,,v$,,nta-,s,,tras ,) ! ,comm5t>y by ,,sa,,nk>,,*,,rya ,translat$ by ,,george ,,?ibaut ,"p ,i ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction ,,v$,,nta-,s,,tras ,,) ,,! ,,comm5t>y ,,by ,,sa,,nk>,,*,,rya4 ,,adhy,,ya ,i4 ,pda ,i4 ,pda ,,ii4 ,pda ,,iii4 ,pda ,,iv4 ,,adhy,,ya ,,ii4 ,pda ,i4 ,pda ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,translit]ation ( ,ori5tal ,alphabets adopt$ = ! ,translations ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is book conta9s _m words ) "o or two lett]s 9 ! ^w pr9t$ 9 italics2 ^? lett]s are transcrib$ by enclos+ !m 9 sla%es1 e4g4 k>mak_/nd_/a has ! lett]s nd 9 italics4 ,also1 ! symbol is us$ be=e ! lett] n to indicate a horizontal b> across ! top4 ,,introduction4 ,to ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,brahmans1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 i4e4 to ! ,v$a1 !re belongs a c]ta9 numb] ( complem5t>y works )\t ^: assi/ance ! /ud5t is1 accord+ to ,h9du notions1 unable to d m ?an commit ! sacr$ texts to memory4 ,9 ! fir/ place all ,v$ic texts mu/1 9 ord] to be und]/ood1 be read toge!r ) runn+ comm5t>ies su* z ,sya_/n_/a's comm5t>ies on ! ,sa_/m_/hits & ,brhma_/n_/z1 & ! ,bh%yas ascrib$ to ,sank>a on ! *ief ,upani%ads4 ,b ^! comm5t>ies d n by !mselves conduce to a full compreh5sion ( ! cont5ts ( ! sacr$ texts1 s9ce !y conf9e !mselves to expla9+ ! mean+ ( ea* deta*$ passage )\t inve/igat+ its relation to o!r passages1 & ! :ole ( :i* !y =m "p2 consid]ations ( ! latt] k9d are at any rate introduc$ occasionally only4 ,! task ( tak+ a compreh5sive view ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,v$ic writ+s z a :ole1 ( sy/ematis+ :at !y pres5t 9 an unsy/ematical =m1 ( %[+ ! mutual co-ord9ation or subord9ation ( s+le passages & sections1 & ( reconcil+ contradictions--:i*1 accord+ to ! view ( ! or?odox comm5tators1 c be app>5t only--is allott$ to a sep>ate s/ra or body ( doctr9e :i* is t]m$ ,mm_/m_/s1 i4e4 ! inve/igation or enquiry ,greek3 kat ezo*a51 viz4 ! enquiry into ! connect$ mean+ ( ! sacr$ texts4 ,( ?is ,mm_/m_/s two bran*es h to be di/+ui%$1 ! s-call$ e>li] 7prva7 ,mm_/m_/s1 & ! lat] 7utt>a7 ,mm_/m_/s4 ,! =m] und]takes to sy/ematise ! k>mak_/nd_/a1 i4e4 t entire portion ( ! ,v$a :i* is conc]n$ ) action1 pre-em95tly sacrificial action1 & :i* comprises ! ,sa_/m_/hits & ! ,brhma_/n_/z exclusive ( ! ra_/n_/yaka portions2 ! latt] p]=ms ! same s]vice ) reg>d to ! s-call$ j_/_/naka_/nd_/a1 i4e4 t "p ( ! ,v$ic writ+s :i* includes ! ra_/n_/yaka portions ( ! ,brhma_/n_/z1 & a numb] ( deta*$ treatises call$ ,upani%ads4 ,its subject is n action b k1 viz4 ! k ( ,brahman4 ,at :at p]iod ^! two _/s_//ras fir/ assum$ a def9ite =m1 we are unable to asc]ta94 ,discussions ( ! nature ( ^? :i* con/itute ! subject-matt] ( ! ,prva ,mm_/m_/s mu/ h aris5 at a v e>ly p]iod1 & ! ^w ,mm_/m_/s itself toge!r ) its d]ivatives is already employ$ 9 ! ,brhma_/n_/z to d5ote ! d\bts & discussions connect$ ) c]ta9 conte/$ po9ts ( ritual4 ,! want ( a body ( def9ite rules prescrib+ h[ to act1 i4e4 h[ to p]=m ! v>i\s sacrifices 9 full accordance ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$a1 0 inde$ an urg5t "o1 because x 0 an altoge!r practical want1 cont9ually press+ itself on ! adhv>yus engag$ 9 rituali/ic duties4 ,& ! task ( e/abli%+ su* rules 0 moreov] a comp>atively limit$ & feasible "o2 = ! memb]s ( a c]ta9 ,v$ic skh or s*ool _h to d no m ?an to dige/ ?or\ghly _! own brhma_/n_/a & sa_/m_/hit1 )\t be+ "u any obligation ( reconcil+ ) ! tea*+ ( _! own books ! occasionally conflict+ rules impli$ 9 ! texts ( o!r skhs4 ,x 0 assum$ t action1 z be+ some?+ :i* dep5ds on ! w & *oice ( man1 admits ( alt]natives1 s t a c]ta9 sacrifice may be p]=m$ 9 diff]5t ways by memb]s ( diff]5t ,v$ic s*ools1 or ev5 by ! foll[]s ( "o & ! same skh4 ,! ,utt>a ,mm_/m_/s-_/s_//ra may be suppos$ to h orig9at$ consid]ably lat] ?an ! ,prva ,mm_/m_/s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! texts ) :i* x is conc]n$ d\btless con/itute ! late/ bran* ( ,v$ic lit]ature4 ,& 9 ! second place1 ! subject-matt] ( ^? texts did n call = a sy/ematical treatm5t ) equal urg5cy1 z x 0 9 no way connect$ ) practice2 ! m5tal attitude ( ! au?ors ( ! ,upani%ads1 :o 9 _! lucubrations on ,brahman & ! s\l aim at no?+ less ?an at def9it5ess & coh]5ce1 may h p]petuat$ itself ?r\gh _m g5]ations )\t any great inconv5i5ce result+ !refrom4 ,b 9 ! long run two causes mu/ h act$ ) ev]-increas+ =ce1 to give an impulse to ! sy/ematic work+ up ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads also4 ,! foll[]s ( ! diff]5t ,v$ic skhs no d\bt recognis$ already at an e>ly p]iod ! tru? t1 :ile conflict+ /atem5ts reg>d+ ! details ( a sacrifice c be got ov] by ! assumption ( a vikalpa1 i4e4 an optional proce$+1 x is n s ) reg>d to su* topics z ! nature ( ,brahman1 ! relation to x ( ! human s\l1 ! orig9 ( ! physical univ]se1 & ! l4 ,conc]n+ !m1 "o op9ion only c be ! true "o1 & x !re=e becomes absolutely incumb5t on ^?1 :o look on ! :ole body ( ! ,upani%ads z reveal$ tru?1 to demon/rate t _! tea*+ =ms a consi/5t :ole free f all contradictions4 ,9 addition !re sup]v5$ ! ext]nal motive t1 :ile ! k>mak_/nd_/a ( ! ,v$a conc]n$ only ! high] ca/es ( brahmanically con/itut$ society1 on :i* x enjo9s c]ta9 sacrificial p]=mances connect$ ) c]ta9 rew>ds1 ! j_/_/nk_/nd_/a1 z prop\nd+ a c]ta9 !ory ( ! _w1 t[>ds :i* any reflect+ p]son inside or outside ! pale ( ! or?odox community c\ld n b take up a def9ite position1 mu/ soon h become ! object ( criticism on ! "p ( ^? :o held diff]5t views on religi\s & philosophic ?+s1 & h5ce /ood 9 ne$ ( sy/ematic def5ce4 ,at pres5t !re exi/s a va/ lit]ature connect$ ) ! two bran*es ( ! ,mm_/m_/s4 ,we h1 on ! "o h&1 all ^? works :i* con/itute ! ,prva ,mm_/m_/s-_/s_//ra--or z x is (t51 %ortly b n accurately1 t]m$1 ! ,mm_/m_/s-_/s_//ra--&1 on ! o!r h&1 all ^? works :i* are commonly compris$ "u ! "n ,v$nta-_/s_//ra4 ,at ! head ( ?is ext5sive lit]ature !re /& two collections ( ,stras 7i4e4 %ort aphorisms con/itut+ 9 _! totality a complete body ( doctr9e ^u "s subject71 ^: reput$ au?ors are ,ja99i & ,bd>ya_/n_/a4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt t ! composition ( ^? two collections ( ,stras 0 prec$$ by a long s]ies ( prep>atory lit]>y ef=ts ( :i* !y m]ely repres5t ! highly cond5s$ outcome4 ,?is is r5d]$ probable by ! analogy ( o!r _/s_//ras1 z well z by ! exhau/ive ?or\ghness ) :i* ! ,stras p]=m _! task ( sy/ematiz+ ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$a1 & is fur!r prov$ by ! frequ5t ref]5ces :i* ! ,stras make to ! views ( e>li] tea*]s4 ,if we consid] m]ely ! pres]v$ monum5ts ( ,indian lit]ature1 ! ,stras 7( ! two ,mm_/m_/ss z well z ( o!r _/s_//ras7 m>k ! beg9n+2 if we1 h[ev]1 take into acc\nt :at once exi/$1 al?\gh x is at pres5t irretrievably lo/1 we obs]ve t !y occupy a /rictly c5tral position1 summ>is+1 on ! "o h&1 a s]ies ( e>ly lit]>y essays ext5d+ ov] _m g5]ations1 & =m+1 on ! o!r h&1 ! head spr+ ( an ev] broad5+ activity ( comm5tators z well z virtually indep5d5t writ]s1 :i* rea*es d[n to our days1 & may yet h "s future be=e itself4 ,! g5]al scope ( ! two ,mm_/m_/s-stras & _! relation to ! ,v$a h be5 indicat$ 9 :at prec$es4 ,a diff]5ce ( "s importance betwe5 ! two has1 h[ev]1 to be not$ 9 ?is connexion4 ,! sy/ematisation ( ! k>mak_/nd_/a ( ! ,v$a l$ to ! elaboration ( two classes ( works1 viz4 ! ,kalpa-stras on ! "o h&1 & ! ,prva ,mm_/m_/s-stras on ! o!r h&4 ,! =m] give no?+ b a description z concise z possible ( ! sacrifices enjo9$ 9 ! ,brhma_/n_/z2 :ile ! latt] discuss & e/abli% ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* ! au?or ( a ,kalpa-stra has to foll[1 if he wi%es to r5d] 8 rules /rictly con=mable to ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$a4 ,! j_/_/nak_/nd_/a ( ! ,v$a1 on ! o!r h&1 is sy/ematis$ 9 a s+le "w1 viz4 ! ,utt>a ,mm_/m_/s or ,v$nta-stras1 :i* comb9e ! two tasks ( concisely /at+ ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$a1 & ( argum5tatively e/abli%+ ! special int]pretation ( ! ,v$a adopt$ 9 ! ,stras4 ,?is diff]5ce may be acc\nt$ = by two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! cont5ts ( ! k>mak_/nd_/a1 z be+ ( an entirely practical nature1 call$ = summ>ies su* z ! ,kalpa-stras1 f :i* all burd5some discussions ( me?od are exclud$2 :ile !re 0 no simil> reason = ! sep>ation ( ! two topics 9 ! case ( ! purely !oretical sci5ce ( ,brahman4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 ! ,v$nta-stras ?r\gh\t presuppose ! ,prva ,mm_/m_/s-stras1 & may !re=e disp5se ) ! discussion ( g5]al pr9ciples & me?ods already e/abli%$ 9 ! latt]4 ,! "t at :i* ! two ,mm_/m_/s-stras 7 compos$ we are at pres5t unable to fix ) any c]ta9ty2 a few rem>ks on ! subject w1 h[ev]1 be made lat] on4 ,_! outw>d =m is t common to all ! s-call$ ,stras :i* aims at cond5s+ a giv5 body ( doctr9e 9 a numb] ( concise aphori/ic s5t5ces1 & (t5 ev5 m]e deta*$ words 9 lieu ( s5t5ces4 ,besides ! ,mm_/m_/s-stras ?is lit]>y =m is common to ! fundam5tal works on ! o!r philosophic sy/ems1 on ! ,v$ic sacrifices1 on dome/ic c]emonies1 on sacr$ law1 on gramm>1 & on metres4 ,! two ,mm_/m_/s-stras occupy1 h[ev]1 an altoge!r exceptional position 9 po9t ( /yle4 ,all ,stras aim at concis5ess2 t is cle>ly ! reason to :i* ?is :ole species ( lit]>y composition owes its exi/5ce4 ,?is _! aim !y rea* by ! rigid exclusion ( all words :i* c possibly be sp>$1 by ! c>eful avoidance ( all unnecess>y repetitions1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! grammatical ,stras1 by ! employm5t ( an arbitr>ily co9$ t]m9ology :i* sub/itutes s+le syllables = entire words or comb9ation ( words4 ,at ! same "t ! manife/ int5tion ( ! ,stra writ]s is to express !mselves ) z mu* cle>ness z ! concis5ess affect$ by !m admits (4 ,! aphorisms are inde$ (t5 concise to excess1 b n o!rwise intr9sically obscure1 ! manife/ c>e ( ! writ]s be+ to reta9 :at is ess5tial 9 a giv5 phrase1 & to sacrifice only :at c be suppli$1 al?\gh p]haps n )\t difficulty1 & an irksome /ra9 ( memory & reflection4 ,h5ce ! possibility ( und]/&+ )\t a comm5t>y a v consid]able portion at any rate ( ! ord9>y ,stras4 ,altoge!r diff]5t is ! case ( ! two ,mm_/m_/s-stras4 ,!re sc>cely "o s+le ,stra is intelligible )\t a comm5t>y4 ,! mo/ ess5tial words are habitually disp5s$ )2 no?+ is1 = in/ance1 m common ?an ! simple ommission ( ! subject or pr$icate ( a s5t5ce4 ,& :5 "h & !re a ,stra occurs ^: words con/rue )\t any?+ hav+ to be suppli$1 ! phraseology is s em95tly vague & obscure t )\t ! help d]iv$ f a comm5t>y we %\ld be unable to make out to :at subject ! ,stra ref]s4 ,:5 und]tak+ to translate ei!r ( ! ,mm_/m_/s-stras we !re=e dep5d altoge!r on comm5t>ies2 & h5ce ! "q arises :i* ( ! num]\s comm5t>ies extant is to be accept$ z a guide to _! "r und]/&+4 ,! comm5t>y "h select$ = translation1 toge!r ) ,bd>ya_/n_/a's ,stras 7to :i* we %all h5ce=? conf9e our att5tion to ! exclusion ( ,jaim9i's ,prva ,mm_/m_/s-stras71 is ! "o compos$ by ! celebrat$ !ologian _/,s_/ank>a or1 z he is commonly call$1 _/,s_/ank>_/k_/rya4 ,!re are obvi\s reasons = ?is selection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! _/,s_/ank>a-bh%ya repres5ts ! s-call$ or?odox side ( ,brahm9ical !ology :i* /rictly upholds ! ,brahman or highe/ ,self ( ! ,upani%ads z some?+ diff]5t f1 & 9 fact imm5sely sup]ior to1 ! div9e be+s su* z ,vi%_/n_/u or ,siva1 :i*1 = _m c5turies1 h be5 ! *ief objects ( popul> wor%ip 9 ,india4 ,9 ! second place1 ! doctr9e advocat$ by _/,s_/ank>a is1 f a purely philosophical po9t ( view & ap>t f all !ological consid]ations1 ! mo/ important & int]e/+ "o :i* has aris5 on ,indian soil2 nei!r ^? =ms ( ! ,v$nta :i* div]ge f ! view repres5t$ by _/,s_/ank>a nor any ( ! non-,v$ntic sy/ems c be comp>$ ) ! s-call$ or?odox ,v$nta 9 boldness1 dep?1 & subtlety ( speculation4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 _/,s_/ank>a's bha%ya is1 z f> z we "k1 ! olde/ ( ! extant comm5t>ies1 & relative antiquity is at any rate "o ( ! circum/ances :i* h to be tak5 into acc\nt1 al?\gh1 x mu/ be admitt$1 too mu* weight may easily be atta*$ to x4 ,! _/,s_/ank>a-bh%ya fur!r is ! au?ority mo/ g5]ally def]r$ to 9 ,india z to ! "r und]/&+ ( ! ,v$nta-stras1 & ev] s9ce _/,s_/ank>a's "t ! majority ( ! be/ ?9k]s ( ,india h be5 m5 belong+ to 8 s*ool4 ,if 9 addition to all ?is we take into consid]ation ! intr9sic m]its ( _/,s_/ank>a's "w :i*1 z a piece ( philosophical argum5tation & !ological apologetics1 und\bt$ly occupies a high rank1 ! pref]5ce "h giv5 to x w be easily und]/ood4 ,b to ! ,european--or1 g5]ally1 mod]n--translator ( ! ,v$nta-stras ) _/,s_/ank>a's comm5t>y ano!r "q w ( c\rse sugge/ itself at once1 viz4 :e!r or n _/,s_/ank>a's explanations fai?fully r5d] ! int5d$ mean+ ( ! au?or ( ! ,stras4 ,to ! ,indian ,p&it ( _/,s_/ank>a's s*ool ?is "q has become an indiff]5t "o1 or1 to /ate ! case m accurately1 he objects to x be+ rais$1 z he looks on _/,s_/ank>a's au?ority z /&+ above d\bt & dispute4 ,:5 press$ to make good 8 position he w1 moreov]1 mo/ probably n ent] into any detail$ comp>ison ( _/,s_/ank>a's comm5ts ) ! text ( ,bd>ya_/n_/a's ,stras1 b w r endeav\r to %[ on speculative gr\nds t _/,s_/ank>a's philosophical view is ! only true "o1 :5ce x ( c\rse foll[s t x accurately repres5ts ! mean+ ( ,bd>ya_/n_/a1 :o himself mu/ necess>ily be assur$ to h taught ! true doctr9e4 ,b on ! mod]n inve/igator1 :o nei!r c consid] himself b\nd by ! au?ority ( a "n h[ev] great1 nor is likely to look to any ,indian sy/em ( ?\ght = ! satisfaction ( 8 speculative wants1 x is cle>ly incumb5t n to acquiesce f ! outset 9 ! int]pretations giv5 ( ! ,v$nta-stras--& ! ,upani%ads--by _/,s_/ank>a & 8 s*ool1 b to submit !m1 z f> z t c be done1 to a critical inve/igation4 ,?is is a task :i* w\ld h to be und]tak5 ev5 if _/,s_/ank>a's views z to ! true mean+ ( ! ,stras & ,upani%ads _h nev] be5 call$ into d\bt on ,indian soil1 al?\gh 9 t case x c\ld p]haps h>dly be ent]$ ^u ) mu* hope ( success2 b x becomes mu* m urg5t1 & at ! same "t m feasible1 :5 we meet 9 ,india itself ) sy/ems claim+ to be ,v$ntic & bas$ on int]pretations ( ! ,stras & ,upani%ads m or less diff]+ f ^? ( _/,s_/ank>a4 ,! claims ( ^? sy/ems to be 9 ! possession ( ! "r und]/&+ ( ! fundam5tal au?orities ( ! ,v$nta mu/ at any rate be exam9$1 ev5 if we %\ld f9ally be compell$ to reject !m4 ,x appe>s t already at a v e>ly p]iod ! ,v$nta-stras _h come to be look$ ^u z an au?oritative "w1 n to be neglect$ by any :o wi%$ to affiliate _! own doctr9es to ! ,v$a4 ,at pres5t1 at any rate1 !re are v few ,h9du sects n int]e/$ 9 %[+ t _! di/9ctive t5ets are c\nt5anc$ by ,bd>ya_/n_/a's tea*+4 ,ow+ to ?is ! comm5t>ies on ! ,stras h 9 ! c\rse ( "t become v num]\s1 & x is at pres5t impossible to give a full & accurate enum]ation ev5 ( ^? actually exi/+1 mu* less ( ^? ref]r$ to & quot$4 ,mr4 ,fitz-,edw>d ,hall1 9 8 ,bibliographical ,index1 m5tions f\rte5 comm5t>ies1 copies ( :i* _h be5 inspect$ by himself4 ,"s among ^! 7z1 = in/ance1 ,rmnuja's ,v$nta-sra1 ,no4 ,,xxxv7 are inde$ n comm5t>ies 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 b r sy/ematic expositions ( ! doctr9e suppos$ to be prop\nd$ 9 ! ,stras2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are 9 exi/5ce sev]al true comm5t>ies :i* _h n be5 accessible to ,fitz-,edw>d ,hall4 ,x w\ld h>dly be practical--& c]ta9ly n feasible 9 ?is place--to submit all ! exi/+ bh%yas to a critical enquiry at once4 ,all we c d "h is to s+le out "o or a few ( ! m important ones1 & to comp>e _! int]pretations ) ^? giv5 by _/,s_/ank>a1 & ) ! text ( ! ,stras !mselves4 ,! bh%ya1 :i* 9 ?is connexion is ! fir/ to press itself ^u our att5tion1 is ! "o compos$ by ! fam\s ,vai%nava !ologian & philosoph] ,rmnuja1 :o is suppos$ to h liv$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! ,rmnuja or1 z x is (t5 call$1 ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya appe>s to be ! olde/ comm5t>y extant next to _/,s_/ank>a's4 ,x is fur!r to be not$ t ! sect ( ! ,rmnujas occupies a pre-em95t position among ! ,vai%nava1 sects :i* !mselves1 9 _! totality1 may claim to be consid]$ ! mo/ important among all ,h9du sects4 ,! intr9sic value ( ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya moreov] is--z e /ud5t acqua9t$ ) x w be ready to ackn[l$ge--a v high "o2 x /rikes "o ?r\gh\t z a v solid p]=mance due to a writ] ( ext5sive le>n+ & great p[] ( argum5tation1 & 9 its polemic p>ts1 direct$ *iefly aga9/ ! s*ool ( _/,s_/ank>a1 x n unfrequ5tly des]ves to be call$ brilliant ev54 ,& 9 addition to all ?is x %[s evid5t traces ( be+ n ! m]e outcome ( ,rmnuja's individual views1 b ( re/+ on an old & weighty tradition4 ,?is latt] po9t is cle>ly ( ! greate/ importance4 ,if x c\ld be demon/rat$ or ev5 r5d]$ probable only t ! olde/ bh%ya :i* we possess1 i4e4 ! _/,s_/ank>a-bh%ya1 repres5ts an un9t]rupt$ & uni=m tradition bridg+ ov] ! int]val betwe5 ,bd>ya_/n_/a1 ! reput$ au?or ( ! ,stras1 & _/,s_/ank>a2 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 x c\ld be %[n t ! m mod]n bh%yas are n support$ by old tradition1 b are no?+ m ?an bold attempts ( clev] sect>ians to =ce an old "w ( g5]ally recognis$ au?ority into ! s]vice ( _! individual t5ets2 !re w\ld c]ta9ly be no reason = u to raise ! "q :e!r ! lat] bh%yas c help u 9 mak+ out ! true mean+ ( ! ,stras4 ,all we %\ld h to d 9 t case w\ld be to accept _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretations z !y /&1 or at ! utmo/ to attempt to make out1 if at all possible1 by a c>eful comp>ison ( _/,s_/ank>a's bh%ya ) ! text ( ! ,stras1 :e!r ! =m] 9 all cases fai?fully repres5ts ! purport ( ! latt]4 ,9 ! mo/ rec5t book ( note :i* at all ent]s into ! "q z to h[ f> we h to accept _/,s_/ank>a z a guide to ! "r und]/&+ ( ! ,stras 7,mr4 ,a4 ,g\gh's ,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads7 ! view is ma9ta9$ 7pp4 #bci ff47 t _/,s_/ank>a is ! g5]ally recognis$ expositor ( true ,v$nta doctr9e1 t t doctr9e 0 h&$ d[n by an unbrok5 s]ies ( tea*]s int]v5+ betwe5 him & ! ,strakra1 & t !re exi/$ f ! beg9n+ only "o ,v$nta doctr9e1 agree+ 9 all ess5tial po9ts ) ! doctr9e kn[n to u f _/,s_/ank>a's writ+s4 ,mr4 ,g\gh und]takes to prove ?is view1 fir/ly1 by a comp>ison ( _/,s_/ank>a's sy/em ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads !mselves2 &1 secondly1 by a comp>ison ( ! purport ( ! ,stras--z f> z t c be made out indep5d5tly ( ! comm5t>ies--) ! int]pretations giv5 ( !m by _/,s_/ank>a4 ,to bo? ^! po9ts we %all rev]t lat] on4 ,mean:ile1 ,i only wi% to rem>k conc]n+ ! =m] po9t t1 ev5 if we c\ld %[ ) c]ta9ty t all ! ,upani%ads prop\nd "o & ! same doctr9e1 !re yet rema9s ! und5iable fact ( our be+ confront$ by a consid]able numb] ( ess5tially diff]+ !ories1 all ( :i* claim to be f\nd$ on ! ,upani%ads4 ,& ) reg>d to ! latt] po9t ,i h to say = ! pres5t t1 z long z we h only _/,s_/ank>a's bh%ya be=e u1 we are naturally incl9$ to f9d 9 ! ,stras--:i*1 tak5 by !mselves1 are = ! great] "p un9telligible--! mean+ :i* _/,s_/ank>a ascribes to !m2 :ile a ref]5ce to o!r bh%yas may n impossibly *ange our views at once4--,mean:ile1 we w consid] ! "q z to ! unbrok5 uni=mity ( ,v$ntic tradition f ano!r po9t or view1 viz4 by enquir+ :e!r or n ! ,stras !mselves1 & ! _/,s_/ank>a-bh%ya1 furni% any indications ( !re hav+ exi/$ already at an e>ly "t ess5tially diff]5t ,v$ntic sy/ems or l9es ( ,v$ntic speculation4 ,beg9n+ ) ! ,stras1 we f9d t !y supply ample evid5ce to ! effect t already at a v e>ly "t1 viz4 ! p]iod antec$5t to ! f9al composition ( ! ,v$nta-stras 9 _! pres5t %ape1 !re _h aris5 among ! *ief doctors ( ! ,v$nta diff]5ces ( op9ion1 be>+ n only ^u m9or po9ts ( doctr9e1 b affect+ ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,9 addition to ,bd>ya_/n_/a himself1 ! reput$ au?or ( ! ,stras1 ! latt] quote op9ions ascrib$ to ! foll[+ tea*]s3 treya1 _/s_/m>a?ya1 ,au_/d_/ulomi1 ,kr%_/n_/g9i1 ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna1 ,jaim9i1 ,bd>i4 ,among ! passages :]e div]g+ views ( ^? tea*]s are record$ & contra/$ ?ree are ( p>ticul> importance4 ,fir/ly1 a passage 9 ! f\r? pda ( ! f\r? adhyya 7,stras #e-g71 :]e ! op9ions ( v>i\s tea*]s conc]n+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! releas$ s\l are giv51 & :]e ! important discrepancy is not$ t1 accord+ to ,au_/d_/ulomi1 its only *>act]i/ic is ?\ght 7_/k_/aitanya71 :ile ,jaim9i ma9ta9s t x possesses a numb] ( exalt$ qualities1 & ,bd>ya_/n_/a decl>es himself 9 fav\r ( a comb9ation ( ^? two views4--,! second passage occurs 9 ! ?ird pda ( ! f\r? adhyya 7,stras #g-ad71 :]e ,jaim9i ma9ta9s t ! s\l ( him :o possesses ! l[] k ( ,brahman goes aft] dea? to ! highe/ ,brahman1 :ile ,bd>i--^: op9ion is endors$ by _/,s_/ank>a--tea*es t x repairs to ! l[] ,brahman only--,f9ally1 ! ?ird & mo/ important passage is met ) 9 ! f\r? pda ( ! fir/ adhyya 7,stras #bj-bb71 :]e ! "q is discuss$ :y 9 a c]ta9 passage ( ! ,brhadra_/n_/yaka ,brahman is ref]r$ to 9 t]ms :i* are /rictly applicable to ! individual s\l only4 ,9 connexion !re) ! ,stras quote ! views ( ?ree anci5t tea*]s ab\t ! relation 9 :i* ! individual s\l /&s to ,brahman4 ,accord+ to _/s_/m>a?ya 7if we accept ! int]pretation ( 8 view giv5 by _/,s_/ank>a & _/,s_/ank>a's comm5tators7 ! s\l /&s to ,brahman 9 ! bh$bh$a relation1 i4e4 x is nei!r absolutely diff]5t nor absolutely non-diff]5t f x1 z sp>ks are f fire4 ,audulomi1 on ! o!r h&1 tea*es t ! s\l is altoge!r diff]5t f ,brahman up to ! "t :5 obta9+ f9al release x is m]g$ 9 x1 & ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna f9ally upholds ! doctr9e t ! s\l is absolutely non-diff]5t f ,brahman2 :i*1 91 "s way or o!r pres5ts itself z ! individual s\l4 ,t ! anci5t tea*]s1 ! ripe/ outcome ( ^: speculations & discussions is embodi$ 9 ! ,v$nta-stras1 disagre$ among !mselves on po9ts ( vital importance is suffici5tly prov$ by ! ?ree passages quot$4 ,! "o quot$ la/ is specially significant z %[+ t recognis$ au?orities--deem$ wor?y ( be+ quot$ 9 ! ,stras--d5i$ t doctr9e on :i* ! :ole sy/em ( _/,s_/ank>a h+es1 viz4 ! doctr9e ( ! absolute id5tity ( ! individual s\l ) ,brahman4 ,turn+ next to ! _/,s_/ank>a-bh%ya itself1 we !re also meet ) indications t ! ,v$nt9s 7 divid$ among !mselves on important po9ts ( dogma4 ,^! indications are inde$ n num]\s3 _/,s_/ank>a1 does n on ! :ole impress "o z an au?or p>ticul>ly anxi\s to /r5g!n 8 own case by appeals to anci5t au?orities1 a peculi>ity ( 8 :i* lat] writ]s ( ho/ile t5d5cies h n fail$ to rem>k & criticise4 ,b yet m ?an once _/,s_/ank>a also ref]s to ! op9ion ( 'ano!r1' viz41 comm5tator ( ! ,stras1 & 9 sev]al places _/,s_/ank>a's comm5tators expla9 t ! 'o!r' meant is ! ,v_/ri_/ttikra 7ab\t :om m w be said %ortly74 ,^? ref]5ces z a rule conc]n m9or po9ts ( exegesis1 & h5ce ?r[ little or no light on important diff]5ces ( dogma2 b !re are two rem>ks ( _/,s_/ank>a's at any rate :i* are ( int]e/ 9 ?is connexion4 ,! "o is made ) ref]5ce to ,stras #g-ad ( ! ?ird pda ( ! f\r? adhyya2 '"s1' he says !re1 'decl>e ^? ,stras1 :i* ,i look ^u z sett+ =? ! siddhnta view1 to /ate m]ely ! prvapak%a2' a diff]5ce ( op9ion :i*1 z we h se5 above1 affects ! important "q z to ! ultimate fate ( ^? :o h n rea*$ ! k ( ! highe/ ,brahman4--,& "u ,i1 #c1 #ai _/,s_/ank>a1 aft] hav+ expla9$ at l5g? t ! individual s\l z su* _c claim any reality1 b is real only 9 s f> z x is id5tical ) ,brahman1 adds ! foll[+ words1 'ap>e tu vd9a_/h_/ pramr?ikam eva jaiva_/m_/ rpam iti manyante asmady_/s_/ _/k_/a ke_/k_/x1' i4e4 o!r !oris]s aga91 & among !m "s ( ours1 are ( op9ion t ! individual s\l z su* is real4' ,! t]m 'ours1' "h made use (1 c d5ote only ! ,aupani%adas or ,v$nt9s1 & x ?us appe>s t _/,s_/ank>a himself 0 will+ to class "u ! same category himself & philosoph]s :o--z 9 lat] times ! ,rmnujas & o!rs--look$ ^u ! individual s\l z n due to ! fictiti\s limitations ( ,my1 b z real 9 itself2 :atev] may be ! relation 9 :i* !y consid]$ x to /& to ! highe/ ,self4 ,f :at prec$es x foll[s t ! ,v$nt9s ( ! s*ool to :i* _/,s_/ank>a himself belong$ ackn[l$g$ ! exi/5ce ( ,v$ntic tea*+ ( a type ess5tially diff]5t f _! own4 ,we mu/ n[ proce$ to enquire :e!r ! ,rmnuja sy/em1 :i* likewise claims to be ,v$nta1 & to be f\nd$ on ! ,v$nta-stras1 has any title to be consid]$ an anci5t sy/em & ! heir ( a respectable tradition4 ,x appe>s t ,rmnuja claims--& by ,h9du writ]s is g5]ally admitt$--to foll[ 9 8 bh%ya ! au?ority ( ,bodhyana1 :o _h compos$ a v_/ri_/tti on ! ,stras4 ,?us we read 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya 7,p&it1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,,vii1 p4 #afc71 ',bhagavad-bodhyanak_/ri_/t_/m_/ vi/rn_/m_/ brahmastra-v_/ri_/tti_/m_/ prv_/k_/ry_/h_/ sa_/m_/kik%ipus tanmatnusre_/n_/a strk%>_/n_/i vykhysyante4' ,:e!r ! ,bodhyana to :om t v_/ri_/tti is ascrib$ is to be id5tifi$ ) ! au?or ( ! ,kalpa-stra1 & o!r works1 _c at pres5t be decid$4 ,b t an anci5t v_/ri_/tti on ! ,stras connect$ ) ,bodhyana's "n actually exi/$1 !re is n any reason to d\bt4 ,%ort quotations f x are met ) 9 a few places ( ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya1 &1 z we h se5 above1 _/,s_/ank>a's comm5tators /ate t _! au?or's polemical rem>ks are direct$ aga9/ ! ,v_/ri_/ttikra4 ,9 addition to ,bodhyana1 ,rmnuja appeals to q a s]ies ( anci5t tea*]s--prv_/k_/rys--:o c>ri$ on ! true tradition z to ! tea*+ ( ! ,v$nta & ! mean+ ( ! ,stras4 ,9 ! ,v$r?asangraha--a "w compos$ by ,rmnuja himself--we meet 9 "o place ) ! enum]ation ( ! foll[+ au?orities3 ,bodhyana1 _/,t_/anka1 ,drami_/d_/a1 ,guhadeva1 ,kap>d91 ,bh>u_/k_/i1 & quotations f ! writ+s ( "s ( ^! are n unfrequ5t 9 ! ,v$r?asangraha1 z well z ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya4 ,! au?or mo/ frequ5tly quot$ is ,drami_/d_/a1 :o compos$ ! ,drami_/d_/a-bh%ya2 he is sometimes ref]r$ to z ! bh%yakra4 ,ano!r writ] repeat$ly quot$ z ! vkyakra is1 ,i am told1 to be id5tifi$ ) ! _/,t_/anka m5tion$ above4 ,i refra9 f ins]t+ 9 ?is place ! in=mation conc]n+ ! relative age ( ^! writ]s :i* may be d]iv$ f ! oral tradition ( ! ,rmnuja sect4 ,f ano!r s\rce1 h[ev]1 we receive an intimation t ,drami_/d_/_/k_/rya or ,dravi_/d_/_/k_/rya prec$$ _/,s_/ank>a 9 po9t ( "t4 ,9 8 _/t_/k on _/,s_/ank>a's bh%ya to ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad ,,iii1 #aj1 #d1 n&agiri rem>ks t ! attempt made by 8 au?or to reconcile ! cosmological views ( ! ,upani%ad ) ! tea*+ ( ,sm_/ri_/ti on ! same po9t is a reproduction ( ! analog\s attempt made by ! ,dravi_/d_/_/k_/rya4 ,x ?us appe>s t t special int]pretation ( ! ,v$nta-stras ) :i* ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya makes u acqua9t$ is n due to innovat+ views on ! "p ( ,rmnuja1 b _h au?oritative repres5tatives already at a p]iod ant]ior to t ( _/,s_/ank>a4 ,?is latt] po9t1 moreov]1 receives additional confirmation f ! relation 9 :i* ! s-call$ ,rmnuja sect /&s to e>li] sects4 ,:at ! exact position ( ,rmnuja 01 & ( :at nature 7 ! re=ms t r5d]$ him s prom95t z to give 8 "n to a new sect1 is n exactly kn[n at pres5t2 at ! same "t x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ t ! ,rmnujas are closely connect$ ) ! s-call$ ,bhgavatas or ,p_/k_/artras1 :o are kn[n to h exi/$ already at a v e>ly "t4 ,?is latt] po9t is prov$ by evid5ce ( v>i\s k9ds2 = our pres5t purpose x suffices to po9t to ! fact t1 accord+ to ! int]pretation ( ! mo/ au?oritative comm5tators1 ! la/ ,stras ( ! second pda ( ! second adhyya 7,v$nta-stras7 ref] to a di/9ctive t5et ( ! ,bhgavatas--:i* t5et =ms "p ( ! ,rmnuja sy/em also--viz4 t ! highe/ be+ manife/s itself 9 a f\rfold =m 7vyha7 z ,vsudeva1 ,sank>%a_/n_/a1 ,pradyumna1 ,aniruddha1 ^? f\r =ms be+ id5tical ) ! highe/ ,self1 ! individual s\l1 ! int]nal organ 7manas71 & ! pr9ciple ( egoity 7ahankra74 ,:e!r ^? ,stras embody an approval ( ! t5et ref]r$ to1 z ,rmnuja ma9ta9s1 or are meant to impugn x1 z _/,s_/ank>a ?9ks2 s mu* is c]ta9 t 9 ! op9ion ( ! be/ comm5tators ! ,bhgavatas1 ! direct =]unn]s ( ! ,rmnujas1 are m5tion$ 9 ! ,stras !mselves1 & h5ce mu/ n only h exi/$1 b ev5 rea*$ a consid]able degree ( importance at ! "t :5 ! ,stras 7 compos$4 ,& consid]+ ! g5]al agreem5t ( ! sy/ems ( ! e>li] ,bhgavatas & ! lat] ,rmnujas1 we h a full "r to suppose t ! two sects 7 at "o also 9 _! mode ( int]pret+ ! ,v$nta-stras4 ,! prec$+ consid]ations suffice1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 to %[ t x w by no means be wa/$ lab\r to enquire h[ ,rmnuja int]prets ! ,stras1 & :]e9 he diff]s f _/,s_/ank>a4 ,?is 9 fact seems cle>ly to be ! fir/ /ep we h to take1 if we wi% to make an attempt at lea/ ( advanc+ beyond ! int]pretations ( s*olia/s to ! mean+ ( ! ,stras !mselves4 ,a full & exhau/ive comp>ison ( ! views ( ! two comm5tators w\ld inde$ f> exce$ ! limits ( ! space :i* c "h he devot$ to t task1 & w1 moreov]1 be made ) great] ease & advantage :5 ! complete ,sanskrit text ( ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya has be5 pr9t$1 & ?us made available = g5]al ref]5ce4 ,b mean:ile x is possible1 &--z said be=e--ev5 urg$ ^u a translator ( ! ,stras to comp>e ! int]pretations1 giv5 by ! two bh%yakras1 ( ^? ,stras1 :i*1 m ?an o!rs1 t\* on ! ess5tial po9ts ( ! ,v$nta sy/em4 ,?is w be/ be done 9 connexion ) a succ9ct b full review ( ! topics discuss$ 9 ! adhik>a_/n_/z ( ! ,v$nta-stras1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a2 a review :i*--ap>t f ! side-glances at ,rmnuja's comm5ts--w be useful z a guide ?r\gh ! ,stras & ! _/,s_/ank>a-bh%ya4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ent]+ on t task1 ,i ?9k x advisable to ins]t %ort sket*es ( ! philosophical sy/ems ( _/,s_/ank>a z well z ( ,rmnuja1 :i* may be ref]r$ to :51 lat] on discrepancies betwe5 ! two comm5tators w be not$4 ,9 ^! sket*es ,i %all conf9e myself to ! lead+ features1 & n ent] into any details4 ,( _/,s_/ank>a's sy/em we possess z x is m ?an "o tru/wor?y exposition2 x may suffice to ref] to ,deuss5's ,sy/em ( ! ,v$nta1 9 :i* ! details ( ! entire sy/em1 z f> z !y c be le>n$ f ! ,stra-bh%ya1 are repres5t$ fully & fai?fully1 & to ,g\gh's ,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads :i*1 pr9cipally 9 its second *apt]1 gives a lucid sket* ( ! _/,s_/ank>a ,v$nta1 f\nd$ on ! ,stra-bh%ya1 ! ,upani%ad bh%yas1 & "s lat] writ]s belong+ to _/,s_/ank>a's s*ool4 ,) reg>d to ,rmnuja's philosophy our *ief s\rce 01 hi!rto1 ! ,rmnuja *apt] 9 ! ,s>vad>_/s_/a_/n_/asa_/m_/graha2 ! %ort sket* ab\t to be giv5 is f\nd$ altoge!r on ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya itself4 ,:at 9 _/,s_/ank>a's op9ion ! ,upani%ads tea*1 is %ortly z foll[s4--,:atev] is1 is 9 reality "o2 !re truly exi/s only "o univ]sal be+ call$ ,brahman or ,p>amtman1 ! highe/ ,self4 ,?is be+ is ( an absolutely homog5e\s nature2 x is pure ',be+1' or1 :i* comes to ! same1 pure intellig5ce or ?\ght 7_/k_/aitanya1 j_/_/na74 ,intellig5ce or ?\ght is n to be pr$icat$ ( ,brahman z its attribute1 b con/itutes its sub/ance1 ,brahman is n a ?9k+ be+1 b ?\ght itself4 ,x is absolutely de/itute ( qualities2 :atev] qualities or attributes are conceivable1 c only be d5i$ ( x4--,b1 if no?+ exi/s b "o absolutely simple be+1 :5ce ! appe>ance ( ! _w by :i* we see ourselves surr\nd$1 &1 9 :i* we ourselves exi/ z individual be+s8--,brahman1 ! answ] runs1 is associat$ ) a c]ta9 p[] call$ ,my or avidy to :i* ! appe>ance ( ?is entire _w is due4 ,?is p[] _c be call$ 'be+' 7sat71 = 'be+' is only ,brahman2 nor c x be call$ 'non-be+' 7asat7 9 ! /rict s5se1 = x at any rate produces ! appe>ance ( ?is _w4 ,x is 9 fact a pr9ciple ( illusion2 ! undef9able cause ow+ to :i* !re seems to exi/ a mat]ial _w compreh5d+ di/9ct individual exi/5ces4 ,be+ associat$ ) ?is pr9ciple ( illusion1 ,brahman is enabl$ to project ! appe>ance ( ! _w1 9 ! same way z a magician is enabl$ by 8 incompreh5sible magical p[] to produce illusory appe>ances ( animate & inanimate be+s4 ,my ?us con/itutes ! updna1 ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w2 or--if we wi% to call att5tion to ! circum/ance t ,my belongs to ,brahman z a _/s_/akti--we may say t ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w is ,brahman 9 s f> z x is associat$ ) ,my4 ,9 ?is latt] quality ,brahman is m prop]ly call$ _/s_/v>a1 ! ,"l4 ,my1 "u ! guidance ( ! ,"l1 modifies itself by a progressive evolution into all ! individual exi/5ces 7bh$a71 di/+ui%$ by special names & =ms1 ( :i* ! _w consi/s2 f x !re spr+ 9 due succession ! diff]5t mat]ial elem5ts & ! :ole bodily app>atus belong+ to s5ti5t ,be+s4 ,9 all ^? app>5tly1 individual =ms ( exi/5ce ! "o indivisible ,brahman is pres5t1 b1 ow+ to ! p>ticul> adjuncts into :i* ,my has specialis$ itself1 x appe>s to be brok5 up--x is brok5 up1 z x 7--into a multiplicity1 ( intellectual or s5ti5t pr9ciples1 ! s-call$ jvas 7individual or p]sonal s\ls74 ,:at is real 9 ea* jva is only ! univ]sal ,brahman itself2 ! :ole aggregate ( individualis+ bodily organs & m5tal functions1 :i* 9 our ord9>y exp]i5ce sep>ate & di/+ui% "o jva f ano!r1 is ! (fspr+ ( ,my & z su* unreal4 ,! ph5om5al _w or _w ( ord9>y exp]i5ce 7vyavahra7 ?us consi/s ( a numb] ( individual s\ls engag$ 9 specific cognitions1 volitions1 & s on1 & ( ! ext]nal mat]ial objects ) :i* ^? cognitions & volitions are conc]n$4 ,nei!r ! specific cognitions nor _! objects are real 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 = bo? are altoge!r due to ,my4 ,b at ! same "t we h to reject ! ideali/ic doctr9e ( c]ta9 ,bauddha s*ools accord+ to :i* no?+ :atev] truly exi/s1 b c]ta9 tra9s ( cognitional acts or ideas to :i* no ext]nal objects correspond2 = ext]nal ?+s1 al?\gh n real 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 enjoy at any rate z mu* reality z ! specific cognitional acts ^: objects !y are4 ,! non-enlight5$ s\l is unable to look ?r\gh & beyond ,my1 :i*1 l a veil1 hides f x its true nature4 ,in/ead ( recognis+ itself to be ,brahman1 x bl9dly id5tifies itself ) its adjuncts 7updhi71 ! fictiti\s (fspr+ ( ,my1 & ?us looks = its true ,self 9 ! body1 ! s5se organs1 & ! int]nal organ 7manas71 i4e4 ! organ ( specific cognition4 ,! s\l1 :i* 9 reality is pure intellig5ce1 non-active1 inf9ite1 ?us becomes limit$ 9 ext5t1 z x 71 limit$ 9 k & p[]1 an ag5t & enjoy]4 ,?r\gh its actions x burd5s itself ) m]it & dem]it1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* x has to be> or enjoy 9 s]ies ( future embodi$ exi/5ces1 ! ,"l--z a retributor & disp5s]--allott+ to ea* s\l t =m ( embodim5t to :i* x is entitl$ by its previ\s actions4 ,at ! end ( ea* ( ! great _w p]iods call$ kalpas ! ,"l retracts ! :ole _w1 i4e4 ! :ole mat]ial _w is dissolv$ & m]g$ into non-di/9ct ,my1 :ile ! individual s\ls1 free = ! "t f actual connexion ) updhis1 lie 9 deep slumb] z x 74 ,b z ! consequ5ces ( _! =m] de$s are n yet exhau/$1 !y h aga9 to ent] on embodi$ exi/5ce z soon z ! ,"l s5ds =? a new mat]ial _w1 & ! old r\nd ( bir?1 action1 dea? beg9s anew to la/ to all et]nity z x has la/$ f all et]nity4 ,! means ( escap+ f ?is endless sa_/ms_/ra1 ! way out ( :i* c nev] be f\nd by ! non-enlight5$ s\l1 are furni%$ by ! ,v$a4 ,! k>mak_/nd_/a inde$1 ^: purport x is to enjo9 c]ta9 actions1 _c lead to f9al release2 = ev5 ! mo/ m]itori\s works necess>ily lead to new =ms ( embodi$ exi/5ce4 ,& 9 ! j_/_/nak_/nd_/a ( ! ,v$a also two diff]5t p>ts h to be di/+ui%$1 viz41 fir/ly1 ^? *apt]s & passages :i* treat ( ,brahman 9 s f> z relat$ to ! _w1 & h5ce *>act]is$ by v>i\s attributes1 i4e4 ( _/s_/v>a or ! l[] ,brahman2 &1 secondly1 ^? texts :i* set =? ! nature ( ! highe/ ,brahman transc5d+ all qualities1 & ! fundam5tal id5tity ( ! individual s\l ) t highe/ ,brahman4 ,dev\t m$itation on ,brahman z sugge/$ by passages ( ! =m] k9d does n directly lead to f9al emancipation2 ! pi\s wor%ipp] passes on 8 dea? into ! _w ( ! l[] ,brahman only1 :]e he cont9ues to exi/ z a di/9ct individual s\l--al?\gh 9 ! enjoym5t ( great p[] & k--until at la/ he rea*es ! highe/ k1 &1 ?r\gh x1 f9al release4--,t /ud5t ( ! ,v$a1 on ! o!r h&1 ^: s\l has be5 enlight5$ by ! texts embody+ ! high] k ( ,brahman1 :om passages su* z ! great say+1 ',t art ?\1' h taught t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 8 true ,self & ! highe/ ,self1 obta9s at ! mom5t ( dea? imm$iate f9al release1 i4e4 he )draws altoge!r f ! influ5ce ( ,my1 & ass]ts himself 9 8 true nature1 :i* is no?+ else b ! absolute highe/ ,brahman4 ,?us _/,s_/ank>a4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads has to be summ>is$ z foll[s4--,!re exi/s only "o all-embrac+ be+ call$ ,brahman or ! highe/ ,self ( ! ,"l4 ,?is be+ is n de/itute ( attributes1 b r end[$ ) all imag9able auspici\s qualities4 ,x is n 'intellig5ce1'--z _/,s_/ank>a ma9ta9s1--b intellig5ce is its *ief attribute4 ,! ,"l is all-p]vad+1 all-p[]ful1 all-kn[+1 all-m]ciful2 8 nature is fundam5tally antagoni/ic to all evil4 ,he conta9s )9 himself :atev] exi/s4 ,:ile1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 ! only reality is to be f\nd 9 ! non-qualifi$ homog5e\s highe/ ,brahman :i* c only be def9$ z pure ',be+' or pure ?\ght1 all plurality be+ a m]e illusion2 ,brahman--accord+ to ,rmnuja's view--comprises )9 itself di/9ct elem5ts ( plurality :i* all ( !m lay claim to absolute reality ( "o & ! same k9d4 ,:atev] is pres5t$ to u by ord9>y exp]i5ce1 viz4 matt] 9 all its v>i\s modifications & ! individual s\ls ( diff]5t classes & degrees1 are ess5tial real con/itu5ts ( ,brahman's nature4 ,matt] & s\ls 7a_/k_/x & _/k_/x7 con/itute1 accord+ to ,rmnuja's t]m9ology1 ! body ( ! ,"l2 !y /& to him 9 ! same relation ( entire dep5d5ce & subs]vi5cy 9 :i* ! matt] =m+ an animal or vegetable body /&s to its s\l or animat+ pr9ciple4 ,! ,"l p]vades & rules all ?+s :i* exi/--mat]ial or immat]ial--z _! ant>ym92 ! fundam5tal text = ?is special ,rmnuja t5et--:i* 9 ! writ+s ( ! sect is quot$ aga9 & aga9--is ! s-call$ ant>ym9 brhma_/n_/a4 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g7 :i* says1 t )9 all elem5ts1 all s5se organs1 &1 la/ly1 )9 all individual s\ls1 !re abides an inw>d rul] ^: body ^? elem5ts1 s5se-organs1 & individual s\ls con/itute4--,matt] & s\ls z =m+ ! body ( ! ,"l are also call$ modes ( him 7prakra74 ,!y are to be look$ ^u z 8 effects1 b !y h enjoy$ ! k9d ( individual exi/5ce :i* is !irs f all et]nity1 & w nev] be entirely resolv$ into ,brahman4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 exi/ 9 two diff]5t1 p]iodically alt]nat+1 conditions4 ,at "s times !y exi/ 9 a subtle /ate 9 :i* !y d n possess ^? qualities by :i* !y are ord9>ily kn[n1 & !re is !n no di/9ction ( individual "n & =m4 ,matt] 9 t /ate is unevolv$ 7avyakta72 ! individual s\ls are n jo9$ to mat]ial bodies1 & _! intellig5ce is 9 a /ate ( contraction1 non-manife/ation 7sanko_/k_/a74 ,?is is ! pralaya /ate :i* recurs at ! end ( ea* kalpa1 & ,brahman is !n said to be 9 its causal condition 7kra_/n_/va/h74 ,to t /ate all ^? scriptural passages ref] :i* speak ( ,brahman or ! ,self z be+ 9 ! beg9n+ "o only1 )\t a second4 ,brahman !n is inde$ n absolutely "o1 = x conta9s )9 itself matt] & s\ls 9 a g]m9al condition2 b z 9 t condition !y are s subtle z n to all[ ( individual di/9ctions be+ made1 !y are n c\nt$ z some?+ second 9 addition to ,brahman4--,:5 ! pralaya /ate comes to an end1 creation takes place ow+ to an act ( volition on ! ,"l's "p4 ,prim>y unevolv$ matt] !n passes ov] into its o!r condition2 x becomes gross & ?us acquires all ^? s5sible attributes1 visibility1 tangibility1 & s on1 :i* are kn[n f ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,at ! same "t ! s\ls ent] into connexion ) mat]ial bodies correspond+ to ! degree ( m]it or dem]it acquir$ by !m 9 previ\s =ms ( exi/5ce2 _! intellig5ce at ! same "t und]goes a c]ta9 expansion 7vik_/s_/a74 ,! ,"l1 toge!r ) matt] 9 its gross /ate & ! 'exp&$' s\ls1 is ,brahman 9 ! condition ( an effect 7kryva/h74 ,cause & effect are ?us at ! bottom ! same2 = ! effect is no?+ b ! cause :i* has und]gone a c]ta9 *ange 7p>i_/n_/ma74 ,h5ce ! cause be+ kn[n1 ! effect is kn[n likewise4 ,ow+ to ! effects ( _! =m] actions ! individual s\ls are implicat$ 9 ! sa_/m_/sra1 ! endless cycle ( bir?1 action1 & dea?1 f9al escape f :i* is to be obta9$ only ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! j_/_/nak_/nd_/a ( ! ,v$a4 ,compliance ) ! injunctions ( ! k>mak_/nd_/a does n lead outside ! sa_/m_/sra2 b he :o1 assi/$ by ! grace ( ! ,"l1 cognizes--& m$itates on--him 9 ! way prescrib$ by ! ,upani%ads rea*es at 8 dea? f9al emancipation1 i4e4 he passes ?r\gh ! diff]5t /ages ( ! pa? ( ! gods up to ! _w ( ,brahman & !re enjoys an ev]la/+ blissful exi/5ce f :i* !re is no return into ! sph]e ( transmigration4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! releas$ s\l are simil> to ^? ( ,brahman2 x p>ticipates 9 all ! latt]'s glori\s qualities & p[]s1 except+ only ,brahman's p[] to emit1 rule1 & retract ! entire _w4 ,! *ief po9ts 9 :i* ! two sy/ems sket*$ above agree on ! "o h& & div]ge on ! o!r may be %ortly /at$ z foll[s4--,bo? sy/ems tea* advaita1 i4e4 non-duality or monism4 ,!re exi/ n sev]al fundam5tally di/9ct pr9ciples1 su* z ! prak_/r_/iti & ! puru%as ( ! ,snkhyas1 b !re exi/s only "o all-embrac+ be+4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! advaita taught by _/,s_/ank>a is a rigor\s1 absolute "o1 ,rmnuja's doctr9e has to be *>act]is$ z visi%_/t_/a advaita1 i4e4 qualifi$ non-duality1 non-duality ) a diff]5ce4 ,accord+ to ,sank>a1 :atev] is1 is ,brahman1 & ,brahman itself is absolutely homog5e\s1 s t all diff]5ce & plurality mu/ be illusory4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja also1 :atev] is1 is ,brahman2 b ,brahman is n ( a homog5e\s nature1 b conta9s )9 itself elem5ts ( plurality ow+ to :i* x truly manife/s itself 9 a div]sifi$ _w4 ,! _w ) its v>iety ( mat]ial =ms ( exi/5ce & individual s\ls is n unreal ,my1 b a real "p ( ,brahman's nature1 ! body inve/+ ! univ]sal ,self4 ,! ,brahman ( _/,s_/ank>a is 9 itself imp]sonal1 a homog5e\s mass ( objectless ?\ght1 transc5d+ all attributes2 a p]sonal ,god x becomes only ?r\gh its association ) ! unreal pr9ciple ( ,my1 s t--/rictly speak+--_/,s_/ank>a's p]sonal ,god1 8 _/s_/v>a1 is himself some?+ unreal4 ,rmnuja's ,brahman1 on ! o!r h&1 is ess5tially a p]sonal ,god1 ! all-p[]ful & all-wise rul] ( a real _w p]meat$ & animat$ by 8 _s4 ,!re is ?us no room = ! di/9ction betwe5 a p>am nirgu_/n_/am & an ap>a_/m_/ sagu_/n_/am brahma1 betwe5 ,brahman & _/s_/v>a4--_/,s_/ank>a's individual s\l is ,brahman 9 s f> z limit$ by ! unreal updhis due to ,my4 ,! individual s\l ( ,rmnuja1 on ! o!r h&1 is really individual2 x has inde$ sprung f ,brahman & is nev] outside ,brahman1 b nev]!less x enjoys a sep>ate p]sonal exi/5ce & w rema9 a p]sonality = ev]--,! release f sa_/m_/sra means1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 ! absolute m]g+ ( ! individual s\l 9 ,brahman1 due to ! dismissal ( ! errone\s notion t ! s\l is di/9ct f ,brahman2 accord+ to ,rmnuja x only means ! s\l's pass+ f ! tr\bles ( e>?ly life into a k9d ( heav5 or p>adise :]e x w rema9 = ev] 9 undi/urb$ p]sonal bliss4--,z ,rmnuja does n di/+ui% a high] & l[] ,brahman1 ! di/9ction ( a high] & l[] k is likewise n valid = him2 ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads is n tw(old b ess5tially "o1 & leads ! enlight5$ devotee to "o result only #a4 ,i n[ proce$ to give a conspectus ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,v$nta-stras accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a 9 :i* at ! same "t all ! m important po9ts conc]n+ :i* ,rmnuja disagrees w be not$4 ,we %all "h h to ent] into details :i* to _m may appe> t$i\s4 ,b x is only on a broad sub/ratum ( accurately /at$ details t we c hope to e/abli% any def9ite conclusions reg>d+ ! comp>ative value ( ! diff]5t modes ( int]pretation :i* h be5 appli$ to ! ,stras4 ,! l9e ( inve/igation is an entirely new "o1 & = ! pres5t no?+ c be tak5 = grant$ or kn[n4--,9 /at+ ! diff]5t heads ( discussion 7! s-call$ adhik>a_/n_/z71 ea* ( :i* comprises "o or m ,stras1 ,i %all foll[ ! subdivision into adhik>a_/n_/z adopt$ 9 ! ,vysdhika-ra_/n_/aml1 ! text ( :i* is pr9t$ 9 ! second volume ( ! ,biblio!ca ,indica edition ( ! ,stras4 ,,fir/ ,,adhy,,ya4 ,p,,da ,i4 ,! fir/ five adhik>a_/n_/z lay d[n ! fundam5tal positions ) reg>d to ,brahman4 ,adhik4 ,i 7#a7 #b treats ( :at ! /udy ( ! ,v$nta presupposes4 ,adhik4 ,,ii 7#b7 def9es ,brahman z t :5ce ! _w orig9ates1 & s on4 ,adhik4 ,,iii 7#c7 decl>es t ,brahman is ! s\rce ( ! ,v$a4 ,adhik4 ,,iv 7#d7 proves ,brahman to be ! uni=m topic ( all ,v$nta-texts4 ,adhik4 ,v 7#e-aa7 is engag$ 9 prov+ by v>i\s argum5ts t ! ,brahman1 :i* ! ,v$nta-texts repres5t z ! cause ( ! _w1 is an intellig5t pr9ciple1 & _c be id5tifi$ ) ! non-intellig5t pradhna f :i* ! _w spr+s accord+ to ! ,snkhyas4 ,) ! next adhik>a_/n_/a !re beg9s a s]ies ( discussions ( ess5tially simil> "*1 ext5d+ up to ! end ( ! fir/ adhyya4 ,! "q is ?r\gh\t :e!r c]ta9 t]ms met ) 9 ! ,upani%ads d5ote ,brahman or "s o!r be+1 9 mo/ cases ! jva1 ! individual s\l4 _/,s_/ank>a rem>ks at ! outset t1 z ! prec$+ t5 ,stras _h settl$ ! all-important po9t t all ! ,v$nta-texts ref] to ,brahman1 ! "q n[ arises :y ! enquiry %\ld be cont9u$ any fur!r1 & !reupon proce$s to expla9 t ! ackn[l$g$ di/9ction ( a high] ,brahman devoid ( all qualities & a l[] ,brahman *>act]is$ by qualities necessitates an inve/igation :e!r c]ta9 ,v$ic texts ( prim facie d\btful import set =? ! l[] ,brahman z ! object ( dev\t m$itation1 or ! high] ,brahman z ! object ( true k4 ,b t su* an inve/igation is actually c>ri$ on 9 ! rema9+ portion ( ! fir/ adhyya1 appe>s nei!r f ! word+ ( ! ,stras nor ev5 f _/,s_/ank>a's own treatm5t ( ! ,v$ic texts ref]r$ to 9 ! ,stras4 ,9 ,i1 #a1 #bj1 = in/ance1 ! "q is rais$ :e!r ! gold5 man )9 ! sph]e ( ! sun1 ) gold5 hair & be>d & lotus-col\r$ eyes--( :om ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad speaks 9 #a1 #f1 #f--;is an individual s\l abid+ )9 ! sun or ! highe/ ,"l4 _/,s_/ank>a's answ] is t ! passage ref]s to ! ,"l1 :o1 = ! gratification ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 manife/s himself 9 a bodily %ape made ( ,my4 ,s t accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a himself ! alt]native lies betwe5 ! sagu_/n_/a ,brahman & "s p>ticul> individual s\l1 n betwe5 ! sagu_/n_/a ,brahman & ! nirgu_/n_/a ,brahman4 ,adhik4 ,,vi 7#ab-ai7 raises ! "q :e!r ! n&amaya1 m5tion$ 9 ,taittirya ,upani%ad ,,ii1 #e1 is m]ely a transmigrat+ individual s\l or ! highe/ ,self4 _/,s_/ank>a beg9s by expla9+ ! ,stras on ! latt] supposition--& ! text ( ! ,stras is c]ta9ly 9 fav\r ( t int]pretation--gives1 h[ev]1 f9ally ! pref]5ce to a diff]5t & exce$+ly =c$ explanation accord+ to :i* ! ,stras tea* t ! n&amaya is n ,brahman1 s9ce ! ,upani%ad expressly says t ,brahman is ! tail or support ( ! n&amaya#c4--,rmnuja's int]pretation ( ,adhik>a_/n_/a ,,vi1 al?\gh n agree+ 9 all p>ticul>s ) ! =m] explanation ( _/,s_/ank>a1 yet is at "o ) x 9 ! *ief po9t1 viz4 t ! n&amaya is ,brahman4 ,x fur!r des]ves notice t1 :ile _/,s_/ank>a looks on ,adhik4 ,,vi z ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( int]pretatory discussions1 all ( :i* treat ! "q :e!r c]ta9 ,v$ic passages ref] to ,brahman or n1 ,rmnuja sep>ates ! adhik>a_/n_/a f ! subsequ5t "p ( ! pda & connects x ) :at _h prec$$4 ,9 ,adhik4 ,v x _h be5 %[n t ,brahman _c be id5tifi$ ) ! pradhna2 ,adhik4 ,,vi %[s t x is diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 & ! pro( ( ! fundam5tal position ( ! sy/em is !reby complet$#d4--;,adhik4 ,,vii 7#bj1 #ba7 demon/rates t ! gold5 p]son se5 )9 ! sun & ! p]son se5 )9 ! eye1 m5tion$ 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #f1 are n "s individual s\l ( high em95ce1 b ! supreme ,brahman4--,adhik4 ,,viii 7#bb7 tea*es t by ! e!r f :i*1 accord+ to ,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #i1 all be+s orig9ate1 n ! elem5tal e!r has to be und]/ood b ! highe/ ,brahman4--,adhik4 ,,ix 7#bc74 ,! pr_/n_/a also m5tion$ 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,i1 ii1 #e d5otes ! highe/ ,brahman#e--;,adhik4 ,x 7#bd-bg7 tea*es t ! light spok5 ( 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ac1 #g is n ! ord9>y physical light b ! highe/ ,brahman#f4--;,adhik4 ,,xi 7#bh-ca7 decides t ! pr_/n_/a m5tion$ 9 ,kau4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b is ,brahman4 ,p,,da ,,ii4 ,adhik4 ,i 7#a-h7 %[s t ! be+ :i* consi/s ( m9d1 ^: body is brea?1 c41 m5tion$ 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 is n ! individual s\l1 b ,brahman4 ,! ,stras ( ?is adhik>a_/n_/a emphatically dwell on ! diff]5ce ( ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self1 :5ce _/,s_/ank>a is oblig$ to add an explanation--9 8 comm5t on ,stra #f--to ! effect t t diff]5ce is to be und]/ood z n real1 b z due to ! false limit+ adjuncts ( ! highe/ ,self4--,! comm5t ( ,rmnuja ?r\gh\t closely foll[s ! words ( ! ,stras2 on ,stra #f x simply rem>ks t ! diff]5ce ( ! highe/ ,self f ! individual s\l re/s !reon t ! =m] z free f all evil is n subject to ! effects ( works 9 ! same way z ! s\l is #g4--;,adhik4 ,,ii 7#i1 #aj7 decides t he to :om ! ,brahmans & ,k%attriyas are b food 7,ka_/?_/a4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #be7 is ! highe/ ,self4--,adhik4 ,,iii 7#aa1 #ab7 %[s t ! two ent]$ into ! cave 7,ka_/?_/a ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #a7 are ,brahman & ! individual s\l#h4--;,adhik4 ,,iv 7#ac-ag7 %[s t ! p]son )9 ! eye m5tion$ 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ae1 #a is ,brahman4--,adhik4 ,v 7#ah-bj7 %[s t ! rul] )9 7ant>ym97 describ$ 9 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #c is ,brahman4 ,stra #bj cle>ly en\nces ! diff]5ce ( ! individual s\l & ! ,"l2 h5ce _/,s_/ank>a is oblig$ to rem>k t t diff]5ce is n real4--,adhik4 ,,vi 7#ba-bc7 proves t t :i* _c be se51 c1 m5tion$ 9 ,mu_/nd_/aka ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #c is ,brahman4--,adhik4 ,,vii 7#bd-cb7 %[s t ! tman vai_/s_/vn>a ( ,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aa1 #f is ,brahman4 ,p,,da ,,iii4 ,adhik4 ,i 7#a-g7 proves t t )9 :i* ! heav51 ! e>?1 c4 are wov5 7,mu_/nd_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #e7 is ,brahman4--,adhik4 ,,ii 7#h1 #i7 %[s t ! bhman ref]r$ to 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bc is ,brahman4--,adhik4 ,,iii 7#aj-ab7 tea*es t ! ,imp]i%able 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #h1 ! e!r is wov5 is ,brahman4--,adhik4 ,,iv 7#ac7 decides t ! highe/ p]son :o is to be m$itat$ ^u ) ! syllable ,om1 accord+ to ,pra_/s_/na ,up4 ,v1 #e1 is n ! l[] b ! high] ,brahman4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! two alt]natives are ,brahman & ,brahm 7jvasama%_/t_/irpoz_/nd_/dhipatis _/k_/aturmukha_/h_/74--,adhik4 ,v & ,,vi 7compris+1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 ,stras l#d-bl7 discuss ! "q :e!r ! small e!r )9 ! lotus ( ! he>t m5tion$ 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a is ! elem5tal e!r or ! individual s\l or ,brahman2 ! la/ alt]native be+ f9ally adopt$4 ,9 fav\r ( ! second alt]native ! prvapak%9 pleads ! two passages ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #d & ,,viii1 #ab1 #c1 ab\t ! s]5e be+ 7samprasda72 = by ! latt] ! individual s\l only c be und]/ood1 & 9 ! *apt]1 ( :i* ! latt] passage =ms "p1 !re are ascrib$ to x ! same qualities 7viz4 fre5ess f s91 old age1 dea?1 c47 t 7 pr$icat$ 9 ,,viii1 #a1 ( ! small e!r )9 ! he>t4--,b ! reply to ?is is1 t ! second passage ref]s n to ! 7ord9>y7 individual s\l b to ! s\l 9 t /ate :]e its true nature has become manife/1 i4e4 9 :i* x is ,brahman2 s t ! subject ( ! passage is 9 reality n ! s-call$ individual s\l b ,brahman4 ,& 9 ! =m] ( ! two passages ! s\l is m5tion$ n on its own acc\nt1 b m]ely = ! purpose ( intimat+ t ! highe/ ,self is ! cause ?r\gh :i* ! individual s\l manife/s itself 9 its true nature4--,:at ,rmnuja und]/&s by ! virbhva ( ! s\l w appe> f ! rem>ks on ,,iv1 #d4 ,! two next ,stras 7#bb1 #bc7 con/itute1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 a new adhik>a_/n_/a 7,,vii71 prov+ t he 'aft] :om ev]y?+ %9es1 by ^: light all ?is is light$' 7,ka_/?_/a ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ae7 is n "s mat]ial lum9\s body1 b ,brahman itself4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! two ,stras d n />t a new topic1 b m]ely furni% "s fur!r argum5ts /r5g!n+ ! conclusion arriv$ at 9 ! prec$+ ,stras4#i ,adhik4 ,,viii 7#bd1 #be7 decides t ! p]son ( ! size ( a ?umb m5tion$ 9 ,ka_/?_/a ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ab is n ! individual s\l b ,brahman4 ,! two next adhik>a_/n_/z are ( ! nature ( a digression4 ,! passage ab\t ! angu%_/?_/amtra 0 expla9$ on ! gr\nd t ! human he>t is ( ! size ( a span2 ! "q may !n be ask$ :e!r also su* individuals z belong to o!r classes ?an mank9d1 m p>ticul>ly ! ,gods1 are capable ( ! k ( ,brahman3 a "q f9ally answ]$ 9 ! affirmative4--,?is discussion leads 9 its turn to sev]al o!r digressions1 among :i* ! mo/ important "o ref]s to ! problem 9 :at relation ! diff]5t species ( be+s /& to ! words d5ot+ !m 7,stra #bh74 ,9 connexion h]e) _/,s_/ank>a treats ( ! nature ( words 7_/s_/abda71 oppos+ ! op9ion ( ! ,mm_/m_/saka ,upav>%a1 accord+ to :om ! ^w is no?+ b ! aggregate ( its con/itutive lett]s1 to ! view ( ! gramm>ians :o tea* t ov] & above ! aggregate ( ! lett]s !re exi/s a sup]-s5su\s entity call$ 'spho_/t_/a1' :i* is ! direct cause ( ! appreh5sion ( ! s5se ( a ^w 7,adhik4 ,,ix2 ,stras #bf-cc74 ,adhik4 ,x 7#cd-ch7 expla9s t _/,s_/dras are altoge!r disqualifi$ = ,brahmavidy4 ,stra #ci con/itutes1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 a new adhik>a_/n_/a 7,,xi71 prov+ t ! pr_/n_/a 9 :i* ev]y?+ trembles1 accord+ to _/,k_/a_/?_/a ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #b1 is ,brahman4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! ,stra does n introduce a new topic b m]ely furni%es an additional reason = ! decision arriv$ at "u ,stras #bd1 #be1 viz4 t ! angus_/?_/amtra is ,brahman4 ,on ?is supposition1 ,stras #bd-ci =m "o adhik>a_/n_/a 9 :i* #bf-ch con/itute a m]e digression l$ up to by ! m5tion made ( ! he>t 9 #be4--,! angus_/?_/mtra is ref]r$ to twice 9 ! ,ka_/?_/a ,upani%ad1 once 9 ! passage discuss$ 7,,ii1 #d1 #ab71 & once 9 ,,ii1 #f1 #ag 7'! ,p]son n l>g] ?an a ?umb'74 ,to det]m9e :at is meant by ! angus_/?_/mtra1 ,rmnuja says1 we are enabl$ by ! passage ,,ii1 #f1 #b1 #c1 :i* is int]m$iate betwe5 ! two passages conc]n+ ! angus_/?_/mtra1 & :i* cle>ly ref]s to ! highe/ ,brahman1 ( :i* alone ev]y?+ c be said to /& 9 awe4 ,! next ,stra 7#dj7 gives rise to a simil> diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a x con/itutes by itself a new adhik>a_/n_/a 7,,xii71 prov+ t ! 'light' 7jyotis7 m5tion$ 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c is ! highe/ ,brahman4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! ,stra cont9ues ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a1 & /r5g!ns ! conclusion arriv$ at by a fur!r argum5t1 ref]r+ to ,ka_/?_/a ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ae--;a passage int]m$iate betwe5 ! two passages ab\t ! angu%_/?_/amtra--:i* speaks ( a prim>y light t _c mean any?+ b ,brahman4 ,! ,stra has 9 t case to be translat$ z foll[s3 '7,! angu%_/?_/amtra is ,brahman7 because 79 a passage int]v5+ betwe5 ! two7 a light is se5 to be m5tion$ 7:i* c be ,brahman only74' ,! ?ree la/ ,stras ( ! pda are1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 to be divid$ into two adhik>a_/n_/z 7,,xiii & ,,xiv71 ,stra #da decid+ t ! e!r :i* reveals names & =ms 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ad7 is n ! elem5tal e!r b ,brahman2 & #db1 #dc tea*+ t ! vij_/_/namaya1 'he :o consi/s ( k1' ( ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #g is n ! individual s\l b ,brahman4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! ?ree ,stras make up "o s+le adhik>a_/n_/a discuss+ :e!r ! ,*&ogya ,upani%ad passage ab\t ! e!r ref]s to ,brahman or to ! individual s\l 9 ! /ate ( release2 ! latt] ( ^! two alt]natives be+ sugge/$ by ! circum/ance t ! releas$ s\l is ! subject ( ! passage imm$iately prec$+ 7',%ak+ (f all evil z a horse %akes (f 8 hair1' c474 ,stra #da decides t '! e!r 7is ,brahman7 because ! passage designates ! nature ( some?+ else1' c4 7i4e4 ( some?+ o!r ?an ! individual s\l2 o!r because to ! s\l ! reveal+ ( names & =ms _c be ascrib$1 c47--,b1 an objection is rais$1 does n m ?an "o scriptural passage %[ t ! releas$ s\l & ,brahman are id5tical1 & is n !re=e ! e!r :i* reveals names & =ms ! s\l z well z ,brahman8--7,! two1 ,stra #db replies1 are diff]5t7 'because 9 ! /ates ( deep sleep & dep>t+ 7! highe/ ,self7 is designat$ z diff]5t' 7f ! s\l7--:i* po9t is prov$ by ! same scriptural passages :i* _/,s_/ank>a adduces2--& 'because su* t]ms z ,"l & ! l' _c be appli$ to ! individual s\l 7#dc74 ,ref]5ce is made to ,,iv1 #d1 #ad1 :]e all jagadvypra is said to belong to ! ,"l only1 n to ! s\l ev5 :5 9 ! /ate ( release4 ,p,,da ,,iv4 ,! la/ pda ( ! fir/ adhyya is specially direct$ aga9/ ! ,snkhyas4 ,! fir/ adhik>a_/n_/a 7#a-g7 discusses ! passage ,ka_/?_/a ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #aj2 #aa1 :]e m5tion is made ( ! ,great & ! ,undevelop$--bo? ( !m t]ms us$ ) a special te*nical s5se 9 ! ,snkhya-_/s_//ra1 avyakta be+ a synonym = pradhna4--_/,s_/ank>a %[s by an exhau/ive review ( ! topics ( ! ,ka_/?_/a ,upani%ad t ! t]m avyakta has n ! special mean+ :i* ! ,snkhyas attribute to x1 b d5otes ! body1 m /rictly ! subtle body 7sk%ma _/s_/arra71 b at ! same "t ! gross body also1 9 s f> z x is view$ z an effect ( ! subtle "o4 ,adhik4 ,,ii 7#h-aj7 demon/rates1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 t ! tricol\r$ aj spok5 ( 9 _/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e is n ! pradhna ( ! ,snkhyas1 b ei!r t p[] ( ! ,"l f :i* ! _w spr+s1 or else ! prim>y causal matt] fir/ produc$ by t p[]4--,:at ,rmnuja 9 contradi/9ction f _/,s_/ank>a und]/&s by ! prim>y causal matt]1 foll[s f ! %ort sket* giv5 above ( ! two sy/ems4 ,adhik4 ,,iii 7#aa-ac7 %[s t ! pa_/k_/a pa_/k_/ajan_/h_/ m5tion$ 9 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ag are n ! tw5ty-five pr9ciples ( ! ,snkhyas4--,adhik4 ,,iv 7#ad1 #ae7 proves t ,scripture does n contradict itself on ! all-important po9t ( ,brahman1 i4e4 a be+ ^: ess5ce is intellig5ce1 be+ ! cause ( ! _w4 ,adhik4 ,v 7#af-ah7 is1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 meant to prove t 'he :o is ! mak] ( ^? p]sons1 ( :om ?is is ! "w1' m5tion$ 9 ,kau4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ai1 is n ei!r ! vital air or ! individual s\l1 b ,brahman4--,! subject ( ! adhik>a_/n_/a is ess5tially ! same 9 ,rmnuja's view2 great] /ress is1 h[ev]1 laid on ! adhik>a_/n_/a be+ polemical aga9/ ! ,snkhyas1 :o wi% to turn ! passage into an argum5t = ! pradhna doctr9e4 ,! same p>tial diff]5ce ( view is obs]vable ) reg>d to ! next adhik>a_/n_/a 7,,vi2 ,stras #ai-bb7 :i* decides t ! ',self to be se51 to be he>d1' c4 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e7 is ! highe/ ,self1 n ! individual s\l4 ,?is latt] passage also is1 accord+ to ,rmnuja1 made ! subject ( discussion 9 ord] to rebut ! ,snkhya :o is anxi\s to prove t :at is !re inculcat$ z ! object ( k is n a univ]sal ,self b m]ely ! ,snkhya puru%a4 ,adhik4 ,,vii 7#bc-bg7 tea*es t ,brahman is n only ! effici5t or op]ative cause 7nimitta7 ( ! _w1 b its mat]ial cause z well4 ,! _w spr+s f ,brahman by way ( modification 7p>i_/n_/ma2 ,stra #bf74--,rmnuja views ?is adhik>a_/n_/a z specially direct$ aga9/ ! ,se_/s_/v>a-snkhyas :o inde$ admit ! exi/5ce ( a highe/ ,"l1 b po/ulate 9 addition an indep5d5t pradhna on :i* ! ,"l acts z an op]ative cause m]ely4 ,adhik4 ,,viii 7#bh7 rem>ks t ! refutation ( ! ,snkhya views is applicable to o!r !ories also1 su* z ! doctr9e ( ! _w hav+ orig9at$ f atoms4 ,aft] ?is rapid survey ( ! cont5ts ( ! fir/ adhyya & ! succ9ct indication ( ! mo/ important po9ts 9 :i* ! views ( _/,s_/ank>a & ,rmnuja div]ge1 we turn to a %ort consid]ation ( two que/ions :i* "h naturally pres5t !mselves1 viz41 fir/ly1 :i* is ! pr9ciple on :i* ! ,v$ic passages ref]r$ to 9 ! ,stras h be5 select$ & arrang$2 &1 secondly1 if1 :]e _/,s_/ank>a & ,rmnuja disagree z to ! subdivision ( ! ,stras into ,adhik>a_/n_/z1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! ,v$ic passages discuss$ 9 ! ,stras1 !re are to be met ) any indications enabl+ u to det]m9e :i* ( ! two comm5tators is "r4 7,! m g5]al "q z to h[ f> ! ,stras fav\r ei!r _/,s_/ank>a's or ,rmnuja's g5]al views _c be consid]$ at pres5t47 ,! ,h9du comm5tators "h & !re attempt to po9t out ! reason :y ! discussion ( a c]ta9 ,v$ic passage is imm$iately foll[$ by ! consid]ation ( a c]ta9 o!r "o4 ,_! explanations--:i* h occasionally be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! notes to ! translation--re/ on ! assumption t ! ,strakra 9 arrang+ ! texts to be comm5t$ ^u 0 guid$ by te*nicalities ( ! ,mm_/m_/s-sy/em1 especially by a reg>d = ! v>i\s s-call$ means ( pro( :i* ! ,mm_/m_/saka employs = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! prop] mean+ & position ( scriptural passages4 ,b t ?is 0 ! guid+ pr9ciple1 is r5d]$ altoge!r improbable by a simple tabul> /atem5t ( ! ,v$ic passages ref]r$ to 9 ! fir/ adhyya1 su* z giv5 by ,deuss5 on page #acj2 = f ! latt] x appe>s t ! ord] 9 :i* ! ,stras exhibit ! scriptural passages foll[s ! ord] 9 :i* ^? passages !mselves occur 9 ! ,upani%ads1 & x w\ld c]ta9ly be a mo/ /range co9cid5ce if t ord] enabl$ u at ! same "t to exemplify ! v>i\s pram_/n_/z ( ! ,mm_/m_/s 9 _! due sy/ematic succession4 ,z ,deuss5's /atem5t %[s1 mo/ ( ! passages discuss$ are tak5 f ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad1 s _m inde$ t ! :ole fir/ adhyya may be said to consi/ ( a discussion ( all ^? ,*ndogya passages ( :i* x is d\btful :e!r !y are conc]n$ ) ,brahman or n1 passages f ! o!r ,upani%ads be+ br\ght 9 :]ev] an opportunity (f]s4 ,consid]+ ! prom95t position assign$ to ! ,upani%ad m5tion$1 ,i ?9k x likely t ! ,strakra meant to beg9 ! s]ies ( d\btful texts ) ! fir/ d\btful passage f ! ,*ndogya1 & t h5ce ! six? adhik>a_/n_/a :i* treats ( ! anndamaya m5tion$ 9 ! ,taittirya ,upani%ad has1 9 agreem5t ) ,rmnuja's views1 to be sep>at$ f ! subsequ5t adhik>a_/n_/z1 & to be comb9$ ) ! prec$+ ones ^: task x is to lay d[n ! fundam5tal propositions reg>d+ ,brahman's nature4--,! rema9+ adhik>a_/n_/z ( ! fir/ pda foll[ ! ord] ( passages 9 ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad1 & !re=e call = no rem>k2 ) ! exception ( ! la/ adhik>a_/n_/a1 :i* ref]s to a ,kau%taki passage1 = ^: be+ introduc$ 9 ?is place ,i am n able to acc\nt4--,! fir/ adhik>a_/n_/a ( ! second pda returns to ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad4 ,! second "o treats ( a passage 9 ! ,ka_/?_/a ,upani%ad :]e a be+ is ref]r$ to :i* eats ev]y?+4 ,! reason :y t passage is introduc$ 9 ?is place seems to be correctly assign$ 9 ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya1 :i* rem>ks t1 z 9 ! prec$+ ,stra x _h be5 argu$ t ! highe/ ,self is n an enjoy]1 a d\bt arises :e!r by t be+ :i* eats ev]y?+ ! highe/ ,self c be meant#aj--,! ?ird adhik>a_/n_/a aga91 ^: topic is ! 'two ent]$ into ! cave' 7,ka_/?_/a ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #a71 appe>s1 z ,rmnuja rem>ks1 to come 9 at ?is place ow+ to ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a2 = if x c\ld n be prov$ t "o ( ! two is ! highe/ ,self1 a d\bt w\ld atta* to ! explanation giv5 above ( ! 'eat]' s9ce ! 'two ent]$ into ! cave1' & ! 'eat]' /& "u ! same prak>a_/n_/a1 & mu/ !re=e be held to ref] to ! same matt]4--,! f\r? adhik>a_/n_/a is aga9 occupi$ ) a ,*ndogya passage4--,! fif? adhik>a_/n_/a1 ^: topic is ! ,rul] )9 7ant>ym971 manife/ly owes its place1 z rem>k$ by ,rmnuja also1 to ! fact t ! ,v$ic passage treat$ _h be5 employ$ 9 ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a 7,i1 #b1 #ad7 = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ ! argum5t #aa4--,! six? adhik>a_/n_/a1 aga91 :i* discusses 't :i* is n se5' 7adre_/s_/ya2 ,mu_/nd_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #f71 is cle>ly introduc$ 9 ?is place because 9 ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a x _h be5 said t ad_/ri_/%_/t_/a1 c4 d5ote ! highe/ ,self2--,! reasons to :i* ! la/ adhik>a_/n_/a ( ! second pda & ! fir/ & ?ird adhik>a_/n_/z ( ! ?ird pda owe _! places are n app>5t 7! second adhik>a_/n_/a ( ! ?ird pda treats ( a ,*ndogya passage74 ,! introduction1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! passage f ! ,pra_/s_/na ,upani%ad treat+ ( ! ak%>a4 ,o_/m_/kra is cle>ly due to ! circum/ance t an ak%>a1 ( a diff]5t nature1 _h be5 discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a4--,! fif? & six? adhik>a_/n_/z inve/igate ,*ndogya passages4--,! two next ,stras 7#bb1 #bc7 are1 z rem>k$ above1 consid]$ by _/,s_/ank>a to con/itute a new adhik>a_/n_/a treat+ ( ! 'be+ aft] :i* ev]y?+ %9es' 7,mu_/nd_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #aj72 :ile ,rmnuja looks on !m z cont9u+ ! six? adhik>a_/n_/a4 ,!re is "o circum/ance :i* r5d]s x at any rate probable t ,rmnuja1 & n _/,s_/ank>a1 "h hits ! int5tion ( ! au?or ( ! ,stras4 ,! g5]al rule 9 ! fir/ ?ree pdas is t1 :]ev] a new ,v$ic passage is meant to be introduc$1 ! subject ( ! discussion1 i4e4 t be+ :i* 9 ! end is decl>$ to be ,brahman is ref]r$ to by means ( a special ^w1 9 mo/ cases a nom9ative =m #ab4 ,f ?is rule !re is 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ! adhyya only "o real exception1 viz4 9 ,i1 #b1 #a1 :i* possibly may be due to ! fact t !re a new pda beg9s1 & x !re=e 0 consid]$ sup]flu\s to indicate ! introduction ( a new topic by a special ^w4 ,! exception suppli$ by ,i1 #c1 #ai is only an app>5t "o2 =1 z rem>k$ above1 ,stra #ai does n 9 reality beg9 a new adhik>a_/n_/a4 ,a few exceptions occurr+ lat] on w be notic$ 9 _! places4--,n[ nei!r ,stra #bb nor ,stra #bc conta9s any ^w intimat+ t a new ,v$ic passage is be+ tak5 into consid]ation1 & h5ce x appe>s pref]able to look ^u !m1 ) ,rmnuja1 z cont9u+ ! topic ( ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a4--,?is conclusion receives an additional confirmation f ! position ( ! next adhik>a_/n_/a1 :i* treats ( ! be+ 'a span long' m5tion$ 9 ,ka_/?_/a ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ab2 = ! reason ( ?is latt] passage be+ consid]$ "h is almo/ c]ta9ly ! ref]5ce to ! alpa_/s_/ruti 9 ,stra #ba1 &1 if s1 ! angu%_/?_/amtra prop]ly con/itutes ! subject ( ! adhik>a_/n_/a imm$iately foll[+ on ,adhik4 ,v1 ,,vi2 :i*1 9 its turn1 implies t ,stras #bb1 #bc d n =m an indep5d5t adhik>a_/n_/a4--,! two next adhik>a_/n_/z are digressions1 & d n ref] to special ,v$ic passages4--,stra #ci =ms a new adhik>a_/n_/a1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 b n accord+ to ,rmnuja1 ^: op9ion seems aga9 to be c\nt5anc$ by ! fact t ! ,stra does n exhibit any ^w indicative ( a new topic4 ,! same diff]5ce ( op9ion prevails ) reg>d to ,stra #dj1 & x appe>s f ! translation ( ! ,stra giv5 above1 accord+ to ,rmnuja's view1 t 'jyoti_/h_/' ne$ n be tak5 z a nom9ative4--,! la/ two adhik>a_/n_/z f9ally ref]1 accord+ to ,rmnuja1 to "o ,*ndogya passage only1 & "h also we h to notice t ,stra #db does n comprise any ^w intimat+ t a new passage is ab\t to be discuss$4 ,f all ?is we seem entitl$ to draw ! foll[+ conclusions4 ,! ,v$ic passages discuss$ 9 ! ?ree fir/ pdas ( ! ,v$nta-stras comprise all ! d\btful--or at any rate all ! m important d\btful--passages f ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad4 ,^! passages are arrang$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! text ( ! ,upani%ad exhibits !m4 ,passages f o!r ,upani%ads are discuss$ z opportunities (f]1 !re be+ always a special reason :y a c]ta9 ,*ndogya passage is foll[$ by a c]ta9 passage f "s o!r ,upani%ad4 ,^? reasons c be assign$ ) suffici5t c]ta9ty 9 a numb] ( cases al?\gh n 9 all1 & f among ^? passages ^: introduction _c be satisfactorily acc\nt$ = "s are elim9at$ by our foll[+ ! subdivision ( ! ,stras into adhik>a_/n_/z adopt$ by ,rmnuja1 a subdivision c\nt5anc$ by ! ext]nal =m ( ! ,stras4 ,! f\r? pda ( ! fir/ adhyya has to be tak5 by itself4 ,x is direct$ specially & av[$ly aga9/ ,snkhya-int]pretations ( ,scripture1 n only 9 its e>li] "p :i* discusses isolat$ passages1 b also--z is br\ght out mu* m cle>ly 9 ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya ?an by _/,s_/ank>a--9 its latt] "p :i* takes a g5]al survey ( ! entire scriptural evid5ce = ,brahman be+ ! mat]ial z well z ! op]ative cause ( ! _w4 ,deuss5 7p4 #bba7 ?9ks t ! selection made by ! ,strakra ( ,v$ic passages sett+ =? ! nature ( ,brahman is n 9 all cases an altoge!r happy "o4 ,b ?is reproa* re/s on ! assumption t ! passages ref]r$ to 9 ! fir/ adhyya 7 *os5 = ! purpose ( ?r[+ light on :at ,brahman is1 & ?is assumption c h>dly be upheld4 ,! ,v$nta-stras z well z ! ,prv ,mm_/m_/s-stras are ?r\gh\t ,mm_/m_/s i4e4 critical discussions ( su* scriptural passages z on a prim facie view admit ( diff]5t int]pretations & !re=e necessitate a c>eful enquiry into _! mean+4 ,"h & !re we meet ) ,sutrs :i* d n directly involve a discussion ( ! s5se ( "s p>ticul> ,v$ic passage1 b r make a m]e /atem5t on "s important po9t4 ,b ^? cases are r>e1 & x w\ld be altoge!r contr>y to ! g5]al _s ( ! ,sutrs to assume t a :ole adhyya %\ld be devot$ to ! task ( %[+ :at ,brahman is4 ,! latt] po9t is suffici5tly det]m9$ 9 ! fir/ five 7or six7 adhik>a_/n_/z2 b aft] we once "k :at ,brahman is we are at once confront$ by a numb] ( ,upani%ad passages conc]n+ :i* x is d\btful :e!r !y ref] to ,brahman or n4 ,) _! discussion all ! rema9+ adhik>a_/n_/z ( ! fir/ adhyya are occupi$4 ,t ! ,v$nta-stras view x z a p>ticul>ly important task to controv]t ! doctr9e ( ! ,snkhyas is pat5t 7& has also be5 fully po9t$ out by ,deuss51 p4 #bc74 ,! fif? adhik>a_/n_/a already decl>es itself aga9/ ! doctr9e t ! _w has sprung f a non-intellig5t pr9ciple1 ! pradhna1 & ! f\r? pda ( ! fir/ adhyya returns to an express polemic aga9/ ,snkhya int]pretations ( c]ta9 ,v$ic /atem5ts4 ,x is !re=e p]haps n say+ too mu* if we ma9ta9 t ! entire fir/ adhyya is due to ! wi%1 on ! "p ( ! ,strakra1 to gu>d 8 own doctr9e aga9/ ,snkhya attacks4 ,:atev] ! attitude ( ! o!r s-call$ or?odox sy/ems may be t[>ds ! ,v$a1 ! ,snkhya sy/em is ! only "o ^: adh]5ts 7 anxi\s--& actually attempt$--to prove t _! views are w>rant$ by scriptural passages4 ,! ,snkhya t5d5cy ?us w\ld be to %[ t all ^? ,v$ic texts :i* ! ,v$nt9 claims z tea*+ ! exi/5ce ( ,brahman1 ! intellig5t & sole cause ( ! _w1 ref] ei!r to ! pradhna or "s product ( ! pradhna1 or else to ! puru%a 9 ! ,snkhya s5se1 i4e4 ! individual s\l4 ,x consequ5tly became ! task ( ! ,v$nt9 to gu>d ! ,upani%ads aga9/ mis9t]pretations ( ! k9d1 & ?is he did 9 ! fir/ adhyya ( ! ,v$nta-stras1 select+ ^? passages ab\t ^: int]pretation d\bts 71 = "s reason or o!r1 likely to arise4 ,"s ( ! passages s+l$ out are c]ta9ly obscure1 & h5ce liable to v>i\s int]pretations2 ( o!rs x is less app>5t :y x 0 ?\ght requisite to discuss !m at l5g?4 ,b ?is is h>dly a matt] 9 :i* we are entitl$ to f9d fault ) ! ,strakra2 = no mod]n s*ol>1 ei!r ,european or ,h9du1 is--or c possibly be--suffici5tly at home1 on ! "o h&1 9 ! religi\s & philosophical views :i* prevail$ at ! "t :5 ! ,stras may h be5 compos$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! intricacies ( ! ,mm_/m_/s1 to judge ) confid5ce :i* ,v$ic passages may give rise to discussions & :i* n4 ,notes3 ,footnote #a3 ,! only 'sect>ian' feature ( ! ,sr-bh%ya is1 t id5tifies ,brahman ) ,vi%_/n_/u or ,nrya_/n_/a2 b ?is 9 no way affects ! int]pretations put on ! ,stras & ,upani%ads4 ,nrya_/n_/a is 9 fact no?+ b ano!r "n ( ,brahman4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,roman num]als indicate ! numb] ( ! adhik>a_/n_/a2 ! figures 9 p>5!ses /ate ! ,stras compris$ 9 ea* adhik>a_/n_/a4 ,footnote #c3 ,deuss5's supposition 7pp4 #cj1 #aej7 t ! passage convey+ ! second int]pretation is an int]polation is liable to two objections4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! passage is accept$ & expla9$ by all comm5tators2 9 ! second place1 _/,s_/ank>a 9 ! passage imm$iately prec$+ ,stra #ab quotes ! adhik>a_/n_/a 'n&amayo s bhyst' z giv+ rise to a discussion :e!r ! p>am or ! ap>am brahman is meant4 ,n[ ?is latt] po9t is n t\*$ ^u at all 9 t "p ( ! bh%ya :i* sets =? ! =m] explanation1 b only 9 ! subsequ5t passage1 :i* refutes ! =m] & advocates ! latt] int]pretation4 ,footnote #d3 ,eva_/m_/ jij_/_/anasya brahma_/nas_/ _/ko_/tanabhogvabhutaga_/d_/arupsattv>a1 i/amomayapradhnd vyv_/ri_/ttir ukt1 idn_/m_/ k>mava_/s_/vat trigu_/n_/atmakaprik_/ri_/u sa_/m_/sangammittanmvidhn intadukhasag>animajjaon_/s_/addh_/h_/4 _/k_/i pratya gaumano nyan nikhilaheyapratauka_/m_/ miatimyan&am brahmeti pratipadyate1 an&amayo bhyst4 ,footnote #e3 ,!re is no reason to consid] ! passage 'atra ke_/k_/x' 9 _/,s_/ank>a's bha%ya on ,sutra #bc an int]polation z ,deuss5 does 7p4 #cj74 ,x simply conta9s a criticism pass$ by _/,s_/ank>a on o!r comm5tators4 ,footnote #f3 ,to ! passages on pp4 #aej & #aec ( ! ,sanskrit text1 :i* ,deuss5 ?9ks to be int]polations1 !re likewise applies ! rem>k made 9 ! prec$+ note4 ,footnote #g3 ,gvaysa iva p>asypi brahma_/n_/a_/h_/ _/s_/arrant>vaititvam abhyupagata_/m_/ _/k_/et tadvad eva _/s_/arrasa9b&haprayuktasukhadukhopabhog apraptir hi _/k_/en na1 hetuvai_/s_/e%yat1 na hi _/s_/arrnt>v>titvam eva sukhadukhopabhogahetu_/h_/ api tu pu_/n_/yapp>npak>map>avasatva_/m_/ ta_/k_/ _/,k_/pahatappmana_/h_/ p>ahtmano na sambhavati4 ,footnote #h3 ,! second int]pretation giv5 on pp4 #ahd-e ( ! ,sanskrit text 7beg9n+ ) ap>a ha7 ,deuss5 consid]s to be an int]polation1 caus$ by ! ref]5ce to ! ,pa+i upani%ad 9 _/,s_/ank>a's comm5t on ,i1 #c1 #g 7p4 #bcb74 ,b !re is no reason :atsoev] = su* an assumption4 ,! passage on p4 #bcb %[s t _/,s_/ank>a consid]$ ! explanation ( ! mantra giv5 9 ! ,pa+i-upani%ad wor? quot+1 & is 9 fact fully intelligible only 9 case ( its hav+ be5 quot$ be=e by _/,s_/ank>a himself4--,t ! 'ap>a' quotes ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka n accord+ to ! ,ka_/n_/va text--to quote f :i* is _/,s_/ank>a's habit--b f ! ,madhy&9a text1 is due j to ! circum/ance ( 8 be+ an 'ap>a1' i4e4 n _/,s_/ank>a4 ,footnote #i3 ,ita_/s_/ _/k_/aitad evam4 ,anuk_/ri_/tes tasya _/k_/a4 ,tasya dah>ksasya p>abrahma_/n_/o snukrd ayam apahatappmatvdigu_/n_/ako vimuktab&ha_/h_/ pratyagtm na dah>ak_/s_/a_/h_/ tadanukras tatsmya_/m_/ ta? hi pratyaglmanozpi vimuktasya p>abrahmnukra_/h_/ sryate yad pa_/s_/ya_/h_/ pa_/s_/yate rukmav>_/n_/a_/m_/ k>tram _/s_/a_/m_/ puru%a_/m_/ brahmayoni_/m_/ tad vidvn pu_/n_/yappe vidhya nira_/g_/ana_/h_/ p>ama_/m_/ smyam upaitty atos'nuk>t prajpativkyanirdi%_/t_/a_/h_/ anukrya_/m_/ p>a_/m_/ brahma na dah>k_/s_/a_/h_/4 ,api _/k_/a sm>yate4 ,sa_/m_/sri_/n_/oszpi muktva/hy_/m_/ p>amasmypattilak%a_/n_/a_/h_/ p>abrahmnukra_/h_/ sm>yate ida_/m_/ j_/_/nam upsritya1 c4--,ke_/k_/id anuk_/ri_/tes tasya _/k_/pi sm>yate iti _/k_/a stradvayam adhik>a_/n_/nt>a_/m_/ tam eva bhntam anubhti s>va_/m_/ tasya bhs s>vam ida_/m_/ vibhtty asy_/h_/ _/s_/rute_/h_/ p>abrahmap>atvanir_/n_/ayya prav_/ri_/tta_/m_/ vadanti4 ,tat tv ad_/ris_/yatvdigu_/n_/ako dh>mokte_/h_/ dyubhvdyyatana_/m_/ sva_/s_/abdd ity adhi k>a_/n_/advay5a tasya prak>a_/n_/asya brahmavi%ayatvapratipdant jyoti_/sk_/ara_/n_/bhidhnt ity di%u p>asya brahma_/n_/o bhrpatvvagates _/k_/a prvapak%nut?nd ayukta_/m_/ strk%>avairpya_/k_/ _/k_/a4 ,footnote #aj3 ,yadi p>amtm na bhokt eva_/m_/ taihi bhokt _/i_/tay pratyamno jva eva syd ity sankyha att4 ,footnote #aa3 ,/hndivyapade_/s_/_/k_/ _/k_/a ity atra ya_/h_/ _/k_/ak%u%i ti%_/?_/ann ity d9 pratipdyamna_/m_/ _/k_/ak%u%i /hit9iyamandika_/m_/ p>amtmana eveti siddha_/m_/ k_/ri_/tv ak%ipuru%asya p>amtmatva_/m_/ sdhitam idni_/m_/ tad eva sam>?ayate ant>y4 ,footnote #ab3 n&amaya_/h_/ ,i1 #a1 #ab2 anta_/h_/ ,i1 i1 #bj2 k_/s_/a_/h_/ ,i1 #a1 #bb2 prna_/h_/ ,i1 #a1 #bc2 jyoti_/h_/ ,i1 #a1 #bd2 prna_/h_/ ,i1 #a1 #bh2 att ,i1 #b1 #i2 guh_/m_/ pravi%_/t_/au ,i1 #b1 #aa2 ant>a ,i1 #b1ac2 ant>ym ,i1 #b1 #ah2 ad_/ris_/yatvdigu_/n_/aka_/h_/ ,i1 #b1 #ba2 vai_/s_/vn>a_/h_/ ,i1 #b1 #bd2 dyubhvdyyatanam ,i1 #c1 #a2 bhm ,i1 #c1 #h2 ak%]am ,i1 #c1 #aj2 sa_/h_/ ,i1 #c1 #ac2 dah>a_/h_/ ,i1 #c1 #ad2 pramita_/h_/ ,i1 #c1 #bd2 7jyoti_/h_/ #dj27 k_/s_/a_/h_/ ,i1 #c1da4 ,,second ,,adhy,,ya4 ,! fir/ adhyya has prov$ t all ! ,v$nta-texts unanim\sly tea* t !re is only "o cause ( ! _w1 viz4 ,brahman1 ^: nature is intellig5ce1 & t !re exi/s no scriptural passage :i* c be us$ to e/abli% sy/ems oppos$ to ! ,v$nta1 m especially ! ,snkhya sy/em4 ,! task ( ! two fir/ pdas ( ! second adhyya is to rebut any objections :i* may be rais$ aga9/ ! ,v$nta doctr9e on purely speculative gr\nds1 ap>t f scriptural au?ority1 & to %[1 aga9 on purely speculative gr\nds1 t none ( ! sy/ems irreconcilable ) ! ,v$nta c be satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,p,,da ,i4 ,adhik>a_/n_/a ,i refutes ! ,snkhya objection t ! acceptation ( ! ,v$nta sy/em involves ! rejection ( ! ,snkhya doctr9e :i* aft] all con/itutes a "p ( ,sm_/ri_/ti1 & z su* has claims on consid]ation4--,to accept ! ,snkhya-sm_/ri_/ti1 ! ,v$nt9 replies1 w\ld compel u to reject o!r ,sm_/ri_/tis1 su* z ! ,manu-sm_/ri_/ti1 :i* are oppos$ to ! ,snkhya doctr9e4 ,! conflict+ claims ( ,sm_/ri_/tis c be settl$ only on ! gr\nd ( ! ,v$a1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! ,v$a does n confirm ! ,snkhya-sm_/ri_/ti1 b r ^? ,sm_/ri_/tis :i* tea* ! orig9ation ( ! _w f an intellig5t prim>y cause4 ,adhik4 ,,ii 7#c7 ext5ds ! same l9e ( argum5tation to ! ,yoga-sm_/ri_/ti4 ,adhik4 ,,iii 7#d-aa7 %[s t ,brahman1 al?\gh ( ! nature ( intellig5ce1 yet may be ! cause ( ! non-intellig5t mat]ial _w1 & t x is n contam9at$ by ! qualities ( ! _w :5 ! latt] is refund$ into ,brahman4 ,= ord9>y exp]i5ce tea*es u t l does n always spr+ f l1 & t ! qualities ( effect$ ?+s :5 ! latt] are refund$ into _! causes--z :5 gold5 ornam5ts1 = in/ance1 are melt$ & !reby become simple gold aga9--d n cont9ue to exi/ 9 ^? causes4--,"h also ! argum5tation is specially direct$ aga9/ ! ,snkhyas1 :o1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! mat]iality & ! v>i\s imp]fections ( ! _w1 ?9k x necess>y to assume a causal sub/ance p>ticipat+ 9 ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,adhik4 ,,iv 7#ab7 po9ts out t ! l9e ( reason+ foll[$ 9 ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a is valid also aga9/ o!r !ories1 su* z ! atomi/ic doctr9e4 ,! "o ,stra 7#ac7 con/itut+ ,adhik4 ,v tea*es1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 t al?\gh ! enjoy+ s\ls z well z ! objects ( fruition are 9 reality no?+ b ,brahman1 & on t acc\nt id5tical1 yet ! two sets may practically be held ap>t1 j z 9 ord9>y life we hold ap>t1 & di/+ui% z sep>ate individual ?+s1 ! waves1 ripples1 & foam ( ! sea1 al?\gh at ! bottom waves1 ripples1 & foam are all ( !m id5tical z be+ nei!r m nor less ?an sea-wat]4--,! _/,s_/r-bh%ya gives a totally diff]5t int]pretation ( ! ,stra1 accord+ to :i* ! latt] has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! ev5tual non-di/9ction ( enjoy+ s\ls & objects to be enjoy$4 ,translat$ accord+ to ,rmnuja's view1 ! ,stra runs z foll[s3 ',if non-di/9ction 7( ! ,"l & ! individual s\ls7 is said to result f ! circum/ance ( 7! ,"l himself7 becom+ an enjoy] 7a s\l71 we refute ?is objection by in/ances f e-day exp]i5ce4' ,t is to say3 ,if x be ma9ta9$ t f our doctr9e previ\sly exp\nd$1 accord+ to :i* ?is _w spr+s f ! ,"l & con/itutes 8 body1 x foll[s t ! ,"l1 z an embodi$ be+1 is n ess5tially diff]5t f o!r s\ls1 & subject to fruition z !y are2 we reply t ! ,"l's hav+ a body does n involve 8 be+ subject to fruition1 n any m ?an 9 ord9>y life a k+1 al?\gh himself an embodi$ be+1 is affect$ by ! exp]i5ces ( pleasure & pa9 :i* 8 s]vants h to und]go4--,! con/ruction :i* ,rmnuja puts on ! ,stra is n repugnant ei!r to ! words ( ! ,stra or to ! context 9 :i* ! latt] /&s1 & t x re/s on e>li] au?ority appe>s f a quotation made by ,rmnuja f ! ,drami_/d_/abh%yakra#ac4 ,adhik4 ,,vi 7#ad-bj7 treats ( ! non-diff]5ce ( ! effect f ! cause2 a ,v$nta doctr9e :i* is def5d$ by its adh]5ts aga9/ ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas accord+ to :om ! effect is some?+ diff]5t f ! cause4--,! div]g5t views ( _/,s_/ank>a & ,rmnuja on ?is important po9t h be5 suffici5tly illu/rat$ 9 ! g5]al sket* ( ! two sy/ems4 ,adhik4 ,,vii 7#ba-bc7 refutes ! objection t1 f ! ,v$ic passages insi/+ on ! id5tity ( ! ,"l & ! individual s\l1 x foll[s t ! ,"l mu/ be l ! individual s\l ! cause ( evil1 & t h5ce ! entire doctr9e ( an all-p[]ful & all-wise ,"l be+ ! cause ( ! _w has to be reject$4 ,=1 ! ,strakra rem>ks1 ! creative pr9ciple ( ! _w is additional to1 i4e4 o!r ?an1 ! individual s\l1 ! diff]5ce ( ! two be+ di/9ctly decl>$ by ,scripture4--,! way 9 :i* ! ?ree ,stras con/itut+ ?is adhik>a_/n_/a are treat$ by _/,s_/ank>a on ! "o h& & ,rmnuja on ! o!r is *>act]i/ic4 ,rmnuja ?r\gh\t simply foll[s ! words ( ! ,stras1 ( :i* ,stra #ba =mulates ! objection bas$ on su* texts z ',?\ art t1' :ile ,stra #bb replies t ,brahman is diff]5t f ! s\l1 s9ce t is expressly decl>$ by ,scripture4 _/,s_/ank>a1 on ! o!r h&1 sees himself oblig$ to add t ! diff]5ce ( ! two1 pla9ly ma9ta9$ 9 ,stra #bb1 is n real1 b due to ! s\l's fictiti\s limit+ adjuncts4 ,adhik4 ,,viii 7#bd1 #be7 %[s t ,brahman1 al?\gh de/itute ( mat]ial & in/rum5ts ( action1 may yet produce ! _w1 j z gods by _! m]e p[] create palaces1 animals1 & ! l1 & z milk by itself turns into curds4 ,adhik4 ,,ix 7#bf-bi7 expla9s t1 accord+ to ! express doctr9e ( ,scripture1 ,brahman does n 9 its entirety pass ov] into ! _w1 &1 al?\gh emitt+ ! _w f itself1 yet rema9s "o & undivid$4 ,?is is possible1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 because ! _w is unreal2 accord+ to ,rmnuja1 because ! creation is m]ely ! visible & tangible manife/ation ( :at previ\sly exi/$ 9 ,brahman 9 a subtle imp]ceptible condition4 ,adhik4 ,x 7#cj1 #ca7 tea*es t ,brahman1 al?\gh de/itute ( in/rum5ts ( action1 is enabl$ to create ! _w by means ( ! manifold p[]s :i* x possesses4 ,adhik4 ,,xi 7#cb1 #cc7 assigns ! motive ( ! creation1 or1 m prop]ly express$1 tea*es t ,brahman1 9 creat+ ! _w1 has no motive 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 b foll[s a m]e sportive impulse4 ,adhik4 ,,xii 7#cd-cf7 ju/ifies ,brahman f ! *>ges ( p>tiality & cruelty :i* might be br\ght aga9/ x ow+ to ! inequality ( position & fate ( ! v>i\s animate be+s1 & ! univ]sal suff]+ ( ! _w4 ,brahman1 z a creator & disp5s]1 acts ) a view to ! m]it & dem]it ( ! individual s\ls1 & has s act$ f all et]nity4 ,adhik4 ,,xiii 7#cg7 sums up ! prec$+ argum5tation by decl>+ t all ! qualities ( ,brahman--omnisci5ce & s on--are su* z to capacitate x = ! creation ( ! _w4 ,p,,da ,,ii4 ,! task ( ! second pda is to refute1 by argum5ts indep5d5t ( ,v$ic passages1 ! m important philosophical !ories conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! _w :i* are oppos$ to ! ,v$nta view4--,! fir/ adhik>a_/n_/a 7#a-aj7 is direct$ aga9/ ! ,snkhyas1 ^: doctr9e _h already be5 t\*$ ^u incid5tally 9 sev]al previ\s places1 & aims at prov+ t a non-intellig5t fir/ cause1 su* z ! pradhna ( ! ,snkhyas1 is unable to create & dispose4--,! second adhik>a_/n_/a 7#aa-ag7 refutes ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika t5et t ! _w orig9ates f atoms set 9 motion by ! ad_/ri_/%_/t_/a4--,! ?ird & f\r? adhik>a_/n_/z are direct$ aga9/ v>i\s s*ools ( ,bauddha philosoph]s4 ,adhik4 ,,iii 7#ah-bg7 impugns ! view ( ! s-call$ s>v/itvavd9s1 or bhyr?avd9s1 :o ma9ta9 ! reality ( an ext]nal z well z an int]nal _w2 ,adhik4 ,,iv 7#bh-cb7 is direct$ aga9/ ! vij_/_/navd9s1 accord+ to :om ideas are ! only reality4--,! la/ ,stra ( ?is adhik>a_/n_/a is treat$ by ,rmnuja z a sep>ate adhik>a_/n_/a refut+ ! view ( ! ,mdhyamikas1 :o tea* t ev]y?+ is void1 i4e4 t no?+ :atev] is real4--,adhik4 ,v 7#cc-cf7 is direct$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,ja9as2 ,adhik4 ,,vi 7#cg-da7 aga9/ ^? philosophical s*ools :i* tea* t a highe/ ,"l is n ! mat]ial b only ! op]ative cause ( ! _w4 ,! la/ adhik>a_/n_/a ( ! pda 7#db-de7 ref]s1 accord+ to ! unanim\s /atem5t ( ! comm5tators1 to ! doctr9e ( ! ,bhgavatas or ,p_/k_/artras4 ,b _/,s_/ank>a & ,rmnuja totally disagree z to ! drift ( ! ,strakra's op9ion reg>d+ t sy/em4 ,accord+ to ! =m] x is condemn$ l ! sy/ems previ\sly ref]r$ to2 accord+ to ! latt] x is approv$ (4--,stras #db & #dc1 accord+ to bo? comm5tators1 raise objections aga9/ ! sy/em2 ,stra #db be+ direct$ aga9/ ! doctr9e t f ! highe/ be+1 call$ ,vsudeva1 !re is orig9at$ ,sank>%a_/n_/a1 i4e4 ! jiva1 on ! gr\nd t !reby ^? scriptural passages w\ld be contradict$ :i* tea* ! s\l's et]nity2 & ,stra #dc impugn+ ! doctr9e t f ,sank>%a_/n_/a !re spr+s ,pradyumna1 i4e4 ! manas4--,! ,stra on :i* ! diff]5ce ( int]pretation turns is #dd4 ,lit]ally translat$ x runs1 ',or1 on acc\nt ( !re be+' 7or1 '_! be+'7 'k & s on1 !re is non-contradiction ( t4'--,?is means1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 ',or1 if 9 consequ5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( k & s on 7on ! "p ( ,sank>%a_/n_/a1 c4 !y be tak5 n z s\l1 m9d1 c4 b z ,lords ( pre-em95t k1 c471 yet !re is non-contradiction ( t 7viz4 ( ! objection rais$ 9 ,stra #db aga9/ ! ,bhgavata doctr9e74'--,accord+ to ,rmnuja1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,stra has to be expla9$ z foll[s3 ',or1 r !re is noncontradiction ( t 7i4e4 ! ,pa_/k_/artra doctr9e7 on acc\nt ( _! be+ k & s on 7i4e4 on acc\nt ( _! be+ ,brahman74' ,:i* means3 ,s9ce ,sank>%a_/n_/a & s on are m]ely =ms ( manife/ation ( ,brahman1 ! ,p_/k_/artra doctr9e1 accord+ to :i* !y spr+ f ,brahman1 is n contradict$4--,! =m ( ! ,stra makes x difficult = u to decide :i* ( ! two int]pretations is ! "r "o2 x1 h[ev]1 appe>s to me t ! explanations ( ! 'v' & ( ! 'tat1' impli$ 9 ,rmnuja's comm5t1 are m natural ?an ^? result+ f _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretation4 ,nor w\ld x be an unnatural proce$+ to close ! polemical pda ) a def5ce ( t doctr9e :i*--9 spite ( objections--has to be view$ z ! true "o4 ,p,,da ,,iii4 ,! ?ird pda discusses ! "q :e!r ! diff]5t =ms ( exi/5ce :i*1 9 _! totality1 con/itute ! _w h an orig9 or n1 i4e4 :e!r !y are co-et]nal ) ,brahman1 or issue f x & are refund$ into x at /at$ int]vals4 ,! fir/ sev5 adhik>a_/n_/z treat ( ! five elem5t>y sub/ances4--,adhik4 ,i 7#a-g7 tea*es t ! e!r is n co-et]nal ) ,brahman1 b spr+s f x z its fir/ effect4--,adhik4 ,,ii 7#h7 %[s t air spr+s f e!r2 ,adhik4 ,,iv1 ,v1 ,,vi 7#aj2 #aa2 #ab7 t fire spr+s f air1 wat] f fire1 e>? f wat]4--,adhik4 ,,iii 7#i7 expla9s by way ( digression t ,brahman1 :i* is n "s special entity1 b q g5]ally 't :i* is1' _c h orig9at$ f any?+ else4 ,adhik4 ,,vii 7#ac7 demon/rates t ! orig9ation ( "o elem5t f ano!r is due1 n to ! latt] 9 itself1 b to ,brahman act+ 9 x4 ,adhik4 ,,viii 7#ad7 tea*es t ! reabsorption ( ! elem5ts into ,brahman takes place 9 ! inv]se ord] ( _! emission4 ,adhik4 ,,ix 7#ae7 rem>ks t ! indicat$ ord] 9 :i* ! emission & ! reabsorption ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances take place is n int]f]$ ) by ! creation & reabsorption ( ! organs ( ! s\l1 i4e4 ! s5se organs & ! int]nal organ 7manas72 = !y also are ( elem5tal nature1 & z su* creat$ & retract$ toge!r ) ! elem5ts ( :i* !y consi/4 ,! rema9d] ( ! pda is tak5 up by a discussion ( ! nature ( ! individual s\l1 ! jva4--,adhik4 ,x 7#af7 tea*es t expressions su* z ',devadatta is born1' ',devadatta has di$1' /rictly apply to ! body only1 & are transf]r$ to ! s\l 9 s f> only z x is connect$ ) a body4 ,adhik4 ,,xi 7#ag7 tea*es t ! individual s\l is1 accord+ to ,scripture1 p]man5t1 et]nal1 & !re=e n1 l ! e!r & ! o!r elem5ts1 produc$ f ,brahman at ! "t ( creation4--,?is ,stra is ( c\rse comm5t$ on 9 a v diff]5t mann] by _/,s_/ank>a on ! "o h& & ,rmnuja on ! o!r4 ,accord+ to ! =m]1 ! jva is 9 reality id5tical--& z su* co-et]nal--) ,brahman2 :at orig9ates is m]ely ! s\l's connexion ) its limit+ adjuncts1 & t connexion is moreov] illusory4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja1 ! jva is inde$ an effect ( ,brahman1 b has exi/$ 9 ,brahman f all et]nity z an individual be+ & z a mode 7prakra7 ( ,brahman4 ,s inde$ h also ! mat]ial elem5ts2 yet !re is an important di/9ction ow+ to :i* ! elem5ts may be said to orig9ate at ! "t ( creation1 :ile ! same _c be said ( ! s\l4 ,previ\sly to creation ! mat]ial elem5ts exi/ 9 a subtle condition 9 :i* !y possess none ( ! qualities t lat] on r5d] !m ! objects ( ord9>y exp]i5ce2 h5ce1 :5 pass+ ov] into ! gross /ate at ! "t ( creation1 !y may be said to orig9ate4 ,! s\ls1 on ! o!r h&1 possess at all times ! same ess5tial qualities1 i4e4 !y are cogniz+ ag5ts2 only1 :5ev] a new creation takes place1 !y associate !mselves ) bodies1 & _! intellig5ce !re) und]goes a c]ta9 expansion or developm5t 7viksa72 contra/+ ) ! unevolv$ or contract$ /ate 7sanko_/k_/a7 :i* *>act]is$ x dur+ ! prec$+ pralaya4 ,b ?is *ange is n a *ange ( ess5tial nature 7sv>pnya?bhva7 & h5ce we h to di/+ui% ! s\ls z p]man5t entities f ! mat]ial elem5ts :i* at ! "t ( ea* creation & reabsorption *ange _! ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 ,adhik4 ,,xii 7#ah7 def9es ! nature ( ! individual s\l4 ,! ,stra decl>es t ! s\l is 'j_/_/a4' ,?is means1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 t intellig5ce or k does n1 z ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas tea*1 con/itute a m]e attribute ( ! s\l :i* 9 itself is ess5tially non-intellig5t1 b is ! v ess5ce ( ! s\l4 ,! s\l is n a kn[]1 b k2 n intellig5t1 b intellig5ce4--,rmnuja1 on ! o!r h&1 expla9s 'j_/_/a' by 'j_/_/at_/ri_/1' i4e4 kn[]1 kn[+ ag5t1 & consid]s ! ,stra to be direct$ n only aga9/ ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas1 b also aga9/ ^? philosoph]s :o--l ! ,snkhyas & ! ,v$nt9s ( _/,s_/ank>a's s*ool--ma9ta9 t ! s\l is n a kn[+ ag5t1 b pure _/k_/aitanya4--,! word+ ( ! ,stra c]ta9ly seems to fav\r ,rmnuja's int]pretation2 we c h>dly imag9e t an au?or def9itely hold+ ! views ( _/,s_/ank>a %\ld1 :5 prop\nd+ ! important dogma ( ! s\l's nature1 use ! t]m j_/_/a ( :i* ! mo/ obvi\s int]pretation j_/_/t_/ri_/1 n j_/_/nam4 ,adhik4 ,,xiii 7#ai-cb7 treats ! "q :e!r ! individual s\l is a_/n_/u1 i4e4 ( v m9ute size1 or omnipres5t1 all-p]vad+ 7s>vagata1 vyp974 ,"h1 aga91 we meet ) diametrically opposite views4--,9 _/,s_/ank>a's op9ion ! ,stras #ai-ch repres5t ! prvapak%a view1 accord+ to :i* ! jva is a_/n_/u1 :ile ,stra #bi =mulates ! siddhnta1 viz4 t ! jva1 :i* 9 reality is all-p]vad+1 is spok5 ( z a_/n_/u 9 "s scriptural passages1 because ! qualities ( ! int]nal organ--:i* itself is a_/n_/u--con/itute ! ess5ce ( ! individual s\l z long z ! latt] is implicat$ 9 ! sa_/m_/sra4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fir/ ,stra ( ! adhik>a_/n_/a gives utt]ance to ! siddhnta view1 accord+ to :i* ! s\l is ( m9ute size2 ! ,stras #bj-be confirm ?is view & refute objections rais$ aga9/ x2 :ile ! ,stras #bf-bi resume ! "q already moot$ "u ,stra #ah1 viz4 9 :at relation ! s\l z kn[+ ag5t 7j_/_/t_/ri_/7 /&s to k 7j_/_/na74--,9 ord] to decide betwe5 ! conflict+ claims ( ^! two int]pretations we mu/ ent] into "s details4--_/,s_/ank>a ma9ta9s t ,stras #ai-bh /ate & en=ce a prvapak%a view1 :i* is f9ally refut$ 9 #bi4 ,:at "h /rikes u at ! outset1 is ! unusual l5g? to :i* ! def5ce ( a m]e prim facie view is c>ri$2 9 no o!r place ! ,stras take s mu* tr\ble to r5d] plausible :at is meant to be reject$ 9 ! end1 & an unbiass$ read] w c]ta9ly feel incl9$ to ?9k t 9 #ai-bh we h to d1 n ) ! prelim9>y /atem5t ( a view f9ally to be ab&on$1 b ) an elaborate bon fide attempt to e/abli% & v9dicate an ess5tial dogma ( ! sy/em4 ,/ill x is n altoge!r impossible t ! prvapak%a %\ld "h be treat$ at great] l5g? ?an usual1 & ! decisive po9t is !re=e :e!r we c1 ) _/,s_/ank>a1 look ^u ,stra #bi z embody+ a refutation ( ! prvapak%a & ?us implicitly ackn[l$g+ ! doctr9e t ! individual s\l is all-p]vad+4 ,n[ ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt t _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretation ( ! ,stra is exce$+ly =c$4 ,lit]ally translat$ 7& leav+ out ! non-ess5tial ^w 'prj_/_/avat'7 ! ,stra runs z foll[s3 ',b on acc\nt ( t quality 7or ^? qualities2 or else on acc\nt ( ! quality--or qualities--( t7 be+ ! ess5ce1 7!re is7 t designation 7or ! designation ( t74' ,?is _/,s_/ank>a ma9ta9s to mean1 ',because ! qualities ( ! buddhi are ! ess5ce ( ! s\l 9 ! sa_/m_/sra /ate1 !re=e ! s\l itself is sometimes spok5 ( z a_/n_/u4' ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 no?+ 9 ! context w>rants ! explanation ( ! fir/ 'tat' by buddhi4 ,&--:i* is m important--9 ! second place1 x is m ?an d\btful :e!r on _/,s_/ank>a's own sy/em ! qualities ( ! buddhi--su* z pleasure1 pa91 desire1 av]sion1 c4--c ) any propriety be said to con/itute ! ess5ce ( ! s\l ev5 9 ! sa_/m_/sra /ate4 ,! ess5ce ( ! s\l 9 :atev] /ate1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a's sy/em1 is k or intellig5ce2 :atev] is due to its association ) ! buddhi is non-ess5tial or1 m /rictly1 unreal1 false4 ,!re are no simil> difficulties 9 ! way ( ,rmnuja's int]pretation ( ! adhik>a_/n_/a4 ,he agrees ) _/,s_/ank>a 9 ! explanation ( ,stras #ai-ce1 ) ?is diff]5ce t he views !m z sett+ =?1 n ! prvapak%a1 b ! siddhnta4 ,stras #bf-bh also are int]pret$ 9 a mann] n v diff]5t f _/,s_/ank>a's1 special /ress be+ laid on ! di/9ction made by ,scripture betwe5 k z a m]e quality & ! s\l z a kn[+ ag5t1 ! sub/ratum ( k4 ,?is discussion naturally gives rise to ! "q h[ x is t ,scripture 9 "s places makes use ( ! t]m vij_/_/na :5 mean+ ! individual s\l4 ,! answ] is giv5 9 ,stra #bi1 ',! s\l is designat$ z k because x has t quality = its ess5ce1' i4e4 because k is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic quality ( ! s\l1 !re=e ! t]m 'k' is employ$ "h & !re to d5ote ! s\l itself4 ,?is latt] int]pretation gives rise to no d\bt :atev]4 ,x closely foll[s ! word+ ( ! text & does n necessitate any =c$ supplem5tation4 ,! 'tu' ( ! ,stra :i*1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 is meant to disc>d ! prvapak%a1 s]ves on ,rmnuja's view to set aside a previ\sly-rais$ objection2 an altoge!r legitimate assumption4 ,( ! ?ree rema9+ ,stras ( ! adhik>a_/n_/a 7#cj-cb71 #cj expla9s1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 t ! s\l may be call$ a_/n_/u1 s9ce1 z long z x exi/s 9 ! sa_/m_/sra condition1 x is connect$ ) ! buddhi4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! ,stra tea*es t ! s\l may be call$ vij_/_/na because ! latt] con/itutes its ess5tial quality z long z x exi/s4--,stra #ca intimates1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 t 9 ! /ates ( deep sleep1 & s on1 ! s\l is pot5tially connect$ ) ! buddhi1 :ile 9 ! wak+ /ate t connexion becomes actually manife/4 ,! same ,stra1 accord+ to ,rmnuja1 tea*es t j_/_/t_/ri_/tva is prop]ly said to con/itute ! s\l's ess5tial nature1 al?\gh x is actually manife/$ 9 "s /ates ( ! s\l only4--,9 ,stra #cb1 f9ally1 _/,s_/ank>a sees a /atem5t ( ! doctr9e t1 unless ! s\l _h ! buddhi = its limit+ adjunct1 x w\ld ei!r be p]man5tly cogniz+ or p]man5tly non-cogniz+2 :ile1 accord+ to ,rmnuja1 ! ,stra means t ! s\l w\ld ei!r be p]man5tly cogniz+ or p]man5tly non-cogniz+1 if x 7 pure k & all-p]vad+ 7in/ead ( be+ _/j_/t_/ri_/ & a_/n_/u1 z x is 9 reality74--,! ?ree ,stras c be made to fit 9 ) ei!r int]pretation1 al?\gh x mu/ be not$ t none ( !m explicitly ref]s to ! s\l's connexion ) ! buddhi4 ,adhik4 ,,xiv & ,,xv 7#cc-ci2 #dj7 ref] to ! k>t_/ri_/tva ( ! jva1 i4e4 ! "q :e!r ! s\l is an ag5t4 ,stras #cc-ci cle>ly say t x is su*4 ,b z1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a's sy/em1 ?is _c be ! f9al view1--! s\l be+ ess5tially non-active1 & all action belong+ to ! _w ( updhis1--he looks ^u ! next foll[+ ,stra 7#dj7 z con/itut+ an adhik>a_/n_/a by itself1 & tea*+ t ! s\l is an ag5t :5 connect$ ) ! in/rum5ts ( action1 buddhi1 c41 :ile x ceases to be s :5 dissociat$ f !m1 'j z ! c>p5t] acts 9 bo? ways1' i4e4 j z ! c>p5t] works z long z he wields 8 in/rum5ts1 & re/s aft] hav+ laid !m aside4--,rmnuja1 p]haps m naturally1 does n sep>ate ,stra #dj f ! prec$+ ,stras1 b int]prets x z foll[s3 ,activity is inde$ an ess5tial attribute ( ! s\l2 b !refrom x does n foll[ t ! s\l is always actually active1 j z ! c>p5t]1 ev5 :5 furni%$ ) ! requisite in/rum5ts1 may ei!r "w or n "w1 j z he pleases4 ,adhik4 ,,xvi 7#da1 #db7 tea*es t ! s\l 9 its activity is dep5d5t on ! ,"l :o impels x ) a view to its =m] actions4 ,adhik4 ,,xvii 7#dc-ec7 treats ( ! relation ( ! individual s\l to ,brahman4 ,stra #dc decl>es t ! individual s\l is a "p 7a_/ms_/a7 ( ,brahman1 & ! foll[+ ,stras %[ h[ t relation does n involve ei!r t ,brahman is affect$ by ! imp]fections1 suff]+s1 c4 ( ! s\ls1 or t "o s\l has to p>ticipate 9 ! exp]i5ces ( o!r s\ls4 ,! two comm5tators ( c\rse take entirely diff]5t views ( ! doctr9e t ! s\l is a "p ( ,brahman4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! s\ls are 9 reality p>ts ( ,brahman#ad2 accord+ to ,sank>a ! 'a_/ms_/a' ( ! ,stra mu/ be und]/ood to mean 'a_/ms_/a iva1' 'a "p z x 72' ! "o univ]sal indivisible ,brahman hav+ no real p>ts1 b appe>+ to be divid$ ow+ to its limit+ adjuncts4--,"o ,stra 7#ej7 9 ?is adhik>a_/n_/a calls = special notice4 ,accord+ to ,sank>a ! words 'bhsa eva _/k_/a' mean '7! s\l is7 a m]e reflection1' :i*1 z ! comm5tators rem>k1 is a /atem5t ( ! s-call$ pratibimbavda1 i4e4 ! doctr9e t ! s-call$ individual s\l is no?+ b ! reflection ( ! ,self 9 ! buddhi2 :ile ,stra #dc _h prop\nd$ ! s-call$ ava_/kkh_/edavda1 i4e4 ! doctr9e t ! s\l is ! highe/ ,self 9 s f> z limit$ by its adjuncts4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! bhsa ( ! ,stra has to be tak5 9 ! s5se ( hetvbhsa1 a fallaci\s argum5t1 & ! ,stra is expla9$ z be+ direct$ aga9/ ! reason+ ( ^? ,v$nt9s accord+ to :om ! s\l is ,brahman 9 s f> z limit$ by non-real adjuncts#ae4 ,p,,da ,,iv4 ,adhik4 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii 7#a-d2 #e-f2 #g7 tea* t ! pr_/n_/z 7by :i* g5]ic "n are d5ot$ ! buddhndriyas1 k>m5-driyas1 & ! manas7 spr+ f ,brahman2 are elev5 9 numb]2 & are ( m9ute size 7a_/n_/u74 ,adhik4 ,,iv1 ,v1 ,,vi 7#h2 #i-ab2 #ac7 in=m u also t ! mukhya pr_/n_/a1 i4e4 ! vital air1 is produc$ f ,brahman2 t x is a pr9ciple di/9ct f air 9 g5]al & f ! pr_/n_/z discuss$ above2 & t x is m9ute 7a_/n_/u74 ,adhik4 ,,vii & ,,viii 7#ad-af2 #ag-ai7 tea* t ! pr_/n_/z are sup]9t5d$ & guid$ 9 _! activity by special div9ities1 & t !y are indep5d5t pr9ciples1 n m]e modifications ( ! mukhya pr_/n_/a4 ,adhik4 ,,ix 7#bj-bb7 decl>es t ! evolution ( names & =ms 7! nm>pavyk>a_/n_/a7 is ! "w1 n ( ! individual s\l1 b ( ! ,"l4 ,notes3 ,footnote #ac3 ,lokavat1 ,ya? loke rja_/s_/sannuv>t9_/m_/ _/k_/a rjnugrahanigrahak_/ri_/takhadukhayoges'p i na sa_/s_/arravamtre_/n_/a ssake rjany api _/s_/sannuv_/ri_/ttyauv_/ri_/tt9imittasu khadukhayor bhokt_/ri_/vaprasanga_/h_/4 ,ya?ha ,drami_/d_/abh%yakra_/h_/ ya? loke rj pra_/k_/urad&a_/s_/ke ghores'n>?asa_/m_/ka_/t_/es'pi prade_/s_/e v>tamnoszpi vyajandyavadhtadeho do%air na sprisyate abhipret_/ms_/ _/k_/a lokn p>ipiplayi%ati bhog_/ms_/ _/k_/a g&hdn avi_/s_/vajanopabhogyn dhrayati ta?sau loke_/s_/v>o bhramatsvasmait_/h_/ya_/k_/amato do%air na sp_/ris_/yate rak%ati _/k_/a lokn brahmalokdi_/ms_/ _/k_/vi_/s_/vajanopabhogyn dhrayatti4 ,footnote #ad3 ,gvasya k>t_/ri_/tva_/m_/ p>amapuru%yattam ity uktam4 ,idnm kim aya_/m_/ gva_/h_/ p>asmd atyantabh9na_/h_/ uta p>am eva brahma bhrntam uta brahmaivopdhyava_/kkh_/innam a?a brahm_/ms_/a iti sa_/m_/sayyate _/s_/rutivipraticpatte_/h_/ sa_/m_/saya_/h_/4 ,nanu tadananyam rambha_/n_/a_/s_/abddibhya_/h_/ adhika_/m_/ tu bh$anirdesd ity atraivyam ai?o nir_/n_/ta_/h_/ ,satya_/m_/ sa eva nntvaikatva_/s_/rutivipratipatty sk%ipya jvasya brahm_/ms_/atvopapdan5a vi_/s_/e%ato nir_/n_/yate4 ,yvad dhi jvasya brahm_/m_/satva_/m_/ na nir_/n_/tam tvaj jvasya brahmanosnanyatva_/m_/ brahma_/n_/z tasmd adhikatv_/m_/ _/k_/a na pratiti%_/?_/ati4 ,ki_/m_/ tvat prptam4 ,atyanta_/m_/ bh9na iti4 ,kuta_/h_/4 ,j_/_/j_/_/nau dvv itydibh$anirde_/s_/t4 ,j_/_/j_/_/ayor abh$a_/s_/rutayas tv agn9 si_/k_/ed itivad viruddhr?apratipdand aupa_/k_/rikya_/h_/1 ,brahma_/n_/os_/ms_/o jva ity api na sdhya_/h_/1 ekava/vekade_/s_/av_/k_/ hy a_/ms_/a_/s_/sabda_/h_/1 jvasya brahmaikade_/s_/atve tadgat do% brahma_/n_/i bhaveyu_/h_/4 ,na _/k_/a brahmakha_/nd_/o jva ity a_/ms_/atvopapatti_/h_/ kha_/nd_/ann>hatvd brahma_/n_/a_/h_/ prguktado%aprasang_/k_/ _/k_/a1 tasmd atyantabh9nasya tada_/ms_/atva_/m_/ durupapdam4 ,yadv bhrnta_/m_/ brahmaiva jva_/h_/4 ,kuta_/h_/4 ,tat tvam asi ayam tm brahmetydibrahmtmabhvopade_/s_/t1 nntmatvavd9yas tu pratyak%disiddhr?nuvditvd ananya?siddhdvaitopade_/s_/ap>bhi_/h_/ _/s_/rutibhi_/h_/ pratyak%daya_/s_/ _/k_/a avidynt>gata_/h_/ khypyante4--,a?av brahmaivndyupdhyava_/kkh_/inna_/m_/ jva_/h_/4 ,kuta_/h_/4 ,tata eva brahmtmabhvopade_/s_/at4 ,na _/k_/yam updhir bhrntip>ikalpita ita vaktu_/m_/ sakya_/m_/ b&hamok%divyava/hnupapatt]4 ,ity eva_/m_/ prtptesbhidhyate4 ,brahm_/ms_/a iti4 ,kuta_/h_/4 ,nnvyapade_/s_/d anya? _/k_/aikatv5a vyapade_/s_/d ubhaya? hi vyapade_/s_/o d_/ris_/yate4 ,nvvyapade_/s_/z tvat sra%_/tri_/tva_/rig_/yatva--niyant_/ri_/ tvaniymyatva--s>vaj_/_/atvj_/_/atva-- svdhnatvap>dhnatva--_/s_/uddhatv_/s_/udd hatva-- kaly_/n_/agu_/n_/k>atvavip>tatva--patitv a_/s_/e%atvdibhir d_/ris_/yate4 ,anya? _/k_/bh$5a vyapade_/s_/os pi tat tvam asi ayam tm brahmetydibhir d_/ris_/yate4 ,api d_/s_/akitavditvam apy adhyate eke1 brahma ds brahma ds brahmeme kitav ity ?>va_/n_/ik brahma_/n_/o d_/s_/akitavditvam apy adhyate1 tata_/s_/ _/k_/a s>vajvavypitv5a abh$o vyapadi_/s_/yata x ar?a_/h_/4 ,evam ubhayavyapade_/s_/amukhyatvasiddhaye jvosya_/m_/ brahma_/n_/os_/ms_/a ity abhyupagantavya_/h_/4 ,footnote #ae3 ,nanu bhrntabrahmajvavdeszpy avidyk_/ri_/topdhibh$d bhogavyava/hdaya upapadyanta ata ha1 bhsa eva _/k_/a4 ,akha_/nd_/aik>asaprak_/s_/amtratv>pasya sv>patirodhnaprvakopdhibh$opapdanahetur bhsa eva4 ,prak_/s_/aikasv>pasya prak_/s_/atirodhna_/m_/ prak_/s_/an_/s_/a eveti prg evopapditam4 bhs eveti v p_/?_/a_/h_/1 ta? sati hetava bhs_/h_/4 ,,?ird ,,adhy,,ya4 ,p,,da ,i4 ,adhik4 ,i 7#a-g7 tea*es t ! s\l1 :5 pass+ out ( ! body at ! "t ( dea?1 rema9s inve/$ ) ! subtle mat]ial elem5ts 7bhtask%ma7 :i* s]ve z an abode to ! pr_/n_/z atta*$ to ! s\l4 ,adhik4 ,,ii 7#h-aa7 %[s t1 :5 ! s\ls ( ^? :o _h enjoy$ ! rew>d ( _! good works 9 ! moon desc5d to ! e>? 9 ord] to und]go a new embodim5t1 !re cleaves to !m a rema9d] 7anu_/s_/aya7 ( _! =m] de$s :i* det]m9es ! nature ( ! new embodim5t4 ,adhik4 ,,iii 7#ab-ba7 discusses ! fate aft] dea? ( ^? :om _! good works d n entitle to pass up to ! moon4 ,adhik4 ,,iv1 ,v1 ,,vi 7#bb2 #bc2 #bd-bg7 tea* t ! subtle bodies ( ! s\ls desc5d+ f ! moon ?r\gh ! e!r1 air1 c41 d n become id5tical ) e!r1 air1 c41 b only l !m2 t ! entire desc5t occupies a %ort "t only2 & t1 :5 ! s\ls f9ally ent] into plants & s on1 !y d n p>ticipate 9 ! life ( ! latt]1 b are m]ely 9 ext]nal contact ) !m4 ,p,,da ,,ii4 ,adhik4 ,i 7#a-f7 treats ( ! s\l 9 ! dream+ /ate4 ,accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a ! ?ree fir/ ,stras discuss ! "q :e!r ! creative activity ascrib$ to ! s\l 9 "s scriptural passages produces ?+s z real z ^? by :i* ! wak+ s\l is surr\nd$1 or n2 ,stra #c settles ! po9t by decl>+ t ! creations ( ! dream+ s\l are m]e ',my1' s9ce !y d n fully manife/ ! "* ( real objects4 ,stra #d adds t dreams1 al?\gh m]e ,my1 yet h a prophetic quality4 ,stras #e & #f f9ally reply to ! "q :y ! s\l1 :i* aft] all is a "p ( ! ,"l & z su* p>ticipates 9 8 excell5cies1 %\ld n be able to produce 9 its dreams a real creation1 by ! rem>k t ! s\l's k & p[] are obscur$ by its connexion ) ! gross body4 ,! consid]ably div]g+ int]pretation giv5 ( ?is adhik>a_/n_/a by ,rmnuja has ! advantage ( m closely connect+ ! ,stras ) ea* o!r4 ,accord+ to him ! "q is n :e!r ! creations ( a dream are real or n1 b :e!r !y are ! "w ( ! individual s\l or ( ! ,"l act+ )9 ! s\l4 ,stras #a & #b set =? ! prvapak%a4 ,! creations ( dreams 7are ! "w ( ! individual s\l72 = ?us ,scripture decl>es3 ',& ! foll[]s ( "s _/s_/ks decl>e 7! s\l to be7 a creator1' c4 ,! ?ird ,stra /ates ! siddhnta view3 ',b ! creations ( dreams are ,my1 i4e4 are ( a wond]ful nature 7& z su* _c be effect$ by ! individual s\l71 s9ce 79 ?is life7 ! nature 7( ! s\l7 is n fully manife/$4' ,conc]n+ ! ^w 'my1' ,rmnuja rem>ks1 'my_/s_/abdo hy _/sk_/aryav_/k_/ janaka_/s_/ya kule jt devamyeva nirmit itydi%u ta? d>_/s_/ant4' ,! ?ree rema9+ ,stras are exhibit$ 9 ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya 9 a diff]5t ord]1 ! f\r? ,stra1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 be+ ! six? accord+ to ,rmnuja4 ,stras #d & #e 7accord+ to ,rmnuja's num]ation7 are expla9$ by ,rmnuja v mu* 9 ! same way z by _/,s_/ank>a2 b ow+ to ! =m]'s /atem5t ( ! subject-matt] ( ! :ole adhik>a_/n_/a !y connect !mselves m intimately ) ! prec$+ ,stras ?an is possible on _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretation4 ,9 ,stra #f 7s_/k_/aka_/s_/ _/k_/ hi7 ,rmnuja sees a d$uction f ! siddhnta ( ! adhik>a_/n_/a1 ',because ! images ( a dream are produc$ by ! highe/ ,"l himself1 !re=e !y h prophetic significance4' ,adhik4 ,,ii tea*es t 9 ! /ate ( deep dreamless sleep ! s\l abides )9 ,brahman 9 ! he>t4 ,adhik4 ,,iii 7#i7 exp\nds ! reasons entitl+ u to assume t ! s\l awak5+ f sleep is ! same t w5t to sleep4--,adhik4 ,,iv 7#i7 expla9s ! nature ( a swoon4 ,adhik4 ,v 7#aa-ba7 is1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 tak5 up ) ! "q z to ! nature ( ! highe/ ,brahman 9 :i* ! individual s\l is m]g$ 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep4 ,stra #aa decl>es t tw(old *>act]i/ics 7viz4 abs5ce & pres5ce ( di/9ctive attributes1 nirvi_/s_/e%atva & savi_/s_/e%atva7 _c belong to ! highe/ ,brahman ev5 ?r\gh its /ations1 i4e4 its limit+ adjuncts2 s9ce all passages :i* aim at sett+ =? ,brahman's nature decl>e x to be de/itute ( all di/9ctive attributes4--,! fact1 ,stra #ab cont9ues1 t 9 _m passages ,brahman is spok5 ( z possess+ di/9ctive attributes is ( no relevancy1 s9ce :]ev] !re are m5tion$ limit+ adjuncts1 on :i* all di/9ction dep5ds1 x is specially /at$ t ,brahman 9 itself is free f all div]sity2 &--,stra #ac adds--9 "s places ! assumption ( div]sity is specially object$ to4--,t ,brahman is devoid ( all =m 7,stra #ad71 is ! pre-em95t mean+ ( all ,v$nta-texts sett+ =? ,brahman's nature4--,t ,brahman is repres5t$ z hav+ diff]5t =ms1 z x 71 is due to its connexion ) its 7unreal7 limit+ adjuncts2 j z ! light ( ! sun appe>s /raight or crook$1 z x 71 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?+s he illum9ates 7#ae74--,! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka expressly decl>es t ,brahman is "o uni=m mass ( intellig5ce 7#af72 & ! same is taught 9 o!r scriptural passages & 9 ,sm_/ri_/ti 7l#g74--;,at ! unreality ( ! app>5t manifoldness ( ! ,self1 caus$ by ! limit+ adjuncts1 aim ^? scriptural passages 9 :i* ! ,self is comp>$ to ! sun1 :i* rema9s "o al?\gh 8 reflections on ! surface ( ! wat] are _m 7#ah74--,nor mu/ ! objection be rais$ t t comp>ison is unsuitable1 because ! ,self is n mat]ial l ! sun1 & !re are no real updhis sep>ate f x z ! wat] is f ! sun2 = ! comp>ison m]ely means to indicate t1 z ! reflect$ image ( ! sun p>ticipates 9 ! *anges1 increase1 decrease1 c41 :i* ! wat] und]goes :ile ! sun himself rema9s unaffect$ !reby1 s ! true ,self is n affect$ by ! attributes ( ! updhis1 :ile1 9 s f> z x is limit$ by ! latt]1 x is affect$ by !m z x 7 7#ai1 #bj74--,t ! ,self is )9 ! updhis1 ,scripture decl>es 7#ba74 ,f ! above explanation ( ?is important adhik>a_/n_/a ! "o giv5 9 ! ,sr-bh%ya diff]s totally4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! adhik>a_/n_/a raises ! "q :e!r ! imp]fections cl++ to ! individual s\l 7! discussion ( :i* has n[ come to an end7 affect also ! highe/ ,"l :o1 accord+ to ,scripture1 abides )9 ! s\l z ant>ym94 ',not)/&+ ! abode 7( ! highe/ ,self )9 ! s\l7 7x is7 n 7affect$ by ! s\l's imp]fections7 because ev]y:]e 7! highe/ ,self is repres5t$7 z hav+ tw(old *>act]i/ics 7viz4 be+1 on "o h&1 free f all evil1 apahatappman1 vij>a1 vim_/ri_/tyu1 c41 &1 on ! o!r h&1 end[$ ) all auspici\s qualities1 satyakma1 satyasa_/m_/kalpa1 c47 7#aa74--,%\ld x be object$ t1 j z ! s\l al?\gh ess5tially free f evil--accord+ to ! ,prajpativkya 9 ! ,*ndogya--yet is liable to imp]fections ow+ to its connexion ) a v>iety ( bodies1 s ! ant>ym9 also is affect$ by abid+ )9 bodies2 we d5y ?is because 9 e section ( ! *apt] ref]r+ to ! ant>ym9 79 ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka7 he is expressly call$ ! ,immortal1 ! rul] )92 :i* %[s him to be free f ! %ortcom+s ( ! jiva 7#ab74--,"s1 moreov]1 expressly ass]t t1 al?\gh ! ,"l & ! s\l are )9 "o body1 ! s\l only is imp]fect1 n ! ,"l 7dv sup>_/n_/ sayuj sakhy7 7#ac74--,%\ld x be said t1 accord+ to ! ,*ndogya1 ,brahman ent]$ toge!r ) ! s\ls into ! elem5ts previ\sly to ! evolution ( names & =ms1 & h5ce p>ticipates 9 ! latt]1 ?us becom+ implicat$ 9 ! sa_/m_/sra2 we reply t ,brahman1 al?\gh connect$ ) su* & su* =ms1 is 9 itself devoid ( =m1 s9ce x is ! pr9cipal elem5t 7ag5t2 pradhna7 9 ! br++ ab\t ( names & =ms 7accord+ to 'k_/s_/o ha vai nm>payor nirvahit'7 7#ad74--;,b does n ! passage 'satya_/m_/ j_/_/nam anantam brahma' tea* t ,brahman is no?+ b light 7intellig5ce7 )\t any diff]5ce1 & does n ! passage 'neti neti' d5y ( x all qualities8--,z 9 ord]1 we reply1 n to deprive passages z ! "o quot$ f ! ,taittirya ( _! purport1 we admit t ,brahman's nature is light1 s we mu/ also admit t ,brahman is satyasa_/m_/kalpa1 & s on2 = if n1 ! passages 9 :i* ^? qualities are ass]t$ w\ld become purportless 7#ae74--,moreov] ! ,taittirya passage only ass]ts s mu*1 viz4 ! prak_/s_/arpat ( ,brahman1 & does n d5y o!r qualities 7l#f74--;,& ! passage 'neti neti' w be discuss$ lat] on4--,! ubhayalingatva ( ,brahman 9 ! s5se assign$ above is ass]t$ 9 _m places _/,s_/ruti & ,sm_/ri_/ti 7#ag74--;,because ,brahman al?\gh abid+ 9 _m places is n t\*$ by _! imp]fections1 ! similes ( ! reflect$ sun1 ( ! e!r limit$ by j>s1 c41 are applicable to x 7#ah74--,%\ld x be said t ! illu/ration is n an appropriate "o1 because ! sun is appreh5d$ 9 ! wat] errone\sly only :ile ! ant>ym9 really abides )9 all ?+s1 & !re=e mu/ be view$ z %>+ _! defects 7#ai72 we reply t :at ! simile means to negative is m]ely t ,brahman %\ld1 ow+ to its inh]5ce 9 _m places1 p>ticipate 9 ! increase1 decrease1 & s on1 ( its abodes4 ,on ?is view bo? similes are appropriate 7#bj74--;,analog\s similes we obs]ve to be employ$ 9 ord9>y life1 z :5 we comp>e a man to a lion 7#ba74 ,stras #bb-cj con/itute1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 a new adhik>a_/n_/a 7,,vi71 ^: object x is to %[ t ! clause 'n s1 n s' 7neti neti2 ,b_/ri_/_hr7 negatives1 n ,brahman itself1 b only ! two =ms ( ,brahman describ$ 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ! *apt]4 ,stras #bc-bf fur!r dwell on ,brahman be+ 9 reality devoid ( all di/9ctive attributes :i* are altoge!r due to ! updhis4 ,! la/ f\r ,stras return to ! "q h[1 ,brahman be+ "o only1 ! s\ls are 9 s _m places spok5 ( z diff]5t f x1 &1 two explanatory hypo!ses hav+ be5 reject$1 ! conclusion is arriv$ at t all diff]5ce is unreal1 due to fictiti\s limit+ adjuncts4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja1 ,stras #bb ff4 cont9ue ! discussion />t$ 9 ,stra #aa4 ,h[1 ! "q is ask$1 c ! ubhayalingatva ( ,brahman be ma9ta9$ consid]+ t ! 'n s1 n s' ( ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka d5ies ( ,brahman all ! previ\sly m5tion$ modes 7prakra71 s t x c only be call$ t :i* is 7sanmtra78--,! reply giv5 9 ,stra #bb is t 'n s1 n s' does n d5y ( ,brahman ! di/9ctive qualities or modes decl>$ previ\sly 7= x w\ld be s5seless at fir/ to tea* !m1 & f9ally to d5y !m aga9#af71 b m]ely d5ies ! prk_/ri_/taitvattva1 ! previ\sly /at$ limit$ nature ( ,brahman1 i4e4 x d5ies t ,brahman possesses only ! previ\sly m5tion$ qualifications4 ,) ?is agrees1 t subsequ5tly to 'neti neti' ,scripture itself enunciates fur!r qualifications ( ,brahman4 ,t ,brahman z /at$ above is n ! object ( any o!r means ( pro( b ,scripture is confirm$ 9 ,stra #bc1 ',scripture decl>es ,brahman to be ! non-manife/4'--,& ! intuition 7sk%tkkra7 ( ,brahman ensues only ^u its sa_/m_/rdhana1 i4e4 ^u its be+ p]fectly pleas$ by ! wor%ipp]'s devotion1 z ,scripture & ,sm_/ri_/ti decl>e 7#bd74--,t ?is int]pretation ( 'neti' is ! "r "o1 is likewise %[n by ! fact t 9 ! same way z prak_/s_/a1 lum9\sness1 j_/_/na1 intellig5ce1 c41 s also ! quality ( be+ diff]5tiat$ by ! _w 7prapa_/k_/avsi%_/t_/at7 is intuit$ z non-diff]5t1 i4e4 z likewise qualify+ ,brahman2 & t prak_/s_/a1 & s on1 *>act]ise ,brahman1 is kn[n ?r\gh repeat$ practice 7on ! "p ( _/ri_/%is l ,vmadeva7 9 ! "w ( sa_/m_/rdhana m5tion$ be=e 7#be74--;,= all ^! reasons ,brahman is connect$ ) ! inf9ite1 i4e4 ! inf9ite numb] ( auspici\s qualities2 = ?us ! tw(old indications 7linga7 met ) 9 ,scripture are fully ju/ifi$ 7#bf74--;,9 :at relation1 !n1 does ! a_/k_/id va/u1 i4e4 ! non-s5ti5t matt]1 :i*1 accord+ to ! b_/ri_/had>a_/n_/yaka1 is "o ( ! =ms ( ,brahman1 /& to ! latt]8--,non-s5ti5t be+s might1 9 ! fir/ place1 be view$ z special arrangem5ts 7sa_/m_//hanavise%_/h_/7 ( ,brahman1 z ! coils are ( ! body ( ! snake2 = ,brahman is designat$ z bo?1 i4e4 sometimes z "o ) ! _w 7,brahman is all ?is1 c471 sometimes z diff]5t f x 7,let me ent] into ^? elem5ts1 c47 7#bg74--,or1 9 ! second place1 ! relation ( ! two might be view$ z analog\s to t ( light & ! lum9\s object :i* are two & yet "o1 bo? be+ fire 7#bh74--,or1 9 ! ?ird place1 ! relation is l t /at$ be=e1 i4e4 ! mat]ial _w is1 l ! individual s\ls 7^: case 0 discuss$ 9 ,,ii1 #c1 #dc71 a "p--a_/ms_/a--( ,brahman 7#bi1 #cj74 ,adhik4 ,,vii 7#ca-cg7 expla9s h[ "s metaphorical expressions1 seem+ly imply+ t !re is some?+ diff]5t f ,brahman1 h to be truly und]/ood4 ,adhik4 ,,viii 7#ch-da7 tea*es t ! rew>d ( works is n1 z ,jaim9i op9es1 ! indep5d5t result ( ! works act+ ?r\gh ! s-call$ aprva1 b is allott$ by ! ,"l4 ,p,,da ,,iii4 ,) ! ?ird pda ( ! second adhyya a new section ( ! "w beg9s1 ^: task x is to describe h[ ! individual s\l is enabl$ by m$itation on ,brahman to obta9 f9al release4 ,! fir/ po9t to be det]m9$ "h is :at con/itutes a m$itation on ,brahman1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 9 :at relation ^? p>ts ( ! ,upani%ads /& to ea* o!r :i* enjo9 id5tical or p>tly id5tical m$itations4 ,! read] ( ! ,upani%ads _c fail to obs]ve t ! texts ( ! diff]5t _/s_/khs conta9 _m *apt]s ( simil>1 (t5 ne>ly id5tical1 cont5ts1 & t 9 "s cases ! text ( ev5 "o & ! same _/s_/kh exhibits ! same matt] 9 m or less v>i$ =ms4 ,! reason ( ?is cle>ly is t ! common /ock ( religi\s & philosophical ideas :i* 7 9 circulation at ! "t ( ! composition ( ! ,upani%ads f\nd sep>ate expression 9 ! diff]5t prie/ly communities2 h5ce ! same speculations1 leg5ds1 c4 reappe> 9 v>i\s places ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures 9 m or less diff]+ dress4 ,orig9ally1 :5 we may suppose ! memb]s ( ea* ,v$ic s*ool to h conf9$ !mselves to ! /udy ( _! own sacr$ texts1 ! fact t ! texts ( o!r s*ools conta9$ *apt]s ( simil> cont5ts w\ld h>dly appe> to call = special note or comm5t2 n any m ?an ! circum/ance t ! sacrificial p]=mances enjo9$ on ! foll[]s ( "s p>ticul> _/s_/kh 7 f\nd describ$ ) great] or small] modifications 9 ! books ( o!r _/s_/khs also4 ,b already at a v e>ly p]iod1 at any rate long be=e ! composition ( ! ,v$nta-stras 9 _! pres5t =m1 ! ,v$ic !ologians mu/ h appreh5d$ ! tru? t1 9 :atev] reg>ds sacrificial acts1 "o _/s_/kh may inde$ safely foll[ its own texts1 disreg>d+ ! texts ( all o!r _/s_/khs2 t1 h[ev]1 all texts :i* aim at ?r[+ light on ! nature ( ,brahman & ! relation to x ( ! human s\l mu/ someh[ or o!r be comb9$ into "o consi/5t sy/ematical :ole equally valid = ! foll[]s ( all ,v$ic s*ools4 ,=1 z we h _h occasion to rem>k above1 :ile acts may be p]=m$ by diff]5t individuals 9 diff]5t ways1 cognition is def9$ by ! nature ( ! object cognis$1 & h5ce c be "o only1 unless x ceases to be true cognition4 ,h5ce ! attempts1 on ! "o h&1 ( disc>d+ by skilful int]pretation all contradictions met ) 9 ! sacr$ text1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ( %[+ :at sections ( ! diff]5t ,upani%ads h to be view$ z tea*+ ! same matt]1 & !re=e mu/ be comb9$ 9 "o m$itation4 ,! latt] is ! special task ( ! pres5t pda4 ,adhik4 ,i & ,,ii 7#a-d2 #e7 are conc]n$ ) ! "q :e!r ^? vidys1 :i* are met ) 9 id5tical or simil> =m 9 m ?an "o sacr$ text1 are to be consid]$ z con/itut+ sev]al vidys1 or "o vidy only4 _/,s_/ank>a rem>ks t ! "q affects only ^? vidys ^: object is ! qualifi$ ,brahman2 = ! k ( ! non-qualifi$ ,brahman1 :i* is ( an absolutely uni=m nature1 c ( c\rse be "o only :]ev] x is set =?4 ,b ?+s lie diff]5tly 9 ^? cases :]e ! object ( k is ! sagu_/n_/am brahma or "s outw>d manife/ation ( ,brahman2 = ! qualities z well z manife/ations ( ,brahman are _m4 ,anticipat+ ! subject ( a lat] adhik>a_/n_/a1 we may take = an example ! s-call$ _/,s_/_/nd_/ilyavidy :i* is met ) 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 aga9--9 an abridg$ =m--9 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,v1 #f1 &1 moreov]1 9 ! t5? book ( ! _/,s_/atapa?abrhma_/n_/a 7,x1 #f1 #c74 ,! ?ree passages enjo9 a m$itation on ,brahman z possess+ c]ta9 attributes1 "s ( :i* are specifi$ 9 all ! ?ree texts 7z1 = in/ance1 manomayatva1 bhrpatva71 :ile o!rs are peculi> to ea* sep>ate passage 7pr_/n_/a_/s_/arratva & satyasa_/m_/kalpatva1 = in/ance1 be+ m5tion$ 9 ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad & _/,s_/atapa?a-brhma_/n_/a1 b n 9 ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka ,upani%ad1 :i*1 on its "p1 specifies s>vava_/s_/itva1 n ref]r$ to 9 ! two o!r texts74 ,"h1 !n1 !re is room = a d\bt :e!r ! ?ree passages ref] to "o object ( k or n4 ,to ! dev\t ,v$nt9 ! "q is n a purely !oretical "o1 b ( imm$iate practical int]e/4 ,= if ! ?ree texts are to be held ap>t1 !re are ?ree diff]5t m$itations to be gone ?r\gh2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! vidy is "o only1 all ! diff]5t qualities ( ,brahman m5tion$ 9 ! ?ree passages h to be comb9$ into "o m$itation4--,! decision is "h1 z 9 all simil> cases1 9 fav\r ( ! latt] alt]native4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! ?ree passages %[s t ! object ( m$itation is "o only2 h5ce ! m$itation also is "o only1 compreh5d+ all ! attributes m5tion$ 9 ! ?ree texts4 ,adhik4 ,,iii 7#f-h7 discusses ! case ( vidys be+ really sep>ate1 al?\gh app>5tly id5tical4 ,! examples select$ are ! udg?avidys ( ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad 7,i1 #a-c7 & ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka ,upani%ad 7,i1 #c71 :i*1 al?\gh %[+ c]ta9 simil>ities--su* z be>+ ! same "n & ! udg?a be+ 9 bo? id5tifi$ ) pr_/n_/a--yet are to be held ap>t1 because ! subject ( ! ,*ndogya vidy is n ! :ole udg?a b only ! sacr$ syllabic ,om1 :ile ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka ,upani%ad repres5ts ! :ole udg?a z ! object ( m$itation4 ,stra #i con/itutes 9 _/,s_/ank>a's view a new adhik>a_/n_/a 7,,iv71 prov+ t 9 ! passage1 ',let a man m$itate' 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #a71 ! ,o_/m_/kra & ! udg?a /& 9 ! relation ( "o specify+ ! o!r1 ! mean+ be+1 ',let a man m$itate on t ,o_/m_/kra :i*1' c4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja's int]pretation1 :i* seems to fall 9 m satisfactorily ) ! =m & ! word+ ( ! ,stra1 ! latt] m]ely furni%es an additional argum5t = ! conclusion arriv$ at 9 ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a4--,adhik4 ,v 7#aj7 det]m9es ! unity ( ! s-call$ pr_/n_/a-vidys & ! consequ5t compreh5sion ( ! diff]5t qualities ( ! pr_/n_/a1 :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! diff]5t texts1 )9 "o m$itation4 ,adhik4 ,,vi comprises1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 ! ,stras #aa-ac4 ,! po9t to be settl$ is :e!r 9 all ! m$itations on ,brahman all its qualities are to be includ$ or only ^? m5tion$ 9 ! special vidy4 ,! decision is t ! ess5tial & unalt]able attributes ( ,brahman1 su* z bliss & k1 are to be tak5 into acc\nt ev]y:]e1 :ile ^? :i* admit ( a m or less 7z1 = in/ance1 ! attribute ( hav+ joy = its head1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,taitt4 ,up47 are conf9$ to special m$itations4--,adhik4 ,,vii 7#ad1 #ae71 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 aims at prov+ t ! object ( ,ka_/?_/a4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #aj1 #aa is "o only1 viz4 to %[ t ! highe/ ,self is high] ?an ev]y?+1 s t ! passage con/itutes "o vidy only4--,adhik4 ,,viii 7#af1 #ag7 det]m9es1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 t ! ,self spok5 ( 9 ,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #a is n a l[] =m ( ! ,self 7! s-call$ strtman71 b ! highe/ ,self2 ! discussion ( t po9t 9 ?is place be+ due to ! wi% to prove t ! attributes ( ! highe/ ,self h to be compreh5d$ 9 ! ,ait>cyaka m$itation4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! ,stras #aa-ag con/itute a s+le adhik>a_/n_/a ^: subject is ! same z t ( _/,s_/ank>a's six? adhik>_/n_/a4 ,stras #aa-ac are1 on ! :ole1 expla9$ z by _/,s_/ank>a2 ,stra #ab1 h[ev]1 is said to mean1 ',su* attributes z hav+ joy = its head1 c4 are n to be view$ z qualities ( ,brahman1 & !re=e n to be includ$ 9 e m$itation2 = if !y 7 admitt$ z qualities1 diff]5ce w\ld be introduc$ into ,brahman's nature1 & t w\ld involve a m or less on ,brahman's "p4' ,stras #ad-ag cont9ue ! discussion ( ! passage ab\t ! priya_/s_/ira/va4--,if priya_/s_/ira/va1 c4 are n to be view$ z real qualities ( ,brahman1 = :at purpose does ! text m5tion !m8--',because1' ,stra #ad replies1 '!re is no o!r purpose1 ,scripture m5tions !m = ! purpose ( pi\s m$itation4'--,b h[ is x kn[n t ! ,self ( delight is ! highe/ ,self8 7ow+ to :i* y ma9ta9 t hav+ limbs1 head1 c4 _c belong to x z attributes47--',because1' ,stra #ae replies1 '! t]m ,self 7tm n&amaya7 is appli$ to x4'--,b 9 ! previ\s p>ts ( ! *apt] ! t]m ,self 79 tma pra_/n_/amaya1 c47 is appli$ to non-,selfs also2 h[ !n d y "k t 9 tm n&amaya x d5otes ! real ,self8--',! t]m ,self1' ,stra #af replies1 'is employ$ "h to d5ote ! highe/ ,self z 9 _m o!r passages 7tma v idam eka1 c471 z we conclude f ! subsequ5t passage1 viz4 he wi%$1 ,may ,i be _m4'--,b1 an objection is rais$1 does n ! context %[ t ! t]m ',self1' :i* 9 all ! prec$+ clauses ab\t ! pr_/n_/amaya1 c4 d5ot$ some?+ o!r ?an ! ,self1 does ! same 9 n&amaya tman1 & is n ! context ( great] weight ?an a subsequ5t passage8--,to ?is "q ask$ 9 ! =m] half ( #ag 7anvayd iti _/k_/et7 ! latt] half replies1 ',/ill x d5otes ! ,self1 ow+ to ! affirmatory /atem5t1' i4e4 ! fact ( ! highe/ ,self hav+ be5 affirm$ 9 a previ\s passage also1 viz4 ,,ii1 #a1 ',f t ,self sprang e!r4' ,adhik4 ,,ix 7#ah7 discusses a m9or po9t connect$ ) ! pr_/n_/asa_/m_/vda4--,! subject ( ,adhik4 ,x 7#ai7 has be5 indicat$ already above "u ,adhik4 ,i4--,adhik4 ,,xi 7#bj-bb7 treats ( a case ( a contr>y nature2 9 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,v1 #e1 ,brahman is repres5t$ fir/ z abid+ 9 ! sph]e ( ! sun1 & !n z abid+ )9 ! eye2 we !re=e1 9 spite ( c]ta9 c\nt]-indications1 h to d ) two sep>ate vidys4--,adhik4 ,,xii 7#bc7 ref]s to a simil> case2 c]ta9 attributes ( ,brahman m5tion$ 9 ! ,r_/n_/yanya-khila h n to be introduc$ into ! correspond+ ,*ndogya vidy1 because ! /at$ diff]5ce ( ,brahman's abode involves diff]5ce ( vidy4--,adhik4 ,,xiii 7#bd7 treats ( ano!r in/ance ( two vidyas hav+ to be held ap>t4 ,adhik4 ,,xiv 7#be7 decides t c]ta9 deta*$ mantras & brhma_/n_/a passages met ) 9 ! beg9n+ ( "s ,upani%ads--z1 = in/ance1 a brhma_/n_/a ab\t ! mahvrata c]emony at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,ait>eya-ra_/n_/yaka--d1 not)/&+ _! position :i* seems to connect !m ) ! brahmavidy1 n belong to ! latt]1 s9ce !y %[ unmi/akable signs ( be+ connect$ ) sacrificial acts4 ,adhik4 ,,xv 7#bf7 treats ( ! passages /at+ t ! man dy+ 9 ! possession ( true k %akes (f all 8 good & evil de$s1 & affirms t a /atem5t1 made 9 "s ( ^? passages only1 to ! effect t ! good & evil de$s pass ov] to ! fri5ds & enemies ( ! deceas$1 is valid = all ! passages4 ,stras #bg-cj con/itute1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 two adhik>a_/n_/z ( :i* ! =m] 7,,xvi2 #bg1 #bh7 decides t ! %ak+ (f ( ! good & evil de$s takes place--n1 z ! ,kau%4 ,up4 /ates1 on ! road to ,brahman's _w--b at ! mom5t ( ! s\l's dep>ture f ! body2 ! ,kau%itaki /atem5t is !re=e n to be tak5 lit]ally4--,! latt] adhik>a_/n_/a 7,,xvii2 #bi1 #cj7 treats ( ! cognate "q :e!r ! s\l t has fre$ itself f its de$s proce$s 9 all cases on ! road ( ! gods 7z said 9 ! ,kau%4 ,up471 or n4 ,! decision is t he only ^: k does n pass beyond ! sagu_/n_/am brahma proce$s on t road1 :ile ! s\l ( him :o kn[s ! nirgu_/n_/am brahma becomes "o ) x )\t mov+ to any o!r place4 ,! _/,s_/r-bh%ya treats ! f\r ,stras z "o adhik>a_/n_/a ^: two fir/ ,stras are expla9$ z by _/,s_/ank>a1 :ile ,stra #bi raises an objection to ! conclusion arriv$ at1 '! go+ 7( ! s\l on ! pa? ( ! gods7 has a s5se only if ! s\l's free+ itself f its works takes place 9 bo? ways1 i4e4 p>tly at ! mom5t ( dea?1 p>tly on ! road to ,brahman2 = o!rwise !re w\ld be a contradiction' 7! contradiction be+ t1 if ! s\l's works 7 all %ak5 (f at ! mom5t ( dea?1 ! subtle body w\ld likewise p]i% at t mom5t1 & !n ! bodiless s\l w\ld be unable to proce$ on ! pa? ( ! gods74 ,to ?is ,stra #cj replies1 ',! complete %ak+ (f ( ! works at ! mom5t ( dea? is possible1 s9ce matt]s ( t k9d are obs]v$ 9 ,scripture1' i4e4 s9ce scriptural passages %[ t ev5 he ^: works are entirely annihilat$1 & :o has manife/$ himself 9 8 true %ape1 is yet connect$ ) "s k9d ( body2 comp>e ! passage1 'p>a_/m_/ jyotir upasampadya sv5a rpe_/n_/abh9i%padyate sa tatra p>yeti kr_/d_/an ramamna_/h_/ sa sv>_/d_/ bhavati tasya s>ve%u loke%u kma_/k_/ro bhavati4' ,t subtle body is n due to k>man1 b to ! s\l's vidymhtmya4--,t ! explanation ( ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya agrees ) ! text z well z _/,s_/ank>a's1 a comp>ison ( ! two w %[2 especially =c$ is _/,s_/ank>a's explanation ( 'ar?avattvam ubhaya?1' :i* is said to mean t !re is ar?avattva 9 "o case1 & non-ar?avattva 9 ! o!r case4 ,! next ,stra 7#ca7 con/itutes an adhik>a_/n_/a 7,,xviii7 decid+ t ! road ( ! gods is foll[$ n only by ^? kn[+ ! vidys :i* specially m5tion ! go+ on t road1 b by all :o are acqua9t$ ) ! sagu_/n_/a-vidys ( ,brahman4--,! explanation giv5 9 ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya 79 :i* ,stras #ca & #cb h ex*ang$ places7 is simil>1 ) ! diff]5ce h[ev] t all :o m$itate on ,brahman--)\t any ref]5ce to ! di/9ction ( nirgu_/n_/a & sagu_/n_/a--proce$ aft] dea? on ! road ( ! gods4 7,! _/,s_/r-bh%ya reads 's>ve%m1' i4e4 all wor%ipp]s1 n 's>vsm1' all sagu_/n_/a-vidys47 ,adhik4 ,,xix 7#cb7 decides t1 al?\gh ! g5]al effect ( true k is release f all =ms ( body1 yet ev5 su* be+s z h rea*$ p]fect k may reta9 a body = ! purpose ( dis*>g+ c]ta9 (fices4--,9 ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya1 :]e ! ,stra foll[s imm$iately on ,stra #cj1 ! adhik>a_/n_/a det]m9es1 9 close connexion ) #cj1 t1 al?\gh ^? :o "k ,brahman z a rule dive/ !mselves ( ! gross body--!re rema9+ only a subtle body :i* enables !m to move--& no long] exp]i5ce pleasure & pa91 yet c]ta9 be+s1 al?\gh hav+ rea*$ ! cognition ( ,brahman1 rema9 inve/$ ) a gross body1 & h5ce liable to pleasure & pa9 until !y h fully p]=m$ c]ta9 duties4 ,adhik4 ,,xx 7#cc7 tea*es t ! negative attributes ( ,brahman m5tion$ 9 "s vidys--su* z its be+ n gross1 n subtle1 c4--are to be includ$ 9 all m$itations on ,brahman4--,adhik4 ,,xxi 7#cd7 det]m9es t ,k_/?_/a ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 & ,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 con/itute "o vidy only1 because bo? passages ref] to ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! ,stra conta9s a reply to an objection rais$ aga9/ ! conclusion arriv$ at 9 ! prec$+ ,stra4--,adhik4 ,,xxii 7#ce1 #cf7 ma9ta9s t ! two passages1 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #d & ,,iii1 #e1 con/itute "o vidy only1 ! object ( k be+ 9 bo? cases ,brahman view$ z ! inn] ,self ( all4--,adhik4 ,,xxiii 7#cg7 on ! contr>y decides t ! passage ,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #b1 #d1 #f con/itutes n "o b two m$itations4--,adhik4 ,,xxiv 7#ch7 aga9 det]m9es t ! vidy ( ! ,true conta9$ 9 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,v1 #d1 #e1 is "o only--,accord+ to ,rmnuja1 ,stras #ce-ch con/itute "o adhik>a_/n_/a only ^: subject is ! same z t ( ,,xxii accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a4 ,adhik4 ,,xxv 7#ci7 proves t ! passages ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a & ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb _c con/itute "o vidy1 s9ce ! =m] ref]s to ,brahman z possess+ qualities1 :ile ! latt] is conc]n$ ) ,brahman z de/itute ( qualities4--,adhik4 ,,xxvi 7#dj1 #da7 treats1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 ( a m9or "q connect$ ) ,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aa ff4--,accord+ to ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya1 ,stras #ci-da =m "o adhik>a_/n_/a ^: fir/ ,stra rea*es ess5tially ! same conclusion z _/,s_/ank>a "u #ci4 ,stras #dj1 #da !reupon discuss a g5]al "q conc]n+ ! m$itations on ,brahman4 ,! qualities1 an oppon5t is suppos$ to rem>k1 :i* 9 ! two passages discuss$ are pr$icat$ ( ,brahman--su* z va_/s_/itva1 satyakmatva1 c4--_c be consid]$ real 7pramr?ika71 s9ce o!r passages 7sa e%a neti neti1 & ! l7 decl>e ,brahman to be devoid ( all qualities4 ,h5ce ^? qualities _c be admitt$ into m$itations ^: purpose is f9al release4--,to ?is objection ,stra #dj replies1 '7,^? qualities7 are n to be left (f 7f ! m$itations on ,brahman71 s9ce 79 ! passage "u discussion z well z 9 o!r passages7 !y are /at$ ) emphasis#ag4'--;,b1 ano!r objection is rais$1 ,scripture says t he :o m$itates on ,brahman z satyakma1 c4 obta9s a m]e p]i%able rew>d1 viz4 ! _w ( ! fa!rs1 & simil> results specifi$ 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #b2 h5ce1 he :o is desir\s ( f9al release1 mu/ n include ^? qualities ( ,brahman 9 8 m$itation4--,to ?is objection ,stra #da replies1 ',because t 7i4e4 ! free roam+ 9 all ! worlds1 ! _w ( ! fa!rs1 c47 is /at$ z proce$+ !refrom 7i4e4 ! approa* to ,brahman :i* is f9al release7 9 ! case ( 7! s\l7 :i* has approa*$ ,brahman2' 7!re=e a p]son desir\s ( release1 may include satyakmatva1 c4 9 8 m$itations47 ,adhik4 ,,xxvii 7#db7 decides t ^? m$itations :i* are connect$ ) c]ta9 matt]s =m+ con/itu5t p>ts ( sacrificial actions1 are n to be consid]$ z p]man5tly requisite p>ts ( ! latt]4--,adhik4 ,,xxviii 7#dc7 tea*es t1 9 a ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 passage & a simil> ,*4 ,up4 passage1 ,vyu & ,pr_/n_/a are n to be id5tifi$1 b to be held ap>t4--,adhik4 ,,xxix 7#dd-eb7 decides t ! firealt>s made ( m9d1 c41 :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! ,agnirahasya1 d n con/itute p>ts ( ! sacrificial action 7s t ! m5tal1 c4 con/ruction ( ! alt> c\ld optionally be sub/itut$ = ! actual "o71 b m]ely subjects ( m$itations4 ,adhik4 ,,xxx 7#ec1 #ed7 treats1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 9 ! way ( digression1 ( ! "q :e!r to ! ,self an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! body c be assign$1 or n 7z ! ,mat]iali/s ma9ta974--,accord+ to ! _/,s_/r-bh%ya ! adhik>a_/n_/a does n ref] to ?is wide "q1 b is conc]n$ ) a po9t m imm$iately connect$ ) ! m$itations on ,brahman1 viz4 ! "q z to ! =m "u :i*1 9 ^? m$itations1 ! ,self ( ! m$itat+ devotee has to be view$4 ,! two ,stras !n h to be translat$ z foll[s3 ',"s 7ma9ta9 t ! s\l ( ! devotee has1 9 m$itations1 to be view$ z possess+ ^? attributes only :i* belong to x 9 its embodi$ /ate1 su* z j_/_/at_/ri_/tva & ! l71 because ! ,self is 7at ! "t ( m$itation7 9 ! body4'--,! next ,stra rejects ?is view1 ',?is is n s1 b ! sep>at$ness 7i4e4 ! pure isolat$ /ate 9 :i* ! ,self is at ! "t ( f9al release :5 x is fre$ f all evil1 c47 7is to be transf]r$ to ! m$itat+ ,self71 because t w be#ah ! /ate 7( ! ,self 9 ! condition ( f9al release74' ,adhik4 ,,xxxi 7#ee1 #ef7 decides t m$itations connect$ ) con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! sacrifice1 su* z ! udgi?a1 are1 9 spite ( diff]5ce ( sv>a 9 ! udgi?a1 c41 valid1 n only = t _/s_/kh 9 :i* ! m$itation actually is met )1 b = all _/s_/khs4--,adhik4 ,,xxxii 7#eg7 decides t ! ,vai_/s_/vn>a ,agni ( ,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aa ff4 is to be m$itat$ ^u z a :ole1 n 9 8 s+le p>ts4--,adhik4 ,,xxxiii 7#eh7 tea*es t ^? m$itations :i* ref] to "o subject1 b z di/+ui%$ by diff]5t qualities1 h to be held ap>t z diff]5t m$itations4 ,?us ! dah>avidy1 _/,s_/a_/nd_/ilyavidy1 c4 rema9 sep>ate4 ,adhik4 ,,xxxiv 7#ei7 tea*es t ^? m$itations on ,brahman = :i* ! texts assign "o & ! same fruit are optional1 !re be+ no reason = _! be+ cumulat$4--,adhik4 ,,xxxv 7#fj7 decides t ^? m$itations1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* ref] to special wi%es may be cumulat$ or optionally employ$ accord+ to *oice4--,adhik4 ,,xxxvi 7#fa-ff7 ext5ds ?is conclusion to ! m$itations connect$ ) con/itu5t elem5ts ( action1 su* z ! udg?a4 ,p,,da ,,iv4 ,adhik4 ,i 7#a-ag7 proves t ! k ( ,brahman is n kratv>?a1 i4e4 subord9ate to action1 b indep5d5t4--,adhik4 ,,ii 7#ah-bj7 confirms ?is conclusion by %[+ t ! /ate ( ! pravrj9s is enjo9$ by ! sacr$ law1 & t = !m vidy only is prescrib$1 n action4--,adhik4 ,,iii 7#ba1 #bb7 decides t c]ta9 clauses =m+ "p ( vidys are n m]e /utis 7ar?avdas71 b !mselves enjo9 ! m$itation4--,! leg5ds record$ 9 ! ,v$nta-texts are n to be us$ z subord9ate memb]s ( acts1 b h ! purpose ( glorify+--z ar?avdas--! injunctions ) :i* !y are connect$ 7,adhik4 ,,iv1 #bc1 #bd74--;,= all ^! reasons ! rdhv>etasa_/h_/ require no actions b only k 7,adhik4 ,v1 #be74--,nev]!less ! actions enjo9$ by ,scripture1 su* z sacrifices1 conduct ( c]ta9 k9ds1 c41 are requir$ z conducive to ! rise ( vidy 9 ! m9d 7,adhik4 ,,vi1 #bf1 #bg74--;,c]ta9 relaxations1 all[$ by ,scripture1 ( ! laws reg>d+ food1 are meant only = cases ( extreme ne$ 7,adhik4 ,,vii1 #bh-cl74--,! _/s_/ramak>m_/n_/i are obligatory on him also :o does n /rive aft] mukti 7,adhik4 ,,viii1 #cb-ce74--,^? also :o1 ow+ to pov]ty & s on1 are an_/s_/rama h claims to vidy 7,adhik4 ,,ix1 #cf-ci74--;,an rdhv>etas _c revoke 8 v[ 7,adhik4 ,x1 #dj74--;,expiation ( ! fall ( an rdhv>etas 7,adhik4 ,,xi1 #da1 #db74--;,exclusion ( ! fall5 rdhv>etas 9 c]ta9 cases 7,adhik4 ,,xii1 #dc74--,^? m$itations1 :i* are connect$ ) subord9ate memb]s ( ! sacrifice1 are ! bus9ess ( ! prie/1 n ( ! yajamna 7,adhik4 ,,xiii1 #dd-df74--;,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #e1 #a enjo9s mauna z a ?ird 9 addition to blya & p_/nd_/itya 7,adhik4 ,,xiv1 #dg-di74--;,by blya is to be und]/ood a *ildlike innoc5t /ate ( m9d 7,adhik4 ,,xv1 #ej74 ,stras #ea & #eb discuss1 accord+ to ,rmnuja1 ! "q :5 ! vidy1 :i* is ! result ( ! means describ$ 9 ,,iii1 #d1 arises4 ,stra #ea treats ( t vidy ^: result is m]e exaltation 7abhyudaya71 & /ates t 'x takes place 9 ! pres5t life1 if !re is n pres5t an ob/acle 9 ! =m ( a prabalak>mnt>a 79 :i* latt] case ! vidy arises lat] only71 on acc\nt ( ,scripture decl>+ ?is 79 v>i\s passages74'--,stra #eb1 ',?us !re is also abs5ce ( a def9ite rule z to 7! "t ( orig9ation (7 t k ^: fruit is release1 x be+ av]r$ conc]n+ t "o also t x is 9 ! same condition 7i4e4 ( sometimes hav+ an ob/acle1 sometimes n74'--_/,s_/ank>a1 :o treats ! two ,stras z two adhik>a_/n_/z1 agrees z to ! explanation ( #ea1 :ile1 putt+ a some:at =c$ int]pretation on #eb1 he makes x out to mean t a m or less is possible only 9 ! case ( ! sagu_/n_/a-vidys4 ,notes3 ,footnote #af3 ,all ! m5tion$ modes ( ,brahman are kn[n f ,scripture only1 n f ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,if ! latt] 7 ! case1 !n1 & !n only1 ,scripture might at fir/ ref] to !m 'anuvd5a1' & f9ally negative !m4 ,footnote #ag3 ,rmnuja has "h "s /rong rem>ks on ! improbability ( qualities emphatically attribut$ to ,brahman1 9 m ?an "o passage1 hav+ to be set aside 9 any m$itation3 ',na _/k_/a mtpit_/ri_/sahasrebhyo-pi vatsalat>a_/m_/ s/ra_/m_/ pratrakavad apramr?ikau nirasanyau gu_/n_/au pram_/n_/nt>pratipannau d>e_/n_/opadi_/s_/ya sa_/m_/sra_/k_/akrap>iv>tan5a prvam eva bambhramyamnn mumuk%n bhyo-pi bhramayitum alam4' ,footnote #ah3 ,! _/,s_/r-bh%ya z well z sev]al o!r comm5t>ies reads tadbhvabhvitvt = _/,s_/ank>a's tadbhvbhvitvt4 ,,f\r? ,,adhy,,ya4 ,p,,da ,i4 ,adhik>a_/n_/a ,i 7#a1 #b74--,! m$itation on ! tman enjo9$ by ,scripture is n an act to be accompli%$ once only1 b is to be repeat$ aga9 & aga94 ,adhik4 ,,ii 7#c74--,! devotee engag$ 9 m$itation on ,brahman is to view x z con/itut+ 8 own ,self4 ,adhik4 ,,iii 7#d74--,to ! rule laid d[n 9 ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a ! s-call$ pratkopsanas1 i4e4 ^? m$itations 9 :i* ,brahman is view$ "u a symbol or outw>d manife/ation 7z1 = in/ance1 mano brahmety upsta7 con/itute an exception1 i4e4 ! devotee is n to consid] ! pratka z con/itut+ 8 own ,self4 ,adhik4 ,,iv 7#e74--;,9 ! pratkopsanas ! pratka is to be m$itatively view$ z be+ "o ) ,brahman1 n ,brahman z be+ "o ) ! pratka4--,rmnuja takes ,stra #e z simply giv+ a reason = ! decision arriv$ at "u ,stra #d1 & !re=e z n con/itut+ a new adhik>a_/n_/a4 ,adhik4 ,v 7#f74--;,9 m$itations connect$ ) con/itutives ( sacrificial works 7z1 = in/ance1 ya evsau tapati tam udg?am upsta7 ! idea ( ! div9ity1 c4 is to be transf]r$ to ! sacrificial item1 n vice v]sa4 ,9 ! example quot$1 = in/ance1 ! udg?a is to be view$ z ditya1 n ditya z ! udg?a4 ,adhik4 ,,vi 7#g-aj74--,! devotee is to c>ry on 8 m$itations 9 a sitt+ po/ure4--_/,s_/ank>a ma9ta9s t ?is rule does n apply to ^? m$itations ^: result is sa_/m_/yagd>_/s_/ana2 b ! ,stra gives no h9t to t effect4 ,adhik4 ,,vii 7#aa74--,! m$itations may be c>ri$ on at any "t1 & 9 any place1 fav\rable to conc5tration ( m9d4 ,adhik4 ,,viii 7#ab74--,! m$itations are to be cont9u$ until dea?4--_/,s_/ank>a aga9 ma9ta9s t ^? m$itations :i* lead to sa_/m_/yagd>_/s_/ana are except$4 ,adhik4 ,,ix 7#ac74--,:5 ?r\gh ^? m$itations ! k ( ,brahman has be5 rea*$1 ! vidvn is no long] affect$ by ! consequ5ces ( ei!r pa/ or future evil de$s4 ,adhik4 ,x 7#ad74--;,good de$s likewise lose _! effici5cy4--,! lit]al translation ( ! ,stra is1 ',!re is likewise non-atta*m5t 7to ! vidvn7 ( ! o!r 7i4e4 ( ! de$s o!r ?an ! evil ones1 i4e4 ( good de$s71 b on ! fall 7( ! body1 i4e4 :5 dea? takes place74' ,! la/ words ( ! ,stra1 'b on ! fall1' are sep>at$ by _/,s_/ank>a f ! prec$+ "p ( ! ,stra & int]pret$ to mean1 ':5 dea? takes place 7!re results mukti ( ! vidvn1 :o ?r\gh 8 k has fre$ himself f ! bonds ( works74'--,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! :ole ,stra simply means1 ',!re is likewise non-atta*m5t ( good de$s 7n at once :5 k is rea*$71 b on ! dea? ( ! vidvn#ai4' ,adhik4 ,,xi 7#ae74--,! non-op]ation ( works /at$ 9 ! two prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/z holds good only 9 ! case ( anrabdhakrya works1 i4e4 ^? works :i* h n yet begun to produce _! effects1 :ile x does n ext5d to ! rabdhakrya works on :i* ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! devotee dep5ds4 ,adhik4 ,,xii 7#af1 #ag74--;,f ! rule enunciat$ 9 ,adhik4 ,x are except$ su* sacrificial p]=mances z are enjo9$ p]man5tly 7nitya73 s1 = in/ance1 ! agnihotra1 = !y promote ! orig9ation ( k4 ,adhik4 ,,xiii 7#ah74--,! orig9ation ( k is promot$ also by su* sacrificial works z are n accompani$ ) ! k ( ! upsanas ref]r+ to ! diff]5t memb]s ( ^? works4 ,adhik4 ,,xiv 7#ai74--,! rabdhakrya works h to be work$ out fully by ! fruition ( _! effects2 :]eupon ! vidvn becomes unit$ ) ,brahman4--,! 'bhoga' ( ! ,stra is1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 re/rict$ to ! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! devotee1 s9ce ! complete k obta9$ by him de/roys ! nesci5ce :i* o!rwise w\ld lead to future embodim5ts4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja a numb] ( embodi$ exi/5ces may h to be gone ?r\gh be=e ! effects ( ! rabdhakrya works are exhau/$4 ,p,,da ,,ii4 ,?is & ! two rema9+ pdas ( ! f\r? adhyya describe ! fate ( ! vidvn aft] dea?4 ,accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a we h to di/+ui% ! vidvn :o possesses ! highe/ k1 viz4 t he is "o ) ! highe/ ,brahman1 & ! vidvn :o kn[s only ! l[] ,brahman1 & h to ref] c]ta9 ,stras to ! =m] & o!rs to ! latt]4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! vidvn is "o only4 ,adhik4 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii 7#a-f74--,on ! dea? ( ! vidvn 7i4e4 ( him :o possesses ! l[] k1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a7 8 s5ses are m]g$ 9 ! manas1 ! manas 9 ! *ief vital air 7pr_/n_/a71 ! vital air 9 ! individual s\l 7jva71 ! s\l 9 ! subtle elem5ts4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! comb9ation 7sampatti7 ( ! s5ses ) ! manas1 c4 is a m]e conjunction 7sa_/m_/yoga71 n a m]g+ 7laya74 ,adhik4 ,,iv 7#g74--,! vidvn 7i4e4 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 he :o possesses ! l[] k7 & ! avidvn1 i4e4 he :o does n possess any k ( ,brahman1 pass ?r\gh ! same /ages 7i4e4 ^? describ$ hi!rto7 up to ! entrance ( ! s\l1 toge!r ) ! subtle elem5ts1 & s on into ! n_/d_/s4--,! vidvn also rema9s connect$ ) ! subtle elem5ts because he has n yet completely de/roy$ avidy1 s t ! immortality :i* ,scripture ascribes to him 7am_/ri_/tatva_/m_/ hi vidvn abhya_/s_/nute7 is only a relative "o4--,rmnuja quotes ! foll[+ text reg>d+ ! immortality ( ! vidvn3 ',yad s>ve pramu_/k_/yante km yessya h_/ri_/di /hit_/h_/ a?a m>tyosm_/ri_/to bhavaty atra brahma sama_/s_/nute1' & expla9s t ! immortality :i* is "h ascrib$ to ! vidvn z soon z he ab&ons all desires c only mean ! de/ruction--m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ pda--( all ! effects ( good & evil works1 :ile ! 'rea*+ ( ,brahman' c only ref] to ! intuition ( ,brahman v\*saf$ to ! m$itat+ devotee4 ,adhik4 ,v 7#h-aa7 raises2 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 ! "q :e!r ! subtle elem5ts ( :i* ,scripture says t !y are comb9$ ) ! highe/ deity 7teja_/h_/ p>asy_/m_/ devatym7 are completely m]g$ 9 ! latt] or n4 ,! answ] is t a complete absorption ( ! elem5ts takes place only :5 f9al emancipation is rea*$2 t1 on ! o!r h&1 z long z ! sa_/m_/sra /ate la/s1 ! elem5ts1 al?\gh someh[ comb9$ ) ,brahman1 rema9 di/9ct s z to be able to =m new bodies = ! s\l4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! ,stras #h-aa d n con/itute a new adhik>a_/n_/a1 b cont9ue ! discussion ( ! po9t moot$ 9 #g4 ,! immortality !re spok5 ( does n imply ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body1 'because ,scripture decl>es sa_/m_/sra1 i4e4 embodi$ness up to ! rea*+ ( ,brahman' 7tasya tvad eva _/k_/ira_/m_/ yvan na vimok%ye a?a sampatsye7 7#h74--,t ! s\l aft] hav+ dep>t$ f ! gross body is n disconnect$ f ! subtle elem5ts1 is also prov$ h]eby1 t ! subtle body accompanies x1 z is obs]v$ f au?ority#bj 7#i74--;,h5ce ! immortality ref]r$ to 9 ! scriptural passage quot$ is n effect$ by means ( ! total de/ruction ( ! body 7#aj74 ,adhik4 ,,vi 7#ab-ad7 is ( special importance4--,accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a ! ,stras n[ turn f ! discussion ( ! dep>ture ( him :o possesses ! l[] k only to ! consid]ation ( :at becomes ( him :o has rea*$ ! high] k4 ,s f> x has be5 taught t 9 ! case ( relative immortality 7ensu+ on ! ap>a vidy7 ! subtle elem5ts1 toge!r ) ! s5ses & s on1 dep>t f ! body ( ! dy+ devotee2 ?is implies at ! same "t t !y d n dep>t f ! body ( ! dy+ sage :o kn[s himself to be "o ) ,brahman4--,aga9/ ?is latt] impli$ doctr9e ,stra #ab is suppos$ to =mulate an objection4 ',if x be said t ! dep>ture ( ! pr_/n_/z f ! body ( ! dy+ sage is d5i$ 7viz4 9 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #e1 na tasya pr_/n_/a utkrmanti1 ( him ! pr_/n_/z d n pass out72 we reply t 9 t passage ! g5itive tasya has ! s5se ( ! ablative tasmt1 s t ! s5se ( ! passage is1 f him1 i4e4 f ! jva ( ! dy+ sage1 ! pr_/n_/z d n dep>t1 b rema9 ) x4'--,?is objection _/,s_/ank>a supposes to be dispos$ ( 9 ,stra #ac4 ',by "s !re is giv5 a cle> d5ial ( ! dep>ture ( ! pr_/n_/z 9 ! case ( ! dy+ sage1' viz4 9 ! passage ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #aa1 :]e ,yj_/_/avalkya in/ructs rtabhga t1 :5 ?is man dies1 ! pr_/n_/z d n dep>t f x 7asmt2 ! context %[+ t asmt means 'f x1' viz4 f ! body1 & n 'f him1' viz4 ! jva74--,! same view is1 moreov]1 confirm$ by ,sm_/ri_/ti passages4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! ?ree ,stras =m+ _/,s_/ank>a's six? adhik>a_/n_/a d n con/itute a new adhik>a_/n_/a at all1 &1 moreov]1 h to be comb9$ into two ,stras4 ,! topic cont9u+ to be discuss$ is ! utkrnti ( ! vidvn4 ,if1 ,stra #ab says1 ! utkrnti ( ! pr_/n_/z is n admitt$1 on ! gr\nd ( ! d5ial suppos$ to be conta9$ 9 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #e2 ! reply is t ! s5se ( ! tasya !re is '_/s_/rrt' 7s t ! passage means1 'f him1 i4e4 ! jva1 ! pr_/n_/z d n dep>t'72 = ?is is cle>ly %[n by ! read+ ( "s1 viz4 ! ,mdhy&9as1 :o1 9 _! text ( ! passage1 d n read 'tasya' b 'tasmt4'--,) ref]5ce to ! in/ruction giv5 by ,yj_/_/avalkya to rtabhga1 x is to be rem>k$ t no?+ !re %[s ! 'ayam puru%a' to be ! sage :o kn[s ,brahman4--,&1 f9ally1 !re are ,sm_/ri_/ti passages decl>+ t ! sage also :5 dy+ dep>ts f ! body4 ,adhik4 ,,vii & ,,viii 7#ae1 #af7 tea*1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 t1 on ! dea? ( him :o possesses ! high] k1 8 pr_/n_/z1 elem5ts1 c4 are m]g$ 9 ,brahman1 s z to be no long] di/9ct f x 9 any way4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! two ,stras cont9ue ! tea*+ ab\t ! pr_/n_/z1 bhtas1 c4 ( ! vidvn 9 g5]al1 & decl>e t !y are f9ally m]g$ 9 ,brahman1 n m]ely 9 ! way ( conjunction 7sa_/m_/yoga71 b completely4#ba ,adhik4 ,,ix 7#ag74--_/,s_/ank>a "h returns to ! own] ( ! ap> vidy1 :ile ,rmnuja cont9ues ! description ( ! utkrnti ( 8 vidvn4--,! jva ( ! dy+ man passes into ! he>t1 & !nce dep>ts out ( ! body by means ( ! n_/d_/is2 ! vidvn by means ( ! n_/d_/i call$ su%um_/n_/1 ! avidvn by means ( "s o!r n_/d_/4 ,adhik4 ,x 7#ah1 #ai74--,! dep>t+ s\l passes up to ! sun by means ( a ray ( light :i* exi/s at night z well z dur+ day4 ,adhik4 ,,xi 7#bj1 #ba74--;,also t vidvn :o dies dur+ ! dak%i_/n_/yana rea*es ,brahman4 ,p,,da ,,iii4 ,adhik4 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii 7#a-c7 reconcile ! diff]5t acc\nts giv5 9 ! ,upani%ads z to ! /ations ( ! way :i* leads ! vidvn up to ,brahman4 ,adhik4 ,,iv 7#d-f7--;,by ! '/ations' we h1 h[ev]1 to und]/& n only ! subdivisions ( ! way b also ! div9e be+s :i* lead ! s\l on4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ! pda is by _/,s_/ank>a divid$ into two adhik>a_/n_/z4 ,( ^! ! =m] "o 7#g-ad7 tea*es t ! ,brahman to :i* ! dep>t$ s\l is l$ by ! gu>dians ( ! pa? ( ! gods is n ! highe/ ,brahman1 b ! effect$ 7krya7 or qualifi$ 7_/s_/agu_/n_/a7 ,brahman4 ,?is is ! op9ion prop\nd$ 9 ,stras #g-aa by ,bd>i1 &1 f9ally1 accept$ by _/,s_/ank>a 9 8 comm5t>y on ,stra #ad4 ,9 ,stras #ab-ad ,jaim9i def5ds ! opposite view1 accord+ to :i* ! s\l ( ! vidvn goes to ! highe/ ,brahman1 n to ! kryam brahma4 ,b ,jaim9i's view1 al?\gh set =? 9 ! latt] "p ( ! adhik>a_/n_/a1 is1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 a m]e prvapak%a1 :ile ,bd>i's op9ion repres5ts ! siddhnta4--,! latt] ( ! two adhik>a_/n_/z 7,,vi ( ! :ole pda2 #ae1 #af7 records ! op9ion ( ,bd>ya_/n_/a on a collat]al "q1 viz4 :e!r1 or n1 all ^? :o wor%ip ! effect$ ,brahman are l$ to x4 ,! decision is t ^? only are guid$ to ,brahman :o h n wor%ipp$ x "u a pratka =m4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja1 ,stras #g-af =m "o adhik>a_/n_/a only1 9 :i* ! views ( ,bd>i & ( ,jaim9i repres5t two prvapak%as1 :ile ,bd>ya_/n_/a's op9ion is adopt$ z ! siddhnta4 ,! "q is :e!r ! gu>dians ( ! pa? lead to ,brahman only ^? :o wor%ip ! effect$ ,brahman1 i4e4 ,hira_/n_/yag>bha1 or ^? :o wor%ip ! highe/ ,brahman1 or ^? :o wor%ip ! individual s\l z free f ,prak_/ri_/ti1 & hav+ ,brahman = its ,self 7ye pratyagtmna_/m_/ prak_/ri_/tiviyukta_/m_/ brahmtmakam upsate74--,! fir/ view is ma9ta9$ by ,bd>i 9 ,stra #g1 ',! gu>dians lead to ,brahman ^? :o wor%ip ! effect$ ,brahman1 because go+ is possible t[>ds ! latt] only2' = no movem5t c take place t[>ds ! highe/ & z su* omnipres5t ,brahman4--,! explanation ( ,stra #i is simil> to t ( _/,s_/ank>a2 b m cle>ly replies to ! objection 7t1 if ,hira_/n_/yag>bha 7 meant 9 ! passage1 'puru%o _/s_/a mnava_/h_/ sa etn brahma gamayati1' ! text w\ld read 'sa etn brahm_/n_/am gamayati'7 t ,hira_/n_/yag>bha is call$ ,brahman on acc\nt ( 8 ne>ness to ,brahman1 i4e4 on acc\nt ( 8 pra?amajatva4--,! explanation ( #aj1 #aa is ess5tially ! same z 9 _/,s_/ank>a2 s also ( l#b-l#d4--,! siddhnta view is e/abli%$ 9 ,stra #ac1 ',x is ! op9ion ( ,bd>ya_/n_/a t x1 i4e4 ! ga_/n_/a ( ! gu>dians1 leads to ,brahman ^? :o d n take _! /& on :at is pratka1 i4e4 ^? :o wor%ip ! highe/ ,brahman1 & ^? :o m$itate on ! individual ,self z dissociat$ f prak_/ri_/ti1 & hav+ ,brahman = its ,self1 b n ^? :o wor%ip ,brahman "u pratkas4 ,= bo? views--t ( ,jaim9i z well z t ( ,bd>i--are faulty4' ,! krya view contradicts su* passages z 'asm_/k_/ *>rt samut?ya p>a_/m_/ jyotir upasampadya1' c42 ! p>a view1 su* passages z t 9 ! pa_/k_/gni-vidy1 :i* decl>es t ya it?a_/m_/ vidu_/h_/1 i4e4 ^? :o "k ! pa_/k_/gni-vidy1 are also l$ up to ,brahman4 ,p,,da ,,iv4 ,adhik4 ,i 7#a-c7 returns1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 to ! own] ( ! p> vidy1 & tea*es t1 :5 on 8 dea? 8 s\l obta9s f9al release1 x does n acquire any new *>act]i/ics1 b m]ely manife/s itself 9 its true nature4--,! explanation giv5 by ,rmnuja is ess5tially ! same1 b ( c\rse ref]s to t vidvn ^: go+ to ,brahman _h be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pda4 ,adhik4 ,,ii 7#d7 det]m9es t ! relation 9 :i* ! releas$ s\l /&s to ,brahman is t ( avibhga1 non-sep>ation4 ,?is1 on _/,s_/ank>a's view1 means absolute non-sep>ation1 id5tity4--,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! "q to be consid]$ is :e!r ! releas$ s\l views itself z sep>ate 7p_/ri_/?agbhta7 f ,brahman1 or z non-sep>ate because be+ a mode ( ,brahman4 ,! =m] view is fav\r$ by ^? _/,s_/ruti & ,sm_/ri_/ti passages :i* speak ( ! s\l z be+ )1 or equal to1 ,brahman2 ! latt] by1 su* passages z tat tvam asi & ! l4#bb ,adhik4 ,,iii 7#e-g7 discusses ! *>act]i/ics ( ! releas$ s\l 7i4e4 ( ! truly releas$ s\l1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a74 ,accord+ to ,jaim9i ! releas$ s\l1 :5 manife/+ itself 9 its true nature1 possesses all ^? qualities :i* 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a & o!r places are ascrib$ to ,brahman1 su* z apahatappmatva1 satyasa_/m_/kalpatva1 c41 ai_/s_/v>ya4--,accord+ to ,au_/d_/ulomi ! only *>act]i/ic ( ! releas$ s\l is _/k_/aitanya4--,accord+ to ,bd>yana ! two views c be comb9$ 7_/,s_/ank>a rem>k+ t satyasa_/m_/kalpatva1 c4 are ascrib$ to ! releas$ s\l vyavahrpek%ay74 ,adhik4 ,,iv 7#h-i7 returns1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 to ! ap> vidy1 & discusses ! "q :e!r ! s\l ( ! pi\s effects its desires by its m]e det]m9ation1 or uses "s o!r means4 ,! =m] alt]native is accept$--,accord+ to ,rmnuja ! adhik>a_/n_/a simply cont9ues ! consid]ation ( ! /ate ( ! releas$1 begun 9 ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a4 ,( ! releas$ s\l x is said 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c t aft] x has manife/$ itself 9 its true nature x moves ab\t play+ & rejoic+ ) wom51 c>riages1 & s on4 ,! "q !n arises :e!r x effects all ?is by its m]e sa_/m_/kalpa 7x hav+ be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a t ! releas$ s\l is1 l ! ,"l1 satyasa_/m_/kalpa71 or n4 ,! answ] is 9 fav\r ( ! =m] alt]native1 on acc\nt ( ! explicit decl>ation made 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #b1 ',by 8 m]e w ! fa!rs come to receive him4' ,adhik4 ,v 7#aj-ad7 decides t ! releas$ are embodi$ or disembodi$ accord+ to _! wi% & w4 ,adhik4 ,,vi 7#aa1 #ab7 expla9s h[ ! s\l ( ! releas$ c animate sev]al bodies at ! same "t4--,stra #ab gives1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 ! additional explanation t ^? passages :i* decl>e ! abs5ce ( all specific cognition on ! "p ( ! releas$ s\l d n ref] to ! p>tly releas$ s\l ( ! devotee1 b ei!r to ! s\l 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep 7svpyaya su%upti71 or to ! fully releas$ s\l ( ! sage 7sampatti kaivalya74--,rmnuja expla9s t ! passages speak+ ( abs5ce ( consci\sness ref] ei!r to ! /ate ( deep sleep1 or to ! "t ( dy+ 7sampatti mata_/n_/am accord+ to 'vn manasi sampadyate1' c474 ,adhik4 ,,vii 7#ag-ba74--,! releas$ jvas p>ticipate 9 all ! p]fections & p[]s ( ! ,"l1 ) ! exception ( ! p[] ( creat+ & su/a9+ ! _w4 ,!y d n return to new =ms ( embodi$ exi/5ce4 ,aft] hav+1 9 ?is way1 r5d]$ ourselves acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! ,brahma-stras accord+ to ! views ( _/,s_/ank>a z well z ,rmnuja1 we h n[ to consid] ! "q :i* ( ! two modes ( int]pretation repres5ts--or at any rate m closely approximates to ! true mean+ ( ! ,stras4 ,t few ( ! ,stras are intelligible if tak5 by !mselves1 we h already rem>k$ above2 b ?is does n exclude ! possibility ( our decid+ ) a fair degree ( c]ta9ty :i* ( ! two int]pretations propos$ agrees bett] ) ! text1 at lea/ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( cases4 ,we h to note 9 ! fir/ place t1 9 spite ( v num]\s discrepancies1--( :i* only ! m important ones h be5 s+l$ out 9 ! conspectus ( cont5ts1--! two comm5tators are at "o z to ! g5]al drift ( ! ,stras & ! arrangem5t ( topics4 ,z a rule1 ! adhik>a_/n_/z discuss "o or sev]al ,v$ic passages be>+ ^u a c]ta9 po9t ( ! sy/em1 & 9 ! va/ majority ( cases ! two comm5tators agree z to :i* are ! special texts ref]r$ to4 ,&1 moreov]1 9 a v l>ge numb] ( cases ! agreem5t ext5ds to ! int]pretation to be put on ^? passages & on ! ,stras4 ,?is f>-rea*+ agreem5t c]ta9ly t5ds to inspire u ) a c]ta9 confid5ce z to ! exi/5ce ( an old tradition conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ! ,stras on :i* ! bulk ( ! int]pretations ( _/,s_/ank>a z well z ( ,rmnuja are bas$4 ,b at ! same "t we h se5 t1 9 a n inconsid]able numb] ( cases1 ! int]pretations ( _/,s_/ank>a & ,rmnuja div]ge m or less widely1 & t ! ,stras affect$ !reby are1 mo/ ( !m1 especially important because be>+ on fundam5tal po9ts ( ! ,v$nta sy/em4 ,! "q !n rema9s :i* ( ! two int]pretations is entitl$ to pref]5ce4 ,reg>d+ a small numb] ( ,stras ,i h already 79 ! conspectus ( cont5ts7 giv5 x z my op9ion t ,rmnuja's explanation appe>s to be m wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,we meet1 9 ! fir/ place1 ) a numb] ( cases 9 :i* ! two comm5tators agree z to ! lit]al mean+ ( a ,stra1 b :]e _/,s_/ank>a sees himself r$uc$ to ! necessity ( supplem5t+ 8 int]pretation by c]ta9 additions & res]vations ( 8 own = :i* ! text gives no occasion1 :ile ,rmnuja is able to take ! ,stra z x /&s4 ,to exemplify ?is rem>k1 ,i aga9 direct att5tion to all ^? ,stras :i* 9 cle> t]ms repres5t ! individual s\l z some?+ diff]5t f ! highe/ s\l1 & conc]n+ :i* _/,s_/ank>a is ea* "t oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! plea ( ! ,stra ref]r+1 n to :at is true 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 b only to :at is conv5tionally look$ ^u z true4 ,x is1 ,i admit1 n altoge!r impossible t _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretation %\ld repres5t ! real mean+ ( ! ,stras2 t ! latt]1 inde$1 to use ! t]ms employ$ by ,dr4 ,deuss51 %\ld = ! nonce set =? an exot]ic doctr9e adapt$ to ! common notions ( mank9d1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c be rightly und]/ood by him only to ^: m9d ! esot]ic doctr9e is all ! :ile pres5t4 ,?is is n impossible1 ,i say2 b x is a po9t :i* requires conv9c+ pro(s be=e x c be all[$4--,we h _h1 9 ! second place1 to note a c]ta9 numb] ( adhik>a_/n_/z & ,stras conc]n+ ^: int]pretation _/,s_/ank>a & ,rmnuja disagree altoge!r2 & we h se5 t n unfrequ5tly ! explanations giv5 by ! latt] comm5tator appe> to be pref]able because fall+ 9 m easily ) ! words ( ! text4 ,! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ?is is af=d$ by ! #ac? adhik>a_/n_/a ( ,,ii1 #c1 :i* treats ( ! size ( ! jva1 & :]e ,rmnuja's explanation seems to be decid$ly sup]ior to _/,s_/ank>a's1 bo? if we look to ! arrangem5t ( ! :ole adhik>a_/n_/a & to ! word+ ( ! s+le ,stras4 ,! adhik>a_/n_/a is1 moreov]1 a specially important "o1 because ! nature ( ! view held z to ! size ( ! individual s\l goes f> to settle ! "q :at k9d ( ,v$nta is embodi$ 9 ,bd>ya_/n_/a's "w4 ,b x w be requisite n only to dwell on ! int]pretations ( a few deta*$ ,stras1 b to make ! attempt at lea/ ( =m+ "s op9ion z to ! relation ( ! ,v$nta-stras z a :ole to ! *ief di/+ui%+ doctr9es ( _/,s_/ank>a z well z ,rmnuja4 ,su* an attempt may possibly lead to v sl5d] positive results2 b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! enquiry ev5 a m]ely negative result1 viz4 ! conclusion t ! ,stras d n tea* p>ticul> doctr9es f\nd 9 !m by c]ta9 comm5tators1 w n be )\t its value4 ,! fir/ "q we wi% to consid] 9 "s detail is :e!r ! ,stras 9 any way fav\r _/,s_/ank>a's doctr9e t we h to di/+ui% a tw(old k ( ,brahman1 a high] k :i* leads to ! imm$iate absorption1 on dea?1 ( ! individual s\l 9 ,brahman1 & a l[] k :i* raises its own] m]ely to an exalt$ =m ( individual exi/5ce4 ,! adhyya fir/ to be consid]$ 9 ?is connexion is ! f\r? "o4 ,accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a ! ?ree latt] pdas ( t adhyya are *iefly engag$ 9 describ+ ! fate ( him :o dies 9 ! possession ( ! l[] k1 :ile two sections 7,,iv1 #b1 #ab-ad2 ,,iv1 #d1 #a-g7 tell u :at happ5s to him :o1 be=e 8 dea?1 _h ris5 to ! k ( ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,accord+ to ,rmnuja1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ?ree pdas1 ref]r+ ?r\gh\t to "o subject only1 give an un9t]rupt$ acc\nt ( ! successive /eps by :i* ! s\l ( him :o kn[s ! ,"l ?r\gh ! ,upani%ads passes1 at ! "t ( dea?1 out ( ! gross body :i* x _h t5ant$1 asc5ds to ! _w ( ,brahman1 & lives !re = ev] )\t return+ into ! sa_/m_/sra4 ,on an a priori view ( ! matt] x c]ta9ly appe>s some:at /range t ! conclud+ section ( ! ,stras %\ld be almo/ entirely tak5 up ) describ+ ! fate ( him :o has aft] all acquir$ an altoge!r inf]ior k only1 & has rema9$ %ut out f ! true sanctu>y ( ,v$ntic k1 :ile ! fate ( ! fully initiat$ is dispos$ ( 9 a few occasional ,stras4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 n too mu* to say t no unbiass$ /ud5t ( ! ,stras w\ld--be=e hav+ all[$ himself to be influ5c$ by _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretations--imag9e = a mom5t t ! solemn words1 ',f !nce is no return1 f !nce is no return1' ) :i* ! ,stras conclude1 are meant to describe1 n ! la/+ condition ( him :o has rea*$ f9al release1 ! highe/ aim ( man1 b m]ely a /age on ! way ( t s\l :i* is engag$ 9 ! sl[ progress ( gradual release1 a /age :i* is inde$ greatly sup]ior to any e>?ly =m ( exi/5ce1 b yet itself belongs to ! ess5tially fictiti\s sa_/m_/sra1 & z su* rema9s inf9itely bel[ ! bliss ( true mukti4 ,& ?is priori impression--:i*1 al?\gh no d\bt significant1 c\ld h>dly be appeal$ to z decisive--is confirm$ by a detail$ consid]ation ( ! two sets ( ,stras :i* _/,s_/ank>a connects ) ! k ( ! high] ,brahman4 ,h[ ^! ,stras are int]pret$ by _/,s_/ank>a & ,rmnuja has be5 /at$ above 9 ! conspectus ( cont5ts2 ! po9ts :i* r5d] ! int]pretation giv5 by ,rmnuja m probable are z foll[s4 ,) reg>d to ,,iv1 #b1 #ab-ad1 we h to note1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! circum/ance--relevant al?\gh n decisive 9 itself--t ,stra #ab does n conta9 any indication ( a new topic be+ introduc$4 ,9 ! second place1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! text ( ,stra #ac1 'spa%_/t_/o hy eke%m1' is m appropriately und]/ood1 ) ,rmnuja1 z furni%+ a reason = ! op9ion advanc$ 9 ! prec$+ ,stra1 ?an--) _/,s_/ank>a--z embody+ ! refutation ( a previ\s /atem5t 79 :i* latt] case we %\ld expect n 'hi' b 'tu'74 ,&1 9 ! ?ird place1 ! 'eke1' i4e4 '"s1' ref]r$ to 9 ,stra #ac w\ld1 on _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretation1 d5ote ! v same p]sons to :om ! prec$+ ,stra _h ref]r$1 viz4 ! foll[]s ( ! ,k_/n_/va-_/s_/kh 7! two ,v$ic passages ref]r$ to 9 #ab & #ac be+ ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #e1 & ,,iii1 #b1 #aa1 accord+ to ! ,k_/n_/va rec5sion72 :ile x is ! /&+ practice ( ! ,stras to introduce1 by means ( ! designation 'eke1' memb]s ( ,v$ic _/s_/khs1 tea*]s1 c4 o!r ?an ^? allud$ to 9 ! prec$+ ,stras4 ,) ?is practice ,rmnuja's int]pretation1 on ! o!r h&1 fully agrees2 =1 accord+ to him1 ! 'eke' are ! ,mdhy&9as1 ^: read+ 9 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #e1 viz4 'tasmt1' cle>ly indicates t ! 'tasya' 9 ! correspond+ passage ( ! ,k_/n_/vas d5otes ! _/s_/rira1 i4e4 ! jva4 ,i ?9k x is n say+ too mu* t _/,s_/ank>a's explanation1 accord+ to :i* ! 'eke' w\ld d5ote ! v same ,k_/n_/vas to :om ! prec$+ ,stra _h ref]r$--s t ! ,k_/n_/vas w\ld be di/+ui%$ f !mselves z x 7--is altoge!r impossible4 ,! result ( ?is clos] consid]ation ( ! fir/ set ( ,stras1 alleg$ by _/,s_/ank>a to conc]n ! own] ( ! high] k ( ,brahman1 entitles u to view ) "s di/ru/ _/,s_/ank>a's ass]tion t ano!r set also--,,iv1 #d1 #a-g--;has to be deta*$ f ! g5]al topic ( ! f\r? adhyya1 & to be und]/ood z depict+ ! condition ( ^? :o h obta9$ f9al absolute release4 ,& ! ,stras !mselves d n t5d to weak5 ?is prelim9>y want ( confid5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place _! word+ also gives no indication :atev] ( _! hav+ to be sep>at$ f :at prec$es z well z :at foll[s4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 ! la/ ,stra ( ! set 7#g7 obliges _/,s_/ank>a to ascribe to 8 truly releas$ s\ls qualities :i* cle>ly _c belong to !m2 s t he f9ally is oblig$ to make ! extraord9>y /atem5t t ^? qualities belong to !m 'vyavahrpek%ay1' :ile yet ! purport ( ! :ole adhik>a_/n_/a is said to be ! description ( ! truly releas$ s\l = :i* no vyavahra exi/s6 ,v truly _/,s_/ank>a's comm5tator "h rem>ks1 'atra ke_/k_/9 muhyanti akha_/n_/da_/k_/inmtrajnn muktasyjnbhvt kuta j_/_/nika-dh>mayoga_/h_/1' & ! way 9 :i* !reupon he himself attempts to get ov] ! difficulty c]ta9ly does n improve matt]s4 ,9 connexion ) ! two passages discuss$1 we meet 9 ! f\r? adhyya ) ano!r passage1 :i* inde$ has no direct be>+ on ! di/9ction ( ap> & p> vidy1 b may yet be %ortly ref]r$ to 9 ?is place z ano!r & altoge!r und\bt$ in/ance ( _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretations n always agree+ ) ! text ( ! ,stras4 ,! ,stras #g-af ( ! ?ird pda /ate ! op9ions ( ?ree diff]5t tea*]s on ! "q to :i* ,brahman ! s\l ( ! vidvn repairs on dea?1 or--accord+ to ,rmnuja--! wor%ipp]s ( :i* ,brahman repair to 7! highe/7 ,brahman4 ,rmnuja treats ! views ( ,bd>i & ,jaim9i z two prvapak%as1 & ! op9ion ( ,bd>ya_/n_/a--:i* is /at$ la/--z ! siddhnta4 _/,s_/ank>a1 on ! o!r h&1 deta*+ ! ,stras 9 :i* ,bd>ya_/n_/a's view is set =? f ! prec$+ "p ( ! adhik>a_/n_/a 7a proce$+ :i*1 al?\gh n plausible1 yet _c be said to be altoge!r illegitimate71 ma9ta9s t ,bd>i's view1 :i* is exp\nd$ fir/1 repres5ts ! siddhnta1 :ile ,jaim9i's view1 set =? subsequ5tly1 is to be consid]$ a m]e prvapak%a4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is altoge!r inadmissible1 x be+ ! inv>iable practice ( ! ,v$nta-stras z well z ! ,prva ,mm_/m_/s-stras to conclude ! discussion ( conte/$ po9ts ) ! /atem5t ( t view :i* is to be accept$ z ! au?oritative "o4 ,?is is s pat5t t _/,s_/ank>a feels himself call$ ^u to def5d 8 deviation f ! g5]al rule 7,comm5t>y on ,,iv1 #d1 #ac71 )\t1 h[ev]1 br++ =w>d any argum5ts b su* z are valid only if _/,s_/ank>a's sy/em itself is already accept$4 ,! previ\s consid]ations leave u1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 no *oice b to side ) ,rmnuja z to ! g5]al subject-matt] ( ! f\r? adhyya ( ! ,stras4 ,we ne$ n accept him z our guide 9 all p>ticul> int]pretations1 b we mu/ ackn[l$ge ) him t ! ,stras ( ! f\r? adhyya describe ! ultimate fate ( "o & ! same vidvn1 & d n af=d any basis = ! di/9ction ( a high] & l[] k ( ,brahman 9 _/,s_/ank>a's s5se4 ,if we h n to discrim9ate betwe5 a l[] & a high] k ( ,brahman1 x foll[s t ! di/9ction ( a l[] & a high] ,brahman is likewise n valid4 ,b ?is is n a po9t to be decid$ at once on ! negative evid5ce ( ! f\r? adhyya1 b reg>d+ :i* ! entire body ( ! ,v$nta-stras has to be consult$4 ,& intimately connect$ ) ?is inve/igation--9 fact1 "o ) x f a c]ta9 po9t ( view--is ! "q :e!r ! ,stras af=d any evid5ce ( _! au?or hav+ held ! doctr9e ( ,my1 ! pr9ciple ( illusion1 by ! association ) :i* ! highe/ ,brahman1 9 itself transc5d+ all qualities1 appe>s z ! l[] ,brahman or _/s_/v>a4 ,t ,rmnuja d5ies ! di/9ction ( ! two ,brahmans & ! doctr9e ( ,my we h se5 above2 we %all1 h[ev]1 9 ! subsequ5t inve/igation1 pay less att5tion to 8 views & int]pretations ?an to ! indications furni%$ by ! ,stras !mselves4 ,plac+ myself at ! po9t ( view ( a _/,s_/ank>a1 ,i am />tl$ at ! outset by ! second ,stra ( ! fir/ adhyya1 :i* und]takes to give a def9ition ( ,brahman4 ',brahman is t :5ce ! orig9ation & s on 7i4e4 ! su/5tation & reabsorption7 ( ?is _w proce$4' ,:at1 we mu/ ask1 is ?is ,stra meant to def9e8--,t ,brahman1 we are incl9$ to answ]1 ^: cognition ! fir/ ,stra decl>es to con/itute ! task ( ! entire ,v$nta2 t ,brahman ^: cognition is ! only road to f9al release2 t ,brahman 9 fact :i* _/,s_/ank>a calls ! highe/4--,b1 "h we mu/ object to ourselves1 ! highe/ ,brahman is n prop]ly def9$ z t f :i* ! _w orig9ates4 ,9 lat] ,v$ntic writ+s1 ^: au?ors 7 cle>ly consci\s ( ! di/9ction ( ! high] absolute ,brahman & ! l[] ,brahman relat$ to ,my or ! _w1 we meet ) def9itions ( ,brahman ( an altoge!r diff]5t type4 ,i ne$ only rem9d ! read] ( ! curr5t def9ition ( ,brahman z sa_/k_/-_/k_/id-n&a1 or1 to m5tion "o individual in/ance1 ref] to ! introductory _/s_/lokas ( ! ,pa_/k_/ada_/s_/ dilat+ on ! sa_/m_/vid svayam-prabh1 ! self-lum9\s pr9ciple ( ?\ght :i* 9 all "t1 pa/ or future1 nei!r />ts into be+ nor p]i%es 7,p4,d4 ,i1 #g74 ',t f :i* ! _w proce$s' c by a _/,s_/ank>a be accept$ only z a def9ition ( _/s_/v>a1 ( ,brahman :i* by its association ) ,my is enabl$ to project ! false appe>ance ( ?is _w1 & x c]ta9ly is z improbable t ! ,stras %\ld op5 ) a def9ition ( t inf]ior pr9ciple1 f ^: cognition !re c accrue no p]man5t b5efit1 z1 accord+ to a rem>k made above1 x is unlikely t !y %\ld conclude ) a description ( ! /ate ( ^? :o "k ! l[] ,brahman only1 & ?us are deb>r$ f obta9+ true release4 ,z soon1 on ! o!r h&1 z we disc>d ! idea ( a tw(old ,brahman & conceive ,brahman z "o only1 z ! all-enfold+ be+ :i* sometimes emits ! _w f its own sub/ance & sometimes aga9 retracts x into itself1 ev] rema9+ "o 9 all its v>i\s manife/ations--a conception :i* ne$ n by any means be modell$ 9 all its details on ! views ( ! ,rmnujas--! def9ition ( ,brahman giv5 9 ! second ,stra becomes altoge!r unobjectionable4 ,we next enquire :e!r ! impression left on ! m9d by ! mann] 9 :i* ,bd>ya_/n_/a def9es ,brahman1 viz4 t he does n di/+ui% betwe5 an absolute ,brahman & a ,brahman associat$ ) ,my1 is confirm$ or weak5$ by any o!r p>ts ( 8 "w4 ,! ,stras be+ ?r\gh\t f> f direct 9 _! enunciations1 we %all h to look less to p>ticul> t]ms & turns ( expression ?an to g5]al l9es ( reason+4 ,:at 9 ?is connexion seems specially wor?y ( be+ tak5 into acc\nt1 is ! /yle ( argum5tation employ$ by ! ,strakra aga9/ ! ,snkhya doctr9e1 :i* ma9ta9s t ! _w has orig9at$1 n f an intellig5t be+1 b f ! non-intellig5t pradhna4 ,! mo/ important ,stras relative to ?is po9t are to be met ) 9 ! fir/ pda ( ! second adhyya4 ,^? ,stras are inde$ almo/ un9telligible if tak5 by !mselves1 b ! unanimity ( ! comm5tators z to _! mean+ enables u to use !m z /eps 9 our inve/igation4 ,! six? ,stra ( ! pda m5tion$ replies to ! ,snkhya objection t ! non-intellig5t _w _c spr+ f an intellig5t pr9ciple1 by ! rem>k t 'x is ?us se51' i4e4 x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t non-intellig5t ?+s are produc$ f be+s end[$ ) intellig5ce2 hair & nails1 = in/ance1 spr++ f animals1 & c]ta9 insects f dung4--,n[1 an argum5tation ( ?is k9d is altoge!r out ( place f ! po9t ( view ( ! true _/,s_/nk>a4 ,accord+ to ! latt] ! non-intellig5t _w does n spr+ f ,brahman 9 s f> z ! latt] is intellig5ce1 b 9 s f> z x is associat$ ) ,my4 ,my is ! updna ( ! mat]ial _w1 & ,my itself is ( a non-intellig5t nature1 ow+ to :i* x is by s _m ,v$ntic writ]s id5tifi$ ) ! prak_/ri_/ti ( ! ,snkhyas4 ,simil>ly ! illu/rative in/ances1 adduc$ "u ,stra #i = ! purpose ( %[+ t effects :5 be+ reabsorb$ into _! causal sub/ances d n imp>t to ! latt] _! own qualities1 & t h5ce ! mat]ial _w also1 :5 be+ refund$ into ,brahman1 does n imp>t to x its own imp]fections1 are s+ul>ly inappropriate if view$ 9 connexion ) ! doctr9e ( ,my1 accord+ to :i* ! mat]ial _w is no m 9 ,brahman at ! "t ( a pralaya ?an dur+ ! p]iod ( its subsi/5ce4 ,accord+ to _/,s_/nk>a ! _w is n m]g$ 9 ,brahman1 b ! special =ms into :i* ! updna ( ! _w1 i4e4 ,my1 _h modifi$ itself are m]g$ 9 non-di/9ct ,my1 ^: relation to ,brahman is n *ang$ !reby4--,! illu/ration1 aga91 giv5 9 ,stra #bd ( ! mode 9 :i* ,brahman1 by means ( its inh]5t p[]1 trans=ms itself into ! _w )\t employ+ any extrane\s in/rum5ts ( action1 'k%ravad dhi1' 'z milk 7( its own accord turns into curds71' w\ld be /rangely *os5 inde$ if meant to br+ ne>] to our und]/&+ ! mode 9 :i* ,brahman projects ! illusive appe>ance ( ! _w2 & also ! analog\s in/ance giv5 9 ! ,stra next foll[+1 'z ,gods & ! l 7create palaces1 *>iots1 c4 by ! m]e p[] ( _! w7'--:i* ref]s to ! real creation ( real ?+s--w\ld h>dly be 9 its place if meant to illu/rate a !ory :i* consid]s unreality to be ! true "* ( ! _w4 ,! m]e cumulation ( ! two ess5tially het]og5e\s illu/rative in/ances 7k%ravad dhi2 devdivat71 moreov]1 seems to %[ t ! writ] :o _h rec\rse to !m held no v def9ite !ory z to ! p>ticul> mode 9 :i* ! _w spr+s f ,brahman1 b 0 m]ely conc]n$ to r5d] plausible 9 "s way or o!r t an intellig5t be+ c give rise to :at is non-intellig5t )\t hav+ rec\rse to any extrane\s means4#bc ,t ! ,my doctr9e 0 n pres5t to ! m9d ( ! ,strakra1 fur!r appe>s f ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? pda ( ! fir/ adhyya1 :]e x is %[n t ,brahman is n only ! op]ative b also ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w4 ,if any:]e1 !re w\ld h be5 ! place to indicate1 _h su* be5 ! au?or's view1 t ,brahman is ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w ?r\gh ,my only1 & t ! _w is unreal2 b ! ,stras d n conta9 a s+le ^w to t effect4 ,stra #bf1 on ! o!r h&1 exhibits ! significant t]m 'p>i_/n_/mt2' ,brahman produces ! _w by means ( a modification ( itself4 ,x is well kn[n t lat] on1 :5 ! t]m9ology ( ! ,v$nta became def9itely settl$1 ! t]m 'p>i_/n_/vada' 0 us$ to d5ote t v !ory to :i* ! foll[]s ( _/,s_/ank>a are mo/ viol5tly oppos$1 viz4 ! doctr9e accord+ to :i* ! _w is n a m]e viv>ta1 i4e4 an illusory manife/ation ( ,brahman1 b ! effect ( ,brahman und]go+ a real *ange1 may t *ange be conceiv$ to take place 9 ! way taught by ,rmnuja or 9 "s o!r mann]4--,) reg>d to ! la/-quot$ ,stra1 z well z to ^? t\*$ ^u above1 ! comm5tators inde$ ma9ta9 t :atev] t]ms & modes ( expression are app>5tly oppos$ to ! viv>tavda are 9 reality reconcilable ) x2 to ,stra #bf1 = in/ance1 ,gov9dn&a rem>ks t ! t]m 'p>i_/n_/ma' only d5otes an effect 9 g5]al 7kryamtra71 )\t imply+ t ! effect is real4 ,b 9 cases ( ?is nature we are fully entitl$ to use our own judgm5t1 ev5 if we 7 n compell$ to d s by ! fact t o!r comm5tators1 su* z ,rmnuja1 are satisfi$ to take 'p>i_/n_/ma' & simil> t]ms 9 _! g5]ally receiv$ s5se4 ,a fur!r section treat+ ( ! nature ( ,brahman is met ) 9 ,,iii1 #b1 #aa ff4 ,x is1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a's view1 ( special importance1 z x is alleg$ to set =? t ,brahman is 9 itself de/itute ( all qualities1 & is affect$ ) qualities only ?r\gh its limit+ adjuncts 7updhis71 ! (fspr+ ( ,my4 ,i h above 79 ! conspectus ( cont5ts7 giv5 a some:at detail$ ab/ract ( ! :ole section z int]pret$ by _/,s_/ank>a on ! "o h&1 & ,rmnuja on ! o!r h&1 f :i* x appe>s t ! latt]'s op9ion z to ! purport ( ! gr\p ( ,stras widely div]ges f t ( _/,s_/ank>a4 ,! word+ ( ! ,stras is s em95tly concise & vague t ,i f9d x impossible to decide :i* ( ! two comm5tators--if inde$ ei!r--is to be accept$ z a tru/wor?y guide2 reg>d+ ! s5se ( "s ,stras _/,s_/ank>a's explanation seems to des]ve pref]5ce1 9 ! case ( o!rs ,rmnuja seems to keep clos] to ! text4 ,i decid$ly pref]1 = in/ance1 ,rmnuja's int]pretation ( ,stra #bb1 z f> z ! s5se ( ! entire ,stra is conc]n$1 & m especially ) reg>d to ! t]m 'prak_/ri_/taitvattvam1' ^: prop] =ce is br\ght out by ,rmnuja's explanation only4 ,s mu* is c]ta9 t none ( ! ,stras decid$ly fav\rs ! int]pretation propos$ by _/,s_/ank>a4 ,:i*ev] comm5tator we foll[1 we greatly miss coh]5ce & /rictness ( reason+1 & x is ?us by no means improbable t ! section is "o ( ^?--p]haps n few 9 numb]--9 :i* bo? int]pret]s _h less reg>d to ! lit]al s5se ( ! words & to tradition ?an to _! desire ( =c+ ,bd>ya_/n_/a's ,stras to be> te/imony to ! tru? ( _! own philosophic !ories4 ,) special ref]5ce to ! ,my doctr9e "o important ,stra has yet to be consid]$1 ! only "o 9 :i* ! t]m 'my' itself occurs1 viz4 ,,iii1 #b1 #c4 ,accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a ! ,stra signifies t ! environm5ts ( ! dream+ s\l are n real b m]e ,my1 i4e4 unsub/antial illusion1 because !y d n fully manife/ ! "* ( real objects4 ,rmnuja 7z we h se5 9 ! conspectus7 gives a diff]5t explanation ( ! t]m 'my1' b 9 judg+ ( _/,s_/ank>a's views we may = ! "t accept _/,s_/ank>a's own int]pretation4 ,n[1 f ! latt] x cle>ly foll[s t if ! objects se5 9 dreams are to be call$ ,my1 i4e4 illusion1 because n ev9c+ ! *>act]i/ics ( reality1 ! objective _w surr\nd+ ! wak+ s\l mu/ n be call$ ,my4 ,b t ! _w p]ceiv$ by wak+ m5 is ,my1 ev5 9 a high] s5se ?an ! _w pres5t$ to ! dream+ consci\sness1 is an und\bt$ t5et ( ! _/,s_/nk>a ,v$nta2 & ! ,stra !re=e proves ei!r t ,bd>ya_/n_/a did n hold ! doctr9e ( ! illusory "* ( ! _w1 or else t1 if aft] all he did hold t doctr9e1 he us$ ! t]m 'my' 9 a s5se altoge!r diff]5t f t 9 :i* _/,s_/ank>a employs x4--,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we1 ) ,rmnuja1 und]/& ! ^w 'my' to d5ote a wond]ful ?+1 ! ,stra ( c\rse has no be>+ :atev] on ! doctr9e ( ,my 9 its lat] te*nical s5se4 ,we n[ turn to ! "q z to ! relation ( ! individual s\l to ,brahman4 ,d ! ,stras indicate any:]e t _! au?or held _/,s_/ank>a's doctr9e1 accord+ to :i* ! jva is 9 reality id5tical ) ,brahman1 & sep>at$ f x1 z x 71 only by a false surmise due to avidy1 or d !y r fav\r ! view t ! s\ls1 al?\gh !y h sprung f ,brahman1 & con/itute elem5ts ( its nature1 yet enjoy a k9d ( individual exi/5ce ap>t f x8 ,?is "q is 9 fact only ano!r aspect ( ! ,my "q1 b yet requires a %ort sep>ate treatm5t4 ,9 ! conspectus ,i h giv5 x z my op9ion t ! ,stras 9 :i* ! size ( ! individual s\l is discuss$ c h>dly be und]/ood 9 _/,s_/ank>a's s5se1 & r seem to fav\r ! op9ion1 held among o!rs by ,rmnuja1 t ! s\l is ( m9ute size4 ,we h fur!r se5 t ,stra #ah ( ! ?ird pda ( ! second adhyya1 :i* describes ! s\l z 'j_/_/a1' is m appropriately und]/ood 9 ! s5se assign$ to x by ,rmnuja2 &1 aga91 t ! ,stras :i* treat ( ! s\l be+ an ag5t1 c be reconcil$ ) _/,s_/ank>a's views only if supplem5t$ 9 a way :i* _! text does n appe> to au?orise4--,we next h ! important ,stra ,,ii1 #c1 #dc 9 :i* ! s\l is di/9ctly said to be a "p 7a_/ms_/a7 ( ,brahman1 & :i*1 z we h already notic$1 c be made to fall 9 ) _/,s_/ank>a's views only if a_/ms_/a is expla9$1 altoge!r arbitr>ily1 by 'a_/ms_/a iva1' :ile ,rmnuja is able to take ! ,stra z x /&s4--,we also h already ref]r$ to ,stra #ej1 'bhsa eva _/k_/a1' :i* _/,s_/ank>a int]prets z sett+ =? ! s-call$ pratibimbavda accord+ to :i* ! individual ,self is m]ely a reflection ( ! highe/ ,self4 ,b almo/ e ,stra--& ,stra #ej =ms no exception--be+ s obscurely express$1 t view$ by itself x admits ( v>i\s1 (t5 totally oppos$1 int]pretations1 ! only safe me?od is to keep 9 view1 9 ! case ( ea* ambigu\s aphorism1 ! g5]al drift & _s ( ! :ole "w1 & t1 z we h se5 hi!rto1 is by no means fav\rable to ! pratibimba doctr9e4 ,h[ inde$ c\ld ,stra #ej1 if sett+ =? t latt] doctr9e1 be reconcil$ ) ,stra #dc1 :i* says di/9ctly t ! s\l is a "p ( ,brahman8 ,= t #dc conta9s1 z _/,s_/ank>a & 8 comm5tators av]1 a /atem5t ( ! ava_/kkh_/edavda1 c itself be accept$ only if we int]pret a_/ms_/a by a_/ms_/a iva1 & to d s !re is really no valid reason :atev]4 ,i confess t ,rmnuja's int]pretation ( ! ,stra 7:i* h[ev] is accept$ by sev]al o!r comm5tators also7 does n appe> to me p>ticul>ly conv9c+2 & ! ,stras un=tunately (f] u no o!r passages on ! gr\nd ( :i* we might settle ! mean+ to be ascrib$ to ! t]m bhsa1 :i* may mean 'reflection1' b may mean hetvbhsa1 i4e4 fallaci\s argum5t1 z well4 ,b z ?+s /&1 ?is "o ,stra _c1 at any rate1 be appeal$ to z prov+ t ! pratibimbavda :i*1 9 its turn1 presupposes ! myvda1 is ! tea*+ ( ! ,stras4 ,to ! conclusion t ! ,strakra did n hold ! doctr9e ( ! absolute id5tity ( ! highe/ & ! individual s\l 9 ! s5se ( _/,s_/ank>a1 we are fur!r l$ by "s o!r indications to be met ) "h & !re 9 ! ,stras4 ,9 ! conspectus ( cont5ts we h _h occasion to direct att5tion to ! important ,stra ,,ii1 #a1 #bb1 :i* di/9ctly enunciates t ! ,"l is adhika1 i4e4 additional to1 or diff]5t f1 ! individual s\l1 s9ce ,scripture decl>es ! two to be diff]5t4 ,analog\sly ,i1 #b1 #bj lays /ress on ! fact t ! _/s_/rra is n ! ant>ym91 because ! ,mdhy&9as1 z well z ! ,k_/n_/vas1 speak ( him 9 _! texts z diff]5t 7bh$5a enam adhyate71 & 9 #bb ! _/s_/rra & ! pradhna are ref]r$ to z ! two 'o!rs' 7it>au7 ( :om ! text pr$icates di/9ctive attributes sep>at+ !m f ! highe/ ,"l4 ,! ^w 'it>a' 7! o!r "o7 appe>s 9 sev]al o!r passages 7,i1 #a1 #af2 ,i1 #c1 #af2 ,,ii1 #a1 #ba7 z a k9d ( te*nical t]m d5ot+ ! individual s\l 9 contradi/9ction f ! ,"l4 ,! _/,s_/nk>as inde$ ma9ta9 t all ^? passages ref] to an unreal di/9ction due to avidy4 ,b ?is is j :at we %\ld l to see prov$1 & ! pro( (f]$ 9 no case am\nts to m ?an a ref]5ce to ! sy/em :i* dem&s t ! ,stras %\ld be ?us und]/ood4 ,if we accept ! int]pretations ( ! s*ool ( _/,s_/ank>a1 x rema9s altoge!r un9telligible :y ! ,strakra %\ld nev] h9t ev5 at :at _/,s_/ank>a is anxi\s aga9 & aga9 to po9t out at l5g?1 viz4 t ! great] "p ( ! "w conta9s a k9d ( exot]ic doctr9e only1 ev] t5d+ to mislead ! /ud5t :o does n keep 9 view :at its nature is4 ,if o!r reasons %\ld make x probable t ! ,strakra 0 anxi\s to hide ! true doctr9e ( ! ,upani%ads z a sort ( esot]ic tea*+1 we might be m ready to accept _/,s_/ank>a's mode ( int]pretation4 ,b no su* reasons are =?com+2 n[h]e among ! av[$ foll[]s ( ! _/,s_/ank>a sy/em is !re any t5d5cy to treat ! k]nel ( _! philosophy z some?+ to be jeal\sly gu>d$ & hidd54 ,on ! contr>y1 !y all1 f ,gau_/d_/apda d[n to ! mo/ mod]n writ]1 consid] x _! mo/ important1 nay1 only task to inculcate aga9 & aga9 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ unambigu\s language t all appe>ance ( multiplicity is a va9 illusion1 t ! ,"l & ! individual s\ls are 9 reality "o1 & t all k b ?is "o k is )\t true value4 ,!re rema9s "o m important passage conc]n+ ! relation ( ! individual s\l to ! highe/ ,self1 a passage :i* attract$ our att5tion above1 :5 we 7 review+ ! evid5ce = e>ly div]g5ce ( op9ion among ! tea*]s ( ! ,v$nta4 ,i mean ,i1 #d1 #bj-bb1 :i* ?ree ,stras /ate ! views ( _/s_/m>a?ya1 ,au_/d_/ulomi1 & ,k_/s_/akr_/ri_/tsna z to ! reason :y1 9 a c]ta9 passage ( ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka1 *>act]i/ics ( ! individual s\l are ascrib$ to ! highe/ ,self4 ,! siddhnta view is en\nc$ 9 ,stra #bb1 'ava/hit] iti ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna_/h_/' i4e4 ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna 7acc\nts = ! circum/ance m5tion$7 on ! gr\nd ( ! 'p]man5t abid+ or abode4' ,by ?is 'p]man5t abid+' _/,s_/ank>a und]/&s ! ,"l's abid+ z1 i4e4 exi/+ z--or 9 ! condition (--! individual s\l1 & ?us sees 9 ! ,stra an enunciation ( 8 own view t ! individual s\l is no?+ b ! highe/ ,self1 'avik_/ri_/ta_/h_/ p>ame_/s_/v>o jvo nnya_/h_/4' ,rmnuja on ! o!r h&1 likewise accept+ ,k_/saak_/ri_/tsna's op9ion z ! siddhnta view1 expla9s 'ava/hiti' z ! ,"l's p]man5t abid+ )9 ! individual s\l1 z describ$ 9 ! ant>ym9-brhma_/n_/a4--,we c h>dly ma9ta9 t ! t]m 'ava/hiti' _c h ! mean+ ascrib$ to x by ,sa_/n_/k>a1 viz4 special /ate or condition1 b s mu* mu/ be urg$ 9 fav\r ( ,rmnuja's int]pretation t 9 ! five o!r places :]e ava/hiti 7or anava/hiti7 is met ) 9 ! ,stras 7,i1 #b1 #ag2 ,,ii1 #b1 #d2 ,,ii1 #b1 #ac2 ,,ii1 #c1 #bd2 ,,iii1 #c1 #cb7 x regul>ly means p]man5t abid+ or p]man5t abode )9 some?+4 ,if1 n[1 ,i am %ortly to sum up ! results ( ! prec$+ enquiry z to ! tea*+ ( ! ,stras1 ,i mu/ give x z my op9ion t !y d n set =? ! di/9ction ( a high] & l[] k ( ,brahman2 t !y d n ackn[l$ge ! di/9ction ( ,brahman & _/s_/v>a 9 _/,s_/ank>a's s5se2 t !y d n hold ! doctr9e ( ! unreality ( ! _w2 & t !y d n1 ) _/,s_/ank>a1 proclaim ! absolute id5tity ( ! individual & ! highe/ ,self4 ,i d n wi% to advance = ! pres5t beyond ^! negative results4 ,^u ,rmnuja's mode ( int]pretation--al?\gh ,i accept x )\t res]ve 9 "s important details--,i look on ! :ole z m useful 9 provid+ u ) a p[]ful means ( criticis+ _/,s_/ank>a's explanations ?an 9 guid+ u ?r\gh\t to ! "r und]/&+ ( ! text4 ,! au?or ( ! ,stras may h held views ab\t ! nature ( ,brahman1 ! _w1 & ! s\l diff]+ f ^? ( _/,s_/ank>a1 & yet n agree+ 9 all po9ts ) ^? ( ,rmnuja4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! negative conclusions /at$ above %\ld be well f\nd$1 x w\ld foll[ ev5 f !m t ! sy/em ( ,bd>ya_/n_/a _h great] aff9ities ) t ( ! ,bhgavatas & ,rmanuja ?an ) ! "o ( :i* ! _/,s_/ank>a-bh%ya is ! classical expon5t4 ,x appe>s f ! above review ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,stras t only a comp>atively v small proportion ( !m contribute matt] enabl+ u to =m a judgm5t z to ! nature ( ! philosophical doctr9e advocat$ by ,bd>ya_/n_/a4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! great] "p ( ! "w is tak5 up ) matt]s :i*1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a's t]m9ology1 =m "p ( ! s-call$ l[] k1 & ?r[ no light ^u philosophical que/ions 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,?is circum/ance is n )\t significance4 ,9 lat] works belong+ to _/,s_/ank>a's s*ool 9 :i* ! di/9ction ( a high] & l[] vidy is cle>ly recognis$1 ! topics con/itut+ ! latt] are treat$ ) great %ortness2 & rightly s1 = !y are unable to accompli% ! highe/ aim ( man1 i4e4 f9al release4 ,:5 we !re=e1 on ! o!r h&1 f9d t ! subjects ( ! s-call$ l[] vidy are treat$ v fully 9 ! ,v$nta-stras1 :5 we obs]ve1 = in/ance1 ! almo/ t$i\s l5g? to :i* ! inve/igation ( ! unity ( vidys 7mo/ ( :i* are s-call$ sagu_/n_/a1 i4e4 l[] vidys7 is c>ri$ 9 ! ?ird adhyya1 or ! fact ( almo/ ! :ole f\r? adhyya be+ devot$ to ! ultimate fate ( ! possessor ( ! l[] vidy2 we c]ta9ly feel ourselves confirm$ 9 our conclusion t :at _/,s_/ank>a look$ ^u z comp>atively unimportant =m$ 9 ,bd>ya_/n_/a's op9ion "p ( t k high] ?an :i* !re is none1 & :i* !re=e is entitl$ to ! fulle/ & mo/ detail$ exposition4 ,! "q z to :at k9d ( sy/em is repres5t$ by ! ,v$nta-stras may be approa*$ 9 ano!r way also4 ,:ile hi!rto we h attempt$ to p5etrate to ! mean+ ( ! ,stras by means ( ! diff]5t comm5t>ies1 we might try ! opposite road1 &1 9 ! fir/ place1 attempt to asc]ta9 indep5d5tly ( ! ,stras :at doctr9e is set =? 9 ! ,upani%ads1 ^: tea*+ ! ,stras d\btless aim at sy/ematis+4 ,if1 x might be urg$1 ! ,upani%ads c be conv9c+ly %[n to embody a c]ta9 settl$ doctr9e1 we mu/ consid] x at ! lea/ highly probable t t v same doctr9e--( :atev] special nature x may be--is hidd5 9 ! enigmatical aphorisms ( ,bd>ya_/n_/a4#bd ,i d n1 h[ev]1 consid] ?is l9e ( argum5tation a safe "o4 ,ev5 if x c\ld be %[n t ! tea*+ ( all ! *ief ,upani%ads agrees 9 all ess5tial po9ts 7a subject to :i* "s att5tion w be paid lat] on71 we %\ld n on t acc\nt be entitl$ unhesitat+ly to assume t ! ,stras set =? ! same doctr9e4 ,:atev] ! true philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads may be1 !re rema9s ! und5iable fact t !re exi/ & h exi/$ s9ce v anci5t times n "o b sev]al ess5tially diff]+ sy/ems1 all ( :i* lay claim to ! di/9ction ( be+ ! true repres5tatives ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads z well z ( ! ,stras4 ,let u suppose1 = argum5t's sake1 t1 = in/ance1 ! doctr9e ( ,my is di/9ctly enunciat$ 9 ! ,upani%ads2 nev]!less ,rmnuja &1 = all we "k to ! contr>y1 ! :ole s]ies ( m anci5t comm5tators on :om he look$ z au?orities 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,stras1 d5i$ t ! ,upani%ads tea* ,my1 & x is h5ce by no means impossible t ,bd>ya_/n_/a %\ld h done ! same4 ,! priori /yle ( reason+ z to ! tea*+ ( ! ,stras is !re=e )\t mu* =ce4 ,b ap>t f any int5tion ( arriv+ !reby at ! mean+ ( ! ,stras !re1 ( c\rse1 rema9s = u ! all-important "q z to ! true tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads1 a "q :i* a translator ( ! ,stras & _/,s_/ank>a _c af=d to pass ov] 9 sil5ce1 especially aft] reason has be5 %[n = ! conclusion t ! ,stras & ! _/,s_/ank>a-bh%ya d n agree conc]n+ mo/ important po9ts ( ,v$ntic doctr9e4 ,! ,stras z well z ! lat] comm5t>ies claim1 9 ! fir/ place1 to be no?+ m ?an sy/ematisations ( ! ,upani%ads1 & = u a consid]able "p at lea/ ( _! value & int]e/ lies 9 ?is _! nature4 ,h5ce ! fur!r "q pres5ts itself by :om ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads has be5 mo/ adequately sy/ematis$1 :e!r by ,bd>ya_/n_/a1 or _/,s_/ank>a1 or ,rmnuja1 or "s o!r comm5tator4 ,?is "q requires to be kept altoge!r sep>ate f ! enquiry z to :i* comm5tator mo/ fai?fully r5d]s ! cont5ts ( ! ,stras1 & x is by no means impossible t _/,s_/ank>a1 = in/ance1 %\ld 9 ! end h to be decl>$ a m tru/wor?y guide ) reg>d to ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads ?an conc]n+ ! mean+ ( ! ,stras4 ,we mu/ rem>k "h at once t1 :atev] comm5tator may be f\nd to des]ve pref]5ce on ! :ole1 x appe>s fairly c]ta9 already at ! outset t none ( ! sy/ems :i* ,indian +5uity has succe$$ 9 erect+ on ! basis ( ! ,upani%ads c be accept$ 9 its entirety4 ,! reason = ?is lies 9 ! nature ( ! ,upani%ads !mselves4 ,to ! ,h9du comm5tator & philosoph] ! ,upani%ads came d[n z a body ( reveal$ tru? ^: tea*+ _h1 someh[ or o!r1 to be %[n to be ?or\ghly consi/5t & free f contradictions2 a sy/em _h to be devis$ 9 :i* a suitable place c\ld be allott$ to e "o ( ! multitud9\s /atem5ts :i* !y make on ! v>i\s po9ts ( ,v$ntic doctr9e4 ,b to ! ,european s*ol>1 or 9 fact to any "o ^: m9d is n b\nd by ! doctr9e ( _/,s_/ruti1 x w c]ta9ly appe> t all su* attempts /& self-condemn$4 ,if any?+ is evid5t ev5 on a cursory review ( ! ,upani%ads--& ! impression s creat$ is only /r5g!n$ by a m c>eful inve/igation--x is t !y d n con/itute a sy/ematic :ole4 ,!y !mselves1 especially ! old] ones1 give ! mo/ unmi/akable indications on t po9t4 ,n only are ! doctr9es exp\nd$ 9 ! diff]5t ,upani%ads ascrib$ to diff]5t tea*]s1 b ev5 ! sep>ate sections ( "o & ! same ,upani%ad are assign$ to diff]5t au?orities4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to quote examples ( :at a m]e look at ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad1 = in/ance1 suffices to prove4 ,x is ( c\rse n impossible t ev5 a multitude ( tea*]s %\ld agree 9 imp>t+ precisely ! same doctr9e2 b 9 ! case ( ! ,upani%ads t is c]ta9ly n antec$5tly probable4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! tea*]s :o are cr$it$ ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,upani%ads manife/ly belong$ to diff]5t sections ( ,brahm9ical society1 to diff]5t ,v$ic _/s_/khs2 nay1 "s ( !m ! tradition makes out to h be5 k%attriyas4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 ! p]iod1 ^: m5tal activity is repres5t$ 9 ! ,upani%ads1 0 a creative "o1 & z su* _c be judg$ accord+ to ! analogy ( lat] p]iods ( ,indian philosophic developm5t4 ,! lat] philosophic s*ools z1 = in/ance1 ! "o ( :i* _/,s_/ank>a is ! great repres5tative1 7 no long] free 9 _! speculations1 b /rictly b\nd by a traditional body ( texts consid]$ sacr$1 :i* c\ld n be *ang$ or add$ to1 b m]ely sy/ematis$ & comm5t$ ^u4 ,h5ce ! rigor\s uni=mity ( doctr9e *>act]i/ic ( ^? s*ools4 ,b !re _h be5 a "t :51 :at lat] writ]s receiv$ z a sacr$ legacy1 det]m9+ & conf9+ ! :ole c\rse ( _! speculations1 fir/ sprang f ! m9ds ( creative ?9k]s n fett]$ by ! tradition ( any s*ool1 b freely foll[+ ! prompt+s ( _! own heads & he>ts4 ,by ! abs5ce ( s*ool traditions1 ,i d n inde$ mean t ! great tea*]s :o appe> 9 ! ,upani%ads 7 free to make an entirely new />t1 & to assign to _! speculations any direction !y *ose2 = no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t1 at ! p]iod z ! outcome ( ^: philosophical activity ! ,upani%ads h to be consid]$1 !re 7 9 circulation c]ta9 broad speculative ideas ov]%ad[+ ! m9d ( e memb] ( ,brahm9ical society4 ,b ^? ideas 7 nei!r v def9ite nor work$ out 9 detail1 & h5ce all[$ !mselves to be h&l$ & fa%ion$ 9 diff]5t ways by diff]5t individuals4 ,) :om ! few lead+ conceptions traceable 9 ! tea*+ ( all ,upani%ads fir/ orig9at$1 is a po9t on :i* ^? writ+s !mselves d n enlight5 u1 & :i* we h no o!r means = settl+2 mo/ probably !y are to be view$ n z ! creation ( any individual m9d1 b z ! gradual outcome ( speculations c>ri$ on by g5]ations ( ,v$ic !ologians4 ,9 ! ,upani%ads !mselves1 at any rate1 !y appe> z float+ m5tal possessions :i* may be seiz$ & m\ld$ into new =ms by any "o :o feels )9 himself ! requir$ inspiration4 ,a c]ta9 vague k ( ,brahman1 ! great hidd5 be+ 9 :i* all ?is manifold _w is "o1 seems to be spread ev]y:]e1 & (t5 issues f ! mo/ unexpect$ s\rces4 _/,s_/vetaketu receives in/ruction f 8 fa!r ,uddlaka2 ! pr\d ,grgya has to become ! pupil ( ,ajta_/s_/atru1 ! k+ ( ,k_/s_/2 ,bhujyu ,shyyani receives answ]s to 8 que/ions f a ,g&h>va possess+ a maid52 ,satyakma le>ns :at ,brahman is f ! bull ( ! h]d he is t5d+1 f ,agni & f a flam+o2 & ,upako_/s_/ala is taught by ! sacr$ fires 9 8 tea*]'s h\se4 ,all ?is is ( c\rse leg5d1 n hi/ory2 b ! fact t ! philosophic & !ological doctr9es ( ! ,upani%ads are clo!d 9 ?is leg5d>y g>b c]ta9ly does n /r5g!n ! expectation ( f9d+ 9 !m a rigidly sy/ematic doctr9e4 ,& a clos] inve/igation ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,upani%ads amply confirms ?is prelim9>y impression4 ,if we avail ourselves1 = in/ance1 ( ,m4 ,paul ,rgnaud's ,matriaux p\r s]vir l',hi/oire de la ,philosophie de l',inde1 9 :i* ! philosophical lucubrations ( ! diff]5t ,upani%ads are arrang$ sy/ematically accord+ to topics1 we c see ) ease h[1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 uni=mity ( g5]al lead+ conceptions1 !re runs ?r\gh\t div]g5ce 9 details1 & v (t5 n unimportant details4 ,a look1 = in/ance1 at ! collection ( passages relative to ! orig9ation ( ! _w f ! primitive be+1 suffices to %[ t ! task ( demon/rat+ t :atev] ! ,upani%ads tea* on t po9t c be made to fit into a homog5e\s sy/em is an altoge!r hopeless "o4 ,! acc\nts !re giv5 ( ! creation belong1 beyond all d\bt to diff]5t /ages ( philosophic & !ological developm5t or else to diff]5t sections ( prie/ly society4 ,none b an ,indian comm5tator w\ld1 ,i suppose1 be incl9$ & suffici5tly c\rage\s to attempt ! pro( t1 = in/ance1 ! leg5d ( ! tman puru%avidha1 ! ,self 9 ! %ape ( a p]son :i* is z l>ge z man & woman toge!r1 & !n splits itself into two halves f :i* c[s1 horses1 asses1 goats1 c4 are produc$ 9 succession 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #d71 c be reconcil$ ) ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! creation 9 ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad1 :]e x is said t 9 ! beg9n+ !re exi/$ no?+ b ! sat1 't :i* is1' & t feel+ a desire ( be+ _m x emitt$ out ( itself e!r1 & !n all ! o!r elem5ts 9 due succession4 ,! =m] is a primitive cosmogonic my?1 :i* 9 its details %[s /rik+ analogies ) ! cosmogonic my?s ( o!r nations2 ! latt] acc\nt is fairly develop$ ,v$nta 7al?\gh n ,v$nta imply+ ! ,my doctr9e74 ,we may admit t bo? acc\nts %[ a c]ta9 fundam5tal simil>ity 9 s f> z !y d]ive ! manifold _w f "o orig9al be+2 b to g beyond ?is & to ma9ta91 z _/,s_/ank>a does1 t ! tman puru%avidha ( ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka is ! s-call$ ,virg ( ! latt] ,v$nta--imply+ !reby t t section consci\sly aims at describ+ only ! activity ( "o special =m ( _/s_/v>a1 & n simply ! :ole process ( creation--is ! +5i\s %ift ( an or?odox comm5tator 9 difficulties1 b no?+ m4 ,h[ all ^? m or less conflict+ texts came to be pres]v$ & h&$ d[n to po/]ity1 is n difficult to und]/&4 ,z m5tion$ above1 ea* ( ! great sections ( ,brahm9ical prie/hood _h its own sacr$ texts1 & aga9 9 ea* ( ^? sections !re exi/$ m anci5t texts :i* x 0 impossible to disc>d :5 deep] & m advanc$ speculations began 9 _! turn to be embodi$ 9 lit]>y compositions1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t likewise came to be look$ ^u z sacr$4 ,:5 ! creative p]iod _h rea*$ its t]m9ation1 & ! task ( collect+ & arrang+ 0 tak5 9 h&1 old] & new] pieces 7 comb9$ into :oles1 & ?us !re arose collections ( su* het]og5e\s "* z ! ,*ndogya & ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka ,upani%ads4 ,on lat] g5]ations1 to :i* ! :ole body ( texts came d[n z reveal$ tru?1 !re consequ5tly devolv$ ! inevitable task ( e/abli%+ sy/ems on :i* no exception c\ld be tak5 to any ( ! texts2 b t ! task 01 /rictly speak+1 an impossible "o1 i4e4 "o :i* x 0 impossible to accompli% fairly & hone/ly1 !re really is no reason to d5y4 ,= a compreh5sive criticism ( ! me?ods :i* ! diff]5t comm5tators employ 9 sy/ematiz+ ! cont5ts ( ! ,upani%ads !re is no room 9 ?is place4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to illu/rate :at is meant by ! 'impossibility1' above allud$ to1 ( comb9+ ! v>i\s doctr9es ( ! ,upani%ads into a :ole )\t do+ viol5ce to a c]ta9 numb] ( texts1 x w be z well to analyse 9 detail "s few at lea/ ( _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretations1 & to r5d] cle> ! consid]ations by :i* he is guid$4 ,we beg9 ) a case :i* has already engag$ our att5tion :5 discuss+ ! mean+ ( ! ,stras1 viz4 ! "q conc]n+ ! ultimate fate ( ^? :o h atta9$ ! k ( ,brahman4 ,z we h se51 _/,s_/ank>a tea*es t ! s\l ( him :o has ris5 to an insight into ! nature ( ! high] ,brahman does n1 at ! mom5t ( dea?1 pass out ( ! body1 b is directly m]g$ 9 ,brahman by a process f :i* all dep>t+ & mov+1 9 fact all consid]ations ( space1 are altoge!r exclud$4 ,! s\l ( him1 on ! o!r h&1 :o has n ris5 above ! k ( ! l[] qualifi$ ,brahman dep>ts f ! body by means ( ! art]y call$ su%um_/n_/1 & foll[+ ! s-call$ devayna1 ! pa? ( ! gods1 m\nts up to ! _w ( ,brahman4 ,a review ( ! *ief ,upani%ad texts on :i* _/,s_/ank>a f\nds ?is di/9ction w %[ h[ f> x is ju/ifi$4 ,9 a consid]able numb] ( passages ! ,upani%ads contra/ ! fate ( two classes ( m51 viz4 ( ^? :o p]=m sacrifices & m]itori\s works only1 & ( ^? :o 9 addition possess a c]ta9 k9d ( k4 ,m5 ( ! =m] k9d asc5d aft] dea? to ! moon1 :]e !y live = a c]ta9 "t1 & !n return to ! e>? into new =ms ( embodim5t2 p]sons ( ! latt] k9d proce$ on ! pa? ( ! gods--on :i* ! sun =ms "o /age--up to ! _w ( ,brahman1 f :i* !re is no return4 ,! *ief passages to t effect are ,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aj2 ,kau%4 ,up4 ,i1 #b ff42 ,mu_/nd_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #i ff42 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #ae ff42 ,pra_/s_/na ,up4 ,i1 #i ff4--,9 o!r passages only ! latt] ( ! two pa?s is ref]r$ to1 cp4 ,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ae2 ,,viii #f1 #e2 ,taitt4 ,up4 ,i1 #f2 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #h1 #i2 ,v1 #aj2 ,maitr4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #cj1 to m5tion only ! m important ones4 ,n[ an imp>tial consid]ation ( ^? passages %[s ,i ?9k1 beyond any d\bt1 t :at is meant !re by ! k :i* leads ?r\gh ! sun to ! _w ( ,brahman is ! highe/ k ( :i* ! devotee is capable1 & t ! _w ( ,brahman to :i* 8 k enables him to proce$ d5otes ! highe/ /ate :i* he c ev] rea*1 ! /ate ( f9al release1 if we *oose to call x by t "n4--,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aj says1 ',^? :o "k ?is 7viz4 ! doctr9e ( ! five fires71 & ^? :o 9 ! =e/ foll[ fai? & au/]ities g to light1' c4--,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ae is manife/ly int5d$ to convey ! true k ( ,brahman2 ,upako_/s_/ala's tea*] himself repres5ts ! in/ruction giv5 by him z sup]ior to ! tea*+ ( ! sacr$ fires4--,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #f1 #e quotes ! old _/s_/loka :i* says t ! man mov+ upw>ds by ! art]y p5etrat+ ! cr[n ( ! head rea*es ! ,immortal4--,kau%4 ,up4 ,i1 #b--:i* gives ! mo/ detail$ acc\nt ( ! asc5t ( ! s\l--conta9s no intimation :atev] ( ! k ( ,brahman1 :i* leads up to ! ,brahman _w1 be+ ( an inf]ior nature4--,mu_/nd_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #i agrees ) ! ,*ndogya 9 say+ t ',^? :o practise p5ance & fai? 9 ! =e/1 tranquil1 wise1 & liv+ on alms1 dep>t free f passion1 ?r\gh ! sun1 to :]e t immortal ,p]son dwells ^: nature is imp]i%able1' & no?+ :atev] 9 ! context c\nt5ances ! assumption t n ! highe/ k & ! highe/ ,p]son are !re ref]r$ to4--,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #h quotes old _/s_/lokas cle>ly ref]r+ to ! road ( ! gods 7'! small old pa?'71 on :i* 'sages :o "k ,brahman move on to ! sv>galoka & !nce high] on z entirely free4--,t pa? 0 f\nd by ,brahman1 & on x goes :oev] kn[s ,brahman4'--,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #ae is ano!r v]sion ( ! ,pa_/k_/gnividy1 ) ! v>iation1 ',^? :o "k ?is1 & ^? :o 9 ! =e/ wor%ip fai? & ! ,true1 g to light1' c4--,pra_/s_/na ,up4 #a1 #aj says1 ',^? :o h s\ght ! ,self by p5ance1 ab/95ce1 fai?1 & k ga9 by ! nor!rn pa? ditya1 ! sun4 ,!re is ! home ( ! spirits1 ! immortal free f dang]1 ! highe/4 ,f !nce !y d n return1 = x is ! end4'--,maitr4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #cj quotes _/s_/lokas1 ',"o ( !m 7! art]ies7 leads upw>ds1 pi]c+ ! sol> orb3 by x1 hav+ /epp$ beyond ! _w ( ,brahman1 !y g to ! highe/ pa?4' ,all ^! passages are z cle> z c be desir$4 ,! s\l ( ! sage :o kn[s ,brahman passes out by ! su%um_/n_/1 & asc5ds by ! pa? ( ! gods to ! _w ( ,brahman1 !re to rema9 = ev] 9 "s blissful /ate4 ,b1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 all ^! texts are meant to set =? ! result ( a c]ta9 inf]ior k only1 ( ! k ( ! condition$ ,brahman4 ,ev5 9 a passage app>5tly s entirely incapable ( m ?an "o int]pretation z ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #ae1 ! ',true1' :i* ! holy h]mits 9 ! =e/ are said to wor%ip1 is n to be ! highe/ ,brahman1 b only ,hira_/n_/yag>bha6--,& :y8--,only because ! sy/em s dem&s x1 ! sy/em :i* tea*es t ^? :o "k ! highe/ ,brahman become on _! dea? "o ) x1 )\t hav+ to resort to any o!r place4 ,! passage on :i* ?is latt] t5et is *iefly bas$ is ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #f1 #g1 :]e1 ) ! fate ( him :o at 8 dea? has desires1 & ^: s\l !re=e ent]s a new body aft] hav+ dep>t$ f ! old "o1 accompani$ by all ! pr_/n_/z1 !re is contra/$ ! fate ( ! sage free f all desires4 ',b z to ! man :o does n desire1 :o n desir+1 fre$ f desires is satisfi$ 9 8 desires1 or desires ! ,self only1 ! vital spirits ( him 7tasya7 d n dep>t--be+ ,brahman he goes to ,brahman4' ,we h se5 above 7p4 lxxx7 t ?is passage is ref]r$ to 9 ! important ,stras on ^: "r int]pretation x1 9 ! fir/ place1 dep5ds :e!r or n we mu/ admit ! ,strakra to h ackn[l$g$ ! di/9ction ( a p> & an ap> vidy4 ,"h ! passage int]e/s u z ?r[+ light on ! way 9 :i* _/,s_/ank>a sy/ematises4 ,he looks on ! prec$+ "p ( ! *apt] z describ+ :at happ5s to ! s\ls ( all ^? :o d n "k ! highe/ ,brahman1 inclusive ( ^? :o "k ! l[] ,brahman only4 ,!y pass out ( ! old bodies foll[$ by all pr_/n_/z & ent] new bodies4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 section #f cont9ues1 :o kn[s ! true ,brahman1 does n pass out ( ! body1 b becomes "o ) ,brahman !n & !re4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! purport ( ! entire *apt] is n impossibly "r1 al?\gh ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k t ! *apt] aims at sett+ =? 9 its e>li] "p ! future ( him :o does n "k ,brahman at all1 :ile ! latt] "p ( section #f passes on to him :o does "k ,brahman 7i4e4 ,brahman pure & simple1 ! text kn[+ ( no di/9ction ( ! s-call$ l[] & high] ,brahman74 ,9 expla9+ section #f _/,s_/ank>a lays /ress ^u ! clause 'na tasya pr_/n_/a utkrmanti1' '8 vital spirits d n pass out1' tak+ ?is to signify t ! s\l ) ! vital spirits does n move at all1 & ?us does n asc5d to ! _w ( ,brahman2 :ile ! purport ( ! clause may simply be t ! s\l & vital spirits d n g any:]e else1 i4e4 d n ent] a new body1 b are unit$1 someh[ or o!r1 ) ,brahman4 ,on _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretation !re imm$iately arises a new difficulty4 ,9 ! _/s_/lokas1 quot$ "u sections #h & #i1 ! description ( ! small old pa? :i* leads to ! sv>galoka & high] on cle>ly ref]s--z notic$ already above--to ! pa? ?r\gh ! ve9s1 prim>ily ! su%um_/n_/1 on :i*1 accord+ to s _m o!r passages1 ! s\l ( ! wise m\nts upw>ds4 ,b t pa? is1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 foll[$ by him only :o has n ris5 above ! l[] k1 & yet ! _/s_/lokas h manife/ly to be connect$ ) :at is said 9 ! latt] half ( #f ab\t ! own] ( ! p> vidy4 ,h5ce _/,s_/ank>a sees himself driv5 to expla9 ! _/s_/lokas 9 #h & #i 7( :i* a fai?ful translation is giv5 9 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]'s v]sion7 z foll[s3 #h4 ',! subtle old pa? 7i4e4 ! pa? ( k on :i* f9al release is rea*$2 :i* pa? is subtle1 i4e4 difficult to "k1 & old1 i4e4 to be kn[n f ! et]nal ,v$a7 has be5 obta9$ & fully rea*$ by me4 ,on x ! sages :o "k ,brahman rea* f9al release 7sv>galoka_/s_/abda_/h_/ samnihitaprak>a_/n_/t mok%bhidhyaka_/h_/74 #i4 ',on t pa? !y say t !re is :ite or blue or yell[ or gre5 or r$ 7i4e4 o!rs ma9ta9 t ! pa? to f9al release is1 9 accordance ) ! col\r ( ! art]ies1 ei!r :ite or blue1 c42 b t is false1 = ! pa?s ?r\gh ! art]ies lead at ! be/ to ! _w ( ,brahman1 :i* itself =ms "p ( ! sa_/m_/sra72 t pa? 7i4e4 ! only pa? to release1 viz4 ! pa? ( true k7 is f\nd by ,brahman1 i4e4 by su* ,brhma_/n_/z z ?r\gh true k h become l ,brahman1' c4 ,a significant in/ance 9 tru? ( ! /raits to :i* ?or\gh-go+ sy/ematis]s ( ! ,upani%ads see !mselves r$uc$ occasionally6 ,b we return to ! po9t :i* j n[ *iefly int]e/s u4 ,:e!r _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretation ( ! *apt]1 & especially ( section #f1 be "r or wrong1 s mu* is c]ta9 t we are n entitl$ to view all ^? texts :i* speak ( ! s\l go+ to ! _w ( ,brahman z belong+ to ! s-call$ l[] k1 because a few o!r passages decl>e t ! sage does n g to ,brahman4 ,! text :i* decl>es ! sage free f desires to become "o ) ,brahman c\ld n1 )\t due discrim9ation1 be us$ to def9e & limit ! mean+ ( o!r passages met ) 9 ! same ,upani%ad ev5--= z we h rem>k$ above ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka conta9s pieces manife/ly belong+ to diff]5t /ages ( developm5t2--mu* less does x entitle u to put arbitr>y con/ructions on passages =m+ "p ( o!r ,upani%ads4 ,hi/orically ! disagreem5t ( ! v>i\s acc\nts is easy to und]/&4 ,! old] notion 0 t ! s\l ( ! wise man proce$s along ! pa? ( ! gods to ,brahman's abode4 ,a lat]--&1 if we l1 m philosophic--conception is t1 z ,brahman already is a man's ,self1 !re is no ne$ ( any motion on man's "p to rea* ,brahman4 ,we may ev5 apply to ^? two views ! t]ms ap> & p>--l[] & high]--k4 ,b we mu/ n all[ any comm5tator to induce u to believe t :at he f 8 advanc$ /&po9t looks ^u z an inf]ior k9d ( cognition1 0 view$ 9 ! same light by ! au?ors ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,we turn to ano!r ,upani%ad text likewise t\*+ ^u ! po9t consid]$ 9 :at prec$es1 viz4 ! second ,brhma_/n_/a ( ! ?ird adhyya ( ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka4 ,! discussion !re fir/ turns ^u ! grahas & atigrahas1 i4e4 ! s5ses & organs & _! objects1 & ,yjavalkya !reupon expla9s t dea?1 by :i* ev]y?+ is ov]come1 is itself ov]come by wat]2 = dea? is fire4 ,! colloquy !n turns to :at we mu/ consid] an altoge!r new topic1 rtabhga ask+1 ',:5 ?is man 7ayam puru%a7 dies1 d ! vital spirits dep>t f him or n8' & ,yjavalkya answ]+1 ',no1 !y are ga!r$ up 9 him2 he swells1 he is inflat$2 inflat$ ! dead 7body7 is ly+4'--,n[ ?is is = _/,s_/ank>a an important passage1 z we h already se5 above 7p4 lxxxi72 = he employs x1 9 8 comm5t on ,v$4-stra ,,iv1 #b1 #ac1 = ! purpose ( prov+ t ! passage ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #f really means t ! vital spirits d n1 at ! mom5t ( dea?1 dep>t f ! true sage4 ,h5ce ! pres5t passage also mu/ ref] to him :o possesses ! highe/ k2 h5ce ! 'ayam puru%a' mu/ be 't man1' i4e4 ! man :o possesses ! highe/ k1 & ! highe/ k !n mu/ be f\nd 9 ! prec$+ clause :i* says t dea? itself may be conqu]$ by wat]4 ,b1 z ,rmnuja also rem>ks1 nei!r does ! context fav\r ! assumption t ! highe/ k is ref]r$ to1 nor d ! words ( section #aa conta9 any indication t :at is meant is ! m]g+ ( ! ,self ( ! true ,sage 9 ,brahman4 ,) ! int]pretation giv5 by ,rmnuja himself1 viz4 t ! pr_/n_/z d n dep>t f ! jva ( ! dy+ man1 b accompany x into a new body1 ,i c agree z little 7al?\gh he no d\bt rightly expla9s ! 'ayam puru%a' by 'man' 9 g5]al71 & am unable to see 9 ! passage any?+ m ?an a crude attempt to acc\nt = ! fact t a dead body appe>s swoll5 & inflat$4--,a little fur!r on 7section #ac7 rtabhga asks :at becomes ( ?is man 7ayam puru%a7 :5 8 spee* has ent]$ into ! fire1 8 brea? into ! air1 8 eye into ! sun1 c4 ,s mu* "h is cle> t we h no "r to und]/& by ! 'ayam puru%a' ( section #ac anybody diff]5t f ! 'ayam puru%a' ( ! two prec$+ sections2 9 spite ( ?is _/,s_/ank>a--accord+ to ^: sy/em ! organs ( ! true sage d n ent] into ! elem5ts1 b are directly m]g$ 9 ,brahman--expla9s ! 'ayam puru%a' ( section #ac to be ! 'asa_/m_/yagd>_/s_/91' i4e4 ! p]son :o has n ris5 to ! cognition ( ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,& /ill a fur!r limit+ int]pretation is requir$ by ! sy/em4 ,! asa_/m_/yagd>_/s_/9 also--:o z su* has to rema9 9 ! sa_/m_/sra--_c d )\t ! organs1 s9ce 8 jva :5 pass+ out ( ! old body into a new "o is inve/$ ) ! subtle body2 h5ce section #ac _c be tak5 z say+ :at x cle>ly does say1 viz4 t at dea? ! diff]5t organs pass into ! diff]5t elem5ts1 b z m]ely indicat+ t ! organs are ab&on$ by ! div9ities :i*1 dur+ lifetime1 presid$ ov] !m6 ,! :ole ?ird adhyya inde$ ( ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka af=ds ample pro( ( ! artificial "* ( _/,s_/ank>a's attempts to %[ t ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads foll[s a def9ite sy/em4 ,! eigh? brhma_/n_/a1 = in/ance1 is said to convey ! doctr9e ( ! highe/ non-relat$ ,brahman1 :ile ! prec$+ brhma_/n_/z _h treat$ only ( _/s_/v>a 9 8 v>i\s aspects4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 brhma_/n_/a #h1 aft] hav+1 9 section #h1 repres5t$ ,brahman z de/itute ( all qualities1 proce$s1 9 ! next section1 to describe t v same ,brahman z ! rul] ( ! _w1 ',by ! comm& ( t ,imp]i%able sun & moon /& ap>t1' c42 a cle> indication t ! au?or ( ! ,upani%ad does n di/+ui% a high] & l[] ,brahman 9--_/,s_/ank>a's s5se4--,! prec$+ brhma_/n_/a 7#g7 treats ( ! ant>ym91 i4e4 ,brahman view$ z ! int]nal rul] ( ev]y?+4 ,?is1 accord+ to _/,s_/ank>a1 is ! l[] =m ( ,brahman call$ _/s_/v>a2 b we obs]ve t ! ant>ym9 z well z ! s-call$ highe/ ,brahman describ$ 9 section #h is1 at ! t]m9ation ( ! two sections1 *>act]is$ by means ( ! v same t]ms 7#g1 #bc3 ,unse5 b see+1 unhe>d b he>+1 c4 ,!re is no o!r se] b he1 !re is no o!r he>] b he1 c42 & #h1 #aa3 ,t ,brahman is unse5 b see+1 unhe>d b he>+1 c4 ,!re is no?+ t sees b x1 no?+ t he>s b x1 c474--,no?+ c be cle>] ?an t all ^! sections aim at describ+ "o & ! same be+1 & "k no?+ ( ! di/9ctions made by ! develop$ ,v$nta1 h[ev] valid ! latt] may be f a purely philosophic po9t ( view4 ,we may ref] to "o m simil> in/ance f ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad4 ,we !re meet 9 ,,iii1 #ad ) "o ( ! mo/ fam\s vidys describ+ ! nature ( ,brahman1 call$ aft] its reput$ au?or ! ,s_/nd_/ilya-vidy4 ,?is small vidy is decid$ly "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic texts2 x w\ld be difficult to po9t out ano!r passage sett+ =? ) great] =ce & eloqu5ce & 9 an equally %ort compass ! c5tral doctr9e ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,yet ?is text1 :i*1 beyond d\bt1 gives utt]ance to ! highe/ conception ( ,brahman's nature t ,s_/nd_/ilya's ?\ght 0 able to rea*1 is by _/,s_/ank>a & 8 s*ool aga9 decl>$ to =m "p ( ! l[] vidy only1 because x repres5ts ,brahman z possess+ qualities4 ,x is1 accord+ to _! t]m9ology1 n j_/_/na1 i4e4 k1 b ! injunction ( a m]e upsan1 a dev\t m$itation on ,brahman 9 s f> z possess+ c]ta9 def9ite attributes su* z hav+ light = its =m1 hav+ true ?\ghts1 & s on4 ,! ,rmnujas1 on ! o!r h&1 quote ?is text ) pref]5ce z cle>ly describ+ ! nature ( _! highe/1 i4e4 _! "o ,brahman4 ,we aga9 all[ t _/,s_/ank>a is free to d5y t any text :i* ascribes qualities to ,brahman embodies absolute tru?2 b we also aga9 rem>k t !re is no reason :atev] = suppos+ t ,s_/nd_/ilya1 or :oev] may h be5 ! au?or ( t vidy1 look$ ^u x z any?+ else b a /atem5t ( ! highe/ tru? accessible to man4 ,we return to ! "q z to ! true philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads1 ap>t f ! sy/ems ( ! comm5tators4--,f :at prec$es x w appe> ) suffici5t di/9ctness t1 if we und]/& by philosophy a philosophical sy/em coh]5t 9 all its p>ts1 free f all contradictions & all[+ room = all ! diff]5t /atem5ts made 9 all ! *ief ,upani%ads1 a philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads _c ev5 be spok5 (4 ,! v>i\s lucubrations on ,brahman1 ! _w1 & ! human s\l ( :i* ! ,upani%ads consi/ d n all[ !mselves to be sy/ematis$ simply because !y 7 nev] meant to =m a sy/em4 _/,s_/_/nd_/ilya's views z to ! nature ( ,brahman did n 9 all details agree ) ^? ( ,yj_/_/avalkya1 & ,uddlaka diff]$ f bo?4 ,9 ?is !re is no?+ to wond] at1 & ! burd5 ( pro( re/s altoge!r ) ^? :o ma9ta9 t a l>ge numb] ( deta*$ philosophic & !ological diss]tations1 ascrib$ to diff]5t au?ors1 d\btless belong+ to diff]5t p]iods1 & n seldom manife/ly contradict+ ea* o!r1 admit ( be+ comb9$ into a p]fectly consi/5t :ole4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 assumes a diff]5t aspect1 if we take ! t]ms 'philosophy' & 'philosophical sy/em1' n 9 ! /rict s5se 9 :i* _/,s_/ank>a & o!r comm5tators are n afraid ( tak+ !m1 b z imply+ m]ely an agreem5t 9 c]ta9 fundam5tal features4 ,9 ?is latt] s5se we may inde$ und]take to indicate ! outl9es ( a philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads1 only keep+ 9 view t precision 9 details is n to be aim$ at4 ,& "h we f9ally see ourselves driv5 back altoge!r on ! texts !mselves1 & h to ackn[l$ge t ! help we receive f comm5tators1 to :atev] s*ool !y may belong1 is v inconsid]able4 ,=tunately x _c be ass]t$ t ! texts on ! :ole oppose v s]i\s difficulties to a "r und]/&+1 h[ev] obscure ! details (t5 are4 ,conc]n+ ! latt] we occasionally dep5d entirely on ! explanations v\*saf$ by ! s*olia/s1 b z f> z ! g5]al drift & _s ( ! texts are conc]n$1 we are q able to judge by ourselves1 & are ev5 specially qualifi$ to d s by hav+ no p>ticul> sy/em to advocate4 ,! po9t we w fir/ t\* ^u is ! same f :i* we />t$ :5 exam9+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,stras1 viz4 ! "q :e!r ! ,upani%ads ackn[l$ge a high] & l[] k 9 _/,s_/ank>a's s5se1 i4e4 a k ( a high] & a l[] ,brahman4 ,n[ ?is we f9d n to be ! case4 ,k is 9 ! ,upani%ads frequ5tly oppos$ to avdy1 by :i* latt] t]m we h to und]/& ignorance z to ,brahman1 abs5ce ( philosophic k2 &1 aga91 9 sev]al places we f9d ! k ( ! sacrificial "p ( ! ,v$a ) its supplem5t>y discipl9es contra/$ z inf]ior ) ! k ( ! ,self2 to :i* latt] di/9ction ! ,mu_/nd_/aka ,up4 7,i1 #d7 applies ! t]ms ap> & p> vdy4 ,b a =mal recognition ( ! ess5tial diff]5ce ( ,brahman be+ view$1 on ! "o h&1 z possess+ di/9ctive attributes1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 z devoid ( all su* attributes is n to be met ) any:]e4 ,brahman is inde$ sometimes describ$ z sagu_/n_/a & sometimes z nirgu_/n_/a 7to use lat] t]ms72 b x is n[h]e said t !reon re/s a di/9ction ( two diff]5t k9ds ( k lead+ to altoge!r diff]5t results4 ,! k ( ,brahman is "o1 "u :atev] aspects x is view$2 h5ce ! circum/ance 7already exemplifi$ above7 t 9 ! same vidys x is spok5 ( z sagu_/n_/a z well z nirgu_/n_/a4 ,:5 ! m9d ( ! writ] dwells on ! fact t ,brahman is t f :i* all ?is _w orig9ates1 & 9 :i* x re/s1 he naturally applies to x di/9ctive attributes po9t+ at its relation to ! _w2 ,brahman1 !n1 is call$ ! ,self & life ( all1 ! inw>d rul]1 ! omnisci5t ,"l1 & s on4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! au?or foll[s out ! idea t ,brahman may be view$ 9 itself z ! my/]i\s reality ( :i* ! :ole expanse ( ! _w is only an outw>d manife/ation1 !n x /rikes him t no idea or t]m d]iv$ f s5sible exp]i5ce c rightly be appli$ to x1 t no?+ m may be pr$icat$ ( x b t x is nei!r ?is nor t4 ,b ^! are only two aspects ( ! cognition ( "o & ! same entity4 ,closely connect$ ) ! "q z to ! d\ble nature ( ! ,brahman ( ! ,upani%ads is ! "q z to _! tea*+ ,my4--,f ,colebrooke d[nw>ds ! majority ( ,european writ]s h incl9$ t[>ds ! op9ion t ! doctr9e ( ,my1 i4e4 ( ! unreal illusory "* ( ! s5sible _w1 does n con/itute a feature ( ! primitive philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads1 b 0 introduc$ into ! sy/em at "s lat] p]iod1 :e!r by ,bd>ya_/n_/a or _/,s_/ank>a or somebody else4 ,! opposite view1 viz4 t ! doctr9e ( ,my =ms an integral elem5t ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads1 is impli$ 9 !m ev]y:]e1 & enunciat$ m or less di/9ctly 9 m ?an "o place1 has 9 rec5t times be5 advocat$ ) mu* =ce by ,mr4 ,g\gh 9 ! n9? *apt] ( 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,9 8 ,matriaux1 c4 ,m4 ,paul ,rgnaud rem>ks t '! doctr9e ( ,my1 al?\gh impli$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads1 c\ld h>dly become cle> & explicit be=e ! sy/em _h rea*$ a /age ( developm5t necessitat+ a *oice betwe5 admitt+ two co-exi/5t et]nal pr9ciples 7:i* became ! basis ( ! ,snkhya philosophy71 & accept+ ! pr$om9ance ( ! intellectual pr9ciple1 :i* 9 ! end necess>ily l$ to ! negation ( ! opposite pr9ciple4'--,to ! two alt]natives "h ref]r$ to z possible we1 h[ev]1 h to add a ?ird "o1 viz4 t =m ( ! ,v$nta ( :i* ! !ory ( ! ,bhgavatas or ,rmnujas is ! mo/ em95t type1 & accord+ to :i* ,brahman c>ries )9 its own nature an elem5t f :i* ! mat]ial univ]se orig9ates2 an elem5t :i* inde$ is n an indep5d5t entity l ! pradhna ( ! ,snkhyas1 b :i* at ! same "t is n an unreal ,my b q z real z any o!r "p ( ,brahman's nature4 ,t a doctr9e ( ?is "* actually develop$ itself on ! basis ( ! ,upani%ads1 is a circum/ance :i* we cle>ly mu/ n lose sight (1 :5 attempt+ to det]m9e :at ! ,upani%ads !mselves are tea*+ conc]n+ ! "* ( ! _w4 ,9 enquir+ :e!r ! ,upani%ads ma9ta9 ! ,my doctr9e or n1 we mu/ proce$ ) ! same caution z reg>ds o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em1 i4e4 we mu/ refra9 f us+ unhesitat+ly1 & )\t c>eful consid]ation ( ! m]its ( ea* individual case1 ! tea*+--direct or inf]r$--( any "o passage to ! end ( det]m9+ ! drift ( ! tea*+ ( o!r passages4 ,we may admit t "s passages1 notably ( ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka1 conta9 at any rate ! g]m ( ! lat] develop$ ,my doctr9e#be1 & ?us r5d] x q intelligible t a sy/em l _/,s_/ank>a's %\ld evolve itself1 among o!rs1 out ( ! ,upani%ads2 b t af=ds no valid reason = int]pret+ ,my into o!r texts :i* give a v satisfactory s5se )\t t doctr9e1 or are ev5 cle>ly repugnant to x4 ,?is rem>k applies 9 ! v fir/ place to all ! acc\nts ( ! creation ( ! physical univ]se4 ,!re1 if any:]e1 ! illusional "* ( ! _w %\ld h be5 h9t$ at1 at lea/1 _h t !ory be5 held by ! au?ors ( ^? acc\nts2 b n a ^w to t effect is met ) any:]e4 ,! mo/ important ( ^? acc\nts--! "o giv5 9 ! six? *apt] ( ! ,*ndogya ,upani%ad--=ms no exception4 ,!re is absolutely no reason to assume t ! 's5d+ =?' ( ! elem5ts f ! primitive ,sat1 :i* is !re describ$ at l5g?1 0 by ! writ] ( t passage meant to repres5t a viv>ta r ?an a p>i_/n_/ma t ! process ( ! orig9ation ( ! physical univ]se has to be conceiv$ z any?+ else b a real manife/ation ( real p[]s hidd5 9 ! primeval ,self4 ,! introductory words1 address$ to _/,s_/vetaketu by ,uddlaka1 :i* are g5]ally appeal$ to z intimat+ ! unreal "* ( ! evolution ab\t to be describ$1 d n1 if view$ imp>tially1 intimate any su* ?+#bf4 ,= :at is capable ( be+ prov$1 & manife/ly meant to be prov$1 by ! illu/rative in/ances ( ! lump ( clay & ! nugget ( gold1 ?r\gh :i* !re are kn[n all ?+s made ( clay & gold8 ,m]ely t ?is :ole _w has ,brahman = its causal sub/ance1 j z clay is ! causal matt] ( e e>!n pot1 & gold ( e gold5 ornam5t1 b n t ! process ?r\gh :i* any causal sub/ance becomes an effect is an unreal "o4 ,we--includ+ ,uddlaka--may surely say t all e>!n pots are 9 reality no?+ b e>?--! e>!n pot be+ m]ely a special modification 7vikra7 ( clay :i* has a "n ( its own--)\t !reby committ+ ourselves to ! doctr9e t ! *ange ( =m1 :i* a lump ( clay und]goes :5 be+ fa%ion$ into a pot1 is n real b a m]e baseless illusion4 ,9 ! same light we h to view num]\s o!r passages :i* set =? ! successive emanations proce$+ f ! fir/ pr9ciple4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we meet 9 ! ,ka_/?_/a ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #aj1 9 ! s]ial enum]ation ( ! =ms ( exi/5ce int]v5+ betwe5 ! gross mat]ial _w & ! highe/ ,self 7! ,p]son71 ) ! 'avyk_/ri_/ta1' ! ,undevelop$1 imm$iately bel[ ! puru%a2 & :5 aga9 ! ,mu_/nd_/aka ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #b1 speaks ( ! 'high ,imp]i%able' high] ?an :i* is ! heav5ly ,p]son2 !re is no reason :atev] to see 9 t ',undevelop$' & t 'high ,imp]i%able' any?+ b t real elem5t 9 ,brahman f :i*1 z 9 ! ,rmnuja sy/em1 ! mat]ial univ]se spr+s by a process ( real developm5t4 ,we mu/ ( c\rse r5d] x q cle> to ourselves 9 :at s5se ! t]ms 'real' & 'unreal' h to be und]/ood4 ,! ,upani%ads no d\bt tea* emphatically t ! mat]ial _w does n owe its exi/5ce to any pr9ciple indep5d5t f ! ,"l l ! pradhna ( ! ,snkhyas2 ! _w is no?+ b a manife/ation ( ! ,"l's wond]ful p[]1 & h5ce is unsub/antial1 if we take ! t]m 'sub/ance' 9 its /rict s5se4 ,&1 aga91 ev]y?+ mat]ial is immeasurably inf]ior 9 nature to ! highe/ spiritual pr9ciple f :i* x has emanat$1 & :i* x n[ hides f ! individual s\l4 ,b nei!r unsub/antiality nor inf]iority ( ! k9d m5tion$ con/itutes unreality 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,my ( _/,s_/ank>a is unreal4 ,accord+ to ! latt] ! :ole _w is no?+ b an errone\s appe>ance1 z unreal z ! snake1 = :i* a piece ( rope is mi/ak5 by ! belat$ travell]1 & disappe>+ j z ! imag9$ snake does z soon z ! light ( true k has ris54 ,b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! impression left on ! m9d by a compreh5sive review ( ! ,upani%ads :i* dwells on _! g5]al scope1 & does n conf9e itself to ! undue urg+ ( :at may be impli$ 9 "s deta*$ passages4 ,! ,upani%ads d n call ^u u to look ^u ! :ole _w z a baseless illusion to be de/roy$ by k2 ! great error :i* !y admoni% u to rel9qui% is r t ?+s h a sep>ate individual exi/5ce1 & are n ti$ toge!r by ! bond ( be+ all ( !m effects ( ,brahman1 or ,brahman itself4 ,!y d n say t true k sublates ?is false _w1 z _/,s_/ank>a says1 b t x enables ! sage to extricate himself f ! _w--! inf]ior mrta rpa ( ,brahman1 to use an expression ( ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka--& to become "o ) ,brahman 9 its highe/ =m4 ',we are to see ev]y?+ 9 ,brahman1 & ,brahman 9 ev]y?+2' ! natural mean+ ( ?is is1 'we are to look ^u ?is :ole _w z a true manife/ation ( ,brahman1 z sprung f x & animat$ by x4' ,! myvd9 has inde$ appropriat$ ! above say+ also1 & int]pret$ x s z to fall 9 ) 8 !ory2 b he is able to d s only by p]v]t+ its manife/ s5se4 ,= him x w\ld be appropriate to say1 n t ev]y?+ we see is 9 ,brahman1 b r t ev]y?+ we see is out ( ,brahman1 viz4 z a false appe>ance spread ov] x & hid+ x f u4 ,/ress has be5 laid#bg ^u c]ta9 passages ( ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka :i* seem to h9t at ! unreality ( ?is _w by qualify+ t]ms1 indicative ( duality or plurality ( exi/5ce1 by means ( an add$ 'iva1' i4e4 'z x 7' 7yatrnyad iva syt2 yatra dvaitam iva bhavati2 tm dhyyatva lelyatva74 ,^? passages no d\bt readily l5d !mselves to ,my int]pretations1 & x is by no means impossible t 9 _! au?or's m9d !re 0 some?+ l an undevelop$ ,my doctr9e4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 rem>k t !y1 on ! o!r h&1 also admit ( easy int]pretations n 9 any way presuppos+ ! !ory ( ! unreality ( ! _w4 ,if ,yj_/_/avalkya ref]s to ! latt] z t ':]e !re is some?+ else z x 71 :]e !re is duality z x 71' he may simply mean to indicate t ! ord9>y op9ion1 accord+ to :i* ! individual =ms ( exi/5ce ( ! _w are oppos$ to ea* o!r z altoge!r sep>ate1 is a mi/ak5 "o1 all ?+s be+ "o 9 s f> z !y spr+ f--& are p>ts (--,brahman4 ,?is w\ld 9 no way involve duality or plurality be+ unreal 9 _/,s_/ank>a's s5se1 n any m ?an1 = in/ance1 ! modes ( ,sp9oza are unreal because1 accord+ to t philosoph]1 !re is only "o univ]sal sub/ance4 ,& ) reg>d to ! clause '! ,self ?9ks z x 7' x has to be not$ t accord+ to ! comm5tators ! 'z x 7' is meant to indicate t truly n ! ,self is ?9k+1 b ! upadhis1 i4e4 especially ! manas ) :i* ! ,self is connect$4 ,b :e!r ^! upadhis are ! m]e (fspr+ ( ,my1 z _/,s_/ank>a ?9ks1 or real =ms ( exi/5ce1 z ,rmnuja tea*es1 is an altoge!r diff]5t "q4 ,i d n wi%1 h[ev]1 to urge ^! la/ obs]vations1 & am ready to admit t n impossibly ^? iva's indicate t ! ?\ght ( ! writ] :o employ$ !m 0 d>kly lab\r+ ) a conception ak9 to--al?\gh mu* less explicit ?an--! ,my ( _/,s_/ank>a4 ,b :at ,i object to is1 t conclusions drawn f a few passages (1 aft] all1 d\btful import %\ld be employ$ = introduc+ ! ,my doctr9e into o!r passages :i* d n ev5 h9t at x1 & are fully intelligible )\t x4#bh ,! la/ important po9t 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads we h to t\* ^u is ! relation ( ! jvas1 ! individual s\ls to ! highe/ ,self4 ,! special views reg>d+ t po9t held by _/,s_/ank>a & ,rmnuja1 z h be5 /at$ be=e4 ,confront+ _! !ories ) ! texts ( ! ,upani%ads we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 admit )\t hesitation1 t _/,s_/ank>a's doctr9e fai?fully repres5ts ! prevail+ tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads 9 "o important po9t at lea/1 viz4 !re9 t ! s\l or ,self ( ! sage--:atev] its orig9al relation to ,brahman may be--is 9 ! end completely m]g$ & indi/+ui%ably lo/ 9 ! univ]sal ,self4 ,a di/9ction1 repeat$ly allud$ to be=e1 has inde$ to be kept 9 view "h also4 ,c]ta9 texts ( ! ,upani%ads describe ! s\l's go+ upw>ds1 on ! pa? ( ! gods1 to ! _w ( ,brahman1 :]e x dwells = unnumb]$ ye>s1 i4e4 = ev]4 ,^? texts1 z a type ( :i* we may take1 ! passage ,kau%t4 ,up4 ,i--! fundam5tal text ( ! ,rmnujas conc]n+ ! s\l's fate aft] dea?--belong to an e>li] /age ( philosophic developm5t2 !y manife/ly ascribe to ! s\l a cont9u$ individual exi/5ce4 ,b mix$ ) texts ( ?is class !re are o!rs 9 :i* ! f9al absolute id5tification ( ! individual ,self ) ! univ]sal ,self is indicat$ 9 t]ms ( unmi/akable pla9ness4 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman & becomes ,brahman2' 'he :o kn[s ,brahman becomes all ?is2' 'z ! fl[+ riv]s disappe> 9 ! sea los+ _! "n & =m1 ?us a wise man goes to ! div9e p]son4' ,& if we look to ! :ole1 to ! prevail+ _s ( ! ,upani%ads1 we may call ! doctr9e embodi$ 9 passages ( ! latt] nature ! doctr9e ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,x is1 moreov]1 support$ by ! frequ5tly & cle>ly /at$ !ory ( ! individual s\ls be+ m]g$ 9 ,brahman 9 ! /ate ( deep dreamless sleep4 ,x is mu* m difficult to indicate ! precise tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads conc]n+ ! orig9al relation ( ! individual s\l to ! highe/ ,self1 al?\gh !re c be no d\bt t x has to be view$ z proce$+ f ! latt]1 & someh[ =m+ a "p ( x4 ,negatively we are entitl$ to say t ! doctr9e1 accord+ to :i* ! s\l is m]ely brahma bhrntam or brahma mayopadhikam1 is 9 no way c\nt5anc$ by ! majority ( ! passages be>+ on ! "q4 ,if ! emission ( ! elem5ts1 describ$ 9 ! ,*ndogya & ref]r$ to above1 is a real process--( :i* we saw no reason to d\bt--! jva tman ) :i* ! highe/ ,self ent]s into ! emitt$ elem5ts is equally real1 a true "p or emanation ( ,brahman itself4 ,aft] hav+ 9 ?is way %ortly review$ ! *ief elem5ts ( ,v$ntic doctr9e accord+ to ! ,upani%ads1 we may briefly consid] _/,s_/ank>a's sy/em & mode ( int]pretation--) ^: details we _h frequ5t opportunities ( f9d+ fault--z a :ole4 ,x has be5 said be=e t ! task ( r$uc+ ! tea*+ ( ! :ole ( ! ,upani%ads to a sy/em consi/5t & free f contradictions is an intr9sically impossible "o4 ,b ! task once be+ giv51 we are q ready to admit t _/,s_/ank>a's sy/em is mo/ probably ! be/ :i* c be devis$4 ,:ile unable to all[ t ! ,upani%ads recognise a l[] & high] k ( ,brahman1 9 fact ! di/9ction ( a l[] & high] ,brahman1 we yet ackn[l$ge t ! adoption ( t di/9ction furni%es ! int]pret] ) an in/rum5t ( extraord9>y p[] = r$uc+ to an ord]ly :ole ! het]og5e\s mat]ial pres5t$ by ! old !osophic treatises4 ,?is becomes v manife/ z soon z we comp>e _/,s_/ank>a's sy/em ) t ( ,rmnuja4 ,! latt] recognises only "o ,brahman :i* is1 z we %\ld say1 a p]sonal ,god1 & he !re=e lays /ress on all ^? passages ( ! ,upani%ads :i* ascribe to ,brahman ! attributes ( a p]sonal ,god1 su* z omnisci5ce & omnipot5ce4 ,^? passages1 on ! o!r h&1 ^: decid$ t5d5cy x is to repres5t ,brahman z transc5d+ all qualities1 z "o undiff]5c$ mass ( imp]sonal intellig5ce1 ,rmnuja is unable to accept frankly & fairly1 & has to mis9t]pret !m m or less to make !m fall 9 ) 8 sy/em4 ,! same rem>k holds good ) reg>d to ^? texts :i* repres5t ! individual s\l z f9ally id5tify+ itself ) ,brahman2 ,rmnuja _c all[ a complete id5tification b m]ely an assimilation c>ri$ z f> z possible4 _/,s_/ank>a1 on ! o!r h&1 by skilfully r++ ! *anges on a high] & a l[] doctr9e1 someh[ manages to f9d room = :atev] ! ,upani%ads h to say4 ,:]e ! text speaks ( ,brahman z transc5d+ all attributes1 ! highe/ doctr9e is set =?4 ,:]e ,brahman is call$ ! ,all-kn[+ rul] ( ! _w1 ! au?or means to prop\nd ! l[] k ( ! ,"l only4 ,& :]e ! leg5ds ab\t ! prim>y be+ & its way ( creat+ ! _w become some:at crude & gross1 ,hira_/n_/yag>bha & ,virj are summon$ =? & *>g$ ) ! responsibility4 ,( ,virj ,mr4 ,g\gh rem>ks 7p4 #ee7 t 9 him a place is provid$ by ! poets ( ! ,upani%ads = ! puru%a ( ! anci5t _/ri_/%is1 ! div9e be+ out ( :om ! visible & tangible _w proce$$4 ,?is is q true if only we sub/itute = ! 'poets ( ! ,upani%ads' ! fram]s ( ! or?odox ,v$nta sy/em--= ! ,upani%ads give no indication :atev] t by _! puru%a !y und]/& n ! simple old puru%a b ! ,virj occupy+ a def9ite position 9 a highly elaborate sy/em2--b ! m]e phrase1 'provid+ a place' intimates ) suffici5t cle>ness ! nature ( ! "w 9 :i* sy/ematis]s ( ! ,v$ntic doctr9e are engag$4 _/,s_/ank>a's me?od ?us enables him 9 a c]ta9 way to d ju/ice to diff]5t /ages ( hi/orical developm5t1 to recognise cle>ly exi/+ diff]5ces :i* o!r sy/ematis]s are int5t on oblit]at+4 ,& !re has yet to be made a fur!r & ev5 m important admission 9 fav\r ( 8 sy/em4 ,x is n only m pliable1 m capable ( amalgamat+ het]og5e\s mat]ial ?an o!r sy/ems1 b its fundam5tal doctr9es are manife/ly 9 great] h>mony ) ! ess5tial tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads ?an ^? ( o!r ,v$ntic sy/ems4 ,above we 7 unable to all[ t ! di/9ction made by _/,s_/ank>a betwe5 ,brahman & _/s_/v>a is kn[n to ! ,upani%ads2 b we mu/ n[ admit t if1 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! nature ( ! highe/ be+1 a *oice has to be made betwe5 ^? texts :i* repres5t ,brahman z nirgu_/n_/a1 & ^? :i* ascribe to x p]sonal attributes1 _/,s_/ank>a is "r 9 giv+ pref]5ce to texts ( ! =m] k9d4 ,! ,brahman ( ! old ,upani%ads1 f :i* ! s\ls spr+ to enjoy individual consci\sness 9 _! wak+ /ate1 & into :i* !y s9k back tempor>ily 9 ! /ate ( deep dreamless sleep & p]man5tly 9 dea?1 is c]ta9ly n repres5t$ adequately by ! /rictly p]sonal _/s_/v>a ( ,rmnuja1 :o rules ! _w 9 wisdom & m]cy4 ,! old] ,upani%ads1 at any rate1 lay v little /ress ^u p]sonal attributes ( _! highe/ be+1 & h5ce _/,s_/ank>a is "r 9 s f> z he assigns to 8 hypo/atis$ p]sonal _/s_/v>a#bi a l[] place ?an to 8 absolute ,brahman4 ,t he also fai?fully repres5ts ! prevail+ _s ( ! ,upani%ads 9 8 !ory ( ! ultimate fate ( ! s\l1 we h already rem>k$ above4 ,& al?\gh ! ,my doctr9e _c1 9 my op9ion1 be said to =m "p ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads1 x _c yet be ass]t$ to contradict x op5ly1 because ! v po9t :i* x is meant to elucidate1 viz4 ! mode 9 :i* ! physical univ]se & ! multiplicity ( individual s\ls orig9ate1 is left by ! ,upani%ads v mu* 9 ! d>k4 ,! lat] gr[? ( ! ,my doctr9e on ! basis ( ! ,upani%ads is !re=e q intelligible1 & ,i fully agree ) ,mr4 ,g\gh :5 he says reg>d+ x t !re has be5 no addition to ! sy/em f )\t b only a developm5t f )91 no graft b only gr[?4 ,! l9es ( ?\ght :i* f9ally l$ to ! elaboration ( ! full-bl[n ,my !ory may be trac$ ) consid]able c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 deep5+ speculation on ,brahman t5d$ to ! notion ( advaita be+ tak5 9 a m & m /rict s5se1 z imply+ n only ! exclusion ( any second pr9ciple ext]nal to ,brahman1 b also ! abs5ce ( any elem5ts ( duality or plurality 9 ! nature ( ! "o univ]sal be+ itself2 a t5d5cy agree+ ) ! _s ( a c]ta9 set ( texts f ! ,upani%ads4 ,& z ! fact ( ! appe>ance ( a manifold _w _c be d5i$1 ! only way op5 to ?or\ghly consi/5t speculation 0 to d5y at any rate its reality1 & to call x a m]e illusion due to an unreal pr9ciple1 ) :i* ,brahman is inde$ associat$1 b :i* is unable to break ! unity ( ,brahman's nature j on acc\nt ( its own unreality4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 a m ?or\gh foll[+ out ( ! conception t ! union ) ,brahman is to be rea*$ ?r\gh true k only1 n unnaturally l$ to ! conclusion t :at sep>ates u 9 our un5light5$ /ate f ,brahman is su* z to all[ itself to be completely sublat$ by an act ( k2 is1 9 o!r words1 no?+ else b an errone\s notion1 an illusion4--,a fur!r circum/ance :i* may n impossibly h co-op]at$ to fur!r ! developm5t ( ! !ory ( ! _w's unreality w be ref]r$ to lat] on4#cj ,we h above be5 oblig$ to leave x an op5 "q :at k9d ( ,v$nta is repres5t$ by ! ,v$nta-stras1 al?\gh reason 0 %[n = ! supposition t 9 "s important po9ts _! tea*+ is m closely relat$ to ! sy/em ( ,rmnuja ?an to t ( _/,s_/ank>a4 ,if s1 ! philosophy ( _/,s_/ank>a w\ld on ! :ole /& ne>] to ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads ?an ! ,stras ( ,bd>ya_/n_/a4 ,?is w\ld inde$ be a some:at unexpect$ conclusion--=1 judg+ a priori1 we %\ld be m incl9$ to assume a direct propagation ( ! true doctr9e ( ! ,upani%ads ?r\gh ,bd>ya_/n_/a to _/,s_/ank>a--b a priori consid]ations h ( c\rse no weight aga9/ positive evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 o!r facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,indian philosophy & !ology :i* help u bett] to appreciate ! possibility ( ,bd>ya_/n_/a's ,stras already sett+ =? a doctr9e t lays great] /ress on ! p]sonal "* ( ! highe/ be+ ?an is 9 agreem5t ) ! prevail+ t5d5cy ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,t ! pure doctr9e ( ^? anci5t ,brahm9ical treatises und]w5t at a r e>ly p]iod amalgamations ) beliefs :i* mo/ probably _h sprung up 9 altoge!r diff]5t--prie/ly or non-prie/ly--communities is a well-kn[n circum/ance2 x suffices = our purposes to ref] to ! mo/ em95t ( ! e>ly lit]>y monum5ts 9 :i* an amalgamation ( ! k9d m5tion$ is obs]vable1 viz4 ! ,bhagavadgt4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,bhagavadgt repres5ts a fusion ( ! ,brahman !ory ( ! ,upani%ads ) ! belief 9 a p]sonal highe/ be+--,k_/ri_/%_/n_/a or ,vi%_/n_/u--:i* 9 _m respects approximates v closely to ! sy/em ( ! ,bhgavatas2 ! attempts ( a c]ta9 set ( ,indian comm5tators to expla9 x z sett+ =? pure ,v$nta1 i4e4 ! pure doctr9e ( ! ,upani%ads1 may simply be set aside4 ,b ?is same ,bhagavadgt is quot$ 9 ,bd>ya_/n_/a's ,stras 7at lea/ accord+ to ! unanim\s explanations ( ! mo/ em95t s*olia/s ( diff]5t s*ools7 z inf]ior to _/,s_/ruti only 9 au?ority4 ,! ,stras1 moreov]1 ref] 9 diff]5t places to c]ta9 ,v$ntic portions ( ! ,mahbhrata1 especially ! twelf? book1 sev]al ( :i* repres5t =ms ( ,v$nta di/9ctly diff]+ f _/,s_/ank>a's tea*+1 & closely relat$ to ! sy/em ( ! ,bhgavatas4 ,facts ( ?is nature--f ent]+ into ! details ( :i* we are prev5t$ by want ( space--t5d to mitigate ! prim facie /rang5ess ( ! assumption t ! ,v$nta-stras1 :i* occupy an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! ,upani%ads & _/,s_/ank>a1 %\ld yet div]ge 9 _! tea*+ f bo?4 ,! ,v$nta ( ,gau_/d_/apda & _/,s_/ank>a w\ld 9 t case m>k a /rictly or?odox reaction aga9/ all comb9ations ( non-,v$ic elem5ts ( belief & doctr9e ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,b al?\gh ?is =m ( doctr9e has ev] s9ce _/,s_/ank>a's "t be5 ! "o mo/ g5]ally accept$ by ,brahm9ic /ud5ts ( philosophy1 x has nev] _h any wide-rea*+ influ5ce on ! masses ( ,india4 ,x is too little 9 sympa?y ) ! wants ( ! human he>t1 :i*1 aft] all1 are n s v diff]5t 9 ,india f :at !y are else:]e4 ,comp>atively few1 ev5 9 ,india1 are ^? :o rejoice 9 ! idea ( a univ]sal non-p]sonal ess5ce 9 :i* _! own individuality is to be m]g$ & lo/ = ev]1 :o ?9k x sweet 'to be wreck$ on ! ocean ( ! ,inf9ite4'#ca ,! only =ms ( ,v$ntic philosophy :i* are--& c at any "t h be5--really popul>1 are ^? 9 :i* ! ,brahman ( ! ,upani%ads has someh[ trans=m$ itself into a be+1 betwe5 :i* & ! devotee !re c exi/ a p]sonal relation1 love & fai? on ! "p ( man1 ju/ice temp]$ by m]cy on ! "p ( ! div9ity4 ,! only religi\s books ( widespread influ5ce are su* z ! ,rmyan ( ,tulsids1 :i* lay no /ress on ! di/9ction betwe5 an absolute ,brahman inaccessible to all human wants & sympa?ies1 & a %ad[y ,"l ^: v conception dep5ds on ! illusory pr9ciple ( ,my1 b love to dwell on ! delights ( devotion to "o all-wise & m]ciful rul]1 :o is able & will+ to l5d a graci\s e> to ! supplication ( ! wor%ipp]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pres5t translation ( ! ,v$nta-stras does n aim at r5d]+ t s5se :i* _! au?or may h aim$ at convey+1 b /rictly foll[s _/,s_/ank>a's int]pretation4 ,! "q z to h[ f> ! latt] agrees ) ! views held by ,bd>ya_/n_/a has be5 discuss$ above1 ) ! result t = ! pres5t x mu/1 on ! :ole1 be left an op5 "o4 ,9 any case x w\ld n be feasible to comb9e a translation ( _/,s_/ank>a's comm5t>y ) an indep5d5t v]sion ( ! ,stras :i* x expla9s4 ,simil> consid]ations h det]m9$ ! me?od foll[$ 9 r5d]+ ! passages ( ! ,upani%ads ref]r$ to 9 ! ,stras & discuss$ at l5g? by _/,s_/ank>a4 ,!re also ! views ( ! comm5tator h to be foll[$ closely2 o!rwise mu* ( ! comm5t w\ld appe> devoid ( mean+4 ,h5ce1 :ile ( c\rse foll[+ on ! :ole ! critical translation publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] 9 ! e>li] volumes ( ?is ,s]ies1 ,i _h1 9 a n inconsid]able numb] ( cases1 to modify x s z to r5d] intelligible _/,s_/ank>a's explanations & reason+s4 ,i hope to f9d space 9 ! introduction to ! second volume ( ?is translation = mak+ "s g5]al rem>ks on ! me?od to be foll[$ 9 translat+ ! ,upani%ads4 ,i regret t want ( space has prev5t$ me f extract+ full] notes f lat] s*olia/s4 ,! notes giv5 are bas$1 mo/ ( !m1 on ! _/t_/ks compos$ by n&agiri & ,gov9dn&a 7! =m] ( :i* is unpubli%$ z yet1 s f> z ,i "k71 & on ! ,bhmat4 ,my be/ ?anks are due to ,pa_/nd_/its ,rma ,mi_/s_/ra _/,s_//r9 & ,gangdh>a _/,s_//r9 ( ! ,b5>es ,sanskrit ,college1 :om ,i h consult$ on sev]al difficult passages4 ,great] /ill are my obligations to ,pa_/nd_/x ,ke_/s_/ava _/,s_//r91 ( ! same in/itution1 :o mo/ k9dly und]took to read a pro( ( ! :ole ( ! pres5t volume1 & ^: advice has enabl$ me to r5d] my v]sion ( m ?an "o passage m def9ite or correct4 ,notes3 ,footnote #ai3 ,nanu vidu%o z pi setik>tavyatkopsananirv_/ri_/ttaye v_/ri_/%yanndiphaln%_/t_/ny eva ka?a_/m_/ te%_/m_/ virodhd v9_/s_/a u_/k_/yate4 ,tatrha pte tv iti4 _/,s_/arrapte tu te%_/m_/ v9_/s_/a_/h_/ _/s_/arraptd rdhv_/m_/ tu vidynugu_/n_/ad_/ri_/%_/t_/aphalni suk_/ri_/tni na_/s_/yantty ar?a_/h_/4 ,footnote #bj3 ,upalabhyate hi devayn5a pan? ga_/kkh_/ato vidu%as tam pratibruyt satyam bryd iti _/k_/&ramas sa_/m_/vdava_/k_/an5a _/s_/arrasadbhva_/h_/1 ata_/h_/ sk%ma_/s_/arram anuv>tate4 ,footnote #ba3 ,:5 ! jva has pass$ out ( ! body & asc5ds to ! _w ( ,brahman1 x rema9s envelop$ by ! subtle body until x rea*es ! riv] ,vij>4 ,!re x dive/s itself ( ! subtle body1 & ! latt] is m]g$ 9 ,brahman44 ,footnote #bb3 ,kim aya_/m_/ p>a_/m_/1 yotir upasampanna_/h_/ saivab&hav9irmukta_/h_/ pratyagatma svatmana_/m_/ p>amtmana_/h_/ p_/rit_/hagbhutam anubhavati uta tatprahratay tadavibhaktam iti visnye s1 _/s_/nate s>vn kamn saha brahma_/n_/ vipas_/k_/x pasya_/h_/ pasyate rukmav>_/n_/a_/m_/ k>t>am sa_/m_/ puru%a_/m_/ brahmayoni_/m_/ tad vidv9 pu_/n_/yapape vidhuya niragana_/h_/ p>ama_/m_/ smyam upaiti ida_/m_/ janam upasritya mama sdh>9yam gata_/h_/ s>ve1 punopajyante pralay5a vya?anti _/k_/etyadysruysm_/nt_/ibhyo mukta/a p>e_/n_/a shityasmyasdh>myvagamt p_/ri_/?agbhutam anubhavatu prpte u_/k_/yate4 ,avibhg5eti4 ,p>asmd brahmana_/h_/ svatmanam avibhg5nubhavati mukta_/h_/4 ,kuta_/h_/4 ,d_/ri_/%tatvt4 ,p>a_/m_/ brahmopasampadya niv_/ri_/ttavidynrodhanasya ya?ta?y5a svtamano d_/ri_/%_/ta_/tvt4 ,svatmana_/h_/ ssv>pa_/m_/ hi tat tvam asy ayam tm brahma aitadtmyam ida_/m_/ s>va_/m_/ s>va_/m_/ khalv ida_/m_/ brahnetydismndhik>a_/n_/yanirdesai_/h_/ ya tmani ti%tan atmano nt>o yam tm na v$a ya/atm s>ra_/m_/ ya tmnam ant>o yamayati tmnt>yamy am_/ri_/tah anta_/h_/ pravi%ta_/h_/ s/ annm itydibhis _/k_/a p>amatmtmaka_/m_/ ta_/kk_/h>tatay tatpraktabhtam iti pratipditam ava%itei iti kasak_/ri_//nety atrto vibhag5aha_/m_/ brahmsmty cvanubhavati4 ,footnote #bc3 _/,s_/ank>a's fav\rite illu/rative in/ance ( ! magician produc+ illusive sights is--significantly en\gh--n kn[n to ! ,stras4 ,footnote #bd3 ,cp4 ,g\gh's ,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads1 pp4 #bdj ff4 ,footnote #be3 ,x is well kn[n t1 ) ! exception ( ! _/,s_/vitsvat>a & ,maitryanya1 none ( ! *ief ,upani%ads exhibits ! ^w 'my4' ,! t]m inde$ occurs 9 "o place 9 ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka2 b t passage is a quotation f ! _/,ri_/k ,sa_/m_/bit 9 :i* my means 'creative p[]4' ,cp4 ,p4 ,rgnaud1 ,la ,my1 9 ! ,revue de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 tome xii1 ,no4 #c1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #bf3 ,z is demon/rat$ v satisfactorily by ,rmnuja4 ,footnote #bg3 ,g\gh1 ,philosophy ( ! ,upani%ads pp4 #bac ff4 ,footnote #bh3 ,i _c discuss 9 ?is place ! ,my passages ( ! ,svetsvat>a & ! ,maitryanya ,upani%ads4 ,reasons :i* want ( space prev5ts me f sett+ =? 9 detail induce me to believe t nei!r ( ^? two treatises des]ves to be consid]$ by u :5 wi%+ to asc]ta9 ! true immix$ doctr9e ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,footnote #bi3 ,! _/s_/v>a :o allots to ! individual s\ls _! new =ms ( embodim5t 9 /rict accordance ) _! m]it or dem]it _c be call$ any?+ else b a p]sonal ,god4 ,t ?is p]sonal consci\s be+ is at ! same "t id5tifi$ ) ! totality ( ! individual s\ls 9 ! unconsci\s /ate ( deep dreamless sleep1 is "o ( ^? extraord9>y contradictions :i* ?or\gh-go+ sy/ematis]s ( ,v$ntic doctr9e are app>5tly unable to avoid altoge!r4 ,footnote #cj3 ,t section ( ! introduction 9 :i* ! po9t ref]r$ to 9 ! text is t\*$ ^u w ,i hope =m "p ( ! second volume ( ! translation4 ,! same rem>k applies to a po9t conc]n+ :i* fur!r in=mation _h be5 promis$ above on page v4 ,footnote #ca3 ,cos tra que/a ,imm5sit s'annega il p5si] mio1 ,e il naufrago m' e dolce 9 qne/o m>e4 ,,leop>di4 ,,v$,,nta-,s,,tras ,,) _/,s_/,a,,nk>a ,,bh,,%ya4 _/,s_/,a,,nk>a',s ,,introduction ,,fir/ ,,adhy,,ya4 ,,fir/ ,p,,da4 ,,rev]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,augu/ ,v,,sudeva6 ,x is a matt] n requir+ any pro( t ! object & ! subject#cb ^: respective sph]es are ! notion ( ! ',?\' 7! ,non-,ego#cc7 & ! ',ego1' & :i* are oppos$ to ea* o!r z mu* z d>kness & light are1 _c be id5tifi$4 ,all ! less c _! respective attributes be id5tifi$4 ,h5ce x foll[s t x is wrong to sup]impose#cd ^u ! subject--^: ,self is intellig5ce1 & :i* has = its sph]e ! notion ( ! ,ego--! object ^: sph]e is ! notion ( ! ,non-,ego1 & ! attributes ( ! object1 & vice v]s to sup]impose ! subject & ! attributes ( ! subject on ! object4 ,9 spite ( ?is x is on ! "p ( man a natural#ce proc$ure--:i* :i* has its cause 9 wrong k--n to di/+ui% ! two entities 7object & subject7 & _! respective attributes1 al?\gh !y are absolutely di/9ct1 b to sup]impose ^u ea* ! *>act]i/ic nature & ! attributes ( ! o!r1 & ?us1 c\pl+ ! ,real & ! ,unreal#cf1 to make use ( expressions su* z ',t am ,i1' ',t is m9e4#cg'--;,b :at h we to und]/& by ! t]m 'sup]imposition8'--,! app>5t pres5tation1 9 ! =m ( remembrance1 to consci\sness ( some?+ previ\sly obs]v$1 9 "s o!r ?+4#ch ,"s inde$ def9e ! t]m 'sup]imposition' z ! sup]imposition ( ! attributes ( "o ?+ on ano!r ?+4#ci ,o!rs1 aga91 def9e sup]imposition z ! error f\nd$ on ! non-appreh5sion ( ! diff]5ce ( t :i* is sup]impos$ f t on :i* x is sup]impos$4#dj ,o!rs#da1 aga91 def9e x z ! fictiti\s assumption ( attributes contr>y to ! nature ( t ?+ on :i* some?+ else is sup]impos$4 ,b all ^! def9itions agree 9 s f> z !y repres5t sup]imposition z ! app>5t pres5tation ( ! attributes ( "o ?+ 9 ano!r ?+4 ,& !re) agrees also ! popul> view :i* is exemplifi$ by expressions su* z ! foll[+3 ',"m-(-pe>l appe>s l silv]1' ',! moon al?\gh "o only appe>s z if %e 7 d\ble4' ,b h[ is x possible t on ! int]ior ,self :i* itself is n an object !re %\ld be sup]impos$ objects & _! attributes8 ,= e "o sup]imposes an object only on su* o!r objects z are plac$ be=e him 7i4e4 9 contact ) 8 s5se-organs71 & y h said be=e t ! int]ior ,self :i* is entirely disconnect$ f ! idea ( ! ,?\ 7! ,non-,ego7 is nev] an object4 ,x is n1 we reply1 non-object 9 ! absolute s5se4 ,= x is ! object ( ! notion ( ! ,ego#db1 & ! int]ior ,self is well kn[n to exi/ on acc\nt ( its imm$iate 7intuitive7 pres5tation4#dc ,nor is x an exceptionless rule t objects c be sup]impos$ only on su* o!r objects z are be=e u1 i4e4 9 contact ) our s5se-organs2 = non-disc]n+ m5 sup]impose on ! e!r1 :i* is n ! object ( s5su\s p]ception1 d>k-blue col\r4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! assumption ( ! ,non-,self be+ sup]impos$ on ! int]ior ,self is n unreasonable4 ,?is sup]imposition ?us def9$1 le>n$ m5 consid] to be ,nesci5ce 7avidy71 & ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! true nature ( t :i* is 7! ,self7 by means ( ! discrim9ation ( t 7:i* is sup]impos$ on ! ,self71 !y call k 7vidy74 ,!re be+ su* k 7nei!r ! ,self nor ! ,non-,self7 are affect$ 9 ! lea/ by any blemi% or 7good7 quality produc$ by _! mutual sup]imposition#dd4 ,! mutual sup]imposition ( ! ,self & ! ,non-,self1 :i* is t]m$ ,nesci5ce1 is ! presupposition on :i* !re base all ! practical di/9ctions--^? made 9 ord9>y life z well z ^? laid d[n by ! ,v$a--betwe5 means ( k1 objects ( k 7& kn[+ p]sons71 & all scriptural texts1 :e!r !y are conc]n$ ) injunctions & prohibitions 7( m]itori\s & non-m]itori\s actions71 or ) f9al release#de4--;,b h[ c ! means ( "r k su* z p]ception1 inf]5ce1 c41 & scriptural texts h = _! object t :i* is dep5d5t on ,nesci5ce#df8--;,because1 we reply1 ! means ( "r k _c op]ate unless !re be a kn[+ p]sonality1 & because ! exi/5ce ( ! latt] dep5ds on ! errone\s notion t ! body1 ! s5ses1 & s on1 are id5tical )1 or belong to1 ! ,self ( ! kn[+ p]son4 ,= )\t ! employm5t ( ! s5ses1 p]ception & ! o!r means ( "r k _c op]ate4 ,& )\t a basis 7i4e4 ! body#dg7 ! s5ses _c act4 ,nor does anybody act by means ( a body on :i* ! nature ( ! ,self is n sup]impos$#dh4 ,nor c1 9 ! abs5ce ( all t#di1 ! ,self :i*1 9 its own nature is free f all contact1 become a kn[+ ag5t4 ,& if !re is no kn[+ ag5t1 ! means ( "r k _c op]ate 7z said above74 ,h5ce p]ception & ! o!r means ( "r k1 & ! ,v$ic texts h = _! object t :i* is dep5d5t on ,nesci5ce4 7,t human cognitional activity has = its presupposition ! sup]imposition describ$ above71 foll[s also f ! non-diff]5ce 9 t respect ( m5 f animals4 ,animals1 :5 s\nds or o!r s5sible qualities affect _! s5se ( he>+ or o!r s5ses1 rec$e or advance accord+ z ! idea d]iv$ f ! s5sation is a com=t+ or disquiet+ "o4 ,a c[1 = in/ance1 :5 %e sees a man approa*+ ) a rais$ /ick 9 8 h&1 ?9ks t he wants to beat h]1 & !re=e moves away2 :ile %e walks up to a man :o advances ) "s fre% grass 9 8 h&4 ,?us m5 also--:o possess a high] intellig5ce--run away :5 !y see /rong fi]ce-look+ fell[s draw+ ne> ) %\ts & br&i%+ swords2 :ile !y confid5tly approa* p]sons ( contr>y appe>ance & behavi\r4 ,we ?us see t m5 & animals foll[ ! same c\rse ( proc$ure ) ref]5ce to ! means & objects ( k4 ,n[ x is well kn[n t ! proc$ure ( animals bases on ! non-di/9ction 7( ,self & ,non-,self72 we !re=e conclude t1 z !y pres5t ! same appe>ances1 m5 also--al?\gh di/+ui%$ by sup]ior intellig5ce--proce$ ) reg>d to p]ception & s on1 9 ! same way z animals d2 z long1 t is to say1 z ! mutual sup]imposition ( ,self & ,non-,self la/s4 ,) ref]5ce aga9 to t k9d ( activity :i* is f\nd$ on ! ,v$a 7sacrifices & ! l71 x is true inde$ t ! reflect+ man :o is qualifi$ to ent] on x1 does s n )\t kn[+ t ! ,self has a relation to ano!r _w2 yet t qualification does n dep5d on ! k1 d]ivable f ! ,v$nta-texts1 ( ! true nature ( ! ,self z free f all wants1 rais$ above ! di/9ctions ( ! ,brhma_/n_/a & ,k%attriya-classes & s on1 transc5d+ transmigratory exi/5ce4 ,= su* k is useless & ev5 contradictory to ! claim 7on ! "p ( sacrific]s1 c4 to p]=m c]ta9 actions & enjoy _! fruits74 ,& be=e su* k ( ! ,self has aris51 ! ,v$ic texts cont9ue 9 _! op]ation1 to h = _! object t :i* is dep5d5t on ,nesci5ce4 ,= su* texts z ! foll[+1 ',a ,brhma_/n_/a is to sacrifice1' are op]ative only on ! supposition t on ! ,self are sup]impos$ p>ticul> conditions su* z ca/e1 /age ( life1 age1 outw>d circum/ances1 & s on4 ,t by sup]imposition we h to und]/& ! notion ( some?+ 9 "s o!r ?+ we h already expla9$4 7,! sup]imposition ( ! ,non-,self w be und]/ood m def9itely f ! foll[+ examples47 ,extra-p]sonal attributes are sup]impos$ on ! ,self1 if a man consid]s himself s\nd & entire1 or ! contr>y1 z long z 8 wife1 *ildr51 & s on are s\nd & entire or n4 ,attributes ( ! body are sup]impos$ on ! ,self1 if a man ?9ks ( himself 78 ,self7 z /\t1 lean1 fair1 z /&+1 walk+1 or jump+4 ,attributes ( ! s5se-organs1 if he ?9ks ',i am mute1 or deaf1 or "o-ey$1 or bl9d4' ,attributes ( ! int]nal organ :5 he consid]s himself subject to desire1 int5tion1 d\bt1 det]m9ation1 & s on4 ,?us ! produc] ( ! notion ( ! ,ego 7i4e4 ! int]nal organ7 is sup]impos$ on ! int]ior ,self1 :i*1 9 reality1 is ! witness ( all ! modifications ( ! int]nal organ1 & vice v]s ! int]ior ,self1 :i* is ! witness ( ev]y?+1 is sup]impos$ on ! int]nal organ1 ! s5ses1 & s on4 ,9 ?is way !re goes on ?is natural beg9n+--& endless sup]imposition1 :i* appe>s 9 ! =m ( wrong conception1 is ! cause ( individual s\ls appe>+ z ag5ts & enjoy]s 7( ! results ( _! actions71 & is obs]v$ by e "o4 ,) a view to free+ "o's self f t wrong notion :i* is ! cause ( all evil & atta9+ !reby ! k ( ! absolute unity ( ! ,self ! /udy ( ! ,v$nta-texts is begun4 ,t all ! ,v$nta-texts h ! m5tion$ purport we %all %[ 9 ?is s-call$ _/,s_/riraka-mm_/m_/s4#ej ,( ?is ,v$nta-mm_/m_/s ab\t to be expla9$ by u ! fir/ ,stra is z foll[s4 #a4 ,!n !re=e ! enquiry into ,brahman4 ,! ^w '!n' is "h to be tak5 z d5ot+ imm$iate consecution2 n z indicat+ ! introduction ( a new subject to be ent]$ ^u2 = ! enquiry into ,brahman 7m lit]ally1 ! desire ( kn[+ ,brahman7 is n ( t nature#ea4 ,nor has ! ^w '!n' ! s5se ( auspici\sness 7or bless+72 = a ^w ( t mean+ c\ld n be prop]ly con/ru$ z a "p ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! ^w '!n' r acts z an auspici\s t]m by be+ pron\nc$ & he>d m]ely1 :ile x d5otes at ! same "t some?+ else1 viz4 imm$iate consecution z said above4 ,t ! latt] is its mean+ foll[s moreov] f ! circum/ance t ! relation 9 :i* ! result /&s to ! previ\s topic 7view$ z ! cause ( ! result7 is non-sep>ate f ! relation ( imm$iate consecution4#eb ,if1 !n1 ! ^w '!n' intimates imm$iate consecution x mu/ be expla9$ on :at antec$5t ! enquiry into ,brahman specially dep5ds2 j z ! enquiry into active religi\s duty 7:i* =ms ! subject ( ! ,prv ,mm_/m_/s7 specially dep5ds on ! antec$5t read+ ( ! ,v$a4 ,! read+ ( ! ,v$a inde$ is ! common antec$5t 7= ^? :o wi% to ent] on an enquiry into religi\s duty z well z = ^? desir\s ( kn[+ ,brahman74 ,! special "q ) reg>d to ! enquiry into ,brahman is :e!r x presupposes z its antec$5t ! und]/&+ ( ! acts ( religi\s duty 7:i* is acquir$ by means ( ! ,prv ,mm_/m_/s74 ,to ?is "q we reply 9 ! negative1 because = a man :o has read ! ,v$nta-p>ts ( ! ,v$a x is possible to ent] on ! enquiry into ,brahman ev5 be=e engag+ 9 ! enquiry into religi\s duty4 ,nor is x ! purport ( ! ^w '!n' to indicate ord] ( succession2 a purport :i* x s]ves 9 o!r passages1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! "o enjo9+ ! cutt+ (f ( pieces f ! he>t & o!r p>ts ( ! sacrificial animal4#ec 7,= ! intimation ( ord] ( succession c\ld be int5d$ only if ! ag5t 9 bo? cases 7 ! same2 b ?is is n ! case71 because !re is no pro( = assum+ ! enquiry into religi\s duty & ! enquiry into ,brahman to /& 9 ! relation ( pr9cipal & subord9ate matt] or ! relation ( qualification 7= a c]ta9 act7 on ! "p ( ! p]son qualifi$#ed2 & because ! result z well z ! object ( ! enquiry diff]s 9 ! two cases4 ,! k ( active religi\s duty has = its fruit transitory felicity1 & t aga9 dep5ds on ! p]=mance ( religi\s acts4 ,! enquiry into ,brahman1 on ! o!r h&1 has = its fruit et]nal bliss1 & does n dep5d on ! p]=mance ( any acts4 ,acts ( religi\s duty d n yet exi/ at ! "t :5 !y are enquir$ into1 b are some?+ to be accompli%$ 79 ! future72 = !y dep5d on ! activity ( man4 ,9 ! ,brahma-mm_/m_/s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! object ( enquiry1 i4e4 ,brahman1 is some?+ already accompli%$ 7exi/5t71--= x is et]nal1--& does n dep5d on human en]gy4 ,! two enquiries diff] moreov] 9 s f> z ! op]ation ( _! respective fundam5tal texts is conc]n$4 ,= ! fundam5tal texts on :i* active religi\s duty dep5ds convey in=mation to man 9 s f> only z !y enjo9 on him _! own p>ticul> subjects 7sacrifices1 c472 :ile ! fundam5tal texts ab\t ,brahman m]ely in/ruct man1 )\t lay+ on him ! injunction ( be+ in/ruct$1 in/ruction be+ _! imm$iate result4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! in=mation reg>d+ objects ( s5se :i* ensues z soon z ! objects are approximat$ to ! s5ses4 ,x !re=e is requisite t some?+ %\ld be /at$ subsequ5t to :i* ! enquiry into ,brahman is propos$4--,well1 !n1 we ma9ta9 t ! antec$5t conditions are ! discrim9ation ( :at is et]nal & :at is non-et]nal2 ! r5unciation ( all desire to enjoy ! fruit 7( "o's actions7 bo? "h & h]eaft]2 ! acquirem5t ( tranquillity1 self-re/ra9t1 & ! o!r means#ee1 & ! desire ( f9al release4 ,if ^! conditions exi/1 a man may1 ei!r be=e ent]+ on an enquiry into active religi\s duty or aft] t1 engage 9 ! enquiry into ,brahman & come to "k x2 b n o!rwise4 ,! ^w '!n' !re=e intimates t ! enquiry into ,brahman is subsequ5t to ! acquisition ( ! above-m5tion$ 7spiritual7 means4 ,! ^w '!re=e' intimates a reason4 ,because ! ,v$a1 :ile decl>+ t ! fruit ( ! agnihotra & simil> p]=mances :i* are means ( happ9ess is non-et]nal 7z1 = in/ance4 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #f1 ',z "h on e>? :atev] has be5 acquir$ by action p]i%es s p]i%es 9 ! next _w :atev] is acquir$ by acts ( religi\s duty'71 tea*es at ! same "t t ! highe/ aim ( man is realis$ by ! k ( ,brahman 7z1 = in/ance1 ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman atta9s ! highe/'72 !re=e ! enquiry into ,brahman is to be und]tak5 subsequ5tly to ! acquirem5t ( ! m5tion$ means4 ,by ,brahman is to be und]/ood t ! def9ition ( :i* w be giv5 9 ! next ,stra 7,i1 #a1 #b72 x is !re=e n to be suppos$ t ! ^w ,brahman may "h d5ote some?+ else1 z1 = in/ance1 ! brahm9ical ca/e4 ,9 ! ,stra ! g5itive case 7'( ,brahman2' ! lit]al translation ( ! ,stra be+ '!n !re=e ! desire ( k ( ,brahman'7 d5otes ! object1 n some?+ g5]ally supplem5t>y 7_/s_/e%a#ef72 = ! desire ( k dem&s an object ( desire & no o!r su* object is /at$4--,b :y %\ld n ! g5itive case be tak5 z express+ ! g5]al complem5t>y relation 7to express :i* is its prop] (fice78 ,ev5 9 t case x might con/itute ! object ( ! desire ( k1 s9ce ! g5]al relation may base itself on ! m p>ticul> "o4--,?is assumption1 we reply1 w\ld mean t we refuse to take ,brahman z ! direct object1 & !n aga9 indirectly introduce x z ! object2 an altoge!r ne$less proc$ure4--,n ne$less2 = if we expla9 ! words ( ! ,stra to mean '! desire ( k connect$ ) ,brahman' we !reby virtually promise t also all ! heads ( discussion :i* be> on ,brahman w be treat$4--,?is reason also1 we reply1 is n /rong en\gh to uphold y\r int]pretation4 ,= ! /atem5t ( "s pr9cipal matt] already implies all ! second>y matt]s connect$ !re)4 ,h5ce if ,brahman1 ! mo/ em95t ( all objects ( k1 is m5tion$1 ?is implies already all ^? objects ( enquiry :i* ! enquiry into ,brahman presupposes1 & ^? objects ne$ !re=e n be m5tion$1 especially 9 ! ,stra4 ,analog\sly ! s5t5ce '!re ! k+ is go+' implicitly means t ! k+ toge!r ) 8 ret9ue is go+ !re4 ,our int]pretation 7accord+ to :i* ! ,stra repres5ts ,brahman z ! direct object ( k7 moreov] agrees ) ,scripture1 :i* directly repres5ts ,brahman z ! object ( ! desire ( k2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! passage1 ',t f :5ce ^! be+s are born1 c41 desire to "k t4 ,t is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a74 ,) passages ( ?is k9d ! ,stra only agrees if ! g5itive case is tak5 to d5ote ! object4 ,h5ce we d take x 9 t s5se4 ,! object ( ! desire is ! k ( ,brahman up to its complete compreh5sion1 desires hav+ ref]5ce to results#eg4 ,k ?us con/itutes ! means by :i* ! complete compreh5sion ( ,brahman is desir$ to be obta9$4 ,= ! complete compreh5sion ( ,brahman is ! highe/ end ( man1 s9ce x de/roys ! root ( all evil su* z ,nesci5ce1 ! se$ ( ! entire ,sa_/m_/sra4 ,h5ce ! desire ( kn[+ ,brahman is to be ent]ta9$4 ,b1 x may be ask$1 is ,brahman kn[n or n kn[n 7previ\sly to ! enquiry into its nature78 ,if x is kn[n we ne$ n ent] on an enquiry conc]n+ x2 if x is n kn[n we c n ent] on su* an enquiry4 ,we reply t ,brahman is kn[n4 ,brahman1 :i* is all-kn[+ & end[$ ) all p[]s1 ^: ess5tial nature is et]nal purity1 intellig5ce1 & fre$om1 exi/s4 ,= if we consid] ! d]ivation ( ! ^w ',brahman1' f ! root b_/ri_/h1 'to be great1' we at once und]/& t et]nal purity1 & s on1 belong to ,brahman#eh4 ,moreov] ! exi/5ce ( ,brahman is kn[n on ! gr\nd ( its be+ ! ,self ( e "o4 ,= e "o is consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( 787 ,self1 & nev] ?9ks ',i am n4' ,if ! exi/5ce ( ! ,self 7 n kn[n1 e "o w\ld ?9k ',i am n4' ,& ?is ,self 7( ^: exi/5ce all are consci\s7 is ,brahman4 ,b if ,brahman is g5]ally kn[n z ! ,self1 !re is no room = an enquiry into x6 ,n s1 we reply2 = !re is a conflict ( op9ions z to its special nature4 ,unle>n$ p & ! ,lokyatikas are ( op9ion t ! m]e body end[$ ) ! quality ( intellig5ce is ! ,self2 o!rs t ! organs end[$ ) intellig5ce are ! ,self2 o!rs ma9ta9 t ! int]nal organ is ! ,self2 o!rs1 aga91 t ! ,self is a m]e mom5t>y idea2 o!rs1 aga91 t x is ! ,void4 ,o!rs1 aga9 7to proce$ to ! op9ion ( su* z ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( ! ,v$a71 ma9ta9 t !re is a transmigrat+ be+ diff]5t f ! body1 & s on1 :i* is bo? ag5t & enjoy] 7( ! fruits ( action72 o!rs tea* t t be+ is enjoy+ only1 n act+2 o!rs believe t 9 addition to ! individual s\ls1 !re is an all-kn[+1 all-p[]ful ,"l#ei4 ,o!rs1 f9ally1 7i4e4 ! ,v$nt9s7 ma9ta9 t ! ,"l is ! ,self ( ! enjoy] 7i4e4 ( ! individual s\l ^: individual exi/5ce is app>5t only1 ! product ( ,nesci5ce74 ,?us !re are _m v>i\s op9ions1 bas+ "p ( !m on s\nd argum5ts & scriptural texts1 "p ( !m on fallaci\s argum5ts & scriptural texts misund]/ood#fj4 ,if !re=e a man w\ld embrace "s "o ( ^! op9ions )\t previ\s consid]ation1 he w\ld b> himself f ! highe/ beatitude & incur griev\s loss4 ,= ?is reason ! fir/ ,stra proposes1 "u ! designation ( an enquiry into ,brahman1 a disquisition ( ! ,v$nta-texts1 to be c>ri$ on ) ! help ( con=mable argum5ts1 & hav+ = its aim ! highe/ beatitude4 ,s f> x has be5 said t ,brahman is to be enquir$ into4 ,! "q n[ arises :at ! *>act]i/ics ( t ,brahman are1 & ! rev]5d au?or ( ! ,stras !re=e prop\nds ! foll[+ aphorism4 #b4 7,brahman is t7 f :i* ! orig91 c4 7i4e4 ! orig91 subsi/5ce1 & dissolution7 ( ?is 7_w proce$74 ,! t]m1 c4 implies subsi/5ce & re-absorption4 ,t ! orig9 is m5tion$ fir/ 7( ! ?ree7 dep5ds on ! decl>ation ( ,scripture z well z on ! natural developm5t ( a sub/ance4 ,scripture decl>es ! ord] ( succession ( orig91 subsi/5ce1 & dissolution 9 ! passage1 ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 ',f :5ce ^! be+s are born1' c4 ,& ) reg>d to ! second reason /at$1 x is kn[n t a sub/rate ( qualities c subsi/ & be dissolv$ only aft] x has ent]$1 ?r\gh orig9ation1 on ! /ate ( exi/5ce4 ,! words '( ?is' d5ote t sub/rate ( qualities :i* is pres5t$ to u by p]ception & ! o!r means ( "r k2 ! g5itive case indicates x to be connect$ ) orig91 c4 ,! words 'f :i*' d5ote ! cause4 ,! full s5se ( ! ,stra !re=e is3 ,t omnisci5t omnipot5t cause f :i* proce$ ! orig91 subsi/5ce1 & dissolution ( ?is _w--:i* _w is diff]5tiat$ by names & =ms1 conta9s _m ag5ts & enjoy]s1 is ! abode ( ! fruits ( actions1 ^! fruits hav+ _! def9ite places1 times1 & causes#fa1 & ! nature ( ^: arrangem5t _c ev5 be conceiv$ by ! m9d1--t cause1 we say1 is ,brahman4 ,s9ce ! o!r =ms ( exi/5ce 7su* z increase1 decl9e1 c47 are includ$ 9 orig9ation1 subsi/5ce1 & dissolution1 only ! ?ree latt] are ref]r$ to 9 ! ,stra4 ,z ! six /ages ( exi/5ce enum]at$ by ,yska#fb are possible only dur+ ! p]iod ( ! _w's subsi/5ce1 x might--7 !y ref]r$ to 9 ! ,stra--be suspect$ t :at is meant are n ! orig91 subsi/5ce1 & dissolution 7( ! _w7 z dep5d5t on ! fir/ cause4 ,to preclude ?is suspicion ! ,stra is to be tak5 z ref]r+1 9 addition to ! _w's orig9ation f ,brahman1 only to its subsi/5ce 9 ,brahman1 & f9al dissolution into ,brahman4 ,! orig91 c4 ( a _w possess+ ! attributes /at$ above _c possibly proce$ f any?+ else b a ,"l possess+ ! /at$ qualities2 n ei!r f a non-intellig5t prdhana#fc1 or f atoms1 or f non-be+1 or f a be+ subject to transmigration#fd2 nor1 aga91 c x proce$ f its own nature 7i4e4 spontane\sly1 )\t a cause71 s9ce we obs]ve t 7= ! production ( effects7 special places1 times1 & causes h inv>iably to be employ$4 7,"s (7 ^? :o ma9ta9 a ,"l to be ! cause ( ! _w#fe1 ?9k t ! exi/5ce ( a ,"l diff]5t f m]e transmigrat+ be+s c be inf]r$ by means ( ! argum5t /at$ j n[ 7)\t rec\rse be+ _h to ,scripture at all74--,b1 x might be said1 y y\rself 9 ! ,stra "u discussion h m]ely br\ght =w>d ! same argum5t6--,by no means1 we reply4 ,! ,stras 7i4e4 lit]ally '! /r+s'7 h m]ely ! purpose ( /r++ toge!r ! fl[]s ( ! ,v$nta-passages4 ,9 reality ! ,v$nta-passages ref]r$ to by ! ,stras are discuss$ "h4 ,= ! compreh5sion ( ,brahman is effect$ by ! asc]ta9m5t1 consequ5t on discussion1 ( ! s5se ( ! ,v$nta-texts1 n ei!r by inf]5ce or by ! o!r means ( "r k4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! ,v$nta-passages prim>ily decl>e ! cause ( ! orig91 c41 ( ! _w1 inf]5ce also1 be+ an in/rum5t ( "r k 9 s f> z x does n contradict ! ,v$nta-texts1 is n to be exclud$ z a means ( confirm+ ! mean+ asc]ta9$4 ,scripture itself1 moreov]1 all[s argum5tation2 = ! passages1 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e 7'! ,self is to be he>d1 to be consid]$'71 & ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ad1 #b 7'z ! man1 c41 hav+ be5 in=m$1 & be+ able to judge = himself1 w\ld arrive at ,g&hra1 9 ! same way a man :o meets ) a tea*] obta9s k'71 decl>e t human und]/&+ assi/s ,scripture#ff4 ,scriptural text1 c4#fg1 are n1 9 ! enquiry into ,brahman1 ! only means ( k1 z !y are 9 ! enquiry into active duty 7i4e4 9 ! ,prva ,mim_/m_/s71 b scriptural texts on ! "o h&1 & intuition#fh1 c41 on ! o!r h&1 are to be _h rec\rse to accord+ to ! occasion3 fir/ly1 because intuition is ! f9al result ( ! enquiry into ,brahman2 secondly1 because ! object ( ! enquiry is an exi/+ 7accompli%$7 sub/ance4 ,if ! object ( ! k ( ,brahman 7 some?+ to be accompli%$1 !re w\ld be no ref]5ce to intuition1 & text1 c41 w\ld be ! only means ( k4 ,! orig9ation ( some?+ to be accompli%$ dep5ds1 moreov]1 on man s9ce any action ei!r ( ord9>y life1 or dep5d5t on ! ,v$a may ei!r be done or n be done1 or be done 9 a diff]5t way4 ,a man1 = in/ance1 may move on ei!r by means ( a horse1 or by means ( 8 feet1 or by "s o!r means1 or n at all4 ,& aga9 7to quote examples ( actions dep5d5t on ! ,v$a71 we meet 9 ,scripture ) s5t5ces su* z ! foll[+3 ',at ! atirtra he takes ! %o_/d_/as9 cup1' & 'at ! atirtra he does n take ! %o_/d_/as9 cup2' or1 'he makes ! oblation aft] ! sun has ris51' &1 'he makes ! oblation :5 ! sun has n yet ris54' ,j z 9 ! quot$ in/ances1 injunctions & prohibitions1 all[ances ( optional proc$ure1 g5]al rules & exceptions h _! place1 s !y w\ld h _! place ) reg>d to ,brahman also 7if ! latt] 7 a ?+ to be accompli%$74 ,b ! fact is t no option is possible z to :e!r a sub/ance is to be ?us or ?us1 is to be or n to be4 ,all option dep5ds on ! notions ( man2 b ! k ( ! real nature ( a ?+ does n dep5d on ! notions ( man1 b only on ! ?+ itself4 ,= to ?9k ) reg>d to a po/1 '?is is a po/ or a man1 or some?+ else1' is n k ( tru?2 ! two ideas1 'x is a man or some?+ else1' be+ false1 & only ! ?ird idea1 'x is a po/1' :i* dep5ds on ! ?+ itself1 fall+ "u ! head ( true k4 ,?us true k ( all exi/+ ?+s dep5ds on ! ?+s !mselves1 & h5ce ! k ( ,brahman also dep5ds altoge!r on ! ?+1 i4e4 ,brahman itself4--,b1 x might be said1 z ,brahman is an exi/+ sub/ance1 x w be ! object ( ! o!r means ( "r k also1 & f ?is x foll[s t a discussion ( ! ,v$nta-texts is purposeless4--,?is we d5y2 = z ,brahman is n an object ( ! s5ses1 x has no connection ) ^? o!r means ( k4 ,= ! s5ses h1 accord+ to _! nature1 only ext]nal ?+s = _! objects1 n ,brahman4 ,if ,brahman 7 an object ( ! s5ses1 we might p]ceive t ! _w is connect$ ) ,brahman z its effect2 b z ! effect only 7i4e4 ! _w7 is p]ceiv$1 x is impossible to decide 7?r\gh p]ception7 :e!r x is connect$ ) ,brahman or some?+ else4 ,!re=e ! ,stra "u discussion is n meant to prop\nd inf]5ce 7z ! means ( kn[+ ,brahman71 b r to set =? a ,v$nta-text4--,:i*1 !n1 is ! ,v$nta-text :i* ! ,stra po9ts at z hav+ to be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! *>act]i/ics ( ,brahman8--,x is ! passage ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 ',bh_/ri_/gu ,vru_/n_/i w5t to 8 fa!r ,v>u_/n_/a1 say+1 ,sir1 tea* me ,brahman1' c41 up to ',t f :5ce ^! be+s are born1 t by :i*1 :5 born1 !y live1 t into :i* !y ent] at _! dea?1 try to "k t4 ,t is ,brahman4' ,! s5t5ce f9ally det]m9+ ! s5se ( ?is passage is f\nd ,,iii1 #f3 ',f bliss ^! be+s are born2 by bliss1 :5 born1 !y live2 into bliss !y ent] at _! dea?4' ,o!r passages also are to be adduc$ :i* decl>e ! cause to be ! almighty ,be+1 ^: ess5tial nature is et]nal purity1 intellig5ce1 & fre$om4 ,t ,brahman is omnisci5t we h be5 made to inf] f x be+ %[n t x is ! cause ( ! _w4 ,to confirm ?is conclusion1 ! ,strakra cont9ues z foll[s3 #c4 7,! omnisci5ce ( ,brahman foll[s7 f its be+ ! s\rce ( ,scripture4 ,brahman is ! s\rce1 i4e4 ! cause ( ! great body ( ,scripture1 consi/+ ( ! _/,ri_/g-v$a & o!r bran*es1 :i* is support$ by v>i\s discipl9es 7su* z gramm>1 nyya1 pur_/n_/a1 c472 :i* lamp-l illum9ates all ?+s2 :i* is itself all-kn[+ z x 74 ,= ! orig9 ( a body ( ,scripture possess+ ! quality ( omnisci5ce _c be s\ght else:]e b 9 omnisci5ce itself4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t ! man f :om "s special body ( doctr9e ref]r+ to "o prov9ce ( k only orig9ates1 z1 = in/ance1 gramm> f ,p_/n_/ini possesses a m ext5sive k ?an 8 "w1 compreh5sive ?\gh x be2 :at idea1 !n1 %all we h to =m ( ! supreme omnisci5ce & omnipot5ce ( t great ,be+1 :i* 9 sport z x 71 easily z a man s5ds =? 8 brea?1 has produc$ ! va/ mass ( holy texts kn[n z ! _/,ri_/g-v$a1 c41 ! m9e ( all k1 consi/+ ( manifold bran*es1 ! cause ( ! di/9ction ( all ! diff]5t classes & conditions ( gods1 animals1 & m56 ,see :at ,scripture says ab\t him1 ',! _/,ri_/g-v$a1 c41 h be5 brea!d =? f t great ,be+' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #aj74 ,or else we may int]pret ! ,stra to mean t ,scripture consi/+ ( ! _/,ri_/g-v$a1 c41 z describ$ above1 is ! s\rce or cause1 i4e4 ! means ( "r k ?r\gh :i* we und]/& ! nature ( ,brahman4 ,s t ! s5se w\ld be3 ?r\gh ,scripture only z a means ( k ,brahman is kn[n to be ! cause ( ! orig91 c41 ( ! _w4 ,! special scriptural passage meant has be5 quot$ "u ! prec$+ ,stra 'f :i* ^! be+s are born1' c4--,b z ! prec$+ ,stra already has po9t$ out a text %[+ t ,scripture is ! s\rce ( ,brahman1 ( :at use !n is ! pres5t ,stra8--,! words ( ! prec$+ ,stra1 we reply1 did n cle>ly indicate ! scriptural passage1 & room 0 ?us left = ! suspicion t ! orig91 c41 ( ! _w 7 adduc$ m]ely z det]m9+ an inf]5ce 7indep5d5t ( ,scripture74 ,to obviate ?is suspicion ! ,stra "u discussion has be5 prop\nd$4 ,b1 aga91 h[ c x be said t ,scripture is ! means ( kn[+ ,brahman8 ,s9ce x has be5 decl>$ t ,scripture aims at action 7accord+ to ! ,prva ,mm_/m_/s ,stra ,i1 #b1 #a1 ',z ! purport ( ,scripture is action1 ^? scriptural passages ^: purport is n action are purportless'71 ! ,v$nta-passages ^: purport is n action are purportless4 ,or else if !y are to h "s s5se1 !y mu/ ei!r1 by manife/+ ! ag5t1 ! div9ity or ! fruit ( ! action1 =m supplem5ts to ! passages enjo9+ actions1 or s]ve ! purpose ( !mselves enjo9+ a new class ( actions1 su* z dev\t m$itation & ! l4 ,= ! ,v$a _c possibly aim at convey+ in=mation reg>d+ ! nature ( accompli%$ sub/ances1 s9ce ! latt] are ! objects ( p]ception & ! o!r means ( pro( 7:i* give suffici5t in=mation ab\t !m2 :ile x is ! recognis$ object ( ! ,v$a to give in=mation ab\t :at is n kn[n f o!r s\rces74 ,& if x did give su* in=mation1 x w\ld n be connect$ ) ?+s to be desir$ or %unn$1 & ?us be ( no use to man4 ,= ?is v reason ,v$ic passages1 su* z 'he h[l$1 c41' :i* at fir/ sight appe> purposeless1 are %[n to h a purpose 9 s f> z !y glorify c]ta9 actions 7cp4 ,p4 ,m4 ,s4 ,i1 #b1 #g1 ',because !y /& 9 syntactical connection ) ! injunctions1 !re=e _! purport is to glorify ! injunctions'74 ,9 ! same way mantras are %[n to /& 9 a c]ta9 relation to actions1 9 s f> z !y notify ! actions !mselves & ! means by :i* !y are accompli%$4 ,s1 = in/ance1 ! mantra1 ',= /r5g? !e 7,i cut2' :i* accompanies ! cutt+ ( a bran* employ$ 9 ! d>_/s_/apr_/n_/amsa-sacrifice74 ,9 %ort1 no ,v$ic passage is se5 or c be prov$ to h a mean+ b 9 s f> z x is relat$ to an action4 ,& injunctions :i* are def9$ z hav+ actions = _! objects _c ref] to accompli%$ exi/5t ?+s4 ,h5ce we ma9ta9 t ! ,v$nta-texts are m]e supplem5ts to ^? passages :i* enjo9 actions2 notify+ ! ag5ts1 div9ities1 & results connect$ ) ^? actions4 ,or else1 if ?is be n admitt$1 on ! gr\nd ( its involv+ ! introduction ( a subject-matt] =eign to ! ,v$nta-texts 7viz4 ! subject-matt] ( ! ,k>mak_/nd_/a ( ! ,v$a71 we mu/ admit 7! second ( ! two alt]natives propos$ above viz47 t ! ,v$nta-texts ref] to dev\t m$itation 7upsan7 & simil> actions :i* are m5tion$ 9 ^? v 7,v$nta7 texts4 ,! result ( all ( :i* is t ,scripture is n ! s\rce ( ,brahman4 ,to ?is argum5tation ! ,strakra replies z foll[s3 #d4 ,b t 7,brahman is to be kn[n f ,scripture71 because x is connect$ 7) ! ,v$nta-texts7 z _! purport4 ,! ^w 'b' is meant to rebut ! prva-pak%a 7! prim facie view z urg$ above74 ,t all-kn[+1 all-p[]ful ,brahman1 :i* is ! cause ( ! orig91 subsi/5ce1 & dissolution ( ! _w1 is kn[n f ! ,v$nta-"p ( ,scripture4 ,h[8 ,because 9 all ! ,v$nta-texts ! s5t5ces con/rue 9 s f> z !y h = _! purport1 z !y intimate t matt] 7viz4 ,brahman74 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o1 )\t a second' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #a72 ',9 ! beg9n+ all ?is 0 ,self1 "o only' 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #a72 ',?is is ! ,brahman )\t cause & )\t effect1 )\t any?+ inside or outside2 ?is ,self is ,brahman p]ceiv+ ev]y?+' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ai72 ',t immortal ,brahman is be=e' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #aa72 & simil> passages4 ,if ! words conta9$ 9 ^! passages h once be5 det]m9$ to ref] to ,brahman1 & _! purport is und]/ood !reby1 x w\ld be improp] to assume !m to h a diff]5t s5se2 = t w\ld involve ! fault ( ab&on+ ! direct /atem5ts ( ! text 9 fav\r ( m]e assumptions4 ,nor c we conclude ! purport ( ^! passages to be ! intimation ( ! nature ( ag5ts1 div9ities1 c4 7connect$ ) acts ( religi\s duty72 = !re are c]ta9 scriptural passages :i* preclude all actions1 actors1 & fruits1 z1 = in/ance1 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ac1 ',!n by :at %\ld he see :om8' 7:i* passage intimates t !re is nei!r an ag5t1 nor an object ( action1 nor an in/rum5t47 ,nor aga9 c ,brahman1 ?\gh x is ( ! nature ( an accompli%$ ?+1 be ! object ( p]ception & ! o!r means ( k2 = ! fact ( ev]y?+ hav+ its ,self 9 ,brahman _c be grasp$ )\t ! aid ( ! scriptural passage ',t art ?\' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g74 ,nor c x rightly be object$ t in/ruction is purportless if n connect$ ) some?+ ei!r to be /riv5 aft] or %unn$2 = f ! m]e compreh5sion ( ,brahman's ,self1 :i* is n some?+ ei!r to be avoid$ or endeav\r$ aft]1 !re results cessation ( all pa91 & !reby ! atta9m5t ( man's highe/ aim4 ,t passages notify+ c]ta9 div9ities1 & s on1 /& 9 subord9ate relation to acts ( dev\t m$itation m5tion$ 9 ! same *apt]s may readily be admitt$4 ,b x is impossible t ,brahman %\ld /& 9 an analog\s relation to injunctions ( dev\t m$itation1 = if ! k ( absolute unity has once aris5 !re exi/s no long] any?+ to be desir$ or avoid$1 & !reby ! conception ( duality1 accord+ to :i* we di/+ui% actions1 ag5ts1 & ! l1 is de/roy$4 ,if ! conception ( duality is once uproot$ by ! conception ( absolute unity1 x _c arise aga91 & s no long] be ! cause ( ,brahman be+ look$ ^u z ! complem5t>y object ( injunctions ( devotion4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! ,v$a may h no au?ority except 9 s f> z !y are connect$ ) injunctions2 /ill x is impossible to impugn on t gr\nd ! au?oritativ5ess ( passages convey+ ! k ( ! ,self2 = su* passages h _! own result4 ,nor1 f9ally1 c ! au?oritativ5ess ( ! ,v$a be prov$ by inf]5tial reason+ s t x w\ld be dep5d5t on in/ances obs]v$ else:]e4 ,f all :i* x foll[s t ! ,v$a possesses au?ority z a means ( "r k ( ,brahman4 ,"h o!rs raise ! foll[+ objection3--,al?\gh ! ,v$a is ! means ( ga9+ a "r k ( ,brahman1 yet x intimates ,brahman only z ! object ( c]ta9 injunctions1 j z ! in=mation :i* ! ,v$a gives ab\t ! sacrificial po/1 ! havanya-fire & o!r objects n kn[n f ! practice ( common life is m]ely supplem5t>y to c]ta9 injunctions#fi4 ,:y s8 ,because ! ,v$a has ! purport ( ei!r in/igat+ to action or re/ra9+ f x4 ,= m5 fully acqua9t$ ) ! object ( ! ,v$a h made ! foll[+ decl>ation1 ',! purpose ( ! ,v$a is se5 to be ! injunction ( actions' 7,bh%ya on ,jaim9i ,stra ,i1 #a1 #a72 ',injunction means passages impell+ to action' 7,bh4 on ,jaim4 ,s4 ,i1 #a1 #b72 ',( ?is 7viz4 active religi\s duty7 ! k comes f injunction' 7"p ( ,jaim4 ,s4 ,i1 #a1 #e72 ',! 7words7 d5ot+ ^? 7?+s7 are to be connect$ ) 7! injunctive v]b ( ! vidhi-passage7 ^: purport is action' 7,jaim4 ,s4 ,i1 #a1 #be72 ',z action is ! purport ( ! ,v$a1 :atev] does n ref] to action is purportless' 7,jaim4 ,s4 ,i1 #b1 #a74 ,!re=e ! ,v$a has a purport 9 s f> only z x r\ses ! activity ( man ) reg>d to "s actions & re/ra9s x ) reg>d to o!rs2 o!r passages 7i4e4 all ^? passages :i* are n directly injunctive7 h a purport only 9 s f> z !y supplem5t injunctions & prohibitions4 ,h5ce ! ,v$nta-texts also z likewise belong+ to ! ,v$a c h a mean+ 9 ! same way only4 ,& if _! aim is injunction1 !n j z ! agnihotra-oblation & o!r rites are enjo9$ z means = him :o is desir\s ( ! heav5ly _w1 s ! k ( ,brahman is enjo9$ z a means = him :o is desir\s ( immortality4--,b--somebody might object--x has be5 decl>$ t !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! objects enquir$ into1 ! object ( enquiry 9 ! k>ma-k_/nd_/a 7t "p ( ! ,v$a :i* treats ( active religi\s duty7 be+ some?+ to be accompli%$1 viz4 duty1 :ile "h ! object is ! already exi/5t absolutely accompli%$ ,brahman4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! fruit ( ! k ( ,brahman mu/ be ( a diff]5t nature f ! fruit ( ! k ( duty :i* dep5ds on ! p]=mance ( actions#gj4--,we reply t x mu/ n be su* because ! ,v$nta-texts give in=mation ab\t ,brahman only 9 s f> z x is connect$ ) injunctions ( actions4 ,we meet ) injunctions ( ! foll[+ k9d1 ',v]ily ! ,self is to be se5' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e72 ',! ,self :i* is free f s9 t x is :i* we mu/ se>* out1 t x is :i* we mu/ try to und]/&' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a72 ',let a man wor%ip him z ,self' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g72 ',let a man wor%ip ! ,self only z 8 true /ate' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #ae72 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman becomes ,brahman' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #i74 ,^! injunctions r\se 9 u ! desire to "k :at t ,brahman is4 ,x1 !re=e1 is ! task ( ! ,v$nta-texts to set =? ,brahman's nature1 & !y p]=m t task by tea*+ u t ,brahman is et]nal1 all-kn[+1 absolutely self-suffici5t1 ev] pure1 intellig5t & free1 pure k1 absolute bliss4 ,f ! dev\t m$itation on ?is ,brahman !re results z its fruit1 f9al release1 :i*1 al?\gh n to be disc]n$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 is disc]n$ by means ( ! _/s_//ra4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,v$nta-texts 7 consid]$ to h no ref]5ce to injunctions ( actions1 b to conta9 /atem5ts ab\t m]e 7accompli%$7 ?+s1 j z if "o 7 say+ '! e>? comprises sev5 dvipas1' 't k+ is m>*+ on1' !y w\ld be purportless1 because !n !y c\ld n possibly be connect$ ) some?+ to be %unn$ or endeav\r$ aft]4--,p]haps x w "h be object$ t sometimes a m]e /atem5t ab\t exi/5t ?+s has a purpose1 z1 = in/ance1 ! affirmation1 ',?is is a rope1 n a snake1' s]ves ! purpose ( remov+ ! fe> eng5d]$ by an errone\s op9ion1 & t s likewise ! ,v$nta-passages mak+ /atem5ts ab\t ! non-transmigrat+ ,self1 h a purport ( _! own 7)\t ref]5ce to any action71 viz4 9 s f> z !y remove ! errone\s op9ion ( ! ,self be+ liable to transmigration4--,we reply t ?is might be s if j z ! m]e he>+ ( ! true nature ( ! rope dispels ! fe> caus$ by ! imag9$ snake1 s ! m]e he>+ ( ! true nature ( ,brahman w\ld dispel ! errone\s notion ( "o's be+ subject to transmigration4 ,b ?is is n ! case2 = we obs]ve t ev5 m5 to :om ! true nature ( ,brahman has be5 /at$ cont9ue to be affect$ by pleasure1 pa91 & ! o!r qualities atta*+ to ! transmigratory condition4 ,moreov]1 we see f ! passage1 _/,bri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e1 ',! ,self is to be he>d1 to be consid]$1 to be reflect$ ^u1' t consid]ation & reflection h to foll[ ! m]e he>+4 ,f all ?is x results t ! s/ra c be admitt$ z a means ( kn[+ ,brahman 9 s f> only z ! latt] is connect$ ) injunctions4 ,to all ?is1 we1 ! ,v$nt9s1 make ! foll[+ reply3--,! prec$+ reason+ is n valid1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t nature ( ! fruits ( actions on ! "o side1 & ( ! k ( ,brahman on ! o!r side4 ,! enquiry into ^? actions1 :e!r ( body1 spee*1 or m9d1 :i* are kn[n f _/,s_/ruti & ,sm_/ri_/ti1 & are compris$ "u ! "n 'religi\s duty' 7dh>ma71 is c>ri$ on 9 ! ,jaim9i ,stra1 :i* beg9s ) ! words '!n !re=e ! enquiry into duty2' ! opposite ( duty also 7adh>ma71 su* z do+ h>m1 c41 :i* is def9$ 9 ! prohibitory injunctions1 =ms an object ( enquiry to ! end t x may be avoid$4 ,! fruits ( duty1 :i* is good1 & its opposite1 :i* is evil1 bo? ( :i* are def9$ by orig9al ,v$ic /atem5ts1 are g5]ally kn[n to be s5sible pleasure & pa91 :i* make !mselves felt to body1 spee*1 & m9d only1 are produc$ by ! contact ( ! organs ( s5se ) ! objects1 & affect all animate be+s f ,brahman d[n to a tuft ( grass4 ,scripture1 agree+ ) obs]vation1 /ates t !re are diff]5ces 9 ! degree ( pleasure ( all embodi$ creatures f m5 upw>d to ,brahman4 ,f ^? diff]5ces x is inf]r$ t !re are diff]5ces 9 ! degrees ( ! m]it acquir$ by actions 9 accordance ) religi\s duty2 !refrom aga9 are inf]r$ diff]5ces 9 degree betwe5 ^? qualifi$ to p]=m acts ( religi\s duty4 ,^? latt] diff]5ces are moreov] kn[n to be affect$ by ! desire ( c]ta9 results 7:i* entitles ! man s desir\s to p]=m c]ta9 religi\s acts71 worldly possessions1 & ! l4 ,x is fur!r kn[n f ,scripture t ^? only :o p]=m sacrifices proce$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pre-em95ce ( _! k & m$itation1 on ! nor!rn pa? 7( ! sun2 ,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aj1 #a71 :ile m]e m9or (f]+s1 works ( public utility & alms1 only lead ?r\gh smoke & ! o!r /ages to ! s\!rn pa?4 ,& t !re also 7viz4 9 ! moon :i* is f9ally rea*$ by ^? :o h pass$ along ! s\!rn pa?7 !re are degrees ( pleasure & ! means ( pleasure is und]/ood f ! passage ',hav+ dwelt !re till _! works are consum$4' ,analog\sly x is und]/ood t ! diff]5t degrees ( pleasure :i* are enjoy$ by ! embodi$ creatures1 f man d[nw>d to ! inmates ( hell & to immovable ?+s1 are ! m]e effects ( religi\s m]it z def9$ 9 ,v$ic injunctions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! diff]5t degrees ( pa9 endur$ by high] & l[] embodi$ creatures1 !re is inf]r$ diff]5ce ( degree 9 its cause1 viz4 religi\s dem]it z def9$ 9 ! prohibitory injunctions1 & 9 its ag5ts4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( pa9 & pleasure1 :i* has = its antec$5t embodi$ exi/5ce1 & = its cause ! diff]5ce ( degree ( m]it & dem]it ( animat$ be+s1 liable to faults su* z ignorance & ! l1 is well kn[n--f _/,s_/ruti1 ,sm_/ri_/ti1 & reason+--to be non-et]nal1 ( a fleet+1 *ang+ nature 7sa_/m_/sra74 ,! foll[+ text1 = in/ance1 ',z long z he is 9 ! body he _c get free f pleasure & pa9' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #a71 ref]s to ! sa_/m_/sra-/ate z describ$ above4 ,f ! foll[+ passage1 on ! o!r h&1 ',:5 he is free f ! body !n nei!r pleasure nor pa9 t\*es him1' :i* d5ies ! t\* ( pa9 or pleasure1 we le>n t ! unembodi$ /ate call$ 'f9al release' 7mok%a7 is decl>$ n to be ! effect ( religi\s m]it z def9$ by ,v$ic injunctions4 ,= if x 7 ! effect ( m]it x w\ld n be d5i$ t x is subject to pa9 & pleasure4 ,%\ld x be said t ! v circum/ance ( its be+ an unembodi$ /ate is ! effect ( m]it1 we reply t t _c be1 s9ce ,scripture decl>es t /ate to be naturally & orig9ally an unembodi$ "o4 ',! wise :o kn[s ! ,self z bodiless )9 ! bodies1 z un*ang+ among *ang+ ?+s1 z great & omnipres5t does nev] grieve' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #bb72 ',he is )\t brea?1 )\t m9d1 pure' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #b72 ',t p]son is n atta*$ to any?+' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ae7ga4 ,all :i* passages e/abli% ! fact t s-call$ release diff]s f all ! fruits ( action1 & is an et]nally & ess5tially disembodi$ /ate4 ,among et]nal ?+s1 "s inde$ may be 'et]nal1 al?\gh *ang+' 7p>i_/n_/m9itya71 viz4 ^?1 ! idea ( ^: id5tity is n de/roy$1 al?\gh !y may und]go *anges2 su*1 = in/ance1 are e>? & ! o!r elem5ts 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o ma9ta9 ! et]nity ( ! _w1 or ! ?ree gu_/n_/z 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,snkhyas4 ,b ?is 7mok%a7 is et]nal 9 ! true s5se1 i4e4 et]nal )\t und]go+ any *anges 7k_/ta_//hanitya71 omnipres5t z e!r1 free f all modifications1 absolutely self-suffici5t1 n compos$ ( p>ts1 ( self-lum9\s nature4 ,t bodiless entity 9 fact1 to :i* m]it & dem]it ) _! consequ5ces & ?reefold "t d n apply1 is call$ release2 a def9ition agree+ ) scriptural passages1 su* z ! foll[+3 ',diff]5t f m]it & dem]it1 diff]5t f effect & cause1 diff]5t f pa/ & future' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #ad74 ,x#gb 7i4e4 mok%a7 is1 !re=e1 ! same z ,brahman 9 ! enquiry into :i* we are at pres5t engag$4 ,if ,brahman 7 repres5t$ z supplem5t>y to c]ta9 actions1 & release 7 assum$ to be ! effect ( ^? actions1 x w\ld be non-et]nal1 & w\ld h to be consid]$ m]ely z some?+ hold+ a pre-em95t position among ! describ$ non-et]nal fruits ( actions ) _! v>i\s degrees4 ,b t release is some?+ et]nal is ackn[l$g$ by :oev] admits x at all1 & ! tea*+ conc]n+ ,brahman c !re=e n be m]ely supplem5t>y to actions4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 a numb] ( scriptural passages :i* decl>e release to foll[ imm$iately on ! cognition ( ,brahman1 & :i* ?us preclude ! possibility ( an effect int]v5+ betwe5 ! two2 = in/ance1 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman becomes ,brahman' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #i72 ',all 8 works p]i% :5 ,he has be5 beheld1 :o is ! high] & ! l[]' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #h72 ',he :o kn[s ! bliss ( ,brahman fe>s no?+' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #i72 ',o ,janaka1 y h inde$ rea*$ fe>lessness' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #b1 #d72 ',t ,brahman knew its ,self only1 say+1 ,i am ,brahman4 ,f x all ?is sprang' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj72 ',:at sorr[1 :at tr\ble c !re be to him :o beholds t unity8' 7s4 ,up4 #g47 ,we mu/ likewise quote ! passage1--,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj1 7',see+ ?is ! _/,ri_/%i ,vmadeva und]/ood3 ,i 0 ,manu1 ,i 0 ! sun1'7 9 ord] to exclude ! idea ( any action tak+ place betwe5 "o's see+ ,brahman & becom+ "o ) ! univ]sal ,self2 = t passage is analog\s to ! foll[+ "o1 '/&+ he s+s1' f :i* we und]/& t no action due to ! same ag5t int]v5es betwe5 ! /&+ & ! s++4 ,o!r scriptural passages %[ t ! removal ( ! ob/acles :i* lie 9 ! way ( release is ! only fruit ( ! k ( ,brahman2 s1 = in/ance1 ',y inde$ are our fa!r1 y :o c>ry u f our ignorance to ! o!r %ore' 7,pr4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h72 ',i h he>d f m5 l y t he :o kn[s ! ,self ov]comes grief4 ,i am 9 grief4 ,d1 ,sir1 help me ov] ?is grief ( m9e' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #a1 #c72 ',to him aft] 8 faults _h be5 rubb$ out1 ! v5]able ,sanatkumra %[$ ! o!r side ( d>kness' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #b74 ,! same is ! purport ( ! ,stra1 support$ by argum5ts1 ( 7,gautama7 krya1 ',f9al release results f ! successive removal ( wrong k1 faults1 activity1 bir?1 pa91 ! removal ( ea* lat] memb] ( ! s]ies dep5d+ on ! removal ( ! prec$+ memb]' 7,nyy4 ,s4 ,i1 i1 #b72 & wrong k itself is remov$ by ! k ( "o's ,self be+ "o ) ! ,self ( ,brahman4 ,nor is ?is k ( ! ,self be+ "o ) ,brahman a m]e 7fanciful7 comb9ation#gc1 z is made use (1 = in/ance1 9 ! foll[+ passage1 ',= ! m9d is endless1 & ! ,vi_/s_/v$evas are endless1 & he !reby ga9s ! endless _w' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #i7gd2 nor is x an 79 reality unf\nd$7 ascription 7sup]imposition7#ge1 z 9 ! passages1 ',let him m$itate on m9d z ,brahman1' & 'ditya is ,brahman1 ?is is ! doctr9e' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ah1 #a2 #ai1 #a71 :]e ! contemplation z ,brahman is sup]impos$ on ! m9d1 ditya & s on2 nor1 aga91 is x 7a figurative conception ( id5tity7 f\nd$ on ! connection 7( ! ?+s view$ z id5tical7 ) "s special activity1 z 9 ! passage1 ',air is inde$ ! absorb]2 brea? is inde$ ! absorb]#gf' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #a2 #c72 nor is x a m]e 7c]emonial7 purification ( 7! ,self con/itut+ a subord9ate memb]7 ( an action 7viz4 ! action ( see+1 c41 ,brahman71 9 ! same way z1 = in/ance1 ! act ( look+ at ! sacrificial butt]#gg4 ,= if ! k ( ! id5tity ( ! ,self & ,brahman 7 und]/ood 9 ! way ( comb9ation & ! l1 viol5ce w\ld be done !reby to ! connection ( ! words ^: object1 9 c]ta9 passages1 x cle>ly is to intimate ! fact ( ,brahman & ! ,self be+ really id5tical2 s1 = in/ance1 9 ! foll[+ passages1 ',t art ?\' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g72 ',i am ,brahman' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj72 ',?is ,self is ,brahman' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ai74 ,& o!r texts :i* decl>e t ! fruit ( ! cognition ( ,brahman is ! cessation ( ,ignorance w\ld be contradict$ !reby2 s1 = in/ance1 ',! fett] ( ! he>t is brok51 all d\bts are solv$' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #h74 ,nor1 f9ally1 w\ld x be possible1 9 t case1 satisfactorily to expla9 ! passages :i* speak ( ! individual ,self becom+ ,brahman3 su* z ',he :o kn[s ,brahman becomes ,brahman' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #i74 ,h5ce ! k ( ! unity ( ,brahman & ! ,self _c be ( ! nature ( figurative comb9ation & ! l4 ,! k ( ,brahman does1 !re=e1 n dep5d on ! active en]gy ( man1 b is analog\s to ! k ( ^? ?+s :i* are ! objects ( p]ception1 inf]5ce1 & s on1 & ?us dep5ds on ! object ( k only4 ,( su* a ,brahman or its k x is impossible to e/abli%1 by reason+1 any connection ) actions4 ,nor1 aga91 c we connect ,brahman ) acts by repres5t+ x z ! object ( ! action ( kn[+4 ,= t x is n su* is expressly decl>$ 9 two passages1 viz4 ',x is diff]5t f ! kn[n & aga9 above 7i4e4 diff]5t f7 ! unkn[n' 7,k54 ,up4 ,i1 #c72 & ',h[ %\ld he "k him by :om he kn[s all ?is8' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ac47 ,9 ! same way ,brahman is expressly decl>$ n to be ! object ( ! act ( dev\t m$itation1 viz4 9 ! second half ( ! v]se1 ,k54 ,up4 ,i1 #e1 ^: fir/ half decl>es x n to be an object 7( spee*1 m9d1 & s on71 ',t :i* is n proclaim$ by spee*1 by :i* spee* is proclaim$1 t only "k to be ,brahman1 n t on :i* p dev\tly m$itate z ?is4' ,if x %\ld be object$ t if ,brahman is n an object 7( spee*1 m9d1 c47 ! s/ra c impossibly be its s\rce1 we refute ?is objection by ! rem>k t ! aim ( ! s/ra is to disc>d all di/9ctions fictiti\sly creat$ by ,nesci5ce4 ,! s/ra's purport is n to repres5t ,brahman def9itely z ?is or t object1 its purpose is r to %[ t ,brahman z ! et]nal subject 7pratyagtman1 ! inw>d ,self7 is nev] an object1 & !reby to remove ! di/9ction ( objects kn[n1 kn[]s1 acts ( k1 c41 :i* is fictiti\sly creat$ by ,nesci5ce4 ,accord+ly ! s/ra says1 ',by :om x is n ?\ght by him x is ?\ght1 by :om x is ?\ght he does n "k x2 unkn[n by ^? :o "k x1 x is kn[n by ^? :o d n "k x' 7,k54 ,up4 ,,ii1 #c72 & ',?\ c\ld/ n see ! se] ( sight1 ?\ c\ld/ n he> ! he>] ( he>+1 nor p]ceive ! p]ceiv] ( p]ception1 nor "k ! kn[] ( k' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #d1 #b74 ,z !reby 7i4e4 by ! k d]iv$ f ! s/ra7 ! imag9ation ( ! transitor9ess ( ,release :i* is due to ,nesci5ce is disc>d$1 & ,release is %[n to be ( ! nature ( ! et]nally free ,self1 x _c be *>g$ ) ! imp]fection ( non-et]nality4 ,^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o consid] ,release to be some?+ to be effect$ prop]ly ma9ta9 t x dep5ds on ! action ( m9d1 spee*1 or body4 ,s1 likewise1 ^? :o consid] x to be a m]e modification4 ,non-et]nality ( ,release is ! c]ta9 consequ5ce ( ^! two op9ions2 = we obs]ve 9 common life t ?+s :i* are modifications1 su* z s\r milk & ! l1 & ?+s :i* are effects1 su* z j>s1 c41 are non-et]nal4 ,nor1 aga91 c x be said t !re is a dep5dance on action 9 consequ5ce ( 7,brahman or ,release7 be+ some?+ :i* is to be obta9$#gh2 = z ,brahman con/itutes a p]son's ,self x is n some?+ to be atta9$ by t p]son4 ,& ev5 if ,brahman 7 altoge!r diff]5t f a p]son's ,self /ill x w\ld n be some?+ to be obta9$2 = z x is omnipres5t x is "p ( its nature t x is ev] pres5t to e "o1 j z ! 7all-p]vad+7 e!r is4 ,nor1 aga91 c x be ma9ta9$ t ,release is some?+ to be c]emonially purifi$1 & z su* dep5ds on an activity4 ,= c]emonial purification 7sa_/m_/skra7 results ei!r f ! accretion ( "s excell5ce or f ! removal ( "s blemi%4 ,! =m] alt]native does n apply to ,release z x is ( ! nature ( ,brahman1 to :i* no excell5ce c be add$2 nor1 aga91 does ! latt] alt]native apply1 s9ce ,release is ( ! nature ( ,brahman1 :i* is et]nally pure4--,b1 x might be said1 ,release might be a quality ( ! ,self :i* is m]ely hidd5 & becomes manife/ on ! ,self be+ purifi$ by "s action2 j z ! quality ( cle>ness becomes manife/ 9 a mirror :5 ! mirror is clean$ by means ( ! action ( rubb+4--,?is objection is invalid1 we reply1 because ! ,self _c be ! abode ( any action4 ,= an action _c exi/ )\t modify+ t 9 :i* x abides4 ,b if ! ,self 7 modifi$ by an action its non-et]nality w\ld result !refrom1 & texts su* z ! foll[+1 'un*angeable he is call$1' w\ld ?us be /ultifi$2 an altoge!r unacceptable result4 ,h5ce x is impossible to assume t any action %\ld abide 9 ! ,self4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,self _c be purifi$ by actions abid+ 9 some?+ else z x /&s 9 no relation to t extrane\s some?+4 ,nor w x avail to po9t out 7z a quasi-analog\s case7 t ! embodi$ ,self 7deh91 ! individual s\l7 is purifi$ by c]ta9 ritual actions :i* abide 9 ! body1 su* z ba?+1 r9s+ "o's m\?1 we>+ ! sacrificial ?read1 & ! l4 ,= :at is purifi$ by ^? actions is t ,self m]ely :i* is jo9$ to ! body1 i4e4 ! ,self 9 s f> z x is "u ! p[] ( ,nesci5ce4 ,= x is a matt] ( p]ception t ba?+ & simil> actions /& 9 ! relation ( inh]5ce to ! body1 & x is !re=e only prop] to conclude t by su* actions only t some?+ is purifi$ :i* is jo9$ to ! body4 ,if a p]son ?9ks ',i am free f disease1' he pr$icates heal? ( t entity only :i* is connect$ ) & mi/ak5ly id5tifies itself ) ! h>moni\s condition ( matt] 7i4e4 ! body7 result+ f appropriate m$ical treatm5t appli$ to ! body 7i4e4 ! ',i' con/itut+ ! subject ( pr$ication is only ! individual embodi$ ,self74 ,analog\sly t ,i :i* pr$icates ( itself1 t x is purifi$ by ba?+ & ! l1 is only ! individual s\l jo9$ to ! body4 ,= x is only ?is latt] pr9ciple ( egoity 7aha_/m_/k>t_/ri_/71 ! object ( ! notion ( ! ego & ! ag5t 9 all cognition1 :i* accompli%es all actions & enjoys _! results4 ,?us ! mantras also decl>e1 ',"o ( !m eats ! sweet fruit1 ! o!r looks on )\t eat+' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a72 & ',:5 he is 9 union ) ! body1 ! s5ses1 & ! m9d1 !n wise p call him ! ,enjoy]' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #d74 ,( ,brahman1 on ! o!r h&1 ! two foll[+ passages decl>e t x is incapable ( receiv+ any accretion & et]nally pure1 ',he is ! "o ,god1 hidd5 9 all be+s1 all-p]vad+1 ! ,self )9 all be+s1 wat*+ ov] all works1 dwell+ 9 all be+s1 ! witness1 ! p]ceiv]1 ! only "o2 free f qualities' 7_/,s_/v4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #aa72 & ',he p]vad$ all1 bright1 incorporeal1 sca!less1 )\t muscles1 pure1 unt\*$ by evil' 7_/s_/4 ,up4 #h74 ,b ,release is no?+ b be+ ,brahman4 ,!re=e ,release is n some?+ to be purifi$4 ,& z nobody is able to %[ any o!r way 9 :i* ,release c\ld be connect$ ) action1 x is impossible t x %\ld /& 9 any1 ev5 ! slighte/1 relation to any action1 except+ k4 ,b1 x w be said "h1 k itself is an activity ( ! m9d4 ,by no means1 we reply2 s9ce ! two are ( diff]5t nature4 ,an action is t :i* is enjo9$ z be+ indep5d5t ( ! nature ( exi/+ ?+s & dep5d5t on ! en]gy ( "s p]son's m9d2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ passages1 ',to :i*ev] div9ity ! (f]+ is made on t "o let him m$itate :5 ab\t to say va%a_/t_/' 7,ait4 ,brhm4 ,,iii1 #h1 #a72 & ',let him m$itate 9 8 m9d on ! s&hy4' ,m$itation & reflection are inde$ m5tal1 b z !y dep5d on ! 7m$itat+1 c47 p]son !y may ei!r be p]=m$ or n be p]=m$ or modifi$4 ,k1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! result ( ! diff]5t means ( 7"r7 k1 & ^? h = _! objects exi/+ ?+s2 k c !re=e n be ei!r made or n made or modifi$1 b dep5ds entirely on exi/+ ?+s1 & n ei!r on ,v$ic /atem5ts or on ! m9d ( man4 ,al?\gh m5tal x ?us widely diff]s f m$itation & ! l4 ,! m$itation1 = in/ance1 on man & woman z fire1 :i* is f\nd$ on ,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #g1 #a2 #h1 #a1 ',! fire is man1 ,o ,gautama2 ! fire is woman1 ,o ,gautama1' is on acc\nt ( its be+ ! result ( a ,v$ic /atem5t1 m]ely an action & dep5d5t on man2 t conception ( fire1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* ref]s to ! well-kn[n 7real7 fire1 is nei!r dep5d5t on ,v$ic /atem5ts nor on man1 b only on a real ?+ :i* is an object ( p]ception2 x is !re=e k & n an action4 ,! same rem>k applies to all ?+s :i* are ! objects ( ! diff]5t means ( "r k4 ,?is be+ ?us t k also :i* has ! exi/5t ,brahman = its object is n dep5d5t on ,v$ic injunction4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh imp]ative & simil> =ms ref]r+ to ! k ( ,brahman are f\nd 9 ! ,v$ic texts1 yet !y are ineffective because !y ref] to some?+ :i* _c be enjo9$1 j z ! edge ( a razor becomes blunt :5 x is appli$ to a /one4 ,= !y h = _! object some?+ :i* c nei!r be endeav\r$ aft] nor avoid$4--,b :at !n1 x w be ask$1 is ! purport ( ^? s5t5ces :i*1 at any rate1 h ! appe>ance ( injunctions2 su* z1 ',! ,self is to be se51 to be he>d ab\t8'--,!y h ! purport1 we reply1 ( div]t+ 7m57 f ! objects ( natural activity4 ,= :5 a man acts int5t on ext]nal ?+s1 & only anxi\s to atta9 ! objects ( 8 desire & to es*ew ! objects ( 8 av]sion1 & does n !reby rea* ! highe/ aim ( man al?\gh desir\s ( atta9+ x2 su* texts z ! "o quot$ div]t him f ! objects ( natural activity & turn ! /ream ( 8 ?\ghts on ! inw>d 7! highe/7 ,self4 ,t = him :o is engag$ 9 ! enquiry into ! ,self1 ! true nature ( ! ,self is no?+ ei!r to be endeav\r$ aft] or to be avoid$1 we le>n f texts su* z ! foll[+3 ',?is ev]y?+1 all is t ,self' 7,b_/ri_/1 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #f72 ',b :5 ! ,self only is all ?is1 h[ %\ld he see ano!r1 h[ %\ld he "k ano!r1 h[ %\ld he "k ! kn[]8' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ae72 ',?is ,self is ,brahman' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ai74 ,t ! k ( ,brahman ref]s to some?+ :i* is n a ?+ to be done1 & !re=e is n conc]n$ ei!r ) ! pursuit or ! avoidance ( any object1 is ! v ?+ we admit2 = j t con/itutes our glory1 t z soon z we compreh5d ,brahman1 all our duties come to an end & all our "w is ov]4 ,?us _/,s_/ruti says1 ',if a man und]/&s ! ,self1 say+1 ,i am he1 :at c\ld he wi% or desire t he %\ld p9e aft] ! body8' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ab47 ,& simil>ly ,sm_/ri_/ti decl>es1 ',hav+ und]/ood ?is ! und]/&+ man has done ) all "w1 ,o ,bhrata' 7,bha4 ,gt ,,xv1 #bj74 ,!re=e ,brahman is n repres5t$ z ! object ( injunctions4 ,we n[ proce$ to consid] ! doctr9e ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t !re is no "p ( ! ,v$a :i* has ! purport ( mak+ /atem5ts ab\t m]e exi/5t ?+s1 & is n ei!r an injunction or a prohibition1 or supplem5t>y to ei!r4 ,?is op9ion is errone\s1 because ! s\l 7puru%a71 :i* is ! subject ( ! ,upani%ads1 does n con/itute a complem5t to any?+ else4 ,( t s\l :i* is to be compreh5d$ f ! ,upani%ads only1 :i* is non-transmigratory1 ,brahman1 diff]5t 9 nature f ! f\r classes ( sub/ances#gi1 :i* =ms a topic ( its own & is n a complem5t to any?+ else2 ( t s\l x is impossible to say t x is n or is n appreh5d$2 = ! passage1 ',t ,self is to be describ$ by ,no1 no6' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #bf7 designates x z ! ,self1 & t ! ,self is _c be d5i$4 ,! possible objection t !re is no reason to ma9ta9 t ! s\l is kn[n f ! ,upani%ads only1 s9ce x is ! object ( self-consci\sness1 is refut$ by ! fact t ! s\l ( :i* ! ,upani%ads treat is m]ely ! witness ( t 7i4e4 ( ! object ( self-consci\sness1 viz4 ! jvtman74 ,= nei!r f t "p ( ! ,v$a :i* enjo9s works nor f reason+1 anybody appreh5ds t s\l :i*1 diff]5t f ! ag5t t is ! object ( self-consci\sness1 m]ely witnesses x2 :i* is p]man5t 9 all 7transitory7 be+s2 uni=m2 "o2 et]nally un*ang+2 ! ,self ( ev]y?+4 ,h5ce x c nei!r be d5i$ nor be repres5t$ z ! m]e complem5t ( injunctions2 = ( t v p]son :o might d5y x x is ! ,self4 ,& z x is ! ,self ( all1 x c nei!r be /riv5 aft] nor avoid$4 ,all p]i%able ?+s inde$ p]i%1 because !y are m]e modifications1 up to 7i4e4 exclusive (7 ! s\l4 ,b ! s\l is imp]i%able#hj1 z !re is no cause :y x %\ld p]i%2 & et]nally un*ang+1 z !re is no cause = its und]go+ any modification2 h5ce x is 9 its ess5ce et]nally pure & free4 ,& f passages1 su* z ',beyond ! s\l !re is no?+2 ?is is ! goal1 ! highe/ road' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #aa71 & ',t s\l1 taught 9 ! ,upani%ads1 ,i ask !e' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #bf71 x appe>s t ! attribute ( re/+ on ! ,upani%ads is prop]ly giv5 to ! s\l1 z x con/itutes _! *ief topic4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t !re is no portion ( ! ,v$a ref]r+ to exi/+ ?+s1 is a m]e bold ass]tion4 ,) reg>d to ! quotations made ( ! views ( m5 acqua9t$ ) ! purport ( ! _/,s_//ra 7:o alone 7 /at$ to h decl>$ t ! ,v$a treats ( actions7 x is to be und]/ood t !y1 hav+ to d ) ! enquiry into duty1 ref] to t "p ( ! _/,s_//ra :i* consi/s ( injunctions & prohibitions4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r passage quot$ 7'z action is ! purport ( ! ,v$a1 :atev] does n ref] to action is purportless'7 we rem>k t if t passage 7 tak5 9 an absolutely /rict s5se 7:5 x w\ld mean t only ^? words :i* d5ote action h a mean+71 x w\ld foll[ t all in=mation ab\t exi/5t ?+s is mean+less#ha4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,v$a--9 addition to ! injunctions ( activity & cessation ( activity--does give in=mation ab\t exi/5t ?+s z be+ subs]vi5t to "s action to be accompli%$1 :y !n %\ld x n give in=mation also ab\t ! exi/5t et]nally un*angeable ,self8 ,= an exi/5t ?+1 ab\t :i* in=mation is giv51 does n become an act 7?r\gh be+ /at$ to be subs]vi5t to an act74--,b1 x w be said1 al?\gh exi/5t ?+s are n acts1 yet1 z !y are in/rum5tal to action1 ! in=mation giv5 ab\t su* ?+s is m]ely subs]vi5t to action4--,?is1 we reply1 does n matt]2 = al?\gh ! in=mation may be subs]vi5t to action1 ! ?+s !mselves ab\t :i* in=mation is giv5 are already intimat$ !reby z ?+s :i* h ! p[] ( br++ ab\t c]ta9 actions4 ,_! f9al end 7prayojana7 inde$ may be subs]vi5cy to "s action1 b !reby !y d n cease to be1 9 ! in=mation giv5 ab\t !m1 intimat$ 9 !mselves4--,well1 & if !y are ?us intimat$1 :at is ga9$ !reby = y\r purpose#hb8 ,we reply t ! in=mation ab\t ! ,self1 :i* is an exi/+ ?+ n compreh5d$ f o!r s\rces1 is ( ! same nature 7z ! in=mation ab\t o!r exi/5t ?+s72 = by ! compreh5sion ( ! ,self a /op is put to all false k1 :i* is ! cause ( transmigration1 & ?us a purpose is e/abli%$ :i* r5d]s ! passages relative to ,brahman equal to ^? passages :i* give in=mation ab\t ?+s in/rum5tal to actions4 ,moreov]1 !re are f\nd 7ev5 9 t "p ( ! ,v$a :i* treats ( actions7 su* passages z 'a ,brhma_/n_/a is n to be kill$1' :i* tea* ab/95ce f c]ta9 actions4 ,n[ ab/95ce f action is nei!r action nor in/rum5tal to action4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! t5et t all ^? passages :i* d n express action are devoid ( purport 7 insi/$ on1 x w\ld foll[ t all su* passages z ! "o quot$1 :i* tea* ab/95ce f action1 are devoid ( purport--a consequ5ce :i* is ( c\rse unacceptable4 ,nor1 aga91 c ! connexion 9 :i* ! ^w 'n' /&s ) ! action express$ by ! v]b 'is to be kill$'--:i* action is naturally e/abli%$#hc--;be us$ z a reason = assum+ t 'n' d5otes an action non-e/abli%$ else:]e#hd1 diff]5t f ! /ate ( m]e passivity impli$ 9 ! ab/95ce f ! act ( kill+4 ,= ! peculi> function ( ! p>ticle 'n' is to intimate ! idea ( ! non-exi/5ce ( t ) :i* x is connect$1 & ! conception ( ! non-exi/5ce 7( some?+ to be done7 is ! cause ( ! /ate ( passivity4 7,nor c x be object$ t1 z soon z t mom5t>y idea has pass$ away1 ! /ate ( passivity w aga9 make room = activity2 =7 t idea itself passes away 7only aft] hav+ completely de/roy$ ! natural impulse prompt+ to ! murd] ( a ,brhma_/n_/a1 c41 j z a fire is ext+ui%$ only aft] hav+ completely consum$ its fuel74 ,h5ce we are ( op9ion t ! aim ( prohibitory passages1 su* z 'a ,brhma_/n_/a is n to be kill$1' is a m]ely passive /ate1 consi/+ 9 ! ab/95ce f "s possible action2 except+ "s special cases1 su* z ! s-call$ ,prajpati-v[1 c4#he ,h5ce ! *>ge ( want ( purpose is to be consid]$ z ref]r+ 7n to ! ,v$nta-passages1 b only7 to su* /atem5ts ab\t exi/5t ?+s z are ( ! nature ( leg5ds & ! l1 & d n s]ve any purpose ( man4 ,! allegation t a m]e /atem5t ab\t an actually exi/5t ?+ n connect$ ) an injunction ( some?+ to be done1 is purposeless 7z1 = in/ance1 ! /atem5t t ! e>? conta9s sev5 dvpas7 has already be5 refut$ on ! gr\nd t a purpose is se5 to exi/ 9 "s su* /atem5ts1 z1 = in/ance1 '?is is n a snake1 b a rope4'--,b h[ ab\t ! objection rais$ above t ! in=mation ab\t ,brahman _c be held to h a purpose 9 ! same way z ! /atem5t ab\t a rope has "o1 because a man ev5 aft] hav+ he>d ab\t ,brahman cont9ues to belong to ?is transmigratory _w8--,we reply z foll[s3 ,x is impossible to %[ t a man :o has once und]/ood ,brahman to be ! ,self1 belongs to ! transmigratory _w 9 ! same s5se z he did be=e1 because t w\ld be contr>y to ! fact ( 8 be+ ,brahman4 ,= we inde$ obs]ve t a p]son :o imag9es ! body1 & s on1 to con/itute ! ,self1 is subject to fe> & pa91 b we h no "r to assume t ! same p]son aft] hav+1 by means ( ! ,v$a1 compreh5d$ ,brahman to be ! ,self1 & ?us hav+ got ov] 8 =m] imag9+s1 w /ill 9 ! same mann] be subject to pa9 & fe> ^: cause is wrong k4 ,9 ! same way we see t a ri* h\sehold]1 puff$ up by ! conceit ( 8 weal?1 is griev$ :5 8 possessions are tak5 f him2 b we d n see t ! loss ( 8 weal? equally grieves him aft] he has once retir$ f ! _w & put (f ! conceit ( 8 ri*es4 ,&1 aga91 we see t a p]son possess+ a pair ( beautiful e>r+s d]ives pleasure f ! pr\d conceit ( own]%ip2 b aft] he has lo/ ! e>r+s & ! conceit e/abli%$ !reon1 ! pleasure d]iv$ f !m vani%es4 ,?us _/,s_/ruti also decl>es1 ',:5 he is free f ! body1 !n nei!r pleasure nor pa9 t\*es him' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #a74 ,if x %\ld be object$ t ! condition ( be+ free f ! body foll[s on dea? only1 we demur1 s9ce ! cause ( man be+ jo9$ to ! body is wrong k4 ,= x is n possible to e/abli% ! /ate ( embodi$ness ^u any?+ else b wrong k4 ,& t ! /ate ( disembodi$ness is et]nal on acc\nt ( its n hav+ actions = its cause1 we h already expla9$4 ,! objection aga91 t embodi$ness is caus$ by ! m]it & dem]it effect$ by ! ,self 7& !re=e real71 we refute by rem>k+ t z ! 7reality ( !7 conjunction ( ! ,self ) ! body is itself n e/abli%$1 ! circum/ance ( m]it & dem]it be+ due to ! action ( ! ,self is likewise n e/abli%$2 = 7if we %\ld try to get ov] ?is difficulty by repres5t+ ! ,self's embodi$ness z caus$ by m]it & dem]it7 we %\ld commit ! logical fault ( mak+ embodi$ness dep5d5t on m]it & dem]it1 & aga9 m]it & dem]it on embodi$ness4 ,& ! assumption ( an endless retrogressive *a9 7( embodi$ /ates & m]it & dem]it7 w\ld be no bett] ?an a *a9 ( bl9d m5 7:o are unable to lead "o ano!r74 ,moreov]1 ! ,self c impossibly become an ag5t1 z x _c ent] into intimate relation to actions4 ,if x %\ld be said t ! ,self may be consid]$ z an ag5t 9 ! same way z k+s & o!r great p are 7:o )\t act+ !mselves make o!rs act7 by _! m]e pres5ce1 we d5y ! apposit5ess ( ?is in/ance2 = k+s may become ag5ts ?r\gh _! relation to s]vants :om !y procure by giv+ !m wages1 c41 :ile x is impossible to imag9e any?+1 analog\s to money1 :i* c\ld be ! cause ( a connexion betwe5 ! ,self z "l & ! body1 & s on 7z s]vants74 ,wrong imag9ation1 on ! o!r h&1 7( ! individual ,self1 consid]+ itself to be jo9$ to ! body17 is a manife/ reason ( ! connexion ( ! two 7:i* is n bas$ on any assumption74 ,?is expla9s also 9 h[ f> ! ,self c be consid]$ z ! ag5t 9 sacrifices & simil> acts#hf4 ,"h x is object$ t ! ,self's imag9ation z to ! body1 & s on1 belong+ to itself is n false1 b is to be und]/ood 9 a d]iv$ 7figurative7 s5se4 ,?is objection we invalidate by ! rem>k t ! di/9ction ( d]iv$ & prim>y s5ses ( words is kn[n to be applicable only :]e an actual diff]5ce ( ?+s is kn[n to exi/4 ,we are1 = in/ance1 acqua9t$ ) a c]ta9 species ( animals hav+ a mane1 & s on1 :i* is ! exclusive prim>y object ( ! idea & ^w 'lion1' & we are likewise acqua9t$ ) p]sons possess+ 9 an em95t degree c]ta9 leon9e qualities1 su* z fi]c5ess1 c\rage1 c42 "h1 a well settl$ diff]5ce ( objects exi/+1 ! idea & ! "n 'lion' are appli$ to ^? p]sons 9 a d]iv$ or figurative s5se4 ,9 ^? cases1 h[ev]1 :]e ! diff]5ce ( ! objects is n well e/abli%$1 ! transf] ( ! conception & "n ( ! "o to ! o!r is n figurative1 b simply f\nd$ on error4 ,su* is1 = in/ance1 ! case ( a man :o at ! "t ( twilight does n disc]n t ! object be=e him is a po/1 & applies to x ! conception & designation ( a man2 su* is likewise ! case ( ! conception & designation ( silv] be+ appli$ to a %ell ( "m-(-pe>l someh[ mi/ak5 = silv]4 ,h[ !n c x be ma9ta9$ t ! application ( ! ^w & ! conception ( ! ,ego to ! body1 c41 :i* application is due to ! non-discrim9ation ( ! ,self & ! ,n-,self1 is figurative 7r ?an simply false78 consid]+ t ev5 le>n$ m5 :o "k ! diff]5ce ( ! ,self & ! ,n-,self conf\nd ! words & ideas j z common %eph]ds & goa!rds d4 ,z !re=e ! application ( ! conception ( ! ,ego to ! body on ! "p ( ^? :o affirm ! exi/5ce ( a ,self diff]5t f ! body is simply false1 n figurative1 x foll[s t ! embodi$ness ( ! ,self is 7n real b7 caus$ by wrong conception1 & h5ce t ! p]son :o has rea*$ true k is free f 8 body ev5 :ile /ill alive4 ,! same is decl>$ 9 ! _/,s_/ruti passages conc]n+ him :o kn[s ,brahman3 ',& z ! sl\gh ( a snake lies on an ant-hill1 dead & ca/ away1 ?us lies ?is body2 b t disembodi$ immortal _s is ,brahman only1 is only light' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #g72 & ',) eyes he is )\t eyes z x 71 ) e>s )\t e>s z x 71 ) spee* )\t spee* z x 71 ) a m9d )\t m9d z x 71 ) vital airs )\t vital airs z x 74' ,sm_/ri_/ti also1 9 ! passage :]e ! *>act]i/ic m>ks are enum]at$ ( "o ^: m9d is /eady 7,bha4 ,gt ,,ii1 #ed71 decl>es t he :o kn[s is no long] connect$ ) action ( any k9d4 ,!re=e ! man :o has once compreh5d$ ,brahman to be ! ,self1 does n belong to ?is transmigratory _w z he did be=e4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 :o /ill belongs to ?is transmigratory _w z be=e1 has n compreh5d$ ,brahman to be ! ,self4 ,?us !re rema9 no unsolv$ contradictions4 ,) ref]5ce aga9 to ! ass]tion t ,brahman is n fully det]m9$ 9 its own nature1 b /&s 9 a complem5t>y relation to injunctions1 because ! he>+ ab\t ,brahman is to be foll[$ by consid]ation & reflection1 we rem>k t consid]ation & reflection are !mselves m]ely subs]vi5t to ! compreh5sion ( ,brahman4 ,if ,brahman1 aft] hav+ be5 compreh5d$1 /ood 9 a subord9ate relation to "s injunctions1 x might be said to be m]ely supplem5t>y4 ,b ?is is n ! case1 s9ce consid]ation & reflection no less ?an he>+ are subs]vi5t to compreh5sion4 ,x foll[s t ! _/,s_//ra _c be ! means ( kn[+ ,brahman only 9 s f> z x is connect$ ) injunctions1 & ! doctr9e t on acc\nt ( ! uni=m mean+ ( ! ,v$nta-texts1 an indep5d5t ,brahman is to be admitt$1 is !reby fully e/abli%$4 ,h5ce !re is room = beg9n+ ! new _/,s_//ra indicat$ 9 ! fir/ ,stra1 ',!n !re=e ! enquiry into ,brahman4' ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,v$nta-texts 7 connect$ ) injunctions1 a new _/,s_//ra w\ld ei!r n be begun at all1 s9ce ! _/,s_//ra conc]n$ ) injunctions has already be5 introduc$ by means ( ! fir/ ,stra ( ! ,prva ,mm_/m_/s1 ',!n !re=e ! enquiry into duty2' or if x 7 begun x w\ld be introduc$ z foll[s3 ',!n !re=e ! enquiry into ! rema9+ duties2' j z a new portion ( ! ,prva ,mm_/m_/s ,stras is introduc$ ) ! words1 ',!n !re=e ! enquiry into :at subs]ves ! purpose ( ! sacrifice1 & :at subs]ves ! purpose ( man' 7,p4 ,m4 ,s4 ,,iv1 #a1 #a74 ,b z ! compreh5sion ( ! unity ( ,brahman & ! ,self has n be5 prop\nd$ 79 ! previ\s _/,s_//ra71 x is q appropriate t a new _/,s_//ra1 ^: subject is ,brahman1 %\ld be ent]$ ^u4 ,h5ce all injunctions & all o!r means ( k end ) ! cognition express$ 9 ! words1 ',i am ,brahman2' = z soon z !re sup]v5es ! compreh5sion ( ! non-dual ,self1 :i* is n ei!r some?+ to be es*ew$ or some?+ to be appropriat$1 all objects & kn[+ ag5ts vani%1 & h5ce !re c no long] be means ( pro(4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 !y 7i4e4 m5 kn[+ ,brahman7 h made ! foll[+ decl>ation3--',:5 !re has aris5 79 a man's m9d7 ! k1 ,i am t :i* is1 ,brahman is my ,self1 & :51 ow+ to ! sublation ( ! conceptions ( body1 relatives1 & ! l1 ! 7imag9ation (7 ! figurative & ! false ,self has come to an end#hg2 h[ %\ld !n ! effect#hh 7( t wrong imag9ation7 exi/ any long]8 ,z long z ! k ( ! ,self1 :i* ,scripture tells u to se>* aft]1 has n aris51 s long ! ,self is kn[+ subject2 b t same subject is t :i* is se>*$ aft]1 viz4 7! highe/ ,self7 free f all evil & blemi%4 ,j z ! idea ( ! ,self be+ ! body is assum$ z valid 79 ord9>y life71 s all ! ord9>y s\rces ( k 7p]ception & ! l7 are valid only until ! "o ,self is asc]ta9$4' 7,h]e) ! section compris+ ! f\r ,stras is f9i%$#hi47 ,s f> x has be5 decl>$ t ! ,v$nta-passages1 ^: purport is ! compreh5sion ( ,brahman be+ ! ,self1 & :i* h _! object !re91 ref] exclusively to ,brahman )\t any ref]5ce to actions4 ,& x has fur!r be5 %[n t ,brahman is ! omnisci5t omnipot5t cause ( ! orig91 subsi/5ce1 & dissolution ( ! _w4 ,b n[ ! ,snkhyas & o!rs be+ ( op9ion t an exi/5t sub/ance is to be kn[n ?r\gh o!r means ( pro( 7n ?r\gh ! ,v$a7 inf] diff]5t causes1 su* z ! pradhna & ! l1 & !reupon int]pret ! ,v$nta-passages z ref]r+ to ! latt]4 ,all ! ,v$nta-passages1 !y ma9ta91 :i* treat ( ! creation ( ! _w di/9ctly po9t out t ! cause 7( ! _w7 has to be conclud$ f ! effect by inf]5ce2 & ! cause :i* is to be inf]r$ is ! connexion ( ! pradhna ) ! s\ls 7puru%a74 ,! foll[]s ( ,ka_/n_/da aga9 inf] f ! v same passages t ! ,"l is ! effici5t cause ( ! _w :ile ! atoms are its mat]ial cause4 ,& ?us o!r argum5tators also tak+ _! /& on passages app>5tly fav\r+ _! views & on fallaci\s argum5ts raise v>i\s objections4 ,= ?is reason ! tea*] 7,vysa7--?or\ghly acqua9t$ z he is ) words1 passages1 & means ( pro(--proce$s to /ate z prim facie views1 & aft]w>ds to refute1 all ^? op9ions f\nd$ on deceptive passages & fallaci\s argum5ts4 ,!reby he at ! same "t proves indirectly t :at ! ,v$nta-texts aim at is ! compreh5sion ( ,brahman4 ,! ,snkhyas :o op9e t ! non-intellig5t pradhna consi/+ ( ?ree con/itu5t elem5ts 7gu_/n_/a7 is ! cause ( ! _w argue z foll[s4 ,! ,v$nta-passages :i* y h decl>$ to intimate t ! all-kn[+ all-p[]ful ,brahman is ! cause ( ! _w c be consi/5tly int]pret$ also on ! doctr9e ( ! pradhna be+ ! g5]al cause4 ,omnipot5ce 7m lit]ally3 ! possession ( all p[]s7 c be ascrib$ to ! pradhna 9 s f> z x has all its effects = its objects4 ,all-kn[+ness also c be ascrib$ to x1 viz4 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,:at y ?9k to be k is 9 reality an attribute ( ! gu_/n_/a ( ,goodness#ij1 accord+ to ! ,sm_/ri_/ti passage 'f ,goodness spr+s k' 7,bha4 ,gt ,,xiv1 #ag74 ,by means ( ?is attribute ( ,goodness1 viz4 k1 c]ta9 m5 end[$ ) organs :i* are effects 7( ! pradhna7 are kn[n z all-kn[+ ,yog9s2 = omnisci5ce is ackn[l$g$ to be connect$ ) ! v highe/ degree ( ',goodness4' ,n[ to ! s\l 7puru%a7 :i* is isolat$1 de/itute ( effect$ organs1 consi/+ ( pure 7undiff]5c$7 intellig5ce x is q impossible to ascribe ei!r all-kn[+ness or limit$ k2 ! pradhna1 on ! o!r h&1 because consi/+ ( ! ?ree gu_/n_/z1 comprises also 9 its pradhna /ate ! elem5t ( ,goodness :i* is ! cause ( all-kn[+ness4 ,! ,v$nta-passages !re=e 9 a d]iv$ 7figurative7 s5se ascribe all-kn[+ness to ! pradhna1 al?\gh x is 9 itself non-intellig5t4 ,moreov] y 7! ,v$nt97 also :o assume an all-kn[+ ,brahman c ascribe to x all-kn[+ness 9 s f> only z t t]m means capacity = all k4 ,= ,brahman _c always be actually engag$ 9 ! cognition ( ev]y?+2 = f ?is !re w\ld foll[ ! absolute p]man5cy ( 8 cognition1 & ?is w\ld involve a want ( indep5d5ce on ,brahman's "p ) reg>d to ! activity ( kn[+4 ,& if y %\ld propose to consid] ,brahman's cognition z non-p]man5t x w\ld foll[ t ) ! cessation ( ! cognition ,brahman itself w\ld cease4 ,!re=e all-kn[+ness is possible only 9 ! s5se ( capacity = all k4 ,moreov] y assume t previ\sly to ! orig9ation ( ! _w ,brahman is )\t any in/rum5ts ( action4 ,b )\t ! body1 ! s5ses1 c4 :i* are ! in/rum5ts ( k1 cognition _c take place 9 any be+4 ,& fur!r x mu/ be not$ t ! pradhna1 z consi/+ ( v>i\s elem5ts1 is capable ( und]go+ modifications1 & may !re=e act z a 7mat]ial7 cause l clay & o!r sub/ances2 :ile ! uncomp\nd$ homog5e\s ,brahman is unable to d s4 ,to ^! conclusions he 7,vysa7 replies 9 ! foll[+ ,stra4 #e4 ,on acc\nt ( see+ 7i4e4 ?9k+ be+ attribut$ 9 ! ,upani%ads to ! cause ( ! _w2 ! pradhna7 is n 7to be id5tifi$ ) ! cause indicat$ by ! ,upani%ads2 =7 x is n f\nd$ on ,scripture4 ,x is impossible to f9d room 9 ! ,v$nta-texts = ! non-intellig5t pradhna1 ! fiction ( ! ,snkhyas2 because x is n f\nd$ on ,scripture4 ,h[ s8 ,because ! quality ( see+1 i4e4 ?9k+1 is 9 ,scripture ascrib$ to ! cause4 ,= ! passage1 ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 7:i* beg9s3 ',be+ only1 my de>1 ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o only1 )\t a second1' & goes on1 ',x ?\ght 7saw71 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?4 ,x s5t =? fire1'7 decl>es t ?is _w diff]5tiat$ by "n & =m1 :i* is !re d5ot$ by ! ^w '?is1' 0 be=e its orig9ation id5tical ) ! ,self ( t :i* is & t ! pr9ciple d5ot$ by ! t]m '! be+' 7or 't :i* is'7 s5t =? fire & ! o!r elem5ts aft] hav+ ?\ght4 ,! foll[+ passage also 7',v]ily 9 ! beg9n+ all ?is 0 ,self1 "o only2 !re 0 no?+ else bl9k+ :atsoev]4 ,he ?\ght1 %all ,i s5d =? worlds8 ,he s5t =? ^! worlds1' ,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #b7 decl>es ! creation to h _h ?\ght = its antec$5t4 ,9 ano!r passage also 7,pr4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c7 x is said ( ! p]son ( sixte5 p>ts1 ',he ?\ght1 c4 ,he s5t =? ,pr_/n_/a4' ,by 'see+' 7i4e4 ! v]b 'see+' exhibit$ 9 ! ,stra7 is n meant t p>ticul> v]b only1 b any v]bs :i* h a cognate s5se2 j z ! v]b 'to sacrifice' is us$ to d5ote any k9d ( (f]+4 ,!re=e o!r passages also ^: purport x is to intimate t an all-kn[+ ,"l is ! cause ( ! _w are to be quot$ "h1 z1 = in/ance1 ,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i1 ',f him :o p]ceives all & :o kn[s all1 ^: brood+ consi/s ( k1 f him is born t ,brahman1 "n & =m & food4' ,! argum5tation ( ! ,snkhyas t ! pradhna may be call$ all-kn[+ on acc\nt ( k con/itut+ an attribute ( ! gu_/n_/a ,goodness is inadmissible4 ,= z 9 ! pradhna-condition ! ?ree gu_/n_/z are 9 a /ate ( equipoise1 k :i* is a quality ( ,goodness only is n possible#ia4 ,nor c we admit ! explanation t ! pradhna is all-kn[+ because end[$ ) ! capacity = all k4 ,= if1 9 ! condition ( equipoise ( ! gu_/n_/z1 we t]m ! pradhna all-kn[+ ) ref]5ce to ! p[] ( k resid+ 9 ,goodness1 we mu/ likewise t]m x little-kn[+1 ) ref]5ce to ! p[] imp$+ k :i* resides 9 ,passion & ,d>kness4 ,moreov] a modification ( ,goodness :i* is n connect$ ) a witness+ 7obs]v+7 pr9ciple 7sk%97 is n call$ k1 & ! non-intellig5t pradhna is de/itute ( su* a pr9ciple4 ,x is !re=e impossible to ascribe to ! pradhna all-kn[+ness4 ,! case ( ! ,yog9s f9ally does n apply to ! po9t "u consid]ation2 = z !y possess intellig5ce1 !y may1 ow+ to an excess ( ,goodness 9 _! nature1 rise to omnisci5ce#ib4--,well !n 7say ^? ,snkhyas :o believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,"l7 let u assume t ! pradhna possesses ! quality ( k ow+ to ! witness+ pr9ciple 7! ,"l71 j z ! quality ( burn+ is imp>t$ to an iron ball by fire4--,no1 we reply2 = if ?is 7 s1 x w\ld be m reasonable to assume t t :i* is ! cause ( ! pradhna hav+ ! quality ( ?\ght i4e4 ! all-kn[+ prim>y ,brahman itself is ! cause ( ! _w4 ,! objection t to ,brahman also all-kn[+ness 9 its prim>y s5se _c be ascrib$ because1 if ! activity ( cognition 7 p]man5t1 ,brahman c\ld n be consid]$ z indep5d5t ) reg>d to x1 we refute z foll[s4 ,9 :at way1 we ask ! ,snkhya1 is ,brahman's all-kn[+ness int]f]$ ) by a p]man5t cognitional activity8 ,to ma9ta9 t he1 :o possesses et]nal k capable to ?r[ light on all objects1 is n all-kn[+1 is contradictory4 ,if 8 k 7 consid]$ non-p]man5t1 he w\ld "k sometimes1 & sometimes he w\ld n "k2 f :i* x w\ld foll[ inde$ t he is n all-kn[+4 ,?is fault is h[ev] avoid$ if we admit ,brahman's k to be p]man5t4--,b1 x may be object$1 on ?is latt] alt]native ! kn[] _c be designat$ z indep5d5t ) ref]5ce to ! act ( kn[+4--,:y n8 we reply2 ! sun also1 al?\gh 8 heat & light are p]man5t1 is nev]!less designat$ z indep5d5t :5 we say1 'he burns1 he gives light#ic4'--;,b1 x w aga9 be object$1 we say t ! sun burns or gives light :5 he /&s 9 relation to "s object to be heat$ or illum9at$2 ,brahman1 on ! o!r h&1 /&s1 be=e ! creation ( ! _w1 9 no relation to any object ( k4 ,! cases are !re=e n p>allel4--,?is objection too1 we reply1 is n valid2 = z a matt] ( fact we speak ( ! ,sun z an ag5t1 say+ '! sun %9es' ev5 )\t ref]5ce to any object illum9at$ by him1 & h5ce ,brahman also may be spok5 ( z an ag5t1 9 su* passages z 'x ?\ght1' c41 ev5 )\t ref]5ce to any object ( k4 ,if1 h[ev]1 an object is suppos$ to be requir$ 7'kn[+' be+ a transitive v]b :ile '%9+' is intransitive71 ! texts ascrib+ ?\ght to ,brahman w fit all ! bett]4--,:at !n is t object to :i* ! k ( ! ,"l c ref] previ\sly to ! orig9 ( ! _w8--,"n & =m1 we reply1 :i* c be def9$ nei!r z be+ id5tical ) ,brahman nor z diff]5t f x1 unevolv$ b ab\t to be evolv$4 ,= if1 z ! adh]5ts ( ! ,yoga-_/s_//ra assume1 ! ,yog9s h a p]ceptive k ( ! pa/ & ! future ?r\gh ! fav\r ( ! ,"l2 9 :at t]ms %all we h to speak ( ! et]nal cognition ( ! ev] pure ,"l himself1 ^: objects are ! creation1 subsi/5ce1 & dissolution ( ! _w6 ,! objection t ,brahman1 previ\sly to ! orig9 ( ! _w1 is n able to ?9k because x is n connect$ ) a body1 c4 does n apply2 = ,brahman1 ^: nature is et]nal cognition--z ! sun's nature is et]nal lum9\sness--c impossibly /& 9 ne$ ( any in/rum5ts ( k4 ,! transmigrat+ s\l 7sa_/m_/sr97 inde$1 :i* is "u ! sway ( ,nesci5ce1 c41 may require a body 9 ord] t k may arise 9 x2 b n s ! ,"l1 :o is free f all imp$im5ts ( k4 ,! two foll[+ ,mantras also decl>e t ! ,"l does n require a body1 & t 8 k is )\t any ob/ructions4 ',!re is no effect & no in/rum5t kn[n ( him1 no "o is se5 l unto him or bett]2 8 high p[] is reveal$ z manifold1 z inh]5t1 act+ z k & =ce4' ',grasp+ )\t h&s1 ha/+ )\t feet1 he sees )\t eyes1 he he>s )\t e>s4 ,he kn[s :at c be kn[n1 b no "o kn[s him2 !y call him ! fir/1 ! great p]son' 7_/,s_/v4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h2 ,,iii1 #ai74 ,b1 to raise a new objection1 !re exi/s no transmigrat+ s\l diff]5t f ! ,"l & ob/ruct$ by imp$im5ts ( k2 = _/,s_/ruti expressly decl>es t '!re is no o!r se] b he2 !re is no o!r kn[] b he' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bc74 ,h[ !n c x be said t ! orig9ation ( k 9 ! transmigrat+ s\l dep5ds on a body1 :ile x does n d s 9 ! case ( ! ,"l8--,true1 we reply4 ,!re is 9 reality no transmigrat+ s\l diff]5t f ! ,"l4 ,/ill ! connexion 7( ! ,"l7 ) limit+ adjuncts1 consi/+ ( bodies & s on1 is assum$1 j z we assume ! e!r to ent] into connexion ) div]s limit+ adjuncts su* z j>s1 pots1 caves1 & ! l4 ,& j z 9 consequ5ce ( connexion ( ! latt] k9d su* conceptions & t]ms z '! holl[ 7space7 ( a j>1' c4 are g5]ally curr5t1 al?\gh ! space inside a j> is n really diff]5t f univ]sal space1 & j z 9 consequ5ce !re( !re g5]ally prevails ! false notion t !re are diff]5t spaces su* z ! space ( a j> & s on2 s !re prevails likewise ! false notion t ! ,"l & ! transmigrat+ s\l are diff]5t2 a notion due to ! non-discrim9ation ( ! 7unreal7 connexion ( ! s\l ) ! limit+ conditions1 consi/+ ( ! body & s on4 ,t ! ,self1 al?\gh 9 reality ! only exi/5ce1 imp>ts ! quality ( ,selfhood to bodies & ! l :i* are ,n-,self is a matt] ( obs]vation1 & is due to m]e wrong conception1 :i* dep5ds 9 its turn on antec$5t wrong conception4 ,& ! consequ5ce ( ! s\l ?us involv+ itself 9 ! transmigratory /ate is t its ?\ght dep5ds on a body & ! l4 ,! av]m5t t ! pradhna1 because consi/+ ( sev]al elem5ts1 c1 l clay & simil> sub/ances1 occupy ! place ( a cause :ile ! uncomp\nd$ ,brahman _c d s1 is refut$ by ! fact ( ! pradhna n bas+ on ,scripture4 ,t1 moreov]1 x is possible to e/abli% by argum5tation ! causality ( ,brahman1 b n ( ! pradhna & simil> pr9ciples1 ! ,strakra w set =? 9 ! second ,adhyya 7,,ii1 #a1 #d1 c474 ,"h ! ,snkhya comes =w>d ) a new objection4 ,! difficulty /at$ by y1 he says1 viz4 t ! non-intellig5t pradhna _c be ! cause ( ! _w1 because ?\ght is ascrib$ to ! latt] 9 ! sacr$ texts1 c be got ov] 9 ano!r way also1 viz4 on ! gr\nd t non-intellig5t ?+s are sometimes figuratively spok5 ( z intellig5t be+s4 ,we obs]ve1 = in/ance1 t p say ( a riv]-bank ab\t to fall1 '! bank is incl9$ to fall 7pipati%ati71' & ?us speak ( a non-intellig5t bank z if x possess$ intellig5ce4 ,s ! pradhna also1 al?\gh non-intellig5t1 may1 :5 ab\t to create1 be figuratively spok5 ( z ?9k+4 ,j z 9 ord9>y life "s intellig5t p]son aft] hav+ ba!d1 & d9$1 & =m$ ! purpose ( driv+ 9 ! aft]noon to 8 village1 necess>ily acts accord+ to 8 purpose1 s ! pradhna also acts by ! necessity ( its own nature1 :5 trans=m+ itself into ! s-call$ great pr9ciple & ! subsequ5t =ms ( evolution2 x may !re=e figuratively be spok5 ( z intellig5t4--,b :at reason h y = sett+ aside ! prim>y mean+ ( ! ^w '?\ght' & = tak+ x 9 a figurative s5se8--,! obs]vation1 ! ,snkhya replies1 t fire & wat] also are figuratively spok5 ( z intellig5t be+s 9 ! two foll[+ scriptural passages1 ',t fire ?\ght2 t wat] ?\ght' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c2 #d74 ,we !refrom conclude t ?\ght is to be tak5 9 a figurative s5se !re also :]e ,be+ 7,sat7 is ! ag5t1 because x is m5tion$ 9 a *apt] :]e 7?\ght7 is g5]ally tak5 9 a figurative s5se#id4 ,to ?is argum5tation ( ! ,sdkhya ! next ,stra replies3 #f4 ,if x is said t 7! ^w 'see+'7 has a figurative mean+1 we d5y t1 on acc\nt ( ! ^w ,self 7be+ appli$ to ! cause ( ! _w74 ,y\r ass]tion t ! t]m ',be+' d5otes ! non-intellig5t pradhna1 & t ?\ght is ascrib$ to x 9 a figurative s5se only1 z x is to fire & wat]1 is unt5able4 ,:y s8 ,on acc\nt ( ! t]m ',self4' ,= ! passage ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 :i* beg9s ',be+ only1 my de>1 ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1' aft] hav+ relat$ ! creation ( fire1 wat]1 & e>? 7'x ?\ght1' c42 'x s5t =? fire1' c471 goes on--d5ot+ ! ?9k+ pr9ciple ( :i* ! :ole *apt] treats1 & likewise fire1 wat]1 & e>?1 by ! t]m--'div9ities'--z foll[s1 ',t div9ity ?\ght3 ,let me n[ ent] ^? ?ree div9ities ) ?is liv+ ,self 7jva4 tman7 & evolve names & =ms4' ,if we assum$ t 9 ?is passage ! non-intellig5t pradhna is figuratively spok5 ( z ?9k+1 we %\ld also h to assume t ! same pradhna--z once con/itut+ ! subject-matt] ( ! *apt]--is ref]r$ to by ! t]m 't div9ity4' ,b 9 t case ! div9ity w\ld n speak ( ! jva z ',self4' ,= by ! t]m ',jva' we mu/ und]/&1 accord+ to ! receiv$ mean+ & ! etymology ( ! ^w1 ! intellig5t 7pr9ciple7 :i* rules ov] ! body & su/a9s ! vital airs4 ,h[ c\ld su* a pr9ciple be ! ,self ( ! non-intellig5t pradhna8 ,by ',self' we und]/& 7a be+'s7 own nature1 & x is cle> t ! intellig5t ,jva _c con/itute ! nature ( ! non-intellig5t pradhna4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we ref] ! :ole *apt] to ! intellig5t ,brahman1 to :i* ?\ght 9 its prim>y s5se belongs1 ! use ( ! ^w ',self' ) ref]5ce to ! ,jva is q adequate4 ,!n aga9 !re is ! o!r passage1 ',t :i* is t subtle ess5ce1 9 x all t exi/s has its self4 ,x is ! true4 ,x is ! ,self4 ,t art ?\1 ,o _/,s_/vetaketu' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g1 c474 ,"h ! clause ',x is ! ,self' designates ! ,be+ ( :i* ! entire *apt] treats1 viz4 ! subtle ,self1 by ! ^w ',self1' & ! conclud+ clause1 't art ?\1 ,o _/,s_/vetaketu1' decl>es ! intellig5t _/,s_/vetaketu to be ( ! nature ( ! ,self4 ,fire & wat]1 on ! o!r h&1 are non-intellig5t1 s9ce !y are objects 7( ! m9d71 & s9ce !y are decl>$ to be implicat$ 9 ! evolution ( names & =ms4 ,& z at ! same "t !re is no reason = ascrib+ to !m ?\ght 9 its prim>y s5se--:ile ! employm5t ( ! ^w ',self' furni%es su* a reason ) ref]5ce to ! ,sat--! ?\ght attribut$ to !m mu/ be expla9$ 9 a figurative s5se1 l ! incl9ation ( ! riv]-bank4 ,moreov]1 ! ?9k+ on ! "p ( fire & wat] is to be und]/ood z dep5d5t on _! be+ rul$ ov] by ! ,sat4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?\ght ( ! ,sat is1 on acc\nt ( ! ^w ',self1' n to be und]/ood 9 a figurative s5se4#ie ,"h ! ,snkhya comes =w>d ) a new objection4 ,! ^w ',self1' he says1 may be appli$ to ! pradhna1 al?\gh un9tellig5t1 because x is sometimes figuratively us$ 9 ! s5se ( 't :i* effects all purposes ( ano!r2' z1 = in/ance1 a k+ applies ! ^w ',self' to "s s]vant :o c>ries out all ! k+'s int5tions1 ',bhadras5a is my 7o!r7 ,self4' ,= ! pradhna1 :i* effects ! enjoym5t & ! emancipation ( ! s\l1 s]ves ! latt] 9 ! same way z a m9i/] s]ves 8 k+ 9 ! affairs ( peace & w>4 ,or else1 x may be said1 ! "o ^w ',self' may ref] to non-intellig5t ?+s z well z to intellig5t be+s1 z we see t su* expressions z '! ,self ( ! elem5ts1' '! ,self ( ! s5ses1' are made use (1 & z ! "o ^w 'light' 7jyotis7 d5otes a c]ta9 sacrifice 7! jyoti%_/t_/oma7 z well z a flame4 ,h[ !n does x foll[ f ! ^w ',self' t ! ?9k+ 7ascrib$ to ! cause ( ! _w7 is n to be tak5 9 a figurative s5se8 ,to ?is la/ argum5tation ! ,strakra replies3 #g4 7,! pradhna _c be designat$ by ! t]m ',self'7 because release is taught ( him :o takes 8 /& on t 7! ,sat74 ,! non-intellig5t pradhna _c be ! object ( ! t]m ',self' because 9 ! passage ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b ff41 :]e ! subtle ,sat :i* is "u discussion is at fir/ ref]r$ to 9 ! s5t5ce1 ',t is ! ,self1' & :]e ! subsequ5t clause1 ',t art ?\1 ,o _/,s_/vetaketu1' decl>es ! intellig5t _/,s_/vetaketu to h 8 abode 9 ! ,self1 a passage subsequ5t to ! two quot$ 7viz4 'a man :o has a tea*] obta9s true k2 = him !re is only delay z long z he is n deliv]$1 !n he w be p]fect'7 decl>es f9al release4 ,= if ! non-intellig5t pradhna 7 d5ot$ by ! t]m ',sat' & did compreh5d--by means ( ! phrase ',t art ?\'--p]sons desir\s ( f9al release :o z su* are intellig5t1 ! mean+ c\ld only be ',?\ art non-intellig5t2' s t ,scripture w\ld virtually make contradictory /atem5ts to ! disadvantage ( man1 & w\ld ?us cease to be a means ( "r k4 ,b to assume t ! faultless _/s_//ra is n a means ( "r k1 w\ld be contr>y to reason4 ,& if ! _/s_//ra1 consid]$ z a means ( "r k1 %\ld po9t out to a man desir\s ( release1 b ignorant ( ! way to x1 a non-intellig5t ,self z ! real ,self1 he w\ld--comp>able to ! bl9d man :o _h caught hold ( ! ox's tail#if--;cl+ to ! view ( t be+ ! ,self1 & ?us nev] be able to rea* ! real ,self diff]5t f ! false ,self po9t$ out to him2 h5ce he w\ld be deb>r$ f :at con/itutes man's good1 & w\ld incur evil4 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t1 j z ! _/s_//ra tea*es ! agnihotra & simil> p]=mances 9 _! true nature z means = ^? :o are desir\s ( ! heav5ly _w1 s ! passage 't is ! ,self1 t art ?\1 ,o _/,s_/vetaketu1' tea*es ! ,self 9 its true nature also4 ,only on t condition release = him ^: ?\ghts are true c be taught by means ( ! simile 9 :i* ! p]son to be releas$ is comp>$ to ! man grasp+ ! heat$ axe 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #af74 ,= 9 ! o!r case1 if ! doctr9e ( ! ,sat con/itut+ ! ,self _h a second>y mean+ only1 ! cognition f\nd$ on ! passage 't art ?\' w\ld be ( ! nature ( a fanciful comb9ation only#ig1 l ! k d]iv$ f ! passage1 ',i am ! hymn' 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #a1 #b1 #f71 & w\ld lead to a m]e transitory rew>d2 s t ! simile quot$ c\ld n convey ! doctr9e ( release4 ,!re=e ! ^w ',self' is appli$ to ! subtle ,sat n 9 a m]ely figurative s5se4 ,9 ! case ( ! fai?ful s]vant1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ^w ',self' c--9 su* phrases z ',bhadras5a is my ,self'--be tak5 9 a figurative s5se1 because ! diff]5ce betwe5 ma/] & s]vant is well e/abli%$ by p]ception4 ,moreov]1 to assume t1 because words are sometimes se5 to be us$ 9 figurative s5ses1 a figurative s5se may be resort$ to 9 ! case ( ^? ?+s also = :i* words 7i4e4 ,v$ic words7 are ! only means ( k1 is altoge!r indef5sible2 = an assumption ( t nature w\ld lead to a g5]al want ( confid5ce4 ,! ass]tion t ! ^w ',self' may 7prim>ily7 signify :at is non-intellig5t z well z :at is intellig5t1 j z ! ^w 'jyotis' signifies a c]ta9 sacrifice z well z light1 is inadmissible1 because we h no "r to attribute to words a plurality ( mean+s4 ,h5ce 7we r assume t7 ! ^w ',self' 9 its prim>y mean+ ref]s to :at is intellig5t only & is !n1 by a figurative attribution ( intellig5ce1 appli$ to ! elem5ts & ! l also2 :5ce su* phrases z '! ,self ( ! elem5ts1' '! ,self ( ! s5ses4' ,& ev5 if we assume t ! ^w ',self' prim>ily signifies bo? classes ( be+s1 we are unable to settle 9 any special case :i* ( ! two mean+s ! ^w has1 unless we are aid$ ei!r by ! g5]al head+ "u :i* x /&s1 or "s det]m9ative attributive ^w4 ,b 9 ! passage "u discussion !re is no?+ to det]m9e t ! ^w ref]s to some?+ non-intellig5t1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,sat di/+ui%$ by ?\ght =ms ! g5]al head+1 & _/,s_/vetaketu1 i4e4 a be+ end[$ ) intellig5ce1 is m5tion$ 9 close proximity4 ,t a non-intellig5t ,self does n agree ) _/,s_/vetaketu1 :o possesses intellig5ce1 we h already %[n4 ,all ^! circum/ances det]m9e ! object ( ! ^w ',self' "h to be some?+ intellig5t4 ,! ^w 'jyotis' does moreov] n furni% an appropriate example2 = accord+ to common use x has ! settl$ mean+ ( 'light' only1 & is us$ 9 ! s5se ( sacrifice only on acc\nt ( ! ar?avda assum+ a simil>ity 7( ! sacrifice7 to light4 ,a diff]5t explanation ( ! ,stra is also possible4 ,! prec$+ ,stra may be tak5 completely to refute all d\bts z to ! ^w ',self' hav+ a figurative or d\ble s5se1 & !n ! pres5t ,stra is to be expla9$ z conta9+ an indep5d5t reason1 prov+ t ! doctr9e ( ! pradhna be+ ! g5]al cause is unt5able4 ,h5ce ! non-intellig5t pradhna is n d5ot$ by ! ^w ',self4' ,?is ! tea*] n[ proce$s to prove by an additional reason4 #h4 ,& 7! pradhna _c be d5ot$ by ! ^w ',self'7 because !re is no /atem5t ( its hav+ to be set aside4 ,if ! pradhna :i* is ! ,n-,self 7 d5ot$ by ! t]m ',be+' 7,sat71 & if ! passage ',t is ! ,self1 t art ?\1 ,o _/,s_/vetaketu1' ref]r$ to ! pradhna2 ! tea*] ^: wi% x is to imp>t in/ruction ab\t ! true ,brahman w\ld subsequ5tly decl>e t ! pradhna is to be set aside 7& ! true ,brahman to be consid]$72 = o!rwise 8 pupil1 hav+ receiv$ ! in/ruction ab\t ! pradhna1 might take 8 /& on ! latt]1 look+ ^u x z ! ,non-,self4 ,9 ord9>y life a man :o wi%es to po9t out to a fri5d ! 7small7 /> ,arundhat at fir/ directs 8 att5tion to a big neighb\r+ />1 say+ 't is ,arundhat1' al?\gh x is really n s2 & !reupon he )draws 8 fir/ /atem5t & po9ts out ! real ,arundhat4 ,analog\sly ! tea*] 7if he int5d$ to make 8 pupil und]/& ! ,self ?r\gh ! ,non-,self7 w\ld 9 ! end def9itely /ate t ! ,self is n ( ! nature ( ! pradhna4 ,b no su* /atem5t is made2 = ! six? ,prap_/?_/aka arrives at a conclusion bas$ on ! view t ! ,self is no?+ b t :i* is 7! ,sat74 ,! ^w '&' 79 ! ,stra7 is meant to notify t ! contradiction ( a previ\s /atem5t 7:i* w\ld be impli$ 9 ! reject$ int]pretation7 is an additional reason = ! rejection4 ,su* a contradiction w\ld result ev5 if x 7 /at$ t ! pradhna is to be set aside4 ,= 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,prap_/?_/aka x is intimat$ t ?r\gh ! k ( ! cause ev]y?+ becomes kn[n4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ consecutive s5t5ces1 ',h y ev] ask$ = t in/ruction by :i* we he> :at _c be he>d1 by :i* we p]ceive :at _c be p]ceiv$1 by :i* we "k :at _c be kn[n8 ,:at is t in/ruction8 ,z1 my de>1 by "o clod ( clay all t is made ( clay is kn[n1 ! modification 7i4e4 ! effect7 be+ a "n m]ely :i* has its orig9 9 spee*1 :ile ! tru? is t x is clay m]ely1' c4 ,n[ if ! t]m ',sat' d5ot$ ! pradhna1 :i* is m]ely ! cause ( ! aggregate ( ! objects ( enjoym5t1 its k1 :e!r to be set aside or n to be set aside1 c\ld nev] lead to ! k ( ! aggregate ( enjoy]s 7s\ls71 because ! latt] is n an effect ( ! pradhna4 ,!re=e ! pradhna is n d5ot$ by ! t]m ',sat4'--,= ?is ! ,strakra gives a fur!r reason4 #i4 ,on acc\nt ( 7! individual ,s\l7 go+ to ! ,self 7! ,self _c be ! pradhna74 ,) ref]5ce to ! cause d5ot$ by ! ^w ',sat1' ,scripture says1 ',:5 a man sleeps "h1 !n1 my de>1 he becomes unit$ ) ! ,sat1 he is gone to 8 own 7,self74 ,!re=e !y say ( him1 he sleeps 7svapiti71 because he is gone to 8 own 7svam apta74' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #a47 ,?is passage expla9s ! well-kn[n v]b 'to sleep1' ) ref]5ce to ! s\l4 ,! ^w1 '8 own1' d5otes ! ,self :i* _h be=e be5 d5ot$ by ! ^w ,sat2 to ! ,self he 7! individual s\l7 goes1 i4e4 into x x is resolv$1 accord+ to ! ackn[l$g$ s5se ( api-i1 :i* means 'to be resolv$ into4' ,! individual s\l 7jva7 is call$ awake z long z be+ connect$ ) ! v>i\s ext]nal objects by means ( ! modifications ( ! m9d--:i* ?us con/itute limit+ adjuncts ( ! s\l--x appreh5ds ^? ext]nal objects1 & id5tifies itself ) ! gross body1 :i* is "o ( ^? ext]nal objects#ih4 ,:51 modifi$ by ! impressions :i* ! ext]nal objects h left1 x sees dreams1 x is d5ot$ by ! t]m 'm9d#ii4' ,:51 on ! cessation ( ! two limit+ adjuncts 7i4e4 ! subtle & ! gross bodies71 & ! consequ5t abs5ce ( ! modifications due to ! adjuncts1 x is1 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep1 m]g$ 9 ! ,self z x 71 !n x is said to be asleep 7resolv$ into ! ,self74 ,a simil> etymology ( ! ^w 'h_/ri_/daya' is giv5 by _/s_/ruti1 ',t ,self abides 9 ! he>t4 ,& ?is is ! etymological explanation3 he is 9 ! he>t 7h_/ri_/di ayam74' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #c47 ,! words a_/s_/anya & udany are simil>ly etymologis$3 'wat] is c>ry+ away :at has be5 eat5 by him2' 'fire c>ries away :at has be5 drunk by him' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #c2 #e74 ,?us ! passage quot$ above expla9s ! resolution 7( ! s\l7 into ! ,self1 d5ot$ by ! t]m ',sat1' by means ( ! etymology ( ! ^w 'sleep4' ,b ! intellig5t ,self c cle>ly n resolve itself into ! non-intellig5t pradhna4 ,if1 aga91 x 7 said t ! pradhna is d5ot$ by ! ^w 'own1' because belong+ to ! ,self 7z be+ ! ,self's own71 !re w\ld rema9 ! same absurd /atem5t z to an intellig5t entity be+ resolv$ into a non-intellig5t "o4 ,moreov] ano!r scriptural passage 7viz4 'embrac$ by ! intellig5t--praj_/_/a--,self he kn[s no?+ t is )\t1 no?+ t is )91' ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ba7 decl>es t ! s\l 9 ! condition ( dreamless sleep is resolv$ into an intellig5t entity4 ,h5ce t into :i* all intellig5t s\ls are resolv$ is an intellig5t cause ( ! _w1 d5ot$ by ! ^w ',sat1' & n ! pradhna4--,a fur!r reason = ! pradhna n be+ ! cause is subjo9$4 #aj4 ,on acc\nt ( ! uni=mity ( view 7( ! ,v$nta-texts1 ,brahman is to be consid]$ ! cause74 ,if1 z 9 ! argum5tations ( ! logicians1 s 9 ! ,v$nta-texts also1 !re 7 set =? diff]5t views conc]n+ ! nature ( ! cause1 "s ( !m fav\r+ ! !ory ( an intellig5t ,brahman be+ ! cause ( ! _w1 o!rs incl9+ t[>ds ! pradhna doctr9e1 & o!rs aga9 t5d+ 9 a diff]5t direction2 !n x might p]haps be possible to int]pret su* passages z ^?1 :i* speak ( ! cause ( ! _w z ?9k+1 9 su* a mann] z to make !m fall 9 ) ! pradhna !ory4 ,b ! /at$ condition is abs5t s9ce all ! ,v$nta-texts uni=mly tea* t ! cause ( ! _w is ! intellig5t ,brahman4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ',z f a burn+ fire sp>ks proce$ 9 all directions1 ?us f t ,self ! pr_/n_/z proce$ ea* t[>ds its place2 f ! pr_/n_/z ! gods1 f ! gods ! worlds' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #c74 ,& 'f t ,self sprang e!r' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a74 ,& 'all ?is spr+s f ! ,self' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #a74 ,& '?is pr_/n_/a is born f ! ,self' 7,pr4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #c72 all :i* passages decl>e ! ,self to be ! cause4 ,t ! ^w ',self' d5otes an intellig5t be+1 we h already %[n4 ,& t all ! ,v$nta-texts advocate ! same view z to an intellig5t cause ( ! _w1 greatly /r5g!ns _! claim to be consid]$ a means ( "r k1 j z ! correspond+ claims ( ! s5ses are /r5g!n$ by _! giv+ u in=mation ( a uni=m "* reg>d+ col\r & ! l4 ,! all-kn[+ ,brahman is !re=e to be consid]$ ! cause ( ! _w1 'on acc\nt ( ! uni=mity ( view 7( ! ,v$nta-texts74'--,a fur!r reason = ?is conclusion is advanc$4 #aa4 ,& because x is directly /at$ 9 ,scripture 7!re=e ! all-kn[+ ,brahman is ! cause ( ! _w74 ,t ! all-kn[+ ,"l is ! cause ( ! _w1 is also decl>$ 9 a text directly ref]r+ to him 7viz4 ! all-kn[+ "o71 viz4 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ! mantropani%ad ( ! _/,s_/vet_/s_/vat>as 7,,vi1 #i7 :]e ! ^w 'he' ref]s to ! previ\sly m5tion$ all-kn[+ ,"l1 ',he is ! cause1 ! "l ( ! lords ( ! organs1 & !re is ( him nei!r p>5t nor "l4' ,x is !re=e f9ally settl$ t ! all-kn[+ ,brahman is ! g5]al cause1 n ! non-intellig5t pradhna or any?+ else4 ,9 :at prec$es we h %[n1 avail+ ourselves ( appropriate argum5ts1 t ! ,v$nta-texts exhibit$ "u ,stras ,i1 #a-aa1 are capable ( prov+ t ! all-kn[+1 all-p[]ful ,"l is ! cause ( ! orig91 subsi/5ce1 & dissolution ( ! _w4 ,& we h expla9$1 by po9t+ to ! prevail+ uni=mity ( view 7,i1 #aj71 t all ,v$nta-texts :atev] ma9ta9 an intellig5t cause4 ,! "q might !re=e be ask$1 ',:at reason is !re = ! subsequ5t "p ( ! ,v$nta-stras8' 7z ! *ief po9t is settl$ already47 ,to ?is "q we reply z foll[s3 ,brahman is appreh5d$ "u two =ms2 9 ! fir/ place z qualifi$ by limit+ conditions ow+ to ! multi=mity ( ! evolutions ( "n & =m 7i4e4 ! multi=mity ( ! creat$ _w72 9 ! second place z be+ ! opposite ( ?is1 i4e4 free f all limit+ conditions :atev]4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ passages3 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ae1 ',= :]e !re is duality z x 71 !n "o sees ! o!r2 b :5 ! ,self only is all ?is1 h[ %\ld he see ano!r8' ,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bd1 #a1 ',:]e "o sees no?+ else1 he>s no?+ else1 und]/&s no?+ else1 t is ! greate/4 ,:]e "o sees some?+ else1 he>s some?+ else1 und]/&s some?+ else1 t is ! little4 ,! greate/ is immortal2 ! little is mortal2' ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ab1 #g1 ',! wise "o1 :o hav+ produc$ all =ms & made all names1 sits call+ 7! ?+s by _! names#ajj72' _/,s_/v4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ai1 ',:o is )\t p>ts1 )\t actions1 tranquil1 )\t faults1 )\t ta9t1 ! highe/ bridge ( immortality1 l a fire t has consum$ its fuel2' ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #c1 #f1 ',n s1 n s2' ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #h1 ',x is nei!r co>se nor f9e1 nei!r %ort nor long2' & 'defective is "o place1 p]fect ! o!r4' ,all ^! passages1 ) _m o!rs1 decl>e ,brahman to possess a d\ble nature1 accord+ z x is ! object ei!r ( ,k or ( ,nesci5ce4 ,z long z x is ! object ( ,nesci5ce1 !re are appli$ to x ! categories ( devotee1 object ( devotion1 & ! l#aja4 ,! diff]5t modes ( devotion lead to diff]5t results1 "s to exaltation1 "s to gradual emancipation1 "s to success 9 works2 ^? modes are di/9ct on acc\nt ( ! di/9ction ( ! diff]5t qualities & limit+ conditions#ajb4 ,& al?\gh ! "o highe/ ,self only1 i4e4 ! ,"l di/+ui%$ by ^? diff]5t qualities con/itutes ! object ( devotion1 /ill ! fruits 7( devotion7 are di/9ct1 accord+ z ! devotion ref]s to diff]5t qualities4 ,?us ,scripture says1 ',accord+ z man wor%ips him1 t he becomes2' &1 ',accord+ to :at 8 ?\ght is 9 ?is _w1 s w he be :5 he has dep>t$ ?is life' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a74 ,sm_/ri_/ti also makes an analog\s /atem5t1 ',rememb]+ :atev] =m ( be+ he leaves ?is body 9 ! end1 into t =m he ent]s1 be+ impress$ ) x ?r\gh 8 con/ant m$itation' 7,bha4 ,gt ,,viii1 #f74 ,al?\gh "o & ! same ,self is hidd5 9 all be+s movable z well z immovable1 yet ow+ to ! gradual rise ( excell5ce ( ! m9ds :i* =m ! limit+ conditions 7( ! ,self71 ,scripture decl>es t ! ,self1 al?\gh et]nally un*ang+ & uni=m1 reveals itself#ajc 9 a graduat$ s]ies ( be+s1 & s appe>s 9 =ms ( v>i\s dignity & p[]2 comp>e1 = in/ance 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #c1 #b1 #a71 ',he :o kn[s ! high] manife/ation ( ! ,self 9 him#ajd1' c4 ,simil>ly ,sm_/ri_/ti rem>ks1 ',:atev] be+ !re is ( p[]1 spl5d\r or might1 "k x to h sprung f portions ( my glory' 7,bha4 ,gt1 ,x1 #da72 a passage decl>+ t :]ev] !re is an excess ( p[] & s on1 !re ! ,"l is to be wor%ipp$4 ,accord+ly "h 7i4e4 9 ! ,stras7 also ! tea*] w %[ t ! gold5 p]son 9 ! disc ( ! ,sun is ! highe/ ,self1 on acc\nt ( an indicat+ sign1 viz4 ! circum/ance ( 8 be+ unconnect$ ) any evil 7,v$4 ,s4 ,i1 #a1 #bj72 ! same is to be obs]v$ ) reg>d to ,i1 #a1 #bb & o!r ,stras4 ,&1 aga91 an enquiry w h to be und]tak5 into ! mean+ ( ! texts1 9 ord] t a settl$ conclusion may be rea*$ conc]n+ t k ( ! ,self :i* leads to in/antane\s release2 = al?\gh t k is convey$ by means ( v>i\s limit+ conditions1 yet no special connexion ) limit+ conditions is int5d$ to be intimat$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !re arises a d\bt :e!r x 7! k7 has ! high] or ! l[] ,brahman = its object2 s1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ,stra ,i1 #a1 #abaje4 ,f all ?is x appe>s t ! foll[+ "p ( ! _/,s_//ra has a special object ( its own1 viz4 to %[ t ! ,v$nta-texts tea*1 on ! "o h&1 ,brahman z connect$ ) limit+ conditions & =m+ an object ( devotion1 & on ! o!r h&1 z be+ free f ! connexion ) su* conditions & con/itut+ an object ( k4 ,! refutation1 moreov]1 ( non-intellig5t causes diff]5t f ,brahman1 :i* 9 ,i1 #a1 #aj 0 bas$ on ! uni=mity ( ! mean+ ( ! ,v$nta-texts1 w be fur!r detail$ by ! ,strakra1 :o1 :ile expla9+ additional passages relat+ to ,brahman1 w preclude all causes ( a nature opposite to t ( ,brahman4 #ab4 7,! ,self7 consi/+ ( bliss 7is ! highe/ ,self7 on acc\nt ( ! repetition 7( ! ^w 'bliss1' z d5ot+ ! highe/ ,self74 ,! ,taittirya-upani%ad 7,,ii1 #a-e71 aft] hav+ enum]at$ ! ,self consi/+ ( food1 ! ,self consi/+ ( ! vital airs1 ! ,self consi/+ ( m9d1 & ! ,self consi/+ ( und]/&+1 says1 ',diff]5t f ?is :i* consi/s ( und]/&+ is ! o!r inn] ,self :i* consi/s ( bliss4' ,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r ! phrase1 't :i* consi/s ( bliss1' d5otes ! highe/ ,brahman ( :i* x _h be5 said previ\sly1 t ',x is true ,be+1 ,k1 )\t end1' or some?+ diff]5t f ,brahman1 j z ! ,self consi/+ ( food1 c41 is diff]5t f x4--,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is a second>y 7n ! pr9cipal7 ,self1 & some?+ diff]5t f ,brahman2 z x =ms a l9k 9 a s]ies ( ,selfs1 beg9n+ ) ! ,self consi/+ ( food1 :i* all are n ! pr9cipal ,self4 ,to ! objection t ev5 ?us ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss may be consid]$ z ! prim>y ,self1 s9ce x is /at$ to be ! inn]mo/ ( all1 he replies t ?is _c be admitt$1 because ! ,self ( bliss is decl>$ to h joy & s on = its limbs1 & because x is said to be embodi$4 ,if x 7 id5tical ) ! prim>y ,self1 joy & ! l w\ld n t\* x2 b ! text expressly says ',joy is its head2' & ab\t its be+ embodi$ we read1 ',( t =m] "o ?is "o is ! embodi$ ,self' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f71 i4e4 ( t =m] ,self ( ,und]/&+ ?is ,self ( bliss is ! embodi$ ,self4 ,& ( :at is embodi$1 ! contact ) joy & pa9 _c be prev5t$4 ,!re=e ! ,self :i* consi/s ( bliss is no?+ b ! transmigrat+ ,s\l4 ,to ?is reason+ we make ! foll[+ reply3--,by ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss we h to und]/& ! highe/ ,self1 'on acc\nt ( repetition4' ,= ! ^w 'bliss' is repeat$ly appli$ to ! highe/ ,self4 ,s ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g1 :]e1 aft] ! clause ',t is flav\r'--:i* ref]s back to ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 & decl>es x to be ( ! nature ( flav\r--we read1 ',= only aft] hav+ p]ceiv$ flav\r c any "o p]ceive delight4 ,:o c\ld brea!1 :o c\ld brea! =? if t ,bliss exi/$ n 9 ! e!r 7( ! he>t78 ,= he alone causes bless$ness2' & aga91 ,,ii1 #h1 ',n[ ?is is an exam9ation ( ,bliss2' ',he rea*es t ,self consi/+ ( ,bliss2' & aga91 ,,ii1 #i1 ',he :o kn[s ! ,bliss ( ,brahman fe>s no?+2' & 9 addition1 ',he und]/ood t ,bliss is ,brahman' 7,,iii1 #f74 ,& 9 ano!r scriptural passage also 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #bh71 ',k & bliss is ,brahman1' we see ! ^w 'bliss' appli$ j to ,brahman4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! ^w 'bliss' is repeat$ly us$ ) ref]5ce to ,brahman1 we conclude t ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ,brahman also4 ,! objection t ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss c only d5ote ! second>y ,self 7! ,sa_/m_/sr971 because x =ms a l9k 9 a s]ies ( second>y ,selfs1 beg9n+ ) ! "o consi/+ ( food1 is ( no =ce1 = ! reason t ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ! inn]mo/ ( all4 ,! _/,s_//ra1 wi%+ to convey in=mation ab\t ! prim>y ,self1 adapts itself to common notions1 9 s f> z x at fir/ ref]s to ! body consi/+ ( food1 :i*1 al?\gh n ! ,self1 is by v obtuse p id5tifi$ ) x2 x !n proce$s f ! body to ano!r ,self1 :i* has ! same %ape ) ! prec$+ "o1 j z ! /atue possesses ! =m ( ! m\ld into :i* ! molt5 brass _h be5 p\r$2 !n1 aga91 to ano!r "o1 always at fir/ repres5t+ ! ,non-,self z ! ,self1 = ! purpose ( easi] compreh5sion2 & x f9ally tea*es t ! inn]mo/ ,self#ajf1 :i* consi/s ( bliss1 is ! real ,self4 ,j z :5 a man1 desir\s ( po9t+ out ! /> ,arundhat to ano!r man1 at fir/ po9ts to sev]al />s :i* are n ,arundhat z be+ ,arundhat1 :ile only ! /> po9t$ out 9 ! end is ! real ,arundhat2 s "h also ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ! real ,self on acc\nt ( its be+ ! inn]mo/ 7i4e4 ! la/74 ,nor c any weight be all[$ to ! objection t ! attribution ( joy & s on1 z head1 c41 _c possibly ref] to ! real ,self2 = ?is attribution is due to ! imm$iately prec$+ limit+ condition 7viz4 ! ,self consi/+ ( und]/&+1 ! s-call$ vij_/_/nakosa71 & does n really belong to ! real ,self4 ,! possession ( a bodily nature also is ascrib$ to ! ,self ( bliss1 only because x is repres5t$ z a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( bodies :i* beg9s ) ! ,self consi/+ ( food1 & is n ascrib$ to x 9 ! same direct s5se 9 :i* x is pr$icat$ ( ! transmigrat+ ,self4 ,h5ce ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ! highe/ ,brahman4 #ac4 ,if 7x be object$ t ! t]m n&amaya1 consi/+ ( bliss1 c7 n 7d5ote ! highe/ ,self7 on acc\nt ( its be+ a ^w d5ot+ a modification 7or product72 7we decl>e ! objection to be7 n 7valid7 on acc\nt ( abundance1 7! idea ( :i* may be express$ by ! affix maya47 ,"h ! prvapak%9 raises ! objection t ! ^w n&amaya 7consi/+ ( bliss7 _c d5ote ! highe/ ,self4--,:y8--,because ! ^w n&amaya is und]/ood to d5ote some?+ diff]5t f ! orig9al ^w 7i4e4 ! ^w n&a )\t ! d]ivative affix maya71 viz4 a modification2 accord+ to ! receiv$ s5se ( ! affix maya4 'n&amaya' !re=e d5otes a modification1 j z annamaya 7consi/+ ( food7 & simil> words d4 ,?is objection is1 h[ev]1 n valid1 because 'maya' is also us$ 9 ! s5se ( abundance1 i4e4 d5otes t :]e !re is abundance ( :at ! orig9al ^w expresses4 ,s1 = in/ance1 ! phrase '! sacrifice is annamaya' means '! sacrifice is ab\nd+ 9 food' 7n 'is "s modification or product ( food'74 ,?us "h ,brahman also1 z ab\nd+ 9 bliss1 is call$ n&amaya4 ,t ,brahman does ab\nd 9 bliss foll[s f ! passage 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #h71 :]e1 aft] ! bliss ( ea* ( ! diff]5t classes ( be+s1 beg9n+ ) man1 has be5 decl>$ to be a hundr$ times great] ?an ! bliss ( ! imm$iately prec$+ class1 ! bliss ( ,brahman is f9ally proclaim$ to be absolutely supreme4 ,maya !re=e d5otes abundance4 #ad4 ,& because he is decl>$ to be ! cause ( x1 7i4e4 ( bliss2 !re=e maya is to be tak5 z d5ot+ abundance47 ,maya mu/ be und]/ood to d5ote abundance1 = t reason also t ,scripture decl>es ,brahman to be ! cause ( bliss1 ',= he alone causes bliss' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g74 ,= he :o causes bliss mu/ himself ab\nd 9 bliss2 j z we inf] 9 ord9>y life1 t a man :o enri*es o!rs mu/ himself possess abundant weal?4 ,z1 !re=e1 maya may be tak5 to mean 'abundant1' ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ! highe/ ,self4 #ae4 ,moreov] 7! n&amaya is ,brahman because7 ! same 7,brahman7 :i* _h be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! mantra is sung1 7i4e4 proclaim$ 9 ! ,brhma_/n_/a passage z ! n&amaya47 ,! ,self1 consi/+ ( joy1 is ! highe/ ,brahman = ! foll[+ reason also#ajg4 ,on ! introductory words 'he :o kn[s ,brahman atta9s ! highe/' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a71 !re foll[s a mantra proclaim+ t ,brahman1 :i* =ms ! g5]al topic ( ! *apt]1 possesses ! qualities ( true exi/5ce1 intellig5ce1 inf9ity2 aft] t x is said t f ,brahman !re sprang at fir/ ! e!r & !n all o!r mov+ & non-mov+ ?+s1 & t1 ent]+ into ! be+s :i* x _h emitt$1 ,brahman /ays 9 ! recess1 inmo/ ( all2 !reupon1 = its bett] compreh5sion1 ! s]ies ( ! diff]5t ,selfs 7'diff]5t f ?is is ! inn] ,self1' c47 are enum]at$1 & !n f9ally ! same ,brahman :i* ! mantra _h proclaim$1 is aga9 proclaim$ 9 ! passage "u discussion1 'diff]5t f ?is is ! o!r inn] ,self1 :i* consi/s ( bliss4' ,to assume t a mantra & ! ,brhma_/n_/a passage belong+ to x h ! same s5se is only prop]1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( contradiction 7:i* results !refrom72 = o!rwise we %\ld be driv5 to ! unwelcome inf]5ce t ! text drops ! topic once />t$1 & turns to an altoge!r new subject4 ,nor is !re m5tion$ a fur!r inn] ,self diff]5t f ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,self consi/+ ( food1 c4#ajh ,on ! same 7i4e4 ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss7 is f\nd$1 ',?is same k ( ,bh_/ri_/gu & ,v>u_/n_/a2 he und]/ood t bliss is ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #f74 ,!re=e ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ! highe/ ,self4 #af4 7,! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ! highe/ ,self17 n ! o!r 7i4e4 ! individual ,s\l71 on acc\nt ( ! impossibility 7( ! latt] assumption74 ,& = ! foll[+ reason also ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ! highe/ ,self only1 n ! o!r1 i4e4 ! "o :i* is o!r ?an ! ,"l1 i4e4 ! transmigrat+ individual s\l4 ,! p]sonal s\l _c be d5ot$ by ! t]m '! "o consi/+ ( bliss4' ,:y8 ,on acc\nt ( ! impossibility4 ,= ,scripture says1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 ',he wi%$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?4 ,he brood$ ov] himself4 ,aft] he _h ?us brood$1 he s5t =? :atev] !re is4' ,"h1 ! desire aris+ be=e ! orig9ation ( a body1 c41 ! non-sep>ation ( ! effects creat$ f ! creator1 & ! creation ( all effects :atev]1 _c possibly belong to any ,self diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self4 #ag4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( ! diff]5ce 7( ! two1 ! n&amaya _c be ! transmigrat+ s\l74 ,! ,self consi/+ ( bliss _c be id5tical ) ! transmigrat+ s\l1 = t reason also t 9 ! section treat+ ( ! ,self ( bliss1 ! individual s\l & ! ,self ( bliss are di/9ctly repres5t$ z diff]5t2 ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g1 ',x 7i4e4 ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss7 is a flav\r2 = only aft] p]ceiv+ a flav\r c ?is 7s\l7 p]ceive bliss4' ,= he :o p]ceives _c be t :i* is p]ceiv$4--,b1 x may be ask$1 if he :o p]ceives or atta9s _c be t :i* is p]ceiv$ or atta9$1 h[ ab\t ! foll[+ _/,s_/ruti- & ,smr_/ri_/ti-passages1 ',! ,self is to be s\ght2' ',no?+ high] is kn[n ?an ! atta9m5t ( ! ,self#aji8'--,?is objection1 we reply1 is legitimate 7f ! po9t ( view ( absolute tru?74 ,yet we see t 9 ord9>y life1 ! ,self1 :i* 9 reality is nev] any?+ b ! ,self1 is1 ow+ to non-compreh5sion ( ! tru?1 id5tifi$ ) ! ,non-,self1 i4e4 ! body & s on2 :]eby x becomes possible to speak ( ! ,self 9 s f> z x is id5tifi$ ) ! body1 & s on1 z some?+ n se>*$ = b to be se>*$ =1 n he>d b to be he>d1 n seiz$ b to be seiz$1 n p]ceiv$ b to be p]ceiv$1 n kn[n b to be kn[n1 & ! l4 ,scripture1 on ! o!r h&1 d5ies1 9 su* passages z '!re is no o!r se] b he' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bc71 t !re is 9 reality any se] or he>] diff]5t f ! all-kn[+ highe/ ,"l4 7,nor c x be said t ! ,"l is unreal because he is id5tical ) ! unreal individual s\l2 =7#aaj ! ,"l diff]s f ! s\l 7vij_/_/ntman7 :i* is embodi$1 acts & enjoys1 & is ! product ( ,nesci5ce1 9 ! same way z ! real juggl] :o /&s on ! gr\nd diff]s f ! illusive juggl]1 :o1 hold+ 9 8 h& a %ield & a sword1 climbs up to ! sky by means ( a rope2 or z ! free unlimit$ e!r diff]s f ! e!r ( a j>1 :i* is det]m9$ by its limit+ adjunct1 7viz4 ! j>47 ,) ref]5ce to ?is fictiti\s diff]5ce ( ! highe/ ,self & ! individual ,self1 ! two la/ ,stras h be5 prop\nd$4 #ah4 ,& on acc\nt ( desire 7be+ m5tion$ z belong+ to ! n&amaya7 no reg>d is to be _h to :at is inf]r$1 7i4e4 to ! pradhna inf]r$ by ! ,snkhyas47 ,s9ce 9 ! passage 'he desir$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?1' :i* occurs 9 ! *apt] treat+ ( ! n&amaya 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f71 ! quality ( feel+ desire is m5tion$1 t :i* is inf]r$1 i4e4 ! non-intellig5t pradhna assum$ by ! ,snkhyas1 _c be reg>d$ z be+ ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss & ! cause ( ! _w4 ,al?\gh ! op9ion t ! pradhna is ! cause ( ! _w1 has already be5 refut$ 9 ! ,stra ,i1 #a1 #e1 x is "h1 :]e a fav\rable opportunity pres5ts itself1 refut$ = a second "t on ! basis ( ! scriptural passage ab\t ! cause ( ! _w feel+ desire1 = ! purpose ( %[+ ! uni=mity ( view 7( all scriptural passages74 #ai4 ,&1 moreov]1 x 7i4e4 ,scripture7 tea*es ! jo9+ ( ?is 7i4e4 ! individual s\l7 ) t1 7i4e4 ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss71 on t 7be+ fully kn[n74 ,& = ! foll[+ reason also ! t]m1 '! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1' _c d5ote ei!r ! pradhna or ! individual s\l4 ,scripture tea*es t ! individual s\l :5 x has rea*$ k is jo9$1 i4e4 id5tifi$1 ) ! ,self ( bliss "u discussion1 i4e4 obta9s f9al release4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ passage 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g71 ',:5 he f9ds fre$om f fe>1 & re/ 9 t :i* is invisible1 incorporeal1 undef9$1 unsupport$1 !n he has obta9$ ! fe>less4 ,= if he makes b ! smalle/ di/9ction 9 x !re is fe> = him4' ,t means1 if he sees 9 t ,self consi/+ ( bliss ev5 a small diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( non-id5tity1 !n he f9ds no release f ! fe> ( transmigratory exi/5ce4 ,b :5 he1 by means ( ! cognition ( absolute id5tity1 f9ds absolute re/ 9 ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 !n he is fre$ f ! fe> ( transmigratory exi/5ce4 ,b ?is 7f9d+ absolute re/7 is possible only :5 we und]/& by ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 ! highe/ ,self1 & n ei!r ! pradhna or ! individual s\l4 ,h5ce x is prov$ t ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is ! highe/ ,self4 ,b1 9 reality1 ! foll[+ rem>ks h to be made conc]n+ ! true mean+ ( ! ^w 'n&amaya#aaa4' ,on :at gr\nds1 we ask1 c x be ma9ta9$ t ! affix 'maya' aft] hav+1 9 ! s]ies ( comp\nds beg9n+ ) annamaya & end+ ) vij_/_/namaya1 d5ot$ m]e modifications1 %\ld all at once1 9 ! ^w n&amaya1 :i* belongs to ! same s]ies1 d5ote abundance1 s t n&amaya w\ld ref] to ,brahman8 ,if x %\ld be said t ! assumption is made on acc\nt ( ! gov]n+ influ5ce ( ! ,brahman proclaim$ 9 ! mantra 7:i* =ms ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]1 ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii71 we reply t !refrom x w\ld foll[ t also ! ,selfs consi/+ ( food1 brea?1 c41 d5ote ,brahman 7because ! gov]n+ influ5ce ( ! mantra ext5ds to !m also74--,! advocate ( ! =m] int]pretation w "h1 p]haps1 re/ate an argum5t already made use ( above1 viz4 z foll[s3 ,to assume t ! ,selfs consi/+ ( food1 & s on1 are n ,brahman is q prop]1 because aft] ea* ( !m an inn] ,self is m5tion$4 ,aft] ! ,self ( bliss1 on ! o!r h&1 no fur!r inn] ,self is m5tion$1 & h5ce x mu/ be consid]$ to be ,brahman itself2 o!rwise we %\ld commit ! mi/ake ( dropp+ ! subject-matt] 9 h& 7z :i* ,brahman is po9t$ out by ! mantra71 & tak+ up a new topic4--,b to ?is we reply t1 al?\gh unlike ! case ( ! ,selfs consi/+ ( food1 c41 no inn] ,self is m5tion$ aft] ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 /ill ! latt] _c be consid]$ z ,brahman1 because ) ref]5ce to ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss ,scripture decl>es1 ',joy is its head4 ,satisfaction is its "r arm4 ,great satisfaction is its left arm4 ,bliss is its trunk4 ,brahman is its tail1 its support4' ,n[1 "h ! v same ,brahman :i*1 9 ! mantra1 _h be5 introduc$ z ! subject ( ! discussion1 is call$ ! tail1 ! support2 :ile ! five involucra1 ext5d+ f ! involucrum ( food up to ! involucrum ( bliss1 are m]ely introduc$ = ! purpose ( sett+ =? ! k ( ,brahman4 ,h[1 !n1 c x be ma9ta9$ t our int]pretation implies ! ne$less dropp+ ( ! g5]al subject-matt] & ! introduction ( a new topic8--,b1 x may aga9 be object$1 ,brahman is call$ ! tail1 i4e4 a memb] ( ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss2 analog\sly to ^? passages 9 :i* a tail & o!r memb]s are ascrib$ to ! ,selfs consi/+ ( food & s on4 ,on :at gr\nds1 !n1 c we claim to "k t ,brahman 7:i* is spok5 ( z a m]e memb]1 i4e4 a subord9ate matt]7 is 9 reality ! *ief matt] ref]r$ to8--,f ! fact1 we reply1 ( ,brahman be+ ! g5]al subject-matt] ( ! *apt]4--,b1 x w aga9 be said1 t int]pretation also accord+ to :i* ,brahman is cognis$ z a m]e memb] ( ! n&amaya does n involve a dropp+ ( ! subject-matt]1 s9ce ! n&amaya himself is ,brahman4--,b1 we reply1 9 t case "o & ! same ,brahman w\ld at fir/ appe> z ! :ole1 viz4 z ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 & !reupon z a m]e "p1 viz4 z ! tail2 :i* is absurd4 ,& z "o ( ! two alt]natives mu/ be pref]r$1 x is c]ta9ly appropriate to ref] to ,brahman ! clause ',brahman is ! tail' :i* conta9s ! ^w ',brahman1' & n ! s5t5ce ab\t ! ,self ( ,bliss 9 :i* ,brahman is n m5tion$4 ,moreov]1 ,scripture1 9 cont9uation ( ! phrase1 ',brahman is ! tail1 ! support1' goes on1 ',on ?is !re is also ! foll[+ _/s_/loka3 ,he :o kn[s ! ,brahman z non-exi/+ becomes himself non-exi/+4 ,he :o kn[s ,brahman z exi/+ him we "k himself z exi/+4' ,z ?is _/s_/loka1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! ,self ( bliss1 /ates ! advantage & disadvantage connect$ ) ! k ( ! be+ & non-be+ ( ,brahman only1 we conclude t ! clause1 ',brahman is ! tail1 ! support1' repres5ts ,brahman z ! *ief matt] 7n z a m]ely subord9ate matt]74 ,ab\t ! be+ or non-be+ ( ! ,self ( bliss1 on ! o!r h&1 a d\bt is n well possible1 s9ce ! ,self ( bliss di/+ui%$ by joy1 satisfaction1 c41 is well kn[n to e "o4--,b if ,brahman is ! pr9cipal matt]1 h[ c x be designat$ z ! m]e tail ( ! ,self ( bliss 7',brahman is ! tail1 ! support'78--,its be+ call$ s1 we reply1 =ms no objection2 = ! ^w tail "h d5otes t :i* is ( ! nature ( a tail1 s t we h to und]/& t ! bliss ( ,brahman is n a memb] 79 its lit]al s5se71 b ! support or abode1 ! "o ne/ 7re/+-place7 ( all worldly bliss4 ,analog\sly ano!r scriptural passage decl>es1 ',all o!r creatures live on a small portion ( t bliss' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #cb74 ,fur!r1 if by ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss we 7 to und]/& ,brahman we %\ld h to assume t ! ,brahman meant is ! ,brahman di/+ui%$ by qualities 7savi_/s_/e%a71 because x is said to h joy & ! l = its memb]s4 ,b ?is assumption is contradict$ by a complem5t>y passage 7,,ii1 #i7 :i* decl>es t ,brahman is ! object nei!r ( m9d nor spee*1 & s %[s t ! ,brahman meant is ! 7absolute7 ,brahman 7devoid ( qualities71 ',f :5ce all spee*1 ) ! m9d1 turns away unable to rea* x1 he :o kn[s ! bliss ( t ,brahman fe>s no?+4' ,moreov]1 if we speak ( some?+ z 'ab\nd+ 9 bliss#aab1' we !reby imply ! co-exi/5ce ( pa92 = ! ^w 'abundance' 9 its ord9>y s5se implies ! exi/5ce ( a small measure ( :at is oppos$ to ! ?+ :]e( !re is abundance4 ,b ! passage s und]/ood w\ld be 9 conflict ) ano!r passage 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bd71 ',:]e "o sees no?+ else1 he>s no?+ else1 und]/&s no?+ else1 t is ! ,inf9ite2' :i* decl>es t 9 ! ,inf9ite1 i4e4 ,brahman1 !re is no?+ :atev] diff]5t f x4 ,moreov]1 z joy1 c4 diff] 9 ea* individual body1 ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss also is a diff]5t "o 9 ea* body4 ,brahman1 on ! o!r h&1 does n diff] accord+ to bodies2 = ! mantra at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt] decl>es x to be true ,be+1 k1 inf9ite1 & ano!r passage says1 ',he is ! "o ,god1 hidd5 9 all be+s1 all-p]vad+1 ! ,self )9 all be+s' 7_/,s_/v4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #aa74 ,nor1 aga91 does ,scripture exhibit a frequ5t repetition ( ! ^w 'n&amaya2' = m]ely ! radical "p ( ! comp\nd 7i4e4 ! ^w n&a )\t ! affix maya7 is repeat$ 9 all ! foll[+ passages2 ',x is a flav\r1 = only aft] seiz+ flav\r c any "o seize bliss4 ,:o c\ld brea!1 :o c\ld brea! =?1 if t bliss exi/$ n 9 ! e!r8 ,= he alone causes bless$ness2' ',n[ ?is is an exam9ation ( bliss2' ',he :o kn[s ! bliss ( t ,brahman fe>s no?+2' ',he und]/ood t bliss is ,brahman4' ,if x 7 a settl$ matt] t ,brahman is d5ot$ by ! t]m1 '! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1' !n we c\ld assume t 9 ! subsequ5t passages1 :]e m]ely ! ^w 'bliss' is employ$1 ! t]m 'consi/+ ( bliss' is meant to be repeat$2 b t ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss is n ,brahman1 we h already prov$ by means ( ! reason ( joy be+ its head1 & s on4 ,h5ce1 z 9 ano!r scriptural passage1 viz4 ',brahman is k & bliss' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #bh71 ! m]e ^w 'bliss' d5otes ,brahman1 we mu/ conclude t also 9 su* passages z1 ',if t bliss exi/$ n 9 ! e!r1' ! ^w bliss is us$ ) ref]5ce to ,brahman1 & is n meant to repeat ! t]m 'consi/+ ( bliss4' ,! repetition ( ! full comp\nd1 'consi/+ ( bliss1' :i* occurs 9 ! passage1 ',he rea*es t ,self consi/+ ( bliss' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #h71 does n ref] to ,brahman1 z x is conta9$ 9 ! enum]ation ( ,non-,selfs1 compris+ ! ,self ( food1 c41 all ( :i* are m]e effects1 & all ( :i* are repres5t$ z ?+s to be rea*$4--,b1 x may be said1 if ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 :i* is said to h to be rea*$1 7 n ,brahman--j z ! ,selfs consi/+ ( food1 c4 are n ,brahman--!n x w\ld n be decl>$ 79 ! passage imm$iately foll[+7 t he :o kn[s obta9s = 8 rew>d ,brahman4--,?is objection we invalidate by ! rem>k t ! text makes its decl>ation z to ,brahman--:i* is ! tail1 ! support--be+ rea*$ by him :o kn[s1 by ! v means ( ! decl>ation z to ! atta9m5t ( ! ,self ( bliss2 z appe>s f ! passage1 ',on ?is !re is also ?is _/s_/loka1 f :i* all spee* returns1' c4 ,) ref]5ce1 aga91 to ! passage1 ',he desir$3 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?1' :i* is f\nd 9 proximity to ! m5tion ( ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 we rem>k t x is 9 reality connect$ 7n ) ! ,self ( bliss b )7 ,brahman1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! /ill ne>] passage1 ',brahman is ! tail1 ! support1' & does !re=e n intimate t ! ,self ( bliss is ,brahman4 ,&1 on acc\nt ( its ref]r+ to ! passage la/ quot$ 7'x desir$1' c471 ! lat] passage also1 ',t is flav\r1' c41 has n ! ,self ( bliss = its subject4--,b1 x may be object$1 ! 7neut] ^w7 ,brahman _c possibly be designat$ by a mascul9e ^w z y ma9ta9 is done 9 ! passage1 ',he desir$1' c4--,9 reply to ?is objection we po9t to ! passage 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a71 ',f t ,self sprang e!r1' :]e1 likewise1 ! mascul9e ^w ',self' c ref] to ,brahman only1 s9ce ! latt] is ! g5]al topic ( ! *apt]4 ,9 ! k ( ,bh_/ri_/gu & ,v>u_/n_/a f9ally 7'he knew t bliss is ,brahman'71 ! ^w 'bliss' is rightly und]/ood to d5ote ,brahman1 s9ce we !re meet nei!r ) ! affix 'maya1' nor ) any /atem5t z to joy be+ its head1 & ! l4 ,to ascribe to ,brahman 9 itself joy1 & s on1 z its memb]s1 is impossible1 unless we h rec\rse to c]ta91 h[ev] m9ute1 di/9ctions qualify+ ,brahman2 & t ! :ole *apt] is n meant to convey a k ( ! qualifi$ 7savi_/s_/e%a7 ,brahman is prov$ by ! passage 7quot$ above71 :i* decl>es t ,brahman transc5ds spee* & m9d4 ,we !re=e mu/ conclude t ! affix maya1 9 ! ^w n&amaya1 does n d5ote abundance1 b expresses a m]e effect1 j z x does 9 ! words annamaya & ! subsequ5t simil> comp\nds4 ,! ,stras are !re=e to be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,!re arises ! "q :e!r ! passage1 ',brahman is ! tail1 ! support1' is to be und]/ood z intimat+ t ,brahman is a m]e memb] ( ! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1 or t x is ! pr9cipal matt]4 ,if x is said t x mu/ be consid]$ z a m]e memb]1 ! reply is1 ',! ,self consi/+ ( bliss on acc\nt ( ! repetition4' ,t means3 ,brahman1 :i* 9 ! passage '! ,self consi/+ ( bliss1' c41 is spok5 ( z ! tail1 ! support1 is designat$ z ! pr9cipal matt] 7n z some?+ subord9ate74 ,on acc\nt ( ! repetition2 = 9 ! memorial _/s_/loka1 'he becomes himself non-exi/+1' ,brahman alone is reit]at$4 ',if n1 on acc\nt ( ! ^w d5ot+ a modification2 n s1 on acc\nt ( abundance4' ,9 ?is ,stra ! ^w 'modification' is meant to convey ! s5se ( memb]4 ,! objection t on acc\nt ( ! ^w 'tail1' :i* d5otes a m]e memb]1 ,brahman _c be tak5 z ! pr9cipal matt] mu/ be refut$4 ,?is we d by rem>k+ t !re is no difficulty1 s9ce a ^w d5ot+ a memb] may be introduc$ into ! passage on acc\nt ( pr_/k_/urya#aac4 ,pr_/k_/urya "h means a phraseology ab\nd+ 9 t]ms d5ot+ memb]s4 ,aft] ! diff]5t memb]s1 beg9n+ ) ! head & end+ ) ! tail1 ( ! ,selfs1 consi/+ ( food1 c4 h be5 enum]at$1 !re are also m5tion$ ! head & ! o!r limbs ( ! ,self ( bliss1 & !n x is add$1 ',brahman is ! tail1 ! support2' ! int5tion be+ m]ely to introduce "s m t]ms d5ot+ memb]s1 n to convey ! mean+ ( 'memb]1' 7an explanation :i* is impossible7 because ! prec$+ ,stra already has prov$ ,brahman 7n to be a memb]1 b7 to be ! pr9cipal matt]4 ',& because he is decl>$ to be ! cause ( x4' ,t means3 ,brahman is decl>$ to be ! cause ( ! entire aggregate ( effects1 inclusive ( ! ,self1 consi/+ ( bliss1 9 ! foll[+ passage1 ',he creat$ all :atev] !re is' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f74 ,& z ,brahman is ! cause1 x _c at ! same "t be call$ ! memb]1 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w1 ( ! ,self ( bliss1 :i* is no?+ b "o ( ,brahman's effects4 ,! o!r ,stras also 7:i* ref] to ! ,self ( bliss#aad7 are to be consid]$1 z well z !y may1 z convey+ a k ( ,brahman1 :i* 7,brahman7 is ref]r$ to 9 ! passage ab\t ! tail4 #bj4 ,! "o )9 7! sun & ! eye7 7is ! highe/ ,"l71 on acc\nt ( 8 qualities be+ decl>$#aae4 ,! foll[+ passage is f\nd 9 ,scripture 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #f1 #f ff471 ',n[ t p]son bright z gold :o is se5 )9 ! sun1 ) be>d bright z gold & hair bright z gold1 bright z gold altoge!r to ! v tips ( 8 nails1 ^: eyes are l blue lotus2 8 "n is ,ut1 = he has ris5 7udita7 above all evil4 ,he also :o kn[s ?is rises above all evil4 ,s mu* ) ref]5ce to ! devas4' ,& fur!r on1 ) ref]5ce to ! body1 ',n[ ! p]son :o is se5 9 ! eye1' c4 ,"h ! foll[+ d\bt pres5ts itself4 ,d ^! passages po9t out1 z ! object ( devotion direct$ on ! sph]e ( ! sun & ! eye1 m]ely "s special individual s\l1 :i*1 by means ( a l>ge measure ( k & pi\s works1 has rais$ itself to a position ( em95ce2 or d !y ref] to ! et]nally p]fect highe/ ,"l8 ,! prvapak%9 takes ! =m] view4 ,an individual s\l1 he says1 is ref]r$ to1 s9ce ,scripture speaks ( a def9ite %ape4 ,to ! p]son 9 ! sun special features are ascrib$1 su* z ! possession ( a be>d z bright z gold & s on1 & ! same features manife/ly belong to ! p]son 9 ! eye also1 s9ce !y are expressly transf]r$ to x 9 ! passage1 ',! %ape ( ?is p]son is ! same z ! %ape ( t p]son4' ,t1 on ! o!r h&1 no %ape c be ascrib$ to ! highe/ ,"l1 foll[s f ! passage 7,kau4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #ae71 ',t :i* is )\t s\nd1 )\t t\*1 )\t =m1 )\t decay4' ,t an individual s\l is meant foll[s moreov] f ! fact t a def9ite abode is m5tion$1 ',he :o is 9 ! sun2 he :o is 9 ! eye4' ,ab\t ! highe/ ,"l1 :o has no special abode1 b abides 9 8 own glory1 no simil> /atem5t c be made2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! two foll[+ passages1 ',:]e does he re/8 ,9 8 own glory8' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bd1 #a72 & 'l ! e!r he is omnipres5t1 et]nal4' ,a fur!r argum5t = our view is suppli$ by ! fact t ! might 7( ! be+ 9 "q7 is said to be limit$2 = ! passage1 ',he is "l ( ! worlds beyond t1 & ( ! wi%es ( ! devas1' indicates ! limitation ( ! might ( ! p]son 9 ! sun2 & ! passage1 ',he is "l ( ! worlds b5ea? t & ( ! wi%es ( m51' indicates ! limitation ( ! might ( ! p]son 9 ! eye4 ,no limit1 on ! o!r h&1 c be admitt$ ( ! might ( ! highe/ ,"l1 z appe>s f ! passage 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb71 ',he is ! ,"l ( all1 ! k+ ( all ?+s1 ! protector ( all ?+s4 ,he is a bank & a b\nd>y s t ^! worlds may n be conf\nd$2' :i* passage intimates t ! ,"l is free f all limit+ di/9ctions4 ,= all ^! reasons ! p]son 9 ! eye & ! sun _c be ! highe/ ,"l4 ,to ?is reason+ ! ,stra replies1 ',! "o )91 on acc\nt ( 8 qualities be+ decl>$4' ,! p]son ref]r$ to 9 ! passages conc]n+ ! p]son )9 ! sun & ! p]son )9 ! eye is n a transmigrat+ be+1 b ! highe/ ,"l4 ,:y8 ,because 8 qualities are decl>$4 ,= ! qualities ( ! highe/ ,"l are indicat$ 9 ! text z foll[s4 ,at fir/ ! "n ( ! p]son )9 ! sun is m5tion$--'8 "n is ,ut'--& !n ?is "n is expla9$ on ! gr\nd ( t p]son be+ free f all evil1 ',he has ris5 above all evil4' ,! same "n ?us expla9$ is !n transf]r$ to ! p]son 9 ! eye1 9 ! clause1 '! "n ( ! "o is ! "n ( ! o!r4' ,n[1 entire fre$om f s9 is attribut$ 9 ,scripture to ! highe/ ,self only2 s1 = in/ance 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a71 ',! ,self :i* is free f s91' c4 ,!n1 aga91 !re is ! passage1 ',he is _/,ri_/k1 he is ,sman1 ,uk?a1 ,yajus1 ,brahman1' :i* decl>es ! p]son 9 ! eye to be ! ,self ( ! _/,ri_/k1 ,sman1 & s on2 :i* is possible only if t p]son is ! ,"l :o1 z be+ ! cause ( all1 is to be consid]$ z ! ,self ( all4 ,moreov]1 ! text1 aft] hav+ /at$ 9 succession _/,ri_/k & ,sman to h e>? & fire = _! ,self ) ref]5ce to ! ,devas1 &1 aga91 spee* & brea? ) ref]5ce to ! body1 cont9ues1 '_/,ri_/k & ,sman are 8 jo9ts1' ) ref]5ce to ! ,devas1 & '! jo9ts ( ! "o are ! jo9ts ( ! o!r1' ) ref]5ce to ! body4 ,n[ ?is /atem5t also c be made only ) reg>d to t :i* is ! ,self ( all4 ,fur!r1 ! passage1 ',!re=e all :o s+ to ! ,vn s+ him1 & f him also !y obta9 weal?1' %[s t ! be+ spok5 ( is ! sole topic ( all worldly songs2 :i* aga9 holds true ( ! highe/ ,"l only4 ,t absolute comm& ov] ! objects ( worldly desires 7z display$1 = in/ance1 9 ! be/[al ( weal?7 entitles u to inf] t ! ,"l is meant1 appe>s also f ! foll[+ passage ( ! ,bhagavad-gt 7,x1 #da71 ',:atev] be+ !re is possess+ p[]1 glory1 or /r5g?1 "k x to be produc$ f a portion ( my en]gy#aaf4' ,to ! objection t ! /atem5ts ab\t bodily %ape conta9$ 9 ! clauses1 ',) a be>d bright z gold1' c41 _c ref] to ! highe/ ,"l1 we reply t ! highe/ ,"l also may1 :5 he pleases1 assume a bodily %ape =m$ ( ,my1 9 ord] to gratify !reby 8 dev\t wor%ipp]s4 ,?us ,sm_/ri_/ti also says1 ',t ?\ see/ me1 ,o ,nrada1 is ! ,my emitt$ by me2 d n !n look on me z end[$ ) ! qualities ( all be+s4' ,we h fur!r to note t expressions su* z1 ',t :i* is )\t s\nd1 )\t t\*1 )\t =m1 )\t decay1' are made use ( :]e in/ruction is giv5 ab\t ! nature ( ! highe/ ,"l 9 s f> z he is devoid ( all qualities2 :ile passages su* z ! foll[+ "o1 ',he to :om belong all works1 all desires1 all sweet od\rs & ta/es' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #b71 :i* repres5t ! highe/ ,"l z ! object ( devotion1 speak ( him1 :o is ! cause ( ev]y?+1 z possess+ "s ( ! qualities ( 8 effects4 ,analog\sly he may be spok5 (1 9 ! passage "u discussion1 z hav+ a be>d bright z gold & s on4 ,) ref]5ce to ! objection t ! highe/ ,"l _c be meant because an abode is spok5 (1 we rem>k t1 = ! purposes ( dev\t m$itation1 a special abode may be assign$ to ,brahman1 al?\gh x abides 9 its own glory only2 = z ,brahman is1 l e!r1 all-p]vad+1 x may be view$ z be+ )9 ! ,self ( all be+s4 ,! /atem5t1 f9ally1 ab\t ! limitation ( ,brahman's might1 :i* dep5ds on ! di/9ction ( :at belongs to ! gods & :at to ! body1 has likewise ref]5ce to dev\t m$itation only4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! be+ :i* ,scripture /ates to be )9 ! eye & ! sun is ! highe/ ,"l4 #ba4 ,& !re is ano!r "o 7i4e4 ! ,"l :o is diff]5t f ! individual s\ls animat+ ! sun1 c471 on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( di/9ction4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 "o di/9ct f ! individual s\ls :i* animate ! sun & o!r bodies1 viz4 ! ,"l :o rules )92 ^: di/9ction 7f all individual s\ls7 is proclaim$ 9 ! foll[+ scriptural passage1 ',he :o dwells 9 ! sun & )9 ! sun1 :om ! sun does n "k1 ^: body ! sun is1 & :o rules ! sun )92 he is ?y ,self1 ! rul] )91 ! immortal' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #i74 ,"h ! expression1 ',he )9 ! sun :om ! sun does n "k1' cle>ly indicates t ! ,rul] )9 is di/9ct f t cognis+ individual s\l ^: body is ! sun4 ,) t ,rul] )9 we h to id5tify ! p]son )9 ! sun1 accord+ to ! t5et ( ! sam5ess ( purport ( all ,v$nta-texts4 ,x ?us rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ! passage "u discussion conveys in/ruction ab\t ! highe/ ,"l4 #bb4 ,! k_/s_/a1 i4e4 e!r 7is ,brahman7 on acc\nt ( *>act]i/ic m>ks 7( ! latt] be+ m5tion$74 ,9 ! ,*ndogya 7,i1 #i7 ! foll[+ passage is met )1 ',:at is ! orig9 ( ?is _w8' ',e!r1' he repli$4 ',= all ^! be+s take _! rise f ! e!r only1 & return into ! e!r4 ,e!r is great] ?an ^!1 e!r is _! re/4'--,"h ! foll[+ d\bt arises4 ,does ! ^w 'e!r' d5ote ! highe/ ,brahman or ! elem5tal e!r8--,:5ce ! d\bt8--,because ! ^w is se5 to be us$ 9 bo? s5ses4 ,its use 9 ! s5se ( 'elem5tal e!r' is well e/abli%$ 9 ord9>y z well z 9 ,v$ic spee*2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 we see t x is sometimes us$ to d5ote ,brahman1 viz4 9 cases :]e we asc]ta91 ei!r f "s complem5t>y s5t5ce or f ! fact ( special qualities be+ m5tion$1 t ,brahman is meant4 ,s1 = in/ance1 ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g1 ',if t bliss exi/$ n 9 ! e!r2' & ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ad1 ',t :i* is call$ e!r is ! reveal] ( all =ms & names2 t )9 :i* =ms & names are#aag t is ,brahman4' ,h5ce ! d\bt4--,:i* s5se is !n to be adopt$ 9 our case8--,! s5se ( elem5tal e!r1 ! prvapak%9 replies2 because ?is s5se belongs to ! ^w m commonly1 & !re=e pres5ts itself to ! m9d m readily4 ,! ^w 'e!r' _c be tak5 9 bo? s5ses equally1 because t w\ld involve a 7faulty7 attribution ( sev]al mean+s to "o & ! same ^w4 ,h5ce ! t]m 'e!r' applies to ,brahman 9 a second>y 7metaphorical7 s5se only2 on acc\nt ( ,brahman be+ 9 _m ( its attributes1 su* z all p]vad+ness & ! l1 simil> to e!r4 ,! rule is1 t :5 ! prim>y s5se ( a ^w is possible1 ! ^w mu/ n be tak5 9 a second>y s5se4 ,& 9 ! passage "u discussion only ! prim>y s5se ( ! ^w 'e!r' is admissible4 ,%\ld x be object$ t1 if we ref] ! passage "u discussion to ! elem5tal e!r1 a complem5t>y passage 7'= all ^! be+s take _! rise f ! e!r only1 c4'7 _c be satisfactorily acc\nt$ =2 we reply t ! elem5tal e!r also may be repres5t$ z a cause1 viz4 ( air1 fire1 c4 9 due succession4 ,= we read 9 ,scripture 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a71 ',f t ,self sprang e!r1 f e!r air1 f air fire1 & s on4' ,! qualities also ( be+ great] & ( be+ a place ( re/ may be ascrib$ to ! elem5tal e!r1 if we consid] its relations to all o!r be+s4 ,!re=e we conclude t ! ^w 'e!r' "h d5otes ! elem5tal e!r4 ,to ?is we reply z foll[s3--,! ^w e!r mu/ "h be tak5 to d5ote ,brahman1 on acc\nt ( *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! latt] be+ m5tion$4 ,= ! s5t5ce1 ',all ^! be+s take _! rise f ! e!r only1' cle>ly indicates ! highe/ ,brahman1 s9ce all ,v$nta-texts agree 9 def9itely decl>+ t all be+s spr+ f ! highe/ ,brahman4--,b1 ! oppon5t may say1 we h %[n t ! elem5tal e!r also may be repres5t$ z ! cause1 viz4 ( air1 fire1 & ! o!r elem5ts 9 due succession4--,we admit ?is4 ,b /ill !re rema9s ! difficulty1 t1 unless we und]/& ! ^w to apply to ! fundam5tal cause ( all1 viz4 ,brahman1 ! affirmation conta9$ 9 ! ^w 'only' & ! qualification express$ by ! ^w 'all' 79 'all be+s'7 w\ld be out ( place4 ,moreov]1 ! clause1 ',!y return into ! e!r1' aga9 po9ts to ,brahman1 & s likewise ! phrase1 ',e!r is great] ?an ^!1 e!r is _! re/2' = absolute sup]iority 9 po9t ( greatness ,scripture attributes to ! highe/ ,self only2 cp4 ,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #c1 ',great] ?an ! e>?1 great] ?an ! sky1 great] ?an heav51 great] ?an all ^! worlds4' ,! quality ( be+ a place ( re/ likewise agrees be/ ) ! highe/ ,brahman1 on acc\nt ( its be+ ! highe/ cause4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! foll[+ scriptural passage3 ',k & bliss is ,brahman1 x is ! re/ ( him :o gives gifts' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #bh74 ,moreov]1 ,jaivali f9d+ fault ) ! doctr9e ( _/,s_/lvatya1 on acc\nt ( 78 sman7 hav+ an end 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #h1 #h71 & wi%+ to proclaim some?+ t has no end *ooses ! e!r1 & !n1 hav+ id5tifi$ ! e!r ) ! ,udg?a1 concludes1 ',he is ! ,udg?a great] ?an great2 he is )\t end4' ,n[ ?is endlessness is a *>act]i/ic m>k ( ,brahman4 ,to ! rem>k t ! s5se ( 'elem5tal e!r' pres5ts itself to ! m9d m readily1 because x is ! bett] e/abli%$ s5se ( ! ^w k_/s_/a1 we reply1 t1 al?\gh x may pres5t itself to ! m9d fir/1 yet x is n to be accept$1 because we see t qualities ( ,brahman are m5tion$ 9 ! complem5t>y s5t5ces4 ,t ! ^w k_/s_/a is also us$ to d5ote ,brahman has be5 %[n already2 cp4 su* passages z1 ',e!r is ! reveal] ( all names & =ms4' ,we see1 moreov]1 t v>i\s synonyma ( k_/s_/a are employ$ to d5ote ,brahman4 ,s1 = in/ance1 _/,ri_/k ,sa_/m_/h4 ,i1 #afd1 #ci1 ',9 :i* ! ,v$as are#aah1 9 ! ,imp]i%able "o 7i4e4 ,brahman71 ! highe/1 ! e!r 7vyoman71 on :i* all gods h _! seat4' ,& ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #f1 ',?is is ! k ( ,bh_/ri_/gu & ,v>u_/n_/a1 f\nd$ on ! highe/ e!r 7vyoman74' ,& aga91 ',om1 ka is ,brahman1 e!r 7kha7 is ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #aj1 #e71 & '! old e!r' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,v1 #a7aai4 ,& o!r simil> passages4 ,on acc\nt ( ! =ce ( ! complem5t>y passage we are ju/ifi$ 9 decid+ t ! ^w 'e!r1' al?\gh occurr+ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! passage1 ref]s to ,brahman4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! s5t5ce1 ',agni 7lit4 ! fire7 /udies a *apt]1' :]e ! ^w agni1 al?\gh occurr+ 9 ! beg9n+1 is at once se5 to d5ote a boy#abj4 ,x is !re=e settl$ t ! ^w 'e!r' d5otes ,brahman4 #bc4 ,= ! same reason brea? 7is ,brahman74 ,conc]n+ ! udg?a x is said 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #aj1 #i71 ',pra/ot_/ri_/1 t deity :i* belongs to ! pra/va1 c41' &1 fur!r on 7,i1 #aa1 #d2 #e71 ',:i* !n is t deity8 ,he said3 ,brea?4 ,= all ^! be+s m]ge into brea? alone1 & f brea? !y arise4 ,?is is ! deity belong+ to ! pra/va4' ,) ref]5ce to ?is passage d\bt & decision are to be consid]$ z analog\s to ^? /at$ "u ! prec$+ ,stra4 ,= :ile 9 "s passages--z1 = in/ance1 ',= inde$1 my son1 m9d is fa/5$ to pr_/n_/a1' ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #b2 &1 '! pr_/n_/a ( pr_/n_/a1' ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ah--! ^w 'brea?' is se5 to d5ote ,brahman1 its use 9 ! s5se ( a c]ta9 modification ( air is bett] e/abli%$ 9 common z well z 9 ,v$ic language4 ,h5ce !re arises a d\bt :e!r 9 ! passage "u discussion ! ^w pr_/n_/a d5otes ,brahman or 7ord9>y7 brea?4 ,9 fav\r ( :i* mean+ h we !n to decide8 ,"h ! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! ^w mu/ be held to d5ote ! fivefold vital brea?1 :i* is a peculi> modification ( w9d 7or air72 because1 z has be5 rem>k$ already1 t s5se ( ! ^w pr_/n_/a is ! bett] e/abli%$ "o4--,b no1 an objector w say1 j z 9 ! case ( ! prec$+ ,stra1 s "h also ,brahman is meant1 on acc\nt ( *>act]i/ic m>ks be+ m5tion$2 = "h also a complem5t>y passage gives u to und]/& t all be+s spr+ f & m]ge into pr_/n_/a2 a process :i* c take place 9 connexion ) ! highe/ ,"l only4--,?is objection1 ! prvapak%9 replies1 is futile1 s9ce we see t ! be+s ent] into & proce$ f ! pr9cipal vital air also4 ,= ,scripture makes ! foll[+ /atem5t 7,sat4 ,br4 ,x1 #c1 #c1 #f71 ',:5 man sleeps1 !n into brea? inde$ spee* m]ges1 into brea? ! eye1 into brea? ! e>1 into brea? ! m9d2 :5 he awakes !n !y spr+ aga9 f brea? alone4' ,:at ! ,v$a "h /ates is1 moreov]1 a matt] ( obs]vation1 = dur+ sleep1 :ile ! process ( brea?+ goes on un9t]rupt$ly1 ! activity ( ! s5se organs is int]rupt$ & aga9 becomes manife/ at ! "t ( awak+ only4 ,& z ! s5se organs are ! ess5ce ( all mat]ial be+s1 ! complem5t>y passage :i* speaks ( ! m]g+ & em]g+ ( ! be+s c be reconcil$ ) ! pr9cipal vital air also4 ,moreov]1 subsequ5tly to pr_/n_/a be+ m5tion$ z ! div9ity ( ! pra/va ! sun & food are designat$ z ! div9ities ( ! udgi?a & ! pratibra4 ,n[ z !y are n ,brahman1 ! pr_/n_/a also1 by p>ity ( reason+1 _c be ,brahman4 ,to ?is argum5tation ! au?or ( ! ,stras replies3 ,= ! same reason pr_/n_/a--t means3 on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( *>act]i/ic m>ks--:i* con/itut$ ! reason /at$ 9 ! prec$+ ,stra--! ^w pr_/n_/a also mu/ be held to d5ote ,brahman4 ,= ,scripture says ( pr_/n_/a also1 t x is connect$ ) m>ks *>act]i/ic ( ,brahman4 ,! s5t5ce1 ',all ^! be+s m]ge into brea? alone1 & f brea? !y arise1' :i* decl>es t ! orig9ation & retractation ( all be+s dep5d on pr_/n_/a1 cle>ly %[s pr_/n_/a to be ,brahman4 ,9 reply to ! ass]tion t ! orig9ation & retractation ( all be+s c be reconcil$ equally well ) ! assumption ( pr_/n_/a d5ot+ ! *ief vital air1 because orig9ation & retractation take place 9 ! /ate ( wak+ & ( sleep also1 we rem>k t 9 ^? two /ates only ! s5ses are m]g$ into1 & em]ge f1 ! *ief vital air1 :ile1 accord+ to ! scriptural passage1 ',= all ^! be+s1 c41' all be+s :atev] into :i* a liv+ ,self has ent]$1 toge!r ) _! s5ses & bodies1 m]ge & em]ge by turns4 ,& ev5 if ! ^w 'be+s' 7 tak5 7n 9 ! s5se ( animat$ be+s1 b7 9 ! s5se ( mat]ial elem5ts 9 g5]al1 !re w\ld be no?+ 9 ! way ( int]pret+ ! passage z ref]r+ to ,brahman4--,b1 x may be said1 t ! s5ses toge!r ) _! objects d1 dur+ sleep1 ent] into pr_/n_/a1 & aga9 issue f x at ! "t ( wak+1 we di/9ctly le>n f ano!r scriptural passage1 viz4 ,kau4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #c1 ',:5 a man be+ ?us asleep sees no dream :atev]1 he becomes "o ) t pr_/n_/a alone4 ,!n spee* goes to him ) all names1' c4--,true1 we reply1 b !re also ! ^w pr_/n_/a d5otes 7n ! vital air7 b ,brahman1 z we conclude f *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ,brahman be+ m5tion$4 ,! objection1 aga91 t ! ^w pr_/n_/a _c d5ote ,brahman because x occurs 9 proximity to ! words 'food' & 'sun' 7:i* d n ref] to ,brahman71 is altoge!r baseless2 = proximity is ( no avail aga9/ ! =ce ( ! complem5t>y passage :i* intimates t pr_/n_/a is ,brahman4 ,t argum5t1 f9ally1 :i* re/s on ! fact t ! ^w pr_/n_/a commonly d5otes ! vital air ) its five modifications1 is to be refut$ 9 ! same way z ! p>allel argum5t :i* ! prvapak%9 br\ght =w>d ) ref]5ce to ! ^w 'e!r4' ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! pr_/n_/a1 :i* is ! deity ( ! pra/va1 is ,brahman4 ,"s 7comm5tators7#aba quote "u ! pres5t ,stra ! foll[+ passages1 '! pr_/n_/a ( pr_/n_/a' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ah71 & '= to pr_/n_/a m9d is fa/5$' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #b74 ,b t is wrong s9ce ^! two passages (f] no opportunity = any discussion1 ! =m] on acc\nt ( ! sep>ation ( ! words1 ! latt] on acc\nt ( ! g5]al topic4 ,:5 we meet ) a phrase su* z '! fa!r ( ! fa!r' we und]/& at once t ! g5itive d5otes a fa!r diff]5t f ! fa!r d5ot$ by ! nom9ative4 ,analog\sly we inf] f ! sep>ation ( words conta9$ 9 ! phrase1 '! brea? ( brea?1' t ! 'brea? ( brea?' is diff]5t f ! ord9>y brea? 7d5ot$ by ! g5itive '( brea?'74 ,= "o & ! same ?+ _c1 by means ( a g5itive1 be pr$icat$ (--& ?us di/+ui%$ f--itself4 ,conc]n+ ! second passage we rem>k t1 if ! matt] con/itut+ ! g5]al topic ( "s *apt] is ref]r$ to 9 t *apt] "u a diff]5t "n1 we yet conclude1 f ! g5]al topic1 t t special matt] is meant4 ,= in/ance1 :5 we meet 9 ! section :i* treats ( ! jyoti%_/t_/oma sacrifice ) ! passage1 '9 e spr+ he is to (f] ! jyotis sacrifice1' we at once und]/& t ! ^w d5otes ! jyoti%_/t_/oma4 ,if we !re=e meet ) ! clause 'to pr_/n_/a m9d is fa/5$' 9 a section ( :i* ! highe/ ,brahman is ! topic1 we d n = a mom5t suppose t ! ^w pr_/n_/a %\ld !re d5ote ! ord9>y brea? :i* is a m]e modification ( air4 ,! two passages ?us d n (f] any matt] = discussion1 & h5ce d n furni% appropriate in/ances = ! ,stra4 ,we h %[n1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! passage ab\t ! pr_/n_/a1 :i* is ! deity ( ! pra/va1 all[s room = d\bt1 prvapak%a & f9al decision4 #bd4 ,! 'light' 7is ,brahman71 on acc\nt ( ! m5tion ( feet 79 a passage :i* is connect$ ) ! passage ab\t ! light74 ,scripture says 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ac1 #g71 ',n[ t light :i* %9es above ?is heav51 high] ?an all1 high] ?an ev]y?+1 9 ! highe/ worlds beyond :i* !re are no o!r worlds t is ! same light :i* is )9 man4' ,"h ! d\bt pres5ts itself :e!r ! ^w 'light' d5otes ! light ( ! sun & ! l1 or ! highe/ ,self4 ,"u ! prec$+ ,stras we _h %[n t "s words :i* ord9>ily h diff]5t mean+s yet 9 c]ta9 passages d5ote ,brahman1 s9ce *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! latt] are m5tion$4 ,"h ! "q has to be discuss$ :e!r1 9 connexion ) ! passage quot$1 *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ,brahman are m5tion$ or n4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! ^w 'light' d5otes no?+ else b ! light ( ! sun & ! l1 s9ce t is ! ord9>y well-e/abli%$ mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,! common use ( language1 he says1 tea*es u t ! two words 'light' & 'd>kness' d5ote mutually opposite ?+s1 d>kness be+ ! t]m = :atev] int]f]es ) ! function ( ! s5se ( sight1 z1 = in/ance1 ! gloom ( ! night1 :ile sun%9e & :atev] else fav\rs ! action ( ! eye is call$ light4 ,! ^w '%9es' also1 :i* ! text exhibits1 is kn[n ord9>ily to ref] to ! sun & simil> s\rces ( light2 :ile ( ,brahman1 :i* is devoid ( col\r1 x _c be said1 9 ! prim>y s5se ( ! ^w1 t x '%9es4' ,fur!r1 ! ^w jyotis mu/ "h d5ote light because x is said to be b\nd$ by ! sky 7't light :i* %9es above ?is heav5'74 ,= :ile x is impossible to consid] ! sky z be+ ! b\nd>y ( ,brahman1 :i* is ! ,self ( all & ! s\rce ( all ?+s movable or immovable1 ! sky may be look$ ^u z =m+ ! b\nd>y ( light1 :i* is a m]e product & z su* limit$2 accord+ly ! text says1 '! light beyond heav54'--,b light1 al?\gh a m]e product1 is p]ceiv$ ev]y:]e2 x w\ld !re=e be wrong to decl>e t x is b\nd$ by ! sky6--,well1 !n1 ! prvapak%9 replies1 let u assume t ! light meant is ! fir/-born 7orig9al7 light :i* has n yet become trip>tite#abb4 ,?is explanation aga9 _c be admitt$1 because ! non-trip>tite light does n s]ve any purpose4--,b1 ! prvapak%9 resumes1 ,:y %\ld its purpose n be f\nd !re9 t x is ! object ( dev\t m$itation8--,t _c be1 we reply2 = we see t only su* ?+s are repres5t$ z objects ( devotion z h "s o!r indep5d5t use ( _! own2 s1 = in/ance1 ! sun 7:i* dispels d>kness & s on74 ,moreov] ! scriptural passage1 ',let me make ea* ( ^! ?ree 7fire1 wat]1 & e>?7 trip>tite1' does n indicate any diff]5ce#abc4 ,& ev5 ( ! non-trip>tite light x is n kn[n t ! sky con/itutes its b\nd>y4--,well1 !n 7! prvapak%9 resumes1 dropp+ ! idea ( ! non-trip>tite light71 let u assume t ! light ( :i* ! text speaks is ! trip>tite 7ord9>y7 light4 ,! objection t light is se5 to exi/ also b5ea? ! sky1 viz4 9 ! =m ( fire & ! l1 we invalidate by ! rem>k t !re is no?+ contr>y to reason 9 assign+ a special locality to fire1 al?\gh ! latt] is obs]v$ ev]y:]e2 :ile to assume a special place = ,brahman1 to :i* ! idea ( place does n apply at all1 w\ld be mo/ unsuitable4 ,moreov]1 ! clause 'high] ?an ev]y?+1 9 ! highe/ worlds beyond :i* !re are no o!r worlds1' :i* indicates a multiplicity ( abodes1 agrees mu* bett] ) light1 :i* is a m]e product 7?an ) ,brahman74 ,!re is moreov] t o!r clause1 also1 ',t is ! same light :i* is )9 man1' 9 :i* ! highe/ light is id5tifi$ ) ! ga/ric fire 7! fire )9 man74 ,n[ su* id5tifications c be made only :]e !re is a c]ta9 simil>ity ( nature2 z is se51 = in/ance1 9 ! passage1 ',( t p]son ,bh_/h_/ is ! head1 = ! head is "o & t syllable is "o' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,v1 #e1 #c74 ,b t ! fire )9 ! human body is n ,brahman cle>ly appe>s f ! passage1 ',( ?is we h visible & audible pro(' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ac1 #g2 #h71 :i* decl>es t ! fire is *>act]is$ by ! noise x makes1 & by heat2 & likewise f ! foll[+ passage1 ',let a man m$itate on ?is z t :i* is se5 & he>d4' ,! same conclusion may be drawn f ! passage1 ',he :o kn[s ?is becomes conspicu\s & celebrat$1' :i* proclaims an inconsid]able rew>d only1 :ile to ! dev\t m$itation on ,brahman a high rew>d w\ld h to be allott$4 ,nor is !re m5tion$ 9 ! entire passage ab\t ! light any o!r *>act]i/ic m>k ( ,brahman1 :ile su* m>ks are set =? 9 ! passages 7discuss$ above7 :i* ref] to pr_/n_/a & ! e!r4 ,nor1 aga91 is ,brahman indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ section1 '! ,gyatr is ev]y?+ :atsoev] exi/s1' c4 7,,iii1 #ab72 = t passage makes a /atem5t ab\t ! ,gyatr metre only4 ,& ev5 if t section did ref] to ,brahman1 /ill ,brahman w\ld n be recognis$ 9 ! passage at pres5t "u discussion2 = !re 79 ! section ref]r$ to7 x is decl>$ 9 ! clause1 ',?ree feet ( x are ! ,immortal 9 heav5'--t heav5 con/itutes ! abode2 :ile 9 our passage ! words '! light above heav5' decl>e heav5 to be a b\nd>y4 ,= all ^! reasons ! ^w jyotis is "h to be tak5 9 its ord9>y mean+1 viz4 light4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4 ,! ^w jyotis mu/ be held to d5ote ,brahman4 ,:y8 ,on acc\nt ( ! feet 7qu>t]s7 be+ m5tion$4 ,9 a prec$+ passage ,brahman _h be5 spok5 ( z hav+ f\r feet 7qu>t]s74 ',su* is ! greatness ( x2 great] ?an x is ! ,p]son 7puru%a74 ,"o foot ( x are all ! be+s1 ?ree feet ( x are ! ,immortal 9 heav54' ,t :i* 9 ?is passage is said to con/itute ! ?ree-qu>t] "p1 immortal & connect$ ) heav51 ( ,brahman1 :i* altoge!r comprises f\r qu>t]s2 ?is v same entity we recognise z aga9 ref]r$ to 9 ! passage "u discussion1 because !re also x is said to be connect$ ) heav54 ,if !re=e we %\ld set x aside 9 our int]pretation ( ! passage & assume ! latt] to ref] to ! ord9>y light1 we %\ld commit ! mi/ake ( dropp+1 )\t ne$1 ! topic />t$ & introduc+ a new subject4 ,brahman1 9 fact1 cont9ues to =m ! subject-matt]1 n only ( ! passage ab\t ! light1 b likewise ( ! subsequ5t section1 ! s-call$ ,s_/nd_/ilya-vidy 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad74 ,h5ce we conclude t 9 our passage ! ^w 'light' mu/ be held to d5ote ,brahman4 ,! objection 7rais$ above7 t f common use ! words 'light' & 'to %9e' are kn[n to d5ote effect$ 7physical7 light is )\t =ce2 = z x is kn[n f ! g5]al topic ( ! *apt] t ,brahman is meant1 ^? two words d n necess>ily d5ote physical light only to ! exclusion ( ,brahman#abd1 b may also d5ote ,brahman itself1 9 s f> z x is *>act]is$ by ! physical %9+ light :i* is its effect4 ,analog\sly ano!r mantra decl>es1 't by :i* ! sun %9es k9dl$ ) heat' 7,taitt4 ,br4 ,,iii1 #ab1 #i1 #g74 ,or else we may suppose t ! ^w jyotis "h does n d5ote at all t light on :i* ! function ( ! eye dep5ds4 ,= we see t 9 o!r passages x has altoge!r diff]5t mean+s2 s1 = in/ance1 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #e1 ',) spee* only z light man sits1' & ,taitt4 ,sa4 ,i1 #f1 #c1 #c1 ',may ! m9d1 ! light1 accept1' c4 ,x ?us appe>s t :atev] illum9ates 79 ! diff]5t s5ses ( ! ^w7 some?+ else may be spok5 ( z 'light4' ,h5ce to ,brahman also1 ^: nature is intellig5ce1 ! t]m 'light' may be appli$2 = x gives light to ! entire _w4 ,simil>ly1 o!r scriptural passages say1 ',him ! %9+ "o1 ev]y?+ %9es aft]2 by 8 light all ?is is light$' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ae72 & ',him ! gods wor%ip z ! light ( lights1 z ! immortal' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #af74 ,aga9/ ! fur!r objection t ! omnipres5t ,brahman _c be view$ z b\nd$ by heav5 we rem>k t ! assignm5t1 to ,brahman1 ( a special locality is n contr>y to reason because x subs]ves ! purpose ( dev\t m$itation4 ,nor does x avail any?+ to say t x is impossible to assign any place to ,brahman because ,brahman is out ( connexion ) all place4 ,= x is possible to make su* an assumption1 because ,brahman is connect$ ) c]ta9 limit+ adjuncts4 ,accord+ly ,scripture speaks ( diff]5t k9ds ( dev\t m$itation on ,brahman z specially connect$ ) c]ta9 localities1 su* z ! sun1 ! eye1 ! he>t4 ,= ! same reason x is also possible to attribute to ,brahman a multiplicity ( abodes1 z is done 9 ! clause 7quot$ above7 'high] ?an all4' ,! fur!r objection t ! light beyond heav5 is ! m]e physical light because x is id5tifi$ ) ! ga/ric fire1 :i* itself is a m]e effect & is inf]r$ f p]ceptible m>ks su* z ! heat ( ! body & a c]ta9 s\nd1 is equally devoid ( =ce2 = ! ga/ric fire may be view$ z ! outw>d appe>ance 7or symbol7 ( ,brahman1 j z ,brahman's "n is a m]e outw>d symbol4 ,simil>ly 9 ! passage1 ',let a man m$itate on x 7! ga/ric light7 z se5 & he>d1' ! visibility & audibility 7"h implicitly ascrib$ to ,brahman7 mu/ be consid]$ z r5d]$ possible ?r\gh ! ga/ric fire be+ ! outw>d appe>ance ( ,brahman4 ,nor is !re any =ce 9 ! objection t ,brahman _c be meant because ! text m5tions an inconsid]able rew>d only2 = !re is no reason compell+ u to h rec\rse to ,brahman = ! purpose ( su* & su* a rew>d only1 & n = ! purpose ( su* & su* ano!r rew>d4 ,:]ev] ! text repres5ts ! highe/ ,brahman--:i* is free f all connexion ) di/+ui%+ attributes--z ! univ]sal ,self1 x is und]/ood t ! result ( t in/ruction is "o only1 viz4 f9al release4 ,:]ev]1 on ! o!r h&1 ,brahman is taught to be connect$ ) di/+ui%+ attributes or outw>d symbols1 !re1 we see1 all ! v>i\s rew>ds :i* ?is _w c (f] are spok5 (2 cp4 = in/ance1 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bd1 ',?is is he :o eats all food1 ! giv] ( weal?4 ,he :o kn[s ?is obta9s weal?4' ,al?\gh 9 ! passage itself :i* treats ( ! light no *>act]i/ic m>k ( ,brahman is m5tion$1 yet1 z ! ,stra intimates1 ! m>k /at$ 9 a prec$+ passage 7viz4 ! mantra1 ',su* is ! greatness ( x1' c47 has to be tak5 9 connexion ) ! passage ab\t ! light z well4 ,! "q h[ ! m]e circum/ance ( ,brahman be+ m5tion$ 9 a n di/ant passage c h ! p[] ( divorc+ f its natural object & transf]r+ to ano!r object ! direct /atem5t ab\t light impli$ 9 ! ^w 'light1' may be answ]$ )\t difficulty4 ,! passage "u discussion runs#abe1 ':i* above ?is heav51 ! light4' ,! relative pron\n ) :i* ?is clause beg9s intimates1 accord+ to its grammatical =ce#abf1 ! same ,brahman :i* 0 m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s passage1 & :i* is "h recognis$ 7z be+ ! same :i* 0 m5tion$ be=e7 ?r\gh its connexion ) heav52 h5ce ! ^w jyotis also--:i* /&s 9 grammatical co-ord9ation to ':i*'--mu/ h ,brahman = its object4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! ^w 'light' "h d5otes ,brahman4 #be4 ,if x be object$ t 7,brahman is7 n 7d5ot$7 on acc\nt ( ! metre be+ d5ot$2 7we reply7 n s1 because ?us 7i4e4 by means ( ! metre7 ! direction ( ! m9d 7on ,brahman7 is decl>$2 = ?us x is se5 79 o!r passages also74 ,we n[ address ourselves to ! refutation ( ! ass]tion 7made 9 ! prvapak%a ( ! prec$+ ,stra7 t 9 ! previ\s passage also ,brahman is n ref]r$ to1 because 9 ! s5t5ce1 ',gyatr is ev]y?+ :atsoev] "h exi/s1' ! metre call$ ,gyatr is spok5 (4--,h[ 7we ask ! prvapak%97 c x be ma9ta9$ t1 on acc\nt ( ! metre be+ spok5 (1 ,brahman is n d5ot$1 :ile yet ! mantra 'su* is ! greatness ( x1' c41 cle>ly sets =? ,brahman ) its f\r qu>t]s8--,y are mi/ak5 7! prvapak%9 replies74 ,! s5t5ce1 ',gyatr is ev]y?+1' />ts ! discussion ( ,gyatr4 ,! same ,gyatr is !reupon describ$ "u ! v>i\s =ms ( all be+s1 e>?1 body1 he>t1 spee*1 brea?2 to :i* !re ref]s also ! v]se1 't ,gyatr has f\r feet & is sixfold4' ,aft] t we meet ) ! mantra1 ',su* is ! greatness ( x4' c4 ,h[ !n1 we ask1 %\ld ?is mantra1 :i* evid5tly is quot$ ) ref]5ce to ! ,gyatr 7metre7 z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ clauses1 all at once d5ote ,brahman ) its f\r qu>t]s8 ,s9ce !re=e ! metre ,gyatr is ! subject-matt] ( ! entire *apt]1 ! t]m ',brahman' :i* occurs 9 a subsequ5t passage 7'! ,brahman :i* has ?us be5 describ$'7 mu/ also d5ote ! metre4 ,?is is analog\s to a previ\s passage 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #aa1 #c1 ',he :o ?us kn[s ?is ,brahma-upani%ad'71 :]e ! ^w ,brahma-upani%ad is expla9$ to mean ,v$a-upani%ad4 ,z !re=e ! prec$+ passage ref]s 7n to ,brahman1 b7 to ! ,gyatr metre1 ,brahman does n con/itute ! topic ( ! entire section4 ,?is argum5tation1 we reply1 proves no?+ aga9/ our position4 ',because ?us direction ( ! m9d is decl>$1' i4e4 because ! ,brahma_/n_/a passage1 ',gyatr inde$ is all ?is1' intimates t by means ( ! metre ,gyatr ! m9d is to be direct$ on ,brahman :i* is connect$ ) t metre4 ,( ! metre ,gyatr1 :i* is no?+ b a c]ta9 special comb9ation ( syllables1 x c\ld n possibly be said t x is ! ,self ( ev]y?+4 ,we !re=e h to und]/& ! passage z decl>+ t ,brahman1 :i*1 z ! cause ( ! _w1 is connect$ ) t product also ^: "n is ,gyatr1 is 'all ?is2' 9 accordance ) t o!r passage :i* directly says1 ',all ?is inde$ is ,brahman' 7,kh4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a74 ,t ! effect is 9 reality n diff]5t f ! cause1 we %all prove lat] on1 "u ,stra ,,ii1 #a1 #ad4 ,dev\t m$itation on ,brahman "u ! =m ( c]ta9 effects 7( ,brahman7 is se5 to be m5tion$ 9 o!r passages also1 s1 = in/ance1 ,ait4 r4 ,,iii1 #b1 #c1 #ab1 ',= ! ,bahv_/rik_/z consid] him 9 ! great hymn1 ! ,adhv>yus 9 ! sacrificial fire1 ! ,*&ogas 9 ! ,mahvrata c]emony4' ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! previ\s passage speaks ( ! metre1 ,brahman is :at is meant1 & ! same ,brahman is aga9 ref]r$ to 9 ! passage ab\t ! light1 ^: purport x is to enjo9 ano!r =m ( dev\t m$itation4 ,ano!r comm5tator#abg is ( op9ion t ! t]m ,gyatr 7does n d5ote ,brahman 9 s f> z view$ "u ! =m ( ,gyatr1 b7 directly d5otes ,brahman1 on acc\nt ( ! equality ( numb]2 = j z ! ,gyatr metre has f\r feet consi/+ ( six syllables ea*1 s ,brahman also has f\r feet1 7i4e4 qu>t]s47 ,simil>ly we see t 9 o!r passages also ! names ( metres are us$ to d5ote o!r ?+s :i* resemble ^? metres 9 c]ta9 num]ical relations2 cp4 = in/ance1 ,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #h1 :]e x is said at fir/1 ',n[ ^! five & ! o!r five make t5 & t is ! ,k_/ri_/ta1' & aft] t '^! are aga9 ! ,virj :i* eats ! food4' ,if we adopt ?is int]pretation1 ,brahman only is spok5 (1 & ! metre is n ref]r$ to at all4 ,9 any case ,brahman is ! subject ) :i* ! previ\s passage is conc]n$4 #bf4 ,& ?us also 7we mu/ conclude1 viz4 t ,brahman is ! subject ( ! previ\s passage71 because 7?us only7 ! decl>ation z to ! be+s1 c4 be+ ! feet is possible4 ,t ! previ\s passage has ,brahman = its topic1 we mu/ assume = t reason also t ! text designates ! be+s & s on z ! feet ( ,gyatr4 ,= ! text at fir/ speaks ( ! be+s1 ! e>?1 ! body1 & ! he>t#abh1 & !n goes on 't ,gyatr has f\r feet & is sixfold4' ,= ( ! m]e metre1 )\t any ref]5ce to ,brahman1 x w\ld be impossible to say t ! be+s & s on are its feet4 ,moreov]1 if ,brahman 7 n meant1 !re w\ld be no room = ! v]se1 ',su* is ! greatness1' c4 ,= t v]se cle>ly describes ,brahman 9 its own nature2 o!rwise x w\ld be impossible to repres5t ! ,gyatr z ! ,self ( ev]y?+ z is done 9 ! words1 ',"o foot ( x are all ! be+s2 ?ree feet ( x are :at is immortal 9 heav54' ,! puru%a-skta also 7_/,ri_/k ,sa_/m_/h4 ,x1 #ij7 exhibits ! v]se ) sole ref]5ce to ,brahman4 ,sm_/ri_/ti likewise ascribes to ,brahman a l nature1 ',i /& support+ all ?is _w by a s+le portion ( myself' 7,bha4 ,gt ,x1 #db74 ,our int]pretation moreov] enables u to take ! passage1 't ,brahman inde$ :i*1' c4 7,,iii1 #ab1 #g71 9 its prim>y s5se1 7i4e4 to und]/& ! ^w ,brahman to d5ote no?+ b ,brahman47 ,&1 moreov]1 ! passage1 '^! are ! five m5 ( ,brahman' 7,,iii1 #ac1 #f71 is appropriate only if ! =m] passage ab\t ! ,gyatr is tak5 z ref]r+ to ,brahman 7= o!rwise ! ',brahman' 9 'm5 ( ,brahman' w\ld n be connect$ ) ! previ\s topic74 ,h5ce ,brahman is to be consid]$ z ! subject-matt] ( ! previ\s passage also4 ,& ! decision t ! same ,brahman is ref]r$ to 9 ! passage ab\t ! light :]e x is recognis$ 7to be ! same7 f its connexion ) heav51 rema9s un%ak54 #bg4 ,! objection t 7! ,brahman ( ! =m] passage _c be recognis$ 9 ! latt]7 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( designation1 is n valid because 9 ei!r 7designation7 !re is no?+ contr>y 7to ! recognition74 ,! objection t 9 ! =m] passage 7'?ree feet ( x are :at is immortal 9 heav5'71 heav5 is designat$ z ! abode1 :ile 9 ! latt] passage 7't light :i* %9es above ?is heav5'71 heav5 is designat$ z ! b\nd>y1 & t1 on acc\nt ( ?is diff]5ce ( designation1 ! subject-matt] ( ! =m] passage _c be recognis$ 9 ! latt]1 mu/ likewise be refut$4 ,?is we d by rem>k+ t 9 ei!r designation no?+ is contr>y to ! recognition4 ,j z 9 ord9>y language a falcon1 al?\gh 9 contact ) ! top ( a tree1 is n only said to be on ! tree b also above ! tree1 s ,brahman also1 al?\gh be+ 9 heav51 is "h ref]r$ to z be+ beyond heav5 z well4 ,ano!r 7comm5tator7 expla9s3 j z 9 ord9>y language a falcon1 al?\gh n 9 contact ) ! top ( a tree1 is n only said to be above ! top ( ! tree b also on ! top ( ! tree1 s ,brahman also1 :i* is 9 reality beyond heav51 is 79 ! =m] ( ! two passages7 said to be 9 heav54 ,!re=e ! ,brahman spok5 ( 9 ! =m] passage c be recognis$ 9 ! latt] also1 & x rema9s !re=e a settl$ conclusion t ! ^w 'light' d5otes ,brahman4 #bh4 ,pr_/n_/a 7brea?7 is ,brahman1 t be+ und]/ood f a connect$ consid]ation 7( ! passages ref]r+ to pr_/n_/a74 ,9 ! ,kau%taki-brhma_/n_/a-upani%ad !re is record$ a leg5d ( ,indra & ,prat>dana :i* beg9s ) ! words1 ',prat>dana1 =soo?1 ! son ( ,divodsa came by means ( fight+ & /r5g? to ! belov$ abode ( ,indra' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a74 ,9 ?is leg5d we read3 ',he said3 ,i am pr_/n_/a1 ! intellig5t ,self 7praj_/_/tman71 m$itate on me z ,life1 z ,immortality' 7,,iii1 #b74 ,& lat] on 7,,iii1 #c71 ',pr_/n_/a alone1 ! intellig5t ,self1 hav+ laid hold ( ?is body1 makes x rise up4' ,!n1 aga9 7,,iii1 #h71 ',let no man try to f9d out :at spee* is1 let him "k ! speak]4' ,& 9 ! end 7,,iii1 #h71 ',t brea? inde$ is ! intellig5t ,self1 bliss1 imp]i%able1 immortal4'--,"h ! d\bt pres5ts itself :e!r ! ^w pr_/n_/a d5otes m]ely brea?1 ! modification ( air1 or ! ,self ( "s div9ity1 or ! individual s\l1 or ! highe/ ,brahman4--,b1 x w be said at ! outset1 ! ,stra ,i1 #a1 #ba already has %[n t ! ^w pr_/n_/a ref]s to ,brahman1 & z "h also we meet ) *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ,brahman1 viz4 ! words 'bliss1 imp]i%able1 immortal1' :at reason is !re = aga9 rais+ ! same d\bt8--,we reply3 ,because !re are obs]v$ "h *>act]i/ic m>ks ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,= 9 ! leg5d we meet n only ) m>ks indicat+ ,brahman1 b also ) m>ks po9t+ to o!r be+s ,?us ,indra's words1 ',"k me only' 7,,iii1 #a7 po9t to ! ,self ( a div9ity2 ! words1 ',hav+ laid hold ( ?is body x makes x rise up1' po9t to ! brea?2 ! words1 ',let no man try to f9d out :at spee* is1 let him "k ! speak]1' po9t to ! individual s\l4 ,!re is ?us room = d\bt4 ,if1 n[1 ! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! t]m pr_/n_/a "h d5otes ! well-kn[n modification ( air1 i4e4 brea?1 we1 on our side1 ass]t t ! ^w pr_/n_/a mu/ be und]/ood to d5ote ,brahman4--,= :at reason8--,on acc\nt ( su* be+ ! consecutive mean+ ( ! passages4 ,= if we exam9e ! connexion ( ! entire section :i* treats ( ! pr_/n_/a1 we obs]ve t all ! s+le passages c be con/ru$ into a :ole only if !y are view$ z ref]r+ to ,brahman4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! leg5d ,prat>dana1 hav+ be5 all[$ by ,indra to *oose a boon1 m5tions ! highe/ good ( man1 :i* he selects = 8 boon1 9 ! foll[+ words1 ',d y y\rself *oose t boon = me :i* y deem mo/ b5eficial = a man4' ,n[1 z lat] on pr_/n_/a is decl>$ to be :at is mo/ b5eficial = man1 :at %\ld pr_/n_/a d5ote b ! highe/ ,self8 ,= ap>t f ! cognition ( t ,self a man _c possibly atta9 :at is mo/ b5eficial = him1 z _m scriptural passages decl>e4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 _/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 ',a man :o kn[s him passes ov] dea?2 !re is no o!r pa? to g4' ,aga91 ! fur!r passage1 ',he :o kn[s me ?us by no de$ ( 8 is 8 life h>m$1 n by !ft1 n by bhr_/n_/ahaty' 7,,iii1 #a71 has a mean+ only if ,brahman is suppos$ to be ! object ( k4 ,=1 t subsequ5tly to ! cognition ( ,brahman all works & _! effects entirely cease1 is well kn[n f scriptural passages1 su* z ! foll[+1 ',all works p]i% :5 he has be5 beheld :o is ! high] & ! l[]' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #h74 ,moreov]1 pr_/n_/a c be id5tifi$ ) ! intellig5t ,self only if x is ,brahman4 ,= ! air :i* is non-intellig5t c cle>ly n be ! intellig5t ,self4 ,^? *>act]i/ic m>ks1 aga91 :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! conclud+ passage 7viz4 ^? intimat$ by ! words 'bliss1' 'imp]i%able1' 'immortal'7 c1 if tak5 9 _! full s5se1 n be reconcil$ ) any be+ except ,brahman4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 ! foll[+ passages1 ',he does n increase by a good action1 nor decrease by a bad action4 ,= he makes him :om he wi%es to lead up f ^! worlds d a good de$2 & ! same makes him :om he wi%es to lead d[n f ^! worlds d a bad de$2' &1 ',he is ! gu>dian ( ! _w1 he is ! k+ ( ! _w1 he is ! ,"l ( ! _w' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h74 ,all ?is c be prop]ly und]/ood only if ! highe/ ,brahman is ackn[l$g$ to be ! subject-matt] ( ! :ole *apt]1 n if ! vital air is sub/itut$ 9 its place4 ,h5ce ! ^w pr_/n_/a d5otes ,brahman4 #bi4 ,if x be said t 7,brahman is7 n 7d5ot$7 on acc\nt ( ! speak] d5ot+ himself2 7we reply t ?is objection is n valid7 because !re is 9 t 7*apt]7 a multitude ( ref]5ces to ! int]ior ,self4 ,an objection is rais$ aga9/ ! ass]tion t pr_/n_/a d5otes ,brahman4 ,! ^w pr_/n_/a1 x is said1 does n d5ote ! highe/ ,brahman1 because ! speak] designates himself4 ,! speak]1 :o is a c]ta9 p[]ful god call$ ,indra1 at fir/ says1 9 ord] to reveal himself to ,prat>dana1 ',"k me only1' & lat] on1 ',i am pr_/n_/a1 ! intellig5t ,self4' ,h[1 x is ask$1 c ! pr_/n_/a1 :i* ?is latt] passage1 expressive ( p]sonality z x is1 repres5ts z ! ,self ( ! speak]1 be ,brahman to :i*1 z we "k f ,scripture1 ! attribute ( be+ a speak] _c be ascrib$2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #h1 ',x is )\t spee*1 )\t m9d4' ,fur!r on1 also1 ! speak]1 i4e4 ,indra1 glorifies himself by enum]at+ a numb] ( attributes1 all ( :i* dep5d on p]sonal exi/5ce & c 9 no way belong to ,brahman1 ',i slew ! ?ree-head$ son ( ,tva%_/tri_/2 ,i deliv]$ ! ,arunmukhas1 ! devotees1 to ! wolves1' & s on4 ,indra may be call$ pr_/n_/a on acc\nt ( 8 /r5g?4 ,scripture says1 ',/r5g? inde$ is pr_/n_/a1' & ,indra is kn[n z ! god ( /r5g?2 & ( any de$ ( /r5g? p say1 ',x is ,indra's "w4' ,! p]sonal ,self ( a deity may1 moreov]1 be call$ an intellig5t ,self2 = ! gods1 p say1 possess unob/ruct$ k4 ,x ?us be+ a settl$ matt] t "s passages convey in=mation ab\t ! p]sonal ,self ( "s deity1 ! o!r passages also--z1 = in/ance1 ! "o ab\t :at is mo/ b5eficial = man--mu/ be int]pret$ z well z !y may ) ref]5ce to ! same deity4 ,h5ce pr_/n_/a does n d5ote ,brahman4 ,?is objection we refute by ! rem>k t 9 t *apt] !re are f\nd a multitude ( ref]5ces to ! int]ior ,self4 ,= ! passage1 ',z long z pr_/n_/a dwells 9 ?is body s long surely !re is life1' decl>es t t pr_/n_/a only :i* is ! intellig5t int]ior ,self--& n "s p>ticul> outw>d deity--has p[] to be/[ & to take back life4 ,& :]e ! text speaks ( ! em95ce ( ! pr_/n_/z z f\nd$ on ! exi/5ce ( ! pr_/n_/a1 x %[s t t pr_/n_/a is meant :i* has ref]5ce to ! ,self & is ! abode ( ! s5se-organs4#abi ,( ! same t5d5cy is ! passage1 ',pr_/n_/a1 ! intellig5t ,self1 alone hav+ laid hold ( ?is body makes x rise up2' & ! passage 7:i* occurs 9 ! passus1 ',let no man try to f9d out :at spee* is1' c471 ',= z 9 a c> ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel is set on ! spokes & ! spokes on ! nave1 ?us are ^! objects set on ! subjects 7! s5ses7 & ! subjects on ! pr_/n_/a4 ,& t pr_/n_/a inde$ is ! ,self ( pr_/n_/a1 bless$1 imp]i%able1 immortal4' ,s also ! foll[+ passage :i*1 ref]r+ to ?is int]ior ,self1 =m+ z x 7 ! c5tre ( ! p]iph]ical int]action ( ! objects & s5ses1 sums up z foll[s1 ',he is my ,self1 ?us let x be kn[n2' a summ+ up :i* is appropriate only if pr_/n_/a is meant to d5ote n "s outw>d exi/5ce1 b ! int]ior ,self4 ,& ano!r scriptural passage decl>es '?is ,self is ,brahman1 omnisci5t'#acj 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ai74 ,we !re=e arrive at ! conclusion t1 on acc\nt ( ! multitude ( ref]5ces to ! int]ior ,self1 ! *apt] conta9s in=mation reg>d+ ,brahman1 n reg>d+ ! ,self ( "s deity4--,h[ !n c ! circum/ance ( ! speak] 7,indra7 ref]r+ to himself be expla9$8 #cj4 ,! decl>ation 7made by ,indra ab\t himself1 viz4 t he is "o ) ,brahman7 7is possible7 ?r\gh intuition v\*$ = by ,scripture1 z 9 ! case ( ,vmadeva4 ,! individual div9e ,self call$ ,indra p]ceiv+ by means ( _/ri_/%i-l intuition#aca--! exi/5ce ( :i* is v\*$ = by ,scripture--its own ,self to be id5tical ) ! supreme ,self1 in/ructs ,prat>dana 7ab\t ! highe/ ,self7 by means ( ! words ',"k me only4' ,by intuition ( ! same k9d ! _/ri_/%i ,vmadeva rea*$ ! k express$ 9 ! words1 ',i 0 ,manu & ,srya2' 9 accordance ) ! passage1 ',:atev] deva 0 awak5$ 7s z to "k ,brahman7 he inde$ became t' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj74 ,! ass]tion made above 79 ! prvapak%a ( ! prec$+ ,stra7 t ,indra aft] say+1 ',"k me only1' glorifies himself by enum]at+ ! slay+ ( ,tva%_/tri_/'s son & o!r de$s ( /r5g?1 we refute z foll[s4 ,! dea? ( ,tva%_/tri_/'s son & simil> de$s are ref]r$ to1 n to ! end ( glorify+ ,indra z ! object ( k--9 :i* case ! s5se ( ! passage w\ld be1 ',because ,i accompli%$ su* & su* de$s1 !re=e "k me'--b to ! end ( glorify+ ! cognition ( ! highe/ ,self4 ,= ?is reason ! text1 aft] hav+ ref]r$ to ! slay+ ( ,tva%_/tri_/'s son & ! l1 goes on 9 ! clause next foll[+ to exalt k1 ',& n "o hair ( me is h>m$ !re4 ,he :o kn[s me ?us by no de$ ( 8 is 8 life h>m$4'--7,b h[ does ?is passage convey praise ( k87--,because1 we reply1 its mean+ is z foll[s3 ',al?\gh ,i d su* cruel de$s1 yet n ev5 a hair ( m9e is h>m$ because ,i am "o ) ,brahman2 !re=e ! life ( any o!r p]son also :o kn[s me ?us is n h>m$ by any de$ ( 84' ,& ! object ( ! k 7prais$ by ,indra7 is no?+ else b ,brahman :i* is set =? 9 a subsequ5t passage1 ',i am pr_/n_/a1 ! intellig5t ,self4' ,!re=e ! entire *apt] ref]s to ,brahman4 #ca4 ,if x be said 7t ,brahman is7 n 7meant71 on acc\nt ( *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! individual s\l & ! *ief vital air 7be+ m5tion$72 we say no1 on acc\nt ( ! ?reefoldness ( dev\t m$itation 7:i* w\ld result f y\r int]pretation72 on acc\nt ( 7! mean+ advocat$ by u7 be+ accept$ 7else:]e72 & on acc\nt ( 7*>act]i/ic m>ks ( ,brahman7 be+ connect$ 7) ! passage "u discussion74 ,al?\gh we admit1 ! prvapak%9 resumes1 t ! *apt] ab\t ! pr_/n_/a does n furni% any in/ruction reg>d+ "s outw>d deity1 s9ce x conta9s a multitude ( ref]5ces to ! int]ior ,self2 /ill we d5y t x is conc]n$ ) ,brahman4--,= :at reason8--,because x m5tions *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! individual s\l on ! "o h&1 & ( ! *ief vital air on ! o!r h&4 ,! passage1 ',let no man try to f9d out :at spee* is1 let him "k ! speak]1' m5tions a *>act]i/ic m>k ( ! individual s\l1 & mu/ !re=e be held to po9t out z ! object ( k ! individual s\l :i* rules & employs ! diff]5t organs ( action su* z spee* & s on4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h ! passage1 ',b pr_/n_/a alone1 ! intellig5t ,self1 hav+ laid hold ( ?is body makes x rise up1' :i* po9ts to ! *ief vital air2 = ! *ief attribute ( ! vital air is t x su/a9s ! body4 ,simil>ly1 we read 9 ! colloquy ( ! vital airs 7,pra4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #c71 conc]n+ spee* & ! o!r vital airs1 ',!n pr_/n_/a 7! *ief vital air7 z ! be/ said to !m3 ,be n deceiv$2 ,i alone divid+ myself fivefold support ?is body & keep x4' ,^?1 aga91 :o 9 ! passage quot$ above read '?is "o 7masc471 ! body#acb' mu/ give ! foll[+ explanation1 ,pr_/n_/a hav+ laid hold ( ?is "o1 viz4 ei!r ! individual s\l or ! aggregate ( ! s5se organs1 makes ! body rise up4 ,! individual s\l z well z ! *ief vital air may ju/ly be designat$ z ! intellig5t ,self2 = ! =m] is ( ! nature ( intellig5ce1 & ! latt] 7al?\gh non-intellig5t 9 itself7 is ! abode ( o!r pr_/n_/z1 viz4 ! s5se organs1 :i* are ! in/rum5ts ( intellig5ce4 ,moreov]1 if ! ^w pr_/n_/a be tak5 to d5ote ! individual s\l z well z ! *ief vital air1 ! pr_/n_/a & ! intellig5t ,self may be spok5 ( 9 two ways1 ei!r z be+ non-diff]5t on acc\nt ( _! mutual concomitance1 or z be+ diff]5t on acc\nt ( _! 7ess5tially diff]5t7 individual "*2 & 9 ^! two diff]5t ways !y are actually spok5 ( 9 ! two foll[+ passages1 ',:at is pr_/n_/a t is praj_/_/1 :at is praj_/_/ t is pr_/n_/a2' &1 ',= toge!r d ^! two live 9 ! body & toge!r d !y dep>t4' ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 pr_/n_/a d5ot$ ,brahman1 :at !n c\ld be diff]5t f :at8 ,= ^! reasons pr_/n_/a does n d5ote ,brahman1 b ei!r ! individual s\l or ! *ief vital air or bo?4 ,all ?is argum5tation1 we reply1 is wrong1 'on acc\nt ( ! ?reefoldness ( dev\t m$itation4' ,y\r int]pretation w\ld involve ! assumption ( dev\t m$itation ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds1 viz4 on ! individual s\l1 on ! *ief vital air1 & on ,brahman4 ,b x is inappropriate to assume t a s+le s5t5ce %\ld enjo9 ?ree k9ds ( dev\t m$itation2 & t all ! passages ab\t ! pr_/n_/a really con/itute "o s+le s5t5ce 7"o syntactical :ole7 appe>s f ! beg9n+ & ! conclud+ "p4 ,9 ! beg9n+ we h ! clause ',"k me only1' foll[$ by ',i am pr_/n_/a1 ! intellig5t ,self1 m$itate on me z ,life1 z ,immortality2' & 9 ! end we read1 ',& t pr_/n_/a inde$ is ! intellig5t ,self1 bless$1 imp]i%able1 immortal4' ,! beg9n+ & ! conclud+ "p are ?us se5 to be simil>1 & we !re=e mu/ conclude t !y ref] to "o & ! same matt]4 ,nor c ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( ,brahman be s turn$ z to be appli$ to some?+ else2 = ! t5 objects & ! t5 subjects 7subjective p[]s7#acc _c re/ on any?+ b ,brahman4 ,moreov]1 pr_/n_/a mu/ d5ote ,brahman 'on acc\nt ( 7t mean+7 be+ accept$1' i4e4 because 9 ! case ( o!r passages :]e *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ,brahman are m5tion$ ! ^w pr_/n_/a is tak5 9 ! s5se ( ',brahman4' ,& ano!r reason = assum+ ! passage to ref] to ,brahman is t "h also1 i4e4 9 ! passage itself !re is 'connexion' ) *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ,brahman1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ref]5ce to :at is mo/ b5eficial = man4 ,! ass]tion t ! passage1 ',hav+ laid hold ( ?is body x makes x rise up1' conta9s a *>act]i/ic m>k ( ! *ief vital air1 is untrue2 = z ! function ( ! vital air also ultimately re/s on ,brahman x c figuratively be ascrib$ to ! latt]4 ,s ,scripture also decl>es1 ',no mortal lives by ! brea? t goes up & by ! brea? t goes d[n4 ,we live by ano!r 9 :om ^! two repose' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #e74 ,nor does ! indication ( ! individual s\l :i* y allege to occur 9 ! passage1 ',let no man try to f9d out :at spee* is1 let him "k ! speak]1' preclude ! view ( pr_/n_/a d5ot+ ,brahman4 ,=1 z ! passages1 ',i am ,brahman1' ',t art ?\1' & o!rs1 prove1 !re is 9 reality no su* ?+ z an individual s\l absolutely diff]5t f ,brahman1 b ,brahman1 9 s f> z x diff]5tiates itself ?r\gh ! m9d 7buddhi7 & o!r limit+ conditions1 is call$ individual s\l1 ag5t1 enjoy]4 ,su* passages !re=e z ! "o allud$ to1 7viz4 'let no man try to f9d out :at spee* is1 let him "k ! speak]1'7 :i*1 by sett+ aside all ! diff]5ces due to limit+ conditions1 aim at direct+ ! m9d on ! int]nal ,self & ?us %[+ t ! individual s\l is "o ) ,brahman1 are by no means out ( place4 ,t ! ,self :i* is active 9 speak+ & ! l is ,brahman appe>s f ano!r scriptural passage also1 viz4 ,ke4 ,up4 ,i1 #e1 ',t :i* is n express$ by spee* & by :i* spee* is express$ t alone "k z ,brahman1 n t :i* p "h adore4' ,! rem>k t ! /atem5t ab\t ! diff]5ce ( pr_/n_/a & praj_/_/ 7conta9$ 9 ! passage1 ',toge!r !y dwell 9 ?is body1 toge!r !y dep>t'7 does n agree ) t int]pretation accord+ to :i* pr_/n_/a is ,brahman1 is )\t =ce2 = ! m9d & ! vital air :i* are ! respective abodes ( ! two p[]s ( cognition & action1 & con/itute ! limit+ conditions ( ! int]nal ,self may be spok5 ( z diff]5t4 ,! int]nal ,self1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is limit$ by ^? two adjuncts1 is 9 itself non-diff]5tiat$1 s t ! two may be id5tifi$1 z is done 9 ! passage 'pr_/n_/a is praj_/_/4' ,! second "p ( ! ,stra is expla9$ 9 a diff]5t mann] also#acd1 z foll[s3 ,*>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! individual s\l z well z ( ! *ief vital air are n out ( place ev5 9 a *apt] ^: topic is ,brahman4 ,h[ s8 ',on acc\nt ( ! ?reefoldness ( dev\t m$itation4' ,! *apt] aims at enjo9+ ?ree k9ds ( dev\t m$itation on ,brahman1 accord+ z ,brahman is view$ "u ! aspect ( pr_/n_/a1 "u ! aspect ( praj_/_/1 & 9 itself4 ,! passages1 ',m$itate 7on me7 z life1 z immortality4 ,life is pr_/n_/a1' & ',hav+ laid hold ( ?is body x makes x rise up4 ,!re=e let man wor%ip x alone z uk?a1' ref] to ! pr_/n_/a aspect4 ,! introductory passage1 ',n[ we %all expla9 h[ all ?+s become "o 9 t praj_/_/1' & ! subsequ5t passages1 ',spee* v]ily milk$ "o portion !re(2 ! ^w is its object plac$ outside2' &1 ',hav+ by praj_/_/ tak5 possession ( spee* he obta9s by spee* all words c41' ref] to ! praj_/_/ aspect4 ,! ,brahman aspect f9ally is ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ passage1 ',^! t5 objects h ref]5ce to praj_/_/1 ! t5 subjects h ref]5ce to objects4 ,if !re 7 no objects !re w\ld be no subjects2 & if !re 7 no subjects !re w\ld be no objects4 ,= on ei!r side alone no?+ c\ld be a*iev$4 ,b t is n _m4 ,= z 9 a c> ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel is set on ! spokes & ! spokes on ! nave1 ?us are ^! objects set on ! subjects & ! subjects on ! pr_/n_/a4' ,?us we see t ! "o m$itation on ,brahman is "h repres5t$ z ?reefold1 accord+ z ,brahman is view$ ei!r ) ref]5ce to two limit+ conditions or 9 itself4 ,9 o!r passages also we f9d t dev\t m$itation on ,brahman is made dep5d5t on ,brahman be+ qualifi$ by limit+ adjuncts2 s1 = in/ance 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #b71 ',he :o consi/s ( m9d1 ^: body is pr_/n_/a4' ,! hypo!sis ( ,brahman be+ m$itat$ ^u "u ?ree aspects p]fectly agrees ) ! pr_/n_/a *apt]#ace2 z1 on ! "o h&1 f a comp>ison ( ! introductory & ! conclud+ clauses we inf] t ! subject-matt] ( ! :ole *apt] is "o only1 & z1 on ! o!r h&1 we meet ) *>act]i/ic m>ks ( pr_/n_/a1 praj_/_/1 & ,brahman 9 turns4 ,x !re=e rema9s a settl$ conclusion t ,brahman is ! topic ( ! :ole *apt]4 ,notes3 ,footnote #cb3 ,! subject is ! univ]sal ,self ^: nature is intellig5ce 7_/k_/u72 ! object comprises :atev] is ( a non-intellig5t nature1 viz4 bodies ) _! s5se organs1 int]nal organs1 & ! objects ( ! s5ses1 i4e4 ! ext]nal mat]ial _w4 ,footnote #cc3 ,! object is said to h = its sph]e ! notion ( ! '?\' 7yu%mat71 n ! notion ( ! '?is' or 't' 7idam71 9 ord] bett] to m>k its absolute opposition to ! subject or ,ego4 ,language all[s ( ! co-ord9ation ( ! pron\ns ( ! fir/ & ! ?ird p]son 7',x is ,i1' ',i am he :o1' c42 ete vayam1 ame vayam smahe71 b n ( ! co-ord9ation ( ! pron\ns ( ! fir/ & second p]son4 ,footnote #cd3 ,adhysa1 lit]ally 'sup]imposition' 9 ! s5se ( 7mi/ak57 ascription or imputation1 to some?+1 ( an ess5tial nature or attributes n belong+ to x4 ,see lat] on4 ,footnote #ce3 ,natural1 i4e4 orig9al1 beg9n+less2 = ! modes ( spee* & action :i* *>act]ise transmigratory exi/5ce h exi/$1 ) ! latt]1 f all et]nity4 ,footnote #cf3 ,i4e4 ! intellig5t ,self :i* is ! only reality & ! non-real objects1 viz4 body & s on1 :i* are ! product ( wrong k4 ,footnote #cg3 ',! body1 c4 is my ,self2' 'sickness1 dea?1 *ildr51 weal?1 c41 belong to my ,self4' ,footnote #ch3 ,lit]ally '9 "s o!r place4' ,! clause '9 ! =m ( remembrance' is add$1 ! ,bhmat rem>ks1 9 ord] to exclude ^? cases :]e some?+ previ\sly obs]v$ is recognis$ 9 "s o!r ?+ or place2 z :51 = in/ance1 ! g5]ic "* ( a c[ :i* 0 previ\sly obs]v$ 9 a black c[ aga9 pres5ts itself to consci\sness 9 a grey c[1 or :5 ,devadatta :om we fir/ saw 9 ,p_/t_/aliputra aga9 appe>s be=e u 9 ,mhi%mat4 ,^! are cases ( recognition :]e ! object previ\sly obs]v$ aga9 pres5ts itself to our s5ses2 :ile 9 m]e remembrance ! object previ\sly p]ceiv$ is n 9 r5ew$ contact ) ! s5ses4 ,m]e remembrance op]ates 9 ! case ( adhysa1 z :5 we mi/ake "m-(-pe>l = silv] :i* is at ! "t n pres5t b rememb]$ only4 ,footnote #ci3 ,! s-call$ anya?khytivd9s ma9ta9 t 9 ! act ( adhysa ! attributes ( "o ?+1 silv] = in/ance1 are sup]impos$ on a diff]5t ?+ exi/+ 9 a diff]5t place1 "m-(-pe>l = in/ance 7if we take = our example ( adhysa ! case ( "s man mi/ak+ a piece ( "m-(-pe>l be=e him = a piece ( silv]74 ,! tmakhytivd9s ma9ta9 t 9 adhysa ! modification1 9 ! =m ( silv]1 ( ! int]nal organ & action :i* *>act]ise transmigratory exi/5ce h exi/$1 ) ! latt]1 f all et]nity4 ,footnote #dj3 ,?is is ! def9ition ( ! akhytivd9s4 ,footnote #da3 ,"s anya?khytivd9s & ! ,mdhyamikas accord+ to n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #db3 ,! pratyagtman is 9 reality non-object1 = x is svayamprak_/s_/a1 self-lum9\s1 i4e4 ! subjective factor 9 all cognition4 ,b x becomes ! object ( ! idea ( ! ,ego 9 s f> z x is limit$1 condition$ by its adjuncts :i* are ! product ( ,nesci5ce1 viz4 ! int]nal organ1 ! s5ses & ! subtle & gross bodies1 i4e4 9 s f> z x is jva1 individual or p]sonal s\l4 ,cp4 ,bhmat1 pp4 #bb1 #bc3 '_/k_/idtmaiva svayamprak_/s_/oszpi buddhydivi%ayavi_/kkh_/ura_/n_/t ka?a_/mk_/id asm upratyayavi%ayoszha_/m_/krspada_/m_/ jva iti _/k_/a jantur iti _/k_/a k%euaja iti _/k_/khyyate4' ,footnote #dc3 ,translat$ accord+ to ! ,bhmat4 ,we d5y1 ! objector says1 ! possibility ( adhysa 9 ! case ( ! ,self1 n on ! gr\nd t x is n an object because self-lum9\s 7= t x may be an object al?\gh x is self-lum9\s y h %[n71 b on ! gr\nd t x is n an object because x is n manife/$ ei!r by itself or by any?+ else4--,x is kn[n or manife/1 ! ,v$nt9 replies1 on acc\nt ( its imm$iate pres5tation 7ap>ok%atvt71 i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! intuitional k we h ( x4 n&a ,giri con/rues ! above clause 9 a diff]5t way3 asmatpratyayvi%ayatveszpy ap>ok%atvd eknt5vi%ayatvbbvt tasm9n ahankrdyadhysa ity ar?a_/h_/4 ,ap>ok%atvam api kai_/sk_/id tmano ne%_/t_/am ity sankyha pratyagtmeti4 ,footnote #dd3 ,tatraiva_/m_/ sati evambhtava/utattvvadhra_/n_/e sati4 ,bh4 ,tasm9n adhyse ukt>tyzvidyvmake sati4 ,g4 ,yatrtmani buddhydau v yasya buddhyd] tmano vdhysa_/h_/ t5a buddhydi-nsztmn va k_/ri_/t5sz_/s_/anaydido%e_/n_/a _/k_/aitanyagu_/n_/ena _/k_/tmntm v va/uto na svalp5pi yujyate4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #de3 ,:e!r !y belong to ! k>mak_/nd_/1 i4e4 t "p ( ! ,v$a :i* enjo9s active religi\s duty or ! j_/_/nak_/nd_/a1 i4e4 t "p ( ! ,v$a :i* treats ( ,brahman4 ,footnote #df3 ,x be+ ( c\rse ! function ( ! means ( "r k to det]m9e ,tru? & ,reality4 ,footnote #dg3 ,! ,bhmat takes adhi%_/?_/nam 9 ! s5se ( sup]9t5d5ce1 guidance4 ,! s5ses _c act unless guid$ by a sup]9t5d+ pr9ciple1 i4e4 ! individual s\l4 ,footnote #dh3 ,if activity c\ld proce$ f ! body itself1 non-id5tifi$ ) ! ,self1 x w\ld take place 9 deep sleep also4 ,footnote #di3 ,i4e4 9 ! abs5ce ( ! mutual sup]imposition ( ! ,self & ! ,non-,self & _! attributes4 ,footnote #ej3 ,! ,mm_/m_/s1 i4e4 ! enquiry ^: aim x is to %[ t ! embodi$ ,self1 i4e4 ! individual or p]sonal s\l is "o ) ,brahman4 ,?is ,mm_/m_/s be+ an enquiry into ! mean+ ( ! ,v$nta-portions ( ! ,v$a1 x is also call$ ,v$nta mm_/m_/s4 ,footnote #ea3 ,ndhikrr?a iti4 ,tatra hetur brahmeti4 ,asyr?a_/h_/1 km ayam a?a_/s_/abdo brahmaj_/_/ne_/kkh_/y_/h_/ kim vnt>_/n_/tavi_/k_/rasya a?ave_/kkh_/vi_/s_/e%a_/n_/aj_/_/nasyram bhr?a_/h_/4 ,ndya_/h_/ tasy mm_/m_/sprav>tikys tadaprav>tyatvd anrabhyatvt tasy_/s_/ _/k_/ott>atra pratyadhik>a_/n_/am apratipdant4 ,na dvityoz?a_/s_/abd5nant>yoktidvr vi_/s_/i%_/t_/dhikryasam>pa_/n_/e sdhana_/k_/atu%_/t_/aysampannn_/m_/ brahmadhtadvi_/k_/rayor an>?itvd vi_/k_/rnrambhn na _/k_/a vi_/k_/ravidhiva_/s_/d adhikr kalpya_/h_/ prrambhasypi tulyatvd adhikri_/n_/a_/s_/ _/k_/a vidhyapek%itopdhitvn na t_/ri_/tya_/h_/ brahmaj_/_/nasyn&ask%tkratv5dhikryatve z pyaprdhnyd a?a_/s_/abdsamb&ht tasmn nrambhr?ateti4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #eb3 ,any relation 9 :i* ! result1 i4e4 "h ! enquiry into ,brahman may /& to "s antec$5t ( :i* x is ! effect may be compris$ "u ! relation ( nant>ya4 ,footnote #ec3 ,he cuts (f f ! he>t1 !n f ! tongue1 !n f ! brea/4 ,footnote #ed3 ,:]e "o action is subord9ate to ano!r z1 = in/ance1 ! (f]+ ( ! prayjas is to ! d>_/s_/apr_/n_/amsa-sacrifice1 or :]e "o action qualifies a p]son = ano!r z1 = in/ance1 ! (f]+ ( ! d>_/s_/apr_/n_/amsa qualifies a man = ! p]=mance ( ! ,soma-sacrifice1 !re is unity ( ! ag5t1 & consequ5tly an intimation ( ! ord] ( succession ( ! actions is 9 its "r place4 ,footnote #ee3 ,! 'means' 9 addition to _/s_/ama & dama are discont9uance ( religi\s c]emonies 7up>ati71 pati5ce 9 suff]+ 7titik%71 att5tion & conc5tration ( ! m9d 7samdhna71 & fai? 7_/s_/raddh74 ,footnote #ef3 ,accord+ to ,p_/n_/ini ,,ii1 #c1 #ej ! six? 7g5itive7 case expresses ! relation ( "o ?+ be+ g5]ally supplem5t>y to1 or connect$ )1 "s o!r ?+4 ,footnote #eg3 ,9 ! case ( o!r transitive v]bs1 object & result may be sep>ate2 s1 = in/ance1 :5 x is said 'grma_/m_/ ga_/kkh_/ati1' ! village is ! object ( ! action ( go+1 & ! arrival at ! village its result4 ,b 9 ! case ( v]bs ( desir+ object & result co9cide4 ,footnote #eh3 ,t ,brahman exi/s we "k1 ev5 be=e ent]+ on ! ,brahma-mm_/m_/s1 f ! occurr5ce ( ! ^w 9 ! ,v$a1 c41 & f ! etymology ( ! ^w we at once inf] ,brahman's *ief attributes4 ,footnote #ei3 ,! ?ree la/ op9ions are ^? ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,nyya1 ! ,snkhya1 & ! ,yoga-philosophy respectively4 ,! ?ree op9ions m5tion$ fir/ belong to v>i\s mat]iali/ic s*ools2 ! two subsequ5t ones to two sects ( ,bauddha philosoph]s4 ,footnote #fj3 ,z1 = in/ance1 ! passages '?is p]son consi/s ( ! ess5ce ( food2' '! eye1 c4 spoke2' 'non-exi/+ ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1' c4 ,footnote #fa3 ,s ! comp\nd is to be divid$ accord+ to n4 ,gi4 & ,g42 ! ,bh4 proposes ano!r less plausible division4 ,footnote #fb3 ,accord+ to ,nirukta ,i1 #b ! six bhvavikr_/h_/ are3 orig9ation1 exi/5ce1 modification1 increase1 decrease1 de/ruction4 ,footnote #fc3 ,! pradhna1 call$ also prak_/ri_/ti1 is ! primal causal matt] ( ! _w 9 ! _/,s_/nkhya-sy/em4 ,x w be fully discuss$ 9 lat] p>ts ( ?is "w4 ,to avoid ambiguities1 ! t]m pradhna has be5 left untranslat$4 ,cp4 ,snkhya ,krik #c4 ,footnote #fd3 ,ke_/k_/x tu hira_/n_/yag>oha_/m_/ sa_/m_/sri_/n_/am evgamj jagaddhetum _/k_/ak%ate4 nanada ,giri4 ,footnote #fe3 ,viz4 ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas4 ,footnote #ff3 tmana_/h_/ _/s_/rut] ity ar?a_/h_/4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #fg3 ,text 7or direct /atem5t71 sugge/ive p[] 7l+a71 syntactical connection 7vkya71 c41 be+ ! means ( pro( made use ( 9 ! ,prva ,mm_/m_/s4 ,footnote #fh3 ,! s-call$ sk%tkra ( ,brahman4 ,! c4 comprises inf]5ce & s on4 ,footnote #fi3 ,s1 = in/ance1 ! passage 'he c>ves ! sacrificial po/ & makes x eight-corn]$1' has a purpose only z be+ supplem5t>y to ! injunction 'he ties ! victim to ! sacrificial po/4' ,footnote #gj3 ,if ! fruits ( ! two _/s_//ras 7 n ( a diff]5t nature1 !re w\ld be no reason = ! di/9ction ( two _/s_//ras2 if !y are ( a diff]5t nature1 x _c be said t ! k ( ,brahman is enjo9$ = ! purpose ( f9al release1 9 ! same way z sacrifices are enjo9$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! heav5ly _w & ! l4 ,footnote #ga3 ,! fir/ passage %[s t ! ,self is n jo9$ to ! gross body2 ! second t x is n jo9$ to ! subtle body2 ! ?ird t is indep5d5t ( ei!r4 ,footnote #gb3 n&a ,giri omits 'ata_/h_/4' ,8 comm5t is3 p_/ri_/?agjij_/_/svi%ayatv_/k_/ _/k_/a dh>mdyasp_/ri_/%_/t_/atva_/m_/ brahma_/n_/o yuktam ityha2 tad iti2 ata_/h_/ _/s_/abdap_/?_/e dh>mdyasp>se k>maphalavailaksba_/n_/ya_/m_/ hetk_/ri_/tam4--,! above translation foll[s ,gov9dn&a's fir/ explanation4 ,tat kaivalyam brahmaiva k>maphalavilak%a_/n_/atvd ity ar?a_/h_/4 ,footnote #gc3 ,sampat4 ,sampan nmlpe va/uny lambane smny5a k5a_/k_/9 mahato va/una_/h_/ sampdanam4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #gd3 ,9 :i* passage ! m9d1 :i* may be call$ endless on acc\nt ( ! inf9ite numb] ( modifications x und]goes1 is id5tifi$ ) ! ,vi_/s_/v$evas1 :i* !reby con/itute ! *ief object ( ! m$itation2 ! fruit ( ! m$itation be+ immortality4 ,! id5tity ( ! ,self ) ,brahman1 on ! o!r h&1 is real1 n only m$itatively imag9$1 on acc\nt ( ! attribute ( intellig5ce be+ common to bo?4 ,footnote #ge3 ,adhysa_/h_/ _/s_//ratoitasmi_/m_/s taddh_/h_/4 ,sampadi sampdyamnasya prdhny5nudhynam1 adhyse tu lambanasyeti vi_/s_/e%a_/h_/4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #gf3 ,air & brea? ea* absorb c]ta9 ?+s1 & are1 !re=e1 designat$ by ! same t]m 'absorb]4' ,seya_/m_/ sa_/m_/v>gad_/ri_/%_/t_/ir vyau pr_/n_/e _/k_/a da_/s_/_/s_/gata_/m_/ jagad d>_/s_/ayati ya? jvtmani b_/rim_/ha_/n_/akriyay brahmad_/ri_/%_/t_/iram_/ri_/tatvyaphaly akalpata iti4 ,bhmati4 ,footnote #gg3 ,! butt] us$ 9 ! up_/ms_/uyja is c]emonially purifi$ by ! wife ( ! sacrific] look+ at x2 s1 x might be said1 ! ,self ( him :o m$itates on ,brahman 7& :o z k>t_/ri_/--ag5t--/&s 9 a subord9ate anga-relation to ! k>man ( m$itation7 is m]ely purifi$ by ! cognition ( its be+ "o ) ,brahman4 ,footnote #gh3 ,an hypo!sis :i* might be propos$ = ! purpose ( obviat+ ! imputation to mok%a ( non-et]nality :i* results f ! two prec$+ hypo!ses4 ,footnote #gi3 ,viz4 ?+s to be orig9at$ 7= in/ance1 gha_/t_/a_/m_/ k>oti71 ?+s to be obta9$ 7grma_/m_/ ga_/kkh_/ati71 ?+s to be modifi$ 7suv>_/n_/a_/m_/ ku_/nd_/ala_/m_/ k>oti71 & ?+s to be c]emonially purifi$ 7vrhn prok%ati74 ,footnote #hj3 ,:5ce x foll[s t x is n some?+ to be avoid$ l transitory ?+s4 ,footnote #ha3 ,t1 = in/ance1 9 ! passage 'he is to sacrifice ) ,soma1' ! ^w 'soma1' :i* does n d5ote an action1 is devoid ( s5se4 ,footnote #hb3 ,i4e4 = ! purpose ( %[+ t ! passages convey+ in=mation ab\t ,brahman z su* are ju/ifi$4 ,y h 7! objector ma9ta9s7 prov$ hi!rto only t passages conta9+ in=mation ab\t exi/5t ?+s are admissible1 if ^? ?+s h a purpose2 b h[ does all ?is apply to ! in=mation ab\t ,brahman ( :i* no purpose has be5 e/abli%$8 ,footnote #hc3 ,x is 'naturally e/abli%$' because x has natural motives--n dep5d5t on ! injunctions ( ! ,v$a1 viz4 passion & ! l4 ,footnote #hd3 ,else:]e1 i4e4 outside ! ,v$a4 ,footnote #he3 ,! above discussion ( ! prohibitory passages ( ! ,v$a is ( a v s*ola/ic nature1 & v>i\s clauses 9 x are diff]5tly int]pret$ by ! diff]5t comm5tators4 _/,s_/ank>a endeav\rs to =tify 8 doctr9e1 t n all p>ts ( ! ,v$a ref] to action by an appeal to prohibitory passages :i* d n enjo9 action b ab/95ce f action4 ,! legitimacy ( ?is appeal might be conte/$ on ! gr\nd t a prohibitory passage also1 7z1 = in/ance1 'a ,brhma_/n_/a is n to be kill$1'7 c be expla9$ z enjo9+ a positive action1 viz4 "s action oppos$ 9 nature to ! "o =bidd51 s t ! quot$ passage might be int]pret$ to mean 'a det]m9ation1 c4 ( n kill+ a ,brhma_/n_/a is to be =m$2' j z we und]/& some?+ positive by ! expression 'a non-,brhma_/n_/a1' viz4 "s man :o is a k%attriya or some?+ else4 ,to ?is ! answ] is t1 :]ev] we c1 we mu/ attribute to ! ^w 'n' its prim>y s5se :i* is ! absolute negation ( ! ^w to :i* x is jo9$2 s t passages :]e x is jo9$ to words d5ot+ action mu/ be consid]$ to h = _! purport ! entire abs5ce ( action4 ,special cases only are except$1 z ! "o allud$ to 9 ! text :]e c]ta9 prohibit$ actions are enum]at$ "u ! head+ ( v[s2 = z a v[ is consid]$ z some?+ positive1 ! non-do+ ( "s p>ticul> action mu/ !re be und]/ood z intimat+ ! p]=mance ( "s action ( an opposite nature4 ,! "q z to ! v>i\s mean+s ( ! p>ticle 'n' is discuss$ 9 all treatises on ! ,prv ,mm_/m_/s2 see1 = in/ance1 ,ar?asamgraha1 translation1 p4 #ci ff4 ,footnote #hf3 ,! ,self is ! ag5t 9 a sacrifice1 c4 only 9 s f> z x imag9es itself to be jo9$ to a body2 :i* imag9ation is f9ally remov$ by ! cognition ( ,brahman4 ,footnote #hg3 ,! figurative ,self1 i4e4 ! imag9ation t wife1 *ildr51 possessions1 & ! l are a man's ,self2 ! false ,self1 i4e4 ! imag9ation t ! ,self acts1 suff]s1 enjoys1 c4 ,footnote #hh3 ,i4e4 ! app>5t _w ) all its di/9ctions4 ,footnote #hi3 ,! words 9 p>5!ses are n f\nd 9 ! be/ manuscripts4 ,footnote #ij3 ,! mo/ exalt$ ( ! ?ree con/itu5t elem5ts ^: /ate ( equipoise con/itutes ! pradhna4 ,footnote #ia3 ,k c arise only :]e ,goodness is pr$om9ant1 n :]e ! ?ree qualities mutually c\nt]balance "o ano!r4 ,footnote #ib3 ,! excess ( ,sattva 9 ! ,yog9 w\ld n enable him to rise to omnisci5ce if he did n possess an intellig5t pr9ciple indep5d5t ( ,sattva4 ,footnote #ic3 ,an&a ,giri comm5ts z foll[s3 p>oktnupapatlim nirasitum p_/rikkh_/ati idam iti4 ,prak_/ri_/ty>?bhvt pratyayr?bhvd v brahma_/n_/o s>vaj_/_/ateti pra_/s_/nam eva praka_/t_/ayati ka?am iti4 ,pra?ama_/m_/ pratyha yasyeti4 ,ukta_/m_/ vyatirckadvr viyz_/r9_/oti anityatve hti4 ,dvitiya_/m_/ _/s_/ankate j_/_/neti4 ,svato nityasypi j_/_/nasya tattad>?va_/kkh_/innasya kryatvt tatra svtantryam pratyayr?o brahma_/n_/a_/h_/ sidhyatty ha4--,! k ( ,brahman is et]nal1 & 9 s f> ,brahman is n indep5d5t ) reg>d to x1 b x is indep5d5t ) reg>d to ea* p>ticul> act ( k2 ! v]bal affix 9 'jnti' indicat+ ! p>ticul>ity ( ! act4 ,footnote #id3 ,9 ! second ,kha_/nd_/a ( ! six? ,prap_/?_/aka ( ! ,*4 ,up4 'aik%ata' is twice us$ 9 a figurative s5se 7) reg>d to fire & wat]72 x is !re=e to be und]/ood figuratively 9 ! ?ird passage also :]e x occurs4 ,footnote #ie3 ,s t1 on ?is latt] explanation1 x is unnecess>y to assume a figurative s5se ( ! ^w '?9k+' 9 any ( ! ?ree passages4 ,footnote #if3 ,a wick$ man meets 9 a =e/ a bl9d p]son :o has lo/ 8 way1 & implores him to lead him to 8 village2 in/ead ( do+ s ! wick$ man p]suades ! bl9d "o to cat* hold ( ! tail ( an ox1 :i* he promises w\ld lead him to 8 place4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! bl9d man is1 ow+ to 8 tru/fulness1 l$ ev5 f>!r a/ray1 & injur$ by ! bu%es1 c41 ?r\gh :i* ! ox drags him4 ,footnote #ig3 ,cp4 above1 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ih3 ,s accord+ to ! comm5tators1 n to accept ^: guidance 9 ! translation ( s*ola/ic def9itions is r haz>d\s4 ,a simpl] translation ( ! clause might h[ev] be giv54 ,footnote #ii3 ,) ref]5ce to ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #b4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,! wise "o1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self2 :i* z jvtman is conv]sant ) ! names & =ms ( individual ?+s4 ,footnote #aja3 ,i4e4 x is look$ ^u z ! object ( ! devotion ( ! individual s\ls2 :ile 9 reality all ^? s\ls & ,brahman are "o4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,qualities1 i4e4 ! attributes "u :i* ! ,self is m$itat$ on2 limit+ conditions1 i4e4 ! localities--su* z ! he>t & ! l--:i* 9 pi\s m$itation are ascrib$ to ! ,self4 ,footnote #ajc3 n&a ,giri reads vi%_/t_/asya = vi%k_/ri_/tasya4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,cp4 ! entire passage4 ,all ?+s are manife/ations ( ! highe/ ,self "u c]ta9 limit+ conditions1 b occupy+ diff]5t places 9 an asc5d+ scale4 ,9 uns5ti5t ?+s1 /ones1 c4 only ! satt1 ! quality ( be+ manife/s itself2 9 plants1 animals1 & m5 ! ,self manife/s itself ?r\gh ! vital sap2 9 animals & m5 !re is und]/&+2 high] ?\ght 9 man alone4 ,footnote #aje3 n&a ,giri on ! prec$+ passage beg9n+ f '?us "h also3' na kevala_/m_/ dvaividhyam brahma_/n_/a_/h_/ _/s_/rutism_/ri_/tyor eva siddha_/m_/ ki_/m_/ tu strak_/ri_/to api matam ity ha1 evam iti1 _/s_/rutism_/ri_/tyor iva prak_/ri_/te pi _/s_//re dvairpyam brahma_/n_/o bhavati2 tatra sopdhikabrahmavi%ayam anta/addh>mdhik>a_/n_/am udh>ati dityeti2 uktanyya_/m_/ tulyade_/s_/e%u prasrayati evam iti2 sopdhikopade_/s_/avan nirupdhikopade_/s_/a_/m_/ d>_/s_/ayati evam ityd91 tmaj_/_/ana_/m_/ nir_/n_/etavyam iti samb&ha_/h_/2 ayaprasangam ha p>eti2 annamaydyupdhidvrokasya ka?am p>avidyvi%ayatva_/m_/ tatrha updhti2 nir_/n_/ayakramam ha vkyeti1 uktr?am adhik>a_/n_/a_/m_/ kv/ty sankyokta_/m_/ ya!ti4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,aft] :i* no o!r ,self is m5tion$4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,! previ\s pro(s 7 f\nd$ on linga2 ! argum5t :i* is n[ prop\nd$ is f\nd$ on prak>a_/n_/a4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,:ile1 9 ! case ( ! ,selfs consi/+ ( food & s on1 a fur!r inn] ,self is duly m5tion$ ea* "t4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be conclud$ t ! ,selfs consi/+ ( food1 c41 are likewise id5tical ) ! highe/ ,self ref]r$ to 9 ! mantra4 ,footnote #aji3 ,yadi labdh na labdhavya_/h_/ ka?a_/m_/ t>hi p>amtmano va/utobh9n5a jvtman p>amtm labhyata ity ar?a_/h_/4 ,bhmat4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,ya? p>amesv>d bh9no jvtm dra%_/t_/ na bhavaty evam gvtmanozpi dra%_/t_/ur na bh9na_/h_/ p>ame_/s_/v>a iti1 jvasynirv_/k_/y>ve p>ame_/s_/v>ozpy anirv_/k_/ya_/h_/ syd ity ata ha p>ame_/s_/v>as tv avidykalpitd iti4 ,an&a ,giri4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,! explanation ( ! n&amaya giv5 hi!rto is "h recall$1 & a diff]5t "o giv54 ,! previ\s explanation is attribut$ by ,g4 n4 to ! v_/ri_/ttikra4 ,footnote #aab3 ,9 :i* s5se1 z %[n above1 ! ^w n&amaya mu/ be tak5 if und]/ood to d5ote ,brahman4 ,footnote #aac3 ,i4e4 ! ^w translat$ hi!rto by abundance4 ,footnote #aad3 ,see ,i1 #a1 #ae-ai4 ,footnote #aae3 ,! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a _h %[n t ! five ,selfs 7consi/+ ( food1 m9d1 & s on71 :i* ! ,taitt4 ,up4 enum]ates1 are introduc$ m]ely = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! cognition ( ,brahman consid]$ z devoid ( all qualities2 :ile t ,brahman itself is ! real object ( k4 ,! pres5t adhik>a_/n_/a und]takes to %[ t ! passage ab\t ! gold5 p]son repres5ts ! savi_/s_/e%a ,brahman z ! object ( dev\t m$itation4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,s t ! real giv] ( ! gifts be/[$ by pr9ces on poets & s+]s is ,brahman4 ,footnote #aag3 ,or else 't :i* is )9 =ms & names4' ,footnote #aah3 ,viz4 z intimat+ x4 ,?us n4 ,gi4 & ,g4 n4 aga9/ ! acc5t ( _/rik_/_/h_/4 ,sya_/n_/a expla9s _/rik_/_/h_/ z g5itive4 ,footnote #aai3 ,o_/m_/krasya pratkatv5a v_/k_/akatv5a lak%akatv5a v brahmatvam uktam1 om iti1 ka_/m_/ sukha_/m_/ tasyr!ndriyayogajatva_/m_/ vrayitu_/m_/ kham iti1 tasya bhtka_/s_/atva_/m_/ vys$dhum pur_/n_/am ity uktam4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #abj3 ,! d\bt ab\t ! mean+ ( a ^w is pref]ably to be decid$ by means ( a ref]5ce to prec$+ passages2 :]e t is n possible 7! d\btful ^w occurr+ at ! beg9n+ ( "s new *apt]7 complem5t>y1 i4e4 subsequ5t passages h to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,footnote #aba3 ,! v_/ri_/ttikra1 ! comm5tators say4 ,footnote #abb3 ,i4e4 :i* has n be5 mix$ ) wat] & e>?1 accord+ to ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #c4 ,be=e t mixture took place light 0 entriely sep>at$ f ! o!r elem5ts1 & !re=e b\nd$ by ! latt]4 ,footnote #abc3 ,s z to ju/ify ! assumption t su* a ?+ z non-trip>tite light exi/s at all4 ,footnote #abd3 ,brahma_/n_/o vyava_/kkh_/idya teja_/h_/sam>pakatva_/m_/ vi_/s_/e%akatvam1 tadabhvozvi_/s_/e%akatvam4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #abe3 ,if we /rictly foll[ ! ord] ( words 9 ! orig9al4 ,footnote #abf3 ,svasm>?y5a s>vanmna_/h_/ sannihitap>m>_/s_/itvava_/s_/ena4 ,footnote #abg3 ,! v_/ri_/ttikra accord+ to ,g4 n4 9 8 _/t_/k on ! bh%ya to ! next ,stra4 ,footnote #abh3 ,conc]n+ ! difficulty involv$ 9 ?is int]pretation1 cp4 ,deuss51 p4 #ahc1 note4 ,footnote #abi3 ,! text runs1 'a/itve _/k_/a pr_/n_/n_/m_/ ni_/hs_/reyasam1' & ,g4 n4 expla9s 'a/itve pr_/n_/a/hitau pr_/n_/n_/m_/ indriy_/n_/m /hitir ity ar?ata_/h_/ _/s_/rutim ha4' ,he z well z n4 ,gi4 quotes z ! text ( ! scriptural passage ref]r$ to 'a?to ni_/hs_/reyasdnam ity di4' ,b if in/ead ( 'a/itve _/k_/a' we read 'a/i tv eva1' we get ! conclud+ clause ( ,kau4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 z giv5 9 ,c[ell's edition44 ,footnote #acj3 ,:5ce we "k t ! int]ior ,self ref]r$ to 9 ! ,kau4 ,up4 is ,brahman4 ,footnote #aca3 ,i4e4 spontane\s intuition ( sup]s5sible tru?1 r5d]$ possible ?r\gh ! k acquir$ 9 =m] exi/5ces4 ,footnote #acb3 ,ima_/m_/ _/s_/arram in/ead ( ida_/m_/ _/s_/arram4 ,footnote #acc3 ,pa_/k_/a _/s_/abddaya_/h_/ pa_/k_/a p_/ri_/?ivydaya_/s_/ _/k_/a da_/s_/a bhtamtr_/h_/ pa_/k_/a buddhndriy_/n_/i pa_/k_/a buddhaya iti da_/s_/a praj_/_/mtr_/h_/4 ,yadv j_/_/n5driyr?_/h_/ pa_/k_/a k>zm5driyr?_/s_/ _/ka_/ pa_/k_/eti da_/s_/a bhtamtr_/h_/ dvividhnndriy_/n_/i praj_/_/mtr da_/s_/eti bhva_/h_/4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #acd3 ,viz4 by ! v_/ri_/ttikra4 ,footnote #ace3 ,ihpi tad yujyate expla9+ ! 'iha tadyogt' ( ! ,stra4 ,,second ,p,,da4 ,,rev]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,highe/ ,,self6 ,9 ! fir/ pda ,brahman has be5 %[n to be ! cause ( ! orig91 subsi/5ce1 & reabsorption ( ! entire _w1 compris+ ! e!r & ! o!r elem5ts4 ,moreov]1 ( ?is ,brahman1 :i* is ! cause ( ! entire _w1 c]ta9 qualities h 7implicitly7 be5 decl>$1 su* z all-p]vad+ness1 et]nity1 omnisci5ce1 its be+ ! ,self ( all1 & s on4 ,fur!r1 by produc+ reasons %[+ t "s words :i* are g5]ally us$ 9 a diff]5t s5se d5ote ,brahman also1 we h be5 able to det]m9e t "s passages ab\t ^: s5se d\bts are ent]ta9$ ref] to ,brahman4 ,n[ c]ta9 o!r passages pres5t !mselves :i* because conta9+ only obscure indications ( ,brahman give rise to ! d\bt :e!r !y ref] to ! highe/ ,self or to some?+ else4 ,we !re=e beg9 ! second & ?ird pdas 9 ord] to settle ^? d\btful po9ts4 #a4 7,t :i* consi/s ( m9d is ,brahman7 because !re is taught :at is kn[n f ev]y:]e4 ,scripture says1 ',all ?is inde$ is ,brahman1 beg9n+1 end+1 & brea?+ 9 x2 ?us kn[+ let a man m$itate ) calm m9d4 ,n[ man is made ( det]m9ation 7kratu72 accord+ to :at 8 det]m9ation is 9 ?is _w s w he be :5 he has dep>t$ ?is life4 ,let him !re=e =m ?is det]m9ation3 he :o consi/s ( m9d1 ^: body is brea? 7! subtle body71' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad74 ,conc]n+ ?is passage ! d\bt pres5ts itself :e!r :at is po9t$ out z ! object ( m$itation1 by means ( attributes su* z consi/+ ( m9d1 c41 is ! embodi$ 7individual7 s\l or ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,! embodi$ ,self1 ! prvapak%9 says4--,:y8--,because ! embodi$ ,self z ! rul] ( ! organs ( action is well kn[n to be connect$ ) ! m9d & s on1 :ile ! highe/ ,brahman is n1 z is decl>$ 9 sev]al scriptural passages1 s1 = in/ance 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #b71 ',he is )\t brea?1 )\t m9d1 pure4'--,b1 x may be object$1 ! passage1 ',all ?is inde$ is ,brahman1' m5tions ,brahman directly2 h[ !n c y suppose t ! embodi$ ,self =ms ! object ( m$itation8--,?is objection does n apply1 ! prvapak%9 rejo9s1 because ! passage does n aim at enjo9+ m$itation on ,brahman1 b r at enjo9+ calmness ( m9d1 ! s5se be+3 because ,brahman is all ?is1 tajjaln1 let a man m$itate ) a calm m9d4 ,t is to say3 because all ?is aggregate ( effects is ,brahman only1 spr++ f x1 end+ 9 x1 & brea?+ 9 x2 & because1 z ev]y?+ con/itutes "o ,self only1 !re is no room = passion2 !re=e a man is to m$itate ) a calm m9d4 ,& s9ce ! s5t5ce aims at enjo9+ calmness ( m9d1 x _c at ! same "t enjo9 m$itation on ,brahman#acf2 b m$itation is sep>ately enjo9$ 9 ! clause1 ',let him =m ! det]m9ation1 i4e4 reflection4' ,& !reupon ! subsequ5t passage1 ',he :o consi/s ( m9d1 ^: body is brea?1' c4 /ates ! object ( ! m$itation 9 words indicatory ( ! individual s\l4 ,= ?is reason we ma9ta9 t ! m$itation spok5 ( has ! individual s\l = its object4 ,! o!r attributes also subsequ5tly /at$ 9 ! text1 ',he to :om all works1 all desires belong1' c4 may rightly be held to ref] to ! individual s\l4 ,! attributes1 f9ally1 ( be+ :at abides 9 ! he>t & ( be+ extremely m9ute :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! passage1 ',he is my ,self )9 ! he>t1 small] ?an a corn ( rice1 small] ?an a corn ( b>ley1' may be ascrib$ to ! individual s\l :i* has ! size ( ! po9t ( a goad1 b n to ! unlimit$ ,brahman4 ,if x be object$ t ! imm$iately foll[+ passage1 'great] ?an ! e>?1' c41 _c ref] to some?+ limit$1 we reply t smallness & greatness :i* are mutually opposite _c inde$ be ascrib$ to "o & ! same ?+2 & t1 if "o attribute only is to be ascrib$ to ! subject ( ! passage1 smallness is pref]able because x is m5tion$ fir/2 :ile ! greatness m5tion$ lat] on may be attribut$ to ! s\l 9 s f> z x is "o ) ,brahman4 ,if x is once settl$ t ! :ole passage ref]s to ! individual s\l1 x foll[s t ! decl>ation ( ,brahman also1 conta9$ 9 ! passage1 ',t is ,brahman' 7,,iii1 #ad1 #d71 ref]s to ! individual s\l#acg1 z x is cle>ly connect$ ) ! g5]al topic4 ,!re=e ! individual s\l is ! object ( m$itation indicat$ by ! qualities ( consi/+ ( m9d & s on4 ,to all ?is we reply3 ,! highe/ ,brahman only is :at is to be m$itat$ ^u z di/+ui%$ by ! attributes ( consi/+ ( m9d & s on4--,:y8--',on acc\nt ( !re be+ taught "h :at is kn[n f ev]y:]e4' ,:at is kn[n f all ,v$nta-passages to be ! s5se ( ! ^w ,brahman1 viz4 ! cause ( ! _w1 & :at is m5tion$ "h 9 ! beg9n+ words ( ! passage1 7'all ?is inde$ is ,brahman1'7 ! same we mu/ assume to be taught "h z di/+ui%$ by c]ta9 qualities1 viz4 consi/+ ( m9d & s on4 ,?us we avoid ! fault ( dropp+ ! subject-matt] "u discussion & ne$lessly introduc+ a new topic4--,b1 x may be said1 x has be5 %[n t ,brahman is1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! passage1 introduc$ m]ely = ! purpose ( intimat+ ! injunction ( calmness ( m9d1 n = ! purpose ( intimat+ ,brahman itself4--,true1 we reply2 b ! fact nev]!less rema9s t1 :]e ! qualities ( consi/+ ( m9d1 c4 are spok5 (1 ,brahman only is proximate 7i4e4 m5tion$ n f> (f s t x may be conclud$ to be ! ?+ ref]r$ to71 :ile ! individual s\l is nei!r proximate nor intimat$ by any ^w directly po9t+ to x4 ,! cases ( ,brahman & ! individual s\l are !re=e n equal4 #b4 ,& because ! qualities desir$ to be express$ are possible 79 ,brahman2 !re=e ! passage ref]s to ,brahman74 ,al?\gh 9 ! ,v$a :i* is n ! "w ( man no wi% 9 ! /rict s5se c be express$#ach1 !re be+ no speak]1 /ill su* phrases z 'desir$ to be express$1' may be figuratively us$ on acc\nt ( ! result1 viz4 7m5tal7 compreh5sion4 ,= j z 9 ord9>y language we speak ( some?+ :i* is intimat$ by a ^w & is to be receiv$ 7by ! he>] z ! mean+ ( ! ^w71 z 'desir$ to be express$2' s 9 ! ,v$a also :atev] is d5ot$ z t :i* is to be receiv$ is 'desir$ to be express$1' ev]y?+ else 'n desir$ to be express$4' ,:at is to be receiv$ z ! mean+ ( a ,v$ic s5t5ce1 & :at n1 is inf]r$ f ! g5]al purport ( ! passage4 ,^? qualities :i* are "h desir$ to be express$1 i4e4 intimat$ z qualities to be dwelt on 9 m$itation1 viz4 ! qualities ( hav+ true purposes1 c4 are possible 9 ! highe/ ,brahman2 = ! quality ( hav+ true purposes may be ascrib$ to ! highe/ ,self :i* possesses unimp$$ p[] ov] ! creation1 subsi/5ce1 & reabsorption ( ?is _w4 ,simil>ly ! qualities ( hav+ true desires & true purposes are attribut$ to ! highe/ ,self 9 ano!r passage1 viz4 ! "o beg9n+1 ',! ,self :i* is free f s9' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a74 ,! clause1 ',he ^: ,self is ! e!r1' means 'he ^: ,self is l ! e!r2' = ,brahman may be said to be l ! e!r on acc\nt ( its omnipres5ce & o!r qualities4 ,?is is also express$ by ! clause1 ',great] ?an ! e>?4' ,& ! o!r explanation also1 accord+ to :i* ! passage means 'he ^: ,self is ! e!r' is possible1 s9ce ,brahman :i* z ! cause ( ! :ole _w is ! ,self ( ev]y?+ is also ! ,self ( ! e!r4 ,= ! same reasons he is call$ 'he to :om all works belong1 & s on4' ,?us ! qualities "h intimat$ z topics ( m$itation agree ) ! nature ( ,brahman4 ,we fur!r ma9ta9 t ! t]ms 'consi/+ ( m9d1' & 'hav+ brea? = its body1' :i* ! prvapak%9 ass]ts _c ref] to ,brahman1 may ref] to x4 ,= z ,brahman is ! ,self ( ev]y?+1 qualities su* z consi/+ ( m9d & ! l1 :i* belong to ! individual s\l1 belong to ,brahman also4 ,accord+ly _/,s_/ruti & ,sm_/ri_/ti say ( ,brahman1 ',?\ art woman1 ?\ art man2 ?\ art y\?1 ?\ art maid52 ?\ z an old man tott]e/ along on ?y /aff2 ?\ art born ) ?y face turn$ ev]y:]e' 7_/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c71 & 'its h&s & feet are ev]y:]e1 its eyes & head are ev]y:]e1 its e>s are ev]y:]e1 x /&s encompass+ all 9 ! _w' 7,bha4 ,gt ,,iii1 #ac74 ,! passage 7quot$ above aga9/ our view71 ',)\t brea?1 )\t m9d1 pure1' ref]s to ! pure 7unrelat$7 ,brahman4 ,! t]ms 'consi/+ ( m9d2 hav+ brea? = its body1' on ! o!r h&1 ref] to ,brahman z di/+ui%$ by qualities4 ,h5ce1 z ! qualities m5tion$ are possible 9 ,brahman1 we conclude t ! highe/ ,brahman only is repres5t$ z ! object ( m$itation4 #c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z 7^? qualities7 are n possible 79 x71 ! embodi$ 7s\l is7 n 7d5ot$ by manomaya1 c474 ,! prec$+ ,stra has decl>$ t ! qualities m5tion$ are possible 9 ,brahman2 ! pres5t ,stra /ates t !y are n possible 9 ! embodi$ ,self4 ,brahman only possesses1 9 ! mann] expla9$1 ! qualities ( consi/+ ( m9d1 & s on2 n ! embodi$ individual s\l4 ,= qualities su* z express$ 9 ! words1 ',he ^: purposes are true1 ^: ,self is ! e!r1 :o has no spee*1 :o is n di/urb$1 :o is great] ?an ! e>?1' _c easily be attribut$ to ! embodi$ ,self4 ,by ! t]m 'embodi$' 7_/s_/rra7 we h to und]/& 'resid+' 9 a body4 ,if x be object$ t ! ,"l also resides 9 ! body#aci1 we reply1 ,true1 he does reside 9 ! body1 b n 9 ! body only2 = _/s_/ruti decl>es him to be all-p]vad+2 comp>e1 ',he is great] ?an ! e>?2 great] ?an ! atmosph]e1 omnipres5t l ! e!r1 et]nal4' ,! individual s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 is 9 ! body only1 ap>t f :i* z ! abode ( fruition x does n exi/4 #d4 ,& because !re is a 7sep>ate7 d5otation ( ! object ( activity & ( ! ag5t4 ,! attributes ( consi/+ ( m9d1 & s on1 _c belong to ! embodi$ ,self = t reason also1 t !re is a 7sep>ate7 d5otation ( ! object ( activity & ( ! ag5t4 ,9 ! passage1 ',:5 ,i %all h dep>t$ f h5ce ,i %all obta9 him' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #d71 ! ^w 'him' ref]s to t :i* is ! topic ( discussion1 viz4 ! ,self :i* is to be m$itat$ ^u z possess+ ! attributes ( consi/+ ( m9d1 c41 z ! object ( an activity1 viz4 z some?+ to be obta9$2 :ile ! words1 ',i %all obta91' repres5t ! m$itat+ individual ,self z ! ag5t1 i4e4 ! obta9]4 ,n[1 :]ev] x c be help$1 we mu/ n assume t "o & ! same be+ is spok5 ( z ! ag5t & ! object ( ! activity at ! same "t4 ,! relation exi/+ betwe5 a p]son m$itat+ & ! ?+ m$itat$ ^u requires1 moreov]1 diff]5t abodes4--,& ?us = ! above reason1 also1 t :i* is *>act]is$ by ! attributes ( consi/+ ( m9d1 & s on1 _c be ! individual s\l4 #e4 ,on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( words4 ,t :i* possesses ! attributes ( consi/+ ( m9d1 & s on1 _c be ! individual s\l1 = t reason also t !re is a diff]5ce ( words4 ,t is to say1 we meet ) ano!r scriptural passage ( k9dr$ subject-matt] 7_/,s_/at4 ,br4 ,x1 #f1 #c1 #b71 ',l a rice gra91 or a b>ley gra91 or a can>y se$ or ! k]nel ( a can>y se$1 ?us t gold5 p]son is 9 ! ,self4' ,!re "o ^w1 i4e4 ! locative '9 ! ,self1' d5otes ! embodi$ ,self1 & a diff]5t ^w1 viz4 ! nom9ative 'p]son1' d5otes ! ,self di/+ui%$ by ! qualities ( consi/+ ( m9d1 c4 ,we !refrom conclude t ! two are diff]5t4 #f4 ,& on acc\nt ( ,sm_/ri_/ti4 ,sm_/ri_/ti also decl>es ! diff]5ce ( ! embodi$ ,self & ! highe/ ,self1 viz4 ,bha4 ,gt ,,xviii1 #fa1 ',! ,"l1 ,o ,arjuna1 is seat$ 9 ! he>t ( all be+s1 driv+ r\nd by 8 magical p[] all be+s 7z if !y 77 m\nt$ on a ma*9e4' ,b :at1 x may be ask$1 is t s-call$ embodi$ ,self diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self :i* is to be set aside accord+ to ! prec$+ ,stras8 _/,s_/ruti passages1 z well z ,sm_/ri_/ti1 expressly d5y t !re is any ,self ap>t f ! highe/ ,self2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bc1 ',!re is no o!r se] b he2 !re is no o!r he>] b he2' & ,bha4 ,gt ,,xiii1 #b1 ',& "k me also1 ,o ,bhrata1 to be ! k%etiaj_/_/a 9 all k%etras4' ,true1 we reply1 7!re is 9 reality "o univ]sal ,self only47 ,b ! highe/ ,self 9 s f> z x is limit$ by its adjuncts1 viz4 ! body1 ! s5ses1 & ! m9d 7mano-buddhi71 is1 by ! ignorant1 spok5 ( z if x 7 embodi$4 ,simil>ly ! e!r1 al?\gh 9 reality unlimit$1 appe>s limit$ ow+ to c]ta9 adjuncts1 su* z j>s & o!r vessels4 ,) reg>d to ?is 7unreal limitation ( ! "o ,self7 ! di/9ction ( objects ( activity & ( ag5ts may be practically assum$1 z long z we h n le>n$--f ! passage1 ',t art ?\'--t ! ,self is "o only4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z we grasp ! tru? t !re is only "o univ]sal ,self1 !re is an end to ! :ole practical view ( ! _w ) its di/9ction ( bondage1 f9al release1 & ! l4 #g4 ,if x be said t 7! passage does7 n 7ref] to ,brahman7 on acc\nt ( ! smallness ( ! abode 7m5tion$71 & on acc\nt ( ! d5otations ( t 7i4e4 ( m9ut5ess72 we say1 no2 because 7,brahman7 has ?us to be contemplat$1 & because ! case is analog\s to t ( e!r4 ,on acc\nt ( ! limitation ( its abode1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! clause1 ',he is my ,self )9 ! he>t1' & on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation z to its m9ut5ess conta9$ 9 ! direct /atem5t1 ',he is small] ?an a gra9 ( rice1' c42 ! embodi$ s\l only1 :i* is ( ! size ( an awl's po9t1 is spok5 ( 9 ! passage "u discussion1 & n ! highe/ ,self4 ,?is ass]tion made above 79 ! prvapak%a ( ,stra ,i1 & re/at$ 9 ! prvapak%a ( ! pres5t ,stra7 has to be refut$4 ,we !re=e ma9ta9 t ! objection rais$ does n invalidate our view ( ! passage4 ,x is true t a ?+ occupy+ a limit$ space only _c 9 any way be spok5 ( z omnipres5t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 t :i* is omnipres5t1 & !re=e 9 all places may1 f a c]ta9 po9t ( view1 be said to occupy a limit$ space4 ,simil>ly1 a pr9ce may be call$ ! rul] ( ,ayodhy al?\gh he is at ! same "t ! rul] ( ! :ole e>?4--,b f :at po9t ( view c ! omnipres5t ,"l be said to occupy a limit$ space & to be m9ute8--,he may1 we reply1 be spok5 ( ?us1 'because he is to be contemplat$ ?us4' ,! passage "u discussion tea*es u to contemplate ! ,"l z abid+ )9 ! lotus ( ! he>t1 *>act]is$ by m9ut5ess & simil> qualities--:i* appreh5sion ( ! ,"l is r5d]$ possible ?r\gh a modification ( ! m9d--j z ,h>i is contemplat$ 9 ! sacr$ /one call$ _/,s_/lagrm4 ,al?\gh pres5t ev]y:]e1 ! ,"l is pleas$ :5 m$itat$ ^u z dwell+ 9 ! he>t4 ,! case is1 moreov]1 to be view$ z analog\s to t ( ! e!r4 ,! e!r1 al?\gh all-p]vad+1 is spok5 ( z limit$ & m9ute1 if consid]$ 9 its connexion ) ! eye ( a ne$le2 s ,brahman also4 ,b x is an und]/ood matt] t ! attributes ( limitation ( abode & ( m9ut5ess dep5d1 9 ,brahman's case1 entirely on special =ms ( contemplation1 & are n real4 ,! latt] consid]ation disposes also ( ! objection1 t if ,brahman has its abode 9 ! he>t1 :i* he>t-abode is a diff]5t "o 9 ea* body1 x w\ld foll[ t x is affect$ by all ! imp]fections :i* atta* to be+s hav+ diff]5t abodes1 su* z p>rots %ut up 9 diff]5t cages1 viz4 want ( unity1 be+ made up ( p>ts1 non-p]man5cy1 & s on4 #h4 ,if x is said t 7f ! circum/ance ( ,brahman & ! individual s\l be+ "o7 !re foll[s fruition 7on ! "p ( ,brahman72 we say1 no2 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( nature 7( ! two74 ,b1 x may be said1 z ,brahman is omnipres5t l e!r1 & !re=e connect$ ) ! he>ts ( all liv+ be+s1 & z x is ( ! nature ( intellig5ce & !re=e n diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 x foll[s t ,brahman also has ! same fruition ( pleasure1 pa91 & s on 7z ! individual s\l74 ,! same result foll[s f its unity4 ,= 9 reality !re exi/s no transmigratory ,self diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self2 z appe>s f ! text1 ',!re is no o!r kn[] b he' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bc71 & simil> passages4 ,h5ce ! highe/ ,self is subject to ! fruition connect$ ) transmigratory exi/5ce4 ,?is is n s1 we reply2 because !re is a diff]5ce ( nature4 ,f ! circum/ance t ,brahman is connect$ ) ! he>ts ( all liv+ be+s x does n foll[ t x is1 l ! embodi$ ,self1 subject to fruition4 ,=1 betwe5 ! embodi$ ,self & ! highe/ ,self1 !re is ! diff]5ce t ! =m] acts & enjoys1 acquires m]it & dem]it1 & is affect$ by pleasure1 pa91 & s on2 :ile ! latt] is ( ! opposite nature1 i4e4 *>act]is$ by be+ free f all evil & ! l4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is diff]5ce ( ! two1 ! fruition ( ! "o does n ext5d to ! o!r4 ,to assume m]ely on ! gr\nd ( ! mutual proximity ( ! two1 )\t consid]+ _! ess5tially diff]5t p[]s1 t a connexion ) effects exi/s 79 ,brahman's case also71 w\ld be no bett] ?an to suppose t space is on fire 7:5 some?+ 9 space is on fire74 ,! same objection & refutation apply to ! case ( ^? also :o tea* ! exi/5ce ( m ?an "o omnipres5t ,self4 ,9 reply to ! ass]tion1 t because ,brahman is "o & !re are no o!r ,selfs outside x1 ,brahman mu/ be subject to fruition s9ce ! individual s\l is s1 we ask ! "q3 ,h[ h y1 our wise oppon5t1 asc]ta9$ t !re is no o!r ,self8 ,y w reply1 we suppose1 f scriptural texts su* z1 ',t art ?\1' ',i am ,brahman1' ',!re is no o!r kn[] b he1' & s on4 ,v well1 !n1 x appe>s t ! tru? ab\t scriptural matt]s is to be asc]ta9$ f ,scripture1 & t ,scripture is n sometimes to be appeal$ to1 & on o!r occasions to be disreg>d$4 ,scriptural texts1 su* z 't art ?\1' tea* t ,brahman :i* is free f all evil is ! ,self ( ! embodi$ s\l1 & ?us dispel ev5 ! op9ion t ! embodi$ s\l is subject to fruition2 h[ !n %\ld fruition on ! "p ( ! embodi$ s\l involve fruition on ! "p ( ,brahman8--,let1 !n1 ! unity ( ! individual s\l & ,brahman n be appreh5d$ on ! gr\nd ( ,scripture4--,9 t case1 we reply1 ! fruition on ! "p ( ! individual s\l has wrong k = its cause1 & ,brahman z x truly exi/s is n t\*$ !reby1 n any m ?an ! e!r becomes really d>k-blue 9 consequ5ce ( ignorant p presum+ x to be s4 ,= ?is reason ! ,strakra says#adj 'no1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce4' ,9 spite ( _! unity1 fruition on ! "p ( ! s\l does n involve fruition on ! "p ( ,brahman2 because !re is a diff]5ce4 ,= !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 false k & p]fect k1 fruition be+ ! figm5t ( false k :ile ! unity 7( ! ,self7 is reveal$ by p]fect k4 ,n[1 z ! sub/ance reveal$ by p]fect k _c be affect$ by fruition :i* is no?+ b ! figm5t ( false k1 x is impossible to assume ev5 a %ad[ ( fruition on ,brahman's "p4 #i4 ,! eat] 7is ! highe/ ,self7 s9ce :at is movable & :at is immovable is m5tion$ 7z 8 food74 ,we read 9 ! ,ka_/?_/avall 7,i1 #b1 #be71 ',:o !n kn[s :]e ,he is1 ,he to :om ! ,brahmans & ,k%attriyas are b food1 & dea? itself a condim5t8' ,?is passage intimates1 by means ( ! words 'food' & 'condim5t1' t !re is "s eat]4 ,a d\bt !n arises :e!r ! eat] be ,agni or ! individual s\l or ! highe/ ,self2 = no di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic is /at$1 & ,agni z well z ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self is obs]v$ to =m1 9 t ,upani%ad1 ! subjects ( que/ions#ada4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! eat] is ,agni1 fire be+ kn[n f ,scripture z well 7cp4 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #f7 z f ord9>y life to be ! eat] ( food4 ,or else ! individual s\l may be ! eat]1 accord+ to ! passage1 ',"o ( !m eats ! sweet fruit' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! eat] _c be ,brahman on acc\nt ( ! passage 7:i* =ms ! cont9uation ( ! "o quot$ f ! ,mu4 ,up471 ',! o!r looks on )\t eat+4' ,! eat]1 we reply1 mu/ be ! highe/ ,self 'because !re is m5tion$ :at is movable & :at is immovable4' ,= all ?+s movable & immovable are "h to be tak5 z con/itut+ ! food1 :ile dea? is ! condim5t4 ,b no?+ beside ! highe/ ,self c be ! consum] ( all ^! ?+s 9 _! totality2 ! highe/ ,self1 h[ev]1 :5 reabsorb+ ! entire aggregate ( effects may be said to eat ev]y?+4 ,if x is object$ t "h no express m5tion is made ( ?+s movable & ?+s immovable1 & t h5ce we h no "r to use ! 7alleg$7 m5tion made ( !m z a reason1 we reply t ?is objection is unf\nd$2 fir/ly1 because ! aggregate ( all liv+ be+s is se5 to be meant f ! circum/ance ( dea? be+ ! condim5t2 &1 secondly1 because ! ,brahmans & ,k%attriyas may "h1 on acc\nt ( _! pre-em95t position1 be view$ z in/ances only 7( all be+s74 ,conc]n+ ! objection t ! highe/ ,self _c be an eat] on acc\nt ( ! passage quot$ 7'! o!r looks on )\t eat+'71 we rem>k t t passage aims at d5y+ ! fruition 7on ! "p ( ! highe/ ,self7 ( ! results ( works1 su* fruition be+ m5tion$ 9 imm$iate proximity1 b is n meant to negative ! reabsorption ( ! _w ( effects 7into ,brahman72 = x is well e/abli%$ by all ! ,v$nta-texts t ,brahman is ! cause ( ! creation1 subsi/5ce1 & reabsorption ( ! _w4 ,!re=e ! eat] c "h be ,brahman only4 #aj4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! topic "u discussion4 ,t ! highe/ ,self only c be ! eat] ref]r$ to is moreov] evid5t f ! passage 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #ah71 7',! kn[+ ,self is n born1 x dies n'71 :i* %[s t ! highe/ ,self is ! g5]al topic4 ,& to adh]e to ! g5]al topic is ! prop] proce$+4 ,fur!r1 ! clause1 ',:o !n kn[s :]e he is1' %[s t ! cognition is connect$ ) difficulties2 :i* circum/ance aga9 po9ts to ! highe/ ,self4 #aa4 ,! 'two ent]$ into ! cave' 7are ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self71 = ! two are 7intellig5t7 ,selfs 7& !re=e ( ! same nature71 z x is se5 7t num]als d5ote be+s ( ! same nature74 ,9 ! same ,ka_/?_/avall we read 7,i1 #c1 #a71 ',!re are ! two dr9k+ ! rew>d ( _! works 9 ! _w1 7i4e4 ! body17 ent]$ into ! cave1 dwell+ on ! highe/ summit4 ,^? :o "k ,brahman call !m %ade & light2 likewise ^? h\sehold]s :o p]=m ! ,tri_/n_/_/k_/iketa sacrifice4' ,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r ! m9d 7buddhi7 & ! individual s\l are ref]r$ to1 or ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self4 ,if ! m9d & ! individual s\l1 !n ! individual s\l is "h spok5 ( z diff]5t f ! aggregate ( ! organs ( action1 7i4e4 ! body17 among :i* ! m9d occupies ! fir/ place4 ,& a /atem5t on ?is po9t is to be expect$1 z a "q conc]n+ x is ask$ 9 a prec$+ passage1 viz4 ,i1 #a1 #bj1 ',!re is t d\bt :5 a man is dead--"s say+ he is2 o!rs1 he is n4 ,?is ,i %\ld l to "k taught by !e2 ?is is ! ?ird ( my boons4' ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! passage ref]s to ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self1 !n x intimates t ! highe/ ,self is diff]5t f ! individual s\l2 & ?is also requires to be decl>$ "h1 on acc\nt ( ! "q conta9$ 9 ! passage 7,i1 #b1 #ad71 ',t :i* ?\ see/ z diff]5t f religi\s duty & its contr>y1 f effect & cause1 f ! pa/ & ! future1 tell me t4' ,! d\bt to :i* ! passage gives rise hav+ ?us be5 /at$1 a cavill] />ts ! foll[+ objection3 nei!r ( ! /at$ views c be ma9ta9$4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( ! *>act]i/ic m>k impli$ 9 ! circum/ance t ! two are said to dr9k1 i4e4 to enjoy1 ! fruit ( _! works 9 ! _w4 ,= ?is c apply to ! intellig5t individual s\l only1 n to ! non-intellig5t buddhi4 ,& z ! dual =m 'dr9k+' 7pibantau7 %[s t bo? are dr9k+1 ! view ( ! two be+ ! buddhi & ! individual s\l is n t5able4 ,= ! same reason ! o!r op9ion also1 viz4 ( ! two be+ ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self1 _c be ma9ta9$2 = dr9k+ 7i4e4 ! fruition ( rew>d7 _c be pr$icat$ ( ! highe/ ,self1 on acc\nt ( ! mantra 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a71 ',! o!r looks on )\t eat+4' ,^! objections1 we reply1 are )\t any =ce4 ,j z we see t 9 phrases su* z '! m5 ) ! umbrella 7lit4 ! umbrella-m57 are walk+1' ! attribute ( be+ furni%$ ) an umbrella :i* prop]ly speak+ belongs to "o man only is second>ily ascrib$ to _m1 s "h two ag5ts are spok5 ( z dr9k+ because "o ( !m is really dr9k+4 ,or else we may expla9 ! passage by say+ t1 :ile ! individual s\l only dr9ks1 ! ,"l also is said to dr9k because he makes ! s\l dr9k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may also assume t ! two are ! buddhi & ! individual s\l1 ! in/rum5t be+ figuratively spok5 ( z ! ag5t--a figure ( spee* exemplifi$ by phrases su* z '! fuel cooks 7! food74' ,& 9 a *apt] ^: topic is ! s\l no two o!r be+s c well be repres5t$ z enjoy+ rew>ds4 ,h5ce !re is room = ! d\bt :e!r ! two are ! buddhi & ! individual s\l1 or ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self4 ,"h ! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! =m] ( ! two /at$ views is ! "r "o1 because ! two be+s are qualifi$ z 'ent]$ into ! cave4' ,:e!r we und]/& by ! cave ! body or ! he>t1 9 ei!r case ! buddhi & ! individual s\l may be spok5 ( z 'ent]$ into ! cave4' ,nor w\ld x be appropriate1 z long z ano!r int]pretation is possible1 to assume t a special place is "h ascrib$ to ! omnipres5t ,brahman4 ,moreov]1 ! words '9 ! _w ( _! good de$s' %[ t ! two d n pass beyond ! sph]e ( ! results ( _! good works4 ,b ! highe/ ,self is n 9 ! sph]e ( ! results ( ei!r good or bad works2 accord+ to ! scriptural passage1 ',x does n gr[ l>g] by works nor does x gr[ small]4' ,fur!r1 ! words '%ade & light' prop]ly designate :at is intellig5t & :at is non-intellig5t1 because ! two are oppos$ to ea* o!r l light & %ade4 ,h5ce we conclude t ! buddhi & ! individual s\l are spok5 (4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply3--,9 ! passage "u discussion ! individual s\l 7vij_/_/ntman7 & ! highe/ ,self are spok5 (1 because ^! two1 be+ bo? intellig5t ,selfs1 are ( ! same nature4 ,= we see t 9 ord9>y life also1 :5ev] a numb] is m5tion$1 be+s ( ! same class are und]/ood to be meant2 :51 = in/ance1 ! ord] is giv51 ',look out = a second 7i4e4 a fell[7 = ?is bull1' p look out = a second bull1 n = a horse or a man4 ,s "h also1 :]e ! m5tion ( ! fruition ( rew>ds enables u to det]m9e t ! individual s\l is meant1 we und]/& at once1 :5 a second is requir$1 t ! highe/ ,self has to be und]/ood2 = ! highe/ ,self is intellig5t1 & !re=e ( ! same nature z ! s\l4--,b has x n be5 said above t ! highe/ ,self _c be meant "h1 on acc\nt ( ! text /at+ t x is plac$ 9 ! cave8--,well1 we reply1 _/s_/ruti z well z sm_/ri_/ti speaks ( ! highe/ ,self z plac$ 9 ! cave4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #ab71 ',! ,anci5t :o is hidd5 9 ! cave1 :o dwells 9 ! abyss2' ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 ',he :o kn[s him hidd5 9 ! cave1 9 ! highe/ e!r2' &1 ',se>* = ! ,self ent]$ into ! cave4' ,t x is n contr>y to reason to assign to ! omnipres5t ,brahman a special locality1 = ! purpose ( cle>] p]ception1 we h already demon/rat$4 ,! attribute ( exi/+ 9 ! _w ( its good works1 :i* prop]ly belongs to "o ( ! two only1 viz4 to ! individual s\l1 may be assign$ to bo?1 analog\sly to ! case ( ! m51 "o ( :om c>ries an umbrella4 ,_! be+ comp>$ to light & %ade also is unobjectionable1 because ! qualities ( belong+ & n belong+ to ?is transmigratory _w are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 l light & %ade2 ! quality ( belong+ to x be+ due to ,nesci5ce1 & ! quality ( n belong+ to x be+ real4 ,we !re=e und]/& by ! two 'ent]$ into ! cave1' ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self4--,ano!r reason = ?is int]pretation foll[s4 #ab4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! di/9ctive qualities 7m5tion$74 ,moreov]1 ! di/9ctive qualities m5tion$ 9 ! text agree only ) ! individual ,self & ! highe/ ,self4 ,= 9 a subsequ5t passage 7,i1 #c1 #c71 ',"k ! ,self to be ! *>iote]1 ! body to be ! *>iot1' :i* conta9s ! simile ( ! *>iot1 ! individual s\l is repres5t$ z a *>iote] driv+ on ?r\gh transmigratory exi/5ce & f9al release1 :ile ! passage 7#i71 ',he rea*es ! end ( 8 j\rney1 & t is ! highe/ place ( ,vi%_/n_/u1' repres5ts ! highe/ ,self z ! goal ( ! driv]'s c\rse4 ,& 9 a prec$+ passage also1 7,i1 #b1 #ab1 ',! wise1 :o by means ( m$itation on 8 ,self1 recognises ! ,anci5t :o is difficult to be se51 :o has ent]$ into ! d>k1 :o is hidd5 9 ! cave1 :o dwells 9 ! abyss1 z ,god1 he inde$ leaves joy & sorr[ f> beh9d1'7 ! same two be+s are di/+ui%$ z ?9k] & z object ( ?\ght4 ,! highe/ ,self is1 moreov]1 ! g5]al topic4 ,& fur!r1 ! clause1 ',^? :o "k ,brahman call !m1' c41 :i* br+s =w>d a special class ( speak]s1 is 9 its place only if ! highe/ ,self is accept$ 7z "o ( ! two be+s spok5 (74 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! passage "u discussion ref]s to ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self4 ,! same reason+ applies to ! passage 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a71 ',two birds1 insep>able fri5ds1' c4 ,!re also ! ,self is ! g5]al topic1 & h5ce no two ord9>y birds c be meant2 we !re=e conclude f ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( eat+1 m5tion$ 9 ! passage1 ',"o ( !m eats ! sweet fruit1' t ! individual s\l is meant1 & f ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ab/95ce f eat+ & ( intellig5ce1 impli$ 9 ! words1 ',! o!r looks on )\t eat+1' t ! highe/ ,self is meant4 ,9 a subsequ5t mantra aga9 ! two are di/+ui%$ z ! se] & ! object ( sight4 ',m]g$ into ! same tree 7z x 7 into wat]7 man grieves at 8 own impot5ce 7an_/s_/71 bewild]$2 b :5 he sees ! o!r ,"l 7_/s_/a47 cont5t$ & kn[s 8 glory1 !n 8 grief passes away4' ,ano!r 7comm5tator7 gives a diff]5t int]pretation ( ! mantra1 ',two birds insep>able1' c4 ,to t mantra1 he says1 ! f9al decision ( ! pres5t head ( discussion does n apply1 because x is diff]5tly int]pret$ 9 ! ,paingi-rahasya ,brhma_/n_/a4 ,accord+ to ! latt] ! be+ :i* eats ! sweet fruit is ! sattva2 ! o!r be+ :i* looks on )\t eat+1 ! individual s\l 7j_/_/a72 s t ! two are ! sattva & ! individual s\l 7k%etraj_/_/a74 ,! objection t ! ^w sattva might d5ote ! individual s\l1 & ! ^w k%etraj_/_/a1 ! highe/ ,self1 is to be met by ! rem>k t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! words sattva & k%etraj_/_/a h ! settl$ mean+ ( int]nal organ & individual s\l1 & are 9 ! second place1 expressly s int]pret$ !re1 7viz4 9 ! ,paingi-rahasya17 ',! sattva is t by means ( :i* man sees dreams2 ! embodi$ "o1 ! se]1 is ! k%etraj_/_/a2 ! two are !re=e ! int]nal organ & ! individual s\l4' ,nor does ! mantra "u discussion fall "u ! prvapak%a prop\nd$ above4 ,= x does n aim at sett+ =? ! embodi$ individual s\l1 9 s f> z x is *>act]is$ by ! attributes connect$ ) ! transmigratory /ate1 su* z act+ & enjoy+2 b 9 s f> r z x transc5ds all attributes connect$ ) ! sa_/m_/sra & is ( ! nature ( ,brahman1 i4e4 is pure intellig5ce2 z is evid5t f ! clause1 ',! o!r looks on )\t eat+4' ,t agrees1 moreov]1 ) _/s_/ruti & sm_/ri_/ti passages1 su* z1 ',t art ?\1' & ',"k me also to be ! individual s\l' 7,bha4 ,gt ,,xiii1 #b74 ,only on su* an explanation ( ! passage z ! prec$+ "o !re is room = ! decl>ation made 9 ! conclud+ passage ( ! section1 ',^! two are ! sattva & ! k%etraj_/_/a2 to him inde$ :o kn[s ?is no impurity atta*es#adb4'--;,b h[ c1 on ! above int]pretation1 ! non-intellig5t sattva 7i4e4 ! int]nal organ7 be spok5 ( z an enjoy]1 z is actually done 9 ! clause1 ',"o ( !m eats ! sweet fruit8'--,! :ole passage1 we reply1 does n aim at sett+ =? ! fact t ! sattva is an enjoy]1 b r ! fact t ! intellig5t individual s\l is n an enjoy]1 b is ( ! nature ( ,brahman4 ,to t end#adc ! passage "u discussion metaphorically ascribes ! attribute ( be+ an enjoy] to ! int]nal organ1 9 s f> z x is modifi$ by pleasure1 pa91 & ! l4 ,= all act+ & enjoy+ is at ! bottom bas$ on ! non-discrim9ation 7by ! s\l7 ( ! respective nature ( int]nal organ & s\l3 :ile 9 reality nei!r ! int]nal organ nor ! s\l ei!r act or enjoy2 n ! =m]1 because x is non-intellig5t2 n ! latt]1 because x is n capable ( any modification4 ,& ! int]nal organ c be consid]$ z act+ & enjoy+1 all ! less z x is a m]e pres5tm5t ( ,nesci5ce4 ,9 agreem5t ) :at we h "h ma9ta9$1 ,scripture 7',= :]e !re is z x 7 duality !re "o sees ! o!r1' c42 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ae7 decl>es t ! practical assumption ( ag5ts1 & s on--comp>able to ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( elephants1 & ! l1 se5 9 a dream--holds good 9 ! sph]e ( ,nesci5ce only2 :ile ! passage1 ',b :5 ! ,self only is all ?is1 h[ %\ld he see ano!r8' decl>es t all t practically po/ulat$ exi/5ce vani%es = him :o has arriv$ at discrim9ative k4 #ac4 ,! p]son )9 7! eye7 7is ,brahman7 on acc\nt ( ! agreem5t 7( ! attributes ( t p]son ) ! nature ( ,brahman74 ,scripture says1 ',he spoke3 ,! p]son t is se5 9 ! eye t is ! ,self4 ,?is is ! immortal1 ! fe>less1 ?is is ,brahman4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y drop melt$ butt] or wat] on x 7! eye7 x runs away on bo? sides1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ae1 #a74 ,! d\bt "h arises :e!r ?is passage ref]s to ! reflect$ ,self :i* resides 9 ! eye1 or to ! individual ,self1 or to ! ,self ( "s deity :i* presides ov] ! s5se ( sight1 or to ! ,"l4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is d\bt ! prvapak%9 argues z foll[s3 ,:at is meant 7by ! p]son 9 ! eye7 is ! reflect$ ,self1 i4e4 ! image ( a p]son 7reflect$ 9 ! eye ( ano!r73 = ( t x is well kn[n t x is se51 & ! clause1 ',! p]son t is se5 9 ! eye1' ref]s to x z some?+ well kn[n4 ,or else we may appropriately take ! passage z ref]r+ to ! individual ,self4 ,= ! individual ,self 7cognitional ,self1 vij_/_/ntman7 :i* p]ceives ! col\rs by means ( ! eye is1 on t acc\nt1 9 proximity to ! eye2 &1 moreov]1 ! ^w ',self' 7:i* occurs 9 ! passage7 fav\rs ?is int]pretation4 ,or else ! passage is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! s\l animat+ ! sun :i* assi/s ! s5se ( sight2 comp>e ! passage 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,v1 #e1 #b71 ',he 7! p]son 9 ! sun7 re/s ) 8 rays 9 him 7! p]son 9 ! "r eye74' ,moreov]1 qualities su* z immortality & ! l 7:i* are ascrib$ to ! subject ( ! scriptural passage7 may someh[ belong to individual deities4 ,! ,"l1 on ! o!r h&#add1 _c be meant1 because a p>ticul> locality is spok5 (4 ,aga9/ ?is we rem>k t ! highe/ ,"l only c be meant "h by ! p]son )9 ! eye4--,:y8--',on acc\nt ( ! agreem5t4' ,= ! qualities m5tion$ 9 ! passage accord ) ! nature ( ! highe/ ,"l4 ,! quality ( be+ ! ,self1 9 ! fir/ place1 belongs to ! highe/ ,"l 9 its prim>y 7non-figurative or non-d]iv$7 s5se1 z we "k f su* texts z ',t is ! ,self1' ',t art ?\4' ,immortality & fe>lessness aga9 are (t5 ascrib$ to him 9 ,scripture4 ,! location 9 ! eye also is 9 consonance ) ! nature ( ! highe/ ,"l4 ,= j z ! highe/ ,"l :om ,scripture decl>es to be free f all evil is n /a9$ by any imp]fections1 s ! /ation ( ! eye also is decl>$ to be free f all /a91 z we see f ! passage1 ',ev5 ?\gh !y drop melt$ butt] or wat] on x x runs away on bo? sides4' ,! /atem5t1 moreov]1 t he possesses ! qualities ( sa_/m_/yadvma1 c4 c be reconcil$ ) ! highe/ ,"l only 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ae1 #b1 ',!y call him ,sa_/m_/yadvma1 = all bless+s 7vma7 g t[>ds him 7sa_/m_/yanti74 ,he is also vman1 = he leads 7nayati7 all bless+s 7vma74 ,he is also ,bhman1 = he %9es 7bhti7 9 all worlds'74 ,!re=e1 on acc\nt ( agreem5t1 ! p]son )9 ! eye is ! highe/ ,"l4 #ad4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t ( place1 & s on4 ,b h[ does ! conf9$ locality ( ! eye agree ) ,brahman :i* is omnipres5t l ! e!r8--,to ?is "q we reply t !re w\ld inde$ be a want ( agreem5t if t "o locality only 7 assign$ to ! ,"l4 ,= o!r localities also1 viz4 ! e>? & s on1 are attribut$ to him 9 ! passage1 ',he :o dwells 9 ! e>?1' c4 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #c74 ,& among ^? ! eye also is m5tion$1 viz4 9 ! clause1 ',he :o dwells 9 ! eye1' c4 ,! phrase '& s on1' :i* =ms "p ( ! ,stra1 intimates t n only locality is assign$ to ,brahman1 al?\gh n 7really7 appropriate to x1 b t also su* ?+s z "n & =m1 al?\gh n appropriate to ,brahman :i* is devoid ( "n & =m1 are yet se5 to be attribut$ to x4 ,t1 9 su* passages z ',8 "n is ut1 he ) ! gold5 be>d' 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #f1 #g1 #f71 ,brahman al?\gh devoid ( qualities is spok5 (1 = ! purposes ( devotion1 z possess+ qualities dep5d+ on "n & =m1 we h already %[n4 ,& we h1 moreov]1 %[n t to attribute to ,brahman a def9ite locality1 9 spite ( 8 omnipres5ce1 subs]ves ! purposes ( contemplation1 & is !re=e n contr>y to reason#ade2 no m ?an to contemplate ,vi%_/n_/u 9 ! sacr$ _/s_/lagrm4 #ae4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! passage ref]r+ to t :i* is di/+ui%$ by pleasure 7i4e4 ,brahman74 ,!re is1 moreov]1 really no room = dispute :e!r ,brahman be meant 9 ! passage "u discussion or n1 because ! fact ( ,brahman be+ meant is e/abli%$ 'by ! ref]5ce to t :i* is di/+ui%$ by pleasure4' ,= ! same ,brahman :i* is spok5 ( z *>act]is$ by pleasure 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]#adf1 viz4 9 ! clauses1 ',brea? is ,brahman1 ,ka is ,brahman1 ,kha is ,brahman1' t same ,brahman we mu/ suppose to be ref]r$ to 9 ! pres5t passage also1 x be+ prop] to adh]e to ! subject-matt] "u discussion2 ! clause1 ',! tea*] w tell y ! way#adg1' m]ely ann\nc+ t ! way w be proclaim$ by ! tea*]2 n t a new subject w be />t$4--,h[ !n1 x may be ask$1 is x kn[n t ,brahman1 z di/+ui%$ by pleasure1 is spok5 ( 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! passage8--,we reply3 ,on he>+ ! spee* ( ! fires1 viz4 ',brea? is ,brahman1 ,ka is ,brahman1 ,kha is ,brahman1' ,upako_/s_/ala says1 ',i und]/& t brea? is ,brahman1 b ,i d n und]/& t ,ka or ,kha is ,brahman4' ,!reupon ! fires reply1 ',:at is ,ka is ,kha1 :at is ,kha is ,ka4' ,n[ ! ^w ,kha d5otes 9 ord9>y language ! elem5tal e!r4 ,if !re=e ! ^w ,ka :i* means pleasure 7 n appli$ to qualify ! s5se ( ',kha1' we %\ld conclude t ! "n ,brahman is "h symbolically#adh giv5 to ! m]e elem5tal e!r z x is 79 o!r places7 giv5 to m]e names & ! l4 ,?us also ) reg>d to ! ^w ,ka1 :i*1 9 ord9>y language1 d5otes ! imp]fect pleasure spr++ f ! contact ( ! s5se-organs ) _! objects4 ,if ! ^w ,kha 7 n appli$ to qualify ! s5se ( ,ka we %\ld conclude t ord9>y pleasure is "h call$ ,brahman4 ,b z ! two words ,ka & ,kha 7occur toge!r & !re=e7 qualify ea* o!r1 !y intimate ,brahman ^: ,self is pleasure4 ,if#adi 9 ! passage ref]r$ to 7viz4 ',brea? is ,brahman1 ,ka is ,brahman1 ,kha is ,brahman'7 ! second ,brahman 7i4e4 ! ^w ,brahman 9 ! clause ',ka is ,brahman'7 7 n add$1 & if ! s5t5ce w\ld run ',ka1 ,kha is ,brahman1' ! ^w ,ka w\ld be employ$ z a m]e qualify+ ^w1 & ?us pleasure z be+ a m]e quality w\ld n be repres5t$ z a subject ( m$itation4 ,to prev5t ?is1 bo? words--,ka z well z ,kha--are jo9$ ) ! ^w ,brahman 7',ka 7is7 ,brahman1 ,kha 7is7 ,brahman'74 ,= ! passage wi%es to intimate t pleasure also1 al?\gh a quality1 %\ld be m$itat$ ^u z some?+ 9 :i* qualities inh]e4 ,x ?us appe>s t at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt] ,brahman1 z *>act]is$ by pleasure1 is spok5 (4 ,aft] t ! ,grhapatya & ! o!r sacr$ fires proclaim 9 turns _! own glory1 & f9ally conclude ) ! words1 ',?is is our k1 ,o fri5d1 & ! k ( ! ,self2' :]e9 !y po9t back to ! ,brahman spok5 ( be=e4 ,! words1 ',! tea*] w tell y ! way' 7:i* =m ! la/ clause ( ! conclud+ passage71 m]ely promise an explanation ( ! way1 & ?us preclude ! idea ( ano!r topic be+ />t$4 ,! tea*] !reupon say+1 ',z wat] does n cl+ to a lotus leaf1 s no evil de$ cl+s to "o :o kn[s x' 7:i* words int]v5e betwe5 ! conclud+ spee* ( ! fires & ! in=mation giv5 by ! tea*] ab\t ! p]son )9 ! eye7 decl>es t no evil attacks him :o kn[s ! p]son )9 ! eye1 & !reby %[s ! latt] to be ,brahman4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! tea*]'s int5tion is to speak ab\t t ,brahman :i* _h =m$ ! topic ( ! in/ruction ( ! fires2 to repres5t x at fir/ z locat$ 9 ! eye & possess+ ! qualities ( ,sa_/m_/yadvma & ! l1 & to po9t out aft]w>ds t he :o ?us kn[s passes on to light & s on4 ,he !re=e beg9s by say+1 ',t p]son t is se5 9 ! eye t is ! ,self4' #af4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t ( ! way ( him :o has he>d ! ,upani%ads4 ,! p]son plac$ 9 ! eye is ! highe/ "l = ! foll[+ reason also4 ,f _/s_/ruti z well z sm_/ri_/ti we are acqua9t$ ) ! way ( him :o has he>d ! ,upani%ads or ! secret k1 i4e4 :o kn[s ,brahman4 ,t way1 call$ ! pa? ( ! gods1 is describ$ 7,pra4 ,up4 ,i1 #aj71 ',^? :o h s\ght ! ,self by p5ance1 ab/95ce1 fai?1 & k ga9 by ! nor!rn pa? ! sun4 ,?is is ! home ( ! spirits1 ! immortal1 free f fe>1 ! highe/4 ,f !nce !y d n return2' & also 7,bha4 ,gt ,,viii1 #bd71 ',fire1 light1 ! bright =tnight1 ! six mon?s ( ! nor!rn progress ( ! sun1 on t way ^? :o "k ,brahman g1 :5 !y h di$1 to ,brahman4' ,n[ t v same way is se5 to be /at$1 9 our text1 = him :o kn[s ! p]son )9 ! eye4 ,= we read 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ae1 #e71 ',n[ :e!r p p]=m obsequies = him or no he goes to light2' & lat] on1 ',f ! sun 7he goes7 to ! moon1 f ! moon to lightn+4 ,!re is a p]son n human1 he leads !m to ,brahman4 ,?is is ! pa? ( ! gods1 ! pa? t leads to ,brahman4 ,^? :o proce$ on t pa? d n return to ! life ( man4' ,f ?is description ( ! way :i* is kn[n to be ! way ( him :o kn[s ,brahman we asc]ta9 t ! p]son )9 ! eye is ,brahman4 #ag4 7,! p]son )9 ! eye is ! highe/71 n any o!r ,self2 on acc\nt ( ! non-p]man5cy 7( ! o!r ,selfs7 & on acc\nt ( ! impossibility 7( ! qualities ( ! p]son 9 ! eye be+ ascrib$ to ! o!r ,selfs74 ,to ! ass]tion made 9 ! prvapak%a t ! p]son 9 ! eye is ei!r ! reflect$ ,self or ! cognitional ,self 7! individual s\l7 or ! ,self ( "s deity ! foll[+ answ] is giv54--,no o!r ,self su* z1 = in/ance1 ! reflect$ ,self c be assum$ "h1 on acc\nt ( non-p]man5cy4--,! reflect$ ,self1 9 ! fir/ place1 does n p]man5tly abide 9 ! eye4 ,= :5 "s p]son approa*es ! eye ! reflection ( t p]son is se5 9 ! eye1 b :5 ! p]son moves away ! reflection is se5 no long]4 ,! passage ',t p]son )9 ! eye' mu/1 moreov]1 be held1 on ! gr\nd ( proximity1 to intimate t ! p]son se5 9 a man's own eye is ! object ( 7t man's7 dev\t m$itation 7& n ! reflect$ image ( 8 own p]son :i* he may see 9 ! eye ( ano!r man74 ,let1 !n1 ano!r man approa* ! dev\t man1 & let ! latt] m$itate on ! image reflect$ 9 8 own eye1 b se5 by ! o!r man only4 ,no1 we reply1 = we h no "r to make ! 7complicat$7 assumption t ! dev\t man is1 at ! "t ( devotion1 to br+ close to 8 eye ano!r man 9 ord] to produce a reflect$ image 9 8 own eye4 ,scripture1 moreov]1 7viz4 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #i1 #a1 ',x 7! reflect$ ,self7 p]i%es z soon z ! body p]i%es1'7 decl>es ! non-p]man5cy ( ! reflect$ ,self4--,&1 fur!r1 'on acc\nt ( impossibility' 7! p]son 9 ! eye _c be ! reflect$ ,self74 ,= immortality & ! o!r qualities ascrib$ to ! p]son 9 ! eye are n to be p]ceiv$ 9 ! reflect$ ,self4--,( ! cognitional ,self1 9 ! second place1 :i* is 9 g5]al connexion ) ! :ole body & all ! s5ses1 x c likewise n be said t x has its p]man5t /ation 9 ! eye only4 ,t1 on ! o!r h&1 ,brahman al?\gh all-p]vad+ may1 = ! purpose ( contemplation1 be spok5 ( z connect$ ) p>ticul> places su* z ! he>t & ! l1 we h se5 already4 ,! cognitional ,self %>es 7) ! reflect$ ,self7 ! impossibility ( hav+ ! qualities ( immortality & s on attribut$ to x4 ,al?\gh ! cognitional ,self is 9 reality n diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self1 /ill !re are fictiti\sly ascrib$ to x 7adhyropita7 ! effects ( nesci5ce1 desire & works1 viz1 mortality & fe>2 s t nei!r immortality nor fe>lessness belongs to x4 ,! qualities ( be+ ! sa_/m_/yadvma1 c4 also _c prop]ly be ascrib$ to ! cognitional ,self1 :i* is n di/+ui%$ by lordly p[] 7ai_/s_/v>ya74--,9 ! ?ird place1 al?\gh ! ,self ( a deity 7viz4 ! sun7 has its /ation 9 ! eye--accord+ to ! scriptural passage1 ',he re/s ) 8 rays 9 him'--/ill ,selfhood _c be ascrib$ to ! sun1 on acc\nt ( 8 ext]nality 7p>grpatva74 ,immortality1 c4 also _c be pr$icat$ ( him1 z ,scripture speaks ( 8 orig9 & 8 dissolution4 ,= ! 7s-call$7 dea?lessness ( ! gods only means _! 7comp>atively7 long exi/5ce4 ,& _! lordly p[] also is bas$ on ! highe/ ,"l & does n naturally belong to !m2 z ! mantra decl>es1 ',f t]ror ( x 7,brahman7 ! w9d bl[s1 f t]ror ! sun rises2 f t]ror ( x ,agni & ,indra1 yea1 ,dea? runs z ! fif?4'--,h5ce ! p]son 9 ! eye mu/ be view$ z ! highe/ ,"l only4 ,9 ! case ( ?is explanation be+ adopt$ ! m5tion 7( ! p]son 9 ! eye7 z some?+ well kn[n & e/abli%$1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! words 'is se5' 79 ! phrase '! p]son t is se5 9 ! eye'71 has to be tak5 z ref]r+ to 7! m5tal p]ception f\nd$ on7 ! _/s_//ra :i* belongs to ^? :o "k2 & ! glorification 7( dev\t m$itation7 has to be und]/ood z its purpose4 #ah4 ,! int]nal rul] ov] ! devas & s on 7is ,brahman71 because ! attributes ( t 7,brahman7 are designat$4 ,9 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #a ff4 we read1 ',he :o )9 rules ?is _w & ! o!r _w & all be+s1' & lat] on1 ',he :o dwells 9 ! e>? & )9 ! e>?1 :om ! e>? does n "k1 ^: body ! e>? is1 :o rules ! e>? )91 he is ?y ,self1 ! rul] )91 ! immortal1' c4 ,! entire *apt] 7to sum up its cont5ts7 speaks ( a be+1 call$ ! ant>ym9 7! int]nal rul]71 :o1 dwell+ )91 rules ) ref]5ce to ! gods1 ! _w1 ! ,v$a1 ! sacrifice1 ! be+s1 ! ,self4--,"h n[1 ow+ to ! unusualness ( ! t]m 7ant>ym971 !re arises a d\bt :e!r x d5otes ! ,self ( "s deity :i* presides ov] ! gods & s on1 or "s ,yog9 :o has acquir$ extraord9>y p[]s1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! capability ( mak+ 8 body subtle1 or ! highe/ ,self1 or "s o!r be+4 ,:at alt]native !n does recomm5d itself8 ,z ! t]m is an unkn[n "o1 ! prvapak%9 says1 we mu/ assume t ! be+ d5ot$ by x is also an unkn[n "o1 diff]5t f all ^? m5tion$ above4--,or else x may be said t1 on ! "o h&1 we h no "r to assume some?+ ( an altoge!r indef9ite "*1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! t]m ant>ym9--:i* is d]iv$ f ant>yamana 7rul+ )97--_c be call$ altoge!r unkn[n1 t !re=e ant>ym9 may be assum$ to d5ote "s god presid+ ov] ! e>?1 & s on4 ,simil>ly1 we read 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #af71 ',he ^: dwell+ is ! e>?1 ^: sight is fire1 ^: m9d is light1' c4 ,a god ( t k9d is capable ( rul+ ! e>?1 & s on1 dwell+ )9 !m1 because he is end[$ ) ! organs ( action2 rul]%ip is !re=e rightly ascrib$ to him4--,or else ! rul]%ip spok5 ( may belong to "s ,yog9 :om 8 extraord9>y p[]s enable to ent] )9 all ?+s4--,! highe/ ,self1 on ! o!r h&1 _c be meant1 z x does n possess ! organs ( action 7:i* are requir$ = rul+74 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,! int]nal rul]1 ( :om ,scripture speaks ) ref]5ce to ! gods1 mu/ be ! highe/ ,self1 _c be any?+ else4--,:y s8--,because its qualities are designat$ 9 ! passage "u discussion4 ,! univ]sal rul]%ip impli$ 9 ! /atem5t t1 dwell+ )91 x rules ! entire aggregate ( creat$ be+s1 inclusive ( ! gods1 & s on1 is an appropriate attribute ( ! highe/ ,self1 s9ce omnipot5ce dep5ds on 7! omnipot5t rul]7 be+ ! cause ( all creat$ ?+s4--,! qualities ( ,selfhood & immortality also1 :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! passage1 ',he is ?y ,self1 ! rul] )91 ! immortal1' belong 9 _! prim>y s5se to ! highe/ ,self4--,fur!r1 ! passage1 ',he :om ! e>? does n "k1' :i* decl>es t ! int]nal rul] is n kn[n by ! e>?-deity1 %[s him to be diff]5t f t deity2 = ! deity ( ! e>? kn[s itself to be ! e>?4--,! attributes 'unse51' 'unhe>d1' also po9t to ! highe/ ,self1 :i* is devoid ( %ape & o!r s5sible qualities4--,! objection t ! highe/ ,self is de/itute ( ! organs ( action1 & h5ce _c be a rul]1 is )\t =ce1 because organs ( action may be ascrib$ to him ow+ to ! organs ( action ( ^? :om he rules4--,if x %\ld be object$ t if we once admit an int]nal rul] 9 addition to ! individual s\l we are driv5 to assume aga9 ano!r & ano!r rul] ad inf9itum2 we reply t ?is is n ! case1 z actually !re is no o!r rul] 7b ! highe/ ,self#aej74 ,! objection w\ld be valid only 9 ! case ( a diff]5ce ( rul]s actually exi/+4--,= all ^! reasons1 ! int]nal rul] is no o!r b ! highe/ ,self4 #ai4 ,& 7! int]nal rul] is7 n t :i* ! ,sm_/ri_/ti assumes1 7viz4 ! pradhna17 on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t ( qualities n belong+ to x4 ,good s f>1 a ,snkhya oppon5t resumes4 ,! attributes1 h[ev]1 ( n be+ se51 c41 belong also to ! pradhna assum$ by ! ,snkhya-sm_/ri_/ti1 :i* is ackn[l$g$ to be devoid ( =m & o!r s5sible qualities4 ,= _! ,sm_/ri_/ti says1 ',undiscov]able1 unkn[able1 z if :olly 9 sleep' 7,manu ,i1 #e74 ,to ?is pradhna also ! attribute ( rul]%ip belongs1 z x is ! cause ( all effects4 ,!re=e ! int]nal rul] may be und]/ood to d5ote ! pradhna4 ,! pradhna has1 inde$1 be5 set aside already by ! ,stra ,i1 #a1 #e1 b we br+ x =w>d aga91 because we f9d t attributes belong+ to x1 su* z n be+ se5 & ! l1 are m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4 ,to ?is argum5tation ! ,strakra replies t ! ^w 'int]nal rul]' _c d5ote ! pradhna1 because qualities n belong+ to ! latt] are /at$4 ,=1 al?\gh ! pradhna may be spok5 ( z n be+ se51 c1 x _c be spok5 ( z see+1 s9ce ! ,snkhyas admit x to be non-intellig5t4 ,b ! scriptural passage :i* =ms ! complem5t to ! passage ab\t ! int]nal rul] 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bc7 says expressly1 ',unse5 b see+1 unhe>d b he>+1 unp]ceiv$ b p]ceiv+1 unkn[n b kn[+4'--,& ,selfhood also _c belong to ! pradhna4 ,well1 !n1 if ! t]m 'int]nal rul]' _c be admitt$ to d5ote ! pradhna1 because ! latt] is nei!r a ,self nor see+2 let u suppose x to d5ote ! embodi$ 7individual7 s\l1 :i* is intellig5t1 & !re=e he>s1 sees1 p]ceives1 kn[s2 :i* is int]nal 7pratya_/k_/71 & !re=e ( ! nature ( ,self2 & :i* is immortal1 because x is able to enjoy ! fruits ( its good & evil actions4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a settl$ matt] t ! attributes ( n be+ se51 c41 belong to ! embodi$ s\l1 because ! ag5t ( an action1 su* z see+1 _c at ! same "t be ! object ( ! action4 ,?is is decl>$ 9 scriptural passages also1 z1 = in/ance 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #d1 #b71 ',?\ c\ld/ n see ! se] ( sight4' ,! individual s\l is1 moreov]1 capable ( inw>dly rul+ ! complex ( ! organs ( action1 z x is ! enjoy]4 ,!re=e ! int]nal rul] is ! embodi$ s\l4--,to ?is reason+ ! foll[+ ,stra replies4 #bj4 ,& ! embodi$ s\l 7also _c be und]/ood by ! int]nal rul]71 = bo? also 7i4e4 bo? rec5sions ( ! ,b_/ri_/_h ra_/n_/yaka7 speak ( x z diff]5t 7f ! int]nal rul]74 ,! ^w 'n' 79 ! ,stra7 has to be suppli$ f ! prec$+ ,stra4 ,al?\gh ! attributes ( see+1 c41 belong to ! individual s\l1 /ill z ! s\l is limit$ by its adjuncts1 z ! e!r is by a j>1 x is n capable ( dwell+ completely )9 ! e>? & ! o!r be+s m5tion$1 & to rule !m4 ,moreov]1 ! foll[]s ( bo? _/s_/khs1 i4e4 ! ,k_/n_/vas z well z ! ,mdhy&9as1 speak 9 _! texts ( ! individual s\l z diff]5t f ! int]nal rul]1 viz4 z con/itut+1 l ! e>?1 & s on1 8 abode & ! object ( 8 rule4 ,! ,k_/n_/vas read 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bb71 ',he :o dwells 9 k2' ! ,mdhy&9as1 ',he :o dwells 9 ! ,self4' ,if ! latt] read+ is adopt$1 ! ^w ',self' d5otes ! individual s\l2 if ! =m]1 ! individual s\l is d5ot$ by ! ^w 'k2' = ! individual s\l consi/s ( k4 ,x is !re=e a settl$ matt] t "s be+ diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 viz4 ! "l1 is d5ot$ by ! t]m 'int]nal rul]4'--,b h[1 x may be ask$1 is x possible t !re %\ld be )9 "o body two se]s1 viz4 ! "l :o rules int]nally & ! individual s\l diff]5t f him8--,:y--we ask 9 return--%\ld t be impossible8--,because1 ! oppon5t replies1 x is contr>y to scriptural passages1 su* z1 ',!re is no o!r se] b he1' c41 :i* d5y t !re is any see+1 he>+1 p]ceiv+1 kn[+ ,self1 b ! int]nal rul] "u discussion4--,may1 we rejo91 t passage n h ! purpose ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ano!r rul]8--,no1 ! oppon5t replies1 = !re is no occasion = ano!r rul] 7& !re=e no occasion = d5y+ 8 exi/5ce71 & ! text does n conta9 any specification1 7b m]ely d5ies ! exi/5ce ( any o!r se] 9 g5]al47 ,we !re=e advance ! foll[+ f9al refutation ( ! oppon5t's objection4--,! decl>ation ( ! diff]5ce ( ! embodi$ ,self & ! int]nal rul] has its reason 9 ! limit+ adjunct1 consi/+ ( ! organs ( action1 pres5t$ by ,nesci5ce1 & is n absolutely true4 ,= ! ,self )9 is "o only2 two int]nal ,selfs are n possible4 ,b ow+ to its limit+ adjunct ! "o ,self is practically treat$ z if x 7 two2 j z we make a di/9ction betwe5 ! e!r ( ! j> & ! univ]sal e!r4 ,h5ce !re is room = ^? scriptural passages :i* set =? ! di/9ction ( kn[] & object ( k1 = p]ception & ! o!r means ( pro(1 = ! intuitive k ( ! app>5t _w1 & = t "p ( ,scripture :i* conta9s injunctions & prohibitions4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ! scriptural passage1 ',:]e !re is duality1 z x 71 !re "o sees ano!r1' decl>es t ! :ole practical _w exi/s only 9 ! sph]e ( ,nesci5ce2 :ile ! subsequ5t passage1 ',b :5 ! ,self only is all ?is1 h[ %\ld he see ano!r8' decl>es t ! practical _w vani%es 9 ! sph]e ( true k4 #ba4 ,t :i* possesses ! attributes ( invisibility & s on 7is ,brahman71 on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( attributes4 ,scripture says1 ',! high] k is ?is by :i* ! ,inde/ructible is appreh5d$4 ,t :i* _c be se5 nor seiz$1 :i* is )\t orig9 & qualities1 )\t eyes & e>s1 )\t h&s & feet1 ! et]nal1 all-p]vad+1 omnipres5t1 inf9itesimal1 t :i* is imp]i%able1 t x is :i* ! wise reg>d z ! s\rce ( all be+s' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #e2 #f74--;,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r ! s\rce ( all be+s :i* is spok5 ( z *>act]is$ by invisibility1 c4 be ! prdhana or ! embodi$ s\l1 or ! highe/ ,"l4 ,we mu/1 ! prvapak%9 says1 und]/& by ! s\rce ( all be+s ! non-intellig5t prdhana because 79 ! passage imm$iately subsequ5t to ! "o quot$7 only non-intellig5t be+s are m5tion$ z p>allel in/ances4 ',z ! spid] s5ds =? & draws 9 its ?read1 z plants gr[ on ! e>?1 z f ! liv+ man hairs spr+ =? on ! head & ! body1 ?us ev]y?+ arises "h f ! ,inde/ructible4'--,b1 x may be object$1 m5 & spid]s :i* are "h quot$ z p>allel in/ances are ( intellig5t nature4--,no1 ! prvapak%9 replies2 = ! intellig5t be+ z su* is n ! s\rce ( ! ?reads & ! hair1 b ev]ybody kn[s t ! non-intellig5t body ( ! spid] rul$ by intellig5ce is ! s\rce ( ! ?reads2 & s 9 ! case ( man also4--,:ile1 moreov]1 9 ! case ( ! prec$+ ,stra1 ! pradhna hypo!sis c\ld n be accept$1 because1 al?\gh "s qualities m5tion$1 su* z invisibility & s on1 agre$ ) x1 o!rs su* z be+ ! se] & ! l did n2 we h "h to d only ) attributes su* z invisibility :i* agree ) ! pradhna1 no attribute ( a contr>y nature be+ m5tion$4--,b ! qualities m5tion$ 9 ! complem5t>y passage 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i71 ',he :o kn[s all & p]ceives all1' d n agree ) ! non-intellig5t pradhna2 h[1 !n1 c ! s\rce ( all be+s be int]pret$ to mean ! pradhna8--,to ?is ! prvapak%9 replies3 ,! passage1 ',! high] k is t by :i* ! ,inde/ructible is appreh5d$1 t :i* _c be se51' c41 po9ts1 by means ( ! t]m '! ,inde/ructible1' to ! s\rce ( all be+s *>act]is$ by invisibility & simil> attributes4 ,?is same ',inde/ructible' is aga9 m5tion$ lat] on 9 ! passage1 ',x is high] ?an ! high ,imp]i%able4' ,n[ t :i* 9 ?is latt] passage is spok5 ( z high] ?an ! ,imp]i%able may possess ! qualities ( kn[+ & p]ceiv+ ev]y?+1 :ile ! pradhna d5ot$ by ! t]m '! ,imp]i%able' is ! s\rce ( all be+s4--,if1 h[ev]1 ! ^w 's\rce' 7yoni7 be tak5 9 ! s5se ( op]ative cause1 we may by '! s\rce ( ! be+s' und]/& ! embodi$ ,self also1 :i*1 by means ( m]it & dem]it1 is ! cause ( ! orig9 ( ! complex ( ?+s4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,t :i* "h is spok5 ( z ! s\rce ( all be+s1 di/+ui%$ by su* qualities z invisibility & s on1 c be ! highe/ ,"l only1 no?+ else4--,:]eupon is ?is conclusion f\nd$8--,on ! /atem5t ( attributes4 ,= ! clause1 ',he :o is all-kn[+1 all-p]ceiv+1' cle>ly /ates an attribute belong+ to ! highe/ ,"l only1 s9ce ! attributes ( kn[+ all & p]ceiv+ all _c be pr$icat$ ei!r ( ! non-intellig5t pradhna or ! embodi$ s\l ^: p[] ( sight is n>r[$ by its limit+ conditions4 ,to ! objection t ! qualities ( kn[+ & p]ceiv+ all are1 9 ! passage "u discussion1 attribut$ to t :i* is high] ?an ! s\rce ( all be+s--:i* latt] is d5ot$ by ! t]m '! ,imp]i%able'--n to ! s\rce itself1 we reply t ?is explanation is inadmissible because ! s\rce ( all be+s1 :i*--9 ! clause1 ',f ! ,inde/ructible ev]y?+ "h arises'--is designat$ z ! mat]ial cause ( all creat$ be+s1 is lat] on spok5 ( z all-kn[+1 & aga9 z ! cause ( all creat$ be+s1 viz4 9 ! passage 7,i1 #a1 #i71 ',f him :o kn[s all & p]ceives all1 ^: brood+ consi/s ( k1 f him is born t ,brahman1 "n1 =m1 & food4' ,z !re=e ! ,inde/ructible :i* =ms ! g5]al topic ( discussion is1 ow+ to ! id5tity ( designation1 recognis$ 7z be+ ref]r$ to 9 ! lat] passage also71 we und]/& t x is ! same ,inde/ructible to :i* ! attributes ( kn[+ & p]ceiv+ all are ascrib$4--,we fur!r ma9ta9 t also ! passage1 ',high] ?an ! high ,imp]i%able1' does n ref] to any be+ diff]5t f ! imp]i%able s\rce ( all be+s :i* is ! g5]al topic ( discussion4 ,we conclude ?is f ! circum/ance t ! passage1 ',he truly told t k ( ,brahman ?r\gh :i* he kn[s ! imp]i%able true p]son1' 7,i1 #b1 #ac2 :i* passage leads on to ! passage ab\t t :i* is high] ?an ! ,imp]i%able17 m]ely decl>es t ! imp]i%able s\rce ( all be+s1 di/+ui%$ by invisibility & ! l--:i* =m$ ! subject ( ! prec$+ *apt]--w be discuss$4 ,! reason :y t imp]i%able s\rce is call$ high] ?an ! high ,imp]i%able1 we %all expla9 "u ! next ,stra4--,moreov]1 two k9ds ( k are enjo9$ !re 79 ! ,upani%ad71 a l[] & a high] "o4 ,( ! l[] "o x is said t x comprises ! _/,ri_/g-v$a & s on1 & !n ! text cont9ues1 ',! high] k is t by :i* ! ,inde/ructible is appreh5d$4' ,"h ! ,inde/ructible is decl>$ to be ! subject ( ! high] k4 ,if we n[ 7 to assume t ! ,inde/ructible di/+ui%$ by invisibility & l qualities is some?+ diff]5t f ! highe/ ,"l1 ! k ref]r+ to x w\ld n be ! high] "o4 ,= ! di/9ction ( l[] & high] k is made on acc\nt ( ! div]sity ( _! results1 ! =m] lead+ to m]e worldly exaltation1 ! latt] to absolute bliss2 & nobody w\ld assume absolute bliss to result f ! k ( ! pradhna4--,moreov]1 z on ! view we are controv]t+ ! highe/ ,self w\ld be assum$ to be some?+ high] ?an ! imp]i%able s\rce ( all be+s1 ?ree k9ds ( k w\ld h to be ackn[l$g$1 :ile ! text expressly speaks ( two k9ds only4--,fur!r1 ! ref]5ce to ! k ( ev]y?+ be+ impli$ 9 ! k ( "o ?+--:i* is conta9$ 9 ! passage 7,i1 #a1 #c71 ',sir1 :at is t ?r\gh :i* if x is kn[n ev]y?+ else becomes kn[n8'--is possible only if ! allusion is to ,brahman ! ,self ( all1 & n ei!r to ! pradhna :i* comprises only :at is non-intellig5t or to ! enjoy] view$ ap>t f ! objects ( enjoym5t4--,! text1 moreov]1 by introduc+ ! k ( ,brahman z ! *ief subject--:i* x does 9 ! passage 7,i1 #a1 #a71 ',he told ! k ( ,brahman1 ! f\ndation ( all k1 to 8 elde/ son ,a?>van'--& by aft]w>ds decl>+ t out ( ! two k9ds ( k1 viz4 ! l[] "o & ! high] "o1 ! high] "o leads to ! compreh5sion ( ! ,imp]i%able1 %[s t ! k ( ! ,imp]i%able is ! k ( ,brahman4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! t]m 'k ( ,brahman' w\ld become mean+less if t ,imp]i%able :i* is to be compreh5d$ by means ( x 7 n ,brahman4 ,! l[] k ( works :i* comprises ! _/,ri_/g-v$a1 & s on1 is m5tion$ prelim9>ily to ! k ( ,brahman = ! m]e purpose ( glorify+ ! latt]2 z appe>s f ! passages 9 :i* x 7! l[] k7 is spok5 ( slight+ly1 su* z 7,i1 #b1 #g71 ',b frail inde$ are ^? boats1 ! sacrifices1 ! eighte5 9 :i* ?is l[] c]emonial has be5 told4 ,fools :o praise ?is z ! highe/ good are subject aga9 & aga9 to old age & dea?4' ,aft] ^! slight+ rem>ks ! text decl>es t he :o turns away f ! l[] k is prep>$ = ! highe/ "o 7,i1 #b1 #ab71 ',let a ,brhama_/n_/a aft] he has exam9$ all ^! worlds :i* are ga9$ by works acquire fre$om f all desires4 ,no?+ t is et]nal 7n made7 c be ga9$ by :at is n et]nal 7made74 ,let him 9 ord] to und]/& ?is take fuel 9 8 h& & approa* a guru :o is le>n$ & dwells entirely 9 ,brahman4'--,! rem>k t1 because ! e>? & o!r non-intellig5t ?+s are adduc$ z p>allel in/ances1 t also :i* is comp>$ to !m1 viz4 ! s\rce ( all be+s mu/ be non-intellig5t1 is )\t f\ndation1 s9ce x is n necess>y t two ?+s ( :i* "o is comp>$ to ! o!r %\ld be ( absolutely ! same nature4 ,! ?+s1 moreov]1 to :i* ! s\rce ( all be+s is comp>$1 viz4 ! e>? & ! l1 are mat]ial1 :ile nobody w\ld assume ! s\rce ( all be+s to be mat]ial4--,= all ^! reasons ! s\rce ( all be+s1 :i* possesses ! attributes ( invisibility & s on1 is ! highe/ ,"l4 #bb4 ,! two o!rs 7i4e4 ! individual s\l & ! pradhna7 are n 7! s\rce ( all be+s7 because !re are /at$ di/9ctive attributes & diff]5ce4 ,! s\rce ( all be+s is ! highe/ ,"l1 n ei!r ( ! two o!rs1 viz4 ! pradhna & ! individual s\l1 on acc\nt ( ! foll[+ reason also4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! text di/+ui%es ! s\rce ( all be+s f ! embodi$ s\l1 z some?+ ( a diff]5t nature2 comp>e ! passage 7,,ii1 #a1 #b71 ',t heav5ly p]son is )\t body1 he is bo? )\t & )91 n produc$1 )\t brea? & )\t m9d1 pure4' ,! di/9ctive attributes m5tion$ "h1 su* z be+ ( a heav5ly nature1 & s on1 c 9 no way belong to ! individual s\l1 :i* errone\sly consid]s itself to be limit$ by "n & =m z pres5t$ by ,nesci5ce1 & errone\sly imputes _! attributes to itself4 ,!re=e ! passage manife/ly ref]s to ! ,p]son :i* is ! subject ( all ! ,upani%ads4--,9 ! second place1 ! s\rce ( all be+s :i* =ms ! g5]al topic is repres5t$ 9 ! text z some?+ diff]5t f ! pradhna1 viz4 9 ! passage1 ',high] ?an ! high ,imp]i%able4' ,"h ! t]m ',imp]i%able' means t undevelop$ entity :i* repres5ts ! sem9al pot5tiality ( names & =ms1 conta9s ! f9e p>ts ( ! mat]ial elem5ts1 abides 9 ! ,"l1 =ms 8 limit+ adjunct1 & be+ itself no effect is high 9 comp>ison to all effects2 ! :ole phrase1 ',high] ?an ! high ,imp]i%able1' :i* expresses a diff]5ce !n cle>ly %[s t ! highe/ ,self is meant "h4--,we d n on t acc\nt assume an indep5d5t entity call$ pradhna & say t ! s\rce ( all be+s is /at$ sep>ately !refrom2 b if a pradhna is to be assum$ at all 79 agreem5t ) ! common op9ion7 & if be+ assum$ x is assum$ ( su* a nature z n to be oppos$ to ! /atem5ts ( ,scripture1 viz4 z ! subtle cause ( all be+s d5ot$ by ! t]ms '! ,undevelop$' & s on1 we h no objection to su* an assumption1 & decl>e t1 on acc\nt ( ! sep>ate /atem5t !refrom1 i4e4 f t pradhna1 '! s\rce ( all be+s' mu/ mean ! highe/ ,"l4--,a fur!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! same conclusion is suppli$ by ! next ,stra4 #bc4 ,& on acc\nt ( its =m be+ m5tion$4 ,subsequ5tly to ! passage1 ',high] ?an ! high ,imp]i%able1' we meet 79 ! passage1 ',f him is born brea?1' c47 ) a description ( ! creation ( all ?+s1 f brea? d[n to e>?1 & !n ) a /atem5t ( ! =m ( ?is same s\rce ( be+s z consi/+ ( all creat$ be+s1 ',fire is 8 head1 8 eyes ! sun & ! moon1 ! qu>t]s 8 e>s1 8 spee* ! ,v$as disclos$1 ! w9d 8 brea?1 8 he>t ! univ]se2 f 8 feet came ! e>?2 he is inde$ ! inn] ,self ( all ?+s4' ,?is /atem5t ( =m c ref] only to ! highe/ ,"l1 & n ei!r to ! embodi$ s\l1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its small p[]1 _c be ! cause ( all effects1 or to ! pradhna1 :i* _c be ! inn] ,self ( all be+s4 ,we !re=e conclude t ! s\rce ( all be+s is ! highe/ ,"l1 n ei!r ( ! o!r two4--,b :]efrom d y conclude t ! quot$ decl>ation ( =m ref]s to ! s\rce ( all be+s8--,f ! g5]al topic1 we reply4 ,! ^w 'he' 79 ! clause1 ',he is inde$ ! inn] ,self ( all ?+s'7 connects ! passage ) ! g5]al topic4 ,z ! s\rce ( all be+s con/itutes ! g5]al topic1 ! :ole passage1 f ',f him is born brea?1' up to1 ',he is ! inn] ,self ( all be+s1' ref]s to t same s\rce4 ,simil>ly1 :5 9 ord9>y conv]sation a c]ta9 tea*] =ms ! g5]al topic ( ! talk1 ! phrase1 ',/udy "u him2 he kn[s ! ,v$a & ! ,v$ngas ?or\ghly1' z a matt] ( c\rse1 ref]s to t same tea*]4--,b h[ c a bodily =m be ascrib$ to ! s\rce ( all be+s :i* is *>act]is$ by invisibility & simil> attributes8--,! /atem5t z to its nature1 we reply1 is made = ! purpose ( %[+ t ! s\rce ( all be+s is ! ,self ( all be+s1 n ( %[+ t x is ( a bodily nature4 ,! case is analog\s to su* passages z1 ',i am food1 ,i am food1 ,i am ! eat] ( food' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #aj1 #f74--,o!rs1 h[ev]1 are ( op9ion#aea t ! /atem5t quot$ does n ref] to ! s\rce ( all be+s1 because t to :i* x ref]s is spok5 ( z some?+ produc$4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 ! imm$iately prec$+ passage 7',f him is born heal?1 m9d1 & all organs ( s5se1 e!r1 air1 light1 wat]1 & ! e>?1 ! support ( all'7 speaks ( ! aggregate ( be+s f air d[n to e>? z some?+ produc$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a passage met ) lat] on 7',f him comes ,agni1 ! sun be+ 8 fuel1' up to ',all h]bs & juices'7 expresses itself to ! same purpose4 ,h[ !n %\ld all at once1 9 ! mid/ ( ^! two passages 7:i* ref] to ! creation71 a /atem5t be made ab\t ! nature ( ! s\rce ( all be+s8--,! attribute ( be+ ! ,self ( all be+s1 7:i* above 0 said to be m5tion$ 9 ! passage ab\t ! creation1 ',fire is 8 head1' c41 is n m5tion$ !re b7 is /at$ only lat] on 9 a passage subsequ5t to t :i* ref]s to ! creation1 viz4 ',! ,p]son is all ?is1 sacrifice1' c4 7,,ii1 #a1 #aj74--,n[1 we see t _/s_/ruti z well z sm_/ri_/ti speaks ( ! bir? ( ,prajpati1 ^: body is ?is ?reefold _w2 comp>e _/,ri_/g-v$a ,sa_/m_/h4 ,x1 #aba1 #a1 ',hira_/n_/ya-g>bha arose 9 ! beg9n+2 he 0 ! "o born ,"l ( ?+s exi/+4 ,he e/abli%$ ! e>? & ?is sky2 to :at ,god %all we (f] our oblation8' :]e ! expression 'arose' means 'he 0 born4' ,& 9 sm_/ri_/ti we read1 ',he is ! fir/ embodi$ "o1 he is call$ ! ,p]son2 z ! primal creator ( ! be+s ,brahman 0 evolv$ 9 ! beg9n+4' ,?is ,p]son :i* is 7n ! orig9al ,brahman b7 an effect 7l o!r creat$ be+s7 may be call$ ! int]nal ,self ( all be+s 7z x is call$ 9 ,,ii1 #a1 #d71 because 9 ! =m ( ! ,self ( brea? x abides 9 ! ,selfs ( all be+s4--,on ?is latt] explanation 7accord+ to :i* ! passage1 ',fire is 8 head1' c41 does n describe ! nature ( ! highe/ ,"l1 & c !re=e n be ref]r$ to 9 ! ,stra7 ! decl>ation z to ! ,"l be+ ! 'nature' ( all :i* is conta9$ 9 ! passage1 ',! ,p]son is all ?is1 sacrifice1' c41 mu/ be tak5 z ! reason = e/abli%+ ! highe/ ,"l1 7i4e4 z ! passage :i*1 accord+ to ! ,stra1 proves t ! s\rce ( all be+s is ! highe/ ,"l#aeb47 #bd4 ,vai_/s_/vn>a 7is ! highe/ ,"l7 on acc\nt ( ! di/9ction qualify+ ! common t]ms 7,vai_/s_/vn>a & ,self74 7,9 ,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aa ff47 a discussion beg9s ) ! words1 ',:at is our ,self1 :at is ,brahman8' & is c>ri$ on 9 ! passage1 ',y "k at pres5t t ,vai_/s_/vn>a ,self1 tell u t2' aft] t x is decl>$ ) ref]5ce to ,heav51 sun1 air1 e!r1 wat]1 & e>?1 t !y are connect$ ) ! qualities ( hav+ good light1 c41 &1 9 ord] to disp>age dev\t m$itation on !m s+ly1 t !y /& to ! ,vai_/s_/vn>a 9 ! relation ( be+ 8 head1 c41 m]ely2 & !n f9ally 7,v1 #ah7 x is said1 ',b he :o m$itates on ! ,vai_/s_/vn>a ,self z measur$ by a span1 z abhivimna#aec1 he eats food 9 all worlds1 9 all be+s1 9 all ,selfs4 ,( t ,vai_/s_/vn>a ,self ! head is ,sutejas 7hav+ good light71 ! eye ,vi_/s_/v>pa 7multi=m71 ! brea? ,p_/ri_/?agv>tman 7mov+ 9 v>i\s c\rses71 ! trunk ,bahula 7full71 ! bladd] ,rayi 7weal?71 ! feet ! e>?1 ! *e/ ! alt>1 ! hairs ! grass on ! alt>1 ! he>t ! ,grhapatya fire1 ! m9d ! ,anvhrya fire1 ! m\? ! havanya fire4'--,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r by ! t]m ',vai_/s_/vn>a' we h to und]/& ! ga/ric fire1 or ! elem5tal fire1 or ! div9ity presid+ ov] ! latt]1 or ! embodi$ s\l1 or ! highe/ ,"l4--,b :at1 x may be ask$1 gives rise to ?is d\bt8--,! circum/ance1 we reply1 ( ',vai_/s_/vn>a' be+ employ$ z a common t]m = ! ga/ric fire1 ! elem5tal fire1 & ! div9ity ( ! latt]1 :ile ',self' is a t]m apply+ to ! embodi$ s\l z well z to ! highe/ ,"l4 ,h5ce ! d\bt arises :i* mean+ ( ! t]m is to be accept$ & :i* to be set aside4 ,:i*1 !n1 is ! alt]native to be embrac$8--,vai_/s_/vn>a1 ! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s1 is ! ga/ric fire1 because we meet1 9 "s passages1 ) ! t]m us$ 9 t special s5se2 s1 = in/ance 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,v1 #i71 ',agni ,vai_/s_/vn>a is ! fire )9 man by :i* ! food t is eat5 is cook$4'--,or else ! t]m may d5ote fire 9 g5]al1 z we see x us$ 9 t s5se also2 s1 = in/ance 7_/,ri_/g-v$a ,sa_/m_/h4 ,x1 #hh1 #ab71 ',= ! :ole _w ! gods h made ! ,agni ,vai_/s_/vn>a a sign ( ! days4' ,or1 9 ! ?ird place1 ! ^w may d5ote t div9ity ^: body is fire4 ,= passages 9 :i* ! t]m has t s5se are likewise met )2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 _/,ri_/g-v$a ,sa_/m_/h4 ,i1 #ih1 #a1 ',may we be 9 ! fav\r ( ,vai_/s_/vn>a2 = he is ! k+ ( ! be+s1 giv+ pleasure1 ( ready grace2' ?is & simil> passages prop]ly apply+ to a div9ity end[$ ) p[] & simil> qualities4 ,p]haps x w be urg$ aga9/ ! prec$+ explanations1 t1 z ! ^w ,vai_/s_/vn>a is us$ 9 co-ord9ation ) ! t]m ',self1' & z ! t]m ',self' alone is us$ 9 ! introductory passage 7',:at is our ,self1 :at is ,brahman8'71 ,vai_/s_/vn>a has to be und]/ood 9 a modifi$ s5se1 s z to be 9 h>mony ) ! t]m ,self4 ,well1 !n1 ! prvapak%9 rejo9s1 let u suppose t ,vai_/s_/vn>a is ! embodi$ ,self :i*1 z be+ an enjoy]1 is 9 close vic9ity to ! ,vai_/s_/vn>a fire1#aed 7i4e4 ! fire )9 ! body17 & ) :i* ! qualification express$ by ! t]m1 ',measur$ by a span1' well agrees1 s9ce x is re/rict$ by its limit+ condition 7viz4 ! body & s on74--,9 any case x is evid5t t ! t]m ,vai_/s_/vn>a does n d5ote ! highe/ ,"l4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,! ^w ,vai_/s_/vn>a d5otes ! highe/ ,self1 on acc\nt ( ! di/9ction qualify+ ! two g5]al t]ms4--,al?\gh ! t]m ',self1' z well z ! t]m ',vai_/s_/vn>a1' has v>i\s mean+s--! latt] t]m d5ot+ ?ree be+s :ile ! =m] d5otes two--yet we obs]ve a di/9ction f :i* we conclude t bo? t]ms c "h d5ote ! highe/ ,"l only2 viz4 9 ! passage1 ',( t ,vai_/s_/vn>a ,self ! head is ,sutejas1' c4 ,= x is cle> t t passage ref]s to ! highe/ ,"l 9 s f> z he is di/+ui%$ by hav+ heav51 & s on1 = 8 head & limbs1 & 9 s f> z he has ent]$ into a diff]5t /ate 7viz4 into ! /ate ( be+ ! ,self ( ! ?reefold _w72 repres5ts him1 9 fact1 = ! purpose ( m$itation1 z ! int]nal ,self ( ev]y?+4 ,z su* ! absolute ,self may be repres5t$1 because x is ! cause ( ev]y?+2 = z ! cause virtually conta9s all ! /ates belong+ to its effects1 ! heav5ly _w1 & s on1 may be spok5 ( z ! memb]s ( ! highe/ ,self4--,moreov]1 ! result :i* ,scripture decl>es to abide 9 all worlds--viz4 9 ! passage1 ',he eats food 9 all worlds1 9 all be+s1 9 all ,selfs'--is possible only if we take ! t]m ,vai_/s_/vn>a to d5ote ! highe/ ,self4--,! same rem>k applies to ! decl>ation t all ! s9s are burn$ ( him :o has t k1 ',?us all 8 s9s are burn$1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #bd1 #c74--,moreov]1 we meet at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt] ) ! words ',self' & ',brahman2' viz4 9 ! passage1 ',:at is our ,self1 :at is ,brahman8' ,n[ ^! are m>ks ( ,brahman1 & indicate ! highe/ ,"l only4 ,h5ce he only c be meant by ! t]m ,vai_/s_/vn>a4 #be4 7,&7 because t :i* is /at$ by ,sm_/ri_/ti 7i4e4 ! %ape ( ! highe/ ,"l z describ$ by ,sm_/ri_/ti7 is an inf]5ce 7i4e4 an indicatory m>k f :i* we inf] ! mean+ ( _/,s_/ruti74 ,! highe/ ,"l only is ,vai_/s_/vn>a1 = t reason also t ,sm_/ri_/ti ascribes to ! highe/ ,"l only a %ape consi/+ ( ! ?reefold _w1 ! fire con/itut+ 8 m\?1 ! heav5ly _w 8 head1 c4 ,s1 = in/ance1 9 ! foll[+ passage1 ',he ^: m\? is fire1 ^: head ! heav5ly _w1 ^: navel ! e!r1 ^: feet ! e>?1 ^: eye ! sun1 ^: e>s ! regions1 rev]5ce to him ! ,self ( ! _w4' ,! %ape describ$ "h 9 ,sm_/ri_/ti all[s u to inf] a _/,s_/ruti passage on :i* ! ,sm_/ri_/ti re/s1 & ?us con/itutes an inf]5ce1 i4e4 a sign indicatory ( ! ^w ',vai_/s_/vn>a' d5ot+ ! highe/ ,"l4 ,=1 al?\gh ! quot$ ,sm_/ri_/ti passage conta9s a glorification#aee1 /ill ev5 a glorification 9 ! =m 9 :i* x !re appe>s is n possible1 unless x has a ,v$ic passage to re/ on4--,o!r ,sm_/ri_/ti passages also may be quot$ 9 connexion ) ?is ,stra1 s1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ "o1 ',he ^: head ! wise decl>e to be ! heav5ly _w1 ^: navel ! e!r1 ^: eyes sun & moon1 ^: e>s ! regions1 & ^: feet ! e>?1 he is ! inscrutable lead] ( all be+s4' #bf4 ,if x be ma9ta9$ t 7,vai_/s_/vn>a is7 n 7! highe/ ,"l7 on acc\nt ( ! t]m 7viz4 ,vai_/s_/vn>a1 hav+ a settl$ diff]5t mean+71 c41 & on acc\nt ( 8 abid+ )9 7:i* is a *>act]i/ic ( ! ga/ric fire72 7we say7 no1 on acc\nt ( ! p]ception 7( ! highe/ ,"l71 be+ taught ?us 7viz4 9 ! ga/ric fire71 & on acc\nt ( ! impossibility 7( ! heav5ly _w1 c4 be+ ! head1 c4 ( ! ga/ric fire71 & because !y 7! ,vjasaney9s7 read ( him 7viz4 ! ,vai_/s_/vn>a7 z man 7:i* t]m _c apply to ! ga/ric fire74 ,"h ! foll[+ objection is rais$4--,vai_/s_/vn>a _c be ! highe/ ,"l1 on acc\nt ( ! t]m1 c41 & on acc\nt ( ! abid+ )94 ,! t]m1 viz4 ! t]m ,vai_/s_/vn>a1 _c be appli$ to ! highe/ ,"l1 because ! settl$ use ( language assigns to x a diff]5t s5se4 ,?us1 also1 ) reg>d to ! t]m ,agni 7fire7 9 ! passage 7_/,s_/at4 ,br4 ,x1 #f1 #a1 #aa71 ',he is ! ,agni ,vai_/s_/vn>a4' ,! ^w 'c4' 79 ! ,stra7 h9ts at ! fiction conc]n+ ! ?ree sacr$ fires1 ! grhapatya be+ repres5t$ z ! he>t1 & s on1 ( ! ,vai_/s_/vn>a ,self 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #ah1 #baef74--,moreov]1 ! passage1 ',!re=e ! fir/ food :i* a man may take is 9 ! place ( homa' 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #ai1 #a71 conta9s a glorification ( 7,vai_/s_/vn>a7 be+ ! abode ( ! oblation to ,pr_/n_/a#aeg4 ,= ^! reasons we h to und]/& by ,vai_/s_/vn>a ! ga/ric fire4--,moreov]1 ,scripture speaks ( ! ,vai_/s_/vn>a z abid+ )94 ',he kn[s him abid+ )9 man2' :i* aga9 applies to ! ga/ric fire only4--,) ref]5ce to ! av]m5t t on acc\nt ( ! specifications conta9$ 9 ! passage1 ',8 head is ,sutejas1' c41 ,vai_/s_/vn>a is to be expla9$ z ! highe/ ,self1 we 7! prvapak%97 ask3 ,h[ d y rea* ! decision t ^? specifications1 al?\gh agree+ ) bo? int]pretations1 mu/ be assum$ to ref] to ! highe/ ,"l only1 & n to ! ga/ric fire8--,or else we may assume t ! passage speaks ( ! elem5tal fire :i* abides )9 & )\t2 = t t fire is also connect$ ) ! heav5ly _w1 & s on1 we und]/& f ! mantra1 ',he :o ) 8 light has ext5d$ himself ov] e>? & heav51 ! two halves ( ! _w1 & ! atmosph]e' 7_/,ri_/g-v$a ,sa_/m_/h4 ,x1 #hh1 #c74--,or else ! attribute ( hav+ ! heav5ly _w1 & s on1 = its memb]s may1 on acc\nt ( its p[]1 be attribut$ to t div9ity :i* has ! elem5tal fire = its body4--,!re=e ,vai_/s_/vn>a is n ! highe/ ,"l4 ,to all ?is we reply z foll[s4--,y\r ass]tions are unf\nd$1 'because !re is taught ! p]ception 9 ?is mann]4' ,! reasons 7adduc$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ! ,stra71 viz4 ! t]m1 & s on1 are n suffici5t to make u ab&on ! int]pretation accord+ to :i* ,vai_/s_/vn>a is ! highe/ ,"l4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( p]ception be+ taught 9 ?is mann]1 i4e4 )\t ! ga/ric fire be+ set aside4 ,= ! passages quot$ tea* ! p]ception ( ! highe/ ,"l 9 ! ga/ric fire1 analog\sly to su* passages z ',let a man m$itate on ! m9d z ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ah1 #a74--,or else !y tea* t ! object ( p]ception is ! highe/ ,"l1 9 s f> z he has ! ga/ric fire call$ ,vai_/s_/vn>a = 8 limit+ condition2 analog\sly to su* passages z ',he :o consi/s ( m9d1 ^: body is brea?1 ^: =m is light' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #baeh74 ,if x 7 ! aim ( ! passages ab\t ! ,vai_/s_/vn>a to make /atem5ts n conc]n+ ! highe/ ,"l1 b m]ely conc]n+ ! ga/ric fire1 !re w\ld be no possibility ( specifications su* z conta9$ 9 ! passage ',8 head is ,sutejas1' c4 ,t also on ! assumption ( ,vai_/s_/vn>a be+ ei!r ! div9ity ( fire or ! elem5tal fire no room is to be f\nd = ! said specifications1 we %all %[ "u ! foll[+ ,stra4--,moreov]1 if ! m]e ga/ric fire 7 meant1 !re w\ld be room only = a decl>ation t x abides )9 man1 n t x is man4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,vjasaney9s speak ( him--9 _! sacr$ text--z man1 ',?is ,agni ,vai_/s_/vn>a is man2 he :o kn[s ?is ,agni ,vai_/s_/vn>a z man-l1 z abid+ )9 man1' c4 7_/,s_/at4 ,br4 ,x1 #f1 #a1 #aa74 ,! highe/ ,"l1 on ! o!r h&1 :o is ! ,self ( ev]y?+1 may be spok5 ( z well z man1 z abid+ )9 man4--,^? :o1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,stra1 read 'man-l' 7puru-%avidham7 in/ead ( 'man' 7puru%am71 wi% to express ! foll[+ mean+3 ,if ,vai_/s_/vn>a 7 assum$ to be ! ga/ric fire only1 he might be spok5 ( z abid+ )9 man inde$1 b n z man-l4 ,b ! ,vjasaney9s d speak ( him z man-l1 ',he :o kn[s him z man-l1 z abid+ )9 man4'--,! mean+ ( ! t]m man-l is to be conclud$ f ! context1 :5ce x w be se5 t1 ) ref]5ce to nature1 x means t ! highe/ ,"l has ! heav5 = 8 head1 c41 & is bas$ on ! e>?2 & ) ref]5ce to man1 t he =ms ! head1 c41 & is bas$ on ! *9 7( ! dev\t wor%ipp]#aei74 #bg4 ,= ! same reasons 7! ,vai_/s_/vn>a7 _c be ! div9ity 7( fire71 or ! elem5t 7( fire74 ,! av]m5t t ! fanciful attribution ( memb]s conta9$ 9 ! passage ',8 head is ,sutejas1' c4 may apply to ! elem5tal fire also :i* f ! mantras is se5 to be connect$ ) ! heav5ly _w1 c41 or else to ! div9ity ^: body is fire1 on acc\nt ( its p[]1 is refut$ by ! foll[+ rem>k3 ,= ! reasons already /at$ ,vai_/s_/vn>a is nei!r ! div9ity nor ! elem5t4 ,= to ! elem5tal fire :i* is m]e heat & light ! heav5ly _w & s on _c prop]ly be ascrib$ z head & s on1 because an effect _c be ! ,self ( ano!r effect4--,aga91 ! heav5ly _w _c be ascrib$ z head1 c4 to ! div9ity ( fire1 9 spite ( ! p[] ( ! latt]2 =1 on ! "o h&1 x is n a cause 7b a m]e effect71 & on ! o!r h& its p[] dep5ds on ! highe/ ,"l4 ,aga9/ all ^! int]pretations !re lies moreov] ! objection f\nd$ on ! inapplicability ( ! t]m ',self4' #bh4 ,jaim9i 7decl>es t !re is7 no contradiction ev5 on ! assumption ( a direct 7wor%ip ( ! highe/ ,"l z ,vai_/s_/vn>a74 ,above 7,stra #bf7 x has be5 said t ,vai_/s_/vn>a is ! highe/ ,"l1 to be m$itat$ ^u z hav+ ! ga/ric fire ei!r = 8 outw>d manife/ation or = 8 limit+ condition2 :i* int]pretation 0 accept$ 9 def]5ce to ! circum/ance t he is spok5 ( z abid+ )9--& s on4--,! tea*] ,jaim9i h[ev] is ( op9ion t x is n necess>y to h rec\rse to ! assumption ( an outw>d manife/ation or limit+ condition1 & t !re is no objection to ref] ! passage ab\t ,vai_/s_/vn>a to ! direct wor%ip ( ! highe/ ,"l4--,b1 if y reject ! int]pretation bas$ on ! ga/ric fire1 y place y\rself 9 opposition to ! /atem5t t ,vai_/s_/vn>a abides )91 & to ! reasons f\nd$ on ! t]m1 c4 7,s4 #bf74--,to ?is we reply t we 9 no way place ourselves 9 opposition to ! /atem5t t ,vai_/s_/vn>a abides )94 ,= ! passage1 ',he kn[s him z man-l1 z abid+ )9 man1' does n by any means ref] to ! ga/ric fire1 ! latt] be+ nei!r ! g5]al topic ( discussion nor hav+ be5 m5tion$ by "n be=e4--,:at !n does x ref] to8--,x ref]s to t :i* =ms ! subject ( discussion1 viz4 t simil>ity to man 7( ! highe/ ,self7 :i* is fancifully f\nd 9 ! memb]s ( man f ! upp] "p ( ! head d[n to ! *92 ! text !re=e says1 ',he kn[s him z man-l1 z abid+ )9 man1' j z we say ( a bran* t x abides )9 ! tree#afj4--,or else we may adopt ano!r int]pretation & say t aft] ! highe/ ,self has be5 repres5t$ z hav+ ! lik5ess to man z a limit+ condition1 ) reg>d to nature z well z to man1 ! passage la/ quot$ 7',he kn[s him z abid+ )9 man'7 speaks ( ! same highe/ ,self z ! m]e witness 7sk%92 i4e4 z ! pure ,self1 non-relat$ to ! limit+ conditions74--,! consid]ation ( ! context hav+ ?us %[n t ! highe/ ,self has to be resort$ to = ! int]pretation ( ! passage1 ! t]m ',vai_/s_/vn>a' mu/ d5ote ! highe/ ,self 9 "s way or o!r4 ,! ^w ',vi_/s_/vn>a' is to be expla9$ ei!r z 'he :o is all & man 7i4e4 ! individual s\l71' or 'he to :om s\ls belong' 79 s f> z he is _! mak] or rul]71 & ?us d5otes ! highe/ ,self :i* is ! ,self ( all4 ,& ! =m ',vai_/s_/vn>a' has ! same mean+ z ',vi_/s_/vn>a1' ! taddhita-suffix1 by :i* ! =m] ^w is d]iv$ f ! latt]1 n *ang+ ! mean+2 j z 9 ! case ( rk%asa 7d]iv$ f rak%as71 & vyasa 7d]iv$ f vayas74--,! ^w ',agni' also may d5ote ! highe/ ,self if we adopt ! etymology agniagra_/n_/1 i4e4 he :o leads 9 front4--,z ! ,grhapatya-fire f9ally1 & z ! abode ( ! oblation to brea? ! highe/ ,self may be repres5t$ because x is ! ,self ( all4 ,b1 if x is assum$ t ,vai_/s_/vn>a d5otes ! highe/ ,self1 h[ c ,scripture decl>e t he is measur$ by a span8--,on ! explanation ( ?is difficulty we n[ ent]4 #bi4 ,on acc\nt ( ! manife/ation1 s _/s_/m>a?ya op9es4 ,! circum/ance ( ! highe/ ,"l :o transc5ds all measure be+ spok5 ( z measur$ by a span has = its reason 'manife/ation4' ,! highe/ ,"l manife/s himself z measur$ by a span1 i4e4 he specially manife/s himself = ! b5efit ( 8 wor%ipp]s 9 "s special places1 su* z ! he>t & ! l1 :]e he may be p]ceiv$4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! tea*] _/s_/m>a?ya1 ! scriptural passage :i* speaks ( him :o is measur$ by a span may ref] to ! highe/ ,"l4 #cj4 ,on acc\nt ( remembrance2 s ,bd>i op9es4 ,or else ! highe/ ,"l may be call$ 'measur$ by a span' because he is rememb]$ by means ( ! m9d :i* is seat$ 9 ! he>t :i* is measur$ by a span4 ,simil>ly1 b>ley-corns :i* are measur$ by means ( pra/has are !mselves call$ pra/has4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t b>ley-gra9s !mselves h a c]ta9 size :i* is m]ely r5d]$ manife/ ?r\gh _! be+ connect$ ) a pra/ha measure2 :ile ! highe/ ,"l himself does n possess a size to be r5d]$ manife/ by 8 connexion ) ! he>t4 ,/ill ! remembrance 7( ! ,"l by means ( ! m9d7 may be accept$ z (f]+ a c]ta9 f\ndation = ! _/,s_/ruti passage conc]n+ him :o is measur$ by a span4--,or else#afa ! ,stra may be int]pret$ to mean t ! ,"l1 al?\gh n really measur$ by a span1 is to be rememb]$ 7m$itat$ ^u7 z be+ ( ! measure ( a span2 :]eby ! passage is furni%$ ) an appropriate s5se4--,?us ! passage ab\t him :o is measur$ by a span may1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! tea*] ,bd>i1 be ref]r$ to ! highe/ ,"l1 on acc\nt ( remembrance4 #ca4 ,on ! gr\nd ( imag9ative id5tification 7! highe/ ,"l may be call$ prde_/s_/amtra71 ,jaim9i ?9ks2 = ?us 7,scripture7 decl>es4 ,or else ! passage ab\t him :o is measur$ by a span may be consid]$ to re/ on imag9ative comb9ation4--,:y8--,because ! passage ( ! ,vjasaneyibrhma_/n_/a :i* treats ( ! same topic id5tifies heav51 e>?1 & s on--:i* are ! memb]s ( ,vai_/s_/vn>a view$ z ! ,self ( ! ?reefold _w--) c]ta9 p>ts ( ! human frame1 viz4 ! p>ts compris$ betwe5 ! upp] "p ( ! head & ! *91 & ?us decl>es ! imag9ative id5tity ( ,vai_/s_/vn>a ) some?+ ^: measure is a span4 ,!re we read1 ',! ,gods inde$ rea*$ him1 kn[+ him z measur$ by a span z x 74 ,n[ ,i w decl>e !m 78 memb]s7 to y s z to id5tify him 7! ,vai_/s_/vn>a7 ) t ^: measure is a span2 ?us he said4 ,po9t+ to ! upp] "p ( ! head he said3 ,?is is :at /&s above 7i4e4 ! heav5ly _w7 z ,vai_/s_/vn>a 7i4e4 ! head ( ,vai_/s_/vn>a#afb74 ,po9t+ to ! eyes he said3 ,?is is he ) good light 7i4e4 ! sun7 z ,vai_/s_/vn>a 7i4e4 ! eye ( ,v474 ,po9t+ to ! nose he said3 ,?is is he :o moves on manifold pa?s 7i4e4 ! air7 z ,vai_/s_/vn>a 7i4e4 ! brea? ( ,v474 ,po9t+ to ! space 7e!r7 )9 8 m\? he said3 ,?is is ! full "o 7i4e4 ! e!r7 z ,vai_/s_/vn>a4 ,po9t+ to ! saliva )9 8 m\? he said3 ,?is is weal? z ,vai_/s_/vn>a 7i4e4 ! wat] 9 ! bladd] ( ,v474 ,po9t+ to ! *9 he said3 ,?is is ! base z ,vai_/s_/vn>a 7i4e4 ! feet ( ,v474'--,al?\gh 9 ! ,vjasaneyi-brhma_/n_/a ! heav5 is d5ot$ z t :i* has ! attribute ( /&+ above & ! sun z t :i* has ! attribute ( good light1 :ile 9 ! ,*ndogya ! heav5 is spok5 ( z hav+ good light & ! sun z be+ multi=m2 /ill ?is diff]5ce does n int]f]e 7) ! unity ( ! vidy7#afc1 because bo? texts equally use ! t]m 'measur$ by a span1' & because all _/s_/khs intimate ! same4--,! above explanation ( ! t]m 'measur$ by a span1' :i* re/s on imag9ative id5tification1 ! tea*] ,jaim9i consid]s ! mo/ appropriate "o4 #cb4 ,moreov] !y 7! ,jblas7 speak ( him 7! highe/ ,"l7 9 t 7i4e4 ! int]/ice betwe5 ! top ( ! head & ! *9 :i* is measur$ by a span74 ,moreov] ! ,jblas speak 9 _! text ( ! highe/ ,"l z be+ 9 ! int]/ice betwe5 ! top ( ! head & ! *94 ',! unevolv$ inf9ite ,self abides 9 ! avimukta 7i4e4 ! non-releas$ s\l74 ,:]e does t avimukta abide8 ,x abides 9 ! ,v>a_/n_/ & ! ,ns1 9 ! middle4 ,:at is t ,v>a_/n_/1 :at is t ,ns8' ,! text !reupon etymologises ! t]m ,v>a_/n_/ z t :i* w>ds (f 7vrayati7 all evil done by ! s5ses1 & ! t]m ,ns z t :i* de/roys 7n_/s_/ayati7 all evil done by ! s5ses2 & !n cont9ues1 ',& :at is its place8--,! place :]e ! eyebr[s & ! nose jo94 ,t is ! jo9+ place ( ! heav5ly _w 7repres5t$ by ! upp] "p ( ! head7 & ( ! o!r 7i4e4 ! e>?ly _w repres5t$ by ! *974' 7,jbla ,up4 ,i47--,?us x appe>s t ! scriptural /atem5t :i* ascribes to ! highe/ ,"l ! measure ( a span is appropriate4 ,t ! highe/ ,"l is call$ abhivimna ref]s to 8 be+ ! inw>d ,self ( all4 ,z su* he is directly measur$1 i4e4 kn[n by all animate be+s4 ,or else ! ^w may be expla9$ z 'he :o is ne> ev]y:]e--z ! inw>d ,self--& :o at ! same "t is measureless' 7z be+ inf9ite74 ,or else x may d5ote ! highe/ ,"l z him :o1 z ! cause ( ! _w1 measures x out1 i4e4 creates x4 ,by all ?is x is prov$ t ,vai_/s_/vn>a is ! highe/ ,"l4 ,notes3 ,footnote #acf3 ,! clause 'he is to m$itate ) a calm m9d' if tak5 z a gu_/n_/avidhi1 i4e4 z enjo9+ "s second>y matt]1 viz4 calmness ( m9d ( ! m$itat+ p]son1 _c at ! same "t enjo9 m$itation2 = t w\ld involve a s-call$ split ( ! s5t5ce 7vkyabh$a74 ,footnote #acg3 ,jvezpi dehdib_/rim_/hanj jy/vanyyd v brahmatety ar?a_/h_/4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #ach3 ,! discussion is br\ght on by ! t]m 'vivak%ita' 9 ! ,stra ^: mean+ is 'express$1 aim$ at1' b m lit]ally 'desir$ to be express$4' ,footnote #aci3 ,because he is vyp94 ,footnote #adj3 ,ano!r int]pretation ( ! lat] "p ( ,stra4 ,footnote #ada3 ,cp4 ,ka_/?_/a ,up1 ,i1 #a1 #ac2 #bj2 ,i1 #b1 #ad4 ,footnote #adb3 ,fre$om f impurity c result only f ! k t ! individual s\l is 9 reality ,brahman4 ,! comm5tators expla9 rajas by avidy4 ,footnote #adc3 ,tad>?am iti1 jvasya brahmasiddhy>?am iti yvat1 _/k_/aitanya_/kh_/ypann dh_/h_/sukhd9 p>i_/n_/amata iti1 tatra puru%ozpi bhakt_/ri_/tvam ivnubhavati na tattvata iti vaktum adhyropayati4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #add3 ,:o1 somebody might say1 is to be und]/ood "h1 because immortality & simil> qualities belong to him n someh[ only1 b 9 _! true s5se4 ,footnote #ade3 ,! _/t_/ks say t ! cont5ts ( ?is la/ s5t5ce are h9t$ at by ! ^w '&' 9 ! ,stra4 ,footnote #adf3 ,i4e4 at ! beg9n+ ( ! in/ruction :i* ! sacr$ fires give to ,upako_/s_/ala1 ,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #aj ff4 ,footnote #adg3 ,:i* words conclude ! in/ruction giv5 by ! fires1 & introduce ! in/ruction giv5 by ! tea*]1 ( :i* ! passage '! p]son t is se5 9 ! eye1' c4 =ms a "p4 ,footnote #adh3 _/s_/raynt>apratyayasy_/s_/raynt>e k%epa_/h_/ pratka_/h_/1 ya? brahma_/s_/abda_/h_/ p>amtmavi%ayo nmdi%u k%ipyate4 ,bh4 ,footnote #adi3 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces give ! reason :y1 al?\gh !re is only "o ,brahman1 ! ^w ,brahman is repeat$4 ,footnote #aej3 ,accord+ to ,scripture1 ,niranku_/s_/a_/m_/ s>vaniyantritva_/m_/ _/s_/rauta_/m_/ na _/k_/a tdri_/s_/e s>vaniyant>i bh$o na _/k_/numna_/m_/ _/s_/rutibhditam utti%_/?_/ati4 n&a ,giri4 ,or else1 z ,g4 n4 rem>ks1 we may expla93 z ! highe/ ,self is n really diff]5t f ! individual s\l4 ,s also ,bhmat3 ,na _/h_/nava/h1 na hi niyantrant>a_/m_/ t5a niyamyate ki_/m_/ tu yo jvo niyant lokasiddha_/h_/ sa p>amtmevopdhyava_/kkh_/edakalpitabh$a_/h _/4 ,footnote #aea3 ,v_/ri_/ttik_/ri_/dvykhym d%ayati1 ,g4 n42 ekade_/s_/ina_/m_/ d%ayati1 n&a ,giri2 tad etat p>amat5k%epasamdhnbhy_/m_/ vykhyya svamat5a vy_/k_/a%_/t_/e1 puna_/h_/ _/s_/abdozpi prvasmd vi_/s_/e%a_/m_/ dyotayann asye%_/t_/at_/m_/ s_/k_/ayati1 ,bhmat4--,! /atem5t ( ! two =m] comm5tators mu/ be und]/ood to mean--9 agreem5t ) ! ,bhmat--t _/,s_/ank>a is n[ go+ to refute ! prec$+ explanation by ! /atem5t ( 8 own view4 ,?us ,g4 n4 lat] on expla9s 'asm9 pak%e' by 'svapak%e4' ,footnote #aeb3 ,! "q is to :at passage ! 'rpopanyst' ( ! ,stra ref]s4--,accord+ to ! op9ion set =? fir/ x ref]s to ,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #d ff4--,b1 accord+ to ! second view1 ,,ii1 #a1 #d to ,,ii1 #a1 #i1 _c ref] to ! s\rce ( all be+s1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self1 because t entire passage describes ! creation1 ! inn] ,self ( :i* is n ! highe/ ,self b ,prajpati1 i4e4 ! ,hira_/n_/yag>bha or ,strtman ( ! lat] ,v$nta1 :o is himself an 'effect1' & :o is call$ ! inn] ,self1 because he is ! brea? ( life 7pr_/n_/a7 9 ev]y?+4--,h5ce ! ,stra mu/ be connect$ ) ano!r passage1 & t passage is f\nd 9 ,,ii1 #a1 #aj1 :]e x is said t ! ,p]son 7i4e4 ! highe/ ,self7 is all ?is1 c4 ,footnote #aec3 ,ab\t :i* t]m see lat] on4 ,footnote #aed3 ,srre lak%a_/n_/ay vai_/s_/vn>a_/s_/abdopapattim ha tasyeti4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #aee3 ,& z su* might be said n to require a basis = its /atem5ts4 ,footnote #aef3 ,na _/k_/a grhapatydih_/ri_/daydit brahma_/n_/a_/h_/ sambhav94 ,bhmat4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,na _/k_/a pr_/n_/hutyadhik>a_/n_/at z nyatra ja_/?_/argn] yujyate4 ,bhmat4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,accord+ to ! =m] explanation ! ga/ric fire is to be look$ on z ! outw>d manife/ation 7pratka7 ( ! highe/ ,"l2 accord+ to ! latt] z 8 limit+ condition4 ,footnote #aei3 ,i4e4 t he may be fancifully id5tifi$ ) ! head & s on ( ! dev\t wor%ipp]4 ,footnote #afj3 ,:]eby we mean n t x is inside ! tree1 b t x =ms a "p ( ! tree4--,! ,vai_/s_/vn>a ,self is id5tifi$ ) ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! body1 & ^! memb]s abide )91 i4e4 =m p>ts ( ! body4 ,footnote #afa3 ,p>im_/n_/asya h_/ri_/da_/y_/advrropitasya sm>yam_/n_/e ka?am ropo vi%ayavi%ayitv5a bh$d ity _/s_/ankya vykhynt>am ha prde_/s_/eti4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #afb3 ,atra s>vatra vai_/s_/vn>a_/s_/abdas tadangap>a_/h_/4 ,g4 n4 ,footnote #afc3 ,:i* unity entitles u to use ! passage f ! _/,s_/at4 ,br4 = ! explanation ( ! passage f ! ,*4 ,up4 ,,?ird ,p,,da4 ,,rev]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,highe/ ,,self6 #a4 ,! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on 7is ,brahman71 on acc\nt ( ! t]m 'own1' i4e4 ,self4 ,we read 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #e71 ',he 9 :om ! heav51 ! e>?1 & ! sky are wov51 ! m9d also ) all ! vital airs1 "k him alone z ! ,self1 & leave (f o!r words6 ,he is ! bridge ( ! ,immortal4'--,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r ! abode :i* is intimat$ by ! /atem5t ( ! heav5 & s on be+ wov5 9 x is ! highe/ ,brahman or some?+ else4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! abode is some?+ else1 on acc\nt ( ! expression1 ',x is ! bridge ( ! ,immortal4' ,=1 he says1 x is kn[n f e-day exp]i5ce t a bridge presupposes "s fur!r bank to :i* x leads1 :ile x is impossible to assume some?+ fur!r beyond ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* 9 ,scripture is call$ 'endless1 )\t a fur!r %ore' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ab74 ,n[ if ! abode is suppos$ to be some?+ diff]5t f ,brahman1 x mu/ be suppos$ to be ei!r ! pradhna kn[n f ,sm_/ri_/ti1 :i*1 z be+ ! 7g5]al7 cause1 may be call$ ! 7g5]al7 abode2 or ! air kn[n f _/,s_/ruti1 ( :i* x is said 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #b1 ',air is t ?read1 ,o ,gautama4 ,by air z by a ?read1 ,o ,gautama1 ?is _w & ! o!r _w & all be+s are /rung toge!r'71 t x supports all ?+s2 or else ! embodi$ s\l :i*1 z be+ ! enjoy]1 may be consid]$ z an abode ) ref]5ce to ! objects ( its fruition4 ,aga9/ ?is view we argue ) ! strakra z foll[s3--',( ! _w consi/+ ( heav51 e>?1 & s on1 :i* 9 ! quot$ passage is spok5 ( z wov5 7^u some?+71 ! highe/ ,brahman mu/ be ! abode4'--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( ! ^w 'own1' i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! ^w ',self4' ,= we meet ) ! ^w ',self' 9 ! passage1 ',"k him alone z ! ,self4' ,?is t]m ',self' is ?or\ghly appropriate only if we und]/& ! highe/ ,self & n any?+ else4--7,to prop\nd ano!r int]pretation ( ! phrase 'sva_/s_/abdt' employ$ 9 ! ,stra47 ,sometimes also ,brahman is spok5 ( 9 _/,s_/ruti z ! g5]al abode by its own t]ms 7i4e4 by t]ms prop]ly designat+ ,brahman71 z1 = in/ance 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi4 #h1 #d71 ',all ^! creatures1 my de>1 h _! root 9 ! be+1 _! abode 9 ! be+1 _! re/ 9 ! be+#afd4'--7,or else we h to expla9 'sva_/s_/abd5a' z foll[s71 ,9 ! passages prec$+ & foll[+ ! passage "u discussion ,brahman is glorifi$ ) its own names#afe2 cp4 ,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #aj1 ',! ,p]son is all ?is1 sacrifice1 p5ance1 ,brahman1 ! highe/ ,immortal1' & ,,ii1 #b1 #aa1 ',t immortal ,brahman is be=e1 is beh9d1 ,brahman is to ! "r & left4' ,"h1 on acc\nt ( m5tion be+ made ( an abode & t :i* abides1 & on acc\nt ( ! co-ord9ation express$ 9 ! passage1 ',brahman is all' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #aa71 a suspicion might arise t ,brahman is ( a manifold v>iegat$ nature1 j z 9 ! case ( a tree consi/+ ( diff]5t p>ts we di/+ui% bran*es1 /em1 & root4 ,9 ord] to remove ?is suspicion ! text decl>es 79 ! passage "u discussion71 ',"k him alone z ! ,self4' ,! s5se ( :i* is3 ,! ,self is n to be kn[n z manifold1 qualifi$ by ! univ]se ( effects2 y are r to dissolve by true k ! univ]se ( effects1 :i* is ! m]e product ( ,nesci5ce1 & to "k t "o ,self1 :i* is ! g5]al abode1 z uni=m4 ,j z :5 somebody says1 ',br+ t on :i* ,devadatta sits1' ! p]son address$ br+s ! *air only 7! abode ( ,devadatta71 n ,devadatta himself2 s ! passage1 ',"k him alone z ! ,self1' tea*es t ! object to be kn[n is ! "o uni=m ,self :i* con/itutes ! g5]al abode4 ,simil>ly ano!r scriptural passage reproves him :o believes 9 ! unreal _w ( effects1 ',f dea? to dea? goes he :o sees any diff]5ce "h' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #aa74 ,! /atem5t ( co-ord9ation made 9 ! clause ',all is ,brahman' aims at dissolv+ 7! wrong conception ( ! reality (7 ! _w1 & n 9 any way at intimat+ t ,brahman is multi=m 9 nature#aff2 = ! uni=mity 7( ,brahman's nature7 is expressly /at$ 9 o!r passages su* z ! foll[+ "o1 ',z a mass ( salt has nei!r inside nor outside1 b is altoge!r a mass ( ta/e1 ?us inde$ has t ,self nei!r inside nor outside1 b is altoge!r a mass ( k' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ac74--;,= all ^! reasons ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c4 is ! highe/ ,brahman4--,aga9/ ! objection t on acc\nt ( ! text speak+ ( a 'bridge1' & a bridge requir+ a fur!r bank1 we h to und]/& by ! abode ( heav5 & e>? some?+ diff]5t f ,brahman1 we rem>k t ! ^w 'bridge' is meant to intimate only t t :i* is call$ a bridge supports1 n t x has a fur!r bank4 ,we ne$ n assume by any means t ! bridge meant is l an ord9>y bridge made ( clay & wood4 ,= z ! ^w setu 7bridge7 is d]iv$ f ! root si1 :i* means 'to b9d1' ! idea ( hold+ toge!r1 support+ is r impli$ 9 x ?an ! idea ( be+ connect$ ) some?+ beyond 7a fur!r bank74 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( ano!r 7comm5tator7 ! ^w 'bridge' does n glorify ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c41 b r ! k ( ! ,self :i* is glorifi$ 9 ! prec$+ clause1 ',"k him alone z ! ,self1' & ! ab&onm5t ( spee* advis$ 9 ! clause1 'leave (f o!r words2' to !m1 z be+ ! means ( obta9+ immortality1 ! expression '! bridge ( ! immortal' applies#afg4 ,on t acc\nt we h to set aside ! ass]tion t1 on acc\nt ( ! ^w 'bridge1' some?+ diff]5t f ,brahman is to be und]/ood by ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on4 #b4 ,& on acc\nt ( its be+ designat$ z t to :i* ! ,releas$ h to resort4 ,by ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on1 we h to und]/& ! highe/ ,brahman = t reason also t we f9d x d5ot$ z t to :i* ! ,releas$ h to resort4--,! conception t ! body & o!r ?+s conta9$ 9 ! sph]e ( ! ,n-self are our ,self1 con/itutes ,nesci5ce2 f x !re spr+ desires ) reg>d to :atev] promotes ! well-be+ ( ! body & s on1 & av]sions ) reg>d to :atev] t5ds to injure x2 !re fur!r arise fe> & confusion :5 we obs]ve any?+ ?reat5+ to de/roy x4 ,all ?is con/itutes an endless s]ies ( ! mo/ manifold evils ) :i* we all are acqua9t$4 ,reg>d+ ^? on ! o!r h& :o h fre$ !mselves f ! /a9s ( ,nesci5ce desire av]sion & s on1 x is said t !y h to resort to t1 viz4 ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c4 :i* =ms ! topic ( discussion4 ,= ! text1 aft] hav+ said1 ',! fett] ( ! he>t is brok51 all d\bts are solv$1 all 8 works p]i% :5 ,he has be5 beheld :o is ! high] & ! l[]' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #h71 lat] on rem>ks1 ',! wise man fre$ f "n & =m goes to ! div9e ,p]son :o is great] ?an ! great' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #h74 ,t ,brahman is t :i* is to be resort$ to by ! releas$1 is kn[n f o!r scriptural passages1 su* z ',:5 all desires :i* once ent]$ 8 he>t are undone !n does ! mortal become immortal1 !n he obta9s ,brahman' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #g74 ,( ! pradhna & simil> entities1 on ! o!r h&1 x is n kn[n f any s\rce t !y are to be resort$ to by ! releas$4 ,moreov]1 ! text 79 ! passage1 ',"k him alone z ! ,self & leave (f o!r words'7 decl>es t ! k ( ! abode ( heav5 & e>?1 c4 is connect$ ) ! leav+ (f ( all spee*2 a condition :i*1 accord+ to ano!r scriptural passage1 atta*es to 7! k (7 ,brahman2 cp4 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ba1 ',let a wise ,brhma_/n_/a1 aft] he has discov]$ him1 practise wisdom4 ,let him n seek aft] _m words1 = t is m]e we>9ess ( ! tongue4'--,= t reason also ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on1 is ! highe/ ,brahman4 #c4 ,n 7i4e4 ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c4 _c be7 t :i* is inf]r$1 7i4e4 ! pradhna71 on acc\nt ( ! t]ms n d5ot+ x4 ,:ile !re has be5 %[n a special reason 9 fav\r ( ,brahman 7be+ ! abode71 !re is no su* special reason 9 fav\r ( any?+ else4 ,h5ce he 7! strakra7 says t t :i* is inf]r$1 i4e4 ! pradhna assum$ by ! ,snkhya-sm_/ri_/ti1 is n to be accept$ z ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( ! t]ms n d5ot+ x4 ,= ! sacr$ text does n conta9 any t]m intimat+ ! non-intellig5t pradhna1 on ! gr\nd ( :i* we might und]/& ! latt] to be ! g5]al cause or abode2 :ile su* t]ms z 'he :o p]ceives all & kn[s all' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i7 intimate an intellig5t be+ oppos$ to ! pradhna 9 nature4--,= ! same reason ! air also _c be accept$ z ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on4 #d4 7,nor7 also ! individual s\l 7pr_/n_/abh_/ri_/t74 ,al?\gh to ! cognitional 7individual7 ,self ! qualities ( ,selfhood & intellig5ce d belong1 /ill omnisci5ce & simil> qualities d n belong to x z its k is limit$ by its adjuncts2 ?us ! individual s\l also _c be accept$ z ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c41 = ! same reason1 i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! t]ms n d5ot+ x4--,moreov]1 ! attribute ( =m+ ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on1 _c prop]ly be giv5 to ! individual s\l because ! latt] is limit$ by c]ta9 adjuncts & !re=e non-p]vad+ 7n omnipres5t7#afh4--,! special enunciation 7( ! individual s\l7 is caus$ by :at foll[s#afi4--,! individual s\l is n to be accept$ z ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c4 = ! foll[+ reason also4 #e4 ,on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( diff]5ce4 ,! passage ',"k him alone z ! ,self' moreov] implies a decl>ation ( diff]5ce1 viz4 ( ! diff]5ce ( ! object ( k & ! kn[]4 ,"h ! individual s\l z be+ t :i* is desir\s ( release is ! kn[]1 & consequ5tly ,brahman1 :i* is d5ot$ by ! ^w 'self' & repres5t$ z ! object ( k1 is und]/ood to be ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on4--,= ! foll[+ reason also ! individual s\l _c be accept$ z ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c4 #f4 ,on acc\nt ( ! subject-matt]4 ,! highe/ ,self con/itutes ! subject-matt] 7( ! entire *apt]71 z we see f ! passage1 ',sir1 :at is t ?r\gh :i*1 :5 x is kn[n1 ev]y?+ else becomes kn[n8' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #c7 9 :i* ! k ( ev]y?+ is decl>$ to be dep5d5t on ! k ( "o ?+4 ,= all ?is 7i4e4 ! entire _w7 becomes kn[n if ,brahman ! ,self ( all is kn[n1 n if only ! individual s\l is kn[n4--,ano!r reason aga9/ ! individual s\l foll[s4 #g4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! two conditions ( /&+ & eat+ 7( :i* ! =m] is *>act]i/ic ( ! highe/ ,"l1 ! latt] ( ! individual s\l74 ,) ref]5ce to t :i* is ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on1 ! text says1 ',two birds1 insep>able fri5ds1' c4 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a74 ,?is passage describes ! two /ates ( m]e /&+1 i4e4 m]e pres5ce1 & ( eat+1 ! clause1 ',"o ( !m eats ! sweet fruit1' ref]r+ to ! eat+1 i4e4 ! fruition ( ! results ( works1 & ! clause1 ',! o!r "o looks on )\t eat+1' describ+ ! condition ( m]e inactive pres5ce4 ,! two /ates describ$1 viz4 ( m]e pres5ce on ! "o h& & ( enjoym5t on ! o!r h&1 %[ t ! ,"l & ! individual s\l are ref]r$ to4 ,n[ !re is room = ?is /atem5t :i* repres5ts ! ,"l z sep>ate f ! individual s\l1 only if ! passage ab\t ! abode ( heav5 & e>? likewise ref]s to ! ,"l2 = 9 t case only !re exi/s a cont9uity ( topic4 ,on any o!r supposition ! second passage w\ld conta9 a /atem5t ab\t some?+ n connect$ ) ! g5]al topic1 & w\ld !re=e be entirely uncall$ =4--,b1 x may be object$1 on y\r int]pretation also ! second passage makes an uncall$-= /atem5t1 viz4 9 s f> z x repres5ts ! individual s\l z sep>ate f ! ,"l4--,n s1 we reply4 ,x is n[h]e ! purpose ( ,scripture to make /atem5ts reg>d+ ! individual s\l4 ,f ord9>y exp]i5ce ! individual s\l1 :i* 9 ! diff]5t individual bodies is jo9$ to ! int]nal organs & o!r limit+ adjuncts1 is kn[n to e "o z ag5t & enjoy]1 & we !re=e mu/ n assume t x is t :i* ,scripture aims at sett+ =?4 ,! ,"l1 on ! o!r h&1 ab\t :om ord9>y exp]i5ce tells u no?+1 is to be consid]$ z ! special topic ( all scriptural passages1 & we !re=e _c assume t any passage %\ld ref] to him m]ely casually#agj4--,t ! mantra 'two birds1' c4 speaks ( ! ,"l--& ! individual s\l we h already %[n "u ,i1 #b1 #aa4--;,& if1 accord+ to ! int]pretation giv5 9 ! ,paingi-upani%ad 7& quot$ "u ,i1 #b1 #aa71 ! v]se is und]/ood to ref] to ! int]nal organ 7sattva7 & ! individual s\l 7n to ! individual s\l & ! ,"l71 ev5 !n !re is no contradiction 7betwe5 t int]pretation & our pres5t av]m5t t ! individual s\l is n ! abode ( heav5 & e>?74--,h[ s8--,"h 7i4e4 9 ! pres5t ,stra & ! ,stras imm$iately prec$+7 x is d5i$ t ! individual s\l :i*1 ow+ to its imag9$ connexion ) ! int]nal organ & o!r limit+ adjuncts1 has a sep>ate exi/5ce 9 sep>ate bodies--its division be+ analog\s to ! division ( univ]sal space into limit$ spaces su* z ! spaces )9 j>s & ! l--is t :i* is call$ ! abode ( heav5 & e>?4 ,t same s\l1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* exi/s 9 all bodies1 if consid]$ ap>t f ! limit+ adjuncts1 is no?+ else b ! highe/ ,self4 ,j z ! spaces )9 j>s1 if consid]$ ap>t f _! limit+ conditions1 are m]g$ 9 univ]sal space1 s ! individual s\l also is inconte/ably t :i* is d5ot$ z ! abode ( heav5 & e>?1 s9ce x 7! s\l7 _c really be sep>ate f ! highe/ ,self4 ,t x is n ! abode ( heav5 & e>?1 is !re=e said ( ! individual s\l 9 s f> only z x imag9es itself to be connect$ ) ! int]nal organ & s on4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! highe/ ,self is ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 & s on4--,! same conclusion has already be5 arriv$ at "u ,i1 #b1 #ba2 = 9 ! passage conc]n+ ! s\rce ( all be+s 7:i* passage is discuss$ "u ! ,stra quot$7 we meet ) ! clause1 ',9 :i* heav5 & e>? & ! sky are wov54' ,9 ! pres5t adhik>a_/n_/a ! subject is resum$ = ! sake ( fur!r elucidation4 #h4 ,! bhman 7is ,brahman71 z ! in/ruction ab\t x is additional to t ab\t ! /ate ( deep sleep 7i4e4 ! vital air :i* rema9s awake ev5 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep74 ,we read 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bc2 #bd71 ',t :i* is mu* 7bhman7 we mu/ desire to und]/&4--,sir1 ,i desire to und]/& x4--,:]e "o sees no?+ else1 he>s no?+ else1 und]/&s no?+ else1 t is :at is mu* 7bhman74 ,:]e "o sees some?+ else1 he>s some?+ else1 und]/&s some?+ else1 t is ! ,little4'--,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r t :i* is mu* is ! vital air 7pr_/n_/a7 or ! highe/ ,self4--,:5ce ! d\bt8--,! ^w 'bhman1' tak5 by itself1 means ! /ate ( be+ mu*1 accord+ to its d]ivation z taught by ,p_/n_/ani1 ,,vi1 #d1 #aeh4 ,h5ce !re is felt ! want ( a specification %[+ :at con/itutes ! ,self ( t mu*ness4 ,"h !re pres5ts itself at fir/ ! approximate passage1 ',! vital air is m ?an hope' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #ae1 #a71 f :i* we may conclude t ! vital air is bhman4--,on ! o!r h&1 we meet at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]1 :]e ! g5]al topic is /at$1 ) ! foll[+ passage1 ',i h he>d f m5 l y t he :o kn[s ! ,self ov]comes grief4 ,i am 9 grief4 ,d1 ,sir1 help me ov] ?is grief ( m9e2' f :i* passage x w\ld appe> t ! bhman is ! highe/ ,self4--,h5ce !re arises a d\bt z to :i* ( ! two alt]natives is to be embrac$1 & :i* is to be set aside4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! bhman is ! vital air1 s9ce !re is f\nd no fur!r s]ies ( que/ions & answ]s z to :at is m4 ,= :ile we meet ) a s]ies ( que/ions & answ]s 7su* z1 ',sir1 is !re some?+ :i* is m ?an a "n8'--',spee* is m ?an "n4'--',is !re some?+ :i* is m ?an spee*8'--',m9d is m ?an spee*'71 :i* ext5ds f "n up to vital air1 we d n meet ) a simil> "q & answ] z to :at might be m ?an vital air 7su* z1 ',is !re some?+ :i* is m ?an vital air8'--',su* & su* a ?+ is m ?an vital air'74 ,! text r at fir/ decl>es at l5g? 79 ! passage1 ',! vital air is m ?an hope1' c47 t ! vital air is m ?an all ! memb]s ( ! s]ies f "n up to hope2 x !n ackn[l$ges him :o kn[s ! vital air to be an ativd91 i4e4 "o :o makes a /atem5t surpass+ ! prec$+ /atem5ts 79 ! passage1 ',?\ art an ativd94 ,he may say ,i am an ativd92 he ne$ n d5y x'72 & x !reupon 79 ! passage1 ',b he 9 reality is an ativd9 :o decl>es some?+ beyond by means ( ! ,true'#aga71--n leav+ (f1 b r cont9u+ to ref] to ! quality ( an ativd9 :i* is f\nd$ on ! vital air1--proce$s1 by means ( ! s]ies beg9n+ ) ! ,true1 to lead ov] to ! bhman2 s t we conclude ! mean+ to be t ! vital air is ! bhman4--,b1 if ! bhman is int]pret$ to mean ! vital air1 h[ h we to expla9 ! passage 9 :i* ! bhman is *>act]is$4 ',:]e "o sees no?+ else8' c4--,z1 ! prvapak%9 replies1 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep we obs]ve a cessation ( all activity1 su* z see+1 c41 on ! "p ( ! organs m]g$ 9 ! vital air1 ! vital air itself may be *>act]is$ by a passage su* z1 ',:]e "o sees no?+ else4' ,simil>ly1 ano!r scriptural passage 7,pra4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #b2 #c7 describes at fir/ 79 ! words1 ',he does n he>1 he does n see1' c47 ! /ate ( deep sleep z *>act]is$ by ! cessation ( ! activity ( all bodily organs1 & !n by decl>+ t 9 t /ate ! vital air1 ) its five modifications1 rema9s awake 7',! fires ( ! pr_/n_/z are awake 9 t t[n'71 %[s ! vital air to occupy ! pr9cipal position 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep4--,t passage also1 :i* speaks ( ! bliss ( ! bhman 7',! bhman is bliss1' ,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bc71 c be reconcil$ ) our explanation1 because ,pra4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #f decl>es bliss to atta* to ! /ate ( deep sleep 7',!n t god sees no dreams & at t "t t happ9ess arises 9 8 body'74--,aga91 ! /atem5t1 ',! bhman is immortality' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bd1 #a71 may likewise ref] to ! vital air2 = ano!r scriptural passage says1 ',pr_/n_/a is immortality' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b74--;,b h[ c ! view accord+ to :i* ! bhman is ! vital air be reconcil$ ) ! fact t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt] ! k ( ! ,self is repres5t$ z ! g5]al topic 7',he :o kn[s ! ,self ov]comes grief1' c478--,by ! ,self !re ref]r$ to1 ! prvapak%9 replies1 no?+ else is meant b ! vital air4 ,= ! passage1 ',! vital air is fa!r1 ! vital air is "m1 ! vital air is bro!r1 ! vital air is si/]1 ! vital air is tea*]1 ! vital air is ,brhma_/n_/a' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #ae1 #a71 repres5ts ! vital air z ! ,self ( ev]y?+4 ,z1 moreov]1 ! passage1 ',z ! spokes ( a :eel re/ 9 ! nave1 s all ?is re/s 9 pr_/n_/a1' decl>es ! pr_/n_/a to be ! ,self ( all--by means ( a comp>ison ) ! spokes & ! nave ( a :eel--! pr_/n_/a may be conceiv$ "u ! =m ( bhman1 i4e4 pl5itude4--,bhman1 !re=e1 means ! vital air4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,bhman c mean ! highe/ ,self only1 n ! vital air4--,:y8--',on acc\nt ( in=mation be+ giv5 ab\t x1 subsequ5t to bliss4' ,! ^w 'bliss' 7samprasda7 means ! /ate ( deep sleep1 z may be conclud$1 fir/ly1 f ! etymology ( ! ^w 7',9 x he1 i4e4 man1 is altoge!r pleas$--samprasdati'7--&1 secondly1 f ! fact ( samprasda be+ m5tion$ 9 ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka toge!r ) ! /ate ( dream & ! wak+ /ate4 ,& z 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep ! vital air rema9s awake1 ! ^w 'samprasda' is employ$ 9 ! ,stra to d5ote ! vital air2 s t ! ,stra means1 'on acc\nt ( in=mation be+ giv5 ab\t ! bhman1 subsequ5tly to 7! in=mation giv5 ab\t7 ! vital air4' ,if ! bhman 7 ! vital air itself1 x w\ld be a /range proce$+ to make /atem5ts ab\t ! bhman 9 addition to ! /atem5ts ab\t ! vital air4 ,= 9 ! prec$+ passages also we d n meet1 = in/ance1 ) a /atem5t ab\t "n subsequ5t to ! previ\s /atem5t ab\t "n 7i4e4 ! text does n say '"n is m ?an "n'71 b aft] some?+ has be5 said ab\t "n1 a new /atem5t is made ab\t spee*1 :i* is some?+ diff]5t f "n 7i4e4 ! text says1 ',spee* is m ?an "n'71 & s on up to ! /atem5t ab\t vital air1 ea* subsequ5t /atem5t ref]r+ to some?+ o!r ?an ! topic ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,we !re=e conclude t ! bhman also1 ! /atem5t ab\t :i* foll[s on ! /atem5t ab\t ! vital air1 is some?+ o!r ?an ! vital air4 ,b--x may be object$--we meet "h nei!r ) a "q1 su* z1 ',is !re some?+ m ?an vital air8' nor ) an answ]1 su* z1 ',t & t is m ?an vital air4' ,h[1 !n1 c x be said t ! in=mation ab\t ! bhman is giv5 subsequ5tly to ! in=mation ab\t ! vital air8--,moreov]1 we see t ! circum/ance ( be+ an ativd91 :i* is exclusively connect$ ) ! vital air1 is ref]r$ to 9 ! subsequ5t passage 7viz4 ',b 9 reality he is an ativd9 :o makes a /atem5t surpass+ 7! prec$+ /atem5ts7 by means ( ! ,true'74 ,!re is ?us no in=mation additional to ! in=mation ab\t ! vital air4--,to ?is objection we reply t x is impossible to ma9ta9 t ! passage la/ quot$ m]ely cont9ues ! discussion ( ! quality ( be+ an ativd91 z connect$ ) ! k ( ! vital air2 s9ce ! clause1 ',he :o makes a /atem5t surpass+1 c4 by means ( ! ,true1' /ates a specification4--,b1 ! objector resumes1 ?is v /atem5t ( a specification may be expla9$ z ref]r+ to ! vital air4 ,if y ask h[1 we ref] y to an analog\s case4 ,if somebody says1 ',?is ,agnihotr9 speaks ! tru?1' ! mean+ is n t ! quality ( be+ an ,agnihotr9 dep5ds on speak+ ! tru?2 t quality r dep5ds on ! 7regul> p]=mance ( !7 agnihotra only1 & speak+ ! tru? is m5tion$ m]ely z a special attribute ( t special ,agnihotr94 ,s our passage also 7',b 9 reality he is an ativd9 :o makes a /atem5t1 c4 by means ( ! ,true'7 does n intimate t ! quality ( be+ an ativd9 dep5ds on speak+ ! tru?1 b m]ely expresses t speak+ ! tru? is a special attribute ( him :o kn[s ! vital air2 :ile ! quality ( be+ an ativd9 mu/ be consid]$ to dep5d on ! k ( ! vital air4--,?is objection we rebut by ! rem>k t x involves an ab&onm5t ( ! direct mean+ ( ! sacr$ text4 ,= f ! text1 z x /&s1 we und]/& t ! quality ( be+ an ativd9 dep5ds on speak+ ! tru?2 ! s5se be+3 ,an ativd9 is he :o is an ativd9 by means ( ! ,true4 ,! passage does n 9 anyway conta9 a eulogisation ( ! k ( ! vital air4 ,x c\ld be connect$ ) ! latt] only on ! gr\nd ( g5]al subject-matt] 7prak>a_/n_/a7#agb2 :i* w\ld involve an ab&onm5t ( ! direct mean+ ( ! text 9 fav\r ( prak>a_/n_/a#agc4--,moreov]1 ! p>ticle b 7',b 9 reality he is1' c471 ^: purport is to sep>ate 7:at foll[s7 f ! subject-matt] ( :at prec$es1 w\ld n agree 7) ! pr_/n_/a explanation74 ,! foll[+ passage also1 ',b we mu/ desire to "k ! ,true' 7,,vii1 #af71 :i* presupposes a new ef=t1 %[s t a new topic is go+ to be ent]$ ^u4--,= ^! reasons we h to consid] ! /atem5t ab\t ! ativd9 9 ! same light z we %\ld consid] ! rem>k--made 9 a conv]sation :i* previ\sly _h turn$ on ! praise ( ^? :o /udy "o ,v$a--t he :o /udies ! f\r ,v$as is a great ,brhma_/n_/a2 a rem>k :i* we %\ld und]/& to be laudatory ( p]sons diff]5t f ^? :o /udy "o ,v$a1 i4e4 ( ^? :o /udy all ! f\r ,v$as4 ,nor is !re any reason to assume t a new topic c be introduc$ 9 ! =m ( "q & answ] only2 = t ! matt] prop\nd$ =ms a new topic is suffici5tly cle> f ! circum/ance t no connexion c be e/abli%$ betwe5 x & ! prec$+ topic4 ,! succession ( topics 9 ! *apt] "u discussion is z foll[s3 ,nrada at fir/ li/5s to ! in/ruction :i* ,sanatkumra gives him ab\t v>i\s matt]s1 ! la/ ( :i* is ,pr_/n_/a1 & !n becomes sil5t4 ,!reupon ,sanatkumra expla9s to him spontane\sly 7)\t be+ ask$7 t ! quality ( be+ an ativd91 if m]ely bas$ on ! k ( ! vital air--:i* k has = its object an unreal product1--is devoid ( sub/ance1 & t he only is an ativd9 :o is su* by means ( ! ,true4 ,by ! t]m '! ,true' !re is meant ! highe/ ,brahman2 = ,brahman is ! ,real1 & x is call$ ! ',true' 9 ano!r scriptural passage also1 viz4 ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 ',! ,true1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman4' ,nrada1 ?us enlight5$1 />ts a new l9e ( enquiry 7',might ,i1 ,sir1 become an ativd9 by ! ,true8'7 & ,sanatkumra !n leads him1 by a s]ies ( in/rum5tal /eps1 beg9n+ ) und]/&+1 up to ! k ( bhman4 ,we !refrom conclude t ! bhman is t v ,true ^: explanation _h be5 promis$ 9 addition to ! 7k ( !7 vital air4 ,we ?us see t ! in/ruction ab\t ! bhman is additional to ! in/ruction ab\t ! vital air1 & bhman mu/ !re=e mean ! highe/ ,self1 :i* is diff]5t f ! vital air4 ,) ?is int]pretation ! initial /atem5t1 accord+ to :i* ! enquiry into ! ,self =ms ! g5]al subject-matt]1 agrees p]fectly well4 ,! assumption1 on ! o!r h& 7made by ! prvapak%971 t by ! ,self we h "h to und]/& ! vital air is indef5sible4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,self-hood does n belong to ! vital air 9 any non-figurative s5se4 ,9 ! second place1 cessation ( grief _c take place ap>t f ! k ( ! highe/ ,self2 =1 z ano!r scriptural passage decl>es1 ',!re is no o!r pa? to g' 7_/,s_/vet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ae74 ,moreov]1 aft] we h read at ! outset1 ',d1 ,sir1 lead me ov] to ! o!r side ( grief' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #a1 #c71 we meet ) ! foll[+ conclud+ words 7,,vii1 #bf1 #b71 ',to him1 aft] 8 faults _h be5 rubb$ out1 ! v5]able ,sanatkumra %[$ ! o!r side ( d>kness4' ,! t]m 'd>kness' "h d5otes ,nesci5ce1 ! cause ( grief1 & s on4--,moreov]1 if ! in/ruction t]m9at$ ) ! vital air1 x w\ld n be said ( ! latt] t x re/s on some?+ else4 ,b ! brhma_/n_/a 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #a7 does say1 ',! vital air spr+s f ! ,self4' ,nor c x be object$ aga9/ ?is la/ argum5t t ! conclud+ "p ( ! *apt] may ref] to ! highe/ ,self1 :ile1 all ! same1 ! bhman 7m5tion$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ! *apt]7 may be ! vital air4 ,=1 f ! passage 7,,vii1 #bd1 #a71 7',sir1 9 :at does ! bhman re/8 ,9 its own greatness1' c471 x appe>s t ! bhman =ms ! cont9u\s topic up to ! end ( ! *apt]4--,! quality ( be+ ! bhman--:i* quality is pl5itude--agrees1 moreov]1 be/ ) ! highe/ ,self1 :i* is ! cause ( ev]y?+4 #i4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! agreem5t ( ! attributes 7m5tion$ 9 ! text74 ,! attributes1 moreov]1 :i* ! sacr$ text ascribes to ! bhman agree well ) ! highe/ ,self4 ,! passage1 ',:]e "o sees no?+ else1 he>s no?+ else1 und]/&s no?+ else1 t is ! bhman1' gives u to und]/& t 9 ! bhman ! ord9>y activities ( see+ & s on are abs5t2 & t ?is is *>act]i/ic ( ! highe/ ,self1 we "k f ano!r scriptural passage1 viz4 ',b :5 ! ,self only is all ?is1 h[ %\ld he see ano!r8' c4 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #ae74 ,:at is said ab\t ! abs5ce ( ! activities ( see+ & s on 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep 7,pra4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #b7 is said ) ! int5tion ( decl>+ ! non-atta*$ness ( ! ,self1 n ( describ+ ! nature ( ! pr_/n_/a2 = ! highe/ ,self 7n ! vital air7 is ! topic ( t passage4 ,! bliss also ( :i* ,scripture speaks z connect$ ) t /ate is m5tion$ only 9 ord] to %[ t bliss con/itutes ! nature ( ! ,self4 ,= ,scripture says 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #cb71 ',?is is 8 highe/ bliss4 ,all o!r creatures live on a small portion ( t bliss4'--,! passage "u discussion also 7',! bhman is bliss4 ,!re is no bliss 9 t :i* is little 7limit$74 ,! bhman only is bliss'7 by d5y+ ! reality ( bliss on ! "p ( :atev] is p]i%able %[s t ,brahman only is bliss z bhman1 i4e4 9 its pl5itude1--,aga91 ! passage1 ',! bhman is immortality1' %[s t ! highe/ cause is meant2 = ! immortality ( all effect$ ?+s is a m]ely relative "o1 & ano!r scriptural passage says t ':atev] is diff]5t f t 7,brahman7 is p]i%able' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #d1 #b74--,simil>ly1 ! qualities ( be+ ! ,true1 & ( re/+ 9 its own greatness1 & ( be+ omnipres5t1 & ( be+ ! ,self ( ev]y?+ :i* ! text m5tions 7z belong+ to ! bhman7 c belong to ! highe/ ,self only1 n to any?+ else4--,by all ?is x is prov$ t ! bhman is ! highe/ ,self4 #aj4 ,! ,imp]i%able 7is ,brahman7 on acc\nt ( 7its7 support+ 7all ?+s7 up to e!r4 ,we read 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #g2 #h74 ',9 :at !n is ! e!r wov51 l w>p & wo(8--,he said3 ,o ,grg1 ! ,brhma_/n_/z call ?is ! ak%>a 7! ,imp]i%able74 ,x is nei!r co>se nor f9e1' & s on4--,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r ! ^w 'ak%>a' means 'syllable' or '! highe/ ,"l4' ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! ^w 'ak%>a' means 'syllable' m]ely1 because x has1 9 su* t]ms z ak%>a-sammnya1 ! mean+ ( 'syllable2' because we h no "r to disreg>d ! settl$ mean+ ( a ^w2 & because ano!r scriptural passage also 7',! syllable ,om is all ?is1' ,*4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #bc1 #d7 decl>es a syllable1 repres5t$ z ! object ( devotion1 to be ! ,self ( all4 ,to ?is we reply t ! highe/ ,self only is d5ot$ by ! ^w 'ak%>a4'--,:y8--,because x 7! ak%>a7 is said to support ! entire aggregate ( effects1 f e>? up to e!r4 ,= ! sacr$ text decl>es at fir/ t ! entire aggregate ( effects beg9n+ ) e>? & diff]5tiat$ by ?reefold "t is bas$ on e!r1 9 :i* x is 'wov5 l w>p & wo(2' leads !n 7by means ( ! "q1 ',9 :at !n is ! e!r wov51 l w>p & wo(8'7 ov] to ! ak%>a1 &1 f9ally1 concludes ) ! words1 ',9 t ak%>a !n1 ,o ,grg1 ! e!r is wov51 l w>p & wo(4'--,n[ ! attribute ( support+ ev]y?+ up to e!r _c be ascrib$ to any be+ b ,brahman4 ,! text 7quot$ f ! ,*4 ,up47 says inde$ t ! syllable ,om is all ?is1 b t /atem5t is to be und]/ood z a m]e glorification ( ! syllable ,om consid]$ z a means to obta9 ,brahman4--,!re=e we take ak%>a to mean ei!r '! ,imp]i%able' or 't :i* p]vades2' on ! gr\nd ( ei!r ( :i* explanations x mu/ be id5tifi$ ) ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,b--our oppon5t resumes--:ile we mu/ admit t ! above reason+ holds good s f> t ! circum/ance ( ! ak%>a support+ all ?+s up to e!r is to be accept$ z a pro( ( all effects dep5d+ on a cause1 we po9t out t x may be employ$ by ^? also :o decl>e ! pradhna to be ! g5]al cause4 ,h[ !n does ! previ\s argum5tation specially e/abli% ,brahman 7to ! exclusion ( ! pradhna78--,! reply to ?is is giv5 9 ! next ,stra4 #aa4 ,?is 7support+ c71 on acc\nt ( ! comm& 7attribut$ to ! ,imp]i%able1 be ! "w ( ! highe/ ,"l only74 ,! support+ ( all ?+s up to e!r is ! "w ( ! highe/ ,"l only4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( ! comm&4--,= ! sacr$ text speaks ( a comm& 7',by ! comm& ( t ak%>a1 ,o ,grg1 sun & moon /& ap>t6' ,,iii1 #h1 #i71 & comm& c be ! "w ( ! highe/ ,"l only1 n ( ! non-intellig5t pradhna4 ,= non-intellig5t causes su* z clay & ! l are n capable ( comm&1 ) ref]5ce to _! effects1 su* z j>s & ! l4 #ab4 ,& on acc\nt ( 7,scripture7 sep>at+ 7! ak%>a7 f t ^: nature is diff]5t 7f ,brahman74 ,also on acc\nt ( ! reason /at$ 9 ?is ,stra ,brahman only is to be consid]$ z ! ,imp]i%able1 & ! support+ ( all ?+s up to e!r is to be look$ ^u z ! "w ( ,brahman only1 n ( any?+ else4 ,! mean+ ( ! ,stra is z foll[s4 ,:atev] ?+s o!r ?an ,brahman might possibly be ?\ght to be d5ot$ by ! t]m 'ak%>a1' f ! nature ( all ^? ?+s ,scripture sep>ates ! ak%>a spok5 ( z ! support ( all ?+s up to e!r4 ,! scriptural passage allud$ to is ,,iii1 #h1 #aa1 ',t ak%>a1 ,o ,grg1 is unse5 b see+1 unhe>d b he>+1 unp]ceiv$ b p]ceiv+1 unkn[n b kn[+4' ,"h ! designation ( be+ unse51 c4 agrees inde$ ) ! pradhna also1 b n s ! designation ( see+1 c41 z ! pradhna is non-intellig5t4--,nor c ! ^w ak%>a d5ote ! embodi$ s\l ) its limit+ conditions1 = ! passage foll[+ on ! "o quot$ decl>es t !re is no?+ diff]5t f ! ,self 7'!re is no?+ t sees b x1 no?+ t he>s b x1 no?+ t p]ceives b x1 no?+ t kn[s b x'72 &1 moreov]1 limit+ conditions are expressly d5i$ 7( ! ak%>a7 9 ! passage1 ',x is )\t eyes1 )\t e>s1 )\t spee*1 )\t m9d1' c4 7,,iii1 #h1 #h74 ,an embodi$ s\l )\t limit+ conditions does n exi/#agd4--;,x is !re=e c]ta9 beyond d\bt t ! ,imp]i%able is no?+ else b ! highe/ ,brahman4 #ac4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 be+ designat$ z ! object ( sight 7! highe/ ,self is meant1 &7 ! same 7is meant 9 ! passage speak+ ( ! m$itation on ! highe/ p]son by means ( ! syllable ,om74 7,9 ,pra4 ,up4 ,v1 #b7 ! g5]al topic ( discussion is set =? 9 ! words1 ',o ,satyakma1 ! syllable ,om is ! highe/ & also ! o!r ,brahman2 !re=e he :o kn[s x arrives by ! same means at "o ( ! two4' ,! text !n goes on1 ',aga91 he :o m$itates ) ?is syllable ,om ( ?ree mtrs on ! highe/ ,p]son1' c4--,"h ! d\bt pres5ts itself1 :e!r ! object ( m$itation ref]r$ to 9 ! latt] passage is ! highe/ ,brahman or ! o!r ,brahman2 a d\bt bas$ on ! =m] passage1 accord+ to :i* bo? are "u discussion4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! o!r1 i4e4 ! l[] ,brahman1 is ref]r$ to1 because ! text promises only a rew>d limit$ by a c]ta9 locality = him :o kn[s x4 ,=1 z ! highe/ ,brahman is omnipres5t1 x w\ld be inappropriate to assume t he :o kn[s x obta9s a fruit limit$ by a c]ta9 locality4 ,! objection t1 if ! l[] ,brahman 7 und]/ood1 !re w\ld be no room = ! qualification1 '! highe/ p]son1' is n valid1 because ! vital pr9cipal 7pr_/n_/a7 may be call$ 'high]' ) ref]5ce to ! body#age4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply3 ,:at is "h taught z ! object ( m$itation is ! highe/ ,brahman only4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( its be+ spok5 ( z ! object ( sight4 ,= ! p]son to be m$itat$ ^u is1 9 a complem5t>y passage1 spok5 ( z ! object ( ! act ( see+1 ',he sees ! p]son dwell+ 9 ! ca/le 7( ! body2 puru%am puri_/s_/ayam71 high] ?an t "o :o is ( ! %ape ( ! individual s\l1 & :o is himself high] 7?an ! s5ses & _! objects74' ,n[1 ( an act ( m$itation an unreal ?+ also c be ! object1 z1 = in/ance1 ! m]ely imag9>y object ( a wi%4 ,b ( ! act ( see+1 real ?+s only are ! objects1 z we "k f exp]i5ce2 we !re=e conclude1 t 9 ! passage la/ quot$1 ! highe/ 7only real7 ,self :i* corresponds to ! m5tal act ( complete intuition#agf is spok5 ( z ! object ( sight4 ,?is same highe/ ,self we recognise 9 ! passage "u discussion z ! object ( m$itation1 9 consequ5ce ( ! t]m1 '! highe/ p]son4'--,b--an objection w be rais$--z ! object ( m$itation we h ! highe/ p]son1 & z ! object ( sight ! p]son high] ?an t "o :o is himself high]1 c42 h[1 !n1 are we to "k t ^? two are id5tical8--,! two passages1 we reply1 h 9 common ! t]ms 'highe/' 7or 'high]1' p>a7 & 'p]son4' ,& x mu/ n by any means be suppos$ t ! t]m jvaghana#agg ref]s to t highe/ p]son :i*1 consid]$ z ! object ( m$itation1 _h previ\sly be5 introduc$ z ! g5]al topic4 ,= ! consequ5ce ( t supposition w\ld be t t highe/ p]son :i* is ! object ( sight w\ld be diff]5t f t highe/ p]son :i* is repres5t$ z ! object ( m$itation4 ,we r h to expla9 ! ^w jvaghana z ',he ^: %ape#agh is *>act]is$ by ! jvas2' s t :at is really meant by t t]m is t limit$ condition ( ! highe/ ,self :i* is ow+ to its adjuncts1 & manife/s itself 9 ! =m ( jvas1 i4e4 individual s\ls2 a condition analog\s to ! limitation ( salt 79 g5]al7 by means ( ! mass ( a p>ticul> lump ( salt4 ,t limit$ condition ( ! ,self may itself be call$ 'high]1' if view$ ) reg>d to ! s5ses & _! objects4 ,ano!r 7comm5tator7 says t we h to und]/& by ! ^w 'jvaghana' ! _w ( ,brahman spok5 ( 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ce 7'by ! ,sman v]ses he is l$ up to ! _w ( ,brahman'71 & aga9 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce 7v4 #g71 :i* may be call$ 'high]1' because x is high] ?an ! o!r worlds4 ,t _w ( ,brahman may be call$ jvaghana because all individual s\ls 7jva7 ) _! organs ( action may be view$ z compris$ 7sanghta ghana7 )9 ,hira_/n_/yag>bha1 :o is ! ,self ( all organs1 & dwells 9 ! ,brahma-_w4 ,we ?us und]/& t he :o is high] ?an t jvaghana1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self1 :i* con/itutes ! object ( sight1 also con/itutes ! object ( m$itation4 ,! qualification1 moreov]1 express$ 9 ! t]m '! highe/ p]son' is 9 its place only if we und]/& ! highe/ ,self to be meant4 ,= ! "n1 '! highe/ p]son1' c be giv5 only to ! highe/ ,self1 high] ?an :i* !re is no?+4 ,s ano!r scriptural passage also says1 ',high] ?an ! p]son !re is no?+--?is is ! goal1 ! highe/ road4' ,h5ce ! sacr$ text1 :i* at fir/ di/+ui%es betwe5 ! high] & ! l[] ,brahman 7'! syllable ,om is ! high] & ! l[] ,brahman'71 & aft]w>ds speaks ( ! highe/ ,p]son to be m$itat$ ^u by means ( ! syllable ,om1 gives u to und]/& t ! highe/ ,p]son is no?+ else b ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,t ! highe/ ,self con/itutes ! object ( m$itation1 is moreov] intimat$ by ! passage decl>+ t release f evil is ! fruit 7( m$itation71 ',z a snake is fre$ f its sk91 s is he fre$ f evil4'--,) ref]5ce to ! objection t a fruit conf9$ to a c]ta9 place is n an appropriate rew>d = him :o m$itates on ! highe/ ,self1 we f9ally rem>k t ! objection is remov$1 if we und]/& ! passage to ref] to emancipation by degrees4 ,he :o m$itates on ! highe/ ,self by means ( ! syllable ,om1 z consi/+ ( ?ree mtrs1 obta9s = 8 7fir/7 rew>d ! _w ( ,brahman1 & aft] t1 gradually1 complete intuition4 #ad4 ,! small 7e!r7 7is ,brahman7 on acc\nt ( ! subsequ5t 7argum5ts74 ,we read 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #a71 ',!re is ?is city ( ,brahman1 & 9 x ! palace1 ! small lotus1 & 9 x t small e!r4 ,n[ :at exi/s )9 t small e!r t is to be s\ght =1 t is to be und]/ood1' c4--,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r ! small e!r )9 ! small lotus ( ! he>t ( :i* ,scripture speaks1 is ! elem5tal e!r1 or ! individual s\l 7vij_/_/ntman71 or ! highe/ ,self4 ,?is d\bt is caus$ by ! words 'e!r' & 'city ( ,brahman4' ,= ! ^w 'e!r1' 9 ! fir/ place1 is kn[n to be us$ 9 ! s5se ( elem5tal e!r z well z ( highe/ ,brahman4 ,h5ce ! d\bt :e!r ! small e!r ( ! text be ! elem5tal e!r or ! highe/ e!r1 i4e4 ,brahman4 ,9 explanation ( ! expression 'city ( ,brahman1' 9 ! second place1 x might be said ei!r t ! individual s\l is "h call$ ,brahman & ! body ,brahman's city1 or else t ! city ( ,brahman means ! city ( ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,"h 7i4e4 9 consequ5ce ( ?is latt] d\bt7 a fur!r d\bt arises z to ! nature ( ! small e!r1 accord+ z ! individual s\l or ! highe/ ,self is und]/ood by ! ,"l ( ! city4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t by ! small e!r we h to und]/& ! elem5tal e!r1 s9ce ! latt] mean+ is ! conv5tional "o ( ! ^w k_/s_/a4 ,! elem5tal e!r is "h call$ small ) ref]5ce to its small abode 7! he>t74--,9 ! passage1 ',z l>ge z ?is e!r is1 s l>ge is t e!r )9 ! he>t1' x is repres5t$ z con/itut+ at ! same "t ! two t]ms ( a comp>ison1 because x is possible to make a di/9ction betwe5 ! out] & ! inn] e!r#agi2 & x is said t 'heav5 & e>? are conta9$ )9 x1' because ! :ole e!r1 9 s f> z x is space1 is "o#ahj4--,or else1 ! prvapak%9 cont9ues1 ! 'small "o' may be tak5 to mean ! individual s\l1 on acc\nt ( ! t]m1 '! city ( ,brahman4' ,! body is "h call$ ! city ( ,brahman because x is ! abode ( ! individual s\l2 = x is acquir$ by means ( ! actions ( ! s\l4 ,on ?is int]pretation we mu/ assume t ! individual s\l is "h call$ ,brahman metaphorically4 ,! highe/ ,brahman _c be meant1 because x is n connect$ ) ! body z its "l4 ,! "l ( ! city1 i4e4 ! s\l1 is repres5t$ z dwell+ 9 "o spot ( ! city 7viz4 ! he>t71 j z a real k+ resides 9 "o spot ( 8 resid5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! m9d 7manas7 con/itutes ! limit+ adjunct ( ! individual s\l1 & ! m9d *iefly abides 9 ! he>t2 h5ce ! individual s\l only c be spok5 ( z dwell+ 9 ! he>t4 ,fur!r1 ! individual s\l only c be spok5 ( z small1 s9ce x is 7else:]e2 _/,s_/vet4 ,up4 ,v1 #h7 comp>$ 9 size to ! po9t ( a goad4 ,t x is comp>$ 79 ! passage "u discussion7 to ! e!r mu/ be und]/ood to intimate its non diff]5ce f ,brahman4--,nor does ! scriptural passage say t ! 'small' "o is to be s\ght = & to be und]/ood1 s9ce 9 ! clause1 ',t :i* is )9 t1' c41 x is repres5t$ z a m]e di/+ui%+ attribute ( some?+ else#aha4 ,to all ?is we make ! foll[+ reply3--,! small e!r c mean ! highe/ ,"l only1 n ei!r ! elem5tal e!r or ! individual s\l4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( ! subsequ5t reasons1 i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! reasons impli$ 9 ! complem5t>y passage4 ,= !re1 ! text decl>es at fir/1 ) ref]5ce to ! small e!r1 :i* is enjo9$ z ! object ( sight1 ',if !y %\ld say to him1' c42 !reupon foll[s an objection1 ',:at is !re t des]ves to be s\ght = or t is to be und]/ood8' & !reon a f9al decisive /atem5t1 ',!n he %\ld say3 ,z l>ge z ?is e!r is1 s l>ge is t e!r )9 ! he>t4 ,bo? heav5 & e>? are conta9$ )9 x4' ,"h ! tea*]1 avail+ himself ( ! comp>ison ( ! e!r )9 ! he>t ) ! kn[n 7univ]sal7 e!r1 precludes ! conception t ! e!r )9 ! he>t is small--:i* conception is bas$ on ! /atem5t z to ! smallness ( ! lotus1 i4e4 ! he>t--& !reby precludes ! possibility ( our und]/&+ by ! t]m '! small e!r1' ! elem5tal e!r4 ,=1 al?\gh ! ord9>y use ( language gives to ! ^w 'e!r' ! s5se ( elem5tal e!r1 "h ! elem5tal e!r _c be ?\ght (1 because x _c possibly be comp>$ ) itself4--,b1 has x n be5 /at$ above1 t ! e!r1 al?\gh "o only1 may be comp>$ ) itself1 9 consequ5ce ( an assum$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! out] & ! inn] e!r8--,t explanation1 we reply1 is impossible2 = we _c admit t a comp>ison ( a ?+ ) itself may be bas$ ^u a m]ely imag9>y diff]5ce4 ,& ev5 if we admitt$ ! possibility ( su* a comp>ison1 ! ext5t ( ! out] e!r c\ld nev] be ascrib$ to ! limit$ inn] e!r4 ,%\ld x be said t to ! highe/ ,"l also ! ext5t ( ! 7out]7 e!r _c be ascrib$1 s9ce ano!r scriptural passage decl>es t he is great] ?an e!r 7_/,s_/a4 ,br1 ,x1 #f1 #c1 #b71 we invalidate ?is objection by ! rem>k1 t ! passage 7comp>+ ! inn] e!r ) ! out] e!r7 has ! purport ( disc>d+ ! idea ( smallness 7( ! inn] e!r71 :i* is prim facie e/abli%$ by ! smallness ( ! lotus ( ! he>t 9 :i* x is conta9$1 & has n ! purport ( e/abli%+ a c]ta9 ext5t 7( ! inn] e!r74 ,if ! passage aim$ at bo?1 a split ( ! s5t5ce#ahb w\ld result4--,nor1 if we all[$ ! assumptive diff]5ce ( ! inn] & ! out] e!r1 w\ld x be possible to repres5t t limit$ portion ( ! e!r :i* is enclos$ 9 ! lotus ( ! he>t1 z conta9+ )9 itself heav51 e>?1 & s on4 ,nor c we reconcile ) ! nature ( ! elem5tal e!r ! qualities ( ,self-hood1 fre5ess f s91 & s on1 7:i* are ascrib$ to ! 'small' e!r7 9 ! foll[+ passage1 ',x is ! ,self free f s91 free f old age1 f dea? & grief1 f hung] & ?ir/1 ( true desires1 ( true purposes4'--,al?\gh ! t]m ',self' 7occurr+ 9 ! passage quot$7 may apply to ! individual s\l1 yet o!r reasons exclude all idea ( ! individual s\l be+ meant 7by ! small e!r74 ,= x w\ld be impossible to dissociate f ! individual s\l1 :i* is re/rict$ by limit+ conditions & else:]e comp>$ to ! po9t ( a goad1 ! attribute ( smallness atta*+ to x1 on acc\nt ( its be+ enclos$ 9 ! lotus ( ! he>t4--,let x !n be assum$--our oppon5t rem>ks--t ! qualities ( all-p]vad+ness1 c4 are ascrib$ to ! individual s\l ) ! int5tion ( intimat+ its non-diff]5ce f ,brahman4--,well1 we reply1 if y suppose t ! small e!r is call$ all-p]vad+ because x is "o ) ,brahman1 our own supposition1 viz4 t ! all-p]vad+ness spok5 ( is directly pr$icat$ ( ,brahman itself1 is ! mu* m simple "o4--,conc]n+ ! ass]tion t ! t]m 'city ( ,brahman' c only be und]/ood1 on ! assumption t ! individual s\l dwells1 l a k+1 9 "o p>ticul> spot ( ! city ( :i* x is ! ,"l1 we rem>k t ! t]m is m prop]ly int]pret$ to mean '! body 9 s f> z x is ! city ( ! highe/ ,brahman2' :i* int]pretation enables u to take ! t]m ',brahman' 9 its prim>y s5se#ahc4 ,! highe/ ,brahman also is connect$ ) ! body1 = ! latt] con/itutes an abode = ! p]ception ( ,brahman#ahd4 ,o!r scriptural passages also express ! same mean+1 s1 = in/ance1 ,pra4 ,up4 ,v1 #e1 ',he sees ! highe/ p]son dwell+ 9 ! city' 7puru%a puri_/s_/aya71 c41 & ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e1 #ah1 ',?is p]son 7puru%a7 is 9 all cities 7bodies7 ! dwell] )9 ! city 7puri_/s_/aya74'--,or else 7tak+ brahmapura to mean jvapura7 we may und]/& ! passage to tea* t ,brahman is1 9 ! city ( ! individual s\l1 ne> 7to ! dev\t wor%ipp]71 j z ,vi%_/n_/u is ne> to u 9 ! ,slagrma-/one4--,moreov]1 ! text 7,,viii1 #a1 #f7 at fir/ decl>es ! result ( works to be p]i%able 7'z "h on e>? :atev] has be5 acquir$ by works p]i%es1 s p]i%es :atev] is acquir$ = ! next _w by good actions1' c471 & aft]w>ds decl>es ! imp]i%abl5ess ( ! results fl[+ f a k ( ! small e!r1 :i* =ms ! g5]al subject ( discussion 7'^? :o dep>t f h5ce aft] hav+ discov]$ ! ,self & ^? true desires1 = !m !re is fre$om 9 all worlds'74 ,f ?is aga9 x is manife/ t ! small e!r is ! highe/ ,self4--,we n[ turn to ! /atem5t made by ! prvapak%91't ! sacr$ text does n repres5t ! small e!r z t :i* is to be s\ght = & to be und]/ood1 because x is m5tion$ z a di/+ui%+ attribute ( some?+ else1' & reply z foll[s3 ,if ! 7small7 e!r 7 n t :i* is to be s\ght = & to be und]/ood1 ! description ( ! nature ( t e!r1 :i* is giv5 9 ! passage 7'z l>ge z ?is e!r is1 s l>ge is t e!r )9 ! he>t'71 w\ld be devoid ( purport4--,b--! oppon5t might say--t descriptive /atem5t also has ! purport ( sett+ =? ! nature ( ! ?+ abid+ )9 7! e!r72 = ! text aft] hav+ rais$ an objection 79 ! passage1 ',& if !y %\ld say to him3 ,n[ ) reg>d to t city ( ,brahman & ! palace 9 x1 i4e4 ! small lotus ( ! he>t1 & ! small e!r )9 ! he>t1 :at is !re )9 x t des]ves to be s\ght = or t is to be und]/ood8'7 decl>es1 :5 reply+ to t objection1 t heav51 e>?1 & s on1 are conta9$ )9 x 7! e!r71 a decl>ation to :i* ! comp>ison ) ! e!r =ms a m]e introduction4--,y\r reason+1 we reply1 is faulty4 ,if x 7 admitt$1 x w\ld foll[ t heav51 e>?1 c41 :i* are conta9$ )9 ! small e!r1 con/itute ! objects ( se>* & enquiry4 ,b 9 t case ! complem5t>y passage w\ld be out ( place4 ,= ! text c>ry+ on1 z ! subject ( discussion1 ! e!r t is ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c4--by means ( ! clauses1 ',9 x all desires are conta9$1' ',x is ! ,self free f s91' c41 & ! passage1 ',b ^? :o dep>t f h5ce hav+ discov]$ ! ,self1 & ! true desires' 79 :i* passage ! conjunction '&' has ! purpose ( jo9+ ! desires to ! ,self7--decl>es t ! ,self z well1 :i* is ! abode ( ! desires1 z ! desires :i* abide 9 ! ,self1 are ! objects ( k4 ,f ?is we conclude t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! passage also1 ! small e!r abid+ )9 ! lotus ( ! he>t1 toge!r ) :atev] is conta9$ )9 x z e>?1 true desires1 & s on1 is repres5t$ z ! object ( k4 ,&1 = ! reasons expla9$1 t e!r is ! highe/ ,"l4 #ae4 7,! small e!r is ,brahman7 on acc\nt ( ! action ( go+ 7into ,brahman7 & ( ! ^w 7brahmaloka72 = ?us x is se5 7i4e4 t ! individual s\ls g into ,brahman is se5 else:]e 9 ,scripture72 & 7?is go+ ( ! s\ls into ,brahman con/itutes7 an inf]5tial sign 7by means ( :i* we may prop]ly int]pret ! ^w 'brahmaloka'74 ,x has be5 decl>$ 79 ! prec$+ ,stra7 t ! small 7e!r7 is ! highe/ ,"l1 on acc\nt ( ! reasons conta9$ 9 ! subsequ5t passages4 ,^! subsequ5t reasons are n[ set =?4--,= ?is reason also ! small 7e!r7 c be ! highe/ ,"l only1 because ! passage complem5t>y to ! passage conc]n+ ! small 7e!r7 conta9s a m5tion ( go+ & a ^w1 bo? ( :i* intimate ! highe/ ,"l4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we read 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #b71 ',all ^! creatures1 day aft] day go+ into t ,brahma-_w1 d n discov] x4' ,?is passage :i* ref]s back1 by means ( ! ^w ',brahma-_w1' to ! small e!r :i* =ms ! g5]al subject-matt]1 speaks ( ! go+ to x ( ! creatures1 i4e4 ! individual s\ls1 :]efrom we conclude t ! small 7e!r7 is ,brahman4 ,= ?is go+ ( ! individual s\ls into ,brahman1 :i* takes place day aft] day 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep1 is se51 i4e4 is met ) 9 ano!r scriptural passage1 viz4 ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #a1 ',he becomes unit$ ) ! ,true1' c4 ,9 ord9>y life also we say ( a man :o lies 9 deep sleep1 'he has become ,brahman1' 'he is gone into ! /ate ( ,brahman4'--,9 ! second place1 ! ^w ',brahma-_w1' :i* is "h appli$ to ! small 7e!r7 "u discussion1 excludes all ?\ght ( ! individual s\l or ! elem5tal e!r1 & ?us gives u to und]/& t ! small 7e!r7 is ,brahman4--,b c\ld n ! ^w ',brahma-_w' convey z well ! idea ( ! _w ( him ^: ?rone is ! lotus#ahe8--;,x might d s inde$1 if we expla9$ ! comp\nd ',brahma-_w' z '! _w ( ,brahman4' ,b if we expla9 x on ! gr\nd ( ! coord9ation ( bo? memb]s ( ! comp\nd--s t ',brahma-_w' d5otes t _w :i* is ,brahman--!n x conveys ! idea ( ! highe/ ,brahman only4--,& t daily go+ 7( ! s\ls7 into ,brahman 7m5tion$ above7 is1 moreov]1 an inf]5tial sign = expla9+ ! comp\nd ',brahma-_w1' on ! gr\nd ( ! co-ord9ation ( its two con/itu5t memb]s4 ,= x w\ld be impossible to assume t all ^? creatures daily g into ! _w ( ! effect$ 7l[]7 ,brahman2 :i* _w is commonly call$ ! ,satyaloka1 i4e4 ! _w ( ! ,true4 #af4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! support+ also 7attribut$ to x71 7! small e!r mu/ be ! ,"l7 because t greatness is obs]v$ 9 him 7accord+ to o!r scriptural passages74 ,& also on acc\nt ( ! 'support+' ! small e!r c be ! highe/ ,"l only4--,h[8--,! text at fir/ introduces ! g5]al subject ( discussion 9 ! passage1 ',9 x is t small e!r2' decl>es !reupon t ! small "o is to be comp>$ ) ! univ]sal e!r1 & t ev]y?+ is conta9$ 9 x2 subsequ5tly applies to x ! t]m ',self1' & /ates x to possess ! qualities ( be+ free f s91 c42 &1 f9ally1 decl>es ) ref]5ce to ! same g5]al subject ( discussion1 ',t ,self is a bank1 a limit>y support 7vidh_/ri_/ti71 t ^! worlds may n be conf\nd$4' ,z 'support' is "h pr$icat$ ( ! ,self1 we h to und]/& by x a support+ ag5t4 ,j z a dam /ems ! spread+ wat] s t ! b\nd>ies ( ! fields are n conf\nd$1 s t ,self acts l a limit>y dam 9 ord] t ^! out] & inn] worlds1 & all ! diff]5t ca/es & _/s_/ramas may n be conf\nd$4 ,9 accordance ) ?is our text decl>es t greatness1 :i* is %[n 9 ! act ( hold+ asund]1 to belong to ! small 7e!r7 :i* =ms ! subject ( discussion2 & t su* greatness is f\nd 9 ! highe/ ,"l only1 is se5 f o!r scriptural passages1 su* z ',by ! comm& ( t ,imp]i%able1 ,o ,grg1 sun & moon2 are held ap>t' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #i74 ,simil>ly1 we read 9 ano!r passage also1 ab\t ^: ref]r+ to ! highe/ ,"l !re is no d\bt1 ',he is ! ,"l ( all1 ! k+ ( all ?+s1 ! protector ( all ?+s4 ,he is a bank & a limit>y support1 s t ^! worlds may n be conf\nd$' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb7--;,h5ce1 on acc\nt ( ! 'support+1' also ! small 7e!r7 is no?+ else b ! highe/ ,"l4 #ag4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! settl$ mean+4 ,! small e!r )9 _c d5ote any?+ b ! highe/ ,"l = ?is reason also1 t ! ^w 'e!r' has 7among o!r mean+s7 ! settl$ mean+ ( 'highe/ ,"l4' ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w 'e!r' is us$ 9 ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ad1 ',he :o is call$ e!r is ! reveal] ( all =ms & names2' & ,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #i1 #a1 ',all ^! be+s take _! rise f ! e!r1' c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we d n meet ) any passage 9 :i* ! ^w 'e!r' is us$ 9 ! s5se ( 'individual s\l4'--,we h already %[n t ! ^w _c1 9 our passage1 d5ote ! elem5tal e!r2 =1 al?\gh ! ^w c]ta9ly has t settl$ mean+1 x _c h x "h1 because ! elem5tal e!r _c possibly be comp>$ to itself1 c4 c4 #ah4 ,if x be said t ! o!r "o 7i4e4 ! individual s\l7 7is meant7 on acc\nt ( a ref]5ce to x 7made 9 a complem5t>y passage71 7we say7 no1 on acc\nt ( ! impossibility4 ,if ! small 7e!r7 is to be expla9$ z ! highe/ ,"l on acc\nt ( a complem5t>y passage1 !n1 ! prvapak%9 resumes1 we po9t out t ano!r complem5t>y passage conta9s a ref]5ce to ! o!r "o1 i4e4 to ! individual s\l3 ',n[ t s]5e be+ 7lit]ally3 s]5ity1 complete satisfaction71 :i* aft] hav+ ris5 out f ?is e>?ly body & hav+ rea*$ ! highe/ light1 appe>s 9 its true =m1 t is1 ! ,self2 ?us he spoke' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #c1 #d74 ,= !re ! ^w 's]5ity1' :i* is kn[n to d5ote1 9 ano!r scriptural passage1 ! /ate ( deep sleep1 c convey ! idea ( ! individual s\l only :5 x is 9 t /ate1 n ( any?+ else4 ,! 'ris+ f ! body' also c be pr$icat$ ( ! individual s\l only ^: abode ! body is2 j z air1 c41 ^: abode is ! e!r1 are said to arise f ! e!r4 ,& j z ! ^w 'e!r1' al?\gh 9 ord9>y language n d5ot+ ! highe/ ,"l1 yet is admitt$ to d5ote him 9 su* passages z1 ',! e!r is ! reveal] ( =ms & names1' because x !re occurs 9 conjunction ) qualities ( ! highe/ ,"l1 s x may likewise d5ote ! individual s\l ,h5ce ! t]m '! small e!r' d5otes 9 ! passage "u discussion ! individual s\l1 'on acc\nt ( ! ref]5ce to ! o!r4' ,n s1 we reply1 'on acc\nt ( ! impossibility4' ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! individual s\l1 :i* imag9es itself to be limit$ by ! int]nal organ & its o!r adjuncts1 _c be comp>$ ) ! e!r4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 attributes su* z fre$om f evil1 & ! l1 _c be ascrib$ to a be+ :i* errone\sly transf]s to itself ! attributes ( its limit+ adjuncts4 ,?is has already be5 set =? 9 ! fir/ ,stra ( ! pres5t adhik>a_/n_/a1 & is aga9 m5tion$ "h 9 ord] to remove all d\bt z to ! s\l be+ diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self4 ,t ! ref]5ce po9t$ out by ! prvapak%9 is n to ! individual s\l w1 moreov]1 be %[n 9 "o ( ! next ,stras 7,i1 #c1 #ba74 #ai4 ,if x be said t f ! subsequ5t 7*apt] x appe>s t ! individual s\l is meant71 7we po9t out t :at is !re ref]r$ to is7 r 7! individual s\l 9 s f>7 z its true nature has become manife/ 7i4e4 z x is non-diff]5t f ,brahman74 ,! d\bt :e!r1 'on acc\nt ( ! ref]5ce to ! o!r1' ! individual s\l might n possibly be meant1 has be5 disc>d$ on ! gr\nd ( 'impossibility4' ,b1 l a dead man on :om am_/ri_/ta has be5 spr9kl$1 t d\bt rises aga91 draw+ new /r5g? f ! subsequ5t *apt] :i* treats ( ,prajpati4 ,= !re he 7,prajpati7 at ! outset decl>es t ! ,self1 :i* is free f s9 & ! l1 is t :i* is to be se>*$ out1 t :i* we mu/ try to und]/& 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a72 aft] t he po9ts out t ! se] )9 ! eye1 i4e4 ! individual s\l1 is ! ,self 7't p]son t is se5 9 ! eye is ! ,self1' ,,viii1 #g1 #c72 ref]s aga9 & aga9 to ! same entity 79 ! clauses ',i %all expla9 him fur!r to y1' ,,viii1 #i1 #c2 ,,viii1 #aj1 #d72 & 79 ! explanations fulfill+ ! giv5 promises7 aga9 expla9s ! 7nature ( !7 same individual s\l 9 its diff]5t /ates 7',he :o moves ab\t happy 9 dreams is ! ,self1' ,,viii1 #aj1 #a2 ',:5 a man be+ asleep1 repos+1 & at p]fect re/ sees no dreams1 t is ! ,self1' ,,viii1 #aa1 #a74 ,! clause atta*$ to bo? ^! explanations 7viz4 ',t is ! immortal1 ! fe>less2 t is ,brahman'7 %[s1 at ! same "t1 ! individual s\l to be free f s91 & ! l4 ,aft] t ,prajpati1 hav+ discov]$ a %ortcom+ 9 ! condition ( deep sleep 79 consequ5ce ( ! expo/ulation ( ,indra1 ',9 t way he does n "k himself t he is ,i1 nor does he "k ^! be+s1' ,,viii1 #aa1 #b71 ent]s on a fur!r explanation 7',i %all expla9 him fur!r to y1 & no?+ m ?an ?is'71 beg9s by blam+ ! 7s\l's7 connexion ) ! body1 & f9ally decl>es ! individual s\l1 :5 x has ris5 f ! body1 to be ! highe/ p]son4 7',?us does t s]5e be+1 aris+ f ?is body1 appe> 9 its own =m z soon z x has approa*$ ! highe/ light4 ,t is ! highe/ p]son4'7--,f ?is x appe>s t !re is a possibility ( ! qualities ( ! highe/ ,"l belong+ to ! individual s\l also1 & on t acc\nt we ma9ta9 t ! t]m1 '! small e!r )9 x1' ref]s to ! individual s\l4 ,?is position we c\nt]-argue z foll[s4 ',b 9 s f> z its nature has become manife/4' ,! p>ticle 'b' 79 ! ,stra7 is meant to set aside ! view ( ! prvapak%91 s t ! s5se ( ! ,stra is1 ',n ev5 on acc\nt ( ! subsequ5t *apt] a d\bt z to ! small e!r be+ ! individual s\l is possible1 because !re also t :i* is meant to be intimat$ is ! individual s\l1 9 s f> only z its 7true7 nature has become manife/4' ,! ,stra uses ! expression 'he ^: nature has become manife/1' :i* qualifies jva41 ! individual s\l1 ) ref]5ce to its previ\s condition#ahf4--,! mean+ is z foll[s4 ,prajpati speaks at fir/ ( ! se] *>act]is$ by ! eye 7',t p]son :i* is )9 ! eye1' c472 %[s !reupon1 9 ! passage treat+ ( 7! reflection 97 ! wat]pan1 t he 7viz4 ! se]7 has n 8 true ,self 9 ! body2 ref]s to him repeat$ly z ! subject to be expla9$ 79 ! clauses ',i %all expla9 him fur!r to y'72 & hav+ !n spok5 ( him z subject to ! /ates ( dream+ & deep sleep1 f9ally expla9s ! individual s\l 9 its real nature1 i4e4 9 s f> z x is ! highe/ ,brahman1 n 9 s f> z x is individual s\l 7',z soon z x has approa*$ ! highe/ light x appe>s 9 its own =m'74 ,! highe/ light m5tion$1 9 ! passage la/ quot$1 z :at is to be approa*$1 is no?+ else b ! highe/ ,brahman1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by su* attributes z fre5ess f s91 & ! l4 ,t same highe/ ,brahman con/itutes--z we "k f passages su* z 't art ?\'--! real nature ( ! individual s\l1 :ile its second nature1 i4e4 t aspect ( x :i* dep5ds on fictiti\s limit+ conditions1 is n its real nature4 ,= z long z ! individual s\l does n free itself f ,nesci5ce 9 ! =m ( duality--:i* ,nesci5ce may be comp>$ to ! mi/ake ( him :o 9 ! twilight mi/akes a po/ = a man--& does n rise to ! k ( ! ,self1 ^: nature is un*angeable1 et]nal ,cognition--:i* expresses itself 9 ! =m ',i am ,brahman'--s long x rema9s ! individual s\l4 ,b :51 disc>d+ ! aggregate ( body1 s5se-organs & m9d1 x arrives1 by means ( ,scripture1 at ! k t x is n itself t aggregate1 t x does n =m "p ( transmigratory exi/5ce1 b is ! ,true1 ! ,real1 ! ,self1 ^: nature is pure intellig5ce2 !n kn[+ itseif to be ( ! nature ( un*angeable1 et]nal ,cognition1 x lifts itself above ! va9 conceit ( be+ "o ) ?is body1 & itself becomes ! ,self1 ^: nature is un*ang+1 et]nal ,cognition4 ,z is decl>$ 9 su* scriptural passages z ',he :o kn[s ! highe/ ,brahman becomes ev5 ,brahman' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #i74 ,& ?is is ! real nature ( ! individual s\l by means ( :i* x arises f ! body & appe>s 9 its own =m4 ,"h an objection may be rais$4 ,h[1 x is ask$1 c we speak ( ! true nature 7sv>pa7 ( t :i* is un*ang+ & et]nal1 & !n say t 'x appe>s 9 its own =m 7true nature78' ,( gold & simil> sub/ances1 ^: true nature becomes hidd51 & ^: specific qualities are r5d]$ non-app>5t by _! contact ) "s o!r sub/ance1 x may be said t _! true nature is r5d]$ manife/ :5 !y are clean$ by ! application ( "s acid sub/ance2 s x may be said1 likewise1 t ! />s1 ^: light is dur+ daytime ov]p[]$ 7by ! sup]ior brilliancy ( ! sun71 become manife/ 9 _! true nature at night :5 ! ov]p[]+ 7sun7 has dep>t$4 ,b x is impossible to speak ( an analog\s ov]p[]+ ( ! et]nal light ( intellig5ce by :atev] ag5cy1 s9ce1 l e!r1 x is free f all contact1 & s9ce1 moreov]1 su* an assumption w\ld be contradict$ by :at we actually obs]ve4 ,= ! 7en]gies (7 see+1 he>+1 notic+1 cognis+ con/itute ! "* ( ! individual s\l1 & t "* is obs]v$ to exi/ 9 full p]fection1 ev5 9 ! case ( t individual s\l :i* has n yet ris5 beyond ! body4 ,e individual s\l c>ries on ! c\rse ( its practical exi/5ce by means ( ! activities ( see+1 he>+1 cognis+2 o!rwise no practical exi/5ce at all w\ld be possible4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 t "* w\ld realise itself 9 ! case ( t s\l only :i* has ris5 above ! body1 ! entire aggregate ( practical exi/5ce1 z x actually pres5ts itself prior to ! s\l's ris+1 w\ld !reby be contradict$4 ,we !re=e ask3 ,:]e9 consi/s t 7alleg$7 ris+ f ! body8 ,:]e9 consi/s t appe>+ 7( ! s\l7 9 its own =m8 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,be=e ! rise ( discrim9ative k ! nature ( ! individual s\l1 :i* is 79 reality7 pure light1 is non-discrim9at$ z x 7 f its limit+ adjuncts consi/+ ( body1 s5ses1 m9d1 s5se-objects & feel+s1 & appe>s z consi/+ ( ! en]gies ( see+ & s on4 ,simil>ly--to quote an analog\s case f ord9>y exp]i5ce--! true nature ( a pure cry/al1 i4e4 its transp>5cy & :it5ess1 is1 be=e ! rise ( discrim9ative k 7on ! "p ( ! obs]v]71 non-discrim9at$ z x 7 f any limit+ adjuncts ( r$ or blue col\r2 :ile1 z soon z ?r\gh "s means ( true cognition discrim9ative k has aris51 x is said to h n[ accompli%$ its true nature1 i4e4 transp>5cy & :it5ess1 al?\gh 9 reality x _h already done s be=e4 ,?us ! discrim9ative k1 effect$ by _/,s_/ruti1 on ! "p ( ! individual s\l :i* previ\sly is non-discrim9at$ z x 7 f its limit+ adjuncts1 is 7accord+ to ! scriptural passage "u discussion7 ! s\l's ris+ f ! body1 & ! fruit ( t discrim9ative k is its accompli%m5t 9 its true nature1 i4e4 ! compreh5sion t its nature is ! pure ,self4 ,?us ! embodi$ness & ! non-embodi$ness ( ! ,self are due m]ely to discrim9ation & non-discrim9ation1 9 agreem5t ) ! mantra1 ',bodiless )9 ! bodies1' c4 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #bb71 & ! /atem5t ( ,sm_/ri_/ti z to ! non-diff]5ce betwe5 embodi$ness & non-embodi$ness ',?\gh dwell+ 9 ! body1 ,o ,kaunteya1 x does n act & is n ta9t$' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiii1 #ca74 ,! individual s\l is !re=e call$ ',t ^: true nature is non-manife/' m]ely on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( discrim9ative k1 & x is call$ ',t ^: nature has become manife/' on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( su* k4 ,manife/ation & non-manife/ation ( its nature ( a diff]5t k9d are n possible1 s9ce its nature is no?+ b its nature 7i4e4 9 reality is always ! same74 ,?us ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,"l is ow+ to wrong k only1 n to any reality1 s9ce1 l e!r1 ! highe/ ,self is n 9 real contact ) any?+4 ,& :]efrom is all ?is to be kn[n8--,f ! in/ruction giv5 by ,prajpati :o1 aft] hav+ ref]r$ to ! jva 7'! p]son t is se5 9 ! eye1' c471 cont9ues ',?is is ! immortal1 ! fe>less1 ?is is ,brahman4' ,if ! well-kn[n se] )9 ! eye 7 diff]5t f ,brahman :i* is *>act]is$ z ! immortal & fe>less1 x w\ld n be co-ord9at$ 7z x actually is7 ) ! immortal1 ! fe>less1 & ,brahman4 ,! reflect$ ,self1 on ! o!r h&1 is n spok5 ( z he :o is *>act]is$ by ! eye 7! se] )9 ! eye71 = t w\ld r5d] ,prajpati obnoxi\s to ! reproa* ( say+ deceitful ?+s4--,s also1 9 ! second section1 ! passage1 ',he :o moves ab\t happy 9 dreams1' c4 does n ref] to a be+ diff]5t f ! see+ p]son )9 ! eye spok5 ( 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 7b treats ( ! same topic7 z appe>s f ! introductory clause1 ',i %all expla9 him fur!r to y4' ,moreov]#ahg1 a p]son :o is consci\s ( hav+ se5 an elephant 9 a dream & ( no long] see+ x :5 awake disc>ds 9 ! wak+ /ate ! object :i* he _h se5 79 8 sleep71 b recognises himself :5 awake to be ! same p]son :o saw some?+ 9 ! dream4--,?us 9 ! ?ird section also ,prajpati does inde$ decl>e ! abs5ce ( all p>ticul> cognition 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep1 b does n conte/ ! id5tity ( ! cognis+ ,self 7',9 t way he does n "k himself t he is ,i1 nor all ^! be+s'74 ,! foll[+ clause also1 ',he is gone to utt] annihilation1' is meant to intimate only ! annihilation ( all specific cognition1 n ! annihilation ( ! cognis]4 ,= !re is no de/ruction ( ! kn[+ ( ! kn[] z--accord+ to ano!r scriptural passage 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #cj7--t is imp]i%able4--,?us1 aga91 9 ! f\r? section ! introductory phrase ( ,prajpati is1 ',i %all expla9 him fur!r to y & no?+ diff]5t f ?is2' he !reupon refutes ! connexion 7( ! ,self7 ) ! body & o!r limit+ conditions 7',maghavat1 ?is body is mortal1' c471 %[s ! individual s\l--:i* is !re call$ '! s]5e be+'--9 ! /ate :5 x has rea*$ ! nature ( ,brahman 7',x appe>s 9 its own =m'71 & ?us proves ! s\l to be non-diff]5t f ! highe/ ,brahman ^: *>act]i/ics are immortality & fe>lessness4 ,"s 7tea*]s7 h[ev] are ( op9ion t if ! highe/ ,self is meant 79 ! f\r? section7 x w\ld be inappropriate to und]/& ! words ',?is 7him7 ,i w expla9 fur!r1' c41 z ref]r+ to ! individual s\l1 & !re=e suppose t ! ref]5ce is 7n to ! individual s\l =m+ ! topic ( ! ?ree prec$+ sections1 b7 to ! ,self possess+ ! qualities ( fre5ess f s91 c41 :i* ,self is po9t$ out at ! beg9n+ ( ! entire *apt] 7,,vii1 #a74--;,aga9/ ?is int]pretation we rem>k t1 9 ! fir/ place1 x disreg>ds ! direct enunciation ( ! pron\n 7i4e4 ! '?is' 9 '?is ,i w expla9'7 :i* re/s on some?+ approximate 7i4e4 ref]s to some?+ m5tion$ n f> (f71 &1 9 ! second place1 is oppos$ to ! ^w 'fur!r' 7or 'aga9'7 met ) 9 ! text1 s9ce f t int]pretation x w\ld foll[ t :at _h be5 discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ sections is n aga9 discuss$ 9 ! subsequ5t section4 ,moreov]1 if ,prajpati1 aft] hav+ made a promise 9 ! clause1 ',?is ,i %all expla9' 7:]e t clause occurs = ! fir/ "t71 did previ\sly to ! f\r? section expla9 a diff]5t topic 9 ea* section1 we %\ld h to conclude t he act$ deceitfully4--,h5ce 7our op9ion ab\t ! purport ( ! :ole *apt] rema9s valid1 viz4 t x sets =? h[7 ! unreal aspect ( ! individual s\l z su*--:i* is a m]e pres5tation ( ,nesci5ce1 is /a9$ by all ! desires & av]sions atta*$ to ag5ts & enjoy]s1 & is connect$ ) evils ( v>i\s k9ds--is dissolv$ by true k1 & h[ ! s\l is ?us l$ ov] into ! opposite /ate1 i4e4 into its true /ate 9 :i* x is "o ) ! highe/ ,"l & di/+ui%$ by fre$om f s9 & simil> attributes4 ,! :ole process is simil> to t by :i* an imag9$ snake passes ov] into a rope z soon z ! m9d ( ! behold] has fre$ itself f its errone\s imag9ation4 ,o!rs aga91 & among !m "s ( ours 7asmady_/s_/ _/k_/a4 ke_/k_/x71 are ( op9ion t ! individual s\l z su* is real4 ,to ! end ( refut+ all ^! speculators :o ob/ruct ! way to ! complete intuition ( ! unity ( ! ,self ?is _/s_/rraka-_/s_//ra has be5 set =?1 ^: aim x is to %[ t !re is only "o highe/ ,"l ev] un*ang+1 ^: sub/ance is cognition#ahh1 & :o1 by means ( ,nesci5ce1 manife/s himself 9 v>i\s ways1 j z a ?aumaturg appe>s 9 diff]5t %apes by means ( 8 magical p[]4 ,besides t ,"l !re is no o!r sub/ance ( cognition4--,if1 n[1 ! ,strakra raises & refutes ! d\bt :e!r a c]ta9 passage :i* 79 reality7 ref]s to ! ,"l does ref] to ! individual s\l1 z he does 9 ?is & ! prec$+ ,stras#ahi1 he does s = ! foll[+ purpose4 ,to ! highe/ ,self :i* is et]nally pure1 intellig5t & free1 :i* is nev] *ang+1 "o only1 n 9 contact ) any?+1 devoid ( =m1 ! opposite *>act]i/ics ( ! individual s\l are errone\sly ascrib$2 j z ignorant m5 ascribe blue col\r to ! col\rless e!r4 ,9 ord] to remove ?is errone\s op9ion by means ( ,v$ic passages t5d+ ei!r to prove ! unity ( ! ,self or to disprove ! doctr9e ( duality--:i* passages he /r5g!ns by argum5ts--he insi/s on ! diff]5ce ( ! highe/ ,self f ! individual s\l1 does h[ev] n mean to prove !reby t ! s\l is diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self1 b1 :5ev] speak+ ( ! s\l1 ref]s to its di/9ction 7f ! ,self7 z =m+ an item ( ord9>y ?\ght1 due to ! p[] ( ,nesci5ce4 ,= ?us1 he ?9ks1 ! ,v$ic injunctions ( works :i* are giv5 ) a view to ! /ates ( act+ & enjoy+1 natural 7to ! non-enlight5$ s\l71 are n /ultifi$4--,t1 h[ev]1 ! absolute unity ( ! ,self is ! real purport ( ! _/s_//ra's tea*+1 ! ,strakra decl>es1 = in/ance1 9 ,i1 #a1 #cjaij4 ,! refutation ( ! reproa* ( futility rais$ aga9/ ! injunctions ( works has already be5 set =? by u1 on ! gr\nd ( ! di/9ction betwe5 su* p]sons z possess full k1 & su* z d n4 #bj4 ,& ! ref]5ce 7to ! individual s\l7 has a diff]5t mean+4 ,! alleg$ ref]5ce to ! individual s\l :i* has be5 po9t$ out 7by ! prvapak%97 9 ! passage complem5t>y to ! passage ab\t ! small e!r 7',n[ t s]5e be+1' c41 ,,viii1 #c1 #d7 tea*es1 if ! small e!r is int]pret$ to mean ! highe/ ,"l1 nei!r ! wor%ip ( ! individual s\l nor any qualification ( ! subject "u discussion 7viz4 ! small e!r71 & is !re=e devoid ( mean+4--,on t acc\nt ! ,stra decl>es t ! ref]5ce has ano!r mean+1 i4e4 t ! ref]5ce to ! individual s\l is n meant to det]m9e ! nature ( ! individual s\l1 b r ! nature ( ! highe/ ,"l4 ,9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! individual s\l :i*1 9 ! passage ref]r$ to1 is call$ ! s]5e be+1 acts 9 ! wak+ /ate z ! rul] ( ! aggregate compris+ ! body & ! s5se-organs2 p]meates 9 sleep ! na_/d_/s ( ! body1 & enjoys ! dream visions result+ f ! impressions ( ! wak+ /ate2 &1 f9ally1 desir\s ( rea*+ an inn] refuge1 rises 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep beyond its imag9$ connexion ) ! gross & ! subtle body1 rea*es ! highe/ light1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,brahman previ\sly call$ e!r1 & ?us dive/+ itself ( ! /ate ( specific cognition appe>s 9 its own 7true7 nature4 ,! highe/ light :i* ! s\l is to rea* & ?r\gh :i* x is manife/$ 9 its true nature is ! ,self1 free f s9 & s on1 :i* is !re repres5t$ z ! object ( wor%ip4--,9 ?is s5se ! ref]5ce to ! individual s\l c be admitt$ by ^? also :o ma9ta9 t 9 reality ! highe/ ,"l is meant4 #ba4 ,if x be said t on acc\nt ( ! scriptural decl>ation ( ! smallness 7( ! e!r7 7! ,"l _c be meant2 we reply t7 t has be5 expla9$ 7be=e74 ,! prvapak%9 has rem>k$ t ! smallness ( ! e!r /at$ by ,scripture 7',9 x is t small e!r'7 does n agree ) ! highe/ ,"l1 t x may h[ev] be pr$icat$ ( ! individual s\l :i* 79 ano!r passage7 is comp>$ to ! po9t ( a goad4 ,z t rem>k calls = a refutation we po9t out t x has be5 refut$ already1 x hav+ be5 %[n--"u ,i1 #b1 #g--t a relative smallness may be attribut$ to ! ,"l4 ,! same refutation is--z ! ,stra po9ts out--to be appli$ "h also4--,t smallness is1 moreov]1 contradict$ by t scriptural passage :i* comp>es 7! e!r )9 ! he>t7 ) ! kn[n 7univ]sal7 e!r4 7',z l>ge z is ?is e!r s l>ge is ! e!r )9 ! he>t4'7 #bb4 ,on acc\nt ( ! act+ aft] 7i4e4 ! %9+ aft]71 7t aft] :i* sun1 moon1 c4 are said to %9e is ! highe/ ,self71 & 7because by ! light7 ( him 7all ?is is said to be light$74 ,we read 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #aj1 & ,ka4 ,up4 ,v1 #ae71 ',! sun does n %9e !re1 nor ! moon & ! />s1 nor ^! lightn+s1 mu* less ?is fire4 ,aft] him :5 he %9es ev]y?+ %9es2 by ! light ( him all ?is is light$4' ,! "q "h arises :e!r he 'aft] :om :5 he %9es ev]y?+ %9es1 & by ^: light all ?is is light$1' is "s lum9\s sub/ance1 or ! highe/ ,self 7prj_/_/a tman74 ,a lum9\s sub/ance1 ! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s4--,:y8--,because ! passage d5ies ! %9+ only ( su* lum9\s bodies z ! sun & ! l4 ,x is kn[n 7f e-day exp]i5ce7 t lum9\s bodies su* z ! moon & ! />s d n %9e at daytime :5 ! sun1 :i* is itself a lum9\s body1 is %9+4 ,h5ce we inf] t t ?+ on acc\nt ( :i* all ?is1 includ+ ! moon1 ! />s1 & ! sun himself1 does n %9e is likewise a ?+ ( light4 ,! '%9+ aft]' also is possible only if !re is a lum9\s body already1 = we "k f exp]i5ce t 'act+ aft]' 7imitation7 ( any k9d takes place only :5 !re are m ?an "o ag5t ( simil> nature2 "o man1 = in/ance1 walks aft] ano!r man :o walks himself4 ,!re=e we consid] x settl$ t ! passage ref]s to "s lum9\s body4 ,to ?is we reply t ! highe/ ,self only c be meant4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( ! act+ aft]4 ,! %9+ aft] m5tion$ 9 ! passage1 ',aft] him :5 he %9es ev]y?+ %9es1' is possible only if ! prj_/_/a ,self1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self1 is und]/ood4 ,( t prj_/_/a ,self ano!r scriptural passage says1 ',8 =m is light1 8 ?\ghts are true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #b74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n by any means kn[n t ! sun1 c4 %9es aft] "s o!r lum9\s body4 ,moreov]1 on acc\nt ( ! equality ( nature ( all lum9\s bodies su* z ! sun & ! l1 !re is no ne$ = !m ( any o!r lum9\s body aft] :i* !y %\ld %9e2 = we see t a lamp1 = in/ance1 does n '%9e aft]' ano!r lamp4 ,nor is !re any su* absolute rule 7z ! prvapak%9 ass]t$7 t act+ aft] is obs]v$ only among ?+s ( simil> nature4 ,x is r obs]v$ among ?+s ( dissimil> nature also2 = a r$-hot iron ball acts aft]1 i4e4 burns aft] ! burn+ fire1 & ! du/ ( ! gr\nd bl[s 7is bl[n7 aft] ! bl[+ w9d4--,! clause 'on acc\nt ( ! act+ aft]' 7:i* =ms "p ( ! ,stra7 po9ts to ! %9+ aft] 7m5tion$ 9 ! scriptural _/s_/loka "u discussion72 ! clause '& ( him' po9ts to ! f\r? pda ( ! same _/s_/loka4 ,! mean+ ( ?is latt] clause is t ! cause assign$ = ! light ( ! sun1 c4 79 ! passage 'by ! light ( him ev]y?+ is light$'7 intimates ! prj_/_/a ,self4 ,= ( t ,self ,scripture says1 ',him ! gods wor%ip z ! light ( lights1 z immortal "t' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #af74 ,t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! light ( ! sun1 ! moon1 c1 %\ld %9e by "s o!r 7physical7 light is1 9 ! fir/ place1 n kn[n2 &1 9 ! second place1 absurd z "o 7physical7 light is c\nt]act$ by ano!r4--,or else ! cause assign$ = ! %9+ does n apply only to ! sun & ! o!r bodies m5tion$ 9 ! _/s_/loka2 b ! mean+ 7( ! la/ pda7 r is--z we may conclude f ! compreh5sive /atem5t 'all ?is'--t ! manife/ation ( ?is entire _w consi/+ ( names & =ms1 acts1 ag5ts & fruits 7( action7 has = its cause ! exi/5ce ( ! light ( ,brahman2 j z ! exi/5ce ( ! light ( ! sun is ! cause ( ! manife/ation ( all =m & col\r4--,moreov]1 ! text %[s by means ( ! ^w '!re' 7'! sun does n %9e !re1' c47 t ! passage is to be connect$ ) ! g5]al topic1 & t topic is ,brahman z appe>s f ,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #e1 ',9 :om ! heav51 ! e>?1 & ! sky are wov51' c4 ,! same appe>s f a passage subsequ5t 7on ! "o j quot$ & imm$iately prec$+ ! passage "u discussion74 ',9 ! highe/ gold5 %ea? !re is ! ,brahman )\t passion & )\t p>ts2 t is pure1 t is ! light ( lights1 t is x :i* !y "k :o "k ! ,self4' ,?is passage giv+ rise to ! "q1 ',h[ is x ! light ( lights8' !re is occasion = ! reply giv5 9 ',! sun does n %9e !re1' c4--,9 refutation ( ! ass]tion t ! %9+ ( lum9\s bodies su* z ! sun & ! moon c be d5i$ only 9 case ( !re be+ ano!r lum9\s body--z1 = in/ance1 ! light ( ! moon & ! />s is d5i$ only :5 ! sun is %9+--we po9t out t x has be5 %[n t he 7! ,self7 only c be ! lum9\s be+ ref]r$ to1 no?+ else4 ,& x is q possible to d5y ! %9+ ( sun1 moon1 & s on ) reg>d to ,brahman2 = :atev] is p]ceiv$ is p]ceiv$ by ! light ( ,brahman only s t sun1 moon1 c4 c be said to %9e 9 x2 :ile ,brahman z self-lum9\s is n p]ceiv$ by means ( any o!r light4 ,brahman manife/s ev]y?+ else1 b is n manife/$ by any?+ else2 accord+ to su* scriptural passages z1 ',by ! ,self alone z 8 light man sits1' c4 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #f71 & ',he is incompreh5sible1 = he _c be compreh5d$ '7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #b1 #d74 #bc4 ,moreov] ,sm_/ri_/ti also speaks ( him 7i4e4 ( ! prj_/_/a ,self z be+ ! univ]sal light74 ,moreov] t aspect ( ! prj_/_/a ,self is spok5 ( 9 ,sm_/ri_/ti also1 viz4 9 ! ,bhagavad ,gt 7,,xv1 #f1 #ab71 ',nei!r ! sun1 nor ! moon1 nor ! fire illum9es t2 hav+ gone into :i* m5 d n return1 t is my highe/ seat4' ,& ',! light :i* abid+ 9 ! sun illum9es ! :ole _w1 & t :i* is 9 ! moon & t :i* is 9 ! fire1 all t light "k to be m9e4' #bd4 ,on acc\nt ( ! t]m1 7viz4 ! t]m '"l' appli$ to x7 ! 7p]son7 measur$ 7by a ?umb7 7is ! highe/ ,"l74 ,we read 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ab71 ',! p]son ( ! size ( a ?umb /&s 9 ! middle ( ! ,self1' c41 & 7,,ii1 #d1 #ac71 ',t p]son1 ( ! size ( a ?umb1 is l a light )\t smoke1 "l ( ! pa/ & ( ! future1 he is ! same to-day & to-morr[4 ,?is is t4'--,! "q "h arises :e!r ! p]son ( ! size ( a ?umb m5tion$ 9 ! text is ! cognitional 7individual7 ,self or ! highe/ ,self4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t on acc\nt ( ! decl>ation ( ! p]son's size ! cognitional ,self is meant4 ,= to ! highe/ ,self :i* is ( inf9ite l5g? & bread? ,scripture w\ld n ascribe ! measure ( a span2 ( ! cognitional ,self1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is connect$ ) limit+ adjuncts1 ext5sion ( ! size ( a span may1 by means ( "s fictiti\s assumption1 be pr$icat$4 ,sm_/ri_/ti also confirms ?is1 ',!n ,yama drew =?1 by =ce1 f ! body ( ,satyavat ! p]son ( ! size ( a ?umb ti$ to ,yama's noose & helpless' 7,mahbh4 ,,iii1 #afgfc74 ,= z ,yama c\ld n pull out by =ce ! highe/ ,self1 ! passage is cle>ly se5 to ref] to ! transmigrat+ 7individual s\l7 ( ! size ( a ?umb1 & we !nce inf] t ! same ,self is meant 9 ! ,v$ic passage "u discussion4 ,to ?is we reply t ! p]son a ?umb long c only be ! highe/ ,"l4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( ! t]m '"l ( ! pa/ & ( ! future4' ,= none b ! highe/ ,"l is ! absolute rul] ( ! pa/ & ! future4--,moreov]1 ! clause '?is is t' connects ! passage ) t :i* _h be5 enquir$ ab\t1 & !re=e =ms ! topic ( discussion4 ,& :at _h be5 enquir$ ab\t is ,brahman1 ',t :i* ?\ see/ z nei!r ?is nor t1 z nei!r effect nor cause1 z nei!r pa/ nor future1 tell me t' 7,i1 #b1 #ad74--',on acc\nt ( ! t]m1' i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! direct /atem5t1 9 ! text1 ( a designation1 viz4 ! t]m ',"l1' we und]/& t ! highe/ ,"l is meant#aia4--;,b /ill ! "q rema9s h[ a c]ta9 ext5sion c be attribut$ to ! omnipres5t highe/ ,self4--,! reply to ?is is giv51 9 ! next ,stra4 #be4 ,b ) ref]5ce to ! he>t 7! highe/ ,self is said to be ( ! size ( a span71 z m5 are entitl$ 7to ! /udy ( ! ,v$a74 ,! measure ( a span is ascrib$ to ! highe/ ,"l1 al?\gh omnipres5t ) ref]5ce to 8 abid+ )9 ! he>t2 j z to e!r 7space7 ! measure ( a cubit is ascrib$ ) ref]5ce to ! jo9t ( a bamboo4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 ! measure ( a span _c be ascrib$ directly to ! highe/ ,self :i* exce$s all measure1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 %[n t none b ! highe/ ,"l c be meant "h1 on acc\nt ( ! t]m ',"l1' & s on4--,b--an objection may be rais$--z ! size ( ! he>t v>ies 9 ! diff]5t classes ( liv+ be+s x _c be ma9ta9$ t ! decl>ation ( ! highe/ ,self be+ ( ! size ( a ?umb c be expla9$ ) ref]5ce to ! he>t4--,to ?is objection ! second half ( ! ,stra replies3 ,on acc\nt ( m5 7only7 be+ entitl$4 ,= ! _/s_//ra1 al?\gh prop\nd$ )\t di/9ction 7i4e4 al?\gh n itself specify+ :at class ( be+s is to proce$ accord+ to its precepts71 does 9 reality entitle m5#aib only 7to act accord+ to its precepts72 = m5 only 7( ! ?ree high] ca/es7 are1 fir/ly1 capable 7( comply+ ) ! precepts ( ! _/s_//ra72 are1 secondly1 desir\s 7( ! results ( actions enjo9$ by ! _/s_//ra72 are1 ?irdly1 n exclud$ by prohibitions2 & are1 f\r?ly1 subject to ! precepts ab\t ! upanayana c]emony & s on#aic4 ,?is po9t has be5 expla9$ 9 ! section treat+ ( ! def9ition ( adhikra 7,prva ,mm4 ,s4 ,,vi1 #a74--,n[ ! human body has ord9>ily a fix$ size1 & h5ce ! he>t also has a fix$ size1 viz4 ! size ( a ?umb4 ,h5ce1 z m5 7only7 are entitl$ to /udy & practise ! _/s_//ra1 ! highe/ ,self may1 ) ref]5ce to its dwell+ 9 ! human he>t1 be spok5 ( z be+ ( ! size ( a ?umb4--,9 reply to ! prvapak%9's reason+ t on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t ( size & on acc\nt ( ,sm_/ri_/ti we c und]/& by him :o is ( ! size ( a ?umb ! transmigrat+ s\l only1 we rem>k t--analog\sly to su* passages z ',t is ! ,self1' ',t art ?\'--our passage tea*es t ! transmigrat+ s\l :i* is ( ! size ( a ?umb is 79 reality7 ,brahman4 ,= ! ,v$nta-passages h a tw(old purport2 "s ( !m aim at sett+ =? ! nature ( ! highe/ ,self1 "s at tea*+ ! unity ( ! individual s\l ) ! highe/ ,self4 ,our passage tea*es ! unity ( ! individual s\l ) ! highe/ ,self1 n ! size ( any?+4 ,?is po9t is made cle> fur!r on 9 ! ,upani%ad1 ',! p]son ( ! size ( a ?umb1 ! inn] ,self1 is always settl$ 9 ! he>t ( m54 ,let a man draw t ,self =? f 8 body ) /ead9ess1 z "o draws ! pi? f a re$4 ,let him "k t ,self z ! ,bright1 z ! ,immortal' 7,,ii1 #f1 #ag74 #bf4 ,also 7be+s7 above !m1 7viz4 m57 7are qualifi$ = ! /udy & practice ( ! ,v$a71 on acc\nt ( ! possibility 7( x71 accord+ to ,bd>ya_/n_/a4 ,x has be5 said above t ! passage ab\t him :o is ( ! size ( a ?umb has ref]5ce to ! human he>t1 because m5 are entitl$ to /udy & act accord+ to ! _/s_//ra4 ,?is gives u an occasion = ! foll[+ discussion4--,x is true t ! _/s_//ra entitles m51 b1 at ! same "t1 !re is no exclusive rule entitl+ m5 only to ! k ( ,brahman2 ! tea*]1 ,bd>ya_/n_/a1 r ?9ks t ! _/s_//ra entitles ^? 7classes ( be+s7 also :i* are above m51 viz4 gods1 & s on4--,on :at acc\nt8--,on ! acc\nt ( possibility4--,= 9 _! cases also ! diff]5t causes on :i* ! qualification dep5ds1 su* z hav+ c]ta9 desires1 & s on1 may exi/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! gods also may h ! desire ( f9al release1 caus$ by ! reflection t all effects1 objects1 & p[]s are non-p]man5t4 ,9 ! second place1 !y may be capable ( x z _! corporeality appe>s f mantras1 ar?avdas1 itihsas1 pur_/n_/z1 & ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 !re is no prohibition 7exclud+ !m l _/,s_/dras74 ,nor does1 9 ! f\r? place1 ! scriptural rule ab\t ! upanayana-c]emony annul _! title2 = t c]emony m]ely subs]ves ! /udy ( ! ,v$a1 & to ! gods ! ,v$a is manife/ ( itself 7)\t /udy74 ,t ! gods1 moreov]1 = ! purpose ( acquir+ k1 und]go disciple%ip1 & ! l1 appe>s f su* scriptural passages z ',"o hundr$ & "o ye>s ,indra liv$ z a disciple ) ,prajpati' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #aa1 #c71 & ',bh_/ri_/gu ,vru_/n_/i w5t to 8 fa!r ,v>u_/n_/a1 say+1 ,sir1 tea* me ,brahman' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a74--;,& ! reasons :i* h be5 giv5 above aga9/ gods & _/ri_/%is be+ entitl$ to p]=m religi\s works 7su* z sacrifices71 viz4 ! circum/ance ( !re be+ no o!r gods 7to :om ! gods c\ld (f] sacrifices71 & ( !re be+ no o!r _/ri_/%is 7:o c\ld be invok$ dur+ ! sacrifice71 d n apply to ! case ( bran*es ( k4 ,= ,indra & ! o!r gods1 :5 apply+ !mselves to k1 h no acts to p]=m ) a view to ,indra1 & s on2 nor h ,bh_/ri_/gu & o!r _/ri_/%is1 9 ! same case1 to d any?+ ) ! circum/ance ( _! belong+ to ! same gotra z ,bh_/ri_/gu1 c4 ,:at1 !n1 %\ld /& 9 ! way ( ! gods' & _/ri_/%is' "r to acquire k8--,moreov]1 ! passage ab\t t :i* is ( ! size ( a ?umb rema9s equally valid1 if ! "r ( ! gods1 c4 is admitt$2 x has !n only to be expla9$ 9 ea* p>ticul> case by a ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> size ( ! ?umb 7( ! class ( be+s spok5 (74 #bg4 ,if x be said t 7! corporeal individuality ( ! gods involves7 a contradiction to 7sacrificial7 works2 we d5y t1 on acc\nt ( ! obs]vation ( ! assumption 7on ! "p ( ! gods7 ( sev]al 7=ms74 ,if ! "r ( ! gods1 & o!r be+s sup]ior to m51 to ! acquisition ( k is f\nd$ on ! assumption ( _! corporeality1 c41 we %all h to admit1 9 consequ5ce ( t corporeality1 t ,indra & ! o!r gods /& 9 ! relation ( subord9ate memb]s 7anga7 to sacrificial acts1 by means ( _! be+ pres5t 9 p]son j z ! prie/s are4 ,b ?is admission w lead to 'a contradiction 9 ! sacrificial acts1' because ! circum/ance ( ! gods =m+ ! memb]s ( sacrificial acts by means ( _! p]sonal pres5ce1 is nei!r actually obs]v$ nor possible4 ,= x is n possible t "o & ! same ,indra %\ld1 at ! same "t1 be pres5t 9 p]son at _m sacrifices4 ,to ?is we reply1 t !re is no su* contradiction4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( ! assumption ( sev]al 7=ms74 ,= x is possible = "o & ! same div9e ,self to assume sev]al =ms at ! same "t4--,h[ is t kn[n8--,f obs]vation4--,= a scriptural passage at fir/ replies to ! "q h[ _m gods !re are1 by ! decl>ation t !re are ',?ree & ?ree hundr$1 ?ree & ?ree ?\s&1' & subsequ5tly1 on ! "q :o !y are1 decl>es ',!y 7! #cjc & #cjjc7 are only ! v>i\s p[]s ( !m1 9 reality !re are only ?irty-?ree gods' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #a1 #b72 %[+ !reby t "o & ! same div9e ,self may at ! same "t appe> 9 _m =ms4 ,aft] t x proce$s to %[ t ^! ?irty-?ree gods !mselves are 9 reality conta9$ 9 six1 five1 c41 &1 f9ally1 by reply+ to ! "q1 ',:o is ! "o god8' t ,brea? is ! "o god1 %[s t ! gods are all =ms ( ,brea?1 & t ,brea?1 !re=e1 c at ! same "t appe> 9 _m =ms4--,sm_/ri_/ti also has a simil> /atem5t1 ',a ,yog91 ,o h]o ( ! ,bh>atas1 may1 by 8 p[]1 multiply 8 ,self 9 _m ?\s& %apes1 & 9 !m walk ab\t on ! e>?4 ,9 "s he may enjoy ! objects1 9 o!rs he may und]go dire p5ance1 &1 f9ally1 he may aga9 retract !m all1 j z ! sun retracts ! multitude ( 8 rays4' ,if su* ,sm_/ri_/ti passages z ! above decl>e t ev5 ,yog9s1 :o h m]ely acquir$ v>i\s extraord9>y p[]s1 su* z subtlety ( body1 & ! l1 may animate sev]al bodies at ! same "t1 h[ mu* m capable ( su* feats mu/ ! gods be1 :o naturally possess all sup]natural p[]s4 ,! gods ?us be+ able to assume sev]al %apes1 a god may divide himself into _m =ms & ent] into relation ) _m sacrifices at ! same "t1 rema9+ all ! :ile unse5 by o!rs1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 p[] to r5d] himself invisible4 ,! latt] "p ( ! ,stra may be expla9$ 9 a diff]5t mann] also1 viz4 z mean+ t ev5 be+s enjoy+ corporeal individuality are se5 to ent] into m]e subord9ate relation to m ?an "o action4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 "o individual does n at ! same "t ent] into subord9ate relation to diff]5t actions2 "o ,brhma_/n_/a1 = in/ance1 is n at ! same "t ent]ta9$ by _m ent]ta9]s4 ,b 9 o!r cases "o individual /&s 9 subord9ate relation to _m actions at ! same "t2 "o ,brhma_/n_/a1 = in/ance1 may con/itute ! object ( ! rev]5ce done to him by _m p]sons at ! same "t4 ,simil>ly1 x is possible t1 z ! sacrifice consi/s 9 ! p>t+ 7on ! "p ( ! sacrific] ) "s (f]+7 ) a view 7to "s div9ity71 _m p]sons may at ! same "t "p ) _! respective (f]+s1 all ( !m hav+ 9 view "o & ! same individual div9ity4 ,! individuality ( ! gods does n1 !re=e1 involve any contradiction 9 sacrificial works4 #bh4 ,if x be said 7t a contradiction w result7 9 respect ( ! ^w2 we refute ?is objection on ! gr\nd t 7! _w7 orig9ates f ! ^w1 z is %[n by p]ception & inf]5ce4 ,let x !n be grant$ t1 f ! admission ( ! corporeal individuality ( ! gods1 no contradiction w result 9 ! case ( sacrificial works4 ,/ill a contradiction w result 9 respect ( ! '^w' 7_/s_/abda74--,h[8--,! au?oritativ5ess ( ! ,v$a has be5 prov$ 'f its indep5d5ce1' bas+ on ! orig9al 7et]nal7 connection ( ! ^w ) its s5se 7'! ?+ signifi$'7#aid4 ,b n[1 al?\gh a div9ity possess+ corporeal individuality1 su* z admitt$ above1 may1 by means ( its sup]natural p[]s1 be able to enjoy at ! same "t ! oblations :i* =m "p ( sev]al sacrifices yet x w1 on acc\nt ( its v individuality1 be subject to bir? & dea? j z we m5 are1 & h5ce1 ! et]nal connexion ( ! et]nal ^w ) a non-et]nal ?+ be+ de/roy$1 a contradiction w arise ) reg>d to ! au?oritativ5ess prov$ to belong to ! ^w ( ! ,v$a4 ,to ?is we reply t no su* contradiction exi/s4--,:y8--',on acc\nt ( _! orig9 f x4' ,= f t v same ^w ( ! ,v$a ! _w1 ) ! gods & o!r be+s1 orig9ates4--,b--an objection w be rais$--9 ,stra ,i1 #a1 #b 7',t :5ce !re is ! orig91 c4 ( ?is _w'7 x has be5 prov$ t ! _w orig9ates f ,brahman2 h[ !n c x be said "h t x orig9ates f ! ^w8 ,&1 moreov]1 ev5 if ! orig9 ( ! _w f ! ^w ( ! ,v$a be admitt$1 h[ is ! contradiction 9 reg>d to ! ^w remov$ !reby1 inasmu* z ! ,vasus1 ! ,rudras1 ! dityas1 ! ,vi_/s_/v$evas1 & ! ,m>uts#aie are non-et]nal be+s1 because produc$2 & if !y are non-et]nal1 :at is !re to preclude ! non-et]nality ( ! ,v$ic words ,vasu1 c4 designat+ !m8 ,= x is kn[n f e-day life t only :5 ! son ( ,devadatta is born1 ! "n ,yaj_/_/adatta is giv5 to him 7lit4 made = him7#aif4 ,h5ce we adh]e to our op9ion t a contradiction does arise ) reg>d to ! '^w4' ,?is objection we negative1 on ! gr\nd t we obs]ve ! et]nity ( ! connexion betwe5 su* words z c[1 & s on1 & ! ?+s d5ot$ by !m4 ,=1 al?\gh ! individuals ( ! 7species d5ot$ by ! ^w7 c[ h an orig91 _! species#aig does n h an orig91 s9ce ( 7! ?ree categories7 sub/ances1 qualities1 & actions ! individuals only orig9ate1 n ! species4 ,n[ x is ) ! species t ! words are connect$1 n ) ! individuals1 :i*1 z be+ inf9ite 9 numb]1 are n capable ( ent]+ into t connexion4 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ! individuals d n orig9ate1 no contradiction arises 9 ! case ( words su* z c[1 & ! l1 s9ce ! species are et]nal4 ,simil>ly1 al?\gh individual gods are admitt$ to orig9ate1 !re arises no contradiction 9 ! case ( su* words z ,vasu1 & ! l1 s9ce ! species d5ot$ by !m are et]nal4 ,& t ! gods1 & s on1 belong to diff]5t species1 is to be conclud$ f ! descriptions ( _! v>i\s p]sonal appe>ance1 su* z giv5 9 ! mantras1 ar?avdas1 c4 ,t]ms su* z ',indra' re/ on ! connexion 7( "s p>ticul> be+7 ) "s p>ticul> place1 analog\sly to t]ms su* z 'army-lead]2' h5ce1 :oev] occupies t p>ticul> place is call$ by t p>ticul> "n4--,! orig9ation ( ! _w f ! '^w' is n to be und]/ood 9 t s5se1 t ! ^w con/itutes ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w1 z ,brahman does2 b :ile !re exi/ ! ev]la/+ words1 ^: ess5ce is ! p[] ( d5otation 9 connexion ) _! et]nal s5se 7i4e4 ! k_/r_/itis d5ot$71 ! accompli%m5t ( su* individual ?+s z are capable ( hav+ ^? words appli$ to !m is call$ an orig9ation f ^? words4 ,h[ !n is x kn[n t ! _w orig9ates f ! ^w8--',f p]ception & inf]5ce4' ,p]ception "h d5otes ,scripture :i*1 9 ord] to be au?oritative1 is indep5d5t 7( any?+ else74 ',inf]5ce' d5otes ,sm_/r_/iti :i*1 9 ord] to be au?oritative1 dep5ds on some?+ else 7viz4 ,scripture74 ,^! two decl>e t creation is prec$$ by ! ^w4 ,?us a scriptural passage says1 ',at ! ^w ^! ,prajpati creat$ ! gods2 at ! words 7 p\r$ out he creat$ m52 at ! ^w drops he creat$ ! fa!rs2 at ! words ?r\gh ! filt] he creat$ ! ,soma cups2 at ! words ! swift ones he creat$ ! /otra2 at ! words to all he creat$ ! _/s_/a/ra2 at ! ^w bless+s he creat$ ! o!r be+s4' ,& ano!r passage says1 ',he ) 8 m9d unit$ himself ) spee* 7i4e4 ! ^w ( ! ,v$a4--,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #d74 ,?us ,scripture decl>es 9 diff]5t places t ! ^w prec$es ! creation4--,sm_/r_/ti also deliv]s itself z foll[s1 ',9 ! beg9n+ a div9e voice1 et]nal1 )\t beg9n+ or end1 =m$ ( ! ,v$as 0 utt]$ by ,svayambh1 f :i* all activities proce$$4' ,by ! 'utt]+' ( ! voice we h "h to und]/& ! />t+ ( ! oral tradition 7( ! ,v$a71 because ( a voice )\t beg9n+ or end 'utt]+' 9 any o!r s5se _c be pr$icat$4--,aga91 we read1 ',9 ! beg9n+ ,mahe_/s_/v>a %ap$ f ! words ( ! ,v$a ! names & =ms ( all be+s & ! proc$ure ( all actions4' ,& aga91 ',! sev]al names1 actions1 & conditions ( all ?+s he %ap$ 9 ! beg9n+ f ! words ( ! ,v$a' 7,manu ,i1 #ba74 ,moreov]1 we all "k f obs]vation t any "o :5 sett+ ab\t "s ?+ :i* he wi%es to accompli% fir/ rememb]s ! ^w d5ot+ ! ?+1 & aft] t sets to "w4 ,we !re=e conclude t be=e ! creation ! ,v$ic words became manife/ 9 ! m9d ( ,prajpati ! creator1 & t aft] t he creat$ ! ?+s conespond+ to ^? words4 ,scripture also1 :]e x says 7,taitt4 ,br4 ,,ii1 #b1 #d1 #b7 'utt]+ bhr he creat$ ! e>?1' c41 %[s t ! worlds su* z ! e>?1 c4 became manife/1 i4e4 7 creat$ f ! words bhr1 c4 :i* _h become manife/ 9 ! m9d 7( ,prajpati74 ,( :at nature !n is ! '^w' ) a view to :i* x is said t ! _w orig9ates f ! '^w8'--,x is ! spho_/t_/a1 ! prvapak%9 says4#aih ,= on ! assumption t ! lett]s are ! ^w1 ! doctr9e t ! individual gods1 & s on1 orig9ates f ! et]nal words ( ! ,v$a c\ld n 9 any way be prov$1 s9ce ! lett]s p]i% z soon z !y are produc$ 7i4e4 pron\nc$74 ,^! p]i%able lett]s are moreov] appreh5d$ z diff]+ accord+ to ! pronunciation ( ! individual speak]4 ,= ?is reason we are able to det]m9e1 m]ely f ! s\nd ( ! voice ( "s unse5 p]son :om we he> read+1 :o is read+1 :e!r ,devadatta or ,yaj_/_/adatta or "s o!r man4 ,& x _c be ma9ta9$ t ?is appreh5sion ( diff]5ce reg>d+ ! lett]s is an errone\s "o2 = we d n appreh5d any?+ else :]eby x is refut$4 ,nor is x reasonable to ma9ta9 t ! appreh5sion ( ! s5se ( a ^w results f ! lett]s4 ,= x c nei!r be ma9ta9$ t ea* lett] by itself intimates ! s5se1 s9ce t w\ld be too wide an assumption2#aii nor t !re takes place a simultane\s appreh5sion ( ! :ole aggregate ( lett]s2 s9ce ! lett]s succe$ "o ano!r 9 "t4 ,nor c we admit ! explanation t ! la/ lett] ( ! ^w toge!r ) ! impressions produc$ by ! p]ception ( ! prec$+ lett]s is t :i* makes u appreh5d ! s5se4 ,= ! ^w makes u appreh5d ! s5se only if x is itself appreh5d$ 9 s f> z hav+ ref]5ce to ! m5tal grasp ( ! con/ant connexion 7( ! ^w & ! s5se71 j z smoke makes u inf] ! exi/5ce ( fire only :5 x is itself appreh5d$2 b an appreh5sion ( ! la/ lett] comb9$ ) ! impressions produc$ by ! prec$+ lett]s does n actually take place1 because ^? impressions are n objects ( p]ception4#bjj ,nor1 aga91 c x be ma9ta9$ t 7al?\gh ^? impressions are n objects ( p]ception1 yet !y may be inf]r$ f _! effects1 & t ?us7 ! actual p]ception ( ! la/ lett] comb9$ ) ! impressions left by ! prec$+ lett]s--:i* impressions are appreh5d$ f _! effects--is t :i* intimates ! s5se ( ! ^w2 = t effect ( ! impressions1 viz4 ! remembrance ( ! entire ^w1 is itself some?+ consi/+ ( p>ts :i* succe$ ea* o!r 9 "t4--,f all ?is x foll[s t ! spho_/t_/a is ! ^w4 ,aft] ! appreh5d+ ag5t1 i4e4 ! buddhi1 has1 ?r\gh ! appreh5sion ( ! sev]al lett]s ( ! ^w1 receiv$ rudim5t>y impressions1 & aft] ^? impressions h be5 matur$ ?r\gh ! appreh5sion ( ! la/ lett]1 ! spho_/t_/a pres5ts itself 9 ! buddhi all at once z ! object ( "o m5tal act ( appreh5sion4--,& x mu/ n be ma9ta9$ t t "o act ( appreh5sion is m]ely an act ( remembrance hav+ = its object ! lett]s ( ! ^w2 = ! lett]s :i* are m ?an "o _c =m ! object ( "o act ( appreh5sion4--,z t spho_/t_/a is recognis$ z ! same z (t5 z ! ^w is pron\nc$1 x is et]nal2 :ile ! appreh5sion ( diff]5ce ref]r$ to above has = its object ! lett]s m]ely4 ,f ?is et]nal ^w1 :i* is ( ! nature ( ! spho_/t_/a & possesses d5otative p[]1 !re is produc$ ! object d5ot$1 i4e4 ?is _w :i* consi/s ( actions1 ag5ts1 & results ( action4 ,aga9/ ?is doctr9e ! rev]5d ,upav>%a ma9ta9s t ! lett]s only are ! ^w4--,b--an objection is rais$--x has be5 said above t ! lett]s no soon] produc$ pass away6--,t ass]tion is n true1 we reply2 = !y are recognis$ z ! same lett]s 7ea* "t !y are produc$ anew74--,nor c x be ma9ta9$ t ! recognition is due to simil>ity only1 z 9 ! case ( hairs1 = in/ance2 = ! fact ( ! recognition be+ a recognition 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w is n contradict$ by any o!r means ( pro(4--,nor1 aga91 c x be said t ! recognition has its cause 9 ! species 7s t n ! same individual lett] w\ld be recognis$1 b only a lett] belong+ to ! same species z o!r lett]s he>d be=e72 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! same individual lett]s are recognis$4 ,t ! recognition ( ! lett]s re/s on ! species c\ld be ma9ta9$ only if :5ev] ! lett]s are pron\nc$ diff]5t individual lett]s 7 appreh5d$1 j z sev]al c[s are appreh5d$ z diff]5t individuals belong+ to ! same species4 ,b ?is is actually n ! case2 = ! 7same7 individual lett]s are recognis$ z (t5 z !y are pron\nc$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! ^w c[ is pron\nc$ twice1 we ?9k n t two diff]5t words h be5 pron\nc$1 b t ! same individual ^w has be5 repeat$4--,b1 our oppon5t rem9ds u1 x has be5 %[n above1 t ! lett]s are appreh5d$ z diff]5t ow+ to diff]5ces ( pronunciation1 z appe>s f ! fact t we appreh5d a diff]5ce :5 m]ely he>+ ! s\nd ( ,devadatta or ,yaj_/_/adatta read+4--,al?\gh1 we reply1 x is a settl$ matt] t ! lett]s are recognis$ z ! same1 yet we admit t !re are diff]5ces 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! lett]s2 b z ! lett]s are articulat$ by means ( ! conjunction & disjunction 7( ! brea? ) ! palate1 ! tee?1 c471 ^? diff]5ces are rightly ascrib$ to ! v>i\s "* ( ! articulat+ ag5ts & n to ! intr9sic nature ( ! lett]s !mselves4 ,^?1 moreov]1 :o ma9ta9 t ! individual lett]s are diff]5t h1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! fact ( recognition1 to assume species ( lett]s1 & fur!r to admit t ! appreh5sion ( diff]5ce is condition$ by ext]nal factors4 ,is x !n n mu* simpl] to assume1 z we d1 t ! appreh5sion ( diff]5ce is condition$ by ext]nal factors :ile ! recognition is due to ! intr9sic nature ( ! lett]s8 ,& ?is v fact ( recognition is t m5tal process :i* prev5ts u f look+ on ! appreh5sion ( diff]5ce z hav+ ! lett]s = its object 7s t ! oppon5t 0 wrong 9 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( su* a process74 ,= h[ %\ld1 = in/ance1 ! "o syllable ga1 :5 x is pron\nc$ 9 ! same mom5t by sev]al p]sons1 be at ! same "t ( diff]5t nature1 viz4 acc5t$ ) ! udtta1 ! anudtta1 & ! ,sv>ita & nasal z well z non-nasal#bja8 ,or else#bjb--;& ?is is ! pref]able explanation--we assume t ! diff]5ce ( appreh5sion is caus$ n by ! lett]s b by ! tone 7dhvani74 ,by ?is tone we h to und]/& t :i* ent]s ! e> ( a p]son :o is li/5+ f a di/ance & n able to di/+ui% ! sep>ate lett]s1 & :i*1 = a p]son /&+ ne>1 affects ! lett]s ) its own di/9ctions1 su* z high or l[ pit* & s on4 ,x is on ?is tone t all ! di/9ctions ( udtta1 anudtta1 & s on dep5d1 & n on ! intr9sic nature ( ! lett]s2 = !y are recognis$ z ! same :5ev] !y are pron\nc$4 ,on ?is !ory only we ga9 a basis = ! di/9ctive appreh5sion ( ! udtta1 ! anudtta1 & ! l4 ,= on ! !ory fir/ prop\nd$ 7b n[ reject$71 we %\ld h to assume t ! di/9ctions ( udtta & s on are due to ! processes ( conjunction & disjunction describ$ above1 s9ce ! lett]s !mselves1 :i* are ev] recognis$ z ! same1 are n diff]5t4 ,b z ^? processes ( conjunction & disjunction are n matt] ( p]ception1 we _c def9itely asc]ta9 9 ! lett]s any diff]5ces bas$ on ^? processes1 & h5ce ! appreh5sion ( ! udtta & s on rema9s )\t a basis4--,nor %\ld x be urg$ t f ! diff]5ce ( ! udtta & s on !re results also a diff]5ce ( ! lett]s recognis$4 ,= a diff]5ce 9 "o matt] does n involve a diff]5ce 9 "s o!r matt] :i* 9 itself is free f diff]5ce4 ,nobody1 = in/ance1 ?9ks t because ! individuals are diff]5t f ea* o!r ! species also conta9s a diff]5ce 9 itself4 ,! assumption ( ! spho_/t_/a is fur!r gratuit\s1 because ! s5se ( ! ^w may be appreh5d$ f ! lett]s4--,b--our oppon5t "h objects--,i d n assume ! exi/5ce ( ! spho_/t_/a4 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 actually p]ceive x2 = aft] ! buddhi has be5 impress$ by ! successive appreh5sion ( ! lett]s ( ! ^w1 ! spho_/t_/a all at once pres5ts itself z ! object ( cognition4--,y are mi/ak51 we reply4 ,! object ( ! cognitional act ( :i* y speak is simply ! lett]s ( ! ^w4 ,t "o compreh5sive cognition :i* foll[s ^u ! appreh5sion ( ! successive lett]s ( ! ^w has = its object ! entire aggregate ( ! lett]s con/itut+ ! ^w1 & n any?+ else4 ,we conclude ?is f ! circum/ance t 9 t f9al compreh5sive cognition !re are includ$ ^? lett]s only ( :i* a def9ite giv5 ^w consi/s1 & n any o!r lett]s4 ,if t cognitional act _h = its object ! spho_/t_/a--i4e4 some?+ diff]5t f ! lett]s ( ! giv5 ^w--!n ^? lett]s w\ld be exclud$ f x j z mu* z ! lett]s ( any o!r ^w4 ,b z ?is is n ! case1 x foll[s t t f9al compreh5sive act ( cognition is no?+ b an act ( remembrance :i* has ! lett]s ( ! ^w = its object4--,our oppon5t has ass]t$ above t ! lett]s ( a ^w be+ sev]al _c =m ! object ( "o m5tal act4 ,b !re he is wrong aga94 ,! ideas :i* we h ( a r[1 = in/ance1 or a wood or an army1 or ( ! numb]s t51 hundr$1 ?\s&1 & s on1 %[ t also su* ?+s z comprise sev]al unities c become ! objects ( "o & ! same cognitional act4 ,! idea :i* has = its object ! ^w z "o :ole is a d]iv$ "o1 9 s f> z x dep5ds on ! det]m9ation ( "o s5se 9 _m lett]s#bjc2 9 ! same way z ! idea ( a wood1 an army1 & s on4 ,b--our oppon5t may "h object--if ! ^w 7 no?+ else b ! lett]s :i* 9 _! aggregate become ! object ( "o m5tal act1 su* c\ples ( words z jr & rj or pika & kapi w\ld n be cognis$ z diff]5t words2 = "h ! same lett]s are pres5t$ to consci\sness 9 ea* ( ! words con/itut+ "o c\ple4--,!re is inde$1 we reply1 9 bo? cases a compreh5sive consci\sness ( ! same totality ( lett]s2 b j z ants con/itute ! idea ( a r[ only if !y m>* "o aft] ! o!r1 s ! lett]s also con/itute ! idea ( a c]ta9 ^w only if !y foll[ ea* o!r 9 a c]ta9 ord]4 ,h5ce x is n contr>y to reason t ! same lett]s are cognis$ z diff]5t words1 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5t ord] 9 :i* !y are arrang$4 ,! hypo!sis ( him :o ma9ta9s t ! lett]s are ! ^w may !re=e be f9ally =mulat$ z foll[s4 ,! lett]s ( :i* a ^w consi/s--assi/$ by a c]ta9 ord] & numb]--h1 ?r\gh traditional use1 ent]$ into a connexion ) a def9ite s5se4 ,at ! "t :5 !y are employ$ !y pres5t !mselves z su* 7i4e4 9 _! def9ite ord] & numb]7 to ! buddhi1 :i*1 aft] hav+ appreh5d$ ! sev]al lett]s 9 succession1 f9ally compreh5ds ! entire aggregate1 & !y ?us un]r+ly intimate to ! buddhi _! def9ite s5se4 ,?is hypo!sis is c]ta9ly simpl] ?an ! complicat$ hypo!sis ( ! gramm>ians :o tea* t ! spho_/t_/a is ! ^w4 ,= !y h to disreg>d :at is giv5 by p]ception1 & to assume some?+ :i* is nev] p]ceiv$2 ! lett]s appreh5d$ 9 a def9ite ord] are said to manife/ ! spho_/t_/a1 & ! spho_/t_/a 9 its turn is said to manife/ ! s5se4 ,or let x ev5 be admitt$ t ! lett]s are diff]5t ones ea* "t !y are pron\nc$2 yet1 z 9 t case we necess>ily mu/ assume species ( lett]s z ! basis ( ! recognition ( ! individual lett]s1 ! function ( convey+ ! s5se :i* we h demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! 7individual7 lett]s has !n to be attribut$ to ! species4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! !ory accord+ to :i* ! individual gods & s on orig9ate f ! et]nal words is unobjectionable4 #bi4 ,& f ?is v reason !re foll[s ! et]nity ( ! ,v$a4 ,z ! et]nity ( ! ,v$a is f\nd$ on ! abs5ce ( ! remembrance ( an ag5t only1 a d\bt ) reg>d to x _h be5 rais$ ow+ to ! doctr9e t ! gods & o!r individuals h sprung f x4 ,t d\bt has be5 refut$ 9 ! prec$+ ,stra4--,! pres5t ,stra n[ confirms !1 already e/abli%$1 et]nity ( ! ,v$a4 ,! et]nity ( ! ^w ( ! ,v$a has to be assum$ = ?is v reason1 t ! _w ) its def9ite 7et]nal7 species1 su* z gods & s on1 orig9ates f x4--,a mantra also 7',by means ( ! sacrifice !y foll[$ ! trace ( spee*2 !y f\nd x dwell+ 9 ! _/ri_/%is1' _/,ri_/g-v$a ,sa_/m_/h4 ,x1 #ga1 #c7 %[s t ! spee* f\nd 7by ! _/ri_/%is7 0 p]man5t4--,on ?is po9t ,v$avysa also speaks z foll[s3 ',=m]ly ! great _/ri_/%is1 be+ all[$ to d s by ,svayambh1 obta9$1 ?r\gh _! p5ance1 ! ,v$as toge!r ) ! itihsas1 :i* _h be5 hidd5 at ! end ( ! yuga4' #cj4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! equality ( names & =ms !re is no contradiction 7to ! et]nity ( ! ^w ( ! ,v$a7 9 ! r5ovation 7( ! _w72 z is se5 f _/,s_/ruti & ,sm_/ri_/ti4 ,if--! prvapak%9 resumes--! individual gods & s on did1 l ! individual animals1 orig9ate & pass away 9 an unbrok5 succession s t !re w\ld be no break ( ! c\rse ( practical exi/5ce includ+ d5om9ations1 ?+s d5om9at$ & ag5ts d5om9at+2 ! connexion 7betwe5 ^w & ?+7 w\ld be et]nal1 & ! objection z to a contradiction ) ref]5ce to ! ^w 7rais$ 9 ,stra #bg7 w\ld !reby be refut$4 ,b if1 z _/,s_/ruti & ,sm_/ri_/ti decl>e1 ! :ole ?reefold _w p]iodically dive/s itself ( "n & =m1 & is entirely dissolv$ 7at ! end ( a kalpa71 & is aft] t produc$ anew2 h[ c ! contradiction be consid]$ to h be5 remov$8 ,to ?is we reply3 ',on acc\nt ( ! sam5ess ( "n & =m4'--,ev5 !n ! beg9n+lessness ( ! _w w h to be admitt$ 7a po9t :i* ! tea*] w prove lat] on3 ,,ii1 #a1 #cf74 ,& 9 ! beg9n+less sa_/m_/sra we h to look on ! 7relative7 beg9n+1 & ! dissolution connect$ ) a new kalpa 9 ! same light 9 :i* we look on ! sleep+ & wak+ /ates1 :i*1 al?\gh 9 !m accord+ to ,scripture 7a k9d (7 dissolution & orig9ation take place1 d n give rise to any contradiction1 s9ce 9 ! lat] wak+ /ate 7subsequ5t to ! /ate ( sleep7 ! practical exi/5ce is c>ri$ on j z 9 ! =m] "o4 ,t 9 ! sleep+ & ! wak+ /ates dissolution & orig9ation take place is /at$ ,kau%4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #c1 ',:5 a man be+ asleep sees no dream :atev] he becomes "o ) t pr_/n_/a alone4 ,!n spee* goes to him ) all names1 ! eye ) all =ms1 ! e> ) all s\nds1 ! m9d ) all ?\ghts4 ,& :5 he awakes !n1 z f a burn+ fire1 sp>ks proce$ 9 all directions1 ?us f t ,self ! pr_/n_/z proce$1 ea* t[>ds its place2 f ! pr_/n_/z ! gods1 f ! gods ! worlds4' ,well1 ! prvapak%9 resumes1 x may be t no contradiction arises 9 ! case ( sleep1 z dur+ ! sleep ( "o p]son ! practical exi/5ce ( o!r p]sons suff]s no int]ruption1 & z ! sleep+ p]son himself :5 wak+ f sleep may resume ! v same =m ( practical exi/5ce :i* 0 8 previ\sly to 8 sleep4 ,! case ( a mahpralaya 7i4e4 a g5]al annihilation ( ! _w7 is h[ev] a diff]5t "o1 z !n ! entire curr5t ( practical exi/5ce is int]rupt$1 & ! =m ( exi/5ce ( a previ\s kalpa c be resum$ 9 a subsequ5t kalpa no m ?an an individual c resume t =m ( exi/5ce :i* x enjoy$ 9 a =m] bir?4 ,?is objection1 we reply1 is n valid4 ,= al?\gh a mahpralaya does cut %ort ! entire curr5t ( practical exi/5ce1 yet1 by ! fav\r ( ! highe/ ,"l1 ! ,lords 7_/s_/v>a71 su* z ,hira_/n_/yag>bha & s on1 may cont9ue ! same =m ( exi/5ce :i* belong$ to !m 9 ! prec$+ kalpa4 ,al?\gh ord9>y animat$ be+s d n1 z we see1 resume t =m ( exi/5ce :i* belong$ to !m 9 a =m] bir?2 /ill we _c judge ( ! ,lords z we d ( ord9>y be+s4 ,= z 9 ! s]ies ( be+s :i* desc5ds f man to blades ( grass a successive dim9ution ( k1 p[]1 & s on1 is obs]v$--al?\gh !y all h ! common attribute ( be+ animat$--s 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ext5d+ f man up to ,hira_/n_/yag>bha1 a gradually increas+ manife/ation ( k1 p[]1 c4 takes place2 a circum/ance :i* _/,s_/ruti & ,sm_/ri_/ti m5tion 9 _m places1 & :i* x is impossible to d5y4 ,on t acc\nt x may v well be ! case t ! ,lords1 su* z ,hira_/n_/yag>bha & s on1 :o 9 a pa/ kalpa 7 di/+ui%$ by sup]ior k & p[] ( action1 & :o aga9 appe> 9 ! pres5t kalpa1 d1 if fav\r$ by ! highe/ ,"l1 cont9ue 79 ! pres5t kalpa7 ! same k9d ( exi/5ce :i* !y enjoy$ 9 ! prec$+ kalpa2 j z a man :o rises f sleep cont9ues ! same =m ( exi/5ce :i* he enjoy$ previ\sly to 8 sleep4 ,?us ,scripture also decl>es1 ',he :o fir/ creates ,brahman 7,hira_/n_/yag>bha7 & deliv]s ! ,v$as to him1 to t ,god :o is ! light ( 8 own ?\ghts1 ,i1 seek+ = release1 g = refuge' 7_/,s_/vet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ah74 _/,s_/aunaka & o!rs moreov] decl>e 79 ! ,anukrama_/n_/s ( ! ,v$a7 t ! t5 books 7( ! _/,ri_/g-v$a7 7 se5 by ,madhu_/kkh_/&as & o!r _/ri_/%is4#bjd ,&1 simil>ly1 ,sm_/ri_/ti tells u1 = e ,v$a1 ( m5 ( exalt$ m5tal vision 7_/ri_/%is7 :o 'saw' ! subdivisions ( _! respective ,v$as1 su* z k_/nd_/z & s on4 ,scripture also decl>es t ! p]=mance ( ! sacrificial action by means ( ! mantra is to be prec$$ by ! k ( ! _/ri_/%i & s on1 ',he :o makes ano!r p]son sacrifice or read by means ( a mantra ( :i* he does n "k ! _/ri_/%i1 ! metre1 ! div9ity1 & ! ,brhma_/n_/a1 runs aga9/ a po/1 falls into a pit#bje1 c4 c41 !re=e "o mu/ "k all ^? matt]s = ea* mantra' 7r%eya ,brhma_/n_/a1 fir/ section74--,moreov]1 religi\s duty is enjo9$ & its opposite is =bidd51 9 ord] t ! animate be+s may obta9 pleasure & escape pa94 ,desire & av]sion h = _! objects pleasure & pa91 kn[n ei!r f exp]i5ce or f ,scripture1 & d n aim at any?+ ( a diff]5t nature4 ,z !re=e ea* new creation is 7no?+ b7 ! result ( ! religi\s m]it & dem]it 7( ! animat$ be+s ( ! prec$+ creation71 x is produc$ ) a nature resembl+ t ( ! prec$+ creation4 ,?us ,sm_/ri_/ti also decl>es1 ',to :atev] actions c]ta9 ( ^! 7animat$ be+s7 _h turn$ 9 a =m] creation1 to ! same !y turn :5 creat$ aga9 & aga94 ,:e!r ^? actions 7 h>mful or h>mless1 g5tle or cruel1 "r or wrong1 true or untrue1 influ5c$ by !m !y proce$2 h5ce a c]ta9 p]son delights 9 actions ( a c]ta9 k9d4'--,moreov]1 ?is _w :5 be+ dissolv$ 79 a mahpralaya7 is dissolv$ to t ext5t only t ! pot5tiality 7_/s_/akti7 ( ! _w rema9s1 & 7:5 x is produc$ aga97 x is produc$ f ! root ( t pot5tiality2 o!rwise we %\ld h to admit an effect )\t a cause4 ,nor h we ! "r to assume pot5tialities ( diff]5t k9d 7= ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! _w74 ,h5ce1 al?\gh ! s]ies ( worlds f ! e>? upw>ds1 & ! s]ies ( diff]5t classes ( animate be+s su* z gods1 animals1 & m51 & ! diff]5t conditions bas$ on ca/e1 _/s_/rama1 religi\s duty & fruit 7( works71 al?\gh all ^! we say are aga9 & aga9 int]rupt$ & !reupon produc$ anew2 we yet h to und]/& t !y are1 9 ! beg9n+less sa_/m_/s>a1 subject to a c]ta9 det]m9at5ess analog\s to ! det]m9at5ess gov]n+ ! connexion betwe5 ! s5ses & _! objects4 ,= x is impossible to imag9e t ! relation ( s5ses & s5se-objects %\ld be a diff]5t "o 9 diff]5t creations1 s t1 = in/ance1 9 "s new creation a six? s5se & a correspond+ six? s5se-object %\ld manife/ !mselves4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! ph5om5al _w is ! same 9 all kalpas & z ! ,lords are able to cont9ue _! previ\s =ms ( exi/5ce1 !re manife/ !mselves1 9 ea* new creation1 individuals be>+ ! same names & =ms z ! individuals ( ! prec$+ creations1 &1 ow+ to ?is equality ( names & =ms1 ! admitt$ p]iodical r5ovations ( ! _w 9 ! =m ( g5]al pralayas & g5]al creations d n conflict ) ! au?oritativ5ess ( ! ^w ( ! ,v$a4 ,! p]man5t id5tity ( names & =ms is decl>$ 9 _/,s_/ruti z well z ,sm_/ri_/ti2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 _/,ri_/k4 ,sa_/m_/h4 ,x1 #aij1 #c1 ',z =m]ly ! creator ord]$ sun & moon1 & ! sky1 & ! air1 & ! heav5ly _w2' :i* passage means t ! highe/ ,"l arrang$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t kalpa ! entire _w ) sun & moon1 & s on1 j z x _h be5 arrang$ 9 ! prec$+ kalpa4 ,comp>e also ,taitt4 ,brhm4 ,,iii1 #a1 #d1 #a1 ',agni desir$3 ,may ,i become ! consum] ( ! food ( ! gods2 = t end he (f]$ a cake on eight pot%]ds to ,agni & ! ,k_/ri_/ttiks4' ,?is passage1 :i* =ms "p ( ! injunction ( ! i%_/t_/i to ! ,nak%atras1 decl>es equality ( "n & =m connect+ ! ,agni :o (f]$ & ! ,agni to :om he (f]$4#bjf ,sm_/ri_/ti also conta9s simil> /atem5ts to be quot$ "h2 s1 = in/ance1 ',:atev] 7 ! names ( ! _/ri_/%is & _! p[]s to see ! ,v$as1 ! same ! ,unborn "o aga9 gives to !m :5 !y are produc$ afre% at ! end ( ! night 7! mahpralaya74 ,z ! v>i\s signs ( ! seasons return 9 succession 9 _! due "t1 ?us ! same be+s aga9 appe> 9 ! diff]5t yugas4 ,& ( :atev] individuality ! gods ( ! pa/ ages 71 equal to !m are ! pres5t gods 9 "n & =m4' #ca4 ,on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( 7! gods be+ qualifi$7 = ! madhu-vidy1 c41 ,jaim9i 7ma9ta9s7 ! non-qualification 7( ! gods = ! ,brahma-vidy74 ,a new objection is rais$ aga9/ ! av]m5t t ! gods1 c4 also are entitl$ to ! k ( ,brahman4 ,! tea*]1 ,jaim9i1 consid]s ! gods & simil> be+s n to h any claim4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( ! impossibility1 9 ! case ( ! s-call$ ,madhu-vidy1 c4 ,if _! claim to ! k ( ,brahman 7 admitt$1 we %\ld h to admit _! claim to ! madhu-vidy 7'! k ( ! honey'7 also1 because t also is a k9d ( k n diff]5t 7f ! k ( ,brahman74 ,b to admit ?is latt] claim is n possible2 =1 accord+ to ! passage1 ',! ,sun is inde$ ! honey ( ! devas' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a71 m5 are to m$itate on ! sun 7! god ditya7 "u ! =m ( honey1 & h[1 if ! gods !mselves are admitt$ z m$itat+ wor%ipp]s1 c ditya m$itate ^u ano!r ditya8--,aga91 ! text1 aft] hav+ enum]at$ five k9ds ( nect>1 ! r$ "o1 c4 resid+ 9 ! sun1 & aft] hav+ /at$ t ! five classes ( gods1 viz4 ! ,vasus1 ,rudras1 dityas1 ,m>uts1 & ,sdhyas1 live on "o ( ^! nect>s ea*1 decl>es t 'he :o ?us kn[s ?is nect> becomes "o ( ! ,vasus1 ) ,agni at _! head1 he sees ! nect> & rejoices1 c41 & indicates !reby t ^? :o "k ! nect>s enjoy$ by ! ,vasus1 c41 atta9 ! greatness ( ! ,vasus1 c4' ,b h[ %\ld ! ,vasus !mselves "k o!r ,vasus enjoy+ ! nect>1 & :at o!r ,vasu-greatness %\ld !y desire to atta98--,we h also to comp>e ! passages ',agni is "o foot1 ditya is "o foot1 ! qu>t]s are "o foot' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ah1 #b72 ',air is inde$ ! absorb]' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #a72 'ditya is ,brahman1 ?is is ! doctr9e4' ,all ^! passages treat ( ! m$itation on ! ,self ( c]ta9 div9ities1 = :i* m$itation ^! div9ities !mselves are n qualifi$4--,s x is likewise impossible t ! _/ri_/%is !mselves %\ld be qualifi$ = m$itations connect$ ) _/ri_/%is1 su* z express$ 9 passages l ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #d1 ',^! two are ! _/ri_/%is ,gautama & ,bh>advja2 ! "r ,gautama1 ! left ,bh>advja4'--,ano!r reason = ! non-qualification ( ! gods is /at$ 9 ! foll[+ ,stra4 #cb4 ,& 7! devas1 c4 are n qualifi$7 on acc\nt ( 7! words d5ot+ ! devas1 c47 be+ 7us$7 9 ! s5se ( 7sph]e (7 light4 ,to t sph]e ( light1 ! prvapak%9 resumes1 :i* is /ation$ 9 ! sky1 & dur+ its diurnal revolutions illum9es ! _w1 t]ms su* z ditya1 i4e4 ! names ( devas1 are appli$1 z we "k f ! use ( ord9>y language1 & f ,v$ic complem5t>y passages#bjg4 ,b ( a m]e sph]e ( light we _c und]/& h[ x %\ld be end[$ ) ei!r a bodily =m1 consi/+ ( ! he>t & ! l1 or intellig5ce1 or ! capability ( =m+ wi%es#bjh4 ,= m]e light we "k to be1 l e>?1 entirely devoid ( intellig5ce4 ,! same obs]vation applies to ,agni 7fire71 & s on4 ,x w p]haps be said t our objection is n valid1 because ! p]sonality ( ! devas is kn[n f ! mantras1 ar?avdas1 itihsas1 pur_/n_/z1 & f ! conceptions ( ord9>y life#bji2 b we conte/ ! relevancy ( ?is rem>k4 ,= ! conceptions ( ord9>y life d n con/itute an indep5d5t means ( k2 we r say t a ?+ is kn[n f ord9>y life if x is kn[n by ! 7ackn[l$g$7 means ( k1 p]ception1 c4 ,b none ( ! recognis$ means ( k1 su* z p]ception & ! l1 apply to ! matt] "u discussion4 ,itihsas & pur_/n_/z aga9 be+ ( human orig91 /& !mselves 9 ne$ ( o!r means ( k on :i* to base4 ,! ar?avda passages also1 :i*1 z =m+ syntactical :oles ) ! injunctory passages1 h m]ely ! purpose ( glorify+ 7:at is enjo9$ 9 ! latt]71 _c be consid]$ to con/itute by !mselves reasons = ! exi/5ce ( ! p]sonality1 c4 ( ! devas4 ,! mantras aga91 :i*1 on ! gr\nd ( direct enunciation1 c41 are to be employ$ 7at ! diff]5t /ages ( ! sacrificial action71 h m]ely ! purpose ( d5ot+ ?+s connect$ ) ! sacrificial p]=mance1 & d n con/itute an indep5d5t means ( au?oritative k = any?+#baj4--;,= ^! reasons ! devas1 & simil> be+s1 are n qualifi$ = ! k ( ,brahman4 #cc4 ,bd>ya_/n_/a1 on ! o!r h&1 7ma9ta9s7 ! exi/5ce 7( qualification = ,brahma-vidy on ! "p ( ! gods72 = !re are 7passages indicatory ( t74 ,! expression 'on ! o!r h&' is meant to rebut ! prvapak%a4 ,! tea*]1 ,bd>ya_/n_/a1 ma9ta9s ! exi/5ce ( ! qualification on ! "p ( ! gods1 c4 ,=1 al?\gh ! qualification ( ! gods _c be admitt$ ) ref]5ce to ! madhu-vidy1 & simil> topics ( k1 9 :i* ! gods !mselves are implicat$1 /ill !y may be qualifi$ = ! pure k ( ,brahman1 qualification 9 g5]al dep5d+ on ! pres5ce ( desire1 capability1 c4#baa ,nor does ! impossibility ( qualification 9 c]ta9 cases int]f]e ) ! pres5ce ( qualification 9 ^? o!r cases :]e x is n impossible4 ,to ! case ( ! gods ! same reason+ applies z to ! case ( m52 = among m5 also1 all are n qualifi$ = ev]y?+1 ,brhma_/n_/z1 = in/ance1 n = ! rjasya-sacrifice#bab4 ,&1 ) ref]5ce to ! k ( ,brahman1 ,scripture1 moreov]1 conta9s express h9ts notify+ t ! devas are qualifi$2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 _/,br_/i4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj1 ',:atev] ,deva 0 awak5$ 7s z to "k ,brahman7 he inde$ became t2 & ! same ) _/ri_/%is2' ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #b1 ',!y said3 ,well1 let u se>* = t ,self by :i*1 if "o has se>*$ x out1 all worlds & all desires are obta9$4 ,?us say+1 ,indra w5t =? f ! ,devas1 ,viro_/k_/ana f ! ,asuras4' ,simil> /atem5ts are met ) 9 ,sm_/ri_/ti1 s1 = in/ance1 9 ! colloquy ( ! ,g&h>va & ,yj_/_/avalkya#bac4--;,aga9/ ! objection rais$ 9 ! prec$+ ,stra 7#cb7 we argue z foll[s4 ,words l ditya1 & s on1 :i* d5ote devas1 al?\gh hav+ ref]5ce to light & ! l1 yet convey ! idea ( c]ta9 div9e ,selfs 7p]sons7 end[$ ) intellig5ce & pre-em95t p[]2 = !y are us$ 9 t s5se 9 mantras & ar?avda passages4 ,= ! devas possess1 9 consequ5ce ( _! pre-em95t p[]1 ! capability ( resid+ )9 ! light1 & s on1 & to assume any =m !y l4 ,?us we read 9 ,scripture1 9 ! ar?avda passage expla9+ ! words 'ram ( ,m$hti?i1' :i* =m "p ( ! ,subrahma_/n_/ya-=mula1 t ',indra1 hav+ assum$ ! %ape ( a ram1 c>ri$ (f ,m$hti?i1 ! desc5dant ( ,ka_/n_/va' 7,%a_/d_/v4 ,br4 ,i1 #a74 ,& ?us ,sm_/ri_/ti says t 'ditya1 hav+ assum$ ! %ape ( a man1 came to ,kunt4' ,moreov]1 ev5 9 su* sub/ances z e>?1 intellig5t rul+ be+s mu/ be admitt$ to reside1 = t appe>s f su* scriptural passages z '! e>? spoke1' '! wat]s spoke1' c4 ,! non-intellig5ce ( light & ! l1 9 s f> z !y are m]e mat]ial elem5ts1 is admitt$ 9 ! case ( ! sun 7ditya71 c4 also2 b--z already rem>k$--f ! use ( ! words 9 mantras & ar?avdas x appe>s t !re are intellig5t be+s ( div9e nature 7:i* animate ^? mat]ial elem5ts74 ,we n[ turn to ! objection 7rais$ above by ! prvapak%97 t mantras & ar?avdas1 z m]ely subs]v+ o!r purposes1 h no p[] ( sett+ =? ! p]sonality ( ! devas1 & rem>k t n ! circum/ance ( subord9ation or non-subord9ation to "s o!r purpose1 b r ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a c]ta9 idea furni%es a reason = 7our assum+7 ! exi/5ce ( some?+4 ,?is is exemplifi$ by ! case ( a p]son :o1 hav+ set out = "s o!r purpose1 7nev]!less7 =ms ! conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( leaves1 grass1 & ! l1 :i* he sees ly+ on ! road4--,b1 ! prvapak%9 may "h object1 ! in/ance quot$ by y is n /rictly analog\s4 ,9 ! case ( ! w&]]1 p]ception1 ^: objects ! grass & leaves are1 is active1 & ?r\gh x he =ms ! conception ( _! exi/5ce4 ,9 ! case ( an ar?avda1 on ! o!r h&1 :i*1 z =m+ a syntactical unity ) ! correspond+ injunctory passage1 m]ely subs]ves ! purpose ( glorify+ 7! latt]71 x is impossible to det]m9e any en]gy hav+ a special object ( its own4 ,= 9 g5]al any m9or syntactical unity1 :i* is includ$ 9 a m compreh5sive syntactical unity convey+ a c]ta9 mean+1 does n possess ! p[] ( express+ a sep>ate mean+ ( its own4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we d]ive1 f ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree words con/itut+ ! negative s5t5ce1 '7,d7 n dr9k w9e1' "o mean+ only1 i4e4 a prohibition ( dr9k+ w9e1 & d n d]ive an additional mean+1 viz4 an ord] to dr9k w9e1 f ! comb9ation ( ! la/ two words1 'dr9k w9e4'--,to ?is objection we reply1 t ! in/ance la/ quot$ is n analog\s 7to ! matt] "u discussion74 ,! words ( ! s5t5ce prohibit+ ! dr9k+ ( w9e =m only "o :ole1 & on t acc\nt ! sep>ate s5se :i* any m9or syntactical unity includ$ 9 ! bigg] s5t5ce may possess _c be accept$4 ,9 ! case ( injunction & ar?avda1 on ! o!r h&1 ! words con/itut+ ! ar?avda =m a sep>ate gr\p ( _! own :i* ref]s to "s accompli%$ ?+#bad1 & only subsequ5tly to t1 :5 x comes to be consid]$ :at purpose !y subs]ve1 !y ent] on ! function ( glorify+ ! injunction4 ,let u exam9e1 z an illu/rative example1 ! injunctive passage1 ',he :o is desir\s ( prosp]ity is to (f] to ,vyu a :ite animal4' ,all ! words conta9$ 9 ?is passage are directly connect$ ) ! injunction4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! case ) ! words con/itut+ ! correspond+ ar?avda passage1 ',= ,vyu is ! swifte/ deity2 ,vyu he approa*es ) 8 own %>e2 he leads him to prosp]ity4' ,! s+le words ( ?is ar?avda are n grammatically connect$ ) ! s+le words ( ! injunction1 b =m a subord9ate unity ( _! own1 :i* conta9s ! praise ( ,vyu1 & glorify ! injunction1 only 9 s f> z !y give u to und]/& t ! action enjo9$ is connect$ ) a di/+ui%$ div9ity4 ,if ! matt] convey$ by ! subord9ate 7ar?avda7 passage c be kn[n by "s o!r means ( k1 ! ar?avda acts z a m]e anuvda1 i4e4 a /atem5t ref]r+ to some?+ 7already kn[n7#bae4 ,:5 its cont5ts are contradict$ by o!r means ( k x acts z a s-call$ gu_/n_/avda1 i4e4 a /atem5t ( a quality#baf4 ,:]e1 aga91 nei!r ( ! two m5tion$ conditions is f\nd1 a d\bt may arise :e!r ! ar?avda is to be tak5 z a gu_/n_/avda on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( o!r means ( k1 or z an ar?avda ref]r+ to some?+ kn[n 7i4e4 an anuvda7 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( contradiction by o!r means ( pro(4 ,! latt] alt]native is1 h[ev]1 to be embrac$ by reflect+ p4--,! same reason+ applies to mantras also4 ,!re is a fur!r reason = assum+ ! p]sonality ( ! gods4 ,! ,v$ic injunctions1 z enjo9+ sacrificial (f]+s to ,indra & ! o!r gods1 presuppose c]ta9 *>act]i/ic %apes ( ! individual div9ities1 because )\t su* ! sacrific] c\ld n repres5t ,indra & ! o!r gods to 8 m9d4 ,& if ! div9ity 7 n repres5t$ to ! m9d x w\ld n be possible to make an (f]+ to x4 ,s ,scripture also says1 ',( t div9ity = :i* ! (f]+ is tak5 he is to ?9k :5 ab\t to say vau%a_/t_/' 7,ai4 ,br4 ,,iii1 #h1 #a74 ,nor is x possible to consid] ! ess5tial =m 7or "*7 ( a ?+ to consi/ 9 ! ^w only#bag2 = ^w 7d5ot+7 & ?+ 7d5ot$7 are diff]5t4 ,he !re=e :o admits ! au?oritativ5ess ( ! scriptural ^w has no "r to d5y t ! %ape ( ,indra1 & ! o!r gods1 is su* z we und]/& x to be f ! mantras & ar?avdas4--,moreov]1 itihsas & pur_/n_/z also--because bas$ on mantra & ar?avda :i* possess au?oritative p[] 9 ! mann] describ$--are capable ( sett+ =? ! p]sonality1 c4 ( ! devas4 ,itihsa & pur_/n_/a c1 besides1 be consid]$ z bas$ on p]ception also4 ,= :at is n accessible to our p]ception may h be5 )9 ! sph]e ( p]ception ( p 9 anci5t times4 ,sm_/ri_/ti also decl>es t ,vysa & o!rs conv]s$ ) ! gods face to face4 ,a p]son ma9ta9+ t ! p ( anci5t times 7 no m able to conv]se ) ! gods ?an p are at pres5t1 w\ld !reby d5y ! 7inconte/able7 v>iety ( ! _w4 ,he might z well ma9ta9 t because !re is at pres5t no pr9ce rul+ ov] ! :ole e>?1 !re 7 no su* pr9ces 9 =m] times2 a position by :i* ! scriptural injunction ( ! rjasya-sacrifice#bah w\ld be /ultifi$4 ,or he might ma9ta9 t 9 =m] times ! sph]es ( duty ( ! diff]5t ca/es & _/s_/ramas 7 z g5]ally unsettl$ z !y are n[1 &1 on t acc\nt1 decl>e ^? p>ts ( ,scripture :i* def9e ^? diff]5t duties to be purposeless4 ,x is !re=e altoge!r unobjectionable to assume t ! m5 ( anci5t times1 9 consequ5ce ( _! em95t religi\s m]it1 conv]s$ ) ! gods face to face4 ,sm_/ri_/ti also decl>es t 'f ! read+ ( ! ,v$a !re results int]c\rse ) ! fav\rite div9ity' 7,yoga ,stra ,,ii1 #dd74 ,& t ,yoga does1 z ,sm_/ri_/ti decl>es1 lead to ! acquirem5t ( extraord9>y p[]s1 su* z subtlety ( body1 & s on1 is a fact :i* _c be set aside by a m]e arbitr>y d5ial4 ,scripture also proclaims ! greatness ( ,yoga1 ',:51 z e>?1 wat]1 light1 heat1 & e!r arise1 ! fivefold quality ( ,yoga takes place1 !n !re is no long] illness1 old age1 or pa9 = him :o has obta9$ a body produc$ by ! fire ( ,yoga' 7_/,s_/vet4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #ab74 ,nor h we ! "r to measure by our capabilities ! capability ( ! _/ri_/%is :o see ! mantras & brhma_/n_/a passages 7i4e4 ! ,v$a74--,f all ?is x appe>s t ! itihsas & pur_/n_/z h an adequate basis4--,& ! conceptions ( ord9>y life also mu/ n be decl>$ to be unf\nd$1 if x is at all possible to accept !m4 ,! g5]al result is t we h ! "r to conceive ! gods z possess+ p]sonal exi/5ce1 on ! gr\nd ( mantras1 ar?avdas1 itihsas1 pur_/n_/z1 & ord9>ily prevail+ ideas4 ,& z ! gods may ?us be 9 ! condition ( hav+ desires & s on1 !y mu/ be consid]$ z qualifi$ = ! k ( ,brahman4 ,moreov]1 ! decl>ations :i* ,scripture makes conc]n+ gradual emancipation#bai agree ) ?is latt] supposition only4 #cd4 ,grief ( him 7i4e4 ( ,jna_/s_/ruti7 7arose7 on acc\nt ( 8 he>+ a disrespectful spee* ab\t himself2 on acc\nt ( ! ru%+ on ( t 7grief7 7,raikva call$ him _/,s_/dra72 = x 7! grief7 is po9t$ at 7by ,raikva74 7,9 ! prec$+ adhik>a_/n_/a7 ! exclusiv5ess ( ! claim ( m5 to k has be5 refut$1 & x has be5 decl>$ t ! gods1 c4 also possess su* a claim4 ,! pres5t adhik>a_/n_/a is ent]$ on = ! purpose ( remov+ ! d\bt :e!r1 z ! exclusiv5ess ( ! claim ( twice-born m5 is capable ( refutation1 ! _/,s_/dras also possess su* a claim4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! _/,s_/dras also h su* a claim1 because !y may be 9 ! position ( desir+ t k1 & because !y are capable ( x2 & because !re is no scriptural prohibition 7exclud+ !m f k7 analog\s to ! text1 ',!re=e#bbj ! _/,s_/dra is unfit = sacrific+' 7,taitt4 ,sa_/m_/h4 ,,vii1 #a1 #a1 #f74 ,! reason1 moreov]1 :i* disqualifies ! _/,s_/dras = sacrificial works1 viz4 _! be+ )\t ! sacr$ fires1 does n invalidate _! qualification = k1 z k c be appreh5d$ by ^? also :o are )\t ! fires4 ,!re is besides an inf]5tial m>k support+ ! claim ( ! _/,s_/dras2 = 9 ! s-call$ sa_/m_/v>ga-k he 7,raikva7 ref]s to ,jna_/s_/ruti ,pautrya_/n_/a1 :o wi%es to le>n f him1 by ! "n ( _/,s_/dra ',fie1 necklace & c>nage be ?9e1 ,o _/,s_/dra1 toge!r ) ! c[s' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #b1 #c74 ,sm_/ri_/ti moreov] speaks ( ,vidra & o!rs :o 7 born f _/,s_/dra mo!rs z possess+ em95t k4--,h5ce ! _/,s_/dra has a claim to ! k ( ,brahman4 ,to ?is we reply t ! _/,s_/dras h no su* claim1 on acc\nt ( _! n /udy+ ! ,v$a4 ,a p]son :o has /udi$ ! ,v$a & und]/ood its s5se is inde$ qualifi$ = ,v$ic matt]s2 b a _/,s_/dra does n /udy ! ,v$a1 = su* /udy dem&s z its antec$5t ! upanayana-c]emony1 & t c]emony belongs to ! ?ree 7high]7 ca/es only4 ,! m]e circum/ance ( be+ 9 a condition ( desire does n furni% a reason = qualification1 if capability is abs5t4 ,m]e temporal capability aga9 does n con/itute a reason = qualification1 spiritual capability be+ requir$ 9 spiritual matt]s4 ,& spiritual capability is 79 ! case ( ! _/,s_/dras7 exclud$ by _! be+ exclud$ f ! /udy ( ! ,v$a4--,! ,v$ic /atem5t1 moreov]1 t ! _/,s_/dra is unfit = sacrifices intimates1 because f\nd$ on reason+1 t he is unfit = k also2 = ! argum5tation is ! same 9 bo? cases#bba4--,) ref]5ce to ! prvapak%9's op9ion t ! fact ( ! ^w '_/,s_/dra' be+ en\nc$ 9 ! sa_/m_/v>ga-k con/itutes an inf]5tial m>k 7( ! _/,s_/dra's qualification = k71 we rem>k t t inf]5tial m>k has no =ce1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( argum5ts4 ,= ! /atem5t ( an inf]5tial m>k possesses ! p[] ( intimation only 9 consequ5ce ( argum5ts be+ adduc$2 b no su* argum5ts are br\ght =w>d 9 ! passage quot$4#bbb ,besides1 ! ^w '_/,s_/dra' :i* occurs 9 ! sa_/m_/v>ga-vidy w\ld e/abli% a claim on ! "p ( ! _/,s_/dras to t "o vidy only1 n to all vidys4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 x is p[]less1 because occurr+ 9 an ar?avda1 to e/abli% ! _/,s_/dras' claim to any?+4--,! ^w '_/,s_/dra' c moreov] be made to agree ) ! context 9 :i* x occurs 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,:5 ,jna_/s_/ruti ,pautrya_/n_/a he>d himself spok5 ( ) disrespect by ! flam+o 7',h[ c y speak ( him1 be+ :at he is1 z if he 7 l ,raikva ) ! c>8' ,,iv1 #a1 #c71 grief 7su_/k_/7 arose 9 8 m9d1 & to t grief ! _/ri_/%i ,raikva alludes ) ! ^w _/,s_/dra1 9 ord] to %[ !reby 8 k ( :at is remote4 ,?is explanation mu/ be accept$ because a 7real7 born _/,s_/dra is n qualifi$ 7= ! sa_/m_/v>ga-vidy74 ,if x be ask$ h[ ! grief 7su_/k_/7 :i* _h aris5 9 ,jnasruti's m9d c be ref]r$ to by means ( ! ^w _/,s_/dra1 we reply3 ,on acc\nt ( ! ru%+ on 7drava_/n_/a7 ( ! grief4 ,= we may etymologise ! ^w _/,s_/dra by divid+ x into its p>ts1 ei!r z 'he ru%$ into grief 7_/,s_/u_/k_/am abhidudrva7 or z 'grief ru%$ on him1' or z 'he 9 8 grief ru%$ to ,raikva2' :ile on ! o!r h& x is impossible to accept ! ^w 9 its ord9>y conv5tional s5se4 ,! circum/ance 7( ! k+ actually be+ griev$7 is moreov] expressly t\*$ ^u 9 ! leg5d#bbc4 #ce4 ,& because ! k%attriyahood 7( ,jna_/s_/ruti7 is und]/ood f ! inf]5tial m>k 7suppli$ by 8 be+ m5tion$7 lat] on ) _/,k_/aitr>a?a 7:o 0 a k%attriya himself74 ,jna_/s_/ruti _c h be5 a _/,s_/dra by bir? = t reason also t 8 be+ a k%attriya is und]/ood f an inf]5tial sign1 viz4 8 be+ m5tion$ toge!r 79 "o *apt]7 ) ! k%attriya _/,k_/aitr>a?a ,abhipratr94 ,=1 lat] on1 i4e4 9 ! passage complem5t>y to ! sa_/m_/v>ga-vidy1 a k%attriya _/,k_/aitr>a?i ,abhipratr9 is glorifi$1 ',once :ile _/,s_/aunaka ,kpeya & ,abhipratr9 ,kk%as5i 7 be+ wait$ on at _! meal a religi\s /ud5t begg$ ( !m' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #e74 ,t ?is ,abhipratr9 0 a _/,k_/aitr>a?i 7i4e4 a desc5dant ( _/,k_/itr>a?a7 we h to inf] f 8 connexion ) a ,kpeya4 ,= we "k 7f _/,s_/ruti7 ab\t ! connexion ( _/,k_/itr>a?a himself ) ! ,kpeyas 7'! ,kpeyas made _/,k_/itr>a?a p]=m t sacrifice2' ,t_/nd_/ya4 ,br4 ,,xx1 #ab1 #e71 & z a rule sacrific]s ( "o & ! same family employ (ficiat+ prie/s ( "o & ! same family4 ,moreov]1 z we und]/& f ,scripture 7'f him a _/,k_/aitr>a?i desc5d$ :o 0 a pr9ce#bbd'7 t he 7_/,k_/aitr>a?a7 0 a pr9ce1 we mu/ und]/& him to h be5 a k%attriya4 ,! fact n[ ( ,jna_/s_/ruti be+ prais$ 9 ! same vidy ) ! k%attriya ,abhipratr9 intimates t ! =m] also 0 a k%attriya4 ,= z a rule equals are m5tion$ toge!r ) equals4 ,t ,jna_/s_/ruti 0 a k%attriya we moreov] conclude f 8 s5d+ 8 door-keep] & f o!r simil> signs ( p[] 7m5tion$ 9 ! text74--,h5ce ! _/,s_/dras are n qualifi$ 7= ! k ( ,brahman74 #cf4 ,on acc\nt ( ! ref]5ce to c]emonial purifications 79 ! case ( ! high] ca/es7 & on acc\nt ( _! abs5ce be+ decl>$ 79 ! case ( ! _/,s_/dras74 ,t ! _/,s_/dras are n qualifi$1 foll[s f t circum/ance also t 9 diff]5t places ( ! vidys su* c]emonies z ! upanayana & ! l are ref]r$ to4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 _/,s_/at4 ,br4 ,,xi1 #e1 #c1 #ac1 ',he initiat$ him z a pupil2' ,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #a1 #a1 ',tea* me1 ,sir6 ?us he approa*$ him2' ,pra4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 ',devot$ to ,brahman1 firm 9 ,brahman1 seek+ = ! highe/ ,brahman !y1 c>ry+ fuel 9 _! h&s1 approa*$ ! v5]able ,pippalda1 ?9k+ t he w\ld tea* !m all t4'--,?us ! foll[+ passage also1 ',he )\t hav+ made !m und]go ! upanayana 7said7 to !m' 7,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #aa1 #g71 %[s t ! upanayana is a well-e/abli%$ c]emony#bbe4--,) ref]5ce to ! _/,s_/dras1 on ! o!r h&1 ! abs5ce ( c]emonies is frequ5tly m5tion$2 s1 = in/ance1 ,manu ,x1 #d1 :]e !y are spok5 ( z 'once born' only 7'! _/,s_/dra is ! f\r? ca/e1 once-born'71 & ,manu ,x1 #abf1 ',9 ! _/,s_/dra !re is n any s91 & he is n fit = any c]emony4' #cg4 ,& on acc\nt ( 7,gautama7 proce$+ 7to initiate ,jbla7 on ! asc]ta9m5t ( 787 n be+ t 7i4e4 a _/,s_/dra74 ,! _/,s_/dras are n qualifi$ = t reason also t ,gautama1 hav+ asc]ta9$ ,jbla n to be a _/,s_/dra f 8 speak+ ! tru?1 proce$$ to initiate & in/ruct him4 ',none :o is n a ,brhma_/n_/a w\ld ?us speak out4 ,g & fet* fuel1 fri5d1 ,i %all initiate y4 ,y h n sw]v$ f ! tru?' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #e72 :i* scriptural passage furni%es an inf]5tial sign 7( ! _/,s_/dras n be+ capable ( initiation74 #ch4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! prohibition1 9 ,sm_/ri_/ti1 ( 7! _/,s_/dras'7 he>+ & /udy+ 7! ,v$a7 & 7kn[+ & p]=m+7 7,v$ic7 matt]s4 ,! _/,s_/dras are n qualifi$ = t reason also t ,sm_/ri_/ti prohibits _! he>+ ! ,v$a1 _! /udy+ ! ,v$a1 & _! und]/&+ & p]=m+ ,v$ic matt]s4 ,! prohibition ( he>+ ! ,v$a is convey$ by ! foll[+ passages3 ',! e>s ( him :o he>s ! ,v$a are to be fill$ ) 7molt57 lead & lac1' & ',= a _/,s_/dra is 7l7 a cemet]y1 !re=e 7! ,v$a7 is n to be read 9 ! vic9ity ( a _/,s_/dra4' ,f ?is latt] passage ! prohibition ( /udy+ ! ,v$a results at once2 = h[ %\ld he /udy ,scripture 9 ^: vic9ity x is n ev5 to be read8 ,!re is1 moreov]1 an express prohibition 7( ! _/,s_/dras /udy+ ! ,v$a74 ',8 tongue is to be slit if he pron\nces x2 8 body is to be cut ?r\gh if he pres]ves x4' ,! prohibitions ( he>+ & /udy+ ! ,v$a already imply ! prohibition ( ! k & p]=mance ( ,v$ic matt]s2 !re are1 h[ev]1 express prohibitions also1 su* z 'he is n to imp>t k to ! _/,s_/dra1' & 'to ! twice-born belong /udy1 sacrifice1 & ! be/[al ( gifts4'--,f ^? _/,s_/dras1 h[ev]1 :o1 l ,vidura & '! religi\s hunt]1' acquire k 9 consequ5ce ( ! aft] effects ( =m] de$s1 ! fruit ( _! k _c be )held1 s9ce k 9 all cases br+s ab\t its fruit4 ,sm_/ri_/ti1 moreov]1 decl>es t all ! f\r ca/es are qualifi$ = acquir+ ! k ( ! itihsas & pur_/n_/z2 comp>e ! passage1 ',he is to tea* ! f\r ca/es' 7,mahbh474--,x rema9s1 h[ev]1 a settl$ po9t t !y d n possess any su* qualification ) reg>d to ! ,v$a4 #ci4 7,! pr_/n_/a is ,brahman71 on acc\nt ( ! trembl+ 7pr$icat$ ( ! :ole _w74 ,! discussion ( qualification = ,brahma-k--on :i* we ent]$ z an opportunity (f]$--be+ f9i%$ we return to our *ief topic1 i4e4 ! enquiry into ! purport ( ! ,v$nta-texts4--,we read 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #b71 ',:atev] !re is1 ! :ole _w :5 gone =? trembles 9 ! pr_/n_/a4 ,x 7! pr_/n_/a7 is a great t]ror1 a rais$ ?und]bolt4 ,^? :o "k x become immortal#bbf4'--,?is passage decl>es t ?is :ole _w trembles1 abid+ 9 pr_/n_/a1 & t !re is rais$ some?+ v t]rible1 call$ a ?und]bolt1 & t ?r\gh its k immortality is obta9$4 ,b z x is n imm$iately cle> :at ! pr_/n_/a is1 & :at t t]rible ?und]bolt1 a discussion arises4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t1 9 accordance ) ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! t]m1 pr_/n_/a d5otes ! air ) its five modifications1 t ! ^w '?und]bolt' also is to be tak5 9 its ord9>y s5se1 & t ?us ! :ole passage conta9s a glorification ( air4 ,=1 he says1 ?is :ole _w trembles1 abid+ )9 air ) its five =ms--:i* is "h call$ pr_/n_/a--& ! t]rible ?und]bolts also spr+ f air 7or w9d7 z _! cause4 ,= 9 ! air1 p say1 :5 x manife/s itself 9 ! =m ( ,p>janya1 lightn+1 ?und]1 ra91 & ?und]bolts manife/ !mselves4--,?r\gh ! k ( t air immortality also c be obta9$2 = ano!r scriptural passage says1 ',air is ev]y?+ by itself1 & air is all ?+s toge!r4 ,he :o kn[s ?is conqu]s dea?4'--,we !re=e conclude t ! same air is to be und]/ood 9 ! passage "u discussion4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,brahman only c be meant1 on acc\nt ( :at prec$es z well z :at foll[s4 ,9 ! prec$+ z well z ! subsequ5t "p ( ! *apt] ,brahman only is spok5 (2 h[ !n c x be suppos$ t 9 ! int]m$iate "p all at once ! air %\ld be ref]r$ to8 ,! imm$iately prec$+ passage runs z foll[s1 ',t only is call$ ! ,bright1 t is call$ ,brahman1 t alone is call$ ! ,immortal4 ,all worlds are conta9$ 9 x1 & no "o goes beyond x4' ,t ! ,brahman !re spok5 ( =ms ! topic ( our passage also1 we conclude1 fir/ly1 f proximity2 &1 secondly1 f ! circum/ance t 9 ! clause1 ',! :ole _w trembles 9 pr_/n_/a' we recognise a quality ( ,brahman1 viz4 its con/itut+ ! abode ( ! :ole _w4 ,t ! ^w pr_/n_/a c d5ote ! highe/ ,self also1 appe>s f su* passages z '! pr_/n_/a ( pr_/n_/a' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ah74 ,be+ ! cause ( trembl+1 moreov]1 is a quality :i* prop]ly app]ta9s to ! highe/ ,self only1 n to m]e air4 ,?us ,scripture says1 ',no mortal lives by ! pr_/n_/a & ! brea? t goes d[n4 ,we live by ano!r 9 :om ^! two repose' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #e #e74 ,& also 9 ! passage subsequ5t to ! "o "u discussion1 7',f t]ror ( x fire burns1 f t]ror ! sun burns1 f t]ror ,indra & ,vyu1 & ,dea? z ! fif? run away1'7 ,brahman1 & n ! air1 mu/ be suppos$ to be spok5 (1 s9ce ! subject ( t passage is repres5t$ z ! cause ( fe> on ! "p ( ! :ole _w inclusive ( ! air itself4 ,!nce we aga9 conclude t ! passage "u discussion also ref]s to ,brahman1 fir/ly1 on ! gr\nd ( proximity2 &1 secondly1 because we recognise a quality ( ,brahman1 viz4 its be+ ! cause ( fe>1 9 ! words1 ',a great t]ror1 a rais$ ?und]bolt4' ,! ^w '?und]bolt' is "h us$ to d5ote a cause ( fe> 9 g5]al4 ,?us 9 ord9>y life also a man /rictly c>ries out a k+'s comm& because he fe>fully consid]s 9 8 m9d1 ',a ?und]bolt 7i4e4 ! k+'s wra?1 or ?reat5$ puni%m5t7 is hang+ ov] my head2 x might fall if ,i did n c>ry out 8 comm&4' ,9 ! same mann] ?is :ole _w inclusive ( fire1 air1 sun1 & s on1 regul>ly c>ries on its manifold functions f fe> ( ,brahman2 h5ce ,brahman z inspir+ fe> is comp>$ to a ?und]bolt4 ,simil>ly1 ano!r scriptural passage1 ^: topic is ,brahman1 decl>es1 ',f t]ror ( x ! w9d bl[s1 f t]ror ! sun rises2 f t]ror ( x ,agni & ,indra1 yea1 ,dea? runs z ! fif?4'--,t ,brahman is :at is ref]r$ to 9 our passage1 fur!r foll[s f ! decl>ation t ! fruit ( its cognition is immortality4 ,= t immortality is ! fruit ( ! k ( ,brahman is kn[n1 = in/ance1 f ! mantra1 ',a man :o kn[s him only passes ov] dea?1 !re is no o!r pa? to g' 7_/,s_/vet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ae74--,t immortality :i* ! prvapak%9 ass]ts to be sometimes repres5t$ z ! fruit ( ! k ( ! air is a m]ely relative "o2 = !re 7i4e4 9 ! *apt] f :i* ! passage is quot$7 at fir/ ! highe/ ,self is spok5 (1 by means ( a new topic be+ />t$ 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #d71 & !reupon ! inf]ior nature ( ! air & s on is ref]r$ to4 7',ev]y?+ else is evil4'7--,t 9 ! passage "u discussion ! highe/ ,self is meant appe>s f9ally f ! g5]al subject-matt]2 = ! "q 7ask$ by ,na_/k_/iketas 9 ,i1 #b1 #ad1 ',t :i* ?\ see/ z nei!r ?is nor t1 z nei!r effect nor cause1 z nei!r pa/ nor future tell me t'7 ref]s to ! highe/ ,self4 #dj4 ,! light 7is ,brahman71 on acc\nt ( t 7,brahman7 be+ se5 79 ! scriptural passage74 ,we read 9 ,scripture1 ',?us does t s]5e be+1 aris+ f ?is body1 appe> 9 its own =m z soon z x has approa*$ ! highe/ light' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c74 ,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r ! ^w 'light' d5otes ! 7physical7 light1 :i* is ! object ( sight & dispels d>kness1 or ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! ^w 'light' d5otes ! well-kn[n 7physical7 light1 because t is ! conv5tional s5se ( ! ^w4 ,= :ile x is to be admitt$ t 9 ano!r passage1 discuss$ "u ,i1 #a1 #bd1 ! ^w 'light' does1 ow+ to ! g5]al topic ( ! *apt]1 dive/ itself ( its ord9>y mean+ & d5ote ,brahman1 !re is 9 our passage no simil> reason = sett+ ! ord9>y mean+ aside4 ,moreov]1 x is /at$ 9 ! *apt] treat+ ( ! n_/d_/s ( ! body1 t a man go+ to f9al release rea*es ! sun 7',:5 he dep>ts f ?is body !n he dep>ts upw>ds by ^? v rays2' ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #f1 #e74 ,h5ce we conclude t ! ^w 'light' d5otes1 9 our passage1 ! ord9>y light4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,! ^w 'light' c d5ote ! highe/ ,brahman only1 on acc\nt ( t be+ se54 ,we see t 9 ! :ole *apt] ,brahman is c>ri$ on z ! topic ( discussion4 ,= ! ,self1 :i* is free f s91 c4 is introduc$ z ! g5]al subject-matt] 9 ,,viii1 #g1 #a 7'! ,self :i* is free f s9'72 x is !reupon set =? z t :i* is to be se>*$ out & to be und]/ood 7,,viii1 #g1 #a72 x is c>ri$ on by means ( ! clauses1 ',i %all expla9 t fur!r to y' 7,,viii1 #i1 #c ff472 aft] t fre$om f body is said to belong to x1 because x is "o ) light 7':5 he is free f ! body !n nei!r pleasure nor pa9 t\*es him1' ,,viii1 #ab1 #a7--;& fre$om f body is n possible outside ,brahman--& x is f9ally qualifi$ z '! highe/ light1 ! highe/ p]son' 7,,viii1 #ab1 #c74--;,aga9/ ! /atem5t1 made by ! prvapak%91 t ,scripture speaks ( a man go+ to release z rea*+ ! sun1 we rem>k1 t ! release !re ref]r$ to is n ! ultimate "o1 s9ce x is said to be connect$ ) go+ & dep>t+ upw>ds4 ,t ! ultimate release has no?+ to d ) go+ & dep>t+ upw>ds we %all %[ lat] on4 #da4 ,! e!r is 7,brahman71 z x is designat$ z some?+ diff]5t1 c4 7f "n & =m74 ,scripture says1 ',he :o is call$ e!r1 7k_/s_/a7 is ! reveal] ( all =ms & names4 ,t )9 :i* ^! =ms & names are conta9$ is ! ,brahman1 ! ,immortal1 ! ,self 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ad1 #a74 ,!re aris+ a d\bt :e!r t :i* "h is call$ e!r is ! highe/ ,brahman or ! ord9>y elem5tal e!r1 ! prvapak%9 decl>es t ! latt] alt]native is to be embrac$1 fir/ly1 because x is f\nd$ on ! conv5tional mean+ ( ! ^w 'e!r2' &1 secondly1 because ! circum/ance ( reveal+ names & =ms c v well be reconcil$ ) ! elem5tal e!r1 z t :i* af=ds room 7= all ?+s74 ,moreov]1 ! passage conta9s no cle> indicatory m>k ( ,brahman1 su* z creative p[]1 & ! l4 ,to ?is we reply1 t ! ^w 'e!r' c "h d5ote ! highe/ ,brahman only1 because x is designat$ z a diff]5t ?+1 c4 ,= ! clause1 ',t )9 :i* ^! two are conta9$ is ,brahman1' designates ! e!r z some?+ diff]5t f names & =ms4 ,b1 except+ ,brahman1 !re is no?+ :atev] diff]5t f "n & =m1 s9ce ! entire _w ( effects is evolv$ exclusively by names & =ms4 ,moreov]1 ! complete reveal+ ( names & =ms _c be accompli%$ by any?+ else b ,brahman1 accord+ to ! text :i* decl>es ,brahman's creative ag5cy1 ',let me ent] 7into ^? be+s7 ) ?is liv+ ,self 7jva tman71 & evolve names & =ms' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b74 ,b--x may be said--f ?is v passage x is app>5t t ! liv+ ,self also 7i4e4 ! individual s\l7 possesses reveal+ p[] ) reg>d to names & =ms4--,true1 we reply1 b :at ! passage really wi%es to intimate1 is ! non-diff]5ce 7( ! individual s\l f ! highe/ ,self74 ,& ! v /atem5t conc]n+ ! reveal+ ( names & =ms implies ! /atem5t ( signs indicatory ( ,brahman1 viz4 creative p[] & ! l4--,moreov]1 ! t]ms '! ,brahman1 ! ,immortal1 ! ,self' 7,,viii1 #ad7 indicate t ,brahman is spok5 (4 #db4 ,& 7on acc\nt ( ! designation7 7( ! highe/ ,self7 z diff]5t 7f ! individual s\l7 9 ! /ates ( deep sleep & dep>t+4 ,9 ! six? prap_/?_/aka ( ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka !re is giv51 9 reply to ! "q1 ',:o is t ,self8' a l5g?y exposition ( ! nature ( ! ,self1 ',he :o is )9 ! he>t1 among ! pr_/n_/z1 ! p]son ( light1 consi/+ ( k' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #g74 ,"h ! d\bt arises1 :e!r ! passage m]ely aims at mak+ an additional /atem5t ab\t ! nature ( ! transmigrat+ s\l 7kn[n already f o!r s\rces71 or at e/abli%+ ! nature ( ! non-transmigrat+ ,self4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! passage is conc]n$ ) ! nature ( ! transmigrat+ s\l1 on acc\nt ( ! introductory & conclud+ /atem5ts4 ,= ! introductory /atem5t1 ',he among ! pr_/n_/z :o consi/s ( k1' conta9s m>ks indicatory ( ! embodi$ s\l1 & s likewise ! conclud+ passage1 ',& t great unborn ,self is he :o consi/s ( cognition1' c4 7,,iv1 #d1 #bb74 ,we mu/ !re=e adh]e to ! same subject-matt] 9 ! int]m$iate passages also1 & look on !m z sett+ =? ! same embodi$ ,self1 repres5t$ 9 its diff]5t /ates1 viz4 ! wak+ /ate1 & s on4 ,9 reply to ?is1 we ma9ta9 t ! passage aims only at giv+ in=mation ab\t ! highe/ ,"l1 n at mak+ additional /atem5ts ab\t ! embodi$ s\l4--,:y8--,on acc\nt ( ! highe/ ,"l be+ designat$ z diff]5t f ! embodi$ s\l1 9 ! /ates ( deep sleep & ( dep>t+ f ! body4 ,8 diff]5ce f ! embodi$ s\l 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep is decl>$ 9 ! foll[+ passage1 ',?is p]son embrac$ by ! intellig5t 7prj_/_/a7 ,self kn[s no?+ t is )\t1 no?+ t is )94' ,"h ! t]m1 '! p]son1' mu/ mean ! embodi$ s\l2 = ( him x is possible to d5y t he kn[s1 because he1 z be+ ! kn[]1 may "k :at is )9 & )\t4 ,! 'intellig5t ,self1' on ! o!r h&1 is ! highe/ ,"l1 because he is nev] dissociat$ f intellig5ce1 i4e4--9 8 case--all-embrac+ k4--,simil>ly1 ! passage treat+ ( dep>ture1 i4e4 dea? 7'?is bodily ,self m\nt$ by ! intellig5t ,self moves along groan+'71 ref]s to ! highe/ ,"l z diff]5t f ! individual ,self4 ,!re also we h to und]/& by ! 'embodi$ "o' ! individual s\l :i* is ! ,"l ( ! body1 :ile ! 'intellig5t "o' is aga9 ! ,"l4 ,we ?us und]/& t 'on acc\nt ( 8 be+ designat$ z some?+ diff]5t1 9 ! /ates ( deep sleep & dep>ture1' ! highe/ ,"l =ms ! subject ( ! passage4--,) ref]5ce to ! prvapak%9's ass]tion t ! entire *apt] ref]s to ! embodi$ ,self1 because indicatory m>ks ( ! latt] are f\nd 9 its beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 we rem>k t 9 ! fir/ place ! introductory passage 7',he among ! pr_/n_/z :o consi/s ( cognition'7 does n aim at sett+ =? ! "* ( ! transmigrat+ ,self1 b r1 :ile m]ely ref]r+ to ! nature ( ! transmigrat+ ,self z some?+ already kn[n1 aims at decl>+ its id5tity ) ! highe/ ,brahman2 = x is manife/ t ! imm$iately subsequ5t passage1 'z if ?9k+1 z if mov+'#bbg1 aims at disc>d+ ! attributes ( ! transmigrat+ ,self4 ,! conclud+ passage aga9 is analog\s to ! initial "o2 = ! words1 ',& t great unborn ,self is he :o1' c41 mean3 ,we h %[n t t same cognitional ,self1 :i* is obs]v$ among ! pr_/n_/z1 is ! great unborn ,self1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,"l--,he1 aga91 :o imag9es t ! passages int]v5+ 7betwe5 ! two quot$7 aim at sett+ =? ! nature ( ! transmigrat+ ,self by repres5t+ x 9 ! wak+ /ate1 & s on1 is l a man :o sett+ out t[>ds ! ea/1 wants to set out at ! same "t t[>ds ! we/4 ,= 9 repres5t+ ! /ates ( wak+1 & s on1 ! passage does n aim at describ+ ! s\l z subject to diff]5t /ates or transmigration1 b r z free f all p>ticul> conditions & transmigration4 ,?is is evid5t f ! circum/ance t on ,janaka's "q1 :i* is repeat$ 9 e section1 ',speak on = ! sake ( emancipation1' ,yaj_/_/avalkya replies ea* "t1 ',by all t he is n affect$1 = t p]son is n atta*$ to any?+' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ad-af74 ,& lat] on he says 7,,iv1 #c1 #bb71 ',he is n foll[$ by good1 n foll[$ by evil1 = he has !n ov]come all ! sorr[s ( ! he>t4' ,we h1 !re=e1 to conclude t ! *apt] exclusively aims at sett+ =? ! nature ( ! non-transmigrat+ ,self4 #dc4 ,& on acc\nt ( su* words z ,"l1 c4 ,t ! *apt] aims at sett+ =? ! nature ( ! non-transmigrat+ ,self1 we h to conclude f t circum/ance also t !re occur 9 x t]ms su* z ,"l & s on1 intimat+ ! nature ( ! non-transmigrat+ ,self1 & o!rs exclud+ ! nature ( ! transmigrat+ ,self4 ,to ! fir/ class belongs1 = in/ance1 ',he is ! "l ( all1 ! k+ ( all ?+s1 ! protector ( all ?+s4' ,to ! latt] class belongs ! passage1 ',he does n become great] by good works1 nor small] by evil works4'--,f all :i* we conclude t ! *apt] ref]s to ! non-transmigrat+ highe/ ,"l4 ,notes3 ,footnote #afd3 ,f passages ( :i* nature we may inf] t 9 ! passage "u discussion also ! 'abode' is ,brahman4 ,footnote #afe3 ,f :i* circum/ance we may conclude t ! passage "u discussion also ref]s to ,brahman4 ,footnote #aff3 ,yat s>vam avidyropita_/m_/ tat s>va_/m_/ p>amr?ato brahma na tu yad brahma tat s>vam ity ar?a_/h_/4 ,bhmat4 ,footnote #afg3 ,s t ! passage w\ld h to be translat$1 ',t1 viz4 k1 c4 is ! bridge ( ! ,immortal4' ,footnote #afh3 ,bhogyasya bhokt_/ris_/e%atvt tasyyatanatvam uktam _/s_/ankyha na _/k_/eti1 jvasyd_/ri_/%_/t_/advr dyubhvd9imittatvezpi na sk%t tadyatanatvam aupdhikatv5vibhutvd ity ar?a_/h_/4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #afi3 ,x w\ld n h be5 requisite to introduce a special ,stra = ! individual s\l--:i*1 l ! air1 is already exclud$ by ! prec$+ ,stra--if x 7 n = ! new argum5t br\ght =w>d 9 ! foll[+ ,stra :i* applies to ! individual s\l only4 ,footnote #agj3 ,if ! individual s\l 7 meant by ! abode ( heav51 e>?1 c41 ! /atem5t reg>d+ _/s_/v>a made 9 ! passage ab\t ! two birds w\ld be altoge!r abrupt1 & on t gr\nd objectionable4 ,! same difficulty does n pres5t itself ) reg>d to ! abrupt m5tion ( ! individual s\l :i* is well kn[n to ev]ybody1 & to :i* !re=e casual allusions may be made4--,i subjo9 n&a ,giri's comm5t>y on ! entire passage3 ,jvasyopdhyaiky5vivak%itatvt tadj_/_/nezpi s>vaj_/_/nasiddhes tasyyatanatvdyabhve hetvant>a_/m_/ v_/k_/yam ity _/s_/ankya stre_/n_/a p>ih>ati kuta_/sk_/etyd94 ,tad vy_/k_/a%_/t_/e dyubhvdti4 ,nirde_/s_/am eva d>_/s_/ayati tayor iti4 ,vibhakty>?am ha tbhy_/m_/ _/k_/eti4 ,/hitye_/s_/v>asydanj jvasa_/m_/grahezpi ka?am _/s_/v>asyaiva vi_/s_/vyatanatva_/m_/ tadha yadti4 _/s_/v>asyyanatv5prak_/ri_/tatve jvap_/ri_/?akka?annupapattir ity uktam eva vyatirekadvrha anya!ti4 ,jvasyyatanatv5prak_/ri_/tatve tulynupapattir iti _/s_/ankate nanviti4 ,tasyaikyr?a_/m_/ lokasiddhasynuvdatvn naivam ity ha neti4 ,jvasyprvatvbhv5pratipdyatvam eva praka_/t_/ayati k%etraj_/_/o hti4 _/s_/v>asypi lokavdisiddhatvd apratipdyatety _/s_/ankyha _/s_/v>as tv iti4 ,footnote #aga3 ,z might be ! prim facie conclusion f ! p>ticle 'b' introduc+ ! s5t5ce 'b he 9 reality1' c4 ,footnote #agb3 ,x be+ ma9ta9$ t ! passage ref]r$ to is to be view$ 9 connexion ) ! g5]al subject-matt] ( ! prec$+ pa/ ( ! *apt]4 ,footnote #agc3 ,& w\ld ?us involve a violation ( a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,mm_/m_/s4 ,footnote #agd3 ,a rem>k direct$ aga9/ ! possible attempt to expla9 ! passage la/ quot$ z ref]r+ to ! embodi$ s\l4 ,footnote #age3 ,pi_/nd_/a_/h_/ /hlo deha_/h_/1 pr_/n_/a_/h_/ strtm4 n&a ,giri4-,! l[] ,brahman 7hira_/n_/yag>bha on strtman7 is ! vital pr9ciple 7pr_/n_/a7 9 all creatures4 ,footnote #agf3 ,sa_/m_/yagd>_/s_/ana1 i4e4 complete see+ or intuition2 ! same t]m :i* 9 o!r places--:]e x is n requisite to insi/ on ! idea ( 'see+' 9 contradi/9ction f 'reflect+' or 'm$itat+'--is r5d]$ by p]fect k4 ,footnote #agg3 ,translat$ above by '( ! %ape ( ! individual s\l4' ,footnote #agh3 ,pa_/n_/ini ,,iii1 #c1 #gg1 'mrtta_/m_/ ghana_/h_/4' ,footnote #agi3 ,s t ! int]pretation ( ! prvapak%9 _c be object$ to on ! gr\nd ( its involv+ ! comp>ison ( a ?+ to itself4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,s t no objection c be rais$ on ! gr\nd t heav5 & e>? _c be conta9$ 9 ! small e!r ( ! he>t4 ,footnote #aha3 ,viz4 ( t :i* is )9 x4 n&a ,giri proposes two explanations3 na _/k_/eti1 p>avi_/s_/e%a_/n_/atv5ety atra p>o dah>k_/s_/a updnt tasm9n iti saptamyanta-ta_/kkh_/abdasyeti _/s_/e%a_/h_/4 ,yadv p>a_/s_/abdo s nta_/h_//hava/uvi%ayas tadvi_/s_/e%a_/n_/alv5a tasm9n iti dah>k_/s_/asyokt] ity ar?a_/h_/4 ,ta_/kkh_/abdasya samnik_/ri_/%_/t_/nvayayoge viprak_/ri_/%_/t_/nvayasya jaghanyatvd k_/s_/nt>gata_/m_/ dhyeyam iti bhva_/h_/4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,a vkyabh$a--split ( ! s5t5ce--takes place accord+ to ! ,mmm_/s_/ :5 "o & ! same s5t5ce conta9s two new /atem5ts :i* are diff]5t4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,:ile ! explanation ( ,brahman by jva w\ld compel u to assume t ! ^w ,brahman second>ily d5otes ! individual s\l4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,upalabdh] adhi%_/?_/nam brahma_/n_/a deha i%yate4 ,t5sdhra_/n_/atv5a deho brahmapuram bhavet4 ,bhmat4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,i4e4 ,brahm1 ! l[] ,brahman4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,! mascul9e 'virbhtasv>pa_/h_/' qualifies ! sub/antive jva_/h_/ :i* has to be suppli$4 ,prop]ly speak+ ! jva ^: true nature has become manife/1 i4e4 :i* has become ,brahman1 is no long] jva2 h5ce ! explanatory /atem5t t ! t]m jva is us$ ) ref]5ce to :at ! jva 0 be=e x became ,brahman4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,to /ate ano!r reason %[+ t ! fir/ & second *apt]s ( ,prajpati's in/ruction ref] to ! same subject4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,i4e4 ( :om cognition is n a m]e attribute4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,al?\gh 9 reality !re is no su* ?+ z an individual s\l4 ,footnote #aij3 ,nanu jvabrahma_/n_/or aikyam na kvpi strakro mukhato vadati kim tu s>vatra bh$am eva1 ato naikyam i%_/t_/am tatrha pratipdyam tv iti4 ,footnote #aia3 ,?is la/ s5t5ce is direct$ aga9/ ! possible objection t '_/s_/abda1' :i* ! ,stra br+s =w>d z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! highe/ ,"l be+ meant1 has ! s5se ( 's5t5ce' 7vkya71 & is !re=e ( less =ce ?an linga1 i4e4 indicatory or inf]5tial m>k :i* is repres5t$ 9 our passage by ! angu%_/?_/amtrat ( ! puru%a1 & fav\rs ! jva int]pretation4 _/,s_/abda1 ! text rem>ks1 "h means _/s_/ruti1 i4e4 direct enunciation1 & _/s_/ruti ranks1 z a means ( pro(1 high] ?an linga4 ,footnote #aib3 ,i4e4 m5 belong+ to ! ?ree upp] ca/es4 ,footnote #aic3 ,! fir/ reason excludes animals1 gods1 & _/ri_/%is4 ,gods _c !mselves p]=m sacrifices1 ! ess5tial feature ( :i* is ! p>t+1 on ! "p ( ! sacrific]1 ) an (f]+ meant = ! gods4 _/,ri_/%is _c p]=m sacrifices 9 ! c\rse ( ^: p]=mance ! ance/ral _/ri_/%is ( ! sacrific] are invok$4--,! second reason excludes ^? m5 ^: only desire is emancipation & :o !re=e d n c>e = ! p]i%able fruits ( sacrifices4--,! ?ird & f\r? reasons exclude ! _/,s_/dras :o are indirectly disqualifi$ = _/s_//ric works because ! ,v$a 9 diff]5t places gives rules = ! ?ree high] ca/es only1 & = :om ! c]emony ( ! upanayana--indisp5sable = all :o wi% to /udy ! ,v$a--is n prescrib$4--,cp4 ,prva ,mm_/m_/s ,stras ,,vi1 #a4 ,footnote #aid3 ,! ref]5ce is to ,prva ,mm_/m_/s ,stras ,i1 #a1 #e 7n to ,i1 #b1 #ba1 z /at$ 9 ,muir's ,sanskrit ,texts1 ,,iii1 p4 #fi74 ,footnote #aie3 ,9 :i* classes ( be+s all ! gods are compris$4 ,footnote #aif3 ,:i* %[s t toge!r ) ! non-et]nality ( ! ?+ d5ot$ !re goes ! non-et]nality ( ! d5ot+ ^w4 ,footnote #aig3 k_/ri_/ti1 be/ translat$ by ,greek3 eidos4 ,footnote #aih3 ,! prvapak%91 i4e4 "h ! gramm>ian ma9ta9s1 = ! reasons specifi$ fur!r on1 t !re exi/s 9 ! case ( words a sup]s5su\s entity call$ spho_/t_/a :i* is manife/$ by ! lett]s ( ! ^w1 &1 if appreh5d$ by ! m9d1 itself manife/s ! s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! t]m spho_/t_/a may1 accord+ z x is view$ 9 ei!r ( ^! lights1 be expla9$ z ! manife/or or t :i* is manife/$4--,! spho_/t_/a is a grammatical fiction1 ! ^w 9 s f> z x is appreh5d$ by u z a :ole4 ,t we _c id5tify x ) ! 'notion' 7z ,deuss5 seems incl9$ to d1 p4 #hj7 foll[s f its be+ di/9ctly call$ v_/k_/aka or abhidhyaka1 & its be+ repres5t$ z t :i* causes ! conception ( ! s5se ( a ^w 7ar?adhhetu74 ,footnote #aii3 ,= t ea* lett] by itself expresses ! s5se is n obs]v$2 & if x did s1 ! o!r lett]s ( ! ^w w\ld h to be decl>$ useless4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,9 ord] to enable u to appreh5d ! s5se f ! ^w1 !re is requir$ ! actual consci\sness ( ! la/ lett] plus ! impressions ( ! prec$+ lett]s2 j z smoke enables u to inf] ! exi/5ce ( fire only if we are actually consci\s ( ! smoke4 ,b t actual consci\sness does n take place because ! impressions are n objects ( p]ceptive consci\sness4 ,footnote #bja3 ',h[ %\ld x be s8' i4e4 x _c be s2 & on t acc\nt ! diff]5ces appreh5d$ d n belong to ! lett]s !mselves1 b to ! ext]nal conditions m5tion$ above4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,) 'or else' beg9s ! exposition ( ! f9ally accept$ !ory z to ! cause :y ! same lett]s are appreh5d$ z diff]5t4 ,hi!rto ! cause _h be5 f\nd 9 ! v>iety ( ! updhis ( ! lett]s4 ,n[ a new di/9ction is made betwe5 articulat$ lett]s & non-articulat$ tone4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,i4e4 x is n directly "o idea1 = x has = its object m ?an "o lett]2 b x may be call$ "o 9 a second>y s5se because x is bas$ on ! det]m9ative k t ! lett]s1 al?\gh m ?an "o1 express "o s5se only4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,:i* circum/ance proves t exalt$ k app]ta9s n only to ,hira_/n_/yag>bha1 b to _m be+s4 ,footnote #bje3 ,viz4 n>aka1 ! comm5t>ies say4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,asm9 kalpe s>ve%m pr_/n_/9m dhapkaprak_/s_/akr yozyam agnir d_/ris_/yate sozyam agni_/h_/ prvasm9 kalpe manu%ya_/h_/ san devatvapadaprpaka_/m_/ k>mnu%_/?_/ysm9 kalpa etaj janma labdhavn ata_/h_/ prvasm9 kalpe sa manu%yo bhv9_/m_/ sa_/m_/j_/_/m _/sri_/tygnir iti vyapadi_/s_/yate4--,sya_/n_/a on ! quot$ passage4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,z1 = in/ance1 ',s long z ditya rises 9 ! ea/ & sets 9 ! we/' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #f1 #d74 ,footnote #bjh3 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! devas are n p]sonal be+s1 & !re=e n qualifi$ = ! k ( ,brahman4 ,footnote #bji3 ,yama1 = in/ance1 be+ ord9>ily repres5t$ z a p]son ) a /aff 9 8 h&1 ,v>u_/n_/a ) a noose1 ,indra ) a ?und]bolt1 c4 c4 ,footnote #baj3 ,on ! prop] function ( ar?avda & mantra accord+ to ! ,mm_/m_/s1 cp4 ,ar?asa_/m_/graha1 ,introduction4 ,footnote #baa3 ,see above1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #bab3 ,:i* c be (f]$ by k%attriyas only4 ,footnote #bac3 _/,s_/rautaling5numnabdha_/m_/ d>_/s_/ayitv smrt5pi tadbdha_/m_/ d>_/s_/yati smrtam iti4 ,ki_/m_/ atra brahma am_/ri_/tam ki_/m_/ svid v$yam anuttamam1 _/k_/intayet tatra vai gatv g&h>vo mm ap_/rikkh_/ata1 ,vi_/s_/vvasus tato rjan v$ntaj_/_/nakovida iti mok%adh>me janakayj_/_/avalkyasa_/m_/vdt prahldjag>asa_/m_/vad_/k_/ _/k_/oktnumnsiddhir ity ar?a_/h_/4 ,footnote #bad3 ,z oppos$ to an action to be accompli%$4 ,footnote #bae3 ,( ?is nature is1 = in/ance1 ! ar?avda1 ',fire is a rem$y = cold4' ,footnote #baf3 ,( ?is nature is1 = in/ance1 ! passage '! sacrificial po/ is ! sun' 7i4e4 possesses ! qualities ( ! sun1 lum9\sness1 c42 a /atem5t contradict$ by p]ception74 ,footnote #bag3 ,& !re=e to suppose t a div9ity is no?+ b a c]ta9 ^w =m+ "p ( a mantra4 ,footnote #bah3 ,! rjasya-sacrifice is to be (f]$ by a pr9ce :o wi%es to become ! rul] ( ! :ole e>?4 ,footnote #bai3 ,9 "o ( ^: /ages ! be+ desir\s ( f9al emancipation becomes a deva4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,! comm5t>ies expla9 '!re=e' by 'on acc\nt ( 8 be+ devoid ( ! ?ree sacr$ fires4' ,?is explanation does n1 h[ev]1 agree ) ! context ( ! ,taitt4 ,sa_/m_/h4 ,footnote #bba3 ,! _/,s_/dra n hav+ acquir$ a k ( ,v$ic matt]s 9 ! legitimate way1 i4e4 ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! ,v$a "u ! guidance ( a guru1 is unfit = sacrifices z well z = vidy4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,! linga conta9$ 9 ! ^w '_/,s_/dra' has no prov+ p[] z x occurs 9 an ar?avda-passage :i* has no au?ority if n connect$ ) a correspond+ injunctive passage4 ,9 our case ! linga 9 ! ar?avda-passage is ev5 directly contradict$ by ^? injunctions :i* militate aga9/ ! _/,s_/dras' qualification = ,v$ic matt]s4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,ha_/m_/savkyd tmanoznd>a_/m_/ _/s_/rutv jna_/s_/rute_/h_/ _/s_/ug utpannety etad eva ka?a_/m_/ gamyate y5sau _/s_/dra_/s_/abd5a s_/k_/yate tatrha sp_/ris_/yate _/k_/eti4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,i translate ?is passage z ,i f9d x 9 all ,,mss4 ( _/,s_/ank>a consult$ by me 7not+1 h[ev]1 t "s ,,mss4 read _/k_/aitr>a?9maika_/h_/74 n&a ,giri expressly expla9s tasmd by _/k_/aitr>a?ad ity ar?a_/h_/4--,! text ( ! ,t_/nd_/ya ,br4 runs3 tasm_/k_/ _/k_/aitr>a?nm eka_/h_/ k%atrapatir gyate1 & ! comm5t>y expla9s3 tasmt kra_/n_/d adypi _/k_/itrava_/ms_/otpannn_/m_/ madhye eka eva rj k%atrapatir baldhipatir bhavati4--,gramm> does n au?orise ! =m _/k_/ahr>a?a us$ 9 ! ,stra4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,! k+ ,a_/s_/vapati receives "s ,brhma_/n_/z z 8 pupils )\t insi/+ on ! upanayana4 ,?is express /atem5t ( ! upanayana hav+ be5 omitt$ 9 a c]ta9 case %[s x to be ! g5]al rule4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,z ! words /& 9 ! orig9al !y might be translat$ z foll[s 7& are s translat$ by ! prvapak%971 ',:atev] !re is1 ! :ole _w trembles 9 ! pr_/n_/a1 !re goes =? 7f x7 a great t]ror1 viz4 ! rais$ ?und]bolt4' ,footnote #bbg3 ,! /ress lies "h on ! 'z if4' :i* intimate t ! ,self does n really ?9k or move4 ,,f\r? ,p,,da4 ,,rev]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,highe/ ,,self6 #a4 ,if x be said t "s 7m5tion7 t :i* is bas$ on inf]5ce 7i4e4 ! pradhna72 we d5y ?is1 because 7! t]m allud$ to7 ref]s to :at is conta9$ 9 ! simile ( ! body 7i4e4 ! body itself72 & 7t ! text7 %[s4 ,9 ! prec$+ "p ( ?is "w--z ^: topic !re has be5 set =? an enquiry into ,brahman--we h at fir/ def9$ ,brahman 7,i1 #a1 #b72 we h !reupon refut$ ! objection t t def9ition applies to ! pradhna also1 by %[+ t !re is no scriptural au?ority = ! latt] 7,i1 #a1 #e71 & we h %[n 9 detail t ! common purport ( all ,v$nta-texts is to set =? ! doctr9e t ,brahman1 & n ! pradh_/n_/a1 is ! cause ( ! _w4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! ,snkhya aga9 raises an objection :i* he consid]s n to h be5 f9ally dispos$ (4 ,x has n1 he says1 be5 satisfactorily prov$ t !re is no scriptural au?ority = ! pradhna2 = "s _/s_/khs conta9 expressions :i* seem to convey ! idea ( ! pradhna4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ,kapila & o!r supreme _/ri_/%is ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( ! pradhna be+ ! g5]al cause only because x is bas$ on ! ,v$a4--,z long !re=e z x has n be5 prov$ t ^? passages to :i* ! ,snkhyas ref] h a diff]5t mean+ 7i4e4 d n allude to ! pradhna71 all our previ\s argum5tation z to ! omnisci5t ,brahman be+ ! cause ( ! _w mu/ be consid]$ z unsettl$4 ,we !re=e n[ beg9 a new *apt] :i* aims at prov+ t ^? passages actually h a diff]5t mean+4 ,! ,snkhyas ma9ta9 t t also :i* is bas$ on inf]5ce1 i4e4 ! pradhna1 is p]ceiv$ 9 ! text ( "s _/s_/khs4 ,we read1 = in/ance1 !y say1 9 ! ,k_/?_/aka 7,i1 #c1 #aa71 ',beyond ! ,great !re is ! ,undevelop$1 beyond ! ,undevelop$ !re is ! ,p]son4' ,!re we recognise1 nam$ by ! same names & enum]at$ 9 ! same ord]1 ! ?ree entities ) :i* we are acqua9t$ f ! ,snkhya-sm_/ri_/ti1 viz4 ! great pr9ciple1 ! ,undevelop$ 7! pradhna71 & ! s\l#bbh4 ,t by ! ,undevelop$ is meant ! pradhna is to be conclud$ f ! common use ( ,sm_/ri_/ti & f ! etymological int]pretation ( :i* ! ^w admits1 ! pradhna be+ call$ undevelop$ because x is devoid ( s\nd & o!r qualities4 ,x _c !re=e be ass]t$ t !re is no scriptural au?ority = ! pradhna4 ,& ?is pradhna v\*$ = by ,scripture we decl>e to be ! cause ( ! _w1 on ! gr\nd ( ,scripture1 ,sm_/ri_/ti1 & ratioc9ation4 ,y\r reason+1 we reply1 is n valid4 ,! passage f ! ,k_/?_/aka quot$ by y intimates by no means ! exi/5ce ( t great pr9ciple & t ,undevelop$ :i* are kn[n f ! ,snkhya-sm_/ri_/ti4 ,we d n recognise !re ! pradhna ( ! ,snkhyas1 i4e4 an indep5d5t g5]al cause consi/+ ( ?ree con/itut+ elem5ts2 we m]ely recognise ! ^w ',undevelop$1' :i* does n d5ote any p>ticul> det]m9$ ?+1 b may--ow+ to its etymological mean+1 't :i* is n develop$1 n manife/'--d5ote any?+ subtle & difficult to di/+ui%4 ,! ,snkhyas inde$ give to ! ^w a settl$ mean+1 z !y apply x to ! pradhna2 b !n t mean+ is valid = _! sy/em only1 & has no =ce 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! s5se ( ! ,v$a4 ,nor does m]e equality ( position prove equality ( be+1 unless ! latt] be recognis$ indep5d5tly4 ,none b a fool w\ld ?9k a c[ to be a horse because he sees x ti$ 9 ! usual place ( a horse4 ,we1 moreov]1 conclude1 on ! /r5g? ( ! g5]al subject-matt]1 t ! passage does n ref] to ! pradhna ! fiction ( ! ,snkhyas1 'on acc\nt ( !re be+ ref]r$ to t :i* is conta9$ 9 ! simile ( ! body4' ,?is means t ! body :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! simile ( ! *>iot is "h ref]r$ to z ! ,undevelop$4 ,we inf] ?is f ! g5]al subject-matt] ( ! passage & f ! circum/ance ( no?+ else rema9+4--,! imm$iately prec$+ "p ( ! *apt] exhibits ! simile 9 :i* ! ,self1 ! body1 & s on1 are comp>$ to ! "l ( a *>iot1 a *>iot1 c41 ',"k ! ,self to be ! "l ( ! *>iot1 ! body to be ! *>iot1 ! intellect ! *>iote]1 & ! m9d ! re9s4 ,! s5ses !y call ! horses1 ! objects ( ! s5ses _! roads4 ,:5 he 7! ,self7 is 9 union ) ! body1 ! s5ses & ! m9d1 !n wise p call him ! enjoy]4' ,! text !n goes on to say t he ^: s5ses1 c4 are n well controll$ ent]s into sa_/m_/sra1 :ile he :o has !m "u control rea*es ! end ( ! j\rney1 ! highe/ place ( ,vi%_/n_/u4 ,! "q !n arises3 ,:at is ! end ( ! j\rney1 ! highe/ place ( ,vi%_/n_/u8 ,:]eupon ! text expla9s t ! highe/ ,self :i* is high] ?an ! s5ses1 c41 spok5 ( is ! end ( ! j\rney1 ! highe/ place ( ,vi%_/n_/u4 ',beyond ! s5ses !re are ! objects1 beyond ! objects !re is ! m9d1 beyond ! m9d !re is ! intellect1 ! great ,self is beyond ! intellect4 ,beyond ! great !re is ! ,undevelop$1 beyond ! ,undevelop$ !re is ! ,p]son4 ,beyond ! ,p]son !re is no?+--?is is ! goal1 ! highe/ ,road4' ,9 ?is passage we recognise ! s5ses1 c4 :i* 9 ! prec$+ simile _h be5 comp>$ to horses & s on1 & we ?us avoid ! mi/ake ( ab&on+ ! matt] 9 h& & tak+ up a new subject4 ,! s5ses1 ! intellect1 & ! m9d are ref]r$ to 9 bo? passages "u ! same names4 ,! objects 79 ! second passage7 are ! objects :i* are 79 ! =m] passage7 designat$ z ! roads ( ! s5ses2 t ! objects are beyond 7high] ?an7 ! s5ses is kn[n f ! scriptural passage repres5t+ ! s5ses z grahas1 i4e4 grasp]s1 & ! objects z atigrahas1 i4e4 sup]ior to ! grahas 7,b_/ri_/ ,up4 ,,iii1 #b74 ,! m9d 7manas7 aga9 is sup]ior to ! objects1 because ! relation ( ! s5ses & _! objects is bas$ on ! m9d4 ,! intellect 7buddhi7 is high] ?an ! m9d1 s9ce ! objects ( enjoym5t are convey$ to ! s\l by means ( ! intellect4 ,high] ?an ! intellect is ! great ,self :i* 0 repres5t$ z ! "l ( ! *>iot 9 ! passage1 ',"k ! ,self to be ! "l ( ! *>iot4' ,t ! same ,self is ref]r$ to 9 bo? passages is manife/ f ! repeat$ use ( ! ^w ',self2' t ! ,self is sup]ior to intellig5ce is ow+ to ! circum/ance t ! enjoy] is naturally sup]ior to ! in/rum5t ( enjoym5t4 ,! ,self is appropriately call$ great z x is ! ma/]4--,or else ! phrase '! great ,self' may "h d5ote ! intellect ( ! fir/-born ,hira_/n_/yag>bha :i* is ! basis ( all intellects2 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ ,sm_/ri_/ti-passage x is call$ m9d1 ! great "o2 reflection1 ,brahman2 ! /ronghold1 intellect2 enunciation1 ! ,"l2 highe/ k1 consci\sness2 ?\ght1 remembrance#bbi1 & likewise ) ! foll[+ scriptural passage1 ',he 7,hira_/n_/ya-g>bha7 :o fir/ creates ,brahman & deliv]s ! ,v$as to him' 7_/,s_/vet4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ah74 ,! intellect1 :i* 9 ! =m] passage _h be5 ref]r$ to "u its common "n buddhi1 is "h m5tion$ sep>ately1 s9ce x may be repres5t$ z sup]ior to our human intellects4 ,on ?is latt] explanation ( ! t]m '! great ,self1' we mu/ assume t ! p]sonal ,self :i* 9 ! simile _h be5 comp>$ to ! *>iote] is1 9 ! latt] passage1 includ$ 9 ! highe/ p]son 7m5tion$ la/72 to :i* !re is no objection1 s9ce 9 reality ! p]sonal ,self & ! highe/ ,self are id5tical4--,?us !re rema9s n[ ! body only :i* _h be=e be5 comp>$ to a *>iot4 ,we !re=e conclude t ! text aft] hav+ enum]at$ ! s5ses & all ! o!r ?+s m5tion$ be=e1 9 ord] to po9t out ! highe/ place1 po9ts out by means ( ! "o rema9+ ^w1 viz4 avyakta1 ! only ?+ rema9+ out ( ^? :i* _h be5 m5tion$ be=e1 viz4 ! body4 ,! entire passage aims at convey+ ! k ( ! unity ( ! inw>d ,self & ,brahman1 by describ+ ! s\l's pass+ ?r\gh sa_/m_/sra & release "u ! =m ( a simile 9 :i* ! body1 c4 ( ! s\l--:i* is affect$ by ,nesci5ce & !re=e jo9$ to a body1 s5ses1 m9d1 intellect1 objects1 s5sations1 c4--are comp>$ to a *>iot1 & s on4--,9 accordance ) ?is ! subsequ5t v]se /ates ! difficulty ( kn[+ ! highe/ place ( ,vi%_/n_/u 7'! ,self is hidd5 9 all be+s & does n %9e =?1 b x is se5 by subtle se]s ?r\gh _! %>p & subtle intellect'71 & aft] t ! next v]se decl>es ,yoga to be ! means ( atta9+ t cognition4 ',a wise man %\ld keep d[n spee* 9 ! m9d1 he %\ld keep d[n ! m9d 9 intellig5ce1 intellig5ce he %\ld keep d[n )9 ! great ,self1 & he %\ld keep t )9 ! quiet ,self4'--,t means3 ,! wise man %\ld re/ra9 ! activity ( ! out] organs su* z spee*1 c41 & abide )9 ! m9d only2 he %\ld fur!r re/ra9 ! m9d :i* is int5t on d\btful ext]nal objects )9 intellig5ce1 ^: *>act]i/ic m>k is decision1 recognis+ t indecision is evil2 he %\ld fur!r re/ra9 intellig5ce )9 ! great ,self1 i4e4 ! individual s\l or else ! fundam5tal intellect2 he %\ld f9ally fix ! great ,self on ! calm ,self1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self1 ! highe/ goal1 ( :i* ! :ole *apt] treats4--,if we 9 ?is mann] review ! g5]al context1 we p]ceive t !re is no room = ! pradhna imag9$ by ! ,snkhyas4 #b4 ,b ! subtle 7body is meant by ! t]m avyakta7 on acc\nt ( its capability 7( be+ s designat$74 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 "u ! prec$+ ,stra1 t ! t]m '! ,undevelop$' signifies1 on acc\nt ( ! g5]al subject-matt] & because ! body only rema9s1 ! body & n ! pradhna ( ! ,snkhyas4--,b "h ! foll[+ d\bt arises3 ,h[ c ! ^w 'undevelop$' appropriately d5ote ! body :i*1 z a gross & cle>ly appe>+ ?+1 %\ld r be call$ vyakta1 i4e4 t :i* is develop$ or manife/$8 ,to ?is d\bt ! ,stra replies t :at ! t]m avyakta d5otes is ! subtle causal body4 ,any?+ subtle may be spok5 ( z ,undevelop$4 ,! gross body inde$ _c directly be t]m$ 'undevelop$1' b ! subtle p>ts ( ! elem5ts f :i* ! gross body orig9ates may be call$ s1 & t ! t]m d5ot+ ! causal sub/ance is appli$ to ! effect also is a matt] ( common occurr5ce2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! phrase 'mix ! ,soma ) c[s1 i4e4 milk' 7_/,ri_/g-v$a4 ,s4 ,,ix1 #df1 #d74 ,ano!r scriptural passage also--'n[ all ?is 0 !n undevelop$' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g7--%[s t ?is1 i4e4 ?is develop$ _w ) its di/9ction ( names & =ms1 is capable ( be+ t]m$ undevelop$ 9 s f> z 9 a =m] condition x 0 9 a m]ely sem9al or pot5tial /ate1 devoid ( ! lat] evolv$ di/9ctions ( "n & =m4 #c4 7,su* a previ\s sem9al condition ( ! _w may be admitt$7 on acc\nt ( its dep5d5cy on him 7! ,"l72 7= su* an admission is7 accord+ to reason4 ,"h a new objection is rais$4--,if1 ! oppon5t says1 9 ord] to prove ! possibility ( ! body be+ call$ undevelop$ y admit t ?is _w 9 its antec$5t sem9al condition be=e ei!r names or =ms are evolv$ c be call$ undevelop$1 y virtually conc$e ! doctr9e t ! pradhna is ! cause ( ! _w4 ,= we ,snkhyas und]/& by ! t]m pradhna no?+ b t antec$5t condition ( ! _w4 ,?+s lie diff]5tly1 we rejo94 ,if we admitt$ "s antec$5t /ate ( ! _w z ! indep5d5t cause ( ! actual _w1 we %\ld inde$ implicitly1 admit ! pradhna doctr9e4 ,:at we admit is1 h[ev]1 only a previ\s /ate dep5d5t on ! highe/ ,"l1 n an indep5d5t /ate4 ,a previ\s /age ( ! _w su* z ! "o assum$ by u mu/ necess>ily be admitt$1 s9ce x is accord+ to s5se & reason4 ,= )\t x ! highe/ ,"l c\ld n be conceiv$ z creator1 z he c\ld n become active if he 7 de/itute ( ! pot5tiality ( action4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a causal pot5tiality r5d]s x moreov] possible t ! releas$ s\ls %\ld n ent] on new c\rses ( exi/5ce1 z x is de/roy$ by p]fect k4 ,= t causal pot5tiality is ( ! nature ( ,nesci5ce2 x is rightly d5ot$ by ! t]m 'undevelop$2' x has ! highe/ ,"l = its sub/ratum2 x is ( ! nature ( an illusion2 x is a univ]sal sleep 9 :i* are ly+ ! transmigrat+ s\ls de/itute = ! "t ( ! consci\sness ( _! individual "*4#bcj ,?is undevelop$ pr9ciple is sometimes d5ot$ by ! t]m k_/s_/a1 e!r2 s1 = in/ance1 9 ! passage1 ',9 t ,imp]i%able !n1 ,o ,grg1 ! e!r is wov5 l w>p & wo(' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #aa74 ,sometimes1 aga91 x is d5ot$ by ! t]m ak%>a1 ! ,imp]i%able2 s1 = in/ance 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #b71 ',high]1 ?an ! high ,imp]i%able4' ,sometimes x is spok5 ( z ,my1 illusion2 s1 = in/ance 7_/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #aj71 ',"k !n ,prak_/ri_/ti is ,my1 & ! great ,"l he :o is affect$ ) ,my4' ,= ,my is prop]ly call$ undevelop$ or non-manife/$ s9ce x _c be def9$ ei!r z t :i* is or t :i* is n4--,! /atem5t ( ! ,k_/?_/aka t '! ,undevelop$ is beyond ! ,great "o' is bas$ on ! fact ( ! ,great "o orig9at+ f ! ,undevelop$1 if ! ,great "o be ! intellect ( ,hira_/n_/yag>bha4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we und]/& by ! ,great "o ! individual s\l1 ! /atem5t is f\nd$ on ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ! individual s\l dep5d+ on ! ,undevelop$1 i4e4 ,nesci5ce4 ,= ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! individual s\l z su* is altoge!r ow+ to ! relation 9 :i* x /&s to ,nesci5ce4 ,! quality ( be+ beyond ! ,great "o :i* 9 ! fir/ place belongs to ! ,undevelop$1 i4e4 ,nesci5ce1 is attribut$ to ! body :i* is ! product ( ,nesci5ce1 ! cause & ! effect be+ consid]$ z id5tical4 ,al?\gh ! s5ses1 c4 are no less products ( ,nesci5ce1 ! t]m '! ,undevelop$' "h ref]s to ! body only1 ! s5ses1 c4 hav+ already be5 specially m5tion$ by _! individual names1 & ! body alone be+ left4--,o!r int]pret]s ( ! two la/ ,stras give a some:at diff]5t explanation#bca4--,!re are1 !y say1 two k9ds ( body1 ! gross "o & ! subtle "o4 ,! gross body is ! "o :i* is p]ceiv$2 ! nature ( ! subtle "o w be expla9$ lat] on4 7,v$4 ,s4 ,,iii1 #a1 #a47 ,bo? ^! bodies toge!r 7 9 ! simile comp>$ to ! *>iot2 b "h 79 ! passage "u discussion7 only ! subtle body is ref]r$ to z ! ,undevelop$1 s9ce ! subtle body only is capable ( be+ d5ot$ by t t]m4 ,& z ! s\l's pass+ ?r\gh bondage & release dep5ds on ! subtle body1 ! latt] is said to be beyond ! s\l1 l ! ?+s 7ar?avat71 i4e4 j z ! objects are said to be beyond ! s5ses because ! activity ( ! latt] dep5ds on ! objects4--,b h[--we ask int]pret]s--is x possible t ! ^w ',undevelop$' %\ld ref] to ! subtle body only1 :ile1 accord+ to y\r op9ion1 bo? bodies _h 9 ! simile be5 repres5t$ z a *>iot1 & s equally con/itute "p ( ! topic ( ! *apt]1 & equally rema9 7to be m5tion$ 9 ! passage "u discussion78--,if y %\ld rejo9 t y are au?oris$ to settle ! mean+ ( :at ! text actually m5tions1 b n to f9d fault ) :at is n m5tion$1 & t ! ^w avyakta :i* occurs 9 ! text c d5ote only ! subtle body1 b n ! gross body :i* is vyakta1 i4e4 develop$ or manife/2 we invalidate ?is rejo9d] by rem>k+ t ! det]m9ation ( ! s5se dep5ds on ! circum/ance ( ! passages int]pret$ con/itut+ a syntactical :ole4 ,= if ! e>li] & ! lat] passage d n =m a :ole !y convey no s5se1 s9ce t involves ! ab&onm5t ( ! subject />t$ & ! tak+ up ( a new subject4 ,b syntactical unity _c be e/abli%$ unless x be on ! gr\nd ( !re be+ a want ( a complem5t>y "p ( spee* or s5t5ce4 ,if y !re=e con/rue ! connexion ( ! passages )\t hav+ reg>d to ! fact t ! latt] passage dem&s z its complem5t t bo? bodies 7:i* _h be5 spok5 ( 9 ! =m] passage7 %\ld be und]/ood z ref]r$ to1 y de/roy all syntactical unity & s incapacitate y\rselves f arriv+ at ! true mean+ ( ! text4 ,nor mu/ y ?9k t ! second passage occupies itself ) ! subtle body only1 = t reason t ! latt] is n easily di/+ui%$ f ! ,self1 :ile ! gross body is easily s di/+ui%$ on acc\nt ( its readily p]ceiv$ loa?som5ess4 ,= ! passage does n by any means ref] to su* a di/9ction--z we conclude f ! circum/ance ( !re be+ no v]b enjo9+ x--b has = its only subject ! highe/ place ( ,vi%_/n_/u1 :i* _h be5 m5tion$ imm$iately be=e4 ,= aft] hav+ enum]at$ a s]ies ( ?+s 9 :i* ! subsequ5t "o is always sup]ior to ! "o prec$+ x1 x concludes by say+ t no?+ is beyond ! ,p]son4--,we might1 h[ev]1 accept ! int]pretation j discuss$ )\t damag+ our g5]al argum5tation2 = :i*ev] explanation we receive1 s mu* rema9s cle> t ! ,k_/?_/aka passage does n ref] to ! pradhna4 #d4 ,& 7! pradhna _c be meant7 because !re is no /atem5t z to 7! avyakta7 be+ some?+ to be cognis$4 ,! ,snkhyas1 moreov]1 repres5t ! pradhna z some?+ to be cognis$ 9 s f> z !y say t f ! k ( ! diff]5ce ( ! con/itutive elem5ts ( ! pradhna & ( ! s\l !re results ! desir$ isolation ( ! s\l4 ,= )\t a k ( ! nature ( ^? con/itutive elem5ts x is impossible to cognise ! diff]5ce ( ! s\l f !m4 ,& some:]e !y tea* t ! pradhna is to be cognis$ by him :o wi%es to atta9 special p[]s4--,n[ 9 ! passage "u discussion ! avyakta is n m5tion$ z an object ( k2 we !re meet ) ! m]e ^w avyakta1 & !re is no s5t5ce intimat+ t ! avyakta is to be kn[n or m$itat$ ^u4 ,& x is impossible to ma9ta9 t a k ( ?+s :i* 7k7 is n taught 9 ! text is ( any advantage to man4--,= ?is reason also we ma9ta9 t ! ^w avyakta _c d5ote ! pradhna4--,our int]pretation1 on ! o!r h&1 is unobjectionable1 s9ce accord+ to x ! passage m5tions ! body 7n z an object ( k1 b m]ely7 = ! purpose ( ?r[+ light on ! highe/ place ( ,vi%_/n_/u1 9 cont9uation ( ! simile 9 :i* ! body _h be5 comp>$ to a *>iot4 #e4 ,& if y ma9ta9 t ! text does speak 7( ! pradhna z an object ( k7 we d5y t2 = ! intellig5t 7highe/7 ,self is meant1 on acc\nt ( ! g5]al subject-matt]4 ,"h ! ,snkhya raises a new objection1 & ma9ta9s t ! av]m5t made 9 ! la/ ,stra is n prov$1 s9ce ! text lat] on speaks ( ! pradhna--:i* _h be5 ref]r$ to z ! ,undevelop$--z an object ( k4 ',he :o has p]ceiv$ t :i* is )\t s\nd1 )\t t\*1 )\t =m1 )\t decay1 )\t ta/e1 et]nal1 )\t smell1 )\t beg9n+1 )\t end1 beyond ! great & un*angeable1 is fre$ f ! jaws ( dea?' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #c1 #ae74 ,= "h ! text speaks ( ! pradhna1 :i* is beyond ! great1 describ+ x z possess+ ! same qualities :i* ! ,snkhya-sm_/ri_/ti ascribes to x1 & designat+ x z ! object ( p]ception4 ,h5ce we conclude t ! pradhna is d5ot$ by ! t]m avyakta4 ,to ?is we reply t ! passage la/ quot$ does repres5t z ! object ( p]ception n ! pradhna b ! intellig5t1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self4 ,we conclude ?is f ! g5]al subject-matt]4 ,= t ! highe/ ,self cont9ues to =m ! subject-matt] is cle> f ! foll[+ reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is ref]r$ to 9 ! passage1 ',beyond ! p]son !re is no?+1 ?is is ! goal1 ! highe/ ,road2' x has fur!r to be suppli$ z ! object ( k 9 ! passage1 ',! ,self is hidd5 9 all be+s & does n %9e =?1' because x is !re spok5 ( z difficult to "k2 aft] t ! re/ra9t ( passion1 c4 is enjo9$ z conducive to its cognition1 9 ! passage1 ',a wise man %\ld keep d[n spee* )9 ! m9d2' &1 f9ally1 release f ! jaws ( dea? is decl>$ to be ! fruit ( its k4 ,! ,snkhyas1 on ! o!r h&1 d n suppose t a man is fre$ f ! jaws ( dea? m]ely by p]ceiv+ ! pradhna1 b connect t result r ) ! cognition ( ! intellig5t ,self4--,! highe/ ,self is1 moreov]1 spok5 ( 9 all ,v$nta-texts z possess+ j ^? qualities :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! passage quot$ above1 viz4 abs5ce ( s\nd1 & ! l4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! pradhna is 9 ! text nei!r spok5 ( z ! object ( k nor d5ot$ by ! t]m avyakta4 #f4 ,& !re is "q & explanation relative to ?ree ?+s only 7n to ! pradhna74 ,to ! same conclusion we are l$ by ! consid]ation ( ! circum/ance t ! ,ka_/?_/avall-upani%ad br+s =w>d1 z subjects ( discussion1 only ?ree ?+s1 viz4 ! fire sacrifice1 ! individual s\l1 & ! highe/ ,self4 ,^! ?ree ?+s only ,yama expla9s1 be/[+ !reby ! boons he _h grant$1 & to !m only ! que/ions ( ,na_/k_/iketas ref]4 ,no?+ else is m5tion$ or enquir$ ab\t4 ,! "q relative to ! fire sacrifice is conta9$ 9 ! passage 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #ac71 ',?\ kn[e/1 ,o ,dea?1 ! fire sacrifice :i* leads u to ,heav52 tell x to me1 :o am full ( fai?4' ,! "q z to ! individual s\l is conta9$ 9 ,i1 #a1 #bj1 ',!re is t d\bt :5 a man is dead1 "s say+1 he is2 o!rs1 he is n4 ,?is ,i %\ld l to "k1 taught by !e2 ?is is ! ?ird ( my boons4' ,& ! "q ab\t ! highe/ ,self is ask$ 9 ! passage 7,i1 #b1 #ad71 ',t :i* ?\ see/ z nei!r ?is nor t1 z nei!r effect nor cause1 z nei!r pa/ nor future1 tell me t4'--,! correspond+ answ]s are giv5 9 ,i1 #a1 #ae1 ',yama !n told him t fire sacrifice1 ! beg9n+ ( all ! worlds1 & :at bricks are requir$ = ! alt>1 & h[ _m2' 9 ! passage met ) consid]ably lat] on 7,,ii1 #e1 #f2 #g71 ',well !n1 ,o ,gautama1 ,i %all tell !e ?is my/]y1 ! old ,brahman & :at happ5s to ! ,self aft] rea*+ dea?4 ,"s ent] ! womb 9 ord] to h a body z organic be+s1 o!rs g into inorganic matt] accord+ to _! "w & accord+ to _! k2' & 9 ! passage 7,i1 #b1 #ah71 ',! kn[+ ,self is n born nor does x die1' c42 :i* latt] passage dilates at l5g? on ! highe/ ,self4 ,b !re is no "q relative to ! pradhna1 & h5ce no opportunity = any rem>ks on x4 ,"h ! ,snkhya advances a new objection4 ,is1 he asks1 ! "q relative to ! ,self :i* is ask$ 9 ! passage1 ',!re is t d\bt :5 a man is dead1' c41 aga9 resum$ 9 ! passage1 ',t :i* ?\ see/ z nei!r ?is nor t1' c1 or does ! latt] passage raise a di/9ct new "q8 ,if ! =m]1 ! two que/ions ab\t ! ,self coalesce into "o1 & !re are !re=e altoge!r two que/ions only1 "o relative to ! fire sacrifice1 ! o!r relative to ! ,self4 ,9 t case ! ,stra has no "r to speak ( que/ions & explanations relat+ to ?ree subjects4--,if ! latt]1 y d n consid] x a mi/ake to assume a "q 9 excess ( ! numb] ( boons grant$1 & c !re=e n object to u if we assume an explanation ab\t ! pradhna 9 excess ( ! numb] ( que/ions ask$4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,we by no means assume a "q 9 excess ( ! numb] ( boons grant$1 be+ prev5t$ f do+ s by ! influ5ce ( ! op5+ "p ( t syntactical :ole :i* con/itutes ! ,ka_/?_/avall-upani%ad4 ,! ,upani%ad />ts ) ! topic ( ! boons grant$ by ,yama1 & all ! foll[+ "p ( ! ,upani%ad--:i* is ?r[n into ! =m ( a colloquy ( ,yama & ,na_/k_/iketas--c>ries on t topic up to ! v end4 ,yama grants to ,na_/k_/iketas1 :o _h be5 s5t by 8 fa!r1 ?ree boons4 ,= 8 fir/ boon ,na_/k_/iketas *ooses k9dness on ! "p ( 8 fa!r t[>ds him1 = 8 second boon ! k ( ! fire sacrifice1 = 8 ?ird boon ! k ( ! ,self4 ,t ! k ( ! ,self is ! ?ird boon appe>s f ! indication conta9$ 9 ! passage 7,i1 #a1 #bj71 ',!re is t d\bt--2 ?is is ! ?ird ( my boons4'--,if we !re=e suppos$ t ! passage1 ',t :i* ?\ see/ z nei!r ?is nor t1' c41 raises a new "q1 we %\ld !reby assume a "q 9 excess ( ! numb] ( boons grant$1 & ?us de/roy ! connexion ( ! entire ,upani%ad4--,b--! ,snkhya w p]haps int]pose--x mu/ ne$s be admitt$ t ! passage la/ quot$ does raise a new "q1 because ! subject enquir$ ab\t is a new "o4 ,= ! =m] "q ref]s to ! individual s\l1 z we conclude f ! d\bt express$ 9 ! words1 ',!re is t d\bt :5 a man is dead--"s say+1 he is2 o!rs1 he is n4' ,n[ ?is individual s\l1 z hav+ def9ite attributes1 c41 _c con/itute ! object ( a "q express$ 9 su* t]ms z1 ',?is :i* ?\ see/ z nei!r ?is nor t1' c42 ! highe/ ,self1 on ! o!r h&1 may be enquir$ ab\t 9 su* t]ms1 s9ce x is above all attributes4 ,! appe>ance ( ! two que/ions is1 moreov]1 se5 to diff]2 = ! =m] "q ref]s to exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 :ile ! latt] is conc]n$ ) an entity rais$ above all def9ite attributes1 c4 ,h5ce we conclude t ! latt] "q1 9 :i* ! =m] "o _c be recognis$1 is a sep>ate "q1 & does n m]ely resume ! subject ( ! =m] "o4--,all ?is argum5tation is n valid1 we reply1 s9ce we ma9ta9 ! unity ( ! highe/ ,self & ! individual ,self4 ,if ! individual ,self 7 diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self1 we %\ld h to decl>e t ! two que/ions are sep>ate indep5d5t que/ions1 b ! two are n really diff]5t1 z we "k f o!r scriptural passages1 su* z ',?\ art t4' ,& 9 ! ,upani%ad "u discussion also ! answ] to ! "q1 ',t :i* ?\ see/ z nei!r ?is nor t1' viz4 ! passage1 ',! kn[+ ,self is n born1 x dies n'--:i* answ] is giv5 9 ! =m ( a d5ial ( ! bir? & dea? ( ! ,self-cle>ly %[s t ! embodi$ ,self & ! highe/ ,self are non-diff]5t4 ,= !re is room = a d5ial ( some?+ only :5 t some?+ is possible1 & ! possibility ( bir? & dea? exi/s 9 ! embodi$ ,self only1 s9ce x is connect$ ) ! body1 b n 9 ! highe/ ,self4--,!re is1 moreov]1 ano!r passage convey+ ! same mean+1 viz4 ,,ii1 #d1 #d1 ',! wise :5 he kn[s t t by :i* he p]ceives all objects 9 sleep or 9 wak+1 is ! great omnipres5t ,self1 grieves no m4' ,?is passage makes ! cessation ( all grief dep5d5t on ! k ( ! individual ,self1 9 s f> z x possesses ! qualities ( greatness & omnipres5ce1 & !reby decl>es t ! individual ,self is n diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self4 ,= t ! cessation ( all sorr[ is consequ5t on ! k ( ! highe/ ,self1 is a recognis$ ,v$nta t5et4--,!re is ano!r passage also w>n+ m5 n to look on ! individual ,self & ! highe/ ,self z diff]5t entities1 viz4 ,,ii1 #d1 #aj1 ',:at is "h ! same is !re2 & :at is !re ! same is "h4 ,he :o sees any diff]5ce "h goes f dea? to dea?4'--,! foll[+ circum/ance1 too1 is wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,:5 ,na_/k_/iketas has ask$ ! "q relat+ to ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 ,yama tries to induce him to *oose ano!r boon1 tempt+ him ) ! (f] ( v>i\s objects ( desire4 ,b ,na_/k_/iketas rema9s firm4 ,!reupon ,dea?1 dwell+ on ! di/9ction ( ! ,good & ! ,pleasant1 & ! di/9ction ( wisdom & ignorance1 praises ,na_/k_/iketas1 ',i believe ,na_/k_/iketas to be "o :o desires k1 = ev5 _m pleasures did n te> !e away' 7,i1 #b1 #d72 & lat] on praises ! "q ask$ by ,na_/k_/iketas1 ',! wise :o1 by means ( m$itation on 8 ,self1 recognises ! ,anci5t :o is difficult to be se51 :o has ent]$ into ! d>k1 :o is hidd5 9 ! cave1 :o dwells 9 ! abyss1 z ,god1 he inde$ leaves joy & sorr[ f> beh9d' 7,i1 #b1 #ab74 ,n[ all ?is means to intimate t ! individual ,self & ! highe/ ,self are non-diff]5t4 ,= if ,na_/k_/iketas set aside ! "q1 by ask+ :i* he _h e>n$ = himself ! praise ( ,yama1 & aft] hav+ receiv$ t praise ask$ a new "q1 all t praise w\ld h be5 be/[$ on him unduly4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! "q impli$ 9 ,i1 #b1 #ad1 ',t :i* ?\ see/ z nei!r ?is nor t1' m]ely resumes ! topic to :i* ! "q 9 ,i1 #a1 #bj _h ref]r$4--,nor is !re any basis to ! objection t ! two que/ions diff] 9 =m4 ,! second "q1 9 reality1 is conc]n$ ) ! same di/9ction z ! fir/4 ,! fir/ enquires ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l ap>t f ! body1 c42 ! second ref]s to ! circum/ance ( t s\l n be+ subject to sa_/m_/sra4 ,= z long z ,nesci5ce rema9s1 s long ! s\l is affect$ ) def9ite attributes1 c42 b z soon z ,nesci5ce comes to an end1 ! s\l is "o ) ! highe/ ,self1 z is taught by su* scriptural texts z ',?\ art t4' ,b :e!r ,nesci5ce be active or inactive1 no diff]5ce is made !reby 9 ! ?+ itself 7viz4 ! s\l74 ,a man may1 9 ! d>k1 mi/ake a piece ( rope ly+ on ! gr\nd = a snake1 & run away f x1 fright5$ & trembl+2 !reon ano!r man may tell him1 ',d n be afraid1 x is only a rope1 n a snake2' & he may !n dismiss ! fe> caus$ by ! imag9$ snake1 & /op runn+4 ,b all ! :ile ! pres5ce & subsequ5t abs5ce ( 8 errone\s notion1 z to ! rope be+ a snake1 make no diff]5ce :atev] 9 ! rope itself4 ,exactly analog\s is ! case ( ! individual s\l :i* is 9 reality "o ) ! highe/ s\l1 al?\gh ,nesci5ce makes x appe> diff]5t4 ,h5ce ! reply conta9$ 9 ! passage1 ',x is n born1 x dies n1' is also to be consid]$ z furni%+ an answ] to ! "q ask$ 9 ,i1 #a1 #bj4--,! ,stra is to be und]/ood ) ref]5ce to ! di/9ction ( ! individual ,self & ! highe/ ,self :i* results f ,nesci5ce4 ,al?\gh ! "q relat+ to ! ,self is 9 reality "o only1 yet its =m] "p 7,i1 #a1 #bj7 is se5 specially to ref] to ! individual ,self1 s9ce !re a d\bt is set =? z to ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l :51 at ! "t ( dea?1 x frees itself f ! body1 & s9ce ! specific m>ks ( ! sa_/m_/sra-/ate1 su* z activity1 c4 are n d5i$2 :ile ! latt] "p ( ! "q 7,i1 #b1 #ad71 :]e ! /ate ( be+ beyond all attributes is spok5 (1 cle>ly ref]s to ! highe/ ,self4--,= ^! reasons ! ,stra is "r 9 assum+ ?ree topics ( "q & explanation1 viz4 ! fire sacrifice1 ! individual s\l1 & ! highe/ ,self4 ,^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o assume t ! pradhna con/itutes a f\r? subject discuss$ 9 ! ,upani%ad1 c po9t nei!r to a boon connect$ ) x1 nor to a "q1 nor to an answ]4 ,h5ce ! pradhna hypo!sis is cle>ly inf]ior to our own4 #g4 ,& 7! case ( ! t]m avyakta7 is l t ( ! t]m mahat4 ,:ile ! ,snkhyas employ ! t]m '! ,great "o1' to d5ote ! fir/-born entity1 :i* is m]e exi/5ce#bcb 78 viz4 ! intellect71 ! t]m has a diff]5t mean+ 9 ,v$ic use4 ,?is we see f its be+ connect$ ) ! ,self1 c4 9 su* passages z ! foll[+1 ',! great ,self is beyond ! ,intellect' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #aj72 ',! great omnipres5t ,self' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #bc72 ',i "k t great p]son' 7_/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h74 ,we !nce conclude t ! ^w avyakta also1 :]e x occurs 9 ! ,v$a1 _c d5ote ! pradhna4--,! pradhna is !re=e a m]e ?+ ( inf]5ce1 & n v\*$ = by ,scripture4 #h4 7,x _c be ma9ta9$ t aj means ! pradhna7 because no special *>act]i/ic is /at$2 z 9 ! case ( ! cup4 ,"h ! advocate ( ! pradhna comes aga9 =w>d & ma9ta9s t ! abs5ce ( scriptural au?ority = ! pradhna is n yet prov$4 ,=1 he says1 we h ! foll[+ mantra 7_/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e71 ',!re is "o aj#bcc1 r$1 :ite1 & black1 produc+ manifold (fspr+ ( ! same nature4 ,!re is "o aja :o loves h] & lies by h]2 !re is ano!r :o leaves h] aft] hav+ enjoy$ h]4'--,9 ?is mantra ! words 'r$1' ':ite1' & 'black' d5ote ! ?ree con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! pradhna4 ,passion is call$ r$ on acc\nt ( its col\r+1 i4e4 influ5c+ prop]ty2 ,goodness is call$ :ite1 because x is ( ! nature ( ,light2 ,d>kness is call$ black on acc\nt ( its cov]+ & obscur+ prop]ty4 ,! /ate ( equipoise ( ! ?ree con/itu5t elem5ts1 i4e4 ! pradhna1 is d5ot$ by ! attributes ( its p>ts1 & is !re=e call$ r$-:ite-black4 ,x is fur!r call$ aj1 i4e4 unborn1 because x is ackn[l$g$ to be ! fundam5tal matt] out ( :i* ev]y?+ spr+s1 n a m]e effect4--,b has n ! ^w aj ! settl$ mean+ ( %e-goat8--,true2 b ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w _c be accept$ 9 ?is place1 because true k =ms ! g5]al subject-matt]4--,t pradhna produces _m creatures p>ticipat+ 9 its ?ree con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,"o unborn be+ loves h] & lies by h]1 i4e4 "s s\ls1 delud$ by ignorance1 approa* h]1 & falsely imag9+ t !y exp]i5ce pleasure or pa91 or are 9 a /ate ( dulness1 pass ?r\gh ! c\rse ( transmigratory exi/5ce4 ,o!r s\ls1 aga91 :i* h atta9$ to discrim9ative k1 lose _! atta*m5t to prak_/ri_/ti1 & leave h] aft] hav+ enjoy$ h]1 i4e4 aft] %e has af=d$ to !m enjoym5t & release4--,on ! gr\nd ( ?is passage1 z int]pret$ above1 ! foll[]s ( ,kapila claim ! au?ority ( ,scripture = _! pradhna hypo!sis4 ,to ?is argum5tation we reply1 t ! quot$ mantra by no means proves ! ,snkhya doctr9e to be bas$ on ,scripture4 ,t mantra1 tak5 by itself1 is n able to give additional /r5g? to any doctr9e4 ,=1 by means ( "s supposition or o!r1 ! t]ms aj1 c4 c be reconcil$ ) any doctr9e1 & !re is no reason = ! special ass]tion t ! ,snkhya doctr9e only is meant4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! cup m5tion$ 9 ! mantra1 ',!re is a cup hav+ its m\? bel[ & its bottom above' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #c74 ,j z x is impossible to decide on ! gr\nd ( ?is mantra tak5 by itself :at special cup is meant--x be+ possible to ascribe1 someh[ or o!r1 ! quality ( ! m\? be+ turn$ d[nw>d to any cup--s "h also !re is no special quality /at$1 s t x is n possible to decide f ! mantra itself :e!r ! pradhna is meant by ! t]m aj1 or some?+ else4--,b 9 connexion ) ! mantra ab\t ! cup we h a supplem5t>y passage f :i* we le>n :at k9d ( cup is meant1 ',:at is call$ ! cup hav+ its m\? bel[ & its bottom above is ?is head4'--,:5ce1 h[ev]1 c we le>n :at special be+ is meant by ! aj ( ! _/,s_/vet_/s_/vat>a-upani%ad8--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #i4 ,b ! 7elem5ts7 beg9n+ ) light 7are meant by ! t]m aj72 = "s read s 9 _! text4 ,by ! t]m aj we h to und]/& ! causal matt] ( ! f\r classes ( be+s1 :i* matt] has sprung f ! highe/ ,"l & beg9s ) light1 i4e4 comprises fire1 wat]1 & e>?4--,! ^w 'b' 79 ! ,stra7 gives emphasis to ! ass]tion4--,?is aj is to be consid]$ z compris+ ?ree elem5t>y sub/ances1 n z consi/+ ( ?ree gu_/n_/z 9 ! ,snkhya s5se4 ,we draw ?is conclusion f ! fact t "o _/s_/kh1 aft] hav+ relat$ h[ fire1 wat]1 & e>? sprang f ! highe/ ,"l1 assigns to !m r$ col\r1 & s on4 ',! r$ col\r ( burn+ fire 7agni7 is ! col\r ( ! elem5t>y fire 7tejas71 its :ite col\r is ! col\r ( wat]1 its black col\r ! col\r ( e>?1' c4 ,n[ ^? ?ree elem5ts--fire1 wat]1 & e>?--we recognise 9 ! _/,s_/vet_/s_/vat>a passage1 z ! words r$1 :ite1 & black are common to bo? passages1 & z ^! words prim>ily d5ote special col\rs & c be appli$ to ! ,snkhya gu_/n_/z 9 a second>y s5se only4 ,t passages ^: s5se is beyond d\bt are to be us$ = ! int]pretation ( d\btful passages1 is a g5]ally ackn[l$g$ rule4 ,z we !re=e f9d t 9 ! _/,s_/vet_/s_/vat>a--aft] ! g5]al topic has be5 />t$ 9 ,i1 #a1 ',! ,brahman-/ud5ts say1 ,is ,brahman ! cause8'--! text1 previ\s to ! passage "u discussion1 speaks ( a p[] ( ! highe/ ,"l :i* arranges ! :ole _w 7'! ,sages devot$ to m$itation & conc5tration h se5 ! p[] belong+ to ,god himself1 hidd5 9 its own qualities'72 & z fur!r t same p[] is ref]r$ to 9 two subsequ5t complem5t>y passages 7',"k !n1 ,prak_/ri_/ti is ,my1 & ! great ,"l he :o is affect$ ) ,my2' ':o be+ "o only rules ov] e g]m2' ,,iv1 #aj1 #aa72 x _c possibly be ass]t$ t ! mantra treat+ ( ! aj ref]s to "s indep5d5t causal matt] call$ pradhna4 ,we r ass]t1 on ! gr\nd ( ! g5]al subject-matt]1 t ! mantra describes ! same div9e p[] ref]r$ to 9 ! o!r passages1 9 :i* names & =ms lie unevolv$1 & :i* we assume z ! antec$5t condition ( t /ate ( ! _w 9 :i* names & =ms are evolv$4 ,& t div9e p[] is repres5t$ z ?ree-col\r$1 because its products1 viz4 fire1 wat]1 & e>?1 h ?ree di/9ct col\rs4--,b h[ c we ma9ta91 on ! gr\nd ( fire1 wat]1 & e>? hav+ ?ree col\rs1 t ! causal matt] is appropriately call$ a ?ree-col\r$ aj8 if we consid]1 on ! "o h&1 t ! ext]ior =m ( ! g5us aj 7i4e4 goat7 does n inh]e 9 fire1 wat]1 & e>?2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,scripture tea*es fire1 wat]1 & e>? to h be5 produc$1 s t ! ^w aj _c be tak5 9 ! s5se 'non-produc$#bcd4'--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #aj4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t ( ! assumption 7( a metaphor7 !re is no?+ contr>y to reason 79 aj d5ot+ ! causal matt]72 j z 9 ! case ( honey 7d5ot+ ! sun7 & simil> cases4 ,! ^w aj nei!r expresses t fire1 wat]1 & e>? belong to ! goat species1 nor is x to be expla9$ z mean+ 'unborn2' x r expresses an assumption1 i4e4 x intimates ! assumption ( ! s\rce ( all be+s 7:i* s\rce comprises fire1 wat]1 & e>?71 be+ comp>$ to a %e-goat4 ,= z accid5tally "s %e-goat might be p>tly r$1 p>tly :ite1 p>tly black1 & might h _m "y goats resembl+ h] 9 col\r1 & z "s he-goat might love h] & lie by h]1 :ile "s o!r he-goat might leave h] aft] hav+ enjoy$ h]2 s ! univ]sal causal matt] :i* is tri-col\r$1 because compris+ fire1 wat]1 & e>?1 produces _m inanimate & animate be+s simil> to itself1 & is enjoy$ by ! s\ls fett]$ by ,nesci5ce1 :ile x is ab&on$ by ^? s\ls :i* h atta9$ true k4--,nor mu/ we imag9e t ! di/9ction ( individual s\ls1 :i* is impli$ 9 ! prec$+ explanation1 involves t reality ( ! multiplicity ( s\ls :i* =ms "o ( ! t5ets ( o!r philosophical s*ools4 ,= ! purport ( ! passage is to intimate1 n ! multiplicity ( s\ls1 b ! di/9ction ( ! /ates ( bondage & release4 ,?is latt] di/9ction is expla9$ ) ref]5ce to ! multiplicity ( s\ls z ord9>ily conceiv$2 t multiplicity1 h[ev]1 dep5ds altoge!r on limit+ adjuncts1 & is ! unreal product ( wrong k m]ely2 z we "k f scriptural passages su* z1 ',he is ! "o ,god hidd5 9 all be+s1 all-p]vad+1 ! ,self 9 all be+s1' c4--,! words 'l ! honey' 79 ! ,stra7 mean t j z ! sun1 al?\gh n be+ honey1 is repres5t$ z honey 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a71 & spee* z a c[ 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,v1 #h71 & ! heav5ly _w1 c4 z ! fires 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #i71 s "h ! causal matt]1 al?\gh n be+ a %e-goat1 is metaphorically repres5t$ z "o4 ,!re is !re=e no?+ contr>y to reason 9 ! circum/ance ( ! t]m aj be+ us$ to d5ote ! aggregate ( fire1 wat]1 & e>?4 #aa4 7,! ass]tion t !re is scriptural au?ority = ! pradhna1 c4 c7 also n 7be bas$7 on ! m5tion ( ! numb] 7( ! ,sankhya categories71 on acc\nt ( ! div]sity 7( ! categories7 & on acc\nt ( ! excess 7ov] ! numb] ( ^? categories74 ,! attempt to base ! ,snkhya doctr9e on ! mantra speak+ ( ! aj hav+ fail$1 ! ,snkhya aga9 comes =w>d & po9ts to ano!r mantra3 ',he 9 :om ! five five-p & ! e!r re/1 him alone ,i believe to be ! ,self2 ,i :o "k believe him to be ,brahman' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ag74 ,9 ?is mantra we h "o ^w :i* expresses ! numb] five1 viz4 ! five-p1 & !n ano!r ^w1 viz4 five1 :i* qualifies ! =m]2 ^! two words toge!r !re=e convey ! idea ( five p5tads1 i4e4 tw5ty-five4 ,n[ z _m be+s z ! numb] tw5ty-five presupposes1 j s _m categories ! ,snkhya sy/em c\nts4 ,cp4 ,snkhya ,krik1 #c3 ',! fundam5tal causal sub/ance 7i4e4 ! pradhna7 is n an effect4 ,sev5 7sub/ances71 viz4 ! ,great "o 7,intellect71 & s on1 are causal sub/ances z well z effects4 ,sixte5 are effects4 ,! s\l is nei!r a causal sub/ance nor an effect4' ,z !re=e ! numb] tw5ty-five1 :i* occurs 9 ! scriptural passage quot$1 cle>ly ref]s to ! tw5ty-five categories taught 9 ! ,snkhya-sm_/ri_/ti1 x foll[s t ! doctr9e ( ! pradhna1 c4 re/s on a scriptural basis4 ,to ?is reason+ we make ! foll[+ reply4--,x is impossible to base ! ass]tion t ! pradhna1 c4 h ,scripture 9 _! fav\r on ! ref]5ce to _! numb] :i* y pret5d to f9d 9 ! text1 'on acc\nt ( ! div]sity ( ! ,snkhya categories4' ,! ,snkhya categories h ea* _! individual diff]5ce1 & !re are no attributes belong+ 9 common to ea* p5tad on acc\nt ( :i* ! numb] tw5ty-five c\ld be divid$ into five times five4 ,= a numb] ( individually sep>ate ?+s c1 9 g5]al1 n be comb9$ into small] gr\ps ( two or ?ree1 c4 unless !re be a special reason = su* comb9ation4--,"h ! ,snkhya w p]haps rejo9 t ! expression five 7times7 five is us$ only to d5ote ! numb] tw5ty-five :i* has five p5tads = its con/itu5t p>ts2 j z ! poem says1 'five ye>s & sev5 ,indra did n ra91' mean+ only t !re 0 no ra9 = twelve ye>s4--,b ?is explanation also is n t5able4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is liable to ! objection t x has rec\rse to indirect indication4#bce ,9 ! second place1 ! second 'five' con/itutes a comp\nd ) ! ^w 'p1' ! ,brhma_/n_/a-acc5t %[+ t ! two =m "o ^w only4#bcf ,to ! same conclusion we are l$ by ano!r passage also 7,taitt4 ,sa_/m_/h4 ,i1 #f1 #b1 #b1 pa_/k_/n_/m_/ tv pa_/k_/ajannm1 c47 :]e ! two t]ms con/itute "o ^w1 h "o acc5t & "o case-t]m9ation4 ,! ^w ?us be+ a comp\nd !re is nei!r a repetition ( ! ^w 'five1' involv+ two p5tads1 nor does ! "o five qualify ! o!r1 z ! m]e second>y memb] ( a comp\nd _c be qualifi$ by ano!r ^w4--,b z ! p are already d5ot$ to be five by ! comp\nd 'five-p1' ! effect ( ! o!r 'five' qualify+ ! comp\nd w be t we und]/& tw5ty-five p to be meant2 j z ! expression 'five five-bundles' 7pa_/k_/a pa_/k_/apulya_/h_/7 conveys ! idea ( tw5ty-five bundles4--,! in/ance is n an analog\s "o1 we reply4 ,! ^w 'pa_/k_/apli' d5otes a unity 7i4e4 "o bundle made up ( five bundles7 & h5ce :5 ! "q arises1 ',h[ _m su* bundles are !re8' x c be qualifi$ by ! ^w 'five1' indicat+ t !re are five su* bundles4 ,! ^w pa_/k_/ajan_/h_/1 on ! o!r h&1 conveys at once ! idea ( di/9ction 7i4e4 ( five di/9ct ?+s71 s t !re is no room at all = a fur!r desire to "k h[ _m p !re are1 & h5ce no room = a fur!r qualification4 ,& if ! ^w 'five' be tak5 z a qualify+ ^w x c only qualify ! num]al five 79 five-p72 ! objection aga9/ :i* assumption has already be5 /at$4--,= all ^! reasons ! expression ! five five-p _c d5ote ! tw5ty-five categories ( ! ,snkhyas4--,?is is fur!r n possible 'on acc\nt ( ! excess4' ,= on ! ,snkhya int]pretation !re w\ld be an excess ov] ! numb] tw5ty-five1 ow+ to ! circum/ance ( ! e!r & ! ,self be+ m5tion$ sep>ately4 ,! ,self is spok5 ( z ! abode 9 :i* ! five five-p re/1 ! clause ',him ,i believe to be ! ,self' be+ connect$ ) ! '9 :om' ( ! antec$5t clause4 ,n[ ! ,self is ! intellig5t s\l ( ! ,snkhyas :i* is already includ$ 9 ! tw5ty-five categories1 & :i* !re=e1 on _! int]pretation ( ! passage1 w\ld "h be m5tion$ once z con/itut+ ! abode & once z :at re/s 9 ! abode6 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! s\l 7 suppos$ n to be compil$ 9 ! tw5ty-five categories1 ! ,snkhya w\ld !reby ab&on 8 own doctr9e ( ! categories be+ tw5ty-five4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! sep>ate m5tion made ( ! e!r4--,h[1 f9ally1 c ! m]e circum/ance ( a c]ta9 numb] be+ ref]r$ to 9 ! sacr$ text ju/ify ! assumption t :at is meant are ! tw5ty-five ,snkhya categories ( :i* ,scripture speaks 9 no o!r place8 especially if we consid] t ! ^w jana has n ! settl$ mean+ ( category1 & t ! numb] may be satisfactorily acc\nt$ = on ano!r int]pretation ( ! passage4 ,h[1 !n1 ! ,snkhya w ask1 d y int]pret ! phrase '! five five-p8'--,on ! gr\nd1 we reply1 ( ! rule ,p_/n_/ini ,,ii1 #a1 #ej1 accord+ to :i* c]ta9 comp\nds =m$ ) num]als are m]e names4 ,! ^w pa_/k_/ajan_/h_/ ?us is n meant to convey ! idea ( ! numb] five1 b m]ely to d5ote c]ta9 classes ( be+s4 ,h5ce ! "q may pres5t itself1 ,h[ _m su* classes are !re8 & to ?is "q an answ] is giv5 by ! add$ num]al 'five4' ,!re are c]ta9 classes ( be+s call$ five-p1 & ^! classes are five4 ,analog\sly we may speak ( ! sev5 sev5-_/ri_/%is1 :]e aga9 ! comp\nd d5otes a class ( be+s m]ely1 n _! numb]4--,:o !n are ^? five-p8--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #ab4 7,! pa_/k_/ajan_/h_/ are7 ! brea? & s on1 7z is se57 f ! complem5t>y passage4 ,! mantra 9 :i* ! pa_/k_/ajan_/h_/ are m5tion$ is foll[$ by ano!r "o 9 :i* brea? & f\r o!r ?+s are m5tion$ = ! purpose ( describ+ ! nature ( ,brahman4 ',!y :o "k ! brea? ( brea?1 ! eye ( ! eye1 ! e> ( ! e>1 ! food ( food1 ! m9d ( m9d#bcg4' ,h5ce we conclude1 on ! gr\nd ( proximity1 t ! five-p are ! be+s m5tion$ 9 ?is latt] mantra4--,b h[1 ! ,snkhya asks1 c ! ^w 'p' be appli$ to ! brea?1 ! eye1 ! e>1 & s on8--,h[1 we ask 9 return1 c x be appli$ to y\r categories8 ,9 bo? cases ! common mean+ ( ! ^w 'p' has to be disreg>d$2 b 9 fav\r ( our explanation is ! fact t ! brea?1 ! eye1 & s on1 are m5tion$ 9 a complem5t>y passage4 ,! brea?1 ! eye1 c4 may be d5ot$ by ! ^w 'p' because !y are connect$ ) p4 ,moreov]1 we f9d ! ^w 'p]son1' :i* means z mu* z 'p1' appli$ to ! pr_/n_/z 9 ! passage1 ',^! are ! five p]sons ( ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ac1 #f72 & ano!r passage runs1 ',brea? is fa!r1 brea? is "m1' c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #ae1 #a74 ,&1 ow+ to ! =ce ( composition1 !re is no objection to ! comp\nd be+ tak5 9 its settl$ conv5tional mean+#bch4--;,b h[ c ! conv5tional mean+ be _h rec\rse to1 if !re is no previ\s use ( ! ^w 9 t mean+8--,t may be done1 we reply1 j z 9 ! case ( udbhid & simil> words#bci4 ,we (t5 inf] t a ^w ( unkn[n mean+ ref]s to "s kn[n ?+ because x is us$ 9 connexion ) ! latt]4 ,s1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! foll[+ words3 ',he is to sacrifice ) ! udbhid2 he cuts ! ypa2 he makes ! v$i4' ,analog\sly we conclude t ! t]m pa_/k_/ajan_/h_/1 :i*1 f ! grammatical rule quot$1 is kn[n to be a "n1 & :i* !re=e dem&s a ?+ ( :i* x is ! "n1 d5otes ! brea?1 ! eye1 & s on1 :i* are connect$ ) x ?r\gh _! be+ m5tion$ 9 a complem5t>y passage4--,"s comm5tators expla9 ! ^w pa_/k_/ajan_/h_/ to mean ! ,gods1 ! ,fa!rs1 ! ,g&h>vas1 ! ,asuras1 & ! ,rak%as4 ,o!rs1 aga91 ?9k t ! f\r ca/es toge!r ) ! ,ni%das are meant4 ,aga91 "s scriptural passage 7_/,ri_/g-v$a ,sa_/m_/h4 ,,viii1 #ec1 #g7 speaks ( ! tribe ( '! five-p1' mean+ !reby ! creat$ be+s 9 g5]al2 & ?is latt] explanation also might be appli$ to ! passage "u discussion4 ,! tea*] 7! ,strakra71 on ! o!r h&1 aim+ at %[+ t ! passage does n ref] to ! tw5ty-five categories ( ! ,snkhyas1 decl>es t on ! gr\nd ( ! complem5t>y passage brea?1 c4 h to be und]/ood4 ,well1 let x !n be grant$ t ! five-p m5tion$ 9 ! ,mdhy&9a-text are brea?1 c4 s9ce t text m5tions food also 7& s makes up ! numb] five74 ,b h[ %all we int]pret ! ,k_/n_/va-text :i* does n m5tion food 7& ?us altoge!r speaks ( f\r ?+s only78--,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 #ac4 ,9 ! case ( 7! text (7 "s 7! ,k_/n_/vas7 :]e food is n m5tion$1 7! numb] five is made full7 by ! light 7m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ mantra74 ,! ,k_/n_/va-text1 al?\gh n m5tion+ food1 makes up ! full numb] five1 by ! light m5tion$ 9 ! mantra prec$+ t 9 :i* ! five-p are spok5 (4 ,t mantra describes ! nature ( ,brahman by say+1 ',him ! gods wor%ip z ! light ( lights4'--,if x be ask$ h[ x is acc\nt$ = t ! light m5tion$ 9 bo? texts equally is 9 "o text to be employ$ = ! explanation ( ! five-p1 & n 9 ! o!r text2 we reply t ! reason lies 9 ! diff]5ce ( ! requirem5ts4 ,z ! ,mdhy&9as meet 9 "o & ! same mantra ) brea? & f\r o!r entities enabl+ !m to int]pret ! t]m1 '! five-p1' !y are 9 no ne$ ( ! light m5tion$ 9 ano!r mantra4 ,! ,k_/n_/vas1 on ! o!r h&1 _c d )\t ! light4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( ! ,%o_/d_/a_/s_/9-cup1 :i*1 accord+ to diff]5t passages1 is ei!r to be (f]$ or n to be (f]$ at ! atirtra-sacrifice4 ,we h prov$ h]e) t ,scripture (f]s no basis = ! doctr9e ( ! pradhna4 ,t ?is doctr9e _c be prov$ ei!r by ,sm_/ri_/ti or by ratioc9ation w be %[n lat] on4 #ad4 7,al?\gh !re is a conflict ( ! ,v$nta-passages ) reg>d to ! ?+s creat$1 su* z7 e!r & s on2 7!re is no su* conflict ) reg>d to ! ,"l7 on acc\nt ( 8 be+ repres5t$ 79 "o passage7 z describ$ 79 o!r passages71 viz4 z ! cause 7( ! _w74 ,9 ! prec$+ "p ( ! "w ! "r def9ition ( ,brahman has be5 e/abli%$2 x has be5 %[n t all ! ,v$nta-texts h ,brahman = _! common topic2 & x has be5 prov$ t !re is no scriptural au?ority = ! doctr9e ( ! pradhna4--,b n[ a new objection pres5ts itself4 ,x is n possible--our oppon5t says--to prove ei!r t ,brahman is ! cause ( ! orig91 c4 ( ! _w1 or t all ,v$nta-texts ref] to ,brahman2 because we obs]ve t ! ,v$nta-texts contradict "o ano!r4 ,all ! ,v$nta-passages :i* treat ( ! creation enum]ate its successive /eps 9 diff]5t ord]1 & s 9 reality speak ( diff]5t creations4 ,9 "o place x is said t f ! ,self !re sprang ! e!r 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a72 9 ano!r place t ! creation began ) fire 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c72 9 ano!r place1 aga91 t ! ,p]son creat$ brea? & f brea? fai? 7,pr4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #d72 9 ano!r place1 aga91 t ! ,self creat$ ^! worlds1 ! wat] 7above ! heav571 light1 ! mortal 7e>?71 & ! wat] 7bel[ ! e>?7 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #b2 #c74 ,!re no ord] is /at$ at all4 ,some:]e else x is said t ! creation orig9at$ f ! ,non-exi/5t4 ',9 ! beg9n+ ?is 0 non-exi/5t2 f x 0 born :at exi/s' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g72 &1 ',9 ! beg9n+ ?is 0 non-exi/5t2 x became exi/5t2 x grew' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ai1 #a74 ,9 ano!r place1 aga91 ! doctr9e ( ! ,non-exi/5t be+ ! antec$5t ( ! creation is impugn$1 & ! ,exi/5t m5tion$ 9 its /ead4 ',o!rs say1 9 ! beg9n+ !re 0 t only :i* is n2 b h[ c\ld x be ?us1 my de>8 ,h[ c\ld t :i* is be born ( t :i* is n8' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #a2 #b47 ,& 9 ano!r place1 aga91 ! developm5t ( ! _w is spok5 ( z hav+ tak5 place spontane\sly1 ',n[ all ?is 0 !n undevelop$4 ,x became develop$ by =m & "n' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g74--;,z !re=e manifold discrepancies are obs]v$1 & z no option is possible 9 ! case ( an accompli%$ matt]#bdj1 ! ,v$nta-passages _c be accept$ z au?orities = det]m9+ ! cause ( ! _w1 b we mu/ r accept "s o!r cause ( ! _w re/+ on ! au?ority ( ,sm_/ri_/ti & ,reason+4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,al?\gh ! ,v$nta-passages may be conflict+ ) reg>d to ! ord] ( ! ?+s creat$1 su* z e!r & s on1 !y d n conflict ) reg>d to ! creator1 'on acc\nt ( 8 be+ repres5t$ z describ$4' ,t means3 su* z ! creator is describ$ 9 any "o ,v$nta-passage1 viz4 z all-kn[+1 ! ,"l ( all1 ! ,self ( all1 )\t a second1 s he is repres5t$ 9 all o!r ,v$nta-passages also4 ,let u consid]1 = in/ance1 ! description ( ,brahman 7giv5 9 ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a ff474 ,!re x is said at fir/1 ',tru?1 k1 inf9ite is ,brahman4' ,"h ! ^w 'k1' & s likewise ! /atem5t1 made lat] on1 t ,brahman desir$ 7,,ii1 #f71 intimate t ,brahman is ( ! nature ( intellig5ce4 ,fur!r1 ! text decl>es#bda t ! cause ( ! _w is ! g5]al ,"l1 by repres5t+ x z n dep5d5t on any?+ else4 ,x fur!r applies to ! cause ( ! _w ! t]m ',self' 7,,ii1 #a71 & x repres5ts x z abid+ )9 ! s]ies ( %ea?s beg9n+ ) ! gross body2 :]eby x affirms x to be ! int]nal ,self )9 all be+s4 ,aga9--9 ! passage1 ',may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?'--x tells h[ ! ,self became _m1 & !reby decl>es t ! creator is non-diff]5t f ! creat$ effects4 ,&--9 ! passage1 ',he creat$ all ?is :atev] !re is'--x repres5ts ! creator z ! ,cause ( ! entire _w1 & !reby decl>es him to h be5 )\t a second previ\sly to ! creation4 ,! same *>act]i/ics :i* 9 ! above passages are pr$icat$ ( ,brahman1 view$ z ! ,cause ( ! _w1 we f9d to be pr$icat$ ( x 9 o!r passages also1 s1 = in/ance1 ',be+ only1 my de>1 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+1 "o only1 )\t a second4 ,x ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?4 ,x s5t =? fire' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #a2 #c71 & ',9 ! beg9n+ all ?is 0 ,self1 "o only2 !re 0 no?+ else bl9k+ :atsoev]4 ,he ?\ght1 %all ,i s5d =? worlds8' 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #a2 #b47 ,! ,v$nta-passages :i* are conc]n$ ) sett+ =? ! cause ( ! _w are ?us 9 h>mony ?r\gh\t4--,on ! o!r h&1 !re are f\nd conflict+ /atem5ts conc]n+ ! _w1 ! creation be+ 9 "s places said to beg9 ) e!r1 9 o!r places ) fire1 & s on4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x _c be said t ! conflict ( /atem5ts conc]n+ ! _w affects ! /atem5ts conc]n+ ! cause1 i4e4 ,brahman1 9 :i* all ! ,v$nta-texts are se5 to agree--= t w\ld be an altoge!r unf\nd$ g5]alization2--&1 9 ! second place1 ! tea*] w reconcile lat] on 7,,ii1 #c7 ^? conflict+ passages also :i* ref] to ! _w4 ,&1 to consid] ! matt] m ?or\ghly1 a conflict ( /atem5ts reg>d+ ! _w w\ld n ev5 matt] greatly1 s9ce ! creation ( ! _w & simil> topics are n at all :at ,scripture wi%es to tea*4 ,= we nei!r obs]ve nor are told by ,scripture t ! welf>e ( man dep5ds on ^? matt]s 9 any way2 nor h we ! "r to assume su* a ?+2 because we conclude f ! introductory & conclud+ clauses t ! passages ab\t ! creation & ! l =m only subord9ate memb]s ( passages treat+ ( ,brahman4 ,t all ! passages sett+ =? ! creation & s on subs]ve ! purpose ( tea*+ ,brahman1 ,scripture itself decl>es2 comp>e ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #d1 ',z food too is an (f%oot1 seek aft] its root1 viz4 wat]4 ,& z wat] too is an (f%oot1 seek aft] its root1 viz4 fire4 ,& z fire too is an (f%oot1 seek aft] its root1 viz4 ! ,true4' ,we1 moreov]1 und]/& t by means ( comp>isons su* z t ( ! clay 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #d7 ! creation is describ$ m]ely = ! purpose ( tea*+ u t ! effect is n really diff]5t f ! cause4 ,analog\sly x is said by ^? :o "k ! sacr$ tradition1 ',if creation is repres5t$ by means ( 7! similes (7 clay1 iron1 sp>ks1 & o!r ?+s2 t is only a means = mak+ x und]/ood t 79 reality7 !re is no diff]5ce :atev]' 7,gau_/d_/ap4 ,k4 ,,iii1 #ae74--,on ! o!r h&1 ,scripture expressly /ates ! fruits connect$ ) ! k ( ,brahman1 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman obta9s ! highe/' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a72 ',he :o kn[s ! ,self ov]comes grief' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #a1 #c72 ',a man :o kn[s him passes ov] dea?' 7_/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h74 ,t fruit is1 moreov]1 appreh5d$ by intuition 7pratyak%a71 = z soon z1 by means ( ! doctr9e1 ',t art ?\1' a man has arriv$ at ! k t ! ,self is non-transmigrat+1 its transmigrat+ nature vani%es = him4 ,x rema9s to dispose ( ! ass]tion t passages su* z ',non-be+ ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+' conta9 conflict+ /atem5ts ab\t ! nature ( ! cause4 ,?is is done 9 ! next ,stra4 #ae4 ,on acc\nt ( ! connexion 7) passages treat+ ( ,brahman1 ! passages speak+ ( ! ,non-be+ d n intimate absolute ,non-exi/5ce74 ,! passage ',non-be+ inde$ 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g7 does n decl>e t ! cause ( ! _w is ! absolutely ,non-exi/5t :i* is devoid ( all ,selfhood4 ,= 9 ! prec$+ sections ( ! ,upani%ad ,brahman is di/9ctly d5i$ to be ! ,non-exi/+1 & is def9$ to be t :i* is 7',he :o kn[s ! ,brahman z non-exi/+ becomes himself non-exi/+4 ,he :o kn[s ! ,brahman z exi/+ him we "k himself z exi/+'72 x is fur!r1 by means ( ! s]ies ( %ea?s1 viz4 ! %ea? ( food1 c41 repres5t$ z ! inn] ,self ( ev]y?+4 ,?is same ,brahman is aga9 ref]r$ to 9 ! clause1 ',he wi%$1 may ,i be _m2' is decl>$ to h orig9at$ ! entire creation2 & is f9ally ref]r$ to 9 ! clause1 ',!re=e ! wise call x ! true4' ,!reupon ! text goes on to say1 ) ref]5ce to :at has all along be5 ! topic ( discussion1 ',on ?is !re is also ?is _/s_/loka1 ,non-be+ inde$ 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+1' c4--,if "h ! t]m ',non-be+' d5ot$ ! absolutely ,non-exi/5t1 ! :ole context w\ld be brok52 = :ile o/5sibly ref]r+ to "o matt] ! passage w\ld 9 reality treat ( a second altoge!r diff]5t matt]4 ,we h !re=e to conclude t1 :ile ! t]m ',be+' ord9>ily d5otes t :i* is diff]5tiat$ by names & =ms1 ! t]m ',non-be+' d5otes ! same sub/ance previ\s to its diff]5tiation1 i4e4 t ,brahman is1 9 a second>y s5se ( ! ^w1 call$ ,non-be+1 previ\sly to ! orig9ation ( ! _w4 ,! same int]pretation has to be appli$ to ! passage ',non-be+ ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ai1 #a72 = t passage also is connect$ ) ano!r passage :i* runs1 ',x became be+2' :5ce x is evid5t t ! ',non-be+' ( ! =m] passage _c mean absolute ,non-exi/5ce4 ,& 9 ! passage1 ',o!rs say1 ,non-be+ ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #a71 ! ref]5ce to ! op9ion ( 'o!rs' does n mean t ! doctr9e ref]r$1 to 7accord+ to :i* ! _w 0 orig9ally absolutely non-exi/5t7 is prop\nd$ some:]e 9 ! ,v$a2 = option is possible 9 ! case ( actions b n 9 ! case ( sub/ances4 ,! passage has !re=e to be look$ ^u z a refutation ( ! t5et ( primitive absolute non-exi/5ce z fancifully prop\nd$ by "s tea*]s ( inf]ior intellig5ce2 a refutation und]tak5 = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ ! doctr9e t ?is _w has sprung f t :i* is4--,! foll[+ passage aga91 ',n[ ?is 0 !n undevelop$1' c4 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #g71 does n by any means ass]t t ! evolution ( ! _w took place )\t a rul]2 z we conclude f ! circum/ance ( its be+ connect$ ) ano!r passage 9 :i* ! rul] is repres5t$ z ent]+ into ! evolv$ _w ( effects1 ',he ent]$ ?i!r to ! v tips ( ! f+]-nails' c4 ,if x 7 suppos$ t ! evolution ( ! _w takes place )\t a rul]1 to :om c\ld ! subsequ5t pron\n 'he' ref] 79 ! passage la/ quot$7 :i* manife/ly is to be connect$ ) some?+ previ\sly intimat$8 ,& z ,scripture decl>es t ! ,self1 aft] hav+ ent]$ into ! body1 is ( ! nature ( intellig5ce 7':5 see+1 eye by "n2 :5 he>+1 e> by "n2 :5 ?9k+1 m9d by "n'71 x foll[s t x is intellig5t at ! "t ( its ent]+ also4--,we1 moreov]1 mu/ assume t ! _w 0 evolv$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! creation 9 ! same way z x is at pres5t se5 to develop itself by names & =ms1 viz4 "u ! rul]%ip ( an intellig5t creator2 = we h no "r to make assumptions contr>y to :at is at pres5t actually obs]v$4 ,ano!r scriptural passage also decl>es t ! evolution ( ! _w took place "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( a rul]1 ',let me n[ ent] ^! be+s ) ?is liv+ ,self1 & let me !n evolve names & =ms' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b74 ,! intransitive expression ',x develop$ itself' 7vykriyata2 x became develop$7 is to be view$ z hav+ ref]5ce to ! ease ) :i* ! real ag5t1 viz4 ! ,"l1 br\ght ab\t t evolution4 ,analog\sly x is said1 = in/ance1 t '! cornfield reaps itself' 7i4e4 is reap$ ) ! greate/ ease71 al?\gh !re is ! reap] suffici5t 7to acc\nt = ! "w be+ done74--,or else we may look on ! =m vykriyata z hav+ ref]5ce to a necess>ily impli$ ag5t2 z is ! case 9 su* phrases z '! village is be+ approa*$' 7:]e we necess>ily h to supply 'by ,devadatta or somebody else'74 #af4 7,he ^: "w is ?is is ,brahman71 because 7! '"w'7 d5otes ! _w4 ,9 ! ,kau%taki-brhma_/n_/a1 9 ! dialogue ( ,blki & ,ajta_/s_/atru1 we read1 ',o ,blki1 he :o is ! mak] ( ^? p]sons1 he ( :om ?is is ! "w1 he alone is to be kn[n' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #ai74 ,! "q "h arises :e!r :at is "h inculcat$ z ! object ( k is ! individual s\l or ! *ief vital air or ! highe/ ,self4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! vital air is meant4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 he says1 ! clause '( :om ?is is ! "w' po9ts to ! activity ( motion1 & t activity re/s on ! vital air4 ,9 ! second place1 we meet ) ! ^w 'pr_/n_/a' 9 a complem5t>y passage 7',!n he becomes "o ) t pr_/n_/a alone'71 & t ^w is well kn[n to d5ote ! vital air4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 pr_/n_/a is ! mak] ( all ! p]sons1 ! p]son 9 ! sun1 ! p]son 9 ! moon1 c41 :o 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ! dialogue _h be5 enum]at$ by ,blki2 = t ! sun & ! o!r div9ities are m]e diff]5tiations ( pr_/n_/a we "k f ano!r scriptural passage1 viz4 ',:o is t "o god 79 :om all ! o!r gods are conta9$78 ,pr_/n_/a & he is ,brahman1 & !y call him ,t' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #i74--,or else1 ! prvapak%9 cont9ues1 ! passage "u discussion repres5ts ! individual s\l z ! object ( k4 ,= ( ! s\l also x c be said t '?is is ! "w1' if we und]/& by '?is' all m]itori\s & non-m]itori\s actions2 & ! s\l also1 9 s f> z x is ! enjoy]1 c be view$ z ! mak] ( ! p]sons enum]at$ 9 s f> z !y are in/rum5tal to ! s\l's fruition4 ,! complem5t>y passage1 moreov]1 conta9s an inf]5tial m>k ( ! individual s\l4 ,= ,ajta_/s_/atru1 9 ord] to in/ruct ,blki ab\t ! 'mak] ( ! p]sons' :o _h be5 propos$ z ! object ( k1 calls a sleep+ man by v>i\s names & conv9ces ,blki1 by ! circum/ance t ! sleep] does n he> 8 %\ts1 t ! pr_/n_/a & s on are n ! enjoy]s2 he !reupon wakes ! sleep+ man by pu%+ him ) 8 /ick1 & s makes ,blki compreh5d t ! be+ capable ( fruition is ! individual s\l :i* is di/9ct f ! pr_/n_/a4 ,a subsequ5t passage also conta9s an inf]5tial m>k ( ! individual s\l1 viz4 ',& z ! ma/] fe$s ) 8 p1 nay1 z 8 p fe$ on ! ma/]1 ?us does ?is consci\s ,self fe$ ) ! o!r ,selfs1 ?us ^? ,selfs fe$ on ! consci\s ,self' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #bj74 ,& z ! individual s\l is ! support ( ! pr_/n_/a1 x may itself be call$ pr_/n_/a4--,we ?us conclude t ! passage "u discussion ref]s ei!r to ! individual s\l or to ! *ief vital air2 b n to ! ,"l1 ( :om x conta9s no inf]5tial m>ks :atev]4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,! ,"l only c be ! mak] ( ! p]sons enum]at$1 on acc\nt ( ! =ce ( ! introductory "p ( ! section4 ,blki beg9s 8 colloquy ) ,ajta_/s_/atru ) ! (f]1 ',%all ,i tell y ,brahman8' ,!reupon he enum]ates "s individual s\ls resid+ 9 ! sun1 ! moon1 & s on1 :i* p>ticipate 9 ! sight ( ! second>y ,brahman1 & 9 ! end becomes sil5t4 ,ajta_/s_/atru !n sets aside ,blki's doctr9e z n ref]r+ to ! *ief ,brahman--) ! words1 ',va9ly did y *all5ge me1 say+1 ,%all ,i tell y ,brahman1' c4--& proposes ! mak] ( all ^? individual s\ls z a new object ( k4 ,if n[ t mak] also 7 m]ely a s\l p>ticipat+ 9 ! sight ( ! second>y ,brahman1 ! introductory /atem5t :i* speaks ( ,brahman w\ld be futile4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! highe/ ,"l himself is meant4--,none1 moreov]1 b ! highe/ ,"l is capable ( be+ ! mak] ( all ^? p]sons z he only is absolutely indep5d5t4--,fur!r1 ! clause '( :om ?is is ! "w' does n ref] ei!r to ! activity ( motion nor to m]itori\s & non-m]itori\s actions2 = nei!r ( ^? two is ! topic ( discussion or has be5 m5tion$ previ\sly4 ,nor c ! t]m '"w' d5ote ! enum]at$ p]sons1 s9ce ! latt] are m5tion$ sep>ately--9 ! clause1 ',he :o is ! mak] ( ^? p]sons'--& z inf]5tial m>ks 7viz4 ! neut] g5d] & ! s+ul> numb] ( ! ^w k>man1 "w7 contradict t assumption4 ,nor1 aga91 c ! t]m '"w' d5ote ei!r ! activity ^: object ! p]sons are1 or ! result ( t activity1 s9ce ^? two are already impli$ 9 ! m5tion ( ! ag5t 79 ! clause1 ',he :o is ! mak]'74 ,?us !re rema9s no o!r alt]native ?an to take ! pron\n '?is' 79 ',he ( :om ?is is ! "w'7 z d5ot+ ! p]ceptible _w & to und]/& ! same _w--z t :i* is made--by ! t]m '"w4'--,we may inde$ admit t ! _w also is n ! previ\s topic ( discussion & has n be5 m5tion$ be=e2 /ill1 z no specification is m5tion$1 we conclude t ! t]m '"w' has to be und]/ood 9 a g5]al s5se1 & ?us d5otes :at fir/ pres5ts itself to ! m9d1 viz4 ev]y?+ :i* exi/s 9 g5]al4 ,x is1 moreov]1 n true t ! _w is n ! previ\s topic ( discussion2 we are r entitl$ to conclude f ! circum/ance t ! v>i\s p]sons 79 ! sun1 ! moon1 c47 :i* con/itute a "p ( ! _w _h be5 specially m5tion$ be=e1 t ! passage 9 "q is conc]n$ ) ! :ole _w 9 g5]al4 ,! conjunction 'or' 79 'or he ( :om1' c47 is meant to exclude ! idea ( limit$ mak]%ip2 s t ! :ole passage has to be int]pret$ z foll[s1 ',he :o is ! mak] ( ^? p]sons =m+ a "p ( ! _w1 or r--to d away ) ?is limitation--he ( :om ?is entire _w )\t any exception is ! "w4' ,! special m5tion made ( ! p]sons hav+ be5 creat$ has = its purpose to %[ t ^? p]sons :om ,blki _h proclaim$ to be ,brahman are n ,brahman4 ,! passage !re=e sets =? ! mak] ( ! _w 9 a d\ble aspect1 at fir/ z ! creator ( a special "p ( ! _w & !reupon z ! creator ( ! :ole rema9+ "p ( ! _w2 a way ( speak+ analog\s to su* e-day =ms ( expression z1 ',! w&]+ m5dicants are to be f$1 & !n ! ,brhma_/n_/z#bdb4' ,& t ! mak] ( ! _w is ! highe/ ,"l is affirm$ 9 all ,v$nta-texts4 #ag4 ,if x be said t ?is is n s1 on acc\nt ( ! inf]5tial m>ks ( ! individual s\l & ! *ief vital air2 we reply t t has already be5 expla9$4 ,x rema9s = u to refute ! objection t on acc\nt ( ! inf]5tial m>ks ( ! individual s\l & ! *ief vital air1 :i* are met ) 9 ! complem5t>y passage1 ei!r ! "o or ! o!r mu/ be meant 9 ! passage "u discussion1 & n ! highe/ ,"l4--,we !re=e rem>k t t objection has already be5 dispos$ ( "u ,i1 #a1 #ca4 ,!re x 0 %[n t f an int]pretation simil> to ! "o "h propos$ by ! prvapak%9 !re w\ld result a ?reefold m$itation "o hav+ ,brahman = its object1 a second "o direct$ on ! individual s\l1 & a ?ird "o connect$ ) ! *ief vital air4 ,n[ ! same result w\ld pres5t itself 9 our case1 & t w\ld be unacceptable z we mu/ inf] f ! introductory z well z ! conclud+ clauses1 t ! passage "u discussion ref]s to ,brahman4 ,) ref]5ce to ! introductory clause ?is has be5 already prov$2 t ! conclud+ passage also ref]s to ,brahman1 we inf] f ! fact ( !re be+ /at$ 9 x a pre-em95tly high rew>d1 ',w>d+ (f all evil he :o kn[s ?is obta9s pre-em95ce among all be+s1 sov]eignty1 supremacy4'--,b if ?is is s1 ! s5se ( ! passage "u discussion is already settl$ by ! discussion ( ! passage ab\t ,prat>da_/n_/a 7,i1 #a1 #ca72 :y1 !n1 ! pres5t ,stra8--,no1 we reply2 ! s5se ( our passage is n yet settl$1 s9ce "u ,i1 #a1 #ca x has n be5 prov$ t ! clause1 ',or he ^: "w is ?is1' ref]s to ,brahman4 ,h5ce !re arises aga91 9 connexion ) ! pres5t passage1 a d\bt :e!r ! individual s\l & ! *ief vital air may n be meant1 & t d\bt has aga9 to be refut$4--,! ^w pr_/n_/a occurs1 moreov]1 9 ! s5se ( ,brahman1 s 9 ! passage1 ',! m9d settles d[n on pr_/n_/a' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #b74--,! inf]5tial m>ks ( ! individual s\l also h1 on acc\nt ( ! introductory & conclud+ clauses ref]r+ to ,brahman1 to be expla9$ s z n to give rise to any discrepancy4 #ah4 ,b ,jaim9i ?9ks t 7! ref]5ce to ! individual s\l7 has ano!r purport1 on acc\nt ( ! "q & answ]2 & ?us "s also 7read 9 _! text74 ,:e!r ! passage "u discussion is conc]n$ ) ! individual s\l or ) ,brahman1 is1 9 ! op9ion ( ! tea*] ,jaim9i1 no matt] = dispute1 s9ce ! ref]5ce to ! individual s\l has a diff]5t purport1 i4e4 aims at intimat+ ,brahman4 ,he f\nds ?is 8 op9ion on a "q & a reply met ) 9 ! text4 ,aft] ,ajta_/s_/atru has taught ,blki1 by wak+ ! sleep+ man1 t ! s\l is diff]5t f ! vital air1 he asks ! foll[+ "q1 ',blki1 :]e did ?is p]son "h sleep8 ,:]e 0 he8 ,:5ce came he ?us back8' ,?is "q cle>ly ref]s to some?+ diff]5t f ! individual s\l4 ,& s likewise does ! reply1 ',:5 sleep+ he sees no dream1 !n he becomes "o ) t pr_/n_/a alone2' &1 ',f t ,self all pr_/n_/z proce$1 ea* t[>ds its place1 f ! pr_/n_/z ! gods1 f ! gods ! worlds4'--,n[ x is ! g5]al ,v$nta doctr9e t at ! "t ( deep sleep ! s\l becomes "o ) ! highe/ ,brahman1 & t f ! highe/ ,brahman ! :ole _w proce$s1 inclusive ( pr_/n_/a1 & s on4 ,:5 ,scripture !re=e repres5ts z ! object ( k t 9 :i* !re takes place ! deep sleep ( ! s\l1 *>act]is$ by abs5ce ( consci\sness & utt] tranquillity1 i4e4 a /ate devoid ( all ^? specific cognitions :i* are produc$ by ! limit+ adjuncts ( ! s\l1 & f :i* ! s\l returns :5 ! sleep is brok52 we und]/& t ! highe/ ,self is meant4--,moreov]1 ! ,vjasaneyi_/s_/kh1 :i* likewise conta9s ! colloquy ( ,blki & ,ajta_/s_/atru1 cle>ly ref]s to ! individual s\l by means ( ! t]m1 '! p]son consi/+ ( cognition' 7vij_/_/namaya71 & di/+ui%es f x ! highe/ ,self 7',:]e 0 !n ! p]son consi/+ ( cognition8 & f :5ce did he ?us come back8' ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #af72 & lat] on1 9 ! reply to ! above "q1 decl>es t '! p]son consi/+ ( cognition lies 9 ! e!r )9 ! he>t4' ,n[ we "k t ! ^w 'e!r' may be us$ to d5ote ! highe/ ,self1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! passage ab\t ! small e!r )9 ! lotus ( ! he>t 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #a1 #a74 ,fur!r on ! ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 says1 ',all ! ,selfs came =? f t ,self2' by :i* /atem5t ( ! com+ =? ( all ! condition$ ,selfs x intimates t ! highe/ ,self is ! "o g5]al cause4--,! doctr9e convey$ by ! r\s+ ( ! sleep+ p]son1 viz4 t ! individual s\l is diff]5t f ! vital air1 furni%es at ! same "t a fur!r argum5t aga9/ ! op9ion t ! passage "u discussion ref]s to ! vital air4 #ai4 7,! ,self to be se51 to be he>d1 c4 is ! highe/ ,self7 on acc\nt ( ! connect$ mean+ ( ! s5t5ces4 ,we read 9 ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka1 9 ! ,maitrey-brhma_/n_/a ! foll[+ passage1 ',v]ily1 a husb& is n de> t y may love ! husb&1 c4 c42 v]ily1 ev]y?+ is n de> t y may love ev]y?+2 b t y may love ! ,self !re=e ev]y?+ is de>4 ,v]ily1 ! ,self is to be se51 to be he>d1 to be p]ceiv$1 to be m>k$1 ,o ,maitrey6 ,:5 ! ,self has be5 se51 he>d1 p]ceiv$1 & kn[n1 !n all ?is is kn[n' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #f74--;,"h ! d\bt arises :e!r t :i* is repres5t$ z ! object to be se51 to be he>d1 & s on1 is ! cognitional ,self 7! individual s\l7 or ! highe/ ,self4--,b :5ce ! d\bt8--,because1 we reply1 ! ,self is1 on ! "o h&1 by ! m5tion ( de> ?+s su* z husb& & s on1 indicat$ z ! enjoy] :5ce x appe>s t ! passage ref]s to ! individual s\l2 & because1 on ! o!r h&1 ! decl>ation t ?r\gh ! k ( ! ,self ev]y?+ becomes kn[n po9ts to ! highe/ ,self4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ! passage ref]s to ! individual s\l1 on acc\nt ( ! /r5g? ( ! initial /atem5t4 ,! text decl>es at ! outset t all ! objects ( enjoym5t f\nd 9 ?is _w1 su* z husb&1 wife1 ri*es1 & s on1 are de> on acc\nt ( ! ,self1 & !reby gives u to und]/& t ! enjoy+ 7i4e4 ! individual7 ,self is meant2 if !reupon x ref]s to ! ,self z ! object ( sight & s on1 :at o!r ,self %\ld x mean ?an ! same individual ,self8--,a subsequ5t passage also 7viz4 ',?us does ?is great ,be+1 endless1 unlimit$1 consi/+ ( no?+ b k1 rise f out ( ^! elem5ts1 & vani% aga9 aft] !m4 ,:5 he has dep>t$ !re is no m k'71 :i* describes h[ ! great ,be+ "u discussion rises1 z ! ,self ( k1 f ! elem5ts1 %[s t ! object ( sight is no o!r ?an ! cognitional ,self1 i4e4 ! individual s\l4 ,! conclud+ clause f9ally1 ',h[1 ,o belov$1 %\ld he "k ! kn[]8' %[s1 by means ( ! t]m 'kn[]1' :i* d5otes an ag5t1 t ! individual s\l is meant4 ,! decl>ation t ?r\gh ! cognition ( ! ,self ev]y?+ becomes kn[n mu/ !re=e n be int]pret$ 9 ! lit]al s5se1 b mu/ be tak5 to mean t ! _w ( objects ( enjoym5t is kn[n ?r\gh its relation to ! enjoy+ s\l4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,! passage makes a /atem5t ab\t ! highe/ ,self1 on acc\nt ( ! connect$ mean+ ( ! entire section4 ,if we consid] ! diff]5t passages 9 _! mutual connexion1 we f9d t !y all ref] to ! highe/ ,self4 ,aft] ,maitrey has he>d f ,yj_/_/avalkya t !re is no hope ( immortality by weal?1 %e expresses h] desire ( immortality 9 ! words1 ',:at %\ld ,i d ) t by :i* ,i d n become immortal8 ,:at my ,"l kn[e? tell t to me2' & !reupon ,yj_/_/avalkya exp\nds to h] ! k ( ! ,self4 ,n[ ,scripture z well z ,sm_/ri_/ti decl>es t immortality is n to be rea*$ b ?r\gh ! k ( ! highe/ ,self4--,! /atem5t fur!r t ?r\gh ! k ( ! ,self ev]y?+ becomes kn[n c be tak5 9 its direct lit]al s5se only if by ! ,self we und]/& ! highe/ cause4 ,& to take x 9 a non-lit]al s5se 7z ! prvapak%9 proposes7 is inadmissible1 on acc\nt ( ! explanation giv5 ( t /atem5t 9 a subsequ5t passage1 viz4 ',:osoev] looks = ! ,brahman class else:]e ?an 9 ! ,self1 is ab&on$ by ! ,brahman class4' ,"h x is said t :oev] errone\sly views ?is _w ) its ,brahmans & s on1 z hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce ap>t f ! ,self1 is ab&on$ by t v _w ( :i* he has tak5 an errone\s view2 :]eby ! view t !re exi/s any diff]5ce is refut$4 ,& ! imm$iately subsequ5t clause1 ',?is ev]y?+ is ! ,self1' gives u to und]/& t ! entire aggregate ( exi/+ ?+s is non-diff]5t f ! ,self2 a doctr9e fur!r confirm$ by ! similes ( ! drum & s on4--,by expla9+ fur!r t ! ,self ab\t :i* he _h be5 speak+ is ! cause ( ! univ]se ( names1 =ms1 & works 7',!re has be5 brea!d =? f ?is great ,be+ :at we h z _/,ri_/gv$a1' c47 ,yj_/_/avalkya aga9 %[s t x is ! highe/ ,self4--,to ! same conclusion he leads u by decl>+1 9 ! p>agraph :i* treats ( ! natural c5tres ( ?+s1 t ! ,self is ! c5tre ( ! :ole _w ) ! objects1 ! s5ses & ! m9d1 t x has nei!r inside nor outside1 t x is altoge!r a mass ( k4--,f all ?is x foll[s t :at ! text repres5ts z ! object ( sight & s on is ! highe/ ,self4 ,we n[ turn to ! rem>k made by ! prvapak%9 t ! passage tea*es ! individual s\l to be ! object ( sight1 because x is1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! *apt] d5ot$ z some?+ de>4 #bj4 7,! circum/ance ( ! s\l be+ repres5t$ z ! object ( sight7 indicates ! fulfilm5t ( ! promissory /atem5t2 s _/s_/m>a?ya ?9ks4 ,! fact t ! text proclaims z ! object ( sight t ,self :i* is d5ot$ z some?+1 de> indicates ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise made 9 ! passages1 ',:5 ! ,self is kn[n all ?is is kn[n1' ',all ?is is t ,self4' ,= if ! individual s\l 7 diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self1 ! k ( ! latt] w\ld n imply ! k ( ! =m]1 & ?us ! promise t ?r\gh ! k ( "o ?+ ev]y?+ is to be kn[n w\ld n be fulfill$4 ,h5ce ! initial /atem5t aims at repres5t+ ! individual ,self & ! highe/ ,self z non-diff]5t = ! purpose ( fulfill+ ! promise made4--,?is is ! op9ion ( ! tea*] _/s_/m>a?ya#bdc4 #ba4 7,! initial /atem5t id5tifies ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self7 because ! s\l :5 x w dep>t 7f ! body7 is su* 7i4e4 "o ) ! highe/ ,self72 ?us ,au_/d_/ulomi ?9ks4 ,! individual s\l :i* is inqu9at$ by ! contact ) its diff]5t limit+ adjuncts1 viz4 body1 s5ses1 & m9d 7mano-buddhi71 atta9s ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( k1 m$itation1 & s on1 a /ate ( complete s]5ity1 & ?us enables itself1 :5 pass+ at "s future "t out ( ! body1 to become "o ) ! highe/ ,self2 h5ce ! initial /atem5t 9 :i* x is repres5t$ z non-diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ! tea*] ,au_/d_/ulomi4--,?us ,scripture says1 ',t s]5e be+ aris+ f ?is body appe>s 9 its own =m z soon z x has approa*$ ! highe/ light' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ab1 #c74--;,9 ano!r place ,scripture intimates1 by means ( ! simile ( ! riv]s1 t "n & =m abide 9 ! individual s\l1 ',z ! fl[+ riv]s disappe> 9 ! sea1 hav+ lo/ _! "n & _! =m1 ?us a wise man fre$ f "n & =m goes to ! div9e ,p]son :o is great] ?an ! great' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #h74 ,i4e4 z ! riv]s los+ ! names & =ms abid+ 9 !m disappe> 9 ! sea1 s ! individual s\l also los+ ! "n & =m abid+ 9 x becomes unit$ ) ! highe/ p]son4 ,t ! latt] half ( ! passage has ! mean+ "h assign$ to x1 foll[s f ! p>allelism :i* we mu/ assume to exi/ betwe5 ! two memb]s ( ! comp>ison#bdd4 #bb4 7,! initial /atem5t is made7 because 7! highe/ ,self7 exi/s 9 ! condition 7( ! individual s\l72 s ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna ?9ks4 ,because ! highe/ ,self exi/s also 9 ! condition ( ! individual s\l1 !re=e1 ! tea*] ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna ?9ks1 ! initial /atem5t :i* aims at intimat+ ! non-diff]5ce ( ! two is possible4 ,t ! highe/ ,self only is t :i* appe>s z ! individual s\l1 is evid5t f ! ,brhma_/n_/a-passage1 ',let me ent] into !m ) ?is liv+ ,self & evolve names & =ms1' & simil> passages4 ,we h also mantras to ! same effect1 = in/ance1 ',! wise "o :o1 hav+ produc$ all =ms & made all names1 sits call+ ! ?+s by _! names' 7,taitt4 r4 ,,iii1 #ab1 #g7bde4 ,& :]e ,scripture relates ! creation ( fire & ! o!r elem5ts1 x does n at ! same "t relate a sep>ate creation ( ! individual s\l2 we h !re=e no "r to look on ! s\l z a product ( ! highe/ ,self1 diff]5t f ! latt]4--,9 ! op9ion ( ! tea*] ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna ! non-modifi$ highe/ ,"l himself is ! individual s\l1 n any?+ else4 _/s_/m>a?ya1 al?\gh mean+ to say t ! s\l is n 7absolutely7 diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self1 yet intimates by ! expression1 ',on acc\nt ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise'--:i* decl>es a c]ta9 mutual dep5d5ce--t !re does exi/ a c]ta9 relation ( cause & effect betwe5 ! highe/ ,self & ! individual s\l#bdf4 ,! op9ion ( ,au_/d_/ulomi aga9 cle>ly implies t ! diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce ( ! two dep5d on diff]5ce ( condition#bdg4 ,( ^! ?ree op9ions we conclude t ! "o held by ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna accords ) ,scripture1 because x agrees ) :at all ! ,v$nta-texts 7s1 = in/ance1 ! passage1 ',t art ?\'7 aim at inculcat+4 ,only on ! op9ion ( ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna immortality c be view$ z ! result ( ! k ( ! s\l2 :ile x w\ld be impossible to hold ! same view if ! s\l 7 a modification 7product7 ( ! ,self & z su* liable to lose its exi/5ce by be+ m]g$ 9 its causal sub/ance4 ,= ! same reason1 "n & =m _c abide 9 ! s\l 7z 0 above attempt$ to prove by means ( ! simile ( ! riv]s71 b abide 9 ! limit+ adjunct & are ascrib$ to ! s\l itself 9 a figurative s5se only4 ,= ! same reason ! orig9 ( ! s\ls f ! highe/ ,self1 ( :i* ,scripture speaks 9 "s places z analog\s to ! issu+ ( sp>ks f ! fire1 mu/ be view$ z bas$ only on ! limit+ adjuncts ( ! s\l4 ,! la/ ?ree ,stras h fur!r to be int]pret$ s z to furni% replies to ! second ( ! prvapak%9's argum5ts1 viz4 t ! ,b_/ri_/_hra_/n_/yaka passage repres5ts z ! object ( sight ! individual s\l1 because x decl>es t ! great ,be+ :i* is to be se5 arises f out ( ^! elem5ts4 ',!re is an indication ( ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise2 s _/s_/m>a?ya ?9ks4' ,! promise is made 9 ! two passages1 ',:5 ! ,self is kn[n1 all ?is is kn[n1' & ',all ?is is t ,self4' ,t ! ,self is ev]y?+1 is prov$ by ! decl>ation t ! :ole _w ( names1 =ms1 & works spr+s f "o be+1 & is m]g$ 9 "o be+#bdh2 & by its be+ demon/rat$1 ) ! help ( ! similes ( ! drum1 & s on1 t effect & cause are non-diff]5t4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ! promise is1 !n1 f9ally indicat$ by ! text decl>+ t t great ,be+ rises1 9 ! =m ( ! individual s\l1 f out ( ^! elem5ts2 ?us ! tea*] _/s_/m>a?ya ?9ks4 ,= if ! s\l & ! highe/ ,self are non-diff]5t1 ! promise t ?r\gh ! k ( "o ev]y?+ becomes kn[n is capable ( fulfilm5t4--',because ! s\l :5 x w dep>t is su*2 ?us ,au_/d_/ulomi ?9ks4' ,! /atem5t z to ! non-diff]5ce ( ! s\l & ! ,self 7impli$ 9 ! decl>ation t ! great ,be+ rises1 c47 is possible1 because ! s\l :5--aft] hav+ purifi$ itself by k1 & s on--x w dep>t f ! body1 is capable ( becom+ "o ) ! highe/ ,self4 ,?is is ,au_/d_/ulomi's op9ion4--',because x exi/s 9 ! condition ( ! s\l2 ?us ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna op9es4' ,because ! highe/ ,self itself is t :i* appe>s z ! individual s\l1 ! /atem5t z to ! non-diff]5ce ( ! two is well-f\nd$4 ,?is is ! view ( ! tea*] ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna4 ,b1 an objection may be rais$1 ! passage1 ',ris+ f out ( ^! elem5ts he vani%es aga9 aft] !m4 ,:5 he has dep>t$ !re is no m k1' intimates ! f9al de/ruction ( ! s\l1 n its id5tity ) ! highe/ ,self6--,by no means1 we reply4 ,! passage means to say only t on ! s\l dep>t+ f ! body all specific cognition vani%es1 n t ! ,self is de/roy$4 ,= an objection be+ rais$--9 ! passage1 ',"h ?\ ha/ bewild]$ me1 ,sir1 :5 ?\ saye/ t hav+ dep>t$ !re is no m k'4 ,scripture itself expla9s t :at is meant is n ! annihilation ( ! ,self1 ',i say no?+ t is bewild]+4 ,v]ily1 belov$1 t ,self is imp]i%able1 & ( an inde/ructible nature4 ,b !re takes place non-connexion ) ! mtrs4' ,t means3 ,! et]nally un*ang+ ,self1 :i* is "o mass ( k1 _c possibly p]i%2 b by means ( true k !re is effect$ its dissociation f ! mtrs1 i4e4 ! elem5ts & ! s5se organs1 :i* are ! product ( ,nesci5ce4 ,:5 ! connexion has be5 solv$1 specific cognition1 :i* dep5d$ on x1 no long] takes place1 & ?us x c be said1 t ',:5 he has dep>t$ !re is no m k4' ,! ?ird argum5t also ( ! prvapak%91 viz4 t ! ^w 'kn[]'--:i* occurs 9 ! conclud+ passage1 ',h[ %\ld he "k ! kn[]8'--d5otes an ag5t1 & !re=e ref]s to ! individual s\l z ! object ( sight1 is to be refut$ accord+ to ! view ( ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna4--,moreov]1 ! text aft] hav+ enum]at$--9 ! passage1 ',= :]e !re is duality z x 71 !re "o sees ! o!r1' c4--all ! k9ds ( specific cognition :i* belong to ! sph]e ( ,nesci5ce decl>es--9 ! subsequ5t passage1 ',b :5 ! ,self only is all ?is1 h[ %\ld he see ano!r8'--t 9 ! sph]e ( true k all specific cognition su* z see+1 & s on1 is abs5t4 ,&1 aga91 9 ord] to obviate ! d\bt :e!r 9 ! abs5ce ( objects ! kn[] might n "k himself1 ,yj_/_/avalkya goes on1 ',h[1 ,o belov$1 %\ld he "k himself1 ! kn[]8' ,z ?us ! latt] passage evid5tly aims at prov+ ! abs5ce ( specific cognition1 we h to conclude t ! ^w 'kn[]' is "h us$ to d5ote t be+ :i* is k1 i4e4 ! ,self4--,t ! view ( ,k_/s_/ak_/ri_/tsna is scriptural1 we h already %[n above4 ,& z x is s1 all ! adh]5ts ( ! ,v$nta mu/ admit t ! diff]5ce ( ! s\l & ! highe/ ,self is n real1 b due to ! limit+ adjuncts1 viz4 ! body1 & s on1 :i* are ! product ( "n & =m z pres5t$ by ,nesci5ce4 ,t view receives ample confirmation f ,scripture2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ',be+ only1 my de>1 ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o1 )\t a second' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #a72 ',! ,self is all ?is' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #be1 #b72 ',brahman alone is all ?is' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #aa72 ',?is ev]y?+ is t ,self' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #f72 ',!re is no o!r se] b he' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #bc72 ',!re is no?+ t sees b x' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #aa74--;,x is likewise confirm$ by ,sm_/ri_/ti2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ',vsudeva is all ?is' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,vii1 #ai72 ',"k me1 ,o ,bhrata1 to be ! s\l 9 all bodies' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiii1 #b72 ',he :o sees ! highe/ ,"l abid+ alike )9 all creatures' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xiii1 #bg74--,! same conclusion is support$ by ^? passages :i* d5y all diff]5ce2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ',if he ?9ks1 t is "o & ,i ano!r2 he does n "k' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #d1 #aj72 ',f dea? to dea? he goes :o sees "h any div]sity' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ai74 ,&1 aga91 by ^? passages :i* negative all *ange on ! "p ( ! ,self2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ',?is great unborn ,self1 undecay+1 undy+1 immortal1 fe>less is inde$ ,brahman' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #bd74--,moreov]1 if ! doctr9e ( g5]al id5tity 7 n true1 ^? :o are desir\s ( release c\ld n be 9 ! possession ( irrefutable k1 & !re w\ld be no possibility ( any matt] be+ well settl$2 :ile yet ! k ( :i* ! ,self is ! object is decl>$ to be irrefutable & to satisfy all desire1 & ,scripture speaks ( ^?1 ',:o h well asc]ta9$ ! object ( ! k ( ! ,v$nta' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #f74 ,comp>e also ! passage1 ',:at tr\ble1 :at sorr[ c !re be to him :o has once beheld t unity8' 7,i_/s_/4 ,up4 #g47--;,& ,sm_/ri_/ti also repres5ts ! m9d ( him :o contemplates ! ,self z /eady 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,ii1 #ed74 ,z !re=e ! individual s\l & ! highe/ ,self diff] 9 "n only1 x be+ a settl$ matt] t p]fect k has = its object ! absolute on5ess ( ! two2 x is s5seless to insi/ 7z "s d7 on a plurality ( ,selfs1 & to ma9ta9 t ! individual s\l is diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self1 & ! highe/ ,self f ! individual s\l4 ,= ! ,self is inde$ call$ by _m diff]5t names1 b x is "o only4 ,nor does ! passage1 ',he :o kn[s ,brahman :i* is real1 k1 inf9ite1 z hidd5 9 ! cave' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a71 ref] to "s "o cave 7diff]5t f ! abode ( ! individual s\l7#bdi4 ,& t nobody else b ,brahman is hidd5 9 ! cave we "k f a subsequ5t passage1 viz4 ',hav+ s5t =? he ent]$ into x' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f71 accord+ to :i* ! creator only ent]$ into ! creat$ be+s4--,^? :o insi/ on ! di/9ction ( ! individual & ! highe/ ,self oppose !mselves to ! true s5se ( ! ,v$nta-texts1 /& !reby 9 ! way ( p]fect k1 :i* is ! door to p]fect beatitude1 & gr\ndlessly assume release to be some?+ effect$1 & !re=e non-et]nal#bej4 7,& if !y attempt to %[ t mok%a1 al?\gh effect$1 is et]nal7 !y involve !mselves 9 a conflict ) s\nd logic4 #bc4 7,brahman is7 ! mat]ial cause also1 on acc\nt ( 7?is view7 n be+ 9 conflict ) ! promissory /atem5ts & ! illu/rative in/ances4 ,x has be5 said t1 z practical religi\s duty has to be enquir$ into because x is ! cause ( an increase ( happ9ess1 s ,brahman has to be enquir$ into because x is ! cause ( absolute beatitude4 ,& ,brahman has be5 def9$ z t f :i* !re proce$ ! orig9ation1 su/5tation1 & retractation ( ?is _w4 ,n[ z ?is def9ition comprises alike ! relation ( sub/antial causality 9 :i* clay & gold1 = in/ance1 /& to gold5 ornam5ts & e>!n pots1 & ! relation ( op]ative causality 9 :i* ! pott] & ! goldsmi? /& to ! ?+s m5tion$2 a d\bt arises to :i* ( ^! two k9ds ! causality ( ,brahman belongs4 ,! prvapak%9 ma9ta9s t ,brahman evid5tly is ! op]ative cause ( ! _w only1 because ,scripture decl>es 8 creative en]gy to be prec$$ by reflection4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ,pra4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c2 #d3 ',he reflect$1 he creat$ pr_/n_/a4' ,= obs]vation %[s t ! action ( op]ative causes only1 su* z pott]s & ! l1 is prec$$ by reflection1 & moreov] t ! result ( "s activity is br\ght ab\t by ! concurr5ce ( sev]al factors#bea4 ,x is !re=e appropriate t we %\ld view ! prime creator 9 ! same light4 ,! circum/ance ( 8 be+ kn[n z '! ,"l' furni%es ano!r argum5t4 ,= lords su* z k+s & ! son ( ,vivasvat are kn[n only z op]ative causes1 & ! highe/ ,"l also mu/ on t acc\nt be view$ z an op]ative cause only4--,fur!r1 ! effect ( ! creator's activity1 viz4 ?is _w1 is se5 to consi/ ( p>ts1 to be non-intellig5t & impure2 we !re=e mu/ assume t its cause also is ( ! same nature2 = x is a matt] ( g5]al obs]vation t cause & effect are alike 9 k9d4 ,b t ,brahman does n resemble ! _w 9 nature1 we "k f _m scriptural passages1 su* z ',x is )\t p>ts1 )\t actions1 tranquil1 )\t fault1 )\t ta9t' 7_/,sv_/e4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ai74 ,h5ce !re rema9s no o!r alt]native b to admit t 9 addition to ,brahman !re exi/s a mat]ial cause ( ! _w ( impure nature1 su* z is kn[n f ,sm_/ri_/ti#beb1 & to limit ! causality ( ,brahman1 z decl>$ by ,scripture1 to op]ative causality4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,brahman is to be ackn[l$g$ z ! mat]ial cause z well z ! op]ative cause2 because ?is latt] view does n conflict ) ! promissory /atem5ts & ! illu/rative in/ances4 ,! promissory /atem5t *iefly meant is ! foll[+ "o1 ',h y ev] ask$ = t in/ruction by :i* t :i* is n he>d becomes he>d2 t :i* is n p]ceiv$1 p]ceiv$2 t :i* is n kn[n1 kn[n8' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #c47 ,?is passage intimates t ?r\gh ! cognition ( "o ?+ ev]y?+ else1 ev5 if 7previ\sly7 unkn[n1 becomes kn[n4 ,n[ ! k ( ev]y?+ is possible ?r\gh ! cognition ( ! mat]ial cause1 s9ce ! effect is non-diff]5t f ! mat]ial cause4 ,on ! o!r h&1 effects are n non-diff]5t f _! op]ative causes2 = we "k f ord9>y exp]i5ce t ! c>p5t]1 = in/ance1 is diff]5t f ! h\se he has built4--,! illu/rative example ref]r$ to is ! "o m5tion$ 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #d71 ',my de>1 z by "o clod ( clay all t is made ( clay is kn[n1 ! modification 7i4e4 ! effect7 be+ a "n m]ely :i* has its orig9 9 spee*1 :ile ! tru? is t x is clay m]ely2' :i* passage aga9 has ref]5ce to ! mat]ial cause4 ,! text adds a few m illu/rative in/ances ( simil> nature1 ',z by "o nugget ( gold all t is made ( gold is kn[n2 z by "o pair ( nail-scissors all t is made ( iron is kn[n4'--,simil> promissory /atem5ts are made 9 o!r places also1 = in/ance1 ',:at is t ?r\gh :i* if x is kn[n ev]y?+ else becomes kn[n8' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #c47 ,an illu/rative in/ance also is giv5 9 ! same place1 ',z plants gr[ on ! e>?' 7,i1 #a1 #g74--;,comp>e also ! promissory /atem5t 9 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #e1 #f1 ',:5 ! ,self has be5 se51 he>d1 p]ceiv$1 & kn[n1 !n all ?is is kn[n2' & ! illu/rative in/ance quot$ 7,,iv1 #e1 #h71 ',n[ z ! s\nds ( a drum if beat5 _c be seiz$ ext]nally1 b ! s\nd is seiz$ :5 ! drum is seiz$ or ! beat] ( ! drum4'--,simil> promissory /atem5ts & illu/rative in/ances :i* are to be f\nd 9 all ,v$nta-texts are to be view$ z prov+1 m or less1 t ,brahman is also ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w4 ,! ablative case also 9 ! passage1 ',t f :5ce 7yata_/h_/7 ^! be+s are born1' has to be consid]$ z indicat+ ! mat]ial cause ( ! be+s1 accord+ to ! grammatical rule1 ,p_/n_/4 ,i1 #d1 #cj4--,t ,brahman is at ! same "t ! op]ative cause ( ! _w1 we h to conclude f ! circum/ance t !re is no o!r guid+ be+4 ,ord9>ily mat]ial causes1 inde$1 su* z lumps ( clay & pieces ( gold1 are dep5d5t1 9 ord] to %ape !mselves into vessels & ornam5ts1 on extrane\s op]ative causes su* z pott]s & goldsmi?s2 b outside ,brahman z mat]ial cause !re is no o!r op]ative cause to :i* ! mat]ial cause c\ld look2 = ,scripture says t previ\sly to creation ,brahman 0 "o )\t a second4--,! abs5ce ( a guid+ pr9ciple o!r ?an ! mat]ial cause c moreov] be e/abli%$ by means ( ! argum5t made use ( 9 ! ,stra1 viz4 accordance ) ! promissory /atem5ts & ! illu/rative examples4 ,if !re 7 admitt$ a guid+ pr9ciple diff]5t f ! mat]ial cause1 x w\ld foll[ t ev]y?+ _c be kn[n ?r\gh "o ?+1 & !reby ! promissory /atem5ts z well z ! illu/rative in/ances w\ld be /ultifi$4--,! ,self is ?us ! op]ative cause1 because !re is no o!r rul+ pr9ciple1 & ! mat]ial cause because !re is no o!r sub/ance f :i* ! _w c\ld orig9ate4 #bd4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! /atem5t ( reflection 7on ! "p ( ! ,self74 ,! fact ( ! sacr$ texts decl>+ t ! ,self reflect$ likewise %[s t x is ! op]ative z well z ! mat]ial cause4 ,passages l ',he wi%$1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?1' & ',he ?\ght1 may ,i be _m1 may ,i gr[ =?1' %[1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! ,self is ! ag5t 9 ! indep5d5t activity :i* is prec$$ by ! ,self's reflection2 &1 9 ! second place1 t x is ! mat]ial cause also1 s9ce ! words ',may ,i be _m' intimate t ! reflective desire ( multiply+ itself has ! inw>d ,self = its object4 #be4 ,& on acc\nt ( bo? 7i4e4 ! orig9 & ! dissolution ( ! _w7 be+ directly decl>$ 7to h ,brahman = _! mat]ial cause74 ,?is ,stra supplies a fur!r argum5t = ,brahman's be+ ! g5]al mat]ial cause4--,brahman is ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w = t reason also t ! orig9ation z well z ! dissolution ( ! _w is directly spok5 ( 9 ! sacr$ texts z hav+ ,brahman = _! mat]ial cause1 ',all ^! be+s take _! rise f ! e!r & return into ! e!r' 7,*4 ,up4 ,i1 #i1 #a74 ,t t f :i* "s o!r ?+ spr+s & into :i* x returns is ! mat]ial cause ( t o!r ?+ is well kn[n4 ,?us ! e>?1 = in/ance1 is ! mat]ial cause ( rice1 b>ley1 & ! l4--,! ^w 'directly' 79 ! ,stra7 notifies t !re is no o!r mat]ial cause1 b t all ?is sprang f ! e!r only4--,obs]vation fur!r tea*es t effects are n re-absorb$ into any?+ else b _! mat]ial causes4 #bf4 7,brahman is ! mat]ial cause7 on acc\nt ( 7! ,self7 mak+ itself2 7:i* is possible7 ow+ to modification4 ,brahman is ! mat]ial cause = t reason also t ,scripture--9 ! passage1 ',t made itself its ,self' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g7--repres5ts ! ,self z ! object ( action z well z ! ag5t4--,b h[ c ! ,self :i* z ag5t 0 9 full exi/5ce previ\sly to ! action be made out to be at ! same "t t :i* is effect$ by ! action8--,ow+ to modification1 we reply4 ,! ,self1 al?\gh 9 full exi/5ce previ\sly to ! action1 modifies itself into some?+ special1 viz4 ! ,self ( ! effect4 ,?us we see t causal sub/ances1 su* z clay & ! l1 are1 by und]go+ ! process ( modification1 *ang$ into _! products4--,! ^w 'itself' 9 ! passage quot$ intimates ! abs5ce ( any o!r op]ative cause b ! ,self4 ,! ^w 'p>i_/n_/mt' 79 ! ,stra7 may also be tak5 z con/itut+ a sep>ate ,stra by itself1 ! s5se ( :i* w\ld be3 ,brahman is ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w = t reason also1 t ! sacr$ text speaks ( ,brahman & its modification into ! ,self ( its effect z co-ord9at$1 viz4 9 ! passage1 ',x became sat & tyat1 def9$ & undef9$' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f74 #bg4 ,& because ,brahman is call$ ! s\rce4 ,brahman is ! mat]ial cause = t reason also t x is spok5 ( 9 ! sacr$ texts z ! s\rce 7yoni72 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ',! mak]1 ! ,"l1 ! p]son :o has 8 s\rce 9 ,brahman' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #a1 #c72 & ',t :i* ! wise reg>d z ! s\rce ( all be+s' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #f74 ,= t ! ^w 's\rce' d5otes ! mat]ial cause is well kn[n f ! use ( ord9>y language2 ! e>?1 = in/ance1 is call$ ! yoni ( trees & h]bs4 ,9 "s places inde$ ! ^w yoni means n s\rce1 b m]ely place2 s1 = in/ance1 9 ! mantra1 ',a yoni1 ,o ,indra1 0 made = y to sit d[n ^u' 7_/,ri_/k4 ,sa_/m_/h4 ,i1 #ajd1 #a74 ,b t 9 ! passage quot$ x means 's\rce' foll[s f a complem5t>y passage1 ',z ! spid] s5ds =? & draws 9 its ?reads1' c4--,x is ?us prov$ t ,brahman is ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w4--,( ! objection1 f9ally1 t 9 ord9>y life ! activity ( op]ative causal ag5ts only1 su* z pott]s & ! l1 is prec$$ by reflection1 we dispose by ! rem>k t1 z ! matt] 9 h& is n "o :i* c be kn[n ?r\gh inf]5tial reason+1 ord9>y exp]i5ce _c be us$ to settle x4 ,= ! k ( t matt] we r dep5d on ,scripture altoge!r1 & h5ce ,scripture only has to be appeal$ to4 ,& t ,scripture tea*es t ! ,"l :o reflects be=e creation is at ! same "t ! mat]ial cause1 we h already expla9$4 ,! subject w1 moreov]1 be discuss$ m fully lat] on4 #bh4 ,h]eby all 7! doctr9es conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! _w :i* are oppos$ to ! ,v$nta7 are expla9$1 are expla9$4 ,! doctr9e accord+ to :i* ! pradhna is ! cause ( ! _w has1 9 ! ,stras beg9n+ ) ,i1 #a1 #e1 be5 aga9 & aga9 br\ght =w>d & refut$4 ,! *ief reason = ! special att5tion giv5 to t doctr9e is t ! ,v$nta-texts conta9 "s passages :i*1 to p defici5t 9 m5tal p5etration1 may appe> to conta9 inf]5tial m>ks po9t+ to x4 ,! doctr9e1 moreov]1 /&s some:at ne> to ! ,v$nta doctr9e s9ce1 l ! latt]1 x admits ! non-diff]5ce ( cause & effect1 & x1 moreov]1 has be5 accept$ by "s ( ! au?ors ( ! ,dh>ma-stras1 su* z ,devala1 & s on4 ,= all ^! reasons we h tak5 special tr\ble to refute ! pradhna doctr9e1 )\t pay+ mu* att5tion to ! atomic & o!r !ories4 ,^! latt] !ories1 h[ev]1 mu/ likewise be refut$1 z !y also are oppos$ to ! doctr9e ( ,brahman be+ ! g5]al cause1 & z sl[-m9d$ p might ?9k t !y also are ref]r$ to 9 "s ,v$ic passages4 ,h5ce ! ,strakra =mally ext5ds1 9 ! above ,stra1 ! refutation already accompli%$ ( ! pradhna doctr9e to all simil> doctr9es :i* ne$ n be demoli%$ 9 detail aft] _! great protagoni/1 ! pradhna doctr9e1 has be5 s completely dispos$ (4 ,!y also are1 fir/ly1 n f\nd$ on any scriptural au?ority2 & are1 secondly1 directly contradict$ by v>i\s ,v$ic passages4--,! repetition ( ! phrase 'are expla9$' is meant to intimate t ! end ( ! adhyya has be5 rea*$4 ,notes3 ,footnote #bbh3 ,! ,great "o is ! te*nical ,snkhya-t]m = buddhi1 avyakta is a common designation ( pradhna or prak_/ri_/ti1 & puru%a is ! te*nical "n ( ! s\l4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ,snkhya ,kr4 #b1 #c4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,sa_/m_/kalpavikalp>pamanana_/s_/akty haira_/n_/yag>bh buddhir manas tasy_/h_/ vya%_/t_/imana_/h_/su sama%_/t_/itay vyptim ha mahn iti4 ,sa_/m_/kalpdi_/s_/ktitay t>hi sa_/m_/dehtmatva_/m_/ tatrha matir iti4 ,mahatvam upapdayati brahmeti4 ,bhogyajtdhratvam ha pr iti4 ,ni_/sk_/aytmakatvam ha buddhir iti4 ,krti_/s_/aktimattvam ha khytir iti4 ,niyamana_/s_/aktimatvam aha _/s_/v>a iti4 ,loke yat prak_/ri_/%_/t_/a_/m_/ j_/_/nam tatosnatirekam ha praj_/_/eti4 ,tatphalam api tato nr?nt>avi%ayam ity ha sa_/m_/vid iti4 _/,k_/itpradhnatvam ha _/k_/itir iti4 ,j_/_/atas>vrtbnusa_/m_/dhna_/s_/aktim ha sm_/ri_/tis _/k_/eti4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,nanu na bja_/s_/aktir vidyay dahyate va/utvd tmavan nety ha avidyeti4 ,ke_/k_/x tu pratijvam avidya_/s_/aktibh$am i_/kkh_/anti tan na avyaktvyk_/ri_/tdi_/s_/abdys tasy bh$akbhvd ekatvexpi sva_/s_/akty vi_/k_/itrakryak>atvd ity ha avyakteti4 ,na _/k_/a tasy jv_/s_/rayatva_/m_/ jva_/s_/abdav_/k_/yasya kalpitatvd avidyrpatvt ta_/kkh_/abdalak%yasya brahmvyatirekd ity ha p>ame_/s_/v>eti4 ,myvidyayor bh$d _/s_/v>asya my_/s_/rayatva_/m_/ jvnm avidy_/s_/rayateti vadanta_/m_/ pratyha mymayti4 ,ya? myv9o my p>atantr ta?ai%pty ar?a_/h_/4 ,prattau tasy_/s_/ _/k_/etanpek%m ha mahsuptir iti4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #bca3 ,stradvayasya v_/ri_/ttik_/ri_/dvykhynam ut?payati4 ,g4 n4 _/k_/ryade_/s_/yamatam ut?payati4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,! comm5tators give diff]5t explanations ( ! ,sattmtra ( ! text4--,sattmtre sattvapradhnaprak_/ri_/t] dyap>i_/n_/me4 ,g4 n4--,bhogpav>gapuru%r?asya maha_/kkh_/abditabuddhikryatvt puru%pek%itaphalakra_/n_/a_/m_/ sad u_/k_/yate tatra bhvapratyayos'pi sv>pr?o na smnyav_/k_/ krynumeya_/m_/ mahan na pratyak%am iti mtra_/s_/abda_/h_/4 n&a ,giri4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,z ! mean+ ( ! ^w aj is go+ to be discuss$1 & z ! au?or ( ! ,stras & _/,s_/ank>a seem to disagree z to its mean+ 7see lat] on71 ,i pref] to leave ! ^w untranslat$ 9 ?is place4--_/,s_/ank>a reads--& expla9s1--9 ! mantra1 s>p_/h_/ 7n s>pm7 & bhuktabhogm1 n bhuktabhogym4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,"h !re seems to be a c]ta9 discrepancy betwe5 ! views ( ! ,stra writ] & _/,s_/ank>a4 ,gov9dn&a notes t accord+ to ! ,bh%yak_/ri_/t aj means simply my--:i* int]pretation is bas$ on prak>a_/n_/a--:ile1 accord+ to ! ,stra-k_/ri_/t1 :o expla9s aj on ! gr\nd ( ! ,*ndogya-passage treat+ ( ! ?ree prim>y elem5ts1 aj d5otes ! aggregate ( ^? ?ree elem5ts con/itut+ an avnt>aprak_/ri_/ti4--,on _/,s_/ank>a's explanation ! t]m aj pres5ts no difficulties1 = my is aj1 i4e4 unborn1 n produc$4 ,on ! explanation ( ! ,stra writ]1 h[ev]1 aj _c mean unborn1 s9ce ! ?ree prim>y elem5ts are products4 ,h5ce we are ?r[n back on ! r_/dh_/i signification ( aj1 accord+ to :i* x means %e-goat4 ,b h[ c ! avnt>a-prak_/ri_/ti be call$ a %e-goat8 ,to ?is "q ! next ,stra replies4 ,footnote #bce3 ,indication 7lak%a_/n_/1 :i* consi/s 9 ?is case 9 five times five be+ us$ in/ead ( tw5ty-five7 is consid]$ z an objectionable mode ( expression1 & !re=e to be assum$ 9 int]pretation only :]e a t]m c 9 no way be %[n to h a direct mean+4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,t pa_/k_/ajan_/h_/ is only "o ^w appe>s f its hav+ only "o acc5t1 viz4 ! udtta on ! la/ syllable1 :i* udtta becomes anudtta accord+ to ! rules laid d[n 9 ! ,bh%ika ,stra = ! acc5tuation ( ! _/,s_/atapa?a-brhma_/n_/a4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,s 9 ! ,mdhy&9a rec5sion ( ! ,upani%ad2 ! ,k_/n_/va rec5sion has n ! clause '! food ( food4' ,footnote #bch3 ,?is 9 answ] to ! ,snkhya :o objects to jana :5 appli$ to ! prna1 c4 be+ int]pret$ ) ! help ( lak%a_/n_/2 :ile if ref]r$ to ! pradhna1 c4 x may be expla9$ to h a direct mean+1 on ! gr\nd ( yaugika int]pretation 7! pradhna be+ jana because x produces1 ! mahat c4 be+ jana because !y are produc$74 ,! ,v$nt9 po9ts out t ! comp\nd pa_/k_/ajan_/h_/ has its own r_/dh_/i-mean+1 j z a_/s_/vak>_/n_/a1 lit]ally horse-e>1 :i* conv5tionally d5otes a c]ta9 plant4 ,footnote #bci3 ,we inf] t udbhid is ! "n ( a sacrifice because x is m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ! act ( sacrific+2 we inf] t ! ypa is a wood5 po/ because x is said to be cut1 & s on4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,option be+ possible only 9 ! case ( ?+s to be accompli%$1 i4e4 actions4 ,footnote #bda3 ,accord+ to ,g4 n4 9 ! passage1 ',t made itself its ,self' 7,,ii1 #g72 accord+ to n4 ,giri 9 ! passage1 ',he creat$ all' 7,,ii1 #f74 ,footnote #bdb3 ,by ! ,brhma_/n_/z be+ meant all ^? ,brhma_/n_/z :o are n at ! same "t w&]+ m5dicants4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,! comm5t ( ! ,bhmat on ! ,stra runs z foll[s3 ,z ! sp>ks issu+ f a fire are n absolutely diff]5t f ! fire1 because !y p>ticipate 9 ! nature ( ! fire2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 are n absolutely non-diff]5t f ! fire1 because 9 t case !y c\ld be di/+ui%$ nei!r f ! fire nor f ea* o!r2 s ! individual s\ls also--:i* are effects ( ,brahman--are nei!r absolutely diff]5t f ,brahman1 = t w\ld mean t !y are n ( ! nature ( intellig5ce2 nor absolutely non-diff]5t f ,brahman1 because 9 t case !y c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 & because1 if !y 7 id5tical ) ,brahman & !re=e omnisci5t1 x w\ld be useless to give !m any in/ruction4 ,h5ce ! individual s\ls are someh[ diff]5t f ,brahman & someh[ non-diff]5t4--,! te*nical "n ( ! doctr9e "h repres5t$ by _/s_/m>a?ya is bh$bh$avda4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,bhmat3 ,! individual s\l is absolutely diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self2 x is inqu9at$ by ! contact ) its diff]5t limit+ adjuncts4 ,b x is spok5 (1 9 ! ,upani%ad1 z non-diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self because aft] hav+ purifi$ itself by means ( k & m$itation x may pass out ( ! body & become "o ) ! highe/ ,self4 ,! text ( ! ,upani%ad ?us transf]s a future /ate ( non-diff]5ce to t "t :5 diff]5ce actually exi/s4 ,comp>e ! say+ ( ! ,p_/k_/artrikas3 ',up to ! mom5t ( emancipation be+ rea*$ ! s\l & ! highe/ ,self are diff]5t4 ,b ! emancipat$ s\l is no long] diff]5t f ! highe/ ,self1 s9ce !re is no fur!r cause ( diff]5ce4'--,! te*nical "n ( ! doctr9e advocat$ by ,au_/d_/ulomi is satyabh$avda4 ,footnote #bde3 ,comp>e ! note to ! same mantra z quot$ above "u ,i1 #a1 #aa4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,& n ! relation ( absolute id5tity4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,i4e4 ^u ! /ate ( emancipation & its abs5ce4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,upapdita_/m_/ _/k_/eti1 s>vasytmamtratvam iti _/s_/e%a_/h_/4 ,upapdanaprakra_/m_/ s_/k_/ayati eketi4 ,sa ya?rdr5dhangn] ityd9aikaprasavatvam1 ya? s>vsm apm ityd9 _/k_/aikapralayatva_/m_/ s>vasyoktam4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,s accord+ to ,g4 n4 & n4 ,gi41 al?\gh _! int]pretations seem n to acc\nt suffici5tly = ! ekm ( ! text4--,k_/mk_/id evaikm iti jva/hnd anym ity ar?a_/h_/4 ,g4 n4--,jvabhv5a pratibimbdhrtiriktm ity ar?a_/h_/4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bej3 ,:ile release1 z (t5 rem>k$1 is et]nal1 x be+ 9 fact n diff]5t f ! et]nally un*ang+ ,brahman4 ,footnote #bea3 ,i4e4 t ! op]ative cause & ! sub/antial cause are sep>ate ?+s4 ,footnote #beb3 ,viz4 ! ,snkhya-sm_/ri_/ti4 ,,second ,,adhy,,ya4 ,,fir/ ,p,,da4 ,,rev]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,highe/ ,,self6 #a4 ,if x be object$ t 7f ! doctr9e exp\nd$ hi!rto7 !re w\ld result ! fault ( !re be+ no room = 7c]ta97 ,sm_/ri_/tis2 we d n admit t objection1 because 7f ! rejection ( our doctr9e7 !re w\ld result ! fault ( want ( room = o!r ,sm_/ri_/tis4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! fir/ adhyya t ! omnisci5t ,"l ( all is ! cause ( ! orig9 ( ?is _w 9 ! same way z clay is ! mat]ial cause ( j>s & gold ( gold5 ornam5ts2 t by 8 rul]%ip he is ! cause ( ! subsi/5ce ( ?is _w once orig9at$1 j z ! magician is ! cause ( ! subsi/5ce ( ! magical illusion2 & t he1 la/ly1 is ! cause ( ?is emitt$ _w be+ f9ally reabsorb$ into 8 ess5ce1 j z ! f\r classes ( creatures are reabsorb$ into ! e>?4 ,x has fur!r be5 prov$1 by a demon/ration ( ! connect$ mean+ ( all ! ,v$nta-texts1 t ! ,"l is ! ,self ( all ( u4 ,moreov]1 ! doctr9es ( ! pradhna1 & s on1 be+ ! cause ( ?is _w h be5 refut$ z n be+ scriptural4--,! purport ( ! second adhyya1 :i* we n[ beg91 is to refute ! objections 7to ! doctr9e e/abli%$ hi!rto7 :i* might be f\nd$ on ,sm_/ri_/ti & ,reason+1 & to %[ t ! doctr9es ( ! pradhna1 c4 h only fallaci\s argum5ts to lean ^u1 & t ! diff]5t ,v$nta-texts d n contradict "o ano!r ) reg>d to ! mode ( creation & simil> topics4--,! fir/ po9t is to refute ! objections bas$ on ,sm_/ri_/ti4 ,y\r doctr9e 7! prvapak%9 says7 t ! omnisci5t ,brahman only is ! cause ( ?is _w _c be ma9ta9$1 'because !re results f x ! fault ( !re be+ no room = 7c]ta97 ,sm_/ri_/tis4' ,su* ,sm_/ri_/tis are ! "o call$ ,tantra :i* 0 compos$ by a _/ri_/%i & is accept$ by au?oritative p]sons1 & o!r ,sm_/ri_/tis bas$ on x#bec2 = all ( :i* !re w\ld be no room if y\r int]pretation ( ! ,v$a 7 ! true "o4 ,= !y all tea* t ! non-intellig5t pradhna is ! indep5d5t cause ( ! _w4 ,!re is inde$ room 7a raison d'tre7 = ,sm_/ri_/tis l ! ,manu-sm_/ri_/ti1 :i* give in=mation ab\t matt]s connect$ ) ! :ole body ( religi\s duty1 *>act]is$ by injunction#bed & compris+ ! agnihotra & simil> p]=mances4 ,!y tell u at :at "t & ) :at rites ! memb]s ( ! diff]5t ca/es are to be initiat$2 h[ ! ,v$a has to be /udi$2 9 :at way ! cessation ( /udy has to take place2 h[ m>riage has to be p]=m$1 & s on4 ,!y fur!r lay d[n ! manifold religi\s duties1 b5eficial to man1 ( ! f\r ca/es & _/s_/ramas#bee4 ,! ,kpila ,sm_/ri_/ti1 on ! o!r h&1 & simil> books are n conc]n$ ) ?+s to be done1 b 7 compos$ ) exclusive ref]5ce to p]fect k z ! means ( f9al release4 ,if !n no room 7 left = !m 9 t connexion also1 !y w\ld be altoge!r purposeless2 & h5ce we mu/ expla9 ! ,v$nta-texts 9 su* a mann] z n to br+ !m into conflict ) ! ,sm_/ri_/tis m5tion$#bef4--;,b h[1 somebody may ask ! prvapak%91 c ! ev5tual fault ( !re be+ left no room = c]ta9 ,sm_/ri_/tis be us$ z an objection aga9/ t s5se ( _/,s_/ruti :i*--f v>i\s reasons z detail$ "u ,i1 #a & ff4--has be5 asc]ta9$ by u to be ! true "o1 viz4 t ! omnisci5t ,brahman alone is ! cause ( ! _w8--,our objection1 ! prvapak%9 replies1 w p]haps n appe> valid to p]sons ( indep5d5t ?\ght2 b z mo/ m5 dep5d 9 _! reason+s on o!rs1 & are unable to asc]ta9 by !mselves ! s5se ( _/,s_/ruti1 !y naturally rely on ,sm_/ri_/tis1 compos$ by celebrat$ au?orities1 & try to arrive at ! s5se ( _/,s_/ruti ) _! assi/ance2 :ile1 ow+ to _! e/eem = ! au?ors ( ! ,sm_/ri_/tis1 !y h no tru/ 9 our explanations4 ,! k ( m5 l ,kapila ,sm_/ri_/ti decl>es to h be5 _/ri_/%i-l & unob/ruct$1 & moreov] !re is ! foll[+ _/,s_/ruti-passage1 ',x is he :o1 9 ! beg9n+1 be>s 9 8 ?\ghts ! son1 ! _/ri_/%i1 kapila#beg1 :om he wi%es to look on :ile he is born' 7_/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,v1 #b74 ,h5ce _! op9ion _c be assum$ to be errone\s1 & z !y moreov] /r5g!n _! position by argum5tation1 ! objection rema9s valid1 & we mu/ !re=e attempt to expla9 ! ,v$nta-texts 9 con=mity ) ! ,sm_/ri_/tis4 ,?is objection we dispose ( by ! rem>k1 ',x is n s because !refrom w\ld result ! fault ( want ( room = o!r ,sm_/ri_/tis4'--,if y object to ! doctr9e ( ! ,"l be+ ! cause ( ! _w on ! gr\nd t x w\ld r5d] c]ta9 ,sm_/ri_/tis purposeless1 y !reby r5d] purposeless o!r ,sm_/ri_/tis :i* decl>e !mselves 9 fav\r ( ! said doctr9e4 ,^! latt] ,sm_/ri_/ti-texts we w quote 9 :at foll[s4 ,9 "o passage ! highe/ ,brahman is introduc$ z ! subject ( discussion1 ',t :i* is subtle & n to be kn[n2' ! text !n goes on1 ',t is ! int]nal ,self ( ! creatures1 _! s\l1' & aft] t rem>ks ',f t sprang ! ,unevolv$1 consi/+ ( ! ?ree gu_/n_/z1 ,o be/ ( ,brhma_/n_/z4' ,& 9 ano!r place x is said t '! ,unevolv$ is dissolv$ 9 ! ,p]son devoid ( qualities1 ,o ,brhma_/n_/a4'--,?us we read also 9 ! ,pur_/n_/a1 ',he> !nce ?is %ort /atem5t3 ,! anci5t ,nrya_/n_/a is all ?is2 he produces ! creation at ! due "t1 & at ! "t ( reabsorption he consumes x aga94' ,& s 9 ! ,bhagavadgt also 7,,vii1 #f71 ',i am ! orig9 & ! place ( reabsorption ( ! :ole _w4' ,& pa/amba too says ) ref]5ce to ! highe/ ,self1 ',f him spr+ all bodies2 he is ! prim>y cause1 he is et]nal1 he is un*angeable' 7,dh>ma ,stra ,i1 #h1 #bc1 #b74 ,9 ?is way ,sm_/ri_/ti1 9 _m places1 decl>es ! ,"l to be ! effici5t z well z ! mat]ial cause ( ! _w4 ,z ! prvapak%9 opposes u on ! gr\nd ( ,sm_/ri_/ti1 we reply to him on ! gr\nd ( ,sm_/ri_/ti only2 h5ce ! l9e ( def5ce tak5 up 9 ! ,stra4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n already t ! _/,s_/ruti-texts aim at convey+ ! doctr9e t ! ,"l is ! univ]sal cause1 & z :]ev] diff]5t ,sm_/ri_/tis conflict ^? ma9ta9+ "o view mu/ be accept$1 :ile ^? :i* ma9ta9 ! opposite view mu/ be set aside1 ^? ,sm_/ri_/tis :i* foll[ _/,s_/ruti are to be consid]$ z au?oritative1 :ile all o!rs are to be disreg>d$2 accord+ to ! ,stra met ) 9 ! *apt] treat+ ( ! means ( pro( 7,mm4 ,stra ,i1 #c1 #c71 ',:]e !re is contradiction 7betwe5 _/,s_/ruti & ,sm_/ri_/ti7 7,sm_/ri_/ti7 is to be disreg>d$2 9 case ( !re be+ no 7contradiction7 7,sm_/ri_/ti is to be recognis$7 z !re is inf]5ce 7( ,sm_/ri_/ti be+ f\nd$ on _/,s_/ruti74'--,nor c we assume t "s p]sons are able to p]ceive sup]s5su\s matt]s )\t _/,s_/ruti1 z !re exi/s no effici5t cause = su* p]ception4 ,nor1 aga91 c x be said t su* p]ception may be assum$ 9 ! case ( ,kapila & o!rs :o possess$ sup]natural p[]s1 & consequ5tly unob/ruct$ p[] ( cognition4 ,= ! possession ( sup]natural p[]s itself dep5ds on ! p]=mance ( religi\s duty1 & religi\s duty is t :i* is *>act]is$ by injunction#beh2 h5ce ! s5se ( injunctions 7i4e4 ( ! ,v$a7 :i* is e/abli%$ fir/ mu/ n be fancifully int]pret$ 9 ref]5ce to ! dicta ( m5 'e/abli%$' 7i4e4 made p]fect1 & !re=e possess+ sup]natural p[]s7 aft]w>ds only4 ,moreov]1 ev5 if ^? 'p]fect' m5 7 accept$ z au?orities to be appeal$ to1 /ill1 z !re are _m su* p]fect m51 we %\ld h1 9 all ^? cases :]e ! ,sm_/ri_/tis contradict ea* o!r 9 ! mann] describ$1 no o!r means ( f9al decision ?an an appeal to _/,s_/ruti4--,z to m5 de/itute ( ! p[] ( indep5d5t judgm5t1 we are n ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t !y w )\t any reason atta* !mselves to "s p>ticul> ,sm_/ri_/ti2 = if m5's incl9ations 7 s altoge!r unregulat$1 tru? itself w\ld1 ow+ to ! multi=mity ( human op9ion1 become un/able4 ,we mu/ !re=e try to lead _! judgm5t 9 ! "r way by po9t+ out to !m ! conflict ( ! ,sm_/ri_/tis1 & ! di/9ction f\nd$ on "s ( !m foll[+ _/,s_/ruti & o!rs n4--,! scriptural passage :i* ! prvapak%9 has quot$ z prov+ ! em95ce ( ,kapila's k w\ld n ju/ify u 9 believ+ 9 su* doctr9es ( ,kapila 7i4e4 ( "s ,kapila7 z are contr>y to ,scripture2 = t passage m5tions ! b>e "n ( ,kapila 7)\t specify+ :i* ,kapila is meant71 & we meet 9 tradition ) ano!r ,kapila1 viz4 ! "o :o burn$ ! sons ( ,sag>a & _h ! surname ,vsudeva4 ,t passage1 moreov]1 s]ves ano!r purpose1 7viz4 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( ! highe/ ,self17 & has on t acc\nt no =ce to prove :at is n prov$ by any o!r means1 7viz4 ! sup]em95ce ( ,kapila's k47 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h a _/,s_/ruti-passage :i* proclaims ! excell5ce ( ,manu#bei1 viz4 ',:atev] ,manu said is m$ic9e' 7,taitt4 ,sa_/m_/h4 ,,ii1 #b1 #aj1 #b74 ,manu himself1 :]e he glorifies ! see+ ( ! "o ,self 9 ev]y?+ 7'he :o equally sees ! ,self 9 all be+s & all be+s 9 ! ,self1 he z a sacrific] to ! ,self atta9s self-lum9\sness1' i4e4 becomes ,brahman1 ,manu ,sm_/ri_/ti ,,xii1 #ia71 implicitly blames ! doctr9e ( ,kapila4 ,= ,kapila1 by ackn[l$g+ a plurality ( ,selfs1 does n admit ! doctr9e ( !re be+ "o univ]sal ,self4 ,9 ! ,mahabhrata also ! "q is rais$ :e!r !re are _m p]sons 7s\ls7 or "o2 !reupon ! op9ion ( o!rs is m5tion$1 ',!re are _m p]sons1 ,o ,k+1 accord+ to ! ,snkhya & ,yoga philosoph]s2' t op9ion is controv]t$ 'j z !re is "o place ( orig91 7viz4 ! e>?17 = _m p]sons1 s ,i w proclaim to y t univ]sal p]son rais$ by 8 qualities2' &1 f9ally1 x is decl>$ t !re is "o univ]sal ,self1 ',he is ! int]nal ,self ( me1 ( !e1 & ( all o!r embodi$ be+s1 ! int]nal witness ( all1 n to be appreh5d$ by any "o4 ,he ! all-head$1 all-arm$1 all-foot$1 all-ey$1 all-nos$ "o moves ?r\gh all be+s accord+ to 8 w & lik+4' ,& ,scripture also decl>es t !re is "o univ]sal ,self1 ',:5 to a man :o und]/&s ! ,self has become all ?+s1 :at sorr[1 :at tr\ble c !re be to him :o once beheld t unity8' 7_/s_/4 ,up #g72 & o!r simil> passages4 ,all :i* proves t ! sy/em ( ,kapila contradicts ! ,v$a1 & ! doctr9e ( ,manu :o foll[s ! ,v$a1 by its hypo!sis ( a plurality ( ,selfs also1 n only by ! assumption ( an indep5d5t pradhna4 ,! au?oritativ5ess ( ! ,v$a ) reg>d to ! matt]s /at$ by x is indep5d5t & direct1 j z ! light ( ! sun is ! direct means ( our k ( =m & col\r2 ! au?oritativ5ess ( human dicta1 on ! o!r h&1 is ( an altoge!r diff]5t k9d1 z x dep5ds on an extrane\s basis 7viz4 ! ,v$a71 & is 7n imm$iate b7 m$iat$ by a *a9 ( tea*]s & tradition4 ,h5ce ! circum/ance t ! result 7( our doctr9e7 is want ( room = c]ta9 ,sm_/ri_/tis1 ) reg>d to matt]s contradict$ by ! ,v$a1 furni%es no valid objection4--,an additional reason = ?is our op9ion is suppli$ by ! foll[+ ,stra4 #b4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! non-p]ception ( ! o!rs 7i4e4 ! effects ( ! pradhna1 accord+ to ! ,snkhya sy/em74 ,! pr9ciples diff]5t f ! pradhna1 b to be view$ z its modifications :i* ! 7,snkhya7 ,sm_/ri_/ti assumes1 z1 = in/ance1 ! great pr9ciple1 are p]ceiv$ nei!r 9 ! ,v$a nor 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,n[ ?+s ( ! nature ( ! elem5ts & ! s5se organs1 :i* are well kn[n f ! ,v$a1 z well z f exp]i5ce1 may be ref]r$ to 9 ,sm_/ri_/ti2 b ) reg>d to ?+s :i*1 l ,kapila's great pr9ciple1 are kn[n nei!r f ! ,v$a nor f exp]i5ce--no m ?an1 = in/ance1 ! objects ( a six? s5se--,sm_/ri_/ti is altoge!r impossible4 ,t "s scriptural passages :i* app>5tly ref] to su* ?+s z ! great pr9ciple h 9 reality q a diff]5t mean+ has already be5 %[n "u ,i1 #d1 #a4 ,b if t "p ( ,sm_/ri_/ti :i* is conc]n$ ) ! effects 7i4e4 ! great pr9ciple1 & s on7 is )\t au?ority1 ! "p :i* ref]s to ! cause 7! pradhna7 w be s likewise4 ,?is is :at ! ,stra means to say4--,we h ?us e/abli%$ a second reason1 prov+ t ! circum/ance ( !re be+ no room left = c]ta9 ,sm_/ri_/tis does n con/itute a valid objection to our doctr9e4--,! weakness ( ! tru/ 9 reason+ 7app>5tly fav\r+ ! ,snkhya doctr9e7 w be %[n lat] on "u ,,ii1 #a1 #d ff4 #c4 ,!reby ! ,yoga 7,sm_/ri_/ti7 is refut$4 ,?is ,stra ext5ds ! application ( ! prec$+ argum5tation1 & rem>ks t by ! refutation ( ! ,snkhya-sm_/ri_/ti ! ,yoga-sm_/ri_/ti also is to be consid]$ z refut$2 = ! latt] also assumes1 9 opposition to ,scripture1 a pradhna z ! indep5d5t cause ( ! _w1 & ! 'great pr9ciple1' c4 z its effects1 al?\gh nei!r ! ,v$a nor common exp]i5ce fav\r ^! views4--,b1 if ! same reason+ applies to ! ,yoga also1 ! latt] sy/em is already dispos$ ( by ! previ\s argum5ts2 ( :at use !n is x =mally to ext5d !m to ! ,yoga8 7z ! ,stra does47--,we reply t "h an additional cause ( d\bt pres5ts itself1 ! practice ( ,yoga be+ enjo9$ 9 ! ,v$a z a means ( obta9+ p]fect k2 s1 = in/ance1 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e1 '7,! ,self7 is to be he>d1 to be ?\ght1 to be m$itat$ ^u#bfj4' ,9 ! _/,s_/vet_/s_/vat>a ,upani%ad1 moreov]1 we f9d v>i\s injunctions ( ,yoga-practice connect$ ) ! assumption ( diff]5t positions ( ! body2 c42 s1 = in/ance1 ',hold+ 8 body ) its ?ree erect p>ts ev51' c4 7,,ii1 #h74 ,fur!r1 we f9d v _m passages 9 ! ,v$a :i* 7)\t expressly enjo9+ x7 po9t to ! ,yoga1 z1 = in/ance1 ,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #aa1 ',?is1 ! firm hold+ back ( ! s5ses1 is :at is call$ ,yoga2' ',hav+ receiv$ ?is k & ! :ole rule ( ,yoga' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f1 #ah72 & s on4 ,& 9 ! ,yoga-_/s_//ra itself ! passage1 ',n[ !n ,yoga1 ! means ( ! k ( tru?1' c4 def9es ! ,yoga z a means ( rea*+ p]fect k4 ,z ?us "o topic ( ! _/s_//ra at lea/ 7viz4 ! practice ( ,yoga7 is %[n to be au?oritative1 ! entire ,yoga-sm_/ri_/ti w h to be accept$ z unobjectionable1 j z ! ,sm_/ri_/ti ref]r+ to ! a%_/t_/aks#bfa4--,to ?is we reply t ! =mal ext5sion 7to ! ,yoga1 ( ! argum5ts prim>ily direct$ aga9/ ! ,snkhya7 has ! purpose ( remov+ ! additional d\bt /at$ 9 ! above l9es2 = 9 spite ( a "p ( ! ,yoga-sm_/ri_/ti be+ au?oritative1 ! disagreem5t 7betwe5 ,sm_/ri_/ti & _/,s_/ruti7 on o!r topics rema9s z %[n above4--,al?\gh#bfb !re are _m ,sm_/ri_/tis treat+ ( ! s\l1 we h s+l$ out = refutation ! ,snkhya & ,yoga because !y are widely kn[n z (f]+ ! means = accompli%+ ! highe/ end ( man & h f\nd fav\r ) _m compet5t p]sons4 ,moreov]1 _! position is /r5g!n$ by a ,v$ic passage ref]r+ to !m1 ',he :o has kn[n t cause :i* is to be appreh5d$ by ,snkhya & ,yoga he is fre$ f all fett]s' 7_/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ac74 7,! claims :i* on ! gr\nd ( ?is la/ passage might be set up = ! ,snkhya & ,yoga-sm_/ri_/tis 9 _! entirety7 we refute by ! rem>k t ! highe/ beatitude 7! highe/ aim ( man7 is n to be atta9$ by ! k ( ! ,snkhya-sm_/ri_/ti irrespective ( ! ,v$a1 nor by ! road ( ,yoga-practice4 ,= ,scripture itself decl>es t !re is no o!r means ( obta9+ ! highe/ beatitude b ! k ( ! unity ( ! ,self :i* is convey$ by ! ,v$a1 ',ov] dea? passes only ! man :o kn[s him2 !re is no o!r pa? to g' 7_/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h74 ,& ! ,snkhya & ,yoga-sy/ems ma9ta9 duality1 d n disc]n ! unity ( ! ,self4 ,9 ! passage quot$ 7',t cause :i* is to be appreh5d$ by ,snkhya & ,yoga'7 ! t]ms ',snkhya' & ',yoga' d5ote ,v$ic k & m$itation1 z we inf] f proximity#bfc4 ,we will+ly all[ room = ^? portions ( ! two sy/ems :i* d n contradict ! ,v$a4 ,9 _! description ( ! s\l1 = in/ance1 z free f all qualities ! ,snkhyas are 9 h>mony ) ! ,v$a :i* tea*es t ! p]son 7puru%a7 is ess5tially pure2 cp4 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #af4 ',= t p]son is n atta*$ to any?+4' ,! ,yoga aga9 9 giv+ rules = ! condition ( ! w&]+ religi\s m5dicant admits t /ate ( retirem5t f ! conc]ns ( life :i* is kn[n f scriptural passages su* z ! foll[+ "o1 ',!n ! p>ivrjaka ) discol\r$ 7yell[7 dress1 %av51 )\t any possessions1' c4 7,jbla ,upan4 ,,iv74 ,! above rem>ks w s]ve z a reply to ! claims ( all argum5tative ,sm_/ri_/tis4 ,if x be said t ^? ,sm_/ri_/tis also assi/1 by argum5tation & pro(1 ! cognition ( tru?1 we d n object to s mu*1 b we ma9ta9 all ! same t ! tru? c be kn[n f ! ,v$nta-texts only2 z is /at$ by scriptural passages su* z ',none :o does n "k ! ,v$a p]ceives t great "o' 7,taitt4 ,br4 ,,iii1 #ab1 #i1 #g72 ',i n[ ask !e t p]son taught 9 ! ,upani%ads' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up1 ,,iii1 #i1 #bf72 & o!rs4 #d4 7,brahman c7 n 7be ! cause ( ! _w7 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( "* ( t1 7viz4 ! _w72 & its be+ su*1 7i4e4 diff]5t f ,brahman7 7we le>n7 f ,scripture4 ,! objections1 f\nd$ on ,sm_/ri_/ti1 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,brahman be+ ! effici5t & ! mat]ial cause ( ?is _w h be5 refut$2 we n[ proce$ to refute ^? f\nd$ on ,reason+4--,b 7to raise an objection at ! outset7 h[ is !re room = objections f\nd$ on ,reason+ aft] ! s5se ( ! sacr$ texts has once be5 settl$8 ,! sacr$ texts are c]ta9ly to be consid]$ absolutely au?oritative ) reg>d to ,brahman z well z ) reg>d to religi\s duty 7dh>ma74--7,to ?is ! prvapak%9 replies71 ,! analogy betwe5 ,brahman & dh>ma w\ld hold good if ! matt] 9 h& 7 to be kn[n ?r\gh ! holy texts only1 & c\ld n be approa*$ by ! o!r means ( "r k also4 ,9 ! case ( religi\s duties1 i4e4 ?+s to be done1 we inde$ entirely dep5d on ,scripture4 ,b n[ we are conc]n$ ) ,brahman :i* is an accompli%$ exi/+ ?+1 & 9 ! case ( accompli%$ ?+s !re is room = o!r means ( "r k also1 z1 = in/ance1 ! case ( e>? & ! o!r elem5ts %[s4 ,& j z 9 ! case ( sev]al conflict+ scriptural passages we expla9 all ( !m 9 su* a mann] z to make !m accord ) "o1 s _/,s_/ruti1 if 9 conflict ) o!r means ( "r k1 has to be b5t s z to accord ) ! lett]4 ,moreov]1 ,reason+1 :i* enables u to inf] some?+ n actually p]ceiv$ 9 consequ5ce ( its hav+ a c]ta9 equality ( attributes ) :at is actually p]ceiv$1 /&s ne>] to p]ception ?an _/,s_/ruti :i* conveys its s5se by tradition m]ely4 ,& ! k ( ,brahman :i* disc>ds ,nesci5ce & effects f9al release t]m9ates 9 a p]ception 7viz4 ! intuition--sk%tkra--( ,brahman71 & z su* mu/ be assum$ to h a se5 result 7n an unse5 "o l dh>ma7#bfd4 ,moreov]1 ! scriptural passage1 ',he is to be he>d1 to be ?\ght1' enjo9s ?\ght 9 addition to he>+1 & !reby %[s t ,reason+ also is to be resort$ to ) reg>d to ,brahman4 ,h5ce an objection f\nd$ on ,reason+ is set =?1 ',n s1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( nature ( ?is 7effect74'--,! ,v$ntic op9ion t ! intellig5t ,brahman is ! mat]ial cause ( ?is _w is unt5able because ! effect w\ld 9 t case be ( an altoge!r diff]5t "* f ! cause4 ,= ?is _w1 :i* ! ,v$nt9 consid]s z ! effect ( ,brahman1 is p]ceiv$ to be non-intellig5t & impure1 consequ5tly diff]5t 9 "* f ,brahman2 & ,brahman aga9 is decl>$ by ! sacr$ texts to be ( a "* diff]5t f ! _w1 viz4 intellig5t & pure4 ,b ?+s ( an altoge!r diff]5t "* _c /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( mat]ial cause & effect4 ,su* effects1 = in/ance1 z gold5 ornam5ts d n h e>? = _! mat]ial cause1 nor is gold ! mat]ial cause ( e>!n vessels2 b effects ( an e>?y nature orig9ate f e>? & effects ( ! nature ( gold f gold4 ,9 ! same mann] ?is _w1 :i* is non-intellig5t & comprises pleasure1 pa91 & dulness1 c only be ! effect ( a cause itself non-intellig5t & made up ( pleasure1 pa91 & dulness2 b n ( ,brahman :i* is ( an altoge!r diff]5t "*4 ,! diff]5ce 9 "* ( ?is _w f ,brahman mu/ be und]/ood to be due to its impurity & its want ( intellig5ce4 ,x is impure because be+ itself made up ( pleasure1 pa91 & dulness1 x is ! cause ( delight1 grief1 despond5cy1 c41 & because x comprises 9 itself abodes ( v>i\s "* su* z heav51 hell1 & s on4 ,x is devoid ( intellig5ce because x is obs]v$ to /& to ! intellig5t pr9ciple 9 ! relation ( subs]vi5cy1 be+ ! in/rum5t ( its activity4 ,= ! relation ( subs]vi5cy ( "o ?+ to ano!r is n possible on ! basis ( equality2 two lamps1 = in/ance1 _c be said to be subs]vi5t to ea* o!r 7bo? be+ equally lum9\s74--,b1 x w be said1 an intellig5t in/rum5t also might be subs]vi5t to ! enjoy+ s\l2 j z an intellig5t s]vant is subs]vi5t to 8 ma/]4--,?is analogy1 we reply1 does n hold good1 because 9 ! case ( s]vant & ma/] also only ! non-intellig5t elem5t 9 ! =m] is subs]vi5t to ! intellig5t ma/]4 ,= a be+ end[$ ) intellig5ce subs]ves ano!r intellig5t be+ only ) ! non-intellig5t "p belong+ to x1 viz4 its int]nal organ1 s5se organs1 c42 :ile 9 s f> z x is intellig5t itself x acts nei!r = nor aga9/ any o!r be+4 ,= ! ,snkhyas are ( op9ion t ! intellig5t be+s 7i4e4 ! s\ls7 are incapable ( ei!r tak+ 9 or giv+ out any?+#bfe1 & are non-active4 ,h5ce t only :i* is devoid ( intellig5ce c be an in/rum5t4 ,nor#bff is !re any?+ to %[ t ?+s l pieces ( wood & clods ( e>? are ( an intellig5t nature2 on ! contr>y1 ! di*otomy ( all ?+s :i* exi/ into su* z are intellig5t & su* z are non-intellig5t is well e/abli%$4 ,?is _w !re=e _c h its mat]ial cause 9 ,brahman f :i* x is altoge!r diff]5t 9 "*4--,"h somebody might argue z foll[s4 ,scripture tells u t ?is _w has orig9at$ f an intellig5t cause2 !re=e1 />t+ f ! obs]vation t ! attributes ( ! cause survive 9 ! effect1 ,i assume ?is :ole _w to be intellig5t4 ,! abs5ce ( manife/ation ( intellig5ce 79 ?is _w7 is to be ascrib$ to ! p>ticul> nature ( ! modification#bfg4 ,j z und\bt$ly intellig5t be+s d n manife/ _! intellig5ce 9 c]ta9 /ates su* z sleep1 swoon1 c41 s ! intellig5ce ( wood & e>? also is n manife/ 7al?\gh x exi/s74 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is diff]5ce produc$ by ! manife/ation & non-manife/ation ( intellig5ce 79 ! case ( m51 animals1 c41 on ! "o side1 & wood1 /ones1 c4 on ! o!r side71 & 9 consequ5ce ( =m1 col\r1 & ! l be+ pres5t 9 ! "o case & abs5t 9 ! o!r1 no?+ prev5ts ! in/rum5ts ( action 7e>?1 wood1 c47 f /&+ to ! s\ls 9 ! relation ( a subord9ate to a sup]ior ?+1 al?\gh 9 reality bo? are equally ( an intellig5t nature4 ,& j z su* sub/ances z fle%1 bro?1 pap1 & ! l may1 ow+ to _! individual diff]5ces1 /& 9 ! relation ( mutual subs]vi5cy1 al?\gh fundam5tally !y are all ( ! same nature1 viz4 m]e modifications ( e>?1 s x w be 9 ! case "u discussion also1 )\t !re be+ done any viol5ce to ! well-kn[n di/9ction 7( be+s intellig5t & non-intellig5t74--,?is reason+--! prvapak%9 replies--if valid might remove to a c]ta9 ext5t t diff]5ce ( "* betwe5 ,brahman & ! _w :i* is due to ! circum/ance ( ! "o be+ intellig5t & ! o!r non-intellig5t2 !re w\ld1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9 t o!r diff]5ce :i* results f ! fact t ! "o is pure & ! o!r impure4 ,b 9 reality ! argum5tation ( ! objector does n ev5 remove ! fir/-nam$ diff]5ce2 z is decl>$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,stra1 ',& its be+ su* we le>n f ,scripture4' ,= ! assumption ( ! intellectuality ( ! entire _w--:i* is support$ nei!r by p]ception nor by inf]5ce1 c4--mu/ be consid]$ z re/+ on ,scripture only 9 s f> z ! latt] speaks ( ! _w z hav+ orig9at$ f an intellig5t cause2 b t scriptural /atem5t itself is contradict$ by o!r texts :i* decl>e ! _w to be '( su* a nature1' i4e4 ( a nature diff]5t f t ( its mat]ial cause4 ,= ! scriptural passage1 ',x became t :i* is k & t :i* is devoid ( k' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f71 :i* tea*es t a c]ta9 class ( be+s is ( a non-intellig5t nature intimates !reby t ! non-intellig5t _w is diff]5t f ! intellig5t ,brahman4--,b--somebody might aga9 object--! sacr$ texts !mselves sometimes speak ( ! elem5ts & ! bodily organs1 :i* are g5]ally consid]$ to be devoid ( intellig5ce1 z intellig5t be+s4 ,! foll[+ passages1 = in/ance1 attribute intellig5ce to ! elem5ts4 ',! e>? spoke2' ',! wat]s spoke' 7_/,s_/at4 ,br4 ,,vi1 #a1 #c1 #b2 #d72 &1 aga91 ',fire ?\ght2' ',wat] ?\ght' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c2 #d74 ,o!r texts attribute intellig5ce to ! bodily organs1 ',^! pr_/n_/z :5 qu>rell+ toge!r z to :o 0 ! be/ w5t to ,brahman' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #g72 &1 aga91 ',!y said to ,spee*3 ,d ?\ s+ out = u' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,i1 #c1 #b74--,to ?is objection ! prvapak%9 replies 9 ! foll[+ ,stra4 #e4 ,b 7!re takes place7 d5otation ( ! sup]9t5d+ 7deities71 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce & ! connexion4 ,! ^w 'b' disc>ds ! d\bt rais$4 ,we are n entitl$ to base ! assumption ( ! elem5ts & ! s5se organs be+ ( an intellectual nature on su* passages z '! e>? spoke1' c4 because '!re takes place d5otation ( t :i* presides4' ,9 ! case ( actions l speak+1 disput+1 & s on1 :i* require intellig5ce1 ! scriptural passages d5ote n ! m]e mat]ial elem5ts & organs1 b r ! intellig5t div9ities :i* preside ov] e>?1 c41 on ! "o h&1 & ,spee*1 c41 on ! o!r h&4 ,& :y s8 ',on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce & ! connexion4' ,! diff]5ce is ! "o previ\sly ref]r$ to betwe5 ! enjoy+ s\ls1 on ! "o h&1 & ! mat]ial elem5ts & organs1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! di/9ction betwe5 intellig5t & non-intellig5t be+s2 t diff]5ce w\ld n be possible if all be+s 7 intellig5t4 ,moreov]1 ! ,kau%tak9s 9 _! acc\nt ( ! dispute ( ! pr_/n_/z make express use ( ! ^w 'div9ities' 9 ord] to preclude ! idea ( ! m]e mat]ial organs be+ meant1 & 9 ord] to include ! sup]9t5d+ intellig5t be+s4 ,!y say1 ',! deities cont5d+ ) ea* = :o 0 ! be/2' &1 aga91 ',all ^! deities hav+ recognis$ ! pre-em95ce 9 pr_/n_/a' 7,kau4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #ad74--;,&1 secondly1 ,mantras1 ,ar?avdas1 ,itihsas1 ,pur_/n_/z1 c4 all decl>e t intellig5t presid+ div9ities are connect$ ) ev]y?+4 ,moreov]1 su* scriptural passages z ',agni hav+ become ,spee* ent]$ into ! m\?' 7,ait4 r4 ,,ii1 #d1 #b1 #d7 %[ t ea* bodily organ is connect$ ) its own fav\r+ div9ity4 ,& 9 ! passages supplem5t>y to ! qu>rel ( ! pr_/n_/z we read 9 "o place h[1 = ! purpose ( settl+ _! relative excell5ce1 !y w5t to ,prajpati1 & h[ !y settl$ _! qu>rel on ! gr\nd ( pres5ce & abs5ce1 ea* ( !m1 z ,prajpati _h advis$1 dep>t+ f ! body = "s "t 7',!y w5t to _! fa!r ,prajpati & said1' c12 ,*4 ,up4 ,v1 #a1 #g72 & 9 ano!r place x is said t !y made an (f]+ to pr_/n_/a 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #ac71 c42 all ( !m proce$+s :i* are analog\s to ^? ( m51 c41 & !re=e /r5g!n ! hypo!sis t ! text ref]s to ! sup]9t5d+ deities4 ,9 ! case ( su* passages z1 ',fire ?\ght1' we mu/ assume t ! ?\ght spok5 ( is t ( ! highe/ deity :i* is connect$ ) its effects z a sup]9t5d+ pr9ciple4--,f all ?is x foll[s t ?is _w is diff]5t 9 nature f ,brahman1 & h5ce _c h x = its mat]ial cause4 ,to ?is objection rais$ by ! prvapak%9 ! next ,stra replies4 #f4 ,b x is se54 ,! ^w 'b' disc>ds ! prvapak%a4 ,y\r ass]tion t ?is _w _c h orig9at$ f ,brahman on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( its "* is n f\nd$ on an absolutely true t5et4 ,= we see t f man1 :o is ackn[l$g$ to be intellig5t1 non-intellig5t ?+s su* z hair & nails orig9ate1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 f av[$ly non-intellig5t matt]1 su* z c[-dung1 scorpions & simil> animals are produc$4--,b--to /ate an objection--! real cause ( ! non-intellig5t hair & nails is ! human body :i* is itself non-intellig5t1 & ! non-intellig5t bodies only ( scorpions are ! effects ( non-intellig5t dung4--,ev5 ?us1 we reply1 !re rema9s a diff]5ce 9 "* 7betwe5 ! cause1 = in/ance1 ! dung1 & ! effect1 = in/ance1 ! body ( ! scorpion71 9 s f> z "s non-intellig5t matt] 7! body7 is ! abode ( an intellig5t pr9ciple 7! scorpion's s\l71 :ile o!r non-intellig5t matt] 7! dung7 is n4 ,moreov]1 ! diff]5ce ( nature--due to ! cause pass+ ov] into ! effect--betwe5 ! bodies ( m5 on ! "o side & hair & nails on ! o!r side1 is1 on acc\nt ( ! div]g5ce ( col\r1 =m1 c41 v consid]able aft] all4 ,! same rem>k holds good ) reg>d to c[-dung & ! bodies ( scorpions1 c4 ,if absolute equality 7 insi/$ on 79 ! case ( "o ?+ be+ ! effect ( ano!r71 ! relation ( mat]ial cause & effect 7:i* aft] all requires a di/9ction ( ! two7 w\ld be annihilat$4 ,if1 aga91 x be rem>k$ t 9 ! case ( m5 & hair z well z 9 t ( scorpions & c[-dung !re is "o *>act]i/ic feature1 at lea/1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! effect z well z 9 ! cause1 viz4 ! quality ( be+ ( an e>?y nature2 we reply t 9 ! case ( ,brahman & ! _w also "o *>act]i/ic feature1 viz4 t ( exi/5ce 7satt71 is f\nd 9 e!r1 c4 7:i* are ! effects7 z well z 9 ,brahman 7:i* is ! cause74--,he1 moreov]1 :o on ! gr\nd ( ! diff]5ce ( ! attributes tries to invalidate ! doctr9e ( ,brahman be+ ! cause ( ! _w1 mu/ ass]t t he und]/&s by diff]5ce ( attributes ei!r ! non-occurr5ce 79 ! _w7 ( ! entire complex ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ,brahman1 or ! non-occurr5ce ( any 7"s or o!r7 *>act]i/ic1 or ! non-occurr5ce ( ! *>act]i/ic ( intellig5ce4 ,! fir/ ass]tion w\ld lead to ! negation ( ! relation ( cause & effect 9 g5]al1 :i* relation is bas$ on ! fact ( !re be+ 9 ! effect some?+ ov] & above ! cause 7= if ! two 7 absolutely id5tical !y c\ld n be di/+ui%$74 ,! second ass]tion is op5 to ! *>ge ( runn+ c\nt] to :at is well kn[n2 =1 z we h already rem>k$1 ! *>act]i/ic quality ( exi/5ce :i* belongs to ,brahman is f\nd likewise 9 e!r & s on4 ,= ! ?ird ass]tion ! requisite prov+ in/ances are want+2 = :at in/ances c\ld be br\ght =w>d aga9/ ! uphold] ( ,brahman1 9 ord] to prove ! g5]al ass]tion t :atev] is devoid ( intellig5ce is se5 n to be an effect ( ,brahman8 7,! uphold] ( ,brahman w\ld simply n admit any su* in/ances7 because he ma9ta9s t ?is entire complex ( ?+s has ,brahman = its mat]ial cause4 ,& t all su* ass]tions are contr>y to ,scripture1 is cle>1 z we h already %[n x to be ! purport ( ,scripture t ,brahman is ! cause & sub/ance ( ! _w4 ,x has inde$ be5 ma9ta9$ by ! prvapak%9 t ! o!r means ( pro( also 7& n m]ely sacr$ tradition7 apply to ,brahman1 on acc\nt ( its be+ an accompli%$ entity 7n some?+ to be accompli%$ z religi\s duties are72 b su* an ass]tion is entirely gratuit\s4 ,= ,brahman1 z be+ devoid ( =m & s on1 _c become an object ( p]ception2 & z !re are 9 its case no *>act]i/ic m>ks 7on :i* conclusions1 c4 might be bas$71 inf]5ce also & ! o!r means ( pro( d n apply to x2 b1 l religi\s duty1 x is to be kn[n solely on ! gr\nd ( holy tradition4 ,?us ,scripture also decl>es1 ',t doctr9e is n to be obta9$ by argum5t1 b :5 x is decl>$ by ano!r !n1 ,o de>e/6 x is easy to und]/&' 7,ka4 ,up4 ,i1 #b1 #i74 ,& aga91 ',:o 9 tru? kn[s x8 ,:o c\ld "h proclaim x1 :5ce ?is creation sprang8' 7_/,ri_/g-v4 ,sa_/m_/h4 ,x1 #abi1 #f74 ,^! two mantras %[ t ! cause ( ?is _w is n to be kn[n ev5 by div9e be+s 7_/s_/v>a7#bfh ( extraord9>y p[] & wisdom4 ,!re are also ! foll[+ ,sm_/ri_/ti passages to ! same effect3 ',d n apply reason+ to ^? ?+s :i* are uncognisable#bfi2' ',unevolv$ he is call$1 uncognisable1 un*angeable2' ',n ! legions ( ! gods "k my orig91 n ! great _/ri_/%is4 ,= ,i myself am 9 e way ! orig9 ( ! gods & great _/ri_/%is' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,x1 #b74--;,& if x has be5 ma9ta9$ above t ! scriptural passage enjo9+ ?\ght 7on ,brahman7 9 addition to m]e he>+ 7( ! sacr$ texts treat+ ( ,brahman7 %[s t reason+ also is to be all[$ its place1 we reply t ! passage mu/ n deceitfully be tak5 z enjo9+ b>e indep5d5t ratioc9ation1 b mu/ be und]/ood to repres5t reason+ z a subord9ate auxili>y ( intuitional k4 ,by reason+ ( ! latt] type we may1 = in/ance1 arrive at ! foll[+ conclusions2 t because ! /ate ( dream & ! wak+ /ate exclude ea* o!r ! ,self is n connect$ ) ^? /ates2 t1 z ! s\l 9 ! /ate ( deep sleep leaves ! ph5om5al _w beh9d & becomes "o ) t ^: ,self is pure ,be+1 x has = its ,self pure ,be+ ap>t f ! ph5om5al _w2 t z ! _w spr+s f ,brahman x _c be sep>ate f ,brahman1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! non-diff]5ce ( cause & effect1 c4#bgj ,! fallaci\sness ( m]e reason+ w moreov] be demon/rat$ lat] on 7,,ii1 #a1 #aa74--;,he#bga1 moreov]1 :o m]ely on ! gr\nd ( ! sacr$ tradition ab\t an intellig5t cause ( ! _w w\ld assume ?is entire _w to be ( an intellectual nature w\ld f9d room = ! o!r scriptural passage quot$ above 7',he became k & :at is devoid ( k'7 :i* tea*es a di/9ction ( intellect & non-intellect2 = he c\ld avail himself ( ! doctr9e ( intellect be+ sometimes manife/$ & sometimes non-manife/$4 ,8 antagoni/1 on ! o!r h& 7i4e4 ! ,snkhya71 w\ld n be able to make any?+ ( ! passage1 = x di/9ctly tea*es t ! highe/ cause con/itutes ! ,self ( ! entire _w4 ,if1 !n1 on acc\nt ( diff]5ce ( "* t :i* is intellig5t _c pass ov] into :at is non-intellig5t1 t also :i* is non-intellig5t 7i4e4 9 our case1 ! non-intellig5t pradhna ( ! ,snkhyas7 _c pass ov] into :at is intellig5t4--7,s mu* = argum5t's sake17 b ap>t f t1 z ! argum5t re/+ on diff]5ce ( "* has already be5 refut$1 we mu/ assume an intellig5t cause ( ! _w 9 agreem5t ) ,scripture4 #g4 ,if 7x is said t ! effect is7 non-exi/5t 7be=e its orig9ation72 we d n all[ t because x is a m]e negation 7)\t an object74 ,if ,brahman1 :i* is intellig5t1 pure1 & devoid ( qualities su* z s\nd1 & s on1 is suppos$ to be ! cause ( an effect :i* is ( an opposite nature1 i4e4 non-intellig5t1 impure1 possess+ ! qualities ( s\nd1 c41 x foll[s t ! effect has to be consid]$ z non-exi/+ be=e its actual orig9ation4 ,b ?is consequ5ce _c be acceptable to y--! ,v$nt9--:o ma9ta9 ! doctr9e ( ! effect exi/+ 9 ! cause already4 ,?is objection ( y\rs1 we reply1 is )\t any =ce1 on acc\nt ( its be+ a m]e negation4 ,if y negative ! exi/5ce ( ! effect previ\s to its actual orig9ation1 y\r negation is a m]e negation )\t an object to be negativ$4 ,! negation 7impli$ 9 'non-exi/5t'7 c c]ta9ly n h = its object ! exi/5ce ( ! effect previ\s to its orig9ation1 s9ce ! effect mu/ be view$ z 'exi/5t1' ?r\gh & 9 ! ,self ( ! cause1 be=e its orig9ation z well z aft] x2 = at ! pres5t mom5t also ?is effect does n exi/ indep5d5tly1 ap>t f ! cause2 accord+ to su* scriptural passages z1 ',:osoev] looks = any?+ else:]e ?an 9 ! ,self is ab&on$ by ev]y?+' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #f74 ,9 s f>1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! effect exi/s ?r\gh ! ,self ( ! cause1 its exi/5ce is ! same be=e ! actual beg9n+ ( ! effect 7z aft] x74--,b ,brahman1 :i* is devoid ( qualities su* z s\nd1 c41 is ! cause ( ?is _w 7possess+ all ^? qualities76--,true1 b ! effect ) all its qualities does n exi/ )\t ! ,self ( ! cause ei!r n[ or be=e ! actual beg9n+ 7( ! effect72 h5ce x _c be said t 7accord+ to our doctr9e7 ! effect is non-exi/+ be=e its actual beg9n+4--,?is po9t w be elucidat$ 9 detail 9 ! section treat+ ( ! non-diff]5ce ( cause & effect4 #h4 ,on acc\nt ( su* consequ5ces at ! "t ( reabsorption 7! doctr9e ma9ta9$ hi!rto7 is objectionable4 ,! prvapak%9 raises fur!r objections4--,if an effect :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! qualities ( grossness1 consi/+ ( p>ts1 abs5ce ( intellig5ce1 limitation1 impurity1 c41 is admitt$ to h ,brahman = its cause1 x foll[s t at ! "t ( reabsorption 7( ! _w into ,brahman71 ! effect1 by ent]+ into ! /ate ( non-division f its cause1 inqu9ates ! latt] ) its prop]ties4 ,z !re=e--on y\r doctr9e--! cause 7i4e4 ,brahman7 z well z ! effect is1 at ! "t ( reabsorption1 *>act]is$ by impurity & simil> qualities1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,upani%ads1 accord+ to :i* an omnisci5t ,brahman is ! cause ( ! _w1 _c be upheld4--,ano!r objection to t doctr9e is t 9 consequ5ce ( all di/9ctions pass+ at ! "t ( reabsorption into ! /ate ( non-di/9ction !re w\ld be no special causes left at ! "t ( a new beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & consequ5tly ! new _w c\ld n arise ) all ! di/9ctions ( enjoy+ s\ls1 objects to be enjoy$ & s on 7:i* are actually obs]v$ to exi/74--,a ?ird objection is t1 if we assume ! orig9 ( a new _w ev5 aft] ! annihilation ( all works1 c4 7:i* are ! causes ( a new _w aris+7 ( ! enjoy+ s\ls :i* ent] into ! /ate ( non-diff]5ce f ! highe/ ,brahman1 we are l$ to ! conclusion t also ^? 7s\ls7 :i* h obta9$ f9al release aga9 appe> 9 ! new _w4--,if y f9ally say1 ',well1 let ?is _w rema9 di/9ct f ! highe/ ,brahman ev5 at ! "t ( reabsorption1' we reply t 9 t case a reabsorption w n take place at all1 & t1 moreov]1 ! effect's exi/+ sep>ate f ! cause is n possible4--,= all ^! reasons ! ,v$nta doctr9e is objectionable4 ,to ?is ! next ,stra replies4 #i4 ,n s2 z !re are p>allel in/ances4 ,!re is no?+ objectionable 9 our sy/em4--,! objection t ! effect :5 be+ reabsorb$ into its cause w\ld inqu9ate ! latt] ) its qualities does n damage our position 'because !re are p>allel in/ances1' i4e4 because !re are in/ances ( effects n inqu9at+ ) _! qualities ! causes into :i* !y are reabsorb$4 ,?+s1 = in/ance1 made ( clay1 su* z pots1 c41 :i* 9 _! /ate ( sep>ate exi/5ce are ( v>i\s descriptions1 d n1 :5 !y are reabsorb$ into _! orig9al matt] 7i4e4 clay71 imp>t to ! latt] _! individual qualities2 nor d gold5 ornam5ts imp>t _! individual qualities to _! elem5t>y mat]ial1 i4e4 gold1 into :i* !y may f9ally be reabsorb$4 ,nor does ! f\rfold complex ( organic be+s :i* spr+s f e>? imp>t its qualities to ! latt] at ! "t ( reabsorption4 ,y 7i4e4 ! prvapak%971 on ! o!r h&1 h n any in/ances to quote 9 y\r fav\r4 ,= reabsorption c\ld n take place at all if ! effect :5 pass+ back into its causal sub/ance cont9u$ to subsi/ !re ) all its individual prop]ties4 ,&#bgb t 9 spite ( ! non-diff]5ce ( cause & effect ! effect has its ,self 9 ! cause1 b n ! cause 9 ! effect1 is a po9t :i* we %all r5d] cle> lat] on1 "u ,,ii1 #a1 #ad4 ,moreov]1 ! objection t ! effect w\ld imp>t its qualities to ! cause at ! "t ( reabsorption is =mulat$ too n>r[ly because1 ! id5tity ( cause & effect be+ admitt$1 ! same w\ld take place dur+ ! "t ( ! subsi/5ce 7( ! effect1 previ\s to its reabsorption74 ,t ! id5tity ( cause & effect 7( ,brahman & ! _w7 holds good indiscrim9ately ) reg>d to all "t 7n only ! "t ( reabsorption71 is decl>$ 9 _m scriptural passages1 z1 = in/ance1 ',?is ev]y?+ is t ,self' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #f72 ',! ,self is all ?is' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #be1 #b72 ',! immortal ,brahman is ?is be=e' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #aa72 ',all ?is is ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #a74 ,) reg>d to ! case ref]r$ to 9 ! _/,s_/ruti-passages we refute ! ass]tion ( ! cause be+ affect$ by ! effect & its qualities by %[+ t ! latt] are ! m]e fallaci\s sup]impositions ( nesci5ce1 & ! v same argum5t holds good ) ref]5ce to reabsorption also4--,we c quote o!r examples 9 fav\r ( our doctr9e4 ,z ! magician is n at any "t affect$ by ! magical illusion produc$ by himself1 because x is unreal1 s ! highe/ ,self is n affect$ by ! _w-illusion4 ,& z "o dream+ p]son is n affect$ by ! illusory visions ( 8 dream because !y d n accompany ! wak+ /ate & ! /ate ( dreamless sleep2 s ! "o p]man5t witness ( ! ?ree /ates 7viz4 ! highe/ ,self :i* is ! "o un*ang+ witness ( ! creation1 subsi/5ce1 & reabsorption ( ! _w7 is n t\*$ by ! mutually exclusive ?ree /ates4 ,= t ! highe/ ,self appe>s 9 ^? ?ree /ates1 is a m]e illusion1 n m sub/antial ?an ! snake = :i* ! rope is mi/ak5 9 ! twilight4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is po9t tea*]s kn[+ ! true tradition ( ! ,v$nta h made ! foll[+ decl>ation1 ',:5 ! individual s\l :i* is held 9 ! bonds ( slumb] by ! beg9n+less ,my awakes1 !n x kn[s ! et]nal1 sleepless1 dreamless non-duality' 7,gau_/d_/ap4 ,kr4 ,i1 #af74 ,s f> we h %[n t--on our doctr9e--!re is no dang] ( ! cause be+ affect$ at ! "t ( reabsorption by ! qualities ( ! effect1 su* z grossness & ! l4--,) reg>d to ! second objection1 viz4 t if we assume all di/9ctions to pass 7at ! "t ( reabsorption7 into ! /ate ( non-di/9ction !re w\ld be no special reason = ! orig9 ( a new _w affect$ ) di/9ctions1 we likewise ref] to ! 'exi/5ce ( p>allel in/ances4' ,= ! case is p>allel to t ( deep sleep & trance4 ,9 ^? /ates also ! s\l ent]s into an ess5tial condition ( non-di/9ction2 nev]!less1 wrong k be+ n yet f9ally ov]come1 ! old /ate ( di/9ction re-e/abli%es itself z soon z ! s\l awakes f its sleep or trance4 ,comp>e ! scriptural passage1 ',all ^! creatures :5 !y h become m]g$ 9 ! ,true1 "k n t !y are m]g$ 9 ! ,true4 ,:atev] ^! creatures are "h1 :e!r a lion1 or a wolf1 or a bo>1 or a worm1 or a midge1 or a gnat1 or a mosquito1 t !y become aga9' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #i1 #b2 #c7 ,= j z dur+ ! subsi/5ce ( ! _w ! ph5om5on ( multif>i\s di/9ct exi/5ce1 bas$ on wrong k1 proce$s unimp$$ l ! vision ( a dream1 al?\gh !re is only "o highe/ ,self devoid ( all di/9ction2 s1 we conclude1 !re rema9s1 ev5 aft] reabsorption1 ! p[] ( di/9ction 7pot5tial di/9ction7 f\nd$ on wrong k4--,h]e) ! objection t--accord+ to our doctr9e--ev5 ! f9ally releas$ s\ls w\ld be born aga9 is already dispos$ (4 ,!y w n be born aga9 because 9 _! case wrong k has be5 entirely disc>d$ by p]fect k4--,! la/ alt]native f9ally 7:i* ! prvapak%9 _h repres5t$ z op5 to ! ,v$nt971 viz4 t ev5 at ! "t ( reabsorption ! _w %\ld rema9 di/9ct f ,brahman1 precludes itself because x is n admitt$ by ! ,v$nt9s !mselves4--,h5ce ! sy/em f\nd$ on ! ,upani%ads is 9 e way unobjectionable4 #aj4 ,& because ! objections 7rais$ by ! ,snkhya aga9/ ! ,v$nta doctr9e7 apply to 8 view also4 ,! doctr9e ( our oppon5t is liable to ! v same objections :i* he urges aga9/ u1 viz4 9 ! foll[+ mann]4--,! objection t ?is _w _c h sprung f ,brahman on acc\nt ( its diff]5ce ( "* applies no less to ! doctr9e ( ! pradhna be+ ! cause ( ! _w2 = t doctr9e also assumes t f a pradhna devoid ( s\nd & o!r qualities a _w is produc$ :i* possesses ^? v qualities4 ,! beg9n+ ( an effect diff]5t 9 "* be+ ?us admitt$1 ! ,snkhya is equally driv5 to ! doctr9e t be=e ! actual beg9n+ ! effect 0 non-exi/5t4 ,&1 moreov]1 x be+ admitt$ 7by ! ,snkhya also7 t at ! "t ( reabsorption ! effect passes back into ! /ate ( non-di/9ction f ! cause1 ! case ( ! ,snkhya "h also is ! same z ours4--,&1 fur!r1 if 7z ! ,snkhya also mu/ admit7 at ! "t ( reabsorption ! diff]5ces ( all ! special effects are oblit]at$ & pass into a /ate ( g5]al non-di/9ction1 ! special fix$ conditions1 :i* previ\s to reabsorption 7 ! causes ( ! diff]5t worldly exi/5ce ( ea* s\l1 c1 at ! "t ( a new creation1 no long] be det]m9$1 !re be+ no cause = !m2 & if y assume !m to be det]m9$ )\t a cause1 y are driv5 to ! admission t ev5 ! releas$ s\ls h to re-ent] a /ate ( bondage1 !re be+ equal abs5ce ( a cause 79 ! case ( ! releas$ & ! non-releas$ s\ls74 ,& if y try to avoid ?is conclusion by assum+ t at ! "t ( reabsorption "s individual diff]5ces pass into ! /ate ( non-di/9ction1 o!rs n1 we reply t 9 t case ! latt] c\ld n be consid]$ z effects ( ! pradhna#bgc4--;,x ?us appe>s t all ^? difficulties 7rais$ by ! ,snkhya7 apply to bo? views1 & _c !re=e be urg$ aga9/ ei!r only4 ,b z ei!r ( ! two doctr9es mu/ necess>ily be accept$1 we are /r5g!n$--by ! outcome ( ! above discussion--9 ! op9ion t ! alleg$ difficulties are no real difficulties#bgd4 #aa4 ,if x be said t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ill-f\nd$ness ( reason+1 we mu/ frame our conclusions o!rwise2 7we reply t7 ?us also !re w\ld result non-release4 ,9 matt]s to be kn[n f ,scripture m]e reason+ is n to be reli$ on = ! foll[+ reason also4 ,z ! ?\ghts ( man are altoge!r unfett]$1 reason+ :i* disreg>ds ! holy texts & re/s on individual op9ion only has no prop] f\ndation4 ,we see h[ argum5ts1 :i* "s clev] m5 _h excogitat$ ) great pa9s1 are %[n1 by p /ill m +5i\s1 to be fallaci\s1 & h[ ! argum5ts ( ! latt] aga9 are refut$ 9 _! turn by o!r m52 s t1 on acc\nt ( ! div]sity ( m5's op9ions1 x is impossible to accept m]e reason+ z hav+ a sure f\ndation4 ,nor c we get ov] ?is difficulty by accept+ z well-f\nd$ ! reason+ ( "s p]son ( recognis$ m5tal em95ce1 may he n[ be ,kapila or anybody else2 s9ce we obs]ve t ev5 m5 ( ! mo/ und\bt$ m5tal em95ce1 su* z ,kapila1 ,ka_/n_/da1 & o!r f\nd]s ( philosophical s*ools1 h contradict$ "o ano!r4 ,b 7our adv]s>y may "h be suppos$ to say71 we w fa%ion our reason+ o!rwise1 i4e4 9 su* a mann] z n to lay x op5 to ! *>ge ( hav+ no prop] f\ndation4 ,y _c1 aft] all1 ma9ta9 t no reason+ :atev] is well-f\nd$2 = y y\rself c f\nd y\r ass]tion t reason+ has no f\ndation on reason+ only2 y\r assumption be+ t because "s argum5ts are se5 to be devoid ( f\ndation o!r argum5ts z belong+ to ! same class are likewise devoid ( f\ndation4 ,moreov]1 if all reason+ 7 unf\nd$1 ! :ole c\rse ( practical human life w\ld h to come to an end4 ,= we see t m5 act1 ) a view to obta9+ pleasure & avoid+ pa9 9 ! future "t1 on ! assumption t ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future are uni=m4--,fur!r1 9 ! case ( passages ( ,scripture 7app>5tly7 contradict+ ea* o!r1 ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! real s5se1 :i* dep5ds on a prelim9>y refutation ( ! app>5t s5se1 c be effect$ only by an accurate def9ition ( ! mean+ ( s5t5ces1 & t involves a process ( reason+4 ,?us ,manu also expresses himself3 ',p]ception1 inf]5ce1 & ! _/s_//ra accord+ to ! v>i\s traditions1 ?is triad is to be kn[n well by "o desir+ cle>ness 9 reg>d to "r4--,he :o applies reason+ n contradict$ by ! ,v$a to ! ,v$a & ! 7,sm_/ri_/ti7 doctr9e ( law1 he1 & no o!r1 kn[s ! law' 7,manu ,sm_/ri_/ti ,,xii1 #aje1 #ajf74 ,& t 'want ( f\ndation'1 to :i* y object1 really con/itutes ! beauty ( reason+1 because x enables u to arrive at unobjectionable argum5ts by means ( ! previ\s refutation ( objectionable argum5ts#bge4 7,no fe> t because ! prvapak%a is ill-f\nd$ ! siddhnta %\ld be ill-f\nd$ too27 = !re is no valid reason to ma9ta9 t a man mu/ be /upid because 8 eld] bro!r 0 /upid4--,= all ^! reasons ! want ( f\ndation _c be us$ z an argum5t aga9/ reason+4 ,aga9/ ?is argum5tation we rem>k t ?us also !re results 'want ( release4' ,= al?\gh ) reg>d to "s ?+s reason+ is obs]v$ to be well f\nd$1 ) reg>d to ! matt] 9 h& !re w result 'want ( release1' viz4 ( ! reason+ f ?is v fault ( ill-f\nd$ness4 ,! true nature ( ! cause ( ! _w on :i* f9al emancipation dep5ds _c1 on acc\nt ( its excessive ab/rus5ess1 ev5 be ?\ght ( )\t ! help ( ! holy texts2 =1 z already rem>k$1 x _c become ! object ( p]ception1 because x does n possess qualities su* z =m & ! l1 & z x is devoid ( *>act]i/ic signs1 x does n l5d itself to inf]5ce & ! o!r means ( "r k4--,or else 7if we adopt ano!r explanation ( ! ^w 'avimok%a'7 all ^? :o tea* ! f9al release ( ! s\l are agre$ t x results f p]fect k4 ,p]fect k has ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( uni=mity1 because x dep5ds on accompli%$ actually exi/+ ?+s2 = :atev] ?+ is p]man5tly ( "o & ! same nature is ackn[l$g$ to be a true or real ?+1 & k conv]sant ab\t su* is call$ p]fect k2 z1 = in/ance1 ! k embodi$ 9 ! proposition1 'fire is hot4' ,n[1 x is cle> t 9 ! case ( p]fect k a mutual conflict ( m5's op9ions is impossible4 ,b t cognitions f\nd$ on reason+ d conflict is g5]ally kn[n2 = we cont9ually obs]ve t :at "o logician endeav\rs to e/abli% z p]fect k is demoli%$ by ano!r1 :o1 9 8 turn1 is treat$ alike by a ?ird4 ,h[ !re=e c k1 :i* is f\nd$ on reason+1 & ^: object is n some?+ p]man5tly uni=m1 be p]fect k8--,nor c x be said t he :o ma9ta9s ! pradhna to be ! cause ( ! _w 7i4e4 ! ,snkhya7 is ! be/ ( all reason]s1 & accept$ z su* by all philosoph]s2 :i* w\ld enable u to accept 8 op9ion z p]fect k4--,nor c we collect at a giv5 mom5t & on a giv5 spot all ! logicians ( ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future "t1 s z to settle 7by _! agreem5t7 t _! op9ion reg>d+ "s uni=m object is to be consid]$ p]fect k4 ,! ,v$a1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is et]nal & ! s\rce ( k1 may be all[$ to h = its object firmly e/abli%$ ?+s1 & h5ce ! p]fection ( t k :i* is f\nd$ on ! ,v$a _c be d5i$ by any ( ! logicians ( ! pa/1 pres5t1 or future4 ,we h ?us e/abli%$ ! p]fection ( ?is our k :i* reposes on ! ,upani%ads1 & z ap>t f x p]fect k is impossible1 its disreg>d w\ld lead to 'abs5ce ( f9al release' ( ! transmigrat+ s\ls4 ,our f9al position !re=e is1 t on ! gr\nd ( ,scripture & ( reason+ subord9ate to ,scripture1 ! intellig5t ,brahman is to be consid]$ ! cause & sub/ance ( ! _w4 #ab4 ,!reby ^? 7!ories7 also :i* are n accept$ by compet5t p]sons are expla9$4 ,hi!rto we h refut$ ^? objections aga9/ ! ,v$nta-texts :i*1 bas$ on reason+1 take _! /& on ! doctr9e ( ! pradhna be+ ! cause ( ! _w2 7:i* doctr9e des]ves to be refut$ fir/71 because x /&s ne> to our ,v$ic sy/em1 is support$ by some:at weighty argum5ts1 & has1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be5 adopt$ by "s au?orities :o foll[ ! ,v$a4--,b n[ "s dull-witt$ p]sons might ?9k t ano!r objection f\nd$ on reason+ might be rais$ aga9/ ! ,v$nta1 viz4 on ! gr\nd ( ! atomic doctr9e4 ,! ,strakra1 !re=e1 ext5ds to ! latt] objection ! refutation ( ! =m]1 consid]+ t by ! conque/ ( ! mo/ dang]\s adv]s>y ! conque/ ( ! m9or enemies is already virtually accompli%$4 ,o!r doctr9es1 z1 = in/ance1 ! atomic doctr9e ( :i* no "p has be5 accept$ by ei!r ,manu or ,vysa or o!r au?orities1 are to be consid]$ z 'expla9$1' i4e4 refut$ by ! same reasons :i* enabl$ u to dispose ( ! pradhna doctr9e4 ,z ! reasons on :i* ! refutation h+es are ! same1 !re is no room = fur!r d\bt4 ,su* common argum5ts are ! impot5ce ( reason+ to fa?om ! dep? ( ! transc5d5tal cause ( ! _w1 ! ill-f\nd$ness ( m]e ,reason+1 ! impossibility ( f9al release1 ev5 9 case ( ! conclusions be+ %ap$ 'o!rwise' 7see ! prec$+ ,stra71 ! conflict ( ,scripture & ,reason+1 & s on4 #ac4 ,if x be said t f ! circum/ance ( 7! objects ( enjoym5t7 pass+ ov] into ! enjoy] 7& vice v]s7 !re w\ld result non-di/9ction 7( ! two72 we reply t 7su* di/9ction7 may exi/ 7nev]!less71 z ord9>y exp]i5ce %[s4 ,ano!r objection1 bas$ on reason+1 is rais$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,brahman be+ ! cause ( ! _w4--,al?\gh ,scripture is au?oritative ) reg>d to its own special subject-matt] 7z1 = in/ance1 ! causality ( ,brahman71 /ill x may h to be tak5 9 a second>y s5se 9 ^? cases :]e ! subject-matt] is tak5 out ( its grasp by o!r means ( "r k2 j z mantras & ar?avdas h occasionally to be expla9$ 9 a second>y s5se 7:5 ! prim>y1 lit]al s5se is r5d]$ impossible by o!r means ( "r k#bgf74 ,analog\sly reason+ is to be consid]$ invalid outside its legitimate sph]e2 s1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( religi\s duty & its opposite#bgg4--;,h5ce ,scripture _c be ackn[l$g$ to refute :at is settl$ by o!r means ( "r k4 ,& if y ask1 ',:]e does ,scripture oppose itself to :at is ?us e/abli%$8' we give y ! foll[+ in/ance4 ,! di/9ction ( enjoy]s & objects ( enjoym5t is well kn[n f ord9>y exp]i5ce1 ! enjoy]s be+ intellig5t1 embodi$ s\ls1 :ile s\nd & ! l are ! objects ( enjoym5t4 ,devadatta1 = in/ance1 is an enjoy]1 ! di% 7:i* he eats7 an object ( enjoym5t4 ,! di/9ction ( ! two w\ld be r$uc$ to non-exi/5ce if ! enjoy] pass$ ov] into ! object ( enjoym5t1 & vice v]s4 ,n[ ?is pass+ ov] ( "o ?+ into ano!r w\ld actually result f ! doctr9e ( ! _w be+ non-diff]5t f ,brahman4 ,b ! sublation ( a well-e/abli%$ di/9ction is objectionable1 n only ) reg>d to ! pres5t "t :5 t di/9ction is obs]v$ to exi/1 b also ) reg>d to ! pa/ & ! future1 = :i* x is inf]r$4 ,! doctr9e ( ,brahman's causality mu/ !re=e be ab&on$1 z x w\ld lead to ! sublation ( ! well-e/abli%$ di/9ction ( enjoy]s & objects ( enjoym5t4 ,to ! prec$+ objection we reply1 ',x may exi/ z 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce4' ,ev5 on our philosophic view ! di/9ction may exi/1 z ord9>y exp]i5ce furni%es u ) analog\s in/ances4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 t waves1 foam1 bubbles1 & o!r modifications ( ! sea1 al?\gh !y really are n diff]5t f ! sea-wat]1 exi/1 sometimes 9 ! /ate ( mutual sep>ation1 sometimes 9 ! /ate ( conjunction1 c4 ,f ! fact ( _! be+ non-diff]5t f ! sea-wat]1 x does n foll[ t !y pass ov] into ea* o!r2 &1 aga91 al?\gh !y d n pass ov] into ea* o!r1 /ill !y are n diff]5t f ! sea4 ,s x is 9 ! case "u discussion also4 ,! enjoy]s & ! objects ( enjoym5t d n pass ov] into ea* o!r1 & yet !y are n diff]5t f ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,& al?\gh ! enjoy] is n really an effect ( ,brahman1 s9ce ! unmodifi$ creator himself1 9 s f> z he ent]s into ! effect1 is call$ ! enjoy] 7accord+ to ! passage1 ',hav+ creat$ he ent]$ into x1' ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #f71 /ill aft] ,brahman has ent]$ into its effects x passes into a /ate ( di/9ction1 9 consequ5ce ( ! effect act+ z a limit+ adjunct2 j z ! univ]sal e!r is divid$ by its contact ) j>s & o!r limit+ adjuncts4 ,! conclusion is1 t ! di/9ction ( enjoy]s & objects ( enjoym5t is possible1 al?\gh bo? are non-diff]5t f ,brahman1 _! highe/ cause1 z ! analog\s in/ance ( ! sea & its waves demon/rates4 #ad4 ,! non-diff]5ce ( !m 7i4e4 ( cause & effect7 results f su* t]ms z 'orig9' & ! l4 ,!#bgh refutation conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ ,stra 0 set =? on ! condition ( ! practical di/9ction ( enjoy]s & objects ( enjoym5t be+ ackn[l$g$4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 t di/9ction does n exi/ because !re is und]/ood to be non-diff]5ce 7id5tity7 ( cause & effect4 ,! effect is ?is manifold _w consi/+ ( e!r & s on2 ! cause is ! highe/ ,brahman4 ,( ! effect x is und]/ood t 9 reality x is non-diff]5t f ! cause1 i4e4 has no exi/5ce ap>t f ! cause4--,h[ s8--',on acc\nt ( ! scriptural ^w orig9 & o!rs4' ,! ^w 'orig9' is us$ 9 connexion ) a simile1 9 a passage und]tak+ to %[ h[ ?r\gh ! k ( "o ?+ ev]?+ is kn[n2 viz4 ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #d1 ',z1 my de>1 by "o clod ( clay all t is made ( clay is kn[n1 ! modification 7i4e4 ! effect2 ! ?+ made ( clay7 be+ a "n m]ely :i* has its orig9 9 spee*1 :ile ! tru? is t x is clay m]ely2 ?us1' c4--,! mean+ ( ?is passage is t1 if !re is kn[n a lump ( clay :i* really & truly is no?+ b clay#bgi1 !re are kn[n !reby likewise all ?+s made ( clay1 su* z j>s1 di%es1 pails1 & s on1 all ( :i* agree 9 hav+ clay = _! true nature4 ,= ^! modifications or effects are names only1 exi/ ?r\gh or orig9ate f spee* only1 :ile 9 reality !re exi/s no su* ?+ z a modification4 ,9 s f> z !y are names 7individual effects di/+ui%$ by names7 !y are untrue2 9 s f> z !y are clay !y are true4--,?is p>allel in/ance is giv5 ) ref]5ce to ,brahman2 apply+ ! phrase 'hav+ its orig9 9 spee*' to ! case illu/rat$ by ! in/ance quot$ we und]/& t ! entire body ( effects has no exi/5ce ap>t f ,brahman4--,lat] on aga9 ! text1 aft] hav+ decl>$ t fire1 wat]1 & e>? are ! effects ( ,brahman1 ma9ta9s t ! effects ( ^! ?ree elem5ts h no exi/5ce ap>t f !m1 ',?us has vani%$ ! specific nature ( burn+ fire1 ! modification be+ a m]e "n :i* has its orig9 9 spee*1 :ile only ! ?ree col\rs are :at is true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #d1 #a74--,o!r sacr$ texts also ^: purport x is to intimate ! unity ( ! ,self are to be quot$ "h1 9 accordance ) ! '& o!rs' ( ! ,stra4 ,su* texts are1 ',9 t all ?is has its ,self2 x is ! ,true1 x is ! ,self1 ?\ art t' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g72 ',?is ev]y?+1 all is t ,self' 7_/,bri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #f72 ',brahman alone is all ?is' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #b1 #aa72 ',! ,self is all ?is' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #be1 #b72 ',!re is 9 x no div]sity' 7,bri4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #be74--,on any o!r assumption x w\ld n be possible to ma9ta9 t by ! k ( "o ?+ ev]y?+ becomes kn[n 7z ! text quot$ above decl>es74 ,we !re=e mu/ adopt ! foll[+ view4 ,9 ! same way z ^? p>ts ( e!real space :i* are limit$ by j>s & wat]pots are n really diff]5t f ! univ]sal e!real space1 & z ! wat] ( a mirage is n really diff]5t f ! surface ( ! salty /eppe--= ! nature ( t wat] is t x is se5 9 "o mom5t & has vani%$ 9 ! next1 & moreov]1 x is n to be p]ceiv$ by its own nature 7i4e4 ap>t f ! surface ( ! des]t#bhj7--2 s ?is manifold _w ) its objects ( enjoym5t1 enjoy]s & s on has no exi/5ce ap>t f ,brahman4--,b--x might be object$--,brahman has 9 itself elem5ts ( manifoldness4 ,z ! tree has _m bran*es1 s ,brahman possesses _m p[]s & en]gies dep5d5t on ^? p[]s4 ,unity & manifoldness are !re=e bo? true4 ,?us1 a tree consid]$ 9 itself is "o1 b x is manifold if view$ z hav+ bran*es2 s ! sea 9 itself is "o1 b manifold z hav+ waves & foam2 s ! clay 9 itself is "o1 b manifold if view$ ) reg>d to ! j>s & di%es made ( x4 ,on ?is assumption ! process ( f9al release result+ f "r k may be e/abli%$ 9 connexion ) ! elem5t ( unity 79 ,brahman71 :ile ! two processes ( common worldly activity & ( activity accord+ to ! ,v$a--:i* dep5d on ! k>mak_/nd_/a--may be e/abli%$ 9 connexion ) ! elem5t ( manifoldness4 ,& ) ?is view ! p>allel in/ances ( clay c4 agree v well4 ,?is !ory1 we reply1 is unt5able because 9 ! in/ance 7quot$ 9 ! ,upani%ad7 ! phrase 'z clay !y are true' ass]ts ! cause only to be true :ile ! phrase 'hav+ its orig9 9 spee*' decl>es ! unreality ( all effects4 ,& ) ref]5ce to ! matt] illu/rat$ by ! in/ance giv5 7viz4 ! highe/ cause1 ,brahman7 we read1 ',9 t all ?is has its ,self2' &1 aga91 ',t is true2' :]eby x is ass]t$ t only ! "o highe/ cause is true4 ,! foll[+ passage aga91 ',t is ! ,self2 ?\ art t1 ,o _/,s_/vetaketu6' tea*es t ! embodi$ s\l 7! individual s\l7 also is ,brahman4 7,& we mu/ note t7 ! passage di/9ctly tea*es t ! fact ( ! embodi$ s\l hav+ its ,self 9 ,brahman is self-e/abli%$1 n to be accompli%$ by endeav\r4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! individual s\l hav+ its ,self 9 ,brahman1 if once accept$ z ! doctr9e ( ! ,v$a1 does away ) ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! individual s\l1 j z ! idea ( ! rope does away ) ! idea ( ! snake 7= :i* ! rope _h be5 mi/ak574 ,& if ! doctr9e ( ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! individual s\l has to be set aside1 !n ! op9ion ( ! entire ph5om5al _w--:i* is bas$ on ! individual s\l--hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce is likewise to be set aside4 ,b only = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! latt] an elem5t ( manifoldness w\ld h to be assum$ 9 ,brahman1 9 addition to ! elem5t ( unity4--,scriptural passages also 7su* z1 ',:5 ! ,self only is all ?is1 h[ %\ld he see ano!r8' ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ac7 decl>e t = him :o sees t ev]y?+ has its ,self 9 ,brahman ! :ole ph5om5al _w ) its actions1 ag5ts1 & results ( actions is non-exi/5t4 ,nor c x be said t ?is non-exi/5ce ( ! ph5om5al _w is decl>$ 7by ,scripture7 to be limit$ to c]ta9 /ates2 = ! passage ',?\ art t' %[s t ! g5]al fact ( ,brahman be+ ! ,self ( all is n limit$ by any p>ticul> /ate4 ,moreov]1 ,scripture1 %[+ by ! in/ance ( ! ?ief 7,*4 ,,vi1 #af7 t ! false-m9d$ is b\nd :ile ! true-m9d$ is releas$1 decl>es !reby t unity is ! "o true exi/5ce :ile manifoldness is evolv$ out ( wrong k4 ,= if bo? 7 true h[ c\ld ! man :o acquiesces 9 ! reality ( ?is ph5om5al _w be call$ false-m9d$#bha8 ,ano!r scriptural passage 7'f dea? to dea? goes he :o p]ceives !re9 any div]sity1' ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #ai7 decl>es ! same1 by blam+ ^? :o p]ceive any di/9ction4--,moreov]1 on ! doctr9e1 :i* we are at pres5t impugn+1 release _c result f k1 because ! doctr9e does n ackn[l$ge t "s k9d ( wrong k1 to be remov$ by p]fect k1 is ! cause ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,= h[ c ! cognition ( unity remove ! cognition ( manifoldness if bo? are true8 ,o!r objections are />t$4--,if we acquiesce 9 ! doctr9e ( absolute unity1 ! ord9>y means ( "r k1 p]ception1 c41 become invalid because ! abs5ce ( manifoldness deprives !m ( _! objects2 j z ! idea ( a man becomes invalid aft] ! "r idea ( ! po/ 7:i* at fir/ _h be5 mi/ak5 = a man7 has pres5t$ itself4 ,moreov]1 all ! texts embody+ injunctions & prohibitions w lose _! purport if ! di/9ction on :i* _! validity dep5ds does n really exi/4 ,& fur!r1 ! entire body ( doctr9e :i* ref]s to f9al release w collapse1 if ! di/9ction ( tea*] & pupil on :i* x dep5ds is n real4 ,& if ! doctr9e ( release is untrue1 h[ c we ma9ta9 ! tru? ( ! absolute unity ( ! ,self1 :i* =ms an item ( t doctr9e8 ,^! objections1 we reply1 d n damage our position because ! entire complex ( ph5om5al exi/5ce is consid]$ z true z long z ! k ( ,brahman be+ ! ,self ( all has n aris52 j z ! phantoms ( a dream are consid]$ to be true until ! sleep] wakes4 ,= z long z a p]son has n rea*$ ! true k ( ! unity ( ! ,self1 s long x does n ent] 8 m9d t ! _w ( effects ) its means & objects ( "r k & its results ( actions is untrue2 he r1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 ignorance1 looks on m]e effects 7su* z body1 (fspr+1 weal?1 c47 z =m+ "p ( & belong+ to 8 ,self1 =getful ( ,brahman be+ 9 reality ! ,self ( all4 ,h5ce1 z long z true k does n pres5t itself1 !re is no reason :y ! ord9>y c\rse ( secul> & religi\s activity %\ld n hold on undi/urb$4 ,! case is analog\s to t ( a dream+ man :o 9 8 dream sees manifold ?+s1 &1 up to ! mom5t ( wak+1 is conv9c$ t 8 ideas are produc$ by real p]ception )\t suspect+ ! p]ception to be a m]ely app>5t "o4--,b h[ 7to re/ate an objection rais$ above7 c ! ,v$nta-texts if untrue convey in=mation ab\t ! true be+ ( ,brahman8 ,we c]ta9ly d n obs]ve t a man bitt5 by a rope-snake 7i4e4 a snake falsely imag9$ 9 a rope7 dies1 nor is ! wat] appe>+ 9 a mirage us$ = dr9k+ or ba?+#bhb4--,?is objection1 we reply1 is )\t =ce 7because z a matt] ( fact we d see real effects to result f unreal causes71 = we obs]ve t dea? sometimes takes place f imag9>y v5om1 7:5 a man imag9es himself to h be5 bitt5 by a v5om\s snake17 & effects 7( :at is p]ceiv$ 9 a dream7 su* z ! bite ( a snake or ba?+ 9 a riv] take place ) reg>d to a dream+ p]son4--,b1 x w be said1 ^! effects !mselves are unreal6--,^! effects !mselves1 we reply1 are unreal inde$2 b n s ! consci\sness :i* ! dream+ p]son has ( !m4 ,?is consci\sness is a real result2 = x is n sublat$ by ! wak+ consci\sness4 ,! man :o has ris5 f sleep does inde$ consid] ! effects p]ceiv$ by him 9 8 dream su* z be+ bitt5 by a snake1 ba?+ 9 a riv]1 c4 to be unreal1 b he does n on t acc\nt consid] ! consci\sness he _h ( !m to be unreal likewise4--7,we rem>k 9 pass+ t7 by ?is fact ( ! consci\sness ( ! dream+ p]son n be+ sublat$ 7by ! wak+ consci\sness7 ! doctr9e ( ! body be+ our true ,self is to be consid]$ z refut$#bhc4--,scripture also 79 ! passage1 ',if a man :o is engag$ 9 "s sacrifice und]tak5 = "s special wi% sees 9 8 dream a woman1 he is to inf] !refrom success 9 8 "w'7 decl>es t by ! unreal phantom ( a dream a real result su* z prosp]ity may be obta9$4 ,&1 aga91 ano!r scriptural passage1 aft] hav+ decl>$ t f ! obs]vation ( c]ta9 unfav\rable om5s a man is to conclude t he w n live long1 cont9ues 'if somebody sees 9 8 dream a black man ) black tee? & t man kills him1' intimat+ !reby t by ! unreal dream-phantom a real fact1 viz4 dea?1 is notifi$4--,x is1 moreov]1 kn[n f ! exp]i5ce ( p]sons :o c>efully obs]ve positive & negative in/ances t su* & su* dreams are auspici\s om5s1 o!rs ! rev]se4 ,& 7to quote ano!r example t some?+ true c result f or be kn[n ?r\gh some?+ untrue7 we see t ! k ( ! real s\nds ,a4 c4 is rea*$ by means ( ! unreal writt5 lett]s4 ,moreov]1 ! reasons :i* e/abli% ! unity ( ! ,self are altoge!r f9al1 s t subsequ5tly to !m no?+ m is requir$ = full satisfaction#bhd4 ,an injunction z1 = in/ance1 ',he is to sacrifice' at once r5d]s u desir\s ( kn[+ :at is to be effect$1 & by :at means & 9 :at mann] x is to be effect$2 b passages su* z1 ',?\ art t1' ',i am ,brahman1' leave no?+ to be desir$ because ! /ate ( consci\sness produc$ by !m has = its object ! unity ( ! univ]sal ,self4 ,= z long z some?+ else rema9s a desire is possible2 b !re is no?+ else :i* c\ld be desir$ 9 addition to ! absolute unity ( ,brahman4 ,nor c x be ma9ta9$ t su* /ates ( consci\sness d n actually arise2 = scriptural passages su* z1 ',he und]/ood :at he said' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #ah1 #b71 decl>e !m to occur1 & c]ta9 means are enjo9$ to br+ !m ab\t1 su* z ! he>+ 7( ! ,v$a f a tea*]7 & ! recital ( ! sacr$ texts4 ,nor1 aga91 c su* consci\sness be object$ to on ! gr\nd ei!r ( uselessness or ( errone\sness1 because1 fir/ly1 x is se5 to h = its result ! cessation ( ignorance1 & because1 secondly1 !re is no o!r k9d ( k by :i* x c\ld be sublat$4 ,& t be=e ! k ( ! unity ( ! ,self has be5 rea*$ ! :ole real-unreal c\rse ( ord9>y life1 worldly z well z religi\s1 goes on unimp$$1 we h already expla9$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 f9al au?ority hav+ intimat$ ! unity ( ! ,self1 ! entire c\rse ( ! _w :i* 0 f\nd$ on ! previ\s di/9ction is sublat$1 !n !re is no long] any opportunity = assum+ a ,brahman compris+ 9 itself v>i\s elem5ts4 ,b--x may be said--7t w\ld n be a m]e assumption1 b7 ,scripture itself1 by quot+ ! p>allel in/ances ( clay & s on1 decl>es itself 9 fav\r ( a ,brahman capable ( modification2 = we "k f exp]i5ce t clay & simil> ?+s d und]go modifications4--,?is objection--we reply--is )\t =ce1 because a numb] ( scriptural passages1 by d5y+ all modification ( ,brahman1 tea* x to be absolutely *angeless 7k_/t_/a/ha74 ,su* passages are1 ',?is great unborn ,self2 undecay+1 undy+1 immortal1 fe>less1 is inde$ ,brahman' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #be72 ',t ,self is to be describ$ by ,no1 no' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #bf72 ',x is nei!r co>se nor f9e' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #h74 ,= to ! "o ,brahman ! two qualities ( be+ subject to modification & ( be+ free f x _c bo? be ascrib$4 ,& if y say1 ',:y %\ld !y n be bo? pr$icat$ ( ,brahman 7! =m] dur+ ! "t ( ! subsi/5ce ( ! _w1 ! latt] dur+ ! p]iod ( reabsorption7 j z re/ & motion may be pr$icat$ 7( "o body at diff]5t times78' we rem>k t ! qualification1 'absolutely *angeless' 7k_/t_/a/ha71 precludes ?is4 ,= ! *angeless ,brahman _c be ! sub/ratum ( v>y+ attributes4 ,& t1 on acc\nt ( ! negation ( all attributes1 ,brahman really is et]nal & *angeless has already be5 demon/rat$4--,moreov]1 :ile ! cognition ( ! unity ( ,brahman is ! in/rum5t ( f9al release1 !re is no?+ to %[ t any indep5d5t result is connect$ ) ! view ( ,brahman1 by und]go+ a modification1 pass+ ov] into ! =m ( ?is _w4 ,scripture expressly decl>es t ! k ( ! *angeless ,brahman be+ ! univ]sal ,self leads to a result2 = 9 ! passage :i* beg9s1 ',t ,self is to be describ$ by ,no1 no1' we read lat] on1 ',o ,janaka1 y h inde$ rea*$ fe>lessness' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #b1 #d74 ,we h !n#bhe to accept ! foll[+ conclusion t1 9 ! sections treat+ ( ,brahman1 an indep5d5t result belongs only to ! k ( ,brahman z devoid ( all attributes & di/9ctions1 & t h5ce :atev] is /at$ z hav+ no special fruit ( its own--z1 = in/ance1 ! passages ab\t ,brahman modify+ itself into ! =m ( ?is _w--is m]ely to be appli$ z a means = ! cognition ( ! absolute ,brahman1 b does n br+ ab\t an indep5d5t result2 accord+ to ! pr9ciple t :atev] has no result ( its own1 b is m5tion$ 9 connexion ) some?+ else :i* has su* a result1 is subord9ate to ! latt]#bhf4 ,= to ma9ta9 t ! result ( ! k ( ,brahman und]go+ modifications w\ld be t ! ,self 7( him :o kn[s t7 w\ld und]go correspond+ modifications#bhg w\ld be inappropriate1 z ! /ate ( filial release 7:i* ! s\l obta9s ?r\gh ! k ( ,brahman7 is et]nally un*ang+4 ,b1 x is object$1 he :o ma9ta9s ! nature ( ,brahman to be *angeless !reby contradicts ! fundam5tal t5et accord+ to :i* ! ,"l is ! cause ( ! _w1 s9ce ! doctr9e ( absolute unity leaves no room = ! di/9ction ( a ,rul] & some?+ rul$4--,?is objection we w>d (f by rem>k+ t omnisci5ce1 c4 7i4e4 ^? qualities :i* belong to ,brahman only 9 s f> z x is relat$ to a _w7 dep5d on ! evolution ( ! g]m9al pr9ciples call$ "n & =m1 ^: ess5ce is ,nesci5ce4 ,! fundam5tal t5et :i* we ma9ta9 79 accordance ) su* scriptural passages z1 ',f t ,self sprang e!r1' c42 ,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a7 is t ! creation1 su/5tation1 & reabsorption ( ! _w proce$ f an omnisci5t1 omnipot5t ,"l1 n f a non-intellig5t pradhna or any o!r pr9ciple4 ,t t5et we h /at$ 9 ,i1 #a1 #d1 & "h we d n tea* any?+ contr>y to x4--,b h[1 ! "q may be ask$1 c y make ?is la/ ass]tion :ile all ! :ile y ma9ta9 ! absolute unity & non-duality ( ! ,self8--,li/5 h[4 ,belong+ to ! ,self1 z x 71 ( ! omnisci5t ,"l1 !re are "n & =m1 ! figm5ts ( ,nesci5ce1 n to be def9$ ei!r z be+ 7i4e4 ,brahman71 nor z diff]5t f x#bhh1 ! g]ms ( ! entire expanse ( ! ph5om5al _w1 call$ 9 _/,s_/rut & ,sm_/ri_/ti ! illusion 7my71 p[] 7_/s_/akt71 or nature 7prak_/ri_/ti7 ( ! omnisci5t ,"l4 ,diff]5t f !m is ! omnisci5t ,"l himself1 z we le>n f scriptural passages su* z ! foll[+1 ',he :o is call$ e!r is ! reveal] ( all =ms & names2 t )9 :i* ^! =ms & names are conta9$ is ,brahman' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #ad1 #a72 ',let me evolve names & =ms' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b72 ',he1 ! wise "o1 :o hav+ divid$ all =ms & giv5 all names1 sits speak+ 7) ^? names7' 7,taitt4 r4 ,,iii1 #ab1 #g72 ',he :o makes ! "o se$ manifold' 7_/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,vi1 l#b74--,?us ! ,"l dep5ds 7z ,"l7 ^u ! limit+ adjuncts ( "n & =m1 ! products ( ,nesci5ce2 j z ! univ]sal e!r dep5ds 7z limit$ e!r1 su* z ! e!r ( a j>1 c47 ^u ! limit+ adjuncts 9 ! %ape ( j>s1 pots1 c4 ,he 7! ,"l7 /&s 9 ! realm ( ! ph5om5al 9 ! relation ( a rul] to ! s-call$ jvas 7individual s\ls7 or cognitional ,selfs 7vij_/_/ntman71 :i* inde$ are "o ) 8 own ,self--j z ! portions ( e!r enclos$ 9 j>s & ! l are "o ) ! univ]sal e!r--b are limit$ by aggregates ( in/rum5ts ( action 7i4e4 bodies7 produc$ f "n & =m1 ! pres5tations ( ,nesci5ce4 ,h5ce ! ,"l's be+ a ,"l1 8 omnisci5ce1 8 omnipot5ce1 c4 all dep5d on ! limitation due to ! adjuncts ^: ,self is ,nesci5ce2 :ile 9 reality none ( ^! qualities belong to ! ,self ^: true nature is cle>$1 by "r k1 f all adjuncts :atev]4 ,?us ,scripture also says1 ',:]e "o sees no?+ else1 he>s no?+ else1 und]/&s no?+ else1 t is ! ,inf9ite' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bd1 #a72 ',b :5 ! ,self only has become all ?is1 h[ %\ld he see ano!r8' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ac47 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,v$nta-texts decl>e t = him :o has rea*$ ! /ate ( tru? & reality ! :ole app>5t _w does n exi/4 ,! ,bhagavadgt also 7',! ,"l is n ! cause ( actions1 or ( ! capacity ( p]=m+ actions1 or ( ! connexion ( action & fruit2 all t proce$s accord+ to its own nature4 ,! ,"l receives no "o's s9 or m]it4 ,k is envelop$ by ,ignorance2 h5ce all creatures are delud$2' ,bha4 ,g4 ,v1 #ad2 #ae7 decl>es t 9 reality ! relation ( ,rul] & rul$ does n exi/4 ,t1 on ! o!r h&1 all ^? di/9ctions are valid1 z f> z ! ph5om5al _w is conc]n$1 ,scripture z well z ! ,bhagavadgt /ates2 comp>e ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #d1 #bb1 ',he is ! ,"l ( all1 ! k+ ( all ?+s1 ! protector ( all ?+s2 he is a bank & b\nd>y1 s t ^! worlds may n be conf\nd$2' & ,bha4 ,g4 ,,xviii1 #fa1 ',! ,"l1 ,o ,arjuna1 is seat$ 9 ! region ( ! he>t ( all be+s1 turn+ r\nd all be+s1 7z ?\gh7 m\nt$ on a ma*9e1 by 8 delusion4' ,! ,strakra also ass]ts ! non-diff]5ce ( cause & effect only ) reg>d to ! /ate ( ,reality2 :ile he _h1 9 ! prec$+ ,stra1 :]e he look$ to ! ph5om5al _w1 comp>$ ,brahman to ! ocean1 c41 t comp>ison re/+ on ! assumption ( ! _w ( effects n yet hav+ be5 refut$ 7i4e4 se5 to be unreal74--,! view ( ,brahman z und]go+ modifications w1 moreov]1 be ( use 9 ! dev\t m$itations on ! qualifi$ 7sagu_/n_/a7 ,brahman4 #ae4 ,& because only on ! exi/5ce 7( ! cause7 7! effect7 is obs]v$4 ,= ! foll[+ reason also ! effect is non-diff]5t f ! cause1 because only :5 ! cause exi/s ! effect is obs]v$ to exi/1 n :5 x does n exi/4 ,= in/ance1 only :5 ! clay exi/s ! j> is obs]v$ to exi/1 & ! clo? only :5 ! ?reads exi/4 ,t x is n a g5]al rule t :5 "o ?+ exi/s ano!r is also obs]v$ to exi/1 appe>s1 = in/ance1 f ! fact1 t a horse :i* is o!r 7diff]5t7 f a c[ is n obs]v$ to exi/ only :5 a c[ exi/s4 ,nor is ! j> obs]v$ to exi/ only :5 ! pott] exi/s2 = 9 t case non-diff]5ce does n exi/1 al?\gh ! relation betwe5 ! two is t ( an op]ative cause & its effect#bhi4--;,b--x may be object$--ev5 9 ! case ( ?+s o!r 7i4e4 non-id5tical7 we f9d t ! obs]vation ( "o ?+ regul>ly dep5ds on ! exi/5ce ( ano!r2 smoke1 = in/ance1 is obs]v$ only :5 fire exi/s4--,we reply t ?is is untrue1 because sometimes smoke is obs]v$ ev5 aft] ! fire has be5 ext+ui%$2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( smoke be+ kept by h]dsm5 9 j>s4--,well1 !n--! objector w say--let u add to smoke a c]ta9 qualification enabl+ u to say t smoke ( su* & su* a k9d#bij does n exi/ unless fire exi/s4--,ev5 ?us1 we reply1 y\r objection is n valid1 because we decl>e t ! reason = assum+ ! non-diff]5ce ( cause & effect is ! fact ( ! int]nal organ 7buddhi7 be+ affect$ 7impress$7 by cause & effect jo9tly#bia4 ,& t does n take place 9 ! case ( fire & smoke4--,or else we h to read 79 ! ,stra7 'bhvt1' & to translate1 '& on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce or obs]vation4' ,! non-diff]5ce ( cause & effect results n only f ,scripture b also f ! exi/5ce ( p]ception4 ,= ! non-diff]5ce ( ! two is p]ceiv$1 = in/ance1 9 an aggregate ( ?reads1 :]e we d n p]ceive a ?+ call$ 'clo?1' 9 addition to ! ?reads1 b m]ely ?reads runn+ l5g?ways & crossways4 ,s aga91 9 ! ?reads we p]ceive f9] ?reads 7! aggregate ( :i* is id5tical ) ! gross] ?reads71 9 !m aga9 f9] ?reads1 & s on4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ?is our p]ception we conclude t ! f9e/ p>ts :i* we c p]ceive are ultimately id5tical ) _! causes1 viz4 r$1 :ite1 & black 7! col\rs ( fire1 wat]1 & e>?1 accord+ to ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #d72 ^?1 aga91 ) air1 ! latt] ) e!r1 & e!r ) ,brahman1 :i* is "o & )\t a second4 ,t all means ( pro( lead back to ,brahman 7z ! ultimate cause ( ! _w2 n to pradhna1 c471 we h already expla9$4 #af4 ,& on acc\nt ( t :i* is po/]ior 7i4e4 ! effect7 be+ t :i* is4 ,= ! foll[+ reason also ! effect is to be consid]$ z non-diff]5t 7f ! cause74 ,t :i* is po/]ior 9 "t1 i4e4 ! effect1 is decl>$ by ,scripture to h1 previ\s to its actual beg9n+1 its ,be+ 9 ! cause1 by ! ,self ( ! cause m]ely4 ,= 9 passages l1 ',9 ! beg9n+1 my de>1 ?is 0 t only :i* is' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #c72 &1 ',v]ily1 9 ! beg9n+ ?is 0 ,self1 "o only' 7,ait4 ,ar4 ,,ii1 #d1 #a1 #a71 ! effect :i* is d5ot$ by ! ^w '?is' appe>s 9 grammatical co-ord9ation ) 7! ^w d5ot+7 ! cause 7f :i* x appe>s t bo? inh]e 9 ! same sub/ratum74 ,a ?+1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* does n exi/ 9 ano!r ?+ by ! ,self ( ! latt] is n produc$ f t o!r ?+2 = in/ance1 oil is n produc$ f s&4 ,h5ce z !re is non-diff]5ce be=e ! production 7( ! effect71 we und]/& t ! effect ev5 aft] hav+ be5 produc$ cont9ues to be non-diff]5t f ! cause4 ,z ! cause1 i4e4 ,brahman1 is 9 all "t nei!r m nor less ?an t :i* is1 s ! effect also1 viz4 ! _w1 is 9 all "t only t :i* is4 ,b t :i* is is "o only2 !re=e ! effect is non-diff]5t f ! cause4 #ag4 ,if x be said t on acc\nt ( be+ d5ot$ z t :i* is n 7! effect does7 n 7exi/ be=e x is actually produc$72 7we reply7 n s1 7because ! t]m 't :i* is n' d5otes7 ano!r quality 7m]ely72 7z appe>s7 f ! complem5t>y s5t5ce4 ,b1 an objection w be rais$1 9 "s places ,scripture speaks ( ! effect be=e its production z t :i* is n2 s1 = in/ance1 ',9 ! beg9n+ ?is 0 t only :i* is n' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ai1 #a72 & ',non-exi/5t#bib inde$ ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+' 7,taitt4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #g74 ,h5ce ,be+ 7sattvam7 _c be ascrib$ to ! effect be=e its production4 ,?is we d5y4 ,= by ! ,non-exi/5ce ( ! effect previ\s to its production is n meant absolute ,non-exi/5ce1 b only a diff]5t quality or /ate1 viz4 ! /ate ( "n & =m be+ unevolv$1 :i* /ate is diff]5t f ! /ate ( "n & =m be+ evolv$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! latt] /ate ! effect is call$1 previ\s to its production1 non-exi/5t al?\gh !n also x exi/$ id5tical ) its cause4 ,we conclude ?is f ! complem5t>y passage1 accord+ to ! rule t ! s5se ( a passage ^: e>li] "p is ( d\btful mean+ is det]m9$ by its complem5t>y "p4 ,) ref]5ce to ! passage4 ',9 ! beg9n+ ?is 0 non-exi/5t only1' we rem>k t :at is !re d5ot$ by ! ^w ',non-exi/+' is--9 ! complem5t>y passage1 ',t became exi/5t'--ref]r$ to by ! ^w 't1' & qualifi$ z ',exi/5t4' ,! ^w '0' w\ld1 moreov]1 n apply to ! 7absolutely7 ,non-exi/+1 :i* _c be conceiv$ z connect$ ) prior or po/]ior "t4--,h5ce ) ref]5ce to ! o!r passage also1 ',non-exi/+ inde$1' c41 ! complem5t>y "p1 ',t made itself its ,self1' %[s1 by ! qualification :i* x conta9s1 t absolute ,non-exi/5ce is n meant4--,x foll[s f all ?is t ! designation ( ',non-exi/5ce' appli$ to ! effect be=e its production has ref]5ce to a diff]5t /ate ( be+ m]ely4 ,& z ^? ?+s :i* are di/+ui%$ by "n & =m are 9 ord9>y language call$ 'exi/5t1' ! t]m 'non-exi/5t' is figuratively appli$ to !m to d5ote ! /ate 9 :i* !y 7 previ\sly to _! diff]5tiation4 #ah4 ,f reason+ & f ano!r ,v$ic passage4 ,t ! effect exi/s be=e its orig9ation & is non-diff]5t f ! cause1 foll[s f reason+ z well z f a fur!r scriptural passage4 ,we at fir/ set =? ! argum5tation4--,ord9>y exp]i5ce tea*es u t ^? :o wi% to produce c]ta9 effects1 su* z curds1 or e>!n j>s1 or gold5 ornam5ts1 employ = _! purpose c]ta9 det]m9$ causal sub/ances su* z milk1 clay1 & gold2 ^? :o wi% to produce s\r milk d n employ clay1 nor d ^? :o int5d to make j>s employ milk & s on4 ,b1 accord+ to t doctr9e :i* tea*es t ! effect is non-exi/5t 7be=e its actual production71 all ?is %\ld be possible4 ,= if be=e _! actual orig9ation all effects are equally non-exi/5t 9 any causal sub/ance1 :y !n %\ld curds be produc$ f milk only & n f clay also1 & j>s f clay only & n f milk z well8--,let u !n ma9ta91 ! asatkryavd9 rejo9s1 t !re is inde$ an equal non-exi/5ce ( any effect 9 any cause1 b t at ! same "t ea* causal sub/ance has a c]ta9 capacity rea*+ beyond itself 7ati_/s_/aya7 = "s p>ticul> effect only & n = o!r effects2 t1 = in/ance1 milk only1 & n clay1 has a c]ta9 capacity = curds2 & clay only1 & n milk1 an analog\s capacity = j>s4--,:at1 we ask 9 return1 d y und]/& by t 'ati_/s_/aya8' ,if y und]/& by x ! antec$5t condition ( ! effect 7be=e its actual orig9ation71 y ab&on y\r doctr9e t ! effect does n exi/ 9 ! cause1 & prove our doctr9e accord+ to :i* x does s exi/4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y und]/& by ! ati_/s_/aya a c]ta9 p[] ( ! cause assum$ to ! end ( acc\nt+ = ! fact t only "o det]m9$ effect spr+s f ! cause1 y mu/ admit t ! p[] c det]m9e ! p>ticul> effect only if x nei!r is o!r 7?an cause & effect7 nor non-exi/5t2 = if x 7 ei!r1 x w\ld n be diff]5t f any?+ else :i* is ei!r non-exi/5t or o!r ?an cause & effect1 7& h[ !n %\ld x alone be able to produce ! p>ticul> effect87 ,h5ce x foll[s t t p[] is id5tical ) ! ,self ( ! cause1 & t ! effect is id5tical ) ! ,self ( t p[]4--,moreov]1 z ! ideas ( cause & effect on ! "o h& & ( sub/ance & qualities on ! o!r h& are n sep>ate ones1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ideas ( a horse & a buffalo1 x foll[s t ! id5tity ( ! cause & ! effect z well z ( ! sub/ance & its qualities has to be admitt$4 ,let x !n be assum$1 ! oppon5t rejo9s1 t ! cause & ! effect1 al?\gh really diff]5t1 are n appreh5d$ z su*1 because !y are connect$ by ! s-call$ samavya connexion#bic4--;,if1 we reply1 y assume ! samavya connexion betwe5 cause & effect1 y h ei!r to admit t ! samavya itself is jo9$ by a c]ta9 connexion to ! two t]ms :i* are connect$ by samavya1 & !n t connexion w aga9 require a new connexion 7jo9+ x to ! two t]ms :i* x b9ds toge!r71 & y w ?us be compell$ to po/ulate an inf9ite s]ies ( connexions2 or else y w h to ma9ta9 t ! samavya is n jo9$ by any connexion to ! t]ms :i* x b9ds toge!r1 & f t w result ! dissolution ( ! bond :i* connects ! two t]ms ( ! samavya relation#bid4--,well !n1 ! oppon5t rejo9s1 let u assume t ! samavya connexion z itself be+ a connexion may be connect$ ) ! t]ms :i* x jo9s )\t ! help ( any fur!r connexion4--,!n1 we reply1 conjunction 7sa_/m_/yoga7 also mu/ be connect$ ) ! two t]ms :i* x jo9s )\t ! help ( ! samavya connexion2 = conjunction also is a k9d ( connexion#bie4--,moreov]1 z sub/ances1 qualities1 & s on are appreh5d$ z /&+ 9 ! relation ( id5tity1 ! assumption ( ! samavya relation has really no purport4 ,9 :at mann] aga9 d y--:o ma9ta9 t ! cause & ! effect are jo9$ by ! samavya relation--assume a sub/ance consi/+ ( p>ts :i* is an effect to abide 9 its causes1 i4e4 9 ! mat]ial p>ts ( :i* x consi/s8 ,does x abide 9 all ! p>ts tak5 toge!r or 9 ea* p>ticul> "p8--,if y say t x abides 9 all p>ts toge!r1 x foll[s t ! :ole z su* _c be p]ceiv$1 z x is impossible t all ! p>ts %\ld be 9 contact ) ! organs ( p]ception4 7,& let x n be object$ t ! :ole may be appreh5d$ ?r\gh "s ( ! p>ts only71 = manyness :i* abides 9 all its sub/rates toge!r 7i4e4 9 all ! _m ?+s71 is n appreh5d$ s long z only "s ( ^? sub/rates are appreh5d$4--,let x !n be assum$ t ! :ole abides 9 all ! p>ts by ! m$iation ( int]v5+ aggregates ( p>ts#bif4--;,9 t case1 we reply1 we %\ld h to assume o!r p>ts 9 addition to ! prim>y orig9ative p>ts ( ! :ole1 9 ord] t by means ( ^? o!r p>ts ! :ole c\ld abide 9 ! prim>y p>ts 9 ! mann] indicat$ by y4 ,= we see 7t "o ?+ :i* abides 9 ano!r abides !re by means ( p>ts diff]5t f ^? ( t o!r ?+71 t ! sword1 = in/ance1 p]vades ! %ea? by means ( p>ts diff]5t f ! p>ts ( ! %ea?4 ,b an assumption ( t k9d w\ld lead u into a regressus 9 inf9itum1 because 9 ord] to expla9 h[ ! :ole abides 9 c]ta9 giv5 p>ts we %\ld always h to assume fur!r p>ts#big4--,well1 !n1 let u ma9ta9 ! second alt]native1 viz4 t ! :ole abides 9 ea* p>ticul> "p4--,t also _c be admitt$2 = if ! :ole is pres5t 9 "o "p x _c be pres5t 9 o!r p>ts also2 n any m ?an ,devadatta c be pres5t 9 _/,s_/rughna & 9 ,p_/t_/aliputra on "o & ! same day4 ,if ! :ole 7 pres5t 9 m ?an "o "p1 sev]al :oles w\ld result1 comp>able to ,devadatta & ,yaj_/_/adatta1 :o1 z be+ two diff]5t p]sons1 may live "o ( !m at _/,s_/rughna & ! o!r at ,p_/t_/aliputra4--,if ! oppon5t %\ld rejo9 t ! :ole may be fully pres5t 9 ea* "p1 j z ! g5]ic "* ( ! c[ is fully pres5t 9 ea* individual c[2 we po9t out t ! g5]ic attributes ( ! c[ are visibly p]ceiv$ 9 ea* individual c[1 b t ! :ole is n ?us p]ceiv$ 9 ea* p>ticul> "p4 ,if ! :ole 7 fully pres5t 9 ea* "p1 ! consequ5ce w\ld be t ! :ole w\ld produce its effects indiff]5tly ) any ( its p>ts2 a c[1 = in/ance1 w\ld give milk f h] horns or h] tail4 ,b su* ?+s are n se5 to take place4 ,we proce$ to consid] "s fur!r argum5ts oppos$ to ! doctr9e t ! effect does n exi/ 9 ! cause4--,t doctr9e involves ! conclusion t ! actual orig9ation ( an effect is )\t an ag5t & ?us devoid ( sub/antial be+4 ,= orig9ation is an action1 & z su* requires an ag5t#bih1 j z ! action ( walk+ does4 ,to speak ( an action )\t an ag5t w\ld be a contradiction4 ,b if y d5y ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! effect 9 ! cause1 x w\ld h to be assum$ t :5ev] ! orig9ation ( a j>1 = in/ance1 is spok5 ( ! ag5t is n ! j> 7:i* be=e its orig9ation did n exi/7 b some?+ else1 & aga9 t :5 ! orig9ation ( ! two halves ( ! j> is spok5 ( ! ag5t is n ! two halves b some?+ else4 ,f ?is x w\ld foll[ t ! s5t5ce1 '! j> is orig9at$' means z mu* z '! pott] & ! o!r 7op]ative7 causes are orig9at$#bii4' ,b z a matt] ( fact ! =m] s5t5ce is nev] und]/ood to mean ! latt]2 & x is1 moreov]1 kn[n t at ! "t :5 ! j> orig9ates1 ! pott]1 c4 are already 9 exi/5ce4--,let u !n say1 ! oppon5t resumes1 t orig9ation is ! connexion ( ! effect ) ! exi/5ce ( its cause & its obta9+ exi/5ce z a ,self4--,h[1 we ask 9 reply1 c some?+ :i* has n yet obta9$ exi/5ce ent] into connexion ) some?+ else8 ,a connexion is possible ( two exi/+ ?+s only1 n ( "o exi/+ & "o non-exi/+ ?+ or ( two non-exi/+ ?+s4 ,to some?+ non-exi/+ :i* on t acc\nt is indef9able1 x is moreov] n possible to assign a limit z ! oppon5t does :5 ma9ta9+ t ! effect is non-exi/+ be=e its orig9ation2 = exp]i5ce tea*es u t exi/+ ?+s only su* z fields & h\ses h limits1 b n non-exi/+ ?+s4 ,if somebody %\ld use1 = in/ance1 a phrase su* z ! foll[+ "o1 ',! son ( a b>r5 woman 0 k+ previ\sly to ! coronation ( ,pr_/n_/av>man' ! decl>ation ( a limit 9 "t impli$ 9 t phrase does n 9 reality det]m9e t ! son ( ! b>r5 woman1 i4e4 a m]e non-entity1 ei!r 0 or is or w be k+4 ,if ! son ( a b>r5 woman c\ld become an exi/+ ?+ subsequ5tly to ! activity ( "s causal ag5t1 9 t case x w\ld be possible also t ! non-exi/+ effect %\ld be some?+ exi/+1 subsequ5tly to ! activity ( "s causal ag5t4 ,b we "k t ! "o ?+ c take place no m ?an ! o!r ?+2 ! non-exi/+ effect & ! son ( ! b>r5 woman are bo? equally non-entities & c nev] be4--,b1 ! asatkryavd9 "h objects1 f y\r doctr9e !re foll[s ! result t ! activity ( causal ag5ts is altoge!r purposeless4 ,= if ! effect 7 ly+ already fully accompli%$ 9 ! cause & 7 non-diff]5t f x1 nobody w\ld endeav\r to br+ x ab\t1 no m ?an anybody endeav\rs to br+ ab\t ! cause :i* is already fully accompli%$ previ\sly to all endeav\r4 ,b z a matt] ( fact causal ag5ts d endeav\r to br+ ab\t effects1 & x is 9 ord] n to h to condemn _! ef=ts z altoge!r useless t we assume ! non-exi/5ce ( ! effect previ\sly to its orig9ation4--,y\r objection is refut$1 we reply1 by ! consid]ation t ! endeav\r ( ! causal ag5t may be look$ ^u z hav+ a purpose 9 s f> z x arranges ! causal sub/ance 9 ! =m ( ! effect4 ,t1 h[ev]1 ev5 ! =m ( ! effect 7is n some?+ previ\sly non-exi/+1 b7 belongs to ! ,self ( ! cause already because :at is devoid ( ,selfhood _c be begun at all1 we h already %[n above4--,nor does a sub/ance become ano!r sub/ance m]ely by appe>+ "u a diff]5t aspect4 ,devadatta may at "o "t be se5 ) 8 arms & legs closely drawn up to 8 body1 & ano!r "t ) 8 arms & legs /ret*$ out1 & yet he rema9s ! same sub/antial be+1 = he is recognis$ z su*4 ,?us ! p]sons also by :om we are surr\nd$1 su* z fa!rs1 mo!rs1 bro!rs1 c41 rema9 ! same1 al?\gh we see !m 9 cont9ually *ang+ /ates & attitudes2 = !y are always recognis$ z fa!rs1 mo!rs1 bro!rs1 & s on4 ,if our oppon5t objects to ?is la/ illu/rative example on ! gr\nd t fa!rs1 mo!rs1 & s on rema9 ! same sub/antial be+s1 because ! diff]5t /ates 9 :i* !y appe> are n sep>at$ f ea* o!r by bir? or dea?1 :ile ! effect1 = in/ance a j>1 appe>s only aft] ! cause1 = in/ance ! clay1 has und]gone de/ruction z x 7 7s t ! effect may be look$ ^u z some?+ altoge!r diff]5t f ! cause72 we rebut ?is objection by rem>k+ t causal sub/ances also su* z milk1 = in/ance1 are p]ceiv$ to exi/ ev5 aft] !y h ent]$ into ! condition ( effects su* z curds & ! l 7s t we h no "r to say t ! cause und]goes de/ruction74 ,& ev5 9 ^? cases :]e ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! cause is n p]ceiv$1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( se$s ( ! fig-tree f :i* !re spr+ spr\ts & trees1 ! t]m 'bir?' 7:5 appli$ to ! spr\t7 only means t ! causal sub/ance1 viz4 ! se$1 becomes visible by becom+ a spr\t ?r\gh ! cont9ual accretion ( simil> p>ticles ( matt]2 & ! t]m 'dea?' only means t1 ?r\gh ! secession ( ^? p>ticles1 ! cause aga9 passes beyond ! sph]e ( visibility4 ,nor c x be said t f su* sep>ation by bir? & dea? z describ$ j n[ x foll[s t ! non-exi/+ becomes exi/+1 & ! exi/+ non-exi/+2 = if t 7 s1 x w\ld also foll[ t ! unborn *ild 9 ! "m's womb & ! new-born babe /ret*$ out on ! b$ are altoge!r diff]5t be+s4 ,x w\ld fur!r foll[ t a man is n ! same p]son 9 *ildhood1 manhood1 & old age1 & t t]ms su* z fa!r & ! l are illegitimately us$4--,! prec$+ argum5ts may also be us$ to refute ! 7,bauddha doctr9e7 ( all exi/5ce be+ mom5t>y only#cjj4 ,! doctr9e t ! effect is non-exi/5t previ\sly to its actual orig9ation1 moreov]1 leads to ! conclusion t ! activity ( ! causal ag5t has no object2 = :at does n exi/ _c possibly be an object2 n any m ?an ! e!r c be cleft by swords & o!r weapons = /rik+ or cutt+4 ,! object c c]ta9ly n be ! inh]5t cause2 = t w\ld lead to ! errone\s conclusion t f ! activity ( ! causal ag5t1 :i* has = its object ! inh]5t cause1 !re results some?+ else 7viz4 ! effect74 ,& if 79 ord] to preclude ?is errone\s conclusion7 ! oppon5t %\ld say t ! effect is 7n some?+ diff]5t f ! cause1 b7 a c]ta9 relative p[] 7ati_/s_/aya7 ( ! inh]5t cause2 he !reby w\ld simply conc$e our doctr9e1 accord+ to :i* ! effect exi/s 9 ! cause already4 ,we ma9ta91 !re=e1 z our f9al conclusion1 t milk & o!r sub/ances are call$ effects :5 !y are 9 ! /ate ( curds & s on1 & t x is impossible1 ev5 )9 hundr$s ( ye>s1 ev] to br+ ab\t an effect :i* is diff]5t f its cause4 ,! fundam5tal cause ( all appe>s 9 ! =m ( ?is & t effect1 up to ! la/ effect ( all1 j z an actor appe>s 9 v>i\s robes & co/umes1 & !reby becomes ! basis = all ! curr5t notions & t]ms conc]n+ ! ph5om5al _w4 ,! conclusion "h e/abli%$1 on ! gr\nd ( reason+1 viz4 t ! effect exi/s already be=e its orig9ation1 & is non-diff]5t f its cause1 results also f a diff]5t scriptural passage4 ,z "u ! prec$+ ,stra a ,v$ic passage 0 in/anc$ :i* speaks ( ! non-exi/+1 ! diff]5t passage ref]r$ to 9 ! pres5t ,stra is ! "o 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #b1 #a7 :i* ref]s to t :i* is4 ,t passage beg9s1 ',be+ only 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+1 "o )\t a second1' ref]s1 !reupon1 to ! doctr9e ( ! ,non-exi/5t be+ ! cause ( ! _w 7',o!rs say1 ,non-be+ 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+'71 raises an objection aga9/ t doctr9e 7',h[ c\ld t :i* is be born ( t :i* is n8'71 &1 f9ally1 reaffirms ! view fir/ set =?1 ',only ,be+ 0 ?is 9 ! beg9n+4' ,! circum/ance t 9 ?is passage ! effect1 :i* is d5ot$ by ! ^w '?is1' is by ,scripture1 ) ref]5ce to ! "t previ\s to its orig9ation1 coord9at$ ) ! cause d5ot$ by ! t]m ',be+1' proves t ! effect exi/s 9--& is non-diff]5t f--! cause4 ,if x 7 be=e its orig9ation non-exi/+ & aft] x inh]$ 9 its cause by samavya1 x w\ld be some?+ diff]5t f ! cause1 & t w\ld virtually imply an ab&onm5t ( ! promise made 9 ! passage1 ',t in/ruction by :i* we he> :at is n he>d1' c4 7,,vi1 #a1 #c74 ,! latt] ass]tion is ratifi$1 on ! o!r h&1 ?r\gh ! compreh5sion t ! effect exi/s 9--& is n diff]5t f-! cause4 #ai4 ,& l a piece ( clo?4 ,z ( a fold$ piece ( clo? we d n "k cle>ly :e!r x is a piece ( clo? or "s o!r ?+1 :ile on its be+ unfold$ x becomes manife/ t ! fold$ ?+ 0 a piece ( clo?2 & z1 s long z x is fold$1 we p]haps "k t x is a piece ( clo? b n ( :at def9ite l5g? & wid? x is1 :ile on its be+ unfold$ we "k ^! p>ticul>s1 & at ! same "t t ! clo? is n diff]5t f ! fold$ object2 9 ! same way an effect1 su* z a piece ( clo?1 is non-manife/ z long z x exi/s 9 its causes1 i4e4 ! ?reads1 c4 m]ely1 :ile x becomes manife/ & is cle>ly appreh5d$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! op]ations ( %uttle1 loom1 weav]1 & s on4--,apply+ ?is in/ance ( ! piece ( clo?1 fir/ fold$ & !n unfold$1 to ! g5]al case ( cause & effect1 we conclude t ! latt] is non-diff]5t f ! =m]4 #bj4 ,& z 9 ! case ( ! diff]5t vital airs4 ,x is a matt] ( obs]vation t :5 ! op]ations ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( vital air--su* z pr_/n_/a ! asc5d+ vital air1 apna ! desc5d+ vital air1 c4--are susp5d$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! brea? be+ held s t !y exi/ 9 _! causes m]ely1 ! only effect :i* cont9ues to be accompli%$ is life1 :ile all o!r effects1 su* z ! b5d+ & /ret*+ ( ! limbs & s on1 are /opp$4 ,:51 !reupon1 ! vital airs aga9 beg9 to act1 ^? o!r effects also are br\ght ab\t1 9 addition to m]e life4--,nor mu/ ! vital airs1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ divid$ into classes1 be consid]$ z some?+ else ?an vital air2 = w9d 7air7 con/itutes _! common "*4 ,?us 7i4e4 9 ! mann] illu/rat$ by ! in/ance ( ! vital airs7 ! non-diff]5ce ( ! effect f ! cause is to be conceiv$4--,z1 !re=e1 ! :ole _w is an effect ( ,brahman & non-diff]5t f x1 ! promise held out 9 ! scriptural passage t ',:at is n he>d is he>d1 :at is n p]ceiv$ is p]ceiv$1 :at is n kn[n is kn[n' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #a1 #c7 is fulfill$#cja4 #ba4 ,on acc\nt ( ! o!r 7i4e4 ! individual s\l7 be+ designat$ 7z non-diff]5t f ,brahman7 !re w\ld atta* 7to ,brahman7 v>i\s faults1 z1 = in/ance1 n do+ :at is b5eficial4 ,ano!r objection is rais$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( an intellig5t cause ( ! _w4--,if t doctr9e is accept$1 c]ta9 faults1 z1 = in/ance1 do+ :at is n b5eficial1 w atta* 7to ! intellig5t cause1 i4e4 ,brahman71 'on acc\nt ( ! o!r be+ designat$4' ,= ,scripture decl>es ! o!r1 i4e4 ! embodi$ s\l1 to be "o ) ,brahman1 z is %[n by ! passage1 ',t is ! ,self2 t art ?\1 ,o _/,s_/vetaketu6' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #g47--,or else 7if we int]pret '! o!r' ( ! ,stra 9 a diff]5t way7 ,scripture decl>es ! o!r1 i4e4 ,brahman1 to be ! ,self ( ! embodi$ s\l4 ,= ! passage1 ',hav+ creat$ t he ent]$ into x1' decl>es ! creator1 i4e4 ! unmodifi$ ,brahman1 to con/itute ! ,self ( ! embodi$ s\l1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 ent]+ into 8 products4 ,! foll[+ passage also1 ',ent]+ 7into !m7 ) ?is liv+ ,self ,i w evolve names & =ms' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b71 9 :i* ! highe/ div9ity designates ! liv+ 7s\l7 by ! ^w ',self1' %[s t ! embodi$ ,self is n diff]5t f ,brahman4 ,!re=e ! creative p[] ( ,brahman belongs to ! embodi$ ,self also1 & ! latt]1 be+ ?us an indep5d5t ag5t1 might be expect$ to produce only :at is b5eficial to itself1 & n ?+s ( a contr>y nature1 su* z bir?1 dea?1 old age1 disease1 & :atev] may be ! o!r me%es ( ! net ( suff]+4 ,= we "k t no free p]son w build a prison = himself1 & take up 8 abode 9 x4 ,nor w\ld a be+1 itself absolutely /a9less1 look on ?is altoge!r unclean body z =m+ "p ( its ,self4 ,x w\ld1 moreov]1 free itself1 accord+ to its lik+1 ( ! consequ5ces ( ^? ( its =m] actions :i* result 9 pa91 & w\ld enjoy ! consequ5ces ( ^? actions only :i* are rew>d$ by pleasure4 ,fur!r1 x w\ld rememb] t x _h creat$ ?is manifold _w2 = e p]son :o has produc$ "s cle>ly appe>+ effect rememb]s t he has be5 ! cause ( x4 ,& z ! magician easily retracts1 :5ev] he likes1 ! magical illusion :i* he _h emitt$1 s ! embodi$ s\l also w\ld be able to reabsorb ?is _w into itself4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! embodi$ s\l _c reabsorb its own body ev54 ,z we !re=e see t ':at w\ld be b5eficial is n done1' ! hypo!sis ( ! _w hav+ proce$$ f an intellig5t cause is unacceptable4 #bb4 ,b ! sep>ate 7,brahman1 i4e4 ! ,brahman sep>ate f ! individual s\ls7 7is ! creator72 7! exi/5ce ( :i* sep>ate ,brahman we le>n7 f ! decl>ation ( diff]5ce4 ,! ^w 'b' disc>ds ! prvapak%a4--,we r decl>e t t omnisci5t1 omnipot5t ,brahman1 ^: ess5ce is et]nal pure cognition & fre$om1 & :i* is additional to1 i4e4 diff]5t f ! embodi$ ,self1 is ! creative pr9ciple ( ! _w4 ,! faults specifi$ above1 su* z do+ :at is n b5eficial1 & ! l1 d n atta* to t ,brahman2 = z et]nal fre$om is its *>act]i/ic nature1 !re is no?+ ei!r b5eficial to be done by x or non-b5eficial to be avoid$ by x4 ,nor is !re any imp$im5t to its k & p[]2 = x is omnisci5t & omnipot5t4 ,! embodi$ ,self1 on ! o!r h&1 is ( a diff]5t nature1 & to x ! m5tion$ faults adh]e4 ,b !n we d n decl>e x to be ! creator ( ! _w1 on acc\nt ( '! decl>ation ( diff]5ce4' ,= scriptural passages 7su* z1 ',v]ily1 ! ,self is to be se51 to be he>d1 to be p]ceiv$1 to be m>k$1' ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e2 ',! ,self we mu/ se>* out1 we mu/ try to und]/&1' ,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a2 ',!n he becomes unit$ ) ! ,true1' ,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h1 #a2 ',?is embodi$ ,self m\nt$ by ! intellig5t ,self1' ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #ce7 decl>e diff]5ces f\nd$ on ! relations ( ag5t1 object1 & s on1 & !reby %[ ,brahman to be diff]5t f ! individual s\l4--,& if x be object$ t !re are o!r passages decl>atory ( non-diff]5ce 7= in/ance1 ',t art ?\'71 & t diff]5ce & non-diff]5ce _c co-exi/ because contradictory1 we reply t ! possibility ( ! co-exi/5ce ( ! two is %[n by ! p>allel in/ance ( ! univ]sal e!r & ! e!r limit$ by a j>4--,moreov]1 z soon z1 9 consequ5ce ( ! decl>ation ( non-diff]5ce conta9$ 9 su* passages z 't art ?\1' ! consci\sness ( non-diff]5ce arises 9 u1 ! transmigratory /ate ( ! individual s\l & ! creative quality ( ,brahman vani% at once1 ! :ole ph5om5on ( plurality1 :i* spr+s f wrong k1 be+ sublat$ by p]fect k1 & :at becomes !n ( ! creation & ! faults ( n do+ :at is b5eficial1 & ! l8 ,= t ?is entire app>5t _w1 9 :i* good & evil actions are done1 c41 is a m]e illusion1 ow+ to ! non-discrim9ation ( 7! ,self's7 limit+ adjuncts1 viz4 a body1 & s on1 :i* spr+ f "n & =m ! pres5tations ( ,nesci5ce1 & does 9 reality n exi/ at all1 we h expla9$ m ?an once4 ,! illusion is analog\s to ! mi/ak5 notion we ent]ta9 z to ! dy+1 be+ born1 be+ hurt1 c4 ( ourselves 7our ,selfs2 :ile 9 reality ! body only dies1 is born1 c474 ,& ) reg>d to ! /ate 9 :i* ! appe>ance ( plurality is n yet sublat$1 x foll[s f passages decl>atory ( su* diff]5ce 7z1 = in/ance1 ',t we mu/ se>* =1' c47 t ,brahman is sup]ior to ! individual s\l2 :]eby ! possibility ( faults adh]+ to x is exclud$4 #bc4 ,& because ! case is analog\s to t ( /ones1 c4 7! objections rais$7 _c be e/abli%$4 ,z among m9]als1 :i* are all m]e modifications ( e>?1 nev]!less great v>iety is obs]v$1 "s be+ preci\s gems1 su* z diamonds1 lapis lazuli1 c41 o!rs1 su* z cry/als & ! l1 be+ ( m$ium value1 & o!rs aga9 /ones only fit to be flung at dogs or cr[s2 & z f se$s :i* are plac$ 9 "o & ! same gr\nd v>i\s plants are se5 to spr+1 su* z s&alwood & cucumb]s1 :i* %[ ! greate/ diff]5ce 9 _! leaves1 blossoms1 fruits1 fragrancy1 juice1 c42 & z "o & ! same food produces v>i\s effects1 su* z blood & hair2 s ! "o ,brahman also may conta9 9 itself ! di/9ction ( ! individual ,selfs & ! highe/ ,self1 & may produce v>i\s effects4 ,h5ce ! objections imag9$ by o!rs 7aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,brahman be+ ! cause ( ! _w7 _c be ma9ta9$4--,fur!r#cjb argum5ts are furni%$ by ! fact ( all effect hav+1 z ,scripture decl>es1 _! orig9 9 spee* only1 & by ! analog\s in/ance ( ! v>iety ( dream phantoms 7:ile ! dream+ p]son rema9s "o74 #bd4 ,if y object on ! gr\nd ( ! obs]vation ( ! employm5t 7( in/rum5ts72 7we say71 ,no2 because z milk 7trans=ms itself1 s ,brahman does74 ,y\r ass]tion t ! intellig5t ,brahman alone1 )\t a second1 is ! cause ( ! _w _c be ma9ta9$1 on acc\nt ( ! obs]vation ( employm5t 7( in/rum5ts74 ,= 9 ord9>y life we see t pott]s1 weav]s1 & o!r h&icraftsm5 produce j>s1 clo?1 & ! l1 aft] hav+ put !mselves 9 possession ( ! means !reto by provid+ !mselves ) v>i\s implem5ts1 su* z clay1 /affs1 :eels1 /r+1 c42 ,brahman1 on ! o!r h&1 y conceive to be )\t any help2 h[ !n c x act z a creator )\t provid+ itself ) in/rum5ts to "w )8 ,we !re=e ma9ta9 t ,brahman is n ! cause ( ! _w4 ,?is objection is n valid1 because causation is possible 9 consequ5ce ( a peculi> con/itution ( ! causal sub/ance1 z 9 ! case ( milk4 ,j z milk & wat] turn into curds & ice respectively1 )\t any extrane\s means1 s x is 9 ! case ( ,brahman also4 ,& if y object to ?is analogy = ! reason t milk1 9 ord] to turn into curds1 does require an extrane\s ag5t1 viz4 heat1 we reply t milk by itself also und]goes a c]ta9 am\nt ( def9ite *ange1 & t its turn+ is m]ely accel]at$ by heat4 ,if milk did n possess t capability ( itself1 heat c\ld n compel x to turn2 = we see t air or e!r1 = in/ance1 is n compell$ by ! action ( heat to turn into s\r milk4 ,by ! co-op]ation ( auxili>y means ! milk's capability ( turn+ into s\r milk is m]ely complet$4 ,! absolutely complete p[] ( ,brahman1 on ! o!r h&1 does n require to be supplem5t$ by any extrane\s help4 ,?us ,scripture also decl>es1 ',!re is no effect & no in/rum5t kn[n ( him1 no "o is se5 l unto him or bett]2 8 high p[] is reveal$ z manifold1 z inh]5t1 act+ z =ce & k' 7_/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #h74 ,!re=e ,brahman1 al?\gh "o only1 is1 ow+ to its manifold p[]s1 able to trans=m itself into manifold effects2 j z milk is4 #be4 ,& 7! case ( ,brahman is7 l t ( gods & o!r be+s 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,well1 let x be admitt$ t milk & o!r non-intellig5t ?+s h ! p[] ( turn+ !mselves into s\r milk1 c4 )\t any extrane\s means1 s9ce x is ?us obs]v$4 ,b we obs]ve1 on ! o!r h&1 t intellig5t ag5ts1 z1 = in/ance1 pott]s1 proce$ to _! sev]al "w only aft] hav+ provid$ !mselves ) a complete set ( in/rum5ts4 ,h[ !n c x be suppos$ t ,brahman1 :i* is likewise ( an intellig5t nature1 %\ld proce$ )\t any auxili>y8 ,we reply1 ',l gods & o!rs4' ,z gods1 fa!rs1 _/ri_/%is1 & o!r be+s ( great p[]1 :o are all ( intellig5t nature1 are se5 to create _m & v>i\s objects1 su* z palaces1 *>iots1 c41 )\t avail+ !mselves ( any extrane\s means1 by _! m]e int5tion1 :i* is effective 9 consequ5ce ( ^? be+s' peculi> p[]--a fact v\*saf$ by mantras1 ar?avdas1 itihsas1 & pur_/n_/z2--& z ! spid] emits out ( itself ! ?reads ( its web2 & z ! female crane conceives )\t a male2 & z ! lotus w&]s f "o pond to ano!r )\t any means ( conveyance2 s ! intellig5t ,brahman also may be assum$ to create ! _w by itself )\t extrane\s means4 ,p]haps our oppon5t w argue aga9/ all ?is 9 ! foll[+ /yle4--,! gods & o!r be+s1 :om y h quot$ z p>allel in/ances1 are really ( a nature diff]5t f t ( ,brahman4 ,= ! mat]ial causes op]ative 9 ! production ( palaces & o!r mat]ial ?+s are ! bodies ( ! gods1 & n _! intellig5t ,selfs4 ,& ! web ( ! spid] is produc$ f its saliva :i*1 ow+ to ! spid]'s dev\r+ small insects1 acquires a c]ta9 degree ( consi/5cy4 ,& ! female crane conceives f he>+ ! s\nd ( ?und]4 ,& ! lotus fl[] inde$ d]ives f its indwell+ intellig5t pr9ciple ! impulse ( movem5t1 b is n able actually to move 9 s f> z x is a m]ely intellig5t be+#cjc2 x r w&]s f pond to pond by means ( its non-intellig5t body1 j z ! creep] climbs up ! tree4--,h5ce all ^! illu/rative examples _c be appli$ to ! case ( ,brahman4 ,to ?is we reply1 t we meant to %[ m]ely t ! case ( ,brahman is diff]5t f t ( pott]s & simil> ag5ts4 ,= :ile pott]s1 c41 on ! "o side1 & gods1 c41 on ! o!r side1 possess ! common attribute ( intellig5ce1 pott]s require = _! "w extrane\s means 7i4e4 means ly+ outside _! bodies7 & gods d n4 ,h5ce ,brahman also1 al?\gh intellig5t1 is assum$ to require no extrane\s means4 ,s mu* only we want$ to %[ by ! p>allel in/ance ( ! gods1 c4 ,our int5tion is to po9t out t a peculi>ly condition$ capability :i* is obs]v$ 9 "s "o case 7z 9 t ( ! pott]7 is n necess>ily to be assum$ 9 all o!r cases also4 #bf4 ,ei!r ! consequ5ce ( ! entire 7,brahman und]go+ *ange7 has to be accept$1 or else a violation ( ! texts decl>+ ,brahman to be )\t p>ts4 ,hi!rto we h e/abli%$ s mu* t ,brahman1 intellig5t1 "o1 )\t a second1 modify+ itself )\t ! employm5t ( any extrane\s means1 is ! cause ( ! _w4--,n[1 ano!r objection is rais$ = ! purpose ( ?r[+ additional light on ! po9t "u discussion4--,! consequ5ce ( ! ,v$nta doctr9e1 x is said1 w be t we mu/ assume ! entire ,brahman to und]go ! *ange into its effects1 because x is n compos$ ( p>ts4 ,if ,brahman1 l e>? & o!r matt]1 consi/$ ( p>ts1 we might assume t a "p ( x und]goes ! *ange1 :ile ! o!r "p rema9s z x is4 ,b ,scripture di/9ctly decl>es ,brahman to be devoid ( p>ts4 ,comp>e1 ',he :o is )\t p>ts1 )\t actions1 tranquil1 )\t fault1 )\t ta9t' 7_/,sv_/e4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #ai72 ',t heav5ly p]son is )\t body1 he is bo? )\t & )91 n produc$' 7,mu4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #a1 #b72 ',t great ,be+ is endless1 unlimit$1 consi/+ ( no?+ b k' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #ab72 ',he is to be describ$ by ,no1 no' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #i1 #b1f72 ',x is nei!r co>se nor f9e' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #h72 all :i* passages d5y ! exi/5ce ( any di/9ctions 9 ,brahman4--,z1 !re=e1 a p>tial modification is impossible1 a modification ( ! entire ,brahman has to be assum$4 ,b t involves a cutt+ (f ( ,brahman f its v basis4--,ano!r consequ5ce ( ! ,v$ntic view is t ! texts exhort+ u to /rive 'to see' ,brahman become purposeless2 = ! effects ( ,brahman may be se5 )\t any endeav\r1 & ap>t f !m no ,brahman exi/s4--,&1 f9ally1 ! texts decl>+ ,brahman to be unborn are contradict$ !reby4--,if1 on ! o!r h&--9 ord] to escape f ^! difficulties--we assume ,brahman to consi/ ( p>ts1 we !reby d viol5ce to ^? texts :i* decl>e ,brahman n to be made up ( p>ts4 ,moreov]1 if ,brahman is made up ( p>ts1 x foll[s t x is non-et]nal4--,h5ce ! ,v$ntic po9t ( view _c be ma9ta9$ 9 any way4 #bg4 ,b 7?is is n s71 on acc\nt ( scriptural passages1 & on acc\nt ( 7,brahman7 re/+ on ,scripture 7only74 ,! ^w 'b' disc>ds ! objection4--,we d5y ?is & ma9ta9 t our view is n op5 to any objections4--,t ! entire ,brahman und]goes *ange1 by no means foll[s f our doctr9e1 'on acc\nt ( sacr$ texts4' ,= 9 ! same way z ,scripture speaks ( ! orig9 ( ! _w f ,brahman1 x also speaks ( ,brahman subsi/+ ap>t f its effects4 ,?is appe>s f ! passages indicat+ ! diff]5ce ( cause & effect '7,t div9ity ?\ght7 let me ent] into ^! ?ree div9ities ) ?is liv+ ,self & evolve names & =ms2' &1 ',su* is ! greatness ( x1 great] ?an x is ! ,p]son2 "o foot ( him are all ?+s1 ?ree feet are :at is immortal 9 heav5' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ab1 #f72 fur!r1 f ! passages decl>+ ! unmodifi$ ,brahman to h its abode 9 ! he>t1 & f ^? tea*+ t 79 dreamless sleep7 ! individual s\l is unit$ ) ! ,true4 ,= if ! entire ,brahman _h pass$ into its effects1 ! limitation 7( ! s\l's union ) ,brahman7 to ! /ate ( dreamless sleep :i* is decl>$ 9 ! passage1 '!n x is unit$ ) ! ,true1 my de>1' w\ld be out ( place2 s9ce ! individual s\l is always unit$ ) ! effects ( ,brahman1 & s9ce an unmodifi$ ,brahman does n exi/ 7on t hypo!sis74 ,moreov]1 ! possibility ( ,brahman becom+ ! object ( p]ception by means ( ! s5ses is d5i$ :ile its effects may ?us be p]ceiv$4 ,= ^! reasons ! exi/5ce ( an unmodifi$ ,brahman has to be admitt$4--,nor d we violate ^? texts :i* decl>e ,brahman to be )\t p>ts2 we r admit ,brahman to be )\t p>ts j because ,scripture reveals x4 ,= ,brahman :i* re/s exclusively on ! holy texts1 & reg>d+ :i* ! holy texts alone are au?oritative--n ! s5ses1 & s on--mu/ be accept$ su* z ! texts proclaim x to be4 ,n[ ^? texts decl>e1 on ! "o h&1 t n ! entire ,brahman passes ov] into its effects1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ,brahman is )\t p>ts4 ,ev5 c]ta9 ord9>y ?+s su* z gems1 spells1 h]bs1 & ! l possess p[]s :i*1 ow+ to diff]5ce ( "t1 place1 occasion1 & s on1 produce v>i\s opposite effects1 & nobody unaid$ by in/ruction is able to f9d out by m]e reflection ! numb] ( ^! p[]s1 _! fav\r+ conditions1 _! objects1 _! purposes1 c42 h[ mu* m impossible is x to conceive )\t ! aid ( ,scripture ! true nature ( ,brahman ) its p[]s unfa?omable by ?\ght6 ,z ! ,pur_/n_/a says3 ',d n apply reason+ to :at is un?9kable6 ,! m>k ( ! un?9kable is t x is above all mat]ial causes#cjd4' ,!re=e ! cognition ( :at is sup]s5su\s is bas$ on ! holy texts only4 ,b--our oppon5t w say--ev5 ! holy texts _c make u und]/& :at is contradictory4 ,brahman1 y say1 :i* is )\t p>ts und]goes a *ange1 b n ! entire ,brahman4 ,if ,brahman is )\t p>ts1 x does ei!r n *ange at all or x *anges 9 its entirety4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be said t x *anges p>tly & p]si/s p>tly1 a break is effect$ 9 its nature1 & f t x foll[s t x consi/s ( p>ts4 ,x is true t 9 matt]s connect$ ) action 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! two ,v$ic injunctions 'at ! atirtra he is to take ! %o_/d_/a_/s_/9-cup1' & 'at ! atirtra he is n to take ! %o_/d_/a_/s_/9-cup'7 any contradiction :i* may pres5t itself to ! und]/&+ is remov$ by ! optional adoption ( "o ( ! two alt]natives pres5t$ z action is dep5d5t on man2 b 9 ! case "u discussion ! adoption ( "o ( ! alt]natives does n remove ! contradiction because an exi/5t ?+ 7l ,brahman7 does n 7l an action :i* is to be accompli%$7 dep5d on man4 ,we are !re=e met "h by a real difficulty4 ,no1 we reply1 ! difficulty is m]ely an app>5t "o2 z we ma9ta9 t ! 7alleg$7 break 9 ,brahman's nature is a m]e figm5t ( ,nesci5ce4 ,by a break ( t nature a ?+ is n really brok5 up into p>ts1 n any m ?an ! moon is really multipli$ by appe>+ d\ble to a p]son ( defective vision4 ,by t elem5t ( plurality :i* is ! fiction ( ,nesci5ce1 :i* is *>act]is$ by "n & =m1 :i* is evolv$ z well z non-evolv$1 :i* is n to be def9$ ei!r z ! ,exi/+ or ! ,non-exi/+1 ,brahman becomes ! basis ( ?is entire app>5t _w ) its *anges1 & s on1 :ile 9 its true & real nature x at ! same "t rema9s un*ang$1 lift$ above ! ph5om5al univ]se4 ,& z ! di/9ction ( names & =ms1 ! fiction ( ,nesci5ce1 orig9ates entirely f spee* only1 x does n militate aga9/ ! fact ( ,brahman be+ )\t p>ts4--,nor h ! scriptural passages :i* speak ( ,brahman z und]go+ *ange ! purpose ( tea*+ ! fact ( *ange2 = su* in/ruction w\ld h no fruit4 ,!y r aim at imp>t+ in/ruction ab\t ,brahman's ,self z rais$ above ?is app>5t _w2 t be+ an in/ruction :i* we "k to h a result ( its own4 ,= 9 ! scriptural passage beg9n+ ',he c only be describ$ by ,no1 no' 7:i* passage conveys in/ruction ab\t ! absolute ,brahman7 a result is /at$ at ! end1 9 ! words ',o ,janaka1 y h inde$ rea*$ fe>lessness' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #b1 #d74--;,h5ce our view does n involve any real difficulties4 #bh4 ,= ?us x is 9 ! 7individual7 ,self also1 & v>i\s 7creations exi/ 9 gods#cje1 c474 ,nor is !re any reason to f9d fault ) ! doctr9e t !re c be a manifold creation 9 ! "o ,self1 )\t de/roy+ its "*4 ,= ,scripture tea*es u t !re exi/s a multi=m creation 9 ! "o ,self ( a dream+ p]son1 ',!re are no *>iots 9 t /ate1 no horses1 no roads1 b he himself creates *>iots1 horses1 & roads' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iv1 #c1 #aj74 ,9 ord9>y life too multi=m creations1 elephants1 horses1 & ! l are se5 to exi/ 9 gods1 c41 & magicians )\t int]f]+ ) ! unity ( _! be+4 ,?us a multi=m creation may exi/ 9 ,brahman also1 "o z x is1 )\t dive/+ x ( its "* ( unity4 #bi4 ,& because ! objection 7rais$ aga9/ our view7 lies aga9/ 8 7! oppon5t's7 view likewise4 ,^? also :o ma9ta9 t ! _w has sprung f ! pradhna implicitly tea* t some?+ n made up ( p>ts1 unlimit$1 devoid ( s\nd & o!r qualities--viz4 ! pradhna--is ! cause ( an effect--viz4 ! _w--:i* is made up ( p>ts1 is limit$ & is *>act]is$ by ! nam$ qualities4 ,h5ce x foll[s f t doctr9e also ei!r t ! pradhna z n consi/+ ( p>ts has to und]go a *ange 9 its entirety1 or else t ! view ( its n consi/+ ( p>ts has to be ab&on$4--,b--x might be plead$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,snkhyas--!y d n ma9ta9 _! pradhna to be )\t p>ts2 = !y def9e x z ! /ate ( equilibrium ( ! ?ree gu_/n_/z1 ,goodness1 ,passion1 & ,d>kness1 s t ! pradhna =ms a :ole conta9+ ! ?ree gu_/n_/z z its p>ts4--,we reply t su* a p>tit5ess z is "h propos$ does n remove ! objection 9 h& because /ill ea* ( ! ?ree qualities is decl>$ to be 9 itself )\t p>ts#cjf4 ,& ea* gu_/n_/a by itself assi/$ m]ely by ! two o!r gu_/n_/z con/itutes ! mat]ial cause ( t "p ( ! _w :i* resembles x 9 its nature#cjg4--,s t ! objection lies aga9/ ! ,snkhya view likewise4--,well1 !n1 z ! reason+ 7on :i* ! doctr9e ( ! imp>tit5ess ( ! pradhna re/s7 is n absolutely safe1 let u assume t ! pradhna consi/s ( p>ts4--,if y d t1 we reply1 x foll[s t ! pradhna _c be et]nal1 & s on4--,let x !n be said t ! v>i\s p[]s ( ! pradhna to :i* ! v>iety ( its effects is po9t+ are its p>ts4--,well1 we reply1 ^? v>i\s p[]s are admitt$ by u also :o see ! cause ( ! _w 9 ,brahman4 ,! same objections lie aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! _w hav+ orig9at$ f atoms4 ,= on t doctr9e "o atom :5 comb9+ ) ano!r mu/1 z x is n made up ( p>ts1 ent] into ! comb9ation ) its :ole ext5t1 & z ?us no increase ( bulk takes place we d n get beyond ! fir/ atom4#cjh ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y ma9ta9 t ! atom ent]s into ! comb9ation ) a "p only1 y (f5d aga9/ ! assumption ( ! atoms hav+ no p>ts4 ,z !re=e all views are equally obnoxi\s to ! objections rais$1 ! latt] _c be urg$ aga9/ any "o view 9 p>ticul>1 & ! advocate ( ,brahman has consequ5tly cle>$ 8 doctr9e4 #cj4 ,& 7! highe/ div9ity is7 end[$ ) all 7p[]s7 because t is se5 7f ,scripture74 ,we h /at$ t ?is multi=m _w ( effects is possible to ,brahman1 because1 al?\gh "o only1 x is end[$ ) v>i\s p[]s4--,h[ !n--x may be ask$--d y "k t ! highe/ ,brahman is end[$ ) v>i\s p[]s8--,he is1 we reply1 end[$ ) all p[]s1 'because t is se54' ,= v>i\s scriptural passages decl>e t ! highe/ div9ity possesses all p[]s1 ',he to :om all actions1 all desires1 all od\rs1 all ta/es belong1 he :o embraces all ?is1 :o nev] speaks1 & is nev] surpris$' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ad1 #d72 ',he :o desires :at is true & imag9es :at is true' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,viii1 #g1 #a72 ',he :o kn[s all 79 its totality71 & cognizes all 79 its detail'7 7,mu4 ,up4 ,i1 #a1 #i72 ',by ! comm& ( t ,imp]i%able1 ,o ,grg1 sun & moon /& ap>t' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #i72 & o!r simil> passages4 #ca4 ,if x be said t 7,brahman is devoid ( p[]s7 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( organs2 7we reply t7 ?is has be5 expla9$ 7be=e74 ,let ?is be grant$4--,scripture1 h[ev]1 decl>es ! highe/ div9ity to be )\t 7bodily7 organs ( action#cji2 s1 = in/ance1 9 ! passage1 ',x is )\t eyes1 )\t e>s1 )\t spee*1 )\t m9d' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #h74 ,be+ su*1 h[ %\ld x be able to produce effects1 al?\gh x may be end[$ ) all p[]s8 ,= we "k 7f mantras1 ar?avdas1 c47 t ! gods & o!r intellig5t be+s1 ?\gh end[$ ) all p[]s1 are capable ( produc+ c]ta9 effects only because !y are furni%$ ) bodily in/rum5ts ( action4 ,&1 moreov]1 h[ c ! div9ity1 to :om ! scriptural passage1 ',no1 no1' d5ies all attributes1 be end[$ ) all p[]s8 ,! appropriate reply to ?is "q has be5 already giv5 above4 ,! transc5d5t highe/ ,brahman c be fa?om$ by means ( ,scripture only1 n by m]e reason+4 ,nor are we oblig$ to assume t ! capacity ( "o be+ is exactly l t :i* is obs]v$ 9 ano!r4 ,x has likewise be5 expla9$ above t al?\gh all qualities are d5i$ ( ,brahman we nev]!less may consid] x to be end[$ ) p[]s1 if we assume 9 its nature an elem5t ( plurality1 :i* is ! m]e figm5t ( ,nesci5ce4 ,moreov]1 a scriptural passage 7',grasp+ )\t h&s1 ha/5+ )\t feet1 he sees )\t eyes1 he he>s )\t e>s' _/,s_/ve4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #ai7 decl>es t ,brahman al?\gh devoid ( bodily organs1 possesses all possible capacities4 #cb4 7,brahman is7 n 7! creator ( ! _w71 on acc\nt ( 7be+s engag+ 9 any action7 hav+ a motive4 ,ano!r objection is rais$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( an intellig5t cause ( ! _w4--,! intellig5t highe/ ,self _c be ! creator ( ! sph]e ( ?is _w1 'on acc\nt ( actions hav+ a purpose4'--,we "k f ord9>y exp]i5ce t man1 :o is an intellig5t be+1 beg9s to act aft] due consid]ation only1 & does n engage ev5 9 an unimportant und]tak+ unless x s]ves "s purpose ( 8 own2 mu* less s 9 important bus9ess4 ,!re is also a scriptural passage confirm+ ?is result ( common exp]i5ce1 ',v]ily ev]y?+ is n de> t y may h ev]y?+2 b t y may love ! ,self !re=e ev]y?+ is de>' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,ii1 #d1 #e74 ,n[ ! und]tak+ ( creat+ ! sph]e ( ?is _w1 ) all its v>i\s cont5ts1 is c]ta9ly a weighty "o4 ,if1 !n1 on ! "o h&1 y assume x to s]ve "s purpose ( ! intellig5t highe/ ,self1 y !reby sublate its self-suffici5cy v\*$ = by ,scripture2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 y affirm abs5ce ( motive on its "p1 y mu/ affirm abs5ce ( activity also4--,let u !n assume t j z sometimes an intellig5t p]son :5 9 a /ate ( fr5zy proce$s1 ow+ to 8 m5tal ab]ration1 to action )\t a motive1 s ! highe/ ,self also creat$ ?is _w )\t any motive4--,t1 we reply1 w\ld contradict ! omnisci5ce ( ! highe/ ,self1 :i* is v\*$ = by ,scripture4--,h5ce ! doctr9e ( ! creation proce$+ f an intellig5t ,be+ is unt5able4 #cc4 ,b 7,brahman's creative activity7 is m]e sport1 su* z we see 9 ord9>y life4 ,! ^w 'b' disc>ds ! objection rais$4--,we see 9 e-day life t c]ta9 do+s ( pr9ces or o!r m5 ( high position :o h no unfulfill$ desires left h no ref]5ce to any extrane\s purpose2 b proce$ f m]e sportfulness1 z1 = in/ance1 _! recreations 9 places ( amusem5t4 ,we fur!r see t ! process ( inhalation & exhalation is go+ on )\t ref]5ce to any extrane\s purpose1 m]ely foll[+ ! law ( its own nature4 ,analog\sly1 ! activity ( ! ,"l also may be suppos$ to be m]e sport1 proce$+ f 8 own nature#caj1 )\t ref]5ce to any purpose4 ,= on ! gr\nd nei!r ( reason nor ( ,scripture c we con/rue any o!r purpose ( ! ,"l4 ,nor c 8 nature be que/ion$4#caa--;,al?\gh ! creation ( ?is _w appe>s to u a weighty & difficult und]tak+1 x is m]e play to ! ,"l1 ^: p[] is unlimit$4 ,& if 9 ord9>y life we might possibly1 by close scrut9y1 detect "s subtle motive1 ev5 = sportful action1 we _c d s ) reg>d to ! actions ( ! ,"l1 all ^: wi%es are fulfill$1 z ,scripture says4--,nor c x be said t he ei!r does n act or acts l a s5seless p]son2 = ,scripture affirms ! fact ( ! creation on ! "o h&1 & ! ,"l's omnisci5ce on ! o!r h&4 ,&1 f9ally1 we mu/ rememb] t ! scriptural doctr9e ( creation does n ref] to ! highe/ reality2 x ref]s to ! app>5t _w only1 :i* is *>act]is$ by "n & =m1 ! figm5ts ( ,nesci5ce1 & x1 moreov]1 aims at intimat+ t ,brahman is ! ,self ( ev]y?+4 #cd4 ,inequality 7( disp5sation7 & cruelty 7! ,"l c7 n 7be reproa*$ )71 on acc\nt ( 8 reg>d+ 7m]it & dem]it72 = s 7,scripture7 decl>es4 ,9 ord] to /r5g!n ! t5et :i* we are at pres5t def5d+1 we foll[ ! proc$ure ( him :o %akes a pole plant$ 9 ! gr\nd 79 ord] to te/ :e!r x is firmly plant$71 & raise ano!r objection aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,"l be+ ! cause ( ! _w4--,! ,"l1 x is said1 _c be ! cause ( ! _w1 because1 on t hypo!sis1 ! reproa* ( inequality ( disp5sation & cruelty w\ld atta* to him4 ,"s be+s1 viz4 ! gods & o!rs1 he r5d]s em95tly happy2 o!rs1 z = in/ance ! animals1 em95tly unhappy2 to "s aga91 z = in/ance m51 he allots an int]m$iate position4 ,to a ,"l br++ ab\t su* an unequal condition ( ?+s1 passion & malice w\ld h to be ascrib$1 j z to any common p]son act+ simil>ly2 :i* attributes w\ld be contr>y to ! ess5tial goodness ( ! ,"l affirm$ by _/,s_/ruti & ,sm_/ri_/ti4 ,moreov]1 z ! infliction ( pa9 & ! f9al de/ruction ( all creatures w\ld =m "p ( 8 disp5sation1 he w\ld h to be tax$ ) great cruelty1 a quality abhorr$ by l[ p ev54 ,= ^! two reasons ,brahman _c be ! cause ( ! _w4 ,! ,"l1 we reply1 _c be reproa*$ ) inequality ( disp5sation & cruelty1 because he is b\nd by reg>ds4 ,if ! ,"l on 8 own acc\nt1 )\t any extrane\s reg>ds1 produc$ ?is unequal creation1 he w\ld expose himself to blame2 b ! fact is1 t 9 creat+ he is b\nd by c]ta9 reg>ds1 i4e4 he has to look to m]it & dem]it4 ,h5ce ! circum/ance ( ! creation be+ unequal is due to ! m]it & dem]it ( ! liv+ creatures creat$1 & is n a fault = :i* ! ,"l is to blame4 ,! position ( ! ,"l is to be look$ on z analog\s to t ( ,p>janya1 ! ,giv] ( ra94 ,= z ,p>janya is ! common cause ( ! production ( rice1 b>ley1 & o!r plants1 :ile ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s species is due to ! v>i\s pot5tialities ly+ hidd5 9 ! respective se$s1 s ! ,"l is ! common cause ( ! creation ( gods1 m51 c41 :ile ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! classes ( be+s are due to ! diff]5t m]it belong+ to ! individual s\ls4 ,h5ce ! ,"l1 be+ b\nd by reg>ds1 _c be reproa*$ ) inequality ( disp5sation & cruelty4--,& if we are ask$ h[ we come to "k t ! ,"l1 9 creat+ ?is _w ) its v>i\s conditions1 is b\nd by reg>ds1 we reply t ,scripture decl>es t2 comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! two foll[+ passages1 ',= he 7! ,"l7 makes him1 :om he wi%es to lead up f ^! worlds1 d a good de$2 & ! same makes him1 :om he wi%es to lead d[n f ^! worlds1 d a bad de$' 7,kau%4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h7cab2 &1 ',a man becomes good by good "w1 bad by bad "w' 7,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #b1 #ac74 ,sm_/ri_/ti passages also decl>e ! fav\r ( ! ,"l & its opposite to dep5d on ! diff]5t quality ( ! works ( liv+ be+s2 s1 = in/ance1 ',i s]ve m5 9 ! way 9 :i* !y approa* me' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,iv1 #aa74 #ce4 ,if x be object$ t x 7viz4 ! ,"l's hav+ reg>d to m]it & dem]it7 is impossible on acc\nt ( ! non-di/9ction 7( m]it & dem]it1 previ\s to ! fir/ creation72 we refute ! objection on ! gr\nd ( 7! _w7 be+ )\t a beg9n+4 ,b--an objection is rais$--! passage1 ',be+ only ?is 0 9 ! beg9n+1 "o1 )\t a second1' affirms t be=e ! creation !re 0 no di/9ction & consequ5tly no m]it on acc\nt ( :i* ! creation might h become unequal4 ,& if we assume ! ,"l to h be5 guid$ 9 8 disp5sations by ! actions ( liv+ be+s subsequ5t to ! creation1 we involve ourselves 9 ! circul> reason+ t "w dep5ds on div]sity ( condition ( life1 & div]sity ( condition aga9 on "w4 ,! ,"l may be consid]$ z act+ ) reg>d to religi\s m]it aft] di/9ction _h once aris52 b z be=e t ! cause ( inequality1 viz4 m]it1 did n exi/1 x foll[s t ! fir/ creation mu/ h be5 free1 f inequalities4 ,?is objection we meet by ! rem>k1 t ! transmigratory _w is )\t beg9n+4--,! objection w\ld be valid if ! _w _h a beg9n+2 b z x is )\t beg9n+1 m]it & inequality are1 l se$ & spr\t1 caus$ z well z causes1 & !re is !re=e no logical objection to _! op]ation4--,to ! "q h[ we "k t ! _w is )\t a beg9n+1 ! next ,stra replies4 #cf4 7,! beg9n+lessness ( ! _w7 recomm5ds itself to reason & is se5 7f ,scripture74 ,! beg9n+lessness ( ! _w recomm5ds itself to reason4 ,= if x _h a beg9n+ x w\ld foll[ t1 ! _w spr++ into exi/5ce )\t a cause1 ! releas$ s\ls also w\ld aga9 ent] into ! circle ( transmigratory exi/5ce2 & fur!r1 z !n !re w\ld exi/ no det]m9+ cause ( ! unequal disp5sation ( pleasure & pa91 we %\ld h to acquire 9 ! doctr9e ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts be+ allott$1 )\t ref]5ce to previ\s good or bad action4 ,t ! ,"l is n ! cause ( ! inequality1 has already be5 rem>k$4 ,nor c ,nesci5ce by itself be ! cause1 & x is ( a uni=m nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,nesci5ce may be ! cause ( inequality1 if x be consid]$ z hav+ reg>d to m]it accru+ f action produc$ by ! m5tal impressions or wra?1 hatr$1 & o!r afflict+ passions#cac4 ,)\t m]it & dem]it nobody c ent] into exi/5ce1 & aga91 )\t a body m]it & dem]it _c be =m$2 s t--on ! doctr9e ( ! _w hav+ a beg9n+--we are l$ into a logical see-saw4 ,! opposite doctr9e1 on ! o!r h&1 expla9s all matt]s 9 a mann] analog\s to ! case ( ! se$ & spr\t1 s t no difficulty rema9s4--,moreov]1 ! fact ( ! _w be+ )\t a beg9n+1 is se5 9 _/,s_/ruti & ,sm_/ri_/ti4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h ! scriptural passage1 ',let me ent] ) ?is liv+ ,self 7jva7'1 c4 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vi1 #c1 #b74 ,"h ! circum/ance ( ! embodi$ ,self 7! individual s\l7 be+ call$1 previ\sly to creation1 '! liv+ ,self'--a "n apply+ to x 9 s f> z x is ! su/a9+ pr9ciple ( ! pr_/n_/z--%[s t ?is ph5om5al _w is )\t a beg9n+4 ,= if x _h a beg9n+1 ! pr_/n_/z w\ld n exi/ be=e t beg9n+1 & h[ !n c\ld ! embodi$ ,self be d5ot$1 ) ref]5ce to ! "t ( ! _w's beg9n+1 by a "n :i* dep5ds on ! exi/5ce ( ^? pr_/n_/z4 ,nor c x be said t x is s designat$ ) a view to its future relation to ! pr_/n_/z2 x be+ a settl$ pr9ciple t a pa/ relation1 z be+ already exi/+1 is ( great] =ce ?an a m]e future relation4--,moreov]1 we h ! mantra1 ',z ! creator =m]ly devis$ 7akalpaya7 sun & moon 7_/,ri_/4 ,sa_/m_/h4 ,x1 #aij1 #c71 :i* intimates ! exi/5ce ( =m] ,kalpas4 ,sm_/ri_/ti also decl>es ! _w to be )\t a beg9n+1 ',nei!r its =m is kn[n "h1 nor its end1 nor its beg9n+1 nor its support' 7,bha4 ,g4 ,,xv1 #c74 ,& ! ,pur_/n_/a also decl>es t !re is no measure ( ! pa/ & ! future ,kalpas4 #cg4 ,& because all ! qualities 7requir$ 9 ! cause ( ! _w7 are pres5t 79 ,brahman74 ,! tea*] has n[ refut$ all ! objections1 su* z diff]5ce ( "*1 & ! l1 :i* o!r tea*]s h br\ght =w>d aga9/ :at he _h e/abli%$ z ! real s5se ( ! ,v$a1 viz4 t ! intellig5t ,brahman is ! cause & matt] ( ?is _w4 ,n[1 be=e ent]+ on a new *apt]1 ^: *ief aim x w be to refute ! 7positive7 op9ions held by o!r tea*]s1 he sums up ! =ego+ *apt]1 ! purport ( :i* x 0 to %[ :y 8 view %\ld be accept$4--,because1 if t ,brahman is ackn[l$g$ z ! cause ( ! _w1 all attributes requir$ 9 ! cause 7( ! _w7 are se5 to be pres5t--,brahman be+ all-kn[+1 all-p[]ful1 & possess+ ! great p[] ( ,my1--on t acc\nt ?is our sy/em1 f\nd$ on ! ,upani%ads1 is n op5 to any objections4 ,notes3 ,footnote #bec3 ,! ,sm_/ri_/ti call$ ,tantra is ! ,snkhya_/s_//ra z taught by ,kapila2 ! ,sm_/ri_/ti-writ]s dep5d+ on him are suri1 ,pa_/k_/a_/s_/ikha1 & o!rs4 ,footnote #bed3 ,mm_/m_/s ,s4 ,i1 #a1 #b3 _/k_/odanlak%a_/n_/osxr?o dh>ma_/h_/4 ,comm5t>y3 _/k_/odan iti kriyy_/h_/ prav>taka_/m_/ va_/k_/anam hu_/h_/4 ,footnote #bee3 ,puru%r?a2 9 opposition to ! rules ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ce :i* are kratv>?a1 i4e4 ! act+ accord+ to :i* secures ! prop] p]=mance ( c]ta9 rites4 ,footnote #bef3 ,x hav+ be5 decid$ by ! ,prv ,mm_/m_/s already t ,sm_/ri_/tis contradict$ by _/,s_/ruti are to be disreg>d$4 ,footnote #beg3 ,on ! mean+ ( 'kapila' 9 ! above passage1 comp>e ! ,introduction to ! ,upani%ads1 translat$ by ,max ,mll]1 vol4 ii1 p4 xxxviii ff4--,z w be se5 lat] on1 _/,s_/ank>a1 9 ?is bh%ya1 takes ! ,kapila ref]r$ to to be "s _/ri_/%i4 ,footnote #beh3 ,i4e4 religi\s duty is kn[n only f ! injunctive passages ( ! ,v$a4 ,footnote #bei3 ,aft] x has be5 %[n t ,kapila ! dvaitavd9 is n m5tion$ 9 _/,s_/ruti1 x is n[ %[n t ,manu ! s>vtmavd9 is m5tion$ !re4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,9 :i* passage ! phrase 'to be m$itat$ ^u' 7nididhys7 indicates ! act ( m5tal conc5tration *>act]i/ic ( ! ,yoga4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,! a%_/t_/aks 7c]ta9 oblations to be made on ! eigh? days aft] ! full moons ( ! seasons hemanta & _/s_/i_/s_/ira7 furni% ! /ock illu/ration = ! doctr9e ( ! ,prv ,mim4 t ,sm_/ri_/ti is au?oritative 9 s f> z x is bas$ on _/,s_/ruti4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,b :y--x w be ask$--d y apply y\rself to ! refutation ( ! ,snkhya & ,yoga only1 & n also to t ( o!r ,sm_/ri_/tis conflict+ ) ! ,v$nta views8 ,footnote #bfc3 ,i4e4 f ! fact ( ^! t]ms be+ employ$ 9 a passage /&+ close to o!r passages :i* ref] to ,v$ic k4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,! cognition ( ,brahman t]m9ates 9 an act ( anubhava2 h5ce z x has be5 %[n t reason+ is m closely connect$ ) anubhava ?an _/,s_/ruti is1 we h ! "r to apply reason+ to _/,s_/ruti4--n&a ,giri comm5ts on ! passage f anubhavvasnam z foll[s3 brahmask%tkrasya mok%opyatay prdhnyt tatra _/s_/abdd api p>ok%ago_/k_/ard ap>ok%r?asdh>myago_/k_/aras t>kosxnt>angam iti tasyaiva balavatvam ity ar?a_/h_/4 ,aitihyamtre_/n_/a pravdapramp>yamtre_/n_/a p>ok%atayeti yvat4 ,anubhavasya prdhnye t>kasyoktanyy5a tasm9n ant>angatvd gamasya _/k_/a bahirangatvd ant>angabahirangayor ant>anga_/m_/ balavad ity nyyd ukta_/m_/ t>kasya balavattvam4 ,anubhavaprdhnya_/m_/ tu ndypi siddham ity _/s_/ankyhnubhaveti4 ,nanu ,brahmaj_/_/dna_/m_/ vaidikatvd dh>mavad ad_/ri_/%_/t_/aphalam e%_/t_/avya_/m_/ tat kutosxsynubhavvasnvidyniv>takatva_/m_/ tatrha mok%eti4 ,adhi%_/?_/nask%tkrasya _/s_/uktydj_/_/ne tadavidytatkryaniv>takatvad_/ri_/%_/t_/e _/h_/1 brahmaj_/_/nasypi t>kava_/s_/d asambhvand9irsadvr sk%tkrvasy9as tadavidyd9iv>takatv5aiva muktihetuteti nd_/ri_/%_/t_/aphalatety ar?a_/h_/4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,nirati_/s_/ay_/h_/1 upajanpyadh>ma_/s_/nyatva_/m_/ nirati_/s_/ayatvam4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bff3 ,a s5t5ce reply+ to ! possible objection t ! _w1 z be+ ! effect ( ! intellig5t ,brahman1 might itself be intellig5t4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,9 ! case ( ?+s commonly consid]$ non-intellig5t1 intellig5ce is n influ5c$ by an int]nal organ1 & on t acc\nt rema9s unp]ceiv$2 sama/e jagati satoszpi _/k_/aitanyasya tatra tatrnta_/h_/k>a_/n_/ap>i_/n_/mnup>gd anupalabdhir aviruddh4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,on _/s_/v>a 9 ! above mean+1 comp>e ,deuss51 p4 #fi1 note #da4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,! l9e 'prak_/ri_/tibhya_/h_/ p>am1' c4 is want+ 9 all ,,mss4 ,i h consult$4 ,footnote #bgj3 n&a ,giri on ! above passage3 _/s_/rutyknk%ita_/m_/ t>kam eva mananavidhivi%ayam udh>ati svapnnteti4 ,svapnajg>itayor mi?ovyabhi_/k_/rd tmana_/h_/ svabhvatas tadvattvbhvd ava/h dvay5a tasya svatosxsa_/m_/p_/ri_/ktatvam ato jvasyva/hvatv5a nbrahmatvam ity ar?a_/h_/4 ,ta?pi dehditdtmy5tmano bhvn na ni_/h_/prapa_/k_/abrahmatety _/s_/ankyha sa_/m_/prasde _/k_/eti4 ,sat somya tad sa_/m_/panno bhavatti _/s_/rute_/h_/ su%upte ni_/h_/prapa_/k_/asadtmatvvagamd tmanas ta?vidhabrahmatvasiddhir ity ar?a_/h_/4 ,dvaitagrhipratyak%divirodht ka?am tmanosxdvityabrahmatvam ity _/s_/ankya tajjatvdihetun brahmtiriktava/vabhvasiddh] adhyak%dnm atatvv$akaprm_/n_/yd avirodhd yuktam tmano xsvityabrahmatvam ity ha prapa_/k_/asyeti4 ,footnote #bga3 ,let u f9ally assume1 m]ely = argum5t's sake1 t a vailak%a_/n_/ya ( cause & effect is n admissible1 & enquire :e!r t assumption c be reconcil$ m easily ) an intellig5t or a non-intellig5t cause ( ! _w4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,nanu pralayakle kryadh>m_/s_/ _/k_/en nvati%_/?_/eran na t>hi kra_/n_/adh>m api ti%_/?_/eyus tayor abh$t tatrhnanyatveszpti4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,= if !y are effects ( ! pradhna !y mu/ z su* be reabsorb$ into x at ! "t ( g5]al reabsorption4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,& t ! ,v$nta view is pref]able because ! nullity ( ! objections has already be5 demon/rat$ 9 its case4 ,footnote #bge3 ,! :ole /yle ( argum5tation ( ! ,mm_/m_/s w\ld be impossible1 if all reason+ 7 s\nd2 = !n no prvapak%a view c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,! foll[+ ar?avda-passage1 = in/ance1 '! sacrificial po/ is ! sun1' is to be tak5 9 a metaphorical s5se2 because p]ception r5d]s x impossible = u to take x 9 its lit]al mean+4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,:i* are to be kn[n f ! ,v$a only4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,p>i_/n_/mavdam avalambyptato virodha_/m_/ samadhya viv>tavdam _/s_/ritya p>amasamdhnam ha4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bgi3 n&a ,giri con/rues diff]5tly3 etad uktam iti1 p>amr?ato vij_/_/tam iti samb&ha_/h_/4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,d_/ri_/%_/t_/eti kad_/k_/id dr_/ri_/%_/t_/a_/m_/ pun> na%_/t_/am anityam iti yvat4--,d_/ri_/%_/t_/agraha_/n_/z_/k_/it a_/m_/ prattiklesxpi sattrhitya_/m_/ tatraiva hetvant>am ha sv>pe_/n_/eti4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bha3 ,9 ! passage allud$ to he is call$ s by implication1 be+ comp>$ to ! 'false-m9d$' ?ief :o1 kn[+ himself to be guilty1 und]goes ! ordeal ( ! heat$ hat*et4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,i4e4 ord9>y exp]i5ce does n tea* u t real effects spr+ f unreal causes4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,svapnajgraddehayor vyabhi_/k_/rezpi pratyabhij_/_/nt tadanugattmaikyasiddhe_/s_/ _/k_/aitanyasya _/k_/a dehadh>matve rtmano dehadvaytir$kasiddh] dehtrtmavd na yukta ity ar?a_/h_/4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,z long z ! 'vyavahra' pres5ts itself to our m9d1 we might feel incl9$ to assume 9 ,brahman an elem5t ( manifoldness :]eby to acc\nt = ! vyavahra2 b z soon z we arrive at true k1 ! vyavahra vani%es1 & !re rema9s no long] any reason = qualify+ 9 any way ! absolute unity ( ,brahman4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,tatreti1 s_/ri_/%_/t_/ydi_/s_/rutn_/m_/ svr! phatavaikalye satti yvat4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,a ,mm_/m_/s pr9ciple4 ,a sacrificial act1 = in/ance1 is indep5d5t :5 a special result is assign$ to x by ! sacr$ texts2 an act :i* is enjo9$ )\t su* a specification is m]ely auxili>y to ano!r act4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,accord+ to ! _/,s_/rut '9 :atev] mode he wor%ips him into t mode he passes himself4' ,footnote #bhh3 ,tattvnyatvbhym iti1 na hsv>atv5a te niru_/k_/yete ja_/d_/jadayor abh$yogt npi tatoxnyatv5ax niruktim arhata_/h_/ svtantrye_/n_/a sattsphrtyasambhavt na hi j_/ad_/am aga_/d_/napek%ya_/m_/ sattsphrtimad upalak%yate ja_/d_/atvabhangaprasangt tasmd avidytmake nm>pe ity ar?a_/h_/4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,s t f ! in/ance ( ! pott] & ! j> we _c conclude t ! relation ( clay & ! j> is only t ( nimitta & naimittika1 n t ( non-diff]5ce4 ,footnote #bij3 ,= in/ance1 smoke ext5d+ 9 a long l9e ^: base is connect$ ) "s object on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,footnote #bia3 ,i4e4 7z n4 ,gi4 expla9s7 because we assume ! relation ( cause & effect n m]ely on ! gr\nd ( ! actual exi/5ce ( "o ?+ dep5d+ on t ^u ano!r1 b on ! additional gr\nd ( ! m5tal exi/5ce1 ! consci\sness ( ! "o n be+ possible )\t ! consci\sness ( ! o!r4--,tadbhvnuvidhyibhvatvam tadbhnnuvidhyibhnatva_/m_/ _/k_/ kryasya kra_/n_/nanyatve hetur dhmavi_/s_/e%asya _/k_/gnibhvnuvidhyibhvatvesxpi na tadbhnnuvidhyibhnatvam agnibhnasya dhmabhndhnatvt4 ,footnote #bib3 ,= simplicity's sake1 asat w be translat$ h5ce=? by non-exi/+4 ,footnote #bic3 ,samavya1 commonly translat$ by inh]5ce or intimate relation1 is1 accord+ to ! ,nyya1 ! relation connect+ a :ole & its p>ts1 sub/ances1 & qualities1 c4 ,footnote #bid3 ,samavyasya svtantryapak%a_/m_/ d%ayati anabhyupagamyamne_/k_/eti4 ,samavyasya samavyibhi_/h_/ samb&ho ne%yate ki_/m_/ tu svtantryam evety atrvayavvayav9or dravyagu_/n_/dn_/m_/ _/k_/a4 viprak>%a_/h_/ syt sa_/m_/nidhyakbhvd ity ar?a_/h_/4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bie3 ,a conclusion :i* is 9 conflict ) ! ,nyya t5et t sa_/m_/yoga1 conjunction1 z1 = in/ance1 ( ! j> & ! gr\nd on :i* x /&s1 is a quality 7gu_/n_/a7 inh]5t 9 ! two conjo9$ sub/ances by means ( ! samavaya relation4 ,footnote #bif3 ,s t ! :ole c be appreh5d$ by u z su* if we appreh5d a c]ta9 "p only2 analog\sly to our appreh5d+ ! :ole ?read on :i* a g>l& ( fl[]s is /rung z soon z we appreh5d "s few ( ! fl[]s4 ,footnote #big3 ,kalpnt>am ut?payati a!ti1 ta? _/k_/a ya?vayavai_/h_/ stra_/m_/ kusumni vypnuvat katipayakusumagraha_/n_/expi g_/r_/ihyate ta? katipayavayavagraha_/n_/expi bhavaty avayav9o graha_/n_/am ity ar?a_/h_/4 ,tatra kim rambhakvayavair eva te%v avayav v>tteta ki_/m_/ v tadatiriklvayavair iti vikalpydyam pratyha tadpti4 ,yatra yad v>ttate tat tadatiriktvayavair eva tatra v>tamna_/m_/ dri%_/l_/am iti d_/ri_/%_/t_/antag>bha_/m_/ hetum _/k_/a%_/l_/e ko_/s_/eti4 ,dvityam d%ayati anava/heti4 ,kalpitnantvayavavyavahitatay prak_/ri_/tvayav9o draviprak>%t tantuni%_/?_/atvam pa_/t_/asya na syd iti bhva_/h_/4 ,an4 ,gi4 ,footnote #bih3 ,i4e4 a some?+ 9 :i* ! action inh]es2 n a causal ag5t4 ,footnote #bii3 ,e action1 _/,s_/ankra says1 requires an ag5t1 i4e4 a sub/rate 9 :i* ! action takes place4 ,if we d5y t ! j> exi/s 9 ! clay ev5 be=e x is actually orig9at$1 we lose ! sub/rate = ! action ( orig9ation1 i4e4 ent]+ into exi/5ce 7= ! non-exi/+ j> _c be ! sub/ratum ( any action71 & h to assume1 = t action1 o!r sub/rates1 su* z ! op]ative causes ( ! j>4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,:i* doctr9e w be fully discuss$ 9 ! second pda ( ?is adhyya4 ,footnote #cja3 ,because x has be5 %[n t cause & effect are id5tical2 h5ce if ! cause is kn[n1 ! effect is kn[n also4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,:i* argum5ts1 ! comm5tators say1 are h9t$ at by ! '&' ( ! ,stra4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,! "r read+ appe>s to be 'svayam eva _/k_/etan' z f\nd 9 "s ,,mss4 ,o!r ,,mss4 read _/k_/etana_/h_/4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,prak_/ri_/tibhya iti1 pratyak%ad_/ri_/%_/t_/apadr?asvabhvebhyo yat p>a_/m_/ vilak%a_/n_/am _/k_/rydyupade_/s_/agamya_/m_/ tad a_/k_/intyam ity arta_/h_/ n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #cje3 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* _/,s_/ank>a divides ! ,stra2 n4 ,gi4 rem>ks to 'lokezspo1 c43 tmani _/k_/eti vykhyya vi_/k_/itr_/s_/ _/k_/a hti vy_/k_/a%_/t_/e4' ,footnote #cjf3 ,s t if x und]goes modifications x mu/ ei!r *ange 9 its entirety1 or else--aga9/ ! assumption--consi/ ( p>ts4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,! la/ clause precludes ! ju/ificatory rem>k t ! /at$ difficulties c be avoid$ if we assume ! ?ree gu_/n_/z 9 comb9ation only to und]go modification2 if ?is 7 s ! inequality ( ! diff]5t effects c\ld n be acc\nt$ =4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,z an atom has no p>ts x _c ent] into p>tial contact ) ano!r1 & ! only way 9 :i* ! two c comb9e is entire int]p5etration2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! comp\nd ( two atoms w\ld n occupy m space ?an "o atom4 ,footnote #cji3 ,! ,stra is conc]n$ ) ! body only z f> z x is an in/rum5t2 ! case ( extrane\s in/rum5ts hav+ already be5 dispos$ ( 9 ,stra #bd4 ,footnote #caj3 ,! nature 7svabhva7 ( ! ,"l is1 ! comm5tators say1 ,my jo9$ ) "t & k>man4 ,footnote #caa3 ,?is clause is an answ] to ! objection t ! ,"l might rema9 at re/ in/ead ( creat+ a _w useless to himself & ! cause ( pa9 to o!rs4 ,= 9 consequ5ce ( 8 conjunction ) ,my ! creation is unavoidable4 ,g4 n4 ,avidy naturally t5ds t[>ds effects1 )\t any purpose4 ,bh4 n4 ,gi4 rem>ks3 ,nanu lldv asmaddnm akasmd eva niv_/ri_/tt] api d>sand _/s_/v>asypi mymayym llym ta?-bhve v9pi sa_/my_/agj_/_/na_/m_/ sa_/m_/srasamu_/kkh_/ittir ili tatrha na _/ke_/ti4 ,anirv_/ky_/ khalv avidy p>as_/yes_/v>asya _/k_/a4 svabhvo lleti _/kok_/yate tatra na prttikasvabhvym anupapattir avat>atty ar?a_/h_/4 ,footnote #cab3 ,f ?is passage we mu/ n--! comm5tators say--inf] inju/ice on ! "p ( ! ,"l2 = ! previ\s m]it or dem]it ( a be+ det]m9es ! specific quality ( ! actions :i* he p]=ms 9 8 pres5t exi/5ce1 ! ,"l act+ z ! common cause only 7z ,p>janya does74 ,footnote #cac3 ,rgadve%amoh rgadayas le _/k_/a puru%a_/m_/ dukhdibhi_/h_/ kli_/s_/yantt kle_/s_/s tesb_/m_/ k>tneapia_/vi_/uyanugu_/rr_/s tbhir ksbipta_/m_/ dh>mdilaksbilak%a_/n_/a_/m_/ kurma tadapek%vidy4 n4 ,gi4 ,,second ,,pada4 ,,rev]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,highe/ ,,self6 #a4 ,t :i* is inf]r$ 7by ! ,snkhyas1 viz4 ! pradhna7 _c be ! cause 7( ! _w71 on acc\nt ( ! ord]ly arrangem5t 7( ! _w7 be+ impossible 7on t hypo!sis74 ,al?\gh x is ! object ( ?is sy/em to def9e ! true mean+ ( ! ,v$nta-texts & n1 l ! sci5ce ( ,logic1 to e/abli% or refute "s t5et by m]e ratioc9ation1 /ill x is incumb5t on ?or\gh /ud5ts ( ! ,v$nta to refute ! ,snkhya & o!r sy/ems :i* are ob/acles 9 ! way ( p]fect k4 ,= ?is purpose a new *apt] is begun4 7,nor mu/ x be said t ! refutation ( ! o!r sy/ems ought to h prec$$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,v$nta position2 =7 z ! det]m9ation ( ! s5se ( ! ,v$nta-passages directly subs]ves p]fect k1 we h at fir/1 by means ( su* a det]m9ation1 e/abli%$ our own position1 s9ce ?is is a task m important ?an ! refutation ( ! views ent]ta9$ by o!rs4 ,"h an oppon5t might come =w>d & say t we are inde$ entitl$ to e/abli% our own position1 s z to def9e p]fect k :i* is ! means ( release to ^? desir\s ( x1 b t no use is app>5t ( a refutation ( o!r op9ions1 a proce$+ productive ( no?+ b hate & ang]4--,!re is a use1 we reply4 ,= !re is "s dang] ( m5 ( inf]ior intellig5ce look+ ^u ! ,snkhya & simil> sy/ems z requisite = p]fect k1 because ^? sy/ems h a weighty appe>ance1 h be5 adopt$ by au?oritative p]sons1 & pr(ess to lead to p]fect k4 ,su* p might !re=e ?9k t ^? sy/ems ) _! ab/ruse argum5ts 7 prop\nd$ by omnisci5t sages1 & might on t acc\nt h fai? 9 !m4 ,= ?is reason we mu/ endeav\r to demon/rate _! intr9sic wor?lessness4 ,b1 x might be said1 ! ,snkhya & simil> sy/ems h already be5 impugn$ 9 sev]al ,stras ( ! fir/ adhyya 7,i1 #a1 #e1 #ah2 ,i1 #d1 #bh72 :y1 !n1 controv]t !m aga98--,! task--we reply--:i* we are n[ ab\t to und]take diff]s f :at we h already accompli%$4 ,z ! ,snkhyas & o!r philosoph]s also quote1 9 ord] to e/abli% _! own positions1 ! ,v$nta-passages & int]pret !m 9 su* a mann] z to make !m agree ) _! own sy/ems1 we h hi!rto endeav\r$ to %[ t _! int]pretations are altoge!r fallaci\s4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 we are go+ to refute _! argum5ts 9 an indep5d5t mann]1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! ,v$nta-texts4 ,! ,snkhyas1 to make a beg9n+ ) !m1 argue z foll[s4--,j z j>s1 di%es1 & o!r products :i* possess ! common quality ( consi/+ ( clay are se5 to h = _! cause clay 9 g5]al2 s we mu/ suppose t all ! outw>d & inw>d 7i4e4 inanimate & animate7 effects :i* are end[$ ) ! *>act]i/ics ( pleasure1 pa91 & dulness#cad h = _! causes pleasure1 pa91 & dulness 9 g5]al4 ,pleasure1 pa91 & dulness 9 _! g5]ality toge!r con/itute ! ?reefold pradhna4 ,?is pradhna :i* is non-intellig5t evolves itself spontane\sly into multi=m modifications#cae1 9 ord] ?us to effect ! purposes 7i4e4 enjoym5t1 release1 & s on7 ( ! intellig5t s\l4--,! exi/5ce ( ! pradhna is to be inf]r$ f o!r circum/ances also1 su* z ! limitation ( all effects & ! l#caf4 ,aga9/ ?is doctr9e we argue z foll[s4--,if y ,snkhyas base y\r !ory on p>allel in/ances m]ely1 we po9t out t a non-intellig5t ?+ :i*1 )\t be+ guid$ by an intellig5t be+1 spontane\sly produces effects capable ( subs]v+ ! purposes ( "s p>ticul> p]son is n[h]e obs]v$ 9 ! _w4 ,we r obs]ve t h\ses1 palaces1 c\*es1 pleasure-gr\nds1 & ! l--?+s :i* accord+ to circum/ances are conducive to ! obta9m5t ( pleasure or ! avoidance ( pa9--are made by workm5 end[$ ) intellig5ce4 ,n[ look at ?is entire _w :i* appe>s1 on ! "o h&1 z ext]nal 7i4e4 inanimate7 9 ! =m ( e>? & ! o!r elem5ts enabl+ 7! s\ls7 to enjoy ! fruits ( _! v>i\s actions1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 z animate1 9 ! =m ( bodies :i* belong to ! diff]5t classes ( be+s1 possess a def9ite arrangem5t ( organs1 & are !re=e capable ( con/itut+ ! abodes ( fruition2 look1 we say1 at ?is _w1 ( :i* ! mo/ +5i\s workm5 _c ev5 =m a conception 9 _! m9ds1 & !n say if a non-intellig5t pr9ciple l ! pradhna is able to fa%ion x6 ,o!r non-intellig5t ?+s su* z /ones & clods ( e>? are c]ta9ly n se5 to possess analog\s p[]s4 ,we r mu/ assume t j z clay & simil> sub/ances are se5 to fa%ion !mselves into v>i\s =ms1 if work$ ^u by pott]s & ! l1 s ! pradhna also 7:5 modify+ itself into its effects7 is rul$ by "s intellig5t pr9ciple4 ,:5 endeav\r+ to det]m9e ! nature ( ! primal cause 7( ! _w71 !re is no ne$ = u to take our /& on ^? attributes only :i* =m "p ( ! nature ( mat]ial causes su* z clay1 c41 & n on ^? also :i* belong to extrane\s ag5ts su* z pott]s1 c4#cag ,nor 7if rememb]+ ?is latt] po9t7 d we ent] into conflict ) any means ( "r k2 we1 on ! contr>y1 are 9 direct agreem5t ) ,scripture :i* tea*es t an intellig5t cause exi/s4--,= ! reason detail$ 9 ! above1 i4e4 on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( ! 'ord]ly arrangem5t' 7( ! _w71 a non-intellig5t cause ( ! _w is n to be inf]r$4--,! ^w '&' 79 ! ,stra7 adds o!r reasons on acc\nt ( :i* ! pradhna _c be inf]r$1 viz4 'on acc\nt ( ! non-possibility ( end[m5t1' c4 ,= x _c be ma9ta9$#cah t all outw>d & inw>d effects are 'end[$' ) ! nature ( pleasure1 pa91 & dulness1 because pleasure1 c4 are kn[n z inw>d 7m5tal7 /ates1 :ile s\nd1 c4 7i4e4 ! s5se-objects7 are kn[n z be+ ( a diff]5t nature 7i4e4 z outw>d ?+s71 & moreov] z be+ ! op]ative causes ( pleasure1 c4#cai ,&1 fur!r1 al?\gh ! s5se-object su* z s\nd & s on is "o1 yet we obs]ve t ow+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! m5tal impressions 7produc$ by x7 diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! effects x produces1 "o p]son be+ affect$ by x pleasantly1 ano!r pa9fully1 & s on#cbj4--7,turn+ to ! next ,snkhya argum5t :i* inf]s ! exi/5ce ( ! pradhna f ! limitation ( all effects71 we rem>k t he :o concludes t all inw>d & outw>d effects dep5d on a conjunction ( sev]al ?+s1 because !y are limit$ 7a conclusion bas$ on ! obs]vation t "s limit$ effects su* z ro( & spr\t1 c4 dep5d on ! conjunction ( sev]al ?+s71 is driv5 to ! conclusion t ! ?ree con/itu5ts ( ! pradhna1 viz4 ,goodness1 ,passion1 & ,d>kness1 likewise dep5d on ! conjunction ( sev]al antec$5ts#cba2 = !y also are limit$#cbb4--;,fur!r#cbc1 x is impossible to use ! relation ( cause & effect z a reason = assum+ t all effects :atev] h a non-intellig5t pr9ciple = _! antec$5t2 = we h %[n already t t relation exi/s 9 ! case ( c\*es & *airs also1 ov] ^: production intellig5ce presides4 #b4 ,& on acc\nt ( 7! impossibility (7 activity4 ,leav+ ! arrangem5t ( ! _w1 we n[ pass on to ! activity by :i* x is produc$4--,! ?ree gu_/n_/z1 pass+ out ( ! /ate ( equipoise & ent]+ into ! condition ( mutual subord9ation & sup]ord9ation1 orig9ate activities t5d+ t[>ds ! production ( p>ticul> effects4--,n[ ^! activities also _c be ascrib$ to a non-intellig5t pradhna left to itself1 z no su* activity is se5 9 clay & simil> sub/ances1 or 9 *>iots & ! l4 ,= we obs]ve t clay & ! l1 & *>iots--:i* are 9 _! own nature non-intellig5t--ent] on activities t5d+ t[>ds p>ticul> effects only :5 !y are act$ ^u by intellig5t be+s su* z pott]s1 c4 9 ! "o case1 & horses & ! l 9 ! o!r case4 ,f :at is se5 we det]m9e :at is n se54 ,h5ce a non-intellig5t cause ( ! _w is n to be inf]r$ because1 on t hypo!sis1 ! activity )\t :i* ! _w _c be produc$ w\ld be impossible4 ,b1 ! ,snkhya rejo9s1 we d likewise n obs]ve activity on ! "p ( m]e intellig5t be+s4--,true2 we h[ev] see activity on ! "p ( non-intellig5t ?+s su* z *>iots & ! l :5 !y are 9 conjunction ) intellig5t be+s4--,b1 ! ,snkhya aga9 objects1 we nev] actually obs]ve activity on ! "p ( an intellig5t be+ ev5 :5 9 conjunction ) a non-intellig5t ?+4--,v well2 ! "q !n arises3 ,does ! activity belong to t 9 :i* x is actually obs]v$ 7z ! ,snkhya says71 or to t on acc\nt ( ! conjunction ) :i* x is obs]v$ 7z ! ,v$nt9 av]s78--,we mu/1 ! ,snkhya replies1 attribute activity to t 9 :i* x is actually se51 s9ce bo? 7i4e4 ! activity & its abode7 are matt] ( obs]vation4 ,a m]e intellig5t be+1 on ! o!r h&1 is nev] obs]v$ z ! abode ( activity :ile a *>iot is4 ,!#cbd exi/5ce ( an intellig5t ,self jo9$ to a body & s on :i* are ! abode ( activity c be e/abli%$ 7by inf]5ce7 only2 ! inf]5ce be+ bas$ on ! diff]5ce obs]v$ betwe5 liv+ bodies & m]e non-intellig5t ?+s1 su* z *>iots & ! l4 ,= ?is v reason1 viz4 t intellig5ce is obs]v$ only :]e a body is obs]v$ :ile x is nev] se5 )\t a body1 ! ,mat]iali/s consid] intellig5ce to be a m]e attribute ( ! body4--,h5ce activity belongs only to :at is non-intellig5t4 ,to all ?is we--! ,v$nt9s--make ! foll[+ reply4--,we d n mean to say t activity does n belong to ^? non-intellig5t ?+s 9 :i* x is obs]v$2 x does inde$ belong to !m2 b x results f an intellig5t pr9ciple1 because x exi/s :5 ! latt] is pres5t & does n exi/ :5 ! latt] is abs5t4 ,j z ! effects ( burn+ & %9+1 :i* h _! abode 9 wood & simil> mat]ial1 are inde$ n obs]v$ :5 !re is m]e fire 7i4e4 are n due to m]e fire2 z m]e fire1 i4e4 fire )\t wood1 c41 does n exi/71 b at ! same "t result f fire only z !y are se5 :5 fire is pres5t & are n se5 :5 fire is abs5t2 s1 z ! ,mat]iali/s also admit1 only intellig5t bodies are obs]v$ to be ! mov]s ( *>iots & o!r non-intellig5t ?+s4 ,! motive p[] ( intellig5ce is !re=e incontrov]tible4--,b--an objection w be rais$--y\r ,self ev5 if jo9$ to a body is incapable ( ex]cis+ mov+ p[]1 = motion _c be effect$ by t ! nature ( :i* is pure intellig5ce4--,a ?+1 we reply1 :i* is itself devoid ( motion may nev]!less move o!r ?+s4 ,! magnet is itself devoid ( motion1 & yet x moves iron2 & col\rs & ! o!r objects ( s5se1 al?\gh !mselves devoid ( motion1 produce movem5ts 9 ! eyes & ! o!r organs ( s5se4 ,s ! ,"l also :o is all-pres5t1 ! ,self ( all1 all-kn[+ & all-p[]ful may1 al?\gh himself unmov+1 move ! univ]se4--,if x f9ally be object$ t 7on ! ,v$nta doctr9e7 !re is no room = a mov+ p[] z 9 consequ5ce ( ! on5ess 7aduality7 ( ,brahman no motion c take place2 we reply t su* objections h repeat$ly be5 refut$ by our po9t+ to ! fact ( ! ,"l be+ fictiti\sly connect$ ) ,my1 :i* consi/s ( "n & =m pres5t$ by ,nesci5ce4--,h5ce motion c be reconcil$ ) ! doctr9e ( an all-kn[+ fir/ cause2 b n ) ! doctr9e ( a non-intellig5t fir/ cause4 #c4 ,if x be said 7t ! pradhna moves7 l milk or wat]1 7we reply t7 !re also 7! motion is due to intellig5ce74 ,well1 ! ,snkhya resumes1 li/5 !n to ! foll[+ in/ances4--,z non-s5ti5t milk fl[s =? f its own nature m]ely = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! "y animal1 & z non-s5ti5t wat]1 f its own nature1 fl[s along = ! b5efit ( mank9d1 s ! pradhna also1 al?\gh non-intellig5t1 may be suppos$ to move f its own nature m]ely = ! purpose ( effect+ ! highe/ end ( man4 ,?is argum5tation1 we reply1 is uns\nd aga92 = z ! adh]5ts ( bo? doctr9es admit t motion is n obs]v$ 9 ! case ( m]ely non-intellig5t ?+s su* z *>iots1 c41 we inf] t wat] & milk also move only because !y are direct$ by intellig5t p[]s4 ,scriptural passages1 moreov] 7su* z ',he :o dwells 9 ! wat] & )9 ! wat]1 :o rules ! wat] )91' ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #g1 #d2 &1 ',by ! comm& ( t ,ak%>a1 ,o ,grg1 "s riv]s fl[ to ! ,ea/1' c41 ,b_/ri_/4 ,up4 ,,iii1 #h1 #i71 decl>e t ev]y?+ 9 ?is _w :i* fl[s is direct$ by ! ,"l4 ,h5ce ! in/ances ( milk & wat] z belong+ !mselves to t class ( cases :i* prove our g5]al pr9ciple#cbe _c be us$ to %[ t ! latt] is too wide4--,moreov]1 ! c[1 :i* is an intellig5t be+ & loves h] calf1 makes h] milk fl[ by h] wi% to d s1 & ! milk is 9 addition drawn =? by ! suck+ ( ! calf4 ,nor does wat] move ei!r ) absolute indep5d5ce--= its fl[ dep5ds on ! declivity ( ! soil & simil> circum/ances--or indep5d5tly ( an intellig5t pr9ciple1 = we h %[n t ! latt] is pres5t 9 all cases4--,if1 f9ally1 our oppon5t %\ld po9t to ,stra ,,ii1 #a1 #bd z contradict+ ! pres5t ,stra1 we rem>k t !re we h m]ely %[n on ! gr\nd ( ord9>y exp]i5ce t an effect may take place 9 itself indep5d5tly ( any ext]nal in/rum5tal cause2 a conclusion :i* does n contradict ! doctr9e1 bas$ on ,scripture1 t all effects dep5d on ! ,"l4 #d4 ,& because 7! pradhna71 on acc\nt ( !re exi/+ no?+ beyond x1 /&s 9 no relation2 7x _c be active47 ,! ?ree gu_/n_/z ( ! ,snkhyas :5 9 a /ate ( equipoise =m ! pradhna4 ,beyond ! pradhna !re exi/s no ext]nal pr9ciple :i* c\ld ei!r impel ! pradhna to activity or re/ra9 x f activity4 ,! s\l 7puru%a71 z we "k1 is indiff]5t1 nei!r moves to--nor re/ra9s f--action4 ,z !re=e ! pradhna /&s 9 no relation1 x is impossible to see :y x %\ld sometimes modify itself into ! great pr9ciple 7mahat7 & sometimes n4 ,! activity & non-activity 7by turns7 ( ! ,"l1 on ! o!r h&1 are n contr>y to reason1 on acc\nt ( 8 omnisci5ce & omnipot5ce1 & 8 be+ connect$ ) ! p[] ( illusion 7mya74 #e4 ,nor 7c x be said t ! pradhna modifies itself spontane\sly7 l grass1 c4 7:i* turn into milk72 = 7milk7 does n exi/ else:]e 7b 9 ! female animal74 ,let ?is be 7! ,snkhya resumes74 ,j z grass1 h]bs1 wat]1 c4 indep5d5tly ( any o!r in/rum5tal cause trans=m !mselves1 by _! own nature1 into milk2 s1 we assume1 ! pradhna also trans=ms itself into ! great pr9ciple1 & s on4 ,&1 if y ask h[ we "k t grass trans=ms itself indep5d5tly ( any in/rum5tal cause2 we reply1 ',because no su* cause is obs]v$4' ,= if we did p]ceive "s su* cause1 we c]ta9ly %\ld apply x to grass1 c4 accord+ to our lik+1 & !reby produce milk4 ,b z a matt] ( fact we d no su* ?+4 ,h5ce ! trans=mation ( grass & ! l mu/ be consid]$ to be due to its own nature m]ely2 & we may inf] !refrom t ! trans=mation ( ! pradhna is ( ! same k9d4 ,to ?is we make ! foll[+ reply4--,! trans=mation ( ! pradhna might be ascrib$ to its own nature m]ely if we really c\ld admit t grass modifies itself 9 ! mann] /at$ by y2 b we are unable to admit t1 s9ce ano!r in/rum5tal cause is obs]v$4 ,h[8 ',because x does n exi/ else:]e4' ,= grass becomes milk only :5 x is eat5 by a c[ or "s o!r female animal1 n if x is left ei!r uneat5 or is eat5 by a bull4 ,if ! trans=mation _h no special cause1 grass w\ld become milk ev5 on o!r conditions ?an t ( ent]+ a c['s body4 ,nor w\ld ! circum/ance ( m5 n be+ able to produce milk accord+ to _! lik+ prove t !re is no in/rum5tal cause2 = :ile "s effects c be produc$ by m51 o!rs result f div9e action only#cbf4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is t m5 also are able1 by apply+ a means 9 _! p[]1 to produce milk f grass & h]bs2 = :5 !y wi% to procure a m abundant supply ( milk !y fe$ ! c[ m pl5tifully & ?us obta9 m milk f h]4--,= ^! reasons ! spontane\s modification ( ! pradhna _c be prov$ f ! in/ance ( grass & ! l4 #f4 ,ev5 if we admit 7! ,snkhya position refut$ 9 :at prec$es1 x is invalidat$ by o!r objections7 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( a purpose 7on ! "p ( ! pradhna74 ,ev5 if we1 accommodat+ ourselves to y\r 7! ,snkhya's7 belief1 %\ld admit :at has be5 disprov$ 9 ! prec$+ ,stra1 viz4 t ! pradhna is spontane\sly active1 /ill y\r op9ion w\ld lie op5 to an objection 'on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( a purpose4' ,= if ! spontane\s activity ( ! pradhna has1 z y say1 no ref]5ce to any?+ else1 x w h no ref]5ce n only to any aid+ pr9ciple1 b also to any purpose or motive1 & consequ5tly y\r doctr9e t ! pradhna is active 9 ord] to effect ! purpose ( man w become unt5able4 ,if y reply t ! pradhna does n inde$ reg>d any aid+ pr9ciple1 b does reg>d a purpose1 we rem>k t 9 t case we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! diff]5t possible purposes1 viz4 ei!r enjoym5t 7on ! "p ( ! s\l71 or f9al release1 or bo?4 ,if enjoym5t1 :at enjoym5t1 we ask1 c belong to ! s\l :i* is naturally incapable ( any accretion 7( pleasure or pa97#cbg8 ,moreov]1 !re w\ld 9 t case be no opportunity = release#cbh4--;,if release1 !n ! activity ( ! pradhna w\ld be purposeless1 z ev5 antec$5tly to x ! s\l is 9 ! /ate ( release2 moreov]1 !re w\ld !n be no occasion = ! p]ception ( s\nds1 c4#cbi--;,if bo?1 !n1 on acc\nt ( ! inf9ite numb] ( ! objects ( pradhna to be enjoy$ 7by ! s\l7#ccj1 !re w\ld be no opportunity = f9al release4 ,nor c ! satisfaction ( a desire be consid]$ z ! purpose ( ! activity ( ! pradhna2 = nei!r ! non-intellig5t pradhna nor ! ess5tially pure s\l c feel any desire4--,if1 f9ally1 y %\ld assume ! pradhna to be active1 because o!rwise ! p[] ( sight 7belong+ to ! s\l on acc\nt ( its intellig5t nature7 & ! creative p[] 7belong+ to ! pradhna7 w\ld be purposeless2 x w\ld foll[ t1 z ! creative p[] ( ! pradhna does n cease at any "t any m ?an ! s\l's p[] ( sight does1 ! app>5t _w w\ld nev] come to an end1 s t no f9al release ( ! s\l c\ld take place#cca4--;,x is1 !re=e1 impossible to ma9ta9 t ! pradhna ent]s on its activity = ! purposes ( ! s\l4 #g4 ,& if y say 7t ! s\l may move ! pradhna7 z ! 7lame7 man 7moves ! bl9d "o7 or z ! magnet 7moves ! iron72 ?us also 7! difficulty is n ov]come74 ,well !n--! ,snkhya resumes1 endeav\r+ to def5d 8 position by p>allel in/ances--let u say t1 z "s lame man devoid ( ! p[] ( motion1 b possess+ ! p[] ( sight1 hav+ m\nt$ ! back ( a bl9d man :o is able to move b n to see1 makes ! latt] move2 or z ! magnet n mov+ itself1 moves ! iron1 s ! s\l moves ! pradhna4--,?us also1 we reply1 y d n free y\r doctr9e f all %ortcom+s2 = ?is y\r new position involves an ab&onm5t ( y\r old position1 accord+ to :i* ! pradhna is mov+ ( itself1 & ! 7indiff]5t1 inactive7 s\l possesses no mov+ p[]4 ,& h[ %\ld ! indiff]5t s\l move ! pradhna8 ,a man1 al?\gh lame1 may make a bl9d man move by means ( words & ! l2 b ! s\l :i* is devoid ( action & qualities _c possibly put =? any mov+ en]gy4 ,nor c x be said t x moves ! pradhna by its m]e proximity z ! magnet moves ! iron2 = f ! p]man5cy ( proximity 7( s\l & pradhna7 a p]man5cy ( motion w\ld foll[4 ,! proximity ( ! magnet1 on ! o!r h& 7to ! iron71 is n p]man5t1 b dep5ds on a c]ta9 activity & ! adju/m5t ( ! magnet 9 a c]ta9 position2 h5ce ! 7lame7 man & ! magnet d n supply really p>allel in/ances4--,! pradhna !n be+ non-intellig5t & ! s\l indiff]5t1 & !re be+ no ?ird pr9ciple to connect !m1 !re c be no connexion ( ! two4 ,if we attempt$ to e/abli% a connexion on ! gr\nd ( capability 7( be+ se5 on ! "p ( ! pradhna1 ( see+ on ! "p ( ! s\l71 ! p]man5cy ( su* capability w\ld imply ! impossibility ( f9al release4--,moreov]1 "h z well z be=e 79 ! prec$+ ,stra7 ! diff]5t alt]natives connect$ ) ! abs5ce ( purpose 7on ! pradhna's "p7 h to be consid]$#ccb4--,! highe/ ,self1 on ! o!r h& 7:i* is ! cause ( ! _w1 accord+ to ! ,v$nt9s71 is *>act]is$ by non-activity inh]5t 9 its own nature1 &1 at ! same "t1 by mov+ p[] inh]5t 9 ,my & is ?us sup]ior 7to ! s\l ( ! ,snkhyas74 #h4 ,&1 aga91 7! pradhna _c be active7 because ! relation ( pr9cipal 7& subord9ate matt]7 is impossible 7betwe5 ! ?ree gu_/n_/z74 ,= ! foll[+ reason also activity on ! "p ( ! pradhna is n possible4--,! condition ( ! pradhna consi/s 9 ! ?ree gu_/n_/z1 viz4 goodness1 passion1 & d>kness1 abid+ 9 !mselves 9 a /ate ( equipoise )\t /&+ to "o ano!r 9 ! relation ( mutual sup]iority or inf]iority4 ,9 t /ate ! gu_/n_/z _c possibly ent] into ! relation ( mutual subs]vi5cy because !reby !y w\ld =feit _! ess5tial *>act]i/ic1 viz4 absolute indep5d5ce4 ,& z !re exi/s no extrane\s pr9ciple to /ir up ! gu_/n_/z1 ! production ( ! great pr9ciple & ! o!r effects--:i* w\ld acquire = its op]ative cause a non-balanc$ /ate ( ! gu_/n_/z--is impossible4 #i4 ,& al?\gh ano!r inf]5ce be made1 7! objections rema9 9 =ce7 on acc\nt ( ! 7pradhna7 be+ devoid ( ! p[] ( intellig5ce4 ,b--! ,snkhya resumes--we draw ano!r inf]5ce1 s z to leave no room = ! objection j /at$4 ,we d n ackn[l$ge ! gu_/n_/z to be *>act]is$ by absolute irrelativity & un*angeabl5ess1 s9ce !re is no pro( = su* an assumption4 ,we r inf] ! *>act]i/ics ( ! gu_/n_/z f ^? ( _! effects1 presum+ t _! nature mu/ be su* z to r5d] ! production ( ! effects possible4 ,n[ ! gu_/n_/z are admitt$ to be ( an un/eady nature2 h5ce ! gu_/n_/z !mselves are able to ent] into ! relation ( mutual inequality1 ev5 :ile !y are 9 a /ate ( equipoise4 ,ev5 9 t case1 we reply1 ! objections /at$ above :i* 7 f\nd$ on ! impossibility ( an ord]ly arrangem5t ( ! _w1 c41 rema9 9 =ce on acc\nt ( ! pradhna be+ devoid ( ! p[] ( intellig5ce4 ,& if 7to escape ^? objections7 ! ,snkhya %\ld inf] 7f ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( ! _w1 c471 t ! primal cause is intellig5t1 he w\ld cease to be an antagoni/1 s9ce ! doctr9e t !re is "o intellig5t cause ( ?is multi=m _w w\ld be no?+ else b ! ,v$ntic doctr9e ( ,brahman4--,moreov]1 if ! gu_/n_/z 7 capable ( ent]+ into ! relation ( mutual inequality ev5 :ile 9 ! /ate ( equipoise1 "o ( two ?+s w\ld happ52 !y w\ld ei!r n be 9 ! condition ( inequality on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( an op]ative cause2 or else1 if !y 7 9 t condition1 !y w\ld always rema9 9 x2 ! abs5ce ( an op]ative cause be+ a non-*ang+ circum/ance4 ,& ?us ! doctr9e w\ld aga9 be op5 to ! objection /at$ be=e#ccc4 #aj4 ,& moreov] 7! ,snkhya doctr9e7 is objectionable on acc\nt ( its contradictions4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,snkhyas1 moreov]1 is full ( contradictions4 ,sometimes !y enum]ate sev5 s5ses1 sometimes elev5#ccd4 ,9 "s places !y tea* t ! subtle elem5ts ( mat]ial ?+s proce$ f ! great pr9ciple1 9 o!r places aga9 t !y proce$ f self-consci\sness4 ,sometimes !y speak ( ?ree int]nal organs1 sometimes ( "o only#cce4 ,t _! doctr9e1 moreov]1 contradicts _/,s_/ruti1 :i* tea*es t ! ,"l is ! cause ( ! _w1 & ,sm_/ri_/ti1 bas$ on _/,s_/ruti1 is well kn[n4--,= ^! reasons also ! ,snkhya sy/em is objectionable4 ,"h ! ,snkhya aga9 br+s a c\nt]*>ge--,! sy/em ( ! ,v$nt9s also1 he says1 mu/ be decl>$ to be objectionable2 = x does n admit t t :i* suff]s & t :i* causes suff]+#ccf are diff]5t classes ( ?+s 7& !reby r5d]s futile ! well-e/abli%$ di/9ction ( causes ( suff]+ & suff]+ be+s74 ,= ^? :o admit ! "o ,brahman to be ! ,self ( ev]y?+ & ! cause ( ! :ole _w1 h to admit also t ! two attributes ( be+ t :i* causes suff]+ & t :i* suff]s belong to ! "o supreme ,self 7n to diff]5t classes ( be+s74 ,if1 !n1 ^! two attributes belong to "o & ! same ,self1 x nev] c dive/ itself ( !m1 & ?us ,scripture1 :i* tea*es p]fect k = ! purpose ( ! cessation ( all suff]+1 loses all its mean+4 ,=--to adduce a p>allel case--a lamp z long z x subsi/s z su* is nev] dive/$ ( ! two qualities ( giv+ heat & light4 ,& if ! ,v$nt9 %\ld adduce ! case ( wat] ) its waves1 ripples1 foam1 c4#ccg1 we rem>k t !re also ! waves1 c4 con/itute attributes ( ! wat] :i* rema9 p]man5tly1 al?\gh !y by turns manife/ !mselves1 & aga9 ent] into ! /ate ( non-manife/ation2 h5ce ! wat] is nev] really de/itute ( waves1 n any m ?an ! lamp is ev] de/itute ( heat & light4--,t t :i* causes suff]+1 & t :i* suff]s con/itute diff]5t classes ( ?+s is1 moreov]1 well kn[n f ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,= 7to consid] ! matt] f a m g5]al po9t ( view7 ! p]son desir+ & ! ?+ desir$#cch are und]/ood to be sep>ate exi/5ces4 ,if ! object ( desire 7 n ess5tially diff]5t & sep>ate f ! p]son desir+1 ! /ate ( be+ desir\s c\ld n be ascrib$ to ! latt]1 because ! object ) ref]5ce to :i* alone he c be call$ desir+ w\ld already ess5tially be e/abli%$ 9 him 7belong to him74 ,! latt] /ate ( ?+s exi/s 9 ! case ( a lamp & its light1 = in/ance4 ,light ess5tially belongs to ! lamp1 & h5ce ! latt] nev] c /& 9 want ( light2 = want or desire c exi/ only if ! ?+ want$ or desir$ is n yet obta9$4 7,& j z !re c\ld be no desir+ p]son1 if ! object ( desire & ! desir+ p]son 7 n ess5tially sep>ate71 s ! object ( desire also w\ld cease to be an object = ! desir+ p]son1 & w\ld be an object = itself only4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ?is is n ! case2 = ! two ideas 7& t]ms71 'object ( desire' & 'desir+ p]son1' imply a relation 7are correlative71 & a relation exi/s 9 two ?+s1 n 9 "o only4 ,h5ce ! desir+ p]son & ! object ( desire are sep>ate4--,! same holds good ) reg>d to :at is n desir$ 7object ( av]sion2 an>?a7 & ! non-desir+ p]son 7an>?974 ,an object ( desire is :atev] is ( advantage to ! desir+ p]son1 an object ( av]sion :atev] is ( disadvantage2 ) bo? "o p]son ent]s into relation by turns4 ,on acc\nt ( ! comp>ative paucity ( ! objects ( desire1 & ! comp>ative multitude ( ! objects ( av]sion1 bo? may be compris$ "u ! g5]al t]m1 'object ( av]sion4' ,n[1 ^! objects ( av]sion we mean :5 we use ! t]m 'causes ( suff]+1' :ile by ! t]m 'suff]]' we und]/& ! s\l :i*1 be+ "o1 ent]s into successive relations ) bo? 7i4e4 ! objects ( desire & ! objects ( av]sion74 ,if1 !n1 ! causes ( suff]+ & ! suff]] con/itute "o ,self 7z ! ,v$nta tea*es71 x foll[s t f9al release is impossible4--,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! two are assum$ to con/itute sep>ate classes1 ! possibility ( release is n exclud$1 s9ce ! cause ( ! connexion ( ! two 7viz4 wrong k7 may be remov$4 ,all ?is reason+--we1 ! ,v$nt9s1 reply--is futile1 because on acc\nt ( ! unity ( ! ,self ! relation1 ^: two t]ms are ! causes ( suff]+1 & ! suff]] _c exi/ 79 ! ,self74--,our doctr9e w\ld be liable to y\r objection if t :i* causes suff]+ & t :i* suff]s did1 :ile belong+ to "o & ! same ,self1 /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( object & subject4 ,b !y d n /& 9 t relation j because !y are "o4 ,if fire1 al?\gh x possesses diff]5t attributes1 su* z heat & light1 & is capable ( *ange1 does nei!r burn nor illum9e itself s9ce x is "o only2 h[ c ! "o un*angeable ,brahman ent] ) ref]5ce to itself into ! relation ( cause ( suff]+ & suff]]8--,:]e !n1 x may be ask$1 does ! relation discuss$ 7:i* aft] all _c be d5i$ altoge!r7 exi/8--,t1 we reply1 is n difficult to see#cci4 ,! liv+ body :i* is ! object ( ! action ( burn+ is ! suff]]2 ! sun1 = in/ance1 is a cause ( suff]+ 7burn+74--,b1 ! oppon5t rejo9s1 burn+ is a pa91 & z su* c affect an intellig5t be+ only1 n ! non-intellig5t body2 = if x 7 an affection ( ! m]e body1 x w\ld1 on ! de/ruction ( ! body1 cease ( itself1 s t x w\ld be ne$less to seek = means to make x cease4--,b x is likewise n obs]v$1 we reply1 t a m]e intellig5t be+ de/itute ( a body is burn$ & suff]s pa94--,nor w\ld y 7! ,snkhya7 also assume t ! affection call$ burn+ belongs to a m]e intellig5t be+4 ,nor c y admit#cdj a real connexion ( ! s\l & ! body1 because ?r\gh su* a connexion impurity & simil> imp]fections w\ld atta* to ! s\l#cda4 ,nor c suff]+ itself be said to suff]4 ,& h[ !n1 we ask1 c y expla9 ! relation exi/+ betwe5 a suff]] & ! causes ( suff]+8 ,if 7z a la/ refuge7 y %\ld ma9ta9 t ! sattva-gu_/n_/a is t :i* suff]s1 & ! gu_/n_/a call$ passion t :i* causes suff]+1 we aga9 object1 because ! intellig5t pr9ciple 7! s\l7 _c be really connect$ ) ^! two#cdb4 ,& if y %\ld say t ! s\l suff]s z x 7 because x leans t[>ds#cdc ! sattva-gu_/n_/a1 we po9t out t ! employm5t ( ! phrase1 'z x 71' %[s t ! s\l does n really suff]4 ,if x is und]/ood t its suff]+ is n real1 we d n object to ! phrase 'z x 7#cdd4' ,= ! amphisb5a also does n become v5om\s because x is 'a s]p5t z x 7' 7'l a s]p5t'71 nor does ! s]p5t lose its v5om because x is 'l an amphisb5a4' ,y mu/ !re=e admit t ! relation ( causes ( suff]+ & ( suff]]s is n real1 b ! effect ( ,nesci5ce4 ,& if y admit1 t1 !n my 7! ,v$ntic7 doctr9e also is free f objections#cde4 ,b p]haps y 7! ,snkhya7 w say t1 aft] all1 suff]+ 7on ! "p ( ! s\l7 is real#cdf4 ,9 t case1 h[ev]1 ! impossibility ( release is all ! m und5iable#cdg1 especially z ! cause ( suff]+ 7viz4 ! pradhna7 is admitt$ to be et]nal4--,& if 7to get out ( ?is difficulty7 y ma9ta9 t1 al?\gh ! pot5tialities ( suff]+ 7on ! "p ( ! s\l7 & ( caus+ suff]+ 7on ! "p ( ! pradhna7 are et]nal1 yet suff]+1 9 ord] to become actual1 requires ! conjunction ( ! two--:i* conjunction 9 its turn dep5ds on a special reason1 viz4 ! non-discrim9ation ( ! pradhna by ! s\l--& t h5ce1 :5 t reason no long] exi/s1 ! conjunction ( ! two comes to an absolute t]m9ation1 :]eby ! absolute release ( ! s\l becomes possible2 we are aga9 unable to accept y\r explanation1 because t on :i* ! non-discrim9ation dep5ds1 viz4 ! gu_/n_/a1 call$ ,d>kness1 is ackn[l$g$ by y to be et]nal4 ,& z#cdh !re is no fix$ rule = ! 7successive7 ris+ & s9k+ ( ! influ5ce ( ! p>ticul> gu_/n_/z1 !re is also no fix$ rule = ! t]m9ation ( ! cause :i* effects ! conjunction ( s\l & pradhna 7i4e4 non-discrim9ation72 h5ce ! disjunction ( ! two is unc]ta91 & s ! ,snkhyas _c escape ! reproa* ( abs5ce ( f9al release result+ f _! doctr9e4 ,to ! ,v$nt91 on ! o!r h&1 ! idea ( f9al release be+ impossible _c occur 9 8 dreams ev52 = ! ,self he ackn[l$ges to be "o only1 & "o ?+ _c ent] into ! relation ( subject & object1 & ,scripture1 moreov]1 decl>es t ! plurality ( effects orig9ates f spee* only4 ,= ! ph5om5al _w1 on ! o!r h&1 we may admit ! relation ( suff]] & suff]+ j z x is obs]v$1 & ne$ nei!r object to x nor refute x4 ,h]e) we h refut$ ! doctr9e :i* holds ! pradhna to be ! cause ( ! _w4 ,we h n[ to dispose ( ! atomic !ory4 ,we beg9 by refut+ an objection rais$ by ! atomi/s aga9/ ! uphold]s ( ,brahman4--,! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas argue z foll[s3 ,! qualities :i* inh]e 9 ! sub/ance con/itut+ ! cause orig9ate qualities ( ! same k9d 9 ! sub/ance con/itut+ ! effect2 we see1 = in/ance1 t f :ite ?reads :ite clo? is produc$1 b d n obs]ve :at is contr>y 7viz4 :ite ?reads result+ 9 a piece ( clo? ( a diff]5t col\r74 ,h5ce1 if ! intellig5t ,brahman is assum$ z ! cause ( ! _w1 we %\ld expect to f9d intellig5ce inh]5t 9 ! effect also1 viz4 ! _w4 ,b ?is is n ! case1 & consequ5tly ! intellig5t ,brahman _c be ! cause ( ! _w4--,?is reason+ ! ,strakra %[s to be fallaci\s1 on ! gr\nd ( ! sy/em ( ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas !mselves4 ,,ii4 ,or 7! _w may orig9ate f ,brahman7 z ! great & ! long orig9ate f ! %ort & ! atomic4 ,! sy/em ( ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas is ! foll[+3--,! atoms :i* possess1 accord+ to _! special k9d#cdi1 ! qualities ( col\r1 c41 & :i* are ( sph]ical =m#cej1 subsi/ dur+ a c]ta9 p]iod#cea )\t produc+ any effects#ceb4 ,aft] t1 ! unse5 pr9ciple 7ad_/ri_/%_/ta_/71 c4#cec1 act+ z op]ative causes & conjunction con/itut+ ! non-inh]5t cause#ced1 !y produce ! entire aggregate ( effect$ ?+s1 beg9n+ ) b9>y atomic comp\nds4 ,at ! same "t ! qualities ( ! causes 7i4e4 ( ! simple atoms7 produce correspond+ qualities 9 ! effects4 ,?us1 :5 two atoms produce a b9>y atomic comp\nd1 ! special qualities belong+ to ! simple atoms1 su* z :ite col\r1 c41 produce a correspond+ :ite col\r 9 ! b9>y comp\nd4 ,"o special quality1 h[ev]1 ( ! simple atoms1 viz4 atomic sph]icity1 does n produce correspond+ sph]icity 9 ! b9>y comp\nd2 = ! =ms ( ext5sion belong+ to ! latt] are said to be m9ut5ess 7a_/n_/utva7 & %ortness4 ,&1 aga91 :5 two b9>y comp\nds comb9+ produce a quat]n>y atomic comp\nd1 ! qualities1 su* z :it5ess1 c41 inh]5t 9 ! b9>y comp\nds produce correspond+ qualities 9 ! quat]n>y comp\nds2 ) ! exception1 h[ev]1 ( ! two qualities ( m9ut5ess & %ortness4 ,= x is admitt$ t ! =ms ( ext5sion belong+ to quat]n>y comp\nds are n m9ut5ess & %ortness1 b bigness 7mahattva7 & l5g?4 ,! same happ5s#cee :5 _m simple atoms or _m b9>y comp\nds or a simple atom & a b9>y comp\nd comb9e to produce new effects4 ,well1 !n1 we say1 j z f sph]ical atoms b9>y comp\nds are produc$1 :i* are m9ute & %ort1 & t]n>y comp\nds :i* are big & long1 b n any?+ sph]ical2 or z f b9>y comp\nds1 :i* are m9ute & %ort1 t]n>y comp\nds1 c41 are produc$ :i* are big & long1 n m9ute & %ort2 s ?is non-intellig5t _w may spr+ f ! intellig5t ,brahman4 ,?is is a doctr9e to :i* y--! ,vai_/s_/e%ika--_c1 on y\r own pr9ciples1 object4 ,"h ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika w p]haps come =w>d ) ! foll[+ argum5tation#cef4 ,z effect$ sub/ances1 su* z b9>y comp\nds & s on1 are engross$ by =ms ( ext5sion contr>y to t ( ! causal sub/ances1 ! =ms ( ext5sion belong+ to ! latt]1 viz4 sph]icity & s on1 _c produce simil> qualities 9 ! effects4 ,! _w1 on ! o!r h&1 is n engross$ by any quality contr>y to intellig5ce ow+ to :i* ! intellig5ce inh]5t 9 ! cause %\ld n be able to orig9ate a new intellig5ce 9 ! effect4 ,= non-intellig5ce is n a quality contr>y to intellig5ce1 b m]ely its negation4 ,z ?us ! case ( sph]icity is n an exactly p>allel "o1 intellig5ce may v well produce an effect simil> to itself4 ,?is argum5tation1 we rejo91 is n s\nd4 ,j z ! qualities ( sph]icity & s on1 al?\gh exi/+ 9 ! cause1 d n produce correspond+ effects1 s x is ) intellig5ce also2 s t ! two cases are p>allel s f>4 ,nor c ! circum/ance ( ! effects be+ engross$ by a diff]5t =m ( ext5sion be alleg$ z ! reason ( sph]icity1 c4 n orig9at+ qualities simil> to !mselves2 = ! p[] ( orig9at+ effects belongs to sph]icity1 c4 be=e ano!r =m ( ext5sion beg9s to exi/4 ,= x is admitt$ t ! sub/ance produc$ rema9s = a mom5t devoid ( qualities1 & t !reupon only 7i4e4 aft] t mom5t7 its qualities beg9 to exi/4 ,nor1 aga91 c x be said t sph]icity1 c4 conc5trate _! activity on orig9at+ o!r =ms ( ext5sion#ceg1 & !re=e d n orig9ate =ms ( ext5sion belong+ to ! same class z _! own2 = x is admitt$ t ! orig9 ( o!r =ms is due to o!r causes2 z ! ,stras ( ,ka_/n_/abhuj 7,ka_/n_/da7 !mselves decl>e 7,vai_/s_/4 ,st4 ,,vii1 #a1 #i1 ',bigness is produc$ f plurality inh]5t 9 ! causes1 f bigness ( ! cause & f a k9d ( accumulation2' ,,vii1 #a1 #aj1 ',! contr>y ( ?is 7! big7 is ! m9ute2' ,,vii1 #a1 #ag1 ',!reby l5g? & %ortness are expla9$#ceh'74--,nor1 aga91 c x be said t plurality1 c4 inh]5t 9 ! cause orig9ate 7l effects7 9 consequ5ce ( "s peculi> proximity 79 :i* !y are suppos$ to /& to ! effect$ sub/ance71 :ile sph]icity1 c4 7n /&+ 9 a l proximity7 d n2 = :5 a new sub/ance or a new quality is orig9at$1 all ! qualities ( ! cause /& 9 ! same relation ( inh]5ce to _! abode 7i4e4 ! causal sub/ance 9 :i* !y inh]e74 ,= ^! reasons ! fact ( sph]icity1 c4 n orig9at+ l effects c be expla9$ f ! ess5tial nature ( sph]icity1 c4 only1 & ! same may !re=e be ma9ta9$ ) reg>d to intellig5ce#cei4 ,moreov]1 f t obs]v$ fact also1 t f conjunction 7sa_/m_/yoga7 !re orig9ate sub/ances1 c4 belong+ to a class diff]5t 7f t to :i* conjunction itself belongs71 x foll[s t ! doctr9e ( effects belong+ to ! same class z ! causes f :i* !y spr+ is too wide4 ,if y rem>k aga9/ ?is la/ argum5t t1 z we h to d at pres5t ) a sub/ance 7viz4 ,brahman71 x is inappropriate to in/ance a quality 7viz4 conjunction7 z a p>allel case2 we po9t out t at pres5t we only wi% to expla9 ! orig9ation ( effects belong+ to a diff]5t class 9 g5]al4 ,nor is !re any reason = ! re/riction t sub/ances only are to be adduc$ z examples = sub/ances1 & qualities only = qualities4 ,y\r own ,strakra adduces a quality z furni%+ a p>allel case = a sub/ance 7,vai_/s_/4 ,st4 ,,iv1 #b1 #b1 ',on acc\nt ( ! conjunction ( ?+s p]ceptible & ?+s imp]ceptible be+ imp]ceptible ! body is n compos$ ( five elem5ts'74 ,j z ! conjunction :i* inh]es 9 ! p]ceptible e>? & ! imp]ceptible e!r is n p]ceptible1 ! body also1 if x _h = its inh]5t cause ! five elem5ts :i* are "p ( !m p]ceptible1 "p ( !m imp]ceptible1 w\ld itself be imp]ceptible2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is p]ceptible2 h5ce x is n compos$ ( ! five elem5ts4 ,"h conjunction is a quality & ! body a sub/ance4--,! orig9 ( effects diff]5t 9 nature 7f ! cause7 has1 moreov]1 be5 already treat$ ( "u ,,ii1 #a2 #f4--,well !n1 ?is be+ s1 ! matt] has be5 settl$ !re already 7:y !n is x aga9 discuss$ "h87-,because1 we reply1 !re we argu$ aga9/ ! ,snkhya1 & at pres5t we h to d ) ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika4--,b1 already once1 be=e 7,,ii1 #a1 #c7 a l9e ( argum5t equally applicable to a second case 0 simply decl>$ to ext5d to ! latt] also2 7:y !n d y n simply /ate n[ t ! argum5ts us$ to defeat ! ,snkhya are equally valid aga9/ ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika87--,because "h1 we reply1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! exam9ation ( ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika sy/em we pref] to discuss ! po9t ) argum5ts specially adapt$ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas4 #ab4 ,9 bo? cases also 79 ! cases ( ! ad_/ri_/%_/t_/a inh]+ ei!r 9 ! atoms or ! s\l7 action 7( ! atoms7 is n 7possible72 h5ce abs5ce ( t 7viz4 creation & pralaya74 ,! ,strakra n[ proce$s to refute ! doctr9e ( atoms be+ ! cause ( ! _w4--,?is doctr9e arises 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,we see t all ord9>y sub/ances :i* consi/ ( p>ts z1 = in/ance1 pieces ( clo? orig9ate f ! sub/ances connect$ ) !m by ! relation ( inh]5ce1 z = in/ance ?reads1 conjunction co-op]at+ 7) ! p>ts to =m ! :ole74 ,we !nce draw ! g5]al conclusion t :atev] consi/s ( p>ts has orig9at$ f ^? sub/ances ) :i* x is connect$ by ! relation ( inh]5ce1 conjunction coop]at+4 ,t ?+ n[ at :i* ! di/9ction ( :ole & p>ts /ops & :i* m>ks ! limit ( division into m9ut] p>ts is ! atom4--,?is :ole _w1 ) its m\nta9s1 oceans1 & s on1 is compos$ ( p>ts2 because x is compos$ ( p>ts x has a beg9n+ & an end#cfj2 an effect may n be assum$ )\t a cause2 !re=e ! atoms are ! cause ( ! _w4 ,su* is ,ka_/n_/da's doctr9e4--,z we obs]ve f\r elem5t>y sub/ances consi/+ ( p>ts1 viz4 e>?1 wat]1 fire1 & air 7w9d71 we h to assume f\r diff]5t k9ds ( atoms4 ,^! atoms m>k+ ! limit ( subdivision into m9ut] p>ts _c be divid$ !mselves2 h5ce :5 ! elem5ts are de/roy$ !y c be divid$ d[n to atoms only2 ?is /ate ( atomic division ( ! elem5ts con/itutes ! pralaya 7! p]iodical de/ruction ( ! _w74 ,aft] t :5 ! "t = creation comes1 motion 7k>man7 spr+s up 9 ! a]ial atoms4 ,?is motion :i* is due to ! unse5 pr9ciple#cfa jo9s ! atom 9 :i* x resides to ano!r atom2 ?us b9>y comp\nds1 c4 are produc$1 & f9ally ! elem5t ( air4 ,9 a l mann] are produc$ fire1 wat]1 e>?1 ! body ) its organs4 ,?us ! :ole _w orig9ates f atoms4 ,f ! qualities inh]+ 9 ! atoms ! qualities belong+ to ! b9>y comp\nds are produc$1 j z ! qualities ( ! clo? result f ! qualities ( ! ?reads4--,su*1 9 %ort1 is ! tea*+ ( ! foll[]s ( ,ka_/n_/da4 ,?is doctr9e we controv]t 9 ! foll[+ mann]4--,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! atoms :5 !y are 9 a /ate ( isolation require action 7motion7 to br+ ab\t _! conjunction2 = we obs]ve t ! conjunction ( ?reads & ! l is effect$ by action4 ,action aga91 :i* is itself an effect1 requires "s op]ative cause by :i* x is br\ght ab\t2 = unless "s su* cause exi/s1 no orig9al motion c take place 9 ! atoms4 ,if1 !n1 "s op]ative cause is assum$1 we may1 9 ! fir/ place1 assume "s cause analog\s to se5 causes1 su* z endeav\r or impact4 ,b 9 t case orig9al motion c\ld n occur at all 9 ! atoms1 s9ce causes ( t k9d are1 at ! "t1 impossible4 ,= 9 ! pralaya /ate endeav\r1 :i* is a quality ( ! s\l1 _c take place because no body exi/s !n4 ,= ! quality ( ! s\l call$ endeav\r orig9ates :5 ! s\l is connect$ ) ! int]nal organ :i* abides 9 ! body4 ,! same reason precludes ! assumption ( o!r se5 causes su* z impact & ! l4 ,= !y all are possible only aft] ! creation ( ! _w has tak5 place1 & _c !re=e be ! causes ( ! orig9al action 7by :i* ! _w is produc$74--,if1 9 ! second place1 ! unse5 pr9ciple is assum$ z ! cause ( ! orig9al motion ( ! atoms1 we ask3 ,is ?is unse5 pr9ciple to be consid]$ z inh]+ 9 ! s\l or 9 ! atom8 ,9 bo? cases x _c be ! cause ( motion 9 ! atoms1 because x is non-intellig5t4 ,=1 z we h %[n above 9 our exam9ation ( ! ,snkhya sy/em1 a non-intellig5t ?+ :i* is n direct$ by an intellig5t pr9ciple _c ( itself ei!r act or be ! cause ( action1 & ! s\l _c be ! guid+ pr9ciple ( ! ad_/ri_/%_/t_/a because at ! "t ( pralaya its intellig5ce has n yet aris5#cfb4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! unse5 pr9ciple is suppos$ to inh]e 9 ! s\l1 x _c be ! cause ( motion 9 ! atoms1 because !re exi/s no connexion ( x ) ! latt]4 ,if y say t ! s\l 9 :i* ! unse5 pr9ciple inh]es is connect$ ) ! atoms1 !n !re w\ld result1 f ! cont9uity ( connexion#cfc1 cont9uity ( action1 z !re is no o!r re/rict+ pr9ciple4--,h5ce1 !re be+ no def9ite cause ( action1 orig9al action _c take place 9 ! atoms2 !re be+ no action1 conjunction ( ! atoms :i* dep5ds on action _c take place2 !re be+ no conjunction1 all ! effects dep5d+ on x1 viz4 ! =mation ( b9>y atomic comp\nds1 c41 _c orig9ate4 ,h[1 moreov]1 is ! conjunction ( "o atom ) ano!r to be imag9$8 ,is x to be total int]p5etration ( ! two or p>tial conjunction8 ,if ! =m]1 !n no increase ( bulk c\ld take place1 & consequ5tly atomic size only w\ld exi/2 moreov]1 x w\ld be contr>y to :at is obs]v$1 z we see t conjunction takes place betwe5 sub/ances hav+ p>ts 7prade_/s_/a74 ,if ! latt]1 x w\ld foll[ t ! atoms are compos$ ( p>ts4--,let !n ! atoms be imag9$ to consi/ ( p>ts4--,if s1 imag9$ ?+s be+ unreal1 ! conjunction also ( ! atoms w\ld be unreal & ?us c\ld n be ! non-inh]5t cause ( real ?+s4 ,& )\t non-inh]5t causes effect$ sub/ances su* z b9>y comp\nds1 c4 c\ld n orig9ate4 ,& j z at ! "t ( ! fir/ creation motion ( ! atoms lead+ to _! conjunction c\ld n take place1 !re be+ no cause ( su* motion2 ?us at ! "t ( a g5]al pralaya also no action c\ld take place lead+ to _! sep>ation1 s9ce = t occurr5ce also no def9ite se5 cause c\ld be alleg$4 ,nor c\ld ! unse5 pr9ciple be adduc$ z ! cause1 s9ce its purport is to effect enjoym5t 7( rew>d & puni%m5t on ! "p ( ! s\l71 n to br+ ab\t ! pralaya4 ,!re be+ !n no possibility ( action to effect ei!r ! conjunction or ! sep>ation ( ! atoms1 nei!r conjunction nor sep>ation w\ld actually take place1 & h5ce nei!r creation nor pralaya ( ! _w4--,= ^! reasons ! doctr9e ( ! atoms be+ ! cause ( ! _w mu/ be reject$4 #ac4 ,& because 9 consequ5ce ( samavya be+ admitt$ a regressus 9 inf9itum results f p>ity ( reason+4 ,y 7! ,vai_/s_/e%ika7 admit t a b9>y comp\nd :i* orig9ates f two atoms1 :ile absolutely diff]5t f !m1 is connect$ ) !m by ! relation ( inh]5ce2 b on t assumption ! doctr9e ( ! atoms be+ ! g5]al cause _c be e/abli%$1 'because p>ity involves "h a retrogressus ad inf9itum4' ,= j z a b9>y comp\nd :i* is absolutely diff]5t f ! two con/itu5t atoms is connect$ ) !m by means ( ! relation ( inh]5ce 7samavya71 s ! relation ( inh]5ce itself be+ absolutely diff]5t f ! two ?+s :i* x connects1 requires ano!r relation ( inh]5ce to connect x ) !m1 !re be+ absolute diff]5ce 9 bo? cases4 ,= ?is second relation ( inh]5ce aga91 a ?ird relation ( inh]5ce w\ld h to be assum$ & s on ad inf9itum4--,b--! ,vai_/s_/e%ika is suppos$ to reply--we are consci\s ( ! s-call$ samavya relation z et]nally connect$ ) ! ?+s betwe5 :i* x exi/s1 n z ei!r non-connect$ ) !m or z dep5d+ on ano!r connexion2 we are !re=e n oblig$ to assume ano!r connexion1 & aga9 ano!r1 & s on1 & ?us to all[ ourselves to be driv5 into a regressus 9 inf9itum4--,y\r def5ce is unavail+1 we reply1 = x w\ld involve ! admission t conjunction 7sa_/m_/yoga7 also z be+ et]nally connect$ ) ! ?+s :i* x jo9s does1 l samavya1 n require ano!r connexion#cfd4 ,if y say t conjunction does require ano!r connexion because x is a diff]5t ?+#cfe we reply t !n samavya also requires ano!r connexion because x is likewise a diff]5t ?+4 ,nor c y say t conjunction does require ano!r connexion because x is a quality 7gu_/n_/a71 & samavya does n because x is n a quality2 = 79 spite ( ?is diff]5ce7 ! reason = ano!r connexion be+ requir$ is ! same 9 bo? cases#cff1 & n t :i* is te*nically call$ 'quality' is ! cause 7( ano!r connexion be+ requir$7#cfg4--;,= ^! reasons ^? :o ackn[l$ge samavya to be a sep>ate exi/5ce are driv5 into a regressus 9 inf9itum1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! impossibility ( "o t]m involv+ ! impossibility ( ! entire s]ies1 n ev5 ! orig9ation ( a b9>y comp\nd f two atoms c be acc\nt$ =4--,= ?is reason also ! atomic doctr9e is inadmissible4 #ad4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! p]man5t exi/5ce 7( activity or non-activity74 ,moreov]1 ! atoms w\ld h to be assum$ z ei!r ess5tially active 7mov+7 or ess5tially non-active1 or bo? or nei!r2 !re be+ no fif? alt]native4 ,b none ( ! f\r alt]natives /at$ is possible4 ,if !y 7 ess5tially active1 _! activity w\ld be p]man5t s t no pralaya c\ld take place4 ,if !y 7 ess5tially non-active1 _! non-activity w\ld be p]man5t1 & no creation c\ld take place4 ,_! be+ bo? is impossible because self-contradictory4 ,if !y 7 nei!r1 _! activity & non-activity w\ld h to dep5d on an op]ative cause1 & !n ! op]ative causes su* z ! ad_/ri_/%_/t_/a be+ 9 p]man5t proximity to ! atoms1 p]man5t activity w\ld result2 or else ! ad_/ri_/%_/t_/a & s on n be+ tak5 z op]ative causes1 ! consequ5ce w\ld be p]man5t non-activity on ! "p ( ! atoms4--,= ?is reason also ! atomic doctr9e is unt5able4 #ae4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! atoms hav+ col\r1 c41 ! rev]se 7( ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika t5et w\ld take place72 z ?us x is obs]v$4 ,let u suppose1 ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas say1 all sub/ances compos$ ( p>ts to be dis9tegrat$ into _! p>ts2 a limit w f9ally be rea*$ beyond :i* ! process ( dis9tegration _c be cont9u$4 ,:at con/itutes t limit are ! atoms1 :i* are et]nal 7p]man5t71 belong to f\r diff]5t classes1 possess ! qualities ( col\r1 c41 & are ! orig9at+ pr9ciples ( ?is :ole mat]ial _w ) its col\r1 =m1 & o!r qualities4 ,?is fundam5tal assumption ( ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas we decl>e to be gr\ndless because f ! circum/ance ( ! atoms hav+ col\r & o!r qualities !re w\ld foll[ ! contr>y ( atomic m9ut5ess & p]man5cy1 i4e4 x w\ld foll[ t1 comp>$ to ! ultimate cause1 !y are gross & non-p]man5t4 ,= ord9>y exp]i5ce tea*es t :atev] ?+s possess col\r & o!r qualities are1 comp>$ to _! cause1 gross & non-p]man5t4 ,a piece ( clo?1 = in/ance1 is gross comp>$ to ! ?reads ( :i* x consi/s1 & non p]man5t2 & ! ?reads aga9 are non-p]man5t & gross comp>$ to ! filam5ts ( :i* !y are made up4 ,!re=e ! atoms also :i* ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas admit to h col\r1 c4 mu/ h causes comp>$ to :i* !y are gross & non-p]man5t4 ,h5ce t reason also :i* ,ka_/n_/da gives = ! p]man5ce ( ! atoms 7,,iv1 #a1 #a1 't :i* exi/s )\t hav+ a cause is p]man5t'7 does n apply at all to ! atoms because1 z we h %[n j n[1 ! atoms are to be consid]$ z hav+ a cause4--,! second reason also :i* ,ka_/n_/da br+s =w>d = ! p]man5cy ( ! atoms1 viz4 9 ,,iv1 #a1 #d1 '! special negation impli$ 9 ! t]m non-et]nal w\ld n be possible#cfh' 7if !re did n exi/ some?+ et]nal1 viz4 ! atoms71 does n necess>ily prove ! p]man5cy ( ! atoms2 = suppos+ t !re exi/s n any p]man5t ?+1 ! =mation ( a negative comp\nd su* z 'non-et]nal' is impossible4 ,nor does ! exi/5ce ( ! ^w 'non-p]man5t' absolutely presuppose ! p]man5cy ( atoms2 = !re exi/s 7z we ,v$nt9s ma9ta97 ano!r p]man5t ultimate ,cause1 viz4 ,brahman4 ,nor c ! exi/5ce ( any?+ be e/abli%$ m]ely on ! gr\nd ( a ^w commonly be+ us$ 9 t s5se1 s9ce !re is room = common use only if ^w & matt] are well-e/abli%$ by "s o!r means ( "r k4--,! ?ird reason also giv5 9 ! ,vai_/s_/4 ,stras 7,,iv1 #a1 #e7 = ! p]man5cy ( ! atoms 7'& ,nesci5ce'7 is unavail+4 ,= if we expla9 t ,stra to mean '! non-p]ception ( ^? actually exi/+ causes ^: effects are se5 is ,nesci5ce1' x w\ld foll[ t ! b9>y atomic comp\nds also are p]man5t#cfi4 ,& if we tri$ to escape f t difficulty by includ+ 79 ! explanation ( ! ,stra z giv5 above7 ! qualification '!re be+ abs5ce ( 7orig9at+7 sub/ances1' !n no?+ else b ! abs5ce ( a cause w\ld furni% ! reason = ! p]man5cy ( ! atoms1 & z t reason _h already be5 m5tion$ be=e 79 ,,iv1 #a1 #a7 ! ,stra ,,iv1 #a1 #e w\ld be a useless re/atem5t4--,well1 !n 7! ,vai_/s_/e%ika might say71 let u und]/& by ',nesci5ce' 79 ! ,stra7 ! impossibility ( conceiv+ a ?ird reason ( ! de/ruction 7( effects71 9 addition to ! division ( ! causal sub/ance into its p>ts1 & ! de/ruction ( ! causal sub/ance2 :i* impossibility involves ! p]man5cy ( ! atoms#cgj4--,!re is no necessity1 we reply1 = assum+ t a ?+ :5 p]i%+ mu/ p]i% on acc\nt ( ei!r ( ^? two reasons4 ,t assumption w\ld inde$ h to be made if x 7 g5]ally admitt$ t a new sub/ance is produc$ only by ! conjunction ( sev]al causal sub/ances4 ,b if x is admitt$ t a causal sub/ance may orig9ate a new sub/ance by pass+ ov] into a qualifi$ /ate aft] hav+ previ\sly exi/$ free f qualifications1 9 its pure g5]ality1 x foll[s t ! effect$ sub/ance may be de/roy$ by its solidity be+ dissolv$1 j z ! h>dness ( ghee is dissolv$ by ! action ( fire#cga4--,?us !re w\ld result1 f ! circum/ance ( ! atoms hav+ col\r1 c41 ! opposite ( :at ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas mean4 ,= ?is reason also ! atomic doctr9e _c be ma9ta9$4 #af4 ,& z !re are difficulties 9 bo? cases4 ,e>? has ! qualities ( smell1 ta/e1 col\r1 & t\*1 & is gross2 wat] has col\r1 ta/e1 & t\*1 & is f9e2 fire has col\r & t\*1 & is f9] yet2 air is f9e/ ( all1 & has ! quality ( t\* only4 ,! "q n[ arises :e!r ! atoms con/itut+ ! f\r elem5ts are to be assum$ to possess ! same great] or small] numb] ( qualities z ! respective elem5ts4--,ei!r assumption leads to unacceptable consequ5ces4 ,= if we assume t "s k9ds ( atoms h m num]\s qualities1 x foll[s t _! solid size 7mrti7 w be increas$ !reby1 & t implies _! be+ atoms no long]4 ,t an increase ( qualities _c take place )\t a simultane\s increase ( size we inf] f our obs]vations conc]n+ effect$ mat]ial bodies4--,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we assume1 9 ord] to save ! equality ( atoms ( all k9ds1 t !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( _! qualities1 we mu/ ei!r suppose t !y h all "o quality only2 b 9 t case we %\ld n p]ceive t\* 9 fire nor col\r & t\* 9 wat]1 nor ta/e1 col\r1 & t\* 9 e>?1 s9ce ! qualities ( ! effects h = _! antec$5ts ! qualities ( ! causes4 ,or else we mu/ suppose all atoms to h all ! f\r qualities2 b 9 t case we %\ld necess>ily p]ceive :at we actually d n p]ceive1 viz4 smell 9 wat]1 smell & ta/e 9 fire1 smell1 ta/e1 & col\r 9 air4--,h5ce on ?is acc\nt also ! atomic doctr9e %[s itself to be unacceptable4 #ag4 ,& z ! 7atomic !ory7 is n accept$ 7by any au?oritative p]sons7 x is to be disreg>d$ altoge!r4 ,:ile ! !ory ( ! pradhna be+ ! cause ( ! _w has be5 accept$ by "s adh]5ts ( ! ,v$a--z1 = in/ance1 ,manu--) a view to ! doctr9es ( ! effect exi/+ 9 ! cause already1 & s on1 ! atomic doctr9e has n be5 accept$ by any p]sons ( au?ority 9 any ( its p>ts1 & !re=e is to be disreg>d$ entirely by all ^? :o take _! /& on ! ,v$a4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 o!r objections to ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika doctr9e4--,! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas assume six categories1 :i* con/itute ! subject-matt] ( _! sy/em1 viz4 sub/ance1 quality1 action1 g5]ality1 p>ticul>ity1 & inh]5ce4 ,^! six categories !y ma9ta9 to be absolutely diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & to h diff]5t *>act]i/ics2 j z a man1 a horse1 a h>e diff] f "o ano!r4 ,side by side ) ?is assumption !y make ano!r :i* contradicts ! =m] "o1 viz4 t quality1 action1 c4 h ! attribute ( dep5d+ on sub/ance4 ,b t is altoge!r inappropriate2 = j z ord9>y ?+s1 su* z animals1 grass1 trees1 & ! l1 be+ absolutely diff]5t f ea* o!r d n dep5d on ea* o!r1 s ! qualities1 c4 also be+ absolutely diff]5t f sub/ance1 _c dep5d on ! latt]4 ,or else let ! qualities1 c4 dep5d on sub/ance2 !n x foll[s t1 z !y are pres5t :]e sub/ance is pres5t1 & abs5t :]e x is abs5t1 sub/ance only exi/s1 &1 accord+ to its v>i\s =ms1 becomes ! object ( diff]5t t]ms & conceptions 7su* z quality1 action1 c472 j z ,devadatta1 = in/ance1 accord+ to ! conditions 9 :i* he f9ds himself is ! object ( v>i\s conceptions & names4 ,b ?is latt] alt]native w\ld involve ! acceptation ( ! ,snkhya doctr9e#cgb & ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika /&po9t4--,b 7! ,vai_/s_/e%ika may say7 smoke also is diff]5t f fire & yet x is dep5d5t on x4--,true1 we reply2 b we asc]ta9 ! diff]5ce ( smoke & fire f ! fact ( _! be+ app]ceiv$ 9 sep>ation4 ,sub/ance & quality1 on ! o!r h&1 are n s app]ceiv$2 = :5 we are consci\s ( a :ite blanket1 or a r$ c[1 or a blue lotus1 ! sub/ance is 9 ea* case cognis$ by means ( ! quality2 ! latt] !re=e has its ,self 9 ! sub/ance4 ,! same reason+ applies to action1 g5]ality1 p>ticul>ity1 & inh]5ce4 ,if y 7! ,vai_/s_/e%ika7 say t qualities1 actions1 c4 7al?\gh n non-diff]5t f sub/ances7 may yet dep5d on ! latt] because sub/ances & qualities /& 9 ! relation ( "o n be+ able to exi/ )\t ! o!r 7ayutasiddhi#cgc72 we po9t out t ?+s :i* are ayutasiddha mu/ ei!r be non-sep>ate 9 place1 or non-sep>ate 9 "t1 or non-sep>ate 9 nature1 & t none ( ^! alt]natives agrees ) ,vai_/s_/e%ika pr9ciples4 ,= ! fir/ alt]native contradicts y\r own assumptions accord+ to :i* ! clo? orig9at+ f ! ?reads occupies ! place ( ! ?reads only1 n t ( ! clo?1 :ile ! qualities ( ! clo?1 su* z its :ite col\r1 occupy ! place ( ! clo? only1 n t ( ! ?reads4 ,s ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika-stras say 7,i1 #a1 #aj71 ',sub/ances orig9ate ano!r sub/ance & qualities ano!r quality4' ,! ?reads :i* con/itute ! causal sub/ance orig9ate ! effect$ sub/ance1 viz4 ! clo?1 & ! qualities ( ! ?reads1 su* z :ite col\r1 c41 produce 9 ! clo? new correspond+ qualities4 ,b ?is doctr9e is cle>ly contradict$ by ! assumption ( sub/ance & quality be+ non-sep>ate 9 place4--,if1 9 ! second place1 y expla9 ayutasiddhatva z non-sep>ation 9 "t1 x foll[s also t1 = in/ance1 ! "r & ! left horn ( a c[ w\ld be ayutasiddha4--,& if1 f9ally1 y expla9 x to mean 'non-sep>ation 9 "*1' x is impossible to make any fur!r di/9ction betwe5 ! sub/ance & ! quality1 z !n quality is conceiv$ z be+ id5tical ) sub/ance4 ,moreov]1 ! di/9ction :i* ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas make betwe5 conjunction 7sa_/m_/yoga7 z be+ ! connexion ( ?+s :i* c exi/ sep>ately1 & inh]5ce 7samavya7 z be+ ! connexion ( ?+s :i* are incapable ( sep>ate exi/5ce is futile1 s9ce ! cause :i* exi/s be=e ! effect#cgd _c be said to be incapable ( sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,p]haps ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika w say t 8 def9ition ref]s to "o ( ! two t]ms only1 s t samavya is ! connexion1 ) ! cause1 ( ! effect :i* is incapable ( sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,b ?is also is ( no avail2 = z a connexion requires two t]ms1 ! effect z long z x has n yet ent]$ into be+ _c be connect$ ) ! cause4 ,& x w\ld be equally unavail+ to say t ! effect ent]s into ! connexion aft] x has begun to exi/2 = if ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika admits t ! effect may exi/ previ\s to its connexion ) ! cause1 x is no long] ayutasiddha 7incapable ( sep>ate exi/5ce71 & !reby ! pr9ciple t betwe5 effect & cause conjunction & disjunction d n take place is violat$4#cge ,&#cgf j z conjunction1 & n samavya1 is ! connexion 9 :i* e effect$ sub/ance z soon z x has be5 produc$ /&s ) ! all-p]vad+ sub/ances z e!r1 c4--al?\gh no motion has tak5 place on ! "p ( ! effect$ sub/ance--s also ! connexion ( ! effect ) ! cause w be conjunction m]ely1 n samavya4 ,nor is !re any pro( = ! exi/5ce ( any connexion1 samavya or sa_/m_/yoga1 ap>t f ! ?+s :i* x connects4 ,if x %\ld be ma9ta9$ t sa_/m_/yoga & samavya h su* an exi/5ce because we obs]ve t !re are names & ideas ( !m 9 addition to ! names & ideas ( ! ?+s connect$1 we po9t out t "o & ! same ?+ may be ! subject ( sev]al names & ideas if x is consid]$ 9 its relations to :at lies )\t x4 ,devadatta al?\gh be+ "o only =ms ! object ( _m diff]5t names & notions accord+ z he is consid]$ 9 himself or 9 8 relations to o!rs2 ?us he is ?\ght & spok5 ( z man1 ,brhma_/n_/a le>n$ 9 ! ,v$a1 g5]\s1 boy1 "y man1 fa!r1 gr&son1 bro!r1 son-9-law1 c4 ,s1 aga91 "o & ! same /roke is1 accord+ to ! place x is connect$ )1 spok5 ( & conceiv$ z mean+ ei!r t51 or hundr$1 or ?\s&1 c4 ,analog\sly1 two connect$ ?+s are n only conceiv$ & d5ot$ z connect$ ?+s1 b 9 addition con/itute ! object ( ! ideas & t]ms 'conjunction' or 'inh]5ce' :i* h[ev] d n prove !mselves to be sep>ate entities4--,?+s /&+ ?us1 ! non-exi/5ce ( sep>ate entities 7conjunction1 c471 :i* entities w\ld h to be e/abli%$ on ! gr\nd ( p]ception1 foll[s f ! fact ( _! non-p]ception4--,nor1 aga9#cgg1 does ! circum/ance ( ! ^w & idea ( connexion hav+ = its object ! ?+s connect$ involve ! connexion's p]man5t exi/5ce1 s9ce we h already %[n above t "o ?+ may1 on acc\nt ( its relations to o!r ?+s1 be conceiv$ & d5ot$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,fur!r#cgh1 conjunction _c take place betwe5 ! atoms1 ! s\l1 & ! int]nal organ1 because !y h no p>ts2 = we obs]ve t conjunction takes place only ( su* sub/ances z consi/ ( p>ts4 ,if ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika %\ld say t p>ts ( ! atoms1 s\l & m9d may be assum$ 79 ord] to expla9 _! alleg$ conjunction71 we rem>k t ! assumption ( actually non-exi/+ ?+s w\ld involve ! result t any?+ might be e/abli%$2 = !re is no re/rictive rule t only su* & su* non-exi/+ ?+s--:e!r contradictory to reason or n--%\ld be assum$ & n any o!r1 & assumptions dep5d on "o's *oice only & may be c>ri$ to any ext5t4 ,if we once all[ assumptions1 !re is no reason :y !re %\ld n be assum$ a fur!r hundr$ or ?\s& ?+s1 9 addition to ! six categories assum$ by ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas4 ,anybody might !n assume any?+1 & we c\ld nei!r /op a compassionate man f assum+ t ?is transmigratory _w :i* is ! cause ( s mu* mis]y to liv+ be+s is n to be1 nor a malici\s man f assum+ t ev5 ! releas$ s\ls are to ent] on a new cycle ( exi/5ces4 ,fur!r1 x is n possible t a b9>y atomic comp\nd1 :i* consi/s ( p>ts1 %\ld be connect$ ) ! simple indivisible atoms by an intimate connexion 7sa_/ms_/le%a7 any m ?an !y c ?us be connect$ ) e!r2 = betwe5 e!r & e>?1 c4 !re does n exi/ t k9d ( intimate connexion :i* exi/s1 = in/ance1 betwe5 wood & v>ni%#cgi4 ,let x !n be said 7! ,vai_/s_/e%ika resumes7 t ! samavya relation mu/ be assum$1 because o!rwise ! relation ( t :i* abides & t :i* =ms ! abode--:i* relation actually exi/s betwe5 ! effect$ sub/ance & ! causal sub/ance--is n possible4--,t w\ld1 we reply1 involve ! vice ( mutual dep5d5ce2 = only :5 ! sep>at5ess ( cause & effect is e/abli%$1 ! relation ( ! abode & t :i* abides c be e/abli%$2 & only :5 ! latt] relation is e/abli%$1 ! relation ( sep>at5ess c be e/abli%$4 ,= ! ,v$nt9s ackn[l$ge nei!r ! sep>at5ess ( cause & effect1 nor _! /&+ to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( abode & ?+ abid+1 s9ce accord+ to _! doctr9e ! effect is only a c]ta9 /ate ( ! cause#chj4--,moreov]1 z ! atoms are limit$ 7n ( inf9ite ext5sion71 !y mu/ 9 reality consi/ ( z _m p>ts z we ackn[l$ge regions ( space#cha1 :e!r ^? be six or eight or t51 & consequ5tly !y _c be p]man5t2 conclusions contr>y to ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika doctr9e ( ! indivisibility & p]man5cy ( ! atoms4--,if ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika replies t ^? v p>ts :i* are ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( ! diff]5t regions ( space are 8 7inde/ructible7 atoms2 we d5y t because all ?+s :atev]1 =m+ a s]ies ( sub/ances ( ev]-increas+ m9ut5ess1 are capable ( dissolution1 until ! highe/ cause 7,brahman7 is rea*$4 ,e>?--:i* is1 9 comp>ison ) a b9>y comp\nd1 ! grosse/ ?+ ( all--und]goes decomposition2 s d ! sub/ances foll[+ next :i* belong to ! same class z e>?2 s does ! b9>y comp\nd2 & s does1 f9ally1 ! atom :i* 7al?\gh ! m9ute/ ?+ ( all7 /ill belongs to ! same g5]al class 7i4e4 matt]7 ) e>?1 c4 ,! objection 7:i* ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika might possibly raise "h aga97 t ?+s c be decompos$ only by ! sep>ation ( _! p>ts#chb1 we h already dispos$ ( above1 :]e we po9t$ out t decomposition may take place 9 a mann] analog\s to ! melt+ ( ghee4 ,j z ! h>dness ( ghee1 gold1 & ! l1 is de/roy$ 9 consequ5ce ( ^? sub/ances be+ r5d]$ liquid by _! contact ) fire1 no sep>ation ( ! p>ts tak+ place all ! :ile2 s ! solid %ape ( ! atoms also may be decompos$ by _! pass+ back into ! indiff]5c$ condition ( ! highe/ cause4 ,9 ! same way ! orig9ation ( effects also is br\ght ab\t n m]ely 9 ! way ( conjunction ( p>ts2 = we see t milk1 = in/ance1 & wat] orig9ate effects su* z s\r milk & ice )\t !re tak+ place any conjunction ( p>ts4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! atomic doctr9e is support$ by v weak argum5ts only1 is oppos$ to ^? scriptural passages :i* decl>e ! ,"l to be ! g5]al cause1 & is n accept$ by any ( ! au?orities tak+ _! /& on ,scripture1 su* z ,manu & o!rs4 ,h5ce x is to be altoge!r disreg>d$ by highm9d$ m5 :o h a reg>d = _! own spiritual welf>e4 #ah4 7,if !re be assum$7 ! 7dyad (7 aggregates ) its two causes1 7!re takes place7 non-e/abli%m5t ( ^? 7two aggregates74 ,! reasons on acc\nt ( :i* ! doctr9e ( ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas _c be accept$ h be5 /at$ above4 ,t doctr9e may be call$ semi-de/ructive 7or semi-nihili/ic#chc74 ,t ! m ?or\gh doctr9e :i* tea*es univ]sal non-p]man5cy is ev5 less wor?y ( be+ tak5 into consid]ation1 we n[ proce$ to %[4 ,t doctr9e is pres5t$ 9 a v>iety ( =ms1 due ei!r to ! diff]5ce ( ! views 7ma9ta9$ by ,buddha at diff]5t times71 or else to ! diff]5ce ( capacity on ! "p ( ! disciples 7( ,buddha74 ,?ree pr9cipal op9ions may1 h[ev]1 be di/+ui%$2 ! op9ion ( ^? :o ma9ta9 ! reality ( ev]y?+ 7,reali/s1 s>v/itvavd972 ! op9ion ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t ?\ght only is real 7,ideali/s1 vij_/_/navd972 & ! op9ion ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t ev]y?+ is void 7unreal2 ,nihili/s1 _/s_/nyavd9#chd74--,we fir/ controv]t ^? :o ma9ta9 t ev]y?+1 ext]nal z well z int]nal1 is real4 ,:at is ext]nal is ei!r elem5t 7bhta7 or elem5t>y 7bhautika72 :at is int]nal is ei!r m9d 7_/k_/itta7 or m5tal 7_/k_/aitta74 ,! elem5ts are e>?1 wat]1 & s on2 elem5tal are col\r1 c4 on ! "o h&1 & ! eye & ! o!r s5se-organs on ! o!r h&4 ,e>? & ! o!r ?ree elem5ts arise f ! aggregation ( ! f\r diff]5t k9ds ( atoms2 ! atoms ( e>? be+ h>d1 ^? ( wat] viscid1 ^? ( fire hot1 ^? ( air mobile43--,! inw>d _w consi/s ( ! five s-call$ 'gr\ps' 7sk&ha71 ! gr\p ( s5sation 7rpask&ha71 ! gr\p ( k 7vij_/_/nask&ha71 ! gr\p ( feel+ 7v$ansk&ha71 ! gr\p ( v]bal k 7samj_/_/sk&ha71 & ! gr\p ( impressions 7sa_/m_/skrask&ha7#che2 :i* tak5 toge!r con/itute ! basis ( all p]sonal exi/5ce#chf4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is doctr9e we make ! foll[+ rem>ks4--,^? two aggregates1 con/itut+ two diff]5t classes1 & hav+ two diff]5t causes :i* ! ,bauddhas assume1 viz4 ! aggregate ( ! elem5ts & elem5t>y ?+s ^: cause ! atoms are1 & ! aggregate ( ! five sk&has ^: cause ! sk&has are1 _c1 on ,bauddha pr9ciples1 be e/abli%$1 i4e4 x _c be expla9$ h[ ! aggregates are br\ght ab\t4 ,= ! p>ts con/itut+ ! 7mat]ial7 aggregates are devoid ( intellig5ce1 & ! k9dl+ 7abhijvalana7 ( intellig5ce dep5ds on an aggregate ( atoms hav+ be5 br\ght ab\t previ\sly#chg4 ,& ! ,bauddhas d n admit any o!r p]man5t intellig5t be+1 su* z ei!r an enjoy+ s\l or a rul+ ,"l1 :i* c\ld effect ! aggregation ( ! atoms4 ,nor c ! atoms & sk&has be assum$ to ent] on activity on _! own acc\nt2 = t w\ld imply _! nev] ceas+ to be active#chh4 ,nor c ! cause ( aggregation be look$ = 9 ! s-call$ abode 7i4e4 ! layavij_/_/na-pravha1 ! tra9 ( self-cognitions72 = ! latt] mu/ be describ$ ei!r z diff]5t f ! s+le cognitions or z n diff]5t f !m4 7,9 ! =m] case x is ei!r p]man5t1 & !n x is no?+ else b ! p]man5t s\l ( ! ,v$nt9s2 or non-p]man5t27 !n be+ admitt$ to be mom5t>y m]ely1 x _c ex]cise any influ5ce & _c !re=e be ! cause ( ! motion ( ! atoms#chi4 7,& 9 ! latt] case we are n fur!r advanc$ ?an be=e47--,= all ^! reasons ! =mation ( aggregates _c be acc\nt$ =4 ,b )\t aggregates !re w\ld be an end ( ! /ream ( mundane exi/5ce :i* presupposes ^? aggregates4 #ai4 ,if x be said t 7! =mation ( aggregates may be expla9$7 ?r\gh 7,nesci5ce1 c47 /&+ 9 ! relation ( mutual causality2 we say ',no1' because !y m]ely are ! effici5t causes ( ! orig9 7( ! imm$iately subsequ5t l9ks74 ,al?\gh !re exi/s no p]man5t intellig5t pr9ciple ( ! nature ei!r ( a rul+ ,"l or an enjoy+ s\l1 "u ^: influ5ce ! =mation ( aggregates c\ld take place1 yet ! c\rse ( mundane exi/5ce is r5d]$ possible ?r\gh ! mutual causality#cij ( ,nesci5ce & s on1 s t we ne$ n look = any o!r comb9+ pr9ciple4 ,! s]ies beg9n+ ) ,nesci5ce comprises ! foll[+ memb]s3 ,nesci5ce1 impression1 k1 "n & =m1 ! abode ( ! six1 t\*1 feel+1 desire1 activity1 bir?1 species1 decay1 dea?1 grief1 lam5tation1 pa91 m5tal affliction1 & ! l#cia4 ,all ^! t]ms con/itute a *a9 ( causes & are z su* spok5 ( 9 ! ,bauddha sy/em1 sometimes cursorily1 sometimes at l5g?4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 all ackn[l$g$ z exi/+1 n by ! ,bauddhas only1 b by ! foll[]s ( all sy/ems4 ,& z ! cycles ( ,nesci5ce1 c4 =m+ un9t]rupt$ *a9s ( causes & effects revolve unceas+ly l wat]-:eels1 ! exi/5ce ( ! aggregates 7:i* con/itute bodies & m9ds7 mu/ ne$s be assum$1 z )\t su* ,nesci5ce & s on c\ld n take place4 ,?is argum5tation ( ! ,bauddha we are unable to accept1 because x m]ely assigns effici5t causes = ! orig9ation ( ! memb]s ( ! s]ies1 b does n intimate an effici5t cause = ! =mation ( ! aggregates4 ,if ! ,bauddha rem9ds u ( ! /atem5t made above t ! exi/5ce ( aggregates mu/ ne$s be inf]r$ f ! exi/5ce ( ,nesci5ce & s on1 we po9t out t1 if he means !reby t ,nesci5ce & s on _c exi/ )\t aggregates & h5ce require ! exi/5ce ( su*1 x rema9s to assign an effici5t cause = ! =mation ( ! aggregates4 ,b1 z we h already %[n--:5 exam9+ ! ,vaije%ika doctr9e--t ! =mation ( aggregates _c be acc\nt$ = ev5 on ! assumption ( p]man5t atoms & individual s\ls 9 :i* ! ad_/ri_/%_/t_/a abides#cib2 h[ mu* less !n are aggregates possible if !re exi/ only mom5t>y atoms n connect$ ) enjoy+ s\ls & devoid ( abodes 7i4e4 s\ls71 & t :i* abides 9 !m 7! ad_/ri_/%_/t_/a74--,let u !n assume 7! ,bauddha says7 t ,nesci5ce1 c4 !mselves are ! effici5t cause ( ! aggregate4--,b h[--we ask--c !y be ! cause ( t )\t :i*--z _! abode--!y !mselves are n capable ( exi/5ce8 ,p]haps y w say t 9 ! et]nal sa_/m_/sra ! aggregates succe$ "o ano!r 9 an unbrok5 *a91 & h5ce also ,nesci5ce1 & s on1 :i* abide 9 ^? aggregates4 ,b 9 t case y w h to assume ei!r t ea* aggregate necess>ily produces ano!r aggregate ( ! same k9d1 or t1 )\t any settl$ rule1 x may produce ei!r a l or an unlike "o4 ,9 ! =m] case a human body c\ld nev] pass ov] into t ( a god or an animal or a be+ ( ! inf]nal regions2 9 ! latt] case a man might 9 an in/ant be turn$ into an elephant or a god & aga9 become a man2 ei!r ( :i* consequ5ces w\ld be contr>y to y\r sy/em4--,moreov]1 t = ! purpose ( ^: enjoym5t ! aggregate is =m$ is1 accord+ to y\r doctr9e1 n a p]man5t enjoy+ s\l1 s t enjoym5t subs]ves itself m]ely & _c be desir$ by any?+ else2 h5ce f9al release also mu/1 accord+ to y1 be consid]$ z subs]v+ itself only1 & no be+ desir\s ( release c be assum$4 ,if a be+ desir\s ( bo? 7 assum$1 x w\ld h to be conceiv$ z p]man5tly exi/+ up to ! "t ( enjoym5t & release1 & t w\ld be contr>y to y\r doctr9e ( g5]al imp]man5cy4--,!re may !re=e exi/ a causal relation betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! s]ies consi/+ ( ,nesci5ce1 c41 b1 9 ! abs5ce ( a p]man5t enjoy+ s\l1 x is impossible to e/abli% on t gr\nd ! exi/5ce ( aggregates4 #bj4 7,nor c !re be a causal relation betwe5 ,nesci5ce1 c471 because on ! orig9ation ( ! subsequ5t 7mom5t7 ! prec$+ "o ceases to be4 ,we h hi!rto argu$ t ,nesci5ce1 & s on1 /& 9 a causal relation to ea* o!r m]ely1 s t !y _c be made to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( aggregates2 we are n[ go+ to prove t !y _c ev5 be consid]$ z effici5t causes ( ! subsequ5t memb]s ( ! s]ies to :i* !y belong4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 t ev]y?+ has a mom5t>y exi/5ce only admit t :5 ! ?+ exi/+ 9 ! second mom5t#cic ent]s into be+ ! ?+ exi/+ 9 ! fir/ mom5t ceases to be4 ,on ?is admission x is impossible to e/abli% betwe5 ! two ?+s ! relation ( cause & effect1 s9ce ! =m] mom5t>y exi/5ce :i* ceases or has ceas$ to be1 & s has ent]$ into ! /ate ( non-exi/5ce1 _c be ! cause ( ! lat] mom5t>y exi/5ce4--,let x !n be said t ! =m] mom5t>y exi/5ce :5 x has rea*$ its full developm5t becomes ! cause ( ! lat] mom5t>y exi/5ce4--,t also is impossible2 = ! assumption t a fully develop$ exi/5ce ex]ts a fur!r en]gy1 involves ! conclusion t x is connect$ ) a second mom5t 7:i* contradicts ! doctr9e ( univ]sal mom5t>9ess74--,!n let ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! antec$5t entity con/itute its causal en]gy4--,t assumption also is fruitless1 because we _c conceive ! orig9ation ( an effect :i* is n imbu$ ) ! nature ( ! cause 7i4e4 9 :i* ! nature ( ! cause does n cont9ue to exi/74 ,& to assume t ! nature ( ! cause does cont9ue to exi/ 9 ! effect is impossible 7on ! ,bauddha doctr9e71 z t w\ld involve ! p]man5cy ( ! cause1 & ?us necessitate ! ab&onm5t ( ! doctr9e ( g5]al non-p]man5cy4--,nor c x be admitt$ t ! relation ( cause & effect holds good )\t ! cause someh[ giv+ its col\r+ to ! effect2 = t doctr9e might unduly be ext5d$ to all cases#cid4--,moreov]1 ! orig9ation & cessation ( ?+s ( :i* ! ,bauddha speaks mu/ ei!r con/itute a ?+'s own =m or ano!r /ate ( x1 or an altoge!r diff]5t ?+4 ,b none ( ^! alt]natives agrees ) ! g5]al ,bauddha pr9ciples4 ,if1 9 ! fir/ place1 orig9ation & cessation con/itut$ ! =m ( a ?+1 x w\ld foll[ t ! ^w '?+' & ! words 'orig9ation' & 'cessation' are int]*angeable 7:i* is n ! case74--,let !n1 secondly1 ! ,bauddha says1 a c]ta9 diff]5ce be assum$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! t]ms 'orig9ation' & 'cessation' may d5ote ! initial & f9al /ates ( t :i* 9 ! int]m$iate /ate is call$ ?+4--,9 t case1 we reply1 ! ?+ w be connect$ ) ?ree mom5ts1 viz4 ! initial1 ! int]m$iate1 & ! f9al "o1 s t ! doctr9e ( g5]al mom5t>9ess w h to be ab&on$4--,let !n1 z ! ?ird alt]native1 orig9ation & cessation be altoge!r diff]5t f ! ?+1 z mu* z a buffalo is f a horse4--,t too _c be1 we reply2 = x w\ld lead to ! conclusion t ! ?+1 because altoge!r disconnect$ ) orig9ation & cessation1 is ev]la/+4 ,& ! same conclusion w\ld be l$ up to1 if we und]/ood by ! orig9ation & cessation ( a ?+ m]ely its p]ception & non-p]ception2 = ! latt] are attributes ( ! p]cipi5t m9d only1 n ( ! ?+ itself4--,h5ce we h aga9 to decl>e ! ,bauddha doctr9e to be unt5able4 #ba4 ,on ! supposition ( !re be+ no 7cause3 :ile yet ! effect takes place71 !re results contradiction ( ! admitt$ pr9ciple2 o!rwise simultane\sness 7( cause & effect74 ,x has be5 %[n t on ! doctr9e ( g5]al non-p]man5cy1 ! =m] mom5t>y exi/5ce1 z hav+ already be5 m]g$ 9 non-exi/5ce1 _c be ! cause ( ! lat] "o4--,p]haps n[ ! ,bauddha w say t an effect may arise ev5 :5 !re is no cause4--,t1 we reply1 implies ! ab&onm5t ( a pr9ciple admitt$ by y\rself1 viz4 t ! m9d & ! m5tal modifications orig9ate :5 9 conjunction ) f\r k9ds ( causes#cie4 ,moreov]1 if any?+ c\ld orig9ate )\t a cause1 !re w\ld be no?+ to prev5t t any?+ might orig9ate at any "t4--,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y %\ld say t we may assume ! antec$5t mom5t>y exi/5ce to la/ until ! succe$+ "o has be5 produc$1 we po9t out t t w\ld imply ! simultane\sness ( cause & effect1 & s run c\nt] to an accept$ ,bauddha t5et1 viz4 t all ?+s#cif are mom5t>y m]ely4 #bb4 ,cessation dep5d5t on a sublative act ( ! m9d1 & cessation n s dep5d5t _c be e/abli%$1 !re be+ no 7complete7 int]ruption4 ,! ,bauddhas :o ma9ta9 t univ]sal de/ruction is go+ on con/antly1 assume t ':atev] =ms an object ( k & is diff]5t f ! triad is produc$ 7sa_/m_/sk_/ri_/ta7 & mom5t>y4' ,to ! triad !re m5tion$ !y give ! names 'cessation dep5d5t on a sublative act ( ! m9d1' 'cessation n dep5d5t on su* an act1' & 'space4' ,?is triad !y hold to be non-sub/antial1 ( a m]ely negative "* 7abhvamtra71 devoid ( all positive *>act]i/ics4 ,by 'cessation dep5d5t on a sublative act ( ! m9d1' we h to und]/& su* de/ruction ( entities z is prec$$ by an act ( ?\ght#cig2 by 'cessation n s dep5d5t' is meant de/ruction ( ! opposite k9d#cih2 by 'space' is meant abs5ce 9 g5]al ( some?+ cov]+ 7or occupy+ space74 ,out ( ^! ?ree non-exi/5ces 'space' w be refut$ lat] on 7,stra #bd71 ! two o!r ones are refut$ 9 ! pres5t ,stra4 ,cessation :i* is dep5d5t on a sublative act ( ! m9d1 & cessation :i* is n s dep5d5t are bo? impossible1 'on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( int]ruption4' ,= bo? k9ds ( cessation mu/ h ref]5ce ei!r to ! s]ies 7( mom5t>y exi/5ces7 or to ! s+le memb]s con/itut+ ! s]ies4--,! =m] alt]native is impossible1 because 9 all s]ies 7( mom5t>y exi/5ces7 ! memb]s ( ! s]ies /& 9 an unbrok5 relation ( cause & effect s t ! s]ies _c be int]rupt$#cii4--,! latt] alt]native is likewise inadmissible1 = x is impossible to ma9ta9 t any mom5t>y exi/5ce %\ld und]go complete annihilation entirely undef9able & disconnect$ 7) ! previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce71 s9ce we obs]ve t a ?+ is recognis$ 9 ! v>i\s /ates ?r\gh :i* x may pass & ?us has a connect$ exi/5ce#djj4 ,& 9 ^? cases also :]e a ?+ is n cle>ly recognis$ 7aft] hav+ und]gone a *ange7 we yet inf]1 on ! gr\nd ( actual obs]vations made 9 o!r cases1 t "o & ! same ?+ cont9ues to exi/ )\t any int]ruption4--,= ^! reasons ! two k9ds ( cessation :i* ! ,bauddhas assume _c be prov$4 #bc4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! objections pres5t+ !mselves 9 ei!r case4 ,! cessation ( ,nesci5ce1 c4 :i*1 on ! assumption ( ! ,bauddhas1 is includ$ 9 ! two k9ds ( cessation discuss$ hi!rto1 mu/ take place ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( p]fect k toge!r ) its auxili>ies1 or else ( its own accord4 ,b ! =m] alt]native w\ld imply ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,bauddha doctr9e t de/ruction takes place )\t a cause1 & ! latt] alt]native w\ld involve ! uselessness ( ! ,bauddha in/ruction z to ! 'pa?'#dja4 ,z !re=e bo? alt]natives are op5 to objections1 ! ,bauddha doctr9e mu/ be decl>$ unsatisfactory4 #bd4 ,& 9 ! case ( space also 7! doctr9e ( its be+ a non-entity is unt5able7 on acc\nt ( its n diff]+ 7f ! two o!r k9ds ( non-entity74 ,we h %[n s f> t ( ! triad decl>$ by ! ,bauddhas to be devoid ( all positive *>act]i/ics1 & !re=e non-def9able1 two 7viz4 prati-sa_/m_/khyvirodha & aprati7 _c be %[n to be su*2 we n[ proce$ to %[ ! same ) reg>d to space 7e!r1 k_/s_/a74 ,) reg>d to space also x _c be ma9ta9$ t x is non-def9able1 s9ce sub/antiality c be e/abli%$ 9 ! case ( space no less ?an 9 ! case ( ! two s-call$ non-entities treat$ ( 9 ! prec$+ ,stras4 ,t space is a real ?+ foll[s 9 ! fir/ place f c]ta9 scriptural passages1 su* z 'space sprang f ! ,self4'--,to ^?1 aga91 :o 7l ! ,bauddhas7 disagree ) u z to ! au?oritativ5ess ( ,scripture we po9t out t ! real exi/5ce ( space is to be inf]r$ f ! quality ( s\nd1 s9ce we obs]ve t e>? & o!r real ?+s are ! abodes ( smell & ! o!r qualities4--,moreov]1 if y decl>e t space is no?+ b ! abs5ce 9 g5]al ( any cov]+ 7occupy+7 body1 x w\ld foll[ t :ile "o bird is fly+--:]eby space is occupi$--!re w\ld be no room = a second bird want+ to fly at ! same "t4 ,& if y %\ld reply t ! second bird may fly !re :]e !re is abs5ce ( a cov]+ body1 we po9t out t t some?+ by :i* ! abs5ce ( cov]+ bodies is di/+ui%$ mu/ be a positive entity1 viz4 space 9 our s5se1 & n ! m]e non-exi/5ce ( cov]+ bodies#djb4--,moreov]1 ! ,bauddha places himself1 by 8 view ( space1 9 opposition to o!r p>ts ( 8 sy/em4 ,= we f9d1 9 ! ,bauddha ,scriptures1 a s]ies ( que/ions & answ]s 7beg9n+1 ',on :at1 ,o rev]5d ,sir1 is ! e>? f\nd$8'71 9 :i* ! foll[+ "q occurs1 ',on :at is ! air f\nd$8' to :i* x is repli$ t ! air is f\nd$ on space 7e!r74 ,n[ x is cle> t ?is /atem5t is appropriate only on ! supposition ( space be+ a positive entity1 n a m]e negation4--,fur!r1 !re is a self-contradiction 9 ! ,bauddha /atem5ts reg>d+ all ! ?ree k9ds ( negative entities1 x be+ said1 on ! "o h&1 t !y are n positively def9able1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t !y are et]nal4 ,( :at is n real nei!r et]nity nor non-et]nity c be pr$icat$1 s9ce ! di/9ction ( subjects & pr$icates ( attribution is f\nd$ entirely on real ?+s4 ,any?+ ) reg>d to :i* t di/9ction holds good we conclude to be a real ?+1 su* z j>s & ! l are1 n a m]e undef9able negation4 #be4 ,& on acc\nt ( remembrance4 ,! philosoph] :o ma9ta9s t all ?+s are mom5t>y only w\ld h to ext5d t doctr9e to ! p]ceiv+ p]son 7upalabdh_/ri_/7 also2 t is1 h[ev]1 n possible1 on acc\nt ( ! remembrance :i* is consequ5t on ! orig9al p]ception4 ,t remembrance c take place only if x belongs to ! same p]son :o previ\sly made ! p]ception2 = we obs]ve t :at "o man has exp]i5c$ is n rememb]$ by ano!r man4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld !re arise ! consci\s /ate express$ 9 ! s5t5ces1 ',i saw t ?+1 & n[ ,i see ?is ?+1' if ! see+ p]son 7 n 9 bo? cases ! same8 ,t ! consci\sness ( recognition takes place only 9 ! case ( ! obs]v+ & rememb]+ subject be+ "o1 is a matt] kn[n to e "o2 = if !re 71 9 ! two cases1 diff]5t subjects1 ! /ate ( consci\sness aris+ 9 ! m9d ( ! rememb]+ p]son w\ld be1 ',i rememb]2 ano!r p]son made ! obs]vation4' ,b no su* /ate ( consci\sness does arise4--,:51 on ! o!r h&1 su* a /ate ( consci\sness does arise1 !n ev]ybody kn[s t ! p]son :o made ! orig9al obs]vation1 & ! p]son :o rememb]s1 are diff]5t p]sons1 & !n ! /ate ( consci\sness is express$ z foll[s1 ',i rememb] t t o!r p]son saw t & t4'--,9 ! case "u discussion1 h[ev]1 ! ,va9_/s_/ika himself--^: /ate ( consci\sness is1 ',i saw t & t'--kn[s t !re is "o ?9k+ subject only to :i* ! orig9al p]ception z well z ! remembrance belongs1 & does n ?9k ( d5y+ t ! pa/ p]ception belong$ to himself1 n any m ?an he d5ies t fire is hot & gives light4 ,z ?us "o ag5t is connect$ ) ! two mom5ts ( p]ception & subsequ5t remembrance1 ! ,va9_/s_/ika has necess>ily to ab&on ! doctr9e ( univ]sal mom5t>9ess4 ,& if he fur!r recognises all 8 subsequ5t successive cognitions1 up to 8 la/ brea?1 to belong to "o & ! same subject1 & 9 addition _c b attribute all 8 pa/ cognitions1 f ! mom5t ( 8 bir?1 to ! same ,self1 h[ c he ma9ta91 )\t be+ a%am$ ( himself1 t ev]y?+ has a mom5t>y exi/5ce only8 ,%\ld he ma9ta9 t ! recognition 7( ! subject z "o & ! same7 takes place on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity 7( ! diff]5t self-cognitions2 ea*1 h[ev]1 be+ mom5t>y only71 we reply t ! cognition ( simil>ity is bas$ on two ?+s1 & t = t reason ! advocate ( univ]sal mom5t>9ess :o d5ies ! exi/5ce ( "o 7p]man5t7 subject able m5tally to grasp ! two simil> ?+s simply talks deceitful nons5se :5 ass]t+ t recognition is f\nd$ on simil>ity4 ,%\ld he admit1 on ! o!r h&1 t !re is "o m9d grasp+ ! simil>ity ( two successive mom5t>y exi/5ces1 he w\ld !reby admit t "o entity endures = two mom5ts & ?us contradict ! t5et ( univ]sal mom5t>9ess4--,%\ld x be said t ! cognition '?is is simil> to t' is a diff]5t 7new7 cognition1 n dep5d5t on ! app]ception ( ! e>li] & lat] mom5t>y exi/5ces1 we refute ?is by ! rem>k t ! fact ( diff]5t t]ms--viz4 '?is' & 't'--be+ us$ po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t ?+s 7:i* ! m9d grasps 9 a judgm5t ( simil>ity74 ,if ! m5tal act ( :i* simil>ity is ! object 7 an altoge!r new act 7n conc]n$ ) ! two sep>ate simil> entities71 ! expression '?is is simil> to t' w\ld be devoid ( mean+2 we %\ld 9 t case r speak ( 'simil>ity' only4--,:5ev] 7to add a g5]al reflexion7 some?+ p]fectly well kn[n f ord9>y exp]i5ce is n admitt$ by philosoph]s1 !y may inde$ e/abli% _! own view & demoli% ! contr>y op9ion by means ( words1 b !y !reby nei!r conv9ce o!rs nor ev5 !mselves4 ,:atev] has be5 asc]ta9$ to be su* & su* mu/ also be repres5t$ z su* & su*2 attempts to repres5t x z some?+ else prove no?+ b ! va9 talkativ5ess ( ^? :o make ^? attempts4 ,nor c ! hypo!sis ( m]e simil>ity be+ cognis$ acc\nt = ord9>y empirical life & ?\ght2 = 79 recognis+ a ?+7 we are consci\s ( x be+ t :i* we 7 =m]ly consci\s (1 n ( x be+ m]ely simil> to t4 ,we admit t sometimes ) reg>d to an ext]nal ?+ a d\bt may arise :e!r x is t or m]ely is simil> to t2 = mi/akes may be made conc]n+ :at lies outside our m9ds4 ,b ! consci\s subject nev] has any d\bt :e!r x is itself or only simil> to itself2 x r is di/9ctly consci\s t x is "o & ! same subject :i* ye/]day _h a c]ta9 s5sation & to-day rememb]s t s5sation4--,= ?is reason also ! doctr9e ( ! ,nihili/s is to be reject$4 #bf4 7,entity7 does n spr+ f non-entity on acc\nt ( t n be+ obs]v$4 ,! sy/em ( ! ,va9_/s_/ikas is objectionable = ?is reason also t ^? :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( p]man5t /able causes are driv5 to ma9ta9 t entity spr+s f non-entity4 ,?is latt] t5et is expressly enunciat$ by ! ,bauddhas :]e !y say1 ',on acc\nt ( ! manife/ation 7( effects7 n )\t previ\s de/ruction 7( ! cause74' ,=1 !y say1 f ! decompos$ se$ only ! "y plant spr+s1 spoilt milk only turns into curds1 & ! lump ( clay has ceas$ to be a lump :5 x becomes a j>4 ,if effects did spr+ f ! un*ang$ causes1 all effects w\ld orig9ate f all causes at once1 z !n no specification w\ld be requir$#djc4 ,h5ce1 z we see t "y plants1 c4 spr+ f se$s1 c4 only aft] ! latt] h be5 m]g$ 9 non-exi/5ce1 we hold t entity spr+s f non-entity4 ,to ?is ,bauddha t5et we reply1 '7,entity does7 n 7spr+7 f non-entity1 on acc\nt ( t n be+ obs]v$4' ,if entity did spr+ f non-entity1 ! assumption ( special causes w\ld be purportless1 s9ce non-entity is 9 all cases "o & ! same4 ,= ! non-exi/5ce ( se$s & ! l aft] !y h be5 de/roy$ is ( ! same k9d z ! non-exi/5ce ( horns ( h>es & ! l1 i4e4 non-exi/5ce is 9 all cases no?+ else b ! abs5ce ( all "* ( reality1 & h5ce !re w\ld be no s5se 7on ! doctr9e ( orig9ation f non-exi/5ce7 9 assum+ t spr\ts are produc$ f se$s only1 curds f milk only1 & s on4 ,& if non-di/+ui%$ non-exi/5ce 7 admitt$ to h causal effici5cy1 we %\ld also h to assume t spr\ts1 c4 orig9ate f ! horns ( h>es1 c4--a ?+ c]ta9ly n actually obs]v$4--,if1 aga91 x %\ld be assum$ t !re are diff]5t k9ds ( non-exi/5ce hav+ special di/9ctions--j z1 = in/ance1 blu5ess & ! l are special qualities ( lotuses & s on--we po9t out t 9 t case ! fact ( !re be+ su* special di/9ctions w\ld turn ! non-entities into entities no less real ?an lotuses & ! l4 ,9 no case non-exi/5ce w\ld possess causal effici5cy1 simply because1 l ! horn ( a h>e1 x is non-exi/5ce m]ely4--,fur!r1 if exi/5ce sprang f non-exi/5ce1 all effects w\ld be affect$ ) non-exi/5ce2 :ile z a matt] ( fact !y are obs]v$ to be m]ely positive entities di/+ui%$ by _! v>i\s special *>act]i/ics4 ,nor#djd does any "o ?9k t ?+s ( ! nature ( clay1 su* z pots & ! l1 are ! effects ( ?reads & ! l2 b ev]ybody kn[s t ?+s ( ! nature ( clay are ! effects ( clay only4--,! ,bauddha's t5et t no?+ c become a cause z long z x rema9s un*ang$1 b has to t end to und]go de/ruction1 & t ?us exi/5ce spr+s f non-exi/5ce only is false2 = x is obs]v$ t only ?+s ( p]man5t nature :i* are always recognis$ z :at !y are1 su* z gold1 c41 are ! causes ( effects su* z gold5 ornam5ts1 & s on4 ,9 ^? cases :]e a de/ruction ( ! peculi> nature ( ! cause is obs]v$ to take place1 z 9 ! case ( se$s1 = in/ance1 we h to ackn[l$ge z ! cause ( ! subsequ5t condition 7i4e4 ! spr\t7 n ! e>li] condition 9 s f> z x is de/roy$1 b r ^? p]man5t p>ticles ( ! se$ :i* are n de/roy$ 7:5 ! se$ z a :ole und]goes decomposition74--,h5ce z we see on ! "o h& t no entities ev] orig9ate f non5tities su* z ! horns ( a h>e1 & on ! o!r h& t entities d orig9ate f entities su* z gold & ! l ! :ole ,bauddha doctr9e ( exi/5ce spr++ f non-exi/5ce has to be reject$4--,we f9ally po9t out t1 accord+ to ! ,bauddhas1 all m9d & all m5tal modifications spr+ f ! f\r sk&has discuss$ above & all mat]ial aggregates f ! atoms2 :y !n d !y /ultify ?is _! own doctr9e by ! fanciful assumption ( entity spr++ f non-entity & ?us ne$lessly p]plex ! m9d ( e "o8 #bg4 ,& ?us 7on t doctr9e7 !re w\ld be an accompli%m5t 7( ends7 9 ! case ( non-active p also4 ,if x 7 admitt$ t entity issues f non-entity1 lazy inactive p also w\ld obta9 _! purposes1 s9ce 'non-exi/5ce' is a ?+ to be _h )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,rice w\ld gr[ = ! husb&man ev5 if he did n cultivate 8 field2 vessels w\ld %ape !mselves ev5 if ! pott] did n fa%ion ! clay2 & ! weav] too lazy to weave ! ?reads into a :ole1 w\ld nev]!less h 9 ! end f9i%$ pieces ( clo? j z if he _h be5 weav+4 ,& nobody w\ld h to ex]t himself 9 ! lea/ ei!r = go+ to ! heav5ly _w or = obta9+ f9al release4 ,all :i* ( c\rse is absurd & n ma9ta9$ by anybody4--,?us ! doctr9e ( ! orig9ation ( entity f non-entity aga9 %[s itself to be futile4 #bh4 ,! non-exi/5ce 7( ext]nal ?+s7 _c be ma9ta9$1 on acc\nt ( 7our7 consci\sness 7( !m74 ,!re hav+ be5 br\ght =w>d1 9 :at prec$es1 ! v>i\s objections :i* lie aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w 79 ! ,bauddha s5se71 su* z ! impossibility ( acc\nt+ = ! exi/5ce ( aggregates1 c41 we are n[ confront$ by ^? ,bauddhas :o ma9ta9 t only cognitions 7or ideas1 vij_/_/na7 exi/4--,! doctr9e ( ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w 0 inde$ prop\nd$ by ,buddha con=m+ himself to ! m5tal /ate ( "s ( 8 disciples :om he p]ceiv$ to be atta*$ to ext]nal ?+s2 b x does n repres5t 8 own true view accord+ to :i* cognitions alone are real4 ,accord+ to ?is latt] doctr9e ! process1 ^: con/itut+ memb]s are ! act ( k1 ! object ( k1 & ! result ( k#dje1 is an altoge!r int]nal "o1 exi/+ 9 s f> only z x is connect$ ) ! m9d 7buddhi74 ,ev5 if ext]nal ?+s exi/$1 t process c\ld n take place b 9 connexion ) ! m9d4 ,if1 ! ,bauddhas say1 y ask h[ x is kn[n t t entire process is int]nal & t no outw>d ?+s exi/ ap>t f consci\sness1 we reply t we base our doctr9e on ! impossibility ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,= if ext]nal ?+s are admitt$1 !y mu/ be ei!r atoms or aggregates ( atoms su* z po/s & ! l4 ,b atoms _c be compreh5d$ "u ! ideas ( po/s & ! l1 x be+ impossible = cognition to repres5t 7?+s z m9ute z7 atoms4 ,nor1 aga91 c ! outw>d ?+s be aggregates ( atoms su* z pill>s & ! l1 because ^? aggregates c nei!r be def9$ z diff]5t nor z non-diff]5t f ! atoms#djf4--;,9 ! same way we c %[ t ! ext]nal ?+s are n univ]sals & s on#djg4 ,moreov]1 ! cognitions--:i* are ( a uni=m nature only 9 s f> z !y are /ates ( consci\sness--und]go1 accord+ to _! objects1 successive modifications1 s t !re is pres5t$ to ! m9d n[ ! idea ( a po/1 n[ ! idea ( a wall1 n[ ! idea ( a j>1 & s on4 ,n[ ?is is n possible )\t "s di/9ction on ! "p ( ! ideas !mselves1 & h5ce we mu/ necess>ily admit t ! ideas h ! same =ms z _! objects4 ,b if we make ?is admission1 f :i* x foll[s t ! =m ( ! objects is det]m9$ by ! ideas1 ! hypo!sis ( ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s becomes altoge!r gratuit\s4 ,f ! fact1 moreov]1 ( our always be+ consci\s ( ! act ( k & ! object ( k simultane\sly x foll[s t ! two are 9 reality id5tical4 ,:5 we are consci\s ( ! "o we are consci\s ( ! o!r also2 & t w\ld n happ5 if ! two 7 ess5tially di/9ct1 z 9 t case !re w\ld be no?+ to prev5t our be+ consci\s ( "o ap>t f ! o!r4 ,= ?is reason also we ma9ta9 t !re are no outw>d ?+s4-- ,p]ception is to be consid]$ z simil> to a dream & ! l4 ,! ideas pres5t to our m9ds dur+ a dream1 a magical illusion1 a mirage & s on1 appe> 9 ! tw(old =m ( subject & object1 al?\gh !re is all ! :ile no ext]nal object2 h5ce we conclude t ! ideas ( po/s & ! l :i* occur 9 our wak+ /ate are likewise indep5d5t ( ext]nal objects2 = !y also are simply ideas4--,if we be ask$ h[1 9 ! abs5ce ( ext]nal ?+s1 we acc\nt = ! actual v>iety ( ideas1 we reply t t v>iety is to be expla9$ f ! impressions left by previ\s ideas#djh4 ,9 ! beg9n+less sa_/m_/sra ideas & m5tal impressions succe$ ea* o!r z causes & effects1 j z ! plant spr+s f ! se$ & se$s are aga9 produc$ f ! plant1 & !re exi/s !re=e a suffici5t reason = ! v>iety ( ideas actually exp]i5c$4 ,t ! v>iety ( ideas is solely due to ! impressions left on ! m9d by pa/ ideas foll[s1 moreov]1 f ! foll[+ affirmative & negative judgm5ts3 we bo? 7! ,v$nt9s z well z ! ,bauddhas7 admit t 9 dreams1 c4 !re pres5ts itself a v>iety ( ideas :i* arise f m5tal impressions1 )\t any ext]nal object2 we 7! ,bauddhas7 d n admit t any v>iety ( ideas c arise f ext]nal objects1 )\t m5tal impressions4--,?us we are aga9 l$ to conclude t no outw>d ?+s exi/4 ,to all ?is we 7! ,v$nt9s7 make ! foll[+ reply4--,! non-exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s _c be ma9ta9$ because we are consci\s ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,9 e act ( p]ception we are consci\s ( "s ext]nal ?+ correspond+ to ! idea1 :e!r x be a po/ or a wall or a piece ( clo? or a j>1 & t ( :i* we are consci\s _c b exi/4 ,:y %\ld we pay att5tion to ! words ( a man :o1 :ile consci\s ( an outw>d ?+ ?r\gh its approximation to 8 s5ses1 affirms t he is consci\s ( no outw>d ?+1 & t no su* ?+ exi/s1 any m ?an we li/5 to a man :o :ile he is eat+ & exp]i5c+ ! feel+ ( satisfaction av]s t he does n eat & does n feel satisfi$8--,if ! ,bauddha %\ld reply t he does n affirm t he is consci\s ( no object b only t he is consci\s ( no object ap>t f ! act ( consci\sness1 we answ] t he may inde$ make any arbitr>y /atem5t he likes1 b t he has no argum5ts to prove :at he says4 ,t ! outw>d ?+ exi/s ap>t f consci\sness1 has necess>ily to be accept$ on ! gr\nd ( ! nature ( consci\sness itself4 ,nobody :5 p]ceiv+ a po/ or a wall is consci\s ( 8 p]ception only1 b all m5 are consci\s ( po/s & walls & ! l z objects ( _! p]ceptions4 ,t su* is ! consci\sness ( all m51 appe>s also f ! fact t ev5 ^? :o conte/ ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s be> witness to _! exi/5ce :5 !y say t :at is an int]nal object ( cognition appe>s l some?+ ext]nal4 ,= !y practically accept ! g5]al consci\sness1 :i* te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal _w1 & be+ at ! same "t anxi\s to refute x !y speak ( ! ext]nal ?+s z 'l some?+ ext]nal4' ,if !y did n !mselves at ! bottom ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( ! ext]nal _w1 h[ c\ld !y use ! expression 'l some?+ ext]nal8' ,no "o says1 ',vi%_/n_/umitra appe>s l ! son ( a b>r5 "m4' ,if we accept ! tru? z x is giv5 to u 9 our consci\sness1 we mu/ admit t ! object ( p]ception appe>s to u z some?+ ext]nal1 n l some?+ ext]nal4--,b--! ,bauddha may reply--we conclude t ! object ( p]ception is only l some?+ ext]nal because ext]nal ?+s are impossible4--,?is conclusion we rejo9 is improp]1 s9ce ! possibility or impossibility ( ?+s is to be det]m9$ only on ! gr\nd ( ! op]ation or non-op]ation ( ! means ( "r k2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! op]ation & non-op]ation ( ! means ( "r k are n to be made dep5d5t on preconceiv$ possibilities or impossibilities4 ,possible is :atev] is appreh5d$ by p]ception or "s o!r means ( pro(2 impossible is :at is n s appreh5d$4 ,n[ ! ext]nal ?+s are1 accord+ to _! nature1 appreh5d$ by all ! in/rum5ts ( k2 h[ !n c y ma9ta9 t !y are n possible1 on ! gr\nd ( su* idle dilemmas z t ab\t _! diff]5ce or non-diff]5ce f atoms8--,nor1 aga91 does ! non-exi/5ce ( objects foll[ f ! fact ( ! ideas hav+ ! same =m z ! objects2 = if !re 7 no objects ! ideas c\ld n h ! =ms ( ! objects1 & ! objects are actually appreh5d$ z ext]nal4--,= ! same reason 7i4e4 because ! di/9ction ( ?+ & idea is giv5 9 consci\sness7 ! inv>iable concomitance ( idea & ?+ has to be consid]$ z prov+ only t ! ?+ con/itutes ! means ( ! idea1 n t ! two are id5tical4 ,moreov]1 :5 we are consci\s fir/ ( a pot & !n ( a piece ( clo?1 consci\sness rema9s ! same 9 ! two acts :ile :at v>ies are m]ely ! di/9ctive attributes ( consci\sness2 j z :5 we see at fir/ a black & !n a :ite c[1 ! di/9ction ( ! two p]ceptions is due to ! v>y+ blackness & :it5ess :ile ! g5]ic "* ( ! c[ rema9s ! same4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! "o p]man5t factor 7f ! two--or m--v>y+ factors7 is prov$ ?r\gh\t by ! two v>y+ factors1 & vice v]s ! diff]5ce ( ! latt] 7f ! p]man5t factor7 by ! pres5ce ( ! "o 7p]man5t factor74 ,!re=e ?+ & idea are di/9ct4 ,! same view is to be held ) reg>d to ! p]ception & ! remembrance ( a j>2 !re also ! p]ception & ! remembrance only are di/9ct :ile ! j> is "o & ! same2 9 ! same way z :5 consci\s ( ! smell ( milk & ! ta/e ( milk we are consci\s ( ! smell & ta/e z diff]5t ?+s b ( ! milk itself z "o only4 ,fur!r1 two ideas :i* occupy diff]5t mom5ts ( "t & pass away z soon z !y h become objects ( consci\sness _c appreh5d--or be appreh5d$ by--ea* o!r4 ,f ?is x foll[s t c]ta9 doctr9es =m+ "p ( ! ,bauddha sy/em _c be upheld2 s ! doctr9e t ideas are diff]5t f ea* o!r2 ! doctr9e t ev]y?+ is mom5t>y1 void1 c42 ! doctr9e ( ! di/9ction ( individuals & classes2 ! doctr9e t a =m] idea leaves an impression giv+ rise to a lat] idea2 ! doctr9e ( ! di/9ction1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ,nesci5ce1 ( ! attributes ( exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce2 ! doctr9e ( bondage & release 7dep5d+ on abs5ce & pres5ce ( "r k7#dji4 ,fur!r1 if y say t we are consci\s ( ! idea1 y mu/ admit t we are also consci\s ( ! ext]nal ?+4 ,& if y rejo9 t we are consci\s ( ! idea on its own acc\nt because x is ( a lum9\s nature l a lamp1 :ile ! ext]nal ?+ is n s2 we reply t by ma9ta9+ ! idea to be illum9at$ by itself y make y\rself guilty ( an absurdity no less ?an if y said t fire burns itself4 ,& at ! same "t y refuse to accept ! common & altoge!r rational op9ion t we are consci\s ( ! ext]nal ?+ by means ( ! idea diff]5t f ! ?+6 ,inde$ a pro( ( extraord9>y philosophic insight6--,x _c1 moreov]1 be ass]t$ 9 any way t ! idea ap>t f ! ?+ is ! object ( our consci\sness2 = x is absurd to speak ( a ?+ z ! object ( its own activity4 ,possibly y 7! ,bauddha7 w rejo9 t1 if ! idea is to be appreh5d$ by some?+ diff]5t f x1 t some?+ also mu/ be appreh5d$ by some?+ diff]5t & s on ad inf9itum4 ,&1 moreov]1 y w p]haps object t z ea* cognition is ( an ess5tially illum9at+ nature l a lamp1 ! assumption ( a fur!r cognition is uncall$ =2 = z !y are bo? equally illum9at+ ! "o _c give light to ! o!r4--,b bo? ^! objections are unf\nd$4 ,z ! idea only is appreh5d$1 & !re is consequ5tly no necessity to assume some?+ to appreh5d ! ,self :i* witnesses ! idea 7is consci\s ( ! idea71 !re results no regressus ad inf9itum4 ,& ! witness+ ,self & ! idea are ( an ess5tially diff]5t nature1 & may !re=e /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( kn[+ subject & object kn[n4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! witness+ ,self is self-prov$ & _c !re=e be d5i$4--,moreov]1 if y ma9ta9 t ! idea1 lamplike1 manife/s itself )\t /&+ 9 ne$ ( a fur!r pr9ciple to illum9ate x1 y ma9ta9 !reby t ideas exi/ :i* are n appreh5d$ by any ( ! means ( k1 & :i* are )\t a kn[+ be+2 :i* is no bett] ?an to ass]t t a ?\s& lamps burn+ inside "s imp5etrable mass ( rocks manife/ !mselves4 ,& if y %\ld ma9ta9 t !reby we admit y\r doctr9e1 s9ce x foll[s f :at we h said t ! idea itself implies consci\sness2 we reply t1 z obs]vation %[s1 ! lamp 9 ord] to become manife/ requires "s o!r intellectual ag5t furni%$ ) in/rum5ts su* z ! eye1 & t !re=e ! idea also1 z equally be+ a ?+ to be illum9at$1 becomes manife/ only ?r\gh an ult]ior intellig5t pr9ciple4 ,& if y f9ally object t we1 :5 advanc+ ! witness+ ,self z self-prov$1 m]ely express 9 o!r words ! ,bauddha t5et t ! idea is self-manife/$1 we refute y by rem>k+ t y\r ideas h ! attributes ( orig9at+1 pass+ away1 be+ manifold1 & s on 7:ile our ,self is "o & p]man5t74--,we ?us h prov$ t an idea1 l a lamp1 requires an ult]ior intellig5t pr9ciple to r5d] x manife/4 #bi4 ,& on acc\nt ( _! diff]5ce ( nature 7! ideas ( ! wak+ /ate7 are n l ^? ( a dream4 ,we n[ apply ourselves to ! refutation ( ! av]m5t made by ! ,bauddha1 t ! ideas ( po/s1 & s on1 ( :i* we are consci\s 9 ! wak+ /ate1 may arise 9 ! abs5ce ( ext]nal objects1 j z ! ideas ( a dream1 bo? be+ ideas alike4--,! two sets ( ideas1 we ma9ta91 _c be treat$ on ! same foot+1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( _! "*4 ,!y diff] z foll[s4--,! ?+s ( :i* we are consci\s 9 a dream are negat$ by our wak+ consci\sness4 ',i wrongly ?\ght t ,i _h a meet+ ) a great man2 no su* meet+ took place1 b my m9d 0 dull$ by slumb]1 & s ! false idea arose4' ,9 an analog\s mann] ! ?+s ( :i* we are consci\s :5 "u ! influ5ce ( a magic illusion1 & ! l1 are negat$ by our ord9>y consci\sness4 ,^? ?+s1 on ! o!r h&1 ( :i* we are consci\s 9 our wak+ /ate1 su* z po/s & ! l1 are nev] negat$ 9 any /ate4--,moreov]1 ! visions ( a dream are acts ( remembrance1 :ile ! visions ( ! wak+ /ate are acts ( imm$iate consci\sness2 & ! di/9ction betwe5 remembrance & imm$iate consci\sness is directly cognis$ by e "o z be+ f\nd$ on ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( ! object4 ,:51 = in/ance1 a man rememb]s 8 abs5t son1 he does n directly p]ceive him1 b m]ely wi%es s to p]ceive him4 ,z ?us ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two /ates is evid5t to e "o1 x is impossible to =mulate ! inf]5ce t wak+ consci\sness is false because x is m]e consci\sness1 su* z dream+ consci\sness2 = we c]ta9ly _c all[ w\ld-be philosoph]s to d5y ! tru? ( :at is directly evid5t to !mselves4 ,j because !y feel ! absurdity ( d5y+ :at is evid5t to !mselves1 & are consequ5tly unable to demon/rate ! baselessness ( ! ideas ( ! wak+ /ate f ^? ideas !mselves1 !y attempt to demon/rate x f _! hav+ c]ta9 attributes 9 common ) ! ideas ( ! dream+ /ate4 ,b if "s attribute _c belong to a ?+ on acc\nt ( ! latt]'s own nature1 x _c belong to x on acc\nt ( ! ?+ hav+ c]ta9 attributes 9 common ) "s o!r ?+4 ,fire1 :i* is felt to be hot1 _c be demon/rat$ to be cold1 on ! gr\nd ( its hav+ attributes 9 common ) wat]4 ,& ! diff]5ce ( nature betwe5 ! wak+ & ! sleep+ /ate we h already %[n4 #cj4 ,! exi/5ce 7( m5tal impressions7 is n possible on ! ,bauddha view1 on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( p]ception 7( ext]nal ?+s74 ,we n[ proce$ to t !ory ( y\rs1 accord+ to :i* ! v>iety ( ideas c be expla9$ f ! v>iety ( m5tal impressions1 )\t any ref]5ce to ext]nal ?+s1 & rem>k t on y\r doctr9e ! exi/5ce ( m5tal impressions is impossible1 z y d n admit ! p]ception ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,= ! v>iety ( m5tal impressions is caus$ altoge!r by ! v>iety ( ! ?+s p]ceiv$4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld v>i\s impressions orig9ate if no ext]nal ?+s 7 p]ceiv$8 ,! hypo!sis ( a beg9n+less s]ies ( m5tal impressions w\ld lead only to a baseless regressus ad inf9itum1 sublative ( ! entire ph5om5al _w1 & w\ld 9 no way e/abli% y\r position4--,! same argum5t1 i4e4 ! "o f\nd$ on ! impossibility ( m5tal impressions :i* are n caus$ by ext]nal ?+s1 refutes also ! positive & negative judgm5ts1 on ! gr\nd ( :i* ! d5i] ( an ext]nal _w above attempt$ to %[ t ideas are caus$ by m5tal impressions1 n by ext]nal ?+s4 ,we r h on our side a positive & a negative judgm5t :]eby to e/abli% our doctr9e ( ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s1 viz4 '! p]ception ( ext]nal ?+s is admitt$ to take place also )\t m5tal impressions1' & 'm5tal impressions are n admitt$ to orig9ate indep5d5tly ( ! p]ception ( ext]nal ?+s4'--,moreov]1 an impression is a k9d ( modification1 & modifications _c1 z exp]i5ce tea*es1 take place unless !re is "s sub/ratum :i* is modifi$4 ,b1 accord+ to y\r doctr9e1 su* a sub/ratum ( impressions does n exi/1 s9ce y say t x _c be cognis$ ?r\gh any means ( k4 #ca4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! mom5t>9ess 7( ! layavij_/_/na1 x _c be ! abode ( m5tal impressions74 ,if y ma9ta9 t ! s-call$ int]nal cognition 7layavij_/_/na#daj7 assum$ by y may con/itute ! abode ( ! m5tal impressions1 we d5y t1 because t cognition also be+ admitt$ly mom5t>y1 & h5ce non-p]man5t1 _c be ! abode ( impressions any m ?an ! quasi-ext]nal cognitions 7prav_/ri_/ttivij_/_/na74 ,= unless !re exi/s "o cont9u\s pr9ciple equally connect$ ) ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future#daa1 or an absolutely un*angeable 7,self7 :i* cognises ev]y?+1 we are unable to acc\nt = remembrance1 recognition1 & s on1 :i* are subject to m5tal impressions dep5d5t on place1 "t1 & cause4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y decl>e y\r layavij_/_/na to be some?+ p]man5t1 y !reby ab&on y\r t5et ( ! layavij_/_/na z well z ev]y?+ else be+ mom5t>y4--,or 7to expla9 ! ,stra 9 a diff]5t way7 z ! t5et ( g5]al mom5t>9ess is *>act]i/ic ( ! sy/ems ( ! ideali/ic z well z ! reali/ic ,bauddhas1 we may br+ =w>d aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ! =m] all ^? argum5ts dep5d5t on ! pr9ciple ( g5]al mom5t>9ess :i* we h above urg$ aga9/ ! latt]4 ,we h ?us refut$ bo? nihili/ic doctr9es1 viz4 ! doctr9e :i* ma9ta9s ! 7mom5t>y7 reality ( ! ext]nal _w1 & ! doctr9e :i* ass]ts t ideas only exi/4 ,! ?ird v>iety ( ,bauddha doctr9e1 viz4 t ev]y?+ is empty 7i4e4 t absolutely no?+ exi/s71 is contradict$ by all means ( "r k1 & !re=e requires no special refutation4 ,= ?is app>5t _w1 ^: exi/5ce is gu>ante$ by all ! means ( k1 _c be d5i$1 unless "s "o %\ld f9d out "s new tru? 7bas$ on :i* he c\ld impugn its exi/5ce7--= a g5]al pr9ciple is prov$ by ! abs5ce ( contr>y in/ances4 #cb4 ,& on acc\nt ( its g5]al defici5cy 9 probability4 ,no fur!r special discussion is 9 fact requir$4 ,f :atev] new po9ts ( view ! ,bauddha sy/em is te/$ ) ref]5ce to its probability1 x gives way on all sides1 l ! walls ( a well dug 9 s&y soil4 ,x has1 9 fact1 no f\ndation :atev] to re/ ^u1 & h5ce ! attempts to use x z a guide 9 ! practical conc]ns ( life are m]e folly4--,moreov]1 ,buddha by prop\nd+ ! ?ree mutually contradictory sy/ems1 tea*+ respectively ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w1 ! reality ( ideas only1 & g5]al no?+ness1 has himself made x cle> ei!r t he 0 a man giv5 to make incoh]5t ass]tions1 or else t hatr$ ( all be+s induc$ him to prop\nd absurd doctr9es by accept+ :i* !y w\ld become ?or\ghly confus$4--,s t--& ?is ! ,stra means to indicate--,buddha's doctr9e has to be entirely disreg>d$ by all ^? :o h a reg>d = _! own happ9ess4 #cc4 ,on acc\nt ( ! impossibility 7( contradictory attributes7 9 "o ?+1 7! ,ja9a doctr9e is7 n 7to be accept$74 ,hav+ dispos$ ( ! ,bauddha doctr9e we n[ turn to ! sy/em ( ! ,gymnosophi/s 7,ja9as74 ,! ,ja9as ackn[l$ge sev5 categories 7tattvas71 viz4 s\l 7jva71 non-s\l 7ajva71 ! issu+ outw>d 7srava71 re/ra9t 7sa_/m_/v>a71 de/ruction 7nirj>a71 bondage 7b&ha71 & release 7mok%a7#dab4 ,%ortly x may be said t !y ackn[l$ge two categories1 viz4 s\l & non-s\l1 s9ce ! five o!r categories may be subsum$ "u ^! two4--,!y also set =? a set ( categories diff]5t f ! two m5tion$4 ,!y tea* t !re are five s-call$ a/ikyas 7'exi/+ bodies1' i4e4 categories71 viz4 ! categories ( s\l 7jva71 body 7pudgala71 m]it 7dh>ma71 dem]it 7adh>ma71 & space 7k_/s_/a74 ,all ^! categories !y aga9 subdivide 9 v>i\s fanciful ways#dac4--,to all ?+s !y apply ! foll[+ me?od ( reason+1 :i* !y call ! saptabhangnaya3 someh[ x is2 someh[ x is n2 someh[ x is & is n2 someh[ x is indescribable2 someh[ x is & is indescribable2 someh[ x is n & is indescribable2 someh[ x is & is n & is indescribable4 ,to ?is unsettl+ /yle ( reason+ !y submit ev5 su* conceptions z t ( unity & et]nity#dad4 ,?is doctr9e we meet z foll[s4--,y\r reason+1 we say1 is inadmissible 'on acc\nt ( ! impossibility 9 "o ?+4' ,t is to say1 x is impossible t contradictory attributes su* z be+ & non-be+ %\ld at ! same "t belong to "o & ! same ?+2 j z obs]vation tea*es u t a ?+ _c be hot & cold at ! same mom5t4 ,! sev5 categories ass]t$ by y mu/ ei!r be s _m & su* or n be s _m & su*2 ! ?ird alt]native express$ 9 ! words '!y ei!r are su* or n su*' results 9 a cognition ( indef9ite nature :i* is no m a s\rce ( true k ?an d\bt is4 ,if y %\ld plead t ! cognition t a ?+ is ( m ?an "o nature is def9ite & !re=e a s\rce ( true k1 we d5y ?is4 ,= ! unlimit$ ass]tion t all ?+s are ( a non-exclusive nature is itself some?+1 falls z su* "u ! alt]native pr$ications 'someh[ x is1' 'someh[ x is n1' & s ceases to be a def9ite ass]tion4 ,! same happ5s to ! p]son mak+ ! ass]tion & to ! result ( ! ass]tion2 p>tly !y are1 p>tly !y are n4 ,z ?us ! means ( k1 ! object ( k1 ! kn[+ subject1 & ! act ( k are all alike indef9ite1 h[ c ! ,tr?ak>a 7,j9a7 tea* ) any claim to au?ority1 & h[ c 8 foll[]s act on a doctr9e ! matt] ( :i* is altoge!r indet]m9ate8 ,obs]vation %[s t only :5 a c\rse ( action is kn[n to h a def9ite result p set ab\t x )\t hesitation4 ,h5ce a man :o proclaims a doctr9e ( altoge!r indef9ite cont5ts does n des]ve to be li/5$ to any m ?an a drunk5 man or a madman4--,aga91 if we apply ! ,ja9a reason+ to _! doctr9e ( ! five categories1 we h to say t on "o view ( ! matt] !y are five & on ano!r view !y are n five2 f :i* latt] po9t ( view x foll[s t !y are ei!r few] or m ?an five4 ,nor is x logical to decl>e ! categories to be indescribable4 ,= if !y are s1 !y _c be describ$2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 !y are describ$ s t to call !m indescribable involves a contradiction4 ,& if y g on to say t ! categories on be+ describ$ are asc]ta9$ to be su* & su*1 & at ! same "t are n asc]ta9$ to be su* & su*1 & t ! result ( _! be+ asc]ta9$ is p]fect k or is n p]fect k1 & t imp]fect k is ! opposite ( p]fect k or is n ! opposite2 y c]ta9ly talk m l a drunk5 or insane man ?an l a sob]1 tru/wor?y p]son4--,if y fur!r ma9ta9 t ! heav5ly _w & f9al release exi/ or d n exi/ & are et]nal or non-et]nal1 ! abs5ce ( all det]m9ate k :i* is impli$ 9 su* /atem5ts w result 9 nobody's act+ = ! purpose ( ga9+ ! heav5ly _w & f9al release4 ,&1 moreov]1 x foll[s f y\r doctr9e t s\l1 non-s\l1 & s on1 ^: nature y claim to h asc]ta9$1 & :i* y describe z hav+ exi/$ f all et]nity1 relapse all at once into ! condition ( absolute indet]m9ation4--,z !re=e ! two contradictory attributes ( be+ & non-be+ _c belong to any ( ! categories--be+ exclud+ non-be+ & vice v]s non-be+ exclud+ be+--! doctr9e ( ! rhat mu/ be reject$4--,! above rem>ks dispose likewise ( ! ass]tions made by ! ,ja9as z to ! impossibility ( decid+ :e!r ( "o ?+ !re is to be pr$icat$ on5ess or plurality1 p]man5cy or non-p]man5cy1 sep>at5ess or norn-sep>at5ess1 & s on4--,! ,ja9a doctr9e t aggregates are =m$ f ! atoms--by !m call$ pudgalas--we d n und]take to refute sep>ately z its refutation is already compris$ 9 t ( ! atomi/ic doctr9e giv5 9 a previ\s "p ( ?is "w4 #cd4 ,& likewise 7!re results f ! ,ja9a1 doctr9e7 non-univ]sality ( ! ,self4 ,we h hi!rto urg$ aga9/ ! ,ja9a doctr9e an objection result+ f ! sydvda1 viz4 t "o ?+ _c h contradictory attributes4 ,we n[ turn to ! objection t f _! doctr9e x w\ld foll[ t ! individual ,self is n univ]sal1 i4e4 n omnipres5t4--,! ,ja9as are ( op9ion t ! s\l has ! same size z ! body4 ,f ?is x w\ld foll[ t ! s\l is n ( inf9ite ext5sion1 b limit$1 & h5ce non-et]nal l j>s & simil> ?+s4 ,fur!r1 z ! bodies ( diff]5t classes ( creatures are ( diff]5t size1 x might happ5 t ! s\l ( a man--:i* is ( ! size ( ! human body--:5 ent]+1 9 consequ5ce ( its =m] de$s1 on a new /ate ( exi/5ce 9 ! body ( an elephant w\ld n be able to fill ! :ole ( x2 or else t a human s\l be+ relegat$ to ! body ( an ant w\ld n be able to f9d suffici5t room 9 x4 ,! same difficulty w\ld1 moreov]1 arise ) reg>d to ! successive /ages ( "o /ate ( exi/5ce1 infancy1 y\?1 & old age4--,b :y1 ! ,ja9a may ask1 %\ld we n look ^u ! s\l z consi/+ ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts capable ( und]go+ compression 9 a small body & dilatation 9 a big "o8--,d y1 we ask 9 return1 admit or n admit t ^? c\ntless p>ticles ( ! s\l may occupy ! same place or n8--,if y d n admit x1 x foll[s t ! inf9ite numb] ( p>ticles _c be conta9$ 9 a body ( limit$ dim5sions4--,if y d admit x1 x foll[s t1 z !n ! space occupi$ by all ! p>ticles may be ! space ( "o p>ticle only1 ! ext5sion ( all ! p>ticles toge!r w rema9 inconsid]able1 & h5ce ! s\l be ( m9ute size 7n ( ! size ( ! body74 ,y h1 moreov]1 no "r to assume t a body ( limit$ size conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( s\l p>ticles4 ,well !1 ! ,ja9a may reply1 let u assume t by turns :5ev] ! s\l ent]s a big body "s p>ticles acc$e to x :ile "s )draw f x :5ev] x ent]s a small body4--,to ?is hypo!sis ! next ,stra furni%es a reply4 #ce4 ,nor is non-contradiction to be d]iv$ f ! succession 7( p>ts acc$+ to & dep>t+ f ! s\l71 on acc\nt ( ! *ange1 c4 7( ! s\l74 ,nor c ! doctr9e ( ! s\l hav+ ! same size z ! body be satisfactorily e/abli%$ by means ( ! hypo!sis ( ! successive accession & )drawal ( p>ticles4 ,= ?is hypo!sis w\ld involve ! s\l's und]go+ *anges & ! l4 ,if ! s\l is cont9ually be+ replet$ & deplet$ by ! successive addition & )drawal ( p>ts1 x ( c\rse foll[s t x und]goes *ange1 & if x is liable to *ange x foll[s t x is non-p]man5t1 l ! sk9 & simil> sub/ances4 ,f t1 aga91 x foll[s t ! ,ja9a doctr9e ( bondage & release is unt5able2 accord+ to :i* doctr9e '! s\l1 :i* 9 ! /ate ( bondage is encompass$ by ! ogdoad ( works & sunk 9 ! ocean ( sa_/m_/sra1 rises :5 its bonds are sund]$1 z ! g\rd rises to ! surface ( ! wat] :5 x is fre$ f ! encumb]+ clay#dae4'--,moreov]1 ^? p>ticles :i* 9 turns come & dep>t h ! attributes ( com+ & go+1 & _c1 on t acc\nt1 be ( ! nature ( ! ,self any m ?an ! body is4 ,& if x be said t ! ,self consi/s ( "s p]man5tly rema9+ p>ts1 we rem>k t x w\ld be impossible to det]m9e :i* are ! p]man5t & :i* ! tempor>y p>ts4--,we h fur!r to ask f :5ce ^? p>ticles orig9ate :5 !y acc$e to ! s\l1 & into :at !y are m]g$ :5 !y deta* !mselves f x4 ,!y _c spr+ f ! mat]ial elem5ts & re-ent] ! elem5ts2 = ! s\l is immat]ial4 ,nor h we any means to prove ! exi/5ce ( "s o!r1 g5]al or special1 res]voir ( s\l-p>ticles4--,moreov]1 on ! hypo!sis "u discussion ! s\l w\ld be ( indef9ite nature1 z ! size ( ! p>ticles acc$+ & dep>t+ is itself indef9ite4--,on acc\nt ( all ^! & simil> difficulties x _c be ma9ta9$ t c]ta9 p>ticles by turns atta* !mselves to1 & deta* !mselves f1 ! s\l4 ,! ,stra may be tak5 9 a diff]5t s5se also4 ,! prec$+ ,stra has prov$ t ! s\l if ( ! same size z ! body _c be p]man5t1 z its ent]+ into bigg] & small] bodies involves its limitation4 ,to ?is ! ,gymnosophi/ may be suppos$ to rejo9 t al?\gh ! s\l's size successively *anges x may yet be p]man5t1 j z ! /ream ( wat] is p]man5t 7al?\gh ! wat] cont9ually *anges74 ,an analog\s in/ance w\ld be suppli$ by ! p]man5cy ( ! /ream ( ideas :ile ! individual ideas1 z t ( a r$ clo? & s on1 are non-p]man5t4--,to ?is rejo9d] our ,stra replies t if ! /ream is n real we are l$ back to ! doctr9e ( a g5]al void1 & t1 if x is some?+ real1 ! difficulties connect$ ) ! s\l's *ang+1 c4 pres5t !mselves & r5d] ! ,ja9a view impossible4 #cf4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! p]man5cy ( ! f9al 7size ( ! s\l7 & ! result+ p]man5cy ( ! two 7prec$+ sizes7 !re is no diff]5ce 7( size1 at any "t74 ,moreov]1 ! ,ja9as !mselves admit ! p]man5cy ( ! f9al size ( ! s\l :i* x has 9 ! /ate ( release4 ,f ?is x foll[s also t its initial size & its int]v5+ sizes mu/ be p]man5t#daf1 & t h5ce !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree sizes4 ,b ?is w\ld involve ! conclusion t ! diff]5t bodies ( ! s\l h "o & ! same size1 & t ! s\l _c ent] into bigg] & small] bodies4--,or else 7to expla9 ! ,stra 9 a some:at diff]5t way7 f ! fact t ! f9al size ( ! s\l is p]man5t1 x foll[s t its size 9 ! two previ\s conditions also is p]man5t4 ,h5ce ! s\l mu/ be consid]$ z be+ always ( ! same size--:e!r m9ute or inf9ite--& n ( ! v>y+ size ( its bodies4--,= ?is reason also ! doctr9e ( ! ,arhat has to be set aside z n 9 any way m rational ?an ! doctr9e ( ,buddha4 #cg4 ,! ,"l 7_c be ! cause ( ! _w71 on acc\nt ( ! inappropriat5ess 7( t doctr9e74 ,! ,strakra n[ applies himself to ! refutation ( t doctr9e1 accord+ to :i* ! ,"l is ! cause ( ! _w only 9 s f> z he is ! g5]al rul]4--,b h[ d y "k t t is ! purport ( ! ,stra 7:i* speaks ( ! ,"l ')\t any qualification'78--,f ! circum/ance1 we reply1 t ! tea*] himself has prov$1 9 ! previ\s sections ( ! "w1 t ! ,"l is ! mat]ial cause z well z ! rul] ( ! _w4 ,h5ce1 if ! pres5t ,stra 7 meant to impugn ! doctr9e ( ! ,"l 9 g5]al1 ! e>li] & lat] p>ts ( ! "w w\ld be mutually contradictory1 & ! ,strakra w\ld ?us be 9 conflict ) himself4 ,we !re=e mu/ assume t ! purport ( ! pres5t ,stra is to make an en]getic attack on ! doctr9e ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! ,"l is n ! mat]ial cause1 b m]ely ! rul]1 i4e4 ! op]ative cause ( ! _w2 a doctr9e entirely oppos$ to ! ,v$ntic t5et ( ! unity ( ,brahman4 ,! !ories ab\t ! ,"l :i* are indep5d5t ( ! ,v$nta are ( v>i\s nature4 ,"s tak+ _! /& on ! ,snkhya & ,yoga sy/ems assume t ! ,"l acts z a m]e op]ative cause1 z ! rul] ( ! pradhna & ( ! s\ls1 & t pradhna1 s\l1 & ,"l are ( mutually diff]5t nature4--,! ,mhe_/s_/v>as 7_/,s_/aivas7 ma9ta9 t ! five categories1 viz4 effect1 cause1 union1 ritual1 ! end ( pa91 7 taught by ! ,"l ,pa_/s_/upati 7_/,s_/iva7 to ! end ( break+ ! bonds ( ! animal 7i4e4 ! s\l72 ,pa_/s_/upati is1 accord+ to !m1 ! ,"l1 ! op]ative cause4--,simil>ly1 ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas & o!rs also tea*1 accord+ to _! v>i\s sy/ems1 t ! ,"l is someh[ ! op]ative cause ( ! _w4 ,aga9/ all ^! op9ions ! ,stra rem>ks '! ,"l1 on acc\nt ( ! inappropriat5ess4' ,i4e4 x is n possible t ! ,"l z ! rul] ( ! pradhna & ! s\l %\ld be ! cause ( ! _w1 on acc\nt ( ! inappropriat5ess ( t doctr9e4 ,= if ! ,"l is suppos$ to assign to ! v>i\s classes ( animate creatures l[1 int]m$iate1 & high positions1 accord+ to 8 lik+1 x foll[s t he is animat$ by hatr$1 passion1 & s on1 is h5ce l "o ( u1 & is no real ,"l4 ,nor c we get ov] ?is difficulty by assum+ t he makes 8 dispositions ) a view to ! m]it & dem]it ( ! liv+ be+s2 = t assumption w\ld lead u to a logical see-saw1 ! ,"l z well z ! works ( liv+ be+s hav+ to be consid]$ 9 turns bo? z act+ & z act$ ^u4 ,?is difficulty is n remov$ by ! consid]ation t ! works ( liv+ be+s & ! result+ dispositions made by ! ,"l =m a *a9 :i* has no beg9n+2 = 9 pa/ "t z well z 9 ! pres5t mutual int]dep5d5ce ( ! two took place1 s t ! beg9n+less s]ies is l an endless *a9 ( bl9d m5 lead+ o!r bl9d m54 ,x is1 moreov]1 a t5et set =? by ! ,naiyyikas !mselves t 'imp]fections h ! *>act]i/ic ( be+ ! causes ( action' 7,nyya ,stra ,i1 #a1 #ah74 ,exp]i5ce %[s t all ag5ts1 :e!r !y be active = _! own purposes or = ! purposes ( some?+ else1 are impell$ to action by "s imp]fection4 ,& ev5 if x is admitt$ t an ag5t ev5 :5 act+ = "s extr9sic purpose is impell$ by an intr9sic motive1 y\r doctr9e rema9s faulty all ! same2 = ! ,"l is no long] a ,"l1 ev5 if he is actuat$ by intr9sic motives only 7su* z ! desire ( remov+ ! pa9ful feel+ connect$ ) pity74--,y\r doctr9e is f9ally inappropriate = t reason also t y ma9ta9 ! ,"l to be a special k9d ( s\l2 = f t x foll[s t he mu/ be devoid ( all activity4 #ch4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( ! connexion 7( ! ,"l ) ! s\ls & ! pradhna74 ,aga9/ ! doctr9e :i* we are at pres5t discuss+ !re lies ! fur!r objection t a ,"l di/9ct f ! pradhna & ! s\ls _c be ! rul] ( ! latt] )\t be+ connect$ ) !m 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,b ( :at nature is t connexion to be8 ,x _c be conjunction 7sa_/m_/yoga71 because ! ,"l1 z well z ! pradhna & ! s\ls1 is ( inf9ite ext5t & devoid ( p>ts4 ,nor c x be inh]5ce1 s9ce x w\ld be impossible to def9e :o %\ld be ! abode & :o ! abid+ ?+4 ,nor is x possible to assume "s o!r connexion1 ! special nature ( :i* w\ld h to be inf]r$ f ! effect1 because ! relation ( cause & effect is j :at is n settl$ z yet#dag4--;,h[1 !n1 x may be ask$1 d y--! ,v$nt9s--e/abli% ! relation ( cause & effect 7betwe5 ! ,"l & ! _w78--,!re is1 we reply1 no difficulty 9 our case1 z ! connexion we assume is t ( id5tity 7tdtmya74 ,! adh]5t ( ,brahman1 moreov]1 def9es ! nature ( ! cause1 & s on1 on ! basis ( ,scripture1 & is !re=e n oblig$ to r5d] 8 t5ets ?r\gh\t con=mable to obs]vation4 ,our adv]s>y1 on ! o!r h&1 :o def9es ! nature ( ! cause & ! l accord+ to in/ances furni%$ by exp]i5ce1 may be expect$ to ma9ta9 only su* doctr9es z agree ) exp]i5ce4 ,nor c he put =w>d ! claim t ,scripture1 because x is ! production ( ! omnisci5t ,"l1 may be us$ to confirm 8 doctr9e z well z t ( ! ,v$nt92 = t w\ld involve him 9 a logical see-saw1 ! omnisci5ce ( ! ,"l be+ e/abli%$ on ! doctr9e ( ,scripture1 & ! au?ority ( ,scripture aga9 be+ e/abli%$ on ! omnisci5ce ( ! ,"l4--,= all ^! reasons ! ,snkhya-yoga hypo!sis ab\t ! ,"l is devoid ( f\ndation4 ,o!r simil> hypo!ses :i* likewise are n bas$ on ! ,v$a are to be refut$ by correspond+ argum5ts4 #ci4 ,& on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( rul]%ip 7on ! "p ( ! ,"l74 ,! ,"l ( ! argum5tative philosoph]s is an unt5able hypo!sis1 = ! foll[+ reason also4--,^? philosoph]s are oblig$ to assume t by 8 influ5ce ! ,"l produces action 9 ! pradhna1 c4 j z ! pott] produces motion 9 ! clay1 c4 ,b ?is _c be admitt$2 = ! pradhna1 :i* is devoid ( col\r & o!r qualities1 & !re=e n an object ( p]ception1 is on t acc\nt ( an altoge!r diff]5t nature f clay & ! l1 & h5ce _c be look$ ^u z ! object ( ! ,"l's action4 #dj4 ,if y say t z ! organs 7are rul$ by ! s\l s ! pradhna is rul$ by ! ,"l71 we d5y t on acc\nt ( ! enjoym5t1 c4 ,well1 ! oppon5t might reply1 let u suppose t ! ,"l rules ! pradhna 9 ! same way z ! s\l rules ! organ ( sight & ! o!r organs :i* are devoid ( col\r1 & s on1 & h5ce n objects ( p]ception4 ,?is analogy also1 we reply1 proves no?+4 ,= we inf] t ! organs are rul$ by ! s\l1 f ! obs]v$ fact t ! s\l feels pleasure1 pa91 & ! l 7:i* affect ! s\l ?r\gh ! organs74 ,b we d n obs]ve t ! ,"l exp]i5ces pleasure1 pa91 c4 caus$ by ! pradhna4 ,if ! analogy betwe5 ! pradhna & ! bodily organs 7 a complete "o1 x w\ld foll[ t ! ,"l is affect$ by pleasure & pa9 no less ?an ! transmigrat+ s\ls are4 ,or else ! two prec$+ ,stras may be expla9$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,ord9>y exp]i5ce tea*es u t k+s1 :o are ! rul]s ( c\ntries1 are nev] )\t "s mat]ial abode1 i4e4 a body2 h5ce1 if we wi% to inf] ! exi/5ce ( a g5]al ,"l f ! analogy ( e>?ly rul]s1 we mu/ ascribe to him also "s k9d ( body to s]ve z ! sub/ratum ( 8 organs4 ,b su* a body _c be ascrib$ to ! ,"l1 s9ce all bodies exi/ only subsequ5tly to ! creation1 n previ\sly to x4 ,! ,"l1 !re=e1 is n able to act because devoid ( a mat]ial sub/ratum2 = exp]i5ce tea*es u t action requires a mat]ial sub/rate4--,let u !n arbitr>ily assume t ! ,"l possesses "s k9d ( body s]v+ z a sub/ratum = 8 organs 7ev5 previ\sly to creation74--,?is assumption also w n d2 = if ! ,"l has a body he is subject to ! s5sations ( ord9>y transmigratory s\ls1 & ?us no long] is ! ,"l4 #da4 ,& 7!re w\ld foll[ f t doctr9e7 ei!r f9ite duration or abs5ce ( omnisci5ce 7on ! ,"l's "p74 ,! hypo!sis ( ! argum5tative philosoph]s is invalid1 = ! foll[+ reason also4--,!y tea* t ! ,"l is omnisci5t & ( inf9ite duration1 & likewise t ! pradhna1 z well z ! individual s\ls1 is ( inf9ite duration4 ,n[1 ! omnisci5t ,"l ei!r def9es ! measure ( ! pradhna1 ! s\ls1 & himself1 or does n def9e x4 ,bo? alt]natives subv]t ! doctr9e "u discussion4 ,=1 on ! =m] alt]native1 ! pradhna1 ! s\ls1 & ! ,"l1 be+ all ( !m ( def9ite measure1 mu/ necess>ily be ( f9ite duration2 s9ce ord9>y exp]i5ce tea*es t all ?+s ( def9ite ext5t1 su* z j>s & ! l1 at "s "t cease to exi/4 ,! num]ical measure ( pradhna1 s\ls1 & ,"l is def9$ by _! con/itut+ a triad1 & ! individual measure ( ea* ( !m mu/ likewise be consid]$ z def9$ by ! ,"l 7because he is omnisci5t74 ,! numb] ( ! s\ls is a high "o#dah4 ,f among ?is limit$ numb] ( s\ls "s obta9 release f ! sa_/m_/sra1 t means _! sa_/m_/sra comes to an end1 & _! subjection to ! samsra comes to an end4 ,gradually all s\ls obta9 release1 & s !re w f9ally be an end ( ! entire sa_/m_/sra & ! sa_/m_/sra /ate ( all s\ls4 ,b ! pradhna :i* is rul$ by ! ,"l & :i* modifies itself = ! purposes ( ! s\l is :at is meant by sa_/m_/sra4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! latt] no long] exi/s1 no?+ is left = ! ,"l to rule1 & 8 omnisci5ce & rul+ p[] h no long] any objects4 ,b if ! pradhna1 ! s\ls1 & ! ,"l1 all h an end1 x foll[s t !y also h a beg9n+1 & if !y h a beg9n+ z well z an end1 we are driv5 to ! doctr9e ( a g5]al void4--,let u !n1 9 ord] to avoid ^! unt[>d conclusions1 ma9ta9 ! second alt]native1 i4e4 t ! measure ( ! ,"l himself1 ! pradhna1 & ! s\ls1 is n def9$ by ! ,"l4--,b t also is impossible1 because x w\ld compel u to ab&on a t5et grant$ at ! outset1 viz4 t ! ,"l is omnisci5t4 ,= all ^! reasons ! doctr9e ( ! argum5tative philosoph]s1 accord+ to :i* ! ,"l is ! op]ative cause ( ! _w1 appe>s unacceptable4 #db4 ,on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( ! orig9ation 7( ! individual s\l f ! highe/ ,"l1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,bhgavatas _c be accept$74 ,we h1 9 :at prec$es1 refut$ ! op9ion ( ^? :o ?9k t ! ,"l is n ! mat]ial cause b only ! rul]1 ! op]ative cause ( ! _w4 ,we are n[ go+ to refute ! doctr9e ( ^? accord+ to :om he is ! mat]ial z well z ! op]ative cause4--,b1 x may be object$1 9 ! previ\s portions ( ! pres5t "w a ,"l ( exactly ! same nature1 i4e4 a ,"l :o is ! mat]ial1 z well z ! op]ative1 cause ( ! _w1 has be5 asc]ta9$ on ! basis ( ,scripture1 & x is a recognis$ pr9ciple t ,sm_/ri_/ti1 9 s f> z x agrees ) ,scripture1 is au?oritative2 :y !n %\ld we aim at controv]t+ ! doctr9e /at$8--,x is true1 we reply1 t a "p ( ! sy/em :i* we are go+ to discuss agrees ) ! ,v$nta sy/em1 & h5ce af=ds no matt] = controv]sy2 ano!r "p ( ! sy/em1 h[ev]1 is op5 to objection1 & t "p we int5d to attack4 ,! s-call$ ,bhgavatas are ( op9ion t ! "o holy 7bhagavat7 ,vsudeva1 ^: nature is pure k1 is :at really exi/s1 & t he1 divid+ himself f\rfold1 appe>s 9 f\r =ms 7vyha71 z ,vsudeva1 ,sank>%a_/n_/a1 ,pradyumna1 & ,aniruddha4 ,vsudeva d5otes ! highe/ ,self1 ,sank>%a_/n_/a ! individual s\l1 ,pradyumna ! m9d 7manas71 ,aniruddha ! pr9ciple ( egoity 7ahankra74 ,( ^! f\r ,vsudeva con/itutes ! ultimate causal ess5ce1 ( :i* ! ?ree o!rs are ! effects4--,! believ] aft] hav+ wor%ipp$ ,vsudeva = a hundr$ ye>s by means ( approa* to ! temple 7abhigamana71 procur+ ( ?+s to be (f]$ 7updna71 oblation 7jy71 recitation ( pray]s1 c4 7svdhyya71 & dev\t m$itation 7yoga71 passes beyond all affliction & rea*es ! highe/ ,be+4 ,conc]n+ ?is sy/em we rem>k t we d n int5d to controv]t ! doctr9e t ,nrya_/n_/a1 :o is high] ?an ! ,undevelop$1 :o is ! highe/ ,self1 & ! ,self ( all1 reveals himself by divid+ himself 9 multiple ways2 = v>i\s scriptural passages1 su* z ',he is onefold1 he is ?reefold' 7,*4 ,up4 ,,vii1 #bf1 #b71 tea* u t ! highe/ ,self appe>s 9 manifold =ms4 ,nor d we mean to object to ! inculcation ( unceas+ conc5tration ( m9d on ! highe/ ,be+ :i* appe>s 9 ! ,bhgavata doctr9e "u ! =ms ( rev]5tial approa*1 c42 = t we are to m$itate on ! ,"l we "k full well f ,sm_/ri_/ti & ,scripture4 ,we1 h[ev]1 mu/ take exception to ! doctr9e t ,sank>%a_/n_/a spr+s f ,vsudeva1 ,pradyumna f ,sank>%a_/n_/a1 ,aniruddha f ,pradyumna4 ,x is n possible t f ,vsudeva1 i4e4 ! highe/ ,self1 !re %\ld orig9ate ,sank>%a_/n_/a1 i4e4 ! individual s\l2 = if su* 7 ! case1 !re w\ld atta* to ! s\l non-p]man5cy1 & all ! o!r imp]fections :i* belong to ?+s orig9at$4 ,& !nce release1 :i* consi/s 9 rea*+ ! highe/ ,be+1 c\ld n take place2 = ! effect is absorb$ only by ent]+ into its cause4--,t ! s\l is n an orig9at$ ?+1 ! tea*] w prove lat] on 7,,ii1 #c1 #ag74 ,= ?is reason ! ,bhgavata hypo!sis is unacceptable4 #dc4 ,& 7x is7 n 7obs]v$ t7 ! in/rum5t is produc$ f ! ag5t4 ,! ,bhgavata hypo!sis is to be reject$ = t reason also1 t obs]vation nev] %[s u an in/rum5t1 su* z a hat*et & ! l1 to spr+ f an ag5t su* z ,devadatta1 or any o!r workman4 ,b ! ,bhgavatas tea* t f an ag5t1 viz4 ! individual s\l t]m$ ,sank>%a_/n_/a1 !re spr+s its in/rum5t1 viz4 ! int]nal organ t]m$ ,pradyumna1 & aga9 f ?is (fspr+ ( ! ag5t ano!r in/rum5t1 viz4 ! ahankra t]m$ ,aniruddha4 ,su* doctr9es _c be settl$ )\t obs]v$ in/ances4 ,& we d n meet ) any scriptural passage 9 _! fav\r4 #dd4 ,or 7if7 9 consequ5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( k1 c4 7,vsudeva1 c4 be tak5 z ,lords71 yet !re is non-exclusion ( t 7i4e4 ! objection rais$ 9 ,stra #db74 ,let u !n--! ,bhgavatas may say--und]/& by ,sank>%a_/n_/a1 & s on1 n ! individual s\l1 ! m9d1 c41 b r ,lords1 i4e4 p[]ful be+s di/+ui%$ by all ! qualities *>act]i/ic ( rul]s1 su* z pre-em95ce ( k & rul+ capacity1 /r5g?1 val\r1 glory4 ,all ^! are ,vsudevas free f faults1 )\t a sub/ratum 7n sprung f pradhna71 )\t any imp]fections4 ,h5ce ! objection urg$ 9 ,stra #db does n apply4 ,ev5 on ?is int]pretation ( y\r doctr9e1 we reply1 ! 'non-exclusion ( t1' i4e4 ! non-exclusion ( ! impossibility ( orig9ation1 c be e/abli%$4--,d y1 9 ! fir/ place1 mean to say t ! f\r individual ,lords1 ,vsudeva1 & s on1 h ! same attributes1 b d n con/itute "o & ! same ,self8--,if s1 y commit ! fault ( uselessly assum+ m ?an "o ,"l1 :ile all ! "w ( ! ,"l c be done by "o4 ,moreov]1 y (f5d !reby aga9/ y\r own pr9ciple1 accord+ to :i* !re is only "o real ess5ce1 viz4 ! holy ,vsudeva4--,or d y p]haps mean to say t f ! "o highe/ ,be+ !re spr+ ^? f\r =ms possess+ equal attributes8--,9 t case ! objection urg$ 9 ,stra #db rema9s valid4 ,= ,sank>%a_/n_/a _c be produc$ f ,vsudeva1 nor ,pradyumna f ,sank>%a_/n_/a1 nor ,aniruddha f ,pradyumna1 s9ce 7! attributes ( all ( !m be+ ! same7 !re is no sup]em95ce ( any "o ( !m4 ,obs]vation %[s t ! relation ( cause & effect requires "s sup]iority on ! "p ( ! cause--z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! clay & ! j> 7:]e ! cause is m ext5sive ?an ! effect7--& t )\t su* sup]iority ! relation is simply impossible4 ,b ! foll[]s ( ! ,p_/k_/artra d n ackn[l$ge any diff]5ce f\nd$ on sup]iority ( k1 p[]1 c4 betwe5 ,vsudeva & ! o!r ,lords1 b simply say t !y all are =ms ( ,vsudeva1 )\t any special di/9ctions4 ,! =ms ( ,vsudeva _c prop]ly be limit$ to f\r1 z ! :ole _w1 f ,brahman d[n to a blade ( grass1 is und]/ood to be a manife/ation ( ! supreme ,be+4 #de4 ,& on acc\nt ( contradictions4 ,moreov]1 manifold contradictions are met ) 9 ! ,bhgavata sy/em1 ) ref]5ce to ! assumption ( qualities & _! be>]s4 ,em95ce ( k & rul+ capacity1 /r5g?1 val\r1 & glory are enum]at$ z qualities1 & !n !y are 9 "s o!r place spok5 ( z ,selfs1 holy ,vsudevas1 & s on4--,moreov]1 we meet ) passages contradictory ( ! ,v$a4 ,! foll[+ passage1 = in/ance1 blames ! ,v$a1 ',n hav+ f\nd ! highe/ bliss 9 ! ,v$as _/,s_/_/nd_/ilya /udi$ ?is _/s_//ra4'--,= ?is reason also ! ,bhgavata doctr9e _c be accept$4 ,notes3 ,footnote #cad3 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,goodness1 ,passion1 & ,d>kness1 ! ?ree con/itu5t elem5ts 7gu_/n_/a7 ( ! pradhna4 ,s4 ,k4 #ab1 #ac4 ,footnote #cae3 ,viz4 ! great pr9ciple 7mahat74 ahanka a1 c4 ,s4 ,k4 #c4 ,footnote #caf3 ,! argum5ts "h ref]r$ to are enum]at$ 9 ! ,s4 ,k4 #ae3 ,s4 ,stras ,i1 #ahi ff4 ,footnote #cag3 ,if we attempt to inf] ! nature ( ! univ]sal cause f its effects on ! gr\nd ( p>allel in/ances1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( an e>!n j> ^: mat]ial cause is clay1 we mu/ rememb] t ! j> has sprung f clay n )\t ! co-op]ation ( an intellig5t be+1 viz4 ! pott]4 ,footnote #cah3 ,z _h be5 ass]t$ above = ! purpose ( inf]r+ !refrom1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! equality ( cause & effect1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ?ree con/itu5ts ( ! pradhna4 ,footnote #cai3 ,& a ?+ _c consi/ ( t ( :i* x is ! cause4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,:i* diff]5ces _c be reconcil$ ) ! ,snkhya hypo!sis ( ! object itself consi/+ ( ei!r pleasure or pa91 c4--',if ?+s consi/$ 9 !mselves ( pleasure1 pa91 c41 !n s&al o9tm5t 7:i* is cool+1 & on t acc\nt pleasant 9 summ]7 w\ld be pleasant 9 w9t] also2 = s&al nev] is any?+ b s&al4--,& z ?i/les nev] are any?+ b ?i/les !y ought1 on ! ,snkhya hypo!sis1 to be eat5 ) enjoym5t n only by camels b by m5 also4' ,bh4 ,footnote #cba3 ,sa_/m_/s>gaprvakatvaprasanga iti gu_/n_/n_/m_/ sa_/m_/s_/ri_/%_/t_/nekava/uprak_/ri_/ti katvaprasaktir ity ar?a_/h_/4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,= !y limit "o ano!r4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,to proce$ to ! argum5t 'f ! sep>at5ess ( cause & effect' 7,s4 ,k4 #ae74 ,footnote #cbd3 ,! next s5t5ces furni% ! answ] to ! "q h[ ! intellig5t ,self is kn[n at all if x is n ! object ( p]ception4--,pratyak%atvbhve ka?am tmasiddhir ity sankya anumnd ity ha1 prav_/ri_/ttti4 ,anumnasiddhasya _/k_/etanasya na pravr_/i_/tty_/s_/rayateti d>_/s_/ayitum evakra_/h_/4 ,ka?am anumnam ity apek%y_/m_/ tatprakra_/m_/2 s_/k_/ayati kevaleti4 ,vailak%a_/n_/ya_/m_/ pr_/n_/dimattvam4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,viz4 t :atev] moves or acts does s "u ! influ5ce ( intellig5ce4--,sdhyapak%anik%iptatva_/m_ / sdhyavati pak%e pravi%_/t_/atvam eva ta_/k_/ _/k_/a sapak%anizk%iptatvasypy upalak%a_/n_/am1 anpanys na vyabhi_/k_/rabhm9 ity ar?a_/h_/4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,x might be held t = ! trans=mation ( grass into milk no o!r cause is requir$ ?an ! dige/ive heat ( ! c['s body2 b a reflect+ p]son w ackn[l$ge t !re also ! omnisci5t ,"l is active4 ,bh4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,andheyti_/s_/ayasya sukhadukhaprptip>ihr>pti_/s_/aya_/s_/nya syety ar?a_/h_/4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,= ! s\l z be+ ( an entirely inactive nature _c ( itself aim at release1 & ! pradhna aims--ex hypo!si--only at ! s\l's und]go+ v>i$ exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,i4e4 = ! v>i\s items con/itut+ enjoym5t or exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,t_/ri_/tyes'pi katipaya_/s_/abddyupalabdhir v sama/atadupalabdhir v bhoga iti vikalpydye s>ve%m ekadaiva mukti_/h_/ syd iti manvno dvitya_/m_/ pratyha ubhayr?ateti4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #cca3 ,! ,,mss4 ( n&a ,giri omit sa_/m_/srnu_/kkh_/edt2 ! ,bhmat's read+ is3 ,s>ga_/s_/aktyanu_/kkh_/edavad d_/ri_/k_/s_/aktyanu_/kkh_/edt4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,on ! !ory t ! s\l is ! cause ( ! pradhna's activity we aga9 h to ask :e!r ! pradhna acts = ! s\l's enjoym5t or = its release1 c4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,anant>o do%o mahaddikryotpdyoga_/h_/4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,9 ! =m] case ! five intellectual s5ses are look$ ^u z m]e modifications ( ! s5se ( t\*4 ,footnote #cce3 ,buddhi 9 ! latt] case be+ ! g5]ic "n = buddhi1 ahankra1 & manas4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,lit4 t :i* burns & t :i* is burn$1 :i* lit]al r5d]+ w\ld p]haps be pref]able ?r\gh\t4 ,z x is1 ! context has necessitat$ its ret5tion 9 "s places4--,! suff]]s are ! individual s\ls1 ! cause ( suff]+ ! _w 9 :i* ! s\ls live4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,9 ! case ( ! lamp1 light & heat are admitt$ly ess5tial2 h5ce ! ,v$nt9 is suppos$ to br+ =w>d ! sea ) its waves1 & s on1 z furni%+ a case :]e attributes pass away :ile ! sub/ance rema9s4 ,footnote #cch3 ',ar?a1' a useful or b5eficial ?+1 an object ( desire4 ,footnote #cci3 ,9 reality nei!r suff]+ nor suff]]s exi/1 z ! ,v$nt9 _h po9t$ out 9 ! fir/ s5t5ces ( 8 reply2 b !re c ( c\rse be no d\bt z to :o suff]s & :at causes suff]+ 9 ! vyavahrika-/ate1 i4e4 ! ph5om5al _w4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,9 ord] to expla9 !reby h[ ! s\l c exp]i5ce pa94 ,footnote #cda3 ,& t w\ld be aga9/ ! ,snkhya dogma ( ! s\l's ess5tial purity4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,s t ! fact ( suff]+ :i* _c take place ap>t f an intellig5t pr9ciple aga9 rema9s unexpla9$4 ,footnote #cdc3 tmanas tapte sattve pratibmitatvd yukt taptir iti _/s_/ankate sattveti4 ,an4 ,gi4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,= x !n indicates no m ?an a fictiti\s resemblance4 ,footnote #cde3 ,! ,snkhya ,prvapak%9 _h object$ to ! ,v$nta doctr9e t1 on ! latt]1 we _c acc\nt = ! fact kn[n f ord9>y exp]i5ce t !re are be+s suff]+ pa9 & ?+s caus+ suff]+4--,! ,v$nt9 9 8 turn endeav\rs to %[ t on ! ,snkhya doctr9e also ! fact ( suff]+ rema9s inexplicable1 & is !re=e to be consid]$ n real1 b fictiti\s m]ely1 ! product ( ,nesci5ce4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,n only 'suff]+ z x 71' z x _h be5 call$ above4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,= real suff]+ _c be remov$ by m]e di/9ctive k on :i*--accord+ to ! ,snkhya also--release dep5ds4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,?is 9 answ] to ! rem>k t possibly ! conjunction ( s\l & pradhna may come to an end :5 ! influ5ce ( ,d>kness decl9es1 x be+ ov]p[]$ by ! k ( ,tru?4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,i4e4 accord+ z !y are atoms ( e>?1 wat]1 fire1 or air4 ,footnote #cej3 ,p>ima_/nd_/ala1 sph]ical is ! te*nical t]m = ! specific =m ( ext5sion ( ! atoms1 &1 second>ily1 = ! atoms !mselves4 ,! latt] mu/ app>5tly be imag9$ z inf9itely small sph]es4 ,cp4 ,vi_/s_/4 ,st4 ,,vii1 #a1 #bj4 ,footnote #cea3 ,viz4 dur+ ! p]iod ( ea* pralaya4 ,at t "t all ! atoms are isolat$ & motionless4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,:5 ! "t = a new creation has come4 ,footnote #cec3 ,! c4 implies ! activity ( ! ,"l4 ,footnote #ced3 ,! inh]5t 7mat]ial7 cause ( an atomic comp\nd are ! con/itu5t atoms1 ! non-inhei5t cause ! conjunction ( ^? atoms1 ! op]ative causes ! ad_/ri_/%_/ta_/ & ! ,"l's activity :i* make !m ent] into conjunction4 ,footnote #cee3 ,i4e4 9 all cases ! special =m ( ext5sion ( ! effect dep5ds n on ! special ext5sion ( ! cause1 b on ! numb] ( atoms compos+ ! cause 7& !reby ! effect74 ,footnote #cef3 ,9 ord] to escape ! conclusion t ! non-acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( ,brahman involves ! ab&onm5t ( a fundam5tal ,vai_/s_/e%ika pr9ciple4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,i4e4 =ms ( ext5sion diff]5t f sph]icity1 c4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,! fir/ ( ! ?ree ,stras quot$ comprises1 9 ! pres5t text ( ! ,vai_/s_/e%ika-stras1 only ! foll[+ words1 ',kra_/n_/abahutv_/k_/ _/k_/a2' ! _/k_/a ( ! ,stra imply+1 accord+ to ! comm5tators1 mahattva & pra_/k_/aya4--,accord+ to ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas ! =m ( ext5sion call$ a_/n_/u1 m9ute1 has = its cause ! dvitva inh]5t 9 ! mat]ial causes1 i4e4 ! two atoms f :i* ! m9ute b9>y atomic comp\nd orig9ates4--,! =m ( ext5sion call$ mahat1 big1 has diff]5t causes1 among !m bahutva1 i4e4 ! plurality resid+ 9 ! mat]ial causes ( ! result+ 'big' ?+2 ! cause ( ! mahattva ( a t]n>y atomic comp\nd1 = in/ance1 is ! tritva inh]5t 9 ! ?ree con/itu5t atoms4 ,9 o!r cases mahattva is due to antec$5t mahattva1 9 o!rs to pra_/k_/aya1 i4e4 accumulation4 ,see ! ,upaskra on ,vai_/s_/4 ,st4 ,,vii1 #a1 #i2 #aj4 ,footnote #cei3 ,i4e4 if ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas h to admit t x is ! nature ( sph]icity1 c4 n to produce l effects1 ! ,v$nt9 also may ma9ta9 t ,brahman produces an unlike effect1 viz4 ! non-intellig5t _w4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,l o!r ?+s1 let u say a piece ( clo?1 :i* consi/s ( p>ts4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,or1 m p>ticul>ly1 to ! conjunction ( ! atoms ) ! s\ls to :i* m]it & dem]it belong4--,ad_/ri_/%_/t_/pek%am ad_/ri_/%_/t_/avatk%etraj_/_/asa_/my_/og pek%am iti yvat4 n4 ,gi4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,accord+ to ! ,vai_/s_/e%ikas intellig5ce is n ess5tial to ! s\l1 b a m]e adv5titi\s quality aris+ only :5 ! s\l is jo9$ to an int]nal organ4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,! s\l be+ all-p]vad+4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,:i* is inadmissible on ,vai_/s_/e%ika pr9ciples1 because sa_/m_/yoga z be+ a quality is connect$ ) ! ?+s x jo9s by samavya4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,viz4 f ^? ?+s :i* are unit$ by conjunction4 ,! argum5t is t conjunction z an indep5d5t ?ird entity requires ano!r connexion to connect x ) ! two ?+s relat$ to ea* o!r 9 ! way ( conjunction4 ,footnote #cff3 ,viz4 ! absolute diff]5ce ( samavya & sa_/m_/yoga f ! t]ms :i* !y connect4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,action 7k>man71 c4 also /&+ 9 ! samavya relation to _! sub/rates4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,our ,vai_/s_/e%ika-stras read 'prati%$habhva_/h_/2' b z all ,,mss4 ( ,sank>a h 'prati%$hbhva_/h_/' ,i h kept ! latt] read+ & translat$ accord+ to n&agiri's explanation3 ,kryam anityam iti krye vire%ato nityatvani%$ho na syd yadi kra_/n_/eszpy anityatvam atozs_/n_/n_/m_/ kra_/n_/n_/m_/ nityateti strr?a_/h_/4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,because !y also are n p]ceptible2 ! t]n>y aggregates1 ! s-call$ tras>e_/n_/u1 con/itut+ ! m9ima p]ceptibilia4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,z !y h no cause :i* c\ld ei!r be dis9tegrat$ or de/roy$4 ,footnote #cga3 ,?is accord+ to ! ,v$nta view4 ,if atoms exi/$ !y might h orig9at$ f avidy by a m]e p>i_/n_/ma & might aga9 be dissolv$ into avidy1 )\t ei!r dis9tegration or de/ruction ( _! cause tak+ place4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,! ,snkhyas look+ on ev]y?+ 7except ! s\l7 z be+ ! pradhna 9 v>i\s =ms4--,!re is no ne$ ( assum+ ) ,gov9dn&a t by ! ,snkhya ( ! text we h to und]/& ! ,v$nta4 ,footnote #cgc3 ,yayor dvayor madhya ekam av9a_/s_/yad ap>_/s_/ritam evvati%_/?_/ate tv ayutasiddhau ya?vayavvayav9au4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,! connexion ( cause & effect is ( c\rse samavya4 ,footnote #cge3 ,if ! effect c exi/ be=e hav+ ent]$ into connexion ) ! cause1 ! subsequ5t connexion ( ! two is no long] samavya b sa_/m_/yoga2 & t contradicts a fundam5tal ,vai_/s_/e%ika pr9ciple4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,?is clause replies to ! objection t only ^? connexions :i* h be5 produc$ by previ\s motion are to be consid]$ conjunctions4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,a clause meant to preclude ! assumption t ! p]man5t exi/5ce ( ! ?+s connect$ involves ! p]man5t exi/5ce ( ! connexion4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,x hav+ be5 %[n above t atoms _c ent] into sa_/m_/yoga ) ea* o!r1 x is %[n n[ t sa_/m_/yoga ( ! s\l ) ! atoms _c be ! cause ( ! motion ( ! latt]1 & t sa_/m_/yoga ( s\l & manas _c be ! cause ( cognition4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,ekasamb&hyk>%a_/n_/e yatra samb&hyant>k>%a_/n_/a_/m_/ tatra sa_/m_/sle%a_/h_/1 sa tu svayavn_/m_/ jatuk%_/?_/dn_/m_/ d_/ri_/%_/t_/o na tu niravayavai_/h_/ svayvnm1 ato dvya_/n_/ukasya svayavasya niravayav5a p>am_/n_/un sa nopapadyate4 ,brahmavidybh4 ,footnote #chj3 ,9 answ] to ! "q h[1 9 t case1 ! practically recognis$ relation ( abode1 c4 exi/+ betwe5 ! cause & ! effect is acc\nt$ =4 ,footnote #cha3 ,= !y mu/ 9 t case h a nor!rn end1 an ea/]n end1 c4 ,footnote #chb3 ,& t on t acc\nt ! atoms :i* he consid]s z ! ultimate simple con/itu5ts ( matt] _c be decompos$4 ,footnote #chc3 ,because accord+ to _! op9ion diff]5ce ( size con/itutes diff]5ce ( sub/ance1 s t ! cont9u\s *ange ( size 9 animal bodies1 = in/ance1 involves ! cont9ual p]i%+ ( old & ! cont9ual orig9ation ( new sub/ances4 ,footnote #chd3 ,! foll[+ notes on ,bauddha doctr9es are tak5 exclusively f ! comm5t>ies on ! _/,s_/ank>abh%ya1 & no attempt has be5 made to contra/ or reconcile ! ,brahm9ical acc\nts ( ,bauddha psy*ology ) ! tea*+ ( g5u9e ,bauddha books4 ,cp4 on ! *ief sects ( ! ,buddhi/ic philosoph]s ! ,bauddha *apt] ( ! ,s>vad>_/s_/a_/n_/asa_/m_/graha4--,! ,nihili/s are ! ,mdhyamikas2 ! ,ideali/s are ! ,yog_/k_/ras2 ! ,sautrntikas & ! ,vaibh%ikas toge!r con/itute ! class ( ! ,reali/s4--,i subjo9 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ^? sects 9 ! ,brahmavidybh>a_/n_/a4--,buddhasya hi mdhyamika-yog_/k_/ra-sautrntika-vaibh%ik asamj_/_/aks _/k_/atvra_/h_/ _/s_/i%y_/h_/4 ,tatra buddh5a pra?ama_/m_/ yn prati s>va_/m_/ _/s_/nyam ity upadi%_/t_/a_/m_/ te mdhyamiks te hi guru_/n_/ ya?okta_/m_/ ta?aiva _/s_/raddhay g_/ri_/htavanta iti k_/ri_/tv npak_/ri_/%_/t_/_/h_/ puna_/s_/ _/k_/a taduktasyr?asya buddhyanusre_/n_/k%epasyk_/ri_/tatvn notk_/ri_/%_/t_/abuddhaya iti mdhyamik_/h_/4 ,anyais tu _/s_/i%yair guru_/n_/ s>va_/s_/nyatva upadi%_/t_/e j_/_/ntiriktasya s>vasya _/s_/nyatvam a/u nmeti gurktir yoga iti bauddai_/h_/ p>ibh%itopet_/h_/ tad up>i _/k_/a j_/_/nasya tu _/s_/nyatva_/m_/ na sa_/m_/bhavati ta?tve jagadndhyaprasangt snyasiddh] apy asa_/m_/bhav_/k_/ _/k_/eti buddhamate _/k_/ratv5a p>ibh%ita k%epos'pi k_/ri_/ta iti yog_/k_/r_/h_/ vij_/_/namtr/itvavd9a_/h_/4 ,tadanat>am anyai_/h_/ _/s_/i%yai_/h_/ prattisiddhasya ka?a_/m_/ _/s_/nyatva_/m_/ vaktu_/m_/ _/s_/akyam ato j_/_/navad vhyr?os'pi satya ity ukte t>hi ta?aiva sos'/u1 p>a_/m_/ tu s s'numeyo na tu pratyak%a ity ukte ta?ngk_/ri_/tyaiva_/m_/ _/s_/i%yamatim anus_/ri_/tya kiyatp>yanta_/m_/ stra_/m_/ bhavi%yatti tai_/h_/ p_/ri_/%_/t_/am atas te sautrntik_/h_/4 ,anye pun> yady aya_/m_/ gha_/t_/a iti prattibald vhyos'r?a upeyate t>hi tasy eva pratt] ap>ok%atvt sa ka?a_/m_/ p>ok%os'to vhyos'r?o na pratyak%a iti bh% viruddhety k%ipann atas te vaibh%ik_/h_/4 ,footnote #che3 ,! rpask&ha comprises ! s5ses & _! objects1 col\r1 c42 ! s5se-organs 7 above call$ bhautika1 !y "h re-appe> z _/k_/aittika on acc\nt ( _! connexion ) ?\ght4 ,_! objects likewise are class$ z _/k_/aittika 9 s f> z !y are p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4--,! vij_/_/nask&ha comprises ! s]ies ( self-cognitions 7ahamaham ity layavj_/_/napravha_/h_/71 accord+ to all comm5tators2 & 9 addition1 accord+ to ! ,brahmavidybh>a_/n_/a1 ! k1 det]m9ate & indet]m9ate1 ( ext]nal ?+s 7savikalpaka_/m_/ nirvikalpaka_/m_/ _/k_/a prav_/ri_/ttivij_/_/nasamj_/_/itam74-- ,! v$ansk&ha comprises pleasure1 pa91 c4--,! samj_/_/sk&ha comprises ! cognition ( ?+s by _! names 7gaur a_/s_/va itydi_/s_/abdasamjalpitapratyaya_/h_/1 n4 ,gi42 gaur a_/s_/va ityeva_/m_/ nmavi_/s_/i%_/t_/asavikalpaka_/h_/ pratyaya_/h_/1 ,g4 n42 sa_/m_/j_/_/ yaj_/_/adattdipadatadullekh savikalpapratyayo v1 dvityapak%e vij_/_/napad5a savikalpapratyayo na grhy_/h_/1 ,brahmavidybh474 ,! sa_/m_/skrask&ha comprises passion1 av]sion1 c41 dh>ma & adh>ma4--,comp>e also ! ,bhmat4--,! vij_/_/nask&ha is _/k_/itta1 ! o!r sk&has _/k_/aitta4 ,footnote #chf3 ,x has to be kept 9 view t ! s>v/itvavd9s z well z ! o!r ,bauddha sects tea* ! mom5t>9ess 7k%a_/n_/ikatva71 ! et]nal flux ( ev]y?+ t exi/s1 & are on t gr\nd controv]t$ by ! uphold]s ( ! p]man5t ,brahman4 ,footnote #chg3 ,m9d1 on ! ,bauddha doctr9e1 presupposes ! exi/5ce ( an aggregate ( atoms1 viz4 ! body4 ,footnote #chh3 ,9 consequ5ce ( :i* no release c\ld take place4 ,footnote #chi3 ,! ,brahmavidybh>a_/n_/a expla9s ! la/ clause--f k%a_/n_/ikatv_/k_/ _/k_/a--some:at diff]5tly3 ,api _/k_/a p>am_/n_/nm api k%a_/n_/ikatvbhyupagamn melana_/m_/ na sambhavati1 p>am_/n_/n_/m_/ melana_/m_/ p>am_/n_/ukriydhnam1 ta? _/k_/a svakriy_/m_/ prati p>am_/n_/n_/m_/ kra_/n_/atvt kriyprak%a_/n_/e p>am_/n_/ubhir bhvyam kriy _/s_/rayatay kriyk%a_/n_/eszpi te%m ava/hnam apek%itam eva_/m_/ melanak%aneszpi1 nahi melan_/s_/rayasybhve melan>p prav_/ri_/ttir upapadyate1 ta? _/k_/a /hirap>am_/n_/udhy melan>p prav_/ri_/tti_/h_/ ka?a_/m_/ te%m k%a_/n_/ikatve bhavet4--n&a ,giri also divides & translates diff]5tly f ! translation 9 ! text4 ,footnote #cij3 ,! kra_/n_/atvt ( _/,s_/ank>a expla9s ! pratyayatvt ( ! ,stra2 krya_/m_/ praty ayate janakatv5a ga_/kkh_/ati4 ,footnote #cia3 ,! comm5tators agree on ! :ole 9 _! explanations ( ! t]ms ( ?is s]ies4--,! foll[+ is ! sub/ance ( ! comm5t ( ! ,brahmavidybh>a_/n_/a3 ,nesci5ce is ! error ( consid]+ t :i* is mom5t>y1 impure1 c4 to be p]man5t1 pure1 c4--,impression 7affection1 sa_/m_/skra7 comprises desire1 av]sion1 c41 & ! activity caus$ by !m4--,k 7vij_/_/na7 is ! self-consci\sness 7aham ity layavij_/_/nasya v_/ri_/ttilbha_/h_/7 spr++ up 9 ! embryo4--,"n & =m is ! rudim5t>y flake--or bubble-l condition ( ! embryo4--,! abode ( ! six 7%a_/d_/yatana7 is ! fur!r develop$ /age ( ! embryo 9 :i* ! latt] is ! abode ( ! six s5ses4--,t\* 7sp>_/s_/a7 is ! s5sations ( cold1 w>m?1 c4 on ! embryo's "p4--,feel+ 7v$an7 ! s5sations ( pleasure & pa9 result+ !refrom4--,desire 7t_/ri_/%_/n_/7 is ! wi% to enjoy ! pleasurable s5sations & to %un ! pa9ful ones4--,activity 7updna7 is ! ef=t result+ f desire1--,bir? is ! pass+ out f ! ut]us4--,species 7jti7 is ! class ( be+s to :i* ! new-born creature belongs4--,decay 7j>74--,dea? 7m>a_/n_/am7 is expla9$ z ! condition ( ! creature :5 ab\t to die 7mumr%74--,grief 7_/s_/oka7 ! fru/ration ( wi%es connect$ !re)4--,lam5t 7p>idevanam7 ! lam5tations on t acc\nt4--,pa9 7du_/h_/kha7 is su* pa9 z caus$ by ! five s5ses4--,durmanas is m5tal affliction4--,! '& ! l' implies dea?1 ! dep>ture to ano!r _w & ! subsequ5t return f !re4 ,footnote #cib3 n&a ,giri & ,g4 n&a expla93 _/s_/rya_/s_/rayibhte%v iti bhokt_/ri_/vi_/s_/e%a_/n_/am ad_/ri_/%_/t_/_/s_/raye%v ity ar?a_/h_/4--,! ,brahrma-vidybh>a_/n_/a says3 ,nitye%v _/s_/rya_/s_/rayibhte%v a_/n_/u%v abhyupagamyamne%u bhokt_/ri_/%u _/k_/a satsv ity anvaya_/h_/4 _/s_/rya_/s_/rayibhte%v ity asyopakryopakrakabhvaprpte%v ity ar?a_/h_/4--,& ) reg>d to ! subsequ5t _/s_/ray_/s_/rayi_/s_/nye%u3 _/s_/ray_/s_/rayitva_/s_/nye%u1 aya_/m_/ bhva_/h_/1 /hire%u p>am_/n_/u%u yadanvaye p>am_/n_/n_/m_/ sa_/m_/ghtpatti_/h_/ yadvyatireke _/k_/a na tad upakrakam upakry_/h_/ p>am_/n_/ava_/h_/ y5a tatk_/ri_/to bhoga_/h_/ prr?yate sa tatra k>teti grahtu_/m_/ _/s_/akyate1 k%a_/n_/ike%u tu p>am_/n_/u%u anvayavyatirekagrahasynekak%a_/n_/zdhyas ysa_/m_/bhavn nopakryopakrakabhvo nirdhrayitu_/m_/ _/s_/akya_/h_/4--,an&a ,giri rem>ks on ! latt]3 ,ad_/ri_/%_/t_/_/s_/rayakrt_/ri_/rhityam h_/s_/rayeti4 ,ano!r read+ appe>s to be _/s_/ay_/s_/raya_/s_/nye%u4 ,footnote #cic3 ,bauddhn_/m_/ k%a_/n_/apad5a gha_/t_/dir eva padr?o vyavahriyate na tu tadat9kta_/h_/ ka_/sk_/x k%a_/n_/o nma hlo/i4 ,brahmvidybh4 ,footnote #cid3 ,& :]eupon !n c\ld be e/abli%$ ! diff]5ce ( m]e effici5t causes su* z ! pott]'s /aff1 c41 & mat]ial causes su* z clay1 c48 ,footnote #cie3 ,^! f\r causes are ! s-call$ def9+ cause 7adhipati-pratyaya71 ! auxili>y cause 7sahakripratyaya71 ! imm$iate cause 7samanant>apratyaya71 & ! sub/antial cause 7lambanapratyaya74--,i extract ! explanation f ! ,brahmavidybh>a_/n_/a3 ,adhipatir indriya_/m_/ tad dhi _/k_/ak%urdirpam utpannasya j_/_/nasya rpdivi%ayat_/m_/ niya_/kkh_/ati niymaka_/s_/ _/k_/a lok$hipatir ity u_/k_/yate4 ,sahakr loka_/h_/4 ,samanant>apratyaya_/h_/prvaj_/_/nam1 bauddhamate hi k%a_/n_/ikaj_/_/anasa_/m_/tatau prvaj_/_/nam utt>aj_/_/sya krana_/m_/ tad eva _/k_/a mana ity u_/k_/yate4 lambana_/m_/ gha_/t_/di_/h_/4 ,etn hetn pratya prpya _/k_/ak%urdijanyam ity di4 ,footnote #cif3 ,sa_/m_/skra iti1 tanmate prvak%a_/n_/a eva hetubhta_/h_/ sa_/m_/skro vsaneti _/k_/a vyavahriyate krya_/m_/ tu tadvi%ayatay k>mavyutpatty sa_/m_/skra_/h_/1 ta? _/k_/a kryakra_/n_/tmaka_/m_/ s>va_/m_/ bhv>pa_/m_/ k%a_/n_/ikam iti pratij_/_/r?a_/h_/4 ,brahmavidybh>a_/n_/a4 ,footnote #cig3 ,z :5 a man sma%es a j> hav+ previ\sly =m$ ! int5tion ( do+ s4 ,footnote #cih3 ,i4e4 ! ins5sible cont9ual decay ( ?+s4--,vip>ta iti pratik%a_/n_/a_/m_/ gha_/t_/dn_/m_/ yukty sdhyamnoku_/s_/alair avagantum a_/s_/akya_/h_/ sk%mo v9_/s_/opratisa_/m_/khynirodha_/h_/4 ,brahmv4 ,footnote #cii3 ,a s]ies ( mom5t>y exi/5ces con/itut+ a *a9 ( causes & effects c nev] be entirely /opp$2 = ! la/ mom5t>y exi/5ce mu/ be suppos$ ei!r to produce its effect or n to produce x4 ,9 ! =m] case ! s]ies is cont9u$2 ! latt] alt]native w\ld imply t ! la/ l9k does n really exi/1 s9ce ! ,bauddhas def9e ! satt ( a ?+ z its causal effici5cy 7cp4 ,s>vad>_/s_/a_/n_/asa_/m_/graha74 ,& ! non-exi/5ce ( ! la/ l9k w\ld retrogressively lead to ! non-exi/5ce ( ! :ole s]ies4 ,footnote #djj3 ,?us clay is recognis$ z su* :e!r x appe>s 9 ! =m ( a j>1 or ( ! pot%]ds into :i* ! j> is brok51 or ( ! p[d] into :i* ! pot%]ds are gr\nd4--,analog\sly we inf] t ev5 ?+s :i* seem to vani% altoge!r1 su* z a drop ( wat] :i* has fall5 on heat$ iron1 yet cont9ue to exi/ 9 "s =m4 ,footnote #dja3 ,! k t ev]y?+ is transitory1 pa91 c4 ,footnote #djb3 ,:at does enable u to decl>e t !re is v>a_/n_/bhva 9 "o place & n 9 ano!r8 ,space2 :i* !re=e is some?+ real4 ,footnote #djc3 ,if ! cause 7 able1 )\t hav+ und]gone any *ange1 to produce effects1 x w\ld at ! same mom5t produce all ! effects ( :i* x is capable4--,cp4 on ?is po9t ! ,s>vad>_/s_/a_/n_/asa_/m_/graha4 ,footnote #djd3 ,?is is add$ to obviate ! rem>k t x is n a g5]al rule t effects are ( ! same nature z _! causes1 & t !re=e1 aft] all1 exi/5t ?+s may spr+ f non-exi/5ce4 ,footnote #dje3 ,accord+ to ! vij_/_/navd9 ! cognition specialis$ by its v>i\s cont5ts1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! idea ( blue col\r is ! object ( k2 ! cognition 9 s f> z x is consci\sness 7avabhsa7 is ! result ( k2 ! cognition 9 s f> z x is p[] is mna1 k2 9 s f> z x is ! abode ( t p[] x is pramt_/ri_/1 kn[+ subject4 ,footnote #djf3 ,if !y are said to be diff]5t f ! atoms !y c no long] be consid]$ z compos$ ( atoms2 if !y are non-diff]5t f atoms !y _c be ! cause ( ! m5tal repres5tations ( gross non-atomic bodies4 ,footnote #djg3 ,avayavvayavirpo vhyosr?o n/i _/k_/en m bhd jtivyaktydirpas tu syd ity _/s_/rankyha evam iti4 ,jtydn_/m_/ vyaktydnm _/k_/tyantabh9natve svtantryaprasangd atyantbh9natve tadvadevtadbhvd bh9nbh9natvasya viruddhatvd avayavvayavibh$avaj gtivyaktydibh$osxpi n/ty ar?a_/h_/4 ,footnote #djh3 ,vsan1 above translat$ by m5tal impression1 /rictly means any memb] ( ! inf9ite s]ies ( ideas :i* prec$es ! pres5t actual idea4 ,footnote #dji3 ,= all ^! doctr9es dep5d on ! comp>ison ( ideas :i* is n possible unless !re be a p]man5t kn[+ subject 9 addition to ! transitory ideas4 ,footnote #daj3 ,! vij_/_/nask&ha comprises vij_/_/nas ( two diff]5t k9ds1 ! layavij_/_/na & ! prav_/ri_/ttivij_/_/na4 ,! layavij_/_/na comprises ! s]ies ( cognitions or ideas :i* ref] to ! ego2 ! prav_/ri_/ttivij_/_/na comprises ^? ideas :i* ref] to app>5tly ext]nal objects1 su* z col\r & ! l4 ,! ideas ( ! latt] class are due to ! m5tal impressions left by ! antec$5t ideas ( ! =m] class4 ,footnote #daa3 ,viz4 9 ! pres5t case ! pr9ciple t :at pres5ts itself to consci\sness is n non-exi/5t4 ,footnote #dab3 ,s\l & non-s\l are ! enjoy+ s\ls & ! objects ( _! enjoym5t2 srava is ! =w>d movem5t ( ! s5ses t[>ds _! objects2 sa_/m_/v>a is ! re/ra9t ( ! activity ( ! s5ses2 nirj>a is self-mortification by :i* s9 is de/roy$2 ! works con/itute bondage2 & release is ! asc5d+ ( ! s\l1 aft] bondage has ceas$1 to ! highe/ regions4--,= ! details1 see ,pr(essor ,c[ell's translation ( ! rhata *apt] ( ! ,s>vad>_/s_/a_/n_/asa_/m_/graha4 ,footnote #dac3 ,cp4 translation ( ,s>vad>_/s_/a_/n_/asa_/m_/graha1 p4 #ei4 ,footnote #dad3 ,& s impugn ! doctr9e ( ! "o et]nal ,brahman4 ,footnote #dae3 ,cp4 ,s>vad>_/s_/a_/n_/asa_/m_/graha translation1 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #daf3 ,! inf]5ce be+ t ! initial & int]v5+ sizes ( ! s\l mu/ be p]man5t because !y are sizes ( ! s\l1 l its f9al size4 ,footnote #dag3 ,! special nature ( ! connexion betwe5 ! ,"l & ! pradhna & ! s\ls _c be asc]ta9$ f ! _w consid]$ z ! effect ( ! pradhna act$ ^u by ! ,"l2 = t ! _w is ! effect ( ! pradhna is a po9t :i* ! ,v$nt9s d n accept z prov$4 ,footnote #dah3 ,i4e4 a high "o1 b n an indef9ite "o2 s9ce ! omnisci5t ,"l kn[s its measure4