( ! ,arno1 spread l a gl[+       
picture at y\r feet1 & see h[ imm$iately
 x resolves ! d\bt4 ,n1 inde$1 ! valley 
( ! ,arno z x /&s at pres5t1 ?ick set ) 
t[] & spire & palace4 ,9 ord] to arrive 
at ! raison d'tre ( ,fiesole y mu/ blot 
out m5tally ,arnolfo's va/ pile1 &      
,brunelles*i's dome1 & ,giotto's        
campanile1 & ,savon>ola's mona/]y1 & !  
tall & sl5d] t[] ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io1  
ris+ l a %aft %e] into ! air f>1 f>     
bel[--y mu/ blot out1 9 %ort1 all t     

makes ! _w n[ congregate at ,flor5ce1 & 
all ,flor5ce itself into ! b>ga94 ,n[h]e
 on e>? d ,i "k a m peopl$ pla9 ?an t   
pla9 ( ,arno 9 our own "t1 se5 on a     
sunny autumn day1 :5 ! light gl9ts      
cle>ly on ea* :ite villa & *ur* &       
hamlet1 f ?is specul> m\nt ( antique    
,fiesole4 ,b to und]/& :y ,fiesole      
itself /&s !re at all y mu/ neglect all 
?is1 neglect all ! weal? ( art t makes  
ea* in* ( t valley classic gr\nd1 & look
 only1 if y c = a brief mom5t1 at ! b>e 
facts ( primitive nature4  ,& :at !n d y
 see8 ,spread f> bel[ y1 & bask+ 9 !    
sun%9e1 a comp>atively flat & wide1 op5 
valley2 olive & /one p9e & mulb]ry on   
its slopes2 pa/ure l& & fl[]y vale 9 its
 mid/4 ,nor? & s\?1 9 two long ridges1 !
 ,ap5n9es /ret* _! h>d1 blue outl9es f  
,c>r>a to ,si5a aga9/ ! aft]noon        
sky--outl9es ( a sort t "o nev] gets 9  
nor!rn l&s1 b :i* rem9d "o s exactly ( !
 pa9t$ backgr\nd to a fifte5?-c5tury    
,italian picture t nature seems "h1 to  
our topsy-turvy fancy1 to be :imsically 

imitat+ an effect f art4 ,b 9 betwe5 ^? 
two toss$ & tumbl$ gu>dian ridges1 !    
valley ( ! ,arno1 z x fl[s t[>ds ,pisa1 
) ! m9or bas9s ( its tribut>y /reams1   
exp&s = a :ile ab\t ,flor5ce itself into
 a broad & comp>atively level pla94 ,9 a
 m\nta9 c\ntry s brok5 & heav$ ab\t z   
,p59sul> ,italy1 e sp>e in* ( cultivable
 pla9 l t has incalculable value4 ,true1
 on ! t]rac$ slopes ( ! hillsides       
g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( +5i\s m5 h     
manag$ to build up1 ti] by ti]1 a       
wond]ful expanse ( artificial til?4 ,b  
:ile oil & w9e c be produc$ ^u !        
t]races1 x is on ! riv] valleys alone t 
! e>ly inhabitants _h to dep5d = _!     
corn1 _! *eese1 & _! fle%-meat4 ,h5ce1 9
 primitive ,italy & 9 primitive ,engl&  
alike1 e su* op5 alluvial pla91 fit =   
til? or graz+1 _h ov]hang+ x a /ockad$  
hill-=t1 :i* grew ) "t into a m$ival t[n
 or a wall$ city4 ,x is j s t ,ca]      
,badon at ,ba? ov]hangs1 ) its          
prehi/oric e>?works1 ! pla9 ( ,avon on  
:i* ,beau ,na%'s city n[ spreads its    

/reets1 & x is j s t ,old ,s>um 9 turn  
ov]hangs1 ) its regul> ,roman fosses &  
gigantic glacis1 ! dale ( ! namesake    
riv] 9 ,wilts1 ne> its po9t ( conflu5ce 
) ! /ream ( ! ,wily4  ,we f9d x h>d1 no 
d\bt1 to imag9e n[adays t once ^u a "t  
,engl& 0 almo/ z ?ickly cov]$ ) hill-top
 villages 7?\gh on m9or heights7 z      
,italy is 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,yet su* 0 
und\bt$ly ! case 9 prehi/oric times4 ,i 
"k no bett] in/ance ( ! way ^! /ockad$  
villages 7 built ?an ! magnific5t gr\p (
 antique e>?works 9 ,dorset & ,devon :i*
 r+s r\nd ) a d\ble r[ ( =tresses !     
beautiful valley ( ! ,axm9/] ,axe4 ,!re1
 on "o side1 a long l9e ( /rongholds    
built by ! ,durotriges caps e jutt+ d[n 
& hill-top on ! s\!rn & ea/]n bank ( !  
riv]1 :ile fac+ !m1 on ! opposite nor!rn
 & we/]n side1 rises a simil> s]ies (   
,damnonian =tresses1 cr[n+ ! correspond+
 ,devon%ire heights4 ,lamb]t's ,ca/le1  
,musb]ry ,ca/le1 ,hawksd[n ,ca/le1 & s  
=?1 ! local nom5clature /ill calls !m1 b
 !y are ca/les1 or ca/ra1 only 9 ! n[   

obsolete ,roman s5se2 prehi/oric        
e>?works1 ) dyke & tr5*1 once /ockad$ ) 
wood5 pal+s on top1 & enclos+ ! huts &  
homes ( ! inhabitants4 ,! riv] ran      
betwe5 ! ho/ile t]ritories2 ea* village 
held its own /rip ( l& bel[ its         
=tress-height1 & drove up its cattle1   
its wom51 & its *ildr51 9 times ( =ay1  
to ! safety ( ! kraal or hill-top       
encampm5t4  ,9 su* a condition (        
society1 ( c\rse1 e community 0         
absolutely dep5d5t ^u its own t]ritory =
 ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,& :]ev] ! means (
 subsi/5ce exi/$1 a village 0 sure to   
spr+ up 9 "t ^u ! ne>e/ hill-top4 ,t is 
h[ ! olde/ ,fiesole ( all fir/ came to  
be p]*$ !re4 ,x 0 a hill-top refuge = ! 
till]s & graz]s ( ! f]tile ,arno vale at
 its feet4  ,b :y did ! p ( ! ,arno     
,valley fix ^u ! p>ticul> site (        
,fiesole8 ,surely on ! s\!rn side ( !   
riv]1 ab\t ! ,viale dei ,colli1 ! hills 
approa* mu* ne>] to ! pla94 ,f ,san     
,m9iato & ! ,bello ,sgu>do "o looks d[n 
f> m directly ^u ! domes & palaces &    

campaniles ( ,flor5ce spread "r at "o's 
feet4 ,:y didn't ! primitive inhabitants
 ( ! valley fix r on a spur ( t ne>]    
range--say ! "o :]e ,galileo's t[]      
/&s--= ! site ( _! village8  ,if y "k   
,flor5ce & h ask$ t "q )9 y\rself 9 all 
s]i\sness z y read1 ,i see y hav5't yet 
begun to ?r[ y\rself into ! position (  
affairs 9 prehi/oric ,tuscany4 ,y c't   
%uffle (f y\r own c5tury4 ,= betwe5 !   
broad pla9 & ! range ( hills :]e !      
,viale dei ,colli n[ w9ds s]p5t9e on its
 beautiful way r\nd ! gl5s & rav9es1 !  
,arno runs1 a broad torr5t flood 9 times
 ( fre%et3 ! ,arno1 unbridg$ z yet 79 ! 
days ,i speak (7 by ! ,ponte ,vec*io1 an
 impassable fronti] betwe5 ! wide       
t]ritory ( prehi/oric ,fiesole & ! n>r[ 
fields ( "s m9or village1 long s9ce     
=gott51 on ! opposite bank4 ,! great    
alluvial pla9 lies nor? ( ! riv]2 ! ?ree
 /reams ^: silt contributes to =m x fl[ 
into ! ma9 *annel f ,pi/oja & ,prato4   
,to live across ! riv] on ! s\? bank    
w\ld h be5 absolutely impossible = !    

own]s ( ! pla94 ,b ,fiesole occupies a  
c5tral spur ( ! nor!rn heights1 ov]look+
 ! valley to ea/ & we/1 & mu/ !re=e h   
be5 always ! natural place f :i* to     
comm& ! pla9 ( ,arno4 ,a little above & 
a little bel[ ,flor5ce gorges once m hem
 ! riv] 94 ,s t ! pla9 ( ,flor5ce 7z we 
call x n[adays71 ! pla9 ( ,fiesole1 z x 
once 01 =m$ at ! beg9n+ a little natural
 pr9cipality by itself1 ( :i* ,fiesole 0
 ! obvi\s capital & /ronghold4  ,= 9    
ord] to und]/& ,fiesole aright1 we mu/  
always manage 9 our own m9ds to get rid 
entirely ( t beautiful mu%room gr[?1    
,flor5ce1 & to ?9k only ( ! mo/ anci5t  
epo*4 ,:ile we are 9 ,flor5ce itself1 to
 be sure1 x seems to u always1 by       
comp>ison ) our mod]n ,engli% t[ns1 t   
,flor5ce is a place ( immemorial        
antiquity4 ,x 0 civiliz$ :5 ,brita9 0 a 
d5 ( ?ieves4 ,:ile 9 feudal ,engl&      
,edw>d ,i4 0 summon+ 8 b>ons to repress 
! ris+ ( ,william ,wallace1 9 ,flor5ce1 
already a great comm]cial t[n1 ,arnolfo 
di ,cambio _h receiv$ ! sublime ord]s ( 

! ,signoria to con/ruct = ! ,duomo '!   
mo/ sumptu\s edifice t human inv5tion   
c\ld desire or human lab\r execute1' &  
_h c>ri$ out ^? ord]s ) consummate      
skill4 ,:ile ,edw>d ,,iii4 0 dream+ ( 8 
lawless filibu/]+ exp$itions into       
,france1 ,ciotto 0 encru/+ ! face ( 8   
glori\s belfry ) t magnific5t decoration
 ( _m-col\r$ m>bles :i* makes nor!rn    
*ur*es look s cold & grey & b>b>ic by   
comp>ison4 ,:ile ,engli%m5 7 burn+ ,joan
 ( ,arc at ,r\51 ,fra ,angelico 0 adorn+
 ! walls ( ,san ,m>co ) ^? rapt sa9ts & 
^? spotless ,madonnas4 ,ev5 ! v back    
/reets ( ,flor5ce recall at e /ep its   
m$ival magnific5ce4 ,b :5 f ,flor5ce    
itself "o turns to ,fiesole1 ! city by !
 ,arno s9ks at once by a sudd5 revulsion
 into a m]e ?+ ( ye/]day by ! side ( !  
city on ! ,etruscan hill-top4 ,fiesole 0
 a t[n ( immemorial antiquity :ile      
,flor5ce 0 /ill1 :at p]haps its poetical
 "n imports1 a field ( fl[]s4  ,b :y ?is
 p>ticul> height r ?an any o!r ( ! doz5 
t jut out into ! pla98 ,well1 !re we get

 at ano!r fundam5tal po9t 9 hill-top t[n
 hi/ory4 ,fiesole _h wat]4 ,a spr+ at   
su* a height is comp>atively r>e1 b x is
 a necess>y accompanim5t1 or r a        
condition prec$5t1 ( all high-place     
villages4 ,9 ! ,borgo ,unto y w /ill f9d
 ?is spr+--a natural f\nta91 ! ,fonte   
,sott]ra--9 an und]gr\nd passage1 n[    
approa*$ 7s greatly did ! ,fiesolans    
appreciate its importance7 by a ,go?ic  
ar*way4 ,! wat] supplies ! :ole         
neighb\rhood2 & t acc\nts = ! position (
 ! t[n on ! l[ col j bel[ ! acropolis4  
,:o fir/ *ose ! site x w\ld be          
impossible to say2 ! e>lie/ /ockad$ =t  
at ,fiesole 7enclos+ ! t[n & arx above7 
mu/ g back to ! v dawn ( neoli?ic       
hi/ory1 long be=e ! ,etruscans _h ev]   
issu$ =? f _! ,rhtian fa/nesses to      
occupy ! blue & silv]-grey hills ( mod]n
 ,tuscany4 ,nor d we "k :o built ! great
 ,cyclopean walls1 ^: huge r\gh blocks  
/ill ov]hang ! mod]n c>riage road t     
leads pa/ ,boccaccio's ,valley ( !      
,ladies & ,fra ,angelico's e>lie/ conv5t

 f ! t[n 9 ! ,valley4 ,!y are attribut$ 
to ! ,etruscans1 ( c\rse1 on mu* ! same 
gr\nds z ,/oneh5ge is attribut$ to !    
,druids--because 9 ! m9ds ( ! p :o made 
! attribution ,etruscans & ,druids 7 ea*
 9 _! own place ! ne plus ultra (       
aborig9al antiquity4 ,b at any rate1 at 
"s v e>ly "t1 ! p :o held ! valley ( !  
,arno erect$ ^! va/ megali?ic walls r\nd
 _! city & citadel z a protection1      
probably1 aga9/ ! p :o held ! ,ligurian 
sea-bo>d4 ,?r\gh\t ! e>ly hi/orical     
p]iod at lea/ we "k t ,fsul 0 an        
,etruscan bord]-t[n aga9/ ! ,ligurian   
freeboot]s1 & we c see t ! arx or       
acropolis ( ,fsul mu/ h occupi$ !       
hill-top n[ occupi$ by ! ,franciscan    
mona/]y on ! height above ! t[n1 :ile ! 
h\ses mu/ h spread1 z !y /ill d )9      
%runk5 limits1 ab\t ! spr+ & ov] ! col  
at its base4  ,fsul 0 n "o ( ! great    
,etrurian cities1 n "o ( ! twelve cities
 ( ! ,etruscan ,league4 ,volt]ra        
occupies ! site ( ! l>ge ,tuscan t[n :i*
 lord$ x ov] ?is "p ( ! ,l[] ,ap5n9es4  

,b ,fsul mu/ /ill h be5 a consid]able   
place1 to judge by ! magnitude &        
importance ( its =tifications1 & x mu/ h
 ga!r$ into itself ! entire population (
 all ! little ,arno pla94 ,z long z =tis
 ,etruria crevit1 ,fsul mu/ always h    
held its own z a fronti] po/ aga9/ !    
,ligurian foe4 ,b :5 =tis ,etruria began
 to decl9e1 & ,rome to become ! summit (
 all ?+s1 ! glory ( ,fsul receiv$ a     
sev]e %ock4 ,n inde$ by conque/--t c\nts
 = little--b ! ,roman peace introduc$   
into ,italy a new ord] ( ?+s1 fatal to !
 hill-tops4 ,sulla1 :o humbl$ ,fsul1 did
 f> worse ?an t3 he plant$ a ,roman     
colony 9 ! valley at its foot--! colony 
( ,flor5tia--at ! po9t :]e ! road cross$
 ! ,arno--! colony t 0 aft]w>ds to      
become ! mo/ fam\s comm]cial & arti/ic  
t[n ( ! m$ival _w z ,flor5ce4  ,!       
position ( ! new t[n m>ks ! *ange t _h  
come ov] ! conditions ( life 9 ,upp]    
,italy4 ,flor5ce 0 a ,fiesole desc5d$ to
 ! pla94 ,& x desc5d$ = j ! selfsame    
reason t made ,bi%op ,poore ?irte5      

c5turies lat] br+ d[n ,s>um f its l(ty  
hill-top to ! new :ite m9/] by ! =d (   
,avon4 ,roads1 communications1 int]nal  
trade 7 h5ce=? to exi/ & to c\nt = mu*2 
:at 0 ne$$ n[ 0 a po/ & trad+ t[n on !  
riv] to gu>d ! passage f nor? to s\?    
aga9/ possible aggression4 ,fiesole _h  
be5 b a m\nta9 /ronghold2 ,flor5ce 0    
m>k$ f ! v beg9n+ by its m]e position z 
a great comm]cial & manufactur+ t[n4    
,nev]!less1 j z 9 m$ival ,engl& ! upp]  
t[n on ! hill1 ! ca/l$ t[n ( ! b>ons1   
(t5 exi/$ = _m ye>s side by side ) ! l[]
 t[n on ! riv]1 ! high-road t[n ( !     
m]*ant guilds--j z ,old ,s>um1 =        
example1 cont9u$ to exi/ side by side ) 
,salisbury--s ,fsul cont9u$ to exi/ side
 by side ) ,flor5tia4 ,z a milit>y po/1 
comm&+ ! pla91 x 0 ne$ful to reta9 x2 & 
s1 ?\gh ,sulla de/roy$ 9 "p its         
population1 he re9/at$ x be=e long z "o 
( 8 own ,roman colonies4 ,& = a long "t1
 dur+ ! ages ( d\btful peace t succe$$ !
 fir/ glori\s flu% ( ! milit>y empire1  
,fsul mu/ h kept up its importance      

un*ang$4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,roman !atre on !
 slope beh9d ! ca!dral--great /one      
semicircles c>v$ on a scale to seat a   
l>ge audi5ce--betok5 a consid]able      
,roman t[n4 ,& f a v e>ly p]iod x seems 
to h possess$ a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 ^: fir/  
bi%op1 accord+ to a tradition z good z  
mo/1 0 a conv]t ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & 0      
m>tyr$1 says 8 leg5d1 9 ! ,n]onian      
p]secution4 ,! exi/+ ca!dral1 its lat]  
repres5tative1 is /ill an e>ly & v      
simple ,tuscan basilica1 ) picturesque  
crypt & rais$ *oir1 ( a v pla9          
,romanesque type4 ,x looks l a fitt+    
*ur* = ! "m-t[n ( ,flor5ce2 x seems to  
recall 9 its own cold & au/]e fabric ! m
 anci5t claims ( ! sombre ,etruscan     
hill-top city4  ,x 0 ! middle ages1     
h[ev]1 t f9ally br\ght d[n ,fiesole 9   
e>ne/ to ! pla94 ,pisa _h be5 ! e>lie/  
,tuscan t[n to atta9 importance &       
m>itime supremacy aft] ! d>k days (     
b>b>ian incursion2 b z soon z l&-transit
 once m assum$ g5]al importance1        
,flor5ce1 seat$ on ! great r\te f ! nor?

 to ,rome by ,si5a1 & comm&+ ! passage (
 ! ,arno & ! gate ( ! ,ap5n9es1         
naturally began to surpass 9 "t its     
di/anc$ rival4 ,z e>ly z ! ,roman days a
 bridge is said to h spann$ ! ,arno on !
 site ( ! exi/+ ,ponte ,vec*io4 ,!      
m$ival walls enclos$ ! s\!rn tte du pont
 )9 _! picturesque circuit1 ?us secur+ !
 passage ( ! riv] & giv+ ,flor5ce its   
little ,janiculus1 ! ,oltr>no1 ) its    
s\!rn exit by ! ,porta ,romana4 ,! real 
'mak]s ( ,flor5ce' 7 ! humble workm5 :o 
?us ext5d$ ! firm hold ( ! gr[+ republic
 to ! s\!rn bank4 ,by s do+1 !y gave _! 
city und\bt$ comm& ( ! imp]ial r\te f   
,g]many ,romew>d1 & br\ght 9 _! tra9    
,dante & ,giotto1 ,brunelles*i &        
,donatello1 ,fra ,angelico & ,savon>ola1
 ! ,m$ici & ! ,pitti1 ,mi*ael ,angelo & 
,raffaele1 & all ! glories ( !          
,r5aissance epo*4 ,= z at ,a!ns1 s 9    
,flor5ce1 art & lit]ature foll[$ pla9ly 
9 ! wake ( comm]ce4 ,b ! rise ( ,flor5ce
 0 ! fall ( ,fiesole4 ,already 9 !      
elev5? c5tury ! undutiful daught] _h    

conqu]$ & annex$ h] v5]able "m2 & 9     
proportion z ! m]cantile importance ( ! 
city 9 ! pla9 wax$ great] & great]1 t ( 
! city on ! hill-top mu/ sl[ly h wan$ to
 less & less4 ,at ! pres5t day ,fiesole 
has deg5]at$ into a m]e suburb (        
,flor5ce1 :i*1 inde$1 x _h almo/ become 
:5 ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t held 8 c\ntry  
c\rt at ! ,villa ,mozzi1 or ev5 e>li]1  
:5 ,boccaccio's lively n>rators fl$ f ! 
plague to ! g>d5s ( ! ,palmi]i1 ?\gh x  
/ill reta9s ! dignity ( its anci5t      
ca!dral1 its municipal palace1 its      
gigantic sem9>y1 & its great ov]gr[n    
,franciscan mona/]y1 t replaces !       
citadel on ! height above ! t[n4 ,nay1  
m1 ) its local museum1 its bi%op's      
palace1 & its qua9t *ur*es1 x keeps up1 
to "s ext5t1 all ! airs & graces ( a    
real liv+ t[n4 ,b 9 reality ^! few big  
build+s1 & ! graceful campanile :i*     
makes s fair a %[ 9 all ! neighb\r+     
views1 are ! be/ ( ! little city4       
,fiesole looks bigge/ se5 f af>4 ,all t 
is vital 9 x is ! ecclesia/ical         

e/abli%m5t1 :i* /ill cl+s1 ) true       
ecclesia/ical cons]vatism1 to ! hill-top
 city1 & ! trade ( ! /raw plait]s1 :o   
make ,leghorn /raw goods & pe/] !       
visitor ) _! flimsy w>es1 tak+ no answ] 
to all _! importunities save "o 9 solid 
co9 ( good ,k+ ,umb]to4  ,"o la/ "q4 ,h[
 does x come t 9 ^! s\!rn climates !    
hill-top t[n has surviv$ s mu* m g5]ally
 to our own day ?an 9 ,nor!rn ,europe8  
,! obvi\s answ] seems at fir/ sight to  
be t 9 ! w>m] climates life c be c>ri$  
on com=tably1 & agriculture c yield good
 results1 at a great] height ?an 9 a    
cold climate4 ,olives1 v9es1 *e/nuts1   
maize w gr[ f> up on ,italian hill      
sides1 & t1 no d\bt1 c\nts = some?+2 b  
,i d n believe x cov]s all ! gr\nd4 ,two
 o!r po9ts seem to me at lea/ equally   
important1 especially :5 we rememb] t ! 
hill-top t[n 0 once z common 9 ! nor? z 
9 ! s\?1 & t :at we h really to acc\nt =
 9 ,italy is n its exi/5ce m]ely1 b r   
its late survival into new] epo*s4 ,"o  
po9t is t 9 ,s\!rn ,europe ! /ate (     

p]petual int]nal w>f>e la/$ mu* long]   
?an 9 ! feudal nor?4 ,! o!r po9t is t   
ea* little pat* ( c\ntry 9 ! s\? is /ill
 f> m self-support+1 has _h its economic
 conditions f> less di/urb$ by mod]n    
re>rangem5ts & comm]cial necessities1   
?an 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,9 ,engl& e t[n &
 village /&s ^u "s high road2 ! l>g] /& 
almo/ inv>iably ^u "s railway or "s     
navigable riv]4 ,9 ,italy x is /ill q   
possible1 :]e agricultural conditions   
are fav\rable1 to h a comp>atively      
fl\ri%+ t[n p]*$ ^u "s out-(-!-way      
m\nta9 height4 ,ev5 a c>riage road is   
sc>cely a necessity2 a mule pa? w d well
 en\gh = w9e & oil & ! o!r simple       
commodities ( s\!rn life4 ,! hill-top   
t[n1 9 %ort1 belongs to an e>li] type ( 
civilisation ?an ours2 x survives1      
unalt]$1 on its own p9nacle :]ev] t type
 ( civilisation is /ill possible4  ,& ,i
 s9c]ely hope our pretty ,am]ican fri5d 
w p>don me = hav+ ?us publicly answ]$1  
at s great l5g?1 h] natural "q4         
,a ,,p]si/5t ,,nationality4  ,/&+ to-day

 be=e ! dim outl9e ( ,orcagna's ,hell 9 
! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 at     
,flor5ce1 & m5tally comp>+ ^? m$ival    
demons & mon/]s & tortur]s on ! fresco$ 
wall 9 front ( me ) ! m antique         
,etruscan devils & torm5tors pictur$    
c5turies e>li] on ! anci5t tombs (      
,etrurian pr9ces1 ! ?\ght1 :i* _h (t5   
occurr$ to me be=e1 h[ ess5tially simil>
 7 ! ,tuscan intellect & ,tuscan art 9  
all ages1 =c$ itself ^u me once m at a  
fla% ) an irresi/ible bur/ ( int]nal    
conviction4 ,! id5tity ( old & new seem$
 to /& confess$4 ,etruria ?r\gh\t has   
be5 "o & ! same2 & x is almo/ impossible
 = any "o to ov]-e/imate ! influ5ce ( ! 
p[]ful1 b gloomy1 ,etruscan "* ^u ! :ole
 tone1 n only ( popul> ,*ri/ianity1 b ( 
t mod]n civilisation :i* is its (fspr+ &
 outcome4  ,i suppose x is h>dly        
necess>y1 9 ?is age ( enlight5m5t 7z p  
us$ to say 9 ! la/ c5tury71 to insi/ any
 long] ^u ! obvi\s fact t conque/ &     
absorption d n 9 any way mean           
ext]m9ation4 ,mo/ p /ill vaguely fancy  

to !mselves1 to be sure1 t1 :5 ,rome    
conqu]$ & absorb$ ,etruria1 ! anci5t    
,etruscan ceas$ at once to exi/--0      
swall[$1 z x 71 & became =?)1 9 "s      
my/]i\s way1 fir/ a ,roman1 & !n a mod]n
 ,italian4 ,&1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ?is is1  
no d\bt1 m or less true2 b t s5se is    
decid$ly n ! g5ealogical "o4 ,mann]s    
*ange1 b blood p]si/s4 ,! ,tuscan p w5t 
on liv+ & m>ry+ "u consul & emp]or j z  
!y _h done "u l> & lucumo2 ,lat9 &      
,gaul1 ,lomb>d & ,go?1 m+l$ ) !m 9 "t1 b
 did n efface !m2 & ,i d n d\bt t ! va/ 
mass ( ! population ( ,tuscany at !     
pres5t day is /ill ( prepond]at+ly      
,etruscan blood1 ?\gh qualifi$1 ( c\rse 
7& p]haps improv$71 by _m ,italic1      
,celtic1 & ,teutonic elem5ts4  ,aga91 :5
 we rememb] t ,flor5ce1 ,pisa1 ,si5a1   
,p]ugia are all practically 9 ,tuscany1 
& t ,flor5ce alone has really giv5 to ! 
_w ,dante & ,boccaccio1 ,galileo &      
,savon>ola1 ,cimabue & ,giotto1         
,botticelli & ,fra ,angelico1 ,donatello
 & ,ghib]ti1 ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raffael1

 ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,mac*iavelli &     
,alfi]i1 & a ho/ ( o!r almo/ equally    
great names1 x w be obvi\s to e "o t !  
problem ( ! orig9 ( ?is ,tuscan         
nationality mu/ be "o t pr(\ndly int]e/s
 ! :ole _w4 ,nay1 m1 we mu/ rememb]1    
too1 t ,etruria _h o!r & e>li] claims   
?an ^!2 t x spread up to ! v walls (    
,rome2 t ! ,etruscan elem5t 9 ,rome     
itself 0 imm5sely /rong2 t ! ,roman     
religion ow$1 confess$ly1 mu* to ,tuscan
 ideas2 t ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 !          
,*ri/ianity ( all ! ,we/]n _w1 took its 
%ape 9 semi-,tuscan ,rome2 t ! ,roman   
,empire 0 l>gely modell$ by ! ,etruscan 
,mc5as2 t ! ,italian r5aissance 0 l>gely
 influ5c$ by ! ,flor5t9e ,m$ici2 t ,leo 
! ,t5? 0 himself a memb] ( t great h\se2
 & t ! arti/s :om he summon$ to !       
metropolis to erect ,/4 ,pet]'s & to    
beautify ! ,vatican 71 almo/ all ( !m1  
,flor5t9es by bir?1 tra9+1 or domicile4 
,i ?9k1 :5 we h run ov] m5tally ^! & t5 
?\s& o!r l facts1 we w readily admit to 
ourselves ! magnitude ( ! _w's debt to  

,tuscany--social1 arti/ic1 intellectual1
 religi\s--bo? 9 anci5t1 m$ival1 & mod]n
 times4  ,& :at1 n[1 0 ?is /rong ,tuscan
 nationality1 :i* p]si/s s ?or\ghly     
?r\gh all ext]nal hi/orical *anges1 &   
:i* has contribut$ s l>ge & s m>vell\s a
 "p to ! _w's ?\ght & ! _w's culture8 ,x
 is a curi\s consid]ation = ^? :o talk s
 glibly1 ab\t ! enorm\s natural         
sup]iority ( ! ,aryan race1 t ! anci5t  
,etruscans 7 ! "o p ( ! antique         
,european _w1 :o1 by common cons5t1 did 
n belong to ! ,aryan family4 ,!y 7      
/rang]s 9 ! l&1 or1 r1 p]haps !y 7 its  
olde/ possessors4 ,_! language1 _!      
physique1 _! cre$1 _! art1 all po9t to a
 :olly diff]5t orig9 f ! ,aryans4 ,i am 
n go+1 9 a brief essay l ?is1 to settle 
dogmatically1 (f-h&1 ! vex$ "q ( ! orig9
 & aff9ities ( ! ,etruscan type2 m      
nons5se1 ,i suppose1 has be5 talk$ &    
writt5 ^u t occult subject by le>n$ m5  
?an ev5 le>n$ m5 h ev] p\r$ =? ^u any   
o!r sublun>y topic2 b "o ?+ at lea/1 ,i 
take x1 is absolutely c]ta9 amid !      

conflict+ !ories ( +5i\s !ori/s ab\t !  
,etruscan race1 & t "o ?+ is t ! ,ras5n 
/& 9 ,europe absolutely alone1 ! sole   
repres5tatives ( "s anci5t & else:]e    
ext]m9at$ /ock1 surviv+ only 9 ,tuscany 
itself1 & 9 ! ,rhtian ,alps ( ! ,canton 
,grisons4  ,at ! mom5t :5 ! ,etruscans  
fir/ appe> 9 hi/ory1 h[ev]1 !y appe> z a
 race capable ( acquir+ & assimilat+    
culture ) great ease1 rapidity1 &       
c]ta9ty4 ,no soon] d !y come into       
contact ) ! ,greek _w ?an !y absorb &   
reproduce all t 0 be/ & true/ 9 ,greek  
civilization4 ',m]ely                   
receptive--,european ,*9ese1' says1 9   
effect1 ,momms51 ! great ,roman         
hi/orian3 to me1 t judgm5t1 ?\gh true 9 
"s small degree1 seems h>% inde$ on a   
wid] view1 :5 appli$ to a p :o begot at 
la/ ! ',div9a ,comm$ia1' ! campanile (  
,flor5ce1 ! dome ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & !     
glories ( ! ,uffizi & ! ,pitti ,palace4 
,x is q true t ! ,etruscans !mselves1 l 
! ,japanese 9 our own "t1 did at fir/   
accept mo/ imitatively ! ,hell5ic       

culture2 b !y gradually rem\ld$ x by _! 
own ef=t into some?+ new1 gr[+ & *ang+ f
 age to age1 until at la/1 9 ! ,italian 
r5aissance1 !y bur/ out ) a wond]ful &  
novel message to all ! re/ ( dormant    
,europe4  ,"o ( ! mo/ p]si/5t key-notes 
( ?is und]ly+ ,etruscan "* is ! solemn1 
weird1 & gloomy nature ( s mu* ( ! true 
,etruscan workman%ip4 ,f ! v beg9n+ !y  
are /rong1 b sull54 ,solidity & p[]1 r  
?an beauty & grace1 are :at !y aim at2 &
 9 ?is1 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 a true        
,tuscan4 ,if we look at ! massive old   
,etruscan build+s1 ! ,cyclopean walls ( 
,fsul & ,volt]r1 ) _! gigantic unhewn   
blocks1 or ! gloomy tombs ( ,clusium1 ) 
_! heavy portals1 & !n at ! fr[n+ faade 
( ! ,/rozzi or ! ,pitti ,palace1 we %all
 see 9 ^!1 _! e>lie/ & late/ t]ms1 !    
special m>ks ( ,tuscan ar*itecture4     
',pil$ by ! h&s ( giants = mighty k+s ( 
old1' says ,macaulay1 well1 ( !         
,cyclopean walls4 ',x some:at resembles 
a prison or ca/le1 & is rem>kable = its 
bold simplicity ( /yle1 ! unadorn$ huge 

blocks ( /one be+ hewn smoo? at ! jo9ts 
only1' says a mod]n writ]1 (            
,brunelles*i's palatial ma/]piece4 ,e   
visitor to ,flor5ce mu/ h notic$ on e   
side ! m>ks ( ?is sull5 & rugg$         
,etruscan "*4 ,comp>e = a mom5t ! d>k   
bosses ( ! ,palazzo ,/rozzi1 ! 'pre     
n]gie' ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io1 ! 'beaut   
sombre et svre' ( ! m$ival ,b>gello1 ) !
 op51 airy brightness ( ! ,doge's       
,palace1 or ! glori\s ,byzant9e         
gold-&-blue ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice1 & y 
get at once an admirable measure ( ?is  
p]si/5t trait 9 ! ,etruscan             
idiosyncrasy4 ,tuscan ar*itecture is    
massive & morose :]e ,v5etian           
ar*itecture is sunny & smil+4  ,n[1     
,tuscan religion has 9 all times be5    
specially influ5c$ by ! peculi>ly gloomy
 t+e ( ! ,tuscan "*4 ,x has always be5 a
 religion ( fe> r ?an ( love2 a religion
 t /rove h>d] to t]rorize ?an to        
attract2 a religion full ( devils1      
flames1 tortures1 & horrors2 9 %ort1 a  
sort ( horrible ,*9ese religion (       

dragons & mon/rosities1 & flames &      
gobl9s4 ,9 ! pa9t$ tombs ( anci5t       
,etruria y may see ! famili> devil ) 8  
?ree-prong$ =k ?ru/+ s\ls back into !   
see?+ flood ( a hea!n hell1 z ,orcagna's
 "h ?ru/ !m back simil>ly into t ( its m
 mod]n ,*ri/ian successor4 ,all         
,etruscan art is full ?r\gh\t ( su*     
horrors4 ,y f9d _! traces abundantly 9 !
 antique ,etruscan museum at ,flor5ce2 y
 f9d !m on ! m$ival ,campo ,santo at    
,pisa2 y f9d !m ) great] skill1 b equal 
repulsiv5ess1 9 ! "w ( ! great          
,r5aissance arti/s4 ,! 'gha/ly glories (
 sa9ts' ! ,tuscan revels 94 ,! mo/ fam\s
 portion ( ! mo/ fam\s ,tuscan poem is !
 ',inf]no'--! "p t gloats ) m9ute &     
truly ,tuscan realism ov] ! torm5ts ( ! 
damn$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( ! m$ival hell4 ,&1 
z if /ill fur!r to m>k ! cont9uity (    
?\ght1 "h 9 ,orcagna's frescoes at      
,santa ,m>ia ,novella y h e horror ( !  
hea!n religion incongru\sly m+l$ ) e    
horror ( ! ,*ri/ian--gorgons & h>pies & 
*imras dire are torm5t+ ! wick$ "u !    

eyes ( ! ,madonna2 c5taurs are %oot+ &  
prodd+ !m be=e ! ,god ( ,love f ! torrid
 banks ( fi]y lakes2 furies ) snaky     
heads are direct+ _! puni%m5ts2 ,m9os & 
acus are sup]9t5d+ _! tasks2 &1 9 !     
c5tre ( all1 a huge ,molo* demon is     
dev\r+ !m bodily 9 8 fi]y jaws1 ) hide\s
 tusks z ( a ,japanese mon/]4  ,x w\ld  
be a curi\s "q to inquire h[ f> ^! old &
 +ra9$ ,etruscan ideas may h help$ to   
modify & col\r ! g5tl] conceptions (    
primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,c]ta9ly1 "o mu/ 
nev] = a mom5t =get t ,rome 0 at bottom 
ne>ly "o-half ,etruscan 9 "*2 t dur+ !  
imp]ial p]iod x became1 9 fact1 !       
capital ( ,etruria2 t myriads (         
,etruscans flock$ to ,rome2 & t _m ( !m1
 l ,sejanus1 _h mu* to d ) m\ld+ &      
build+ up ! imp]ial sy/em4 ,i d n d\bt1 
myself1 t ,etruscan notions l>ge        
int]wove !mselves1 f ! v outset1 )      
,roman ,*ri/ianity2 & :5ev] 9 ! *ur*es  
or gall]ies ( ,italy ,i see ,/4 ,lawr5ce
 fry+ on 8 gridiron1 or ,/4 ,seba/ian   
pi]c$ ?r\gh ) _m arr[s1 or ! ,innoc5ts  

be+ massacr$ 9 unpleasant detail1 or    
hell be+ repres5t$ ) ,dantesque m9ut5ess
 & p>ticul>ity ( del9eation1 ,i say to  
myself1 ) an int]nal smile1 ',etruscan  
influ5ce4'  ,h[ int]e/+ x is1 too1 to   
obs]ve ! con/ant outcrop1 "u all =ms &  
fai?s1 ( ?is /range1 und]ly+1 non-,aryan
 type6 ,! ,etruscans are & always 7     
rem>kable = _! intellect1 _! +5uity1 _! 
arti/ic faculty2 & ev5 to ?is day1 aft] 
s _m vicissitudes1 !y /& out z a :olly  
sup]ior p to ! r\gh ,g5oese & ! indol5t 
,neapolitans4 ,!y h _h _m crosses (     
blood mean:ile1 ( c\rse2 & x seems      
probable t ! crosses h done !m good3 = 9
 anci5t times x 0 ,rome1 ! ,etrurianis$ 
bord] city ( ! ,lat9s1 t rose to        
greatness1 n ,etruria itself2 & at a    
lat] date1 x 0 aft] ! ,g]mans _h m+l$ _!
 race ) ,italy t ,flor5ce almo/ took !  
place ( ,rome4 ,nay1 x is kn[n z a fact 
t "u ,otto ! ,great a l>ge ,teutonic    
colony settl$ 9 ,flor5ce1 ?us add+ to ! 
native ,etrurian race 7especially to !  
nobility7 t o!r elem5t :i* ! ,tuscan    

seems to ne$ 9 ord] t he may be spurr$  
to ! realisation ( 8 be/ *>act]i/ics4 ,b
 all[ z we may = =eign admixture1 two   
po9ts are abundantly cle> to ! imp>tial 
obs]v] ( ,tuscan hi/ory3 "o1 t ?is      
non-,aryan race has always be5 "o ( !   
f9e/ & /ronge/ 9 ,italy2 & ! o!r1 t f ! 
v dawn ( hi/ory its ma9 *>act]i/ics1 =  
good or = evil1 h p]si/$ mo/            
un9t]rupt$ly till ! pres5t day4         
,,ca/]s ,,& ,,*e/]s4  ,ev]ybody kn[s1 ( 
c\rse1 t up & d[n ov] ! face ( ,engl& a 
:ole crop ( places may be f\nd ) su*    
t]m9ations z ,lanca/]1 ,donca/]1        
,man*e/]1 ,leice/]1 ,gl\ce/]1 or ,exet]2
 & ev]ybody also kn[s t ^! words are    
v>i\s corruptions or alt]ations ( !     
,lat9 ca/ra1 or p]haps we ought r to say
 ( ! s+ul> =m1 ca/rum4 ,s mu* we h all  
be5 told f our *ildhood upw>d2 & = ! mo/
 "p we h be5 q ready to acquiesce 9 !   
/atem5t )\t any fur!r tr\blesome inquiry
 on our own acc\nt4 ,b 9 reality !      
explanation ?us v\*saf$ u does n help u 
mu* t[>ds expla9+ ! real orig9 & nature 

( ^! anci5t names4 ,x is true en\gh z f>
 z x goes1 b x does n g ne>ly f> en\gh4 
,x rem9ds "o a little ( ,*>les ,k+sley's
 accompli%$ pupil-tea*]1 ) 8 glib       
d]ivation ( amphibi\s1 'f two ,greek    
words1 amphi1 ! l&1 & bios1 ! wat]4' ,a 
detail$ hi/ory ( ! root ',*e/]' 9 its   
v>i\s ,briti% usages may s]ve to %[ h[  
f> su* a r\gh-&-ready solution z !      
pupil-tea*]'s falls %ort ( complete     
accuracy & compreh5siv5ess4  ,9 ! fir/  
place1 )\t tr\bl+ ourselves = ! "t be+ )
 ! div]se =ms ( ! ^w z n[ exi/+1 a      
difficulty meets u at ! v outset z to h[
 x ev] got into ! ,engli% language at   
all4 ',x 0 left beh9d by ! ,romans1'    
says ! pupil tea*] unhesitat+ly4 ,no    
d\bt2 b if s1 ! only language 9 :i* x   
c\ld be left w\ld be ,wel%2 = :5 !      
,romans quitt$ ,brita9 !re 7 probably z 
yet no ,engli% settlem5ts on any "p ( ! 
ea/]n coa/4 ,n[ ! ,wel% =m ( ! ^w1 ev5 z
 giv5 u 9 ! v anci5t ,lat9 ,wel% tract  
ascrib$ to ,n5nius1 is ',ca]' or        
',kair2' & !re is e reason to believe t 

! ,celtic ca?ir or ! ,lat9 ca/rum _h be5
 already worn d[n into ?is corrupt =m at
 lea/ z e>ly z ! days ( ! fir/ ,engli%  
colonisation ( ,brita94 ,inde$ ,i %all  
%[ gr\nd h]eaft] = believ+ t t =m       
survives ev5 n[ 9 "o or two p>ts (      
,teutonic ,engl&4 ,b if ?is be s1 x is q
 cle> t ! e>lie/ ,engli% conqu]ors c\ld 
n h acquir$ ! use ( ! ^w f ! vanqui%$   
,wel% :om !y sp>$ z slaves or           
tribut>ies4 ,! newcom]s c\ld n h le>n$  
to speak ( a ,cea/] or ,*e/] f ,wel%m5  
:o call$ x a ,ca]2 nor c\ld !y h adopt$ 
! names ( ,leice/] or ,gl\ce/] f ,wel%m5
 :o knew ^? t[ns only z ,kair ,legion or
 ,kair ,gl\i4 ,x is cle> t ?is easy     
(f-h& !ory %irks all ! real difficulties
 ( ! "q1 & t we mu/ look a little clos] 
into ! matt] 9 ord] to und]/& ! true    
hi/ory ( ^! int]e/+ philological        
fossils4  ,already we h got "o cle> &   
di/9ct pr9ciple to beg9 )1 :i* is too   
(t5 ov]look$ by amateur philologi/s4 ,! 
,lat9 language1 z spok5 by ,romans 9    
,brita9 dur+ _! occupation ( ! isl&1 has

 left & c h left absolutely no directs  
m>ks ^u our ,engli% tongue1 = ! simple  
reason t ,engli% 7or ,anglo-,saxon z we 
call x 9 its e>li] /ages7 did n beg9 to 
be spok5 9 any "p ( ,brita9 = tw5ty or  
?irty ye>s aft] ! ,romans retir$4       
,:atev] ,lat9 words h come d[n to u 9   
unbrok5 succession f ! ,roman times--&  
!y are b a few--mu/ h come d[n f ,wel%  
s\rces4 ,! ,britons may h le>nt !m f _! 
,italian ma/]s1 & may !n h imp>t$ !m1   
aft] ! brief p]iod ( prec>i\s           
indep5d5ce1 to _! ,teutonic ma/]s2 b (  
direct int]c\rse betwe5 ,roman &        
,engli%man !re 0 probably little or     
none4  ,?ree ways out ( ?is difficulty  
might possibly be sugge/$ by any humble 
imitator ( ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,fir/1 ! e>ly
 ,engli% pirates may h le>nt ! ^w ca/rum
 7!y always us$ x z a s+ul>7 ye>s be=e  
!y ev] came to ,brita9 z settl]s at all4
 ,= dur+ ! long decay ( ! empire1 !     
corsairs ( ! flat banks & islets (      
,sleswick & ,friesl& made _m a          
light-he>t$ plund]+ exp$ition ^u !      

unlucky coa/s ( ! m>itime ,roman        
prov9ces2 & x 0 to repel _! dread$      
attacks t ! ,c\nt ( ! ,saxon ,%ore 0    
appo9t$ to ! *>ge ( ! long expos$ tract 
f ! f5l& ( ! ,wa% to ! e/u>y ( ! ,ro!r 9
 ,sussex4 ,on "o occasion !y ev5 sack$  
,london itself1 already ! *ief trad+ t[n
 ( ! :ole isl&4 ,dur+ "s su* excursions1
 ! pirates w\ld be c]ta9 to pick up a   
few ,lat9 words1 especially su* z relat$
 to new objects1 unse5 9 ! rude society 
( _! own native hea!r-clad wa/es2 &     
among/ ^! we may be sure t ! great      
,roman =tresses w\ld rank fir/ & highe/ 
9 _! b>b>ic eyes4 ,inde$1 mod]n         
comp>ative philologi/s h %[n beyond d\bt
 t a few s\!rn =ms ( spee* _h already   
p5etrat$ to ! primitive ,engli% m>%l& by
 ! %ores ( ! ,baltic & ! m\? ( ! ,elbe  
be=e ! great exodus ( ! fif? c5tury2 &  
we "k t ,roman or ,byzant9e co9s1 & o!r 
objects belong+ to ! ,m$it]ranean       
civilisation1 are f\nd abundantly 9     
b>r[s ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5turies 9      
,sleswick--! primitive ,engl& ( !       

coloni/s :o conqu]$ ,brita94 ,b if ! ^w 
ca/rum did n get into e>ly ,engli% by "s
 su* means1 !n we mu/ fall back ei!r ^u 
our second alt]native explanation1 t !  
t[nspeople ( ! s\?-ea/]n pla9s 9 ,engl& 
_h become ?or\ghly ,lat9is$ 9 spee* dur+
 ! ,roman occupation2 or ^u our ?ird1 t 
!y spoke a ,celtic dialect m ak9 to     
,gauli% ?an ! mod]n ,wel% ( ,wales1 :i* 
may be desc5d$ f ! rud] & old] tongue ( 
! we/]n aborig9es4 ,?is la/ op9ion w\ld 
fit 9 v well ) ! views ( ,mr4 ,rhys1 !  
,celtic pr(essor at ,ox=d1 :o ?9ks t all
 s\?-ea/]n ,brita9 0 conqu]$ & colonis$ 
by ! ,gauls be=e ! ,roman invasion4 ,if 
s1 x maybe only ! we/]n ,wel% :o said   
,ca]2 ! ea/]n may h said ca/rum1 z !    
,romans did4 ,9 ei!r ( ! latt] two      
cases1 we mu/ suppose t ! e>ly ,engli%  
le>nt ! ^w f ! conqu]$ ,britons ( !     
di/ricts !y ov]ran4 ,b ,i myself h v    
little d\bt t !y _h borr[$ x long be=e  
_! settlem5t 9 our isl& at all4  ,h[ev] 
?is may be--& ,i confess ,i h be5 a     
little puritanically m9ute ^u !         

subject--! ,engli% settl]s le>n$ to use 
! ^w f ! fir/ mom5t !y l&$ 9 ,brita94 ,9
 its e>lie/ ,engli% dress x appe>s z    
,cea/]1 pron\nc$ l ,kea/]1 = ! s(t s\nd 
( ! initial 9 mod]n ,engli% is due to   
lat] ,norman influ5ces4 ,! new          
com]s--,anglo-,saxons1 if y *oose to    
call !m s--appli$ ! ^w to e ,roman t[n  
or ru9 !y f\nd 9 ,brita94 ,inde$1 all ! 
,lat9 words ( ! fir/ crop 9 ,engli%--^? 
us$ dur+ ! hea!n age1 be=e ,augu/9e & 8 
monks introduc$ ! ,roman                
civilisation--belong to su* mat]ial     
relics ( ! old] prov9cial culture z !   
,sleswick pirates _h nev] be=e kn[n3 way
 f via1 wall f vallum1 /reet f /rata1 & 
port f portus4 ,9 ?is fir/ crop ( =eign 
words ,cea/] also mu/ be reckon$1 & x 0 
orig9ally employ$ 9 ,engli% z a common r
 ?an z a prop] "n4 ,?us we read 9 !     
brief ,*ronicle ( ! ,we/ ,saxon k+s1 "u 
! ye> #egg1 ',cu?w9e & ,ceawl9 f\ght    
aga9/ ! ,wel%1 & (fslew ?ree k+s1       
,conmail & ,condidan & ,f>9mail1 & took 
?ree cea/]s1 ,gleawan cea/] & ,cir5     

cea/] & ,ba?an cea/]4' ,we might        
mod]nise a little1 s z to %[ ! real     
s5se1 by say+ ',glevum city & ,cor9ium  
city & ,ba? city4' ,"h x is noticeable t
 9 two ( ! cases--,gl\ce/] &            
,cir5ce/]--! descriptive t]m9ation has  
become at la/ "p ( ! "n2 b 9 ! ?ird     
case--t ( ,ba?--x has nev] succe$$ 9 do+
 s4 ,ages aft]1 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 
we /ill f9d ! ^w us$ z a common n\n2 = !
 ,*ronicle m5tions t a body ( ,dani%    
freeboot]s 'f>$ to a wa/e cea/] 9       
,wirral2 x is hight ,lega cea/]2' t is  
to say1 ,legionis ca/ra1 n[ ,*e/]4 ,!   
gr& old ,engli% epic ( ,be[ulf1 :i* is  
p]haps old] ?an ! colonisation (        
,brita91 speaks ( t[nsfolk z '! dwell]s 
9 cea/]s4'  ,z a rule1 ea* p>ticul>     
,roman t[n reta9$ its full "n1 9 a m or 
less clipp$ =m1 = (ficial uses2 b 9 !   
ord9>y colloquial language ( !          
neighb\rhood !y all seem to h be5       
describ$ z '! ,cea/]' simply1 j z we    
ourselves habitually speak ( 't[n1'     
mean+ ! p>ticul> t[n ne> :i* we live1   

or1 9 a m g5]al s5se1 ,london4 ,?us1 9 !
 nor?1 ,cea/] usually means ,york1 !    
,roman capital ( ! prov9ce2 z :5 !      
,*ronicle tells u t ',john succe$$ to ! 
bi%opric ( ,cea/]'2 t ',wilfri? 0 hall[$
 z bi%op at ,cea/]'2 or t '!lb]ht !     
ar*bi%op di$ at ,cea/]4' ,9 ! s\? x is  
employ$ to mean ,w9*e/]1 ! capital ( !  
,we/ ,saxon k+s & ov]lords ( all        
,brita92 z :5 ! ,*ronicle says t ',k+   
,edg> drove out ! prie/s at ,cea/] f !  
,old ,m9/] & ! ,new ,m9/]1 & set !m )   
monks4' ,s1 z late z ! days ( ,*>les    
,,ii41 'to g to t[n' meant 9 ,%rop%ire  
to g to ,%rewsbury1 & 9 ,norfolk to g to
 ,norwi*4 ,9 only "o in/ance has ?is    
colloquial usage surviv$ d[n to our own 
days 9 a l>ge t[n1 & t is at ,*e/]1 :]e 
! %ort =m has q ou/$ ! full "n ( ,lega  
cea/]4 ,b 9 ! case ( small t[ns or      
unimportant ,roman /ations1 :i* w\ld    
seldom ne$ to be m5tion$ outside _! own 
imm$iate neighb\rhood1 ! simple =m is q 
common1 z at ,cai/or 9 ,norfolk1 ,ca/or 
9 ,hunts1 & else:]e4 ,at times1 too1 we 

get an add$ ,engli% t]m9ation1 z at     
,ca/]ton1 ,*e/]ton1 & ,*e/]holme2 or a  
slight di/+ui%+ m>k1 z at ,great ,*e/]s1
 ,little ,*e/]1 ,bridge ,ca/]ton1 &     
,*e/]-le-,/reet4 ,all ^! h n[ q lo/ _!  
old di/9ctive names1 ?\gh !y h acquir$  
new ones to di/+ui% !m f ! ,*e/]1 or f  
"o ano!r4 ,= example1 ,*e/]-le-,/reet 0 
,cond]co 9 ,roman times1 & ,cunega cea/]
 9 ! e>ly ,engli% p]iod4 ,bo? names are 
d]iv$ f ! little riv] ,cone1 :i* fl[s   
?r\gh ! village4  ,be=e we pass on to ! 
consid]ation ( ^? ca/ra :i*1 l ,man*e/] 
& ,lanca/]1 h pres]v$ to ! pres5t day _!
 orig9al ,roman or ,celtic prefixes 9 m 
or less alt]$ %apes1 we mu/ glance      
briefly at a g5]al pr9ciple runn+ ?r\gh 
! mod]nis$ =ms n[ 9 use4 ,! read]1 ) 8  
usual acut5ess1 w h notic$ t ! ^w ,cea/]
 reappe>s "u _m sep>ate disguises 9 !   
names ( diff]5t mod]n t[ns4 ,sometimes x
 is ca/]1 sometimes *e/]1 sometimes     
ce/]1 & sometimes ev5 x gets worn d[n to
 a m]e fugitive relic1 z cet] or et]4 ,b
 ^! diff]5t corruptions d n occur       

irregul>ly up & d[n ! c\ntry1 "o "h & "o
 !re2 !y foll[ a di/9ct law & are due to
 c]ta9 def9ite und]ly+ facts ( race or  
language4 ,ea* set ( names lies 9 a     
regul> /ratum2 & ! diff]5t /rata succe$ 
"o ano!r l waves ov] ! face ( ,engl&1 f 
nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/w>d4 ,9 ! extreme    
nor? & ea/1 :]e ! ,engli% or ,anglian   
blood is pure/1 or is mix$ only ) ,danes
 & ,nor?m5 to any l>ge ext5t1 su* =ms z 
,lanca/]1 ,donca/]1 ,cai/or1 & ,ca/]ton 
ab\nd4 ,9 ! mix$ midl&s & ! ,saxon s\?1 
! s\nd s(t5s into ,*e/]field1 ,*e/]1    
,w9*e/]1 & ,dor*e/]4 ,9 ! inn] midl&s & 
! ,sev]n vale1 :]e ! proportion (       
,celtic blood becomes mu* /rong]1 !     
t]m9ation gr[s /ill s(t] 9 ,leice/]1    
,bice/]1 ,cir5ce/]1 ,gl\ce/]1 &         
,worce/]1 :ile at ! same "t a m>k$      
t5d5cy t[>ds elision occurs2 = ^! words 
are really pron\nc$ z if writt5 ,le/]1  
,bi/]1 ,cisset]1 ,glo/]1 & ,woo/]4      
,f9ally1 on ! v bord]s ( ,wales1 & ( t  
,damnonian c\ntry :i* 0 once kn[n to our
 fa!rs z ,we/ ,wales1 we get ! v        

abbreviat$ =ms ,wroxet]1 ,uttoxet]1 &   
,exet]1 ( :i* ! second is colloquially  
/ill fur!r %ort5$ into ,uxet]4          
,sometimes ^! tracts approa* v closely  
to "o ano!r1 z on ! banks ( ! ,n5e1 :]e 
! two halves ( ! ,roman ,durobriv h     
become ca/or on "o side ( ! riv]1 &     
,*e/]ton on ! o!r2 b ! l9e c be m>k$    
di/9ctly on ! map1 ) a slight outw>d    
bulge1 ) z great regul>ity z !          
geological /rata4 ,x w be mo/ conv5i5t  
"h1 !re=e1 to beg9 ) ! ca/]s1 :i* h     
und]gone ! lea/ am\nt ( rubb+ d[n1 & f  
!m to pass on regul>ly to ! successively
 weak] =ms 9 *e/]1 ce/]1 cet]1 & et]4   
,no?+1 inde$1 c be m deceptive ?an !    
common fa%ion1 ( quot+ a ,roman "n f !  
(t5 blund]+ li/s ( ! ,it9]>ies1 & !n    
pass+ on at once to ! mod]n ,engli% =m1 
)\t any h9t ( ! int]m$iate /ages4 ,to   
say t ,glevum is n[ ,gl\ce/] is to tell 
only half ! tru?2 until we "k t ! two 7 
l9k$ toge!r by ! gradual /eps ( ,glevum 
ca/rum1 ,gleawan cea/]1 ,gleawe ce/]1   
,gl\ce/]1 & ,glo/]1 we h n really       

expla9$ ! words at all4 ,by beg9n+ ) !  
lea/ corrupt =ms we %all be/ be able to 
see ! sl[ nature ( ! *ange1 & we %all   
also f9d at ! same "t t a good deal (   
incid5tal light is %$ ^u ! importance & 
ext5t ( ! ,engli% settlem5t4  ,donca/]  
is an excell5t example ( ! simple/ =m ( 
mod]nisation4 ,x appe>s 9 ! ,anton9e    
,it9]>y & 9 ! ,notitia ,imp]ii z ,danum4
 ,?is1 ) ! ord9>y t]m9ation affix$1     
becomes at once ,dona cea/] or ,donca/]4
 ,! "n is ( c\rse orig9ally d]iv$ 9 ei!r
 =m f ! riv] ,don1 :i* fl[s beside x2 & 
! ,nor?umbrian invad]s mu/ h le>nt !    
names ( bo? riv] & /ation f _!          
,brigantian ,briti% s]fs4 ,x %[s !      
fluctuat+ nature ( ! e>ly local         
nom5clature1 h[ev]1 :5 we f9d t ,bda 7'!
 ,v5]able ,b$e'7 describes ! place 9 8  
,lat9is$ vocabul>y z ,campodonum--t is  
to say1 ! ,field ( ,don1 or1 m          
idiomatically1 ,donfield1 a "n exactly  
analog\s to ^? ( ,*e/]field             
,macclesfield1 ,mansfield1 ,%effield1 & 
,hudd]sfield 9 ! neighb\r+ region4 ,!   

comp>ison ( ,donca/] & ,*e/]field is ?us
 mo/ int]e/+3 = "h we h two ,roman      
,/ations1 ea* ( :i* mu/ once h _h two   
alt]native names2 b 9 ! "o case ! old   
,roman "n has ultimately prevail$1 & 9 !
 o!r case ! mod]n ,engli% "o4  ,! second
 be/ example ( a ,ca/]1 p]haps1 is      
,lanca/]4 ,9 all probability ?is is !   
/ation :i* appe>s 9 ! ,notitia ,imp]ii z
 ,longovico1 an oblique case :i* x might
 be haz>d\s to put 9 ! nom9ative1 see+ t
 x seems r to mean ! t[n on ! ,lune or  
,loan ?an ! ,long ,village4 ,"h1 z 9 _m 
o!r cases1 ! =mative elem5t1 vicus1 is  
ex*ang$ = ,cea/]1 & we get some?+ l     
,lon-cea/] or f9ally ,lanca/]4 ,o!r     
rem>kable ,ca/]s are ,branca/] 9        
,norfolk1 once ,branadunum 7:]e !       
,briti% t]m9ation dun has be5 simil>ly  
dropp$72 ,anca/] 9 ,l9coln%ire1 ^:      
,roman "n is n c]ta9ly kn[n2 & ,cai/or1 
ne> ,norwi*1 once ,v5ta ,ic5orum1 a case
 :i* may be/ be consid]$ "u ! head (    
,w9*e/]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,tadca/] gives u 
an in/ance :]e ! ,roman prefix has      

app>5tly be5 entirely alt]$1 = x appe>s 
9 ! ,anton9e ,it9]>y 7accord+ to ! be/  
id5tification7 z ,calc>ia1 s t we might 
reasonably expect x to be mod]nis$ z    
,calca/]4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 we might well 
suspect an e>li] alt]native title1 ( :i*
 we %all get pl5ty :5 we come to exam9e 
! ,*e/]s2 & 9 fact1 9 ,bda1 x /ill be>s 
its old "n 9 a slightly disguis$ =m z   
,kaelca cea/]4  ,fir/ among ! s(t] =ms1 
let u exam9e ! int]e/+ gr\p to :i* ,*e/]
 itself belongs4 ,its ,roman "n 01      
beyond d\bt1 ,diva1 ! /ation on !       
,dee--z ,donca/] is ! /ation on ! ,don1 
& ,lanca/] ! /ation on ! ,lune4 ,its    
prop] mod]n =m ought1 !re=e1 to be      
,dee*e/]4 ,b x w\ld seem t 9 c]ta9      
places ! neighb\r+ ru/ics knew ! great  
,roman t[n ( _! di/rict1 n by its       
(ficial title1 b z ! legion's           
,camp--,ca/ra ,legionis4 ,at lea/ ?ree  
su* cases und\bt$ly occur--"o at ,deva  
or ,*e/]2 "o at ,rat or ,leice/]2 & "o  
at ,isca ,silurum or ,ca]leon-^u-,usk4  
,9 ea* case ! mod]nisation has tak5 a v 

diff]5t =m4 ,diva 0 captur$ by ! hea!n  
,engli% k+1 !lfri? ( ,nor?umbria1 9 a   
battle r5d]$ fam\s by ,bda1 :o calls !  
place ',! ,city ( ,legions4' ,! ,lat9   
compilation by "s ,wel% writ]1 ascrib$  
to ,n5nius1 calls x ,cair ,legion1 :i*  
is also its "n 9 ! ,iri% annals4 ,9 !   
,engli% ,*ronicle x appe>s z ,lege      
cea/]1 ,lge cea/]1 & ,leg cea/]2 b aft] 
! ,norman ,conque/ x becomes ,cea/]     
alone4 ,on midl& lips ! s\nd soon grew  
into ! famili> ,*e/]4 ,ab\t ! second    
case1 t ( ,leice/]1 !re is a slight     
difficulty1 = x assumes 9 ! ,*ronicle ! 
=m ( ,lgra cea/]1 ) an app>5tly         
intrusive lett]2 & ! lat] ,wel% writ]s  
seiz$ ^u ! =m to fit 9 ) _! own anci5t  
leg5d ( ,k+ ,le>4 ,n5nius calls x ,cair 
,l]ion2 & t unblu%+ romanc]1 ,ge(frey ( 
,monm\?1 makes x at once into ,cair     
,leir1 ! city ( ,leir4 ,m probably ! "n 
is a mixture ( ,legionis & ,rat1        
,leg-rat cea/]1 ! camp ( ! ,legion at   
,rat4 ,?is1 aga91 grew into ,legra      
cea/]1 ,leg cea/]1 & ,lei cea/]1 :ile ! 

^w1 ?\gh writt5 ,leice/]1 is n[ %ort5$  
by s\? midl& voices to ,le/]4 ,! ?ird   
,legionis ,ca/ra rema9$ always ,wel%1 & 
s h>d5$ on ,cymric lips into ,kair ,leon
 or ,ca]leon4 ,n5nius applies ! v simil>
 "n ( ,cair ,legeion to ,exet]1 /ill 9 8
 "t a ,damnonian or ,we/ ,wel% =tress4  
,equally int]e/+ h be5 ! =tunes ( ! ?ree
 t[ns ( :i* ,w9*e/] is ! type4 ,9 ! old 
,wel% tongue1 ,gw5t means a *ampaign    
c\ntry1 or level alluvial pla94 ,!      
,romans borr[$ ! ^w z ,v5ta1 & appli$ x 
to ! ?ree local c5tres ( ,v5ta ,ic5orum 
9 ,norfolk1 ,v5ta ,belg>um 9 ,hamp%ire1 
& ,v5ta ,silurum 9 ,monm\?4 ,:5 ! fir/  
,we/ ,saxon pirates1 "u _! real or      
my?ical lead]1 ,c]dic1 sw>m$ up         
,s\?ampton ,wat] & occupi$ ! ,gw5t ( !  
,belg1 !y call$ _! new conque/ ,w9tan   
cea/]1 ?\gh ! /ill clos] =m ,wntan once 
occurs4 ,!nce to ,w9te cea/] & ,w9*e/]  
is no f> cry4 ,gw5t ( ! ,ic5i _h a      
diff]5t hi/ory4 ,no d\bt x also 0 kn[n  
at fir/ z ,w9tan cea/]2 b1 z at ,w9*e/]1
 ! %ort] =m ,cea/] w\ld naturally be    

employ$ 9 local colloquial usage2 & :5 !
 *ief c5tre ( ,ea/ ,anglian population 0
 remov$ a few miles nor? to ,norwi*1 !  
nor? wick--!n a port on ! navigable     
e/u>y ( ! ,y>e--! old] /ation sank into 
insignificance1 & 0 only locally        
rememb]$ z ,cai/or4 ,la/ly1 ,gw5t ( !   
,silurians has left its "n alone to     
,ca]-,w5t 9 ,monm\?%ire1 :]e h>dly any  
relics n[ rema9 ( ! ,roman occupation4  
,man*e/] belongs to exactly ! same class
 z ,w9*e/]4 ,its ,roman "n 0 ,mancunium1
 :i* w\ld easily glide into             
,mancuncea/]4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,*ronicle x  
is only once m5tion$1 & !n z            
,mamecea/]--a =m expla9$ by ! alt]native
 ,mamucium 9 ! ,it9]>y1 :i* w\ld        
naturally become ,mamue cea/]4 ,col*e/] 
( c\rse repres5ts ,colonia1 corrupt$    
fir/ into ,coln cea/]1 & s ?r\gh ,col   
cea/] into its pres5t =m4 ,por*e/] 9    
,hants is ,portus ,magnus2 ,dor*e/] is  
,durnov>ia1 & !n ,dorn cea/]4           
,grant*e/]1 ,godman*e/]1 ,*e/]field1    
,wood*e/]1 & _m o!rs help u to trace !  

l9e across ! map ( ,engl&1 to ! mo/     
we/]n limit ( all at ,il*e/]1 anci5tly  
,is*alis1 ?\gh ! int]m$iate =m ( ,givel 
cea/] is c]ta9ly an odd "o4  ,besides ^!
 ,*e/]s ( ! regul> ord]1 !re are sev]al 
curi\s outly+ in/ances 9 ,durham &      
,nor?umb]l&1 & along ! ,roman ,wall1    
isl&$1 z x 71 beyond ! int]m$iate belt (
 ,ca/]s4 ,su* are ,lan*e/] 9 ,durham1   
:i* maybe comp>$ ) ! m famili> ,lanca/]2
 ,great ,*e/]s 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 ,eb*e/] on
 ! nor!rn ,watl+ ,/reet1 & a doz5 m4 ,h[
 to acc\nt = ^! is r a puzzle4 ,p]haps !
 ,ca/]s may be ma9ly due to ,dani%      
influ5ce 7:i* is ! common explanation71 
& x is kn[n t ! ,danes spread b sp>+ly  
to ! nor? ( ! ,tees4 ,h[ev]1 ?is r\gh   
solution ( ! problem proves too mu*3 =  
h[ !n c we h a /ill s(t] =m 9 ,dani%    
,leice/] itself8 ,probably we %all be   
ne>] ! tru? if we say t ^! are late     
names2 = ,nor?umb]l& 0 a des]t long aft]
 ! great h>ry+ by ,william ! ,conqu]or2 
& by ! "t x 0 repeopl$1 ,*e/] _h become 
! recognis$ ,engli% =m1 s t x w\ld      

naturally be employ$ by ! new occupants 
( ! di/ricts ab\t ! ,wall4  ,no "n 9    
,brita91 h[ev]1 is m int]e/+ ?an t (    
,ro*e/]1 :i* admirably %[s u h[ s _m o!r
 ,roman names h acquir$ a delusively    
,engli% =m1 or h be5 mi/ak5 = memorials 
( ! ,engli% conque/4 ,! ,roman t[n 0    
kn[n z ,durobriv1 :i* does n 9 ! lea/   
resemble ,ro*e/]2 & :at is m1 ,bda      
di/9ctly tells u t ,ju/us1 ! fir/ bi%op 
( ! ,we/ ,k5ti% see1 0 consecrat$ '9 !  
city ( ,dorubrevi1 :i* ! ,engli% call   
,hr(s cea/]1 f "o ( its =m] ma/]s1 by "n
 ,hr(4' ,if ?is 7 all we knew ab\t x1 we
 %\ld be told t ,bda cle>ly describ$ !  
t[n z be+ call$ ,hr('s ,*e/]1 f an      
,engli% conqu]or ,hr(1 & t to contradict
 ?is cle> /atem5t ( an e>ly writ] 0     
presumptu\s or absurd4 ,=tunately1      
h[ev]1 we h ! cle>e/ possible pro( t    
,hr( nev] exi/$1 & t he 0 a pure        
creation ( ,bda's own simple            
etymological guesswork4 ,k+ ,alfr$      
cle>ly knew bett]1 = he omitt$ ?is wild 
d]ivation f 8 ,engli% translation4 ,!   

valuable fragm5t ( a map ( ,roman       
,brita9 pres]v$ = u 9 ! m$ival          
transcript kn[n z ! ,peut+] ,tables1    
sets d[n ,ro*e/] z ,rotibis4 ,h5ce x is 
pretty c]ta9 t x mu/ h _h two alt]native
 names1 ( :i* ! o!r 0 ,durobriv4        
,rotibis w\ld easily pass 7on ! regul>  
analogies7 into ,rotifi cea/]1 & t aga9 
into ,hr(i cea/] & ,ro*e/]2 j z ,rhutupi
 or ,ritup pass$ into ,rituf burh1 & s  
f9ally into ,ri*bor\gh4 ,moreov]1 9 a   
*>t] ( ,k+ ,e!lb]ht ( ,k5t1 old] a good 
deal ?an ,bda's "t1 we f9d ! t[n        
describ$ "u ! mix$ =m ( ,hr(i-brevi4    
,aft] su* a c]ta9 in/ance ( philological
 blund]+ z ?is1 ,i = "o am n incl9$ to  
place great fai? 9 su* /atem5ts z t made
 by ! ,engli% ,*ronicle ab\t ,*i*e/]1   
:i* x attributes to ! my?ical ,s\?      
,saxon k+ ,cissa4 ,:atev] ,cissancea/]  
may mean1 x seems to me mu* m likely t x
 repres5ts ano!r case ( d\ble nam+2 =   
?\gh ! ,roman t[n 0 commonly kn[n z     
,regnum1 t is cle>ly a m]e adm9i/rative 
=m1 d]iv$ f ! tribal "n ( ! ,regni4     

,consid]+ t ! same v]aci\s ,*ronicle    
d]ives ,portsm\?1 ! ,roman ,portus1 f an
 imag9>y ,teutonic invad]1 ,port1 &     
commits itself to o!r wild /atem5ts ( ! 
same sort1 ,i don't ?9k we ne$ greatly  
hesitate ab\t reject+ its au?ority 9 ^! 
e>li] & conjectural portions4  ,sil*e/] 
is ano!r mu* disput$ "n4 ,z a rule1 !   
site has be5 id5tifi$ ) t ( ,calleva    
,atrebatum2 b ! pro(s are scanty1 & !   
id5tification mu/ be reg>d$ z a d\btful 
"o4 ,i h already v5tur$ to sugge/ t ! ^w
 may conta9 ! root ,silva1 z ! t[n is   
situat$ close ^u ! anci5t bord]s (      
,pamb] ,=e/4 ,! abs5ce ( e>ly =ms1      
h[ev]1 makes ?is some:at ( a r&om %ot4  
,inde$1 x is difficult to arrive at any 
def9ite conclusions 9 ^! cases1 except  
by pati5tly foll[+ up ! "n f fir/ to    
la/1 ?r\gh all its v>iations1           
corruptions1 & mis-spell+s4  ,! ,ce/]s  
are ev5 m degrad$ 7philologically       
speak+7 ?an ! ,*e/]s1 b are n less      
int]e/+ & illu/rative 9 _! way4 ,_! f>!/
 nor!a/]ly ext5sion1 ,i believe1 is to  

be f\nd at ,leice/] & ,t[ce/]4 ,! =m] we
 h already consid]$3 ! latt] appe>s 9 ! 
,*ronicle z ,t(e cea/]1 & d]ives its "n 
f ! little riv] ,t[e1 on :i* x is       
situat$4 ,anci5tly1 no d\bt1 ! riv] 0   
call$ ,t(e or ,t(i1 l ! ,tavy 9         
,devon%ire2 = all ^! riv]-words recur   
ov] & ov] aga91 bo? 9 ,engl& & on !     
,cont95t4 ,9 ?is case1 !re seems no     
imm$iate connection ) ! ,roman "n1 if ! 
site be rightly id5tifi$ ) t (          
,lactodorum2 b at any rate ! riv] "n is 
,celtic1 s t ,t[ce/] _c be claim$ z a   
,teutonic settlem5t4  ,cir5ce/]1 !      
meet+-place ( all ! great ,roman roads1 
is ! ,lat9 ,cor9ium1 sometimes giv5 z   
,durocornovium1 :i* well illu/rates !   
fluctuat+ /ate ( ,roman nom5clature 9   
,brita94 ,z ?is great /rategical        
c5tre--! key ( ! we/--_h =m]ly be5 !    
capital ( ! ,dobuni1 ^: "n x sometimes  
be>s1 x might easily h come d[n to u z  
,dur*e/]1 or ,dob*e/]1 in/ead ( "u its  
exi/+ guise4 ,! city 0 captur$ by ! ,we/
 ,saxons 9 #egg1 & is !n call$ ,cir5    

cea/] 9 ! brief record ( ! conqu]ors4 ,a
 few ye>s lat]1 ! ,*ronicle gives x z   
,cirn cea/]2 & s9ce ! riv] is call$     
,*irn1 ?is is ! =m x might fairly h be5 
expect$ to reta91 z 9 ! case ( ,c]ney   
close by4 ,b ! city 0 too f> we/ n to h 
its "n l>gely rubb$ d[n 9 use2 s x s(t5$
 bo? its initials into ,cir5ce/]1 :ile  
,cissan cea/] only got 7?r\gh ,cisse    
cea/]7 z f> z ,*i*e/]4 ,at t po9t !     
spell+ ( ! we/]n t[n has /opp$ %ort1 b !
 tongues ( ! natives h run on till no?+ 
n[ rema9s b ,cisset]4 ,if we _h only t  
writt5 =m on ! "o h&1 & ,durocornovium  
on ! o!r1 ev5 ! bolde/ etymologi/ w\ld  
h>dly v5ture to sugge/ t !y _h any      
connection ) "o ano!r4 ,( c\rse ! common
 prefix ,duro1 is only ! ,wel% ,dwr1    
wat]1 & its occurr5ce 9 a "n m]ely      
implies a =d or riv]4 ,! alt]native =ms 
may be ,anglicis$ z ,*urn1 & ,*urnwat]1 
j l ,grasm]e1 & ,grasm]e ,lake4  ,i wi% 
,i c\ld avoid say+ any?+ ab\t ,worce/]1 
= x is an obscure & difficult subject2 b
 ,i fe> ! attempt to %irk x w\ld be     

useless 9 ! long run4 ,i "k f sad       
exp]i5ce t if ,i omit x e inhabitant (  
,worce/]%ire :o reads ?is article w hunt
 me out someh[1 & run me to e>? at la/1 
) a lett] dem&+ a full & explicit       
explanation ( ?is sil5t insult to 8     
native c\nty4 ,s ,i mu/ try to put ! be/
 possible face ^u a tr\blesome matt]4 ,!
 e>lie/ exi/+ =m ( ! "n1 aft] ! ,engli% 
,conque/1 seems to be t giv5 9 a ,lat9  
,*>t] ( ! eigh? c5tury z ,weogorna      
civitas4 7,"h x is difficult to         
dis5tangle ! ,engli% f its ,lat9 dress47
 ,a little lat] x appe>s 9 a v]nacul>   
%ape 7also 9 a *>t]7 z ,wigran cea/]4 ,9
 ! lat] "p ( ! ,engli% ,*ronicle x      
becomes ,wig]a cea/]1 & ,wigra cea/]2 b 
by ! twelf? c5tury x has gr[n into      
,wigor cea/]1 f :i* ! *ange to ,wire    
cea/] & ,worce/] 7fully pron\nc$7 is n  
viol5t4 ,?is is all pla9 sail+ en\gh4 ,b
 :at is ! mean+ ( ,wigorna cea/] or     
,wigran cea/]8 ,& :at ,roman or ,engli% 
"n does x repres5t8 ,! old ,engli%      
settl]s ( ! neighb\rhood =m$ a little   

indep5d5t pr9cipality ( ,hwiccas        
7aft]w>ds subdu$ by ! ,m]cians71 & "s h 
accord+ly sugge/$ t ! orig9al ^w may h  
be5 ,hwiccw>a cea/]1 ! ,*e/] ( ! ,hwicca
 m51 :i* w\ld be analog\s to ,cant-w>a  
burh 7,cant]bury71 ! ,bury ( ! ,k5t m51 
or to ,wiht-g>a burh 7,c>isbrooke71 !   
,bury ( ! ,wight m54 ,o!rs1 aga91       
connect x ) ! ,braunog5ium ( ! ,rav5na  
geograph]1 & ! ,cair ,guoranegon or     
,guiragon ( ,n5nius1 :i* latt] is       
probably itself a corrupt$ v]sion ( !   
,engli% "n4 ,altoge!r1 x mu/ be all[$ t 
,worce/] pres5ts a g5u9e difficulty1 & t
 ! facts ab\t its e>ly =ms are !mselves 
decid$ly confus$1 if n contradictory4 ,!
 only o!r notable ,cea/]s1 are ,alce/]1 
once ,alnecea/]1 9 ,worce/]%ire1 !      
,roman ,alauna2 ,gl\ce/] or ,glevum1    
already suffici5tly expla9$2 & ,mance/] 
9 ,/af=d%ire1 suppos$ to occupy ! site (
 ,m&uess$um4  ,among ! mo/ corrupt$ =ms 
( all1 ,exet] may rank fir/4 ,its ,lat9 
equival5t 0 ,isca ,damnoniorum1 ,usk ( !
 ,devonians2 ,isca be+ ! ,lat9is$ =m ( t

 preval5t ,celtic riv] "n :i* crops up  
aga9 9 ! ,usk1 ,esk1 ,exe1 & ,axe1      
besides =m+ ! fir/ elem5t ( ,uxbridge & 
,ox=d2 :ile ! tribal qualification 0    
add$ to di/+ui% x f its namesake1 ,isca 
,silurum1 ,usk ( ! ,silurians1 n[       
,ca]leon-^u-,usk4 ,9 ! we/ c\ntry1 to   
?is day1 ask always becomes ax1 or r    
rema9s s1 = t prov9cial =m 0 ! ,k+'s    
,engli% at ! c\rt ( ,alfr$2 & s ,isca   
became on ,devonian lips ,exan cea/]1   
aft] ! ,we/ ,saxon conque/4 ,!nce x     
pass$ rapidly ?r\gh ! /ages ( ,exe cea/]
 & ,exe ce/] till x f9ally settl$ d[n   
into ,exet]4 ,at ! same "t1 ! riv]      
itself became ! ,exe2 & ! ,exan-mu?a ( !
 ,*ronicle dropp$ into ,exm\?4 ,we mu/  
nev] =get1 h[ev]1 t ,exet]1 0 a ,wel%   
t[n up to ! reign ( ,a!l/an1 & t ,corni%
 ,wel% 0 /ill spok5 9 p>ts ( ,devon%ire 
till ! days ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4  ,wroxet]
 is ano!r imm5sely int]e/+ fossil ^w4 ,x
 lies j at ! foot ( ! ,wrek91 & ! hill  
:i* takes t "n 9 ,engli% mu/ h be5      
pron\nc$ by ! old ,celtic inhabitants   

mu* l ,uricon3 = ( c\rse ! awkw>d       
initial lett] has only become sil5t 9 ^!
 lat] lazy c5turies4 ,! ,romans turn$ x 
into ,uriconium2 b aft] _! dep>ture1 x 0
 captur$ & burnt to ! gr\nd by a p>ty ( 
raid+ ,we/ ,saxons1 & its fall is       
graphically describ$ 9 ! wild old ,wel% 
elegy ( ,llyw>* ! ,ag$4 ,! ru9s are /ill
 *>r$ & black5$ by ! ,we/ ,saxon fires4 
,! ,engli% coloni/s ( ! neighb\rhood    
call$ !mselves ! ,wrok5-stas1 or        
,settl]s by ! ,wrek9--a ^w analog\s to t
 ( ,wilstas1 or ,settl]s by ! ,wyly2    
,dorstas1 or ,settl]s among !           
,durotriges2 & ,sumorstas1 or ,settl]s  
among ! ,sumor-folk1--:i* survive 9 !   
mod]n c\nties ( ,wilts1 ,dorset1 &      
,som]set4 ,simil> =ms else:]e are !     
,pecstas ( ! ,d]by%ire ,peak1 !         
,elm$stas 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,elmet1 & !        
,cilt]nstas 9 ! ,*ilt]n ,hills4 ,no d\bt
 ! ,wrok5-stas call$ ! ru9$ ,roman =t by
 ! analog\s "n ( ,wrok5 cea/]2 & ?is    
w\ld sl[ly become ,wrok cea/]1          
,wrok-ce/]1 & ,wroxet]1 by ! ord9>y     

abbreviat+ t5d5cy ( ! ,wel% bord]l&s4   
,wrexham d\btless pres]ves ! same       
orig9al root4  ,hav+ ?us c>ri$ ! ,ca/ra 
to ! v conf9es ( ,wales1 x w\ld be unk9d
 to a g5]\s & amiable p n to c>ry !m    
across ! bord] & on to ! ,we/]n sea4 ,! 
,wel% corruption1 :e!r ( ! ,lat9 ^w or (
 a native equival5t ca?ir1 assumes !    
guise ( ,ca]4 ,?us ! old ,roman /ation (
 ,segontium1 ne> ! ,m5ai ,/raits1 is n[ 
call$ ,ca] ,seiont2 b ! neighb\r+ mod]n 
t[n :i* has ga!r$ ar\nd ,edw>d's new    
ca/le on ! actual %ore1 ! lat]          
metropolis ( ! l& ( ,arfon1 became kn[n 
to ,wel%m5 z ,ca]-yn-,arfon1 n[ corrupt$
 into ,ca]n>von or ev5 into ,c>n>von4   
,gray's famili> l9e ab\t ! murd]$       
b>ds--',on ,arvon's dre>y %ore !y       
lie'--keeps up 9 "s dim fa%ion ! memory 
( ! true etymology4 ,ca]m>!n is 9 l     
mann] ! ,roman ,muridunum or            
,moridunum--! =t by ! sea--?\gh a       
duplicate ,moridunum 9 ,s\? ,devon has  
be5 simply translat$ into ,engli% z     
,seaton4 ,innum]able o!r ,ca]s1 mo/ly   

repres5t+ ,roman sites1 may be f\nd     
scatt]$ up & d[n ov] ! face ( ,wales1   
su* z ,ca]sws1 ,ca]leon1 ,ca]gwrle1     
,ca]hun1 & ,ca]wys1 all ( :i* /ill      
conta9 traces ( ,roman occupation4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 ,c>digan1 :i* looks delusively 
l a %ort5$ ,ca]1 has really no?+ to d ) 
?is gr\p ( anci5t names1 be+ a m]e      
corruption ( ,c]$igion4  ,b outside     
,wales itself1 9 ! m ,celtic p>ts (     
,engl& prop]1 a good _m relics ( ! old  
,wel% ,ca]s /ill bespeak ! incomplet5ess
 ( ! e>ly ,teutonic conque/4 ,if we     
might tru/ ! m5daci\s ,n5nius1 inde$1   
all our ,ca/]s & ,*e/]s 7 once good     
,cymric ,ca]s2 = he gives a d\btful li/ 
( ! *ief t[ns 9 ,brita91 :]e ,gl\ce/]   
appe>s z ,cair ,gl\i1 ,col*e/] z ,cair  
,colun1 & ,york z ,cair ,ebrauc4 ,^!1 if
 true1 w\ld be invaluable =ms2 b        
un=tunately !re is e reason to believe t
 ,n5nius inv5t$ !m himself1 by a simple 
transposition ( ! ,engli% names4 ,h5ry (
 ,hunt+don is ne>ly z bad1 if n worse2 =
 :5 he calls ,dor*e/] ',kair ,dauri1' & 

,*i*e/] ',kair ,kei1' he 0 almo/ c]ta9ly
 evolv+ :at he suppos$ to be appropriate
 old ,briti% names f ! dep?s ( 8 own    
consci\sness4 ,8 guesswork 0 on a p> ) t
 ( ! s*oolboys :o introduce ',/irl+ia'  
or ',liv]polia' into _! ,ovidian        
elegiacs4 ,t ab&on$ /ory-tell]1 ,ge(frey
 ( ,monm\?1 goes a /ep fur!r1 & concocts
 a ,ca] ,lud = ,london & a ,ca] ,osc =  
,exet]1 :5ev] ! fancy seizes him4 ,!    
only examples among/ ^! pret5d$ old     
,wel% =ms :i* seem to me to h any real  
hi/orical value are an unkn[n ,kair     
,ed51 m5tion$ by ,gildas1 & a ,cair     
,wise1 m5tion$ by ,simeon ( ,durham1    
und\bt$ly ! true native "n ( ,exet]4    
,/ill we h a few indubitable ,ca]s 9    
,engl& itself surviv+ to our own day4   
,mo/ ( !m are n f> f ! ,wel% bord]1 z 9 
! case ( ! two ,ca] ,c>adocs1 9         
,%rop%ire1 cr[n$ by anci5t ,briti%      
=tifications4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 lie fur!r )9
 ! true ,engli% pale1 ?\gh always 9     
di/ricts :i* long pres]v$ ! ,wel% spee*1
 at lea/ among ! l[] classes ( !        

population4 ,! e>?work ov]hang+ ,ba?    
be>s to ?is day its anci5t ,briti% title
 ( ,ca] ,badon4 ,an old hi/ory writt5 9 
! mona/]y ( ,malmesbury describes t t[n 
z ,ca] ,bladon1 & speaks ( a ,ca] ,dur 9
 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,!re /ill     
rema9s a ,ca] ,rid5 on ! l9e ( ! ,roman 
wall 9 ! ,lo?ians4 ,ne> ,aspatria1 9    
,cumb]l&1 /&s a m\ld]+ ,roman camp kn[n 
ev5 n[ z ,ca] ,moto4 ,9 ,c>voran1       
,nor?umb]l&1 ! fir/ syllable has        
und]gone a slight contraction1 b may    
/ill be readily recognis$4 ,! ,c>r-dyke 
9 ,norfolk seems to me to be ref]able to
 a simil> orig94  ,mo/ curi\s ( all !   
,engli% ,ca]s1 h[ev]1 is ,c>lisle4 ,!   
,anton9e ,it9]>y gives ! t[n z          
,luguvallium4 ,bda1 9 8 b>b>is$ ,lat9   
fa%ion calls x ,lugubalia4 ',! ,saxons1'
 says ,murray's ,guide1 ) *>m+ navet1   
'abbreviat$ ! "n into ,luel1 & aft]w>ds 
call$ x ,ca] ,luel4' ,?is a/\nd+        
hot*pot* =ms an admirable example ( !   
way 9 :i* local etymology is /ill       
g5]ally treat$ 9 highly respectable     

publications4 ,s f> z we "k1 !re nev] 0 
at any "t a s+le ,saxon 9 ,cumb]l&2 & :y
 ! ,saxons1 or any o!r tribe (          
,engli%m51 %\ld h call$ a t[n by a      
purely ,wel% "n1 x w\ld be difficult to 
decide4 ,if !y _h giv5 x any "n at all1 
t "n w\ld probably h be5 ,lul cea/]1 :i*
 might h be5 mod]nis$ into ,lulca/] or  
,lul*e/]4 ,! real facts are ^!4         
,cumb]l&1 z its "n imports1 0 long a l& 
( ! ,cymry--a nor!rn ,wel% pr9cipality1 
dep5d5t ^u ! great k+dom ( ,/ra?clyde1  
:i* held out = ages aga9/ ! ,nor?umbrian
 ,engli% invad]s among ! braes & fells (
 ,ayr%ire & ! ,lake ,di/rict4 ,^!       
,cumbrian ,wel%m5 call$ _! *ief t[n ,ca]
 ,luel1 or some?+ ( ! sort2 & !re is "s 
reason = believ+ t x 0 ! capital ( !    
hi/orical ,ar?ur1 if any ,ar?ur ev]     
exi/$1 ?\gh lat] ages transf]r$ ! leg5d 
( ! ,briti% h]o to ,ca]leon-^u-,usk1    
aft] m5 _h begun to =get t ! region     
betwe5 ! ,clyde & ! ,m]sey _h once be5  
true ,wel% soil4 ,! ,engli% ov]ran      
,cumb]l& v sl[ly2 & :5 !y did f9ally    

conqu] x1 !y probably left ! orig9al    
inhabitants 9 possession ( ! c\ntry1 &  
only impos$ _! own ov]lord%ip ^u !      
conqu]$ race4 ,! /ory is too long a "o  
to repeat 9 full "h3 x mu/ suffice to   
say t1 ?\gh ! ,nor?umbrian k+s _h made !
 ',/ra?clyde ,wel%' _! tribut>ies1 !    
di/rict 0 nev] ?or\ghly subdu$ till !   
days ( ,edmund ! ,we/ ,saxon1 :o h>ri$ !
 l&1 & h&$ x ov] to ! ,k+ ( ,scots4 ,?us
 x happ5s t ,c>lisle1 alone among l>ge  
,engli% t[ns1 /ill keeps un*ang$ its    
,cymric "n1 in/ead ( hav+ sunk into an  
,anglicis$ ,*e/]4 ,! pres5t spell+ is a 
m]e etymological blund]1 exactly simil> 
to t :i* has turn$ ! old ,engli% ^w igl&
 into isl&1 ?r\gh ! false analogy (     
isle1 :i* ( c\rse comes f ! old ,fr5*   
isle1 d]iv$ ?r\gh "s =m ak9 to !        
,italian isola1 f ! orig9al ,lat9       
insula4 ,kair ,leil is ! spell+ 9       
,ge(frey2 ,c>deol 7by a cl]ical error = 
,c>leol1 ,i suspect7 t 9 ! ,engli%      
,*ronicle1 :i* only once m5tions ! t[n2 
& ,c>leol t ( ! ord9>y m$ival hi/orians4

 ,! surnames ,c>lyle & ,c>lile /ill     
pres]ve ! bett] or?ography4  ,to        
complete ! subject1 x w be well to say a
 few words ab\t ^? t[ns :i* 7 once      
,cea/]s1 b :i* h nev] become ,ca/]s or  
,*e/]s4 ,num]\s z are ! places n[ s     
call$1 a numb] m may be reckon$ 9 !     
illimitable *apt] ( ! might-h-be5s2 & x 
is int]e/+ to speculate on ! =ms :i* !y 
w\ld h tak51 'si qua fata asp]a         
rupiss5t4' ,among ^! /ill-born ,*e/]s1  
,newca/le-^u-,tyne may fairly rank fir/4
 ,x /&s on ! ,roman site1 call$1 f its  
bridge across ! ,tyne1 ,pons ,aelii1 &  
kn[n lat] on1 f its position on ! great 
wall1 z ,ad ,murum4 ,"u ! e>ly ,engli%1 
aft] _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 !     
monks became ! accept$ inh]itors (      
,roman ru9s2 & ! small mona/]y :i* 0    
e/abli%$ "h procur$ x ! ,engli% "n (    
,muneca-cea/]1 or1 z we %\ld n[ say1    
,monk-*e/]1 ?\gh no d\bt ! local        
mod]nisation w\ld h tak5 ! =m (         
,munca/]4 ,william ( ,norm&y utt]ly     
de/roy$ ! t[n dur+ 8 great h>ry+ (      

,nor?umb]l&2 & :5 8 son1 ,rob]t         
,cur?ose1 built a =tress on ! site1 !   
place came to be call$ ,newca/le--a ^w  
^: v =m %[s its comp>atively mod]n      
orig94 ,ca/ra & ,cea/]s 7 n[ out ( date1
 & ca/les _h tak5 _! place4 ,/ill1 we   
/ick ev5 "h to ! old root3 = ( c\rse    
ca/le is only ! dim9utive ca/ellum--a   
scion ( ! same ,roman /ock1 :i*1 l s _m 
o!r memb]s ( ari/ocratic families1 'came
 ov] ) ,william ! ,conqu]or4' ,! ^w     
ca/el is nev] us$1 ,i believe1 9 any    
,engli% docum5t be=e ! ,conque/2 b 9 ! v
 ye> ( ,william's invasion1 ! ,*ronicle 
tells u1 ',willelm e>l came f ,norm&y   
into ,pev5sey1 & wr\ght a ca/el at      
,ha/+s port4' ,s1 :ile 9 ,france itself 
! ^w has decl9$ ?r\gh *a/el into *teau1 
we 9 ,engl& h kept x 9 comp>ative purity
 z ca/le4  ,york is ano!r t[n :i* _h a  
n>r[ escape ( becom+ ,yor*e/]4 ,its     
,roman "n 0 ,eburacum1 :i* ! ,engli%    
que]ly r5d]$ z ,e(orwic1 by a v int]e/+ 
piece ( folks-etymology4 ,e(or is old   
,engli% = a bo>1 & wic = a t[n2 s our   

rude ance/ors metamorphos$ ! ,lat9is$   
,celtic "n into ?is famili> &           
significant =m1 mu* z our own sailors   
turn ! ,bell]ophon into ! ,billy        
,ruffun1 & ! ,anse des ,c\s9s into !    
,nancy ,coz5s4 ,9 ! same way1 ,i h kn[n 
an illit]ate ,engli%man speak (         
,aix-la-,*apelle z ,hexley ,*apel4 ,to !
 "n1 ?us di/ort$1 our =efa!rs ( c\rse   
add$ ! g5]ic ^w = a ,roman t[n1 & s made
 ! cumbr\s title ( ,e(orwic-cea/]1 :i*  
is ! almo/ univ]sal =m 9 ! e>li] p>ts ( 
! ,engli% ,*ronicle4 ,?is 0 too mu* ( a 
m\?ful ev5 = ! h>dy ,anglo-,saxon1 s we 
soon f9d a disposition to %ort5 x into  
,cea/] on ! "o h&1 or ,e(orwic on ! o!r4
 ,%\ld ! f9al "n be ,*e/] or ,york8--t 0
 ! "q4 ,usage decl>$ 9 fav\r ( ! m      
di/9ctive title4 ,! t[n became ,e(orwic 
alone1 & !nce gradually decl9$ ?r\gh    
,evorwic1 ,euorwic1 ,eurewic1 & ,yorick 
into ! mod]n ,york4 ,x is curi\s to note
 t "s ( ^! int]m$iate =ms v closely     
approa* ! orig9al ,eburac1 :i* mu/ h be5
 ! root ( ! ,roman "n4 ,0 ! *ange p>tly 

due to ! pres]vation ( ! old] s\nd on ! 
lips ( ,celtic s]fs8 ,x is n impossible1
 = m>ks ( ,briti% blood are /rong 9     
,york%ire2 & ,n5nius confirms ! idea by 
call+ ! t[n ,kair ,ebrauc4  ,among ! o!r
 ,cea/]s :i* h nev] develop$ into       
full-bl[n ,*e/]s1 ,i may m5tion ,ba?1   
giv5 z ,akemannes cea/] & ,ba?an cea/] 9
 our old docum5ts1 s t x might h become 
,a*eman*e/] or ,ba?cet] 9 ! c\rse (     
ord9>y *anges4 ,cant]bury1 aga91 !      
,roman ,durov]num1 dropp$ ?r\gh         
,dorob]nia into ,dorwit cea/]1 :i* w\ld 
no d\bt h turn$ into a ?ird ,dor*e/]1 to
 puzzle our heads by its lik5ess to     
,dorne cea/] 9 ,dorset%ire1 & to ,dorce 
cea/] ne> ,ox=d2 :ile ,*e/]ton 9        
,hunt+don%ire1 :i* 0 once ,dorme cea/]1 
n>r[ly escap$ burd5+ a di/ract$ _w ) a  
f\r?4 ,happily1 ! colloquial =m ,cantw>a
 burh1 or ,k5tm5's bury1 ga9$ ! day1 & s
 e trace ( ,durov]num is n[ q lo/ 9     
,cant]bury4 ,nor? ,%ields 0 once        
,scy?les-cea/]1 b "h ! ,*e/] has simply 
dropp$ out4 ,v]ulam1 or ,/4 ,albans1 is 

ano!r curi\s case4 ,its ,romano-,briti% 
"n 0 ,v]ulamium1 & ,bda calls x ,v]lama 
cea/]4 ,b ! e>ly ,engli% 9 ,sleswick    
believ$ 9 a race ( my?ical giants1 !    
,wtl+as or ,watl+s1 f :om !y call$ !    
,milky ,way ',watl+ ,/reet4' ,:5 ! rude 
pirates f ^? trackless m>%es came ov] to
 ,brita9 & fir/ beheld ! great ,roman   
pav$ causeway :i* ran across ! face ( ! 
c\ntry f ,london to ,ca]n>von1 !y seem$ 
to h imag9$ t su* a mighty "w c\ld n h  
be5 ! h&icraft ( m52 & j z ! ,arabs     
ascribe ! rock-hewn h\ses ( ,petra to ! 
ar*itectural fancy ( ! ,devil1 s our old
 ,engli% ance/ors ascrib$ ! ,roman road 
to ! ,titanic ,watl+s4 ,ev5 9 our own   
day1 x is kn[n along its :ole c\rse z   
,watl+ ,/reet4 ,v]ulam /&s "r 9 its     
track1 & long conta9$ "s ( ! greate/    
,roman rema9s 9 ,engl&2 s ! t[n1 too1   
came to be consid]$ z ano!r example ( ! 
"w ( ! ,watl+s4 ,bda1 9 8 ,lat9is$      
,nor?umbrian1 calls x ,vtl+a cea/]1 z an
 alt]native title ) ,v]lama cea/]2 s t x
 might n[adays h be5 famili> to u all   

ei!r z ,watl+*e/] or ,v]lam*e/]4 ,?is is
 "o ( ! num]\s cases :]e a ,roman &     
,engli% "n liv$ on dur+ ! d>k p]iod side
 by side4 ,9 "s ( ,mr4 ,kemble's *>t]s x
 appe>s z ,wal+a cea/]4 ,b :5 ,(fa (    
,m]cia f\nd$ 8 great abbey on ! v spot  
:]e ! ,wel% m>tyr ,alban _h suff]$ dur+ 
! p]secution ( ,diocletian1 ,roman &    
,engli% names 7 alike =gott51 & ! place 
0 rememb]$ only aft] ! ,briti% ,*ri/ian 
z ,/4 ,albans4  ,!re are o!r in/ances   
:]e ! v memory ( a ,roman city seems n[ 
to h fail$ altoge!r4 ,= example1 ,bda   
m5tions a c]ta9 t[n call$ ,ti[ulf+a     
cea/]--t is to say1 ! ,*e/] ( !         
,ti[ulf+s1 or sons ( ,ti[ulf4 ,"h an    
,engli% clan w\ld seem to h tak5 up its 
abode 9 a ru9$ ,roman /ation1 & to h    
call$ ! place by ! clan-"n--a r>e or    
almo/ unp>allel$ case4 ,b its precise   
site is n[ unkn[n4 ,h[ev]1 ,bda's       
description cle>ly po9ts to "s t[n 9    
,nott+ham%ire1 situat$ on ! ,tr5t2 = ,/4
 ,paul9us ( ,york baptiz$ l>ge numb]s ( 
conv]ts 9 t riv] at ,ti[ulf+a cea/]2 & !

 site may !re=e be confid5tly id5tifi$ )
 ,s\?well1 :]e ,/4 ,m>y's ,m9/] has     
always traditionally claim$ ,paul9us z  
its f\nd]4 ,bda also m5tions a place    
call$ ,tunna cea/]1 s nam$ f an abbot   
,tunna1 :o exi/s m]ely = ! sake ( a     
leg5d1 & is cle>ly z unhi/orical z 8    
piratical compe] ,hr(--a wild guess ( ! 
eponymic sort ) :i* we are all s famili>
 9 ,greek lit]ature4 ,simeon ( ,durham  
speaks ( an equally unkn[n ,delv]ce/]4  
,sydd5a cea/] or ,sidna ce/]--! e>lie/  
see ( ! ,l9coln%ire diocese--has        
likewise dropp$ out ( human memory2 ?\gh
 ,mr4 ,pe>son sugge/s t x may be        
id5tical ) ,anca/]--a notion :i* appe>s 
to me extremely unlikely4 ,wude ce/] is 
no d\bt ,out*e/]1 & o!r d\btful in/ances
 might easily be recognis$ by local     
antiqu>ies1 ?\gh !y may readily escape !
 g5]al ar*ologi/4 ,9 "o case at lea/--t 
( ,o?on 9 ,essex--t[n1 site1 & "n h all 
disappe>$ toge!r4 ,bda calls x ,y?an    
cea/]1 & 9 8 "t x 0 ! seat ( a mona/]y  
f\nd$ by ,/4 ,c$d2 b ! :ole place has   

long s9ce be5 swept away by an          
inundation ( ! ,blackwat]4 ,&]ida1 :i*  
is call$ ,&r$es-cea/] 9 ! ,*ronicle1    
becomes ,pef5esea1 or ,pev5sey1 be=e !  
date ( ! ,norman ,conque/4  ,x mu/ n be 
suppos$ t ! li/ giv5 "h is by any means 
exhau/ive ( all ! ,ca/]s & ,*e/]s1 pa/ &
 pres5t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? & bread? ( 
,brita94 ,on ! contr>y1 _m m might      
easily be add$1 su* z ,ribbel cea/]1 n[ 
,rib*e/]2 ,b]ne cea/]1 n[ ,bice/]2 &    
,bldbyrig cea/]1 n[ simply ,bladbury4 ,9
 ,nor?umb]l& alone !re are a l>ge numb] 
( in/ances :i* ,i might h quot$1 su* z  
,rut*e/]1 ,halton ,*e/]s1 & ,little     
,*e/]s on ! ,roman ,wall1 toge!r )      
,het*e/]1 ,holy ,*e/]s1 & ,ro*e/]       
else:]e--! c\nty conta9+ no less ?an f\r
 places ( ! la/ "n4 ,inde$1 "o c track !
 ,roman roads across ,engl& by ! ,*e/]s 
:i* accompany _! r\te4 ,b en\gh in/ances
 h probably be5 adduc$ to exemplify     
fully ! g5]al pr9ciples at issue4 ,i ?9k
 x w be cle> t ! ,engli% conqu]ors did n
 usually *ange ! names ( ,roman or ,wel%

 t[ns1 b simply mispron\nc$ !m ab\t z   
mu* z we habitually mispron\nce         
,llangoll5 or ,ll&udno4 ,sometimes !y   
call$ ! place by its ,romanis$ title    
alone1 ) ! addition ( ,cea/]2 sometimes 
!y employ$ ! s]vile ,briti% =m2         
sometimes !y ev5 inv5t$ an ,engli%      
alt]native2 b 9 no case c x be %[n t !y 
at once disus$ ! orig9al "n1 & introduc$
 a totally new "o ( _! own manufacture4 
,9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r matt]s1 ! cont9uity 
betwe5 ,romano-,briti% & ,engli% times  
is f> great] ?an x is g5]ally repres5t$ 
to be4 ,! ,engli% invasion 0 a cruel & a
 desolat+ "o1 no d\bt2 b x c\ld n & x   
did n sweep away :olly ! old ord] ( ?+s1
 or blot out all ! pa/ annals ( ,brita91
 s z to prep>e a tabula rasa on :i* ,mr4
 ,gre5 might beg9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% 
,p ) ! l&+ ( ,h5ge/ & ,horsa 9 ! ,isle (
 ,?anet4 ,! ,engli% p ( to-day is f> m  
deeply root$ 9 ! soil ?an t3 our        
ance/ors h liv$ "h1 n = a ?\s& ye>s     
alone1 b = t5 ?\s& or a hundr$ ?\s&1 9  
c]ta9 l9es at lea/4 ,& ! v names ( our  

t[ns1 our riv]s1 & our hills1 g back 9  
_m cases1 n m]ely to ! ,roman           
corruptions1 b to ! aborig9al ,celtic1 &
 ! /ill m aborig9al ,eusk>ian tongue4   
,,! ,,end4   ,,h5d]son  ,,spald+1       
,,ltd41 #c  #e1 ,,m>ylebone ,,lane1 ,w4