,illustration3 ,a ,boys' ,camp ,the ,library of ,work and ,play ,,outdoor ,,sports ,,and ,,games by ,,claude ,h4 ,,miller1 ,,ph4,b4 ,garden ,city ,new ,york ,doubleday1 ,page ,company #aiaa ,,contents ,i4 ,introductory ,the human body a perfect machine--,how to keep well--,outdoor sleeping--,exercise and play--,smoking--,walking4 ,,ii4 ,the ,boy ,scouts of ,america ,headquarters--,purpose--,scout ,law--,how to form a patrol of ,scouts--,organization of a troop--,practical activities for ,scouts--,a ,scout camp--,model ,programme of ,sir ,r4,s4,s4 ,baden-,powell ,scout camp4 ,,iii4 ,camps and ,camping ,how to select the best place to pitch a tent--,a brush bed--,the best kind of a tent--,how to make the camp fire--,what to do when it rains--,fresh air and good food--,the brush leanto and how to make it4 ,,iv4 ,camp ,cooking ,how to make the camp fire range--,bread bakers--,cooking utensils--,the grub list--,simple camp recipes4 ,v4 ,woodcraft ,the use of an axe and hatchet--,best woods for special purposes--,what to do when you are lost--,nature's compasses4 ,,vi4 ,use of ,fire-arms ,importance of early training--,why a gun is better than a rifle--,how to become a good shot4 ,,vii4 ,fishing ,proper tackle for all purposes--,how to catch bait--,the fly fisherman--,general fishing rules4 ,,viii4 ,nature ,study ,what is a true naturalist8--,how to start a collection--,moth collecting--,the herbarium4 ,,ix4 ,water ,life ,the water telescope--,how to manage an aquarium--,our insect friends and enemies--,the observation beehive4 ,x4 ,the ,care of ,pets ,cats--,boxes for song birds--,how to attract the birds--,tame crows--,the pigeon fancier--,ornamental land and water fowl--,rabbits1 guinea pigs1 rats and mice--,how to build coops--,general rules for the care of pets--,the dog4 ,,xi4 ,the ,care of ,chickens ,the best breed--,good and bad points of incubators--,what to feed small chicks--,a model chicken house4 ,,xii4 ,winter ,sports ,what to wear--,skating--,skiing--,snowshoeing--, hockey4 ,,xiii4 ,horsemanship ,how to become a good rider--,the care of horses--,saddles4 ,,xiv4 ,how to ,swim and to ,canoe ,the racing strokes--,paddling and sailing canoes4 ,,xv4 ,baseball ,how to organize a team and to select the players--,the various positions--,curve pitching4 ,,xvi4 ,how to ,play ,football ,the various positions and how to select men for them--,team work and signals--,the rules4 ,,xvii4 ,lawn ,tennis ,how to make and mark a court--,clay and sod courts--,the proper grip of the racket--,golf--,the strokes and equipment4 ,,xviii4 ,photography ,the selection of a camera--,snapshots vs4 real pictures--,how to make a photograph from start to finish4 ,,xix4 ,outdoor ,sports for ,girls ,what to wear--,confidence--,horseback riding--,tennis--,golf--,camping4 ,,xx4 ,one ,hundred ,outdoor ,games ,,illustrations ,a ,boy's ,camp ,a ,child's ,may-day ,party ,fishing is the ,one ,sport of ,our ,childhood that ,holds ,our ,interest ,through ,life ,the ,moth ,collector and ,his ,outfit ,the ,exciting ,sport of ,ski-running ,swimming is ,one of the ,best ,outdoor ,sports ,in ,canoeing ,against the ,current in ,swift ,streams a ,pole is ,used in ,place of the ,paddle ,photographs of ,tennis ,strokes ,taken in ,actual ,play ,how an ,expert ,plays ,golf ,i ,,introductory ,the human body a perfect machine--,how to keep well--,outdoor sleeping--,exercise and play--,smoking--,walking ,suppose you should wake up ,christmas morning and find yourself to be the owner of a bicycle4 ,it is a brand-new wheel and everything is in perfect working order4 ,the bearings are well oiled1 the nickel is bright and shiny and it is all tuned up and ready for use4 ,if you are a careful1 sensible boy you can have fun with it for a long time until finally1 like the 8,one ,hoss ,shay0 in the poem1 it wears out and goes to pieces all at once4 ,on the other hand1 if you are careless or indifferent or lazy you may allow the machine to get out of order or to become rusty from disuse1 or perhaps when a nut works loose you neglect it and have a breakdown on the road1 or you may forget to oil the bearings and in a short time they begin to squeak and wear4 ,if you are another kind of a boy1 you may be careful enough about oiling and cleaning the wheel1 but you may also be reckless and head--strong and will jump over curbstones and gutters or ride it over rough roads at a dangerous rate of speed1 and in this way shorten its life by abuse just as the careless boy may by neglect4 ,it is just so with the human body which1 after all1 is a machine too1 and1 more than that1 it is the most wonderful and perfect machine in the world4 ,with care it should last many years4 ,with abuse or neglect it may very soon wear out4 ,the boy who neglects his health is like the boy who allows the bearings on his wheel to become dry or the metal parts rusty4 ,the chief difference is that when the bicycle wears out or breaks down we may replace the parts or even buy another machine1 but when our health is injured1 money will not restore it4 ,in order to keep well we must observe certain rules of health4 ,by exercise we keep the working parts in good order4 ,if we are lazy or indolent we are like the bicycle that is allowed to go to pieces from lack of use4 ,if we are reckless and foolhardy we may injure some part of the delicate machinery from excessive exercise or strain4 ,play is the most natural thing in the world but we must use judgment in our play4 ,a boy or girl who is not allowed to play or who is restrained by too anxious parents is unhappy indeed4 ,nearly all animals play4 ,we know1 for instance1 that puppies1 kittens1 and lambs are playful4 ,it is a perfectly natural instinct4 ,by proper play we build up our bodies and train our minds4 ,the healthy man never gets too old to play4 ,he may not care to play marbles or roll hoops1 but he will find his pleasure in some game or sport like tennis1 golf1 horseback riding1 camping1 fishing or hunting4 ,in this book we shall talk about some forms of play and recreation that are not strictly confined to children1 but which we may still enjoy even after we have become grown men and women4 ,we shall also talk about some children's games that some of the older readers may have outgrown4 ,while we play we keep our minds occupied by the sport1 and at the same time we exercise our muscles and feed our lungs and our bodies with oxygen4 ,it is unfortunate that in school or college athletics those who need exercise the most are often those who are physically unfitted to play on the school teams4 ,in other words1 we select our runners and jumpers and football players from among the stronger boys1 while the weaker ones really need the benefit of the sport4 ,every boy should take part in school games when possible even if he is not as swift or as strong as some other boys4 ,it is very unmanly of one boy to make fun of another because he is weak or clumsy or unskilful4 ,after all1 the thing that counts and the thing that is most creditable is to make the most of our opportunities whatever they may be4 ,if an undersized or timid boy becomes stronger or more brave because he joins in games and sports1 he deserves a hundred times more credit than the big1 strong boy whom nature has given a sturdy frame and good lungs and who makes a place on the school team without any real effort4 ,if we live a natural1 open-air life we shall have but little need of doctors or medicine4 ,many of our grandmothers' notions on how to keep well have changed in recent years4 ,old-fashioned remedies made from roots and herbs have been almost completely replaced by better habits of life and common-sense ideas4 ,we used to believe that night air was largely responsible for fevers and colds4 ,doctors now say that one of the surest ways to keep well is to live and sleep in the open air4 ,in many modern houses the whole family is provided with outside sleeping porches with absolutely no protection from the outside air but the roof4 ,i have followed the practice of sleeping in the open air for some time1 and in midwinter without discomfort have had the temperature of my sleeping porch fall to six degrees below zero4 ,of course it is foolish for any one to sleep exposed to rain or snow or to think that there is any benefit to be derived from being cold or uncomfortable4 ,the whole idea of open-air sleeping is to breathe pure1 fresh air in place of the atmosphere of a house which1 under the best conditions1 is full of dust and germs4 ,if we become outdoor sleepers1 coughs and colds will be almost unknown4 ,general ,sherman once wrote a letter in which he said that he did not have a case of cold in his entire army and he attributed it to the fact that his soldiers slept and lived in the open air4 ,illustration3 ,a ,child's ,may-,day ,party 7,photograph by ,mary ,h4 ,northend7 ,one can almost tell a man who sleeps in the open by looking at him4 ,his eye is clear and his cheek ruddy4 ,there is no surer way to become well and strong than to become accustomed to this practice4 ,then you can laugh at the doctor and throw the medicine bottles away4 ,in stating this ,i know that many parents will not agree with me1 and will feel that to advise a boy to sleep in the open when the weather is stormy or extremely cold is almost like inviting him to his death4 ,it is a fact just the same that every one would be healthier and happier if they followed this practice4 ,in a few years ,i expect to see outdoor sleeping the rule rather than the exception4 ,progressive doctors are already agreed on this method of sleeping for sick people4 ,in some hospitals even delicate babies are given open-air treatment in midwinter as a cure for pneumonia4 ,my own experience is that in the two years that ,i have been an outdoor sleeper1 with the snow drifts sometimes covering the foot of the bed1 with the wintry winds howling about my head in a northeaster1 ,i have been absolutely free from any trace of coughs or colds4 ,thousands of others will give the same testimony4 ,according to old-fashioned ideas such things would give me my 8death of cold40 ,it rarely happens that one begins the practice of sleeping out without becoming a firm believer in it4 ,one of the children of a friend in ,connecticut who had just built a beautiful home was taken ill1 and the doctor recommended that the child's bed be moved out on the porch4 ,this was in ,december4 ,the father also had his own bed moved out to keep the baby company4 ,my friend told me that after the first night he felt like a changed man4 ,he awoke after a refreshing sleep and felt better than he had in years4 ,the whole family soon followed and all the beautiful bedrooms in the house were deserted4 ,the baby got well and stayed well and the doctor's visits are few and far between in that household4 ,by all means sleep in the open if you can4 ,of course one must have ample protection from the weather1 such as a porch or piazza with a screen or shelter to the north and west4 ,a warm room in which to dress and undress is also absolutely necessary4 ,if your rest is disturbed by cold1 as it will probably be until you become accustomed to it and learn the tricks of the outdoor sleeper1 you simply need more covers4 ,in winter1 the bed should be made up with light summer blankets in place of sheets1 which would become very cold4 ,use1 as a night cap1 an old sweater or skating cap4 ,a good costume consists of a flannel shirt1 woollen drawers1 and heavy1 lumberman's stockings4 ,with such an outfit and plenty of covers1 one can sleep out on the coldest night and never awaken until the winter's sun comes peeping over the hill to tell him that it is time to get up4 ,besides fresh air1 another important thing in keeping well is to eat slowly and to chew your food thoroughly4 ,boys and girls often develop a habit of rapid eating because they are anxious to get back to play or to school4 ,slow eating is largely a matter of habit as well1 and while it may seem hard at first it will soon become second nature to us4 ,remember to chew your food thoroughly4 ,the stomach has no teeth4 ,we have all heard of ,mr4 ,horace ,fletcher1 that wonderful old man who made himself young again by chewing his food4 ,there is no fun in life unless we are well1 and a sensible boy should realize that his parents' interest in him is for his own benefit4 ,it may seem hard sometimes to be obliged to do without things that we want1 but as a rule the judgment of the older people is better than our own4 ,a growing boy will often eat too much candy or too many sweet things and then suffer from his lack of judgment4 ,to fill our stomachs with indigestible food is just as foolish as it would be to put sand in the bearings of our wheel1 or to interfere with the delicate adjustment of our watch until it refuses to keep time4 ,while we play1 our muscles are developed1 our lungs filled with fresh air and the whole body is made stronger and more vigorous4 ,some boys play too hard4 ,over-exertion will sometimes cause a strain on the delicate machinery of the body that will be very serious in after life4 ,the heart is especially subject to the dangers of overstrain in growing boys4 ,we are not all equally strong1 and it is no discredit to a boy that he cannot run as far or lift as much as some of his playmates or companions4 ,you all remember the fable of the frog who tried to make himself as big as the ox and finally burst4 ,the idea of exercise is not to try to excel every one in what you do1 but to do your best without overexertion4 ,if a boy has a rugged frame and well developed muscles1 it is perfectly natural that he should be superior in most sports to a boy that is delicate or undersized4 ,to be in good physical condition and to laugh at the doctor we must keep out of doors as much as possible4 ,gymnasium work of course will help us to build up our strength and develop our muscles1 but skill in various acrobatics and gymnastic tricks does not give the clear eye and ruddy cheek of the person whose life is in the open air4 ,outdoor sports1 like tennis1 baseball1 and horseback riding are far superior to chest-weights or ,indian clubs as a means of obtaining normal permanent development4 ,parents who criticize school or college athletics often forget that the observance of the strict rules of training required from every member of a team is the very best way to keep a boy healthy in mind and body4 ,tobacco and alcohol are absolutely prohibited1 the kind of food eaten and the hours for retiring are compulsory1 and a boy is taught not only to train his muscles but to discipline his mind4 ,before a candidate is allowed to take active part in the sport for which he is training he must be 8in condition10 as it is called4 ,there are a great many rules of health that will help any one to keep well1 but the best rule of all is to live a common-sense life and not to think too much about ourselves4 ,systematic exercises taken daily with setting up motions are very good unless we allow them to become irksome4 ,all indoor exercise should be practised with as much fresh air in the room as possible4 ,it is an excellent plan to face an open window if we practise morning and evening gymnastics4 ,there are many exercises that can be performed with no apparatus whatever4 ,in all exercises we should practise deep regular breathing until it becomes a habit with us4 ,most people acquire a faulty habit of breathing and only use a small part of their total lung capacity4 ,learn to take deep breaths while in the fresh air4 ,after a while it will become a habit4 ,just how much muscle a boy should have will depend upon his physical make-up4 ,the gymnasium director in one of our largest colleges1 who has spent his whole life in exercise1 is a small1 slender man whose muscles are not at all prominent and yet they are like steel wires4 ,he has made a life-long study of himself and has developed every muscle in his body4 ,from his appearance he would not be considered a strong man and yet some of the younger athletes weighing fifty pounds more than he1 have1 in wrestling and feats of strength1 found that the man with the largest muscles is not always the best man4 ,there is one question that every growing boy will have to look squarely in the face and to decide for himself4 ,it is the question of smoking4 ,there is absolutely no question but that smoking is injurious for any one1 and in the case of boys who are not yet fully grown positively dangerous4 ,ask any cigarette smoker you know and he will tell you not to smoke4 ,if you ask him why he does not take his own advice he will possibly explain how the habit has fastened its grip on him1 just as the slimy tentacles of some devil fish will wind themselves about a victim struggling in the water1 until he is no longer able to escape4 ,a boy may begin to smoke in a spirit of fun or possibly because he thinks it is manly1 but more often it is because the 8other fellers0 are trying it too4 ,my teacher once gave our school an object lesson in habits which is worth repeating4 ,he called one of the boys to the platform and wound a tiny piece of thread around the boy's wrists4 ,he then told him to break it1 which the boy did very easily4 ,the teacher continued to wind more thread until he had so many strands that the boy could break them only with a great effort and finally he could not break them at all4 ,his hands were tied4 ,just so it is with a habit4 ,the first1 second1 or tenth time may be easy to break1 but we shall finally get so many tiny threads that our hands are tied4 ,we have acquired a habit4 ,don't be a fool4 ,don't smoke cigarettes4 ,walking is one of the most healthful forms of exercise4 ,it may seem unnecessary to devote much space to a subject that every one thinks they know all about1 but the fact is that1 with trolley cars1 automobiles1 and horses1 a great many persons have almost lost the ability to walk any distance4 ,an excellent rule to follow if you are going anywhere is this3 ,if you have the time1 and the distance is not too great1 walk4 ,in recent years it has been the practice of a number of prominent business and professional men who get but little outdoor exercise to walk to and from their offices every day1 rain or shine4 ,in this way elderly men will average from seven to ten miles a day and thus keep in good condition with no other exercise4 ,it is very easy to cultivate the street car habit1 and some boys feel that they must ride to and from school even if it is only a few blocks or squares4 ,we have all read of the old men who are walking across the country from ,new ,york to ,california and back again and maintaining an average of forty miles a day4 ,there is not a horse in the world that would have the endurance to go half the distance in the same time and keep it up day after day4 ,for the first week or ten days the horse would be far ahead but1 like the fable of the hare and the tortoise1 after a while the tortoise would pass the hare and get in first4 ,in walking for pleasure1 avoid a rambling1 purposeless style4 ,decide where you are going and go4 ,walk out in the country if possible and on roads where the automobiles will not endanger your life or blow clouds of dust in your face4 ,never mind the weather4 ,one rarely takes cold while in motion4 ,to walk comfortably we should wear loose clothing and old shoes4 ,walking just for the sake of exercise can easily become a tiresome occupation1 but the active mind can always see something of interest1 such as wild flowers1 gardens1 and all the various sides of nature study in the country1 and people1 houses and life in the city4 ,a tramping vacation of several days furnishes a fine opportunity to see new scenes and to live economically1 but near a city you may have difficulty in persuading the farm-wife where you stop that you are not a tramp who will burn the house in the night4 ,if you intend to live by the wayside1 the surest way to inspire confidence is to show in advance that you have money to pay for your accommodations4 ,also try to avoid looking like a tramp1 which is quite different from looking like a tramper4 ,there seems to be a great difference of opinion on the question of how fast one can walk4 ,the popular idea is 8four miles an hour0 but any one who has tried to cover a mile every fifteen minutes will testify that such a rate of speed is more like a race than a walk and that it will require great physical exertion to maintain it for any considerable distance4 ,an eighteen or twenty-mile walk is about all the average boy should attempt in a day1 and this is allowing the full day for the task from early morning until sunset4 ,short and frequent rests are much better than long stops1 which have a tendency to stiffen the muscles4 ,the walker on a long tramp must pay especial attention to the care of his feet4 ,they should be bathed frequently in cold water to which a little alum has been added4 ,a rough place or crease in the stocking will sometimes cause a very painful blister4 ,mountain climbing is a very interesting branch of walking4 ,it is sometimes very dangerous as well and in such cases should only be attempted under the guidance of some one familiar with the neighbourhood4 ,for rough climbing our shoes should be provided with iron hob nails4 ,steel nails often become very slippery and will cause a bad fall on rocks4 ,cross-country running and hare and hound chases are much more common in ,england than in ,america4 ,our runners as a rule excel in the sprints and short dashes1 although in the recent ,olympic sports we have shown that our trained athletes are the equal of the world in nearly all branches of sport4 ,in many of the ,english schools it is a regular part of the school work for the teacher to organize hare and hound chases4 ,the hares are given a start of several minutes and leave a trail by means of bits of paper or confetti1 which they carry in a bag4 ,in this kind of running the object to be sought is not so much speed as endurance4 ,an easy dog trot with deep regular breathing will soon give us our second wind1 when we can keep on for a long distance4 ,after any kind of physical exertion1 especially when we are in a perspiration1 care must be exercised not to become chilled suddenly4 ,a rub down with a rough towel will help to prevent soreness and stiff muscles4 ,the lameness that follows any kind of unusual exercise is an indication that certain muscles have been brought into use that are out of condition4 ,a trained athlete does not experience this soreness unless he has unduly exerted himself1 and the easiest way to get over it is to do more of the same kind of work until we are in condition4 ,,ii ,,the ,,boy ,,scouts ,,of ,,america ,headquarters--,purpose--,scout law--,how to form a patrol of scouts--,organization of a troop--,practical activities for scouts--,a scout camp--,model programme of a ,sir ,r4,s4,s4 ,baden-,powell scout camp ,the ,boy ,scout movement that has recently been introduced both in ,england and ,america with such wonderful success is so closely related to nearly all branches of outdoor recreation and to the things that boys are interested in that this book would be incomplete without mention of the object and purposes of this organization4 ,it is a splendid movement for the making of better citizens1 and it cannot be too highly recommended4 ,the ,boy ,scouts of ,america is a permanent organization1 and it has its headquarters at #bjj ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,from the central office1 patrols and troops are being formed all over the ,united ,states4 ,any information with reference to the movement may be obtained by applying to this office4 ,through the courtesy of the managing secretary1 ,mr4 ,john ,l4 ,alexander1 certain facts are presented concerning the organization1 which are obtained from their published literature1 for which due credit is hereby given4 ,the ,boy ,scouts is an organization the purpose of which is character-building for boys between the ages of twelve and eighteen4 ,it is an effort to get boys to appreciate the things about them and to train them in self-reliance1 manhood1 and good citizenship4 ,it is 8peace-scouting0 these boys engage in1 living as much as possible out of doors2 camping1 hiking and learning the secrets of the woods and fields4 ,the movement is not essentially military1 but the military virtues of discipline1 obedience1 neatness and order are scout virtues4 ,endurance1 self-reliance1 self-control and an effort to help some one else are scout objectives4 ,every activity that lends itself to these aims is good scoutcraft4 ,the ,boy ,scouts were started in ,england by ,gen4 ,sir ,robert ,baden-,powell4 ,he was impressed with the fact that #df per cent4 of the boys of ,england were growing up without any knowledge of useful occupations1 and wanted to do something that would help the boy to become a useful citizen4 ,he emphatically stated that his intention was not the making of soldiers4 ,in his work4 ,general ,baden-,powell has touched the boy's life in all its interests and broadened a boy's outlook by the widest sort of activities4 ,in two and a half years over half a million ,boy ,scouts have been enrolled1 and twenty thousand of these have been in parade at one time in ,london4 ,the scout idea has sprung up spontaneously all over ,america4 ,in ,canadian cities the ,boy ,scouts number thousands4 ,in the ,united ,states1 towns and cities are being swept by the idea4 ,gangs of boys are to be seen on every hand1 doing their best at scoutcraft1 8doing a good turn every day to some one10 and getting fun out of it4 ,prominent business men and educators are behind the movement4 ,the aim of the ,boy ,scouts is to supplement the various existing educational agencies1 and to promote the ability in boys to do things for themselves and others4 ,the method is summed up in the term 8scoutcraft0 and is a combination of observation1 deduction and handiness--or the ability to do4 ,scoutcraft consists of 8,first ,aid10 ,life ,saving1 ,tracking1 ,signalling1 ,cycling1 ,nature ,study1 ,seamanship and other instruction4 ,this is accomplished in games and team play and in pleasure1 not work1 for the boy4 ,the only equipment it needs is the out of doors1 a group of boys and a leader4 ,before he becomes a scout1 a boy must take the scouts' oath thus3 8,on my honour1 ,i promise that ,i will do my best1 #a4 ,to do my duty to ,god and my country4 #b4 ,to help other people at all times4 #c4 ,to obey the scout law40 ,when taking this oath the scout will stand holding his right hand raised level with his shoulder1 palm to the front1 thumb resting on the nail of the little finger1 and the other three fingers upright pointing upward4 ,this the scouts' salute and secret sign4 ,when the hand is raised shoulder high it is called 8the half salute40 ,when raised to the forehead it is called 8the full salute40 ,the three fingers held up 7like the three points on the scouts' badge7 remind him of his three promises in the scouts' oath4 ,there are three classes of scouts4 ,a boy on joining the ,boy ,scouts must pass a test in the following points before taking the oath3 ,know the scouts' laws and signs and the salute4 ,know the composition of the national flag and the right way to fly it4 ,tie four of the following knots3 ,reef1 sheet bend1 clove hitch1 bowline1 middleman's1 fisherman's1 sheep-shank4 ,he then takes the scouts' oath and is enrolled as a tenderfoot and is entitled to wear the buttonhole badge4 ,a ,,second-,,class ,,scout ,before being awarded a second-class scout's badge1 a boy must pass the following tests3 #a4 ,have at least one month's service as a tenderfoot4 #b4 ,elementary first aid bandaging4 #c4 ,signalling4 ,elementary knowledge of semaphore or ,morse alphabet4 #d4 ,track half a mile in twenty-five minutes1 or if in a town describe satisfactorily the contents of one store window out of four1 observed for one minute each4 #e4 ,go a mile in twelve minutes at 8scouts' pace40 #f4 ,lay and light a fire using not more than two matches4 #g4 ,cook a quarter of a pound of meat and two potatoes without cooking utensils other than the regulation billy4 #h4 ,have at least twenty-five cents in the savings bank4 #i4 ,know the sixteen principal points of the compass4 ,,first-,,class ,,scout ,before being awarded a first-class scout's badge1 a scout must pass the following test in addition to the tests laid down for a second-class scout3 #a4 ,swim fifty yards4 7,this may be omitted where the doctor certifies that bathing is dangerous to the boy's health74 #b4 ,must have at least fifty cents in the savings bank4 #c4 ,signalling4 ,send and receive a message either in semaphore or ,morse1 sixteen letters per minute4 #d4 ,go on foot or row a boat alone to a point seven miles away and return again1 or if conveyed by any vehicle or animal go a distance of fifteen miles and back and write a short report on it4 ,it is preferable that he should take two days over it4 #e4 ,describe or show the proper means for saving life in case of two of the following accidents3 ,fire1 drowning1 runaway carriage1 sewer gas1 ice breaking1 or bandage an injured patient or revive an apparently drowned person4 #f4 ,cook satisfactorily two of the following dishes as may be directed3 ,porridge1 bacon1 hunter's stew2 or skin and cook a rabbit or pluck and cook a bird4 ,also 8make a damper0 of half a pound of flour or a 8twist0 baked on a thick stick4 #g4 ,read a map correctly and draw an intelligent rough sketch map4 ,point out a compass direction without the help of a compass4 #h4 ,use an axe for felling or trimming light timber3 or as an alternative produce an article of carpentry or joinery or metal work1 made by himself satisfactorily4 #i4 ,judge distance1 size1 numbers and height within #be per cent4 error4 #aj4 ,bring a tenderfoot trained by himself in the points required of a tenderfoot4 ,,the ,,scouts' ,,law #a4 ,a scout's honour is to be trusted4 ,if a scout were to break his honour by telling a lie1 or by not carrying out an order exactly1 when trusted on his honour to do so1 he may be directed to hand over his scouts' badge and never to wear it again4 ,he may also be directed to cease to be a scout4 #b4 ,a scout is loyal to his country1 his officers1 his parents and his employers4 ,he must stick to them through thick and thin against any one who is their enemy or who even talks badly about them4 #c4 ,a scout's duty is to be useful and to help others4 ,he must be prepared at any time to save life or to help injured persons1 and he must try his best to do a good turn to somebody every day4 #d4 ,a scout is a friend to all and a brother to every other scout1 no matter to what social class the other belongs4 #e4 ,a scout is courteous1 especially to women1 children1 old people1 invalids1 and cripples4 ,and he must never take a reward for being courteous4 #f4 ,a scout is a friend to animals4 ,killing an animal for food is allowable4 #g4 ,a scout obeys orders of his parents1 patrol leader1 or scout master without question4 #h4 ,a scout smiles and whistles under all circumstances4 #i4 ,a scout is thrifty and saves every penny he can and puts it into the bank4 ,the scout master is the adult leader of a troop4 ,a troop consists of three or more patrols4 ,the scout master may begin with one patrol4 ,he must have a deep interest in boys1 be genuine in his own life1 have the ability to lead and command the boys' respect and obedience1 and possess some knowledge of a boy's ways4 ,he need not be an expert on scoutcraft4 ,the good scout master will discover experts for the various activities4 ,to organize a patrol1 get together seven or more boys1 explain to them the aims of the ,boy ,scouts1 have them elect a leader and corporal from their own number and take the scout oath as tenderfeet4 ,to organize a local committee1 call together the leading men of a town or city1 teachers1 business men1 professional men1 and all who are interested in the proper training of boys1 for a committee to superintend the development of the scout movement4 ,there are a number of divisions to scouting depending upon the place where the boys live and upon their opportunities4 ,for instance1 to obtain3 ,an ,ambulance ,badge3 ,a scout must know3 ,the fireman's lift4 ,how to drag an insensible man with ropes4 ,how to improvise a stretcher4 ,how to fling a life-line4 ,the position of main arteries4 ,how to stop bleeding from vein or artery1 internal or external4 ,how to improvise splints and to diagnose and bind fractured limb4 ,the ,schafer method of artificial respiration4 ,how to deal with choking1 burning1 poison1 grit in eye1 sprains and bruises1 as the examiners may require4 ,generally the laws of health and sanitation as given in 8,scouting for ,boys10 including dangers of smoking1 in continence1 want of ventilation1 and lack of cleanliness4 ,aviator3 ,a scout must have a knowledge of the theory of roplanes1 ball balloons and dirigibles1 and must have made a working model of an roplane or dirigible that will fly at least twenty-five yards4 ,he must also have a knowledge of the engines used for roplanes and dirigibles4 ,bee-farmer3 ,a scout must have a practical knowledge of swarming1 hiving1 hives1 and general apiculture1 including a knowledge of the use of artificial combs1 etc4 ,blacksmith3 ,a scout must be able to upset and weld a one-inch iron rod1 make a horseshoe1 know how to tire a wheel1 use a sledge hammer and forge1 shoe a horse correctly1 and rough-shod a horse4 ,bugler3 ,a scout must be able to sound properly on the bugle the ,scouts' ,rally and the following army calls3 ,alarm1 charge1 orderlies 7ord4 corpls471 orders1 warning for parade1 quarter bugle1 fall in1 dismiss1 rations1 first and second dinner calls 7men's71 reveille1 last post1 lights out4 ,carpenter3 ,a scout must be able to shoot and glue a four-foot straight joint1 make a housing1 tenon and mortise1 and halved joint1 grind and set a chisel and plane iron1 make a #c ft4 by #a ft4 #f in41 by #a ft4 by #f ft4 dovetailed locked box1 or a table or chair4 ,clerk3 ,a scout must have the following qualifications3 ,good handwriting and hand printing4 ,ability to use typewriting machine4 ,ability to write a letter from memory on the subject given verbally five minutes previously4 ,knowledge of simple bookkeeping4 ,or1 as alternative to typewriting1 write in shorthand from dictation at twenty words a minute as minimum4 ,cook3 ,a scout must be able to light a fire and make a cook-place with a few bricks or logs2 cook the following dishes3 ,irish stew1 vegetables1 omelet1 rice pudding1 or any dishes which the examiner may consider equivalent2 make tea1 coffee1 or cocoa2 mix dough and bake bread in oven2 or a 8damper0 or 8twist0 7round steak7 at a camp fire2 carve properly1 and hand plates and dishes correctly to people at table4 ,cyclist3 ,a scout must sign a certificate that he owns a bicycle in good working order1 which he is willing to use in the scouts' service if called upon at any time in case of emergency4 ,he must be able to ride his bicycle satisfactorily1 and repair punctures1 etc4 ,he must be able to read a map1 and repeat correctly a verbal message4 ,on ceasing to own a bicycle the scout must be required to hand back his badge4 ,dairyman3 ,a scout must understand3 ,management of dairy cattle2 be able to milk1 make butter and cheese2 understand sterilization of milk1 safe use of preservatives1 care of dairy utensils and appliances4 ,electrician3 ,a scout must have a knowledge of method of rescue and resuscitation of persons insensible from shock4 ,be able to make a simple electro-magnet1 have elementary knowledge of action of simple battery cells1 and the working of electric bells and telephone4 ,understand and be able to remedy fused wire1 and to repair broken electric connections4 ,engineer3 ,a scout must have a general idea of the working of motor cars and steam locomotives1 marines1 internal combustion and electric engines4 ,he must also know the names of the principal parts and their functions2 how to start1 drive1 feed1 stop1 and lubricate any one of them chosen by the candidate4 ,farmer3 ,a scout must have a practical knowledge of ploughing1 cultivating1 drilling1 hedging and draining4 ,he must also have a working knowledge of farm machinery1 hay-making1 reaping1 heading and stacking1 and a general acquaintance with the routine seasonal work on a farm1 including the care of cattle1 horses1 sheep and pigs4 ,fireman3 ,a scout must know how to give the alarm to inhabitants1 police1 etc4 ,how to enter burning buildings4 ,how to prevent spread of fire4 ,use of hose1 unrolling1 joining up1 hydrants1 use of nozzle1 etc4 ,the use of escape1 ladders1 and shutes2 improvising ropes1 jumping sheets1 etc4 ,the fireman's lift1 how to drag patient1 how to work in fumes1 etc4 ,the use of fire extinguishers4 ,how to rescue animals4 ,how to salve property1 climb and pass buckets4 8,scrum0 to keep back crowd4 ,first ,aid to ,animals3 ,a scout must have a general knowledge of the anatomy of domestic and farm animals1 and be able to describe treatment and symptoms of the following3 ,wounds1 fractures and sprains1 exhaustion1 choking1 lameness4 ,he must understand shoeing and shoes1 and must be able to give a drench for colic4 ,gardener3 ,a scout must dig a piece of ground not less than twelve feet square1 know the names of a dozen plants pointed out in an ordinary garden1 understand what is meant by pruning1 grafting and manuring1 plant and grow successfully six kinds of vegetables or flowers from seeds or cuttings1 cut and make a walking stick1 or cut grass with scythe under supervision4 ,handyman3 ,a scout must be able to paint a door or bath1 whitewash a ceiling1 repair gas fittings1 tap washers1 sash lines1 window and door fastenings1 replace gas mantles and electric light bulbs1 hang pictures and curtains1 repair blinds1 fix curtain and portiere rods1 blind fixtures1 lay carpets1 mend clothing and upholstery1 do small furniture and china repairs1 and sharpen knives4 ,horseman3 ,a scout must know how to ride at all paces1 and to jump an ordinary fence on horseback4 ,how to saddle and bridle a horse correctly4 ,how to harness a horse correctly in single or double harness1 and to drive4 ,how to water and feed1 and to what amount4 ,how to groom his horse properly4 ,the evil of bearing and hame reins and ill-fitting saddlery4 ,principal causes and remedies of lameness4 ,interpreter3 ,a scout must be able to carry on a simple conversation1 write a simple letter on subject given by examiner1 read and translate a passage from a book or newspaper1 in either ,esperanto or any language that is not that of his own country4 ,leather ,worker3 ,a scout must have a knowledge of tanning and curing1 and either 7a7 be able to sole and heel a pair of boots1 sewn or nailed1 and generally repair boots and shoes3 or 7b7 be able to dress a saddle1 repair traces1 stirrup leathers1 etc41 and know the various parts of harness4 ,marksman3 ,a scout must pass the following tests for miniature rifle shooting from any position3 ,n4,r4,a4 ,standard ,target to be used4 ,twenty rounds to be fired at #ae or #be yards4 ,highest possible1 #ajj points4 ,a scout gaining #fj points or over to be classified as marksman4 ,scoring3 ,bull's-eye1 #e points2 inner1 #d points2 magpie1 #c points2 outer #b points4 ,also3 ,judge distance on unknown ground3 ,five distances under #cjj yards1 #e between #cjj and #fjj yards1 with not more than an error of #be per cent4 on the average4 ,master-at-arms3 ,a scout must attain proficiency in two out of the following subjects3 ,single-stick1 quarter-staff1 fencing1 boxing1 jiu-jitsu and wrestling4 ,missioner3 ,the qualifications are3 ,a general elementary knowledge of sick-nursing2 invalid cookery1 sick-room attendance1 bed-making1 and ventilation4 ,ability to help aged and infirm4 ,musician3 ,a scout must be able to play a musical instrument correctly other than triangle1 and to read simple music4 ,or to play properly any kind of musical toy1 such as a penny whistle1 mouth-organ1 etc41 and sing a song4 ,pathfinder3 ,it is necessary to know every lane1 by-path1 and short cut for a distance of at least two miles in every direction around the local scouts' headquarters in the country1 or for one mile if in a town1 and to have a general knowledge of the district within a five-mile radius of his local headquarters1 so as to be able to guide people at any time1 by day or night4 ,to know the general direction of the principal neighbouring towns for a distance of twenty-five miles1 and to be able to give strangers clear directions how to get to them4 ,to know1 in the country1 in the two-mile radius1 generally1 how many hayricks1 strawricks1 wagons1 horses1 cattle1 sheep and pigs there are on the different neighbouring farms2 or1 in a town1 to know in a half-mile radius what livery stabling1 corn chandlers1 forage merchants1 bakers1 butchers1 there are4 ,in town or country to know where are the police stations1 hospitals1 doctors1 telegraph1 telephone offices1 fire engines1 turncocks1 blacksmiths and job-masters or factories1 where over a dozen horses are kept4 ,to know something of the history of the place1 or of any old buildings1 such as the church1 or other edifice4 ,as much as possible of the above information is to be entered on a large scale map4 ,photographer3 ,a scout must have a knowledge of the theory and use of lenses1 and the construction of cameras1 action of developers4 ,he must take1 develop and print twelve separate subjects1 three interiors1 three portraits1 three landscapes and three instantaneous photographs4 ,pioneer3 ,a scout must have extra efficiency in pioneering in the following tests1 or suitable equivalents3 ,fell a nine-inch tree or scaffolding pole neatly and quickly4 ,tie eight kinds of knots quickly in the dark or blindfolded4 ,lash spars properly together for scaffolding4 ,build model bridge or derrick4 ,make a camp kitchen4 ,build a hut of one kind or another suitable for three occupants4 ,piper3 ,a scout must be able to play a march and a reel on the pipes1 to dance the sword-dance1 and must wear kilt and ,highland dress4 ,plumber3 ,a scout must be able to make wiped and brazed joints1 to cut and fix a window pane1 repair a burst pipe1 mend a ball or faucet tap1 and understand the ordinary hot and cold water system of a house4 ,poultry ,farmer3 ,a scout must have a good knowledge of incubators1 brooders1 sanitary fowl-houses and coops and runs2 also of rearing1 feeding1 killing1 and dressing birds for market2 also he must be able to pack birds and eggs for market4 ,printer3 ,a scout must know the names of different types and paper sizes4 ,be able to compose by hand or machine1 understand the use of hand or power printing machines4 ,he must also print a handbill set up by himself4 ,seaman3 ,a scout must be able to tie eight knots rapidly in the dark or blindfolded4 ,splice ropes1 fling a rope coil4 ,row and punt a boat single-handed1 and punt with pole1 or scull it over the stern4 ,steer a boat rowed by others4 ,bring the boat properly alongside and make it fast4 ,box the compass4 ,read a chart4 ,state direction by the stars and sun4 ,swim fifty yards with trousers1 socks1 and shirt on4 ,climb a rope or pole of fifteen feet1 or1 as alternative1 dance the hornpipe correctly4 ,sew and darn a shirt and trousers4 ,understand the general working of steam and hydraulic winches1 and have a knowledge of weather wisdom and knowledge of tides4 ,signaller3 ,a scout must pass tests in both sending and receiving in semaphore and ,morse signalling by flag1 not fewer than twenty-four letters per minute4 ,he must be able to give and read signals by sound4 ,to make correct smoke and flame signals with fires4 ,to show the proper method of signalling with the staff4 ,stalker3 ,a scout must take a series of twenty photographs of wild animals or birds from life1 and develop and print them4 ,or1 alternately1 he must make a collection of sixty species of wild flowers1 ferns1 or grasses1 dried and mounted in a book and correctly named4 ,or1 alternately1 he must make coloured drawings of twenty flowers1 ferns or grasses1 or twelve sketches from life of animals and birds4 ,original sketches1 as well as the finished pictures1 to be submitted4 ,or1 alternately he must be able to name sixty different kinds of animals1 insects1 reptiles1 or birds in a museum or zoological garden1 or from unnamed coloured plates1 and give particulars of the lives1 habits1 appearance and markings of twenty of them4 ,starman3 ,a scout must have a general knowledge of the nature and movements of the stars4 ,he must be able to point out and name six principal constellations4 ,find the north by means of other stars than the ,pole ,star in case of that star being obscured by clouds1 etc41 and tell the hour of the night by the stars or moon4 ,he must have a general knowledge of the positions and movements of the earth1 sun and moon1 and of tides1 eclipses1 meteors1 comets1 sun spots1 planets4 ,surveyor3 ,a scout must map correctly1 from the country itself1 the main features of a half a mile of road1 with #ddj yards each side1 to a scale of two feet to the mile1 and afterward re-draw same map from memory4 ,measure the heights of a tree1 telegraph pole and church steeple1 describing method adopted4 ,measure width of a river1 and distance apart of two objects a known distance away and unapproachable4 ,be able to measure a gradient1 contours1 conventional signs of ordnance survey and scales4 ,swimming and ,life ,saving3 ,a scout must be able to dive and swim fifty yards with clothes on 7shirt1 trousers1 socks as minimum74 ,able to fling and use life-line or life-buoy4 ,able to demonstrate two ways of rescue of drowning person1 and revival of apparently drowned4 ,,the ,,patrol ,the simplest way to form a patrol of scouts is to call together a small group of boys over twelve years of age4 ,a simple recital of the things that scouts do1 with perhaps an opportunity to look over the ,manual1 will be enough to launch the organization4 ,the selection of a patrol leader will then follow1 and the scouting can begin4 ,it is well not to attempt too much at the start4 ,get the boys to start work to pass the requirements for the tenderfoot4 ,the ,patrol ,leader3 ,each patrol should have a patrol leader--preferably a boy4 ,the choice of this leader has much to do with the success of the patrol4 ,he should be a recognized leader among the boys in the group4 ,do not hesitate to entrust him with details4 ,let him feel that he is your right-hand man4 ,ask his opinion on matters pertaining to the patrol4 ,make him feel that the success of the organization depends largely upon him1 being careful1 of course1 not to overdo it4 ,you will find that this attitude will enlist the hearty cooperation of the boy and you will find him an untiring worker1 with the ability to bind the boys closer together than you could ever hope to do alone4 ,,points ,,of ,,interest #a4 ,scouting does not consist in wearing a khaki suit or a lot of decorations4 ,it is in doing the things that are required for the tenderfoot1 second-class and first-class scout badges and the badges of merit4 #b4 ,scouts do not wish any one to buy things for them4 ,they buy their own equipment and pay their own way4 #c4 ,scouts do their best to keep the scout oath and law4 #d4 ,the glory of scouting is 8to do a good turn to some one every day without reward40 #e4 ,scouts regard the rights of others1 and do not trespass on the property or feelings of others4 #f4 ,scouting means obedience and discipline4 ,the boy who can't obey will never command4 #g4 ,scouts are always busy and getting fun out of it--at work1 at school1 at home1 at play4 ,be a good scout4 ,,how ,,to ,,organize ,a ,,troop ,first3 ,write to ,headquarters1 which is at #bjj ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city1 for a scout master's certificate4 ,second3 ,either combine three or more patrols or having one patrol1 appoint several patrol leaders and enlist boys for the new patrols4 ,third3 ,the minimum number of patrols in a troop is three1 and the maximum the number a scout master can rightly handle4 ,care should be taken not to organize for the sake of a big showing4 ,hints on starting3 ,in actually starting a troop1 it has been found better to start in a small way4 ,begin by one or two leader-men making a careful study of 8,scouting for ,boys0 and as soon as the main ideas have been grasped1 get together a small number of boys1 and go through with them the initial stages step by step1 until the boys bubble over with scouting ideals1 and until the notion of a fancy uniform and games in the country have given place to a definite desire to qualify for manhood and citizenship4 ,these boys will make the nucleus round which to form a troop1 and should pass on their training and enthusiasm to the boys who are enlisting under them4 ,it has been found better to obtain distinctly older fellows for patrol leaders3 the scout masters should invariably be men who feel the great responsibility of having boys under their charge1 and the possibility of leading the boys from the moment when they enlist in the scouts to the time they pass out again to be fully fledged men4 ,finances3 ,the finances necessary to run a troop of scouts should be met by the scouts themselves4 ,it is a main principle of scouting to teach the boys to be self-reliant1 and anything which will militate against the constant sending round of the hat will be a national good4 ,the ,scout ,master3 ,the scout master is the adult leader of a troop4 ,the scout master may begin with one patrol4 ,he must have a deep interest in boys1 be genuine in his own life1 have the ability to lead and command the boys' respect and obedience and possess some knowledge of a boy's ways4 ,he need not be an expert on scoutcraft4 ,the good scout master will discover experts for the various activities4 ,applications for scout masters' certificates may be made at the ,headquarters1 #bjj ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,from the outset1 the scout master must have the interest of each boy at heart4 ,he must not play favourites with any of the boys in his patrol or troop4 ,while there are sure to be boys in the group who will develop more rapidly than others1 and whose keenness will be sure to call forth the admiration of the scout master1 he should not permit himself to be 8carried away0 by the achievements of these 8star boys0 to such an extent that he will neglect the less aggressive boy4 ,the latter boy is the one who needs your attention most1 and your interest in him must be genuine4 ,every effort he makes1 no matter how poor it may be1 should be commended just as heartily as the better accomplishments of the more handy boy4 ,,practical ,,activities ,,for ,,scouts #a4 ,scoutcraft3 ,boy ,scouts' organization1 scout laws1 discipline1 scouts' secret signs1 badges1 etc4 #b4 ,campaigning3 ,camp life and resourcefulness4 ,hut and mat making4 ,knots4 ,fire lighting4 ,cooking4 ,boat management4 ,judging distances1 heights and numbers4 ,swimming4 ,cycling4 ,finding the way4 ,,sign ,,posts #a4 ,do not have in the same patrol boys of great disparity in ages4 ,for instance1 the boy of twelve should not be in the same group with the sixteen-year-old boy1 if it can possibly be avoided4 ,you must remember that in most cases the things that appeal to the younger boy will have no attraction for the older boy4 #b4 ,do not enroll boys under twelve4 ,if you do you are certain to lose your older boy4 ,the movement is distinctly for boys of the adolescent period and is designed to help them to rightly catch the spirit of helpfulness4 #c4 ,do not try to do everything yourself4 ,try to remember that the boys are always willing and anxious to take hold4 ,let the boys understand that the whole proposition is theirs4 ,it is what they make it4 ,your contract with them should be largely of a big brother nature4 #d4 ,do not burden nor weary the boys with excessive military drills and tactics4 ,the movement is not a military one4 ,the military virtues of obedience1 neatness1 order1 endurance and erect1 alert bearing1 however1 are scout virtues4 ,use everything that develops boys4 ,this is good scoutcraft4 #e4 ,do not confine the activities of the patrols to things of one character4 ,touch every activity as far as possible4 ,do not omit anything4 ,get the proper agencies to cooperate with you for these ends--a military man for signalling2 a naturalist for woodcraft2 a physician for first aid1 etc4 #f4 ,do not permit the boys to fail in the proper keeping of the scout oath and law4 #g4 ,never fail to keep an engagement with your patrol or troop4 ,if something should delay your coming or should you find yourself unable to keep an appointment with them1 be sure to notify the patrol leaders beforehand4 ,it might be well to require the same of the boys4 #h4 ,a real danger point is the failure of a scout master to visit the boys in their homes4 ,knowing the boys' parents means much1 and their cooperation will be much heartier when they know the man to whose care they entrust their boy1 after he has discussed with them the real purpose of the scout movement4 #i4 ,do not hesitate to give a boy a hard task1 but not an impossible one4 ,a boy likes to do hard things4 #aj4 ,do not attempt right at the start to give the boy every bit of detail regarding the activities of the troop4 ,work out the plans with the boys from time to time1 always reserving some things of interest for the next meeting4 ,your attempt to give them everything at one time will cause the whole proposition to assume the nature of a task instead of pleasurable education1 as was originally intended4 #aa4 ,hold frequent tests for advancement to the classes of scouthood4 ,get your fellows to really win their badges4 #ab4 ,as a scout master use good judgment4 ,if there are other scout masters in your town1 or a scout council or local committee1 cooperate with these4 ,to be a scout master1 you must have the spirit of '#gf1 but be sure to work with others4 ,the boys will benefit by the lesson4 ,,the ,,scouts' ,,camp ,to go camping should mean more than merely living under canvas away from the piles of brick and stone that make up our cities4 ,to be in the open air1 to breathe pure oxygen1 to sleep upon 8a bed of boughs beside the trail10 to look at the camp fire and the stars1 and to hear the whisper of the trees--all of this is good4 ,but the camp offers a better opportunity than this4 ,it offers the finest method for a boy's education4 ,between twelve and eighteen years the interests of a boy are general ones1 and reach from the catching of tadpoles and minnows to finding ,god in the stars4 ,his interests are the general mass interests that are so abundant in nature1 the activities that give the country boy such an advantage for the real enjoyment of life over the city lad4 ,two weeks or two months in camp1 they are too valuable to be wasted in loafing1 cigarette smoking1 card playing or shooting craps4 ,to make a camp a profitable thing there must needs be instruction2 not formal but informal instruction4 ,scouting1 nature study1 scout law1 camp cooking1 signalling1 pioneering1 path finding1 sign reading1 stalking for camera purposes1 knowledge of animals and plants1 first aid1 life saving1 manual work 7making things71 hygiene1 sex instruction1 star gazing1 discipline1 knowing the rocks and trees1 and the ability to do for one's self1 in order that a boy may grow strong1 self-reliant1 and helpful4 ,this is a partial list of the subject in the camp curricula4 ,a model scout camp programme is given here4 ,it takes eight days to carry it out1 but there is material enough to run ten times the number of days specified4 ,a ,,sir ,r4,s4,s4 ,,baden-,,powell ,,scout ,,camp ,,model ,,programme ,first ,day3 ,preliminary work3 settling into camp1 formation of patrols1 distribution of duties1 orders1 etc4 ,second ,day3 ,campaigning3 camp resourcefulness1 hut and mat making1 knots1 fire lighting1 cooking1 health and sanitation1 endurance1 finding way in strange country1 and boat management4 ,third ,day3 ,observation3 noticing and memorizing details far and near1 landmarks1 tracking1 deducing meaning from tracks and signs1 and training the eyesight4 ,fourth ,day3 ,woodcraft3 study of animals1 birds1 plants and stars2 stalking animals1 noticing people1 reading their character and condition1 and thereby gaining their sympathy4 ,fifth ,day3 ,chivalry3 honour1 code of knights1 unselfishness1 courage1 charity and thrift2 loyalty to ,god1 country1 parents and employers1 or officers2 practical chivalry to women2 the obligation to do a 8good turn0 daily1 and how to do it4 ,sixth ,day3 ,saving life3 from fire1 drowning1 sewer gas1 runaway horses1 panic1 street accidents1 improvised apparatus1 and first aid4 ,seventh ,day3 ,patriotism3 national geography1 the history and deeds that won our world power1 the navy and army1 flags1 medals1 duties of a citizen1 marksmanship1 helping the police4 ,eighth ,day3 ,a summary of the whole course3 sports comprising games and competitive practices in all subjects of the course4 ,,camp ,,routines #f4cj a4m4 ,turn out1 bathe1 etc4 #g4jj ,breakfast #h4jj ,air bedding in sun if possible #i4jj ,scouting games and practice #aa4jj ,swimming #ab4jj m4 ,dinner #a4jj p4m4 ,talk by leader #b4jj ,water games1 etc4 #f4jj ,supper #g4cj ,evening council around camp fire ,order of business3 ,opening council ,roll-call ,record of last council ,report of scouts ,left-over business ,complaints ,honours ,new scouts ,new business ,challenges ,social doings1 songs1 dances1 stories ,closing council 7devotional services when desired7 #aj4jj p4m4 ,lights out4 ,the father of scouting for boys in ,america1 and in fact the inspiration for the movement in ,england under ,lieut-,gen4 ,sir ,robert ,s4,s4 ,baden-,powell1 ,k4,c4,b41 is ,mr4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton1 the distinguished naturalist and nature student4 ,the official handbook of the organization may be obtained from ,doubleday1 ,page and ,company1 ,garden ,city1 ,n4,y41 the publishers of this book1 or from the national headquarters of ,the ,boy ,scouts of ,america4 ,,iii ,,camps ,,and ,,camping ,how to select the best place and to pitch the tent--,a brush bed--,the best kind of a tent--,how to make the camp fire--,what to do when it rains--,fresh air and good food--,the brush leanto and how to make it ,going camping is the best fun in the world if we know how to do it4 ,every healthy boy and girl if given an opportunity should enjoy living outdoors for a week or two and playing at being an ,indian4 ,there is more to camping however than 8roughing it0 or seeing how much hardship we can bear4 ,a good camper always makes himself just as comfortable as he can under the circumstances4 ,the saying that 8an army travels on its stomach0 means that a soldier can not make long marches or fight hard unless he has good food4 ,the surest sign of a 8tenderfoot0 is the boy who makes fun of you because you try to have a soft dry bed while he prefers to sleep on the ground under the mistaken idea that it is manly or brave4 ,he will usually spoil a trip in the woods for every one in the party4 ,another poor kind of a camper pitches his tent so that his bed gets wet and his food spoiled on the first rainy day1 and then sits around cold and hungry trying hard to think that he is having fun1 to keep from getting homesick4 ,this kind of a boy 8locks the door after the horse is stolen40 ,if we go camping we must know how to prevent the unpleasant things from happening4 ,we must always be ready for wind and rain1 heat and cold4 ,a camping party should make their plans a long time ahead in order to get their equipment ready4 ,careful lists should be made of what we think we shall need4 ,after we are out in the woods1 there will be no chance to run around the corner to the grocer's to supply what we have forgotten4 ,if it is forgotten1 we must simply make the best of it and not allow it to spoil our trip4 ,it is surprising how many things that we think are almost necessary to life we can get along without if we are obliged to4 ,the true woodsman knows how to turn to his use a thousand of nature's gifts and to make himself comfortable1 while you and ,i might stand terrified and miserable under the same conditions4 ,daniel ,boone1 the great wilderness traveller1 could go out alone in the untracked forest with nothing but his rifle1 his axe and a small pack on his back and by a knowledge of the stars1 the rivers1 the trees and the wild animals1 he could go for weeks travelling hundreds of miles1 building his bed and his leanto out of the evergreen boughs1 lighting his fire with his flint and steel1 shooting game for his food and dressing and curing their skins for his clothing and in a thousand ways supplying his needs from nature's storehouse4 ,the school of the woods never sends out graduates4 ,we may learn something new every day4 ,illustration3 ,with a head shelter and a sleeping bag he can keep dry and warm ,the average city boy or girl does not have an opportunity to become a skilled master of woodcraft1 but because we cannot learn it all is no reason why we should not learn something4 ,the best way to learn it is in the woods themselves and not out of books4 ,a party of four boys makes a good number for a camping trip4 ,they will probably agree better than two or three4 ,they can do much of the camp work in pairs4 ,no one need to be left alone to look after the camp while the others go fishing or hunting or to some nearby town for the mail or for supplies4 ,there is no reason why four boys of fifteen who are resourceful and careful cannot spend a week or two in the woods in perfect safety and come back home sounder in mind and body than when they left4 ,it is always better to take along some one who has 8camped out0 before4 ,if he cannot be found1 then make your plans1 decide what you will do and how you will do it1 take a few cooking lessons from mother or the cook--if the latter is good-natured--and go anyway4 ,first elect a leader1 not because he is any more important than the rest but because if some one goes ahead and gives directions1 the life in camp will run much more smoothly and every one will have a better time4 ,if it is your first experience in camping1 you had better go somewhere near home4 ,the best place is one that can be reached by wagon4 ,if we have to carry our supplies on our backs or in a canoe1 the amount we can take will be much less4 ,after you have had some experience near home you can safely try the other way4 ,where you go is of comparatively little importance4 ,near every large city there is some lake or river where you can find a good camping site4 ,campers always have more fun if they are near some water1 but if such a place is not easily found near where you live1 go into the woods4 ,try to get away from towns or villages4 ,the wilder the place is1 the better4 ,you had better make sure of your camping ground before you go by writing a letter to the owner of the land4 ,it isn't much fun after we have pitched the tent and made everything shipshape to have some angry landowner come along and order us off because we are trespassers4 ,in selecting a place to camp1 there are several very important things to look out for4 #a4 ,be sure you are near a supply of drinking water4 ,a spring or a brook is best1 but even the lake or river will do if the water is pure and clean4 ,the water at the bottom of a lake is always much colder and cleaner than the surface water4 ,when ,i was a boy1 ,i used a simple device for getting cold water which some of you may like to copy4 ,i took an old-fashioned jug and fastened a strong string to the handle and also fastened this string to the cork of the jug as the drawing shows4 ,the jug was weighted so that it would sink1 by means of a piece of stone tied to the handle4 ,we used to go out to the middle of the lake where the water was the deepest and lower the jug over the side of a boat4 ,when it reached bottom we would give the string a sharp tug and thus pull out the cork4 ,the bubbles coming to the surface showed us when the jug was full4 ,we then hauled it on board and had clear1 cold1 drinking water from a lake that on the surface was warm enough for swimming4 ,illustration3 ,the jug by which we obtained pure1 cold water #b4 ,the next important thing in selecting a camp is being near a supply of firewood4 ,a week in camp will consume an amazing amount of wood1 especially if we have a camp fire at night to sit around and sing and tell stories before turning in4 ,in most sections there is plenty of dead wood that we can use for camp fires4 ,this does not mean a lot of twigs and brush4 ,there is no use trying to go camping unless some one knows how to use an axe4 ,in another chapter ,i will tell you something about the proper use of axes and hatchets4 ,for the present it is sufficient to say that an excellent place to practise handling an axe is on the family woodpile4 ,you will thus combine business and pleasure1 and your efforts will be appreciated by your family1 which would not be the case if1 like ,george ,washington1 you began your lessons in woodcraft on the favourite cherry tree4 ,almost any kind of wood will burn when it is dry1 but it takes experience to know the kinds of trees that will burn when they are green4 ,if there is no dry wood in the neighbourhood1 and we are obliged to cut a tree down to get our supply1 it is very important to pitch our camp somewhere near the right kind of a tree and not be obliged to carry our firewood a long distance4 ,the best 8green wood0 for the campers' fire is hickory1 although birch is excellent4 ,hickory is also the best dry wood4 ,other trees that will burn well when green are cedar1 white ash1 locust or white oak4 ,there are comparatively few places1 however1 where dry wood is not available and of course it is always best to avoid such a place4 #c4 ,the camp site should be in a fairly open spot4 ,thick woods and underbrush are either hot or 8damp0 cool4 ,if you can find a site that is shaded during the heat of the day so much the better4 ,it is unwise to pitch the tent under a tree that stands alone on account of possible danger from lightning4 ,if your tent is shaded by a tree be sure there are no dead limbs to blow off and wreck it during a storm4 ,be sure that the drainage is good1 so that in case of heavy rains1 the water will run off and not flood the camp4 ,it is very important if your camp is along some river or stream to be high enough to avoid the danger of sudden floods4 ,this can usually be determined by talking to some one who knows the country4 ,you can also tell it by studying the previous high water marks in the trees4 ,in case of floods there are always some wisps of straw1 pieces of brush1 etc41 caught and held by the limbs of trees after the water settles back to its former level4 ,it is a good chance to practise your woodcraft by trying to find them4 ,damp locations are very bad4 ,the higher we can get1 the drier it will be4 ,we avoid both fogs and mosquitoes4 ,usually there is some prominent place that will give us a good outlook and where the breezes can reach us4 ,there are both good and bad points in pitching our tent on the site of a former camp4 ,as long as the former campers have not scoured the surrounding neighbourhood for firewood nor have left a place littered up with all sorts of rubbish and garbage to draw flies and vermin1 they may have fixed up things around the camp site to save us work and to add to our comfort and pleasure4 ,each case will have to be decided on its own merits4 ,illustration3 ,a wall tent ,the three important things then are the water supply1 the firewood supply1 and good drainage4 ,next in importance to the camp site is the outfit1 and the most important thing is the tent4 ,for a party of four boys on their first camping trip1 the best kind will be a wall tent4 ,a tent1 #aa x #ad feet will be large enough to provide sleeping quarters and to have every one comfortable4 ,a simple shelter of canvas outside can be provided as a dining-room but this is more of a luxury than a real necessity4 ,canvas or duck is the common material from which tents are made4 ,the standard eight-ounce khaki duck used in the ,united ,states army will1 for this size tent1 cost about twenty dollars4 ,this will include a fly1 which is merely a second roof to the tent4 ,the best material for tents is balloon silk4 ,it is much more waterproof than canvas and only weighs a quarter as much4 ,it is also much more expensive4 ,a tent can be made at home1 which is of course the cheaper way4 ,they can also be hired from previous campers or from some awning maker who is also usually a tent maker4 ,a canvas tent without a fly will leak in a rain storm if the roof is touched on the inside either by our hands or our clothing4 ,it may be made partially waterproof by a coating of paraffine which has been previously dissolved in turpentine4 ,the simplest and at the same time the warmest tent for an experienced camper who knows the tricks of the trade is a leanto tent1 one with one side entirely open1 in front of which a blazing fire may be kept burning4 ,this is hardly adapted for boys on their first trip1 however4 ,another very good and very simple tent is the 8,a0 tent used in the army4 ,this looks like a 8,v0 turned upside down4 ,we can pitch it without the aid of tent poles by simply hanging it be ween two trees to which a rope has been stretched4 ,illustration3 ,an 8,a0 tent ,the ,hudson ,bay tent1 trapper's tent1 forester's tent1 canoe tent1 and a dozen others1 including an ,indian tepee and wigwam1 are all good tents for special purposes4 ,the pictures show the different styles and all of them are designed for special uses1 either for warmth or lightness in carrying or ease in pitching4 ,if we go camping in summer and can have our equipment or 8duffle10 as the woodsmen call it1 carried by team1 the wall tent will be the best one to take4 ,tent pegs can always be cut in the woods1 but it is far more satisfactory to get them ready at home before we leave4 ,if you do cut your own pegs1 select hardwood saplings to make them from and to further harden the points1 char them slightly in a fire4 ,if you spend a few winter evenings at home making the pegs1 it will save you a lot of time and trouble when you reach the camping ground4 ,the best pegs are made of iron or steel4 ,this is especially true when the ground where they are to be driven is hard or rocky1 which is usually the case4 ,steel tent pins may be bought for six cents apiece or possibly the local blacksmith will make them for less4 ,they should be a foot long4 ,a sod cloth is a strip of canvas eight or ten inches wide fastened to the bottom of the tent wall4 ,its purpose is to keep the wind and rain from blowing under the tent4 ,after the tent is pitched a ditch should be dug all around it to catch the rain and carry it away4 ,the earth that is dug from this trench may be thrown on the sod cloth to hold it down4 ,it is an excellent idea1 if you are a beginner1 to practise pitching the tent at home so that you will understand it better when you are in the woods4 ,besides this1 you can try sleeping out a night or two to see how you are going to like it4 ,illustration3 ,a trapper's tent ,when you reach your camping place1 the first step is to clear the ground of all rubbish1 loose stones1 sticks and brush to have a clean floor4 ,then unpack the tent and fit the pegs of the two upright poles through the two holes in the ridge pole4 ,next raise the tent and peg the guy ropes on the four corners first4 ,a little practice will show you how to do this4 ,after all the ropes are pegged at a proper distance from the tent1 they should be tightened and the tent made secure4 ,always plan to have a full four hours of daylight to make your camp ready4 ,if the drive is a long one and you are obliged to get up very early in the morning1 you will have to do it1 that is all4 ,i made my first camping trip when ,i was twelve years old4 ,we had just reached the camping ground1 unloaded our kit and sent the team home that brought us when--bang6 over the mountain across the lake from where we were going to camp1 a terrific thunder shower came up and in a few minutes it was pouring4 ,there was our whole outfit--tent1 bedding and food--getting soaked because1 instead of hurrying along during the day1 we had fooled away our time trying to catch fish in wayside brooks that had never seen a fish and not realizing how important it is to make haste as well as hay while the sun shines4 ,illustration3 ,an ,indian tepee ,we quickly pitched the tent1 not as it should have been pitched1 but in a heap over the rest of our goods to keep out as much water as possible and then ran for a nearby barn where we spent a cold hungry night1 wetter but wiser4 ,the next day1 out came the sun and dried our things1 but if the rain had continued we certainly should have been obliged to go home or at least to a farmhouse to stay until the weather cleared4 ,we soon forgot our unpleasant experience but we have not forgotten the lesson it taught--and that is not to waste time along the road when there is work to be done at the journey's end4 ,next to a good tent1 the most important thing for the camper is a good bed4 ,it is even more important than good food because if we sleep well1 hunger will furnish the sauce for our grub1 but if we spend the night trying to dodge some root or rock that is boring into our back and that we hardly felt when we turned in but which grew to an enormous size in our imagination before morning1 we will be half sick and soon get enough of being an ,indian4 ,a canvas cot makes the best camp bed if it can be taken along conveniently4 ,there is one important thing to look out for in sleeping on a cot4 ,in my first experience of the kind1 ,i nearly froze4 ,i kept piling things on me until all my clothing1 and even the camp towels and table-cloth were pressed into service and was thinking about pulling some dry grass to pile on the rest of the stuff4 ,still ,i shivered until ,i discovered that the cold was coming up from underneath because there was nothing to keep it out but the single thickness of canvas4 ,when ,i put one of my blankets under me1 ,i was as warm as toast4 ,very often it is impossible to carry cots on a trip1 and that is where a knowledge of woodcraft comes in4 ,the softest1 sweetest1 downiest bed in the world can be made with no other materials but those which grow in the forest--if we know how4 ,at least the tired camper will think it is soft and will sleep on it like a top and wake up refreshed in the morning4 ,perhaps if we had our choice we would prefer our own bed at home1 but in the woods we do not have this choice4 ,most people call this a bed of 8pine boughs40 ,illustration3 ,how the bough bed is made ,why ,i do not know as it never should be made of pine under any circumstances4 ,the best wood for the bough bed is balsam4 ,if this does not grow in the neighbourhood1 hemlock1 spruce1 or even cedar will do4 ,to make a bough bed properly means a lot of work4 ,the first step is to cut four straight sticks4 ,the side pieces should be six feet and a half long and the end pieces three feet and a half4 ,they should be notched on the ends with an axe and either nailed or tied together from saplings or from a tree that you have felled4 ,small balsam boughs should be broken off with the fingers and laid one on the other until the whole bed is filled with them4 ,on this1 the rubber blanket or poncho should be spread and the blankets over all4 ,all the boughs should be shingled with the stems down to keep them in the best condition4 ,this kind of a bed will require remaking every day4 ,a better bed for the boy camper is made as follows3 ,take a piece of heavy bed ticking and sew it into a bag about three feet by six feet4 ,when you reach camp you can make a regular mattress by filling it with whatever material is most easily found4 ,dry leaves8 grass1 hay1 even moss or wet filler can be used if nothing dry can be found1 but in this case the rubber blanket will be an absolute necessity4 ,of course it is much better to use some dry material4 ,be sure to have a comfortable bed4 ,no matter what ideas you may have about cowboys and soldiers rolling up in their blankets and snatching a few hours' sleep under the stars by lying on the bare ground1 a boy who is used to a good bed at home will never have much fun out of a camping trip if he tries to sleep on the ground with a rock for his pillow4 ,for a summer camping trip1 one blanket is enough4 ,you must learn to roll up in it4 ,lie flat on your back and cover the blanket over you4 ,then raise up your legs and tuck it under first on one side and then the other4 ,the rest is easy4 ,this beats trying to 8roll up0 in it1 actually4 ,the common summer blankets used at home are not much use for the camper4 ,these are usually all cotton4 ,a camper's blanket should be all wool4 ,you can buy a standard ,u4,s4 ,army blanket1 size #ff x #hd inches1 for five dollars4 ,they can often be purchased in stores that deal in second-hand army supplies for much less and are just as good as new except for some slight stain or defect4 ,a sleeping bag is expensive but is excellent for cold weather camping4 ,it is much too hot for the boy camper in summer4 ,do not sleep in your clothing4 ,unless it is too cold1 undress1 about as you do at home4 ,if the blanket feels tickly1 it would not be a great crime1 no matter what the tenderfoot says who wanted you to sleep on the ground1 to take along a sheet4 ,i have never done this1 however4 ,at the end of this chapter1 you will find a list of things to take with you4 ,the camp fire and the cooking fire should be separate4 ,almost any one can kindle a fire with dry materials4 ,it takes a woodman to build a fire when it has been raining and everything is wet4 ,the boy's method of taking a few newspapers1 and a handful of brush or leaves will not do4 ,first look around for an old dead top of a pine or cedar4 ,if you cannot find one1 chop down a cedar tree4 ,whittle a handful of splinters and shavings from the dry heart4 ,try to find the lee side of a rock or log where the wind and rain do not beat in4 ,first put down the shavings or some dry birch bark if you can find it1 and shelter it as well as you can from the rain4 ,pile up some larger splinters of wood over the kindling material like an ,indian's wigwam4 ,then light it and give it a chance to get into a good blaze before you pile on any larger wood and put the whole fire out4 ,it sounds easy but before you try it in the woods ,i advise you to select the first rainy day and go out near home and experiment4 ,to make a fire that will burn in front of the tent all night1 first drive two green stakes into the ground at a slant and about five feet apart4 ,then lay two big logs one on each side of a stake to serve as andirons4 ,build a fire between these logs and pile up a row of logs above the fire and leaning against the stakes4 ,you may have to brace the stakes with two others which should have a forked end4 ,when the lower log burns out the next one will drop down in its place and unless you have soft1 poor wood the fire should burn for ten hours4 ,with this kind of a fire and with a leanto1 it is possible to keep warm in the woods1 on the coldest1 night in winter4 ,illustration3 ,the frame for a brush leanto ,this is the way to build a brush leanto3 ,first cut two sticks and drive them into the ground4 ,they should have a point on one end and a fork on the other4 ,lay a stout pole across the two forks like a gypsy fire rig4 ,then lean poles against the crosspiece and finally thatch the roof with spruce1 hemlock or other boughs and pile up boughs for the sides4 ,a brush camp is only a makeshift arrangement and is never weather proof4 ,it is simply a temporary shelter which with the all-night fire burning in front will keep a man from freezing to death in the woods4 ,any kind of a tent is better or even a piece of canvas or a blanket for the roof of the leanto will be better than the roof of boughs4 ,be careful not to set the leanto on fire with the sparks from your camp fire4 ,mosquitoes have probably spoiled more camping trips that any other one thing4 ,the best tents have mosquito net or cheese cloth fronts which may be held close to the ground by a stick on the bottom4 ,perhaps the easiest way to secure protection is for each boy to take along a few yards of cotton mosquito netting and by means of curved sticks build a canopy over his bed4 ,a smoky fire called a 8smudge0 will sometimes keep the pests away from the neighbourhood of the tent or if we build it in the tent will drive them out1 but the remedy is almost as bad as the disease4 ,as a rule they will only be troublesome at night and the net over our bed will enable us to sleep in peace4 ,the most common 8dope0 used in the woods to keep off mosquitoes is called oil of citronella4 ,it has a very pungent odour that the mosquitoes do not like and the chances are that you will not like it either4 ,at the same time it may be a good plan to take a small bottle along4 ,you may safely count on finding mosquitoes1 no matter where you go or what the people tell you who live there4 ,perhaps they have never tried sleeping in the woods and do not know4 ,be sure therefore to take along some netting or cheese cloth to protect yourself against them4 ,everything that you can do at home to get ready for your camping trip will add to your pleasure when you get out in the woods4 ,if any part of your kit needs fixing1 fishing rods wound or varnished1 your jack-knife ground1 your camera fixed1 or if your clothing needs any patches or buttons1 do it at home4 ,no one ever does half that he plans to on a trip like this unless he does not plan to do anything4 ,take along a few books to read for the rainy days and have them covered with muslin if you ever expect to put them back into your library4 ,if you have been putting off a visit to the dentist1 by all means do it before you get out where there are no dentists4 ,an aching tooth can spoil a vacation in the woods about as easily as anything ,i know of4 ,as a final word of advice to the beginner in camping1 let me tell you a few things that my own experience has taught me4 ,a felt hat is better than a cap as it is sun and rain proof4 ,wear a flannel shirt and take one extra one4 ,you can wash one and wear the other4 ,be sure to have a new shirt plenty loose in the neck as camp washing in cold water will make it shrink4 ,do not go around in gymnasium shirts or sleeveless jerseys4 ,one of my companions did this once and was so terribly sunburned that his whole trip was spoiled4 ,two sets of underwear are plenty1 including the one you wear4 ,take along a silk handkerchief to wear around your neck4 ,wear comfortable shoes4 ,a camping trip is a poor place to break in new hunting boots or shoes4 ,take bandanna handkerchiefs and leave your linen ones at home4 ,if you have to choose between a coat and a sweater take the sweater and leave the coat at home4 ,a coat is out of place in the woods4 ,khaki or canvas trousers are excellent4 ,so are corduroy4 ,an old pair of woollen trousers are just as good as either4 ,a poncho is almost necessary to your comfort4 ,it is merely a rubber or oilskin piece with a slit in it to put your head through4 ,the right size is #ff x #ij inches4 ,with it you can keep dry day or night1 either using it as a garment or as a cover4 ,when you are not using it you can cover it over your bed or food supply4 ,take along a good pocket knife and compass4 ,better leave the revolver home4 ,also always carry a waterproof box of matches4 ,you will require some kind of a waterproof 8duffle0 bag to carry your personal things--tooth brush1 extra clothing1 mirror1 fishing tackle1 towel1 soap1 medicine1 in fact whatever you think you will need4 ,if it is your first camping trip you will come home without having had any use whatever for more than half the things you take4 ,that is the experience of every one1 so do not become discouraged4 ,if you camp within reach of a post-office1 address some stamped envelopes to your home in ink before you leave4 ,then you will have no excuse for not writing a letter home4 ,you can make an excellent pillow by rolling up your trousers4 ,be sure to take everything out of the pockets first1 including your knife1 and roll them with the top inside so that the buttons or your belt buckle will not bore into your ear4 ,if you fall overboard and come ashore to dry out1 stuff your shoes full of dry grass or old paper to keep them from shrinking4 ,when they are dry1 soften them with tallow or oil4 ,every one who goes camping at some time or other gets wet4 ,the only advice ,i can give you is to get dry again as soon as possible4 ,as long as you keep moving it will probably not injure you4 ,waterproof garments are of little use in the woods4 ,they are always too warm for summer wear and by holding the perspiration1 are more of an injury than a benefit4 ,never wear rubber boots in the woods or you will surely take cold4 ,better have wet feet4 ,the best foot wear is moccasins4 ,if you wear them see that they are several sizes too large and wear at least two pairs of heavy woollen stockings with them4 ,,iv ,,camp ,,cooking ,how to make the camp fire range--,bread bakers--,cooking utensils--,the grub list--,simple camp recipes ,most boys1 and ,i regret to say a few girls too1 nowadays1 seem to regard a knowledge of cooking as something to be ashamed of4 ,the boy who expects to do much camping or who ever expects to take care of himself out in the woods had better get this idea out of his head just as soon as possible4 ,cooking in a modern kitchen has been reduced to a science1 but the boy or man who can prepare a good meal with little but nature's storehouse to draw on and who can make an oven that will bake bread that is fit to eat1 with the nearest range fifty miles away1 has learned something that his mother or sister cannot do and something that he should be very proud of4 ,camp cooking is an art and to become an expert is the principal thing in woodcraft--nothing else is so important4 ,we often hear how good the things taste that have been cooked over the camp fire4 ,perhaps a good healthy appetite has something to do with it1 but it is pretty hard even for a hungry boy to relish half-baked1 soggy bread or biscuits that are more suitable for fishing sinkers than for human food4 ,a party without a good cook is usually ready to break camp long before the time is up1 and they are lucky if the doctor is not called in as soon as they get home4 ,there is really no need for poor food in the woods4 ,very few woodsmen are good cooks simply because they will not learn4 ,the camp cook always has the best fun4 ,every one is ready to wait on him 8if he will only1 please get dinner ready0 ,one year when ,i was camping at the head of ,moosehead ,lake in ,maine1 ,i had a guide to whom ,i paid three dollars a day4 ,he cooked and ,i got the firewood1 cleaned the fish and did the chores around camp4 ,his cooking was so poor that the food ,i was forced to eat was really spoiling my trip4 ,one day ,i suggested that we take turns cooking1 and in place of the black muddy coffee1 greasy fish and soggy biscuit1 ,i made some ,johnny-cake1 boiled a little rice and raisins and baked a fish for a change instead of frying it4 ,his turn to cook never came again4 ,he suggested himself that he would be woodchopper and scullion and let me do the cooking4 ,i readily agreed and found that it was only half as much work as being the handy man4 ,the basis of camp cooking is the fire4 ,it is the surest way to tell whether the cook knows his business or not4 ,the beginner always starts with a fire hot enough to roast an ox and just before he begins cooking piles on more wood4 ,then when everything is sizzling and red-hot1 including the handles of all his cooking utensils1 he is ready to begin the preparation of the meal4 ,a cloud of smoke follows him around the fire with every shift of the wind4 ,occasionally he will rush in through the smoke to turn the meat or stir the porridge and rush out again puffing and gasping for breath1 his eyes watery and blinded and his fingers scorched almost like a fireman coming out of a burning building where he has gone to rescue some child4 ,the chances are1 if this kind of a cook takes hold of the handle of a hot frying pan1 pan and contents will be dumped in a heap into the fire to further add to the smoke and blaze4 ,when the old hand begins to cook1 he first takes out of the fire the unburned pieces and blazing sticks1 leaving a bed of glowing coals to which he can easily add a little wood1 if the fire gets low and a watched pot refuses to boil to his satisfaction4 ,when the fire is simply a mass of red coals he quietly goes to cooking1 and if his fire has been well made and of the right kind of wood1 the embers will continue to glow and give out heat for an hour4 ,of course1 if the cooking consists in boiling water for some purpose1 there is no particular objection to a hot fire1 the fire above described is for broiling1 frying and working around generally4 ,illustration3 ,a type of camp fire that will burn all night ,there are all sorts of camp fireplaces4 ,the quickest one to build and one of the best as well1 is the 8hunter's fire10 ,all you need is an axe4 ,take two green logs about six to eight inches thick and five feet long and lay them six inches apart at one end and about fourteen inches at the other4 ,be sure that the logs are straight4 ,it is a good plan to flatten the surface slightly on one side with the axe to furnish a better resting place for the pots and pans4 ,if the logs roll or seem insecure1 make a shallow trench to hold them or wedge them with flat stones4 ,the surest way to hold them in place is to drive stakes at each end4 ,build your fire between the logs and build up a cob house of firewood4 ,split wood will burn much more quickly than round sticks4 ,as the blazing embers fall between the logs1 keep adding more wood4 ,do not get the fire outside of the logs4 ,the object is to get a bed of glowing coals between them4 ,when you are ready to begin cooking1 take out the smoky1 burning pieces and leave a bed of red-hot coals4 ,if you have no axe and can find no logs1 a somewhat similar fireplace can be built up of flat stones1 but be sure that your stone fireplace will not topple over just at the critical time4 ,if you only have your jack-knife1 the best fire is a 8,gypsy ,rig04 ,cut two crotched sticks1 drive them into the ground and lay a crosspiece on them just as you would begin to build the leanto described in the preceding chapter1 but of course not so high above the ground4 ,the kettles and pots can be hung from the crossbar by means of pot hooks1 which are pieces of wood or wire shaped like a letter 8,s40 ,even straight sticks will do with two nails driven into them4 ,these should be of different lengths to adjust the pots at various heights above the fire1 depending on whether you wish to boil something furiously or merely to let it simmer4 ,do not suspend the kettles by running the bar through them4 ,this is very amateurish4 ,with a gypsy fire1 the frying pan1 coffee pot and gridiron will have to be set right on the bed of coals4 ,an arrangement for camp fires that is better and less work than the logs is obtained by using fire irons1 which are two flat pieces of iron a yard or so long resting on stones and with the fire built underneath4 ,the whole object of either logs or irons is to furnish a secure resting place for cooking utensils above the fire4 ,there are several kinds of ovens used for baking bread and roasting meat in outdoor life4 ,the simplest way is to prop a frying pan up in front of the fire4 ,this is not the best way but you will have to do it if you are travelling light4 ,a reflector1 when made of sheet iron or aluminum is the best camp oven4 ,tin is not so satisfactory because it will not reflect the heat equally4 ,both the top and bottom of the reflector oven are on a slope and midway between is a steel baking pan held in place by grooves4 ,this oven can be moved about at will to regulate the amount of heat and furthermore it can be used in front of a blazing fire without waiting for a bed of coals4 ,such a rig can easily be made by any tinsmith4 ,a very convenient folding reflector oven can be bought in aluminum for three or four dollars4 ,when not used for baking1 it makes an excellent dishpan4 ,illustration3 ,a reflector camp oven ,the standard camp oven that has been used by generations of pioneers and campers is the ,dutch oven4 ,it is simply an iron pot on short legs and is provided with a heavy cover4 ,to use it1 dig a hole in the ground large enough to hold it1 build a fire and fill the hole with embers4 ,then scoop out a place for the pot1 cover it over with more embers and ashes and let the contents bake4 ,for the boy who wants to go to the limit in depending on his own resources1 the clay oven is the nearest to real woodcraft4 ,this is made in the side of a bank by burrowing out a hole1 with a smoke outlet in the rear4 ,a hot fire built inside will bake the clay and hold it together4 ,to use this oven1 build a fire in it and when the oven is hot1 rake out the coals and put in your bread or meat on flat stones4 ,close the opening with another stone and keep it closed long enough to give the oven a chance4 ,this method is not recommended to beginners who are obliged to eat what they cook1 but in the hands of a real cook1 will give splendid results4 ,the reflector oven is the best for most cases if you can carry it conveniently4 ,the kind of a cooking equipment that we take with us on a camping trip will depend on what we can carry conveniently1 how much we are willing to rough it and what our stock of provisions will be4 ,one thing is sure--the things that we borrow from home will rarely be fit to return4 ,in making a raid on the family kitchen1 better warn the folks that they are giving us the pots and pans instead of merely lending them4 ,very compact cooking outfits can be bought if one cares to go to the expense4 ,an aluminum cook kit for four people1 so made that the various articles nest one into the other1 can be bought for fifteen dollars4 ,it weighs only ten pounds and takes up a space of #aj x #ab inches4 ,such a kit is very convenient if we move camp frequently or have to carry our outfit with us1 but for the party of boys going out by team it is not worth the expense4 ,you will need several tin pails1 two iron pots1 a miner's coffee pot--all in one piece including the lip--two frying pans1 possibly a double boiler for oatmeal and other cooked cereals1 iron spoon1 large knife1 vegetable knife1 iron fork and broiler4 ,a number of odds and ends will come in handy1 especially tin plates to put things on4 ,take no crockery or glassware4 ,it will be sure to be broken4 ,do not forget a can opener4 ,camp fire utensils should never be soldered4 ,either seamless ware or riveted joints are the only safe kind4 ,solder is sure to melt over a hot open fire4 ,the personal equipment for each boy should be tin cup1 knife1 fork1 and spoons1 deep tin plate1 extra plate and perhaps one extra set of everything for company if they should happen to drop in4 ,a lot of dish washing can be avoided if we use paper or wooden plates and burn them up after the meal4 ,the main question is 8,what shall we take to eat40 ,a list of food or as it is commonly known 8the grub list0 is a subject that will have to be decided by the party themselves4 ,i will give you a list that will keep four hungry boys from staying hungry for a trip of two weeks and leave something over to bring home4 ,if the list does not suit you exactly you can substitute or add other things4 ,it is an excellent plan for the party to take a few home cooked things to get started on1 a piece of roasted meat1 a dish of baked beans1 some crullers1 cookies or ginger snaps4 ,we must also consider whether we shall get any fish or game4 ,if fishing is good1 the amount of meat we take can be greatly cut down4 ,this list has been calculated to supply a party who are willing to eat camp fare and who do not expect to be able to buy bread1 milk1 eggs or butter4 ,if you can get these things nearby1 then camping is but little different from eating at home4 ,,grub ,,list ,ten lbs4 bacon1 half a ham1 #d cans corned beef1 #b lbs4 cheese1 #c lbs4 lard1 #h cans condensed milk1 #h lbs4 hard tack1 #aj packages soda crackers1 #f packages sweet crackers1 #ab lbs4 of wheat flour1 #ab lbs4 of yellow cornmeal1 can baking powder1 bushel potatoes1 #a peck onions1 #c lbs4 ground coffee1 lb4 tea1 sack salt1 #g lbs4 granulated sugar1 #c packages prepared griddle cake flour1 #d packages assorted cereals1 including oatmeal1 #d lbs4 rice1 dried fruits1 canned corn1 peas1 beans1 canned baked beans1 salmon1 tomatoes1 sweetmeats and whatever else you like4 ,be sure to take along plenty of tin boxes or tight wooden boxes to keep rain and vermin away from the food4 ,tell your grocer to pack the stuff for a camping trip and to put the perishable things in tight boxes as far as possible4 ,if you are going to move camp1 have some waterproof bags for the flour4 ,if you can carry eggs and butter1 so much the better4 ,a tin cracker box buried in the mud along some cold brook or spring makes an excellent camper's refrigerator especially if it is in the shade4 ,never leave the food exposed around camp4 ,as soon as the cook is through with it let some one put it away in its proper place where the flies1 ants1 birds1 sun1 dust1 and rain cannot get at it4 ,always examine food before you cook it4 ,take nothing for granted4 ,once when camping the camp cook for breakfast made a huge pot of a certain brand of breakfast food4 ,we were all tucking it away as only hungry boys can1 when some one complained that caterpillars were dropping from the tree into his bowl4 ,we shifted our seats--and ate some more1 and then made the astonishing discovery that the breakfast food was full of worms4 ,we looked at the package and found that the grocers had palmed off some stale goods on us and that the box was fairly alive4 ,we all enjoy the recollection of it more than we did the actual experience4 ,it is impossible in a book of this kind to say very much about how to cook4 ,that subject alone has filled some very large books4 ,we can learn some things at home provided that we can duplicate the conditions in the woods4 ,so many home recipes contain eggs1 milk and butter that they are not much use when we have none of the three4 ,there is a book in my library entitled 8,one ,hundred ,ways to ,cook ,eggs0 but it would not do a boy much good in the woods unless he had the eggs4 ,if you ask your mother or the cook to tell you how to raise bread or make pies and cakes1 be sure that you will have the same ingredients and tools to work with that she has4 ,it might be well to learn a few simple things about frying and boiling1 as both of these things can be done even by a beginner over the camp fire4 ,there are a few general cooking rules that ,i will attempt to give you and leave the rest for you to learn from experience4 ,you use bacon in the woods to furnish grease in the frying pan for the things that are not fat enough themselves to furnish their own grease4 ,condensed milk if thinned with water makes a good substitute for sweet milk1 after you get used to it4 ,to make coffee1 allow a tablespoonful of ground coffee to each cup of water4 ,better measure both things until you learn just how full of water to fill the pot to satisfy the wants of your party4 ,do not boil coffee furiously4 ,the best way is not to boil it at all but that would be almost like telling a boy not to go swimming4 ,better let it simmer and when you are ready for it1 pour in a dash of cold water to settle the grounds and see that no one shakes the pot afterward to stir up grounds--and trouble4 ,a teaspoonful of tea is enough for two people4 ,this you must not boil unless you want to tan your stomach4 ,pour boiling water on the tea and let it steep4 ,good camp bread can be made from white flour1 one cup2 salt1 one teaspoonful2 sugar1 one teaspoonful and baking powder1 one teaspoonful4 ,wet with water or better with diluted condensed milk4 ,pour in a greased pan and bake in the reflector oven until when you test it by sticking a wooden splinter into it1 the splinter will come out clean without any dough adhering to it4 ,if you want to make the kind of bread that has been the standard ration for campers for hundreds of years you must eat johnny-cake or pone4 ,it is really plain corn bread4 ,personally ,i like it better than any of the raised breads or prepared flours that are used in the woods4 ,it should always be eaten hot and always broken by the hands4 ,to cut it with a knife will make it heavy4 ,the ingredients are simply one quart of yellow meal1 one teaspoonful of salt and three cups--one and one-half pints--of warm water4 ,stir until the batter is light and bake for a short hour4 ,test it with the wooden splinter the same as wheat bread4 ,it may be baked in an open fire on a piece of flat wood or by rolling up balls of it1 you can even roast it in the ashes4 ,a teaspoonful of sugar improves it somewhat and it can be converted into cake by adding raisins or huckleberries4 ,for your butter1 you will use bacon grease or gravy4 ,indian meal1 next to bacon1 is the camper's stand-by4 ,in addition to the johnny-cake1 you can boil it up as mush and eat with syrup or condensed milk and by slicing up the cold mush1 if there is any left1 you can fry it next day in a spider4 ,the beginner at cooking always makes the mistake of thinking that to cook properly you must cook fast4 ,the more the grease sputters or the harder the pot boils1 the better4 ,as a rule1 rapid boiling of meat makes it tough4 ,game and fish should be put on in cold water and after the water has boiled1 be set back and allowed to simmer4 ,do not throw away the water you boil meat in4 ,it will make good soup--unless every one in camp has taken a hand at salting the meat1 as is often the case4 ,all green vegetables should be crisp and firm when they are cooked4 ,if they have been around camp for several days and have lost their freshness1 first soak them in cold water4 ,a piece of pork cooked with beans and peas will give them a richer flavour4 ,the water that is on canned vegetables should be poured off before cooking4 ,canned tomatoes are an exception to this rule1 however4 ,save all the leftovers4 ,if you do not know what else to do with them1 make a stew or soup4 ,you can make soup of almost anything4 ,the ,chinese use birds' nests and the ,eskimos can make soup of old shoes4 ,a very palatable soup can be made from various kinds of vegetables with a few bones or extract of beef added for body4 ,the length of time to cook things is the most troublesome thing to the beginner4 ,nearly everything will take longer than you think4 ,oatmeal is one of the things that every beginner is apt to burn1 hence the value of the double boiler4 ,rice is one of the best camp foods if well cooked4 ,it can be used in a great variety of ways like cornmeal4 ,but beware6 ,there is nothing in the whole list of human food that has quite the swelling power of rice4 ,half a teacupful will soon swell up to fill the pot4 ,a tablespoonful to a person will be an ample allowance and then1 unless you have a good size pot to boil it in1 have some one standing by ready with an extra pan to catch the surplus when it begins to swell4 ,there are certain general rules for cooking which may help the beginner although they are not absolute4 ,mutton1 beef1 lamb1 venison1 chicken1 and large birds or fish will require from ten to twenty minutes' cooking for each pound of weight4 ,the principal value of this is to at least be sure that you need not test a five-pound chicken after it has been cooking fifteen minutes to see if it is done4 ,peas1 beans1 potatoes1 corn1 onions1 rice1 turnips1 beets1 cabbage1 and macaroni should1 when boiled1 be done in from twenty to thirty minutes4 ,the surest test is to taste them4 ,they will be burned in that many seconds1 if you allow the water to boil off or put them in the middle of a smoky fire where they cannot be watched4 ,fried things are the easiest to cook because you can tell when they are done more easily4 ,fried food however is always objectionable and as little of it should be eaten as possible4 ,you are not much of a camp cook if a frying pan is your only tool4 ,a bottle of catsup or some pickles will often give just the right taste to things that otherwise seem to be lacking in flavour4 ,in frying fish1 always have the pan piping hot4 ,test the grease by dropping in a bread crumb4 ,it should quickly turn brown4 8,piping hot0 does not mean smoking or grease on fire4 ,dry the fish thoroughly with a towel before putting them into the pan4 ,then they will be crisp and flaky instead of grease-soaked4 ,the same rule is true of potatoes4 ,if you put the latter on brown butcher's paper when they are done1 they will be greatly improved4 ,nearly every camper will start to do things away from home that he would never think of doing under his own roof4 ,one of these is to drink great quantities of strong coffee three times a day4 ,if you find that after you turn in for the night1 you are lying awake for a long time watching the stars and listening to the fish splashing in the lake or the hoot owl mournfully 8too-hooing0 far off in the woods1 do not blame your bed or commence to wonder if you are not getting sick4 ,just cut out the coffee1 that's all4 ,v ,,woodcraft ,the use of an axe and hatchet--,best woods for special purposes--,what to do when you are lost--,nature's compasses ,the word 8woodcraft0 simply means skill in anything which pertains to the woods4 ,the boy who can read and understand nature's signboards1 who knows the names of the various trees and can tell which are best adapted to certain purposes1 what berries and roots are edible1 the habits of game and the best way to trap or capture them1 in short the boy that knows how to get along without the conveniences of civilization and is self-reliant and manly1 is a student of woodcraft4 ,no one can hope to become a master woodsman4 ,what he learns in one section may be of little value in some other part of the country4 ,a guide from ,maine or ,canada might be comparatively helpless in ,florida or the ,tropics1 where the vegetation1 wild animal life1 and customs of the woods are entirely different4 ,most of us are hopeless tenderfeet anywhere1 just like landlubbers on shipboard4 ,the real masters of woodcraft--,indians1 trappers1 and guides--are1 as a rule1 men who do not even know the meaning of the word 8woodcraft40 ,some people think that to know woodcraft1 we must take it up with a teacher1 just as we might learn to play golf or tennis4 ,it is quite different from learning a game4 ,most of what we learn1 we shall have to teach ourselves4 ,of course we must profit from the experience and observation of others1 but no man's opinion can take the place of the evidence of our own eyes4 ,a naturalist once told me that chipmunks never climb trees4 ,i have seen a chipmunk on a tree so ,i know that he is mistaken4 ,as a rule the natives in any section only know enough woods-lore or natural history to meet their absolute needs4 ,accurate observation is1 as a rule1 rare among country people unless they are obliged to learn from necessity4 ,plenty of boys born and raised in the country are ignorant of the very simplest facts of their daily experience4 ,they could not give you the names of a dozen local birds or wildflowers or tell you the difference between a mushroom and a toadstool to save their lives4 ,illustration3 ,the wilderness traveller ,on the other hand1 some country boys who have kept their ears and eyes open will know more about the wild life of the woods than people who attempt to write books about it2 myself1 for example4 ,i have a boy friend up in ,maine who can fell a tree as big around as his body in ten minutes1 and furthermore he can drop it in any direction that he wants to without leaving it hanging up in the branches of some other tree or dropping it in a soft place where the logging team cannot possibly haul it out without miring the horses4 ,the stump will be almost as clean and flat as a saw-cut4 ,this boy can also build a log cabin1 chink up the cracks with clay and moss and furnish it with benches and tables that he has made1 with no other tools than an axe and a jack-knife4 ,he can make a rope out of a grape-vine or patch a hole in his birch bark canoe with a piece of bark and a little spruce gum4 ,he can take you out in the woods and go for miles with never a thought of getting lost1 tell you the names of the different birds and their calls1 what berries are good to eat1 where the partridge nests or the moose feeds1 and so on4 ,if you could go around with him for a month1 you would learn more real woodcraft than books could tell you in a lifetime4 ,and this boy cannot even read or write and probably never heard the word 8woodcraft40 ,his school has been the school of hard knocks4 ,he knows these things as a matter of course just as you know your way home from school4 ,his father is a woodchopper and has taught him to take care of himself4 ,if you desire to become a good woodsman1 the first and most important thing is to learn to use an axe4 ,patent folding hatchets are well enough in their way1 but for real woodchopping an axe is the only thing4 ,one of four pounds is about the right weight for a beginner4 ,as it comes from the store1 the edge will be far too thick and clumsy to do good work4 ,first have it carefully ground by an expert and watch how he does it4 ,if ,i were a country boy ,i should be more proud of skilful axemanship than to be pitcher on the village nine4 ,with a good axe1 a good rifle1 and a good knife1 a man can take care of himself in the woods for days1 and the axe is more important even than the rifle4 ,the easiest way to learn to be an axeman is to make the acquaintance of some woodchopper in your neighbourhood4 ,but let me warn you4 ,never ask him to lend you his axe4 ,you would not be friends very long if you did4 ,you must have one of your own1 and let it be like your watch or your toothbrush1 your own personal property4 ,a cheap axe is poor economy4 ,the brightest paint and the gaudiest labels do not always mean the best steel4 ,your friend the woodchopper will tell you what kind to buy in your neighbourhood4 ,the handle should be straight-grained hickory and before buying it you will run your eye along it to see that the helve is not warped or twisted and that there are no knots or bad places in it4 ,the hang of an axe is the way the handle or helve is fitted to the head4 ,an expert woodchopper is rarely satisfied with the heft of an axe as it comes from the store4 ,he prefers to hang his own4 ,in fact1 most woodchoppers prefer to make their own axe handles4 ,you will need a stone to keep a keen edge on the axe4 ,no one can do good work with a dull blade1 and an edge that has been nicked by chopping into the ground or hitting a stone is absolutely inexcusable4 ,to chop a tree1 first be sure that the owner is willing to have it chopped4 ,then decide in which direction you wish it to fall4 ,this will be determined by the kind of ground1 closeness of other trees1 and the presence of brush or undergrowth4 ,when a tree has fallen the woodchopper's work has only begun4 ,he must chop off the branches1 cut and split the main trunk1 and either make sawlogs or cordwood lengths4 ,hence the importance of obtaining a good lie for the tree4 ,before beginning to chop the tree1 cut away all the brush1 vines1 and undergrowth around its butt as far as you will swing the axe4 ,this is very important as many of the accidents with an axe result from neglect of this precaution4 ,as we swing the axe it may catch on a bush or branch over our head1 which causes a glancing blow and a possible accident4 ,be careful not to dull the axe in cutting brush4 ,you can often do more damage to its edge with undergrowth no thicker than one's finger than in chopping a tree a foot through4 ,if the brush is very light1 it will often be better to use your jack-knife4 ,illustration3 ,the right way to chop a tree--make two notches on opposite sides ,in cutting a tree1 first make two nicks or notches in the bark on the side to which you wish it to fall and as far apart as half the diameter of the tree4 ,then begin to swing the axe slowly and without trying to bury its head at every blow and prying it loose again1 but with regular strokes first across the grain at the bottom and then in a slanting direction at the top4 ,the size of the chips you make will be a measure of your degree of skill4 ,hold the handle rather loosely and keep your eye on the place you wish to hit and not on the axe4 ,do not work around the tree or girdle it but keep right at the notch you are making until it is half way through the tree4 ,do not shift your feet at every blow or rise up on your toes4 ,this would tire even an old woodchopper in a short time4 ,see that you do not set yourself too fast a pace at first4 ,a beginner always starts with too small a notch4 ,see to it that yours is wide enough in the start4 ,illustration3 ,the wrong way--this looks like the work of a beaver ,when you have cut about half way through1 go to the other side of the tree and start another notch a little higher than the first one4 ,a skilled man can chop either right-or left-handed but this is very difficult for a beginner4 ,if you are naturally right-handed1 the quickest way to learn left-handed wood chopping is to study your usual position and note where you naturally place your feet and hands4 ,then reverse all this and keep at it from the left-handed position until it becomes second nature to you and you can chop equally well from either position4 ,this you may learn in a week or you may never learn it4 ,it is a lot easier to write about than it is to do4 ,when the tree begins to creak and show signs of toppling over1 give it a few sharp blows and as it falls jump sideways4 ,never jump or run backward4 ,this is one way that men get killed in the woods4 ,a falling tree will often kick backward like a shot4 ,it will rarely go far to either side4 ,of course a falling tree is a source of danger anyway1 so you must always be on your guard4 ,if you wish to cut the fallen tree into logs1 for a cabin1 for instance1 you will often have to jump on top of it and cut between your feet4 ,this requires skill and for that reason ,i place a knowledge of axemanship ahead of anything else in woodcraft except cooking4 ,with a crosscut saw1 we can make better looking logs and with less work4 ,next to knowing how to chop a tree is knowing what kind of a tree to chop4 ,different varieties possess entirely different qualities4 ,the amateur woodchopper will note a great difference between chopping a second growth chestnut and a tough old apple tree4 ,we must learn that some trees1 like oak1 sugar maple1 dogwood1 ash1 cherry1 walnut1 beech1 and elm are very hard and that most of the evergreens are soft1 such as spruce1 pine1 arbor vitae1 as well as the poplars and birches4 ,it is easy to remember that lignum vitae is one of the hardest woods and arbor vitae one of the softest4 ,some woods1 like cedar1 chestnut1 white birch1 ash1 and white oak1 are easy to split1 and wild cherry1 sugar maple1 hemlock1 and sycamore are all but unsplitable4 ,we decide the kind of a tree to cut by the use to which it is to be put4 ,for the bottom course of a log cabin1 we place logs like cedar1 chestnut1 or white oak because we know that they do not rot quickly in contact with the ground4 ,we always try to get straight logs because we know that it is all but impossible to build a log house of twisted or crooked ones4 ,it is a very common custom for beginners to make camp furniture1 posts1 and fences of white birch4 ,this is due to the fact that the wood is easily worked and gives us very pretty effects4 ,birch however is not at all durable and if we expect to use our camp for more than one season we must expect to replace the birch every year or two4 ,rustic furniture made of cedar will last for years and is far superior to birch4 ,getting lost in the woods may be a very serious thing4 ,if you are a city boy used to signboards1 street corners1 and familiar buildings you may laugh at the country boy who is afraid to go to a big city because he may get lost1 but he knows what being lost means at home and he fails to realize when he is in a city how easy it is to ask the nearest policeman or passer-by the way home4 ,most city boys will be lost in the woods within five minutes after they leave their camp or tent4 ,if you have no confidence in yourself and if you are in a wilderness like the ,north woods1 do not venture very far from home alone until you are more expert4 ,it is difficult to say when we are really lost in the woods4 ,as long as we think we know the way home we are not lost even if we may be absolutely wrong in our opinion of the proper direction4 ,in such a case we may soon find our mistake and get on the right track again4 ,when we are really lost is when suddenly a haunting fear comes over us that we do not know the way home4 ,then we lose our heads as well as our way and often become like crazy people4 ,a sense of direction is a gift or instinct4 ,it is the thing that enables a carrier pigeon that has been taken1 shut up in a basket say from ,new ,york to ,chicago1 to make a few circles in the air when liberated and start out for home1 and by this sense to fly a thousand miles without a single familiar landmark to guide him and finally land at his home loft tired and hungry4 ,no human being ever had this power to the same extent as a pigeon1 but some people seem to keep a sense of direction and a knowledge of the points of compass in a strange place without really making an effort to do it4 ,one thing is sure4 ,if we are travelling in a strange country we must always keep our eyes and ears open if we expect to find our way alone4 ,we must never trust too implicitly in any 8sense of direction40 ,forest travellers are always on the lookout for peculiar landmarks that they will recognize if they see them again4 ,oddly shaped trees1 rocks1 or stumps1 the direction of watercourses and trails1 the position of the sun1 all these things will help us to find our way out of the woods when a less observing traveller who simply tries to remember the direction he has travelled may become terrified4 ,rules which tell people what to do when they are lost are rarely of much use1 because the act of losing our way brings with it such a confusion of mind that it would be like printing directions for terror stricken people who are drowning4 ,suppose1 for example1 a boy goes camping for a week or two in the ,adirondacks or ,maine woods4 ,if he expects to go about alone1 his first step should be to become familiar with the general lay of the land1 the direction of cities1 towns1 settlements1 mountain ranges1 lakes1 and rivers in the section where he is going1 and especially with the location of other camps1 railroads1 lumber camps1 and so on in his immediate neighbourhood1 say within a five-mile radius4 ,it is an excellent plan to take along a sectional map which can usually be bought of the state geologist4 ,one can by asking questions also learn many things from the natives4 ,such a boy may start out from his camp1 which is on the shore of a lake1 for example1 on an afternoon's fishing or hunting trip4 ,if he is careful he will always consult his compass to keep in mind the general direction in which he travels4 ,he will also tell his friends at camp where he expects to go4 ,if he has no compass1 he at least knows that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west and he can easily remember whether he has travelled toward the setting sun or away from it4 ,rules for telling the points of compass by the thickness of the bark or moss on trees are well enough for story books4 ,they are not of much value to a man lost in the woods4 ,suddenly1 say at four o'clock1 this boy decides to 8turn around0 and go back to camp4 ,and then the awful feeling comes to him that he doesn't know which way to turn4 ,the woods take on a strange and unfamiliar look4 ,he is lost4 ,the harder he tries to decide which way the camp lies1 the worse his confusion becomes4 ,if he would only collect his thoughts and like the ,indian say 8,ugh6 ,indian not lost1 ,indian here4 ,wigwam lost10 he probably would soon get his bearings4 ,it is one thing to lose your way and another to lose your head4 ,when you are lost1 you are confused1 and the only rule to remember is to sit down on the nearest rock or stump and wait until you get over being 8rattled40 ,then ask yourself1 8,how far have ,i gone since ,i was not sure of my way80 and also1 8,how far am ,i from camp80 ,if you have been out three hours and have walked pretty steadily1 you may have gone five miles4 ,unless you have travelled in a straight line and at a rapid pace1 the chances are that you are not more than half that distance4 ,but even two or three miles in strange woods is a long distance4 ,you may at least be sure that you must not expect to find camp by rushing about here and there for ten minutes4 ,we have all heard how lost people will travel in circles and keep passing the same place time after time without knowing it4 ,this is true and many explanations have been attempted4 ,one man says that we naturally take longer steps with our right leg because it is the stronger2 another thinks that our heart has something to do with it1 and so on4 ,why we do this no one really knows1 but it seems to be a fact4 ,therefore1 before a lost person starts to hunt for camp1 he should blaze a tree that he can see from any direction4 ,blazing simply means cutting the bark and stripping it on all four sides4 ,if you have no hatchet a knife will do1 but be sure to make a blaze that will show at some distance1 not only for your own benefit but to guide a searching party that may come out to look for you4 ,you can mark an arrow to point the direction that you are going1 or if you have pencil and note-book even leave a note for your friends telling them your predicament4 ,this may all seem unnecessary at the time but if you are really lost1 nothing is unnecessary that will help you to find yourself4 ,as you go along give an occasional whack at a tree with your hatchet to mark the bark or bend over the twigs and underbrush in the direction of your course4 ,the thicker the undergrowth the more blaze marks you must make4 ,haste is not so important as caution4 ,you may go a number of miles and at the end be deeper in the woods than ever1 but your friends who are looking for you1 if they can run across one of your blazes1 will soon find you4 ,when you are certain that you will not be able to find your way out before dark1 there is not much use of going any farther4 ,the thing to do then is to stop and prepare for passing the night in the woods while it is still daylight4 ,go up on the highest point of ground1 build a leanto and make your camp fire4 ,if you have no matches1 you can sometimes start a fire by striking your knife blade with a piece of flint or quartz1 a hard white stone that is common nearly everywhere4 ,the sparks should fall in some dry tinder or punk and the little fire coaxed along until you get a blaze4 ,there are many kinds of tinder used in the woods1 dried puff balls1 8dotey0 or rotten wood that is not damp1 charred cotton cloth1 dry moss1 and so on4 ,in the pitch pine country1 the best kindlings after we have caught a tiny blaze are splinters taken from the heart of a decayed pine log4 ,they are full of resin and will burn like fireworks4 ,the ,southerners call it 8light-wood40 ,dry birch bark also makes excellent kindlings4 ,a universal signal of distress in the woods that is almost like the flag upside down on shipboard is to build two smoky fires a hundred yards or more apart4 ,one fire means a camp1 two fires means trouble4 ,another signal is two gunshots fired quickly1 a pause to count ten and then a third4 ,always listen after you have given this signal to see if it is answered4 ,give your friends time enough to get the gun loaded at camp4 ,always have a signal code arranged and understood by your party before you attempt to go it alone4 ,you may never need it but if you do you will need it badly4 ,sometimes we can get our bearings by climbing a tree4 ,another aid to determine our direction is this3 ,usually all the brooks and water courses near a large lake or river flow into it4 ,if you are sure that you haven't crossed a ridge or divide1 the surest way back home if camp is on a lake is to follow down the first brook or spring you come across4 ,it will probably bring you up at the lake1 sooner or later4 ,on a clear night you can tell the points of compass from the stars4 ,whether a boy or girl is a camper or not1 they surely ought to know how to do this4 ,have some one point out to you the constellation called the 8dipper40 ,it is very conspicuous and when you have once learned to know it you will always recognize it as an old friend4 ,the value of the dipper is this3 ,the two stars that form the lower corners of its imaginary bowl are sometimes called the 8north star pointers40 ,the north star or ,polaris1 because of its position with reference to the earth1 never seems to move4 ,if you draw an imaginary line through the two pointers up into the heavens1 the first bright star you come to1 which is just a little to the right of this line1 is the north star4 ,it is not very bright or conspicuous like ,venus or ,mars but it has pointed the north to sailors over the uncharted seas for hundreds of years4 ,by all means make the acquaintance of ,polaris4 ,,vi ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,fire-,,arms ,importance of early training--,why a gun is better than a rifle--,how to become a good shot ,whether a boy of fifteen should have a gun or a rifle is a question that parents will have to settle for themselves4 ,there is no question but that a careful boy who has been taught by some older person how to handle a gun is more to be trusted than a man who has never learned the proper use of firearms and who takes up the sport of hunting after he is grown up4 ,most of the shooting accidents are caused by inexperienced men who have never been accustomed to guns in their younger days4 ,once or twice ,i have just missed being shot by friends who had never been hunting before1 and who became so excited when they unexpectedly kicked up a rabbit or walked into a flock of quail that they fired the gun without knowing whether any of their friends were in range or not4 ,when a boy is allowed to have a gun it should be a real one4 ,air rifles and small calibre guns are all the more dangerous1 because they are often looked upon as toys4 ,in handling a gun1 always treat it as though it were loaded1 no matter if you know it is empty4 ,by this means it will soon become second nature to you never to point the gun at any one even carelessly or in fun4 ,a guide once said to me1 8,a gun is a dangerous critter without lock1 stock1 or barrel1 and if a feller ever points one at me ,i think he means business40 ,illustration3 ,a double barrelled hammerless shot-gun ,a gun can never be trusted4 ,accidents happen so quickly that it is over before we know it and the terrible damage is done4 ,sometimes the trigger will catch on a coat button or a twig1 and1 bang6 an unexpected discharge takes place and if you were careless just for an instant1 it may cost some one his life4 ,especial care must be taken in loading and unloading a gun4 ,it is at this time that a gun is most likely to go off unexpectedly4 ,the best way to learn how to handle a gun is to watch the methods of an old hand4 ,never fire a gun when you are standing behind another person4 ,you may know that you are not aiming at him1 but the concussion of the air near the end of the barrel is terrific1 and your friend may have a split ear drum as a result4 ,a shot-gun is better for a boy than a rifle1 for the reason that most real shooting except for big game is done with a shot-gun1 and besides1 it takes a lot of practice to shoot well with it4 ,a shot-gun is not a weapon for play but a real tool4 ,in almost every section of the country there is some small game to be hunted and there is usually also an opportunity to practise at clay pigeons4 ,no one would think of hunting quail1 ducks1 or rabbits with a rifle1 and even if you were an excellent rifle shot at a still mark you might not be able to hit moving game at all4 ,a shot-gun is less dangerous for the reason that its range is limited to a little over a hundred yards1 while a rifle may carry a mile4 ,a cheap shot-gun is far more dangerous than a cheap rifle4 ,until it is possible to buy a good one it is better to have none at all4 ,a good ,american-made gun can be bought for about twenty-five dollars4 ,a gun suitable for its owner should fit just as his clothing fits him4 ,when a gun is quickly brought to the shoulder in firing position1 there is no time in actual hunting to shift it around4 ,when you buy a gun1 remember that your canvas or corduroy hunting coat makes more of a bulge at the shoulder than an ordinary suit and accordingly see that the stock is the proper length4 ,the 8drop0 of a gun is the number of inches that the stock falls below the line of the barrel4 ,if the stock is bent too much you will shoot under your game4 ,if it is too straight the tendency will be to shoot over game4 ,the average stock is made to fit most people and will probably answer most purposes unless you can afford to have a stock made especially4 ,the principal thing is to do all your practising with your own gun until it becomes second nature to bring it up quickly and have the eye find the barrel instantly4 ,a shot-gun is not aimed in the same way as a rifle4 ,the method of good shots is rather to keep their eye on the game and when they 8feel0 that the gun is pointed right to fire4 ,a skilful shot can tell whether he is shooting too high or too low just as he pulls the trigger4 ,the brain1 head1 and eyes and trigger-finger must all work in harmony or you will never be a good shot4 ,never flinch as you shoot4 ,this is a very common fault of beginners and it is fatal to becoming a marksman4 ,the first lesson in handling a gun is to understand perfectly how it works4 ,if it is a hammerless gun1 remember that it is always cocked4 ,when you open the barrels you cock the gun automatically4 ,for this reason there is some kind of a safety device provided1 which should always be left at 8safe0 except at the actual instant of firing4 ,it is just as easy to learn to push the safety off when you fire as it is to learn to pull the trigger1 if one starts right4 ,never carry your gun with your finger on the trigger4 ,wait until you put the gun up as you are ready to shoot4 ,don't forget the safety4 ,a great many shots are missed because the hunter forgets whether he has left it on or off and in his anxiety to hit the game will tug and pull on the trigger until1 just as the game disappears out of range1 he will remember that he did not release it4 ,this shows the importance of acquiring the proper habit at first4 ,it is harder to correct bad habits in handling a gun than to teach the beginner the proper way at first4 ,on your first lesson in the field1 walk on the left side of your teacher so that your gun will be pointing away from him4 ,if you come across any game1 try to take your time before you fire4 ,nearly every one shoots too quickly4 ,as most shot-gun shooting is what is called snap shooting1 there isn't much time at best1 but a good shot will be sure that he has covered his game before he fires1 while a beginner will trust to luck4 ,this will be the hardest fault to correct4 ,consequently a beginner should if possible hunt alone for a while1 as the presence of another gun alongside of him makes him too anxious to get in the first shot1 and gets him into bad habits4 ,if your teacher also has a gun1 he must assure you that he does not intend to shoot and then you will try harder to get the game and run less chance of missing4 ,always unload a gun before going into a house1 under or over a fence1 or in or out of a boat or carriage4 ,if you leave your gun1 even for a minute1 unload it4 ,never rest a loaded gun against a tree or building4 ,never pull a gun loaded or empty toward you by the muzzle4 ,in unloading always point it toward the ground4 ,a jar will sometimes discharge a gun and very often a discharge will take place when closing the breech on a tight shell4 ,always be ready for game4 ,in hunting1 we never can tell at what instant it will rise up in front of us4 8,be ready0 does not mean having the muscles and nerves constantly on a tension4 ,it is simply to carry your gun in such a position that you can quickly bring it to the shoulder at any time4 ,it is a good plan to practise aiming at various objects as you go along until you gradually overcome your awkwardness4 ,it is difficult to say what makes a good shot with a gun4 ,there is no question but that practice will make any one a better shot than he would be without it1 but some people are better shots with very little practice than others with a great deal4 ,one very important thing is to do your practising under conditions similar to the actual hunting4 ,if the cover is thick where you hunt1 a swamp or brush lot for example1 you will not derive much benefit from practising entirely in the open4 ,a pigeon trap is an inexpensive way to learn to shoot4 ,some experienced hunters will say that practice at clay pigeons does not help in the field1 but at the same time a good brush shot is almost always a good trap shot and if you can become skilful enough to break an average of eighteen to twenty clay pigeons out of twenty-five at sixteen yards rise1 you may be sure that you will get your share of game under actual hunting conditions4 ,the most difficult part of bird hunting is to learn to give the game a start4 ,the average shot-gun will kill quail at sixty yards and duck at forty4 ,the farther the game is away from us1 provided it is within range1 the more the shot will spread4 ,i once saw a half-dozen hunters fire at a covey of quail that rose in an open field before they had gone thirty yards and every hunter scored a clean miss4 ,any one of these men could bring down his bird under the same conditions nine times out of ten if he had taken his time4 ,on this occasion when their guns were empty another hunter who had withheld his fire said1 8,are you all done1 boys80 and shot a bird with each barrel at a measured fifty-eight yards4 ,to kill a bird that another man has shot at is called 8wiping his eye10 and it is the chief joy of an old hunter to do this with a beginner4 ,if you do not want to let the old hunter wipe your eye1 take your time4 ,learn to shoot with your head well up and with both eyes open4 ,when the game rises1 keep your eye on it and at the instant that you see it on the end of your gun barrel1 fire4 ,the greatest joy of hunting is to see the game appear to tumble off the end of your gun barrel when it is hit4 ,if there is a doubt as to whose bird it is1 and this happens constantly as two people often shoot at the same time at the same bird1 do not rush in and claim it4 ,remember you are a gentleman1 but if you are sure that you hit it1 at least stand for your rights4 ,so much of the pleasure of hunting depends on our companions that we must be considerate of the feelings of others as well as our own4 ,always hunt if possible with experienced hunters4 ,you will not only have more fun1 but you will run much less risk4 ,in rabbit hunting1 one is especially at the mercy of the beginner who fires wildly without any thought as to whose life he may be endangering1 so long as he gets the rabbit4 ,if you hunt with some one who owns the dogs1 be very careful not to interfere with them by giving commands4 ,as a rule the owner of a well-trained dog prefers to handle him without any help1 and1 while he may not tell you1 you may be sure that he will resent it if you try to make the dog do your bidding when his master is around4 ,the pattern of a gun1 as it is called1 is the number of shot it will put within a circle at a given distance4 ,as a rule the factory test pattern will be found on a tag attached to the gun4 ,if not1 you can easily get the pattern yourself4 ,the usual distance for targeting a new gun is thirty yards1 and the standard circle is thirty inches4 ,make a circle on the barn door with a piece of chalk and string fifteen inches long4 ,first drive a nail into the wood and fasten the string to it with the chalk on the loose end4 ,then describe and measure ninety feet from the target4 ,fire as nearly as you can at the centre of the circle and count the shot that are inside the chalk mark4 ,in order not to count the same shot twice mark them off with a pencil4 ,perhaps a surer way would be to fire at the door first and in the centre of the load of shot drive the nail and describe a circle afterward4 ,the chief advantage of studying the pattern of your gun is to know just how much it scatters and how far it may be depended upon to shoot and kill4 ,in a choke-bore gun1 the end of the barrel is drawn in slightly and made smaller to keep the shot together4 ,guns that are used in duck and goose hunting are usually full choked as most of the shots are long ones1 but for ordinary brush and field shooting a gun that has a full cylinder right barrel and a modified choke on the left will be the best for general purposes4 ,the best size is #ab-;bore or gauge4 ,ten gauge guns are entirely too heavy for general use and the smaller bores1 such as sixteen or even twenty gauge1 while they are very light and dainty1 are not a typical all around gun for a boy who can only afford to have one size4 ,the smaller bores1 however1 have become very popular in recent years and much may be said in their favour4 ,the standard length of barrels is either twenty-eight or thirty inches4 ,the shorter length will probably be just as satisfactory and makes a much better proportion between the stock and barrels4 ,you can easily test the amount of choke in a #ab-;gauge gun4 ,a new ten-cent piece will just go inside the end of the barrel of a full cylinder gun and just fail to go into one that has been slightly choked4 ,while it is impossible to give any written directions for shooting that are as valuable as actual practice1 the important thing for a beginner is to get his form right at first1 just as in golf or horseback riding1 and then to make up his mind that every shot has got to count4 ,rifle shooting is entirely different from shot-gun shooting and skill in one branch of the sport of marksmanship does not mean much in the other4 ,a boy may be an excellent rifle shot at a stationary target and still not be able to hit 8a flock of barns10 as the country boys say1 with a shot-gun4 ,skill with a rifle is chiefly of value to those who are interested in military affairs and more rarely to those who are fortunate enough to have an opportunity for hunting big game4 ,in settled communities there is a strong feeling against allowing boys to have rifles4 ,practically the only game that can be hunted will be our little friends1 the song birds1 and no self-respecting boy will shoot them4 ,a small calibre rifle such as a #bb-;calibre ,flobert will afford considerable pastime at target practice and is also excellent to hunt snakes and frogs along some brook or creek1 but generally a boy with a rifle is a public nuisance1 and as a rule is liable to arrest in possessing it4 ,if we fix up a rifle range where there are no dangers of damage from spent bullets or badly aimed shots it is well enough to practise with a small rifle4 ,a real sporting rifle1 such as is used for big game1 is a very dangerous fire-arm and cannot be used with safety anywhere but in an absolute wilderness or on a target range4 ,such guns will kill at a mile and go through a tree a foot or two in diameter2 to use such a weapon in even a sparsely settled section is very dangerous indeed4 ,if a boy has any chance of going hunting for deer or moose1 he will surely need practice and for this purpose a range will have to be selected where there is absolutely no danger to any one within a mile or two4 ,a good practice range is across a lake or river with a bank of earth or clay to stop the bullets4 ,big game hunting is done so frequently from canoes that it is well to get practice from a boat1 both moving and stationary4 ,to shoot successfully from a sitting position in a canoe is a very difficult feat4 ,just as with a shot-gun the universal tendency is to shoot too quickly1 with a rifle it is to shoot too high4 ,the reason is that we hold our head so high up in looking at our game that we fail to see the rear sight at all4 ,be sure your head is low enough to see both sights4 ,illustration3 ,the modern sporting rifle that will kill at a mile4 ,an unsafe weapon for boys ,always hold your breath while you are taking aim4 ,learn to shoot from all sorts of positions1 lying1 sitting1 kneeling1 and standing4 ,if the shot is a long one1 be sure that your rear sight is properly elevated for the distance4 ,most of the shots at big game are stationary shots and within a hundred yards2 consequently accuracy counts for more than quickness4 ,with a magazine or repeating rifle be sure that you have emptied your magazine before you leave the gun4 ,with a shot-gun there is a possibility that the 8person who didn't know it was loaded0 may not kill his victim outright4 ,with a sporting rifle it is practically sure death4 ,the general rules of care apply to both rifles and shot-guns4 ,always clean the gun after you have taken it into the field4 ,this is necessary whether you have fired the gun or not1 as a gun barrel will always collect a certain amount of dampness4 ,it is an excellent practice to keep a gun covered with oil or vaseline except when it is in use4 ,it not only prevents rust1 but the grease also discourages visitors and friends from handling the gun1 snapping the trigger1 or otherwise damaging it4 ,in this chapter1 ,i have not said anything about revolvers or pistols1 because ,i do not believe that any sensible boy will care to own one4 ,a revolver is a constant source of danger owing to its short barrel1 and as it has no practical value except as a weapon of defence1 and as there is a severe penalty for carrying a concealed weapon1 ,i should not care to recommend any boy to own a revolver4 ,the final question whether we may have a gun and what kind it should be1 will depend very largely on the place we live4 ,any kind of a gun is very much out of place in cities or towns4 ,the boy who does not really have an opportunity to use a gun should be too sensible to ask for one1 for surely if we own it we shall constantly want to use it even at some risk4 ,it will be far better to ask for something we can use and leave the gun question until the time when we have a real opportunity4 ,finally we must remember that the one who has the gun in his possession is rarely the one that is accidentally shot4 ,we should therefore avoid companions who do own guns and who are careless with them4 ,no amount of care on our part will prevent some careless boy friend from risking our lives4 ,the safer way is to stay home4 ,,vii ,,fishing ,proper tackle for all purposes--,how to catch bait--,the fly fisherman--,general fishing rules ,fishing is one sport of boyhood that we never outgrow our love for4 ,some of the most enthusiastic fishermen are gray-haired men4 ,we often hear about the boy with the bent pin and the piece of thread who catches more fish than the expert fisherman with modern1 up-to-date tackle1 but ,i doubt if it is so4 ,as a rule the better our tackle the more fish we shall catch4 ,if the country boy catches the most fish1 it is simply because he is better acquainted with the places where the fish hide or feed4 ,he knows their habits better and the best kind of bait to use4 ,a lover of fishing should take a personal interest in his equipment and should desire to have the best he can afford4 ,the chief requirement of a successful fisherman is patience4 ,next to that is a knowledge of the waters fished in and the habits of the fish and how to attract them4 ,a man or a boy who will sit all day in the hot sun waiting for a bite is not always a good fisherman4 ,he must use common sense as well as patience4 ,a game fish may be defined as one that will make a good fight for its life and that is caught by scientific methods of angling4 ,almost any fish will struggle to escape the hook1 but generally by game fish we understand that in fresh water the salmon1 bass1 or trout family is referred to4 ,pickerel and pike are also game fish1 but in some sections they are considered undesirable because they rarely rise to the fly1 which is the most scientific method of fishing4 ,a fisherman who is a real sportsman always uses tackle as light as he can with safety and still have a chance of landing the fish4 ,if the angler will take his time he can1 with skill1 tire out and land fish of almost any size4 ,tunas and tarpon weighing over a hundred pounds are caught with a line that is but little thicker than a grocer's twine1 and even sharks and jewfish weighing over five hundred pounds have been caught in the same way4 ,sometimes the fight will last all day1 and then it is a question whether the fisherman or the fish will be exhausted first4 ,illustration3 ,fishing is the ,one ,sport of ,our ,childhood ,that ,holds ,our ,interest ,through ,life ,in selecting our tackle1 we must always keep in mind the kind of fish we expect to catch4 ,for general1 fresh-water use1 except fly casting1 an eight-foot rod weighing seven or eight ounces will fill most purposes4 ,a fly rod should be a foot longer and at least two ounces lighter4 ,the best rods are made of split bamboo1 but cheap rods of this material are not worth having4 ,the best cheap rods 7i4e41 costing five dollars or less7 are either lancewood or steel4 ,see that your rod has 8standing guides0 and not movable rings4 ,most of the wear comes on the tip1 therefore it should if possible be agate lined4 ,a soft metal tip will have a groove worn in it in a very short time which will cut the line4 ,the poorest ferrules are nickel-plated4 ,the best ones are either ,german silver or brass4 ,to care for a rod properly1 we must keep the windings varnished to prevent them from becoming unwound4 ,spar varnish is the best for this purpose but shellac will answer4 ,in taking a rod apart1 never twist it4 ,give a sharp pull1 and if it refuses to budge1 it can sometimes be loosened by slightly heating the ferrule with a candle4 ,if a ferrule is kept clean inside1 and if the rod is taken apart frequently1 there is no reason why it should stick4 ,a multiplying reel holding sixty yards is large enough for most fishing4 ,the raised pillar reels are the best1 one of good quality costing about four dollars4 ,a cheap reel soon goes to pieces4 ,silk lines are better than linen because greater strength is obtained with the same thickness4 ,always dry a line every time it is used1 or it will soon rot and be worthless4 ,the back of a chair is excellent for this purpose4 ,never tie a knot in a line that you expect to use with rod and reel4 ,the knot will always catch in one of the guides just at the time when you are landing your 8biggest0 fish4 ,illustration3 ,actual sizes of hooks ,hooks come in a great variety of shapes and models but there are none better than the standard 8,sproat40 ,it is the general favourite of fishermen everywhere1 although of course the other leading models1 ,carlisle1 ,limerick1 ,pennell1 ,aberdeen1 ,sneck and a number of others all have their friends4 ,a great many fishermen make the mistake of using hooks that are too large4 ,the hook sizes that are commonly used are numbered from #f_/j1 which is the largest1 to ,no4 #ab1 which is a tiny thing about right to catch minnows4 ,where we expect to catch fish a pound or two in weight1 the ,no4 #a size is about right4 ,such a hook will catch much larger fish if they happen to come along4 ,i have caught a twelve-pound lake trout on a ,no4 #d ,sproat hook and the hook did not show that it had bent in the least4 ,our tackle box should contain an assortment of sizes however4 ,snelled hooks are better than ringed hooks and those of blued steel better than black enamel4 ,no matter how inexpensive the rest of the equipment is1 be sure that your hooks are of good quality4 ,keep the points sharp4 ,a tiny bit of oil stone1 a file1 or a piece of emery cloth are all good for this purpose4 ,it takes a sharp point to penetrate the bony jaw of a fish4 ,always inspect your hook after you have caught it on a rock or snag4 ,fishing is generally divided into four classes3 fly casting1 bait casting1 trolling1 and still fishing4 ,the average boy is a still fisherman1 which means not only that he must keep still1 but that his bait remains in one place instead of being trolled or cast about4 ,the usual strings of fish that boys catch1 such as perch1 sunfish1 bullheads1 catfish1 and whitefish1 are called pan fish4 ,this is not entirely a correct name as ,i have seen some catfish that it would take a pretty big pan to hold4 ,one caught in the ,mississippi ,river weighed over a hundred pounds4 ,fly casting is the most scientific method of fishing and gives the greatest pleasure to the fisherman after he has once become an expert4 ,no matter what method we follow in fishing1 we must never try to catch fish by any method which the laws may prohibit1 such as spearing1 set lines1 or nets4 ,each state has its own laws which the fisherman must learn and obey4 ,worms are the best all around bait for fishing4 ,they are as a rule easily obtained and may be kept for a long time4 ,the boy's method of placing them in a tin can with a mixture of mud will soon kill them1 however1 especially if the worms are exposed to the sun for a time4 ,a half-buried soap box makes a very good place to keep a supply of worms which will be ready for use at any time without the necessity of digging them4 ,worms may be fed on the white of a hard-boiled egg1 but if given plenty of room they will usually find enough food in the soil4 ,by placing worms in sand they will soon scour and turn pink when they are far more attractive as bait4 ,the large worms1 or 8night walkers10 can be caught at night with a lantern4 ,these large worms are best obtained after a rain or on lawns that are sprinkled frequently1 when they will be found moving about on top of the ground but always with one end in the hole from which they have emerged and into which they can dart if they are disturbed4 ,for big fish1 the best bait is minnows4 ,in trolling with them it will make but little difference whether dead or alive1 but for still fishing the minnows must not only be alive1 but1 to attract the fish1 lively as well4 ,the regulation minnow bucket consists of one pail fitted inside of another1 the inner one being made of wire mesh to permit the free circulation of the water4 ,this enables us to change the water frequently without handling the fish4 ,when we reach a place where fresh water is obtainable1 we simply remove the inner pail1 pour out the stale water from the other pail1 and fill it as quickly as possible4 ,to keep bait alive in warm weather we must change the water frequently4 ,another method where fresh water is not available1 as on a long drive1 is to aerate it by pouring from one pail to another4 ,it is an excellent plan to place a piece of ice on top of the minnow pail4 ,with this arrangement1 it will not be necessary to give them fresh water for a long time4 ,illustration3 ,an excellent device for catching minnows ,the simplest way to catch minnows is with a drop net4 ,take an iron ring or hoop such as children use and sew to it a bag of cotton mosquito netting1 half as deep as the diameter of the ring4 ,sew a weight in the bottom of the net to make it sink readily and fasten it to a pole4 ,when we reach the place which the minnows frequent1 such as the cove of a lake1 we must proceed very cautiously1 lowering the net into the water and then baiting it with bits of bread or meat1 a very little at a time1 until we see a school of bait darting here and there over the net4 ,we must then give a quick lift without any hesitation and try to catch as many as possible from escaping over the sides4 ,the minnow bucket should be close at hand to transfer them to and care must be used not to injure them or allow them to scale themselves in their efforts to escape4 ,the common method of capturing minnows is to use a sweep net1 but it takes several people to handle one properly and for our own use the drop net method will probably supply us with all the bait that we need4 ,fish are very fickle in their tastes4 ,what will be good bait one day will absolutely fail the next and sometimes even in an hour this same thing will take place4 ,why this is so no one has been able to explain satisfactorily1 but that it is a fact no fisherman will deny4 ,we should therefore have as great a variety of bait in our equipment as possible4 ,worms1 crawfish1 minnows1 frogs1 grasshoppers1 grubs and helgramites are all good at times in fresh water1 as well as various kinds of artificial baits1 spoons1 spinners1 and rubber lures4 ,illustration3 ,a trolling spoon ,sometimes fish will take very unusual baits4 ,black bass have been caught on young bats4 ,the famous old trout in the ,beaverkill ,river in ,new ,york ,state1 which had refused all the ordinary baits and flies that were offered him for years and that on bright days could be seen in a pool lying deep down in the water1 finally fell a victim to a young mouse that was tied to the hook with pink silk4 ,fly fishing is the most expert and scientific method of angling4 ,it is the poetry of fishing4 ,the fly fisherman usually wades in the brook or stream where he is fishing1 although it is sometimes possible to cast a fly from the bank or a boat4 ,it is useless to go fly fishing while there is snow water in the brooks but just as soon as the first warm days of spring come1 then fishing is at its best4 ,the whole idea of casting a fly is to drop it in the most likely-looking places and to strike the fish just as soon as he seizes the hook4 ,to do this we must always have the line under perfect control1 therefore do not attempt to cast a line too great a distance4 ,if we do not fix the hook into the fish's mouth at the instant that he seizes the fly1 he will very soon find that what he thought was a nice fat bug or juicy caterpillar is nothing but a bit of wool and some feathers with a sting in its tail1 and he will spit it out before we can recover our slack line4 ,it is a common mistake to use flies that are too large4 ,ordinary trout flies are the proper size for bass and the smallest size trout flies are plenty large enough for trout4 ,there are hundreds of kinds of flies of various combinations of colours and no one can say which is the best4 ,this question has been argued by fishermen ever since the days of ,izaak ,walton4 ,the universal rule of trout and bass fishermen who use a fly is to select small dark flies for bright days or when the water is very clear or low and the more brightly coloured ones when the day is dark or the water dark or turbid4 ,the fly book should contain a varied assortment to meet these conditions4 ,the best lines for fly fishing are made of braided enamelled silk4 ,some fly lines are tapered but this is not necessary and is a needless expense4 ,twisted lines are much cheaper but very unsatisfactory4 ,fly fishing is not only the most scientific and sportsmanlike method of fishing but it is also the most difficult to acquire skill in4 ,it is of course possible to catch trout and salmon on other bait than flies4 ,in fact1 there is really no better bait for brook trout than common fish worms that have been scoured in sand4 ,the use of a fly1 however1 is more satisfactory where the pleasure derived in fishing is more important than the size of the string4 ,illustration3 ,an artificial fly2 used for salmon ,in learning to cast a fly1 you can practise at home1 either in an open space or wherever there is room to work the line4 ,it is not necessary to practise with the actual hooks or flies on the line4 ,simply tie a knot in it4 ,hold the rod lightly but firmly in the right hand4 ,point your thumb along the line of the rod and start by pulling out a little line from the reel with the left hand4 ,with a steady sweep1 cast the end of the line toward some nearby object and with each cast pull out a little more line until you reach a point when you are handling all the line you can take care of without effort or without too much of a sweep on the back cast4 ,you must not allow the line to become entangled in trees or other obstacles4 ,the wrist does most of the work in casting4 ,the elbow should be close to the side4 ,if you find that the line snaps like a whip on the back cast1 it is because you start the forward cast before the line straightens out behind4 ,when you can handle twenty-five or thirty feet accurately1 you can safely get ready to go fishing4 ,the most successful fly fishermen use a short line1 but they use it with the utmost accuracy and can make the flies land within a foot of the place they are aiming at almost every time4 ,when a trout strikes your fly1 you must snub him quickly or he will surely get away4 ,if the flies you are using do not cause the fish to rise1 and if you are certain that it is not due to your lack of skill1 it will be well to change to some other combination of colours2 but give your first selection a fair trial4 ,bait casting is much easier than fly casting as the weight of the bait will help to carry out the line4 ,it is the common method of fishing with minnows1 frogs1 small spoons and spinners1 and other artificial lures4 ,some fishermen practise the method of allowing the line to run from the reel4 ,the principal point in this way of fishing is to stop the reel by using the thumb as a brake at the instant that the bait strikes the water4 ,this prevents the reel from spinning and causing the line to overrun4 ,neglect of this precaution will cause a very annoying tangle that is sometimes call a 8backlash0 but more often characterized by much harsher names by the impatient fisherman who has the misfortune to experience it4 ,in live bait casting1 start with the line reeled to within fifteen inches of the end of the rod1 holding the thumb on the reel spool4 ,with a rather strong overhead sweep1 bring the rod forward4 ,at the proper instant1 which is just as the point of the rod goes over your head1 release the pressure of your thumb and the bait will go forward as the line runs out rapidly4 ,when the bait lands1 reel in slowly and with various motions try to give to the bait as life-like an appearance as possible4 ,if you have a strike1 allow the fish sufficient time to obtain a secure hold of the bait and by a sudden jerk fix the hook in his mouth4 ,bait casting is as a rule a very effective method of catching fish1 especially in shallow lakes and where fly fishing is not practised4 ,in deep water1 trolling or still fishing are usually the best methods of catching fish and often the only methods that will be successful4 ,trolling consists simply in rowing or paddling slowly with the bait or spoon trailing behind4 ,it is not a scientific way of fishing and requires but little skill4 ,when the fish strikes1 it usually hooks itself and all that remains is to reel it into the boat and land it4 ,the conditions on large lakes often make it necessary to follow one of these methods of trolling or still fishing1 especially during the warm weather when the big fish have left the spawning grounds and are in deep water4 ,there are trolling devices called spinners that have several gangs of hooks1 sometimes as many as fifteen4 ,no real fisherman would use such a murderous arrangement which gives the fish practically no chance at all and in many states their use is properly prohibited by law4 ,a single hook1 or at most a single gang of three hooks1 is all that any one should ever use4 ,illustration3 ,a raised pillar multiplying reel ,every boy knows what still fishing is4 ,it is the common method of baiting our hook1 casting it from the shore or from a boat and waiting for a bite4 ,in still fishing it is customary to use a light sinker to keep the bait near the bottom and a float or 8cork0 which serves the double purpose of keeping the bait away from snags1 stones1 or weeds on the bottom and also of showing us when we have a bite4 ,the more expert still fishermen never use a float1 as they prefer to tell by the pull on the line when a fish has taken the bait4 ,a fishing boat should be thoroughly seaworthy and also have plenty of room4 ,flat-bottom boats make the best type for fishing1 provided that we do not have to row them far or if the place where we use them is not subject to sudden squalls or rough water4 ,the middle seat should contain both a fish well and a minnow box with a dividing partition and with two hinged lids fitted into the seat4 ,such a boat can be built by an ordinary carpenter and should not cost over ten or twelve dollars4 ,it should be painted every year to keep it in good condition4 ,use clear white pine or cedar for the sides4 ,the bottom boards should not be fitted tightly together but left with cracks fully a half-inch wide to allow for the swelling of the wood when the boat is launched4 ,the best oarlocks are fastened to the oars and fit in the sockets with a long pin4 ,this arrangement permits one to fish alone1 and if trolling to drop the oars quickly and take up the rod without danger of losing them4 ,illustration3 ,a landing net should be a part of every fisherman's outfit ,a landing net should be a part of every fishing outfit4 ,more fish are lost just as they are about to be lifted from the water than at any other time4 ,a gaff is used for this same purpose with fish too large to go into a landing net4 ,a gaff is a large hook without a barb fastened into a short pole4 ,if you have no net or gaff and have succeeded in bringing a large fish up alongside the boat1 try to reach under him and get a firm grip in his gills before you lift him on board4 ,if it is a pickerel1 look out for his needle-like teeth4 ,the best time to fish is either in the early morning or just before sundown4 ,during the heated part of the day most game fish stop feeding and seek the cool1 deep places in the lake or river4 ,in many states1 fishing is prohibited by law until after the fish are through the spawning season4 ,in all kinds of fishing1 the rule is to keep as quiet as possible4 ,talking does not make so much difference1 but any sudden noises in the water or on the bottom of the boat are especially likely to frighten the fish4 ,never fish in your own shadow or that of your boat4 ,try to have the sun in front of you or at your side4 ,never be in a hurry to land a big fish4 ,remember that some of the so called 8big game fish0 of the ocean will take all day to land4 ,you must use skill to tire your fish out or by keeping his gills open to drown him4 ,the rod and line are not intended as a lever to force the fish to the landing net but merely as a guide to lead him about and by his struggles to force him to become exhausted4 ,a very interesting experiment has demonstrated that a skilful fisherman can with a fly rod and light line in a very short time tire out a strong swimmer to which the line has been attached and force him to give up the struggle and come to the side of a boat4 ,methods of fishing differ so much in different localities that aside from the ordinary equipment of rods1 reels1 lines1 leaders1 and hooks1 the fisherman going to a new locality had better first ascertain what the general methods of fishing are1 or else1 if possible1 secure his equipment after he reaches his fishing grounds4 ,,viii ,,nature ,,study ,what is a true naturalist8--,how to start a collection--,moth collecting--,the ,herbarium ,there is nothing in the world that will bring more pleasure into the life of a boy or girl than to cultivate a love for nature4 ,it is one of the joys of life that is as free as the air we breathe4 ,a nature student need never be lonely or at a loss for friends or companions4 ,the birds and the bugs are his acquaintances4 ,whenever he goes afield there is something new or interesting to see and to observe4 ,he finds-- 8----tongues in trees1 books in the running brooks1 ,sermons in stones and good in everything40 ,to love nature and her mysteries does not necessarily mean to be some kind of a queer creature running around with a butterfly net or an insect box4 ,a true naturalist is simply a man or boy who keeps his eyes and ears open4 ,he will soon find that nature is ready to tell him many secrets4 ,after a time1 the smell of the woods1 the chirp of a cricket and the rustling of the wind in the pines become his pleasures4 ,the reason that people do not as a rule know more about nature is simply because their minds are too full of other things4 ,they fail to cultivate the power of accurate observation1 which is the most important thing of all4 ,a practical start in nature study is to go out some dewy morning and study the first spider web you come across1 noting how wonderfully this little creature makes a net to catch its food just as we make nets to catch fish1 how the web is braced with tiny guy ropes to keep the wind from blowing it away in a way similar to the method an engineer would use in securing a derrick or a tall chimney4 ,when a fly or bug happens to become entangled in its meshes1 the spider will dart out quickly from its hiding place and if the fly is making a violent struggle for life will soon spin a ribbon-like web around it which will hold it secure1 just as we might attempt to secure a prisoner or wild animal that was trying to make its escape1 by binding it with ropes4 ,a spider makes a very interesting pet and the surest way to overcome the fear that many people have of spiders is to know more about them4 ,there is no need to read big books or listen to dry lectures to study nature4 ,in any square foot that you may pick out at random in your lawn you will find something interesting if you will look for it4 ,some tiny bug will be crawling around in its little world1 not aimlessly but with some definite purpose in view4 ,to this insect the blades of grass are almost like mighty trees and the imprint of your heel in the ground may seem like a valley between mountains4 ,to get an adequate idea of the myriads of insects that people the fields1 we should select a summer day just as the sun is about to set4 ,the reflection of its waning rays on their wings will show countless thousands of flying creatures in places where1 if we did not take the trouble to observe1 we might think there were none4 ,there is one very important side to nature that must not be overlooked4 ,it consists in knowing that we shall find a thousand things that we cannot explain to one that we fully understand4 ,education of any kind consists more in knowing when to say 8,i don't know and no one else knows either0 than to attempt a foolish explanation of an unexplainable thing4 ,if you ask 8why a cat has whiskers10 or why and how they make a purring noise when they are pleased and wag their tails when they are angry1 while a dog wags his to show pleasure1 the wisest man cannot answer your question4 ,a teacher once asked a boy about a cat's whiskers and he said they were to keep her from trying to get her body through a hole that would not admit her head without touching her whiskers4 ,no one can explain satisfactorily why the sap runs up in a tree and by some chemical process carries from the earth the right elements to make leaves1 blossoms or fruit4 ,nature study is not 8why80 ,it is 8how40 ,we all learn in everyday life how a hen will take care of a brood of chicks or how a bee will go from blossom to blossom to sip honey4 ,would it not also be interesting to see how a little bug the size of a pin head will burrow into the stem of an oak leaf and how the tree will grow a house around him that will be totally unlike the rest of the branches or leaves4 ,that is an 8oak gall40 ,if you carefully cut a green one open you will find the bug in the centre or in the case of a dried one that we often find on the ground1 we can see the tiny hole where he has crawled out4 ,did you ever know that some kinds of ants will wage war on other kinds and make slaves of the prisoners just as our ancestors did in the olden times with human beings8 ,did you ever see a playground where the ants have their recreation just as we have ball fields and dancing halls8 ,did you ever hear of a colony of ants keeping a cow8 ,it is a well known fact that they do1 and they will take their cow out to pasture and bring it in and milk it and then lock it up for the night just as you might do if you were a farm boy4 ,the 8ants' cow0 is a species of insect called 8aphis0 that secretes from its food a sweet kind of fluid called 8honey dew40 ,the ten thousand things that we can learn in nature could no more be covered in a chapter in this book than the same space could cover a history of the world4 ,i have two large books devoted to the discussion of a single kind of flower1 the 8orchid40 ,it is estimated that there are about two hundred thousand kinds of flowers1 so for this subject alone1 we should need a bookshelf over a mile long4 ,this is not stated to discourage any one for of course no one can learn all there is to know about any subject4 ,most people are content not to learn anything or even see anything that is not a part of their daily life4 ,the only kind of nature study worth while is systematic4 ,it is not safe to trust too much to the memory4 ,keep a diary and record in it even the most simple things for future reference4 ,all sorts of items can be written in such a book4 ,as it is your own personal affair1 you need not try to make it a work of literary merit4 ,have entries such as these3 ,first frost--,oct4 #crd ,first snow--#c inches ,thanksgiving day ,skating--,december #crd ,weather clear and bright on ,candlemas day1 ,feb4 #bnd and therefore ground-hog saw his shadow ,heard crows cawing--,feb4 #ahth4 ,last year--,jan4 #bfth ,saw first robin--,march #adth ,last snow--,april #bhth ,there is scarcely anything in nature that is not interesting and in some way useful4 ,perhaps you will say 8,how about a bat80 ,as a matter of fact a bat is one of our best friends because he will spend the whole night catching mosquitoes4 ,but some one will say 8he flies into your hair and is covered with a certain kind of disgusting vermin40 ,did you ever know of a bat flying into any one's hair8 ,and as for the vermin science tells us that they are really his favourite food so it is unlikely that he would harbour a colony of them very long4 ,the subject of snakes is one in which there is more misinformation than any other common thing4 ,there are only three venomous kinds of snakes in ,america4 ,they are the rattlesnake1 copperhead and moccasin4 ,all of them can be distinguished by a deep pit behind the eye1 which gives them the name of 8pit vipers40 ,the general impression that puff adders1 pilots1 green snakes or water snakes are poisonous is absolutely wrong1 and as for hoop snakes and the snake with a sting in his tail that all boys have heard about1 they are absolutely fairy tales like 8,jack and the ,bean ,stalk0 or 8,alice in ,wonderland40 ,we have all heard about black snakes eight or ten feet long that will chase you and wind themselves around your neck1 but of the many hundreds of black snakes that a well known naturalist has seen he states that he never saw one that did not do its best to escape if given half a chance4 ,why so much misinformation about snakes exists is a mystery4 ,nature study has recently been introduced into schools and it is a very excellent way to have the interesting things pointed out to us until our eyes are trained to see for ourselves4 ,the usual methods of nature study may be roughly divided into1 #a4 ,keeping pets4 #b4 ,bird study4 #c4 ,insect study4 #d4 ,systematic study of flowers and plants4 #e4 ,wild animal life4 ,the basis of nature study consists in making collections4 ,a collection that we have made for ourselves of moths or flowers1 for instance1 is far more interesting than a stamp or coin collection where we buy our specimens4 ,if we go afield and collect for ourselves1 the cost is practically nothing and we have the benefit of being in the air and sunshine4 ,one kind of collecting is absolutely wrong--that of birds' eggs1 nests or even the birds themselves4 ,our little feathered songsters are too few now and most states have very severe penalties for killing or molesting them4 ,a nature student must not be a lawbreaker4 ,the outfit for a butterfly or moth collection is very simple and inexpensive4 ,we shall need an insect net to capture our specimens4 ,this can be made at home from a piece of stiff wire bent into the shape of a flattened circle about a foot across4 ,fasten the ring securely to a broom handle and make a cheesecloth net the same diameter as the ring and about two feet deep4 ,illustration3 ,the cyanide bottle ,it is very cruel to run a pin through insects and to allow them slowly to torture to death4 ,an insect killer that is generally used is called 8the cyanide bottle40 ,its principle ingredient1 cyanide of potassium is a harmless looking white powder but it is the most deadly poison in the world4 ,unless a boy or girl knows fully its terrible danger1 they should never touch it or even breathe its fumes4 ,one of your parents or the druggist should prepare the cyanide bottle for you and as long as you do not look into the bottle to watch the struggles of a dying bug or in any way get any of the contents of the bottle on your fingers1 you are safe4 ,take a wide-mouthed bottle made of clear glass and fit a cork or rubber stopper to it4 ,then wash the bottle thoroughly and dry it1 finally polishing the inside with a piece of soft cloth or tissue paper4 ,place one ounce of cyanide of potassium into the bottle and pour in enough dry sawdust to cover the lumps of poison4 ,then wet some plaster of paris until it is the consistency of thick cream and quickly pour it over the sawdust1 taking care that it does not run down the sides or splash against the bottle4 ,place the bottle on a level table and very soon the plaster of paris will set and harden into a solid cake4 ,sufficient fumes from the cyanide will come up through the plaster to poison the air in the bottle and to kill any living thing that attempts to breathe it4 ,as you capture your specimens of moths1 bugs or butterflies afield you place them into the bottle1 and as soon as they are dead1 you remove them2 fold them carefully in stiff paper and store them in a paper box or a carrying case until you get home4 ,they should then be mounted on boards or cork sheets1 labelled carefully with the name of the specimen1 date and place of capture and any other facts that you may wish to keep4 ,illustration3 ,how insects are spread to dry them in a natural position ,considerable skill is required to mount insects properly and in a life-like position4 ,if they are out of shape you must 8spread0 them before they dry out4 ,spreading consists in holding them in the proper position by means of tiny bits of glass and pins until they are dry4 ,as moths are1 as a rule1 night-flying creatures the collector will either obtain them in a larval stage1 or will adopt the method of 8sugaring10 one of the most fascinating branches of nature study4 ,a favourable locality is selected1 a comparatively open space in preference to a dense growth1 and several trees are baited or sugared to attract the moths when in search of food4 ,the sugar or bait is made as follows3 ,take four pounds of dark brown sugar1 one quart of molasses1 a bottle of stale ale or beer1 four ounces of ,santa ,cruz rum4 ,mix and heat gradually4 ,after it is cooked for five minutes allow it to cool and place in ,mason jars4 ,the bait will be about the consistency of thick varnish4 ,just before twilight the bait should be painted on a dozen or more trees with a strip about three inches wide and three feet long4 ,you will need a bull's-eye lantern or bicycle lamp and after dark1 make the rounds of your bait and cautiously flash the light on the baited tree4 ,if you see a moth feeding there1 carefully bring the cyanide bottle up and drop him into it4 ,under no circumstances1 clap the bottle over the specimen4 ,if you do the neck of the bottle will become smeared with the bait and the moth would be daubed over and ruined4 ,you will soon have all the specimens that you can care for at one time and will be ready to go home and take care of them4 ,the moths are among the most beautiful creatures in nature and a reasonably complete collection of the specimens in your neighbourhood will be something to be proud of4 ,illustration3 ,the ,moth ,collector and ,his ,outfit 7,photograph by ,f4,w4 ,stack7 ,the plant and flower collector should combine his field work with a study of botany4 ,like most subjects in school books1 botany may seem dry and uninteresting but when we learn it for some definite purpose such as knowing the wild flowers and calling them our friends1 we must accept the few strange words and dry things in the school work as a little bitter that goes with a great deal of sweet4 ,a collection of dried plants is called an herbarium4 ,it is customary to take the entire plant as a specimen including the roots4 ,separate specimens of buds1 leaves1 flowers and fruit taken at different seasons of the year will make the collection more complete4 ,specimens should be first pressed or flattened between sheets of blotting paper and then mounted on sheets of white paper either by glue or by strips of gummed paper4 ,after a flower is properly identified1 these sheets should be carefully numbered and labelled and a record kept in a book so that we can readily find a specimen without unnecessarily handling the specimen sheets4 ,the sheets should be kept in heavy envelopes of manila paper and placed in a box just the size to hold them4 ,the standard or museum size of herbarium sheets is #aa x #af inches4 ,specimens of seaweed or leaves can be kept in blank books4 ,a typical label for plants or flowers should be as follows3 ,common names ,yellow adder's tongue ,date collected1 ,may #afth1 #aijh ,dog tooth violet ,botanical name ,erythronium ,americanum ,,remarks3 ,john ,burroughs ,family ,lilies suggests that the name ,where found ,rockaway ,valley near be changed either to ,beaver ,brook fawn lily because its leaves look like a spotted fawn or trout lily because they always appear at trout fishing season4 ,a boy or girl living in a section where minerals are plentiful1 can make a very interesting collection of stones and mineral substances1 especially crystals4 ,this should be taken up in connection with school work in chemistry and mineralogy4 ,to determine the names of minerals is by no means as easy as that of flowers or animals4 ,we shall need to understand something of blow-pipe analysis4 ,as a rule a high school pupil can receive a great deal of valuable instruction and aid from one of his teachers in this work4 ,mineral specimens should be mounted on small blocks or spindles using sealing wax to hold them in place4 ,there are unlimited possibilities in nature for making collections4 ,shells1 mosses1 ferns1 leaves1 grasses1 seeds1 are all interesting and of value4 ,an observation beehive with a glass front which may be darkened will show us the wonderful intelligence of these little creatures4 ,the true spirit of nature study is to learn as much as we can of her in all of her branches1 not to make a specialty of one thing to the neglect of the rest and above all not to make work of anything4 ,we see some new side to our most common things when we once learn to look for it4 ,not one person in ten thousand knows that bean vines and morning glories will twine around a pole to the right while hop vines and honeysuckle will go to the left and yet who is there who has not seen these common vines hundreds of times8 ,no one can give as an excuse that he is too busy to study nature4 ,the busiest men in national affairs have had time for it and surely we with our little responsibilities and cares can do so too4 ,i once went fishing with a clergyman and ,i noticed that he stood for a long time looking at a pure white water lily with beautiful fragrance that grew from the blackest and most uninviting looking mud that one could find4 ,the next ,sunday he used this as an illustration for his text4 ,how many of us ever saw the possibility of a sermon in this common everyday sight8 ,,ix ,,water ,,life ,the water telescope--,how to manage an aquarium--,our insect friends and enemies--,the observation beehive ,the eggs of so many insects1 toads1 frogs and other interesting creatures are laid and hatched in water that a close study of pools1 brooks and small bodies of water will disclose to the nature student some wonderful stories of animal life4 ,to obtain water specimens for our collection1 we shall need a net somewhat similar to the butterfly net described in the previous chapter but with a much stronger frame4 ,one that ,i have used for several years was made by the village blacksmith4 ,the ring or hoop is of quarter-inch round iron1 securely fastened to a stout handle and bent to a shape as shown in the drawing4 ,to this ring is fastened a regular landing net such as fishermen use1 with an extra bag of cheesecloth to fit inside to capture insects too small to be held by the meshes of the outside net4 ,for frogs1 turtles1 and minnows1 the single net is all that is necessary4 ,this device is almost strong enough to use as a shovel4 ,it will scoop up a netful of mud without bending4 ,this is important as muddy ditches and sluggish ponds will yield us more specimens than swiftly running brooks4 ,in addition to the net1 the collector will require a small pail to hold his trophies4 ,a fisherman's minnow bucket is excellent for this purpose and the water can easily be freshened and the contents of the pail reached by simply lifting out the inside pail from the water1 which will drain out4 ,illustration3 ,a heavy net is useful to capture aquarium specimens ,to study the animal life under the surface of a clear and shallow lake1 a water telescope is a great aid4 ,it is simply a wooden box a foot or so long and open at both ends4 ,the inside should be painted black to prevent cross reflection of light4 ,a square of clear glass should be fitted into one end and puttied tight to keep out the water4 ,to use the water telescope1 we simply shove the glass end under water and look into the box4 ,a cloth hood or eye piece to keep out the outside light will make it more effective4 ,the best way to use a water telescope is to lie in the bottom of a boat which is drifting about1 and to look through the telescope over the side4 ,as you study the marvellous animal and plant life that passes along under you like a panorama1 see to it that in your excitement you do not fall overboard as a boy friend of mine once did4 ,the care of an aquarium is a never ending source of interest to the nature student4 ,if a boy is handy with tools he can build one himself4 ,it is by no means an easy task however to make a satisfactory water-tight box with glass sides1 and my advice is not to attempt it4 ,glass aquaria may be bought so cheaply that it is doubtful if you can save any money by making one at home4 ,if you care to try it1 this is the way it is usually done3 ,use a piece of seasoned white wood #a inches thick for the bottom4 ,if you wish your aquarium to be1 say1 #af inches wide and #cj inches long1 this bottom board should be #bj x #cd to give a margin at the edge4 ,the size of a home-made aquarium can be anything that you desire4 ,it is customary to allow a gallon of water to each three-inch gold fish that will inhabit it4 ,by multiplying the three dimensions1 length1 width and height of your box and by dividing your result1 which will be in cubic inches1 by #bca 7the number of cubic inches in a gallon7 you can tell how many gallons of water it will hold4 ,of course the rule for gold fish is not absolute4 ,the nature student will probably have no gold fish at all4 ,they are not nearly so interesting as our native kinds4 ,besides nearly all varieties of fresh water fish will either kill gold fish or if they are too large to kill will at least make life so miserable for them that to keep them together is cruelty to animals4 ,if we keep in our aquarium the specimens that we collect in our neighbourhood1 beetles1 newts1 crawfish1 snails1 and tiny sunfish the number may be greatly increased4 ,overcrowding however is very bad4 ,the ideal we should strive for is not 8how many specimens0 but 8how many kinds0 we can have in our collection4 ,the white wood board should have three or four hardwood cleats screwed to the bottom to prevent warping4 ,the corner pieces of our glass box may either be made of sheet copper or heavy tin1 or of wood1 if we cannot work in metals4 ,the wooden strips and the bottom board should have grooves ploughed in them to hold the glass4 ,all the woodwork should be given several coats of asphalt varnish and to further waterproof it and as a final coat use some kind of marine copper paint that is used to coat the bottoms of vessels4 ,never use the common white lead and linseed oil paint for an aquarium4 ,you can sometimes buy aquarium cement or prepared putty at a 8gold fish0 store4 ,this you will need to putty in the glass4 ,if you cannot buy it1 make it yourself from the asphalt varnish and whiting4 ,be sure that the paint and putty of an aquarium is thoroughly dry before you fill it with water4 ,perhaps the most satisfactory way to study fish and insect life in water is to use all glass boxes and globes4 ,so many kinds of fish and insects are natural enemies1 even though they inhabit the same streams1 that they must be kept separate anyway4 ,to put them in the same aquarium would be like caging up two game roosters4 ,if we were studying the development of mosquitoes1 for instance1 from the larvae or eggs to the fully developed insect1 we should not get very far in our nature study if we put them in an aquarium with fish4 ,a fish will soon make short work of a hundred mosquito wigglers just as a large frog will eat the fish1 a snake will eat the frog and so on4 ,rectangular glass boxes such as are commonly used for aquaria cost less than a dollar per gallon capacity4 ,goldfish globes cost about the same4 ,white glass round aquaria are much cheaper and those made of greenish domestic glass are the cheapest of all1 a glass tank holding eight gallons costing but two dollars4 ,illustration3 ,a self-sustaining or balanced aquarium ,any transparent vessel capable of holding water1 even a ,mason jar will make an aquarium from which a great deal of pleasure may be derived4 ,the old way of maintaining aquaria in good condition required a great deal of care and attention4 ,the water had to be changed at least once a day if running water was not available1 and altogether they were so much trouble that as a rule owners soon tired of them4 ,modern aquaria are totally different4 ,by a proper combination of fish and growing plants we can almost duplicate the conditions of nature and strike a balance so that the water need never be changed except when it becomes foul or to clean the glass4 ,these are called 8self-sustaining0 aquaria and they are the only kind to have unless we can furnish running water from a public water supply4 ,self-sustaining aquaria are very simple and any boy or girl living near a brook can stock one at no expense whatever4 ,the method is as follows3 ,first cover the bottom of the aquarium with a layer of sand and pebbles to a depth of about two inches4 ,then plant in the bottom some aquatic or water plants that you have collected from a nearby lake4 ,any kind of water plants will do--the kind of plants boys always call seaweed1 even a thousand miles from the sea4 ,in collecting the plants1 choose small specimens and obtain roots and all4 ,if you can find it1 the best plant is fanwort4 ,other good kinds are hornwort1 water starwort1 tape grass1 water poppy1 milfoil1 willow moss1 and floating plants like duckweed4 ,even if you do not know these by name they are probably common in your neighbourhood4 ,fill the tank with clean water4 ,that taken from a spring or well is better than cistern water4 ,after two or three days1 when the plants seem to be well rooted1 put in your fish4 ,you may keep your aquarium in a light place1 but always keep it out of the sun in summer and away from the heat of a stove or radiator in winter4 ,the nature student will not attempt to stock up his aquarium immediately4 ,he should always leave room for one more fish or bug4 ,one year ,i started with a lone newt and before the summer was over ,i had thirteen sunfish1 pickerel1 bass1 minnows1 catfish1 carp1 trout1 more newts1 pollywogs or tadpoles1 five kinds of frogs1 an eel and all sorts of bugs1 waterbeetles and insects4 ,i soon found that one kind of insect would kill another and that sometimes my specimens would grow wings over night and fly away4 ,but to learn these things1 even at our own disappointment is 8nature study40 ,if we knew it all in advance1 we would not have much use for our experimental aquarium4 ,always keep a few snails and tadpoles1 for they are the scavengers and will eat the refuse stuff and keep the glass free from greenish scum4 ,boys and girls are almost sure to overfeed fish4 ,this is a great mistake4 ,the best standard feed is dried ants' eggs that can be bought for a few cents a box at any bird and fish store4 ,do not feed pieces of bread and meat4 ,study what their natural food is and if possible get that for them4 ,if your fish seem sickly1 give them a five-minute bath in salt water every day for a week4 ,the kind of an aquarium above described is intended to fill an entirely different purpose from the usual gold fish globe4 ,in your excursions you will find all sorts of queer looking eggs and specimens4 ,some of the eggs are so tiny that they look almost like black or white dust on the water4 ,another kind will be a mass like a jellyfish with brown dots in it1 still others will be fastened in masses to the under side of a leaf in the water or perhaps on the bottom4 ,what are they8 ,that is just the question and that is why you will carefully collect them and take them home to await developments4 ,always keep an accurate note-book with dates and facts4 ,also keep a close watch on your specimens4 ,sometimes they will hatch and be eaten by the other bugs before you could read this chapter4 ,a nature student will need some part of the house that he may call his very own4 ,here he can keep his specimens1 his aquarium1 his herbarium and what not4 ,around the wall he can hang the twigs with their cocoons1 oak galls1 last year's wasp and bird nests and other treasures4 ,he should also have a work table that a little glue or ink will not injure and a carpet that has no further use in the household4 ,usually one corner of the attic or cellar is just the place4 ,see to it that you do not make other people uncomfortable in the pursuit of your hobby4 ,you will find that almost every one is afraid of bugs and toads and that most people live in a world full of wonderful things and only see a little beyond the end of their noses4 ,there is a very practical side to nature study and the principal way that we can make it really pay1 is to know our friends from our enemies in the animal and insect world4 ,there are insects that chew1 suck and bore to ruin our orchards and grain crops4 ,they are our enemies4 ,if we know their life story1 where they hide and how they breed1 we can fight them better4 ,for every dollar's worth of crops that a farmer grows1 it is estimated that his insect enemies eat another dollar's worth4 ,a little bug called the 8,san ,jos0 scale has nearly ruined the orchards of some of the ,eastern states4 ,to fight him1 we must know how he lives4 ,that is nature study4 ,by study we learn that the hop-toad is our best garden friend4 ,he will spend the whole night watching for the cutworms that are after our tomato plants4 ,when we see a woodpecker industriously pecking at the bark of our apple trees1 we know that he is after the larvae of the terrible codling moth and we call him our friend4 ,after we learn that a ladybug lives almost entirely on plant lice and scale insects1 we never kill one again except perhaps to place a specimen ,in our collection4 ,naturalists say that without ladybugs1 our orchards would soon be entirely killed off4 ,the dragon fly or mosquito hawk as well as 8water tigers10 water striders and many kinds of beetles are the natural enemies of mosquitoes and as they never harm our crops we should never harm them4 ,nearly every living creature has some enemies4 ,you have perhaps heard the famous verse of ,dean ,swift3 8,so naturalists observe1 a flea ,has smaller that upon them prey ,and these have smaller still to bite 'em ,and so proceed ad infinitum40 ,among our insect friends the leading place belongs either to the honey bee or the silkworm4 ,as silkworms are not especially successful in this country and as their principal food1 mulberry trees1 are not common1 the nature student who cares to study our beneficial insects had better devote his attention to honey bees4 ,an observation beehive is simply a glass box or hive instead of a wooden one4 ,when we are not engaged in studying our bee city1 the hive must be covered with a blanket as bees prefer to work in the dark4 ,a boy or girl living in the country can also keep bees profitably and thus combine business with pleasure4 ,a single hive will in a few years produce enough swarms to give us a good start as 8bee farmers40 ,illustration3 ,an observation beehive ,x ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,pets ,cats--,boxes for song birds--,how to attract the birds--,tame crows--,the pigeon fancier--,ornamental land and water fowl--,rabbits1 guinea pigs1 rats and mice--,how to build coops--,general rules for pets--,the dog ,in this chapter on pets1 ,i regret exceedingly that ,i cannot say much in favour of the family cat4 ,like nearly all children1 ,i was brought up to love kittens and to admire their playful1 cunning ways4 ,when a kitten becomes a cat my love for it ceases4 ,cats will do so many mean1 dishonourable things1 and will catch so many song birds and so few rats and mice that it simply has become a question whether we shall like the song birds or the cat4 ,so many people do like cats that it is unfair perhaps to condemn the whole race for the misdeeds of a few4 ,if a cat is carefully watched or if we put a bell on its neck1 these precautions will to a certain extent keep the cat from catching birds1 but most people have something better to do than to act as guardian for a cat4 ,the fact is that a cat is a stupid animal seldom showing any real affection or loyalty for its owner and possessing but little intelligence4 ,it is very difficult to teach a cat even the simplest tricks4 ,we never know when a cat will turn on its best friend4 ,they have the 8tiger0 instinct of treachery4 ,a cat which one minute is contentedly purring on our lap may sink its claws into us the next4 ,the only way to force a cat to catch mice is to keep it half starved4 ,then instead of catching mice1 it will probably go after birds if there are any in the neighbourhood4 ,i have shut a cat up in a room with a mouse and it is doubtful whether the cat or the mouse were the more frightened4 ,the cat does more damage to the song birds of this country than any other enemy they have4 ,if kept at home and well fed1 cats sometimes become so fat and stupid that they will not molest birds but this is due to laziness and not to any good qualities in the cat4 ,in normal condition they are natural hunters4 ,the habits of a cat are unclean1 its unearthly cries at night are extremely disagreeable and altogether it is a nuisance4 ,a famous naturalist1 ,shaler1 once said 8,a cat is the only animal that has been tolerated1 esteemed and at times worshipped without having a single distinctly valuable quality40 ,a few years ago a quail had a nest under a rock opposite my house4 ,quail raise their young like poultry rather than like robins or wrens or the other song birds4 ,as soon as the tiny quail chicks are hatched1 the mother takes them around like a hen with a brood of chickens4 ,this mother quail was my especial care and study4 ,she became so tame that ,i could feed her4 ,finally she hatched out ten tiny brown balls of feathers4 ,our cat had been watching her1 too1 but not from the same motives and one day the cat came home with the mother quail in her mouth4 ,she ran under the porch just out of reach and calmly ate it4 ,the little brood were too small to look out for themselves so of course they all died or fell an easy victim to other cats4 ,the mother was probably an easy prey because in guarding the young1 a quail will pretend to have a broken wing and struggle along to attract attention to her and away from her little ones1 who scurry to high grass for safety4 ,i have never been very friendly to cats since ,i witnessed this episode4 ,it has been estimated that the average domestic cat kills an average of one song bird a day during the season when the birds are with us4 ,in certain sections a cat has been known to destroy six nests of orioles1 thrushes and bobolinks in a single day4 ,the worst offenders are cats that live around barns and old houses in a half wild condition4 ,many people who say they 8haven't the heart to kill a cat0 will take it away from home and drop it along the road4 ,a thoughtless act like this may mean the death of a hundred birds in that neighbourhood4 ,it takes less heart to kill the cat than to kill the birds4 ,so much for the cat4 ,illustration3 ,a bird house ,birds make splendid pets1 but in keeping them in captivity1 we must be sure that we are not violating the game laws of the state we live in4 ,nearly everywhere it is unlawful to keep in cages any native song birds or those that destroy harmful insects--the so called 8insectivorous birds40 ,this includes thrushes1 wrens1 robins1 bluebirds1 orioles or1 in fact1 practically all birds but crows1 blackbirds and kingfishers4 ,it does not cover canaries1 parrots1 or any birds that are not native4 ,it is an excellent law and every boy or girl should act as a special policeman to see that his friends and companions do not molest either birds or their nests4 ,it is cruel to cage a wild bird anyway for a cage is nothing but a prison4 ,there is no law against taming the birds or making friends of them and after all this is the most satisfactory way4 ,if we build houses for the birds to nest in1 provide feed for them and in other ways do what we can to attract them1 they will soon learn that we are their friends4 ,we must study their habits and always avoid frightening them4 ,next to a cat1 the worst enemies of our song birds are the ,english sparrows4 ,a sparrow is always fair game for the boy with a slingshot or rifle4 ,in many places these sparrows have driven practically all the other birds out of the neighbourhood1 have robbed their nests and in other ways have shown themselves to be a public nuisance4 ,until #ahfi there were no sparrows in this country and now they are more numerous than any other variety of birds1 and sooner or later1 the ,government will have to take steps to exterminate them or we shall have no song birds at all4 ,the usual size of a bird house is six inches square and about eight inches high4 ,it should always be made of old weather-beaten boards in order not to frighten away its prospective tenants by looking like a trap of some kind4 ,the chances are that the sparrows will be the first birds to claim a house unless we keep a close watch and drive them away4 ,one way to keep them out is to make the entrance doorway too small for them to enter4 ,a hole an inch in diameter will admit a wren or chickadee and bar out a sparrow1 but it will also keep out most of the other birds4 ,the usual doorway should be two inches in diameter4 ,it is surprising how soon after we build our bird house we find a tiny pair making their plans to occupy it and to take up housekeeping4 ,sometimes this will happen the same day the bird house is set up4 ,always provide some nesting material near at hand2 linen or cotton thread1 ravellings1 tow1 hair and excelsior are all good4 ,of course we must not attempt to build the nest4 ,no one is skillful enough for that4 ,nearly all of our native birds are migratory1 that is they go south for the winter4 ,the date that we may look for them to return is almost the same year after year4 ,some few birds--bluebirds1 robins1 cedar birds and song sparrows will stay all winter if it is mild but as a rule we must not expect the arrival of the feathered songsters until ,march4 ,the phoebe bird is about the first one we shall see4 ,in ,april look for the brown thrasher1 catbird1 wren1 barn1 eave and tree swallows1 martins1 king birds and chipping sparrows4 ,in ,may the principal birds of our neighbourhood will return--thrushes1 vireos1 tanagers1 grosbeaks1 bobolinks1 orioles4 ,the game birds--quail1 partridge1 meadowlarks and pheasants do not migrate as a rule4 ,at least they do not disappear for a time and then return4 ,when they leave a neighbourhood1 they rarely come back to it4 ,all the song birds begin nesting in ,may4 ,consequently we should have our bird houses 8ready for occupancy0 ,may #ast4 ,it will take about twelve days for most birds to hatch their eggs4 ,some varieties will hatch three broods in a season1 but two is the usual rule4 ,we shall require a great deal of patience to tame the wild birds4 ,some bird lovers have succeeded in teaching birds to feed from their hands4 ,a wild bird that is once thoroughly frightened can probably never be tamed again4 ,a crow is a very interesting pet4 ,crows are especially tamable and may be allowed full liberty around the dooryard4 ,we must get a young one from the nest just before it is ready to fly4 ,crows are great thieves and are attracted by bright objects4 ,if you have a tame crow1 and if any member of your household misses jewellery or thimbles you had better look in the crows' nest before you think that burglars have been around4 ,the chief difference between tamed wild animals1 such as squirrels1 birds1 owls1 foxes1 crows and so on1 and the domesticated animals and birds1 dogs1 cats1 rabbits1 guinea pigs1 pigeons and chickens1 lies in the possibility with the latter of modifying nature and breeding for certain special markings1 colours or size4 ,all breeds of chickens from the little bantams to the enormous ,brahmas have been bred from a wild species of chicken found in ,india and called the jungle fowl4 ,all the great poultry shows held throughout the country annually are for the purpose of exhibiting the most perfectly marked specimens of the breeders' skill4 ,this is decided by judges who award prizes4 ,the competition is sometimes very keen4 ,in barred ,plymouth ,rock chickens1 for example1 there are sometimes a hundred birds entered to compete for a single prize4 ,the breeders are called fanciers4 ,the principal breeders of certain animals such as rabbits1 pigeons or poultry1 form an association or club and agree to an imaginary type of the animal called the ideal or 8,standard of ,perfection40 ,for example1 the breeders of white fantail pigeons agree that perfect birds shall be of certain shape and size1 with the head resting on the back just at the base of the tail2 the tail should be spread out like a fan and contain at least twenty-eight feathers4 ,these feathers should be laced on the ends4 ,the model fantail should have a nervous jerky motion and never be at rest4 ,each of these points is given a certain value on a scale of marking and in judging the birds they are marked just as you may be in your lessons at school4 ,the fancier tries to breed a bird that comes the nearest to this model4 ,the prizes are sometimes of great value4 ,there is an enormous list of breeds in nearly all varieties of animals and poultry4 ,in pigeons alone there are carriers1 pouters1 tumblers1 baldheads1 beards1 dragoons1 barbs1 jacobins1 ,antwerps1 turbits1 owls1 orientals1 damascenes1 capuchins1 fantails1 trumpeters1 swifts1 ,lahores1 ,burmese1 ,scandaroons1 magpies1 nuns1 ,archangels1 runts and so on4 ,these birds are very different in appearance1 the pouter1 for example1 has the power of inflating his crop until it puffs out in front as large as a baseball4 ,jacobins or as they are commonly called1 8ruffle-necks10 have an immense ruffle of feathers like a feather boa4 ,dragoons have a huge wart on the bill as large as an almond4 ,the tumblers are so named from their habit of turning backward somersaults during flight4 ,almost every one who starts keeping domestic pets either soon tires of the sport or becomes a fancier4 ,the care of common pigeons is a very simple matter4 ,the principal thing is a good loft or cote for them in the top of a barn or house4 ,they will practically take care of themselves and after a few years greatly increase in numbers4 ,a model pigeon house for breeding fancy pigeons requires separate mating boxes1 nests and other appliances4 ,it would be impossible to make much of a success with fancy pigeons if they are allowed their liberty to fly about and mate at will4 ,the best nest boxes for pigeons are rough earthenware pans1 eight inches across1 which may be bought cheaply at a bird store4 ,the floor of the cote should be covered with sawdust or gravel to the depth of half an inch4 ,pigeons that are confined should be fed regularly on a mixture of small grains and cracked corn4 ,they should also be given cracked oyster shells1 grit and charcoal occasionally4 ,a pigeon loft should be rat proof and clean4 ,it is very doubtful whether there is any money in raising pigeons or squabs for market4 ,fanciers never sell their output for market purposes unless it is to get rid of surplus or undesirable stock4 ,a breeder who is successful in winning prizes with birds of his 8strain0 as it is called will find a ready market with other breeders for all the birds he cares to sell4 ,prize winning birds sometimes bring a hundred dollars a pair4 ,it is by no means easy to breed prizewinners and the chances are that the beginner will be a buyer of stock rather than a seller4 ,homing pigeons or as they are commonly called1 carriers1 are not bred for special markings like fancy pigeons but because of their power and speed in flight4 ,a carrier has the 8homing0 instinct more fully developed than any other animal4 ,in some homing pigeon races1 the birds have made speed records of over a mile a minute for many hours and have flown over a thousand miles4 ,if a well-bred homing pigeon fails to return to his home loft it is almost a certainty that he is either forcibly detained or that he has been killed by hunters or hawks4 ,never try to capture a pigeon that may stop for a rest at your loft4 ,he may be in a race and his owner may be waiting for his return five hundred miles away when every minute counts in winning a prize4 ,another large class of birds that make fine pets although they are not strictly in the class of birds bred by the fancier are the ornamental land and water fowl4 ,the chief objection to these birds as pets is the expense of buying them4 ,the list of birds in this class is very large4 ,in swans the leading varieties are mute1 ,american whistling1 black ,australian1 white ,berwick and black-necked swans4 ,the largest class are the pheasants4 ,they are exceedingly beautiful1 especially the golden1 silver1 ,lady ,amherst1 ,elliott1 ,reeves1 green ,japanese1 ,swinhoe1 ,english ring neck1 ,melanotis1 and ,torquatis pheasants4 ,the common wild geese are ,egyptian1 ,canadian1 white-fronted1 ,sebastopol1 snow1 brant1 bar-headed1 spin-winged and many others4 ,in ducks1 there are mallards1 black1 wood1 mandarin1 blue and green winged teal1 widgeon1 redhead1 pin-tail1 bluebill1 gadwall1 call and many others4 ,beside pheasants1 ducks and geese there are also the various storks1 cranes1 pea-fowl and herons in the 8ornamental fowl0 list4 ,these are all wild fowl4 ,the commoner varieties will cost from six to fifteen dollars a pair and the rare ones several hundred4 ,to keep the semi-wild birds from flying away they are usually pinioned1 a process of taking off the end joint of one wing4 ,the colours of some of the ornamental fowl are more beautiful than any birds in nature4 ,pheasants especially are easily cared for and make interesting pets4 ,they can be tamed and if kept outdoors they will seldom be subject to disease4 ,most of these birds are as easily cared for as chickens4 ,illustration3 ,a home-made rabbit house ,rabbits make fine pets for boys and girls4 ,they are clean in their habits1 hardy and gentle4 ,the common kinds are white rabbits with pink eyes or albinos1 and brown rabbits or ,belgian hares4 ,with rabbits also there is a 8fancy40 ,the ,fur ,fanciers' ,association recognizes the following distinct breeds3 ,belgians1 ,flemish giants1 ,dutch marked1 ,english1 ,himalayan1 silvers1 tans1 ,polish1 lops1 and ,angoras4 ,a rabbit hutch or coop is easily built from old packing boxes4 ,one third of the coop should be darkened and made into a nest1 with an entrance door outside and the rest simply covered with a wire front1 also with a door for cleaning and feeding4 ,the hutch should stand on legs above ground as rabbits do not thrive well in dampness4 ,they will1 however1 live out all winter in a dry place4 ,a box four feet long and two feet wide will hold a pair of rabbits nicely4 ,rabbits will become very tame and may often be allowed full liberty about the place if there are no dogs to molest them4 ,the drawing shows a standard type of rabbit hutch4 ,a boy who is handy with tools can easily build one4 ,we can always dispose of the increase in our rabbit family to friends or to dealers4 ,guinea pigs or cavies are similar to rabbits in their requirements4 ,the chief difference is that guinea pigs cannot stand excessive cold and will not do well if kept outside in severe winter weather4 ,rabbits and cavies will eat almost anything and eat constantly4 ,the usual feed is hay1 clover1 wheat1 corn1 carrots1 turnips1 cabbage1 lettuce1 celery1 potato parings1 or any green food or grains4 ,cavies are especially fond of bread and milk4 ,the three classes of cavies are ,peruvians or ,angoras1 with long silky hair2 ,abyssinians1 with coarse hair in tufts or rosettes1 and the common guinea pig or smooth1 cavy4 ,a pair of cavies will cost about two dollars4 ,a dry airy cellar is a good place to keep them as they are cleanly in their habits4 ,neither cavies nor rabbits are especially intelligent but they do learn to know their master or at least the one who feeds them4 ,pet rats and mice are in the same class as rabbits but they should always have a coop that they will not gnaw out of4 ,there is even a mouse club4 ,it is in ,europe and has over a thousand members4 ,an interesting example of skill in breeding is seen in ,dutch belted varieties of cattle1 in hogs1 rabbits1 cavies and mice4 ,in all of these animals the same markings have been bred by careful crossing and selection4 ,in all lines of 8fancy0 it is important to stick to a few varieties4 ,we shall never make much of a success if we have half a dozen kinds of chickens1 pigeons or rabbits4 ,by far the most important 8fancy0 is with chickens1 but this subject will be considered in the chapter on the care of poultry4 ,among other pets are tame squirrels1 turtles1 snakes1 lizards and toads4 ,a tame gray squirrel makes a splendid pet4 ,after a while we can give our squirrel full liberty and find him back in his nest at night4 ,i once had a tame owl but ,i found that because of his habit of flying and feeding at night he was a very stupid pet4 ,besides that his powerful beak and sharp claws or talons were dangerous4 ,i also once had a pair of flying squirrels but they also only appear at night and were consequently uninteresting in the daytime4 ,we must always study the natural habits of our pets and try to give them coops and food as much like nature as possible4 ,my flying squirrels were given soft feed in place of the usual hard-shelled nuts4 ,consequently their teeth grew so long that they were a positive deformity4 ,we finally liberated them but before they could get to a place of safety one of them was caught and killed by a chicken4 ,the poor little creature was so fat from overfeeding and lack of exercise that he had all but lost the power of using his legs4 ,coops for pets may be as elaborate as our pocketbook will allow4 ,the important things to remember are to construct a coop so that it may be cleaned easily1 and to provide plenty of ventilation4 ,it must also be dry4 ,fresh air is as important for animals as for people4 ,the larger we can make a coop1 the better it will be4 ,be careful not to overfeed pets4 ,regular and frequent meals of just what they will eat up clean is better than an occasional big meal4 ,rabbits require very little water4 ,usually they will obtain enough moisture from the green food they eat4 ,it is a mistake1 however1 to think that water will kill rabbits4 ,change the straw in the nest boxes frequently4 ,when they make fur nests do not disturb them4 ,for squirrels and other small animals1 the coop may be made entirely of wire except the baseboard1 which should be a piece of seasoned wood4 ,be sure that there are no sharp wire points or projecting nails in a coop to injure the animals4 ,the whole secret of taming wild creatures is patience4 ,we must try to show them that we are their friends4 ,the most direct way to an animal's heart is through his stomach1 which is another way of saying that the owner should personally feed his own pets if he wishes them to know him4 ,there is really no reason why a country boy or girl should have any caged pets at all4 ,in the city it is different4 ,perhaps the best pet for the unnatural conditions of city life is a canary4 ,the real spirit to develop a love for the little creatures that inhabit our woods and fields is to feel that they are our friends rather than that they are prisoners4 ,by all means cultivate the acquaintance of your 8small country neighbours40 ,,the ,,dog ,every boy should own a dog4 ,he is the friend and companion of our youth4 ,for a boy to grow up without a dog is to be denied one of the real joys of life4 ,senator ,vest once said3 8,the one absolute1 unselfish friend that a man can have in this selfish world2 the one that never deserts him1 the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous is his dog4 ,he will sleep on the cold ground where the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely if only he can be near his master's side4 ,he will kiss the hand that has no food to offer1 he will guard the sleep of his pauper master as if he were a prince4 ,when all other friends desert he remains40 ,the breed makes but little difference so long as the dog is intelligent and kind4 ,mixed breeds and mongrel dogs are often the most intelligent4 ,a thoroughbred dog will give us more satisfaction possibly than a mongrel because he will make a better appearance4 ,but at the same time1 he is far more likely to be stolen4 ,there are so many breeds to select from that it is almost impossible to give much advice4 ,as a rule1 the dog we shall like is the one we can get4 ,the very heavy dogs such as ,saint ,bernards1 mastiffs and great ,danes are clumsy and will require outside quarters1 as they are too bulky to have in the house4 ,on the other hand the small toy breeds such as ,pomeranians1 black and tans and ,king ,charles spaniels and pugs1 are too delicate to be a real boy's dog4 ,a list from which you may safely select a dog would be bull terriers1 ,airedale terriers1 ,scotch terriers1 ,irish terriers1 cocker spaniels1 pointers and setters1 either ,irish or ,english4 ,this is by no means a complete list4 ,i prefer a setter because my first dog1 8,old ,ben10 was a setter1 and he shared in most of my fun from the earliest recollections that ,i have4 ,when he died ,i lost a true friend4 ,it was the first real sorrow ,i ever had4 ,a dog should not sleep in the same room with his owner1 but should have a warm dry kennel and be taught to regard it as his home4 ,do not make the mistake of overfeeding a dog4 ,he does not need three meals a day4 ,one is sufficient1 about nine in the morning1 when he should have all he wants to eat4 ,if you insist on a second meal give him a dog biscuit or a bone to gnaw on in the evening4 ,keep your dog free from fleas1 in spite of what ,david ,harum says that 8a reasonable amount of fleas is good for a dog1 because it keeps him from brooding over being a dog40 ,a thorough bath with carbolic soap and water will rid a dog of fleas1 but this treatment should be repeated at weekly intervals to kill the eggs which hatch in the meantime4 ,fresh insect powder or ,scotch snuff if dusted thoroughly in a dog's coat will cause fleas to leave4 ,this treatment should be done out of doors4 ,a good plan is to place the dog on a sheet or piece of white paper and work the powder well into the hair1 especially around his neck and behind the ears4 ,be careful not to injure his eyes4 ,a dog will soon recognize his master1 and there is no quicker way to show that you are his master than to enforce obedience when you attempt to make him mind4 ,whether a whipping is necessary depends on the dog4 ,with most dogs a good scolding will be sufficient4 ,never whip a dog when you are angry and never overdo the matter4 ,it is possible to 8break a dog's spirit10 which simply means to make him afraid of you4 ,a dog so frightened is ruined until you regain his confidence1 a very difficult thing to do4 ,never cuff a dog with your hand4 ,always use a whip or switch4 ,let the whipping be a definite ceremony with a plain object in view4 ,some dogs will prove to be headstrong and others will try to do whatever their master wants4 ,there is an amazing difference in dogs and their intelligence seems to have no limits4 ,a dog must never be allowed to annoy our neighbours or friends4 ,one of the most annoying habits that a dog cultivates is that of running out and barking at passing carriages or people4 ,a few lessons in discipline early in life will break him of this habit1 but once acquired it is practically unbreakable4 ,another very annoying habit is that of allowing a dog to put his paws on us4 ,we may not mind it when we are dressed in old clothes but friends or callers are possibly not so considerate4 ,nearly every bad habit that a dog learns is usually the fault of the owner rather than of the dog4 ,the training of a dog should be done as a puppy4 ,therefore we must secure our dog as young as possible4 ,in training hunting dogs the first step is called 8yard-breaking40 ,with ordinary dogs a thorough course in yard-breaking by teaching the simple command is all that will be necessary4 ,first of all1 teach your dog to lie down and come to you at call4 ,the usual word for the former is 8charge40 ,a dog can be taught this in a very short time4 ,take him by the neck and back1 and at the word1 force him to lie down4 ,do not use any other words1 or even pet him4 ,simply impress on his mind that when he hears 8charge0 it means lie down4 ,as a rule a puppy is taught to come by snapping the fingers or by making a noise with the lips similar to that by which we urge a horse4 ,it is almost natural to say 8,come here40 ,after a puppy learns to follow us at the command 8heel in0 and to run ahead when we say 8go on10 we must also teach him to come when we whistle4 ,most boys can make a whistle with the fingers sufficiently penetrating to call a dog for a long distance but a small metal whistle to carry in the pocket is the best way4 ,after a dog has acquired the simple lessons of training we shall find that he learns to understand us and to do our wishes very quickly4 ,there should be a complete understanding between a dog and his owner4 ,he will know our ways and we shall know his4 ,i have hunted in ,virginia with a dog so intelligent that merely by watching him his master could tell whether he was on the trail of a rabbit1 wild turkey1 or deer4 ,for each kind of game he had a different manner of barking and what is more remarkable1 he was a thoroughly broken quail dog with the best 8nose0 or scent ,i have ever known and of course did not bark under these circumstances4 ,such a dog would be a mystery to any one who did not know his ways4 ,this dog 8,old ,doc0 would hunt with any one on quail1 but if the hunter did not succeed in killing game the dog would soon show his disapproval in every way1 sulk along behind1 and if the poor shooting continued1 finally leave for home4 ,a friend who took him out told me1 8,first ,i missed the birds and then ,i missed the dog40 ,he had left in disgust4 ,no matter what breed our dog is we shall surely become greatly attached to him and almost look upon him as a friend rather than as an animal4 ,a boy should never encourage a dog to fight4 ,it is a cruel1 unmanly thing and one that a real dog lover will never do4 ,dog fighting is a form of brutality second only to tying tin cans and other things to a dog's tail for the 8fun0 of seeing him run4 ,i once saw a poor beast lose his tail as a result of this brutal joke4 ,some one had tied a string tightly around his tail and the dog ran until completely exhausted4 ,he then kept out of sight for a few days4 ,in the meantime the string caused his tail to become fearfully sore and finally to fall off4 ,can any one see a joke in this8 ,,xi ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,chickens ,the best breed--,good and bad points of incubators--,what to feed small chicks--,a model chicken house ,a pen of chickens gives a boy or girl an opportunity for keeping pets that have some real value4 ,whether there is much profit in poultry is a question1 but it is at least certain that the more care you give them the better they pay4 ,there is but little difference in the results obtained from the various breeds of chickens1 but there is a great difference in the people who take care of them4 ,it is very difficult to make poultry pay on a large scale4 ,nearly every poultry farm that has started as a business has failed to make a success4 ,the surest way to make chickens pay is to have only a few4 ,then the table scraps and the worms and weed seeds they can pick up will supply them with practically all their feed and the time you give them need not be counted as expense4 ,there are sixty or seventy distinct breeds of poultry recognized by expert fanciers and from three to ten colours or varieties in many of these breeds4 ,new ones are being added constantly4 ,for example1 a breed called ,orpingtons was recently introduced from ,england and now has ten varieties or colours that are 8standard40 ,at the ,new ,york ,poultry ,show a record price of #b1ejj was paid for the prize-winning hen of this breed4 ,there is a style in chickens as well as in anything else4 ,a new breed will always have a great many admirers at first1 and great claims will be made for its superior qualities4 ,the poultrymen who have stock and eggs to sell will secure high prices for their output4 ,very soon1 however1 the real value of a new breed will be known and it will be on the same basis as the older breeds4 ,a beginner had better start with some standard recognized breed and leave the experimenting to some one else4 ,one thing is certain3 thoroughbreds will pay better than mongrels4 ,their eggs are of more uniform size and colour1 the stock will be healthy and as a rule weigh a pound or two more than birds of uncertain breeding4 ,thoroughbreds do not cost any more to feed or care for than the mongrels and in every way are superior4 ,breeds of poultry are usually divided into three separate classes1 depending on the place where the breed originated4 ,they are the ,american1 ,asiatic1 and ,mediterranean strains4 ,the leading ,american breed is the barred ,plymouth ,rock and for a beginner will probably be the best to start with4 ,another very excellent ,american or general purpose breed is the ,white ,wyandotte4 ,they are especially valuable as broilers1 as they make rapid growth while young4 ,the ,leghorns are the leading breed for eggs4 ,they are 8non-sitters0 and1 being very active1 do not become overfat4 ,their small size1 however1 makes them poor table fowls and for this reason they are not adapted to general use4 ,the ,asiatic type1 which includes ,brahmas1 ,langshans1 and ,cochins1 are all clumsy1 heavy birds1 which make excellent table fowl but are poor layers and poor foragers4 ,brahma roosters will frequently weigh fifteen pounds and can eat corn from the top of a barrel4 ,a beginner should never attempt to keep more than one kind of chickens4 ,to get a start1 we must either buy a pen of birds or buy the eggs and raise our own stock4 ,the latter method will take a year more than the former1 as the chicks we hatch this year will be our layers a year later4 ,sometimes a pen of eight or ten fowls can be bought reasonably from some one who is selling out4 ,if we buy from a breeder who is in the business they will cost about five dollars a trio of two hens and a rooster4 ,the cheapest way is to buy eggs and hatch your own stock4 ,the usual price for hatching-eggs is one dollar for fifteen eggs4 ,we can safely count on hatching eight chicks from a setting1 of which four may be pullets4 ,therefore we must allow fifteen eggs for each four pullets we intend to keep the next year4 ,the surplus cockerels can be sold for enough to pay for the cost of the eggs4 ,if we have good luck we may hatch every egg in a setting and ten of them may be pullets4 ,on the other hand1 we may have only two or three chicks1 which may all prove to be cockerels2 so the above calculation is a fair average4 ,if we start with eggs1 we shall have to buy or rent some broody hens to put on the eggs4 ,a good plan is to arrange with some farmer in the neighbourhood to take charge of the eggs and to set his own hens on them4 ,i once made such an arrangement and agreed to give him all but one of the cockerels that hatched4 ,i was to take all the pullets4 ,the arrangement was mutually satisfactory and he kept and fed the chicks until they were able to leave the mother hen--about eight weeks4 ,it is also possible to buy one-day-old chicks for about ten or fifteen cents apiece from a poultry dealer1 but the safest way is to hatch your own stock4 ,the easiest way to make a large hatch all at one time is with an incubator4 ,there are a number of very excellent makes advertised in the farm papers and other magazines and the prices are quite reasonable4 ,an incubator holding about a hundred eggs will cost ten or twelve dollars4 ,there are many objections to incubators which we can learn only from practical experience4 ,we shall not average more than #ej per cent4 hatches as a rule4 ,that is to say1 for every hundred eggs we set we must not count on hatching more than fifty chicks4 ,incubators are a constant care4 ,the most important objection to an incubator is that it is against the rules of most fire insurance companies to allow it to be operated in any building that the insurance policy covers4 ,if the automatic heat regulator fails to work and the heat in our incubator runs up too high we may have a fire4 ,at any rate1 we shall lose our entire hatch4 ,the latter is also true if the lamp goes out and the eggs become too cool4 ,i have made a great many hatches with incubators of different makes and my experience has been that we must watch an incubator almost constantly to have success with it4 ,the sure way to hatch chickens is with a broody hen1 but at the same time incubators are perfectly satisfactory if run in a room where the temperature does not vary much 7a cellar is the best place74 ,with an incubator there is always a temptation to attempt to raise more chickens than we can care for properly4 ,overcrowding causes more trouble than any other one thing4 ,it is better to have a dozen chickens well cared for than a hundred that are neglected4 ,eggs for incubators will cost about five dollars a hundred4 ,of course if they are from prize-winning stock the cost will be several times this amount4 ,before placing any eggs in an incubator it should be run for two days to be sure that the heat regulator is in working order4 ,the usual temperature for hatching is #ajc degrees and the machine should be regulated for this temperature as it comes from the factory4 ,full directions for operating1 as well as a thermometer1 will come with the machine and should be studied and understood before we begin to operate it4 ,as the hatch progresses1 the heat will 8run up10 as it is called1 and we shall need to understand how to regulate the thermostat to correct this tendency toward an increased temperature4 ,the eggs in an incubator must be turned twice a day4 ,to be sure that we do this thoroughly it is customary to mark the eggs before we place them in the machine4 ,the usual mark is an 8,x0 on one side of the egg and an 8,o0 on the other written in lead pencil4 ,in placing the eggs in the trays we start with all the 8,o0 marks up1 for instance1 and at the time of the first turning leave all the 8,x's0 visible1 alternating this twice every day4 ,in order to operate an incubator successfully1 we shall also need a brooder1 which is really an artificial mother4 ,there is a standard make of brooder costing five dollars that will accommodate fifty chicks4 ,brooders are very simple in construction and can be made at home4 ,a tinsmith will have to make the heating drum4 ,the rest of it is simply a wooden box with a curtain partition to separate the hot room from the feeding space4 ,ventilating holes must be provided for a supply of fresh air and a box placed at the bottom to prevent a draught from blowing out the lamp4 ,in a very few days after we place the chicks in a brooder they should be allowed to go in and out at will4 ,in a week or two we shall be able to teach them the way in1 and then by lowering the platform to the ground for a runway we can permit them to run on the ground in an enclosed runway4 ,on rainy days we must shut them in4 ,there is always a temptation to feed chicks too soon after they are hatched4 ,we should always wait at least twenty-four hours to give them a chance to become thoroughly dry4 ,the general custom of giving wet cornmeal for the first feed is wrong4 ,always feed chicks on dry food and you will avoid a great deal of sickness4 ,an excellent first food is hard-boiled egg and corn bread made from cornmeal and water without salt and thoroughly baked until it may be crumbled4 ,only feed a little at a time1 but feed often4 ,five times a day is none too much for two-week-old chicks4 ,one successful poultryman ,i am acquainted with gives1 as the first feed1 dog biscuit crushed4 ,all the small grains are good if they are cracked so that the chicks can eat them4 ,the standard mixture sold by poultry men under the name 8chick food0 is probably the best4 ,it consists of cracked wheat1 rye1 and corn1 millet seed1 pinhead oatmeal1 grit1 and oyster shells4 ,do not feed meat to chicks until their pin feathers begin to show1 when they may have some well-cooked lean meat1 three times a week4 ,there is quite an art in setting a hen properly4 ,they always prefer a dry1 dark place4 ,if we are sure that there are no rats around1 there is no better place to set a hen than on the ground4 ,this is as they sit in nature and it usually seems to be the case that a hen that steals her nest will bring out more chicks than one that we have coddled4 ,eggs that we are saving for hatching should be kept in a cool place but never allowed to freeze4 ,they should be turned every day until they are set4 ,hens' eggs will hatch in about twenty-one days4 ,the eggs that have failed to hatch at this time may be discarded4 ,when we move a broody hen we must be sure that she will stay on her new nest before we give her any eggs4 ,test her with a china egg or a doorknob4 ,if she stays on for two nights we may safely give her the setting4 ,it is always better when convenient to set a hen where she first makes her nest4 ,if she must be moved1 do it at night with as little disturbance as possible4 ,it is always a good plan to shut in a sitting hen and let her out once a day for feed and exercise4 ,do not worry if in your judgment she remains off the nest too long4 ,the eggs require cooling to develop the air chamber properly1 and as a rule the hen knows best4 ,young chickens are subject to a great many diseases1 but if they are kept dry and warm1 and if they have dry food1 most of the troubles may be avoided4 ,with all poultry1 lice are a great pest4 ,old fowls can dust themselves and in a measure keep the pest in check1 but little chicks are comparatively helpless4 ,the big gray lice will be found on a chick's neck near the head4 ,the remedy for this is to grease the feathers with vaseline on the head and neck4 ,the small white lice can be controlled by dusting the chicks with insect powder and by keeping the brooder absolutely clean4 ,a weekly coat of whitewash to which some carbolic acid has been added will keep lice in check in poultry houses and is an excellent plan4 ,hen-hatched chicks are usually more subject to lice than those hatched ,in incubators and raised in brooders1 as they become infected from the mother4 ,some people say that chicks have lice on them when they are hatched1 but this is not so4 ,the first two weeks of a chick's life are the important time4 ,if they are chilled or neglected they never get over it1 but will develop into weaklings4 ,there are many rules and remedies for doctoring sick chickens1 but the best way is to kill them4 ,this is especially so in cases of roup or colds4 ,the former is a very contagious disease and unless checked may kill an entire pen of chickens4 ,a man who raises #be1jjj chickens annually once told me that 8the best medicine for a sick chicken is the axe40 ,a very low fence will hold small chicks from straying away1 but it must be absolutely tight at the bottom1 as a very small opening will allow them to get through4 ,avoid all corners or places where they can be caught fast4 ,the mesh of a wire fence must be fine4 ,ordinary chicken wire will not do4 ,illustration3 ,a home-made chicken coop built on the 8scratching-shed0 plan ,a brooder that will accommodate fifty chicks comfortably for eight weeks will be entirely too small even for half that number after they begin to grow4 ,as soon as they can get along without artificial heat1 the chickens should be moved to a colony house and given free range4 ,they will soon learn to roost and to find their way in and out of their new home1 especially if we move away the old one where they cannot find it4 ,a chicken coop for grown fowls can be of almost any shape1 size1 or material1 providing that we do not crowd it to more than its proper capacity4 ,the important thing is to have a coop that is dry1 easily cleaned and with good ventilation1 but without cracks to admit draughts4 ,a roost made of two by four timbers set on edge with the sharp corners rounded off is better than a round perch4 ,no matter how many roosts we provide1 our chickens will always fight and quarrel to occupy the top one4 ,under the roost build a movable board or shelf which may easily be taken out and cleaned4 ,place the nest boxes under this board1 close to the ground4 ,one nest for four hens is a fair allowance4 ,hens prefer to nest in a dark place if possible4 ,a modern1 up-to-date coop should have a warm1 windproof sleeping room and an outside scratching shed4 ,a sleeping room should be provided with a window on the south side and reaching nearly to the floor4 ,a hotbed sash is excellent for this purpose4 ,the runway or yard should be as large as our purse will permit4 ,in this yard plant a plum tree for shade4 ,the chickens will keep the plum trees free from the 8curculio10 a small beetle which is the principal insect pest of this fruit4 ,this beetle is sometimes called 8the little ,turk0 because he makes a mark on a plum that resembles the 8star and crescent0 of the ,turkish flag4 ,whether we can make our poultry pay for the trouble and expense of keeping them will depend on the question of winter eggs4 ,it is contrary to the natural habits of chickens to lay in winter1 and if left to themselves they will practically stop laying when they begin to moult or shed their feathers in the fall1 and will not begin again until the warm days of spring4 ,when eggs are scarce it will be a great treat to be able to have our own supply instead of paying a high price at the grocer's4 ,the fact that it is possible to get really fresh eggs in midwinter shows that with the proper care hens will lay4 ,the average farm hen does not lay more than eighty eggs a year1 which is hardly enough to pay for her feed4 ,on the other hand1 at an egg-laying contest held in ,pennsylvania1 the prize-winning pen made a record of #bij eggs per year for each hen4 ,this was all due to better care and proper feed4 ,the birds were healthy pullets to begin with1 they had warm food and warm drinking water throughout the winter1 their coop was a bright1 clean1 dry place with an outside scratching shed4 ,the grain was fed in a deep litter of straw to make them work to get it and thus to obtain the necessary exercise to keep down fat4 ,the birds in this contest were all hatched early in ,march and were all through the moult before the cold weather came4 ,most of the advertised poultry feeds for winter eggs are a swindle4 ,if we give the birds proper care we shall not require any drugs4 ,it is an excellent plan to give unthreshed straw to poultry in winter4 ,they will work to obtain the grain and be kept busy4 ,the usual quantity of grain for poultry is at the rate of a quart of corn or wheat to each fifteen hens4 ,a standard winter ration is the so called hot bran mash4 ,this is made from wheat bran1 clover meal1 and either cut bone or meat scraps4 ,it will be necessary to feed this in a hopper to avoid waste and it should be given at night just before the birds go to roost1 with the grain ration in the morning1 which will keep them scratching all day4 ,always keep some grit and oyster shells where the chickens can get it2 also feed a little charcoal occasionally4 ,a dust bath for the hens will be appreciated in winter when the ground is frozen4 ,sink a soap box in a corner of the pen and sheltered from rain or snow and fill it with dry road dust4 ,have an extra supply to fill up the box from time to time4 ,the best place for a chicken house is on a sandy hillside with a southern slope4 ,a heavy clay soil with poor drainage is very bad4 ,six-foot chicken wire will be high enough to enclose the run4 ,if any of the chickens persist in flying out we must clip the flight feathers of their wings 7one wing1 not both74 ,do not put a top board on the run4 ,if a chicken does not see something to fly to1 it will seldom attempt to go over a fence1 even if it is quite low4 ,it is much better to allow chickens full liberty if they do not ruin our garden or flower beds or persist in laying in out of the way places where the eggs cannot be found4 ,,xii ,,winter ,,sports ,what to wear--,skating--,skiing--,snowshoeing--, hockey ,if one is fortunate enough to live in a part of the country where they have old-fashioned winters1 the possibilities for outdoor sports are very great and the cold weather may be made the best part of the year for healthful outdoor exercise4 ,to enjoy winter recreations properly we must have proper clothing4 ,an ordinary overcoat is very much out of place1 except possibly for sleighing4 ,the regulation costume for almost any outdoor sport in winter is a warm coat1 a heavy sweater1 woollen trousers and stockings1 and stout leather shoes4 ,if in addition we have woollen gloves or mittens and a woollen skating cap or toque1 we shall be enabled to brave the coldest kind of weather1 provided of course that we have warm woollen underwear4 ,various modifications in this costume such as high hunting boots1 or leggings and a flannel shirt worn under the sweater are possible4 ,in the far ,north1 the universal winter footwear is moccasins4 ,we must be careful not to dress too warmly when we expect to indulge in violent exercise4 ,excessive clothing will render us more liable to a sudden check of perspiration1 a consequent closing of the pores and a resulting cold4 ,rubber boots or overshoes are very bad if worn constantly4 ,the rubber1 being waterproof1 holds in the perspiration and we often find our stockings damp even when the walking is dry4 ,rubber boots also make our feet tender and cause cold feet4 ,tight shoes are also bad for the reason that they check circulation4 ,the best footwear for a boy who lives in the country will be ,indian moccasins or shoepacs worn with several pairs of lumbermen's woollen stockings4 ,such footwear would not do for skating1 as they have no soles1 but for outdoor tramping in the snow they are just the thing4 ,no leather is thoroughly waterproof against snow water1 but by frequent greasing with mutton tallow1 neatsfoot oil or vaseline1 shoes can be kept soft and practically waterproof as long as the soles and uppers are in good condition4 ,illustration3 ,a shoepac ,in all winter sports1 especially in ,canada1 the custom is to wear gaily coloured goods4 ,a mackinaw jacket made from the same material as a blanket1 with very prominent stripes or plaids1 is often worn4 ,closely woven goods are better than a thicker loose weave as they are lighter1 warmer1 and more waterproof4 ,chief among winter sports is skating4 ,there is no healthier recreation1 provided that the ice is safe4 ,even in the coldest weather with the ice a foot thick or more we must always be sure to be on the lookout for air-holes or thin places over springs4 ,it is said that ice an inch thick will hold the weight of a man1 but it is better to be sure than to be sorry1 and three or four inches are much safer4 ,illustration3 ,the club skate model ,a few years ago the height of the skater's art was so called 8fancy or figure0 skating1 but recently the tendency has been for speed rather than for grace and the old-fashioned club skates have been replaced by racing or hockey skates with much longer runners4 ,fancy skating for prizes is governed by rules just as any other game or sport4 ,the contestants do not attempt figures of their own invention but strive to excel in the so called 8compulsory0 figures4 ,a fancy skater can practise from diagrams and directions just as one might practise moves in a game of chess4 ,in printed directions for fancy skating the following abbreviations are used for the strokes3 ,r--right ,l--left ,f--forward ,b--backward ,o--outside ,i--inside ,t--three ,,lp--loop ,b--bracket ,,rc--rocker ,c--counter ,supposing the figure to be executed to be the well known 8figure eight40 ,it would be described as follows3 ,r-,f-,o ,l-,f-,o4 ,r-,f-,i ,l-,f-,i4 ,r-,b-,o ,l-,b-,o4 ,r-,b-,i ,l-,b-,i4 ,by referring to the above table the skater can easily determine just what strokes are necessary to produce the figure properly4 ,racing skates should be attached to shoes of special design either by screws or rivets4 ,the most important thing is to have the blades carefully ground by an expert4 ,they should be keen enough to cut a hair4 ,to become a fast skater1 practise if possible with an expert4 ,have him skate ahead of you and measure your stroke with his4 ,by keeping your hands clasped behind your back your balance will not only be greatly improved but your endurance will be doubled4 ,the sprinting stroke is a direct glide ahead with the foot straight4 ,a trained skater can go very long distances with very little fatigue but one must carefully measure his speed to the distance to be travelled4 ,when you can cover a measured mile in three and one-half minutes you may consider yourself in the class of fast skaters4 ,illustration3 ,a hockey skate ,hockey skates are somewhat shorter than racing skates although built on the same general lines1 the standard length being from nine and one-half to eleven and one-half inches4 ,hockey is one of the best winter games either outdoors or in a rink4 ,the game of shinney or 8bandy0 as it is called in ,england has been modified in this country by substituting a flat piece of rubber weighing a pound called a 8puck0 for the india rubber lacrosse ball1 which weighs but four ounces4 ,the best hockey sticks are made of ,canadian rock elm4 ,the whole idea of hockey is to shoot the puck through your opponents' goal and to prevent them from shooting it through yours4 ,in practice almost any number can play hockey and have plenty of exercise4 ,the less experienced players should when securing the puck always shoot it as quickly as possible to a more experienced player on their own side to attempt shooting the goal4 ,skilful passing is the most important branch of hockey and consequently good team work is absolutely essential to success4 ,illustration3 ,the hockey player's costume ,a regulation hockey team consist of seven players called goal1 point1 cover point1 right centre1 left centre1 right wing1 left wing4 ,the position of goal tender is the most difficult to acquire skill in4 ,he stands directly in front of the goal and is expected to stop the puck with hands1 feet1 and body4 ,while the position of goal does not involve much skating1 a goal tender should also be a good skater4 ,his position requires more nerve and cool-headedness than any other position on the team because the final responsibility of all goals scored against his team is up to him4 ,his position is largely a defensive one and his work at times very severe4 ,the goal keeper must very rarely leave his position but must depend upon the two other defensive men the 8point0 and 8cover point0 to stop the puck when it away from the direct line of the goal4 ,the defensive men on a hockey team should not by any strategy or coaxing on the part of their opponents allow themselves to leave their own goal unprotected4 ,the forwards have most of the work of shooting goals and advancing the puck4 ,of course such a man must be very active and a good all round player4 ,hockey is a poor game in which to display grand-stand playing4 ,the player's whole idea should be to shoot the puck so that either he or some member of his team may score a goal4 ,the rules of hockey are comparatively few and simple4 ,the game consists of two twenty-minute halves with a ten-minute intermission between4 ,in case of a tie at the end of a game it is customary to continue until one side secures a majority of the points4 ,a standard rink must be at least one hundred and twelve feet long by fifty-eight feet wide4 ,nets are six feet wide and four feet high4 ,one of the most exciting of winter sports is skate sailing4 ,the same principles that are applied to sailing a boat are brought into play in sailing with skates4 ,while considerable skill is necessary to handle a skate sail well1 any one who is a good skater will soon acquire it4 ,the direction that you go is determined by the angle at which the sail is held4 ,when you wish to turn around or stop you simply shift its position until you run dead into the wind4 ,a skate sail should be light and strong4 ,a limit of five pounds' weight is all that is necessary4 ,the sail is a very simple device4 ,there are a great many kinds but one of the simplest is made from a ,t-shaped frame of bamboo with a ,v-shaped piece of canvas or balloon silk sewed or wired to the frame4 ,the best skate sails are made with a jointed frame like a fishing rod so that they may be taken apart and easily carried4 ,while an expert can handle a sail eight or ten feet wide and twelve feet high it is better for the beginner to start with one much smaller4 ,the construction of the sail and the method of holding it are shown in the diagram4 ,illustration3 ,a skate sail ,snowshoeing is another winter sport that will furnish a great deal of pleasure and will enable us to be outdoors when our less fortunate friends may be cooped up in the house4 ,there are a number of standard shapes in snowshoes1 but probably the 8,canadian0 model will be found to be the most satisfactory generally4 ,snowshoes should be from twenty-four to forty-four inches long depending on the weight to be carried4 ,in order to enjoy snowshoeing we must use moccasins4 ,the proper method of attaching the snowshoes is clearly shown in the diagrams4 ,the beginner will find that snowshoeing is a very simple art to acquire1 being far less difficult than skating and with far less danger of having a bad fall4 ,illustration3 ,four types of snowshoes ,the sport of 8ski-running0 or skiing is practised more generally abroad than in this country4 ,a number of winter resorts owe their popularity largely to this sport4 ,skis are simply long flat pieces of wood fastened or strapped to the shoes4 ,the best type are the so called 8,norway0 pattern4 ,various lengths are used from four to eight or nine feet long1 but for a beginner the shorter ones will be better4 ,illustration3 ,to throw the lumberman's hitch1 start this way ,illustration3 ,then across the toe with both ends and under the loop ,ski-running is simply coasting down steep inclines on the snow with the skis used in much the same way as a sled4 ,the longer they are the greater the speed obtained1 but the longer ones are also correspondingly hard to manage4 ,illustration3 ,draw the ends tightly forward to fasten down the toe ,illustration3 ,then tie the ends together in a bow knot back of the heel ,in ,norway and ,sweden skis are made to order just as we might be measured for suits of clothes4 ,the theory is that the proper length of ski will be such that the user1 can1 when standing erect and reaching above his head1 just crook his forefinger over it as it stands upright4 ,ski shoes should be strong1 with well blocked toes4 ,a pair of heavy school shoes are just the thing if well made4 ,illustration3 ,the straps over the toe remain buckled ,illustration3 ,this is the 8thong0 hitch but it is not as good as the lumberman's hitch ,to learn skiing we should select the slope of a hill not very steep and with no dangerous rocks or snags to run foul of4 ,the best snow conditions are usually found two or three days after it has fallen4 ,fresh snow is too light to offer good skiing and snow with a crust is also bad4 ,in running with skis on the level ground a long1 sweeping stride is used somewhat after the fashion of skating4 ,the strokes should be made just as long as possible1 and the skis kept close together4 ,in going up an incline the tendency to slip backward is overcome by raising the toe of the ski slightly and bringing the heel down sharply4 ,one foot should be firmly implanted before the other is moved4 ,in going up a steep hill a zigzag course will be necessary4 ,illustration3 ,front and side view of a ski ,as an aid in ski-running it is customary to employ a pair of ski poles1 which are fastened to the wrist by leather thongs4 ,they are usually made of bamboo or other light material with a wicker disk near the end to keep the pole from sinking into the soft snow4 ,ski poles should never be used in attempting a jump1 as under these circumstances they might be very dangerous4 ,ski coasting is the sport that most boys will be interested in4 ,to make a descent1 begin at the top of a hill as one would in coasting with a sled and lean well forward with the skis parallel and with one foot slightly ahead of the other4 ,the knees should be bent and the body rigid4 ,the weight should be borne by the ball of the foot that is behind4 ,as the start forward begins1 the impulse will be to lean back1 but this ,impulse must be overcome or you will take a tumble in the snow as you gain speed4 ,illustration3 ,a ski pole ,in jumping with skis an abrupt drop is necessary4 ,for the beginner a few inches is sufficient4 ,the start is made by coasting down an incline1 and just before the take-off is reached1 the runner assumes a crouching attitude and then straightens up quickly1 maintaining an erect attitude until he is about to land1 when1 as in jumping1 the knees are bent slightly to break the force of landing4 ,during the flight the skis should be kept perfectly parallel but drooping slightly behind4 ,illustration3 ,the ,exciting ,sport of ,ski-,running ,the various forms of coasting with toboggan sleds and bobsleds are all well known to boys who live where there are snow and hills4 ,a sled can be steered either by dragging the foot or by shifting the sled with the hands4 ,sleds with flexible runners have recently been introduced and are a great improvement on the old type4 ,one branch of carpenter work that nearly all boys attempt at some time in their lives is to make a bobsled or double runner1 which is a pair of sleds fastened on either end of a board long enough to hold from three to twenty or thirty people4 ,illustration3 ,a bobsled or double runner ,coasting1 especially with a bob1 is somewhat dangerous sport1 especially in cities or where the turns are sharp and there is danger of upsetting4 ,a good bob is broad between the runners and low to the ground4 ,the drawing shows one that almost any boy can make at little cost4 ,various devices are used as brakes on a bob4 ,most of them are found to be out of order or frozen when the time comes to use them4 ,a brake that is made from a piece of iron bent in an angle and fastened to the side of the runners on the rear sled is the best arrangement to have4 ,a bobsled should not cost over ten dollars complete with steering wheel1 bell1 and necessary iron work1 which should be made at the blacksmith's4 ,,xiii ,,horsemanship ,how to become a good rider--,the care of a horse--,saddles ,so many branches of outdoor sport depend on a knowledge of horsemanship that every boy or girl who has the opportunity should learn to ride horseback4 ,when once acquired1 we shall never forget it4 ,the first few lessons will make us feel discouraged1 because the jolting and jarring every one receives in learning to ride almost make it appear that we can never acquire the knack1 but remember that even the cowboy has had to go through the same experience4 ,a beginner should only ride a gentle horse4 ,in case we do take a tumble1 it is well to take our first lesson on soft ground or in a tanbark ring4 ,there are three types of saddles generally used3 ,the ,english saddle is simply a leather seat with stirrups1 and while it is the most refined type and the one used for fox hunting and all expert riding in ,england1 it is not the best kind to learn on4 ,the army saddle and the ,mexican or cowboy saddle with a pommel or box-stirrups are far safer and less expensive4 ,if you know of a dealer in second-hand army equipments you can buy a saddle and bridle of excellent material at less than half the retail price of the stores4 ,illustration3 ,mexican saddle1 ,army saddle1 ,english saddle ,before mounting your horse always examine carefully your saddle and bridle to see that the girths are tight1 that the bridle is properly buckled1 and the stirrups are the proper length4 ,the latter is sometimes determined by placing the stirrup under the armpits and touching the saddle with the finger tips4 ,a more accurate way is to have the straps adjusted after you are in the saddle4 ,a beginner will prefer a short stirrup1 but it is a bad habit to acquire4 ,in mounting1 stand on the left side and place the left foot in the stirrup4 ,swing the right leg over the horse and find the right stirrup with the toe just as quickly as possible4 ,do not jerk a restless horse or otherwise betray your excitement if he starts4 ,let him see by your calmness that he too should be calm4 ,so much depends on the kind of horse you are riding that it will be difficult to say just how to handle him4 ,a horse that is 8bridle wise0 is not guided in the customary way2 that is1 by pulling on the rein on the side you wish him to turn as one does in driving4 ,a bridle-wise horse is guided by pressing the opposite rein against his neck4 ,such a horse is much easier to handle on horseback and we should try to teach our horse this method as soon as possible4 ,there is very close understanding between a horse and rider that does not exist when a horse is driven to a carriage4 ,a horse can be guided simply by the leg pressure or spur4 ,the proper seat is well back in the saddle with the toe pointing almost straight ahead4 ,in order to learn to ride quickly we must overcome any strain or tension of our muscles and try to be flexible above the waist4 ,in this way we soon accommodate our own motion to that of the horse4 ,the most difficult gait to ride is the trot4 ,there are two distinct styles of riding--to trot in ,english style of treading the stirrups1 which necessitates rising from the saddle at every step of the horse1 and the army style of simply sitting back in the saddle and taking the jouncing4 ,either method will prove very difficult for the beginner4 ,a partial treading or easing up but not as extreme as the ,english style will probably be the best to acquire4 ,so much depends upon the gait of a horse that we learn to ride some horses in a very few days1 and would be several times as long with some others4 ,illustration3 ,the wrong way to mount a horse--facing forward ,a horse that habitually stumbles is very dangerous4 ,we must be sure our saddle horse is sure footed4 ,in using ,english stirrups never permit the foot to go through the stirrup and rest on the ball4 ,the toes should be in such a position that the stirrups can be kicked off at an instant's notice in case the horse falls with us4 ,illustration3 ,the right way to mount--facing toward his tail ,in tying a saddle horse in the stable for feeding or rest always loosen the girth and throw the stirrups over the saddle4 ,a saddle horse should always be spoken to gently but firmly4 ,the horse can tell by your voice when you are afraid of him4 ,the canter is the ideal gait4 ,after we once learn it1 the motion of a good saddle horse is almost like a rocking chair and riding becomes one of the most delightful of outdoor pastimes4 ,the boy who expects to go on an extended trip in the saddle should learn to care for a horse himself4 ,a horse should never be fed or watered when he is warm unless we continue to drive him immediately afterward4 ,neglect of this precaution may cause 8foundering10 which has ruined many a fine horse4 ,the art of packing a horse is one which every one in mountain countries away from railroads should understand4 ,packing a horse simply means tying a load over his back4 ,there are a great many hitches used for this purpose by ,western mountaineers1 but the celebrated diamond hitch will answer most purposes4 ,hunting and steeplechasing1 leaping fences and ditches1 are the highest art of horsemanship4 ,it is difficult to teach an old horse to be a hunter1 but with a young one you can soon get him to take a low obstacle or narrow ditch1 and by gradually increasing the distance make a jumper of him4 ,illustration3 ,jumping fences is the highest art of horsemanship ,the popularity of automobiles has caused the present generation partially to lose interest in horseflesh1 but no automobile ever made will furnish the real bond of friendship which exists between a boy and his horse1 or will be a substitute for the pleasure that comes from a stiff canter on the back of our friend and companion4 ,we do not really need an expensive horse4 ,a typical ,western or polo pony is just the thing for a boy or girl provided that it has no vicious or undesirable traits such as kicking1 bucking1 or stumbling1 or is unsound or lame4 ,it is always better if possible to buy a horse from a reliable dealer or a private owner4 ,there is a great deal of dishonesty in horse trading and an honest seller who has nothing to conceal should be willing to grant a fair trial of a week or more4 ,to enjoy our horse to the fullest extent we should take entire care of him ourselves4 ,he should be fed and watered regularly and groomed every morning until his coat shines4 ,if we neglect a horse and allow his coat to become rough it is almost as bad as to neglect feeding him4 ,never trust the care of your horse too much to another4 ,even if you keep him in a public stable or have a man of your own to care for him1 it is well to let them see that you are interested in giving your horse close personal attention4 ,,xiv ,,how ,,to ,,swim ,,and ,,to ,,canoe ,the racing strokes--,paddling and sailing canoes ,it has been said that the human being is the only animal that does not know instinctively how to swim without the necessity of being taught4 ,if we take a dog or a horse or even a mouse and suddenly place it in the water it will immediately begin to swim1 even though it has never seen a body of water larger than the source from which it obtains its drink4 ,with a man or boy it is different1 for the reason that with all the other animals the motions necessary to swim are those by which they walk or run2 with a human being it is entirely an acquired stroke4 ,after one becomes an expert swimmer he will find that he can keep afloat or at least keep his head above water1 which is all there is to swimming anyway1 by almost any kind of a motion4 ,by a little practice we can learn to swim 8no hands10 8no feet10 8one hand and one foot10 by all sorts of twists and squirms and in fact to propel ourselves by a simple motion of the toes4 ,the first stroke that a self-taught small boy learns is what is called 8dog fashioned40 ,this name accurately describes the stroke1 as it is in reality very similar to the motions by which a dog swims4 ,no amount of book instruction can teach a person to swim1 but a clear idea of the best general strokes will be of great assistance4 ,swimming is probably the best general exercise among athletic sports4 ,practically every important muscle in the body is brought into play1 and measurements show that swimmers have the most uniform muscular development of any class of athletes4 ,after we learn to swim1 the distance that we are capable of going is largely dependent upon our physical strength4 ,almost any man can swim a mile if he begins slowly and with the same regard for conserving his strength that a runner would have in attempting a mile run4 ,illustration3 ,swimming is ,one of the ,best ,outdoor ,sports 7,photograph by ,a4,r4 ,dugmore7 ,however skillful one is as a swimmer1 a proper respect for the dangers of the sport should always be present4 ,to take unnecessary risks1 such as swimming alone far beyond reach of help or jumping and diving from high places into water of uncertain depth is not bravery2 it is simply foolhardiness4 ,a good swimmer is a careful swimmer always4 ,the beginner must first of all try to overcome his natural fear of the water4 ,this is much harder to do than to learn the simple motions of hands or feet that makes us keep afloat and swim4 ,nothing will help to give us this confidence more quickly than to take a few lessons from some one in whom we have confidence and who will above all things not frighten us and so get us into danger4 ,with a good teacher1 a boy should be able to learn how to swim in two or three lessons4 ,of course he will take only a few strokes at first1 but those few strokes1 which carry with them self-confidence and which make us feel that swimming is not so hard an art after all1 is really half the battle4 ,after we are at least sure that we can get to shore somehow1 we can take up all the finished strokes which make a fancy swimmer4 ,there are a number of strokes used in swimming and especially in racing4 ,the common breast stroke is the first one to learn4 ,in this the swimmer should lie flat on his breast in the water and either be supported by the hand of his teacher or by an inflated air cushion4 ,the hands are principally used to maintain the balance and to keep afloat4 ,the real work should be done with the legs4 ,we learn to use the hands properly in a very short time1 but the beginner always shows a tendency to forget to kick properly4 ,for this reason swimming teachers lay great stress on the leg motion and in a measure let the hands take care of themselves4 ,in swimming the important thing is to keep our heads above the water1 a simple statement1 but one that beginners may take a long time to learn4 ,the impulse is not only to keep our heads but our shoulders out of the water also1 and this is a feat that even an expert can not accomplish for very long4 ,if we can allow ourselves to sink low in the water without fear1 and if we can also remember to kick and1 above all1 to make our strokes slowly and evenly1 we shall very soon learn to swim4 ,i have frequently seen boys learn to swim in a single afternoon4 ,another tendency of the beginner is to hold his breath while swimming4 ,of course we cannot swim very far or exert ourselves unless we can breathe4 ,we should take a breath at each stroke1 inhaling though the mouth and exhaling through the nose1 which is just the opposite to the hygienic method of land breathing4 ,whatever may be our methods1 however1 the main thing is not to forget to breathe1 which always results in finishing our five or ten strokes out of breath and terrified4 ,a great deal may be learned about swimming strokes by practice on land4 ,in fact some swimming teachers always follow the practice of teaching the pupil ashore how to make the stroke and how to breathe correctly4 ,a small camp stool or a box will give us the support we need4 ,the three things to keep in mind are the leg motion and the taking in of the breath through the mouth as the arms are being drawn in and exhaling as they are pushed forward4 ,it is better to learn to swim in salt water1 for the reason that it will support the body better4 ,an additional advantage is that we always feel more refreshed after a salt-water bath4 ,if we take up fast swimming1 we must learn one of the various overhand or overarm strokes4 ,the chief difference between these strokes and the simple breast stroke is that the arms as well as the legs are used to propel the body through the water1 and this power is applied so steadily and uniformly that instead of moving by jerks we move with a continuous motion and at a greater speed4 ,the single overarm is easier to learn than the double overarm or 8trudgeon0 stroke4 ,this latter stroke is very tiring and while undoubtedly faster than any other when once mastered1 it is only used for short sprints4 ,most of the great swimmers have developed peculiar strokes of their own1 but nearly all of them have adopted a general style which may be called the 8crawl40 ,there are many fancy strokes in swimming that one may acquire by practice1 all of which require close attention to form rather than speed1 just as fancy skating is distinguished from racing4 ,one of the simplest tricks to learn is called 8the rolling log40 ,we take a position just as we would in floating and then exerting the muscles first of one side and then the other we shall find that we can roll over and over just as a log might roll4 ,the idea in performing this trick successfully is not to show any apparent motion of the muscles4 ,swimming on the back is easily learned and is not only a pretty trick but is very useful in giving us an opportunity to rest on a long swim4 ,diving is also a branch of swimming that requires confidence rather than lessons4 ,a dive is simply a plunge head first into the water4 ,a graceful diver plunges with as little splash as possible4 ,it is very bad form either to bend the knees or to strike on the stomach1 the latter being a kind of dive for which boys have a very expressive though not elegant name4 ,somersaults and back dives from a stationary take-off or from a spring-board are very easily learned4 ,we shall probably have a few hard splashes until we learn to turn fully over1 but there is not much danger of injury if we are sure of landing in the water4 ,illustration3 ,a perfect dive ,water wings and other artificial supports are very useful for the beginner until he has mastered the strokes1 but all such artificial devices should be given up just as soon as possible1 and1 furthermore1 as soon as we can really swim1 in order to gain confidence1 we should go beyond our depth1 where it will be necessary to swim or drown4 ,a swimmer should always know how to assist another to shore in case of accident4 ,it is not nearly so easy as one who has never tried it might think4 ,a drowning person will for the time being be panic-stricken and the first impulse will be to seize us about the neck4 ,always approach a drowning person from the rear and support him under an armpit1 meanwhile talking to him and trying to reassure him4 ,every year we hear of terrible drowning accidents which might have been avoided if some one in the party had kept his head and had been able to tell the others what to do4 ,i have placed canoeing and swimming in the same chapter because the first word in canoeing is never go until you can swim4 ,there is practically no difference between the shape of the modern canoe and the shape of the ,indian birch bark canoes which were developed by the savages in ,america hundreds of years ago4 ,all the ingenuity of white men has failed to improve on this model4 ,a canoe is one of the most graceful of water craft and1 while it is regarded more in the light of a plaything by people in cities1 it is just as much a necessity to the guides and trappers of the great ,northern country as a pony is to the cowboy and the plainsman4 ,the canoe is the horse and wagon of the ,maine woodsman and in it he carries his provisions and his family4 ,illustration3 ,a typical ,indian model canoe ,while a canoe is generally propelled by paddles1 a pole is sometimes necessary to force it upstream1 especially in swift water4 ,in many places the sportsman is forced to carry his canoe around waterfalls and shallows for several miles4 ,for this reason a canoe must be as light as possible without too great a sacrifice of strength4 ,the old styles of canoes made of birch bark1 hollow logs1 the skins of animals and so on have practically given way to the canvas-covered cedar or basswood canoes of the ,canadian type4 ,illustration3 ,a sailing canoe in action ,it will scarcely pay the boy to attempt to make his own canoe1 as the cost of a well-made eighteen-foot canoe of the type used by professional hunters and trappers is but thirty dollars4 ,with care a canoe should last its owner ten years4 ,it will be necessary to protect it from the weather when not in use and frequently give it a coat of paint or spar varnish4 ,sailing canoes are built after a different model from paddling canoes4 ,they usually are decked over and simply have a cockpit4 ,they are also stronger and much heavier4 ,their use is limited to more open water than most of the rivers and lakes of ,maine and ,canada4 ,cruising canoes are made safer if water-tight air chambers are built in the ends4 ,even if a canoe turns over it does not sink4 ,some experts can right a capsized canoe and clamber in over the side even while swimming in deep water4 ,the seaworthiness of a canoe depends largely upon its lines4 ,some canoes are very cranky and others can stand a lot of careless usage without capsizing4 ,one thing is true of all1 that accidents occur far more often in getting in and out of a canoe than in the act of sailing it4 ,it is always unsafe to stand in a canoe or to lean far out of it to pick lilies or to reach for floating objects4 ,canoes may be propelled by either single or double paddles1 but the former is the sportman's type4 ,it is possible to keep a canoe on a straight course entirely by paddling on one side and merely shifting to rest1 but the beginner may have some difficulty in acquiring the knack of doing this1 which consists of turning the paddles at the end of the stroke to make up the amount that the forward stroke deflects the canoe from a straight course4 ,illustration3 ,in ,canoeing ,against the ,current in ,swift ,steams a ,pole is ,used in ,place of the ,paddle 7,photographs by ,a4,r4 ,dugmore7 ,illustration3 ,a type of sailing canoe ,an open canoe for paddling does not require a rudder4 ,a sailing canoe1 however1 will require a rudder1 a keel1 and a centreboard as well4 ,canoe sailing is an exciting and dangerous sport4 ,in order to keep the canoe from capsizing1 a sliding seat or outrigger is used1 upon which the sailor shifts his position to keep the boat on an even keel4 ,the centreboard is so arranged that it can be raised or lowered by means of a line4 ,,xv ,,baseball ,how to organize a team and to select the players--,the various positions--,curve pitching ,baseball is called the ,national ,game of ,america just as cricket is regarded as the national game in ,england4 ,the game received its wide popularity directly after the ,civil ,war by the soldiers who returned to all parts of the country and introduced the game that they had learned in camp4 ,almost every village and town has its ball team1 in which the interest is general4 ,it is not a game for middle-aged men to play1 like golf1 but if one has been a ball player in youth the chances are that he will keep his interest in the game through life4 ,baseball is largely a game of skill4 ,it does not afford nearly as much opportunity for physical exercise as tennis or football1 and because of the professional games it is not always conducted with as high a regard for sportsmanlike conduct1 but it has a firm hold on the ,american public1 and the winning of a championship series in the professional leagues is almost a national event4 ,every boy knows that a baseball team consists of nine players1 the positions being pitcher1 catcher1 first base1 second base1 third base1 and shortstop1 which are called the in-field1 and right-field1 centre-field1 and left-field1 which positions are called the out-field4 ,the umpire has a very important position in baseball1 as his decisions in a close game may result either in defeat or victory for a team4 ,an umpire should always be some one who knows the rules thoroughly and who is not too greatly interested in either team4 ,he should always try to be fair1 and having once made a decision be sure enough of himself to hold to it even if the whole opposing team may try by 8kicking0 to cause him to change4 ,much of the rowdyism in baseball can be attributed to this cause4 ,a good ball player is first of all a boy or man who shows himself to be a gentleman under1 all circumstances4 ,in baseball1 like many games where winning is sometimes the important thing rather than fair play1 the real benefits of the game are lost sight of in the desire to have a higher score than one's opponents4 ,probably the most clean-cut games are played by school and college teams1 which should always be strictly amateur4 ,illustration3 ,the in-curve ,illustration3 ,the out-curve ,the pitcher has the most important position on the team4 ,if by his skill he is able to deceive the opposing batsmen and cause them to strike out or to make feeble hits1 the rest of the team will have but little to do except of course to bat when their turn comes and try to score runs4 ,baseball has become a very scientific game in recent years and the sustained interest in it year after year is largely due to the fact that the regular attendants at a game have learned to understand and to appreciate the finer points of the game almost as well as the players themselves4 ,while it might appear to a beginner that the battery does all the work in a game1 as a matter of fact every man on the nine is supposed to do his part in backing up every play and to be in the right place at the right time4 ,a good pitcher must be able to pitch a curved ball4 ,this art will only come with constant practice4 ,until about forty years ago a curve was unknown4 ,in the old days the number of runs scored in a game was very high1 it being a common thing for a winning team to make twenty to thirty runs4 ,the rules of baseball are changed frequently and almost every change has been made with a view to restricting the batsman4 ,as a consequence1 in modern games the scores are very low and sometimes neither side will score a single run in a tie game of ten or twelve innings4 ,in modern baseball a team that plays together frequently has a prearranged code of signals that are understood by each member of the team4 ,it is very important for every player on a side to know whether the pitcher intends to deliver a high or a low ball or one that may either be batted well into the out-field or probably be a grounder that will be taken care of by some one on the in-field4 ,of course these things do not always work out as is planned4 ,the pitcher may not have good control of the ball or pitch wild1 the catcher may make a bad 8muff0 and let the ball get by him1 or what we expect to be a bunted ball may be a home run1 but all of this is part of the sport and helps to make baseball one of the most interesting and exciting of games4 ,in any case there is no question that nine boys who are accustomed to play together and who understand each other's methods of play and signals will have a better chance of winning a close game than nine other players who may have a shade the better of it in individual work but who do not play together4 ,illustration3 ,the drop ,illustration3 ,the out-drop ,most games are won or lost in a single instant at a crucial moment when some one fails to make good1 or who1 usually in the case of a pitcher1 lets up on his speed or accuracy just at the critical time4 ,the ,national ,championship of #aijh was decided in favour of ,chicago because one of ,new ,york's players in the deciding game of the season failed to touch second base when the last man was out4 ,the game had been won by ,new ,york except for this mistake1 and the result was that another game was played1 which ,chicago won before the largest crowd that probably ever assembled to witness a game of baseball4 ,when a baseball team is organized1 the first thing to do is to elect a captain from one of the players1 and after this is decided every boy on the team should give him absolute support and obedience4 ,a team should also have a manager whose duties are to arrange games with other teams of the same class1 to arrange for the transportation of players and1 in fact1 to attend to all the business duties of games that come outside of actual playing4 ,usually a boy is chosen for manager who is not a ball player himself1 but who has shown an interest in the team4 ,the captain should be a boy who first of all knows the game and who has the respect and cooperation of the other players4 ,the position that he may play on the team is not so important1 but usually it is better to have some one from the in-field as captain1 as he will be in a better position to keep close watch on the progress of the game and to give directions to the other players4 ,in case of a disputed point it is better to allow your captain to make a protest if such is necessary4 ,observance of this rule will prevent much of the rowdyism that has characterized the game of baseball4 ,no boy should ever attempt to win games by unfair tactics4 ,the day of tripping1 spiking1 and holding is gone4 ,if you are not able by your playing to hold up your end on a ball team you had better give up the game and devote your attention to something that you can do without being guilty of rowdyism4 ,strict rules of training are not as necessary for baseball players as for some other branches of sport1 because the game is not so strenuous nor does it involve such sustained physical exertion1 but any boy will make a better ball player as well as a better man if he observes the rules of training1 such as early hours for retiring1 simple food1 and regular systematic exercise4 ,the battery of a team is an exception to the rule regarding strict training4 ,both the pitcher and catcher should be in the best physical condition4 ,a pitcher who stands up for nine innings is obliged to do a tremendous amount of work and if he becomes tired or stiff toward the end of the game he will probably be at the mercy of the opposing batsmen4 ,usually the pitcher of a team is a boy who is physically strong and who can stand hard work4 ,the other positions1 however1 are usually assigned because of the build of the individual player4 ,the pitcher1 however1 may be tall or short1 fat or thin1 so long as he can pitch4 ,the pitcher is the most important member of a ball team4 ,most of the work falls to him1 and a good pitcher1 even with a comparatively weak team behind him1 can sometimes win games where a good team with a weak pitcher would lose4 ,a good pitcher must first of all have a cool head and keep his nerve even under the most trying circumstances4 ,he must also have good control of the ball and be able to pitch it where he wants it to go4 ,after that he must have a knowledge of curves and know how by causing the ball to spin in a certain way to cause it to change its course and thus to deceive the batsman4 ,the art of curving a ball was discovered in #ahfg4 ,before that time all that a pitcher needed was a straight1 swift delivery4 ,the three general classes of curved balls used to-day are the out-curve1 the in-curve1 and the drop4 ,there are also other modifications called 8the fade away10 8the spitball10 and others4 ,curve pitching will only come with the hardest kind of practice4 ,in general the spin is given to the ball by a certain use of the fingers and the method of releasing it4 ,it is necessary to conceal your intentions from the batsman in preparing to deliver a curve or he will divine your intention and the effort may be wasted4 ,all curves are produced by a snap of the wrist at the instant of releasing the ball4 ,excellent practice may be had in curving by pitching at a post from a sixty-foot mark and watching to see the effect of various twists and snaps4 ,pitching is extremely hard on the arm and practice should be very light at first until the muscles become hardened4 ,even the best professional pitchers are not worked as a rule oftener than two or three games a week4 ,a good baseball captain always tries to develop several pitchers from his team4 ,it is of course very desirable to have a 8star pitcher0 who can be depended on1 but if the star should happen to be ill or to injure his fingers on a hot liner or for some reason cannot play1 unless there is a substitute1 the effect of his absence on his team will be to demoralize it4 ,for that reason every encouragement should be given to any boy who wants to try his hand at pitching4 ,if a game is well in hand it is usually safe to put in a substitute pitcher to finish it4 ,this is done in college teams for the reason that no amount of practice is quite like playing in an actual game4 ,it may be said to guide the beginner that the method of producing curves varies greatly with different pitchers1 but that in general the out-curve is produced by grasping the ball with the first and second fingers and the thumb4 ,the grip for this curve should be tight and the back of the hand turned downward4 ,the out-curve can be produced either with a fast ball or a slow one4 ,for the in-curve a swinging sidearm motion is used1 the ball being released over the tips of the first two fingers with a snap to set it spinning4 ,it may also be produced by releasing the ball over all four fingers4 ,the grip of the ball for the drop is very similar to the out-curve1 but in delivery the hand is brought almost directly over the shoulder4 ,in all curves the pitcher must have extremely sensitive fingers and be able to control them with almost as much skill as one requires in playing a piano4 ,we must keep in mind which way we desire the ball to spin to produce the required curve and then to give it just as much of this spin as we can without interfering with our accuracy4 ,no two pitchers will have the same form or manner of delivery4 ,in learning to pitch1 the main thing is to adopt the delivery that seems most natural to you without especial regard to form1 and with no unnecessary motions4 ,a pitcher must always be on the alert and keep a close watch on the bases when they are occupied4 ,he must not1 however1 allow the remarks of coacher or spectators to cause him to become rattled or confused4 ,baseball at best is a noisy game1 and a pitcher who is sensitive to outside remarks or joshing will never be a real success4 ,the catcher is usually a short1 stocky player with a good reach and a quick1 accurate throw4 ,he is usually the acting general in a game and signals to the whole team4 ,the principal test of a good catcher is to be able to make a quick1 swift throw to second base without being obliged to draw his arm fully back4 ,such a ball is snapped from the wrist and should be aimed to catch the base runner who is attempting to steal the base4 ,this play is very common in ball games1 and as there is only a difference of an instant in the time that it takes a runner to go from first base to second1 who starts just as the pitcher delivers the ball1 and the time it takes a pitched ball to be caught by the catcher and snapped to second1 a game may be won or lost just on this play alone4 ,if the opposing team finds that it can make second in safety by going down with the pitcher's arm1 it will surely take full advantage of the knowledge4 ,to have a man on second is disconcerting to the pitcher as well as a difficult man to handle4 ,it therefore follows that a catcher who cannot throw accurately to the bases becomes a serious disadvantage to his team4 ,in the old days a catcher had to be able to catch either with bare hand or with a light glove1 but the modern catcher's mitt1 mask1 chest-protector1 and shin guards make the position far safer1 and almost any boy who is quick and has nerve can be trained to become a fairly good catcher so long as he has a good throw and is a good general4 ,the first baseman is usually a tall boy who is active and who can cover his position both in reaching for high balls and in picking up grounders4 ,of course in a baseball score the first baseman will score the largest number of 8put outs10 because practically all he is obliged to do is to cover the base and to catch the ball before the runner gets there4 ,it is in fielding his position and in pulling down balls that are thrown wildly that the first baseman can show his chief skill4 ,the positions of second base and shortstop are practically the same1 and these two players should understand each other perfectly and know just when to cover the base and when to back up the other4 ,neglect of this precaution often results in the most stupid errors1 which are discouraging alike to the team and the spectators4 ,both players should be quick and active1 with an ability to throw both over and under handed as well as to toss the ball after picking it up on the run4 ,the shortstop is often the smallest man on a team1 due no doubt to the theory that his work is largely in picking up grounders4 ,the shortstop is often led into habits which are commonly known as 8grand-stand plays02 that is1 he attempts to make difficult plays or one-handed stops with an unnecessary display of motions1 to bring the applause of the spectators4 ,no ball player was ever made by playing to the audience4 ,good form is not only very desirable but very necessary1 but the main thing in ball playing is to play your part and to forget that there is such a thing as an audience or applause4 ,if your form is good so much the better1 but if by paying too much attention to it you miss the ball and score an error1 your team may suffer defeat on account of your pride4 ,the main thing is to get the ball and after that to do it as gracefully as possible4 ,one-handed stops are well enough when you cannot get both hands on the ball1 but an error made in this way is not only the most humiliating kind but also the most inexcusable4 ,it must not be inferred that grand-stand playing is confined to the shortstop4 ,any member of the team can be guilty of it4 ,no player1 no matter how good he may be1 should be allowed to hold his position on a team unless he is willing to do his best at all times and unless he feels that the game is not lost nor won until the last man is out4 ,many experienced players consider that the most difficult position to play well is third base4 ,this player has to be ready for slow bunts as well as hard drives2 he must cover a lot of ground and try to get every ball that comes near him4 ,at the same time he must cover his base to stop the base runner from advancing home4 ,he will be obliged to stop hot liners with one hand and often while on the run to make an accurate throw to first base4 ,out-fielders are usually chosen because of their ability to bat as well as to be quick on their feet and catch fly balls on the run4 ,fielders should practise if possible to catch the ball in a throwing position1 so that no unnecessary time may be lost in getting the ball back to the in-field4 ,of the three fielding positions1 right-field is by far the most important4 ,he must be sure of ground balls as well as flies and also1 in common with all the fielders1 be a good judge of the batsmen and try to be where the batted ball is going4 ,the centre-fielder must be especially quick on his feet1 as he is expected to back up both shortstop and second base as well as to run in for line hits that just go over the in-fielders' heads4 ,the ability to start quickly when running for a ball can be greatly developed by practice and will greatly improve the player's game4 ,very often a fly ball will fall in such a position that the out-fielders will be in doubt who is to take it4 ,the result is usually a collision1 a missed ball and a chorus of groans from the spectators4 ,the remedy for this is to arrange beforehand for the second baseman to call out who in the case of a doubtful ball is to take it4 ,all of these things are part of the finer points of the game and will only come from practice4 ,a boy who really desires to become proficient in his position will try to avoid changing from one position to another1 but decide which position he likes to play best or is best fitted for and try to get all the practice possible4 ,an excellent opportunity will come from studying the methods of a good player in the same position1 noting carefully what he does on each play1 how he backs up the other players and how he fits in the general plan of team work4 ,it is a great advantage to any player to learn as much as he can about the skill and methods of his opponents4 ,some men cannot hit a low ball or a high one1 some will flinch when the ball comes close to them1 giving the pitcher a chance to deliver a straight1 swift ball over the inside of the plate1 which the umpire will call a strike even though the batsman devotes all of his energy to getting out of the way4 ,a left-handed thrower will seldom make a success as a ball player except as pitcher or on first base4 ,left-handed batsmen1 however1 are a distinct advantage to a team1 as nothing will so disconcert a green pitcher as to have batsmen standing first on one side of the plate and then on the other4 ,every boy who plays baseball must know the rules thoroughly to be a success4 ,it is in this way that advantage of every fair opportunity can be taken4 ,nothing is so disheartening to a team as to lose a closely contested game on a technicality of rules4 ,batting and base running are two departments of the game where one member of the team is as important as another4 ,a good batsman must have a quick eye and a quick brain4 ,when he decides to strike at a ball he must not change his mind and simply swing at it feebly after it is in the catcher's hands4 ,the best batters are not those who hit the ball the hardest4 ,judgment in placing hits is far more important than trying to knock out a home run every time you are at the bat4 ,you must remember that the pitcher is studying your batting methods and you must try just as hard to deceive him as he is trying to deceive you4 ,many a game has been won by a man who knew how to wait at the bat instead of swinging wildly at everything just for fear of having strikes called4 ,when you hit the ball there is only one rule--run4 ,you will very soon find out whether the ball is fair or foul or whether there is any chance of making first base4 ,a base runner should never stop trying to make a base until the ball is in the hands of the baseman4 ,one never can tell when a ball may be fumbled or muffed4 ,a baseball diamond should be a part of a town just as is the public square or a town hall4 ,the distance between the bases should be ninety feet and the four base-lines should form a square and all the angles should be right angles4 ,the three bases should be canvas bags filled with sawdust and fastened to their positions by pegs that are driven into the ground4 ,the home plate should if possible be a piece of whitened rubber4 ,a board securely fastened will do4 ,illustration3 ,how to lay out a baseball field ,the pitcher's box should be denoted by a strip of wood or rubber #bd inches long and #f inches wide4 ,this and home plate should be buried so that they are flush with the surface of the field4 ,the pitcher's box on a full-sized field is exactly #fj feet from home plate4 ,the standard baseball is the kind used by professional players4 ,it is covered with horsehide1 and is warranted to last an entire game without ripping or getting out of shape4 ,baseball bats are made of a variety of woods1 the common materials being ash1 willow1 and hickory4 ,a bat must not exceed #b inches in thickness at its thickest part4 ,there are a great many shapes and models named after the professional players who use them4 ,the shape of a bat does not make as much difference as some poor batters are inclined to think4 ,the manufacturers of sporting goods make all the accessories for playing baseball both in men's and boys' sizes4 ,every ball player should own his own mitt or glove and become accustomed to it4 ,the same is true of his bat4 ,the art of becoming a good ball player depends largely on the boy himself4 ,no one plays ball naturally4 ,it all comes with practice1 and it follows that the more practice we can get the better ball players we shall become4 ,it is a game where a loss of nerve is absolutely fatal to good work4 ,a player must keep his head no matter how trying the circumstances may be4 ,cool-headedness is especially important and the surest way to develop it is to be just as indifferent to the criticism of the crowd or your fellow-players1 so long as you know that you have done your best1 as you should be to their applause4 ,just play the game for all there is in it1 and you will be sure to become a moderately good player even though you may not be a star4 ,in field practice1 when some one is batting out balls to you1 try just as hard to stop and field each ball that comes within reach as you would if the result of the game depended on it4 ,it is only by this means that you can hope to become a finished ball player4 ,you can never learn by lying around in the shade and telling your friends how good you are going to be in the coming match game4 ,a regularly organized ball team should always adopt some club colours and be provided with uniforms4 ,very good ones complete with shirt1 pants1 stockings1 belt1 and cap can be purchased of sporting goods outfitters for two or three dollars a suit 7when ordered in lots of nine or more74 ,they can also sometimes be made more cheaply at home if mothers and sisters are willing4 ,the shirt should always be lettered with the name or initials of the team4 ,baseball shoes are usually provided with steel plates or leather knobs4 ,spikes are very dangerous and should not be permitted4 ,the regulation baseball shoe reaches just under the instep4 ,the rules of baseball are too long and complicated to be published here4 ,almost every year many important changes are made to improve the sport and to make it harder for the batsmen to make runs4 ,all of this tends to make the game more interesting and to develop it from a scientific side4 ,when a team is playing away from its home grounds the choice of innings--i4e41 who is to bat first--goes to the home team4 ,a game consists of nine full innings unless called by rain1 darkness or for some other cause4 ,if five complete innings have been played when the game stops1 the score always stands and the team ahead is declared the winner4 ,in case of a tie at the end of the game the play continues until at the completion of a full inning one team is ahead4 ,that ends the game and the team ahead is the winner4 ,in arranging games with visiting teams it is customary to make some arrangement as to expenses1 share of gate receipts or other guarantee4 ,it is very important in order to avoid unpleasant disputes to have this matter fully understood and agreed upon by the managers of each team before the game starts4 ,on account of fences1 houses1 and other obstacles that some baseball fields have it is customary for the umpire to decide what are called 8ground rules0 before the game starts4 ,the principal thing that mars a good game of ball next to kicking and wrangling is the tendency of the crowd to get on the field and to interfere with the players4 ,an easy remedy for this is simply to call the game until the spectators take their proper places4 ,baseball is a good game if it is properly played4 ,it is unfortunate that so many amateur games are spoiled because some of the players lose their tempers in their anxiety to have their wrongs righted4 ,no matter how good a ball player a boy is he will never get the real benefit of the game unless he remembers that it is not the one who loses his temper but 8he who ruleth his spirit0 that is really entitled to the respect of his fellows4 ,make up your mind to abide by the decision of the umpire just as a soldier obeys the orders of his superior officer4 ,it is the easiest thing in the world for an umpire to make a mistake1 but he will be far less likely to correct his errors if nine angry boys are all talking to him at once than if your captain quietly goes to him with the rules or the facts behind him and states the case4 ,it is an old saying but none the less true that 8oil catches more flies than vinegar40 ,a boy who has developed a healthy interest in baseball while young will probably never lose it in after life even though his opportunities to play or even to see a game are few4 ,i once met a mining man in the interior of ,mexico1 a hundred miles from a railroad and in a town where only three people spoke the ,english language1 and this man had not been to his home town in ten years1 but he had followed his baseball team through the papers all those years and could tell you more about the players than many a man living in the town where the team played4 ,such a man is what the newspapers call a 8fan10 which is an abbreviation of the word 8fanatic40 ,there is no harm in being a baseball enthusiast1 provided that we do not allow it to interfere with our work or allow our desire to witness games to take the place of systematic exercise for ourselves4 ,,xvi ,,how ,,to ,,play ,,football ,the various positions and how to select men for them--,team1 work and signals--,the rules ,football is usually played in the fall of the year because the exercise that it involves is so violent that to attempt it at any other time would probably result in injury to the players4 ,the cool1 frosty days of ,october and ,november make baseball out of season1 and such weather is ideal for football4 ,so much has been said and written about the dangers of football as a sport that many parents have strong objections to permitting their sons to play4 ,there is no question that it is a hard game and not suited to weaklings1 but a strong1 healthy boy can play football under proper conditions and with proper training quite as safely as he can do many other things to which parents raise no objections1 such as wrestling1 climbing trees1 playing hockey1 or even performing difficult feats of gymnastics or acrobatics in a gymnasium4 ,every year there are a number of serious accidents from football1 but there are also injuries from other games1 and people are injured who play no games at all1 so it simply is a question whether we are willing to take the chances of a sprained ankle or broken bone for the love of one of the best of outdoor sports4 ,illustration3 ,the lineup ,the recent changes in rules have made football a much safer game than it was in the early nineties1 when such plays as the 8flying wedge0 and line bucking were practically all there was to the game4 ,to any one who does not understand football it seems as though it were played with practically no science and with but few rules4 ,as a matter of fact a well-coached college team will sometimes have sixty or seventy separate plays each of which has been carefully practised and which requires each man on the team to do something to help make the play successful1 while on the other hand each man on the opposing team is doing his best to cause the play to fail4 ,the result to any one not understanding the game is simply a confused mass of struggling men and a final tumble with a pile of legs and arms flying about4 ,the ,american game of football called ,rugby is a development of the ,english game1 but the present game is very different from the ,english game of soccer or association football1 in which kicking predominates and where a round ball is used instead of the oval-shaped ,american football4 ,numerous efforts have been made to introduce the game of soccer into this country1 but the long popularity of the ,american game and the strong support that has been given to it by the colleges have prevented soccer from gaining much of a foothold4 ,football is played by two opposing teams of eleven men each4 ,the positions are right and left end1 right and left tackle1 right and left guard1 centre rush1 quarter-back1 right and left half-backs and full-back4 ,the manner in which they line up is shown in the accompanying diagram4 #j #j #j #j #j #j #j l4e4 l4t4 l4g4 c4 r4g4 r4t4 r4e4 #j q4 #j #j l4h4-b4 r4h4-b4 #j f-b4 ,the weight and size of the men on a football team largely govern the positions where they play4 ,the centre rush and the two guards are usually the heaviest men on the team1 as extra weight in the centre of the line is important to prevent what is called 8bucking the centre40 ,the two tackles should be strong1 stocky players1 not too tall1 but still with sufficient weight to enable them to keep their feet in a mass play and to offer strong resistance to a united attack on their position4 ,they should also be quick and agile and be able to advance the ball by rushing when called upon4 ,the two ends must be fleet of foot and quick1 sure tacklers4 ,with the constant changes in football rules the position of end has become more and more important1 until now a team with weak1 slow ends is almost like a baseball team with a poor pitcher4 ,many people regard the position of quarter-back as the most important on the team4 ,he is virtually the field captain4 ,a good quarter-back must be an all around player of the highest order4 ,he must first of all have a good head and be able to run off the plays of his team without confusion4 ,he must keep his head under the most trying circumstances4 ,he must watch for weak places in the opposing team and direct the play of his men against them4 ,he must offer encouragement to his own team and be always on the alert to capture a fumbled ball1 stop a runner who has eluded the tacklers or to catch a punt that may come within his reach4 ,in nearly all the big college games the quarter-back is one of the star players4 ,the nature of his many duties is such that he is forced to be a grand-stand player and to be conspicuous even though he may not desire to4 ,in running back punts the quarter-back will often be used because he is sure in catching them1 which is a matter of the greatest importance4 ,and all of this work is required of a man who is usually the smallest1 lightest man on the team and who alongside of the giant guards and centre sometimes looks like a pigmy4 ,there is no higher honour in football than to be a good all around quarter-back4 ,the half-backs are chosen because of their speed and their ability to advance the ball and to elude the tackling of the opposing team4 ,they come in for a very large share of the work and must be boys of superior strength and agility4 ,next to the quarter-back the player of the greatest importance is full-back4 ,his duty first of all is to attend to the kicking end of the game4 ,for that reason he must practise constantly both with punts and drop kicks and be able to put the ball between the goal posts from all angles and distances within reason4 ,a great many games are won by a good drop kicker making a field goal at a critical time1 and such a man is of the highest value to a team4 ,as drop kicking1 like pitching in baseball1 comes largely from practice1 the captain or manager of a team should see to it that any member of his team who shows any ability at all in this department should be given every opportunity and encouragement to develop his skill4 ,a good drop kicker can be used temporarily from almost any position in the line1 whether he be guard1 tackle or end4 ,as a rule1 however1 the full-back is the player who does most of the kicking4 ,he must also be a good line bucker and be able to gain the required distance when called upon4 ,in general1 then1 we choose the three centre men because of their weight1 the tackles and ends for speed and ability in tackling1 the quarter-back for his all around ability and his generalship1 the half-backs because of their skill in rushing the ball1 and the full-back for the kicking department4 ,any man on the team may be chosen captain4 ,as his work is largely done in practice and in perfecting plays1 unless a team is in the hands of a coach it is better not to add the duties of captain to the already overburdened quarter-back4 ,otherwise he is the logical and ideal man for the position4 ,illustration3 ,a football gridiron ,there is no game in which team work is more important than in football4 ,eleven boys of moderate ability and comparative light weight who can execute their plays with skill and precision can beat a team of heavier boys or superior players who may lack their skill and organization4 ,in the case of a school team it is almost always possible to secure the services of a coach from among the graduates4 ,if such a one has had experience on a college team so much the better4 ,a football field is #ccj feet long by #afj feet wide4 ,at each end are goal posts set #ah feet #f inches apart1 with a crossbar #aj feet above the ground4 ,the field is marked off in chalk lines similar to a tennis court1 these lines being #e yards apart4 ,the centre of the field where the play starts is #ee yards from either end4 ,it is usually customary to run lines parallel to the sides of the field1 also #e yards apart1 but as a field is but #afj feet wide the first and last of these lines are but #e feet from the side lines instead of #e yards4 ,the lines on a football field make a checkerboard effect and have given to the field the name of 8gridiron40 ,football is a game where eleven men try to force the ball back of the opposing players' goal line by various efforts in running with it or in kicking1 while the opposing team meanwhile1 by throwing the runner or by pushing him back1 try to prevent any gain being made4 ,each team is allowed a certain number of attempts to make a certain distance and1 if they fail to do this the ball becomes the property of the other team to make a similar attempt4 ,each of these attempts is called a 8down10 and1 according to the rules1 after three attempts1 if the runners have failed to gain the required distance1 the ball is given to their opponents4 ,in practice it is customary for a team to kick the ball on its last down and thus to surrender it just as far from its own goal line as possible4 ,the distance that must be made in three downs according to the present rules is ten yards4 ,sometimes a team will not kick on its last down because the distance remaining to be gained is so little that the quarter-back feels sure that one of his men can make it1 but this is an exception4 ,when ten or more yards are gained the ball becomes at first down again and the team has three more attempts to make another ten yards figured from where the ball was finally downed4 ,the ultimate object of 8rushing the ball10 as this play is called1 is to place it on the ground behind the enemy's goal line1 which is called a 8touchdown40 ,sometimes a team will succeed in getting the ball almost over the goal line and then because of the superior resistance of its opponents will find that it can advance it no further4 ,it is then customary for one of the players who has had practice in drop kicking to attempt to kick what is called a 8goal from the field0 or 8field goal40 ,this play counts less than a touchdown in the score1 counting but three points1 while a touchdown counts five1 but many a game has been won by a field goal4 ,football scores between evenly matched teams who play scientifically are usually low1 one or two scores in a game being all that are made4 ,it frequently happens that neither side will score1 but1 unlike baseball1 the game does not continue after the time limit has expired1 but simply becomes a tie game4 ,the game is divided into four periods of fifteen minutes each4 ,there are resting periods of three minutes each between the first and second and third and fourth periods1 and fifteen minutes between the second and third periods4 ,at the beginning of the game the two opposing captains toss up a coin and the winner of the toss has the choice of goals or of the ball4 ,his decision will be governed by the position of the sun and the wind conditions1 two very important things in football4 ,after each score the sides change goals1 however2 so the choice is not so important unless the game happens to be scoreless4 ,at the first play the ball is placed in the centre of the field and is kicked off1 a man on the opposing team trying to catch it and to run back as far as possible before he is tackled and the ball 8downed40 ,the next lineup takes place at this point and the game proceeds until a score is made4 ,after each score the ball is put in play just as at the beginning of the game4 ,the quarter-back calls out a series of numbers and letters called 8signals0 before the ball is put into play4 ,these signals will tell his team what the play is to be1 whether a run around end1 a kick1 or a mass play on centre1 for example4 ,the matter of thorough coaching in signals is very important and must be practised by the team until it can tell in an instant just what the play is to be when the play starts4 ,the centre stoops low and holds the ball in an upright position on the ground between his feet4 ,the quarter-back is directly behind him with outstretched hands ready to receive it4 ,after the signal is given the team must be ready to execute the play1 but must not by look or motion permit its opponents know what the play is to be4 ,at a touch or word from the quarter-back1 the full-back snaps the ball back and the play starts4 ,the position of the men on a team is generally as the diagram shows but for various plays other formations are used1 provided that they do not violate the rules1 which specify just how many men must be in the lineup and how many are permitted behind the line4 ,the first requirement of signals is to have them simple4 ,in the heat and stress of a game the players will have but little time to figure out what the play is to be1 even though it may all have seemed very simple on paper4 ,to begin a code of signals each position on the team is given a letter4 ,the eleven positions will require eleven letters and no two must be alike4 ,it would be possible of course to simply start with the letter 8a0 and go to 8k10 but this system would be too simple and easily understood by your opponents4 ,a better way is to take a word easily remembered in which no letter occurs twice1 such as 8,b-l-a-c-k-h-o-r-s-e-x0 or any other combination4 8,buy and trade0 8importance10 8formidable10 and many others are used4 ,the same principle is used by tradesmen in putting private price marks on their goods4 ,take the words 8buy and trade0 for example4 ,their positions right and left end1 abbreviated 7r4e4 and l4e471 right and left tackle 7r4t4 and l4t471 right and left guard 7r4g4 and l4g471 centre 7c471 quarter-back 7q471 right and left half-backs 7r4h4 and l4h471 and full-back 7f4b471 would be assigned letters as follows3 l4e4 l4t4 l4g4 c4 r4g4 r4t4 r4e4 q4 l4h4 f4b4 r4h4 ,b ,u ,y ,a ,n ,d ,t ,r ,a ,d ,e ,the letters denote not only players but holes in the line1 as the spaces between the players are called4 ,the quarter-back always adds to his signal a number of other letters or figures which have no meaning1 simply to confuse the opposing players4 ,for example the signal given is 8#bd-;,e-,n-#gb-,x40 ,the figures #bd and #gb mean nothing1 nor does the 8,x40 ,the signal says 8,e will take the ball and go through ,n10 or right half-back through right guard4 ,any number of other plays can be denoted by letters or numbers1 for example all punts by figures which are a multiple of ten1 as #aj-bj1 #aej-cjj1 and so on4 ,the beginner in football should first of all be provided with a suitable uniform2 there is no game in which this is more important4 ,the game is rough and many and harsh are the jolts we receive2 consequently we must use whatever padding and guards we can to provide against injury4 ,the custom is to wear a tight jersey with elbow pads1 a tight-fitting canvas jacket and well-padded canvas khaki or moleskin trousers4 ,the appearance of our uniform is of little consequence1 as football players are not noted for the beauty of their costumes4 ,heavy woollen stockings and football shoes complete the outfit4 ,the shoes are the most important part of the uniform4 ,they should lace with eyelets and be well provided with leather cleats to prevent slipping4 ,illustration3 ,football shoes ,a beginner at football can gain a lot of valuable points by carefully watching the practice of his team from the side lines4 ,he is then in a position when called upon to fill a given position which he may be trying for1 without obliging the coach or captain to give him instruction in many rudiments which he can just as well learn from observation4 ,he must also be thoroughly familiar with the rules and their interpretation4 ,a violation of the rules in football carries with it a severe penalty for the team1 provided of course that the referee sees it1 consequently1 a beginner must be especially careful not to permit his anxiety to make a good showing to result in being offside when the ball is put in play1 interfering with a man about to make a fair catch or in doing many other things which the excitement of the game may occasion4 ,the moment of putting the ball into play is called a 8scrimmage0 and the scrimmage continues until the ball is downed4 ,a ball is 8down0 when the runner is brought to a standstill or when he touches the ground with any part of his body except his hands or feet4 ,at this point the referee will blow his whistle and a lineup for a new scrimmage will take place4 ,illustration3 ,the football uniform ,when the ball is kicked1 a member of the opposing team who raises his hand and stands in one spot is entitled to make a catch without interference1 which if successful gives his team a free kick4 ,in a free kick his opponents may not come within ten yards of where the ball was caught and some member of his team may kick either a drop kick1 punt or place kick as he sees fit4 ,after a touchdown1 which counts five1 a place kick for goal is attempted4 ,if the ball goes between the goal posts and above the crossbar it counts one point additional for the team making the touchdown1 or six in all4 ,a score of one alone cannot be made in football1 as the attempt for goal cannot be made until after a touchdown4 ,this of course does not apply to a field goal1 which may be attempted at any time while the ball is in possession of the team and which counts three4 ,the smallest score is from a 8safety10 which results when a member of a team is forced to touch the ball down behind his own goal or is downed there by the opposing team4 ,this play counts two for his opponents and is an evidence of weakness of the team4 ,it has the advantage1 however1 of permitting the ball to be brought out twenty-five yards to be put into play4 ,the rules of football were practically unchanged for a number of years1 but the game developed so many dangerous features that nearly all the colleges recently agreed to certain important changes especially directed to abolishing mass play and line bucking4 ,for that reason the rules for the present game may be changed considerably within a few years4 ,a boy taking up football should therefore acquaint himself with the latest rules governing the sport4 ,football requires careful training1 but the best training will come from actual play itself4 ,in the beginning of the season a period of ten minutes' hard play is all that a boy should be called upon to do1 unless he is in excellent physical shape4 ,after that the time of practice should be lengthened until a candidate can go through a game of two full halves without being exhausted4 ,one reason for many football injuries is that the players become so completely winded that the ordinary power of resistance is lost4 ,besides actual play the best training is in taking long runs to improve the wind1 one of the most essential things in football4 ,in the colleges training for nearly all athletic events is done in this way and a candidate who cannot go out with his squad and run four or five miles at a stiff dog trot will have but little chance of making his team4 ,,xvii ,,lawn ,,tennis ,how to make and mark a tennis court--,clay and sod courts--,the proper grip of the racket--,golf--,the strokes and equipment ,the steady growth in popularity of lawn tennis as well as the splendid exercise that results from playing this game has given it a sure place in the field of athletic sports4 ,it is a game that requires a great deal of skill1 and as no one realizes this fact more than those who are experts1 a beginner should not be deterred from playing tennis simply because he may fear the criticism of the more experienced4 ,the only way to learn the various strokes and to be able to play a good game is to practise at every opportunity4 ,it is better to play against some one who is more skilful than ourselves and who will keep us on our mettle to make a good showing4 ,the eye and the muscles must work automatically and with precision4 ,no amount of written instructions can give us this skill4 ,the personal outfit for playing tennis is of course very simple4 ,every player should own his racket and become accustomed to it4 ,they cost almost any price up to eight dollars1 which will buy the very best rackets made4 ,the weight and size of the racket will depend on our strength4 ,the average weight for a man is about fourteen ounces and for a boy an ounce or two lighter4 ,a skilful player becomes so accustomed to the feeling and weight of his own racket that often he will play an indifferent game if he is forced to use any other4 ,the game of lawn tennis was first played on a lawn or grass court1 and many players still prefer this kind of a court1 but the difficulty of obtaining a good sod1 and after having obtained it the greater difficulty of keeping it in good condition1 have increased the popularity of a skinned or clay court1 which is always in fair condition except immediately after a heavy rain4 ,the expense of maintaining a tennis court is more than most boys or most families would care to undertake4 ,as a rule1 tennis courts fall in the same general class with golf links in that they lend themselves readily to the joint ownership of a club or school1 where the expense falls on a number rather than on an individual4 ,in a great many places the boys of a town or village have clubbed together and have obtained permission from some one owning a piece of vacant ground that is not likely to be sold or improved within a few years and have built a tennis court on it4 ,this arrangement helps the appearance of the land1 that should be secured at a very low rental1 or none at all if the owner is public spirited and prefers to see the boys of his town grow up as healthy1 athletic men rather than weaklings who have no place for recreation but in the village streets1 where passing trucks and automobiles will endanger their lives1 or at least cause them to be a nuisance to the public4 ,illustration3 ,the dimensions of a tennis court ,to build a tennis court properly means a lot of work and it should only be attempted under the direction of some one who understands it4 ,the things most important are good drainage1 good light1 and sufficient room4 ,a double court is #cf feet wide by #gb feet long1 but in tournament games or on courts where experts play it is customary to have an open space about #fj feet wide by #aaj to #abj feet long1 to give the players plenty of room to run back and otherwise to play a fast game4 ,a court should always be laid out north and south or as near these points of the compass as possible4 ,in courts running east and west the sun is sure to be in the eyes of one of the players nearly all day2 this is of course a very serious objection4 ,while it is very pleasant to play tennis in the shade of a tree or building1 a court should never be located under these conditions if it is possible to avoid it4 ,a properly placed court should be fully exposed to the sun all day4 ,first of all it will be necessary to decide whether a grass or 8dirt0 court is to be built4 ,if the grass is fine and the place where the court is to be happens to be level1 there is little to do but to cut the sod very short with a lawn-mower and to mark out the court4 ,if1 on the contrary1 there is much grading or levelling to be done1 a dirt court will be much cheaper and better in the end1 as constant playing on turf soon wears bare spots4 ,the upkeep of a grass court will be expensive unless it is feasible to move its position from time to time4 ,whatever the court is to be1 the first question to consider is proper drainage4 ,if the subsoil is sandy the chances are that the natural soakage will take care of the surplus water1 but on the contrary1 if the court is at the bottom of a hill or in a low place where clay predominates1 it is necessary to provide some means of getting rid of the surplus water from rainfalls or our court may be a sea of mud just when it would be most useful to us4 ,to level a court properly we shall need the services of some one expert with a levelling instrument of some kind4 ,it is not safe to depend on what seems to be level to our eye1 as our judgment is often influenced by leaning trees1 the horizon1 and other natural objects4 ,with a few stakes driven into the ground1 the tops of which are level1 we are enabled to stretch lines which will give us our levels accurately4 ,a court should have a slope of a few inches from one end to the other to carry off water4 ,after the level is determined1 all there is to making a court is to fill in or cut away soil and earth until the proper level space is obtained4 ,as a rule it is better to dig away for a court rather than to fill in1 as we thus obtain a better bottom and one that will require but little rolling4 ,in the case of a slope1 it is well so to locate the court that the amount of earth excavated from one end will be just about sufficient to fill in the other4 ,the final surfacing of a court is done by means of clay and sand in the proportion of about four or five to one1 the clay of course being in excess4 ,to mix clay and sand thoroughly1 the former should first be pulverized thoroughly when dry and the mixture sifted over the court carefully and evenly4 ,the next step is rolling and wetting1 and more rolling and wetting until finally the whole is allowed to dry and is ready for play4 ,the slight irregularities and roller ridges that often appear in a court will soon be worn off by the players' feet1 but playing of course will not change the grade4 ,a new court will be greatly improved by use1 but no one should be allowed on a court except with rubber-soled shoes4 ,heeled shoes will soon ruin a court1 and it is bad practice even to allow any one to walk over a court unless with proper footwear4 ,the preliminary levelling of a court can be accomplished with a rake and a straight-edged board1 but after the clay has become packed and hard it will be necessary to use considerable force in scraping off the inequalities4 ,a metal cutting edge1 such as a hoe or scraper1 will be found useful4 ,a court should be swept with a coarse broom to distribute the fine material evenly4 ,another very good sweeper can be made from a piece of wood about six or eight feet long to which several thicknesses of bagging have been tacked or fastened4 ,the final step in making a court consists in marking it out4 ,most courts are marked so that they will be suitable either for singles or doubles or so that either two or four people can play at a time4 ,where tape markers are to be used1 the proper distances will appear on the tape without measuring1 but if lime is used for marking a careful plotting will be necessary to secure the proper distances1 after which the corners should be indicated by angle irons1 so that the court may be remarked at any time without re-measuring4 ,illustration3 ,a game of doubles in lawn tennis ,considerable difficulty is often experienced by beginners in marking out a court1 and1 in fact1 it is not a simple matter4 ,the first thing of importance is to determine generally one corner of the court and to get a base line and a side line at a true right angle of ninety degrees4 ,the same principle may be employed that is used by builders and surveyors in 8squaring a building10 as it is called4 ,you will need a ten-foot pole with marks for the feet indicated on it in lead pencil1 and in addition to this a few #bj-penny spikes and a ball of stout twine4 ,drive a nail into the ground where you want one corner of the court and fasten the line to it2 then stretch the line to another nail to mark either a side line or back line4 ,you will then have one side and the corner fixed1 and the problem is to get another line at right angles to it4 ,boys who have studied geometry know that 8in a right-angle triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides40 ,it isn't necessary to understand this1 but it is the principle employed in 8squaring40 ,you next stretch another line and have some one hold it4 ,on the fixed side line you measure eight feet from the corner nail and mark it with a piece of twine tied around the line4 ,you also make a six-foot mark on the line to be at right angles to it1 the exact direction of which is yet to be determined4 ,both of these measurements must be accurate4 ,the boy on the end of the loose line moves it until the distance between the two pieces of twine is exactly the length of your ten-foot pole4 ,the angle thus formed is exactly ninety degrees1 or a right angle4 ,having obtained one side and one end1 to finish marking is simply a matter of making the necessary measurements of a court as shown on the diagram and marking each intersecting point with a nail driven into the ground4 ,illustration3 ,how to mark out a tennis court ,another way to lay out a court is to drive two stakes or nails into the ground #bg feet apart4 7,the line of these stakes should be the position of the net47 ,then take two pieces of twine1 one #dg feet #e inches long1 and the other #ci feet4 ,fasten one line to each of the spikes that you have placed #bg feet apart4 ,where the two lines meet as they are pulled taut are the true corners of the court1 as there are only four points where they can meet4 ,the various measurements can then be marked as above by referring to the diagram4 ,it is customary to mark a double court and to indicate the lines for singles afterward4 ,the game of tennis may be played either by two or four persons1 or sometimes an expert player will stand two beginners4 ,the ball used is rubber filled with air and covered with white felt and is #b inches in diameter4 ,it is necessary to play with two balls1 and to save time in chasing those that go wild it is customary to play with three or four4 ,illustration3 ,photographs of ,tennis ,strokes ,taken in ,actual ,play ,one of the players begins by serving4 ,the selection of the court is usually chosen by lot or by tossing up a racket in a way similar to tossing a cent4 ,the side of the racket where the woven gut appears is called 8rough10 and the other side 8smooth40 ,this practice is not to be recommended1 as it injures the racket4 ,it is better to toss a coin4 ,the game of tennis consists in knocking the ball over the net and into the court of your opponent1 keeping up this volley until one side or player fails to make the return properly or at all1 which scores his opponent a point4 ,while a game in tennis consists of four points1 the simple numbers from one to four are not used4 ,the points run #ae1cj1 #dj1 game1 when one side makes them all4 ,or it may be 8#ae-cj10 8#ae all10 and so on1 the score of the server being mentioned first4 ,where one side has nothing their score is called 8love40 ,when one side has scored four points the game is won--with this exception3 ,when both sides are tied at #dj1 or 8deuce10 as it is called1 the winners must make two points more than their opponents to win4 ,in this way the game may be continued for a long time as the points are won first by one side and then by the other4 ,the score at deuce1 or 8#dj all10 will be denoted as 8vantage in0 or 8vantage out10 depending upon whether the server's side or the other wins one of the two points necessary to win from 8deuce40 ,if first one side1 then the other1 obtains one of these points the score will be 8vantage in0 or 8out10 as the case may be1 and then 8deuce0 again1 until finally when two points clear are made it is 8game40 ,a set of tennis consists in winning six games1 but in this case also there is a peculiar condition4 ,where each side wins five games it is necessary in order to win the set to obtain a lead of two games4 ,the score in games is then denoted just as in a single game1 8deuce0 and 8vantage0 games being played until a majority of two is won4 ,illustration3 7a7 the right and 7b7 the wrong way to hold a tennis racket ,to learn the game of tennis1 first obtain a proper grip of the racket4 ,it should always be held firmly and as near the end as possible1 the leather butt being inside the hand4 ,a loose grip will absolutely prevent a player from becoming expert1 as the accuracy and quickness that are a part of tennis can never be obtained unless we have the racket under perfect control4 ,the various backhand1 high and low strokes will only come from constant practice4 ,the most important stroke to master as well as the most difficult is a swift1 accurate service4 ,a player who is otherwise a fair player can easily lose game after game by not having mastered his service stroke1 and thus he beats himself without any effort on the part of his opponent4 ,the various 8twist0 services have almost passed out of use4 ,even the best players employ a straight1 swift overhand ball4 ,to fail to serve the ball over the net and in the proper place is called a 8fault40 ,the player has two chances and to fail in both is called 8a double fault40 ,a common mistake is to attempt a swift smash on the first ball1 which may fail half the time1 and then to make sure of the second ball by an easy stroke which a skilful opponent can return almost at will and thus either extend us to the utmost to return it or else make us fail altogether4 ,it is better to make sure of the first serve than to attempt a more difficult serve than our skill will permit4 ,,golf ,the game of golf1 while of comparatively recent introduction in this country1 has sprung rapidly into popularity4 ,it is hard to say just why it should be such a popular game except that it combines a certain amount of healthful outdoor exercise with an unlimited opportunity for skill1 and in addition to this1 unlike the more violent games1 it can be joined in by old as well as young4 ,the proper construction and maintenance of a golf course is an expensive proposition4 ,a private course is altogether out of the question except for the very wealthy4 ,a club in starting with a limited amount of money will find it more satisfactory to begin with the construction of a nine-hole or even a six-hole course rather than to attempt a full course of eighteen holes which will be indifferently constructed or kept up4 ,the average eighteen-hole course is about three miles long and is built according to the general lay of the land4 ,a hole in golf consists in the stretch between the 8tee10 from which the ball is knocked off1 and the 8putting green10 where the player 8putts0 the ball into the 8hole0--a can sunk into the ground which has about the same diameter as a tomato can4 ,the score consists in the number of strokes required to make the hole1 and of course the player making the fewest number of strokes is the winner of the hole or match4 ,illustration3 ,addressing ,illustration3 ,at the top of the swing ,illustration3 ,just before the ball is struck ,golf has but few rules4 ,the secret of playing well consists in being able to swing the clubs with accuracy and precision4 ,there is no game where proper form counts for more and none in which more careful preliminary instruction by an expert is so important4 ,if one can at the very outset obtain the services of a professional or a skilful player for a few lessons1 it will do far more good than ten times as many lessons after we have contracted bad habits which will have to be unlearned4 ,the surest way to be a poor golfer is first to think that it is a sort of 8old man's game10 or1 as one boy said1 8a game of knocking a pill around a ten-acre lot02 then when the chance to play our first game comes along to do it indifferently1 only to learn later that there is a lot more to the skill of a good player than we ever realized4 ,another very common mistake is to buy a complete outfit of clubs1 which a beginner always improperly calls 8sticks10 before we really know just what shape and weight of club is best adapted to our needs4 ,illustration3 ,a good outfit of clubs for golf ,the common clubs in most players' outfits consist of a driver1 brassie1 cleek1 iron1 and putter4 ,we can add to this list almost indefinitely if we wish1 as there are all sorts of clubs made for various shots and with various angles4 ,the game of golf consists in covering a certain fixed course in the fewest number of shots4 ,we shall have to practise both for distance and accuracy4 ,the first few shots on a hole of average length will give us an opportunity for distance4 ,this is especially true of the first shot1 or drive1 but after that we make what are known as approach shots--that is to say1 we are approaching the putting green where we complete the hole by 8putting0 the ball into the tin cup sunk into the ground4 ,on the green we shall need to be very careful1 as a stroke wasted or poorly played counts just as much against our score if the ball goes only a few feet as if we sliced or 8foozled0 our drive4 ,in scoring for golf there are two methods3 ,either the score of each hole is taken and the winner of a majority of holes wins the match1 or the total score in counted as in 8medal0 or 8tournament play40 8,bogie score0 is a fictitious score for the course that is supposed to denote perfect playing without flukes or luck4 ,the mysterious 8,colonel ,bogie0 is an imaginary player who always makes this score4 ,illustration3 ,how ,an ,expert ,plays ,golf ,,xviii ,,photography ,the selection of a camera--,snapshots vs4 real pictures--,how to make a photograph from start to finish ,aside from our own pleasant recollections1 an album of photographs can be the most satisfactory reminder of the good times we have had on some vacation or outdoor trip4 ,photography has been made so easy and so inexpensive by modern methods that every one should have some kind of a camera4 ,small instruments capable of taking really excellent pictures within their limits can be bought for five dollars or even less4 ,of course we cannot hope often to obtain pictures that will be really artistic with such a small outfit1 but sometimes the inexpensive cameras will give remarkably good results4 ,snapshot pictures seem to fill such an important place in our outdoor life that no vacation or excursion trip seems to be complete unless some one takes along a camera4 ,the modern way of taking pictures1 which is simply pressing a button and sending a film to the professional to 8do the rest10 including developing1 printing and mounting1 is really not photography4 ,almost any one can take pictures with a small hand camera4 ,the manufacturers have perfected instruments so complete for this kind of work that there is very little for us to do beyond being sure that we have an unexposed section of film in place and that we have sufficient light to obtain a picture4 ,of course we must have the focus right and must be sure we are pointing at what we wish to take4 ,real photography is quite different from snapshot work4 ,it is a hobby so fascinating and with such great possibilities that there is scarcely anything that will give a boy or girl more real pleasure in life and a better opportunity to be outdoors than to become an expert outdoor photographer4 ,unfortunately it is a rather expensive pastime1 but even with a moderate priced instrument we can obtain excellent results under the right conditions4 ,i have seen a prize-winning picture in an exhibition that was made with a cigar box1 with a pinhole in one end for a lens4 ,even though one does not care to become an expert photographer1 by all means get a camera and make snapshots4 ,it is quite a common idea for an amateur to attribute his failures to defects in his material or outfit4 ,you may be sure when you fail it is your own fault4 ,dealers in photographic supplies constantly have complaints from customers about defective materials1 and certainly nine out of every ten of these cases are simply due to the carelessness of the operator with perfectly good material4 ,it is well for a beginner in photography to start with a simple snapshot camera4 ,they can be bought for three or four dollars up to twenty-five4 ,such cameras are used with films1 and simply require the operator to expose his film in plenty of light and with the proper attention to the distance that the object to be photographed may be from the camera4 ,until we can accurately estimate distances1 such as #h1 #ae1 #be or more feet1 it will be far safer to pace off the distance1 remembering that a long step for a boy is about equivalent to three feet4 ,some cameras have a universal focus and require no adjusting1 but an adjustable camera will usually give better results4 ,some cameras are so constructed that they may be used either as a hand machine or on a tripod for view work4 ,they can also be adapted either to films or plates and be operated with the ground glass for focussing1 or if desired1 the focussing scale and view finder may be used4 ,the size of our camera will depend largely upon our purse4 ,the cost of the camera itself is not the only thing to consider4 ,all the plates and supplies increase in proportion to the size of our instrument4 ,a good all around size is #dx#e1 or if we really wish to become photographers the #ex#g is a standard4 ,a number of new sizes have recently been introduced and have proven very satisfactory4 ,perhaps the best size for a snapshot camera is #c x #e4 ,there are a great many makes of cameras on the market1 but even at the risk of advertising one firm more than another it is only fair to say that there is really nothing better in pocket snapshot machines than the kodaks4 ,in view cameras it is different4 ,there are instruments of a dozen makes any of which will produce excellent results4 ,the tests to apply in selecting a view camera are its workmanship1 compactness1 and the various attachments and conveniences it has4 ,the salesman from whom you purchase will explain fully just what its possibilities are1 especially if you take some experienced person with you who can ask questions4 ,suppose you begin photographing with a simple 8snapshot0 outfit4 ,the first thing to remember is that there is absolutely no excuse for the large percentages of failures that beginners have in making pictures1 and which are due solely to their own carelessness and inattention to simple details4 ,first of all1 immediately after making an exposure1 be sure to form the habit of turning the key until a fresh film comes into place2 then you will never be troubled with the question whether you have exposed the film or not4 ,every professional photographer who develops for amateurs handles many films in which some of the negatives are blank and some are double negatives with two pictures on one film4 ,this is solely the fault of the photographer1 who was never quite sure and would first make the mistake of exposing a film twice1 then turning the roll without exposing it at all4 ,if you are really in doubt1 it is better to turn the roll to the next number1 as you thus simply lose a film but preserve both negatives2 if1 on the other hand1 you make a double exposure1 you will lose both pictures4 ,the snapshot photographer should never take a picture unless he really wants it and unless he is pretty certain of making a picture4 ,snapping here and there without a proper condition of light1 focus1 or subject is a very bad habit to contract4 ,until you can make at least eight good pictures out of ten you are not a photographer4 ,no average lower than this should satisfy you4 ,do not blame the lens for your failures4 ,in recent years the art of making lenses has advanced wonderfully1 and while the one in your camera may not be an expensive one or capable of a wide range of use1 it is at least adapted to the purpose of your instrument or you may be sure that the manufacturers would never have used it4 ,we should not consider the snapshot expert who merely presses the button as a real photographer1 even though he obtains fine pictures4 ,no one deserves this name who does not understand the operations of the dark room4 ,one who has experienced the wonderful sensation of working in a faint yellow-ruby light and by the application of certain mysterious chemicals of seeing a picture gradually come into view on the creamy surface of a dry plate will never again be satisfied to push the button and allow some one else 8to do the rest40 ,however1 if you do not wish to go into photography extensively you may at least learn just what limits your hand camera has1 and at the end of the season in place of a lot of ill-timed pictures you can have an album full of creditable prints for which no apology will be necessary4 ,it is quite beyond the limits of this chapter to go into photography fully1 but some of the simple principles may be of use to the boy or girl who has taken up the subject4 ,the modern snapshot camera even of small size has great possibilities4 ,with a clear negative we can have an enlargement made on bromide paper that will be a source of great satisfaction4 ,the actual making of enlargements is usually beyond the limits of an amateur's outfit4 ,in this part of photographic work it will be better to patronize a professional4 ,to become an expert photographer and one whose work will be worth while1 we must really make a study of the subject4 ,the modern outfits and chemicals make it very easy for us if we do our part4 ,the basis of successful work is a good lens1 which is really the eye of the camera4 ,in selecting it we should get just as good a one as we can afford4 ,there are a great many excellent makes of lenses on the market and even the stock types that are supplied with moderate priced cameras are of very good quality4 ,the two distinct types of lenses are the 8rapid rectilinear0 and the 8anastigmatic10 which names refer to their optical properties in distributing the light4 ,for our purpose all we need to know is that the higher price we pay the better our lenses will be1 and in addition to this the further fact that the best kind of results can be obtained by any lens provided that we do not try to force it to do work for which it is not adapted4 ,to understand photography we must first of all get a clear notion of the use and purpose of the stops1 as the various openings or apertures are called that the lens is provided with4 ,a 8fast0 lens is one that will give a sharp picture at a maximum opening1 and such lenses are both the most expensive and the most universal in their application4 ,lenses of this class are used in making instantaneous pictures with very rapid exposures1 and for ordinary view or portrait work will produce no better results than much slower and less expensive types4 ,perhaps the best way to understand photography as an art rather than a 8push the button0 pastime is to take up the process of making a picture step by step4 ,to begin with1 the real photographer will use plates instead of films1 as much better pictures usually are possible by their use4 ,dry plates come a dozen in a box1 usually packed face to face--that is1 with the film or sensitive sides facing4 ,the plate-holder must be loaded in a dark room or dark closet1 with absolutely no exposure to daylight or any artificial light whatever except a very faint light from a dark-room lantern1 a combination of ruby and yellow glass or paper4 ,we should always test our dark room and light by means of a plate before we trust them to actual working conditions4 ,take a fresh plate and cover it half with a piece of cardboard1 or if it is in a holder draw the slide half way out and allow the dark-room light to strike it for five minutes1 then develop the plate just as you would an exposed negative1 and if the test plate shows the effect of the exposure and darkens1 we shall need to make our light safer either by adding a sheet or two of yellow or ruby paper or we must examine our room carefully to stop up any cracks where rays of white light may enter4 ,we must remember that a plate sensitive enough to record instantaneous exposures of #a-ejj of a second must be sensitive to any tiny ray of outside light also4 ,almost any room will make a dark room1 especially if it is used at night4 ,by drawing the shades and by doing our work in a far corner of the room away from outside light we are comparatively safe4 ,of course an electric street lamp or other bright light would have to be shut out1 but this can easily be done by pinning up a blanket over the window4 ,when we have loaded our plate-holders we are ready to make a picture4 ,suppose1 for example1 it is to be a house or a vista of some kind such as a group of trees or a bit of water3 the first thing of importance is to obtain a point of view that will not only give us the picture we desire but that will leave out any undesirable features that we do not care to take4 ,some cameras are provided with a small view finder for snapshot work1 and this may often be used to get a general idea of what the picture will be4 ,successful photography consists largely in knowing just what to take and what to omit4 ,sometimes an ugly piece of fence or a post will spoil an otherwise excellent picture4 ,we must also remember that in a photograph our colours are expressed in black and white1 and therefore a picture that depends on its colour contrast for its beauty1 such as autumn foliage or a sunset1 may be disappointing as a photograph4 ,when we have decided upon our subject1 the next step is to set our camera in the proper position to permit the plate to take in what we wish4 ,usually it will be necessary to shift our position several times until we find the proper position4 ,the tripod should be firmly set on the ground and the camera made as level as possible4 ,the camera should then be focussed with the stop or diaphragm wide open4 ,the fact that the image is inverted as it appears on the ground glass will at first be confusing to a beginner1 but we soon become accustomed to it and never give it a thought4 ,our focussing cloth should be tightly drawn about the head to keep out as much outside light as possible4 ,at first we have some difficulty in seeing the image on the ground glass1 but after we learn to look at the glass and not through it we should have no further trouble in this respect4 ,by moving the lens backward and forward we finally strike a position where the principal image to be photographed will appear sharp and clear4 ,the camera is then in focus1 but we shall discover that other objects more in the background or foreground will appear blurred and confused4 ,often it is desirable to have a blurred or 8fuzzy0 background1 but if we desire to bring the indistinct objects in focus we must 8stop down0 our lens first by trying the ,no4 #h stop1 and if this does not accomplish the results the ,no4 #af1 and so on until we get what we wish4 ,as we look at the image on the ground glass1 it will be evident that as we stop down our lens1 the more remote objects are gradually brought into view with a sharp outline1 we shall discover that the image on the ground glass becomes less and less distinct1 which shows very clearly that we are admitting less light1 and the lesson to be learned is that when we make the exposure we must give a corresponding increase in time as the amount of light admitted decreases4 ,an exposure that would give a perfect picture at ,no4 #h may be very much under-exposed at ,no4 #cb diaphragm4 ,having focussed our camera and set the stop1 we then close the shutter1 insert the plate-holder in the back of the camera and carefully draw the slide4 ,omitting to pull the slide is a common mistake with beginners4 ,we are now ready to decide just what exposure to give our plate4 ,rules for exposure are almost useless1 but in general it may be said that the modern plates are lightning fast and that in bright sunlight at midday the average exposures will not be over #a-be of a second4 ,an 8exposure meter0 will prove to be of great assistance to a beginner1 but such arrangements are not often used by experts except in doubtful cases4 ,we soon find that we can guess at average exposures with considerable accuracy1 especially if we adopt a certain brand of plate and become accustomed to its working qualities4 ,of course all of these speeds must be indicated on the shutter1 and all we can do is to set our shutter at this point and squeeze the bulb4 ,correct judgment in exposure will only come after experience4 ,in taking interior views or making pictures on dark days we shall be less likely to make a mistake than in bright sunlight4 ,i have made two interior views1 to one of which ,i gave ten minutes and the other an hour1 with practically the same result in the negative4 ,an over-exposed plate is flat1 which means that the print will lack contrast and be unsatisfactory as a photograph4 ,after the bulb is squeezed and the exposure made we are ready to develop our plate and to see what result we have obtained4 ,of course in practice we make a number of exposures before we begin to develop4 ,some photographers use numbered plate-holders and keep a record of the pictures1 time of day and of exposure1 stop and any other items of interest4 ,we now take the plate-holder in our dark room and prepare our developer4 ,there are a great many developers on the market and we can scarcely make a mistake with any of them4 ,probably the best of all is 8pyro10 but the fact that it stains the fingers is a serious objection to it for amateur use1 and almost any other developer1 such as metol1 eikonogen or hydroquinone will be better4 ,these stock developers usually come in dry salts1 which must be dissolved and mixed4 ,all of this work must be done in the light so we can see that we are getting the proper proportions and that the chemicals are thoroughly in solution4 ,the developing trays should be washed thoroughly and placed conveniently at hand so that we can find them in the dark4 ,in addition to developers we must have what is called the 8hypo0 fixing bath4 ,this is a solution of hyposulphite of soda1 a chemical which is used in development and which renders the plate no longer sensitive to light1 but dissolves that part which has not been acted upon by the developer4 ,the hypo should be in a tray or box placed conveniently at hand but not so located that it will be liable to become mixed with the developer or in any way to splash or spot the plate4 ,we must always wash the hands thoroughly after immersing a plate in the hypo before handling a fresh plate1 as a very few drops will ruin a negative4 ,after we have prepared the hypo and the developer we are ready to develop the plate4 ,place it face side up in the tray and quickly pour the developer over it1 being sure that the solution covers the surface immediately1 to avoid unequal development4 ,while we should not develop in a strong red or yellow light we can at least place our tray in such a position that we may watch the process of bringing up the image out of the creamy surface of the plate4 ,this is the most fascinating part of photography4 ,first the high lights will appear and then the shadows1 and then after an instant the whole image will come into view and then begin to fade away4 ,to know at what point development should stop will only come by experience with negatives of all sorts of classes4 ,generally speaking1 when the image fades from view and begins to appear through the film on the glass side we should wash it quickly and immerse it in the hypo4 ,the 8fixing0 in hypo will take probably five minutes and should be continued until the white coating is thoroughly dissolved4 ,the plate may then be brought safely to the light and should be washed thoroughly either in running water for half an hour or in at least twelve changes of fresh water4 ,care must be taken not to touch the film side of the plate during development or fixing1 as the gelatine coating becomes very soft and will show the slightest scratch or abrasion4 ,we must dry the plate away from dust1 sunlight1 or artificial heat4 ,after it is dry we are ready to make a print4 ,photographic printing papers are of two classes--those which are used in direct sunlight and upon which the image gradually appears1 and those which are similar to plates and which are given a very short time exposure in artificial light and the picture developed just as we should a plate4 ,the beginner will probably have more uniform success with sunlight paper after the simple process of toning and fixing is learned1 although the developing papers are extremely simple to handle and give better results4 ,the final step of trimming and mounting the print is too simple to require explanation4 ,there are a great many things that might be said about photography1 but in a book of this kind only the most simple facts are stated4 ,if you become a photographer you will soon learn many of the fine points4 ,our negatives should all be kept carefully in labelled envelopes and a record kept in a book of some kind4 ,when we really become expert as a photographer1 there are many opportunities to make our hobby pay4 ,the publishers of nearly all the magazines experience the greatest difficulty in securing the kind of pictures they wish to reproduce4 ,this is remarkable when so many people are taking pictures4 ,if one wishes to sell pictures1 it is important to study the class of materials that the magazines use4 ,then1 if we can secure good results1 we can be almost sure of disposing of some of our work and1 in addition to the money1 have the satisfaction of seeing our pictures published4 ,,xix ,,outdoor ,,sports ,,for ,,girls ,what to wear--,confidence--,horseback riding--,tennis--,golf--,camping ,a generation ago the girl who joined her brother in his sports would have been considered a 8tom boy10 but in recent years girls have discovered that with comparatively few exceptions they can join in the sports and recreations of their brothers and in some cases attain a remarkable degree of skill4 ,girls' schools have done much to spread this idea4 ,a rational outdoor costume and a desire to be physically well also has helped 8the outdoor girl0 to be regarded as the highest type of womanhood4 ,only her grandmother sighs over tanned cheeks and muscular arms4 ,the girl who is not a good sport is the exception rather than the rule4 ,besides1 our grandmothers worked at their gardening1 which is out-of-door exercise1 and a preventive1 as ,kipling tells1 of the 8hump0 we get from having too little to do4 ,he says3 8,the cure for this ill is not to sit still1 ,or frowst with a book by the fire1 ,but to take a large hoe and a shovel also1 ,and dig till you gently perspire40 ,from a feminine standpoint the first question must be1 8,what shall ,i wear80 ,there is no need to be handicapped by skirts1 at least when one's exercise is taken in company with a crowd of girls4 ,the bicycle introduced the bloomer girl and this costume is now generally regarded as proper for outdoor girls4 ,in camp one should in addition wear a sailor blouse1 and a pair of sneakers1 which though rather heating for the feet are very comfortable and very satisfactory for long tramps through the woods4 ,the rubber soles give a firm footing on slippery moss and dead leaves1 while high heels might cause a wrenched ankle or a bad fall4 ,it is perfectly allowable for a girl to wear a broad-brimmed hat to avoid sunburn1 which might be so serious as to spoil a vacation4 ,a gradually acquired coat of tan is much more desirable4 ,the hat prevents headaches or sunstroke1 neither of which may be dared with impunity by a delicate girl1 unless she wears her hair on top of her head4 ,in regard to hair1 which is of great importance to its owner1 though very much of a nuisance after the age when it may be worn boyishly short1 the one word is that it must be fixed to stay without re-pinning or tucking back at frequent intervals4 ,for bathing1 a girl must either be willing to have her hair well soaked or else to put a cap on so tightly that it cannot be loosened4 ,to hesitate to try a dive for fear of getting wet hair spoils much of the sport of swimming4 ,each moment of hesitation makes her more convinced that perhaps1 after all1 she had better not try that dive1 because she probably would not be able to do it anyway4 ,the lack of confidence is disastrous4 ,i have known girls who could swim perfectly well in the shallows but could not keep up at all in water out of their depth4 ,and yet they have not been touching the bottom in the shallow water1 but they could if they wished4 ,learning to swim in water that is over your head is really better1 though it is more 8scary0 at first4 ,if you do learn in that way you can thereafter look upon the deepest water with confident scorn4 ,confidence is a necessary possession for the beginner in almost any sport4 ,it is so much easier to do anything if we are quite positive that we can4 ,probably1 because you are a girl and are modest1 you will have to assume this attitude1 but in horseback riding1 for example1 an instant of fear while on the horse's back will 8give you away0 to the beast4 ,since he is as keen as a dog to know when you fear and dislike him1 he will undoubtedly take advantage of it4 ,if you are quite positive that you can learn to ride and that the horse under you is harmless1 you will keep a firm hold on the reins instead of clinging to the saddle horn in a panic4 ,the trying part of learning to ride is that the first day's experience is painfully stiffening4 ,this applies to almost any unusual exercise4 ,but to withdraw on account of that you may as well resign yourself to taking exercise no more severe than that afforded by a rocking chair4 ,it does not pay to stop when you are stiff4 ,sticking to it is the only way that will train those hitherto unused muscles to perform their duties with no creaking of the hinges4 ,a good night's rest is the utmost limit of time that should intervene between each trial4 ,a girl has the physical disadvantage of less endurance than a boy1 and she does have to care for herself in that respect1 and leave untried some forms of exercise that would be overexertion for her4 ,a girl may 8paddle her own canoe10 of course1 without risk of overstraining herself1 but when it comes to moving it from place to place out of the water1 the feather-light canoe of poetry becomes heavy reality4 ,two girls can carry a canoe between them for a short distance without much difficulty1 but if one is alone it is far better to drag the canoe over the ground1 which is not particularly hard on it1 unless the ground is rough4 ,the boy's way of carrying it balanced upside down on his shoulders requires considerable strength4 ,devotees of tennis will claim first place for that among girls' sports4 ,the amount of practice and quickness of thought and motion that maybe acquired in a game of tennis is remarkable2 the fascination of the game itself rather than the benefits to be derived from it will hold the attention4 ,the main trouble is in the learning1 which requires unflagging energy and constant practice4 ,an overmodest beginner will make the mistake of playing only against her likewise beginning friends2 the result is that she takes a discouragingly long time finding out how to use her racket properly and never gets a chance to return a really good serve4 ,it is really just as well at some point in your practising to see some well-trained athlete do the thing you are trying to learn4 ,a girl can accomplish a great deal with her brain as well as with her muscles in athletics4 ,some one once remarked that he learned to swim in winter and to skate in summer4 ,he meant that after he had in its proper season practised skill in the winter sport1 his brain1 during the warm months1 kept repeating to the muscles those directions until by the next winter they had a very fair idea of what they had to do1 and responded more quickly and easily4 ,it is rather consoling to think you do not lose time1 but rather progress1 between seasons4 ,the girl who goes camping with a crowd of boys and girls realizes how much depends on the mere strength of the boys2 at the same time she herself has an opportunity of showing not only her athletic proficiency and nerve1 but also her superior common sense4 ,she will really have to leave the heavy work of pitching the tents and chopping the wood to the boys1 but she cannot sit down and fold her hands meanwhile4 ,she can be collecting materials for the beds of balsam on which they hope to sleep in comfort1 or she may gather chips for the fire1 or she may be helping to unload the wagon or canoes in which they have come4 ,when the tents are pitched she has a woman's prerogative of 8putting the house in order10 and during the time of camping keeping it so4 ,if there is actually a case of nothing for her to do1 far better for her to sit down and keep quiet than to get in the way of the boys and bother them4 ,a young man who in his first season as a guide in the ,canadian woods took out a party of girls from a summer school on a camping trip told me that he would never do it again1 because they gave him no relief from a continual rain of questions4 ,a case where zeal for knowledge outruns discretion4 ,after the tents are pitched and the fire made by the boys1 it is plainly up to the girls to get supper4 ,let us hope they have practised cooking for some time before they went camping4 ,every one gets so desperately hungry in the outdoor life that meals are of first importance1 as tempers are apt to develop unexpectedly if many failures are turned out4 ,if the girls are good cooks1 however1 and wash the dishes after each meal the division of labour will be fair to all concerned4 ,a girl is more or less dependent on her boy friends for instruction in sports and considerably anxious for their approval4 ,even if she has a woman instructor1 in nine cases out of ten she requires some kind of praise from some man before she is satisfied with her performance4 ,sister may tell her that she steers her canoe with beautiful precision1 but unless brother remarks carelessly that 8the kid paddles pretty well0 she will hesitate to take her canoe in places where expert paddling is required4 ,when you know that you can do some things as well as any boy you still have to rest content with the grudging assurance that 8you do pretty well for a girl40 ,,xx ,,one ,,hundred ,,outdoor ,,games ,the following games are described in this chapter3 ,all-around ,athletic ,championship ,archery ,association ,football ,or ,soccer ,badminton ,bandy ,baseball ,basket ,ball ,bean ,bags ,best ,college ,athletic ,records ,blind ,man's ,buff ,boulder ,up ,bull in the ,ring ,call ,ball ,cane ,rush ,canoe ,tilting ,cat ,counting-out ,rhymes ,court ,tennis ,cricket ,croquet ,curling ,dixie's ,land ,duck on a ,rock ,equestrian ,polo ,fat ,feather ,race ,foot-and-a-half ,football ,garden ,hockey ,golf ,golf-,croquet ,hab-,enihan ,haley ,over ,hand ,ball ,hand ,polo ,hand ,tennis ,hat ,ball ,hide and ,seek ,high ,kick ,hockey ,hop ,over ,hop ,scotch ,hunt the ,sheep ,intercollegiate ,amateur ,athletic ,association of ,america ,i ,spy ,jack ,fagots ,jai-,a-,li ,japanese ,fan ,ball ,kick the ,stick ,king of the ,castle ,knuckle ,there ,lacrosse ,lawn ,bowls ,lawn ,bowling ,lawn ,hockey ,lawn ,skittles ,lawn ,tennis ,last ,tag ,luge-ing ,marathon ,race ,marbles ,mumblety ,peg ,names of ,marbles ,nigger ,baby ,olympic ,games ,one ,old ,cat ,pass ,it ,pelota ,plug in the ,ring ,polo ,or ,equestrian ,polo ,potato ,race ,prisoner's ,base ,push ,ball ,quoits ,racquets or ,rackets ,red ,line ,red ,lion ,roley ,boley ,roque ,rowing ,record ,rubicon ,sack ,racing ,scotland's ,burning ,skiing ,soccer ,spanish ,fly ,squash ,stump ,master ,suckers ,tether ,ball ,tether ,tennis ,three-,legged ,racing ,tub ,racing ,volley ,ball ,warning ,washington ,water ,polo ,water ,race ,wicket ,wolf and ,sheep ,wood ,tag ,yank ,while all the games and sports described in this chapter are not absolutely confined to outdoors1 almost any game in which violent physical exercise results is better if played in the open air rather than in a house or gymnasium4 ,in fact1 we should only play indoors when the weather makes it impossible for us to be outside4 ,there are very few indoor games that cannot be played in the open air with proper apparatus or rules4 ,it is also equally true that many of our outside sports may be played indoors with certain modifications4 ,,all-,,around ,,athletic ,,championship ,this contest was instituted in ,america in #ahhd to give athletes an opportunity to demonstrate their ability in all-around work4 ,the contest is rapidly becoming the blue ribbon championship event in ,america for track athletes4 ,the following ten events are contested for3 #ajj-yard dash ,high jump ,long jump ,vault ,throwing #af-pound hammer ,putting a #af-pound shot ,throwing #ef-pound weight #abj-yard hurdle race ,half-mile walk ,one-mile run ,the system of scoring in the ,all-around ,championship is complicated4 ,each contestant has his score made up independently4 ,the world's best amateur record is taken as a basis and #a1jjj points are allowed for it4 ,for example1 the best record 7amateur7 for the #ajj-yard dash is #i seconds and for each of a second more than this that the runner in the ,all-around ,championship contest makes in his trial #db points are deducted from this score4 ,the same method is used in all the events4 ,in the ten events the maximum score where the contestant equalled every world's record would be #aj1jjj points4 ,the contest was won in #aiji by the remarkable score of #g1che points4 ,,archery ,archery is the art of shooting with a bow and arrow4 ,it is especially adapted as a lawn game for ladies and gentlemen1 but boys and girls can practise archery and become proficient with bows and arrows just as the ,indians were or the boys in ,england in the days of ,robin ,hood4 ,of course the invention of gunpowder has practically done away with the bow and arrow either as a means of warfare or as a weapon to be used in the chase1 but it is still used by savages4 ,the modern bow used in archery is made of lancewood or yew and for men's use is usually #f feet long and for women and children #f inches shorter4 ,the strength or pull necessary to bend the bow1 given in pounds1 determines its classification4 ,the arrows for men's use should be #bh inches long and for women #bd to #be inches4 ,the target is a straw-filled canvas disk painted in bright colours4 ,there are usually five circles and the object in archery1 as in shooting with firearms1 is to hit either the centre ring or 8bull's-eye0 or as near to it as possible4 ,in scoring1 a shot in the inner gold centre counts nine2 red ring1 seven2 inner white ring1 five2 black ring1 three1 and outer white ring1 one4 ,targets are of various sizes from #ah inches in diameter to #d feet1 depending on the distance of the range4 ,a common distance will be from #ej to #ajj yards4 ,each archer should have some distinguishing mark or colour on his arrows4 ,standard lancewood bows will cost two or three dollars1 arrows from one to two dollars a dozen1 and targets from two to five dollars each1 with three dollars extra for the target stand4 ,in championship matches in archery the customary range for men is #fj yards with #if arrows1 and the same number of arrows at #ej yards for women4 ,a recent match championship was decided for men with #ij hits and a total score of #deh1 and for women with #he hits and a total score of #dda4 ,,association ,,football ,,or ,,soccer ,a game similar to ,rugby football except that it more closely resembles what its name implies and kicking predominates4 ,a round1 leather-covered ball is used and the game is considered to be much safer than our college football4 ,efforts consequently have been made to introduce the game into ,american colleges because of its less dangerous character4 ,as there is practically no tackling or falling1 the 8soccer0 uniform does not require the same amount of padding as a ,rugby player's uniform4 ,the game is ordinarily played in running trousers with a full sleeved shirt and special shoes with leather pegs or cleats4 ,the stockings are rolled down just below the knee4 ,the association football goal net into which the ball is kicked is fastened to the ground and is made of tarred rope4 ,thus far1 the game has not been very popular in ,america1 although a number of exhibition match games have recently been played by visiting ,english teams which attracted considerable attention4 ,as a game1 soccer is fast and exciting1 and splendid opportunities are given for team work2 but for some reason it has not succeeded in displacing our ,american game of ,rugby1 although possibly it is more interesting for the spectator4 ,,badminton ,an ,english outdoor game similar to lawn tennis but played with shuttlecocks4 ,the net is five feet above the ground4 ,the shuttlecock is a cork in which feathers have been inserted4 ,the shuttlecock is served and returned as in tennis and either two or four may play4 ,a badminton court is #cj feet wide and #dd feet long4 ,,bandy ,a game very similar to hockey1 except that it is played out of doors instead of in a covered rink and a ball is used in place of a puck or rubber disk4 ,the name 8bandy0 is sometimes applied also to shinney or shinty and in ,england it is also applied to our ,american game of ice hockey4 ,,baseball ,the national game of ,america4 7,see chapter on baseball47 ,the game is played by eighteen persons1 nine on a side1 called 8nines40 ,the positions are pitcher1 catcher1 first base1 second base1 third base1 shortstop1 right-field1 left-field1 centre-field4 ,the first six positions are called the in-field1 and the last three1 the out-field4 ,the diamond or field where the game is played is a square plot of ground with sides ninety feet long4 ,at each corner of the square are bases called first1 second1 third and home plate4 ,a game consists of nine innings1 in each of which both teams have an opportunity to bat the ball and to score runs4 ,the players bat in turn and attempt to reach the various bases without being put out by their opponents4 ,each year the rules are changed in some slight particulars1 consequently a beginner in baseball must be thoroughly familiar with the rules of the game before attempting to play4 ,the pitcher attempts to pitch the ball over the home plate to the catcher and the batsman endeavours to hit it4 ,if the ball after being hit is caught by one of the opposing players1 or if it is thrown to the base to which the batsman is running before he reaches the base1 he is 8out40 ,otherwise he is 8safe0 and will try to make the next base4 ,if he completes the circuit of the four bases without being put out1 he scores a run for his team or nine4 ,when a player makes the entire circuit without being forced to stop for safety he makes a 8home run40 ,a hit which gains him a single base only is called a 8base hit40 ,similarly if he reaches second base it is a 8two-bagger10 and third base1 a 8three-bagger40 ,after three players are put out1 the other side has its 8innings10 and at the completion of nine full innings the side having scored the greatest number of runs is the winner4 ,the game of baseball has become very scientific and the salaries of professional players are almost as high as those of the highest salaried men in business life4 ,the ball used in the game is made of the best all wool yarn with a horsehide cover and a rubber centre4 ,baseball bats are usually made of ash4 ,,basket ,,ball ,a game of ball which may be played either indoors or out1 but which is especially adapted to indoor play when weather conditions make outdoor sports impossible4 ,two baskets suspended on wire rings are placed at the two opposite ends of a room or gymnasium and the players strive to knock or pass the ball from one to another on their own side and to throw it so that it will fall into the basket4 ,it is not permissible to run with the ball as in ,rugby football4 ,the ball used is round1 but in other respects resembles the ball used in football4 ,it is made in four sections of grained ,english leather and is inflated by means of a rubber bladder4 ,the players use rubber-soled shoes with peculiar knobs1 ridges1 or depressions to prevent slipping4 ,the conventional uniform is simply a gymnasium shirt1 running trousers1 and stockings which are rolled down just below the knees4 ,the game of basket ball is especially adapted to women and girls and consequently it is played very largely in girls' schools and colleges4 ,any level space may be used for basket ball4 ,a convenient size is #dj by #fj feet4 ,the baskets used for goals are #ah inches in diameter and are fixed #aj feet above the ground or floor4 ,the official ball weighs about #ah ounces and is #ca inches in circumference4 ,five players constitute a team4 ,the halves are usually twenty minutes1 with a ten-minute intermission for rest4 ,it is not permissible to kick1 carry or hold the ball4 ,violation of a rule constitutes a foul and gives the opponents a free throw for the basket from a point fifteen feet away4 ,a goal made in play counts two points and a goal from a foul one point4 ,,bean ,,bags ,this game is known to every one by name and yet its simple rules are often forgotten4 ,a couple of dozen bean bags are made in two colours of muslin4 ,the players stand in two lines opposite each other and evenly divided4 ,at the end of the line is a clothes basket4 ,the bags are placed on two chairs at the opposite end of the line and next to the two captains4 ,at a signal the captains select a bag and pass it to the next player1 who passes it along until finally it is dropped into the basket4 ,when all the bags are passed they are then taken out and passed rapidly back to the starting point4 ,the side whose bags have gone up and down the line first scores a point4 ,if a bag is dropped in transit it must be passed back to the captain1 who starts it again4 ,five points usually constitute a game4 ,,best ,,college ,,athletic ,,records ,these records have been made in the ,intercollegiate contests which are held annually under the ,intercollegiate ,amateur ,athletic ,association of ,america4 #ajj-yard dash #i seconds made in #ahif #bbj-yard dash #ba seconds made in #ahif #ddj-yard dash #dh seconds made in #aijg ,half-mile run #a min4 #ef seconds made in #aije ,one-mile run #d min4 #ag seconds made in #aiji ,two-mile run #i min4 #bg seconds made in #aiji ,running broad jump #bd feet #d in4 made in #ahii ,running high jump #f feet #c in4 made in #aijg ,putting #af-pound shot #df feet #e in4 made in #aijg ,throwing the hammer #afd feet #aj in4 made in #aijb ,pole vault #ab feet #c in4 made in #aiji #abj-yard high hurdle #ae seconds made in #aijh #bbj-yard hurdle #bc seconds made in #ahih ,one-mile walk #f min4 #de seconds made in #ahih ,,blind ,,man',s ,,buff ,this game is played in two ways4 ,in each case one player is blindfolded and attempts to catch one of the others and to identify him by feeling4 ,in regular blind man's buff1 the players are allowed to run about at will and sometimes the game is dangerous to the one blindfolded1 but in the game of 8,still ,pon0 the one who is 8it0 is turned several times and then announces1 8,still ,pon no more moving10 and awards a certain number of steps1 which may be taken when in danger of capture4 ,after this number is exhausted the player must stand perfectly still even though he is caught4 ,,bull ,,in ,,the ,,ring ,in this game the players form a circle with clasped hands4 ,to be 8bull0 is the position of honour4 ,the bull is supposed to be locked in by various locks of brass1 iron1 lead1 steel1 and so on4 ,he endeavours to break through the ring by catching some of the players off their guard4 ,he will then run until captured1 and the one who catches him has the position of bull for the next game4 ,in playing1 it is customary for the bull to engage one pair of players in conversation by asking some question such as 8,what is your lock made of80 ,at the answer1 brass1 lead1 etc41 he will then make a sudden rush at some other part of the ring and try to break through4 ,,call ,,ball ,in this game a rubber ball is used4 ,one of the players throws it against a wall and as it strikes calls out the name of another player1 who must catch it on its first bounce4 ,if he does so he in turn then throws the ball against the wall1 but if he misses he recovers it as quickly as possible while the rest scatter1 and calls 8stand10 at which signal all the players must stop4 ,he then throws it at whoever he pleases4 ,if he misses he must place himself against the wall and each of the others in turn has a free shot at him with the ball4 ,,cane ,,rush ,this contest is usually held in colleges between the rival freshman and sophomore classes4 ,a cane is held by some non-contestant and the two classes endeavour by pulling and pushing and hauling to reach the cane and to hold their hands on it4 ,at the end of a stated time1 the class or side having the most hands on the cane is declared the winner4 ,it is a very rough and sometimes dangerous game and in many colleges has been abolished on account of serious injuries resulting to some of the contestants4 ,,canoe ,,tilting ,this is a revival of the ancient game of tilting as described in 8,ivanhoe10 except that the tilters use canoes instead of horses and blunt sticks in place of spears and lances4 ,the object is for the tilter to shove his opponent out of his canoe1 meanwhile seeing to it that the same undesirable fate does not fall to his own lot4 ,in singles each contestant paddles his own canoe with one end of his pike pole1 but the sport is much greater if each canoe has two occupants1 one to paddle and the other to do the 8tilting04 ,,cat ,a small block of wood pointed at both ends is used in this game4 ,the batter strikes it with a light stick and as it flies into the air attempts to bat it with the stick4 ,if the cat is caught the batter is out4 ,otherwise he is entitled to a score equal to the number of jumps it will take him to reach the place where the cat has fallen4 ,he then returns to bat again and continues until he is caught out4 ,,counting-,,out ,,rhymes ,almost every section has some favourite counting-out rhyme of its own4 ,probably the two most generally used are3 8,my mother told me to take this one10 and that old classic-- 8,eeny1 meeny1 miny1 mo4 ,catch a nigger by the toe2 ,if he hollers1 let him go4 ,eeny1 meeny1 miny1 mo40 ,this is also varied into 8,ena1 mena1 mona1 mite4 ,pasca1 laura1 bona1 bite4 ,eggs1 butter1 cheese1 bread4 ,stick1 stock1 stone dead40 ,the object of a counting-out rhyme is to determine who is to be 8it0 for a game4 ,as each word is pronounced by the counter some one is pointed at1 and at the end of the verse the one last pointed at is 8it40 ,,court ,,tennis ,this game1 though very similar to rackets and squash1 is more scientific than either4 ,the court is enclosed by four walls4 ,a net midway down the court divides the 8service0 side from the 8hazard0 side4 ,the rackets used in court tennis have long handles and a large face4 ,the balls used are the same size as tennis balls1 but are heavier and stronger4 ,in play1 the ball rebounds over the court and many shots are made against the roof4 ,while somewhat similar to lawn tennis1 the rules of court tennis are extremely complicated4 ,the game is scored just as in lawn tennis1 except that instead of calling the server's score first the marker always announces the score of the winner of the last stroke4 ,,cricket ,a game of ball which is generally played in ,england and the ,british provinces1 but which is not very popular in the ,united ,states4 ,there are two opposite sides or sets of players of eleven men each4 ,at two points #bb yards apart are placed two wickets #bg inches high and consisting of three sticks called stumps4 ,as in baseball1 one side takes the field and the other side is at the bat4 ,two men are at bat at a time and it is their object to prevent the balls from being bowled so that they will strike the wickets4 ,to do this a broad bat is used made of willow with a cane handle1 through which are inserted strips of rubber to give greater spring and driving power4 ,the batsman will either merely stop the ball with his bat or will attempt to drive it4 ,when the ball is being fielded the two batsmen exchange wickets1 and each exchange is counted as a run1 and is marked to the credit of the batsman or striker4 ,the batsman is allowed to bat until he is out4 ,this occurs when the ball strikes the wicket and carries away either a bail1 the top piece1 or a stump1 one of the three sticks4 ,he is also out if he knocks down any part of his own wicket or allows the ball to do it while he is running1 or if he interferes with the ball by any part of his person as it is being thrown1 or if one of the opposing players catches a batted ball before it touches the ground1 as in baseball4 ,when ten of the eleven men on a side have been put out it constitutes an inning1 and the side in the field takes its turn at the bat4 ,the game usually consists of two innings1 and at its completion the side having scored the greater number of runs is the winner4 ,the eleven positions on a cricket team are called bowler1 wicket-keeper1 long stop1 slip1 point cover-slip1 cover point1 mid-off1 long-leg1 square-leg1 mid-on4 ,the one at bat is1 as in baseball1 called the batsman4 ,the two lines between which the batsmen stand while batting are called 8popping creases0 and 8bowling creases40 ,,croquet ,a game played with wooden balls and mallets1 on a flat piece of ground4 ,the game consists in driving the ball around a circuitous course through various wire rings called 8wickets0 and1 after striking a wooden peg or post1 returning to the starting place4 ,any number may play croquet either independently or on sides4 ,each player may continue making shots as long as he either goes through a wicket1 hits the peg or post1 or hits the ball of an opponent4 ,in this latter case he may place his ball against that of his opponent and1 holding the former with his foot1 drive his opponent's ball as far as possible from the croquet ground4 ,he then also has another shot at his wicket4 ,a croquet set consists of mallets1 balls1 wickets1 and stakes and may be bought for two or three dollars4 ,experts use mallets with much shorter handles than those in common sets4 ,they are made of either maple1 dogwood1 or persimmon4 ,in place of wooden balls1 championship and expert games are often played with balls made of a patented composition4 ,all croquet implements are usually painted in bright colours4 ,the game of 8roque0 is very similar to croquet4 ,croquet can be made more difficult by using narrow arches or wickets4 ,hard rubber balls are more satisfactory than wood and also much more expensive4 ,as a rule the colours played in order are red1 white1 blue and black4 ,according to the rules any kind of a mallet may be used1 depending upon the individual preference of the player4 ,,curling ,an ancient ,scotch game played on the ice1 in which the contestants slide large flat stones1 called curling stones1 from one point to another4 ,these points or marks are called 8tees40 ,in playing1 an opportunity for skill is shown in knocking an opponent out of the way1 and also in using a broom ahead of the stone as it slides along to influence its rate of speed4 ,at the present time the greatest curling country is ,canada4 ,curling is one of the few outdoor games that are played without a ball of some kind4 ,,dixie',s ,,land ,this game is also called 8,tommy ,tiddler's ,land40 ,it is a game of tag in which a certain portion of the playground is marked off as the 8land40 ,the one who is 8it0 endeavours to catch the others as they invade his land4 ,when a player is tagged he also becomes 8it10 and so on until the game ends because all the invaders are captured4 ,the game is especially interesting because of the variety of verses and rhymes used in various parts of the country to taunt the one who is 8it0 as they come on his land4 ,,duck ,,on ,a ,,rock ,this game is also called 8,boulder ,up40 ,it is not customary to 8count out0 to decide it4 ,for this game usually some one suggests1 8,let's play ,duck on a ,rock10 and then every one scurries around to find an appropriate stone1 or 8duck40 ,as fast as they are found the fact is announced by the cry1 8,my one duck10 8,my two duck10 etc4 ,the last boy to find a stone is 8drake10 or 8it40 ,the drake is larger than the ducks and is placed on an elevated position such as a boulder4 ,then from a specified distance ducks attempt to hit the drake and to knock him from his position4 ,if they miss they are in danger of being tagged by the drake1 as it is his privilege to tag any player who is not in possession of his duck4 ,if1 however1 the drake is knocked from his perch1 the ducks have the privilege of rushing in and recovering their stones1 but unless they do so before the drake replaces his stone on the rock they may be tagged4 ,the first one tagged becomes 8it0 and the drake becomes a duck4 ,,fat ,this is the universal game of marbles4 ,it is sometimes called 8,yank10 or 8,knuckle ,there40 ,a ring is scratched in the ground a foot or two in diameter4 ,it is then divided into four parts by two lines drawn through the diameter4 ,the first step is for each player to 8lay a duck10 which in simple language means to enter a marble to be played for4 ,this is his entrance fee and may be either a 8dub10 an 8alley10 a 8crystal10 or sometimes a 8real10 although this is very rare as well as extravagant4 ,about ten feet from this ring a line is made called a 8taw line40 ,the first player1 usually determined as soon as school is out by his having shouted1 8,first shot1 fat60 stands behind the taw line and shoots to knock out a marble4 ,if he is successful he continues shooting2 if not he loses his turn and ,number #b shoots4 ,number #a after his first shot from the taw line must then shoot from wherever his marble lies4 ,if ,number #b can hit ,number #a he has a right to claim all the marbles that ,number #a has knocked out of the ring4 ,in this way it is very much to the advantage of each player to leave himself as far from the taw line as possible4 ,,feather ,,race ,the contestants endeavour to blow a feather over a certain course in the shortest time4 ,the rule is that the feather must not be touched with the hands4 ,out of doors this game is only possible on a very still day4 ,,foot ,,and ,a ,,half ,this is a game of 8,leap ,frog0 also called 8,par0 or 8,paw40 ,one of the boys is chosen 8down10 who leans over and gives a 8back0 to the rest1 who follow leader1 usually the boy who suggests the game4 ,he will start making an easy jump at first and over 8down's0 back1 then gradually increase the distance of the point at which he lands1 and each of those following must clear this line or become 8it0 themselves4 ,the leader must also surpass his previous jumps each time or he becomes 8down0 himself4 ,in this way the smaller or less agile boys have a more equal chance with the stronger ones4 ,,football ,the present game of football as played in ,american schools and colleges is a development of the ,english game of ,rugby4 ,there are twenty-two players1 eleven on a side or team4 ,the game is played on a level field1 at each end of which are goal posts through which the team having the ball in its possession attempts to force or 8rush0 it1 while their opponents by various means1 such as tackling1 shoving or blocking1 strive to prevent the ball from being successfully forced behind the goal line or from being kicked over the crossbar between the goal posts4 ,a football field is #ccj feet long by #afj feet wide4 ,it is usually marked out with white lines five yards apart1 which gives the field the name of 8gridiron40 ,the various positions on a football team are centre rush1 right and left guards1 right and left tackles1 right and left ends1 quarter-back1 right and left half-back1 and full-back4 ,as in baseball1 the rules of football are constantly being changed and the game as played ten or fifteen years ago is very different from the modern game4 ,the various changes in rules have been made with a view to making the game less dangerous to the players and more interesting to the spectator4 ,the principal scores in football are the 8touchdown0 and the 8field goal40 ,in a touchdown the ball is carried by one of the players and touched on the ground behind the opponents' goal line4 ,in a field goal1 or1 as it is often called1 8a goal from the field10 the ball is kicked over the crossbar between the goal posts4 ,in a field goal the player executing it must not kick the ball until after it has touched the ground4 ,such a kick is called a 8drop kick0 as distinguished from a 8punt0 where the ball is released from the hands and immediately kicked before touching the ground4 ,a team in possession of the ball is allowed a certain number of attempts to advance it the required distance4 ,each of these attempts is called a 8down40 ,if they fail to gain the necessary distance1 the ball goes to their opponents4 ,it is customary on the last attempt1 or down1 to kick the ball so that when the opposing team obtains possession of it will be as far as possible from the goal line toward which they are rushing4 ,in this play a 8punt0 is allowed4 ,there are also other scores4 ,a safety is made when a team is forced to touch the ball down behind its own goal line4 ,the ball used in ,american football is a long oval case made of leather and inflated by means of a rubber bag or envelope4 ,the football player's uniform consists of a heavily padded pair of trousers made of canvas1 moleskin1 khaki or other material1 a jacket made of the same material1 a tight-fitting jersey with elbow and shoulder pads1 heavy stockings1 and cleated shoes4 ,players will often use other pads1 braces and guards to protect them from injury4 ,football is usually played in the fall months after baseball has been discontinued on account of the cold weather4 ,a full game consists of four fifteen-minute periods4 ,,garden ,,hockey ,this game is played between two parallel straight lines1 #c feet #f inches apart and marked on the lawn with two strips of tape4 ,at the opposite two ends of the tape are two goal posts #ad inches apart with a crossbar4 ,the length of the tapes should be #cf feet when two or four players engage in the game1 and may be extended for a greater number4 ,the game is played with balls and hockey sticks4 ,the game is started by placing the ball in the centre of the field4 ,the two captains then face each other and at a signal strike off4 ,if the ball is driven outside the tape boundaries it must be returned to the centre of the field opposite the place where it crossed the line4 ,the object of the game is to score a goal through your opponents' goal posts as in ice hockey4 ,if a player steps over the tape into the playing space he commits a foul4 ,the penalty for a foul is a free hit for his opponents4 ,,golf ,a game played over an extensive piece of ground which is divided into certain arbitrary divisions called holes4 ,a golf course is usually undulating with the holes laid out to afford the greatest possible variety of play4 ,the ordinary course consists of either nine or eighteen holes from #ajj to #ejj yards apart4 ,an ideal course is about #fjjj yards long4 ,the holes which mark the termination of a playing section consist of tin cans #d inches in diameter sunk into and flush with the level of the surrounding turf1 which is called 8the putting green40 ,the game is played with a gutta-percha ball weighing about #a ounces and with a set of 8clubs0 of various odd shapes and for making shots under various conditions4 ,usually a boy accompanies each player to carry his clubs4 ,such boys are called 8caddies40 ,the clubs are peculiarly named and it is optional with each player to have as many clubs as he desires4 ,some of the more common ones are called 8driver10 8brassie10 8cleek10 8iron10 8mashie10 8niblick10 8putter10 and 8lofting iron40 ,the game1 which may be played by either two or four players1 consists in endeavouring to drive the ball over the entire course from hole to hole in the fewest possible number of strokes4 ,at the start a player takes his position on what is called the 8teeing ground0 and drives the ball in the direction of the first hole1 the position of which is shown in the distance by a flag or tin sign with a number4 ,before driving he is privileged to place the ball on a tiny mound of earth or sand which is called a 8tee40 ,the players drive in order and then continue making shots toward the hole until finally they have all 8holed out0 by 8putting0 their balls into the hole1 and the lowest score wins the hole4 ,golf is a game in which form is more essential than physical strength and which is adapted for elderly people as well as the young4 ,the wooden clubs are usually made with either dogwood or persimmon heads and with split hickory handles or shafts4 ,the handles are usually wound with a leather grip4 ,golf clubs of good quality will cost from two to three dollars apiece and a set for most purposes will consist of four to six clubs4 ,the caddy bag to carry the clubs is made of canvas or leather and will cost from two dollars up4 ,standard quality golf balls will cost about nine dollars a dozen4 ,almost any loose-fitting outdoor costume is suitable for playing golf and the tendency in recent years is to wear long trousers in preference to what are known as 8golf trousers40 ,a golf course--sometimes called a 8links10 from a ,scotch word meaning a flat stretch of ground near the seashore--should be kept in good condition in order to enjoy the game properly4 ,the leading golf clubs maintain a large force of men who are constantly cutting the grass1 repairing damages to the turf1 and rolling the greens4 ,for this reason it is a game only adapted to club control unless one is very wealthy and can afford to maintain private links4 ,,golf-,,croquet ,this game may be played either by two or four persons4 ,wickets are placed at irregular distances1 and the object of the game is to drive a wooden ball #b inches in diameter through these wickets4 ,it may be played either as 8all strokes10 in which the total number of strokes to get through all the wickets is the final score1 or as in golf1 8all wickets10 in which the score for each wicket is taken separately1 as each hole in golf is played4 ,the mallet used is somewhat different from a croquet mallet4 ,the handle is longer and a bevel is made on one end to raise or 8loft0 the ball as in golf4 ,the size of a golf-croquet course will depend upon the field available4 ,a field #bjj yards long will make a good six-wicket course4 ,,hab-,,enihan ,this game is played with smooth stones about the size of a butter dish4 ,a target is marked on the sand or on any smooth piece of ground1 or if played on the grass the target must be marked with lime similar to marks on a tennis court4 ,the outside circle of the target should be six feet in diameter1 and every six inches another circle described with a piece of string and two pegs for a compass4 ,the object of the game is to stand at a stated distance from the 8enihan10 or target1 and to toss the 8habs0 as in the game of quoits4 ,the player getting the best score counting from the inside ring or bull's-eye wins the game4 ,,haley ,,over ,the players1 equally divided1 take positions on opposite sides of a building such as a barn1 so that they can not be seen by their opponents4 ,a player on one side then throws the ball over the roof and one of his opponents attempts to catch it and to rush around the corner of the building and throw it at one of the opposing side4 ,if he succeeds1 the one hit is a prisoner of war and must go over to the other side4 ,the game continues until all of one side are captured4 ,,hand ,,ball ,a game of ancient ,irish origin which is much played by baseball players and other athletes to keep in good condition during the winter when most outdoor sports are impossible4 ,a regulation hand ball court has a back wall #cj feet high and #ej feet wide4 ,each game consists of twenty-one 8aces40 ,the ball is #a inches in diameter and weighs #a ounces4 ,the ball is served and returned against the playing wall just as in many of the other indoor games and is similar in principle to squash and rackets4 ,,hand ,,polo ,a game played with a tennis ball in which two opposing sides of six players each endeavour to score goals by striking the ball with the hands4 ,the ball must be struck with the open hand4 ,in play1 the contestants oppose each other by shouldering and bucking and in this way the game can be made a dangerous one4 ,the goal is made into a cage form #c feet #f inches square4 ,at the beginning of the game the ball is placed in the centre of the playing surface and the players rush for it4 ,the umpire in hand polo is a very important official and calls all fouls1 such as tripping1 catching1 holding1 kicking1 pushing1 or throwing an opponent4 ,three fouls will count as a goal for the opponents4 ,,hand ,,tennis ,a game of lawn tennis in which the hand is used in place of a racket4 ,a hand tennis court is smaller than a regulation tennis court4 ,its dimensions are #dj feet long and #af feet wide4 ,the net is #b feet high4 ,the server is called the 8hand in0 and his opponent the 8hand out40 ,a player first scoring twenty-five points wins the game4 ,a player can only score when he is the server4 ,a foul line is drawn #c feet on each side of the net1 inside of which play is not allowed4 ,in all essential particulars of the rules the game is similar to lawn tennis4 ,,hat ,,ball ,this game is very similar to ,roley ,boley or ,nigger ,baby except that hats are used instead of hollows in the ground4 ,the ball is tossed to the hats and the first boy to get five stones1 or 8babies10 in his hat has to crawl through the legs of his opponents and submit to the punishment of being paddled4 ,,high ,,kick ,a tin pan or wooden disk is suspended from a frame by means of a string and the contestants in turn kick it as it is drawn higher and higher until finally1 as in high jumping1 it reaches a point where the survivor alone succeeds in touching it with his toe4 ,,hockey ,hockey is usually played on the ice by players on skates1 although1 like the old game of shinney1 it may be played on any level piece of ground4 ,the hockey stick is a curved piece of ,canadian rock elm with a flat blade4 ,instead of a ball the modern game of ice hockey is played with a rubber disk called a 8puck40 ,in hockey1 as in many other games1 the whole object is to drive the puck into your opponents' goal and to prevent them from driving it into yours4 ,almost any number of boys can play hockey1 but a modern team consists of five players4 ,hockey skates are of special construction with long flat blades attached to the shoes4 ,the standard length of blade is from #ad to #ae inches4 ,they cost from three to six dollars4 ,the hockey player's uniform is a jersey1 either padded trousers or tights1 depending upon his position1 and padded shin guards for the goal tenders4 ,,hop ,,over ,all but one of the players1 form a ring standing about two feet apart4 ,then by some 8counting out0 rhyme some one is made 8it40 ,he then takes his place in the centre of the circle1 holding a piece of stout string on the end of which is tied a small weight or a book4 ,he whirls the string about and tries to strike the feet or ankles of some one in the circle1 who must hop quickly as the string comes near him4 ,if he fails to 8hop over0 he becomes 8it40 ,,hop ,,scotch ,hop scotch is a game that is played by children all over the world4 ,a court about #bj feet long and #d or #e feet wide is drawn with chalk1 coal1 or a piece of soft brick on the sidewalk or scratched with a pointed stick on a piece of level ground4 ,a line called the 8taw line0 is drawn a short distance from the court4 ,the court is divided into various rectangles1 usually eleven divisions1 although this varies in different sections4 ,at the end of the court a half circle is drawn1 variously called the 8cat's cradle10 8pot10 or 8plum pudding40 ,the players decide who is to be first1 second1 etc41 and a flat stone or piece of broken crockery or sometimes a folded piece of tin is placed in division ,no4 #a4 ,the stone is called 8potsherd40 ,the object of the game is to hop on one foot and to shoot the potsherd in and out of the court through the various divisions until they are all played4 ,he then hops and straddles through the court4 ,whenever he fails to do the required thing the next player takes his turn4 ,,hunt ,,the ,,sheep ,two captains are chosen and the players divided into equal sides4 ,one side stays in the home goal and the other side finds a hiding place4 ,the captain of the side that is hidden or 8out0 then goes back to the other side and they march in a straight line to find the hidden sheep4 ,when they approach the hiding place their own captain shouts1 8,apple60 which is a warning that danger is near4 ,when he is sure of their capture or discovery he shouts1 8,run1 sheep1 run60 and all the party make a dash for the goal4 ,,intercollegiate ,,amateur ,,athletic ,,association ,,of ,,america ,this association controls the field athletic contests between the colleges known as the 8,intercollegiates40 ,it is generally known as the ,i4,c4,a4,a4,a4,a4 ,to win a point for one's college in this contest is the highest honour that a track athlete may obtain4 ,in these games1 which take place annually1 the following thirteen events are contested for3 ,mile run ,shotput #ddj-yard run #abj-yard hurdles #ajj-yard dash ,running high jump ,two-mile run #hhj-yard run #bbj-yard low hurdles ,pole vault ,broad jump #bbj-yard dash ,hammer throw ,i ,,spy ,this game is sometimes called 8,hide and ,seek10 ,one of the players is made 8it0 by any of the familiar counting-out rhymes4 ,the rest then secure a hiding place while he counts fifty or one hundred4 ,a certain tree or fence corner is considered 8home40 8,it0 then attempts to spy his hidden playmates in their hiding places and to run 8home0 shouting1 8,i spy0 and their names4 ,if the one discovered can get home before 8it10 he does so1 shouting1 8,in free60 with all the breath that is left in him4 ,the game is especially interesting just at dusk1 when the uncertain light makes the 8outs0 brave in approaching home without detection4 ,if 8it0 succeeds in capturing all the players the first one caught is 8it0 for the next game4 ,,jack ,,fagots ,this game is the same in principle as ,jackstraws except that fagots or sticks of wood two feet long are used in place of jackstraws4 ,they are removed from a pile with a crooked stick and must be taken out one at a time without disturbing the rest4 ,the number of sticks removed constitutes a player's score4 ,when any stick other than the one he is trying for is moved he loses his turn4 ,the next player must attempt to remove the same stick that the other failed on4 ,the game is won by the player having the greatest number of sticks to his credit4 ,,japanese ,,fan ,,ball ,this game is especially adapted for a lawn party for girls4 ,either ,japanese fans or the ordinary palm-leaf fans will do for rackets4 ,the balls are made of paper and should be six or eight inches in diameter and in various colours4 ,at opposite ends of a space about the size of a tennis court are erected goal posts similar to those used in football1 but only six feet above ground4 ,these may be made of light strips of wood4 ,there is also a similar pair of posts and a crossbar midway between the goals4 ,the game is played by two contestants at a time4 ,each takes an opposite end of the court and tosses the ball into the air4 ,then by vigorous fanning she endeavours to keep it aloft and to drive it over the opponent's goal-post4 ,at the middle posts the ball must be 8fanned0 under the crossbar4 ,if the ball falls to the ground it may be picked up on the fan and tossed aloft again1 but it must not be touched by the hands4 ,the winner is the one who first drives the ball the length of the court and over the crossbar4 ,,kick ,,the ,,stick ,one player is chosen to be 8it0 and the rest are given a count of twenty-five or fifty to hide4 ,a stick is leaned against a tree or wall and this is the home goal4 ,as soon as the goal keeper can spy one of the players he runs in and touches the stick and makes a prisoner1 who must come in and stand behind the stick4 ,if one of the free players can run in and kick the stick before the goal tender touches it1 he frees all the rest and they scurry to a place of hiding before the stick can again be set up and the count of twenty-five made4 ,as the object of the game is to free your fellow-prisoners1 the free players will attempt all sorts of ruses to approach the stick without being seen or to make a dash for it in hope of kicking it ahead of the goal keeper4 ,the game is over when all the players are captured1 and the first prisoner is 8it0 for the next game4 ,,king ,,of ,,the ,,castle ,this can be made a very rough game1 as it simply consists in a player taking a position on a mound or hillock and defying any one to dislodge him from his position by the taunting words3 8,i'm the ,king of the ,castle1 ,get down you cowardly rascal40 ,the rest try to shove him from his position and to hold it successfully against all comers themselves4 ,the game1 if played fairly1 simply consists in fair pulls and pushes without grasping clothing1 but if played roughly it is almost a 8free-for-all0 fight4 ,,lacrosse ,a game of ball played by two opposing teams of twelve players each4 ,the lacrosse field is a level piece of ground with net or wire goals at each end4 ,the players strive to hurl the ball into their opponents' goal by means of a lacrosse stick or 8crosse40 ,this is a peculiar bent stick with a shallow gut net at one end4 ,it somewhat resembles a tennis racket1 but is more like a snowshoe with a handle4 ,the game originated with the ,indians and is much played in ,canada4 ,in playing1 the ball must not be touched with the hands1 but is hurled from one player to another by the 8lacrosses0 until it is possible to attempt for a goal4 ,it is also passed when a player is in danger of losing the ball4 ,lacrosse sticks cost from two to five dollars each and are made of hickory with rawhide strings4 ,the players wear specially padded gloves to protect the knuckles4 ,the usual uniform for lacrosse is a tight-fitting jersey and running trousers4 ,,lawn ,,bowls ,this is a very old game and of great historic importance4 ,the famous ,bowling ,green in ,new ,york ,city was named from a small park where the game was played by ,new ,yorkers before the ,revolution4 ,the game is played with wooden balls five inches in diameter and painted in various gay colours4 ,usually lignum vitae is the material used4 ,they are not perfectly round but either slightly flattened at the poles into an 8oblate spheroid0 or made into an oval something like a modern football4 ,each player uses two balls1 which are numbered4 ,a white ball1 called a 8jack ball10 is then thrown or placed at the end of the bowling green or lawn and the players in turn deliver their balls or 8bowl0 toward the jack4 ,the whole game consists in placing your ball as near to the jack as possible and of knocking away the balls of your opponents4 ,it is also possible to strike the jack and to drive it nearer to where the balls of your side are lying4 ,when all the players have bowled1 the two balls nearest the jack each count a point for the side owning it4 ,the game if played by sides is somewhat different from a two-handed contest4 ,the main point first is to deliver the ball as near to the jack as possible and then to form a barrier or 8guard0 behind it with succeeding balls to block those of your adversaries4 ,sometimes the ,jack is placed in the middle of the green and the teams face each other and bowl from opposite ends4 ,a green is about seventy feet square with closely cropped grass4 ,four players form a 8rink0 and are named 8leader10 8second10 8third10 and 8skip0 or captain4 ,the position from which the balls are delivered is called the 8footer40 ,it is usually a piece of cloth or canvas three feet square4 ,,lawn ,,bowling ,this game is similar in every respect to indoor bowling except that no regular alley is used4 ,a net for a backstop is necessary4 ,the pins are set upon a flat surface on a lawn and the players endeavour to knock down as many pins as possible in three attempts4 ,the scoring is the same as in indoor bowling4 ,to knock down all ten pins with one ball is called a 8strike10 in two attempts it is a 8spare40 ,in the score1 the strike counts ten for the player and in addition also whatever he gets on the next two balls4 ,likewise he will count ten for a spare1 but only what he gets on one ball for a bonus4 ,as a consequence the maximum or perfect score in bowling is #cjj1 which is a series of ten strikes and two more attempts in which he knocks down all the pins4 ,in lawn bowling the scores are very low as compared with the indoor game1 where good players will often average close to #bjj on alleys where they are accustomed to bowl4 ,lawn bowling is a different game from lawn bowls1 which is described in a preceding paragraph4 ,,lawn ,,hockey ,this game is played on a field a little smaller than a football field1 being #aaj yards long and from #ej to #fj yards wide4 ,the ball used is an ordinary cricket ball4 ,the goals are two upright posts #ab feet apart and with a crossbar #g feet from the ground4 ,eleven men on a side constitute a full team1 but the game may be played with a fewer number4 ,the positions are known as three forwards1 five rushes1 two backs or guards1 and the goal tender4 ,the object of the game is very simple1 being to drive the ball between your opponents' goals4 ,the ordinary ice hockey stick will be satisfactory to play with4 ,the principal thing to remember in lawn hockey is not to commit a 8foul10 the penalty for which is a 8free hit0 at the ball by your opponents4 ,it is a foul to raise the stick above the shoulders in making a stroke1 to kick the ball 7except for the goal tender71 to play with the back of the stick1 to hit the ball other than from right to left1 and any form of rough play such as tripping1 pushing1 kicking1 or striking4 ,lawn hockey is an excellent game and is really the old game of 8shinney0 or 8shinty0 played scientifically and with definite rules4 ,,lawn ,,skittles ,from a stout pole which is firmly fixed in the ground a heavy ball is suspended by means of a rope fastened to the top of the pole4 ,two flat pieces of stone or concrete are placed on opposite sides of the pole4 ,the game is played with nine-pins1 which are set up on one stone1 the player standing on the other and endeavouring by hurling the ball to strike down a maximum number of pins4 ,usually he has three chances and the number of pins knocked down constitutes his score4 ,,lawn ,,tennis 7,,see ,,chapter ,,on ,,tennis7 ,a game of ball played on a level piece of ground1 called a court1 by two1 three1 or four persons4 ,when two play the game is called 8singles10 and when four play it is called 8doubles40 ,the game is played with a rubber ball1 and rackets made by stringing gut on a wooden frame4 ,the dimensions of a tennis court are #cf by #gh feet4 ,in addition to this1 space must be allowed for the players to run back1 and it is customary to lay out a court at least #ej by #ajj feet to give plenty of playing space4 ,the court is divided into various lines1 either by means of lime applied with a brush or by tapes4 ,midway between the two rear lines and in the centre of the court a net is stretched1 supported by posts4 ,in playing one of the players has the serve--that is1 he attempts to strike the ball so that it will go over the net and into a specified space on the opposite side of the net4 ,his opponent then attempts to return the serve--that is1 to strike the ball either on the fly or the first bound and knock it back over the net somewhere within the playing space as determined by the lines4 ,in this way the ball is volleyed or knocked back and forth until one of the players fails either to return it over the net or into the required space4 ,to fail in this counts his opponents a point4 ,four points constitute a game except where both sides have obtained three points1 in which case one side to win must secure two points in succession4 ,the score is not counted as #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d1 but #ae1 #cj1 #dj1 game4 ,when both sides are at #dj it is called 8deuce40 ,at this point a lead of two is necessary to win4 ,the side winning one of the two points at this stage is said to have the 8advantage10 or1 as it is expressed1 8vantage in0 or 8vantage out10 depending upon whether it is the side of the server or his opponents1 the server's score always being called first4 ,a set of tennis consists of enough games to permit one side to win six1 or if both are at five games won1 to win two games over their opponents4 ,,last ,,tag ,there are a great many games of 8tag0 that are familiar to boys and girls4 ,one of the common games is 8last tag10 which simply means that a boy tags another and makes him 8it0 before leaving the party on his way home4 ,it is the common boys' method of saying 8good-bye0 when leaving school for home4 ,the principal rule of last tag is that there is 8no tagging back40 ,the boy who is 8it0 must not attempt to tag the one who tagged him1 but must run after some one else4 ,it is a point of honour with a boy not to be left with 8last tag0 against him1 but he must try to run some one else down1 when he is then immune and can watch the game in safety1 or can leave for home with no blot on his escutcheon4 ,,luge-,,ing ,a form of coasting very much practised in ,switzerland at the winter resorts where the sled used is similar to our ,american child's sled with open framework instead of a toboggan or the more modern flexible flyer which is generally used by boys in ,america4 ,,marathon ,,race ,a long distance race1 held in connection with the ,olympic ,games and named from a famous event in ,greek history4 ,the accepted ,marathon distance is #bf miles1 #che yards4 ,the race was won at the ,olympic ,games held in ,england in #aijh by ,john ,hayes1 an ,american1 in #b hours #dd minutes #bj #b-e seconds4 ,,olympic ,,games ,the ,olympic ,games are open to the athletes of the world4 ,the following events are contested for3 #fj-metre run #ajj-metre run #bjj-metre run #djj-metre run #hjj-metre run #aejj-metre run #aaj-metre hurdles #bjj-metre hurdles #djj-metre hurdles #cbjj-metre steeplechase #bejj-metre steeplechase #djjj-metre steeplechase ,running long jump ,running high jump ,running triple jump ,standing broad jump ,standing high jump ,standing triple jump ,pole vault ,shot put ,discus throwing ,throwing #af-pound hammer ,throwing #ef-pound weight ,marathon race ,weight lifting1 one hand ,weight lifting1 two hands ,dumb-bell competition ,tug-of-war ,team race ,team race #c miles ,five-mile run ,throwing stone ,throwing javelin ,throwing javelin held in middle ,penthathlon #aejj-metre walk #cejj-metre walk #aj-mile walk ,throwing discus ,greek style ,,marbles ,there is a large variety of games with marbles and the expressions used are universal4 ,boys usually have one shooter made from agate which they call a 8real40 ,to change the position of the shooter is called 8roundings10 and to object to this or to any other play is expressed by the word 8fen40 ,the common game of marbles is to make a rectangular ring and to shoot from a line and endeavour to knock the marbles or 8mibs0 of one's opponents out of the square4 ,a similar game is to place all the mibs in a line in an oval and to roll the shooter from a distance4 ,the one coming nearest to the oval has 8first shot0 and continues to shoot as long as he drives out a marble and 8sticks0 in the oval himself4 ,reals are often supposed to have superior sticking qualities4 ,playing marbles 8for keeps0 is really gambling and should be discouraged4 ,the knuckle dabster is a small piece of cloth or leather that boys use to rest the hand on when in the act of shooting4 ,the best kind of a 8dabster0 is made from a mole's skin4 ,,names ,,of ,,marbles ,the common marbles used by boys everywhere are called mibs1 fivers1 commies1 migs1 megs1 alleys1 and dubs4 ,a very large marble is a bumbo and a very small one a peewee4 ,glass marbles are called crystals and those made of agate are called reals4 ,the choicest real is supposed to be green and is called a 8mossic0 or 8moss real40 ,,mumblety ,,peg ,this game is played with a penknife4 ,a piece of turf is usually the best place to play4 ,various positions for throwing the knife are tried by each player1 following a regular order of procedure1 until he misses1 when the knife is surrendered to the next in turn4 ,when he receives the knife each player tries the feat at which he failed before4 ,the last player to accomplish all the feats has the pleasure of 8pulling the peg10 ,the peg consists of a wedge-shaped piece of wood the length of the knife blade which is driven into the ground by the back of the knife and must be pulled by the teeth of the unfortunate one who was last to complete the necessary feats4 ,the winner has the honour of driving the peg1 usually three blows with his eyes open and three with them closed4 ,if he succeeds in driving it out of sight the feat is considered especially creditable and the loser is greeted with the cry1 8,root6 ,root60 which means that he must remove the sod and earth with his teeth before he can get a grip on the peg top4 ,there are about twenty-four feats or 8figures0 to be gone through in a game of mumblety peg1 throwing the knife from various positions both right and left-handed4 ,in each feat the successful result is measured by having the knife stick into the ground at such an angle so that there is room for two fingers to be inserted under the end of the handle without disturbing the knife4 ,,one ,,old ,,cat ,this is a modified game of baseball that may be played by three or four4 ,generally there is only one base to run to1 and besides the batter1 pitcher1 and catcher the rest of the players are fielders4 ,any one catching a fly ball puts the batter out and takes his turn at bat1 or in another modification of the game1 when one is put out each player advances a step nearer to batsman's position1 the pitcher going in to bat1 the catcher becoming pitcher1 first fielder becoming catcher1 and so on1 the batsman becoming 8last fielder40 ,,pass ,,it ,this game may be played on a lawn4 ,four clothes baskets are required as well as a variety of objects of various sizes and kinds1 such as spools of thread1 pillows1 books1 matches1 balls1 pencils1 umbrellas1 pins1 and so on4 ,two captains are chosen and each selects a team1 which stands in line facing each other4 ,two of the baskets are filled with the various articles and these two baskets are placed at the right hand of the two captains4 ,the empty baskets are on the opposite ends of the line4 ,at a signal the captains select an object and pass it to the next in line4 ,he in turn passes it to his left and finally it is dropped into the empty basket4 ,if the object should be dropped in transit it must go back to the captain and be passed down the line again4 ,two umpires are desirable1 who can report the progress of the game to their own side as well as keep an eye on their opponents4 ,,pelota ,a game similar to racquets1 sometimes called 8,jai-a-li10 that is much played in ,spain and in ,mexico4 ,the game is played with a narrow scoop-like wicker basket or racket which is fastened to the wrist4 ,the players catch the ball in this device and hurl it with terrific force against the wall of the court4 ,pelota is a hard1 fast game1 and sometimes serious injuries result from playing it4 ,,plug ,,in ,,the ,,ring ,this is the universal game that boys play with tops4 ,a ring six feet in diameter is described on the ground and each player puts a top called a 8bait0 in the centre4 ,the baits are usually tops of little value4 ,the 8plugger10 however1 is the top used to shoot with and as a rule is the boy's choicest one4 ,as soon as the players can wind their tops they stand with their toes on the line and endeavour to strike one of the baits in such a way as to knock it out of the circle and still leave their own tops within the circle and spinning4 ,if they miss1 the top must be left spinning until it 8dies40 ,if it fails to roll out of the ring1 the owner must place another bait top in the ring1 but if it leaves the circle he may continue shooting4 ,it is possible to play tops for 8keeps10 but1 like marbles for 8keeps10 it should be discouraged1 as it is gambling4 ,,polo ,,or ,,equestrian ,,polo ,a game played on horseback1 which originated in ,eastern countries and was first played by the ,english in ,india4 ,it has been introduced both into ,england and ,america4 ,polo is a rich man's game and requires a great deal of skill in horsemanship as well as nerve4 ,a polo team consists of four men1 each of whom must have a stable of several horses4 ,these horses1 or 8polo ponies10 are trained carefully1 and a well-trained pony is as essential to good playing as a skilful rider4 ,the game is played with a mallet1 the head of which is usually ash1 dogwood1 or persimmon1 and has a handle about #ej inches long4 ,the ball is either willow or basswood4 ,the principle of the game is similar to nearly all of the outdoor games played with a ball3 that of driving it into the opponents' goal1 meanwhile preventing them from making a score on one's own goal4 ,,potato ,,race ,in this game as many rows of potatoes are laid as there are players4 ,they should be placed about five feet apart4 ,the race consists in picking up all of the potatoes1 one at a time1 and carrying them to the starting point1 making a separate trip for each potato4 ,at the end of the line there should be a basket or butter tub to drop them into4 ,the game is sometimes made more difficult by forcing the contestants to carry the potatoes on a teaspoon4 ,,prisoner',s ,,base ,two captains select sides4 ,they then mark out on the ground two bases1 or homes4 ,they also mark out two 8prisons0 near each home base4 ,then each side stands in its own home and a player runs out and advances toward the enemy's home4 ,one of the enemy will then run out and endeavour to tag him before he can run back to his own base1 and one of his side will try to tag the enemy1 the rule being that each in turn must have left his home after his opponent4 ,if a player is tagged1 he becomes a prisoner of the other side and is put into the prison4 ,the successful tagger may then return to ,ids home without danger of being tagged4 ,a prisoner may be rescued at any time if one of his side can elude the opponents and tag him free from prison4 ,the game ends when all of one side are made prisoners4 ,,push ,,ball ,a game usually played on foot but sometimes on horseback1 in which the object is to push or force a huge ball over the opponents' goal line4 ,a regulation 8push ball0 is six feet in diameter and costs three hundred dollars4 ,in push ball almost any number may play1 but as weight counts1 the sides should be divided as evenly as possible4 ,,quoits ,a game played with flattish malleable iron or rubber rings about nine inches in diameter and convex on the upper side1 which the players endeavour to loss or pitch so that they will encircle a pin or peg driven into the ground1 or to come nearer to this peg than their opponents4 ,the peg is called a 8hob40 ,a certain form of quoits is played with horseshoes throughout the country districts of ,america4 ,a quoit player endeavours to give the quoit such a position in mid-air that it will not roll but will cut into the ground at the point where it lands4 ,the game is remotely similar to the ancient ,greek game of throwing the discus4 ,iron quoits may be purchased for a dollar a set4 ,the average weight of the quoits used by experts is from seven to nine pounds each4 ,sixty-one points constitute a game4 ,the distance from the peg shall be either #aj1 #ae or #ah yards4 ,for a space three feet around the pin or peg the ground should be clay4 ,in match games1 all quoits that fall outside a radius of #ah inches from the centre of the pin are 8foul10 and do not count in the score4 ,,racquets ,,or ,,rackets ,one of the numerous court games similar to lawn tennis that is now finding public favour1 but played in a semi-indoor court4 ,a racquet court is #ca feet #f inches wide and about #fc feet long4 ,the front wall1 against which the ball is served1 has a line #h or #aj feet from the floor1 above which the ball must strike4 ,the server1 as in tennis1 takes his position in a service box with a racket similar to a lawn tennis racket except that it has a smaller head and a longer handle4 ,either two or four players may play racquets4 ,a game consists of fifteen 8aces10 or points4 ,,red ,,line ,in this game1 also called ,red ,lion1 the goal must be a straight line1 such as the crack in a sidewalk or the edge of a road4 ,the one who is 8it0 runs after the rest as in tag1 and when he has captured a prisoner he brings him into the 8red line10 and the two start out again hand in hand and another is captured1 then three together1 and two pair1 and so on until all are prisoners4 ,the first prisoner is 8it0 for the next game4 ,,roley ,,boley ,this game is also called ,roll ,ball and ,nigger ,baby1 and is played by children all over the civilized world4 ,a number of depressions are hollowed in the ground corresponding to the number of players and a hole is chosen by each one4 ,a rubber ball is then rolled toward the holes1 and if it lodges in one of them the boy who has claimed that hole must run in and pick up the ball while the rest scatter4 ,he then attempts to hit one of the other players with the ball4 ,if he succeeds a small stone called a 8baby0 is placed in the hole belonging to the boy struck4 ,otherwise the thrower is penalized with a 8baby40 ,when any boy has five babies he must stand against the wall and be a free target for the rest to throw the ball at4 ,,roque ,this game may be called scientific croquet4 ,a roque mallet has a dogwood head #i inches long1 with heavy nickel ferrules4 ,roque balls are made of a special composition that is both resilient and practically unbreakable4 ,a skilful roque player is able to make shots similar to billiard shots4 ,the standard roque court is #fj feet long1 #cj feet wide1 with corner pieces #f feet long4 ,the playing ground is of clay and should be as smooth as it is possible to make it4 ,a very light top dressing of sand is used on the clay4 ,the wickets1 or 8arches10 are driven into blocks of wood to secure firmness and buried into the ground with the top of the arch #h inches above the surface4 ,the roque balls are #c inches in diameter and the arches only #c wide1 which gives an idea of the difficulty of playing this game4 ,to be an expert requires an accurate eye and a great deal of practice4 ,there is a ,national ,roque ,association1 and an annual championship tournament is held to determine the champion4 ,the home of roque is in the ,new ,england ,states4 ,,rowing ,,record ,the best amateur intercollegiate record for the eight-oared race of four miles is #ah minutes #ec seconds1 made by ,cornell1 ,july #b1 #aija4 ,,rubicon ,this game may be played with any number of players1 and is especially adapted for a school or lawn game4 ,two players are chosen as pursuers and the rest are divided equally and stand two by two facing each other in two columns4 ,the two pursuers stand at the head of each column and face each other4 ,when ready they say1 8,cross the ,rubicon10 and at this signal the rear couple from each line must run forward and try to reach the rear of the other line4 ,the pursuers must not look back1 but as soon as the runners are abreast of them must try to tag them before they reach the place of safety4 ,the captured runners become pursuers1 and the one who was 8it0 takes his or her place at the rear of the other line4 ,,sack ,,racing ,a form of sport where the contestants are fastened in sacks with the hands and feet confined and where they race for a goal by jumping or hopping along at the greatest possible speed under this handicap4 ,a sack race should not be considered one of the scientific branches of sport1 but is rather to afford amusement for the spectators4 ,,scotland',s ,,burning ,this game is based upon the song of the same name4 ,the players form a ring1 with three judges in the centre4 ,each player with appropriate gestures in turn begins the song1 8,scotland's burning4 ,scotland's burning1 ,look out6 ,look out6 ,fire6 ,fire6 ,fire6 ,fire6 ,pour on water6 ,pour on water60 ,the whole party are soon singing1 but each four are singing different words4 ,the object of the judges is to detect some one in the circle either making gestures that are not appropriate to the words or to be singing out of order4 ,the penalty is to turn around and sing with the back to the circle4 ,the three who are facing in last then become judges4 ,,skiing ,this sport has recently received wide popularity in sections of the country where the winters make it possible4 ,skis--or1 as they are sometimes spelled1 skee1--are a pair of flat runners from five to ten feet long which are attached to the feet in such a way as to be easily cast off in case of accident4 ,by means of skis a ski-runner may either make rapid progress over level snow or may coast down sharp declivities and make jumps of great extent4 ,skis are usually made of ash and the standard lengths are from six to eight feet4 ,they cost from five to seven dollars a pair4 ,in skiing it is customary to use a pair of steel-shod poles with leather wrist straps1 but in ski-running or coasting the use of poles is very dangerous4 ,,spanish ,,fly ,in this game of leap frog various tricks are attempted by the leader1 as in the game of 8stump master40 ,each of the boys following is expected to do as the leader or to drop out and become 8down0 himself4 8,torchlight0 is to jump with one hand only1 using the other to wave his cap as if it were a torch4 ,in 8hats on deck0 each jumper in turn is supposed to leave his cap on 8down's0 back4 ,naturally the last one over may have a large pile of hats to clear4 ,if he disturbs any of them or knocks them off1 he is 8it40 8,hats off0 means for each jumper in turn to take his own hat without knocking off any of the others4 ,in all games of leap frog it is considered proper for the jumper to direct 8down0 to give him the kind of a 8back0 he desires4 ,consequently he will say high or low back1 depending upon whether he wishes 8down0 to stand almost upright or to bend close to the ground4 ,,squash ,this game is similar to racquets1 but is less violent or severe on a player4 ,it is played in a court #ca feet #f inches wide4 ,the front wall must be #af feet high4 ,the service line above which the ball must strike on the serve is #f feet from the floor4 ,below this line and #b feet from the floor is the 8tell tale10 above which the ball must strike in play4 ,a squash racket is similar to a tennis racket1 but slightly smaller4 ,in squash1 a game is 8fifteen up40 ,at the score of #ac a player may 8set the score0 back to #c or #e1 after which the player first winning either #c or #e points1 or aces1 as they are called1 is the winner4 ,the object of this is to endeavour to overcome the advantage that the server may have4 ,in a regulation squash court the spectators' gallery is above the walls of the court1 and the game is played in the pit below the gallery4 ,,stump ,,master ,in this game one of the players is chosen master4 ,it is usually the one who first suggests the game by saying4 8,let's play stump master40 ,he then leads the line of players1 going through various 8stumps10 or1 as we should call them now1 8stunts10 such as climbing fences and trees1 turning somersaults1 crawling through narrow places1 or whatever will be difficult for the rest to copy4 ,the game is capable of all sorts of variations4 ,,suckers ,this can scarcely be called a game1 but the use of the sucker is so familiar to most boys that a description of it is surely not out of place in this chapter4 ,a piece of sole leather is used1 three or four inches square4 ,it is cut into a circle and the edges carefully pared thin4 ,a hole is made in the centre and a piece of string or top twine is knotted and run through the hole4 ,the sucker is then soaked in water until it is soft and pliable4 ,the object of the sucker is to lift stones or bricks with it4 ,this1 too1 is of especial interest in ,new ,england towns1 where there are brick sidewalks4 ,the sucker is pressed firmly on a brick by means of the foot1 and it will be found to adhere to it with sufficient force to lift it clear of the ground4 ,,tether ,,ball ,the same as tether tennis1 which see4 ,,tether ,,tennis ,this game has been developed out of lawn tennis4 ,a wooden pole extending #aj feet above the surface is placed in a vertical position and firmly imbedded in the ground4 ,the pole must be #g inches in circumference at the ground and may taper to the top4 ,six feet above the ground a black band #b inches wide is painted around the pole4 ,the court is a smooth piece of sod or clay similar to a tennis court1 but a piece of ground #bj feet square is sufficient4 ,at the base of the pole a circle is described with a #c-;foot radius4 ,a line #bj feet long bisects this circle1 and #f feet from the pole on each side are two crosses1 which are known as service crosses4 ,an ordinary tennis ball is used which has been fitted with a tight-fitting linen cover4 ,the ball is fastened to the pole by means of a piece of heavy braided line4 ,ordinary heavy fish line will do4 ,the ball should hang #g feet from the top of the pole or #b feet from the ground4 ,regulation tennis rackets are used4 ,the game consists in endeavouring to wind the ball and string around the pole above the black mark in a direction previously determined4 ,the opponent meanwhile tries to prevent this and to wind the ball in the opposite direction by striking it as one would volley in tennis4 ,each player must keep in his own court4 ,the points are scored as 8fouls40 ,eleven games constitute a set4 ,a game is won when the string is completely wound around the pole above the black mark4 ,the penalty for a foul1 such as stepping outside of one's court1 allowing the string to wind around the handle of the racket or around the pole below the black mark1 provides for a free hit by one's opponent4 ,,three-,,legged ,,racing ,a race in which the contestants are paired off by being strapped together at the ankles and thighs4 ,remarkable speed can be obtained by practice under this handicap4 ,there are definite rules to govern three-legged races1 and official harness may be bought from sporting goods outfitters4 ,as a race1 however1 it is like sack racing1 to be classed among the sports designed to afford amusement rather than as a display of skill4 ,,tub ,,racing ,these races are often held in shallow lakes4 ,each contestant sits in a wash tub1 and by using his hands as paddles endeavours to paddle the course first4 ,as a wash tub is not a particularly seaworthy craft1 and spills are of frequent occurrence1 it is well for the tub racers also to know how to swim4 ,,volley ,,ball ,this game is extremely simple and may be played by any number of players1 provided that there is space and that the sides are evenly divided4 ,the best dimensions for a volley ball court are #be feet wide and #ej feet long1 but any square space evenly divided into two courts will do4 ,the game consists of twenty-one points4 ,the ball is made of white leather and inflated with a rubber bladder4 ,a net divides the two courts and is #g feet high4 ,the standard volley ball is #bg inches in circumference and weighs between #i and #ab ounces4 ,the whole object of the game is to pass the ball back and forth over the net without permitting it to touch the floor or to bound4 ,in this way it somewhat resembles both tennis and hand ball4 ,volley ball is an excellent game for gymnasiums and has the decided advantage of permitting almost any number to play4 ,,warning ,the 8warner0 takes his position at a space called 8home0 and the rest of the players stand some distance from him4 ,he then clasps his hands and runs out1 trying to tag an opponent with his clasped hands4 ,this would be practically impossible except that the players endeavour to make him unclasp his hands by pulling at his arms and drawing temptingly near him4 ,as soon as he has tagged a victim he runs for home as fast as possible4 ,if he himself is tagged before he reaches home he is out1 and the tagger becomes 8warner40 ,if both the warner and the one tagged reach home safely they clasp hands1 and finally the line contains all the players but one1 who has the honour of being warner for the next game4 ,the game receives its name from the call1 8,warning60 which the warner gives three times before leaving home4 ,,washington ,in this game a player stands blindfolded and another player comes up and taps him4 ,the one who is 8it0 then gives a penalty1 such as 8climb a tree or run to the corner and back10 and then tries to guess who it was that tapped him4 ,the one tapped must answer some question so that he may be recognized by his voice or laugh4 ,if 8it0 is correct in his guess1 the player must do as directed1 but if his guess is wrong he must do it himself4 ,the result of this game is that the blindfolded player will measure the severity of his 8forfeits10 or 8penalties10 to his certainty of guessing correctly the name of the player4 ,,water ,,polo ,this game is played in a swimming pool4 ,a white ball made of rubber fabric is used4 ,the ball must be between #g and #h inches in diameter4 ,the goals are spaces #d feet long and #ab inches wide at each end of the tank and placed #ah inches above the water line4 ,six men on a side constitute a team4 ,it is a game in which skill in swimming is absolutely essential4 ,it is also a very rough game4 ,the player endeavours to score goals by swimming with the ball1 and his opponents are privileged to tackle him and to force him under water or in other ways to attempt to secure the ball from him4 ,meanwhile the other players are blocking off opponents1 and in general the game resembles a football game in its rudiments4 ,,water ,,race ,in this game the contestants run a race carrying a glass or tin cup full of water on top of the head1 which must not be touched by the hands4 ,the one finishing first with a minimum loss of water from his cup is the winner4 ,,wicket ,,polo ,a game played by two teams of four players each4 ,the ball used is a regulation polo ball4 ,a wicket polo surface is #dd feet square1 in which sticks or wickets are set up4 ,the object of the game is to knock down the wickets of one's opponents by a batted ball and to prevent them from displacing our own4 ,a crooked stick #d feet in length and a little over an inch in diameter is used4 ,each player has a fixed position on the field or surface4 ,,wolf ,,and ,,sheep ,in this game 8it0 is the wolf4 ,the sheep choose a shepherd to guard them4 ,the wolf then secures a hiding place and the sheep and shepherd leave the fold and endeavour to locate him4 ,when this is done the shepherd cries1 8,i spy a wolf60 and every one stands while he counts ten4 ,then the sheep and shepherd scatter for the fold1 and if tagged before they reach it the first becomes wolf for the next game4 ,,wood ,,tag ,in this class are also 8iron tag10 8stone tag10 and 8tree tag40 ,they are all simply the game of tag with the additional rule that when a player is in contact with iron1 stone1 trees1 wood1 and so on he is safe from being tagged by the one who is 8it40 ,the game of 8squat tag0 is similar1 except that to be safe the one pursued must squat quickly on the ground before 8it0 catches him4 ,in cross tag1 8it0 must select a victim and continue to run after him until some one runs ahead and crosses his path1 when 8it10 who may be breathless by this time1 must abandon his victim for a fresh one1 who may soon be relieved and so on until some one is tagged1 or 8it0 is exhausted4 ,the ,country ,life ,press1 ,garden ,city1 ,n4,y4