,transcribers note3 ,chapter ,,xiv contains phonetic representation of the vowel 'o' using 7o2 o2 oo and 7oo4 ,the ,art of ,public ,speaking ,,by ,j4 ,,berg ,,esenwein ,,author ,,of ,,how ,,to ,,attract ,,and ,,hold ,,an ,,audience1 ,,writing ,,the ,,short-,,story1 ,,writing ,,the ,,photoplay1 ,,etc41 ,,etc41 ,,and ,,dale ,,carnagey ,,professor ,,of ,,public ,,speaking1 ,,baltimore ,,school ,,of ,,commerce ,,and ,,finance2 ,,instructor ,,in ,,public ,,speaking1 ,y4,m4,c4,a4 ,,schools1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,brooklyn1 ,,baltimore1 ,,and ,,philadelphia1 ,,and ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,chapter1 ,,american ,,institute ,,of ,,banking ,,the ,,writer',s ,,library ,,edited ,,by ,j4 ,,berg ,,esenwein ,,the ,,home ,,correspondence ,,school ,,springfield1 ,,mass4 ,,publishers ,copyright #aiae ,,the ,,home ,,correspondence ,,school ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,,to ,f4 ,,arthur ,,metcalf ,,fellow-,,worker ,,and ,,friend ,table of ,contents ,page ,,things ,,to ,,think ,,of ,,first--,a ,,foreword ,,ix ,,chapter ,i--,,acquiring ,,confidence ,,before ,,an ,,audience #a ,,chapter ,,ii--,,the ,,sin ,,of ,,monotony #aj ,,chapter ,,iii--,,efficiency ,,through ,,emphasis ,,and ,,subordination #af ,,chapter ,,iv--,,efficiency ,,through ,,change ,,of ,,pitch #bg ,,chapter ,v--,,efficiency ,,through ,,change ,,of ,,pace #ci ,,chapter ,,vi--,,pause ,,and ,,power #ee ,,chapter ,,vii--,,efficiency ,,through ,,inflection #fi ,,chapter ,,viii--,,concentration ,,in ,,delivery #hj ,,chapter ,,ix--,,force #hg ,,chapter ,x--,,feeling ,,and ,,enthusiasm #aja ,,chapter ,,xi--,,fluency ,,through ,,preparation #aae ,,chapter ,,xii--,,the ,,voice #abe ,,chapter ,,xiii--,,voice ,,charm #acd ,,chapter ,,xiv--,,distinctness ,,and ,,precision ,,of ,,utterance #adf ,,chapter ,,xv--,,the ,,truth ,,about ,,gesture #aef ,,chapter ,,xvi--,,methods ,,of ,,delivery #aga ,,chapter ,,xvii--,,thought ,,and ,,reserve ,,power #ahd ,,chapter ,,xviii--,,subject ,,and ,,preparation #aii ,,chapter ,,xix--,,influencing ,,by ,,exposition #bah ,,chapter ,,xx--,,influencing ,,by ,,description #bca ,,chapter ,,xxi--,,influencing ,,by ,,narration #bdi ,,chapter ,,xxii--,,influencing ,,by ,,suggestion #bfb ,,chapter ,,xxiii--,,influencing ,,by ,,argument #bhj ,,chapter ,,xxiv--,,influencing ,,by ,,persuasion #bie ,,chapter ,,xxv--,,influencing ,,the ,,crowd #cjh ,,chapter ,,xxvi--,,riding ,,the ,,winged ,,horse #cba ,,chapter ,,xxvii--,,growing ,a ,,vocabulary #ccd ,,chapter ,,xxviii--,,memory ,,training #cdc ,,chapter ,,xxix--,,right ,,thinking ,,and ,,personality #cee ,,chapter ,,xxx--,,after-,,dinner ,,and ,,other ,,occasional ,,speaking #cfb ,,chapter ,,xxxi--,,making ,,conversation ,,effective #cgb ,,appendix ,a--,,fifty ,,questions ,,for ,,debate #cgi ,,appendix ,b--,,thirty ,,themes ,,for ,,speeches1 ,,with ,,source-,,references #chc ,,appendix ,c--,,suggestive ,,subjects ,,for ,,speeches2 ,,hints ,,for ,,treatment #chf ,,appendix ,d--,,speeches ,,for ,,study ,,and ,,practise #cid ,,general ,,index #ejf ,things to ,think of ,first ,a ,,foreword ,the efficiency of a book is like that of a man1 in one important respect3 its attitude toward its subject is the first source of its power4 ,a book may be full of good ideas well expressed1 but if its writer views his subject from the wrong angle even his excellent advice may prove to be ineffective4 ,this book stands or falls by its authors' attitude toward its subject4 ,if the best way to teach oneself or others to speak effectively in public is to fill the mind with rules1 and to set up fixed standards for the interpretation of thought1 the utterance of language1 the making of gestures1 and all the rest1 then this book will be limited in value to such stray ideas throughout its pages as may prove helpful to the reader--as an effort to enforce a group of principles it must be reckoned a failure1 because it is then untrue4 ,it is of some importance1 therefore1 to those who take up this volume with open mind that they should see clearly at the out-start what is the thought that at once underlies and is builded through this structure4 ,in plain words it is this3 ,training in public speaking is not a matter of externals--primarily2 it is not a matter of imitation--fundamentally2 it is not a matter of conformity to standards--at all4 ,public speaking is public utterance1 public issuance1 of the man himself2 therefore the first thing both in time and in importance is that the man should be and think and feel things that are worthy of being given forth4 ,unless there be something of value within1 no tricks of training can ever make of the talker anything more than a machine--albeit a highly perfected machine--for the delivery of other men's goods4 ,so self-development is fundamental in our plan4 ,the second principle lies close to the first3 ,the man must enthrone his will to rule over his thought1 his feelings1 and all his physical powers1 so that the outer self may give perfect1 unhampered expression to the inner4 ,it is futile1 we assert1 to lay down systems of rules for voice culture1 intonation1 gesture1 and what not1 unless these two principles of having something to say and making the will sovereign have at least begun to make themselves felt in the life4 ,the third principle will1 we surmise1 arouse no dispute3 ,no one can learn how to speak who does not first speak as best he can4 ,that may seem like a vicious circle in statement1 but it will bear examination4 ,many teachers have begun with the how4 ,vain effort6 ,it is an ancient truism that we learn to do by doing4 ,the first thing for the beginner in public speaking is to speak--not to study voice and gesture and the rest4 ,once he has spoken he can improve himself by self-observation or according to the criticisms of those who hear4 ,but how shall he be able to criticise himself8 ,simply by finding out three things3 ,what are the qualities which by common consent go to make up an effective speaker2 by what means at least some of these qualities may be acquired2 and what wrong habits of speech in himself work against his acquiring and using the qualities which he finds to be good4 ,experience1 then1 is not only the best teacher1 but the first and the last4 ,but experience must be a dual thing--the experience of others must be used to supplement1 correct and justify our own experience2 in this way we shall become our own best critics only after we have trained ourselves in self-knowledge1 the knowledge of what other minds think1 and in the ability to judge ourselves by the standards we have come to believe are right4 ,if ,i ought1 said ,kant1 ,i can4 ,an examination of the contents of this volume will show how consistently these articles of faith have been declared1 expounded1 and illustrated4 ,the student is urged to begin to speak at once of what he knows4 ,then he is given simple suggestions for self-control1 with gradually increasing emphasis upon the power of the inner man over the outer4 ,next1 the way to the rich storehouses of material is pointed out4 ,and finally1 all the while he is urged to speak1 speak1 ,,speak as he is applying to his own methods1 in his own personal way1 the principles he has gathered from his own experience and observation and the recorded experiences of others4 ,so now at the very first let it be as clear as light that methods are secondary matters2 that the full mind1 the warm heart1 the dominant will are primary--and not only primary but paramount2 for unless it be a full being that uses the methods it will be like dressing a wooden image in the clothes of a man4 ,j4 ,,berg ,,esenwein4 ,,narberth1 ,,pa41 ,,january #a1 #aiae4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,public ,,speaking ,sense never fails to give them that have it1 ,words enough to make them understood4 ,it too often happens in some conversations1 as in ,apothecary ,shops1 that those ,pots that are ,empty1 or have ,things of small ,value in them1 are as gaudily ,dress'd as those that are full of precious ,drugs4 ,they that soar too high1 often fall hard1 making a low and level ,dwelling preferable4 ,the tallest ,trees are most in the ,power of the ,winds1 and ,ambitious ,men of the ,blasts of ,fortune4 ,buildings have need of a good ,foundation1 that lie so much exposed to the ,weather4 --,,william ,,penn4 ,,chapter ,i ,,acquiring ,,confidence ,,before ,,an ,,audience ,there is a strange sensation often experienced in the presence of an audience4 ,it may proceed from the gaze of the many eyes that turn upon the speaker1 especially if he permits himself to steadily return that gaze4 ,most speakers have been conscious of this in a nameless thrill1 a real something1 pervading the atmosphere1 tangible1 evanescent1 indescribable4 ,all writers have borne testimony to the power of a speaker's eye in impressing an audience4 ,this influence which we are now considering is the reverse of that picture--the power their eyes may exert upon him1 especially before he begins to speak3 after the inward fires of oratory are fanned into flame the eyes of the audience lose all terror4 --,,william ,,pittenger1 ,extempore ,speech4 ,students of public speaking continually ask1 ,how can ,i overcome self-consciousness and the fear that paralyzes me before an audience8 ,did you ever notice in looking from a train window that some horses feed near the track and never even pause to look up at the thundering cars1 while just ahead at the next railroad crossing a farmer's wife will be nervously trying to quiet her scared horse as the train goes by8 ,how would you cure a horse that is afraid of cars--graze him in a back-woods lot where he would never see steam-engines or automobiles1 or drive or pasture him where he would frequently see the machines8 ,apply horse-sense to ridding yourself of self-consciousness and fear3 face an audience as frequently as you can1 and you will soon stop shying4 ,you can never attain freedom from stage-fright by reading a treatise4 ,a book may give you excellent suggestions on how best to conduct yourself in the water1 but sooner or later you must get wet1 perhaps even strangle and be half scared to death4 ,there are a great many wetless bathing suits worn at the seashore1 but no one ever learns to swim in them4 ,to plunge is the only way4 ,practise1 practise1 ,,practise in speaking before an audience will tend to remove all fear of audiences1 just as practise in swimming will lead to confidence and facility in the water4 ,you must learn to speak by speaking4 ,the ,apostle ,paul tells us that every man must work out his own salvation4 ,all we can do here is to offer you suggestions as to how best to prepare for your plunge4 ,the real plunge no one can take for you4 ,a doctor may prescribe1 but you must take the medicine4 ,do not be disheartened if at first you suffer from stage-fright4 ,dan ,patch was more susceptible to suffering than a superannuated dray horse would be4 ,it never hurts a fool to appear before an audience1 for his capacity is not a capacity for feeling4 ,a blow that would kill a civilized man soon heals on a savage4 ,the higher we go in the scale of life1 the greater is the capacity for suffering4 ,for one reason or another1 some master-speakers never entirely overcome stage-fright1 but it will pay you to spare no pains to conquer it4 ,daniel ,webster failed in his first appearance and had to take his seat without finishing his speech because he was nervous4 ,gladstone was often troubled with self-consciousness in the beginning of an address4 ,beecher was always perturbed before talking in public4 ,blacksmiths sometimes twist a rope tight around the nose of a horse1 and by thus inflicting a little pain they distract his attention from the shoeing process4 ,one way to get air out of a glass is to pour in water4 ,be ,absorbed by ,your ,subject ,apply the blacksmith's homely principle when you are speaking4 ,if you feel deeply about your subject you will be able to think of little else4 ,concentration is a process of distraction from less important matters4 ,it is too late to think about the cut of your coat when once you are upon the platform1 so centre your interest on what you are about to say--fill your mind with your speech-material and1 like the infilling water in the glass1 it will drive out your unsubstantial fears4 ,self-consciousness is undue consciousness of self1 and1 for the purpose of delivery1 self is secondary to your subject1 not only in the opinion of the audience1 but1 if you are wise1 in your own4 ,to hold any other view is to regard yourself as an exhibit instead of as a messenger with a message worth delivering4 ,do you remember ,elbert ,hubbard's tremendous little tract1 ,a ,message to ,garcia8 ,the youth subordinated himself to the message he bore4 ,so must you1 by all the determination you can muster4 ,it is sheer egotism to fill your mind with thoughts of self when a greater thing is there--,,truth4 ,say this to yourself sternly1 and shame your self-consciousness into quiescence4 ,if the theater caught fire you could rush to the stage and shout directions to the audience without any self-consciousness1 for the importance of what you were saying would drive all fear-thoughts out of your mind4 ,far worse than self-consciousness through fear of doing poorly is self-consciousness through assumption of doing well4 ,the first sign of greatness is when a man does not attempt to look and act great4 ,before you can call yourself a man at all1 ,kipling assures us1 you must not look too good nor talk too wise4 ,nothing advertises itself so thoroughly as conceit4 ,one may be so full of self as to be empty4 ,voltaire said1 ,we must conceal self-love4 ,but that can not be done4 ,you know this to be true1 for you have recognized overweening self-love in others4 ,if you have it1 others are seeing it in you4 ,there are things in this world bigger than self1 and in working for them self will be forgotten1 or--what is better--remembered only so as to help us win toward higher things4 ,have ,something to ,say ,the trouble with many speakers is that they go before an audience with their minds a blank4 ,it is no wonder that nature1 abhorring a vacuum1 fills them with the nearest thing handy1 which generally happens to be1 ,i wonder if ,i am doing this right6 ,how does my hair look8 ,i know ,i shall fail4 ,their prophetic souls are sure to be right4 ,it is not enough to be absorbed by your subject--to acquire self-confidence you must have something in which to be confident4 ,if you go before an audience without any preparation1 or previous knowledge of your subject1 you ought to be self-conscious--you ought to be ashamed to steal the time of your audience4 ,prepare yourself4 ,know what you are going to talk about1 and1 in general1 how you are going to say it4 ,have the first few sentences worked out completely so that you may not be troubled in the beginning to find words4 ,know your subject better than your hearers know it1 and you have nothing to fear4 ,after ,preparing for ,success1 ,expect ,it ,let your bearing be modestly confident1 but most of all be modestly confident within4 ,over-confidence is bad1 but to tolerate premonitions of failure is worse1 for a bold man may win attention by his very bearing1 while a rabbit-hearted coward invites disaster4 ,humility is not the personal discount that we must offer in the presence of others--against this old interpretation there has been a most healthy modern reaction4 ,true humility any man who thoroughly knows himself must feel2 but it is not a humility that assumes a worm-like meekness2 it is rather a strong1 vibrant prayer for greater power for service--a prayer that ,uriah ,heep could never have uttered4 ,washington ,irving once introduced ,charles ,dickens at a dinner given in the latter's honor4 ,in the middle of his speech ,irving hesitated1 became embarrassed1 and sat down awkwardly4 ,turning to a friend beside him he remarked1 ,there1 ,i told you ,i would fail1 and ,i did4 ,if you believe you will fail1 there is no hope for you4 ,you will4 ,rid yourself of this ,i-am-a-poor-worm-in-the-dust idea4 ,you are a god1 with infinite capabilities4 ,all things are ready if the mind be so4 ,the eagle looks the cloudless sun in the face4 ,assume ,mastery ,over ,your ,audience ,in public speech1 as in electricity1 there is a positive and a negative force4 ,either you or your audience are going to possess the positive factor4 ,if you assume it you can almost invariably make it yours4 ,if you assume the negative you are sure to be negative4 ,assuming a virtue or a vice vitalizes it4 ,summon all your power of self-direction1 and remember that though your audience is infinitely more important than you1 the truth is more important than both of you1 because it is eternal4 ,if your mind falters in its leadership the sword will drop from your hands4 ,your assumption of being able to instruct or lead or inspire a multitude or even a small group of people may appall you as being colossal impudence--as indeed it may be2 but having once essayed to speak1 be courageous4 ,,be courageous--it lies within you to be what you will4 ,,make yourself be calm and confident4 ,reflect that your audience will not hurt you4 ,if ,beecher in ,liverpool had spoken behind a wire screen he would have invited the audience to throw the over-ripe missiles with which they were loaded2 but he was a man1 confronted his hostile hearers fearlessly--and won them4 ,in facing your audience1 pause a moment and look them over--a hundred chances to one they want you to succeed1 for what man is so foolish as to spend his time1 perhaps his money1 in the hope that you will waste his investment by talking dully8 ,concluding ,hints ,do not make haste to begin--haste shows lack of control4 ,do not apologize4 ,it ought not to be necessary2 and if it is1 it will not help4 ,go straight ahead4 ,take a deep breath1 relax1 and begin in a quiet conversational tone as though you were speaking to one large friend4 ,you will not find it half so bad as you imagined2 really1 it is like taking a cold plunge3 after you are in1 the water is fine4 ,in fact1 having spoken a few times you will even anticipate the plunge with exhilaration4 ,to stand before an audience and make them think your thoughts after you is one of the greatest pleasures you can ever know4 ,instead of fearing it1 you ought to be as anxious as the fox hounds straining at their leashes1 or the race horses tugging at their reins4 ,so cast out fear1 for fear is cowardly--when it is not mastered4 ,the bravest know fear1 but they do not yield to it4 ,face your audience pluckily--if your knees quake1 ,,make them stop4 ,in your audience lies some victory for you and the cause you represent4 ,go win it4 ,suppose ,charles ,martell had been afraid to hammer the ,saracen at ,tours2 suppose ,columbus had feared to venture out into the unknown ,west2 suppose our forefathers had been too timid to oppose the tyranny of ,george the ,third2 suppose that any man who ever did anything worth while had been a coward6 ,the world owes its progress to the men who have dared1 and you must dare to speak the effective word that is in your heart to speak--for often it requires courage to utter a single sentence4 ,but remember that men erect no monuments and weave no laurels for those who fear to do what they can4 ,is all this unsympathetic1 do you say8 ,man1 what you need is not sympathy1 but a push4 ,no one doubts that temperament and nerves and illness and even praiseworthy modesty may1 singly or combined1 cause the speaker's cheek to blanch before an audience1 but neither can any one doubt that coddling will magnify this weakness4 ,the victory lies in a fearless frame of mind4 ,prof4 ,walter ,dill ,scott says3 ,success or failure in business is caused more by mental attitude even than by mental capacity4 ,banish the fear-attitude2 acquire the confident attitude4 ,and remember that the only way to acquire it is--to acquire it4 ,in this foundation chapter we have tried to strike the tone of much that is to follow4 ,many of these ideas will be amplified and enforced in a more specific way2 but through all these chapters on an art which ,mr4 ,gladstone believed to be more powerful than the public press1 the note of justifiable self-confidence must sound again and again4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises4 #a4 ,what is the cause of self-consciousness8 #b4 ,why are animals free from it8 #c4 ,what is your observation regarding self-consciousness in children8 #d4 ,why are you free from it under the stress of unusual excitement8 #e4 ,how does moderate excitement affect you8 #f4 ,what are the two fundamental requisites for the acquiring of self-confidence8 ,which is the more important8 #g4 ,what effect does confidence on the part of the speaker have on the audience8 #h4 ,write out a two-minute speech on ,confidence and ,cowardice4 #i4 ,what effect do habits of thought have on confidence8 ,in this connection read the chapter on ,right ,thinking and ,personality4 #aj4 ,write out very briefly any experience you may have had involving the teachings of this chapter4 #aa4 ,give a three-minute talk on ,stage-,fright1 including a 7kindly7 imitation of two or more victims4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,sin ,,of ,,monotony ,one day ,ennui was born from ,uniformity4 --,,motte4 ,our ,english has changed with the years so that many words now connote more than they did originally4 ,this is true of the word monotonous4 ,from having but one tone1 it has come to mean more broadly1 lack of variation4 ,the monotonous speaker not only drones along in the same volume and pitch of tone but uses always the same emphasis1 the same speed1 the same thoughts--or dispenses with thought altogether4 ,monotony1 the cardinal and most common sin of the public speaker1 is not a transgression--it is rather a sin of omission1 for it consists in living up to the confession of the ,prayer ,book3 ,we have left undone those things we ought to have done4 ,emerson says1 ,the virtue of art lies in detachment1 in sequestering one object from the embarrassing variety4 ,that is just what the monotonous speaker fails to do--he does not detach one thought or phrase from another1 they are all expressed in the same manner4 ,to tell you that your speech is monotonous may mean very little to you1 so let us look at the nature--and the curse--of monotony in other spheres of life1 then we shall appreciate more fully how it will blight an otherwise good speech4 ,if the ,victrola in the adjoining apartment grinds out just three selections over and over again1 it is pretty safe to assume that your neighbor has no other records4 ,if a speaker uses only a few of his powers1 it points very plainly to the fact that the rest of his powers are not developed4 ,monotony reveals our limitations4 ,in its effect on its victim1 monotony is actually deadly--it will drive the bloom from the cheek and the lustre from the eye as quickly as sin1 and often leads to viciousness4 ,the worst punishment that human ingenuity has ever been able to invent is extreme monotony--solitary confinement4 ,lay a marble on the table and do nothing eighteen hours of the day but change that marble from one point to another and back again1 and you will go insane if you continue long enough4 ,so this thing that shortens life1 and is used as the most cruel of punishments in our prisons1 is the thing that will destroy all the life and force of a speech4 ,avoid it as you would shun a deadly dull bore4 ,the idle rich can have half-a-dozen homes1 command all the varieties of foods gathered from the four corners of the earth1 and sail for ,africa or ,alaska at their pleasure2 but the poverty-stricken man must walk or take a street car--he does not have the choice of yacht1 auto1 or special train4 ,he must spend the most of his life in labor and be content with the staples of the food-market4 ,monotony is poverty1 whether in speech or in life4 ,strive to increase the variety of your speech as the business man labors to augment his wealth4 ,bird-songs1 forest glens1 and mountains are not monotonous--it is the long rows of brown-stone fronts and the miles of paved streets that are so terribly same4 ,nature in her wealth gives us endless variety2 man with his limitations is often monotonous4 ,get back to nature in your methods of speech-making4 ,the power of variety lies in its pleasure-giving quality4 ,the great truths of the world have often been couched in fascinating stories--,les ,miserables1 for instance4 ,if you wish to teach or influence men1 you must please them1 first or last4 ,strike the same note on the piano over and over again4 ,this will give you some idea of the displeasing1 jarring effect monotony has on the ear4 ,the dictionary defines monotonous as being synonymous with wearisome4 ,that is putting it mildly4 ,it is maddening4 ,the department-store prince does not disgust the public by playing only the one tune1 ,come ,buy ,my ,wares6 ,he gives recitals on a #abe1jjj organ1 and the pleased people naturally slip into a buying mood4 ,how to ,conquer ,monotony ,we obviate monotony in dress by replenishing our wardrobes4 ,we avoid monotony in speech by multiplying our powers of speech4 ,we multiply our powers of speech by increasing our tools4 ,the carpenter has special implements with which to construct the several parts of a building4 ,the organist has certain keys and stops which he manipulates to produce his harmonies and effects4 ,in like manner the speaker has certain instruments and tools at his command by which he builds his argument1 plays on the feelings1 and guides the beliefs of his audience4 ,to give you a conception of these instruments1 and practical help in learning to use them1 are the purposes of the immediately following chapters4 ,why did not the ,children of ,israel whirl through the desert in limousines1 and why did not ,noah have moving-picture entertainments and talking machines on the ,ark8 ,the laws that enable us to operate an automobile1 produce moving-pictures1 or music on the ,victrola1 would have worked just as well then as they do today4 ,it was ignorance of law that for ages deprived humanity of our modern conveniences4 ,many speakers still use ox-cart methods in their speech instead of employing automobile or overland-express methods4 ,they are ignorant of laws that make for efficiency in speaking4 ,just to the extent that you regard and use the laws that we are about to examine and learn how to use will you have efficiency and force in your speaking2 and just to the extent that you disregard them will your speaking be feeble and ineffective4 ,we cannot impress too thoroughly upon you the necessity for a real working mastery of these principles4 ,they are the very foundations of successful speaking4 ,get your principles right1 said ,napoleon1 and the rest is a matter of detail4 ,it is useless to shoe a dead horse1 and all the sound principles in ,christendom will never make a live speech out of a dead one4 ,so let it be understood that public speaking is not a matter of mastering a few dead rules2 the most important law of public speech is the necessity for truth1 force1 feeling1 and life4 ,forget all else1 but not this4 ,when you have mastered the mechanics of speech outlined in the next few chapters you will no longer be troubled with monotony4 ,the complete knowledge of these principles and the ability to apply them will give you great variety in your powers of expression4 ,but they cannot be mastered and applied by thinking or reading about them--you must practise1 practise1 ,,practise4 ,if no one else will listen to you1 listen to yourself--you must always be your own best critic1 and the severest one of all4 ,the technical principles that we lay down in the following chapters are not arbitrary creations of our own4 ,they are all founded on the practices that good speakers and actors adopt--either naturally and unconsciously or under instruction--in getting their effects4 ,it is useless to warn the student that he must be natural4 ,to be natural may be to be monotonous4 ,the little strawberry up in the arctics with a few tiny seeds and an acid tang is a natural berry1 but it is not to be compared with the improved variety that we enjoy here4 ,the dwarfed oak on the rocky hillside is natural1 but a poor thing compared with the beautiful tree found in the rich1 moist bottom lands4 ,be natural--but improve your natural gifts until you have approached the ideal1 for we must strive after idealized nature1 in fruit1 tree1 and speech4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises4 #a4 ,what are the causes of monotony8 #b4 ,cite some instances in nature4 #c4 ,cite instances in man's daily life4 #d4 ,describe some of the effects of monotony in both cases4 #e4 ,read aloud some speech without paying particular attention to its meaning or force4 #f4 ,now repeat it after you have thoroughly assimilated its matter and spirit4 ,what difference do you notice in its rendition8 #g4 ,why is monotony one of the worst as well as one of the most common faults of speakers8 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,efficiency ,,through ,,emphasis ,,and ,,subordination ,in a word1 the principle of emphasis444is followed best1 not by remembering particular rules1 but by being full of a particular feeling4 --,c4,s4 ,,baldwin1 ,writing and ,speaking4 ,the gun that scatters too much does not bag the birds4 ,the same principle applies to speech4 ,the speaker that fires his force and emphasis at random into a sentence will not get results4 ,not every word is of special importance--therefore only certain words demand emphasis4 ,you say ,massa,,chusetts and ,minne,,apolis1 you do not emphasize each syllable alike1 but hit the accented syllable with force and hurry over the unimportant ones4 ,now why do you not apply this principle in speaking a sentence8 ,to some extent you do1 in ordinary speech2 but do you in public discourse8 ,it is there that monotony caused by lack of emphasis is so painfully apparent4 ,so far as emphasis is concerned1 you may consider the average sentence as just one big word1 with the important word as the accented syllable4 ,note the following3 ,destiny is not a matter of chance4 ,it is a matter of choice4 ,you might as well say ,,mass-,a-,,chu-,,setts1 emphasizing every syllable equally1 as to lay equal stress on each word in the foregoing sentences4 ,speak it aloud and see4 ,of course you will want to emphasize destiny1 for it is the principal idea in your declaration1 and you will put some emphasis on not1 else your hearers may think you are affirming that destiny is a matter of chance4 ,by all means you must emphasize chance1 for it is one of the two big ideas in the statement4 ,another reason why chance takes emphasis is that it is contrasted with choice in the next sentence4 ,obviously1 the author has contrasted these ideas purposely1 so that they might be more emphatic1 and here we see that contrast is one of the very first devices to gain emphasis4 ,as a public speaker you can assist this emphasis of contrast with your voice4 ,if you say1 ,my horse is not black1 what color immediately comes into mind8 ,white1 naturally1 for that is the opposite of black4 ,if you wish to bring out the thought that destiny is a matter of choice1 you can do so more effectively by first saying that ,,destiny is ,,not a matter of ,,chance4 ,is not the color of the horse impressed upon us more emphatically when you say1 ,my horse is ,,not ,,black4 ,he is ,,white than it would be by hearing you assert merely that your horse is white8 ,in the second sentence of the statement there is only one important word--choice4 ,it is the one word that positively defines the quality of the subject being discussed1 and the author of those lines desired to bring it out emphatically1 as he has shown by contrasting it with another idea4 ,these lines1 then1 would read like this3 ,,destiny is ,,not a matter of ,,chance4 ,it is a matter of ,,choice4 ,now read this over1 striking the words in capitals with a great deal of force4 ,in almost every sentence there are a few ,,mountain ,,peak ,,words that represent the big1 important ideas4 ,when you pick up the evening paper you can tell at a glance which are the important news articles4 ,thanks to the editor1 he does not tell about a hold up in ,hong ,kong in the same sized type as he uses to report the death of five firemen in your home city4 ,size of type is his device to show emphasis in bold relief4 ,he brings out sometimes even in red headlines the striking news of the day4 ,it would be a boon to speech-making if speakers would conserve the attention of their audiences in the same way and emphasize only the words representing the important ideas4 ,the average speaker will deliver the foregoing line on destiny with about the same amount of emphasis on each word4 ,instead of saying1 ,it is a matter of ,,choice1 he will deliver it1 ,it is a matter of choice1 or ,,it ,,is ,a ,,matter ,,of ,,choice--both equally bad4 ,charles ,dana1 the famous editor of ,the ,new ,york ,sun1 told one of his reporters that if he went up the street and saw a dog bite a man1 to pay no attention to it4 ,the ,sun could not afford to waste the time and attention of its readers on such unimportant happenings4 ,but1 said ,mr4 ,dana1 if you see a man bite a dog1 hurry back to the office and write the story4 ,of course that is news2 that is unusual4 ,now the speaker who says ,,it ,,is ,a ,,matter ,,of ,,choice is putting too much emphasis upon things that are of no more importance to metropolitan readers than a dog bite1 and when he fails to emphasize choice he is like the reporter who passes up the man's biting a dog4 ,the ideal speaker makes his big words stand out like mountain peaks2 his unimportant words are submerged like stream-beds4 ,his big thoughts stand like huge oaks2 his ideas of no especial value are merely like the grass around the tree4 ,from all this we may deduce this important principle3 ,,emphasis is a matter of ,,contrast and ,,comparison4 ,recently the ,new ,york ,american featured an editorial by ,arthur ,brisbane4 ,note the following1 printed in the same type as given here4 ,we do not know what the ,president ,,thought when he got that message1 or what the elephant thinks when he sees the mouse1 but we do know what the ,president ,,did4 ,the words ,,thought and ,,did immediately catch the reader's attention because they are different from the others1 not especially because they are larger4 ,if all the rest of the words in this sentence were made ten times as large as they are1 and ,,did and ,,thought were kept at their present size1 they would still be emphatic1 because different4 ,take the following from ,robert ,chambers' novel1 ,the ,business of ,life4 ,the words you1 had1 would1 are all emphatic1 because they have been made different4 ,he looked at her in angry astonishment4 ,well1 what do you call it if it isn't cowardice--to slink off and marry a defenseless girl like that6 ,did you expect me to give you a chance to destroy me and poison ,jacqueline's mind8 ,if ,i had been guilty of the thing with which you charge me1 what ,i have done would have been cowardly4 ,otherwise1 it is justified4 ,a ,fifth ,avenue bus would attract attention up at ,minisink ,ford1 ,new ,york1 while one of the ox teams that frequently pass there would attract attention on ,fifth ,avenue4 ,to make a word emphatic1 deliver it differently from the manner in which the words surrounding it are delivered4 ,if you have been talking loudly1 utter the emphatic word in a concentrated whisper--and you have intense emphasis4 ,if you have been going fast1 go very slow on the emphatic word4 ,if you have been talking on a low pitch1 jump to a high one on the emphatic word4 ,if you have been talking on a high pitch1 take a low one on your emphatic ideas4 ,read the chapters on ,inflection1 ,feeling1 ,pause1 ,change of ,pitch1 ,change of ,tempo4 ,each of these will explain in detail how to get emphasis through the use of a certain principle4 ,in this chapter1 however1 we are considering only one form of emphasis3 that of applying force to the important word and subordinating the unimportant words4 ,do not forget3 this is one of the main methods that you must continually employ in getting your effects4 ,let us not confound loudness with emphasis4 ,to yell is not a sign of earnestness1 intelligence1 or feeling4 ,the kind of force that we want applied to the emphatic word is not entirely physical4 ,true1 the emphatic word may be spoken more loudly1 or it may be spoken more softly1 but the real quality desired is intensity1 earnestness4 ,it must come from within1 outward4 ,last night a speaker said3 ,the curse of this country is not a lack of education4 ,it's politics4 ,he emphasized curse1 lack1 education1 politics4 ,the other words were hurried over and thus given no comparative importance at all4 ,the word politics was flamed out with great feeling as he slapped his hands together indignantly4 ,his emphasis was both correct and powerful4 ,he concentrated all our attention on the words that meant something1 instead of holding it up on such words as of this1 a1 of1 ,it's4 ,what would you think of a guide who agreed to show ,new ,york to a stranger and then took up his time by visiting ,chinese laundries and boot-blacking parlors on the side streets8 ,there is only one excuse for a speaker's asking the attention of his audience3 ,he must have either truth or entertainment for them4 ,if he wearies their attention with trifles they will have neither vivacity nor desire left when he reaches words of ,wall-,street and skyscraper importance4 ,you do not dwell on these small words in your everyday conversation1 because you are not a conversational bore4 ,apply the correct method of everyday speech to the platform4 ,as we have noted elsewhere1 public speaking is very much like conversation enlarged4 ,sometimes1 for big emphasis1 it is advisable to lay stress on every single syllable in a word1 as absolutely in the following sentence3 ,i ab-so-lute-ly refuse to grant your demand4 ,now and then this principle should be applied to an emphatic sentence by stressing each word4 ,it is a good device for exciting special attention1 and it furnishes a pleasing variety4 ,patrick ,henry's notable climax could be delivered in that manner very effectively3 ,give--me--liberty--or--give--me--death4 ,the italicized part of the following might also be delivered with this every-word emphasis4 ,of course1 there are many ways of delivering it2 this is only one of several good interpretations that might be chosen4 ,knowing the price we must pay1 the sacrifice we must make1 the burdens we must carry1 the assaults we must endure--knowing full well the cost--yet we enlist1 and we enlist for the war4 ,for we know the justice of our cause1 and we know1 too1 its certain triumph4 --,from ,pass ,prosperity ,around1 by ,,albert ,j4 ,,beveridge1 before the ,chicago ,national ,convention of the ,progressive ,party4 ,strongly emphasizing a single word has a tendency to suggest its antithesis4 ,notice how the meaning changes by merely putting the emphasis on different words in the following sentence4 ,the parenthetical expressions would really not be needed to supplement the emphatic words4 ,i intended to buy a house this ,spring 7even if you did not74 ,i ,,intended to buy a house this ,spring 7but something prevented74 ,i intended to ,,buy a house this ,spring 7instead of renting as heretofore74 ,i intended to buy a ,,house this ,spring 7and not an automobile74 ,i intended to buy a house ,,this ,spring 7instead of next ,spring74 ,i intended to buy a house this ,,spring 7instead of in the ,autumn74 ,when a great battle is reported in the papers1 they do not keep emphasizing the same facts over and over again4 ,they try to get new information1 or a new slant4 ,the news that takes an important place in the morning edition will be relegated to a small space in the late afternoon edition4 ,we are interested in new ideas and new facts4 ,this principle has a very important bearing in determining your emphasis4 ,do not emphasize the same idea over and over again unless you desire to lay extra stress on it2 ,senator ,thurston desired to put the maximum amount of emphasis on force in his speech on page #ej4 ,note how force is emphasized repeatedly4 ,as a general rule1 however1 the new idea1 the new slant1 whether in a newspaper report of a battle or a speaker's enunciation of his ideas1 is emphatic4 ,in the following selection1 larger is emphatic1 for it is the new idea4 ,all men have eyes1 but this man asks for a ,,larger eye4 ,this man with the larger eye says he will discover1 not rivers or safety appliances for aeroplanes1 but ,,new ,,stars and ,,suns4 ,new stars and suns are hardly as emphatic as the word larger4 ,why8 ,because we expect an astronomer to discover heavenly bodies rather than cooking recipes4 ,the words1 ,republic needs in the next sentence1 are emphatic2 they introduce a new and important idea4 ,republics have always needed men1 but the author says they need ,,new men4 ,new is emphatic because it introduces a new idea4 ,in like manner1 soil1 grain1 tools1 are also emphatic4 ,the most emphatic words are italicized in this selection4 ,are there any others you would emphasize8 ,why8 ,the old astronomer said1 ,give me a larger eye1 and ,i will discover new stars and suns4 ,that is what the republic needs today--new men--men who are wise toward the soil1 toward the grains1 toward the tools4 ,if ,god would only raise up for the people two or three men like ,watt1 ,fulton and ,mc,cormick1 they would be worth more to the ,state than that treasure box named ,california or ,mexico4 ,and the real supremacy of man is based upon his capacity for education4 ,man is unique in the length of his childhood1 which means the period of plasticity and education4 ,the childhood of a moth1 the distance that stands between the hatching of the robin and its maturity1 represent a few hours or a few weeks1 but twenty years for growth stands between man's cradle and his citizenship4 ,this protracted childhood makes it possible to hand over to the boy all the accumulated stores achieved by races and civilizations through thousands of years4 --,anonymous4 ,you must understand that there are no steel-riveted rules of emphasis4 ,it is not always possible to designate which word must1 and which must not be emphasized4 ,one speaker will put one interpretation on a speech1 another speaker will use different emphasis to bring out a different interpretation4 ,no one can say that one interpretation is right and the other wrong4 ,this principle must be borne in mind in all our marked exercises4 ,here your own intelligence must guide--and greatly to your profit4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises4 #a4 ,what is emphasis8 #b4 ,describe one method of destroying monotony of thought-presentation4 #c4 ,what relation does this have to the use of the voice8 #d4 ,which words should be emphasized1 which subordinated1 in a sentence8 #e4 ,read the selections on pages #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec and #ed1 devoting special attention to emphasizing the important words or phrases and subordinating the unimportant ones4 ,read again1 changing emphasis slightly4 ,what is the effect8 #f4 ,read some sentence repeatedly1 emphasizing a different word each time1 and show how the meaning is changed1 as is done on page #bb4 #g4 ,what is the effect of a lack of emphasis8 #h4 ,read the selections on pages #cj and #dh1 emphasizing every word4 ,what is the effect on the emphasis8 #i4 ,when is it permissible to emphasize every single word in a sentence8 #aj4 ,note the emphasis and subordination in some conversation or speech you have heard4 ,were they well made8 ,why8 ,can you suggest any improvement8 #aa4 ,from a newspaper or a magazine1 clip a report of an address1 or a biographical eulogy4 ,mark the passage for emphasis and bring it with you to class4 #ab4 ,in the following passage1 would you make any changes in the author's markings for emphasis8 ,where8 ,why8 ,bear in mind that not all words marked require the same degree of emphasis--in a wide variety of emphasis1 and in nice shading of the gradations1 lie the excellence of emphatic speech4 ,i would call him ,napoleon1 but ,napoleon made his way to empire over broken oaths and through a sea of blood4 ,this man never broke his word4 ,no ,retaliation was his great motto and the rule of his life2 and the last words uttered to his son in ,france were these3 ,my boy1 you will one day go back to ,santo ,domingo2 forget that ,france murdered your father4 ,i would call him ,cromwell1 but ,cromwell was only a soldier1 and the state he founded went down with him into his grave4 ,i would call him ,washington1 but the great ,virginian held slaves4 ,this man risked his empire rather than permit the slave-trade in the humblest village of his dominions4 ,you think me a fanatic to-night1 for you read history1 not with your eyes1 but with your prejudices4 ,but fifty years hence1 when ,truth gets a hearing1 the ,muse of ,history will put ,phocion for the ,greek1 and ,brutus for the ,roman1 ,hampden for ,england1 ,lafayette for ,france1 choose ,washington as the bright1 consummate flower of our earlier civilization1 and ,john ,brown the ripe fruit of our noonday1 then1 dipping her pen in the sunlight1 will write in the clear blue1 above them all1 the name of the soldier1 the statesman1 the martyr1 ,,toussaint ,l',,ouverture4 --,,wendell ,,phillips1 ,toussaint l',ouverture4 ,practise on the following selections for emphasis3 ,beecher's ,abraham ,lincoln1 page #gf2 ,lincoln's ,gettysburg ,speech1 page #ej2 ,seward's ,irrepressible ,conflict1 page #fg2 and ,bryan's ,prince of ,peace1 page #ddh4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,efficiency ,,through ,,change ,,of ,,pitch ,speech is simply a modified form of singing3 the principal difference being in the fact that in singing the vowel sounds are prolonged and the intervals are short1 whereas in speech the words are uttered in what may be called staccato tones1 the vowels not being specially prolonged and the intervals between the words being more distinct4 ,the fact that in singing we have a larger range of tones does not properly distinguish it from ordinary speech4 ,in speech we have likewise a variation of tones1 and even in ordinary conversation there is a difference of from three to six semi-tones1 as ,i have found in my investigations1 and in some persons the range is as high as one octave4 --,,william ,,scheppegrell1 ,popular ,science ,monthly4 ,by pitch1 as everyone knows1 we mean the relative position of a vocal tone--as1 high1 medium1 low1 or any variation between4 ,in public speech we apply it not only to a single utterance1 as an exclamation or a monosyllable 7,oh6 or the7 but to any group of syllables1 words1 and even sentences that may be spoken in a single tone4 ,this distinction it is important to keep in mind1 for the efficient speaker not only changes the pitch of successive syllables 7see ,chapter ,,vii1 ,efficiency through ,inflection71 but gives a different pitch to different parts1 or word-groups1 of successive sentences4 ,it is this phase of the subject which we are considering in this chapter4 ,every ,change in the ,thought ,demands a ,change in the ,voice-,pitch ,whether the speaker follows the rule consciously1 unconsciously1 or subconsciously1 this is the logical basis upon which all good voice variation is made1 yet this law is violated more often than any other by public speakers4 ,a criminal may disregard a law of the state without detection and punishment1 but the speaker who violates this regulation suffers its penalty at once in his loss of effectiveness1 while his innocent hearers must endure the monotony--for monotony is not only a sin of the perpetrator1 as we have shown1 but a plague on the victims as well4 ,change of pitch is a stumbling block for almost all beginners1 and for many experienced speakers also4 ,this is especially true when the words of the speech have been memorized4 ,if you wish to hear how pitch-monotony sounds1 strike the same note on the piano over and over again4 ,you have in your speaking voice a range of pitch from high to low1 with a great many shades between the extremes4 ,with all these notes available there is no excuse for offending the ears and taste of your audience by continually using the one note4 ,true1 the reiteration of the same tone in music--as in pedal point on an organ composition--may be made the foundation of beauty1 for the harmony weaving about that one basic tone produces a consistent1 insistent quality not felt in pure variety of chord sequences4 ,in like manner the intoning voice in a ritual may--though it rarely does--possess a solemn beauty4 ,but the public speaker should shun the monotone as he would a pestilence4 ,continual ,change of ,pitch is ,nature's ,highest ,method ,in our search for the principles of efficiency we must continually go back to nature4 ,listen--really listen--to the birds sing4 ,which of these feathered tribes are most pleasing in their vocal efforts3 those whose voices1 though sweet1 have little or no range1 or those that1 like the canary1 the lark1 and the nightingale1 not only possess a considerable range but utter their notes in continual variety of combinations8 ,even a sweet-toned chirp1 when reiterated without change1 may grow maddening to the enforced listener4 ,the little child seldom speaks in a monotonous pitch4 ,observe the conversations of little folk that you hear on the street or in the home1 and note the continual changes of pitch4 ,the unconscious speech of most adults is likewise full of pleasing variations4 ,imagine someone speaking the following1 and consider if the effect would not be just about as indicated4 ,remember1 we are not now discussing the inflection of single words1 but the general pitch in which phrases are spoken4 7,high pitch7 ,i'd like to leave for my vacation tomorrow1--7lower7 still1 ,i have so much to do4 7,higher7 ,yet ,i suppose if ,i wait until ,i have time ,i'll never go4 ,repeat this1 first in the pitches indicated1 and then all in the one pitch1 as many speakers would4 ,observe the difference in naturalness of effect4 ,the following exercise should be spoken in a purely conversational tone1 with numerous changes of pitch4 ,practise it until your delivery would cause a stranger in the next room to think you were discussing an actual incident with a friend1 instead of delivering a memorized monologue4 ,if you are in doubt about the effect you have secured1 repeat it to a friend and ask him if it sounds like memorized words4 ,if it does1 it is wrong4 ,a ,,similar ,,case ,jack1 ,i hear you've gone and done it4--,yes1 ,i know2 most fellows will2 went and tried it once myself1 sir1 though you see ,i'm single still4 ,and you met her--did you tell me--down at ,newport1 last ,july1 and resolved to ask the question at a soiree8 ,so did ,i4 ,i suppose you left the ball-room1 with its music and its light2 for they say love's flame is brightest in the darkness of the night4 ,well1 you walked along together1 overhead the starlit sky2 and ,i'll bet--old man1 confess it--you were frightened4 ,so was ,i4 ,so you strolled along the terrace1 saw the summer moonlight pour all its radiance on the waters1 as they rippled on the shore1 till at length you gathered courage1 when you saw that none was nigh--did you draw her close and tell her that you loved her8 ,so did ,i4 ,well1 ,i needn't ask you further1 and ,i'm sure ,i wish you joy4 ,think ,i'll wander down and see you when you're married--eh1 my boy8 ,when the honeymoon is over and you're settled down1 we'll try--,what8 the deuce you say6 ,rejected--you rejected8 ,so was ,i4 --,anonymous4 ,the necessity for changing pitch is so self-evident that it should be grasped and applied immediately4 ,however1 it requires patient drill to free yourself from monotony of pitch4 ,in natural conversation you think of an idea first1 and then find words to express it4 ,in memorized speeches you are liable to speak the words1 and then think what they mean--and many speakers seem to trouble very little even about that4 ,is it any wonder that reversing the process should reverse the result8 ,get back to nature in your methods of expression4 ,read the following selection in a nonchalant manner1 never pausing to think what the words really mean4 ,try it again1 carefully studying the thought you have assimilated4 ,believe the idea1 desire to express it effectively1 and imagine an audience before you4 ,look them earnestly in the face and repeat this truth4 ,if you follow directions1 you will note that you have made many changes of pitch after several readings4 ,it is not work that kills men2 it is worry4 ,work is healthy2 you can hardly put more upon a man than he can bear4 ,worry is rust upon the blade4 ,it is not the revolution that destroys the machinery but the friction4 --,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher4 ,change of ,pitch ,produces ,emphasis ,this is a highly important statement4 ,variety in pitch maintains the hearer's interest1 but one of the surest ways to compel attention--to secure unusual emphasis--is to change the pitch of your voice suddenly and in a marked degree4 ,a great contrast always arouses attention4 ,white shows whiter against black2 a cannon roars louder in the ,sahara silence than in the ,chicago hurly burly--these are simple illustrations of the power of contrast4 ,what is ,congress going to do next8 ----------------------------------- 7,high pitch7 ,i do not know4 ----------------- 7,low pitch7 ,by such sudden change of pitch during a sermon ,dr4 ,newell ,dwight ,hillis recently achieved great emphasis and suggested the gravity of the question he had raised4 ,the foregoing order of pitch-change might be reversed with equally good effect1 though with a slight change in seriousness--either method produces emphasis when used intelligently1 that is1 with a common-sense appreciation of the sort of emphasis to be attained4 ,in attempting these contrasts of pitch it is important to avoid unpleasant extremes4 ,most speakers pitch their voices too high4 ,one of the secrets of ,mr4 ,bryan's eloquence is his low1 bell-like voice4 ,shakespeare said that a soft1 gentle1 low voice was an excellent thing in woman2 it is no less so in man1 for a voice need not be blatant to be powerful1--and must not be1 to be pleasing4 ,in closing1 let us emphasize anew the importance of using variety of pitch4 ,you sing up and down the scale1 first touching one note and then another above or below it4 ,do likewise in speaking4 ,thought and individual taste must generally be your guide as to where to use a low1 a moderate1 or a high pitch4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,name two methods of destroying monotony and gaining force in speaking4 #b4 ,why is a continual change of pitch necessary in speaking8 #c4 ,notice your habitual tones in speaking4 ,are they too high to be pleasant8 #d4 ,do we express the following thoughts and emotions in a low or a high pitch8 ,which may be expressed in either high or low pitch8 ,excitement4 ,victory4 ,defeat4 ,sorrow4 ,love4 ,earnestness4 ,fear4 #e4 ,how would you naturally vary the pitch in introducing an explanatory or parenthetical expression like the following3 ,he started--that is1 he made preparations to start--on ,september third4 #f4 ,speak the following lines with as marked variations in pitch as your interpretation of the sense may dictate4 ,try each line in two different ways4 ,which1 in each instance1 is the more effective--and why8 ,what have ,i to gain from you8 ,nothing4 ,to engage our nation in such a compact would be an infamy4 ,note3 ,in the foregoing sentence1 experiment as to where the change in pitch would better be made4 ,once the flowers distilled their fragrance here1 but now see the devastations of war4 ,he had reckoned without one prime factor--his conscience4 #g4 ,make a diagram of a conversation you have heard1 showing where high and low pitches were used4 ,were these changes in pitch advisable8 ,why or why not8 #h4 ,read the selections on pages #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg and #ch1 paying careful attention to the changes in pitch4 ,reread1 substituting low pitch for high1 and vice versa4 ,selections for ,practise ,note3 ,in the following selections1 those passages that may best be delivered in a moderate pitch are printed in ordinary 7roman7 type4 ,those which may be rendered in a high pitch--do not make the mistake of raising the voice too high--are printed in italics4 ,those which might well be spoken in a low pitch are printed in ,,capitals4 ,these arrangements1 however1 are merely suggestive--we cannot make it strong enough that you must use your own judgment in interpreting a selection4 ,before doing so1 however1 it is well to practise these passages as they are marked4 ,yes1 all men labor4 ,,rufus ,,choate ,,and ,,daniel ,,webster labor1 say the critics4 ,but every man who reads of the labor question knows that it means the movement of the men that earn their living with their hands2 ,,that ,,are ,,employed1 ,,and ,,paid ,,wages3 are gathered under roofs of factories1 sent out on farms1 sent out on ships1 gathered on the walls4 ,in popular acceptation1 the working class means the men that work with their hands1 for wages1 so many hours a day1 employed by great capitalists2 that work for everybody else4 ,why do we move for this class8 ,why1 asks a critic1 don't you move ,,for ,,all ,,workingmen8 ,,because1 ,,while ,,daniel ,,webster ,,gets ,,forty ,,thousand ,,dollars ,,for ,,arguing ,,the ,,mexican ,,claims1 there is no need of anybody's moving for him4 ,,because1 ,,while ,,rufus ,,choate ,,gets ,,five ,,thousand ,,dollars ,,for ,,making ,,one ,,argument ,,to ,a ,,jury1 there is no need of moving for him1 or for the men that work with their brains1--that do highly disciplined and skilled labor1 invent1 and write books4 ,the reason why the ,labor movement confines itself to a single class is because that class of work ,,does ,,not ,,get ,,paid1 does not get protection4 ,,mental ,,labor is adequately paid1 and ,,more ,,than ,,adequately protected4 ,,it ,,can ,,shift ,,its ,,channels2 it can vary according to the supply and demand4 ,,if ,a ,,man ,,fails ,,as ,a ,,minister1 why1 he becomes a railway conductor4 ,,if ,,that ,,doesn',t ,,suit ,,him1 he goes ,west1 and becomes governor of a territory4 ,,and ,,if ,,he ,,finds ,,himself ,,incapable ,,of ,,either ,,of ,,these ,,positions1 he comes home1 and gets to be a city editor4 ,he varies his occupation as he pleases1 and doesn't need protection4 ,,but ,,the ,,great ,,mass1 ,,chained ,,to ,a ,,trade1 ,,doomed ,,to ,,be ,,ground ,,up ,,in ,,the ,,mill ,,of ,,supply ,,and ,,demand1 ,,that ,,work ,,so ,,many ,,hours ,a ,,day1 ,,and ,,must ,,run ,,in ,,the ,,great ,,ruts ,,of ,,business1--they are the men whose inadequate protection1 whose unfair share of the general product1 claims a movement in their behalf4 --,,wendell ,,phillips4 ,,knowing ,,the ,,price ,,we ,,must ,,pay1 ,,the ,,sacrifice ,,we ,,must ,,make1 ,,the ,,burdens ,,we ,,must ,,carry1 ,,the ,,assaults ,,we ,,must ,,endure--,,knowing ,,full ,,well ,,the ,,cost--yet we enlist1 and we enlist for the war4 ,,for ,,we ,,know ,,the ,,justice ,,of ,,our ,,cause1 and we know1 too1 its certain triumph4 ,,not ,,reluctantly ,,then1 but eagerly1 not with faint hearts ,,but ,,strong1 do we now advance upon the enemies of the people4 ,,for ,,the ,,call ,,that ,,comes ,,to ,,us is the call that came to our fathers4 ,as they responded so shall we4 ,,he ,,hath ,,sounded ,,forth ,a ,,trumpet that shall never call retreat4 ,,he ,,is ,,sifting ,,out ,,the ,,hearts ,,of ,,men before ,his judgment seat4 ,,oh1 ,,be ,,swift ,,our ,,souls ,,to ,,answer ,,him1 ,,be ,,jubilant ,,our ,,feet1 ,our ,god is marching on4 --,,albert ,j4 ,,beveridge4 ,remember that two sentences1 or two parts of the same sentence1 which contain changes of thought1 cannot possibly be given effectively in the same key4 ,let us repeat1 every big change of thought requires a big change of pitch4 ,what the beginning student will think are big changes of pitch will be monotonously alike4 ,learn to speak some thoughts in a very high tone--others in a very1 very low tone4 ,,develop ,,range4 ,it is almost impossible to use too much of it4 ,,happy ,,am ,i ,,that ,,this ,,mission ,,has ,,brought ,,my ,,feet ,,at ,,last ,,to ,,press ,,new ,,england',s ,,historic ,,soil and my eyes to the knowledge of her beauty and her thrift4 ,here within touch of ,plymouth ,rock and ,bunker ,hill--,,where ,,webster ,,thundered and ,longfellow sang1 ,emerson thought ,,and ,,channing ,,preached--,,here ,,in ,,the ,,cradle ,,of ,,american ,,letters and almost of ,american liberty1 ,i hasten to make the obeisance that every ,american owes ,new ,england when first he stands uncovered in her mighty presence4 ,strange apparition6 ,this stern and unique figure--carved from the ocean and the wilderness--its majesty kindling and growing amid the storms of winter and of wars--until at last the gloom was broken1 ,,its ,,beauty ,,disclosed ,,in ,,the ,,sunshine1 and the heroic workers rested at its base--while startled kings and emperors gazed and marveled that from the rude touch of this handful cast on a bleak and unknown shore should have come the embodied genius of human government ,,and ,,the ,,perfected ,,model ,,of ,,human ,,liberty6 ,god bless the memory of those immortal workers1 and prosper the fortunes of their living sons--and perpetuate the inspiration of their handiwork4444 ,far to the ,south1 ,mr4 ,president1 separated from this section by a line--once defined in irrepressible difference1 once traced in fratricidal blood1 ,,and ,,now1 ,,thank ,,god1 ,,but ,a ,,vanishing ,,shadow--lies the fairest and richest domain of this earth4 ,it is the home of a brave and hospitable people4 ,,there ,,is ,,centered ,,all ,,that ,,can ,,please ,,or ,,prosper ,,humankind4 ,a ,,perfect ,,climate ,,above a fertile soil yields to the husbandman every product of the temperate zone4 ,there1 by night the cotton whitens beneath the stars1 and by day ,,the ,,wheat ,,locks ,,the ,,sunshine ,,in ,,its ,,bearded ,,sheaf4 ,in the same field the clover steals the fragrance of the wind1 and tobacco catches the quick aroma of the rains4 ,,there ,,are ,,mountains ,,stored ,,with ,,exhaustless ,,treasures3 forests--vast and primeval2 and rivers that1 tumbling or loitering1 run wanton to the sea4 ,of the three essential items of all industries--cotton1 iron and wood--that region has easy control4 ,,in ,,cotton1 a fixed monopoly--,,in ,,iron1 proven supremacy--,,in ,,timber1 the reserve supply of the ,republic4 ,from this assured and permanent advantage1 against which artificial conditions cannot much longer prevail1 has grown an amazing system of industries4 ,not maintained by human contrivance of tariff or capital1 afar off from the fullest and cheapest source of supply1 but resting in divine assurance1 within touch of field and mine and forest--not set amid costly farms from which competition has driven the farmer in despair1 but amid cheap and sunny lands1 rich with agriculture1 to which neither season nor soil has set a limit--this system of industries is mounting to a splendor that shall dazzle and illumine the world4 ,,that1 ,,sir1 is the picture and the promise of my home--,a ,,land ,,better ,,and ,,fairer ,,than ,i ,,have ,,told ,,you1 and yet but fit setting in its material excellence for the loyal and gentle quality of its citizenship4 ,this hour little needs the ,,loyalty ,,that ,,is ,,loyal ,,to ,,one ,,section and yet holds the other in enduring suspicion and estrangement4 ,give us the broad and perfect loyalty that loves and trusts ,,georgia alike with ,massachusetts--that knows no ,,south1 no ,north1 no ,,east1 no ,west1 but endears with equal and patriotic love every foot of our soil1 every ,state of our ,union4 ,a ,,mighty ,,duty1 ,,sir1 ,,and ,a ,,mighty ,,inspiration impels every one of us to-night to lose in patriotic consecration ,,whatever ,,estranges1 ,,whatever ,,divides4 ,,we1 ,,sir1 are ,americans--,,and ,,we ,,stand ,,for ,,human ,,liberty6 ,the uplifting force of the ,american idea is under every throne on earth4 ,france1 ,brazil--,,these ,,are ,,our ,,victories4 ,to redeem the earth from kingcraft and oppression--,,this ,,is ,,our ,,mission6 ,,and ,,we ,,shall ,,not ,,fail4 ,god has sown in our soil the seed of ,his millennial harvest1 and ,he will not lay the sickle to the ripening crop until ,his full and perfect day has come4 ,,our ,,history1 ,,sir1 has been a constant and expanding miracle1 ,,from ,,plymouth ,,rock ,,and ,,jamestown1 all the way--aye1 even from the hour when from the voiceless and traceless ocean a new world rose to the sight of the inspired sailor4 ,as we approach the fourth centennial of that stupendous day--when the old world will come to marvel and to learn amid our gathered treasures--let us resolve to crown the miracles of our past with the spectacle of a ,republic1 compact1 united ,,indissoluble ,,in ,,the ,,bonds ,,of ,,love--loving from the ,lakes to the ,gulf--the wounds of war healed in every heart as on every hill1 serene and resplendent ,,at ,,the ,,summit ,,of ,,human ,,achievement ,,and ,,earthly ,,glory1 blazing out the path and making clear the way up which all the nations of the earth1 must come in ,god's appointed time6 --,,henry ,w4 ,,grady1 ,the ,race ,problem4 444 ,i ,,would ,,call ,,him ,,napoleon1 but ,napoleon made his way to empire over broken oaths and through a sea of blood4 ,this man never broke his word4 ,no ,retaliation was his great motto and the rule of his life2 ,,and ,,the ,,last ,,words ,,uttered ,,to ,,his ,,son ,,in ,,france ,,were ,,these3 ,my boy1 you will one day go back to ,santo ,domingo2 forget that ,france murdered your father4 ,i ,,would ,,call ,,him ,,cromwell1 but ,cromwell was only a soldier1 and the state he founded went down with him into his grave4 ,i ,,would ,,call ,,him ,,washington1 but the great ,virginian held slaves4 ,,this ,,man ,,risked ,,his ,,empire rather than permit the slave-trade in the humblest village of his dominions4 ,,you ,,think ,,me ,a ,,fanatic ,,to-,,night1 for you read history1 not with your eyes1 ,,but ,,with ,,your ,,prejudices4 ,but fifty years hence1 when ,truth gets a hearing1 the ,muse of ,history will put ,,phocion for the ,greek1 and ,,brutus for the ,roman1 ,,hampden for ,england1 ,,lafayette for ,france1 choose ,,washington as the bright1 consummate flower of our ,,earlier civilization1 ,,and ,,john ,,brown the ripe fruit of our ,,noonday1 then1 dipping her pen in the sunlight1 will write in the clear blue1 above them all1 the name of ,,the ,,soldier1 ,,the ,,statesman1 ,,the ,,martyr1 ,,toussaint ,l',,ouverture4 --,wendell ,phillips1 ,toussaint l',ouverture4 ,drill on the following selections for change of pitch3 ,beecher's ,abraham ,lincoln1 p4 #gf2 ,seward's ,irrepressible ,conflict1 p4 #fg2 ,everett's ,history of ,liberty1 p4 #gh2 ,grady's ,the ,race ,problem1 p4 #cf2 and ,beveridge's ,pass ,prosperity ,around1 p4 #dgj4 ,,chapter ,v ,,efficiency ,,through ,,change ,,of ,,pace ,hear how he clears the points o' ,faith ,wi' rattlin' an' thumpin'6 ,now meekly calm1 now wild in wrath1 ,he's stampin' an' he's jumpin'4 --,,robert ,,burns1 ,holy ,fair4 ,the ,latins have bequeathed to us a word that has no precise equivalent in our tongue1 therefore we have accepted it1 body unchanged--it is the word tempo1 and means rate of movement1 as measured by the time consumed in executing that movement4 ,thus far its use has been largely limited to the vocal and musical arts1 but it would not be surprising to hear tempo applied to more concrete matters1 for it perfectly illustrates the real meaning of the word to say that an ox-cart moves in slow tempo1 an express train in a fast tempo4 ,our guns that fire six hundred times a minute1 shoot at a fast tempo2 the old muzzle loader that required three minutes to load1 shot at a slow tempo4 ,every musician understands this principle3 it requires longer to sing a half note than it does an eighth note4 ,now tempo is a tremendously important element in good platform work1 for when a speaker delivers a whole address at very nearly the same rate of speed he is depriving himself of one of his chief means of emphasis and power4 ,the baseball pitcher1 the bowler in cricket1 the tennis server1 all know the value of change of pace--change of tempo--in delivering their ball1 and so must the public speaker observe its power4 ,change of ,tempo ,lends ,naturalness to the ,delivery ,naturalness1 or at least seeming naturalness1 as was explained in the chapter on ,monotony1 is greatly to be desired1 and a continual change of tempo will go a long way towards establishing it4 ,mr4 ,howard ,lindsay1 ,stage ,manager for ,miss ,margaret ,anglin1 recently said to the present writer that change of pace was one of the most effective tools of the actor4 ,while it must be admitted that the stilted mouthings of many actors indicate cloudy mirrors1 still the public speaker would do well to study the actor's use of tempo4 ,there is1 however1 a more fundamental and effective source at which to study naturalness--a trait which1 once lost1 is shy of recapture3 that source is the common conversation of any well-bred circle4 ,this is the standard we strive to reach on both stage and platform--with certain differences1 of course1 which will appear as we go on4 ,if speaker and actor were to reproduce with absolute fidelity every variation of utterance--every whisper1 grunt1 pause1 silence1 and explosion--of conversation as we find it typically in everyday life1 much of the interest would leave the public utterance4 ,naturalness in public address is something more than faithful reproduction of nature--it is the reproduction of those typical parts of nature's work which are truly representative of the whole4 ,the realistic story-writer understands this in writing dialogue1 and we must take it into account in seeking for naturalness through change of tempo4 ,suppose you speak the first of the following sentences in a slow tempo1 the second quickly1 observing how natural is the effect4 ,then speak both with the same rapidity and note the difference4 ,i can't recall what ,i did with my knife4 ,oh1 now ,i remember ,i gave it to ,mary4 ,we see here that a change of tempo often occurs in the same sentence--for tempo applies not only to single words1 groups of words1 and groups of sentences1 but to the major parts of a public speech as well4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,in the following1 speak the words long1 long while very slowly2 the rest of the sentence is spoken in moderately rapid tempo4 ,when you and ,i behind the ,veil are past1 ,oh but the long1 long while the world shall last1 ,which of our coming and departure heeds1 ,as the seven seas should heed a pebble cast4 ,note3 ,in the following selections the passages that should be given a fast tempo are in italics2 those that should be given in a slow tempo are in small capitals4 ,practise these selections1 and then try others1 changing from fast to slow tempo on different parts1 carefully noting the effect4 #b4 ,no ,,mirabeau1 ,,napoleon1 ,,burns1 ,,cromwell1 ,,no man ,,adequate to ,,do ,,anything but is first of all in ,,right ,,earnest about it--what ,i call ,a ,,sincere man4 ,i should say ,,sincerity1 a ,,great1 ,,deep1 ,,genuine ,,sincerity1 is the first ,,characteristic of a man in any way ,,heroic4 ,not the sincerity that ,,calls itself sincere4 ,ah no4 ,that is a very poor matter indeed--,a ,,shallow1 ,,braggart1 ,,conscious sincerity1 oftenest ,,self-,,conceit mainly4 ,the ,,great ,,man',s ,,sincerity is of a kind he ,,cannot ,,speak ,,of4 ,is ,,not ,,conscious of4--,,thomas ,,carlyle4 #c4 ,,true ,,worth is in ,,being--,,not ,,seeming--in doing each day that goes by ,,some ,,little ,,good1 not in ,,dreaming of ,,great ,,things to do by and by4 ,for whatever men say in their ,,blindness1 and in spite of the ,,follies of ,,youth1 there is nothing so ,,kingly as ,,kindness1 and nothing so ,,royal as ,,truth4--,anonymous4 #d4 ,to get a natural effect1 where would you use slow and where fast tempo in the following8 ,,fool',s ,,gold ,see him there1 cold and gray1 ,watch him as he tries to play2 ,no1 he doesn't know the way-- ,he began to learn too late4 ,she's a grim old hag1 is ,fate1 ,for she let him have his pile1 ,smiling to herself the while1 ,knowing what the cost would be1 ,when he'd found the ,golden ,key4 ,multimillionaire is he1 ,many times more rich than we2 ,but at that ,i wouldn't trade ,with the bargain that he made4 ,came here many years ago1 ,not a person did he know2 ,had the money-hunger bad-- ,mad for money1 piggish mad2 ,didn't let a joy divert him1 ,didn't let a sorrow hurt him1 ,let his friends and kin desert him1 ,while he planned and plugged and hurried ,on his quest for gold and power4 ,every single wakeful hour ,with a money thought he'd dower2 ,all the while as he grew older1 ,and grew bolder1 he grew colder4 ,and he thought that some day ,he would take the time to play2 ,but1 say--he was wrong4 ,life's a song2 ,in the spring ,youth can sing and can fling2 ,but joys wing ,when we're older1 ,like birds when it's colder4 ,the roses were red as he went rushing by1 ,and glorious tapestries hung in the sky1 ,and the clover was waving ',neath honey-bees' slaving2 ,a bird over there ,roundelayed a soft air2 ,but the man couldn't spare ,time for gathering flowers1 ,or resting in bowers1 ,or gazing at skies ,that gladdened the eyes4 ,so he kept on and swept on ,through mean1 sordid years4 ,now he's up to his ears ,in the choicest of stocks4 ,he owns endless blocks ,of houses and shops1 ,and the stream never stops ,pouring into his banks4 ,i suppose that he ranks ,pretty near to the top4 ,what ,i have wouldn't sop ,his ambition one tittle2 ,and yet with my little ,i don't care to trade ,with the bargain he made4 ,just watch him to-day-- ,see him trying to play4 ,he's come back for blue skies4 ,but they're in a new guise-- ,winter's here1 all is gray1 ,the birds are away1 ,the meadows are brown1 ,the leaves lie aground1 ,and the gay brook that wound ,with a swirling and whirling ,of waters1 is furling ,its bosom in ice4 ,and he hasn't the price1 ,with all of his gold1 ,to buy what he sold4 ,he knows now the cost ,of the spring-time he lost1 ,of the flowers he tossed ,from his way1 ,and1 say1 ,he'd pay ,any price if the day ,could be made not so gray4 ,he can't play4 --,,herbert ,,kaufman4 ,used by permission of ,everybody's ,magazine4 ,change of ,tempo ,prevents ,monotony ,the canary in the cage before the window is adding to the beauty and charm of his singing by a continual change of tempo4 ,if ,king ,solomon had been an orator he undoubtedly would have gathered wisdom from the song of the wild birds as well as from the bees4 ,imagine a song written with but quarter notes4 ,imagine an auto with only one speed4 ,,exercises #a4 ,note the change of tempo indicated in the following1 and how it gives a pleasing variety4 ,read it aloud4 7,fast tempo is indicated by italics1 slow by small capitals47 ,and he thought that some day he would take the time to play2 but1 say--,,he ,,was ,,wrong4 ,,life',s ,a ,,song2 in the ,,spring ,,youth can ,,sing and can ,,fling2 ,,but ,,joys ,,wing ,,when ,,we',,re ,,older1 ,,like ,,the ,,birds when it's ,,colder4 ,the roses were red as he went rushing by1 and glorious tapestries hung in the sky4 #b4 ,turn to ,fools ,gold1 on ,page #db1 and deliver it in an unvaried tempo3 note how monotonous is the result4 ,this poem requires a great many changes of tempo1 and is an excellent one for practise4 #c4 ,use the changes of tempo indicated in the following1 noting how they prevent monotony4 ,where no change of tempo is indicated1 use a moderate speed4 ,too much of variety would really be a return to monotony4 ,,the ,,mob ,a ,,mob ,,kills ,,the ,,wrong ,,man was flashed in a newspaper headline lately4 ,the mob is an ,,irresponsible1 ,,unthinking ,,mass4 ,it always destroys ,,but ,,never ,,constructs4 ,it criticises ,,but ,,never ,,creates4 ,utter a great truth ,,and ,,the ,,mob ,,will ,,hate ,,you4 ,see how it condemned ,,dante to ,,exile4 ,encounter the dangers of the unknown world for its benefit1 ,,and ,,the ,,mob ,,will ,,declare ,,you ,,crazy4 ,it ridiculed ,,columbus1 and for discovering a new world ,,gave ,,him ,,prison ,,and ,,chains4 ,write a poem to thrill human hearts with pleasure1 ,,and ,,the ,,mob ,,will ,,allow ,,you ,,to ,,go ,,hungry3 ,,the ,,blind ,,homer ,,begged ,,bread ,,through ,,the ,,streets4 ,invent a machine to save labor ,,and ,,the ,,mob ,,will ,,declare ,,you ,,its ,,enemy4 ,less than a hundred years ago a furious rabble smashed ,thimonier's invention1 the sewing machine4 ,,build ,a ,,steamship ,,to ,,carry ,,merchandise ,,and ,,accelerate ,,travel and the mob will call you a fool4 ,a ,,mob ,,lined ,,the ,,shores ,,of ,,the ,,hudson ,,river ,,to ,,laugh ,,at ,,the ,,maiden ,,attempt ,,of ,,fulton',s ,,folly1 as they called his little steamboat4 ,emerson says3 ,a mob is a society of bodies voluntarily bereaving themselves of reason and traversing its work4 ,the mob is man voluntarily descended to the nature of the beast4 ,its fit hour of activity is ,,night4 ,,its ,,actions ,,are ,,insane1 like its whole constitution4 ,it persecutes a principle--,,it ,,would ,,whip ,a ,,right4 ,it would tar and feather justice by inflicting fire and outrage upon the house and persons of those who have these4 ,the mob spirit stalks abroad in our land today4 ,every week gives a fresh victim to its malignant cry for blood4 ,there were #dh persons killed by mobs in the ,united ,states in #aiac2 #fd in #aiab1 and #ga in #aiaa4 ,among the #dh last year were a woman and a child4 ,two victims were proven innocent after their death4 ,,in #cii ,b4,c4 ,a ,,demagog ,,appealed ,,to ,,the ,,popular ,,mob ,,to ,,have ,,socrates ,,put ,,to ,,death and he was sentenced to the hemlock cup4 ,,fourteen ,,hundred ,,years ,,afterward ,,an ,,enthusiast ,,appealed ,,to ,,the ,,popular ,,mob and all ,europe plunged into the ,holy ,land to kill and mangle the heathen4 ,in the seventeenth century a demagog appealed to the ignorance of men ,,and ,,twenty ,,people ,,were ,,executed ,,at ,,salem1 ,,mass41 ,,within ,,six ,,months ,,for ,,witchcraft4 ,two thousand years ago the mob yelled1 ,,release ,,unto ,,us ,,barabbas--,,and ,,barabbas ,,was ,a ,,murderer6 --,from an ,editorial by ,d4,c4 in ,leslie's ,weekly1 by permission4 ,present-day business is as unlike ,,old-,,time ,,business as the ,,old-,,time ,,ox-,,cart is unlike the present-day locomotive4 ,,invention has made the whole world over again4 ,the railroad1 telegraph1 telephone have bound the people of ,,modern ,,nations into ,,families4 ,to do the business of these closely knit millions in every modern country ,,great ,,business ,,concerns ,,came ,,into ,,being4 ,what we call big business is the ,,child ,,of ,,the ,,economic ,,progress ,,of ,,mankind4 ,so warfare to destroy big business is ,,foolish ,,because ,,it ,,can ,,not ,,succeed and wicked ,,because ,,it ,,ought ,,not ,,to ,,succeed4 ,warfare to destroy big business does not hurt big business1 which always comes out on top1 ,,so ,,much ,,as ,,it ,,hurts ,,all ,,other ,,business ,,which1 ,,in ,,such ,a ,,warfare1 ,,never ,,come ,,out ,,on ,,top4 --,a4,j4 ,,beveridge4 ,change of ,tempo ,produces ,emphasis ,any big change of tempo is emphatic and will catch the attention4 ,you may scarcely be conscious that a passenger train is moving when it is flying over the rails at ninety miles an hour1 but if it slows down very suddenly to a ten-mile gait your attention will be drawn to it very decidedly4 ,you may forget that you are listening to music as you dine1 but let the orchestra either increase or diminish its tempo in a very marked degree and your attention will be arrested at once4 ,this same principle will procure emphasis in a speech4 ,if you have a point that you want to bring home to your audience forcefully1 make a sudden and great change of tempo1 and they will be powerless to keep from paying attention to that point4 ,recently the present writer saw a play in which these lines were spoken3 ,i don't want you to forget what ,i said4 ,i want you to remember it the longest day you--,i don't care if you've got six guns4 ,the part up to the dash was delivered in a very slow tempo1 the remainder was named out at lightning speed1 as the character who was spoken to drew a revolver4 ,the effect was so emphatic that the lines are remembered six months afterwards1 while most of the play has faded from memory4 ,the student who has powers of observation will see this principle applied by all our best actors in their efforts to get emphasis where emphasis is due4 ,but remember that the emotion in the matter must warrant the intensity in the manner1 or the effect will be ridiculous4 ,too many public speakers are impressive over nothing4 ,thought rather than rules must govern you while practising change of pace4 ,it is often a matter of no consequence which part of a sentence is spoken slowly and which is given in fast tempo4 ,the main thing to be desired is the change itself4 ,for example1 in the selection1 ,the ,mob1 on page #df1 note the last paragraph4 ,reverse the instructions given1 delivering everything that is marked for slow tempo1 quickly2 and everything that is marked for quick tempo1 slowly4 ,you will note that the force or meaning of the passage has not been destroyed4 ,however1 many passages cannot be changed to a slow tempo without destroying their force4 ,instances3 ,the ,patrick ,henry speech on page #aaj1 and the following passage from ,whittier's ,barefoot ,boy4 ,o for boyhood's time of ,june1 crowding years in one brief moon1 when all things ,i heard or saw1 me1 their master1 waited for4 ,i was rich in flowers and trees1 humming-birds and honey-bees2 for my sport the squirrel played2 plied the snouted mole his spade2 for my taste the blackberry cone purpled over hedge and stone2 laughed the brook for my delight through the day and through the night1 whispering at the garden wall1 talked with me from fall to fall2 mine the sand-rimmed pickerel pond2 mine the walnut slopes beyond2 mine1 an bending orchard trees1 apples of ,hesperides6 ,still1 as my horizon grew1 larger grew my riches1 too2 all the world ,i saw or knew seemed a complex ,chinese toy1 fashioned for a barefoot boy6 --,j4,g4 ,,whittier4 ,be careful in regulating your tempo not to get your movement too fast4 ,this is a common fault with amateur speakers4 ,mrs4 ,siddons rule was1 ,take time4 ,a hundred years ago there was used in medical circles a preparation known as the shot gun remedy2 it was a mixture of about fifty different ingredients1 and was given to the patient in the hope that at least one of them would prove efficacious6 ,that seems a rather poor scheme for medical practice1 but it is good to use shot gun tempo for most speeches1 as it gives a variety4 ,tempo1 like diet1 is best when mixed4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,define tempo4 #b4 ,what words come from the same root8 #c4 ,what is meant by a change of tempo8 #d4 ,what effects are gained by it8 #e4 ,name three methods of destroying monotony and gaining force in speaking4 #f4 ,note the changes of tempo in a conversation or speech that you hear4 ,were they well made8 ,why8 ,illustrate4 #g4 ,read selections on pages #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 and #ch1 paying careful attention to change of tempo4 #h4 ,as a rule1 excitement1 joy1 or intense anger take a fast tempo1 while sorrow1 and sentiments of great dignity or solemnity tend to a slow tempo4 ,try to deliver ,lincoln's ,gettysburg speech 7page #ej71 in a fast tempo1 or ,patrick ,henry's speech 7page #aaj71 in a slow tempo1 and note how ridiculous the effect will be4 ,practise the following selections1 noting carefully where the tempo may be changed to advantage4 ,experiment1 making numerous changes4 ,which one do you like best8 ,,dedication ,,of ,,gettysburg ,,cemetery ,fourscore and seven years ago1 our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation1 conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal4 ,now we are engaged in a great civil war1 testing whether that nation--or any nation so conceived and so dedicated--can long endure4 ,we are met on a great battlefield of that war4 ,we are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting-place of those who have given their lives that that nation might live4 ,it is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this4 ,but1 in a larger sense1 we cannot dedicate1 we cannot consecrate1 we cannot hallow1 this ground4 ,the brave men1 living and dead1 who struggled here1 have consecrated it1 far above our power to add or to detract4 ,the world will very little note nor long remember what we say here2 but it can never forget what they did here4 ,it is for us1 the living1 rather1 to be dedicated here to the unfinished work they have thus far so nobly carried on4 ,it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us3 that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion2 that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain2 that the nation shall1 under ,god1 have a new birth of freedom1 and that government of the people1 by the people1 for the people1 shall not perish from the earth4 --,,abraham ,,lincoln4 ,a ,,plea ,,for ,,cuba ,this deliberative oration was delivered by ,senator ,thurston in the ,united ,states ,senate on ,march #bd1 #ahih4 ,it is recorded in full in the ,congressional ,record of that date4 ,mrs4 ,thurston died in ,cuba4 ,as a dying request she urged her husband1 who was investigating affairs in the island1 to do his utmost to induce the ,united ,states to intervene--hence this oration4 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i am here by command of silent lips to speak once and for all upon the ,cuban situation4 ,i shall endeavor to be honest1 conservative1 and just4 ,i have no purpose to stir the public passion to any action not necessary and imperative to meet the duties and necessities of ,american responsibility1 ,christian humanity1 and national honor4 ,i would shirk this task if ,i could1 but ,i dare not4 ,i cannot satisfy my conscience except by speaking1 and speaking now4 ,i went to ,cuba firmly believing that the condition of affairs there had been greatly exaggerated by the press1 and my own efforts were directed in the first instance to the attempted exposure of these supposed exaggerations4 ,there has undoubtedly been much sensationalism in the journalism of the time1 but as to the condition of affairs in ,cuba1 there has been no exaggeration1 because exaggeration has been impossible4 ,under the inhuman policy of ,weyler not less than four hundred thousand self-supporting1 simple1 peaceable1 defenseless country people were driven from their homes in the agricultural portions of the ,spanish provinces to the cities1 and imprisoned upon the barren waste outside the residence portions of these cities and within the lines of intrenchment established a little way beyond4 ,their humble homes were burned1 their fields laid waste1 their implements of husbandry destroyed1 their live stock and food supplies for the most part confiscated4 ,most of the people were old men1 women1 and children4 ,they were thus placed in hopeless imprisonment1 without shelter or food4 ,there was no work for them in the cities to which they were driven4 ,they were left with nothing to depend upon except the scanty charity of the inhabitants of the cities and with slow starvation their inevitable fate4444 ,the pictures in the ,american newspapers of the starving reconcentrados are true4 ,they can all be duplicated by the thousands4 ,i never before saw1 and please ,god ,i may never again see1 so deplorable a sight as the reconcentrados in the suburbs of ,matanzas4 ,i can never forget to my dying day the hopeless anguish in their despairing eyes4 ,huddled about their little bark huts1 they raised no voice of appeal to us for alms as we went among them4444 ,men1 women1 and children stand silent1 famishing with hunger4 ,their only appeal comes from their sad eyes1 through which one looks as through an open window into their agonizing souls4 ,the government of ,spain has not appropriated and will not appropriate one dollar to save these people4 ,they are now being attended and nursed and administered to by the charity of the ,united ,states4 ,think of the spectacle6 ,we are feeding these citizens of ,spain2 we are nursing their sick2 we are saving such as can be saved1 and yet there are those who still say it is right for us to send food1 but we must keep hands off4 ,i say that the time has come when muskets ought to go with the food4 ,we asked the governor if he knew of any relief for these people except through the charity of the ,united ,states4 ,he did not4 ,we asked him1 ,when do you think the time will come that these people can be placed in a position of self-support8 ,he replied to us1 with deep feeling1 ,only the good ,god or the great government of the ,united ,states will answer that question4 ,i hope and believe that the good ,god by the great government of the ,united ,states will answer that question4 ,i shall refer to these horrible things no further4 ,they are there4 ,god pity me1 ,i have seen them2 they will remain in my mind forever--and this is almost the twentieth century4 ,christ died nineteen hundred years ago1 and ,spain is a ,christian nation4 ,she has set up more crosses in more lands1 beneath more skies1 and under them has butchered more people than all the other nations of the earth combined4 ,europe may tolerate her existence as long as the people of the ,old ,world wish4 ,god grant that before another ,christmas morning the last vestige of ,spanish tyranny and oppression will have vanished from the ,western ,hemisphere6444 ,the time for action has come4 ,no greater reason for it can exist to-morrow than exists to-day4 ,every hour's delay only adds another chapter to the awful story of misery and death4 ,only one power can intervene--the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,ours is the one great nation in the world1 the mother of ,american republics4 ,she holds a position of trust and responsibility toward the peoples and affairs of the whole ,western ,hemisphere4 ,it was her glorious example which inspired the patriots of ,cuba to raise the flag of liberty in her eternal hills4 ,we cannot refuse to accept this responsibility which the ,god of the universe has placed upon us as the one great power in the ,new ,world4 ,we must act6 ,what shall our action be8 ,against the intervention of the ,united ,states in this holy cause there is but one voice of dissent2 that voice is the voice of the money-changers4 ,they fear war6 ,not because of any ,christian or ennobling sentiment against war and in favor of peace1 but because they fear that a declaration of war1 or the intervention which might result in war1 would have a depressing effect upon the stock market4 ,let them go4 ,they do not represent ,american sentiment2 they do not represent ,american patriotism4 ,let them take their chances as they can4 ,their weal or woe is of but little importance to the liberty-loving people of the ,united ,states4 ,they will not do the fighting2 their blood will not flow2 they will keep on dealing in options on human life4 ,let the men whose loyalty is to the dollar stand aside while the men whose loyalty is to the flag come to the front4 ,mr4 ,president1 there is only one action possible1 if any is taken2 that is1 intervention for the independence of the island4 ,but we cannot intervene and save ,cuba without the exercise of force1 and force means war2 war means blood4 ,the lowly ,nazarene on the shores of ,galilee preached the divine doctrine of love1 ,peace on earth1 good will toward men4 ,not peace on earth at the expense of liberty and humanity4 ,not good will toward men who despoil1 enslave1 degrade1 and starve to death their fellow-men4 ,i believe in the doctrine of ,christ4 ,i believe in the doctrine of peace2 but1 ,mr4 ,president1 men must have liberty before there can come abiding peace4 ,intervention means force4 ,force means war4 ,war means blood4 ,but it will be ,god's force4 ,when has a battle for humanity and liberty ever been won except by force8 ,what barricade of wrong1 injustice1 and oppression has ever been carried except by force8 ,force compelled the signature of unwilling royalty to the great ,magna ,charta2 force put life into the ,declaration of ,independence and made effective the ,emancipation ,proclamation2 force beat with naked hands upon the iron gateway of the ,bastile and made reprisal in one awful hour for centuries of kingly crime2 force waved the flag of revolution over ,bunker ,hill and marked the snows of ,valley ,forge with blood-stained feet2 force held the broken line of ,shiloh1 climbed the flame-swept hill at ,chattanooga1 and stormed the clouds on ,lookout ,heights2 force marched with ,sherman to the sea1 rode with ,sheridan in the valley of the ,shenandoah1 and gave ,grant victory at ,appomattox2 force saved the ,union1 kept the stars in the flag1 made niggers men4 ,the time for ,god's force has come again4 ,let the impassioned lips of ,american patriots once more take up the song3-- ,in the beauty of the lilies1 ,christ was born across the sea4 ,with a glory in ,his bosom that transfigures you and me2 ,as ,he died to make men holy1 let us die to make men free4 ,while ,god is marching on4 ,others may hesitate1 others may procrastinate1 others may plead for further diplomatic negotiation1 which means delay2 but for me1 ,i am ready to act now1 and for my action ,i am ready to answer to my conscience1 my country1 and my ,god4 --,,james ,,mellen ,,thurston4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,pause ,,and ,,power ,the true business of the literary artist is to plait or weave his meaning1 involving it around itself2 so that each sentence1 by successive phrases1 shall first come into a kind of knot1 and then1 after a moment of suspended meaning1 solve and clear itself4 --,,george ,,saintsbury1 on ,english ,prose ,style1 in ,miscellaneous ,essays4 444 pause 444 has a distinctive value1 expressed in silence2 in other words1 while the voice is waiting1 the music of the movement is going on 444 ,to manage it1 with its delicacies and compensations1 requires that same fineness of ear on which we must depend for all faultless prose rhythm4 ,when there is no compensation1 when the pause is inadvertent 444 there is a sense of jolting and lack1 as if some pin or fastening had fallen out4 --,,john ,,franklin ,,genung1 ,the ,working ,principles of ,rhetoric4 ,pause1 in public speech1 is not mere silence--it is silence made designedly eloquent4 ,when a man says3 ,i-uh-it is with profound-ah-pleasure that-er-,i have been permitted to speak to you tonight and-uh-uh-,i should say-er--that is not pausing2 that is stumbling4 ,it is conceivable that a speaker may be effective in spite of stumbling--but never because of it4 ,on the other hand1 one of the most important means of developing power in public speaking is to pause either before or after1 or both before and after1 an important word or phrase4 ,no one who would be a forceful speaker can afford to neglect this principle--one of the most significant that has ever been inferred from listening to great orators4 ,study this potential device until you have absorbed and assimilated it4 ,it would seem that this principle of rhetorical pause ought to be easily grasped and applied1 but a long experience in training both college men and maturer speakers has demonstrated that the device is no more readily understood by the average man when it is first explained to him than if it were spoken in ,hindoostani4 ,perhaps this is because we do not eagerly devour the fruit of experience when it is impressively set before us on the platter of authority2 we like to pluck fruit for ourselves--it not only tastes better1 but we never forget that tree6 ,fortunately1 this is no difficult task1 in this instance1 for the trees stand thick all about us4 ,one man is pleading the cause of another3 ,this man1 my friends1 has made this wonderful sacrifice--for you and me4 ,did not the pause surprisingly enhance the power of this statement8 ,see how he gathered up reserve force and impressiveness to deliver the words for you and me4 ,repeat this passage without making a pause4 ,did it lose in effectiveness8 ,naturally enough1 during a premeditated pause of this kind the mind of the speaker is concentrated on the thought to which he is about to give expression4 ,he will not dare to allow his thoughts to wander for an instant--he will rather supremely center his thought and his emotion upon the sacrifice whose service1 sweetness and divinity he is enforcing by his appeal4 ,concentration1 then1 is the big word here--no pause without it can perfectly hit the mark4 ,efficient pausing accomplishes one or all of four results3 #a4 ,pause ,enables the ,mind of the ,speaker to ,gather ,his ,forces ,before ,delivering the ,final ,volley ,it is often dangerous to rush into battle without pausing for preparation or waiting for recruits4 ,consider ,custer's massacre as an instance4 ,you can light a match by holding it beneath a lens and concentrating the sun's rays4 ,you would not expect the match to flame if you jerked the lens back and forth quickly4 ,pause1 and the lens gathers the heat4 ,your thoughts will not set fire to the minds of your hearers unless you pause to gather the force that comes by a second or two of concentration4 ,maple trees and gas wells are rarely tapped continually2 when a stronger flow is wanted1 a pause is made1 nature has time to gather her reserve forces1 and when the tree or the well is reopened1 a stronger flow is the result4 ,use the same common sense with your mind4 ,if you would make a thought particularly effective1 pause just before its utterance1 concentrate your mind-energies1 and then give it expression with renewed vigor4 ,carlyle was right3 ,speak not1 ,i passionately entreat thee1 till thy thought has silently matured itself4 ,out of silence comes thy strength4 ,speech is silvern1 ,silence is golden2 ,speech is human1 ,silence is divine4 ,silence has been called the father of speech4 ,it should be4 ,too many of our public speeches have no fathers4 ,they ramble along without pause or break4 ,like ,tennyson's brook1 they run on forever4 ,listen to little children1 the policeman on the corner1 the family conversation around the table1 and see how many pauses they naturally use1 for they are unconscious of effects4 ,when we get before an audience1 we throw most of our natural methods of expression to the wind1 and strive after artificial effects4 ,get back to the methods of nature--and pause4 #b4 ,pause ,prepares the ,mind of the ,auditor to ,receive ,your ,message ,herbert ,spencer said that all the universe is in motion4 ,so it is--and all perfect motion is rhythm4 ,part of rhythm is rest4 ,rest follows activity all through nature4 ,instances3 day and night2 spring--summer--autumn--winter2 a period of rest between breaths2 an instant of complete rest between heart beats4 ,pause1 and give the attention-powers of your audience a rest4 ,what you say after such a silence will then have a great deal more effect4 ,when your country cousins come to town1 the noise of a passing car will awaken them1 though it seldom affects a seasoned city dweller4 ,by the continual passing of cars his attention-power has become deadened4 ,in one who visits the city but seldom1 attention-value is insistent4 ,to him the noise comes after a long pause2 hence its power4 ,to you1 dweller in the city1 there is no pause2 hence the low attention-value4 ,after riding on a train several hours you will become so accustomed to its roar that it will lose its attention-value1 unless the train should stop for a while and start again4 ,if you attempt to listen to a clock-tick that is so far away that you can barely hear it1 you will find that at times you are unable to distinguish it1 but in a few moments the sound becomes distinct again4 ,your mind will pause for rest whether you desire it to do so or not4 ,the attention of your audience will act in quite the same way4 ,recognize this law and prepare for it--by pausing4 ,let it be repeated3 the thought that follows a pause is much more dynamic than if no pause had occurred4 ,what is said to you of a night will not have the same effect on your mind as if it had been uttered in the morning when your attention had been lately refreshed by the pause of sleep4 ,we are told on the first page of the ,bible that even the ,creative ,energy of ,god rested on the seventh day4 ,you may be sure1 then1 that the frail finite mind of your audience will likewise demand rest4 ,observe nature1 study her laws1 and obey them in your speaking4 #c4 ,pause ,creates ,effective ,suspense ,suspense is responsible for a great share of our interest in life2 it will be the same with your speech4 ,a play or a novel is often robbed of much of its interest if you know the plot beforehand4 ,we like to keep guessing as to the outcome4 ,the ability to create suspense is part of woman's power to hold the other sex4 ,the circus acrobat employs this principle when he fails purposely in several attempts to perform a feat1 and then achieves it4 ,even the deliberate manner in which he arranges the preliminaries increases our expectation--we like to be kept waiting4 ,in the last act of the play1 ,polly of the ,circus1 there is a circus scene in which a little dog turns a backward somersault on the back of a running pony4 ,one night when he hesitated and had to be coaxed and worked with a long time before he would perform his feat he got a great deal more applause than when he did his trick at once4 ,we not only like to wait but we appreciate what we wait for4 ,if fish bite too readily the sport soon ceases to be a sport4 ,it is this same principle of suspense that holds you in a ,sherlock ,holmes story--you wait to see how the mystery is solved1 and if it is solved too soon you throw down the tale unfinished4 ,wilkie ,collins' receipt for fiction writing well applies to public speech3 ,make 'em laugh2 make 'em weep2 make 'em wait4 ,above all else make them wait2 if they will not do that you may be sure they will neither laugh nor weep4 ,thus pause is a valuable instrument in the hands of a trained speaker to arouse and maintain suspense4 ,we once heard ,mr4 ,bryan say in a speech3 ,it was my privilege to hear--and he paused1 while the audience wondered for a second whom it was his privilege to hear--the great evangelist--and he paused again2 we knew a little more about the man he had heard1 but still wondered to which evangelist he referred2 and then he concluded3 ,dwight ,l4 ,moody4 ,mr4 ,bryan paused slightly again and continued3 ,i came to regard him--here he paused again and held the audience in a brief moment of suspense as to how he had regarded ,mr4 ,moody1 then continued--as the greatest preacher of his day4 ,let the dashes illustrate pauses and we have the following3 ,it was my privilege to hear--the great evangelist--,dwight ,l4 ,moody4--,i came to regard him--as the greatest preacher of his day4 ,the unskilled speaker would have rattled this off with neither pause nor suspense1 and the sentences would have fallen flat upon the audience4 ,it is precisely the application of these small things that makes much of the difference between the successful and the unsuccessful speaker4 #d4 ,pausing ,after ,an ,important ,idea ,gives it ,time to ,penetrate ,any ,missouri farmer will tell you that a rain that falls too fast will run off into the creeks and do the crops but little good4 ,a story is told of a country deacon praying for rain in this manner3 ,lord1 don't send us any chunk floater4 ,just give us a good old drizzle-drazzle4 ,a speech1 like a rain1 will not do anybody much good if it comes too fast to soak in4 ,the farmer's wife follows this same principle in doing her washing when she puts the clothes in water--and pauses for several hours that the water may soak in4 ,the physician puts cocaine on your turbinates--and pauses to let it take hold before he removes them4 ,why do we use this principle everywhere except in the communication of ideas8 ,if you have given the audience a big idea1 pause for a second or two and let them turn it over4 ,see what effect it has4 ,after the smoke clears away you may have to fire another #ad-;inch shell on the same subject before you demolish the citadel of error that you are trying to destroy4 ,take time4 ,don't let your speech resemble those tourists who try to do ,new ,york in a day4 ,they spend fifteen minutes looking at the masterpieces in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,arts1 ten minutes in the ,museum of ,natural ,history1 take a peep into the ,aquarium1 hurry across the ,brooklyn ,bridge1 rush up to the ,zoo1 and back by ,grant's ,tomb--and call that ,seeing ,new ,york4 ,if you hasten by your important points without pausing1 your audience will have just about as adequate an idea of what you have tried to convey4 ,take time1 you have just as much of it as our richest multimillionaire4 ,your audience will wait for you4 ,it is a sign of smallness to hurry4 ,the great redwood trees of ,california had burst through the soil five hundred years before ,socrates drank his cup of hemlock poison1 and are only in their prime today4 ,nature shames us with our petty haste4 ,silence is one of the most eloquent things in the world4 ,master it1 and use it through pause4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the following selections dashes have been inserted where pauses may be used effectively4 ,naturally1 you may omit some of these and insert others without going wrong--one speaker would interpret a passage in one way1 one in another2 it is largely a matter of personal preference4 ,a dozen great actors have played ,hamlet well1 and yet each has played the part differently4 ,which comes the nearest to perfection is a question of opinion4 ,you will succeed best by daring to follow your own course--if you are individual enough to blaze an original trail4 ,a moment's halt--a momentary taste of being from the well amid the waste--and lo6 the phantom caravan has reached--the nothing it set out from--,oh make haste6 ,the worldly hope men set their hearts upon--turns ashes--or it prospers2--and anon like snow upon the desert's dusty face--lighting a little hour or two--is gone4 ,the bird of time has but a little way to flutter1--and the bird is on the wing4 ,you will note that the punctuation marks have nothing to do with the pausing4 ,you may run by a period very quickly and make a long pause where there is no kind of punctuation4 ,thought is greater than punctuation4 ,it must guide you in your pauses4 ,a book of verses underneath the bough1--a jug of wine1 a loaf of bread--and thou beside me singing in the wilderness--,oh--wilderness were paradise enow4 ,you must not confuse the pause for emphasis with the natural pauses that come through taking breath and phrasing4 ,for example1 note the pauses indicated in this selection from ,byron3 ,but hush6--hark6--that deep sound breaks in once more1 ,and nearer6--clearer6--deadlier than before4 ,arm1 ,,arm6--it is--it is the cannon's opening roar6 ,it is not necessary to dwell at length upon these obvious distinctions4 ,you will observe that in natural conversation our words are gathered into clusters or phrases1 and we often pause to take breath between them4 ,so in public speech1 breathe naturally and do not talk until you must gasp for breath2 nor until the audience is equally winded4 ,a serious word of caution must here be uttered3 do not overwork the pause4 ,to do so will make your speech heavy and stilted4 ,and do not think that pause can transmute commonplace thoughts into great and dignified utterance4 ,a grand manner combined with insignificant ideas is like harnessing a ,hambletonian with an ass4 ,you remember the farcical old school declamation1 ,a ,midnight ,murder1 that proceeded in grandiose manner to a thrilling climax1 and ended--and relentlessly murdered--a mosquito6 ,the pause1 dramatically handled1 always drew a laugh from the tolerant hearers4 ,this is all very well in farce1 but such anti-climax becomes painful when the speaker falls from the sublime to the ridiculous quite unintentionally4 ,the pause1 to be effective in some other manner than in that of the boomerang1 must precede or follow a thought that is really worth while1 or at least an idea whose bearing upon the rest of the speech is important4 ,william ,pittenger relates in his volume1 ,extempore ,speech1 an instance of the unconsciously farcical use of the pause by a really great ,american statesman and orator4 ,he had visited ,niagara ,falls and was to make an oration at ,buffalo the same day1 but1 unfortunately1 he sat too long over the wine after dinner4 ,when he arose to speak1 the oratorical instinct struggled with difficulties1 as he declared1 ',gentlemen1 ,i have been to look upon your mag--mag--magnificent cataract1 one hundred--and forty--seven--feet high6 ,gentlemen1 ,greece and ,rome in their palmiest days never had a cataract one hundred--and forty--seven--feet high6' ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,name four methods for destroying monotony and gaining power in speaking4 #b4 ,what are the four special effects of pause8 #c4 ,note the pauses in a conversation1 play1 or speech4 ,were they the best that could have been used8 ,illustrate4 #d4 ,read aloud selections on pages #ej-ed1 paying special attention to pause4 #e4 ,read the following without making any pauses4 ,reread correctly and note the difference3 ,soon the night will pass2 and when1 of the ,sentinel on the ramparts of ,liberty the anxious ask3 ,watchman1 what of the night8 his answer will be ,lo1 the morn appeareth4 ,knowing the price we must pay1 the sacrifice we must make1 the burdens we must carry1 the assaults we must endure1 knowing full well the cost1 yet we enlist1 and we enlist for the war4 ,for we know the justice of our cause1 and we know1 too1 its certain triumph4 ,not reluctantly1 then1 but eagerly1 not with faint hearts1 but strong1 do we now advance upon the enemies of the people4 ,for the call that comes to us is the call that came to our fathers4 ,as they responded1 so shall we4 ,he hath sounded forth a trumpet that shall never call retreat1 ,he is sifting out the hearts of men before ,his judgment seat4 ,oh1 be swift our souls to answer ,him1 be jubilant our feet1 ,our ,god is marching on4 --,,albert ,j4 ,,beveridge1 ,from his speech as temporary chairman of ,progressive ,national ,convention1 ,chicago1 #aiab4 #f4 ,bring out the contrasting ideas in the following by using the pause3 ,contrast now the circumstances of your life and mine1 gently and with temper1 ,a,eschines2 and then ask these people whose fortune they would each of them prefer4 ,you taught reading1 ,i went to school3 you performed initiations1 ,i received them3 you danced in the chorus1 ,i furnished it3 you were assembly-clerk1 ,i was a speaker3 you acted third parts1 ,i heard you3 you broke down1 and ,i hissed3 you have worked as a statesman for the enemy1 ,i for my country4 ,i pass by the rest2 but this very day ,i am on my probation for a crown1 and am acknowledged to be innocent of all offence2 while you are already judged to be a pettifogger1 and the question is1 whether you shall continue that trade1 or at once be silenced by not getting a fifth part of the votes4 ,a happy fortune1 do you see1 you have enjoyed1 that you should denounce mine as miserable6 --,,demosthenes4 #g4 ,after careful study and practice1 mark the pauses in the following3 ,the past rises before me like a dream4 ,again we are in the great struggle for national life4 ,we hear the sounds of preparation--the music of the boisterous drums1 the silver voices of heroic bugles4 ,we see thousands of assemblages1 and hear the appeals of orators2 we see the pale cheeks of women and the flushed faces of men2 and in those assemblages we see all the dead whose dust we have covered with flowers4 ,we lose sight of them no more4 ,we are with them when they enlist in the great army of freedom4 ,we see them part from those they love4 ,some are walking for the last time in quiet woody places with the maiden they adore4 ,we hear the whisperings and the sweet vows of eternal love as they lingeringly part forever4 ,others are bending over cradles1 kissing babies that are asleep4 ,some are receiving the blessings of old men4 ,some are parting from those who hold them and press them to their hearts again and again1 and say nothing2 and some are talking with wives1 and endeavoring with brave words spoken in the old tones to drive from their hearts the awful fear4 ,we see them part4 ,we see the wife standing in the door1 with the babe in her arms--standing in the sunlight sobbing2 at the turn of the road a hand waves--she answers by holding high in her loving hands the child4 ,he is gone--and forever4 --,,robert ,j4 ,,ingersoll1 to the ,soldiers of ,indianapolis4 #h4 ,where would you pause in the following selections8 ,try pausing in different places and note the effect it gives4 ,the moving finger writes2 and having writ moves on3 nor all your piety nor wit shall lure it back to cancel half a line1 nor all your tears wash out a word of it4 ,the history of womankind is a story of abuse4 ,for ages men beat1 sold1 and abused their wives and daughters like cattle4 ,the ,spartan mother that gave birth to one of her own sex disgraced herself2 the girl babies were often deserted in the mountains to starve2 ,china bound and deformed their feet2 ,turkey veiled their faces2 ,america denied them equal educational advantages with men4 ,most of the world still refuses them the right to participate in the government and everywhere women bear the brunt of an unequal standard of morality4 ,but the women are on the march4 ,they are walking upward to the sunlit plains where the thinking people rule4 ,china has ceased binding their feet4 ,in the shadow of the ,harem ,turkey has opened a school for girls4 ,america has given the women equal educational advantages1 and ,america1 we believe1 will enfranchise them4 ,we can do little to help and not much to hinder this great movement4 ,the thinking people have put their ,o4,k4 upon it4 ,it is moving forward to its goal just as surely as this old earth is swinging from the grip of winter toward the spring's blossoms and the summer's harvest4#a #i4 ,read aloud the following address1 paying careful attention to pause wherever the emphasis may thereby be heightened4 ,,the ,,irrepressible ,,conflict 444 ,at last1 the ,republican party has appeared4 ,it avows1 now1 as the ,republican party of #ahjj did1 in one word1 its faith and its works1 ,equal and exact justice to all men4 ,even when it first entered the field1 only half organized1 it struck a blow which only just failed to secure complete and triumphant victory4 ,in this1 its second campaign1 it has already won advantages which render that triumph now both easy and certain4 ,the secret of its assured success lies in that very characteristic which1 in the mouth of scoffers1 constitutes its great and lasting imbecility and reproach4 ,it lies in the fact that it is a party of one idea2 but that is a noble one--an idea that fills and expands all generous souls2 the idea of equality of all men before human tribunals and human laws1 as they all are equal before the ,divine tribunal and ,divine laws4 ,i know1 and you know1 that a revolution has begun4 ,i know1 and all the world knows1 that revolutions never go backward4 ,twenty senators and a hundred representatives proclaim boldly in ,congress to-day sentiments and opinions and principles of freedom which hardly so many men1 even in this free ,state1 dared to utter in their own homes twenty years ago4 ,while the government of the ,united ,states1 under the conduct of the ,democratic party1 has been all that time surrendering one plain and castle after another to slavery1 the people of the ,united ,states have been no less steadily and perseveringly gathering together the forces with which to recover back again all the fields and all the castles which have been lost1 and to confound and overthrow1 by one decisive blow1 the betrayers of the ,constitution and freedom forever4 --,w4,h4 ,,seward4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,from an editorial by ,d4,c4 in ,leslie's ,weekly1 ,june #d1 #aiad4 ,used by permission4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,efficiency ,,through ,,inflection ,how soft the music of those village bells1 ,falling at intervals upon the ear ,in cadence sweet2 now dying all away1 ,now pealing loud again1 and louder still1 ,clear and sonorous1 as the gale comes on6 ,with easy force it opens all the cells ,where ,memory slept4 --,,william ,,cowper1 ,the ,task4 ,herbert ,spencer remarked that ,cadence--by which he meant the modulation of the tones of the voice in speaking--is the running commentary of the emotions upon the propositions of the intellect4 ,how true this is will appear when we reflect that the little upward and downward shadings of the voice tell more truly what we mean than our words4 ,the expressiveness of language is literally multiplied by this subtle power to shade the vocal tones1 and this voice-shading we call inflection4 ,the change of pitch within a word is even more important1 because more delicate1 than the change of pitch from phrase to phrase4 ,indeed1 one cannot be practised without the other4 ,the bare words are only so many bricks--inflection will make of them a pavement1 a garage1 or a cathedral4 ,it is the power of inflection to change the meaning of words that gave birth to the old saying3 ,it is not so much what you say1 as how you say it4 ,mrs4 ,jameson1 the ,shakespearean commentator1 has given us a penetrating example of the effect of inflection2 ,in her impersonation of the part of ,lady ,macbeth1 ,mrs4 ,siddons adopted successively three different intonations in giving the words ',we fail4' ,at first a quick contemptuous interrogation--',we fail8' ,afterwards1 with the note of admiration--',we fail1' an accent of indignant astonishment laying the principal emphasis on the word 'we'--'we fail4' ,lastly1 she fixed on what ,i am convinced is the true reading--,we fail--with the simple period1 modulating the voice to a deep1 low1 resolute tone which settles the issue at once as though she had said3 ',if we fail1 why then we fail1 and all is over4' ,this most expressive element of our speech is the last to be mastered in attaining to naturalness in speaking a foreign language1 and its correct use is the main element in a natural1 flexible utterance of our native tongue4 ,without varied inflections speech becomes wooden and monotonous4 ,there are but two kinds of inflection1 the rising and the falling1 yet these two may be so shaded or so combined that they are capable of producing as many varieties of modulation as maybe illustrated by either one or two lines1 straight or curved1 thus3 ,illustration of each line ,sharp rising ,long rising ,level ,long falling ,sharp falling ,sharp rising and falling ,sharp falling and rising ,hesitating ,these may be varied indefinitely1 and serve merely to illustrate what wide varieties of combination may be effected by these two simple inflections of the voice4 ,it is impossible to tabulate the various inflections which serve to express various shades of thought and feeling4 ,a few suggestions are offered here1 together with abundant exercises for practise1 but the only real way to master inflection is to observe1 experiment1 and practise4 ,for example1 take the common sentence1 ,oh1 he's all right4 ,note how a rising inflection may be made to express faint praise1 or polite doubt1 or uncertainty of opinion4 ,then note how the same words1 spoken with a generally falling inflection may denote certainty1 or good-natured approval1 or enthusiastic praise1 and so on4 ,in general1 then1 we find that a bending upward of the voice will suggest doubt and uncertainty1 while a decided falling inflection will suggest that you are certain of your ground4 ,students dislike to be told that their speeches are not so bad1 spoken with a rising inflection4 ,to enunciate these words with a long falling inflection would indorse the speech rather heartily4 ,say good-bye to an imaginary person whom you expect to see again tomorrow2 then to a dear friend you never expect to meet again4 ,note the difference in inflection4 ,i have had a delightful time1 when spoken at the termination of a formal tea by a frivolous woman takes altogether different inflection than the same words spoken between lovers who have enjoyed themselves4 ,mimic the two characters in repeating this and observe the difference4 ,note how light and short the inflections are in the following brief quotation from ,anthony the ,absolute1 by ,samuel ,mervin4 ,at ,sea--,march #bhth4 ,this evening ,i told ,sir ,robert ,what's ,his ,name he was a fool4 ,i was quite right in this4 ,he is4 ,every evening since the ship left ,vancouver he has presided over the round table in the middle of the smoking-room4 ,there he sips his coffee and liqueur1 and holds forth on every subject known to the mind of man4 ,each subject is his subject4 ,he is an elderly person1 with a bad face and a drooping left eyelid4 ,they tell me that he is in the ,british ,service--a judge somewhere down in ,malaysia1 where they drink more than is good for them4 ,deliver the two following selections with great earnestness1 and note how the inflections differ from the foregoing4 ,then reread these selections in a light1 superficial manner1 noting that the change of attitude is expressed through a change of inflection4 ,when ,i read a sublime fact in ,plutarch1 or an unselfish deed in a line of poetry1 or thrill beneath some heroic legend1 it is no longer fairyland--,i have seen it matched4 --,,wendell ,,phillips4 ,thought is deeper than all speech1 ,feeling deeper than all thought2 ,souls to souls can never teach ,what unto themselves was taught4 --,,cranch ,it must be made perfectly clear that inflection deals mostly in subtle1 delicate shading within single words1 and is not by any means accomplished by a general rise or fall in the voice in speaking a sentence4 ,yet certain sentences may be effectively delivered with just such inflection4 ,try this sentence in several ways1 making no modulation until you come to the last two syllables1 as indicated1 ,and yet ,i told him dis- 7high7 tinctly4 7low7 tinctly4 ,and yet ,i told him dis- 7high7 7low7 ,now try this sentence by inflecting the important words so as to bring out various shades of meaning4 ,the first forms1 illustrated above1 show change of pitch within a single word2 the forms you will work out for yourself should show a number of such inflections throughout the sentence4 ,one of the chief means of securing emphasis is to employ a long falling inflection on the emphatic words--that is1 to let the voice fall to a lower pitch on an interior vowel sound in a word4 ,try it on the words every1 eleemosynary1 and destroy4 ,use long falling inflections on the italicized words in the following selection1 noting their emphatic power4 ,are there any other words here that long falling inflections would help to make expressive8 ,,address ,,in ,,the ,,dartmouth ,,college ,,case ,this1 sir1 is my case4 ,it is the case not merely of that humble institution2 it is the case of every college in our land4 ,it is more2 it is the case of every eleemosynary institution throughout our country--of all those great charities founded by the piety of our ancestors to alleviate human misery and scatter blessings along the pathway of life4 ,sir1 you may destroy this little institution--it is weak1 it is in your hands4 ,i know it is one of the lesser lights in the literary horizon of our country4 ,you may put it out4 ,but if you do you must carry through your work2 you must extinguish1 one after another1 all those great lights of science which1 for more than a century1 have thrown their radiance over our land6 ,it is1 sir1 as ,i have said1 a small college1 and yet--there are those who love it6 ,sir1 ,i know not how others may feel1 but as for myself when ,i see my alma mater surrounded1 like ,caesar in the senate house1 by those who are reiterating stab after stab1 ,i would not for this right hand have her turn to me and say1 ,and thou1 too1 my son6 --,,daniel ,,webster4 ,be careful not to over-inflect4 ,too much modulation produces an unpleasant effect of artificiality1 like a mature matron trying to be kittenish4 ,it is a short step between true expression and unintentional burlesque4 ,scrutinize your own tones4 ,take a single expression like ,oh1 no6 or ,oh1 ,i see1 or ,indeed1 and by patient self-examination see how many shades of meaning may be expressed by inflection4 ,this sort of common-sense practise will do you more good than a book of rules4 ,but don't forget to listen to your own voice4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,in your own words define 7a7 cadence1 7b7 modulation1 7c7 inflection1 7d7 emphasis4 #b4 ,name five ways of destroying monotony and gaining effectiveness in speech4 #c4 ,what states of mind does falling inflection signify8 ,make as full a list as you can4 #d4 ,do the same for the rising inflection4 #e4 ,how does the voice bend in expressing 7a7 surprise8 7b7 shame8 7c7 hate8 7d7 formality8 7e7 excitement8 #f4 ,reread some sentence several times and by using different inflections change the meaning with each reading4 #g4 ,note the inflections employed in some speech or conversation4 ,were they the best that could be used to bring out the meaning8 ,criticise and illustrate4 #h4 ,render the following passages3 ,has the gentleman done8 ,has he completely done8 ,and ,god said1 ,let there be light3 and there was light4 #i4 ,invent an indirect question and show how it would naturally be inflected4 #aj4 ,does a direct question always require a rising inflection8 ,illustrate4 #aa4 ,illustrate how the complete ending of an expression or of a speech is indicated by inflection4 #ab4 ,do the same for incompleteness of idea4 #ac4 ,illustrate 7a7 trembling1 7b7 hesitation1 and 7c7 doubt by means of inflection4 #ad4 ,show how contrast may be expressed4 #ae4 ,try the effects of both rising and falling inflections on the italicized words in the following sentences4 ,state your preference4 ,gentlemen1 ,i am persuaded1 nay1 ,i am resolved to speak4 ,it is sown a natural body2 it is raised a spiritual body4 ,,selections ,,for ,,practise ,in the following selections secure emphasis by means of long falling inflections rather than loudness4 ,repeat these selections1 attempting to put into practise all the technical principles that we have thus far had2 emphasizing important words1 subordinating unimportant words1 variety of pitch1 changing tempo1 pause1 and inflection4 ,if these principles are applied you will have no trouble with monotony4 ,constant practise will give great facility in the use of inflection and will render the voice itself flexible4 ,,charles ,i ,we charge him with having broken his coronation oath2 and we are told that he kept his marriage vow6 ,we accuse him of having given up his people to the merciless inflictions of the most hot-headed and hard-hearted of prelates2 and the defence is1 that he took his little son on his knee and kissed him6 ,we censure him for having violated the articles of the ,petition of ,right1 after having1 for good and valuable consideration1 promised to observe them2 and we are informed that he was accustomed to hear prayers at six o'clock in the morning6 ,it is to such considerations as these1 together with his ,vandyke dress1 his handsome face1 and his peaked beard1 that he owes1 we verily believe1 most of his popularity with the present generation4 --,t4,b4 ,,macaulay4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,we needed not that he should put on paper that he believed in slavery1 who1 with treason1 with murder1 with cruelty infernal1 hovered around that majestic man to destroy his life4 ,he was himself but the long sting with which slavery struck at liberty2 and he carried the poison that belonged to slavery4 ,as long as this nation lasts1 it will never be forgotten that we have one martyred ,president--never6 ,never1 while time lasts1 while heaven lasts1 while hell rocks and groans1 will it be forgotten that slavery1 by its minions1 slew him1 and in slaying him made manifest its whole nature and tendency4 ,but another thing for us to remember is that this blow was aimed at the life of the government and of the nation4 ,lincoln was slain2 ,america was meant4 ,the man was cast down2 the government was smitten at4 ,it was the ,president who was killed4 ,it was national life1 breathing freedom and meaning beneficence1 that was sought4 ,he1 the man of ,illinois1 the private man1 divested of robes and the insignia of authority1 representing nothing but his personal self1 might have been hated2 but that would not have called forth the murderer's blow4 ,it was because he stood in the place of government1 representing government and a government that represented right and liberty1 that he was singled out4 ,this1 then1 is a crime against universal government4 ,it is not a blow at the foundations of our government1 more than at the foundations of the ,english government1 of the ,french government1 of every compact and well-organized government4 ,it was a crime against mankind4 ,the whole world will repudiate and stigmatize it as a deed without a shade of redeeming light4444 ,the blow1 however1 has signally failed4 ,the cause is not stricken2 it is strengthened4 ,this nation has dissolved1--but in tears only4 ,it stands1 four-square1 more solid1 to-day1 than any pyramid in ,egypt4 ,this people are neither wasted1 nor daunted1 nor disordered4 ,men hate slavery and love liberty with stronger hate and love to-day than ever before4 ,the ,government is not weakened1 it is made stronger4444 ,and now the martyr is moving in triumphal march1 mightier than when alive4 ,the nation rises up at every stage of his coming4 ,cities and states are his pall-bearers1 and the cannon beats the hours with solemn progression4 ,dead--dead--dead--he yet speaketh6 ,is ,washington dead8 ,is ,hampden dead8 ,is ,david dead8 ,is any man dead that ever was fit to live8 ,disenthralled of flesh1 and risen to the unobstructed sphere where passion never comes1 he begins his illimitable work4 ,his life now is grafted upon the ,infinite1 and will be fruitful as no earthly life can be4 ,pass on1 thou that hast overcome6 ,your sorrows ,o people1 are his peace6 ,your bells1 and bands1 and muffled drums sound triumph in his ear4 ,wail and weep here2 ,god makes it echo joy and triumph there4 ,pass on1 victor6 ,four years ago1 ,o ,illinois1 we took from your midst an untried man1 and from among the people2 we return him to you a mighty conqueror4 ,not thine any more1 but the nation's2 not ours1 but the world's4 ,give him place1 ye prairies6 ,in the midst of this great ,continent his dust shall rest1 a sacred treasure to myriads who shall make pilgrimage to that shrine to kindle anew their zeal and patriotism4 ,ye winds1 that move over the mighty places of the ,west1 chant his requiem6 ,ye people1 behold a martyr1 whose blood1 as so many inarticulate words1 pleads for fidelity1 for law1 for liberty6 --,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,liberty ,the event which we commemorate is all-important1 not merely in our own annals1 but in those of the world4 ,the sententious ,english poet has declared that the proper study of mankind is man1 and of all inquiries of a temporal nature1 the history of our fellow-beings is unquestionably among the most interesting4 ,but not all the chapters of human history are alike important4 ,the annals of our race have been filled up with incidents which concern not1 or at least ought not to concern1 the great company of mankind4 ,history1 as it has often been written1 is the genealogy of princes1 the field-book of conquerors2 and the fortunes of our fellow-men have been treated only so far as they have been affected by the influence of the great masters and destroyers of our race4 ,such history is1 ,i will not say a worthless study1 for it is necessary for us to know the dark side as well as the bright side of our condition4 ,but it is a melancholy study which fills the bosom of the philanthropist and the friend of liberty with sorrow4 ,but the history of liberty--the history of men struggling to be free--the history of men who have acquired and are exercising their freedom--the history of those great movements in the world1 by which liberty has been established and perpetuated1 forms a subject which we cannot contemplate too closely4 ,this is the real history of man1 of the human family1 of rational immortal beings4444 ,the trial of adversity was theirs2 the trial of prosperity is ours4 ,let us meet it as men who know their duty and prize their blessings4 ,our position is the most enviable1 the most responsible1 which men can fill4 ,if this generation does its duty1 the cause of constitutional freedom is safe4 ,if we fail--if we fail--not only do we defraud our children of the inheritance which we received from our fathers1 but we blast the hopes of the friends of liberty throughout our continent1 throughout ,europe1 throughout the world1 to the end of time4 ,history is not without her examples of hard-fought fields1 where the banner of liberty has floated triumphantly on the wildest storm of battle4 ,she is without her examples of a people by whom the dear-bought treasure has been wisely employed and safely handed down4 ,the eyes of the world are turned for that example to us4444 ,let us1 then1 as we assemble on the birthday of the nation1 as we gather upon the green turf1 once wet with precious blood--let us devote ourselves to the sacred cause of constitutional liberty6 ,let us abjure the interests and passions which divide the great family of ,american freemen6 ,let the rage of party spirit sleep to-day6 ,let us resolve that our children shall have cause to bless the memory of their fathers1 as we have cause to bless the memory of ours6 --,,edward ,,everett4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,concentration ,,in ,,delivery ,attention is the microscope of the mental eye4 ,its power may be high or low2 its field of view narrow or broad4 ,when high power is used attention is confined within very circumscribed limits1 but its action is exceedingly intense and absorbing4 ,it sees but few things1 but these few are observed through and through 444 ,mental energy and activity1 whether of perception or of thought1 thus concentrated1 act like the sun's rays concentrated by the burning glass4 ,the object is illumined1 heated1 set on fire4 ,impressions are so deep that they can never be effaced4 ,attention of this sort is the prime condition of the most productive mental labor4 --,,daniel ,,putnam1 ,psychology4 ,try to rub the top of your head forward and backward at the same time that you are patting your chest4 ,unless your powers of cooerdination are well developed you will find it confusing1 if not impossible4 ,the brain needs special training before it can do two or more things efficiently at the same instant4 ,it may seem like splitting a hair between its north and northwest corner1 but some psychologists argue that no brain can think two distinct thoughts1 absolutely simultaneously--that what seems to be simultaneous is really very rapid rotation from the first thought to the second and back again1 just as in the above-cited experiment the attention must shift from one hand to the other until one or the other movement becomes partly or wholly automatic4 ,whatever is the psychological truth of this contention it is undeniable that the mind measurably loses grip on one idea the moment the attention is projected decidedly ahead to a second or a third idea4 ,a fault in public speakers that is as pernicious as it is common is that they try to think of the succeeding sentence while still uttering the former1 and in this way their concentration trails off2 in consequence1 they start their sentences strongly and end them weakly4 ,in a well-prepared written speech the emphatic word usually comes at one end of the sentence4 ,but an emphatic word needs emphatic expression1 and this is precisely what it does not get when concentration flags by leaping too soon to that which is next to be uttered4 ,concentrate all your mental energies on the present sentence4 ,remember that the mind of your audience follows yours very closely1 and if you withdraw your attention from what you are saying to what you are going to say1 your audience will also withdraw theirs4 ,they may not do so consciously and deliberately1 but they will surely cease to give importance to the things that you yourself slight4 ,it is fatal to either the actor or the speaker to cross his bridges too soon4 ,of course1 all this is not to say that in the natural pauses of your speech you are not to take swift forward surveys--they are as important as the forward look in driving a motor car2 the caution is of quite another sort3 while speaking one sentence do not think of the sentence to follow4 ,let it come from its proper source--within yourself4 ,you cannot deliver a broadside without concentrated force--that is what produces the explosion4 ,in preparation you store and concentrate thought and feeling2 in the pauses during delivery you swiftly look ahead and gather yourself for effective attack2 during the moments of actual speech1 ,,speak--,,don',t ,,anticipate4 ,divide your attention and you divide your power4 ,this matter of the effect of the inner man upon the outer needs a further word here1 particularly as touching concentration4 ,what do you read1 my lord8 ,hamlet replied1 ,words4 ,words4 ,words4 ,that is a world-old trouble4 ,the mechanical calling of words is not expression1 by a long stretch4 ,did you ever notice how hollow a memorized speech usually sounds8 ,you have listened to the ranting1 mechanical cadence of inefficient actors1 lawyers and preachers4 ,their trouble is a mental one--they are not concentratedly thinking thoughts that cause words to issue with sincerity and conviction1 but are merely enunciating word-sounds mechanically4 ,painful experience alike to audience and to speaker6 ,a parrot is equally eloquent4 ,again let ,shakespeare instruct us1 this tune in the insincere prayer of the ,king1 ,hamlet's uncle4 ,he laments thus pointedly3 ,my words fly up1 my thoughts remain below3 ,words without thoughts never to heaven go4 ,the truth is1 that as a speaker your words must be born again every time they are spoken1 then they will not suffer in their utterance1 even though perforce committed to memory and repeated1 like ,dr4 ,russell ,conwell's lecture1 ,acres of ,diamonds1 five thousand times4 ,such speeches lose nothing by repetition for the perfectly patent reason that they arise from concentrated thought and feeling and not a mere necessity for saying something--which usually means anything1 and that1 in turn1 is tantamount to nothing4 ,if the thought beneath your words is warm1 fresh1 spontaneous1 a part of your self1 your utterance will have breath and life4 ,words are only a result4 ,do not try to get the result without stimulating the cause4 ,do you ask how to concentrate8 ,think of the word itself1 and of its philological brother1 concentric4 ,think of how a lens gathers and concenters the rays of light within a given circle4 ,it centers them by a process of withdrawal4 ,it may seem like a harsh saying1 but the man who cannot concentrate is either weak of will1 a nervous wreck1 or has never learned what will-power is good for4 ,you must concentrate by resolutely withdrawing your attention from everything else4 ,if you concentrate your thought on a pain which may be afflicting you1 that pain will grow more intense4 ,count your blessings and they will multiply4 ,center your thought on your strokes and your tennis play will gradually improve4 ,to concentrate is simply to attend to one thing1 and attend to nothing else4 ,if you find that you cannot do that1 there is something wrong--attend to that first4 ,remove the cause and the symptom will disappear4 ,read the chapter on ,will ,power4 ,cultivate your will by willing and then doing1 at all costs4 ,concentrate--and you will win4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,select from any source several sentences suitable for speaking aloud2 deliver them first in the manner condemned in this chapter1 and second with due regard for emphasis toward the close of each sentence4 #b4 ,put into about one hundred words your impression of the effect produced4 #c4 ,tell of any peculiar methods you may have observed or heard of by which speakers have sought to aid their powers of concentration1 such as looking fixedly at a blank spot in the ceiling1 or twisting a watch charm4 #d4 ,what effect do such habits have on the audience8 #e4 ,what relation does pause bear to concentration8 #f4 ,tell why concentration naturally helps a speaker to change pitch1 tempo1 and emphasis4 #g4 ,read the following selection through to get its meaning and spirit clearly in your mind4 ,then read it aloud1 concentrating solely on the thought that you are expressing--do not trouble about the sentence or thought that is coming4 ,half the troubles of mankind arise from anticipating trials that never occur4 ,avoid this in speaking4 ,make the end of your sentences just as strong as the beginning4 ,,concentrate4 ,,war6 ,the last of the savage instincts is war4 ,the cave man's club made law and procured food4 ,might decreed right4 ,warriors were saviours4 ,in ,nazareth a carpenter laid down the saw and preached the brotherhood of man4 ,twelve centuries afterwards his followers marched to the ,holy ,land to destroy all who differed with them in the worship of the ,god of ,love4 ,triumphantly they wrote ,in ,solomon's ,porch and in his temple our men rode in the blood of the ,saracens up to the knees of their horses4 ,history is an appalling tale of war4 ,in the seventeenth century ,germany1 ,france1 ,sweden1 and ,spain warred for thirty years4 ,at ,magdeburg #cj1jjj out of #cf1jjj were killed regardless of sex or age4 ,in ,germany schools were closed for a third of a century1 homes burned1 women outraged1 towns demolished1 and the untilled land became a wilderness4 ,two-thirds of ,germany's property was destroyed and #ah1jjj1jjj of her citizens were killed1 because men quarrelled about the way to glorify ,the ,prince of ,peace4 ,marching through rain and snow1 sleeping on the ground1 eating stale food or starving1 contracting diseases and facing guns that fire six hundred times a minute1 for fifty cents a day--this is the soldier's life4 ,at the window sits the widowed mother crying4 ,little children with tearful faces pressed against the pane watch and wait4 ,their means of livelihood1 their home1 their happiness is gone4 ,fatherless children1 broken-hearted women1 sick1 disabled and dead men--this is the wage of war4 ,we spend more money preparing men to kill each other than we do in teaching them to live4 ,we spend more money building one battleship than in the annual maintenance of all our state universities4 ,the financial loss resulting from destroying one another's homes in the civil war would have built #ae1jjj1jjj houses1 each costing #b1jjj4 ,we pray for love but prepare for hate4 ,we preach peace but equip for war4 ,were half the power that fills the world with terror1 ,were half the wealth bestowed on camp and court ,given to redeem this world from error1 ,there would be no need of arsenal and fort4 ,war only defers a question4 ,no issue will ever really be settled until it is settled rightly4 ,like rival gun gangs in a back alley1 the nations of the world1 through the bloody ages1 have fought over their differences4 ,denver cannot fight ,chicago and ,iowa cannot fight ,ohio4 ,why should ,germany be permitted to fight ,france1 or ,bulgaria fight ,turkey8 ,when mankind rises above creeds1 colors and countries1 when we are citizens1 not of a nation1 but of the world1 the armies and navies of the earth will constitute an international police force to preserve the peace and the dove will take the eagle's place4 ,our differences will be settled by an international court with the power to enforce its mandates4 ,in times of peace prepare for peace4 ,the wages of war are the wages of sin1 and the wages of sin is death4 --,editorial by ,d4,c41 ,leslie's ,weekly2 used by permission4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,force ,however1 'tis expedient to be wary3 ,indifference1 certes1 don't produce distress2 ,and rash enthusiasm in good society ,were nothing but a moral inebriety4 --,,byron1 ,don ,juan4 ,you have attended plays that seemed fair1 yet they did not move you1 grip you4 ,in theatrical parlance1 they failed to get over1 which means that their message did not get over the foot-lights to the audience4 ,there was no punch1 no jab to them--they had no force4 ,of course1 all this spells disaster1 in big letters1 not only in a stage production but in any platform effort4 ,every such presentation exists solely for the audience1 and if it fails to hit them--and the expression is a good one--it has no excuse for living2 nor will it live long4 ,what is ,force8 ,some of our most obvious words open up secret meanings under scrutiny1 and this is one of them4 ,to begin with1 we must recognize the distinction between inner and outer force4 ,the one is cause1 the other effect4 ,the one is spiritual1 the other physical4 ,in this important particular1 animate force differs from inanimate force--the power of man1 coming from within and expressing itself outwardly1 is of another sort from the force of ,shimose powder1 which awaits some influence from without to explode it4 ,however susceptive to outside stimuli1 the true source of power in man lies within himself4 ,this may seem like mere psychology1 but it has an intensely practical bearing on public speaking1 as will appear4 ,not only must we discern the difference between human force and mere physical force1 but we must not confuse its real essence with some of the things that may--and may not--accompany it4 ,for example1 loudness is not force1 though force at times may be attended by noise4 ,mere roaring never made a good speech1 yet there are moments--moments1 mind you1 not minutes--when big voice power may be used with tremendous effect4 ,nor is violent motion force--yet force may result in violent motion4 ,hamlet counseled the players3 ,nor do not saw the air too much with your hand1 thus2 but use all gently2 for in the very torrent1 tempest1 and 7as ,i may say7 whirlwind of your passion1 you must acquire and beget a temperance1 that may give it smoothness4 ,oh1 it offends me to the soul1 to hear a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a passion to tatters1 to very rags1 to split the ears of the groundlings#b2 who1 for the most part1 are capable of nothing but inexplicable dumb show1 and noise4 ,i would have such a fellow whipped for o'er-doing ,termagant2 it out-herods ,herod4 ,pray you avoid it4 ,be not too tame1 neither1 but let your discretion be your tutor3 suit the action to the word1 the word to the action2 with this special observance1 that you o'erstep not the modesty of nature2 for anything so overdone is from the purpose of playing1 whose end1 both at the first1 and now1 was1 and is1 to hold1 as 'twere1 the mirror up to ,nature1 to show ,virtue her own feature1 ,scorn her own image1 and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure4 ,now1 this overdone1 or come tardy off1 though it make the unskillful laugh1 cannot but make the judicious grieve2 the censure of the which one must1 in your allowance1 o'erweigh a whole theater of others4 ,oh1 there be players that ,i have seen play--and heard others praise1 and that highly--not to speak it profanely1 that1 neither having the accent of ,christians1 nor the gait of ,christian1 pagan1 or man1 have so strutted and bellowed that ,i have thought some of ,nature's journeymen had made men1 and not made them well1 they imitated humanity so abominably4#c ,force is both a cause and an effect4 ,inner force1 which must precede outer force1 is a combination of four elements1 acting progressively4 ,first of all1 force arises from conviction4 ,you must be convinced of the truth1 or the importance1 or the meaning1 of what you are about to say before you can give it forceful delivery4 ,it must lay strong hold upon your convictions before it can grip your audience4 ,conviction convinces4 ,the ,saturday ,evening ,post in an article on ,england's ,t4,r4--,winston ,spencer ,churchill--attributed much of ,churchill's and ,roosevelt's public platform success to their forceful delivery4 ,no matter what is in hand1 these men make themselves believe for the time being that that one thing is the most important on earth4 ,hence they speak to their audiences in a ,do-this-or-you-,,perish manner4 ,that kind of speaking wins1 and it is that virile1 strenuous1 aggressive attitude which both distinguishes and maintains the platform careers of our greatest leaders4 ,but let us look a little closer at the origins of inner force4 ,how does conviction affect the man who feels it8 ,we have answered the inquiry in the very question itself--he feels it3 ,conviction produces emotional tension4 ,study the pictures of ,theodore ,roosevelt and of ,billy ,sunday in action--action is the word4 ,note the tension of their jaw muscles1 the taut lines of sinews in their entire bodies when reaching a climax of force4 ,moral and physical force are alike in being both preceded and accompanied by in-tens-ity--tension--tightness of the cords of power4 ,it is this tautness of the bow-string1 this knotting of the muscles1 this contraction before the spring1 that makes an audience feel--almost see--the reserve power in a speaker4 ,in some really wonderful way it is more what a speaker does not say and do that reveals the dynamo within4 ,anything may come from such stored-up force once it is let loose2 and that keeps an audience alert1 hanging on the lips of a speaker for his next word4 ,after all1 it is all a question of manhood1 for a stuffed doll has neither convictions nor emotional tension4 ,if you are upholstered with sawdust1 keep off the platform1 for your own speech will puncture you4 ,growing out of this conviction-tension comes resolve to make the audience share that conviction-tension4 ,purpose is the backbone of force2 without it speech is flabby--it may glitter1 but it is the iridescence of the spineless jellyfish4 ,you must hold fast to your resolve if you would hold fast to your audience4 ,finally1 all this conviction-tension-purpose is lifeless and useless unless it results in propulsion4 ,you remember how ,young in his wonderful ,night ,thoughts delineates the man who ,pushes his prudent purpose to resolve1 ,resolves1 and re-resolves1 and dies the same4 ,let not your force die a-borning1--bring it to full life in its conviction1 emotional tension1 resolve1 and propulsive power4 ,can ,force be ,acquired8 ,yes1 if the acquirer has any such capacities as we have just outlined4 ,how to acquire this vital factor is suggested in its very analysis3 ,live with your subject until you are convinced of its importance4 ,if your message does not of itself arouse you to tension1 ,,pull yourself together4 ,when a man faces the necessity of leaping across a crevasse he does not wait for inspiration1 he wills his muscles into tensity for the spring--it is not without purpose that our ,english language uses the same word to depict a mighty though delicate steel contrivance and a quick leap through the air4 ,then resolve--and let it all end in actual punch4 ,this truth is worth reiteration3 ,the man within is the final factor4 ,he must supply the fuel4 ,the audience1 or even the man himself1 may add the match--it matters little which1 only so that there be fire4 ,however skillfully your engine is constructed1 however well it works1 you will have no force if the fire has gone out under the boiler4 ,it matters little how well you have mastered poise1 pause1 modulation1 and tempo1 if your speech lacks fire it is dead4 ,neither a dead engine nor a dead speech will move anybody4 ,four factors of force are measurably within your control1 and in that far may be acquired3 ideas1 feeling about the subject1 wording1 and delivery4 ,each of these is more or less fully discussed in this volume1 except wording1 which really requires a fuller rhetorical study than can here be ventured4 ,it is1 however1 of the utmost importance that you should be aware of precisely how wording bears upon force in a sentence4 ,study ,the ,working ,principles of ,rhetoric1 by ,john ,franklin ,genung1 or the rhetorical treatises of ,adams ,sherman ,hill1 of ,charles ,sears ,baldwin1 or any others whose names may easily be learned from any teacher4 ,here are a few suggestions on the use of words to attain force3 ,choice of ,words ,,plain words are more forceful than words less commonly used--juggle has more vigor than prestidigitate4 ,,short words are stronger than long words--end has more directness than terminate4 ,,saxon words are usually more forceful than ,latinistic words--for force1 use wars against rather than militate against4 ,,specific words are stronger than general words--pressman is more definite than printer4 ,,connotative words1 those that suggest more than they say1 have more power than ordinary words--,she let herself be married expresses more than ,she married4 ,,epithets1 figuratively descriptive words1 are more effective than direct names--,go tell that old fox1 has more punch than ,go tell that sly fellow4 ,,onomatopoetic words1 words that convey the sense by the sound1 are more powerful than other words--crash is more effective than cataclysm4 ,arrangement of words ,cut out modifiers4 ,cut out connectives4 ,begin with words that demand attention4 ,end with words that deserve distinction1 says ,prof4 ,barrett ,wendell4 ,set strong ideas over against weaker ones1 so as to gain strength by the contrast4 ,avoid elaborate sentence structure--short sentences are stronger than long ones4 ,cut out every useless word1 so as to give prominence to the really important ones4 ,let each sentence be a condensed battering ram1 swinging to its final blow on the attention4 ,a familiar1 homely idiom1 if not worn by much use1 is more effective than a highly formal1 scholarly expression4 ,consider well the relative value of different positions in the sentence so that you may give the prominent place to ideas you wish to emphasize4 ,but1 says someone1 is it not more honest to depend the inherent interest in a subject1 its native truth1 clearness and sincerity of presentation1 and beauty of utterance1 to win your audience8 ,why not charm men instead of capturing them by assault8 ,why ,use ,force8 ,there is much truth in such an appeal1 but not all the truth4 ,clearness1 persuasion1 beauty1 simple statement of truth1 are all essential--indeed1 they are all definite parts of a forceful presentment of a subject1 without being the only parts4 ,strong meat may not be as attractive as ices1 but all depends on the appetite and the stage of the meal4 ,you can not deliver an aggressive message with caressing little strokes4 ,no6 ,jab it in with hard1 swift solar plexus punches4 ,you cannot strike fire from flint or from an audience with love taps4 ,say to a crowded theatre in a lackadaisical manner3 ,it seems to me that the house is on fire1 and your announcement may be greeted with a laugh4 ,if you flash out the words3 ,the house's on fire6 they will crush one another in getting to the exits4 ,the spirit and the language of force are definite with conviction4 ,no immortal speech in literature contains such expressions as it seems to me1 ,i should judge1 in my opinion1 ,i suppose1 perhaps it is true4 ,the speeches that will live have been delivered by men ablaze with the courage of their convictions1 who uttered their words as eternal truth4 ,of ,jesus it was said that the common people heard ,him gladly4 ,why8 ,he taught them as one having ,,authority4 ,an audience will never be moved by what seems to you to be truth or what in your humble opinion may be so4 ,if you honestly can1 assert convictions as your conclusions4 ,be sure you are right before you speak your speech1 then utter your thoughts as though they were a ,gibraltar of unimpeachable truth4 ,deliver them with the iron hand and confidence of a ,cromwell4 ,assert them with the fire of authority4 ,pronounce them as an ultimatum4 ,if you cannot speak with conviction1 be silent4 ,what force did that young minister have who1 fearing to be too dogmatic1 thus exhorted his hearers3 ,my friends--as ,i assume that you are--it appears to be my duty to tell you that if you do not repent1 so to speak1 forsake your sins1 as it were1 and turn to righteousness1 if ,i may so express it1 you will be lost1 in a measure8 ,effective speech must reflect the era4 ,this is not a rose water age1 and a tepid1 half-hearted speech will not win4 ,this is the century of trip hammers1 of overland expresses that dash under cities and through mountain tunnels1 and you must instill this spirit into your speech if you would move a popular audience4 ,from a front seat listen to a first-class company present a modern ,broadway drama--not a comedy1 but a gripping1 thrilling drama4 ,do not become absorbed in the story2 reserve all your attention for the technique and the force of the acting4 ,there is a kick and a crash as well as an infinitely subtle intensity in the big1 climax-speeches that suggest this lesson3 the same well-calculated1 restrained1 delicately shaded force would simply rivet your ideas in the minds of your audience4 ,an air-gun will rattle bird-shot against a window pane--it takes a rifle to wing a bullet through plate glass and the oaken walls beyond4 ,when to ,use ,force ,an audience is unlike the kingdom of heaven--the violent do not always take it by force4 ,there are times when beauty and serenity should be the only bells in your chime4 ,force is only one of the great extremes of contrast--use neither it nor quiet utterance to the exclusion of other tones3 be various1 and in variety find even greater force than you could attain by attempting its constant use4 ,if you are reading an essay on the beauties of the dawn1 talking about the dainty bloom of a honey-suckle1 or explaining the mechanism of a gas engine1 a vigorous style of delivery is entirely out of place4 ,but when you are appealing to wills and consciences for immediate action1 forceful delivery wins4 ,in such cases1 consider the minds of your audience as so many safes that have been locked and the keys lost4 ,do not try to figure out the combinations4 ,pour a little nitro glycerine into the cracks and light the fuse4 ,as these lines are being written a contractor down the street is clearing away the rocks with dynamite to lay the foundations for a great building4 ,when you want to get action1 do not fear to use dynamite4 ,the final argument for the effectiveness of force in public speech is the fact that everything must be enlarged for the purposes of the platform--that is why so few speeches read well in the reports on the morning after3 statements appear crude and exaggerated because they are unaccompanied by the forceful delivery of a glowing speaker before an audience heated to attentive enthusiasm4 ,so in preparing your speech you must not err on the side of mild statement--your audience will inevitably tone down your words in the cold grey of afterthought4 ,when ,phidias was criticised for the rough1 bold outlines of a figure he had submitted in competition1 he smiled and asked that his statue and the one wrought by his rival should be set upon the column for which the sculpture was destined4 ,when this was done all the exaggerations and crudities1 toned by distances1 melted into exquisite grace of line and form4 ,each speech must be a special study in suitability and proportion4 ,omit the thunder of delivery1 if you will1 but like ,wendell ,phillips put silent lightning into your speech4 ,make your thoughts breathe and your words burn4 ,birrell said3 ,emerson writes like an electrical cat emitting sparks and shocks in every sentence4 ,go thou and speak likewise4 ,get the big stick into your delivery--be forceful4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,illustrate1 by repeating a sentence from memory1 what is meant by employing force in speaking4 #b4 ,which in your opinion is the most important of the technical principles of speaking that you have studied so far8 ,why8 #c4 ,what is the effect of too much force in a speech8 ,too little8 #d4 ,note some uninteresting conversation or ineffective speech1 and tell why it failed4 #e4 ,suggest how it might be improved4 #f4 ,why do speeches have to be spoken with more force than do conversations8 #g4 ,read aloud the selection on page #hd1 using the technical principles outlined in chapters ,,iii to ,,viii1 but neglect to put any force behind the interpretation4 ,what is the result8 #h4 ,reread several times1 doing your best to achieve force4 #i4 ,which parts of the selection on page #hd require the most force8 #aj4 ,write a five-minute speech not only discussing the errors of those who exaggerate and those who minimize the use of force1 but by imitation show their weaknesses4 ,do not burlesque1 but closely imitate4 #aa4 ,give a list of ten themes for public addresses1 saying which seem most likely to require the frequent use of force in delivery4 #ab4 ,in your own opinion1 do speakers usually err from the use of too much or too little force8 #ac4 ,define 7a7 bombast2 7b7 bathos2 7c7 sentimentality2 7d7 squeamish4 #ad4 ,say how the foregoing words describe weaknesses in public speech4 #ae4 ,recast in twentieth-century ,english ,hamlet's ,directions to the ,players1 page #hh4 #af4 ,memorize the following extracts from ,wendell ,phillips' speeches1 and deliver them with the of ,wendell ,phillips' silent lightning delivery4 ,we are for a revolution6 ,we say in behalf of these hunted lyings1 whom ,god created1 and who law-abiding ,webster and ,winthrop have sworn shall not find shelter in ,massachusetts1--we say that they may make their little motions1 and pass their little laws in ,washington1 but that ,faneuil ,hall repeals them in the name of humanity and the old ,bay ,state6 99 99 99 99 99 ,my advice to workingmen is this3 ,if you want power in this country2 if you want to make yourselves felt2 if you do not want your children to wait long years before they have the bread on the table they ought to have1 the leisure in their lives they ought to have1 the opportunities in life they ought to have2 if you don't want to wait yourselves1--write on your banner1 so that every political trimmer can read it1 so that every politician1 no matter how short-sighted he may be1 can read it1 ,,we ,,never ,,forget6 ,if you launch the arrow of sarcasm at labor1 ,,we ,,never ,,forget6 ,if there is a division in ,congress1 and you throw your vote in the wrong scale1 ,,we ,,never ,,forget6 ,you may go down on your knees1 and say1 ',i am sorry ,i did the act'--but we will say ',,it ,,will ,,avail ,,you ,,in ,,heaven ,,to ,,be ,,sorry1 ,,but ,,on ,,this ,,side ,,of ,,the ,,grave1 ,,never6' ,so that a man in taking up the labor question will know he is dealing with a hair-trigger pistol1 and will say1 ,i am to be true to justice and to man2 otherwise ,i am a dead duck4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,russia there is no press1 no debate1 no explanation of what government does1 no remonstrance allowed1 no agitation of public issues4 ,dead silence1 like that which reigns at the summit of ,mont ,blanc1 freezes the whole empire1 long ago described as a despotism tempered by assassination4 ,meanwhile1 such despotism has unsettled the brains of the ruling family1 as unbridled power doubtless made some of the twelve ,caesars insane2 a madman1 sporting with the lives and comfort of a hundred millions of men4 ,the young girl whispers in her mother's ear1 under a ceiled roof1 her pity for a brother knouted and dragged half dead into exile for his opinions4 ,the next week she is stripped naked and flogged to death in the public square4 ,no inquiry1 no explanation1 no trial1 no protest1 one dead uniform silence1 the law of the tyrant4 ,where is there ground for any hope of peaceful change8 ,no1 no6 in such a land dynamite and the dagger are the necessary and proper substitutes for ,faneuil ,hall4 ,anything that will make the madman quake in his bedchamber1 and rouse his victims into reckless and desperate resistance4 ,this is the only view an ,american1 the child of #afbj and #aggf1 can take of ,nihilism4 ,any other unsettles and perplexes the ethics of our civilization4 ,born within sight of ,bunker ,hill--son of ,harvard1 whose first pledge was ,truth1 citizen of a republic based on the claim that no government is rightful unless resting on the consent of the people1 and which assumes to lead in asserting the rights of humanity--,i at least can say nothing else and nothing less--no not if every tile on ,cambridge roofs were a devil hooting my words6 ,for practise on forceful selections1 use ,the ,irrepressible ,conflict1 page #fg2 ,abraham ,lincoln1 page #gf1 ,pass ,prosperity ,around1 page #dgj2 ,a ,plea for ,cuba1 page #ej4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #b3 ,those who sat in the pit or the parquet4 ,footnote #c3 ,hamlet1 ,act ,,iii1 ,scene #b4 ,,chapter ,x ,,feeling ,,and ,,enthusiasm ,enthusiasm is that secret and harmonious spirit that hovers over the production of genius4 --,,isaac ,,disraeli1 ,literary ,character4 ,if you are addressing a body of scientists on such a subject as the veins in a butterfly's wings1 or on road structure1 naturally your theme will not arouse much feeling in either you or your audience4 ,these are purely mental subjects4 ,but if you want men to vote for a measure that will abolish child labor1 or if you would inspire them to take up arms for freedom1 you must strike straight at their feelings4 ,we lie on soft beds1 sit near the radiator on a cold day1 eat cherry pie1 and devote our attention to one of the opposite sex1 not because we have reasoned out that it is the right thing to do1 but because it feels right4 ,no one but a dyspeptic chooses his diet from a chart4 ,our feelings dictate what we shall eat and generally how we shall act4 ,man is a feeling animal1 hence the public speaker's ability to arouse men to action depends almost wholly on his ability to touch their emotions4 ,negro mothers on the auction-block seeing their children sold away from them into slavery have flamed out some of ,america's most stirring speeches4 ,true1 the mother did not have any knowledge of the technique of speaking1 but she had something greater than all technique1 more effective than reason3 feeling4 ,the great speeches of the world have not been delivered on tariff reductions or post-office appropriations4 ,the speeches that will live have been charged with emotional force4 ,prosperity and peace are poor developers of eloquence4 ,when great wrongs are to be righted1 when the public heart is flaming with passion1 that is the occasion for memorable speaking4 ,patrick ,henry made an immortal address1 for in an epochal crisis he pleaded for liberty4 ,he had roused himself to the point where he could honestly and passionately exclaim1 ,give me liberty or give me death4 ,his fame would have been different had he lived to-day and argued for the recall of judges4 ,the ,power of ,enthusiasm ,political parties hire bands1 and pay for applause--they argue that1 for vote-getting1 to stir up enthusiasm is more effective than reasoning4 ,how far they are right depends on the hearers1 but there can be no doubt about the contagious nature of enthusiasm4 ,a watch manufacturer in ,new ,york tried out two series of watch advertisements2 one argued the superior construction1 workmanship1 durability1 and guarantee offered with the watch2 the other was headed1 ,a ,watch to be ,proud of1 and dwelt upon the pleasure and pride of ownership4 ,the latter series sold twice as many as the former4 ,a salesman for a locomotive works informed the writer that in selling railroad engines emotional appeal was stronger than an argument based on mechanical excellence4 ,illustrations without number might be cited to show that in all our actions we are emotional beings4 ,the speaker who would speak efficiently must develop the power to arouse feeling4 ,webster1 great debater that he was1 knew that the real secret of a speaker's power was an emotional one4 ,he eloquently says of eloquence3 ,affected passion1 intense expression1 the pomp of declamation1 all may aspire after it2 they cannot reach it4 ,it comes1 if it come at all1 like the outbreak of a fountain from the earth1 or the bursting forth of volcanic fires1 with spontaneous1 original1 native force4 ,the graces taught in the schools1 the costly ornaments and studied contrivances of speech1 shock and disgust men1 when their own lives1 and the fate of their wives1 their children1 and their country hang on the decision of the hour4 ,then words have lost their power1 rhetoric is in vain1 and all elaborate oratory contemptible4 ,even genius itself then feels rebuked and subdued1 as in the presence of higher qualities4 ,then patriotism is eloquent1 then self-devotion is eloquent4 ,the clear conception outrunning the deductions of logic1 the high purpose1 the firm resolve1 the dauntless spirit1 speaking on the tongue1 beaming from the eye1 informing every feature1 and urging the whole man onward1 right onward to his subject--this1 this is eloquence2 or rather1 it is something greater and higher than all eloquence2 it is action1 noble1 sublime1 godlike action4 ,when traveling through the ,northwest some time ago1 one of the present writers strolled up a village street after dinner and noticed a crowd listening to a faker speaking on a corner from a goods-box4 ,remembering ,emerson's advice about learning something from every man we meet1 the observer stopped to listen to this speaker's appeal4 ,he was selling a hair tonic1 which he claimed to have discovered in ,arizona4 ,he removed his hat to show what this remedy had done for him1 washed his face in it to demonstrate that it was as harmless as water1 and enlarged on its merits in such an enthusiastic manner that the half-dollars poured in on him in a silver flood4 ,when he had supplied the audience with hair tonic1 he asked why a greater proportion of men than women were bald4 ,no one knew4 ,he explained that it was because women wore thinner-soled shoes1 and so made a good electrical connection with mother earth1 while men wore thick1 dry-soled shoes that did not transmit the earth's electricity to the body4 ,men's hair1 not having a proper amount of electrical food1 died and fell out4 ,of course he had a remedy--a little copper plate that should be nailed on the bottom of the shoe4 ,he pictured in enthusiastic and vivid terms the desirability of escaping baldness--and paid tributes to his copper plates4 ,strange as it may seem when the story is told in cold print1 the speaker's enthusiasm had swept his audience with him1 and they crushed around his stand with outstretched quarters in their anxiety to be the possessors of these magical plates6 ,emerson's suggestion had been well taken--the observer had seen again the wonderful1 persuasive power of enthusiasm6 ,enthusiasm sent millions crusading into the ,holy ,land to redeem it from the ,saracens4 ,enthusiasm plunged ,europe into a thirty years' war over religion4 ,enthusiasm sent three small ships plying the unknown sea to the shores of a new world4 ,when ,napoleon's army were worn out and discouraged in their ascent of the ,alps1 the ,little ,corporal stopped them and ordered the bands to play the ,marseillaise4 ,under its soul-stirring strains there were no ,alps4 ,listen6 ,emerson said3 ,nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm4 ,carlyle declared that ,every great movement in the annals of history has been the triumph of enthusiasm4 ,it is as contagious as measles4 ,eloquence is half inspiration4 ,sweep your audience with you in a pulsation of enthusiasm4 ,let yourself go4 ,a man1 said ,oliver ,cromwell1 never rises so high as when he knows not whither he is going4 ,how are ,we to ,acquire and ,develop ,enthusiasm8 ,it is not to be slipped on like a smoking jacket4 ,a book cannot furnish you with it4 ,it is a growth--an effect4 ,but an effect of what8 ,let us see4 ,emerson wrote3 ,a painter told me that nobody could draw a tree without in some sort becoming a tree2 or draw a child by studying the outlines of his form merely1--but1 by watching for a time his motion and plays1 the painter enters his nature1 and then can draw him at will in every attitude4 ,so ,roos 'entered into the inmost nature of his sheep4' ,i knew a draughtsman employed in a public survey1 who found that he could not sketch the rocks until their geological structure was first explained to him4 ,when ,sarah ,bernhardt plays a difficult role she frequently will speak to no one from four o'clock in the afternoon until after the performance4 ,from the hour of four she lives her character4 ,booth1 it is reported1 would not permit anyone to speak to him between the acts of his ,shakesperean roles1 for he was ,macbeth then--not ,booth4 ,dante1 exiled from his beloved ,florence1 condemned to death1 lived in caves1 half starved2 then ,dante wrote out his heart in ,the ,divine ,comedy4 ,bunyan entered into the spirit of his ,pilgrim's ,progress so thoroughly that he fell down on the floor of ,bedford jail and wept for joy4 ,turner1 who lived in a garret1 arose before daybreak and walked over the hills nine miles to see the sun rise on the ocean1 that he might catch the spirit of its wonderful beauty4 ,wendell ,phillips' sentences were full of silent lightning because he bore in his heart the sorrow of five million slaves4 ,there is only one way to get feeling into your speaking--and whatever else you forget1 forget not this3 ,you must actually ,,enter ,,into the character you impersonate1 the cause you advocate1 the case you argue--enter into it so deeply that it clothes you1 enthralls you1 possesses you wholly4 ,then you are1 in the true meaning of the word1 in sympathy with your subject1 for its feeling is your feeling1 you feel with it1 and therefore your enthusiasm is both genuine and contagious4 ,the ,carpenter who spoke as never man spake uttered words born out of a passion of love for humanity--he had entered into humanity1 and thus became ,man4 ,but we must not look upon the foregoing words as a facile prescription for decocting a feeling which may then be ladled out to a complacent audience in quantities to suit the need of the moment4 ,genuine feeling in a speech is bone and blood of the speech itself and not something that may be added to it or substracted at will4 ,in the ideal address theme1 speaker and audience become one1 fused by the emotion and thought of the hour4 ,the ,need of ,sympathy for ,humanity ,it is impossible to lay too much stress on the necessity for the speaker's having a broad and deep tenderness for human nature4 ,one of ,victor ,hugo's biographers attributes his power as an orator and writer to his wide sympathies and profound religious feelings4 ,recently we heard the editor of ,collier's ,weekly speak on short-story writing1 and he so often emphasized the necessity for this broad love for humanity1 this truly religious feeling1 that he apologized twice for delivering a sermon4 ,few if any of the immortal speeches were ever delivered for a selfish or a narrow cause--they were born out of a passionate desire to help humanity2 instances1 ,paul's address to the ,athenians on ,mars ,hill1 ,lincoln's ,gettysburg speech1 ,the ,sermon on the ,mount1 ,henry's address before the ,virginia ,convention of ,delegates4 ,the seal and sign of greatness is a desire to serve others4 ,self-preservation is the first law of life1 but self-abnegation is the first law of greatness--and of art4 ,selfishness is the fundamental cause of all sin1 it is the thing that all great religions1 all worthy philosophies1 have struck at4 ,out of a heart of real sympathy and love come the speeches that move humanity4 ,former ,united ,states ,senator ,albert ,j4 ,beveridge in an introduction to one of the volumes of ,modern ,eloquence1 says3 ,the profoundest feeling among the masses1 the most influential element in their character1 is the religious element4 ,it is as instinctive and elemental as the law of self-preservation4 ,it informs the whole intellect and personality of the people4 ,and he who would greatly influence the people by uttering their unformed thoughts must have this great and unanalyzable bond of sympathy with them4 ,when the men of ,ulster armed themselves to oppose the passage of the ,home ,rule ,act1 one of the present writers assigned to a hundred men ,home ,rule as the topic for an address to be prepared by each4 ,among this group were some brilliant speakers1 several of them experienced lawyers and political campaigners4 ,some of their addresses showed a remarkable knowledge and grasp of the subject2 others were clothed in the most attractive phrases4 ,but a clerk1 without a great deal of education and experience1 arose and told how he spent his boyhood days in ,ulster1 how his mother while holding him on her lap had pictured to him ,ulster's deeds of valor4 ,he spoke of a picture in his uncle's home that showed the men of ,ulster conquering a tyrant and marching on to victory4 ,his voice quivered1 and with a hand pointing upward he declared that if the men of ,ulster went to war they would not go alone--a great ,god would go with them4 ,the speech thrilled and electrified the audience4 ,it thrills yet as we recall it4 ,the high-sounding phrases1 the historical knowledge1 the philosophical treatment1 of the other speakers largely failed to arouse any deep interest1 while the genuine conviction and feeling of the modest clerk1 speaking on a subject that lay deep in his heart1 not only electrified his audience but won their personal sympathy for the cause he advocated4 ,as ,webster said1 it is of no use to try to pretend to sympathy or feelings4 ,it cannot be done successfully4 ,nature is forever putting a premium on reality4 ,what is false is soon detected as such4 ,the thoughts and feelings that create and mould the speech in the study must be born again when the speech is delivered from the platform4 ,do not let your words say one thing1 and your voice and attitude another4 ,there is no room here for half-hearted1 nonchalant methods of delivery4 ,sincerity is the very soul of eloquence4 ,carlyle was right3 ,no ,mirabeau1 ,napoleon1 ,burns1 ,cromwell1 no man adequate to do anything1 but is first of all in right earnest about it2 what ,i call a sincere man4 ,i should say sincerity1 a great1 deep1 genuine sincerity1 is the first characteristic of all men in any way heroic4 ,not the sincerity that calls itself sincere2 ah no1 that is a very poor matter indeed2 a shallow braggart1 conscious sincerity1 oftenest self-conceit mainly4 ,the great man's sincerity is of the kind he cannot speak of--is not conscious of4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises ,it is one thing to convince the would-be speaker that he ought to put feeling into his speeches2 often it is quite another thing for him to do it4 ,the average speaker is afraid to let himself go1 and continually suppresses his emotions4 ,when you put enough feeling into your speeches they will sound overdone to you1 unless you are an experienced speaker4 ,they will sound too strong1 if you are not used to enlarging for platform or stage1 for the delineation of the emotions must be enlarged for public delivery4 #a4 ,study the following speech1 going back in your imagination to the time and circumstances that brought it forth4 ,make it not a memorized historical document1 but feel the emotions that gave it birth4 ,the speech is only an effect2 live over in your own heart the causes that produced it and try to deliver it at white heat4 ,it is not possible for you to put too much real feeling into it1 though of course it would be quite easy to rant and fill it with false emotion4 ,this speech1 according to ,thomas ,jefferson1 started the ball of the ,revolution rolling4 ,men were then willing to go out and die for liberty4 ,,patrick ,,henry',s ,,speech ,,before ,,the ,,virginia ,,convention ,,of ,,delegates ,mr4 ,president1 it is natural to man to indulge in the illusions of hope4 ,we are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth1 and listen to the song of that siren1 till she transforms us to beasts4 ,is this the part of wise men1 engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty8 ,are we disposed to be of the number of those who1 having eyes1 see not1 and having ears1 hear not1 the things which so nearly concern our temporal salvation8 ,for my part1 whatever anguish of spirit it may cost1 ,i am willing to know the whole truth2 to know the worst1 and to provide for it4 ,i have but one lamp by which my feet are guided2 and that is the lamp of experience4 ,i know of no way of judging of the future but by the past4 ,and judging by the past1 ,i wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the ,british ,ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the ,house8 ,is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received8 ,trust it not1 sir2 it will prove a snare to your feet4 ,suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss6 ,ask yourselves1 how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land4 ,are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation8 ,have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled1 that force must be called in to win back our love8 ,let us not deceive ourselves1 sir4 ,these are the implements of war and subjugation1 the last arguments to which kings resort4 ,i ask gentlemen1 sir1 what means this martial array1 if its purpose be not to force us to submission8 ,can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it8 ,has ,great ,britain any enemy in this quarter of the world1 to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies8 ,no1 sir1 she has none4 ,they are meant for us2 they can be meant for no other4 ,they are sent over to bind and to rivet upon us those chains which the ,british ,ministry have been so long forging4 ,and what have we to oppose to them8 ,shall we try argument8 ,sir1 we have been trying that for the last ten years4 ,have we anything new to offer upon the subject8 ,nothing4 ,we have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable2 but it has been all in vain4 ,shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication8 ,what terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted8 ,let us not1 ,i beseech you1 sir1 deceive ourselves longer4 ,sir1 we have done everything that could be done1 to avert the storm which is now coming on4 ,we have petitioned1 we have remonstrated1 we have supplicated1 we have prostrated ourselves before the throne1 and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ,ministry and ,parliament4 ,our petitions have been slighted2 our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult2 our supplications have been disregarded1 and we have been spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne4 ,in vain1 after these things1 may we indulge in the fond hope of peace and reconciliation4 ,there is no longer any room for hope4 ,if we wish to be free1 if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending2 if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged1 and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained1 we must fight2 ,i repeat it1 sir1 we must fight6 ,an appeal to arms1 and to the ,god of ,hosts1 is all that is left us6 ,they tell us1 sir1 that we are weak--unable to cope with so formidable an adversary6 ,but when shall we be stronger8 ,will it be the next week1 or the next year8 ,will it be when we are totally disarmed1 and when a ,british guard shall be stationed in every house8 ,shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction8 ,shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance1 by lying supinely on our backs1 and hugging the delusive phantom of hope1 until our enemies have bound us hand and foot8 ,sir1 we are not weak1 if we make a proper use of those means which the ,god of ,nature hath placed in our power4 ,three millions of people1 armed in the holy cause of ,liberty1 and in such a country as that which we possess1 are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us4 ,besides1 sir1 we shall not fight our battles alone4 ,there is a just ,power who presides over the destinies of nations1 and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us4 ,the battle1 sir1 is not to the strong alone2 it is to the vigilant1 the active1 the brave4 ,besides1 sir1 we have no election4 ,if we were base enough to desire it1 it is now too late to retire from the contest4 ,there is no retreat1 but in submission and slavery4 ,our chains are forged4 ,their clanking may be heard on the plains of ,boston4 ,the war is inevitable2 and let it come6 ,i repeat it1 sir1 let it come6 ,it is in vain1 sir1 to extenuate the matter4 ,gentlemen may cry ,peace1 peace6 but there is no peace6 ,the war is actually begun6 ,the next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms6 ,our brethren are already in the field6 ,why stand we here idle8 ,what is it that gentlemen wish8 ,what would they have8 ,is life so dear1 or peace so sweet1 as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery8 ,forbid it1 ,almighty ,powers6--,i know not what course others may take2 but as for me1 give me liberty or give me death6 #b4 ,live over in your imagination all the solemnity and sorrow that ,lincoln felt at the ,gettysburg cemetery4 ,the feeling in this speech is very deep1 but it is quieter and more subdued than the preceding one4 ,the purpose of ,henry's address was to get action2 ,lincoln's speech was meant only to dedicate the last resting place of those who had acted4 ,read it over and over 7see page #ej7 until it burns in your soul4 ,then commit it and repeat it for emotional expression4 #c4 ,beecher's speech on ,lincoln1 page #gf2 ,thurston's speech on ,a ,plea for ,cuba1 page #ej2 and the following selection1 are recommended for practise in developing feeling in delivery4 ,a living force that brings to itself all the resources of imagination1 all the inspirations of feeling1 all that is influential in body1 in voice1 in eye1 in gesture1 in posture1 in the whole animated man1 is in strict analogy with the divine thought and the divine arrangement2 and there is no misconstruction more utterly untrue and fatal than this3 that oratory is an artificial thing1 which deals with baubles and trifles1 for the sake of making bubbles of pleasure for transient effect on mercurial audiences4 ,so far from that1 it is the consecration of the whole man to the noblest purposes to which one can address himself--the education and inspiration of his fellow men by all that there is in learning1 by all that there is in thought1 by all that there is in feeling1 by all that there is in all of them1 sent home through the channels of taste and of beauty4 --,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher4 #d4 ,what in your opinion are the relative values of thought and feeling in a speech8 #e4 ,could we dispense with either8 #f4 ,what kinds of selections or occasions require much feeling and enthusiasm8 ,which require little8 #g4 ,invent a list of ten subjects for speeches1 saying which would give most room for pure thought and which for feeling4 #h4 ,prepare and deliver a ten-minute speech denouncing the 7imaginary7 unfeeling plea of an attorney2 he may be either the counsel for the defense or the prosecuting attorney1 and the accused may be assumed to be either guilty or innocent1 at your option4 #i4 ,is feeling more important than the technical principles expounded in chapters ,,iii to ,,vii8 ,why8 #aj4 ,analyze the secret of some effective speech or speaker4 ,to what is the success due8 #aa4 ,give an example from your own observation of the effect of feeling and enthusiasm on listeners4 #ab4 ,memorize ,carlyle's and ,emerson's remarks on enthusiasm4 #ac4 ,deliver ,patrick ,henry's address1 page #aaj1 and ,thurston's speech1 page #ej1 without show of feeling or enthusiasm4 ,what is the result8 #ad4 ,repeat1 with all the feeling these selections demand4 ,what is the result8 #ae4 ,what steps do you intend to take to develop the power of enthusiasm and feeling in speaking8 #af4 ,write and deliver a five-minute speech ridiculing a speaker who uses bombast1 pomposity and over-enthusiasm4 ,imitate him4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,fluency ,,through ,,preparation ,animis opibusque parati--,ready in mind and resources4 --,motto of ,south ,carolina4 ,in omnibus negotiis prius quam aggrediare1 adhibenda est praeparatio diligens--,in all matters before beginning a diligent preparation should be made4 --,,cicero1 ,de ,officiis4 ,take your dictionary and look up the words that contain the ,latin stem flu--the results will be suggestive4 ,at first blush it would seem that fluency consists in a ready1 easy use of words4 ,not so--the flowing quality of speech is much more1 for it is a composite effect1 with each of its prior conditions deserving of careful notice4 ,the ,sources of ,fluency ,speaking broadly1 fluency is almost entirely a matter of preparation4 ,certainly1 native gifts figure largely here1 as in every art1 but even natural facility is dependent on the very same laws of preparation that hold good for the man of supposedly small native endowment4 ,let this encourage you if1 like ,moses1 you are prone to complain that you are not a ready speaker4 ,have you ever stopped to analyze that expression1 a ready speaker8 ,readiness1 in its prime sense1 is preparedness1 and they are most ready who are best prepared4 ,quick firing depends more on the alert finger than on the hair trigger4 ,your fluency will be in direct ratio to two important conditions3 your knowledge of what you are going to say1 and your being accustomed to telling what you know to an audience4 ,this gives us the second great element of fluency--to preparation must be added the ease that arises from practise2 of which more presently4 ,knowledge is ,essential ,mr4 ,bryan is a most fluent speaker when he speaks on political problems1 tendencies of the time1 and questions of morals4 ,it is to be supposed1 however1 that he would not be so fluent in speaking on the bird life of the ,florida ,everglades4 ,mr4 ,john ,burroughs might be at his best on this last subject1 yet entirely lost in talking about international law4 ,do not expect to speak fluently on a subject that you know little or nothing about4 ,ctesiphon boasted that he could speak all day 7a sin in itself7 on any subject that an audience would suggest4 ,he was banished by the ,spartans4 ,but preparation goes beyond the getting of the facts in the case you are to present3 it includes also the ability to think and arrange your thoughts1 a full and precise vocabulary1 an easy manner of speech and breathing1 absence of self-consciousness1 and the several other characteristics of efficient delivery that have deserved special attention in other parts of this book rather than in this chapter4 ,preparation may be either general or specific2 usually it should be both4 ,a life-time of reading1 of companionship with stirring thoughts1 of wrestling with the problems of life--this constitutes a general preparation of inestimable worth4 ,out of a well-stored mind1 and--richer still--a broad experience1 and--best of all--a warmly sympathetic heart1 the speaker will have to draw much material that no immediate study could provide4 ,general preparation consists of all that a man has put into himself1 all that heredity and environment have instilled into him1 and--that other rich source of preparedness for speech--the friendship of wise companions4 ,when ,schiller returned home after a visit with ,goethe a friend remarked3 ,i am amazed by the progress ,schiller can make within a single fortnight4 ,it was the progressive influence of a new friendship4 ,proper friendships form one of the best means for the formation of ideas and ideals1 for they enable one to practise in giving expression to thought4 ,the speaker who would speak fluently before an audience should learn to speak fluently and entertainingly with a friend4 ,clarify your ideas by putting them in words2 the talker gains as much from his conversation as the listener4 ,you sometimes begin to converse on a subject thinking you have very little to say1 but one idea gives birth to another1 and you are surprised to learn that the more you give the more you have to give4 ,this give-and-take of friendly conversation develops mentality1 and fluency in expression4 ,longfellow said3 ,a single conversation across the table with a wise man is better than ten years' study of books1 and ,holmes whimsically yet none the less truthfully declared that half the time he talked to find out what he thought4 ,but that method must not be applied on the platform6 ,after all this enrichment of life by storage1 must come the special preparation for the particular speech4 ,this is of so definite a sort that it warrants separate chapter-treatment later4 ,practise ,but preparation must also be of another sort than the gathering1 organizing1 and shaping of materials--it must include practise1 which1 like mental preparation1 must be both general and special4 ,do not feel surprised or discouraged if practise on the principles of delivery herein laid down seems to retard your fluency4 ,for a time1 this will be inevitable4 ,while you are working for proper inflection1 for instance1 inflection will be demanding your first thoughts1 and the flow of your speech1 for the time being1 will be secondary4 ,this warning1 however1 is strictly for the closet1 for your practise at home4 ,do not carry any thoughts of inflection with you to the platform4 ,there you must think only of your subject4 ,there is an absolute telepathy between the audience and the speaker4 ,if your thought goes to your gesture1 their thought will too4 ,if your interest goes to the quality of your voice1 they will be regarding that instead of what your voice is uttering4 ,you have doubtless been adjured to forget everything but your subject4 ,this advice says either too much or too little4 ,the truth is that while on the platform you must not forget a great many things that are not in your subject1 but you must not think of them4 ,your attention must consciously go only to your message1 but subconsciously you will be attending to the points of technique which have become more or less habitual by practise4 ,a nice balance between these two kinds of attention is important4 ,you can no more escape this law than you can live without air3 ,your platform gestures1 your voice1 your inflection1 will all be just as good as your habit of gesture1 voice1 and inflection makes them--no better4 ,even the thought of whether you are speaking fluently or not will have the effect of marring your flow of speech4 ,return to the opening chapter1 on self-confidence1 and again lay its precepts to heart4 ,learn by rules to speak without thinking of rules4 ,it is not--or ought not to be--necessary for you to stop to think how to say the alphabet correctly1 as a matter of fact it is slightly more difficult for you to repeat ,z1 ,y1 ,x than it is to say ,x1 ,y1 ,z--habit has established the order4 ,just so you must master the laws of efficiency in speaking until it is a second nature for you to speak correctly rather than otherwise4 ,a beginner at the piano has a great deal of trouble with the mechanics of playing1 but as time goes on his fingers become trained and almost instinctively wander over the keys correctly4 ,as an inexperienced speaker you will find a great deal of difficulty at first in putting principles into practise1 for you will be scared1 like the young swimmer1 and make some crude strokes1 but if you persevere you will win out4 ,thus1 to sum up1 the vocabulary you have enlarged by study1#d the ease in speaking you have developed by practise1 the economy of your well-studied emphasis all will subconsciously come to your aid on the platform4 ,then the habits you have formed will be earning you a splendid dividend4 ,the fluency of your speech will be at the speed of flow your practise has made habitual4 ,but this means work4 ,what good habit does not8 ,no philosopher's stone that will act as a substitute for laborious practise has ever been found4 ,if it were1 it would be thrown away1 because it would kill our greatest joy--the delight of acquisition4 ,if public-speaking means to you a fuller life1 you will know no greater happiness than a well-spoken speech4 ,the time you have spent in gathering ideas and in private practise of speaking you will find amply rewarded4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,what advantages has the fluent speaker over the hesitating talker8 #b4 ,what influences1 within and without the man himself1 work against fluency8 #c4 ,select from the daily paper some topic for an address and make a three-minute address on it4 ,do your words come freely and your sentences flow out rhythmically8 ,practise on the same topic until they do4 #d4 ,select some subject with which you are familiar and test your fluency by speaking extemporaneously4 #e4 ,take one of the sentiments given below and1 following the advice given on pages #aah-aai1 construct a short speech beginning with the last word in the sentence4 ,machinery has created a new economic world4 ,the ,socialist ,party is a strenuous worker for peace4 ,he was a crushed and broken man when he left prison4 ,war must ultimately give way to world-wide arbitration4 ,the labor unions demand a more equal distribution of the wealth that labor creates4 #f4 ,put the sentiments of ,mr4 ,bryan's ,prince of ,peace1 on page #ddh1 into your own words4 ,honestly criticise your own effort4 #g4 ,take any of the following quotations and make a five-minute speech on it without pausing to prepare4 ,the first efforts may be very lame1 but if you want speed on a typewriter1 a record for a hundred-yard dash1 or facility in speaking1 you must practise1 practise1 ,,practise4 ,there lives more faith in honest doubt1 ,believe me1 than in half the creeds4 --,,tennyson1 ,in ,memoriam4 ,howe'er it be1 it seems to me1 ',tis only noble to be good4 ,kind hearts are more than coronets1 ,and simple faith than ,norman blood4 --,,tennyson1 ,lady ,clara ,vere de ,vere4 ',tis distance lends enchantment to the view ,and robes the mountain in its azure hue4 --,,campbell1 ,pleasures of ,hope4 ,his best companions1 innocence and health1 ,and his best riches1 ignorance of wealth4 --,,goldsmith1 ,the ,deserted ,village4 ,beware of desperate steps6 ,the darkest day1 ,live till tomorrow1 will have passed away4 --,,cowper1 ,needless ,alarm4 ,my country is the world1 and my religion is to do good4 --,,paine1 ,rights of ,man4 ,trade it may help1 society extend1 ,but lures the pirate1 and corrupts the friend3 ,it raises armies in a nation's aid1 ,but bribes a senate1 and the land's betray'd4 --,,pope1 ,moral ,essays4#e ,o ,god1 that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains6 --,,shakespeare1 ,othello4 ,it matters not how strait the gate1 ,how charged with punishment the scroll1 ,i am the master of my fate1 ,i am the captain of my soul4 --,,henley1 ,invictus4 ,the world is so full of a number of things1 ,i am sure we should all be happy as kings4 --,,stevenson1 ,a ,child's ,garden of ,verses4 ,if your morals are dreary1 depend upon it they are wrong4 --,,stevenson1 ,essays4 ,every advantage has its tax4 ,i learn to be content4 --,,emerson1 ,essays4 #h4 ,make a two-minute speech on any of the following general subjects1 but you will find that your ideas will come more readily if you narrow your subject by taking some specific phase of it4 ,for instance1 instead of trying to speak on ,law in general1 take the proposition1 ,the ,poor ,man ,cannot ,afford to ,prosecute2 or instead of dwelling on ,leisure1 show how modern speed is creating more leisure4 ,in this way you may expand this subject list indefinitely4 ,,general ,,themes ,law4 ,politics4 ,woman's ,suffrage4 ,initiative and ,referendum4 ,a ,larger ,navy4 ,war4 ,peace4 ,foreign ,immigration4 ,the ,liquor ,traffic4 ,labor ,unions4 ,strikes4 ,socialism4 ,single ,tax4 ,tariff4 ,honesty4 ,courage4 ,hope4 ,love4 ,mercy4 ,kindness4 ,justice4 ,progress4 ,machinery4 ,invention4 ,wealth4 ,poverty4 ,agriculture4 ,science4 ,surgery4 ,haste4 ,leisure4 ,happiness4 ,health4 ,business4 ,america4 ,the ,far ,east4 ,mobs4 ,colleges4 ,sports4 ,matrimony4 ,divorce4 ,child ,labor4 ,education4 ,books4 ,the ,theater4 ,literature4 ,electricity4 ,achievement4 ,failure4 ,public ,speaking4 ,ideals4 ,conversation4 ,the ,most ,dramatic ,moment of ,my ,life4 ,my ,happiest ,days4 ,things ,worth ,while4 ,what ,i ,hope to ,achieve4 ,my ,greatest ,desire4 ,what ,i ,would ,do with a ,million ,dollars4 ,is ,mankind ,progressing8 ,our ,greatest ,need4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #d3 ,see chapter on ,increasing the ,vocabulary4 ,footnote #e3 ,money4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,voice ,oh1 there is something in that voice that reaches ,the innermost recesses of my spirit6 --,,longfellow1 ,christus4 ,the dramatic critic of ,the ,london ,times once declared that acting is nine-tenths voice work4 ,leaving the message aside1 the same may justly be said of public speaking4 ,a rich1 correctly-used voice is the greatest physical factor of persuasiveness and power1 often over-topping the effects of reason4 ,but a good voice1 well handled1 is not only an effective possession for the professional speaker1 it is a mark of personal culture as well1 and even a distinct commercial asset4 ,gladstone1 himself the possessor of a deep1 musical voice1 has said3 ,ninety men in every hundred in the crowded professions will probably never rise above mediocrity because the training of the voice is entirely neglected and considered of no importance4 ,these are words worth pondering4 ,there are three fundamental requisites for a good voice3 #a4 ,ease ,signor ,bonci of the ,metropolitan ,opera ,company says that the secret of good voice is relaxation2 and this is true1 for relaxation is the basis of ease4 ,the air waves that produce voice result in a different kind of tone when striking against relaxed muscles than when striking constricted muscles4 ,try this for yourself4 ,contract the muscles of your face and throat as you do in hate1 and flame out ,i hate you6 ,now relax as you do when thinking gentle1 tender thoughts1 and say1 ,i love you4 ,how different the voice sounds4 ,in practising voice exercises1 and in speaking1 never force your tones4 ,ease must be your watchword4 ,the voice is a delicate instrument1 and you must not handle it with hammer and tongs4 ,don't make your voice go--let it go4 ,don't work4 ,let the yoke of speech be easy and its burden light4 ,your throat should be free from strain during speech1 therefore it is necessary to avoid muscular contraction4 ,the throat must act as a sort of chimney or funnel for the voice1 hence any unnatural constriction will not only harm its tones but injure its health4 ,nervousness and mental strain are common sources of mouth and throat constriction1 so make the battle for poise and self-confidence for which we pleaded in the opening chapter4 ,but how can ,i relax8 you ask4 ,by simply willing to relax4 ,hold your arm out straight from your shoulder4 ,now--withdraw all power and let it fall4 ,practise relaxation of the muscles of the throat by letting your neck and head fall forward4 ,roll the upper part of your body around1 with the waist line acting as a pivot4 ,let your head fall and roll around as you shift the torso to different positions4 ,do not force your head around--simply relax your neck and let gravity pull it around as your body moves4 ,again1 let your head fall forward on your breast2 raise your head1 letting your jaw hang4 ,relax until your jaw feels heavy1 as though it were a weight hung to your face4 ,remember1 you must relax the jaw to obtain command of it4 ,it must be free and flexible for the moulding of tone1 and to let the tone pass out unobstructed4 ,the lips also must be made flexible1 to aid in the moulding of clear and beautiful tones4 ,for flexibility of lips repeat the syllables1 mo--me4 ,in saying mo1 bring the lips up to resemble the shape of the letter ,o4 ,in repeating me draw them back as you do in a grin4 ,repeat this exercise rapidly1 giving the lips as much exercise as possible4 ,try the following exercise in the same manner3 ,mo--,e--,o--,e--,,oo--,ah4 ,after this exercise has been mastered1 the following will also be found excellent for flexibility of lips3 ,memorize these sounds indicated 7not the expressions7 so that you can repeat them rapidly4 ,a as in ,may4 ,e as in ,met4 ,u as in ,use4 ,a ,ah4 ,i ,ice4 ,oi ,oil4 ,a ,at4 ,i ,it4 ,ou ,our4 ,o ,no4 ,o ,no4 ,,oo ,ooze4 ,a ,all4 ,,oo ,foot4 ,a ,ah4 ,e ,eat4 ,,oo ,ooze4 ,e ,eat4 ,all the activity of breathing must be centered1 not in the throat1 but in the middle of the body--you must breathe from the diaphragm4 ,note the way you breathe when lying flat on the back1 undressed in bed4 ,you will observe that all the activity then centers around the diaphragm4 ,this is the natural and correct method of breathing4 ,by constant watchfulness make this your habitual manner1 for it will enable you to relax more perfectly the muscles of the throat4 ,the next fundamental requisite for good voice is #b4 ,openness ,if the muscles of the throat are constricted1 the tone passage partially closed1 and the mouth kept half-shut1 how can you expect the tone to come out bright and clear1 or even to come out at all8 ,sound is a series of waves1 and if you make a prison of your mouth1 holding the jaws and lips rigidly1 it will be very difficult for the tone to squeeze through1 and even when it does escape it will lack force and carrying power4 ,open your mouth wide1 relax all the organs of speech1 and let the tone flow out easily4 ,start to yawn1 but instead of yawning1 speak while your throat is open4 ,make this open-feeling habitual when speaking--we say make because it is a matter of resolution and of practise1 if your vocal organs are healthy4 ,your tone passages may be partly closed by enlarged tonsils1 adenoids1 or enlarged turbinate bones of the nose4 ,if so1 a skilled physician should be consulted4 ,the nose is an important tone passage and should be kept open and free for perfect tones4 ,what we call talking through the nose is not talking through the nose1 as you can easily demonstrate by holding your nose as you talk4 ,if you are bothered with nasal tones caused by growths or swellings in the nasal passages1 a slight1 painless operation will remove the obstruction4 ,this is quite important1 aside from voice1 for the general health will be much lowered if the lungs are continually starved for air4 ,the final fundamental requisite for good voice is #c4 ,forwardness ,a voice that is pitched back in the throat is dark1 sombre1 and unattractive4 ,the tone must be pitched forward1 but do not force it forward4 ,you will recall that our first principle was ease4 ,think the tone forward and out4 ,believe it is going forward1 and allow it to flow easily4 ,you can tell whether you are placing your tone forward or not by inhaling a deep breath and singing ah with the mouth wide open1 trying to feel the little delicate sound waves strike the bony arch of the mouth just above the front teeth4 ,the sensation is so slight that you will probably not be able to detect it at once1 but persevere in your practise1 always thinking the tone forward1 and you will be rewarded by feeling your voice strike the roof of your mouth4 ,a correct forward-placing of the tone will do away with the dark1 throaty tones that are so unpleasant1 inefficient1 and harmful to the throat4 ,close the lips1 humming ng1 im1 or an4 ,think the tone forward4 ,do you feel it strike the lips8 ,hold the palm of your hand in front of your face and say vigorously crash1 dash1 whirl1 buzz4 ,can you feel the forward tones strike against your hand8 ,practise until you can4 ,remember1 the only way to get your voice forward is to put it forward4 ,how to ,develop the ,carrying ,power of the ,voice ,it is not necessary to speak loudly in order to be heard at a distance4 ,it is necessary only to speak correctly4 ,edith ,wynne ,matthison's voice will carry in a whisper throughout a large theater4 ,a paper rustling on the stage of a large auditorium can be heard distinctly in the furthermost seat in the gallery4 ,if you will only use your voice correctly1 you will not have much difficulty in being heard4 ,of course it is always well to address your speech to your furthest auditors2 if they get it1 those nearer will have no trouble1 but aside from this obvious suggestion1 you must observe these laws of voice production3 ,remember to apply the principles of ease1 openness and forwardness--they are the prime factors in enabling your voice to be heard at a distance4 ,do not gaze at the floor as you talk4 ,this habit not only gives the speaker an amateurish appearance but if the head is hung forward the voice will be directed towards the ground instead of floating out over the audience4 ,voice is a series of air vibrations4 ,to strengthen it two things are necessary3 more air or breath1 and more vibration4 ,breath is the very basis of voice4 ,as a bullet with little powder behind it will not have force and carrying power1 so the voice that has little breath behind it will be weak4 ,not only will deep breathing--breathing from the diaphragm--give the voice a better support1 but it will give it a stronger resonance by improving the general health4 ,usually1 ill health means a weak voice1 while abundant physical vitality is shown through a strong1 vibrant voice4 ,therefore anything that improves the general vitality is an excellent voice strengthener1 provided you use the voice properly4 ,authorities differ on most of the rules of hygiene but on one point they all agree3 vitality and longevity are increased by deep breathing4 ,practise this until it becomes second nature4 ,whenever you are speaking1 take in deep breaths1 but in such a manner that the inhalations will be silent4 ,do not try to speak too long without renewing your breath4 ,nature cares for this pretty well unconsciously in conversation1 and she will do the same for you in platform speaking if you do not interfere with her premonitions4 ,a certain very successful speaker developed voice carrying power by running across country1 practising his speeches as he went4 ,the vigorous exercise forced him to take deep breaths1 and developed lung power4 ,a hard-fought basketball or tennis game is an efficient way of practising deep breathing4 ,when these methods are not convenient1 we recommend the following3 ,place your hands at your sides1 on the waist line4 ,by trying to encompass your waist with your fingers and thumbs1 force all the air out of the lungs4 ,take a deep breath4 ,remember1 all the activity is to be centered in the middle of the body2 do not raise the shoulders4 ,as the breath is taken your hands will be forced out4 ,repeat the exercise1 placing your hands on the small of the back and forcing them out as you inhale4 ,many methods for deep breathing have been given by various authorities4 ,get the air into your lungs--that is the important thing4 ,the body acts as a sounding board for the voice just as the body of the violin acts as a sounding board for its tones4 ,you can increase its vibrations by practise4 ,place your finger on your lip and hum the musical scale1 thinking and placing the voice forward on the lips4 ,do you feel the lips vibrate8 ,after a little practise they will vibrate1 giving a tickling sensation4 ,repeat this exercise1 throwing the humming sound into the nose4 ,hold the upper part of the nose between the thumb and forefinger4 ,can you feel the nose vibrate8 ,placing the palm of your hand on top of your head1 repeat this humming exercise4 ,think the voice there as you hum in head tones4 ,can you feel the vibration there8 ,now place the palm of your hand on the back of your head1 repeating the foregoing process4 ,then try it on the chest4 ,always remember to think your tone where you desire to feel the vibrations4 ,the mere act of thinking about any portion of your body will tend to make it vibrate4 ,repeat the following1 after a deep inhalation1 endeavoring to feel all portions of your body vibrate at the same time4 ,when you have attained this you will find that it is a pleasant sensation4 ,what ho1 my jovial mates4 ,come on6 ,we will frolic it like fairies1 frisking in the merry moonshine4 ,purity of ,voice ,this quality is sometimes destroyed by wasting the breath4 ,carefully control the breath1 using only as much as is necessary for the production of tone4 ,utilize all that you give out4 ,failure to do this results in a breathy tone4 ,take in breath like a prodigal2 in speaking1 give it out like a miser4 ,voice ,suggestions ,never attempt to force your voice when hoarse4 ,do not drink cold water when speaking4 ,the sudden shock to the heated organs of speech will injure the voice4 ,avoid pitching your voice too high--it will make it raspy4 ,this is a common fault4 ,when you find your voice in too high a range1 lower it4 ,do not wait until you get to the platform to try this4 ,practise it in your daily conversation4 ,repeat the alphabet1 beginning ,a on the lowest scale possible and going up a note on each succeeding letter1 for the development of range4 ,a wide range will give you facility in making numerous changes of pitch4 ,do not form the habit of listening to your voice when speaking4 ,you will need your brain to think of what you are saying--reserve your observation for private practise4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,what are the prime requisites for good voice8 #b4 ,tell why each one is necessary for good voice production4 #c4 ,give some exercises for development of these conditions4 #d4 ,why is range of voice desirable8 #e4 ,tell how range of voice may be cultivated4 #f4 ,how much daily practise do you consider necessary for the proper development of your voice8 #g4 ,how can resonance and carrying power be developed8 #h4 ,what are your voice faults8 #i4 ,how are you trying to correct them8 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,voice ,,charm ,a cheerful temper joined with innocence will make beauty attractive1 knowledge delightful1 and wit good-natured4 --,,joseph ,,addison1 ,the ,tattler4 ,poe said that the tone of beauty is sadness1 but he was evidently thinking from cause to effect1 not contrariwise1 for sadness is rarely a producer of beauty--that is peculiarly the province of joy4 ,the exquisite beauty of a sunset is not exhilarating but tends to a sort of melancholy that is not far from delight ,the haunting beauty of deep1 quiet music holds more than a tinge of sadness4 ,the lovely minor cadences of bird song at twilight are almost depressing4 ,the reason we are affected to sadness by certain forms of placid beauty is twofold3 movement is stimulating and joy-producing1 while quietude leads to reflection1 and reflection in turn often brings out the tone of regretful longing for that which is past2 secondly1 quiet beauty produces a vague aspiration for the relatively unattainable1 yet does not stimulate to the tremendous effort necessary to make the dimly desired state or object ours4 ,we must distinguish1 for these reasons1 between the sadness of beauty and the joy of beauty4 ,true1 joy is a deep1 inner thing and takes in much more than the idea of bounding1 sanguine spirits1 for it includes a certain active contentedness of heart4 ,in this chapter1 however the word will have its optimistic1 exuberant connotation--we are thinking now of vivid1 bright-eyed1 laughing joy4 ,musical1 joyous tones constitute voice charm1 a subtle magnetism that is delightfully contagious4 ,now it might seem to the desultory reader that to take the lancet and cut into this alluring voice quality would be to dissect a butterfly wing and so destroy its charm4 ,yet how can we induce an effect if we are not certain as to the cause8 ,nasal ,resonance ,produces the ,bell-tones of the ,voice ,the tone passages of the nose must be kept entirely free for the bright tones of voice--and after our warning in the preceding chapter you will not confuse what is popularly and erroneously called a nasal tone with the true nasal quality1 which is so well illustrated by the voice work of trained ,french singers and speakers4 ,to develop nasal resonance sing the following1 dwelling as long as possible on the ng sounds4 ,pitch the voice in the nasal cavity4 ,practise both in high and low registers1 and develop range--with brightness4 ,sing-song4 ,ding-dong4 ,hong-kong4 ,long-thong4 ,practise in the falsetto voice develops a bright quality in the normal speaking-voice4 ,try the following1 and any other selections you choose1 in a falsetto voice4 ,a man's falsetto voice is extremely high and womanish1 so men should not practise in falsetto after the exercise becomes tiresome4 ,she perfectly scorned the best of his clan1 and declared the ninth of any man1 a perfectly vulgar fraction4 ,the actress ,mary ,anderson asked the poet ,longfellow what she could do to improve her voice4 ,he replied1 ,read aloud daily1 joyous1 lyric poetry4 ,the joyous tones are the bright tones4 ,develop them by exercise4 ,practise your voice exercises in an attitude of joy4 ,under the influence of pleasure the body expands1 the tone passages open1 the action of heart and lungs is accelerated1 and all the primary conditions for good tone are established4 ,more songs float out from the broken windows of the negro cabins in the ,south than from the palatial homes on ,fifth ,avenue4 ,henry ,ward ,beecher said the happiest days of his life were not when he had become an international character1 but when he was an unknown minister out in ,lawrenceville1 ,ohio1 sweeping his own church1 and working as a carpenter to help pay the grocer4 ,happiness is largely an attitude of mind1 of viewing life from the right angle4 ,the optimistic attitude can be cultivated1 and it will express itself in voice charm4 ,a telephone company recently placarded this motto in their booths3 ,the ,voice with the ,smile ,wins4 ,it does4 ,try it4 ,reading joyous prose1 or lyric poetry1 will help put smile and joy of soul into your voice4 ,the following selections are excellent for practise4 ,,remember that when you first practise these classics you are to give sole attention to two things3 a joyous attitude of heart and body1 and bright tones of voice4 ,after these ends have been attained to your satisfaction1 carefully review the principles of public speaking laid down in the preceding chapters and put them into practise as you read these passages again and again4 ,it would be better to commit each selection to memory4 ,,selections ,,for ,,practise ,,from ,,milton',s ,l',,allegro ,haste thee1 ,nymph1 and bring with thee ,jest1 and youthful ,jollity1 ,quips and ,cranks and wanton ,wiles1 ,nods and ,becks1 and wreathed ,smiles1 ,such as hang on ,hebe's cheek1 ,and love to live in dimple sleek1-- ,sport that wrinkled ,care derides1 ,and ,laughter holding both his sides4 ,come1 and trip it as ye go ,on the light fantastic toe2 ,and in thy right hand lead with thee ,the mountain nymph1 sweet ,liberty3 ,and1 if ,i give thee honor due1 ,mirth1 admit me of thy crew1 ,to live with her1 and live with thee1 ,in unreproved pleasures free2 ,to hear the lark begin his flight1 ,and singing1 startle the dull ,night ,from his watch-tower in the skies1 ,till the dappled ,dawn doth rise2 ,then to come in spite of sorrow1 ,and at my window bid good-morrow ,through the sweetbrier1 or the vine1 ,or the twisted eglantine2 ,while the cock with lively din ,scatters the rear of darkness thin1 ,and to the stack1 or the barn-door1 ,stoutly struts his dames before2 ,oft listening how the hounds and horn ,cheerly rouse the slumbering ,morn1 ,from the side of some hoar hill1 ,through the high wood echoing shrill2 ,sometime walking1 not unseen1 ,by hedge-row elms1 on hillocks green1 ,right against the eastern gate1 ,where the great ,sun begins his state1 ,robed in flames and amber light1 ,the clouds in thousand liveries dight1 ,while the plowman near at hand ,whistles o'er the furrowed land1 ,and the milkmaid singing blithe1 ,and the mower whets his scythe1 ,and every shepherd tells his tale1 ,under the hawthorn in the dale4 ,,the ,,sea ,the sea1 the sea1 the open sea1 ,the blue1 the fresh1 the fever free2 ,without a mark1 without a bound1 ,it runneth the earth's wide regions round2 ,it plays with the clouds1 it mocks the skies1 ,or like a cradled creature lies4 ,i'm on the sea1 ,i'm on the sea1 ,i am where ,i would ever be1 ,with the blue above and the blue below1 ,and silence wheresoe'er ,i go4 ,if a storm should come and awake the deep1 ,what matter8 ,i shall ride and sleep4 ,i love1 oh6 how ,i love to ride ,on the fierce1 foaming1 bursting tide1 ,where every mad wave drowns the moon1 ,and whistles aloft its tempest tune1 ,and tells how goeth the world below1 ,and why the southwest wind doth blow6 ,i never was on the dull1 tame shore ,but ,i loved the great sea more and more1 ,and backward flew to her billowy breast1 ,like a bird that seeketh her mother's nest1-- ,and a mother she was and is to me1 ,for ,i was born on the open sea4 ,the waves were white1 and red the morn1 ,in the noisy hour when ,i was born2 ,the whale it whistled1 the porpoise rolled1 ,and the dolphins bared their backs of gold2 ,and never was heard such an outcry wild1 ,as welcomed to life the ocean child4 ,i have lived1 since then1 in calm and strife1 ,full fifty summers a rover's life1 ,with wealth to spend1 and a power to range1 ,but never have sought or sighed for change3 ,and death1 whenever he comes to me1 ,shall come on the wide1 unbounded sea6 --,,barry ,,cornwall4 ,the sun does not shine for a few trees and flowers1 but for the wide world's joy4 ,the lonely pine upon the mountain-top waves its sombre boughs1 and cries1 ,thou art my sun4 ,and the little meadow violet lifts its cup of blue1 and whispers with its perfumed breath1 ,thou art my sun4 ,and the grain in a thousand fields rustles in the wind1 and makes answer1 ,thou art my sun4 ,and so ,god sits effulgent in ,heaven1 not for a favored few1 but for the universe of life2 and there is no creature so poor or so low that he may not look up with child-like confidence and say1 ,my ,father6 ,thou art mine4 --,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher4 ,,the ,,lark ,bird of the wilderness1 ,blithesome and cumberless1 ,sweet be thy matin o'er moorland and lea6 ,emblem of happiness1 ,blest is thy dwelling-place3 ,oh1 to abide in the desert with thee6 ,wild is thy lay1 and loud1 ,far in the downy cloud1-- ,love gives it energy2 love gave it birth4 ,where1 on thy dewy wing ,where art thou journeying8 ,thy lay is in heaven2 thy love is on earth4 ,o'er fell and fountain sheen1 ,o'er moor and mountain green1 ,o'er the red streamer that heralds the day2 ,over the cloudlet dim1 ,over the rainbow's rim1 ,musical cherub1 soar1 singing1 away6 ,then1 when the gloaming comes1 ,low in the heather blooms1 ,sweet will thy welcome and bed of love be6 ,emblem of happiness1 ,blest is thy dwelling-place4 ,oh1 to abide in the desert with thee6 --,,james ,,hogg4 ,in joyous conversation there is an elastic touch1 a delicate stroke1 upon the central ideas1 generally following a pause4 ,this elastic touch adds vivacity to the voice4 ,if you try repeatedly1 it can be sensed by feeling the tongue strike the teeth4 ,the entire absence of elastic touch in the voice can be observed in the thick tongue of the intoxicated man4 ,try to talk with the tongue lying still in the bottom of the mouth1 and you will obtain largely the same effect4 ,vivacity of utterance is gained by using the tongue to strike off the emphatic idea with a decisive1 elastic touch4 ,deliver the following with decisive strokes on the emphatic ideas4 ,deliver it in a vivacious manner1 noting the elastic touch-action of the tongue4 ,a flexible1 responsive tongue is absolutely essential to good voice work4 ,,from ,,napoleon',s ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,directory ,,on ,,his ,,return ,,from ,,egypt ,what have you done with that brilliant ,france which ,i left you8 ,i left you at peace1 and ,i find you at war4 ,i left you victorious and ,i find you defeated4 ,i left you the millions of ,italy1 and ,i find only spoliation and poverty4 ,what have you done with the hundred thousand ,frenchmen1 my companions in glory8 ,they are dead6444 ,this state of affairs cannot last long2 in less than three years it would plunge us into despotism4 ,practise the following selection1 for the development of elastic touch2 say it in a joyous spirit1 using the exercise to develop voice charm in all the ways suggested in this chapter4 ,,the ,,brook ,i come from haunts of coot and hern1 ,i make a sudden sally1 ,and sparkle out among the fern1 ,to bicker down a valley4 ,by thirty hills ,i hurry down1 ,or slip between the ridges2 ,by twenty thorps1 a little town1 ,and half a hundred bridges4 ,till last by ,philip's farm ,i flow ,to join the brimming river2 ,for men may come and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 ,i chatter over stony ways1 ,in little sharps and trebles1 ,i bubble into eddying bays1 ,i babble on the pebbles4 ,with many a curve my banks ,i fret1 ,by many a field and fallow1 ,and many a fairy foreland set ,with willow-weed and mallow4 ,i chatter1 chatter1 as ,i flow ,to join the brimming river2 ,for men may come and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 ,i wind about1 and in and out1 ,with here a blossom sailing1 ,and here and there a lusty trout1 ,and here and there a grayling1 ,and here and there a foamy flake ,upon me1 as ,i travel1 ,with many a silvery water-break ,above the golden gravel1 ,and draw them all along1 and flow ,to join the brimming river1 ,for men may come and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 ,i steal by lawns and grassy plots1 ,i slide by hazel covers1 ,i move the sweet forget-me-nots ,that grow for happy lovers4 ,i slip1 ,i slide1 ,i gloom1 ,i glance1 ,among my skimming swallows2 ,i make the netted sunbeam dance ,against my sandy shallows1 ,i murmur under moon and stars ,in brambly wildernesses1 ,i linger by my shingly bars1 ,i loiter round my cresses2 ,and out again ,i curve and flow ,to join the brimming river2 ,for men may come and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 --,,alfred ,,tennyson4 ,the children at play on the street1 glad from sheer physical vitality1 display a resonance and charm in their voices quite different from the voices that float through the silent halls of the hospitals4 ,a skilled physician can tell much about his patient's condition from the mere sound of the voice4 ,failing health1 or even physical weariness1 tells through the voice4 ,it is always well to rest and be entirely refreshed before attempting to deliver a public address4 ,as to health1 neither scope nor space permits us to discuss here the laws of hygiene4 ,there are many excellent books on this subject4 ,in the reign of the ,roman emperor ,tiberius1 one senator wrote to another3 ,to the wise1 a word is sufficient4 ,the apparel oft proclaims the man2 the voice always does--it is one of the greatest revealers of character4 ,the superficial woman1 the brutish man1 the reprobate1 the person of culture1 often discloses inner nature in the voice1 for even the cleverest dissembler cannot entirely prevent its tones and qualities being affected by the slightest change of thought or emotion4 ,in anger it becomes high1 harsh1 and unpleasant2 in love low1 soft1 and melodious--the variations are as limitless as they are fascinating to observe4 ,visit a theatrical hotel in a large city1 and listen to the buzz-saw voices of the chorus girls from some burlesque attraction4 ,the explanation is simple--buzz-saw lives4 ,emerson said3 ,when a man lives with ,god his voice shall be as sweet as the murmur of the brook or the rustle of the corn4 ,it is impossible to think selfish thoughts and have either an attractive personality1 a lovely character1 or a charming voice4 ,if you want to possess voice charm1 cultivate a deep1 sincere sympathy for mankind4 ,love will shine out through your eyes and proclaim itself in your tones4 ,one secret of the sweetness of the canary's song may be his freedom from tainted thoughts4 ,your character beautifies or mars your voice4 ,as a man thinketh in his heart so is his voice4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,define 7a7 charm2 7b7 joy2 7c7 beauty4 #b4 ,make a list of all the words related to joy4 #c4 ,write a three-minute eulogy of ,the ,joyful ,man4 #d4 ,deliver it without the use of notes4 ,have you carefully considered all the qualities that go to make up voice-charm in its delivery8 #e4 ,tell briefly in your own words what means may be employed to develop a charming voice4 #f4 ,discuss the effect of voice on character4 #g4 ,discuss the effect of character on voice4 #h4 ,analyze the voice charm of any speaker or singer you choose4 #i4 ,analyze the defects of any given voice4 #aj4 ,make a short humorous speech imitating certain voice defects1 pointing out reasons4 #aa4 ,commit the following stanza and interpret each phase of delight suggested or expressed by the poet4 ,an infant when it gazes on a light1 ,a child the moment when it drains the breast1 ,a devotee when soars the ,host in sight1 ,an ,arab with a stranger for a guest1 ,a sailor when the prize has struck in fight1 ,a miser filling his most hoarded chest1 ,feel rapture2 but not such true joy are reaping ,as they who watch o'er what they love while sleeping4 --,,byron1 ,don ,juan4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,distinctness ,,and ,,precision ,,of ,,utterance ,in man speaks ,god4 --,,hesiod1 ,words and ,days4 ,and endless are the modes of speech1 and far ,extends from side to side the field of words4 --,,homer1 ,iliad4 ,in popular usage the terms pronunciation1 enunciation1 and articulation are synonymous1 but real pronunciation includes three distinct processes1 and may therefore be defined as1 the utterance of a syllable or a group of syllables with regard to articulation1 accentuation1 and enunciation4 ,distinct and precise utterance is one of the most important considerations of public speech4 ,how preposterous it is to hear a speaker making sounds of inarticulate earnestness under the contented delusion that he is telling something to his audience6 ,telling8 ,telling means communicating1 and how can he actually communicate without making every word distinct8 ,slovenly pronunciation results from either physical deformity or habit4 ,a surgeon or a surgeon dentist may correct a deformity1 but your own will1 working by self-observation and resolution in drill1 will break a habit4 ,all depends upon whether you think it worth while4 ,defective speech is so widespread that freedom from it is the exception4 ,it is painfully common to hear public speakers mutilate the king's ,english4 ,if they do not actually murder it1 as ,curran once said1 they often knock an i out4 ,a ,canadian clergyman1 writing in the ,homiletic ,review1 relates that in his student days a classmate who was an ,englishman supplied a country church for a ,sunday4 ,on the following ,monday he conducted a missionary meeting4 ,in the course of his address he said some farmers thought they were doing their duty toward missions when they gave their 'hodds and hends' to the work1 but the ,lord required more4 ,at the close of the meeting a young woman seriously said to a friend3 ',i am sure the farmers do well if they give their hogs and hens to missions4 ,it is more than most people can afford4' ,it is insufferable effrontery for any man to appear before an audience who persists in driving the h out of happiness1 home and heaven1 and1 to paraphrase ,waldo ,messaros1 will not let it rest in hell4 ,he who does not show enough self-knowledge to see in himself such glaring faults1 nor enough self-mastery to correct them1 has no business to instruct others4 ,if he can do no better1 he should be silent4 ,if he will do no better1 he should also be silent4 ,barring incurable physical defects--and few are incurable nowadays--the whole matter is one of will4 ,the catalogue of those who have done the impossible by faithful work is as inspiring as a roll-call of warriors4 ,the less there is of you1 says ,nathan ,sheppard1 the more need for you to make the most of what there is of you4 ,articulation ,articulation is the forming and joining of the elementary sounds of speech4 ,it seems an appalling task to utter articulately the third-of-a million words that go to make up our ,english vocabulary1 but the way to make a beginning is really simple3 learn to utter correctly1 and with easy change from one to the other1 each of the forty-four elementary sounds in our language4 ,the reasons why articulation is so painfully slurred by a great many public speakers are four3 ignorance of the elemental sounds2 failure to discriminate between sounds nearly alike2 a slovenly1 lazy use of the vocal organs2 and a torpid will4 ,anyone who is still master of himself will know how to handle each of these defects4 ,the vowel sounds are the most vexing source of errors1 especially where diphthongs are found4 ,who has not heard such errors as are hit off in this inimitable verse by ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes3 ,learning condemns beyond the reach of hope ,the careless lips that speak of s7oap for soap2 ,her edict exiles from her fair abode ,the clownish voice that utters r7oad for road2 ,less stern to him who calls his coat1 a c7oat ,and steers his boat believing it a b7oat4 ,she pardoned one1 our classic city's boast4 ,who said at ,cambridge1 m7ost instead of most1 ,but knit her brows and stamped her angry foot ,to hear a ,teacher call a root a r7oot4 ,the foregoing examples are all monosyllables1 but bad articulation is frequently the result of joining sounds that do not belong together4 ,for example1 no one finds it difficult to say beauty1 but many persist in pronouncing duty as though it were spelled either dooty or juty4 ,it is not only from untaught speakers that we hear such slovenly articulations as colyum for column1 and pritty for pretty1 but even great orators occasionally offend quite as unblushingly as less noted mortals4 ,nearly all such are errors of carelessness1 not of pure ignorance--of carelessness because the ear never tries to hear what the lips articulate4 ,it must be exasperating to a foreigner to find that the elemental sound ou gives him no hint for the pronunciation of bough1 cough1 rough1 thorough1 and through1 and we can well forgive even a man of culture who occasionally loses his way amidst the intricacies of ,english articulation1 but there can be no excuse for the slovenly utterance of the simple vowel sounds which form at once the life and the beauty of our language4 ,he who is too lazy to speak distinctly should hold his tongue4 ,the consonant sounds occasion serious trouble only for those who do not look with care at the spelling of words about to be pronounced4 ,nothing but carelessness can account for saying ,jacop1 ,babtist1 sevem1 alwus1 or sadisfy4 ,he that hath yaws to yaw1 let him yaw1 is the rendering which an ,anglophobiac clergyman gave of the familiar scripture1 ,he that hath ears to hear1 let him hear4 ,after hearing the name of ,sir ,humphry ,davy pronounced1 a ,frenchman who wished to write to the eminent ,englishman thus addressed the letter3 ,serum ,fridavi4 ,accentuation ,accentuation is the stressing of the proper syllables in words4 ,this it is that is popularly called pronunciation4 ,for instance1 we properly say that a word is mispronounced when it is accented in'-viteinstead of in-vite'1 though it is really an offense against only one form of pronunciation--accentuation4 ,it is the work of a lifetime to learn the accents of a large vocabulary and to keep pace with changing usage2 but an alert ear1 the study of word-origins1 and the dictionary habit1 will prove to be mighty helpers in a task that can never be finally completed4 ,enunciation ,correct enunciation is the complete utterance of all the sounds of a syllable or a word4 ,wrong articulation gives the wrong sound to the vowel or vowels of a word or a syllable1 as doo for dew2 or unites two sounds improperly1 as hully for wholly4 ,wrong enunciation is the incomplete utterance of a syllable or a word1 the sound omitted or added being usually consonantal4 ,to say needcessity instead of necessity is a wrong articulation2 to say doin for doing is improper enunciation4 ,the one articulates--that is1 joints--two sounds that should not be joined1 and thus gives the word a positively wrong sound2 the other fails to touch all the sounds in the word1 and in that particular way also sounds the word incorrectly4 ,my tex' may be foun' in the fif' and six' verses of the secon' chapter of ,titus2 and the subjec' of my discourse is ',the ,gover'ment of ar ,homes4'#f ,what did this preacher do with his final consonants8 ,this slovenly dropping of essential sounds is as offensive as the common habit of running words together so that they lose their individuality and distinctness4 ,lighten dark1 uppen down1 doncher know1 partic'lar1 zamination1 are all too common to need comment4 ,imperfect enunciation is due to lack of attention and to lazy lips4 ,it can be corrected by resolutely attending to the formation of syllables as they are uttered4 ,flexible lips will enunciate difficult combinations of sounds without slighting any of them1 but such flexibility cannot be attained except by habitually uttering words with distinctness and accuracy4 ,a daily exercise in enunciating a series of sounds will in a short time give flexibility to the lips and alertness to the mind1 so that no word will be uttered without receiving its due complement of sound4 ,returning to our definition1 we see that when the sounds of a word are properly articulated1 the right syllables accented1 and full value given to each sound in its enunciation1 we have correct pronunciation4 ,perhaps one word of caution is needed here1 lest any one1 anxious to bring out clearly every sound1 should overdo the matter and neglect the unity and smoothness of pronunciation4 ,be careful not to bring syllables into so much prominence as to make words seem long and angular4 ,the joints must be kept decently dressed4 ,before delivery1 do not fail to go over your manuscript and note every sound that may possibly be mispronounced4 ,consult the dictionary and make assurance doubly sure4 ,if the arrangement of words is unfavorable to clear enunciation1 change either words or order and do not rest until you can follow ,hamlet's directions to the players4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,practise repeating the following rapidly1 paying particular attention to the consonants4 ,foolish ,flavius1 flushing feverishly1 fiercely found fault with ,flora's frivolity4#g ,mary's matchless mimicry makes much mischief4 ,seated on shining shale she sells sea shells4 ,you youngsters yielded your youthful yule-tide yearnings yesterday4 #b4 ,sound the l in each of the following words1 repeated in sequence3 ,blue black blinkers blocked ,black ,blondin's eyes4 #c4 ,do you say a bloo sky or a blue sky8 #d4 ,compare the u sound in few and in new4 ,say each aloud1 and decide which is correct1 ,noo ,york1 ,new ,yawk1 or ,new ,york8 #e4 ,pay careful heed to the directions of this chapter in reading the following1 from ,hamlet4 ,after the interview with the ghost of his father1 ,hamlet tells his friends ,horatio and ,marcellus that he intends to act a part3 ,horatio4 ,o day and night1 but this is wondrous strange6 ,hamlet4 ,and therefore as a stranger give it welcome4 ,there are more things in heaven and earth1 ,horatio1 ,than are dreamt of in your philosophy4 ,but come2 ,here1 as before1 never1 so help you mercy1 ,how strange or odd so'er ,i bear myself1-- ,as ,i perchance hereafter shall think meet ,to put an antic disposition on1-- ,that you1 at such times seeing me1 never shall1 ,with arms encumber'd thus1 or this head-shake1 ,or by pronouncing of some doubtful phrase1 ,as ,well1 well1 we know1 or ,we could1 an if we would1 ,or ,if we list to speak1 or ,there be1 an if there might1 ,or such ambiguous giving-out1 to note ,that you know aught of me3 this not to do1 ,so grace and mercy at your most need help you1 ,swear4 --,act ,i4 ,scene ,v4 #f4 ,make a list of common errors of pronunciation1 saying which are due to faulty articulation1 wrong accentuation1 and incomplete enunciation4 ,in each case make the correction4 #g4 ,criticise any speech you may have heard which displayed these faults4 #h4 ,explain how the false shame of seeming to be too precise may hinder us from cultivating perfect verbal utterance4 #i4 ,over-precision is likewise a fault4 ,to bring out any syllable unduly is to caricature the word4 ,be moderate in reading the following3 ,,the ,,last ,,speech ,,of ,,maximilian ,,de ,,robespierre ,the enemies of the ,republic call me tyrant6 ,were ,i such they would grovel at my feet4 ,i should gorge them with gold1 ,i should grant them immunity for their crimes1 and they would be grateful4 ,were ,i such1 the kings we have vanquished1 far from denouncing ,robespierre1 would lend me their guilty support2 there would be a covenant between them and me4 ,tyranny must have tools4 ,but the enemies of tyranny1--whither does their path tend8 ,to the tomb1 and to immortality6 ,what tyrant is my protector8 ,to what faction do ,i belong8 ,yourselves6 ,what faction1 since the beginning of the ,revolution1 has crushed and annihilated so many detected traitors8 ,you1 the people1--our principles--are that faction--a faction to which ,i am devoted1 and against which all the scoundrelism of the day is banded6 ,the confirmation of the ,republic has been my object2 and ,i know that the ,republic can be established only on the eternal basis of morality4 ,against me1 and against those who hold kindred principles1 the league is formed4 ,my life8 ,oh6 my life ,i abandon without a regret6 ,i have seen the past2 and ,i foresee the future4 ,what friend of this country would wish to survive the moment when he could no longer serve it1--when he could no longer defend innocence against oppression8 ,wherefore should ,i continue in an order of things1 where intrigue eternally triumphs over truth2 where justice is mocked2 where passions the most abject1 or fears the most absurd1 over-ride the sacred interests of humanity8 ,in witnessing the multitude of vices which the torrent of the ,revolution has rolled in turbid communion with its civic virtues1 ,i confess that ,i have sometimes feared that ,i should be sullied1 in the eyes of posterity1 by the impure neighborhood of unprincipled men1 who had thrust themselves into association with the sincere friends of humanity2 and ,i rejoice that these conspirators against my country have now1 by their reckless rage1 traced deep the line of demarcation between themselves and all true men4 ,question history1 and learn how all the defenders of liberty1 in all times1 have been overwhelmed by calumny4 ,but their traducers died also4 ,the good and the bad disappear alike from the earth2 but in very different conditions4 ,o ,frenchmen6 ,o my countrymen6 ,let not your enemies1 with their desolating doctrines1 degrade your souls1 and enervate your virtues6 ,no1 ,chaumette1 no6 ,death is not an eternal sleep6 ,citizens6 efface from the tomb that motto1 graven by sacrilegious hands1 which spreads over all nature a funereal crape1 takes from oppressed innocence its support1 and affronts the beneficent dispensation of death6 ,inscribe rather thereon these words3 ,death is the commencement of immortality6 ,i leave to the oppressors of the ,people a terrible testament1 which ,i proclaim with the independence befitting one whose career is so nearly ended2 it is the awful truth--,thou shalt die6 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #f3 ,school and ,college ,speaker1 ,mitchell4 ,footnote #g3 ,school and ,college ,speaker1 ,mitchell4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,truth ,,about ,,gesture ,when ,whitefield acted an old blind man advancing by slow steps toward the edge of the precipice1 ,lord ,chesterfield started up and cried3 ,good ,god1 he is gone6 --,,nathan ,,sheppard1 ,before an ,audience4 ,gesture is really a simple matter that requires observation and common sense rather than a book of rules4 ,gesture is an outward expression of an inward condition4 ,it is merely an effect--the effect of a mental or an emotional impulse struggling for expression through physical avenues4 ,you must not1 however1 begin at the wrong end3 if you are troubled by your gestures1 or a lack of gestures1 attend to the cause1 not the effect4 ,it will not in the least help matters to tack on to your delivery a few mechanical movements4 ,if the tree in your front yard is not growing to suit you1 fertilize and water the soil and let the tree have sunshine4 ,obviously it will not help your tree to nail on a few branches4 ,if your cistern is dry1 wait until it rains2 or bore a well4 ,why plunge a pump into a dry hole8 ,the speaker whose thoughts and emotions are welling within him like a mountain spring will not have much trouble to make gestures2 it will be merely a question of properly directing them4 ,if his enthusiasm for his subject is not such as to give him a natural impulse for dramatic action1 it will avail nothing to furnish him with a long list of rules4 ,he may tack on some movements1 but they will look like the wilted branches nailed to a tree to simulate life4 ,gestures must be born1 not built4 ,a wooden horse may amuse the children1 but it takes a live one to go somewhere4 ,it is not only impossible to lay down definite rules on this subject1 but it would be silly to try1 for everything depends on the speech1 the occasion1 the personality and feelings of the speaker1 and the attitude of the audience4 ,it is easy enough to forecast the result of multiplying seven by six1 but it is impossible to tell any man what kind of gestures he will be impelled to use when he wishes to show his earnestness4 ,we may tell him that many speakers close the hand1 with the exception of the forefinger1 and pointing that finger straight at the audience pour out their thoughts like a volley2 or that others stamp one foot for emphasis2 or that ,mr4 ,bryan often slaps his hands together for great force1 holding one palm upward in an easy manner2 or that ,gladstone would sometimes make a rush at the clerk's table in ,parliament and smite it with his hand so forcefully that ,d'israeli once brought down the house by grimly congratulating himself that such a barrier stood between himself and the honorable gentleman4 ,all these things1 and a bookful more1 may we tell the speaker1 but we cannot know whether he can use these gestures or not1 any more than we can decide whether he could wear ,mr4 ,bryan's clothes4 ,the best that can be done on this subject is to offer a few practical suggestions1 and let personal good taste decide as to where effective dramatic action ends and extravagant motion begins4 ,any ,gesture ,that ,merely ,calls ,attention to ,itself ,is ,bad ,the purpose of a gesture is to carry your thought and feeling into the minds and hearts of your hearers2 this it does by emphasizing your message1 by interpreting it1 by expressing it in action1 by striking its tone in either a physically descriptive1 a suggestive1 or a typical gesture--and let it be remembered all the time that gesture includes all physical movement1 from facial expression and the tossing of the head to the expressive movements of hand and foot4 ,a shifting of the pose may be a most effective gesture4 ,what is true of gesture is true of all life4 ,if the people on the street turn around and watch your walk1 your walk is more important than you are--change it4 ,if the attention of your audience is called to your gestures1 they are not convincing1 because they appear to be--what they have a doubtful right to be in reality--studied4 ,have you ever seen a speaker use such grotesque gesticulations that you were fascinated by their frenzy of oddity1 but could not follow his thought8 ,do not smother ideas with gymnastics4 ,savonarola would rush down from the high pulpit among the congregation in the duomo at ,florence and carry the fire of conviction to his hearers2 ,billy ,sunday slides to base on the platform carpet in dramatizing one of his baseball illustrations4 ,yet in both instances the message has somehow stood out bigger than the gesture--it is chiefly in calm afterthought that men have remembered the form of dramatic expression4 ,when ,sir ,henry ,irving made his famous exit as ,shylock the last thing the audience saw was his pallid1 avaricious hand extended skinny and claw-like against the background4 ,at the time1 every one was overwhelmed by the tremendous typical quality of this gesture2 now1 we have time to think of its art1 and discuss its realistic power4 ,only when gesture is subordinated to the absorbing importance of the idea--a spontaneous1 living expression of living truth--is it justifiable at all2 and when it is remembered for itself--as a piece of unusual physical energy or as a poem of grace--it is a dead failure as dramatic expression4 ,there is a place for a unique style of walking--it is the circus or the cake-walk2 there is a place for surprisingly rhythmical evolutions of arms and legs--it is on the dance floor or the stage4 ,don't let your agility and grace put your thoughts out of business4 ,one of the present writers took his first lessons in gesture from a certain college president who knew far more about what had happened at the ,diet of ,worms than he did about how to express himself in action4 ,his instructions were to start the movement on a certain word1 continue it on a precise curve1 and unfold the fingers at the conclusion1 ending with the forefinger--just so4 ,plenty1 and more than plenty1 has been published on this subject1 giving just such silly directions4 ,gesture is a thing of mentality and feeling--not a matter of geometry4 ,remember1 whenever a pair of shoes1 a method of pronunciation1 or a gesture calls attention to itself1 it is bad4 ,when you have made really good gestures in a good speech your hearers will not go away saying1 ,what beautiful gestures he made6 but they will say1 ,i'll vote for that measure4 ,he is right--,i believe in that4 ,gestures ,should ,be ,born of the ,moment ,the best actors and public speakers rarely know in advance what gestures they are going to make4 ,they make one gesture on certain words tonight1 and none at all tomorrow night at the same point--their various moods and interpretations govern their gestures4 ,it is all a matter of impulse and intelligent feeling with them--don't overlook that word intelligent4 ,nature does not always provide the same kind of sunsets or snow flakes1 and the movements of a good speaker vary almost as much as the creations of nature4 ,now all this is not to say that you must not take some thought for your gestures4 ,if that were meant1 why this chapter8 ,when the sergeant despairingly besought the recruit in the awkward squad to step out and look at himself1 he gave splendid advice--and worthy of personal application4 ,particularly while you are in the learning days of public speaking you must learn to criticise your own gestures4 ,recall them--see where they were useless1 crude1 awkward1 what not1 and do better next time4 ,there is a vast deal of difference between being conscious of self and being self-conscious4 ,it will require your nice discrimination in order to cultivate spontaneous gestures and yet give due attention to practise4 ,while you depend upon the moment it is vital to remember that only a dramatic genius can effectively accomplish such feats as we have related of ,whitefield1 ,savonarola1 and others3 and doubtless the first time they were used they came in a burst of spontaneous feeling1 yet ,whitefield declared that not until he had delivered a sermon forty times was its delivery perfected4 ,what spontaneity initiates let practise complete4 ,every effective speaker and every vivid actor has observed1 considered and practised gesture until his dramatic actions are a sub-conscious possession1 just like his ability to pronounce correctly without especially concentrating his thought4 ,every able platform man has possessed himself of a dozen ways in which he might depict in gesture any given emotion2 in fact1 the means for such expression are endless--and this is precisely why it is both useless and harmful to make a chart of gestures and enforce them as the ideals of what may be used to express this or that feeling4 ,practise descriptive1 suggestive1 and typical movements until they come as naturally as a good articulation2 and rarely forecast the gestures you will use at a given moment3 leave something to that moment4 ,avoid ,monotony in ,gesture ,roast beef is an excellent dish1 but it would be terrible as an exclusive diet4 ,no matter how effective one gesture is1 do not overwork it4 ,put variety in your actions4 ,monotony will destroy all beauty and power4 ,the pump handle makes one effective gesture1 and on hot days that one is very eloquent1 but it has its limitations4 ,any ,movement that is not ,significant1 ,weakens ,do not forget that4 ,restlessness is not expression4 ,a great many useless movements will only take the attention of the audience from what you are saying4 ,a widely-noted man introduced the speaker of the evening one ,sunday lately to a ,new ,york audience4 ,the only thing remembered about that introductory speech is that the speaker played nervously with the covering of the table as he talked4 ,we naturally watch moving objects4 ,a janitor putting down a window can take the attention of the hearers from ,mr4 ,roosevelt4 ,by making a few movements at one side of the stage a chorus girl may draw the interest of the spectators from a big scene between the leads4 ,when our forefathers lived in caves they had to watch moving objects1 for movements meant danger4 ,we have not yet overcome the habit4 ,advertisers have taken advantage of it--witness the moving electric light signs in any city4 ,a shrewd speaker will respect this law and conserve the attention of his audience by eliminating all unnecessary movements4 ,gesture ,should either be ,simultaneous with or ,precede the ,words--not ,follow ,them ,lady ,macbeth says3 ,bear welcome in your eye1 your hand1 your tongue4 ,reverse this order and you get comedy4 ,say1 ,there he goes1 pointing at him after you have finished your words1 and see if the result is not comical4 ,do ,not ,make ,short1 ,jerky ,movements ,some speakers seem to be imitating a waiter who has failed to get a tip4 ,let your movements be easy1 and from the shoulder1 as a rule1 rather than from the elbow4 ,but do not go to the other extreme and make too many flowing motions--that savors of the lackadaisical4 ,put a little punch and life into your gestures4 ,you can not1 however1 do this mechanically4 ,the audience will detect it if you do4 ,they may not know just what is wrong1 but the gesture will have a false appearance to them4 ,facial ,expression is ,important ,have you ever stopped in front of a ,broadway theater and looked at the photographs of the cast8 ,notice the row of chorus girls who are supposed to be expressing fear4 ,their attitudes are so mechanical that the attempt is ridiculous4 ,notice the picture of the star expressing the same emotion3 his muscles are drawn1 his eyebrows lifted1 he shrinks1 and fear shines through his eyes4 ,that actor felt fear when the photograph was taken4 ,the chorus girls felt that it was time for a rarebit1 and more nearly expressed that emotion than they did fear4 ,incidentally1 that is one reason why they stay in the chorus4 ,the movements of the facial muscles may mean a great deal more than the movements of the hand4 ,the man who sits in a dejected heap with a look of despair on his face is expressing his thoughts and feelings just as effectively as the man who is waving his arms and shouting from the back of a dray wagon4 ,the eye has been called the window of the soul4 ,through it shines the light of our thoughts and feelings4 ,do ,not ,use ,too ,much ,gesture ,as a matter of fact1 in the big crises of life we do not go through many actions4 ,when your closest friend dies you do not throw up your hands and talk about your grief4 ,you are more likely to sit and brood in dry-eyed silence4 ,the ,hudson ,river does not make much noise on its way to the sea--it is not half so loud as the little creek up in ,bronx ,park that a bullfrog could leap across4 ,the barking dog never tears your trousers--at least they say he doesn't4 ,do not fear the man who waves his arms and shouts his anger1 but the man who comes up quietly with eyes flaming and face burning may knock you down4 ,fuss is not force4 ,observe these principles in nature and practise them in your delivery4 ,the writer of this chapter once observed an instructor drilling a class in gesture4 ,they had come to the passage from ,henry ,,viii in which the humbled ,cardinal says3 ,farewell1 a long farewell to all my greatness4 ,it is one of the pathetic passages of literature4 ,a man uttering such a sentiment would be crushed1 and the last thing on earth he would do would be to make flamboyant movements4 ,yet this class had an elocutionary manual before them that gave an appropriate gesture for every occasion1 from paying the gas bill to death-bed farewells4 ,so they were instructed to throw their arms out at full length on each side and say3 ,farewell1 a long farewell to all my greatness4 ,such a gesture might possibly be used in an after-dinner speech at the convention of a telephone company whose lines extended from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 but to think of ,wolsey's using that movement would suggest that his fate was just4 ,posture ,the physical attitude to be taken before the audience really is included in gesture4 ,just what that attitude should be depends1 not on rules1 but on the spirit of the speech and the occasion4 ,senator ,la ,follette stood for three hours with his weight thrown on his forward foot as he leaned out over the footlights1 ran his fingers through his hair1 and flamed out a denunciation of the trusts4 ,it was very effective4 ,but imagine a speaker taking that kind of position to discourse on the development of road-making machinery4 ,if you have a fiery1 aggressive message1 and will let yourself go1 nature will naturally pull your weight to your forward foot4 ,a man in a hot political argument or a street brawl never has to stop to think upon which foot he should throw his weight4 ,you may sometimes place your weight on your back foot if you have a restful and calm message--but don't worry about it3 just stand like a man who genuinely feels what he is saying4 ,do not stand with your heels close together1 like a soldier or a butler4 ,no more should you stand with them wide apart like a traffic policeman4 ,use simple good manners and common sense4 ,here a word of caution is needed4 ,we have advised you to allow your gestures and postures to be spontaneous and not woodenly prepared beforehand1 but do not go to the extreme of ignoring the importance of acquiring mastery of your physical movements4 ,a muscular hand made flexible by free movement1 is far more likely to be an effective instrument in gesture than a stiff1 pudgy bunch of fingers4 ,if your shoulders are lithe and carried well1 while your chest does not retreat from association with your chin1 the chances of using good extemporaneous gestures are so much the better4 ,learn to keep the back of your neck touching your collar1 hold your chest high1 and keep down your waist measure4 ,so attention to strength1 poise1 flexibility1 and grace of body are the foundations of good gesture1 for they are expressions of vitality1 and without vitality no speaker can enter the kingdom of power4 ,when an awkward giant like ,abraham ,lincoln rose to the sublimest heights of oratory he did so because of the greatness of his soul--his very ruggedness of spirit and artless honesty were properly expressed in his gnarly body4 ,the fire of character1 of earnestness1 and of message swept his hearers before him when the tepid words of an insincere ,apollo would have left no effect4 ,but be sure you are a second ,lincoln before you despise the handicap of physical awkwardness4 ,ty ,cobb has confided to the public that when he is in a batting slump he even stands before a mirror1 bat in hand1 to observe the swing and follow through of his batting form4 ,if you would learn to stand well before an audience1 look at yourself in a mirror--but not too often4 ,practise walking and standing before the mirror so as to conquer awkwardness--not to cultivate a pose4 ,stand on the platform in the same easy manner that you would use before guests in a drawing-room4 ,if your position is not graceful1 make it so by dancing1 gymnasium work1 and by getting grace and poise in your mind4 ,do not continually hold the same position4 ,any big change of thought necessitates a change of position4 ,be at home4 ,there are no rules--it is all a matter of taste4 ,while on the platform forget that you have any hands until you desire to use them--then remember them effectively4 ,gravity will take care of them4 ,of course1 if you want to put them behind you1 or fold them once in awhile1 it is not going to ruin your speech4 ,thought and feeling are the big things in speaking--not the position of a foot or a hand4 ,simply put your limbs where you want them to be--you have a will1 so do not neglect to use it4 ,let us reiterate1 do not despise practise4 ,your gestures and movements may be spontaneous and still be wrong4 ,no matter how natural they are1 it is possible to improve them4 ,it is impossible for anyone--even yourself--to criticise your gestures until after they are made4 ,you can't prune a peach tree until it comes up2 therefore speak much1 and observe your own speech4 ,while you are examining yourself1 do not forget to study statuary and paintings to see how the great portrayers of nature have made their subjects express ideas through action4 ,notice the gestures of the best speakers and actors4 ,observe the physical expression of life everywhere4 ,the leaves on the tree respond to the slightest breeze4 ,the muscles of your face1 the light of your eyes1 should respond to the slightest change of feeling4 ,emerson says3 ,every man that ,i meet is my superior in some way4 ,in that ,i learn of him4 ,illiterate ,italians make gestures so wonderful and beautiful that ,booth or ,barrett might have sat at their feet and been instructed4 ,open your eyes4 ,emerson says again3 ,we are immersed in beauty1 but our eyes have no clear vision4 ,toss this book to one side2 go out and watch one child plead with another for a bite of apple2 see a street brawl2 observe life in action4 ,do you want to know how to express victory8 ,watch the victors' hands go high on election night4 ,do you want to plead a cause8 ,make a composite photograph of all the pleaders in daily life you constantly see4 ,beg1 borrow1 and steal the best you can get1 ,,but ,,don',t ,,give ,,it ,,out ,,as ,,theft4 ,assimilate it until it becomes a part of you--then let the expression come out4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,from what source do you intend to study gesture8 #b4 ,what is the first requisite of good gestures8 ,why8 #c4 ,why is it impossible to lay down steel-clad rules for gesturing8 #d4 ,describe 7a7 a graceful gesture that you have observed2 7b7 a forceful one2 7c7 an extravagant one2 7d7 an inappropriate one4 #e4 ,what gestures do you use for emphasis8 ,why8 #f4 ,how can grace of movement be acquired8 #g4 ,when in doubt about a gesture what would you do8 #h4 ,what1 according to your observations before a mirror1 are your faults in gesturing8 #i4 ,how do you intend to correct them8 #aj4 ,what are some of the gestures1 if any1 that you might use in delivering ,thurston's speech1 page #ej2 ,grady's speech1 page #cf8 ,be specific4 #aa4 ,describe some particularly appropriate gesture that you have observed4 ,why was it appropriate8 #ab4 ,cite at least three movements in nature that might well be imitated in gesture4 #ac4 ,what would you gather from the expressions3 descriptive gesture1 suggestive gesture1 and typical gesture8 #ad4 ,select any elemental emotion1 such as fear1 and try1 by picturing in your mind at least five different situations that might call forth this emotion1 to express its several phases by gesture--including posture1 movement1 and facial expression4 #ae4 ,do the same thing for such other emotions as you may select4 #af4 ,select three passages from any source1 only being sure that they are suitable for public delivery1 memorize each1 and then devise gestures suitable for each4 ,say why4 #ag4 ,criticise the gestures in any speech you have heard recently4 #ah4 ,practise flexible movement of the hand4 ,what exercises did you find useful8 #ai4 ,carefully observe some animal2 then devise several typical gestures4 #bj4 ,write a brief dialogue between any two animals2 read it aloud and invent expressive gestures4 #ba4 ,deliver1 with appropriate gestures1 the quotation that heads this chapter4 #bb4 ,read aloud the following incident1 using dramatic gestures3 ,when ,voltaire was preparing a young actress to appear in one of his tragedies1 he tied her hands to her sides with pack thread in order to check her tendency toward exuberant gesticulation4 ,under this condition of compulsory immobility she commenced to rehearse1 and for some time she bore herself calmly enough2 but at last1 completely carried away by her feelings1 she burst her bonds and flung up her arms4 ,alarmed at her supposed neglect of his instructions1 she began to apologize to the poet2 he smilingly reassured her1 however2 the gesture was then admirable1 because it was irrepressible4 --,,redway1 ,the ,actor's ,art4 #bc4 ,render the following with suitable gestures3 ,one day1 while preaching1 ,whitefield suddenly assumed a nautical air and manner that were irresistible with him1 and broke forth in these words3 ,well1 my boys1 we have a clear sky1 and are making fine headway over a smooth sea before a light breeze1 and we shall soon lose sight of land4 ,but what means this sudden lowering of the heavens1 and that dark cloud arising from beneath the western horizon8 ,hark6 ,don't you hear distant thunder8 ,don't you see those flashes of lightning8 ,there is a storm gathering6 ,every man to his duty6 ,the air is dark6--the tempest rages6--our masts are gone6--the ship is on her beam ends6 ,what next8 ,at this a number of sailors in the congregation1 utterly swept away by the dramatic description1 leaped to their feet and cried3 ,the longboat6--take to the longboat6 --,,nathan ,,sheppard1 ,before an ,audience4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,methods ,,of ,,delivery ,the crown1 the consummation1 of the discourse is its delivery4 ,toward it all preparation looks1 for it the audience waits1 by it the speaker is judged4444 ,all the forces of the orator's life converge in his oratory4 ,the logical acuteness with which he marshals the facts around his theme1 the rhetorical facility with which he orders his language1 the control to which he has attained in the use of his body as a single organ of expression1 whatever richness of acquisition and experience are his--these all are now incidents2 the fact is the sending of his message home to his hearers4444 ,the hour of delivery is the supreme1 inevitable hour for the orator4 ,it is this fact that makes lack of adequate preparation such an impertinence4 ,and it is this that sends such thrills of indescribable joy through the orator's whole being when he has achieved a success--it is like the mother forgetting her pangs for the joy of bringing a son into the world4 --,j4,b4,e41 ,how to ,attract and ,hold an ,audience4 ,there are four fundamental methods of delivering an address2 all others are modifications of one or more of these3 reading from manuscript1 committing the written speech and speaking from memory1 speaking from notes1 and extemporaneous speech4 ,it is impossible to say which form of delivery is best for all speakers in all circumstances--in deciding for yourself you should consider the occasion1 the nature of the audience1 the character of your subject1 and your own limitations of time and ability4 ,however1 it is worth while warning you not to be lenient in self-exaction4 ,say to yourself courageously3 ,what others can do1 ,i can attempt4 ,a bold spirit conquers where others flinch1 and a trying task challenges pluck4 ,reading from ,manuscript ,this method really deserves short shrift in a book on public speaking1 for1 delude yourself as you may1 public reading is not public speaking4 ,yet there are so many who grasp this broken reed for support that we must here discuss the read speech--apologetic misnomer as it is4 ,certainly there are occasions--among them1 the opening of ,congress1 the presentation of a sore question before a deliberative body1 or a historical commemoration--when it may seem not alone to the orator but to all those interested that the chief thing is to express certain thoughts in precise language--in language that must not be either misunderstood or misquoted4 ,at such times oratory is unhappily elbowed to a back bench1 the manuscript is solemnly withdrawn from the capacious inner pocket of the new frock coat1 and everyone settles himself resignedly1 with only a feeble flicker of hope that the so-called speech may not be as long as it is thick4 ,the words may be golden1 but the hearers' 787 eyes are prone to be leaden1 and in about one instance out of a hundred does the perpetrator really deliver an impressive address4 ,his excuse is his apology--he is not to be blamed1 as a rule1 for some one decreed that it would be dangerous to cut loose from manuscript moorings and take his audience with him on a really delightful sail4 ,one great trouble on such great occasions is that the essayist--for such he is--has been chosen not because of his speaking ability but because his grandfather fought in a certain battle1 or his constituents sent him to ,congress1 or his gifts in some line of endeavor other than speaking have distinguished him4 ,as well choose a surgeon from his ability to play golf4 ,to be sure1 it always interests an audience to see a great man2 because of his eminence they are likely to listen to his words with respect1 perhaps with interest1 even when droned from a manuscript4 ,but how much more effective such a deliverance would be if the papers were cast aside6 ,nowhere is the read-address so common as in the pulpit--the pulpit1 that in these days least of all can afford to invite a handicap4 ,doubtless many clergymen prefer finish to fervor--let them choose3 they are rarely men who sway the masses to acceptance of their message4 ,what they gain in precision and elegance of language they lose in force4 ,there are just four motives that can move a man to read his address or sermon3 #a4 ,laziness is the commonest4 ,enough said4 ,even ,heaven cannot make a lazy man efficient4 #b4 ,a memory so defective that he really cannot speak without reading4 ,alas1 he is not speaking when he is reading1 so his dilemma is painful--and not to himself alone4 ,but no man has a right to assume that his memory is utterly bad until he has buckled down to memory culture--and failed4 ,a weak memory is oftener an excuse than a reason4 #c4 ,a genuine lack of time to do more than write the speech4 ,there are such instances--but they do not occur every week6 ,the disposition of your time allows more flexibility than you realize4 ,motive #c too often harnesses up with ,motive #a4 #d4 ,a conviction that the speech is too important to risk forsaking the manuscript4 ,but1 if it is vital that every word should be so precise1 the style so polished1 and the thoughts so logical1 that the preacher must write the sermon entire1 is not the message important enough to warrant extra effort in perfecting its delivery8 ,it is an insult to a congregation and disrespectful to ,almighty ,god to put the phrasing of a message above the message itself4 ,to reach the hearts of the hearers the sermon must be delivered--it is only half delivered when the speaker cannot utter it with original fire and force1 when he merely repeats words that were conceived hours or weeks before and hence are like champagne that has lost its fizz4 ,the reading preacher's eyes are tied down to his manuscript2 he cannot give the audience the benefit of his expression4 ,how long would a play fill a theater if the actors held their cue-books in hand and read their parts8 ,imagine ,patrick ,henry reading his famous speech2 ,peter-the-,hermit1 manuscript in hand1 exhorting the crusaders2 ,napoleon1 constantly looking at his papers1 addressing the army at the ,pyramids2 or ,jesus reading the ,sermon on the ,mount6 ,these speakers were so full of their subjects1 their general preparation had been so richly adequate1 that there was no necessity for a manuscript1 either to refer to or to serve as an outward and visible sign of their preparedness4 ,no event was ever so dignified that it required an artificial attempt at speech making4 ,call an essay by its right name1 but never call it a speech4 ,perhaps the most dignified of events is a supplication to the ,creator4 ,if you ever listened to the reading of an original prayer you must have felt its superficiality4 ,regardless of what the theories may be about manuscript delivery1 the fact remains that it does not work out with efficiency4 ,avoid it whenever at all possible4 ,committing the ,written ,speech and ,speaking from ,memory ,this method has certain points in its favor4 ,if you have time and leisure1 it is possible to polish and rewrite your ideas until they are expressed in clear1 concise terms4 ,pope sometimes spent a whole day in perfecting one couplet4 ,gibbon consumed twenty years gathering material for and rewriting the ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire4 ,although you cannot devote such painstaking preparation to a speech1 you should take time to eliminate useless words1 crowd whole paragraphs into a sentence and choose proper illustrations4 ,good speeches1 like plays1 are not written2 they are rewritten4 ,the ,national ,cash ,register ,company follows this plan with their most efficient selling organization3 they require their salesmen to memorize verbatim a selling talk4 ,they maintain that there is one best way of putting their selling arguments1 and they insist that each salesman use this ideal way rather than employ any haphazard phrases that may come into his mind at the moment4 ,the method of writing and committing has been adopted by many noted speakers2 ,julius ,caesar1 ,robert ,ingersoll1 and1 on some occasions1 ,wendell ,phillips1 were distinguished examples4 ,the wonderful effects achieved by famous actors were1 of course1 accomplished through the delivery of memorized lines4 ,the inexperienced speaker must be warned before attempting this method of delivery that it is difficult and trying4 ,it requires much skill to make it efficient4 ,the memorized lines of the young speaker will usually sound like memorized words1 and repel4 ,if you want to hear an example1 listen to a department store demonstrator repeat her memorized lingo about the newest furniture polish or breakfast food4 ,it requires training to make a memorized speech sound fresh and spontaneous1 and1 unless you have a fine native memory1 in each instance the finished product necessitates much labor4 ,should you forget a part of your speech or miss a few words1 you are liable to be so confused that1 like ,mark ,twain's guide in ,rome1 you will be compelled to repeat your lines from the beginning4 ,on the other hand1 you may be so taken up with trying to recall your written words that you will not abandon yourself to the spirit of your address1 and so fail to deliver it with that spontaneity which is so vital to forceful delivery4 ,but do not let these difficulties frighten you4 ,if committing seems best to you1 give it a faithful trial4 ,do not be deterred by its pitfalls1 but by resolute practise avoid them4 ,one of the best ways to rise superior to these difficulties is to do as ,dr4 ,wallace ,radcliffe often does3 commit without writing the speech1 making practically all the preparation mentally1 without putting pen to paper--a laborious but effective way of cultivating both mind and memory4 ,you will find it excellent practise1 both for memory and delivery1 to commit the specimen speeches found in this volume and declaim them1 with all attention to the principles we have put before you4 ,william ,ellery ,channing1 himself a distinguished speaker1 years ago had this to say of practise in declamation3 ,is there not an amusement1 having an affinity with the drama1 which might be usefully introduced among us8 ,i mean1 ,recitation4 ,a work of genius1 recited by a man of fine taste1 enthusiasm1 and powers of elocution1 is a very pure and high gratification4 ,were this art cultivated and encouraged1 great numbers1 now insensible to the most beautiful compositions1 might be waked up to their excellence and power4 ,speaking from ,notes ,the third1 and the most popular method of delivery1 is probably also the best one for the beginner4 ,speaking from notes is not ideal delivery1 but we learn to swim in shallow water before going out beyond the ropes4 ,make a definite plan for your discourse 7for a fuller discussion see ,chapter ,,xviii7 and set down the points somewhat in the fashion of a lawyer's brief1 or a preacher's outline4 ,here is a sample of very simple notes3 ,,attention ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,attention indispensable to the performance of any great work4 ,anecdote4 ,,ii4 ,,defined ,,and ,,illustrated4 #a4 ,from common observation4 #b4 ,from the lives of great men ,carlyle1 ,robert ,e4 ,lee4 ,,iii4 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,other ,,mental ,,powers4 #a4 ,reason4 #b4 ,imagination4 #c4 ,memory4 #d4 ,will4 ,anecdote4 ,,iv4 ,,attention ,,may ,,be ,,cultivated4 #a4 ,involuntary attention4 #b4 ,voluntary attention4 ,examples4 ,v4 ,,conclusion4 ,the consequences of inattention and of attention4 ,few briefs would be so precise as this one1 for with experience a speaker learns to use little tricks to attract his eye--he may underscore a catch-word heavily1 draw a red circle around a pivotal idea1 enclose the key-word of an anecdote in a wavy-lined box1 and so on indefinitely4 ,these points are worth remembering1 for nothing so eludes the swift-glancing eye of the speaker as the sameness of typewriting1 or even a regular pen-script4 ,so unintentional a thing as a blot on the page may help you to remember a big point in your brief--perhaps by association of ideas4 ,an inexperienced speaker would probably require fuller notes than the specimen given4 ,yet that way lies danger1 for the complete manuscript is but a short remove from the copious outline4 ,use as few notes as possible4 ,they may be necessary for the time being1 but do not fail to look upon them as a necessary evil2 and even when you lay them before you1 refer to them only when compelled to do so4 ,make your notes as full as you please in preparation1 but by all means condense them for platform use4 ,extemporaneous ,speech ,surely this is the ideal method of delivery4 ,it is far and away the most popular with the audience1 and the favorite method of the most efficient speakers4 ,extemporaneous speech has sometimes been made to mean unprepared speech1 and indeed it is too often precisely that2 but in no such sense do we recommend it strongly to speakers old and young4 ,on the contrary1 to speak well without notes requires all the preparation which we discussed so fully in the chapter on ,fluency1 while yet relying upon the inspiration of the hour for some of your thoughts and much of your language4 ,you had better remember1 however1 that the most effective inspiration of the hour is the inspiration you yourself bring to it1 bottled up in your spirit and ready to infuse itself into the audience4 ,if you extemporize you can get much closer to your audience4 ,in a sense1 they appreciate the task you have before you and send out their sympathy4 ,extemporize1 and you will not have to stop and fumble around amidst your notes--you can keep your eye afire with your message and hold your audience with your very glance4 ,you yourself will feel their response as you read the effects of your warm1 spontaneous words1 written on their countenances4 ,sentences written out in the study are liable to be dead and cold when resurrected before the audience4 ,when you create as you speak you conserve all the native fire of your thought4 ,you can enlarge on one point or omit another1 just as the occasion or the mood of the audience may demand4 ,it is not possible for every speaker to use this1 the most difficult of all methods of delivery1 and least of all can it be used successfully without much practise1 but it is the ideal towards which all should strive4 ,one danger in this method is that you may be led aside from your subject into by-paths4 ,to avoid this peril1 firmly stick to your mental outline4 ,practise speaking from a memorized brief until you gain control4 ,join a debating society--talk1 talk1 ,,talk1 and always extemporize4 ,you may make a fool of yourself once or twice1 but is that too great a price to pay for success8 ,notes1 like crutches1 are only a sign of weakness4 ,remember that the power of your speech depends to some extent upon the view your audience holds of you4 ,general ,grant's words as president were more powerful than his words as a ,missouri farmer4 ,if you would appear in the light of an authority1 be one4 ,make notes on your brain instead of on paper4 ,joint ,methods of ,delivery ,a modification of the second method has been adopted by many great speakers1 particularly lecturers who are compelled to speak on a wide variety of subjects day after day2 such speakers often commit their addresses to memory but keep their manuscripts in flexible book form before them1 turning several pages at a time4 ,they feel safer for having a sheet-anchor to windward--but it is an anchor1 nevertheless1 and hinders rapid1 free sailing1 though it drag never so lightly4 ,other speakers throw out a still lighter anchor by keeping before them a rather full outline of their written and committed speech4 ,others again write and commit a few important parts of the address--the introduction1 the conclusion1 some vital argument1 some pat illustration--and depend on the hour for the language of the rest4 ,this method is well adapted to speaking either with or without notes4 ,some speakers read from manuscript the most important parts of their speeches and utter the rest extemporaneously4 ,thus1 what we have called joint methods of delivery are open to much personal variation4 ,you must decide for yourself which is best for you1 for the occasion1 for your subject1 for your audience--for these four factors all have their individual claims4 ,whatever form you choose1 do not be so weakly indifferent as to prefer the easy way--choose the best way1 whatever it cost you in time and effort4 ,and of this be assured3 only the practised speaker can hope to gain both conciseness of argument and conviction in manner1 polish of language and power in delivery1 finish of style and fire in utterance4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,which in your judgment is the most suitable of delivery for you8 ,why8 #b4 ,what objections can you offer to1 7a7 memorizing the entire speech2 7b7 reading from manuscript2 7c7 using notes2 7d7 speaking from memorized outline or notes2 7ee7 any of the joint methods8 #c4 ,what is there to commend in delivering a speech in any of the foregoing methods8 #d4 ,can you suggest any combination of methods that you have found efficacious8 #e4 ,what methods1 according to your observation1 do most successful speakers use8 #f4 ,select some topic from the list on page #abc1 narrow the theme so as to make it specific 7see page #abb71 and deliver a short address1 utilizing the four methods mentioned1 in four different deliveries of the speech4 #g4 ,select one of the joint methods and apply it to the delivery of the same address4 #h4 ,which method do you prefer1 and why8 #i4 ,from the list of subjects in the ,appendix select a theme and deliver a five-minute address without notes1 but make careful preparation without putting your thoughts on paper4 ,,note3 ,it is earnestly hoped that instructors will not pass this stage of the work without requiring of their students much practise in the delivery of original speeches1 in the manner that seems1 after some experiment1 to be best suited to the student's gifts4 ,students who are studying alone should be equally exacting in demand upon themselves4 ,one point is most important3 ,it is easy to learn to read a speech1 therefore it is much more urgent that the pupil should have much practise in speaking from notes and speaking without notes4 ,at this stage1 pay more attention to manner than to matter--the succeeding chapters take up the composition of the address4 ,be particularly insistent upon frequent and thorough review of the principles of delivery discussed in the preceding chapters4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,thought ,,and ,,reserve ,,power ,providence is always on the side of the last reserve4 --,,napoleon ,,bonaparte4 ,so mightiest powers by deepest calms are fed1 ,and sleep1 how oft1 in things that gentlest be6 --,,barry ,,cornwall1 ,the ,sea in ,calm4 ,what would happen if you should overdraw your bank account8 ,as a rule the check would be protested2 but if you were on friendly terms with the bank1 your check might be honored1 and you would be called upon to make good the overdraft4 ,nature has no such favorites1 therefore extends no credits4 ,she is as relentless as a gasoline tank--when the gas is all used the machine stops4 ,it is as reckless for a speaker to risk going before an audience without having something in reserve as it is for the motorist to essay a long journey in the wilds without enough gasoline in sight4 ,but in what does a speaker's reserve power consist8 ,in a well-founded reliance on his general and particular grasp of his subject2 in the quality of being alert and resourceful in thought--particularly in the ability to think while on his feet2 and in that self-possession which makes one the captain of all his own forces1 bodily and mental4 ,the first of these elements1 adequate preparation1 and the last1 self-reliance1 were discussed fully in the chapters on ,self-,confidence and ,fluency1 so they will be touched only incidentally here2 besides1 the next chapter will take up specific methods of preparation for public speaking4 ,therefore the central theme of this chapter is the second of the elements of reserve power--,thought4 ,the ,mental ,storehouse ,an empty mind1 like an empty larder1 may be a serious matter or not--all will depend on the available resources4 ,if there is no food in the cupboard the housewife does not nervously rattle the empty dishes2 she telephones the grocer4 ,if you have no ideas1 do not rattle your empty ers and ahs1 but get some ideas1 and don't speak until you do get them4 ,this1 however1 is not being what the old ,new ,england housekeeper used to call forehanded4 ,the real solution of the problem of what to do with an empty head is never to let it become empty4 ,in the artesian wells of ,dakota the water rushes to the surface and leaps a score of feet above the ground4 ,the secret of this exuberant flow is of course the great supply below1 crowding to get out4 ,what is the use of stopping to prime a mental pump when you can fill your life with the resources for an artesian well8 ,it is not enough to have merely enough2 you must have more than enough4 ,then the pressure of your mass of thought and feeling will maintain your flow of speech and give you the confidence and poise that denote reserve power4 ,to be away from home with only the exact return fare leaves a great deal to circumstances6 ,reserve power is magnetic4 ,it does not consist in giving the idea that you are holding something in reserve1 but rather in the suggestion that the audience is getting the cream of your observation1 reading1 experience1 feeling1 thought4 ,to have reserve power1 therefore1 you must have enough milk of material on hand to supply sufficient cream4 ,but how shall we get the milk8 ,there are two ways3 the one is first-hand--from the cow2 the other is second-hand--from the milkman4 ,the ,seeing ,eye ,some sage has said3 ,for a thousand men who can speak1 there is only one who can think2 for a thousand men who can think1 there is only one who can see4 ,to see and to think is to get your milk from your own cow4 ,when the one man in a million who can see comes along1 we call him ,master4 ,old ,mr4 ,holbrook1 of ,cranford1 asked his guest what color ash-buds were in ,march2 she confessed she did not know1 to which the old gentleman answered3 ,i knew you didn't4 ,no more did ,i--an old fool that ,i am6--till this young man comes and tells me4 ',black as ash-buds in ,march4' ,and ,i've lived all my life in the country4 ,more shame for me not to know4 ,black2 they are jet-black1 madam4 ,this young man referred to by ,mr4 ,holbrook was ,tennyson4 ,henry ,ward ,beecher said3 ,i do not believe that ,i have ever met a man on the street that ,i did not get from him some element for a sermon4 ,i never see anything in nature which does not work towards that for which ,i give the strength of my life4 ,the material for my sermons is all the time following me and swarming up around me4 ,instead of saying only one man in a million can see1 it would strike nearer the truth to say that none of us sees with perfect understanding more than a fraction of what passes before our eyes1 yet this faculty of acute and accurate observation is so important that no man ambitious to lead can neglect it4 ,the next time you are in a car1 look at those who sit opposite you and see what you can discover of their habits1 occupations1 ideals1 nationalities1 environments1 education1 and so on4 ,you may not see a great deal the first time1 but practise will reveal astonishing results4 ,transmute every incident of your day into a subject for a speech or an illustration4 ,translate all that you see into terms of speech4 ,when you can describe all that you have seen in definite words1 you are seeing clearly4 ,you are becoming the millionth man4 ,de ,maupassant's description of an author should also fit the public-speaker3 ,his eye is like a suction pump1 absorbing everything2 like a pickpocket's hand1 always at work4 ,nothing escapes him4 ,he is constantly collecting material1 gathering-up glances1 gestures1 intentions1 everything that goes on in his presence--the slightest look1 the least act1 the merest trifle4 ,de ,maupassant was himself a millionth man1 a ,master4 ,ruskin took a common rock-crystal and saw hidden within its stolid heart lessons which have not yet ceased to move men's lives4 ,beecher stood for hours before the window of a jewelry store thinking out analogies between jewels and the souls of men4 ,gough saw in a single drop of water enough truth wherewith to quench the thirst of five thousand souls4 ,thoreau sat so still in the shadowy woods that birds and insects came and opened up their secret lives to his eye4 ,emerson observed the soul of a man so long that at length he could say1 ',i cannot hear what you say1 for seeing what you are4' ,preyer for three years studied the life of his babe and so became an authority upon the child mind4 ,observation6 ,most men are blind4 ,there are a thousand times as many hidden truths and undiscovered facts about us to-day as have made discoverers famous--facts waiting for some one to 'pluck out the heart of their mystery4' ,but so long as men go about the search with eyes that see not1 so long will these hidden pearls lie in their shells4 ,not an orator but who could more effectively point and feather his shafts were he to search nature rather than libraries4 ,too few can see 'sermons in stones' and 'books in the running brooks1' because they are so used to seeing merely sermons in books and only stones in running brooks4 ,sir ,philip ,sidney had a saying1 ',look in thy heart and write2' ,massillon explained his astute knowledge of the human heart by saying1 ',i learned it by studying myself2' ,byron says of ,john ,locke that 'all his knowledge of the human understanding was derived from studying his own mind4' ,since multiform nature is all about us1 originality ought not to be so rare4#h ,the ,thinking ,mind ,thinking is doing mental arithmetic with facts4 ,add this fact to that and you reach a certain conclusion4 ,subtract this truth from another and you have a definite result4 ,multiply this fact by another and have a precise product4 ,see how many times this occurrence happens in that space of time and you have reached a calculable dividend4 ,in thought-processes you perform every known problem of arithmetic and algebra4 ,that is why mathematics are such excellent mental gymnastics4 ,but by the same token1 thinking is work4 ,thinking takes energy4 ,thinking requires time1 and patience1 and broad information1 and clearheadedness4 ,beyond a miserable little surface-scratching1 few people really think at all--only one in a thousand1 according to the pundit already quoted4 ,so long as the present system of education prevails and children are taught through the ear rather than through the eye1 so long as they are expected to remember thoughts of others rather than think for themselves1 this proportion will continue--one man in a million will be able to see1 and one in a thousand to think4 ,but1 however thought-less a mind has been1 there is promise of better things so soon as the mind detects its own lack of thought-power4 ,the first step is to stop regarding thought as the magic of the mind1 to use ,byron's expression1 and see it as thought truly is--a weighing of ideas and a placing of them in relationships to each other4 ,ponder this definition and see if you have learned to think efficiently4 ,habitual thinking is just that--a habit4 ,habit comes of doing a thing repeatedly4 ,the lower habits are acquired easily1 the higher ones require deeper grooves if they are to persist4 ,so we find that the thought-habit comes only with resolute practise2 yet no effort will yield richer dividends4 ,persist in practise1 and whereas you have been able to think only an inch-deep into a subject1 you will soon find that you can penetrate it a foot4 ,perhaps this homely metaphor will suggest how to begin the practise of consecutive thinking1 by which we mean welding a number of separate thought-links into a chain that will hold4 ,take one link at a time1 see that each naturally belongs with the ones you link to it1 and remember that a single missing link means no chain4 ,thinking is the most fascinating and exhilarating of all mental exercises4 ,once realize that your opinion on a subject does not represent the choice you have made between what ,dr4 ,cerebrum has written and ,professor ,cerebellum has said1 but is the result of your own earnestly-applied brain-energy1 and you will gain a confidence in your ability to speak on that subject that nothing will be able to shake4 ,your thought will have given you both power and reserve power4 ,someone has condensed the relation of thought to knowledge in these pungent1 homely lines3 ,don't give me the man who thinks he thinks1 ,don't give me the man who thinks he knows1 ,but give me the man who knows he thinks1 ,and ,i have the man who knows he knows6 ,reading ,as a ,stimulus to ,thought ,no matter how dry the cow1 however1 nor how poor our ability to milk1 there is still the milkman--we can read what others have seen and felt and thought4 ,often1 indeed1 such records will kindle within us that pre-essential and vital spark1 the desire to be a thinker4 ,the following selection is taken from one of ,dr4 ,newell ,dwight ,hillis's lectures1 as given in ,a ,man's ,value to ,society4 ,dr4 ,hillis is a most fluent speaker--he never refers to notes4 ,he has reserve power4 ,his mind is a veritable treasure-house of facts and ideas4 ,see how he draws from a knowledge of fifteen different general or special subjects3 geology1 plant life1 ,palestine1 chemistry1 ,eskimos1 mythology1 literature1 ,the ,nile1 history1 law1 wit1 evolution1 religion1 biography1 and electricity4 ,surely1 it needs no sage to discover that the secret of this man's reserve power is the old secret of our artesian well whose abundance surges from unseen depths4 ,,the ,,uses ,,of ,,books ,,and ,,reading#i ,each ,kingsley approaches a stone as a jeweler approaches a casket to unlock the hidden gems4 ,geikie causes the bit of hard coal to unroll the juicy bud1 the thick odorous leaves1 the pungent boughs1 until the bit of carbon enlarges into the beauty of a tropic forest4 ,that little book of ,grant ,allen's called ,how ,plants ,grow exhibits trees and shrubs as eating1 drinking and marrying4 ,we see certain date groves in ,palestine1 and other date groves in the desert a hundred miles away1 and the pollen of the one carried upon the trade winds to the branches of the other4 ,we see the tree with its strange system of water-works1 pumping the sap up through pipes and mains2 we see the chemical laboratory in the branches mixing flavor for the orange in one bough1 mixing the juices of the pineapple in another2 we behold the tree as a mother making each infant acorn ready against the long winter1 rolling it in swaths soft and warm as wool blankets1 wrapping it around with garments impervious to the rain1 and finally slipping the infant acorn into a sleeping bag1 like those the ,eskimos gave ,dr4 ,kane4 ,at length we come to feel that the ,greeks were not far wrong in thinking each tree had a dryad in it1 animating it1 protecting it against destruction1 dying when the tree withered4 ,some ,faraday shows us that each drop of water is a sheath for electric forces sufficient to charge #hjj1jjj ,leyden jars1 or drive an engine from ,liverpool to ,london4 ,some ,sir ,william ,thomson tells us how hydrogen gas will chew up a large iron spike as a child's molars will chew off the end of a stick of candy4 ,thus each new book opens up some new and hitherto unexplored realm of nature4 ,thus books fulfill for us the legend of the wondrous glass that showed its owner all things distant and all things hidden4 ,through books our world becomes as a bud from the bower of ,god's beauty2 the sun as a spark from the light of ,his wisdom2 the sky as a bubble on the sea of ,his ,power4 ,therefore ,mrs4 ,browning's words1 ,no child can be called fatherless who has ,god and his mother2 no youth can be called friendless who has ,god and the companionship of good books4 ,books also advantage us in that they exhibit the unity of progress1 the solidarity of the race1 and the continuity of history4 ,authors lead us back along the pathway of law1 of liberty or religion1 and set us down in front of the great man in whose brain the principle had its rise4 ,as the discoverer leads us from the mouth of the ,nile back to the headwaters of ,nyanza1 so books exhibit great ideas and institutions1 as they move forward1 ever widening and deepening1 like some ,nile feeding many civilizations4 ,for all the reforms of to-day go back to some reform of yesterday4 ,man's art goes back to ,athens and ,thebes4 ,man's laws go back to ,blackstone and ,justinian4 ,man's reapers and plows go back to the savage scratching the ground with his forked stick1 drawn by the wild bullock4 ,the heroes of liberty march forward in a solid column4 ,lincoln grasps the hand of ,washington4 ,washington received his weapons at the hands of ,hampden and ,cromwell4 ,the great ,puritans lock hands with ,luther and ,savonarola4 ,the unbroken procession brings us at length to ,him whose ,sermon on the ,mount was the very charter of liberty4 ,it puts us under a divine spell to perceive that we are all coworkers with the great men1 and yet single threads in the warp and woof of civilization4 ,and when books have related us to our own age1 and related all the epochs to ,god1 whose providence is the gulf stream of history1 these teachers go on to stimulate us to new and greater achievements4 ,alone1 man is an unlighted candle4 ,the mind needs some book to kindle its faculties4 ,before ,byron began to write he used to give half an hour to reading some favorite passage4 ,the thought of some great writer never failed to kindle ,byron into a creative glow1 even as a match lights the kindlings upon the grate4 ,in these burning1 luminous moods ,byron's mind did its best work4 ,the true book stimulates the mind as no wine can ever quicken the blood4 ,it is reading that brings us to our best1 and rouses each faculty to its most vigorous life4 ,we recognize this as pure cream1 and if it seems at first to have its secondary source in the friendly milkman1 let us not forget that the theme is ,the ,uses of ,books and ,reading4 ,dr4 ,hillis both sees and thinks4 ,it is fashionable just now to decry the value of reading4 ,we read1 we are told1 to avoid the necessity of thinking for ourselves4 ,books are for the mentally lazy4 ,though this is only a half-truth1 the element of truth it contains is large enough to make us pause4 ,put yourself through a good old ,presbyterian soul-searching self-examination1 and if reading-from-thought-laziness is one of your sins1 confess it4 ,no one can shrive you of it--but yourself4 ,do penance for it by using your own brains1 for it is a transgression that dwarfs the growth of thought and destroys mental freedom4 ,at first the penance will be trying--but at the last you will be glad in it4 ,reading should entertain1 give information1 or stimulate thought4 ,here1 however1 we are chiefly concerned with information1 and stimulation of thought4 ,what shall ,i read for information8 ,the ample page of knowledge1 as ,grey tells us1 is rich with the spoils of time1 and these are ours for the price of a theatre ticket4 ,you may command ,socrates and ,marcus ,aurelius to sit beside you and discourse of their choicest1 hear ,lincoln at ,gettysburg and ,pericles at ,athens1 storm the ,bastile with ,hugo1 and wander through ,paradise with ,dante4 ,you may explore darkest ,africa with ,stanley1 penetrate the human heart with ,shakespeare1 chat with ,carlyle about heroes1 and delve with the ,apostle ,paul into the mysteries of faith4 ,the general knowledge and the inspiring ideas that men have collected through ages of toil and experiment are yours for the asking4 ,the ,sage of ,chelsea was right3 ,the true university of these days is a collection of books4 ,to master a worth-while book is to master much else besides2 few of us1 however1 make perfect conquest of a volume without first owning it physically4 ,to read a borrowed book may be a joy1 but to assign your own book a place of its own on your own shelves--be they few or many--to love the book and feel of its worn cover1 to thumb it over slowly1 page by page1 to pencil its margins in agreement or in protest1 to smile or thrill with its remembered pungencies--no mere book borrower could ever sense all that delight4 ,the reader who possesses books in this double sense finds also that his books possess him1 and the volumes which most firmly grip his life are likely to be those it has cost him some sacrifice to own4 ,these lightly-come-by titles1 which ,mr4 ,fatpurse selects1 perhaps by proxy1 can scarcely play the guide1 philosopher and friend in crucial moments as do the books--long coveted1 joyously attained--that are welcomed into the lives1 and not merely the libraries1 of us others who are at once poorer and richer4 ,so it is scarcely too much to say that of all the many ways in which an owned--a mastered--book is like to a human friend1 the truest ways are these3 ,a friend is worth making sacrifices for1 both to gain and to keep2 and our loves go out most dearly to those into whose inmost lives we have sincerely entered4 ,when you have not the advantage of the test of time by which to judge books1 investigate as thoroughly as possible the authority of the books you read4 ,much that is printed and passes current is counterfeit4 ,i read it in a book is to many a sufficient warranty of truth1 but not to the thinker4 ,what book8 asks the careful mind4 ,who wrote it8 ,what does he know about the subject and what right has he to speak on it8 ,who recognizes him as authority8 ,with what other recognized authorities does he agree or disagree8 ,being caught trying to pass counterfeit money1 even unintentionally1 is an unpleasant situation4 ,beware lest you circulate spurious coin4 ,above all1 seek reading that makes you use your own brains4 ,such reading must be alive with fresh points of view1 packed with special knowledge1 and deal with subjects of vital interest4 ,do not confine your reading to what you already know you will agree with4 ,opposition wakes one up4 ,the other road may be the better1 but you will never know it unless you give it the once over4 ,do not do all your thinking and investigating in front of given ,q4,e4,d4's2 merely assembling reasons to fill in between your theorem and what you want to prove will get you nowhere4 ,approach each subject with an open mind and--once sure that you have thought it out thoroughly and honestly--have the courage to abide by the decision of your own thought4 ,but don't brag about it afterward4 ,no book on public speaking will enable you to discourse on the tariff if you know nothing about the tariff4 ,knowing more about it than the other man will be your only hope for making the other man listen to you4 ,take a group of men discussing a governmental policy of which some one says3 ,it is socialistic4 ,that will commend the policy to ,mr4 ,a41 who believes in socialism1 but condemn it to ,mr4 ,b41 who does not4 ,it may be that neither had considered the policy beyond noticing that its surface-color was socialistic4 ,the chances are1 furthermore1 that neither ,mr4 ,a4 nor ,mr4 ,b4 has a definite idea of what socialism really is1 for as ,robert ,louis ,stevenson says1 ,man lives not by bread alone but chiefly by catch words4 ,if you are of this group of men1 and have observed this proposed government policy1 and investigated it1 and thought about it1 what you have to say cannot fail to command their respect and approval1 for you will have shown them that you possess a grasp of your subject and--to adopt an exceedingly expressive bit of slang--then some4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,robert ,houdin trained his son to give one swift glance at a shop window in passing and be able to report accurately a surprising number of its contents4 ,try this several times on different windows and report the result4 #b4 ,what effect does reserve power have on an audience8 #c4 ,what are the best methods for acquiring reserve power8 #d4 ,what is the danger of too much reading8 #e4 ,analyze some speech that you have read or heard and notice how much real information there is in it4 ,compare it with ,dr4 ,hillis's speech on ,brave ,little ,belgium1 page #cid4 #f4 ,write out a three-minute speech on any subject you choose4 ,how much information1 and what new ideas1 does it contain8 ,compare your speech with the extract on page #aia from ,dr4 ,hillis's ,the ,uses of ,books and ,reading4 #g4 ,have you ever read a book on the practise of thinking8 ,if so1 give your impressions of its value4 ,,note3 ,there are a number of excellent books on the subject of thought and the management of thought4 ,the following are recommended as being especially helpful3 ,thinking and ,learning to ,think1 ,nathan ,c4 ,schaeffer2 ,talks to ,students on the ,art of ,study1 ,cramer2 ,as a ,man ,thinketh1 ,allen4 #h4 ,define 7a7 logic2 7b7 mental philosophy 7or mental science72 7c7 psychology2 7d7 abstract4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #h3 ,how to ,attract and ,hold an ,audience1 ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein4 ,footnote #i3 ,used by permission4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,subject ,,and ,,preparation ,suit your topics to your strength1 ,and ponder well your subject1 and its length2 ,nor lift your load1 before you're quite aware ,what weight your shoulders will1 or will not1 bear4 --,,byron1 ,hints from ,horace4 ,look to this day1 for it is life--the very life of life4 ,in its brief course lie all the verities and realities of your existence3 the bliss of growth1 the glory of action1 the splendor of beauty4 ,for yesterday is already a dream and tomorrow is only a vision2 but today1 well lived1 makes every yesterday a dream of happiness and every tomorrow a vision of hope4 ,look well1 therefore1 to this day4 ,such is the salutation of the dawn4 --,from the ,sanskrit4 ,in the chapter preceding we have seen the influence of ,thought and ,reserve ,power on general preparedness for public speech4 ,but preparation consists in something more definite than the cultivation of thought-power1 whether from original or from borrowed sources--it involves a specifically acquisitive attitude of the whole life4 ,if you would become a full soul you must constantly take in and assimilate1 for in that way only may you hope to give out that which is worth the hearing2 but do not confuse the acquisition of general information with the mastery of specific knowledge4 ,information consists of a fact or a group of facts2 knowledge is organized information--knowledge knows a fact in relation to other facts4 ,now the important thing here is that you should set all your faculties to take in the things about you with the particular object of correlating them and storing them for use in public speech4 ,you must hear with the speaker's ear1 see with the speaker's eye1 and choose books and companions and sights and sounds with the speaker's purpose in view4 ,at the same time1 be ready to receive unplanned-for knowledge4 ,one of the fascinating elements in your life as a public speaker will be the conscious growth in power that casual daily experiences bring4 ,if your eyes are alert you will be constantly discovering facts1 illustrations1 and ideas without having set out in search of them4 ,these all may be turned to account on the platform2 even the leaden events of hum-drum daily life may be melted into bullets for future battles4 ,conservation of ,time in ,preparation ,but1 you say1 ,i have so little time for preparation--my mind must be absorbed by other matters4 ,daniel ,webster never let an opportunity pass to gather material for his speeches4 ,when he was a boy working in a sawmill he read out of a book in one hand and busied himself at some mechanical task with the other4 ,in youth ,patrick ,henry roamed the fields and woods in solitude for days at a time unconsciously gathering material and impressions for his later service as a speaker4 ,dr4 ,russell ,h4 ,conwell1 the man who1 the late ,charles ,a4 ,dana said1 had addressed more hearers than any living man1 used to memorize long passages from ,milton while tending the boiling syrup-pans in the silent ,new ,england woods at night4 ,the modern employer would discharge a ,webster of today for inattention to duty1 and doubtless he would be justified1 and ,patrick ,henry seemed only an idle chap even in those easy-going days2 but the truth remains3 those who take in power and have the purpose to use it efficiently will some day win to the place in which that stored-up power will revolve great wheels of influence4 ,napoleon said that quarter hours decide the destinies of nations4 ,how many quarter hours do we let drift by aimlessly6 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson conserved all his time2 every experience became capital for his work--for capital may be defined as the results of labor stored up to assist future production4 ,he continually tried to put into suitable language the scenes and actions that were in evidence about him4 ,emerson says3 ,tomorrow will be like today4 ,life wastes itself whilst we are preparing to live4 ,why wait for a more convenient season for this broad1 general preparation8 ,the fifteen minutes that we spend on the car could be profitably turned into speech-capital4 ,procure a cheap edition of modern speeches1 and by cutting out a few pages each day1 and reading them during the idle minute here and there1 note how soon you can make yourself familiar with the world's best speeches4 ,if you do not wish to mutilate your book1 take it with you--most of the epoch-making books are now printed in small volumes4 ,the daily waste of natural gas in the ,oklahoma fields is equal to ten thousand tons of coal4 ,only about three per cent of the power of the coal that enters the furnace ever diffuses itself from your electric bulb as light--the other ninety-seven per cent is wasted4 ,yet these wastes are no larger1 nor more to be lamented than the tremendous waste of time which1 if conserved would increase the speaker's powers to their nth degree4 ,scientists are making three ears of corn grow where one grew before2 efficiency engineers are eliminating useless motions and products from our factories3 catch the spirit of the age and apply efficiency to the use of the most valuable asset you possess--time4 ,what do you do mentally with the time you spend in dressing or in shaving8 ,take some subject and concentrate your energies on it for a week by utilizing just the spare moments that would otherwise be wasted4 ,you will be amazed at the result4 ,one passage a day from the ,book of ,books1 one golden ingot from some master mind1 one fully-possessed thought of your own might thus be added to the treasury of your life4 ,do not waste your time in ways that profit you nothing4 ,fill the unforgiving minute with sixty seconds' worth of distance run and on the platform you will be immeasurably the gainer4 ,let no word of this1 however1 seem to decry the value of recreation4 ,nothing is more vital to a worker than rest--yet nothing is so vitiating to the shirker4 ,be sure that your recreation re-creates4 ,a pause in the midst of labors gathers strength for new effort4 ,the mistake is to pause too long1 or to fill your pauses with ideas that make life flabby4 ,choosing a ,subject ,subject and materials tremendously influence each other4 ,this arises from the fact that there are two distinct ways in which a subject may be chosen3 by arbitrary choice1 or by development from thought and reading4 ,arbitrary choice 444 of one subject from among a number involves so many important considerations that no speaker ever fails to appreciate the tone of satisfaction in him who triumphantly announces3 ',i have a subject6' ',do give me a subject6' ,how often the weary school teacher hears that cry4 ,then a list of themes is suggested1 gone over1 considered1 and1 in most instances1 rejected1 because the teacher can know but imperfectly what is in the pupil's mind4 ,to suggest a subject in this way is like trying to discover the street on which a lost child lives1 by naming over a number of streets until one strikes the little one's ear as sounding familiar4 ,choice by development is a very different process4 ,it does not ask1 ,what shall ,i say8 ,it turns the mind in upon itself and asks1 ,what do ,i think8 ,thus1 the subject may be said to choose itself1 for in the process of thought or of reading one theme rises into prominence and becomes a living germ1 soon to grow into the discourse4 ,he who has not learned to reflect is not really acquainted with his own thoughts2 hence1 his thoughts are not productive4 ,habits of reading and reflection will supply the speaker's mind with an abundance of subjects of which he already knows something from the very reading and reflection which gave birth to his theme4 ,this is not a paradox1 but sober truth4 ,it must be already apparent that the choice of a subject by development savors more of collection than of conscious selection4 ,the subject 'pops into the mind4' 444 ,in the intellect of the trained thinker it concentrates--by a process which we have seen to be induction--the facts and truths of which he has been reading and thinking4 ,this is most often a gradual process4 ,the scattered ideas may be but vaguely connected at first1 but more and more they concentrate and take on a single form until at length one strong idea seems to grasp the soul with irresistible force1 and to cry aloud1 ',arise1 ,i am your theme6 ,henceforth1 until you transmute me by the alchemy of your inward fire into vital speech1 you shall know no rest6' ,happy1 then1 is that speaker1 for he has found a subject that grips him4 ,of course1 experienced speakers use both methods of selection4 ,even a reading and reflective man is sometimes compelled to hunt for a theme from ,dan to ,beersheba1 and then the task of gathering materials becomes a serious one4 ,but even in such a case there is a sense in which the selection comes by development1 because no careful speaker settles upon a theme which does not represent at least some matured thought4#aj ,deciding on the ,subject ,matter ,even when your theme has been chosen for you by someone else1 there remains to you a considerable field for choice of subject matter4 ,the same considerations1 in fact1 that would govern you in choosing a theme must guide in the selection of the material4 ,ask yourself--or someone else--such questions as these3 ,what is the precise nature of the occasion8 ,how large an audience may be expected8 ,from what walks of life do they come8 ,what is their probable attitude toward the theme8 ,who else will speak8 ,do ,i speak first1 last1 or where1 on the program8 ,what are the other speakers going to talk about8 ,what is the nature of the auditorium8 ,is there a desk8 ,could the subject be more effectively handled if somewhat modified8 ,precisely how much time am ,i to fill8 ,it is evident that many speech-misfits of subject1 speaker1 occasion and place are due to failure to ask just such pertinent questions4 ,what should be said1 by whom1 and in what circumstances1 constitute ninety per cent of efficiency in public address4 ,no matter who asks you1 refuse to be a square peg in a round hole4 ,questions of ,proportion ,proportion in a speech is attained by a nice adjustment of time4 ,how fully you may treat your subject it is not always for you to say4 ,let ten minutes mean neither nine nor eleven--though better nine than eleven1 at all events4 ,you wouldn't steal a man's watch2 no more should you steal the time of the succeeding speaker1 or that of the audience4 ,there is no need to overstep time-limits if you make your preparation adequate and divide your subject so as to give each thought its due proportion of attention--and no more4 ,blessed is the man that maketh short speeches1 for he shall be invited to speak again4 ,another matter of prime importance is1 what part of your address demands the most emphasis4 ,this once decided1 you will know where to place that pivotal section so as to give it the greatest strategic value1 and what degree of preparation must be given to that central thought so that the vital part may not be submerged by non-essentials4 ,many a speaker has awakened to find that he has burnt up eight minutes of a ten-minute speech in merely getting up steam4 ,that is like spending eighty percent of your building-money on the vestibule of the house4 ,the same sense of proportion must tell you to stop precisely when you are through--and it is to be hoped that you will discover the arrival of that period before your audience does4 ,tapping ,original ,sources ,the surest way to give life to speech-material is to gather your facts at first hand4 ,your words come with the weight of authority when you can say1 ,i have examined the employment rolls of every mill in this district and find that thirty-two per cent of the children employed are under the legal age4 ,no citation of authorities can equal that4 ,you must adopt the methods of the reporter and find out the facts underlying your argument or appeal4 ,to do so may prove laborious1 but it should not be irksome1 for the great world of fact teems with interest1 and over and above all is the sense of power that will come to you from original investigation4 ,to see and feel the facts you are discussing will react upon you much more powerfully than if you were to secure the facts at second hand4 ,live an active life among people who are doing worth-while things1 keep eyes and ears and mind and heart open to absorb truth1 and then tell of the things you know1 as if you know them4 ,the world will listen1 for the world loves nothing so much as real life4 ,how to ,use a ,library ,unsuspected treasures lie in the smallest library4 ,even when the owner has read every last page of his books it is only in rare instances that he has full indexes to all of them1 either in his mind or on paper1 so as to make available the vast number of varied subjects touched upon or treated in volumes whose titles would never suggest such topics4 ,for this reason it is a good thing to take an odd hour now and then to browse4 ,take down one volume after another and look over its table of contents and its index4 7,it is a reproach to any author of a serious book not to have provided a full index1 with cross references47 ,then glance over the pages1 making notes1 mental or physical1 of material that looks interesting and usable4 ,most libraries contain volumes that the owner is going to read some day4 ,a familiarity with even the contents of such books on your own shelves will enable you to refer to them when you want help4 ,writings read long ago should be treated in the same way--in every chapter some surprise lurks to delight you4 ,in looking up a subject do not be discouraged if you do not find it indexed or outlined in the table of contents--you are pretty sure to discover some material under a related title4 ,suppose you set to work somewhat in this way to gather references on ,thinking3 ,first you look over your book titles1 and there is ,schaeffer's ,thinking and ,learning to ,think4 ,near it is ,kramer's ,talks to ,students on the ,art of ,study--that seems likely to provide some material1 and it does4 ,naturally you think next of your book on psychology1 and there is help there4 ,if you have a volume on the human intellect you will have already turned to it4 ,suddenly you remember your encyclopedia and your dictionary of quotations--and now material fairly rains upon you2 the problem is what not to use4 ,in the encyclopedia you turn to every reference that includes or touches or even suggests thinking2 and in the dictionary of quotations you do the same4 ,the latter volume you find peculiarly helpful because it suggests several volumes to you that are on your own shelves--you never would have thought to look in them for references on this subject4 ,even fiction will supply help1 but especially books of essays and biography4 ,be aware of your own resources4 ,to make a general index to your library does away with the necessity for indexing individual volumes that are not already indexed4 ,to begin with1 keep a note-book by you2 or small cards and paper cuttings in your pocket and on your desk will serve as well4 ,the same note-book that records the impressions of your own experiences and thoughts will be enriched by the ideas of others4 ,to be sure1 this note-book habit means labor1 but remember that more speeches have been spoiled by half-hearted preparation than by lack of talent4 ,laziness is an own-brother to ,over-confidence1 and both are your inveterate enemies1 though they pretend to be soothing friends4 ,conserve your material by indexing every good idea on cards1 thus3 ,,hw3 ,socialism ,progress of ,s41 ,env4 #af ,s4 a fallacy1 #if_/baj ,general article on ,s41 ,howells'1 ,dec4 #aiac ,socialism and the ,franchise1 ,forbes ,socialism in ,ancient ,life1 ,original ,ms41 ,env4 #ajb ,on the card illustrated above1 clippings are indexed by giving the number of the envelope in which they are filed4 ,the envelopes may be of any size desired and kept in any convenient receptacle4 ,on the foregoing example1 ,progress of ,s41 ,envelope #af1 will represent a clipping1 filed in ,envelope #af1 which is1 of course1 numbered arbitrarily4 ,the fractions refer to books in your library--the numerator being the book-number1 the denominator referring to the page4 ,thus1 ,s4 a fallacy1 #if_/baj1 refers to page #baj of volume #if in your library4 ,by some arbitrary sign--say red ink--you may even index a reference in a public library book4 ,if you preserve your magazines1 important articles may be indexed by month and year4 ,an entire volume on a subject may be indicated like the imaginary book by ,forbes4 ,if you clip the articles1 it is better to index them according to the envelope system4 ,your own writings and notes may be filed in envelopes with the clippings or in a separate series4 ,another good indexing system combines the library index with the scrap1 or clipping1 system by making the outside of the envelope serve the same purpose as the card for the indexing of books1 magazines1 clippings and manuscripts1 the latter two classes of material being enclosed in the envelopes that index them1 and all filed alphabetically4 ,when your cards accumulate so as to make ready reference difficult under a single alphabet1 you may subdivide each letter by subordinate guide cards marked by the vowels1 ,a1 ,e1 ,i1 ,o1 ,u4 ,thus1 ,antiquities would be filed under i in ,a1 because ,a begins the word1 and the second letter1 n1 comes after the vowel i in the alphabet1 but before o4 ,in the same manner1 ,beecher would be filed under e in ,b2 and ,hydrogen would come under u in ,h4 ,outlining the ,address ,no one can advise you how to prepare the notes for an address4 ,some speakers get the best results while walking out and ruminating1 jotting down notes as they pause in their walk4 ,others never put pen to paper until the whole speech has been thought out4 ,the great majority1 however1 will take notes1 classify their notes1 write a hasty first draft1 and then revise the speech4 ,try each of these methods and choose the one that is best--for you4 ,do not allow any man to force you to work in his way2 but do not neglect to consider his way1 for it may be better than your own4 ,for those who make notes and with their aid write out the speech1 these suggestions may prove helpful3 ,after having read and thought enough1 classify your notes by setting down the big1 central thoughts of your material on separate cards or slips of paper4 ,these will stand in the same relation to your subject as chapters do to a book4 ,then arrange these main ideas or heads in such an order that they will lead effectively to the result you have in mind1 so that the speech may rise in argument1 in interest1 in power1 by piling one fact or appeal upon another until the climax--the highest point of influence on your audience--has been reached4 ,next group all your ideas1 facts1 anecdotes1 and illustrations under the foregoing main heads1 each where it naturally belongs4 ,you now have a skeleton or outline of your address that in its polished form might serve either as the brief1 or manuscript notes1 for the speech or as the guide-outline which you will expand into the written address1 if written it is to be4 ,imagine each of the main ideas in the brief on page #bac as being separate2 then picture your mind as sorting them out and placing them in order2 finally1 conceive of how you would fill in the facts and examples under each head1 giving special prominence to those you wish to emphasize and subduing those of less moment4 ,in the end1 you have the outline complete4 ,the simplest form of outline--not very suitable for use on the platform1 however--is the following3 ,,why ,,prosperity ,,is ,,coming ,what prosperity means4--,the real tests of prosperity4--,its basis in the soil4--,american agricultural progress4--,new interest in farming4--,enormous value of our agricultural products4--,reciprocal effect on trade4--,foreign countries affected4--,effects of our new internal economy--the regulation of banking and big business--on prosperity4--,effects of our revised attitude toward foreign markets1 including our merchant marine4--,summary4 ,obviously1 this very simple outline is capable of considerable expansion under each head by the addition of facts1 arguments1 inferences and examples4 ,here is an outline arranged with more regard for argument3 ,,foreign ,,immigration ,,should ,,be ,,restricted#aa ,i4 ,,fact ,,as ,,cause3 ,many immigrants are practically paupers4 7,proofs involving statistics or statements of authorities47 ,,ii4 ,,fact ,,as ,,effect3 ,they sooner or later fill our alms-houses and become public charges4 7,proofs involving statistics or statements of authorities47 ,,iii4 ,,fact ,,as ,,cause3 ,some of them are criminals4 7,examples of recent cases47 ,,iv4 ,,fact ,,as ,,effect3 ,they reenforce the criminal classes4 7,effects on our civic life47 ,v4 ,,fact ,,as ,,cause3 ,many of them know nothing of the duties of free citizenship4 7,examples47 ,,vi4,,fact ,,as ,,effect3 ,such immigrants recruit the worst element in our politics4 7,proofs47 ,a more highly ordered grouping of topics and subtopics is shown in the following3 ,,ours ,a ,,christian ,,nation ,i4 ,,introduction3 ,why the subject is timely4 ,influences operative against this contention today4 ,,ii4 ,,christianity ,,presided ,,over ,,the ,,early ,,history ,,of ,,america4 #a4 ,first practical discovery by a ,christian explorer4 ,columbus worshiped ,god on the new soil4 #b4 ,the ,cavaliers4 #c4 ,the ,french ,catholic settlers4 #d4 ,the ,huguenots4 #e4 ,the ,puritans4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,our ,,nation ,,was ,,under ,,christian ,,auspices4 #a4 ,christian character of ,washington4 #b4 ,other ,christian patriots4 #c4 ,the ,church in our ,revolutionary struggle4 ,muhlenberg4 ,,iv4 ,,our ,,later ,,history ,,has ,,only ,,emphasized ,,our ,,national ,,attitude4 ,examples of dealings with foreign nations show ,christian magnanimity4 ,returning the ,chinese ,indemnity2 fostering the ,red ,cross2 attitude toward ,belgium4 ,v4 ,,our ,,governmental ,,forms ,,and ,,many ,,of ,,our ,,laws ,,are ,,of ,a ,,christian ,,temper4 #a4 ,the use of the ,bible in public ways1 oaths1 etc4 #b4 ,the ,bible in our schools4 #c4 ,christian chaplains minister to our law-making bodies1 to our army1 and to our navy4 #d4 ,the ,christian ,sabbath is officially and generally recognized4 #e4 ,the ,christian family and the ,christian system of morality are at the basis of our laws4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,people ,,testifies ,,of ,,the ,,power ,,of ,,christianity4 ,charities1 education1 etc41 have ,christian tone4 ,,vii4 ,,other ,,nations ,,regard ,,us ,,as ,a ,,christian ,,people4 ,,viii4 ,,conclusion3 ,the attitude which may reasonably be expected of all good citizens toward questions touching the preservation of our standing as a ,christian nation4 ,writing and ,revision ,after the outline has been perfected comes the time to write the speech1 if write it you must4 ,then1 whatever you do1 write it at white heat1 with not too much thought of anything but the strong1 appealing expression of your ideas4 ,the final stage is the paring down1 the re-vision--the seeing again1 as the word implies--when all the parts of the speech must be impartially scrutinized for clearness1 precision1 force1 effectiveness1 suitability1 proportion1 logical climax2 and in all this you must imagine yourself to be before your audience1 for a speech is not an essay and what will convince and arouse in the one will not prevail in the other4 ,the ,title ,often last of all will come that which in a sense is first of all--the title1 the name by which the speech is known4 ,sometimes it will be the simple theme of the address1 as ,the ,new ,americanism1 by ,henry ,watterson2 or it may be a bit of symbolism typifying the spirit of the address1 as ,acres of ,diamonds1 by ,russell ,h4 ,conwell2 or it may be a fine phrase taken from the body of the address1 as ,pass ,prosperity ,around1 by ,albert ,j4 ,beveridge4 ,all in all1 from whatever motive it be chosen1 let the title be fresh1 short1 suited to the subject1 and likely to excite interest4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,define 7a7 introduction2 7b7 climax2 7c7 peroration4 #b4 ,if a thirty-minute speech would require three hours for specific preparation1 would you expect to be able to do equal justice to a speech one-third as long in one-third the time for preparation8 ,give reasons4 #c4 ,relate briefly any personal experience you may have had in conserving time for reading and thought4 #d4 ,in the manner of a reporter or investigator1 go out and get first-hand information on some subject of interest to the public4 ,arrange the results of your research in the form of an outline1 or brief4 #e4 ,from a private or a public library gather enough authoritative material on one of the following questions to build an outline for a twenty-minute address4 ,take one definite side of the question1 7a7 ,the ,housing of the ,poor2 7b7 ,the ,commission ,form of ,government for ,cities as a ,remedy for ,political ,graft2 7c7 ,the ,test of ,woman's ,suffrage in the ,west2 7d7 ,present ,trends of ,public ,taste in ,reading2 7e7 ,municipal ,art2 7f7 ,is the ,theatre ,becoming more ,elevated in ,tone8 7g7 ,the ,effects of the ,magazine on ,literature2 7h7 ,does ,modern ,life ,destroy ,ideals8 7i7 ,is ,competition 'the ,life of ,trade8' 7j7 ,baseball is too ,absorbing to be a ,wholesome ,national ,game2 7k7 ,summer ,baseball and ,amateur ,standing2 7l7 ,does ,college ,training ,unfit a ,woman for ,domestic ,life8 7m7 ,does ,woman's ,competition with ,man in ,business ,dull the ,spirit of ,chivalry8 7n7 ,are ,elective ,studies ,suited to ,high ,school ,courses8 7o7 ,does the ,modern ,college ,prepare ,men for ,preeminent ,leadership8 7p7 ,the ,y4,m4,c4,a4 in ,its ,relation to the ,labor ,problem2 7q7 ,public ,speaking as ,training in ,citizenship4 #f4 ,construct the outline1 examining it carefully for interest1 convincing character1 proportion1 and climax of arrangement4 ,,note3--,this exercise should be repeated until the student shows facility in synthetic arrangement4 #g4 ,deliver the address1 if possible before an audience4 #h4 ,make a three-hundred word report on the results1 as best you are able to estimate them4 #i4 ,tell something of the benefits of using a periodical 7or cumulative7 index4 #aj4 ,give a number of quotations1 suitable for a speaker's use1 that you have memorized in off moments4 #aa4 ,in the manner of the outline on page #bac1 analyze the address on pages #gh-gi1 ,the ,history of ,liberty4 #ab4 ,give an outline analysis1 from notes or memory1 of an address or sermon to which you have listened for this purpose4 #ac4 ,criticise the address from a structural point of view4 #ad4 ,invent titles for any five of the themes in ,exercise #e4 #ae4 ,criticise the titles of any five chapters of this book1 suggesting better ones4 #af4 ,criticise the title of any lecture or address of which you know4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aj3 ,how to ,attract and ,hold an ,audience1 ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein4 ,footnote #aa3 ,adapted from ,competition-,rhetoric1 ,scott and ,denny1 p4 #bda4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,influencing ,,by ,,exposition ,speak not at all1 in any wise1 till you have somewhat to speak2 care not for the reward of your speaking1 but simply and with undivided mind for the truth of your speaking4 --,,thomas ,,carlyle1 ,essay on ,biography4 ,a complete discussion of the rhetorical structure of public speeches requires a fuller treatise than can be undertaken in a work of this nature1 yet in this chapter1 and in the succeeding ones on ,description1 ,narration1 ,argument1 and ,pleading1 the underlying principles are given and explained as fully as need be for a working knowledge1 and adequate book references are given for those who would perfect themselves in rhetorical art4 ,the ,nature of ,exposition ,in the word expose--to lay bare1 to uncover1 to show the true inwardness of--we see the foundation-idea of ,exposition4 ,it is the clear and precise setting forth of what the subject really is--it is explanation4 ,exposition does not draw a picture1 for that would be description4 ,to tell in exact terms what the automobile is1 to name its characteristic parts and explain their workings1 would be exposition2 so would an explanation of the nature of fear4 ,but to create a mental image of a particular automobile1 with its glistening body1 graceful lines1 and great speed1 would be description2 and so would a picturing of fear acting on the emotions of a child at night4 ,exposition and description often intermingle and overlap1 but fundamentally they are distinct4 ,their differences will be touched upon again in the chapter on ,description4 ,exposition furthermore does not include an account of how events happened--that is narration4 ,when ,peary lectured on his polar discoveries he explained the instruments used for determining latitude and longitude--that was exposition4 ,in picturing his equipment he used description4 ,in telling of his adventures day by day he employed narration4 ,in supporting some of his contentions he used argument4 ,yet he mingled all these forms throughout the lecture4 ,neither does exposition deal with reasons and inferences--that is the field of argument4 ,a series of connected statements intended to convince a prospective buyer that one automobile is better than another1 or proofs that the appeal to fear is a wrong method of discipline1 would not be exposition4 ,the plain facts as set forth in expository speaking or writing are nearly always the basis of argument1 yet the processes are not one4 ,true1 the statement of a single significant fact without the addition of one other word may be convincing1 but a moment's thought will show that the inference1 which completes a chain of reasoning1 is made in the mind of the hearer and presupposes other facts held in consideration4#ab ,in like manner1 it is obvious that the field of persuasion is not open to exposition1 for exposition is entirely an intellectual process1 with no emotional element4 ,the ,importance of ,exposition ,the importance of exposition in public speech is precisely the importance of setting forth a matter so plainly that it cannot be misunderstood4 ,to master the process of exposition is to become a clear thinker4 ',i know1 when you do not ask me1'#ac replied a gentleman upon being requested to define a highly complex idea4 ,now some large concepts defy explicit definition2 but no mind should take refuge behind such exceptions1 for where definition fails1 other forms succeed4 ,sometimes we feel confident that we have perfect mastery of an idea1 but when the time comes to express it1 the clearness becomes a haze4 ,exposition1 then1 is the test of clear understanding4 ,to speak effectively you must be able to see your subject clearly and comprehensively1 and to make your audience see it as you do4#ad ,there are pitfalls on both sides of this path4 ,to explain too little will leave your audience in doubt as to what you mean4 ,it is useless to argue a question if it is not perfectly clear just what is meant by the question4 ,have you never come to a blind lane in conversation by finding that you were talking of one aspect of a matter while your friend was thinking of another8 ,if two do not agree in their definitions of a ,musician1 it is useless to dispute over a certain man's right to claim the title4 ,on the other side of the path lies the abyss of tediously explaining too much4 ,that offends because it impresses the hearers that you either do not respect their intelligence or are trying to blow a breeze into a tornado4 ,carefully estimate the probable knowledge of your audience1 both in general and of the particular point you are explaining4 ,in trying to simplify1 it is fatal to sillify4 ,to explain more than is needed for the purposes of your argument or appeal is to waste energy all around4 ,in your efforts to be explicit do not press exposition to the extent of dulness--the confines are not far distant and you may arrive before you know it4 ,some ,purposes of ,exposition ,from what has been said it ought to be clear that1 primarily1 exposition weaves a cord of understanding between you and your audience4 ,it lays1 furthermore1 a foundation of fact on which to build later statements1 arguments1 and appeals4 ,in scientific and purely information speeches exposition may exist by itself and for itself1 as in a lecture on biology1 or on psychology2 but in the vast majority of cases it is used to accompany and prepare the way for the other forms of discourse4 ,clearness1 precision1 accuracy1 unity1 truth1 and necessity--these must be the constant standards by which you test the efficiency of your expositions1 and1 indeed1 that of every explanatory statement4 ,this dictum should be written on your brain in letters most plain4 ,and let this apply not alone to the purposes of exposition but in equal measure to your use of the ,methods of ,exposition ,the various ways along which a speaker may proceed in exposition are likely to touch each other now and then1 and even when they do not meet and actually overlap they run so nearly parallel that the roads are sometimes distinct rather in theory than in any more practical respect4 ,definition1 the primary expository method1 is a statement of precise limits4#ae ,obviously1 here the greatest care must be exercised that the terms of definition should not themselves demand too much definition2 that the language should be concise and clear2 and that the definition should neither exclude nor include too much4 ,the following is a simple example3 ,to expound is to set forth the nature1 the significance1 the characteristics1 and the bearing of an idea or a group of ideas4 --,,arlo ,,bates1 ,talks on ,writing ,english4 ,contrast and ,antithesis are often used effectively to amplify definition1 as in this sentence1 which immediately follows the above-cited definition3 ,exposition therefore differs from ,description in that it deals directly with the meaning or intent of its subject instead of with its appearance4 ,this antithesis forms an expansion of the definition1 and as such it might have been still further extended4 ,in fact1 this is a frequent practise in public speech1 where the minds of the hearers often ask for reiteration and expanded statement to help them grasp a subject in its several aspects4 ,this is the very heart of exposition--to amplify and clarify all the terms by which a matter is defined4 ,example is another method of amplifying a definition or of expounding an idea more fully4 ,the following sentences immediately succeed ,mr4 ,bates's definition and contrast just quoted3 ,a good deal which we are accustomed inexactly to call description is really exposition4 ,suppose that your small boy wishes to know how an engine works1 and should say3 ,please describe the steam-engine to me4 ,if you insist on taking his words literally--and are willing to run the risk of his indignation at being wilfully misunderstood--you will to the best of your ability picture to him this familiarly wonderful machine4 ,if you explain it to him1 you are not describing but expounding it4 ,the chief value of example is that it makes clear the unknown by referring the mind to the known4 ,readiness of mind to make illuminating1 apt comparisons for the sake of clearness is one of the speaker's chief resources on the platform--it is the greatest of all teaching gifts4 ,it is a gift1 moreover1 that responds to cultivation4 ,read the three extracts from ,arlo ,bates as their author delivered them1 as one passage1 and see how they melt into one1 each part supplementing the other most helpfully4 ,analogy1 which calls attention to similar relationships in objects not otherwise similar1 is one of the most useful methods of exposition4 ,the following striking specimen is from ,beecher's ,liverpool speech3 ,a savage is a man of one story1 and that one story a cellar4 ,when a man begins to be civilized he raises another story4 ,when you christianize and civilize the man1 you put story upon story1 for you develop faculty after faculty2 and you have to supply every story with your productions4 ,discarding is a less common form of platform explanation4 ,it consists in clearing away associated ideas so that the attention may be centered on the main thought to be discussed4 ,really1 it is a negative factor in exposition though a most important one1 for it is fundamental to the consideration of an intricately related matter that subordinate and side questions should be set aside in order to bring out the main issue4 ,here is an example of the method3 ,i cannot allow myself to be led aside from the only issue before this jury4 ,it is not pertinent to consider that this prisoner is the husband of a heartbroken woman and that his babes will go through the world under the shadow of the law's extremest penalty worked upon their father4 ,we must forget the venerable father and the mother whom ,heaven in pity took before she learned of her son's disgrace4 ,what have these matters of heart1 what have the blenched faces of his friends1 what have the prisoner's long and honorable career to say before this bar when you are sworn to weigh only the direct evidence before you8 ,the one and only question for you to decide on the evidence is whether this man did with revengeful intent commit the murder that every impartial witness has solemnly laid at his door4 ,classification assigns a subject to its class4 ,by an allowable extension of the definition it may be said to assign it also to its order1 genus1 and species4 ,classification is useful in public speech in narrowing the issue to a desired phase4 ,it is equally valuable for showing a thing in its relation to other things1 or in correlation4 ,classification is closely akin to ,definition and ,division4 ,this question of the liquor traffic1 sirs1 takes its place beside the grave moral issues of all times4 ,whatever be its economic significance--and who is there to question it--whatever vital bearing it has upon our political system--and is there one who will deny it8--the question of the licensed saloon must quickly be settled as the world in its advancement has settled the questions of constitutional government for the masses1 of the opium traffic1 of the serf1 and of the slave--not as matters of economic and political expediency but as questions of right and wrong4 ,analysis separates a subject into its essential parts4 ,this it may do by various principles2 for example1 analysis may follow the order of time 7geologic eras71 order of place 7geographic facts71 logical order 7a sermon outline71 order of increasing interest1 or procession to a climax 7a lecture on #bjth century poets72 and so on4 ,a classic example of analytical exposition is the following3 ,in philosophy the contemplations of man do either penetrate unto ,god1 or are circumferred to nature1 or are reflected or reverted upon himself4 ,out of which several inquiries there do arise three knowledges3 divine philosophy1 natural philosophy1 and human philosophy or humanity4 ,for all things are marked and stamped with this triple character1 of the power of ,god1 the difference of nature1 and the use of man4 --,,lord ,,bacon1 ,the ,advancement of ,learning4#af ,division differs only from analysis in that analysis follows the inherent divisions of a subject1 as illustrated in the foregoing passage1 while division arbitrarily separates the subject for convenience of treatment1 as in the following none-too-logical example3 ,for civil history1 it is of three kinds2 not unfitly to be compared with the three kinds of pictures or images4 ,for of pictures or images1 we see some are unfinished1 some are perfect1 and some are defaced4 ,so of histories we may find three kinds1 memorials1 perfect histories1 and antiquities2 for memorials are history unfinished1 or the first or rough drafts of history2 and antiquities are history defaced1 or some remnants of history which have casually escaped the shipwreck of time4 --,,lord ,,bacon1 ,the ,advancement of ,learning4#af;,a ,generalization states a broad principle1 or a general truth1 derived from examination of a considerable number of individual facts4 ,this synthetic exposition is not the same as argumentative generalization1 which supports a general contention by citing instances in proof4 ,observe how ,holmes begins with one fact1 and by adding another and another reaches a complete whole4 ,this is one of the most effective devices in the public speaker's repertory4 ,take a hollow cylinder1 the bottom closed while the top remains open1 and pour in water to the height of a few inches4 ,next cover the water with a flat plate or piston1 which fits the interior of the cylinder perfectly2 then apply heat to the water1 and we shall witness the following phenomena4 ,after the lapse of some minutes the water will begin to boil1 and the steam accumulating at the upper surface will make room for itself by raising the piston slightly4 ,as the boiling continues1 more and more steam will be formed1 and raise the piston higher and higher1 till all the water is boiled away1 and nothing but steam is left in the cylinder4 ,now this machine1 consisting of cylinder1 piston1 water1 and fire1 is the steam-engine in its most elementary form4 ,for a steam-engine may be defined as an apparatus for doing work by means of heat applied to water2 and since raising such a weight as the piston is a form of doing work1 this apparatus1 clumsy and inconvenient though it may be1 answers the definition precisely4#ag ,reference to ,experience is one of the most vital principles in exposition--as in every other form of discourse4 ,reference to experience1 as here used1 means reference to the known4 ,the known is that which the listener has seen1 heard1 read1 felt1 believed or done1 and which still exists in his consciousness--his stock of knowledge4 ,it embraces all those thoughts1 feelings and happenings which are to him real4 ,reference to ,experience1 then1 means coming into the listener's life4#ah ,the vast results obtained by science are won by no mystical faculties1 by no mental processes1 other than those which are practised by every one of us in the humblest and meanest affairs of life4 ,a detective policeman discovers a burglar from the marks made by his shoe1 by a mental process identical with that by which ,cuvier restored the extinct animals of ,montmartre from fragments of their bones4 ,nor does that process of induction and deduction by which a lady1 finding a stain of a particular kind upon her dress1 concludes that somebody has upset the inkstand thereon1 differ in any way from that by which ,adams and ,leverrier discovered a new planet4 ,the man of science1 in fact1 simply uses with scrupulous exactness the methods which we all habitually1 and at every moment1 use carelessly4 --,,thomas ,,henry ,,huxley1 ,lay ,sermons4 ,do you set down your name in the scroll of youth1 that are written down old with all the characters of age8 ,have you not a moist eye8 a dry hand8 a yellow cheek8 a white beard8 a decreasing leg8 an increasing belly8 is not your voice broken8 your wind short8 your chin double8 your wit single8 and every part about you blasted with antiquity8 and will you yet call yourself young8 ,fie1 fie1 fie1 ,sir ,john6 --,,shakespeare1 ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor4 ,finally1 in preparing expository material ask yourself these questions regarding your subject3 ,what is it1 and what is it not8 ,what is it like1 and unlike8 ,what are its causes1 and effects8 ,how shall it be divided8 ,with what subjects is it correlated8 ,what experiences does it recall8 ,what examples illustrate it8 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,what would be the effect of adhering to any one of the forms of discourse in a public address8 #b4 ,have you ever heard such an address8 #c4 ,invent a series of examples illustrative of the distinctions made on pages #bcb and #bcc4 #d4 ,make a list of ten subjects that might be treated largely1 if not entirely1 by exposition4 #e4 ,name the six standards by which expository writing should be tried4 #f4 ,define any one of the following3 7a7 storage battery2 7b7 a free hand2 7c7 sail boat2 7d7 ,the ,big ,stick2 7e7 nonsense2 7f7 a good sport2 7g7 short-story2 7h7 novel2 7i7 newspaper2 7j7 politician2 7k7 jealousy2 7l7 truth2 7m7 matinee girl2 7n7 college honor system2 7o7 modish2 7p7 slum2 7q7 settlement work2 7r7 forensic4 #g4 ,amplify the definition by antithesis4 #h4 ,invent two examples to illustrate the definition 7question #f74 #i4 ,invent two analogies for the same subject 7question #f74 #aj4 ,make a short speech based on one of the following3 7a7 wages and salary2 7b7 master and man2 7c7 war and peace2 7d7 home and the boarding house2 7e7 struggle and victory2 7f7 ignorance and ambition4 #aa4 ,make a ten-minute speech on any of the topics named in question #f1 using all the methods of exposition already named4 #ab4 ,explain what is meant by discarding topics collateral and subordinate to a subject4 #ac4 ,rewrite the jury-speech on page #bbd4 #ad4 ,define correlation4 #ae4 ,write an example of classification1 on any political1 social1 economic1 or moral issue of the day4 #af4 ,make a brief analytical statement of ,henry ,w4 ,grady's ,the ,race ,problem1 page #cf4 #ag4 ,by what analytical principle did you proceed8 7,see page #bbe47 #ah4 ,write a short1 carefully generalized speech from a large amount of data on one of the following subjects3 7a7 ,the servant girl problem2 7b7 cats2 7c7 the baseball craze2 7d7 reform administrations2 7e7 sewing societies2 7f7 coeducation2 7g7 the traveling salesman4 #ai4 ,observe this passage from ,newton's ,effective ,speaking3 ,that man is a cynic4 ,he sees goodness nowhere4 ,he sneers at virtue1 sneers at love2 to him the maiden plighting her troth is an artful schemer1 and he sees even in the mother's kiss nothing but an empty conventionality4 ,write1 commit and deliver two similar passages based on your choice from this list3 7a7 the egotist2 7b7 the sensualist2 7c7 the hypocrite2 7d7 the timid man2 7e7 the joker2 7f7 the flirt2 7g7 the ungrateful woman2 7h7 the mournful man4 ,in both cases use the principle of ,reference to ,experience4 #bj4 ,write a passage on any of the foregoing characters in imitation of the style of ,shakespeare's characterization of ,sir ,john ,falstaff1 page #bbg4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ab3 ,argumentation will be outlined fully in subsequent chapter4 ,footnote #ac3 ,the ,working ,principles of ,rhetoric1 ,j4,f4 ,genung4 ,footnote #ad3 ,how to ,attract and ,hold an ,audience1 ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein4 ,footnote #ae3 ,on the various types of definition see any college manual of ,rhetoric4 ,footnote #af3 ,quoted in ,the ,working ,principles of ,rhetoric1 ,j4,f4 ,genung4 ,footnote #af;,a3 ,quoted in ,the ,working ,principles of ,rhetoric1 ,j4,f4 ,genung4 ,footnote #ag3 ,g4,c4,v4 ,holmes1 quoted in ,specimens of ,exposition1 ,h4 ,lamont4 ,footnote #ah3 ,effective ,speaking1 ,arthur ,edward ,phillips4 ,this work covers the preparation of public speech in a very helpful way4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,influencing ,,by ,,description ,the groves of ,eden vanish'd now so long1 ,live in description1 and look green in song4 --,,alexander ,,pope1 ,windsor ,forest4 ,the moment our discourse rises above the ground-line of familiar facts1 and is inflamed with passion or exalted thought1 it clothes itself in images4 ,a man conversing in earnest1 if he watch his intellectual processes1 will find that always a material image1 more or less luminous1 arises in his mind1 contemporaneous with every thought1 which furnishes the vestment of the thought4444 ,this imagery is spontaneous4 ,it is the blending of experience with the present action of the mind4 ,it is proper creation4 --,,ralph ,,waldo ,,emerson1 ,nature4 ,like other valuable resources in public speaking1 description loses its power when carried to an extreme4 ,over-ornamentation makes the subject ridiculous4 ,a dust-cloth is a very useful thing1 but why embroider it8 ,whether description shall be restrained within its proper and important limits1 or be encouraged to run riot1 is the personal choice that comes before every speaker1 for man's earliest literary tendency is to depict4 ,the ,nature of ,description ,to describe is to call up a picture in the mind of the hearer4 ,in talking of description we naturally speak of portraying1 delineating1 coloring1 and all the devices of the picture painter4 ,to describe is to visualize1 hence we must look at description as a pictorial process1 whether the writer deals with material or with spiritual objects4#ai ,if you were asked to describe the rapid-fire gun you might go about it in either of two ways3 give a cold technical account of its mechanism1 in whole and in detail1 or else describe it as a terrible engine of slaughter1 dwelling upon its effects rather than upon its structure4 ,the former of these processes is exposition1 the latter is true description4 ,exposition deals more with the general1 while description must deal with the particular4 ,exposition elucidates ideas1 description treats of things4 ,exposition deals with the abstract1 description with the concrete4 ,exposition is concerned with the internal1 description with the external4 ,exposition is enumerative1 description literary4 ,exposition is intellectual1 description sensory4 ,exposition is impersonal1 description personal4 ,if description is a visualizing process for the hearer1 it is first of all such for the speaker--he cannot describe what he has never seen1 either physically or in fancy4 ,it is this personal quality--this question of the personal eye which sees the things later to be described--that makes description so interesting in public speech4 ,given a speaker of personality1 and we are interested in his personal view--his view adds to the natural interest of the scene1 and may even be the sole source of that interest to his auditors4 ,the seeing eye has been praised in an earlier chapter 7on ,subject and ,preparation7 and the imagination will be treated in a subsequent one 7on ,riding the ,winged ,horse71 but here we must consider the picturing mind3 the mind that forms the double habit of seeing things clearly--for we see more with the mind than we do with the physical eye--and then of re-imaging these things for the purpose of getting them before the minds' eyes of the hearers4 ,no habit is more useful than that of visualizing clearly the object1 the scene1 the situation1 the action1 the person1 about to be described4 ,unless that primary process is carried out clearly1 the picture will be blurred for the hearer-beholder4 ,in a work of this nature we are concerned with the rhetorical analysis of description1 and with its methods1 only so far as may be needed for the practical purposes of the speaker4#bj ,the following grouping1 therefore1 will not be regarded as complete1 nor will it here be necessary to add more than a word of explanation3 ,description for ,public ,speakers ,objects ,still ,in motion ,scenes ,still ,including action ,situations ,preceding change ,during change ,after change ,actions ,mental ,physical ,persons ,internal ,external ,some of the foregoing processes will overlap1 in certain instances1 and all are more likely to be found in combination than singly4 ,when description is intended solely to give accurate information--as to delineate the appearance1 not the technical construction1 of the latest ,zeppelin airship--it is called scientific description1 and is akin to exposition4 ,when it is intended to present a free picture for the purpose of making a vivid impression1 it is called artistic description4 ,with both of these the public speaker has to deal1 but more frequently with the latter form4 ,rhetoricians make still further distinctions4 ,methods of ,description ,in public speaking1 description should be mainly by suggestion1 not only because suggestive description is so much more compact and time-saving but because it is so vivid4 ,suggestive expressions connote more than they literally say--they suggest ideas and pictures to the mind of the hearer which supplement the direct words of the speaker4 ,when ,dickens1 in his ,christmas ,carol1 says3 ,in came ,mrs4 ,fezziwig1 one vast substantial smile1 our minds complete the picture so deftly begun--a much more effective process than that of a minutely detailed description because it leaves a unified1 vivid impression1 and that is what we need4 ,here is a present-day bit of suggestion3 ,general ,trinkle was a gnarly oak of a man--rough1 solid1 and safe2 you always knew where to find him4 ,dickens presents ,miss ,peecher as3 ,a little pin-cushion1 a little housewife1 a little book1 a little work-box1 a little set of tables and weights and measures1 and a little woman all in one4 ,in his ,knickerbocker's ,history of ,new ,york1 ,irving portrays ,wouter van ,twiller as a robustious beer-barrel1 standing on skids4 ,whatever forms of description you neglect1 be sure to master the art of suggestion4 ,description may be by simple hint4 ,lowell notes a happy instance of this sort of picturing by intimation when he says of ,chaucer3 ,sometimes he describes amply by the merest hint1 as where the ,friar1 before setting himself down1 drives away the cat4 ,we know without need of more words that he has chosen the snuggest corner4 ,description may depict a thing by its effects4 ,when the spectator's eye is dazzled1 and he shades it1 says ,mozley in his ,essays1 we form the idea of a splendid object2 when his face turns pale1 of a horrible one2 from his quick wonder and admiration we form the idea of great beauty2 from his silent awe1 of great majesty4 ,brief description may be by epithet4 ,blue-eyed1 white-armed1 laughter-loving1 are now conventional compounds1 but they were fresh enough when ,homer first conjoined them4 ,the centuries have not yet improved upon ,wheels round1 brazen1 eight-spoked1 or ,shields smooth1 beautiful1 brazen1 well-hammered4 ,observe the effective use of epithet in ,will ,levington ,comfort's ,the ,fighting ,death1 when he speaks of soldiers in a ,philippine skirmish as being leeched against a rock4 ,description uses figures of speech4 ,any advanced rhetoric will discuss their forms and give examples for guidance4#ba ,this matter is most important1 be assured4 ,a brilliant yet carefully restrained figurative style1 a style marked by brief1 pungent1 witty1 and humorous comparisons and characterizations1 is a wonderful resource for all kinds of platform work4 ,description may be direct4 ,this statement is plain enough without exposition4 ,use your own judgment as to whether in picturing you had better proceed from a general view to the details1 or first give the details and thus build up the general picture1 but by all means ,,be ,,brief4 ,note the vivid compactness of these delineations from ,washington ,irving's ,knickerbocker3 ,he was a short1 square1 brawny old gentleman1 with a double chin1 a mastiff mouth1 and a broad copper nose1 which was supposed in those days to have acquired its fiery hue from the constant neighborhood of his tobacco pipe4 ,he was exactly five feet six inches in height1 and six feet five inches in circumference4 ,his head was a perfect sphere1 and of such stupendous dimensions1 that ,dame ,nature1 with all her sex's ingenuity1 would have been puzzled to construct a neck capable of supporting it2 wherefore she wisely declined the attempt1 and settled it firmly on the top of his backbone1 just between the shoulders4 ,his body was of an oblong form1 particularly capacious at bottom2 which was wisely ordered by ,providence1 seeing that he was a man of sedentary habits1 and very averse to the idle labor of walking4 ,the foregoing is too long for the platform1 but it is so good-humored1 so full of delightful exaggeration1 that it may well serve as a model of humorous character picturing1 for here one inevitably sees the inner man in the outer4 ,direct description for platform use may be made vivid by the sparing use of the historical present4 ,the following dramatic passage1 accompanied by the most lively action1 has lingered in the mind for thirty years after hearing ,dr4 ,t4 ,de ,witt ,talmage lecture on ,big ,blunders4 ,the crack of the bat sounds clear even today3 ,get ready the bats and take your positions4 ,now1 give us the ball4 ,too low4 ,don't strike4 ,too high4 ,don't strike4 ,there it comes like lightning4 ,strike6 ,away it soars6 ,higher6 ,higher6 ,run6 ,another base6 ,faster6 ,faster6 ,good6 ,all around at one stroke6 ,observe the remarkable way in which the lecturer fused speaker1 audience1 spectators1 and players into one excited1 ecstatic whole--just as you have found yourself starting forward in your seat at the delivery of the ball with three on and two down in the ninth inning4 ,notice1 too1 how--perhaps unconsciously--,talmage painted the scene in ,homer's characteristic style3 not as having already happened1 but as happening before your eyes4 ,if you have attended many travel talks you must have been impressed by the painful extremes to which the lecturers go--with a few notable exceptions1 their language is either over-ornate or crude4 ,if you would learn the power of words to make scenery1 yes1 even houses1 palpitate with poetry and human appeal1 read ,lafcadio ,hearn1 ,robert ,louis ,stevenson1 ,pierre ,loti1 and ,edmondo ,de ,amicis4 ,blue-distant1 a mountain of carven stone appeared before them1--the ,temple1 lifting to heaven its wilderness of chiseled pinnacles1 flinging to the sky the golden spray of its decoration4 --,,lafcadio ,,hearn1 ,chinese ,ghosts4 ,the stars were clear1 colored1 and jewel-like1 but not frosty4 ,a faint silvery vapour stood for the ,milky ,way4 ,all around me the black fir-points stood upright and stock-still4 ,by the whiteness of the pack-saddle ,i could see ,modestine walking round and round at the length of her tether2 ,i could hear her steadily munching at the sward2 but there was not another sound save the indescribable quiet talk of the runnel over the stones4 --,,robert ,,louis ,,stevenson1 ,travels with a ,donkey4 ,it was full autumn now1 late autumn--with the nightfalls gloomy1 and all things growing dark early in the old cottage1 and all the ,breton land looking sombre1 too4 ,the very days seemed but twilight2 immeasurable clouds1 slowly passing1 would suddenly bring darkness at broad noon4 ,the wind moaned constantly--it was like the sound of a great cathedral organ at a distance1 but playing profane airs1 or despairing dirges2 at other times it would come close to the door1 and lift up a howl like wild beasts4 --,,pierre ,,loti1 ,an ,iceland ,fisherman4 ,i see the great refectory1#bb where a battalion might have drilled2 ,i see the long tables1 the five hundred heads bent above the plates1 the rapid motion of five hundred forks1 of a thousand hands1 and sixteen thousand teeth2 the swarm of servants running here and there1 called to1 scolded1 hurried1 on every side at once2 ,i hear the clatter of dishes1 the deafening noise1 the voices choked with food crying out3 ,bread--bread6 and ,i feel once more the formidable appetite1 the herculean strength of jaw1 the exuberant life and spirits of those far-off days4#bc --,,edmondo ,,de ,,amicis1 ,college ,friends4 ,suggestions for the ,use of ,description ,decide1 on beginning a description1 what point of view you wish your hearers to take4 ,one cannot see either a mountain or a man on all sides at once4 ,establish a view-point1 and do not shift without giving notice4 ,choose an attitude toward your subject--shall it be idealized8 caricatured8 ridiculed8 exaggerated8 defended8 or described impartially8 ,be sure of your mood1 too1 for it will color the subject to be described4 ,melancholy will make a rose-garden look gray4 ,adopt an order in which you will proceed--do not shift backward and forward from near to far1 remote to close in time1 general to particular1 large to small1 important to unimportant1 concrete to abstract1 physical to mental2 but follow your chosen order4 ,scattered and shifting observations produce hazy impressions just as a moving camera spoils the time-exposure4 ,do not go into needless minutiae4 ,some details identify a thing with its class1 while other details differentiate it from its class4 ,choose only the significant1 suggestive characteristics and bring those out with terse vividness4 ,learn a lesson from the few strokes used by the poster artist4 ,in determining what to describe and what merely to name1 seek to read the knowledge of your audience4 ,the difference to them between the unknown and the known is a vital one also to you4 ,relentlessly cut out all ideas and words not necessary to produce the effect you desire4 ,each element in a mental picture either helps or hinders4 ,be sure they do not hinder1 for they cannot be passively present in any discourse4 ,interruptions of the description to make side-remarks are as powerful to destroy unity as are scattered descriptive phrases4 ,the only visual impression that can be effective is one that is unified4 ,in describing1 try to call up the emotions you felt when first you saw the scene1 and then try to reproduce those emotions in your hearers4 ,description is primarily emotional in its appeal2 nothing can be more deadly dull than a cold1 unemotional outline1 while nothing leaves a warmer impression than a glowing1 spirited description4 ,give a swift and vivid general view at the close of the portrayal4 ,first and final impressions remain the longest4 ,the mind may be trained to take in the characteristic points of a subject1 so as to view in a single scene1 action1 experience1 or character1 a unified impression of the whole4 ,to describe a thing as a whole you must first see it as a whole4 ,master that art and you have mastered description to the last degree4 ,,selections ,,for ,,practise ,,the ,,homes ,,of ,,the ,,people ,i went to ,washington the other day1 and ,i stood on the ,capitol ,hill2 my heart beat quick as ,i looked at the towering marble of my country's ,capitol and the mist gathered in my eyes as ,i thought of its tremendous significance1 and the armies and the treasury1 and the judges and the ,president1 and the ,congress and the courts1 and all that was gathered there4 ,and ,i felt that the sun in all its course could not look down on a better sight than that majestic home of a republic that had taught the world its best lessons of liberty4 ,and ,i felt that if honor and wisdom and justice abided therein1 the world would at last owe to that great house in which the ark of the covenant of my country is lodged1 its final uplifting and its regeneration4 ,two days afterward1 ,i went to visit a friend in the country1 a modest man1 with a quiet country home4 ,it was just a simple1 unpretentious house1 set about with big trees1 encircled in meadow and field rich with the promise of harvest4 ,the fragrance of the pink and hollyhock in the front yard was mingled with the aroma of the orchard and of the gardens1 and resonant with the cluck of poultry and the hum of bees4 ,inside was quiet1 cleanliness1 thrift1 and comfort4 ,there was the old clock that had welcomed1 in steady measure1 every newcomer to the family1 that had ticked the solemn requiem of the dead1 and had kept company with the watcher at the bedside4 ,there were the big1 restful beds and the old1 open fireplace1 and the old family ,bible1 thumbed with the fingers of hands long since still1 and wet with the tears of eyes long since closed1 holding the simple annals of the family and the heart and the conscience of the home4 ,outside1 there stood my friend1 the master1 a simple1 upright man1 with no mortgage on his roof1 no lien on his growing crops1 master of his land and master of himself4 ,there was his old father1 an aged1 trembling man1 but happy in the heart and home of his son4 ,and as they started to their home1 the hands of the old man went down on the young man's shoulder1 laying there the unspeakable blessing of the honored and grateful father and ennobling it with the knighthood of the fifth commandment4 ,and as they reached the door the old mother came with the sunset falling fair on her face1 and lighting up her deep1 patient eyes1 while her lips1 trembling with the rich music of her heart1 bade her husband and son welcome to their home4 ,beyond was the housewife1 busy with her household cares1 clean of heart and conscience1 the buckler and helpmeet of her husband4 ,down the lane came the children1 trooping home after the cows1 seeking as truant birds do the quiet of their home nest4 ,and ,i saw the night come down on that house1 falling gently as the wings of the unseen dove4 ,and the old man--while a startled bird called from the forest1 and the trees were shrill with the cricket's cry1 and the stars were swarming in the sky--got the family around him1 and1 taking the old ,bible from the table1 called them to their knees1 the little baby hiding in the folds of its mother's dress1 while he closed the record of that simple day by calling down ,god's benediction on that family and that home4 ,and while ,i gazed1 the vision of that marble ,capitol faded4 ,forgotten were its treasures and its majesty and ,i said1 ,oh1 surely here in the homes of the people are lodged at last the strength and the responsibility of this government1 the hope and the promise of this republic4 --,,henry ,w4 ,,grady4 ,,suggestive ,,scenes ,one thing in life calls for another2 there is a fitness in events and places4 ,the sight of a pleasant arbor puts it in our mind to sit there4 ,one place suggests work1 another idleness1 a third early rising and long rambles in the dew4 ,the effect of night1 of any flowing water1 of lighted cities1 of the peep of day1 of ships1 of the open ocean1 calls up in the mind an army of anonymous desires and pleasures4 ,something1 we feel1 should happen2 we know not what1 yet we proceed in quest of it4 ,and many of the happiest hours in life fleet by us in this vain attendance on the genius of the place and moment4 ,it is thus that tracts of young fir1 and low rocks that reach into deep soundings1 particularly delight and torture me4 ,something must have happened in such places1 and perhaps ages back1 to members of my race2 and when ,i was a child ,i tried to invent appropriate games for them1 as ,i still try1 just as vainly1 to fit them with the proper story4 ,some places speak distinctly4 ,certain dank gardens cry aloud for a murder2 certain old houses demand to be haunted2 certain coasts are set aside for shipwreck4 ,other spots again seem to abide their destiny1 suggestive and impenetrable1 miching mallecho4 ,the inn at ,burford ,bridge1 with its arbours and green garden and silent1 eddying river--though it is known already as the place where ,keats wrote some of his ,endymion and ,nelson parted from his ,emma--still seems to wait the coming of the appropriate legend4 ,within these ivied walls1 behind these old green shutters1 some further business smoulders1 waiting for its hour4 ,the old ,hawes ,inn at the ,queen's ferry makes a similar call upon my fancy4 ,there it stands1 apart from the town1 beside the pier1 in a climate of its own1 half inland1 half marine--in front1 the ferry bubbling with the tide and the guard-ship swinging to her anchor2 behind1 the old garden with the trees4 ,americans seek it already for the sake of ,lovel and ,oldbuck1 who dined there at the beginning of the ,antiquary4 ,but you need not tell me--that is not all2 there is some story1 unrecorded or not yet complete1 which must express the meaning of that inn more fully4444 ,i have lived both at the ,hawes and ,burford in a perpetual flutter1 on the heel1 as it seemed1 of some adventure that should justify the place2 but though the feeling had me to bed at night and called me again at morning in one unbroken round of pleasure and suspense1 nothing befell me in either worth remark4 ,the man or the hour had not yet come2 but some day1 ,i think1 a boat shall put off from the ,queen's ferry1 fraught with a dear cargo1 and some frosty night a horseman1 on a tragic errand1 rattle with his whip upon the green shutters at the inn at ,burford4 --,r4,l4 ,,stevenson1 ,a ,gossip on ,romance4 ,,from ,,midnight ,,in ,,london ,clang6 ,clang6 ,clang6 the fire-bells6 ,bing6 ,bing6 ,bing6 the alarm6 ,in an instant quiet turns to uproar--an outburst of noise1 excitement1 clamor--bedlam broke loose2 ,bing6 ,bing6 ,bing6 ,rattle1 clash and clatter4 ,open fly the doors2 brave men mount their boxes4 ,bing6 ,bing6 ,bing6 ,they're off6 ,the horses tear down the street like mad4 ,bing6 ,bing6 ,bing6 goes the gong6 ,get out of the track6 ,the engines are coming6 ,for ,god's sake1 snatch that child from the road6 ,on1 on1 wildly1 resolutely1 madly fly the steeds4 ,bing6 ,bing6 the gong4 ,away dash the horses on the wings of fevered fury4 ,on whirls the machine1 down streets1 around corners1 up this avenue and across that one1 out into the very bowels of darkness1 whiffing1 wheezing1 shooting a million sparks from the stack1 paving the path of startled night with a galaxy of stars4 ,over the house-tops to the north1 a volcanic burst of flame shoots out1 belching with blinding effect4 ,the sky is ablaze4 ,a tenement house is burning4 ,five hundred souls are in peril4 ,merciful ,heaven6 ,spare the victims6 ,are the engines coming8 ,yes1 here they are1 dashing down the street4 ,look6 the horses ride upon the wind2 eyes bulging like balls of fire2 nostrils wide open4 ,a palpitating billow of fire1 rolling1 plunging1 bounding rising1 falling1 swelling1 heaving1 and with mad passion bursting its red-hot sides asunder1 reaching out its arms1 encircling1 squeezing1 grabbing up1 swallowing everything before it with the hot1 greedy mouth of an appalling monster4 ,how the horses dash around the corner6 ,animal instinct say you8 ,aye1 more4 ,brute reason4 ,up the ladders1 men6 ,the towering building is buried in bloated banks of savage1 biting elements4 ,forked tongues dart out and in1 dodge here and there1 up and down1 and wind their cutting edges around every object4 ,a crash1 a dull1 explosive sound1 and a puff of smoke leaps out4 ,at the highest point upon the roof stands a dark figure in a desperate strait1 the hands making frantic gestures1 the arms swinging wildly--and then the body shoots off into frightful space1 plunging upon the pavement with a revolting thud4 ,the man's arm strikes a bystander as he darts down4 ,the crowd shudders1 sways1 and utters a low murmur of pity and horror4 ,the faint-hearted lookers-on hide their faces4 ,one woman swoons away4 ,poor fellow6 ,dead6 exclaims a laborer1 as he looks upon the man's body4 ,aye1 ,joe1 and ,i knew him well1 too6 ,he lived next door to me1 five flights back4 ,he leaves a widowed mother and two wee bits of orphans4 ,i helped him bury his wife a fortnight ago4 ,ah1 ,joe6 but it's hard lines for the orphans4 ,a ghastly hour moves on1 dragging its regiment of panic in its trail and leaving crimson blotches of cruelty along the path of night4 ,are they all out1 firemen8 ,aye1 aye1 sir6 ,no1 they're not6 ,there's a woman in the top window holding a child in her arms--over yonder in the right-hand corner6 ,the ladders1 there6 ,a hundred pounds to the man who makes the rescue6 ,a dozen start4 ,one man more supple than the others1 and reckless in his bravery1 clambers to the top rung of the ladder4 ,too short6 he cries4 ,hoist another6 ,up it goes4 ,he mounts to the window1 fastens the rope1 lashes mother and babe1 swings them off into ugly emptiness1 and lets them down to be rescued by his comrades4 ,bravo1 fireman6 shouts the crowd4 ,a crash breaks through the uproar of crackling timbers4 ,look alive1 up there6 ,great ,god6 ,the roof has fallen6 ,the walls sway1 rock1 and tumble in with a deafening roar4 ,the spectators cease to breathe4 ,the cold truth reveals itself4 ,the fireman has been carried into the seething furnace4 ,an old woman1 bent with the weight of age1 rushes through the fire line1 shrieking1 raving1 and wringing her hands and opening her heart of grief4 ,poor ,john6 ,he was all ,i had6 ,and a brave lad he was1 too6 ,but he's gone now4 ,he lost his own life in savin' two more1 and now--now he's there1 away in there6 she repeats1 pointing to the cruel oven4 ,the engines do their work4 ,the flames die out4 ,an eerie gloom hangs over the ruins like a formidable1 blackened pall4 ,and the noon of night is passed4 --,,ardennes ,,jones-,,foster4 ,,questions ,,and ,,answers #a4 ,write two paragraphs on one of these3 the race horse1 the motor boat1 golfing1 tennis2 let the first be pure exposition and the second pure description4 #b4 ,select your own theme and do the same in two short extemporaneous speeches4 #c4 ,deliver a short original address in the over-ornamented style4 #d4 7a7 ,point out its defects2 7b7 recast it in a more effective style2 7c7 show how the one surpasses the other4 #e4 ,make a list of ten subjects which lend themselves to description in the style you prefer4 #f4 ,deliver a two-minute speech on any one of them1 using chiefly1 but not solely1 description4 #g4 ,for one minute1 look at any object1 scene1 action1 picture1 or person you choose1 take two minutes to arrange your thoughts1 and then deliver a short description--all without making written notes4 #h4 ,in what sense is description more personal than exposition8 #i4 ,explain the difference between a scientific and an artistic description4 #aj4 ,in the style of ,dickens and ,irving 7pages #bcd1 #bce71 write five separate sentences describing five characters by means of suggestion--one sentence to each4 #aa4 ,describe a character by means of a hint1 after the manner of ,chaucer 7p4 #bce74 #ab4 ,read aloud the following with special attention to gesture3 ,his very throat was moral4 ,you saw a good deal of it4 ,you looked over a very low fence of white cravat 7whereof no man had ever beheld the tie1 for he fastened it behind71 and there it lay1 a valley between two jutting heights of collar1 serene and whiskerless before you4 ,it seemed to say1 on the part of ,mr4 ,pecksniff1 ,there is no deception1 ladies and gentlemen1 all is peace1 a holy calm pervades me4 ,so did his hair1 just grizzled with an iron gray1 which was all brushed off his forehead1 and stood bolt upright1 or slightly drooped in kindred action with his heavy eyelids4 ,so did his person1 which was sleek though free from corpulency4 ,so did his manner1 which was soft and oily4 ,in a word1 even his plain black suit1 and state of widower1 and dangling double eye-glass1 all tended to the same purpose1 and cried aloud1 ,behold the moral ,pecksniff6 --,,charles ,,dickens1 ,martin ,chuzzlewit4 #ac4 ,which of the following do you prefer1 and why8 ,she was a blooming lass of fresh eighteen1 plump as a partridge1 ripe and melting and rosy-cheeked as one of her father's peaches4 --,,irving4 ,she was a splendidly feminine girl1 as wholesome as a ,november pippin1 and no more mysterious than a window-pane4 --,o4 ,,henry4 ,small1 shining1 neat1 methodical1 and buxom was ,miss ,peecher2 cherry-cheeked and tuneful of voice4 --,,dickens4 #ad4 ,invent five epithets1 and apply them as you choose 7p4 #bce74 #ae4 7a7 ,make a list of five figures of speech2 7b7 define them2 7c7 give an example--preferably original--under each4 #af4 ,pick out the figures of speech in the address by ,grady1 on page #bdj4 #ag4 ,invent an original figure to take the place of any one in ,grady's speech4 #ah4 ,what sort of figures do you find in the selection from ,stevenson1 on page #bdb8 #ai4 ,what methods of description does he seem to prefer8 #bj4 ,write and deliver1 without notes and with descriptive gestures1 a description in imitation of any of the authors quoted in this chapter4 #ba4 ,reexamine one of your past speeches and improve the descriptive work4 ,report on what faults you found to exist4 #bb4 ,deliver an extemporaneous speech describing any dramatic scene in the style of ,midnight in ,london4 #bc4 ,describe an event in your favorite sport in the style of ,dr4 ,talmage4 ,be careful to make the delivery effective4 #bd4 ,criticise1 favorably or unfavorably1 the descriptions of any travel talk you may have heard recently4 #be4 ,deliver a brief original travel talk1 as though you were showing pictures4 #bf4 ,recast the talk and deliver it without pictures4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ai3 ,writing the ,short-,story1 ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein4 ,footnote #bj3 ,for fuller treatment of ,description see ,genung's ,working ,principles of ,rhetoric1 ,albright's ,descriptive ,writing1 ,bates' ,talks on ,writing ,english1 first and second series1 and any advanced rhetoric4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see also ,the ,art of ,versification1 ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein and ,mary ,eleanor ,roberts1 pp4 #bh-ce2 and ,writing the ,short-,story1 ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein1 pp4 #aeb-afb2 #bca-bdj4 ,footnote #bb3 ,in the ,military ,college of ,modena4 ,footnote #bc3 ,this figure of speech is known as ,vision4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,influencing ,,by ,,narration ,the art of narration is the art of writing in hooks and eyes4 ,the principle consists in making the appropriate thought follow the appropriate thought1 the proper fact the proper fact2 in first preparing the mind for what is to come1 and then letting it come4 --,,walter ,,bagehot1 ,literary ,studies4 ,our very speech is curiously historical4 ,most men1 you may observe1 speak only to narrate2 not in imparting what they have thought1 which indeed were often a very small matter1 but in exhibiting what they have undergone or seen1 which is a quite unlimited one1 do talkers dilate4 ,cut us off from ,narrative1 how would the stream of conversation1 even among the wisest1 languish into detached handfuls1 and among the foolish utterly evaporate6 ,thus1 as we do nothing but enact ,history1 we say little but recite it4 --,,thomas ,,carlyle1 ,on ,history4 ,only a small segment of the great field of narration offers its resources to the public speaker1 and that includes the anecdote1 biographical facts1 and the narration of events in general4 ,narration--more easily defined than mastered--is the recital of an incident1 or a group of facts and occurrences1 in such a manner as to produce a desired effect4 ,the laws of narration are few1 but its successful practise involves more of art than would at first appear--so much1 indeed1 that we cannot even touch upon its technique here1 but must content ourselves with an examination of a few examples of narration as used in public speech4 ,in a preliminary way1 notice how radically the public speaker's use of narrative differs from that of the story-writer in the more limited scope1 absence of extended dialogue and character drawing1 and freedom from elaboration of detail1 which characterize platform narrative4 ,on the other hand1 there are several similarities of method3 the frequent combination of narration with exposition1 description1 argumentation1 and pleading2 the care exercised in the arrangement of material so as to produce a strong effect at the close 7climax72 the very general practise of concealing the point 7denouement7 of a story until the effective moment2 and the careful suppression of needless1 and therefore hurtful1 details4 ,so we see that1 whether for magazine or platform1 the art of narration involves far more than the recital of annals2 the succession of events recorded requires a plan in order to bring them out with real effect4 ,it will be noticed1 too1 that the literary style in platform narration is likely to be either less polished and more vigorously dramatic than in that intended for publication1 or else more fervid and elevated in tone4 ,in this latter respect1 however1 the best platform speaking of today differs from the models of the preceding generation1 wherein a highly dignified1 and sometimes pompous1 style was thought the only fitting dress for a public deliverance4 ,great1 noble and stirring as these older masters were in their lofty and impassioned eloquence1 we are sometimes oppressed when we read their sounding periods for any great length of time--even allowing for all that we lose by missing the speaker's presence1 voice1 and fire4 ,so let us model our platform narration1 as our other forms of speech1 upon the effective addresses of the moderns1 without lessening our admiration for the older school4 ,the ,anecdote ,an anecdote is a short narrative of a single event1 told as being striking enough to bring out a point4 ,the keener the point1 the more condensed the form1 and the more suddenly the application strikes the hearer1 the better the story4 ,to regard an anecdote as an illustration--an interpretive picture--will help to hold us to its true purpose1 for a purposeless story is of all offenses on the platform the most asinine4 ,a perfectly capital joke will fall flat when it is dragged in by the nape without evident bearing on the subject under discussion4 ,on the other hand1 an apposite anecdote has saved many a speech from failure4 ,there is no finer opportunity for the display of tact than in the introduction of witty or humorous stories into a discourse4 ,wit is keen and like a rapier1 piercing deeply1 sometimes even to the heart4 ,humor is good-natured1 and does not wound4 ,wit is founded upon the sudden discovery of an unsuspected relation existing between two ideas4 ,humor deals with things out of relation--with the incongruous4 ,it was wit in ,douglass ,jerrold to retort upon the scowl of a stranger whose shoulder he had familiarly slapped1 mistaking him for a friend3 ',i beg your pardon1 ,i thought ,i knew you--but ,i'm glad ,i don't4' ,it was humor in the ,southern orator1 ,john ,wise1 to liken the pleasure of spending an evening with a ,puritan girl to that of sitting on a block of ice in winter1 cracking hailstones between his teeth4#bd ,the foregoing quotation has been introduced chiefly to illustrate the first and simplest form of anecdote--the single sentence embodying a pungent saying4 ,another simple form is that which conveys its meaning without need of application1 as the old preachers used to say4 ,george ,ade has quoted this one as the best joke he ever heard3 ,two solemn-looking gentlemen were riding together in a railway carriage4 ,one gentleman said to the other3 ,is your wife entertaining this summer8 ,whereupon the other gentleman replied3 ,not very4 ,other anecdotes need harnessing to the particular truth the speaker wishes to carry along in his talk4 ,sometimes the application is made before the story is told and the audience is prepared to make the comparison1 point by point1 as the illustration is told4 ,henry ,w4 ,grady used this method in one of the anecdotes he told while delivering his great extemporaneous address1 ,the ,new ,south4 ,age does not endow all things with strength and virtue1 nor are all new things to be despised4 ,the shoemaker who put over his door1 ,john ,smith's shop1 founded #agfj1 was more than matched by his young rival across the street who hung out this sign3 ,bill ,jones4 ,established #ahhf4 ,no old stock kept in this shop4 ,in two anecdotes1 told also in ,the ,new ,south1 ,mr4 ,grady illustrated another way of enforcing the application3 in both instances he split the idea he wished to drive home1 bringing in part before and part after the recital of the story4 ,the fact that the speaker misquoted the words of ,genesis in which the ,ark is described did not seem to detract from the burlesque humor of the story4 ,i bespeak the utmost stretch of your courtesy tonight4 ,i am not troubled about those from whom ,i come4 ,you remember the man whose wife sent him to a neighbor with a pitcher of milk1 who1 tripping on the top step1 fell1 with such casual interruptions as the landings afforded1 into the basement1 and1 while picking himself up1 had the pleasure of hearing his wife call out3 ,john1 did you break the pitcher8 ,no1 ,i didn't1 said ,john1 but ,i be dinged if ,i don't4 ,so1 while those who call to me from behind may inspire me with energy1 if not with courage1 ,i ask an indulgent hearing from you4 ,i beg that you will bring your full faith in ,american fairness and frankness to judgment upon what ,i shall say4 ,there was an old preacher once who told some boys of the ,bible lesson he was going to read in the morning4 ,the boys1 finding the place1 glued together the connecting pages4 ,the next morning he read on the bottom of one page3 ,when ,noah was one hundred and twenty years old he took unto himself a wife1 who was--then turning the page--one hundred and forty cubits long1 forty cubits wide1 built of gopher wood1 and covered with pitch inside and out4 ,he was naturally puzzled at this4 ,he read it again1 verified it1 and then said1 ,my friends1 this is the first time ,i ever met this in the ,bible1 but ,i accept it as an evidence of the assertion that we are fearfully and wonderfully made4 ,if ,i could get you to hold such faith to-night1 ,i could proceed cheerfully to the task ,i otherwise approach with a sense of consecration4 ,now and then a speaker will plunge without introduction into an anecdote1 leaving the application to follow4 ,the following illustrates this method3 ,a large1 slew-footed darky was leaning against the corner of the railroad station in a ,texas town when the noon whistle in the canning factory blew and the hands hurried out1 bearing their grub buckets4 ,the darky listened1 with his head on one side until the rocketing echo had quite died away4 ,then he heaved a deep sigh and remarked to himself3 ,dar she go4 ,dinner time for some folks--but jes' #ab o'clock fur me6 ,that is the situation in thousands of ,american factories1 large and small1 today4 ,and why8 etc41 etc4 ,doubtless the most frequent platform use of the anecdote is in the pulpit4 ,the sermon illustration1 however1 is not always strictly narrative in form1 but tends to extended comparison1 as the following from ,dr4 ,alexander ,maclaren3 ,men will stand as ,indian fakirs do1 with their arms above their heads until they stiffen there4 ,they will perch themselves upon pillars like ,simeon ,stylites1 for years1 till the birds build their nests in their hair4 ,they will measure all the distance from ,cape ,comorin to ,juggernaut's temple with their bodies along the dusty road4 ,they will wear hair shirts and scourge themselves4 ,they will fast and deny themselves4 ,they will build cathedrals and endow churches4 ,they will do as many of you do1 labor by fits and starts all thru your lives at the endless task of making yourselves ready for heaven1 and winning it by obedience and by righteousness4 ,they will do all these things and do them gladly1 rather than listen to the humbling message that says1 ,you do not need to do anything--wash4 ,is it your washing1 or the water1 that will clean you8 ,wash and be clean6 ,naaman's cleaning was only a test of his obedience1 and a token that it was ,god who cleansed him4 ,there was no power in ,jordan's waters to take away the taint of leprosy4 ,our cleansing is in that blood of ,jesus ,christ that has the power to take away all sin1 and to make the foulest amongst us pure and clean4 ,one final word must be said about the introduction to the anecdote4 ,a clumsy1 inappropriate introduction is fatal1 whereas a single apt or witty sentence will kindle interest and prepare a favorable hearing4 ,the following extreme illustration1 by the ,english humorist1 ,captain ,harry ,graham1 well satirizes the stumbling manner3 ,the best story that ,i ever heard was one that ,i was told once in the fall of #aije 7or it may have been #aijf71 when ,i was visiting ,boston--at least1 ,i think it was ,boston2 it may have been ,washington 7my memory is so bad74 ,i happened to run across a most amusing man whose name ,i forget--,williams or ,wilson or ,wilkins2 some name like that--and he told me this story while we were waiting for a trolley car4 ,i can still remember how heartily ,i laughed at the time2 and again1 that evening1 after ,i had gone to bed1 how ,i laughed myself to sleep recalling the humor of this incredibly humorous story4 ,it was really quite extraordinarily funny4 ,in fact1 ,i can truthfully affirm that it is quite the most amusing story ,i have ever had the privilege of hearing4 ,unfortunately1 ,i've forgotten it4 ,biographical ,facts ,public speaking has much to do with personalities2 naturally1 therefore1 the narration of a series of biographical details1 including anecdotes among the recital of interesting facts1 plays a large part in the eulogy1 the memorial address1 the political speech1 the sermon1 the lecture1 and other platform deliverances4 ,whole addresses may be made up of such biographical details1 such as a sermon on ,moses1 or a lecture on ,lee4 ,the following example is in itself an expanded anecdote1 forming a link in a chain3 ,,marius ,,in ,,prison ,the peculiar sublimity of the ,roman mind does not express itself1 nor is it at all to be sought1 in their poetry4 ,poetry1 according to the ,roman ideal of it1 was not an adequate organ for the grander movements of the national mind4 ,roman sublimity must be looked for in ,roman acts1 and in ,roman sayings4 ,where1 again1 will you find a more adequate expression of the ,roman majesty1 than in the saying of ,trajan--,imperatorem oportere stantem mori--that ,caesar ought to die standing2 a speech of imperatorial grandeur6 ,implying that he1 who was the foremost man of all this world1--and1 in regard to all other nations1 the representative of his own1--should express its characteristic virtue in his farewell act--should die in procinctu--and should meet the last enemy as the first1 with a ,roman countenance and in a soldier's attitude4 ,if this had an imperatorial--what follows had a consular majesty1 and is almost the grandest story upon record4 ,marius1 the man who rose to be seven times consul1 was in a dungeon1 and a slave was sent in with commission to put him to death4 ,these were the persons1--the two extremities of exalted and forlorn humanity1 its vanward and its rearward man1 a ,roman consul and an abject slave4 ,but their natural relations to each other were1 by the caprice of fortune1 monstrously inverted3 the consul was in chains2 the slave was for a moment the arbiter of his fate4 ,by what spells1 what magic1 did ,marius reinstate himself in his natural prerogatives8 ,by what marvels drawn from heaven or from earth1 did he1 in the twinkling of an eye1 again invest himself with the purple1 and place between himself and his assassin a host of shadowy lictors8 ,by the mere blank supremacy of great minds over weak ones4 ,he fascinated the slave1 as a rattlesnake does a bird4 ,standing like ,teneriffe1 he smote him with his eye1 and said1 ,tune1 homo1 audes occidere ,c4 ,marium8--,dost thou1 fellow1 presume to kill ,caius ,marius8 ,whereat1 the reptile1 quaking under the voice1 nor daring to affront the consular eye1 sank gently to the ground--turned round upon his hands and feet--and1 crawling out of the prison like any other vermin1 left ,marius standing in solitude as steadfast and immovable as the capitol4 --,,thomas ,,de ,,quincy4 ,here is a similar example1 prefaced by a general historical statement and concluding with autobiographical details3 ,a ,,reminiscence ,,of ,,lexington ,one raw morning in spring--it will be eighty years the #aith day of this month--,hancock and ,adams1 the ,moses and ,aaron of that ,great ,deliverance1 were both at ,lexington2 they also had obstructed an officer with brave words4 ,british soldiers1 a thousand strong1 came to seize them and carry them over sea for trial1 and so nip the bud of ,freedom auspiciously opening in that early spring4 ,the town militia came together before daylight1 for training4 ,a great1 tall man1 with a large head and a high1 wide brow1 their captain1--one who had seen service1--marshalled them into line1 numbering but seventy1 and bade every man load his piece with powder and ball4 ,i will order the first man shot that runs away1 said he1 when some faltered4 ,don't fire unless fired upon1 but if they want to have a war1 let it begin here4 ,gentlemen1 you know what followed2 those farmers and mechanics fired the shot heard round the world4 ,a little monument covers the bones of such as before had pledged their fortune and their sacred honor to the ,freedom of ,america1 and that day gave it also their lives4 ,i was born in that little town1 and bred up amid the memories of that day4 ,when a boy1 my mother lifted me up1 one ,sunday1 in her religious1 patriotic arms1 and held me while ,i read the first monumental line ,i ever saw--,sacred to ,liberty and the ,rights of ,mankind4 ,since then ,i have studied the memorial marbles of ,greece and ,rome1 in many an ancient town2 nay1 on ,egyptian obelisks have read what was written before the ,eternal raised up ,moses to lead ,israel out of ,egypt2 but no chiseled stone has ever stirred me to such emotion as these rustic names of men who fell ,in the ,sacred ,cause of ,god and their ,country4 ,gentlemen1 the ,spirit of ,liberty1 the ,love of ,justice1 were early fanned into a flame in my boyish heart4 ,that monument covers the bones of my own kinsfolk2 it was their blood which reddened the long1 green grass at ,lexington4 ,it was my own name which stands chiseled on that stone2 the tall captain who marshalled his fellow farmers and mechanics into stern array1 and spoke such brave and dangerous words as opened the war of ,american ,independence1--the last to leave the field1--was my father's father4 ,i learned to read out of his ,bible1 and with a musket he that day captured from the foe1 ,i learned another religious lesson1 that ,rebellion to ,tyrants is ,obedience to ,god4 ,i keep them both ,sacred to ,liberty and the ,rights of ,mankind1 to use them both ,in the ,sacred ,cause of ,god and my ,country4 --,,theodore ,,parker4 ,narration of ,events in ,general ,in this wider1 emancipated narration we find much mingling of other forms of discourse1 greatly to the advantage of the speech1 for this truth cannot be too strongly emphasized3 ,the efficient speaker cuts loose from form for the sake of a big1 free effect4 ,the present analyses are for no other purpose than to acquaint you with form--do not allow any such models to hang as a weight about your neck4 ,the following pure narration of events1 from ,george ,william ,curtis's ,paul ,revere's ,ride1 varies the biographical recital in other parts of his famous oration3 ,that evening1 at ten o'clock1 eight hundred ,british troops1 under ,lieutenant-,colonel ,smith1 took boat at the foot of the ,common and crossed to the ,cambridge shore4 ,gage thought his secret had been kept1 but ,lord ,percy1 who had heard the people say on the ,common that the troops would miss their aim1 undeceived him4 ,gage instantly ordered that no one should leave the town4 ,but as the troops crossed the river1 ,ebenezer ,dorr1 with a message to ,hancock and ,adams1 was riding over the ,neck to ,roxbury1 and ,paul ,revere was rowing over the river to ,charlestown1 having agreed with his friend1 ,robert ,newman1 to show lanterns from the belfry of the ,old ,north ,church--,one if by land1 and two if by sea--as a signal of the march of the ,british4 ,the following1 from the same oration1 beautifully mingles description with narration3 ,it was a brilliant night4 ,the winter had been unusually mild1 and the spring very forward4 ,the hills were already green4 ,the early grain waved in the fields1 and the air was sweet with the blossoming orchards4 ,already the robins whistled1 the bluebirds sang1 and the benediction of peace rested upon the landscape4 ,under the cloudless moon the soldiers silently marched1 and ,paul ,revere swiftly rode1 galloping through ,medford and ,west ,cambridge1 rousing every house as he went spurring for ,lexington and ,hancock and ,adams1 and evading the ,british patrols who had been sent out to stop the news4 ,in the succeeding extract from another of ,mr4 ,curtis's addresses1 we have a free use of allegory as illustration3 ,,the ,,leadership ,,of ,,educated ,,men ,there is a modern ,english picture which the genius of ,hawthorne might have inspired4 ,the painter calls it1 ,how they met themselves4 ,a man and a woman1 haggard and weary1 wandering lost in a somber wood1 suddenly meet the shadowy figures of a youth and a maid4 ,some mysterious fascination fixes the gaze and stills the hearts of the wanderers1 and their amazement deepens into awe as they gradually recognize themselves as once they were2 the soft bloom of youth upon their rounded cheeks1 the dewy light of hope in their trusting eyes1 exulting confidence in their springing step1 themselves blithe and radiant with the glory of the dawn4 ,today1 and here1 we meet ourselves4 ,not to these familiar scenes alone--yonder college-green with its reverend traditions2 the halcyon cove of the ,seekonk1 upon which the memory of ,roger ,williams broods like a bird of calm2 the historic bay1 beating forever with the muffled oars of ,barton and of ,abraham ,whipple2 here1 the humming city of the living2 there1 the peaceful city of the dead2--not to these only or chiefly do we return1 but to ourselves as we once were4 ,it is not the smiling freshmen of the year1 it is your own beardless and unwrinkled faces1 that are looking from the windows of ,university ,hall and of ,hope ,college4 ,under the trees upon the hill it is yourselves whom you see walking1 full of hopes and dreams1 glowing with conscious power1 and nourishing a youth sublime2 and in this familiar temple1 which surely has never echoed with eloquence so fervid and inspiring as that of your commencement orations1 it is not yonder youths in the galleries who1 as they fondly believe1 are whispering to yonder maids2 it is your younger selves who1 in the days that are no more1 are murmuring to the fairest mothers and grandmothers of those maids4 ,happy the worn and weary man and woman in the picture could they have felt their older eyes still glistening with that earlier light1 and their hearts yet beating with undiminished sympathy and aspiration4 ,happy we1 brethren1 whatever may have been achieved1 whatever left undone1 if1 returning to the home of our earlier years1 we bring with us the illimitable hope1 the unchilled resolution1 the inextinguishable faith of youth4 --,,george ,,william ,,curtis4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,clip from any source ten anecdotes and state what truths they may be used to illustrate4 #b4 ,deliver five of these in your own language1 without making any application4 #c4 ,from the ten1 deliver one so as to make the application before telling the anecdote4 #d4 ,deliver another so as to split the application4 #e4 ,deliver another so as to make the application after the narration4 #f4 ,deliver another in such a way as to make a specific application needless4 #g4 ,give three ways of introducing an anecdote1 by saying where you heard it1 etc4 #h4 ,deliver an illustration that is not strictly an anecdote1 in the style of ,curtis's speech on page #bei4 #i4 ,deliver an address on any public character1 using the forms illustrated in this chapter4 #aj4 ,deliver an address on some historical event in the same manner4 #aa4 ,explain how the sympathies and viewpoint of the speaker will color an anecdote1 a biography1 or a historical account4 #ab4 ,illustrate how the same anecdote1 or a section of a historical address1 may be given two different effects by personal prejudice4 #ac4 ,what would be the effect of shifting the viewpoint in the midst of a narration8 #ad4 ,what is the danger of using too much humor in an address8 ,too much pathos8 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bd3 ,how to ,attract and ,hold an ,audience1 ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,influencing ,,by ,,suggestion ,sometimes the feeling that a given way of looking at things is undoubtedly correct prevents the mind from thinking at all4444 ,in view of the hindrances which certain kinds or degrees of feeling throw into the way of thinking1 it might be inferred that the thinker must suppress the element of feeling in the inner life4 ,no greater mistake could be made4 ,if the ,creator endowed man with the power to think1 to feel1 and to will1 these several activities of the mind are not designed to be in conflict1 and so long as any one of them is not perverted or allowed to run to excess1 it necessarily aids and strengthens the others in their normal functions4 --,,nathan ,c4 ,,schaeffer1 ,thinking and ,learning to ,think4 ,when we weigh1 compare1 and decide upon the value of any given ideas1 we reason2 when an idea produces in us an opinion or an action1 without first being subjected to deliberation1 we are moved by suggestion4 ,man was formerly thought to be a reasoning animal1 basing his actions on the conclusions of natural logic4 ,it was supposed that before forming an opinion or deciding on a course of conduct he weighed at least some of the reasons for and against the matter1 and performed a more or less simple process of reasoning4 ,but modern research has shown that quite the opposite is true4 ,most of our opinions and actions are not based upon conscious reasoning1 but are the result of suggestion4 ,in fact1 some authorities declare that an act of pure reasoning is very rare in the average mind4 ,momentous decisions are made1 far-reaching actions are determined upon1 primarily by the force of suggestion4 ,notice that word primarily1 for simple thought1 and even mature reasoning1 often follows a suggestion accepted in the mind1 and the thinker fondly supposes that his conclusion is from first to last based on cold logic4 ,the ,basis of ,suggestion ,we must think of suggestion both as an effect and as a cause4 ,considered as an effect1 or objectively1 there must be something in the hearer that predisposes him to receive suggestion2 considered as a cause1 or subjectively1 there must be some methods by which the speaker can move upon that particularly susceptible attitude of the hearer4 ,how to do this honestly and fairly is our problem--to do it dishonestly and trickily1 to use suggestion to bring about conviction and action without a basis of right and truth and in a bad cause1 is to assume the terrible responsibility that must fall on the champion of error4 ,jesus scorned not to use suggestion so that he might move men to their benefit1 but every vicious trickster has adopted the same means to reach base ends4 ,therefore honest men will examine well into their motives and into the truth of their cause1 before seeking to influence men by suggestion4 ,three fundamental conditions make us all susceptive to suggestion3 ,we naturally respect authority4 ,in every mind this is only a question of degree1 ranging from the subject who is easily hypnotized to the stubborn mind that fortifies itself the more strongly with every assault upon its opinion4 ,the latter type is almost immune to suggestion4 ,one of the singular things about suggestion is that it is rarely a fixed quantity4 ,the mind that is receptive to the authority of a certain person may prove inflexible to another2 moods and environments that produce hypnosis readily in one instance may be entirely inoperative in another2 and some minds can scarcely ever be thus moved4 ,we do know1 however1 that the feeling of the subject that authority--influence1 power1 domination1 control1 whatever you wish to call it--lies in the person of the suggester1 is the basis of all suggestion4 ,the extreme force of this influence is demonstrated in hypnotism4 ,the hypnotic subject is told that he is in the water2 he accepts the statement as true and makes swimming motions4 ,he is told that a band is marching down the street1 playing ,the ,star ,spangled ,banner2 he declares he hears the music1 arises and stands with head bared4 ,in the same way some speakers are able to achieve a modified hypnotic effect upon their audiences4 ,the hearers will applaud measures and ideas which1 after individual reflection1 they will repudiate unless such reflection brings the conviction that the first impression is correct4 ,a second important principle is that our feelings1 thoughts and wills tend to follow the line of least resistance4 ,once open the mind to the sway of one feeling and it requires a greater power of feeling1 thought1 or will--or even all three--to unseat it4 ,our feelings influence our judgments and volitions much more than we care to admit4 ,so true is this that it is a superhuman task to get an audience to reason fairly on a subject on which it feels deeply1 and when this result is accomplished the success becomes noteworthy1 as in the case of ,henry ,ward ,beecher's ,liverpool speech4 ,emotional ideas once accepted are soon cherished1 and finally become our very inmost selves4 ,attitudes based on feelings alone are prejudices4 ,what is true of our feelings1 in this respect1 applies to our ideas3 ,all thoughts that enter the mind tend to be accepted as truth unless a stronger and contradictory thought arises4 ,the speaker skilled in moving men to action manages to dominate the minds of his audience with his thoughts by subtly prohibiting the entertaining of ideas hostile to his own4 ,most of us are captured by the latest strong attack1 and if we can be induced to act while under the stress of that last insistent thought1 we lose sight of counter influences4 ,the fact is that almost all our decisions--if they involve thought at all--are of this sort3 ,at the moment of decision the course of action then under contemplation usurps the attention1 and conflicting ideas are dropped out of consideration4 ,the head of a large publishing house remarked only recently that ninety per cent of the people who bought books by subscription never read them4 ,they buy because the salesman presents his wares so skillfully that every consideration but the attractiveness of the book drops out of the mind1 and that thought prompts action4 ,every idea that enters the mind will result in action unless a contradictory thought arises to prohibit it4 ,think of singing the musical scale and it will result in your singing it unless the counter-thought of its futility or absurdity inhibits your action4 ,if you bandage and doctor a horse's foot1 he will go lame4 ,you cannot think of swallowing1 without the muscles used in that process being affected4 ,you cannot think of saying hello1 without a slight movement of the muscles of speech4 ,to warn children that they should not put beans up their noses is the surest method of getting them to do it4 ,every thought called up in the mind of your audience will work either for or against you4 ,thoughts are not dead matter2 they radiate dynamic energy--the thoughts all tend to pass into action4 ,thought is another name for fate4 ,dominate your hearers' thoughts1 allay all contradictory ideas1 and you will sway them as you wish4 ,volitions as well as feelings and thoughts tend to follow the line of least resistance4 ,that is what makes habit4 ,suggest to a man that it is impossible to change his mind and in most cases it becomes more difficult to do so--the exception is the man who naturally jumps to the contrary4 ,counter suggestion is the only way to reach him4 ,suggest subtly and persistently that the opinions of those in the audience who are opposed to your views are changing1 and it requires an effort of the will--in fact1 a summoning of the forces of feeling1 thought and will--to stem the tide of change that has subconsciously set in4 ,but1 not only are we moved by authority1 and tend toward channels of least resistance3 ,we are all influenced by our environments4 ,it is difficult to rise above the sway of a crowd--its enthusiasms and its fears are contagious because they are suggestive4 ,what so many feel1 we say to ourselves1 must have some basis in truth4 ,ten times ten makes more than one hundred4 ,set ten men to speaking to ten audiences of ten men each1 and compare the aggregate power of those ten speakers with that of one man addressing one hundred men4 ,the ten speakers may be more logically convincing than the single orator1 but the chances are strongly in favor of the one man's reaching a greater total effect1 for the hundred men will radiate conviction and resolution as ten small groups could not4 ,we all know the truism about the enthusiasm of numbers4 7,see the chapter on ,influencing the ,crowd47 ,environment controls us unless the contrary is strongly suggested4 ,a gloomy day1 in a drab room1 sparsely tenanted by listeners1 invites platform disaster4 ,everyone feels it in the air4 ,but let the speaker walk squarely up to the issue and suggest by all his feeling1 manner and words that this is going to be a great gathering in every vital sense1 and see how the suggestive power of environment recedes before the advance of a more potent suggestion--if such the speaker is able to make it4 ,now these three factors--respect for authority1 tendency to follow lines of least resistance1 and susceptibility to environment--all help to bring the auditor into a state of mind favorable to suggestive influences1 but they also react on the speaker1 and now we must consider those personally causative1 or subjective1 forces which enable him to use suggestion effectively4 ,how the ,speaker ,can ,make ,suggestion ,effective ,we have seen that under the influence of authoritative suggestion the audience is inclined to accept the speaker's assertion without argument and criticism4 ,but the audience is not in this state of mind unless it has implicit confidence in the speaker4 ,if they lack faith in him1 question his motives or knowledge1 or even object to his manner they will not be moved by his most logical conclusion and will fail to give him a just hearing4 ,it is all a matter of their confidence in him4 ,whether the speaker finds it already in the warm1 expectant look of his hearers1 or must win to it against opposition or coldness1 he must gain that one great vantage point before his suggestions take on power in the hearts of his listeners4 ,confidence is the mother of ,conviction4 ,note in the opening of ,henry ,w4 ,grady's after-dinner speech how he attempted to secure the confidence of his audience4 ,he created a receptive atmosphere by a humorous story2 expressed his desire to speak with earnestness and sincerity2 acknowledged the vast interests involved2 deprecated his untried arm1 and professed his humility4 ,would not such an introduction give you confidence in the speaker1 unless you were strongly opposed to him8 ,and even then1 would it not partly disarm your antagonism8 ,mr4 ,president3--,bidden by your invitation to a discussion of the race problem--forbidden by occasion to make a political speech--,i appreciate1 in trying to reconcile orders with propriety1 the perplexity of the little maid1 who1 bidden to learn to swim1 was yet adjured1 ,now1 go1 my darling2 hang your clothes on a hickory limb1 and don't go near the water4 ,the stoutest apostle of the ,church1 they say1 is the missionary1 and the missionary1 wherever he unfurls his flag1 will never find himself in deeper need of unction and address than ,i1 bidden tonight to plant the standard of a ,southern ,democrat in ,boston's banquet hall1 and to discuss the problem of the races in the home of ,phillips and of ,sumner4 ,but1 ,mr4 ,president1 if a purpose to speak in perfect frankness and sincerity2 if earnest understanding of the vast interests involved2 if a consecrating sense of what disaster may follow further misunderstanding and estrangement2 if these may be counted to steady undisciplined speech and to strengthen an untried arm--then1 sir1 ,i shall find the courage to proceed4 ,note also ,mr4 ,bryan's attempt to secure the confidence of his audience in the following introduction to his ,cross of ,gold speech delivered before the ,national ,democratic ,convention in ,chicago1 #ahif4 ,he asserts his own inability to oppose the distinguished gentleman2 he maintains the holiness of his cause2 and he declares that he will speak in the interest of humanity--well knowing that humanity is likely to have confidence in the champion of their rights4 ,this introduction completely dominated the audience1 and the speech made ,mr4 ,bryan famous4 ,mr4 ,chairman and ,gentlemen of the ,convention3 ,i would be presumptuous indeed to present myself against the distinguished gentlemen to whom you have listened if this were a mere measuring of abilities2 but this is not a contest between persons4 ,the humblest citizen in all the land1 when clad in the armor of a righteous cause1 is stronger than all the hosts of error4 ,i come to speak to you in defense of a cause as holy as the cause of liberty--the cause of humanity4 ,some speakers are able to beget confidence by their very manner1 while others can not4 ,to secure confidence1 be confident4 ,how can you expect others to accept a message in which you lack1 or seem to lack1 faith yourself8 ,confidence is as contagious as disease4 ,napoleon rebuked an officer for using the word impossible in his presence4 ,the speaker who will entertain no idea of defeat begets in his hearers the idea of his victory4 ,lady ,macbeth was so confident of success that ,macbeth changed his mind about undertaking the assassination4 ,columbus was so certain in his mission that ,queen ,isabella pawned her jewels to finance his expedition4 ,assert your message with implicit assurance1 and your own belief will act as so much gunpowder to drive it home4 ,advertisers have long utilized this principle4 ,the machine you will eventually buy1 ,ask the man who owns one1 ,has the strength of ,gibraltar1 are publicity slogans so full of confidence that they give birth to confidence in the mind of the reader4 ,it should--but may not6--go without saying that confidence must have a solid ground of merit or there will be a ridiculous crash4 ,it is all very well for the spellbinder to claim all the precincts--the official count is just ahead4 ,the reaction against over-confidence and over-suggestion ought to warn those whose chief asset is mere bluff4 ,a short time ago a speaker arose in a public-speaking club and asserted that grass would spring from wood-ashes sprinkled over the soil1 without the aid of seed4 ,this idea was greeted with a laugh1 but the speaker was so sure of his position that he reiterated the statement forcefully several times and cited his own personal experience as proof4 ,one of the most intelligent men in the audience1 who at first had derided the idea1 at length came to believe in it4 ,when asked the reason for his sudden change of attitude1 he replied3 ,because the speaker is so confident4 ,in fact1 he was so confident that it took a letter from the ,u4,s4 ,department of ,agriculture to dislodge his error4 ,if by a speaker's confidence1 intelligent men can be made to believe such preposterous theories as this where will the power of self-reliance cease when plausible propositions are under consideration1 advanced with all the power of convincing speech8 ,note the utter assurance in these selections3 ,i know not what course others may take1 but as for me give me liberty or give me death4 --,,patrick ,,henry4 ,i ne'er will ask ye quarter1 and ,i ne'er will be your slave2 ,but ,i'll swim the sea of slaughter1 till ,i sink beneath its wave4 --,,patten4 ,come one1 come all4 ,this rock shall fly ,from its firm base as soon as ,i4 --,,sir ,,walter ,,scott4 ,,invictus ,out of the night that covers me1 ,black as the pit from pole to pole1 ,i thank whatever ,gods may be ,for my unconquerable soul4 ,in the fell clutch of circumstance ,i have not winced nor cried aloud2 ,under the bludgeonings of chance ,my head is bloody1 but unbowed4 ,beyond this place of wrath and tears ,looms but the ,horror of the shade1 ,and yet the menace of the years ,finds and shall find me unafraid4 ,it matters not how strait the gate1 ,how charged with punishments the scroll1 ,i am the master of my fate2 ,i am the captain of my soul4 --,,william ,,ernest ,,henley4 ,authority is a factor in suggestion4 ,we generally accept as truth1 and without criticism1 the words of an authority4 ,when he speaks1 contradictory ideas rarely arise in the mind to inhibit the action he suggests4 ,a judge of the ,supreme ,court has the power of his words multiplied by the virtue of his position4 ,the ideas of the ,u4,s4 ,commissioner of ,immigration on his subject are much more effective and powerful than those of a soap manufacturer1 though the latter may be an able economist4 ,this principle also has been used in advertising4 ,we are told that the physicians to two ,kings have recommended ,sanatogen4 ,we are informed that the largest bank in ,america1 ,tiffany and ,co41 and ,the ,state1 ,war1 and ,navy ,departments1 all use the ,encyclopedia ,britannica4 ,the shrewd promoter gives stock in his company to influential bankers or business men in the community in order that he may use their examples as a selling argument4 ,if you wish to influence your audience through suggestion1 if you would have your statements accepted without criticism or argument1 you should appear in the light of an authority--and be one4 ,ignorance and credulity will remain unchanged unless the suggestion of authority be followed promptly by facts4 ,don't claim authority unless you carry your license in your pocket4 ,let reason support the position that suggestion has assumed4 ,advertising will help to establish your reputation--it is up to you to maintain it4 ,one speaker found that his reputation as a magazine writer was a splendid asset as a speaker4 ,mr4 ,bryan's publicity1 gained by three nominations for the presidency and his position as ,secretary of ,state1 helps him to command large sums as a speaker4 ,but--back of it all1 he is a great speaker4 ,newspaper announcements1 all kinds of advertising1 formality1 impressive introductions1 all have a capital effect on the attitude of the audience4 ,but how ridiculous are all these if a toy pistol is advertised as a sixteen-inch gun6 ,note how authority is used in the following to support the strength of the speaker's appeal3 ,professor ,alfred ,russell ,wallace has just celebrated his #ijth birthday4 ,sharing with ,charles ,darwin the honor of discovering evolution1 ,professor ,wallace has lately received many and signal honors from scientific societies4 ,at the dinner given him in ,london his address was largely made up of reminiscences4 ,he reviewed the progress of civilization during the last century and made a series of brilliant and startling contrasts between the ,england of #ahac and the world of #aiac4 ,he affirmed that our progress is only seeming and not real4 ,professor ,wallace insists that the painters1 the sculptors1 the architects of ,athens and ,rome were so superior to the modern men that the very fragments of their marbles and temples are the despair of the present day artists4 ,he tells us that man has improved his telescope and spectacles1 but that he is losing his eyesight2 that man is improving his looms1 but stiffening his fingers2 improving his automobile and his locomotive1 but losing his legs2 improving his foods1 but losing his digestion4 ,he adds that the modern white slave traffic1 orphan asylums1 and tenement house life in factory towns1 make a black page in the history of the twentieth century4 ,professor ,wallace's views are reinforced by the report of the commission of ,parliament on the causes of the deterioration of the factory-class people4 ,in our own country ,professor ,jordan warns us against war1 intemperance1 overworking1 underfeeding of poor children1 and disturbs our contentment with his ,harvest of ,blood4 ,professor ,jenks is more pessimistic4 ,he thinks that the pace1 the climate1 and the stress of city life1 have broken down the ,puritan stock1 that in another century our old families will be extinct1 and that the flood of immigration means a ,niagara of muddy waters fouling the pure springs of ,american life4 ,in his address in ,new ,haven ,professor ,kellogg calls the roll of the signs of race degeneracy and tells us that this deterioration even indicates a trend toward race extinction4 --,,newell ,,dwight ,,hillis4 ,from every side come warnings to the ,american people4 ,our medical journals are filled with danger signals2 new books and magazines1 fresh from the press1 tell us plainly that our people are fronting a social crisis4 ,mr4 ,jefferson1 who was once regarded as good ,democratic authority1 seems to have differed in opinion from the gentleman who has addressed us on the part of the minority4 ,those who are opposed to this proposition tell us that the issue of paper money is a function of the bank1 and that the government ought to go out of the banking business4 ,i stand with ,jefferson rather than with them1 and tell them1 as he did1 that the issue of money is a function of government1 and that the banks ought to go out of the governing business4 --,,william ,,jennings ,,bryan4 ,authority is the great weapon against doubt1 but even its force can rarely prevail against prejudice and persistent wrong-headedness4 ,if any speaker has been able to forge a sword that is warranted to piece such armor1 let him bless humanity by sharing his secret with his platform brethren everywhere1 for thus far he is alone in his glory4 ,there is a middle-ground between the suggestion of authority and the confession of weakness that offers a wide range for tact in the speaker4 ,no one can advise you when to throw your hat in the ring and say defiantly at the outstart1 ,gentlemen1 ,i am here to fight6 ,theodore ,roosevelt can do that--,beecher would have been mobbed if he had begun in that style at ,liverpool4 ,it is for your own tact to decide whether you will use the disarming grace of ,henry ,w4 ,grady's introduction just quoted 7even the time-worn joke was ingenuous and seemed to say1 ,gentlemen1 ,i come to you with no carefully-palmed coins71 or whether the solemn gravity of ,mr4 ,bryan before the ,convention will prove to be more effective4 ,only be sure that your opening attitude is well thought out1 and if it change as you warm up to your subject1 let not the change lay you open to a revulsion of feeling in your audience4 ,example is a powerful means of suggestion4 ,as we saw while thinking of environment in its effects on an audience1 we do1 without the usual amount of hesitation and criticism1 what others are doing4 ,paris wears certain hats and gowns2 the rest of the world imitates4 ,the child mimics the actions1 accents and intonations of the parent4 ,were a child never to hear anyone speak1 he would never acquire the power of speech1 unless under most arduous training1 and even then only imperfectly4 ,one of the biggest department stores in the ,united ,states spends fortunes on one advertising slogan3 ,everybody is going to the big store4 ,that makes everybody want to go4 ,you can reinforce the power of your message by showing that it has been widely accepted4 ,political organizations subsidize applause to create the impression that their speakers' ideas are warmly received and approved by the audience4 ,the advocates of the commission-form of government of cities1 the champions of votes for women1 reserve as their strongest arguments the fact that a number of cities and states have already successfully accepted their plans4 ,advertisements use the testimonial for its power of suggestion4 ,observe how this principle has been applied in the following selections1 and utilize it on every occasion possible in your attempts to influence through suggestion3 ,the war is actually begun4 ,the next gale that sweeps from the ,north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms4 ,our brethren are already in the field4 ,why stand ye here idle8 --,,patrick ,,henry4 ,with a zeal approaching the zeal which inspired the ,crusaders who followed ,peter the ,hermit1 our silver ,democrats went forth from victory unto victory until they are now assembled1 not to discuss1 not to debate1 but to enter up the judgment already rendered by the plain people of this country4 ,in this contest brother has been arrayed against brother1 father against son4 ,the warmest ties of love1 acquaintance1 and association have been disregarded2 old leaders have been cast aside when they refused to give expression to the sentiments of those whom they would lead1 and new leaders have sprung up to give direction to this cause of truth4 ,thus has the contest been waged1 and we have assembled here under as binding and solemn instructions as were ever imposed upon representatives of the people4 --,,william ,,jennings ,,bryan4 ,figurative and indirect language has suggestive force1 because it does not make statements that can be directly disputed4 ,it arouses no contradictory ideas in the minds of the audience1 thereby fulfilling one of the basic requisites of suggestion4 ,by implying a conclusion in indirect or figurative language it is often asserted most forcefully4 ,note that in the following ,mr4 ,bryan did not say that ,mr4 ,mc,kinley would be defeated4 ,he implied it in a much more effective manner3 ,mr4 ,mc,kinley was nominated at ,st4 ,louis upon a platform which declared for the maintenance of the gold standard until it can be changed into bimetallism by international agreement4 ,mr4 ,mc,kinley was the most popular man among the ,republicans1 and three months ago everybody in the ,republican party prophesied his election4 ,how is it today8 ,why1 the man who was once pleased to think that he looked like ,napoleon--that man shudders today when he remembers that he was nominated on the anniversary of the battle of ,waterloo4 ,not only that1 but as he listens he can hear with ever-increasing distinctness the sound of the waves as they beat upon the lonely shores of ,st4 ,helena4 ,had ,thomas ,carlyle said3 ,a false man cannot found a religion1 his words would have been neither so suggestive nor so powerful1 nor so long remembered as his implication in these striking words3 ,a false man found a religion8 ,why1 a false man cannot build a brick house6 ,if he does not know and follow truly the properties of mortar1 burnt clay1 and what else he works in1 it is no house that he makes1 but a rubbish heap4 ,it will not stand for twelve centuries1 to lodge a hundred and eighty millions2 it will fall straightway4 ,a man must conform himself to ,nature's laws1 be verily in communion with ,nature and the truth of things1 or ,nature will answer him1 ,no1 not at all6 ,observe how the picture that ,webster draws here is much more emphatic and forceful than any mere assertion could be3 ,sir1 ,i know not how others may feel1 but as for myself when ,i see my alma mater surrounded1 like ,caesar in the senate house1 by those who are reiterating stab after stab1 ,i would not for this right hand have her turn to me and say1 ,and thou1 too1 my son6 --,,webster4 ,a speech should be built on sound logical foundations1 and no man should dare to speak in behalf of a fallacy4 ,arguing a subject1 however1 will necessarily arouse contradictory ideas in the mind of your audience4 ,when immediate action or persuasion is desired1 suggestion is more efficacious than argument--when both are judiciously mixed1 the effect is irresistible4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,make an outline1 or brief1 of the contents of this chapter4 #b4 ,revise the introduction to any of your written addresses1 with the teachings of this chapter in mind4 #c4 ,give two original examples of the power of suggestion as you have observed it in each of these fields3 7a7 advertising2 7b7 politics2 7c7 public sentiment4 #d4 ,give original examples of suggestive speech1 illustrating two of the principles set forth in this chapter4 #e4 ,what reasons can you give that disprove the general contention of this chapter8 #f4 ,what reasons not already given seem to you to support it8 #g4 ,what effect do his own suggestions have on the speaker himself8 #h4 ,can suggestion arise from the audience8 ,if so1 show how4 #i4 ,select two instances of suggestion in the speeches found in the ,appendix4 #aj4 ,change any two passages in the same1 or other1 speeches so as to use suggestion more effectively4 #aa4 ,deliver those passages in the revised form4 #ab4 ,choosing your own subject1 prepare and deliver a short speech largely in the suggestive style4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,influencing ,,by ,,argument ,common sense is the common sense of mankind4 ,it is the product of common observation and experience4 ,it is modest1 plain1 and unsophisticated4 ,it sees with everybody's eyes1 and hears with everybody's ears4 ,it has no capricious distinctions1 no perplexities1 and no mysteries4 ,it never equivocates1 and never trifles4 ,its language is always intelligible4 ,it is known by clearness of speech and singleness of purpose4 --,,george ,,jacob ,,holyoake1 ,public ,speaking and ,debate4 ,the very name of logic is awesome to most young speakers1 but so soon as they come to realize that its processes1 even when most intricate1 are merely technical statements of the truths enforced by common sense1 it will lose its terrors4 ,in fact1 logic#be is a fascinating subject1 well worth the public speaker's study1 for it explains the principles that govern the use of argument and proof4 ,argumentation is the process of producing conviction by means of reasoning4 ,other ways of producing conviction there are1 notably suggestion1 as we have just shown1 but no means is so high1 so worthy of respect1 as the adducing of sound reasons in support of a contention4 ,since more than one side of a subject must be considered before we can claim to have deliberated upon it fairly1 we ought to think of argumentation under two aspects3 building up an argument1 and tearing down an argument2 that is1 you must not only examine into the stability of your structure of argument so that it may both support the proposition you intend to probe and yet be so sound that it cannot be overthrown by opponents1 but you must also be so keen to detect defects in argument that you will be able to demolish the weaker arguments of those who argue against you4 ,we can consider argumentation only generally1 leaving minute and technical discussions to such excellent works as ,george ,p4 ,baker's ,the ,principles of ,argumentation1 and ,george ,jacob ,holyoake's ,public ,speaking and ,debate4 ,any good college rhetoric also will give help on the subject1 especially the works of ,john ,franklin ,genung and ,adams ,sherman ,hill4 ,the student is urged to familiarize himself with at least one of these texts4 ,the following series of questions will1 it is hoped1 serve a triple purpose3 that of suggesting the forms of proof together with the ways in which they may be used2 that of helping the speaker to test the strength of his arguments2 and that of enabling the speaker to attack his opponent's arguments with both keenness and justice4 ,,testing ,,an ,,argument ,i4 ,,the ,,question ,,under ,,discussion #a4 ,is it clearly stated8 7a7 ,do the terms of statement mean the same to each disputant8 7,for example1 the meaning of the term gentleman may not be mutually agreed upon47 7b7 ,is confusion likely to arise as to its purpose8 #b4 ,is it fairly stated8 7a7 ,does it include enough8 7b7 ,does it include too much8 7c7 ,is it stated so as to contain a trap8 #c4 ,is it a debatable question8 #d4 ,what is the pivotal point in the whole question8 #e4 ,what are the subordinate points8 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,evidence #a4 ,the witnesses as to facts 7a7 ,is each witness impartial8 ,what is his relation to the subject at issue8 7b7 ,is he mentally competent8 7c7 ,is he morally credible8 7d7 ,is he in a position to know the facts8 ,is he an eye-witness8 7e7 ,is he a willing witness8 7f7 ,is his testimony contradicted8 7g7 ,is his testimony corroborated8 7h7 ,is his testimony contrary to well-known facts or general principles8 7i7 ,is it probable8 #b4 ,the authorities cited as evidence 7a7 ,is the authority well-recognized as such8 7b7 ,what constitutes him an authority8 7c7 ,is his interest in the case an impartial one8 7d7 ,does he state his opinion positively and clearly8 7e7 ,are the non-personal authorities cited 7books1 etc47 reliable and unprejudiced8 #c4 ,the facts adduced as evidence 7a7 ,are they sufficient in number to constitute proof8 7b7 ,are they weighty enough in character8 7c7 ,are they in harmony with reason8 7d7 ,are they mutually harmonious or contradictory8 7e7 ,are they admitted1 doubted1 or disputed8 #d4 ,the principles adduced as evidence 7a7 ,are they axiomatic8 7b7 ,are they truths of general experience8 7c7 ,are they truths of special experience8 7d7 ,are they truths arrived at by experiment8 ,were such experiments special or general8 ,were the experiments authoritative and conclusive8 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,reasoning #a4 ,inductions 7a7 ,are the facts numerous enough to warrant accepting the generalization as being conclusive8 7b7 ,do the facts agree only when considered in the light of this explanation as a conclusion8 7c7 ,have you overlooked any contradictory facts8 7d7 ,are the contradictory facts sufficiently explained when this inference is accepted as true8 7e7 ,are all contrary positions shown to be relatively untenable8 7f7 ,have you accepted mere opinions as facts8 #b4 ,deductions 7a7 ,is the law or general principle a well-established one8 7b7 ,does the law or principle clearly include the fact you wish to deduce from it1 or have you strained the inference8 7c7 ,does the importance of the law or principle warrant so important an inference8 7d7 ,can the deduction be shown to prove too much8 #c4 ,parallel cases 7a7 ,are the cases parallel at enough points to warrant an inference of similar cause or effect8 7b7 ,are the cases parallel at the vital point at issue8 7c7 ,has the parallelism been strained8 7d7 ,are there no other parallels that would point to a stronger contrary conclusion8 #d4 ,inferences 7a7 ,are the antecedent conditions such as would make the allegation probable8 7,character and opportunities of the accused1 for example47 7b7 ,are the signs that point to the inference either clear or numerous enough to warrant its acceptance as fact8 7c7 ,are the signs cumulative1 and agreeable one with the other8 7d7 ,could the signs be made to point to a contrary conclusion8 #e4 ,syllogisms 7a7 ,have any steps been omitted in the syllogisms8 7,such as in a syllogism in enthymeme47 ,if so1 test any such by filling out the syllogisms4 7b7 ,have you been guilty of stating a conclusion that really does not follow8 7,a non sequitur47 7c7 ,can your syllogism be reduced to an absurdity8 7,reductio ad absurdum47 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,show why an unsupported assertion is not an argument4 #b4 ,illustrate how an irrelevant fact may be made to seem to support an argument4 #c4 ,what inferences may justly be made from the following8 ,during the ,boer ,war it was found that the average ,englishman did not measure up to the standards of recruiting and the average soldier in the field manifested a low plane of vitality and endurance4 ,parliament1 alarmed by the disastrous consequences1 instituted an investigation4 ,the commission appointed brought in a finding that alcoholic poisoning was the great cause of the national degeneracy4 ,the investigations of the commission have been supplemented by investigations of scientific bodies and individual scientists1 all arriving at the same conclusion4 ,as a consequence1 the ,british ,government has placarded the streets of a hundred cities with billboards setting forth the destructive and degenerating nature of alcohol and appealing to the people in the name of the nation to desist from drinking alcoholic beverages4 ,under efforts directed by the ,government the ,british ,army is fast becoming an army of total abstainers4 ,the ,governments of continental ,europe followed the lead of the ,british ,government4 ,the ,french ,government has placarded ,france with appeals to the people1 attributing the decline of the birth rate and increase in the death rate to the widespread use of alcoholic beverages4 ,the experience of the ,german ,government has been the same4 ,the ,german ,emperor has clearly stated that leadership in war and in peace will be held by the nation that roots out alcohol4 ,he has undertaken to eliminate even the drinking of beer1 so far as possible1 from the ,german ,army and ,navy4 --,,richmond ,,pearson ,,hobson1 ,before the ,u4,s4 ,congress4 #d4 ,since the burden of proof lies on him who attacks a position1 or argues for a change in affairs1 how would his opponent be likely to conduct his own part of a debate8 #e4 ,define 7a7 syllogism2 7b7 rebuttal2 7c7 begging the question2 7d7 premise2 7e7 rejoinder2 7f7 sur-rejoinder2 7g7 dilemma2 7h7 induction2 7i7 deduction2 7j7 a priori2 7k7 a posteriori2 7l7 inference4 #f4 ,criticise this reasoning3 ,men ought not to smoke tobacco1 because to do so is contrary to best medical opinion4 ,my physician has expressly condemned the practise1 and is a medical authority in this country4 #g4 ,criticise this reasoning3 ,men ought not to swear profanely1 because it is wrong4 ,it is wrong for the reason that it is contrary to the ,moral ,law1 and it is contrary to the ,moral ,law because it is contrary to the ,scriptures4 ,it is contrary to the ,scriptures because it is contrary to the will of ,god1 and we know it is contrary to ,god's will because it is wrong4 #h4 ,criticise this syllogism3 ,,major ,,premise3 ,all men who have no cares are happy4 ,,minor ,,premise3 ,slovenly men are careless4 ,,conclusion3 ,therefore1 slovenly men are happy4 #i4 ,criticise the following major1 or foundation1 premises3 ,all is not gold that glitters4 ,all cold may be expelled by fire4 #aj4 ,criticise the following fallacy 7non sequitur73 ,,major ,,premise3 ,all strong men admire strength4 ,,minor ,,premise3 ,this man is not strong4 ,,conclusion3 ,therefore this man does not admire strength4 #aa4 ,criticise these statements3 ,sleep is beneficial on account of its soporific qualities4 ,fiske's histories are authentic because they contain accurate accounts of ,american history1 and we know that they are true accounts for otherwise they would not be contained in these authentic works4 #ab4 ,what do you understand from the terms reasoning from effect to cause and from cause to effect8 ,give examples4 #ac4 ,what principle did ,richmond ,pearson ,hobson employ in the following8 ,what is the police power of the ,states8 ,the police power of the ,federal ,government or the ,state--any sovereign ,state--has been defined4 ,take the definition given by ,blackstone1 which is3 ,the due regulation and domestic order of the ,kingdom1 whereby the inhabitants of a ,state1 like members of a well-governed family1 are bound to conform their general behavior to the rules of propriety1 of neighborhood and good manners1 and to be decent1 industrious1 and inoffensive in their respective stations4 ,would this amendment interfere with any ,state carrying on the promotion of its domestic order8 ,or you can take the definition in another form1 in which it is given by ,mr4 ,tiedeman1 when he says3 ,the object of government is to impose that degree of restraint upon human actions which is necessary to a uniform1 reasonable enjoyment of private rights4 ,the power of the government to impose this restraint is called the police power4 ,judge ,cooley says of the liquor traffic3 ,the business of manufacturing and selling liquor is one that affects the public interests in many ways and leads to many disorders4 ,it has a tendency to increase pauperism and crime4 ,it renders a large force of peace officers essential1 and it adds to the expense of the courts and of nearly all branches of civil administration4 ,justice ,bradley1 of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court1 says3 ,licenses may be properly required in the pursuit of many professions and avocations1 which require peculiar skill and training or supervision for the public welfare4 ,the profession or avocation is open to all alike who will prepare themselves with the requisite qualifications or give the requisite security for preserving public order4 ,this is in harmony with the general proposition that the ordinary pursuits of life1 forming the greater per cent of the industrial pursuits1 are and ought to be free and open to all1 subject only to such general regulations1 applying equally to all1 as the general good may demand4 ,all such regulations are entirely competent for the legislature to make and are in no sense an abridgment of the equal rights of citizens4 ,but a license to do that which is odious and against common right is necessarily an outrage upon the equal rights of citizens4 #ad4 ,what method did ,jesus employ in the following3 ,ye are the salt of the earth2 but if the salt have lost his savour1 wherewith shall it be salted8 ,it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out1 and to be trodden under foot of men4 ,behold the fowls of the air2 for they sow not1 neither do they reap nor gather into barns2 yet your heavenly ,father feedeth them4 ,are ye not much better than they8 ,and why take ye thought for raiment8 ,consider the lilies of the field2 how they grow2 they toil not1 neither do they spin2 ,and yet ,i say unto you1 that even ,solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these4 ,wherefore1 if ,god so clothe the grass of the field1 which today is1 and tomorrow is cast into the oven1 shall he not much more clothe you1 ,o ye of little faith8 ,or what man is there of you1 whom if his son ask bread1 will he give him a stone8 ,or if he ask a fish1 will he give him a serpent8 ,if ye then1 being evil1 know how to give good gifts unto your children1 how much more shall your ,father which is in heaven give good things to them that ask him8 #ae4 ,make five original syllogisms#bf on the following models3 ,,major ,,premise3 ,he who administers arsenic gives poison4 ,,minor ,,premise3 ,the prisoner administered arsenic to the victim4 ,,conclusion3 ,therefore the prisoner is a poisoner4 ,,major ,,premise3 ,all dogs are quadrupeds4 ,,minor ,,premise3 ,this animal is a biped4 ,,conclusion3 ,therefore this animal is not a dog4 #af4 ,prepare either the positive or the negative side of the following question for debate3 ,the recall of judges should be adopted as a national principle4 #ag4 ,is this question debatable8 ,benedict ,arnold was a gentleman4 ,give reasons for your answer4 #ah4 ,criticise any street or dinner-table argument you have heard recently4 #ai4 ,test the reasoning of any of the speeches given in this volume4 #bj4 ,make a short speech arguing in favor of instruction in public speaking in the public evening schools4 #ba4 7a7 ,clip a newspaper editorial in which the reasoning is weak4 7b7 ,criticise it4 7c7 ,correct it4 #bb4 ,make a list of three subjects for debate1 selected from the monthly magazines4 #bc4 ,do the same from the newspapers4 #bd4 ,choosing your own question and side1 prepare a brief suitable for a ten-minute debating argument4 ,the following models of briefs may help you3 ,,debate ,,resolved3 ,that armed intervention is not justifiable on the part of any nation to collect1 on behalf of private individuals1 financial claims against any ,american nation4#bg ,,brief ,,of ,,affirmative ,,argument ,first speaker--,chafee ,armed intervention for collection of private claims from any ,american nation is not justifiable1 for #a4 ,it is wrong in principle1 because 7a7 ,it violates the fundamental principles of international law for a very slight cause 7b7 ,it is contrary to the proper function of the ,state1 and 7c7 ,it is contrary to justice1 since claims are exaggerated4 ,second speaker--,hurley #b4 ,it is disastrous in its results1 because 7a7 ,it incurs danger of grave international complications 7b7 ,it tends to increase the burden of debt in the ,south ,american republics 7c7 ,it encourages a waste of the world's capital1 and 7d7 ,it disturbs peace and stability in ,south ,america4 ,third speaker--,bruce #c4 ,it is unnecessary to collect in this way1 because 7a7 ,peaceful methods have succeeded 7b7 ,if these should fail1 claims should be settled by ,the ,hague ,tribunal 7c7 ,the fault has always been with ,european ,states when force has been used1 and 7d7 ,in any case1 force should not be used1 for it counteracts the movement towards peace4 ,,brief ,,of ,,negative ,,argument ,first speaker--,branch ,armed intervention for the collection of private financial claims against some ,american ,states is justifiable1 for #a4 ,when other means of collection have failed1 armed intervention against any nation is essentially proper1 because 7a7 ,justice should always be secured 7b7 ,non-enforcement of payment puts a premium on dishonesty 7c7 ,intervention for this purpose is sanctioned by the best international authority 7d7 ,danger of undue collection is slight and can be avoided entirely by submission of claims to ,the ,hague ,tribunal before intervening4 ,second speaker--,stone #b4 ,armed intervention is necessary to secure justice in tropical ,america1 for 7a7 ,the governments of this section constantly repudiate just debts 7b7 ,they insist that the final decision about claims shall rest with their own corrupt courts 7c7 ,they refuse to arbitrate sometimes4 ,third speaker--,dennett #c4 ,armed intervention is beneficial in its results1 because 7a7 ,it inspires responsibility 7b7 ,in administering custom houses it removes temptation to revolutions 7c7 ,it gives confidence to desirable capital4 ,among others1 the following books were used in the preparation of the arguments3 ,n4 ,the ,monroe ,doctrine1 by ,t4,b4 ,edgington4 ,chapters #bb-bh4 ,digest of ,international ,law1 by ,j4,b4 ,moore4 ,report of ,penfield of proceedings before ,hague ,tribunal in #aijc4 ,statesman's ,year ,book 7for statistics74 ,a4 ,minister ,drago's appeal to the ,united ,states1 in ,foreign ,relations of ,united ,states1 #aijc4 ,president ,roosevelt's ,message1 #aije1 pp4 #cc-cg4 ,and articles in the following magazines 7among many others73 ,journal of ,political ,economy1 ,december1 #aijf4 ,atlantic ,monthly1 ,october1 #aijf4 ,north ,american ,review1 ,vol4 #ahc1 p4 #fjb4 ,all of these contain material valuable for both sides1 except those marked ,n and ,a1 which are useful only for the negative and affirmative1 respectively4 ,,note3--,practise in debating is most helpful to the public speaker1 but if possible each debate should be under the supervision of some person whose word will be respected1 so that the debaters might show regard for courtesy1 accuracy1 effective reasoning1 and the necessity for careful preparation4 ,the ,appendix contains a list of questions for debate4 #be4 ,are the following points well considered8 ,,the ,,inheritance ,,tax ,,is ,,not ,a ,,good ,,social ,,reform ,,measure ,a4 ,does not strike at the root of the evil #a4 ,fortunes not a menace in themselves ,a fortune of #ejj1jjj may be a greater social evil than one of #ejj1jjj1jjj #b4 ,danger of wealth depends on its wrong accumulation and use #c4 ,inheritance tax will not prevent rebates1 monopoly1 discrimination1 bribery1 etc4 #d4 ,laws aimed at unjust accumulation and use of wealth furnish the true remedy4 ,b4 ,it would be evaded #a4 ,low rates are evaded #b4 ,rate must be high to result in distribution of great fortunes4 #bf4 ,class exercises3 ,mock ,trial for 7a7 some serious political offense2 7b7 a burlesque offense4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #be3 ,mc,cosh's ,logic is a helpful volume1 and not too technical for the beginner4 ,a brief digest of logical principles as applied to public speaking is contained in ,how to ,attract and ,hold an ,audience1 by ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein4 ,footnote #bf3 ,for those who would make a further study of the syllogism the following rules are given3 #a4 ,in a syllogism there should be only three terms4 #b4 ,of these three only one can be the middle term4 #c4 ,one premise must be affirmative4 #d4 ,the conclusion must be negative if either premise is negative4 #e4 ,to prove a negative1 one of the premises must be negative4 ,summary of ,regulating ,principles3 #a4 ,terms which agree with the same thing agree with each other2 and when only one of two terms agrees with a third term1 the two terms disagree with each other4 #b4 ,whatever is affirmed of a class may be affirmed of all the members of that class1 and ,whatever is denied of a class may be denied of all the members of that class4 ,footnote #bg3 ,all the speakers were from ,brown ,university4 ,the affirmative briefs were used in debate with the ,dartmouth ,college team1 and the negative briefs were used in debate with the ,williams ,college team4 ,from ,the ,speaker1 by permission4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,influencing ,,by ,,persuasion ,she hath prosperous art ,when she will play with reason and discourse1 ,and well she can persuade4 --,,shakespeare1 ,measure for ,measure4 ,him we call an artist who shall play on an assembly of men as a master on the keys of a piano1--who seeing the people furious1 shall soften and compose them1 shall draw them1 when he will1 to laughter and to tears4 ,bring him to his audience1 and1 be they who they may1--coarse or refined1 pleased or displeased1 sulky or savage1 with their opinions in the keeping of a confessor or with their opinions in their bank safes1--he will have them pleased and humored as he chooses2 and they shall carry and execute what he bids them4 --,,ralph ,,waldo ,,emerson1 ,essay on ,eloquence4 ,more good and more ill have been effected by persuasion than by any other form of speech4 ,it is an attempt to influence by means of appeal to some particular interest held important by the hearer4 ,its motive may be high or low1 fair or unfair1 honest or dishonest1 calm or passionate1 and hence its scope is unparalleled in public speaking4 ,this instilment of conviction1 to use ,matthew ,arnold's expression1 is naturally a complex process in that it usually includes argumentation and often employs suggestion1 as the next chapter will illustrate4 ,in fact1 there is little public speaking worthy of the name that is not in some part persuasive1 for men rarely speak solely to alter men's opinions--the ulterior purpose is almost always action4 ,the nature of persuasion is not solely intellectual1 but is largely emotional4 ,it uses every principle of public speaking1 and every form of discourse1 to use a rhetorician's expression1 but argument supplemented by special appeal is its peculiar quality4 ,this we may best see by examining ,the ,methods of ,persuasion ,high-minded speakers often seek to move their hearers to action by an appeal to their highest motives1 such as love of liberty4 ,senator ,hoar1 in pleading for action on the ,philippine question1 used this method3 ,what has been the practical statesmanship which comes from your ideals and your sentimentalities8 ,you have wasted nearly six hundred millions of treasure4 ,you have sacrificed nearly ten thousand ,american lives--the flower of our youth4 ,you have devastated provinces4 ,you have slain uncounted thousands of the people you desire to benefit4 ,you have established reconcentration camps4 ,your generals are coming home from their harvest bringing sheaves with them1 in the shape of other thousands of sick and wounded and insane to drag out miserable lives1 wrecked in body and mind4 ,you make the ,american flag in the eyes of a numerous people the emblem of sacrilege in ,christian churches1 and of the burning of human dwellings1 and of the horror of the water torture4 ,your practical statesmanship which disdains to take ,george ,washington and ,abraham ,lincoln or the soldiers of the ,revolution or of the ,civil ,war as models1 has looked in some cases to ,spain for your example4 ,i believe--nay1 ,i know--that in general our officers and soldiers are humane4 ,but in some cases they have carried on your warfare with a mixture of ,american ingenuity and ,castilian cruelty4 ,your practical statesmanship has succeeded in converting a people who three years ago were ready to kiss the hem of the garment of the ,american and to welcome him as a liberator1 who thronged after your men1 when they landed on those islands1 with benediction and gratitude1 into sullen and irreconcilable enemies1 possessed of a hatred which centuries cannot eradicate4 ,mr4 ,president1 this is the eternal law of human nature4 ,you may struggle against it1 you may try to escape it1 you may persuade yourself that your intentions are benevolent1 that your yoke will be easy and your burden will be light1 but it will assert itself again4 ,government without the consent of the governed--authority which heaven never gave--can only be supported by means which heaven never can sanction4 ,the ,american people have got this one question to answer4 ,they may answer it now2 they can take ten years1 or twenty years1 or a generation1 or a century to think of it4 ,but will not down4 ,they must answer it in the end3 ,can you lawfully buy with money1 or get by brute force of arms1 the right to hold in subjugation an unwilling people1 and to impose on them such constitution as you1 and not they1 think best for them8 ,senator ,hoar then went on to make another sort of appeal--the appeal to fact and experience3 ,we have answered this question a good many times in the past4 ,the fathers answered it in #aggf1 and founded the ,republic upon their answer1 which has been the corner-stone4 ,john ,quincy ,adams and ,james ,monroe answered it again in the ,monroe ,doctrine1 which ,john ,quincy ,adams declared was only the doctrine of the consent of the governed4 ,the ,republican party answered it when it took possession of the force of government at the beginning of the most brilliant period in all legislative history4 ,abraham ,lincoln answered it when1 on that fatal journey to ,washington in #ahfa1 he announced that as the doctrine of his political creed1 and declared1 with prophetic vision1 that he was ready to be assassinated for it if need be4 ,you answered it again yourselves when you said that ,cuba1 who had no more title than the people of the ,philippine ,islands had to their independence1 of right ought to be free and independent4 --,,george ,f4 ,,hoar4 ,appeal to the things that man holds dear is another potent form of persuasion4 ,joseph ,story1 in his great ,salem speech 7#ahbh7 used this method most dramatically3 ,i call upon you1 fathers1 by the shades of your ancestors--by the dear ashes which repose in this precious soil--by all you are1 and all you hope to be--resist every object of disunion1 resist every encroachment upon your liberties1 resist every attempt to fetter your consciences1 or smother your public schools1 or extinguish your system of public instruction4 ,i call upon you1 mothers1 by that which never fails in woman1 the love of your offspring2 teach them1 as they climb your knees1 or lean on your bosoms1 the blessings of liberty4 ,swear them at the altar1 as with their baptismal vows1 to be true to their country1 and never to forget or forsake her4 ,i call upon you1 young men1 to remember whose sons you are2 whose inheritance you possess4 ,life can never be too short1 which brings nothing but disgrace and oppression4 ,death never comes too soon1 if necessary in defence of the liberties of your country4 ,i call upon you1 old men1 for your counsels1 and your prayers1 and your benedictions4 ,may not your gray hairs go down in sorrow to the grave1 with the recollection that you have lived in vain4 ,may not your last sun sink in the west upon a nation of slaves4 ,no2 ,i read in the destiny of my country far better hopes1 far brighter visions4 ,we1 who are now assembled here1 must soon be gathered to the congregation of other days4 ,the time of our departure is at hand1 to make way for our children upon the theatre of life4 ,may ,god speed them and theirs4 ,may he who1 at the distance of another century1 shall stand here to celebrate this day1 still look round upon a free1 happy1 and virtuous people4 ,may he have reason to exult as we do4 ,may he1 with all the enthusiasm of truth as well as of poetry1 exclaim1 that here is still his country4 --,,joseph ,,story4 ,the appeal to prejudice is effective--though not often1 if ever1 justifiable2 yet so long as special pleading endures this sort of persuasion will be resorted to4 ,rudyard ,kipling uses this method--as have many others on both sides--in discussing the great ,european war4 ,mingled with the appeal to prejudice1 ,mr4 ,kipling uses the appeal to self-interest2 though not the highest1 it is a powerful motive in all our lives4 ,notice how at the last the pleader sweeps on to the highest ground he can take4 ,this is a notable example of progressive appeal1 beginning with a low motive and ending with a high one in such a way as to carry all the force of prejudice yet gain all the value of patriotic fervor4 ,through no fault nor wish of ours we are at war with ,germany1 the power which owes its existence to three well-thought-out wars2 the power which1 for the last twenty years1 has devoted itself to organizing and preparing for this war2 the power which is now fighting to conquer the civilized world4 ,for the last two generations the ,germans in their books1 lectures1 speeches and schools have been carefully taught that nothing less than this world-conquest was the object of their preparations and their sacrifices4 ,they have prepared carefully and sacrificed greatly4 ,we must have men and men and men1 if we1 with our allies1 are to check the onrush of organized barbarism4 ,have no illusions4 ,we are dealing with a strong and magnificently equipped enemy1 whose avowed aim is our complete destruction4 ,the violation of ,belgium1 the attack on ,france and the defense against ,russia1 are only steps by the way4 ,the ,german's real objective1 as she always has told us1 is ,england1 and ,england's wealth1 trade and worldwide possessions4 ,if you assume1 for an instant1 that the attack will be successful1 ,england will not be reduced1 as some people say1 to the rank of a second rate power1 but we shall cease to exist as a nation4 ,we shall become an outlying province of ,germany1 to be administered with that severity ,german safety and interest require4 ,we are against such a fate4 ,we enter into a new life in which all the facts of war that we had put behind or forgotten for the last hundred years1 have returned to the front and test us as they tested our fathers4 ,it will be a long and a hard road1 beset with difficulties and discouragements1 but we tread it together and we will tread it together to the end4 ,our petty social divisions and barriers have been swept away at the outset of our mighty struggle4 ,all the interests of our life of six weeks ago are dead4 ,we have but one interest now1 and that touches the naked heart of every man in this island and in the empire4 ,if we are to win the right for ourselves and for freedom to exist on earth1 every man must offer himself for that service and that sacrifice4 ,from these examples it will be seen that the particular way in which the speakers appealed to their hearers was by coming close home to their interests1 and by themselves showing emotion--two very important principles which you must keep constantly in mind4 ,to accomplish the former requires a deep knowledge of human motive in general and an understanding of the particular audience addressed4 ,what are the motives that arouse men to action8 ,think of them earnestly1 set them down on the tablets of your mind1 study how to appeal to them worthily4 ,then1 what motives would be likely to appeal to your hearers8 ,what are their ideals and interests in life8 ,a mistake in your estimate may cost you your case4 ,to appeal to pride in appearance would make one set of men merely laugh--to try to arouse sympathy for the ,jews in ,palestine would be wasted effort among others4 ,study your audience1 feel your way1 and when you have once raised a spark1 fan it into a flame by every honest resource you possess4 ,the larger your audience the more sure you are to find a universal basis of appeal4 ,a small audience of bachelors will not grow excited over the importance of furniture insurance2 most men can be roused to the defense of the freedom of the press4 ,patent medicine advertisement usually begins by talking about your pains--they begin on your interests4 ,if they first discussed the size and rating of their establishment1 or the efficacy of their remedy1 you would never read the ad4 ,if they can make you think you have nervous troubles you will even plead for a remedy--they will not have to try to sell it4 ,the patent medicine men are pleading--asking you to invest your money in their commodity--yet they do not appear to be doing so4 ,they get over on your side of the fence1 and arouse a desire for their nostrums by appealing to your own interests4 ,recently a book-salesman entered an attorney's office in ,new ,york and inquired3 ,do you want to buy a book8 ,had the lawyer wanted a book he would probably have bought one without waiting for a book-salesman to call4 ,the solicitor made the same mistake as the representative who made his approach with3 ,i want to sell you a sewing machine4 ,they both talked only in terms of their own interests4 ,the successful pleader must convert his arguments into terms of his hearers' advantage4 ,mankind are still selfish1 are interested in what will serve them4 ,expunge from your address your own personal concern and present your appeal in terms of the general good1 and to do this you need not be insincere1 for you had better not plead any cause that is not for the hearers' good4 ,notice how ,senator ,thurston in his plea for intervention in ,cuba and ,mr4 ,bryan in his ,cross of ,gold speech constituted themselves the apostles of humanity4 ,exhortation is a highly impassioned form of appeal frequently used by the pulpit in efforts to arouse men to a sense of duty and induce them to decide their personal courses1 and by counsel in seeking to influence a jury4 ,the great preachers1 like the great jury-lawyers1 have always been masters of persuasion4 ,notice the difference among these four exhortations1 and analyze the motives appealed to3 ,revenge6 ,about6 ,seek6 ,burn6 ,fire6 ,kill6 ,slay6 ,let not a traitor live6 --,,shakespeare1 ,julius ,caesar4 ,strike--till the last armed foe expires1 ,strike--for your altars and your fires1 ,strike--for the green graves of your sires1 ,god--and your native land6 --,,fitz-,,greene ,,halleck1 ,marco ,bozzaris4 ,believe1 gentlemen1 if it were not for those children1 he would not come here to-day to seek such remuneration2 if it were not that1 by your verdict1 you may prevent those little innocent defrauded wretches from becoming wandering beggars1 as well as orphans on the face of this earth4 ,oh1 ,i know ,i need not ask this verdict from your mercy2 ,i need not extort it from your compassion2 ,i will receive it from your justice4 ,i do conjure you1 not as fathers1 but as husbands3--not as husbands1 but as citizens3--not as citizens1 but as men3--not as men1 but as ,christians3--by all your obligations1 public1 private1 moral1 and religious2 by the hearth profaned2 by the home desolated2 by the canons of the living ,god foully spurned2--save1 oh3 save your firesides from the contagion1 your country from the crime1 and perhaps thousands1 yet unborn1 from the shame1 and sin1 and sorrow of this example6 --,,charles ,,phillips1 ,appeal to the jury in behalf of ,guthrie4 ,so ,i appeal from the men in silken hose who danced to music made by slaves and called it freedom1 from the men in bell-crown hats who led ,hester ,prynne to her shame and called it religion1 to that ,americanism which reaches forth its arms to smite wrong with reason and truth1 secure in the power of both4 ,i appeal from the patriarchs of ,new ,england to the poets of ,new ,england2 from ,endicott to ,lowell2 from ,winthrop to ,longfellow2 from ,norton to ,holmes2 and ,i appeal in the name and by the rights of that common citizenship--of that common origin1 back of both the ,puritan and the ,cavalier1 to which all of us owe our being4 ,let the dead past1 consecrated by the blood of its martyrs1 not by its savage hatreds1 darkened alike by kingcraft and priestcraft--let the dead past bury its dead4 ,let the present and the future ring with the song of the singers4 ,blessed be the lessons they teach1 the laws they make4 ,blessed be the eye to see1 the light to reveal4 ,blessed be tolerance1 sitting ever on the right hand of ,god to guide the way with loving word1 as blessed be all that brings us nearer the goal of true religion1 true republicanism1 and true patriotism1 distrust of watchwords and labels1 shams and heroes1 belief in our country and ourselves4 ,it was not ,cotton ,mather1 but ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier1 who cried3 ,dear ,god and ,father of us all1 ,forgive our faith in cruel lies1 ,forgive the blindness that denies4 ,cast down our idols--overturn ,our ,bloody altars--make us see ,thyself in ,thy humanity6 --,,henry ,,watterson1 ,puritan and ,cavalier4 ,goethe1 on being reproached for not having written war songs against the ,french1 replied1 ,in my poetry ,i have never shammed4 ,how could ,i have written songs of hate without hatred8 ,neither is it possible to plead with full efficiency for a cause for which you do not feel deeply4 ,feeling is contagious as belief is contagious4 ,the speaker who pleads with real feeling for his own convictions will instill his feelings into his listeners4 ,sincerity1 force1 enthusiasm1 and above all1 feeling--these are the qualities that move multitudes and make appeals irresistible4 ,they are of far greater importance than technical principles of delivery1 grace of gesture1 or polished enunciation--important as all these elements must doubtless be considered4 ,base your appeal on reason1 but do not end in the basement--let the building rise1 full of deep emotion and noble persuasion4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 7a7 ,what elements of appeal do you find in the following8 7b7 ,is it too florid8 7c7 ,is this style equally powerful today8 7d7 ,are the sentences too long and involved for clearness and force8 ,oh1 gentlemen1 am ,i this day only the counsel of my client8 ,no1 no2 ,i am the advocate of humanity--of yourselves--your homes--your wives--your families--your little children4 ,i am glad that this case exhibits such atrocity2 unmarked as it is by any mitigatory feature1 it may stop the frightful advance of this calamity2 it will be met now1 and marked with vengeance4 ,if it be not1 farewell to the virtues of your country2 farewell to all confidence between man and man2 farewell to that unsuspicious and reciprocal tenderness1 without which marriage is but a consecrated curse4 ,if oaths are to be violated1 laws disregarded1 friendship betrayed1 humanity trampled1 national and individual honor stained1 and if a jury of fathers and of husbands will give such miscreancy a passport to their homes1 and wives1 and daughters1--farewell to all that yet remains of ,ireland6 ,but ,i will not cast such a doubt upon the character of my country4 ,against the sneer of the foe1 and the skepticism of the foreigner1 ,i will still point to the domestic virtues1 that no perfidy could barter1 and no bribery can purchase1 that with a ,roman usage1 at once embellish and consecrate households1 giving to the society of the hearth all the purity of the altar2 that lingering alike in the palace and the cottage1 are still to be found scattered over this land--the relic of what she was--the source perhaps of what she may be--the lone1 the stately1 and magnificent memorials1 that rearing their majesty amid surrounding ruins1 serve at once as the landmarks of the departed glory1 and the models by which the future may be erected4 ,preserve those virtues with a vestal fidelity2 mark this day1 by your verdict1 your horror of their profanation2 and believe me1 when the hand which records that verdict shall be dust1 and the tongue that asks it1 traceless in the grave1 many a happy home will bless its consequences1 and many a mother teach her little child to hate the impious treason of adultery4 --,,charles ,,phillips4 #b4 ,analyze and criticise the forms of appeal used in the selections from ,hoar1 ,story1 and ,kipling4 #c4 ,what is the type of persuasion used by ,senator ,thurston 7page #ej78 #d4 ,cite two examples each1 from selections in this volume1 in which speakers sought to be persuasive by securing the hearers' 7a7 sympathy for themselves2 7b7 sympathy with their subjects2 7c7 self-pity4 #e4 ,make a short address using persuasion4 #f4 ,what other methods of persuasion than those here mentioned can you name8 #g4 ,is it easier to persuade men to change their course of conduct than to persuade them to continue in a given course8 ,give examples to support your belief4 #h4 ,in how far are we justified in making an appeal to self-interest in order to lead men to adopt a given course8 #i4 ,does the merit of the course have any bearing on the merit of the methods used8 #aj4 ,illustrate an unworthy method of using persuasion4 #aa4 ,deliver a short speech on the value of skill in persuasion4 #ab4 ,does effective persuasion always produce conviction8 #ac4 ,does conviction always result in action8 #ad4 ,is it fair for counsel to appeal to the emotions of a jury in a murder trial8 #ae4 ,ought the judge use persuasion in making his charge8 #af4 ,say how self-consciousness may hinder the power of persuasion in a speaker4 #ag4 ,is emotion without words ever persuasive8 ,if so1 illustrate4 #ah4 ,might gestures without words be persuasive8 ,if so1 illustrate4 #ai4 ,has posture in a speaker anything to do with persuasion8 ,discuss4 #bj4 ,has voice8 ,discuss4 #ba4 ,has manner8 ,discuss4 #bb4 ,what effect does personal magnetism have in producing conviction8 #bc4 ,discuss the relation of persuasion to 7a7 description2 7b7 narration2 7c7 exposition2 7d7 pure reason4 #bd4 ,what is the effect of over-persuasion8 #be4 ,make a short speech on the effect of the constant use of persuasion on the sincerity of the speaker himself4 #bf4 ,show by example how a general statement is not as persuasive as a concrete example illustrating the point being discussed4 #bg4 ,show by example how brevity is of value in persuasion4 #bh4 ,discuss the importance of avoiding an antagonistic attitude in persuasion4 #bi4 ,what is the most persuasive passage you have found in the selections of this volume4 ,on what do you base your decision8 #cj4 ,cite a persuasive passage from some other source4 ,read or recite it aloud4 #ca4 ,make a list of the emotional bases of appeal1 grading them from low to high1 according to your estimate4 #cb4 ,would circumstances make any difference in such grading8 ,if so1 give examples4 #cc4 ,deliver a short1 passionate appeal to a jury1 pleading for justice to a poor widow4 #cd4 ,deliver a short appeal to men to give up some evil way4 #ce4 ,criticise the structure of the sentence beginning with the last line of page #bif4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,influencing ,,the ,,crowd ,success in business1 in the last analysis1 turns upon touching the imagination of crowds4 ,the reason that preachers in this present generation are less successful in getting people to want goodness than business men are in getting them to want motorcars1 hats1 and pianolas1 is that business men as a class are more close and desperate students of human nature1 and have boned down harder to the art of touching the imaginations of the crowds4 --,,gerald ,,stanley ,,lee1 ,crowds4 ,in the early part of ,july1 #aiad1 a collection of ,frenchmen in ,paris1 or ,germans in ,berlin1 was not a crowd in a psychological sense4 ,each individual had his own special interests and needs1 and there was no powerful common idea to unify them4 ,a group then represented only a collection of individuals4 ,a month later1 any collection of ,frenchmen or ,germans formed a crowd3 ,patriotism1 hate1 a common fear1 a pervasive grief1 had unified the individuals4 ,the psychology of the crowd is far different from the psychology of the personal members that compose it4 ,the crowd is a distinct entity4 ,individuals restrain and subdue many of their impulses at the dictates of reason4 ,the crowd never reasons4 ,it only feels4 ,as persons there is a sense of responsibility attached to our actions which checks many of our incitements1 but the sense of responsibility is lost in the crowd because of its numbers4 ,the crowd is exceedingly suggestible and will act upon the wildest and most extreme ideas4 ,the crowd-mind is primitive and will cheer plans and perform actions which its members would utterly repudiate4 ,a mob is only a highly-wrought crowd4 ,ruskin's description is fitting3 ,you can talk a mob into anything2 its feelings may be--usually are--on the whole1 generous and right1 but it has no foundation for them1 no hold of them4 ,you may tease or tickle it into anything at your pleasure4 ,it thinks by infection1 for the most part1 catching an opinion like a cold1 and there is nothing so little that it will not roar itself wild about1 when the fit is on1 nothing so great but it will forget in an hour when the fit is past4#bh ,history will show us how the crowd-mind works4 ,the medieval mind was not given to reasoning2 the medieval man attached great weight to the utterance of authority2 his religion touched chiefly the emotions4 ,these conditions provided a rich soil for the propagation of the crowd-mind when1 in the eleventh century1 flagellation1 a voluntary self-scourging1 was preached by the monks4 ,substituting flagellation for reciting penitential psalms was advocated by the reformers4 ,a scale was drawn up1 making one thousand strokes equivalent to ten psalms1 or fifteen thousand to the entire psalter4 ,this craze spread by leaps--and crowds4 ,flagellant fraternities sprang up4 ,priests carrying banners led through the streets great processions reciting prayers and whipping their bloody bodies with leathern thongs fitted with four iron points4 ,pope ,clement denounced this practise and several of the leaders of these processions had to be burned at the stake before the frenzy could be uprooted4 ,all western and central ,europe was turned into a crowd by the preaching of the crusaders1 and millions of the followers of the ,prince of ,peace rushed to the ,holy ,land to kill the heathen4 ,even the children started on a crusade against the ,saracens4 ,the mob-spirit was so strong that home affections and persuasion could not prevail against it and thousands of mere babes died in their attempts to reach and redeem the ,sacred ,sepulchre4 ,in the early part of the eighteenth century the ,south ,sea ,company was formed in ,england4 ,britain became a speculative crowd4 ,stock in the ,south ,sea ,company rose from #abh-a_/b points in ,january to #eej in ,may1 and scored #a1jjj in ,july4 ,five million shares were sold at this premium4 ,speculation ran riot4 ,hundreds of companies were organized4 ,one was formed for a wheel of perpetual motion4 ,another never troubled to give any reason at all for taking the cash of its subscribers--it merely announced that it was organized for a design which will hereafter be promulgated4 ,owners began to sell1 the mob caught the suggestion1 a panic ensued1 the ,south ,sea ,company stock fell #hjj points in a few days1 and more than a billion dollars evaporated in this era of frenzied speculation4 ,the burning of the witches at ,salem1 the ,klondike gold craze1 and the forty-eight people who were killed by mobs in the ,united ,states in #aiac1 are examples familiar to us in ,america4 ,the ,crowd ,must ,have a ,leader ,the leader of the crowd or mob is its determining factor4 ,he becomes self-hynoptized with the idea that unifies its members1 his enthusiasm is contagious--and so is theirs4 ,the crowd acts as he suggests4 ,the great mass of people do not have any very sharply-drawn conclusions on any subject outside of their own little spheres1 but when they become a crowd they are perfectly willing to accept ready-made1 hand-me-down opinions4 ,they will follow a leader at all costs--in labor troubles they often follow a leader in preference to obeying their government1 in war they will throw self-preservation to the bushes and follow a leader in the face of guns that fire fourteen times a second4 ,the mob becomes shorn of will-power and blindly obedient to its dictator4 ,the ,russian ,government1 recognizing the menace of the crowd-mind to its autocracy1 formerly prohibited public gatherings4 ,history is full of similar instances4 ,how the ,crowd is ,created ,today the crowd is as real a factor in our socialized life as are magnates and monopolies4 ,it is too complex a problem merely to damn or praise it--it must be reckoned with1 and mastered4 ,the present problem is how to get the most and the best out of the crowd-spirit1 and the public speaker finds this to be peculiarly his own question4 ,his influence is multiplied if he can only transmute his audience into a crowd4 ,his affirmations must be their conclusions4 ,this can be accomplished by unifying the minds and needs of the audience and arousing their emotions4 ,their feelings1 not their reason1 must be played upon--it is up to him to do this nobly4 ,argument has its place on the platform1 but even its potencies must subserve the speaker's plan of attack to win possession of his audience4 ,reread the chapter on ,feeling and ,enthusiasm4 ,it is impossible to make an audience a crowd without appealing to their emotions4 ,can you imagine the average group becoming a crowd while hearing a lecture on ,dry ,fly ,fishing1 or on ,egyptian ,art8 ,on the other hand1 it would not have required world-famous eloquence to have turned any audience in ,ulster1 in #aiad1 into a crowd by discussing the ,home ,rule ,act4 ,the crowd-spirit depends largely on the subject used to fuse their individualities into one glowing whole4 ,note how ,antony played upon the feelings of his hearers in the famous funeral oration given by ,shakespeare in ,julius ,caesar4 ,from murmuring units the men became a unit--a mob4 ,,antony',s ,,oration ,,over ,,caesar',s ,,body ,friends1 ,romans1 countrymen6 ,lend me your ears2 ,i come to bury ,caesar1 not to praise him4 ,the evil that men do lives after them2 ,the good is oft interred with their bones3 ,so let it be with ,caesar6 ,the ,noble ,brutus ,hath told you ,caesar was ambitious4 ,if it were so1 it was a grievous fault1 ,and grievously hath ,caesar answered it4 ,here1 under leave of ,brutus1 and the rest-- ,for ,brutus is an honorable man1 ,so are they all1 all honorable men-- ,come ,i to speak in ,caesar's funeral4 ,he was my friend1 faithful and just to me3 ,but ,brutus says he was ambitious2 ,and ,brutus is an honorable man4 ,he hath brought many captives home to ,rome1 ,whose ransoms did the general coffers fill3 ,did this in ,caesar seem ambitious8 ,when that the poor have cried1 ,caesar hath wept2 ,ambition should be made of sterner stuff3 ,yet ,brutus says1 he was ambitious2 ,and ,brutus is an honorable man4 ,you all did see1 that1 on the ,lupercal1 ,i thrice presented him a kingly crown1 ,which he did thrice refuse4 ,was this ambition8 ,yet ,brutus says he was ambitious2 ,and sure1 he is an honorable man4 ,i speak not to disprove what ,brutus spoke1 ,but here ,i am to speak what ,i do know4 ,you all did love him once1 not without cause2 ,what cause withholds you then to mourn for him8 ,oh1 judgment1 thou art fled to brutish beasts1 ,and men have lost their reason6--,bear with me2 ,my heart is in the coffin there with ,caesar1 ,and ,i must pause till it come back to me4 ,weeps4 #a ,plebeian4 ,methinks there is much reason in his sayings4 #b ,ple4 ,if thou consider rightly of the matter1 ,caesar has had great wrong4 #c ,ple4 ,has he1 masters8 ,i fear there will a worse come in his place4 #d ,ple4 ,mark'd ye his words8 ,he would not take the crown2 ,therefore1 'tis certain1 he was not ambitious4 #a ,ple4 ,if it be found so1 some will dear abide it4 #b ,ple4 ,poor soul1 his eyes are red as fire with weeping4 #c ,ple4 ,there's not a nobler man in ,rome than ,antony4 #d ,ple4 ,now mark him1 he begins again to speak4 ,ant4 ,but yesterday1 the word of ,caesar might ,have stood against the world3 now lies he there1 ,and none so poor to do him reverence4 ,oh1 masters6 if ,i were dispos'd to stir ,your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage1 ,i should do ,brutus wrong1 and ,cassius wrong1 ,who1 you all know1 are honorable men4 ,i will not do them wrong2 ,i rather choose ,to wrong the dead1 to wrong myself1 and you1 ,than ,i will wrong such honorable men4 ,but here's a parchment1 with the seal of ,caesar2 ,i found it in his closet2 'tis his will3 ,let but the commons hear this testament-- ,which1 pardon me1 ,i do not mean to read-- ,and they would go and kiss dead ,caesar's wounds1 ,and dip their napkins in his sacred blood2 ,yea1 beg a hair of him for memory1 ,and1 dying1 mention it within their wills1 ,bequeathing it as a rich legacy ,unto their issue4 #d ,ple4 ,we'll hear the will3 ,read it1 ,mark ,antony4 ,all4 ,the will6 the will6 we will hear ,caesar's will4 ,ant4 ,have patience1 gentle friends3 ,i must not read it2 ,it is not meet you know how ,caesar lov'd you4 ,you are not wood1 you are not stones1 but men2 ,and1 being men1 hearing the will of ,caesar1 ,it will inflame you1 it will make you mad3 ',tis good you know not that you are his heirs2 ,for if you should1 oh1 what would come of it6 #d ,ple4 ,read the will2 we'll hear it1 ,antony6 ,you shall read us the will6 ,caesar's will6 ,ant4 ,will you be patient8 ,will you stay awhile8 ,i have o'ershot myself1 to tell you of it4 ,i fear ,i wrong the honorable men ,whose daggers have stab'd ,caesar2 ,i do fear it4 #d ,ple4 ,they were traitors3 ,honorable men6 ,all4 ,the will6 the testament6 #b ,ple4 ,they were villains1 murtherers6 ,the will6 ,read the will6 ,ant4 ,you will compel me then to read the will8 ,then1 make a ring about the corpse of ,caesar1 ,and let me shew you him that made the will4 ,shall ,i descend8 ,and will you give me leave8 ,all4 ,come down4 #b ,ple4 ,descend4 ,he comes down from the ,rostrum4 #c ,ple4 ,you shall have leave4 #d ,ple4 ,a ring2 stand round4 #a ,ple4 ,stand from the hearse1 stand from the body4 #b ,ple4 ,room for ,antony6--most noble ,antony6 ,ant4 ,nay1 press not so upon me2 stand far off4 ,all4 ,stand back6 room6 bear back6 ,ant4 ,if you have tears1 prepare to shed them now2 ,you all do know this mantle3 ,i remember ,the first time ever ,caesar put it on2 ',twas on a summer's evening1 in his tent1 ,that day he overcame the ,nervii4 ,look1 in this place1 ran ,cassius' dagger through3 ,see1 what a rent the envious ,casca made3 ,through this1 the well-beloved ,brutus stab'd2 ,and as he pluck'd his cursed steel away1 ,mark how the blood of ,caesar follow'd it6-- ,as rushing out of doors1 to be resolv'd ,if ,brutus so unkindly knock'd1 or no2 ,for ,brutus1 as you know1 was ,caesar's angel3 ,judge1 ,o you ,gods1 how ,caesar lov'd him6 ,this was the most unkindest cut of all6 ,for when the noble ,caesar saw him stab1 ,ingratitude1 more strong than traitors' arms1 ,quite vanquish'd him3 then burst his mighty heart2 ,and in his mantle muffling up his face1 ,even at the base of ,pompey's statue1 ,which all the while ran blood1 great ,caesar fell4 ,oh what a fall was there1 my countrymen6 ,then ,i and you1 and all of us1 fell down1 ,whilst bloody treason flourish'd over us4 ,oh6 now you weep2 and ,i perceive you feel ,the dint of pity2 these are gracious drops4 ,kind souls6 what1 weep you1 when you but behold ,our ,caesar's vesture wounded8 ,look you here6 ,here is himself1 mar'd1 as you see1 by traitors4 #a ,ple4 ,oh1 piteous spectacle6 #b ,ple4 ,oh1 noble ,caesar6 #c ,ple4 ,oh1 woful day6 #d ,ple4 ,oh1 traitors1 villains6 #a ,ple4 ,oh1 most bloody sight6 #b ,ple4 ,we will be reveng'd6 ,all4 ,revenge2 about--seek--burn--fire--kill--day6--,le t not a traitor live6 ,ant4 ,stay1 countrymen4 #a ,ple4 ,peace there6 ,hear the noble ,antony4 #b ,ple4 ,we'll hear him1 we'll follow him1 we'll die with him4 ,ant4 ,good friends1 sweet friends1 let me not stir you up ,to such a sudden flood of mutiny3 ,they that have done this deed are honorable3 ,what private griefs they have1 alas6 ,i know not1 ,that made them do it2 they are wise1 and honorable1 ,and will1 no doubt1 with reasons answer you4 ,i come not1 friends1 to steal away your hearts2 ,i am no orator1 as ,brutus is2 ,but as you know me all1 a plain blunt man1 ,that love my friend1 and that they know full well ,that gave me public leave to speak of him3 ,for ,i have neither wit1 nor words1 nor worth1 ,action1 nor utterance1 nor the power of speech1 ,to stir men's blood4 ,i only speak right on3 ,i tell you that which you yourselves do know2 ,show your sweet ,caesar's wounds1 poor1 poor1 dumb mouths1 ,and bid them speak for me4 ,but were ,i ,brutus1 ,and ,brutus ,antony1 there were an ,antony ,would ruffle up your spirits1 and put a tongue ,in every wound of ,caesar1 that should move ,the stones of ,rome to rise and mutiny4 ,all4 ,we'll mutiny6 #a ,ple4 ,we'll burn the house of ,brutus4 #c ,ple4 ,away1 then6 ,come1 seek the conspirators4 ,ant4 ,yet hear me1 countrymen2 yet hear me speak4 ,all4 ,peace1 ho6 ,hear ,antony1 most noble ,antony4 ,ant4 ,why1 friends1 you go to do you know not what4 ,wherein hath ,caesar thus deserv'd your loves8 ,alas6 you know not6--,i must tell you then4 ,you have forgot the will ,i told you of4 ,ple4 ,most true2--the will6--let's stay1 and hear the will4 ,ant4 ,here is the will1 and under ,caesar's seal4 ,to every ,roman citizen he gives1 ,to every several man1 seventy-five drachmas4 #b ,ple4 ,most noble ,caesar6--we'll revenge his death4 #c ,ple4 ,o royal ,caesar6 ,ant4 ,hear me with patience4 ,all4 ,peace1 ho6 ,ant4 ,moreover1 he hath left you all his walks1 ,his private arbours1 and new-planted orchards1 ,on this side ,tiber2 he hath left them you1 ,and to your heirs forever1 common pleasures1 ,to walk abroad1 and recreate yourselves4 ,here was a ,caesar6 ,when comes such another8 #a ,ple4 ,never1 never6--,come1 away1 away6 ,we'll burn his body in the holy place1 ,and with the brands fire the traitors' houses4 ,take up the body4 #b ,ple4 ,go1 fetch fire4 #c ,ple4 ,pluck down benches4 #d ,ple4 ,pluck down forms1 windows1 anything4 ,exeunt ,citizens1 with the body4 ,ant4 ,now let it work4 ,mischief1 thou art afoot1 ,take thou what course thou wilt6 ,to unify single1 auditors into a crowd1 express their common needs1 aspirations1 dangers1 and emotions1 deliver your message so that the interests of one shall appear to be the interests of all4 ,the conviction of one man is intensified in proportion as he finds others sharing his belief--and feeling4 ,antony does not stop with telling the ,roman populace that ,caesar fell--he makes the tragedy universal3 ,then ,i1 and you1 and all of us fell down1 ,whilst bloody treason flourished over us4 ,applause1 generally a sign of feeling1 helps to unify an audience4 ,the nature of the crowd is illustrated by the contagion of applause4 ,recently a throng in a ,new ,york moving-picture and vaudeville house had been applauding several songs1 and when an advertisement for tailored skirts was thrown on the screen some one started the applause1 and the crowd1 like sheep1 blindly imitated--until someone saw the joke and laughed2 then the crowd again followed a leader and laughed at and applauded its own stupidity4 ,actors sometimes start applause for their lines by snapping their fingers4 ,some one in the first few rows will mistake it for faint applause1 and the whole theatre will chime in4 ,an observant auditor will be interested in noticing the various devices a monologist will use to get the first round of laughter and applause4 ,he works so hard because he knows an audience of units is an audience of indifferent critics1 but once get them to laughing together and each single laugher sweeps a number of others with him1 until the whole theatre is aroar and the entertainer has scored4 ,these are meretricious schemes1 to be sure1 and do not savor in the least of inspiration1 but crowds have not changed in their nature in a thousand years and the one law holds for the greatest preacher and the pettiest stump-speaker--you must fuse your audience or they will not warm to your message4 ,the devices of the great orator may not be so obvious as those of the vaudeville monologist1 but the principle is the same3 he tries to strike some universal note that will have all his hearers feeling alike at the same time4 ,the evangelist knows this when he has the soloist sing some touching song just before the address4 ,or he will have the entire congregation sing1 and that is the psychology of ,now everybody sing6 for he knows that they who will not join in the song are as yet outside the crowd4 ,many a time has the popular evangelist stopped in the middle of his talk1 when he felt that his hearers were units instead of a molten mass 7and a sensitive speaker can feel that condition most depressingly7 and suddenly demanded that everyone arise and sing1 or repeat aloud a familiar passage1 or read in unison2 or perhaps he has subtly left the thread of his discourse to tell a story that1 from long experience1 he knew would not fail to bring his hearers to a common feeling4 ,these things are important resources for the speaker1 and happy is he who uses them worthily and not as a despicable charlatan4 ,the difference between a demagogue and a leader is not so much a matter of method as of principle4 ,even the most dignified speaker must recognize the eternal laws of human nature4 ,you are by no means urged to become a trickster on the platform--far from it6--but don't kill your speech with dignity4 ,to be icily correct is as silly as to rant4 ,do neither1 but appeal to those world-old elements in your audience that have been recognized by all great speakers from ,demosthenes to ,sam ,small1 and see to it that you never debase your powers by arousing your hearers unworthily4 ,it is as hard to kindle enthusiasm in a scattered audience as to build a fire with scattered sticks4 ,an audience to be converted into a crowd must be made to appear as a crowd4 ,this cannot be done when they are widely scattered over a large seating space or when many empty benches separate the speaker from his hearers4 ,have your audience seated compactly4 ,how many a preacher has bemoaned the enormous edifice over which what would normally be a large congregation has scattered in chilled and chilling solitude ,sunday after ,sunday6 ,bishop ,brooks himself could not have inspired a congregation of one thousand souls seated in the vastness of ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome4 ,in that colossal sanctuary it is only on great occasions which bring out the multitudes that the service is before the high altar--at other times the smaller side-chapels are used4 ,universal ideas surcharged with feeling help to create the crowd-atmosphere4 ,examples3 liberty1 character1 righteousness1 courage1 fraternity1 altruism1 country1 and national heroes4 ,george ,cohan was making psychology practical and profitable when he introduced the flag and flag-songs into his musical comedies4 ,cromwell's regiments prayed before the battle and went into the fight singing hymns4 ,the ,french corps1 singing the ,marseillaise in #aiad1 charged the ,germans as one man4 ,such unifying devices arouse the feelings1 make soldiers fanatical mobs--and1 alas1 more efficient murderers4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bh3 ,sesame and ,lilies4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,riding ,,the ,,winged ,,horse ,to think1 and to feel1 constitute the two grand divisions of men of genius--the men of reasoning and the men of imagination4 --,,isaac ,,disraeli1 ,literary ,character of ,men of ,genius4 ,and as imagination bodies forth ,the forms of things unknown1 the poet's pen ,turns them to shapes and gives to airy nothing ,a local habitation and a name4 --,,shakespeare1 ,midsummer-,night's ,dream4 ,it is common1 among those who deal chiefly with life's practicalities1 to think of imagination as having little value in comparison with direct thinking4 ,they smile with tolerance when ,emerson says that ,science does not know its debt to the imagination1 for these are the words of a speculative essayist1 a philosopher1 a poet4 ,but when ,napoleon--the indomitable welder of empires--declares that ,the human race is governed by its imagination1 the authoritative word commands their respect4 ,be it remembered1 the faculty of forming mental images is as efficient a cog as may be found in the whole mind-machine4 ,true1 it must fit into that other vital cog1 pure thought1 but when it does so it may be questioned which is the more productive of important results for the happiness and well-being of man4 ,this should become more apparent as we go on4 ,i4 ,,what ,,is ,,imagination8 ,let us not seek for a definition1 for a score of varying ones may be found1 but let us grasp this fact3 ,by imagination we mean either the faculty or the process of forming mental images4 ,the subject-matter of imagination may be really existent in nature1 or not at all real1 or a combination of both2 it may be physical or spiritual1 or both--the mental image is at once the most lawless and the most law-abiding child that has ever been born of the mind4 ,first of all1 as its name suggests1 the process of imagination--for we are thinking of it now as a process rather than as a faculty--is memory at work4 ,therefore we must consider it primarily as #a4 ,reproductive ,imagination ,we see or hear or feel or taste or smell something and the sensation passes away4 ,yet we are conscious of a greater or lesser ability to reproduce such feelings at will4 ,two considerations1 in general1 will govern the vividness of the image thus evoked--the strength of the original impression1 and the reproductive power of one mind as compared with another4 ,yet every normal person will be able to evoke images with some degree of clearness4 ,the fact that not all minds possess this imaging faculty in anything like equal measure will have an important bearing on the public speaker's study of this question4 ,no man who does not feel at least some poetic impulses is likely to aspire seriously to be a poet1 yet many whose imaging faculties are so dormant as to seem actually dead do aspire to be public speakers4 ,to all such we say most earnestly3 ,awaken your image-making gift1 for even in the most coldly logical discourse it is sure to prove of great service4 ,it is important that you find out at once just how full and how trustworthy is your imagination1 for it is capable of cultivation--as well as of abuse4 ,francis ,galton#bi says3 ,the ,french appear to possess the visualizing faculty in a high degree4 ,the peculiar ability they show in pre-arranging ceremonials and fetes of all kinds and their undoubted genius for tactics and strategy show that they are able to foresee effects with unusual clearness4 ,their ingenuity in all technical contrivances is an additional testimony in the same direction1 and so is their singular clearness of expression4 ,their phrase figurez-vous1 or picture to yourself1 seems to express their dominant mode of perception4 ,our equivalent1 of 'image1' is ambiguous4 ,but individuals differ in this respect just as markedly as1 for instance1 the ,dutch do from the ,french4 ,and this is true not only of those who are classified by their friends as being respectively imaginative or unimaginative1 but of those whose gifts or habits are not well known4 ,let us take for experiment six of the best-known types of imaging and see in practise how they arise in our own minds4 ,by all odds the most common type is1 7a7 the visual image4 ,children who more readily recall things seen than things heard are called by psychologists eye-minded1 and most of us are bent in this direction4 ,close your eyes now and re-call--the word thus hyphenated is more suggestive--the scene around this morning's breakfast table4 ,possibly there was nothing striking in the situation and the image is therefore not striking4 ,then image any notable table scene in your experience--how vividly it stands forth1 because at the time you felt the impression strongly4 ,just then you may not have been conscious of how strongly the scene was laying hold upon you1 for often we are so intent upon what we see that we give no particular thought to the fact that it is impressing us4 ,it may surprise you to learn how accurately you are able to image a scene when a long time has elapsed between the conscious focussing of your attention on the image and the time when you saw the original4 7b7 ,the auditory image is probably the next most vivid of our recalled experiences4 ,here association is potent to suggest similarities4 ,close out all the world beside and listen to the peculiar wood-against-wood sound of the sharp thunder among rocky mountains--the crash of ball against ten-pins may suggest it4 ,or image 7the word is imperfect1 for it seems to suggest only the eye7 the sound of tearing ropes when some precious weight hangs in danger4 ,or recall the bay of a hound almost upon you in pursuit--choose your own sound1 and see how pleasantly or terribly real it becomes when imaged in your brain4 7c7 ,the motor image is a close competitor with the auditory for second place4 ,have you ever awakened in the night1 every muscle taut and striving1 to feel your self straining against the opposing football line that held like a stone-wall--or as firmly as the headboard of your bed8 ,or voluntarily recall the movement of the boat when you cried inwardly1 ,it's all up with me6 ,the perilous lurch of a train1 the sudden sinking of an elevator1 or the unexpected toppling of a rocking-chair may serve as further experiments4 7d7 ,the gustatory image is common enough1 as the idea of eating lemons will testify4 ,sometimes the pleasurable recollection of a delightful dinner will cause the mouth to water years afterward1 or the image of particularly atrocious medicine will wrinkle the nose long after it made one day in boyhood wretched4 7e7 ,the olfactory image is even more delicate4 ,some there are who are affected to illness by the memory of certain odors1 while others experience the most delectable sensations by the rise of pleasing olfactory images4 7f7 ,the tactile image1 to name no others1 is well nigh as potent4 ,do you shudder at the thought of velvet rubbed by short-nailed finger tips8 ,or were you ever burned by touching an ice-cold stove8 ,or1 happier memory1 can you still feel the touch of a well-loved absent hand8 ,be it remembered that few of these images are present in our minds except in combination--the sight and sound of the crashing avalanche are one2 so are the flash and report of the huntman's gun that came so near doing for us4 ,thus1 imaging--especially conscious reproductive imagination--will become a valuable part of our mental processes in proportion as we direct and control it4 #b4 ,productive ,imagination ,all of the foregoing examples1 and doubtless also many of the experiments you yourself may originate1 are merely reproductive4 ,pleasurable or horrific as these may be1 they are far less important than the images evoked by the productive imagination--though that does not infer a separate faculty4 ,recall1 again for experiment1 some scene whose beginning you once saw enacted on a street corner but passed by before the denouement was ready to be disclosed4 ,recall it all--that far the image is reproductive4 ,but what followed8 ,let your fantasy roam at pleasure--the succeeding scenes are productive1 for you have more or less consciously invented the unreal on the basis of the real4 ,and just here the fictionist1 the poet1 and the public speaker will see the value of productive imagery4 ,true1 the feet of the idol you build are on the ground1 but its head pierces the clouds1 it is a son of both earth and heaven4 ,one fact it is important to note here3 ,imagery is a valuable mental asset in proportion as it is controlled by the higher intellectual power of pure reason4 ,the untutored child of nature thinks largely in images and therefore attaches to them undue importance4 ,he readily confuses the real with the unreal--to him they are of like value4 ,but the man of training readily distinguishes the one from the other and evaluates each with some1 if not with perfect1 justice4 ,so we see that unrestrained imaging may produce a rudderless steamer1 while the trained faculty is the graceful sloop1 skimming the seas at her skipper's will1 her course steadied by the helm of reason and her lightsome wings catching every air of heaven4 ,the game of chess1 the war-lord's tactical plan1 the evolution of a geometrical theorem1 the devising of a great business campaign1 the elimination of waste in a factory1 the denouement of a powerful drama1 the overcoming of an economic obstacle1 the scheme for a sublime poem1 and the convincing siege of an audience may--nay1 indeed must--each be conceived in an image and wrought to reality according to the plans and specifications laid upon the trestle board by some modern imaginative ,hiram4 ,the farmer who would be content with the seed he possesses would have no harvest4 ,do not rest satisfied with the ability to recall images1 but cultivate your creative imagination by building what might be upon the foundation of what is4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,uses ,,of ,,imaging ,,in ,,public ,,speaking ,by this time you will have already made some general application of these ideas to the art of the platform1 but to several specific uses we must now refer4 #a4 ,imaging in ,speech-,preparation 7a7 ,set the image of your audience before you while you prepare4 ,disappointment may lurk here1 and you cannot be forearmed for every emergency1 but in the main you must meet your audience before you actually do--image its probable mood and attitude toward the occasion1 the theme1 and the speaker4 7b7 ,conceive your speech as a whole while you are preparing its parts1 else can you not see--image--how its parts shall be fitly framed together4 7c7 ,image the language you will use1 so far as written or extemporaneous speech may dictate4 ,the habit of imaging will give you choice of varied figures of speech1 for remember that an address without fresh comparisons is like a garden without blooms4 ,do not be content with the first hackneyed figure that comes flowing to your pen-point1 but dream on until the striking1 the unusual1 yet the vividly real comparison points your thought like steel does the arrow-tip4 ,note the freshness and effectiveness of the following description from the opening of ,o4 ,henry's story1 ,the ,harbinger4 ,long before the springtide is felt in the dull bosom of the yokel does the city man know that the grass-green goddess is upon her throne4 ,he sits at his breakfast eggs and toast1 begirt by stone walls1 opens his morning paper and sees journalism leave vernalism at the post4 ,for whereas ,spring's couriers were once the evidence of our finer senses1 now the ,associated ,press does the trick4 ,the warble of the first robin in ,hackensack1 the stirring of the maple sap in ,bennington1 the budding of the pussy willows along the main street in ,syracuse1 the first chirp of the blue bird1 the swan song of the blue point1 the annual tornado in ,st4 ,louis1 the plaint of the peach pessimist from ,pompton1 ,n4,j41 the regular visit of the tame wild goose with a broken leg to the pond near ,bilgewater ,junction1 the base attempt of the ,drug ,trust to boost the price of quinine foiled in the ,house by ,congressman ,jinks1 the first tall poplar struck by lightning and the usual stunned picknickers who had taken refuge1 the first crack of the ice jamb in the ,allegheny ,river1 the finding of a violet in its mossy bed by the correspondent at ,round ,corners--these are the advanced signs of the burgeoning season that are wired into the wise city1 while the farmer sees nothing but winter upon his dreary fields4 ,but these be mere externals4 ,the true harbinger is the heart4 ,when ,strephon seeks his ,chloe and ,mike his ,maggie1 then only is ,spring arrived and the newspaper report of the five foot rattler killed in ,squire ,pettregrew's pasture confirmed4 ,a hackneyed writer would probably have said that the newspaper told the city man about spring before the farmer could see any evidence of it1 but that the real harbinger of spring was love and that ,in the ,spring a young man's fancy lightly turns to thoughts of love4 #b4 ,imaging in ,speech-,delivery ,when once the passion of speech is on you and you are warmed up--perhaps by striking till the iron is hot so that you may not fail to strike when it is hot--your mood will be one of vision4 ,then 7a7 ,re-image past emotion--of which more elsewhere4 ,the actor re-calls the old feelings every time he renders his telling lines4 7b7 ,reconstruct in image the scenes you are to describe4 7c7 ,image the objects in nature whose tone you are delineating1 so that bearing and voice and movement 7gesture7 will picture forth the whole convincingly4 ,instead of merely stating the fact that whiskey ruins homes1 the temperance speaker paints a drunkard coming home to abuse his wife and strike his children4 ,it is much more effective than telling the truth in abstract terms4 ,to depict the cruelness of war1 do not assert the fact abstractly--,war is cruel4 ,show the soldier1 an arm swept away by a bursting shell1 lying on the battlefield pleading for water2 show the children with tear-stained faces pressed against the window pane praying for their dead father to return4 ,avoid general and prosaic terms4 ,paint pictures4 ,evolve images for the imagination of your audience to construct into pictures of their own4 ,,iii4 ,,how ,,to ,,acquire ,,the ,,imaging ,,habit ,you remember the ,american statesman who asserted that the way to resume is to resume8 ,the application is obvious4 ,beginning with the first simple analyses of this chapter1 test your own qualities of image-making4 ,one by one practise the several kinds of images2 then add--even invent--others in combination1 for many images come to us in complex form1 like the combined noise and shoving and hot odor of a cheering crowd4 ,after practising on reproductive imaging1 turn to the productive1 beginning with the reproductive and adding productive features for the sake of cultivating invention4 ,frequently1 allow your originating gifts full swing by weaving complete imaginary fabrics--sights1 sounds1 scenes2 all the fine world of fantasy lies open to the journeyings of your winged steed4 ,in like manner train yourself in the use of figurative language4 ,learn first to distinguish and then to use its varied forms4 ,when used with restraint1 nothing can be more effective than the trope2 but once let extravagance creep in by the window1 and power will flee by the door4 ,all in all1 master your images--let not them master you4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,give original examples of each kind of reproductive imagination4 #b4 ,build two of these into imaginary incidents for platform use1 using your productive1 or creative1 imagination4 #c4 ,define 7a7 phantasy2 7b7 vision2 7c7 fantastic2 7d7 phantasmagoria2 7e7 transmogrify2 7f7 recollection4 #d4 ,what is a figure of speech8 #e4 ,define and give two examples of each of the following figures of speech#cj4 ,at least one of the examples under each type would better be original4 7a7 simile2 7b7 metaphor2 7c7 metonymy2 7d7 synecdoche2 7e7 apostrophe2 7f7 vision2 7g7 personification2 7h7 hyperbole2 7i7 irony4 #f4 7a7 ,what is an allegory8 7b7 ,name one example4 7c7 ,how could a short allegory be used as part of a public address8 #g4 ,write a short fable#ca for use in a speech4 ,follow either the ancient form 7,a,esop7 or the modern 7,george ,ade1 ,josephine ,dodge ,daskam74 #h4 ,what do you understand by the historical present8 ,illustrate how it may be used 7,,only occasionally7 in a public address4 #i4 ,recall some disturbance on the street1 7a7 ,describe it as you would on the platform2 7b7 imagine what preceded the disturbance2 7c7 imagine what followed it2 7d7 connect the whole in a terse1 dramatic narration for the platform and deliver it with careful attention to all that you have learned of the public speaker's art4 #aj4 ,do the same with other incidents you have seen or heard of1 or read of in the newspapers4 ,,note3 ,it is hoped that this exercise will be varied and expanded until the pupil has gained considerable mastery of imaginative narration4 7,see chapter on ,narration47 #aa4 ,experiments have proved that the majority of people think most vividly in terms of visual images4 ,however1 some think more readily in terms of auditory and motor images4 ,it is a good plan to mix all kinds of images in the course of your address for you will doubtless have all kinds of hearers4 ,this plan will serve to give variety and strengthen your effects by appealing to the several senses of each hearer1 as well as interesting many different auditors4 ,for exercise1 7a7 give several original examples of compound images1 and 7b7 construct brief descriptions of the scenes imagined4 ,for example1 the falling of a bridge in process of building4 #ab4 ,read the following observantly3 ,the strikers suffered bitter poverty last winter in ,new ,york4 ,last winter a woman visiting the ,east ,side of ,new ,york ,city saw another woman coming out of a tenement house wringing her hands4 ,upon inquiry the visitor found that a child had fainted in one of the apartments4 ,she entered1 and saw the child ill and in rags1 while the father1 a striker1 was too poor to provide medical help4 ,a physician was called and said the child had fainted from lack of food4 ,the only food in the home was dried fish4 ,the visitor provided groceries for the family and ordered the milkman to leave milk for them daily4 ,a month later she returned4 ,the father of the family knelt down before her1 and calling her an angel said that she had saved their lives1 for the milk she had provided was all the food they had had4 ,in the two preceding paragraphs we have substantially the same story1 told twice4 ,in the first paragraph we have a fact stated in general terms4 ,in the second1 we have an outline picture of a specific happening4 ,now expand this outline into a dramatic recital1 drawing freely upon your imagination4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bi3 ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty4 ,footnote #cj3 ,consult any good rhetoric4 ,an unabridged dictionary will also be of help4 ,footnote #ca3 ,for a full discussion of the form see1 ,the ,art of ,story-,writing1 by ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein and ,mary ,d4 ,chambers4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,growing ,a ,,vocabulary ,boys flying kites haul in their white winged birds2 ,you can't do that way when you're flying words4 ,careful with fire1 is good advice we know1 ,careful with words1 is ten times doubly so4 ,thoughts unexpressed many sometimes fall back dead2 ,but ,god ,himself can't kill them when they're said4 --,,will ,,carleton1 ,the ,first ,settler's ,story4 ,the term vocabulary has a special as well as a general meaning4 ,true1 all vocabularies are grounded in the everyday words of the language1 out of which grow the special vocabularies1 but each such specialized group possesses a number of words of peculiar value for its own objects4 ,these words may be used in other vocabularies also1 but the fact that they are suited to a unique order of expression marks them as of special value to a particular craft or calling4 ,in this respect the public speaker differs not at all from the poet1 the novelist1 the scientist1 the traveler4 ,he must add to his everyday stock1 words of value for the public presentation of thought4 ,a study of the discourses of effective orators discloses the fact that they have a fondness for words signifying power1 largeness1 speed1 action1 color1 light1 and all their opposites4 ,they frequently employ words expressive of the various emotions4 ,descriptive words1 adjectives used in fresh relations with nouns1 and apt epithets1 are freely employed4 ,indeed1 the nature of public speech permits the use of mildly exaggerated words which1 by the time they have reached the hearer's judgment1 will leave only a just impression4#cb ,form the ,book-,note ,habit ,to possess a word involves three things3 ,to know its special and broader meanings1 to know its relation to other words1 and to be able to use it4 ,when you see or hear a familiar word used in an unfamiliar sense1 jot it down1 look it up1 and master it4 ,we have in mind a speaker of superior attainments who acquired his vocabulary by noting all new words he heard or read4 ,these he mastered and put into use4 ,soon his vocabulary became large1 varied1 and exact4 ,use a new word accurately five times and it is yours4 ,professor ,albert ,e4 ,hancock says3 ,an author's vocabulary is of two kinds1 latent and dynamic3 latent--those words he understands2 dynamic--those he can readily use4 ,every intelligent man knows all the words he needs1 but he may not have them all ready for active service4 ,the problem of literary diction consists in turning the latent into the dynamic4 ,your dynamic vocabulary is the one you must especially cultivate4 ,in his essay on ,a ,college ,magazine in the volume1 ,memories and ,portraits1 ,stevenson shows how he rose from imitation to originality in the use of words4 ,he had particular reference to the formation of his literary style1 but words are the raw materials of style1 and his excellent example may well be followed judiciously by the public speaker4 ,words in their relations are vastly more important than words considered singly4 ,whenever ,i read a book or a passage that particularly pleased me1 in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with propriety1 in which there was either some conspicuous force or some happy distinction in the style1 ,i must sit down at once and set myself to ape that quality4 ,i was unsuccessful1 and ,i knew it2 and tried again1 and was again unsuccessful1 and always unsuccessful2 but at least in these vain bouts ,i got some practice in rhythm1 in harmony1 in construction and cooerdination of parts4 ,i have thus played the sedulous ape to ,hazlitt1 to ,lamb1 to ,wordsworth1 to ,sir ,thomas ,browne1 to ,defoe1 to ,hawthorne1 to ,montaigne4 ,that1 like it or not1 is the way to learn to write2 whether ,i have profited or not1 that is the way4 ,it was the way ,keats learned1 and there never was a finer temperament for literature than ,keats'4 ,it is the great point of these imitations that there still shines beyond the student's reach1 his inimitable model4 ,let him try as he please1 he is still sure of failure2 and it is an old and very true saying that failure is the only highroad to success4 ,form the ,reference-,book ,habit ,do not be content with your general knowledge of a word--press your study until you have mastered its individual shades of meaning and usage4 ,mere fluency is sure to become despicable1 but accuracy never4 ,the dictionary contains the crystallized usage of intellectual giants4 ,no one who would write effectively dare despise its definitions and discriminations4 ,think1 for example1 of the different meanings of mantle1 or model1 or quantity4 ,any late edition of an unabridged dictionary is good1 and is worth making sacrifices to own4 ,books of synonyms and antonyms--used cautiously1 for there are few perfect synonyms in any language--will be found of great help4 ,consider the shades of meanings among such word-groups as thief1 peculator1 defaulter1 embezzler1 burglar1 yeggman1 robber1 bandit1 marauder1 pirate1 and many more2 or the distinctions among ,hebrew1 ,jew1 ,israelite1 and ,semite4 ,remember that no book of synonyms is trustworthy unless used with a dictionary4 ,a ,thesaurus of the ,english ,language1 by ,dr4 ,francis ,a4 ,march1 is expensive1 but full and authoritative4 ,of smaller books of synonyms and antonyms there are plenty4#cc ,study the connectives of ,english speech4 ,fernald's book on this title is a mine of gems4 ,unsuspected pitfalls lie in the loose use of and1 or1 for1 while1 and a score of tricky little connectives4 ,word derivations are rich in suggestiveness4 ,our ,english owes so much to foreign tongues and has changed so much with the centuries that whole addresses may grow out of a single root-idea hidden away in an ancient word-origin4 ,translation1 also1 is excellent exercise in word-mastery and consorts well with the study of derivations4 ,phrase books that show the origins of familiar expressions will surprise most of us by showing how carelessly everyday speech is used4 ,brewer's ,a ,dictionary of ,phrase1 and ,fable1 ,edwards' ,words1 ,facts1 and ,phrases1 and ,thornton's ,an ,american ,glossary1 are all good--the last1 an expensive work in three volumes4 ,a prefix or a suffix may essentially change the force of the stem1 as in master-ful and master-ly1 contempt-ible and contempt-uous1 envi-ous and envi-able4 ,thus to study words in groups1 according to their stems1 prefixes1 and suffixes is to gain a mastery over their shades of meaning1 and introduce us to other related words4 ,do not ,favor one ,set or ,kind of ,words more than ,another ,sixty years and more ago1 ,lord ,brougham1 addressing the students of the ,university of ,glasgow1 laid down the rule that the native 7,anglo-,saxon7 part of our vocabulary was to be favored at the expense of that other part which has come from the ,latin and ,greek4 ,the rule was an impossible one1 and ,lord ,brougham himself never tried seriously to observe it2 nor1 in truth1 has any great writer made the attempt4 ,not only is our language highly composite1 but the component words have1 in ,de ,quincey's phrase1 'happily coalesced4' ,it is easy to jest at words in -osity and -ation1 as 'dictionary' words1 and the like4 ,but even ,lord ,brougham would have found it difficult to dispense with pomposity and imagination4#cd ,the short1 vigorous ,anglo-,saxon will always be preferred for passages of special thrust and force1 just as the ,latin will continue to furnish us with flowing and smooth expressions2 to mingle all sorts1 however1 will give variety--and that is most to be desired4 ,discuss ,words ,with ,those ,who ,know ,them ,since the language of the platform follows closely the diction of everyday speech1 many useful words may be acquired in conversation with cultivated men1 and when such discussion takes the form of disputation as to the meanings and usages of words1 it will prove doubly valuable4 ,the development of word-power marches with the growth of individuality4 ,search ,faithfully for the ,right ,word ,books of reference are tripled in value when their owner has a passion for getting the kernels out of their shells4 ,ten minutes a day will do wonders for the nut-cracker4 ,i am growing so peevish about my writing1 says ,flaubert4 ,i am like a man whose ear is true1 but who plays falsely on the violin3 his fingers refuse to reproduce precisely those sounds of which he has the inward sense4 ,then the tears come rolling down from the poor scraper's eyes and the bow falls from his hand4 ,the same brilliant ,frenchman sent this sound advice to his pupil1 ,guy de ,maupassant3 ,whatever may be the thing which one wishes to say1 there is but one word for expressing it1 only one verb to animate it1 only one adjective to qualify it4 ,it is essential to search for this word1 for this verb1 for this adjective1 until they are discovered1 and to be satisfied with nothing else4 ,walter ,savage ,landor once wrote3 ,i hate false words1 and seek with care1 difficulty1 and moroseness those that fit the thing4 ,so did ,sentimental ,tommy1 as related by ,james ,m4 ,barrie in his novel bearing his hero's name as a title4 ,no wonder ,t4 ,sandys became an author and a lion6 ,tommy1 with another lad1 is writing an essay on ,a ,day in ,church1 in competition for a university scholarship4 ,he gets on finely until he pauses for lack of a word4 ,for nearly an hour he searches for this elusive thing1 until suddenly he is told that the allotted time is up1 and he has lost6 ,barrie may tell the rest3 ,essay6 ,it was no more an essay than a twig is a tree1 for the gowk had stuck in the middle of his second page4 ,yes1 stuck is the right expression1 as his chagrined teacher had to admit when the boy was cross-examined4 ,he had not been up to some of his tricks2 he had stuck1 and his explanations1 as you will admit1 merely emphasized his incapacity4 ,he had brought himself to public scorn for lack of a word4 ,what word8 they asked testily2 but even now he could not tell4 ,he had wanted a ,scotch word that would signify how many people were in church1 and it was on the tip of his tongue1 but would come no farther4 ,puckle was nearly the word1 but it did not mean so many people as he meant4 ,the hour had gone by just like winking2 he had forgotten all about time while searching his mind for the word4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the other five examiners were furious4444 ,you little tattie doolie1 ,cathro roared1 were there not a dozen words to wile from if you had an ill-will to puckle8 ,what ailed you at manzy1 or-- ,i thought of manzy1 replied ,tommy1 woefully1 for he was ashamed of himself1 but--but a manzy's a swarm4 ,it would mean that the folk in the kirk were buzzing thegither like bees1 instead of sitting still4 ,even if it does mean that1 said ,mr4 ,duthie1 with impatience1 what was the need of being so particular8 ,surely the art of essay-writing consists in using the first word that comes and hurrying on4 ,that's how ,i did1 said the proud ,mc,lauchlan ,tommy's successful competitor4444 ,i see1 interposed ,mr4 ,gloag1 that ,mc,lauchlan speaks of there being a mask of people in the church4 ,mask is a fine ,scotch word4 ,i thought of mask1 whimpered ,tommy1 but that would mean the kirk was crammed1 and ,i just meant it to be middling full4 ,flow would have done1 suggested ,mr4 ,lonimer4 ,flow's but a handful1 said ,tommy4 ,curran1 then1 you jackanapes6 ,curran's no enough4 ,mr4 ,lorrimer flung up his hands in despair4 ,i wanted something between curran and mask1 said ,tommy1 doggedly1 yet almost at the crying4 ,mr4 ,ogilvy1 who had been hiding his admiration with difficulty1 spread a net for him4 ,you said you wanted a word that meant middling full4 ,well1 why did you not say middling full--or fell mask8 ,yes1 why not8 demanded the ministers1 unconsciously caught in the net4 ,i wanted one word1 replied ,tommy1 unconsciously avoiding it4 ,you jewel6 muttered ,mr4 ,ogilvy under his breath1 but ,mr4 ,cathro would have banged the boy's head had not the ministers interfered4 ,it is so easy1 too1 to find the right word1 said ,mr4 ,gloag4 ,it's no2 it's difficult as to hit a squirrel1 cried ,tommy1 and again ,mr4 ,ogilvy nodded approval4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and then an odd thing happened4 ,as they were preparing to leave the school ,cathro having previously run ,tommy out by the neck1 the door opened a little and there appeared in the aperture the face of ,tommy1 tear-stained but excited4 ,i ken the word now1 he cried1 it came to me a' at once2 it is hantle6 ,mr4 ,ogilvy 444 said in an ecstasy to himself1 ,he had to think of it till he got it--and he got it4 ,the laddie is a genius6 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,what is the derivation of the word vocabulary8 #b4 ,briefly discuss any complete speech given in this volume1 with reference to 7a7 exactness1 7b7 variety1 and 7c7 charm1 in the use of words4 #c4 ,give original examples of the kinds of word-studies referred to on pages #ccg and #cch4 #d4 ,deliver a short talk on any subject1 using at least five words which have not been previously in your dynamic vocabulary4 #e4 ,make a list of the unfamiliar words found in any address you may select4 #f4 ,deliver a short extemporaneous speech giving your opinions on the merits and demerits of the use of unusual words in public speaking4 #g4 ,try to find an example of the over-use of unusual words in a speech4 #h4 ,have you used reference books in word studies8 ,if so1 state with what result4 #i4 ,find as many synonyms and antonyms as possible for each of the following words3 ,excess1 ,rare1 ,severe1 ,beautiful1 ,clear1 ,happy1 ,difference1 ,care1 ,skillful1 ,involve1 ,enmity1 ,profit1 ,absurd1 ,evident1 ,faint1 ,friendly1 ,harmony1 ,hatred1 ,honest1 ,inherent4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cb3 ,how to ,attract and ,hold an ,audience1 ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein4 ,footnote #cc3 ,a book of synonyms and antonyms is in preparation for this series1 ,the ,writer's ,library4 ,footnote #cd3 ,composition and ,rhetoric1 ,j4,m4 ,hart4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,memory ,,training ,lulled in the countless chambers of the brain1 ,our thoughts are linked by many a hidden chain2 ,awake but one1 and lo6 what myriads rise6 ,each stamps its image as the other flies6 99 99 99 99 99 ,hail1 memory1 hail6 in thy exhaustless mine ,from age to age unnumber'd treasures shine6 ,thought and her shadowy brood thy call obey1 ,and ,place and ,time are subject to thy sway6 --,,samuel ,,rogers1 ,pleasures of ,memory4 ,many an orator1 like ,thackeray1 has made the best part of his speech to himself--on the way home from the lecture hall4 ,presence of mind--it remained for ,mark ,twain to observe--is greatly promoted by absence of body4 ,a hole in the memory is no less a common complaint than a distressing one4 ,henry ,ward ,beecher was able to deliver one of the world's greatest addresses at ,liverpool because of his excellent memory4 ,in speaking of the occasion ,mr4 ,beecher said that all the events1 arguments and appeals that he had ever heard or read or written seemed to pass before his mind as oratorical weapons1 and standing there he had but to reach forth his hand and seize the weapons as they went smoking by4 ,ben ,jonson could repeat all he had written4 ,scaliger memorized the ,iliad in three weeks4 ,locke says3 ,without memory1 man is a perpetual infant4 ,quintilian and ,aristotle regarded it as a measure of genius4 ,now all this is very good4 ,we all agree that a reliable memory is an invaluable possession for the speaker4 ,we never dissent for a moment when we are solemnly told that his memory should be a storehouse from which at pleasure he can draw facts1 fancies1 and illustrations4 ,but can the memory be trained to act as the warder for all the truths that we have gained from thinking1 reading1 and experience8 ,and if so1 how8 ,let us see4 ,twenty years ago a poor immigrant boy1 employed as a dish washer in ,new ,york1 wandered into the ,cooper ,union and began to read a copy of ,henry ,george's ,progress and ,poverty4 ,his passion for knowledge was awakened1 and he became a habitual reader4 ,but he found that he was not able to remember what he read1 so he began to train his naturally poor memory until he became the world's greatest memory expert4 ,this man was the late ,mr4 ,felix ,berol4 ,mr4 ,berol could tell the population of any town in the world1 of more than five thousand inhabitants4 ,he could recall the names of forty strangers who had just been introduced to him and was able to tell which had been presented third1 eighth1 seventeenth1 or in any order4 ,he knew the date of every important event in history1 and could not only recall an endless array of facts but could correlate them perfectly4 ,to what extent ,mr4 ,berol's remarkable memory was natural and required only attention1 for its development1 seems impossible to determine with exactness1 but the evidence clearly indicates that1 however useless were many of his memory feats1 a highly retentive memory was developed where before only a good forgettery existed4 ,the freak memory is not worth striving for1 but a good working memory decidedly is4 ,your power as a speaker will depend to a large extent upon your ability to retain impressions and call them forth when occasion demands1 and that sort of memory is like muscle--it responds to training4 ,what ,not to ,do ,it is sheer misdirected effort to begin to memorize by learning words by rote1 for that is beginning to build a pyramid at the apex4 ,for years our schools were cursed by this vicious system--vicious not only because it is inefficient but for the more important reason that it hurts the mind4 ,true1 some minds are natively endowed with a wonderful facility in remembering strings of words1 facts1 and figures1 but such are rarely good reasoning minds2 the normal person must belabor and force the memory to acquire in this artificial way4 ,again1 it is hurtful to force the memory in hours of physical weakness or mental weariness4 ,health is the basis of the best mental action and the operation of memory is no exception4 ,finally1 do not become a slave to a system4 ,knowledge of a few simple facts of mind and memory will set you to work at the right end of the operation4 ,use these principles1 whether included in a system or not1 but do not bind yourself to a method that tends to lay more stress on the way to remember than on the development of memory itself4 ,it is nothing short of ridiculous to memorize ten words in order to remember one fact4 ,the ,natural ,laws of ,memory ,concentrated attention at the time when you wish to store the mind is the first step in memorizing--and the most important one by far4 ,you forgot the fourth of the list of articles your wife asked you to bring home chiefly because you allowed your attention to waver for an instant when she was telling you4 ,attention may not be concentrated attention4 ,when a siphon is charged with gas it is sufficiently filled with the carbonic acid vapor to make its influence felt2 a mind charged with an idea is charged to a degree sufficient to hold it4 ,too much charging will make the siphon burst2 too much attention to trifles leads to insanity4 ,adequate attention1 then1 is the fundamental secret of remembering4 ,generally we do not give a fact adequate attention when it does not seem important4 ,almost everyone has seen how the seeds in an apple point1 and has memorized the date of ,washington's death4 ,most of us have--perhaps wisely--forgotten both4 ,the little nick in the bark of a tree is healed over and obliterated in a season1 but the gashes in the trees around ,gettysburg are still apparent after fifty years4 ,impressions that are gathered lightly are soon obliterated4 ,only deep impressions can be recalled at will4 ,henry ,ward ,beecher said3 ,one intense hour will do more than dreamy years4 ,to memorize ideas and words1 concentrate on them until they are fixed firmly and deeply in your mind and accord to them their true importance4 ,,listen with the mind and you will remember4 ,how shall you concentrate8 ,how would you increase the fighting-effectiveness of a man-of-war8 ,one vital way would be to increase the size and number of its guns4 ,to strengthen your memory1 increase both the number and the force of your mental impressions by attending to them intensely4 ,loose1 skimming reading1 and drifting habits of reading destroy memory power4 ,however1 as most books and newspapers do not warrant any other kind of attention1 it will not do altogether to condemn this method of reading2 but avoid it when you are trying to memorize4 ,environment has a strong influence upon concentration1 until you have learned to be alone in a crowd and undisturbed by clamor4 ,when you set out to memorize a fact or a speech1 you may find the task easier away from all sounds and moving objects4 ,all impressions foreign to the one you desire to fix in your mind must be eliminated4 ,the next great step in memorizing is to pick out the essentials of the subject1 arrange them in order1 and dwell upon them intently4 ,think clearly of each essential1 one after the other4 ,thinking a thing--not allowing the mind to wander to non-essentials--is really memorizing4 ,association of ideas is universally recognized as an essential in memory work2 indeed1 whole systems of memory training have been founded on this principle4 ,many speakers memorize only the outlines of their addresses1 filling in the words at the moment of speaking4 ,some have found it helpful to remember an outline by associating the different points with objects in the room4 ,speaking on ,peace1 you may wish to dwell on the cost the cruelty1 and the failure of war1 and so lead to the justice of arbitration4 ,before going on the platform if you will associate four divisions of your outline with four objects in the room1 this association may help you to recall them4 ,you may be prone to forget your third point1 but you remember that once when you were speaking the electric lights failed1 so arbitrarily the electric light globe will help you to remember failure4 ,such associations1 being unique1 tend to stick in the mind4 ,while recently speaking on the six kinds of imagination the present writer formed them into an acrostic--visual1 auditory1 motor1 gustatory1 olfactory1 and tactile1 furnished the nonsense word vamgot1 but the six points were easily remembered4 ,in the same way that children are taught to remember the spelling of teasing words--separate comes from separ--and as an automobile driver remembers that two ,c's and then two ,h's lead him into ,castor ,road1 ,cottman ,street1 ,haynes ,street and ,henry ,street1 so important points in your address may be fixed in mind by arbitrary symbols invented by yourself4 ,the very work of devising the scheme is a memory action4 ,the psychological process is simple3 it is one of noting intently the steps by which a fact1 or a truth1 or even a word1 has come to you4 ,take advantage of this tendency of the mind to remember by association4 ,repetition is a powerful aid to memory4 ,thurlow ,weed1 the journalist and political leader1 was troubled because he so easily forgot the names of persons he met from day to day4 ,he corrected the weakness1 relates ,professor ,william ,james1 by forming the habit of attending carefully to names he had heard during the day and then repeating them to his wife every evening4 ,doubtless ,mrs4 ,weed was heroically longsuffering1 but the device worked admirably4 ,after reading a passage you would remember1 close the book1 reflect1 and repeat the contents--aloud1 if possible4 ,reading thoughtfully aloud has been found by many to be a helpful memory practise4 ,write what you wish to remember4 ,this is simply one more way of increasing the number and the strength of your mental impressions by utilizing all your avenues of impression4 ,it will help to fix a speech in your mind if you speak it aloud1 listen to it1 write it out1 and look at it intently4 ,you have then impressed it on your mind by means of vocal1 auditory1 muscular and visual impressions4 ,some folk have peculiarly distinct auditory memories2 they are able to recall things heard much better than things seen4 ,others have the visual memory2 they are best able to recall sight-impressions4 ,as you recall a walk you have taken1 are you able to remember better the sights or the sounds8 ,find out what kinds of impressions your memory retains best1 and use them the most4 ,to fix an idea in mind1 use every possible kind of impression4 ,daily habit is a great memory cultivator4 ,learn a lesson from the ,marathon runner4 ,regular exercise1 though never so little daily1 will strengthen your memory in a surprising measure4 ,try to describe in detail the dress1 looks and manner of the people you pass on the street4 ,observe the room you are in1 close your eyes1 and describe its contents4 ,view closely the landscape1 and write out a detailed description of it4 ,how much did you miss8 ,notice the contents of the show windows on the street2 how many features are you able to recall8 ,continual practise in this feat may develop in you as remarkable proficiency as it did in ,robert ,houdin and his son4 ,the daily memorizing of a beautiful passage in literature will not only lend strength to the memory1 but will store the mind with gems for quotation4 ,but whether by little or much add daily to your memory power by practise4 ,memorize out of doors4 ,the buoyancy of the wood1 the shore1 or the stormy night on deserted streets may freshen your mind as it does the minds of countless others4 ,lastly1 cast out fear4 ,tell yourself that you can and will and do remember4 ,by pure exercise of selfism assert your mastery4 ,be obsessed with the fear of forgetting and you cannot remember4 ,practise the reverse4 ,throw aside your manuscript crutches--you may tumble once or twice1 but what matters that1 for you are going to learn to walk and leap and run4 ,memorizing a ,speech ,now let us try to put into practise the foregoing suggestions4 ,first1 reread this chapter1 noting the nine ways by which memorizing may be helped4 ,then read over the following selection from ,beecher1 applying so many of the suggestions as are practicable4 ,get the spirit of the selection firmly in your mind4 ,make mental note of--write down1 if you must--the succession of ideas4 ,now memorize the thought4 ,then memorize the outline1 the order in which the different ideas are expressed4 ,finally1 memorize the exact wording4 ,no1 when you have done all this1 with the most faithful attention to directions1 you will not find memorizing easy1 unless you have previously trained your memory1 or it is naturally retentive4 ,only by constant practise will memory become strong and only by continually observing these same principles will it remain strong4 ,you will1 however1 have made a beginning1 and that is no mean matter4 ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,the ,,common ,,people ,i do not suppose that if you were to go and look upon the experiment of self-government in ,america you would have a very high opinion of it4 ,i have not either1 if ,i just look upon the surface of things4 ,why1 men will say3 ,it stands to reason that #fj1jjj1jjj ignorant of law1 ignorant of constitutional history1 ignorant of jurisprudence1 of finance1 and taxes and tariffs and forms of currency--#fj1jjj1jjj people that never studied these things--are not fit to rule4 ,your diplomacy is as complicated as ours1 and it is the most complicated on earth1 for all things grow in complexity as they develop toward a higher condition4 ,what fitness is there in these people8 ,well1 it is not democracy merely2 it is a representative democracy4 ,our people do not vote in mass for anything2 they pick out captains of thought1 they pick out the men that do know1 and they send them to the ,legislature to think for them1 and then the people afterward ratify or disallow them4 ,but when you come to the ,legislature ,i am bound to confess that the thing does not look very much more cheering on the outside4 ,do they really select the best men8 ,yes2 in times of danger they do very generally1 but in ordinary time1 kissing goes by favor4 ,you know what the duty of a regular ,republican-,democratic legislator is4 ,it is to get back again next winter4 ,his second duty is what8 ,his second duty is to put himself under that extraordinary providence that takes care of legislators' salaries4 ,the old miracle of the prophet and the meal and the oil is outdone immeasurably in our days1 for they go there poor one year1 and go home rich2 in four years they become moneylenders1 all by a trust in that gracious providence that takes care of legislators' salaries4 ,their next duty after that is to serve the party that sent them up1 and then1 if there is anything left of them1 it belongs to the commonwealth4 ,someone has said very wisely1 that if a man traveling wishes to relish his dinner he had better not go into the kitchen to see where it is cooked2 if a man wishes to respect and obey the law1 he had better not go to the ,legislature to see where that is cooked4 --,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher4 ,from a lecture delivered in ,exeter ,hall1 ,london1 #ahhf1 when making his last tour of ,great ,britain4 ,in ,case of ,trouble ,but what are you to do if1 notwithstanding all your efforts1 you should forget your points1 and your mind1 for the minute1 becomes blank8 ,this is a deplorable condition that sometimes arises and must be dealt with4 ,obviously1 you can sit down and admit defeat4 ,such a consummation is devoutly to be shunned4 ,walking slowly across the platform may give you time to grip yourself1 compose your thoughts1 and stave off disaster4 ,perhaps the surest and most practical method is to begin a new sentence with your last important word4 ,this is not advocated as a method of composing a speech--it is merely an extreme measure which may save you in tight circumstances4 ,it is like the fire department--the less you must use it the better4 ,if this method is followed very long you are likely to find yourself talking about plum pudding or ,chinese ,gordon in the most unexpected manner1 so of course you will get back to your lines the earliest moment that your feet have hit the platform4 ,let us see how this plan works--obviously1 your extemporized words will lack somewhat of polish1 but in such a pass crudity is better than failure4 ,now you have come to a dead wall after saying3 ,joan of ,arc fought for liberty4 ,by this method you might get something like this3 ,liberty is a sacred privilege for which mankind always had to fight4 ,these struggles ,platitude--but push on fill the pages of history4 ,history records the gradual triumph of the serf over the lord1 the slave over the master4 ,the master has continually tried to usurp unlimited powers4 ,power during the medieval ages accrued to the owner of the land with a spear and a strong castle2 but the strong castle and spear were of little avail after the discovery of gunpowder4 ,gunpowder was the greatest boon that liberty had ever known4 ,thus far you have linked one idea with another rather obviously1 but you are getting your second wind now and may venture to relax your grip on the too-evident chain2 and so you say3 ,with gunpowder the humblest serf in all the land could put an end to the life of the tyrannical baron behind the castle walls4 ,the struggle for liberty1 with gunpowder as its aid1 wrecked empires1 and built up a new era for all mankind4 ,in a moment more you have gotten back to your outline and the day is saved4 ,practising exercises like the above will not only fortify you against the death of your speech when your memory misses fire1 but it will also provide an excellent training for fluency in speaking4 ,stock up with ideas4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,pick out and state briefly the nine helps to memorizing suggested in this chapter4 #b4 ,report on whatever success you may have had with any of the plans for memory culture suggested in this chapter4 ,have any been less successful than others8 #c4 ,freely criticise any of the suggested methods4 #d4 ,give an original example of memory by association of ideas4 #e4 ,list in order the chief ideas of any speech in this volume4 #f4 ,repeat them from memory4 #g4 ,expand them into a speech1 using your own words4 #h4 ,illustrate practically what would you do1 if in the midst of a speech on ,progress1 your memory failed you and you stopped suddenly on the following sentence3 ,the last century saw marvelous progress in varied lines of activity4 #i4 ,how many quotations that fit well in the speaker's tool chest can you recall from memory8 #aj4 ,memorize the poem on page #db4 ,how much time does it require8 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,right ,,thinking ,,and ,,personality ,whatever crushes individuality is despotism1 by whatever name it may be called4 --,,john ,,stuart ,,mill1 ,on ,liberty4 ,right thinking fits for complete living by developing the power to appreciate the beautiful in nature and art1 power to think the true and to will the good1 power to live the life of thought1 and faith1 and hope1 and love4 --,n4,c4 ,,schaeffer1 ,thinking and ,learning to ,think4 ,the speaker's most valuable possession is personality--that indefinable1 imponderable something which sums up what we are1 and makes us different from others2 that distinctive force of self which operates appreciably on those whose lives we touch4 ,it is personality alone that makes us long for higher things4 ,rob us of our sense of individual life1 with its gains and losses1 its duties and joys1 and we grovel4 ,few human creatures1 says ,john ,stuart ,mill1 would consent to be changed into any of the lower animals for a promise of the fullest allowance of a beast's pleasures2 no intelligent human being would consent to be a fool1 no instructed person would be an ignoramus1 no person of feeling and conscience would be selfish and base1 even though he should be persuaded that the fool1 or the dunce1 or the rascal is better satisfied with his lot than they with theirs4444 ,it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied1 better to be a ,socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied4 ,and if the fool or the pig is of a different opinion1 it is only because they know only their own side of the question4 ,the other party to the comparison knows both sides4 ,now it is precisely because the ,socrates type of person lives on the plan of right thinking and restrained feeling and willing that he prefers his state to that of the animal4 ,all that a man is1 all his happiness1 his sorrow1 his achievements1 his failures1 his magnetism1 his weakness1 all are in an amazingly large measure the direct results of his thinking4 ,thought and heart combine to produce right thinking3 ,as a man thinketh in his heart so is he4 ,as he does not think in his heart so he can never become4 ,since this is true1 personality can be developed and its latent powers brought out by careful cultivation4 ,we have long since ceased to believe that we are living in a realm of chance4 ,so clear and exact are nature's laws that we forecast1 scores of years in advance1 the appearance of a certain comet and foretell to the minute an eclipse of the ,sun4 ,and we understand this law of cause and effect in all our material realms4 ,we do not plant potatoes and expect to pluck hyacinths4 ,the law is universal3 it applies to our mental powers1 to morality1 to personality1 quite as much as to the heavenly bodies and the grain of the fields4 ,whatsoever a man soweth that shall he also reap1 and nothing else4 ,character has always been regarded as one of the chief factors of the speaker's power4 ,cato defined the orator as vir bonus dicendi peritus--a good man skilled in speaking4 ,phillips ,brooks says3 ,nobody can truly stand as a utterer before the world1 unless he be profoundly living and earnestly thinking4 ,character1 says ,emerson1 is a natural power1 like light and heat1 and all nature cooperates with it4 ,the reason why we feel one man's presence1 and do not feel another's is as simple as gravity4 ,truth is the summit of being3 justice is the application of it to affairs4 ,all individual natures stand in a scale1 according to the purity of this element in them4 ,the will of the pure runs down into other natures1 as water runs down from a higher into a lower vessel4 ,this natural force is no more to be withstood than any other natural force4444 ,character is nature in the highest form4 ,it is absolutely impossible for impure1 bestial and selfish thoughts to blossom into loving and altruistic habits4 ,thistle seeds bring forth only the thistle4 ,contrariwise1 it is entirely impossible for continual altruistic1 sympathetic1 and serviceful thoughts to bring forth a low and vicious character4 ,either thoughts or feelings precede and determine all our actions4 ,actions develop into habits1 habits constitute character1 and character determines destiny4 ,therefore to guard our thoughts and control our feelings is to shape our destinies4 ,the syllogism is complete1 and old as it is it is still true4 ,since character is nature in the highest form1 the development of character must proceed on natural lines4 ,the garden left to itself will bring forth weeds and scrawny plants1 but the flower-beds nurtured carefully will blossom into fragrance and beauty4 ,as the student entering college largely determines his vocation by choosing from the different courses of the curriculum1 so do we choose our characters by choosing our thoughts4 ,we are steadily going up toward that which we most wish for1 or steadily sinking to the level of our low desires4 ,what we secretly cherish in our hearts is a symbol of what we shall receive4 ,our trains of thoughts are hurrying us on to our destiny4 ,when you see the flag fluttering to the ,south1 you know the wind is coming from the ,north4 ,when you see the straws and papers being carried to the ,northward you realize the wind is blowing out of the ,south4 ,it is just as easy to ascertain a man's thoughts by observing the tendency of his character4 ,let it not be suspected for one moment that all this is merely a preachment on the question of morals4 ,it is that1 but much more1 for it touches the whole man--his imaginative nature1 his ability to control his feelings1 the mastery of his thinking faculties1 and--perhaps most largely--his power to will and to carry his volitions into effective action4 ,right thinking constantly assumes that the will sits enthroned to execute the dictates of mind1 conscience and heart4 ,never tolerate for an instant the suggestion that your will is not absolutely efficient4 ,the way to will is to will--and the very first time you are tempted to break a worthy resolution--and you will be1 you may be certain of that--make your fight then and there4 ,you cannot afford to lose that fight4 ,you must win it--don't swerve for an instant1 but keep that resolution if it kills you4 ,it will not1 but you must fight just as though life depended on the victory2 and indeed your personality may actually lie in the balances6 ,your success or failure as a speaker will be determined very largely by your thoughts and your mental attitude4 ,the present writer had a student of limited education enter one of his classes in public speaking4 ,he proved to be a very poor speaker2 and the instructor could conscientiously do little but point out faults4 ,however1 the young man was warned not to be discouraged4 ,with sorrow in his voice and the essence of earnestness beaming from his eyes1 he replied3 ,i will not be discouraged6 ,i want so badly to know how to speak6 ,it was warm1 human1 and from the very heart4 ,and he did keep on trying--and developed into a creditable speaker4 ,there is no power under the stars that can defeat a man with that attitude4 ,he who down in the deeps of his heart earnestly longs to get facility in speaking1 and is willing to make the sacrifices necessary1 will reach his goal4 ,ask and ye shall receive2 seek and ye shall find2 knock and it shall be opened unto you1 is indeed applicable to those who would acquire speech-power4 ,you will not realize the prize that you wish for languidly1 but the goal that you start out to attain with the spirit of the old guard that dies but never surrenders1 you will surely reach4 ,your belief in your ability and your willingness to make sacrifices for that belief1 are the double index to your future achievements4 ,lincoln had a dream of his possibilities as a speaker4 ,he transmuted that dream into life solely because he walked many miles to borrow books which he read by the log-fire glow at night4 ,he sacrificed much to realize his vision4 ,livingstone had a great faith in his ability to serve the benighted races of ,africa4 ,to actualize that faith he gave up all4 ,leaving ,england for the interior of the ,dark ,continent he struck the death blow to ,europe's profits from the slave trade4 ,joan of ,arc had great self-confidence1 glorified by an infinite capacity for sacrifice4 ,she drove the ,english beyond the ,loire1 and stood beside ,charles while he was crowned4 ,these all realized their strongest desires4 ,the law is universal4 ,desire greatly1 and you shall achieve2 sacrifice much1 and you shall obtain4 ,stanton ,davis ,kirkham has beautifully expressed this thought3 ,you may be keeping accounts1 and presently you shall walk out of the door that has for so long seemed to you the barrier of your ideals1 and shall find yourself before an audience--the pen still behind your ear1 the ink stains on your fingers--and then and there shall pour out the torrent of your inspiration4 ,you may be driving sheep1 and you shall wander to the city--bucolic and open-mouthed2 shall wander under the intrepid guidance of the spirit into the studio of the master1 and after a time he shall say1 ',i have nothing more to teach you4' ,and now you have become the master1 who did so recently dream of great things while driving sheep4 ,you shall lay down the saw and the plane to take upon yourself the regeneration of the world4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,what1 in your own words1 is personality8 #b4 ,how does personality in a speaker affect you as a listener8 #c4 ,in what ways does personality show itself in a speaker8 #d4 ,deliver a short speech on ,the ,power of ,will in the ,public ,speaker4 #e4 ,deliver a short address based on any sentence you choose from this chapter4 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,after-,,dinner ,,and ,,other ,,occasional ,,speaking ,the perception of the ludicrous is a pledge of sanity4 --,,ralph ,,waldo ,,emerson1 ,essays4 ,and let him be sure to leave other men their turns to speak4 --,,francis ,,bacon1 ,essay on ,civil and ,moral ,discourse4 ,perhaps the most brilliant1 and certainly the most entertaining1 of all speeches are those delivered on after-dinner and other special occasions4 ,the air of well-fed content in the former1 and of expectancy well primed in the latter1 furnishes an audience which1 though not readily won1 is prepared for the best1 while the speaker himself is pretty sure to have been chosen for his gifts of oratory4 ,the first essential of good occasional speaking is to study the occasion4 ,precisely what is the object of the meeting8 ,how important is the occasion to the audience8 ,how large will the audience be8 ,what sort of people are they8 ,how large is the auditorium8 ,who selects the speakers' themes8 ,who else is to speak8 ,what are they to speak about8 ,precisely how long am ,i to speak8 ,who speaks before ,i do and who follows8 ,if you want to hit the nail on the head ask such questions as these4#ce ,no occasional address can succeed unless it fits the occasion to a ,t4 ,many prominent men have lost prestige because they were too careless or too busy or too self-confident to respect the occasion and the audience by learning the exact conditions under which they were to speak4 ,leaving too much to the moment is taking a long chance and generally means a less effective speech1 if not a failure4 ,suitability is the big thing in an occasional speech4 ,when ,mark ,twain addressed the ,army of the ,tennessee in reunion at ,chicago1 in #ahgg1 he responded to the toast1 ,the ,babies4 ,two things in that after-dinner speech are remarkable3 the bright introduction1 by which he subtly claimed the interest of all1 and the humorous use of military terms throughout3 ,mr4 ,chairman and ,gentlemen3 ,the ,babies4 ,now1 that's something like4 ,we haven't all had the good fortune to be ladies2 we have not all been generals1 or poets1 or statesmen2 but when the toast works down to the babies1 we stand on common ground--for we've all been babies4 ,it is a shame that for a thousand years the world's banquets have utterly ignored the baby1 as if he didn't amount to anything6 ,if you1 gentlemen1 will stop and think a minute--if you will go back fifty or a hundred years1 to your early married life1 and recontemplate your first baby--you will remember that he amounted to a good deal--and even something over4 ,as a vessel is known by the sound1 whether it be cracked or not1 said ,demosthenes1 so men are proved by their speeches whether they be wise or foolish4 ,surely the occasional address furnishes a severe test of a speaker's wisdom4 ,to be trivial on a serious occasion1 to be funereal at a banquet1 to be long-winded ever--these are the marks of non-sense4 ,some imprudent souls seem to select the most friendly of after-dinner occasions for the explosion of a bomb-shell of dispute4 ,around the dinner table it is the custom of even political enemies to bury their hatchets anywhere rather than in some convenient skull4 ,it is the height of bad taste to raise questions that in hours consecrated to good-will can only irritate4 ,occasional speeches offer good chances for humor1 particularly the funny story1 for humor with a genuine point is not trivial4 ,but do not spin a whole skein of humorous yarns with no more connection than the inane and threadbare ,and that reminds me4 ,an anecdote without bearing may be funny but one less funny that fits theme and occasion is far preferable4 ,there is no way1 short of sheer power of speech1 that so surely leads to the heart of an audience as rich1 appropriate humor4 ,the scattered diners in a great banqueting hall1 the after-dinner lethargy1 the anxiety over approaching last-train time1 the over-full list of over-full speakers--all throw out a challenge to the speaker to do his best to win an interested hearing4 ,and when success does come it is usually due to a happy mixture of seriousness and humor1 for humor alone rarely scores so heavily as the two combined1 while the utterly grave speech never does on such occasions4 ,if there is one place more than another where second-hand opinions and platitudes are unwelcome it is in the after-dinner speech4 ,whether you are toast-master or the last speaker to try to hold the waning crowd at midnight1 be as original as you can4 ,how is it possible to summarize the qualities that go to make up the good after-dinner speech1 when we remember the inimitable serious-drollery of ,mark ,twain1 the sweet southern eloquence of ,henry ,w4 ,grady1 the funereal gravity of the humorous ,charles ,battell ,loomis1 the charm of ,henry ,van ,dyke1 the geniality of ,f4 ,hopkinson ,smith1 and the all-round delightfulness of ,chauncey ,m4 ,depew8 ,america is literally rich in such gladsome speakers1 who punctuate real sense with nonsense1 and so make both effective4 ,commemorative occasions1 unveilings1 commencements1 dedications1 eulogies1 and all the train of special public gatherings1 offer rare opportunities for the display of tact and good sense in handling occasion1 theme1 and audience4 ,when to be dignified and when colloquial1 when to soar and when to ramble arm in arm with your hearers1 when to flame and when to soothe1 when to instruct and when to amuse--in a word1 the whole matter of ,,appropriateness must constantly be in mind lest you write your speech on water4 ,finally1 remember the beatitude3 ,blessed is the man that maketh short speeches1 for he shall be invited to speak again4 ,,selections ,,for ,,study ,,last ,,days ,,of ,,the ,,confederacy 7,extract7 ,the ,rapidan suggests another scene to which allusion has often been made since the war1 but which1 as illustrative also of the spirit of both armies1 ,i may be permitted to recall in this connection4 ,in the mellow twilight of an ,april day the two armies were holding their dress parades on the opposite hills bordering the river4 ,at the close of the parade a magnificent brass band of the ,union army played with great spirit the patriotic airs1 ,hail ,columbia1 and ,yankee ,doodle4 ,whereupon the ,federal troops responded with a patriotic shout4 ,the same band then played the soul-stirring strains of ,dixie1 to which a mighty response came from ten thousand ,southern troops4 ,a few moments later1 when the stars had come out as witnesses and when all nature was in harmony1 there came from the same band the old melody1 ,home1 ,sweet ,home4 ,as its familiar and pathetic notes rolled over the water and thrilled through the spirits of the soldiers1 the hills reverberated with a thundering response from the united voices of both armies4 ,what was there in this old1 old music1 to so touch the chords of sympathy1 so thrill the spirits and cause the frames of brave men to tremble with emotion8 ,it was the thought of home4 ,to thousands1 doubtless1 it was the thought of that ,eternal ,home to which the next battle might be the gateway4 ,to thousands of others it was the thought of their dear earthly homes1 where loved ones at that twilight hour were bowing round the family altar1 and asking ,god's care over the absent soldier boy4 --,,general ,j4,b4 ,,gordon1 ,c4,s4,a4 ,,welcome ,,to ,,kossuth 7,extract7 ,let me ask you to imagine that the contest1 in which the ,united ,states asserted their independence of ,great ,britain1 had been unsuccessful2 that our armies1 through treason or a league of tyrants against us1 had been broken and scattered2 that the great men who led them1 and who swayed our councils--our ,washington1 our ,franklin1 and the venerable president of the ,american ,congress--had been driven forth as exiles4 ,if there had existed at that day1 in any part of the civilized world1 a powerful ,republic1 with institutions resting on the same foundations of liberty which our own countrymen sought to establish1 would there have been in that ,republic any hospitality too cordial1 any sympathy too deep1 any zeal for their glorious but unfortunate cause1 too fervent or too active to be shown toward these illustrious fugitives8 ,gentlemen1 the case ,i have supposed is before you4 ,the ,washingtons1 the ,franklins1 the ,hancocks of ,hungary1 driven out by a far worse tyranny than was ever endured here1 are wanderers in foreign lands4 ,some of them have sought a refuge in our country--one sits with this company our guest to-night--and we must measure the duty we owe them by the same standard which we would have had history apply1 if our ancestors had met with a fate like theirs4 --,,william ,,cullen ,,bryant4 ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,universities 7,extract7 ,when the excitement of party warfare presses dangerously near our national safeguards1 ,i would have the intelligent conservatism of our universities and colleges warn the contestants in impressive tones against the perils of a breach impossible to repair4 ,when popular discontent and passion are stimulated by the arts of designing partisans to a pitch perilously near to class hatred or sectional anger1 ,i would have our universities and colleges sound the alarm in the name of ,american brotherhood and fraternal dependence4 ,when the attempt is made to delude the people into the belief that their suffrages can change the operation of national laws1 ,i would have our universities and colleges proclaim that those laws are inexorable and far removed from political control4 ,when selfish interest seeks undue private benefits through governmental aid1 and public places are claimed as rewards of party service1 ,i would have our universities and colleges persuade the people to a relinquishment of the demand for party spoils and exhort them to a disinterested and patriotic love of their government1 whose unperverted operation secures to every citizen his just share of the safety and prosperity it holds in store for all4 ,i would have the influence of these institutions on the side of religion and morality4 ,i would have those they send out among the people not ashamed to acknowledge ,god1 and to proclaim ,his interposition in the affairs of men1 enjoining such obedience to ,his laws as makes manifest the path of national perpetuity and prosperity --,,grover ,,cleveland1 delivered at the ,princeton ,sesqui-,centennial1 #ahif4 ,,eulogy ,,of ,,garfield 7,extract7 ,great in life1 he was surpassingly great in death4 ,for no cause1 in the very frenzy of wantonness and wickedness1 by the red hand of murder1 he was thrust from the full tide of this world's interest1 from its hopes1 its aspirations1 its victories1 into the visible presence of death--and he did not quail4 ,not alone for the one short moment in which1 stunned and dazed1 he could give up life1 hardly aware of its relinquishment1 but through days of deadly languor1 through weeks of agony1 that was not less agony because silently borne1 with clear sight and calm courage1 he looked into his open grave4 ,what blight and ruin met his anguished eyes1 whose lips may tell--what brilliant1 broken plans1 what baffled1 high ambitions1 what sundering of strong1 warm1 manhood's friendships1 what bitter rending of sweet household ties6 ,behind him a proud1 expectant nation1 a great host of sustaining friends1 a cherished and happy mother1 wearing the full rich honors of her early toil and tears2 the wife of his youth1 whose whole life lay in his2 the little boys not yet emerged from childhood's day of frolic2 the fair young daughter2 the sturdy sons just springing into closest companionship1 claiming every day and every day rewarding a father's love and care2 and in his heart the eager1 rejoicing power to meet all demand4 ,before him1 desolation and great darkness6 ,and his soul was not shaken4 ,his countrymen were thrilled with instant1 profound and universal sympathy4 ,masterful in his mortal weakness1 he became the centre of a nation's love1 enshrined in the prayers of a world4 ,but all the love and all the sympathy could not share with him his suffering4 ,he trod the wine press alone4 ,with unfaltering front he faced death4 ,with unfailing tenderness he took leave of life4 ,above the demoniac hiss of the assassin's bullet he heard the voice of ,god4 ,with simple resignation he bowed to the ,divine decree4 --,,james ,g4 ,,blaine1 delivered at the memorial service held by the ,u4,s4 ,senate and ,house of ,representatives4 ,,eulogy ,,of ,,lee 7,extract7 ,at the bottom of all true heroism is unselfishness4 ,its crowning expression is sacrifice4 ,the world is suspicious of vaunted heroes4 ,but when the true hero has come1 and we know that here he is in verity1 ah6 how the hearts of men leap forth to greet him6 how worshipfully we welcome ,god's noblest work--the strong1 honest1 fearless1 upright man4 ,in ,robert ,lee was such a hero vouchsafed to us and to mankind1 and whether we behold him declining command of the federal army to fight the battles and share the miseries of his own people2 proclaiming on the heights in front of ,gettysburg that the fault of the disaster was his own2 leading charges in the crisis of combat2 walking under the yoke of conquest without a murmur of complaint2 or refusing fortune to come here and train the youth of his country in the paths of duty1--he is ever the same meek1 grand1 self-sacrificing spirit4 ,here he exhibited qualities not less worthy and heroic than those displayed on the broad and open theater of conflict1 when the eyes of nations watched his every action4 ,here in the calm repose of civil and domestic duties1 and in the trying routine of incessant tasks1 he lived a life as high as when1 day by day1 he marshalled and led his thin and wasting lines1 and slept by night upon the field that was to be drenched again in blood upon the morrow4 ,and now he has vanished from us forever4 ,and is this all that is left of him--this handful of dust beneath the marble stone8 ,no6 the ages answer as they rise from the gulfs of time1 where lie the wrecks of kingdoms and estates1 holding up in their hands as their only trophies1 the names of those who have wrought for man in the love and fear of ,god1 and in love--unfearing for their fellow-men4 ,no6 the present answers1 bending by his tomb4 ,no6 the future answers as the breath of the morning fans its radiant brow1 and its soul drinks in sweet inspirations from the lovely life of ,lee4 ,no6 methinks the very heavens echo1 as melt into their depths the words of reverent love that voice the hearts of men to the tingling stars4 ,come we then to-day in loyal love to sanctify our memories1 to purify our hopes1 to make strong all good intent by communion with the spirit of him who1 being dead yet speaketh4 ,come1 child1 in thy spotless innocence2 come1 woman1 in thy purity2 come1 youth1 in thy prime2 come1 manhood1 in thy strength2 come1 age1 in thy ripe wisdom2 come1 citizen2 come1 soldier2 let us strew the roses and lilies of ,june around his tomb1 for he1 like them1 exhaled in his life ,nature's beneficence1 and the grave has consecrated that life and given it to us all2 let us crown his tomb with the oak1 the emblem of his strength1 and with the laurel the emblem of his glory1 and let these guns1 whose voices he knew of old1 awake the echoes of the mountains1 that nature herself may join in his solemn requiem4 ,come1 for here he rests1 and ,on this green bank1 by this fair stream1 ,we set to-day a votive stone1 ,that memory may his deeds redeem8 ,when1 like our sires1 our sons are gone4 --,,john ,,warwick ,,daniel1 on the unveiling of ,lee's statue at ,washington and ,lee ,university1 ,lexington1 ,virginia1 #ahhc4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,why should humor find a place in after-dinner speaking8 #b4 ,briefly give your impressions of any notable after-dinner address that you have heard4 #c4 ,briefly outline an imaginary occasion of any sort and give three subjects appropriate for addresses4 #d4 ,deliver one such address1 not to exceed ten minutes in length4 #e4 ,what proportion of emotional ideas do you find in the extracts given in this chapter8 #f4 ,humor was used in some of the foregoing addresses--in which others would it have been inappropriate8 #g4 ,prepare and deliver an after-dinner speech suited to one of the following occasions1 and be sure to use humor3 ,a lodge banquet4 ,a political party dinner4 ,a church men's club dinner4 ,a civic association banquet4 ,a banquet in honor of a celebrity4 ,a woman's club annual dinner4 ,a business men's association dinner4 ,a manufacturers' club dinner4 ,an alumni banquet4 ,an old home week barbecue4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ce3 ,see also page #bje4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,making ,,conversation ,,effective ,in conversation avoid the extremes of forwardness and reserve4 --,,cato4 ,conversation is the laboratory and workshop of the student4 --,,emerson1 ,essays3 ,circles4 ,the father of ,w4,e4 ,gladstone considered conversation to be both an art and an accomplishment4 ,around the dinner table in his home some topic of local or national interest1 or some debated question1 was constantly being discussed4 ,in this way a friendly rivalry for supremacy in conversation arose among the family1 and an incident observed in the street1 an idea gleaned from a book1 a deduction from personal experience1 was carefully stored as material for the family exchange4 ,thus his early years of practise in elegant conversation prepared the younger ,gladstone for his career as a leader and speaker4 ,there is a sense in which the ability to converse effectively is efficient public speaking1 for our conversation is often heard by many1 and occasionally decisions of great moment hinge upon the tone and quality of what we say in private4 ,indeed1 conversation in the aggregate probably wields more power than press and platform combined4 ,socrates taught his great truths1 not from public rostrums1 but in personal converse4 ,men made pilgrimages to ,goethe's library and ,coleridge's home to be charmed and instructed by their speech1 and the culture of many nations was immeasurably influenced by the thoughts that streamed out from those rich well-springs4 ,most of the world-moving speeches are made in the course of conversation4 ,conferences of diplomats1 business-getting arguments1 decisions by boards of directors1 considerations of corporate policy1 all of which influence the political1 mercantile and economic maps of the world1 are usually the results of careful though informal conversation1 and the man whose opinions weigh in such crises is he who has first carefully pondered the words of both antagonist and protagonist4 ,however important it may be to attain self-control in light social converse1 or about the family table1 it is undeniably vital to have oneself perfectly in hand while taking part in a momentous conference4 ,then the hints that we have given on poise1 alertness1 precision of word1 clearness of statement1 and force of utterance1 with respect to public speech1 are equally applicable to conversation4 ,the form of nervous egotism--for it is both--that suddenly ends in flusters just when the vital words need to be uttered1 is the sign of coming defeat1 for a conversation is often a contest4 ,if you feel this tendency embarrassing you1 be sure to listen to ,holmes's advice3 ,and when you stick on conversational burs1 ,don't strew your pathway with those dreadful urs4 ,here bring your will into action1 for your trouble is a wandering attention4 ,you must force your mind to persist along the chosen line of conversation and resolutely refuse to be diverted by any subject or happening that may unexpectedly pop up to distract you4 ,to fail here is to lose effectiveness utterly4 ,concentration is the keynote of conversational charm and efficiency4 ,the haphazard habit of expression that uses bird-shot when a bullet is needed insures missing the game1 for diplomacy of all sorts rests upon the precise application of precise words1 particularly--if one may paraphrase ,tallyrand--in those crises when language is no longer used to conceal thought4 ,we may frequently gain new light on old subjects by looking at word-derivations4 ,conversation signifies in the original a turn-about exchange of ideas1 yet most people seem to regard it as a monologue4 ,bronson ,alcott used to say that many could argue1 but few converse4 ,the first thing to remember in conversation1 then1 is that listening--respectful1 sympathetic1 alert listening--is not only due to our fellow converser but due to ourselves4 ,many a reply loses its point because the speaker is so much interested in what he is about to say that it is really no reply at all but merely an irritating and humiliating irrelevancy4 ,self-expression is exhilarating4 ,this explains the eternal impulse to decorate totem poles and paint pictures1 write poetry and expound philosophy4 ,one of the chief delights of conversation is the opportunity it affords for self-expression4 ,a good conversationalist who monopolizes all the conversation1 will be voted a bore because he denies others the enjoyment of self-expression1 while a mediocre talker who listens interestedly may be considered a good conversationalist because he permits his companions to please themselves through self-expression4 ,they are praised who please3 they please who listen well4 ,the first step in remedying habits of confusion in manner1 awkward bearing1 vagueness in thought1 and lack of precision in utterance1 is to recognize your faults4 ,if you are serenely unconscious of them1 no one--least of all yourself--can help you4 ,but once diagnose your own weaknesses1 and you can overcome them by doing four things3 #a4 ,,will to overcome them1 and keep on willing4 #b4 ,hold yourself in hand by assuring yourself that you know precisely what you ought to say4 ,if you cannot do that1 be quiet until you are clear on this vital point4 #c4 ,having thus assured yourself1 cast out the fear of those who listen to you--they are only human and will respect your words if you really have something to say and say it briefly1 simply1 and clearly4 #d4 ,have the courage to study the ,english language until you are master of at least its simpler forms4 ,conversational ,hints ,choose some subject that will prove of general interest to the whole group4 ,do not explain the mechanism of a gas engine at an afternoon tea or the culture of hollyhocks at a stag party4 ,it is not considered good taste for a man to bare his arm in public and show scars or deformities4 ,it is equally bad form for him to flaunt his own woes1 or the deformity of some one else's character4 ,the public demands plays and stories that end happily4 ,all the world is seeking happiness4 ,they cannot long be interested in your ills and troubles4 ,george ,cohan made himself a millionaire before he was thirty by writing cheerful plays4 ,one of his rules is generally applicable to conversation3 ,always leave them laughing when you say good bye4 ,dynamite the ,i out of your conversation4 ,not one man in nine hundred and seven can talk about himself without being a bore4 ,the man who can perform that feat can achieve marvels without talking about himself1 so the eternal ,i is not permissible even in his talk4 ,if you habitually build your conversation around your own interests it may prove very tiresome to your listener4 ,he may be thinking of bird dogs or dry fly fishing while you are discussing the fourth dimension1 or the merits of a cucumber lotion4 ,the charming conversationalist is prepared to talk in terms of his listener's interest4 ,if his listener spends his spare time investigating ,guernsey cattle or agitating social reforms1 the discriminating conversationalist shapes his remarks accordingly4 ,richard ,washburn ,child says he knows a man of mediocre ability who can charm men much abler than himself when he discusses electric lighting4 ,this same man probably would bore1 and be bored1 if he were forced to converse about music or ,madagascar4 ,avoid platitudes and hackneyed phrases4 ,if you meet a friend from ,keokuk on ,state ,street or on ,pike's ,peak1 it is not necessary to observe3 ,how small this world is after all6 ,this observation was doubtless made prior to the formation of ,pike's ,peak4 ,this old world is getting better every day4 ,fanner's wives do not have to work as hard as formerly4 ,it is not so much the high cost of living as the cost of high living4 ,such observations as these excite about the same degree of admiration as is drawn out by the appearance of a #aijc-model touring car4 ,if you have nothing fresh or interesting you can always remain silent4 ,how would you like to read a newspaper that flashed out in bold headlines ,nice ,weather ,we ,are ,having1 or daily gave columns to the same old material you had been reading week after week8 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises #a4 ,give a short speech describing the conversational bore4 #b4 ,in a few words give your idea of a charming converser4 #c4 ,what qualities of the orator should not be used in conversation4 #d4 ,give a short humorous delineation of the conversational oracle4 #e4 ,give an account of your first day at observing conversation around you4 #f4 ,give an account of one day's effort to improve your own conversation4 #g4 ,give a list of subjects you heard discussed during any recent period you may select4 #h4 ,what is meant by elastic touch in conversation8 #i4 ,make a list of ,bromides1 as ,gellett ,burgess calls those threadbare expressions which bore us to extinction--itself a ,bromide4 #aj4 ,what causes a phrase to become hackneyed8 #aa4 ,define the words1 7a7 trite2 7b7 solecism2 7c7 colloquialism2 7d7 slang2 7e7 vulgarism2 7f7 neologism4 #ab4 ,what constitutes pretentious talk8 ,,appendices ,,appendix ,a ,,fifty ,,questions ,,for ,,debate #a4 ,has ,labor ,unionism justified its existence8 #b4 ,should all church printing be brought out under the ,union ,label8 #c4 ,is the ,open ,shop a benefit to the community8 #d4 ,should arbitration of industrial disputes be made compulsory8 #e4 ,is ,profit-,sharing a solution of the wage problem8 #f4 ,is a minimum wage law desirable8 #g4 ,should the eight-hour day be made universal in ,america8 #h4 ,should the state compensate those who sustain irreparable business loss because of the enactment of laws prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating drinks8 #i4 ,should public utilities be owned by the municipality8 #aj4 ,should marginal trading in stocks be prohibited8 #aa4 ,should the national government establish a compulsory system of old-age insurance by taxing the incomes of those to be benefited8 #ab4 ,would the triumph of socialistic principles result in deadening personal ambition8 #ac4 ,is the ,presidential ,system a better form of government for the ,united ,states than the ,parliamental ,system8 #ad4 ,should our legislation be shaped toward the gradual abandonment of the protective tariff8 #ae4 ,should the government of the larger cities be vested solely in a commission of not more than nine men elected by the voters at large8 #af4 ,should national banks be permitted to issue1 subject to tax and government supervision1 notes based on their general assets8 #ag4 ,should woman be given the ballot on the present basis of suffrage for men8 #ah4 ,should the present basis of suffrage be restricted8 #ai4 ,is the hope of permanent world-peace a delusion8 #bj4 ,should the ,united ,states send a diplomatic representative to the ,vatican8 #ba4 ,should the ,powers of the world substitute an international police for national standing armies8 #bb4 ,should the ,united ,states maintain the ,monroe ,doctrine8 #bc4 ,should the ,recall of ,judges be adopted8 #bd4 ,should the ,initiative and ,referendum be adopted as a national principle8 #be4 ,is it desirable that the national government should own all railroads operating in interstate territory8 #bf4 ,is it desirable that the national government should own interstate telegraph and telephone systems8 #bg4 ,is the national prohibition of the liquor traffic an economic necessity8 #bh4 ,should the ,united ,states army and navy be greatly strengthened8 #bi4 ,should the same standards of altruism obtain in the relations of nations as in those of individuals8 #cj4 ,should our government be more highly centralized8 #ca4 ,should the ,united ,states continue its policy of opposing the combination of railroads8 #cb4 ,in case of personal injury to a workman arising out of his employment1 should his employer be liable for adequate compensation and be forbidden to set up as a defence a plea of contributory negligence on the part of the workman1 or the negligence of a fellow workman8 #cc4 ,should all corporations doing an interstate business be required to take out a ,federal license8 #cd4 ,should the amount of property that can be transferred by inheritance be limited by law8 #ce4 ,should equal compensation for equal labor1 between women and men1 universally prevail8 #cf4 ,does equal suffrage tend to lessen the interest of woman in her home8 #cg4 ,should the ,united ,states take advantage of the commercial and industrial weakness of foreign nations1 brought about by the war1 by trying to wrest from them their markets in ,central and ,south ,america8 #ch4 ,should teachers of small children in the public schools be selected from among mothers8 #ci4 ,should football be restricted to colleges1 for the sake of physical safety8 #dj4 ,should college students who receive compensation for playing summer baseball be debarred from amateur standing8 #da4 ,should daily school-hours and school vacations both be shortened8 #db4 ,should home-study for pupils in grade schools be abolished and longer school-hours substituted8 #dc4 ,should the honor system in examinations be adopted in public high-schools8 #dd4 ,should all colleges adopt the self-government system for its students8 #de4 ,should colleges be classified by national law and supervision1 and uniform entrance and graduation requirements maintained by each college in a particular class8 #df4 ,should ministers be required to spend a term of years in some trade1 business1 or profession1 before becoming pastors8 #dg4 ,is the ,y4,m4,c4,a4 losing its spiritual power8 #dh4 ,is the church losing its hold on thinking people8 #di4 ,are the people of the ,united ,states more devoted to religion than ever8 #ej4 ,does the reading of magazines contribute to intellectual shallowness8 ,,appendix ,b ,,thirty ,,themes ,,for ,,speeches ,with ,source ,references for ,material4 #a4 ,,kinship1 ,a ,,foundation ,,stone ,,of ,,civilization4 ,the ,state1 ,woodrow ,wilson4 #b4 ,,initiative ,,and ,,referendum4 ,the ,popular ,initiative and ,referendum1 ,o4,m4 ,barnes4 #c4 ,,reciprocity ,,with ,,canada4 ,article in ,independent1 #ec3 #bhgd2 article in ,north ,american ,review1 #agh3 #bje4 #d4 ,,is ,,mankind ,,progressing8 ,book of same title1 ,m4,m4 ,ballou4 #e4 ,,moses ,,the ,,peerless ,,leader4 ,lecture by ,john ,lord1 in ,beacon ,lights of ,history4 ,,note3 ,this set of books contains a vast store of material for speeches4 #f4 ,,the ,,spoils ,,system4 ,sermon by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,henry van ,dyke1 reported in the ,new ,york ,tribune1 ,february #be1 #ahie4 #g4 ,,the ,,negro ,,in ,,business4 ,part ,,iii1 ,annual ,report of the ,secretary of ,internal ,affairs1 ,pennsylvania1 #aiab4 #h4 ,,immigration ,,and ,,degradation4 ,americans or ,aliens8 ,howard ,b4 ,grose4 #i4 ,,what ,,is ,,the ,,theatre ,,doing ,,for ,,america8 ,the ,drama ,today1 ,charlton ,andrews4 #aj4 ,,superstition4 ,curiosities of ,popular ,custom1 ,william ,s4 ,walsh4 #aa4 ,,the ,,problem ,,of ,,old ,,age4 ,old ,age ,deferred1 ,arnold ,lorand4 #ab4 ,,who ,,is ,,the ,,tramp8 ,article in ,century1 #bh3 #da4 #ac4 ,,two ,,men ,,inside4 ,dr4 ,jekyll and ,mr4 ,hyde1 ,r4,l4 ,stevenson4 #ad4 ,,the ,,overthrow ,,of ,,poverty4 ,the ,panacea for ,poverty1 ,madison ,peters4 #ae4 ,,morals ,,and ,,manners4 ,a ,christian's ,habits1 ,robert ,e4 ,speer4 #af4 ,,jew ,,and ,,christian4 ,jesus the ,jew1 ,harold ,weinstock4 #ag4 ,,education ,,and ,,the ,,moving ,,picture4 ,article by ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein in ,the ,theatre of ,science1 ,robert ,grau4 #ah4 ,,books ,,as ,,food4 ,books and ,reading1 ,r4,c4 ,gage and ,alfred ,harcourt4 #ai4 ,,what ,,is ,a ,,novel8 ,the ,technique of the ,novel1 ,charles ,f4 ,home4 #bj4 ,,modern ,,fiction ,,and ,,modern ,,life4 ,article in ,lippincott's1 ,october1 #aijg4 #ba4 ,,our ,,problem ,,in ,,mexico4 ,the ,real ,mexico1 ,hamilton ,fyfe4 #bb4 ,,the ,,joy ,,of ,,receiving4 ,article in ,woman's ,home ,companion1 ,december1 #aiad4 #bc4 ,,physical ,,training ,,vs4 ,,college ,,athletics4 ,article in ,literary ,digest1 ,november #bh1 #aiad4 #bd4 ,,cheer ,,up4 ,the ,science of ,happiness1 ,jean ,finot4 #be4 ,,the ,,square ,,peg ,,in ,,the ,,round ,,hole4 ,the ,job1 the ,man1 and the ,boss1 ,katherine ,blackford and ,arthur ,newcomb4 #bf4 ,,the ,,decay ,,of ,,acting4 ,article in ,current ,opinion1 ,november1 #aiad4 #bg4 ,,the ,,young ,,man ,,and ,,the ,,church4 ,a ,young man's ,religion1 ,n4 ,mc,gee ,waters4 #bh4 ,,inheriting ,,success4 ,article in ,current ,opinion1 ,november1 #aiad4 #bi4 ,,the ,,indian ,,in ,,oklahoma4 ,article in ,literary ,digest1 ,november #bh1 #aiad4 #cj4 ,,hate ,,and ,,the ,,nation4 ,article in ,literary ,digest1 ,november #ad1 #aiad4 ,,appendix ,c ,,suggestive ,,subjects ,,for ,,speeches#cf ,with ,occasional ,hints on ,treatment #a4 ,,movies ,,and ,,morals4 #b4 ,,the ,,truth ,,about ,,lying4 ,the essence of truth-telling and lying4 ,lies that are not so considered4 ,the subtleties of distinctions required4 ,examples of implied and acted lies4 #c4 ,,benefits ,,that ,,follow ,,disasters4 ,benefits that have arisen out of floods1 fires1 earthquakes1 wars1 etc4 #d4 ,,haste ,,for ,,leisure4 ,how the speed mania is born of a vain desire to enjoy a leisure that never comes or1 on the contrary1 how the seeming haste of the world has given men shorter hours off labor and more time for rest1 study1 and pleasure4 #e4 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,message ,,to ,,new ,,york4 ,truths from the ,epistles pertinent to the great cities of today4 #f4 ,,education ,,and ,,crime4 #g4 ,,loss ,,is ,,the ,,mother ,,of ,,gain4 ,how many men have been content until1 losing all1 they exerted their best efforts to regain success1 and succeeded more largely than before4 #h4 ,,egoism vs4 ,,egotism4 #i4 ,,blunders ,,of ,,young ,,fogyism4 #aj4 ,,the ,,waste ,,of ,,middle-,,men ,,in ,,charity ,,systems4 ,the cost of collecting funds for1 and administering help to1 the needy4 ,the weakness of organized philanthropy as compared with the giving that gives itself4 #aa4 ,,the ,,economy ,,of ,,organized ,,charity4 ,the other side of the picture4 #ab4 ,,freedom ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,the true forces that hurtfully control too many newspapers are not those of arbitrary governments but the corrupting influences of moneyed and political interests1 fear of the liquor power1 and the desire to please sensation-loving readers4 #ac4 ,,helen ,,keller3 ,,optimist4 #ad4 ,,back ,,to ,,the ,,farm4 ,a study of the reasons underlying the movement4 #ae4 ,,it ,,was ,,ever ,,thus4 ,in ridicule of the pessimist who is never surprised at seeing failure4 #af4 ,,the ,,vocational ,,high ,,school4 ,value of direct training compared with the policy of laying broader foundations for later building4 ,how the two theories work out in practise4 ,each plan can be especially applied in cases that seem to need special treatment4 #ag4 ,,all ,,kinds ,,of ,,turning ,,done ,,here4 ,a humorous1 yet serious1 discussion of the flopping1 wind-mill character4 #ah4 ,,the ,,egoistic ,,altruist4 ,herbert ,spencer's theory as discussed in ,the ,data of ,ethics4 #ai4 ,,how ,,the ,,city ,,menaces ,,the ,,nation4 ,economic perils in massed population4 ,show also the other side4 ,signs of the problem's being solved4 #bj4 ,,the ,,robust ,,note ,,in ,,modern ,,poetry4 ,a comparison of the work of ,galsworthy1 ,masefield and ,kipling with that of some earlier poets4 #ba4 ,,the ,,ideals ,,of ,,socialism4 #bb4 ,,the ,,future ,,of ,,the ,,small ,,city4 ,how men are coming to see the economic advantages of smaller municipalities4 #bc4 ,,censorship ,,for ,,the ,,theatre4 ,its relation to morals and art4 ,its difficulties and its benefits4 #bd4 ,,for ,,such ,a ,,time ,,as ,,this4 ,mordecai's expression and its application to opportunities in modern woman's life4 #be4 ,,is ,,the ,,press ,,venal8 #bf4 ,,safety ,,first4 #bg4 ,,menes ,,and ,,extremes4 #bh4 ,,rubicons ,,and ,,pontoons4 ,how great men not only made momentous decisions but created means to carry them out4 ,a speech full of historical examples4 #bi4 ,,economy ,a ,,revenue4 #cj4 ,,the ,,patriotism ,,of ,,protest ,,against ,,popular ,,idols4 #ca4 ,,savonarola1 ,,the ,,divine ,,outcast4 #cb4 ,,the ,,true ,,politician4 ,revert to the original meaning of the word4 ,build the speech around one man as the chief example4 #cc4 ,,colonels ,,and ,,shells4 ,leadership and cannon fodder--a protest against war in its effect on the common people4 #cd4 ,,why ,,is ,a ,,militant8 ,a dispassionate examination of the claims of the ,british militant suffragette4 #ce4 ,,art ,,and ,,morals4 ,the difference between the nude and the naked in art4 #cf4 ,,can ,,my ,,country ,,be ,,wrong8 ,false patriotism and true1 with examples of popularly-hated patriots4 #cg4 ,,government ,,by ,,party4 ,an analysis of our present political system and the movement toward reform4 #ch4 ,,the ,,effects ,,of ,,fiction ,,on ,,history4 #ci4 ,,the ,,effects ,,of ,,history ,,on ,,fiction4 #dj4 ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,war ,,on ,,literature4 #da4 ,,chinese ,,gordon4 ,a eulogy4 #db4 ,,taxes ,,and ,,higher ,,education4 ,should all men be compelled to contribute to the support of universities and professional schools8 #dc4 ,,prize ,,cattle ,,vs4 ,,prize ,,babies4 ,is ,eugenics a science8 ,and is it practicable8 #dd4 ,,benevolent ,,autocracy4 ,is a strongly paternal government better for the masses than a much larger freedom for the individual8 #de4 ,,second-,,hand ,,opinions4 ,the tendency to swallow reviews instead of forming one's own views4 #df4 ,,parentage ,,or ,,power8 ,a study of which form of aristocracy must eventually prevail1 that of blood or that of talent4 #dg4 ,,the ,,blessing ,,of ,,discontent4 ,based on many examples of what has been accomplished by those who have not let well-enough alone4 #dh4 ,,corrupt ,,and ,,contented4 ,a study of the relation of the apathetic voter to vicious government4 #di4 ,,the ,,moloch ,,of ,,child-,,labor4 #ej4 ,,every ,,man ,,has ,a ,,right ,,to ,,work4 #ea4 ,,charity ,,that ,,fosters ,,pauperism4 #eb4 ,,not ,,in ,,our ,,stars ,,but ,,in ,,ourselves4 ,destiny vs4 choice4 #ec4 ,,environment ,,vs4 ,,heredity4 #ed4 ,,the ,,bravery ,,of ,,doubt4 ,doubt not mere unbelief4 ,true grounds for doubt4 ,what doubt has led to4 ,examples4 ,the weakness of mere doubt4 ,the attitude of the wholesome doubter versus that of the wholesale doubter4 #ee4 ,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,monticello4 ,a message from the life of ,thomas ,jefferson4 #ef4 ,,narrowness ,,in ,,specialism4 ,the dangers of specializing without first possessing broad knowledge4 ,the eye too close to one object4 ,balance is a vital prerequisite for specialization4 #eg4 ,,responsibility ,,of ,,labor ,,unions ,,to ,,the ,,law4 #eh4 ,,the ,,future ,,of ,,southern ,,literature4 ,what conditions in the history1 temperament and environment of our ,southern people indicate a bright literary future4 #ei4 ,,woman ,,the ,,hope ,,of ,,idealism ,,in ,,america4 #fj4 ,,the ,,value ,,of ,,debating ,,clubs4 #fa4 ,,an ,,army ,,of ,,thirty ,,millions4 ,in praise of the ,sunday-school4 #fb4 ,,the ,,baby4 ,how the ever-new baby holds mankind in unselfish courses and saves us all from going lastingly wrong4 #fc4 ,,lo1 ,,the ,,poor ,,capitalist4 ,his trials and problems4 #fd4 ,,honey ,,and ,,sting4 ,a lesson from the bee4 #fe4 ,,ungrateful ,,republics4 ,examples from history4 #ff4 ,,every ,,man ,,has ,,his ,,price4 ,horace ,walpole's cynical remark is not true now1 nor was it true even in his own corrupt era4 ,of what sort are the men who cannot be bought8 ,examples4 #fg4 ,,the ,,scholar ,,in ,,diplomacy4 ,examples in ,american life4 #fh4 ,,locks ,,and ,,keys4 ,there is a key for every lock4 ,no difficulty so great1 no truth so obscure1 no problem so involved1 but that there is a key to fit the lock4 ,the search for the right key1 the struggle to adjust it1 the vigilance to retain it--these are some of the problems of success4 #fi4 ,,right ,,makes ,,might4 #gj4 ,,rooming ,,with ,a ,,ghost4 ,influence of the woman graduate of fifty years before on the college girl who lives in the room once occupied by the distinguished old grad4 #ga4 ,,no ,,fact ,,is ,a ,,single ,,fact4 ,the importance of weighing facts relatively4 #gb4 ,,is ,,classical ,,education ,,dead ,,to ,,rise ,,no ,,more8 #gc4 ,,invective ,,against ,,nietsche',s ,,philosophy4 #gd4 ,,why ,,have ,,we ,,bosses8 ,a fair-minded examination of the uses and abuses of the political leader4 #ge4 ,a ,,plea ,,for ,,settlement ,,work4 #gf4 ,,credulity ,,vs4 ,,faith4 #gg4 ,,what ,,is ,,humor8 #gh4 ,,use ,,and ,,abuse ,,of ,,the ,,cartoon4 #gi4 ,,the ,,pulpit ,,in ,,politics4 #hj4 ,,are ,,colleges ,,growing ,,too ,,large8 #ha4 ,,the ,,doom ,,of ,,absolutism4 #hb4 ,,shall ,,woman ,,help ,,keep ,,house ,,for ,,town1 ,,city1 ,,state1 ,,and ,,nation8 #hc4 ,,the ,,educational ,,test ,,for ,,suffrage4 #hd4 ,,the ,,property ,,test ,,for ,,suffrage4 #he4 ,,the ,,menace ,,of ,,the ,,plutocrat4 #hf4 ,,the ,,cost ,,of ,,high ,,living4 #hg4 ,,the ,,cost ,,of ,,conveniences4 #hh4 ,,waste ,,in ,,american ,,life4 #hi4 ,,the ,,effect ,,of ,,the ,,photoplay ,,on ,,the ,,legitimate ,,theatre4 #ij4 ,,room ,,for ,,the ,,kicker4 #ajj4 ,,the ,,need ,,for ,,trained ,,diplomats4 #aja4 ,,the ,,shadow ,,of ,,the ,,iron ,,chancellor4 #ajb4 ,,the ,,tyranny ,,of ,,the ,,crowd4 #ajc4 ,,is ,,our ,,trial ,,by ,,jury ,,satisfactory8 #ajd4 ,,the ,,high ,,cost ,,of ,,securing ,,justice4 #aje4 ,,the ,,need ,,for ,,speedier ,,court ,,trials4 #ajf4 ,,triumphs ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,engineer4 #ajg4 ,,goethals ,,and ,,gorgas4 #ajh4 ,,public ,,education ,,makes ,,service ,,to ,,the ,,public ,a ,,duty4 #aji4 ,,man ,,owes ,,his ,,life ,,to ,,the ,,common ,,good4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cf3 ,it must be remembered that the phrasing of the subject will not necessarily serve for the title4 ,,appendix ,d ,,speeches ,,for ,,study ,,and ,,practise ,,newell ,,dwight ,,hillis ,,brave ,,little ,,belgium ,delivered in ,plymouth ,church1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y41 ,october #ah1 #aiad4 ,used by permission4 ,long ago ,plato made a distinction between the occasions of war and the causes of war4 ,the occasions of war lie upon the surface1 and are known and read of all men1 while the causes of war are embedded in racial antagonisms1 in political and economic controversies4 ,narrative historians portray the occasions of war2 philosophic historians1 the secret and hidden causes4 ,thus the spark of fire that falls is the occasion of an explosion1 but the cause of the havoc is the relation between charcoal1 niter and saltpeter4 ,the occasion of the ,civil ,war was the firing upon ,fort ,sumter4 ,the cause was the collision between the ideals of the ,union presented by ,daniel ,webster and the secession taught by ,calhoun4 ,the occasion of the ,american ,revolution was the ,stamp ,tax2 the cause was the conviction on the part of our forefathers that men who had freedom in worship carried also the capacity for self-government4 ,the occasion of the ,french ,revolution was the purchase of a diamond necklace for ,queen ,marie ,antoinette at a time when the treasury was exhausted2 the cause of the revolution was feudalism4 ,not otherwise1 the occasion of the great conflict that is now shaking our earth was the assassination of an ,austrian boy and girl1 but the cause is embedded in racial antagonisms and economic competition4 ,as for ,russia1 the cause of the war was her desire to obtain the ,bosphorus--and an open seaport1 which is the prize offered for her attack upon ,germany4 ,as for ,austria1 the cause of the war is her fear of the growing power of the ,balkan ,states1 and the progressive slicing away of her territory4 ,as for ,france1 the cause of the war is the instinct of self-preservation1 that resists an invading host4 ,as for ,germany1 the cause is her deep-seated conviction that every country has a moral right to the mouth of its greatest river2 unable to compete with ,england1 by roundabout sea routes and a ,kiel ,canal1 she wants to use the route that nature digged for her through the mouth of the ,rhine4 ,as for ,england1 the motherland is fighting to recover her sense of security4 ,during the ,napoleonic wars the second ,william ,pitt explained the quadrupling of the taxes1 the increase of the navy1 and the sending of an ,english army against ,france1 by the statement that justification of this proposed war is the ,preservation of ,england's sense of security4 ,ten years ago ,england lost her sense of security4 ,today she is not seeking to preserve1 but to recover1 the lost sense of security4 ,she proposes to do this by destroying ,germany's ironclads1 demobilizing her army1 wiping out her forts1 and the partition of her provinces4 ,the occasions of the war vary1 with the color of the paper--white and gray and blue--but the causes of this war are embedded in racial antagonisms and economic and political differences4 ,,why ,,little ,,belgium ,,has ,,the ,,center ,,of ,,the ,,stage ,tonight our study concerns little ,belgium1 her people1 and their part in this conflict4 ,be the reasons what they may1 this little land stands in the center of the stage and holds the limelight4 ,once more ,david1 armed with a sling1 has gone up against ten ,goliaths4 ,it is an amazing spectacle1 this1 one of the smallest of the ,states1 battling with the largest of the giants6 ,belgium has a standing army of #db1jjj men1 and ,germany1 with three reserves1 perhaps #g1jjj1jjj or #h1jjj1jjj4 ,without waiting for any assistance1 this little ,belgium band went up against #b1jjj1jjj4 ,it is as if a honey bee had decided to attack an eagle come to loot its honeycomb4 ,it is as if an antelope had turned against a lion4 ,belgium has but #aa1jjj square miles of land1 less than the ,states of ,massachusetts1 ,rhode ,island and ,connecticut4 ,her population is #g1ejj1jjj1 less than the single ,state of ,new ,york4 ,you could put twenty-two ,belgiums in our single ,state of ,texas4 ,much of her soil is thin2 her handicaps are heavy1 but the industry of her people has turned the whole land into one vast flower and vegetable garden4 ,the soil of ,minnesota and the ,dakotas is new soil1 and yet our farmers there average but fifteen bushels of wheat to the acre4 ,belgium's soil has been used for centuries1 but it averages thirty-seven bushels of wheat to the acre4 ,if we grow twenty-four bushels of barley on an acre of ground1 ,belgium grows fifty2 she produces #cjj bushels of potatoes1 where the ,maine farmer harvests #ij bushels4 ,belgium's average population per square mile has risen to #fde people4 ,if ,americans practised intensive farming2 if the population of ,texas were as dense as it is in ,belgium--#ajj1jjj1jjj of the ,united ,states1 ,canada and ,central ,america could all move to ,texas1 while if our entire country was as densely populated as ,belgium's1 everybody in the world could live comfortably within the limits of our country4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,people ,and yet1 little ,belgium has no gold or silver mines1 and all the treasures of copper and zinc and lead and anthracite and oil have been denied her4 ,the gold is in the heart of her people4 ,no other land holds a race more prudent1 industrious and thrifty6 ,it is a land where everybody works4 ,in the winter when the sun does not rise until half past seven1 the ,belgian cottages have lights in their windows at five1 and the people are ready for an eleven-hour day4 ,as a rule all children work after #ab years of age4 ,the exquisite pointed lace that has made ,belgium famous1 is wrought by women who fulfill the tasks of the household fulfilled by ,american women1 and then begins their task upon the exquisite laces that have sent their name and fame throughout the world4 ,their wages are low1 their work hard1 but their life is so peaceful and prosperous that few ,belgians ever emigrate to foreign countries4 ,of late they have made their education compulsory1 their schools free4 ,it is doubtful whether any other country has made a greater success of their system of transportation4 ,you will pay #ej cents to journey some twenty odd miles out to ,roslyn1 on our ,long ,island railroad1 but in ,belgium a commuter journeys twenty miles in to the factory and back again every night and makes the six double daily journeys at an entire cost of #cg-a_/b cents per week1 less than the amount that you pay for the journey one way for a like distance in this country4 ,out of this has come ,belgium's prosperity4 ,she has the money to buy goods from other countries1 and she has the property to export to foreign lands4 ,last year the ,united ,states1 with its hundred millions of people1 imported less than #b1jjj1jjj1jjj1 and exported #b1ejj1jjj1jjj4 ,if our people had been as prosperous per capita as ,belgium1 we would have purchased from other countries #ab1jjj1jjj1jjj worth of goods and exported #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,so largely have we been dependent upon ,belgium that many of the engines used in digging the ,panama ,canal came from the ,cockerill works that produce two thousands of these engines every year in ,liege4 ,it is often said that the ,belgians have the best courts in existence4 ,the ,supreme ,court of ,little ,belgium has but one ,justice4 ,without waiting for an appeal1 just as soon as a decision has been reached by a lower ,court1 while the matters are still fresh in mind and all the witnesses and facts readily obtainable1 this ,supreme ,justice reviews all the objections raised on either side and without a motion from anyone passes on the decision of the inferior court4 ,on the other hand1 the lower courts are open to an immediate settlement of disputes between the wage earners1 and newsboys and fishermen are almost daily seen going to the judge for a decision regarding a dispute over five or ten cents4 ,when the judge has cross-questioned both sides1 without the presence of attorneys1 or the necessity of serving a process1 or raising a dollar and a quarter1 as here1 the poorest of the poor have their wrongs righted4 ,it is said that not one decision out of one hundred is appealed1 thus calling for the existence of an attorney4 ,to all other institutions organized in the interest of the wage earner has been added the national savings bank system1 that makes loans to men of small means1 that enables the farmer and the working man to buy a little garden and build a house1 while at the same time insuring the working man against accident and sickness4 ,belgium is a poor man's country1 it has been said1 because institutions have been administered in the interest of the men of small affairs4 ,,the ,,great ,,belgium ,,plain ,,in ,,history ,but the institutions of ,belgium and the industrial prosperity of her people alone are not equal to the explanation of her unique heroism4 ,long ago1 in his ,commentaries1 ,julius ,caesar said that ,gaul was inhabited by three tribes1 the ,belgae1 the ,aquitani1 the ,celts1 of whom the ,belgae were the bravest4 ,history will show that ,belgians have courage as their native right1 for only the brave could have survived4 ,the southeastern part of ,belgium is a series of rock plains1 and if these plains have been her good fortune in times of peace1 they have furnished the battlefields of ,western ,europe for two thousand years4 ,northern ,france and ,western ,germany are rough1 jagged and wooded1 but the ,belgian plains were ideal battlefields4 ,for this reason the generals of ,germany and of ,france have usually met and struggled for the mastery on these wide ,belgian plains4 ,on one of these grounds ,julius ,caesar won the first battle that is recorded4 ,then came ,king ,clovis and the ,french1 with their campaigns2 toward these plains also the ,saracens were hurrying when assaulted by ,charles ,martel4 ,on the ,belgian plains the ,dutch burghers and the ,spanish armies1 led by ,bloody ,alva1 fought out their battle4 ,hither1 too1 came ,napoleon1 and the great mound of ,waterloo is the monument to the ,duke of ,wellington's victory4 ,it was to the ,belgian plains1 also1 that the ,german general1 last ,august1 rushed his troops4 ,every college and every city searches for some level spot of land where the contest between opposing teams may be held1 and for more than two thousand years the ,belgian plain has been the scene of the great battles between the warring nations of ,western ,europe4 ,now1 out of all these collisions there has come a hardy race1 inured to peril1 rich in fortitude1 loyalty1 patience1 thrift1 self-reliance and persevering faith4 ,for five hundred years the ,belgian children and youth have been brought up upon the deeds of noble renown1 achieved by their ancestors4 ,if ,julius ,caesar were here today he would wear ,belgium's bravery like a bright sword1 girded to his thigh4 ,and when this brave little people1 with a standing army of forty-two thousand men1 single-handed defied two millions of ,germans1 it tells us that ,ajax has come back once more to defy the god of lightnings4 ,a ,,thrilling ,,chapter ,,from ,,belgium',s ,,history ,perhaps one or two chapters torn from the pages of ,belgium history will enable us to understand her present-day heroism1 just as one golden bough plucked from the forest will explain the richness of the autumn4 ,you remember that ,venice was once the financial center of the world4 ,then when the bankers lost confidence in the navy of ,venice they put their jewels and gold into saddle bags and moved the financial center of the world to ,nuremburg1 because its walls were seven feet thick and twenty feet high4 ,later1 about #aejj ,a4,d41 the discovery of the ,new ,world turned all the peoples into races of sea-going folk1 and the ,english and ,dutch captains vied with the sailors of ,spain and ,portugal4 ,no captains were more prosperous than the mariners of ,antwerp4 ,in #aefh there were #ejj marble mansions in this city on the ,meuse4 ,belgium became a casket filled with jewels4 ,then it was that ,spain turned covetous eyes northward4 ,sated with his pleasures1 broken by indulgence and passion1 the ,emperor ,charles the ,fifth resigned his gold and throne to his son1 ,king ,philip4 ,finding his coffers depleted1 ,philip sent the ,duke of ,alva1 with #aj1jjj ,spanish soldiers1 out on a looting expedition4 ,their approach filled ,antwerp with consternation1 for her merchants were busy with commerce and not with war4 ,the sack of ,antwerp by the ,spaniards makes up a revolting page in history4 ,within three days #h1jjj men1 women and children were massacred1 and the ,spanish soldiers1 drunk with wine and blood1 hacked1 drowned and burned like fiends that they were4 ,the ,belgian historian tells us that #ejj marble residences were reduced to blackened ruins4 ,one incident will make the event stand out4 ,when the ,spaniards approached the city a wealthy burgher hastened the day of his son's marriage4 ,during the ceremony the soldiers broke down the gate of the city and crossed the threshold of the rich man's house4 ,when they had stripped the guests of their purses and gems1 unsatisfied1 they killed the bridegroom1 slew the men1 and carried the bride out into the night4 ,the next morning a young woman1 crazed and half clad1 was found in the street1 searching among the dead bodies4 ,at last she found a youth1 whose head she lifted upon her knees1 over which she crooned her songs1 as a young mother soothes her babe4 ,a ,spanish officer passing by1 humiliated by the spectacle1 ordered a soldier to use his dagger and put the girl out of her misery4 ,,the ,,horrors ,,of ,,the ,,inquisition ,having looted ,antwerp1 the treasure chest of ,belgium1 the ,spaniards set up the ,inquisition as an organized means of securing property4 ,it is a strange fact that the ,spaniard has excelled in cruelty as other nations have excelled in art or science or invention4 ,spain's cruelty to the ,moors and the rich ,jews forms one of the blackest chapters in history4 ,inquisitors became fiends4 ,moors were starved1 tortured1 burned1 flung in wells1 ,jewish bankers had their tongues thrust through little iron rings2 then the end of the tongue was seared that it might swell1 and the banker was led by a string in the ring through the streets of the city4 ,the women and the children were put on rafts that were pushed out into the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,when the swollen corpses drifted ashore1 the plague broke out1 and when that black plague spread over ,spain it seemed like the justice of outraged nature4 ,the expulsion of the ,moors was one of the deadliest blows ever struck at science1 commerce1 art and literature4 ,the historian tracks ,spain across the continents by a trail of blood4 ,wherever ,spain's hand has fallen it has paralyzed4 ,from the days of ,cortez1 wherever her captains have given a pledge1 the tongue that spake has been mildewed with lies and treachery4 ,the wildest beasts are not in the jungle2 man is the lion that rends1 man is the leopard that tears1 man's hate is the serpent that poisons1 and the ,spaniard entered ,belgium to turn a garden into a wilderness4 ,within one year1 #aefh1 ,antwerp1 that began with #abe1jjj people1 ended it with #ej1jjj4 ,many multitudes were put to death by the sword and stake1 but many1 many thousands fled to ,england1 to begin anew their lives as manufacturers and mariners2 and for years ,belgium was one quaking peril1 an inferno1 whose torturers were ,spaniards4 ,the visitor in ,antwerp is still shown the rack upon which they stretched the merchants that they might yield up their hidden gold4 ,the ,painted ,lady may be seen4 ,opening her arms1 she embraces the victim4 ,the ,spaniard1 with his spear1 forced the merchant into the deadly embrace4 ,as the iron arms concealed in velvet folded together1 one spike passed through each eye1 another through the mouth1 another through the heart4 ,the ,painted ,lady's lips were poisoned1 so that a kiss was fatal4 ,the dungeon whose sides were forced together by screws1 so that each day the victim saw his cell growing less and less1 and knew that soon he would be crushed to death1 was another instrument of torture4 ,literally thousands of innocent men and women were burned alive in the market place4 ,there is no more piteous tragedy in history than the story of the decline and ruin of this superbly prosperous1 literary and artistic country1 and yet out of the ashes came new courage4 ,burned1 broken1 the ,belgians and the ,dutch were not beaten4 ,pushed at last into ,holland1 where they united their fortunes with the ,dutch1 they cut the dykes of ,holland1 and let in the ocean1 and clinging to the dykes with their finger tips1 fought their way back to the land2 but no sooner had the last of the ,spaniards gone than out of their rags and poverty they founded a university as a monument to the providence of ,god in delivering them out of the hands of their enemies4 ,for1 the ,sixteenth ,century1 in the form of a brave knight1 wears little ,belgium and ,holland like a red rose upon his heart4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,egmont ,but some of you will say that the ,belgian people must have been rebels and guilty of some excess1 and that had they remained quiescent1 and not fomented treason1 that no such fate could have overtaken them at the hands of ,spain4 ,very well4 ,i will take a youth who1 at the beginning1 believed in ,charles the ,fifth1 a man who was as true to his ideals as the needle to the pole4 ,one day the ,bloody ,council decreed the death of ,egmont and ,horn4 ,immediately afterward1 the ,duke of ,alva sent an invitation to ,egmont to be the guest of honor at a banquet in his own house4 ,a servant from the palace that night delivered to the ,count a slip of paper1 containing a warning to take the fleetest horse and flee the city1 and from that moment not to eat or sleep without pistols at his hand4 ,to all this ,egmont responded that no monster ever lived who could1 with an invitation of hospitality1 trick a patriot4 ,like a brave man1 the ,count went to the ,duke's palace4 ,he found the guests assembled1 but when he had handed his hat and cloak to the servant1 ,alva gave a sign1 and from behind the curtains came ,spanish musqueteers1 who demanded his sword4 ,for instead of a banquet hall1 the ,count was taken to a cellar1 fitted up as a dungeon4 ,already ,egmont had all but died for his country4 ,he had used his ships1 his trade1 his gold1 for righting the people's wrongs4 ,he was a man of a large family--a wife and eleven children--and people loved him as to idolatry4 ,but ,alva was inexorable4 ,he had made up his mind that the merchants and burghers had still much hidden gold1 and if he killed their bravest and best1 terror would fall upon all alike1 and that the gold he needed would be forthcoming4 ,that all the people might witness the scene1 he took his prisoners to ,brussels and decided to behead them in the public square4 ,in the evening ,egmont received the notice that his head would be chopped off the next day4 ,a scaffold was erected in the public square4 ,that evening he wrote a letter that is a marvel of restraint4 ,sire--,i have learned this evening the sentence which your majesty has been pleased to pronounce upon me4 ,although ,i have never had a thought1 and believe myself never to have done a deed1 which would tend to the prejudice of your service1 or to the detriment of true religion1 nevertheless ,i take patience to bear that which it has pleased the good ,god to permit4 ,therefore1 ,i pray your majesty to have compassion on my poor wife1 my children and my servants1 having regard to my past service4 ,in which hope ,i now commend myself to the mercy of ,god4 ,from ,brussels1 ready to die1 this #eth of ,june1 #aefh4 ,,lamoral ,d' ,,egmont4 ,thus died a man who did as much probably for ,holland as ,john ,eliot for ,england1 or ,lafayette for ,france1 or ,samuel ,adams for this young republic4 ,,the ,,woe ,,of ,,belgium ,and now out of all this glorious past comes the woe of ,belgium4 ,desolation has come like the whirlwind1 and destruction like a tornado4 ,but ninety days ago and ,belgium was a hive of industry1 and in the fields were heard the harvest songs4 ,suddenly1 ,germany struck ,belgium4 ,the whole world has but one voice1 ,belgium has innocent hands4 ,she was led like a lamb to the slaughter4 ,when the lover of ,germany is asked to explain ,germany's breaking of her solemn treaty upon the neutrality of ,belgium1 the ,german stands dumb and speechless4 ,merchants honor their written obligations4 ,true citizens consider their word as good as their bond2 ,germany gave treaty1 and in the presence of ,god and the civilized world1 entered into a solemn covenant with ,belgium4 ,to the end of time1 the ,german must expect this taunt1 as worthless as a ,german treaty4 ,scarcely less black the two or three known examples of cruelty wrought upon nonresisting ,belgians4 ,in ,brooklyn lives a ,belgian woman4 ,she planned to return home in late ,july to visit a father who had suffered paralysis1 an aged mother and a sister who nursed both4 ,when the ,germans decided to burn that village in ,eastern ,belgium1 they did not wish to burn alive this old and helpless man1 so they bayonetted to death the old man and woman1 and the daughter that nursed them4 ,let us judge not1 that we be not judged4 ,this is the one example of atrocity that you and ,i might be able personally to prove4 ,but every loyal ,german in the country can make answer3 ,these soldiers were drunk with wine and blood4 ,such an atrocity misrepresents ,germany and her soldiers4 ,the breaking of ,germany's treaty with ,belgium represents the dishonor of a military ring1 and not the perfidy of #fh1jjj1jjj of people4 ,we ask that judgment be postponed until all the facts are in4 ,but1 meanwhile1 the man who loves his fellows1 at midnight in his dreams walks across the fields of broken ,belgium4 ,all through the night air there comes the sob of ,rachel1 weeping for her children1 because they are not4 ,in moods of bitterness1 of doubt and despair the heart cries out1 ,how could a just ,god permit such cruelty upon innocent ,belgium8 ,no man knows4 ,clouds and darkness are round about ,god's throne4 ,the spirit of evil caused this war1 but the ,spirit of ,god may bring good out of it1 just as the summer can repair the ravages of winter4 ,meanwhile the heart bleeds for ,belgium4 ,for ,brussels1 the third most beautiful city in ,europe6 ,for ,louvain1 once rich with its libraries1 cathedrals1 statues1 paintings1 missals1 manuscripts--now a ruin4 ,alas6 for the ruined harvests and the smoking villages6 ,alas1 for the ,cathedral that is a heap1 and the library that is a ruin4 ,where the angel of happiness was there stalk ,famine and ,death4 ,gone1 the ,land of ,grotius6 ,perished the paintings of ,rubens6 ,ruined is ,louvain4 ,where the wheat waved1 now the hillsides are billowy with graves4 ,but let us believe that ,god reigns4 ,perchance ,belgium is slain like the ,saviour1 that militarism may die like ,satan4 ,without shedding of innocent blood there is no remission of sins through tyranny and greed4 ,there is no wine without the crushing of the grapes from the tree of life4 ,soon ,liberty1 ,god's dear child1 will stand within the scene and comfort the desolate4 ,falling upon the great world's altar stairs1 in this hour when wisdom is ignorance1 and the strongest man clutches at dust and straw1 let us believe with faith victorious over tears1 that some time ,god will gather broken-hearted little ,belgium into ,his arms and comfort her as a ,father comforteth his well-beloved child4 ,,henry ,,watterson ,,the ,,new ,,americanism 7,abridged7 ,eight years ago tonight1 there stood where ,i am standing now a young ,georgian1 who1 not without reason1 recognized the significance of his presence here1 and1 in words whose eloquence ,i cannot hope to recall1 appealed from the ,new ,south to ,new ,england for a united country4 ,he is gone now4 ,but1 short as his life was1 its heaven-born mission was fulfilled2 the dream of his childhood was realized2 for he had been appointed by ,god to carry a message of peace on earth1 good will to men1 and1 this done1 he vanished from the sight of mortal eyes1 even as the dove from the ark4 ,grady told us1 and told us truly1 of that typical ,american who1 in ,dr4 ,talmage's mind's eye1 was coming1 but who1 in ,abraham ,lincoln's actuality1 had already come4 ,in some recent studies into the career of that man1 ,i have encountered many startling confirmations of this judgment2 and from that rugged trunk1 drawing its sustenance from gnarled roots1 interlocked with ,cavalier sprays and ,puritan branches deep beneath the soil1 shall spring1 is springing1 a shapely tree--symmetric in all its parts--under whose sheltering boughs this nation shall have the new birth of freedom ,lincoln promised it1 and mankind the refuge which was sought by the forefathers when they fled from oppression4 ,thank ,god1 the ax1 the gibbet1 and the stake have had their day4 ,they have gone1 let us hope1 to keep company with the lost arts4 ,it has been demonstrated that great wrongs may be redressed and great reforms be achieved without the shedding of one drop of human blood2 that vengeance does not purify1 but brutalizes2 and that tolerance1 which in private transactions is reckoned a virtue1 becomes in public affairs a dogma of the most far-seeing statesmanship4 ,so ,i appeal from the men in silken hose who danced to music made by slaves--and called it freedom--from the men in bell-crowned hats1 who led ,hester ,prynne to her shame--and called it religion--to that ,americanism which reaches forth its arms to smite wrong with reason and truth1 secure in the power of both4 ,i appeal from the patriarchs of ,new ,england to the poets of ,new ,england2 from ,endicott to ,lowell2 from ,winthrop to ,longfellow2 from ,norton to ,holmes2 and ,i appeal in the name and by the rights of that common citizenship--of that common origin--back of both the ,puritan and the ,cavalier--to which all of us owe our being4 ,let the dead past1 consecrated by the blood of its martyrs1 not by its savage hatreds--darkened alike by kingcraft and priestcraft--let the dead past bury its dead4 ,let the present and the future ring with the song of the singers4 ,blessed be the lessons they teach1 the laws they make4 ,blessed be the eye to see1 the light to reveal4 ,blessed be ,tolerance1 sitting ever on the right hand of ,god to guide the way with loving word1 as blessed be all that brings us nearer the goal of true religion1 true ,republicanism1 and true patriotism1 distrust of watchwords and labels1 shams and heroes1 belief in our country and ourselves4 ,it was not ,cotton ,mather1 but ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier1 who cried3-- ,dear ,god and ,father of us all1 ,forgive our faith in cruel lies1 ,forgive the blindness that denies4 ,cast down our idols--overturn ,our bloody altars--make us see ,thyself in ,thy humanity6 ,,john ,,morley ,,founder',s ,,day ,,address 7,abridged7 ,carnegie ,institute1 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,november #c1 #aijd4 ,what is so hard as a just estimate of the events of our own time8 ,it is only now1 a century and a half later1 that we really perceive that a writer has something to say for himself when he calls ,wolfe's exploit at ,quebec the turning point in modern history4 ,and to-day it is hard to imagine any rational standard that would not make the ,american ,revolution--an insurrection of thirteen little colonies1 with a population of #c1jjj1jjj scattered in a distant wilderness among savages--a mightier event in many of its aspects than the volcanic convulsion in ,france4 ,again1 the upbuilding of your great ,west on this continent is reckoned by some the most important world movement of the last hundred years4 ,but is it more important than the amazing1 imposing and perhaps disquieting apparition of ,japan8 ,one authority insists that when ,russia descended into the ,far ,east and pushed her frontier on the ,pacific to the forty-third degree of latitude that was one of the most far-reaching facts of modern history1 tho it almost escaped the eyes of ,europe--all her perceptions then monopolized by affairs in the ,levant4 ,who can say8 ,many courses of the sun were needed before men could take the full historic measures of ,luther1 ,calvin1 ,knox2 the measure of ,loyola1 the ,council of ,trent1 and all the counter-reformation4 ,the center of gravity is forever shifting1 the political axis of the world perpetually changing4 ,but we are now far enough off to discern how stupendous a thing was done when1 after two cycles of bitter war1 one foreign1 the other civil and intestine1 ,pitt and ,washington1 within a span of less than a score of years1 planted the foundations of the ,american ,republic4 ,what ,forbes's stockade at ,fort ,pitt has grown to be you know better than ,i4 ,the huge triumphs of ,pittsburg in material production--iron1 steel1 coke1 glass1 and all the rest of it--can only be told in colossal figures that are almost as hard to realize in our minds as the figures of astronomical distance or geologic time4 ,it is not quite clear that all the founders of the ,commonwealth would have surveyed the wonderful scene with the same exultation as their descendants4 ,some of them would have denied that these great centers of industrial democracy either in the ,old ,world or in the ,new always stand for progress4 ,jefferson said1 ,i view great cities as pestilential to the morals1 the health1 and the liberties of man4 ,i consider the class of artificers1 he went on1 as the panders of vice1 and the instrument by which the liberties of a country are generally overthrown4 ,in ,england they reckon #gj per cent4 of our population as dwellers in towns4 ,with you1 ,i read that only #be per cent4 of the population live in groups so large as #d1jjj persons4 ,if ,jefferson was right our outlook would be dark4 ,let us hope that he was wrong1 and in fact toward the end of his time qualified his early view4 ,franklin1 at any rate1 would1 ,i feel sure1 have reveled in it all4 ,that great man--a name in the forefront among the practical intelligences of human history--once told a friend that when he dwelt upon the rapid progress that mankind was making in politics1 morals1 and the arts of living1 and when he considered that each one improvement always begets another1 he felt assured that the future progress of the race was likely to be quicker than it had ever been4 ,he was never wearied of foretelling inventions yet to come1 and he wished he could revisit the earth at the end of a century to see how mankind was getting on4 ,with all my heart ,i share his wish4 ,of all the men who have built up great ,states1 ,i do believe there is not one whose alacrity of sound sense and single-eyed beneficence of aim could be more safely trusted than ,franklin to draw light from the clouds and pierce the economic and political confusions of our time4 ,we can imagine the amazement and complacency of that shrewd benignant mind if he could watch all the giant marvels of your mills and furnaces1 and all the apparatus devised by the wondrous inventive faculties of man2 if he could have foreseen that his experiments with the kite in his garden at ,philadelphia1 his tubes1 his ,leyden jars would end in the electric appliances of to-day--the largest electric plant in all the world on the site of ,fort ,duquesne2 if he could have heard of #e1jjj1jjj1jjj of passengers carried in the ,united ,states by electric motor power in a year2 if he could have realized all the rest of the magician's tale of our time4 ,still more would he have been astounded and elated could he have foreseen1 beyond all advances in material production1 the unbroken strength of that political structure which he had so grand a share in rearing4 ,into this very region where we are this afternoon1 swept wave after wave of immigration2 ,english from ,virginia flowed over the border1 bringing ,english traits1 literature1 habits of mind2 ,scots1 or ,scots-,irish1 originally from ,ulster1 flowed in from ,central ,pennsylvania2 ,catholics from ,southern ,ireland2 new hosts from ,southern and ,east ,central ,europe4 ,this is not the ,fourth of ,july4 ,but people of every school would agree that it is no exuberance of rhetoric1 it is only sober truth to say that the persevering absorption and incorporation of all this ceaseless torrent of heterogenous elements into one united1 stable1 industrious1 and pacific ,state is an achievement that neither the ,roman ,empire nor the ,roman ,church1 neither ,byzantine ,empire nor ,russian1 not ,charles the ,great nor ,charles the ,fifth nor ,napoleon ever rivaled or approached4 ,we are usually apt to excuse the slower rate of liberal progress in our ,old ,world by contrasting the obstructive barriers of prejudice1 survival1 solecism1 anachronism1 convention1 institution1 all so obstinately rooted1 even when the branches seem bare and broken1 in an old world1 with the open and disengaged ground of the new4 ,yet in fact your difficulties were at least as formidable as those of the older civilizations into whose fruitful heritage you have entered4 ,unique was the necessity of this gigantic task of incorporation1 the assimilation of people of divers faiths and race4 ,a second difficulty was more formidable still--how to erect and work a powerful and wealthy ,state on such a system as to combine the centralized concert of a federal system with local independence1 and to unite collective energy with the encouragement of individual freedom4 ,this last difficulty that you have so successfully up to now surmounted1 at the present hour confronts the mother country and deeply perplexes her statesmen4 ,liberty and union have been called the twin ideas of ,america4 ,so1 too1 they are the twin ideals of all responsible men in ,great ,britain2 altho responsible men differ among themselves as to the safest path on which to travel toward the common goal1 and tho the dividing ocean1 in other ways so much our friend1 interposes1 for our case of an island ,state1 or rather for a group of island ,states1 obstacles from which a continental ,state like yours is happily altogether free4 ,nobody believes that no difficulties remain4 ,some of them are obvious4 ,but the common-sense1 the mixture of patience and determination that has conquered risks and mischiefs in the past1 may be trusted with the future4 ,strange and devious are the paths of history4 ,broad and shining channels get mysteriously silted up4 ,how many a time what seemed a glorious high road proves no more than a mule track or mere cul-de-sac4 ,think of ,canning's flashing boast1 when he insisted on the recognition of the ,spanish republics in ,south ,america--that he had called a new world into existence to redress the balance of the old4 ,this is one of the sayings--of which sort many another might be found--that make the fortune of a rhetorician1 yet stand ill the wear and tear of time and circumstance4 ,the new world that ,canning called into existence has so far turned out a scene of singular disenchantment4 ,tho not without glimpses on occasion of that heroism and courage and even wisdom that are the attributes of man almost at the worst1 the tale has been too much a tale of anarchy and disaster1 still leaving a host of perplexities for statesmen both in ,america and ,europe4 ,it has left also to students of a philosophic turn of mind one of the most interesting of all the problems to be found in the whole field of social1 ecclesiastical1 religious1 and racial movement4 ,why is it that we do not find in the south as we find in the north of this hemisphere a powerful federation--a great ,spanish-,american people stretching from the ,rio ,grande to ,cape ,horn8 ,to answer that question would be to shed a flood of light upon many deep historic forces in the ,old ,world1 of which1 after all1 these movements of the ,new are but a prolongation and more manifest extension4 ,what more imposing phenomenon does history present to us than the rise of ,spanish power to the pinnacle of greatness and glory in the sixteenth century8 ,the ,mohammedans1 after centuries of fierce and stubborn war1 driven back2 the whole peninsula brought under a single rule with a single creed2 enormous acquisitions from the ,netherlands of ,naples1 ,sicily1 the ,canaries2 ,france humbled1 ,england menaced1 settlements made in ,asia and ,northern ,africa--,spain in ,america become possessed of a vast continent and of more than one archipelago of splendid islands4 ,yet before a century was over the sovereign majesty of ,spain underwent a huge declension1 the territory under her sway was contracted1 the fabulous wealth of the mines of the ,new ,world had been wasted1 agriculture and industry were ruined1 her commerce passed into the hands of her rivals4 ,let me digress one further moment4 ,we have a very sensible habit in the island whence ,i come1 when our country misses fire1 to say as little as we can1 and sink the thing in patriotic oblivion4 ,it is rather startling to recall that less than a century ago ,england twice sent a military force to seize what is now ,argentina4 ,pride of race and hostile creed vehemently resisting1 proved too much for us4 ,the two expeditions ended in failure1 and nothing remains for the historian of to-day but to wonder what a difference it might have made to the temperate region of ,south ,america if the fortune of war had gone the other way1 if the region of the ,plata had become ,british1 and a large ,british immigration had followed4 ,do not think me guilty of the heinous crime of forgetting the ,monroe ,doctrine4 ,that momentous declaration was not made for a good many years after our ,gen4 ,whitelocke was repulsed at ,buenos ,ayres1 tho ,mr4 ,sumner and other people have always held that it was ,canning who really first started the ,monroe ,doctrine1 when he invited the ,united ,states to join him against ,european intervention in ,south ,american affairs4 ,the day is at hand1 we are told1 when four-fifths of the human race will trace their pedigree to ,english forefathers1 as four-fifths of the white people in the ,united ,states trace their pedigree to-day4 ,by the end of this century1 they say1 such nations as ,france and ,germany1 assuming that they stand apart from fresh consolidations1 will only be able to claim the same relative position in the political world as ,holland and ,switzerland4 ,these musings of the moon do not take us far4 ,the important thing1 as we all know1 is not the exact fraction of the human race that will speak ,english4 ,the important thing is that those who speak ,english1 whether in old lands or new1 shall strive in lofty1 generous and never-ceasing emulation with peoples of other tongues and other stock for the political1 social1 and intellectual primacy among mankind4 ,in this noble strife for the service of our race we need never fear that claimants for the prize will be too large a multitude4 ,as an able scholar of your own has said1 ,jefferson was here using the old vernacular of ,english aspirations after a free1 manly1 and well-ordered political life--a vernacular rich in stately tradition and noble phrase1 to be found in a score of a thousand of champions in many camps--in ,buchanan1 ,milton1 ,hooker1 ,locke1 ,jeremy ,taylor1 ,roger ,williams1 and many another humbler but not less strenuous pioneer and confessor of freedom4 ,ah1 do not fail to count up1 and count up often1 what a different world it would have been but for that island in the distant northern sea6 ,these were the tributary fountains1 that1 as time went on1 swelled into the broad confluence of modern time4 ,what was new in #aggf was the transformation of thought into actual polity4 ,what is progress8 ,it is best to be slow in the complex arts of politics in their widest sense1 and not to hurry to define4 ,if you want a platitude1 there is nothing for supplying it like a definition4 ,or shall we say that most definitions hang between platitude and paradox8 ,there are said1 tho ,i have never counted1 to be #aj1jjj definitions of religion4 ,there must be about as many of poetry4 ,there can hardly be fewer of liberty1 or even of happiness4 ,i am not bold enough to try a definition4 ,i will not try to gauge how far the advance of moral forces has kept pace with that extension of material forces in the world of which this continent1 conspicuous before all others1 bears such astounding evidence4 ,this1 of course1 is the question of questions1 because as an illustrious ,english writer--to whom1 by the way1 ,i owe my friendship with your founder many long years ago--as ,matthew ,arnold said in ,america here1 it is moral ideas that at bottom decide the standing or falling of states and nations4 ,without opening this vast discussion at large1 many a sign of progress is beyond mistake4 ,the practise of associated action--one of the master keys of progress--is a new force in a hundred fields1 and with immeasurable diversity of forms4 ,there is less acquiescence in triumphant wrong4 ,toleration in religion has been called the best fruit of the last four centuries1 and in spite of a few bigoted survivals1 even in our ,united ,kingdom1 and some savage outbreaks of hatred1 half religious1 half racial1 on the ,continent of ,europe1 this glorious gain of time may now be taken as secured4 ,perhaps of all the contributions of ,america to human civilization this is greatest4 ,the reign of force is not yet over1 and at intervals it has its triumphant hours1 but reason1 justice1 humanity fight with success their long and steady battle for a wider sway4 ,of all the points of social advance1 in my country at least1 during the last generation none is more marked than the change in the position of women1 in respect of rights of property1 of education1 of access to new callings4 ,as for the improvement of material well-being1 and its diffusion among those whose labor is a prime factor in its creation1 we might grow sated with the jubilant monotony of its figures1 if we did not take good care to remember1 in the excellent words of the ,president of ,harvard1 that those gains1 like the prosperous working of your institutions and the principles by which they are sustained1 are in essence moral contributions1 being principles of reason1 enterprise1 courage1 faith1 and justice1 over passion1 selfishness1 inertness1 timidity1 and distrust4 ,it is the moral impulses that matter4 ,where they are safe1 all is safe4 ,when this and the like is said1 nobody supposes that the last word has been spoken as to the condition of the people either in ,america or ,europe4 ,republicanism is not itself a panacea for economic difficulties4 ,of self it can neither stifle nor appease the accents of social discontent4 ,so long as it has no root in surveyed envy1 this discontent itself is a token of progress4 ,what1 cries the skeptic1 what has become of all the hopes of the time when ,france stood upon the top of golden hours8 ,do not let us fear the challenge4 ,much has come of them4 ,and over the old hopes time has brought a stratum of new4 ,liberalism is sometimes suspected of being cold to these new hopes1 and you may often hear it said that ,liberalism is already superseded by ,socialism4 ,that a change is passing over party names in ,europe is plain1 but you may be sure that no change in name will extinguish these principles of society which are rooted in the nature of things1 and are accredited by their success4 ,twice ,america has saved liberalism in ,great ,britain4 ,the ,war for ,independence in the eighteenth century was the defeat of usurping power no less in ,england than here4 ,the ,war for ,union in the nineteenth century gave the decisive impulse to a critical extension of suffrage1 and an era of popular reform in the mother country4 ,any miscarriage of democracy here reacts against progress in ,great ,britain4 ,if you seek the real meaning of most modern disparagement of popular or parliamentary government1 it is no more than this1 that no politics will suffice of themselves to make a nation's soul4 ,what could be more true8 ,who says it will8 ,but we may depend upon it that the soul will be best kept alive in a nation where there is the highest proportion of those who1 in the phrase of an old worthy of the seventeenth century1 think it a part of a man's religion to see to it that his country be well governed4 ,democracy1 they tell us1 is afflicted by mediocrity and by sterility4 ,but has not democracy in my country1 as in yours1 shown before now that it well knows how to choose rulers neither mediocre nor sterile2 men more than the equals in unselfishness1 in rectitude1 in clear sight1 in force1 of any absolutist statesman1 that ever in times past bore the scepter8 ,if ,i live a few months1 or it may be even a few weeks longer1 ,i hope to have seen something of three elections--one in ,canada1 one in the ,united ,kingdom1 and the other here4 ,with us1 in respect of leadership1 and apart from height of social prestige1 the personage corresponding to the president is1 as you know1 the prime minister4 ,our general election this time1 owing to personal accident of the passing hour1 may not determine quite exactly who shall be the prime minister1 but it will determine the party from which the prime minister shall be taken4 ,on normal occasions our election of a prime minister is as direct and personal as yours1 and in choosing a member of ,parliament people were really for a whole generation choosing whether ,disraeli or ,gladstone or ,salisbury should be head of the government4 ,the one central difference between your system and ours is that the ,american president is in for a fixed time1 whereas the ,british prime minister depends upon the support of the ,house of ,commons4 ,if he loses that1 his power may not endure a twelvemonth2 if on the other hand1 he keeps it1 he may hold office for a dozen years4 ,there are not many more interesting or important questions in political discussion than the question whether our cabinet government or your presidential system of government is the better4 ,this is not the place to argue it4 ,between #ahfh and now--a period of thirty-six years--we have had eight ministries4 ,this would give an average life of four and a half years4 ,of these eight governments five lasted over five years4 ,broadly speaking1 then1 our executive governments have lasted about the length of your fixed term4 ,as for ministers swept away by a gust of passion1 ,i can only recall the overthrow of ,lord ,palmerston in #aheh for being thought too subservient to ,france4 ,for my own part1 ,i have always thought that by its free play1 its comparative fluidity1 its rapid flexibility of adaptation1 our cabinet system has most to say for itself4 ,whether democracy will make for peace1 we all have yet to see4 ,so far democracy has done little in ,europe to protect us against the turbid whirlpools of a military age4 ,when the evils of rival states1 antagonistic races1 territorial claims1 and all the other formulas of international conflict are felt to be unbearable and the curse becomes too great to be any longer borne1 a school of teachers will perhaps arise to pick up again the thread of the best writers and wisest rulers on the eve of the revolution4 ,movement in this region of human things has not all been progressive4 ,if we survey the ,european courts from the end of the ,seven ,years' ,war down to the ,french ,revolution1 we note the marked growth of a distinctly international and pacific spirit4 ,at no era in the world's history can we find so many ,european statesmen after peace and the good government of which peace is the best ally4 ,that sentiment came to violent end when ,napoleon arose to scourge the world4 ,,robert ,,toombs ,,on ,,resigning ,,from ,,the ,,senate1 #ahfa 7,abridged7 ,the success of the ,abolitionists and their allies1 under the name of the ,republican party1 has produced its logical results already4 ,they have for long years been sowing dragons' teeth and have finally got a crop of armed men4 ,the ,union1 sir1 is dissolved4 ,that is an accomplished fact in the path of this discussion that men may as well heed4 ,one of your confederates has already wisely1 bravely1 boldly confronted public danger1 and she is only ahead of many of her sisters because of her greater facility for speedy action4 ,the greater majority of those sister ,states1 under like circumstances1 consider her cause as their cause2 and ,i charge you in their name to-day3 ,touch not ,saguntum4#cg ,it is not only their cause1 but it is a cause which receives the sympathy and will receive the support of tens and hundreds of honest patriot men in the nonslaveholding ,states1 who have hitherto maintained constitutional rights1 and who respect their oaths1 abide by compacts1 and love justice4 ,and while this ,congress1 this ,senate1 and this ,house of ,representatives are debating the constitutionality and the expediency of seceding from the ,union1 and while the perfidious authors of this mischief are showering down denunciations upon a large portion of the patriotic men of this country1 those brave men are coolly and calmly voting what you call revolution--aye1 sir1 doing better than that3 arming to defend it4 ,they appealed to the ,constitution1 they appealed to justice1 they appealed to fraternity1 until the ,constitution1 justice1 and fraternity were no longer listened to in the legislative halls of their country1 and then1 sir1 they prepared for the arbitrament of the sword2 and now you see the glittering bayonet1 and you hear the tramp of armed men from your capitol to the ,rio ,grande4 ,it is a sight that gladdens the eyes and cheers the hearts of other millions ready to second them4 ,inasmuch1 sir1 as ,i have labored earnestly1 honestly1 sincerely1 with these men to avert this necessity so long as ,i deemed it possible1 and inasmuch as ,i heartily approve their present conduct of resistance1 ,i deem it my duty to state their case to the ,senate1 to the country1 and to the civilized world4 ,senators1 my countrymen have demanded no new government2 they have demanded no new ,constitution4 ,look to their records at home and here from the beginning of this national strife until its consummation in the disruption of the empire1 and they have not demanded a single thing except that you shall abide by the ,constitution of the ,united ,states2 that constitutional rights shall be respected1 and that justice shall be done4 ,sirs1 they have stood by your ,constitution2 they have stood by all its requirements1 they have performed all its duties unselfishly1 uncalculatingly1 disinterestedly1 until a party sprang up in this country which endangered their social system--a party which they arraign1 and which they charge before the ,american people and all mankind with having made proclamation of outlawry against four thousand millions of their property in the ,territories of the ,united ,states2 with having put them under the ban of the empire in all the ,states in which their institutions exist outside the protection of federal laws2 with having aided and abetted insurrection from within and invasion from without with the view of subverting those institutions1 and desolating their homes and their firesides4 ,for these causes they have taken up arms4 ,i have stated that the discontented ,states of this ,union have demanded nothing but clear1 distinct1 unequivocal1 well-acknowledged constitutional rights--rights affirmed by the highest judicial tribunals of their country2 rights older than the ,constitution2 rights which are planted upon the immutable principles of natural justice2 rights which have been affirmed by the good and the wise of all countries1 and of all centuries4 ,we demand no power to injure any man4 ,we demand no right to injure our confederate ,states4 ,we demand no right to interfere with their institutions1 either by word or deed4 ,we have no right to disturb their peace1 their tranquillity1 their security4 ,we have demanded of them simply1 solely--nothing else--to give us equality1 security and tranquillity4 ,give us these1 and peace restores itself4 ,refuse them1 and take what you can get4 ,what do the rebels demand8 ,first1 that the people of the ,united ,states shall have an equal right to emigrate and settle in the present or any future acquired ,territories1 with whatever property they may possess 7including slaves71 and be securely protected in its peaceable enjoyment until such ,territory may be admitted as a ,state into the ,union1 with or without slavery1 as she may determine1 on an equality with all existing ,states4 ,that is our ,territorial demand4 ,we have fought for this ,territory when blood was its price4 ,we have paid for it when gold was its price4 ,we have not proposed to exclude you1 tho you have contributed very little of blood or money4 ,i refer especially to ,new ,england4 ,we demand only to go into those ,territories upon terms of equality with you1 as equals in this great ,confederacy1 to enjoy the common property of the whole ,union1 and receive the protection of the common government1 until the ,territory is capable of coming into the ,union as a sovereign ,state1 when it may fix its own institutions to suit itself4 ,the second proposition is1 that property in slaves shall be entitled to the same protection from the government of the ,united ,states1 in all of its departments1 everywhere1 which the ,constitution confers the power upon it to extend to any other property1 provided nothing herein contained shall be construed to limit or restrain the right now belonging to every ,state to prohibit1 abolish1 or establish and protect slavery within its limits4 ,we demand of the common government to use its granted powers to protect our property as well as yours4 ,for this protection we pay as much as you do4 ,this very property is subject to taxation4 ,it has been taxed by you and sold by you for taxes4 ,the title to thousands and tens of thousands of slaves is derived from the ,united ,states4 ,we claim that the government1 while the ,constitution recognizes our property for the purposes of taxation1 shall give it the same protection that it gives yours4 ,ought it not to be so8 ,you say no4 ,every one of you upon the committee said no4 ,your senators say no4 ,your ,house of ,representatives says no4 ,throughout the length and breadth of your conspiracy against the ,constitution there is but one shout of no6 ,this recognition of this right is the price of my allegiance4 ,withhold it1 and you do not get my obedience4 ,this is the philosophy of the armed men who have sprung up in this country4 ,do you ask me to support a government that will tax my property3 that will plunder me2 that will demand my blood1 and will not protect me8 ,i would rather see the population of my native ,state laid six feet beneath her sod than they should support for one hour such a government4 ,protection is the price of obedience everywhere1 in all countries4 ,it is the only thing that makes government respectable4 ,deny it and you can not have free subjects or citizens2 you may have slaves4 ,we demand1 in the next place1 that persons committing crimes against slave property in one ,state1 and fleeing to another1 shall be delivered up in the same manner as persons committing crimes against other property1 and that the laws of the ,state from which such persons flee shall be the test of criminality4 ,that is another one of the demands of an extremist and a rebel4 ,but the nonslaveholding ,states1 treacherous to their oaths and compacts1 have steadily refused1 if the criminal only stole a negro and that negro was a slave1 to deliver him up4 ,it was refused twice on the requisition of my own ,state as long as twenty-two years ago4 ,it was refused by ,kent and by ,fairfield1 governors of ,maine1 and representing1 ,i believe1 each of the then federal parties4 ,we appealed then to fraternity1 but we submitted2 and this constitutional right has been practically a dead letter from that day to this4 ,the next case came up between us and the ,state of ,new ,york1 when the present senior senator ,mr4 ,seward was the governor of that ,state2 and he refused it4 ,why8 ,he said it was not against the laws of ,new ,york to steal a negro1 and therefore he would not comply with the demand4 ,he made a similar refusal to ,virginia4 ,yet these are our confederates2 these are our sister ,states6 ,there is the bargain2 there is the compact4 ,you have sworn to it4 ,both these governors swore to it4 ,the senator from ,new ,york swore to it4 ,the governor of ,ohio swore to it when he was inaugurated4 ,you can not bind them by oaths4 ,yet they talk to us of treason2 and ,i suppose they expect to whip freemen into loving such brethren6 ,they will have a good time in doing it6 ,it is natural we should want this provision of the ,constitution carried out4 ,the ,constitution says slaves are property2 the ,supreme ,court says so2 the ,constitution says so4 ,the theft of slaves is a crime2 they are a subject-matter of felonious asportation4 ,by the text and letter of the ,constitution you agreed to give them up4 ,you have sworn to do it1 and you have broken your oaths4 ,of course1 those who have done so look out for pretexts4 ,nobody expected them to do otherwise4 ,i do not think ,i ever saw a perjurer1 however bald and naked1 who could not invent some pretext to palliate his crime1 or who could not1 for fifteen shillings1 hire an ,old ,bailey lawyer to invent some for him4 ,yet this requirement of the ,constitution is another one of the extreme demands of an extremist and a rebel4 ,the next stipulation is that fugitive slaves shall be surrendered under the provisions of the ,fugitive ,slave ,act of #ahej1 without being entitled either to a writ of habeas corpus1 or trial by jury1 or other similar obstructions of legislation1 in the ,state to which he may flee4 ,here is the ,constitution3 ,no person held to service or labor in one ,state1 under the laws thereof1 escaping into another1 shall1 in consequence of any law or regulation therein1 be discharged from such service or labor1 but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due4 ,this language is plain1 and everybody understood it the same way for the first forty years of your government4 ,in #agic1 in ,washington's time1 an act was passed to carry out this provision4 ,it was adopted unanimously in the ,senate of the ,united ,states1 and nearly so in the ,house of ,representatives4 ,nobody then had invented pretexts to show that the ,constitution did not mean a negro slave4 ,it was clear2 it was plain4 ,not only the federal courts1 but all the local courts in all the ,states1 decided that this was a constitutional obligation4 ,how is it now8 ,the ,north sought to evade it2 following the instincts of their natural character1 they commenced with the fraudulent fiction that fugitives were entitled to habeas corpus1 entitled to trial by jury in the ,state to which they fled4 ,they pretended to believe that our fugitive slaves were entitled to more rights than their white citizens2 perhaps they were right1 they know one another better than ,i do4 ,you may charge a white man with treason1 or felony1 or other crime1 and you do not require any trial by jury before he is given up2 there is nothing to determine but that he is legally charged with a crime and that he fled1 and then he is to be delivered up upon demand4 ,white people are delivered up every day in this way2 but not slaves4 ,slaves1 black people1 you say1 are entitled to trial by jury2 and in this way schemes have been invented to defeat your plain constitutional obligations4 ,senators1 the ,constitution is a compact4 ,it contains all our obligations and the duties of the federal government4 ,i am content and have ever been content to sustain it4 ,while ,i doubt its perfection1 while ,i do not believe it was a good compact1 and while ,i never saw the day that ,i would have voted for it as a proposition de novo1 yet ,i am bound to it by oath and by that common prudence which would induce men to abide by established forms rather than to rush into unknown dangers4 ,i have given to it1 and intend to give to it1 unfaltering support and allegiance1 but ,i choose to put that allegiance on the true ground1 not on the false idea that anybody's blood was shed for it4 ,i say that the ,constitution is the whole compact4 ,all the obligations1 all the chains that fetter the limbs of my people1 are nominated in the bond1 and they wisely excluded any conclusion against them1 by declaring that the powers not granted by the ,constitution to the ,united ,states1 or forbidden by it to the ,states1 belonged to the ,states respectively or the people4 ,now ,i will try it by that standard2 ,i will subject it to that test4 ,the law of nature1 the law of justice1 would say--and it is so expounded by the publicists--that equal rights in the common property shall be enjoyed4 ,even in a monarchy the king can not prevent the subjects from enjoying equality in the disposition of the public property4 ,even in a despotic government this principle is recognized4 ,it was the blood and the money of the whole people 7says the learned ,grotius1 and say all the publicists7 which acquired the public property1 and therefore it is not the property of the sovereign4 ,this right of equality being1 then1 according to justice and natural equity1 a right belonging to all ,states1 when did we give it up8 ,you say ,congress has a right to pass rules and regulations concerning the ,territory and other property of the ,united ,states4 ,very well4 ,does that exclude those whose blood and money paid for it8 ,does dispose of mean to rob the rightful owners8 ,you must show a better title than that1 or a better sword than we have4 ,what1 then1 will you take8 ,you will take nothing but your own judgment2 that is1 you will not only judge for yourselves1 not only discard the court1 discard our construction1 discard the practise of the government1 but you will drive us out1 simply because you will it4 ,come and do it6 ,you have sapped the foundations of society2 you have destroyed almost all hope of peace4 ,in a compact where there is no common arbiter1 where the parties finally decide for themselves1 the sword alone at last becomes the real1 if not the constitutional1 arbiter4 ,your party says that you will not take the decision of the ,supreme ,court4 ,you said so at ,chicago2 you said so in committee2 every man of you in both ,houses says so4 ,what are you going to do8 ,you say we shall submit to your construction4 ,we shall do it1 if you can make us2 but not otherwise1 or in any other manner4 ,that is settled4 ,you may call it secession1 or you may call it revolution2 but there is a big fact standing before you1 ready to oppose you--that fact is1 freemen with arms in their hands4 ,,theodore ,,roosevelt ,,inaugural ,,address 7#aije7 ,,my ,,fellow ,,citizens3--,no people on earth have more cause to be thankful than ours1 and this is said reverently1 in no spirit of boastfulness in our own strength1 but with gratitude to the ,giver of ,good1 ,who has blessed us with the conditions which have enabled us to achieve so large a measure of well-being and happiness4 ,to us as a people it has been granted to lay the foundations of our national life in a new continent4 ,we are the heirs of the ages1 and yet we have had to pay few of the penalties which in old countries are exacted by the dead hand of a bygone civilization4 ,we have not been obliged to fight for our existence against any alien race2 and yet our life has called for the vigor and effort without which the manlier and hardier virtues wither away4 ,under such conditions it would be our own fault if we failed1 and the success which we have had in the past1 the success which we confidently believe the future will bring1 should cause in us no feeling of vainglory1 but rather a deep and abiding realization of all that life has offered us2 a full acknowledgment of the responsibility which is ours2 and a fixed determination to show that under a free government a mighty people can thrive best1 alike as regard the things of the body and the things of the soul4 ,much has been given to us1 and much will rightfully be expected from us4 ,we have duties to others and duties to ourselves--and we can shirk neither4 ,we have become a great nation1 forced by the fact of its greatness into relation to the other nations of the earth1 and we must behave as beseems a people with such responsibilities4 ,toward all other nations1 large and small1 our attitude must be one of cordial and sincere friendship4 ,we must show not only in our words but in our deeds that we are earnestly desirous of securing their good will by acting toward them in a spirit of just and generous recognition of all their rights4 ,but justice and generosity in a nation1 as in an individual1 count most when shown not by the weak but by the strong4 ,while ever careful to refrain from wronging others1 we must be no less insistent that we are not wronged ourselves4 ,we wish peace2 but we wish the peace of justice1 the peace of righteousness4 ,we wish it because we think it is right1 and not because we are afraid4 ,no weak nation that acts rightly and justly should ever have cause to fear1 and no strong power should ever be able to single us out as a subject for insolent aggression4 ,our relations with the other powers of the world are important2 but still more important are our relations among ourselves4 ,such growth in wealth1 in population1 and in power1 as a nation has seen during a century and a quarter of its national life1 is inevitably accompanied by a like growth in the problems which are ever before every nation that rises to greatness4 ,power invariably means both responsibility and danger4 ,our forefathers faced certain perils which we have outgrown4 ,we now face other perils the very existence of which it was impossible that they should foresee4 ,modern life is both complex and intense1 and the tremendous changes wrought by the extraordinary industrial development of the half century are felt in every fiber of our social and political being4 ,never before have men tried so vast and formidable an experiment as that of administering the affairs of a continent under the forms of a democratic republic4 ,the conditions which have told for our marvelous material well-being1 which have developed to a very high degree our energy1 self-reliance1 and individual initiative1 also have brought the care and anxiety inseparable from the accumulation of great wealth in industrial centers4 ,upon the success of our experiment much depends--not only as regards our own welfare1 but as regards the welfare of mankind4 ,if we fail1 the cause of free self-government throughout the world will rock to its foundations1 and therefore our responsibility is heavy1 to ourselves1 to the world as it is to-day1 and to the generations yet unborn4 ,there is no good reason why we should fear the future1 but there is every reason why we should face it seriously1 neither hiding from ourselves the gravity of the problems before us1 nor fearing to approach these problems with the unbending1 unflinching purpose to solve them aright4 ,yet after all1 tho the problems are new1 tho the tasks set before us differ from the tasks set before our fathers1 who founded and preserved this ,republic1 the spirit in which these tasks must be undertaken and these problems faced1 if our duty is to be well done1 remains essentially unchanged4 ,we know that self-government is difficult4 ,we know that no people needs such high traits of character as that people which seeks to govern its affairs aright through the freely expressed will of the free men who compose it4 ,but we have faith that we shall not prove false to memories of the men of the mighty past4 ,they did their work2 they left us the splendid heritage we now enjoy4 ,we in our turn have an assured confidence that we shall be able to leave this heritage unwasted and enlarged to our children's children4 ,to do so1 we must show1 not merely in great crises1 but in the everyday affairs of life1 the qualities of practical intelligence1 of courage1 of hardihood1 and endurance1 and1 above all1 the power of devotion to a lofty ideal1 which made great the men who founded this ,republic in the days of ,washington2 which made great the men who preserved this ,republic in the days of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,,on ,,american ,,motherhood#ch 7#aije7 ,in our modern industrial civilization there are many and grave dangers to counterbalance the splendors and the triumphs4 ,it is not a good thing to see cities grow at disproportionate speed relatively to the country2 for the small land owners1 the men who own their little homes1 and therefore to a very large extent the men who till farms1 the men of the soil1 have hitherto made the foundation of lasting national life in every ,state2 and1 if the foundation becomes either too weak or too narrow1 the superstructure1 no matter how attractive1 is in imminent danger of falling4 ,but far more important than the question of the occupation of our citizens is the question of how their family life is conducted4 ,no matter what that occupation may be1 as long as there is a real home and as long as those who make up that home do their duty to one another1 to their neighbors and to the ,state1 it is of minor consequence whether the man's trade is plied in the country or in the city1 whether it calls for the work of the hands or for the work of the head4 ,no piled-up wealth1 no splendor of material growth1 no brilliance of artistic development1 will permanently avail any people unless its home life is healthy1 unless the average man possesses honesty1 courage1 common sense1 and decency1 unless he works hard and is willing at need to fight hard2 and unless the average woman is a good wife1 a good mother1 able and willing to perform the first and greatest duty of womanhood1 able and willing to bear1 and to bring up as they should be brought up1 healthy children1 sound in body1 mind1 and character1 and numerous enough so that the race shall increase and not decrease4 ,there are certain old truths which will be true as long as this world endures1 and which no amount of progress can alter4 ,one of these is the truth that the primary duty of the husband is to be the home-maker1 the breadwinner for his wife and children1 and that the primary duty of the woman is to be the helpmate1 the housewife1 and mother4 ,the woman should have ample educational advantages2 but save in exceptional cases the man must be1 and she need not be1 and generally ought not to be1 trained for a lifelong career as the family breadwinner2 and1 therefore1 after a certain point1 the training of the two must normally be different because the duties of the two are normally different4 ,this does not mean inequality of function1 but it does mean that normally there must be dissimilarity of function4 ,on the whole1 ,i think the duty of the woman the more important1 the more difficult1 and the more honorable of the two2 on the whole ,i respect the woman who does her duty even more than ,i respect the man who does his4 ,no ordinary work done by a man is either as hard or as responsible as the work of a woman who is bringing up a family of small children2 for upon her time and strength demands are made not only every hour of the day but often every hour of the night4 ,she may have to get up night after night to take care of a sick child1 and yet must by day continue to do all her household duties as well2 and if the family means are scant she must usually enjoy even her rare holidays taking her whole brood of children with her4 ,the birth pangs make all men the debtors of all women4 ,above all our sympathy and regard are due to the struggling wives among those whom ,abraham ,lincoln called the plain people1 and whom he so loved and trusted2 for the lives of these women are often led on the lonely heights of quiet1 self-sacrificing heroism4 ,just as the happiest and most honorable and most useful task that can be set any man is to earn enough for the support of his wife and family1 for the bringing up and starting in life of his children1 so the most important1 the most honorable and desirable task which can be set any woman is to be a good and wise mother in a home marked by self-respect and mutual forbearance1 by willingness to perform duty1 and by refusal to sink into self-indulgence or avoid that which entails effort and self-sacrifice4 ,of course there are exceptional men and exceptional women who can do and ought to do much more than this1 who can lead and ought to lead great careers of outside usefulness in addition to--not as substitutes for--their home work2 but ,i am not speaking of exceptions2 ,i am speaking of the primary duties1 ,i am speaking of the average citizens1 the average men and women who make up the nation4 ,inasmuch as ,i am speaking to an assemblage of mothers1 ,i shall have nothing whatever to say in praise of an easy life4 ,yours is the work which is never ended4 ,no mother has an easy time1 the most mothers have very hard times2 and yet what true mother would barter her experience of joy and sorrow in exchange for a life of cold selfishness1 which insists upon perpetual amusement and the avoidance of care1 and which often finds its fit dwelling place in some flat designed to furnish with the least possible expenditure of effort the maximum of comfort and of luxury1 but in which there is literally no place for children8 ,the woman who is a good wife1 a good mother1 is entitled to our respect as is no one else2 but she is entitled to it only because1 and so long as1 she is worthy of it4 ,effort and self-sacrifice are the law of worthy life for the man as for the woman2 tho neither the effort nor the self-sacrifice may be the same for the one as for the other4 ,i do not in the least believe in the patient ,griselda type of woman1 in the woman who submits to gross and long continued ill treatment1 any more than ,i believe in a man who tamely submits to wrongful aggression4 ,no wrong-doing is so abhorrent as wrong-doing by a man toward the wife and the children who should arouse every tender feeling in his nature4 ,selfishness toward them1 lack of tenderness toward them1 lack of consideration for them1 above all1 brutality in any form toward them1 should arouse the heartiest scorn and indignation in every upright soul4 ,i believe in the woman keeping her self-respect just as ,i believe in the man doing so4 ,i believe in her rights just as much as ,i believe in the man's1 and indeed a little more2 and ,i regard marriage as a partnership1 in which each partner is in honor bound to think of the rights of the other as well as of his or her own4 ,but ,i think that the duties are even more important than the rights2 and in the long run ,i think that the reward is ampler and greater for duty well done1 than for the insistence upon individual rights1 necessary tho this1 too1 must often be4 ,your duty is hard1 your responsibility great2 but greatest of all is your reward4 ,i do not pity you in the least4 ,on the contrary1 ,i feel respect and admiration for you4 ,into the woman's keeping is committed the destiny of the generations to come after us4 ,in bringing up your children you mothers must remember that while it is essential to be loving and tender it is no less essential to be wise and firm4 ,foolishness and affection must not be treated as interchangeable terms2 and besides training your sons and daughters in the softer and milder virtues1 you must seek to give them those stern and hardy qualities which in after life they will surely need4 ,some children will go wrong in spite of the best training2 and some will go right even when their surroundings are most unfortunate2 nevertheless an immense amount depends upon the family training4 ,if you mothers through weakness bring up your sons to be selfish and to think only of themselves1 you will be responsible for much sadness among the women who are to be their wives in the future4 ,if you let your daughters grow up idle1 perhaps under the mistaken impression that as you yourselves have had to work hard they shall know only enjoyment1 you are preparing them to be useless to others and burdens to themselves4 ,teach boys and girls alike that they are not to look forward to lives spent in avoiding difficulties1 but to lives spent in overcoming difficulties4 ,teach them that work1 for themselves and also for others1 is not curse but a blessing2 seek to make them happy1 to make them enjoy life1 but seek also to make them face life with the steadfast resolution to wrest success from labor and adversity1 and to do their whole duty before ,god and to man4 ,surely she who can thus train her sons and her daughters is thrice fortunate among women4 ,there are many good people who are denied the supreme blessing of children1 and for these we have the respect and sympathy always due to those who1 from no fault of their own1 are denied any of the other great blessings of life4 ,but the man or woman who deliberately foregoes these blessings1 whether from viciousness1 coldness1 shallow-heartedness1 self-indulgence1 or mere failure to appreciate aright the difference between the all-important and the unimportant1--why1 such a creature merits contempt as hearty as any visited upon the soldier who runs away in battle1 or upon the man who refuses to work for the support of those dependent upon him1 and who tho able-bodied is yet content to eat in idleness the bread which others provide4 ,the existence of women of this type forms one of the most unpleasant and unwholesome features of modern life4 ,if any one is so dim of vision as to fail to see what a thoroughly unlovely creature such a woman is ,i wish they would read ,judge ,robert ,grant's novel ,unleavened ,bread1 ponder seriously the character of ,selma1 and think of the fate that would surely overcome any nation which developed its average and typical woman along such lines4 ,unfortunately it would be untrue to say that this type exists only in ,american novels4 ,that it also exists in ,american life is made unpleasantly evident by the statistics as to the dwindling families in some localities4 ,it is made evident in equally sinister fashion by the census statistics as to divorce1 which are fairly appalling2 for easy divorce is now as it ever has been1 a bane to any nation1 a curse to society1 a menace to the home1 an incitement to married unhappiness and to immorality1 an evil thing for men and a still more hideous evil for women4 ,these unpleasant tendencies in our ,american life are made evident by articles such as those which ,i actually read not long ago in a certain paper1 where a clergyman was quoted1 seemingly with approval1 as expressing the general ,american attitude when he said that the ambition of any save a very rich man should be to rear two children only1 so as to give his children an opportunity to taste a few of the good things of life4 ,this man1 whose profession and calling should have made him a moral teacher1 actually set before others the ideal1 not of training children to do their duty1 not of sending them forth with stout hearts and ready minds to win triumphs for themselves and their country1 not of allowing them the opportunity1 and giving them the privilege of making their own place in the world1 but1 forsooth1 of keeping the number of children so limited that they might taste a few good things6 ,the way to give a child a fair chance in life is not to bring it up in luxury1 but to see that it has the kind of training that will give it strength of character4 ,even apart from the vital question of national life1 and regarding only the individual interest of the children themselves1 happiness in the true sense is a hundredfold more apt to come to any given member of a healthy family of healthy-minded children1 well brought up1 well educated1 but taught that they must shift for themselves1 must win their own way1 and by their own exertions make their own positions of usefulness1 than it is apt to come to those whose parents themselves have acted on and have trained their children to act on1 the selfish and sordid theory that the whole end of life is to taste a few good things4 ,the intelligence of the remark is on a par with its morality2 for the most rudimentary mental process would have shown the speaker that if the average family in which there are children contained but two children the nation as a whole would decrease in population so rapidly that in two or three generations it would very deservedly be on the point of extinction1 so that the people who had acted on this base and selfish doctrine would be giving place to others with braver and more robust ideals4 ,nor would such a result be in any way regrettable2 for a race that practised such doctrine--that is1 a race that practised race suicide--would thereby conclusively show that it was unfit to exist1 and that it had better give place to people who had not forgotten the primary laws of their being4 ,to sum up1 then1 the whole matter is simple enough4 ,if either a race or an individual prefers the pleasure of more effortless ease1 of self-indulgence1 to the infinitely deeper1 the infinitely higher pleasures that come to those who know the toil and the weariness1 but also the joy1 of hard duty well done1 why1 that race or that individual must inevitably in the end pay the penalty of leading a life both vapid and ignoble4 ,no man and no woman really worthy of the name can care for the life spent solely or chiefly in the avoidance of risk and trouble and labor4 ,save in exceptional cases the prizes worth having in life must be paid for1 and the life worth living must be a life of work for a worthy end1 and ordinarily of work more for others than for one's self4 ,the woman's task is not easy--no task worth doing is easy--but in doing it1 and when she has done it1 there shall come to her the highest and holiest joy known to mankind2 and having done it1 she shall have the reward prophesied in ,scripture2 for her husband and her children1 yes1 and all people who realize that her work lies at the foundation of all national happiness and greatness1 shall rise up and call her blessed4 ,,alton ,b4 ,,parker ,,the ,,call ,,to ,,democrats ,from a speech opening the ,national ,democratic ,convention at ,baltimore1 ,md41 ,june1 #aiab4 ,it is not the wild and cruel methods of revolution and violence that are needed to correct the abuses incident to our ,government as to all things human4 ,neither material nor moral progress lies that way4 ,we have made our ,government and our complicated institutions by appeals to reason1 seeking to educate all our people that1 day after day1 year after year1 century after century1 they may see more clearly1 act more justly1 become more and more attached to the fundamental ideas that underlie our society4 ,if we are to preserve undiminished the heritage bequeathed us1 and add to it those accretions without which society would perish1 we shall need all the powers that the school1 the church1 the court1 the deliberative assembly1 and the quiet thought of our people can bring to bear4 ,we are called upon to do battle against the unfaithful guardians of our ,constitution and liberties and the hordes of ignorance which are pushing forward only to the ruin of our social and governmental fabric4 ,too long has the country endured the offenses of the leaders of a party which once knew greatness4 ,too long have we been blind to the bacchanal of corruption4 ,too long have we listlessly watched the assembling of the forces that threaten our country and our firesides4 ,the time has come when the salvation of the country demands the restoration to place and power of men of high ideals who will wage unceasing war against corruption in politics1 who will enforce the law against both rich and poor1 and who will treat guilt as personal and punish it accordingly4 ,what is our duty8 ,to think alike as to men and measures8 ,impossible6 ,even for our great party6 ,there is not a reactionary among us4 ,all ,democrats are ,progressives4 ,but it is inevitably human that we shall not all agree that in a single highway is found the only road to progress1 or each make the same man of all our worthy candidates his first choice4 ,it is impossible1 however1 and it is our duty to put aside all selfishness1 to consent cheerfully that the majority shall speak for each of us1 and to march out of this convention shoulder to shoulder1 intoning the praises of our chosen leader--and that will be his due1 whichever of the honorable and able men now claiming our attention shall be chosen4 ,,john ,w4 ,,wescott ,,nominating ,,woodrow ,,wilson ,at the ,national ,democratic ,convention1 ,baltimore1 ,maryland1 ,june1 #aiab4 ,the ,new ,jersey delegation is commissioned to represent the great cause of ,democracy and to offer you as its militant and triumphant leader a scholar1 not a charlatan2 a statesman1 not a doctrinaire2 a profound lawyer1 not a splitter of legal hairs2 a political economist1 not an egotistical theorist2 a practical politician1 who constructs1 modifies1 restrains1 without disturbance and destruction2 a resistless debater and consummate master of statement1 not a mere sophist2 a humanitarian1 not a defamer of characters and lives2 a man whose mind is at once cosmopolitan and composite of ,america2 a gentleman of unpretentious habits1 with the fear of ,god in his heart and the love of mankind exhibited in every act of his life2 above all a public servant who has been tried to the uttermost and never found wanting--matchless1 unconquerable1 the ultimate ,democrat1 ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,new ,jersey has reasons for her course4 ,let us not be deceived in our premises4 ,campaigns of vilification1 corruption and false pretence have lost their usefulness4 ,the evolution of national energy is towards a more intelligent morality in politics and in all other relations4 ,the situation admits of no compromise4 ,the temper and purpose of the ,american public will tolerate no other view4 ,the indifference of the ,american people to politics has disappeared4 ,any platform and any candidate not conforming to this vast social and commercial behest will go down to ignominious defeat at the polls4 ,men are known by what they say and do4 ,they are known by those who hate and oppose them4 ,many years ago ,woodrow ,wilson said1 ,no man is great who thinks himself so1 and no man is good who does not try to secure the happiness and comfort of others4 ,this is the secret of his life4 ,the deeds of this moral and intellectual giant are known to all men4 ,they accord1 not with the shams and false pretences of politics1 but make national harmony with the millions of patriots determined to correct the wrongs of plutocracy and reestablish the maxims of ,american liberty in all their regnant beauty and practical effectiveness4 ,new ,jersey loves ,woodrow ,wilson not for the enemies he has made4 ,new ,jersey loves him for what he is4 ,new ,jersey argues that ,woodrow ,wilson is the only candidate who can not only make ,democratic success a certainty1 but secure the electoral vote of almost every ,state in the ,union4 ,new ,jersey will indorse his nomination by a majority of #ajj1jjj of her liberated citizens4 ,we are not building for a day1 or even a generation1 but for all time4 ,new ,jersey believes that there is an omniscience in national instinct4 ,that instinct centers in ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,he has been in political life less than two years4 ,he has had no organization2 only a practical ideal--the reestablishment of equal opportunity4 ,not his deeds alone1 not his immortal words alone1 not his personality alone1 not his matchless powers alone1 but all combined compel national faith and confidence in him4 ,every crisis evolves its master4 ,time and circumstance have evolved ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,the ,north1 the ,south1 the ,east1 and the ,west unite in him4 ,new ,jersey appeals to this convention to give the nation ,woodrow ,wilson1 that he may open the gates of opportunity to every man1 woman1 and child under our flag1 by reforming abuses1 and thereby teaching them1 in his matchless words1 to release their energies intelligently1 that peace1 justice and prosperity may reign4 ,new ,jersey rejoices1 through her freely chosen representatives1 to name for the presidency of the ,united ,states the ,princeton schoolmaster1 ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,,henry ,w4 ,,grady ,,the ,,race ,,problem ,delivered at the annual banquet of the ,boston ,merchants' ,association1 at ,boston1 ,mass41 ,december #ab1 #ahhi4 ,,mr4 ,,president3--,bidden by your invitation to a discussion of the race problem--forbidden by occasion to make a political speech--,i appreciate1 in trying to reconcile orders with propriety1 the perplexity of the little maid1 who1 bidden to learn to swim1 was yet adjured1 ,now1 go1 my darling2 hang your clothes on a hickory limb1 and don't go near the water4 ,the stoutest apostle of the ,church1 they say1 is the missionary1 and the missionary1 wherever he unfurls his flag1 will never find himself in deeper need of unction and address than ,i1 bidden to-night to plant the standard of a ,southern ,democrat in ,boston's banquet hall1 and to discuss the problem of the races in the home of ,phillips and of ,sumner4 ,but1 ,mr4 ,president1 if a purpose to speak in perfect frankness and sincerity2 if earnest understanding of the vast interests involved2 if a consecrating sense of what disaster may follow further misunderstanding and estrangement2 if these may be counted upon to steady undisciplined speech and to strengthen an untried arm--then1 sir1 ,i shall find the courage to proceed4 ,happy am ,i that this mission has brought my feet at last to press ,new ,england's historic soil and my eyes to the knowledge of her beauty and her thrift4 ,here within touch of ,plymouth ,rock and ,bunker ,hill--where ,webster thundered and ,longfellow sang1 ,emerson thought and ,channing preached--here1 in the cradle of ,american letters and almost of ,american liberty1 ,i hasten to make the obeisance that every ,american owes ,new ,england when first he stands uncovered in her mighty presence4 ,strange apparition6 ,this stern and unique figure--carved from the ocean and the wilderness--its majesty kindling and growing amid the storms of winter and of wars--until at last the gloom was broken1 its beauty disclosed in the sunshine1 and the heroic workers rested at its base--while startled kings and emperors gazed and marveled that from the rude touch of this handful cast on a bleak and unknown shore should have come the embodied genius of human government and the perfected model of human liberty6 ,god bless the memory of those immortal workers1 and prosper the fortunes of their living sons--and perpetuate the inspiration of their handiwork4 ,two years ago1 sir1 ,i spoke some words in ,new ,york that caught the attention of the ,north4 ,as ,i stand here to reiterate1 as ,i have done everywhere1 every word ,i then uttered--to declare that the sentiments ,i then avowed were universally approved in the ,south--,i realize that the confidence begotten by that speech is largely responsible for my presence here to-night4 ,i should dishonor myself if ,i betrayed that confidence by uttering one insincere word1 or by withholding one essential element of the truth4 ,apropos of this last1 let me confess1 ,mr4 ,president1 before the praise of ,new ,england has died on my lips1 that ,i believe the best product of her present life is the procession of seventeen thousand ,vermont ,democrats that for twenty-two years1 undiminished by death1 unrecruited by birth or conversion1 have marched over their rugged hills1 cast their ,democratic ballots and gone back home to pray for their unregenerate neighbors1 and awake to read the record of twenty-six thousand ,republican majority4 ,may the ,god of the helpless and the heroic help them1 and may their sturdy tribe increase4 ,far to the ,south1 ,mr4 ,president1 separated from this section by a line--once defined in irrepressible difference1 once traced in fratricidal blood1 and now1 thank ,god1 but a vanishing shadow--lies the fairest and richest domain of this earth4 ,it is the home of a brave and hospitable people4 ,there is centered all that can please or prosper humankind4 ,a perfect climate above a fertile soil yields to the husbandman every product of the temperate zone4 ,there1 by night the cotton whitens beneath the stars1 and by day the wheat locks the sunshine in its bearded sheaf4 ,in the same field the clover steals the fragrance of the wind1 and tobacco catches the quick aroma of the rains4 ,there are mountains stored with exhaustless treasures2 forests--vast and primeval2 and rivers that1 tumbling or loitering1 run wanton to the sea4 ,of the three essential items of all industries--cotton1 iron and wood--that region has easy control4 ,in cotton1 a fixed monopoly--in iron1 proven supremacy--in timber1 the reserve supply of the ,republic4 ,from this assured and permanent advantage1 against which artificial conditions cannot much longer prevail1 has grown an amazing system of industries4 ,not maintained by human contrivance of tariff or capital1 afar off from the fullest and cheapest source of supply1 but resting in divine assurance1 within touch of field and mine and forest--not set amid costly farms from which competition has driven the farmer in despair1 but amid cheap and sunny lands1 rich with agriculture1 to which neither season nor soil has set a limit--this system of industries is mounting to a splendor that shall dazzle and illumine the world4 ,that1 sir1 is the picture and the promise of my home--a land better and fairer than ,i have told you1 and yet but fit setting in its material excellence for the loyal and gentle quality of its citizenship4 ,against that1 sir1 we have ,new ,england1 recruiting the ,republic from its sturdy loins1 shaking from its overcrowded hives new swarms of workers1 and touching this land all over with its energy and its courage4 ,and yet--while in the ,eldorado of which ,i have told you but fifteen per cent of its lands are cultivated1 its mines scarcely touched1 and its population so scant that1 were it set equidistant1 the sound of the human voice could not be heard from ,virginia to ,texas--while on the threshold of nearly every house in ,new ,england stands a son1 seeking1 with troubled eyes1 some new land in which to carry his modest patrimony1 the strange fact remains that in #ahhj the ,south had fewer northern-born citizens than she had in #ahgj--;fewer in '#gj than in '#fj4 ,why is this8 ,why is it1 sir1 though the section line be now but a mist that the breath may dispel1 fewer men of the ,north have crossed it over to the ,south1 than when it was crimson with the best blood of the ,republic1 or even when the slaveholder stood guard every inch of its way8 ,there can be but one answer4 ,it is the very problem we are now to consider4 ,the key that opens that problem will unlock to the world the fairest half of this ,republic1 and free the halted feet of thousands whose eyes are already kindling with its beauty4 ,better than this1 it will open the hearts of brothers for thirty years estranged1 and clasp in lasting comradeship a million hands now withheld in doubt4 ,nothing1 sir1 but this problem and the suspicions it breeds1 hinders a clear understanding and a perfect union4 ,nothing else stands between us and such love as bound ,georgia and ,massachusetts at ,valley ,forge and ,yorktown1 chastened by the sacrifices of ,manassas and ,gettysburg1 and illumined with the coming of better work and a nobler destiny than was ever wrought with the sword or sought at the cannon's mouth4 ,if this does not invite your patient hearing to-night--hear one thing more4 ,my people1 your brothers in the ,south--brothers in blood1 in destiny1 in all that is best in our past and future--are so beset with this problem that their very existence depends on its right solution4 ,nor are they wholly to blame for its presence4 ,the slave-ships of the ,republic sailed from your ports1 the slaves worked in our fields4 ,you will not defend the traffic1 nor ,i the institution4 ,but ,i do here declare that in its wise and humane administration in lifting the slave to heights of which he had not dreamed in his savage home1 and giving him a happiness he has not yet found in freedom1 our fathers left their sons a saving and excellent heritage4 ,in the storm of war this institution was lost4 ,i thank ,god as heartily as you do that human slavery is gone forever from ,american soil4 ,but the freedman remains4 ,with him1 a problem without precedent or parallel4 ,note its appalling conditions4 ,two utterly dissimilar races on the same soil--with equal political and civil rights--almost equal in numbers1 but terribly unequal in intelligence and responsibility--each pledged against fusion--one for a century in servitude to the other1 and freed at last by a desolating war1 the experiment sought by neither but approached by both with doubt--these are the conditions4 ,under these1 adverse at every point1 we are required to carry these two races in peace and honor to the end4 ,never1 sir1 has such a task been given to mortal stewardship4 ,never before in this ,republic has the white race divided on the rights of an alien race4 ,the red man was cut down as a weed because he hindered the way of the ,american citizen4 ,the yellow man was shut out of this ,republic because he is an alien1 and inferior4 ,the red man was owner of the land--the yellow man was highly civilized and assimilable--but they hindered both sections and are gone6 ,but the black man1 affecting but one section1 is clothed with every privilege of government and pinned to the soil1 and my people commanded to make good at any hazard1 and at any cost1 his full and equal heirship of ,american privilege and prosperity4 ,it matters not that every other race has been routed or excluded without rhyme or reason4 ,it matters not that wherever the whites and the blacks have touched1 in any era or in any clime1 there has been an irreconcilable violence4 ,it matters not that no two races1 however similar1 have lived anywhere1 at any time1 on the same soil with equal rights in peace6 ,in spite of these things we are commanded to make good this change of ,american policy which has not perhaps changed ,american prejudice--to make certain here what has elsewhere been impossible between whites and blacks--and to reverse1 under the very worst conditions1 the universal verdict of racial history4 ,and driven1 sir1 to this superhuman task with an impatience that brooks no delay--a rigor that accepts no excuse--and a suspicion that discourages frankness and sincerity4 ,we do not shrink from this trial4 ,it is so interwoven with our industrial fabric that we cannot disentangle it if we would--so bound up in our honorable obligation to the world1 that we would not if we could4 ,can we solve it8 ,the ,god who gave it into our hands1 ,he alone can know4 ,but this the weakest and wisest of us do know3 we cannot solve it with less than your tolerant and patient sympathy--with less than the knowledge that the blood that runs in your veins is our blood--and that1 when we have done our best1 whether the issue be lost or won1 we shall feel your strong arms about us and hear the beating of your approving hearts6 ,the resolute1 clear-headed1 broad-minded men of the ,south--the men whose genius made glorious every page of the first seventy years of ,american history--whose courage and fortitude you tested in five years of the fiercest war--whose energy has made bricks without straw and spread splendor amid the ashes of their war-wasted homes--these men wear this problem in their hearts and brains1 by day and by night4 ,they realize1 as you cannot1 what this problem means--what they owe to this kindly and dependent race--the measure of their debt to the world in whose despite they defended and maintained slavery4 ,and though their feet are hindered in its undergrowth1 and their march cumbered with its burdens1 they have lost neither the patience from which comes clearness1 nor the faith from which comes courage4 ,nor1 sir1 when in passionate moments is disclosed to them that vague and awful shadow1 with its lurid abysses and its crimson stains1 into which ,i pray ,god they may never go1 are they struck with more of apprehension than is needed to complete their consecration6 ,such is the temper of my people4 ,but what of the problem itself8 ,mr4 ,president1 we need not go one step further unless you concede right here that the people ,i speak for are as honest1 as sensible and as just as your people1 seeking as earnestly as you would in their place to rightly solve the problem that touches them at every vital point4 ,if you insist that they are ruffians1 blindly striving with bludgeon and shotgun to plunder and oppress a race1 then ,i shall sacrifice my self-respect and tax your patience in vain4 ,but admit that they are men of common sense and common honesty1 wisely modifying an environment they cannot wholly disregard--guiding and controlling as best they can the vicious and irresponsible of either race--compensating error with frankness1 and retrieving in patience what they lost in passion--and conscious all the time that wrong means ruin--admit this1 and we may reach an understanding to-night4 ,the ,president of the ,united ,states1 in his late message to ,congress1 discussing the plea that the ,south should be left to solve this problem1 asks3 ,are they at work upon it8 ,what solution do they offer8 ,when will the black man cast a free ballot8 ,when will he have the civil rights that are his8 ,i shall not here protest against a partisanry that1 for the first time in our history1 in time of peace1 has stamped with the great seal of our government a stigma upon the people of a great and loyal section2 though ,i gratefully remember that the great dead soldier1 who held the helm of ,state for the eight stormiest years of reconstruction1 never found need for such a step2 and though there is no personal sacrifice ,i would not make to remove this cruel and unjust imputation on my people from the archives of my country6 ,but1 sir1 backed by a record1 on every page of which is progress1 ,i venture to make earnest and respectful answer to the questions that are asked4 ,we give to the world this year a crop of #g1ejj1jjj bales of cotton1 worth #dej1jjj1jjj1 and its cash equivalent in grain1 grasses and fruit4 ,this enormous crop could not have come from the hands of sullen and discontented labor4 ,it comes from peaceful fields1 in which laughter and gossip rise above the hum of industry1 and contentment runs with the singing plough4 ,it is claimed that this ignorant labor is defrauded of its just hire1 ,i present the tax books of ,georgia1 which show that the negro twenty-five years ago a slave1 has in ,georgia alone #aj1jjj1jjj of assessed property1 worth twice that much4 ,does not that record honor him and vindicate his neighbors8 ,what people1 penniless1 illiterate1 has done so well8 ,for every ,afro-,american agitator1 stirring the strife in which alone he prospers1 ,i can show you a thousand negroes1 happy in their cabin homes1 tilling their own land by day1 and at night taking from the lips of their children the helpful message their ,state sends them from the schoolhouse door4 ,and the schoolhouse itself bears testimony4 ,in ,georgia we added last year #bej1jjj to the school fund1 making a total of more than #a1jjj1jjj--;and this in the face of prejudice not yet conquered--of the fact that the whites are assessed for #cfh1jjj1jjj1 the blacks for #aj1jjj1jjj1 and yet forty-nine per cent of the beneficiaries are black children2 and in the doubt of many wise men if education helps1 or can help1 our problem4 ,charleston1 with her taxable values cut half in two since #ahfj1 pays more in proportion for public schools than ,boston4 ,although it is easier to give much out of much than little out of little1 the ,south1 with one-seventh of the taxable property of the country1 with relatively larger debt1 having received only one-twelfth as much of public lands1 and having back of its tax books none of the #ejj1jjj1jjj of bonds that enrich the ,north--and though it pays annually #bf1jjj1jjj to your section as pensions--yet gives nearly one-sixth to the public school fund4 ,the ,south since #ahfe has spent #abb1jjj1jjj in education1 and this year is pledged to #cb1jjj1jjj more for ,state and city schools1 although the blacks1 paying one-thirtieth of the taxes1 get nearly one-half of the fund4 ,go into our fields and see whites and blacks working side by side4 ,on our buildings in the same squad4 ,in our shops at the same forge4 ,often the blacks crowd the whites from work1 or lower wages by their greater need and simpler habits1 and yet are permitted1 because we want to bar them from no avenue in which their feet are fitted to tread4 ,they could not there be elected orators of white universities1 as they have been here1 but they do enter there a hundred useful trades that are closed against them here4 ,we hold it better and wiser to tend the weeds in the garden than to water the exotic in the window4 ,in the ,south there are negro lawyers1 teachers1 editors1 dentists1 doctors1 preachers1 multiplying with the increasing ability of their race to support them4 ,in villages and towns they have their military companies equipped from the armories of the ,state1 their churches and societies built and supported largely by their neighbors4 ,what is the testimony of the courts8 ,in penal legislation we have steadily reduced felonies to misdemeanors1 and have led the world in mitigating punishment for crime1 that we might save1 as far as possible1 this dependent race from its own weakness4 ,in our penitentiary record sixty per cent of the prosecutors are negroes1 and in every court the negro criminal strikes the colored juror1 that white men may judge his case4 ,in the ,north1 one negro in every #ahe is in jail--in the ,south1 only one in #ddf4 ,in the ,north the percentage of negro prisoners is six times as great as that of native whites2 in the ,south1 only four times as great4 ,if prejudice wrongs him in ,southern courts1 the record shows it to be deeper in ,northern courts4 ,i assert here1 and a bar as intelligent and upright as the bar of ,massachusetts will solemnly indorse my assertion1 that in the ,southern courts1 from highest to lowest1 pleading for life1 liberty or property1 the negro has distinct advantage because he is a negro1 apt to be overreached1 oppressed--and that this advantage reaches from the juror in making his verdict to the judge in measuring his sentence4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,president1 can it be seriously maintained that we are terrorizing the people from whose willing hands comes every year #a1jjj1jjj1jjj of farm crops8 ,or have robbed a people who1 twenty-five years from unrewarded slavery1 have amassed in one ,state #bj1jjj1jjj of property8 ,or that we intend to oppress the people we are arming every day8 ,or deceive them1 when we are educating them to the utmost limit of our ability8 ,or outlaw them1 when we work side by side with them8 ,or re-enslave them under legal forms1 when for their benefit we have even imprudently narrowed the limit of felonies and mitigated the severity of law8 ,my fellow-countrymen1 as you yourselves may sometimes have to appeal at the bar of human judgment for justice and for right1 give to my people to-night the fair and unanswerable conclusion of these incontestable facts4 ,but it is claimed that under this fair seeming there is disorder and violence4 ,this ,i admit4 ,and there will be until there is one ideal community on earth after which we may pattern4 ,but how widely is it misjudged6 ,it is hard to measure with exactness whatever touches the negro4 ,his helplessness1 his isolation1 his century of servitude1--these dispose us to emphasize and magnify his wrongs4 ,this disposition1 inflamed by prejudice and partisanry1 has led to injustice and delusion4 ,lawless men may ravage a county in ,iowa and it is accepted as an incident--in the ,south1 a drunken row is declared to be the fixed habit of the community4 ,regulators may whip vagabonds in ,indiana by platoons and it scarcely arrests attention--a chance collision in the ,south among relatively the same classes is gravely accepted as evidence that one race is destroying the other4 ,we might as well claim that the ,union was ungrateful to the colored soldier who followed its flag because a ,grand ,army post in ,connecticut closed its doors to a negro veteran as for you to give racial significance to every incident in the ,south1 or to accept exceptional grounds as the rule of our society4 ,i am not one of those who becloud ,american honor with the parade of the outrages of either section1 and belie ,american character by declaring them to be significant and representative4 ,i prefer to maintain that they are neither1 and stand for nothing but the passion and sin of our poor fallen humanity4 ,if society1 like a machine1 were no stronger than its weakest part1 ,i should despair of both sections4 ,but1 knowing that society1 sentient and responsible in every fiber1 can mend and repair until the whole has the strength of the best1 ,i despair of neither4 ,these gentlemen who come with me here1 knit into ,georgia's busy life as they are1 never saw1 ,i dare assert1 an outrage committed on a negro6 ,and if they did1 no one of you would be swifter to prevent or punish4 ,it is through them1 and the men and women who think with them--making nine-tenths of every ,southern community--that these two races have been carried thus far with less of violence than would have been possible anywhere else on earth4 ,and in their fairness and courage and steadfastness--more than in all the laws that can be passed1 or all the bayonets that can be mustered--is the hope of our future4 ,when will the blacks cast a free ballot8 ,when ignorance anywhere is not dominated by the will of the intelligent2 when the laborer anywhere casts a vote unhindered by his boss2 when the vote of the poor anywhere is not influenced by the power of the rich2 when the strong and the steadfast do not everywhere control the suffrage of the weak and shiftless--then1 and not till then1 will the ballot of the negro be free4 ,the white people of the ,south are banded1 ,mr4 ,president1 not in prejudice against the blacks--not in sectional estrangement--not in the hope of political dominion--but in a deep and abiding necessity4 ,here is this vast ignorant and purchasable vote--clannish1 credulous1 impulsive1 and passionate--tempting every art of the demagogue1 but insensible to the appeal of the stateman4 ,wrongly started1 in that it was led into alienation from its neighbor and taught to rely on the protection of an outside force1 it cannot be merged and lost in the two great parties through logical currents1 for it lacks political conviction and even that information on which conviction must be based4 ,it must remain a faction--strong enough in every community to control on the slightest division of the whites4 ,under that division it becomes the prey of the cunning and unscrupulous of both parties4 ,its credulity is imposed upon1 its patience inflamed1 its cupidity tempted1 its impulses misdirected--and even its superstition made to play its part in a campaign in which every interest of society is jeopardized and every approach to the ballot-box debauched4 ,it is against such campaigns as this--the folly and the bitterness and the danger of which every ,southern community has drunk deeply--that the white people of the ,south are banded together4 ,just as you in ,massachusetts would be banded if #cjj1jjj men1 not one in a hundred able to read his ballot--banded in race instinct1 holding against you the memory of a century of slavery1 taught by your late conquerors to distrust and oppose you1 had already travestied legislation from your ,state ,house1 and in every species of folly or villainy had wasted your substance and exhausted your credit4 ,but admitting the right of the whites to unite against this tremendous menace1 we are challenged with the smallness of our vote4 ,this has long been flippantly charged to be evidence and has now been solemnly and officially declared to be proof of political turpitude and baseness on our part4 ,let us see4 ,virginia--a state now under fierce assault for this alleged crime--cast in #ahhh seventy-five per cent of her vote2 ,massachusetts1 the ,state in which ,i speak1 sixty per cent of her vote4 ,was it suppression in ,virginia and natural causes in ,massachusetts8 ,last month ,virginia cast sixty-nine per cent of her vote2 and ,massachusetts1 fighting in every district1 cast only forty-nine per cent of hers4 ,if ,virginia is condemned because thirty-one per cent of her vote was silent1 how shall this ,state escape1 in which fifty-one per cent was dumb8 ,let us enlarge this comparison4 ,the sixteen ,southern ,states in '#hh cast sixty-seven per cent of their total vote--the six ,new ,england ,states but sixty-three per cent of theirs4 ,by what fair rule shall the stigma be put upon one section while the other escapes8 ,a congressional election in ,new ,york last week1 with the polling place in touch of every voter1 brought out only #f1jjj votes of #bh1jjj--;and the lack of opposition is assigned as the natural cause4 ,in a district in my ,state1 in which an opposition speech has not been heard in ten years and the polling places are miles apart--under the unfair reasoning of which my section has been a constant victim--the small vote is charged to be proof of forcible suppression4 ,in ,virginia an average majority of #ab1jjj1 unless hopeless division of the minority1 was raised to #db1jjj2 in ,iowa1 in the same election1 a majority of #cb1jjj was wiped out and an opposition majority of #h1jjj was established4 ,the change of #dj1jjj votes in ,iowa is accepted as political revolution--in ,virginia an increase of #cj1jjj on a safe majority is declared to be proof of political fraud4 ,it is deplorable1 sir1 that in both sections a larger percentage of the vote is not regularly cast1 but more inexplicable that this should be so in ,new ,england than in the ,south4 ,what invites the negro to the ballot-box8 ,he knows that of all men it has promised him most and yielded him least4 ,his first appeal to suffrage was the promise of forty acres and a mule2 his second1 the threat that ,democratic success meant his re-enslavement4 ,both have been proved false in his experience4 ,he looked for a home1 and he got the ,freedman's ,bank4 ,he fought under promise of the loaf1 and in victory was denied the crumbs4 ,discouraged and deceived1 he has realized at last that his best friends are his neighbors with whom his lot is cast1 and whose prosperity is bound up in his--and that he has gained nothing in politics to compensate the loss of their confidence and sympathy1 that is at last his best and enduring hope4 ,and so1 without leaders or organization--and lacking the resolute heroism of my party friends in ,vermont that make their hopeless march over the hills a high and inspiring pilgrimage--he shrewdly measures the occasional agitator1 balances his little account with politics1 touches up his mule1 and jogs down the furrow1 letting the mad world wag as it will6 ,the negro voter can never control in the ,south1 and it would be well if partisans at the ,north would understand this4 ,i have seen the white people of a ,state set about by black hosts until their fate seemed sealed4 ,but1 sir1 some brave men1 banding them together1 would rise as ,elisha rose in beleaguered ,samaria1 and1 touching their eyes with faith1 bid them look abroad to see the very air filled with the chariots of ,israel and the horsemen thereof4 ,if there is any human force that cannot be withstood1 it is the power of the banded intelligence and responsibility of a free community4 ,against it1 numbers and corruption cannot prevail4 ,it cannot be forbidden in the law1 or divorced in force4 ,it is the inalienable right of every free community--the just and righteous safeguard against an ignorant or corrupt suffrage4 ,it is on this1 sir1 that we rely in the ,south4 ,not the cowardly menace of mask or shotgun1 but the peaceful majesty of intelligence and responsibility1 massed and unified for the protection of its homes and the preservation of its liberty4 ,that1 sir1 is our reliance and our hope1 and against it all the powers of earth shall not prevail4 ,it is just as certain that ,virginia would come back to the unchallenged control of her white race--that before the moral and material power of her people once more unified1 opposition would crumble until its last desperate leader was left alone1 vainly striving to rally his disordered hosts--as that night should fade in the kindling glory of the sun4 ,you may pass force bills1 but they will not avail4 ,you may surrender your own liberties to federal election law2 you may submit1 in fear of a necessity that does not exist1 that the very form of this government may be changed2 you may invite federal interference with the ,new ,england town meeting1 that has been for a hundred years the guarantee of local government in ,america2 this old ,state--which holds in its charter the boast that it is a free and independent commonwealth--may deliver its election machinery into the hands of the government it helped to create--but never1 sir1 will a single ,state of this ,union1 ,north or ,south1 be delivered again to the control of an ignorant and inferior race4 ,we wrested our state governments from negro supremacy when the ,federal drumbeat rolled closer to the ballot-box1 and ,federal bayonets hedged it deeper about than will ever again be permitted in this free government4 ,but1 sir1 though the cannon of this ,republic thundered in every voting district in the ,south1 we still should find in the mercy of ,god the means and the courage to prevent its reestablishment4 ,i regret1 sir1 that my section1 hindered with this problem1 stands in seeming estrangement to the ,north4 ,if1 sir1 any man will point out to me a path down which the white people of the ,south1 divided1 may walk in peace and honor1 ,i will take that path1 though ,i take it alone--for at its end1 and nowhere else1 ,i fear1 is to be found the full prosperity of my section and the full restoration of this ,union4 ,but1 sir1 if the negro had not been enfranchised the ,south would have been divided and the ,republic united4 ,his enfranchisement--against which ,i enter no protest--holds the ,south united and compact4 ,what solution1 then1 can we offer for the problem8 ,time alone can disclose it to us4 ,we simply report progress1 and ask your patience4 ,if the problem be solved at all--and ,i firmly believe it will1 though nowhere else has it been--it will be solved by the people most deeply bound in interest1 most deeply pledged in honor to its solution4 ,i had rather see my people render back this question rightly solved than to see them gather all the spoils over which faction has contended since ,cataline conspired and ,caesar fought4 ,meantime we treat the negro fairly1 measuring to him justice in the fulness the strong should give to the weak1 and leading him in the steadfast ways of citizenship1 that he may no longer be the prey of the unscrupulous and the sport of the thoughtless4 ,we open to him every pursuit in which he can prosper1 and seek to broaden his training and capacity4 ,we seek to hold his confidence and friendship--and to pin him to the soil with ownership1 that he may catch in the fire of his own hearthstone that sense of responsibility the shiftless can never know4 ,and we gather him into that alliance of intelligence and responsibility that1 though it now runs close to racial lines1 welcomes the responsible and intelligent of any race4 ,by this course1 confirmed in our judgment1 and justified in the progress already made1 we hope to progress slowly but surely to the end4 ,the love we feel for that race1 you cannot measure nor comprehend4 ,as ,i attest it here1 the spirit of my old black mammy1 from her home up there1 looks down to bless1 and through the tumult of this night steals the sweet music of her croonings as thirty years ago she held me in her black arms and led me smiling to sleep4 ,this scene vanishes as ,i speak1 and ,i catch a vision of an old ,southern home with its lofty pillars and its white pigeons fluttering down through the golden air4 ,i see women with strained and anxious faces1 and children alert yet helpless4 ,i see night come down with its dangers and its apprehensions1 and in a big homely room ,i feel on my tired head the touch of loving hands--now worn and wrinkled1 but fairer to me yet than the hands of mortal woman1 and stronger yet to lead me than the hands of mortal man--as they lay a mother's blessing there1 while at her knees--the truest altar ,i yet have found--,i thank ,god that she is safe in her sanctuary1 because her slaves1 sentinel in the silent cabin1 or guard at her chamber door1 put a black man's loyalty between her and danger4 ,i catch another vision4 ,the crisis of battle--a soldier1 struck1 staggering1 fallen4 ,i see a slave1 scuffing through the smoke1 winding his black arms about the fallen form1 reckless of hurtling death--bending his trusty face to catch the words that tremble on the stricken lips1 so wrestling meantime with agony that he would lay down his life in his master's stead4 ,i see him by the weary bedside1 ministering with uncomplaining patience1 praying with all his humble heart that ,god will lift his master up1 until death comes in mercy and in honor to still the soldier's agony and seal the soldier's life4 ,i see him by the open grave--mute1 motionless1 uncovered1 suffering for the death of him who in life fought against his freedom4 ,i see him1 when the mold is heaped and the great drama of his life is closed1 turn away and with downcast eyes and uncertain step start out into new and strange fields1 faltering1 struggling1 but moving on1 until his shambling figure is lost in the light of this better and brighter day4 ,and from the grave comes a voice1 saying1 ,follow him6 put your arms about him in his need1 even as he put his about me4 ,be his friend as he was mine4 ,and out into this new world--strange to me as to him1 dazzling1 bewildering both--,i follow6 ,and may ,god forget my people--when they forget these6 ,whatever the future may hold for them1 whether they plod along in the servitude from which they have never been lifted since the ,cyrenian was laid hold upon by the ,roman soldiers1 and made to bear the cross of the fainting ,christ--whether they find homes again in ,africa1 and thus hasten the prophecy of the psalmist1 who said1 ,and suddenly ,ethiopia shall hold out her hands unto ,god--whether forever dislocated and separate1 they remain a weak people1 beset by stronger1 and exist1 as the ,turk1 who lives in the jealousy rather than in the conscience of ,europe--or whether in this miraculous ,republic they break through the caste of twenty centuries and1 belying universal history1 reach the full stature of citizenship1 and in peace maintain it--we shall give them uttermost justice and abiding friendship4 ,and whatever we do1 into whatever seeming estrangement we may be driven1 nothing shall disturb the love we bear this ,republic1 or mitigate our consecration to its service4 ,i stand here1 ,mr4 ,president1 to profess no new loyalty4 ,when ,general ,lee1 whose heart was the temple of our hopes1 and whose arm was clothed with our strength1 renewed his allegiance to this ,government at ,appomattox1 he spoke from a heart too great to be false1 and he spoke for every honest man from ,maryland to ,texas4 ,from that day to this ,hamilcar has nowhere in the ,south sworn young ,hannibal to hatred and vengeance1 but everywhere to loyalty and to love4 ,witness the veteran standing at the base of a ,confederate monument1 above the graves of his comrades1 his empty sleeve tossing in the ,april wind1 adjuring the young men about him to serve as earnest and loyal citizens the ,government against which their fathers fought4 ,this message1 delivered from that sacred presence1 has gone home to the hearts of my fellows6 ,and1 sir1 ,i declare here1 if physical courage be always equal to human aspiration1 that they would die1 sir1 if need be1 to restore this ,republic their fathers fought to dissolve4 ,such1 ,mr4 ,president1 is this problem as we see it1 such is the temper in which we approach it1 such the progress made4 ,what do we ask of you8 ,first1 patience2 out of this alone can come perfect work4 ,second1 confidence2 in this alone can you judge fairly4 ,third1 sympathy2 in this you can help us best4 ,fourth1 give us your sons as hostages4 ,when you plant your capital in millions1 send your sons that they may know how true are our hearts and may help to swell the ,caucasian current until it can carry without danger this black infusion4 ,fifth1 loyalty to the ,republic--for there is sectionalism in loyalty as in estrangement4 ,this hour little needs the loyalty that is loyal to one section and yet holds the other in enduring suspicion and estrangement4 ,give us the broad and perfect loyalty that loves and trusts ,georgia alike with ,massachusetts--that knows no ,south1 no ,north1 no ,east1 no ,west1 but endears with equal and patriotic love every foot of our soil1 every ,state of our ,union4 ,a mighty duty1 sir1 and a mighty inspiration impels every one of us to-night to lose in patriotic consecration whatever estranges1 whatever divides4 ,we1 sir1 are ,americans--and we stand for human liberty6 ,the uplifting force of the ,american idea is under every throne on earth4 ,france1 ,brazil--these are our victories4 ,to redeem the earth from kingcraft and oppression--this is our mission6 ,and we shall not fail4 ,god has sown in our soil the seed of ,his millennial harvest1 and ,he will not lay the sickle to the ripening crop until ,his full and perfect day has come4 ,our history1 sir1 has been a constant and expanding miracle1 from ,plymouth ,rock and ,jamestown1 all the way--aye1 even from the hour when from the voiceless and traceless ocean a new world rose to the sight of the inspired sailor4 ,as we approach the fourth centennial of that stupendous day--when the old world will come to marvel and to learn amid our gathered treasures--let us resolve to crown the miracles of our past with the spectacle of a ,republic1 compact1 united1 indissoluble in the bonds of love--loving from the ,lakes to the ,gulf--the wounds of war healed in every heart as on every hill1 serene and resplendent at the summit of human achievement and earthly glory1 blazing out the path and making clear the way up which all the nations of the earth must come in ,god's appointed time6 ,,william ,mc,k,i,n,l,e,y ,,last ,,speech ,delivered at the ,world's ,fair1 ,buffalo1 ,n4,y41 on ,september #e1 #aija1 the day before he was assassinated4 ,i am glad again to be in the city of ,buffalo and exchange greetings with her people1 to whose generous hospitality ,i am not a stranger1 and with whose good will ,i have been repeatedly and signally honored4 ,to-day ,i have additional satisfaction in meeting and giving welcome to the foreign representatives assembled here1 whose presence and participation in this ,exposition have contributed in so marked a degree to its interest and success4 ,to the commissioners of the ,dominion of ,canada and the ,british ,colonies1 the ,french ,colonies1 the ,republics of ,mexico and of ,central and ,south ,america1 and the commissioners of ,cuba and ,porto ,rico1 who share with us in this undertaking1 we give the hand of fellowship and felicitate with them upon the triumphs of art1 science1 education and manufacture which the old has bequeathed to the new century4 ,expositions are the timekeepers of progress4 ,they record the world's advancement4 ,they stimulate the energy1 enterprise and intellect of the people1 and quicken human genius4 ,they go into the home4 ,they broaden and brighten the daily life of the people4 ,they open mighty storehouses of information to the student4 ,every exposition1 great or small1 has helped to some onward step4 ,comparison of ideas is always educational and1 as such1 instructs the brain and hand of man4 ,friendly rivalry follows1 which is the spur to industrial improvement1 the inspiration to useful invention and to high endeavor in all departments of human activity4 ,it exacts a study of the wants1 comforts1 and even the whims of the people1 and recognizes the efficacy of high quality and low prices to win their favor4 ,the quest for trade is an incentive to men of business to devise1 invent1 improve and economize in the cost of production4 ,business life1 whether among ourselves1 or with other peoples1 is ever a sharp struggle for success4 ,it will be none the less in the future4 ,without competition we would be clinging to the clumsy and antiquated process of farming and manufacture and the methods of business of long ago1 and the twentieth would be no further advanced than the eighteenth century4 ,but tho commercial competitors we are1 commercial enemies we must not be4 ,the ,pan-,american ,exposition has done its work thoroughly1 presenting in its exhibits evidences of the highest skill and illustrating the progress of the human family in the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,this portion of the earth has no cause for humiliation for the part it has performed in the march of civilization4 ,it has not accomplished everything2 far from it4 ,it has simply done its best1 and without vanity or boastfulness1 and recognizing the manifold achievements of others it invites the friendly rivalry of all the powers in the peaceful pursuits of trade and commerce1 and will cooperate with all in advancing the highest and best interests of humanity4 ,the wisdom and energy of all the nations are none too great for the world work4 ,the success of art1 science1 industry and invention is an international asset and a common glory4 ,after all1 how near one to the other is every part of the world4 ,modern inventions have brought into close relation widely separated peoples and make them better acquainted4 ,geographic and political divisions will continue to exist1 but distances have been effaced4 ,swift ships and fast trains are becoming cosmopolitan4 ,they invade fields which a few years ago were impenetrable4 ,the world's products are exchanged as never before and with increasing transportation facilities come increasing knowledge and larger trade4 ,prices are fixed with mathematical precision by supply and demand4 ,the world's selling prices are regulated by market and crop reports4 ,we travel greater distances in a shorter space of time and with more ease than was ever dreamed of by the fathers4 ,isolation is no longer possible or desirable4 ,the same important news is read1 tho in different languages1 the same day in all ,christendom4 ,the telegraph keeps us advised of what is occurring everywhere1 and the ,press foreshadows1 with more or less accuracy1 the plans and purposes of the nations4 ,market prices of products and of securities are hourly known in every commercial mart1 and the investments of the people extend beyond their own national boundaries into the remotest parts of the earth4 ,vast transactions are conducted and international exchanges are made by the tick of the cable4 ,every event of interest is immediately bulletined4 ,the quick gathering and transmission of news1 like rapid transit1 are of recent origin1 and are only made possible by the genius of the inventor and the courage of the investor4 ,it took a special messenger of the government1 with every facility known at the time for rapid travel1 nineteen days to go from the ,city of ,washington to ,new ,orleans with a message to ,general ,jackson that the war with ,england had ceased and a treaty of peace had been signed4 ,how different now6 ,we reached ,general ,miles1 in ,porto ,rico1 and he was able through the military telegraph to stop his army on the firing line with the message that the ,united ,states and ,spain had signed a protocol suspending hostilities4 ,we knew almost instanter of the first shots fired at ,santiago1 and the subsequent surrender of the ,spanish forces was known at ,washington within less than an hour of its consummation4 ,the first ship of ,cervera's fleet had hardly emerged from that historic harbor when the fact was flashed to our ,capitol1 and the swift destruction that followed was announced immediately through the wonderful medium of telegraphy4 ,so accustomed are we to safe and easy communication with distant lands that its temporary interruption1 even in ordinary times1 results in loss and inconvenience4 ,we shall never forget the days of anxious waiting and suspense when no information was permitted to be sent from ,pekin1 and the diplomatic representatives of the nations in ,china1 cut off from all communication1 inside and outside of the walled capital1 were surrounded by an angry and misguided mob that threatened their lives2 nor the joy that thrilled the world when a single message from the government of the ,united ,states brought through our minister the first news of the safety of the besieged diplomats4 ,at the beginning of the nineteenth century there was not a mile of steam railroad on the globe2 now there are enough miles to make its circuit many times4 ,then there was not a line of electric telegraph2 now we have a vast mileage traversing all lands and seas4 ,god and man have linked the nations together4 ,no nation can longer be indifferent to any other4 ,and as we are brought more and more in touch with each other1 the less occasion is there for misunderstandings1 and the stronger the disposition1 when we have differences1 to adjust them in the court of arbitration1 which is the noblest forum for the settlement of international disputes4 ,my fellow citizens1 trade statistics indicate that this country is in a state of unexampled prosperity4 ,the figures are almost appalling4 ,they show that we are utilizing our fields and forests and mines1 and that we are furnishing profitable employment to the millions of workingmen throughout the ,united ,states1 bringing comfort and happiness to their homes1 and making it possible to lay by savings for old age and disability4 ,that all the people are participating in this great prosperity is seen in every ,american community and shown by the enormous and unprecedented deposits in our savings banks4 ,our duty in the care and security of these deposits and their safe investment demands the highest integrity and the best business capacity of those in charge of these depositories of the people's earnings4 ,we have a vast and intricate business1 built up through years of toil and struggle in which every part of the country has its stake1 which will not permit of either neglect or of undue selfishness4 ,no narrow1 sordid policy will subserve it4 ,the greatest skill and wisdom on the part of manufacturers and producers will be required to hold and increase it4 ,our industrial enterprises1 which have grown to such great proportions1 affect the homes and occupations of the people and the welfare of the country4 ,our capacity to produce has developed so enormously and our products have so multiplied that the problem of more markets requires our urgent and immediate attention4 ,only a broad and enlightened policy will keep what we have4 ,no other policy will get more4 ,in these times of marvelous business energy and gain we ought to be looking to the future1 strengthening the weak places in our industrial and commercial systems1 that we may be ready for any storm or strain4 ,by sensible trade arrangements which will not interrupt our home production we shall extend the outlets for our increasing surplus4 ,a system which provides a mutual exchange of commodities is manifestly essential to the continued and healthful growth of our export trade4 ,we must not repose in the fancied security that we can forever sell everything and buy little or nothing4 ,if such a thing were possible it would not be best for us or for those with whom we deal4 ,we should take from our customers such of their products as we can use without harm to our industries and labor4 ,reciprocity is the natural outgrowth of our wonderful industrial development under the domestic policy now firmly established4 ,what we produce beyond our domestic consumption must have a vent abroad4 ,the excess must be relieved through a foreign outlet1 and we should sell everywhere we can and buy wherever the buying will enlarge our sales and productions1 and thereby make a greater demand for home labor4 ,the period of exclusiveness is past4 ,the expansion of our trade and commerce is the pressing problem4 ,commercial wars are unprofitable4 ,a policy of good will and friendly trade relations will prevent reprisals4 ,reciprocity treaties are in harmony with the spirit of the times2 measures of retaliation are not4 ,if1 perchance1 some of our tariffs are no longer needed for revenue or to encourage and protect our industries at home1 why should they not be employed to extend and promote our markets abroad8 ,then1 too1 we have inadequate steamship service4 ,new lines of steamships have already been put in commission between the ,pacific coast ports of the ,united ,states and those on the western coasts of ,mexico and ,central and ,south ,america4 ,these should be followed up with direct steamship lines between the western coast of the ,united ,states and ,south ,american ports4 ,one of the needs of the times is direct commercial lines from our vast fields of production to the fields of consumption that we have but barely touched4 ,next in advantage to having the thing to sell is to have the conveyance to carry it to the buyer4 ,we must encourage our merchant marine4 ,we must have more ships4 ,they must be under the ,american flag2 built and manned and owned by ,americans4 ,these will not only be profitable in a commercial sense2 they will be messengers of peace and amity wherever they go4 ,we must build the ,isthmian canal1 which will unite the two oceans and give a straight line of water communication with the western coasts of ,central and ,south ,america and ,mexico4 ,the construction of a ,pacific cable can not be longer postponed4 ,in the furtherance of these objects of national interest and concern you are performing an important part4 ,this ,exposition would have touched the heart of that ,american statesman whose mind was ever alert and thought ever constant for a larger commerce and a truer fraternity of the republics of the ,new ,world4 ,his broad ,american spirit is felt and manifested here4 ,he needs no identification to an assemblage of ,americans anywhere1 for the name of ,blaine is inseparably associated with the ,pan-,american movement which finds here practical and substantial expression1 and which we all hope will be firmly advanced by the ,pan-,american ,congress that assembles this autumn in the capital of ,mexico4 ,the good work will go on4 ,it can not be stopped4 ,those buildings will disappear2 this creation of art and beauty and industry will perish from sight1 but their influence will remain to make it live beyond its too short living with praises and thanksgiving4 ,who can tell the new thoughts that have been awakened1 the ambitions fired and the high achievements that will be wrought through this ,exposition8 ,gentlemen1 let us ever remember that our interest is in concord1 not conflict2 and that our real eminence rests in the victories of peace1 not those of war4 ,we hope that all who are represented here may be moved to higher and nobler efforts for their own and the world's good1 and that out of this city may come not only greater commerce and trade for us all1 but1 more essential than these1 relations of mutual respect1 confidence and friendship which will deepen and endure4 ,our earnest prayer is that ,god will graciously vouchsafe prosperity1 happiness and peace to all our neighbors1 and like blessings to all the peoples and powers of earth4 ,,john ,,hay ,,tribute ,,to ,,mckinley ,from his memorial address at a joint session of the ,senate and ,house of ,representatives on ,february #bg1 #aijc4 ,for the third time the ,congress of the ,united ,states are assembled to commemorate the life and the death of a president slain by the hand of an assassin4 ,the attention of the future historian will be attracted to the features which reappear with startling sameness in all three of these awful crimes3 the uselessness1 the utter lack of consequence of the act2 the obscurity1 the insignificance of the criminal2 the blamelessness--so far as in our sphere of existence the best of men may be held blameless--of the victim4 ,not one of our murdered presidents had an enemy in the world2 they were all of such preeminent purity of life that no pretext could be given for the attack of passional crime2 they were all men of democratic instincts1 who could never have offended the most jealous advocates of equity2 they were of kindly and generous nature1 to whom wrong or injustice was impossible2 of moderate fortune1 whose slender means nobody could envy4 ,they were men of austere virtue1 of tender heart1 of eminent abilities1 which they had devoted with single minds to the good of the ,republic4 ,if ever men walked before ,god and man without blame1 it was these three rulers of our people4 ,the only temptation to attack their lives offered was their gentle radiance--to eyes hating the light1 that was offense enough4 ,the stupid uselessness of such an infamy affronts the common sense of the world4 ,one can conceive how the death of a dictator may change the political conditions of an empire2 how the extinction of a narrowing line of kings may bring in an alien dynasty4 ,but in a well-ordered ,republic like ours the ruler may fall1 but the ,state feels no tremor4 ,our beloved and revered leader is gone--but the natural process of our laws provides us a successor1 identical in purpose and ideals1 nourished by the same teachings1 inspired by the same principles1 pledged by tender affection as well as by high loyalty to carry to completion the immense task committed to his hands1 and to smite with iron severity every manifestation of that hideous crime which his mild predecessor1 with his dying breath1 forgave4 ,the sayings of celestial wisdom have no date2 the words that reach us1 over two thousand years1 out of the darkest hour of gloom the world has ever known1 are true to life to-day3 ,they know not what they do4 ,the blow struck at our dear friend and ruler was as deadly as blind hate could make it2 but the blow struck at anarchy was deadlier still4 ,how many countries can join with us in the community of a kindred sorrow6 ,i will not speak of those distant regions where assassination enters into the daily life of government4 ,but among the nations bound to us by the ties of familiar intercourse--who can forget that wise and mild autocrat who had earned the proud title of the liberator8 that enlightened and magnanimous citizen whom ,france still mourns8 that brave and chivalrous king of ,italy who only lived for his people8 and1 saddest of all1 that lovely and sorrowing empress1 whose harmless life could hardly have excited the animosity of a demon8 ,against that devilish spirit nothing avails1--neither virtue nor patriotism1 nor age nor youth1 nor conscience nor pity4 ,we can not even say that education is a sufficient safeguard against this baleful evil1--for most of the wretches whose crimes have so shocked humanity in recent years were men not unlettered1 who have gone from the common schools1 through murder to the scaffold4 ,the life of ,william ,mc,kinley was1 from his birth to his death1 typically ,american4 ,there is no environment1 ,i should say1 anywhere else in the world which could produce just such a character4 ,he was born into that way of life which elsewhere is called the middle class1 but which in this country is so nearly universal as to make of other classes an almost negligible quantity4 ,he was neither rich nor poor1 neither proud nor humble2 he knew no hunger he was not sure of satisfying1 no luxury which could enervate mind or body4 ,his parents were sober1 ,god-fearing people2 intelligent and upright1 without pretension and without humility4 ,he grew up in the company of boys like himself1 wholesome1 honest1 self-respecting4 ,they looked down on nobody2 they never felt it possible they could be looked down upon4 ,their houses were the homes of probity1 piety1 patriotism4 ,they learned in the admirable school readers of fifty years ago the lessons of heroic and splendid life which have come down from the past4 ,they read in their weekly newspapers the story of the world's progress1 in which they were eager to take part1 and of the sins and wrongs of civilization with which they burned to do battle4 ,it was a serious and thoughtful time4 ,the boys of that day felt dimly1 but deeply1 that days of sharp struggle and high achievement were before them4 ,they looked at life with the wondering yet resolute eyes of a young esquire in his vigil of arms4 ,they felt a time was coming when to them should be addressed the stern admonition of the ,apostle1 ,quit you like men2 be strong4 ,the men who are living to-day and were young in #ahfj will never forget the glory and glamour that filled the earth and the sky when the long twilight of doubt and uncertainty was ending and the time for action had come4 ,a speech by ,abraham ,lincoln was an event not only of high moral significance1 but of far-reaching importance2 the drilling of a militia company by ,ellsworth attracted national attention2 the fluttering of the flag in the clear sky drew tears from the eyes of young men4 ,patriotism1 which had been a rhetorical expression1 became a passionate emotion1 in which instinct1 logic and feeling were fused4 ,the country was worth saving2 it could be saved only by fire2 no sacrifice was too great2 the young men of the country were ready for the sacrifice2 come weal1 come woe1 they were ready4 ,at seventeen years of age ,william ,mc,kinley heard this summons of his country4 ,he was the sort of youth to whom a military life in ordinary times would possess no attractions4 ,his nature was far different from that of the ordinary soldier4 ,he had other dreams of life1 its prizes and pleasures1 than that of marches and battles4 ,but to his mind there was no choice or question4 ,the banner floating in the morning breeze was the beckoning gesture of his country4 ,the thrilling notes of the trumpet called him--him and none other--into the ranks4 ,his portrait in his first uniform is familiar to you all--the short1 stocky figure2 the quiet1 thoughtful face2 the deep1 dark eyes4 ,it is the face of a lad who could not stay at home when he thought he was needed in the field4 ,he was of the stuff of which good soldiers are made4 ,had he been ten years older he would have entered at the head of a company and come out at the head of a division4 ,but he did what he could4 ,he enlisted as a private2 he learned to obey4 ,his serious1 sensible ways1 his prompt1 alert efficiency soon attracted the attention of his superiors4 ,he was so faithful in little things that they gave him more and more to do4 ,he was untiring in camp and on the march2 swift1 cool and fearless in fight4 ,he left the army with field rank when the war ended1 brevetted by ,president ,lincoln for gallantry in battle4 ,in coming years when men seek to draw the moral of our great ,civil ,war1 nothing will seem to them so admirable in all the history of our two magnificent armies as the way in which the war came to a close4 ,when the ,confederate army saw the time had come1 they acknowledged the pitiless logic of facts and ceased fighting4 ,when the army of the ,union saw it was no longer needed1 without a murmur or question1 making no terms1 asking no return1 in the flush of victory and fulness of might1 it laid down its arms and melted back into the mass of peaceful citizens4 ,there is no event since the nation was born which has so proved its solid capacity for self-government4 ,both sections share equally in that crown of glory4 ,they had held a debate of incomparable importance and had fought it out with equal energy4 ,a conclusion had been reached--and it is to the everlasting honor of both sides that they each knew when the war was over and the hour of a lasting peace had struck4 ,we may admire the desperate daring of others who prefer annihilation to compromise1 but the palm of common sense1 and1 ,i will say1 of enlightened patriotism1 belongs to the men like ,grant and ,lee1 who knew when they had fought enough for honor and for country4 ,so it came naturally about that in #ahgf--the beginning of the second century of the ,republic--he began1 by an election to ,congress1 his political career4 ,thereafter for fourteen years this chamber was his home4 ,i use the word advisedly4 ,nowhere in the world was he so in harmony with his environment as here2 nowhere else did his mind work with such full consciousness of its powers4 ,the air of debate was native to him2 here he drank delight of battle with his peers4 ,in after days1 when he drove by this stately pile1 or when on rare occasions his duty called him here1 he greeted his old haunts with the affectionate zest of a child of the house2 during all the last ten years of his life1 filled as they were with activity and glory1 he never ceased to be homesick for this hall4 ,when he came to the presidency1 there was not a day when his congressional service was not of use to him4 ,probably no other president has been in such full and cordial communion with ,congress1 if we may except ,lincoln alone4 ,mc,kinley knew the legislative body thoroughly1 its composition1 its methods1 its habit of thought4 ,he had the profoundest respect for its authority and an inflexible belief in the ultimate rectitude of its purposes4 ,our history shows how surely an executive courts disaster and ruin by assuming an attitude of hostility or distrust to the ,legislature2 and1 on the other hand1 ,mc,kinley's frank and sincere trust and confidence in ,congress were repaid by prompt and loyal support and cooeperation4 ,during his entire term of office this mutual trust and regard--so essential to the public welfare--was never shadowed by a single cloud4 ,when he came to the presidency he confronted a situation of the utmost difficulty1 which might well have appalled a man of less serene and tranquil self-confidence4 ,there had been a state of profound commercial and industrial depression from which his friends had said his election would relieve the country4 ,our relations with the outside world left much to be desired4 ,the feeling between the ,northern and ,southern sections of the ,union was lacking in the cordiality which was necessary to the welfare of both4 ,hawaii had asked for annexation and had been rejected by the preceding administration4 ,there was a state of things in the ,caribbean which could not permanently endure4 ,our neighbor's house was on fire1 and there were grave doubts as to our rights and duties in the premises4 ,a man either weak or rash1 either irresolute or headstrong1 might have brought ruin on himself and incalculable harm to the country4 ,the least desirable form of glory to a man of his habitual mood and temper--that of successful war--was nevertheless conferred upon him by uncontrollable events4 ,he felt it must come2 he deplored its necessity2 he strained almost to breaking his relations with his friends1 in order1 first to prevent and then to postpone it to the latest possible moment4 ,but when the die was cast1 he labored with the utmost energy and ardor1 and with an intelligence in military matters which showed how much of the soldier still survived in the mature statesman1 to push forward the war to a decisive close4 ,war was an anguish to him2 he wanted it short and conclusive4 ,his merciful zeal communicated itself to his subordinates1 and the war1 so long dreaded1 whose consequences were so momentous1 ended in a hundred days4 ,mr4 ,mc,kinley was reelected by an overwhelming majority4 ,there had been little doubt of the result among well-informed people1 but when it was known1 a profound feeling of relief and renewal of trust were evident among the leaders of capital and industry1 not only in this country1 but everywhere4 ,they felt that the immediate future was secure1 and that trade and commerce might safely push forward in every field of effort and enterprise4 ,he felt that the harvest time was come1 to garner in the fruits of so much planting and culture1 and he was determined that nothing he might do or say should be liable to the reproach of a personal interest4 ,let us say frankly he was a party man2 he believed the policies advocated by him and his friends counted for much in the country's progress and prosperity4 ,he hoped in his second term to accomplish substantial results in the development and affirmation of those policies4 ,i spent a day with him shortly before he started on his fateful journey to ,buffalo4 ,never had ,i seen him higher in hope and patriotic confidence4 ,he was gratified to the heart that we had arranged a treaty which gave us a free hand in the ,isthmus4 ,in fancy he saw the canal already built and the argosies of the world passing through it in peace and amity4 ,he saw in the immense evolution of ,american trade the fulfilment of all his dreams1 the reward of all his labors4 ,he was1 ,i need not say1 an ardent protectionist1 never more sincere and devoted than during those last days of his life4 ,he regarded reciprocity as the bulwark of protection--not a breach1 but a fulfilment of the law4 ,the treaties which for four years had been preparing under his personal supervision he regarded as ancillary to the general scheme4 ,he was opposed to any revolutionary plan of change in the existing legislation2 he was careful to point out that everything he had done was in faithful compliance with the law itself4 ,in that mood of high hope1 of generous expectation1 he went to ,buffalo1 and there1 on the threshold of eternity1 he delivered that memorable speech1 worthy for its loftiness of tone1 its blameless morality1 its breadth of view1 to be regarded as his testament to the nation4 ,through all his pride of country and his joy of its success runs the note of solemn warning1 as in ,kipling's noble hymn1 ,lest ,we ,forget4 ,the next day sped the bolt of doom1 and for a week after--in an agony of dread1 broken by illusive glimpses of hope that our prayers might be answered--the nation waited for the end4 ,nothing in the glorious life we saw gradually waning was more admirable and exemplary than its close4 ,the gentle humanity of his words when he saw his assailant in danger of summary vengeance1 ,do not let them hurt him2 his chivalrous care that the news should be broken gently to his wife2 the fine courtesy with which he apologized for the damage which his death would bring to the great ,exhibition2 and the heroic resignation of his final words1 ,it is ,god's way2 ,his will1 not ours1 be done1 were all the instinctive expressions of a nature so lofty and so pure that pride in its nobility at once softened and enhanced the nation's sense of loss4 ,the ,republic grieved over such a son1--but is proud forever of having produced him4 ,after all1 in spite of its tragic ending1 his life was extraordinarily happy4 ,he had1 all his days1 troops of friends1 the cheer of fame and fruitful labor2 and he became at last1 ,on fortune's crowning slope1 ,the pillar of a people's hope1 ,the center of a world's desire4 ,,william ,,jennings ,,bryan ,,the ,,prince ,,of ,,peace#ci 7#ahid7 ,i offer no apology for speaking upon a religious theme1 for it is the most universal of all themes4 ,i am interested in the science of government1 but ,i am interested more in religion than in government4 ,i enjoy making a political speech--,i have made a good many and shall make more--but ,i would rather speak on religion than on politics4 ,i commenced speaking on the stump when ,i was only twenty1 but ,i commenced speaking in the church six years earlier--and ,i shall be in the church even after ,i am put of politics4 ,i feel sure of my ground when ,i make a political speech1 but ,i feel even more certain of my ground when ,i make a religious speech4 ,if ,i addrest you upon the subject of law ,i might interest the lawyers2 if ,i discust the science of medicine ,i might interest the physicians2 in like manner merchants might be interested in comments on commerce1 and farmers in matters pertaining to agriculture2 but no one of these subjects appeals to all4 ,even the science of government1 tho broader than any profession or occupation1 does not embrace the whole sum of life1 and those who think upon it differ so among themselves that ,i could not speak upon the subject so as to please a part of the audience without displeasing others4 ,while to me the science of government is intensely absorbing1 ,i recognize that the most important things in life lie outside of the realm of government and that more depends upon what the individual does for himself than upon what the government does or can do for him4 ,men can be miserable under the best government and they can be happy under the worst government4 ,government affects but a part of the life which we live here and does not deal at all with the life beyond1 while religion touches the infinite circle of existence as well as the small arc of that circle which we spend on earth4 ,no greater theme1 therefore1 can engage our attention4 ,if ,i discuss questions of government ,i must secure the cooeperation of a majority before ,i can put my ideas into practise1 but if1 in speaking on religion1 ,i can touch one human heart for good1 ,i have not spoken in vain no matter how large the majority may be against me4 ,man is a religious being2 the heart instinctively seeks for a ,god4 ,whether he worships on the banks of the ,ganges1 prays with his face upturned to the sun1 kneels toward ,mecca or1 regarding all space as a temple1 communes with the ,heavenly ,father according to the ,christian creed1 man is essentially devout4 ,there are honest doubters whose sincerity we recognize and respect1 but occasionally ,i find young men who think it smart to be skeptical2 they talk as if it were an evidence of larger intelligence to scoff at creeds and to refuse to connect themselves with churches4 ,they call themselves ,liberal1 as if a ,christian were narrow minded4 ,some go so far as to assert that the advanced thought of the world has discarded the idea that there is a ,god4 ,to these young men ,i desire to address myself4 ,even some older people profess to regard religion as a superstition1 pardonable in the ignorant but unworthy of the educated4 ,those who hold this view look down with mild contempt upon such as give to religion a definite place in their thoughts and lives4 ,they assume an intellectual superiority and often take little pains to conceal the assumption4 ,tolstoy administers to the cultured crowd 7the words quoted are his7 a severe rebuke when he declares that the religious sentiment rests not upon a superstitious fear of the invisible forces of nature1 but upon man's consciousness of his finiteness amid an infinite universe and of his sinfulness2 and this consciousness1 the great philosopher adds1 man can never outgrow4 ,tolstoy is right2 man recognizes how limited are his own powers and how vast is the universe1 and he leans upon the arm that is stronger than his4 ,man feels the weight of his sins and looks for ,one who is sinless4 ,religion has been defined by ,tolstoy as the relation which man fixes between himself and his ,god1 and morality as the outward manifestation of this inward relation4 ,every one1 by the time he reaches maturity1 has fixt some relation between himself and ,god and no material change in this relation can take place without a revolution in the man1 for this relation is the most potent influence that acts upon a human life4 ,religion is the foundation of morality in the individual and in the group of individuals4 ,materialists have attempted to build up a system of morality upon the basis of enlightened self-interest4 ,they would have man figure out by mathematics that it pays him to abstain from wrong-doing2 they would even inject an element of selfishness into altruism1 but the moral system elaborated by the materialists has several defects4 ,first1 its virtues are borrowed from moral systems based upon religion4 ,all those who are intelligent enough to discuss a system of morality are so saturated with the morals derived from systems resting upon religion that they cannot frame a system resting upon reason alone4 ,second1 as it rests upon argument rather than upon authority1 the young are not in a position to accept or reject4 ,our laws do not permit a young man to dispose of real estate until he is twenty-one4 ,why this restraint8 ,because his reason is not mature2 and yet a man's life is largely moulded by the environment of his youth4 ,third1 one never knows just how much of his decision is due to reason and how much is due to passion or to selfish interest4 ,passion can dethrone the reason--we recognize this in our criminal laws4 ,we also recognize the bias of self-interest when we exclude from the jury every man1 no matter how reasonable or upright he may be1 who has a pecuniary interest in the result of the trial4 ,and1 fourth1 one whose morality rests upon a nice calculation of benefits to be secured spends time figuring that he should spend in action4 ,those who keep a book account of their good deeds seldom do enough good to justify keeping books4 ,a noble life cannot be built upon an arithmetic2 it must be rather like the spring that pours forth constantly of that which refreshes and invigorates4 ,morality is the power of endurance in man2 and a religion which teaches personal responsibility to ,god gives strength to morality4 ,there is a powerful restraining influence in the belief that an all-seeing eye scrutinizes every thought and word and act of the individual4 ,there is wide difference between the man who is trying to conform his life to a standard of morality about him and the man who seeks to make his life approximate to a divine standard4 ,the former attempts to live up to the standard1 if it is above him1 and down to it1 if it is below him--and if he is doing right only when others are looking he is sure to find a time when he thinks he is unobserved1 and then he takes a vacation and falls4 ,one needs the inner strength which comes with the conscious presence of a personal ,god4 ,if those who are thus fortified sometimes yield to temptation1 how helpless and hopeless must those be who rely upon their own strength alone6 ,there are difficulties to be encountered in religion1 but there are difficulties to be encountered everywhere4 ,if ,christians sometimes have doubts and fears1 unbelievers have more doubts and greater fears4 ,i passed through a period of skepticism when ,i was in college and ,i have been glad ever since that ,i became a member of the church before ,i left home for college1 for it helped me during those trying days4 ,and the college days cover the dangerous period in the young man's life2 he is just coming into possession of his powers1 and feels stronger than he ever feels afterward--and he thinks he knows more than he ever does know4 ,it was at this period that ,i became confused by the different theories of creation4 ,but ,i examined these theories and found that they all assumed something to begin with4 ,you can test this for yourselves4 ,the nebular hypothesis1 for instance1 assumes that matter and force existed--matter in particles infinitely fine and each particle separated from every other particle by space infinitely great4 ,beginning with this assumption1 force working on matter--according to this hypothesis--created a universe4 ,well1 ,i have a right to assume1 and ,i prefer to assume1 a ,designer back of the design--a ,creator back of the creation2 and no matter how long you draw out the process of creation1 so long as ,god stands back of it you cannot shake my faith in ,jehovah4 ,in ,genesis it is written that1 in the beginning1 ,god created the heavens and the earth1 and ,i can stand on that proposition until ,i find some theory of creation that goes farther back than the beginning4 ,we must begin with something--we must start somewhere--and the ,christian begins with ,god4 ,i do not carry the doctrine of evolution as far as some do2 ,i am not yet convinced that man is a lineal descendant of the lower animals4 ,i do not mean to find fault with you if you want to accept the theory2 all ,i mean to say is that while you may trace your ancestry back to the monkey if you find pleasure or pride in doing so1 you shall not connect me with your family tree without more evidence than has yet been produced4 ,i object to the theory for several reasons4 ,first1 it is a dangerous theory4 ,if a man links himself in generations with the monkey1 it then becomes an important question whether he is going toward him or coming from him--and ,i have seen them going in both directions4 ,i do not know of any argument that can be used to prove that man is an improved monkey that may not be used just as well to prove that the monkey is a degenerate man1 and the latter theory is more plausible than the former4 ,it is true that man1 in some physical characteristics resembles the beast1 but man has a mind as well as a body1 and a soul as well as a mind4 ,the mind is greater than the body and the soul is greater than the mind1 and ,i object to having man's pedigree traced on one-third of him only--and that the lowest third4 ,fairbairn1 in his ,philosophy of ,christianity1 lays down a sound proposition when he says that it is not sufficient to explain man as an animal2 that it is necessary to explain man in history--and the ,darwinian theory does not do this4 ,the ape1 according to this theory1 is older than man and yet the ape is still an ape while man is the author of the marvelous civilization which we see about us4 ,one does not escape from mystery1 however1 by accepting this theory1 for it does not explain the origin of life4 ,when the follower of ,darwin has traced the germ of life back to the lowest form in which it appears--and to follow him one must exercise more faith than religion calls for--he finds that scientists differ4 ,those who reject the idea of creation are divided into two schools1 some believing that the first germ of life came from another planet and others holding that it was the result of spontaneous generation4 ,each school answers the arguments advanced by the other1 and as they cannot agree with each other1 ,i am not compelled to agree with either4 ,if ,i were compelled to accept one of these theories ,i would prefer the first1 for if we can chase the germ of life off this planet and get it out into space we can guess the rest of the way and no one can contradict us1 but if we accept the doctrine of spontaneous generation we cannot explain why spontaneous generation ceased to act after the first germ was created4 ,go back as far as we may1 we cannot escape from the creative act1 and it is just as easy for me to believe that ,god created man as he is as to believe that1 millions of years ago1 ,he created a germ of life and endowed it with power to develop into all that we see to-day4 ,i object to the ,darwinian theory1 until more conclusive proof is produced1 because ,i fear we shall lose the consciousness of ,god's presence in our daily life1 if we must accept the theory that through all the ages no spiritual force has touched the life of man or shaped the destiny of nations4 ,but there is another objection4 ,the ,darwinian theory represents man as reaching his present perfection by the operation of the law of hate--the merciless law by which the strong crowd out and kill off the weak4 ,if this is the law of our development then1 if there is any logic that can bind the human mind1 we shall turn backward toward the beast in proportion as we substitute the law of love4 ,i prefer to believe that love rather than hatred is the law of development4 ,how can hatred be the law of development when nations have advanced in proportion as they have departed from that law and adopted the law of love8 ,but1 ,i repeat1 while ,i do not accept the ,darwinian theory ,i shall not quarrel with you about it2 ,i only refer to it to remind you that it does not solve the mystery of life or explain human progress4 ,i fear that some have accepted it in the hope of escaping from the miracle1 but why should the miracle frighten us8 ,and yet ,i am inclined to think that it is one of the test questions with the ,christian4 ,christ cannot be separated from the miraculous2 ,his birth1 ,his ministrations1 and ,his resurrection1 all involve the miraculous1 and the change which ,his religion works in the human heart is a continuing miracle4 ,eliminate the miracles and ,christ becomes merely a human being and ,his gospel is stript of divine authority4 ,the miracle raises two questions3 ,can ,god perform a miracle8 and1 ,would ,he want to8 ,the first is easy to answer4 ,a ,god who can make a world can do anything ,he wants to do with it4 ,the power to perform miracles is necessarily implied in the power to create4 ,but would ,god want to perform a miracle8--this is the question which has given most of the trouble4 ,the more ,i have considered it the less inclined ,i am to answer in the negative4 ,to say that ,god would not perform a miracle is to assume a more intimate knowledge of ,god's plans and purposes than ,i can claim to have4 ,i will not deny that ,god does perform a miracle or may perform one merely because ,i do not know how or why ,he does it4 ,i find it so difficult to decide each day what ,god wants done now that ,i am not presumptuous enough to attempt to declare what ,god might have wanted to do thousands of years ago4 ,the fact that we are constantly learning of the existence of new forces suggests the possibility that ,god may operate through forces yet unknown to us1 and the mysteries with which we deal every day warn me that faith is as necessary as sight4 ,who would have credited a century ago the stories that are now told of the wonder-working electricity8 ,for ages man had known the lightning1 but only to fear it2 now1 this invisible current is generated by a man-made machine1 imprisoned in a man-made wire and made to do the bidding of man4 ,we are even able to dispense with the wire and hurl words through space1 and the ,x-ray has enabled us to look through substances which were supposed1 until recently1 to exclude all light4 ,the miracle is not more mysterious than many of the things with which man now deals--it is simply different4 ,the miraculous birth of ,christ is not more mysterious than any other conception--it is simply unlike it2 nor is the resurrection of ,christ more mysterious than the myriad resurrections which mark each annual seed-time4 ,it is sometimes said that ,god could not suspend one of ,his laws without stopping the universe1 but do we not suspend or overcome the law of gravitation every day8 ,every time we move a foot or lift a weight we temporarily overcome one of the most universal of natural laws and yet the world is not disturbed4 ,science has taught us so many things that we are tempted to conclude that we know everything1 but there is really a great unknown which is still unexplored and that which we have learned ought to increase our reverence rather than our egotism4 ,science has disclosed some of the machinery of the universe1 but science has not yet revealed to us the great secret--the secret of life4 ,it is to be found in every blade of grass1 in every insect1 in every bird and in every animal1 as well as in man4 ,six thousand years of recorded history and yet we know no more about the secret of life than they knew in the beginning4 ,we live1 we plan2 we have our hopes1 our fears2 and yet in a moment a change may come over anyone of us and this body will become a mass of lifeless clay4 ,what is it that1 having1 we live1 and having not1 we are as the clod8 ,the progress of the race and the civilization which we now behold are the work of men and women who have not yet solved the mystery of their own lives4 ,and our food1 must we understand it before we eat it8 ,if we refused to eat anything until we could understand the mystery of its growth1 we would die of starvation4 ,but mystery does not bother us in the dining-room2 it is only in the church that it is a stumbling block4 ,i was eating a piece of watermelon some months ago and was struck with its beauty4 ,i took some of the seeds and dried them and weighed them1 and found that it would require some five thousand seeds to weigh a pound2 and then ,i applied mathematics to that forty-pound melon4 ,one of these seeds1 put into the ground1 when warmed by the sun and moistened by the rain1 takes off its coat and goes to work2 it gathers from somewhere two hundred thousand times its own weight1 and forcing this raw material through a tiny stem1 constructs a watermelon4 ,it ornaments the outside with a covering of green2 inside the green it puts a layer of white1 and within the white a core of red1 and all through the red it scatters seeds1 each one capable of continuing the work of reproduction4 ,where does that little seed get its tremendous power8 ,where does it find its coloring matter8 ,how does it collect its flavoring extract8 ,how does it build a watermelon8 ,until you can explain a watermelon1 do not be too sure that you can set limits to the power of the ,almighty and say just what ,he would do or how ,he would do it4 ,i cannot explain the watermelon1 but ,i eat it and enjoy it4 ,the egg is the most universal of foods and its use dates from the beginning1 but what is more mysterious than an egg8 ,when an egg is fresh it is an important article of merchandise2 a hen can destroy its market value in a week's time1 but in two weeks more she can bring forth from it what man could not find in it4 ,we eat eggs1 but we cannot explain an egg4 ,water has been used from the birth of man2 we learned after it had been used for ages that it is merely a mixture of gases1 but it is far more important that we have water to drink than that we know that it is not water4 ,everything that grows tells a like story of infinite power4 ,why should ,i deny that a divine hand fed a multitude with a few loaves and fishes when ,i see hundreds of millions fed every year by a hand which converts the seeds scattered over the field into an abundant harvest8 ,we know that food can be multiplied in a few months' time2 shall we deny the power of the ,creator to eliminate the element of time1 when we have gone so far in eliminating the element of space8 ,who am ,i that ,i should attempt to measure the arm of the ,almighty with my puny arm1 or to measure the brain of the ,infinite with my finite mind8 ,who am ,i that ,i should attempt to put metes and bounds to the power of the ,creator8 ,but there is something even more wonderful still--the mysterious change that takes place in the human heart when the man begins to hate the things he loved and to love the things he hated--the marvelous transformation that takes place in the man who1 before the change1 would have sacrificed a world for his own advancement but who1 after the change1 would give his life for a principle and esteem it a privilege to make sacrifice for his convictions6 ,what greater miracle than this1 that converts a selfish1 self-centered human being into a center from which good influences flow out in every direction6 ,and yet this miracle has been wrought in the heart of each one of us--or may be wrought--and we have seen it wrought in the hearts and lives of those about us4 ,no1 living a life that is a mystery1 and living in the midst of mystery and miracles1 ,i shall not allow either to deprive me of the benefits of the ,christian religion4 ,if you ask me if ,i understand everything in the ,bible1 ,i answer1 no1 but if we will try to live up to what we do understand1 we will be kept so busy doing good that we will not have time to worry about the passages which we do not understand4 ,some of those who question the miracle also question the theory of atonement2 they assert that it does not accord with their idea of justice for one to die for all4 ,let each one bear his own sins and the punishments due for them1 they say4 ,the doctrine of vicarious suffering is not a new one2 it is as old as the race4 ,that one should suffer for others is one of the most familiar of principles and we see the principle illustrated every day of our lives4 ,take the family1 for instance2 from the day the mother's first child is born1 for twenty or thirty years her children are scarcely out of her waking thoughts4 ,her life trembles in the balance at each child's birth2 she sacrifices for them1 she surrenders herself to them4 ,is it because she expects them to pay her back8 ,fortunate for the parent and fortunate for the child if the latter has an opportunity to repay in part the debt it owes4 ,but no child can compensate a parent for a parent's care4 ,in the course of nature the debt is paid1 not to the parent1 but to the next generation1 and the next--each generation suffering1 sacrificing for and surrendering itself to the generation that follows4 ,this is the law of our lives4 ,nor is this confined to the family4 ,every step in civilization has been made possible by those who have been willing to sacrifice for posterity4 ,freedom of speech1 freedom of the press1 freedom of conscience and free government have all been won for the world by those who were willing to labor unselfishly for their fellows4 ,so well established is this doctrine that we do not regard anyone as great unless he recognizes how unimportant his life is in comparison with the problems with which he deals4 ,i find proof that man was made in the image of his ,creator in the fact that1 throughout the centuries1 man has been willing to die1 if necessary1 that blessings denied to him might be enjoyed by his children1 his children's children and the world4 ,the seeming paradox3 ,he that saveth his life shall lose it and he that loseth his life for my sake shall find it1 has an application wider than that usually given to it2 it is an epitome of history4 ,those who live only for themselves live little lives1 but those who stand ready to give themselves for the advancement of things greater than themselves find a larger life than the one they would have surrendered4 ,wendell ,phillips gave expression to the same idea when he said1 ,what imprudent men the benefactors of the race have been4 ,how prudently most men sink into nameless graves1 while now and then a few forget themselves into immortality4 ,we win immortality1 not by remembering ourselves1 but by forgetting ourselves in devotion to things larger than ourselves4 ,instead of being an unnatural plan1 the plan of salvation is in perfect harmony with human nature as we understand it4 ,sacrifice is the language of love1 and ,christ1 in suffering for the world1 adopted the only means of reaching the heart4 ,this can be demonstrated not only by theory but by experience1 for the story of ,his life1 ,his teachings1 ,his sufferings and ,his death has been translated into every language and everywhere it has touched the heart4 ,but if ,i were going to present an argument in favor of the divinity of ,christ1 ,i would not begin with miracles or mystery or with the theory of atonement4 ,i would begin as ,carnegie ,simpson does in his book entitled1 ,the ,fact of ,christ4 ,commencing with the undisputed fact that ,christ lived1 he points out that one cannot contemplate this fact without feeling that in some way it is related to those now living4 ,he says that one can read of ,alexander1 of ,caesar or of ,napoleon1 and not feel that it is a matter of personal concern2 but that when one reads that ,christ lived1 and how ,he lived and how ,he died1 he feels that somehow there is a cord that stretches from that life to his4 ,as he studies the character of ,christ he becomes conscious of certain virtues which stand out in bold relief--,his purity1 ,his forgiving spirit1 and ,his unfathomable love4 ,the author is correct1 ,christ presents an example of purity in thought and life1 and man1 conscious of his own imperfections and grieved over his shortcomings1 finds inspiration in the fact that ,he was tempted in all points like as we are1 and yet without sin4 ,i am not sure but that each can find just here a way of determining for himself whether he possesses the true spirit of a ,christian4 ,if the sinlessness of ,christ inspires within him an earnest desire to conform his life more nearly to the perfect example1 he is indeed a follower2 if1 on the other hand1 he resents the reproof which the purity of ,christ offers1 and refuses to mend his ways1 he has yet to be born again4 ,the most difficult of all the virtues to cultivate is the forgiving spirit4 ,revenge seems to be natural with man2 it is human to want to get even with an enemy4 ,it has even been popular to boast of vindictiveness2 it was once inscribed on a man's monument that he had repaid both friends and enemies more than he had received4 ,this was not the spirit of ,christ4 ,he taught forgiveness and in that incomparable prayer which ,he left as model for our petitions1 ,he made our willingness to forgive the measure by which we may claim forgiveness4 ,he not only taught forgiveness but ,he exemplified ,his teachings in ,his life4 ,when those who persecuted ,him brought ,him to the most disgraceful of all deaths1 ,his spirit of forgiveness rose above ,his sufferings and ,he prayed1 ,father1 forgive them1 for they know not what they do6 ,but love is the foundation of ,christ's creed4 ,the world had known love before2 parents had loved their children1 and children their parents2 husbands had loved their wives1 and wives their husbands2 and friend had loved friend2 but ,jesus gave a new definition of love4 ,his love was as wide as the sea2 its limits were so far-flung that even an enemy could not travel beyond its bounds4 ,other teachers sought to regulate the lives of their followers by rule and formula1 but ,christ's plan was to purify the heart and then to leave love to direct the footsteps4 ,what conclusion is to be drawn from the life1 the teachings and the death of this historic figure8 ,reared in a carpenter shop2 with no knowledge of literature1 save ,bible literature2 with no acquaintance with philosophers living or with the writings of sages dead1 when only about thirty years old ,he gathered disciples about ,him1 promulgated a higher code of morals than the world had ever known before1 and proclaimed ,himself the ,messiah4 ,he taught and performed miracles for a few brief months and then was crucified2 ,his disciples were scattered and many of them put to death2 ,his claims were disputed1 ,his resurrection denied and ,his followers persecuted2 and yet from this beginning ,his religion spread until hundreds of millions have taken ,his name with reverence upon their lips and millions have been willing to die rather than surrender the faith which ,he put into their hearts4 ,how shall we account for ,him8 ,here is the greatest fact of history2 here is ,one who has with increasing power1 for nineteen hundred years1 moulded the hearts1 the thoughts and the lives of men1 and ,he exerts more influence to-day than ever before4 ,what think ye of ,christ8 ,it is easier to believe ,him divine than to explain in any other way what he said and did and was4 ,and ,i have greater faith1 even than before1 since ,i have visited the ,orient and witnessed the successful contest which ,christianity is waging against the religions and philosophies of the ,east4 ,i was thinking a few years ago of the ,christmas which was then approaching and of ,him in whose honor the day is celebrated4 ,i recalled the message1 ,peace on earth1 good will to men1 and then my thoughts ran back to the prophecy uttered centuries before ,his birth1 in which ,he was described as the ,prince of ,peace4 ,to reinforce my memory ,i re-read the prophecy and ,i found immediately following a verse which ,i had forgotten--a verse which declares that of the increase of ,his peace and government there shall be no end1 ,and1 ,isaiah adds1 that ,he shall judge ,his people with justice and with judgment4 ,i had been reading of the rise and fall of nations1 and occasionally ,i had met a gloomy philosopher who preached the doctrine that nations1 like individuals1 must of necessity have their birth1 their infancy1 their maturity and finally their decay and death4 ,but here ,i read of a government that is to be perpetual--a government of increasing peace and blessedness--the government of the ,prince of ,peace--and it is to rest on justice4 ,i have thought of this prophecy many times during the last few years1 and ,i have selected this theme that ,i might present some of the reasons which lead me to believe that ,christ has fully earned the right to be called ,the ,prince of ,peace--a title that will in the years to come be more and more applied to ,him4 ,if he can bring peace to each individual heart1 and if ,his creed when applied will bring peace throughout the earth1 who will deny ,his right to be called the ,prince of ,peace8 ,all the world is in search of peace2 every heart that ever beat has sought for peace1 and many have been the methods employed to secure it4 ,some have thought to purchase it with riches and have labored to secure wealth1 hoping to find peace when they were able to go where they pleased and buy what they liked4 ,of those who have endeavored to purchase peace with money1 the large majority have failed to secure the money4 ,but what has been the experience of those who have been eminently successful in finance8 ,they all tell the same story1 viz41 that they spent the first half of their lives trying to get money from others and the last half trying to keep others from getting their money1 and that they found peace in neither half4 ,some have even reached the point where they find difficulty in getting people to accept their money2 and ,i know of no better indication of the ethical awakening in this country than the increasing tendency to scrutinize the methods of money-making4 ,i am sanguine enough to believe that the time will yet come when respectability will no longer be sold to great criminals by helping them to spend their ill-gotten gains4 ,a long step in advance will have been taken when religious1 educational and charitable institutions refuse to condone conscienceless methods in business and leave the possessor of illegitimate accumulations to learn how lonely life is when one prefers money to morals4 ,some have sought peace in social distinction1 but whether they have been within the charmed circle and fearful lest they might fall out1 or outside1 and hopeful that they might get in1 they have not found peace4 ,some have thought1 vain thought1 to find peace in political prominence2 but whether office comes by birth1 as in monarchies1 or by election1 as in republics1 it does not bring peace4 ,an office is not considered a high one if all can occupy it4 ,only when few in a generation can hope to enjoy an honor do we call it a great honor4 ,i am glad that our ,heavenly ,father did not make the peace of the human heart to depend upon our ability to buy it with money1 secure it in society1 or win it at the polls1 for in either case but few could have obtained it1 but when ,he made peace the reward of a conscience void of offense toward ,god and man1 ,he put it within the reach of all4 ,the poor can secure it as easily as the rich1 the social outcasts as freely as the leader of society1 and the humblest citizen equally with those who wield political power4 ,to those who have grown gray in the ,church1 ,i need not speak of the peace to be found in faith in ,god and trust in an overruling ,providence4 ,christ taught that our lives are precious in the sight of ,god1 and poets have taken up the thought and woven it into immortal verse4 ,no uninspired writer has exprest it more beautifully than ,william ,cullen ,bryant in his ,ode to a ,waterfowl4 ,after following the wanderings of the bird of passage as it seeks first its southern and then its northern home1 he concludes3 ,thou art gone2 the abyss of heaven ,hath swallowed up thy form1 but on my heart ,deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given1 ,and shall not soon depart4 ,he who1 from zone to zone1 ,guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight1 ,in the long way that ,i must tread alone1 ,will lead my steps aright4 ,christ promoted peace by giving us assurance that a line of communication can be established between the ,father above and the child below4 ,and who will measure the consolations of the hour of prayer8 ,and immortality6 ,who will estimate the peace which a belief in a future life has brought to the sorrowing hearts of the sons of men8 ,you may talk to the young about death ending all1 for life is full and hope is strong1 but preach not this doctrine to the mother who stands by the death-bed of her babe or to one who is within the shadow of a great affliction4 ,when ,i was a young man ,i wrote to ,colonel ,ingersoll and asked him for his views on ,god and immortality4 ,his secretary answered that the great infidel was not at home1 but enclosed a copy of a speech of ,col4 ,ingersoll's which covered my question4 ,i scanned it with eagerness and found that he had exprest himself about as follows3 ,i do not say that there is no ,god1 ,i simply say ,i do not know4 ,i do not say that there is no life beyond the grave1 ,i simply say ,i do not know4 ,and from that day to this ,i have asked myself the question and have been unable to answer it to my own satisfaction1 how could anyone find pleasure in taking from a human heart a living faith and substituting therefor the cold and cheerless doctrine1 ,i do not know4 ,christ gave us proof of immortality and it was a welcome assurance1 altho it would hardly seem necessary that one should rise from the dead to convince us that the grave is not the end4 ,to every created thing ,god has given a tongue that proclaims a future life4 ,if the ,father deigns to touch with divine power the cold and pulseless heart of the buried acorn and to make it burst forth from its prison walls1 will he leave neglected in the earth the soul of man1 made in the image of his ,creator8 ,if he stoops to give to the rose bush1 whose withered blossoms float upon the autumn breeze1 the sweet assurance of another springtime1 will ,he refuse the words of hope to the sons of men when the frosts of winter come8 ,if matter1 mute and inanimate1 tho changed by the forces of nature into a multitude of forms1 can never die1 will the imperial spirit of man suffer annihilation when it has paid a brief visit like a royal guest to this tenement of clay8 ,no1 ,i am sure that ,he who1 notwithstanding his apparent prodigality1 created nothing without a purpose1 and wasted not a single atom in all his creation1 has made provision for a future life in which man's universal longing for immortality will find its realization4 ,i am as sure that we live again as ,i am sure that we live to-day4 ,in ,cairo ,i secured a few grains of wheat that had slumbered for more than thirty centuries in an ,egyptian tomb4 ,as ,i looked at them this thought came into my mind3 ,if one of those grains had been planted on the banks of the ,nile the year after it grew1 and all its lineal descendants had been planted and replanted from that time until now1 its progeny would to-day be sufficiently numerous to feed the teeming millions of the world4 ,an unbroken chain of life connects the earliest grains of wheat with the grains that we sow and reap4 ,there is in the grain of wheat an invisible something which has power to discard the body that we see1 and from earth and air fashion a new body so much like the old one that we cannot tell the one from the other4 ,if this invisible germ of life in the grain of wheat can thus pass unimpaired through three thousand resurrections1 ,i shall not doubt that my soul has power to clothe itself with a body suited to its new existence when this earthly frame has crumbled into dust4 ,a belief in immortality not only consoles the individual1 but it exerts a powerful influence in bringing peace between individuals4 ,if one actually thinks that man dies as the brute dies1 he will yield more easily to the temptation to do injustice to his neighbor when the circumstances are such as to promise security from detection4 ,but if one really expects to meet again1 and live eternally with1 those whom he knows to-day1 he is restrained from evil deeds by the fear of endless remorse4 ,we do not know what rewards are in store for us or what punishments may be reserved1 but if there were no other it would be some punishment for one who deliberately and consciously wrongs another to have to live forever in the company of the person wronged and have his littleness and selfishness laid bare4 ,i repeat1 a belief in immortality must exert a powerful influence in establishing justice between men and thus laying the foundation for peace4 ,again1 ,christ deserves to be called ,the ,prince of ,peace because ,he has given us a measure of greatness which promotes peace4 ,when ,his disciples quarreled among themselves as to which should be greatest in the ,kingdom of ,heaven1 ,he rebuked them and said3 ,let him who would be chiefest among you be the servant of all4 ,service is the measure of greatness2 it always has been true2 it is true to-day1 and it always will be true1 that he is greatest who does the most of good4 ,and how this old world will be transformed when this standard of greatness becomes the standard of every life6 ,nearly all of our controversies and combats grow out of the fact that we are trying to get something from each other--there will be peace when our aim is to do something for each other4 ,our enmities and animosities arise largely from our efforts to get as much as possible out of the world--there will be peace when our endeavor is to put as much as possible into the world4 ,the human measure of a human life is its income2 the divine measure of a life is its outgo1 its overflow--its contribution to the welfare of all4 ,christ also led the way to peace by giving us a formula for the propagation of truth4 ,not all of those who have really desired to do good have employed the ,christian method--not all ,christians even4 ,in the history of the human race but two methods have been used4 ,the first is the forcible method1 and it has been employed most frequently4 ,a man has an idea which he thinks is good2 he tells his neighbors about it and they do not like it4 ,this makes him angry2 he thinks it would be so much better for them if they would like it1 and1 seizing a club1 he attempts to make them like it4 ,but one trouble about this rule is that it works both ways2 when a man starts out to compel his neighbors to think as he does1 he generally finds them willing to accept the challenge and they spend so much time in trying to coerce each other that they have no time left to do each other good4 ,the other is the ,bible plan--,be not overcome of evil but overcome evil with good4 ,and there is no other way of overcoming evil4 ,i am not much of a farmer--,i get more credit for my farming than ,i deserve1 and my little farm receives more advertising than it is entitled to4 ,but ,i am farmer enough to know that if ,i cut down weeds they will spring up again2 and farmer enough to know that if ,i plant something there which has more vitality than the weeds ,i shall not only get rid of the constant cutting1 but have the benefit of the crop besides4 ,in order that there might be no mistake in ,his plan of propagating the truth1 ,christ went into detail and laid emphasis upon the value of example--,so live that others seeing your good works may be constrained to glorify your ,father which is in ,heaven4 ,there is no human influence so potent for good as that which goes out from an upright life4 ,a sermon may be answered2 the arguments presented in a speech may be disputed1 but no one can answer a ,christian life--it is the unanswerable argument in favor of our religion4 ,it may be a slow process--this conversion of the world by the silent influence of a noble example--but it is the only sure one1 and the doctrine applies to nations as well as to individuals4 ,the ,gospel of the ,prince of ,peace gives us the only hope that the world has--and it is an increasing hope--of the substitution of reason for the arbitrament of force in the settlement of international disputes4 ,and our nation ought not to wait for other nations--it ought to take the lead and prove its faith in the omnipotence of truth4 ,but ,christ has given us a platform so fundamental that it can be applied successfully to all controversies4 ,we are interested in platforms2 we attend conventions1 sometimes traveling long distances2 we have wordy wars over the phraseology of various planks1 and then we wage earnest campaigns to secure the endorsement of these platforms at the polls4 ,the platform given to the world by ,the ,prince of ,peace is more far-reaching and more comprehensive than any platform ever written by the convention of any party in any country4 ,when ,he condensed into one commandment those of the ten which relate to man's duty toward his fellows and enjoined upon us the rule1 ,thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself1 ,he presented a plan for the solution of all the problems that now vex society or may hereafter arise4 ,other remedies may palliate or postpone the day of settlement1 but this is all-sufficient and the reconciliation which it effects is a permanent one4 ,my faith in the future--and ,i have faith--and my optimism--for ,i am an optimist--my faith and my optimism rest upon the belief that ,christ's teachings are being more studied to-day than ever before1 and that with this larger study will come a larger application of those teachings to the everyday life of the world1 and to the questions with which we deal4 ,in former times when men read that ,christ came to bring life and immortality to light1 they placed the emphasis upon immortality2 now they are studying ,christ's relation to human life4 ,people used to read the ,bible to find out what it said of ,heaven2 now they read it more to find what light it throws upon the pathway of to-day4 ,in former years many thought to prepare themselves for future bliss by a life of seclusion here2 we are learning that to follow in the footsteps of the ,master we must go about doing good4 ,christ declared that ,he came that we might have life and have it more abundantly4 ,the world is learning that ,christ came not to narrow life1 but to enlarge it--not to rob it of its joy1 but to fill it to overflowing with purpose1 earnestness and happiness4 ,but this ,prince of ,peace promises not only peace but strength4 ,some have thought ,his teachings fit only for the weak and the timid and unsuited to men of vigor1 energy and ambition4 ,nothing could be farther from the truth4 ,only the man of faith can be courageous4 ,confident that he fights on the side of ,jehovah1 he doubts not the success of his cause4 ,what matters it whether he shares in the shouts of triumph8 ,if every word spoken in behalf of truth has its influence and every deed done for the right weighs in the final account1 it is immaterial to the ,christian whether his eyes behold victory or whether he dies in the midst of the conflict4 ,yea1 tho thou lie upon the dust1 ,when they who helped thee flee in fear1 ,die full of hope and manly trust1 ,like those who fell in battle here4 ,another hand thy sword shall wield1 ,another hand the standard wave1 ,till from the trumpet's mouth is pealed1 ,the blast of triumph o'er thy grave4 ,only those who believe attempt the seemingly impossible1 and1 by attempting1 prove that one1 with ,god1 can chase a thousand and that two can put ten thousand to flight4 ,i can imagine that the early ,christians who were carried into the coliseum to make a spectacle for those more savage than the beasts1 were entreated by their doubting companions not to endanger their lives4 ,but1 kneeling in the center of the arena1 they prayed and sang until they were devoured4 ,how helpless they seemed1 and1 measured by every human rule1 how hopeless was their cause6 ,and yet within a few decades the power which they invoked proved mightier than the legions of the emperor and the faith in which they died was triumphant o'er all the land4 ,it is said that those who went to mock at their sufferings returned asking themselves1 ,what is it that can enter into the heart of man and make him die as these die8 ,they were greater conquerors in their death than they could have been had they purchased life by a surrender of their faith4 ,what would have been the fate of the church if the early ,christians had had as little faith as many of our ,christians of to-day8 ,and if the ,christians of to-day had the faith of the martyrs1 how long would it be before the fulfilment of the prophecy that every knee shall bow and every tongue confess8 ,i am glad that ,he1 who is called the ,prince of ,peace--who can bring peace to every troubled heart and whose teachings1 exemplified in life1 will bring peace between man and man1 between community and community1 between ,state and ,state1 between nation and nation throughout the world--,i am glad that ,he brings courage as well as peace so that those who follow ,him may take up and each day bravely do the duties that to that day fall4 ,as the ,christian grows older he appreciates more and more the completeness with which ,christ satisfies the longings of the heart1 and1 grateful for the peace which he enjoys and for the strength which he has received1 he repeats the words of the great scholar1 ,sir ,william ,jones3 ,before thy mystic altar1 heavenly truth1 ,i kneel in manhood1 as ,i knelt in youth1 ,thus let me kneel1 till this dull form decay1 ,and life's last shade be brightened by thy ray4 ,,rufus ,,choate ,,eulogy ,,of ,,webster ,delivered at ,dartmouth ,college1 ,july #bg1 #ahec4 ,webster possessed the element of an impressive character1 inspiring regard1 trust and admiration1 not unmingled with love4 ,it had1 ,i think1 intrinsically a charm such as belongs only to a good1 noble1 and beautiful nature4 ,in its combination with so much fame1 so much force of will1 and so much intellect1 it filled and fascinated the imagination and heart4 ,it was affectionate in childhood and youth1 and it was more than ever so in the few last months of his long life4 ,it is the universal testimony that he gave to his parents1 in largest measure1 honor1 love1 obedience2 that he eagerly appropriated the first means which he could command to relieve the father from the debts contracted to educate his brother and himself2 that he selected his first place of professional practice that he might soothe the coming on of his old age4 ,equally beautiful was his love of all his kindred and of all his friends4 ,when ,i hear him accused of selfishness1 and a cold1 bad nature1 ,i recall him lying sleepless all night1 not without tears of boyhood1 conferring with ,ezekiel how the darling desire of both hearts should be compassed1 and he1 too1 admitted to the precious privileges of education2 courageously pleading the cause of both brothers in the morning2 prevailing by the wise and discerning affection of the mother2 suspending his studies of the law1 and registering deeds and teaching school to earn the means1 for both1 of availing themselves of the opportunity which the parental self-sacrifice had placed within their reach2 loving him through life1 mourning him when dead1 with a love and a sorrow very wonderful1 passing the sorrow of woman2 ,i recall the husband1 the father of the living and of the early departed1 the friend1 the counselor of many years1 and my heart grows too full and liquid for the refutation of words4 ,his affectionate nature1 craving ever friendship1 as well as the presence of kindred blood1 diffused itself through all his private life1 gave sincerity to all his hospitalities1 kindness to his eye1 warmth to the pressure of his hand1 made his greatness and genius unbend themselves to the playfulness of childhood1 flowed out in graceful memories indulged of the past or the dead1 of incidents when life was young and promised to be happy1--gave generous sketches of his rivals1--the high contention now hidden by the handful of earth1--hours passed fifty years ago with great authors1 recalled for the vernal emotions which then they made to live and revel in the soul4 ,and from these conversations of friendship1 no man--no man1 old or young--went away to remember one word of profaneness1 one allusion of indelicacy1 one impure thought1 one unbelieving suggestion1 one doubt cast on the reality of virtue1 of patriotism1 of enthusiasm1 of the progress of man1--one doubt cast on righteousness1 or temperance1 or judgment to come4 ,i have learned by evidence the most direct and satisfactory that in the last months of his life1 the whole affectionateness of his nature--his consideration of others1 his gentleness1 his desire to make them happy and to see them happy--seemed to come out in more and more beautiful and habitual expressions than ever before4 ,the long day's public tasks were felt to be done2 the cares1 the uncertainties1 the mental conflicts of high place1 were ended2 and he came home to recover himself for the few years which he might still expect would be his before he should go hence to be here no more4 ,and there1 ,i am assured and duly believe1 no unbecoming regrets pursued him2 no discontent1 as for injustice suffered or expectations unfulfilled2 no self-reproach for anything done or anything omitted by himself2 no irritation1 no peevishness unworthy of his noble nature2 but instead1 love and hope for his country1 when she became the subject of conversation1 and for all around him1 the dearest and most indifferent1 for all breathing things about him1 the overflow of the kindest heart growing in gentleness and benevolence--paternal1 patriarchal affections1 seeming to become more natural1 warm1 and communicative every hour4 ,softer and yet brighter grew the tints on the sky of parting day2 and the last lingering rays1 more even than the glories of noon1 announced how divine was the source from which they proceeded2 how incapable to be quenched2 how certain to rise on a morning which no night should follow4 ,such a character was made to be loved4 ,it was loved4 ,those who knew and saw it in its hour of calm--those who could repose on that soft green--loved him4 ,his plain neighbors loved him2 and one said1 when he was laid in his grave1 ,how lonesome the world seems6 ,educated young men loved him4 ,the ministers of the gospel1 the general intelligence of the country1 the masses afar oft1 loved him4 ,true1 they had not found in his speeches1 read by millions1 so much adulation of the people2 so much of the music which robs the public reason of itself2 so many phrases of humanity and philanthropy2 and some had told them he was lofty and cold--solitary in his greatness2 but every year they came nearer and nearer to him1 and as they came nearer1 they loved him better2 they heard how tender the son had been1 the husband1 the brother1 the father1 the friend1 and neighbor2 that he was plain1 simple1 natural1 generous1 hospitable--the heart larger than the brain2 that he loved little children and reverenced ,god1 the ,scriptures1 the ,sabbath-day1 the ,constitution1 and the law--and their hearts clave unto him4 ,more truly of him than even of the great naval darling of ,england might it be said that his presence would set the church bells ringing1 and give schoolboys a holiday1 would bring children from school and old men from the chimney-corner1 to gaze on him ere he died4 ,the great and unavailing lamentations first revealed the deep place he had in the hearts of his countrymen4 ,you are now to add to this his extraordinary power of influencing the convictions of others by speech1 and you have completed the survey of the means of his greatness4 ,and here1 again ,i begin by admiring an aggregate made up of excellences and triumphs1 ordinarily deemed incompatible4 ,he spoke with consummate ability to the bench1 and yet exactly as1 according to every sound canon of taste and ethics1 the bench ought to be addressed4 ,he spoke with consummate ability to the jury1 and yet exactly as1 according to every sound canon1 that totally different tribunal ought to be addressed4 ,in the halls of ,congress1 before the people assembled for political discussion in masses1 before audiences smaller and more select1 assembled for some solemn commemoration of the past or of the dead--in each of these1 again1 his speech1 of the first form of ability1 was exactly adapted1 also1 to the critical properties of the place2 each achieved1 when delivered1 the most instant and specific success of eloquence--some of them in a splendid and remarkable degree2 and yet1 stranger still1 when reduced to writing1 as they fell from his lips1 they compose a body of reading in many volumes--solid1 clear1 rich1 and full of harmony--a classical and permanent political literature4 ,and yet all these modes of his eloquence1 exactly adapted each to its stage and its end1 were stamped with his image and superscription1 identified by characteristics incapable to be counterfeited and impossible to be mistaken4 ,the same high power of reason1 intent in every one to explore and display some truth2 some truth of judicial1 or historical1 or biographical fact2 some truth of law1 deduced by construction1 perhaps1 or by illation2 some truth of policy1 for want whereof a nation1 generations1 may be the worse--reason seeking and unfolding truth2 the same tone1 in all1 of deep earnestness1 expressive of strong desire that what he felt to be important should be accepted as true1 and spring up to action2 the same transparent1 plain1 forcible1 and direct speech1 conveying his exact thought to the mind--not something less or more2 the same sovereignty of form1 of brow1 and eye1 and tone1 and manner--everywhere the intellectual king of men1 standing before you--that same marvelousness of qualities and results1 residing1 ,i know not where1 in words1 in pictures1 in the ordering of ideas1 infelicities indescribable1 by means whereof1 coming from his tongue1 all things seemed mended--truth seemed more true1 probability more plausible1 greatness more grand1 goodness more awful1 every affection more tender than when coming from other tongues--these are1 in all1 his eloquence4 ,but sometimes it became individualized and discriminated even from itself2 sometimes place and circumstances1 great interests at stake1 a stage1 an audience fitted for the highest historic action1 a crisis1 personal or national1 upon him1 stirred the depths of that emotional nature1 as the anger of the goddess stirs the sea on which the great epic is beginning2 strong passions themselves kindled to intensity1 quickened every faculty to a new life2 the stimulated associations of ideas brought all treasures of thought and knowledge within command2 the spell1 which often held his imagination fast1 dissolved1 and she arose and gave him to choose of her urn of gold2 earnestness became vehemence1 the simple1 perspicuous1 measured and direct language became a headlong1 full1 and burning tide of speech2 the discourse of reason1 wisdom1 gravity1 and beauty changed to that superhuman1 that rarest consummate eloquence--grand1 rapid1 pathetic1 terrible2 the aliquid immensum infinitumque that ,cicero might have recognized2 the master triumph of man in the rarest opportunity of his noble power4 ,such elevation above himself1 in congressional debate1 was most uncommon4 ,some such there were in the great discussions of executive power following the removal of the deposits1 which they who heard them will never forget1 and some which rest in the tradition of hearers only4 ,but there were other fields of oratory on which1 under the influence of more uncommon springs of inspiration1 he exemplified1 in still other forms1 an eloquence in which ,i do not know that he has had a superior among men4 ,addressing masses by tens of thousands in the open air1 on the urgent political questions of the day1 or designed to lead the meditations of an hour devoted to the remembrance of some national era1 or of some incident marking the progress of the nation1 and lifting him up to a view of what is1 and what is past1 and some indistinct revelation of the glory that lies in the future1 or of some great historical name1 just borne by the nation to his tomb--we have learned that then and there1 at the base of ,bunker ,hill1 before the corner-stone was laid1 and again when from the finished column the centuries looked on him2 in ,faneuil ,hall1 mourning for those with whose spoken or written eloquence of freedom its arches had so often resounded2 on the ,rock of ,plymouth2 before the ,capitol1 of which there shall not be one stone left on another before his memory shall have ceased to live--in such scenes1 unfettered by the laws of forensic or parliamentary debate1 multitudes uncounted lifting up their eyes to him2 some great historical scenes of ,america around2 all symbols of her glory and art and power and fortune there2 voices of the past1 not unheard2 shapes beckoning from the future1 not unseen--sometimes that mighty intellect1 borne upward to a height and kindled to an illumination which we shall see no more1 wrought out1 as it were1 in an instant a picture of vision1 warning1 prediction2 the progress of the nation2 the contrasts of its eras2 the heroic deaths2 the motives to patriotism2 the maxims and arts imperial by which the glory has been gathered and may be heightened--wrought out1 in an instant1 a picture to fade only when all record of our mind shall die4 ,in looking over the public remains of his oratory1 it is striking to remark how1 even in that most sober and massive understanding and nature1 you see gathered and expressed the characteristic sentiments and the passing time of our ,america4 ,it is the strong old oak which ascends before you2 yet our soil1 our heaven1 are attested in it as perfectly as if it were a flower that could grow in no other climate and in no other hour of the year or day4 ,let me instance in one thing only4 ,it is a peculiarity of some schools of eloquence that they embody and utter1 not merely the individual genius and character of the speaker1 but a national consciousness--a national era1 a mood1 a hope1 a dread1 a despair--in which you listen to the spoken history of the time4 ,there is an eloquence of an expiring nation1 such as seems to sadden the glorious speech of ,demosthenes2 such as breathes grand and gloomy from visions of the prophets of the last days of ,israel and ,judah2 such as gave a spell to the expression of ,grattan and of ,kossuth--the sweetest1 most mournful1 most awful of the words which man may utter1 or which man may hear--the eloquence of a perishing nation4 ,there is another eloquence1 in which the national consciousness of a young or renewed and vast strength1 of trust in a dazzling certain and limitless future1 an inward glorying in victories yet to be won1 sounds out as by voice of clarion1 challenging to contest for the highest prize of earth2 such as that in which the leader of ,israel in its first days holds up to the new nation the ,land of ,promise2 such as that which in the well-imagined speeches scattered by ,livy over the history of the majestic series of victories speaks the ,roman consciousness of growing aggrandizement which should subject the world2 such as that through which1 at the tribunes of her revolution1 in the bulletins of her rising soldiers1 ,france told to the world her dream of glory4 ,and of this kind somewhat is ours--cheerful1 hopeful1 trusting1 as befits youth and spring2 the eloquence of a state beginning to ascend to the first class of power1 eminence1 and consideration1 and conscious of itself4 ,it is to no purpose that they tell you it is in bad taste2 that it partakes of arrogance and vanity2 that a true national good breeding would not know1 or seem to know1 whether the nation is old or young2 whether the tides of being are in their flow or ebb2 whether these coursers of the sun are sinking slowly to rest1 wearied with a journey of a thousand years1 or just bounding from the ,orient unbreathed4 ,higher laws than those of taste determine the consciousness of nations4 ,higher laws than those of taste determine the general forms of the expression of that consciousness4 ,let the downward age of ,america find its orators and poets and artists to erect its spirit1 or grace and soothe its dying2 be it ours to go up with ,webster to the ,rock1 the ,monument1 the ,capitol1 and bid the distant generations hail6 ,until the seventh day of ,march1 #ahej1 ,i think it would have been accorded to him by an almost universal acclaim1 as general and as expressive of profound and intelligent conviction and of enthusiasm1 love1 and trust1 as ever saluted conspicuous statesmanship1 tried by many crises of affairs in a great nation1 agitated ever by parties1 and wholly free4 ,,albert ,j4 ,,beveridge ,,pass ,,prosperity ,,around ,delivered as ,temporary ,chairman of ,progressive ,national ,convention1 ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,june1 #aiaa4 ,we stand for a nobler ,america4 ,we stand for an undivided ,nation4 ,we stand for a broader liberty1 a fuller justice4 ,we stand for a social brotherhood as against savage individualism4 ,we stand for an intelligent cooeperation instead of a reckless competition4 ,we stand for mutual helpfulness instead of mutual hatred4 ,we stand for equal rights as a fact of life instead of a catch-word of politics4 ,we stand for the rule of the people as a practical truth instead of a meaningless pretense4 ,we stand for a representative government that represents the people4 ,we battle for the actual rights of man4 ,to carry out our principles we have a plain program of constructive reform4 ,we mean to tear down only that which is wrong and out of date2 and where we tear down we mean to build what is right and fitted to the times4 ,we harken to the call of the present4 ,we mean to make laws fit conditions as they are and meet the needs of the people who are on earth to-day4 ,that we may do this we found a party through which all who believe with us can work with us2 or1 rather1 we declare our allegiance to the party which the people themselves have founded4 ,for this party comes from the grass roots4 ,it has grown from the soil of the people's hard necessities4 ,it has the vitality of the people's strong convictions4 ,the people have work to be done and our party is here to do that work4 ,abuse will only strengthen it1 ridicule only hasten its growth1 falsehood only speed its victory4 ,for years this party has been forming4 ,parties exist for the people2 not the people for parties4 ,yet for years the politicians have made the people do the work of the parties instead of the parties doing the work of the people--and the politicians own the parties4 ,the people vote for one party and find their hopes turned to ashes on their lips2 and then to punish that party1 they vote for the other party4 ,so it is that partisan victories have come to be merely the people's vengeance2 and always the secret powers have played their game4 ,like other free people1 most of us ,americans are progressive or reactionary1 liberal or conservative4 ,the neutrals do not count4 ,yet to-day neither of the old parties is either wholly progressive or wholly reactionary4 ,democratic politicians and office seekers say to reactionary ,democratic voters that the ,democratic party is reactionary enough to express reactionary views2 and they say to progressive ,democrats that the ,democratic party is progressive enough to express progressive views4 ,at the same time1 ,republican politicians and office seekers say the same thing about the ,republican party to progressive and reactionary ,republican voters4 ,sometimes in both ,democratic and ,republican ,states the progressives get control of the party locally and then the reactionaries recapture the same party in the same ,state2 or this process is reversed4 ,so there is no nation-wide unity of principle in either party1 no stability of purpose1 no clear-cut and sincere program of one party at frank and open war with an equally clear-cut and sincere program of an opposing party4 ,this unintelligent tangle is seen in ,congress4 ,republican and ,democratic ,senators and ,representatives1 believing alike on broad measures affecting the whole ,republic1 find it hard to vote together because of the nominal difference of their party membership4 ,when1 sometimes1 under resistless conviction1 they do vote together1 we have this foolish spectacle3 legislators calling themselves ,republicans and ,democrats support the same policy1 the ,democratic legislators declaring that that policy is ,democratic and ,republican legislators declaring that it is ,republican2 and at the very same time other ,democratic and ,republican legislators oppose that very same policy1 each of them declaring that it is not ,democratic or not ,republican4 ,the condition makes it impossible most of the time1 and hard at any time1 for the people's legislators who believe in the same broad policies to enact them into logical1 comprehensive laws4 ,it confuses the public mind4 ,it breeds suspicion and distrust4 ,it enables such special interests as seek unjust gain at the public expense to get what they want4 ,it creates and fosters the degrading boss system in ,american politics through which these special interests work4 ,this boss system is unknown and impossible under any other free government in the world4 ,in its very nature it is hostile to general welfare4 ,yet it has grown until it now is a controlling influence in ,american public affairs4 ,at the present moment notorious bosses are in the saddle of both old parties in various important ,states which must be carried to elect a ,president4 ,this ,black ,horse ,cavalry is the most important force in the practical work of the ,democratic and ,republican parties in the present campaign4 ,neither of the old parties' nominees for ,president can escape obligation to these old-party bosses or shake their practical hold on many and powerful members of the ,national ,legislature4 ,under this boss system1 no matter which party wins1 the people seldom win2 but the bosses almost always win4 ,and they never work for the people4 ,they do not even work for the party to which they belong4 ,they work only for those anti-public interests whose political employees they are4 ,it is these interests that are the real victors in the end4 ,these special interests which suck the people's substance are bi-partisan4 ,they use both parties4 ,they are the invisible government behind our visible government4 ,democratic and ,republican bosses alike are brother officers of this hidden power4 ,no matter how fiercely they pretend to fight one another before election1 they work together after election4 ,and1 acting so1 this political conspiracy is able to delay1 mutilate or defeat sound and needed laws for the people's welfare and the prosperity of honest business and even to enact bad laws1 hurtful to the people's welfare and oppressive to honest business4 ,it is this invisible government which is the real danger to ,american institutions4 ,its crude work at ,chicago in ,june1 which the people were able to see1 was no more wicked than its skillful work everywhere and always which the people are not able to see4 ,but an even more serious condition results from the unnatural alignment of the old parties4 ,to-day we ,americans are politically shattered by sectionalism4 ,through the two old parties the tragedy of our history is continued2 and one great geographical part of the ,republic is separated from other parts of the ,republic by an illogical partisan solidarity4 ,the ,south has men and women as genuinely progressive and others as genuinely reactionary as those in other parts of our country4 ,yet1 for well-known reasons1 these sincere and honest southern progressives and reactionaries vote together in a single party1 which is neither progressive nor reactionary4 ,they vote a dead tradition and a local fear1 not a living conviction and a national faith4 ,they vote not for the ,democratic party1 but against the ,republican party4 ,they want to be free from this condition2 they can be free from it through the ,national ,progressive party4 ,for the problems which ,america faces to-day are economic and national4 ,they have to do with a more just distribution of prosperity4 ,they concern the living of the people2 and therefore the more direct government of the people by themselves4 ,they affect the ,south exactly as they affect the ,north1 the ,east or the ,west4 ,it is an artificial and dangerous condition that prevents the southern man and woman from acting with the northern man and woman who believe the same thing4 ,yet just that is what the old parties do prevent4 ,not only does this out-of-date partisanship cut our ,nation into two geographical sections2 it also robs the ,nation of a priceless asset of thought in working out our national destiny4 ,the ,south once was famous for brilliant and constructive thinking on national problems1 and to-day the ,south has minds as brilliant and constructive as of old4 ,but southern intellect cannot freely and fully aid1 in terms of politics1 the solving of the ,nation's problems4 ,this is so because of a partisan sectionalism which has nothing to do with those problems4 ,yet these problems can be solved only in terms of politics4 ,the root of the wrongs which hurt the people is the fact that the people's government has been taken away from them--the invisible government has usurped the people's government4 ,their government must be given back to the people4 ,and so the first purpose of the ,progressive party is to make sure the rule of the people4 ,the rule of the people means that the people themselves shall nominate1 as well as elect1 all candidates for office1 including ,senators and ,presidents of the ,united ,states4 ,what profiteth it the people if they do only the electing while the invisible government does the nominating8 ,the rule of the people means that when the people's legislators make a law which hurts the people1 the people themselves may reject it4 ,the rule of the people means that when the people's legislators refuse to pass a law which the people need1 the people themselves may pass it4 ,the rule of the people means that when the people's employees do not do the people's work well and honestly1 the people may discharge them exactly as a business man discharges employees who do not do their work well and honestly4 ,the people's officials are the people's servants1 not the people's masters4 ,we progressives believe in this rule of the people that the people themselves may deal with their own destiny4 ,who knows the people's needs so well as the people themselves8 ,who so patient as the people8 ,who so long suffering1 who so just8 ,who so wise to solve their own problems8 ,today these problems concern the living of the people4 ,yet in the present stage of ,american development these problems should not exist in this country4 ,for1 in all the world there is no land so rich as ours4 ,our fields can feed hundreds of millions4 ,we have more minerals than the whole of ,europe4 ,invention has made easy the turning of this vast natural wealth into supplies for all the needs of man4 ,one worker today can produce more than twenty workers could produce a century ago4 ,the people living in this land of gold are the most daring and resourceful on the globe4 ,coming from the hardiest stock of every nation of the old world their very history in the new world has made ,americans a peculiar people in courage1 initiative1 love of justice and all the elements of independent character4 ,and1 compared with other peoples1 we are very few in numbers4 ,there are only ninety millions of us1 scattered over a continent4 ,germany has sixty-five millions packed in a country very much smaller than ,texas4 ,the population of ,great ,britain and ,ireland could be set down in ,california and still have more than enough room for the population of ,holland4 ,if this country were as thickly peopled as ,belgium there would be more than twelve hundred million instead of only ninety million persons within our borders4 ,so we have more than enough to supply every human being beneath the flag4 ,there ought not to be in this ,republic a single day of bad business1 a single unemployed workingman1 a single unfed child4 ,american business men should never know an hour of uncertainty1 discouragement or fear2 ,american workingmen never a day of low wages1 idleness or want4 ,hunger should never walk in these thinly peopled gardens of plenty4 ,and yet in spite of all these favors which providence has showered upon us1 the living of the people is the problem of the hour4 ,hundreds of thousands of hard-working ,americans find it difficult to get enough to live on4 ,the average income of an ,american laborer is less than #ejj a year4 ,with this he must furnish food1 shelter and clothing for a family4 ,women1 whose nourishing and protection should be the first care of the ,state1 not only are driven into the mighty army of wage-earners1 but are forced to work under unfair and degrading conditions4 ,the right of a child to grow into a normal human being is sacred2 and yet1 while small and poor countries1 packed with people1 have abolished child labor1 ,american mills1 mines1 factories and sweat-shops are destroying hundreds of thousands of ,american children in body1 mind and soul4 ,at the same time men have grasped fortunes in this country so great that the human mind cannot comprehend their magnitude4 ,these mountains of wealth are far larger than even that lavish reward which no one would deny to business risk or genius4 ,on the other hand1 ,american business is uncertain and unsteady compared with the business of other nations4 ,american business men are the best and bravest in the world1 and yet our business conditions hamper their energies and chill their courage4 ,we have no permanency in business affairs1 no sure outlook upon the business future4 ,this unsettled state of ,american business prevents it from realizing for the people that great and continuous prosperity which our country's location1 vast wealth and small population justifies4 ,we mean to remedy these conditions4 ,we mean not only to make prosperity steady1 but to give to the many who earn it a just share of that prosperity instead of helping the few who do not earn it to take an unjust share4 ,the progressive motto is ,pass prosperity around4 ,to make human living easier1 to free the hands of honest business1 to make trade and commerce sound and steady1 to protect womanhood1 save childhood and restore the dignity of manhood--these are the tasks we must do4 ,what1 then1 is the progressive answer to these questions8 ,we are able to give it specifically and concretely4 ,the first work before us is the revival of honest business4 ,for business is nothing but the industrial and trade activities of all the people4 ,men grow the products of the field1 cut ripe timber from the forest1 dig metal from the mine1 fashion all for human use1 carry them to the market place and exchange them according to their mutual needs--and this is business4 ,with our vast advantages1 contrasted with the vast disadvantages of other nations1 ,american business all the time should be the best and steadiest in the world4 ,but it is not4 ,germany1 with shallow soil1 no mines1 only a window on the seas and a population more than ten times as dense as ours1 yet has a sounder business1 a steadier prosperity1 a more contented because better cared for people4 ,what1 then1 must we do to make ,american business better8 ,we must do what poorer nations have done4 ,we must end the abuses of business by striking down those abuses instead of striking down business itself4 ,we must try to make little business big and all business honest instead of striving to make big business little and yet letting it remain dishonest4 ,present-day business is as unlike old-time business as the old-time ox-cart is unlike the present-day locomotive4 ,invention has made the whole world over again4 ,the railroad1 telegraph1 telephone have bound the people of modern nations into families4 ,to do the business of these closely knit millions in every modern country great business concerns came into being4 ,what we call big business is the child of the economic progress of mankind4 ,so warfare to destroy big business is foolish because it can not succeed and wicked because it ought not to succeed4 ,warfare to destroy big business does not hurt big business1 which always comes out on top1 so much as it hurts all other business which1 in such a warfare1 never comes out on top4 ,with the growth of big business came business evils just as great4 ,it is these evils of big business that hurt the people and injure all other business4 ,one of these wrongs is over capitalization which taxes the people's very living4 ,another is the manipulation of prices to the unsettlement of all normal business and to the people's damage4 ,another is interference in the making of the people's laws and the running of the people's government in the unjust interest of evil business4 ,getting laws that enable particular interests to rob the people1 and even to gather criminal riches from human health and life is still another4 ,an example of such laws is the infamous tobacco legislation of #aijb1 which authorized the ,tobacco ,trust to continue to collect from the people the ,spanish ,war tax1 amounting to a score of millions of dollars1 but to keep that tax instead of turning it over to the government1 as it had been doing4 ,another example is the shameful meat legislation1 by which the ,beef ,trust had the meat it sent abroad inspected by the government so that foreign countries would take its product and yet was permitted to sell diseased meat to our own people4 ,it is incredible that laws like these could ever get on the ,nation's statute books4 ,the invisible government put them there2 and only the universal wrath of an enraged people corrected them when1 after years1 the people discovered the outrages4 ,it is to get just such laws as these and to prevent the passage of laws to correct them1 as well as to keep off the statute books general laws which will end the general abuses of big business that these few criminal interests corrupt our politics1 invest in public officials and keep in power in both parties that type of politicians and party managers who debase ,american politics4 ,behind rotten laws and preventing sound laws1 stands the corrupt boss2 behind the corrupt boss stands the robber interest2 and commanding these powers of pillage stands bloated human greed4 ,it is this conspiracy of evil we must overthrow if we would get the honest laws we need4 ,it is this invisible government we must destroy if we would save ,american institutions4 ,other nations have ended the very same business evils from which we suffer by clearly defining business wrong-doing and then making it a criminal offense1 punishable by imprisonment4 ,yet these foreign nations encourage big business itself and foster all honest business4 ,but they do not tolerate dishonest business1 little or big4 ,what1 then1 shall we ,americans do8 ,common sense and the experience of the world says that we ought to keep the good big business does for us and stop the wrongs that big business does to us4 ,yet we have done just the other thing4 ,we have struck at big business itself and have not even aimed to strike at the evils of big business4 ,nearly twenty-five years ago ,congress passed a law to govern ,american business in the present time which ,parliament passed in the reign of ,king ,james to govern ,english business in that time4 ,for a quarter of a century the courts have tried to make this law work4 ,yet during this very time trusts grew greater in number and power than in the whole history of the world before2 and their evils flourished unhindered and unchecked4 ,these great business concerns grew because natural laws made them grow and artificial law at war with natural law could not stop their growth4 ,but their evils grew faster than the trusts themselves because avarice nourished those evils and no law of any kind stopped avarice from nourishing them4 ,nor is this the worst4 ,under the shifting interpretation of the ,sherman law1 uncertainty and fear is chilling the energies of the great body of honest ,american business men4 ,as the ,sherman law now stands1 no two business men can arrange their mutual affairs and be sure that they are not law-breakers4 ,this is the main hindrance to the immediate and permanent revival of ,american business4 ,if ,german or ,english business men1 with all their disadvantages compared with our advantages1 were manacled by our ,sherman law1 as it stands1 they soon would be bankrupt4 ,indeed1 foreign business men declare that1 if their countries had such a law1 so administered1 they could not do business at all4 ,even this is not all4 ,by the decrees of our courts1 under the ,sherman law1 the two mightiest trusts on earth have actually been licensed1 in the practical outcome1 to go on doing every wrong they ever committed4 ,under the decrees of the courts the ,oil and ,tobacco ,trusts still can raise prices unjustly and already have done so4 ,they still can issue watered stock and surely will do so4 ,they still can throttle other business men and the ,united ,cigar ,stores ,company now is doing so4 ,they still can corrupt our politics and this moment are indulging in that practice4 ,the people are tired of this mock battle with criminal capital4 ,they do not want to hurt business1 but they do want to get something done about the trust question that amounts to something4 ,what good does it do any man to read in his morning paper that the courts have dissolved the ,oil ,trust1 and then read in his evening paper that he must thereafter pay a higher price for his oil than ever before8 ,what good does it do the laborer who smokes his pipe to be told that the courts have dissolved the ,tobacco ,trust and yet find that he must pay the same or a higher price for the same short-weight package of tobacco8 ,yet all this is the practical result of the suits against these two greatest trusts in the world4 ,such business chaos and legal paradoxes as ,american business suffers from can be found nowhere else in the world4 ,rival nations do not fasten legal ball and chain upon their business--no1 they put wings on its flying feet4 ,rival nations do not tell their business men that if they go forward with legitimate enterprise the penitentiary may be their goal4 ,no6 ,rival nations tell their business men that so long as they do honest business their governments will not hinder but will help them4 ,but these rival nations do tell their business men that if they do any evil that our business men do1 prison bars await them4 ,these rival nations do tell their business men that if they issue watered stock or cheat the people in any way1 prison cells will be their homes4 ,just this is what all honest ,american business wants2 just this is what dishonest ,american business does not want2 just this is what the ,american people propose to have2 just this the national ,republican platform of #aijh pledged the people that we would give them2 and just this important pledge the administration1 elected on that platform1 repudiated as it repudiated the more immediate tariff pledge4 ,both these reforms1 so vital to honest ,american business1 the ,progressive party will accomplish4 ,neither evil interests nor reckless demagogues can swerve us from our purpose2 for we are free from both and fear neither4 ,we mean to put new business laws on our statute books which will tell ,american business men what they can do and what they cannot do4 ,we mean to make our business laws clear instead of foggy--to make them plainly state just what things are criminal and what are lawful4 ,and we mean that the penalty for things criminal shall be prison sentences that actually punish the real offender1 instead of money fines that hurt nobody but the people1 who must pay them in the end4 ,and then we mean to send the message forth to hundreds of thousands of brilliant minds and brave hearts engaged in honest business1 that they are not criminals but honorable men in their work to make good business in this ,republic4 ,sure of victory1 we even now say1 ,go forward1 ,american business men1 and know that behind you1 supporting you1 encouraging you1 are the power and approval of the greatest people under the sun4 ,go forward1 ,american business men1 and feed full the fires beneath ,american furnaces2 and give employment to every ,american laborer who asks for work4 ,go forward1 ,american business men1 and capture the markets of the world for ,american trade2 and know that on the wings of your commerce you carry liberty throughout the world and to every inhabitant thereof4 ,go forward1 ,american business men1 and realize that in the time to come it shall be said of you1 as it is said of the hand that rounded ,peter's ,dome1 'he builded better than he knew4' ,the next great business reform we must have to steadily increase ,american prosperity is to change the method of building our tariffs4 ,the tariff must be taken out of politics and treated as a business question instead of as a political question4 ,heretofore1 we have done just the other thing4 ,that is why ,american business is upset every few years by unnecessary tariff upheavals and is weakened by uncertainty in the periods between4 ,the greatest need of business is certainty2 but the only thing certain about our tariff is uncertainty4 ,what1 then1 shall we do to make our tariff changes strengthen business instead of weakening business8 ,rival protective tariff nations have answered that question4 ,common sense has answered it4 ,next to our need to make the ,sherman law modern1 understandable and just1 our greatest fiscal need is a genuine1 permanent1 non-partisan tariff commission4 ,five years ago1 when the fight for this great business measure was begun in the ,senate the bosses of both parties were against it4 ,so1 when the last revision of the tariff was on and a tariff commission might have been written into the tariff law1 the administration would not aid this reform4 ,when two years later the administration supported it weakly1 the bi-partisan boss system killed it4 ,there has not been and will not be any sincere and honest effort by the old parties to get a tariff commission4 ,there has not been and will not be any sincere and honest purpose by those parties to take the tariff out of politics4 ,for the tariff in politics is the excuse for those sham political battles which give the spoilers their opportunity4 ,the tariff in politics is one of the invisible government's methods of wringing tribute from the people4 ,through the tariff in politics the beneficiaries of tariff excesses are cared for1 no matter which party is revising4 ,who has forgotten the tariff scandals that made ,president ,cleveland denounce the ,wilson-,gorman bill as a perfidy and a dishonor8 ,who ever can forget the brazen robberies forced into the ,payne-,aldrich bill which ,mr4 ,taft defended as the best ever made8 ,if everyone else forgets these things the interests that profited by them never will forget them4 ,the bosses and lobbyists that grew rich by putting them through never will forget them4 ,that is why the invisible government and its agents want to keep the old method of tariff building4 ,for1 though such tariff revisions may make lean years for the people1 they make fat years for the powers of pillage and their agents4 ,so neither of the old parties can honestly carry out any tariff policies which they pledge the people to carry out4 ,but even if they could and even if they were sincere1 the old party platforms are in error on tariff policy4 ,the ,democratic platform declares for free trade2 but free trade is wrong and ruinous4 ,the ,republican platform permits extortion2 but tariff extortion is robbery by law4 ,the ,progressive party is for honest protection2 and honest protection is right and a condition of ,american prosperity4 ,a tariff high enough to give ,american producers the ,american market when they make honest goods and sell them at honest prices but low enough that when they sell dishonest goods at dishonest prices1 foreign competition can correct both evils2 a tariff high enough to enable ,american producers to pay our workingmen ,american wages and so arranged that the workingmen will get such wages2 a business tariff whose changes will be so made as to reassure business instead of disturbing it--this is the tariff and the method of its making in which the ,progressive party believes1 for which it does battle and which it proposes to write into the laws of the land4 ,the ,payne-,aldrich tariff law must be revised immediately in accordance to these principles4 ,at the same time a genuine1 permanent1 non-partisan tariff commission must be fixed in the law as firmly as the ,interstate ,commerce ,commission4 ,neither of the old parties can do this work4 ,for neither of the old parties believes in such a tariff2 and1 what is more serious1 special privilege is too thoroughly woven into the fiber of both old parties to allow them to make such a tariff4 ,the ,progressive party only is free from these influences4 ,the ,progressive party only believes in the sincere enactment of a sound tariff policy4 ,the ,progressive party only can change the tariff as it must be changed4 ,these are samples of the reforms in the laws of business that we intend to put on the ,nation's statute books4 ,but there are other questions as important and pressing that we mean to answer by sound and humane laws4 ,child labor in factories1 mills1 mines and sweat-shops must be ended throughout the ,republic4 ,such labor is a crime against childhood because it prevents the growth of normal manhood and womanhood4 ,it is a crime against the ,nation because it prevents the growth of a host of children into strong1 patriotic and intelligent citizens4 ,only the ,nation can stop this industrial vice4 ,the ,states cannot stop it4 ,the ,states never stopped any national wrong--and child labor is a national wrong4 ,to leave it to the ,state alone is unjust to business2 for if some ,states stop it and other ,states do not1 business men of the former are at a disadvantage with the business men of the latter1 because they must sell in the same market goods made by manhood labor at manhood wages in competition with goods made by childhood labor at childhood wages4 ,to leave it to the ,states is unjust to manhood labor2 for childhood labor in any ,state lowers manhood labor in every ,state1 because the product of childhood labor in any ,state competes with the product of manhood labor in every ,state4 ,children workers at the looms in ,south ,carolina means bayonets at the breasts of men and women workers in ,massachusetts who strike for living wages4 ,let the ,states do what they can1 and more power to their arm2 but let the ,nation do what it should and cleanse our flag from this stain4 ,modern industrialism has changed the status of women4 ,women now are wage earners in factories1 stores and other places of toil4 ,in hours of labor and all the physical conditions of industrial effort they must compete with men4 ,and they must do it at lower wages than men receive--wages which1 in most cases1 are not enough for these women workers to live on4 ,this is inhuman and indecent4 ,it is unsocial and uneconomic4 ,it is immoral and unpatriotic4 ,toward women the ,progressive party proclaims the chivalry of the ,state4 ,we propose to protect women wage-earners by suitable laws1 an example of which is the minimum wage for women workers--a wage which shall be high enough to at least buy clothing1 food and shelter for the woman toiler4 ,the care of the aged is one of the most perplexing problems of modern life4 ,how is the workingman with less than five hundred dollars a year1 and with earning power waning as his own years advance1 to provide for aged parents or other relatives in addition to furnishing food1 shelter and clothing for his wife and children8 ,what is to become of the family of the laboring man whose strength has been sapped by excessive toil and who has been thrown upon the industrial scrap heap8 ,it is questions like these we must answer if we are to justify free institutions4 ,they are questions to which the masses of people are chained as to a body of death4 ,and they are questions which other and poorer nations are answering4 ,we progressives mean that ,america shall answer them4 ,the ,progressive party is the helping hand to those whom a vicious industrialism has maimed and crippled4 ,we are for the conservation of our natural resources2 but even more we are for the conservation of human life4 ,our forests1 water power and minerals are valuable and must be saved from the spoilers2 but men1 women and children are more valuable and they1 too1 must be saved from the spoilers4 ,because women1 as much as men1 are a part of our economic and social life1 women1 as much as men1 should have the voting power to solve all economic and social problems4 ,votes for women are theirs as a matter of natural right alone2 votes for women should be theirs as a matter of political wisdom also4 ,as wage-earners1 they should help to solve the labor problem2 as property owners they should help to solve the tax problem2 as wives and mothers they should help to solve all the problems that concern the home4 ,and that means all national problems2 for the ,nation abides at the fireside4 ,if it is said that women cannot help defend the ,nation in time of war and therefore that they should not help to determine the ,nation's destinies in time of peace1 the answer is that women suffer and serve in time of conflict as much as men who carry muskets4 ,and the deeper answer is that those who bear the ,nation's soldiers are as much the ,nation's defenders as their sons4 ,public spokesmen for the invisible government say that many of our reforms are unconstitutional4 ,the same kind of men said the same thing of every effort the ,nation has made to end national abuses4 ,but in every case1 whether in the courts1 at the ballot box1 or on the battlefield1 the vitality of the ,constitution was vindicated4 ,the ,progressive party believes that the ,constitution is a living thing1 growing with the people's growth1 strengthening with the people's strength1 aiding the people in their struggle for life1 liberty and the pursuit of happiness1 permitting the people to meet all their needs as conditions change4 ,the opposition believes that the ,constitution is a dead form1 holding back the people's growth1 shackling the people's strength but giving a free hand to malign powers that prey upon the people4 ,the first words of the ,constitution are ,we the people1 and they declare that the ,constitution's purpose is to form a perfect ,union and to promote the general welfare4 ,to do just that is the very heart of the progressive cause4 ,the ,progressive party asserts anew the vitality of the ,constitution4 ,we believe in the true doctrine of states' rights1 which forbids the ,nation from interfering with states' affairs1 and also forbids the states from interfering with national affairs4 ,the combined intelligence and composite conscience of the ,american people is as irresistible as it is righteous2 and the ,constitution does not prevent that force from working out the general welfare4 ,from certain sources we hear preachments about the danger of our reforms to ,american institutions4 ,what is the purpose of ,american institutions8 ,why was this ,republic established8 ,what does the flag stand for8 ,what do these things mean8 ,they mean that the people shall be free to correct human abuses4 ,they mean that men1 women and children shall not be denied the opportunity to grow stronger and nobler4 ,they mean that the people shall have the power to make our land each day a better place to live in4 ,they mean the realities of liberty and not the academics of theory4 ,they mean the actual progress of the race in tangible items of daily living and not the theoretics of barren disputation4 ,if they do not mean these things they are as sounding brass and tinkling cymbals4 ,a ,nation of strong1 upright men and women2 a ,nation of wholesome homes1 realizing the best ideals2 a ,nation whose power is glorified by its justice and whose justice is the conscience of scores of millions of ,god-fearing people--that is the ,nation the people need and want4 ,and that is the ,nation they shall have4 ,for never doubt that we ,americans will make good the real meaning of our institutions4 ,never doubt that we will solve1 in righteousness and wisdom1 every vexing problem4 ,never doubt that in the end1 the hand from above that leads us upward will prevail over the hand from below that drags us downward4 ,never doubt that we are indeed a ,nation whose ,god is the ,lord4 ,and1 so1 never doubt that a braver1 fairer1 cleaner ,america surely will come2 that a better and brighter life for all beneath the flag surely will be achieved4 ,those who now scoff soon will pray4 ,those who now doubt soon will believe4 ,soon the night will pass2 and when1 to the ,sentinel on the ramparts of ,liberty the anxious ask3 ,watchman1 what of the night8 his answer will be ,lo1 the morn appeareth4 ,knowing the price we must pay1 the sacrifice we must make1 the burdens we must carry1 the assaults we must endure--knowing full well the cost--yet we enlist1 and we enlist for the war4 ,for we know the justice of our cause1 and we know1 too1 its certain triumph4 ,not reluctantly then1 but eagerly1 not with faint hearts but strong1 do we now advance upon the enemies of the people4 ,for the call that comes to us is the call that came to our fathers4 ,as they responded so shall we4 ,he hath sounded forth a trumpet that shall never call retreat1 ,he is sifting out the hearts of men before ,his judgment seat4 ,oh1 be swift our souls to answer ,him1 be jubilant our feet1 ,our ,god is marching on4 ,,russell ,,conwell ,,acres ,,of ,,diamonds#dj ,i am astonished that so many people should care to hear this story over again4 ,indeed1 this lecture has become a study in psychology2 it often breaks all rules of oratory1 departs from the precepts of rhetoric1 and yet remains the most popular of any lecture ,i have delivered in the forty-four years of my public life4 ,i have sometimes studied for a year upon a lecture and made careful research1 and then presented the lecture just once--never delivered it again4 ,i put too much work on it4 ,but this had no work on it--thrown together perfectly at random1 spoken offhand without any special preparation1 and it succeeds when the thing we study1 work over1 adjust to a plan1 is an entire failure4 ,the ,acres of ,diamonds which ,i have mentioned through so many years are to be found in ,philadelphia1 and you are to find them4 ,many have found them4 ,and what man has done1 man can do4 ,i could not find anything better to illustrate my thought than a story ,i have told over and over again1 and which is now found in books in nearly every library4 ,in #ahgj we went down the ,tigris ,river4 ,we hired a guide at ,bagdad to show us ,persepolis1 ,nineveh and ,babylon1 and the ancient countries of ,assyria as far as the ,arabian ,gulf4 ,he was well acquainted with the land1 but he was one of those guides who love to entertain their patrons2 he was like a barber that tells you many stories in order to keep your mind off the scratching and the scraping4 ,he told me so many stories that ,i grew tired of his telling them and ,i refused to listen--looked away whenever he commenced2 that made the guide quite angry4 ,i remember that toward evening he took his ,turkish cap off his head and swung it around in the air4 ,the gesture ,i did not understand and ,i did not dare look at him for fear ,i should become the victim of another story4 ,but1 although ,i am not a woman1 ,i did look1 and the instant ,i turned my eyes upon that worthy guide he was off again4 ,said he1 ,i will tell you a story now which reserve for my particular friends6 ,so then1 counting myself a particular friend1 ,i listened1 and ,i have always been glad ,i did4 ,he said there once lived not far from the ,river ,indus an ancient ,persian by the name of ,al ,hafed4 ,he said that ,al ,hafed owned a very large farm with orchards1 grain fields and gardens4 ,he was a contented and wealthy man--contented because he was wealthy1 and wealthy because he was contented4 ,one day there visited this old farmer one of those ancient ,buddhist priests1 and he sat down by ,al ,hafed's fire and told that old farmer how this world of ours was made4 ,he said that this world was once a mere bank of fog1 which is scientifically true1 and he said that the ,almighty thrust his finger into the bank of fog and then began slowly to move his finger around and gradually to increase the speed of his finger until at last he whirled that bank of fog into a solid ball of fire1 and it went rolling through the universe1 burning its way through other cosmic banks of fog1 until it condensed the moisture without1 and fell in floods of rain upon the heated surface and cooled the outward crust4 ,then the internal flames burst through the cooling crust and threw up the mountains and made the hills of the valley of this wonderful world of ours4 ,if this internal melted mass burst out and copied very quickly it became granite2 that which cooled less quickly became silver2 and less quickly1 gold2 and after gold diamonds were made4 ,said the old priest1 ,a diamond is a congealed drop of sunlight4 ,this is a scientific truth also4 ,you all know that a diamond is pure carbon1 actually deposited sunlight--and he said another thing ,i would not forget3 he declared that a diamond is the last and highest of ,god's mineral creations1 as a woman is the last and highest of ,god's animal creations4 ,i suppose that is the reason why the two have such a liking for each other4 ,and the old priest told ,al ,hafed that if he had a handful of diamonds he could purchase a whole country1 and with a mine of diamonds he could place his children upon thrones through the influence of their great wealth4 ,al ,hafed heard all about diamonds and how much they were worth1 and went to his bed that night a poor man--not that he had lost anything1 but poor because he was discontented and discontented because he thought he was poor4 ,he said3 ,i want a mine of diamonds6 ,so he lay awake all night1 and early in the morning sought out the priest4 ,now ,i know from experience that a priest when awakened early in the morning is cross4 ,he awoke that priest out of his dreams and said to him1 ,will you tell me where ,i can find diamonds8 ,the priest said1 ,diamonds8 ,what do you want with diamonds8 ,i want to be immensely rich1 said ,al ,hafed1 but ,i don't know where to go4 ,well1 said the priest1 if you will find a river that runs over white sand between high mountains1 in those sands you will always see diamonds4 ,do you really believe that there is such a river8 ,plenty of them1 plenty of them2 all you have to do is just go and find them1 then you have them4 ,al ,hafed said1 ,i will go4 ,so he sold his farm1 collected his money at interest1 left his family in charge of a neighbor1 and away he went in search of diamonds4 ,he began very properly1 to my mind1 at the ,mountains of the ,moon4 ,afterwards he went around into ,palestine1 then wandered on into ,europe1 and at last when his money was all spent1 and he was in rags1 wretchedness and poverty1 he stood on the shore of that bay in ,barcelona1 ,spain1 when a tidal wave came rolling through the ,pillars of ,hercules and the poor afflicted1 suffering man could not resist the awful temptation to cast himself into that incoming tide1 and he sank beneath its foaming crest1 never to rise in this life again4 ,when that old guide had told me that very sad story1 he stopped the camel ,i was riding and went back to fix the baggage on one of the other camels1 and ,i remember thinking to myself1 ,why did he reserve that for his particular friends8 ,there seemed to be no beginning1 middle or end--nothing to it4 ,that was the first story ,i ever heard told or read in which the hero was killed in the first chapter4 ,i had but one chapter of that story and the hero was dead4 ,when the guide came back and took up the halter of my camel again1 he went right on with the same story4 ,he said that ,al ,hafed's successor led his camel out into the garden to drink1 and as that camel put its nose down into the clear water of the garden brook ,al ,hafed's successor noticed a curious flash of light from the sands of the shallow stream1 and reaching in he pulled out a black stone having an eye of light that reflected all the colors of the rainbow1 and he took that curious pebble into the house and left it on the mantel1 then went on his way and forgot all about it4 ,a few days after that1 this same old priest who told ,al ,hafed how diamonds were made1 came in to visit his successor1 when he saw that flash of light from the mantel4 ,he rushed up and said1 ,here is a diamond--here is a diamond6 ,has ,al ,hafed returned8 ,no1 no2 ,al ,hafed has not returned and that is not a diamond2 that is nothing but a stone2 we found it right out here in our garden4 ,but ,i know a diamond when ,i see it1 said he2 that is a diamond6 ,then together they rushed to the garden and stirred up the white sands with their fingers and found others more beautiful1 more valuable diamonds than the first1 and thus1 said the guide to me1 were discovered the diamond mines of ,golconda1 the most magnificent diamond mines in all the history of mankind1 exceeding the ,kimberley in its value4 ,the great ,kohinoor diamond in ,england's crown jewels and the largest crown diamond on earth in ,russia's crown jewels1 which ,i had often hoped she would have to sell before they had peace with ,japan1 came from that mine1 and when the old guide had called my attention to that wonderful discovery he took his ,turkish cap off his head again and swung it around in the air to call my attention to the moral4 ,those ,arab guides have a moral to each story1 though the stories are not always moral4 ,he said1 had ,al ,hafed remained at home and dug in his own cellar or in his own garden1 instead of wretchedness1 starvation1 poverty and death in a strange land1 he would have had acres of diamonds--for every acre1 yes1 every shovelful of that old farm afterwards revealed the gems which since have decorated the crowns of monarchs4 ,when he had given the moral to his story1 ,i saw why he had reserved this story for his particular friends4 ,i didn't tell him ,i could see it2 ,i was not going to tell that old ,arab that ,i could see it4 ,for it was that mean old ,arab's way of going around a thing1 like a lawyer1 and saying indirectly what he did not dare say directly1 that there was a certain young man that day traveling down the ,tigris ,river that might better be at home in ,america4 ,i didn't tell him ,i could see it4 ,i told him his story reminded me of one1 and ,i told it to him quick4 ,i told him about that man out in ,california1 who1 in #ahdg1 owned a ranch out there4 ,he read that gold had been discovered in ,southern ,california1 and he sold his ranch to ,colonel ,sutter and started off to hunt for gold4 ,colonel ,sutter put a mill on the little stream in that farm and one day his little girl brought some wet sand from the raceway of the mill into the house and placed it before the fire to dry1 and as that sand was falling through the little girl's fingers a visitor saw the first shining scales of real gold that were ever discovered in ,california2 and the man who wanted the gold had sold this ranch and gone away1 never to return4 ,i delivered this lecture two years ago in ,california1 in the city that stands near that farm1 and they told me that the mine is not exhausted yet1 and that a one-third owner of that farm has been getting during these recent years twenty dollars of gold every fifteen minutes of his life1 sleeping or waking4 ,why1 you and ,i would enjoy an income like that6 ,but the best illustration that ,i have now of this thought was found here in ,pennsylvania4 ,there was a man living in ,pennsylvania who owned a farm here and he did what ,i should do if ,i had a farm in ,pennsylvania--he sold it4 ,but before he sold it he concluded to secure employment collecting coal oil for his cousin in ,canada4 ,they first discovered coal oil there4 ,so this farmer in ,pennsylvania decided that he would apply for a position with his cousin in ,canada4 ,now1 you see1 this farmer was not altogether a foolish man4 ,he did not leave his farm until he had something else to do4 ,of all the simpletons the stars shine on there is none more foolish than a man who leaves one job before he has obtained another4 ,and that has especial reference to gentlemen of my profession1 and has no reference to a man seeking a divorce4 ,so ,i say this old farmer did not leave one job until he had obtained another4 ,he wrote to ,canada1 but his cousin replied that he could not engage him because he did not know anything about the oil business4 ,well1 then1 said he1 ,i will understand it4 ,so he set himself at the study of the whole subject4 ,he began at the second day of the creation1 he studied the subject from the primitive vegetation to the coal oil stage1 until he knew all about it4 ,then he wrote to his cousin and said1 ,now ,i understand the oil business4 ,and his cousin replied to him1 ,all right1 then1 come on4 ,that man1 by the record of the county1 sold his farm for eight hundred and thirty-three dollars--even money1 no cents4 ,he had scarcely gone from that farm before the man who purchased it went out to arrange for the watering the cattle and he found that the previous owner had arranged the matter very nicely4 ,there is a stream running down the hillside there1 and the previous owner had gone out and put a plank across that stream at an angle1 extending across the brook and down edgewise a few inches under the surface of the water4 ,the purpose of the plank across that brook was to throw over to the other bank a dreadful-looking scum through which the cattle would not put their noses to drink above the plank1 although they would drink the water on one side below it4 ,thus that man who had gone to ,canada had been himself damming back for twenty-three years a flow of coal oil which the ,state ,geologist of ,pennsylvania declared officially1 as early as #ahgj1 was then worth to our ,state a hundred millions of dollars4 ,the city of ,titusville now stands on that farm and those ,pleasantville wells flow on1 and that farmer who had studied all about the formation of oil since the second day of ,god's creation clear down to the present time1 sold that farm for #hcc1 no cents--again ,i say1 no sense4 ,but ,i need another illustration1 and ,i found that in ,massachusetts1 and ,i am sorry ,i did1 because that is my old ,state4 ,this young man ,i mention went out of the ,state to study--went down to ,yale ,college and studied ,mines and ,mining4 ,they paid him fifteen dollars a week during his last year for training students who were behind their classes in mineralogy1 out of hours1 of course1 while pursuing his own studies4 ,but when he graduated they raised his pay from fifteen dollars to forty-five dollars and offered him a professorship4 ,then he went straight home to his mother and said1 ,mother1 ,i won't work for forty-five dollars a week4 ,what is forty-five dollars a week for a man with a brain like mine6 ,mother1 let's go out to ,california and stake out gold claims and be immensely rich4 ,now1 said his mother1 it is just as well to be happy as it is to be rich4 ,but as he was the only son he had his way--they always do2 and they sold out in ,massachusetts and went to ,wisconsin1 where he went into the employ of the ,superior ,copper ,mining ,company1 and he was lost from sight in the employ of that company at fifteen dollars a week again4 ,he was also to have an interest in any mines that he should discover for that company4 ,but ,i do not believe that he has ever discovered a mine--,i do not know anything about it1 but ,i do not believe he has4 ,i know he had scarcely gone from the old homestead before the farmer who had bought the homestead went out to dig potatoes1 and as he was bringing them in in a large basket through the front gateway1 the ends of the stone wall came so near together at the gate that the basket hugged very tight4 ,so he set the basket on the ground and pulled1 first on one side and then on the other side4 ,our farms in ,massachusetts are mostly stone walls1 and the farmers have to be economical with their gateways in order to have some place to put the stones4 ,that basket hugged so tight there that as he was hauling it through he noticed in the upper stone next the gate a block of native silver1 eight inches square2 and this professor of mines and mining and mineralogy1 who would not work for forty-five dollars a week1 when he sold that homestead in ,massachusetts1 sat right on that stone to make the bargain4 ,he was brought up there2 he had gone back and forth by that piece of silver1 rubbed it with his sleeve1 and it seemed to say1 ,come now1 now1 now1 here is a hundred thousand dollars4 ,why not take me8 ,but he would not take it4 ,there was no silver in ,newburyport2 it was all away off--well1 ,i don't know where2 he didn't1 but somewhere else--and he was a professor of mineralogy4 ,i do not know of anything ,i would enjoy better than to take the whole time to-night telling of blunders like that ,i have heard professors make4 ,yet ,i wish ,i knew what that man is doing out there in ,wisconsin4 ,i can imagine him out there1 as he sits by his fireside1 and he is saying to his friends1 ,do you know that man ,conwell that lives in ,philadelphia8 ,oh1 yes1 ,i have heard of him4 ,and do you know that man ,jones that lives in that city8 ,yes1 ,i have heard of him4 ,and then he begins to laugh and laugh and says to his friends1 ,they have done the same thing ,i did1 precisely4 ,and that spoils the whole joke1 because you and ,i have done it4 ,ninety out of every hundred people here have made that mistake this very day4 ,i say you ought to be rich2 you have no right to be poor4 ,to live in ,philadelphia and not be rich is a misfortune1 and it is doubly a misfortune1 because you could have been rich just as well as be poor4 ,philadelphia furnishes so many opportunities4 ,you ought to be rich4 ,but persons with certain religious prejudice will ask1 ,how can you spend your time advising the rising generation to give their time to getting money--dollars and cents--the commercial spirit8 ,yet ,i must say that you ought to spend time getting rich4 ,you and ,i know there are some things more valuable than money2 of course1 we do4 ,ah1 yes6 ,by a heart made unspeakably sad by a grave on which the autumn leaves now fall1 ,i know there are some things higher and grander and sublimer than money4 ,well does the man know1 who has suffered1 that there are some things sweeter and holier and more sacred than gold4 ,nevertheless1 the man of common sense also knows that there is not any one of those things that is not greatly enhanced by the use of money4 ,money is power4 ,love is the grandest thing on ,god's earth1 but fortunate the lover who has plenty of money4 ,money is power2 money has powers2 and for a man to say1 ,i do not want money1 is to say1 ,i do not wish to do any good to my fellowmen4 ,it is absurd thus to talk4 ,it is absurd to disconnect them4 ,this is a wonderfully great life1 and you ought to spend your time getting money1 because of the power there is in money4 ,and yet this religious prejudice is so great that some people think it is a great honor to be one of ,god's poor4 ,i am looking in the faces of people who think just that way4 ,i heard a man once say in a prayer meeting that he was thankful that he was one of ,god's poor1 and then ,i silently wondered what his wife would say to that speech1 as she took in washing to support the man while he sat and smoked on the veranda4 ,i don't want to see any more of that land of ,god's poor4 ,now1 when a man could have been rich just as well1 and he is now weak because he is poor1 he has done some great wrong2 he has been untruthful to himself2 he has been unkind to his fellowmen4 ,we ought to get rich if we can by honorable and ,christian methods1 and these are the only methods that sweep us quickly toward the goal of riches4 ,i remember1 not many years ago a young theological student who came into my office and said to me that he thought it was his duty to come in and labor with me4 ,i asked him what had happened1 and he said3 ,i feel it is my duty to come in and speak to you1 sir1 and say that the ,holy ,scriptures declare that money is the root of all evil4 ,i asked him where he found that saying1 and he said he found it in the ,bible4 ,i asked him whether he had made a new ,bible1 and he said1 no1 he had not gotten a new ,bible1 that it was in the old ,bible4 ,well1 ,i said1 if it is in my ,bible1 ,i never saw it4 ,will you please get the text-book and let me see it8 ,he left the room and soon came stalking in with his ,bible open1 with all the bigoted pride of the narrow sectarian1 who founds his creed on some misinterpretation of ,scripture1 and he put the ,bible down on the table before me and fairly squealed into my ear1 ,there it is4 ,you can read it for yourself4 ,i said to him1 ,young man1 you will learn1 when you get a little older1 that you cannot trust another denomination to read the ,bible for you4 ,i said1 ,now1 you belong to another denomination4 ,please read it to me1 and remember that you are taught in a school where emphasis is exegesis4 ,so he took the ,bible and read it3 ,the love of money is the root of all evil4 ,then he had it right4 ,the ,great ,book has come back into the esteem and love of the people1 and into the respect of the greatest minds of earth1 and now you can quote it and rest your life and your death on it without more fear4 ,so1 when he quoted right from the ,scriptures he quoted the truth4 ,the love of money is the root of all evil4 ,oh1 that is it4 ,it is the worship of the means instead of the end1 though you cannot reach the end without the means4 ,when a man makes an idol of the money instead of the purposes for which it may be used1 when he squeezes the dollar until the eagle squeals1 then it is made the root of all evil4 ,think1 if you only had the money1 what you could do for your wife1 your child1 and for your home and your city4 ,think how soon you could endow the ,temple ,college yonder if you only had the money and the disposition to give it2 and yet1 my friend1 people say you and ,i should not spend the time getting rich4 ,how inconsistent the whole thing is4 ,we ought to be rich1 because money has power4 ,i think the best thing for me to do is to illustrate this1 for if ,i say you ought to get rich1 ,i ought1 at least1 to suggest how it is done4 ,we get a prejudice against rich men because of the lies that are told about them4 ,the lies that are told about ,mr4 ,rockefeller because he has two hundred million dollars--so many believe them2 yet how false is the representation of that man to the world4 ,how little we can tell what is true nowadays when newspapers try to sell their papers entirely on some sensation6 ,the way they lie about the rich men is something terrible1 and ,i do not know that there is anything to illustrate this better than what the newspapers now say about the city of ,philadelphia4 ,a young man came to me the other day and said1 ,if ,mr4 ,rockefeller1 as you think1 is a good man1 why is it that everybody says so much against him8 ,it is because he has gotten ahead of us2 that is the whole of it--just gotten ahead of us4 ,why is it ,mr4 ,carnegie is criticised so sharply by an envious world8 ,because he has gotten more than we have4 ,if a man knows more than ,i know1 don't ,i incline to criticise somewhat his learning8 ,let a man stand in a pulpit and preach to thousands1 and if ,i have fifteen people in my church1 and they're all asleep1 don't ,i criticise him8 ,we always do that to the man who gets ahead of us4 ,why1 the man you are criticising has one hundred millions1 and you have fifty cents1 and both of you have just what you are worth4 ,one of the richest men in this country came into my home and sat down in my parlor and said3 ,did you see all those lies about my family in the paper8 ,certainly ,i did2 ,i knew they were lies when ,i saw them4 ,why do they lie about me the way they do8 ,well1 ,i said to him1 if you will give me your check for one hundred millions1 ,i will take all the lies along with it4 ,well1 said he1 ,i don't see any sense in their thus talking about my family and myself4 ,conwell1 tell me frankly1 what do you think the ,american people think of me8 ,well1 said ,i1 they think you are the blackest-hearted villain that ever trod the soil6 ,but what can ,i do about it8 ,there is nothing he can do about it1 and yet he is one of the sweetest ,christian men ,i ever knew4 ,if you get a hundred millions you will have the lies2 you will be lied about1 and you can judge your success in any line by the lies that are told about you4 ,i say that you ought to be rich4 ,but there are ever coming to me young men who say1 ,i would like to go into business1 but ,i cannot4 ,why not8 ,because ,i have no capital to begin on4 ,capital1 capital to begin on6 ,what6 young man6 ,living in ,philadelphia and looking at this wealthy generation1 all of whom began as poor boys1 and you want capital to begin on8 ,it is fortunate for you that you have no capital4 ,i am glad you have no money4 ,i pity a rich man's son4 ,a rich man's son in these days of ours occupies a very difficult position4 ,they are to be pitied4 ,a rich man's son cannot know the very best things in human life4 ,he cannot4 ,the statistics of ,massachusetts show us that not one out of seventeen rich men's sons ever die rich4 ,they are raised in luxury1 they die in poverty4 ,even if a rich man's son retains his father's money even then he cannot know the best things of life4 ,a young man in our college yonder asked me to formulate for him what ,i thought was the happiest hour in a man's history1 and ,i studied it long and came back convinced that the happiest hour that any man ever sees in any earthly matter is when a young man takes his bride over the threshold of the door1 for the first time1 of the house he himself has earned and built1 when he turns to his bride and with an eloquence greater than any language of mine1 he sayeth to his wife1 ,my loved one1 ,i earned this home myself2 ,i earned it all4 ,it is all mine1 and ,i divide it with thee4 ,that is the grandest moment a human heart may ever see4 ,but a rich man's son cannot know that4 ,he goes into a finer mansion1 it may be1 but he is obliged to go through the house and say1 ,mother gave me this1 mother gave me that1 my mother gave me that1 my mother gave me that1 until his wife wishes she had married his mother4 ,oh1 ,i pity a rich man's son4 ,i do4 ,until he gets so far along in his dudeism that he gets his arms up like that and can't get them down4 ,didn't you ever see any of them astray at ,atlantic ,city8 ,i saw one of these scarecrows once and ,i never tire thinking about it4 ,i was at ,niagara ,falls lecturing1 and after the lecture ,i went to the hotel1 and when ,i went up to the desk there stood there a millionaire's son from ,new ,york4 ,he was an indescribable specimen of anthropologic potency4 ,he carried a gold-headed cane under his arm--more in its head than he had in his4 ,i do not believe ,i could describe the young man if ,i should try4 ,but still ,i must say that he wore an eye-glass he could not see through2 patent leather shoes he could not walk in1 and pants he could not sit down in--dressed like a grasshopper6 ,well1 this human cricket came up to the clerk's desk just as ,i came in4 ,he adjusted his unseeing eye-glass in this wise and lisped to the clerk1 because it's ,hinglish1 you know1 to lisp3 ,thir1 thir1 will you have the kindness to fuhnish me with thome papah and thome envelopehs6 ,the clerk measured that man quick1 and he pulled out a drawer and took some envelopes and paper and cast them across the counter and turned away to his books4 ,you should have seen that specimen of humanity when the paper and envelopes came across the counter--he whose wants had always been anticipated by servants4 ,he adjusted his unseeing eye-glass and he yelled after that clerk3 ,come back here1 thir1 come right back here4 ,now1 thir1 will you order a thervant to take that papah and thothe envelopes and carry them to yondah dethk4 ,oh1 the poor miserable1 contemptible ,american monkey6 ,he couldn't carry paper and envelopes twenty feet4 ,i suppose he could not get his arms down4 ,i have no pity for such travesties of human nature4 ,if you have no capital1 ,i am glad of it4 ,you don't need capital2 you need common sense1 not copper cents4 ,a4,t4 ,stewart1 the great princely merchant of ,new ,york1 the richest man in ,america in his time1 was a poor boy2 he had a dollar and a half and went into the mercantile business4 ,but he lost eighty-seven and a half cents of his first dollar and a half because he bought some needles and thread and buttons to sell1 which people didn't want4 ,are you poor8 ,it is because you are not wanted and are left on your own hands4 ,there was the great lesson4 ,apply it whichever way you will it comes to every single person's life1 young or old4 ,he did not know what people needed1 and consequently bought something they didn't want and had the goods left on his hands a dead loss4 ,a4,t4 ,stewart learned there the great lesson of his mercantile life and said1 ,i will never buy anything more until ,i first learn what the people want2 then ,i'll make the purchase4 ,he went around to the doors and asked them what they did want1 and when he found out what they wanted1 he invested his sixty-two and a half cents and began to supply a known demand4 ,i care not what your profession or occupation in life may be2 ,i care not whether you are a lawyer1 a doctor1 a housekeeper1 teacher or whatever else1 the principle is precisely the same4 ,we must know what the world needs first and then invest ourselves to supply that need1 and success is almost certain4 ,a4,t4 ,stewart went on until he was worth forty millions4 ,well1 you will say1 a man can do that in ,new ,york1 but cannot do it here in ,philadelphia4 ,the statistics very carefully gathered in ,new ,york in #ahhi showed one hundred and seven millionaires in the city worth over ten millions apiece4 ,it was remarkable and people think they must go there to get rich4 ,out of that one hundred and seven millionaires only seven of them made their money in ,new ,york1 and the others moved to ,new ,york after their fortunes were made1 and sixty-seven out of the remaining hundred made their fortunes in towns of less than six thousand people1 and the richest man in the country at that time lived in a town of thirty-five hundred inhabitants1 and always lived there and never moved away4 ,it is not so much where you are as what you are4 ,but at the same time if the largeness of the city comes into the problem1 then remember it is the smaller city that furnishes the great opportunity to make the millions of money4 ,the best illustration that ,i can give is in reference to ,john ,jacob ,astor1 who was a poor boy and who made all the money of the ,astor family4 ,he made more than his successors have ever earned1 and yet he once held a mortgage on a millinery store in ,new ,york1 and because the people could not make enough money to pay the interest and the rent1 he foreclosed the mortgage and took possession of the store and went into partnership with the man who had failed4 ,he kept the same stock1 did not give them a dollar capital1 and he left them alone and went out and sat down upon a bench in the park4 ,out there on that bench in the park he had the most important1 and to my mind1 the pleasantest part of that partnership business4 ,he was watching the ladies as they went by2 and where is the man that wouldn't get rich at that business8 ,but when ,john ,jacob ,astor saw a lady pass1 with her shoulders back and her head up1 as if she did not care if the whole world looked on her1 he studied her bonnet2 and before that bonnet was out of sight he knew the shape of the frame and the color of the trimmings1 the curl of the--something on a bonnet4 ,sometimes ,i try to describe a woman's bonnet1 but it is of little use1 for it would be out of style to-morrow night4 ,so ,john ,jacob ,astor went to the store and said3 ,now1 put in the show window just such a bonnet as ,i describe to you because1 said he1 ,i have just seen a lady who likes just such a bonnet4 ,do not make up any more till ,i come back4 ,and he went out again and sat on that bench in the park1 and another lady of a different form and complexion passed him with a bonnet of different shape and color1 of course4 ,now1 said he1 put such a bonnet as that in the show window4 ,he didn't fill his show window with hats and bonnets which drive people away and then sit in the back of the store and bawl because the people go somewhere else to trade4 ,he didn't put a hat or bonnet in that show window the like of which he had not seen before it was made up4 ,in our city especially there are great opportunities for manufacturing1 and the time has come when the line is drawn very sharply between the stockholders of the factory and their employes4 ,now1 friends1 there has also come a discouraging gloom upon this country and the laboring men are beginning to feel that they are being held down by a crust over their heads through which they find it impossible to break1 and the aristocratic money-owner himself is so far above that he will never descend to their assistance4 ,that is the thought that is in the minds of our people4 ,but1 friends1 never in the history of our country was there an opportunity so great for the poor man to get rich as there is now in the city of ,philadelphia4 ,the very fact that they get discouraged is what prevents them from getting rich4 ,that is all there is to it4 ,the road is open1 and let us keep it open between the poor and the rich4 ,i know that the labor unions have two great problems to contend with1 and there is only one way to solve them4 ,the labor unions are doing as much to prevent its solving as are the capitalists to-day1 and there are positively two sides to it4 ,the labor union has two difficulties2 the first one is that it began to make a labor scale for all classes on a par1 and they scale down a man that can earn five dollars a day to two and a half a day1 in order to level up to him an imbecile that cannot earn fifty cents a day4 ,that is one of the most dangerous and discouraging things for the working man4 ,he cannot get the results of his work if he do better work or higher work or work longer2 that is a dangerous thing1 and in order to get every laboring man free and every ,american equal to every other ,american1 let the laboring man ask what he is worth and get it--not let any capitalist say to him3 ,you shall work for me for half of what you are worth2 nor let any labor organization say3 ,you shall work for the capitalist for half your worth4 ,be a man1 be independent1 and then shall the laboring man find the road ever open from poverty to wealth4 ,the other difficulty that the labor union has to consider1 and this problem they have to solve themselves1 is the kind of orators who come and talk to them about the oppressive rich4 ,i can in my dreams recite the oration ,i have heard again and again under such circumstances4 ,my life has been with the laboring man4 ,i am a laboring man myself4 ,i have often1 in their assemblies1 heard the speech of the man who has been invited to address the labor union4 ,the man gets up before the assembled company of honest laboring men and he begins by saying3 ,oh1 ye honest1 industrious laboring men1 who have furnished all the capital of the world1 who have built all the palaces and constructed all the railroads and covered the ocean with her steamships4 ,oh1 you laboring men6 ,you are nothing but slaves2 you are ground down in the dust by the capitalist who is gloating over you as he enjoys his beautiful estates and as he has his banks filled with gold1 and every dollar he owns is coined out of the hearts' blood of the honest laboring man4 ,now1 that is a lie1 and you know it is a lie2 and yet that is the kind of speech that they are all the time hearing1 representing the capitalists as wicked and the laboring men so enslaved4 ,why1 how wrong it is6 ,let the man who loves his flag and believes in ,american principles endeavor with all his soul to bring the capitalist and the laboring man together until they stand side by side1 and arm in arm1 and work for the common good of humanity4 ,he is an enemy to his country who sets capital against labor or labor against capital4 ,suppose ,i were to go down through this audience and ask you to introduce me to the great inventors who live here in ,philadelphia4 ,the inventors of ,philadelphia1 you would say1 ,why we don't have any in ,philadelphia4 ,it is too slow to invent anything4 ,but you do have just as great inventors1 and they are here in this audience1 as ever invented a machine4 ,but the probability is that the greatest inventor to benefit the world with his discovery is some person1 perhaps some lady1 who thinks she could not invent anything4 ,did you ever study the history of invention and see how strange it was that the man who made the greatest discovery did it without any previous idea that he was an inventor8 ,who are the great inventors8 ,they are persons with plain1 straightforward common sense1 who saw a need in the world and immediately applied themselves to supply that need4 ,if you want to invent anything1 don't try to find it in the wheels in your head nor the wheels in your machine1 but first find out what the people need1 and then apply yourself to that need1 and this leads to invention on the part of the people you would not dream of before4 ,the great inventors are simply great men2 the greater the man the more simple the man2 and the more simple a machine1 the more valuable it is4 ,did you ever know a really great man8 ,his ways are so simple1 so common1 so plain1 that you think any one could do what he is doing4 ,so it is with the great men the world over4 ,if you know a really great man1 a neighbor of yours1 you can go right up to him and say1 ,how are you1 ,jim1 good morning1 ,sam4 ,of course you can1 for they are always so simple4 ,when ,i wrote the life of ,general ,garfield1 one of his neighbors took me to his back door1 and shouted1 ,jim1 ,jim1 ,jim6 and very soon ,jim came to the door and ,general ,garfield let me in--one of the grandest men of our century4 ,the great men of the world are ever so4 ,i was down in ,virginia and went up to an educational institution and was directed to a man who was setting out a tree4 ,i approached him and said1 ,do you think it would be possible for me to see ,general ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 the ,president of the ,university8 ,he said1 ,sir1 ,i am ,general ,lee4 ,of course1 when you meet such a man1 so noble a man as that1 you will find him a simple1 plain man4 ,greatness is always just so modest and great inventions are simple4 ,i asked a class in school once who were the great inventors1 and a little girl popped up and said1 ,columbus4 ,well1 now1 she was not so far wrong4 ,columbus bought a farm and he carried on that farm just as ,i carried on my father's farm4 ,he took a hoe and went out and sat down on a rock4 ,but ,columbus1 as he sat upon that shore and looked out upon the ocean1 noticed that the ships1 as they sailed away1 sank deeper into the sea the farther they went4 ,and since that time some other ,spanish ships have sunk into the sea4 ,but as ,columbus noticed that the tops of the masts dropped down out of sight1 he said3 ,that is the way it is with this hoe handle2 if you go around this hoe handle1 the farther off you go the farther down you go4 ,i can sail around to the ,east ,indies4 ,how plain it all was4 ,how simple the mind--majestic like the simplicity of a mountain in its greatness4 ,who are the great inventors8 ,they are ever the simple1 plain1 everyday people who see the need and set about to supply it4 ,i was once lecturing in ,north ,carolina1 and the cashier of the bank sat directly behind a lady who wore a very large hat4 ,i said to that audience1 ,your wealth is too near to you2 you are looking right over it4 ,he whispered to his friend1 ,well1 then1 my wealth is in that hat4 ,a little later1 as he wrote me1 ,i said1 ,wherever there is a human need there is a greater fortune than a mine can furnish4 ,he caught my thought1 and he drew up his plan for a better hat pin than was in the hat before him1 and the pin is now being manufactured4 ,he was offered fifty-five thousand dollars for his patent4 ,that man made his fortune before he got out of that hall4 ,this is the whole question3 ,do you see a need8 ,i remember well a man up in my native hills1 a poor man1 who for twenty years was helped by the town in his poverty1 who owned a wide-spreading maple tree that covered the poor man's cottage like a benediction from on high4 ,i remember that tree1 for in the spring--there were some roguish boys around that neighborhood when ,i was young--in the spring of the year the man would put a bucket there and the spouts to catch the maple sap1 and ,i remember where that bucket was2 and when ,i was young the boys were1 oh1 so mean1 that they went to that tree before that man had gotten out of bed in the morning1 and after he had gone to bed at night1 and drank up that sweet sap4 ,i could swear they did it4 ,he didn't make a great deal of maple sugar from that tree4 ,but one day he made the sugar so white and crystalline that the visitor did not believe it was maple sugar2 thought maple sugar must be red or black4 ,he said to the old man3 ,why don't you make it that way and sell it for confectionery8 ,the old man caught his thought and invented the rock maple crystal1 and before that patent expired he had ninety thousand dollars and had built a beautiful palace on the site of that tree4 ,after forty years owning that tree he awoke to find it had fortunes of money indeed in it4 ,and many of us are right by the tree that has a fortune for us1 and we own it1 possess it1 do what we will with it1 but we do not learn its value because we do not see the human need1 and in these discoveries and inventions this is one of the most romantic things of life4 ,i have received letters from all over the country and from ,england1 where ,i have lectured1 saying that they have discovered this and that1 and one man out in ,ohio took me through his great factories last spring1 and said that they cost him #fhj1jjj1 and said he1 ,i was not worth a cent in the world when ,i heard your lecture ',acres of ,diamonds2' but ,i made up my mind to stop right here and make my fortune here1 and here it is4 ,he showed me through his unmortgaged possessions4 ,and this is a continual experience now as ,i travel through the country1 after these many years4 ,i mention this incident1 not to boast1 but to show you that you can do the same if you will4 ,who are the great inventors8 ,i remember a good illustration in a man who used to live in ,east ,brookfield1 ,mass4 ,he was a shoemaker1 and he was out of work1 and he sat around the house until his wife told him to go out doors4 ,and he did what every husband is compelled by law to do--he obeyed his wife4 ,and he went out and sat down on an ash barrel in his back yard4 ,think of it6 ,stranded on an ash barrel and the enemy in possession of the house6 ,as he sat on that ash barrel1 he looked down into that little brook which ran through that back yard into the meadows1 and he saw a little trout go flashing up the stream and hiding under the bank4 ,i do not suppose he thought of ,tennyson's beautiful poem3 ,chatter1 chatter1 as ,i flow1 ,to join the brimming river1 ,men may come1 and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 ,but as this man looked into the brook1 he leaped off that ash barrel and managed to catch the trout with his fingers1 and sent it to ,worcester4 ,they wrote back that they would give him a five dollar bill for another such trout as that1 not that it was worth that much1 but they wished to help the poor man4 ,so this shoemaker and his wife1 now perfectly united1 that five dollar bill in prospect1 went out to get another trout4 ,they went up the stream to its source and down to the brimming river1 but not another trout could they find in the whole stream2 and so they came home disconsolate and went to the minister4 ,the minister didn't know how trout grew1 but he pointed the way4 ,said he1 ,get ,seth ,green's book1 and that will give you the information you want4 ,they did so1 and found all about the culture of trout4 ,they found that a trout lays thirty-six hundred eggs every year and every trout gains a quarter of a pound every year1 so that in four years a little trout will furnish four tons per annum to sell to the market at fifty cents a pound4 ,when they found that1 they said they didn't believe any such story as that1 but if they could get five dollars apiece they could make something4 ,and right in that same back yard with the coal sifter up stream and window screen down the stream1 they began the culture of trout4 ,they afterwards moved to the ,hudson1 and since then he has become the authority in the ,united ,states upon the raising of fish1 and he has been next to the highest on the ,united ,states ,fish ,commission in ,washington4 ,my lesson is that man's wealth was out there in his back yard for twenty years1 but he didn't see it until his wife drove him out with a mop stick4 ,i remember meeting personally a poor carpenter of ,hingham1 ,massachusetts1 who was out of work and in poverty4 ,his wife also drove him out of doors4 ,he sat down on the shore and whittled a soaked shingle into a wooden chain4 ,his children quarreled over it in the evening1 and while he was whittling a second one1 a neighbor came along and said1 ,why don't you whittle toys if you can carve like that8 ,he said1 ,i don't know what to make6 ,there is the whole thing4 ,his neighbor said to him3 ,why don't you ask your own children8 ,said he1 ,what is the use of doing that8 ,my children are different from other people's children4 ,i used to see people like that when ,i taught school4 ,the next morning when his boy came down the stairway1 he said1 ,sam1 what do you want for a toy8 ,i want a wheelbarrow4 ,when his little girl came down1 he asked her what she wanted1 and she said1 ,i want a little doll's washstand1 a little doll's carriage1 a little doll's umbrella1 and went on with a whole lot of things that would have taken his lifetime to supply4 ,he consulted his own children right there in his own house and began to whittle out toys to please them4 ,he began with his jack-knife1 and made those unpainted ,hingham toys4 ,he is the richest man in the entire ,new ,england ,states1 if ,mr4 ,lawson is to be trusted in his statement concerning such things1 and yet that man's fortune was made by consulting his own children in his own house4 ,you don't need to go out of your own house to find out what to invent or what to make4 ,i always talk too long on this subject4 ,i would like to meet the great men who are here to-night4 ,the great men6 ,we don't have any great men in ,philadelphia4 ,great men6 ,you say that they all come from ,london1 or ,san ,francisco1 or ,rome1 or ,manayunk1 or anywhere else but here--anywhere else but ,philadelphia--and yet1 in fact1 there are just as great men in ,philadelphia as in any city of its size4 ,there are great men and women in this audience4 ,great men1 ,i have said1 are very simple men4 ,just as many great men here as are to be found anywhere4 ,the greatest error in judging great men is that we think that they always hold an office4 ,the world knows nothing of its greatest men4 ,who are the great men of the world8 ,the young man and young woman may well ask the question4 ,it is not necessary that they should hold an office1 and yet that is the popular idea4 ,that is the idea we teach now in our high schools and common schools1 that the great men of the world are those who hold some high office1 and unless we change that very soon and do away with that prejudice1 we are going to change to an empire4 ,there is no question about it4 ,we must teach that men are great only on their intrinsic value1 and not on the position that they may incidentally happen to occupy4 ,and yet1 don't blame the young men saying that they are going to be great when they get into some official position4 ,i ask this audience again who of you are going to be great8 ,says a young man3 ,i am going to be great4 ,when are you going to be great8 ,when ,i am elected to some political office4 ,won't you learn the lesson1 young man2 that it is prima facie evidence of littleness to hold public office under our form of government8 ,think of it4 ,this is a government of the people1 and by the people1 and for the people1 and not for the office-holder1 and if the people in this country rule as they always should rule1 an office-holder is only the servant of the people1 and the ,bible says that the servant cannot be greater than his master4 ,the ,bible says that he that is sent cannot be greater than him who sent him4 ,in this country the people are the masters1 and the office-holders can never be greater than the people2 they should be honest servants of the people1 but they are not our greatest men4 ,young man1 remember that you never heard of a great man holding any political office in this country unless he took that office at an expense to himself4 ,it is a loss to every great man to take a public office in our country4 ,bear this in mind1 young man1 that you cannot be made great by a political election4 ,another young man says1 ,i am going to be a great man in ,philadelphia some time4 ,is that so8 ,when are you going to be great8 ,when there comes another war6 ,when we get into difficulty with ,mexico1 or ,england1 or ,russia1 or ,japan1 or with ,spain again over ,cuba1 or with ,new ,jersey1 ,i will march up to the cannon's mouth1 and amid the glistening bayonets ,i will tear down their flag from its staff1 and ,i will come home with stars on my shoulders1 and hold every office in the gift of the government1 and ,i will be great4 ,no1 you won't6 ,no1 you won't2 that is no evidence of true greatness1 young man4 ,but don't blame that young man for thinking that way2 that is the way he is taught in the high school4 ,that is the way history is taught in college4 ,he is taught that the men who held the office did all the fighting4 ,i remember we had a ,peace ,jubilee here in ,philadelphia soon after the ,spanish war4 ,perhaps some of these visitors think we should not have had it until now in ,philadelphia1 and as the great procession was going up ,broad street ,i was told that the tally-ho coach stopped right in front of my house1 and on the coach was ,hobson1 and all the people threw up their hats and swung their handkerchiefs1 and shouted ,hurrah for ,hobson6 ,i would have yelled too1 because he deserves much more of his country than he has ever received4 ,but suppose ,i go into the ,high ,school to-morrow and ask1 ,boys1 who sunk the ,merrimac8 ,if they answer me ,hobson1 they tell me seven-eighths of a lie--seven-eighths of a lie1 because there were eight men who sunk the ,merrimac4 ,the other seven men1 by virtue of their position1 were continually exposed to the ,spanish fire1 while ,hobson1 as an officer1 might reasonably be behind the smoke-stack4 ,why1 my friends1 in this intelligent audience gathered here to-night ,i do not believe ,i could find a single person that can name the other seven men who were with ,hobson4 ,why do we teach history in that way8 ,we ought to teach that however humble the station a man may occupy1 if he does his full duty in his place1 he is just as much entitled to the ,american people's honor as is a king upon a throne4 ,we do teach it as a mother did her little boy in ,new ,york when he said1 ,mamma1 what great building is that8 ,that is ,general ,grant's tomb4 ,who was ,general ,grant8 ,he was the man who put down the rebellion4 ,is that the way to teach history8 ,do you think we would have gained a victory if it had depended on ,general ,grant alone8 ,oh1 no4 ,then why is there a tomb on the ,hudson at all8 ,why1 not simply because ,general ,grant was personally a great man himself1 but that tomb is there because he was a representative man and represented two hundred thousand men who went down to death for their nation and many of them as great as ,general ,grant4 ,that is why that beautiful tomb stands on the heights over the ,hudson4 ,i remember an incident that will illustrate this1 the only one that ,i can give to-night4 ,i am ashamed of it1 but ,i don't dare leave it out4 ,i close my eyes now2 ,i look back through the years to #ahfc2 ,i can see my native town in the ,berkshire ,hills1 ,i can see that cattle-show ground filled with people2 ,i can see the church there and the town hall crowded1 and hear bands playing1 and see flags flying and handkerchiefs streaming--well do ,i recall at this moment that day4 ,the people had turned out to receive a company of soldiers1 and that company came marching up on the ,common4 ,they had served out one term in the ,civil ,war and had reenlisted1 and they were being received by their native townsmen4 ,i was but a boy1 but ,i was captain of that company1 puffed out with pride on that day--why1 a cambric needle would have burst me all to pieces4 ,as ,i marched on the ,common at the head of my company1 there was not a man more proud than ,i4 ,we marched into the town hall and then they seated my soldiers down in the center of the house and ,i took my place down on the front seat1 and then the town officers filed through the great throng of people1 who stood close and packed in that little hall4 ,they came up on the platform1 formed a half circle around it1 and the mayor of the town1 the chairman of the ,selectmen in ,new ,england1 took his seat in the middle of that half circle4 ,he was an old man1 his hair was gray2 he never held an office before in his life4 ,he thought that an office was all he needed to be a truly great man1 and when he came up he adjusted his powerful spectacles and glanced calmly around the audience with amazing dignity4 ,suddenly his eyes fell upon me1 and then the good old man came right forward and invited me to come up on the stand with the town officers4 ,invited me up on the stand6 ,no town officer ever took notice of me before ,i went to war4 ,now1 ,i should not say that4 ,one town officer was there who advised the teacher to whale me1 but ,i mean no honorable mention4 ,so ,i was invited up on the stand with the town officers4 ,i took my seat and let my sword fall on the floor1 and folded my arms across my breast and waited to be received4 ,napoleon the ,fifth6 ,pride goeth before destruction and a fall4 ,when ,i had gotten my seat and all became silent through the hall1 the chairman of the ,selectmen arose and came forward with great dignity to the table1 and we all supposed he would introduce the ,congregational minister1 who was the only orator in the town1 and who would give the oration to the returning soldiers4 ,but1 friends1 you should have seen the surprise that ran over that audience when they discovered that this old farmer was going to deliver that oration himself4 ,he had never made a speech in his life before1 but he fell into the same error that others have fallen into1 he seemed to think that the office would make him an orator4 ,so he had written out a speech and walked up and down the pasture until he had learned it by heart and frightened the cattle1 and he brought that manuscript with him1 and taking it from his pocket1 he spread it carefully upon the table4 ,then he adjusted his spectacles to be sure that he might see it1 and walked far back on the platform and then stepped forward like this4 ,he must have studied the subject much1 for he assumed an elocutionary attitude2 he rested heavily upon his left heel1 slightly advanced the right foot1 threw back his shoulders1 opened the organs of speech1 and advanced his right hand at an angle of forty-five4 ,as he stood in that elocutionary attitude this is just the way that speech went1 this is it precisely4 ,some of my friends have asked me if ,i do not exaggerate it1 but ,i could not exaggerate it4 ,impossible6 ,this is the way it went2 although ,i am not here for the story but the lesson that is back of it3 ,fellow citizens4 ,as soon as he heard his voice1 his hand began to shake like that1 his knees began to tremble1 and then he shook all over4 ,he coughed and choked and finally came around to look at his manuscript4 ,then he began again3 ,fellow citizens3 ,we--are--we are--we are--we are--,we are very happy--we are very happy--we are very happy--to welcome back to their native town these soldiers who have fought and bled--and come back again to their native town4 ,we are especially--we are especially--we are especially--we are especially pleased to see with us to-day this young hero 7that meant me7--this young hero who in imagination 7friends1 remember1 he said imagination1 for if he had not said that1 ,i would not be egotistical enough to refer to it7--this young hero who1 in imagination1 we have seen leading his troops--leading--we have seen leading--we have seen leading his troops on to the deadly breach4 ,we have seen his shining--his shining--we have seen his shining--we have seen his shining--his shining sword--flashing in the sunlight as he shouted to his troops1 ',come on6' ,oh1 dear1 dear1 dear1 dear6 ,how little that good1 old man knew about war4 ,if he had known anything about war1 he ought to have known what any soldier in this audience knows is true1 that it is next to a crime for an officer of infantry ever in time of danger to go ahead of his men4 ,i1 with my shining sword flashing in the sunlight1 shouting to my troops3 ,come on4 ,i never did it4 ,do you suppose ,i would go ahead of my men to be shot in the front by the enemy and in the back by my own men8 ,that is no place for an officer4 ,the place for the officer is behind the private soldier in actual fighting4 ,how often1 as a staff officer1 ,i rode down the line when the ,rebel cry and yell was coming out of the woods1 sweeping along over the fields1 and shouted1 ,officers to the rear6 ,officers to the rear6 and then every officer goes behind the line of battle1 and the higher the officer's rank1 the farther behind he goes4 ,not because he is any the less brave1 but because the laws of war require that to be done4 ,if the general came up on the front line and were killed you would lose your battle anyhow1 because he has the plan of the battle in his brain1 and must be kept in comparative safety4 ,i1 with my shining sword flashing in the sunlight4 ,ah6 ,there sat in the hall that day men who had given that boy their last hard-tack1 who had carried him on their backs through deep rivers4 ,but some were not there2 they had gone down to death for their country4 ,the speaker mentioned them1 but they were but little noticed1 and yet they had gone down to death for their country1 gone down for a cause they believed was right and still believe was right1 though ,i grant to the other side the same that ,i ask for myself4 ,yet these men who had actually died for their country were little noticed1 and the hero of the hour was this boy4 ,why was he the hero8 ,simply because that man fell into that same foolishness4 ,this boy was an officer1 and those were only private soldiers4 ,i learned a lesson that ,i will never forget4 ,greatness consists not in holding some office2 greatness really consists in doing some great deed with little means1 in the accomplishment of vast purposes from the private ranks of life2 that is true greatness4 ,he who can give to this people better streets1 better homes1 better schools1 better churches1 more religion1 more of happiness1 more of ,god1 he that can be a blessing to the community in which he lives to-night will be great anywhere1 but he who cannot be a blessing where he now lives will never be great anywhere on the face of ,god's earth4 ,we live in deeds1 not years1 in feeling1 not in figures on a dial2 in thoughts1 not breaths2 we should count time by heart throbs1 in the cause of right4 ,bailey says3 ,he most lives who thinks most4 ,if you forget everything ,i have said to you1 do not forget this1 because it contains more in two lines than all ,i have said4 ,bailey says3 ,he most lives who thinks most1 who feels the noblest1 and who acts the best4 ,,victor ,,hugo ,,honore ,,de ,,balzac ,delivered at the ,funeral of ,balzac1 ,august #bj1 #ahej4 ,gentlemen3 ,the man who now goes down into this tomb is one of those to whom public grief pays homage4 ,in one day all fictions have vanished4 ,the eye is fixed not only on the heads that reign1 but on heads that think1 and the whole country is moved when one of those heads disappears4 ,to-day we have a people in black because of the death of the man of talent2 a nation in mourning for a man of genius4 ,gentlemen1 the name of ,balzac will be mingled in the luminous trace our epoch will leave across the future4 ,balzac was one of that powerful generation of writers of the nineteenth century who came after ,napoleon1 as the illustrious ,pleiad of the seventeenth century came after ,richelieu1--as if in the development of civilization there were a law which gives conquerors by the intellect as successors to conquerors by the sword4 ,balzac was one of the first among the greatest1 one of the highest among the best4 ,this is not the place to tell all that constituted this splendid and sovereign intelligence4 ,all his books form but one book1--a book living1 luminous1 profound1 where one sees coming and going and marching and moving1 with ,i know not what of the formidable and terrible1 mixed with the real1 all our contemporary civilization2--a marvelous book which the poet entitled a comedy and which he could have called history2 which takes all forms and all style1 which surpasses ,tacitus and ,suetonius2 which traverses ,beaumarchais and reaches ,rabelais2--a book which realizes observation and imagination1 which lavishes the true1 the esoteric1 the commonplace1 the trivial1 the material1 and which at times through all realities1 swiftly and grandly rent away1 allows us all at once a glimpse of a most sombre and tragic ideal4 ,unknown to himself1 whether he wished it or not1 whether he consented or not1 the author of this immense and strange work is one of the strong race of ,revolutionist writers4 ,balzac goes straight to the goal4 ,body to body he seizes modern society2 from all he wrests something1 from these an illusion1 from those a hope2 from one a catch-word1 from another a mask4 ,he ransacked vice1 he dissected passion4 ,he searched out and sounded man1 soul1 heart1 entrails1 brain1--the abyss that each one has within himself4 ,and by grace of his free and vigorous nature2 by a privilege of the intellect of our time1 which1 having seen revolutions face to face1 can see more clearly the destiny of humanity and comprehend ,providence better1--,balzac redeemed himself smiling and severe from those formidable studies which produced melancholy in ,moliere and misanthropy in ,rousseau4 ,this is what he has accomplished among us1 this is the work which he has left us1--a work lofty and solid1--a monument robustly piled in layers of granite1 from the height of which hereafter his renown shall shine in splendor4 ,great men make their own pedestal1 the future will be answerable for the statue4 ,his death stupefied ,paris6 ,only a few months ago he had come back to ,france4 ,feeling that he was dying1 he wished to see his country again1 as one who would embrace his mother on the eve of a distant voyage4 ,his life was short1 but full1 more filled with deeds than days4 ,alas6 this powerful worker1 never fatigued1 this philosopher1 this thinker1 this poet1 this genius1 has lived among us that life of storm1 of strife1 of quarrels and combats1 common in all times to all great men4 ,to-day he is at peace4 ,he escapes contention and hatred4 ,on the same day he enters into glory and the tomb4 ,thereafter beyond the clouds1 which are above our heads1 he will shine among the stars of his country4 ,all you who are here1 are you not tempted to envy him8 ,whatever may be our grief in presence of such a loss1 let us accept these catastrophes with resignation6 ,let us accept in it whatever is distressing and severe2 it is good perhaps1 it is necessary perhaps1 in an epoch like ours1 that from time to time the great dead shall communicate to spirits devoured with skepticism and doubt1 a religious fervor4 ,providence knows what it does when it puts the people face to face with the supreme mystery and when it gives them death to reflect on1--death which is supreme equality1 as it is also supreme liberty4 ,providence knows what it does1 since it is the greatest of all instructors4 ,there can be but austere and serious thoughts in all hearts when a sublime spirit makes its majestic entrance into another life1 when one of those beings who have long soared above the crowd on the visible wings of genius1 spreading all at once other wings which we did not see1 plunges swiftly into the unknown4 ,no1 it is not the unknown2 no1 ,i have said it on another sad occasion and ,i shall repeat it to-day1 it is not night1 it is light4 ,it is not the end1 it is the beginning6 ,it is not extinction1 it is eternity6 ,is it not true1 my hearers1 such tombs as this demonstrate immortality8 ,in presence of the illustrious dead1 we feel more distinctly the divine destiny of that intelligence which traverses the earth to suffer and to purify itself1--which we call man4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cg3 ,saguntum was a city of ,iberia 7,spain7 in alliance with ,rome4 ,hannibal1 in spite of ,rome's warnings in #bai ,b4,c41 laid siege to and captured it4 ,this became the immediate cause of the war which ,rome declared against ,carthage4 ,footnote #ch3 ,from his speech in ,washington on ,march #ac1 #aije1 before the ,national ,congress of ,mothers4 ,printed from a copy furnished by the president for this collection1 in response to a request4 ,footnote #ci3 ,used by permission4 ,footnote #dj3 ,reported by ,a4 ,russell ,smith and ,harry ,e4 ,greager4 ,used by permission4 ,on ,may #ba1 #aiad1 when ,dr4 ,conwell delivered this lecture for the five thousandth time1 ,mr4 ,john ,wanamaker said that if the proceeds had been put out at compound interest the sum would aggregate eight millions of dollars4 ,dr4 ,conwell has uniformly devoted his lecturing income to works of benevolence4 ,,general ,,index ,names of speakers and writers referred to are set in ,,capitals4 ,other references are printed in lower case1 or small1 type4 ,because of the large number of fragmentary quotations made from speeches and books1 no titles are indexed1 but all such material will be found indexed under the name of 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