available by ! ,biblio!que nationale de ,france 7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,edmund ,,burke ,,9 ,,twelve ,,volumes ,,volume ,,! ,,sev5? ,illu/ration3 ,burke ,coat ( ,arms4 ,,london ,,john ,c4 ,,nimmo #ad1 ,,k+ ,,william ,,/reet1 ,,/r&1 ,w4,c4 ,,mdccclxxxvii ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,vii ,,fragm5ts ,,& ,,notes ,,( ,,spee*es ,,9 ,,p>liam5t4 ,,spee* ,,on ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,uni=mity1 ,febru>y #f1 #aggb #c ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,bill ,,= ,,! ,,relief ,,( ,,prote/ant ,,diss5t]s1 ,m>* #g1 #aggc #ba ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,motion ,,= ,,leave ,,to ,,br+ ,,9 ,a ,,bill ,,to ,,repeal ,,& ,,alt] ,,c]ta9 ,,acts ,,respect+ ,,religi\s ,,op9ions1 ,,^u ,,! ,,occasion ,,( ,a ,,petition ,,( ,,! ,,unit>ian ,,society1 ,may #aa1 #agib #ci ,,spee* ,,relative ,,to ,,! ,,middlesex ,,election1 ,febru>y #g1 #agga #ei ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,bill ,,= ,,%ort5+ ,,! ,,duration ,,( ,,p>liam5ts1 ,may #h1 #aghj #fi ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,motion ,,= ,a ,,committee ,,to ,,inquire ,,into ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,commons ,,9 ,,p>liam5t1 ,may #g1 #aghb #hi ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,motion ,,= ,,leave ,,to ,,br+ ,,9 ,a ,,bill ,,= ,,expla9+ ,,! ,,p[]s ,,( ,,juries ,,9 ,,prosecutions ,,= ,,libels1 ,m>* #g1 #agga4 ,,toge!r ,,) ,a ,,lett] ,,9 ,,v9dication ,,( ,,t ,,measure1 ,,& ,a ,,copy ,,( ,,! ,,propos$ ,,bill #aje ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,bill ,,= ,,! ,,repeal ,,( ,,! ,,m>riage ,,act1 ,june #ae1 #agha #abi ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,motion ,,= ,,leave ,,to ,,br+ ,,9 ,a ,,bill ,,to ,,quiet ,,! ,,possessions ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,aga9/ ,,dormant ,,claims ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*1 ,febru>y #ag1 #aggb #acg ,,h9ts ,,= ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,drama #adc ,,an ,,essay ,,t[>ds ,,an ,,abridgm5t ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,hi/ory4 ,,9 ,,?ree ,,books4 ,,book ,i4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,causes ( ! ,connection betwe5 ! ,romans & ,britons4--,cs>'s two ,invasions ( ,brita9 #aei ,,ii4 ,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,anci5t ,inhabitants ( ,brita9 #agj ,,iii4 ,! ,r$uction ( ,brita9 by ! ,romans #ahi ,,iv4 ,! ,fall ( ! ,roman ,p[] 9 ,brita9 #bad ,,book ,,ii4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,! ,entry & ,settlem5t ( ! ,saxons1 & _! ,conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity #bbg ,,ii4 ,e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity--( ,mona/ic ,in/itutions --& ( _! ,effects #bdj ,,iii4 ,s]ies ( ,anglo-,saxon ,k+s f ,e!lb]t to ,alfr$3 ) ! ,invasion ( ! ,danes #bee ,,iv4 ,reign ( ,k+ ,alfr$ #bfa ,v4 ,succession ( ,k+s f ,alfr$ to ,h>old #bfi ,,vi4 ,h>old ,,ii4--,invasion ( ! ,normans4--,acc\nt ( t ,p1 & ( ! ,/ate ( ,engl& at ! ,"t ( ! ,invasion #bhj ,,vii4 ,( ! ,laws & ,in/itutions ( ! ,saxons #bia ,,book ,,iii4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,view ( ! ,/ate ( ,europe at ! ,"t ( ! ,norman ,invasion #cbg ,,ii4 ,reign ( ,william ! ,conqu]or #cce ,,iii4 ,reign ( ,william ! ,second1 surnam$ ,rufus #cfd ,,iv4 ,reign ( ,h5ry ,i #cge ,v4 ,reign ( ,/eph5 #chf ,,vi4 ,reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii #cid ,,vii4 ,reign ( ,ri*>d ,i #dbe ,,viii4 ,reign ( ,john #dcg ,,ix4 ,fragm5t4--,an ,essay t[>ds an ,hi/ory ( ! ,laws ( ,engl& #dge ,,fragm5ts ,,& ,,notes ,,( ,,spee*es4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ,mr4 ,burke's ,p>liam5t>y labors1 "s alt]ations 9 ! ,acts ( ,uni=mity1 & ! repeal ( ! ,te/ & ,corporation ,acts1 7 agitat$ at v>i\s times 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,x appe>s f ! /ate ( 8 manuscript pap]s1 t he _h design$ to publi% "s ( ! ,spee*es :i* he deliv]$ 9 ^? discussions1 & ) t view _h pres]v$ ! foll[+ ,fragm5ts & deta*$ ,notes1 :i* are n[ giv5 to ! public ) z mu* ord] & connection z _! imp]fect condition r5d]s !m capable ( receiv+4 ,! ,spee*es on ! ,middlesex ,election1 on %ort5+ ! ,duration ( ,p>liam5ts1 on ! ,re=m ( ! ,repres5tation 9 ,p>liam5t1 on ! ,bill = expla9+ ! ,p[] ( ,juries 9 ,prosecutions = libels1 & on ! ,repeal ( ! ,m>riage ,act1 7 f\nd 9 ! same imp]fect /ate4 ,,spee* ,,on ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,uni=mity ,,febru>y #f1 #aggb4 ,,note4 ,! foll[+ ,spee* 0 occasion$ by a petition to ! ,h\se ( ,commons f c]ta9 cl]gym5 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & c]ta9 ( ! two pr(essions ( ,civil ,law & ,physic1 & o!rs1 pray+ to be reliev$ f subscription to ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles1 z requir$ by ! ,acts ( ,uni=mity4 ,! p]sona associat$ = ?is purpose 7 di/+ui%$ at ! "t by ! "n ( ,! ,fea!rs ,tav]n ,association1 f ! place :]e _! meet+s 7 usually held4 ,_! petition 0 pres5t$ on ! #f? ( ,febru>y1 #aggb2 & on a motion t x %\ld be br\ght up1 ! same 0 negativ$ on a division1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,burke vot$ 9 ! majority1 by #bag aga9/ #ga4 ,,spee*4 ,mr4 ,speak]1--,i %\ld n tr\ble ! ,h\se ^u ?is "q1 if ,i c\ld at all acquiesce 9 _m ( ! argum5ts1 or ju/ify ! vote ,i %all give ^u sev]al ( ! reasons :i* h be5 urg$ 9 favor ( x4 ,i %\ld1 inde$1 be v mu* conc]n$1 if ,i 7 ?\ght to be influ5c$ to t vote by ^? argum5ts4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,i d mo/ exce$+ly condemn all su* argum5ts z involve any k9d ( reflection on ! p]sonal "* ( ! g5tlem5 :o h br\ght 9 a petition s dec5t 9 ! /yle ( x1 & s con/itutional 9 ! mode4 ,besides ! unimpea*able integrity & piety ( _m ( ! promot]s ( ?is petition1 :i* r5d] ^? asp]sions z idle z !y are unju/1 su* a way ( treat+ ! subject c h no o!r effect ?an to turn ! att5tion ( ! ,h\se f ! m]its ( ! petition1 ! only ?+ prop]ly be=e u1 & :i* we are suffici5tly compet5t to decide ^u1 to ! motives ( ! petition]s1 :i* belong exclusively to ! ,great ,se>*] ( ,he>ts4 ,we all "k t ^? :o loll at _! ease 9 high dignities1 :e!r ( ! ,*ur* or ( ! ,/ate1 are commonly av]se to all re=mation4 ,x is h>d to p]suade !m t !re c be any?+ amiss 9 e/abli%m5ts :i* by feel+ exp]i5ce !y f9d to be s v com=table4 ,x is z true1 t1 f ! same selfi% motives1 ^? :o are /ruggl+ upw>ds are apt to f9d ev]y?+ wrong & out ( ord]4 ,^! are tru?s ^u "o side & on ! o!r2 & nei!r on ! "o side or ! o!r 9 argum5t are !y wor? a s+le f>?+4 ,i wi%1 !re=e1 s mu* _h n be5 said ^u ^! ill-*os51 & worse ?an ill-*os51 ^! v invidi\s topics4 ,i wi% /ill m t ! diss5sions & animosities :i* _h slept = a c5tury _h n be5 j n[ mo/ unseasonably reviv$4 ,b if we mu/ be driv51 :e!r we w or n1 to recollect ^! unhappy transactions1 let our memory be complete & equitable1 let u recollect ! :ole ( !m toge!r4 ,if ! ,diss5t]s1 z an honorable g5tleman has describ$ !m1 h =m]ly ris5 f a :9+1 cant+1 snivell+ g5]ation1 to be a body dreadful & ru9\s to all our e/abli%m5ts1 let him call to m9d ! follies1 ! viol5ces1 ! outrages1 & p]secutions1 t conjur$ up1 v blamably1 b v naturally1 t same _s ( retaliation4 ,let him recollect1 along ) ! injuries1 ! s]vices :i* ,diss5t]s h done to our ,*ur* & to our ,/ate4 ,if !y h once de/roy$1 m ?an once !y h sav$ !m4 ,?is is b common ju/ice1 :i* !y & all mank9d h a "r to4 ,!re are1 ,mr4 ,speak]1 besides ^! prejudices & animosities1 :i* ,i w\ld h :olly remov$ f ! debate1 ?+s m regul>ly & argum5tatively urg$ aga9/ ! petition1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n at all appe> to me conclusive4 ,fir/1 two honorable g5tlem51 "o ne> me1 ! o!r1 ,i ?9k1 on ! o!r side ( ! ,h\se1 ass]t1 t1 if y alt] h] symbols1 y de/roy ! be+ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,?is1 = ! sake ( ! lib]ty ( t ,*ur*1 ,i mu/ absolutely d5y4 ,! ,*ur*1 l e body corporate1 may alt] h] laws )\t *ang+ h] id5tity4 ,z an indep5d5t *ur*1 pr(ess+ fallibility1 %e has claim$ a "r ( act+ )\t ! cons5t ( any o!r2 z a *ur*1 %e claims1 & has always ex]cis$1 a "r ( re=m+ :atev] appe>$ amiss 9 h] doctr9e1 h] discipl9e1 or h] rites4 ,%e did s1 :5 %e %ook (f ! ,papal supremacy 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 :i* 0 an act ( ! body ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 z well z ( ! ,/ate 7,i don't inquire h[ obta9$74 ,%e did s1 :5 %e twice *ang$ ! ,liturgy 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,edw>d1 :5 %e !n e/abli%$ ,articles1 :i* 7 !mselves a v>iation f =m] pr(essions4 ,%e did s1 :5 %e cut (f ?ree articles f h] orig9al =ty-two1 & r$uc$ !m to ! pres5t ?irty-n9e2 & %e c]ta9ly w\ld n lose h] corporate id5tity1 nor subv]t h] fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ?\gh %e 7 to leave t5 ( ! ?irty-n9e :i* rema9 out ( any future confession ( h] fai?4 ,%e w\ld limit h] corporate p[]s1 on ! contr>y1 & %e w\ld oppose h] fundam5tal pr9ciples1 if %e 7 to d5y h]self ! prud5tial ex]cise ( su* capacity ( re=mation4 ,?is1 !re=e1 c be no objection to y\r receiv+ ! petition4 ,9 ! next place1 ,sir1 ,i am cle>1 t ! ,act ( ,union1 recit+ & ratify+ "o ,scot* & "o ,engli% act ( ,p>liam5t1 has n r5d]$ any *ange :atsoev] 9 our ,*ur* impossible1 b by a dissolution ( ! union betwe5 ! two k+doms4 ,! honorable g5tleman :o has la/ t\*$ ^u t po9t has n gone q s f> z ! g5tlem5 :o fir/ insi/$ ^u x4 ,h[ev]1 z none ( !m :olly ab&on t po/1 x w n be safe to leave x beh9d me unattack$4 ,i believe no "o w wi% _! int]pretation ( t act to be consid]$ z au!ntic4 ,:at %all we ?9k ( ! wisdom 7to say no?+ ( ! compet5ce7 ( t legislature :i* %\ld orda9 to itself su* a fundam5tal law1 at its outset1 z to disable itself f execut+ its own functions1--:i* %\ld prev5t x f mak+ any fur!r laws1 h[ev] want$1 & t1 too1 on ! mo/ int]e/+ subject t belongs to human society1 & :]e %e mo/ frequ5tly wants its int]position1--:i* %\ld fix ^? fundam5tal laws t are =ev] to prev5t x f adapt+ itself to its op9ions1 h[ev] cle>1 or to its own necessities1 h[ev] urg5t8 ,su* an act1 ,mr4 ,speak]1 w\ld =ev] put ! ,*ur* out ( its own p[]2 x c]ta9ly w\ld put x f> above ! ,/ate1 & erect x into t species ( indep5d5cy :i* x has be5 ! great pr9ciple ( our policy to prev5t4 ,! act nev] meant1 ,i am sure1 any su* unnatural re/ra9t on ! jo9t legislature x 0 !n =m+4 ,hi/ory %[s u :at x meant1 & all t x c\ld mean ) any degree ( common s5se4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,fir/ a viol5t & ill-consid]$ attempt 0 made unju/ly to e/abli% ! plat=m ( ! gov]nm5t & ! rites ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 ,scotl&1 contr>y to ! g5ius & desires ( f> ! majority ( t nation4 ,?is usurpation excit$ a mo/ mut9\s _s 9 t c\ntry4 ,x produc$ t %ock+ fanatical ,cov5ant 7,i mean ! ,cov5ant ( '#cf7 = =c+ _! ideas ( religion on ,engl&1 & inde$ on all mank9d4 ,?is became ! occasion1 at l5g?1 ( o!r cov5ants1 & ( a ,scot* army m>*+ into ,engl& to fulfil !m2 & ! ,p>liam5t ( ,engl& 7= its own purposes7 adopt$ _! s*eme1 took _! la/ cov5ant1 & de/roy$ ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,! ,p>liam5t1 9 _! ord9ance ( #afdh1 expressly assign _! desire ( con=m+ to ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& z a motive = _! alt]ation4 ,to prev5t su* viol5t ent]prises on ! "o side or on ! o!r1 s9ce ea* ,*ur* 0 go+ to be dis>m$ ( a legislature :olly & peculi>ly affect$ to x1 & le/ ?is new uni=mity 9 ! ,/ate %\ld be urg$ z a reason & gr\nd ( ecclesia/ical uni=mity1 ! ,act ( ,union provid$ t presbyt]y %\ld cont9ue ! ,scot*1 z episcopacy ! ,engli% e/abli%m5t1 & t ?is sep>ate & mutually indep5d5t ,*ur*-gov]nm5t 0 to be consid]$ z a "p ( ! ,union1 )\t aim+ at putt+ ! regulation )9 ea* ,*ur* out ( its own p[]1 )\t putt+ bo? ,*ur*es out ( ! p[] ( ! ,/ate4 ,x c\ld n mean to =bid u to set any?+ ecclesia/ical 9 ord]1 b at ! exp5se ( te>+ up all f\ndations1 & =feit+ ! ine/imable b5efits 7= ine/imable !y are7 :i* we d]ive f ! happy union ( ! two k+doms4 ,to suppose o!rwise is to suppose t ! act int5d$ we c\ld n m$dle at all ) ! ,*ur*1 b we mu/ z a prelim9>y de/roy ! ,/ate4 ,well1 !n1 ,sir1 ?is is1 ,i hope1 satisfactory4 ,! ,act ( ,union does n /& 9 our way4 ,b1 ,sir1 g5tlem5 ?9k we are n compet5t to ! re=mation desir$1 *iefly f our want ( !ological le>n+4 ,if we 7 ! legal assembly4444 ,if ev] !re 0 any?+ to :i*1 f reason1 nature1 habit1 & pr9ciple1 ,i am totally av]se1 x is p]secution = consci5ti\s diff]5ce 9 op9ion4 ,if ^! g5tlem5 compla9$ ju/ly ( any compulsion ^u !m on t article1 ,i w\ld h>dly wait = _! petitions2 z soon z ,i knew ! evil1 ,i w\ld ha/e to ! cure2 ,i w\ld ev5 run be=e _! compla9ts4 ,i w n ent] into ! ab/ract m]its ( our ,articles & ,liturgy4 ,p]haps !re are "s ?+s 9 !m :i* "o w\ld wi% _h n be5 !re4 ,!y are n )\t ! m>ks & *>act]s ( human frailty4 ,b x is n human frailty & imp]fection1 & ev5 a consid]able degree ( !m1 t becomes a gr\nd = y\r alt]ation2 = by no alt]ation w y get rid ( ^? errors1 h[ev] y may delight y\rselves 9 v>y+ to inf9ity ! fa%ion ( !m4 ,b ! gr\nd = a legislative alt]ation ( a legal e/abli%m5t is ?is1 & ?is only1--t y f9d ! incl9ations ( ! majority ( ! p1 concurr+ ) y\r own s5se ( ! intol]able nature ( ! abuse1 are 9 favor ( a *ange4 ,if ?is be ! case 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 c]ta9ly y ought to make ! alt]ation t is propos$1 to satisfy y\r own consci5ces1 & to give cont5t to y\r p4 ,b if y h no evid5ce ( ?is nature1 x ill becomes y\r gravity1 on ! petition ( a few g5tlem51 to li/5 to any?+ t t5ds to %ake "o ( ! capital pill>s ( ! /ate1 & al>m ! body ( y\r p ^u t "o gr\nd1 9 :i* e hope & fe>1 e int]e/1 passion1 prejudice1 ev]y?+ :i* c affect ! human brea/1 are all involv$ toge!r4 ,if y make ?is a season = religi\s alt]ations1 dep5d ^u x1 y w soon f9d x a season ( religi\s tumults & religi\s w>s4 ,^! g5tlem5 compla9 ( h>d%ip4 ,no consid]able numb] %[s discont5t2 b1 9 ord] to give satisfaction to any numb] ( respectable m51 :o come 9 s dec5t & con/itutional a mode be=e u1 let u exam9e a little :at t h>d%ip is4 ,!y want to be pref]r$ cl]gym5 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& z by law e/abli%$2 b _! consci5ces w n suff] !m to con=m to ! doctr9es & practices ( t ,*ur*3 t is1 !y want to be tea*]s 9 a *ur* to :i* !y d n belong2 & x is an odd sort ( h>d%ip4 ,!y want to receive ! emolum5ts appropriat$ = tea*+ "o set ( doctr9es1 :il/ !y are tea*+ ano!r4 ,a *ur*1 9 any legal s5se1 is only a c]ta9 sy/em ( religi\s doctr9es & practices fix$ & asc]ta9$ by "s law1--by ! diff]5ce ( :i* laws diff]5t *ur*es 7z diff]5t commonweal?s7 are made 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w2 & ! e/abli%m5t is a tax laid by ! same sov]eign au?ority = paym5t ( ^? :o s tea* & s practise3 = no legislature 0 ev] s absurd z to tax its p to support m5 = tea*+ & act+ z !y please1 b by "s prescrib$ rule4 ,! h>d%ip am\nts to ?is1--t ! p ( ,engl& are n tax$ two %ill+s 9 ! p\nd to pay !m = tea*+1 z div9e tru?s1 _! own p>ticul> fancies4 ,= ! /ate has s tax$ ! p2 & by way ( reliev+ ^! g5tlem51 x w\ld be a cruel h>d%ip on ! p to be compell$ to pay1 f ! sweat ( _! br[1 ! mo/ heavy ( all taxes to m51 to condemn z h]etical ! doctr9es :i* !y repute to be or?odox1 & to reprobate z sup]/iti\s ! practices :i* !y use z pi\s & holy4 ,if a man leaves by w an e/abli%m5t = prea*+1 su* z ,boyle's ,lectures1 or = *>ity s]mons1 or fun]al s]mons1 %all any "o compla9 ( an h>d%ip1 because he has an excell5t s]mon ^u matrimony1 or on ! m>tyrdom ( ,k+ ,*>les1 or on ! ,re/oration1 :i* ,i1 ! tru/ee ( ! e/abli%m5t1 w n pay him = prea*+8--,s4 ,j5yns1 ,orig9 ( ,evil4--,su* is ! h>d%ip :i* !y compla9 ( "u ! pres5t ,*ur* e/abli%m5t1 t !y h n ! p[] ( tax+ ! p ( ,engl& = ! ma9t5ance ( _! private op9ions4 ,! laws ( tol]ation provide = e real grievance t ^! g5tlem5 c rationally compla9 ( ,are !y h9d]$ f pr(ess+ _! belief ( :at !y ?9k to be tru?8 ,if !y d n l ! ,e/abli%m5t1 !re are an hundr$ diff]5t modes ( ,diss5t 9 :i* !y may tea*4 ,b ev5 if !y are s un=tunately circum/anc$ t ( all t v>iety none w please !m1 !y h free lib]ty to assemble a congregation ( _! own2 & if any p]sons ?9k _! fancies 7!y may be brilliant imag9ations7 wor? pay+ =1 !y are at lib]ty to ma9ta9 !m z _! cl]gy3 no?+ h9d]s x4 ,b if !y _c get an hundr$ p toge!r :o w pay = _! read+ a liturgy aft] _! =m1 ) :at face c !y insi/ ^u ! nation's con=m+ to _! ideas1 = no o!r visible purpose ?an ! enabl+ !m to receive ) a good consci5ce ! t5? "p ( ! produce ( y\r l&s8 ,!re=e1 be=eh&1 ! ,con/itution has ?\ght prop] to take a security t ! tax rais$ on ! p %all be appli$ only to ^? :o pr(ess su* doctr9es & foll[ su* a mode ( wor%ip z ! legislature1 repres5t+ ! p1 has ?\ght mo/ agreeable to _! g5]al s5se1--b9d+1 z usual1 ! m9ority1 n to an ass5t to ! doctr9es1 b to a paym5t ( ! tax4 ,b h[ d y ease & relieve8 ,h[ d y "k1 t1 9 mak+ a new door into ! ,*ur* = ^! g5tlem51 y d n drive t5 times _! numb] out ( x8 ,suppos+ ! cont5ts & n-cont5ts /rictly equal 9 numb]s & consequ5ce1 ! possession1 to avoid di/urbance1 ought to c>ry x4 ,y displease all ! cl]gy ( ,engl& n[ actually 9 (fice1 = ! *ance ( oblig+ a score or two1 p]haps1 ( g5tlem51 :o are1 or want to be1 b5efic$ cl]gym53 & d y oblige8 ,alt] y\r ,liturgy1--w x please all ev51 ( ^? :o wi%1 an alt]ation8 w !y agree 9 :at ought to be alt]$8 ,& aft] x is alt]$ to ! m9d ( e "o1 y are no fur!r advanc$ ?an if y _h n tak5 a s+le /ep2 because a l>ge body ( m5 w !n say y ought to h no liturgy at all3 & !n ^! m51 :o n[ compla9 s bitt]ly t !y are %ut out1 w !mselves b> ! door aga9/ ?\s&s ( o!rs4 ,diss5t1 n satisfi$ ) tol]ation1 is n consci5ce1 b ambition4 ,y alt]$ ! ,liturgy = ! ,directory4 ,?is 0 settl$ by a set ( mo/ le>n$ div9es & le>n$ laym53 ,seld5 sat among/ !m4 ,did ?is please8 ,x 0 consid]$ ^u bo? sides z a mo/ un*ri/ian imposition4 ,well1 at ! ,re/oration !y reject$ ! ,directory1 & re=m$ ! ,common ,pray]1--:i*1 by ! way1 _h be5 ?ree times re=m$ be=e4 ,7 !y !n cont5t$8 ,two ?\s& 7or "s great numb]7 ( cl]gy resign$ _! liv+s 9 "o day r ?an read x3 & truly1 r ?an raise t second idol1 ,i %\ld h adh]$ to ! ,directory1 z ,i n[ adh]e to ! ,common ,pray]4 ,nor c y cont5t o!r m5's consci5ce1 real or pret5d$1 by any concessions3 foll[ y\r own2 seek peace & ensue x4 ,y h no symptoms ( discont5t 9 ! p to _! ,e/abli%m5t4 ,! *ur*es are too small = _! congregations4 ,! liv+s are too few = _! c&idates4 ,! _s ( religi\s controv]sy has slack5$ by ! nature ( ?+s3 by act y may revive x4 ,i w n ent] into ! "q1 h[ mu* tru? is pref]able to peace4 ,p]haps tru? may be f> bett]4 ,b z we h sc>cely ev] ! same c]ta9ty 9 ! "o t we h 9 ! o!r1 ,i w\ld1 unless ! tru? 7 evid5t inde$1 hold fa/ to peace1 :i* has 9 h] company *>ity1 ! highe/ ( ! virtues4 ,?is bus9ess appe>s 9 two po9ts ( view3 #a/1 ,:e!r x is a matt] ( grievance2 #bnd1 ,:e!r x is )9 our prov9ce to r$ress x ) propriety & prud5ce4 ,:e!r x comes prop]ly be=e u on a petition ^u matt] ( grievance ,i w\ld n inquire too curi\sly4 ,i "k1 te*nically speak+1 t no?+ agreeable to law c be consid]$ z a grievance4 ,b an ov]-att5tion to ! rules ( any act does sometimes defeat ! ends ( x2 & ,i ?9k x does s 9 ?is ,p>liam5t>y act1 z mu* at lea/ z 9 any o!r4 ,i "k _m g5tlem5 ?9k t ! v ess5ce ( lib]ty consi/s 9 be+ gov]n$ accord+ to law1 z if grievances _h no?+ real & intr9sic2 b ,i _c be ( t op9ion4 ,grievances may subsi/ by law4 ,nay1 ,i d n "k :e!r any grievance c be consid]$ z intol]able1 until x is e/abli%$ & sanctifi$ by law4 ,if ! ,act ( ,tol]ation 7 n p]fect1 if !re 7 a compla9t ( x1 ,i w\ld gladly cons5t to am5d x4 ,b :5 ,i he>d a compla9t ( a pressure on religi\s lib]ty1 to my a/oni%m5t ,i f9d t !re 0 no compla9t :atsoev] ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! act ( ,k+ ,william1 nor any attempt to make x m suffici5t4 ,! matt]1 !re=e1 does n conc]n tol]ation1 b e/abli%m5t2 & x is n ! rights ( private consci5ce t are 9 "q1 b ! propriety ( ! t]ms :i* are propos$ by law z a title to public emolum5ts3 s t ! compla9t is n1 t !re is n tol]ation ( div]sity 9 op9ion1 b t div]sity 9 op9ion is n rew>d$ by bi%oprics1 rectories1 & collegiate /alls4 ,:5 g5tlem5 compla9 ( ! subscription z matt] ( grievance1 ! compla9t arises f conf\nd+ private judgm5t1 ^: rights are ant]ior to law1 & ! qualifications :i* ! law creates = its own magi/racies1 :e!r civil or religi\s4 ,to take away f m5 _! lives1 _! lib]ty1 or _! prop]ty1 ^? ?+s = ! protection ( :i* society 0 introduc$1 is great h>d%ip & intol]able tyranny2 b to annex any condition y please to b5efits artificially creat$ is ! mo/ j1 natural1 & prop] ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,:5 e nova y =m an arbitr>y b5efit1 an advantage1 prem95ce1 or emolum5t1 n by ,nature1 b in/itution1 y ord] & modify x ) all ! p[] ( a creator ov] 8 creature4 ,su* b5efits ( in/itution are royalty1 nobility1 prie/hood1 all ( :i* y may limit to bir?2 y might prescribe ev5 %ape & /ature4 ,! ,jewi% prie/hood 0 h]$it>y4 ,f\nd]s' k9sm5 h a pref]5ce 9 ! election ( fell[s 9 _m colleges ( our univ]sities3 ! qualifications at ,all ,s\ls are1 t !y %\ld be optime nati1 b5e ve/iti1 m$iocrit] docti4 ,by cont5d+ = lib]ty 9 ! c&idate = ord]s1 y take away ! lib]ty ( ! elector1 :i* is ! p1 t is1 ! /ate4 ,if !y c *oose1 !y may assign a reason = _! *oice2 if !y c assign a reason1 !y may d x 9 writ+1 & prescribe x z a condition2 !y may transf] _! au?ority to _! repres5tatives1 & enable !m to ex]cise ! same4 ,9 all human in/itutions1 a great "p1 almo/ all regulations1 are made f ! m]e necessity ( ! case1 let ! !oretical m]its ( ! "q be :at !y w4 ,= no?+ happ5$ at ! ,re=mation b :at w happ5 9 all su* revolutions4 ,:5 tyranny is extreme1 & abuses ( gov]nm5t intol]able1 m5 resort to ! rights ( ,nature to %ake x (f4 ,:5 !y h done s1 ! v same pr9ciple ( necessity ( human affairs to e/abli% "s o!r au?ority1 :i* %all pres]ve ! ord] ( ?is new in/itution1 mu/ be obey$1 until !y gr[ intol]able2 & y %all n be suff]$ to plead orig9al lib]ty aga9/ su* an in/itution4 ,see ,holl&1 ,switz]l&4 ,if y w h religion publicly practis$ & publicly taught1 y mu/ h a p[] to say :at t religion w be :i* y w protect & enc\rage1 & to di/+ui% x by su* m>ks & *>act]i/ics z y 9 y\r wisdom %all ?9k fit4 ,z ,i said be=e1 y\r det]m9ation may be unwise 9 ?is z 9 o!r matt]s2 b x _c be unju/1 h>d1 or oppressive1 or contr>y to ! lib]ty ( any man1 or 9 ! lea/ degree exce$+ y\r prov9ce4 ,x is1 !re=e1 z a grievance1 fairly none at all1--no?+ b :at is ess5tial1 n only to ! ord]1 b to ! lib]ty1 ( ! :ole community4 ,! petition]s are s s5sible ( ! =ce ( ^! argum5ts1 t !y d admit ( "o subscription1--t is1 to ! ,scripture4 ,i %all n consid] h[ =cibly ?is argum5t militates ) _! :ole pr9ciple aga9/ subscription z an usurpation on ! rights ( ,provid5ce3 ,i cont5t myself ) submitt+ to ! consid]ation ( ! ,h\se1 t1 if t rule 7 once e/abli%$1 x mu/ h "s au?ority to en=ce ! ob$i5ce2 because1 y well "k1 a law )\t a sanction w be ridicul\s4 ,somebody mu/ sit 9 judgm5t on 8 con=mity2 he mu/ judge on ! *>ge2 if he judges1 he mu/ orda9 execution4 ,^! ?+s are necess>y consequ5ces "o ( ! o!r2 & !n1 ?is judgm5t is an equal & a sup]ior violation ( private judgm5t2 ! "r ( private judgm5t is violat$ 9 a mu* great] degree ?an x c be by any previ\s subscription4 ,y come r\nd aga9 to subscription1 z ! be/ & easie/ me?od2 m5 mu/ judge ( 8 doctr9e1 & judge def9itively3 s t ei!r 8 te/ is nugatory1 or m5 mu/ fir/ or la/ prescribe 8 public int]pretation ( x4 ,if ! ,*ur* be1 z ,mr4 ,locke def9es x1 a volunt>y society1 c1 !n x is ess5tial to ?is volunt>y society to exclude f h] volunt>y society any memb] %e ?9ks fit1 or to oppose ! entrance ( any ^u su* conditions z %e ?9ks prop]4 ,=1 o!rwise1 x w\ld be a volunt>y society act+ contr>y to h] w1 :i* is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,& ?is is ,mr4 ,locke's op9ion1 ! advocate = ! l>ge/ s*eme ( ecclesia/ical & civil tol]ation to ,prote/ants 7= to ,papi/s he all[s no tol]ation at all74 ,!y dispute only ! ext5t ( ! subscription2 !y !re=e tacitly admit ! equity ( ! pr9ciple itself4 ,"h !y d n resort to ! orig9al rights ( ,nature1 because x is manife/ t ^? rights give z l>ge a p[] ( controv]t+ e "p ( ,scripture1 or ev5 ! au?ority ( ! :ole1 z !y d to ! controv]t+ any articles :atsoev]4 ,:5 a man requires y to sign an ass5t to ,scripture1 he requires y to ass5t to a doctr9e z contr>y to y\r natural und]/&+1 & to y\r rights ( free inquiry1 z ^? :o require y\r con=mity to any "o article :atsoev]4 ,! subscription to ,scripture is ! mo/ a/oni%+ idea ,i ev] he>d1 & w am\nt to j no?+ at all4 ,g5tlem5 s acute h n1 t ,i h he>d1 ev] ?\ght ( answ]+ a pla91 obvi\s "q3 ,:at is t ,scripture to :i* !y are cont5t to subscribe8 ,!y d n ?9k t a book becomes ( div9e au?ority because x is b\nd 9 blue morocco1 & is pr9t$ by ,john ,baskett & 8 assigns4 ,! ,bible is a va/ collection ( diff]5t treatises3 a man :o holds ! div9e au?ority ( "o may consid] ! o!r z m]ely human4 ,:at is 8 ,canon8 ,! ,jewi%8 ,/4 ,j]ome's8 t ( ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles8 ,lu!r's8 ,!re are "s :o reject ! ,canticles2 o!rs1 six ( ! ,epi/les2 ! ,apocalypse has be5 suspect$ ev5 z h]etical1 & 0 d\bt$ ( = _m ages1 & by _m great m54 ,z ^! n>r[ ! ,canon1 o!rs h enl>g$ x by admitt+ ,/4 ,b>nabas's ,epi/les1 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 to say no?+ ( _m o!r ,gospels4 ,!re=e1 to asc]ta94 ,scripture1 y mu/ h "o article m2 & y mu/ def9e :at t ,scripture is :i*1 y mean to tea*4 ,!re are1 ,i believe1 v few :o1 :5 ,scripture is s asc]ta9$1 d n see ! absolute necessity ( kn[+ :at g5]al doctr9e a man draws f x1 be=e he is s5t d[n au?oriz$ by ! /ate to tea*1 x z pure doctr9e1 & receive a t5? ( ! produce ( our l&s4 ,! ,scripture is no "o summ>y ( doctr9es regul>ly dige/$1 9 :i*1 a man c\ld n mi/ake 8 way4 ,x is a mo/ v5]able1 b mo/ multif>i\s1 collection ( ! records ( ! div9e economy3 a collection ( an inf9ite v>iety1--( cosmogony1 !ology1 hi/ory1 prophecy1 psalmody1 morality1 apologue1 allegory1 legislation1 e?ics1 c>ri$ ?r\gh diff]5t books1 by diff]5t au?ors1 at diff]5t ages1 = diff]5t ends & purposes4 ,x is necess>y to sort out :at is int5d$ = example1 :at only z n>rative1--:at to be und]/ood lit]ally1 :at figuratively1--:]e "o precept is to be controll$ & modifi$ by ano!r1--:at is us$ directly1 & :at only z an argum5t ad hom9em1--:at is tempor>y1 & :at ( p]petual obligation1--:at appropriat$ to "o /ate & to "o set ( m51 & :at ! g5]al duty ( all ,*ri/ians4 ,if we d n get "s security = ?is1 we n only p]mit1 b we actually pay =1 all ! dang]\s fanaticism :i*1 c be produc$ to corrupt our p1 & to d]ange ! public wor%ip ( ! c\ntry4 ,we owe ! be/ we c 7n infallibility1 b prud5ce7 to ! subject1--fir/ s\nd doctr9e1 !n ability to use x4 ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,bill ,,= ,,! ,,relief ,,( ,,prote/ant ,,diss5t]s4 ,,m>* #ag1 #aggc4 ,,note4 ,?is spee* is giv5 p>tly f ! manuscript pap]s ( ,mr4 ,burke1 & p>tly f a v imp]fect %ort-h& note tak5 at ! "t by a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! bill "u discussion 0 oppos$ by petitions f sev]al congregations call+ !mselves ,prote/ant ,diss5t]s1 :o appe> to h be5 pr9cipally compos$ ( ! p :o are g5]ally kn[n "u ! d5om9ation ( ,me?odi/s1 & p>ticul>ly by a petition f a congregation ( t description resid+ 9 ! t[n ( ,*a?am4 ,,spee*4 ,i assure y1 ,sir1 t ! honorable g5tleman :o spoke la/ b "o ne$ n be 9 ! lea/ fe> t ,i %\ld make a w> ( p>ticles ^u 8 op9ion1 :e!r ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& %\ld1 w\ld1 or ought to be al>m$4 ,i am v cle> t ?is ,h\se has no "o reason 9 ! _w to ?9k %e is al>m$ by ! bill br\ght be=e y4 ,x is some?+ extraord9>y t ! only symptom ( al>m 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& %\ld appe> 9 ! petition ( "s ,diss5t]s1 ) :om1 ,i believe v few 9 ?is ,h\se are yet acqua9t$1 & ( :om y "k no m ?an t y are assur$ by ! honorable g5tleman t !y are n ,mahometans4 ,( ! ,*ur* we "k !y are n1 by ! "n t !y assume4 ,!y are1 !n1 ,diss5t]s4 ,! fir/ symptom ( an al>m1 comes f "s ,diss5t]s assembl$ r\nd ! l9es ( ,*a?am3 ^! l9es become ! security ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&6 ,! honorable g5tleman1 9 speak+ ( ! l9es ( ,*a?am1 tells u t !y s]ve n only = ! security ( ! wood5 walls ( ,engl&1 b = ! def5ce ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,i suspect ! wood5 walls ( ,engl& secure ! l9es ( ,*a?am1 r ?an ! l9es ( ,*a?am secure ! wood5 walls ( ,engl&4 ,sir1 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 if only def5d$ by ?is mis]able petition ^u y\r table1 mu/1 ,i am afraid1 ^u ! pr9ciples ( true =tification1 be soon de/roy$4 ,b1 =tunately1 h] walls1 bulw>ks1 & ba/ions are con/ruct$ ( o!r mat]ials ?an ( /ubble & /raw1--are built up ) ! /rong & /able matt] ( ! gospel ( lib]ty1 & f\nd$ on a true1 con/itutional1 legal e/abli%m5t4 ,b1 ,sir1 %e has o!r securities3 %e has ! security ( h] own doctr9es2 %e has ! security ( ! piety1 ! sanctity1 ( h] own pr(essors1--_! le>n+ is a bulw>k to def5d h]2 %e has ! security ( ! two univ]sities1 n %ook 9 any s+le battlem5t1 9 any s+le p9nacle4 ,b ! honorable g5tleman has m5tion$1 inde$1 pr9ciples :i* a/oni% me r m ?an ev]4 ,! honorable g5tleman ?9ks t ! ,diss5t]s enjoy a l>ge %>e ( lib]ty "u a connivance2 & he ?9ks t ! e/abli%+ tol]ation by law is an attack ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,lib]ty "u a connivance6 ,connivance is a relaxation f slav]y1 n a def9ition ( lib]ty4 ,:at is connivance1 b a /ate "u :i* all slaves live8 ,if ,i 0 to describe slav]y1 ,i w\ld say1 ) ^? :o hate x1 x is liv+ "u w1 n "u law2 if z x is /at$ by its advocates1 ,i w\ld say1 t1 l e>?quakes1 l ?und]1 or o!r w>s ! elem5ts make ^u mank9d1 x happ5s r>ely1 x occasionally comes n[ & !n ^u p1 :o1 ^u ord9>y occasions1 enjoy ! same legal gov]nm5t ( lib]ty4 ,take x "u ! description ( ^? :o w\ld s(t5 ^? features1 ! /ate ( slav]y & connivance is ! same ?+4 ,if ! lib]ty enjoy$ be a lib]ty n ( tol]ation1 b ( connivance1 ! only "q is1 :e!r e/abli%+ su* by law is an attack ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,tol]ation an attack ^u ,*ri/ianity6 ,:at1 !n6 are we come to ?is pass1 to suppose t no?+ c support ,*ri/ianity b ! pr9ciples ( p]secution8 ,is t1 !n1 ! idea ( e/abli%m5t8 ,is x1 !n1 ! idea ( ,*ri/ianity itself1 t x ought to h e/abli%m5ts1 t x ought to h laws aga9/ ,diss5t]s1 b ! brea* ( :i* laws is to be conniv$ at8 ,:at a picture ( tol]ation6 :at a picture ( laws1 ( e/abli%m5ts6 :at a picture ( religi\s & civil lib]ty6 ,i am p]suad$ ! honorable g5tleman1 does n see x 9 ?is light4 ,b ^! v t]ms become ! /ronge/ reasons = my support ( ! bill3 = ,i am p]suad$ t tol]ation1 s f> f be+ an attack ^u ,*ri/ianity1 becomes ! be/ & sure/ support t possibly c be giv51 to x4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion itself arose )\t e/abli%m5t1--x arose ev5 )\t tol]ation2 & :il/ its own pr9ciples 7 n tol]at$1 x conqu]$ all ! p[]s ( d>kness1 x conqu]$ all ! p[]s ( ! _w4 ,! mom5t x began to dep>t f ^! pr9ciples1 x conv]t$ ! e/abli%m5t into tyranny2 x subv]t$ its f\ndations f t v h\r4 ,zeal\s z ,i am = ! pr9ciple ( an e/abli%m5t1 s j an abhorr5ce d ,i conceive aga9/ :atev] may %ake x4 ,i "k no?+ b ! suppos$ necessity ( p]secution t c make an e/abli%m5t disgu/+4 ,i w\ld h tol]ation a "p ( e/abli%m5t1 z a pr9ciple favorable to ,*ri/ianity1 & z a "p ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,all seem agre$ t ! law1 z x /&s1 inflict+ p5alties on all-religi\s tea*]s & on s*oolma/]s :o d n sign ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles ( ,religion1 ought n to be execut$4 ,we are all agre$ t ! law is n good3 = t1 ,i presume1 is und\bt$ly ! idea ( a law t ought n to be execut$4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 is1 :e!r 9 a well-con/itut$ commonweal?1 :i* we desire ours to be ?\ght1 & ,i tru/ int5d t x %\ld be1 :e!r 9 su* a commonweal? x is wise to reta9 ^? laws :i* x is n prop] to execute4 ,a p5al law n ord9>ily put 9 execution seems to me to be a v absurd & a v dang]\s ?+4 ,= if its pr9ciple be "r1 if ! object ( its prohibitions & p5alties be a real evil1 !n y d 9 effect p]mit t v evil1 :i* n only ! reason ( ! ?+1 b y\r v law1 decl>es ought n to be p]mitt$2 & ?us x reflects exce$+ly on ! wisdom1 & consequ5tly d]ogates n a little f ! au?ority1 ( a legislature :o c at once =bid & suff]1 & 9 ! same brea? promulgate p5alty & indemnity to ! same p]sons & = ! v same actions4 ,b if ! object ( ! law be no moral or political evil1 !n y ought n to hold ev5 a t]ror to ^? :om y ought c]ta9ly n to puni%3 = if x is n "r to hurt1 x is nei!r "r nor wise to m5ace4 ,su* laws1 !re=e1 z !y mu/ be defective ei!r 9 ju/ice or wisdom or bo?1 s !y _c exi/ )\t a consid]able degree ( dang]4 ,take !m :i* way y w1 !y are press$ ) ugly alt]natives4 #a/4 ,all p5al laws are ei!r ^u popul> prosecution1 or on ! "p ( ! cr[n4 ,n[ if !y may be r\s$ f _! sleep1 :5ev] a m9i/] ?9ks prop]1 z in/rum5ts ( oppression1 !n !y put va/ bodies ( m5 into a /ate ( slav]y & c\rt dep5d5ce2 s9ce _! lib]ty ( consci5ce & _! p[] ( execut+ _! functions dep5d entirely on 8 w4 ,i w\ld h no man d]ive 8 means ( cont9u+ any function1 or 8 be+ re/ra9$ f x1 b f ! laws only3 !y %\ld be 8 only sup]ior & sov]eign lords4 #bnd4 ,!y put /atesm5 & magi/rates into an habit ( play+ fa/ & loose ) ! laws1 /ra9+ or relax+ !m z may be/ suit _! political purposes1--& 9 t light t5d to corrupt ! executive p[] ?r\gh all its (fices4 #crd4 ,if !y are tak5 up on popul> actions1 _! op]ation 9 t light also is exce$+ly evil4 ,!y become ! in/rum5ts ( private malice1 private av>ice1 & n ( public regulation2 !y n\ri% ! wor/ ( m5 to ! prejudice ( ! be/1 puni%+ t5d] consci5ces1 & rew>d+ in=m]s4 ,%all we1 z ! honorable g5tleman tells u we may ) p]fect security1 tru/ to ! mann]s ( ! age8 ,i am well pleas$ ) ! g5]al mann]s ( ! times2 b ! desultory execution ( p5al laws1 ! ?+ ,i condemn1 does n dep5d on ! mann]s ( ! times4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 h ! laws tun$ 9 unison ) ! mann]s4 ,v dissonant are a g5tle c\ntry & cruel laws2 v dissonant1 t y\r reason is furi\s1 b y\r passions mod]ate1 & t y are always equitable except 9 y\r c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,i w beg leave to /ate to ! ,h\se "o argum5t :i* has be5 mu* reli$ ^u3 t ! ,diss5t]s are n unanim\s ^u ?is bus9ess2 t _m p]sons are al>m$2 t x w create a disunion among ! ,diss5t]s4 ,:5 any ,diss5t]s1 or any body ( p1 come "h ) a petition1 x is n ! numb] ( p1 b ! reasonabl5ess ( ! reque/1 t %\ld weigh ) ! ,h\se4 ,a body ( ,diss5t]s come to ?is ,h\se1 & say1 ,tol]ate u3 we desire nei!r ! p>o*ial advantage ( ti!s1 nor dignities1 nor ! /alls ( y\r ca!drals3 no6 let ! v5]able ord]s ( ! hi]>*y exi/ ) all _! advantages4 ,& %all ,i tell !m1 ,i reject y\r j & reasonable petition1 n because x %akes ! ,*ur*1 b because !re are o!rs1 :ile y lie grovell+ ^u ! e>?1 t w kick & bite y8 ,judge :i* ( ^! descriptions ( m5 comes ) a fair reque/3 t :i* says1 ,sir1 ,i desire lib]ty = my own1 because ,i trespass on no man's consci5ce1--or ! o!r1 :i* says1 ,i desire t ^! m5 %\ld n be suff]$ to act accord+ to _! consci5ces1 ?\gh ,i am tol]at$ to act accord+ to m9e4 ,b ,i sign a body ( ,articles1 :i* is my title to tol]ation2 ,i sign no m1 because m are aga9/ my consci5ce4 ,b ,i desire t y w n tol]ate ^! m51 because !y w n g s f> z ,i1 ?\gh ,i desire to be tol]at$1 :o w n g z f> z y4 ,no1 imprison !m1 if !y come )9 five miles ( a corporate t[n1 because !y d n believe :at ,i d 9 po9t ( doctr9es4 ,%all ,i n say to ^! m51 ,arrangez-v\s1 canaille8 ,y1 :o are n ! pr$om9ant p[]1 w n give to o!rs ! relaxation "u :i* y are y\rself suff]$ to live4 ,i h z high an op9ion ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* z y4 ,i receive !m implicitly1 or ,i put my own explanation on !m1 or take t :i* seems to me to come be/ recomm5d$ by au?ority4 ,!re are ^? ( ! ,diss5t]s :o ?9k m rigidly ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,articles relative to ,pr$e/9ation ?an o!rs d4 ,!y sign ! ,article relative to x ex animo1 & lit]ally4 ,o!rs all[ a latitude ( con/ruction4 ,^! two p>ties are 9 ! ,*ur*1 z well z among ! ,diss5t]s2 yet 9 ! ,*ur* we live quietly "u ! same ro(4 ,i d n see :y1 z long z ,provid5ce gives u no fur!r light into ?is great my/]y1 we %\ld n leave ?+s z ! ,div9e ,wisdom has left !m4 ,b suppose all ^! ?+s to me to be cle>1 7:i* ,provid5ce1 h[ev]1 seems to h left obscure17 yet1 :il/ ,diss5t]s claim a tol]ation 9 ?+s :i*1 seem+ cle> to me1 are obscure to !m1 )\t ent]+ into ! m]it ( ! ,articles1 ) :at face c ^! m5 say1 ,tol]ate u1 b d n tol]ate !m8 ,tol]ation is good = all1 or x is good = none4 ,! discussion ?is day is n betwe5 e/abli%m5t on "o h& & tol]ation on ! o!r1 b betwe5 ^? :o1 be+ tol]at$ !mselves1 refuse tol]ation to o!rs4 ,t p[] %\ld be puff$ up ) pride1 t au?ority %\ld deg5]ate into rigor1 if n laudable1 is b too natural4 ,b ?is proce$+ ( !irs is mu* beyond ! usual all[ance to human weakness3 x n only is %ock+ to our reason1 b x provokes our indignation4 ,quid dom9i faci5t1 aud5t cum talia fures8 ,x is n ! pr\d prelate ?und]+ 9 8 ,commission ,c\rt1 b a pack ( manumitt$ slaves1 ) ! la% ( ! beadle flagrant on _! backs1 & _! legs /ill gall$ ) _! fett]s1 t w\ld drive _! bre?r5 into t prison-h\se f :5ce !y h j be5 p]mitt$ to escape4 ,if1 in/ead ( puzzl+ !mselves 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,div9e c\nsels1 !y w\ld turn1 to ! mild morality ( ! ,gospel1 !y w\ld read _! own condemnation3--,o ?\ wick$ s]vant1 ,i =gave !e all t debt because ?\ desir$/ me3 %\lde/ n ?\ also h compassion on ?y fell[-s]vant1 ev5 z ,i _h pity on !e8 ,9 my op9ion1 ,sir1 a magi/rate1 :5ev] he goes to put any re/ra9t ^u religi\s fre$om1 c only d x ^u ?is gr\nd1--t ! p]son diss5t+ does n diss5t f ! scruples ( ill-in=m$ consci5ce1 b f a p>ty gr\nd ( diss5sion1 9 ord] to raise a faction 9 ! /ate4 ,we give1 ) reg>d to rites & c]emonies1 an indulg5ce to t5d] consci5ces4 ,b if diss5t is at all puni%$ 9 any c\ntry1 if at all x c be puni%$ ^u any pret5ce1 x is ^u a presumption1 n t a man is suppos$ to diff] consci5ti\sly f ! e/abli%m5t1 b t he resi/s tru? = ! sake ( faction1--t he abets div]sity ( op9ions 9 religion to di/ract ! /ate1 & to de/roy ! peace ( 8 c\ntry4 ,?is is ! only plausible1--= !re is no true gr\nd ( p]secution4 ,z ! laws /&1 !re=e1 let u see h[ we h ?\ght fit to act4 ,if !re is any "o ?+ )9 ! compet5cy ( a magi/rate ) reg>d to religion1 x is ?is3 t he has a "r to direct ! ext]ior c]emonies ( religion2 t1 :il/ int]ior religion is )9 ! jurisdiction ( ,god alone1 ! ext]nal "p1 bodily action1 is )9 ! prov9ce ( ! *ief gov]nor4 ,hook]1 & all ! great lights ( ! ,*ur*1 h con/antly argu$ ?is to be a "p )9 ! prov9ce ( ! civil magi/rate4 ,b look at ! ,act ( ,tol]ation ( ,william & ,m>y3 !re y w see ! civil magi/rate has n only disp5s$ ) ^? ?+s :i* are m p>ticul>ly )9 8 prov9ce1 ) ^? ?+s :i* faction might be suppos$ to take up = ! sake ( mak+ visible & ext]nal divisions & rais+ a /&>d ( revolt1 b has also f s\nd politic consid]ations relax$ on ^? po9ts :i* are confess$ly )\t 8 prov9ce4 ,! honorable g5tleman1 speak+ ( ! hea!ns1 c]ta9ly c\ld n mean to recomm5d any?+ t is d]iv$ f t impure s\rce4 ,b he has prais$ ! tol]at+ _s ( ! hea!ns4 ,well6 b ! honorable g5tleman w recollect t hea!ns1 t poly!i/s1 mu/ p]mit a numb] ( div9ities4 ,x is ! v ess5ce ( its con/itution4 ,b 0 x ev] he>d t poly!ism tol]at$ a diss5t f a poly!i/ic e/abli%m5t1--! belief ( "o ,god only8 ,nev]6 nev]6 ,sir1 !y con/antly c>ri$ on p]secution aga9/ t doctr9e4 ,i w n give hea!ns ! glory ( a doctr9e :i* ,i consid] ! be/ "p ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! honorable g5tleman mu/ recollect ! ,roman law1 t 0 cle>ly aga9/ ! introduction ( any =eign rites 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,y h x at l>ge 9 ,livy1 h[ !y p]secut$ 9 ! fir/ introduction ! rites ( ,bac*us2 & ev5 be=e ,*ri/1 to say no?+ ( _! subsequ5t p]secutions1 !y p]secut$ ! ,druids & o!rs4 ,hea!nism1 !re=e1 z 9 o!r respects errone\s1 0 errone\s 9 po9t ( p]secution4 ,i d n say e hea!n :o p]secut$ 0 !re=e an impi\s man3 ,i only say he 0 mi/ak51 z su* a man is n[4 ,b1 says ! honorable g5tleman1 !y did n p]secute ,epicureans4 ,no3 ! ,epicureans _h no qu>rel ) _! religi\s e/abli%m5t1 nor desir$ any religion = !mselves4 ,x w\ld h be5 v extraord9>y1 if irreligi\s hea!ns _h desir$ ei!r a religi\s e/abli%m5t or tol]ation4 ,b1 says ! honorable g5tleman1 ! ,epicureans ent]$1 z o!rs1 into ! temples4 ,!y did s2 !y defi$ all subscription2 !y defi$ all sorts ( con=mity2 !re 0 no subscription to :i* !y 7 n ready to set _! h&s1 no c]emonies !y refus$ to practise2 !y made x a pr9ciple ( _! irreligion outw>dly to con=m to any religion4 ,^! a!i/s elud$ all t y c\ld d3 s w all free?9k]s =ev]4 ,!n y suff]1 or ! weakness ( y\r law has suff]$1 ^? great dang]\s animals to escape notice1 :il/ y h nets t entangle ! poor flutt]+ silk5 w+s ( a t5d] consci5ce4 ,! honorable g5tleman insi/s mu* ^u ?is circum/ance ( objection1--namely1 ! division among/ ! ,diss5t]s4 ,:y1 ,sir1 ! ,diss5t]s1 by ! nature ( ! t]m1 are op5 to h a division among !mselves4 ,!y are ,diss5t]s because !y diff] f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&3 n t !y agree among !mselves4 ,!re are ,presbyt]ians1 !re are ,indep5d5ts1--"s t d n agree to infant baptism1 o!rs t d n agree to ! baptism ( adults1 or any baptism4 ,all ^! are1 h[ev]1 tol]at$ "u ! acts ( ,k+ ,william1 & subsequ5t acts2 & _! div]sity ( s5tim5ts ) "o ano!r did n & c\ld n furni% an argum5t aga9/ _! tol]ation1 :5 _! diff]5ce ) ourselves furni%$ none4 ,b1 says ! honorable g5tleman1 if y suff] !m to g on1 !y w %ake ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,let x be consid]$1 t ?is argum5t goes z /rongly aga9/ connivance1 :i* y all[1 z aga9/ tol]ation1 :i* y reject4 ,! g5tleman sets out ) a pr9ciple ( p]fect lib]ty1 or1 z he describes x1 connivance4 ,b1 = fe> ( dang]\s op9ions1 y leave x 9 y\r p[] to vex a man :o has n held any "o dang]\s op9ion :atsoev]4 ,if "o man is a pr(ess$ a!i/1 ano!r man ! be/ ,*ri/ian1 b diss5ts f two ( ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles1 ,i may let escape ! a!i/1 because ,i "k him to be an a!i/1 because ,i am1 p]haps1 s incl9$ myself1 & because ,i may connive :]e ,i ?9k prop]2 b ! consci5ti\s ,diss5t]1 on acc\nt ( 8 atta*m5t to t g5]al religion :i* p]haps ,i hate1 ,i %all take c>e to puni%1 because ,i may puni% :5 ,i ?9k prop]4 ,!re=e1 connivance be+ an eng9e ( private malice or private favor1 n ( good gov]nm5t1--an eng9e :i* totally fails ( suppress+ a!ism1 b oppresses consci5ce1--,i say t pr9ciple becomes1 n s]viceable1 b dang]\s to ,*ri/ianity2 t x is n tol]ation1 b contr>y to x1 ev5 contr>y to peace2 t ! p5al sy/em to :i* x belongs is a dang]\s pr9ciple 9 ! economy ei!r ( religion or gov]nm5t4 ,! honorable g5tleman 7& 9 him ,i compreh5d all ^? :o oppose ! bill7 be/[$ 9 support ( _! side ( ! "q z mu* argum5t z x c\ld be>1 & mu* m ( le>n+ & decoration ?an x des]v$4 ,he ?9ks connivance consi/5t1 b legal tol]ation inconsi/5t1 ) ! int]e/s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,p]haps ,i w\ld g z f> z t honorable g5tleman1 if ,i ?\ght tol]ation inconsi/5t ) ^? int]e/s4 ,god =bid6 ,i may be mi/ak51 b ,i take tol]ation to be a "p ( religion4 ,i d n "k :i* ,i w\ld sacrifice3 ,i w\ld keep !m bo?3 x is n necess>y ,i %\ld sacrifice ei!r4 ,i d n l ! idea ( tol]at+ ! doctr9es ( ,epicurus3 b no?+ 9 ! _w propagates !m s mu* z ! oppression ( ! poor1 ( ! hone/ & c&id disciples ( ! religion we pr(ess 9 common1--,i mean reveal$ religion2 no?+ soon] makes !m take a %ort cut out ( ! bondage ( sect>ian vexation into op5 & direct infidelity ?an torm5t+ m5 = e diff]5ce4 ,my op9ion is1 t1 9 e/abli%+ ! ,*ri/ian religion :]ev] y f9d x1 curiosity or rese>* is its be/ security2 & 9 ?is way a man is a great deal bett] ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 ,tol]ate all k9ds ( consci5ces1 ?an 9 imitat+ ! hea!ns1 :om ! honorable g5tleman quotes1 9 tol]at+ ^? :o h none4 ,i am n ov]-fond ( call+ = ! secul> arm ^u ^! misguid$ or misguid+ m52 b if ev] x ought to be rais$1 x ought surely to be rais$ aga9/ ^! v m51 n aga9/ o!rs1 ^: lib]ty ( religion y make a pretext = proce$+s :i* drive !m into ! bondage ( impiety4 ,:at figure d ,i make 9 say+1 ,i d n attack ! works ( ^! a!i/ical writ]s1 b ,i w keep a rod hang+ ov] ! consci5ti\s man1 _! bitt]e/ enemy1 because ^! a!i/s may take advantage ( ! lib]ty ( _! foes to introduce irreligion8 ,! be/ book t ev]1 p]haps1 has be5 writt5 aga9/ ^! p is t 9 :i* ! au?or has collect$ 9 a body ! :ole ( ! infidel code1 & has br\ght ! writ]s into "o body to cut !m all (f toge!r4 ,?is 0 done by a ,diss5t]1 :o nev] did subscribe ! ,?irty-,n9e ,articles1--,dr4 ,lel&4 ,b if1 aft] all ?is1 dang] is to be appreh5d$1 if y are really fe>ful t ,*ri/ianity w indirectly suff] by ?is lib]ty1 y h my free cons5t3 g directly1 & by ! /raight way1 & n by a circuit 9 :i*1 9 y\r road y may de/roy y\r fri5ds2 po9t y\r arms aga9/ ^! m5 :o d ! mis*ief y fe> promot+2 po9t y\r arms aga9/ m5 :o1 n cont5t$ ) endeavor+ to turn y\r eyes f ! blaze & effulg5ce ( light by :i* life & immortality is s glori\sly demon/rat$ by ! ,gospel1 w\ld ev5 ext+ui% t fa9t glimm]+ ( ,nature1 t only com=t suppli$ to ignorant man be=e ?is great illum9ation1--!m1 :o1 by attack+ ev5 ! possibility ( all revelation1 arraign all ! disp5sations ( ,provid5ce to man4 ,^! are ! wick$ ,diss5t]s y ought to fe>2 ^! are ! p aga9/ :om y ought to aim ! %aft ( ! law2 ^! are ! m5 to :om1 array$ 9 all ! t]rors ( gov]nm5t1 ,i w\ld say1 ,y %all n degrade u into brutes6 ,^! m51 ^! facti\s m51 z ! honorable g5tleman prop]ly call$ !m1 are ! j objects ( v5geance1 n ! consci5ti\s ,diss5t]1--^! m51 :o w\ld take away :atev] ennobles ! rank or consoles ! mis=tunes ( human nature1 by break+ (f t connection ( obs]vances1 ( affections1 ( hopes & fe>s1 :i* b9d u to ! ,div9ity1 & con/itute ! glori\s & di/+ui%+ pr]ogative ( humanity1 t ( be+ a religi\s creature3 aga9/ ^! ,i w\ld h ! laws rise 9 all _! maje/y ( t]rors1 to fulm9ate su* va9 & impi\s wret*es1 & to awe !m into impot5ce by ! only dread !y c fe> or believe1 to le>n t et]nal lesson1 ,discite ju/itiam moniti1 et non temn]e ,divos6 ,at ! same "t t ,i w\ld cut up ! v root ( a!ism1 ,i w\ld respect all consci5ce1--all consci5ce t is really su*1 & :i* p]haps its v t5d]ness proves to be s9c]e4 ,i wi% to see ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* ( ,engl& great & p[]ful2 ,i wi% to see h] f\ndations laid l[ & deep1 t %e may cru% ! giant p[]s ( rebelli\s d>kness2 ,i w\ld h h] head rais$ up to t heav5 to :i* %e conducts u4 ,i w\ld h h] op5 wide h] hospitable gates by a noble & lib]al compreh5sion1 b ,i w\ld h no brea*es 9 h] wall2 ,i w\ld h h] *]i% all ^? :o are )91 & pity all ^? :o are )\t2 ,i w\ld h h] a common bless+ to ! _w1 an example1 if n an in/ructor1 to ^? :o h n ! happ9ess to belong to h]2 ,i w\ld h h] give a lesson ( peace to mank9d1 t a vex$ & w&]+ g5]ation might be taught to seek = repose & tol]ation 9 ! mat]nal bosom ( ,*ri/ian *>ity1 & n 9 ! h>lot lap ( infidelity & indiff]5ce4 ,no?+ has driv5 p m into t h\se ( s$uction ?an ! mutual hatr$ ( ,*ri/ian congregations4 ,long may we enjoy our *ur* "u a le>n$ & edify+ episcopacy6 ,b episcopacy may fail1 & religion exi/4 ,! mo/ horrid & cruel bl[ t c be (f]$ to civil society is ?r\gh a!ism4 ,d n promote div]sity2 :5 y h x1 be> x2 h z _m sorts ( religion z y f9d 9 y\r c\ntry2 !re is a reasonable wor%ip 9 !m all4 ,! o!rs1 ! infidels1 are outlaws ( ! con/itution1 n ( ?is c\ntry1 b ( ! human race4 ,!y are nev]1 nev] to be support$1 nev] to be tol]at$4 ,"u ! sy/ematic attacks ( ^! p1 ,i see "s ( ! props ( good gov]nm5t already beg9 to fail2 ,i see propagat$ pr9ciples :i* w n leave to religion ev5 a tol]ation4 ,i see myself s9k+ e day "u ! attacks ( ^! wret*$ p4 ,h[ %all ,i arm myself aga9/ !m8 ,by unit+ all ^? 9 affection1 :o are unit$ 9 ! belief ( ! great pr9ciples ( ! ,godhead t made & su/a9s ! _w4 ,!y :o hold revelation give d\ble assurance to _! c\ntry4 ,ev5 ! man :o does n hold revelation1 yet :o wi%es t x 7 prov$ to him1 :o obs]ves a pi\s sil5ce ) reg>d to x1 su* a man1 ?\gh n a ,*ri/ian1 is gov]n$ by religi\s pr9ciples4 ,let him be tol]at$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,let x be b a s]i\s religion1 natural or reveal$1 take :at y c get4 ,*]i%1 bl[ up ! slighte/ sp>k3 "o day x may be a pure & holy flame4 ,by ?is proce$+ y =m an alliance (f5sive & def5sive aga9/ ^? great m9i/]s ( d>kness 9 ! _w :o are endeavor+ to %ake all ! works ( ,god e/abli%$ 9 ord] & beauty4 ,p]haps ,i am c>ri$ too f>2 b x is 9 ! road into :i* ! honorable g5tleman has l$ me4 ,! honorable g5tleman w\ld h u fight ?is conf$]acy ( ! p[]s ( d>kness ) ! s+le arm ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1--w\ld h u n only fight aga9/ infidelity1 b fight at ! same "t ) all ! fai? 9 ! _w except our own4 ,9 ! mom5t we make a front aga9/ ! common enemy1 we h to combat ) all ^? :o are ! natural fri5ds ( our cause4 ,/rong z we are1 we are n equal to ?is4 ,! cause ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is includ$ 9 t ( religion1 n t ( religion 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,i w /& up at all times = ! rights ( consci5ce1 z x is su*1--n = its p>ticul> modes aga9/ its g5]al pr9ciples4 ,"o may be "r1 ano!r mi/ak52 b if ,i h m /r5g? ?an my bro!r1 x %all be employ$ to support1 n to oppress 8 weakness2 if ,i h m light1 x %all be us$ to guide1 n to dazzle him4444 ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,motion ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,commons ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,c4,j4 ,,fox1 ,,may #aa1 #agic1 ,,= ,,leave ,,to ,,br+ ,,9 ,a ,,bill ,,to ,,repeal ,,& ,,alt] ,,c]ta9 ,,acts ,,respect+ ,,religi\s ,,op9ions1 ,,^u ,,! ,,occasion ,,( ,a ,,petition ,,( ,,! ,,unit>ian ,,society ,i nev] gov]n myself1 no rational man ev] did gov]n himself1 by ab/ractions & univ]sals4 ,i d n put ab/ract ideas :olly out ( any "q2 because ,i well "k t "u t "n ,i %\ld dismiss pr9ciples1 & t )\t ! guide & light ( s\nd1 well-und]/ood pr9ciples1 all reason+s 9 politics1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 w\ld be only a confus$ jumble ( p>ticul> facts & details1 )\t ! means ( draw+ out any sort ( !oretical or practical conclusion4 ,a /atesman diff]s f a pr(essor 9 an univ]sity3 ! latt] has only ! g5]al view ( society2 ! =m]1 ! /atesman1 has a numb] ( circum/ances to comb9e ) ^? g5]al ideas1 & to take into 8 consid]ation4 ,circum/ances are inf9ite1 are inf9itely comb9$1 are v>iable & transi5t3 he :o does n take !m into consid]ation is n errone\s1 b />k mad2 dat op]am ut cum ratione insaniat2 he is metaphysically mad4 ,a /atesman1 nev] los+ sight ( pr9ciples1 is to be guid$ by circum/ances2 & judg+ contr>y to ! exig5cies ( ! mom5t1 he may ru9 8 c\ntry =ev]4 ,i g on ?is gr\nd1--t gov]nm5t1 repres5t+ ! society1 has a g5]al sup]9t5d+ control ov] all ! actions & ov] all ! publicly propagat$ doctr9es ( m51 )\t :i* x nev] c\ld provide adequately = all ! wants ( society3 b !n x is to use ?is p[] ) an equitable discretion1 ! only bond ( sov]eign au?ority4 ,= x is n1 p]haps1 s mu* by ! assumption ( unlawful p[]s z by ! unwise or unw>rantable use ( ^? :i* are mo/ legal1 t gov]nm5ts oppose _! true end & object3 = !re is su* a ?+ z tyranny1 z well z usurpation4 ,y c h>dly /ate to me a case to :i* legislature is ! mo/ confess$ly compet5t1 9 :i*1 if ! rules ( b5ignity & prud5ce are n obs]v$1 ! mo/ mis*iev\s & oppressive ?+s may n be done4 ,s t1 aft] all1 x is a moral & virtu\s discretion1 & n any ab/ract !ory ( "r1 :i* keeps gov]nm5ts fai?ful to _! ends4 ,crude1 unconnect$ tru?s are 9 ! _w ( practice :at falsehoods are 9 !ory4 ,a reasonable1 prud5t1 provid5t1 & mod]ate co]cion may be a means ( prev5t+ acts ( extreme f]ocity & rigor3 = by propagat+ excessive & extravagant doctr9es1 su* extravagant disord]s take place z require ! mo/ p]il\s & fi]ce corrections to oppose !m4 ,x is n morally true t we are b\nd to e/abli% 9 e c\ntry t =m ( religion :i* 9 our m9ds is mo/ agreeable to tru?1 & conduces mo/ to ! et]nal happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,9 ! same mann]1 x is n true t we are1 aga9/ ! conviction ( our own judgm5t1 to e/abli% a sy/em ( op9ions & practices directly contr>y to ^? ends1 only because "s majority ( ! p1 told by ! head1 may pref] x4 ,no consci5ti\s man w\ld will+ly e/abli% :at he knew to be false & mis*iev\s 9 religion1 or 9 any?+ else4 ,no wise man1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld tyrannically set up 8 own s5se s z to reprobate t ( ! great prevail+ body ( ! community1 & pay no reg>d to ! e/abli%$ op9ions & prejudices ( mank9d1 or refuse to !m ! means ( secur+ a religi\s in/ruction suitable to ^! prejudices4 ,a great deal dep5ds on ! /ate 9 :i* y f9d m54444 ,an alliance betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate 9 a ,*ri/ian commonweal? is1 9 my op9ion1 an idle & a fanciful speculation4 ,an alliance is betwe5 two ?+s t are 9 _! nature di/9ct & indep5d5t1 su* z betwe5 two sov]eign /ates4 ,b 9 a ,*ri/ian commonweal? ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate are "o & !1 same ?+1 be+ diff]5t integral p>ts ( ! same :ole4 ,= ! ,*ur* has be5 always divid$ into two p>ts1 ! cl]gy & ! laity1--( :i* ! laity is z mu* an ess5tial integral "p1 & has z mu* its duties & privileges1 z ! cl]ical memb]1 & 9 ! rule1 ord]1 & gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* has its %>e4 ,religion is s f>1 9 my op9ion1 f be+ out ( ! prov9ce or ! duty ( a ,*ri/ian magi/rate1 t x is1 & x ought to be1 n only 8 c>e1 b ! pr9cipal ?+ 9 8 c>e2 because x is "o ( ! great bonds ( human society1 & its object ! supreme good1 ! ultimate end & object ( man himself4 ,! magi/rate1 :o is a man1 & *>g$ ) ! conc]ns ( m51 & to :om v specially no?+ human is remote & indiff]5t1 has a "r & a duty to wat* ov] x ) an unceas+ vigilance1 to protect1 to promote1 to =w>d x by e rational1 j1 & prud5t means4 ,x is pr9cipally 8 duty to prev5t ! abuses :i* gr[ out ( e /rong & effici5t pr9ciple t actuates ! human m9d4 ,z religion is "o ( ! bonds ( society1 he ought n to suff] x to be made ! pretext ( de/roy+ its peace1 ord]1 lib]ty1 & its security4 ,above all1 he ought /rictly to look to x1 :5 m5 beg9 to =m new comb9ations1 to be di/+ui%$ by new names1 & especially :5 !y m+le a political sy/em ) _! religi\s op9ions1 true or false1 plausible or implausible4 ,x is ! int]e/1 & x is ! duty1 & because x is ! int]e/ & ! duty1 x is ! "r ( gov]nm5t to att5d mu* to op9ions2 because1 z op9ions soon comb9e ) passions1 ev5 :5 !y d n produce !m1 !y h mu* influ5ce on actions4 ,factions are =m$ ^u op9ions1 :i* factions become 9 effect bodies corporate 9 ! /ate2 nay1 factions g5]ate op9ions1 9 ord] to become a c5tre ( union1 & to furni% wat*words to p>ties2 & ?is may make x exp$i5t = gov]nm5t to =bid ?+s 9 !mselves innoc5t & neutral4 ,i am n fond ( def9+ ) precision :at ! ultimate rights ( ! sov]eign supreme p[]1 9 provid+ = ! safety ( ! commonweal?1 may be1 or may n ext5d to4 ,x w signify v little :at my notions or :at _! own notions on ! subject may be2 because1 accord+ to ! exig5ce1 !y w take1 9 fact1 ! /eps :i* seem to !m necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! :ole3 = z self-pres]vation 9 individuals is ! fir/ law ( ,nature1 ! same w prevail 9 societies1 :o w1 "r or wrong1 make t an object p>am\nt to all o!r rights :atsoev]4 ,!re are ways & means by :i* a good man w\ld n ev5 save ! commonweal?4444 ,all ?+s f\nd$ on ! idea ( dang] ought 9 a great degree to be tempor>y4 ,all policy is v suspici\s t sacrifices any "p to ! ideal good ( ! :ole4 ,! object ( ! /ate is 7z f> z may be7 ! happ9ess ( ! :ole4 ,:atev] makes multitudes ( m5 utt]ly mis]able c nev] answ] t object2 inde$1 x contradicts x :olly & entirely2 & ! happ9ess or mis]y ( mank9d1 e/imat$ by _! feel+s & s5tim5ts1 & n by any !ories ( _! rights1 is1 & ought to be1 ! /&>d = ! conduct ( legislators t[>ds ! p4 ,?is naturally & necess>ily conducts u to ! peculi> & *>act]i/ic situation ( a p1 & to a k ( _! op9ions1 prejudices1 habits1 & all ! circum/ances t div]sify & color life4 ,! fir/ "q a good /atesman w\ld ask himself1 !re=e1 w\ld be1 ,h[ & 9 :at circum/ances d y f9d ! society8 & to act ^u !m4 ,to ! o!r laws relat+ to o!r sects ,i h no?+ to say3 ,i only look to ! petition :i* has giv5 rise to ?is proce$+4 ,i conf9e myself to t1 because 9 my op9ion its m]its h little or no relation to t ( ! o!r laws :i* ! "r honorable g5tleman has ) s mu* ability bl5d$ ) x4 ,) ! ,ca?olics1 ) ! ,presbyt]ians1 ) ! ,anabapti/s1 ) ! ,indep5d5ts1 ) ! ,quak]s1 ,i h no?+ at all to d4 ,!y are 9 possession1--a great title 9 all human affairs4 ,! t5or & _s ( our laws1 :e!r !y 7 re/ra9+ or :e!r !y 7 relax+1 h hi!rto tak5 ano!r c\rse4 ,! _s ( our laws has appli$ _! p5alty or _! relief to ! suppos$ abuse to be repress$ or ! grievance to be reliev$2 & ! provision = a ,ca?olic & a ,quak] has be5 totally diff]5t1 accord+ to 8 exig5ce3 y did n give a ,ca?olic lib]ty to be fre$ f an oa?1 or a ,quak] p[] ( say+ mass ) impunity4 ,y h done ?is1 because y nev] h laid x d[n z an univ]sal proposition1 z a maxim1 t no?+ relative to religion 0 y\r conc]n1 b ! direct contr>y2 & !re=e y h always exam9$ :e!r !re 0 a grievance4 ,x has be5 s at all times3 ! legislature1 :e!r "r or wrong1 w5t no o!r way to "w b by circum/ances1 times1 & necessities4 ,my m9d m>*es ! same road2 my s*ool is ! practice & usage ( ,p>liam5t4 ,old religi\s factions are volcanoes burnt out2 on ! lava & a%es & squalid scori ( old eruptions gr[ ! peaceful olive1 ! *e]+ v9e1 & ! su/a9+ corn4 ,su* 0 ! fir/1 su* ! second condition ( ,vesuvius4 ,b :5 a n[ fire bur/s out1 a face ( desolations comes on1 n to be rectifi$ 9 ages4 ,!re=e1 :5 m5 come be=e u1 & rise up l an exhalation f ! gr\nd1 !y come 9 a que/ionable %ape1 & we mu/ exorcise !m1 & try :e!r _! int5ts be wick$ or *>itable1 :e!r !y br+ airs f heav5 or bla/s f hell4 ,?is is ! fir/ "t t our records ( ,p>liam5t h he>d1 or our exp]i5ce or hi/ory giv5 u an acc\nt ( any religi\s congregation or association kn[n by ! "n :i* ^! petition]s h assum$4 ,we are n[ to see by :at p1 ( :at "*1 & "u :at tempor>y circum/ances1 ?is bus9ess is br\ght be=e y4 ,we are to see :e!r !re be any & :at mixture ( political dogmas & political practices ) _! religi\s t5ets1 ( :at nature !y are1 & h[ f> !y are at pres5t practically sep>able f !m4 ,?is faction 7! au?ors ( ! petition7 are n conf9$ to a !ological sect1 b are also a political faction4 #a/1 ,z !ological1 we are to %[ t !y d n aim at ! quiet enjoym5t ( _! own lib]ty1 b are associat$ = ! express purpose ( proselytism4 ,9 pro( ( ?is fir/ proposition1 read _! prim>y association4 #bnd1 ,t _! purpose ( proselytism is to collect a multitude suffici5t by =ce & viol5ce to ov]turn ! ,*ur*4 ,9 pro( ( ! second proposition1 see ! lett] ( ,prie/ley to ,mr4 ,pitt1 & extracts f 8 works4 #crd1 ,t ! designs aga9/ ! ,*ur* are concurr5t ) a design to subv]t ! ,/ate4 ,9 pro( ( ! ?ird proposition1 read ! adv]tisem5t ( ! ,unit>ian ,society = celebrat+ ! #ad? ( ,july4 #d?1 ,on :at model !y int5d to build1--t x is ! ,fr5*4 ,9 pro( ( ! f\r? proposition1 read ! correspond5ce ( ! ,revolution ,society ) ! clubs ( ,france1 read ,prie/ley's adh]5ce to _! op9ions4 #e?1 ,:at ! ,fr5* is ) reg>d to religi\s tol]ation1 & ) reg>d to1 #a4 ,religion1--#b4 ,civil happ9ess1--#c4 ,virtue1 ord]1 & real lib]ty1--#d4 ,comm]cial opul5ce1--#e4 ,national def5ce4 ,9 pro( ( ! fif? proposition1 read ! repres5tation ( ! ,fr5* m9i/] ( ! ,home ,dep>tm5t1 & ! report ( ! committee ^u x4 ,=m]ly1 :5 ! sup]iority ( two p>ties cont5d+ = dogmas & an e/abli%m5t 0 ! "q1 we knew 9 su* a conte/ ! :ole ( ! evil4 ,we knew1 = in/ance1 t ,calv9ism w\ld prevail accord+ to ! ,we/m9/] ,cate*ism ) reg>d to t5ets4 ,we knew t ,presbyt]y w\ld prevail 9 *ur* gov]nm5t4 ,b we d n "k :at op9ions w\ld prevail1 if ! pres5t ,diss5t]s %\ld become ma/]s4 ,!y w n tell u _! pres5t op9ions2 & "o pr9ciple ( mod]n ,diss5t is1 n to discov] !m4 ,next1 z _! religion1 is 9 a cont9ual fluctuation1 & is s by pr9ciple & 9 pr(ession1 x is impossible = u to "k :at x w be4 ,if religion only relat$ to ! individual1 & 0 a "q betwe5 ,god & ! consci5ce1 x w\ld n be wise1 nor 9 my op9ion equitable1 = human au?ority to /ep 94 ,b :5 religion is embodi$ into faction1 & factions h objects to pursue1 x w & mu/1 m or less1 become a "q ( p[] betwe5 !m4 ,if ev51 :5 embodi$ into congregations1 !y limit$ _! pr9ciple to _! own congregations1 & 7 satisfi$ !mselves to ab/a9 f :at !y ?\ght unlawful1 x w\ld be cruel1 9 my op9ion1 to mole/ !m 9 t t5et1 & a consequ5t practice4 ,b we "k t !y n only ent]ta9 ^! op9ions1 b ent]ta9 !m ) a zeal = propagat+ !m by =ce1 & employ+ ! p[] ( law & place to de/roy e/abli%m5ts1 if ev] !y %\ld come to p[] suffici5t to effect _! purpose3 t is1 9 o!r words1 !y decl>e !y w\ld p]secute ! heads ( our ,*ur*2 & ! "q is1 :e!r y %\ld keep !m )9 ! b\nds ( tol]ation1 or subject y\rself to _! p]secution4 ,a bad & v c5surable practice x is to w>p d\btful & ambigu\s expressions to a p]v]t$ s5se1 :i* makes ! *>ge n ! crime ( o!rs1 b ! con/ruction ( y\r own malice2 nor is x all[$ to draw conclusions f all[$ premises1 :i* ^? :o lay d[n ! premises utt]ly d5y1 & dis[n z _! conclusions4 ,= ?is1 ?\gh x may possibly be good logic1 _c by any possibility :atsoev] be a fair or *>itable repres5tation ( any man or any set ( m54 ,x may %[ ! errone\s nature ( pr9ciples1 b x argues no?+ z to dispositions & int5tions4 ,f> be su* a mode f me6 ,a mean & unwor?y jeal\sy x w\ld be to d any?+ ^u1 ! m]e speculative appreh5sion ( :at m5 w d4 ,b let u pass by our op9ions conc]n+ ! dang] ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:at d ! g5tlem5 !mselves ?9k ( t dang]8 ,!y f1 :om ! dang] is appreh5d$1 :at d !y decl>e to be _! own designs8 ,:at d !y conceive to be _! own =ces8 ,& :at d !y proclaim to be _! means8 ,_! designs !y decl>e to be to de/roy ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*2 & n to set up a new "o ( _! own4 ,see ,prie/ley4 ,if !y %\ld f9d ! ,/ate /ick to ! ,*ur*1 ! "q is1 :e!r !y love ! con/itution 9 ,/ate s well z t !y w\ld n de/roy ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate 9 ord] to de/roy t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly !y d n4 ,! f\ndations on :i* ob$i5ce to gov]nm5ts is f\nd$ are n to be con/antly discuss$4 ,t we are "h supposes ! discussion already made & ! dispute settl$4 ,we mu/ assume ! rights ( :at repres5ts ! public to control ! individual1 to make 8 w & 8 acts to submit to _! w1 until "s intol]able grievance %all make u "k t x does n answ] its end1 & w submit nei!r to re=mation nor re/ra9t4 ,o!rwise we %\ld dispute all ! po9ts ( morality1 be=e we c puni% a murd]]1 robb]1 & adult]]2 we %\ld analyze all society4 ,dang]s by be+ despis$ gr[ great2 s !y d by absurd provision aga9/ !m4 ,/ulti e/ dixisse1 ,non putram4 ,:e!r an e>ly discov]y ( evil designs1 an e>ly decl>ation1 & an e>ly precaution aga9/ !m be m wise ?an to /ifle all inquiry ab\t !m1 = fe> !y %\ld decl>e !mselves m e>ly ?an o!rwise !y w\ld1 & !re=e precipitate ! evil1--all ?is dep5ds on ! reality ( ! dang]4 ,is x only an unbooki% jeal\sy1 z ,%akspe>e calls x8 ,x is a "q ( fact4 ,does a design aga9/ ! ,con/itution ( ?is c\ntry exi/8 ,if x does1 & if x is c>ri$ on ) increas+ vigor & activity by a re/less faction1 & if x receives c\nt5ance by ! mo/ ard5t & en?usia/ic applauses ( its object 9 ! great c\ncil ( ?is k+dom1 by m5 ( ! fir/ p>ts :i* ?is k+dom produces1 p]haps by ! fir/ x has ev] produc$1 c ,i ?9k t !re is no dang]8 ,if !re be dang]1 mu/ !re be no precaution at all aga9/ x8 ,if y ask :e!r ,i ?9k ! dang] urg5t & imm$iate1 ,i answ]1 ,?ank ,god1 ,i d n4 ,! body ( ! p is yet s\nd1 ! ,con/itution is 9 _! he>ts1 :ile wick$ m5 are endeavor+ to put ano!r into _! heads4 ,b if ,i see ! v same beg9n+s :i* h commonly end$ 9 great calamities1 ,i ought to act z if !y might produce ! v same effects4 ,e>ly & provid5t fe> is ! "m ( safety2 because 9 t /ate ( ?+s ! m9d is firm & collect$1 & ! judgm5t unemb>rass$4 ,b :5 ! fe> & ! evil fe>$ come on toge!r1 & press at once ^u u1 delib]ation itself is ru9\s1 :i* saves ^u all o!r occasions2 because1 :5 p]ils are in/ant1 x delays decision3 ! man is 9 a flutt]1 & 9 a hurry1 & 8 judgm5t is gone1--z ! judgm5t ( ! depos$ ,k+ ( ,france & 8 m9i/]s 0 gone1 if ! latt] did n prem$itately betray him4 ,he 0 j come f 8 usual amusem5t ( hunt+1 :5 ! head ( ! column ( treason & assass9ation 0 arriv$ at 8 h\se4 ,let n ! k+1 let n ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 be surpris$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,let n bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t be l$ 9 triumph along ) him1 & h law dictat$ to !m1 by ! ,con/itutional1 ! ,revolution1 & ! ,unit>ian ,societies4 ,^! insect reptiles1 :il/ !y g on only caball+ & toa/+1 only fill u ) disgu/2 if !y get above _! natural size1 & increase ! quantity :il/ !y keep ! quality ( _! v5om1 !y become objects ( ! greate/ t]ror4 ,a spid] 9 8 natural size is only a spid]1 ugly & loa?some2 & 8 flimsy net is only fit = cat*+ flies4 ,b1 good ,god6 suppose a spid] z l>ge z an ox1 & t he spread cables ab\t u1 all ! wilds ( ,africa w\ld n produce any?+ s dreadful3-- ,quale port5tum neque milit>is ,daunia 9 latis alit esculetis1 ,nec ,jub tellus g5]at1 leonum ,arida nutrix4 ,?9k ( !m :o d>e m5ace 9 ! way !y d 9 _! pres5t /ate1 :at w\ld !y d1 if !y _h p[] comm5surate to _! malice8 ,god =bid ,i ev] %\ld h a despotic ma/]6--b if ,i mu/1 my *oice is made4 ,i w h ,l\is ! ,sixte5? r ?an ,monsieur ,bailly1 or ,brissot1 or ,*abot1--r ,george ! ,?ird1 or ,george ! ,f\r?1 ?an4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 or ,dr4 ,kippis1--p]sons :o w\ld n load a tyrann\s p[] by ! poison$ taunts ( a vulg>1 l[-br$ insol5ce4 ,i hope we h /ill _s en\gh to keep u f ! "o or ! o!r4 ,! contumelies ( tyranny are ! wor/ p>ts ( x4 ,b if ! dang] be exi/+ 9 reality1 & sil5tly matur+ itself to our de/ruction1 :at6 is x n bett] to take treason unprep>$ ?an t treason %\ld come by surprise ^u u & take u unprep>$8 ,if we mu/ h a conflict1 let u h x ) all our =ces fre% ab\t u1 ) our gov]nm5t 9 full function & full /r5g?1 our troops uncorrupt$1 our rev5ues 9 ! legal h&s1 our ars5als fill$ & possess$ by gov]nm5t1--& n wait till ! conspirators met to commemorate ! #ad? ( ,july %all seize on ! ,t[] ( ,london & ! magaz9es x conta9s1 murd] ! gov]nor1 & ! mayor ( ,london1 seize ^u ! k+'s p]son1 drive out ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 occupy y\r gall]y1 & !nce1 z f an high tribunal1 dictate to y4 ,! degree ( dang] is n only f ! circum/ances :i* ?reat51 b f ! value ( ! objects :i* are ?reat5$4 ,a small dang] m5ac+ an ine/imable object is ( m importance ?an ! greate/ p]ils :i* reg>d "o t is indiff]5t to u4 ,! :ole "q ( ! dang] dep5ds ^u facts4 ,! fir/ fact is1 :e!r ^? :o sway 9 ,france at pres5t conf9e !mselves to ! regulation ( _! int]nal affairs1--or :e!r ^u sy/em !y n\ri% cabals 9 all o!r c\ntries1 to ext5d _! p[] by produc+ revolutions simil> to _! own4 #b4 ,! next is1 :e!r we h any cabals =m$ or =m+ )9 ^! k+doms1 to cop]ate ) !m = ! de/ruction ( our ,con/itution4 ,on ! solution ( ^! two que/ions1 jo9$ ) our op9ion ( ! value ( ! object to be affect$ by _! ma*9ations1 ! ju/ness ( our al>m & ! necessity ( our vigilance mu/ dep5d4 ,e private conspiracy1 e op5 attack ^u ! laws1 is dang]\s4 ,"o robb]y is an al>m to all prop]ty2 else ,i am sure we exce$ measure 9 our puni%m5t4 ,z robb]ies increase 9 numb] & audacity1 ! al>m increases4 ,^! wret*es are at w> ) u ^u pr9ciple4 ,!y hold ?is gov]nm5t to be an usurpation4 ,see ! language ( ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,! :ole "q is on ! reality ( ! dang]4 ,is x su* a dang] z w\ld ju/ify t fe> qui cad]e pote/ 9 hom9em con/antem et non metu5tem8 ,?is is ! fe> :i* ! pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce decl>e to be a lawful & ju/ifiable fe>4 ,:5 a man ?reat5s my life op5ly & publicly1 ,i may dem& f him securities ( ! peace4 ,:5 e act ( a man's life manife/s su* a design /rong] ?an by words1 ev5 ?\gh he does n make su* a decl>ation1 ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 be+ on my gu>d4 ,!y are ( op9ion t !y are already "o fif? ( ! k+dom4 ,if s1 _! =ce is naturally n contemptible4 ,to say t 9 all conte/s ! decision w ( c\rse be 9 favor ( ! great] numb] is by no means true 9 fact4 ,=1 fir/1 ! great] numb] is g5]ally compos$ ( m5 ( sluggi% temp]s1 sl[ to act1 & unwill+ to attempt1 &1 by be+ 9 possession1 are s dispos$ to peace t !y are unwill+ to take e>ly & vigor\s measures = _! def5ce1 & !y are almo/ always caught unprep>$3-- ,nec coere p>es3 alt] v]g5tibus annis ,9 s5ium1 longoque tog tranquillior usu4 ,d$idicit jam pace ducem2444 ,nec rep>>e novas vires1 multumque priori ,cr$]e =tun3 /at magni nom9is umbra4#a ,a small] numb]1 m exp$ite1 awak5$1 active1 vigor\s1 & c\rage\s1 :o make am5ds = :at !y want 9 weight by _! sup]abundance ( velocity1 w create an act+ p[] ( ! greate/ possible /r5g?4 ,:5 m5 are furi\sly & fanatically fond ( an object1 !y w pref] x1 z is well kn[n1 to _! own peace1 to _! own prop]ty1 & to _! own lives3 & c !re be a d\bt1 9 su* a case1 t !y w\ld pref] x to ! peace ( _! c\ntry8 ,is x to be d\bt$1 t1 if !y h n /r5g? en\gh at home1 !y w call 9 =eign =ce to aid !m8 ,w\ld y d5y !m :at is reasonable1 = fe> !y %\ld8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,x w\ld be b>b>\s to pret5d to look into ! m9ds ( m54 ,i w\ld g fur!r3 x w\ld n be j ev5 to trace consequ5ces f pr9ciples :i*1 ?\gh evid5t to me1 7 d5i$ by !m4 ,let !m disb& z a faction1 & let !m act z individuals1 & :5 ,i see !m ) no o!r views ?an to enjoy _! own consci5ce 9 peace1 ,i1 = "o1 %all mo/ *e]fully vote = _! relief4 ,a t5d] consci5ce1 ( all ?+s1 ought to be t5d]ly h&l$2 = if y d n1 y injure n only ! consci5ce1 b ! :ole moral frame & con/itution is injur$1 recurr+ at times to remorse1 & seek+ refuge only 9 mak+ ! consci5ce call\s4 ,b ! consci5ce ( faction1--! consci5ce ( s$ition1--! consci5ce ( conspiracy1 w>1 & confusion4444 ,:e!r any?+ be prop] to be d5i$1 :i* is "r 9 itself1 because x may lead to ! dem& ( o!rs :i* x is improp] to grant8 ,ab/ract$ly speak+1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is "q ought to be decid$ 9 ! negative4 ,b z no moral que/ions are ev] ab/ract que/ions1 ?is1 be=e ,i judge ^u any ab/ract proposition1 mu/ be embodi$ 9 circum/ances2 =1 s9ce ?+s are "r or wrong1 morally speak+1 only by _! relation & connection ) o!r ?+s1 ?is v "q ( :at x is politically "r to grant dep5ds ^u ?is relation to its effects4 ,x is ! direct (fice ( wisdom to look to ! consequ5ces ( ! acts we d3 if x be n ?is1 x is wor? no?+1 x is out ( place & ( function1 & a d[nright fool is z capable ( gov]nm5t z ,*>les ,fox4 ,a man desires a sword3 :y %\ld he be refus$8 ,a sword is a means ( def5ce1 & def5ce is ! natural "r ( man1--nay1 ! fir/ ( all 8 rights1 & :i* compreh5ds !m all4 ,b if ,i "k t ! sword desir$ is to be employ$ to cut my own ?roat1 common s5se1 & my own self-def5ce1 dictate to me to keep out ( 8 h&s ?is natural "r ( ! sword4 ,b :e!r ?is d5ial be wise or fooli%1 j or unju/1 prud5t or c[>dly1 dep5ds entirely on ! /ate ( ! man's means4 ,a man may h v ill dispositions1 & yet be s v weak z to make all precaution fooli%4 ,see :e!r ?is be ! case ( ^! ,diss5t]s1 z to _! designs1 z to _! means1 numb]s1 activity1 zeal1 =eign assi/ance4 ,! fir/ "q1 to be decid$1 :5 we talk ( ! ,*ur*'s be+ 9 dang] f any p>ticul> measure1 is1 :e!r ! dang] to ! ,*ur* is a public evil3 = to ^? :o ?9k t ! national ,*ur* ,e/abli%m5t is itself a national grievance1 to desire !m to =w>d or to resi/ any measure1 ^u acc\nt ( its conduc+ to ! safety ( ! ,*ur* or av]t+ its dang]1 w\ld be to ! la/ degree absurd4 ,if y h reason to ?9k ?us ( x1 take ! re=mation in/antly into y\r own h&s1 :il/ y are yet cool1 & c d x 9 measure & proportion1 & n "u ! influ5ce ( election te/s & popul> fury4 ,b "h ,i assume t by f> ! great] numb] ( ^? :o compose ! ,h\se are ( op9ion t ?is national ,*ur* ,e/abli%m5t is a great national b5efit1 a great public bless+1 & t its exi/5ce or its non-exi/5ce ( c\rse is a ?+ by no means indiff]5t to ! public welf>e3 !n to !m its dang] or its safety mu/ ent] deeply into e "q :i* has a relation to x4 ,x is n because ungr\nd$ al>ms h be5 giv5 t !re nev] c exi/ a real dang]3 p]haps ! wor/ effect ( an ungr\nd$ al>m is to make p ins5sible to ! approa* ( a real p]il4 ,quak]ism is /rict1 me?odical1 9 its nature highly ari/ocratical1 & s regul> t x has br\ght ! :ole community to ! condition ( "o family2 b x does n actually int]f]e ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( y\r petition]s is no passive consci5ti\s diss5t1 on acc\nt ( an ov]-scrupul\s habit ( m9d3 ! diss5t on _! "p is fundam5tal1 goes to ! v root2 & x is at issue n ^u ?is rite or t c]emony1 on ?is or t s*ool op9ion1 b ^u ?is "o "q ( an ,e/abli%m5t1 z un*ri/ian1 unlawful1 contr>y to ! ,gospel & to natural "r1 ,popi% & idolatr\s4 ,^! are ! pr9ciples viol5tly & fanatically held & pursu$1--taught to _! *ildr51 :o are sworn at ! alt> l ,hannibal4 ,! w> is ) ! ,e/abli%m5t itself1--no qu>t]1 no compromise4 ,z a p>ty1 !y are inf9itely mis*iev\s3 see ! decl>ations ( ,prie/ley & ,price1--decl>ations1 y w say1 ( hot m54 ,likely en\gh3 b :o are ! cool m5 :o h disclaim$ !m8 ,n "o1--no1 n "o4 ,:i* ( !m has ev] told y t !y d n mean to de/roy ! ,*ur*1 if ev] x %\ld be 9 _! p[]8 ,:i* ( !m has told y t ?is w\ld n be ! fir/ & favorite use ( any p[] !y %\ld get8 ,n "o1--no1 n "o4 ,decl>ations ( hot m56 ,! dang] is !nce1 t !y are "u ! conduct ( hot m53 falsos 9 amore odia non f+]e4 ,!y say !y are well affect$ to ! ,/ate1 & mean only to de/roy ! ,*ur*4 ,if ?is be ! utmo/ ( _! mean+1 y mu/ fir/ consid] :e!r y wi% y\r ,*ur* ,e/abli%m5t to be de/roy$4 ,if y d1 y _h mu* bett] d x n[ 9 temp]1 9 a grave1 mod]ate1 & p>liam5t>y way4 ,b if y ?9k o!rwise1 & t y ?9k x to be an invaluable bless+1 a way fully suffici5t to n\ri% a manly1 rational1 solid1 & at ! same "t humble piety1--if y f9d x well fitt$ to ! frame & patt]n ( y\r civil con/itution1--if y f9d x a b>ri] aga9/ fanaticism1 infidelity1 & a!ism1--if y f9d t x furni%es support to ! human m9d 9 ! afflictions & di/resses ( ! _w1 consolation 9 sickness1 pa91 pov]ty1 & dea?1--if x dignifies our nature ) ! hope ( immortality1 leaves inquiry free1 :il/ x pres]ves an au?ority to tea*1 :]e au?ority only c tea*1 communia alt>ia1 que ac patriam1 diligite1 colite1 fovete4 ,9 ! discussion ( ?is subject :i* took place 9 ! ye> #agij1 ,mr4 ,burke decl>$ 8 int5tion1 9 case ! motion = repeal+ ! ,te/ ,acts _h be5 agre$ to1 ( propos+ to sub/itute ! foll[+ te/ 9 ! room ( :at 0 int5d$ to be repeal$3-- ,i1 ,a4,b41 d1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 s9c]ely pr(ess & believe t a religi\s e/abli%m5t 9 ?is /ate is n contr>y to ! law ( ,god1 or disagreeable to ! law ( ,nature1 or to ! true pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 or t x is noxi\s to ! community2 & ,i d s9c]ely promise & engage1 be=e ,god1 t ,i nev] w1 by any conspiracy1 contrivance1 or political device :atev]1 attempt1 or abet o!rs 9 any attempt1 to subv]t ! con/itution ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 z ! same is n[ by law e/abli%$1 & t ,i w n employ any p[] or influ5ce :i* ,i may d]ive f any (fice corporate1 or any o!r (fice :i* ,i hold or %all hold "u 8 ,maje/y1 8 heirs & successors1 to de/roy & subv]t ! same1 or to cause memb]s to be elect$ into any corporation or into ,p>liam5t1 give my vote 9 ! election ( any memb] or memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 or into any (fice1 = or on acc\nt ( _! atta*m5t to any o!r or diff]5t religi\s op9ions or e/abli%m5ts1 or ) any hope t !y may promote ! same to ! prejudice ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 b w dutifully & peaceably cont5t myself ) my private lib]ty ( consci5ce1 z ! same is all[$ by law4 ,s help me ,god4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,lucan1 ,i4 #abi to #ace4 ,,spee* ,,on ,,! ,,motion ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,commons1 ,,febru>y #g1 #agga1 ,,relative ,,to ,,! ,,middlesex ,,election4 ,,note4 ,! motion support$ 9 ! foll[+ ,spee*1 :i* 0 = leave to br+ 9 a bill to asc]ta9 ! rights ( ! electors 9 respect to ! eligibility ( p]sons to s]ve 9 ,p>liam5t1 0 reject$ by a majority ( #afg aga9/ #ajc4 ,,spee*4 ,9 e complicat$ con/itution 7& e free con/itution is complicat$7 cases w arise :5 ! sev]al ord]s ( ! /ate w cla% ) "o ano!r1 & disputes w arise ab\t ! limits ( _! sev]al rights & privileges4 ,x may be almo/ impossible to reconcile !m4444 ,c>ry ! pr9ciple on by :i* y expell$ ,mr4 ,wilkes1 !re is n a man 9 ! ,h\se1 h>dly a man 9 ! nation1 :o may n be disqualifi$4 ,t ?is ,h\se %\ld h no p[] ( expulsion is an h>d say+3 t ?is ,h\se %\ld h a g5]al discretion>y p[] ( disqualification is a dang]\s say+4 ,t ! p %\ld n *oose _! own repres5tative is a say+ t %akes ! ,con/itution3 t ?is ,h\se %\ld "n ! repres5tative is a say+ :i*1 foll[$ by practice1 subv]ts ! ,con/itution4 ,!y h ! "r ( elect+2 y h a "r ( expell+3 !y ( *oos+2 y ( judg+1 & only ( judg+1 ( ! *oice4 ,:at b\nds %all be set to ! fre$om ( t *oice8 ,_! "r is prior to ours3 we all orig9ate !re4 ,!y are ! mortal enemies ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons :o w\ld p]suade !m to ?9k or to act z if !y 7 a self-orig9at$ magi/racy1 indep5d5t ( ! p1 & unconnect$ ) _! op9ions & feel+s4 ,"u a pret5ce ( exalt+ ! dignity1 !y und]m9e ! v f\ndations ( ?is ,h\se4 ,:5 ! "q is ask$ "h1 ,:at di/urbs ! p8 :5ce all ?is clamor8 we apply to ! ,treasury b5*1 & !y tell u x is f ! ef=ts ( libell]s1 & ! wick$ness ( ! p3 a worn-out m9i/]ial pret5ce4 ,if abroad ! p are deceiv$ by popul>1 )9 we are delud$ by m9i/]ial cant4 ,! "q am\nts to ?is3 ,:e!r y mean to be a legal tribunal1 or an arbitr>y & despotic assembly8 ,i see & ,i feel ! delicacy & difficulty ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* we /& 9 ?is "q4 ,i c\ld wi%1 inde$1 t !y :o advise ! cr[n _h n left ,p>liam5t 9 ?is v ungraceful di/ress1 9 :i* !y c nei!r retract ) dignity nor p]si/ ) ju/ice4 ,ano!r ,p>liam5t might h satisfi$ ! p )\t l[]+ !mselves4 ,b our situation is n 9 our own *oice3 our conduct 9 t situation is all t is 9 our own option4 ,! sub/ance ( ! "q is1 to put b\nds to y\r own p[] by ! rules & pr9ciples ( law4 ,?is is1 ,i am s5sible1 a difficult ?+ to ! corrupt1 grasp+1 & ambiti\s "p ( human nature4 ,b ! v difficulty argues & en=ces ! necessity ( x4 ,fir/1 because ! great] ! p[]1 ! m dang]\s ! abuse4 ,s9ce ! ,revolution1 at lea/1 ! p[] ( ! nation has all fl[$ ) a full tide into ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,secondly1 because ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 z x is ! mo/ p[]ful1 is ! mo/ corruptible "p ( ! :ole ,con/itution4 ,our public w\nds _c be conceal$2 to be cur$1 !y mu/ be laid op54 ,! public does ?9k we are a corrupt body4 ,9 our legislative capacity1 we are1 9 mo/ in/ances1 e/eem$ a v wise body2 9 our judicial1 we h no cr$it1 no "* at all4 ,our judgm5ts /9k 9 ! no/rils ( ! p4 ,!y ?9k u to be n only )\t virtue1 b )\t %ame4 ,!re=e ! greatness ( our p[]1 & ! great & j op9ion ( our corruptibility & our corruption1 r5d] x necess>y to fix "s b\nd1 to plant "s l&m>k1 :i* we are nev] to exce$4 ,?is is :at ! bill proposes4 ,fir/1 on ?is head1 ,i lay x d[n z a fundam5tal rule 9 ! law & ,con/itution ( ?is c\ntry1 t ?is ,h\se has n by itself alone a legislative au?ority 9 any case :atsoev]4 ,i "k t ! contr>y 0 ! doctr9e ( ! usurp+ ,h\se ( ,commons1 :i* ?rew d[n ! f5ces & bulw>ks ( law1 :i* annihilat$ fir/ ! lords1 !n ! cr[n1 !n its con/itu5ts4 ,b ! fir/ ?+ t 0 done on ! re/oration ( ! ,con/itution 0 to settle ?is po9t4 ,secondly1 ,i lay x d[n z a rule1 t ! p[] ( occasional incapacitation1 on discretion>y gr\nds1 is a legislative p[]4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% ?is pr9ciple1 if x %\ld n be suffici5tly prov$ by be+ /at$1 tell me :at are ! crit]ia1 ! *>act]i/ics1 by :i* y di/+ui% betwe5 a legislative & a juridical act4 ,x w be necess>y to /ate1 %ortly1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a legislative & a juridical act4 ,a legislative act has no ref]5ce to any rule b ^! two1--orig9al ju/ice1 & discretion>y application4 ,!re=e x c give rights1--rights :]e no rights exi/$ be=e2 & x c take away rights :]e !y 7 be=e e/abli%$4 ,= ! law1 :i* b9ds all o!rs1 does n & _c b9d ! law-mak]3 he1 & he alone1 is above ! law4 ,b a judge1 a p]son ex]cis+ a judicial capacity1 is nei!r to apply to orig9al ju/ice nor to a discretion>y application ( x4 ,he goes to ju/ice & discretion only at second h&1 & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s sup]iors4 ,he is to "w nei!r ^u 8 op9ion ( ! "o nor ( ! o!r1 b ^u a fix$ rule1 ( :i* he has n ! mak+1 b s+ly & solely ! application to ! case4 ,! p[] assum$ by ! ,h\se nei!r is nor c be judicial p[] ex]cis$ accord+ to kn[n law4 ,! prop]ties ( law are1 fir/1 t x %\ld be kn[n2 secondly1 t x %\ld be fix$1 & n occasional4 ,fir/1 ?is p[] _c be accord+ to ! fir/ prop]ty ( law2 because no man does or c "k x1 nor d y y\rselves "k ^u :at gr\nds y w vote ! incapacity ( any man4 ,no man 9 ,we/m9/] ,hall1 or 9 any c\rt ^u e>?1 w say t is law1 ^u :i*1 if a man go+ to 8 c\nsel %\ld say to him1 ,:at is my t5ure 9 law ( ?is e/ate8 he w\ld answ]1 ,truly1 ,sir1 ,i "k n2 ! c\rt has no rule b its own discretion2 !y w det]m9e4 ,x is n a fix$ law2 because y pr(ess y v>y x accord+ to ! occasion1 ex]cise x accord+ to y\r discretion1 no man c call = x z a "r4 ,x is argu$1 t ! incapacity is n orig9ally vot$1 b a consequ5ce ( a p[] ( expulsion4 ,b if y expel1 n ^u legal1 b ^u arbitr>y1 t is1 ^u discretion>y gr\nds1 & ! incapacity is ex vi t]m9i & inclusively compreh5d$ 9 ! expulsion1 is n ! incapacity vot$ 9 ! expulsion8 ,are !y n conv]tible t]ms8 ,& if incapacity is vot$ to be inh]5t 9 expulsion1 if expulsion be arbitr>y1 incapacity is arbitr>y also4 ,i h !re=e %[n t ! p[] ( incapacitation is a legislative p[]2 ,i h %[n t legislative p[] does n belong to ! ,h\se ( ,commons2 & !re=e x foll[s t ! ,h\se ( ,commons has n a p[] ( incapacitation4 ,i "k n ! orig9 ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 b am v sure t x did n create itself2 ! electors 7 prior to ! elect$1 ^: rights orig9at$ ei!r f ! p at l>ge1 or f "s o!r =m ( legislature1 :i* nev] c\ld int5d = ! *os5 a p[] ( sup]s$+ ! *oos]s4 ,if y h n a p[] ( decl>+ an incapacity simply by ! m]e act ( decl>+ x1 x is evid5t to ! mo/ ord9>y reason y _c h a "r ( expulsion1 inf]r+1 or r includ+1 an incapacity4 ,= z ! law1 :5 x gives any direct "r1 gives also z necess>y incid5ts all ! means ( acquir+ ! possession ( t "r1 s1 :]e x does n give a "r directly1 x refuses all ! means by :i* su* a "r may by any m$iums be ex]cis$1 or 9 effect be indirectly acquir$4 ,else x is v obvi\s t ! int5tion ( ! law 9 refus+ t "r might be entirely fru/rat$1 & ! :ole p[] ( ! legislature baffl$4 ,if !re be no c]ta91 inv>iable rule ( eligibility1 x 7 bett] to get simplicity1 if c]ta9ty is n to be _h1 & to resolve all ! fran*ises ( ! subject into ?is "o %ort proposition1--! w & pleasure ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! argum5t drawn f ! c\rts ( law apply+ ! pr9ciples ( law to new cases z !y em]ge is altoge!r frivol\s1 inapplicable1 & arises f a total ignorance ( ! b\nds betwe5 civil & crim9al jurisdiction1 & ( ! sep>ate maxims t gov]n ^! two prov9ces ( law1 t are et]nally sep>ate4 ,und\bt$ly ! c\rts ( law1 :]e a new case comes be=e !m1 z !y d e h\r1 !n1 t !re may be no defect 9 ju/ice1 call 9 simil> pr9ciples1 & ! example ( ! ne>e/ det]m9ation1 & d ev]y?+ to draw ! law to z ne> a con=mity to g5]al equity & "r reason z !y c br+ x ) its be+ a fix$ pr9ciple4 ,boni judicis e/ ampli>e ju/itiam1--t is1 to make op5 & lib]al ju/ice4 ,b 9 crim9al matt]s ?is p>ity ( reason & ^! analogies ev] h be5 & ev] ought to be %unn$4 ,:atev] is incid5t to a c\rt ( judicature is necess>y to ! ,h\se ( ,commons z judg+ 9 elections4 ,b a p[] ( mak+ incapacities is n necess>y to a c\rt ( judicature3 !re=e a p[] ( mak+ incapacities is n necess>y to ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,incapacity1 decl>$ by :atev] au?ority1 /&s ^u two pr9ciples3 fir/1 an incapacity aris+ f ! suppos$ incongruity ( two duties 9 ! commonweal?2 secondly1 an incapacity aris+ f unfitness by infirmity ( nature or ! crim9ality ( conduct4 ,z to ! fir/ class ( incapacities1 !y h no h>d%ip annex$ to !m4 ,! p]sons s incapacitat$ are paid by "o dignity = :at !y ab&on 9 ano!r1 & = ! mo/ "p ! situation arises f _! own *oice4 ,b z to ! second1 aris+ f an unfitness n fix$ by ,nature1 b sup]9duc$ by "s positive acts1 or aris+ f honorable motives1 su* z an occasional p]sonal disability1 ( all ?+s x ought to be def9$ by ! fix$ rule ( law1 :at ,"l ,coke calls ! gold5 metw& ( ! law1 & n by ! crook$ cord ( discretion4 ,:atev] is g5]al is bett] borne4 ,we take our common lot ) m5 ( ! same description4 ,b to be select$ & m>k$ out by a p>ticul> br& ( unwor?9ess among our fell[-citiz5s is a lot ( all o!rs ! h>de/ to be borne1 & consequ5tly is ( all o!rs t act w9* ought only to be tru/$ to ! legislature1 z n only legislative 9 its nature1 b ( all p>ts ( legislature ! mo/ odi\s4 ,! "q is ov]1 if ?is is %[n n to be a legislative act4 ,b :at is v usual & natural is1 to corrupt judicature into legislature4 ,on ?is po9t x is prop] to inquire :e!r a c\rt ( judicature :i* decides )\t appeal has x z a necess>y incid5t ( su* judicature1 t :atev] x decides is de jure law4 ,nobody w1 ,i hope1 ass]t ?is2 because ! direct consequ5ce w\ld be ! entire ext9ction ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 true & false judgm5ts4 ,= if ! judgm5t makes ! law1 & n ! law directs ! judgm5t1 x is impossible !re %\ld be su* a ?+ z an illegal judgm5t giv54 ,b in/ead ( /&+ ^u ?is gr\nd1 !y introduce ano!r "q :olly =eign to x3 ,:e!r x ought n to be submitt$ to z if x 7 law8 ,& !n ! "q is1--,by ! ,con/itution ( ?is c\ntry1 :at degree ( submission is due to ! au?oritative acts ( a limit$ p[]8 ,?is "q ( submission1 det]m9e x h[ y please1 has no?+ to d 9 ?is discussion & 9 ?is ,h\se4 ,"h x is n1 h[ long ! p are b\nd to tol]ate ! illegality ( our judgm5ts1 b :e!r we h a "r to sub/itute our occasional op9ion 9 ! place ( law1 s z to deprive ! citiz5 ( 8 fran*ise4444 ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,bill ,,= ,,%ort5+ ,,! ,,duration ,,( ,,p>liam5ts4 ,,may #h1 #aghj4 ,x is always to be lam5t$1 :5 m5 are driv5 to se>* into ! f\ndations ( ! commonweal?4 ,x is c]ta9ly necess>y to resort to ! !ory ( y\r gov]nm5t1 :5ev] y propose any alt]ation 9 ! frame ( x1--:e!r t alt]ation means ! revival ( "s =m] antiquat$ & =sak5 con/itution ( /ate1 or ! introduction ( "s new improvem5t 9 ! commonweal?4 ,! object ( our delib]ation is1 to promote ! good purposes = :i* elections h be5 in/itut$1 & to prev5t _! inconv5i5ces4 ,if we ?\ght frequ5t elections att5d$ ) no inconv5i5ce1 or ) b a trifl+ inconv5i5ce1 ! /rong ov]rul+ pr9ciple ( ! ,con/itution w\ld sweep u l a torr5t t[>ds !m4 ,b y\r rem$y is to be suit$ to y\r disease1 y\r pres5t disease1 & to y\r :ole disease4 ,t man ?9ks mu* too highly1 & !re=e he ?9ks weakly & delusively1 ( any contrivance ( human wisdom1 :o believes t x c make any sort ( approa* to p]fection4 ,!re is n1 !re nev] 01 a pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t "u heav51 t does n1 9 ! v pursuit ( ! good x proposes1 naturally & inevitably lead into "s inconv5i5ce :i* makes x absolutely necess>y to c\nt]work & weak5 ! application ( t fir/ pr9ciple itself1 & to ab&on some?+ ( ! ext5t ( ! advantage y propos$ by x1 9 ord] to prev5t also ! inconv5i5ces :i* h aris5 f ! in/rum5t ( all ! good y _h 9 view4 ,to gov]n accord+ to ! s5se & agreeably to ! int]e/s ( ! p is a great & glori\s object ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is object _c be obta9$ b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( popul> election2 & popul> election is a mighty evil4 ,x is su* & s great an evil1 t1 ?\gh !re are few nations ^: mon>*s 7 n orig9ally elective1 v few are n[ elect$4 ,!y are ! di/emp]s ( elections t h de/roy$ all free /ates4 ,to cure ^! di/emp]s is difficult1 if n impossible2 ! only ?+1 !re=e1 left to save ! commonweal? is1 to prev5t _! return too frequ5tly4 ,! objects 9 view are1 to h ,p>liam5ts z frequ5t z !y c be )\t di/ract+ !m 9 ! prosecution ( public bus9ess3 on "o h&1 to secure _! dep5d5ce ^u ! p2 on ! o!r1 to give !m t quiet 9 _! m9ds & t ease 9 _! =tunes z to enable !m to p]=m ! mo/ ardu\s & mo/ pa9ful duty 9 ! _w ) _s1 ) effici5cy1 ) indep5d5cy1 & ) exp]i5ce1 z real public c\nsellors1 n z ! canvass]s at a p]petual election4 ,x is wise to compass z _m good ends z possibly y c1 &1 see+ !re are inconv5i5ces on bo? sides1 ) b5efits on bo?1 to give up a "p ( ! b5efit to s(t5 ! inconv5i5ce4 ,! p]fect cure is impracticable2 because ! disord] is de> to ^? f :om alone ! cure c possibly be d]iv$4 ,! utmo/ to be done is to palliate1 to mitigate1 to respite1 to put (f ! evil day ( ! ,con/itution to its late/ possible h\r1--& may x be a v late "o6 ,?is bill1 ,i fe>1 w\ld precipitate "o ( two consequ5ces1--,i "k n :i* mo/ likely1 or :i* mo/ dang]\s3 ei!r t ! cr[n1 by its con/ant1 /at$ p[]1 influ5ce1 & rev5ue1 w\ld we> out all opposition 9 elections1 or t a viol5t & furi\s popul> _s w\ld arise4 ,i mu/ see1 to satisfy me1 ! rem$ies2 ,i mu/ see1 f _! op]ation 9 ! cure ( ! old evil1 & 9 ! cure ( ^? new evils :i* are insep>able f all rem$ies1 h[ !y balance ea* o!r1 & :at is ! total result4 ,! excell5ce ( ma!matics & metaphysics is1 to h b "o ?+ be=e y2 b he =ms ! be/ judgm5t 9 all moral disquisitions :o has ! greate/ numb] & v>iety ( consid]ations 9 "o view be=e him1 & c take !m 9 ) ! be/ possible consid]ation ( ! middle results ( all4 ,we ( ! opposition1 :o are n fri5ds to ! bill1 give ?is pl$ge at lea/ ( our integrity & s9c]ity to ! p1--t 9 our situation ( sy/ematic opposition to ! pres5t m9i/]s1 9 :i* all our hope ( r5d]+ x effectual dep5ds ^u popul> int]e/ & favor1 we w n flatt] !m by a surr5d] ( our un9flu5c$ judgm5t & op9ion2 we give a security1 t1 if ev] we %\ld be 9 ano!r situation1 no flatt]y to any o!r sort ( p[] & influ5ce w\ld induce u to act aga9/ ! true int]e/s ( ! p4 ,all are agre$ t ,p>liam5ts %\ld n be p]petual2 ! only "q is1 ,:at is ! mo/ conv5i5t "t = _! duration8--on :i* !re are ?ree op9ions4 ,we are agre$1 too1 t ! t]m ought n to be *os5 mo/ likely 9 its op]ation to spread corruption1 & to augm5t ! already ov]gr[n influ5ce ( ! cr[n4 ,on ^! pr9ciples ,i mean to debate ! "q4 ,x is easy to pret5d a zeal = lib]ty4 ,^? :o ?9k !mselves n likely to be incumb]$ ) ! p]=mance ( _! promises1 ei!r f _! kn[n inability or total indiff]5ce ab\t ! p]=mance1 nev] fail to ent]ta9 ! mo/ l(ty ideas4 ,!y are c]ta9ly ! mo/ speci\s2 & !y co/ !m nei!r reflection to frame1 nor pa9s to modify1 nor managem5t to support4 ,! task is ( ano!r nature to ^? :o mean to promise no?+ t x is n 9 _! int5tion1 or may possibly be 9 _! p[] to p]=m1--to ^? :o are b\nd & pr9cipl$ no m to delude ! und]/&+s ?an to violate ! lib]ty ( _! fell[-subjects4 ,fai?ful wat*m5 we ought to be ov] ! rights & privileges ( ! p4 ,b our duty1 if we are qualifi$ = x z we ought1 is to give !m in=mation1 & n to receive x f !m3 we are n to g to s*ool to !m1 to le>n ! pr9ciples ( law & gov]nm5t4 ,9 do+ s1 we %\ld n dutifully s]ve1 b we %\ld basely & sc&al\sly betray ! p1 :o are n capable ( ?is s]vice by nature1 nor 9 any in/ance call$ to x by ! ,con/itution4 ,i rev]5tially look up to ! op9ion ( ! p1 & ) an awe t is almo/ sup]/iti\s4 ,i %\ld be a%am$ to %[ my face be=e !m1 if ,i *ang$ my gr\nd z !y cri$ up or cri$ d[n m5 or ?+s or op9ions1--if ,i wav]$ & %ift$ ab\t ) e *ange1 & jo9$ 9 x or oppos$ z be/ answ]$ any l[ int]e/ or passion1--if ,i held !m up hopes :i* ,i knew ,i nev] int5d$1 or promis$ :at ,i well knew ,i c\ld n p]=m4 ,( all ^! ?+s !y are p]fect sov]eign judges )\t appeal2 b z to ! detail ( p>ticul> measures1 or to any g5]al s*emes ( policy1 !y h nei!r en\gh ( speculation 9 ! closet nor ( exp]i5ce 9 bus9ess to decide ^u x4 ,!y c well see :e!r we are tools ( a c\rt or _! hone/ s]vants4 ,( t !y c well judge1--& ,i wi% t !y always ex]cis$ _! judgm5t2 b ( ! p>ticul> m]its ( a measure ,i h o!r /&>ds4444 ,t ! frequ5cy ( elections propos$ by ?is bill has a t5d5cy to increase ! p[] & consid]ation ( ! electors1 n less5 corruptibility1 ,i d mo/ readily all[3 s f> x is desirable4 ,?is is :at x has3 ,i w tell y n[ :at x has n4 #a/4 ,x has no sort ( t5d5cy to increase _! integrity & public _s1 unless an increase ( p[] has an op]ation ^u vot]s 9 elections1 t x has 9 no o!r situation 9 ! _w1 & ^u no o!r "p ( mank9d4 #bnd4 ,?is bill has no t5d5cy to limit ! quantity ( influ5ce 9 ! cr[n1 to r5d] its op]ation m difficult1 or to c\nt]act t op]ation :i* x _c prev5t 9 any way :atsoev]4 ,x has its full weight1 its full range1 & its uncontroll$ op]ation on ! electors exactly z x _h be=e4 #crd4 ,nor1 ?irdly1 does x abate ! int]e/ or incl9ation ( m9i/]s to apply t influ5ce to ! electors3 on ! contr>y1 x r5d]s x mu* m necess>y to !m1 if !y seek to h a majority 9 ,p>liam5t1 to increase ! means ( t influ5ce1 & r$\ble _! dilig5ce1 & to %>p5 dext]ity 9 ! application4 ,! :ole effect ( ! bill is1 !re=e1 ! remov+ ! application ( "s "p ( ! influ5ce f ! elect$ to ! electors1 & fur!r to /r5g!n & ext5d a c\rt int]e/ already great & p[]ful 9 bor\ghs3 "h to fix _! magaz9es & places ( arms1 & ?us to make !m ! pr9cipal1 n ! second>y1 !atre ( _! manuvres = secur+ a det]m9$ majority 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,i believe nobody w d5y t ! electors are corruptible4 ,!y are m51--x is say+ no?+ worse ( !m2 _m ( !m are b ill in=m$ 9 _! m9ds1 _m feeble 9 _! circum/ances1 easily ov]rea*$1 easily s$uc$4 ,if !y are _m1 ! wages ( corruption are ! l[]2 & w\ld to ,god x 7 n r a contemptible & hypocritical adulation ?an a *>itable s5tim5t1 to say t !re is already no debau*]y1 no corruption1 no brib]y1 no p]jury1 no bl9d fury & int]e/$ faction among ! electors 9 _m p>ts ( ?is k+dom6--nor is x surpris+1 or at all blamable1 9 t class ( private m51 :5 !y see _! neighbors aggr&iz$1 & !mselves poor & virtu\s )\t t clat or dignity :i* att5ds m5 9 high] situations4 ,b admit x 7 true t ! great mass ( ! electors 7 too va/ an object = c\rt influ5ce to grasp or ext5d to1 & t 9 despair !y mu/ ab&on x2 he mu/ be v ignorant ( ! /ate ( e popul> int]e/1 :o does n "k t 9 all ! corporations1 all ! op5 bor\ghs1 inde$ 9 e di/rict ( ! k+dom1 !re is "s lead+ man1 "s agitator1 "s weal?y m]*ant or consid]able manufactur]1 "s active attorney1 "s popul> prea*]1 "s money-l5d]1 c41 c41 :o is foll[$ by ! :ole flock4 ,?is is ! /yle ( all free c\ntries4 ,multum 9 ,fabi valet hic1 valet ille ,vel92 ,cuilibet hic fasces dabit1 eripietque curule4 ,^! spirits1 ea* ( :i* in=ms & gov]ns 8 own little orb1 are nei!r s _m1 nor s little p[]ful1 nor s incorruptible1 b t a m9i/] may1 z he does frequ5tly1 f9d means ( ga9+ !m1 & ?r\gh1 !m all _! foll[]s4 ,to e/abli%1 !re=e1 a v g5]al influ5ce among electors w no m be f\nd an impracticable project ?an to ga9 an undue influ5ce ov] memb]s ( ,p>liam5t4 ,!re=e ,i am appreh5sive t ?is bill1 ?\gh x %ifts ! place ( ! disord]1 does by no means relieve ! ,con/itution4 ,i w5t ?r\gh almo/ e conte/$ election 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is ,p>liam5t1 & act$ z a manag] 9 v _m ( !m2 by :i*1 ?\gh z at a s*ool ( pretty sev]e & rugg$ discipl9e1 ,i came to h "s degree ( in/ruction conc]n+ ! means by :i* ,p>liam5t>y int]e/s are 9 g5]al procur$ & support$4 ,!ory1 ,i "k1 w\ld suppose t e g5]al election is to ! repres5tative a day ( judgm5t1 9 :i* he appe>s be=e 8 con/itu5ts to acc\nt = ! use ( ! tal5t ) :i* !y intru/$ him1 & = ! improvem5t he has made ( x = ! public advantage4 ,x w\ld be s1 if e corruptible repres5tative 7 to f9d an enlight5$ & incorruptible con/itu5t4 ,b ! practice & k ( ! _w w n suff] u to be ignorant t ! ,con/itution on pap] is "o ?+1 & 9 fact & exp]i5ce is ano!r4 ,we mu/ "k t ! c&idate1 in/ead ( tru/+ at 8 election to ! te/imony ( 8 behavior 9 ,p>liam5t1 mu/ br+ ! te/imony ( a l>ge sum ( money1 ! capacity ( lib]al exp5se 9 ent]ta9m5ts1 ! p[] ( s]v+ & oblig+ ! rul]s ( corporations1 ( w9n+ ov] ! popul> lead]s ( political clubs1 associations1 & neighborhoods4 ,x is t5 ?\s& times m necess>y to %[ himself a man ( p[] ?an a man ( integrity1 9 almo/ all ! elections ) :i* ,i h be5 acqua9t$4 ,elections1 !re=e1 become a matt] ( heavy exp5se2 & if conte/s are frequ5t1 to _m !y w become a matt] ( an exp5se totally ru9\s1 :i* no =tunes c be>1 b lea/ ( all ! l&$ =tunes1 incumb]$ z !y (t51 inde$ z !y mo/ly are1 ) debts1 ) portions1 ) jo9tures1 & ti$ up 9 ! h&s ( ! possessor by ! limitations ( settlem5t4 ,x is a mat]ial1 x is 9 my op9ion a la/+ consid]ation1 9 all ! que/ions conc]n+ election4 ,let no "o ?9k ! *>ges ( elections a trivial matt]4 ,! *>ge1 !re=e1 ( elections ought nev] to be lo/ sight ( 9 a "q conc]n+ _! frequ5cy2 because ! gr& object y seek is indep5d5ce4 ,indep5d5ce ( m9d w ev] be m or less influ5c$ by indep5d5ce ( =tune2 & if e ?ree ye>s ! exhau/+ sluices ( ent]ta9m5ts1 dr9k+s1 op5 h\ses1 to say no?+ ( brib]y1 are to be p]iodically drawn up & r5ew$1--if gov]nm5t favors1 = :i* n[1 9 "s %ape or o!r1 ! :ole race ( m5 are c&idates1 are to be call$ = ^u e occasion1 ,i see t private =tunes w be wa%$ away1 & e1 ev5 to ! lea/1 trace ( indep5d5ce borne d[n by ! torr5t4 ,i d n s]i\sly ?9k ?is ,con/itution1 ev5 to ! wrecks ( x1 c\ld survive five tri5nial elections4 ,if y are to fight ! battle1 y mu/ put on ! armor ( ! m9i/ry1 y mu/ call 9 ! public to ! aid ( private money4 ,! exp5se ( ! la/ election has be5 comput$ 7& ,i am p]suad$ t x has n be5 ov]rat$7 at #a1ejj1jjjl41--?ree %ill+s 9 ! p\nd m 9 ?an8 ! l&-tax4 ,ab\t ! close ( ! la/ ,p>liam5t & ! beg9n+ ( ?is1 sev]al ag5ts = bor\ghs w5t ab\t1 & ,i rememb] well t x 0 9 e "o ( _! m\?s1 ,sir1 y\r election w co/ y ?ree ?\s& p\nds1 if y are indep5d5t2 b if ! m9i/ry supports y1 x may be done = two1 & p]haps = less4 ,&1 inde$1 ! ?+ spoke itself4 ,:]e a liv+ 0 to be got = "o1 a commission 9 ! army = ano!r1 a lift 9 ! navy = a ?ird1 & cu/om-h\se (fices scatt]$ ab\t )\t measure or numb]1 :o d\bts b money may be sav$8 ,! ,treasury may ev5 add money3 b1 inde$1 x is sup]flu\s4 ,a g5tleman ( two ?\s& a ye>1 :o meets ano!r ( ! same =tune1 fights ) equal arms2 b if to "o ( ! c&idates y add a ?\s& a ye> 9 places = himself1 & a p[] ( giv+ away z mu* among o!rs1 "o mu/1 or !re is no tru? 9 ari?metical demon/ration1 ru9 8 adv]s>y1 if he is to meet him & to fight ) him e ?ird ye>4 ,x w be said ,i d n all[ = ! op]ation ( "*3 b ,i d2 & ,i "k x w h its weight 9 mo/ elections1--p]haps x may be decisive 9 "s2 b !re are few 9 :i* x w prev5t great exp5ses4 ,! de/ruction ( indep5d5t =tunes w be ! consequ5ce on ! "p ( ! c&idate4 ,:at w be ! consequ5ce ( tri5nial corruption1 tri5nial drunk5ness1 tri5nial idl5ess1 tri5nial lawsuits1 litigations1 prosecutions1 tri5nial fr5zy1--( society dissolv$1 indu/ry int]rupt$1 ru9$1--( ^? p]sonal hatr$s t w nev] be suff]$ to s(t51 ^? animosities & feuds :i* w be r5d]$ immortal1 ^? qu>rels :i* are nev] to be appeas$1--morals vitiat$ & gangr5$ to ! vitals8 ,i ?9k no /able & useful advantages 7 ev] made by ! money got at elections by ! vot]1 b all he gets is d\bly lo/ to ! public3 x is money giv5 to dim9i% ! g5]al /ock ( ! community1 :i* is 9 ! indu/ry ( ! subject4 ,i am sure t x is a good :ile be=e he or 8 family settle aga9 to _! bus9ess4 ,_! heads w nev] cool2 ! temptations ( elections w be =ev] glitt]+ be=e _! eyes4 ,!y w all gr[ politicians2 e "o1 quitt+ 8 bus9ess1 w *oose to enri* himself by 8 vote4 ,!y w all take ! gaug+-rod2 new places w be made = !m2 !y w run to ! cu/om-h\se quay2 _! looms & pl\ghs w be des]t$4 ,s 0 ,rome de/roy$ by ! disord]s ( cont9ual elections1 ?\gh ^? ( ,rome 7 sob] disord]s4 ,!y _h no?+ b faction1 brib]y1 bread1 & /age-plays1 to debau* !m3 we h ! inflammation ( liquor sup]add$1 a fury hott] ?an any ( !m4 ,!re ! conte/ 0 only betwe5 citiz5 & citiz53 "h y h ! conte/s ( ambiti\s citiz5s ( "o side support$ by ! cr[n to oppose to ! ef=ts 7let x be s7 ( private & unsupport$ ambition on ! o!r4 ,yet ,rome 0 de/roy$ by ! frequ5cy & *>ge ( elections1 & ! mon/r\s exp5se ( an unremitt$ c\rt%ip to ! p4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 ! indep5d5t c&idate & elector may ea* be de/roy$ by x1 ! :ole body ( ! community be an inf9ite suff]]1 & a vici\s m9i/ry ! only ga9]4 ,g5tlem51 ,i "k1 feel ! weight ( ?is argum5t2 !y agree1 t ?is w\ld be ! consequ5ce ( m frequ5t elections1 if ?+s 7 to cont9ue z !y are4 ,b !y ?9k ! greatness & frequ5cy ( ! evil w\ld itself be1 a rem$y = x1--t1 sitt+ b = a %ort "t1 ! memb] w\ld n f9d x wor? :ile to make su* va/ exp5ses1 :ile ! fe> ( _! con/itu5ts w hold !m ! m effectually to _! duty4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t exp]i5ce is full aga9/ !m4 ,?is is no new ?+2 we h _h tri5nial ,p>liam5ts2 at no p]iod ( "t 7 seats m eag]ly conte/$4 ,! exp5ses ( elections ran high]1 tak+ ! /ate ( all *>ges1 ?an !y d n[4 ,! exp5se ( ent]ta9m5ts 0 su*1 t an act1 equally1 sev]e & ineffectual1 0 made aga9/ x2 e monum5t ( ! "t be>s witness ( ! exp5se1 & mo/ ( ! acts aga9/ corruption 9 elections 7 !n made2 all ! writ]s talk$ ( x & lam5t$ x4 ,w any "o ?9k t a corporation w be cont5t$ ) a b[l ( pun* or a piece ( beef ! less1 because elections are e ?ree1 in/ead ( e sev5 ye>s8 ,w !y *ange _! w9e = ale1 because !y are to get m ale ?ree ye>s h5ce8 ,don't ?9k x4 ,w !y make few] dem&s = ! advantages o patronage 9 favors & (fices1 because _! memb] is br\ght m "u _! p[]8 ,we h n only our own hi/orical exp]i5ce 9 ,engl& ^u ?is subject1 b we h ! exp]i5ce coexi/+ ) u 9 ,irel&1 :]e1 s9ce _! ,p>liam5t has be5 %ort5$1 ! exp5se ( elections has be5 s f> f be+ l[]$1 t x has be5 v ne> d\bl$4 ,=m]ly !y sat = ! k+'s life2 ! ord9>y *>ge ( a seat 9 ,p>liam5t 0 !n fifte5 hundr$ p\nds4 ,!y n[ sit eight ye>s1 f\r sessions2 x is n[ tw5ty-five hundr$ p\nds1 & upw>ds4 ,! _s ( emulation has also be5 extremely increas$1 & all :o are acqua9t$ ) ! tone ( t c\ntry h no d\bt t ! _s is /ill gr[+1 t new c&idates w take ! field1 t ! conte/s w be m viol5t1 & ! exp5ses ( elections l>g] ?an ev]4 ,x nev] c be o!rwise4 ,a seat 9 ?is ,h\se1 = good purposes1 = bad purposes1 = no purposes at all1 7except ! m]e consid]ation d]iv$ f be+ conc]n$ 9 ! public c\nsels17 w ev] be a fir/-rate object ( ambition 9 ,engl&4 ,ambition is no exact calculator4 ,av>ice itself does n calculate /rictly1 :5 x games4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91--t 9 ?is political game ! great lott]y ( p[] is t into :i* m5 w pur*ase ) millions ( *ances aga9/ !m4 ,9 ,turkey1 :]e ! place1 :]e ! =tune1 :]e ! head itself are s insecure t sc>cely any h di$ 9 _! b$s = ages1 s t ! b[/r+ is ! natural dea? ( ba%aws1 yet 9 no c\ntry is p[] & di/9ction 7prec>i\s en\gh1 ,god kn[s1 9 all7 s\ght = ) su* b\ndless avidity1--z if ! value ( place 0 enhanc$ by ! dang] & insecurity ( its t5ure4 ,no?+ w ev] make a seat 9 ?is ,h\se n an object ( desire to numb]s by any means or at any *>ge1 b ! depriv+ x ( all p[] & all dignity4 ,?is w\ld d x4 ,?is is ! true & only no/rum = t purpose4 ,b an ,h\se ( ,commons )\t p[] & )\t dignity1 ei!r 9 itself or 9 its memb]s1 is no ,h\se ( ,commons = ! purposes ( ?is ,con/itution4 ,b !y w be afraid to act ill1 if !y "k t ! day ( _! acc\nt is always ne>4 ,i wi% x 7 true2 b x is n3 "h aga9 we h exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce is aga9/ u4 ,! di/emp] ( ?is age is a pov]ty ( _s & ( g5ius3 x is trifl+1 x is futile1 worse ?an ignorant1 sup]ficially taught1 ) ! politics & morals ( girls at a bo>d+-s*ool r ?an ( m5 & /atesm53 b x is n yet desp]ately wick$1 or s sc&al\sly v5al z 9 =m] times4 ,did n a tri5nial ,p>liam5t give up ! national dignity1 approve ! peace ( ,utre*t1 & almo/ give up ev]y?+ else1 9 tak+ e /ep to defeat ! ,prote/ant succession8 ,0 n ! ,con/itution sav$ by ^? :o _h no election at all to g to1 ! ,lords1 because ! c\rt appli$ to electors1 & by v>i\s means c>ri$ !m f _! true int]e/s1 s t ! ,tory m9i/ry _h a majority )\t an application to a s+le memb]8 ,n[ z to ! conduct ( ! memb]s1 x 0 !n f> f pure & indep5d5t4 ,brib]y 0 inf9itely m flagrant4 ,a pr$ecessor ( y\rs1 ,mr4 ,speak]1 put ! "q ( 8 own expulsion = brib]y4 ,sir ,william ,musgrave 0 a wise man1 a grave man1 an indep5d5t man1 a man ( good =tune & good family2 h[ev]1 he c>ri$ on1 :ile 9 opposition1 a traffic1 a %ameful traffic1 ) ! m9i/ry4 ,bi%op ,burnet knew ( six ?\s& p\nds :i* he _h receiv$ at "o paym5t4 ,i believe ! paym5t ( sums 9 h>d money1 pla91 nak$ brib]y1 is r>e among/ u4 ,x 0 !n f> f uncommon4 ,a tri5nial 0 ne> ru9+1 a sept5nial ,p>liam5t sav$ y\r ,con/itution2 nor1 p]haps1 h y ev] kn[n a m fl\ri%+ p]iod1 = ! union ( national prosp]ity1 dignity1 & lib]ty1 ?an ! sixty ye>s y h pass$ "u t con/itution ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! %ortness ( "t 9 :i* !y are to reap ! pr(its ( iniquity is f> f *eck+ ! avidity ( corrupt m52 x r5d]s !m inf9itely m rav5\s4 ,!y ru% viol5tly & precipitately on _! object2 !y lose all reg>d to decorum4 ,! mom5ts ( pr(its are preci\s2 nev] are m5 s wick$ z dur+ a g5]al mortality4 ,x 0 s 9 ! great plague at ,a!ns1 e symptom ( :i* 7& ?is its worse symptom among/ ! re/7 is s f9ely relat$ by a great hi/orian ( antiquity4 ,x 0 s 9 ! plague ( ,london 9 #affe4 ,x appe>s 9 soldi]s1 sailors1 c4 ,:oev] w\ld contrive to r5d] ! life ( man mu* %ort] ?an x is w\ld1 ,i am satisfi$1 f9d ! sure/ receipt = increas+ ! wick$ness ( our nature4 ,?us1 9 my op9ion1 ! %ortness ( a tri5nial sitt+ w\ld h ! foll[+ ill effects3 ,x w\ld make ! memb] m %amelessly & %ock+ly corrupt2 x w\ld increase 8 dep5d5ce on ^? :o c\ld be/ support him at 8 election2 x w\ld wrack & te> to pieces ! =tunes ( ^? :o /ood ^u _! own =tunes & _! private int]e/2 x w\ld make ! electors inf9itely m v5al2 & x w\ld make ! :ole body ( ! p1 :o are1 :e!r !y h votes or n1 conc]n$ 9 elections1 m lawless1 m idle1 m debau*$2 x w\ld utt]ly de/roy ! sobriety1 ! indu/ry1 ! integrity1 ! simplicity ( all ! p1 & und]m9e1 ,i am mu* afraid1 ! deepe/ & be/-laid f\ndations ( ! commonweal?4 ,^? :o h spok5 & writt5 ^u ?is subject )\t doors d n s mu* d5y ! probable exi/5ce ( ^! inconv5i5ces 9 _! measure z !y tru/ = _! prev5tion to rem$ies ( v>i\s sorts :i* !y propose4 ,fir/1 a place bill4 ,b if ?is w n d1 z !y fe> x w n1 !n1 !y say1 ,we w h a rotation1 & a c]ta9 numb] ( y %all be r5d]$ incapable ( be+ elect$ = t5 ye>s4 ,!n = ! electors1 !y %all ballot4 ,! memb]s ( ,p>liam5t also %all decide by ballot4 ,a fif? project is ! *ange ( ! pres5t legal repres5tation ( ! k+dom4 ,on all ?is ,i %all obs]ve1 t x w be v unsuitable to y\r wisdom to adopt ! project ( a bill to :i* !re are objections insup]able by any?+ 9 ! bill itself1 ^u ! hope t ^? objections may be remov$ by subsequ5t projects1 e "o ( :i* is full ( difficulties ( its own1 & :i* are all ( !m v ess5tial alt]ations 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,?is seems v irregul> & unusual4 ,if any?+ %\ld make ?is a v d\btful measure1 :at c make x m s ?an t 9 ! op9ion ( its advocates x w\ld aggravate all our old inconv5i5ces 9 su* a mann] z to require a total alt]ation 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! k+dom8 ,if ! rem$ies are prop] 9 tri5nial1 !y w n be less s 9 sept5nial elections4 ,let u try !m fir/1--see h[ ! ,h\se reli%es !m1--see h[ !y w op]ate 9 ! nation1--& !n1 hav+ felt y\r way1 & prep>$ aga9/ ^! inconv5i5ces4444 ,! honorable g5tleman sees t ,i respect ! pr9ciple ^u :i* he goes1 z well z 8 int5tions & 8 abilities4 ,he w believe t ,i d n diff] f him wantonly & on trivial gr\nds4 ,he is v sure t x 0 n 8 embrac+ "o way :i* det]m9$ me to take ! o!r4 ,i h n 9 newspap]s1 to d]ogate f 8 fair fame ) ! nation1 pr9t$ ! fir/ rude sket* ( 8 bill ) ung5]\s & invidi\s comm5ts4 ,i h n1 9 conv]sations indu/ri\sly circulat$ ab\t ! t[n1 & talk$ on ! b5*es ( ?is ,h\se1 attribut$ 8 conduct to motives l[ & unwor?y1 & z gr\ndless z !y are injuri\s4 ,i d n affect to be fright5$ ) ?is proposition1 z if "s hide\s spectre _h />t$ f hell1 :i* 0 to be s5t back aga9 by e =m ( exorcism & e k9d ( incantation4 ,i invoke no ,a*]on to ov]:elm him 9 ! :irlpools ( its muddy gulf4 ,i d n tell ! respectable mov] & second]1 by a p]v]sion ( _! s5se & expressions1 t _! proposition halts betwe5 ! ridicul\s & ! dang]\s4 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o />t up1 ?ree at a "t1 & fall ^u & /rike at him ) s mu* eag]ness t our dagg]s hack "o ano!r 9 8 sides4 ,my honorable fri5d has n br\ght d[n a spirit$ imp ( *ivalry to w9 ! fir/ a*ievem5t & blazon ( arms on 8 milk-:ite %ield 9 a field li/$ aga9/ him1--nor br\ght out ! g5]\s (fspr+ ( lions1 & said to !m1--,n aga9/ t side ( ! =e/6 bew>e ( t6--"h is ! prey1 :]e y are to fa/5 y\r paws6--& season+ 8 unpractis$ jaws ) blood1 tell him1--,?is is ! milk = :i* y are to ?ir/ h]eaft]6 ,we furni% at 8 exp5se no holiday1--nor susp5d hell1 t a crafty ,ixion may h re/ f 8 :eel1--nor give ! common adv]s>y 7if he be a common adv]s>y7 reason to say1--,i w\ld h put 9 my ^w to oppose1 b ! eag]ness ( y\r allies 9 y\r social w> 0 su* t ,i c\ld n break 9 ^u y4 ,i hope he sees & feels1 & t e memb] sees & feels along ) him1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 amicable diss5t & civil discord4 ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,motion ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,commons1 ,,may #g1 #aghb1 ,,= ,a ,,committee ,,to ,,inquire ,,into ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,commons ,,9 ,,p>liam5t4 ,mr4 ,speak]1--,we h n[ discov]$1 at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t ! ,con/itution ( ,engl&1 :i* = a s]ies ( ages _h be5 ! pr\d di/9ction ( ?is c\ntry1 always ! admiration & sometimes ! envy ( ! wise & le>n$ 9 e o!r nation1--we h discov]$ t ?is boa/$ ,con/itution1 9 ! mo/ boa/$ "p ( x1 is a gross imposition ^u ! und]/&+ ( mank9d1 an insult to _! feel+s1 & act+ by contrivances de/ructive to ! be/ & mo/ valuable int]e/s ( ! p4 ,our political ar*itects h tak5 a survey ( ! fabric ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution4 ,x is s+ul> t !y report no?+ aga9/ ! cr[n1 no?+ aga9/ ! lords3 b 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons ev]y?+ is uns\nd2 x is ru9\s 9 e "p2 x is infe/$ by ! dry rot1 & ready to tumble ab\t our e>s )\t _! imm$iate help4 ,y "k by ! faults !y f9d :at are _! ideas ( ! alt]ation4 ,z all gov]nm5t /&s ^u op9ion1 !y "k t ! way utt]ly to de/roy x is to remove t op9ion1 to take away all rev]5ce1 all confid5ce f x2 & !n1 at ! fir/ bla/ ( public discont5t & popul> tumult1 x tumbles to ! gr\nd4 ,9 consid]+ ?is "q1 !y :o oppose x oppose x on diff]5t gr\nds4 ,"o is 9 ! nature ( a previ\s "q3 t "s alt]ations may be exp$i5t1 b t ?is is n ! "t = mak+ !m4 ,! o!r is1 t no ess5tial alt]ations are at all want+1 & t nei!r n[ nor at any "t is x prud5t or safe to be m$dl+ ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples & anci5t tri$ usages ( our ,con/itution1--t our repres5tation is z ne>ly p]fect z ! necess>y imp]fection ( human affairs & ( human creatures w suff] x to be1--& t x is a subject ( prud5t & hone/ use & ?ankful enjoym5t1 & n ( capti\s criticism & ra% exp]im5t4 ,on ! o!r side !re are two p>ties1 :o proce$ on two gr\nds1 9 my op9ion1 z !y /ate !m1 utt]ly irreconcilable4 ,! "o is juridical1 ! o!r political4 ,! "o is 9 ! nature ( a claim ( "r1 on ! suppos$ rights ( man z man3 ?is p>ty desire ! decision ( a suit4 ,! o!r gr\nd1 z f> z ,i c div9e :at x directly means1 is1 t ! repres5tation is n s politically fram$ z to answ] ! !ory ( its in/itution4 ,z to ! claim ( "r1 ! meane/ petition]1 ! mo/ gross & ignorant1 is z good z ! be/3 9 "s respects 8 claim is m favorable1 on acc\nt ( 8 ignorance2 8 weakness1 8 pov]ty1 & di/ress only add to 8 titles2 he sues 9 =ma paup]is2 he ought to be a favorite ( ! c\rt4 ,b :5 ! o!r gr\nd is tak51 :5 ! "q is political1 :5 a new con/itution is to be made on a s\nd !ory ( gov]nm5t1 !n ! presumptu\s pride ( didactic ignorance is to be exclud$ f ! c\nsel 9 ?is high & ardu\s matt]1 :i* (t5 bids defiance to ! exp]i5ce ( ! wise/4 ,! fir/ claims a p]sonal repres5tation2 ! latt] rejects x ) scorn & f]vor4 ,! language ( ! fir/ p>ty is pla9 & intelligible2 !y :o plead an absolute "r _c be satisfi$ ) any?+ %ort ( p]sonal repres5tation1 because all natural rights mu/ be ! rights ( individuals1 z by nature !re is no su* ?+ z politic or corporate p]sonality3 all ^! ideas are m]e fictions ( law1 !y are creatures ( volunt>y in/itution2 m5 z m5 are individuals1 & no?+ else4 ,!y1 !re=e1 :o reject ! pr9ciple ( natural & p]sonal repres5tation are ess5tially & et]nally at v>iance ) ^? :o claim x4 ,z to ! fir/ sort ( re=m]s1 x is ridicul\s to talk to !m ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution ^u any or ^u all ( its bases3 = !y lay x d[n1 t e man ought to gov]n1 himself1 & t1 :]e he _c g1 himself1 he mu/ s5d 8 repres5tative2 t all o!r gov]nm5t is usurpation1 & is s f> f hav+ a claim to our ob$i5ce1 x is n only our "r1 b our duty1 to resi/ x4 ,n9e t5?s ( ! re=m]s argue ?us1--t is1 on ! natural "r4 ,x is impossible n to make "s reflection on ! nature ( ?is claim1 or avoid a comp>ison betwe5 ! ext5t ( ! pr9ciple & ! pres5t object ( ! dem&4 ,if ?is claim be f\nd$1 x is cle> to :at x goes4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 t light1 und\bt$ly1 is no repres5tative ( ! p1 z a collection ( individuals4 ,nobody pret5ds x1 nobody c ju/ify su* an ass]tion4 ,:5 y come to exam9e into ?is claim ( "r1 f\nd$ on ! "r ( self-gov]nm5t 9 ea* individual1 y f9d ! ?+ dem&$ inf9itely %ort ( ! pr9ciple ( ! dem&4 ,:at6 "o ?ird only ( ! legislature1 & ( ! gov]nm5t no %>e at all8 ,:at sort ( treaty ( p>tition is ?is = ^? :o h an inh]5t "r to ! :ole8 ,give !m all !y ask1 & y\r grant is /ill a *eat3 = h[ comes only a ?ird to be _! y\ng]-*ildr5's =tune 9 ?is settlem5t8 ,h[ came !y nei!r to h ! *oice ( k+s1 or lords1 or judges1 or g5]als1 or admirals1 or bi%ops1 or prie/s1 or m9i/]s1 or ju/ices ( peace8 ,:y1 :at h y to answ] 9 favor ( ! prior rights ( ! cr[n & pe]age b ?is3 ,our ,con/itution is a prescriptive con/itution2 x is a con/itution ^: sole au?ority is1 t x has exi/$ "t out ( m9d8 ,x is settl$ 9 ^! two portions aga9/ "o1 legislatively1--& 9 ! :ole ( ! judicature1 ! :ole ( ! f$]al capacity1 ( ! executive1 ! prud5tial1 & ! f9ancial adm9i/ration1 9 "o alone4 ,nor 0 y\r ,h\se ( ,lords & ! pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n settl$ on any adjudication 9 favor ( natural rights3 = !y c\ld nev] be s p>tition$4 ,y\r k+1 y\r lords1 y\r judges1 y\r juries1 gr& & little1 all are prescriptive2 & :at proves x is ! disputes1 n yet conclud$1 & nev] ne> becom+ s1 :5 any ( !m fir/ orig9at$4 ,prescription is ! mo/ solid ( all titles1 n only to prop]ty1 b1 :i* is to secure t prop]ty1 to gov]nm5t4 ,!y h>monize ) ea* o!r1 & give mutual aid to "o ano!r4 ,x is accompani$ ) ano!r gr\nd ( au?ority 9 ! con/itution ( ! human m9d1 presumption4 ,x is a presumption 9 favor ( any settl$ s*eme ( gov]nm5t aga9/ any untri$ project1 t a nation has long exi/$ & fl\ri%$ "u x4 ,x is a bett] presumption ev5 ( ! *oice ( a nation1--f> bett] ?an any sudd5 & tempor>y arrangem5t by actual election4 ,because a nation is n an idea only ( local ext5t & individual mom5t>y aggregation1 b x is an idea ( cont9uity :i* ext5ds 9 "t z well z 9 numb]s & 9 space4 ,& ?is is a *oice n ( "o day or "o set ( p1 n a tumultu>y & giddy *oice2 x is a delib]ate election ( ages & ( g5]ations2 x is a con/itution1 made by :at is t5 ?\s& times bett] ?an *oice2 x is made by ! peculi> circum/ances1 occasions1 temp]s1 dispositions1 & moral1 civil1 & social habitudes ( ! p1 :i*1 disclose !mselves only 9 a long space ( "t4 ,x is a ve/m5t :i* accommodates itself to ! body4 ,nor is prescription ( gov]nm5t =m$ ^u bl9d1 unmean+ prejudices4 ,= man is a mo/ unwise & a mo/ wise be+4 ,! individual is fooli%2 ! multitude1 = ! mom5t1 is fooli%1 :5 !y act )\t delib]ation2 b ! species is wise1 &1 :5 "t is giv5 to x1 z a species1 x almo/ always acts "r4 ,! reason = ! cr[n z x is1 = ! lords z !y are1 is my reason = ! commons z !y are1 ! electors z !y are4 ,n[ if ! cr[n1 & ! lords1 & ! judicatures are all prescriptive1 s is ! ,h\se ( ,commons ( ! v same orig91 & ( no o!r4 ,we & our electors h _! p[]s & privileges bo? made & circumscrib$ by prescription1 z mu* to ! full z ! o!r p>ts2 & z su* we h always claim$ !m1 & on no o!r title4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons is a legislative body corporate by prescription1 n made ^u any giv5 !ory1 b exi/+ prescriptively1--j l ! re/4 ,?is proscription has made x ess5tially :at x is1 an aggregate collection ( ?ree p>ts1 knights1 citiz5s1 burgesses4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ?is has be5 always s1 s9ce ! ,h\se ( ,commons has tak5 its pres5t %ape & circum/ances1 & has be5 an ess5tial op]ative "p ( ! ,con/itution1--:i*1 ,i take x1 x has be5 = at lea/ five hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is ,i resolve to myself 9 ! affirmative3 & !n ano!r "q arises3--,:e!r ?is ,h\se /&s firm ^u its anci5t f\ndations1 & is n1 by "t & accid5ts1 s decl9$ f its p]p5dicul> z to want ! h& ( ! wise & exp]i5c$ ar*itects ( ! day to set x upright aga91 & to prop & buttress x up = duration2--:e!r x cont9ues true to ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x has hi!rto /ood2--:e!r ?is be de facto ! con/itution ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 z x has be5 s9ce ! "t t ! ,h\se ( ,commons has )\t dispute become a necess>y & an effici5t "p ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution4 ,to ask :e!r a ?+ :i* has always be5 ! same /&s to its usual pr9ciple seems to me to be p]fectly absurd3 = h[ d y "k ! pr9ciples1 b f ! con/ruction8 & if t rema9s ! same1 ! pr9ciples rema9 ! same4 ,x is true t to say y\r ,con/itution is :at x has be5 is no suffici5t def5ce = ^? :o say x is a bad con/itution4 ,x is an answ] to ^? :o say t x is a deg5]ate con/itution4 ,to ^? :o say x is a bad "o1 ,i answ]1 ,look to its effects4 ,9 all moral ma*9]y1 ! moral results are its te/4 ,on :at gr\nds d we g to re/ore our ,con/itution to :at x has be5 at "s giv5 p]iod1 or to re=m & recon/ruct x ^u pr9ciples m con=mable to a s\nd !ory ( gov]nm5t8 ,a prescriptive gov]nm5t1 su* z ours1 nev] 0 ! "w ( any legislator1 nev] 0 made ^u any =egone !ory4 ,x seems to me a prepo/]\s way ( reason+1 & a p]fect confusion ( ideas1 to take ! !ories :i* le>n$ & speculative m5 h made f t gov]nm5t1 & !n1 suppos+ x made on ^? !ories :i* 7 made f x1 to accuse ! gov]nm5t z n correspond+ ) !m4 ,i d n vilify !ory & speculation3 no1 because t w\ld be to vilify reason itself1 ,neque decipitur ratio1 neque decipit unquam4 ,no1--:5ev] ,i speak aga9/ !ory1 ,i mean always a weak1 errone\s1 fallaci\s1 unf\nd$1 or imp]fect !ory2 & "o ( ! ways ( discov]+ t x is a false !ory is by comp>+ x ) practice4 ,?is is ! true t\*/one ( all !ories :i* reg>d man & ! affairs ( m51--,does x suit 8 nature 9 g5]al8--does x suit 8 nature z modifi$ by 8 habits8 ,! m frequ5tly ?is affair is discuss$1 ! /rong] ! case appe>s to ! s5se & ! feel+s ( mank9d4 ,i h no m d\bt ?an ,i ent]ta9 ( my exi/5ce1 t ?is v ?+1 :i* is /at$ z an horrible ?+1 is ! means ( ! pres]vation ( our ,con/itution :il/ x la/s1--( cur+ x ( _m ( ! disord]s :i*1 att5d+ e species ( in/itution1 w\ld att5d ! pr9ciple ( an exact local repres5tation1 or a repres5tation on ! pr9ciple ( numb]s4 ,if y reject p]sonal repres5tation1 y are pu%$ ^u exp$i5ce2 &1 !n :at !y wi% u to d is1 to pref] _! speculations on t subject to ! happy exp]i5ce ( ?is c\ntry1 ( a gr[+ lib]ty & a gr[+ prosp]ity = five hundr$ ye>s4 ,:atev] respect ,i h = _! tal5ts1 ?is1 = "o1 ,i w n d4 ,!n :at is ! /&>d ( exp$i5ce8 ,exp$i5ce is t :i* is good = ! community1 & good = e individual 9 x4 ,n[ ?is exp$i5ce is ! desid]atum1 to be s\ght ei!r )\t ! exp]i5ce ( means or ) t exp]i5ce4 ,if )\t1 z 9 case ( ! fabrication ( a new commonweal?1 ,i w he> ! le>n$ argu+ :at promises to be exp$i5t2 b if we are to judge ( a commonweal? actually exi/+1 ! fir/ ?+ ,i inquire is1 ,:at has be5 f\nd exp$i5t or inexp$i5t8 ,& ,i w n take _! promise r ?an ! p]=mance ( ! ,con/itution4 4444 ,b no1 ?is 0 n ! cause ( ! discont5ts4 ,i w5t ?r\gh mo/ ( ! nor!rn p>ts1--! ,york%ire election 0 !n rag+2 ! ye> be=e1 ?r\gh mo/ ( ! we/]n c\nties1--,ba?1 ,bri/ol1 ,gl\ce/]3 n "o ^w1 ei!r 9 ! t[ns or c\ntry1 on ! subject ( repres5tation2 mu* on ! receipt tax1 some?+ on ,mr4 ,fox's ambition2 mu* great] appreh5sion ( dang] f !nce ?an f want ( repres5tation4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! balla/ ( ! %ip 0 %ift$ ) u1 & t our ,con/itution _h ! gunwale "u wat]4 ,b c y fairly & di/9ctly po9t out :at "o evil or grievance has happ5$ :i* y c ref] to ! repres5tative n foll[+ ! op9ion ( 8 con/itu5ts8 ,:at "o symptom d we f9d ( ?is inequality8 ,b x is n an ari?metical inequality ) :i* we ought to tr\ble ourselves4 ,if !re be a moral1 a political equality1 ?is is ! desid]atum 9 our ,con/itution1 & 9 e con/itution 9 ! _w4 ,moral inequality is z betwe5 places & betwe5 classes4 ,n[1 ,i ask1 :at advantage d y f9d t ! places :i* ab\nd 9 repres5tation possess ov] o!rs 9 :i* x is m scanty1 9 security = fre$om1 9 security = ju/ice1 or 9 any "o ( ^? means ( procur+ temporal prosp]ity & et]nal happ9ess ! ends = :i* society 0 =m$8 ,are ! local int]e/s ( ,cornwall & ,wilt%ire1 = in/ance1 _! roads1 canals1 _! prisons1 _! police1 bett] ?an ,york%ire1 ,w>wick%ire1 or ,/af=d%ire8 ,w>wick has memb]s3 is ,w>wick or ,/af=d m opul5t1 happy1 or free ?an ,newca/le1 or ?an ,birm+ham8 ,is ,wilt%ire ! pamp]$ favorite1 :il/ ,york%ire1 l ! *ild ( ! bondwoman1 is turn$ out to ! des]t8 ,?is is l ! unhappy p]sons :o live1 if !y c be said to live1 9 ! /atical *air1--:o are ev] feel+ _! pulse1 & :o d n judge ( heal? by ! aptitude ( ! body to p]=m its functions1 b by _! ideas ( :at ought to be ! true balance betwe5 ! sev]al secretions4 ,is a committee ( ,cornwall1 c1 ?rong$1 & ! o!rs des]t$8 ,no4 ,y h an equal repres5tation1 because y h m5 equally int]e/$ 9 ! prosp]ity ( ! :ole1 :o are involv$ 9 ! g5]al int]e/ & ! g5]al sympa?y2 &1 p]haps1 ^! places furni%+ a sup]fluity ( public ag5ts & adm9i/rators1 7:e!r 9 /rictness !y are repres5tatives or n ,i d n mean to inquire1 b !y are ag5ts & adm9i/rators17 !y w /& cle>] ( local int]e/s1 passions1 prejudices1 & cabals ?an ! o!rs1 & !re=e pres]ve ! balance ( ! p>ts1 & ) a m g5]al view & a m /eady h& ?an ! re/4444 ,9 e political proposal we mu/ n leave out ( ! "q ! political views & object ( ! propos]2 & ^! we discov]1 n by :at he says1 b by ! pr9ciples he lays d[n4 ,i mean1 says he1 a mod]ate & temp]ate re=m3 t is1 ,i mean to d z little good z possible4 ,if ! ,con/itution be :at y repres5t x1 & !re be no dang] 9 ! *ange1 y d wrong n to make ! re=m comm5surate to ! abuse4 ,f9e re=m]1 inde$6 g5]\s donor6 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is p>simony ( ! lib]ty :i* y dole out to ! p8 ,:y all ?is limitation 9 giv+ bless+s & b5efits to mank9d8 ,y admit t !re is an extreme 9 lib]ty1 :i* may be inf9itely noxi\s to ^? :o are to receive x1 & :i* 9 ! end w leave !m no lib]ty at all4 ,i ?9k s1 too4 ,!y "k x1 & !y feel x4 ,! "q is1 !n1 ,:at is ! /&>d ( t extreme8 ,:at t g5tleman1 & ! associations1 or "s p>ts ( _! phalanxes1 ?9k prop]8 ,!n our lib]ties are 9 _! pleasure2 x dep5ds on _! arbitr>y w h[ f> ,i %all be free4 ,i w h none ( t fre$om4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! /&>d ( mod]ation be s\ght =1 ,i w seek = x4 ,:]e8 ,n 9 _! fancies1 nor 9 my own3 ,i w seek = x :]e ,i "k x is to be f\nd1--9 ! ,con/itution ,i actually enjoy4 ,"h x says to an encroa*+ pr]ogative1--,y\r sceptre has its l5g?2 y _c add an hair to y\r head1 or a gem to y\r cr[n1 b :at an et]nal law has giv5 to x4 ,"h x says to an ov]we5+ pe]age1--,y\r pride f9ds banks t x _c ov]fl[3 "h to a tumultu\s & giddy p1--,!re is a b\nd to ! rag+ ( ! sea4 ,our ,con/itution is l our isl&1 :i* uses & re/ra9s its subject sea2 9 va9 ! waves ro>4 ,9 t ,con/itution1 ,i "k1 & exult+ly ,i feel1 bo? t ,i am free1 & t ,i am n free dang]\sly to myself or to o!rs4 ,i "k t no p[] on e>?1 act+ z ,i ought to d1 c t\* my life1 my lib]ty1 or my prop]ty4 ,i h t inw>d & dignifi$ consci\sness ( my own security & indep5d5ce1 :i* con/itutes1 & is ! only ?+ :i*1 does con/itute1 ! pr\d & com=table s5tim5t ( fre$om 9 ! human brea/4 ,i "k1 too1 & ,i bless ,god =1 my safe m$iocrity3 ,i "k1 t1 if ,i possess$ all ! tal5ts ( ! g5tlem5 on ! side ( ! ,h\se ,i sit1 & on ! o!r1 ,i _c1 by royal favor1 or by popul> delusion1 or by olig>*ical cabal1 elevate myself above a c]ta9 v limit$ po9t1 s z to endang] my own fall1 or ! ru9 ( my c\ntry4 ,i "k !re is an ord] t keeps ?+s fa/ 9 _! place3 x is made to u1 & we are made to x4 ,:y n ask ano!r wife1 o!r *ildr51 ano!r body1 ano!r m9d8 ,! great object ( mo/ ( ^! re=m]s is1 to prep>e ! de/ruction ( ! ,con/itution1 by disgrac+ & discr$it+ ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,= !y ?9k1 7prud5tly1 9 my op9ion17 t1 if !y c p]suade ! nation t ! ,h\se ( ,commons is s con/itut$ z n to secure ! public lib]ty1 n to h a prop] connection ) ! public int]e/s1 s con/itut$ z n ei!r actually or virtually to be ! repres5tative ( ! p1 x w be easy to prove t a gov]nm5t compos$ ( a mon>*y1 an olig>*y *os5 by ! cr[n1 & su* a ,h\se ( ,commons1 :atev] good c be 9 su* a sy/em1 c by no means be a sy/em ( free gov]nm5t4 ,! ,con/itution ( ,engl& is nev] to h a quietus2 x is to be cont9ually vilifi$1 attack$1 reproa*$1 resi/$2 in/ead ( be+ ! hope & sure an*or 9 all /orms1 in/ead ( be+ ! means ( r$ress to all grievances1 itself is ! gr& grievance ( ! nation1 our %ame in/ead ( our glory4 ,if ! only specific plan propos$1 individual p]sonal repres5tation1 is directly reject$ by ! p]son :o is look$ on z ! great support ( ?is bus9ess1 !n ! only way ( consid]+ x is a "q ( conv5i5ce4 ,an honorable g5tleman pref]s ! individual to ! pres5t4 ,he !re=e himself sees no middle t]m :atsoev]1 & !re=e pref]s1 ( :at he sees1 ! individual3 ?is is ! only ?+ di/9ct & s5sible t has be5 advocat$4 ,he has1 !n1 a s*eme1 :i* is ! individual repres5tation1--he is n at a loss1 n inconsi/5t1--:i* s*eme ! o!r "r honorable g5tleman reprobates4 ,n[ :at does ?is g to1 b to lead directly to an>*y8 ,= to discr$it ! only gov]nm5t :i* he ei!r possesses or c project1 :at is ?is b to de/roy all gov]nm5t8 & ?is is an>*y4 ,my "r honorable fri5d1 9 support+ ?is motion1 disgraces 8 fri5ds & ju/ifies 8 enemies 9 ord] to black5 ! ,con/itution ( 8 c\ntry1 ev5 ( t ,h\se ( ,commons :i* support$ him4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 a moral or political exposure ( a public evil relative to ! adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t1 :e!r 9 m5 or sy/ems1 & a decl>ation ( defects1 real or suppos$1 9 ! fundam5tal con/itution ( y\r c\ntry4 ,! fir/ may be cur$ 9 ! individual by ! motives ( religion1 virtue1 honor1 fe>1 %ame1 or int]e/4 ,m5 may be made to ab&on also false sy/ems1 by expos+ _! absurdity or mis*iev\s t5d5cy to _! own bett] ?\ghts1 or to ! contempt or indignation ( ! public2 & aft] all1 if !y %\ld exi/1 & exi/ uncorrect$1 !y only disgrace individuals z fugitive op9ions4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) ! frame & con/itution ( ! /ate3 if t is disgrac$1 patriotism is de/roy$ 9 its v s\rce4 ,no man has ev] will+ly obey$1 mu* less 0 desir\s ( def5d+ ) 8 blood1 a mis*iev\s & absurd s*eme ( gov]nm5t4 ,our fir/1 our de>e/1 mo/ compreh5sive relation1 our c\ntry1 is gone4 ,x sugge/s melan*oly reflections1 9 consequ5ce ( ! /range c\rse we h long held1 t we are n[ no long] qu>rell+ ab\t ! "*1 or ab\t ! conduct ( m51 or ! t5or ( measures1 b we are gr[n out ( humor ) ! ,engli% ,con/itution itself3 ?is is become ! object ( ! animosity ( ,engli%m54 ,?is ,con/itution 9 =m] days us$ to be ! admiration & ! envy ( ! _w3 x 0 ! patt]n = politicians1 ! !me ( ! eloqu5t1 ! m$itation ( ! philosoph]1 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,z to ,engli%m51 x 0 _! pride1 _! consolation4 ,by x !y liv$1 = x !y 7 ready to die4 ,its defects1 if x _h any1 7 p>tly cov]$ by p>tiality1 & p>tly borne by prud5ce4 ,n[ all its excell5cies are =got1 its faults are n[ =cibly dragg$ into day1 exagg]at$ by e artifice ( repres5tation4 ,x is despis$ & reject$ ( m51 & e device & inv5tion ( +5uity or idl5ess set up 9 opposition or 9 pref]5ce to x4 ,x is to ?is humor1 & x is to ! measures gr[+ out ( x1 t ,i set myself 7,i hope n alone7 9 ! mo/ det]m9$ opposition4 ,nev] be=e did we at any "t 9 ?is c\ntry meet ^u ! !ory ( our frame ( gov]nm5t1 to sit 9 judgm5t on ! ,con/itution ( our c\ntry1 to call x z a del9qu5t be=e u1 & to accuse x ( e defect & e vice1--to see :e!r x1 an object ( our v5]ation1 ev5 our adoration1 did or did n accord ) a preconceiv$ s*eme 9 ! m9ds ( c]ta9 g5tlem54 ,ca/ y\r eyes on ! j\rnals ( ,p>liam5t4 ,x is = fe> ( los+ ! ine/imable treasure we h t ,i d n v5ture to game x out ( my h&s = ! va9 hope ( improv+ x4 ,i look ) filial rev]5ce on ! ,con/itution ( my c\ntry1 & nev] w cut x 9 pieces1 & put x into ! kettle ( any magician1 9 ord] to boil x1 ) ! puddle ( _! comp\nds1 into y\? & vigor4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i w drive away su* pret5d]s2 ,i w nurse its v5]able age1 & ) l5i5t arts ext5d a p>5t's brea?4 ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,motion1 ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,"r ,,hon4 ,,william ,,d[deswell1 ,,m>* #g1 #agga1 ,,= ,,leave ,,to ,,br+ ,,9 ,a ,,bill ,,= ,,expla9+ ,,! ,,p[]s ,,( ,,juries ,,9 ,,prosecutions ,,= ,,libels4 ,,toge!r ,,) ,a ,,lett] ,,9 ,,v9dication ,,( ,,t ,,measure1 ,,& ,a ,,copy ,,( ,,! ,,propos$ ,,bill4 ,i h always und]/ood t a sup]9t5d5ce ov] ! doctr9es z well z ! proce$+s ( ! c\rts ( ju/ice 0 a pr9cipal object ( ! con/itution ( ?is ,h\se1--t y 7 to wat* at once ov] ! lawy] & ! law1--t !re %\ld be an or?odox fai?1 z well z prop] works3 & ,i h always look$ ) a degree ( rev]5ce & admiration on ?is mode ( sup]9t5d5ce4 ,=1 be+ totally dis5gag$ f ! detail ( juridical practice1 we come some?+ p]haps ! bett] qualifi$1 & c]ta9ly mu* ! bett] dispos$1 to ass]t ! g5u9e pr9ciple ( ! laws1 9 :i* we c1 z a body1 h no o!r ?an an enl>g$ & a public int]e/4 ,we h no common cause ( a pr(essional atta*m5t or pr(essional emulations to bias our m9ds2 we h no =egone op9ions :i* f ob/9acy & false po9t ( honor we ?9k ourselves at all ev5ts oblig$ to support4 ,s t1 ) our own m9ds p]fectly dis5gag$ f ! ex]cise1 we may sup]9t5d ! execution ( ! national ju/ice1 :i* f ?is circum/ance is bett] secur$ to ! p ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry "u heav5 x c be4 ,z our situation puts u 9 a prop] condition1 our p[] enables u to execute ?is tru/4 ,we may1 :5 we see cause ( compla9t1 adm9i/] a rem$y3 x is 9 our *oice by an address to remove an improp] judge1 by impea*m5t be=e ! pe]s to pursue to de/ruction a corrupt judge1 or by bill to ass]t1 to expla91 to en=ce1 or to re=m ! law1 j z ! occasion & necessity ( ! case %all guide u4 ,we /& 9 a situation v honorable to ourselves & v useful to our c\ntry1 if we d n abuse or ab&on ! tru/ t is plac$ 9 u4 ,! "q n[ be=e y is ^u ! p[] ( juries 9 prosecut+ = libels4 ,!re are f\r op9ions3--#a4 ,t ! doctr9e z held by ! c\rts is prop] & con/itutional1 & !re=e %\ld n be alt]$2 #b4 ,t x is nei!r prop] nor con/itutional1 b t x w be r5d]$ worse by y\r int]f]5ce2 #c4 ,t x is wrong1 b t ! only rem$y is a bill ( retrospect2 #d4 ,! op9ion ( ^? :o br+ 9 ! bill1 t ! ?+ is wrong1 b t x is en\gh to direct ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt 9 future4 ,! bill br\ght 9 is = ! purpose ( ass]t+ & secur+ a great object 9 ! juridical con/itution ( ?is k+dom1 :i*1 f a long s]ies ( practices & op9ions 9 our judges1 has 9 "o po9t1 & 9 "o v ess5tial po9t1 deviat$ f ! true pr9ciple4 ,x is ! v anci5t privilege ( ! p ( ,engl&1 t !y %all be tri$1 except 9 ! kn[n exceptions1 n by judges appo9t$ by ! cr[n1 b by _! own fell[-subjects1 ! pe]s ( t c\nty c\rt at :i* !y owe _! suit & s]vice2 & out ( ?is pr9ciple ! trial by juries has gr[n4 ,?is pr9ciple has n1 t ,i c f9d1 be5 conte/$ 9 any case by any au?ority :atsoev]2 b !re is "o case 9 :i*1 )\t directly conte/+ ! pr9ciple1 ! :ole sub/ance1 en]gy1 & virtue ( ! privilege is tak5 out ( x1--t is1 9 ! case ( a trial by indictm5t or in=mation = a libel4 ,! doctr9e 9 t case1 laid d[n by sev]al judges1 am\nts to ?is3 t ! jury h no compet5ce1 :]e a libel is alleg$1 except to f9d ! gross corporeal facts ( ! writ+ & ! publication1 toge!r ) ! id5tity ( ! ?+s & p]sons to :i* x ref]s2 b t ! int5t & ! t5d5cy ( ! "w1 9 :i* int5t & t5d5cy ! :ole crim9ality consi/s1 is ! sole & exclusive prov9ce ( ! judge4 ,?us hav+ r$uc$ ! jury to ! cognizance ( facts n 9 !mselves presumptively crim9al1 b actions neutral & indiff]5t1 ! :ole matt] 9 :i* ! subject has any conc]n or int]e/ is tak5 out ( ! h&s ( ! jury3 & if ! jury take m ^u !mselves1 :at !y s take is contr>y to _! duty2 x is no moral1 b a m]ely natural p[]1--! same by :i* !y may d any o!r improp] act1 ! same by :i* !y may ev5 prejudice !mselves ) reg>d to any o!r "p ( ! issue be=e !m4 ,su* is ! matt]1 z x n[ /&s 9 possession ( y\r highe/ crim9al c\rts1 h&$ d[n to !m f v respectable legal ance/ors4 ,if ?is c once be e/abli%$ 9 ?is case1 ! application 9 pr9ciple to o!r cases w be easy1 & ! practice w run ^u a desc5t1 until ! progress ( an encroa*+ jurisdiction 7= x is 9 its nature to encroa*1 :5 once x has pass$ its limits7 com+ to conf9e ! juries1 case aft] case1 to ! corporeal fact1 & to t alone1 & exclud+ ! int5tion ( m9d1 ! only s\rce ( m]it & dem]it1 ( rew>d or puni%m5t1 juries become a dead lett] 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,= :i* reason x is high "t to take ?is matt] into ! consid]ation ( ,p>liam5t3 & = t purpose x w be necess>y to exam9e1 fir/1 :e!r !re is any?+ 9 ! peculi> nature ( ?is crime t makes x necess>y to exclude ! jury f consid]+ ! int5tion 9 x1 m ?an 9 o!rs4 ,s f> f x1 t ,i take x to be mu* less s f ! analogy ( o!r crim9al cases1 :]e no su* re/ra9t is ord9>ily put ^u !m4 ,! act ( homicide is prim facie crim9al2 ! int5tion is aft]w>ds to appe>1 = ! jury to acquit or condemn4 ,9 burgl>y d !y insi/ t ! jury h no?+ to d b to f9d ! tak+ ( goods1 & t1 if !y d1 !y mu/ necess>ily f9d ! p>ty guilty1 & leave ! re/ to ! judge1 & t !y h no?+ to d ) ! ^w felonic 9 ! indictm5t8 ,! next po9t is1 to consid] x z a "q ( con/itutional policy3 t is1 :e!r ! decision ( ! "q ( libel ought to be left to ! judges z a presumption ( law1 r ?an to ! jury z matt] ( popul> judgm5t1--z ! malice 9 ! case ( murd]1 ! felony 9 ! case ( /eal+4 ,if ! int5t & t5d5cy are n matt]s )9 ! prov9ce ( popul> judgm5t1 b legal & te*nical conclusions =m$ ^u g5]al pr9ciples ( law1 let u see :at !y are4 ,c]ta9ly !y are mo/ unfavorable1 inde$ totally adv]se1 to ! ,con/itution ( ?is c\ntry4 ,"h we mu/ h rec\rse to analogies2 = we _c argue on rul$ cases "o way or ! o!r4 ,see ! hi/ory4 ,! old books1 defici5t 9 g5]al 9 cr[n cases1 furni% u ) little on ?is head4 ,z to ! crime1 9 ! v e>ly ,saxon law ,i see an (f5ce ( ?is species1 call$ folk-leas+1 made a capital (f5ce1 b no v precise def9ition ( ! crime1 & no trial at all4 ,see ! /atute ( #crd ,edw>d ,i4 cap4 #hd4 ,! law ( libels c\ld n h arriv$ at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is no wond] t we f9d no ve/ige ( any con/itution f au?ority1 or ( any d$uctions f legal sci5ce1 9 our old books & records1 ^u t subject4 ,! /atute ( ,sc&alum ,magnatum is ! olde/ t ,i "k1 & ?is goes b a little way 9 ?is sort ( le>n+4 ,libell+ is n ! crime ( an illit]ate p4 ,:5 !y 7 ?\ght no mean cl]ks :o c\ld read & write1 :5 he :o c\ld read & write 0 presumptively a p]son 9 holy ord]s1 libels c\ld n be g5]al or dang]\s2 & sc&als m]ely oral c\ld spread little & mu/ p]i% soon4 ,x is writ+1 x is pr9t+ m emphatically1 t imps calumny ) ^? eagle-w+s on :i*1 z ! poet says1 immortal sl&]s fly4 ,by ! press !y spread1 !y la/1 !y leave ! /+ 9 ! w\nd4 ,pr9t+ 0 n kn[n 9 ,engl& mu* e>li] ?an ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,sev5?1 & 9 ! ?ird ye> ( t reign ! c\rt ( ,/>-,*amb] 0 e/abli%$4 ,! press & its enemy are ne>ly coeval4 ,z no positive law aga9/ libels exi/$1 !y fell "u ! indef9ite class ( misdemeanors4 ,= ! trial ( misdemeanors t c\rt 0 in/itut$4 ,_! t5d5cy to produce riots & disord]s 0 a ma9 "p ( ! *>ge1 & 0 laid 9 ord] to give ! c\rt jurisdiction *iefly aga9/ libels4 ,! (f5ce 0 new4 ,le>n+ ( _! own ^u ! subject !y _h none2 & !y 7 oblig$ to resort to ! only emporium :]e x 0 to be _h1 ! ,roman law4 ,aft] ! ,/>-,*amb] 0 aboli%$ 9 ! #aj? ( ,*>les ,i41 its au?ority inde$ ceas$1 b its maxims subsi/$ & surviv$ x4 ,! _s ( ! ,/>-,*amb] has transmigrat$ & liv$ aga92 & ,we/m9/] ,hall 0 oblig$ to borr[ f ! ,/>-,*amb]1 = ! same reasons z ! ,/>-,*amb] _h borr[$ f ! ,roman ,=um1 because !y _h no law1 /atute1 or tradition ( _! own4 ,?us ! ,roman law took possession ( our c\rts1--,i mean its doctr9e1 n its sanctions3 ! sev]ity ( capital puni%m5t 0 omitt$1 all ! re/ rema9$4 ,! gr\nds ( ^! laws are j & equitable4 ,und\bt$ly ! good fame ( e man ought to be "u ! protection ( ! laws1 z well z 8 life & lib]ty & prop]ty4 ,good fame is an outwork t def5ds !m all & r5d]s !m all valuable4 ,! law =bids y to rev5ge2 :5 x ties up ! h&s ( "s1 x ought to re/ra9 ! tongues ( o!rs4 ,! good fame ( gov]nm5t is ! same2 x ought n to be traduc$4 ,?is is necess>y 9 all gov]nm5t2 & if op9ion be support1 :at takes away ?is de/roys t support3 b ! lib]ty ( ! press is necess>y to ?is gov]nm5t4 ,! wisdom1 h[ev]1 ( gov]nm5t is ( m importance ?an ! laws4 ,i %\ld /udy ! temp] ( ! p1 be=e ,i v5tur$ on actions ( ?is k9d4 ,i w\ld consid] ! :ole ( ! prosecution ( a libel ( su* importance z ,junius1 z "o piece1 z "o consi/5t plan ( op]ations3 & ,i w\ld contrive x s1 t1 if ,i 7 defeat$1 ,i %\ld n be disgrac$1--t ev5 my victory %\ld n be m ignom9i\s ?an my defeat2 ,i w\ld s manage1 t ! l[e/ 9 ! pr$icam5t ( guilt %\ld n be ! only "o 9 puni%m5t4 ,i w\ld n in=m aga9/ ! m]e v5d] ( a collection ( pamphlets4 ,i w\ld n put him to trial fir/1 if ,i c\ld possibly avoid x4 ,i w\ld r /& ! consequ5ces ( my fir/ error ?an c>ry x to a judgm5t t mu/ disgrace my prosecution or ! c\rt4 ,we ought to exam9e ^! ?+s 9 a mann] :i* becomes ourselves1 & becomes ! object ( ! inquiry1--n to exam9e into ! mo/ important consid]ation :i* c come be=e u ) m9ds heat$ ) prejudice & fill$ ) passions1 ) va9 popul> op9ions & humors1 &1 :5 we propose to exam9e into ! ju/ice ( o!rs1 to be unju/ ourselves4 ,an inquiry is wi%$1 z ! mo/ effectual way ( putt+ an end to ! clamors & libels :i* are ! disord] & disgrace ( ! times4 ,= p rema9 quiet1 !y sleep secure1 :5 !y imag9e t ! vigilant eye ( a c5sorial magi/rate wat*es ov] all ! proce$+s ( judicature1 & t ! sacr$ fire ( an et]nal con/itutional jeal\sy1 :i*1 is ! gu>dian ( lib]ty1 law1 & ju/ice1 is alive night & day1 & burn+ 9 ?is ,h\se4 ,b :5 ! magi/rate gives up 8 (fice & 8 duty1 ! p assume x1 & !y inquire too mu* & too irrev]5tly1 because !y ?9k _! repres5tatives d n inquire at all4 ,we h 9 a libel1 #a/1 ! writ+2 #bnd1 ! communication1 call$ by ! lawy]s ! publication2 #crd1 ! application to p]sons & facts2 #d?1 ! int5t & t5d5cy2 #e?1 ! matt]1--dim9ution ( fame4 ,! law presumptions on all ^! are 9 ! communication4 ,no int5t c make a defamatory publication good1 no?+ c make x h a good t5d5cy2 tru? is n pleadable4 ,tak5 juridically1 ! f\ndation ( ^! law presumptions is n unju/2 tak5 con/itutionally1 !y are ru9\s1 & t5d to ! total suppression ( all publication4 ,if juries are conf9$ to ! fact1 no writ+ :i* c5sures1 h[ev] ju/ly or h[ev] temp]ately1 ! conduct ( adm9i/ration1 c be unpuni%$4 ,!re=e1 if ! int5t & t5d5cy be left to ! judge1 z legal conclusions gr[+ f ! fact1 y may dep5d ^u x y c h no public discussion ( a public measure2 :i* is a po9t :i* ev5 ^? :o are mo/ (f5d$ ) ! lic5ti\sness ( ! press 7& x is v exorbitant1 v provok+7 w h>dly cont5d =4 ,s f> z to ! fir/ op9ion1--t ! doctr9e is "r1 & ne$s no alt]ation4 #bnd4 ,! next is1 t x is wrong1 b t we are n 9 a condition to help x4 ,i admit x is true t !re are cases ( a nature s delicate & complicat$ t an act ( ,p>liam5t on ! subject may become a matt] ( great difficulty4 ,x sometimes _c def9e ) exactness1 because ! subject-matt] w n be> an exact def9ition4 ,x may seem to take away ev]y?+ :i* x does n positively e/abli%1 & ?is might be inconv5i5t2 or x may seem1 vice v]s1 to e/abli% ev]y?+ :i* x does n expressly take away4 ,x may be m advisable to leave su* matt]s to ! enlight5$ discretion ( a judge1 aw$ by a c5sorial ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,b !n x re/s ^u ^? :o object to a legislative int]position to prove ^! inconv5i5ces 9 ! p>ticul> case be=e !m4 ,= x w\ld be a mo/ dang]\s1 z x is a mo/ idle & mo/ gr\ndless conceit1 to assume z a g5]al pr9ciple1 t ! rights & lib]ties ( ! subject are impair$ by ! c>e & att5tion ( ! legislature to secure !m4 ,if s1 v ill w\ld ! pur*ase ( ,magna ,*>ta h m]it$ ! deluge ( blood :i* 0 %$ 9 ord] to h ! body ( ,engli% privileges def9$ by a positive writt5 law4 ,?is *>t]1 ! ine/imable monum5t ( ,engli% fre$om1 s long ! boa/ & glory ( ?is nation1 w\ld h be5 at once an in/rum5t ( our s]vitude & a monum5t ( our folly1 if ?is pr9ciple 7 true4 ,! ?irty-f\r confirmations w\ld h be5 only s _m repetitions ( _! absurdity1 s _m new l9ks 9 ! *a91 & s _m invalidations ( _! "r4 ,y _c op5 y\r /atute-book )\t see+ positive provisions relative to e "r ( ! subject4 ,?is bus9ess ( juries is ! subject ( n few] ?an a doz54 ,to suppose t juries are some?+ innate 9 ! ,con/itution ( ,great ,brita91 t !y h jump$1 l ,m9]va1 out ( ! head ( ,jove 9 complete armor1 is a weak fancy1 support$ nei!r by prec$5t nor by reason4 ,:atev] is mo/ anci5t & v5]able 9 our ,con/itution1 royal pr]ogative1 privileges ( ,p>liam5t1 rights ( elections1 au?ority ( c\rts1 juries1 mu/ h be5 modell$ accord+ to ! occasion4 ,i sp>e y\r pati5ce1 & ,i pay a complim5t to y\r und]/&+1 9 n attempt+ to prove t any?+ s elaborate & artificial z a jury 0 n ! "w ( *ance1 b a matt] ( in/itution1 br\ght to its pres5t /ate by ! jo9t ef=ts ( legislative au?ority & juridical prud5ce4 ,x ne$ n be a%am$ ( be+ 7:at 9 _m p>ts ( x1 at lea/1 x is7 ! (fspr+ ( an act ( ,p>liam5t1 unless x is a %ame = our laws to be ! results ( our legislature4 ,juries1 :i* s5sitively %r9k f ! rude t\* ( ,p>liam5t>y rem$y1 h be5 ! subject ( n few] ?an1 ,i ?9k1 =ty-?ree acts ( ,p>liam5t1 9 :i* !y h be5 *ang$ ) all ! au?ority ( a creator ov] its creature1 f ,magna ,*>ta to ! great alt]ations :i* 7 made 9 ! #bi? ( ,george ,,ii4 ,to talk ( ?is matt] 9 any o!r way is to turn a rational pr9ciple into an idle & vulg> sup]/ition1--l ! antiqu>y1 ,dr4 ,woodw>d1 :o trembl$ to h 8 %ield sc\r$1 = fe> x %\ld be discov]$ to be no bett] ?an an old pot-lid4 ,?is species ( t5d]ness to a jury puts me 9 m9d ( a g5tleman ( good condition1 :o _h be5 r$uc$ to great pov]ty & di/ress3 application 0 made to "s ri* fell[s 9 8 neighborhood to give him "s assi/ance2 b !y begg$ to be excus$1 = fe> ( affront+ a p]son ( 8 high bir?2 & s ! poor g5tleman 0 left to />ve1 out ( pure respect to ! antiquity ( 8 family4 ,f ?is pr9ciple has aris5 an op9ion1 t ,i f9d curr5t among/ g5tlem51 t ?is di/emp] ought to be left to cure itself3--t ! judges1 hav+ be5 well expos$1 & some?+ t]rifi$ on acc\nt ( ^! clamors1 w entirely *ange1 if n v mu* relax f _! rigor2--if ! pres5t race %\ld n *ange1 t ! *ances ( succession may put o!r m con/itutional judges 9 _! place2--la/ly1 if nei!r %\ld happ51 yet t ! _s ( an ,engli% jury w always be suffici5t = ! v9dication ( its own rights1 & w n suff] itself to be ov]borne by ! b5*4 ,i confess t ,i totally diss5t f all ^! op9ions4 ,^! suppositions become ! /ronge/ reasons ) me to ev9ce ! necessity ( "s cle> & positive settlem5t ( ?is "q ( conte/$ jurisdiction4 ,if judges are s full ( levity1 s full ( timidity1 if !y are influ5c$ by su* mean & unwor?y passions t a popul> clamor is suffici5t to %ake ! resolution !y build ^u ! solid basis ( a legal pr9ciple1 ,i w\ld endeavor to fix t m]cury by a positive law4 ,if to please an adm9i/ration ! judges c g "o way to-day1 & to please ! cr[d !y c g ano!r to-morr[1 if !y w oscillate backw>d & =w>d betwe5 p[] & popul>ity1 x is high "t to fix ! law 9 su* a mann] z to resemble1 z x ought1 ! great ,au?or ( all law1 9 :om !re is no v>iabl5ess nor %ad[ ( turn+4 ,z to _! succession ,i h j ! same op9ion4 ,i w\ld n leave x to ! *ances ( promotion1 or to ! *>act]s ( lawy]s1 :at ! law ( ! l&1 :at ! rights ( juries1 or :at ! lib]ty ( ! press %\ld be4 ,my law %\ld n dep5d ^u ! fluctuation ( ! closet or ! complexion ( m54 ,:e!r a black-hair$ man or a fair-hair$ man presid$ 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,k+'s ,b5*1 ,i w\ld h ! law ! same2 ! same1 :e!r he 0 born 9 domo regnatrice & suck$ f 8 infancy ! milk ( c\rts1 or 0 nurtur$ 9 ! rugg$ discipl9e ( a popul> opposition4 ,?is law ( c\rt cabal & ( p>ty1 ?is m5s qudam nullo p]turbata affectu1 ?is law ( complexion1 ought n to be endur$ = a mom5t 9 a c\ntry ^: be+ dep5ds ^u ! c]ta9ty1 cle>ness1 & /ability ( in/itutions4 ,n[ ,i come to ! la/ sub/itute = ! propos$ bill1--! _s ( juries op]at+ _! own jurisdiction4 ,?is ,i confess ,i ?9k ! wor/ ( all1 = ! same reasons on :i* ,i object$ to ! o!rs1--& = o!r weighty reasons besides1 :i* are sep>ate & di/9ct4 ,fir/1 because juries1 be+ tak5 at r&om out ( a mass ( m5 inf9itely l>ge1 mu/ be ( *>act]s z v>i\s z ! body !y arise f is l>ge 9 its ext5t4 ,if ! judges diff] 9 _! complexions1 mu* m w a jury4 ,a timid jury w give way to an awful judge deliv]+ oracul>ly ! law1 & *>g+ !m on _! oa?s1 & putt+ x home to _! consci5ces to bew>e ( judg+1 :]e ! law _h giv5 !m no compet5ce4 ,we "k t !y w d s1 !y h done s 9 an hundr$ in/ances4 ,a respectable memb] ( y\r own ,h\se1 no vulg> man1 tells y1 t1 on ! au?ority ( a judge1 he f\nd a man guilty 9 :om at ! same "t he c\ld f9d no guilt4 ,b suppos+ !m full ( k & full ( manly confid5ce 9 !mselves1 h[ w _! k or _! confid5ce in=m or inspirit o!rs8 ,!y give no reason = _! v]dict1 !y c b condemn or acquit2 & no man c tell ! motives on :i* !y h acquitt$ or condemn$4 ,s t ?is hope ( ! p[] ( juries to ass]t _! own jurisdiction mu/ be a pr9ciple bl9d1 z be+ )\t reason1 & z *angeable z ! complexion ( m5 & ! temp] ( ! times4 ,b1 aft] all1 is x fit t ?is di%onorable cont5tion betwe5 ! c\rt & juries %\ld subsi/ any long]8 ,on :at pr9ciple is x t a jury juror8 refuses to be direct$ by ! c\rt z to 8 compet5ce8 ,:e!r a libel or no libel be a "q ( law or ( fact may be d\btful2 b a "q ( jurisdiction & compet5ce is c]ta9ly a "q ( law3 on ?is ! c\rt ought und\bt$ly to judge1 & to judge solely & exclusively4 ,if !y judge wrong f excusable error1 y ought to correct x1 z to-day x is propos$1 by an explanatory bill1--or if by corruption1 by bill ( p5alties decl>atory1 & by puni%m5t4 ,:at does a juror say to a judge1 :5 he refuses 8 op9ion ^u a "q ( judicature8 ,y are s corrupt1 t ,i %\ld consid] myself a p>tak] ( y\r crime1 7 ,i to be guid$ by y\r op9ion2 or1 ,y are s grossly ignorant1 t ,i1 fre% f my h\nds1 f my pl\gh1 my c\nt]1 or my loom1 am fit to direct y 9 y\r own pr(ession4 ,?is is an unfitt+1 x is a dang]\s /ate ( ?+s4 ,! _s ( any sort ( m5 is n a fit rule = decid+ on ! b\nds ( _! jurisdiction3 fir/1 because x is diff]5t 9 diff]5t m51 & ev5 diff]5t 9 ! same at diff]5t times1 & c nev] become ! prop] direct+ l9e ( law2 next1 because x is n reason1 b feel+1 &1 :5 once x is irritat$1 x is n apt to conf9e itself )9 its prop] limits4 ,if x becomes n diff]5ce 9 op9ion ^u law1 b a trial ( _s betwe5 p>ties1 our c\rts ( law are no long] ! temple ( ju/ice1 b ! amphi!atre = gladiators4 ,no1--,god =bid6 ,juries ought to take _! law f ! b5* only2 b x is our bus9ess t !y %\ld he> no?+ f ! b5* b :at is agreeable to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! jury are to he> ! judge3 ! judge is to he> ! law1 :]e x speaks pla92 :]e x does n1 he is to he> ! legislature4 ,z ,i d n ?9k ^! op9ions ( ! judges to be agreeable to ^? pr9ciples1 ,i wi% to take ! only me?od 9 :i* !y c or ought to be correct$1--by bill4 ,next1 my op9ion is1 t x ought to be r by a bill = remov+ controv]sies ?an by a bill 9 ! /ate ( manife/ & express decl>ation & 9 words de prt]ito4 ,i d ?is ^u reasons ( equity & con/itutional policy4 ,i d n want to c5sure ! pres5t judges4 ,i ?9k !m to be excus$ = _! error4 ,ignorance is no excuse = a judge2 x is *ang+ ! nature ( 8 crime2 x is n absolv+4 ,x mu/ be su* error z a wise & consci5ti\s judge may possibly fall into1 & mu/ arise f "o or bo? ^! causes3--#a4 ,a plausible pr9ciple ( law2 #b4 ,! prec$5ts ( respectable au?orities1 & 9 good times4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! pr9ciple ( law1 t ! judge is to decide on law1 ! jury to decide on fact1 is an anci5t & v5]able pr9ciple & maxim ( ! law2 & if support$ 9 ?is application by prec$5ts ( good times & ( good m51 ! judge1 if wrong1 ought to be correct$1--he ought n to be reprov$ or to be disgrac$1 or ! au?ority or respect to y\r tribunals to be impair$4 ,9 cases 9 :i* decl>atory bills h be5 made1 :]e by viol5ce & corruption "s fundam5tal "p ( ! ,con/itution has be5 /ruck at1 :]e !y w\ld damn ! pr9ciple1 c5sure ! p]sons1 & annul ! acts1--b :]e ! law has be5 by ! accid5t ( human frailty deprav$ or 9 a p>ticul> in/ance misund]/ood1 :]e y nei!r mean to resc9d ! acts nor to c5sure ! p]sons1 9 su* cases y h tak5 ! explanatory mode1 &1 )\t condemn+ :at is done1 y direct ! future judgm5t ( ! c\rt4 ,all bills = ! re=mation ( ! law mu/ be accord+ to ! subject-matt]1 ! circum/ances1 & ! occasion1 & are ( f\r k9ds3--#a4 ,ei!r ! law is totally want+1 & !n a new enact+ /atute mu/ be made to supply t want2 or1 #b4 x is defective1 !n a new law mu/ be made to en=ce x2 #c4 or x is oppos$ by p[] or fraud1 & !n an act mu/ be made to decl>e x2 #d4 or x is r5d]$ d\btful & controv]t$1 & !n a law mu/ be made to expla9 x4 ,^! mu/ be appli$ accord+ to ! exig5ce ( ! case3 "o is j z good z ano!r ( !m4 ,mis]able inde$ w\ld be ! res\rces1 poor & unfurni%$ ! /ores & magaz9es ( legislation1 if we 7 b\nd up to a little n>r[ =m1 & n able to frame our acts ( ,p>liam5t accord+ to e disposition ( our own m9ds & to e possible em]g5cy ( ! commonweal?1--to make !m decl>atory1 en=c+1 explanatory1 repeal+1 j 9 :at mode or 9 :at degree we please4 ,^? :o ?9k t ! judges liv+ & dead are to be condemn$1 t y\r tribunals ( ju/ice are to be di%onor$1 t _! acts & judgm5ts on ?is bus9ess are to be resc9d$1--!y w und\bt$ly vote aga9/ ?is bill1 & = ano!r sort4 ,i am n ( ! op9ion ( ^? g5tlem5 :o are aga9/ di/urb+ ! public repose3 ,i l a clamor1 :5ev] !re is an abuse4 ,! fire-bell at midnight di/urbs y\r sleep1 b x keeps y f be+ burn$ 9 y\r b$4 ,! hue-&-cry al>ms ! c\nty1 b x pres]ves all ! prop]ty ( ! prov9ce4 ,all ^! clamors aim at r$ress4 ,b a clamor made m]ely = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! p discont5t$ ) _! situation1 )\t an endeavor to give !m a practical rem$y1 is inde$ "o ( ! wor/ acts ( s$ition4 ,i h read & he>d mu* ^u ! conduct ( our c\rts 9 ! bus9ess ( libels4 ,i 0 extremely will+ to ent] into1 & v free to act z facts %\ld turn out on t inquiry1 aim+ con/antly at rem$y z ! end ( all clamor1 all debate1 all writ+1 & all inquiry2 = :i* reason ,i did embrace1 & d n[ ) joy1 ?is me?od ( giv+ quiet to ! c\rts1 jurisdiction to juries1 lib]ty to ! press1 & satisfaction to ! p4 ,i ?ank my fri5ds = :at !y h done2 ,i hope ! public w "o day reap ! b5efit ( _! pi\s & judici\s endeavors4 ,!y h n[ s[n ! se$2 ,i hope !y w live to see ! fl\ri%+ h>ve/4 ,_! bill is s[n 9 weakness2 x w1 ,i tru/1 be reap$ 9 p[]4 ,& !n1 h[ev]1 we %all h reason to apply to !m :at my ,"l ,coke says 0 an aphorism cont9ually 9 ! m\? ( a great sage ( ! law1--,bless$ be n ! compla9+ tongue1 b bless$ be ! am5d+ h&4 ,,lett] ,,on ,,mr4 ,,d[deswell',s ,,bill ,,= ,,expla9+ ,,! ,,p[]s ,,( ,,juries ,,9 ,,prosecutions ,,= ,,libels4#b ,an improp] & injuri\s acc\nt ( ! bill br\ght into ! ,h\se ( ,commons by ,mr4 ,d[deswell has lately appe>$ 9 "o ( ! public pap]s4 ,i am n at all surpris$ at x1 z ,i am n a /rang] to ! views & politics ( ^? :o h caus$ x to be ins]t$4 ,mr4 ,d[deswell did n br+ 9 an enact+ bill to give to juries1 z ! acc\nt expresses x1 a p[] to try law & fact 9 matt] ( libel4 ,mr4 ,d[deswell br\ght 9 a bill to put an end to ^? d\bts & controv]sies ^u t subject :i* h unhappily di/ract$ our c\rts1 to ! great detrim5t ( ! public1 & to ! great di%onor ( ! national ju/ice4 ,t x is ! prov9ce ( ! jury1 9 in=mations & indictm5ts = libels1 to try no?+ m ?an ! fact ( ! compos+ & ( ! publi%+ av]m5ts & innu5does is a doctr9e held at pres5t by all ! judges ( ! ,k+'s ,b5*1 probably by mo/ ( ! judges ( ! k+dom4 ,! same doctr9e has be5 held pretty uni=mly s9ce ! ,revolution2 & x prevails m or less ) ! jury1 accord+ to ! degree ( respect ) :i* !y are dispos$ to receive ! op9ions ( ! b5*4 ,?is doctr9e1 :i*1 :5 x prevails1 t5ds to annihilate ! b5efit ( trial by jury1 & :5 x is reject$ by juries1 t5ds to weak5 & disgrace ! au?ority ( ! judge1 is n a doctr9e prop] = an ,engli% judicature4 ,= ! sake bo? ( judge & jury1 ! controv]sy ought to be quiet$1 & ! law ought to be settl$ 9 a mann] cle>1 def9itive1 & con/itutional1 by ! only au?ority compet5t to x1 ! au?ority ( ! legislature4 ,mr4 ,d[deswell's bill 0 br\ght 9 = t purpose4 ,x gives to ! jury no new p[]s2 b1 aft] recit+ ! d\bts & controv]sies1 7:i* nobody d5ies actually to subsi/17 & aft] /at+1 t1 if juries are n reput$ compet5t to try ! :ole matt]1 ! b5efit ( trial by jury w be ( none or imp]fect effect1 x enacts1 n t ! jury %all h ! p[]1 b t !y %all be held & reput$ 9 law & "r compet5t to try ! :ole matt] laid 9 ! in=mation4 ,! bill is direct+ to ! judges conc]n+ ! op9ion 9 law :i* !y are kn[n to hold ^u ?is subject1--& does n 9 ! lea/ imply t ! jury 7 to d]ive a new "r & p[] f t bill1 if x %\ld h pass$ into an act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! implication is directly ! contr>y1 & is z /rongly convey$ z x is possible = ^? to d :o /ate a d\bt & controv]sy )\t *>g+ ) crim9ality ^? p]sons :o s d\bt$ & s controv]t$4 ,su* a /yle is frequ5t 9 acts ( ?is nature1 & is t only :i* is suit$ to ! occasion4 ,an insidi\s use has be5 made ( ! words enact & decl>e1 z if !y 7 =mal & op]ative words ( =ce to di/+ui% diff]5t species ( laws produc+ diff]5t effects4 ,no?+ is m gr\ndless2 & ,i am p]suad$ no lawy] w /& to su* an ass]tion4 ,! g5tlem5 :o say t a bill ought to h be5 br\ght 9 ^u ! pr9ciple & 9 ! /yle ( ! ,petition ( ,"r & ,decl>ation ( ,"r ought to consid] h[ f> ! circum/ances are ! same 9 ! two cases1 & h[ f> !y are prep>$ to g ! :ole l5g?s ( ! reason ( ^? rem>kable laws4 ,mr4 ,d[deswell & 8 fri5ds are ( op9ion t ! circum/ances are n ! same1 & t !re=e ! bill ought n to be ! same4 ,x has be5 always disagreeable to ! p]sons :o compose t connection to engage wantonly 9 a pap] w>1 especially ) g5tlem5 = :om !y h an e/eem1 & :o seem to agree ) !m 9 ! great gr\nds ( _! public conduct2 b !y c nev] cons5t to pur*ase any assi/ance f any p]sons by ! =feiture ( _! own reputation4 ,!y respect public op9ion2 & !re=e1 :5ev] !y %all be call$ ^u1 !y are ready to meet _! adv]s>ies1 z soon z !y please1 be=e ! tribunal ( ! public1 & !re to ju/ify ! con/itutional nature & t5d5cy1 ! propriety1 ! prud5ce1 & ! policy ( _! bill4 ,!y are equally ready to expla9 & to ju/ify all _! proce$+s 9 ! conduct ( x1--equally ready to def5d _! resolution to make x "o object 7if ev] !y %\ld h ! p[]7 9 a plan ( public re=mation4 ,y\r correspond5t ought to h be5 satisfi$ ) ! assi/ance :i* 8 fri5ds h l5t to adm9i/ration 9 defeat+ t bill4 ,he ought n to make a feeble endeavor 7,i d>e say1 mu* to ! displeasure ( ^? fri5ds7 to disgrace ! g5tleman :o br\ght x 94 ,a measure propos$ by ,mr4 ,d[deswell1 second$ by ,sir ,george ,savile1 & support$ by _! fri5ds1 w /& fair ) ! public1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld h be5 oppos$ by t li/ ( names 7respectable names1 ,i admit7 :i* h be5 pr9t$ ) s mu* p>ade & o/5tation 9 y\r pap]s4 ,x is n true t ,mr4 ,burke spoke 9 praise ( ,"l ,mansfield4 ,if he _h f\nd any?+ 9 ,"l ,mansfield praisewor?y1 ,i fancy he is n dispos$ to make an apology to anybody = do+ ju/ice4 ,y\r correspond5t's reason = ass]t+ x is visible en\gh2 & x is altoge!r 9 ! /ra9 ( o!r misrepres5tations4 ,t g5tlem5 spoke dec5tly ( ! judges1 & he did no m2 mo/ ( ! g5tlem5 :o debat$1 on bo? sides1 held ! same language2 & nobody w ?9k _! zeal ! less w>m1 or ! less effectual1 because x is n att5d$ ) scurrility & virul5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,! manuscript f :i* ?is ,lett] is tak5 is 9 ,mr4 ,burke's own h&writ+1 b x does n appe> to :om x 0 address$1 nor is !re any date affix$ to x4 ,x has be5 ?\ght prop] to ins]t x "h1 z be+ connect$ ) ! subject ( ! =ego+ ,spee*4 ,,libel ,,bill4 ,:]eas d\bts & controv]sies h aris5 at v>i\s times conc]n+ ! "r ( jurors to try ! :ole matt] laid 9 indictm5ts & in=mations = s$iti\s & o!r libels2 & :]eas trial by juries w\ld be ( none or imp]fect effect1 if ! jurors 7 n held to be compet5t to try ! :ole matt] a=esaid3 = settl+ & cle>+ su* d\bts & controv]sies1 & = secur+ to ! subject ! effectual & complete b5efit ( trial by juries 9 su* indictm5ts & in=mations1 ,be x enact$1 c1 ,t jurors duly impanell$ & sworn to try ! issue betwe5 ! k+ & ! def5dant ^u any indictm5t or in=mation = a s$iti\s libel1 or a libel "u any o!r d5om9ation or description1 %all be held & reput$ compet5t1 to all int5ts & purposes1 9 law & 9 "r1 to try e "p ( ! matt] laid or *>g$ 9 said indictm5t or in=mation1 compreh5d+ ! crim9al int5tion ( ! def5dant1 & ! evil t5d5cy ( ! libel *>g$1 z well z ! m]e fact ( ! publication !re(1 & ! application by innu5do ( blanks1 initial lett]s1 pictures1 & o!r devices2 any op9ion1 "q1 ambiguity1 or d\bt to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,bill ,,= ,,! ,,repeal ,,( ,,! ,,m>riage ,,act4 ,,june #ae1 #agha4 ,?is act ! ,m>riage ,act /&s ^u two pr9ciples3 "o1 t ! p[] ( m>ry+ )\t cons5t ( p>5ts %\ld n take place till tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age2 ! o!r1 t all m>riages %\ld be public4 ,! proposition ( ! honorable mov] goes to ! fir/2 & und\bt$ly 8 motives are fair & honorable2 & ev51 9 t measure by :i* he w\ld take away pat]nal p[]1 he is influ5c$ to x by filial piety2 & he is l$ into x by a natural1 & to him inevitable1 b real mi/ake1--t ! ord9>y race ( mank9d advance z fa/ t[>ds maturity ( judgm5t & und]/&+ z he does4 ,! "q is n n[1 :e!r ! law ought to ackn[l$ge & protect su* a /ate ( life z m9ority1 nor :e!r ! cont9uance :i* is fix$ = t /ate be n improp]ly prolong$ 9 ! law ( ,engl&4 ,nei!r ( ^! 9 g5]al are que/ion$4 ,! only "q1 is1 :e!r matrimony is to be tak5 out ( ! g5]al rule1 & :e!r ! m9ors ( bo? sexes1 )\t ! cons5t ( _! p>5ts1 ought to h a capacity ( contract+ ! matrimonial1 :il/ !y h n ! capacity ( contract+ any o!r engagem5t4 ,n[ x appe>s to me v cle> t !y ought n4 ,x is a great mi/ake to ?9k t m]e animal propagation is ! sole end ( matrimony4 ,matrimony is in/itut$ n only = ! propagation ( m51 b = _! nutrition1 _! education1 _! e/abli%m5t1 & = ! answ]+ ( all ! purposes ( a rational & moral be+2 & x is n ! duty ( ! community to consid] alone ( h[ _m1 b h[ useful citiz5s x %all be compos$4 ,x is mo/ c]ta9 t m5 are well qualifi$ = propagation long be=e !y are suffici5tly qualifi$ ev5 by bodily /r5g?1 mu* less by m5tal prud5ce1 & by acquir$ skill 9 trades & pr(essions1 = ! ma9t5ance ( a family4 ,!re=e to enable & au?orize any man to introduce citiz5s into ! commonweal?1 be=e a rational security c be giv5 t he may provide = !m & educate !m z citiz5s ought to be provid$ = & educat$1 is totally incongru\s ) ! :ole ord] ( society4 ,nay1 x is fundam5tally unju/2 = a man t bre$s a family )\t compet5t means ( ma9t5ance incumb]s o!r m5 ) 8 *ildr51 & disables !m s f> f ma9ta9+ _! own4 ,! improvid5t m>riage ( "o man becomes a tax ^u ! ord]ly & regul> m>riage ( all ! re/4 ,!re=e ^? laws are wisely con/itut$ t give a man ! use ( all 8 faculties at "o "t1 t !y may be mutually subs]vi5t1 aid+ & assi/+ to ea* o!r3 t ! "t ( 8 complet+ 8 bodily /r5g?1 ! "t ( m5tal discretion1 ! "t ( 8 hav+ le>n$ 8 trade1 & ! "t at :i* he has ! disposition ( 8 =tune1 %\ld be likewise ! "t 9 :i* he is p]mitt$ to introduce citiz5s into ! /ate1 & to *>ge ! community ) _! ma9t5ance4 ,to give a man a family dur+ 8 appr5tice%ip1 :il/ 8 v labor belongs to ano!r1--to give him a family1 :5 y d n give him a =tune to ma9ta9 x1--to give him a family be=e he c contract any "o ( ^? engagem5ts )\t :i* no bus9ess c be c>ri$ on1 w\ld be to burd5 ! /ate ) families )\t any security = _! ma9t5ance4 ,:5 p>5ts !mselves m>ry _! *ildr51 !y become 9 "s sort security to prev5t ! ill consequ5ces4 ,y h ?is security 9 p>5tal cons5t2 ! /ate takes its security 9 ! k ( human nature4 ,p>5ts ord9>ily consid] little ! passion ( _! *ildr5 & _! pres5t gratification4 ,don't fe> ! p[] ( a fa!r3 x is k9d to passion to give x "t to cool4 ,b _! c5sures sometimes make me smile1--sometimes1 = ,i am v infirm1 make me angry3 spe bilem1 spe jocum mov5t4 ,x gives me pa9 to diff] on ?is occasion f _m1 if n mo/1 ( ^? :om ,i honor & e/eem4 ,to suff] ! grave animadv]sion & c5sorial rebuke ( ! honorable g5tleman :o made ! motion1 ( him ^: good-nature & good s5se ! ,h\se look ^u ) a p>ticul> p>tiality1 ^: approbation w\ld h be5 "o ( ! highe/ objects ( my ambition1--?is hurts me4 ,x is said ! ,m>riage ,act is ari/ocratic4 ,i am accus$1 ,i am told abroad1 ( be+ a man ( ari/ocratic pr9ciples4 ,if by ari/ocracy !y mean ! pe]s1 ,i h no vulg> admiration1 nor any vulg> antipa?y t[>ds !m2 ,i hold _! ord] 9 cold & dec5t respect4 ,i hold !m to be ( an absolute necessity 9 ! ,con/itution2 b ,i ?9k !y are only good :5 kept )9 _! prop] b\nds4 ,i tru/1 :5ev] !re has be5 a dispute betwe5 ^! ,h\ses1 ! "p ,i h tak5 has n be5 equivocal4 ,if by ! ari/ocracy 7:i*1 inde$1 comes ne>] to ! po9t7 !y mean an adh]5ce to ! ri* & p[]ful aga9/ ! poor & weak1 ?is w\ld1 inde$1 be a v extraord9>y "p4 ,i h incurr$ ! odium ( g5tlem5 9 ?is ,h\se = n pay+ suffici5t reg>d to m5 ( ample prop]ty4 ,:51 inde$1 ! smalle/ rights ( ! poore/ p 9 ! k+dom are 9 "q1 ,i w\ld set my face aga9/ any act ( pride & p[] c\nt5anc$ by ! highe/ t are 9 x2 & if x %\ld come to ! la/ extremity1 & to a conte/ ( blood1--,god =bid6 ,god =bid6--my "p is tak53 ,i w\ld take my fate ) ! poor & l[ & feeble4 ,b if ^! p came to turn _! lib]ty into a cloak = malici\sness1 & to seek a privilege ( exemption1 n f p[]1 b f ! rules ( morality & virtu\s discipl9e1 !n ,i w\ld jo9 my h& to make !m feel ! =ce :i* a few unit$ 9 a good cause h ov] a multitude ( ! pr(ligate & f]oci\s4 ,i wi% ! nature ( ! gr\nd ( repeal 7 consid]$ ) a little att5tion4 ,x is said ! act t5ds to accumulate1 to keep up ! p[] ( great families1 & to add weal? to weal?4 ,x may be t x does s4 ,x is impossible t any pr9ciple ( law or gov]nm5t useful to ! community %\ld be e/abli%$ )\t an advantage to ^? :o h ! greate/ /ake 9 ! c\ntry4 ,ev5 "s vices arise f x4 ,! same laws :i* secure prop]ty enc\rage av>ice2 & ! f5ces made ab\t hone/ acquisition are ! /rong b>s :i* secure ! ho>ds ( ! mis]4 ,! dignities ( magi/racy are enc\ragem5ts to ambition1 ) all ! black tra9 ( villanies :i* att5d t wick$ passion4 ,b /ill we mu/ h laws to secure prop]ty1 & /ill we mu/ h ranks & di/9ctions & magi/racy 9 ! /ate1 not)/&+ _! manife/ t5d5cy to enc\rage av>ice & ambition4 ,by affirm+ ! p>5tal au?ority ?r\gh\t ! /ate1 p>5ts 9 high rank w g5]ally aim at1 & w sometimes h ! means1 too1 ( pres]v+ _! m9or *ildr5 f any b weal?y or spl5did mat*es4 ,b ?is au?ority pres]ves f a ?\s& mis=tunes :i* embitt] e "p ( e man's dome/ic life1 & te> to pieces ! de>e/ lies 9 human society4 ,i am no pe]1 nor l to be1--b am 9 middle life1 9 ! mass ( citiz5s2 yet ,i %\ld feel = a son :o m>ri$ a pro/itut$ woman1 or a daught] :o m>ri$ a di%onorable & pro/itut$ man1 z mu* z any pe] 9 ! realm4 ,y are afraid ( ! av>ici\s pr9ciple ( fa!rs4 ,b obs]ve t ! av>ici\s pr9ciple is "h mitigat$ v consid]ably4 ,x is av>ice by proxy2 x is av>ice n work+ by itself or = itself1 b ?r\gh ! m$ium ( p>5tal affection1 mean+ to procure good to its (fspr+4 ,b ! conte/ is n betwe5 love & av>ice4 ,:ile y w\ld gu>d aga9/ ! possible op]ation ( ?is species ( b5evol5t av>ice1 ! av>ice ( ! fa!r1 y let loose ano!r species ( av>ice1--t ( ! =tune-hunt]1 unmitigat$1 unqualifi$4 ,to %[ ! motives1 :o has he>d ( a man runn+ away ) a woman n wor? sixp5ce8 ,d n call ?is by ! "n ( ! sweet & be/ passion1--love4 ,x is robb]y1--n a jot bett] ?an any o!r4 ,w\ld y suff] ! sworn enemy ( 8 family1 8 life1 & 8 honor1 possibly ! %ame & sc&al & blot ( human society1 to debau* f 8 c>e & protection ! de>e/ pl$ge t he has on e>?1 ! sole com=t ( 8 decl9+ ye>s1 almo/ 9 infant9e imbecility1--& ) x to c>ry into ! h&s ( 8 enemy1 & ! disgrace ( ,nature1 ! de>-e>n$ sub/ance ( a c>eful & labori\s life8 ,?9k ( ! daught] ( an hone/1 virtu\s p>5t alli$ to vice & infamy4 ,?9k ( ! hopeful son ti$ = life by ! m]etrici\s arts ( ! refuse ( m]c5>y & promiscu\s lewdness4 ,h m]cy on ! y\? ( bo? sexes2 protect !m f _! ignorance & inexp]i5ce2 protect "o "p ( life by ! wisdom ( ano!r2 protect !m by ! wisdom ( laws & ! c>e ( ,nature4 ,,spee* ,,on ,a ,,motion ,,made ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,commons1 ,,febru>y #ag1 #aggb1 ,,= ,,leave ,,to ,,br+ ,,9 ,a ,,bill ,,to ,,quiet ,,! ,,possessions ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,aga9/ ,,dormant ,,claims ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,if ,i consid]$ ?is bill z an attack ^u ! ,*ur*1 br\ght 9 = ! purpose ( impov]i%+ & weak5+ ! cl]gy1 ,i %\ld be "o ( ! =emo/ 9 an e>ly & vigor\s opposition to x4 ,i admit1 ! same reasons d n press = limit+ ! claims ( ! ,*ur* t exi/$ = limit+ ! cr[n1 by t wise/ ( all laws :i*1 has secur$ ! prop]ty1 ! peace1 & ! fre$om ( ?is c\ntry f ! mo/ dang]\s mode ( attack :i* c\ld be made ^u !m all4 ,i am v s5sible ( ! propriety ( ma9ta9+ t v5]able body ) dec5cy1--& ) m ?an m]e dec5cy4 ,i w\ld ma9ta9 x accord+ to ! ranks wisely e/abli%$ 9 x1 ) t sob] & temp]ate spl5dor t is suitable to a sacr$ "* inve/$ ) high dignity4 ,!re ought to be a symmetry betwe5 all ! p>ts & ord]s ( a /ate4 ,a poor cl]gy 9 an opul5t nation c h little correspond5ce ) ! body x is to in/ruct1 & x is a disgrace to ! public s5tim5ts ( religion4 ,su* irreligi\s frugality is ev5 bad economy1 z ! little t is giv5 is entirely ?r[n away4 ,su* an impov]i%$ & degrad$ cl]gy 9 quiet tunes c\ld nev] execute _! duty1 & 9 "t ( disord] w\ld inf9itely aggravate ! public confusions4 ,t ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* is a favor$ & privileg$ prop]ty ,i readily admit4 ,x is made ) great wisdom2 s9ce a p]petual body1 ) a p]petual duty1 ought to h a p]petual provision4 ,! "q is n1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur*1 or its security4 ,! "q is1 :e!r y w r5d] ! pr9ciple ( prescription a pr9ciple ( ! law ( ?is laud1 & incorporate x ) ! :ole ( y\r jurisprud5ce1--:e!r1 hav+ giv5 x fir/ aga9/ ! laity1 !n aga9/ ! cr[n1 y w n[ ext5d x to ! ,*ur*4 ,! acts :i* 7 made1 giv+ limitation aga9/ ! laity1 7 n acts aga9/ ! prop]ty ( ^? :o might be preclud$ by limitations4 ,! act ( quiet aga9/ ! cr[n 0 n aga9/ ! int]e/s ( ! cr[n1 b aga9/ a p[] ( vexation4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( prescription be n a con/itution ( positive law1 b a pr9ciple ( natural equity1 !n to hold x out aga9/ any man is n do+ him inju/ice4 ,t ti!s are due ( common "r is readily grant$2 & if ?is pr9ciple _h be5 kept 9 its orig9al /raitness1 x might1 inde$1 be suppos$ t to plead an exemption 0 to plead a long-cont9u$ fraud1 & t no man c\ld be deceiv$ 9 su* a title1--z ! mom5t he b\ght l&1 he mu/ "k t he b\ght l& ti!d3 prescription c\ld n aid him1 = prescription c only atta* on a suppos$ bon fide possession4 ,b ! fact is1 t ! pr9ciple has be5 brok5 9 ^u4 ,"h x is necess>y to di/+ui% two sorts ( prop]ty4 #a4 ,l& c>ries no m>k on x to di/+ui% x z ecclesia/ical1 z ti!s d1 :i* are a *>ge on l&2 !re=e1 ?\gh x _h be5 made inali5able1 x ought p]haps to be subject to limitation4 ,x might bon fide be held4 ,b1 fir/1 x 0 n orig9ally inali5able1 no1 n by ! ,canon ,law1 until ! re/ra9+ act ( ! #aa? #a/8 ( ,elizabe?4 ,b ! great revolution ( ! dissolution ( mona/]ies1 by ! #ca/ ,h541 *4 #ac1 has s mix$ & conf\nd$ ecclesia/ical ) lay prop]ty1 t a man may by e rule ( good fai? be possess$ ( x4 ,! /atute ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ann4 #a1 *4 #a1 8 gave away ! bi%op's l&s4 ,s f> z to l&s4 ,z to ti!s1 !y are n ?+s 9 _! own nature subject to be b>r$ by prescription ^u ! g5]al pr9ciple4 ,b ti!s & ,*ur* l&s1 by ! /atutes ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ! #aa? #a/8 ,eliz41 h become objects 9 comm]cio3 = by com+ to ! cr[n !y became grantable 9 t way to ! subject1 & a great "p ( ! ,*ur* l&s pass$ ?r\gh ! cr[n to ! p4 ,by pass+ to ! k+1 ti!s became prop]ty to a mix$ p>ty2 by pass+ f ! k+1 !y became absolutely lay prop]ty3 ! p>tition-wall 0 brok5 d[n1 & ti!s & ,*ur* possession became no long] synonym\s t]ms4 ,no ,a8 man1 !re=e1 might become a fair pur*as] ( ti!s1 & ( exemption f ti!s4 ,by ! /atute ( ,elizabe?1 ! l&s took ! same c\rse1 7,i w n inquire by :at ju/ice1 good policy1 & dec5cy17 b !y pass$ into lay l&s1 became ! object ( pur*ases = valuable consid]ation1 & ( m>riage settlem5ts4 ,n[1 if ti!s might come to a layman1 l& 9 ! h&s ( a layman might be also ti!-free4 ,s t !re 0 an object :i* a layman might become seiz$ ( equitably & bon fide2 !re 0 some?+ on :i* a prescription might atta*1 ! end ( :i* is1 to secure ! natural well-mean+ ignorance ( m51 & to secure prop]ty by ! be/ ( all pr9ciples1 cont9uance4 ,i h !re=e %[n t a layman may be equitably seiz$ ( ,*ur* l&s1--#b4 ( ti!s1--#c4 ( exemption f ti!s2 & y w n cont5d t !re %\ld be no prescription4 ,w y say t ! ali5ations made be=e ! #aa? ( ,elizabe? %all n /& good8 ,i d n mean any?+ aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 h] dignities1 h] honors1 h] privileges1 or h] possessions4 ,i %\ld wi% ev5 to enl>ge !m all3 n t ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is incompet5tly end[$4 ,?is is to take no?+ f h] b ! p[] ( mak+ h]self odi\s4 ,if %e be secure h]self1 %e c h no objection to ! security ( o!rs4 ,= ,i hope %e is secure f lay-bigotry & anti-prie/craft1 = c]ta9ly su* ?+s !re are4 ,i he>tily wi% to see ! ,*ur* secure 9 su* possessions z w n only enable h] m9i/]s to prea* ! ,gospel ) ease1 b ( su* a k9d z w enable !m to prea* x ) its full effect1 s t ! pa/or %all n h ! inauspici\s appe>ance ( a tax-ga!r]1--su* a ma9t5ance z is compatible ) ! civil prosp]ity & improvem5t ( _! c\ntry4 ,,h9ts ,,= ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,drama4 ,,note4 ,^! h9ts appe> to h be5 fir/ ?\ghts1 :i* 7 probably int5d$ to be amplifi$ & connect$1 & s work$ up into a regul> diss]tation4 ,no date appe>s ( ! "t :5 !y 7 writt51 b x 0 probably be=e ! ye> #agfe4 ,,h9ts ,,= ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,drama4 ,x is g5]ally obs]v$ t no species ( writ+ is s difficult z ! dramatic4 ,x mu/1 inde$1 appe> s1 7 we to consid] x ^u "o side only4 ,x is a dialogue1 or species ( composition :i* 9 itself requires all ! ma/]y ( a complete writ] ) grace & _s to support4 ,we may add1 t x mu/ h a fable1 too1 :i* necess>ily requires inv5tion1 "o ( ! r>e/ qualities ( ! human m9d4 ,x w\ld surprise u1 if we 7 to exam9e ! ?+ critically1 h[ few good orig9al /ories !re are 9 ! _w4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ borr[ f ea* o!r1 & are cont5t ) "s new turn1 "s corrective1 addition1 or embelli%m5t4 ,_m ( ! mo/ celebrat$ writ]s 9 t way c claim no o!r m]it4 ,i d n ?9k ,la ,fonta9e has "o orig9al /ory4 ,& if we pursue him to ^? :o 7 8 orig9als1 ! ,italian writ]s ( tales & novels1 we %all f9d mo/ ev5 ( !m draw+ f antiquity1 or borr[+ f ! ,ea/]n _w1 or adopt+ & decorat+ ! little popul> /ories !y f\nd curr5t & tradition>y 9 _! c\ntry4 ,sometimes !y laid ! f\ndation ( _! tale 9 real fact4 ,ev5 aft] all _! borr[+ f s _m funds1 !y are /ill f> f opul5t4 ,h[ few /ories has ,boccace :i* are tol]able1 & h[ mu* few] are !re :i* y w\ld desire to read twice6 ,b ?is g5]al difficulty is greatly increas$1 :5 we come to ! drama4 ,"h a fable is ess5tial1--a fable :i* is to be conduct$ ) rapidity1 cle>ness1 consi/5cy1 & surprise1 )\t any1 or c]ta9ly ) v little1 aid f n>rative4 ,?is is ! reason t g5]ally no?+ is m dull 9 tell+ ?an ! plot ( a play4 ,x is seldom or nev] a good /ory 9 itself2 & 9 ?is p>ticul>1 "s ( ! greate/ writ]s1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n !atres1 h fail$ 9 ! mo/ mis]able mann]4 ,x is well a play has /ill s _m requisites to complete x1 t1 ?\gh ! writ] %\ld n succe$ 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 & !re=e %\ld be s f> f p]fection1 !re are /ill en\gh left 9 :i* he may please1 at less exp5se ( labor to himself1 & p]haps1 too1 ) m real advantage to 8 auditory4 ,x is1 inde$1 v difficult happily to excite ! passions & draw ! *>act]s ( m52 b our nature leads u m directly to su* pa9t+s ?an to ! inv5tion ( a /ory4 ,we are imitative animals2 & we are m naturally l$ to imitate ! ex]tions ( "* & passion ?an to obs]ve & describe a s]ies ( ev5ts1 & to discov] ^? relations & dep5d5cies 9 !m :i* w please4 ,no?+ c be m r>e ?an ?is quality4 ,h]e91 z ,i believe1 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! inv5tive & ! descriptive g5ius4 ,by ! inv5tive g5ius ,i mean ! creator ( agreeable facts & incid5ts2 by ! descriptive1 ! del9eator ( *>act]s1 mann]s1 & passions4 ,imitation calls u to ?is2 we are 9 "s cases almo/ =c$ to x1 & x is comp>atively easy4 ,m obs]ve ! *>act]s ( m5 ?an ! ord] ( ?+s3 to ! "o we are =m$ by ,nature1 & by t sympa?y f :i* we are s /rongly l$ to take a "p 9 ! passions & mann]s ( our fell[-m52 ! o!r is1 z x 71 =eign & extr9sical4 ,nei!r1 inde$1 c any?+ be done1 ev5 9 ?is1 )\t inv5tion2 b x is obvi\s t ?is inv5tion is ( a k9d altoge!r diff]5t f ! =m]4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh ! m sublime g5ius & ! greate/ art are requir$ = ! =m]1 yet ! latt]1 z x is m common & m easy1 s x is m useful1 & adm9i/]s m directly to ! great bus9ess ( life4 ,if ! drama requires su* a comb9ation ( tal5ts1 ! mo/ common ( :i* is v r>ely to be f\nd & difficult to be ex]t$1 x is n surpris+1 at a "t :5 almo/ all k9ds ( poetry are cultivat$ ) little success1 to f9d t we h done no great matt]s 9 ?is4 ,_m causes may be assign$ = our pres5t weakness 9 t olde/ & mo/ excell5t bran* ( philosophy1 poetical le>n+1 & p>ticul>ly 9 :at reg>ds ! !atre4 ,i %all "h only consid] :at appe>s to me to be "o ( ^! causes3 ,i mean ! wrong notion ( ! art itself1 :i* beg9s to gr[ fa%ionable1 especially among p ( an elegant turn ( m9d ) a weak und]/&+2 & ^! are !y t =m ! great body ( ! idle "p ( e polite & civiliz$ nation4 ,! prevail+ sy/em ( t class ( mank9d is indol5ce4 ,?is gives !m an av]sion to all /rong movem5ts4 ,x infuses a delicacy ( s5tim5t1 :i*1 :5 x is real1 & accompani$ ) a ju/ness ( ?\ght1 is an amiable quality1 & favorable to ! f9e arts2 b :5 x comes to make ! :ole ( ! "*1 x injures ?+s m excell5t ?an ^? :i* x improves1 & deg5]ates into a false ref9em5t1 :i* diffuses a languor & brea!s a frivol\s air ov] ev]y?+ :i* x c influ5ce4444 ,hav+ diff]$ 9 my op9ion ab\t dramatic composition1 & p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to com$y1 ) a g5tleman = ^: "* & tal5ts ,i h a v high respect1 ,i ?\ght myself oblig$1 on acc\nt ( t diff]5ce1 to a new & m exact exam9ation ( ! gr\nds ^u :i* ,i _h =m$ my op9ions4 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be impossible to come to any cle> & def9ite idea on ?is subject1 )\t rem\nt+ to ! natural passions or dispositions ( m51 :i* fir/ gave rise to ?is species ( writ+2 = f ^! alone its nature1 its limits1 & its true "* c be det]m9$4 ,!re are b f\r g5]al pr9ciples :i* c move m5 to int]e/ !mselves 9 ! *>act]s ( o!rs1 & !y may be class$ "u ! heads ( good & ill op9ion3 on ! side ( ! fir/ may be class$ admiration & love1 hatr$ & contempt on ! o!r4 ,& ^! h accord+ly divid$ poetry into two v diff]5t k9ds1--! panegyrical1 & ! satirical2 "u "o ( :i* heads all g5u9e poetry falls 7= ,i d n reckon ! didactic z poetry1 9 ! /rictness ( spee*74 ,)\t "q1 ! subject ( all poetry 0 orig9ally direct & p]sonal4 ,fictiti\s "* is a ref9em5t1 & comp>atively mod]n2 = ab/raction is 9 its nature sl[1 & always foll[s ! progress ( philosophy4 ,m5 _h always fri5ds & enemies be=e !y knew ! exact nature ( vice & virtue2 !y naturally1 & ) _! be/ p[]s ( eloqu5ce1 :e!r 9 prose or v]se1 magnifi$ & set (f ! "o1 vilifi$ & traduc$ ! o!r4 ,! fir/ species ( composition 9 ei!r way 0 probably "s g5]al1 indef9ite topic ( praise or blame1 express$ 9 a song or hymn1 :i* is ! mo/ common & simple k9d ( panegyric & satire4 ,b z no?+ t5d$ to set _! h]o or subject 9 a m =cible light ?an "s /ory to _! advantage or prejudice1 !y soon introduc$ a n>rative1 & ?us improv$ ! composition into a great] v>iety ( pleasure to ! he>]1 & to a m =cible in/rum5t ( honor or disgrace to ! subject4 ,x is natural ) m51 :5 !y relate any action ) any degree ( w>m?1 to repres5t ! p>ties to x talk+ z ! occasion requires2 & ?is produces t mix$ species ( poetry1 compos$ ( n>rative & dialogue1 :i* is v univ]sal 9 all languages1 & ( :i* ,hom] is ! noble/ example 9 any4 ,?is mix$ k9d ( poetry seems also to be mo/ p]fect1 z x takes 9 a v>iety ( situations1 circum/ances1 reflections1 & descriptions1 :i* mu/ be reject$ on a m limit$ plan4 ,x mu/ be equally obvi\s1 t m51 9 relat+ a /ory 9 a =cible mann]1 d v frequ5tly mimic ! looks1 ge/ure1 & voice ( ! p]son conc]n$1 & = ! "t1 z x 71 put !mselves into 8 place4 ,?is gave ! h9t to ! drama1 or act+2 & obs]v+ ! p[]ful effect ( ?is 9 public exhibitions4444 ,b ! drama1 ! mo/ artificial & complicat$ ( all ! poetical ma*9es1 0 n yet br\ght to p]fection2 & l ^? animals :i* *ange _! /ate1 "s p>ts ( ! old n>rative /ill adh]$4 ,x /ill _h a *orus1 x /ill _h a prologue to expla9 ! design2 & ! p]fect drama1 an automaton support$ & mov$ )\t any =eign help1 0 =m$ late & gradually4 ,nay1 !re are /ill sev]al p>ts ( ! _w 9 :i* x is n1 & probably nev] may be1 =m$4 ,! ,*9ese drama4 ,! drama1 be+ at l5g? =m$1 naturally adh]$ to ! fir/ division ( poetry1 ! satirical & panegyrical1 :i* made trag$y & com$y4 ,m51 9 prais+1 naturally applaud ! dead4 ,trag$y celebrat$ ! dead4 ,great m5 are nev] suffici5tly %[n b 9 /ruggles4 ,trag$y turn$1 !re=e1 on melan*oly & affect+ subjects1--a sort ( ?r5odia1--its passions1 !re=e1 admiration1 t]ror1 & pity4 ,com$y 0 satirical4 ,satire is be/ on ! liv+4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t ! be/ way to depress an hat$ "* 0 to turn x into ridicule2 & !re=e ! great] vices1 :i* 9 ! beg9n+ 7 la%$1 gave place to ! contemptible4 ,its passion1 !re=e1 became ridicule4 ,e writ+ mu/ h its *>act]i/ic passion4 ,:at is t ( com$y1 if n ridicule8 ,com$y1 !re=e1 is a satirical poem1 repres5t+ an action c>ri$ on by dialogue1 to excite laught] by describ+ ludicr\s *>act]s4 ,see ,ari/otle4 ,!re=e1 to pres]ve ?is def9ition1 ! ridicule mu/ be ei!r 9 ! action or *>act]s1 or bo?4 ,an action may be ludicr\s1 indep5d5t ( ! *>act]s1 by ! ludicr\s situations & accid5ts :i* may happ5 to ! *>act]s4 ,b ! action is n s important z ! *>act]s4 ,we see ?is e day ^u ! /age4 ,:at are ! *>act]s fit = com$y8 ,x appe>s t no "p ( human life :i* may be subject to ridicule is exempt$ f com$y2 = :]ev] m5 run into ! absurd1 :e!r high or l[1 !y may be ! subject ( satire1 & consequ5tly ( com$y4 ,inde$1 "s *>act]s1 z k+s1 are exempt$ ?r\gh dec5cy2 o!rs might be too insignificant4 ,"s are ( op9ion t p]sons 9 bett] life are s poli%$ t _! tone *>act]s & ! real b5t ( _! humor _c appe>4 ,= my own "p1 ,i _c give entire cr$it to ?is rem>k4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i believe t good-bre$+ is n s univ]sal or /rong 9 any "p ( life z to ov]rule ! real *>act]s & /rong passions ( su* m5 z w\ld be prop] objects ( ! drama4 ,secondly1 x is n ! ord9>y1 commonplace disc\rse ( assemblies t is to be repres5t$ 9 com$y4 ,! p>ties are to be put 9 situations 9 :i* _! passions are r\s$1 & _! real *>act]s call$ =?2 & if _! situations are judici\sly adapt$ to ! *>act]s1 !re is no d\bt b !y w appe> 9 all _! =ce1 *oose :at situation ( life y please4 ,let ! polite/ man alive game1 & feel at loss2 let ?is be 8 "*2 & 8 polit5ess w nev] hide x1 nay1 x w put x =w>d ) great] viol5ce1 & make a m =cible contra/4#c ,b g5teel com$y puts ^! *>act]s1 n 9 _! passionate1 b 9 _! g5teel light2 makes elegant cold conv]sation1 & virtu\s p]sonages4#d ,su* sort ( pictures disagreeable4 ,virtue & polit5ess n prop] = com$y2 = !y h too mu* or no movem5t4 ,!y are n good 9 trag$y1 mu* less "h4 ,! great] virtues1 =titude1 ju/ice1 & ! l1 too s]i\s & sublime4 ,x is n e /ory1 e "*1 e incid5t1 b ^? only :i* answ] _! end4--,pa9t+ ( artificial ?+s n good2 a ?+ be+ useful does n !re=e make x mo/ pleas+ 9 picture4--,natural mann]s1 good & bad4--,s5tim5t4 ,9 common affairs & common life1 virtu\s s5tim5ts are n ev5 ! "* ( virtu\s m52 we _c be> ^! s5tim5ts1 b :5 !y are press$ out1 z x 71 by great exig5cies1 & a c]ta9 cont5tion :i* is above ! g5]al /yle ( com$y4444 ,! fir/ "* ( propriety ! ,lawsuit possesses 9 an em95t degree4 ,! plot ( ! play is an iniquit\s suit2 !re c be no fitt] p]sons to be conc]n$ 9 ! active "p ( x ?an l[1 necessit\s lawy]s ( bad "*1 & pr(ligates ( desp]ate =tune4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! passive "p1 if an hone/ & virtu\s man _h be5 made ! object ( _! designs1 or a weak man ( good int5tions1 e successful /ep !y %\ld take aga9/ him ought r to fill ! audi5ce ) horror ?an pleasure & mir?2 & if 9 ! conclusion _! plots %\ld be baffl$1 ev5 ?is w\ld come too late to prev5t t ill impression4 ,b 9 ! ,lawsuit ?is is admirably avoid$3 = ! "* *os5 is a ri*1 av>ici\s usur]3 ! pecuni>y di/resses ( su* a p]son c nev] be look$ ^u ) horror2 & if he %\ld be ev5 h&l$ unju/ly1 we always wait 8 deliv]y ) pati5ce4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! display ( ! "*1 :i* is ! ess5tial "p ( ! plot1 no?+ c be m f9ely imag9$ ?an to draw a mis] 9 law4 ,if y draw him incl9$ to love & m>riage1 y dep>t f ! height ( 8 "* 9 "s measure1 z ,molire has done4 ,exp5ses ( ?is k9d he may easily avoid4 ,if y draw him 9 law1 to advance br+s exp5se1 to draw back br+s exp5se2 & ! "* is tortur$ & br\ght out at e mom5t4 ,a sort ( notion has prevail$ t a com$y might subsi/ )\t humor4 ,x is an idle disquisition1 :e!r a /ory 9 private life1 repres5t$ 9 dialogues1 may n be c>ri$ on ) "s degree ( m]it )\t humor4 ,x may unque/ionably2 b :at %9es *iefly 9 com$y1 ! pa9t+ ! mann]s ( life1 mu/ be 9 a great measure want+4 ,a "* :i* has no?+ extravagant1 wrong1 or s+ul> 9 x c affect b v little3 & ?is is :at makes ,ari/otle draw ! great l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 trag$y & com$y4 1 c4 ,ari/4 ,poet4 ,*4 ,,ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is n a m absurd mi/ake ?an t :atev] may n unnaturally happ5 9 an action is ( c\rse to be admitt$ into e pa9t+ ( x4 ,9 ,nature1 ! great & ! little1 ! s]i\s & ! ludicr\s1 ?+s ! mo/ disproportionate ! "o to ! o!r1 are frequ5tly huddl$ toge!r 9 mu* confusion1 ,& :at !n8 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ,art fir/ to *oose "s det]m9ate end & purpose1 & !n to select ^? p>ts ( ,nature1 & ^? only1 :i* conduce to t end1 avoid+ ) mo/ religi\s exactness ! int]mixture ( any?+ :i* w\ld contradict x4 ,else ! :ole idea ( propriety1 t is1 ! only di/9ction betwe5 ! j & *im]ical 9 ! arts1 w\ld be utt]ly lo/4 ,an h]o eats1 dr9ks1 & sleeps1 l o!r m52 b to introduce su* sc5es on ! /age1 because !y are natural1 w\ld be ridicul\s4 ,& :y8 ,because !y h no?+ to d ) ! end = :i* ! play is writt54 ,! design ( a piece might be utt]ly de/roy$ by ! mo/ natural incid5ts 9 ! _w4 ,boileau has some:]e criticiz$ ) :at surely is a v j sev]ity on ,ario/o1 = introduc+ a ludicr\s tale f 8 ho/ to "o ( ! pr9cipal p]sons ( 8 poem1 ?\gh ! /ory has great m]it 9 its way4 ,inde$1 t fam\s piece is s mon/r\s & extravagant 9 all its p>ts t "o is n p>ticul>ly %ock$ ) ?is indecorum4 ,b1 z ,boileau has obs]v$1 if ,virgil _h introduc$ neas li/5+ to a bawdy /ory f 8 ho/1 :at an episode _h ?is =m$ 9 t div9e poem6 ,suppose1 in/ead ( neas1 he _h repres5t$ ! impi\s ,mez5tius z ent]ta9+ himself 9 t mann]2 su* a ?+ w\ld n h be5 )\t probability1 b x w\ld h cla%$ ) ! v fir/ pr9ciples ( ta/e1 &1 ,i w\ld say1 ( common s5se4 ,i h he>d ( a celebrat$ picture ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1--& if ,i d n mi/ake1 x is said to be ! "w ( "s ( ! ,flemi% ma/]s3 9 ?is picture all ! p]sonages are drawn 9 a mann] suitable to ! solemnity ( ! occasion2 b ! pa9t] has fill$ ! void "u ! table ) a dog gnaw+ bones4 ,:o does n see ! possibility ( su* an incid5t1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! absurdity ( introduc+ x on su* an occasion6 ,innum]able su* cases might be /at$4 ,x is n ! incompatibility or agreeabl5ess ( incid5ts1 *>act]s1 or s5tim5ts ) ! probable 9 fact1 b ) propriety 9 design1 t admits or excludes !m f a place 9 any composition4 ,we may z well urge t /ones1 s&1 clay1 & metals lie 9 a c]ta9 mann] 9 ! e>?1 z a reason = build+ ) ^! mat]ials & 9 t mann]1 z = writ+ accord+ to ! accid5tal disposition ( *>act]s 9 ,nature4 ,i h1 ,i am afraid1 be5 long] ?an x might seem necess>y 9 refut+ su* a notion2 b su* au?ority c only be oppos$ by a good deal ( reason4 ,we are n to =get t a play is1 or ought to be1 a v %ort composition2 t1 if "o passion or disposition is to be wr\ght up ) tol]able success1 ,i believe x is z mu* z c 9 any reason be expect$4 ,if !re be sc5es ( di/ress & sc5es ( humor1 !y mu/ ei!r be 9 a d\ble or s+le plot4 ,if !re be a d\ble plot1 !re are 9 fact two4 ,if !y be 9 *eck]$ sc5es ( s]i\s & comic1 y are oblig$ cont9ually to break bo? ! ?read ( ! /ory & ! cont9uity ( ! passion1--if 9 ! same sc5e1 z ,mrs4 ,v4 seems to recomm5d1 x is ne$less to obs]ve h[ absurd ! mixture mu/ be1 & h[ little adapt$ to answ] ! g5u9e end ( any passion4 ,x is odd to obs]ve ! progress ( bad ta/e3 = ?is mix$ passion be+ univ]sally proscrib$ 9 ! regions ( trag$y1 x has tak5 refuge & %elt] 9 com$y1 :]e x seems firmly e/abli%$1 ?\gh no reason c be assign$ :y we may n laugh 9 ! "o z well z weep 9 ! o!r4 ,! true reason ( ?is mixture is to be s\ght = 9 ! mann]s :i* are preval5t among/ a p4 ,x has become v fa%ionable to affect delicacy1 t5d]ness ( he>t1 & f9e feel+1 & to %un all imputation ( ru/icity4 ,mu* mir? is v =eign to ?is "*2 !y h introduc$1 !re=e1 a sort ( neutral writ+4 ,n[ z to *>act]s1 !y h dealt 9 !m z 9 ! passions4 ,!re are none b lords & footm54 ,"o objection to *>act]s 9 high life is1 t almo/ all wants1 & a ?\s& happy circum/ances aris+ f !m1 be+ remov$ f x1 _! :ole mode ( life is too artificial1 & n s fit = pa9t+2 & ! contr>y op9ion has aris5 f a mi/ake1 t :atev] has m]it 9 ! reality necess>ily mu/ h x 9 ! repres5tation4 ,i h obs]v$ t p]sons1 & especially wom51 9 l[] life1 & ( no bre$+1 are fond ( su* repres5tations4 ,x seems l introduc+ !m into good company1 & ! honor comp5sates ! dulness ( ! ent]ta9m5t4 ,fa%ionable mann]s be+ fluctuat+ is ano!r reason = n *oos+ !m4--,s5sible com$y1--talk+ s5se a dull ?+--4444 ,,footnotes3 #c ,sic 9 ,,ms4 #d ,sic 9 ,,ms4 ,,an ,,essay ,,t[>ds ,,an ,,abridgm5t ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,hi/ory4 ,,9 ,,?ree ,,books4 ,,an ,,abridgm5t ,,( ,,engli% ,,hi/ory4 ,,book ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,romans ,,& ,,britons4--,,caes>',s ,,two ,,invasions ,,( ,,brita94 ,9 ord] to obta9 a cle> notion ( ! /ate ( ,europe be=e ! univ]sal preval5ce ( ! ,roman p[]1 ! :ole region is to be divid$ into two pr9cipal p>ts1 :i* we %all call ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! nor!rn "p is ev]y:]e sep>at$ f ! s\!rn by imm5se & cont9u$ *a9s ( m\nta9s4 ,f ,greece x is divid$ by ,m\nt ,hmus2 f ,spa9 by ! ,pyr5ees2 f ,italy by ! ,alps4 ,?is division is n made by an arbitr>y or casual di/ribution ( c\ntries4 ,! limits are m>k$ out by ,nature1 & 9 ^! e>ly ages 7 yet fur!r di/+ui%$ by a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! mann]s & usages ( ! nations !y divid$4 ,if we turn our eyes to ! nor?w>d ( ^! b\nd>ies1 a va/ mass ( solid cont95t lies be=e u1 /ret*$ out f ! remote/ %ore ( ,t>t>y q to ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,a l9e drawn ?r\gh ?is ext5t1 f ea/ to we/1 w\ld pass ov] ! greate/ body ( unbrok5 l& t is any:]e kn[n ^u ! globe4 ,?is tract1 9 a c\rse ( "s degrees to ! nor?w>d1 is n int]rupt$ by any sea2 nei!r are ! m\nta9s s dispos$ z to =m any consid]able ob/acle to ho/ile incursions4 ,orig9ally x 0 all inhabit$ b by "o sort ( p1 kn[n by "o common d5om9ation ( ,scy?ians4 ,z ! sev]al tribes ( ?is compreh5sive "n lay 9 _m p>ts greatly expos$1 & z by _! situation & cu/oms !y 7 mu* incl9$ to attack1 & by bo? ill qualifi$ = def5ce1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( t imm5se region !re 0 = _m ages a p]petual flux & reflux ( b>b>\s nations4 ,none ( _! commonweal?s cont9u$ long en\gh e/abli%$ on any p>ticul> spot to settle & to subside into a regul> ord]1 "o tribe cont9ually ov]p[]+ or ?ru/+ out ano!r4 ,b z ^! 7 only ! mixtures ( ,scy?ians ) ,scy?ians1 ! triumphs ( b>b>ians ov] b>b>ians1 !re 7 revolutions 9 empire1 b none 9 mann]s4 ,! ,nor!rn ,europe1 until "s p>ts ( x 7 subdu$ by ! progress ( ! ,roman arms1 rema9$ almo/ equally cov]$ ) all ! rugg$ness ( primitive b>b>ism4 ,! s\!rn "p 0 diff]5tly circum/anc$4 ,divid$1 z we h said1 f ! nor!rn by great m\nta9s1 x is fur!r divid$ )9 itself by consid]able seas4 ,spa91 ,greece1 & ,italy are p59sulas4 ,by ^! advantages ( situation ! inhabitants 7 pres]v$ f ^? great & sudd5 revolutions to :i* ! ,nor!rn _w _h be5 always liable2 & be+ conf9$ )9 a space comp>atively n>r[1 !y 7 re/ra9$ f w&]+ into a pa/oral & unsettl$ life4 ,x 0 ^u "o side only t !y c\ld be invad$ by l&4 ,:oev] made an attempt on any o!r "p mu/ necess>ily h arriv$ 9 %ips ( "s magnitude1 & mu/ !re=e h 9 a degree be5 cultivat$1 if n by ! lib]al1 at lea/ by ! me*anic arts4 ,9 fact1 ! pr9cipal colonies-:i* we f9d ^! c\ntries to h receiv$ 7 s5t f ,phnicia1 or ! ,less] ,asia1 or ,egypt1 ! great f\nta9s ( ! anci5t civility & le>n+4 ,& !y became m or less1 e>li] or lat]1 poli%$1 z !y 7 situat$ ne>] to or fur!r f ^! celebrat$ s\rces4 ,?\gh ,i am satisfi$1 f a comp>ison ( ! ,celtic tongues ) ! ,greek & ,roman1 t ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,italy & ,greece 7 ( ! same race ) ! p ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 yet x is c]ta9 !y pr(it$ s mu* by _! gu>d$ situation1 by ! mildness ( _! climate favorable to humanity1 & by ! =eign infusions1 t !y came greatly to excel ! ,nor!rn nations 9 e respect1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! art & discipl9e ( w>4 ,=1 n be+ s /rong 9 _! bodies1 p>tly f ! temp]ature ( _! climate1 p>tly f a degree ( s(tness induc$ by a m cultivat$ life1 !y appli$ !mselves to remove ! few inconv5i5ces ( a settl$ society by ! advantages :i* x af=ds 9 art1 disposition1 & ob$i5ce2 & z !y consi/$ ( _m small /ates1 _! p 7 well ex]cis$ 9 arms1 & %>p5$ aga9/ ea* o!r by cont9ual w>4 ,su* 0 ! situation ( ,greece & ,italy f a v remote p]iod4 ,! ,gauls & o!r ,nor!rn nations1 envi\s ( _! weal?1 & despis+ ! effem9acy ( _! mann]s1 (t5 invad$ !m )1 num]\s1 ?\gh ill-=m$ armies4 ,b _! greate/ & mo/ frequ5t attempts 7 aga9/ ,italy1 _! connection ) :i* c\ntry alone we %all "h consid]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! w>s1 ! sup]iority ( ! ,roman discipl9e ov] ! ,gallic f]ocity 0 at l5g? demon/rat$4 ,! ,gauls1 not)/&+ ! numb]s ) :i* _! irruptions 7 made1 & ! impetu\s c\rage by :i* t nation 0 di/+ui%$1 _h no p]man5t success4 ,!y 7 altoge!r unskilful ei!r 9 improv+ _! victories or repair+ _! defeats4 ,b ! ,romans1 be+ gov]n$ by a mo/ wise ord] ( m51 p]fect$ by a tradition>y exp]i5ce 9 ! policy ( conque/1 drew "s advantage f e turn ( =tune1 &1 victori\s or vanqui%$1 p]si/$ 9 "o uni=m & compreh5sive plan ( break+ to pieces ev]y?+ :i* endang]$ _! safety or ob/ruct$ _! greatness4 ,=1 aft] hav+ m ?an once expell$ ! ,nor!rn invad]s out ( ,italy1 !y pursu$ !m ov] ! ,alps2 & c>ry+ ! w> into ! c\ntry ( _! enemy1 "u sev]al able g5]als1 & at la/ "u ,caius ,cs>1 !y r$uc$ all ! ,gauls f ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea to ! ,rh9e & ! ,ocean4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ?is decisive w>1 "s ( ! m>itime nations ( ,gaul _h rec\rse = assi/ance to ! neighbor+ isl& ( ,brita94 ,prom !nce !y receiv$ consid]able succors2 by :i* means ?is isl& fir/ came to be kn[n ) any exactness by ! ,romans1 & fir/ drew ^u x ! att5tion ( t victori\s p4 ,?\gh ,cs> _h r$uc$ ,gaul1 he p]ceiv$ cle>ly t a great deal 0 /ill want+ to make 8 conque/ secure & la/+4 ,t ext5sive c\ntry1 inhabit$ by a multitude ( popul\s & fi]ce nations1 _h be5 r ov]run ?an conqu]$4 ,! ,gauls 7 n yet brok5 to ! yoke1 :i* !y bore ) murmur+ & discont5t4 ,! ru9s ( _! own /r5g? 7 /ill consid]able2 & !y _h hopes t ! ,g]mans1 fam\s = _! inv9cible c\rage & _! ard5t love ( lib]ty1 w\ld be at h& p[]fully to second any endeavors = ! recov]y ( _! fre$om2 !y tru/$ t ! ,britons1 ( _! own blood1 alli$ 9 mann]s & religion1 & ^: help !y _h lately exp]i5c$1 w\ld n !n be want+ to ! same cause4 ,cs> 0 n ignorant ( ^! dispositions4 ,he !re=e judg$1 t1 if he c\ld conf9e ! att5tion ( ! ,g]mans & ,britons to _! own def5ce1 s t ! ,gauls1 on :i* side soev] !y turn$1 %\ld meet no?+ b ! ,roman arms1 !y mu/ soon be depriv$ ( all hope1 & compell$ to seek _! safety 9 an entire submission4 ,^! 7 ! public reasons :i* made ! invasion ( ,brita9 & ,g]many an und]tak+1 at t p>ticul> "t1 n unwor?y a wise & able g5]al4 ,b ^! ent]prises1 ?\gh reasonable 9 !mselves1 7 only subs]vi5t to purposes ( m importance1 & :i* he _h m at he>t4 ,:atev] measures he ?\ght prop] to pursue on ! side ( ,g]many1 or on t ( ,brita91 x 0 t[>ds ,rome t he always look$1 & to ! fur!rance ( 8 int]e/ !re t all 8 motions 7 really direct$4 ,t republic _h rec$$ f _m ( ^? maxims by :i* h] fre$om _h be5 hi!rto pres]v$ "u ! weight ( s va/ an empire4 ,rome n[ conta9$ _m citiz5s ( imm5se weal?1 eloqu5ce1 & ability4 ,p>ticul> m5 7 m consid]$ ?an ! republic2 & ! =tune & g5ius ( ! ,roman p1 :i* =m]ly _h be5 ?\ght equal to ev]y?+1 came n[ to be less reli$ ^u ?an ! abilities ( a few popul> m54 ,! w> ) ! ,gauls1 z ! old & mo/ dang]\s enemy ( ,rome1 0 ( ! la/ importance2 & ,cs> _h ! address to obta9 ! conduct ( x = a t]m ( ye>s1 contr>y to "o ( ! mo/ e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,b ?is w> 0 f9i%$ be=e t t]m 0 expir$1 & be=e ! designs :i* he ent]ta9$ aga9/ ! lib]ty ( 8 c\ntry 7 fully rip5$4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y to f9d "s pretext = keep+ 8 army on foot2 x 0 necess>y to employ !m 9 "s ent]prise t might at once raise 8 "*1 keep 8 int]e/ alive at ,rome1 ende> him to 8 troops1 & by t means weak5 ! ties :i* held !m to _! c\ntry4 ,f ?is motive1 color$ by reasons plausible & fit to be av[$1 he resolv$ 9 "o & ! same ye>1 & ev5 :5 t 0 almo/ expir$1 ^u two exp$itions1 ! objects ( :i* lay at a great di/ance f ea* o!r1 & 7 z yet unt\*$ by ! ,roman arms4 ,& fir/ he resolv$ to pass ! ,rh9e1 & p5etrate into ,g]many4 ,cs> sp5t b tw5ty-eight days 9 8 ,g]man exp$ition4 ,9 t5 he built 8 admirable bridge across ! ,rh9e2 9 eighte5 he p]=m$ all he propos$ by ent]+ t c\ntry4 ,:5 ! ,g]mans saw ! b>ri] ( _! riv] s easily ov]come1 & ,nature h]self1 z x 71 submitt$ to ! yoke1 !y 7 /ruck ) a/oni%m5t1 & nev] aft] v5tur$ to oppose ! ,romans 9 ! field4 ,! mo/ obnoxi\s ( ! ,g]man c\ntries 7 ravag$1 ! /rong aw$1 ! weak tak5 into protection4 ,?us an alliance be+ =m$1 always ! fir/ /ep ( ! ,roman policy1 & n only a pret5ce1 b a means1 be+ !reby acquir$ ( ent]+ ! c\ntry ^u any future occasion1 he m>*$ back ?r\gh ,gaul to execute a design ( mu* ! same nature & ext5t 9 ,brita94 ,sid5ote3 ,b4,c4 #ee4 ,! inhabitants ( t isl&1 :o 7 divid$ into a great numb] ( petty nations1 "u a v co>se & disord]ly frame ( gov]nm5t1 did n f9d x easy to plan any effectual measures = _! def5ce4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to ga9 "t 9 ?is exig5cy1 !y s5t ambassadors to ,cs> ) t]ms ( submission4 ,cs> c\ld n colorably reject _! (f]s4 ,b z _! submission r cla%$ ?an co9cid$ ) 8 real designs1 he /ill p]si/$ 9 8 resolution ( pass+ ov] into ,brita92 & accord+ly emb>k$ ) ! infantry ( two legions at ! port ( ,itium4#e ,8 l&+ 0 ob/9ately disput$ by ! natives1 & br\ght on a v hot & d\btful engagem5t4 ,b ! sup]ior dispositions ( s accompli%$ a comm&]1 ! res\rces ( ! ,roman discipl9e1 & ! effect ( ! milit>y eng9es on ! unpractis$ m9ds ( a b>b>\s p prevail$ at l5g? ov] ! be/ resi/ance :i* c\ld be made by rude numb]s & m]e brav]y4 ,! place :]e ! ,romans fir/ ent]$ ?is isl& 0 some:]e ne> ,deal1 & ! "t fifty-five ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,britons1 :o def5d$ _! c\ntry ) s mu* resolution 9 ! engagem5t1 imm$iately aft] x lo/ all _! _s4 ,!y _h laid no regul> plan1 = _! def5ce4 ,^u _! fir/ failure !y seam$ to h no res\rces left4 ,on ! slighte/ loss !y betook !mselves to treaty & submission2 ^u ! lea/ appe>ance 9 _! favor !y 7 z ready to resume _! arms1 )\t any reg>d to _! =m] engagem5ts3 a conduct :i* demon/rates t our ,briti% ance/ors _h no regul> polity ) a /&+ co]cive p[]4 ,! ambassadors :i* !y s5t to ,cs> laid all ! blame ( a w> c>ri$ on by great armies ^u ! ra%ness ( _! "y m51 & !y decl>$ t ! rul+ p _h no %>e 9 ^! ho/ilities4 ,?is is exactly ! excuse :i* ! savages ( ,am]ica1 :o h no regul> gov]nm5t1 make at ?is day ^u ! l occasions2 b x w\ld be a /range apology f "o ( ! mod]n /ates ( ,europe t _h employ$ armies aga9/ ano!r4 ,cs> reprim&$ !m = ! incon/ancy ( _! behavior1 & ord]$ !m to br+ ho/ages to secure _! fidelity1 toge!r ) provisions = 8 army4 ,b :il/ ! ,britons 7 engag$ 9 ! treaty1 & on t acc\nt _h free access to ! ,roman camp1 !y easily obs]v$ t ! army ( ! invad]s 0 nei!r num]\s nor well provid$2 & hav+ ab\t ! same "t receiv$ intellig5ce t ! ,roman fleet _h suff]$ 9 a /orm1 !y aga9 *ang$ _! measures1 & came to a resolution ( r5ew+ ! w>4 ,"s prosp]\s actions aga9/ ! ,roman =ag+ p>ties inspir$ !m ) great confid5ce4 ,!y 7 betray$ by _! success into a g5]al action 9 ! op5 field4 ,"h ! discipl9$ troops obta9$ an easy & complete victory2 & ! ,britons 7 taught ! error ( _! conduct at ! exp5se ( a t]rible slaught]4 ,twice defeat$1 !y _h rec\rse once m to submission4 ,cs>1 :o f\nd ! w9t] approa*+1 provisions sc>ce1 & 8 fleet n fit to cont5d ) t r\gh & tempe/u\s sea 9 a w9t] voyage1 he>k5$ to _! proposals1 exact+ d\ble ! numb] ( ! =m] ho/ages4 ,he !n set sail ) 8 :ole army4 ,9 ?is fir/ exp$ition into ,brita91 ,cs> did n make1 nor inde$ c\ld he expect1 any consid]able advantage4 ,he acquir$ a k ( ! sea-coa/1 & ( ! c\ntry contigu\s to x2 & he became acqua9t$ ) ! =ce1 ! mann] ( fight+1 & ! milit>y "* ( ! p4 ,to compass ^! purposes he did n ?9k a "p ( ! summ] ill-be/[$4 ,b e>ly 9 ! next he prep>$ to make a m effective use ( ! exp]i5ce he _h ga9$4 ,he emb>k$ aga9 at ! same port1 b ) a m num]\s army4 ,! ,britons1 on _! "p1 _h prep>$ m regul>ly = _! def5ce 9 ?is ?an ! =m] ye>4 ,sev]al ( ^? /ates :i* 7 ne>e/ & mo/ expos$ to ! dang] _h1 dur+ ,cs>'s abs5ce1 comb9$ = _! common safety1 & *os5 ,cassibelan1 a *ief ( p[] & reputation1 = ! lead] ( _! union4 ,!y seem$ resolv$ to dispute ! l&+ ( ! ,romans ) _! =m] intrepidity4 ,b :5 !y beheld ! sea cov]$1 z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 ) ! multitude ( ! enemy's %ips1 7= !y 7 eight hundr$ sail17 !y despair$ ( def5d+ ! coa/1 !y retir$ into ! woods' & fa/nesses1 & ,cs> l&$ 8 army )\t opposition4 ,! ,britons n[ saw ! necessity ( alt]+ _! =m] me?od ( w>4 ,!y no long]1 !re=e1 oppos$ ! ,romans 9 ! op5 field2 !y =m$ frequ5t ambuscades2 !y divid$ !mselves into light fly+ p>ties1 & cont9ually h>ass$ ! enemy on 8 m>*4 ,?is plan1 ?\gh 9 _! circum/ances ! mo/ judici\s1 0 att5d$ ) no great success4 ,cs> =c$ "s ( _! /ronge/ intr5*m5ts1 & !n c>ri$ ! w> directly into ! t]ritories ( ,cassibelan4 ,! only =dable passage :i* he c\ld f9d ov] ! ,?ames 0 def5d$ by a r[ ( palisadoes :i* l9$ ! opposite bank2 ano!r r[ ( %>p5$ /akes /ood "u wat] along ! middle ( ! /ream4 ,"s rema9s ( ^! works long subsi/$1 & 7 to be disc]n$ 9 ! riv]#f d[n almo/ to ! pres5t times4 ,! ,britons _h made ! be/ ( ! situation2 b ! ,romans plung$ into ! wat]1 tore away ! /akes & palisadoes1 & obta9$ a complete victory4 ,! capital1 or r *ief fa/ness1 ( ,cassibelan 0 !n tak51 ) a numb] ( cattle1 ! weal? ( ?is b>b>\s city4 ,aft] ^! mis=tunes ! ,britons 7 no long] 9 a condition to act ) effect4 ,_! ill-success 9 ! field soon dissolv$ ! ill-cem5t$ union ( _! c\ncils4 ,!y split into factions1 & "s ( !m *ose ! common enemy = _! protector1 insomu* t1 aft] "s feeble & desultory ef=ts1 mo/ ( ! tribes to ! s\?w>d ( ! ,?ames submitt$ !mselves to ! conqu]or4 ,cassibelan1 wor/$ 9 s _m enc\nt]s1 & des]t$ by 8 allies1 0 driv5 at l5g? to sue = peace4 ,a tribute 0 impos$2 & z ! summ] began to we> away1 ,cs>1 hav+ f9i%$ ! w> to 8 satisfaction1 emb>k$ = ,gaul4 ,! :ole ( ,cs>'s conduct 9 ^! two campaigns suffici5tly demon/rates t he _h no int5tion ( mak+ an absolute conque/ ( any "p ( ,brita94 ,is x to be believ$1 t1 if he _h =m$ su* a design1 he w\ld h left ,brita9 )\t an army1 )\t a legion1 )\t a s+le cohort1 to secure 8 conque/1 & t he %\ld sit d[n cont5t$ ) an empty glory & ! tribute ( an indig5t p1 )\t any prop] means ( secur+ a cont9uance ( t small acquisition8 ,?is is n cr$ible4 ,b 8 conduct "h1 z well z 9 ,g]many1 discov]s 8 purpose 9 bo? exp$itions3 = by !m he confirm$ ! ,roman dom9ion 9 ,gaul1 he ga9$ "t to mature 8 designs1 & he af=d$ 8 p>ty 9 ,rome an opportunity ( promot+ 8 int]e/ & exagg]at+ 8 exploits1 :i* !y did 9 su* a mann] z to draw f ! ,s5ate a decree = a v rem>kable ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 s]vices 9 a supplication or ?anksgiv+ ( tw5ty days4 ,?is attempt1 n be+ pursu$1 /&s s+le1 & has little or no connection ) ! subsequ5t ev5ts4 ,!re=e ,i %all 9 ?is place1 :]e ! n>rative w be ! lea/ brok51 ins]t f ! be/ au?orities :i* are left1 & ! be/ conjectures :i* 9 s obscure a matt] ,i am able to =m1 "s acc\nt ( ! fir/ peopl+ ( ?is isl&1 ! mann]s ( its inhabitants1 _! art ( w>1 _! religi\s & civil discipl9e4 ,^! are matt]s n only wor?y ( att5tion z conta9+ a v rem>kable piece ( antiquity1 b z n :olly unnecess>y t[>ds compreh5d+ ! great *ange made 9 all ^! po9ts1 :5 ! ,roman conque/ came aft]w>ds to be complet$4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,"s ?9k ?is port to be ,wits&1 o!rs ,b\logne4 #f ,c[ay ,/akes1 ne> ,k+/on-on-,?ames4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,"s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,inhabitants ,,( ,,brita94 ,t ,brita9 0 fir/ peopl$ f ,gaul we are assur$ by ! be/ pro(s1--proximity ( situation1 & resemblance 9 language & mann]s4 ,( ! "t 9 :i* ?is ev5t happ5$ we mu/ be cont5t$ to rema9 9 ignorance1 = we h no monum5ts4 ,b we may conclude t x 0 a v anci5t settlem5t1 s9ce ! ,c>?ag9ians f\nd ?is isl& inhabit$ :5 !y trad$ hi!r = t91--z ! ,phnicians1 ^: tracks !y foll[$ 9 ?is comm]ce1 are said to h done long be=e !m4 ,x is true1 t1 :5 we consid] ! %ort int]val betwe5 ! univ]sal deluge & t p]iod1 & comp>e x ) ! fir/ settlem5t ( m5 at su* a di/ance f ?is corn] ( ! _w1 x may seem n easy to reconcile su* a claim to antiquity ) ! only au!ntic acc\nt we h ( ! orig9 & progress ( mank9d1--especially z 9 ^? e>ly ages ! :ole face ( ,nature 0 extremely rude & uncultivat$1 :5 ! l9ks ( comm]ce1 ev5 9 ! c\ntries fir/ settl$1 7 few & weak1 navigation imp]fect1 geography unkn[n1 & ! h>d%ips ( travell+ excessive4 ,b ! _s ( migration1 ( :i* we h n[ only "s fa9t ideas1 0 !n /rong & univ]sal1 & x fully comp5sat$ all ^! disadvantages4 ,_m writ]s1 inde$1 imag9e t ^! migrations1 s common 9 ! primitive times1 7 caus$ by ! prodigi\s increase ( p beyond :at _! sev]al t]ritories c\ld ma9ta94 ,b ?is op9ion1 f> f be+ support$1 is r contradict$ by ! g5]al appe>ance ( ?+s 9 t e>ly "t1 :5 9 e c\ntry va/ tracts ( l& 7 suff]$ to lie almo/ useless 9 morasses & =e/s4 ,nor is x1 inde$1 m c\nt5anc$ by ! anci5t modes ( life1 no way favorable to population4 ,i appreh5d t ^! fir/ settl$ c\ntries1 s f> f be+ ov]/ock$ ) inhabitants1 7 r ?9ly peopl$1 & t ! same causes :i* occasion$ t ?9ness occasion$ also ^? frequ5t migrations :i* make s l>ge a "p ( ! fir/ hi/ory ( almo/ all nations4 ,= 9 ^! ages m5 subsi/$ *iefly by pa/urage or hunt+4 ,^! are occupations :i* spread ! p )\t multiply+ !m 9 proportion2 !y tea* !m an ext5sive k ( ! c\ntry2 !y c>ry !m frequ5tly & f> f _! homes1 & weak5 ^? ties :i* might atta* !m to any p>ticul> habitation4 ,x 0 9 a great degree f ?is mann] ( life t mank9d became scatt]$ 9 ! e>lie/ times ov] ! :ole globe4 ,b _! peaceful occupations did n contribute s mu* to t end z _! w>s1 :i* 7 n ! less frequ5t & viol5t because ! p 7 few1 & ! int]e/s = :i* !y cont5d$ ( b small importance4 ,anci5t hi/ory has furni%$ u ) _m in/ances ( :ole nations1 expell$ by invasion1 fall+ 9 ^u o!rs1 :i* !y h entirely ov]:elm$1--m irresi/ible 9 _! defeat & ru9 ?an 9 _! fulle/ prosp]ity4 ,! rights ( w> 7 !n ex]cis$ ) great inhumanity4 ,a cruel dea?1 or a s]vitude sc>cely less cruel1 0 ! c]ta9 fate ( all conqu]$ p2 ! t]ror ( :i* hurri$ m5 f habitations to :i* !y 7 b little atta*$1 to seek security & repose "u any climate t1 h[ev] 9 o!r respects undesirable1 might af=d !m refuge f ! fury ( _! enemies4 ,?us ! bleak & b>r5 regions ( ! ,nor?1 n be+ peopl$ by *oice1 7 peopl$ z e>ly1 9 all probability1 z _m ( ! mild] & m invit+ climates ( ! ,s\!rn _w2 & ?us1 by a wond]ful disposition ( ! ,div9e ,provid5ce1 a life ( hunt+1 :i* does n contribute to increase1 & w>1 :i* is ! great in/rum5t 9 ! de/ruction ( m51 7 ! two pr9cipal causes ( _! be+ spread s e>ly & s univ]sally ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,f :at is v commonly kn[n ( ! /ate ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 x ne$ n be said h[ (t5 & to :at di/ance sev]al ( ! nations on t cont95t are us$ to migrate1 :o1 ?\gh ?9ly scatt]$1 occupy an imm5se ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,nor are ! causes ( x less obvi\s1--_! hunt+ life1 & _! inhuman w>s4 ,su* migrations1 sometimes by *oice1 m frequ5tly f necessity1 7 common 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,frequ5t necessities introduc$ a fa%ion :i* subsi/$ aft] ! orig9al causes4 ,= h[ c\ld x happ51 b f "s univ]sally e/abli%$ public prejudice1 :i* always ov]rules & /ifles ! private s5se ( m51 t a :ole nation %\ld delib]ately ?9k x a wise measure to quit _! c\ntry 9 a body1 t !y might obta9 9 a =eign l& a settlem5t :i* mu/ :olly dep5d ^u ! *ance ( w>8 ,yet ?is resolution 0 tak5 & actually pursu$ by ! entire nation ( ! ,helvetii1 z x is m9utely relat$ by ,cs>4 ,! me?od ( reason+ :i* l$ !m to x mu/ appe> to u at ?is day utt]ly inconceivable4 ,!y 7 f> f be+ compell$ to ?is extraord9>y migration by any want ( subsi/5ce at home2 = x appe>s t !y rais$1 )\t difficulty1 z mu* corn 9 "o ye> z support$ !m = two2 !y c\ld n compla9 ( ! b>r5ness ( su* a soil4 ,?is _s ( migration1 :i* grew out ( ! anci5t mann]s & necessities1 & sometimes op]at$ l a bl9d in/9ct1 su* z actuates birds ( passage1 is v suffici5t to acc\nt = ! e>ly habitation ( ! remote/ p>ts ( ! e>?1 & 9 "s sort also ju/ifies t claim :i* has be5 s fondly made by almo/ all nations to great antiquity4 ,gaul1 f :5ce ,brita9 0 orig9ally peopl$1 consi/$ ( ?ree nations3 ! ,belg1 t[>ds ! nor?2 ! ,celt1 9 ! middle c\ntries2 & ! ,aquitani1 to ! s\?4 ,brita9 appe>s to h receiv$ its p only f ! two =m]4 ,f ! ,celt 7 d]iv$ ! mo/ anci5t tribes ( ! ,britons1 ( :i* ! mo/ consid]able 7 call$ ,brigantes4 ,! ,belg1 :o did n ev5 settle 9 ,gaul until aft] ,brita9 _h be5 peopl$ by colonies f ! =m]1 =cibly drove ! ,brigantes into ! inl& c\ntries1 & possess$ ! greate/ "p ( ! coa/1 especially to ! s\? & we/4 ,^! latt]1 z !y ent]$ ! isl& 9 a m improv$ age1 br\ght ) !m ! k & practice ( agriculture1 :i*1 h[ev]1 only prevail$ 9 _! own c\ntries4 ,! ,brigantes /ill cont9u$ _! anci5t way ( life by pa/urage & hunt+4 ,9 ?is respect alone !y diff]$3 s t :at we %all say1 9 treat+ ( _! mann]s1 is equally applicable to bo?4 ,& ?\gh ! ,britons 7 fur!r divid$ into an innum]able multitude ( less] tribes & nations1 yet all be+ ! bran*es ( ^! two /ocks1 x is n to our purpose to consid] !m m m9utely4 ,brita9 0 9 ! "t ( ,julius ,cs> :at x is at ?is day1 9 climate & natural advantages1 temp]ate & reasonably f]tile4 ,b de/itute ( all ^? improvem5ts :i* 9 a succession ( ages x has receiv$ f +5uity1 f comm]ce1 f ri*es & luxury1 x !n wore a v r\gh & savage appe>ance4 ,! c\ntry1 =e/ or m>%2 ! habitations1 cottages2 ! cities1 hid+-places 9 woods2 ! p nak$1 or only cov]$ ) sk9s2 _! sole employm5t1 pa/urage & hunt+4 ,!y pa9t$ _! bodies = ornam5t or t]ror1 by a cu/om g5]al among/ all savage nations1 :o1 be+ passionately fond ( %[ & f9]y1 & hav+ no object b _! nak$ bodies on :i* to ex]cise ?is disposition1 h 9 all times pa9t$ or cut _! sk9s1 accord+ to _! ideas ( ornam5t4 ,!y %av$ ! be>d on ! *92 t on ! upp] lip 0 suff]$ to rema91 & gr[ to an extraord9>y l5g?1 to favor ! m>tial appe>ance1 9 :i* !y plac$ _! glory4 ,!y 7 9 _! natural temp] n unlike ! ,gauls1 impati5t1 fi]y1 incon/ant1 o/5tati\s1 boa/ful1 fond ( novelty1--& l all b>b>ians1 fi]ce1 trea*]\s1 & cruel4 ,_! arms 7 %ort javel9s1 small %ields ( a slight texture1 & great cutt+ swords ) a blunt po9t1 aft] ! ,gauli% fa%ion4 ,_! *iefs w5t to battle 9 *>iots1 n un>tfully contriv$ nor unskilfully manag$4 ,i _c help ?9k+ x some?+ extraord9>y1 & n easily to be acc\nt$ =1 t ! ,britons %\ld h be5 s exp]t 9 ! fabric ( ^? *>iots1 :5 !y seem utt]ly ignorant 9 all o!r me*anic arts3 b ?us x is deliv]$ to u4 ,!y _h also horse1 ?\gh ( no great reputation1 9 _! armies4 ,_! foot 0 )\t heavy armor2 x 0 no firm body1 nor in/ruct$ to pres]ve _! ranks1 to make _! evolutions1 or to obey _! comm&]s2 b 9 tol]at+ h>d%ips1 9 dext]ity ( =m+ ambuscades1 7! art milit>y ( savages17 !y are said to h excell$4 ,a natural f]ocity & an impetu\s onset /ood !m 9 ! place ( discipl9e4 ,x is v difficult1 at ?is di/ance ( "t1 & ) s little in=mation1 to disc]n cle>ly :at sort ( civil gov]nm5t prevail$ among ! anci5t ,britons4 ,9 all v uncultivat$ c\ntries1 z society is n close nor intricate1 nor prop]ty v valuable1 lib]ty subsi/s ) few re/ra9ts4 ,! natural equality ( mank9d appe>s & is ass]t$1 & !re=e !re are b obscure l9es ( any =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 e society ( ?is sort ! natural connections are ! same z 9 o!rs1 ?\gh ! political ties are weak4 ,among su* b>b>ians1 !re=e1 ?\gh !re is little au?ority 9 ! magi/rate1 !re is (t5 great p[] lodg$1 or r left1 9 ! fa!r3 =1 z among ! ,gauls1 s among ! ,britons1 he _h ! p[] ( life & dea? 9 8 own family1 ov] 8 *ildr5 & 8 s]vants4 ,b among freem5 & heads ( families1 causes ( all sorts seem to h be5 decid$ by ! ,druids3 !y summon$ & dissolv$ all ! public assemblies2 !y alone _h ! p[] ( capital puni%m5ts1 & inde$ seem to h _h ! sole execution & int]pretation ( :atev] laws subsi/$ among ?is p4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,celtic nations did n greatly diff] f o!rs1 except t we view !m 9 an e>li] /age ( society4 ,ju/ice 0 9 all c\ntries orig9ally adm9i/]$ by ! prie/hood3 nor1 inde$1 c\ld laws 9 _! fir/ feeble /ate h ei!r au?ority or sanction1 s z to compel m5 to rel9qui% _! natural indep5d5ce1 _h !y n appe>$ to come d[n to !m en=c$ by be+s ( m ?an human p[]4 ,! fir/ op5+s ( civility h be5 ev]y:]e made by religion4 ,among/ ! ,romans1 ! cu/ody & int]pretation ( ! laws cont9u$ solely 9 ! college ( ! pontiffs = above a c5tury4#g ,! "t 9 :i* ! ,druid prie/hood 0 in/itut$ is unkn[n4 ,x probably rose1 l o!r in/itutions ( t k9d1 f l[ & obscure beg9n+s1 & acquir$ f "t1 & ! labors ( able m51 a =m by :i* x ext5d$ itself s f>1 & atta9$ at l5g? s mighty an influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( a fi]ce & o!rwise ungov]nable p4 ,( ! place :]e x arose !re is some:at less d\bt3 ,cs> m5tions x z ! common op9ion t ?is in/itution began 9 ,brita91 t !re x always rema9$ 9 ! highe/ p]fection1 & t f !nce x diffus$ itself into ,gaul4 ,i own ,i f9d x n easy to assign any tol]able cause :y an ord] ( s mu* au?ority & a discipl9e s exact %\ld h pass$ f ! m b>b>\s p to ! m civiliz$1 f ! y\ng] to ! old]1 f ! colony to ! "m c\ntry3 b x is n wond]ful t ! e>ly ext9ction ( ?is ord]1 & t g5]al contempt 9 :i* ! ,romans held all ! b>b>\s nations1 %\ld h left ^! matt]s obscure & full ( difficulty4 ,! ,druids 7 kept entirely di/9ct f ! body ( ! p2 & !y 7 exempt$ f all ! inf]ior & burd5some (fices ( society1 t !y might be at leisure to att5d ! important duties ( _! own *>ge4 ,!y 7 *os5 out ( ! be/ families1 & f ! "y m5 ( ! mo/ promis+ tal5ts3 a regulation :i* plac$ & pres]v$ !m 9 a respectable light ) ! _w4 ,none 7 admitt$ into ?is ord] b aft] a long & labori\s novitiate1 :i* made ! "* v5]able 9 _! own eyes by ! "t & difficulty ( atta9+ x4 ,!y 7 mu* devot$ to solitude1 & !reby acquir$ t ab/ract$ & ?\ghtful air :i* is s impos+ ^u ! vulg>2 & :5 !y appe>$ 9 public1 x 0 seldom1 & only on "s great occasion1--9 ! sacrifices ( ! gods1 or on ! seat ( judgm5t4 ,!y prescrib$ m$ic9e2 !y =m$ ! y\?2 !y paid ! la/ honors to ! dead2 !y =etold ev5ts2 !y ex]cis$ !mselves 9 magic4 ,!y 7 at once ! prie/s1 lawgiv]s1 & physicians ( _! nation1 & consequ5tly conc5tr$ 9 !mselves all t respect t m5 h diffusively = ^? :o heal _! diseases1 protect _! prop]ty1 or reconcile !m to ! ,div9ity4 ,:at contribut$ n a little to ! /ability & p[] ( ?is ord] 0 ! ext5t ( its f\ndation1 & ! regul>ity & proportion ( its /ructure4 ,x took 9 bo? sexes2 & ! female ,druids 7 9 no less e/eem = _! k & sanctity ?an ! males4 ,x 0 divid$ into sev]al subord9ate ranks & classes2 & !y all dep5d$ ^u a *ief or ,ar*-,druid1 :o 0 elect$ to 8 place ) great au?ority & preem95ce = life4 ,!y 7 fur!r arm$ ) a p[] ( int]dict+ f _! sacrifices1 or excommunicat+1 any obnoxi\s p]sons4 ,?is int]diction1 s simil> to t us$ by ! anci5t ,a!nians1 & to t s9ce practis$ among ,*ri/ians1 0 foll[$ by an exclusion f all ! b5efits ( civil community2 & x 0 accord+ly ! mo/ dread$ ( all puni%m5ts4 ,?is ample au?ority 0 9 g5]al usefully ex]t$2 by ! int]position ( ! ,druids diff]5ces 7 compos$1 & w>s end$2 & ! m9ds ( ! fi]ce ,nor!rn p1 be+ reconcil$ to ea* o!r "u ! influ5ce ( religion1 unit$ ) signal effect aga9/ _! common enemies4 ,!re 0 a class ( ! ,druids :om !y call$ ,b>ds1 :o deliv]$ 9 songs 7_! only hi/ory7 ! exploits ( _! h]oes1 & :o compos$ ^? v]ses :i* conta9$ ! secrets ( ,druidical discipl9e1 _! pr9ciples ( natural & moral philosophy1 _! a/ronomy1 & ! my/ical rites ( _! religion4 ,^! v]ses 9 all probability bore a ne> resemblance to ! ,gold5 ,v]ses ( ,py?agoras1--to ^? ( ,phocylides1 ,orpheus1 & o!r remnants ( ! mo/ anci5t ,greek poets4 ,! ,druids1 ev5 9 ,gaul1 :]e !y 7 n altoge!r ignorant ( ! use ( lett]s1 9 ord] to pres]ve _! k 9 great] respect1 committ$ none ( _! precepts to writ+4 ,! pr(ici5cy ( _! pupils 0 e/imat$ pr9cipally by ! numb] ( te*nical v]ses :i* !y reta9$ 9 _! memory3 a circum/ance t %[s ?is discipl9e r calculat$ to pres]ve ) accuracy a few pla9 maxims ( tradition>y sci5ce ?an to improve & ext5d x4 ,& ?is is n ! sole circum/ance :i* leads u to believe t among !m le>n+ _h advanc$ no fur!r ?an its infancy4 ,! s*ol>s ( ! ,druids1 l ^? ( ,py?agoras1 7 c>efully enjo9$ a long & religi\s sil5ce3 =1 if b>b>ians come to acquire any k1 x is r by in/ruction ?an1 exam9ation2 !y mu/ !re=e be sil5t4 ,py?agoras1 9 ! rude times ( ,greece1 requir$ sil5ce 9 8 disciples2 b ,socrates1 9 ! m]idian ( ! ,a!nian ref9em5t1 spoke less ?an 8 s*ol>s3 ev]y?+ 0 disput$ 9 ! ,academy4 ,! ,druids are said to be v exp]t 9 a/ronomy1 9 geography1 & 9 all p>ts ( ma!matical k2 & au?ors speak 9 a v exagg]at$ /ra9 ( _! excell5ce 9 ^!1 & 9 _m o!r sci5ces4 ,"s elem5tal k ,i suppose !y _h2 b ,i c sc>cely be p]suad$ t _! le>n+ 0 ei!r deep or ext5sive4 ,9 all c\ntries :]e ,druidism 0 pr(ess$1 ! y\?1 7 g5]ally in/ruct$ by t ord]2 & yet 0 !re little ei!r 9 ! mann]s ( ! p1 9 _! way ( life1 or _! works ( art1 t demon/rates pr(\nd sci5ce or p>ticul>ly ma!matical skill4 ,brita91 :]e _! discipl9e 0 9 its highe/ p]fection1 & :i* 0 !re=e resort$ to by ! p ( ,gaul z an oracle 9 ,druidical que/ions1 0 m b>b>\s 9 all o!r respects ?an ,gaul itself1 or ?an any o!r c\ntry !n kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,^? piles ( rude magnific5ce1 ,/oneh5ge & ,abury1 are 9 va9 produc$ 9 pro( ( _! ma!matical abilities4 ,^! va/ /ructures h no?+ :i* c be admir$1 b ! greatness ( ! "w2 & !y are n ! only in/ances ( ! great ?+s :i* ! m]e labor ( _m h&s unit$1 & p]sev]+ 9 _! purpose1 may accompli% ) v little help f me*anics4 ,?is may be ev9c$ by ! imm5se build+s & ! l[ /ate ( ! sci5ces among ! orig9al ,p]uvians4 ,! ,druids 7 em95t above all ! philosophic lawgiv]s ( antiquity = _! c>e 9 impress+ ! doctr9e ( ! s\l's immortality on ! m9ds ( _! p1 z an op]ative & lead+ pr9ciple4 ,?is doctr9e 0 inculcat$ on ! s*eme ( ,transmigration1 :i* "s imag9e !m to h d]iv$ f ,py?agoras4 ,b x is by no means necess>y to resort to any p>ticul> tea*] = an op9ion :i* owes its bir? to ! weak /ruggles ( un5light5$ reason1 & to mi/akes natural to ! human m9d4 ,! idea ( ! s\l's immortality is inde$ anci5t1 univ]sal1 & 9 a mann] inh]5t 9 our nature2 b x is n easy = a rude p to conceive any o!r mode ( exi/5ce ?an "o simil> to :at !y _h exp]i5c$ 9 life1 nor any o!r _w z ! sc5e ( su* an exi/5ce b ?is we inhabit1 beyond ! b\nds ( :i* ! m9d ext5ds itself ) great difficulty4 ,admiration1 inde$1 0 able to exalt to heav5 a few select$ h]oes3 x did n seem absurd t ^? :o 9 _! mortal /ate _h di/+ui%$ !mselves z sup]ior & ov]rul+ spirits %\ld aft] dea? asc5d to t sph]e :i* influ5ces & gov]ns ev]y?+ bel[1 or t ! prop] abode ( be+s at once s illu/ri\s & p]man5t %\ld be 9 t "p ( ,nature 9 :i* !y _h always obs]v$ ! greate/ spl5dor & ! lea/ mutation4 ,b on ord9>y occasions x 0 natural "s %\ld imag9e t ! dead retir$ into a remote c\ntry1 sep>at$ f ! liv+ by seas or m\nta9s4 ,x 0 natural t "s %\ld foll[ _! imag9ation ) a simplicity /ill pur]1 & pursue ! s\ls ( m5 no fur!r ?an ! sepul*res 9 :i* _! bodies _h be5 deposit$2#h :il/ o!rs ( deep] p5etration1 obs]v+ t bodies worn out by age or de/roy$ by accid5t /ill af=d$ ! mat]ials = g5]at+ new ones1 conclud$ likewise t a s\l be+ dislodg$ did n :olly p]i%1 b 0 de/9$1 by a simil> revolution 9 ,nature1 to act aga91 & to animate "s o!r body4 ,?is la/ pr9ciple gave rise to ! doctr9e ( ,transmigration3 b we mu/ n presume ( c\rse1 t1 :]e x prevail$1 x necess>ily exclud$ ! o!r op9ions2 = x is n remote f ! usual proc$ure ( ! human m9d1 bl5d+ 9 obscure matt]s imag9ation & reason+ toge!r1 to unite ideas ! mo/ inconsi/5t4 ,:5 ,hom] repres5ts ! gho/s ( 8 h]oes appe>+ at ! sacrifices ( ,ulysses1 he supposes !m endu$ ) life1 s5sation1 & a capacity ( mov+2 b he has jo9$ to ^! p[]s ( liv+ exi/5ce uncomel9ess1 want ( /r5g?1 want ( di/9ction1 ! *>act]i/ics ( a dead c>cass4 ,?is is :at ! m9d is apt to d3 x is v apt to conf\nd ! ideas ( ! surviv+ s\l & ! dead body4 ,! vulg> h always & /ill d conf\nd ^! v irreconcilable ideas4 ,!y lay ! sc5e ( app>itions 9 *ur*y>ds2 !y habit ! gho/ 9 a %r\d2 & x appe>s 9 all ! gha/ly pal5ess ( a corpse4 ,a contradiction ( ?is k9d has giv5 rise to a d\bt :e!r ! ,druids did 9 reality hold ! doctr9e ( ,transmigration4 ,!re is positive te/imony t !y did hold x2 !re is also te/imony z positive t !y buri$ or burn$ ) ! dead ut5sils1 arms1 slaves1 & :atev] might be judg$ useful to !m1 z if !y 7 to be remov$ into a sep>ate /ate4 ,!y might h held bo? ^! op9ions2 & we ought n to be surpris$ to f9d error inconsi/5t4 ,! objects ( ! ,druid wor%ip 7 _m4 ,9 ?is respect !y did n diff] f o!r hea!ns3 b x mu/ be own$ t 9 g5]al _! ideas ( div9e matt]s 7 m exalt$ ?an ^? ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & t !y did n fall into an idolatry s co>se & vulg>4 ,t _! gods %\ld be repres5t$ "u a human =m !y ?\ght d]ogatory to be+s uncreat$ & imp]i%able4 ,to conf9e :at c endure no limits )9 walls & ro(s !y judg$ absurd & impi\s4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s !re 0 some?+ ref9$ & suitable en\gh to a j idea ( ! ,div9ity4 ,b ! re/ 0 n equal4 ,"s notions !y _h1 l ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 ( a ,be+ et]nal & inf9ite2 b !y also1 l ! greate/ "p ( mank9d1 paid _! wor%ip to inf]ior objects1 f ! nature ( ignorance & sup]/ition always t5d+ d[nw>ds4 ,! fir/ & *ief objects ( _! wor%ip 7 ! elem5ts1--& ( ! elem5ts1 fire1 z ! mo/ pure1 active1 p5etrat+1 & :at gives life & en]gy to all ! re/4 ,among fires1 ! pref]5ce 0 giv5 to ! sun1 z ! mo/ glori\s visible be+1 & ! f\nta9 ( all life4 ,next !y v5]at$ ! moon & ! planets4 ,aft] fire1 wat] 0 held 9 rev]5ce4 ,?is1 :5 pure1 & ritually prep>$1 0 suppos$ to wa% away all s9s1 & to qualify ! prie/ to approa* ! alt> ( ! gods ) m acceptable pray]s3 wa%+ ) wat] be+ a type natural en\gh ( inw>d cleans+ & purity ( m9d4 ,!y also wor%ipp$ f\nta9s & lakes & riv]s4 ,oaks 7 reg>d$ by ?is sect ) a p>ticul> v5]ation1 z1 by _! greatness1 _! %ade1 _! /ability1 & duration1 n ill repres5t+ ! p]fections ( ! ,deity4 ,f ! great rev]5ce 9 :i* !y held ?is tree1 x is ?\ght _! "n ( ,druids is d]iv$3 ! ^w ,d]u1 9 ! ,celtic language1 signify+ an oak4 ,b _! rev]5ce 0 n :olly conf9$ to ?is tree4 ,all =e/s 7 held sacr$2 & _m p>ticul> plants 7 respect$1 z endu$ ) a p>ticul> hol9ess4 ,no plant 0 m rev]$ ?an ! mi/letoe1 especially if x grew on ! oak1--n only because x is r>ely f\nd ^u t tree1 b because ! oak 0 among ! ,druids peculi>ly sacr$4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> !y se>*$ = ?is plant1 & :5 x 0 f\nd great rejoic+ ensu$2 x 0 approa*$ )1 rev]5ce2 x 0 cut ) a gold5 hook2 x 0 n suff]$ to fall to ! gr\nd1 b receiv$ ) great c>e & solemnity ^u a :ite g>m5t4 ,9 anci5t times1 & 9 all c\ntries1 ! pr(ession ( physic 0 annex$ to ! prie/hood4 ,m5 imag9$ t all _! diseases 7 inflict$ by ! imm$iate displeasure ( ! ,deity1 & !re=e conclud$ t ! rem$y w\ld mo/ probably proce$ f ^? :o 7 p>ticul>ly employ$ 9 8 s]vice4 ,:atev]1 = ! same reason1 0 f\nd ( efficacy to av]t or cure di/emp]s 0 consid]$ z p>tak+ some:at ( ! ,div9ity4 ,m$ic9e 0 always jo9$ ) magic3 no rem$y 0 adm9i/]$ )\t my/]i\s c]emony & incantation4 ,! use ( plants & h]bs1 bo? 9 m$ic9al & magical practices1 0 e>ly & g5]al4 ,! mi/letoe1 po9t$ out by its v peculi> appe>ance & mann] ( gr[?1 mu/ h /ruck p[]fully on ! imag9ations ( a sup]/iti\s p4 ,its virtues may h be5 soon discov]$4 ,x has be5 fully prov$1 aga9/ ! op9ion ( ,celsus1 t int]nal rem$ies 7 ( v e>ly use4#i ,yet if x _h n1 ! practice ( ! pres5t savage nations supports ! probability ( t op9ion4 ,by "s mod]n au?ors ! mi/letoe is said to be ( signal s]vice 9 ! cure ( c]ta9 convulsive di/emp]s1 :i*1 by _! sudd5ness1 _! viol5ce1 & _! unacc\ntable symptoms1 h be5 ev] consid]$ z sup]natural4 ,! epilepsy 0 by ! ,romans = t reason call$ morbus sac]2 & all o!r nations h reg>d$ x 9 ! same light4 ,! ,druids also look$ ^u v]va91 & "s o!r plants1 z holy1 & probably = a simil> reason4 ,! o!r objects ( ! ,druid wor%ip 7 *iefly s]p5ts1 9 ! animal _w1 & rude heaps ( /one1 or great pill>s )\t poli% or sculpture1 9 ! inanimate4 ,! s]p5t1 by 8 dang]\s qualities1 is n ill adapt$ to inspire t]ror1--by 8 annual r5ewals1 to raise admiration1--by 8 make1 easily susceptible ( _m figures1 to s]ve = a v>iety ( symbols1--& by all1 to be an object ( religi\s obs]vance3 accord+ly1 no object ( idolatry has be5 m univ]sal4#aj ,& ?is is s natural1 t s]p5t-v5]ation seems to be ris+ aga91 ev5 9 ! bosom ( ,mahometanism4#aa ,! great /ones1 x has be5 suppos$1 7 orig9ally monum5ts ( illu/ri\s m51 or ! memorials ( consid]able actions1--or !y 7 l&m>ks = decid+ ! b\nds ( fix$ prop]ty4 ,9 "t ! memory ( ! p]sons or facts :i* ^! /ones 7 erect$ to p]petuate wore away2 b ! rev]5ce :i* cu/om1 & probably c]ta9 p]iodical c]emonies1 _h pres]v$ = ^? places 0 n s soon oblit]at$4 ,! monum5ts !mselves !n came to be v5]at$1--& n ! less because ! reason = v5]at+ !m 0 no long] kn[n4 ,! l&m>k 0 9 ^? times held sacr$ on acc\nt ( its great uses1 & easily pass$ into an object ( wor%ip4 ,h5ce ! god ,t]m9us among/ ! ,romans4 ,?is religi\s obs]vance t[>ds rude /ones is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t & univ]sal ( all cu/oms4 ,traces ( x are to be f\nd 9 almo/ all1 & especially 9 ^! ,nor!rn nations2 & to ?is day1 9 ,lapl&1 :]e hea!nism is n yet entirely extirpat$1 _! *ief div9ity1 :i* !y call ,/orjunk>e1 is no?+ m ?an a rude /one4#ab ,"s writ]s among ! mod]ns1 because ! ,druids ord9>ily made no use ( images 9 _! wor%ip1 h giv5 into an op9ion t _! religion 0 f\nd$ on ! unity ( ! ,godhead4 ,b ?is is no j consequ5ce4 ,! spirituality ( ! idea1 admitt+ _! idea to h be5 spiritual1 does n inf] ! unity ( ! object4 ,all ! anci5t au?ors :o speak ( ?is ord] agree1 t1 besides ^? great & m di/+ui%+ objects ( _! wor%ip already m5tion$ !y _h gods answ]able to ^? ador$ by ! ,romans4 ,& we "k t ! ,nor!rn nations1 :o ov]ran ! ,roman ,empire1 _h 9 fact a great plurality ( gods1 ^: attributes1 ?\gh n _! names1 bore a close analogy to ! idols ( ! ,s\!rn _w4 ,! ,druids p]=m$ ! highe/ act ( religion by sacrifice1 agreeably to ! cu/om ( all o!r nations4 ,!y n only (f]$ up bea/s1 b ev5 human victims3 a b>b>ity almo/ univ]sal 9 ! hea!n _w1 b ex]cis$ m uni=mly1 & ) circum/ances ( peculi> cruelty1 among/ ^? nations :]e ! religion ( ! ,druids prevail$4 ,!y held t ! life ( a man 0 ! only atonem5t = ! life ( a man4 ,!y frequ5tly inclos$ a numb] ( wret*es1 "s captives1 "s crim9als1 &1 :5 ^! 7 want+1 ev5 innoc5t victims1 9 a gigantic /atue ( wick]-"w1 to :i* !y set fire1 & invok$ _! deities amid/ ! horrid cries & %rieks ( ! suff]]s1 & ! %\ts ( ^? :o assi/$ at ?is trem5d\s rite4 ,!re 7 none among ! anci5ts m em95t = all ! arts ( div9ation ?an ! ,druids4 ,_m ( ! sup]/iti\s practices 9 use to ?is day among ! c\ntry p = discov]+ _! future =tune seem to be rema9s ( ,druidism4 ,futurity is ! great conc]n ( mank9d4 ,:il/ ! wise & le>n$ look back ^u exp]i5ce & hi/ory1 & reason f ?+s pa/ ab\t ev5ts to come1 x is natural = ! rude & ignorant1 :o h ! same desires )\t ! same reasonable means ( satisfaction1 to inquire into ! secrets ( futurity1 & to gov]n _! conduct by om5s1 dreams1 & prodigies4 ,! ,druids1 z well z ! ,etruscan & ,roman prie/hood1 att5d$ ) dilig5ce ! flight ( birds1 ! peck+ ( *ick5s1 & ! entrails ( _! animal sacrifices4 ,x 0 obvi\s t no contemptible progno/ics ( ! wea!r 7 to be tak5 f c]ta9 motions & appe>ances 9 birds & bea/s4#ac ,a p :o liv$ mo/ly 9 ! op5 air mu/ h be5 well skill$ 9 ^! obs]vations4 ,& z *anges 9 ! wea!r influ5c$ mu* ! =tune ( _! hunt+s or _! h>ve/s1 :i* 7 all _! =tunes1 x 0 easy to apply ! same progno/ics to e ev5t by a transition v natural & common2 & ?us probably arose ! sci5ce ( auspices1 :i* =m]ly guid$ ! delib]ations ( c\ncils & ! motions ( armies1 ?\gh n[ !y only s]ve1 & sc>cely s]ve1 to amuse ! vulg>4 ,! ,druid temple is repres5t$ to h be5 no?+ m ?an a consecrat$ wood4 ,! anci5ts speak ( no o!r4 ,b monum5ts rema9 :i* %[ t ! ,druids 7 n 9 ?is respect :olly conf9$ to groves4 ,!y _h also a species ( build+ :i* 9 all probability 0 de/9$ to religi\s use4 ,?is sort ( /ructure 01 inde$1 )\t walls or ro(4 ,x 0 a colonnade1 g5]ally circul>1 ( huge1 rude /ones1 sometimes s+le1 sometimes d\ble1 sometimes )1 (t5 )\t1 an ar*itrave4 ,^! op5 temples 7 n 9 all respects peculi> to ! ,nor!rn nations4 ,^? ( ! ,greeks1 :i* 7 d$icat$ to ! cele/ial gods1 ought 9 /rictness to h _h no ro(1 & 7 !nce call$ hyp?ra4#ad ,_m ( ^! monum5ts rema9 9 ! ,briti% isl&s1 curi\s = _! antiquity1 or a/oni%+ = ! greatness ( ! "w3 enorm\s masses ( rock1 s pois$ z to be set 9 motion ) ! slighte/ t\*1 yet n to be pu%$ f _! place by a v great p[]2 va/ alt>s1 peculi> & my/ical 9 _! /ructure1 ?rones1 bas9s1 heaps or cairns2 & a v>iety ( o!r works1 display+ a wild indu/ry1 & a /range mixture ( +5uity & rud5ess4 ,b !y are all wor?y ( att5tion1--n only z su* monum5ts (t5 cle> up ! d>kness & supply ! defects ( hi/ory1 b z !y lay op5 a noble field ( speculation = ^? :o /udy ! *anges :i* h happ5$ 9 ! mann]s1 op9ions1 & sci5ces ( m51 & :o ?9k !m z wor?y ( reg>d z ! =tune ( w>s & ! revolutions ( k+doms4 ,! %ort acc\nt :i* ,i h "h giv5 does n conta9 ! :ole ( :at is h&$ d[n to u by anci5t writ]s1 or discov]$ by mod]n rese>*1 conc]n+ ?is rem>kable ord]4 ,b ,i h select$ ^? :i* appe> to me ! mo/ /rik+ features1 & su* z ?r[ ! /ronge/ light on ! g5ius & true "* ( ! ,druidical in/itution4 ,9 "s respects x 0 und\bt$ly v s+ul>2 x /ood out m f ! body ( ! p ?an ! prie/hood ( o!r nations2 & _! k & policy appe>$ ! m /rik+ by be+ contra/$ ) ! great simplicity & rud5ess ( ! p ov] :om !y presid$4 ,b1 not)/&+ "s peculi> appe>ances & practices1 x is impossible n to p]ceive a great con=mity betwe5 ?is & ! anci5t ord]s :i* h be5 e/abli%$ = ! purposes ( religion 9 almo/ all c\ntries4 ,=1 to say no?+ ( ! resemblance :i* _m h trac$ betwe5 ?is & ! ,jewi% prie/hood1 ! ,p]sian ,magi1 & ! ,indian ,brahmans1 x did n s greatly diff] f ! ,roman prie/hood1 ei!r 9 ! orig9al objects or 9 ! g5]al mode ( wor%ip1 or 9 ! con/itution ( _! hi]>*y4 ,9 ! orig9al in/itution nei!r ( ^! nations _h ! use ( images2 ! rules ( ! ,salian z well z ,druid discipl9e 7 deliv]$ 9 v]se2 bo? ord]s 7 "u an elective head2 & bo? 7 = a long "t ! lawy]s ( _! c\ntry4 ,s t1 :5 ! ord] ( ,druids 0 suppress$ by ! ,emp]ors1 x 0 r f a dread ( an influ5ce incompatible ) ! ,roman gov]nm5t ?an f any dislike ( _! religi\s op9ions4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,dige/4 ,lib4 ,i4 ,tit4 ii4 ,de ,orig9e et ,progressu ,juris1 #f4 #h ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,que/4 ,lib4 ,i #i ,see ?is po9t 9 ! ,div9e ,legation ( ,moses4 #aj ' --,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9 ,/ill+fleet's ,orig9es ,sacr4 #aa ,nord5's ,travels4 #ab ,s*eff]'s ,lapl&1 p4 #ib1 ! translation4 #ac ,cic4 de ,div9atione1 ,lib4 ,i4 #ad ,decor4444 p]ficitur /atione14444 cum ,jovi ,fulguri1 et ,clo1 et ,soli1 et ,lun dificia sub divo hyp?raque con/itu5tur4 ,horum enim deorum et species et effectus 9 ap]to mundo atque luc5ti prs5tes videmus4--,vitruv4 de ,ar*itect4 p4 #f4 de ,laet4 ,antw]p4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,r$uction ,,( ,,brita9 ,,by ,,! ,,romans4 ,! dea? ( ,cs>1 & ! civil w>s :i* ensu$1 af=d$ =eign nations "s respite f ! ,roman ambition4 ,augu/us1 hav+ re/or$ peace to mank9d1 seems to h made x a settl$ maxim ( 8 reign n to ext5d ! ,empire4 ,he f\nd himself at ! head ( a new mon>*y2 & he 0 m solicit\s to confirm x by ! in/itutions ( s\nd policy ?an to ext5d ! b\nds ( its dom9ion4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is plan ,brita9 0 neglect$4 ,tib]ius came a regul> successor to an e/abli%$ gov]nm5t4 ,b 8 politics 7 dictat$ r by 8 "* ?an 8 situation4 ,he 0 a lawful pr9ce1 & he act$ on ! maxims ( an usurp]4 ,hav+ made x a rule nev] to remove f> f ! capital1 & jeal\s ( e reputation :i* seem$ too great = ! measure ( a subject1 he nei!r und]took any ent]prise ( mom5t 9 8 own p]son nor c>$ to commit ! conduct ( x to ano!r4 ,!re 0 little 9 a ,briti% triumph t c\ld affect a temp] l t ( ,tib]ius4 ,8 successor1 ,caligula1 0 n influ5c$ by ?is1 nor inde$ by any regul> sy/em2 =1 hav+ und]tak5 an exp$ition to ,brita9 )\t any det]m9ate view1 he ab&on$ x on ! po9t ( execution )\t reason4 ,& add+ ridicule to 8 disgrace1 8 soldi]s return$ to ,rome load$ ) %ells4 ,^! spoils he display$ z ! ornam5ts ( a triumph :i* he celebrat$ ov] ! ,ocean1--if 9 all ^! p>ticul>s we may tru/ to ! hi/orians ( t "t1 :o relate ?+s almo/ incr$ible ( ! folly ( _! ma/]s & ! pati5ce ( ! ,roman p4 ,b ! ,roman p1 h[ev] deg5]ate1 /ill reta9$ mu* ( _! m>tial _s2 & z ! ,emp]ors held _! p[] almo/ entirely by ! affection ( ! soldi]y1 !y f\nd !mselves (t5 oblig$ to su* ent]prises z might prove !m no improp] heads ( a milit>y con/itution4 ,an exp$ition to ,brita9 0 well adapt$ to answ] all ! purposes ( ?is o/5tati\s policy4 ,! c\ntry 0 remote & little kn[n1 s t e exploit !re1 z if a*iev$ 9 ano!r _w1 appe>$ at ,rome ) d\ble pomp & lu/re2 :il/ ! sea1 :i* divid$ ,brita9 f ! cont95t1 prev5t$ a failure 9 t isl& f be+ foll[$ by any consequ5ces al>m+ to ! body ( ! ,empire4 ,a pretext 0 n want+ to ?is w>4 ,! m>itime ,britons1 :ile ! t]ror ( ! ,roman arms rema9$ fre%1 ^u _! m9ds1 cont9u$ regul>ly to pay ! tribute impos$ by ,cs>4 ,b ! g5]ation :i* exp]i5c$ t w> hav+ pass$ away1 t :i* succe$$ felt ! burd51 b knew f rumor only ! sup]iority :i* _h impos$ x2 & be+ v ignorant1 z ( all ?+s else1 s ( ! true ext5t ( ! ,roman p[]1 !y 7 n afraid to provoke x by discont9u+ ! paym5t ( ! tribute4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #dc ,?is gave occasion to ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 n9ety-sev5 ye>s aft] ! fir/ exp$ition ( ,cs>1 to invade ,brita9 9 p]son1 & ) a great army4 ,b he1 hav+ r survey$ ?an conduct$ ! w>1 left 9 a %ort "t ! managem5t ( x to 8 legate1 ,plautius1 :o subdu$ )\t mu* difficulty ^? c\ntries :i* lay to ! s\?w>d ( ! ,?ames1 ! be/ cultivat$ & mo/ accessible p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,b ! inhabitants ( ! r\gh inl& c\ntries1 ! p call$ ,cattivellauni1 made a m /r5u\s opposition4 ,!y 7 "u ! comm& ( ,c>actacus1 a *ief ( great & j r5[n among/ all ! ,briti% nations4 ,?is lead] wisely adju/$ 8 conduct ( ! w> to ! circum/ances ( 8 savage subjects & 8 rude c\ntry4 ,plautius obta9$ no decisive advantages ov] him4 ,he oppos$ ,o/orius ,scapula1 :o succe$$ t g5]al1 ) ! same brav]y1 b ) unequal success2 = he 01 aft] v>i\s turns ( =tune1 oblig$ to ab&on 8 dom9ions1 :i* ,o/orius at l5g? subdu$ & dis>m$4 ,?is bulw>k ( ! ,briti% fre$om be+ ov]turn$1 ,o/orius 0 n afraid to enl>ge 8 plan4 ,n cont5t ) dis>m+ ! enemies ( ,rome1 he proce$$ to ! same extremities ) ^? nations :o _h be5 always quiet1 & :o1 "u ! "n ( an alliance1 lay rip5+ = subjection4 ,?is fi]ce p1 :o look$ ^u _! arms z _! only valuable possessions1 refus$ to submit to t]ms z sev]e z ! mo/ absolute conque/ c\ld impose4 ,!y unanim\sly ent]$ into a league aga9/ ! ,romans4 ,b _! conf$]acy 0 ei!r n suffici5tly /rong or =tunate to resi/ s able a comm&]1 & only af=d$ him an opportunity1 f a m compreh5sive victory1 to ext5d ! ,roman prov9ce a consid]able way to ! nor!rn & we/]n p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,! fronti]s ( ?is acquisition1 :i* ext5d$ along ! riv]s ,sev]n & ,n51 he secur$ by a *a9 ( =ts & /ations2 ! inl& p>ts he quiet$ by ! settlem5t ( colonies ( 8 vet]an troops at ,maldon & ,v]ulam3 & su* 0 ! beg9n+ ( ^? e/abli%m5ts :i* aft]w>ds became s num]\s 9 ,brita94 ,?is comm&] 0 ! fir/ :o trac$ 9 ?is isl& a plan ( settlem5t & civil policy to concur ) 8 milit>y op]ations4 ,=1 aft] he _h settl$ ^! colonies1 consid]+ ) :at difficulty any & especially an unciviliz$ p are broke into submission to a =eign gov]nm5t1 he impos$ x on "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,briti% nations 9 a m indirect mann]4 ,he plac$ !m "u k+s ( _! own race2 & :il/ he paid ?is complim5t to _! pride1 he secur$ _! ob$i5ce by ! int]e/$ fidelity ( a pr9ce :o knew1 t1 z he ow$ ! beg9n+1 s he dep5d$ = ! duration ( 8 au?ority :olly ^u _! favor4 ,su* 0 ! dignity & ext5t ( ! ,roman policy1 t !y c\ld numb] ev5 royalty itself among/ _! in/rum5ts ( s]vitude4 ,o/orius did n conf9e himself )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ^! riv]s4 ,he obs]v$ t ! ,silures1 inhabitants ( ,s\? ,wales1 "o ( ! mo/ m>tial tribes 9 ,brita91 7 yet unhurt & almo/ unt\*$ by ! w>4 ,he c\ld expect to make no progress to ! nor?w>d1 :il/ an enemy ( su* importance hung ^u 8 re>1--especially z !y 7 n[ comm&$ by ,c>actacus1 :o pres]v$ ! _s ( a pr9ce1 ?\gh he _h lo/ 8 dom9ions1 & fl$ f nation to nation1 :]ev] he c\ld f9d a bann] erect$ aga9/ ! ,romans4 ,8 "* obta9$ him reception & comm&4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ea ,?\gh ! ,silures1 ?us head$1 did ev]y?+ t became _! m>tial reputation1 bo? 9 ! *oice & def5ce ( _! po/s1 ! ,romans1 by _! discipl9e & ! weight & excell5ce ( _! arms1 prevail$ ov] ! nak$ brav]y ( ?is gallant p1 & defeat$ !m 9 a great battle4 ,c>actacus 0 soon aft] betray$ into _! h&s1 & convey$ to ,rome4 ,! m]it ( ! prison] 0 ! sole ornam5t ( a triumph celebrat$ ov] an indig5t p head$ by a gallant *ief4 ,! ,romans cr[d$ eag]ly to behold ! man :o1 ) inf]ior =ces1 & 9 an obscure corn] ( ! _w1 _h s _m ye>s /ood up aga9/ ! weight ( _! empire4 ,z ! arts ( adulation improv$ 9 proportion z ! real gr&eur ( ,rome decl9$1 ?is advantage 0 comp>$ to ! greate/ conque/s 9 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ times ( ! ,republic3 & s f> z reg>d$ ! p]sonal m]it ( ,c>actacus1 x c\ld n be too highly rat$4 ,be+ br\ght be=e ! emp]or1 he behav$ ) su* manly =titude1 & spoke ( 8 =m] actions & 8 pres5t condition ) s mu* pla9 s5se & unaffect$ dignity1 t he mov$ ! compassion ( ! emp]or1 :o remitt$ mu* ( t sev]ity :i* ! ,romans =m]ly ex]cis$ ^u _! captives4 ,rome 0 n[ a mon>*y1 & t fi]ce republican _s 0 abat$ :i* _h nei!r feel+ nor respect = ! "* ( un=tunate sov]eigns4 ,! ,silures 7 n r$uc$ by ! loss ( ,c>actacus1 & ! great defeat !y _h suff]$4 ,!y resi/$ e measure ( =ce or artifice t c\ld be employ$ aga9/ !m1 ) ! mo/ g5]\s ob/9acy3 a resolution 9 :i* !y 7 confirm$ by "s imprud5t words ( ! legate1 ?reat5+ to extirpate1 or1 :at appe>$ to !m sc>cely less dreadful1 to transplant _! nation4 ,_! natural brav]y ?us h>d5$ into despair1 & inhabit+ a c\ntry v difficult ( access1 !y pres5t$ an imp5etrable b>ri] to ! progress ( t comm&]2 insomu* t1 wa/$ ) cont9ual c>es1 & ) ! mortification to f9d ! end ( 8 affairs s little answ]able to ! spl5dor ( _! beg9n+1 ,o/orius di$ ( grief1 & left all ?+s 9 confusion4 ,! legates :o succe$$ to 8 *>ge did little m = ab\t sixty ye>s ?an secure ! fronti]s ( ! ,roman prov9ce4 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,n]o's reign ! comm& 9 ,brita9 0 devolv$ on ,suetonius ,paul9us1 a soldi] ( m]it & exp]i5ce1 :o1 :5 he came to view ! !atre ( 8 future op]ations1 & _h well consid]$ ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 disc]n$ evid5tly t ! w> mu/ ( necessity be protract$ to a great l5g?1 if he %\ld be oblig$ to p5etrate into e fa/ness to :i* ! enemy retir$1 & to combat _! fly+ p>ties "o by "o4 ,he !re=e resolv$ to make su* a bl[ at ! head z mu/ ( c\rse disable all ! inf]ior memb]s4 ,! isl& !n call$ ,mona1 n[ ,anglesey1 at t "t 0 ! pr9cipal resid5ce ( ! ,druids4 ,"h _! c\ncils 7 held1 & _! comm&s f h5ce 7 disp]s$ among all ! ,briti% nations4 ,paul9us propos$1 9 r$uc+ ?is _! favorite & sacr$ seat1 to de/roy1 or at lea/ greatly to weak51 ! body ( ! ,druids1 & !reby to ext+ui% ! great actuat+ pr9ciple ( all ! ,celtic p1 & t :i* 0 alone capable ( communicat+ ord] & en]gy to _! op]ations4 ,:il/ ! ,roman troops 7 pass+ t /rait :i* divides ?is isl& f ! cont95t ( ,brita91 !y halt$ on a sudd51--n *eck$ by ! resi/ance ( ! enemy1 b susp5d$ by a spectacle ( an unusual & altoge!r surpris+ nature4 ,on e side ( ! ,briti% army 7 se5 b&s ( ,druids 9 _! mo/ sacr$ habits surr\nd+ ! troops1 lift+ _! h&s to heav51 devot+ to dea? _! enemies1 & animat+ _! disciples to religi\s fr5zy by ! unc\? c]emonies ( a savage ritual1 & ! horrid my/]ies ( a sup]/ition famili> ) blood4 ,! female ,druids also mov$ ab\t 9 a tr\bl$ ord]1 _! hair di%evell$1 _! g>m5ts torn1 tor*es 9 _! h&s1 &1 ) an horror increas$ by ! p]v]t$ s(tness ( _! sex1 h[l$ out ! same curses & incantations ) great] clamor4#ae ,a/oni%$ at ?is sight1 ! ,romans = "s "t nei!r advanc$ nor return$ ! d>ts ( ! enemy4 ,b at l5g?1 r\s+ f _! trance1 & animat+ ea* o!r ) ! %ame ( yield+ to ! impot5ce ( female & fanatical fury1 !y f\nd ! resi/ance by no means proportion$ to ! horror & solemnity ( ! prep>ations4 ,^! ov]/ra9$ ef=ts _h1 z frequ5tly happ5s1 exhau/$ ! spirits ( ! m51 & /ifl$ t ardor !y 7 int5d$ to k9dle4 ,! ,britons 7 defeat$2 & ,paul9us1 pret5d+ to dete/ ! b>b>ity ( _! sup]/ition1 9 reality f ! cruelty ( 8 own nature1 & t he might cut (f ! occasion ( future di/urbances1 ex]cis$ ! mo/ unju/ifiable sev]ities on ?is un=tunate p4 ,he burn$ ! ,druids 9 _! own fires2 & t no retreat might be af=d$ to t ord]1 _! consecrat$ woods 7 ev]y:]e de/roy$4 ,:il/ he 0 occupi$ 9 ?is s]vice1 a g5]al rebellion broke out1 :i* 8 sev]ity to ! ,druids s]v$ r to inflame ?an allay4 ,f ! mann]s ( ! republic a cu/om _h be5 +raft$ into ! mon>*y ( ,rome altoge!r unsuitable to t mode ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,commonweal?1 ^? :o liv$ 9 a dep5d5t & cli5tal relation on ! great m5 us$ frequ5tly to %[ m>ks ( _! ackn[l$gm5t by consid]able beque/s at _! dea?4 ,b :5 all ! scatt]$ p[]s ( t /ate became unit$ 9 ! emp]or1 ^! legacies foll[$ ! g5]al curr5t1 & fl[$ 9 ^u ! common patron4 ,9 ! w ( e consid]able p]son he inh]it$ ) ! *ildr5 & relations1 & su* devises =m$ no inconsid]able "p ( 8 rev5ue3 a mon/r\s practice1 :i* let an absolute sov]eign into all ! private conc]ns ( 8 subjects1 & :i*1 by giv+ ! pr9ce a prospect ( "o day %>+ 9 all ! great e/ates1 :5ev] he 0 urg$ by av>ice or necessity1 naturally po9t$ out a res\rce by an anticipation always 9 8 p[]4 ,?is practice ext5d$ into ! prov9ces4 ,a k+ ( ! ,ic5i#af _h devis$ a consid]able "p ( 8 sub/ance to ! emp]or4 ,b ! ,roman procurator1 n satisfi$ ) ent]+ into 8 ma/]'s portion1 seiz$ ^u ! re/1--& pursu+ 8 inju/ice to ! mo/ horrible outrages1 publicly sc\rg$ ,boadicea1 que5 to ! deceas$ pr9ce1 & violat$ 8 daught]s4 ,^! cruelties1 aggravat$ by ! %ame & scorn t att5d$ !m1--! g5]al sev]ity ( ! gov]nm5t1--! taxes1 7new to a b>b>\s p17 laid on )\t discretion1 extort$ )\t m]cy1 &1 ev5 :5 respit$1 made utt]ly ru9\s by exorbitant usury1--! f>!r mis*iefs !y _h to dread1 :5 m completely r$uc$1--all ^!1 )1 ! abs5ce ( ! legate & ! army on a remote exp$ition1 provok$ all ! tribes ( ! ,britons1 prov9cials1 allies1 enemies1 to a g5]al insurrection4 ,! comm& ( ?is conf$]acy 0 conf]r$ on ,boadicea1 z ! fir/ 9 rank1 & res5tm5t ( injuries4 ,!y began by cutt+ (f a ,roman legion2 !n !y fell ^u ! colonies ( ,camelodunum & ,v]ulam1 & ) a b>b>\s fury but*]$ ! ,romans & _! adh]5ts to ! numb] ( sev5ty ?\s&4 ,an end _h be5 n[ put to ! ,roman p[] 9 ?is isl&1 if ,paul9us1 ) unexampl$ vigor & prud5ce1 _h n conduct$ 8 army ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! enemy's c\ntry f ,anglesey to ,london4 ,!re unit+ ! soldi]s t rema9$ disp]s$ 9 diff]5t g>risons1 he =m$ an army ( t5 ?\s& m51 & m>*$ to attack ! enemy 9 ! height ( _! success & security4 ,! army ( ! ,britons is said to h am\nt$ to two hundr$ & ?irty ?\s&2 b x 0 ill compos$1 & )\t *oice or ord]1--wom51 boys1 old m51 prie/s1--full ( presumption1 tumult1 & confusion4 ,boadicea 0 at _! head1--a woman ( mascul9e _s1 b precipitant1 & )\t any milit>y k4 ,! ev5t 0 su* z might h be5 expect$4 ,paul9us1 hav+ *os5 a situation favorable to ! smallness ( 8 numb]s1 & enc\rag$ 8 troops n to dread a multitude ^: weight 0 dang]\s only to !mselves1 pi]c+ into ! mid/ ( t disord]ly cr[d1 aft] a bl9d & furi\s resi/ance1 obta9$ a complete victory4 ,eighty ?\s& ,britons fell 9 ?is battle4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #fa ,paul9us improv$ ! t]ror ?is slaught] _h produc$ by ! unp>allel$ sev]ities :i* he ex]cis$4 ,?is me?od w\ld probably h succe$$ to subdue1 b at ! same "t to depopulate ! nation1 if su* l\d compla9ts _h n be5 made at ,rome ( ! legate's cruelty z procur$ 8 recall4 ,?ree successive legates c>ri$ on ! affairs ( ,brita9 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,n]o's reign1 & dur+ ! tr\bles occasion$ by ! disput$ succession4 ,b !y 7 all ( an inactive "*4 ,! victory obta9$ by ,paul9us _h disabl$ ! ,britons f any new attempt4 ,cont5t1 !re=e1 ) recov]+ ! ,roman prov9ce1 ^! g5]als comp\nd$1 z x 71 ) ! enemy = ! re/ ( ! isl&4 ,!y c>ess$ ! troops2 !y indulg$ !m 9 _! lic5ti\sness2 & n be+ ( a "* to repress ! s$itions t cont9ually arose1 !y submitt$ to pres]ve _! ease & "s %ad[ ( au?ority by sacrific+ ! mo/ mat]ial p>ts ( x4 ,& ?us !y cont9u$1 soldi]s & comm&]s1 by a sort ( compact1 9 a common neglect ( all duty on ! fronti]s ( ! ,empire1 9 ! face ( a bold & inc5s$ enemy4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #fi ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ga ,b :5 ,vespasian arriv$ to ! head ( affairs1 he caus$ ! vigor ( 8 gov]nm5t to be felt 9 ,brita91 z he _h done 9 all ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire4 ,he 0 n afraid to receive great s]vices4 ,8 legates1 ,c]ealis & ,front9us1 r$uc$ ! ,silures & ,brigantes1--"o ! mo/ w>like1 ! o!r ! mo/ num]\s p 9 ! isl&4 ,b its f9al r$uction & p]fect settlem5t 7 res]v$ = ,julius ,agricola1 a man by :om1 x 0 a happ9ess = ! ,britons to be conqu]$4 ,he 0 endu$ ) all ^? bold & popul> virtues :i* w\ld h giv5 him ! fir/ place 9 ! times ( ! free ,republic2 & he jo9$ to !m all t res]ve & mod]ation :i* enabl$ him to fill great (fices ) safety1 & made him a good subject "u a jeal\s despotism4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #hd4 ,?\gh ! summ] 0 almo/ sp5t :5 he arriv$ 9 ,brita91 kn[+ h[ mu* ! vigor & success ( ! fir/ /roke influ5ces all subsequ5t measures1 he ent]$ imm$iately into action4 ,aft] r$uc+ "s tribes1 ,mona became ! pr9cipal object ( 8 att5tion4 ,! cruel ravages ( ,paul9us _h n entirely effac$ ! idea ( sanctity :i* ! ,britons by a long c\rse ( h]$it>y rev]5ce _h annex$ to t isl&3 x became once m a place ( consid]ation by ! return ( ! ,druids4 ,"h ,agricola obs]v$ a conduct v diff]5t f t ( 8 pr$ecessor1 ,paul9us3 ! isl&1 :5 he _h r$uc$ x1 0 treat$ ) great l5ity4 ,agricola 0 a man ( humanity & virtue3 he piti$ ! condition & respect$ ! prejudices ( ! conqu]$4 ,?is behavior facilitat$ ! progress ( 8 arms1 insomu* t 9 less ?an two campaigns all ! ,briti% nations compreh5d$ 9 :at we n[ call ,engl& yield$ !mselves to ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 z soon z !y f\nd t peace 0 no long] to be consid]$ z a dubi\s bless+4 ,agricola c>efully secur$ ! ob$i5ce ( ! conqu]$ p by build+ =ts & /ations 9 ! mo/ important & comm&+ places4 ,hav+ tak5 ^! precautions = secur+ 8 re>1 he advanc$ nor?w>ds1 &1 p5etrat+ into ,cal$onia z f> z ! riv] ,tay1 he !re built a prt5tura1 or l9e ( =ts1 betwe5 ! two fri?s1 :i* are 9 t place no m ?an tw5ty miles asund]4 ,! enemy1 says ,tacitus1 0 remov$ z x 7 into ano!r isl&4 ,& ?is l9e ,agricola seems to h de/9$ z ! b\nd>y ( ! ,empire4 ,= ?\gh 9 ! foll[+ ye> he c>ri$ 8 arms fur!r1 &1 z x is ?\ght1 to ! foot ( ! ,grampian ,m\nta9s1 & !re defeat$ a conf$]ate army ( ! ,cal$onians1 head$ by ,galgacus1 "o ( _! mo/ fam\s *iefs1 yet he built no =t to ! nor?w>d ( ?is l9e3 a measure :i* he nev] omitt$1 :5 he int5d$ to pres]ve 8 conque/s4 ,! exp$ition ( t summ] 0 probably design$ only to disable ! ,cal$onians f attempt+ any?+ aga9/ ?is b>ri]4 ,b he left !m _! m\nta9s1 _! arms1 & _! lib]ty3 a policy1 p]haps1 n altoge!r wor?y ( s able a comm&]4 ,he might ! m easily h complet$ ! conque/ ( ! :ole isl& by means ( ! fleet :i* he equipp$ to cop]ate ) 8 l& =ces 9 t exp$ition4 ,?is fleet sail$ q r\nd ,brita91 :i* _h n be5 be=e1 by any c]ta9 pro(1 kn[n to be an isl&3 a circumnavigation1 9 t immature /ate ( naval skill1 ( little less fame ?an a voyage r\nd ! globe 9 ! pres5t age4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 8 campaigns ,agricola 0 employ$ 9 ! great labors ( peace4 ,he knew t ! g5]al mu/ be p]fect$ by ! legislator1 & t ! conque/ is nei!r p]man5t nor honorable :i* is only an introduction to tyranny4 ,8 fir/ c>e 0 ! regulation ( 8 h\sehold1 :i* "u =m] legates _h be5 always full ( faction & intrigue1 lay heavy on ! prov9ce1 & 0 z difficult to gov]n4 ,he nev] suff]$ 8 private p>tialities to intrude into ! conduct ( public bus9ess1 nor 9 appo9t+ to employm5ts did he p]mit solicitation to supply ! place ( m]it1 wisely s5sible t a prop] *oice ( (fic]s is almo/ ! :ole ( gov]nm5t4 ,he eas$ ! tribute ( ! prov9ce1 n s mu* by r$uc+ x 9 quantity z by cutt+ (f all ^? vexati\s practices :i* att5d$ ! levy+ ( x1 f> m griev\s ?an ! imposition itself4 ,e /ep 9 secur+ ! subjection ( ! conqu]$ c\ntry 0 att5d$ ) ! utmo/ c>e 9 provid+ = its peace & int]nal ord]4 ,agricola reconcil$ ! ,britons to ! ,roman gov]nm5t by reconcil+ !m to ! ,roman mann]s4 ,he m\ld$ t fi]ce nation by degrees to s(t & social cu/oms1 lead+ !m imp]ceptibly into a fondness = ba?s1 = g>d5s1 = gr& h\ses1 & all ! commodi\s elegancies ( a cultivat$ life4 ,he diffus$ a grace & dignity ov] ?is new luxury by ! introduction ( lit]ature4 ,he invit$ in/ructors 9 all ! arts & sci5ces f ,rome2 & he s5t ! pr9cipal y\? ( ,brita9 to t city to be educat$ at 8 own exp5se4 ,9 %ort1 he subdu$ ! ,britons by civiliz+ !m1 & made !m ex*ange a savage lib]ty = a polite & easy subjection4 ,8 conduct is ! mo/ p]fect model = ^? employ$ 9 ! unhappy1 b sometimes necess>y task1 ( subdu+ a rude & free p4 ,?us 0 ,brita91 aft] a /ruggle ( fifty-f\r ye>s1 entirely b5t "u ! yoke1 & m\ld$ into ! ,roman ,empire4 ,h[ s /ubborn an opposition1 c\ld h be5 s long ma9ta9$ aga9/ ! greate/ p[] on e>? by a p ill arm$1 worse unit$1 )\t rev5ues1 )\t discipl9e1 has ju/ly be5 deem$ an object ( wond]4 ,au?ors are g5]ally cont5t$ ) attribut+ x to ! extraord9>y brav]y ( ! anci5t ,britons4 ,b c]ta9ly ! ,britons f\ght ) armies z brave z ! _w ev] saw1 ) sup]ior discipl9e1 & m pl5tiful res\rces4 ,to acc\nt = ?is opposition1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! g5]al "* ( ! ,roman politics at ?is "t4 ,w>1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 0 c>ri$ on ^u pr9ciples v diff]5t f1 ^? t actuat$ ! ,republic4 ,!n "o uni=m _s animat$ "o body ?r\gh :ole ages4 ,) :atev] /ate !y 7 engag$1 ! w> 0 s prosecut$ z if ! republic c\ld n subsi/1 unless t p>ticul> enemy 7 totally de/roy$4 ,b :5 ! ,roman dom9ion _h arriv$ to z great an ext5t z c\ld well be manag$1 & t ! rul+ p[] _h m to fe> f disaffection to ! gov]nm5t ?an f enmity to ! ,empire1 ) reg>d to =eign affairs common rules & a mod]ate policy took place4 ,w> became no m ?an a sort ( ex]cise = ! ,roman =ces4#ag ,ev5 :il/ !y 7 decl>+ w> !y look$ t[>ds an accommodation1 & 7 satisfi$ ) reasonable t]ms :5 !y conclud$ x4 ,_! politics 7 m l ^? ( ! pres5t p[]s ( ,europe1 :]e k+doms seek r to spread _! influ5ce ?an to ext5d _! dom9ion1 to awe & weak5 r ?an to de/roy4 ,"u unactive & jeal\s pr9ces ! ,roman legates seldom d>$ to pu% ! advantages !y _h ga9$ f> en\gh to produce a dang]\s reputation4#ah ,!y wisely /opp$1 :5 !y came to ! v]ge ( popul>ity4 ,& ^! emp]ors fe>+ z mu* f ! g5]als z _! g5]als f !m1 su* frequ5t *anges 7 made 9 ! comm& t ! w> 0 nev] sy/ematically c>ri$ on4 ,besides1 ! *ange ( emp]ors 7& _! reigns 7 n long7 almo/ always br\ght on a *ange ( measures2 & ! c\ncils ev5 ( ! same reign 7 cont9ually fluctuat+1 z opposite c\rt factions happ5$ to prevail4 ,add to ?is1 t dur+ ! commotions :i* foll[$ ! dea? ( ,n]o ! conte/ = ! purple turn$ ! eyes ( ! _w f e o!r object4 ,all p]sons ( consequ5ce int]e/$ !mselves 9 ! success ( "s ( ! cont5d+ p>ties2 & ! legates 9 ,brita91 susp5d$ 9 expectation ( ! issue ( su* mighty qu>rels1 rema9$ unactive till x c\ld be det]m9$ = :at ma/] !y 7 to conqu]4 ,on ! side ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t ^! seem to h be5 "s ( ! causes :i* s long protract$ ! fate ( ,brita94 ,o!rs arose f ! nature ( ! c\ntry itself1 & f ! mann]s ( its inhabitants4 ,! c\ntry 0 !n extremely woody & full ( morasses4 ,!re 7 orig9ally no roads4 ,! motion ( armies 0 !re=e difficult1 & communication 9 _m cases impracticable4 ,!re 7 no cities1 no t[ns1 no places ( cantonm5t = soldi]s2 s t ! ,roman =ces 7 oblig$ to come into ! field late & to leave x e>ly 9 ! season4 ,!y _h no means to awe ! enemy1 & to prev5t _! ma*9ations dur+ ! w9t]4 ,e campaign !y _h ne>ly ! same "w to beg94 ,:5 a civiliz$ nation suff]s "s great defeat1 & loses "s place critically situat$1 su* is ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! sev]al p>ts by comm]ce1 & by ! ord]s ( a well-regulat$ community1 t ! :ole is easily secur$4 ,a long-cont9u$ /ate ( w> is unnatural to su* a nation4 ,!y ab\nd ) artisans1 ) trad]s1 & a numb] ( settl$ & unw>like p1 :o are less di/urb$ 9 _! ord9>y c\rse by submitt+ to almo/ any p[] ?an 9 a long opposition2 & z ?is "* diffuses itself ?r\gh ! :ole nation1 !y f9d x impossible to c>ry on a w>1 :5 !y are depriv$ ( ! usual res\rces4 ,b 9 a c\ntry l anci5t ,brita9 !re are z _m soldi]s z inhabitants4 ,!y unite & disp]se ) ease4 ,!y require no pay nor =mal subsi/5ce2 & ! h>d%ips ( an irregul> w> are n v remote f _! ord9>y c\rse ( life4 ,victories are easily obta9$ ov] su* a rude p1 b !y are r>ely decisive2 & ! f9al conque/ becomes a "w ( "t & pati5ce4 ,all t c be done is to facilitate communication by roads1 & to secure ! pr9cipal av5ues & ! mo/ rem>kable po/s on ! navigable riv]s by =ts & /ations4 ,to conqu] ! p1 y mu/ subdue ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,romans at l5g? effect$ ?is2 b until ?is 0 done1 !y nev] 7 able to make a p]fect conque/4 ,i %all n[ add some?+ conc]n+ ! gov]nm5t ! ,romans settl$ "h1 & ( ^? me?ods :i* !y us$ to pres]ve ! conqu]$ p "u an entire subjection4 ,^? nations :o _h ei!r passively p]mitt$ or _h be5 in/rum5tal 9 ! conque/ ( _! fell[-,britons 7 dignifi$ ) ! title ( allies1 & !reby pres]v$ _! possessions1 laws1 & magi/rates3 !y 7 subject to no k9d ( *>ge or tribute4 ,b z _! league 0 n equal1 & t !y 7 "u ! protection1 ( a sup]ior p[]1 !y 7 entirely dive/$ ( ! "r ( w> & peace2 & 9 _m cases an appeal lay to ,rome 9 consequ5ce ( _! subord9ate & dep5d5t situation4 ,?is 0 ! lighte/ species ( subjection2 & x 0 g5]ally no m ?an a /ep prep>atory to a /rict] gov]nm5t4 ,! condition ( ^? t[ns & communities call$ municipia1 by _! be+ m closely unit$ to ! great] /ate1 seem$ to p>take a degree less ( indep5d5ce4 ,!y 7 adopt$ citiz5s ( ,rome2 b :atev] 0 detract$ f _! anci5t lib]ty 0 comp5sat$ by a m or less complete possession ( ! privileges :i* con/itut$ a ,roman city1 accord+ to ! m]its :i* _h procur$ _! adoption4 ,^! cities 7 models ( ,rome 9 little2 _! c\rts & magi/rates 7 ! same2 & ?\gh !y 7 at lib]ty to reta9 _! old laws1 & to make new at _! pleasure1 !y commonly con=m$ to ^? ( ,rome4 ,! municipia 7 n subject to tribute4 ,:5 a :ole p _h resi/$ ! ,roman p[] ) great ob/9acy1 _h display$ a read9ess to revolt ^u e occasion1 & _h frequ5tly brok5 _! fai?1 !y 7 r$uc$ into :at ! ,romans call$ ! =m ( a prov9ce3 t is1 !y lo/ _! laws1 _! lib]ties1 _! magi/rates2 !y =feit$ ! greate/ "p ( _! l&s2 & !y paid a heavy tribute = :at !y 7 p]mitt$ to reta94 ,9 ^! prov9ces ! supreme gov]nm5t 0 9 ! prtor s5t by ! s5ate1 :o comm&$ ! army1 & 9 8 own p]son ex]cis$ ! judicial p[]4 ,:]e ! sph]e ( 8 gov]nm5t 0 l>ge1 he deput$ 8 legates to t employm5t1 :o judg$ accord+ to ! /&+ laws ( ! republic1 aid$ by ^? occasional decl>ations ( law call$ ! prtorial edicts4 ,! c>e ( ! rev5ue 0 9 ! qu/or4 ,he 0 appo9t$ to t (fice 9 ,rome2 b :5 he act$ 9 a judicial capacity1 x 0 always by commission f ! prtor ( ! prov9ce4#ai ,betwe5 ^! magi/rates & all o!rs :o _h any %>e 9 ! prov9cial gov]nm5t ! ,roman mann]s _h e/abli%$ a k9d ( sacr$ relation1 z inviolable z t ( blood4#bj ,all ! (fic]s 7 taught to look up to ! prtor z _! fa!r1 & to reg>d ea* o!r z bre?r53 a firm & useful bond ( concord 9 a virtu\s adm9i/ration2 a dang]\s & oppressive comb9ation 9 a bad "o4 ,b1 l all ! ,roman in/itutions1 x op]at$ /rongly t[>ds its pr9cipal purpose1 ! security ( dom9ion1 :i* is by no?+ s mu* expos$ z ! factions & competitions ( ! (fic]s1 :5 ! gov]n+ p>ty itself gives ! fir/ example ( disob$i5ce4 ,on ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,commonweal?1 a rem>kable revolution ensu$ 9 ! p[] & ! subord9ation ( ^! magi/rates4 ,=1 z ! pr9ce came alone to possess all t 0 by a prop] title ei!r imp]ial or prtorial au?ority1 ! anci5t prtors dw9dl$ into 8 legates1 by :i* ! spl5dor & importance ( t dignity 7 mu* dim9i%$4 ,! bus9ess ( ! qu/or at ?is "t seems to h be5 transf]r$ to ! emp]or's procurator4 ,! :ole ( ! public rev5ue became "p ( ! fisc1 & 0 consid]$ z ! private e/ate ( ! pr9ce4 ,b ! old (fice "u ?is new appellation rose 9 proportion z ! prtor%ip _h decl9$4 ,= ! procurator seems to h drawn to himself ! cognizance ( all civil1 :ile capital cases alone 7 res]v$ = ! judgm5t ( ! legate4#ba ,& ?\gh 8 p[] 0 at fir/ re/ra9$ )9 n>r[ b\nds1 & all 8 judgm5ts 7 subject to a review & rev]sal by ! prtor & ! s5ate1 he gradually grew into indep5d5ce ( bo?1 & 0 at l5g? by ,claudius inve/$ ) a jurisdiction absolutely uncontrollable4 ,two causes1 ,i imag9e1 jo9$ to produce ?is *ange3 fir/1 ! sword 0 9 ! h&s ( ! legate2 ! policy ( ! emp]ors1 9 ord] to balance ?is dang]\s au?ority1 ?\ght too mu* weight c\ld n be ?r[n into ! scale ( ! procurator3 secondly1 z ! gov]nm5t 0 n[ entirely despotical1 a connection betwe5 ! inf]ior (fic]s ( ! empire & ! s5ate#bb 0 f\nd to %ock ! reason ( t absolute mode ( gov]nm5t1 :i* ext5ds ! sov]eign p[] 9 all its fulness to e (fic] 9 8 own di/rict1 & r5d]s him acc\ntable to 8 ma/] alone = ! abuse ( x4 ,! vet]an soldi]s 7 always ?\ght entitl$ to a settlem5t 9 ! c\ntry :i* _h be5 subdu$ by _! valor4 ,! :ole legion1 ) ! tribunes1 ! c5turions1 & all ! subord9ate (fic]s1 7 seat$ on an allott$ portion ( ! conqu]$ l&s1 :i* 7 di/ribut$ among !m accord+ to _! rank4 ,^! colonies 7 dispos$ ?r\gh\t ! conqu]$ c\ntry1 s z to su/a9 ea* o!r1 to surr\nd ! possessions t 7 left to ! conqu]$1 to mix ) ! municipia or free t[ns1 & to ov]awe ! allies4 ,rome ext5d$ h]self by h] colonies into e "p ( h] empire1 & 0 ev]y:]e pres5t4 ,i speak "h only ( ! milit>y colonies1 because no o!r1 ,i imag9e1 7 ev] settl$ 9 ,brita94 ,!re 7 few c\ntries ( any consid]able ext5t 9 :i* all ^! diff]5t modes ( gov]nm5t & diff]5t %ades & gradations ( s]vitude did n exi/ toge!r4 ,!re 7 allies1 municipia1 prov9ces1 & colonies 9 ?is isl&1 z else:]e2 & ^? dissimil> p>ts1 f> f be+ discordant1 unit$ to make a firm & compact body1 ! motion ( any memb] ( :i* c\ld only s]ve to confirm & e/abli% ! :ole2 & :5 "t 0 giv5 to ?is /ructure to coalesce & settle1 x 0 f\nd impossible to break any "p ( x f ! ,empire4 ,by degrees ! sev]al p>ts bl5d$ & s(t5$ into "o ano!r4 ,& z ! remembrance ( enmity1 on ! "o h&1 wore away by "t1 s1 on ! o!r1 ! privileges ( ! ,roman citiz5s at l5g? became less valuable4 ,:51 no?+ ?r\gh\t s va/ an ext5t ( ! globe 0 ( consid]ation b a s+le man1 !re 0 no reason to make any di/9ction among/ 8 subjects4 ,claudius fir/ gave ! full rights ( ! city to all ! ,gauls4 ,"u ,anton9us ,rome op5$ h] gates /ill wid]4 ,all ! subjects ( ! ,empire 7 made p>tak]s ( ! same common rights4 ,! prov9cials flock$ 92 ev5 slaves 7 no soon] enfran*is$ ?an !y 7 advanc$ to ! highe/ po/s2 & ! plan ( compreh5sion1 :i* _h ov]turn$ ! republic1 /r5g!n$ ! mon>*y4 ,be=e ! p>titions 7 ?us brok5 d[n1 9 ord] to support ! ,empire1 & to prev5t commotions1 !y _h a cu/om ( s5d+ spies into all ! prov9ces1 :]e1 if !y discov]$ any prov9cial lay+ himself out = popul>ity1 !y 7 sure ( f9d+ means1 = !y scrupl$ none1 to repress him4 ,x 0 n only ! prtor1 ) 8 tra9 ( lictors & app>itors1 ! rods & ! axes1 & all ! insol5t p>ade ( a conqu]or's jurisdiction2 e private ,roman seem$ a k9d ( magi/rate3 !y took cognizance ( all _! words & actions1 & h\rly rem9d$ !m ( t jeal\s & /]n au?ority1 s vigilant to discov] & s sev]e to puni% ! slighte/ deviations f ob$i5ce4 ,z !y _h fram$ ! action de pecuniis repetundis aga9/ ! av>ice & rapacity ( ! prov9cial gov]nors1 !y made at l5g? a law#bc :i*1 "o may say1 0 aga9/ _! virtues4 ,= !y prohibit$ !m f receiv+ addresses ( ?anks on _! adm9i/ration1 or any o!r public m>k ( ackn[l$gm5t1 le/ !y %\ld come to ?9k t _! m]it or dem]it consi/$ 9 ! good or ill op9ion ( ! p ov] :om !y rul$4 ,!y dread$ ei!r a relaxation ( gov]nm5t1 or a dang]\s influ5ce 9 ! legate1 f ! ex]tion ( an humanity too popul>4 ,^! are "s ( ! civil & political me?ods by :i* ! ,romans held _! dom9ion ov] conqu]$ nations2 b ev5 9 peace !y kept up a great milit>y e/abli%m5t4 ,!y look$ ^u ! int]ior c\ntry to be suffici5tly secur$ by ! colonies2 _! =ces 7 !re=e g5]ally qu>t]$ on ! fronti]s4 ,!re !y _h _! /ativa1 or /ations1 :i* 7 /rong intr5*$ camps1 _m ( !m fitt$ ev5 = a w9t] resid5ce4 ,! communication betwe5 ^! camps1 ! colonies1 & ! municipal t[ns 0 =m$ by great roads1 :i* !y call$ milit>y ways4 ,! two pr9cipal ( ^! ran 9 almo/ /raight l9es1 ! :ole l5g? ( ,engl&1 f nor? to s\?4 ,two o!rs int]sect$ !m f ea/ to we/4 ,! rema9s %[ !m to h be5 9 _! p]fection noble works1 9 all respects wor?y ! ,roman milit>y prud5ce & ! maje/y ( ! ,empire4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons call$ !m /reets4#bd ,( all ! ,roman works1 !y respect$ & kept up ^! alone4 ,!y reg>d$ !m1 ) a sort ( sacr$ rev]5ce1 grant+ !m a peculi> protection & great immunities4 ,^? :o travell$ on !m 7 privileg$ f arre/s 9 all civil suits4 ,z ! g5]al "* ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t 0 h>d & au/]e1 x 0 p>ticul>ly s 9 :at reg>d$ ! rev5ue4 ,?is rev5ue 0 ei!r fix$ or occasional4 ,! fix$ consi/$1 fir/1 ( an annual tax on p]sons & l&s1 b 9 :at proportion to ! =tunes ( ! "o or ! value ( ! o!r ,i h n be5 able to asc]ta94 ,next 0 ! imposition call$ decuma1 :i* consi/$ ( a t5?1 & (t5 a great] portion ( ! corn ( ! prov9ce1 :i* 0 g5]ally deliv]$ 9 k9d4 ,( all o!r products a fif? 0 paid4 ,aft] ?is t5? _h be5 exact$ on ! corn1 !y 7 oblig$ to sell ano!r t5?1 or a m consid]able "p1 to ! prtor1 at a price e/imat$ by himself4 ,ev5 :at rema9$ 0 /ill subject to be b\ght up 9 ! "s mann]1 & at ! pleasure ( ! same magi/rate1 :o1 indep5d5t ( ^! taxes & pur*ases1 receiv$ = ! use ( 8 h\sehold a l>ge portion ( ! corn ( ! prov9ce4 ,! mo/ valuable ( ! pa/ure gr\nds 7 also res]v$ to ! public1 & a consid]able rev5ue 0 !nce d]iv$1 :i* !y call$ scriptura4 ,! /ate made a monopoly ( almo/ ! :ole produce ( ! l&1 :i* paid sev]al taxes1 & 0 fur!r enhanc$ by pass+ ?r\gh sev]al h&s be=e x came to popul> consumption4 ,! ?ird great bran* ( ! ,roman rev5ue 0 ! portorium1 :i* did n diff] f ^? impositions :i* we n[ call cu/oms & duties ( export & import4 ,?is 0 ! ord9>y rev5ue2 besides :i* !re 7 occasional impositions = %ipp+1 = milit>y /ores & provisions1 & = defray+ ! exp5se ( ! prtor & 8 legates on ! v>i\s circuits !y made = ! adm9i/ration ( ! prov9ce4 ,?is la/ *>ge became frequ5tly a means ( great oppression1 & sev]al ways 7 f "t to "t attempt$1 b ) little effect1 to conf9e x )9 reasonable b\nds4#be ,among/ ! extraord9>y impositions mu/ be reckon$ ! obligation !y laid on ! prov9cials to labor at ! public works1 aft] ! mann] ( :at ! ,fr5* call ! corve1 & we t]m /atute-labor4 ,z ! prov9ces1 burd5$ by ! ord9>y *>ges1 7 (t5 9 no condition ( levy+ ^! occasional taxes1 !y 7 oblig$ to borr[ at int]e/4 ,int]e/ 0 !n to communities at ! same exorbitant rate z to individuals4 ,no prov9ce 0 free f a mo/ on]\s public debt2 & t debt 0 f> f op]at+ l ! same engagem5t contract$ 9 mod]n /ates1 by :i*1 z ! cr$itor is ?r[n into ! p[] ( ! debtor1 !y (t5 add consid]ably to _! /r5g?1 & to ! numb] & atta*m5t ( _! dep5dants4 ,! pr9ce 9 ?is latt] case borr[s f a subject or f a /rang]4 ,! "o becomes m ! subject1 & ! o!r less a /rang]4 ,b 9 ! ,roman prov9ces ! subject borr[$ f 8 ma/]1 & he !reby d\bl$ 8 slav]y4 ,! ov]gr[n favorites & weal?y nobility ( ,rome advanc$ money to ! prov9cials2 & !y 7 9 a condition bo? to prescribe ! t]ms ( ! loan & to en=ce ! paym5t4 ,! prov9ces groan$ at once "u all ! sev]ity ( public imposition & ! rapaci\sness ( private usury4 ,!y 7 ov]run by publicans1 f>m]s ( ! taxes1 ag5ts1 confiscators1 usur]s1 bank]s1 ^? num]\s & insatiable bodies :i* always fl\ri% 9 a burd5$ & complicat$ rev5ue4 ,9 a ^w1 ! taxes 9 ! ,roman ,empire 7 s heavy1 & 9 _m respects s injudici\sly laid on1 t !y h be5 n improp]ly consid]$ z "o cause ( its decay & ru94 ,! ,roman gov]nm5t1 to ! v la/1 c>ri$ some?+ ( ! _s ( conque/ 9 x2 & ?is sy/em ( taxes seems r calculat$ = ! utt] impov]i%m5t ( nations1 9 :om a long subjection _h n worn away ! remembrance ( enmity1 ?an = ! support ( a j commonweal?4 ,,footnotes3 #ae ,!re is a curi\s in/ance ( a c]emony n unlike ?is 9 a fragm5t ( an anci5t ,runic hi/ory1 :i* x may n be disagreeable to comp>e ) ?is "p ( ! ,briti% mann]s4 ,ne v]o reg5t ex improviso adoriretur ,ulafus1 admoto sacculo suo1 eundem quat]e cpit1 c>m5 simul magicum obmurmurans1 hac v]borum =mula3 ,durit] increpetur cum tonitru2 /r+ant ,cyclopia tela2 injiciant manum ,p>c2 444 acrit] excipi5t monticol g5ii plurimi1 atque gigantes 444 contund5t2 quati5t2 procell 4441 disrump5t lapides navigium ejus4444--,hickesii ,!saur4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #adj4 #af ,inhabitants ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk4 #ag ,rem ,romanam huc satietate glori provectam1 ut ext]nis quoque g5tibus quietem velit4--,tacit4 ,annal4 ,,xii4 #aa4 #ah ,nam duces1 ubi impetr&o triumphalium insigni suffic]e res suas cr$id]ant1 ho/am omittebant4--,tacit4 ,annal4 ,,iv4 #bc4 #ai ,sigonii de ,antiquo ,jure ,prov9ci>um1 ,lib4 #a & #b4 #bj ,cic4 9 ,v]rem1 ,i4 #ba ,duobus insup] ins]vi5dum tyrannis2 quorum legatus 9 sangu9em1 procurator 9 bona sviret--,tacit4 ,annal4 ,,xii4 #fj4 #bb ,ne vim pr9cipatus resolv]et cuncta ad s5atum voc&o1 eam conditionem esse imp]&i1 ut non alit] ratio con/et1 quam si uni r$datur4--,tacit4 ,annal4 ,i4 #f4 #bc ,tacit4 ,annal4 ,,xv4 #ba1 #bb4 #bd ,! f\r roads !y call$ ,watl+ ,/reet1 ,ik5ild ,/reet1 ,erm9 ,/reet1 & ! ,fosseway4 #be ,cod4 lib4 ,,xii4 ,tit4 lxii4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,p[] ,,9 ,,brita94 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aag4 ,aft] ! p]iod :i* we h j clos$1 no m5tion is made ( ! affairs ( ,brita9 until ! reign ( ,adrian4 ,at t "t 0 wr\ght ! fir/ rem>kable *ange 9 ! ext]ior policy ( ,rome4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! emp]ors cont5t$ !mselves ) ^? limits :i* !y f\nd at _! accession1 none be=e ?is pr9ce _h actually contract$ ! b\nds ( ! ,empire3 =1 be+ m p]fectly acqua9t$ ) all ! c\ntries t compos$ x ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 :at 0 /rong & :at weak1 & hav+ =m$ to himself a plan :olly def5sive1 he purposely ab&on$ sev]al l>ge tracts ( t]ritory1 t he might r5d] :at rema9$ m solid & compact4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aba4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #adj4 ,?is plan p>ticul>ly affect$ ,brita94 ,all ! conque/s ( ,agricola to ! nor?w>d ( ! ,tyne 7 rel9qui%$1 & a /rong ramp>t 0 built f ! m\? ( t riv]1 on ! ea/1 to ,solway ,fri?1 on ! ,iri% ,sea1 a l5g? ( ab\t eighty miles4 ,b 9 ! reign ( 8 successor1 ,anton9us ,pius1 o!r reason+s prevail$1 & o!r measures 7 pursu$4 ,! legate :o !n comm&$ 9 ,brita91 conclud+ t ! ,cal$onians w\ld con/rue ! def5sive policy ( ,adrian into fe>1 t !y w\ld naturally gr[ m num]\s 9 a l>g] t]ritory1 & m haughty :5 !y saw x ab&on$ to !m1 ! fronti] 0 aga9 advanc$ to ,agricola's second l9e1 :i* ext5d$ betwe5 ! ,fri?s ( ,=? & ,clyde1 & ! /ations :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ by t g5]al 7 connect$ ) a cont9u$ wall4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #bjg ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #bjh ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #bji ,f ?is "t ^? walls become ! pr9cipal object 9 ! ,briti% hi/ory4 ,! ,cal$onians1 or 7z !y are call$7 ! ,picts1 made v frequ5t & sometimes successful attempts ^u ?is b>ri]1 tak+ advantage m p>ticul>ly ( e *ange 9 gov]nm5t1 :il/ ! soldi]y ?r\gh\t ! ,empire 7 m int5t ^u ! *oice ( a ma/] ?an ! motions ( an enemy4 ,9 ?is dubi\s /ate ( unquiet peace & unprosecut$ w> ! prov9ce cont9u$ until ,sev]us came to ! purple1 :o1 f9d+ t ,brita9 _h gr[n into "o ( ! mo/ consid]able prov9ces ( ! ,empire1 & 0 at ! same "t 9 a dang]\s situation1 resolv$ to visit t isl& 9 p]son1 & to provide = its security4 ,he l$ a va/ army into ! wilds ( ,cal$onia1 & 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,romans :o p5etrat$ to ! mo/ nor!rn b\nd>y ( ?is isl&4 ,! natives1 defeat$ 9 "s engagem5ts1 & :olly unable to resi/ s great & det]m9$ a p[]1 7 oblig$ to submit to su* a peace z ! emp]or ?\ght prop] to impose4 ,cont5t+ himself ) a submission1 always *eaply won f a b>b>\s p1 & nev] long reg>d$1 ,sev]us made no sort ( milit>y e/abli%m5t 9 t c\ntry4 ,on ! contr>y1 he ab&on$ ! advanc$ "w :i* _h be5 rais$ 9 ! reign ( ,anton9us1 &1 limit+ himself by ! plan ( ,adrian1 he ei!r built a new wall ne> ! =m]1 or he add$ to ! "w ( t emp]or su* consid]able improvem5ts & repairs t x has s9ce be5 call$ ! ,wall ( ,sev]us4 ,sev]us ) great labor & *>ge t]rifi$ ! ,cal$onians2 b he did n subdue !m4 ,he neglect$ ^? easy & assur$ means ( subjection :i* ! nature ( t "p ( ,brita9 af=ds to a p[] ma/] ( ! sea1 by ! bays1 fri?s1 & lakes ) :i* x is ev]y:]e pi]c$1 & 9 "s places almo/ cut ?r\gh4 ,a few g>risons at ! necks ( l&1 & a fleet to connect !m & to awe ! coa/1 mu/ at any "t h be5 suffici5t irrecov]ably to subdue t "p ( ,brita94 ,?is 0 a neglect 9 ,agricola occasion$ probably by a limit$ comm&2 & x 0 n rectifi$ by b\ndless au?ority 9 ,sev]us4 ,! ,cal$onians aga9 resum$ _! arms1 & r5ew$ _! ravages on ! ,roman fronti]4 ,sev]us di$ be=e he c\ld take any new measures2 & f 8 dea? !re is an almo/ total sil5ce conc]n+ ! affairs ( ,brita9 until ! division ( ! ,empire4 ,_h ! unwieldy mass ( t ov]gr[n dom9ion be5 effectively divid$1 & divid$ into l>ge portions1 ea* =m+ a /ate1 sep>ate & absolutely indep5d5t1 ! s*eme _h be5 f> m p]fect4 ,?\gh ! ,empire _h p]i%$1 ^! /ates might h subsi/$2 & !y might h made a f> bett] opposition to ! inroads ( ! b>b>ians ev5 ?an ! :ole unit$2 s9ce ea* nation w\ld h its own /r5g? solely employ$ 9 resi/+ its own p>ticul> enemies4 ,=1 not)/&+ ! res\rces :i* might h be5 expect$ f ! entir5ess ( s great a body1 x is cle> f hi/ory t ! ,romans 7 nev] able to employ ) effect & at ! same "t above two armies1 & t on ! :ole !y 7 v unequal to ! def5ce ( a fronti] ( _m ?\s& miles 9 circuit4 ,b ! s*eme :i* 0 pursu$1 ! s*eme ( jo9t emp]ors1 hold+ by a common title1 ea* gov]n+ 8 prop] t]ritory1 b n :olly )\t au?ority 9 ! o!r portions1 ?is =m$ a species ( gov]nm5t ( :i* x is h>d to conceive any j idea4 ,x 0 a gov]nm5t 9 cont9ual fluctuation f "o to _m1 & f _m aga9 to a s+le h&4 ,ea* /ate did n subsi/ long en\gh indep5d5t to fall into ^? ord]s & connect$ classes ( m5 t are necess>y to a regul> commonweal?2 nor _h !y "t to gr[ into ^? virtu\s p>tialities f :i* nations d]ive ! fir/ pr9ciple ( _! /ability4 ,! ev5ts :i* foll[ suffici5tly illu/rate ^! reflections1 & w %[ ! reason ( introduc+ !m 9 ?is place1 ) reg>d to ! ,empire 9 g5]al1 & to ,brita9 m p>ticul>ly4 ,9 ! division :i* ,diocletian fir/ made ( ! ,roman t]ritory1 ! we/]n prov9ces1 9 :i* ,brita9 0 includ$1 fell to ,maximian4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 reign t ,brita91 by an extraord9>y revolution1 0 = "s "t entirely sep>at$ f ! body ( ! ,empire4 ,c>ausius1 a man ( obscure bir?1 & a b>b>ian1 7= n[ n only ! army1 b ! s5ate1 0 fill$ ) =eign]s17 _h obta9$ ! gov]nm5t ( ,b\logne4 ,he 0 also intru/$ ) ! comm& ( a fleet /ation$ 9 t "p to oppose ! ,saxon pirates1 :o !n began cruelly to infe/ ! nor?we/ p>ts ( ,gaul & ! opposite %ore ( ,brita94 ,b ,c>ausius made use ( ! p[] ) :i* he _h be5 intru/$1 n s mu* to suppress ! pirates z to aggr&ize himself4 ,he ev5 p]mitt$ _! depr$ations1 t he might int]cept !m on _! return1 & enri* himself ) ! retak5 plund]4 ,by su* me?ods he acquir$ imm5se weal?1 :i* he di/ribut$ ) s politic a b\nty among ! seam5 ( 8 fleet & ! legions 9 ,brita9 t by degrees he dispos$ bo? ! "o & ! o!r to a revolt 9 8 favor4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #bhf ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #bij ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #bic ,z !re 7 !n no settl$ pr9ciples ei!r ( succession or election 9 ! ,empire1 & all dep5d$ on ! unc]ta9 fai? ( ! army1 ,c>ausius made 8 attempt1 p]haps1 ) ! less guilt1 & f\nd ! less difficulty 9 prevail+ ^u ! prov9cial ,britons to submit to a sov]eignty :i* seem$ to reflect a sort ( dignity on !mselves4 ,9 ?is isl& he e/abli%$ ! seat ( 8 new dom9ion2 b he kept up & augm5t$ 8 fleet1 by :i* he pres]v$ 8 communication ) 8 old gov]nm5t1 & comm&$ ! int]m$iate seas4 ,he ent]$ into a close alliance ) ! ,saxons & ,frisians1 by :i* he at once pres]v$ 8 own isl& f _! depr$ations & r5d]$ 8 m>itime p[] irresi/ible4 ,he humbl$ ! ,picts by sev]al defeats2 he repair$ ! fronti] wall1 & suppli$ x ) good g>risons4 ,he made sev]al roads equal to ! works ( ! greate/ emp]ors4 ,he cut canals1 ) va/ labor & exp5se1 ?r\gh all ! l[ ea/]n p>ts ( ,brita91 at ! same "t dra9+ ^? f5ny c\ntries1 & promot+ communication & comm]ce4 ,on ^! canals he built sev]al cities4 ,:il/ he ?us labor$ to promote ! int]nal /r5g? & happ9ess ( 8 k+dom1 he cont5d$ ) s mu* success aga9/ 8 =m] ma/]s t !y 7 at l5g? oblig$ n only to rel9qui% _! "r to 8 acquisition1 b to admit him to a p>ticipation ( ! imp]ial titles4 ,he reign$ aft] ?is = sev5 ye>s prosp]\sly & ) great glory1 because he wisely set b\nds to 8 ambition1 & cont5t$ himself ) ! possession ( a great c\ntry1 deta*$ f ! re/ ( ! _w1 & !re=e easily def5d$4 ,_h he liv$ long en\gh1 & pursu$ ?is plan ) consi/5cy1 ,brita91 9 all probability1 might !n h become1 & might h aft]w>ds be51 an indep5d5t & p[]ful k+dom1 in/ruct$ 9 ! ,roman arts1 & fre$ f _! dom9ion4 ,b ! same di/emp] ( ! /ate :i* _h rais$ ,c>ausius to p[] did n suff] him long to enjoy x4 ,! ,roman soldi]y at t "t 0 :olly de/itute ( milit>y pr9ciple4 ,t religi\s reg>d to _! oa?1 ! great bond ( anci5t discipl9e1 _h be5 long worn out2 & ! want ( x 0 n suppli$ by t punctilio ( honor & loyalty :i* is ! support ( mod]n armies4 ,c>ausius 0 assass9at$1 & succe$$ 9 8 k+dom by ,allectus1 ! capta9 ( 8 gu>ds4 ,b ! murd]]1 :o did n possess abilities to support ! p[] he _h acquir$ by 8 crimes1 0 9 a %ort "t defeat$1 & 9 8 turn put to dea?1 by ,con/antius ,*lorus4 ,9 ab\t ?ree ye>s f ! dea? ( ,c>ausius1 ,brita91 aft] a %ort exp]im5t ( indep5d5cy1 0 aga9 unit$ to ! body ( ! ,empire4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #cjd ,con/antius1 aft] he came to ! purple1 *ose ?is isl& = 8 resid5ce4 ,_m au?ors affirm t 8 wife ,hel5a 0 a ,briton4 ,x is m c]ta9 t 8 son ,con/ant9e ! ,great 0 born "h1 & enabl$ to succe$ 8 fa!r pr9cipally by ! helps :i* he d]iv$ f ,brita94 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #cjf4 ,"u ! reign ( ?is great pr9ce !re 0 an almo/ total revolution 9 ! int]nal policy ( ! ,empire4 ,?is 0 ! ?ird rem>kable *ange 9 ! ,roman gov]nm5t s9ce ! dissolution ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,! fir/ 0 t by :i* ,anton9us _h tak5 away ! di/9ctions ( ! municipium1 prov9ce1 & colony1 communicat+ to e "p ( ! ,empire ^? privileges :i* _h =m]ly di/+ui%$ a citiz5 ( ,rome4 ,?us ! :ole gov]nm5t 0 ca/ into a m uni=m & simple frame1 & e m>k ( conque/ 0 f9ally effac$4 ,! second alt]ation 0 ! division ( ! ,empire by ,diocletian4 ,! ?ird 0 ! *ange made 9 ! great (fices ( ! /ate1 & ! revolution 9 religion1 "u ,con/ant9e4 ,! prfecti prtorio1 :o1 l ! comm&]s ( ! janiz>ies ( ! ,porte1 by _! ambition & turbul5ce _h kept ! gov]nm5t 9 cont9ual f]m5t1 7 r$uc$ by ! happie/ art imag9able4 ,_! numb]1 only two orig9ally1 0 increas$ to f\r1 by :i* _! p[] 0 balanc$ & brok54 ,_! au?ority 0 n less5$1 b its nature 0 totally *ang$3 = x became f t "t a dignity & (fice m]ely civil4 ,! :ole ,empire 0 divid$ into f\r dep>tm5ts "u ^! f\r (fic]s4 ,! subord9ate di/ricts 7 gov]n$ by _! vic>ii2 & ,brita91 accord+ly1 0 "u a vic>1 subject to ! prfectus prtorio ( ,gaul4 ,! milit>y 0 divid$ ne>ly 9 ! same mann]2 & x 0 plac$ "u (fic]s also ( a new creation1 ! magi/ri militi4 ,imm$iately "u ^! 7 ! duces1 & "u ^? ! comites1 dukes & c\nts1 titles unkn[n 9 ! "t ( ! ,republic or 9 ! high] ,empire2 b aft]w>ds !y ext5d$ beyond ! ,roman t]ritory1 & hav+ be5 conf]r$ by ! ,nor!rn nations ^u _! lead]s1 !y subsi/ to ?is day1 & contribute to ! dignity ( ! mod]n c\rts ( ,europe4 ,b ,con/ant9e made a mu* great] *ange ) reg>d to religion by ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,at :at "t ! ,gospel 0 fir/ prea*$ 9 ?is isl& ,i believe x impossible to asc]ta91 z x came 9 gradually1 & )\t1 or r contr>y to1 public au?ority4 ,x 0 mo/ probably fir/ introduc$ among ! legion>y soldi]s2 = we f9d ,/4 ,alban1 ! fir/ ,briti% m>tyr1 to h be5 ( t body4 ,z x 0 introduc$ privately1 s its gr[? 0 = a long "t ins5sible2 b x %ot up at l5g? ) great vigor1 & spread itself widely1 at fir/ "u ! favor ( ,con/antius & ! protection ( ,hel5a1 & at l5g? "u ! e/abli%m5t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,f ?is "t x is to be consid]$ z ! rul+ religion2 ?\gh hea!nism subsi/$ long aft]1 & at la/ expir$ imp]ceptibly1 & ) z little noise z ,*ri/ianity _h be5 at fir/ introduc$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #cfh4 ,9 ?is /ate1 ) reg>d to ! civil1 milit>y1 & religi\s e/abli%m5t1 ,brita91 rema9$ )\t any *ange1 & at int]vals 9 a tol]able /ate ( repose1 until ! reign ( ,val5t9ian4 ,!n x 0 attack$ all at once ) incr$ible fury & success1 & z x 7 9 conc]t1 by a numb] ( b>b>\s nations4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! 7 ! ,scots1 a p ( anci5t settlem5t 9 ,irel&1 & :o _h !nce be5 transplant$ into ! nor!rn "p ( ,brita91 :i* aft]w>ds d]iv$ its "n f t colony4 ,! ,scots ( bo? nations unit$ ) ! ,picts to fall ^u ! ,roman prov9ce4 ,to ^! 7 add$ ! piratical ,saxons1 :o issu$ f ! m\?s ( ! ,rh9e4 ,= "s ye>s !y met b slight resi/ance1 & made a mo/ mis]able havoc1 until ! fam\s ,c\nt ,!odosius 0 s5t to ! relief ( ,brita91--:o1 by an admirable conduct 9 w>1 & z vigor\s application to ! cure ( dome/ic disord]s1 = a "t fre$ ! c\ntry f its enemies & oppressors1 & hav+ driv5 ! ,picts & ,scots into ! b>r5 extremity ( ! isl&1 he %ut & b>r$ !m 9 ) a new wall1 advanc$ z f> z ! remote/ ( ! =m]1 &1 :at _h hi!rto be5 imprud5tly neglect$1 he erect$ ! int]m$iate space into a ,roman prov9ce1 & a regul> gov]nm5t1 "u ! "n ( ,val5tia4 ,b ?is 0 only a mom5t>y relief4 ,! ,empire 0 p]i%+ by ! vices ( its con/itution4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #chh4 ,ea* prov9ce 0 !n possess$ by ! inconsid]ate ambition ( appo9t+ a head to ! :ole2 al?\gh1 :5 ! end 0 obta9$1 ! victori\s prov9ce always return$ to its anci5t insignificance1 & 0 lo/ 9 ! common slav]y4 ,a great army ( ,britons foll[$ ! =tune ( ,maximus1 :om !y _h rais$ to ! imp]ial titles1 into ,gaul4 ,!y 7 !re defeat$2 & f _! defeat1 z x is said1 arose a new p4 ,!y are suppos$ to h settl$ 9 ,armorica1 :i* 0 !n1 l _m o!r p>ts ( ! sickly ,empire1 become a m]e des]t2 & t c\ntry1 f ?is accid5t1 has be5 s9ce call$ ,bretagne4 ,! ,roman prov9ce ?us weak5$ af=d$ opportunity & enc\ragem5t to ! b>b>ians aga9 to invade & ravage x4 ,/ili*o1 inde$ dur+ ! m9ority ( ,honorius1 obta9$ "s advantages ov] !m1 :i* procur$ a %ort int]mission ( _! ho/ilities4 ,b z ! ,empire on ! cont95t 0 n[ attack$ on all sides1 & /agg]$ "u ! innum]able %ocks :i*1 x receiv$1 t m9i/] v5tur$ to recall ! ,roman =ces f ,brita91 9 ord] to su/a9 ^? p>ts :i* he judg$ ( m importance & 9 great] dang]4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #daa4 ,on ! intellig5ce ( ?is des]tion1 _! b>b>\s enemies break 9 ^u ! ,britons1 & are no long] resi/$4 ,_! anci5t protection )drawn1 ! p became /upefi$ ) t]ror & despair4 ,!y petition ! emp]or = succor 9 ! mo/ mov+ t]ms4 ,! emp]or1 prote/+ 8 weakness1 commits !m to _! own def5ce1 absolves !m f1 _! allegiance1 & conf]s on !m a fre$om :i* !y h no long] ! s5se to value nor ! virtue to def5d4 ,! pr9ces :om aft] ?is des]tion !y rais$ & depos$ ) a /upid incon/ancy 7 /yl$ ,emp]ors4 ,s h>d x is to *ange ideas to :i* m5 h be5 long accu/om$1 especially 9 gov]nm5t1 t ! ,britons _h no notion ( a sov]eign :o 0 n to be emp]or1 nor ( an emp]or :o 0 n to be ma/] ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,?is s+le idea ru9$ ,brita94 ,con/ant9e1 a native ( ?is isl&1 "o ( ^? %ad[s ( imp]ial maje/y1 no soon] f\nd himself e/abli%$ at home ?an1 fatally = himself & 8 c\ntry1 he turn$ 8 eyes t[>ds ! cont95t4 ,?i!r he c>ri$ ! fl[] ( ! ,briti% y\?1--all :o 7 any ways em95t = bir?1 = c\rage1 = _! skill 9 ! milit>y or me*anic arts2 b 8 success 0 n equal to 8 hopes or 8 =ces4 ,! rema9s ( 8 r\t$ army jo9$ _! c\ntrym5 9 ,armorica1 & a baffl$ attempt ^u ! ,empire a second "t recruit$ ,gaul & exhau/$ ,brita94 ,! ,scots & ,picts1 att5tive to e advantage1 ru%$ ) r$\bl$ viol5ce into ?is vacuity4 ,! ,britons1 :o c\ld f9d no protection b 9 slav]y1 aga9 implore ! assi/ance ( _! =m] ma/]s4 ,at t "t ,atius comm&$ ! imp]ial =ces 9 ,gaul1 & ) ! virtue & milit>y skill ( ! anci5t ,romans support$ ! ,empire1 tott]+ ) age & weakness4 ,?\gh he 0 !n h>d press$ by ! va/ armies ( ,attila1 :i* l a deluge _h ov]spread ,gaul1 he af=d$ !m a small & tempor>y succor4 ,?is deta*m5t ( ,romans repell$ ! ,scots2 !y repair$ ! walls2 & animat+ ! ,britons by _! example & in/ructions to ma9ta9 _! fre$om1 !y dep>t$4 ,b ! ,scots easily p]ceiv$ & took advantage ( _! dep>ture4 ,:il/ !y ravag$ ! c\ntry1 ! ,britons r5ew$ _! supplications to ,atius4 ,!y once m obta9$ a re9=cem5t1 :i* aga9 re/abli%$ _! affairs4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 giv5 to und]/& t ?is 0 to be _! la/ relief4 ,! ,roman auxili>ies 7 recall$1 & ! ,britons ab&on$ to _! own =tune =ev]4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #dcb4 ,:5 ! ,romans des]t$ ?is isl&1 !y left a c\ntry1 ) reg>d to ! arts ( w> or gov]nm5t1 9 a mann] b>b>\s1 b de/itute ( t _s or ^? advantages ) :i* sometimes a /ate ( b>b>ism is att5d$4 ,!y c>ri$ out ( ea* prov9ce its prop] & natural /r5g?1 & suppli$ x by t ( "s o!r1 :i* _h no connection ) ! c\ntry4 ,! troops rais$ 9 ,brita9 (t5 s]v$ 9 ,egypt2 & ^? :i* 7 employ$ = ! protection ( ?is isl& 7 sometimes f ,batavia or ,g]many1 sometimes f prov9ces f> to ! ea/4 ,:5ev] ! /rang]s 7 )drawn1 z !y 7 v easily1 ! prov9ce 0 left 9 ! h&s ( m5 :olly unpractis$ 9 w>4 ,aft] a peaceable possession ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ! ,britons d]iv$ b v few b5efits f _! subjection to ! conqu]ors & civiliz]s ( mank9d4 ,nei!r does x appe> t ! ,roman p 7 at any "t extremely num]\s 9 ?is isl&1 or _h spread !mselves1 _! mann]s1 or _! language z ext5sively 9 ,brita9 z !y _h done 9 ! o!r p>ts ( _! ,empire4 ,! ,wel% & ! ,anglo-,saxon languages reta9 mu* less ( ,lat9 ?an ! ,fr5*1 ! ,spani%1 or ! ,italian4 ,! ,romans subdu$ ,brita9 at a lat] p]iod1 at a "t :5 ,italy h]self 0 n suffici5tly popul\s to supply s remote a prov9ce3 %e 0 r suppli$ f h] prov9ces4 ,! milit>y colonies1 ?\gh 9 "s respects !y 7 admirably fitt$ = _! purposes1 _h1 h[ev]1 "o ess5tial defect3 ! l&s grant$ to ! soldi]s did n pass to _! po/]ity2 s t ! ,roman p mu/ h multipli$ poorly 9 ?is isl&1 :5 _! increase pr9cipally dep5d$ on a succession ( sup]annuat$ soldi]s4 ,f ?is defect ! colonies 7 cont9ually fall+ to decay4 ,!y _h also 9 _m respects deg5]at$ f _! primitive in/itution4#bf ,we mu/ add1 t 9 ! decl9e ( ! ,empire a great "p ( ! troops 9 ,brita9 7 b>b>ians1 ,batavians or ,g]mans4 ,?us1 at ! close ( ?is p]iod1 ?is unhappy c\ntry1 desolat$ ( its inhabitants1 ab&on$ by its ma/]s1 /ripp$ ( its artisans1 & depriv$ ( all its _s1 0 9 a condition ! mo/ wret*$ & =lorn4 ,,footnotes3 #bf ,neque conjugiis suscipi5dis neque al5dis lib]is sueti1 orbas s9e po/]is domos rel9quebant4 ,non enim1 ut olim1 univ]s legiones d$ucebantur cum tribunis et c5turionibus et suis cujusque ord9is militibus1 ut cons5su et c>itate rempublicam effic]5t1 s$ ignoti int] se1 div]sis manipulis1 s9e rectore1 s9e affectibus mutuis1 quasi ex alio g5]e mortalium rep5te 9 unum collecti1 num]us magis quam colonia--,tacit4 ,annal4 ,,xiv4 #bg4 ,,book ,,ii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,entry ,,& ,,settlem5t ,,( ,,! ,,saxons1 ,,& ,,_! ,,conv]sion ,,to ,,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ddg4 ,aft] hav+ be5 s long subject to a =eign dom9ion1 !re 0 among ! ,britons no royal family1 no respect$ ord] 9 ! /ate1 none ( ^? titles to gov]nm5t1 confirm$ by op9ion & long use1 m efficaci\s ?an ! wise/ s*emes = ! settlem5t ( ! nation4 ,m]e p]sonal m]it 0 !n ! only pret5ce to p[]4 ,b ?is circum/ance only add$ to ! mis=tunes ( a p :o _h no ord]ly me?od ( election1 & little exp]i5ce ( m]it 9 any ( ! c&idates4 ,dur+ ?is an>*y1 :il/ !y suff]$ ! mo/ dreadful calamities f ! fury ( b>b>\s nations :i* invad$ !m1 !y fell into t disreg>d ( religion1 & ^? loose1 disord]ly mann]s1 :i* are sometimes ! consequ5ce ( desp]ate & h>d5$ wret*$ness1 z well z ! common di/emp]s ( ease & prosp]ity4 ,at l5g?1 aft] frequ5t elections & depos+s1 r we>i$ out by _! own incon/ancy ?an1 fix$ by ! m]it ( _! *oice1 !y suff]$ ,vortig]n to reign ov] !m4 ,?is lead] _h made "s figure 9 ! conduct ( _! w>s & facti\s4 ,b he 0 no soon] settl$ on ! ?rone ?an he %[$ himself r l a pr9ce born ( an exhau/$ /ock ( royalty 9 ! decl9e ( empire ?an "o ( ^? bold & active spirits ^: manly tal5ts obta9 !m ! fir/ place 9 _! c\ntry1 & /amp ^u x t "* ( vigor ess5tial to ! prosp]ity ( a new commonweal?4 ,h[ev]1 ! m]e settlem5t1 9 spite ( ! ill adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t1 procur$ ! ,britons "s int]nal repose1 & "s tempor>y advantages ov] _! enemies1 ! ,picts4 ,b hav+ be5 long habituat$ to defeats1 nei!r rely+ on _! k+ nor on !mselves1 & fatigu$ ) ! ob/9ate attacks ( an enemy :om !y sometimes *eck$1 b c\ld nev] remove1 9 "o ( _! national assemblies x 0 resolv$ to call 9 ! m]c5>y aid ( ! ,saxons1 a p[]ful nation ( ,g]many1 :i* _h be5 long by _! piratical incursions t]rible n only to !m1 b to all ! adjac5t c\ntries4 ,?is resolution has be5 g5]ally condemn$4 ,x has be5 said1 t !y seem to h ?r\gh m]e c[>dice di/ru/$ a /r5g? n yet worn d[n1 & a =tune suffici5tly prosp]\s4 ,b z x 0 tak5 by g5]al c\nsel & cons5t1 we mu/ believe t ! necessity ( su* a /ep 0 felt1 ?\gh ! ev5t 0 dubi\s4 ,! ev5t1 inde$1 might be dubi\s3 9 a /ate radically weak1 e measure vigor\s en\gh = its protection mu/ endang] its exi/5ce4 ,!re is an unque/ion$ tradition among ! ,nor!rn nations ( ,europe1 import+ t all t "p ( ! _w _h suff]$ a great & g5]al revolution by a migration f ,asiatic ,t>t>y ( a p :om !y call ,as]s4 ,^! ev]y:]e expell$ or subdu$ ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! ,celtic & ,cimbric orig9al4 ,! lead] ( ?is ,asiatic army 0 call$ ,od9 or ,wod93 fir/ _! g5]al1 aft]w>ds _! tutel> deity4 ,! "t ( ?is great *ange is lo/ 9 ! imp]fection ( tradition>y hi/ory1 & ! attempts to supply x by fable4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta91 t ! ,saxon nation believ$ !mselves ! desc5dants ( ^? conqu]ors3 & !y _h z good a title to t desc5t z any o!r ( ! ,nor!rn tribes2 = !y us$ ! same language :i* !n 0 & is /ill spok51 ) small v>iation ( ! dialects1 9 all ! c\ntries :i* ext5d f ! pol> circle to ! ,danube4 ,?is p mo/ probably d]iv$ _! "n1 z well z _! orig91 f1 ! ,sac1 a nation ( ! ,asiatic ,scy?ia4 ,at ! "t ( :i* we write !y _h seat$ !mselves 9 ! ,cimbric ,*]sonesus1 or ,jutl&1 9 ! c\ntries ( ,hol/e9 & ,sleswick1 & !nce ext5d$ along ! ,elbe & ,wes] to ! coa/ ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 z f> z ! m\?s ( ! ,rh9e4 ,9 t tract !y liv$ 9 a sort ( loose milit>y commonweal? ( ! ord9>y ,g]man model1 "u sev]al lead]s1 ! mo/ em95t ( :om 0 ,h5gi/1 desc5d$ f ,od91 ! great conductor ( ! ,asiatic colonies4 ,x 0 to ?is *ief t ! ,britons appli$ !mselves4 ,!y invit$ him by a promise ( ample pay = 8 troops1 a l>ge %>e ( _! common plund]1 & ! ,isle ( ,?anet = a settlem5t4 ,! army :i* came ov] "u ,h5gi/ did n exce$ fifte5 hundr$ m54 ,! op9ion :i* ! ,britons _h ent]ta9$ ( ! ,saxon pr[ess 0 well f\nd$2 = !y _h ! pr9cipal %>e 9 a decisive victory :i* 0 obta9$ ov] ! ,picts soon aft] _! arrival1 a victory :i* =ev] fre$ ! ,britons f all t]ror ( ! ,picts & ,scots1 b 9 ! same mom5t expos$ !m to an enemy no less dang]\s4 ,h5gi/ & 8 ,saxons1 :o _h obta9$ by ! free vote ( ! ,britons t introduction into ?is isl& !y _h s long 9 va9 attempt$ by arms1 saw t by be+ necess>y !y 7 sup]ior to _! allies4 ,!y discov]$ ! "* ( ! k+2 !y 7 eye-witnesses ( ! int]nal weakness & di/raction ( ! k+dom4 ,?is /ate ( ,brita9 0 repres5t$ ) s mu* effect to ! ,saxons 9 ,g]many1 t ano!r & mu* great] emb>kation foll[$ ! fir/2 new bodies daily cr[d$ 94 ,z soon z ! ,saxons began to be s5sible ( _! /r5g?1 !y f\nd x _! int]e/ to be discont5t$2 !y compla9$ ( brea*es ( a contract1 :i* !y con/ru$ accord+ to _! own designs2 & !n fell rudely ^u _! unprep>$ & feeble allies1 :o1 z !y _h n be5 able to resi/ ! ,picts & ,scots1 7 /ill less 9 a condition to oppose t =ce by :i* !y _h be5 protect$ aga9/ ^? enemies1 :5 turn$ unexpect$ly ^u !mselves4 ,h5gi/1 ) v little opposition1 subdu$ ! prov9ce ( ,k5t1 & !re laid ! f\ndation ( ! fir/ ,saxon k+dom4 ,e battle ! ,britons f\ght only prep>$ !m = a new defeat1 by weak5+ _! /r5g? & display+ ! inf]iority ( _! c\rage4 ,vortig]n1 in/ead ( a /eady & regul> resi/ance1 oppos$ a mixture ( timid w> & unable negotiation4 ,9 "o ( _! meet+s1 :]e9 ! bus9ess1 accord+ to ! ,g]man mode1 0 c>ri$ on amid/ fea/+ & riot1 ,vortig]n 0 /ruck ) ! beauty ( a ,saxon virg91 a k9swoman ( ,h5gi/1 & entirely "u 8 influ5ce4 ,hav+ m>ri$ h]1 he deliv]$ himself ov] to h] c\nsels4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #deb ,8 p1 h>ass$ by _! enemies1 betray$ by _! pr9ce1 & indignant at ! feeble tyranny t oppress$ !m1 depos$ him1 & set 8 son ,vortim] 9 8 place4 ,b ! *ange ( ! k+ prov$ no rem$y = ! exhau/$ /ate ( ! nation & ! con/itutional infirmity ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,= ev5 if ! ,britons c\ld h support$ !mselves aga9/ ! sup]ior abilities & ef=ts ( ,h5gi/1 x might h add$ to _! honor1 b w\ld h contribut$ little to _! safety4 ,! news ( 8 success _h r\s$ all ,saxony4 ,five great bodies ( t adv5tur\s p1 "u diff]5t & indep5d5t comm&]s1 v ne>ly at ! same "t broke 9 ^u z _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,!y came no long] z pirates1 b z invad]s4 ,:il/ ! ,britons cont5d$ ) "o body ( _! fi]ce enemies1 ano!r ga9$ gr\nd1 & fill$ ) slaught] & desolation ! :ole c\ntry f sea to sea4 ,a dev\r+ w>1 a dreadful fam9e1 a plague1 ! mo/ wa/eful ( any record$ 9 our hi/ory1 unit$ to consummate ! ru9 ( ,brita94 ,! ecclesia/ical writ]s ( t age1 conf\nd$ at ! view ( ^? complicat$ calamities1 saw no?+ b ! arm ( ,god /ret*$ out = ! puni%m5t ( a s9ful & disob$i5t nation4 ,& truly1 :5 we set be=e u 9 "o po9t ( view ! condition ( almo/ all ! p>ts :i* _h lately compos$ ! ,we/]n ,empire1--( ,brita91 ( ,gaul1 ( ,italy1 ( ,spa91 ( ,africa1--at once ov]:elm$ by a resi/less inundation ( mo/ cruel b>b>ians1 ^: inhuman me?od ( w> made b a small "p ( ! mis]ies ) :i* ^! nations 7 afflict$1 we are almo/ driv5 out ( ! circle ( political inquiry3 we are 9 a mann] compell$ to ackn[l$ge ! h& ( ,god 9 ^? imm5se revolutions by :i* at c]ta9 p]iods ,he s signally ass]ts ,8 supreme dom9ion1 & br+s ab\t t great sy/em ( *ange :i* is p]haps z necess>y to ! moral z x is f\nd to be 9 ! natural _w4 ,b :atev] 0 ! condition ( ! o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 x is g5]ally agre$ t ! /ate ( ,brita9 0 ! wor/ ( all4 ,"s writ]s h ass]t$1 t1 except ^? :o took refuge 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,wales & 9 ,cornwall1 or fl$ into ,armorica1 ! ,briti% race 0 9 a mann] de/roy$4 ,:at is extraord9>y1 we f9d ,engl& 9 a v tol]able /ate ( population 9 less ?an two c5turies aft] ! fir/ invasion ( ! ,saxons2 & x is h>d to imag9e ei!r ! transplantation or ! increase ( t s+le p to h be5 9 s %ort a "t suffici5t = ! settlem5t ( s great an ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,o!rs speak ( ! ,britons1 n z extirpat$1 b z r$uc$ to a /ate ( slav]y2 & "h ^! writ]s fix ! orig9 ( p]sonal & pr$ial s]vitude 9 ,engl&4 ,i %all lay fairly be=e ! read] all ,i h be5 able to discov] conc]n+ ! exi/5ce or condition ( ?is unhappy p4 ,t !y 7 mu* m brok5 & r$uc$ ?an any o!r nation :i* _h fall5 "u ! ,g]man p[] ,i ?9k may be inf]r$ f two consid]ations4 ,fir/1 t 9 all o!r p>ts ( ,europe ! anci5t language subsi/$ aft] ! conque/1 & at l5g? incorporat$ ) t ( ! conqu]ors2 :]eas 9 ,engl& ! ,saxon language receiv$ little or no t9cture f ! ,wel%2 & x seems1 ev5 among ! l[e/ p1 to h cont9u$ a dialect ( pure ,teutonic to ! "t 9 :i* x 0 itself bl5d$ ) ! ,norman4 ,secondly1 t on ! cont95t ! ,*ri/ian religion1 aft] ! ,nor!rn irruptions1 n only rema9$1 b fl\ri%$4 ,x 0 v e>ly & univ]sally adopt$ by ! rul+ p4 ,9 ,engl& x 0 s entirely ext+ui%$1 t1 :5 ,augu/9 und]took 8 mission1 x does n appe> t among all ! ,saxons !re 0 a s+le p]son pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ejj ,! sudd5 ext9ction ( ! anci5t religion1 & language appe>s suffici5t to %[ t ,brita9 mu/ h suff]$ m ?an any ( ! neighbor+ nations on ! cont95t4 ,b x mu/ n be conceal$ t !re are likewise pro(s t ! ,briti% race1 ?\gh mu* dim9i%$1 0 n :olly extirpat$1 & t ^? :o rema9$ 7 n1 m]ely z ,britons1 r$uc$ to s]vitude4 ,= !y are m5tion$ z exi/+ 9 "s ( ! e>li] ,saxon laws4 ,9 ^! laws !y are all[$ a comp5sation on ! foot+ ( ! mean] k9d ( ,engli%2 & !y are ev5 p]mitt$1 z well z ! ,engli%1 to em]ge out ( t l[ rank into a m lib]al condition4 ,?is is degradation1 b n slav]y4#bg ,! affairs ( t :ole p]iod are1 h[ev]1 cov]$ ) an obscurity n to be dissipat$4 ,! ,britons _h little leisure or ability to write a j acc\nt ( a w> by :i* !y 7 ru9$2 & ! ,anglo-,saxons :o succe$$ !m1 att5tive only to arms1 71 until _! conv]sion1 ignorant ( ! use ( lett]s4 ,x is on ?is d>k5$ !atre t "s old writ]s h introduc$ ^? *>act]s & actions :i* h af=d$ su* ample matt] to poets & s mu* p]plexity to hi/orians4 ,?is is ! fabul\s & h]oic age ( our nation4 ,aft] ! natural & j repres5tations ( ! ,roman sc5e1 ! /age is aga9 cr[d$ ) en*ant]s1 giants1 & all ! extravagant images ( ! wilde/ & mo/ remote antiquity4 ,no p]sonage makes s conspicu\s a figure 9 ^! /ories z ,k+ ,ar?ur3 a pr9ce :e!r ( ,briti% or ,roman orig91 :e!r born on ?is isl& or 9 ,amorica1 is unc]ta92 b x appe>s t he oppos$ ! ,saxons ) rem>kable virtue & no small degree ( success1 :i* has r5d]$ him & 8 exploits s l>ge an argum5t ( romance t bo? are almo/ disclaim$ by hi/ory4 ,light sc>ce beg9s to dawn until ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 br++ ) x ! use ( lett]s & ! arts ( civil life1 af=ds at once a ju/] acc\nt ( ?+s & facts t are m wor?y ( relation3 nor is !re1 inde$1 any revolution s rem>kable 9 ! ,engli% /ory4 ,! bi%ops ( ,rome _h = "s "t m$itat$ ! conv]sion ( ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,pope ,gregory1 :o is surnam$ ! ,great1 affect$ t pi\s design ) an uncommon zeal2 & he at l5g? f\nd a circum/ance highly favorable to x 9 ! m>riage ( a daught] ( ,*>ib]t1 a k+ ( ! ,franks1 to ! reign+ mon>* ( ,k5t4 ,?is opportunity induc$ ,pope ,gregory to commission ,augu/91 a monk ( ,rheims1 & a man ( di/+ui%$ piety1 to und]take ?is ardu\s ent]prise4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #fjj ,x 0 9 ! ye> ( ,*ri/ #fjj1 & #aej ye>s aft] ! com+ ( ! fir/ ,saxon colonies into ,engl&1 t ,e!lb]t1 k+ ( ,k5t1 receiv$ intellig5ce ( ! arrival 9 8 dom9ions ( a numb] ( m5 9 a =eign g>b1 practis+ sev]al /range & unusual c]emonies1 :o desir$ to be conduct$ to ! k+'s pres5ce1 decl>+ t !y _h ?+s to communicate to him & to 8 p ( ! utmo/ importance to _! et]nal welf>e4 ,?is 0 ,augu/91 ) =ty ( ! associates ( 8 mission1 :o n[ l&$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,?anet1 ! same place by :i* ! ,saxons _h be=e ent]$1 :5 !y extirpat$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! k+ he>d !m 9 ! op5 air1 9 ord] to defeat1#bh ^u a pr9ciple ( ,druidical sup]/ition1 ! effects ( _! en*antm5ts4 ,augu/9 spoke by a ,franki% int]pret]4 ,! ,franks & ,saxons 7 ( ! same orig91 & us$ at t "t ! same language4 ,he 0 favorably receiv$2 & a place 9 ! city ( ,cant]bury1 ! capital ( ,k5t1 0 allott$ = ! resid5ce ( him & 8 companions4 ,!y ent]$ ,cant]bury 9 procession1 prec$$ by two p]sons :o bore a silv] cross & ! figure ( ,*ri/ pa9t$ on a bo>d1 s++1 z !y w5t1 litanies to av]t ! wra? ( ,god f t city & p4 ,! k+ 0 among _! fir/ conv]ts4 ,?o pr9cipal ( 8 nobility1 z usual1 foll[$ t example1 mov$1 z x is relat$1 by _m signal miracles1 b und\bt$ly by ! extraord9>y zeal ( ! mission>ies1 & ! pi\s au/]ity ( _! lives4 ,! new religion1 by ! protection ( s respect$ a pr9ce1 :o held "u 8 dom9ion or influ5ce all ! c\ntries to ! s\?w>d ( ! ,humb]1 spread itself ) great rapidity4 ,paganism1 aft] a fa9t resi/ance1 ev]y:]e gave way4 ,&1 inde$1 ! *ief difficulties :i* ,*ri/ianity _h to enc\nt] did n arise s mu* f ! /ruggles ( opposite religi\s prejudices z f ! gross & lic5ti\s mann]s ( a b>b>\s p4 ,"o ( ! ,saxon pr9ces expell$ ! ,*ri/ians f 8 t]ritory because ! prie/ refus$ to give him "s ( t :ite bread :i* he saw di/ribut$ to 8 congregation4 ,x is probable t ! ord] ( ,druids ei!r did n at all subsi/ among/ ! ,anglo-,saxons1 or t at ?is "t x _h decl9$ n a little f its anci5t au?ority & reputation2 else x is n easy to conceive h[ !y admitt$ s readily a new sy/em1 :i* at "o /roke cut (f f _! "* its :ole importance4 ,we ev5 f9d "s *iefs ( ! ,pagan prie/hood among/ ! =emo/ 9 submitt+ to ! new doctr9e4 ,on ! fir/ prea*+ ( ! ,gospel 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 ! hea!n pontiff ( t t]ritory imm$iately m\nt$ a horse1 :i* to ^? ( 8 ord] 0 unlawful1 &1 break+ into ! sacr$ inclosure1 hew$ to pieces ! idol he _h s long s]v$4#bi ,if ! ord] ( ! ,druids did n subsi/ among/ ! ,saxons1 yet ! *ief objects ( _! religion appe> to h be5 d]iv$ f t f\nta94 ,!y1 inde$1 wor%ipp$ sev]al idols "u v>i\s =ms ( m5 & bea/s2 & ^? gods to :om !y d$icat$ ! days ( ! week bore 9 _! attributes1 & 9 ! p>ticul> days t 7 consecrat$ to !m1 ?\gh n 9 _! names1 a ne> resemblance to ! div9ities ( anci5t ,rome4 ,b /ill ! great & capital objects ( _! wor%ip 7 tak5 f ,druidism1--trees1 /ones1 ! elem5ts1 & ! heav5ly bodies4#cj ,^! 7 _! pr9cipal devotions1 laid ! /ronge/ hold ^u _! m9ds1 & resi/$ ! progress ( ! ,*ri/ian religion ) ! greate/ ob/9acy3 = we f9d ^! sup]/itions =bidd5 among/ ! late/ ,saxon laws4 ,a wor%ip :i* /&s 9 ne$ ( ! memorial ( images or books to support x may p]i% :5 ^! are de/roy$2 b :5 a sup]/ition is e/abli%$ ^u ^? great objects ( ,nature :i* cont9ually solicit ! s5ses1 x is extremely difficult to turn ! m9d f ?+s t 9 !mselves are /rik+1 & t are always pres5t4 ,among/ ! objects ( ?is class mu/ be reckon$ ! goddess ,eo/re1 :o1 f ! etymology ( ! "n1 z well z f ! season sacr$ to h]1 0 probably t beautiful planet :i* ! ,greeks & ,romans wor%ipp$ "u ! names ( ,lucif] & ,v5us4 ,x is f ?is goddess t 9 ,engl& ! pas*al fe/ival has be5 call$ ,ea/]4#ca ,to ^! !y jo9$ ! rev]5ce ( v>i\s subord9ate g5ii1 or demons1 fairies1 & gobl9s1--fanta/ical ideas1 :i*1 9 a /ate ( un9/ruct$ ,nature1 gr[ spontane\sly out ( ! wild fancies or fe>s ( m54 ,?us1 !y wor%ipp$ a sort ( goddess1 :om !y call$ ,m>a1 =m$ f ^? frightful appe>ances t oppress m5 9 _! sleep2 & ! "n is /ill reta9$ among u4#cb ,z to ! mann]s ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 !y 7 su* z might be expect$ 9 a rude p1--fi]ce1 & ( a gross simplicity4 ,_! clo!s 7 %ort4 ,z all b>b>ians are mu* tak5 ) ext]ior =m1 & ! advantages & di/9ctions :i* are conf]r$ by ,nature1 ! ,saxons set an high value on comel9ess ( p]son1 & /udi$ mu* to improve x4 ,x is rem>kable t a law ( ,k+ ,ina ord]s ! c>e & education ( f\ndl+s to be regulat$ by _! beauty4#cc ,!y *]i%$ _! hair to a great l5g?1 & 7 extremely pr\d & jeal\s ( ?is natural ornam5t4 ,"s ( _! great m5 7 di/+ui%$ by an appellative tak5 f ! l5g? ( _! hair4#cd ,to pull ! hair 0 puni%able2#ce & =cibly to cut or injure x 0 consid]$ 9 ! same crim9al light ) cutt+ (f ! nose or ?ru/+ out ! eyes4 ,9 ! same design ( b>b>\s ornam5t1 _! faces 7 g5]ally pa9t$ & sc>r$4 ,!y 7 s fond ( *a9s & bracelets t !y h giv5 a surname to "s ( _! k+s f _! g5]osity 9 be/[+ su* m>ks ( favor4#cf ,few ?+s discov] ! /ate ( ! arts among/ p m c]ta9ly ?an ! pres5ts t are made to !m by =eign]s4 ,! ,pope1 on 8 fir/ mission into ,nor?umb]l&1 s5t to ! que5 ( t c\ntry "s /uffs ) ornam5ts ( gold1 an ivory comb inlaid ) ! same metal1 & a silv] mirror4 ,a que5's want ( su* female ornam5ts & ut5sils %[s t ! arts 7 at ?is "t little cultivat$ among/ ! ,saxons4 ,^! are ! sort ( pres5ts commonly s5t to a b>b>\s p4 ,?us ignorant 9 sci5ces & arts1 & unpractis$ 9 trade or manufacture1 milit>y ex]cises1 w>1 & ! prep>ation = w>1 0 _! employm5t1 hunt+ _! pleasure4 ,!y dwelt 9 cottages ( wick]-"w pla/]$ ) clay & ?at*$ ) ru%es1 :]e !y sat ) _! families1 _! (fic]s & dome/ics1 r\nd a fire made 9 ! middle ( ! h\se4 ,9 ?is mann] _! greate/ pr9ces liv$ amid/ ! ru9s ( ,roman magnific5ce4 ,b ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 "u :atev] =m1 always conf]s su* ine/imable b5efits on mank9d1 soon made a s5sible *ange 9 ^! rude & fi]ce mann]s4 ,x is by no means impossible1 t1 = an end s wor?y1 ,provid5ce on "s occasions might directly h int]pos$4 ,! books :i* conta9 ! hi/ory ( ?is "t & *ange are little else ?an a n>rative ( miracles1--frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ) su* app>5t m>ks ( weakness or design t !y af=d little enc\ragem5t to insi/ on !m4 ,!y 7 !n receiv$ ) a bl9d cr$ulity3 !y h be5 s9ce reject$ ) z undi/+ui%+ a disreg>d4 ,b z x is n 9 my design nor incl9ation1 nor inde$ 9 my p[]1 ei!r to e/abli% or refute ^! /ories1 x is suffici5t to obs]ve1 t ! reality or op9ion ( su* miracles 0 ! pr9cipal cause ( ! e>ly acceptance & rapid progress ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ?is isl&4 ,o!r causes und\bt$ly concurr$2 & x w be m to our purpose to consid] "s ( ! human & politic ways by :i* religion 0 advanc$ 9 ?is nation1 & ^? m p>ticul>ly by :i* ! mona/ic in/itution1 !n int]wov5 ) ,*ri/ianity1 & mak+ an equal progress ) x1 atta9$ to s high a pit*1 ( prop]ty & p[]1 s z1 9 a "t extremely %ort1 to =m a k9d ( ord]1 & t n ! lea/ consid]able1 9 ! /ate4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,leges ,91 #cb1 ,de ,cambrico ,hom9e ,agrum possid5te4--,id4 #ed #bh ,vet]i usus augurio1 says ,h5ry ( ,hunt+don1 p4 #cba4 #bi ,b$e1 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 ,lib4 ,,ii4 c #ac4 #cj ,deos g5tiles1 et solem vel lunam1 ignem vel fluvium1 torr5tem vel saxa1 vel alicujus g5]is arborum ligna4--,l4 ,cnut4 #e4--,sup]/itiosus ille conv5tus1 qui ,fri?ge> dicitur1 circa lapidem1 arborem1 fontem4--,leg4 ,presb4 ,nor?umb4 #ca ,spelman's ,gloss>y1 ,tit4 eod4 #cb ,! night-m>e4 #cc ,l4 ,91 #bf4 #cd ,oslacus 444 promiss cs>ie h]os4--,*ron4 ,saxon4 #abc4 #ce ,l4 lfr$4 #ca4 ,l4 ,cnut4 apud ,brompt4 #bg4 #cf ,eadg>us nobilibus torquium l>gitor4--,*ron4 ,sax4 #abc ,b$4 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 ,lib4 ,,iv4 c4 #bi4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,*ri/ianity--,,( ,,mona/ic ,,in/itutions--,,& ,,( ,,_! ,,effects4 ,! m>riage ( ,e!lb]t to a ,*ri/ian pr9cess 01 we h se51 a means ( introduc+ ,*ri/ianity into 8 dom9ions4 ,! same influ5ce contribut$ to ext5d x 9 ! o!r k+doms ( ! ,hept>*y1 ! sov]eigns ( :i* 7 g5]ally conv]t$ by _! wives4 ,among ! anci5t nations ( ,g]many1 ! female sex 0 possess$ n only ( its natural & common asc5dant1 b x 0 believ$ peculi>ly sacr$1#cg & favor$ ) m frequ5t revelations ( ! ,div9e w2 wom5 7 !re=e he>d ) an uncommon att5tion 9 all delib]ations1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ^? t reg>d$ religion4 ,! ,pagan sup]/ition ( ! ,nor? furni%$1 9 ?is in/ance1 a pr9ciple :i* contribut$ to its own de/ruction4 ,9 ! *ange ( religion1 c>e 0 tak5 to r5d] ! transition f falsehood to tru? z little viol5t z possible4 ,?\gh ! fir/ proselytes 7 k+s1 x does n appe> t !re 0 any p]secution4 ,x 0 a precept ( ,pope ,gregory1 "u ^: auspices ?is mission 0 conduct$1 t ! hea!n temples %\ld n be de/roy$1 especially :]e !y 7 well built1--b t1 fir/ remov+ ! idols1 !y %\ld be consecrat$ anew by holi] rites & to bett] purposes1#ch 9 ord] t ! prejudices ( ! p might n be too rudely %ock$ by a decl>$ pr(anation ( :at !y _h s long held sacr$1 & t1 ev]y:]e behold+ ! same places to :i* !y _h =m]ly resort$ = religi\s com=t1 !y might be gradually reconcil$ to ! new doctr9es & c]emonies :i*1 7 !re introduc$2 & z ! sacrifices us$ 9 ! ,pagan wor%ip 7 always att5d$ ) fea/+1 & consequ5tly 7 highly grateful to ! multitude1 ! ,pope ord]$ t ox51 %\ld z usual be slaught]$ ne> ! *ur*1 & ! p indulg$ 9 _! anci5t fe/ivity4#ci ,:atev] popul> cu/oms ( hea!nism 7 f\nd to be absolutely n incompatible ) ,*ri/ianity 7 reta9$2 & "s ( !m 7 cont9u$ to a v late p]iod4 ,de] 7 at a c]ta9 season br\ght into ,/4 ,paul's *ur* 9 ,london1 & laid on ! alt>2#dj & ?is cu/om subsi/$ until ! ,re=mation4 ,! names ( "s ( ! ,*ur* fe/ivals 71 ) a simil> design1 tak5 f ^? ( ! hea!n :i* _h be5 celebrat$ at ! same "t ( ! ye>4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m prud5t ?an ^! regulations3 !y 71 inde$1 =m$ f a p]fect und]/&+ ( human nature4 ,:il/ ! inf]ior p 7 ?us ins5sibly l$ into a bett] ord]1 ! example & c\nt5ance ( ! great complet$ ! "w4 ,= ! ,saxon k+s & rul+ m5 embrac$ religion ) s signal1 & 9 _! rank s unusual a zeal1 t 9 _m in/ances !y ev5 sacrific$ to its advancem5t ! prime objects ( _! ambition4 ,wulfh]e1 k+ ( ! ,we/ ,saxons1 be/[$ ! ,isle ( ,wight on ! k+ ( ,sussex1 to p]suade him to embrace ,*ri/ianity4#da ,?is zeal op]at$ 9 ! same mann] 9 favor ( _! in/ructors4 ,! greate/ k+s & conqu]ors frequ5tly resign$ _! cr[ns & %ut !mselves up 9 mona/]ies4 ,:5 k+s became monks1 a high lu/re 0 reflect$ ^u ! mona/ic /ate1 & great cr$it accru$ to ! p[] ( _! doctr9e1 :i* 0 able to produce su* extraord9>y effects ^u p]sons ov] :om religion has commonly ! slighte/ influ5ce4 ,! zeal ( ! mission>ies 0 also mu* assi/$ by _! sup]iority 9 ! arts ( civil life4 ,at _! fir/ prea*+ 9 ,sussex1 t c\ntry 0 r$uc$ to ! greate/ di/ress f a dr\ght1 :i* _h cont9u$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,! b>b>\s inhabitants1 de/itute ( any means to alleviate ! fam9e1 9 an epidemic transport ( despair frequ5tly unit$ =ty & fifty 9 a body1 &1 jo9+ _! h&s1 precipitat$ !mselves f ! cliffs1 & 7 ei!r dr[n$ or da%$ to pieces on ! rocks4 ,?\gh a m>itime p1 !y knew n h[ to fi%2 & ?is ignorance probably arose f a remnant ( ,druidical sup]/ition1 :i* _h =bidd5 ! use ( t sort ( diet4 ,9 ?is calamity1 ,bi%op ,wilfrid1 _! fir/ prea*]1 collect+ nets1 at ! head ( 8 att5dants1 plung$ into ! sea2 & hav+ op5$ ?is great res\rce ( food1 he reconcil$ ! desp]ate p to life1 & _! m9ds to ! spiritual c>e ( ^? :o _h %[n !mselves s att5tive to _! temporal pres]vation4#db ,! same reg>d to ! welf>e ( ! p appe>$ 9 all _! actions4 ,! ,*ri/ian k+s sometimes made donations to ! ,*ur* ( l&s conqu]$ f _! hea!n enemies4 ,! cl]gy imm$iately baptiz$ & manumitt$ _! new vassals4 ,?us !y ende>$ to all sorts ( m5 doctr9es & tea*]s :i* c\ld mitigate ! rigor\s law ( conque/2 & !y rejoic$ to see religion & lib]ty advanc+ )1 an equal progress4 ,nor 7 ! monks 9 ?is "t 9 any?+ m wor?y ( praise ?an 9 _! zeal = p]sonal fre$om4 ,9 ! canon :]e9 !y provid$ aga9/ ! ali5ation ( _! l&s1 among o!r *>itable exceptions to ?is re/ra9t !y p>ticul>ize ! pur*ase ( lib]ty#dc4 ,9 _! transactions ) ! great ! same po9t 0 always /r5u\sly labor$4 ,:5 !y impos$ p5ance1 !y 7 rem>kably indulg5t to p]sons ( t rank2 b !y always made !m pur*ase ! remission ( corporal au/]ity by acts ( b5efic5ce4 ,!y urg$ _! p[]ful p5it5ts to ! enfran*isem5t ( _! own slaves1 & to ! r$emption ( ^? :i* belong$ to o!rs2 !y direct$ !m to ! repair ( highways1 & to ! con/ruction ( *ur*es1 bridges1 & o!r works ( g5]al utility4#dd ,!y extract$ ! fruits ( virtue ev5 f crimes2 & :5ev] a great man expiat$ 8 private (f5ces1 he provid$ 9 ! same act = ! public happ9ess4 ,! mona/]ies 7 !n ! only bodies corporate 9 ! k+dom2 & if any p]sons 7 desir\s to p]petuate _! *>ity by a fund = ! relief ( ! sick or indig5t1 !re 0 no o!r way ?an to confide ?is tru/ to "s mona/]y4 ,! monks 7 ! sole *annel ?r\gh :i* ! b\nty ( ! ri* c\ld pass 9 any cont9u$ /ream to ! poor2 & ! p turn$ _! eyes t[>ds !m 9 all _! di/resses4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 t ! monks ( t "t1 especially ^? f ,irel&1#de :o _h a consid]able %>e 9 ! conv]sion ( all ! nor!rn p>ts1 did n %[ t rapaci\s desire ( ri*es :i* long disgrac$ & f9ally ru9$ _! successors4 ,n only did !y n seek1 b seem$ ev5 to %un su* donations4 ,?is prev5t$ t al>m :i* might h aris5 f an e>ly & decl>$ av>ice4 ,at ?is "t ! mo/ f]v5t & holy an*orites retir$ to places ! fur!/ t c\ld be f\nd f human conc\rse & help1 to ! mo/ desolate & b>r5 situations1 :i* ev5 f _! horror seem$ p>ticul>ly adapt$ to m5 :o _h r5\nc$ ! _w4 ,_m p]sons foll[$ !m 9 ord] to p>take ( _! in/ructions & pray]s1 or to =m !mselves ^u _! example4 ,an op9ion ( _! miracles aft] _! dea? drew /ill great] numb]s4 ,e/abli%m5ts 7 gradually made4 ,! mona/ic life 0 frugal1 & ! gov]nm5t mod]ate4 ,^! causes drew a con/ant conc\rse4 ,sanctifi$ des]ts assum$ a new face2 ! m>%es 7 dra9$1 & ! l&s cultivat$4 ,& z ?is revolution seem$ r ! effect ( ! hol9ess ( ! place ?an ( any natural causes1 x increas$ _! cr$it2 & e improvem5t drew ) x a new donation4 ,9 ?is mann] ! great abbeys ( ,croyl& & ,gla/onbury1 & _m o!rs1 f ! mo/ obscure beg9n+s1 7 advanc$ to a degree ( weal? & spl5dor little less ?an royal4 ,9 ^! rude ages gov]nm5t 0 n yet fix$ ^u solid pr9ciples1 & ev]y?+ 0 full ( tumult & di/raction4 ,z ! mona/]ies 7 bett] secur$ f viol5ce by _! "* ?an any o!r places by laws1 sev]al great m51 & ev5 sov]eign pr9ces1 7 oblig$ to take refuge 9 conv5ts2 :o1 :51 by a m happy revolution 9 _! =tunes1 !y 7 re9/at$ 9 _! =m] dignities1 ?\ght !y c\ld nev] make a suffici5t return = ! safety !y _h enjoy$ "u ! sacr$ hospitality ( ^! ro(s4 ,n cont5t to enri* !m ) ample possessions1 t o!rs also might p>take ( ! protection !y _h exp]i5c$1 !y =mally erect$ into an asylum ^? mona/]ies1 & _! adjac5t t]ritory4 ,s t all ?rong$ to t refuge :o 7 r5d]$ unquiet by _! crimes1 _! mis=tunes1 or ! sev]ity ( _! lords2 & cont5t to live "u a gov]nm5t to :i* _! m9ds 7 subject1 !y rais$ ! importance ( _! ma/]s by _! numb]s1 _! labor1 &1 above all1 by an inviolable atta*m5t4 ,! mona/]y 0 always ! place ( sepulture = ! greate/ lords & k+s4 ,?is add$ to ! o!r causes ( rev]5ce a sort ( sanctity1 :i*1 9 univ]sal op9ion1 always att5ds ! repositories ( ! dead3 & !y acquir$ also !reby a m p>ticul> protection aga9/ ! great & p[]ful2 = :o w\ld violate ! tomb ( 8 ance/ors or 8 own8 ,x 0 n an unnatural weakness to ?9k t "s advantage might be d]iv$ f ly+ 9 holy places & among/ holy p]sons3 & ?is sup]/ition 0 fom5t$ ) ! greate/ indu/ry & art4 ,! monks ( ,gla/onbury spread a notion t x 0 almo/ impossible any p]son %\ld be damn$ ^: body lay 9 _! cemet]y4 ,?is mu/ be consid]$ z com+ 9 aid ( ! ample/ ( _! res\rces1 pray] = ! dead4 ,b !re 0 no "p ( _! policy1 ( :atev] nature1 t procur$ to !m a great] or ju/] cr$it ?an _! cultivation ( le>n+ & useful arts3 =1 if ! monks contribut$ to ! fall ( sci5ce 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 x is c]ta9 t ! introduction ( le>n+ & civility into ?is ,nor!rn _w is entirely ow+ to _! labors4 ,x is true t !y cultivat$ lett]s only 9 a second>y way1 & z subsidi>y to religion4 ,b ! s*eme ( ,*ri/ianity is su* t x almo/ necessitates an att5tion to _m k9ds ( le>n+4 ,= ! ,scripture is by no means an irrelative sy/em ( moral & div9e tru?s2 b x /&s connect$ ) s _m hi/ories1 & ) ! laws1 op9ions1 & mann]s ( s _m v>i\s sorts ( p1 & 9 su* diff]5t times1 t x is altoge!r impossible to arrive to any tol]able k ( x )\t hav+ rec\rse to mu* ext]ior inquiry3 = :i* reason ! progress ( ?is religion has always be5 m>k$ by t ( lett]s4 ,!re 7 two o!r circum/ances at ?is "t t contribut$ no less to ! revival ( le>n+4 ,! sacr$ writ+s _h n be5 translat$ into any v]nacul> language1 & ev5 ! ord9>y s]vice ( ! ,*ur* 0 /ill cont9u$ 9 ! ,lat9 tongue2 all1 !re=e1 :o =m$ !mselves = ! m9i/ry1 & hop$ to make any figure 9 x1 7 9 a mann] driv5 to ! /udy ( ! writ]s ( polite antiquity1 9 ord] to qualify !mselves = _! mo/ ord9>y functions4 ,by ?is means a practice liable 9 itself to great objections _h a consid]able %>e 9 pres]v+ ! wrecks ( lit]ature1 & 0 "o means ( convey+ d[n to our times ^? ine/imable monum5ts :i* o!rwise1 9 ! tumult ( b>b>\s confusion on "o h&1 & untaught piety on ! o!r1 mu/ inevitably h p]i%$4 ,! second circum/ance1 ! pilgrimages ( t age1 if consid]$ 9 itself1 0 z liable to objection z ! =m]2 b x prov$ ( equal advantage to ! cause ( lit]ature4 ,a pr9cipal object ( ^! pi\s j\rneys 0 ,rome1 :i* conta9$ all ! little t 0 left 9 ! ,we/]n _w ( anci5t le>n+ & ta/e4 ,! o!r great object ( ^? pilgrimages 0 ,j]usalem3 ?is l$ !m into ! ,grecian ,empire1 :i* /ill subsi/$ 9 ! ,ea/ ) great maje/y & p[]4 ,"h ! ,greeks _h n only n discont9u$ ! anci5t /udies1 b !y add$ to ! /ock ( arts _m inv5tions ( curiosity & conv5i5ce t 7 unkn[n to antiquity4 ,:51 aft]w>ds1 ! ,s>ac5s prevail$ 9 t "p ( ! _w1 ! pilgrims _h also by ! same means an opportunity ( pr(it+ f ! improvem5ts ( t labori\s p2 & h[ev] little ! majority ( ^! pi\s travell]s might h _h su* objects 9 _! view1 some?+ useful mu/ unavoidably h /uck to !m2 a few c]ta9ly saw ) m disc]nm5t1 & r5d]$ _! travels s]viceable to _! c\ntry by import+ o!r ?+s besides miracles & leg5ds4 ,?us a communication 0 op5$ betwe5 ?is remote isl& & c\ntries ( :i* x o!rwise c\ld !n sc>cely h he>d m5tion made2 & pilgrimages ?us pres]v$ t int]c\rse among/ mank9d :i* is n[ =m$ by politics1 comm]ce1 & le>n$ curiosity4 ,x is n :olly unwor?y ( obs]vation1 t ,provid5ce1 :i* /rongly appe>s to h int5d$ ! cont9ual int]mixture ( mank9d1 nev] leaves ! human m9d de/itute ( a pr9ciple to effect x4 ,?is purpose is sometimes c>ri$ on by a sort ( migratory in/9ct1 sometimes by ! _s ( conque/2 at "o "t av>ice drives m5 f _! homes1 at ano!r !y are actuat$ by a ?ir/ ( k2 :]e none ( ^! causes c op]ate1 ! sanctity ( p>ticul> places attracts m5 f ! mo/ di/ant qu>t]s4 ,x 0 ?is motive :i* s5t ?\s&s 9 ^? ages to ,j]usalem & ,rome1 & n[1 9 a full tide1 impels half ! _w annually to ,mecca4 ,by ^? voyages ! se$s ( v>i\s k9ds ( k & improvem5t 7 at diff]5t times import$ into ,engl&4 ,!y 7 cultivat$ 9 ! leisure & retirem5t ( mona/]ies2 o!rwise !y c\ld n h be5 cultivat$ at all3 = x 0 altoge!r necess>y to draw c]ta9 m5 f ! g5]al rude & fi]ce society1 & :olly to set a b> betwe5 !m & ! b>b>\s life ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 9 ord] to fit !m = /udy & ! cultivation ( arts & sci5ce4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d ev]y:]e 9 ! fir/ in/itutions = ! propagation ( k among/ any p1 t ^? :o foll[$ x 7 set ap>t & seclud$ f ! mass ( ! community4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #fhb ,! great ecclesia/ical *air ( ?is k+dom1 = ne> a c5tury1 0 fill$ by =eign]s4 ,!y 7 nom9at$ by ! ,popes1 :o 7 9 t age j or politic en\gh to appo9t p]sons ( a m]it 9 "s degree adequate to t important *>ge4 ,?r\gh ?is s]ies ( =eign & le>n$ prelates1 cont9ual accessions 7 made to ! orig9ally sl5d] /ock ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,! greate/ & mo/ valuable ( ^! accessions 0 made 9 ! "t & by ! c>e ( ,!odorus1 ! sev5? ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,he 0 a ,greek by bir?1 a man ( a high ambiti\s _s1 & ( a m9d m lib]al & tal5ts bett] cultivat$ ?an g5]ally fell to ! lot ( ! ,we/]n prelates4 ,he fir/ introduc$ ! /udy ( 8 native language into ?is isl&4 ,he br\ght ) him a numb] ( valuable books 9 _m faculties1 & among/ !m a magnific5t copy ( ! works ( ,hom]1 ! mo/ anci5t & be/ ( poets1 & ! be/ *os5 to inspire a p j initiat$ into lett]s ) an ard5t love & ) a true ta/e = ! sci5ces4 ,"u 8 influ5ce a s*ool 0 =m$ at ,cant]bury2 & ?us ! o!r great f\nta9 ( k1 ! ,greek tongue1 0 op5$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #ffi4 ,! s\!rn p>ts ( ,engl& receiv$ _! improvem5ts directly ?r\gh ! *annel ( ,rome4 ,! k+dom ( ,nor?umb]l&1 z soon z x 0 conv]t$1 began to cont5d ) ! s\!rn prov9ces 9 an emulation ( piety & le>n+4 ,! ecclesia/ics !n !re8 also kept up & pr(it$ by _! int]c\rse ) ,rome2 b !y f\nd _! pr9cipal res\rces ( k f ano!r & a m extraord9>y qu>t]4 ,! isl& ( ,hii1 or ,columbkill1#df is a small & b>r5 rock 9 ! ,we/]n ,ocean4 ,b 9 ^? days x 0 high 9 reputation z ! site ( a mona/]y :i* _h acquir$ great r5[n = ! rigor ( its /udies & ! sev]ity ( its ascetic discipl9e4 ,its au?ority 0 ext5d$ ov] all ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,brita9 & ,irel&2 & ! monks ( ,hii ev5 ex]cis$ episcopal jurisdiction ov] all ^? regions4 ,!y _h a consid]able %>e bo? 9 ! religi\s & lit]ate in/itution ( ! ,nor?umbrians4 ,ano!r isl&1 ( /ill less importance1 9 ! m\? ( ! ,tees ,twe$81 & call$ ,l9disf>ne1 0 ab\t ?is "t sanctifi$ by ! au/]ities ( an h]mit call$ ,cu?b]t4 ,x soon became also a v celebrat$ mona/]y4 ,x 01 f a dread ( ! ravages ( pirates1 remov$ fir/ to ! adjac5t "p ( ! cont95t1 & on ! same acc\nt f9ally to ,durham4 ,! heads ( ?is mona/]y omitt$ no?+ :i* c\ld contribute to ! glory ( _! f\nd] & to ! dignity ( _! h\se1 :i* became1 9 a v %ort "t1 by _! assidu\s endeavors1 ! mo/ consid]able s*ool p]haps 9 ,europe4 ,! great & ju/e/ boa/ ( ?is mona/]y is ! ,v5]able ,b$a1 :o 0 educat$ & sp5t 8 :ole life !re4 ,an acc\nt ( 8 writ+s is an acc\nt ( ! ,engli% le>n+ 9 t age1 tak5 9 its mo/ advantage\s view4 ,_m ( 8 works rema91 & he wrote bo? 9 prose & v]se1 & ^u all sorts ( subjects4 ,8 !ology =ms ! mo/ consid]able "p ( 8 writ+s4 ,he wrote comm5ts ^u almo/ ! :ole ,scripture1 & sev]al homilies on ! pr9cipal fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*4 ,bo? ! comm5ts & s]mons are g5]ally allegorical 9 ! con/ruction ( ! text1 & simply moral 9 ! application4 ,9 ^! disc\rses sev]al ?+s seem /ra9$ & fanciful2 b h]e9 he foll[$ entirely ! mann] ( ! e>li] fa!rs1 f :om ! greate/ "p ( 8 div9ity is n s mu* imitat$ z extract$4 ,! sy/ematic & logical me?od1 :i* seems to h be5 fir/ introduc$ into !ology by ,john ( ,damascus1 & :i* aft] w>ds 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ,s*ool ,div9ity1 0 n !n 9 use1 at lea/ 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 ?\gh soon aft] x made an amaz+ progress4 ,9 ?is s*eme ! allegorical gave way to ! lit]al explication1 ! imag9ation _h less scope1 & ! affections 7 less t\*$4 ,b x prevail$ by an appe>ance m solid & philosophical1 by an ord] m sci5tific1 & by a read9ess ( application ei!r = ! solution or ! excit+ ( d\bts & difficulties4 ,!y also cultivat$ 9 ?is mona/]y ! /udy ( natural philosophy & a/ronomy4 ,!re rema9 ( ,b$a "o entire book & "s scatt]$ essays on ^! subjects4 ,?is book1 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 is concise & me?odical1 & conta9s no v contemptible ab/ract ( ! physics :i* 7 taught 9 ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x 0 some:at un=tunate t ! infancy ( ,engli% le>n+ 0 support$ by ! dotage ( ! ,roman1 & t ev5 ! spr+-head f :5ce !y drew _! in/ructions 0 itself corrupt$4 ,h[ev]1 ! works ( ! great ma/]s ( ! anci5t sci5ce /ill rema9$2 b 9 natural philosophy ! wor/ 0 ! mo/ fa%ionable4 ,! ,epicurean physics1 ! mo/ approa*+ to rational1 _h long lo/ all cr$it by be+ made ! support ( an impi\s !ology & a loose morality4 ,! f9e visions ( ,plato fell into "s discr$it by ! abuse :i* h]etics _h made ( !m2 & ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle seem to h be5 !n ! only ones mu* reg>d$1 ev5 9 natural philosophy1 9 :i* bran* ( sci5ce alone !y are unwor?y ( him4 ,b$a entirely foll[s 8 sy/em4 ,! appe>ances ( ,nature are expla9$ by matt] & =m1 & by ! f\r vulg> elem5ts1 act$ ^u by ! f\r suppos$ qualities ( hot1 dry1 moi/1 & cold4 ,8 a/ronomy is on ! common sy/em ( ! anci5ts1 suffici5t = ! few purposes to :i* !y appli$ x1 b o!rwise imp]fect & grossly errone\s4 ,he makes ! moon l>g] ?an ! e>?2 ?\gh a reflection on ! nature ( eclipses1 :i* he und]/ood1 might h satisfi$ him ( ! contr>y4 ,b he _h s mu* to copy t he _h little "t to exam9e4 ,^! speculations1 h[ev] errone\s1 7 /ill useful2 =1 ?\gh m5 err 9 assign+ ! causes ( natural op]ations1 ! works ( ,nature are by ?is means br\ght "u _! consid]ation1 :i* _c be done )\t enl>g+ ! m9d4 ,! sci5ce may be false or frivol\s2 ! improvem5t w be real4 ,x may "h be rem>k$1 t soon aft]w>ds ! monks began to apply !mselves to a/ronomy & *ronology1 f ! disputes1 :i* 7 c>ri$ on ) s mu* heat & s little effect1 conc]n+ ! prop] "t ( celebrat+ ,ea/]2 & ! ,engli% ow$ ! cultivation ( ^! noble sci5ces to "o ( ! mo/ trivial controv]sies ( ecclesia/ic discipl9e4 ,b$a did n conf9e 8 att5tion to ^? sup]ior sci5ces4 ,he treat$ ( music1 & ( rhetoric1 ( gramm>1 & ! art ( v]sification1 & ( ari?metic1 bo? by lett]s & on ! f+]s2 & 8 "w on ?is la/ subject is ! only "o 9 :i* t piece ( antique curiosity has be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,all ^! are %ort pieces2 "s ( !m are 9 ! cate*etical me?od1 & seem design$ = ! imm$iate use ( ! pupils 9 8 mona/]y1 9 ord] to furni% !m ) "s lead+ ideas 9 ! rudim5ts ( ^! arts1 !n newly introduc$ into 8 c\ntry4 ,he likewise made1 & probably = ! same purpose1 a v ample & valuable collection ( %ort philosophical1 political1 & moral maxims1 f ,ari/otle1 ,plato1 ,s5eca1 & o!r sages ( hea!n antiquity4 ,he made a sep>ate book ( %9+ commonplaces & rem>kable passages extract$ f ! works ( ,cic]o1 ( :om he 0 a great admir]1 ?\gh he seems to h be5 n an happy or dilig5t imitator 9 8 /yle4 ,f a view ( ^! pieces we may =m an idea ( :at /ock 9 ! sci5ce ! ,engli% at t "t possess$1 & :at advances !y _h made4 ,t "w ( ,b$a :i* is ! be/ kn[n & mo/ e/eem$ is ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% nation4 ,disgrac$ by a want ( *oice & frequ5tly by a confus$ ill disposition ( 8 matt]1 & blemi%$ ) a degree ( cr$ulity next to infant9e1 x is /ill a valuable1 & = ! "t a surpris+ p]=mance4 ,! book op5s ) a description ( ?is isl& :i* w\ld n h disgrac$ a classical au?or2 & he has prefix$ to x a *ronological abridgm5t ( sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory connect$1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 :i*1 ?\gh n critically adapt$ to 8 ma9 design1 is ( f> m intr9sic value1 & inde$ displays a va/ fund ( hi/orical erudition4 ,on ! :ole1 ?\gh ?is fa!r ( ! ,engli% le>n+ seems to h be5 b a g5ius ( ! middle class1 nei!r elevat$ nor subtile1 & "o :o wrote 9 a l[ /yle1 simple1 b n elegant1 yet1 :5 we reflect ^u ! "t 9 :i* he liv$1 ! place 9 :i* he sp5t 8 :ole life1 )9 ! walls ( a mona/]y1 9 s remote & wild a c\ntry1 x is impossible to refuse him ! praise ( an incr$ible indu/ry & a g5]\s ?ir/ ( k4 ,t a nation :o n fifty ye>s be=e _h b j begun to em]ge f a b>b>ism s p]fect t !y 7 unfurni%$ ev5 ) an alphabet %\ld 9 s %ort a "t h e/abli%$ s fl\ri%+ a sem9>y ( le>n+1 & h produc$ s em95t a tea*]1 is a circum/ance :i* ,i imag9e no o!r nation besides ,engl& c boa/4 ,hi!rto we h spok5 only ( _! ,lat9 & ,greek lit]ature4 ,!y cultivat$ also _! native language1 :i*1 accord+ to ! op9ions ( ! mo/ adequate judges1 0 defici5t nei!r 9 en]gy nor beauty1 & 0 possess$ ( su* an happy flexibility z to be capable ( express+ ) grace & effect e new te*nical idea introduc$ ei!r by !ology or sci5ce4 ,!y 7 fond ( poetry2 !y sung at all _! fea/s2 & x 0 c\nt$ extremely disgraceful n to be able to take a "p 9 ^! p]=mances1 ev5 :5 !y *all5g$ ea* o!r to a sudd5 ex]tion ( ! poetic _s4 ,cdmon1 aft]w>ds "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( _! poets1 0 disgrac$ 9 ?is mann] into an ex]tion ( a lat5t g5ius4 ,he 0 desir$ 9 8 turn to s+1 b1 be+ ignorant & full ( natural s5sibility1 retir$ 9 confusion f ! company1 & by in/ant & /r5u\s application soon became a di/+ui%$ pr(ici5t 9 ! art4 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,inesse qu9etiam sanctum aliquid et providum putant2 nec aut consilia c>um asp]nantur aut responsa negligunt4--,tacit4 de ,mor4 ,g]4 c4 #h4 #ch ,b$4 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 ,lib4 ,i4 c4 #cj4 #ci ,id4 c4 cod4 #dj ,dugdale's ,hi/ory ( ,/4 ,paul's4 #da ,b$4 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 ,lib4 ,,iv4 c4 #ac4 #db ,b$4 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 ,lib ,,iv4 c4 #ac4 #dc ,spelm4 ,concil4 p4 #cbi4 #dd ,in/auret etiam ,dei ecclesiam2 444 et in/auret vias publicas pontibus sup] aquas pr(undas et sup] cnosas vias2 444 manumittat s]vos suos proprios1 et r$imat ab aliis hom9ibus s]vos suos ad lib]tatem4--,l ,eccl4 ,edg>i1 #ad4 #de ,aidanus1 ,f9an1 ,colmannus mir sanctitatis fu]unt et p>simoni4444 ,adeo autem sac]dotes erant illius temporis ab av>itia immunes1 ut nec t]ritoria nisi coacti accip]5t4--,h54 ,hunt+d4 ,lib4 ,,iii4 p4 #ccc4 ,b$4 ,hi/4 ,eccl4 ,lib4 ,,iii c4 #bf4 #df ,icolmkill1 or ,iona4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,s]ies ,,( ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,k+s ,,f ,,e!lb]t ,,to ,,alfr$3 ,,) ,,! ,,invasion ,,( ,,! ,,danes4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #gii ,! ,*ri/ian religion1 hav+ once tak5 root 9 ,k5t1 spread itself ) great rapidity ?r\gh\t all ! o!r ,saxon k+doms 9 ,engl&4 ,! mann]s ( ! ,saxons und]w5t a notable alt]ation by ?is *ange 9 _! religion3 _! f]ocity 0 mu* abat$2 !y became m mild & sociable2 & _! laws began to p>take ( ! s(tness ( _! mann]s1 ev]y:]e recomm5d+ m]cy & a t5d]ness = ,*ri/ian blood4 ,!re nev] 0 any p :o embrac$ religion ) a m f]v5t zeal ?an ! ,anglo-,saxons1 nor ) m simplicity ( _s4 ,_! hi/ory = a long "t %[s u a rem>kable conflict betwe5 _! dispositions & _! pr9ciples4 ,?is conflict produc$ no m$ium1 because !y 7 absolutely contr>y1 & bo? op]at$ ) almo/ equal viol5ce4 ,great crimes & extravagant p5ances1 rap9e & an entire resignation ( worldly goods1 rapes & v[s ( p]petual *a/ity1 succe$$ ea* o!r 9 ! same p]sons4 ,!re 0 no?+ :i* ! viol5ce ( _! passions c\ld n induce !m to commit2 no?+ to :i* !y did n submit to atone = _! (f5ces1 :5 reflection gave an opportunity to rep5t4 ,b by degrees ! sanctions ( religion began to prepond]ate2 & z ! monks at ?is "t attract$ all ! religi\s v5]ation1 religion ev]y:]e began to reli% ( ! cloi/]3 an inactive _s1 & a _s ( scruples prevail$2 !y dread$ to put ! greate/ crim9al to dea?2 !y scrupl$ to engage 9 any worldly functions4 ,a k+ ( ! ,saxons dread$ t ,god w\ld call him to an acc\nt = ! "t :i* he sp5t 9 8 temporal affairs & _h /ol5 f pray]4 ,x 0 frequ5t = k+s to g on pilgrimages to ,rome or to ,j]usalem1 on foot1 & "u circum/ances ( great h>d%ip4 ,sev]al k+s resign$ _! cr[ns to devote !mselves to religi\s contemplation 9 mona/]ies1--m at t "t & 9 ?is nation ?an 9 all o!r nations & 9 all times4 ,?is1 z x introduc$ great mildness into ! temp]s ( ! p1 made !m less w>like1 & consequ5tly prep>$ ! way to _! =m+ "o body "u ,egb]t1 & = ! o!r *anges :i* foll[$4 ,! k+dom ( ,wessex1 by ! wisdom & c\rage ( ,k+ ,ina1 ! greate/ legislator & politician ( ^? times1 _h swall[$ up ,cornwall1 = a :ile a refuge = "s ( ! old ,britons1 toge!r ) ! little k+dom ( ! ,s\? ,saxons4 ,by ?is augm5tation x /ret*$ f ! ,l&'s ,end to ! bord]s ( ,k5t1 ! ,?ames fl[+ on ! nor?1 ! ocean wa%+ x on ! s\?4 ,by _! situation ! p ( ,wessex naturally came to engross ! little trade :i* !n f$ ! rev5ues ( ,engl&2 & _! m9ds 7 some:at op5$ by a =eign communication1 by :i* !y became m civiliz$ & bett] acqua9t$ ) ! arts ( w> & ( gov]nm5t4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( ! k+dom ( ,wessex1 :5 ,egb]t 0 call$ to ! ?rone ( 8 ance/ors4 ,! civil commotions :i* = "s "t prevail$ _h driv5 ?is pr9ce e>ly 9 life into an useful bani%m5t4 ,he 0 honorably receiv$ at ! c\rt ( ,*>lemagne1 :]e he _h an opportunity ( /udy+ gov]nm5t 9 ! be/ s*ool1 & ( =m+ himself aft] ! mo/ p]fect model4 ,:il/ ,*>lemagne 0 r$uc+ ! cont95t ( ,europe into "o empire1 ,egb]t r$uc$ ,engl& into "o k+dom4 ,! /ate ( 8 own dom9ions1 p]fectly unit$ "u him1 ) ! o!r advantages :i* we h j m5tion$1 & ! /ate ( ! neighbor+ ,saxon gov]nm5ts1 made ?is r$uction less difficult4 ,besides ,wessex1 !re 7 b two k+doms ( consid]ation 9 ,engl&1--,m]cia & ,nor?umb]l&4 ,!y 7 p[]ful en\gh 9 ! advantages ( ,nature1 b r$uc$ to great weakness by _! divisions4 ,z !re is no?+ ( m mom5t to any c\ntry ?an to settle ! succession ( its gov]nm5t on cle> & inv>iable pr9ciples1 ! ,saxon mon>*ies1 :i* 7 support$ by no su* pr9ciples1 7 cont9ually tott]+4 ,! "r ( gov]nm5t sometimes 0 consid]$ z 9 ! elde/ son1 sometimes 9 all2 sometimes ! w ( ! deceas$ pr9ce dispos$ ( ! cr[n1 sometimes a popul> election be/[$ x4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is 0 ! frequ5t division & frequ5t reunion ( ! same t]ritory1 :i* 7 productive ( inf9ite mis*ief2 _m v>i\s pr9ciples ( succession gave titles to "s1 pret5sions to m2 & plots1 cabals1 & crimes c\ld n be want+ to all ! pret5d]s4 ,?us 0 ,m]cia torn to pieces2 & ! k+dom ( ,nor?umb]l&1 assault$ on "o side by ! ,scots1 & ravag$ on ! o!r by ! ,dani% incursions1 c\ld n recov] f a long an>*y into :i* its inte/9e divisions _h plung$ x4 ,egb]t knew h[ to make advantage ( ^! divisions3 fom5t+ !m by 8 policy at fir/1 & quell+ !m aft]w>ds by 8 sword1 he r$uc$ ^! two k+doms "u 8 gov]nm5t4 ,! same p[] :i* conqu]$ ,m]cia & ,nor?umb]l& made ! r$uction ( ,k5t & ,essex easy1--! p on all h&s ! m readily submitt+1 because !re 0 no *ange made 9 _! laws1 mann]s1 or ! =m ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,egb]t ,a4,d4 #hbg4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #hcb ,egb]t1 :5 he _h br\ght all ,engl& "u 8 dom9ion1 made ! ,wel% tribut>y1 & c>ri$ 8 arms ) success into ,scotl&1 assum$ ! title ( ,mon>* ( all ,brita94#dg ,! s\!rn "p ( ! isl& 0 n[ = ! fir/ "t au!ntically kn[n by ! "n ( ,engl&1 & by e appe>ance promis$ to h arriv$ at ! =tunate mom5t = =m+ a p]man5t & spl5did mon>*y4 ,b ,egb]t _h n reign$ sev5 ye>s 9 peace1 :5 ! ,danes1 :o _h be=e %[$ !mselves 9 "s scatt]$ p>ties1 & made "s inconsid]able desc5ts1 ent]$ ! k+dom 9 a =midable body4 ,?is p came f ! same place :5ce ! ,engli% !mselves 7 d]iv$1 & !y diff]$ f !m 9 little else ?an t !y /ill reta9$ _! orig9al b>b>ity & hea!nism4 ,^!1 assi/$ by ! ,norwegians1 & o!r p ( ,sc&9avia1 7 ! la/ torr5t ( ! ,nor!rn ravag]s :i* ov]fl[$ ,europe4 ,:at is rem>kable1 !y attack$ ,engl& & ,france :5 ^! two k+doms 7 9 ! height ( _! gr&eur1--,france "u ,*>lemagne1 ,engl& unit$ by ,egb]t4 ,! good =tune ( ,egb]t met its fir/ *eck f ^! p1 :o defeat$ 8 =ces ) great slaught] ne> ,*>m\? 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,x g5]ally happ5s t a new nation1 ) a new me?od ( mak+ w>1 succe$s aga9/ a p only ex]cis$ 9 arms by _! own civil diss5sions4 ,besides1 ,engl&1 newly unit$1 0 n )\t ^? jeal\sies & t disaffection :i* give su* great advantage to an invad]4 ,b ! vigilance & c\rage ( ,egb]t repair$ ?is defeat2 he repuls$ ! ,danes2 & di$ soon aft] at ,w9*e/]1 full ( ye>s & glory4 ,sid5ote3 ,e!lwolf ,a4,d4 #hch ,he left a great1 b an endang]$ succession1 to 8 son ,e!lwolf1 :o 0 a mild & virtu\s pr9ce1 full ( a timid piety1 :i* utt]ly disqualifies = gov]nm5t2 & he began to gov]n at a "t :5 ! greate/ capacity 0 want$4 ,! ,danes p\r 9 ^u e side2 ! k+ r\ses f 8 le?>gy2 battles are f\ght ) v>i\s success1 :i* x 7 useless & t$i\s to rec\nt4 ,! ev5t seems to h be51 t 9 "s corn]s ( ! k+dom ! ,danes ga9$ a few inconsid]able settlem5ts2 ! re/ ( ! k+dom1 aft] be+ t]ribly ravag$1 0 left a little "t to recov]1 9 ord] to be plund]$ anew4 ,b ! weak pr9ce took no advantage ( ?is "t to conc]t a regul> plan ( def5ce1 or to r\se a prop] _s 9 8 p4 ,yield+ himself :olly to speculative devotion1 he entirely neglect$ 8 affairs1 &1 to complete ! ru9 ( 8 k+dom1 ab&on$ x1 9 su* critical circum/ances1 to make a pilgrimage to ,rome4 ,at ,rome he behav$ 9 ! mann] t suit$ 8 little g5ius1 9 mak+ *>itable f\ndations1 & 9 ext5d+ ! ,rome-scot or ,pet]-p5ce1 :i* ! folly ( "s pr9ces ( ! ,hept>*y _h grant$ = _! p>ticul> dom9ions1 ov] ! :ole ,k+dom4 ,8 %ameful des]tion ( 8 c\ntry rais$ s g5]al a discont5t1 t 9 8 abs5ce 8 own son1 ) ! pr9cipal ( 8 nobility & bi%ops1 conspir$ aga9/ him4 ,at 8 return1 he f\nd1 h[ev]1 t sev]al /ill adh]$ to him2 b "h1 too1 incapable ( act+ ) rigor1 he agre$ to an accommodation1 :i* plac$ ! cr[n on ! head ( 8 rebelli\s son1 & only left to himself a sph]e ( gov]nm5t z n>r[ z 8 g5ius1--! di/rict ( ,k5t1 :i!r he retir$ to enjoy an +lori\s privacy ) a wife :om he _h m>ri$ 9 ,france4 ,sid5ote3 ,e!lr$1 ,a4,d4 #hff ,on 8 dea?1 8 son ,e!lr$ /ill held ! cr[n1 :i* he _h preoccupi$ by 8 rebellion1 & :i* he pollut$ ) a new /a94 ,he m>ri$ 8 fa!r's wid[4 ,! confus$ hi/ory ( ^! times furni%es no cle> acc\nt ei!r ( ! successions ( ! k+s or ( _! actions4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ?is pr9ce & 8 successors ,e!lb]t & ,e!lr$1 ! p 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,engl& seem to h )drawn f ! k+dom ( ,wessex1 & to h reviv$ _! =m] indep5d5cy4 ,?is1 add$ to ! weakness ( ! gov]nm5t1 made way = new sw>ms ( ,danes1 :o bur/ 9 ^u ?is ill-gov]n$ & divid$ p1 ravag+ ! :ole c\ntry 9 a t]rible mann]1 b pr9cipally direct+ _! fury aga9/ e monum5t ( civility or piety4 ,!y _h n[ =m$ a regul> e/abli%m5t 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 & ga9$ a v consid]able foot+ 9 ,m]cia & ,ea/ ,anglia2 !y hov]$ ov] e "p ( ! k+dom ) _! fleets2 & be+ e/abli%$ 9 _m places 9 ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 no?+ seem$ able to resi/ !m4 ,,footnotes3 #dg ,no ,saxon mon>* until ,a!l/an4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,reign ,,( ,,k+ ,,alfr$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #hga ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #hge ,x 0 9 ! mid/ ( ^! di/ractions t ,alfr$ succe$$ to a sceptre :i*1 0 ?reat5$ e mom5t to be wr5*$ f 8 h&s4 ,he 0 !n only tw5ty-two ye>s ( age1 b ex]cis$ f 8 infancy 9 tr\bles & 9 w>s t =m$ & display$ 8 virtue4 ,"s ( its be/ prov9ces 7 torn f 8 k+dom1 :i* 0 %runk to ! anci5t b\nds ( ,wessex2 & :at rema9$ 0 weak5$ by diss5sion1 by a long w>1 by a rag+ pe/il5ce1 & surr\nd$ by enemies ^: numb]s seem$ inexhau/ible1 & ^: fury 0 equally increas$ by victories or defeats4 ,all ^! difficulties s]v$ only to increase ! vigor ( 8 m9d4 ,he took ! field )\t delay2 b he 0 defeat$ ) consid]able loss4 ,?is om9\s defeat display$ m fully ! greatness ( 8 c\rage & capacity1 :i* f\nd 9 desp]ate hopes & a ru9$ k+dom su* p[]ful res\rces4 ,9 a %ort "t aft] he 0 9 a condition to be respect$3 b he 0 n l$ away by ! ambition ( a "y w>rior4 ,he neglect$ no measures to procure peace = 8 c\ntry1 :i* want$ a respite f ! calamities :i* _h long oppress$ x4 ,a peace 0 conclud$ = ,wessex4 ,!n ! ,danes turn$ _! faces once m t[>ds ,m]cia & ,ea/ ,anglia4 ,!y _h be=e /ripp$ ! inhabitants ( all _! movable sub/ance1 & n[ !y proce$$ )\t resi/ance to seize ^u _! l&s4 ,_! success enc\rag$ new sw>ms ( ,danes to cr[d ov]1 :o1 f9d+ all ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,engl& possess$ by _! fri5ds1 ru%$ into ,wessex4 ,!y 7 adv5tur]s "u diff]5t & indep5d5t lead]s2 & a peace little reg>d$ by ! p>ticul> p>ty t made x _h no influ5ce at all ^u ! o!rs4 ,alfr$ oppos$ ?is %ock ) s mu* firmness t ! b>b>ians _h rec\rse to a /ratagem3 !y pret5d$ to treat2 b tak+ advantage ( ! truce1 !y r\t$ a body ( ! ,we/ ,saxon cavalry t 7 (f _! gu>d1 m\nt$ _! horses1 &1 cross+ ! c\ntry ) amaz+ cel]ity1 surpris$ ! city ( ,exet]4 ,?is 0 an acquisition ( inf9ite advantage to _! affairs1 z x secur$ !m a port 9 ! mid/ ( ,wessex4 ,alfr$1 mortifi$ at ?is s]ies ( mis=tunes1 p]ceiv$ cle>ly t no?+ c\ld dislodge ! ,danes1 or r$ress _! cont9ual incursions1 b a p[]ful fleet :i* might int]cept !m at sea4 ,! want ( ?is1 pr9cipally1 gave rise to ! success ( t p4 ,!y us$ sudd5ly to l& & ravage a "p ( ! c\ntry2 :5 a =ce oppos$ !m1 !y retir$ to _! %ips1 & pass$ to "s o!r "p1 :i* 9 a l mann] !y ravag$1 & !n retir$ z be=e1 until ! c\ntry1 entirely h>ass$1 pillag$1 & wa/$ by ^! incursions1 0 no long] able to resi/ !m4 ,!n !y v5tur$ safely to ent] a desolat$ & di%e>t5$ c\ntry1 & to e/abli% !mselves 9 x4 ,^! consid]ations made ,alfr$ resolve ^u equipp+ a fleet4 ,9 ?is ent]prise no?+ b difficulties pres5t$ !mselves3 8 rev5ue 0 scanty1 & 8 subjects altoge!r unskill$ 9 m>itime affairs1 ei!r z to ! con/ruction or ! navigation ( %ips4 ,he did n !re=e despair4 ,) great promises att5d+ a little money1 he engag$ 9 8 s]vice a numb] ( ,frisian seam51 neighbors to ! ,danes1 & pirates1 z !y 74 ,he br\ght1 by ! same means1 %ipwrights f ! cont95t4 ,he 0 himself pres5t to ev]y?+2 & hav+ p]=m$ ! "p ( a k+ 9 draw+ toge!r supplies ( e k9d1 he desc5d$ ) no less dignity into ! arti/1--improv+ on ! con/ruction1 inv5t+ new ma*9es1 & supply+ by ! greatness ( 8 g5ius ! defects & imp]fections ( ! arts 9 t rude p]iod4 ,by 8 indefatigable application ! fir/ ,engli% navy 0 9 a v %ort "t 9 read9ess to put to sea4 ,at t "t ! ,dani% fleet ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five %ips /ood ) full sail = ,exet]2 !y met2 b1 ) an om5 prosp]\s to ! new naval p[]1 ! ,dani% fleet 0 entirely vanqui%$ & disp]s$4 ,?is success drew on ! surr5dry ( ,exet]1 & a peace1 :i* ,alfr$ mu* want$ to put ! affairs ( 8 k+dom 9 ord]4 ,?is peace1 h[ev]1 did n la/ long4 ,z ! ,danes 7 cont9ually p\r+ into "s "p ( ,engl&1 !y f\nd mo/ p>ts already 9 ,dani% h&s2 s t all ^! p>ties naturally direct$ _! c\rse to ! only ,engli% k+dom4 ,all ! ,danes conspir$ to put !m 9 possession ( x1 & bur/+ unexpect$ly ) ! unit$ =ce ( _! :ole body ^u ,wessex1 ,alfr$ 0 entirely ov]:elm$1 & oblig$ to drive be=e ! /orm ( 8 =tune4 ,he fl$ 9 disguise into a fa/ness 9 ! ,isle ( ,a!lney1 :]e he rema9$ f\r mon?s 9 ! l[e/ /ate ( indig5ce1 support$ by an h]oic humility1 & t _s ( piety :i* nei!r adv]se =tune nor prosp]ity c\ld ov]come4 ,x is mu* to be lam5t$ t a "* s =m$ to int]e/ all m51 involv$ 9 rev]ses ( =tune t make ! mo/ agreeable & useful "p ( hi/ory1 %\ld be only celebrat$ by p5s s little suitable to ! dignity ( ! subject4 ,^! revolutions are s little prep>$1 t we nei!r c p]ceive di/9ctly ! causes :i* sunk him nor ^? :i* aga9 rais$ him to p[]4 ,a few nak$ facts are all our /ock4 ,f ^! we see ,alfr$1 assi/$ by ! casual success ( "o ( 8 nobles1 issu+ f 8 retreat2 he heads a p[]ful army once m1 defeats ! ,danes1 drives !m out ( ,wessex1 foll[s 8 bl[1 expels !m f ,m]cia1 subdues !m 9 ,nor?umb]l&1 & makes !m tribut>y 9 ,ba/ ,anglia2 & ?us e/abli%$ by a numb] ( victories 9 a full peace1 he is pres5t$ to u 9 t "* :i* makes him v5]able to po/]ity4 ,x is a refre%m5t1 9 ! mid/ ( su* a gloomy wa/e ( b>b>ism & desolation1 to fall ^u s fair & cultivat$ a spot4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #hhj4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #hif4 ,:5 ,alfr$ _h once m reunit$ ! k+doms ( 8 ance/ors1 he f\nd ! :ole face ( ?+s 9 ! mo/ desp]ate condition3 !re 0 no obs]vance ( law & ord]2 religion _h no =ce2 !re 0 no hone/ indu/ry2 ! mo/ squalid pov]ty & ! grosse/ ignorance _h ov]spread ! :ole k+dom4 ,alfr$ at once ent]pris$ ! cure ( all ^! evils4 ,to rem$y ! disord]s 9 ! gov]nm5t1 he reviv$1 improv$1 & dige/$ all ! ,saxon in/itutions1 insomu* t he is g5]ally honor$ z ! f\nd] ( our laws & ,con/itution4#dh ,! %ire he divid$ into hundr$s1 ! hundr$s into ti?+s2 e freeman 0 oblig$ to be ent]$ into "s ti?+1 ! memb]s ( :i* 7 mutually b\nd = ea* o!r1 = ! pres]vation ( ! peace1 & ! avoid+ !ft & rap9e4 ,= secur+ ! lib]ty ( ! subject1 he introduc$ ! me?od ( giv+ bail1 ! mo/ c]ta9 f5ce aga9/ ! abuses ( p[]4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! reigns ( weak pr9ces are times favorable to lib]ty2 b ! wise/ & brave/ ( all ! ,engli% pr9ces is ! fa!r ( _! fre$om4 ,?is great man 0 ev5 jeal\s ( ! privileges ( 8 subjects2 & z 8 :ole life 0 sp5t 9 protect+ !m1 8 la/ w brea!s ! same _s1 decl>+ t he _h left 8 p z free z _! own ?\ghts4 ,he n only collect$ ) great c>e a complete body ( laws1 b he wrote comm5ts on !m = ! in/ruction ( 8 judges1 :o 7 9 g5]al1 by ! mis=tune ( ! "t1 ignorant4 ,& if he took c>e to correct _! ignorance1 he 0 rigor\s t[>ds _! corruption4 ,he inquir$ /rictly into _! conduct1 he he>d appeals 9 p]son2 he held 8 ,witt5agemotes1 or ,p>liam5ts1 frequ5tly2 & kept e "p ( 8 gov]nm5t 9 heal? & vigor4 ,nor 0 he less solicit\s = ! def5ce ?an he _h %[n himself = ! regulation ( 8 k+dom4 ,he n\ri%$ ) p>ticul> c>e ! new naval /r5g? :i* he _h e/abli%$2 he built =ts & ca/les 9 ! mo/ important po/s2 he settl$ beacons to spread an al>m on ! arrival ( an enemy2 & ord]$ 8 militia 9 su* a mann] t !re 0 always a great p[] 9 read9ess to m>*1 well appo9t$ & well discipl9$4 ,b t a suitable rev5ue might n be want+ = ! support ( 8 fleets & =tifications1 he gave great enc\ragem5t to trade1 :i*1 by ! piracies on ! coa/s1 & ! rap9e & inju/ice ex]cis$ by ! p )91 _h long become a /rang] to ?is isl&4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! v>i\s & important c>es1 he gave a peculi> att5tion to le>n+1 :i* by ! rage ( ! late w>s _h be5 entirely ext+ui%$ 9 8 k+dom4 ,v few !re 7 7says ?is mon>*7 on ?is side ! ,humb] t und]/ood _! ord9>y pray]s1 or t 7 able to translate any ,lat9 book into ,engli%1--s few1 t ,i d n rememb] ev5 "o qualifi$ to ! s\?w>d ( ! ,?ames :5 ,i began my reign4 ,to cure ?is deplorable ignorance1 he 0 indefatigable 9 8 endeavors to br+ into ,engl& m5 ( le>n+ 9 all bran*es f e "p ( ,europe1 & unb\nd$ 9 8 lib]ality to !m4 ,he enact$ by a law t e p]son possess$ ( two hides ( l& %\ld s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool until sixte54 ,wisely consid]+ :]e to put a /op to 8 love ev5 ( ! lib]al arts1 :i* are only suit$ to a lib]al condition1 he ent]pris$ yet a great] design ?an t ( =m+ ! gr[+ g5]ation1--to in/ruct ev5 ! gr[n3 enjo9+ all 8 e>ldorm5 & %]iffs imm$iately to apply !mselves to le>n+1 or to quit _! (fices4 ,to facilitate ^! great purposes1 he made a regul> f\ndation ( an univ]sity1 :i* ) great reason is believ$ to h be5 at ,ox=d4 ,:atev] tr\ble he took to ext5d ! b5efits ( le>n+ among/ 8 subjects1 he %[$ ! example himself1 & appli$ to ! cultivation ( 8 m9d ) unp>allel$ dilig5ce & success4 ,he c\ld nei!r read nor write at twelve ye>s old2 b he improv$ 8 "t 9 su* a mann] t he became "o ( ! mo/ kn[+ m5 ( 8 age1 9 geometry1 9 philosophy1 9 ar*itecture1 & 9 music4 ,he appli$ himself to ! improvem5t ( 8 native language2 he translat$ sev]al valuable works f ,lat92 & wrote a va/ numb] ( poems 9 ! ,saxon tongue ) a wond]ful facility & happ9ess4 ,he n only excell$ 9 ! !ory ( ! arts & sci5ces1 b possess$ a great me*anical g5ius = ! executive "p2 he improv$ ! mann] ( %ip-build+1 introduc$ a m beautiful & commodi\s ar*itecture1 & ev5 taught 8 c\ntrym5 ! art ( mak+ bricks1--mo/ ( ! build+s hav+ be5 ( wood be=e 8 "t4 ,9 a ^w1 he compreh5d$ 9 ! greatness ( 8 m9d ! :ole ( gov]nm5t & all its p>ts at once1 &1 :at is mo/ difficult to human frailty1 0 at ! same "t sublime & m9ute4 ,religion1 :i* 9 ,alfr$'s fa!r 0 s prejudicial to affairs1 )\t be+ 9 him at all inf]ior 9 its zeal & f]vor1 0 ( a m enl>g$ & noble k9d2 f> f be+ a prejudice to 8 gov]nm5t1 x seems to h be5 ! pr9ciple t support$ him 9 s _m fatigues1 & f$ l an abundant s\rce 8 civil & milit>y virtues4 ,to 8 religi\s ex]cises & /udies he devot$ a full ?ird "p ( 8 "t4 ,x is pleasant to trace a g5ius ev5 9 its smalle/ ex]tions1--9 measur+ & allott+ 8 "t = ! v>iety ( bus9ess he 0 engag$ 94 ,accord+ to 8 sev]e & me?odical cu/om1 he _h a sort ( wax c&les made ( diff]5t colors 9 diff]5t proportions1 accord+ to ! "t he allott$ to ea* p>ticul> affair2 z he c>ri$ ^! ab\t ) him :]ev] he w5t1 to make !m burn ev5ly he inv5t$ horn lant]ns4 ,"o _c help be+ amaz$ t a pr9ce1 :o liv$ 9 su* turbul5t times1 :o comm&$ p]sonally 9 fifty-f\r pit*$ battles1 :o _h s disord]$ a prov9ce to regulate1 :o 0 n only a legislator1 b a judge1 & :o 0 cont9ually sup]9t5d+ 8 armies1 8 navies1 ! traffic ( 8 k+dom1 8 rev5ues1 & ! conduct ( all 8 (fic]s1 c\ld h be/[$ s mu* ( 8 "t on religi\s ex]cises & speculative k2 b ! ex]tion ( all 8 faculties & virtues seem$ to h giv5 a mutual /r5g? to all ( !m4 ,?us all hi/orians speak ( ?is pr9ce1 ^: :ole hi/ory 0 "o panegyric2 & :atev] d>k spots ( human frailty may h adh]$ to su* a "*1 !y are entirely hid 9 ! spl5dor ( 8 _m %9+ qualities & gr& virtues1 t ?r[ a glory ov] ! obscure p]iod 9 :i* he liv$1 & :i* is = no o!r reason wor?y ( our k4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #hig4 ,! latt] "p ( 8 reign 0 mole/$ ) new & =midable attempts f ! ,danes3 b !y no long] f\nd ! c\ntry 9 its =m] condition2 _! fleets 7 attack$2 & ^? t l&$ f\nd a /rong & regul> opposition4 ,!re 7 n[ =tresses :i* re/ra9$ _! ravages1 & armies well appo9t$ to oppose !m 9 ! field2 !y 7 defeat$ 9 a pit*$ battle2 & aft] sev]al desp]ate m>*es f "o "p ( ! c\ntry to ! o!r1 ev]y:]e h>ass$ & hunt$1 !y 7 glad to return ) half _! numb]1 & to leave ,alfr$ 9 quiet to accompli% ! great ?+s he _h project$4 ,?is pr9ce reign$ tw5ty-sev51 ye>s1 & di$ at la/ ( a disord] 9 8 b[els1 :i* _h afflict$ him1 )\t int]rupt+ 8 designs or s\r+ 8 temp]1 dur+ ! greate/ "p ( 8 life4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,hi/orians1 copy+ aft] "o ano!r1 & exam9+ little1 h attribut$ to ?is mon>* ! in/itution ( juries1 an in/itution :i* c]ta9ly did nev] prevail among/ ! ,saxons4 ,!y h likewise attribut$ to him ! di/ribution ( ,engl& into %ires1 hundr$s1 & ti?+s1 & ( appo9t+ (fic]s ov] ^! divisions4 ,b x is v obvi\s t ! %ires 7 nev] settl$ ^u any regul> plan1 nor are !y ! result ( any s+le design4 ,b ^! reports1 h[ev] ill imag9$1 are a /rong pro( ( ! high v5]ation 9 :i* ?is excell5t pr9ce has always be5 held2 z x has be5 ?\ght t ! attribut+ ^! regulations to him w\ld ende> !m to ! nation4 ,be probably settl$ !m 9 su* an ord]1 & made su* re=mations 9 8 gov]nm5t1 t "s ( ! in/itutions !mselves :i* he improv$ h be5 attribut$ to him3 &1 inde$1 !re 0 "o "w ( 8 :i* s]ves to furni% u ) a high] idea ( ! political capacity ( t great man ?an any ( ^! fictions4 ,he made a g5]al survey & regi/] ( all ! prop]ty 9 ! k+dom1 :o held x1 & :at x 0 di/9ctly3 a va/ "w = an age ( ignorance & "t ( confusion1 :i* has be5 neglect$ 9 m civiliz$ nations & settl$ times4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,roll ( ,w9ton1 & s]v$ z a model ( a "w ( ! same k9d made by ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,succession ,,( ,,k+s ,,f ,,alfr$ ,,to ,,h>old4 ,sid5ote3 ,edw>d1 ,a4,d4 #ijj4 ,sid5ote3 ,a!l/an ,a4,d4 #ibe4 ,sid5ote3 ,edmund1 ,a4,d4 #idb4 ,sid5ote3 ,edr$1 ,a4,d4 #idg4 ,sid5ote3 ,edw91 ,a4,d4 #ieg4 ,8 son ,edw>d succe$$4 ,?\gh ( less le>n+ ?an 8 fa!r1 he equall$ him 9 8 political virtues4 ,he made w> ) success on ! ,wel%1 ! ,scots1 & ! ,danes1 & left 8 k+dom /rongly =tifi$1 & ex]cis$1 n weak5$1 ) ! ent]prises ( a vigor\s reign4 ,because 8 son ,edmund 0 "u age1 ! cr[n 0 set on ! head ( 8 illegitimate (fspr+1 ,a!l/an4 ,81 l ! reigns ( all ! pr9ces ( ?is "t1 0 mole/$ by ! cont9ual incursions ( ! ,danes2 & no?+ b a succession ( m5 ( _s1 capacity1 & love ( _! c\ntry1 :i* provid5tially happ5$ at ?is "t1 c\ld w>d (f ! ru9 ( ! k+dom4 ,su* ,a!l/an 02 & su* 0 8 bro!r ,edmund1 :o reign$ five ye>s ) great reputation1 b 0 at l5g?1 by an obscure ruffian1 assass9at$ 9 8 own palace4 ,edr$1 8 bro!r1 succe$$ to ! late mon>*y3 ?\gh he _h left two sons1 ,edw9 & ,edg>1 bo? 7 pass$ by on acc\nt ( _! m9ority4 ,b on ?is pr9ce's dea?1 :i* happ5$ aft] a tr\blesome reign ( t5 ye>s1 valiantly support$ aga9/ cont9ual inroads ( ! ,danes2 ! cr[n devolv$ on ,edw92 ( :om little c be said1 because 8 reign 0 %ort1 & he 0 s embroil$ ) 8 cl]gy t we c take 8 "* only f ! monks1 :o 9 su* a case are suspici\s au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 ,edg>1 ,a4,d4 #iei4 ,edg>1 ! second son ( ,k+ ,edmund1 came "y to ! ?rone2 b he _h ! happ9ess to h 8 y\? =m$ & 8 k+dom rul$ by m5 ( exp]i5ce1 virtue1 & au?ority4 ,! celebrat$ ,dun/an 0 8 fir/ m9i/]1 & _h a mighty influ5ce ov] all 8 actions4 ,?is prelate _h be5 educat$ abroad1 & _h se5 ! _w to advantage4 ,z he _h great p[] at c\rt by ! sup]ior wisdom ( 8 c\nsels1 s by ! sanctity ( 8 life he _h great cr$it ) ! p1 :i* gave a firmness to ! gov]nm5t ( 8 ma/]1 ^: private "* 0 9 _m respects extremely exceptionable4 ,x 0 9 8 reign1 & *iefly by ! means ( 8 m9i/]1 ,dun/an1 t ! monks1 :o _h long prevail$ 9 ! op9ion ( ! g5]ality ( ! p1 gave a total ov]?r[ to _! rivals1 ! secul> cl]gy4 ,! secul> cl]gy 7 at ?is "t = ! mo/ "p m>ri$1 & 7 !re=e too ne> ! common modes ( mank9d to draw a great deal ( _! respect2 _! "* 0 support$ by a v small portion ( le>n+1 & _! lives 7 n su* z p wi% to see 9 ! cl]gy4 ,b ! monks 7 unm>ri$1 au/]e 9 _! lives1 regul> 9 _! duties1 possess$ ( ! le>n+ ( ! times1 well unit$ "u a prop] subord9ation1 full ( art1 & implacable t[>ds _! enemies4 ,^! circum/ances1 concurr+ ) ! dispositions ( ! k+ & ! designs ( ,dun/an1 prevail$ s f> t x 0 agre$ 9 a c\ncil conv5$ = t purpose to expel ! secul> cl]gy f _! liv+s1 & to supply _! places ) monks1 ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,al?\gh ! p>tisans ( ! secul> prie/s 7 n a few1 nor ( ! l[e/ class1 yet !y 7 unable to )/& ! curr5t ( ! popul> desire1 /r5g!n$ by ! au?ority ( a pot5t & respect$ mon>*4 ,h[ev]1 !re 0 a se$ ( discont5t s[n on ?is occasion1 :i* grew up aft]w>ds to ! mutual de/ruction ( all ! p>ties4 ,dur+ ! :ole reign ( ,edg>1 z he _h secur$ ! mo/ popul> "p ( ! cl]gy1 & ) !m ! p1 9 8 int]e/s1 !re 0 no int]nal di/urbance2 !re 0 no =eign w>1 because ?is pr9ce 0 always ready = w>4 ,b he pr9cipally ow$ 8 security to ! c>e he took ( 8 naval p[]1 :i* 0 mu* great] & bett] regulat$ ?an t ( any ,engli% mon>* be=e him4 ,he _h ?ree fleets always equipp$1 "o ( :i* annually sail$ r\nd ! isl&4 ,?us ! ,danes1 ! ,scots1 ! ,iri%1 & ! ,wel% 7 kept 9 awe4 ,he assum$ ! title ( ,k+ ( all ,albion4 ,8 c\rt 0 magnific5t1 & mu* frequ5t$ by /rang]s4 ,8 rev5ues 7 9 excell5t ord]1 & no pr9ce ( 8 "t support$ ! royal "* ) m dignity4 ,sid5ote3 ,edw>d1 ,a4,d4 #ige4 ,sid5ote3 ,e!lr$1 ,a4,d4 #igi4 ,edg> _h two wives1 ,elfl$a & ,elfrida4 ,by ! fir/ he _h a son call$ ,edw>d2 ! second bore him "o call$ ,e!lr$4 ,on ,edg>'s dea?1 ,edw>d1 9 ! usual ord] ( succession1 0 call$ to ! ?rone2 b ,elfrida caball$ 9 favor ( h] son1 & f9d+ x impossible to set him up 9 ! life ( 8 bro!r1 %e murd]$ him ) h] own h&s 9 h] ca/le ( ,corfe1 :i!r he _h retir$ to refre% himself1 we>i$ ) hunt+4 ,e!lr$1 :o by ! crimes ( 8 "m asc5d$ a ?rone spr9kl$ ) 8 bro!r's blood1 _h a "p to act :i* exce$$ ! capacity t c\ld be expect$ 9 "o ( 8 y\? & inexp]i5ce4 ,! p>tisans ( ! secul> cl]gy1 :o 7 kept d[n by ! vigor ( ,edg>'s gov]nm5t1 ?\ght ?is a fit "t to r5ew _! pret5sions4 ,! monks def5d$ !mselves 9 _! possession2 !re 0 no mod]ation on ei!r side1 & ! :ole nation jo9$ 9 ^! p>ties4 ,! murd] ( ,edw>d ?rew an odi\s /a9 on ! k+1 ?\gh he 0 :olly innoc5t ( t crime4 ,!re 0 a g5]al discont5t1 & e corn] 0 full ( murmurs & cabals4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ! k+dom1 x 0 equally dang]\s to ex]t ! fulness ( ! sov]eign au?ority or to suff] x to relax4 ,! temp] ( ! k+ 0 mo/ incl9$ to ! latt] me?od1 :i* is ( all ?+s ! wor/4 ,a weak gov]nm5t1 too easy1 suff]s evils to gr[ :i* (t5 make ! mo/ rigor\s & illegal proce$+s necess>y4 ,?r\gh an extreme l5ity x is on "s occasions tyrannical4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( ,e!lr$'s nobility1 :o1 by be+ p]mitt$ ev]y?+1 7 nev] cont5t$4 ,?us all ! pr9cipal m5 held a sort ( facti\s & indep5d5t au?ority2 !y despis$ ! k+1 !y oppress$ ! p1 & !y hat$ "o ano!r4 ,! ,danes1 9 e "p ( ,engl& b ,wessex z num]\s z ! ,engli% !mselves1 & 9 _m p>ts m num]\s1 7 ready to take advantage ( ^! disord]s1 & wait$ ) impati5ce "s new attempt f abroad1 t !y might rise 9 favor ( ! invad]s4 ,!y 7 n long )\t su* an occasion2 ! ,danes p\r 9 almo/ ^u e "p at once1 & di/ract ! def5ce :i* ! weak pr9ce 0 prep>+ to make4 ,9 ^? days ( wret*$ness & ignorance1 :5 all ! m>itime p>ts ( ,europe 7 attack$ by ^! =midable enemies at once1 !y nev] ?\ght ( ent]+ into any alliance aga9/ !m2 !y equally neglect$ ! o!r obvi\s me?od to prev5t _! incursions1 :i* 01 to c>ry ! w> into ! invad]s' c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ihg4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #iia4 ,:at aggravat$ ^! calamities1 ! nobility1 mo/ly disaffect$ to ! k+1 & ent]ta9+ v little reg>d to _! c\ntry1 made1 "s ( !m1 a weak & c[>dly opposition to ! enemy2 "s actually betray$ _! tru/2 "s ev5 7 f\nd :o und]took ! trade ( piracy !mselves4 ,x 0 9 ?is condition1 t ,edric1 ,duke ( ,m]cia1 a man ( "s ability1 b light1 incon/ant1 & utt]ly devoid ( all pr9ciple1 propos$ to buy a peace f ! ,danes4 ,! g5]al weakness & con/]nation dispos$ ! k+ & p to take ?is p]nici\s advice4 ,at fir/ #aj1jjjl4 0 giv5 to ! ,danes1 :o retir$ ) ?is money & ! re/ ( _! plund]4 ,! ,engli% 7 n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 tax$ to supply ?is paym5t4 ,! imposition 0 call$ ,danegelt1 n m burd5some 9 ! ?+ ?an sc&al\s 9 ! "n4 ,! s*eme ( pur*as+ peace n only gave rise to _m int]nal h>d%ips1 b1 :il/ x weak5$ ! k+dom1 x inspir$ su* a desire ( invad+ x to ! enemy1 t ,sweyn1 ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 came 9 p]son soon aft] ) a prodigi\s fleet & army4 ,! ,engli%1 hav+ once f\nd ! me?od ( div]t+ ! /orm by an +lori\s b>ga91 c\ld n be> to ?9k ( any o!r way ( resi/ance4 ,a great] sum1 #dh1jjjl41 0 n[ paid1 :i* ! ,danes accept$ ) pleasure1 z !y c\ld by ?is means exhau/ _! enemies & enri* !mselves ) little dang] or tr\ble4 ,) v %ort int]missions !y /ill return$1 cont9ually increas+ 9 _! dem&s4 ,9 a few ye>s !y extort$ upw>ds ( #afj1jjjl4 f ! ,engli%1 besides an annual tribute ( #dh1jjjl4 ,! c\ntry 0 :olly exhau/$ bo? ( money & _s4 ,! ,danes 9 ,engl&1 "u ! protection ( ! =eign ,danes1 committ$ a ?\s& insol5cies2 & s infatuat$ ) /upidity & bas5ess 7 ! ,engli% at ?is "t1 t !y employ$ h>dly any o!r soldi]s = _! def5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajjb ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajjc ,9 ?is /ate ( %ame & mis]y1 _! suff]+s sugge/$ to !m a design r desp]ate ?an brave4 ,!y resolv$ on a massacre ( ! ,danes4 ,"s au?ors say1 t 9 "o night ! :ole race 0 cut (f4 ,_m1 probably all ! milit>y m51 7 s de/roy$4 ,b ?is massacre1 injudici\s z x 0 cruel1 0 c]ta9ly n univ]sal2 nor did x s]ve any o!r or bett] end ?an to exasp]ate ^? ( ! same nation abroad1 :o ! next ye> l&$ 9 ,engl& ) a p[]ful army to rev5ge x1 & committ$ outrages ev5 beyond ! usual t5or ( ! ,dani% cruelty4 ,!re 0 9 ,engl& no money left to pur*ase a peace1 nor c\rage to wage a successful w>2 & ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 ,sweyn1 a pr9ce ( capacity1 at ! head ( a l>ge body ( brave & ent]pris+ m51 soon ma/]$ ! :ole k+dom1 except ,london4 ,e!lr$1 ab&on$ by =tune & 8 subjects1 0 =c$ to fly into ,norm&y4 ,sid5ote3 ,edmund ,ironside1 ,a4,d4 #ajaf4 ,z !re 0 no good ord] 9 ! ,engli% affairs1 ?\gh cont9ually al>m$1 !y 7 always surpris$2 !y 7 only r\s$ to arms by ! cruelty ( ! enemy1 & !y 7 only =m$ into a body by be+ driv5 f _! homes3 s t !y nev] made a resi/ance until !y seem$ to be entirely conqu]$4 ,?is may s]ve to acc\nt = ! frequ5t sudd5 r$uctions ( ! isl&1 & ! frequ5t r5ewals ( _! =tune :5 x seem$ ! mo/ desp]ate4 ,sweyn1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 victories1 dies1 &1 ?\gh succe$$ by 8 son ,canute1 :o inh]it$ 8 fa!r's resolution1 _! affairs 7 ?r[n into "s disord] by ?is accid5t4 ,! ,engli% 7 enc\rag$ by x4 ,e!lr$ 0 recall$1 & ! ,danes retir$ out ( ! k+dom2 b x 0 only to return ! ne/ ye> ) a great] & bett] appo9t$ =ce4 ,no?+ seem$ able to oppose !m4 ,! k+ dies4 ,a great "p ( ! l& 0 surr5d]$1 )\t resi/ance1 to ,canute4 ,edmund1 ! elde/ son ( ,e!lr$1 support$1 h[ev]1 ! decl9+ hopes ( ! ,engli% = "s "t2 9 ?ree mon?s he f\ght ?ree victori\s battles2 he attempt$ a f\r?1 b lo/ x by ! base des]tion ( ,edric1 ! pr9cipal au?or ( all ^! tr\bles4 ,x is common ) ! conqu]$ side to attribute all _! mis=tunes to ! trea*]y ( _! own p>ty4 ,!y *oose to be ?\ght subdu$ by ! trea*]y ( _! fri5ds r ?an ! sup]ior brav]y ( _! enemies4 ,all ! old hi/orians talk 9 ?is /ra92 & x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t all adh]5ts to a decl9+ p>ty h _m temptations to infidelity4 ,edmund1 defeat$1 b n disc\rag$1 retreat$ to ! ,sev]n1 :]e he recruit$ 8 =ces4 ,canute foll[$ at 8 heels4 ,& n[ ! two armies 7 drawn up :i* 7 to decide ! fate ( ,engl&1 :5 x 0 propos$ to det]m9e ! w> by a s+le combat betwe5 ! two k+s4 ,nei!r 0 unwill+2 ! ,isle ( ,alney 9 ! ,sev]n 0 *os5 = ! li/s4 ,edmund _h ! advantage by ! greatness ( 8 /r5g?1 ,canute by 8 address2 = :5 ,edmund _h s f> prevail$ z to dis>m him1 he propos$ a p>ley1 9 :i* he p]suad$ ,edmund to a peace1 & to a division ( ! k+dom4 ,_! armies accept$ ! agreem5t1 & bo? k+s dep>t$ 9 a seem+ fri5d%ip4 ,b ,edmund di$ soon aft]1 ) a probable suspicion ( be+ murd]$ by ! in/rum5ts ( 8 associate 9 ! empire4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,dani% race4 ,canute4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>old ,i41 ,a4,d4 #ajce4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>dicanute1 ,a4,d4 #ajce ,sid5ote3 ,! ,saxon l9e re/or$4 ,canute1 on ?is ev5t1 assembl$ ! /ates ( ! k+dom1 by :om he 0 ackn[l$g$ ,k+ ( all ,engl&4 ,he 0 a pr9ce truly great2 =1 hav+ acquir$ ! k+dom by 8 valor1 he ma9ta9$ & improv$ x by 8 ju/ice & clem5cy4 ,*oos+ r to rule by ! incl9ation ( 8 subjects ?an ! "r ( conque/1 he dismiss$ 8 ,dani% army1 & committ$ 8 safety to ! laws4 ,he re/abli%$ ! ord] & tranquillity :i* s long a s]ies ( bloody w>s _h bani%$4 ,he reviv$ ! anci5t /atutes ( ! ,saxon pr9ces1 & gov]n$ ?r\gh 8 :ole reign ) su* /ead9ess & mod]ation t ! ,engli% 7 mu* happi] "u ?is =eign pr9ce ?an !y _h be5 "u _! natural k+s4 ,canute1 ?\gh ! beg9n+ ( 8 life 0 /a9$ ) ^? m>ks ( viol5ce & inju/ice :i* att5d conque/1 0 rem>kable 9 8 latt] end = 8 piety4 ,accord+ to ! mode ( t "t1 he made a pilgrimage to ,rome1 ) a view to expiate ! crimes :i* pav$ 8 way to ! ?rone2 b he made a good use ( ?is p]egr9ation1 & return$ full ( ! obs]vations he _h made 9 ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* he pass$1 :i* he turn$ to ! b5efit ( 8 ext5sive dom9ions4 ,!y compreh5d$ ,engl&1 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 & _m ( ! c\ntries :i* lie ^u ! ,baltic4 ,^? he left1 e/abli%$ 9 peace & security1 to 8 *ildr54 ,! fate ( 8 ,nor!rn possessions is n ( ?is place4 ,engl& fell to 8 son ,h>old1 ?\gh n )\t mu* competition 9 favor ( ! sons ( ,edmund ,ironside1 :ile "s cont5d$ = ! "r ( ! sons ( ,e!lr$1 ,alfr$ & ,edw>d4 ,h>old inh]it$ none ( ! virtues ( ,canute2 he bani%$ 8 "m ,emma1 murd]$ 8 half-bro!r ,alfr$1 & di$ )\t issue aft] a %ort reign1 full ( viol5ce1 weakness1 & cruelty4 ,8 bro!r ,h>dicanute1 :o succe$$ him1 resembl$ him 9 8 "*2 he committ$ new cruelties & inju/ices 9 rev5g+ ^? :i* 8 bro!r _h committ$1 & he di$ aft] a yet %ort] reign4 ,! ,dani% p[]1 e/abli%$ ) s mu* blood1 expir$ ( itself2 & ,edw>d1 ! only surviv+ son ( ,e!lr$1 !n an exile 9 ,norm&y1 0 call$ to ! ?rone by ! unanim\s voice ( ! k+dom4 ,sid5ote3 ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ,a4,d4 #ajda4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajec ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajff4 ,?is pr9ce 0 educat$ 9 a mona/]y1 :]e he le>n$ piety1 cont95ce1 & humility1 b no?+ ( ! art ( gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 innoc5t & artless1 b 8 views 7 n>r[1 & 8 g5ius contemptible4 ,! "* ( su* a pr9ce is n1 !re=e1 :at influ5ces ! gov]nm5t1 any fur!r ?an z x puts x 9 ! h&s ( o!rs4 ,:5 he came to ! ?rone1 ,godw91 ,e>l ( ,k5t1 0 ! mo/ popul> man 9 ,engl&2 he possess$ a v great e/ate1 an ent]pris+ disposition1 & an eloqu5ce beyond ! age he liv$ 92 he 0 arrogant1 imp]i\s1 assum+1 & ( a consci5ce :i* nev] put itself 9 ! way ( 8 int]e/4 ,he _h a consid]able %>e 9 re/or+ ,edw>d to ! ?rone ( 8 ance/ors2 & by ?is m]it1 jo9$ to 8 popul>ity1 he = "s "t direct$ ev]y?+ accord+ to 8 pleasure4 ,he int5d$ to =tify 8 int]e/ by giv+ 9 m>riage to ! k+ 8 daught]1 a lady ( great beauty1 great virtue1 & an education beyond h] sex4 ,godw9 _h1 h[ev]1 p[]ful rivals 9 ! k+'s favor4 ,?is mon>*1 :o possess$ _m ( ! private virtues1 _h a grateful remembrance ( 8 favorable reception 9 ,norm&y2 he c>ess$ ! p ( t c\ntry1 & promot$ sev]al to ! fir/ places1 ecclesia/ical & civil1 9 8 k+dom4 ,?is begot an uneas9ess 9 all ! ,engli%2 b ,e>l ,godw9 0 p>ticul>ly (f5d$4 ,! ,normans1 on ! o!r h&1 accus$ ,godw9 ( a design on ! cr[n1 ! ju/ice ( :i* imputation ! :ole t5or ( 8 conduct ev9c$ suffici5tly4 ,b z 8 cabals began to break into action be=e !y 7 9 p]fect rip5ess = x1 ! ,norman p>ty prevail$1 & ,godw9 0 bani%$4 ,?is man 0 n only v popul> at home by 8 g5]osity & address1 b he f\nd means to engage ev51 =eign]s 9 8 int]e/s4 ,baldw91 ,e>l ( ,fl&]s1 gave him a v k9d reception4 ,by 8 assi/ance ,godw9 fitt$ out a fleet1 hir$ a compet5t =ce1 sail$ to ,engl&1 & hav+ ne> ,s&wi* deceiv$ ! k+'s navy1 he pres5t$ himself at ,london be=e he 0 expect$4 ,! k+ made ready z great a =ce z ! "t w\ld admit to oppose him4 ,! galleys ( ,edw>d & ,godw9 met on ! ,?ames2 b su* 0 ! g5]al favor to ,godw91 su* ! popul>ity ( 8 cause1 t ! k+'s m5 ?rew d[n _! arms1 & refus$ to fight aga9/ _! c\ntrym5 9 favor ( /rang]s4 ,edw>d 0 oblig$ to treat ) 8 own subjects1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is treaty to dismiss ! ,normans1 :om he believ$ to be ! be/ atta*$ to 8 int]e/s4 ,godw9 us$ ! p[] to :i* he 0 re/or$ to gratify 8 p]sonal rev5ge1 %[+ no m]cy to 8 enemies4 ,"s ( 8 sons behav$ 9 ! mo/ tyrannical mann]4 ,! great lords ( ! k+dom envi$ & hat$ a greatness :i* annihilat$ ! royal au?ority1 eclips$ !m1 & oppress$ ! p2 b ,godw9's dea? soon aft] quiet$ = a :ile _! murmurs4 ,! k+1 :o _h ! lea/ %>e 9 ! transactions ( 8 own reign1 & :o 0 ( a temp] n to p]ceive 8 own insignificance1 begun 9 8 old age to ?9k ( a successor4 ,he _h no *ildr53 = "s weak reasons ( religion or p]sonal dislike1 he _h nev] cohabit$ ) 8 wife4 ,he s5t = 8 nephew ,edw>d1 ! son ( ,edmund ,ironside1 out ( ,hung>y1 :]e he _h tak5 refuge2 b he di$ soon aft] he came to ,engl&1 leav+ a son call$ ,edg> ,a!l+4 ,! k+ himself irresolute 9 s mom5t\s an affair1 di$ )\t mak+ any settlem5t4 ,8 reign 0 prop]ly t ( 8 great m51 or r ( _! factions4 ,all ( x t 0 8 own 0 good4 ,he 0 c>eful ( ! privileges ( 8 subjects1 & took c>e to h a body ( ! ,saxon laws1 v favorable to !m1 dige/$ & en=c$4 ,he remitt$ ! heavy imposition call$ ,danegelt1 am\nt+ to #dj1jjjl4 a ye>1 :i* _h be5 con/antly collect$ aft] ! occasion _h ceas$2 he ev5 repaid to 8 subjects :at he f\nd 9 ! treasury at 8 accession4 ,9 %ort1 !re is little 9 8 life t c call 8 title to sanctity 9 "q1 ?\gh he c nev] be reckon$ among ! great k+s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,h>old ,,ii4--,,invasion ,,( ,,! ,,normans4--,,acc\nt ,,( ,,t ,,p1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,engl& ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,invasion4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>old ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #ajff4 ,?\gh ,edg> ,a!l+ _h ! be/ title to ! succession1 yet ,h>old1 ! son ( ,e>l ,godw91 on acc\nt ( ! cr$it ( 8 fa!r1 & 8 own great qualities1 :i* support$ & ext5d$ ! int]e/ ( 8 family1 0 by ! g5]al voice set ^u ! ?rone4 ,! "r ( ,edg>1 "y1 & discov]+ no great capacity1 gave him little di/urbance 9 comp>ison ( ! viol5ce ( 8 own bro!r ,to/i1 :om = 8 infam\s oppression he _h f\nd himself oblig$ to bani%4 ,?is man1 :o 0 a tyrant at home & a traitor abroad1 insult$ ! m>itime p>ts ) a piratical fleet1 :il/ he incit$ all ! neighbor+ pr9ces to fall ^u 8 c\ntry4 ,h>old ,h>fag]1 ,k+ ( ,norway1 aft] ! conque/ ( ! ,orkneys1 ) a p[]ful navy hung ov] ! coa/s ( ,engl&4 ,b no?+ tr\bl$ ,h>old s mu* z ! pret5sions & ! =midable prep>ation ( ,william1 ,duke ( ,norm&y1 "o ( ! mo/ able1 ambiti\s1 & ent]pris+ m5 ( t age4 ,we h m5tion$ ! p>tiality ( ,k+ ,edw>d to ! ,normans1 & ! hatr$ he bore to ,godw91 & 8 family4 ,! ,duke ( ,norm&y1 to :om ,edw>d _h p]sonal obligations1 _h tak5 a t\r into ,engl&1 & neglect$ no means to improve ^! dispositions to 8 own advantage4 ,x is said t he !n receiv$ ! fulle/ assurances ( be+ appo9t$ to ! succession1 & t ,h>old himself _h be5 s5t soon aft] into ,norm&y to settle :atev] relat$ to x4 ,?is is an obscure transaction1 & w\ld1 if x c\ld be cle>$ up1 convey b little in/ruction4 ,s t :e!r we believe or n t ,william _h engag$ ,h>old by a solemn oa? to secure him ! k+dom1 we "k t he aft]w>ds set up a w ( ,k+ ,edw>d 9 8 favor1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he nev] produc$1 & probably nev] _h to produce4 ,9 ^! delicate circum/ances ,h>old 0 n want+ to himself4 ,by ! mo/ equitable laws & ! mo/ popul> behavior he s\ght to secure ! affections ( 8 subjects2 & he succe$$ s well1 t1 :5 he m>*$ aga9/ ! ,k+ ( ,norway1 :o _h invad$ 8 k+dom & tak5 ,york1 )\t difficulty he rais$ a num]\s army ( gallant m51 zeal\s = 8 cause & _! c\ntry4 ,he obta9$ a signal & decisive victory ov] ! ,norwegians4 ,! ,k+ ,h>fag]1 & ! traitor ,to/i1 :o _h jo9$ him1 7 sla9 9 ! battle1 & ! ,norwegians 7 =c$ to evacuate ! c\ntry4 ,h>old _h1 h[ev]1 b little "t to enjoy ! fruits ( 8 victory4 ,sc>ce _h ! ,norwegians dep>t$1 :5 ,william1 ,duke ( ,norm&y1 l&$ 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! k+dom ) an army ( sixty ?\s& *os5 m51 & /ruck a g5]al t]ror ?r\gh all ! nation1 :i* 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! "* ( ! comm&] & ! c\rage & discipl9e ( 8 troops4 ,! ,normans 7 ! po/]ity ( ^? ,danes :o _h s long & s cruelly h>ass$ ! ,briti% isl&s & ! %ore ( ! adjo9+ cont95t4 ,91 ! days ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 a body ( ^! adv5tur]s1 "u _! lead]1 ,rollo1 made an attempt ^u ,engl&2 b s well did !y f9d e spot def5d$ by ! vigilance & brav]y ( t great mon>* t !y 7 compell$ to retire4 ,beat5 f ^! %ores1 ! /ream ( _! impetuosity bore t[>ds ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,france1 :i* _h be5 r$uc$ to ! mo/ deplorable condition by _! =m] ravages4 ,*>les ! ,simple !n sat on ! ?rone ( t k+dom2 unable to resi/ ?is torr5t ( b>b>ians1 he 0 oblig$ to yield to x2 he agre$ to give up to ,rollo ! l>ge & f]tile prov9ce ( ,neu/ria1 to hold ( him z 8 feudatory4 ,?is prov9ce1 f ! new inhabitants1 0 call$ ,norm&y4 ,five pr9ces succe$$ ,rollo1 :o ma9ta9$ ) great brav]y & cultivat$ ) equal wisdom 8 conque/s4 ,! anci5t f]ocity ( ?is p 0 a little s(t5$ by _! settlem5t2 b ! brav]y :i*1 _h made ! ,danes s =midable 0 n ext+ui%$ 9 ! ,normans1 nor ! _s ( ent]prise4 ,n long be=e ?is p]iod1 a private g5tleman ( ,norm&y1 by 8 p]sonal brav]y1 _h acquir$ ! k+dom ( ,naples4 ,sev]al o!rs foll[$ 8 =tunes1 :o add$ ,sicily to x4 ,f "o end ( ,europe to ! o!r ! ,norman "n 0 kn[n1 respect$1 & fe>$4 ,rob]t1 ! six? ,duke ( ,norm&y1 to expiate "s crime :i* lay heavy ^u 8 consci5ce1 resolv$1 accord+ to ! ideas ( t "t1 ^u a pilgrimage to ,j]usalem4 ,x 0 9 va9 t 8 nobility1 :om he _h assembl$ to notify ?is resolution to !m1 repres5t$ to him ! mis]able /ate to :i* 8 c\ntry w\ld be r$uc$1 ab&on$ by its pr9ce1 & unc]ta9 ( a legal successor4 ,! ,duke 0 n to be mov$ f 8 resolution1 :i* appe>$ b ! m m]itori\s f ! difficulties :i* att5d$ x4 ,he pres5t$ to ! /ates ,william1 !n an infant1 born ( an obscure woman1 :om1 not)/&+1 he d\bt$ n to be 8 son2 him he appo9t$ to succe$2 him he recomm5d$ to _! virtue & loyalty2 & !n1 solemnly resign+ ! gov]nm5t 9 8 favor1 he dep>t$ on ! pilgrimage1 f :5ce he nev] return$4 ,! /ates1 hesitat+ "s "t betwe51 ! mis*iefs t att5d ! all[+ an illegitimate succession1 & ^? :i* might arise f admitt+ =eign pret5sions1 ?\ght ! =m] ! lea/ prejudicial1 & accord+ly swore allegiance to ,william4 ,b ?is oa? 0 n suffici5t to e/abli% a "r s d\btful4 ,! ,dukes ( ,burgundy & ,brittany1 z well z sev]al ,norman noblem51 _h speci\s titles4 ,! endeavors ( all ^! disquiet$ ! reign ( ! "y pr9ce ) p]petual tr\bles4 ,9 ^! tr\bles he 0 =m$ e>ly 9 life to vigilance1 activity1 secrecy1 & a conque/ ov] all ^? passions1 :e!r bad or good1 :i* ob/ruct ! way to greatness4 ,he _h to cont5d ) all ! neighbor+ pr9ces1 ) ! s$itions ( a turbul5t & unfai?ful nobility1 & ! trea*]\s protection ( 8 feudal "l1 ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,all ( ^! 9 _! turns1 sometimes all ( ^! toge!r1 di/ress$ him4 ,b ) ! mo/ unp>allel$ good =tune & conduct he ov]came all opposition1 & triumph$ ov] e enemy1 rais+ 8 p[] & reputation above t ( all 8 ance/ors1 z mu* z he 0 exalt$ by 8 brav]y above ! pr9ces ( 8 own "t4 ,su* 0 ! pr9ce :o1 on a pret5d$ claim f ! w ( ,k+ ,edw>d1 support$ by ! common & popul> pret5ce ( puni%+ (f5d]s & r$ress+ grievances1 l&$ at ,pev5sey 9 ,sussex1 to conte/ ! cr[n ) ,h>old4 ,h>old _h no soon] advice ( 8 l&+ ?an he advanc$ to meet him ) all possible dilig5ce2 b !re did n appe> 9 8 army1 ^u ?is occasion1 ! same unanimity & satisfaction :i* animat$ x on its m>* aga9/ ! ,norwegians4 ,an ill-tim$ economy 9 ,h>old1 :i* made him refuse to 8 soldi]s ! plund] ( ! ,norwegian camp1 _h creat$ a g5]al discont5t4 ,sev]al des]t$2 & ! soldi]s :o rema9$ foll[$ heavily a lead] "u :om !re 0 no hope ( plund]1 ! greate/ incitem5t ( ! soldi]y4 ,not)/&+ ?is ill disposition1 ,h>old /ill urg$ =w>d1 & by =c$ m>*es advanc$ )9 sev5 miles ( ! enemy4 ,! ,norman1 on 8 l&+1 is said to h s5t away 8 %ips1 t 8 army might h no way ( safety b 9 conque/2 yet _h he =tifi$ 8 camp1 & tak5 e prud5t precaution1 t s consid]able an ent]prise %\ld n be r$uc$ to a s+le ef=t ( despair4 ,:5 ! armies1 *>g$ ) ! decision ( s mighty a conte/1 _h approa*$ ea* o!r1 ,h>old paus$ a:ile4 ,a great deal dep5d$ on 8 conduct at ?is critical "t4 ,! mo/ exp]i5c$ 9 ! c\ncil ( w>1 :o knew ! condition ( _! troops1 7 ( op9ion t ! engagem5t ought to be def]r$1--t ! c\ntry ought to be wa/$1--t1 z ! w9t] approa*$1 ! ,normans w\ld 9 all probability be oblig$ to retire ( !mselves1--t1 if ?is %\ld n happ51 ! ,norman army 0 )\t res\rces1 :il/ ! ,engli% w\ld be e day consid]ably augm5t$1 & might attack _! enemy at a "t & mann] :i* might make _! success c]ta94 ,to all ^! reasons no?+ 0 oppos$ b a false po9t ( honor & a mi/ak5 c\rage 9 ,h>old1 :o urg$ 8 fate1 & resolv$ on an engagem5t4 ,! ,norman1 z soon z he p]ceiv$ t ! ,engli%1 7 det]m9$ on a battle1 left 8 camp to po/ himself 9 an advantage\s situation1 9 :i* 8 :ole army rema9$ ! night :i* prec$$ ! action4 ,?is night 0 sp5t 9 a mann] :i* progno/icat$ ! ev5t ( ! foll[+ day4 ,on ! "p ( ! ,normans x 0 sp5t 9 pray]1 & 9 a cool & /eady prep>ation = ! engagem5t2 on ! side ( ! ,engli%1 9 riot & a va9 confid5ce t neglect$ all ! necess>y prep>ations4 ,! two armies met 9 ! morn+2 f sev5 to five ! battle 0 f\ght ) equal vigor1 until at la/ ! ,norman army pret5d+ to break 9 confusion1 a /ratagem to :i* !y _h be5 regul>ly =m$1 ! ,engli%1 elat$ ) success1 suff]$ t firm ord] 9 :i* _! security consi/$ to dissipate1 :i* :5 ,william obs]v$1 he gave ! signal to 8 m5 to rega9 _! =m] disposition1 & fall ^u ! ,engli%1 brok5 & disp]s$4 ,h>old 9 ?is em]g5cy did ev]y?+ :i* became him1 ev]y?+ possible to collect 8 troops & to r5ew ! engagem5t2 b :il/ he flew f place to place1 & 9 all places re/or$ ! battle1 an arr[ pi]c$ 8 bra91 & he di$ a k+1 9 a mann] wor?y ( a w>rior4 ,! ,engli% imm$iately fl$2 ! r\t 0 total1 & ! slaught] prodigi\s4 ,! con/]nation :i* ?is defeat & ! dea? ( ,h>old produc$ ov] ! k+dom 0 m fatal ?an ! defeat itself4 ,if ,william _h m>*$ directly to ,london1 all conte/ _h probably be5 at an end2 b he judg$ x m prud5t to secure ! sea-coa/1 to make way = re9=cem5ts1 di/ru/+ 8 =tune 9 8 success m ?an he _h done 9 8 fir/ attempts4 ,he m>*$ to ,dov]1 :]e ! effect ( 8 victory 0 su* t ! /rong ca/le !re surr5d]$ )\t resi/ance4 ,_h ?is =tress made any tol]able def5ce1 ! ,engli% w\ld h _h leisure to r\se f _! con/]nation1 & plan "s rational me?od = cont9u+ ! w>2 b n[ ! conqu]or 0 on full m>* to ,london1 :il/ ! ,engli% 7 debat+ conc]n+ ! measures !y %\ld take1 & d\btful 9 :at mann] !y %\ld fill ! vacant ?rone4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is em]g5cy x 0 necess>y to take "s resolution4 ,! p>ty ( ,edg> ,a!l+ prevail$1 & he 0 own$ k+ by ! city ( ,london1 :i* ev5 at ?is "t 0 exce$+ly p[]ful1 & by ! greate/ "p ( ! nobility !n pres5t4 ,b 8 reign 0 ( a %ort duration4 ,william advanc$ by ha/y m>*es1 &1 z he approa*$1 ! p]plexity ( ! ,engli% r$\bl$3 !y _h done no?+ = ! def5ce ( ! city2 !y _h no reliance on _! new k+2 !y suspect$ "o ano!r2 !re 0 no au?ority1 no ord]1 no c\nsel2 a confus$ & ill-sort$ assembly ( unw>like p1 ( prie/s1 burgh]s1 & nobles conf\nd$ ) !m 9 ! g5]al panic1 /ruck d[n by ! con/]nation ( ! late defeat1 & trembl+ "u ! bolts ( ! ,papal excommunication1 7 unable to plan any me?od ( def5ce3 insomu* t1 :5 he _h pass$ ! ,?ames & drew ne> to ,london1 ! cl]gy1 ! citiz5s1 & ! great] "p ( ! nobles1 :o _h s lately set ! cr[n on ! head ( ,edg>1 w5t out to meet him2 !y submitt$ to him1 & hav+ br\ght him 9 triumph to ,we/m9/]1 he 0 !re solemnly cr[n$ ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,! :ole nation foll[$ ! example ( ,london2 & "o battle gave ,engl& to ! ,normans1 :i* _h co/ ! ,romans1 ! ,saxons1 & ,danes s mu* "t & blood to acquire4 ,at fir/ view x is v difficult to conceive h[ ?is c\ld h happ5$ to a p[]ful nation1 9 :i* x does n appe> t ! conqu]or _h "o p>tisan4 ,x /&s a s+le ev5t 9 hi/ory1 unless1 p]haps1 we may comp>e x ) ! r$uction ( ,irel&1 "s "t aft]1 by ,h5ry ! ,second4 ,an att5tive consid]ation ( ! /ate ( ! k+dom at t critical "t may1 p]haps1 9 "s measure1 lay op5 to u ! cause ( ?is extraord9>y revolution4 ,! nobility ( ,engl&1 9 :i* its /r5g? consi/$1 0 mu* decay$4 ,w>s & confiscations1 b above all ! cu/om ( gavelk9d1 _h r$uc$ t body v l[4 ,at ! same "t "s few families _h be51 rais$ to a degree ( p[] unkn[n 9 ! anci5t ,saxon times1 & dang]\s 9 all4 ,l>ge possessions1 & a l>g] au?ority1 7 annex$ to ! (fices ( ! ,saxon magi/rates1 :om !y call$ ,ald]m54 ,?is au?ority1 9 _! long & bloody w>s ) ! ,danes1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to increase1 & (t5 to increase beyond ! anci5t limits4 ,ald]m5 7 creat$ = life2 !y 7 !n frequ5tly made h]$it>y2 "s 7 ve/$ ) a p[] ov] o!rs2 & at ?is p]iod we beg9 to he> ( dukes :o gov]n$ ov] sev]al %ires1 & _h _m ald]m5 subject to !m4 ,^! (fic]s f\nd means to turn ! royal b\nty into an in/rum5t ( becom+ indep5d5t ( its au?ority4 ,too great to obey1 & too little to protect1 !y 7 a dead weight ^u ! c\ntry4 ,!y began to ca/ an eye on ! cr[n1 & di/ract$ ! nation by cabals to compass _! designs4 ,at ! same "t !y n\ri%$ ! mo/ t]rible feuds among/ !mselves4 ,! feeble gov]nm5t ( ,edw>d e/abli%$ ^! abuses4 ,he c\ld f9d no me?od ( humbl+ "o subject gr[n too great1 b by aggr&iz+ 9 ! same excessive degree "s o!rs4 ,?us1 he endeavor$ to balance ! p[] ( ,e>l ,godw9 by exalt+ ,le(ric1 ,duke ( ,m]cia1 & ,siw>d1 ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l&1 to an extravagant greatness4 ,! consequ5ce 0 ?is3 he did n humble ,godw91 b rais$ him pot5t rivals4 ,:51 !re=e1 ?is pr9ce di$1 ! lawful successor to ! cr[n1 :o _h no?+ b "r 9 8 favor1 0 totally eclips$ by ! spl5dor ( ! great m5 :o _h adorn$ !mselves ) ! spoils ( royalty4 ,! ?rone 0 n[ ! prize ( faction2 & ,h>old1 ! son ( ,godw91 hav+ ! /ronge/ faction1 c>ri$ x4 ,by ?is success ! opposite p>ties 7 inflam$ ) a new occasion ( rancor & animosity1 & an incurable discont5t 0 rais$ 9 ! m9ds ( ,edw9 & ,morc>1 ! sons ( ,duke ,le(ric1 :o inh]it$ _! fa!r's p[] & popul>ity3 b ?is animosity op]at$ no?+ 9 favor ( ! legitimate heir1 ?\gh x weak5$ ! h&s ( ! gov]n+ pr9ce4 ,! dea? ( ,h>old 0 f> f putt+ an end to ^! evils2 x r unfold$ m at l>ge ! fatal consequ5ces ( ! ill measures :i* _h be5 pursu$4 ,edw9 & ,morc> set on foot once m _! practices to obta9 ! cr[n2 & :5 !y f\nd !mselves baffl$1 !y retir$ 9 discont5t f ! c\ncils ( ! nation1 )draw+ !reby a v l>ge "p ( its /r5g? & au?ority4 ,! c\ncil ( ! nation1 :i* 0 =m$ ( ! cla%+ factions ( a few great m51 7= ! re/ 7 no?+17 divid$1 di%e>t5$1 weak5$1 )\t head1 )\t direction1 dismay$ by a t]rible defeat1 submitt$1 because !y saw no o!r c\rse1 to a conqu]or ^: valor !y _h exp]i5c$1 & :o _h hi!rto behav$ ) great appe>ances ( equity & mod]ation4 ,z = ! gr&ees1 !y 7 cont5t$ r to submit to ?is =eign pr9ce ?an to ^? :om !y reg>d$ z _! equals & enemies4 ,) ^! causes o!r /rong ones concurr$4 ,= ne> two c5turies ! cont9ual & bloody w>s ) ! ,danes _h exhau/$ ! nation2 ! peace1 :i* = a long "t !y 7 oblig$ to buy de>ly1 exhau/$ x yet m2 & x _h n suffici5t leisure nor suffici5t means ( acquir+ weal? to yield at ?is "t any extraord9>y res\rces4 ,! new p1 :i* aft] s long a /ruggle _h mix$ ) ! ,engli%1 _h n yet s ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! anci5t inhabitants t a p]fect union might be expect$ betwe5 !m1 or t any /rong1 uni=m1 national ef=t might h result$ f x4 ,besides1 ! p ( ,engl& 7 ! mo/ backw>d 9 ,europe 9 all improvem5ts1 :e!r 9 milit>y or 9 civil life4 ,_! t[ns 7 meanly built1 & m meanly =tifi$2 !re 0 sc>cely any?+ t des]v$ ! "n ( a /rong place 9 ! k+dom2 !re 0 no =tress :i*1 by ret>d+ ! progress ( a conqu]or1 might give ! p an opportunity ( recall+ _! spirits & collect+ _! /r5g?4 ,to ^! we may add1 t ! ,pope's approbation ( ,william's pret5sions gave !m great weight1 especially among/ ! cl]gy1 & t ?is dispos$ & reconcil$ to submission a p :om ! circum/ances we h m5tion$ _h be=e driv5 to x4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,& ,,in/itutions ,,( ,,! ,,saxons4 ,be=e we beg9 to consid] ! laws & con/itutions ( ! ,saxons1 let u take a view ( ! /ate ( ! c\ntry f :5ce !y are d]iv$1 z x is portray$ 9 anci5t writ]s4 ,?is view w be ! be/ comm5t on _! in/itutions4 ,let u repres5t to ourselves a p )\t le>n+1 )\t arts1 )\t indu/ry1 solely pleas$ & occupi$ ) w>1 neglect+ agriculture1 abhorr+ cities1 & seek+ _! livelihood only f pa/urage & hunt+ ?r\gh a b\ndless range ( morasses & =e/s4 ,su* a p mu/ necess>ily be unit$ to ea* o!r by v feeble bonds2 _! ideas ( gov]nm5t w necess>ily be imp]fect1 _! fre$om & _! love ( fre$om great4 ,f ^! dispositions x mu/ happ51 ( c\rse1 t ! int5tion ( inve/+ "o p]son or a few ) ! :ole p[]s ( gov]nm5t1 & ! notion ( deput$ au?ority or repres5tation1 are ideas t nev] c\ld h ent]$ _! imag9ations4 ,:51 !re=e1 among/ su* a p any resolution ( consequ5ce 0 to be tak51 !re 0 no way ( effect+ x b by br++ toge!r ! :ole body ( ! nation1 t e individual might cons5t to ! law1 & ea* reciprocally b9d ! o!r to ! obs]vation ( x4 ,?is polity1 if s x may be call$1 subsi/s /ill 9 all its simplicity 9 ,pol&4 ,b z 9 su* a society z we h m5tion$ ! p _c be class$ accord+ to any political regulations1 great tal5ts h a m ample sph]e 9 :i* to ex]t !mselves ?an 9 a close & bett] =m$ society4 ,^! tal5ts mu/ !re=e h attract$ a great %>e ( ! public v5]ation1 & drawn a num]\s tra9 aft] ! p]son di/+ui%$ by !m1 ( ^? :o s\ght 8 protection1 or fe>$ 8 p[]1 or admir$ 8 qualifications1 or wi%$ to =m !mselves aft] 8 example1 or1 9 f9e1 ( :oev] desir$ to p>take ( 8 importance by be+ m5tion$ along ) him4 ,^! ! anci5t ,gauls1 :o ne>ly resembl$ ! ,g]mans 9 _! cu/oms1 call$ ,ambacti2 ! ,romans call$ !m ,comites4 ,ov] ^! _! *ief _h a consid]able p[]1 & ! m consid]able because x dep5d$ ^u influ5ce r ?an in/itution3 influ5ce among s free a p be+ ! pr9cipal s\rce ( p[]4 ,b ?is au?ority1 great z x 01 nev] c\ld by its v nature be /ret*$ to despotism2 because any despotic act w\ld h %ock$ ! only pr9ciple by :i* t au?ority 0 support$1 ! g5]al good op9ion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x c\ld n h be5 b\nd$ by any positive laws1 because laws c h>dly subsi/ among/ a p :o h n ! use ( lett]s4 ,x 0 a species ( arbitr>y p[]1 s(t5$ by ! popul>ity f :5ce x arose4 ,x came f popul> op9ion1 & by popul> op9ion x 0 correct$4 ,if p s b>b>\s z ! ,g]mans h no laws1 !y h yet cu/oms t s]ve 9 _! room2 & ^! cu/oms op]ate among/ !m bett] ?an laws1 because !y become a sort ( ,nature bo? to ! gov]nors & ! gov]n$4 ,?is circum/ance 9 "s measure remov$ all fe> ( ! abuse ( au?ority1 & induc$ ! ,g]mans to p]mit _! *iefs#di to decide ^u matt]s ( less] mom5t1 _! private diff]5ces1--= s ,tacitus expla9s ! m9ores res4 ,^! *iefs 7 a sort ( judges1 b n legislators2 nor d !y appe> to h _h a %>e 9 ! sup]ior bran*es ( ! executive "p ( gov]nm5t1--! bus9ess ( peace & w>1 & ev]y?+ ( a public nature1 be+ det]m9$1 z we h be=e rem>k$1 by ! :ole body ( ! p1 accord+ to a maxim g5]al among ! ,g]mans1 t :at conc]n$ all ought to be h&l$ by all4 ,?us 7 del9eat$ ! fa9t & incorrect outl9es ( our ,con/itution1 :i* has s9ce be5 s nobly fa%ion$ & s highly f9i%$4 ,?is f9e sy/em1 says ,montesquieu1 0 inv5t$ 9 ! woods2 b :il/ x rema9$ 9 ! woods1 & = a long "t aft]1 x 0 f> f be+ a f9e "o1--no m1 inde$1 ?an a v imp]fect attempt at gov]nm5t1 a sy/em = a rude & b>b>\s p1 calculat$ to ma9ta9 !m 9 _! b>b>ity4 ,! anci5t /ate ( ! ,g]mans 0 milit>y3 s t ! ord]s into :i* !y 7 di/ribut$1 _! subord9ation1 _! c\rts1 & e "p ( _! gov]nm5t1 mu/ be d$uc$ f an att5tion to a milit>y pr9ciple4 ,! anci5t ,g]man p1 z all ! o!r ,nor!rn tribes1 consi/$ ( freem5 & slaves3 ! freem5 pr(ess$ arms1 ! slaves cultivat$ ! gr\nd4 ,b m5 7 n all[$ to pr(ess arms at _! own w1 nor until !y 7 admitt$ to t dignity by an e/abli%$ ord]1 :i* at a c]ta9 age sep>at$ ! boys f m54 ,= :5 a "y man approa*$ to virility1#ej he 0 n yet admitt$ z a memb] ( ! /ate1 :i* 0 q milit>y1 until he _h be5 inve/$ ) a spe> 9 ! public assembly ( 8 tribe2 & !n he 0 adjudg$ prop] to c>ry arms1 & also to assi/ 9 ! public delib]ations1 :i* 7 always held arm$4#ea ,?is spe> he g5]ally receiv$ f ! h& ( "s old & respect$ *ief1 "u :om he commonly ent]$ himself1 & 0 admitt$ among 8 foll[]s4#eb ,no man c\ld /& out z an indep5d5t individual1 b mu/ h enli/$ 9 "o ( ^! milit>y frat]nities2 & z soon z he _h s enli/$1 imm$iately he became b\nd to 8 lead] 9 ! /ricte/ dep5d5ce1 :i* 0 confirm$ by an oa?1#ec & to 8 bre?r5 9 a common v[ = _! mutual support 9 all dang]s1 & = ! advancem5t & ! honor ( _! common *ief4 ,?is *ief 0 /yl$ ,s5ior1 ,"l1 & ! l t]ms1 :i* m>k$ out a sup]iority 9 age & m]it2 ! foll[]s 7 call$ ,ambacti1 ,comites1 ,leudes1 ,vassals1 & o!r t]ms1 m>k+ submission & dep5d5ce4 ,?is 0 ! v fir/ orig9 ( civil1 or r1 milit>y gov]nm5t1 among/ ! anci5t p ( ,europe2 & x arose f ! connection t necess>ily 0 creat$ betwe5 ! p]son :o gave ! arms1 or knight$ ! "y man1 & him t receiv$ !m2 :i* impli$ t !y 7 to be occupi$ 9 8 s]vice :o orig9ally gave !m4 ,^! pr9ciples x is necess>y /rictly to att5d to1 because !y w s]ve mu* to expla9 ! :ole c\rse bo? ( gov]nm5t & real prop]ty1 :]ev] ! ,g]man nations obta9$ a settlem5t3 ! :ole ( _! gov]nm5t dep5d+ = ! mo/ "p ^u two pr9ciples 9 our nature1--ambition1 t makes "o man desir\s1 at any haz>d or exp5se1 ( tak+ ! lead among/ o!rs1--& admiration1 :i* makes o!rs equally desir\s ( foll[+ him1 f ! m]e pleasure ( admiration1 & a sort ( second>y ambition1 "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal passions among m54 ,^! two pr9ciples1 /rong1 bo? ( !m1 9 our nature1 create a volunt>y inequality & dep5d5ce4 ,b among/ equals 9 condition !re c\ld be no su* bond1 & ?is 0 suppli$ by conf$]acy2 & z ! fir/ ( ^! pr9ciples creat$ ! s5ior & ! knight1 ! second produc$ ! conjurati fratres1 :i*1 sometimes z a m ext5sive1 sometimes z a /rict] bond1 are p]petually m5tion$ 9 ! old laws & hi/ories4 ,! relation betwe5 ! "l & ! vassal produc$ ano!r effect1--t ! lead] 0 oblig$ to f9d su/5ance = 8 foll[]s1 & to ma9ta9 !m at 8 table1 or give !m "s equival5t 9 ord] to _! ma9t5ance4 ,x is pla9 f ^! pr9ciples1 t ?is s]vice on "o h&1 & ?is obligation to support on ! o!r1 c\ld n h orig9ally be5 h]$it>y1 b mu/ h be5 entirely 9 ! free *oice ( ! p>ties4 ,b x is impossible t su* a polity c\ld long h subsi/$ by election alone4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 t natural love :i* e man has to 8 own k9dr$ w\ld make ! *ief will+ to p]petuate ! p[] & dignity he acquir$ 9 8 own blood1--& = t purpose1 ev5 dur+ 8 own life1 w\ld raise 8 son1 if gr[n up1 or 8 collat]als1 to su* a rank z !y %\ld f9d x only necess>y to cont9ue _! possession ^u 8 dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a foll[] 0 cut (f 9 w>1 or fell by natural c\rse1 leav+ 8 (fspr+ de/itute1 ! "l c\ld n s f> =get ! s]vices ( 8 vassal z n to cont9ue 8 all[ance to 8 *ildr52 & ^! aga9 gr[+ up1 f reason & gratitude1 c\ld only take _! knigh?ood at 8 h&s f :om !y _h receiv$ _! education2 & ?us1 z x c\ld seldom happ5 b t ! bond1 ei!r on ! side ( ! "l or dep5dant1 0 p]petuat$1 "s families mu/ h be5 di/+ui%$ by a long cont9uance ( ?is relation1 & h be5 !re=e look$ ^u 9 an honorable light1 f t only circum/ance f :5ce honor 0 d]iv$ 9 ! ,nor!rn _w4 ,?us nobility 0 se5 9 ,g]many2 & 9 ! e>lie/ ,anglo-,saxon times "s families 7 di/+ui%$ by ! title ( ,e!l+s1 or ( noble desc5t4 ,b ?is nobility ( bir? 0 r a qualification = ! dignities ( ! /ate ?an an actual designation to !m4 ,! ,saxon ranks are *iefly design$ to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( ! composition = p]sonal injuries aga9/ !m4 ,b ?\gh ?is h]$it>y relation 0 creat$ v e>ly1 x mu/ n be mi/ak5 = su* a regul> inh]itance z we see at ?is day3 x 0 an inh]itance only accord+ to ! pr9ciples f :5ce x 0 d]iv$2 by !m x 0 modifi$4 ,x 0 orig9ally a milit>y connection2 & if a fa!r l(t 8 son "u a milit>y age1 s z t he c\ld nei!r lead nor judge 8 p1 nor qualify ! "y m5 :o came up "u him to take arms1--9 ord] to cont9ue ! cli5tal bond1 & n to break up an old & /rong conf$]acy1 & !reby disp]se ! tribe1 :o %\ld be pit*$ ^u to head ! :ole1 b ! wor?ie/ ( blood ( ! deceas$ lead]1 he t rank$ next to him 9 8 life8#ed ,& ?is is ,tani/ry1 :i* is a succession made up ( inh]itance & election1 a succession 9 :i* blood is inviolably reg>d$1 s f> z x 0 consi/5t ) milit>y purposes4 ,x 0 ?us t our k+s succe$$ to ! ?rone ?r\gh\t ! :ole "t ( ! ,anglo-,saxon1 empire4 ,! fir/ k+s ( ! ,franks succe$$ 9 ! same mann]1 & )\t all d\bt ! succession ( all ! inf]ior *iefta9s 0 regulat$ by a simil> law4 ,v frequ5t examples occur 9 ! ,saxon times1 :]e ! son ( ! deceas$ k+1 if "u age1 0 entirely pass$ ov]1 & 8 uncle1 or "s remot] relation1 rais$ to ! cr[n2 b !re is n a s+le in/ance :]e ! election has c>ri$ x out ( ! blood4 ,s t1 9 tru?1 ! controv]sy1 :i* has be5 manag$ ) su* heat1 :e!r 9 ! ,saxon times ! cr[n 0 h]$it>y or elective1 mu/ be det]m9$ 9 "s degree favorably = ! litigants on ei!r side2 = x 0 c]ta9ly bo? h]$it>y & elective )9 ! b\nds1 :i* we h m5tion$4 ,?is ord] prevail$ 9 ,irel&1 :]e ! ,nor!rn cu/oms 7 reta9$ "s hundr$s ( ye>s aft] ! re/ ( ,europe _h 9 a great measure rec$$ f !m4 ,tani/ry cont9u$ 9 =ce !re until ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,& we h greatly to regret ! n>r[ notions ( our lawy]s1 :o aboli%$ ! au?ority ( ! ,brehon law1 & at ! same "t kept no monum5ts ( x1--:i* if !y _h done1 !re is no d\bt b _m ?+s ( great value t[>ds det]m9+ _m que/ions relative to ! laws1 antiquities1 & mann]s ( ?is & o!r c\ntries _h be5 pres]v$4 ,b x is cle>1 ?\gh x has n be51 ,i ?9k1 obs]v$1 t ! asc5d+ collat]al bran* 0 mu* reg>d$ among/ ! anci5t ,g]mans1 & ev5 pref]r$ to t ( ! imm$iate possessor1 z be+1 9 case ( an accid5t arriv+ to ! *ief1 ! presumptive heir1 & him on :om ! hope ( ! family 0 fix$3 & ?is is ^u ! pr9ciples ( ,tani/ry4 ,& ! rule seems to h tak5 su* deep root z to h mu* influ5c$ a consid]able article ( our feudal law3 =1 :at is v s+ul>1 &1 ,i take x1 o!rwise unacc\ntable1 a collat]al w>ranty b\nd1 ev5 )\t any desc5d+ assets1 :]e ! l9eal did n1 unless some?+ desc5d$2 & ?is subsi/$ inv>iably 9 ! law until ?is c5tury4 ,?us we h se5 ! f\ndation ( ! ,nor!rn gov]nm5t & ! ord]s ( _! p1 :i* consi/$ ( dep5d5ce & conf$]acy3 t ! pr9cipal end ( bo? 0 milit>y2 t protection & ma9t5ance 7 due on ! "p ( ! *ief1 ob$i5ce on t ( ! foll[]2 t ! foll[]s %\ld be b\nd to ea* o!r z well z to ! *ief2 t ?is head%ip 0 n at fir/ h]$it>y1 b t x cont9u$ 9 ! blood by an ord] ( its own1 call$ ,tani/ry4 ,all ^! unconnect$ & indep5d5t p>ts 7 only l9k$ toge!r by a common c\ncil3 & "h religion int]pos$4 ,_! prie/s1 ! ,druids1 hav+ a connection ?r\gh\t ea* /ate1 unit$ x4 ,!y call$ ! assembly ( ! p3 & "h _! g5]al resolutions 7 tak52 & ! :ole might r be call$ a g5]al conf$]acy ?an a gov]nm5t4 ,9 no o!r bonds1 ,i conceive1 7 !y unit$ be=e !y quitt$ ,g]many4 ,9 ?is anci5t /ate we "k !m f ,tacitus4 ,!n foll[s an imm5se gap1 9 :i* und\bt$ly "s *anges 7 made by "t2 & we he> little m ( !m until we f9d !m ,*ri/ians1 & mak]s ( writt5 laws4 ,9 ?is int]val ( "t ! orig9 ( k+s may be trac$ out4 ,:5 ! ,saxons left _! own c\ntry 9 se>* ( new habitations1 x mu/ be suppos$ t !y foll[$ _! lead]s1 :om !y s mu* v5]at$ at home2 b z ! w>s :i* made way = _! e/abli%m5t cont9u$ = a long "t1 milit>y ob$i5ce made !m famili> ) a /rict] au?ority4 ,a subord9ation1 too1 became necess>y among ! lead]s ( ea* b& ( adv5tur]s3 & be+ habituat$ to yield an ob$i5ce to a s+le p]son 9 ! field1 ! lu/re ( 8 comm& & ! utility ( ! in/itution easily prevail$ ^u !m to suff] him to =m ! b& ( _! union 9 "t ( peace1 "u ! "n ( ,k+4 ,b ! lead] nei!r knew ! ext5t ( ! p[] he receiv$1 nor ! p ( t :i* !y be/[$4 ,equally unresolv$ 7 !y ab\t ! me?od ( p]petuat+ x1--sometimes fill+ ! vacant ?rone by election1 )\t reg>d to1 b m frequ5tly reg>d+1 ! blood ( ! deceas$ pr9ce2 b x 0 late be=e !y fell into any regul> plan ( succession1 if ev] ! ,anglo-,saxons atta9$ x4 ,?us _! polity 0 =m$ sl[ly2 ! prospect cle>s up by little & little2 & ?is species ( an irregul> republic we see turn$ into a mon>*y z irregul>4 ,x is no wond] t ! advocates = ! sev]al p>ties among u f9d some?+ to favor _! sev]al notions 9 ! ,saxon gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 nev] support$ by any fix$ or uni=m pr9ciple4 ,to compreh5d ! o!r p>ts ( ! gov]nm5t ( our ance/ors1 we mu/ take notice ( ! ord]s into w9* !y 7 class$4 ,z well z we c judge 9 s obscure a matt]1 !y 7 divid$ into nobles or g5tlem51 freehold]s1 freem5 t 7 n freehold]s1 & slaves4 ,( ^! la/ we h little to say1 z !y 7 no?+ 9 ! /ate4 ,! nobles 7 call$ ,?anes1 or s]vants4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,g]man *iefs 7 rais$ to t honorable rank by ^? qualifications :i* drew aft] !m a num]\s tra9 ( foll[]s & dep5dants4#ee ,if x 0 honorable to be foll[$ by a num]\s tra91 s x 0 honorable 9 a second>y degree to be a foll[] ( a man ( consid]ation2 & ?is honor 0 ! great] 9 proportion to ! quality ( ! *ief1 & to ! ne>ness ( ! att5dance on 8 p]son4 ,:5 a mon>*y 0 =m$1 ! spl5dor ( ! cr[n naturally dr[n$ all ! inf]ior honors2 & ! att5dants on ! p]son ( ! k+ 7 consid]$ z ! fir/ 9 rank1 & d]iv$ _! dignity f _! s]vice4 ,yet z ! ,saxon gov]nm5t _h /ill a l>ge mixture ( ! popul>1 x 0 likewise requisite1 9 ord] to raise a man to ! fir/ rank ( ?anes1 t he %\ld h a suitable att5dance & sway among/ ! p4 ,to support him 9 bo? ( ^!1 x 0 necess>y t he %\ld h a compet5t e/ate4 ,!re=e 9 ?is s]vice ( ! k+1 ?is att5dance on himself1 & ?is e/ate to support bo?1 ! dignity ( a ?ane consi/$4 ,i und]/& "h a ?ane ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,hallmote1 or ,c\rt-,b>on4 ,e ?ane1 9 ! di/ribution ( 8 l&s1 _h two objects 9 view3 ! support ( 8 family1 & ! ma9t5ance ( 8 dignity4 ,he !re=e reta9$ 9 8 own h&s a p>cel ( l& ne> 8 h\se1 :i* 9 ! ,saxon times 0 call$ inl&1 & aft]w>ds 8 demesne1 :i* s]v$ to keep up 8 hospitality3 & ?is l& 0 cultivat$ ei!r by slaves1 or by ! poor] sort ( p1 :o held l&s ( him by ! p]=mance ( ?is s]vice4 ,! o!r portion ( 8 e/ate he ei!r gave = life or lives to 8 foll[]s1 m5 ( a lib]al condition1 :o s]v$ ! great] ?ane1 z he himself s]v$ ! k+4 ,!y 7 call$ ,"u ,?anes1 or1 accord+ to ! language ( t "t1 ,!od54#ef ,!y s]v$ _! "l 9 all public bus9ess2 !y foll[$ him 9 w>2 & !y s\ght ju/ice 9 8 c\rt 9 all _! private diff]5ces4 ,^! may be consid]$ z freehold]s ( ! bett] sort1 or inde$ a sort ( less] g5try !re=e1 z !y 7 n ! absolute dep5dants1 b 9 "s measure ! pe]s ( _! "l1 :5 !y su$ 9 8 c\rt1 !y claim$ ! privilege ( all ! ,g]man freem51 ! "r ( judg+ "o ano!r3 ! "l's /ew>d 0 only ! regi/]4 ,?is dome/ic c\rt1 :i* cont9u$ 9 full vigor = _m ages1 ! ,saxons call$ ,hall mote1 f ! place 9 :i* x 0 held2 ! ,normans1 :o adopt$ x1 nam$ x a ,c\rt-,b>on4 ,?is c\rt _h ano!r dep>tm5t1 9 :i* ! p[] ( ! "l 0 m absolute4 ,f ! mo/ anci5t times ! ,g]man nobility consid]$ !mselves z ! natural judges ( ^? :o 7 employ$ 9 ! cultivation ( _! l&s1 look+ on husb&m5 ) contempt1 & only z a p>cel ( ! soil :i* !y till$3 to ^! ! ,saxons commonly allott$ "s "p ( _! outl&s to hold z t5ants at w1 & to p]=m v l[ s]vices = !m4 ,! diff]5ces ( ^! inf]ior t5ants 7 decid$ 9 ! "l's c\rt1 9 :i* 8 /ew>d sat z judge2 & ?is mann] ( t5ure probably gave an orig9 to copyhold]s4#eg ,_! e/ates 7 at w1 b _! p]sons 7 free3 nor c we suppose t villa9s1 if we consid] villa9s z synonym\s to slaves1 c\ld ev] by any natural c\rse h ris5 to copyhold]s2 because ! s]vile condition ( ! villa9's p]son w\ld always h prev5t$ t /able t5ure 9 ! l&s :i* ! copyhold]s came to 9 v e>ly times4 ,! m]ely s]vile "p ( ! nation seems nev] to h be5 kn[n by ! "n ( ,villa9s or ,ceorles1 b by ^? ( ,bord>s1 ,esnes1 & ,![es4 ,sid5ote3 ,ti?+ ,c\rt4 ,z !re 7 l>ge tracts ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry n subject to ! jurisdiction ( any ?ane1 ! inhabitants ( :i* 7 probably "s rema9s ( ! anci5t ,britons n r$uc$ to absolute slav]y1 & su* ,saxons z _h n atta*$ !mselves to ! =tunes ( any lead+ man1 x 0 prop] to f9d "s me?od ( unit+ & gov]n+ ^! deta*$ p>ts ( ! nation1 :i* _h n be5 br\ght into ord] by any private dep5d5ce4 ,to answ] ?is end1 ! :ole k+dom 0 divid$ into ,%ires1 ^! into ,hundr$s1 & ! ,hundr$s into ,ti?+s4#eh ,?is division 0 n made1 z x is g5]ally imag9$1 by ,k+ ,alfr$1 ?\gh he might h introduc$ bett] regulations conc]n+ x2 x prevail$ on ! cont95t1 :]ev] ! ,nor!rn nations _h obta9$ a settlem5t2 & x is a species ( ord] extremely obvi\s to all :o use ! decimal notation3 :5 = ! purposes ( gov]nm5t !y divide a c\nty1 t5s & hundr$s are ! fir/ modes ( division :i* occur4 ,! ,ti?+1 :i* 0 ! smalle/ ( ^! divisions1 consi/$ ( t5 heads ( families1 free1 & ( "s consid]ation4 ,^! held a c\rt e =tnight1 :i* !y call$ ! ,folkmote1 or ,leet1 & !re became reciprocally b\nd to ea* o!r & to ! public = _! own peaceable behavior & t ( _! families & dep5dants4 ,e man 9 ! k+dom1 except ^? :o belong$ to ! seigneurial c\rts we h m5tion$1 0 oblig$ to ent] himself into "s ti?+3 to ?is he 0 insep>ably atta*$2 nor c\ld he by any means quit x )\t lic5se f ! head ( ! ti?+2 because1 if he 0 guilty ( any misdemeanor1 8 di/rict 0 oblig$ to produce him or pay 8 f9e4 ,9 ?is mann] 0 ! :ole nation1 z x 71 held "u sureties3 a species ( regulation und\bt$ly v wise ) reg>d to ! pres]vation ( peace & ord]1 b equally prejudicial to all improvem5t 9 ! m9ds or ! =tunes ( ! p1 :o1 fix$ inv>iably to ! spot1 7 depress$ ) all ! ideas ( _! orig9al littl5ess1 & by all t envy :i* is sure to arise 9 ^? :o see _! equals attempt+ to m\nt ov] !m4 ,?is rigid ord] dead5$ by degrees ! _s ( ! ,engli%1 & n>r[$ _! conceptions4 ,ev]y?+ 0 new to !m1 & !re=e ev]y?+ 0 t]rible2 all activity1 boldness1 ent]prise1 & inv5tion di$ away4 ,!re may be a dang] 9 /ra9+ too /rongly ! bonds ( gov]nm5t4 ,z a life ( absolute lic5se t5ds to turn m5 into savages1 ! o!r extreme ( con/ra9t op]ates mu* 9 ! same mann]3 x r$uces !m to ! same ignorance1 b leaves !m no?+ ( ! savage _s4 ,^! regulations help$ to keep ! p ( ,engl& ! mo/ backw>d 9 ,europe2 = ?\gh ! division into %ires & hundr$s & ti?+s 0 common to !m ) ! neighbor+ nations1 yet ! frankpl$ge seems to be a peculi>ity 9 ! ,engli% ,con/itution2 & = good reasons !y h fall5 into disuse1 ?\gh /ill "s traces ( !m are to be f\nd 9 our laws4 ,sid5ote3 ,hundr$ ,c\rt4 ,t5 ( ^! ti?+s made an ,hundr$4 ,"h 9 ord9>y c\rse !y held a mon?ly c\rt = ! c5t5>y1 :5 all ! suitors ( ! subord9ate ti?+s att5d$4 ,"h 7 det]m9$ causes conc]n+ brea*es ( ! peace1 small debts1 & su* matt]s z r requir$ a spe$y ?an a ref9$ ju/ice4 ,sid5ote3 ,c\nty ,c\rt4 ,sid5ote3 ,ealdorman & ,bi%op4 ,!re 0 9 ! ,saxon ,con/itution a great simplicity4 ,! high] ord] ( c\rts 7 b ! transcript ( ! l[]1 some:at m ext5d$ 9 _! objects & 9 _! p[]2 & _! p[] ov] ! inf]ior c\rts proce$$ only f _! be+ a collection ( !m all4 ,! ,c\nty or ,%ire ,c\rt 0 ! great resort = ju/ice 7= ! f\r great c\rts ( record did n !n exi/74 ,x s]v$ to unite all ! inf]ior di/ricts ) "o ano!r1 & ^? ) ! private jurisdiction ( ! ?anes4 ,?is c\rt _h no fix$ place4 ,! ald]man ( ! %ire appo9t$ x4 ,hi!r came to acc\nt = _! own conduct1 & t ( ^? b5ea? !m1 ! bailiffs ( hundr$s & ti?+s & bor\ghs1 ) _! p1--! ?anes ( ei!r rank1 ) _! dep5dants1--a va/ conc\rse ( ! cl]gy ( all ord]s3 9 a ^w1 ( all :o s\ght or di/ribut$ ju/ice4 ,9 ?is mix$ assembly ! obligations contract$ 9 ! inf]ior c\rts 7 r5ew$1 a g5]al oa? ( allegiance to ! k+ 0 tak51 & all debates betwe5 ! sev]al inf]ior cord9ate jurisdictions1 z well z ! causes ( too mu* weight = !m1 f9ally det]m9$4 ,9 ?is c\rt presid$ 7= 9 /rict signification he does n seem to h be5 a judge7 an (fic] ( great consid]ation 9 ^? times1 call$ ! ,ealdorman ( ! ,%ire4 ,) him sat ! bi%op1 to decide 9 :atev] relat$ to ! ,*ur*1 & to mitigate ! rigor ( ! law by ! int]position ( equity1 accord+ to ! species ( mild ju/ice t suit$ ! ecclesia/ical "*4 ,x appe>s by ! anci5t ,saxon laws1 t ! bi%op 0 ! *ief act+ p]son 9 ?is c\rt4 ,! rev]5ce 9 :i* ! cl]gy 7 !n held1 ! sup]ior le>n+ ( ! bi%op1 8 succe$+ to ! p[] & jurisdiction ( ! ,druid1 all contribut$ to raise him f> above ! ealdorman1 & to r5d] x 9 reality 8 c\rt4 ,& ?is 0 probably ! reason ( ! extreme l5ity ( ! ,saxon laws4 ,! canons =bade ! bi%ops to m$dle 9 cases ( blood4 ,among/ ! anci5t ,gauls & ,g]mans ! ,druid c\ld alone condemn to dea?2 s t on ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity !re 0 none :o c\ld1 9 ord9>y c\rse1 s5t5ce a man to capital puni%m5t3 necessity alone =c$ x 9 a few cases4 ,conc]n+ ! "r ( appo9t+ ! ,ald]man ( ! ,%ire !re is "s unc]ta9ty4 ,t he 0 anci5tly elect$ by 8 c\nty is indisputable2 t an ald]man ( ! %ire 0 appo9t$ by ! cr[n seems equally cle> f ! writ+s ( ,k+ ,alfr$4 ,a conjecture ( ,spelman ?r[s "s light ^u ?is affair4 ,he conceives t !re 7 two ald]m5 ) concurr5t jurisdiction1 "o ( :om 0 elect$ by ! p1 ! o!r appo9t$ by ! k+4 ,?is is v probable1 & v correspond5t to ! nature ( ! ,saxon ,con/itution1 :i* 0 a species ( democracy pois$ & held toge!r by a degree ( mon>*ical p[]4 ,if ! k+ _h no (fic] to repres5t him 9 ! c\nty c\rt1 :]e9 all ! ord9>y bus9ess ( ! nation 0 !n transact$1 ! /ate w\ld h h>dly diff]$ f a pure democracy4 ,besides1 z ! k+ _h 9 e c\nty l>ge l&$ possessions1 ei!r 9 8 demesne1 or to rew>d & pay 8 (fic]s1 he w\ld h be5 9 a mu* worse condition ?an any ( 8 subjects1 if he _h be5 de/itute ( a magi/rate to take c>e ( 8 rights & to d ju/ice to 8 num]\s vassals4 ,x appe>s1 z well z we c judge 9 s obscure a matt]1 t ! popul> ald]man 0 elect$ = a ye> only1 & t ! royal ald]man held 8 place at ! k+'s pleasure4 ,?is latt] (fice1 h[ev]1 9 process ( "t1 0 grant$ = life2 & x grew aft]w>ds to be h]$it>y 9 _m %ires4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,%]iff4 ,sid5ote3 ,%]iff's ,t\rn4 ,we _c pret5d to say :5 ! ,%]iff came to be sub/itut$ 9 ! place ( ! ,ealdorman3 "s au?ors ?9k ,k+ ,alfr$ ! contriv] ( ?is regulation4 ,x might h aris5 f ! nature ( ! ?+ itself4 ,z sev]al p]sons ( consequ5ce en\gh to obta9 by _! int]e/ or p[] ! place ( ald]man 7 n suffici5tly qualifi$ to p]=m ! duty ( ! (fice1 !y cont5t$ !mselves ) ! honor>y "p1 & left ! judicial prov9ce to _! sub/itute4#ei ,! bus9ess ( ! robe to a rude m>tial p 0 contemptible & disgu/+4 ,! ?anes1 9 _! private jurisdictions1 _h delegat$ _! p[] ( judg+ to _! reeves1 or /ew>ds2 & ! e>l1 or ald]man1 :o 0 9 ! %ire :at ! ?ane 0 9 8 manor1 = ! same reasons (ficiat$ by 8 deputy1 ! %ire-reeve4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! ,%]iff's ,t\rn1 :i* decid$ 9 all affairs1 civil & crim9al1 ( :atev] importance1 & f :i* !re lay no appeal b to ! ,wit5agemote4 ,n[ !re sc>ce rema9s ! %ad[ ( a body =m]ly s great3 ! judge be+ r$uc$ almo/ :olly to a m9i/]ial (fic]2 & to ! c\rt !re be+ left no?+ m ?an ! cognizance ( pleas "u =ty %ill+s1 unless by a p>ticul> writ or special commission4 ,b by :at /eps su* a revolution came on x w be our bus9ess h]eaft] to inquire4 ,sid5ote3 ,wit5agemote4 ,! ,wit5agemote or ,saxon ,p>liam5t1 ! supreme c\rt1 _h au?ority ov] all ! re/1 n ^u any pr9ciple ( subord9ation1 b because x 0 =m$ ( all ! re/4 ,9 ?is assembly1 :i* 0 held annually1 & sometimes twice a ye>1 sat ! e>ls & bi%ops & great] ?anes1 ) ! o!r (fic]s ( ! cr[n4#fj ,s f> z we c judge by ! /yle ( ! ,saxon laws1 none b ! ?anes1 or nobility1 7 consid]$ z necess>y con/itu5t p>ts ( ?is assembly1 at lea/ :il/ x act$ delib]atively4 ,x is true t great numb]s ( all ranks ( p att5d$ its session1 & gave by _! att5dance1 & _! approbation ( :at 0 done1 a sanction to ! laws2 b :5 !y cons5t$ to any?+1 x 0 r 9 ! way ( acclamation ?an by ! ex]cise ( a delib]ate voice1 or a regul> ass5t or negative4 ,?is may be expla9$ by consid]+ ! analogy ( ! inf]ior assemblies4 ,all p]sons1 ( :atev] rank1 att5d$ at ! c\nty c\rts2 b !y did n g !re z judges1 !y w5t to sue = ju/ice1--to be in=m$ ( _! duty1 & to be b\nd to ! p]=mance ( x4 ,?us all sorts ( p att5d$ at ! ,wit5agemotes1 n to make laws1 b to att5d at ! promulgation ( ! laws2#fa z among s free a p e in/itution mu/ h want$ mu* ( its necess>y au?ority1 if n confirm$ by ! g5]al approbation4 ,lamb>d is ( op9ion t 9 ^! e>ly times ! commons sat1 z !y d at ?is day1 by repres5tation f %ires & bor\ghs2 & he supports 8 op9ion by v plausible reasons4 ,a notion ( ?is k9d1 s contr>y to ! simplicity ( ! ,saxon ideas ( gov]nm5t1 & to ! g5ius ( t p1 :o held ! arts & comm]ce 9 s mu* contempt1 mu/ be f\nd$ on su* appe>ances z no o!r explanation c acc\nt =4 ,to ! reign ( ,h5ry ! ,second1 ! citiz5s & burgesses 7 little remov$ f absolute slaves4 ,!y might be tax$ individually at :at sum ! k+ ?\ght fit to dem&2 or !y might be dis*>g$ by (f]+ ! k+ a sum1 f :i*1 if he accept$ x1 ! citiz5s 7 n at lib]ty to rec$e2 & 9 ei!r case ! dem& 0 exact$ ) sev]ity1 & ev5 cruelty4 ,a great diff]5ce is made betwe5 tax+ !m & ^? :o cultivate l&s3 because1 says my au?or1 _! prop]ty is easily conceal$2 !y live p5uri\sly1 are int5t by all me?ods to increase _! sub/ance1 & _! imm5se weal? is n easily exhau/$4 ,su* 0 _! b>b>\s notion ( trade & its importance4 ,! same au?or1 speak+ ( ! sev]e taxation1 & viol5t me?od ( extort+ x1 obs]ves t x is a v prop] me?od1--& t x is v j t a deg5]ate (fic]1 or o!r freeman1 reject+ 8 condition = sordid ga91 %\ld be puni%$ beyond ! common law ( freem54 ,i take x t ^? :o held by anci5t demesne did n prescribe simply n to contribute to ! exp5ses ( ! knight ( ! %ire2 b !y prescrib$1 z !y did 9 all cases1 ^u a g5]al pr9ciple1 to pay no tax1 nor to att5d any duty ( :atev] species1 because !y 7 ! k+'s villa9s4 ,! argum5t is drawn f ! pov]ty ( ! bor\ghs1 :i* ev] s9ce ! ,conque/ h be5 ( no consid]ation1 & yet s5d memb]s to ,p>liam5t2 :i* !y c\ld n d1 b by "s privileges inh]5t 9 !m1 on acc\nt ( a practice ( ! same k9d 9 ! ,saxon times1 :5 !y 7 ( m repute4 ,x is c]ta9 t _m places n[ call$ bor\ghs 7 =m]ly t[ns or villages 9 anci5t demesne ( ! k+1 & _h1 z su*1 writs direct$ to !m to appe> 9 ,p>liam5t1 t !y might make a free gift or b5evol5ce1 z ! bor\ghs did2 & f !nce arose ! cu/om ( summon+ !m4 ,?is appe>s by suffici5t records4 ,& x appe>s by records also1 t x 0 mu* at ! discretion ( ! %]iff :at bor\ghs he %\ld return2 a g5]al writ 0 direct$ to him to return = all ! bor\ghs 9 a %ire2 sometimes bor\ghs :i* _h =m]ly s5t memb]s to ,p>liam5t 7 q pass$ ov]1 & o!rs1 nev] consid]$ z su* be=e1 7 return$4 ,:at is call$ ! prescription on ?is occasion 0 r a sort ( rule to direct ! %]iff 9 ! execution ( 8 g5]al p[] ?an a "r inh]5t 9 any bor\ghs4 ,b ?is 0 long aft] ! "t ( :i* we speak4 ,9 :atev] mann] we consid] x1 we mu/ own t ?is subject dur+ ! ,saxon times is extremely d>k4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 is1 ,i ?9k1 cle> f ! :ole t5or ( _! gov]nm5t1 & ev5 f ! t5or ( ! ,norman ,con/itution long aft]3 t _! ,wit5agemotes or ,p>liam5ts 7 un=m$1 & t ! rights by :i* ! memb]s held _! seats 7 f> f be+ exactly asc]ta9$4 ,! ,judicia ,civitatis ,londoni af=d a tol]able insight into ! ,saxon me?od ( mak+ & execut+ laws4 ,fir/1 ! k+ call$ toge!r 8 bi%ops1 & su* o!r p]sons z he ?\ght prop]4 ,?is c\ncil1 or ,wit5agemote1 hav+ made su* laws z seem$ conv5i5t1 !y !n swore to ! obs]vance ( !m4 ,! k+ s5t a notification ( ^! proce$+s to ea* ,burgmote1 :]e ! p ( t c\rt also swore to ! obs]vance ( !m1 & conf$]at$1 by means ( mutual /r5g? & common *>ge1 to prosecute del9qu5ts aga9/ !m4 ,nor did !re at t "t seem to be any o!r me?od ( en=c+ new laws or old4 ,= z ! v =m ( _! gov]nm5t subsi/$ by a conf$]acy cont9ually r5ew$1 s1 :5 a law 0 made1 x 0 necess>y = its execution to h aga9 rec\rse to conf$]acy1 :i* 0 ! great1 & ,i %\ld almo/ say ! only1 pr9ciple ( ! ,anglo-,saxon gov]nm5t4 ,:at rights ! k+ _h 9 ?is assembly is a matt] ( equal unc]ta9ty4#fb ,! laws g5]ally run 9 8 "n1 ) ! ass5t ( 8 wise m51 c4 ,b consid]+ ! l[ e/imation ( royalty 9 ^? days1 ?is may r be consid]$ z ! voice ( ! executive magi/rate1 ( ! p]son :o compil$ ! law & prop\nd$ x to ! ,wit5agemote = _! cons5t1 ?an ( a legislator dictat+ f 8 own prop] au?ority4 ,= !n1 x seems1 ! law 0 dige/$ by ! k+ or 8 c\ncil = ! ass5t ( ! g5]al assembly4 ,t ord] is n[ rev]s$4 ,all ^! ?+s are1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5t to %[ ( :at a vision>y nature ^? sy/ems are :i* w\ld settle ! anci5t ,con/itution 9 ! mo/ remote times exactly 9 ! same =m 9 :i* we enjoy x at ?is day1--n consid]+ t su* mighty *anges 9 mann]s1 dur+ s _m ages1 always mu/ produce a consid]able *ange 9 laws1 & 9 ! =ms z well z ! p[]s ( all gov]nm5ts4 ,we %all next consid] ! nature ( ! laws pass$ 9 ^! assemblies1 & ! judici\s mann] ( proce$+ 9 ^! sev]al c\rts :i* we h describ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,saxon laws4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons tru/$ m to ! /rictness ( _! police1 & to ! simple mann]s ( _! p1 = ! pres]vation ( peace & ord]1 ?an to accuracy or exquisite dige/ion ( _! laws1 or to ! sev]ity ( ! puni%m5ts :i* !y inflict$4#fc ,! laws :i* rema9 to u ( t p seem almo/ to reg>d two po9ts only3 ! suppress+ ( riots & affrays1--& ! regulation ( ! sev]al ranks ( m51 9 ord] to adju/ ! f9es = del9qu5cies accord+ to ! dignity ( ! p]son (f5d$1 or to ! quantity ( ! (f5ce4 ,9 all o!r respects _! laws seem v imp]fect4 ,!y (t5 speak 9 ! /yle ( c\nsel z well z t ( comm&4 ,9 ! collection ( laws attribut$ to ,alfr$ we h ! ,decalogue transcrib$1 ) no small "p ( ! ,levitical law2 9 ! same code are ins]t$ _m ( ! ,saxon in/itutions1 ?\gh ^! two laws 7 9 all respects z opposite z c\ld possibly be imag9$4 ,^! indisputable monum5ts ( our anci5t rud5ess are a v suffici5t confutation ( ! panegyrical declamations 9 :i* "s p]sons w\ld p]suade u t ! crude in/itutions ( an unlett]$ p _h atta9$ an height :i* ! unit$ ef=ts ( necessity1 le>n+1 inquiry1 & exp]i5ce c h>dly rea* to 9 _m ages4 ,we mu/ add1 t1 al?\gh z "o p "u "o head !re 0 "s resemblance 9 ! laws & cu/oms ( our ,saxon ance/ors ?r\ghput ! k+dom1 yet !re 0 a consid]able diff]5ce1 9 _m mat]ial po9ts1 betwe5 ! cu/oms ( ! sev]al %ires3 nay1 t 9 diff]5t manors subsi/$ a v>iety ( laws n reconcilable ) ea* o!r1 "s ( :i* cu/om1 t caus$ !m1 has abrogat$2 o!rs h be5 ov]rul$ by laws or public judgm5t to ! contr>y2 n a few subsi/ to ?is "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,purgation by oa?4 ,sid5ote3 ,by ordeal4 ,! ,saxon laws1 imp]fect & v>i\s z !y 71 s]v$ 9 "s tol]able degree a p :o _h by _! ,con/itution an eye on ea* o!r's conc]ns1 & decid$ almo/ all matt]s ( any d\bt among/ !m by me?ods :i*1 h[ev] inadequate1 7 extremely simple4 ,!y judg$ e controv]sy ei!r by ! consci5ce ( ! p>ties1 or by ! c\ntry's op9ion ( x1 or :at !y judg$ an appeal to ,provid5ce4 ,!y 7 unwill+ to submit to ! tr\ble ( weigh+ contradictory te/imonies2 & !y 7 de/itute ( ^? critical rules by :i* evid5ce is sift$1 ! true di/+ui%$ f ! false1 ! c]ta9 f ! unc]ta94 ,orig9ally1 !re=e1 ! def5dant 9 ! suit 0 put to 8 oa?1 & if on oa? he d5i$ ! debt or ! crime ) :i* he 0 *>g$1 he 0 ( c\rse acquitt$4 ,b :5 ! fir/ f]vors ( religion began to decay1 & fraud & ! temptations to fraud to increase1 !y tru/$ no long] to ! consci5ce ( ! p>ty4 ,!y cit$ him to an high] tribunal1--! imm$iate judgm5t ( ,god4 ,_! trials 7 s _m conjurations1 & ! magical c]emonies ( b>b>ity & hea!nism ent]$ into law & religion4 ,?is sup]natural me?od ( process !y call$ ,god's ,dome2 x is g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( ,ordeal1 :i* 9 ! ,saxon language signifies ! ,great ,trial4 ,?is trial 0 made ei!r by fire or wat]3 t by fire 0 pr9cipally res]v$ = p]sons ( rank2 t by wat] decid$ ! fate ( ! vulg>2 sometimes x 0 at ! *oice ( ! p>ty4 ,a piece ( iron1 kept ) a religi\s v5]ation 9 "s mona/]y1 :i* claim$ ?is privilege z an honor1 0 br\ght =? into ! *ur* ^u ! day ( trial2 & x 0 !re aga9 consecrat$ to ?is awful purpose by a =m ( s]vice /ill extant4 ,a solemn mass 0 p]=m$2 & !n ! p>ty accus$ appe>$1 surr\nd$ by ! cl]gy1 by 8 judges1 & a va/ conc\rse ( p1 susp5d$ & anxi\s = ! ev5t2 all t assi/$ purifi$ !mselves by a fa/ ( ?ree days2 & ! accus$1 :o _h und]gone ! same fa/1 & receiv$ ! sacram5t1 took ! consecrat$ iron1 ( ab\t a p\nd weight1 heat$ r$1 9 8 nak$ h&1 & 9 t mann] c>ri$ x n9e feet4 ,?is done1 ! h& 0 wrapp$ up & seal$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! :ole assembly4 ,?ree nights be+ pass$1 ! seals 7 op5$ be=e all ! p3 if ! h& 0 f\nd )\t any sore inflict$ by ! fire1 ! p>ty 0 cle>$ ) univ]sal acclamation2 if on ! contr>y a raw sore appe>$1 ! p>ty1 condemn$ by ! judgm5t ( ,heav51 _h no fur!r plea or appeal4 ,sometimes ! accus$ walk$ ov] n9e hot irons3 sometimes boil+ wat] 0 us$2 into ?is ! man dipp$ 8 h& to ! arm4 ,! judgm5t by wat] 0 accompani$ by ! solemnity ( ! same c]emonies4 ,! culprit 0 ?r[n into a pool ( wat]1 9 :i* if he did n s9k1 he 0 adjudg$ guilty1 z ?\gh ! elem5t 7!y said7 to :i* !y _h committ$ ! trial ( 8 innoc5cy _h reject$ him4 ,bo? ^! species ( ordeal1 ?\gh !y equally appeal$ to ,god1 yet w5t on diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,9 ! fire ordeal a miracle mu/ be wr\ght to acquit ! p>ty2 9 ! wat] a miracle 0 necess>y to convict him4 ,is !re any reason = ?is extraord9>y di/9ction8 or mu/ we resolve x solely into ! irregul> caprices ( ! human m9d8 ,! greate/ g5ius :i* has enlight5$ ?is age seems 9 ?is affair to h be5 c>ri$ by ! %>pness ( 8 wit into a subtilty h>dly to be ju/ifi$ by ! way ( ?9k+ ( t unpoli%$ p]iod4 ,speak+ ( ! reasons = introduc+ ?is me?od ( trial1 ,qui ne voit1 says he1 que1 *ez un peuple ex]c mani] des armes1 la peau rude et calleuse ne devoit pas recevoir assez l'impression du f] *aud1 444 p\r qu'il y p>t trois j\rs aprs8 ,et s'il y p>oissoit1 c'toit une m>que que celui qui faisoit l'preuve toit un effm94 ,& ?is m>k ( effem9acy1 he obs]ves1 9 ^? w>like times1 suppos$ t ! man has resi/$ ! pr9ciples ( 8 education1 t he is ins5sible to honor1 & reg>dless ( ! op9ion ( 8 c\ntry4 ,b suppos+ ! effect ( hot iron to be s slight ev5 on ! mo/ call\s h&s1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is reason to d\bt1 yet we c h>dly admit ?is reason+1 :5 we consid] t wom5 7 subject$ to ?is fire ordeal1 & t no o!r wom5 ?an ^? ( condition c\ld be subject$ to x4 ,montesquieu answ]s ! objection1 :i* he =esaw w\ld be made1 by rem>k+1 t wom5 might h avoid$ ?is pro(1 if !y c\ld f9d a *ampion to combat 9 _! favor2 & he ?9ks a j presumption might be =m$ aga9/ a woman ( rank :o 0 s de/itute ( fri5ds z to f9d no protector4 ,x mu/ be own$ t ! b>b>\s p all ov] ,europe 7 mu* guid$ by presumptions 9 all _! judicial proce$+s2 b h[ %all we reconcile all ?is ) ! cu/om ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 among :om ! ordeal 0 9 con/ant use1 & ev5 = wom51 )\t ! alt]native ( ! combat1 to :i* x appe>s ?is p 7 entire /rang]s8 ,:at presumption c arise f ! ev5t ( ! wat] ordeal1 9 :i* no callosity ( h&s1 no brav]y1 no skill 9 arms1 c\ld be 9 any degree s]viceable8 ,! causes ( bo? may ) m success be s\ght among/ ! sup]/iti\s ideas ( ! anci5t ,nor!rn _w4 ,among/ ! ,g]mans ! adm9i/ration ( ! law 0 9 ! h&s ( ! prie/s or ,druids4#fd ,& z ! ,druid wor%ip paid ! highe/ respect to ! elem5ts ( fire & wat]1 x 0 v natural t !y :o ab\nd$ ) s _m conjurations = ! discov]y ( d\btful facts or future ev5ts %\ld make use ( ^! elem5ts 9 _! div9ation4 ,x may appe> ! great] wond]1 h[ ! p came to cont9ue s long1 & )1 su* ob/9acy1 aft] ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 spite ( ! frequ5t injunctions ( ! ,pope1 ^: au?ority 0 !n mu* v5]at$1 9 ! use ( a species ( pro( ! insuffici5cy ( :i* a ?\s& examples might h detect$4 ,b ?is is p]haps n s unacc\ntable4 ,p]sons 7 n put to ?is trial1 unless !re 0 pretty /rong evid5ce aga9/ !m1 some?+ suffici5t to =m :at is equival5t to a corpus delicti2 !y mu/ h be5 actually f\nd guilty by ! duodecemvirale judicium1 be=e !y c\ld be subject$ 9 any sort to ! ordeal4 ,x 0 9 effect %[+ ! accus$ an indulg5ce to give him ?is *ance1 ev5 su* a *ance z x 01 ( an acquittal2 & x 0 c]ta9ly mu* mild] ?an ! torture1 :i* is us$1 ) full z little c]ta9ty ( produc+ its end1 among ! mo/ civiliz$ nations4 ,& ! ordeal )\t "q frequ5tly op]at$ by ! m]e t]ror4 ,_m p]sons1 f a dread ( ! ev5t1 *ose to discov] r ?an to endure ! trial4 ,( ^? t did endure x1 _m mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 guilty4 ,! innoc5cy ( "s :o suff]$ c\ld nev] be kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,o!rs by accid5t might h escap$2 & ?is app>5tly miracul\s escape _h great weight 9 confirm+ ! au?ority ( ?is trial4 ,h[ long did we cont9ue 9 puni%+ innoc5t p = wit*craft1 ?\gh exp]i5ce might1 to ?9k+ p]sons1 h frequ5tly discov]$ ! inju/ice ( t proce$+6 :il/ to ! g5]ality a ?\s& equivocal appe>ances1 confessions f fe> or weakness1 9 f9e1 ! torr5t ( popul> prejudice roll$ d[n ?r\gh s _m ages1 conspir$ to support ! delusion4 ,sid5ote3 ,compurgation4 ,to avoid z mu* z possible ?is sev]e mode ( trial1 & at ! same "t to leave no inlet = p]jury1 ano!r me?od ( cle>+ 0 devis$4 ,! p>ty accus$ ( any crime1 or *>g$ 9 a civil compla9t1 appe>$ 9 c\rt ) "s ( 8 neighbors1 :o 7 call$ 8 ,compurgators2 & :5 on oa? he d5i$ ! *>ge1 !y swore t !y believ$ 8 oa? to be true4#fe ,^! compurgators 7 at fir/ to be ?ree2 aft]w>ds five 7 requir$2 9 process ( "t twelve became necess>y4#ff ,z a man might be *>g$ by ! op9ion ( ! c\ntry1 s he might also be dis*>g$ by x3 twelve m5 7 necess>y to f9d him guilty1 twelve might h acquitt$ him4 ,if op9ion supports all gov]nm5t1 x n only support$ 9 ! g5]al s5se1 b x direct$ e m9ute "p 9 ! ,saxon polity4 ,a man :o did n seem to h ! good op9ion ( ^? among :om he liv$ 0 judg$ to be guilty1 or at lea/ capable ( be+ guilty1 ( e crime4 ,x 0 ^u ?is pr9ciple t a man :o c\ld n f9d ! security ( "s ti?+ or friborg = 8 behavior1#fg he t 0 ^u acc\nt ( ?is univ]sal des]tion call$ ,fri5dless ,man1 0 by our ance/ors condemn$ to dea?1--a puni%m5t :i* ! l5ity ( ! ,engli% laws 9 t "t sc>cely inflict$ = any crime1 h[ev] cle>ly prov$3 a circum/ance :i* /rongly m>ks ! g5ius ( ! ,saxon gov]nm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,trial by ! ,c\ntry4 ,on ! same pr9ciple f :i* ! trial by ! oa? ( compurgators 0 d]iv$1 0 d]iv$ also ! ,trial by ! ,c\ntry1 :i* 0 ! me?od ( tak+ ! s5se ( ! neighborhood on any dubi\s fact4 ,if ! matt] 0 ( great importance1 x 0 put 9 ! full ,%iremote2 & if ! g5]al voice acquitt$ or condemn$1 decid$ = "o p>ty or ! o!r1 ?is 0 f9al 9 ! cause4 ,b !n x 0 necess>y t all %\ld agree3 = x does n appe> t our ance/ors1 9 ^? days1 conceiv$ h[ any assembly c\ld be suppos$ to give an ass5t to a po9t conc]n+ :i* sev]al :o compos$ t assembly ?\ght diff]5tly4 ,!y _h no idea t a body compos$ ( sev]al c\ld act by ! op9ion ( a small majority4 ,b exp]i5ce hav+ %[n t ?is me?od ( trial 0 tumultu>y & unc]ta91 !y correct$ x by ! idea ( compurgation4 ,! p>ty conc]n$ 0 no long] put to 8 oa?1--he simply plead$2 ! compurgators swore z be=e 9 anci5t times2 !re=e ! jury 7 /rictly f ! neighborhood1 & 7 suppos$ to h a p]sonal k ( ! man & ! fact4 ,!y 7 r a sort ( evid5ce ?an judges3 & f h5ce is d]iv$ t s+ul>ity 9 our laws1 t mo/ ( our judgm5ts are giv5 ^u v]dict1 & n ^u evid5ce1 contr>y to ! laws ( mo/ o!r c\ntries4 ,nei!r are our juries b\nd1 except by "o p>ticul> /atute1 & 9 p>ticul> cases1 to obs]ve any positive te/imony1 b are at lib]ty to judge ^u presumptions4 ,^! are ! fir/ rude *alk+s-out ( our jurisprud5ce4 ,! ,saxons 7 extremely imp]fect 9 _! ideas ( law1--! civil in/itutions ( ! ,romans1 :o 7 ! legislators ( mank9d1 hav+ nev] rea*$ !m4 ,! ord] ( our c\rts1 ! discipl9e ( our jury1 by :i* x is become s elaborate a contrivance1 & ! introduction ( a sort ( sci5tific reason 9 ! law1 h be5 ! "w ( ages4 ,z ! ,saxon laws did n suff] any transaction1 :e!r ( ! sale ( l& or goods1 to pass b 9 ! %ire & be=e witnesses1 s all controv]sies ( !m 7 conclud$ by :at !y call$ ! scyre witness4#fh ,?is 0 tri$ by ! oa?s ( ! p>ties1 by viv voce te/imony1 & ! produc+ ( *>t]s & records4 ,!n ! p1 laity & cl]gy1 :e!r by plurality ( votes or by :at o!r means is n v c]ta91 affirm$ ! te/imony 9 favor ( "o ( ! claimants4 ,!n ! proce$+ 0 sign$1 fir/ by ^? :o held ! c\rt1 & !n by ! p]sons :o affirm$ ! judgm5t1 :o also swore to x 9 ! same mann]4#fi ,sid5ote3 ,puni%m5ts4 ,! ,saxons 7 extremely mod]ate 9 _! puni%m5ts4 ,murd] & treason 7 comp\nd$1 & a f9e set = e (f5ce4 ,=feiture = felony 0 incurr$ only by ^? t fl$4 ,! puni%m5t ) dea? 0 v r>e1--) torture unkn[n4 ,9 all anci5t nations1 ! puni%m5t ( crimes 0 9 ! family injur$ by !m1 p>ticul>ly 9 case ( murd]4#gj ,?is br\ght deadly feuds among/ ! p1 :i*1 9 ! ,g]man nations p>ticul>ly1 subsi/$ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations4 ,b z a fruitless rev5ge c\ld answ] little purpose to ! p>ties injur$ & 0 ru9\s to ! public peace1 by ! int]posal ( good (fices !y 7 prevail$ ^u to accept "s composition 9 lieu ( ! blood ( ! aggressor1 & peace 0 re/or$4 ,! ,saxon gov]nm5t did little m ?an act ! "p ( arbitrator betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties1 exact$ ! paym5t ( ?is composition1 & r$uc$ x to a c]ta9ty4 ,h[ev]1 ! k+1 z ! sov]eign ( all1 & ! %]iff1 z ! judicial (fic]1 _h _! %>e 9 ^? f9es4 ,?is unwill+ness to %$ blood1 :i* ! ,saxon cu/oms gave rise to1 ! ,*ri/ian religion confirm$4 ,yet 0 x n altoge!r s imp]fect z to h no puni%m5t adequate to ^? great del9qu5cies :i* t5d entirely to ov]turn a /ate1 public robb]y1 murd] ( ! "l4#ga ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 ( succession4 ,sid5ote3 ,annual prop]ty4 ,z among/ ! ,anglo-,saxons gov]nm5t dep5d$ 9 "s measure ^u l&-prop]ty1 x w n be amiss to say some?+ ^u _! mann] ( hold+ & inh]it+ _! l&s4 ,x mu/ n be =got t ! ,g]mans 7 ( ,scy?ian orig9al1 & _h pres]v$ t way ( life & ^? peculi> mann]s :i* di/+ui%$ ! p>5t nation4 ,z ! ,scy?ians liv$ pr9cipally by pa/urage & hunt+1 f ! nature ( t way ( employm5t !y 7 cont9ually *ang+ _! habitations4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case "s small degree ( agriculture 0 c>ri$ on1 & !re=e "s sort ( division ( prop]ty became necess>y4 ,?is division 0 made among ea* tribe by its prop] *ief4 ,b _! %>es 7 allott$ to ! sev]al individuals only = a ye>1 le/ !y %\ld come to atta* !mselves to any c]ta9 habitation3 a settlem5t be+ :olly contr>y to ! g5ius ( ! ,scy?ian1 mann]s4 ,campe/res melius ,scy?1 ,quorum plau/ra vagas rite trahunt domos1 ,vivunt1 et rigidi ,get1 ,immetata quibus jug]a lib]as ,fruges et ,c]]em f]unt1 ,nec cultura placet longior annu4 ,sid5ote3 ,e/ates = life4 ,sid5ote3 ,inh]itance4 ,sid5ote3 ,book-l&4 ,sid5ote3 ,folk-l&4 ,sid5ote3 ,saxon fiefs4 ,?is cu/om ( an annual prop]ty probably cont9u$ among/ ! ,g]mans z long z !y rema9$ 9 _! own c\ntry2 b :5 _! conque/s c>ri$ !m into o!r p>ts1 ano!r object besides ! possession ( ! l& arose1 :i* oblig$ !m to make a *ange 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,9 ! di/ribution ( ! conqu]$ l&s1 ! anci5t possessors ( !m became an object ( consid]ation1 & ! managem5t ( ^! became "o ( ! pr9cipal bran*es ( _! polity4 ,x 0 exp$i5t t[>ds hold+ !m 9 p]fect subjection1 t !y %\ld be habituat$ to obey "o p]son1 & t a k9d ( cli5tal relation %\ld be creat$ betwe5 !m2 !re=e ! l&1 ) ! slaves1 & ! p 9 a /ate next to slav]y1 annex$ to x1 0 be/[$ = life 9 ! g5]al di/ribution4 ,:5 life-e/ates 7 once grant$1 x seem$ a natural consequ5ce t inh]itances %\ld imm$iately sup]v5e4 ,:5 a durable connection is creat$ betwe5 a c]ta9 man & a c]ta9 portion ( l& by a possession = 8 :ole life1 & :5 8 *ildr5 h gr[n up & h be5 support$ on t l&1 x seems s great an h>d%ip to sep>ate !m1 & to deprive !reby ! family ( all means ( subsi/+1 t no?+ c\ld be m g5]ally desir$ nor m reasonably all[$ ?an an inh]itance2 & ?is reasonabl5ess 0 /rongly en=c$ by ! great *ange wr\ght 9 _! affairs :5 life-e/ates 7 grant$4 ,:il/ accord+ to ! anci5t cu/om l&s 7 only giv5 = a ye>1 !re 0 a rotation s quick t e family came 9 its turn to be easily provid$ =1 & _h n long to wait2 b ! *ildr5 ( a t5ant = life1 :5 !y lo/ ! b5efit ( _! fa!r's possession1 saw !mselves z x 7 immur$ ^u e side by ! life-e/ates1 & p]ceiv$ no reasonable hope ( a provision f any new arrangem5t4 ,^! inh]itances began v e>ly 9 ,engl&4 ,by a law ( ,k+ ,alfr$ x appe>s t !y 7 !n ( a v anci5t e/abli%m5t3 & z su* inh]itances 7 int5d$ = great /ability1 !y =tifi$ !m by *>t]s2 & !re=e !y 7 call$ ,book-l&4 ,?is 0 done ) reg>d to ! possession ( ! bett] sort3 ! mean]1 :o 7 call$ ceorles1 if !y did n live 9 a dep5d5ce on "s ?ane1 held _! small portions ( l& z an inh]itance likewise1--n by *>t]1 b by a sort ( prescription4 ,?is 0 call$ ,folk-l&4 ,^! e/ates ( inh]itance1 bo? ! great] & ! mean]1 7 n fiefs2 !y 7 to all purposes allodial1 & _h h>dly a s+le prop]ty ( a feud2 !y desc5d$ equally to all ! *ildr51 males & females1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( gavelk9d1 a cu/om absolutely contr>y to ! g5ius ( ! feudal t5ure2 & :5ev] e/ates 7 grant$ 9 ! lat] ,saxon times by ! b\nty ( ! cr[n ) an int5t t !y %\ld be inh]itable1 s f> 7 !y f be+ grant$ ) ! complicat$ load ( all ! feudal s]vices annex$1 t 9 all ! *>t]s ( t k9d :i* subsi/ !y are be/[$ ) a full p[] ( ali5ation1 et lib]i ab omni secul>i gravam9e4 ,?is 0 ! g5]al condition ( ^? inh]itances :i* 7 d]iv$ f ! "r ( orig9al conque/1 z well to all ! soldi]s z to ! lead]2 & ^! e/ates1 z x is said1 7 n ev5 =feitable1 no1 n = felony1 z if t 7 9 "s sort ! necess>y consequ5ce ( an inh]itable e/ate4 ,s f> 7 !y f resembl+ a fief4 ,b !re 7 o!r possessions :i* bore a ne>] resemblance to fiefs1 at lea/ 9 _! fir/ feeble & infantile /ate ( ! t5ure1 ?an1 ^? inh]itances :i* 7 held by an absolute "r 9 ! proprietor4 ,! great (fic]s :o att5d$ ! c\rt1 comm&$ armies1 or di/ribut$ ju/ice mu/ necess>ily be paid & support$2 b 9 :at mann] c\ld !y be paid8 ,9 money !y c\ld n1 because !re 0 v little money !n 9 ,europe1 & sc>ce any "p ( t little came into ! pr9ce's c(f]s4 ,! only me?od ( pay+ !m 0 by allott+ l&s = _! subsi/5ce :il/ !y rema9$ 9 8 s]vice4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ! orig9al di/ribution1 va/ tracts ( l& 7 left 9 ! h&s ( ! k+4 ,if any s]v$ ! k+ 9 a milit>y comm&1 8 l& may be said to h be5 9 "s sort held by knight-s]vice4 ,if ! t5ant 0 9 an (fice ab\t ! k+'s p]son1 ?is gave rise to s]geantry2 ! p]sons :o cultivat$ 8 l&s may be consid]$ z hold+ by socage4 ,b ! long tra9 ( s]vices t made aft]w>ds ! le>n+ ( ! t5ures 7 !n n ?\ght (1 because ^! feuds1 if we may s call !m1 _h n !n come to be inh]itances1--:i* circum/ance ( inh]itance gave rise to ! :ole feudal sy/em4 ,) ! ,anglo-,saxons ! feuds cont9u$ to ! la/ b a sort ( pay or sal>y ( (fice4 ,! tr9oda necessitas1 s mu* spok5 (1 :i* 0 to att5d ! k+ 9 8 exp$itions1 & to contribute to ! build+ ( bridges & repair ( highways1 nev] b\nd ! l&s by way ( t5ure1 b z a political regulation1 :i* equally affect$ e class & condition ( m5 & e species ( possession4 ,sid5ote3 ,gavelk9d4 ,! mann] ( succe$+ to l&s 9 ,engl& at ?is p]iod 01 z we h obs]v$1 by ,gavelk9d1--an equal di/ribution among/ ! *ildr51 males & females4 ,! anci5t ,nor!rn nations _h b an imp]fect notion ( political p[]4 ,t ! possessor ( ! l& %\ld be ! gov]nor ( x 0 a simple idea2 & _! s*emes ext5d$ b little fur!r4 ,x 0 n s 9 ! ,greek & ,italian commonweal?s4 ,9 ^? ! prop]ty ( ! l& 0 9 all respects simil> to t ( goods1 & _h no?+ ( jurisdiction annex$ to x2 ! gov]nm5t !re 0 a m]ely political in/itution4 ,among/ su* a p ! cu/om ( di/ribution c\ld be ( no ill consequ5ce1 because x only affect$ prop]ty4 ,b gavelk9d among/ ! ,saxons 0 v prejudicial2 =1 z gov]nm5t 0 annex$ to a c]ta9 possession 9 l&1 ?is possession1 :i* 0 cont9ually *ang+1 kept ! gov]nm5t 9 a v fluctuat+ /ate3 s t _! civil polity _h 9 x an ess5tial evil1 :i* contribut$ to ! sickly condition 9 :i* ! ,anglo-,saxon /ate always rema9$1 z well z to its f9al dissolution4 ,,footnotes3 #di ,!y _h no o!r nobility2 yet sev]al families among/ !m 7 consid]$ z noble4 #ej ,arma sum]e non ante cuiquam moris1 qum civitas suffecturum probav]it4--,tacitus de ,mor4 ,g]m4 #ac4 #ea ,nihil autem neque public neque privat rei nisi armati agunt4--,tacitus de ,mor4 ,g]m4 #ac4 #eb ,ct]i robu/ioribus ac jam pridem probatis aggregantur4--,id4 ibid4 #ec ,illum def5d]e1 tu]i1 sua quoque =tia facta glori ejus z sign>e1 prcipuum sacram5tum e/4--,id4 #ad4 #ed ,deput$ au?ority1 gu>dian%ip1 c1 n kn[n to ! ,nor!rn nations2 !y ga9$ ?is idea by int]c\rse ) ! ,romans4 #ee ,jud4 ,civ4 ,lund4 apud ,wilk4 po/ p4 #fh4 #ef ,spelman ( ,feuds1 *4 #e4 #eg ,fu]unt etiam 9 conque/u lib]i hom9es1 qui lib]e t5u]unt t5em5ta sua p] lib]a s]vitia vel p] lib]as consuetud9es4--,= ! orig9al ( copyholds1 see ,bracton1 ,lib4 ,i4 fol4 #g4 #eh ,ibi deb5t populi omnes et g5tes univ]s s+ulis annis1 semel 9 anno scilicet1 conv5ire1 scilicet 9 capite ,kal4 ,maii1 et se fide et sacram5to non fracto ibi 9 unam et simul confd]>e1 et consolid>e sicut conjurati fratres ad def5d5dum regnum contra ali5ig5as et contra inimicos1 un cum dom9o suo rege1 et t]ras et honores illius omni fidelitate cum eo s]v>e1 et quod illi ut dom9o suo regi intra et extra regnum univ]sum ,britanni fideles esse volunt--,,ll4 ,ed4 ,conf4 c4 #ce4--,( ,h]eto*es & _! election1 vide ,id4 eodem4 ,probibitum erat etiam 9 eadem lege1 ne quis em]et vivum animal vel pannum usatum s9e plegiis et bonis te/ibus4--,( o!r p>ticul>s ( buy+ & sell+1 vide ,leges ,ed4 ,conf4 #ch4 #ei ,%]iff 9 ! ,norman times 0 m]ely ! k+'s (fic]1 n ! e>l's4 ,! e>l reta9$ 8 anci5t fee1 )\t jurisdiction2 ! %]iff did all ! bus9ess4 ,! elective %]iff mu/ h disappe>$ on ! ,conque/2 = !n all l& 0 ! k+'s1 ei!r imm$iately or m$iately1 & !re=e 8 (fic] gov]n$4 #fj ,h[ ?is assembly 0 compos$1 or by :at "r ! memb]s sat 9 x1 ,i _c by any means satisfy myself4 ,:at is "h said is1 ,i believe1 ne>e/ to ! tru?4 #fa ,h5ce1 p]haps1 all m5 are suppos$ cognizant ( ! law4 #fb ,debet etiam rex omnia rite fac]e 9 regno1 et p] judicium proc]um regni4--,debet 444 ju/itiam p] consilium proc]um regni sui t5]e4--,leges ,ed4 #ag4 #fc ,! non-obs]vance ( a regulation ( police 0 always heavily puni%$ by b>b>\s nations2 a slight] puni%m5t 0 inflict$ ^u ! commission ( crimes4 ,among ! ,saxons moat crimes 7 puni%$ by f9e2 w&]+ f ! highway )\t s\nd+ an horn 0 dea?4 ,s among ! ,druids1--to en=ce exactness 9 "t at _! meet+s1 he t came la/ aft] ! "t appo9t$ 0 puni%$ ) dea?4 #fd ,! ,druids judg$ n z magi/rates1 b z int]pret]s ( ! w ( ,heav54 ,cet]um neque animadv]t]e1 neque v9cire1 neque v]b]>e quidem1 nisi sac]dotibus p]missum2 non quasi 9 pnam1 nec ducis jussu1 s$ velut ,deo imp]ante1 says ,tacitus1 de ,mor4 ,g]man4 #g4 #fe ,si quis em5dationem oppidorum vel pontium vel pr(ectionem milit>em detrectav]it1 comp5set regi cxx solidis1 444 vel purget se1 et nom95tur ei xiv1 et eligantur xi4--,leges ,cnuti1 #fb4 #ff ,si accusatio sit1 et purgatio male succ$at1 judicet ,episcopus4--,leges ,cnuti1 #ec4 #fg ,e man n privileg$1 :e!r he be pat]familias1 7heor?fe/1,a7 or p$issequa1 7folgh]e1,b7 mu/ ent] into ! hundr$ & ti?+1 & all above twelve to swe> he w n be a ?ief or cons5t+ to a ?ief4--,leges ,cnuti1 #ai4 ,a ,heor?fe/e1--! same ) ,husfa/5e1 i4e4 ! ma/] ( a family1 f ! ,saxon1 ,he>?f/1 i4e4 fix$ to ! h\se or he>?4 ,b ,! ,folgh]es1 or ,folg]es1 7 ! m5ial s]vants or foll[]s ( ! ,husfa/5e1 or ,h\sekeep]s4--,bracton1 ,lib4 ,,iii41 ,tract4 #b1 cap4 #aj4 ,leges ,h54 ,i4 cap4 #h4 #fh ,si quis t]ram def5d]it te/imonio prov9ci1 c4--,leges ,cnuti1 #gf3 ,& se! l& gew]od hebbe be scyre gewitnesse4 #fi ,see1 9 ,madox1 ! case 9 ,bi%op ( ,ba!s ,c\rt ,see also ,brady1 #bgb1 :]e ! witnesses on "o side (f] to swe>1 or jo9 battle ) ! o!r4 #gj ,p>5tibus occisi fiat em5datio1 vel gu]ra eorum portetur2 unde ,anglic prov]bium habetur1 ,bige sp]e ( side1 o?! br2 id e/1 ,eme lanceam a lat]e1 aut f]4--,leges ,ed4 #ab4 ,! f9es on ! t[n or hundr$4 ,p>5tes murdrati sex m>cas hab]5t1 rex quadrag9ta4 ,?is diff]5t f ! anci5t usage1 :]e ! k+ _h half4 ,si p>5tes deess5t1 dom9us ejus recip]et4 ,si dom9um non hab]et1 felagus ejus1 id e/1 fide cum eo ligatus4--,leges ,ed4 #ae4 #ga ,purveyance4 ,vide ,leges ,cnuti1 #fg4 ,si quis inte/atus ex hac vita dec$at1 sive sit p] neglig5tiam ejus1 sive p] mortem subitaneam1 tunc non assumat sibi dom9us plus possessionis 7hta7 ipsius quam ju/um armam5tum2 s$ po/ mortem possessio 7htgescyft7 ejus quam ju/issime di/ribuatur uxori et lib]is1 et prop9quis cognatis1 cuilibet pro dignitate qu ad cum p]t9et4--,leges ,cnuti1 #fh4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,europe ,,at ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,! ,,norman ,,invasion4 ,be=e ! p]iod ( :i* we are go+ to treat1 ,engl& 0 little kn[n or consid]$ 9 ,europe4 ,_! situation1 _! dome/ic calamities1 & _! ignorance circumscrib$ ! views & politics ( ! ,engli% )9 ! b\nds ( _! own isl&4 ,b ! ,norman conqu]or ?rew d[n all ^! b>ri]s4 ,! ,engli% laws1 mann]s1 & maxims 7 sudd5ly *ang$2 ! sc5e 0 enl>g$2 & ! communication ) ! re/ ( ,europe1 be+ ?us op5$1 has be5 pres]v$ ev] s9ce 9 a cont9u$ s]ies ( w>s & negotiations4 ,t we may1 !re=e1 ent] m fully into ! matt]s :i* lie be=e u1 x is necess>y t we und]/& ! /ate ( ! neighbor+ cont95t at ! "t :5 ?is isl& fir/ came to be int]e/$ 9 its affairs4 ,! ,nor!rn nations :o _h ov]ran ! ,roman ,empire 7 at fir/ r actuat$ by av>ice ?an ambition1 & 7 m int5t ^u plund] ?an conque/2 !y 7 c>ri$ beyond _! orig9al purposes1 :5 !y began1 to =m regul> gov]nm5ts1 = :i* !y _h be5 prep>$ by no j ideas ( legislation4 ,= a long "t1 !re=e1 !re 0 little ( ord] 9 _! affairs or =esight 9 _! designs4 ,! ,go?s1 ! ,burgundians1 ! ,franks1 ! ,v&als1 ! ,suevi1 aft] !y _h prevail$ ov] ! ,roman ,empire1 by turns prevail$ ov] ea* o!r 9 cont9ual w>s1 :i* 7 c>ri$ on ^u no pr9ciples ( a det]m9ate policy1 ent]$ into ^u motives ( brutality & caprice1 & end$ z =tune & rude viol5ce *anc$ to prevail4 ,tumult1 an>*y1 confusion1 ov]spread ! face ( ,europe2 & an obscurity re/s ^u ! transactions ( t "t :i* suff]s u to discov] no?+ b its extreme b>b>ity4 ,be=e ?is cl\d c\ld be disp]s$1 ! ,s>ac5s1 ano!r body ( b>b>ians f ! ,s\?1 animat$ by a fury n unlike t :i* gave /r5g? to ! ,nor!rn irruptions1 b height5$ by en?usiasm1 & regulat$ by subord9ation & an uni=m policy1 began to c>ry _! arms1 _! mann]s1 & religion1 into e "p ( ! univ]se4 ,spa9 0 entirely ov]:elm$ by ! torr5t ( _! armies1 ,italy & ! isl&s 7 h>ass$ by _! fleets1 & all ,europe al>m$ by _! vigor\s & frequ5t ent]prises4 ,italy1 :o _h s long sat ! mi/ress ( ! _w1 0 by turns ! slave ( all nations4 ,! possession ( t f9e c\ntry 0 hotly disput$ betwe5 ! ,greek ,emp]or & ! ,lomb>ds1 & x suff]$ inf9itely by t cont5tion4 ,g]many1 ! p>5t ( s _m nations1 0 exhau/$ by ! sw>ms %e _h s5t abroad4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is *aos !re 7 pr9ciples at "w :i* r$uc$ ?+s to a c]ta9 =m1 & gradually unfold$ a sy/em 9 :i* ! *ief mov]s & ma9 spr+s 7 ! ,papal & ! ,imp]ial p[]s1--! aggr&izem5t or dim9ution ( :i* h be5 ! drift ( almo/ all ! politics1 intrigues1 & w>s :i* h employ$ & di/ract$ ,europe to ?is day4 ,f ,rome ! :ole ,we/]n _w _h receiv$ its ,*ri/ianity2 %e 0 ! asylum ( :at le>n+ _h escap$ ! g5]al desolation2 & ev5 9 h] ru9s %e pres]v$ some?+ ( ! maje/y ( h] anci5t greatness4 ,on ^! acc\nts %e _h a respect & a weight :i* increas$ e day among/ a simple religi\s p1 :o look$ b a little way into ! consequ5ces ( _! actions4 ,! rud5ess ( ! _w 0 v favorable = ! e/abli%m5t ( an empire ( op9ion4 ,! mod]ation ) :i* ! ,popes at fir/ ex]t$ ?is empire made its gr[? unfelt until x c\ld no long] be oppos$2 & ! policy ( lat] ,popes1 build+ on ! piety ( ! fir/1 cont9ually increas$ x3 & !y made use ( e in/rum5t b t ( =ce4 ,!y employ$ equally ! virtues & ! crimes ( ! great2 !y favor$ ! lu/ ( k+s = absolute au?ority1 & ! desire ( subjects = lib]ty2 !y provok$ w>1 & m$iat$ peace2 & took advantage ( e turn 9 ! m9ds ( m51 :e!r ( a public or private nature1 to ext5d _! influ5ce1 & pu% _! p[] f ecclesia/ical to civil1 f subjection to indep5d5cy1 f indep5d5cy to empire4 ,france _h _m advantages ov] ! o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! ,s>ac5s _h no p]man5t success 9 t c\ntry4 ,! same h& :i* expell$ ^? invad]s depos$ ! la/ ( a race ( heavy & deg5]ate pr9ces1 m l ,ea/]n mon>*s ?an ,g]man lead]s1 & :o _h nei!r ! =ce to repel ! enemies ( _! k+dom nor to ass]t _! own sov]eignly4 ,?is usurpation plac$ on ! ?rone pr9ces ( ano!r "*1 pr9ces :o 7 oblig$ to supply _! want ( title by ! vigor ( _! adm9i/ration4 ,! ,fr5* mon>* _h ne$ ( "s great & respect$ au?ority to ?r[ a veil ov] 8 usurpation1 & to sanctify 8 newly acquir$ p[] by ^? names & appe>ances :i* are necess>y to make x respectable to ! p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,pope1 :o hat$ ! ,grecian ,empire1 & equally fe>$ ! success ( ! ,lomb>ds1 saw ) joy ?is new /> arise 9 ! ,nor?1 & gave x ! sanction ( 8 au?ority4 ,pres5tly aft] be call$ x to 8 assi/ance4 ,pep9 pass$ ! ,alps1 reliev$ ! ,pope1 & inve/$ him ) ! dom9ion ( a l>ge c\ntry 9 ! be/ "p ( ,italy4 ,*>lemagne pursu$ ! c\rse :i* 0 m>k$ out = him1 & put an end to ! ,lomb>d k+dom1 weak5$ by ! policy ( 8 fa!r & ! enmity ( ! ,popes1 :o nev] will+ly saw a /rong p[] 9 ,italy4 ,!n he receiv$ f ! h& ( ! ,pope ! ,imp]ial cr[n1 sanctifi$ by ! au?ority ( ! ,holy ,see1 & ) x ! title ( ,emp]or ( ! ,romans1 a "n v5]able f ! fame ( ! old ,empire1 & :i* 0 suppos$ to c>ry great & unkn[n pr]ogatives2 & ?us ! ,empire rose aga9 out ( its ru9s 9 ! ,we/1 &1 :at is rem>kable1 by means ( "o ( ^? nations :i* _h help$ to de/roy x4 ,if we take 9 ! conque/s ( ,*>lemagne1 x 0 also v ne> z ext5sive z =m]ly2 ?\gh its con/itution 0 altoge!r diff]5t1 z be+ entirely on ! ,nor!rn model ( gov]nm5t4 ,f ,*>lemagne ! ,pope receiv$ 9 return an enl>gem5t & a confirmation ( 8 new t]ritory4 ,?us ! ,papal & ,imp]ial p[]s mutually gave bir?1 to ea* o!r4 ,!y cont9u$ = "s ages1 & 9 "s measure /ill cont9ue1 closely connect$1 ) a v>iety ( pret5sions ^u ea* o!r1 & on ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,?\gh1 ! ,imp]ial p[] _h its orig9 9 ,france1 x 0 soon divid$ into two bran*es1 ! ,gallic & ! ,g]man4 ,! latt] alone support$ ! title ( ,empire2 b ! p[] be+ weak5$ by ?is division1 ! ,papal pret5sions _h ! great] weight4 ,! ,pope1 because he fir/ reviv$ ! ,imp]ial dignity1 claim$ a "r ( dispos+ ( x1 or at lea/ ( giv+ validity to ! election ( ! ,emp]or4 ,! ,emp]or1 on ! o!r h&1 rememb]+ ! rights ( ^? sov]eigns ^: title he bore1 & h[ lately ! p[] :i* insult$ him ) su* dem&s _h aris5 f ! b\nty ( 8 pr$ecessors1 claim$ ! same privileges 9 ! election ( a ,pope4 ,! claims ( bo? 7 some:at plausible2 & !y 7 support$1 ! "o by =ce ( arms1 & ! o!r by ecclesia/ical influ5ce1 p[]s :i* 9 ^? days 7 v ne>ly balanc$4 ,italy 0 ! !atre ^u :i* ?is prize 0 disput$4 ,9 e city ! p>ties 9 favor ( ea* ( ! oppon5ts 7 n f> f an equality 9 _! numb]s & /r5g?4 ,:il/ ^! p>ties disagre$ 9 ! *oice ( a ma/]1 by cont5d+ = a *oice 9 _! subjection !y grew imp]ceptibly into fre$om1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( faction & an>*y into regul> commonweal?s4 ,?us arose ! republics ( ,v5ice1 ( ,g5oa1 ( ,flor5ce1 ,si5na1 & ,pisa1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,^! cities1 e/abli%$ 9 ?is fre$om1 turn$ ! frugal & +5i\s _s contract$ 9 su* communities to navigation & traffic2 & pursu+ !m ) skill & vigor1 :il/ comm]ce 0 neglect$ & despis$ by ! ru/ic g5try ( ! m>tial gov]nm5ts1 !y grew to a consid]able degree ( weal?1 p[]1 & civility4 ,! ,danes1 :o 9 ?is latt] "t pres]v$ ! _s & ! numb]s ( ! anci5t ,go?ic p1 _h seat$ !mselves 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & 9 ,norm&y4 ,!y pass$ f !nce to ! s\!rn "p ( ,europe1 & 9 ?is romantic age gave rise 9 ,sicily & ,naples to a new k+dom & a new l9e ( pr9ces4 ,all ! k+doms on ! cont95t ( ,europe 7 gov]n$ ne>ly 9 ! same =m2 f :5ce arose a great similitude 9 ! mann]s ( _! inhabitants4 ,! feodal discipl9e ext5d$ itself ev]y:]e1 & influ5c$ ! conduct ( ! c\rts & ! mann]s ( ! p ) its own irregul> m>tial _s4 ,subjects1 "u ! complicat$ laws ( a v>i\s & rigor\s s]vitude1 ex]cis$ all ! pr]ogatives ( sov]eign p[]4 ,!y di/ribut$ ju/ice1 !y made w> & peace at pleasure4 ,! sov]eign1 ) great pret5sions1 _h b little p[]2 he 0 only a great] "l among great lords1 :o pr(it$ ( ! diff]5ces ( 8 pe]s2 !re=e no /eady plan c\ld be well pursu$1 ei!r 9 w> or peace4 ,?is day a pr9ce seem$ irresi/ible at ! head ( 8 num]\s vassals1 because _! duty oblig$ !m to w>1 & !y p]=m$ ?is duty ) pleasure4 ,! next day saw ?is =midable p[] vani% l a dream1 because ?is fi]ce undiscipl9$ p _h no pati5ce1 & ! "t ( ! feudal s]vice 0 conta9$ )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,x 0 !re=e easy to f9d a numb] ( p]sons at all times ready to foll[ any /&>d1 b x 0 h>d to complete a consid]able design :i* requir$ a regul> & cont9u$ movem5t4 ,?is ent]pris+ disposition 9 ! g5try 0 v g5]al1 because !y _h little occupation or pleasure b 9 w>1 & ! greate/ rew>ds did !n att5d p]sonal valor & pr[ess4 ,all t pr(ess$ arms became 9 "s sort on an equality4 ,a knight 0 ! pe] ( a k+1 & m5 _h be5 us$ to see ! brav]y ( private p]sons op5+ a road to t dignity4 ,! tem]ity ( adv5tur]s 0 mu* ju/ifi$ by ! ill ord] ( e /ate1 :i* left x a prey to almo/ any :o %\ld attack x ) suffici5t vigor4 ,?us1 little *eck$ by any sup]ior p[]1 full ( fire1 impetuosity1 & ignorance1 !y long$ to signalize !mselves1 :]ev] an honorable dang] call$ !m2 & :]ev] t invit$1 !y did n weigh v delib]ately ! probability ( success4 ,! k ( ?is g5]al disposition 9 ! m9ds ( m5 w naturally remove a great deal ( our wond] at see+ an attempt f\nd$ on su* sl5d] appe>ances ( "r1 & support$ by a p[] s little proportion$ to ! und]tak+ z t ( ,william1 s w>mly embrac$ & s g5]ally foll[$1 n only by 8 own subjects1 b by all ! neighbor+ pot5tates4 ,! ,c\nts ( ,anj\1 ,bretagne1 ,pon?ieu1 ,b\logne1 & ,poict\1 sov]eign pr9ces1--adv5tur]s f e qu>t] ( ,france1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ! remote/ p>ts ( ,g]many1 lay+ aside _! jeal\sies & enmities to "o ano!r1 z well z to ,william1 ran ) an inconceivable ardor into ?is ent]prise1 captivat$ ) ! spl5dor ( ! object1 :i* oblit]at$ all ?\ghts ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! ev5t4 ,william kept up ?is f]vor by promises ( l>ge t]ritories to all 8 allies & associates 9 ! c\ntry to be r$uc$ by _! unit$ ef=ts4 ,b aft] all x became equally necess>y to reconcile to 8 ent]prise ! ?ree great p[]s ( :om we h j spok51 ^: disposition mu/ h _h ! mo/ influ5ce on 8 affairs4 ,8 feudal "l1 ! ,k+ ( ,france1 0 b\nd by 8 mo/ obvi\s int]e/s to oppose ! fur!r aggr&izem5t ( "o already too pot5t = a vassal4 ,b ! ,k+ ( ,france 0 !n a m9or2 & ,baldw91 ,e>l ( ,fl&]s1 ^: daught] ,william _h m>ri$1 0 reg5t ( ! k+dom4 ,?is circum/ance r5d]$ ! remon/rance ( ! ,fr5* ,c\ncil aga9/ 8 design ( no effect3 inde$1 ! opposition ( ! ,c\ncil itself 0 fa9t2 ! idea ( hav+ a k+ "u vassalage to _! cr[n might h dazzl$ ! m sup]ficial c\rti]s2 :il/ ^? :o ?\ght m deeply 7 unwill+ to disc\rage an ent]prise :i* !y believ$ w\ld probably end 9 ! ru9 ( ! und]tak]4 ,! ,emp]or 0 9 8 m9ority1 z well z ! ,k+ ( ,france2 b by :at arts ! ,duke prevail$ ^u ! ,imp]ial ,c\ncil to decl>e 9 8 favor1 :e!r or no by an idea ( creat+ a balance to ! p[] ( ,france1 if we c imag9e t any su* idea !n subsi/$1 is altoge!r unc]ta92 b x is c]ta9 t he obta9$ leave = ! vassals ( ! ,empire to engage 9 8 s]vice1 & t he made use ( ?is p]mission4 ,! ,popes cons5t 0 obta9$ ) /ill less difficulty4 ,william _h %[n himself 9 _m in/ances a fri5d to ! ,*ur* & a favor] ( ! cl]gy4 ,on ?is occasion he promis$ to improve ^? happy beg9n+s 9 proportion to ! means he %\ld acquire by ! favor ( ! ,holy ,see4 ,x is said t he ev5 propos$ to hold 8 new k+dom z a fief f ,rome4 ,! ,pope1 !re=e1 ent]$ he>tily into 8 int]e/s2 he excommunicat$ all ^? t %\ld oppose 8 ent]prise1 & s5t him1 z a means ( insur+ success1 a consecrat$ bann]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,reign ,,( ,,william ,,! ,,conqu]or4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajfe4 ,aft] ! ,battle ( ,ha/+s1 ! tak+ ( ,dov]1 ! surr5d] ( ,london1 & ! submission ( ! pr9cipal nobility1 ,william _h no?+ left b to ord] 9 ! be/ mann] ! k+dom he _h s happily acquir$4 ,soon aft] 8 coronation1 fe>+ ! sudd5 & ungov]n$ motions ( s great a city1 new to subjection1 he left ,london until a /rong citadel c\ld be rais$ to ov]awe ! p4 ,?is 0 built :]e ! ,t[] ( ,london n[ /&s4 ,n cont5t ) ?is1 he built ?ree o!r /rong ca/les 9 situations z advantage\sly *os51 at ,norwi*1 at ,w9*e/]1 & at ,h]e=d1 secur+ n only ! he>t ( affairs1 b b9d+ d[n ! extreme p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,& z he obs]v$ f 8 own exp]i5ce ! want ( =tresses 9 ,engl&1 he resolv$ fully to supply t defect1 & gu>d ! k+dom bo? aga9/ int]nal & =eign enemies4 ,b he =tifi$ 8 ?rone yet m /rongly by ! policy ( good gov]nm5t4 ,to ,london he confirm$ by *>t] ! lib]ties x _h enjoy$ "u ! ,saxon k+s1 & endeavor$ to fix ! affections ( ! ,engli% 9 g5]al by gov]n+ !m ) equity accord+ to _! anci5t laws1 & by treat+ !m on all occasions ) ! mo/ engag+ deportm5t4 ,he set up no pret5ces :i* arose f absolute conque/4 ,he confirm$ _! e/ates to all ^? :o _h n appe>$ 9 arms aga9/ him1 & seem$ n to aim at subject+ ! ,engli% to ! ,normans1 b to unite ! two nations "u ! w+s ( a common p>5tal c>e4 ,if ! ,normans receiv$ e/ates & held lucrative (fices & 7 rais$ by weal?y mat*es 9 ,engl&1 "s ( ! ,engli% 7 enri*$ ) l&s & dignities & tak5 into consid]able families 9 ,norm&y4 ,b ! k+'s pr9cipal reg>ds 7 %[$ to ^? by ^: brav]y he _h atta9$ 8 greatness4 ,to "s he be/[$ ! =feit$ e/ates1 :i* 7 _m & great1 ( ,h>old's adh]5ts2 o!rs he satisfi$ f ! treasures 8 rival _h amass$2 & ! re/1 qu>t]$ ^u weal?y mona/]ies1 reli$ pati5tly on ! promises ( "o ^: p]=mances _h hi!rto gone h& 9 h& ) 8 p[]4 ,!re 0 ano!r circum/ance :i* conduc$ mu* to ! ma9ta9+1 z well z to ! mak+1 8 conque/4 ,! po/]ity ( ! ,danes1 :o _h f9ally r$uc$ ,engl& "u ,canute ! ,great1 7 /ill v num]\s 9 t k+dom1 & 9 g5]al n well lik$ by nor well affect$ to ! old ,anglo-,saxon inhabitants4 ,william wisely took advantage ( ?is enmity betwe5 ! two sorts ( inhabitants1 & ! alliance ( blood :i* 0 betwe5 !m & 8 subjects4 ,9 ! body ( laws :i* he publi%$ he insi/s /rongly on ?is k9dr$1 & decl>es t ! ,normans & ,danes ought to be z sworn bro!rs aga9/ all m53 a policy :i* probably unit$ ^! p to him1 or at lea/ s confirm$ ! anci5t jeal\sy :i* subsi/$ betwe5 !m & ! orig9al ,engli% z to h9d] any cordial union aga9/ 8 int]e/s4 ,:5 ! k+ _h ?us settl$ 8 acquisitions by all ! me?ods ( =ce & policy1 he ?\ght x exp$i5t to visit 8 patrimonial t]ritory1 :i*1 ) reg>d to its int]nal /ate1 & ! jeal\sies :i* 8 additional greatness reviv$ 9 _m ( ! bord]+ pr9ces1 0 critically situat$4 ,he appo9t$ to ! reg5cy 9 8 abs5ce 8 bro!r ,odo1 an ecclesia/ic1 :om he _h made ,bi%op ( ,bayeux1 9 ,france1 & ,e>l ( ,k5t1 ) great p[] & preem95ce1 9 ,engl&1--a man bold1 fi]ce1 ambiti\s1 full ( craft1 imp]i\s1 & )\t fai?1 b well v]s$ 9 all affairs1 vigilant1 & c\rage\s4 ,to him he jo9$ ,william ,fitz-,osb]n1 8 ju/ici>y1 a p]son ( consummate prud5ce & great integrity4 ,b n dep5d+ on ?is disposition1 to secure 8 conque/1 z well z to display its importance abroad1 "u a pret5ce ( honor1 he c>ri$ ) him all ! *iefs ( ! ,engli% nobility1 ! popul> ,e>ls ,edw9 & ,morc>1 &1 :at 0 ( mo/ importance1 ,edg> ,a!l+1 ! la/ bran* ( ! royal /ock ( ! ,anglo-,saxon k+s1 & inf9itely de> to all ! p4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #afjg4 ,! k+ manag$ 8 affairs abroad ) great address1 & cov]$1 all 8 negotiations = ! security ( 8 ,norman dom9ions "u ! magnific5ce ( cont9ual fea/+ & unremitt$ div]sion1 :i*1 )\t an appe>ance ( design1 display$ 8 weal? & p[]1 & by t means facilitat$ 8 measures4 ,b :il/ he 0 ?us employ$1 8 abs5ce f ,engl& gave an opportunity to sev]al humors to break out1 :i* ! late *ange _h br$1 b :i* ! amazem5t likewise produc$ by t viol5t *ange1 & ! pres5ce ( _! conqu]or1 wise1 vigilant1 & sev]e1 _h hi!rto repress$4 ,! anci5t l9e ( _! k+s displac$1 ! only ?read on :i* x hung c>ri$ out ( ! k+dom & ready to be cut (f by ! jeal\sy ( a m]ciless usurp]1 _! lib]ties none by be+ prec>i\s1 & ! daily insol5cies & rap9e ( ! ,normans intol]able1--^! discont5ts 7 increas$ by ! tyranny & rapaci\sness ( ! reg5t1 & !y 7 fom5t$ f abroad by ,eu/ace1 ,c\nt ( ,b\logne4 ,b ! p1 ?\gh ready to rise 9 all p>ts1 7 de/itute ( lead]s1 & ! insurrections actually made 7 n c>ri$ on 9 conc]t1 nor direct$ to any det]m9ate object2 s t ! k+1 return+ spe$ily1 & ex]t+ himself ev]y:]e ) great vigor1 9 a %ort "t dissipat$ ^! ill-=m$ projects4 ,h[ev]1 s g5]al a dislike to ,william's gov]nm5t _h appe>$ on ?is occasion1 t he became 9 8 turn disgu/$ ) 8 subjects1 & began to *ange 8 maxims ( rule to a rigor :i* 0 m con=mable to 8 advanc$ age & ! /]nness ( 8 natural temp]4 ,he resolv$1 s9ce he c\ld n ga9 ! affections ( 8 subjects1 to f9d su* matt] = _! hatr$ z might weak5 !m1 & =tify 8 own au?ority aga9/ ! ent]prises :i* t hatr$ might occasion4 ,he reviv$ ! tribute ( ,danegelt1 s odi\s f its orig9al cause & t ( its revival1 :i* he caus$ to be /rictly levi$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom4 ,he erect$ ca/les at ,nott+ham1 at ,w>wick1 & at ,york1 & fill$ !m ) ,norman g>risons4 ,he ent]$ into a /rict] inquisition = ! discov]y ( ! e/ates =feit$ on 8 com+ 92 pay+ no reg>d to ! privileges ( ! ecclesia/ics1 he seiz$ ^u ! treasures :i*1 z 9 an inviolable asylum1 ! un=tunate adh]5ts to ,h>old _h deposit$ 9 mona/]ies4 ,at ! same "t he ent]$ into a resolution ( depos+ all ! ,engli%1 bi%ops1 on none ( :om he c\ld rely1 & fill+ _! places ) ,normans4 ,b he mitigat$ ! rigor ( ^! proce$+s by ! wise *oice he made 9 fill+ ! places ( ^? :om he _h depos$1 & gave by t means ^! viol5t *anges ! air r ( re=mation ?an oppression4 ,he began ) ,/ig&1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,a synod 0 call$1 9 :i*1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,engl&1 ! ,pope's legate a lat]e is said to h presid$4 ,9 ?is c\ncil1 ,/ig&1 = simony & = o!r crimes1 ( :i* x is easy to convict ^? :o are out ( favor1 0 solemnly degrad$ f 8 dignity4 ,! k+ fill$ 8 place ) ,lanfranc1 an ,italian4 ,by 8 :ole conduct he appe>$ resolv$ to r$uce 8 subjects ( all ord]s to ! mo/ p]fect ob$i5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajfh4 ,! p1 load$ ) new taxes1 ! nobility1 degrad$ & ?reat5$1 ! cl]gy1 depriv$ ( _! immunities & influ5ce1 jo9$ 9 "o voice ( discont5t1 & /imulat$ ea* o!r to ! mo/ desp]ate resolutions4 ,! k+ 0 n unappris$ ( ^! motions1 nor neglig5t ( !m4 ,x is ?\ght he m$itat$ to free himself f mu* ( 8 uneas9ess by seiz+ ^? m5 on :om ! nation 9 its di/resses us$ to ca/ its eyes = relief4 ,b :il/ he dige/$ ^! measures1 ,edg> ,a!l+1 ,edw9 & ,morc>1 ,wal!(1 ! son ( ,siw>d1 & sev]al o!rs1 elud$ 8 vigilance1 & escap$ into ,scot l&1 :]e !y 7 receiv$ ) op5 arms by ,k+ ,malcolm4 ,! ,scotti% mon>* on ?is occasion m>ri$ ! si/] ( ,edg>2 & ?is mat* engag$ him m closely to ! accompli%m5t ( :at 8 gratitude to ! ,saxon k+s & ! rules ( good policy _h be=e incl9$ him4 ,he ent]$ at la/ into ! cause ( 8 bro!r-9-law & ! di/ress$ ,engli%4 ,he p]suad$ ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k to ent] into ! same measures1 :o agre$ to invade ,engl& ) a fleet ( a ?\s& %ips4 ,drone1 an ,iri% k+1 decl>$ 9 _! favor1 & suppli$ ! sons ( ,e>l ,godw9 ) vessels & m51 ) :i* !y held ! ,engli% coa/ 9 cont9ual al>ms4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajfi4 ,:il/ ! =ces ( ?is p[]ful conf$]acy 7 collect+ on all sides1 & prep>$ to ent] ,engl&1 equal dang]s ?reat5$ f )9 ! k+dom4 ,edric ! ,=e/]1 a v brave & popul> ,saxon1 took up arms 9 ! c\nties ( ,h]e=d & ,salop1 ! c\ntry ( ! anci5t ,silures1 & inhabit$ by ! same w>like & untamable race ( m54 ,! ,wel% /r5g!n$ him ) _! =ces1 & ,*e%ire jo9$ 9 ! revolt4 ,h]ew>d le ,wake1 "o ( ! mo/ brave & indefatigable soldi]s ( 8 "t1 ru%$ ) a num]\s b& ( fugitives & outlaws f ! f5s ( ,l9coln & ! ,isle ( ,ely1 f :5ce1 protect$ by ! situation ( ! place1 he _h = "s "t c>ri$ on an irregul> w> aga9/ ! ,normans4 ,! sons ( ,godw9 l&$ ) a /rong body 9 ! ,we/2 ! fire ( rebellion ran ?r\gh ! k+dom2 ,cornwall1 ,devon1 ,dorset1 at once ?rew (f ! yoke4 ,daily skirmi%es 7 f\ght 9 e "p ( ! k+dom1 ) v>i\s success & ) great blood%$4 ,! ,normans retreat$ to _! ca/les1 :i* ! ,engli% _h r>ely skill or pati5ce to ma/]2 out ( ^! !y salli$ f "t to "t1 & ass]t$ _! dom9ion4 ,! conqu]$ ,engli% = a mom5t resum$ _! _s2 ! =e/s & morasses1 ) :i* ?is isl& !n1 ab\nd$1 s]v$ !m = =tifications1 & _! hatr$ to ! ,normans /ood 9 ! place ( discipl9e2 ea* man1 exasp]at$ by 8 own wrongs1 av5g$ !m 9 8 own mann]4 ,ev]y?+ 0 full ( blood & viol5ce3 murd]s1 burn+s1 rap9e1 & confusion ov]spread ! :ole k+dom4 ,dur+ ^! di/ractions1 sev]al ( ! ,normans quitt$ ! c\ntry1 & gave up _! possessions1 :i* !y ?\ght n wor? hold+ 9 cont9ual horror & dang]4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajgj4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is sc5e ( disord]1 ! k+ alone 0 pres5t to himself & to 8 affairs4 ,he fir/ collect$ all ! =ces on :om he c\ld dep5d )9 ! k+dom1 & call$ p[]ful succors f ,norm&y4 ,!n he s5t a /rong body to repress ! commotions 9 ! ,we/2 b he res]v$ ! greate/ =ce & 8 own pres5ce aga9/ ! greate/ dang]1 :i* m5ac$ f ! ,nor?4 ,! ,scots _h p5etrat$ z f> z ,durham2 !y _h tak5 ! ca/le1 & put ! g>rison to ! sword4 ,a l fate att5d$ ,york f ! ,danes1 :o _h ent]$ ! ,humb] ) a =midable fleet4 ,!y put ?is city into ! h&s ( ! ,engli% malcont5ts1 & !reby influ5c$ all ! nor!rn c\nties 9 _! favor4 ,william1 :5 he fir/ p]ceiv$ ! ga!r+ ( ! /orm1 endeavor$1 & ) "s success1 to break ! =ce ( ! pr9cipal bl[ by a correspond5ce at ! c\rt ( ,d5m>k2 & n[ he entirely blunt$ ! weapon by corrupt+1 ) a consid]able sum1 ! ,dani% g5]al4 ,x 0 agre$1 to gratify t piratical nation1 t !y %\ld plund] "s "p ( ! coa/1 & dep>t )\t fur!r di/urbance4 ,by ?is negotiation ! k+ 0 enabl$ to m>* ) an undissipat$ =ce aga9/ ! ,scots & ! pr9cipal body ( ! ,engli%4 ,ev]y?+ yield$4 ,! ,scots retir$ into _! own c\ntry4 ,"s ( ! mo/ obnoxi\s ( ! ,engli% fl$ along ) !m4 ,"o desp]ate p>ty1 "u ! brave ,wal!(1 ?rew !mselves into ,york1 & v5tur$ alone to resi/ 8 victori\s army4 ,william press$ ! siege ) vigor1 &1 not)/&+ ! prud5t dispositions ( ,wal!(1 & ! prodigies ( valor he display$ 9 its def5ce1 /&+ alone 9 ! brea*1 & ma9ta9+ 8 gr\nd gallantly & successfully1 ! place 0 at la/ r$uc$ by fam9e4 ,! k+ left 8 enemies no "t to recov] ?is disa/]2 he foll[$ 8 bl[1 & drove all :o adh]$ to ,edg> ,a!l+ out ( all ! c\ntries nor?w>d ( ! ,humb]4 ,?is tract he resolv$ entirely to depopulate1 influ5c$ by rev5ge1 & by di/ru/ ( ! inhabitants1 & p>tly ) a view ( oppos+ an hide\s des]t ( sixty miles 9 ext5t z an impregnable b>ri] aga9/ all attempts ( ! ,scots 9 favor ( 8 disaffect$ subjects4 ,! execution ( ?is b>b>\s project 0 att5d$ ) all ! havoc & desolation t x seem$ to ?reat54 ,"o hundr$ ?\s& are said to h p]i%$ by cold1 p5ury1 & disease4 ,! gr\nd lay untill$ ?r\gh\t t :ole space = upw>ds ( n9e ye>s4 ,_m ( ! inhabitants bo? ( ?is & all o!r p>ts ( ,engl& fl$ into ,scotl&2 b !y 7 s receiv$ by ,k+ ,malcolm z to =get t !y _h lo/ _! c\ntry4 ,?is wise mon>* gladly seiz$ s fair an opportunity1 by ! ex]tion ( a b5evol5t policy1 to p 8 dom9ions1 & to improve 8 native subjects4 ,he receiv$ ! ,engli% nobility accord+ to _! rank1 he promot$ !m to (fices accord+ to _! m]it1 & enri*$ !m by consid]able e/ates f 8 own demesne4 ,f ^! noble refugees sev]al consid]able families 9 ,scotl& are desc5d$4 ,william1 on ! o!r h&1 amid/ all ! excesses :i* ! insol5ce ( victory & ! cruel precautions ( usurp$ au?ority c\ld make him commit1 gave _m /rik+ examples ( mod]ation & greatness ( m9d4 ,he p>don$ ,wal!(1 ^: brav]y he did n ! less admire because x 0 ex]t$ aga9/ himself4 ,he re/or$ him to 8 anci5t honors & e/ates2 & ?9k+ 8 family /r5g!n$ by ! acquisition ( a gallant man1 he be/[$ ^u him 8 niece ,judi? 9 m>riage4 ,on ,edric ! ,=e/]1 :o lay "u 8 sword1 9 ! same g5]\s mann] he n only be/[$ 8 life1 b honor$ x ) an addition ( dignity4 ,! k+1 hav+ ?us1 by ! mo/ politic & ! mo/ c\rage\s measures1 by art1 by =ce1 by sev]ity1 & by clem5cy1 dispell$ ^? cl\ds :i* _h ga!r$ f e qu>t] to ov]:elm him1 return$ triumphant to ,w9*e/]1 :]e1 z if he _h newly acquir$ ! k+dom1 he 0 cr[n$ ) great solemnity4 ,aft] ?is he proce$$ to execute ! plan he _h long propos$ ( modell+ ! /ate accord+ to 8 own pleasure1 & ( fix+ 8 au?ority ^u an immovable f\ndation4 ,!re 7 few ( ! ,engli% :o 9 ! late di/urbances _h n ei!r be5 active aga9/ ! ,normans or %[n great dis9cl9ation to !m4 ,^u "s "r1 or "s pret5ce1 ! greate/ "p ( _! l&s 7 adjudg$ to be =feit$4 ,william gave ^! l&s to ,normans1 to be held by ! t5ure ( knight-s]vice1 accord+ to ! law :i* modifi$ t s]vice 9 all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,^! p he *ose because he judg$ !y mu/ be fai?ful to ! int]e/ on :i* !y dep5d$2 & ?is t5ure he *ose because x rais$ an army )\t exp5se1 call$ x =? at ! lea/ w>n+1 & seem$ to secure ! fidelity ( ! vassal by ! multipli$ ties ( ^? s]vices :i* 7 insep>ably annex$ to x4 ,9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! t5ures1 ,william only copi$ ! practice :i* 0 n[ become v g5]al4 ,"o fault1 h[ev]1 he seems to h committ$ 9 ?is di/ribution3 ! imm$iate vassals ( ! cr[n 7 too few2 ! t5ants 9 capite at ! end ( ?is reign did n exce$ sev5 hundr$2 ! eyes ( ! subject met too _m great objects 9 ! /ate besides ! /ate itself2 & ! dep5d5ce ( ! inf]ior p 0 weak5$ by ! int]posal ( ano!r au?ority betwe5 !m & ! cr[n1 & ?is )\t be+ at all s]viceable to lib]ty4 ,! ill consequ5ce ( ?is 0 n s obvi\s :il/ ! dread ( ! ,engli% made a good correspond5ce betwe5 ! sov]eign & ! great vassals absolutely necess>y2 b x aft]w>ds appe>$1 & 9 a light v (f5sive to ! p[] ( our k+s4 ,z !re is no?+ ( m consequ5ce 9 a /ate ?an ! ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t1 !re 0 no?+ to :i* ?is vigilant pr9ce gave m ( 8 att5tion4 ,if he ow$ 8 own p[] to ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy1 x conv9c$ him h[ necess>y x 0 to prev5t t eng9e f be+ employ$ 9 its turn aga9/ himself4 ,he obs]v$1 t1 besides ! influ5ce !y d]iv$ f _! "*1 !y _h a va/ portion ( t p[] :i* always att5ds prop]ty4 ,( ab\t sixty ?\s& knights' fees1 :i* ,engl& 0 !n judg$ to conta91 tw5ty-eight ?\s& 7 9 ! h&s ( ! cl]gy2 & ^! !y held dis*>g$ ( all taxes1 & free f e burd5 ( civil or milit>y s]vice3 a con/itution und\bt$ly no less prejudicial to ! au?ority ( ! /ate ?an detrim5tal to ! /r5g? ( ! nation1 depriv$ ( s mu* rev5ue1 s _m soldi]s1 & ( numb]less ex]tions ( art & indu/ry1 :i* 7 /ifl$ by hold+ a ?ird ( ! soil 9 dead h&s out ( all possibility ( circulation4 ,william 9 a good measure rem$i$ ^! evils1 b ) ! great (f5ce ( all ! ecclesia/ic ord]s4 ,at ! same "t t he subject$ ! ,*ur* l&s to milit>y s]vice1 he oblig$ ea* mona/]y & bi%opric to ! support ( soldi]s1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( knights' fees t !y possess$4 ,no less jeal\s 0 he ( ! ,papal pret5sions1 :i*1 hav+ favor$ s long z !y s]v$ him z ! in/rum5ts ( 8 ambition1 he aft]w>ds kept )9 v n>r[ b\nds4 ,he suff]$ no communication ) ,rome b by 8 k & approbation4 ,he _h a bold & ambiti\s ,pope to deal )1 :o yet nev] proce$$ to extremities ) nor ga9$ "o advantage ov] ,william dur+ 8 :ole reign1--al?\gh he _h by an express law res]v$ to himself a sort ( "r 9 approv+ ! ,pope *os51 by =bidd+ 8 subjects to yield ob$i5ce to any ^: "r ! k+ _h n ackn[l$g$4 ,to =m a j idea ( ! p[] & greatness ( ?is k+1 x w be conv5i5t to take a view ( 8 rev5ue4 ,& ,i ! r *oose to dwell a little ^u ?is article1 z no?+ ext5ds to s _m objects z ! public f9ances1 & consequ5tly no?+ puts 9 a cle>] or m decisive light ! mann]s ( ! p1 & ! =m1 z well z ! p[]s1 ( gov]nm5t at any p]iod4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is consi/$ ( ! demesne4 ,! l&s ( ! cr[n 71 ev5 be=e ! ,conque/1 v ext5sive4 ,! =feitures consequ5t to t great *ange _h consid]ably increas$ !m4 ,x appe>s f ! record ( ,domesday1 t ! k+ reta9$ 9 8 own h&s no few] ?an f\rte5 hundr$ manors4 ,?is alone 0 a royal rev5ue4 ,h[ev]1 great z x really 01 x has be5 exagg]at$ beyond all reason4 ,ord]icus ,vitalis1 a writ] almo/ contempor>y1 ass]ts t ?is bran* alone produc$ a ?\s& p\nds a day1#gb--:i*1 valu+ ! p\nd1 z x 0 !n e/imat$1 at a real p\nd ( silv]1 & !n all[+ = ! diff]5ce 9 value s9ce t "t1 w make ne> twelve millions ( our money4 ,?is acc\nt1 com+ f su* an au?ority1 has be5 copi$ )\t exam9ation by all ! succe$+ hi/orians4 ,if we 7 to admit ! tru? ( x1 we mu/ entirely *ange our ideas conc]n+ ! quantity ( money :i* !n circulat$ 9 ,europe4 ,& x is a matt] altoge!r mon/r\s & incr$ible 9 an age :5 !re 0 little traffic 9 ?is nation1 & ! traffic ( all nations circulat$ b little real co91 :5 ! t5ants paid ! greate/ "p ( _! r5ts 9 k9d1 & :5 x may be greatly d\bt$ :e!r !re 0 s mu* curr5t money 9 ! nation z is said to h come into ! k+'s c(f]s f ?is "o bran*1 ( 8 rev5ue only4 ,= x am\nts to a twelf? "p ( all ! circulat+ species :i* a trade inf9itely m ext5sive has d]iv$ f s\rces inf9itely m exub]ant1 to ?is weal?y nation1 9 ?is improv$ age4 ,nei!r mu/ we ?9k t ! :ole rev5ue ( ?is pr9ce ev] rose to su* a sum4 ,! great f\nta9 :i* f$ 8 treasury mu/ h be5 ,danegelt1 :i*1 ^u any reasonable calculation1 c\ld n possibly exce$ #abj1jjjl4 ( our money1 if x ev] rea*$ t sum4 ,william 0 obs]v$ to be a great ho>d]1 & v av>ici\s2 8 army 0 ma9ta9$ )\t any exp5se to him1 8 demesne support$ 8 h\sehold2 nei!r 8 necess>y nor 8 volunt>y exp5ses 7 consid]able4 ,yet ! effects ( _m ye>s' scrap+ & ho>d+ left at 8 dea? b #fj1jjjl41--n ! six? "p ( "o ye>'s income1 accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 ( "o bran* ( 8 rev5ue2 & ?is 0 !n e/eem$ a va/ treasure4 ,edg> ,a!l+1 on be+ reconcil$ to ! k+1 0 all[$ a m>k a day = 8 exp5ses1 & he 0 ?\ght to be all[$ suffici5tly1 ?\gh he receiv$ x 9 "s sort z an equival5t = 8 "r to ! cr[n4 ,i v5ture on ?is digression1 because writ]s 9 an ignorant age1 mak+ guesses at r&om1 impose on m enlight5$ times1 & affect by _! mi/akes _m ( our reason+s on affairs ( consequ5ce2 & x is ! error ( all ignorant p to rate unkn[n times1 di/ances1 & sums v f> beyond _! real ext5t4 ,!re is ev5 some?+ *ildi% & :imsical 9 comput+ ?is rev5ue1 z ! orig9al au?or has done1 at s mu* a day4 ,= my "p1 ,i d n imag9e x s difficult to come at a pretty accurate decision ( ! tru? or falsehood ( ?is /ory4 ,! above-m5tion$ manors are *>g$ ) r5ts f five to an hundr$ p\nds ea*4 ,! greate/ numb] ( ^? ,i h se5 9 pr9t are "u fifty2 s t we may safely take t numb] z a j m$ium2 & !n ! :ole am\nt ( ! demesne r5ts w be #gj1jjjl41 or #baj1jjjl4 ( our money4 ,?is1 ?\gh almo/ a f\r? less ?an ! sum /at$ by ,vitalis1 /ill seems a great deal too high1 if we %\ld suppose ! :ole sum1 z t au?or does1 to be paid 9 money1 & t money to be reckon$ by real p\nds ( silv]4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve1 t1 :5 sums ( money are set d[n 9 old laws & records1 ! int]pretation ( ^? words1 p\nds & %ill+s1 is = ! mo/ "p ox51 %eep1 corn1 & provision4 ,:5 real co9 money 0 to be paid1 x 0 call$ :ite money1 or arg5tum album1 & 0 only 9 a c]ta9 /ipulat$ proportion to :at 0 r5d]$ 9 k9d1 & t proportion g5]ally v l[4 ,?is me?od ( pay+ r5t1 ?\gh x entirely ov]turns ! prodigi\s idea ( t mon>*'s pecuni>y weal?1 0 f> f be+ less conducive to 8 greatness4 ,x enabl$ him to fe$ a multitude ( p1--"o ( ! sure/ & l>ge/ s\rces ( influ5ce1 & :i* always outbuys money 9 ! traffic ( affections4 ,?is rev5ue1 :i* 0 ! *ief support ( ! dignity ( our ,saxon k+s1 0 consid]ably increas$ by ! revival ( ,danegelt1 ( ! imposition ( :i* we h already spok51 & :i* is suppos$ to h produc$ an annual income ( #dj1jjjl4 ( money1 z !n valu$4 ,! ne/ bran* ( ! k+'s rev5ue 7 ! feudal duties1 by him fir/ introduc$ into ,engl&1--namely1 w>d1 m>riage1 relief1 & aids4 ,by ! fir/1 ! heir ( e t5ant :o held imm$iately f ! cr[n1 dur+ 8 m9ority1 0 9 w>d = 8 body & 8 l& to ! k+2 s t he _h ! =mation ( 8 m9d at t e>ly & ductile age to m\ld to 8 own purposes1 & ! entire pr(its ( 8 e/ate ei!r to augm5t 8 demesne or to gratify 8 dep5dants3 & z we h already se5 h[ _m & h[ va/ e/ates1 or r1 pr9cely possessions1 7 !n held imm$iately ( ! cr[n1 we may compreh5d h[ important an article ?is mu/ h be54 ,?\gh ! heir _h atta9$ 8 age be=e ! dea? ( 8 ance/or1 yet ! k+ intrud$ betwe5 him & 8 inh]itance1 & oblig$ him to r$eem1 or1 z ! t]m !n 01 to relieve x4 ,! quantity ( ?is relief 0 g5]ally pretty mu* at ! k+'s discretion1 & (t5 am\nt$ to a v great sum4 ,b ! k+'s dem&s on 8 r5ts 9 *ief 7 n yet satisfi$4 ,he _h a "r & int]e/ 9 ! m>riage ( heirs1 bo? males & females1 virg9s & wid[s1--& ei!r be/[$ !m at pleasure on 8 favorites1 or sold !m to ! be/ bidd]4 ,! k+ receiv$ = ! sale ( "o heiress ! sum ( #bj1jjjl41 or #fj1jjjl4 ( our pres5t money1--& ?is at a p]iod :5 ! *ief e/ates 7 mu* r$uc$4 ,& f h5ce 0 d]iv$ a great s\rce ( rev5ue1 if ?is "r 7 sold1--( influ5ce & atta*m5t1 if be/[$4 ,"u ! same head ( feudal duties 7 ! casual aids to knight 8 elde/ son & m>ry 8 elde/ daught]4 ,^! duties c\ld be paid b once1 &1 ?\gh n consid]able1 eas$ him 9 ^! articles ( exp5ses4 ,aft] ! feudal duties1 r 9 ! ord] ?an 9 po9t ( value1 0 ! pr(it :i* arose f ! sale ( ju/ice4 ,no man c\ld !n sue 9 ! k+'s c\rt by a common or public "r1 or )\t pay+ l>gely = x1--sometimes ! ?ird1 & sometimes ev5 half1 ! value ( ! e/ate or debt su$ =4 ,^! pres5ts 7 call$ oblations2 & ! records prec$+ ,magna ,*>ta1 & = "s "t aft]1 are full ( !m4 ,&1 z ! k+ ?\ght fit1 ?is mu/ h add$ greatly to 8 p[] or weal?1 or inde$ to bo?4 ,! f9es & am]cem5ts 7 ano!r bran*1 & ?is1 at a "t :5 disord]s ab\nd$1 & almo/ e disord] 0 puni%$ by a f9e1 0 a mu* great] article ?an at fir/ c\ld readily be imag9$1--- especially :5 we consid] t !re 7 no limitations 9 ?is po9t b ! k+'s m]cy1 p>ticul>ly 9 all (f5ces relat+ to ! =e/1 :i* 7 ( v>i\s k9ds1 & v /rictly inquir$ into4 ,! sale ( (fices 0 n less consid]able4 ,x appe>s t all (fices at t "t 71 or might be1 legally & publicly sold1--t ! k+ _h _m & v ri* employm5ts 9 8 gift1 &1 ?\gh x may appe> /range1 n inf]ior to1 if !y did n exce$1 9 numb] & consequ5ce1 ^? ( our pres5t e/abli%m5t4 ,at "o "t ! great seal 0 sold = ?ree ?\s& m>ks4 ,! (fice ( %]iff 0 !n v lucrative3 ?is *>ge 0 almo/ always sold4 ,sometimes a c\nty paid a sum to ! k+1 t he might appo9t a %]iff :om !y lik$2 sometimes !y paid z l>gely to prev5t him f appo9t+ a p]son disagreeable to !m2 & ?us ! k+ _h (t5 f ! same (fice a d\ble pr(it 9 refus+ "o c&idate & approv+ ! o!r4 ,if "s (fices 7 advantage\s1 o!rs 7 burd5some2 & ! k+ _h ! "r1 or 0 at lea/ 9 ! unque/ion$ practice1 ( =c+ 8 subjects to accept ^! employm5ts1 or to pay = !re immunity2 by :i* means he c\ld ei!r puni% 8 enemies or augm5t 8 weal?1 z 8 av>ice or 8 res5tm5ts prevail$4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! cities & trad+ t[ns 7 "u 8 p>ticul> jurisdiction1 & inde$ 9 a /ate n f> remov$ f slav]y4 ,on ^! he laid a sort ( imposition1 at su* a "t & 9 su* a proportion z he ?\ght fit4 ,?is 0 call$ a tallage4 ,if ! t[ns did n =?) pay ! sum at :i* !y 7 rat$1 x 0 n unusual1 = _! puni%m5t1 to d\ble ! exaction1 & to proce$ 9 levy+ x by ne>ly ! same me?ods & 9 ! same mann] n[ us$ to raise a contribution 9 an enemy's c\ntry4 ,b ! ,jews 7 a fund almo/ inexhau/ible4 ,!y 7 slaves to ! k+ 9 ! /ricte/ s5se2 insomu* t1 besides ! v>i\s tallages & f9es extort$ f !m1 none succe$$ to ! inh]itance ( 8 fa!r )\t ! k+'s lic5se & an heavy composition4 ,he sometimes ev5 made ov] a weal?y ,jew z a provision to "s ( 8 favorites = life4 ,!y 7 almo/ ! only p]sons :o ex]cis$ usury1 & ?us drew to !mselves ! odium & weal? ( ! :ole k+dom2 b !y 7 only a canal1 ?r\gh :i* x pass$ to ! royal treasury4 ,& no?+ c\ld be m pleas+ & popul> ?an su* exactions3 ! p rejoic$1 :5 !y saw ! ,jews plund]$1--n consid]+ t !y 7 a sort ( ag5ts = ! cr[n1 :o1 9 proportion to ! heavy taxes !y paid1 7 oblig$ to advance ! t]ms & en=ce ) great] sev]ity ! execution ( _! usuri\s contracts4 ,?r\gh !m almo/ ! :ole body ( ! nobility 7 9 'debt to ! k+2 & :5 he ?\ght prop] to confiscate ! effects ( ! ,jews1 ! securities pass$ into 8 h&s2 & by ?is means he mu/ h possess$ "o ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ t]rible in/rum5ts ( au?ority t c\ld possibly be devis$1 & ! be/ calculat$ to keep ! p 9 an abject & slavi% dep5d5ce4 ,! la/ g5]al head ( 8 rev5ue 7 ! cu/oms1 prisages1 & o!r impositions ^u trade4 ,?\gh ! rev5ue aris+ f traffic 9 ?is rude p]iod 0 mu* limit$ by ! !n smallness ( its object1 ?is 0 comp5sat$ by ! weight & v>iety ( ! exactions levi$ by an occasional ex]tion ( arbitr>y p[]1 or ! m uni=m sy/em ( h]$it>y tyranny4 ,trade 0 re/ra9$1 or ! privilege grant$1 on ! paym5t ( tolls1 passages1 paages1 pontages1 & innum]able o!r vexati\s impo/s1 ( :i*1 only ! b>b>\s & almo/ un9telligible names subsi/ at ?is day4 ,^! 7 ! mo/ con/ant & regul> bran*es ( ! rev5ue4 ,b !re 7 o!r ways innum]able by :i* money1 or an equival5t 9 cattle1 p\ltry1 horses1 hawks1 & dogs1 accru$ to ! ex*equ]4 ,! k+'s int]position 9 m>riages1 ev5 :]e !re 0 no pret5ce f t5ure1 0 frequ5tly b\ght1 z well z 9 o!r negotiations ( less mom5t1 = compos+ ( qu>rels1 & ! l2 &1 inde$1 "s appe> on ! records1 ( s /range & ev5 ludicr\s a nature1 t x w\ld n be excusable to m5tion !m1 if !y did n help to %[ f h[ _m m9ute s\rces ?is rev5ue 0 f$1 & h[ ! k+'s p[] desc5d$ to ! mo/ inconsid]able actions ( private life4#gc ,x is n easy to p5etrate into ! true mean+ ( all ^! p>ticul>s1 b !y equally suffice to %[ ! "* ( gov]nm5t 9 ^? times4 ,a pr9ce furni%$ ) s _m means ( di/ress+ enemies & gratify+ fri5ds1 & possess$ ( s ample a rev5ue entirely indep5d5t ( ! affections ( 8 subjects1 mu/ h be5 v absolute 9 sub/ance & effect1 :atev] might h be5 ! ext]nal =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,= ! regulation ( all ^! rev5ues1 & = det]m9+ all que/ions :i* conc]n$ !m1 a c\rt 0 appo9t$1 ^u ! model ( a c\rt ( ! same nature1 said to be ( anci5t use 9 ,norm&y1 & call$ ! ,ex*equ]4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,william conceiv$ 9 a great] mann]1 or m to be comm5d$1 ?an ! g5]al survey he took ( 8 conque/4 ,an inquisition 0 made ?r\gh\t ! k+dom conc]n+ ! quantity ( l& :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ea* c\nty1--! "n ( ! depriv$ & ! pres5t proprietor1--! /ock ( slaves1 & cattle ( e k9d1 :i* x conta9$4 ,all ^! 7 regi/]$ 9 a book1 ea* article beg9n+ ) ! k+'s prop]ty1 & proce$+ d[nw>d1 accord+ to ! rank ( ! proprietors1 9 an excell5t ord]1 by :i* might be kn[n at "o glance ! true /ate ( ! royal rev5ues1 ! weal?1 consequ5ce1 & natural connections ( e p]son 9 ! k+dom1--9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! taxes t might be impos$1 &1 to s]ve purposes 9 ! /ate z well z 9 civil causes1 to be g5]al & uncontrollable evid5ce ( prop]ty4 ,?is book is call$ ,domesday or ! ,judgm5t ,book1 & /ill rema9s a gr& monum5t ( ! wisdom ( ! ,conqu]or1--a "w 9 all respects useful & wor?y ( a bett] age4 ,! ,conqu]or knew v well h[ mu* discont5t mu/ h aris5 f ! great revolutions :i* 8 conque/ produc$ 9 all m5's prop]ty1 & 9 ! g5]al t5or ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,he1 !re=e1 z mu* z possible to gu>d aga9/ e sudd5 attempt1 =bade any light or fire to cont9ue 9 any h\se aft] a c]ta9 bell1 call$ curfew1 _h s\nd$4 ,?is bell rung at ab\t eight 9 ! ev5+4 ,!re 0 policy 9 ?is2 & x s]v$ to prev5t ! numb]less disord]s :i* arose f ! late civil commotions4 ,= ! same purpose ( /r5g!n+ 8 au?ority1 he introduc$ ! ,norman law1 n only 9 its sub/ance1 b 9 all its =ms1 & ord]$ t all proce$+s %\ld be _h accord+ to t law 9 ! ,fr5* language4#gd ,! *ange wr\ght by ! =m] "p ( ?is regulation c\ld n h be5 v griev\s2 & x 0 p>tly ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! new t5ures1 & :i* want$ a new law to regulate !m3 9 o!r respects ! ,norman in/itutions 7 n v diff]5t f ! ,engli%4 ,b to =ce1 aga9/ nature1 a new language ^u a conqu]$ p1 to make !m1 /rang]s 9 ^? c\rts ( ju/ice 9 :i* !y 7 /ill to reta9 a consid]able %>e1 to be rem9d$1 e "t !y _h rec\rse to gov]nm5t = protection1 ( ! slav]y 9 :i* x held !m1--?is is "o ( ^? acts ( sup]flu\s tyranny f :i* v few conqu]+ nations or p>ties h =borne1 ?\gh no way necess>y1 b (t5 prejudicial to _! safety4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajga4 ,^! sev]ities1 & affronts m gall+ ?an sev]ities1 drove ! ,engli% to ano!r desp]ate attempt1 :i* 0 ! la/ convulsive ef=t ( _! expir+ fre$om4 ,sev]al nobles1 prelates1 & o!rs1 ^: e/ates _h be5 confiscat$1 or :o 7 9 daily appreh5sion ( _! confiscation1 fl$ into ! f5s ( ,l9coln & ,ely1 :]e ,h]ew>d /ill ma9ta9$ 8 gr\nd4 ,?is unadvis$ /ep complet$ ! ru9 ( ! little ,engli% int]e/ t rema9$4 ,william ha/5$ to fill up ! sees ( ! bi%ops & ! e/ates ( ! nobles ) 8 ,norman favorites4 ,he press$ ! fugitives ) equal vivacity2 & at once to cut (f all ! advantage !y d]iv$ f _! situation1 he p5etrat$ into ! ,isle ( ,ely by a wood5 bridge two miles 9 l5g?2 & by ! greatness ( ! design1 & rapidity ( ! execution1 z mu* z by ! vigor ( 8 *>ge1 compell$ !m to surr5d] at discretion4 ,h]ew>d alone escap$1 :o disda9$ to surr5d]1 & _h cut 8 way ?r\gh 8 enemies1 c>ry+ 8 virtue & 8 sword1 z 8 passports1 :]esoev] =tune %\ld conduct him4 ,he escap$ happily into ,scotl&1 :]e1 z usual1 ! k+ 0 mak+ "s sl[ movem5ts = ! relief ( ! ,engli%4 ,william lo/ no "t to oppose him1 & _h pass$ ) inf9ite difficulty ?r\gh a des]t ( 8 own mak+ to ! fronti]s ( ,scotl&4 ,"h he f\nd ! enemy /rongly intr5*$4 ,! causes ( ! w> be+ 9 a good measure sp5t by ,william's late successes1 & nei!r ( ! pr9ces *oos+ to risk a battle 9 a c\ntry :]e ! consequ5ces ( a defeat mu/ be s dreadful1 !y agre$ to an accommodation1 :i* includ$ a p>don = ,edg> ,a!l+ on a r5unciation ( 8 title to ! cr[n4 ,william on ?is occasion %[$1 z he did on all occasions1 an honorable & dis9t]e/$ s5se ( m]it1 by receiv+ ,h]ew>d to 8 fri5d%ip1 & di/+ui%+ him by p>ticul> favors & b\nties4 ,malcolm1 by 8 :ole conduct1 nev] seem$ int5t ^u com+ to extremities ) ,william3 he 0 satisfi$ ) keep+ ?is great w>rior 9 "s awe1 )\t br++ ?+s to a decision1 t might involve 8 k+dom 9 ! same calamit\s fate t _h oppress$ ,engl&2 :il/ 8 wisdom enabl$ him to reap advantages f ! =tunes ( ! conqu]$1 9 draw+ s _m useful p into 8 dom9ions1 & f ! policy ( ! ,conqu]or1 9 imitat+ ^? feudal regulations :i* he saw 8 neighbor =ce ^u ! ,engli%1 & :i* appe>$ s well calculat$ = ! def5ce ( ! k+dom4 ,he compass$ ?is ! m easily1 because ! feudal policy1 be+ ! discipl9e ( all ! consid]able /ates 9 ,europe1 appe>$ ! ma/]piece ( gov]nm5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajgc4 ,if m5 :o h engag$ 9 va/ designs c\ld ev] promise !mselves repose1 ,william1 aft] s _m victories1 & s _m political regulations to secure ! fruit ( !m1 might n[ flatt] himself ) "s hope ( quiet4 ,b di/urbances 7 prep>+ = 8 old age f a new qu>t]1 f :5ce !y 7 less expect$ & less tol]able1--f ! ,normans1 8 companions 9 victory1 & f 8 family1 :i* he f\nd n less difficulty 9 gov]n+ ?an 8 k+dom4 ,no?+ b 8 abs5ce f ,engl& 0 want+ to make ! flame blaze out4 ,! numb]less petty pret5sions :i* ! petty lords 8 neighbors on ! cont95t _h on ea* o!r & on ,william1 toge!r ) _! re/less disposition & ! intrigues ( ! ,fr5* c\rt1 kept alive a con/ant diss5sion1 :i* made ! k+'s pres5ce on ! cont95t frequ5tly necess>y4 ,! ,duke ( ,anj\ _h at ?is "t actually invad$ 8 dom9ions4 ,he 0 oblig$ to pass ov] into ,norm&y ) an army ( fifty ?\s& m54 ,william1 :o _h conqu]$ ,engl& by ! assi/ance ( ! pr9ces on ! cont95t1 n[ turn$ aga9/ !m ! arms ( ! ,engli%1 :o s]v$ him ) brav]y & fidelity2 & by _! means he soon sil5c$ all opposition1 & conclud$ ! t]ms ( an advantage\s peace4 ,9 ! mean "t 8 ,norman subjects 9 ,engl&1 incon/ant1 w>like1 indep5d5t1 fi]ce by nature1 fi]c] by _! conque/1 c\ld sc>cely brook t subord9ation 9 :i* _! safety consi/$4 ,^u "s frivol\s pret5ces1 *iefly p]sonal disgu/s1#ge a mo/ dang]\s conspiracy 0 =m$3 ! pr9cipal m5 among ! ,normans 7 engag$ 9 x2 & =eign correspond5ce 0 n want+4 ,?\gh ?is conspiracy 0 *iefly =m$ & c>ri$ on by ! ,normans1 !y knew s well ! use :i* ,william on ?is occasion w\ld n fail to make ( 8 ,engli% subjects1 t !y endeavor$1 z f> z 0 consi/5t ) secrecy1 to engage sev]al ( t nation1 & above all1 ! ,e>l ,wal!(1 z ! fir/ 9 rank & reputation among 8 c\ntrym54 ,wal!(1 ?9k+ x base to engage 9 any cause b t ( 8 c\ntry aga9/ 8 b5efactor1 unveils ! :ole design to ,lanfranc1 :o imm$iately took measures = secur+ ! *ief conspirators4 ,he dispat*$ mess5g]s to in=m ! k+ ( 8 dang]1 :o return$ )\t delay at ! head ( 8 =ces1 & by 8 pres5ce1 & 8 usual bold activity1 disp]s$ at once ! vapors ( ?is conspiracy4 ,! heads 7 puni%$4 ,! re/1 left "u ! %ade ( a dubi\s m]cy1 7 aw$ into ob$i5ce4 ,8 glory 01 h[ev]1 sulli$ by 8 putt+ to dea? ,wal!(1 :o _h discov]$ ! conspiracy2 b he ?\ght ! desire ! rebels _h %[n ( engag+ him 9 _! designs demon/rat$ suffici5tly t ,wal!( /ill reta9$ a dang]\s p[]4 ,= z ! ye>s1 s ! suspicions1 ( ?is politic pr9ce increas$1--at ^: "t ( life g5]osity beg9s to appe> no m ?an a spl5did weakness4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajgi ,^! tr\bles 7 h>dly appeas$1 :5 o!rs began to break =? 9 8 own family1 :i* nei!r 8 glory1 nor ! t]ror :i* held a great nation 9 *a9s1 c\ld pres]ve 9 ob$i5ce to him4 ,to remove 9 "s measure ! jeal\sy ( ! c\rt ( ,france ) reg>d to 8 invasion ( ,engl&1 he _h promis$ ^u 8 acquisition ( t k+dom to inve/ 8 elde/ son1 ,rob]t1 ) ! ,du*y ( ,norm&y4 ,b z 8 new acquisition did n seem s secure z x 0 great & magnific5t1 he 0 f> f any ?\ghts ( resign+ 8 h]$it>y dom9ions1 :i* he ju/ly consid]$ z a great in/rum5t 9 ma9ta9+ 8 conque/s1 & a necess>y retreat1 if he %\ld be depriv$ ( !m by ! =tune ( w>4 ,s long z ! /ate ( 8 affairs 9 ,engl& appe>$ unsettl$1 ,rob]t acquiesc$ 9 ! reasonabl5ess ( ?is conduct2 b :5 he saw 8 fa!r e/abli%$ on 8 ?rone1 & f\nd himself gr[+ old 9 an +lori\s subjection1 he began fir/ to murmur at ! inju/ice ( ! k+1 soon aft] to cabal ) ! ,norman b>ons & at ! c\rt ( ,france1 & at la/ op5ly rose 9 rebellion1 & compell$ ! vassals ( ! ,du*y to d him homage4 ,! k+ 0 n incl9$ to give up to =ce :at he _h refus$ to reason4 ,unbrok5 ) age1 unwe>i$ ) s _m exp$itions1 he pass$ aga9 into ,norm&y1 & press$ 8 son ) ! vigor ( a "y w>rior4 ,?is w>1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on )\t any?+ decisive = "s "t1 end$ by a v extraord9>y & affect+ incid5t4 ,9 "o ( ^? skirmi%es :i* 7 frequ5t accord+ to ! irregul> mode ( w>f>e 9 ^? days1 ,william & 8 son ,rob]t1 alike 9 a =w>d & adv5tur\s c\rage1 plung$ into ! ?icke/ ( ! fight1 & unkn[+ly enc\nt]$ ea* o!r4 ,b ,rob]t1 sup]ior by =tune1 or by ! vigor ( 8 y\?1 w\nd$ & unhors$ ! old mon>*1 & 0 j on ! po9t ( pursu+ 8 unhappy advantage to ! fatal extremity1 :5 ! well-kn[n voice ( 8 fa!r at once /ruck 8 e>s & susp5d$ 8 arm4 ,blu%+ = 8 victory1 & ov]:elm$ ) ! unit$ emotions ( grief1 %ame1 & return+ piety1 he fell on 8 knees1 p\r$ out a flood ( te>s1 &1 embrac+ 8 fa!r1 bes\ght him = p>don4 ,! tide ( nature return+ /rongly on bo?1 ! fa!r 9 8 turn embrac$ 8 son1 & ba!d him ) 8 te>s2 :il/ ! combatants on ei!r side1 a/oni%$ at s unusual a spectacle1 susp5d$ ! fight1 applaud$ ?is /rik+ act ( filial piety & pat]nal t5d]ness1 & press$ t x might become ! prelude to a la/+ peace4 ,peace 0 made1 b entirely to ! advantage ( ! fa!r1 :o c>ri$ 8 son into ,engl&1 to secure ,norm&y f ! dang]s to :i* 8 ambition & popul>ity might expose t duk$om4 ,t ,william might h peace ^u no "p1 ! ,wel% & ,scots took advantage ( ^! tr\bles 9 8 family to break into ,engl&3 b _! exp$itions 7 r incursions ?an invasions3 !y wa/$ ! c\ntry1 & !n retir$ to secure _! plund]4 ,b ,william1 always tr\bl$1 always 9 action1 & always victori\s1 pursu$ !m & compell$ !m to a peace1 :i* 0 n conclud$ b by compell+ ! ,k+ ( ,scotl& & all ! pr9ces ( ,wales to d him homage4 ,h[ f> ?is homage ext5d$ ) reg>d to ,scotl& ,i f9d x difficult to det]m9e4 ,rob]t1 :o _h no pleasure b 9 action1 z soon z ?is w> 0 conclud$1 f9d+ t he c\ld n rega9 8 fa!r's confid5ce1 & t he _h no cr$it at ! c\rt ( ,engl&1 retir$ to t ( ,france4 ,edg> ,a!l+ saw likewise t ! innoc5ce ( 8 conduct c\ld n make am5ds = ! guilt ( an und\bt$ title to ! cr[n1 & t ! ,conqu]or1 s\r$ by cont9ual opposition1 & suspici\s ?r\gh age & ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 reg>d$ him ) an evil eye4 ,he !re=e desir$ leave to accompany ,rob]t out ( ! k+dom1 & !n to make a voyage to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,?is leave 0 readily grant$4 ,edg>1 hav+ display$ great valor 9 useless acts ( *ivalry abroad1 aft] ! ,conqu]or's dea? return$ to ,engl&1 :]e he long liv$ 9 great tranquillity1 happy 9 himself1 belov$ by all ! p1 & unfe>$ by ^? :o held 8 sceptre1 f 8 mild & inactive virtue4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajhd4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajhg4 ,william _h be5 s mu* a /rang] to repose t x became no long] an object desirable to him4 ,he reviv$ 8 claim1 to ! ,vex9 ,franais1 & "s o!r t]ritories on ! conf9es ( ,norm&y4 ,?is qu>rel1 :i* began1 betwe5 him & ! ,k+ ( ,france on political motives1 0 increas$ into rancor & bitt]ness1 fir/1 by a boyi% conte/ at *ess betwe5 _! *ildr51 :i* 0 res5t$1 m ?an became wise m51 by ! fa!rs2 x 0 fur!r exasp]at$ by taunts & mock]ies yet less becom+ _! age & dignity1 b :i* infus$ a mortal v5om into ! w>4 ,william ent]$ fir/ into ! ,fr5* t]ritories1 wantonly wa/+ ! c\ntry1 & sett+ fire to ! t[ns & villages4 ,he ent]$ ,mantes1 & z usual set x on fire2 b :il/ he urg$ 8 horse ov] ! smok+ ru9s1 & press$ =w>d to fur!r havoc1 ! bea/1 impati5t ( ! hot emb]s :i* burn$ 8 ho(s1 plung$ & ?rew 8 rid] viol5tly on ! saddle-b[4 ,! rim ( 8 belly 0 w\nd$2 & ?is w\nd1 z ,william 0 corpul5t & 9 ! decl9e ( life1 prov$ fatal4 ,a rupture ensu$1 & he di$ at ,r\51 aft] %[+ a desire ( mak+ am5ds = 8 cruelty by re/itutions to ! t[ns he _h de/roy$1 by alms & end[m5ts1 ! usual fruits ( a late p5it5ce1 & ! ackn[l$gm5ts :i* expir+ ambition pays to virtue4 ,!re is no?+ m memorable 9 hi/ory ?an ! actions1 =tunes1 & "* ( ?is great man1--:e!r we consid] ! gr&eur ( ! plans he =m$1 ! c\rage & wisdom ) :i* !y 7 execut$1 or ! spl5dor ( t success :i*1 adorn+ 8 y\?1 cont9u$ )\t ! smalle/ rev]se to support 8 age1 ev5 to ! la/ mom5ts ( 8 life4 ,he liv$ above sev5ty ye>s1 & reign$ )9 t5 ye>s z long z he liv$1 sixty ov] 8 duk$om1 above tw5ty ov] ,engl&1--bo? ( :i* he acquir$ or kept by 8 own magnanimity1 ) h>dly any o!r title ?an he d]iv$ f 8 arms3 s t he might be reput$1 9 all respects1 z happy z ! highe/ ambition1 ! mo/ fully gratifi$1 c make a man4 ,! sil5t inw>d satisfactions ( dome/ic happ9ess he nei!r _h nor s\ght4 ,he _h a body suit$ to ! "* ( 8 m9d1 erect1 firm1 l>ge1 & active1 :il/ to be active 0 a praise1--a c\nt5ance /]n1 & :i* became comm&4 ,magnific5t 9 8 liv+1 res]v$ 9 8 conv]sation1 grave 9 8 common deportm5t1 b relax+ ) a wise faceti\sness1 he knew h[ to relieve 8 m9d & pres]ve 8 dignity3 = he nev] =feit$ by a p]sonal acqua9tance t e/eem he _h acquir$ by 8 great actions4 ,unle>n$ 9 books1 he =m$ 8 und]/&+ by ! rigid discipl9e ( a l>ge & complicat$ exp]i5ce4 ,he knew m5 mu*1 & !re=e g5]ally tru/$ !m b little2 b :5 he knew any man to be good1 he repos$ 9 him an entire confid5ce1 :i* prev5t$ 8 prud5ce f deg5]at+ into a vice4 ,he _h vices 9 8 composition1 & great ones2 b !y 7 ! vices ( a great m9d3 ambition1 ! malady ( e ext5sive g5ius1--& av>ice1 ! madness ( ! wise3 "o *iefly actuat$ 8 y\?1--! o!r gov]n$ 8 age4 ,! vices ( "y & light m9ds1 ! joys ( w9e & ! pleasures ( love1 nev] rea*$ 8 aspir+ nature4 ,! g5]al run ( m5 he look$ on ) contempt1 & treat$ ) cruelty :5 !y oppos$ him4 ,nor 0 ! rigor ( 8 m9d to be s(t5$ b ) ! appe>ance ( extraord9>y =titude 9 8 enemies1 :i*1 by a sympa?y cong5ial to 8 own virtues1 always excit$ 8 admiration & insur$ 8 m]cy4 ,s t !re 7 (t5 se5 9 ?is "o man1 at ! same "t1 ! extremes ( a savage cruelty1 & a g5]osity t does honor to human nature4 ,religion1 too1 seem$ to h a great influ5ce on 8 m9d1 f policy1 or f bett] motives2 b 8 religion 0 display$ 9 ! regul>ity ) :i* he p]=m$ its duties1 n 9 ! submission he %[$ to its m9i/]s1 :i* 0 nev] m ?an :at good gov]nm5t requir$4 ,yet 8 *oice ( a c\nsellor & favorite 01 n accord+ to ! mode ( ! "t1 out ( t ord]1 & a *oice t does honor to 8 memory4 ,?is 0 ,lanfranc1 a man ( great le>n+ = ! times1 & extraord9>y piety4 ,he ow$ 8 elevation to ,william2 b ?\gh always inviolably fai?ful1 he nev] 0 ! tool or flatt]] ( ! p[] :i* rais$ him2 & ! great] fre$om he %[$1 ! high] he rose 9 ! confid5ce ( 8 ma/]4 ,by mix+ ) ! conc]ns ( /ate he did n lose 8 religion & consci5ce1 or make !m ! cov]s or in/rum5ts ( ambition2 b temp]+ ! fi]ce policy ( a new p[] by ! mild lights ( religion1 he became a bless+ to ! c\ntry 9 :i* he 0 promot$4 ,! ,engli% ow$ to ! virtue ( ?is /rang]1 & ! influ5ce he _h on ! k+1 ! little rema9s ( lib]ty !y cont9u$ to enjoy1 & at la/ su* a degree ( 8 confid5ce z 9 "s sort c\nt]balanc$ ! sev]ities ( ! =m] "p ( 8 reign4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,i h kn[n1 myself1 great mi/akes 9 calculation by comput+1 z ! produce ( e day 9 ! ye>1 t ( "o extraord9>y day4 #gc ,! ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/] f9$ = n putt+ ! k+ 9 m9d to give a girdle to ! ,c\ntess ( ,albem>le4--,rob]tus de ,vallibus debet qu9que optimos palafr$os1 ut rex tac]et de uxore ,h5rici ,p9el4--,! wife ( ,hugh d ,nevil f9$ 9 two hundr$ h5s1 t %e might lie )1 h] husb& = "o night2 ano!r1 t he might rise f1 8 infirmity2 a ?ird1 t he might eat4 #gd ,= "s p>ticul>s ( ! condition ( ! ,engli% ( ?is "t1 vide ,eadm]1 p4 #aaj4 #ge ,^u occasion ( a w>d refus$ 9 m>riage4 ,wright ?9ks ! feudal "r ( m>riage n !n introduc$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,reign ,,( ,,william ,,! ,,second1 ,,surnam$ ,,rufus4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajhg4 ,william _h by 8 que5 ,matilda ?ree sons1 :o surviv$ him1--,rob]t1 ,william1 & ,h5ry4 ,rob]t1 ?\gh 9 an advanc$ age at 8 fa!r's dea?1 0 ev5 !n m rem>kable = ^? virtues :i* make u ent]ta9 hopes ( a "y man ?an = t /eady prud5ce :i* is necess>y :5 ! %ort c>e] we are to run w n all[ u to make _m mi/akes4 ,he _h1 inde$1 a temp] suitable to ! g5ius ( ! "t he liv$ 91 & :i* !re=e enabl$ him to make a consid]able figure 9 ! transactions :i* di/+ui%$ t p]iod4 ,he 0 ( a s9c]e1 op51 c&id nature2 passionately fond ( glory2 ambiti\s1 )\t hav+ any det]m9ate object 9 view2 vehem5t 9 8 pursuits1 b incon/ant2 mu* 9 w>1 :i* he und]/ood & lov$4 ,b guid+ himself1 bo? 9 w> & peace1 solely by ! impulses ( an unb\nd$ & irregul> _s1 he fill$ ! _w ) an equal admiration & pity ( 8 spl5did qualities & great mis=tunes4 ,william 0 ( a "* v diff]5t4 ,8 views 7 %ort1 8 designs few1 8 g5ius n>r[1 & 8 mann]s brutal2 full ( craft1 rapaci\s1 )\t fai?1 )\t religion2 b circumspect1 /eady1 & c\rage\s = 8 ends1 n = glory4 ,^! qualities secur$ to him t =tune :i* ! virtues ( ,rob]t des]v$4 ,( ,h5ry we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajhh4 ,we h se5 ! qu>rels1 toge!r ) ! causes ( !m1 :i* embroil$ ! ,conqu]or ) 8 elde/ son1 ,rob]t4 ,al?\gh ! w\nd 0 sk9n$ ov] by sev]al tempor>y & palliative accommodations1 x /ill left a sor5ess 9 ! fa!r's m9d1 :i* influ5c$ him by 8 la/ w to cut (f ,rob]t f ! inh]itance ( 8 ,engli% dom9ions4 ,^? he decl>$ he d]iv$ f 8 sword1 & !re=e he w\ld dispose ( !m1 to t son ^: dutiful behavior _h made him ! mo/ wor?y4 ,to ,william1 !re=e1 he left 8 cr[n2 to ,h5ry he devis$ 8 treasures3 ,rob]t possess$ no?+ b ! ,du*y1 :i* 0 8 bir?right4 ,william _h "s advantages to en=ce ! execution ( a beque/ :i* 0 n includ$ ev5 9 any ( ! modes ( succession :i* !n 7 admitt$4 ,he 0 at ! "t ( 8 fa!r's dea? 9 ,engl&1 & _h an opportunity ( seiz+ ! vacant gov]nm5t1 a ?+ ( great mom5t 9 all disput$ rights4 ,he _h also1 by 8 pres5ce1 an opportunity ( engag+ "s ( ! mo/ consid]able lead+ m5 9 8 int]e/s4 ,b 8 greate/ /r5g? 0 d]iv$ f ! adh]5ce to 8 cause ( ,lanfranc1 a prelate ( ! greate/ au?ority among/ ! ,engli% z well z ! ,normans1 bo? f ! place he _h held 9 ! ,conqu]or's e/eem1 ^: memory all m5 respect$1 & f 8 own great & excell5t qualities4 ,by ! advice ( ?is prelate ! new mon>* pr(ess$ to be entirely gov]n$4 ,& z an e>ne/ ( 8 future reign1 he r5\nc$ all ! rigid maxims ( conque/1 & swore to protect ! ,*ur* & ! p1 & to gov]n by ,/4 ,edw>d's ,laws1--a promise extremely grateful & popul> to all p>ties3 = ! ,normans1 f9d+ ! ,engli% passionately desir\s ( ^! laws1 & only kn[+ t !y 7 9 g5]al favorable to lib]ty & conducive to peace & ord]1 became equally clamor\s = _! re/abli%m5t4 ,by ^! measures1 & ! weakness ( ^? :i* 7 adopt$ by ,rob]t1 ,william e/abli%$ himself on 8 ?rone1 & suppress$ a dang]\s conspiracy =m$ by "s ,norman noblem5 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 bro!r1 al?\gh x 0 fom5t$ by all ! art & intrigue :i* 8 uncle ,odo c\ld put 9 practice1 ! mo/ bold & politic man ( t age4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajhi4 ,! security he began to enjoy f ?is success1 & ! /r5g? :i* gov]nm5t receives by m]ely cont9u+1 gave room to 8 natural dispositions to break out 9 sev]al acts ( tyranny & inju/ice4 ,! =e/ laws 7 execut$ ) rigor1 ! old impositions reviv$1 & new laid on4 ,lanfranc made repres5tations to ! k+ on ?is conduct1 b !y produc$ no o!r effect ?an ! abatem5t ( 8 cr$it1 :i* f t mom5t to 8 dea?1 :i* happ5$ soon aft]1 0 v little 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,! rev5ue ( ! vacant see 0 seiz$ into ! k+'s h&s4 ,:5 ! ,*ur* l&s 7 made subject to milit>y s]vice1 !y seem$ to p>take all ! qualities ( ! milit>y t5ure1 & to be subject to ! same burd5s2 & z on ! dea? ( a milit>y vassal 8 l& 0 9 w>d%ip ( ! "l until ! heir _h atta9$ 8 age1 s !re arose a pret5ce1 on ! vacancy ( a bi%opric1 to suppose ! l& 9 w>d ) ! k+ until ! seat %\ld be fill$4 ,?is pr9ciple1 once e/abli%$1 op5$ a l>ge field = v>i\s lucrative abuses2 nor c\ld x be suppos$1 :il/ ! vacancy turn$ to su* good acc\nt1 t a necessit\s or av>ici\s k+ w\ld %[ any extraord9>y ha/e to put ! bi%oprics & abbacies out ( 8 p[]4 ,9 effect1 ,william always kept !m a long "t vacant1 & 9 ! vacancy grant$ away mu* ( _! possessions1 p>ticul>ly sev]al manors belong+ to ! see ( ,cant]bury2 & :5 he fill$ ?is see1 x 0 only to pro/itute t dignity by dispos+ ( x to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajic4 ,to support him 9 ^! c\rses he *ose = 8 m9i/] ,ralph ,flamb>d1 a fit in/rum5t 9 8 designs1 & possess$ ( su* art & eloqu5ce z to color !m 9 a speci\s mann]4 ,?is man inflam$ all ! k+'s passions1 & enc\rag$ him 9 8 unju/ ent]prises4 ,x is h>d to say :i* 0 mo/ unpopul>1 ! k+ or 8 m9i/]4 ,b ,flamb>d1 hav+ escap$ a conspiracy aga9/ 8 life1 & hav+ puni%$ ! conspirators sev]ely1 /ruck su* a g5]al t]ror into ! nation1 t none d>$ to oppose him4 ,rob]t's title alone /ood 9 ! k+'s way1 & he knew t ?is mu/ be a p]petual s\rce ( di/urbance to him4 ,he resolv$1 !re=e1 to put him 9 p]il = 8 own dom9ions4 ,he collect$ a l>ge army1 & ent]+ into ,norm&y1 he began a w>1 at fir/ ) great success1 on acc\nt ( a diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,duke & 8 bro!r ,h5ry4 ,b _! common dread ( ,william reconcil$ !m2 & ?is reconciliation put !m 9 a condition ( procur+ an equal peace1 ! *ief conditions ( :i* 71 t ,rob]t %\ld be put 9 possession ( c]ta9 seigniories 9 ,engl&1 & t ea*1 9 case ( survival1 %\ld succe$ to ! o!r's dom9ions4 ,william conclud$ ?is peace ! m readily1 because ,malcolm1 ,k+ ( ,scotl&1 :o hung ov] him1 0 ready ^u e advantage to invade 8 t]ritories1 & _h n[ actually ent]$ ,engl& ) a p[]ful army4 ,rob]t1 :o c\rt$ action1 )\t reg>d+ :at int]e/ might h dictat$1 imm$iately on conclud+ ! treaty ent]$ into 8 bro!r's s]vice 9 ?is w> aga9/ ! ,scots2 :i*1 on ! k+'s return1 be+ 9 appe>ance laid asleep by an accommodation1 broke out ) r$\bl$ fury ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! ,k+ ( ,scotl&1 provok$ to ?is rupture by ! haught9ess ( ,william1 0 circumv5t$ by ! artifice & fraud ( "o ( 8 m9i/]s3 "u an appe>ance ( negotiation1 he 0 attack$ & kill$1 toge!r ) 8 only son4 ,?is 0 a griev\s w\nd to ,scotl&1 9 ! loss ( "o ( ! wise/ & brave/ ( h] k+s1 & 9 ! dome/ic di/ractions :i* aft]w>ds tore t k+dom to pieces4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajid4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ajif4 ,no soon] 0 ?is w> end$1 ?an ,william1 fre$ f an enemy :i* _h giv5 himself & 8 fa!r s _m al>ms1 r5ew$ 8 ill treatm5t ( 8 bro!r1 & refus$ to abide by ! t]ms ( ! late treaty4 ,rob]t1 inc5s$ at ^! repeat$ p]fidies1 return$ to ,norm&y ) ?\ghts full ( rev5ge & w>4 ,b he f\nd t ! artifices & bribes ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl& _h corrupt$ ! greate/ "p ( 8 b>ons1 & fill$ ! c\ntry ) faction & disloyalty4 ,8 own facility ( temp] _h relax$ all ! b&s ( gov]nm5t1 & contribut$ greatly to ^! disord]s4 ,9 ?is di/ress he 0 oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! ,k+ ( ,france = succor4 ,philip1 :o 0 !n on ! ?rone1 ent]$ into 8 qu>rel4 ,nor 0 ,william1 on 8 side1 backw>d2 ?\gh prodigal to ! highe/ degree1 ! res\rces ( 8 tyranny & extortion 7 inexhau/ible4 ,he 0 enabl$ to ent] ,norm&y once m ) a consid]able army4 ,b ! opposition1 too1 0 consid]able2 & ! w> _h probably be5 spun out to a great l5g?1 & _h drawn on v bloody consequ5ces1 if "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y ev5ts :i* are conta9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d _h n susp5d$ _! arms1 & drawn1 all inf]ior views1 s5tim5ts1 & designs into ! vortex ( "o gr& project4 ,?is 0 ! ,crusade1 :i*1 ) a/oni%+ success1 n[ began to be prea*$ ?r\gh all ,europe4 ,?is design 0 !n1 & x cont9u$ long aft]1 ! pr9ciple :i* influ5c$ ! transactions ( t p]iod bo? at home & abroad2 x w1 !re=e1 n be =eign to our subject to trace x to its s\rce4 ,z ! p[] ( ! ,papacy spread1 ! see ( ,rome began to be m & m an object ( ambition2 ! mo/ ref9$ intrigues 7 put 9 practice to atta9 x2 & all ! pr9ces ( ,europe int]e/$ !mselves 9 ! conte/4 ,! election ( ,pope 0 n regulat$ by ^? prud5t dispositions :i* h s9ce tak5 place2 !re 7 frequ5t pret5ces to controv]t ! validity ( ! election1 & ( c\rse sev]al p]sons at ! same "t laid claim to t dignity4 ,popes & ,antipopes arose4 ,europe 0 r5t asund] by ^! disputes1 :il/ "s pr9ces ma9ta9$ ! rights ( "o p>ty1 & "s def5d$ ! pret5sions ( ! o!r3 sometimes ! pr9ce ackn[l$g$ "o ,pope1 :il/ 8 subjects adh]$ to 8 rival4 ,! sc&als occasion$ by ^! s*isms 7 inf9ite2 & !y ?reat5$ a deadly w\nd to t au?ority ^: greatness _h occasion$ !m4 ,pr9ces 7 taught to "k _! own p[]4 ,t ,pope :o ?is day 0 a suppliant to a mon>* to be recogniz$ by him c\ld ) an ill grace pret5d to gov]n him ) an high h& ! next4 ,! lu/re ( ! ,holy ,see began to be t>ni%$1 :5 ,urban ! ,second1 aft] a long conte/ ( ?is nature1 0 univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,t ,pope1 s5sible by 8 own exp]i5ce ( ! ill consequ5ce ( su* disputes1 s\ght to turn ! m9ds ( ! p into ano!r *annel1 & by ex]t+ x vigor\sly to give a new /r5g? to ! ,papal p[]4 ,9 an age s ignorant1 x 0 v natural t m5 %\ld ?9k a great deal 9 religion dep5d$ ^u ! v sc5e :]e ! "w ( our ,r$emption 0 accompli%$4 ,pilgrimages to ,j]usalem 7 !re=e judg$ highly m]itori\s1 & became v frequ5t4 ,b ! c\ntry :i* 0 ! object ( !m1 z well z sev]al ( ^? ?r\gh :i* ! j\rney lay1 7 9 ! h&s ( ,mahometans1 :o1 aga9/ all ! rules ( humanity & good policy1 treat$ ! ,*ri/ian pilgrims ) great indignity4 ,^!1 on _! return1 fill$ ! m9ds ( _! neighbors ) hatr$ & res5tm5t aga9/ ^? infidels4 ,pope ,urban laid hold on ?is disposition1 & enc\rag$ ,pet] ! ,h]mit1 a man vision>y1 zeal\s1 en?usia/ic1 & possess$ ( a w>m irregul> eloqu5ce adapt$ to ! pit* ( 8 he>]s1 to prea* an exp$ition = ! deliv]y ( ! ,holy ,l&4 ,great designs may be />t$ & ! _s ( !m inspir$ by en?usia/s1 b cool heads are requir$ to br+ !m into =m4 ,! ,pope1 n rely+ solely on ,pet]1 call$ a c\ncil at ,cl]mont1 :]e an inf9ite numb] ( p ( all sorts 7 assembl$4 ,"h he disp5s$ ) a full h& b5$ictions & indulg5ces to all p]sons :o %\ld engage 9 ! exp$ition2 & prea*+ ) great vehem5ce 9 a l>ge pla91 t[>ds ! end ( 8 disc\rse1 somebody1 by design or by accid5t1 cri$ out1 ,x is ! w ( ,god6 ,?is voice 0 repeat$ by ! next1 & 9 a mom5t x circulat$ ?r\gh ?is innum]able p1 :i* rang ) ! acclamation ( ,x is ! w ( ,god6 ,x is ! w ( ,god6#gf ,! neighbor+ villages caught up ^? oracul> words1 & x is incr$ible ) :at cel]ity !y spread ev]y:]e ar\nd into places ! mo/ di/ant4 ,?is circum/ance1 !n consid]$ z miracul\s1 contribut$ greatly to ! success ( ! ,h]mit's mission4 ,no less did ! disposition ( ! nobility ?r\gh\t ,europe1 :olly actuat$ ) devotion & *ivalry1 contribute to =w>d an ent]prise s suit$ to ! gratification ( bo? ^! passions4 ,ev]y?+ 0 n[ 9 motion2 bo? sexes1 & e /ation & age & condition ( life1 engag$ ) transport 9 ?is holy w>f>e4#gg ,!re 0 ev5 a dang] t ,europe w\ld be entirely exhau/$ by ! torr5ts t 7 ru%+ out to deluge ,asia4 ,^! va/ bodies1 collect$ )\t *oice1 7 conduct$ )\t skill or ord]2 & !y succe$$ accord+ly4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 compos$ no small "p ( ^? armies1 :i* 7 head$ by prie/s2 & x is h>d to say :i* is mo/ lam5table1 ! de/ruction ( su* multitudes ( m51 or ! fr5zy :i* drew x ^u !m4 ,b ?is design1 aft] innum]able calamities1 began at la/ to be conduct$ 9 a mann] wor?y ( s gr& & bold a project4 ,raimond1 ,c\nt ( ,t\l\se1 ,godfrey ( ,b\illon1 & sev]al o!r pr9ces1 :o 7 great capta9s z well z devotees1 engag$ 9 ! exp$ition1 & ) suitable effects4 ,b none burn$ m to signalize 8 zeal & c\rage on ?is occasion ?an ,rob]t1 ,duke ( ,norm&y1 :o 0 fir$ ) ! ?\ghts ( an ent]prise :i* seem$ to be made = 8 g5ius4 ,he imm$iately susp5d$ 8 int]e/+ qu>rel ) 8 bro!r1 &1 in/ead ( conte/+ ) him ! cr[n to :i* he _h su* fair pret5sions1 or ! du*y ( :i* he 0 9 possession1 he propos$ to mortgage to him ! latt] dur+ five ye>s = a sum ( ?irte5 ?\s& m>ks ( gold4 ,william1 :o _h nei!r s5se ( religion nor ?ir/ ( glory1 intr5*$ 9 8 secure & n>r[ policy1 laugh$ at a design t _h deceiv$ all ! great m9ds 9 ,europe4 ,he extort$1 z usual1 ?is sum f 8 subjects1 & imm$iately took possession ( ,norm&y2 :il/ ,rob]t1 at ! head ( a gallant army1 leav+ 8 h]$it>y dom9ions1 is gone to cut out unkn[n k+doms 9 ,asia4 ,"s conspiracies di/urb$ ! c\rse ( ! reign1 or r tyranny1 ( ?is pr9ce3 z plots usually d1 !y end$ 9 ! ru9 ( ^? :o contriv$ !m1 b prov$ no *eck to ! ill gov]nm5t ( ,william4 ,"s di/urbances1 too1 he _h f ! incursions ( ! ,wel%1 f revolts 9 ,norm&y1 & f a w>1 t began & end$ )\t any?+ memorable ei!r 9 ! cause or consequ5ce1 ) ,france4 ,he _h a dispute at home :i* at ano!r "t _h rais$ great di/urbances2 b no?+ 0 n[ consid]$ b ! exp$ition to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,lanfranc1 ,william omitt$ = a long "t to fill up t see1 & _h ev5 ali5at$ a consid]able portion ( ! rev5ue4 ,a fit ( sickness1 h[ev]1 s(t5$ 8 m9d2 & ! cl]gy1 tak+ advantage ( ^? happy mom5ts1 among o!r p>ts ( misgov]nm5t :i* !y advis$ him to correct1 p>ticul>ly urg$ him to fill ! vacant sees4 ,he fill$ t ( ,cant]bury ) ,anselm1 ,bi%op ( ,bec1 a man ( great piety & le>n+1 b inflexible & rigid 9 :atev] relat$ to ! rights1 real or suppos$1 ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is prelate refus$ to accept ! see ( ,cant]bury1 =esee+ ! tr\bles t mu/ arise f 8 own dispositions & ^? ( ! k+2 nor 0 he prevail$ ^u to accept x1 b on a promise ( indemnification = :at ! temporalities ( ! see _h suff]$4 ,b ,william's sickness & pi\s resolutions end+ toge!r1 little c>e 0 tak5 ab\t ! execution ( ?is agreem5t4 ,?us began a qu>rel betwe5 ?is rapaci\s k+ & inflexible ar*bi%op4 ,soon aft]1 ,anselm decl>$ 9 favor ( ,pope ,urban1 be=e ! k+ _h recogniz$ him1 & ?us subject$ himself to ! law :i* ,william ! ,conqu]or _h made aga9/ accept+ a ,pope )\t 8 cons5t4 ,! qu>rel 0 inflam$ to ! highe/ pit*2 & ,anselm desir+ to dep>t ! k+dom1 ! k+ cons5t$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aajj4 ,! eyes ( all m5 be+ n[ turn$ t[>ds ! great transactions 9 ! ,ea/1 ,william1 ,duke ( ,gui5ne1 fir$ by ! success & glory t att5d$ ! holy adv5tur]s1 resolv$ to take ! cross2 b 8 rev5ues 7 n suffici5t to support ! figure 8 rank requir$ 9 ?is exp$ition4 ,he appli$ to ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 :o1 be+ ma/] ( ! purses ( 8 subjects1 nev] want$ money2 & he 0 politician en\gh to avail himself ( ! prodigal1 inconsid]ate zeal ( ! times to lay out ?is money to great advantage4 ,he act$ ! "p ( usur] to ! ,croises2 & z he _h tak5 ,norm&y 9 mortgage f 8 bro!r ,rob]t1 hav+ advanc$ ! ,duke ( ,gui5ne a sum on ! same conditions1 he 0 ready to confirm 8 b>ga9 by tak+ possession1 :5 he 0 kill$ 9 hunt+ by an accid5tal /roke ( an arr[ :i* pi]c$ 8 he>t4 ,?is accid5t happ5$ 9 ! ,new ,=e/1 :i* 8 fa!r ) su* inf9ite oppression ( ! p _h made1 & 9 :i* !y bo? delight$ extremely4 ,9 ! same =e/ ! ,conqu]or's elde/ son1 a y\? ( great hopes1 _h sev]al ye>s be=e met 8 dea? f ! horns ( a /ag2 & ^! s memorable fates to ! same family & 9 ! same place easily incl9$ m5 to ?9k ?is a judgm5t f ,heav53 ! p consol+ !mselves "u _! suff]+s ) ^! equivocal m>ks ( ! v5geance ( ,provid5ce ^u _! oppressors4 ,we h pa9t$ ?is pr9ce 9 ! colors 9 :i* he is drawn by all ! writ]s :o liv$ ! ne>e/ to 8 "t4 ,al?\gh ! monki% hi/orians1 affect$ ) ! p>tiality ( _! "*1 & ) ! s5se ( rec5t injuries1 express$ !mselves ) passion conc]n+ him1 we h no o!r guides to foll[4 ,no?+1 inde$1 9 8 life appe>s to v9dicate 8 "*2 & x makes /rongly = 8 disadvantage1 t1 )\t any great end ( gov]nm5t1 he contradict$ ! prejudices ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 ! g5]al & common f\ndation ( honor1 & !reby made himself obnoxi\s to t body ( m5 :o _h ! sole cu/ody ( fame1 & c\ld alone transmit 8 "n ) glory or disgrace to po/]ity4 ,,footnotes3 #gf ,maimb\rg4 #gg ,*ron4 ,sax4 #bjd4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,reign ,,( ,,h5ry ,i4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aajj4 ,h5ry1 ! y\nge/ son ( ! ,conqu]or1 0 hunt+ at ! same "t & 9 ! same =e/ 9 :i* 8 bro!r met 8 fate4 ,he 0 n long be=e he came to a resolution ( seiz+ on ! vacant cr[n4 ,! ord] ( succession _h already be5 brok52 ! abs5ce ( ,duke ,rob]t1 & ! concurr5ce ( _m circum/ances altoge!r resembl+ ^? :i* _h be5 s favorable to ! late mon>*1 incit$ him to a simil> attempt4 ,to lose no "t at a juncture :5 ! use ( a mom5t is (t5 decisive1 he w5t directly to ,w9*e/]1 :]e ! regalia & ! treasures ( ! cr[n 7 deposit$4 ,b ! gov]nor1 a man ( resolution1 & firmly atta*$ to ,rob]t1 positively refus$ to deliv] !m4 ,h5ry1 consci\s t great ent]prises are n to be conduct$ 9 a middle c\rse1 prep>$ to r$uce him by =ce ( arms4 ,dur+ ?is conte/1 ! news ( ! k+'s dea?1 & ! attempts ( ,h5ry1 drew great numb]s ( ! nobility to ,w9*e/]1 & ) !m a va/ conc\rse ( ! inf]ior p4 ,to ! nobility he set =? 8 title to ! cr[n 9 ! mo/ plausible mann] x c\ld be>3 he alleg$ t he 0 born aft] 8 fa!r _h acquir$ 8 k+dom1 & t he 0 !re=e natural heir ( ! cr[n2 b t 8 bro!r 01 at be/1 only born to ! inh]itance ( a duk$om4 ,! nobility he>d ! claim ( ?is pr9ce2 b !y 7 m g5]ally incl9$ to ,rob]t1 ^: bir?right1 less que/ionable 9 itself1 _h be5 also confirm$ by a solemn treaty4 ,b :il/ !y retir$ to consult1 ,h5ry1 well appris$ ( _! dispositions1 & :o !re=e 0 little incl9$ to wait ! result ( _! debates1 ?rew himself entirely ^u ! populace4 ,to !m he said little conc]n+ 8 title1 z he knew su* an audi5ce is little mov$ ) a discussion ( rights1 b mu* ) ! _s & mann] 9 :i* !y are claim$2 = :i* reason he began by draw+ 8 sword1 & swe>+1 ) a bold & det]m9$ air1 to p]si/ 9 8 pret5sions to 8 la/ brea?4 ,!n turn+ to ! cr[d1 & remitt+ ( 8 sev]ity1 he began to soo! !m ) ! promises ( a mild] gov]nm5t ?an !y _h exp]i5c$ ei!r b5ea? 8 bro!r or 8 fa!r2 ! ,*ur* %\ld enjoy h] immunities1 ! p _! lib]ties1 ! nobles _! pleasures2 ! =e/ laws %\ld cease2 ! di/9ction ( ,engli%man & ,norman be he>d no m4 ,next he expatiat$ on ! grievances ( ! =m] reigns1 & promis$ to r$ress !m all4 ,la/ly1 he spoke ( 8 bro!r ,rob]t1 ^: dissolut5ess1 ^: inactivity1 ^: un/eady temp]1 nay1 ^: v virtues1 ?reat5$ no?+ b ru9 to any c\ntry :i* he %\ld gov]n4 ,! p receiv$ ?is popul> h>angue1 deliv]$ by a pr9ce ^: p]son 0 full ( grace & maje/y1 ) %\ts ( joy & rapture4 ,imm$iately !y ru% to ! h\se :]e ! c\ncil is held1 :i* !y surr\nd1 & ) clamor & m5aces dem& ,h5ry = _! k+4 ,! nobility 7 t]rifi$ by ! s$ition2 & rememb]+ h[ little pres5t ,rob]t _h be5 on a =m] occasion to 8 own int]e/s1 or to ^? :o def5d$ him1 !y jo9$ _! voice to t ( ! p1 & ,h5ry 0 proclaim$ )\t opposition4 ,! treasure :i* he seiz$ he divid$ among/ ^? t seem$ wav]+ 9 8 cause2 & t he might secure 8 new & disput$ "r by e me?od1 he proce$$ )\t delay to ,london to be cr[n$1 & to sanctify by ! solemnity ( ! unction ! *oice ( ! p4 ,z ! *ur*m5 9 ^? days 7 ! arbit]s ( ev]y?+1 & z no *ur*man possess$ m cr$it ?an ,anselm1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 :o _h be5 p]secut$ & bani%$ by 8 bro!r1 he recall$ t prelate1 & by e m>k ( confid5ce confirm$ him 9 8 int]e/s4 ,two o!r /eps he took1 equally prud5t & politic3 he confirm$ & enl>g$ ! privileges ( ! city ( ,london1 & gave to ! :ole k+dom a *>t] ( lib]ties1 :i* 0 ! fir/ ( ! k9d1 & laid ! f\ndation ( ^? successive *>t]s :i* at la/ complet$ ! fre$om ( ! subject4 ,9 f9e1 he cem5t$ ! :ole fabric ( 8 p[] by m>ry+ ,maud1 daught] ( ,malcolm1 ,k+ ( ,scotl&1 by ! si/] ( ,edg> ,a!l+1--?us to insure ! affection1 ( ! ,engli%1 &1 z he flatt]$ himself1 to h a sure succession to 8 *ildr54 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaja4 ,! ,crusade be+ successfully f9i%$ by ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem1 ,rob]t return$ into ,europe4 ,he _h acquir$ great reputation 9 t w>1 9 :i* he _h no int]e/2 8 real & valuable rights he prosecut$ ) languor4 ,yet su* 0 ! respect paid to 8 title1 & su* ! attraction ( 8 p]sonal accompli%m5ts1 t1 :5 he _h at la/ tak5 possession ( 8 ,norman t]ritories1 & ent]$ ,engl& ) an army to ass]t 8 bir?right1 he f\nd mo/ ( ! ,norman b>ons1 & _m ( ! ,engli%1 9 read9ess to jo9 him4 ,b ! dilig5ce ( ,anselm1 :o employ$ all 8 cr$it to keep ! p firm to ! oa? !y _h tak51 prev5t$ him f pr(it+ ( ! g5]al incl9ation 9 8 favor4 ,8 fri5ds began to fall (f by degrees1 s t he 0 induc$1 z well by ! situation ( 8 affairs z ! flexibility ( 8 temp]1 to submit to a treaty on ! plan ( t he _h =m]ly ent]$ into ) 8 bro!r ,rufus4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aajc4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aajf4 ,?is treaty be+ made1 ,rob]t return$ to 8 duk$om1 & gave himself ov] to 8 natural indol5ce & dissipation4 ,uncur$ by 8 mis=tunes ( a loose g5]osity t fl[$ indiscrim9ately on all1 he mortgag$ e bran* ( 8 rev5ue1 & almo/ 8 :ole doma94 ,8 b>ons1 despis+ 8 indig5ce1 & secure 9 ! b5ignity ( 8 temp]1 began to assume ! unhappy privilege ( sov]eigns4 ,!y made w> on ea* o!r at pleasure1 &1 pursu+ _! ho/ilities ) ! mo/ sc&al\s lic5se1 !y r$uc$ t f9e c\ntry to a deplorable condition4 ,9 va9 did ! p1 ru9$ by ! tyranny & divisions ( ! great1 apply to ,rob]t = protection3 nei!r f 8 circum/ances nor 8 "* 0 he able to af=d !m any effectual relief2 :il/ ,h5ry1 :o by 8 bribes & artifices kept alive ! disord] ( :i* he compla9$ & pr(it$1 =m$ a p>ty 9 ,norm&y to call him ov]1 & to put ! duk$om "u 8 protection4 ,accord+ly1 he prep>$ a consid]able =ce = ! exp$ition1 & tax$ 8 own subjects1 arbitr>ily1 & )\t m]cy1 = ! relief he pret5d$ to af=d ^? ( 8 bro!r4 ,8 prep>ations r\s$ ,rob]t f 8 indol5ce1 & unit$ likewise ! great] "p ( 8 b>ons to 8 cause1 unwill+ to *ange a ma/] ^: only fault 0 8 indulg5ce ( !m = ! sev]e vigilance ( ,h5ry4 ,! ,k+ ( ,france esp\s$ ! same side2 & ev5 9 ,engl& "s emotions 7 excit$ 9 favor ( ! ,duke by indignation = ! wrongs he _h suff]$ & ^? he 0 go+ to suff]4 ,h5ry 0 al>m$1 b did n r5\nce 8 design4 ,he 0 to ! la/ degree jeal\s ( 8 pr]ogative2 b kn[+ :at imm5se res\rces k+s may h 9 popul>ity1 he call$ on ?is occasion a great c\ncil ( 8 b>ons & prelates1 & !re1 by 8 arts & 8 eloqu5ce1 9 bo? :i* he 0 p[]ful1 he p]suad$ ! assembly to a he>ty decl>ation 9 8 favor1 & to a l>ge supply4 ,?us secur$ at home1 he lo/ no "t to pass ov] to ! cont95t1 & to br+ ! ,norman army to a spe$y engagem5t4 ,!y f\ght "u ! walls ( ,t9*ebrai1 :]e ! brav]y & milit>y g5ius ( ,rob]t1 nev] m conspicu\s ?an on t day1 7 borne d[n by ! sup]ior =tune & numb]s ( 8 ambiti\s bro!r4 ,he 0 made prison]2 & not)/&+ all ! t5d] pleas ( _! common blood1 9 spite ( 8 virtues1 & ev5 ( 8 mis=tunes1 :i* plead$ s /rongly = m]cy1 ! rigid conqu]or held him 9 v>i\s prisons until 8 dea?1 :i* did n happ5 until aft] a rigor\s conf9em5t ( eighte51 "s say tw5ty-sev51 ye>s4 ,?is 0 ! end ( a pr9ce born ) a ?\s& excell5t qualities1 :i* s]v$ no o!r purpose ?an to confirm1 f ! example ( 8 mis=tunes1 t a facility ( disposition & a weak b5efic5ce are ! greate/ vices t c ent] into ! composition ( a mon>*1 equally ru9\s to himself & to 8 subjects4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aajg4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aajh4 ,! success ( ?is battle put ,h5ry 9 possession ( ,norm&y1 :i* he held ev] aft] ) v little di/urbance4 ,he =tifi$ 8 new acquisition by demoli%+ ! ca/les ( ^? turbul5t b>ons :o _h wa/$ & aft]w>ds enslav$ _! c\ntry by _! diss5sions4 ,ord] & ju/ice took place1 until ev]y?+ 0 r$uc$ to ob$i5ce2 !n a sev]e & regul> oppression succe$$ ! =m] disord]ly tyranny4 ,9 ,engl& ?+s took ! same c\rse4 ,! k+ no long] d\bt$ 8 =tune1 & !re=e no long] respect$ 8 promises or 8 *>t]4 ,! =e/s1 ! savage passion ( ! ,norman pr9ces1 = :i* bo? ! pr9ce & p paid s de>ly1 7 ma9ta9$1 increas$1 & gu>d$ ) laws m rigor\s ?an be=e4 ,taxes 7 l>gely & arbitr>ily assess$4 ,b all ?is tyranny did n weak51 ?\gh x vex$ ! nation1 because ! great m5 7 kept 9 prop] subjection1 & ju/ice 0 /eadily adm9i/]$4 ,! politics ( ?is rem>kable reign consi/$ ( ?ree bran*es3 to r$ress ! gross abuses :i* prevail$ 9 ! civil gov]nm5t & ! rev5ue1 to humble ! great b>ons1 & keep ! aspir+ _s ( ! cl]gy )9 prop] b\nds4 ,! introduction ( a new law ) a new p at ! ,conque/ _h unsettl$ ev]y?+3 = :il/ "s adh]$ to ! ,conqu]or's regulations1 & o!rs cont5d$ = ^? ( ,/4 ,edw>d1 nei!r ( !m 7 well execut$ or prop]ly obey$4 ,! k+1 !re=e1 ) ! assi/ance ( 8 ju/ici>ies1 compil$ a new body ( laws1 9 ord] to f9d a temp] betwe5 bo?4 ,! co9 _h be5 mis]ably debas$1 b x 0 re/or$ by ! k+'s vigilance1 & pres]v$ by puni%m5ts1 cruel1 b t]rify+ 9 _! example4 ,!re 0 a savag5ess 9 all ! judicial proce$+s ( ^? days1 t gave ev5 ju/ice itself ! complexion ( tyranny3 = :il/ a numb] ( m5 7 se5 9 all p>ts ( ! k+dom1 "s ca/rat$1 "s )\t h&s1 o!rs ) _! feet cut (f1 & 9 v>i\s ways cruelly mangl$1 ! view ( a p]petual puni%m5t blott$ out ! memory ( ! transi5t crime1 & gov]nm5t 0 ! m odi\s1 :i*1 out ( a cruel & mi/ak5 m]cy1 to avoid puni%+ ) dea?1 devis$ torm5ts f> m t]rible ?an dea? itself4 ,b no?+ call$ = r$ress m ?an ! disord]s 9 ! k+'s own h\sehold4 ,x 0 consid]$ z an incid5t annex$ to _! t5ure1 t ! socage vassals ( ! cr[n1 & s ( all ! subord9ate b>ons1 %\ld receive _! "l & all 8 foll[]s1 & supply !m 9 _! progresses & j\rneys1 :i* cu/om cont9u$ = "s ages aft] 9 ,irel&1 "u ! "n ( co%]+4 ,b ?is indef9ite & ill-contriv$ *>ge on ! t5ant 0 easily p]v]t$ to an in/rum5t ( mu* oppression by ! disord]s ( a rude & lic5ti\s c\rt2 insomu* t ! t5ants1 9 fe> = _! sub/ance1 = ! honor ( _! wom51 & (t5 = _! lives1 des]t$ _! habitations & fl$ into ! woods on ! k+'s approa*4 ,no circum/ance c\ld be m di%onorable to a pr9ce2 b happily1 l _m o!r great abuses1 x gave rise to a great re=m1 :i* w5t mu* fur!r ?an its imm$iate purposes4 ,?is disord]1 :i* ! puni%m5t ( (f5d]s c\ld only palliate1 0 entirely tak5 away by commut+ p]sonal s]vice = a r5t 9 money2 :i* regulation1 pass+ f ! k+ to all ! inf]ior lords1 9 a %ort "t wr\ght a great *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! nation4 ,to humble ! great m51 m arbitr>y me?ods 7 us$4 ,! adh]5ce to ! title ( ,rob]t 0 a cause1 or a pret5ce1 ( depriv+ _m ( _! va/ possessions1 :i* 7 split or p>cell$ out among/ ! k+'s creatures1 ) great inju/ice to p>ticul>s1 b 9 ! consequ5ces ) g5]al & la/+ b5efit4 ,! k+ held 8 c\rts1 accord+ to ! cu/om1 at ,*ri/mas & ,ea/]1 b he seldom kept bo? fe/ivals 9 ! same place4 ,he made cont9ual progresses into all p>ts ( 8 k+dom1 & br\ght ! royal au?ority & p]son home to ! doors ( 8 haughty b>ons1 :i* kept !m 9 /rict ob$i5ce dur+ 8 long & sev]e reign4 ,8 conte/s ) ! ,*ur*1 conc]n+ ! "r ( inve/iture1 7 m ob/9ate & m dang]\s4 ,z ?is is an affair t tr\bl$ all ,europe z well z ,engl&1 & holds des]v$ly a pr9cipal place 9 ! /ory ( ^? times1 x w n be imp]t95t to trace x up to its orig9al4 ,9 ! e>ly times ( ,*ri/ianity1 :5 religion 0 only drawn f its obscurity to be p]secut$1 :5 a bi%op 0 only a c&idate = m>tyrdom1 nei!r ! pref]m5t1 nor ! "r ( be/[+ x1 7 s\ght ) great ambition4 ,bi%ops 7 !n elect$1 & (t5 aga9/ _! desire1 by _! cl]gy & ! p3 ! subord9ate ecclesia/ical di/ricts 7 provid$ = 9 ! same mann]4 ,aft] ! ,roman ,empire became ,*ri/ian1 ?is usage1 s g5]ally e/abli%$1 /ill ma9ta9$ its gr\nd4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! pr9cipal cities1 ! ,emp]or frequ5tly ex]cis$ ! privilege ( giv+ a sanction to ! *oice1 & sometimes ( appo9t+ ! bi%op2 ?\gh1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! popul> election /ill prevail$4 ,b :51 ! ,b>b>ians1 aft] de/roy+ ! ,empire1 _h at l5g? submitt$ _! necks to ! ,gospel1 _! k+s & great m51 full ( zeal & gratitude to _! in/ructors1 end[$ ! ,*ur* ) l>ge t]ritories & great privileges4 ,9 ?is case x 0 b natural t !y %\ld be ! patrons ( ^? dignities & nom9ate to t p[] :i* arose f _! own free b\nty4 ,h5ce ! bi%oprics 9 ! greate/ "p ( ,europe became 9 effect1 :atev] "s few might h be5 9 appe>ance1 m]ely donative4 ,& z ! bi%oprics =m$ s _m seigniories1 :5 ! feudal e/abli%m5t 0 complet$1 !y p>took ( ! feudal nature1 s f> z !y 7 subjects capable ( x2 homage & fealty 7 requir$ on ! "p ( ! spiritual vassal2 ! k+1 on 8 "p1 gave ! bi%op ! inve/iture1 or liv]y & seiz9 ( 8 temporalities1 by ! deliv]y ( a r+ & /aff4 ,?is 0 ! orig9al mann] ( grant+ feudal prop]ty1 & some?+ l x is /ill practis$ 9 our base-c\rts4 ,pope ,adrian confirm$ ?is privilege to ,*>lemagne by an express grant4 ,! cl]gy ( t "t1 ignorant1 b inquisitive1 7 v ready at f9d+ types & my/]ies 9 e c]emony3 !y con/ru$ ! /aff into an emblem ( ! pa/oral c>e1 & ! r+ into a type ( ! bi%op's allegorical m>riage to 8 *ur*1 & !re=e suppos$ !m design$ z emblems ( a jurisdiction m]ely spiritual4 ,! ,papal pret5sions increas$ ) ! g5]al ignorance & sup]/ition2 & ! bett] to support ^! pret5sions1 x 0 necess>y at once to exalt ! cl]gy extremely1 &1 by break+ (f all ties betwe5 !m & _! natural sov]eigns1 to atta* !m :olly to ! ,roman see4 ,9 pursuance ( ?is project1 ! ,pope fir/ /rictly =bade ! cl]gy to receive inve/itures f laym51 or to d !m homage4 ,a c\ncil held at ,rome entirely condemn$ ?is practice2 & ! condemnation 0 ! less unpopul>1 because ! inve/iture gave rise to frequ5t & flagrant abuses1 especially 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! sees 7 on ?is pret5ce ) mu* sc&al long held 9 ! k+'s h&s1 & aft]w>ds z sc&al\sly & publicly sold to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,s x _h be5 9 ! la/ reign1 & s x cont9u$ 9 ?is4 ,h5ry1 ?\gh vigor\sly attack$1 ) great resolution ma9ta9$ ! rights ( 8 cr[n ) reg>d to inve/itures1 :il/ he saw ! ,emp]or1 :o claim$ a "r ( inve/+ ! ,pope himself1 subdu$ by ! ?und] ( ! ,vatican4 ,8 *ief opposition 0 )9 8 own k+dom4 ,anselm1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 a man ( unblamable life1 & ( le>n+ = 8 "t1 b bl9dly atta*$ to ! rights ( ! ,*ur*1 real or suppos$1 refus$ to consecrate ^? :o receiv$ inve/itures f ! k+4 ,! p>ties appeal$ to ,rome4 ,rome1 unwill+ ei!r to rec$e f h] pret5sions or to provoke a p[]ful mon>*1 gives a dubi\s answ]4 ,mean:ile ! conte/ gr[s hott]4 ,anselm is oblig$ to quit ! k+dom1 b is /ill inflexible4 ,at la/1 ! k+1 :o1 f ! delicate situation ( 8 affairs 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign1 _h be5 oblig$ to temporize = a long "t1 by 8 usual prud5t mixture ( managem5t ) =ce oblig$ ! ,pope to a temp]am5t :i* seem$ extremely judici\s4 ,! k+ receiv$ homage & fealty f 8 vassal2 ! inve/iture1 z x 0 g5]ally und]/ood to relate to spiritual jurisdiction1 0 giv5 up1 & on ?is equal bottom peace 0 e/abli%$4 ,! secret ( ! ,pope's mod]ation 0 ?is3 he 0 at t juncture close press$ by ! ,emp]or1 & x might be highly dang]\s to cont5d ) two su* enemies at once2 & he 0 mu* m ready to yield to ,h5ry1 :o _h no reciprocal dem&s on him1 ?an to ! ,emp]or1 :o _h _m & j ones1 & to :om he c\ld n yield any "o po9t )\t giv+ up an inf9ite numb] ( o!rs v mat]ial & int]e/+4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aabj4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aabg4 ,z ! k+ extricat$ himself happily f s great an affair1 s all ! o!r difficulties ( 8 reign only ex]cis$1 )\t endang]+ him4 ,! ef=ts ( ,france 9 favor ( ! son ( ,rob]t 7 late1 desultory1 & !re=e unsuccessful4 ,t y\?1 endu$ ) equal virtue & m prud5ce ?an 8 fa!r1 aft] ex]t+ _m useless acts ( un=tunate brav]y1 fell 9 battle1 & fre$ ,h5ry f all di/urbance on ! side ( ,france4 ,! incursions ( ! ,wel% 9 ?is reign only gave him an opportunity ( conf9+ t p )9 n>r[] b\nds4 ,at home he 0 well obey$ by 8 subjects2 abroad he dignifi$ 8 family by spl5did alliances4 ,8 daught] ,matilda he m>ri$ to ! ,emp]or4 ,b 8 private =tunes did n fl[ ) s ev5 a c\rse z 8 public affairs4 ,8 only son1 ,william1 ) a natural daught]1 & _m ( ! fl[] ( ! "y nobility1 p]i%$ at sea betwe5 ,norm&y & ,engl&4 ,f t fatal accid5t ! k+ 0 nev] se5 to smile4 ,he s\ght 9 va9 f a second m>riage to provide a male successor2 b :5 he saw all prospect ( ?is at an end1 he call$ a great c\ncil ( 8 b>ons & prelates4 ,8 daught] ,matilda1 aft] ! decease ( ! ,emp]or1 he _h giv5 9 m>riage to ,ge(frey ,plantag5et1 ,c\nt ( ,anj\4 ,z %e 0 8 only rema9+ issue1 he caus$ h] to be ackn[l$g$ z 8 successor by ! great c\ncil2 he en=c$ ?is ackn[l$gm5t by solemn oa?s ( fealty1--a sanction :i* he weak5$ r ?an confirm$ by frequ5t repetition3 va9ly imag9+ t on 8 dea? any ties w\ld b9d to ! respect ( a succession s little respect$ by himself1 & by ! violation ( :i* he _h procur$ 8 cr[n4 ,hav+ tak5 ^! measures 9 favor ( 8 daught]1 he di$ 9 ,norm&y1 b 9 a good old age1 & 9 ! ?irty-six? ye> ( a prosp]\s reign4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,reign ,,( ,,/eph54 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aace4 ,al?\gh ! au?ority ( ! cr[n _h be5 ex]cis$ ) v little re/ra9t dur+ ! ?ree prec$+ reigns1 ! succession to x1 or ev5 ! pr9ciples ( ! succession1 7 b ill asc]ta9$3 s t a d\bt might ju/ly h aris51 :e!r ! cr[n 0 n 9 a great measure elective4 ,?is unc]ta9ty expos$ ! nation1 at ! dea? ( e k+1 to all ! calamities ( a civil w>2 b x 0 a circum/ance favorable to ! designs ( ,/eph51 ,e>l ( ,b\logne1 :o 0 son ( ,/eph51 ,e>l ( ,blois1 by a daught] ( ! ,conqu]or4 ,! late k+ _h rais$ him to great employm5ts1 & enri*$ him by ! grant ( sev]al lord%ips4 ,8 bro!r _h be5 made ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]2 & by add+ to x ! place ( 8 *ief ju/ici>y1 ! k+ gave him an opportunity ( becom+ "o ( ! ri*e/ subjects 9 ,europe1 & ( ext5d+ an unlimit$ influ5ce ov] ! cl]gy & ! p4 ,h5ry tru/$1 by ! promotion ( two p]sons s ne> him 9 blood1 & s b\nd by b5efits1 t he _h =m$ an imp5etrable f5ce ab\t ! succession2 b he only inspir$ into ,/eph5 ! design ( seiz+ on ! cr[n by br++ him s ne> x4 ,! opportunity 0 favorable4 ,! k+ di$ abroad2 ,matilda 0 abs5t ) h] husb&2 & ! ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 by 8 univ]sal cr$it1 dispos$ ! *ur*m5 to elect 8 bro!r1 ) ! concurr5ce ( ! greate/ "p ( ! nobility1 :o =got _! oa?s1 & va9ly hop$ t a bad title w\ld necess>ily produce a good gov]nm5t4 ,/eph51 9 ! fl[] ( y\?1 bold1 active1 & c\rage\s1 full ( g5]osity & a noble affability1 t seem$ to reproa* ! /ate & av>ice ( ! prec$+ k+s1 0 n want+ to 8 =tune4 ,he seiz$ imm$iately ! imm5se treasures ( ,h5ry1 & by di/ribut+ !m ) a judici\s pr(usion remov$ all d\bts conc]n+ 8 title to !m4 ,he did n sp>e ev5 ! royal demesne1 b secur$ himself a va/ numb] ( adh]5ts by involv+ _! guilt & int]e/ 9 8 own4 ,he rais$ a consid]able army ( ,flem+s1 9 ord] to /r5g!n himself aga9/ ano!r turn ( ! same in/ability :i* _h rais$ him to ! ?rone2 &1 9 imitation ( ! measures ( ! late k+1 he conclud$ all by giv+ a *>t] ( lib]ties z ample z ! p at t "t aspir$ to4 ,?is *>t] conta9$ a r5unciation ( ! =e/s made by 8 pr$ecessor1 a grant to ! ecclesia/ics ( a jurisdiction ov] _! own vassals1 & to ! p 9 g5]al an immunity f unju/ tallages & exactions4 ,x is rem>kable1 t ! oa? ( allegiance tak5 by ! nobility on ?is occasion 0 conditional3 x 0 to be obs]v$ s long z ! k+ obs]v$ ! t]ms ( 8 *>t]1--a condition :i* add$ no real security to ! rights ( ! subject1 b :i* prov$ a fruitful s\rce ( diss5sion1 tumult1 & civil viol5ce4 ,! measures :i* ! k+ hi!rto pursu$ 7 dictat$ by s\nd policy2 b he took ano!r /ep to secure 8 ?rone1 :i* 9 fact took away all its security1 & at ! same "t br\ght ! c\ntry to extreme mis]y1 & to ! br9k ( utt] ru94 ,at ! ,conque/ !re 7 v few =tifications 9 ! k+dom4 ,william f\nd x necess>y = 8 security to erect sev]al4 ,dur+ ! /ruggles ( ! ,engli%1 ! ,norman nobility 7 p]mitt$ 7z 9 reason x c\ld n be refus$7 to =tify _! own h\ses4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 /ill und]/ood t no new =tress c\ld be erect$ )\t ! k+'s special lic5se4 ,^! private ca/les began v e>ly to emb>rass ! gov]nm5t4 ,! royal ca/les 7 sc>cely less tr\blesome3 =1 z ev]y?+ 0 !n 9 t5ure1 ! gov]nor held 8 place by ! t5ure ( ca/le-gu>d2 & ?us1 in/ead ( a simple (fic]1 subject to 8 pleasure1 ! k+ _h to deal ) a feudal t5ant1 secure aga9/ him by law1 if he p]=m$ 8 s]vices1 & by =ce1 if he 0 unwill+ to p]=m !m4 ,e resolution ( gov]nm5t requir$ a sort ( civil w> to put x 9 execution4 ,! two la/ k+s _h tak51 & demoli%$ sev]al ( ^! ca/les2 b :5 !y f\nd ! r$uction1 ( any ( !m difficult1 _! cu/om frequ5tly 01 to erect ano!r close by x1 t[] aga9/ t[]1 dit* aga9/ dit*3 ^! 7 call$ ,malvois9s1 f _! purpose & situation4 ,?us1 in/ead ( remov+1 !y 9 fact d\bl$ ! mis*ief4 ,/eph51 p]ceiv+ ! passion ( ! b>ons = ^! ca/les1 among o!r popul> acts 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign1 gave a g5]al lic5se = erect+ !m4 ,!n 0 se5 to arise 9 e corn] ( ! k+dom1 9 e petty seigniory1 an inconceivable multitude ( /rongholds1 ! seats ( viol5ce1 & ! receptacles ( murd]]s1 felons1 debas]s ( ! co91 & all mann] ( desp]ate & ab&on$ villa9s4 ,elev5 hundr$ & fifte5 ( ^! ca/les 7 built 9 ?is s+le reign4 ,! b>ons1 hav+ ?us %ut out ! law1 made cont9ual inroads ^u ea* o!r1 & spread w>1 rap9e1 burn+1 & desolation ?r\gh\t ! :ole k+dom4 ,!y infe/$ ! highroads1 & put a /op to all trade by plund]+ ! m]*ants & travell]s4 ,^? :o dwelt 9 ! op5 c\ntry !y =c$ into _! ca/les1 & aft] pillag+ !m ( all _! visible sub/ance1 ^! tyrants held !m 9 dungeons1 & tortur$ !m ) a ?\s& cruel inv5tions to extort a discov]y ( _! hidd5 weal?4 ,! lam5table repres5tation giv5 by hi/ory ( ^? b>b>\s times ju/ifies ! pictures 9 ! old romances ( ! ca/les ( giants & magicians4 ,a great "p ( ,europe 0 9 ! same deplorable condition4 ,x 0 !n t "s gallant spirits1 /ruck ) a g5]\s indignation at ! tyranny ( ^! miscreants1 bless$ solemnly by ! bi%op1 & foll[$ by ! praises & v[s ( ! p1 salli$ =? to v9dicate ! *a/ity ( wom5 & to r$ress ! wrongs ( travell]s & peaceable m54 ,! adv5tur\s humor inspir$ by ! ,crusade height5$ & ext5d$ ?is _s2 & ?us ! idea ( knight-errantry 0 =m$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aach4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaci4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aada4 ,/eph5 felt p]sonally ^! inconv5i5ces2 b because ! evil 0 too /ubborn to be r$ress$ at once1 he resolv$ to proce$ gradually1 & to beg9 ) ! ca/les ( ! bi%ops1--z !y evid5tly held !m1 n only aga9/ ! int]e/s ( ! cr[n1 b aga9/ ! canons ( ! ,*ur*4 ,f ! nobles he expect$ no opposition to ?is design3 !y beheld ) envy ! pride ( ^! ecclesia/ical =tresses1 ^: battlem5ts seem$ to insult ! pov]ty ( ! lay b>ons4 ,?is disposition1 & a want ( unanimity among ! cl]gy !mselves1 enabl$ ,/eph5 to succe$ 9 8 attempt aga9/ ! ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 "o ( ! fir/ :om he attack$1 & ^: ca/les1 f _! /r5g? & situation1 7 ( ! greate/ importance4 ,b ! affairs ( ?is pr9ce 7 s circum/anc$ t he c\ld pursue no c\ncil t 0 n dang]\s4 ,8 brea* ) ! cl]gy let 9 ! p>ty ( 8 rival1 ,matilda4 ,?is p>ty 0 support$ by ,rob]t1 ,e>l ( ,gl\ce/]1 natural son to ! late k+1--a man p[]ful by 8 va/ possessions1 b m =midable ?r\gh 8 popul>ity1 & ! c\rage & abilities by :i* he _h acquir$ x4 ,sev]al o!r circum/ances weak5$ ! cause ( ,/eph54 ,! *>t]1 & ! o!r favorable acts1 ! scaffold+ ( 8 ambition1 :5 he saw ! /ructure rais$1 he ?rew d[n & contemn$4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 8 troops1 z well z to atta* m5 to 8 cause1 :]e no pr9ciple b\nd !m1 va/ & cont9ual l>gesses became necess>y3 all 8 legal rev5ue _h be5 dissipat$2 & he 0 !re=e oblig$ to h rec\rse to su* me?ods ( rais+ money z 7 evid5tly illegal4 ,^! causes e day gave "s accession ( /r5g? to ! p>ty aga9/ him2 ! fri5ds ( ,matilda 7 enc\rag$ to appe> 9 arms2 a civil w> ensu$1 long & bloody1 prosecut$ z *ance or a bl9d rage direct$1 by mutual acts ( cruelty & trea*]y1 by frequ5t surprisals & assaults ( ca/les1 & by a numb] ( battles & skirmi%es f\ght to no det]m9ate end1 & 9 :i* no?+ ( ! milit>y art appe>$1 b ! de/ruction :i* x caus$4 ,v>i\s1 on ?is occasion1 7 ! rev]ses ( =tune1 :ile ,/eph51 ?\gh emb>rass$ by ! weakness ( 8 title1 by ! scant9ess ( 8 f9ances1 & all ! disord]s :i* arose f bo?1 support$ 8 tott]+ ?rone ) wond]ful activity & c\rage2 b be+ at l5g? defeat$ & made prison] "u ! walls ( ,l9coln1 ! cl]gy op5ly decl>e = ,matilda4 ,! city ( ,london1 ?\gh unwill+ly1 foll[s ! example ( ! cl]gy4 ,! defection f ,/eph5 0 gr[+ univ]sal4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaec4 ,b ,matilda1 puff$ up ) a greatness :i* z yet _h no solid f\ndation & /ood m]ely 9 p]sonal favor1 %ook x 9 ! m9ds ( all m5 by assum+1 toge!r ) ! insol5ce ( conque/1 ! haughty rigor ( an e/abli%$ dom9ion4 ,h] title appe>$ b too good 9 ! resemblance %e bore to ! pride ( ! =m] k+s4 ,?is made ! fir/ ill success 9 h] affairs fatal4 ,h] great support1 ! ,e>l ( ,gl\ce/]1 0 9 8 turn made prison]4 ,9 ex*ange = 8 lib]ty t ( ,/eph5 0 procur$1 :o r5ew$ ! w> ) 8 usual vigor4 ,z he appreh5d$ an attempt f ,scotl& 9 favor ( ,matilda1 desc5d$ f ! blood royal ( t nation1 to balance ?is weight1 he p]suad$ ! ,k+ ( ,france to decl>e 9 8 favor1 al>m$ z he 0 by ! progress ( ,h5ry1 ! son ( ,matilda1 & ,ge(frey1 ,c\nt ( ,anj\4 ,?is pr9ce1 no m ?an sixte5 ye>s ( age1 aft] receiv+ knigh?ood f ,david1 ,k+ ( ,scotl&1 began to display a c\rage & capacity de/9$ to ! greate/ ?+s4 ,( a complexion :i* /rongly incl9$ to pleasure1 he li/5$ to no?+ b ambition2 at an age :i* is usually giv5 up to passion1 he submitt$ delicacy to politics1 & ev5 9 8 m>riage only rememb]$ ! int]e/s ( a sov]eign1--=1 )\t exam9+ too scrupul\sly into h] "*1 he m>ri$ ,eleanor1 ! heiress ( ,gui5ne1 ?\gh divorc$ f h] husb& = h] suppos$ gallantries 9 ! ,holy ,l&4 ,he made use ( ! accession ( p[] :i* he acquir$ by ?is mat* to ass]t 8 bir?right to ,norm&y4 ,?is he did ) great success1 because he 0 favor$ by ! g5]al incl9ation ( ! p = ! blood ( _! anci5t lords4 ,flu%$ ) ?is prosp]\s beg9n+1 he aspir$ to great] ?+s2 he oblig$ ! ,k+ ( ,france to submit to a truce2 & !n he turn$ 8 arms to support ! rights ( 8 family 9 ,engl&1 f :5ce ,matilda retir$1 unequal to ! tr\blesome "p %e _h long act$4 ,worn out ) age1 & ! cla%+ ( furi\s factions1 %e %ut h]self up 9 a mona/]y1 & left to h] son ! succession ( a civil w>4 ,/eph5 0 n[ press$ ) r5ew$ vigor4 ,h5ry _h r ! advantage 9 ! field2 ,/eph5 _h ! possession1 ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,_! =tunes appe>+ ne>ly balanc$1 & ! fuel ( diss5sion be+ consum$ by a cont9ual & bloody w> ( ?irte5 ye>s1 an accommodation 0 propos$ & accept$4 ,h5ry f\nd x dang]\s to refuse 8 cons5t1 z ! bi%ops & b>ons1 ev5 ( 8 own p>ty1 dread$ ! consequ5ces1 if a pr9ce1 9 ! prime ( an ambiti\s y\?1 %\ld e/abli% an h]$it>y title by ! =ce ( =eign arms4 ,?is treaty1 sign$ at ,wall+=d1 left ! possession ( ! cr[n = 8 life to ,/eph51 b secur$ ! succession to ,h5ry1 :om t pr9ce adopt$4 ,! ca/les erect$ 9 ?is reign 7 to be demoli%$2 ! exorbitant grants ( ! royal demesne to be resum$4 ,to ! son ( ,/eph5 all 8 private possessions 7 secur$4 ,?us end$ ?is t$i\s & ru9\s civil w>4 ,/eph5 surviv$ x ne> two ye>s2 & n[1 f9d+ himself m secure z ! lawful t5ant ?an he _h be5 z ! usurp+ proprietor ( ! cr[n1 he no long] gov]n$ on ! maxims ( necessity4 ,he made no new attempts 9 favor ( 8 family1 b sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 reign 9 correct+ ! disord]s :i* arose f 8 /eps 9 its comm5cem5t1 & 9 heal+ ! w\nds ( s long & cruel a w>4 ,?us he left ! k+dom 9 peace to 8 successor1 b 8 "*1 z x is usual :]e p>ty is conc]n$1 greatly disput$4 ,:]ev] 8 natural dispositions _h room to ex]t !mselves1 !y appe>$ virtu\s & pr9cely2 b ! lu/ to reign1 :i* (t5 att5ds great virtues1 0 fatal to 81 frequ5tly hid !m1 & always r5d]$ !m suspect$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,reign ,,( ,,h5ry ,,ii4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaed4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaeh4 ,! dea? ( ,/eph5 left an undisput$ succession = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! dea? ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor4 ,h5ry1 desc5d$ equally f ! ,norman ,conqu]or & ! old ,engli% k+s1 adopt$ by ,/eph51 ackn[l$g$ by ! b>ons1 unit$ 9 himself e k9d ( title4 ,x 0 gr[n into a cu/om = ! k+ to grant a *>t] ( lib]ties on 8 accession to ! cr[n4 ,h5ry also grant$ a *>t] ( t k9d1 confirm+ t ( 8 gr&fa!r2 b z 8 situation 0 v diff]5t f t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 8 *>t] 0 diff]5t1--res]v$1 %ort1 dry1 conceiv$ 9 g5]al t]ms1--a gift1 n a b>ga94 ,&1 inde$1 !re seems to h be5 at t juncture b little occasion to limit a p[] :i* seem$ n m ?an suffici5t to correct all ! evils ( an unlimit$ lib]ty4 ,h5ry sp5t ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign 9 repair+ ! ru9s ( ! royal au?ority1 & 9 re/or+ to ! k+dom peace & ord]1 along ) its anci5t limits2 & he may well be consid]$ z ! re/or] ( ! ,engli% mon>*y4 ,/eph5 _h sacrific$ ! demesne ( ! cr[n1 & _m ( its rights1 to 8 subjects2 & ! necessity ( ! times oblig$ bo? t pr9ce & ! ,empress ,matilda to pur*ase1 9 _! turns1 ! prec>i\s fri5d%ip ( ! ,k+ ( ,scotl& by a cession ( almo/ all ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,humb]4 ,b ,h5ry oblig$ ! ,k+ ( ,scotl& to re/ore 8 acquisitions1 & to r5ew 8 homage4 ,he took ! same me?ods ) 8 b>ons4 ,n sp>+ ! grants ( 8 "m1 he resum$ :at _h be5 s lavi%ly squ&]$ by bo? ( ! cont5d+ p>ties1 :o1 to e/abli% _! claims1 _h giv5 away almo/ ev]y?+ t made !m valuable4 ,!re nev] 0 a pr9ce 9 ,europe :o bett] und]/ood ! advantages to be d]iv$ f its peculi> con/itution1 9 :i* great] acquisitions ( dom9ion are made by judici\s m>riages ?an by success 9 w>3 =1 hav+ add$ to 8 patrimonial t]ritories ( ,anj\ & ,norm&y ! ,du*y ( ,gui5ne by 8 own m>riage1 ! male issue ( ! ,dukes ( ,brittany fail+1 he took ! opportunity ( m>ry+ 8 ?ird son1 ,ge(frey1 !n an infant1 to ! heiress ( t important prov9ce1 an infant also2 & ?us unit+ by s /rong a l9k 8 nor!rn to 8 s\!rn dom9ions1 he possess$ 9 8 own "n1 or 9 ^? ( 8 wife & son1 all t f9e & ext5sive c\ntry t is wa%$ by ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 f ,pic>dy q to ! foot ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,h5ry1 possess$ ( su* ext5sive t]ritories1 & aim+ at fur!r acquisitions1 saw ) indignation t ! sov]eign au?ority 9 all ( !m1 especially 9 ,engl&1 _h be5 greatly dim9i%$4 ,by 8 resumptions he _h1 inde$1 less5$ ! greatness ( sev]al ( ! nobility4 ,he _h by =ce ( arms r$uc$ ^? :o =cibly held ! cr[n l&s1 & depriv$ !m ( _! own e/ates = _! rebellion4 ,he demoli%$ _m ca/les1 ^? p]petual res\rces ( rebellion & disord]4 ,b ! great aim ( 8 policy 0 to break ! p[] ( ! cl]gy1 :i* ea* ( 8 pr$ecessors1 s9ce ,edw>d1 _h alt]nately /rove to raise & to depress1--at fir/ 9 ord] to ga9 t pot5t body to _! int]e/s1 & !n to pres]ve !m 9 subjection to ! au?ority :i* !y _h conf]r$4 ,! cl]gy _h elect$ ,/eph52 !y _h depos$ ,/eph51 & elect$ ,matilda2 & 9 ! in/rum5ts :i* !y us$ on ^! occasions !y affirm$ 9 !mselves a g5]al "r ( elect+ ! k+s ( ,engl&4 ,_! %>e bo? 9 ! elevation & depression ( t pr9ce %[$ t !y possess$ a p[] inconsi/5t ) ! safety & dignity ( ! /ate4 ,! immunities :i* !y enjoy$ seem$ no less prejudicial to ! civil economy1--& ! r1 z1 9 ! confusion ( ,/eph5's reign1 _m1 to protect !mselves f ! prevail+ viol5ce ( ! "t1 or to sanctify _! own disord]s1 _h tak5 refuge 9 ! cl]ical "*4 ,! ,*ur* 0 nev] s full ( sc&al\s p]sons1 :o1 be+ acc\ntable only 9 ! ecclesia/ical c\rts1 :]e no crime is puni%$ ) dea?1 7 guilty ( e crime4 ,a prie/ _h ab\t ?is "t committ$ a murd] att5d$ ) v aggravat+ circum/ances4 ,! k+1 will+ at once to re/ore ord] & to depress ! cl]gy1 laid hold ( ?is favorable opportunity to convoke ! cause to 8 own c\rt1 :5 ! atroci\sness ( ! crime made all m5 look ) an evil eye ^u ! claim ( any privilege :i* might prev5t ! sev]e/ ju/ice4 ,! nation 9 g5]al seem$ b little incl9$ to controv]t s useful a regulation ) s pot5t a pr9ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aafb4 ,amid/ ?is g5]al acquiesc5ce "o man 0 f\nd bold en\gh to oppose him1 :o = eight ye>s toge!r embroil$ all 8 affairs1 poison$ 8 satisfactions1 endang]$ 8 dom9ions1 & at l5g? 9 8 dea? triumph$ ov] all ! p[] & policy ( ?is wise & pot5t mon>*4 ,?is 0 ,?omas -,becket1 a man memorable = ! great glory & ! bitt] reproa*es he has met ) f po/]ity4 ,?is p]son 0 ! son ( a respectable citiz5 ( ,london4 ,he 0 br$ to ! /udy ( ! civil & canon law1 ! education1 !n1 us$ to qualify a man = public affairs1 9 :i* he soon made a di/+ui%$ figure4 ,by ! royal favor & 8 own abilities1 he rose1 9 a rapid succession ?r\gh sev]al consid]able employm5ts1 f an (fice "u ! %]iff ( ,london1 to be ,high ,*ancellor ( ! k+dom4 ,9 ?is high po/ he %[$ a _s z elevat$2 b x 0 r a milit>y _s ?an t ( ! g[nman1--magnific5t to excess 9 8 liv+ & appe>ance1 & di/+ui%+ himself 9 ! t\rnam5ts & o!r m>tial sports ( t age ) mu* o/5tation ( c\rage & exp5se4 ,! k+1 :o favor$ him greatly1 & expect$ a suitable return1 on ! vacancy1 de/9$ ,becket1 yet a layman1 to ! see ( ,cant]bury1 & hop$ to f9d 9 him a w>m promot] ( ! re=mation he int5d$4 ,h>dly a prie/1 he 0 made ! fir/ prelate 9 ! k+dom4 ,b no soon] 0 he inve/$ ) ! cl]ical "* ?an ! :ole t5or ( 8 conduct 0 se5 to *ange all at once3 ( 8 pomp\s ret9ue a few pla9 s]vants only rema9$2 a mona/ic temp]ance regulat$ 8 table2 & 8 life1 9 all respects =m$ to ! mo/ rigid au/]ity1 seem$ to prep>e him = t sup]iority he 0 resolv$ to assume1 & ! conflicts he =esaw he mu/ und]go 9 ?is attempt4 ,x w n be unpleas+ to pause a mom5t at ?is rem>kable p]iod1 9 ord] to view 9 :at consi/$ t greatness ( ! cl]gy1 :i* enabl$ !m to be> s v consid]able a sway 9 all public affairs1--:at f\ndations support$ ! weight ( s va/ a p[]1--:5ce x _h its orig91--:at 0 ! nature1 & :at ! gr\nd1 ( ! immunities !y claim$1--t we may ! m fully ent] into ?is important controv]sy1 & may n judge1 z "s h inconsid]ately done1 ( ! affairs ( ^? times by ideas tak5 f ! pres5t mann]s & op9ions4 ,x is suffici5tly kn[n1 t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians1 avoid+ ! ,pagan tribunals1 tri$ mo/ ev5 ( _! civil causes be=e ! bi%op1 :o1 ?\gh he _h no direct co]cive p[]1 yet1 wield+ ! sword ( excommunication1 _h :]e)al to en=ce ! execution ( 8 judgm5ts4 ,?us ! bi%op _h a consid]able sway 9 temporal affairs1 ev5 be=e he 0 own$ by ! temporal p[]4 ,b ! ,emp]ors no soon] became ,*ri/ian ?an1 ! idea ( pr(an5ess be+ remov$ f ! secul> tribunals1 ! causes ( ! ,*ri/ian laity naturally pass$ to t resort :]e ^? ( ! g5]ality _h be5 be=e4 ,b ! rev]5ce = ! bi%op /ill rema9$1 & ! remembrance ( 8 =m] jurisdiction4 ,x 0 n ?\ght dec5t1 t he1 :o _h be5 a judge 9 8 own c\rt1 %\ld become a suitor 9 ! c\rt ( ano!r4 ,! body ( ! cl]gy likewise1 :o 7 suppos$ to h no secul> conc]ns = :i* !y c\ld litigate1 & remov$ by _! "* f all suspicion ( viol5ce1 7 left to be tri$ by _! own ecclesia/ical sup]iors4 ,?is 01 ) a little v>iation1 sometimes 9 ext5d+1 sometimes 9 re/ra9+ ! bi%ops' jurisdiction1 ! condition ( ?+s :il/ ! ,roman ,empire subsi/$4 ,b ?\gh _! immunities 7 great & _! possessions ample1 yet1 liv+ "u an absolute =m ( gov]nm5t1 !y 7 p[]ful only by influ5ce4 ,no jurisdictions 7 annex$ to _! l&s2 !y _h no place 9 ! s5ate2 !y 7 no ord] 9 ! /ate4 ,f ! settlem5t ( ! ,nor!rn nations ! cl]gy mu/ be consid]$ 9 ano!r light4 ,! ,b>b>ians gave !m l>ge l&$ possessions2 & by giv+ !m l&1 !y gave !m jurisdiction1 :i*1 accord+ to _! notions1 0 insep>able f x4 ,!y made !m an ord] 9 ! /ate2 & z all ! ord]s _h _! privileges1 ! cl]gy _h !irs1 & 7 no less /eady to pres]ve & ambiti\s to ext5d !m4 ,our ance/ors1 hav+ unit$ ! ,*ur* dignities to ! secul> dignities ( b>onies1 _h s bl5d$ ! ecclesia/ical ) ! temporal p[] 9 ! same p]sons t x became almo/ impossible to sep>ate !m4 ,! ecclesia/ical 01 h[ev]1 preval5t 9 ?is composition1 drew to x ! o!r1 support$ x1 & 0 support$ by x4 ,b x 0 n ! devotion only1 b ! necessity ( ! tunes1 t rais$ ! cl]gy to ! excess ( ?is greatness4 ,! little le>n+ :i* !n subsi/$ rema9$ :olly 9 _! h&s4 ,few among ! laity c\ld ev5 read2 consequ5tly ! cl]gy alone 7 prop] = public affairs4 ,!y 7 ! /atesm51 !y 7 ! lawy]s2 f !m 7 (t5 tak5 ! bailiffs ( ! seigneurial c\rts1 sometimes ! %]iffs ( c\nties1 & almo/ con/antly ! ju/ici>ies ( ! k+dom4#gh ,! ,norman k+s1 always jeal\s ( _! ord]1 7 always =c$ to employ !m4 ,9 abbeys ! law 0 /udi$2 abbeys 7 ! palladiums ( ! public lib]ty by ! cu/ody ( ! royal *>t]s & mo/ ( ! records4 ,?us1 necess>y to ! great by _! k1 v5]able to ! poor by _! hospitality1 dreadful to all by ! p[] ( excommunication1 ! "* ( ! cl]gy 0 exalt$ above ev]y?+ 9 ! /ate2 & x c\ld no m be o!rwise 9 ^? days ?an x is possible x %\ld be s 9 ours4 ,william ! ,conqu]or made x "o pr9cipal po9t ( 8 politics to r$uce ! cl]gy2 b all ! /eps he took 9 x 7 n equally well calculat$ to answ] ?is int5tion4 ,:5 he subject$ ! ,*ur* l&s to milit>y s]vice1 ! cl]gy compla9$ bitt]ly1 z x less5$ _! rev5ue3 b ,i imag9e x did n less5 _! p[] 9 proportion2 = by ?is regulation !y came1 l o!r great lords1 to h _! milit>y vassals1 :o ow$ !m homage & fealty3 & ?is r increas$ _! consid]ation among/ s m>tial a p4 ,! k+s :o succe$$ him1 ?\gh !y also aim$ at r$uc+ ! ecclesia/ical p[]1 nev] pursu$ _! s*eme on a great or legislative pr9ciple4 ,!y seem$ r desir\s ( enri*+ !mselves by ! abuses 9 ! ,*ur* ?an e>ne/ to correct !m4 ,"o day !y plund]$ & ! next day !y f\nd$ mona/]ies1 z _! rapaci\sness or _! scruples *anc$ to pr$om9ate2 s t e attempt ( t k9d1 hav+ r ! air ( tyranny ?an re=mation1 c\ld nev] be he>tily approv$ or second$ by ! body ( ! p4 ,! bi%ops mu/ always be consid]$ 9 ! d\ble capacity ( cl]ks & b>ons4 ,_! c\rts1 !re=e1 _h a d\ble jurisdiction3 ov] ! cl]gy & laity ( _! diocese = ! cognizance ( crimes aga9/ ecclesia/ical law1 & ov] ! vassals ( _! b>ony z lords p>am\nt4 ,b ^! two dep>tm5ts1 s diff]5t 9 _! nature1 !y frequ5tly conf\nd$1 by mak+ use ( ! spiritual weapon ( excommunication to en=ce ! judgm5ts ( bo?2 & ?is s5t5ce1 cutt+ (f ! p>ty f ! common society ( mank9d1 lay equally heavy on all ranks3 =1 z x depriv$ ! l[] sort ( ! fell[%ip ( _! equals & ! protection ( _! "l1 s x depriv$ ! "l ( ! s]vices ( 8 vassals1 :e!r he or !y lay "u ! s5t5ce4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! grievances :i* ! k+ propos$ to r$ress4 ,z "s sanction ( religion is mix$ ) almo/ e conc]n ( civil life1 & z ! ecclesia/ical c\rt took cognizance ( all religi\s matt]s1 x drew to itself n only all que/ions relative to ti!s & adv[sons1 b :atev] relat$ to m>riages1 wills1 ! e/ate ( inte/ates1 ! brea*es ( oa?s & contracts1--9 a ^w1 ev]y?+ :i* did n t\* life or feudal prop]ty4 ,! ignorance ( ! bailiffs 9 lay c\rts1 :o 7 only possess$ ( "s feudal maxims & ! traditions ( an unc]ta9 cu/om1 made ?is rec\rse to ! spiritual c\rts ! m necess>y1 :]e !y c\ld judge ) a little m exactness by ! lights ( ! canon & civil laws4 ,?is jurisdiction ext5d$ itself by connivance1 by necessity1 by cu/om1 by abuse1 ov] lay p]sons & affairs4 ,b ! immunity ( ! cl]gy f lay cognizances 0 claim$1 n only z a privilege ess5tial to ! dignity ( _! ord]1 support$ by ! canons1 & c\nt5anc$ by ! ,roman law1 b z a "r confirm$ by all ! anci5t laws ( ,engl&4 ,*ri/ianity1 com+ into ,engl& out ( ! bosom ( ! ,roman ,empire1 br\ght along ) x all ^? ideas ( immunity4 ,! fir/ trace we c f9d ( ?is exemption f lay jurisdiction 9 ,engl& is 9 ! laws ( ,e!lr$2#gi x is m fully e/abli%$ 9 ^? ( ,canute2#hj b 9 ! code ( ,h5ry ,i4 x is twice di/9ctly affirm$4#ha ,?is immunity f ! secul> jurisdiction1 :il/ x seem$ to enc\rage acts ( viol5ce 9 ! cl]gy t[>ds o!rs1 enc\rag$ also ! viol5ce ( o!rs aga9/ !m4 ,! murd] ( a cl]k c\ld n be puni%$ at ?is "t by dea?2 x 0 aga9/ a spiritual p]son1 an (f5ce :olly spiritual1 ( :i* ! secul> c\rts took no sort ( cognizance4 ,9 ! ,saxon times two circum/ances made su* an exemption less a cause ( jeal\sy3 ! %]iff sat ) ! bi%op1 & ! spiritual jurisdiction 01 if n "u ! control1 at lea/ "u ! inspection ( ! lay (fic]2 & !n1 z nei!r laity nor cl]gy 7 capitally puni%$ = any (f5ce1 ?is privilege did n create s invidi\s & gl>+ a di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,su* 0 ! p[] ( ! cl]gy1 & su* ! immunities1 :i* ! k+ propos$ to dim9i%4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aafd4 ,becket1 :o _h puni%$ ! ecclesia/ic = 8 crime by ecclesia/ical law1 refus$ to deliv] him ov] to ! secul> judges = f>!r puni%m5t1 on ! pr9ciple ( law1 t no man ought to be twice que/ion$ = ! same (f5ce4 ,! k+1 provok$ at ?is opposition1 summon$ a c\ncil ( ! b>ons & bi%ops at ,cl>5don2 & "h1 among/ o!rs ( less mom5t1 ! foll[+ 7 unanim\sly decl>$ to be ! anci5t pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n4 ,& x is some?+ rem>kable1 & c]ta9ly makes mu* = ! honor ( _! mod]ation1 t ! bi%ops & abbots :o mu/ h compos$ s l>ge & weighty a "p ( ! great c\ncil seem n only to h made no opposition to regulations :i* s rem>kably contract$ _! jurisdiction1 b ev5 seem to h =w>d$ !m4 #a/4 ,a cl]k accus$ ( any crime %all appe> 9 ! k+'s c\rt1 t x may be judg$ :e!r he belongs to ecclesia/ical or secul> cognizance4 ,if to ! =m]1 a deputy %all g into ! bi%op's c\rt to obs]ve ! trial2 if ! cl]k be convict$1 he %all be deliv]$ ov] to ! k+'s ju/ici>y to be puni%$4 #bnd4 ,all causes conc]n+ pres5tation1 all causes conc]n+ ,frankalmoign1 all actions conc]n+ brea* ( fai?1 %all be tri$ 9 ! k+'s c\rt4 #crd4 ,! k+'s t5ant 9 capite %all n be excommunicat$ )\t ! k+'s lic5se4 #d?4 ,no cl]k %all g out ( ! k+dom )\t giv+ security t he w d no?+ to ! prejudice ( ! k+ or nation4 ,& all appeals %all be tri$ at home4 ,^! are ! mo/ mat]ial ( ! ,con/itutions or ,assizes ( ,cl>5don1 fam\s = hav+ be5 ! fir/ legal *eck giv5 to ! p[] ( ! cl]gy 9 ,engl&4 ,to give ^! con/itutions ! great] weight1 x 0 ?\ght prop] t !y %\ld be confirm$ by a bull f ! ,pope4 ,by ?is /ep ! k+ seem$ to d\bt ! entir5ess ( 8 own au?ority 9 8 dom9ions2 & by call+ 9 =eign aid :5 x s]v$ 8 purpose1 he gave x a =ce & a sort ( legal sanction :5 x came to be employ$ aga9/ himself4 ,b z no negotiation _h prep>$ ! ,pope 9 favor ( laws design$ 9 reality to abridge 8 own p[]1 x 0 no wond] t he reject$ !m ) indignation4 ,becket1 :o _h n be5 prevail$ on to accept !m b ) inf9ite reluctance1 0 no soon] appris$ ( ! ,pope's disapprobation ?an he op5ly decl>$ 8 own2 he did p5ance 9 ! humble/ mann] = 8 =m] acquiesc5ce1 & resolv$ to make am5ds = x by oppos+ ! new con/itutions ) ! utmo/ zeal4 ,9 ?is disposition ! k+ saw t ! ,ar*bi%op might be m easily ru9$ ?an humbl$1 & 8 ru9 0 resolv$4 ,imm$iately a numb] ( suits1 on v>i\s pret5ces1 7 comm5c$ aga9/ him1 9 e "o ( :i* he 0 sure to be foil$2 b ^! mak+ no deadly bl[ at 8 =tunes1 he 0 call$ to acc\nt = ?irty ?\s& p\nds :i* he 0 accus$ ( hav+ embezzl$ dur+ 8 *ancellor%ip4 ,x 0 9 va9 t he plead$ a full acquittance f ! k+'s son1 & ,ri*>d de ,lucy1 ! gu>dian & ju/ici>y ( ! k+dom1 on 8 resignation ( ! seals2 he saw x 0 already det]m9$ aga9/ him4 ,f> f yield+ "u ^! repeat$ bl[s1 he rais$ /ill high] ! ecclesia/ical pret5sions1 n[ become necess>y to 8 own protection4 ,he refus$ to answ] to ! *>ge1 & appeal$ to ! ,pope1 to :om alone he seem$ to ackn[l$ge any real subjection4 ,a great f]m5t ensu$ on ?is appeal4 ,! c\rti]s advis$ t he %\ld be ?r[n into prison1 & t 8 temporalities %\ld be seiz$4 ,! bi%ops1 will+ to r$uce ,becket )\t r$uc+ _! own ord]1 propos$ to accuse him be=e ! ,pope1 & to pursue him to degradation4 ,"s ( 8 fri5ds press$ him to give up 8 cause2 o!rs urg$ him to resign 8 dignity4 ,! k+'s s]vants ?rew out m5aces aga9/ 8 life4 ,amid/ ?is g5]al confusion ( passions & c\ncils1 :il/ e "o accord+ to 8 int]e/s expect$ ! ev5t ) mu* anxiety1 ,becket1 9 ! disguise ( a monk1 escap$ out ( ! nation1 & ?rew himself into ! arms ( ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,h5ry 0 greatly al>m$ at ?is secession1 :i* put ! ,ar*bi%op out ( 8 p[]1 b left him 9 full possession ( all 8 ecclesia/ical weapons4 ,an embassy 0 imm$iately dispat*$ to ,rome1 9 ord] to accuse ,becket2 b z ,becket plead$ ! ,pope's own cause be=e ! ,pope himself1 he obta9$ an easy victory ov] ! k+'s ambassadors4 ,h5ry1 on ! o!r h&1 took e measure to ma9ta9 8 au?ority3 he did ev]y?+ wor?y ( an able politician1 & ( a k+ t5aci\s ( 8 j au?ority4 ,he likewise took measures n only to humble ,becket1 b also to l[] t *air ^: exaltation _h an ill influ5ce on ! ?rone3 = he enc\rag$ ! ,bi%op ( ,london to revive a claim to ! primacy2 & ?us1 by mak+ ! rights ( ! see at lea/ dubi\s1 he hop$ to r5d] future prelates m cauti\s 9 ! ex]cise ( !m4 ,he inhibit$1 "u ! p5alty ( high treason1 all ecclesia/ics f go+ out ( 8 dom9ions )\t lic5se1 or any emiss>y ( ! ,pope's or ,ar*bi%op's f ent]+ !m ) lett]s ( excommunication or int]dict4 ,& t he might n supply arms aga9/ himself1 ! ,pet]-p5ce 7 collect$ ) ! =m] c>e1 b deta9$ 9 ! royal treasury1 t matt] might be left to ,rome bo? = hope & fe>4 ,9 ! p]sonal treatm5t ( ,becket all ! proce$+s 7 full ( ang]1 & by an unnecess>y & unju/ sev]ity greatly discr$it$ bo? ! cause & "* ( ! k+2 = he /ripp$ ( _! goods & bani%$ all ! ,ar*bi%op's k9dr$1 all :o 7 9 any sort connect$ ) him1 )\t ! lea/ reg>d to sex1 age1 or condition4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ,becket1 /ung ) ^! affronts1 impati5t ( 8 bani%m5t1 & burn+ ) all ! fury & ! same zeal :i* _h occasion$ x1 cont9ually ?reat5$ ! k+ ) ! la/ ex]tions ( ecclesia/ical p[]2 & all ?+s 7 !reby1 & by ! abs5ce & enmity ( ! head ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 kept 9 great confusion4 ,dur+ ?is unhappy cont5tion sev]al treaties 7 set on foot2 b ! disposition ( all ! p>ties :o int]e/$ !mselves 9 ?is qu>rel v mu* protract$ a det]m9ation 9 favor ( ei!r side4 ,) reg>d to ,rome1 ! !n ,pope 0 ,alex&] ! ,?ird1 "o ( ! wise/ prelates :o _h ev] gov]n$ t see1 & ! mo/ zeal\s = ext5d+ its au?ority4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh incessantly solicit$ by ,becket to excommunicate ! k+ & to lay ! k+dom "u an int]dict1 he 0 unwill+ to keep pace ) ! viol5ce ( t enrag$ bi%op4 ,becket's view 0 s+le2 b ! ,pope _h _m ?+s to consid]3 an ,antipope !n subsi/$1 :o 0 /rongly support$ by ! ,emp]or2 & ,h5ry _h actually ent]$ into a negotiation ) ?is ,emp]or & ?is pret5d$ ,pope4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! k+ knew t ! l[] sort ( p 9 ,engl& 7 g5]ally affect$ to ! ,ar*bi%op1 & mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy4 ,he 0 !re=e fe>ful to drive ! ,pope to extremities by :olly r5\nc+ 8 au?ority4 ,^! dispositions 9 ! two pr9cipal p[]s made way = sev]al conf]5ces lead+ to peace4 ,b = a long "t all _! endeavors seem$ r to inflame ?an to allay ! qu>rel4 ,:il/ ! k+1 /eady 9 ass]t+ 8 rights1 rememb]$ ) bitt]ness ! ,ar*bi%op's opposition1 & :il/ ! ,ar*bi%op ma9ta9$ ! claims ( ! ,*ur* ) an haught9ess natural to him1 & :i* 0 only augm5t$ by 8 suff]+s1 ! ,k+ ( ,france appe>$ sometimes to =w>d1 sometimes to p]plex ! negotiation3 & ?is duplicity seem$ to be dictat$ by ! situation ( 8 affairs4 ,he 0 desir\s ( n\ri%+ a qu>rel :i* put s r$\bt$ a vassal on ! def5sive2 b he 0 also ju/ly fe>ful ( driv+ s p[]ful a pr9ce to =get t he 0 a vassal4 ,all p>ties1 h[ev]1 we>i$ at l5g? ) a conte/ by :i* all 7 di/ract$1 & :i* 9 its issue promis$ no?+ favorable to any ( !m1 yield$ at l5g? to an accommodation1 f\nd$ r on an oblivion & sil5ce ( pa/ disputes ?an on ! settlem5t ( t]ms = pres]v+ future tranquillity4 ,becket return$ 9 a sort ( triumph to 8 see4 ,_m ( ! dignifi$ cl]gy1 & n a few ( ! b>ons1 lay "u excommunication = ! %>e !y _h 9 8 p]secution2 b1 nei!r brok5 by adv]sity nor s(t5$ by good =tune1 he rel5t$ no?+ ( 8 sev]ity1 b ref]r$ !m all = _! absolution to ! ,pope4 ,_! res5tm5ts 7 reviv$ ) additional bitt]ness2 new affronts 7 (f]$ to ! ,ar*bi%op1 :i* br\ght on new excommunications & int]dicts4 ,! cont5tion ?ick5$ on all sides1 & ?+s seem$ runn+ precipitately to ! =m] dang]\s extremities1 :5 ! acc\nt ( ^! conte/s 0 br\ght1 ) mu* aggravation aga9/ ,becket1 to ! e>s ( ! k+1 !n 9 ,norm&y1 :o1 =esee+ a new s]ies ( tr\bles1 broke out 9 a viol5t passion ( grief & ang]1--,i h no fri5ds1 or ,i _h n s long be5 insult$ by ?is haughty prie/6 ,f\r knights :o att5d$ ne> 8 p]son1 ?9k+ t ! compla9ts ( a k+ are ord]s = rev5ge1 & hop+ a rew>d equal to ! importance & ev5 guilt ( ! s]vice1 sil5tly dep>t$2 & pass+ ) great dilig5ce into ,engl&1 9 a %ort "t !y arriv$ at ,cant]bury4 ,!y ent]$ ! ca!dral2 !y fell on ! ,ar*bi%op1 j on ! po9t ( celebrat+ div9e s]vice1 & ) repeat$ bl[s ( _! clubs !y beat him to ! gr\nd1 !y broke 8 skull 9 pieces1 & cov]$ ! alt> ) 8 blood & bra9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaga4 ,! horror ( ?is b>b>\s action1 increas$ by ! sacr$ness ( ! p]son :o suff]$ & ( ! place :]e x 0 committ$1 diffus$ itself on all sides ) incr$ible rapidity4 ,! cl]gy1 9 ^: cause he fell1 equall$ him to ! mo/ holy m>tyrs2 compassion = 8 fate made all m5 =get 8 faults2 & ! report ( frequ5t miracles at 8 tomb sanctifi$ 8 cause & "*1 & ?rew a g5]al odium on ! k+4 ,:at became ( ! murd]]s is unc]ta93 !y 7 nei!r protect$ by ! k+ nor puni%$ by ! laws1 = ! reason we h n long s9ce m5tion$4 ,! k+ ) inf9ite difficulty extricat$ himself f ! consequ5ces ( ?is murd]1 :i* ?reat5$1 "u ! ,papal bann]s1 to arm all ,europe aga9/ him2 nor 0 he absolv$1 b by r5\nc+ ! mo/ mat]ial p>ts ( ! ,con/itutions ( ,cl>5don1 by purg+ himself ^u oa? ( ! murd] ( ,becket1 by do+ a v humiliat+ p5ance at 8 tomb to expiate ! ra% words :i* _h giv5 occasion to 8 dea?1 & by engag+ to furni% a l>ge sum ( money = ! relief ( ! ,holy ,l&1 & tak+ ! cross himself z soon z 8 affairs %\ld admit x4 ,! k+ probably ?\ght 8 fre$om f ! haught9ess ( ,becket *eaply pur*as$ by ^! condesc5sions3 & )\t "q1 ?\gh ,becket might h be5 ju/ifiable1 p]haps ev5 laudable1 = 8 /eady ma9t5ance ( ! privileges :i* 8 ,*ur* & 8 ord] _h acquir$ by ! c>e ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & ( :i* he by 8 place 0 ! depository1 yet ! pr9ciples ^u :i* he support$ ^! privileges1 subv]sive ( all good gov]nm5t1 8 extravagant ideas ( ,*ur* p[]1 ! s*emes he m$itat$1 ev5 to 8 dea?1 to ext5d x yet fur!r1 8 viol5t & unres]v$ atta*m5t to ! ,papacy1 & t inflexible _s :i* all 8 virtues r5d]$ b ! m dang]\s1 made 8 dea? z advantage\s1 at t "t1 z ! means by :i* x 0 effect$ 7 sacrilegi\s & dete/able4 ,betwe5 ! dea? ( ,becket & ! k+'s absolution he resolv$ on ! execution ( a design by :i* he r$uc$ "u 8 dom9ion a c\ntry n m sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ,europe by its situation ?an by ! laws1 cu/oms1 & way ( life ( ! inhabitants3 = ! p ( ,irel&1 ) no diff]5ce b t ( religion1 /ill reta9$ ! native mann]s ( ! orig9al ,celts4 ,! k+ _h m$itat$ ?is design f ! v beg9n+ ( 8 reign1 & _h obta9$ a bull f ! !n ,pope1 ,adrian ! f\r?1 an ,engli%man1 to au?orize ! attempt4 ,he well knew1 f ! int]nal weakness & advantage\s situation ( ?is noble isl&1 ! eas9ess & importance ( su* a conque/4 ,b at ?is p>ticul> "t he 0 /rongly urg$ to 8 engag+ p]sonally 9 ! ent]prise by two o!r p[]ful motives4 ,=1 fir/1 ! murd] ( ,becket _h br$ v ill humors 9 8 subjects1 ! *iefs ( :om1 always impati5t ( a long peace1 7 glad ( any pret5ce = rebellion2 x 0 !re=e exp$i5t1 & s]viceable to ! cr[n1 to f9d an employm5t abroad = ?is _s1 :i* c\ld n ex]t itself )\t be+ de/ructive at home4 ,& next1 z he _h obta9$ ! grant ( ,irel& f ! ,pope1 ^u condition ( subject+ x to ,pet]-p5ce1 he knew t ! spe$y p]=mance ( ?is condition w\ld greatly facilitate 8 recov]+ ! good graces ( ! c\rt ( ,rome4 ,be=e we give a %ort n>rative ( ! r$uction ( ,irel&1 ,i propose to lay op5 to ! read] ! /ate ( t k+dom1 t we may see :at gr\nds ,h5ry _h to hope = success 9 ?is exp$ition4 ,irel& is ab\t half z l>ge z ,engl&4 ,9 ! temp]ature ( ! climate !re is little diff]5ce1 o!r ?an t m ra9 falls2 z ! c\ntry is m m\nta9\s1 & expos$ full to ! we/]ly w9d1 :i*1 bl[+ f ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 prevails dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,?is moi/ure1 z x has enri*$ ! c\ntry ) l>ge & frequ5t riv]s1 & spread out a numb] ( fair & magnific5t lakes beyond ! proportion ( o!r places1 has on ! o!r h& incumb]$ ! isl& ) an uncommon multitude ( bogs & morasses2 s t 9 g5]al x is less prais$ = corn ?an pa/urage1 9 :i* no soil is m ri* & luxuriant4 ,:il/ x possesses ^! int]nal means ( weal?1 x op5s on all sides a great numb] ( ports1 spaci\s & secure1 & by _! advantage\s situation invit+ to univ]sal comm]ce4 ,b on ^! ports1 bett] kn[n ?an ^? ( ,brita9 9 ! "t ( ! ,romans1 at ?is "t !re 7 few t[ns1 sc>ce any =tifications1 & no trade t des]ves to be m5tion$4 ,! p ( ,irel& lay claim to a v extravagant antiquity1 ?r\gh a vanity common to all nations4 ,! acc\nts :i* are giv5 by _! anci5t *ronicles ( _! fir/ settlem5ts are g5]ally tales confut$ by _! own absurdity4 ,! settlem5t ( ! greate/ consequ5ce1 ! be/ au!nticat$1 & f :i* ! ,iri% d$uce ! p$igree ( ! be/ families1 is d]iv$ f ,spa93 x 0 call$ ,clan ,milea1 or ! desc5dants ( ,milesius1 & ,k9 ,scuit1 or ! race ( ,scy?s1 aft]w>ds kn[n by ! "n ( ,scots4 ,! ,iri% hi/orians suppose ?is race desc5d$ f a p]son call$ ,ga!l1 a ,scy?ian by bir?1 an ,egyptian by education1 ! contempor>y & fri5d ( ! prophet ,moses4 ,b ^! hi/ories1 seem+ cle>-sight$ 9 ! obscure affairs ( s bl9d an antiquity1 in/ead ( pass+ = treasuries ( anci5t facts1 are reg>d$ by ! judici\s z mod]n fictions4 ,9 cases ( ?is sort rational conjectures are m to be reli$ on ?an improbable relations4 ,x is mo/ probable t ,irel& 0 fir/ peopl$ f ,brita94 ,! coa/s ( ^! c\ntries are 9 "s places 9 sight ( ea* o!r4 ,! language1 ! mann]s1 & religion ( ! mo/ anci5t inhabitants ( bo? are ne>ly ! same4 ,! ,milesian colony1 :5ev] x arriv$ 9 ,irel&1 c\ld h made no great *ange 9 ! mann]s or language2 z ! anci5t ,spani>ds 7 a bran* ( ! ,celt1 z well z ! old inhabitants ( ,irel&4 ,! ,iri% language is n diff]5t f t ( all o!r nations1 z ,temple & ,rap91 f ignorance ( x1 h ass]t$2 on ! contr>y1 _m ( its words be> a rem>kable resemblance n only to ^? ( ! ,wel% & ,armoric1 b also to ! ,greek & ,lat94 ,nei!r is ! figure ( ! lett]s v diff]5t f ! vulg> "*1 ?\gh _! ord] is n ! same ) t ( o!r nations1 nor ! names1 :i* are tak5 f ! ,iri% prop] names ( sev]al species ( trees3 a circum/ance :i*1 not)/&+ _! similitude to ! ,roman lett]s1 argues a diff]5t orig9al & great antiquity4 ,! ,druid discipl9e anci5tly fl\ri%$ 9 t isl&4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury x fell d[n be=e ! prea*+ ( ,/4 ,patrick4 ,!n ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 embrac$ & cultivat$ ) an uncommon zeal1 :i* display$ itself 9 ! numb] & consequ5ce ( ! p]sons :o 9 all p>ts embrac$ ! contemplative life4 ,?is mode ( life1 & ! situation ( ,irel&1 remov$ f ! horror ( ^? deva/ations :i* %ook ! re/ ( ,europe1 made x a refuge = le>n+1 almo/ ext+ui%$ ev]y:]e else4 ,sci5ce fl\ri%$ 9 ,irel& dur+ ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies4 ,! same cause :i* de/roy$ x 9 o!r c\ntries also de/roy$ x !re4 ,! ,danes1 !n pagans1 made !mselves ma/]s ( ! isl&1 aft] a long & wa/eful w>1 9 :i* !y de/roy$ ! sci5ces along ) ! mona/]ies 9 :i* !y 7 cultivat$4 ,by z de/ructive a w> !y 7 at l5g? expell$2 b nei!r _! anci5t sci5ce nor repose return$ to ! ,iri%1 :o1 fall+ into dome/ic di/ractions z soon z !y 7 fre$ f _! =eign enemies1 sunk quickly into a /ate ( ignorance1 pov]ty1 & b>b>ism1 :i* mu/ h be5 v great1 s9ce x exce$$ t ( ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,! disord]s 9 ! ,*ur* 7 equal to ^? 9 ! civil economy1 & furni%$ to ! ,pope a plausible pretext = giv+ ,h5ry a commission to conqu] ! k+dom1 9 ord] to re=m x4 ,! ,iri% 7 divid$ into a numb] ( tribes or clans1 ea* clan =m+ )9 itself a sep>ate gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 ord]$ by a *ief1 :o 0 n rais$ to t dignity ei!r by election or by ! ord9>y c\rse ( desc5t1 b z ! elde/ & wor?ie/ ( ! blood ( ! deceas$ "l4 ,?is ord] ( succession1 call$ ,tani/ry1 0 said to h be5 inv5t$ 9 ! ,dani% tr\bles1 le/ ! tribe1 dur+ a m9ority1 %\ld h be5 endang]$ = want ( a suffici5t lead]4 ,x 0 probably mu* m anci5t3 b x 01 h[ev]1 att5d$ ) v great & p]nici\s inconv5i5cies1 z x 0 obvi\sly an affair ( difficulty to det]m9e :o %\ld be call$ ! wor?ie/ ( ! blood2 & a door be+ always left op5 = ambition1 ?is ord] introduc$ a great] mis*ief ?an x 0 int5d$ to rem$y4 ,almo/ e tribe1 besides its cont5tion ) ! neighbor+ tribes1 n\ri%$ faction & discont5t )9 itself4 ,! *iefs we speak ( 7 9 g5]al call$ ,ti]na1 or ,lords1 & ^? ( m consid]ation ,riagh1 or ,k+s4 ,ov] ^! 7 plac$ five k+s m em95t ?an ! re/1 answ]able to ! five prov9ces into :i* ! isl& 0 anci5tly divid$4 ,^! aga9 7 subord9ate to "o head1 :o 0 call$ ,mon>* ( all ,irel&1 rais$ to t p[] by election1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 by viol5ce4 ,:il/ ! dignities ( ! /ate 7 dispos$ ( by a sort ( election1 ! (fice ( judges1 :o 7 call$ ,brehons1 ! trades ( me*anics1 & ev5 ^? arts :i* we are apt to consid] z dep5d+ pr9cipally on natural g5ius1 su* z poetry & music1 7 conf9$ 9 succession to c]ta9 races3 ! ,iri% imag9+ t great] advantages 7 to be d]iv$ f an e>ly in/itution1 & ! affection ( p>5ts desir\s ( p]petuat+ ! secrets ( _! art 9 _! families1 ?an f ! casual ef=ts ( p>ticul> fancy & application4 ,?is is mu* 9 ! /ra9 ( ! ,ea/]n policy2 b ^! & _m o!r ( ! ,iri% in/itutions1 well en\gh calculat$ to pres]ve good arts & useful discipl9e1 :5 ^! arts came to deg5]ate1 7 equally well calculat$ to prev5t all improvem5t & to p]petuate corruption1 by infus+ an inv9cible t5aci\sness ( anci5t cu/oms4 ,! p ( ,irel& 7 mu* m addict$ to pa/urage ?an agriculture1 n m f ! quality ( _! soil ?an f a remnant ( ! ,scy?ian mann]s4 ,!y _h b few t[ns1 & ^? n =tifi$1 ea* clan liv+ disp]s$ ov] its own t]ritory4 ,! few wall$ t[ns !y _h lay on ! sea-coa/2 !y 7 built by ! ,danes1 & held aft] !y _h lo/ _! conque/s 9 ! inl& p>ts3 "h 0 c>ri$ on ! little =eign trade :i* ! isl& !n possess$4 ,! ,iri% militia 0 ( two k9ds3 "o call$ k]ns1 :i* 7 foot1 slightly arm$ ) a long knife or dagg]1 & almo/ nak$2 ! o!r1 galloglasses1 :o 7 horse1 poorly m\nt$1 & g5]ally arm$ only ) a battle-axe4 ,nei!r horse nor foot made mu* use ( ! spe>1 ! sword1 or ! b[4 ,) indiff]5t arms1 !y _h /ill worse discipl9e4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 _! natural brav]y1 :i*1 ?\gh consid]able1 0 n sup]ior to t ( _! invad]s1 /ood !m 9 little /ead4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aafg4 ,su* 0 ! situation ( ?+s 9 ,irel&1 :5 ,d]mot1 ,k+ ( ,le9/]1 hav+ viol5tly c>ri$ away ! wife ( "o ( ! neighbor+ petty sov]eigns1 ,rod]ic1 ,k+ ( ,connaught & ,mon>* ( ,irel&1 jo9$ ) ! injur$ husb& to puni% s flagrant an outrage1 & ) _! unit$ =ces spoil$ ,d]mot ( 8 t]ritories1 & oblig$ him to ab&on ! k+dom4 ,! fugitive pr9ce1 n unappris$ ( ,h5ry's designs ^u 8 c\ntry1 ?rew himself at 8 feet1 implor$ 8 protection1 & promis$ to hold ( him1 z 8 feudatory1 ! sov]eignty he %\ld recov] by 8 assi/ance4 ,h5ry 0 at ?is "t at ,gui5ne4 ,no?+ c\ld be m agreeable to him ?an su* an incid5t2 b z 8 ,fr5* dom9ions actually lay "u an int]dict1 on acc\nt ( 8 qu>rel ) ,becket1 & all 8 affairs1 bo? at home & abroad1 7 9 a tr\bl$ & dubi\s situation1 x 0 n prud5t to remove 8 p]son1 nor v5ture any consid]able body ( 8 =ces on a di/ant ent]prise4 ,yet n will+ to lose s favorable an opportunity1 he w>mly recomm5d$ ! cause ( ,d]mot to 8 reg5cy 9 ,engl&1 p]mitt+ & enc\rag+ all p]sons to arm 9 8 favor3 a p]mission1 9 ?is age ( ent]prise1 gre$ily accept$ by _m2 b ! p]son :o br\ght ! mo/ assi/ance to x1 & inde$ gave a =m & _s to ! :ole design1 0 ,ri*>d1 ,e>l ( ,/rigul1 commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ,/rongb[4 ,d]mot1 to confirm 9 8 int]e/ ?is pot5t & w>like pe]1 promis$ him 8 daught] 9 m>riage1 ) ! rev]sion ( 8 cr[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aafi4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaga4 ,! beg9n+s ( s great an ent]prise 7 =m$ ) a v sl5d] =ce4 ,n f\r hundr$ m5 l&$ ne> ,wex=d3 !y took ! t[n by /orm4 ,:5 re9=c$1 !y did n exce$ twelve hundr$2 b1 be+ jo9$ ) ?ree ?\s& m5 by ,d]mot1 ) an incr$ible rapidity ( success !y r$uc$ ,wat]=d1 ,dubl91 ,lim]ick1 ! only consid]able cities 9 ,irel&4 ,by ! novelty ( _! arms !y _h obta9$ "s /rik+ advantages 9 _! fir/ engagem5ts2 & by ^! advantages !y atta9$ a sup]iority ( op9ion ov] ! ,iri%1 :i* e success ,increas$4 ,be=e ! effect ( ?is fir/ impression _h "t to we> (f1 ,h5ry1 hav+ settl$ 8 affairs abroad1 ent]$ ! h>bor ( ,cork ) a fleet ( f\r hundr$ sail1 at once to secure ! conque/1 & ! allegiance ( ! conqu]ors4 ,! fame ( s great a =ce arriv+ "u a pr9ce dread$ by all ,europe v soon dispos$ all ! petty pr9ces1 ) _! ,k+ ,rod]ic1 to submit & d homage to ,h5ry4 ,!y _h n be5 able to resi/ ! arms ( 8 vassals1 & !y hop$ bett] treatm5t f submitt+ to ! ambition ( a great k+1 :o left !m ev]y?+ b ! honor ( _! indep5d5cy1 ?an f ! av>ice ( adv5tur]s1 f :i* no?+ 0 secure4 ,! bi%ops & ! body ( ! cl]gy greatly contribut$ to ?is submission1 f respect to ! ,pope1 & ! horror ( _! late defeats1 :i* !y began to reg>d z judgm5ts4 ,a national c\ncil 0 held at ,ca%el = br++ ! ,*ur* ( ,irel& to a p]fect con=mity 9 rites & discipl9e to t ( ,engl&4 ,x is n to be ?\ght t 9 ?is c\ncil ! temporal int]e/s ( ,engl& 7 entirely =gott54 ,_m ( ! ,engli% 7 e/abli%$ 9 _! p>ticul> conque/s "u ! t5ure ( knights' s]vice1 n[ fir/ introduc$ into ,irel&3 a t5ure :i*1 if x has n prov$ ! be/ calculat$ to secure ! ob$i5ce ( ! vassal to ! sov]eign1 has nev] fail$ 9 any in/ance ( pres]v+ a vanqui%$ p 9 ob$i5ce to ! conqu]ors4 ,! ,engli% lords built /rong ca/les on _! demesnes2 !y put !mselves at ! head ( ! tribes ^: *iefs !y _h sla92 !y assum$ ! ,iri% g>b & mann]s2 & ?us1 p>tly by =ce1 p>tly by policy1 ! fir/ ,engli% families took a firm root 9 ,irel&4 ,x 01 inde$1 long be=e !y 7 able entirely to subdue ! isl& to ! laws ( ,engl&2 b ! cont9ual ef=ts ( ! ,iri% = m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s prov$ insuffici5t to dislodge !m4 ,:il/ ,h5ry 0 ext5d+ 8 conque/s to ! we/]n limits ( ! kn[n _w1 ! :ole fabric ( 8 p[] 0 privately sapp$ & und]m9$1 & ready to ov]:elm him ) ! ru9s1 9 ! v mom5t :5 he seem$ to be arriv$ at ! highe/ & mo/ p]man5t po9t ( gr&eur & glory4 ,8 excessive p[]1 8 cont9ual accessions to x1 & an ambition :i* by words & actions decl>$ t ! :ole _w 0 n suffici5t = a great man1 /ruck a j t]ror into all ! pot5tates ne> him3 he 01 inde$1 arriv$ at t pit* ( greatness1 t ! means ( 8 ru9 c\ld only be f\nd 9 8 own family4 ,a num]\s (fspr+1 :i* is g5]ally consid]$ z ! be/ def5ce ( ! ?rone1 & ! support z well z ornam5t ( decl9+ royalty1 prov$ on ?is occasion ! pr9cipal "p ( ! dang]4 ,h5ry _h 9 8 lawful b$1 besides daught]s1 f\r sons1 ,h5ry1 ,ri*>d1 ,ge(frey1 & ,john1 all gr[+ up ) great hopes f _! e>ly c\rage & love ( glory4 ,no fa!r 0 ev] m delight$ ) ^! hopes1 nor m t5d] & indulg5t to 8 *ildr54 ,a cu/om _h long prevail$ 9 ,france = ! reign+ k+ to cr[n 8 elde/ son 9 8 lifetime4 ,by ?is policy1 9 turbul5t times1 & :il/ ! pr9ciples ( succession 7 unsettl$1 he secur$ ! cr[n to 8 po/]ity4 ,h5ry gladly imitat$ a policy en=c$ no less by pat]nal affection ?an its utility to public peace4 ,he _h1 dur+ 8 tr\bles ) ,becket1 cr[n$ 8 son ,h5ry1 !n no m ?an sixte5 ye>s old4 ,b ! "y k+1 ev5 on ! day ( 8 coronation1 discov]$ an haught9ess :i* ?reat5$ n to cont5t itself ) ! %>e ( au?ority to :i* ! inexp]i5ce ( 8 y\? & ! nature ( a provisional cr[n conf9$ him4 ,! "n ( a k+ cont9ually rem9d$ him t he only possess$ ! "n4 ,! ,k+ ( ,france1 ^: daught] he _h esp\s$1 fom5t$ a discont5t :i* grew ) 8 ye>s4 ,ge(frey1 :o _h m>ri$ ! heiress ( ,bretagne1 on ! dea? ( h] fa!r claim$ to no purpose ! entire sov]eignty ( 8 wife's inh]itance1 :i* ,h5ry1 "u a pret5ce ( gu>dian%ip to a son ( full age1 /ill reta9$ 9 8 h&s4 ,ri*>d _h n ! same plausible pret5ces1 b he _h yet great] ambition4 ,he cont5d$ = ! ,du*y ( ,gui5ne be=e 8 "m's dea?1 :i*1 alone c\ld give him ! color ( a title to x4 ,! que51 8 "m1 hurri$ on by h] own unquiet _s1 or1 z "s ?9k1 /imulat$ by jeal\sy1 enc\rag$ _! rebellion aga9/ h] husb&4 ,! ,k+ ( ,france1 :o mov$ all ! o!r eng9es1 engag$ ! ,k+ ( ,scotl&1 ! ,e>l ( ,fl&]s1 !n a p[]ful pr9ce1 ! ,e>l ( ,blois1 & ! ,e>l ( ,b\logne 9 ! conspiracy4 ,! b>ons 9 ,bretagne1 9 ,gui5ne1 & ev5 9 ,engl&1 7 ready to take up arms 9 ! same cause2 :e!r x 0 t !y p]ceiv$ ! uni=m plan ! k+ _h pursu$ 9 ord] to _! r$uction1 or 7 solely in/igat$ by ! natural fi]c5ess & levity ( _! m9ds1 fond ( e dang]\s novelty4 ,! hi/orians ( t "t seldom af=d u a tol]able insight into ! causes ( ! transactions !y relate2 b :atev] 7 ! causes ( s extraord9>y a conspiracy1 x 0 n discov]$ until ! mom5t x 0 ready = execution4 ,! fir/ tok5 ( x appe>$ 9 ! "y k+'s dem& to h ei!r ,engl& or ,norm&y giv5 up to him4 ,! refusal ( ?is dem& s]v$ z a signal to all p>ties to put !mselves 9 motion4 ,! y\ng] ,h5ry fl$ into ,france2 ,l\is ent]$ ,norm&y ) a va/ army2 ! b>ons ( ,bretagne "u ,ge(frey1 & ^? ( ,gui5ne "u ,ri*>d1 rose 9 arms2 ! ,k+ ( ,scotl& pi]c$ into ,engl&2 & ! ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 at ! head ( f\rte5 ?\s& ,flem+s1 l&$ 9 ,suffolk4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aagc ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aagd ,x 0 on ?is try+ occasion t ,h5ry display$ a greatness indep5d5t ( all =tune4 ,=1 beset by all ! neighbor+ p[]s1 oppos$ by 8 own *ildr51 betray$ by 8 wife1 ab&on$ by "o "p ( 8 subjects1 unc]ta9 ( ! re/1 e "p ( 8 /ate rott5 & suspici\s1 8 magnanimity grew b5ea? ! dang]2 & :5 all ! ord9>y res\rces fail$1 he f\nd sup]ior res\rces 9 8 own c\rage1 wisdom1 & activity4 ,!re 7 at t "t disp]s$ ov] ,europe bodies ( m]c5>y troops1 call$ ,brabanons1 compos$ ( fugitives f diff]5t nations1 m5 :o 7 deta*$ f any c\ntry1 & :o1 by mak+ w> a p]petual trade1 & pass+ f s]vice to s]vice1 _h acquir$ an exp]i5ce & milit>y k uncommon 9 ^? days4 ,h5ry took tw5ty ?\s& ( ^! m]c5>ies into 8 s]vice1 &1 z he paid !m punctually1 & kept !m always 9 action1 !y s]v$ him ) fidelity4 ,! ,papal au?ority1 s (t5 subs]vi5t1 s (t5 prejudicial to 8 designs1 he call$ to 8 assi/ance 9 a cause :i* did n misbecome x1--! cause ( a fa!r attack$ by 8 *ildr54 ,?is took (f ! ill impression left by ,becket's dea?1 & kept ! bi%ops firm 9 _! allegiance4 ,hav+ tak5 8 measures ) judgm5t1 he pursu$ ! w> 9 ,norm&y ) vigor4 ,9 ?is w> 8 m]c5>ies _h a great & visible advantage ov] ! feudal armies ( ,france3 ! latt]1 n s useful :ile !y rema9$ 9 ! field1 ent]$ x late 9 ! summ]1 & commonly left x 9 =ty days4 ,! ,k+ ( ,france 0 =c$ to raise ! siege ( ,v]neuil1 to evacuate ,norm&y1 & agree to a truce4 ,!n1 at ! head ( 8 victori\s ,brabanons1 ,h5ry m>*$ into ,brittany ) an incr$ible exp$ition4 ,! rebelli\s army1 a/oni%$ z mu* by ! cel]ity ( 8 m>* z ! fury ( 8 attack1 0 totally r\t$4 ,! pr9cipal t[ns & ca/les 7 r$uc$ soon aft]4 ,! cu/ody ( ! conqu]$ c\ntry be+ lodg$ 9 fai?ful h&s1 he flew to ! relief ( ,engl&4 ,!re 8 natural son ,ge(frey1 ,bi%op elect ( ,ely1 fai?ful dur+ ! rebellion ( all 8 legitimate (fspr+1 /eadily ma9ta9$ 8 cause1 ?\gh ) =ces mu* inf]ior to 8 zeal4 ,! k+1 be=e he ent]$ into action1 ?\ght x exp$i5t to p]=m 8 expiation at ! tomb ( ,becket4 ,h>dly _h he f9i%$ ?is c]emony1 :5 ! news arriv$ t ! ,scot* army 0 totally defeat$1 & _! k+ made prison]4 ,?is victory 0 univ]sally attribut$ to ! pray]s ( ,becket2 & :il/ x e/abli%$ ! cr$it ( ! new sa9t1 x e/abli%$ ,h5ry 9 ! m9ds ( 8 p3 !y no long] look$ ^u _! k+ z an object ( ! ,div9e v5geance1 b z a p5it5t reconcil$ to ,heav51 & "u ! special protection ( ! m>tyr he _h made4 ,! ,flemi% army1 aft] sev]al sev]e *ecks1 capitulat$ to evacuate ! k+dom4 ,! rebelli\s b>ons submitt$ soon aft]4 ,all 0 quiet 9 ,engl&2 b ! ,k+ ( ,france r5ew$ ho/ilities 9 ,norm&y1 & laid siege to ,r\54 ,h5ry recruit$ 8 army ) a body ( auxili>y ,wel%1 arriv$ at ,r\5 ) 8 usual exp$ition1 rais$ ! siege1 & drove ! ,k+ ( ,france q out ( ,norm&y4 ,x 0 !n t he agre$ to an accommodation1 & 9 ! t]ms ( peace1 :i* he dictat$ 9 ! mid/ ( victory to 8 sons1 8 subjects1 & 8 enemies1 !re 0 se5 on "o h& ! t5d]ness ( a fa!r1 & on ! o!r ! mod]ation ( a wise man1 n ins5sible ( ! mutability ( =tune4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aagf ,! w> :i* ?reat5$ 8 ru9 be+ s happily end$1 ! greatness ( ! dang] s]v$ only to enhance 8 glory2 :il/ he saw ! ,k+ ( ,france humbl$1 ! ,flem+s defeat$1 ! ,k+ ( ,scotl& a prison]1 & 8 sons & subjects r$uc$ to ! b\nds ( _! duty4 ,he employ$ ?is int]val ( peace to secure its cont9uance1 & to prev5t a return ( ! l evils2 = :i* reason he made _m re=ms 9 ! laws & polity ( 8 dom9ions4 ,he in/itut$ it9]ant ju/ices1 to weak5 ! p[] ( ! great b>ons1 & ev5 ( ! %]iffs1 :o 7 h>dly m ob$i5t1--an in/itution :i*1 ) great public advantages1 has rema9$ to our times4 ,9 ! _s ( ! same policy he arm$ ! :ole body ( ! p3 ! ,engli% commonalty _h be5 9 a mann] dis>m$ ev] s9ce ! ,conque/4 ,9 ?is regulation we may probably trace ! orig9 ( ! militia1 :i*1 be+ "u ! ord]s ( ! cr[n r 9 a political ?an a feudal respect1 7 judg$ m to be reli$ on ?an ! soldi]s ( t5ure1 to ^: pride & p[] !y might prove a sort ( c\nt]poise4 ,amid/ ^! *anges ! affairs ( ! cl]gy rema9$ unt\*$4 ,! k+ _h exp]i5c$ h[ dang]\s x 0 to attempt remov+ f\ndations s deeply laid bo? 9 /r5g? & op9ion4 ,he !re=e wisely aim$ at acquir+ ! favor ( t body1 & turn+ to 8 own advantage a p[] he %\ld 9 va9 attempt to ov]?r[1 b :i* he might set up aga9/ ano!r p[]1 :i* x 0 equally 8 int]e/ to r$uce4 ,?\gh ^! measures 7 tak5 ) ! greate/ judgm5t1 & seem$ to promise a peaceful ev5+ to 8 reign1 ! se$s ( rebellion rema9$ /ill at home1 & ! dispositions t n\ri%$ !m 7 r increas$ abroad4 ,! p>5tal au?ority1 respectable at all times1 ought to h ! greate/ =ce 9 times :5 ! mann]s are rude & ! laws imp]fect4 ,at t "t ,europe _h n em]g$ out ( b>b>ism1 yet ?is great natural bond ( society 0 extremely weak4 ,! numb] ( =eign obligations & duties almo/ dissolv$ ! family obligations4 ,f ! mom5t a "y man 0 knight$1 s f> z relat$ to 8 fa!r1 he became absolute ma/] ( 8 own conduct2 b he contract$ at ! same "t a sort ( filial relation ) ! p]son :o _h knight$ him4 ,^! v>i\s pr9ciples ( duty di/ract$ "o ano!r4 ,! cu/om :i* !n prevail$1 ( be/[+ l&s & jurisdictions1 "u ! "n ( ,appanages1 to ! sons ( k+s & ! great] nobility1 gave !m a p[] :i* 0 frequ5tly employ$ aga9/ ! giv]2 & ! milit>y & lic5ti\s mann]s ( ! age almo/ de/roy$ e trace ( e k9d ( regul> au?ority4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 :]e ! rival%ip ( bro!rs is s dang]\s1 su* is ! =ce ( pat]nal p[] among/ a rude p1 we sc>ce ev] he> ( a son 9 arms aga9/ 8 fa!r4 ,9 ,europe1 = sev]al ages1 x 0 v common4 ,x 0 ,h5ry's great mis=tune to suff] 9 a p>ticul> mann] f ?is disord]4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aahj4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aahc4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aahh4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aahi4 ,philip succe$$ ,l\is1 ,k+ ( ,france4 ,he foll[$ closely ! plan ( 8 pr$ecessor1 to r$uce ! great vassals1 & ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 :o 0 ! greate/ ( !m2 b he foll[$ x ) f> m skill & vigor1 ?\gh he made use ( ! same in/rum5ts 9 ! "w4 ,he reviv$ ! _s ( rebellion 9 ! pr9ces1 ,h5ry's sons4 ,^! "y pr9ces 7 nev] 9 h>mony ) ea* o!r b 9 a conf$]acy aga9/ _! fa!r1 & ! fa!r _h no rec\rse b 9 ! melan*oly safety d]iv$ f ! disunion ( 8 *ildr54 ,?is he ?\ght x exp$i5t to increase2 b su* policy1 :5 discov]$1 has always a dang]\s effect4 ,! sons1 hav+ j qu>rell$ en\gh to give room = an explanation ( ea* o!r's designs1 & to display ^? ( _! fa!r1 ent] into a new conspiracy4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! motions ! "y k+ dies1 & %[$ at 8 dea? su* signs ( a s9c]e rep5tance z s]v$ to revive ! old k+'s t5d]ness1 & to take away all com=t = 8 loss4 ,! dea? ( 8 ?ird son1 ,ge(frey1 foll[$ close ^u ! heels ( ?is fun]al4 ,he di$ at ,p>is1 :i!r he _h gone to conc]t measures aga9/ 8 fa!r4 ,ri*>d & ,john rema9$4 ,ri*>d1 fi]y1 re/less1 ambiti\s1 op5ly took up arms1 & pursu$ ! w> ) implacable rancor1 & su* success z drove ! k+1 9 ! decl9e ( 8 life1 to a di%onorable treaty2 nor 0 he !n cont5t1 b excit$ new tr\bles4 ,john 0 8 y\nge/ & favorite *ild2 9 him he repos$ all 8 hopes1 & consol$ himself = ! undutifulness ( 8 o!r sons2 b aft] conclud+ ! treaty ) ! ,k+ ( ,france & ,ri*>d1 he f\nd too soon t ,john _h be5 z deep z any 9 ! conspiracy4 ,?is 0 8 la/ w\nd3 afflict$ by 8 *ildr5 9 _! dea?s & h>ass$ 9 _! lives1 mortifi$ z a fa!r & a k+1 worn d[n ) c>es & sorr[s m ?an ) ye>s1 he di$1 curs+ 8 =tune1 8 *ildr51 & ! h\r ( 8 bir?4 ,:5 he p]ceiv$ t dea? approa*$ him1 by 8 own desire he 0 c>ri$ into a *ur* & laid at ! alt>'s foot4 ,h>dly _h he expir$1 :5 he 0 /ripp$1 !n =sak5 by 8 att5dants1 & left a long "t a nak$ & unhe$$ body 9 an empty *ur*3 af=d+ a j consolation = ! obscurity ( a mean =tune1 & an in/ructive lesson h[ little an outw>d greatness & enjoym5ts =eign to ! m9d contribute t[>ds a solid felicity1 9 ! example ( "o :o 0 ! greate/ ( k+s & ! unhappie/ ( mank9d4 ,,footnotes3 #gh ,seld4 ,ti!s1 p4 #dhb4 #gi ,,ll4 ,e!lr$4 ,si presbyt] homicida fi]et1 c4 #hj ,,ll4 ,cnuti1 #ch1 ,de ,m9i/ro ,alt>is ,homicida4 ,idem1 #dj1 ,de ,ord9ato ,capitis reo4 #ha ,,ll4 ,h4,i4 #eg1 ,de ,qu]ela ,vic9orum2 & #ef #ff84 ,de ,ord9ato qui ,vitam =isfaciat1 9 ,fd4 ,alur$4 et ,gu?urn41 apud ,spel4 ,concil4 #cgf1 #a/ vol42 ,,ll4 ,edw4 et ,gu?urn41 #c1 ,de ,correctione ,ord9atorum4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,reign ,,( ,,ri*>d ,i4 ,sid5ote3 ,ri*>d ,i4 ,a4,d4 #aahi ,:il/ ,h5ry liv$1 ! ,k+ ( ,france _h always an effectual means ( break+ 8 p[] by ! divisions 9 8 family4 ,b n[ ,ri*>d succe$$ to all ! p[] ( 8 fa!r1 ) an equal ambition to ext5d x1 ) a temp] inf9itely m fi]y & impetu\s1 & free f e imp$im5t ( int]nal diss5sion4 ,^! circum/ances fill$ ! m9d ( ,philip ) great & j uneas9ess4 ,!re 0 no security b 9 f9d+ ex]cise = ! ent]pris+ g5ius ( ! "y k+ at a di/ance f home4 ,! new ,crusade af=d$ an advantage\s opportunity4 ,a little be=e 8 fa!r's dea?1 ,ri*>d _h tak5 ! cross 9 conjunction ) ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,s precipitate 7 ! fe>s ( t mon>*1 t ,ri*>d 0 h>dly cr[n$ :5 ambassadors 7 dispat*$ to ,engl& to rem9d him ( 8 obligation1 & to pique 8 pride by acqua9t+ him t _! ma/] 0 ev5 !n 9 read9ess to fulfil 8 "p ( _! common v[4 ,an ent]prise ( ?is sort 0 extremely agreeable to ! g5ius ( ,ri*>d1 :]e religion sanctifi$ ! ?ir/ ( milit>y glory1 & :]e ! glory itself seem$ b ! m desirable by be+ unconnect$ ) int]e/4 ,he imm$iately accept$ ! proposal1 & resolv$ to insure ! success z well z ! lu/re ( 8 exp$ition by ! magnific5ce ( 8 prep>ations4 ,n cont5t ) ! imm5se treasures amass$ by 8 fa!r1 he drew 9 va/ sums by ! sale ( almo/ all ! demesnes ( ! cr[n1 & ( e (fice "u x1 n except+ ^? ( ! highe/ tru/4 ,! cl]gy1 ^: weal? & policy enabl$ !m to take advantage ( ! necessity & weakness ( ! ,croises1 7 g5]ally ! pur*as]s ( bo?4 ,to secure 8 dom9ions 9 8 abs5ce1 he made an alliance ) ! pr9ces ( ,wales1 & ) ! ,k+ ( ,scotl&4 ,to ! latt] he releas$1 = a sum ( money1 ! homage :i* _h be5 extort$ by 8 fa!r4 ,8 bro!r ,john gave him mo/ uneas9ess2 b f9d+ x unwor?y1 or impracticable1 to use ! sev]] me?ods ( jeal\s policy1 he resolv$ to secure 8 fidelity by load+ him ) b5efits4 ,he be/[$ on him six e>ldoms1 & gave him 9 m>riage ! ,lady ,avisa1 sole heiress ( ! great h\se ( ,gl\ce/]2 b z he gave him no %>e 9 ! reg5cy1 he increas$ 8 p[]1 & left him discont5t$ 9 a k+dom committ$ to ! c>e ( new m51 :o _h m]it$ _! places by _! money4 ,x w be prop] to take a view ( ! condition ( ! ,holy ,l& at ! "t :5 ?is ?ird ,crusade 0 set on foot to repair ! faults committ$ 9 ! two =m]4 ,! conque/s ( ! ,croises1 ext5d+ ov] ,pale/9e & a "p ( ,syria1 _h be5 erect$ into a sov]eignty "u ! "n ( ! ,k+dom ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is k+dom1 ill-ord]$ )91 surr\nd$ on all sides by p[]ful enemies1 subsi/$ by a /r5g? n its own = ne> n9ety ye>s4 ,b diss5sions aris+ ab\t ! succession to ! cr[n1 betwe5 ,guy ( ,lusignan & ,raymond1 ,e>l ( ,tripoli1 ,guy1 ei!r because he ?\ght ! assi/ance ( ! ,european pr9ces too di/ant1 or t he fe>$ _! decision1 call$ 9 ! aid ( ,salad91 ,sultan ( ,egypt4 ,?is able pr9ce imm$iately ent]$ ,pale/9e4 ,z ! :ole /r5g? ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,pale/9e dep5d$ ^u =eign succor1 he fir/ made himself ma/] ( ! m>itime t[ns1 & !n ,j]usalem fell an easy prey to 8 arms2 :il/ ! competitors cont5d$ ) ! utmo/ viol5ce = a k+dom :i* no long] exi/$ = ei!r ( !m4 ,all ,europe 0 al>m$ at ?is revolution4 ,! bani%$ ,patri>* ( ,j]usalem fill$ e place ) ! di/resses ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,pope ord]$ a solemn fa/ to be =ev] kept = ?is loss1 & !n1 ex]t+ all 8 influ5ce1 excit$ a new ,crusade1 9 :i* va/ numb]s engag$1 ) an ardor unabat$ by _! =m] mis=tunes2 b want+ a prop] subord9ation r ?an a suffici5t =ce1 !y made b a sl[ progress1 :5 ,ri*>d & ,philip1 at ! head ( m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& *os5 m51 ! "o f ,m>seilles1 ! o!r f ,g5oa1 set sail to _! assi/ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaia ,9 8 voyage to ! ,holy ,l& accid5t pres5t$ ,ri*>d1 ) an unexpect$ conque/4 ,a vessel ( 8 fleet 0 driv5 by a /orm to take %elt] 9 ! ,isle ( ,cyprus4 ,t isl& 0 gov]n$ by a pr9ce nam$ ,isaac1 ( ! imp]ial family ( ! ,comn5i1 :o n only refus$ all relief to ! suff]]s1 b plund]$ !m ( ! little rema9s ( _! sub/ance4 ,ri*>d1 res5t+ ?is inhospitable treatm5t1 aggravat$ by ! insol5ce ( ! tyrant1 turn$ 8 =ce ^u ,cyprus1 vanqui%$ ,isaac 9 ! field1 took ! capital city1 & 0 solemnly cr[n$ k+ ( t isl&4 ,b deem+ x z glori\s to give z to acquire a cr[n1 he soon aft] resign$ x to ,lusignan1 to satisfy him = 8 claim on ,j]usalem2 9 ^: desc5dants x cont9u$ = sev]al g5]ations1 until1 pass+ by m>riage into ! family ( ,corn>o1 a ,v5etian nobleman1 x 0 acquir$ to t /ate1 ! only /ate 9 ,europe :i* _h any real b5efit by all ! blood & treasure lavi%$ 9 ! ,holy ,w>4 ,ri*>d arriv$ 9 ,pale/9e "s "t aft] ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,8 arrival gave new vigor to ! op]ations ( ! ,croises4 ,he r$uc$ ,acre to surr5d] at discretion1 :i* _h be5 9 va9 besieg$ = two ye>s1 & 9 ! siege ( :i* an inf9ite numb] ( ,*ri/ians _h p]i%$2 & s mu* did he di/+ui% himself on ?is & on all occasions1 t ! :ole exp$ition seem$ to re/ on 8 s+le valor4 ,! ,k+ ( ,france1 see+ him fully engag$1 _h all t he desir$4 ,! climate 0 disagreeable to 8 con/itution1 & ! w>1 9 :i* he act$ b a second "p1 to 8 pride4 ,he !re=e ha/5$ home to execute 8 projects aga9/ ,ri*>d1 amus+ him ) oa?s made to be violat$1--leav+1 inde$1 a "p ( 8 =ces "u ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 b ) private ord]s to give him und]h& all possible ob/ruction4 ,not)/&+ ! des]tion ( 8 ally1 ,ri*>d cont9u$ ! w> ) uncommon alacrity4 ,) v unequal numb]s he engag$ & defeat$ ! :ole army ( ,salad91 & slew =ty ?\s& ( 8 be/ troops4 ,he oblig$ him to evacuate all ! t[ns on ! sea-coa/1 & spread ! r5[n & t]ror ( 8 arms ov] all ,asia4 ,a ?\s& great exploits did n1 h[ev]1 enable him to ext5d 8 conque/s to ! inl& c\ntry4 ,jeal\sy1 envy1 cabals1 & a total want ( discipl9e reign$ 9 ! army ( ! ,crosses4 ,! climate1 & _! intemp]ance m ?an ! climate1 wa/$ !m ) a swift decay4 ,! v[ :i* br\ght !m to ! ,holy ,l& 0 g5]ally = a limit$ "t1 at ! conclusion ( :i* !y 7 always impati5t to dep>t4 ,_! armies broke up at ! mo/ critical conjunctures1--z x 0 n ! necessity ( ! s]vice1 b ! ext5t ( _! v[s1 :i* held !m toge!r4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z !y _h habituat$ !mselves to ! c\ntry1 & atta9$ "s exp]i5ce1 !y 7 gone2 & new m5 suppli$ _! places1 to acquire exp]i5ce by ! same mis=tunes1 & to lose ! b5efit ( x by ! same incon/ancy4 ,?us ! w> c\ld nev] be c>ri$ on ) /ead9ess & uni=mity4 ,on ! o!r side1 ,salad9 cont9ually repair$ 8 losses2 8 res\rces 7 at h&2 & ?is great capta9 v judici\sly kept possession ( t m\nta9\s c\ntry :i*1 =m$ by a p]petual ridge ( ,libanus1 9 a mann] walls 9 ! sea-coa/ ( ,pale/9e4 ,!re he hung1 l a cont9ual tempe/1 ready to bur/ ov] ! ,*ri/ian army4 ,on 8 re> 0 ! /rong city ( ,j]usalem1 :i* secur$ a communication ) ! c\ntries ( ,*aldea & ,mesopotamia1 f :5ce he 0 well suppli$ ) ev]y?+4 ,if ! ,*ri/ians attempt$ to improve _! successes by p5etrat+ to ,j]usalem1 !y _h a city p[]fully g>rison$ 9 _! front1 a c\ntry wa/$ & de/itute ( =age to act 91 & ,salad9 ) a va/ army on _! re> advantage\sly po/$ to cut (f _! convoys & re9=cem5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaib4 ,ri*>d 0 labor+ to get ov] ^! disadvantages1 :5 he 0 in=m$ by repeat$ expresses ( ! disord] ( 8 affairs 9 ,europe1--disord]s :i* arose f ! ill dispositions he _h made at 8 dep>ture4 ,! heads ( 8 reg5cy _h abus$ _! p[]2 !y qu>rell$ ) ea* o!r1 & ! nobility ) !m4 ,a sort ( a civil w> _h aris51 9 :i* !y 7 depos$4 ,pr9ce ,john 0 ! ma9 spr+ ( ^! diss5sions2 he engag$ 9 a close communication ( c\ncils ) ! ,k+ ( ,france1 :o _h seiz$ ^u sev]al places 9 ,norm&y4 ,x 0 ) regret t ,ri*>d f\nd himself oblig$ to leave a !atre on :i* he _h plann$ su* an illu/ri\s sc5e ( action4 ,a con/ant emulation 9 c\rtesy & polit5ess1 z well z 9 milit>y exploits1 _h be5 kept up betwe5 him & ,salad94 ,he n[ conclud$ a truce ) t g5]\s enemy1 & on 8 dep>ture s5t a mess5g] to assure him t on its expiration he w\ld n fail to be aga9 9 ,pale/9e4 ,salad9 repli$1 t1 if he mu/ lose 8 k+dom1 he w\ld *oose to lose x to ! ,k+ ,engl&4 ,?us ,ri*>d return$1 leav+ ,j]usalem 9 ! h&s ( ! ,s>ac5s2 & ?is end _h an ent]prise 9 :i* two ( ! mo/ p[]ful mon>*s 9 ,europe 7 p]sonally engag$1 an army ( upw>ds ( "o hundr$ ?\s& m5 employ$1 & to furni% :i* ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w _h be5 vex$ & exhau/$4 ,x is a melan*oly reflection1 t ! _s ( great designs c seldom be inspir$1 b :]e ! reason ( mank9d is s uncultivat$ t !y c be turn$ to little advantage4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaic ,) ?is w> end$ ! =tune ( ,ri*>d1 :o f\nd ! ,s>ac5s less dang]\s ?an 8 ,*ri/ian allies4 ,x is n well kn[n :at motive induc$ him to l& at ,aquileia1 at ! bottom ( ! ,gulf ( ,v5ice1 9 ord] to take 8 r\te by ,g]many2 b he pursu$ 8 j\rney ?r\gh1 ! t]ritories ( ! ,duke ( ,au/ria1 :om he _h p]sonally affront$ at ! siege ( ,acre4 ,& n[1 nei!r keep+ himself out ( ! p[] ( t pr9ce1 nor r\s+ 8 g5]osity by seem+ to confide 9 x1 he attempt$ to get ?r\gh 8 dom9ions 9 disguise4 ,sov]eigns d n easily assume ! private "*2 _! pride seldom suff]s _! disguise to be complete3 besides1 ,ri*>d _h made himself b too well kn[n4 ,! ,duke1 transport$ ) ! opportunity ( base rev5ge1 discov]$ him1 seiz$ him1 & ?rew him into prison2 f :5ce he 0 only releas$ to be ?r[n into ano!r4 ,! ,emp]or claim$ him1 &1 )\t reg>d+ 9 ?is un=tunate captive ! common dignity ( sov]eigns1 or 8 great actions 9 ! common cause ( ,europe1 treat$ him ) yet great] cruelty4 ,to give a color ( ju/ice to 8 viol5ce1 he propos$ to accuse ,ri*>d at ! ,diet ( ! ,empire ^u c]ta9 articles relative to 8 conduct 9 ! ,holy ,l&4 ,! news ( ! k+'s captivity caus$ ! greate/ con/]nation 9 all 8 good subjects2 b x reviv$ ! hopes & ma*9ations ( ,pr9ce ,john1 :o b\nd himself by clos] ties ?an ev] to ! ,k+ ( ,france1 seiz$ ^u "s /rongholds 9 ,engl&1 &1 indu/ri\sly spread+ a report ( 8 bro!r's dea?1 publicly laid claim to ! cr[n z lawful successor4 ,all 8 endeavors1 h[ev]1 s]v$ only to excite ! indignation ( ! p1 & to atta* !m ! m firmly to _! un=tunate pr9ce4 ,eleanor1 ! que5 d[ag]1 z good a "m z %e _h be5 a bad wife1 act$ ) ! utmo/ vigor & prud5ce to reta9 !m 9 _! duty1 & omitt$ no means to procure ! lib]ty ( h] son4 ,! nation second$ h] ) a zeal1 9 _! circum/ances1 uncommon4 ,no tyrant ev] impos$ s sev]e a tax ^u 8 p z ! affection ( ! p ( ,engl&1 already exhau/$1 levi$ ^u !mselves4 ,! mo/ favor$ religi\s ord]s 7 *>g$ on ?is occasion4 ,! ,*ur* plate 0 sold4 ,! ornam5ts ( ! mo/ holy relics 7 n sp>$4 ,&1 inde$1 no?+ s]ves m to demon/rate ! pov]ty ( ! k+dom1 r$uc$ by int]nal diss5sions & remote w>s1 at t "t1 ?an ! extreme difficulty ( collect+ ! k+'s ransom1 :i* am\nt$ to no m ?an "o hundr$ ?\s& m>ks ( silv]1 ,cologne weight4 ,= rais+ ?is sum1 ! fir/ taxation1 ! mo/ heavy & g5]al t 0 ev] kn[n 9 ,engl&1 prov$ altoge!r insuffici5t4 ,ano!r taxation 0 set on foot4 ,x 0 levi$ ) ! same rigor z ! =m]1 & /ill fell %ort4 ,ambassadors 7 s5t into ,g]many ) all t c\ld be rais$1 & ) ho/ages = ! paym5t ( :atev] rema9$4 ,! k+ met ^! ambassadors z he 0 c>ri$ 9 *a9s to plead 8 cause be=e ! ,diet ( ! ,empire4 ,! ambassadors bur/ into te>s at ?is affect+ sight1 & wept al\d2 b ,ri*>d1 ?\gh t\*$ no less ) ! affectionate loyalty ( 8 subjects ?an ) 8 own fall5 condition1 pres]v$ 8 dignity entire 9 8 mis=tunes1 & ) a *e]ful air inquir$ ( ! /ate ( 8 dom9ions1 ! behavior ( ! ,k+ ( ,scotl&1 & ! fidelity ( 8 bro!r1 ! ,c\nt ,john4 ,at ! ,diet1 no long] protect$ by ! "* ( a sov]eign1 he 0 support$ by 8 p]sonal abilities4 ,he _h a ready wit & great natural eloqu5ce2 & 8 high reputation & ! weight ( 8 cause plead+ = him m /rongly1 ! ,diet at la/ int]e/$ itself 9 8 favor1 & prevail$ on ! ,emp]or to accept an excessive ransom = dismiss+ a prison] :om he deta9$ )\t ! lea/ color ( ju/ice4 ,philip mov$ heav5 & e>? to prev5t 8 enl>gem5t3 he negotiat$1 he promis$1 he flatt]$1 he ?reat5$1 he outbid 8 extravagant ransom4 ,! ,emp]or1 9 8 own nature m incl9$ to ! bribe1 :i* tempt$ him to be base1 hesitat$ a long "t betwe5 ^! (f]s4 ,b z ! paym5t ( ! ransom 0 m c]ta9 ?an ,philip's promises1 & z ! in/ances ( ! ,diet1 & ! m5aces ( ! ,pope1 :o protect$ ,ri*>d1 z a pr9ce s]v+ "u ! ,cross1 7 ( m imm$iate consequ5ce ?an 8 ?reats1 ,ri*>d 0 at l5g? releas$2 & ?\gh x is said ! ,emp]or endeavor$ to seize him aga91 to extort an o!r ransom1 he escap$ safely into ,engl&4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaid ,ri*>d1 on 8 com+ to ,engl&1 f\nd all ?+s 9 ! utmo/ confusion2 b be=e he attempt$ to apply a rem$y to s ob/9ate a disease1 9 ord] to wipe (f any degrad+ ideas :i* might h aris5 f 8 imprisonm5t1 he caus$ himself to be new cr[n$4 ,!n hold+ 8 ,c\rt ( ,great ,c\ncil at ,s\?ampton1 he made "s useful regulations 9 ! di/ribution ( ju/ice4 ,he call$ "s great (f5d]s to a /rict acc\nt4 ,c\nt ,john des]v$ no favor1 & he lay entirely at ! k+'s m]cy1 :o1 by an unp>allel$ g5]osity1 p>don$ him 8 multipli$ (f5ces1 only depriv+ him ( ! p[] ( :i* he _h made s bad a use4 ,g5]osity did n oblige him to =get ! ho/ilities ( ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,b to prosecute ! w> money 0 want+1 :i* new taxes & new devices suppli$ ) difficulty & ) di%onor4 ,all ! mean oppressions ( a necessit\s gov]nm5t 7 ex]cis$ on ?is occasion4 ,all ! grants :i* 7 made on ! k+'s dep>ture to ! ,holy ,l& 7 revok$1 on ! weak pret5ce t ! pur*as]s _h suffici5t recomp5se :il/ !y held !m4 ,necessity seem$ to ju/ify ?is1 z well z _m o!r measures t 7 equally viol5t4 ,! :ole rev5ue ( ! cr[n _h be5 dissipat$2 means to support its dignity mu/ be f\nd2 & ^! means 7 ! lea/ unpopul>1 z mo/ m5 saw ) pleasure ! wants ( gov]nm5t fall ^u ^? :o _h />t$ into a sudd5 greatness by tak+ advantage ( ^? wants4 ,ri*>d r5ew$ ! w> ) ,philip1 :i* cont9u$1 ?\gh frequ5tly int]rupt$ by truces1 = ab\t five ye>s4 ,9 ?is w> ,ri*>d signaliz$ himself by t irresi/ible c\rage :i* on all occasions gave him a sup]iority ov] ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,b 8 rev5ues 7 exhau/$2 a great sc>city reign$ bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&2 & ! irregul> mann] ( c>ry+ on w> 9 ^? days prev5t$ a cle> decision 9 favor ( ei!r p>ty4 ,ri*>d _h /ill an eye on ! ,holy ,l&1 :i* he consid]$ z ! only prov9ce wor?y ( 8 arms2 & ?is cont9ually div]t$ 8 ?\ghts f ! /eady prosecution ( ! w> 9 ,france4 ,! ,crusade1 l a sup]ior orb1 mov$ along ) all ! p>ticul> sy/ems ( politics ( t "t1 & susp5d$1 accel]at$1 or put back all op]ations on motives =eign to ! ?+s !mselves4 ,9 ?is w> x mu/ be rem>k$1 t ,ri*>d made a consid]able use ( ! m]c5>ies :o _h be5 s s]viceable to ,h5ry ! ,second2 & ! ,k+ ( ,france1 p]ceiv+ h[ mu* 8 fa!r1 ,l\is1 _h suff]$ by a want ( t advantage1 kept on foot a /&+ army 9 con/ant pay1 :i* none ( 8 pr$ecessors _h done be=e him1 & :i* aft]w>ds = a long "t v unacc\ntably fell into disuse 9 bo? k+doms4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaii4 ,:il/ ?is w> 0 c>ri$ on1 by int]vals & />ts1 x came to ! e>s ( ,ri*>d t a nobleman ( ,limoges _h f\nd on 8 l&s a consid]able hidd5 treasure4 ,! k+1 necessit\s & rapaci\s to ! la/ degree1 & /imulat$ by ! exagg]ation & m>vell\s circum/ances :i* always att5d ! report ( su* discov]ies1 imm$iately s5t to dem& ! treasure1 "u pret5ce ( ! rights ( seigniory4 ,! ,limos91 ei!r because he _h really discov]$ no?+ or t he 0 unwill+ to "p ) s valuable an acquisition1 refus$ to comply ) ! k+'s dem&1 & =tifi$ 8 ca/le4 ,enrag$ at ! disappo9tm5t1 ,ri*>d rel9qui%$ ! important affairs 9 :i* he 0 engag$1 & laid siege to ?is ca/le ) all ! eag]ness ( a man :o has 8 he>t set ^u a trifle4 ,9 ?is siege he receiv$ a w\nd f an arr[1 & x prov$ mortal2 b 9 ! la/1 z 9 all ! o!r acts ( 8 life1 some?+ truly noble %one out amid/ ! ra% & irregul> motions ( 8 m9d4 ,! ca/le 0 tak5 be=e he di$4 ,! man f :om ,ri*>d _h receiv$ ! w\nd 0 br\ght be=e him4 ,be+ ask$ :y he levell$ 8 arr[ at ! k+1 he answ]$1 ) an undaunt$ c\nt5ance1 t ! k+ ) 8 own h& _h sla9 8 two bro!rs2 t he ?ank$ ,god :o gave him an opportunity to rev5ge _! dea?s ev5 ) ! c]ta9ty ( 8 own4 ,ri*>d1 m t\*$ ) ! magnanimity ( ! man ?an (f5d$ at ! injury he _h receiv$ or ! boldness ( ! answ]1 ord]$ t 8 life %\ld be sp>$4 ,he appo9t$ 8 bro!r ,john to ! succession2 & ) ^! acts end$ a life & reign di/+ui%$ by a great v>iety ( =tunes 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & cr[n$ ) great milit>y glory1 b )\t any accession ( p[] to himself1 or prosp]ity to 8 p1 :om he entirely neglect$1 & r$uc$1 by 8 imprud5ce & mis=tunes1 to no small indig5ce & di/ress4 ,9 _m respects1 a /rik+ p>allel pres5ts itself betwe5 ?is anci5t ,k+ ( ,engl& & ,*>les ! ,twelf?1 ( ,sw$54 ,!y 7 bo? inord9ately desir\s ( w>1 & r g5]als ?an k+s4 ,bo? 7 r fond ( glory ?an ambiti\s ( empire4 ,bo? ( !m made & depos$ sov]eigns4 ,!y bo? c>ri$ on _! w>s at a di/ance f home4 ,!y 7 bo? made prison]s by a fri5d & ally4 ,!y 7 bo? r$uc$ by an adv]s>y inf]ior 9 w>1 b above !m 9 ! arts ( rule4 ,aft] sp5d+ _! lives 9 remote adv5tures1 ea* p]i%$ at la/ ne> home 9 ent]prises n suit$ to ! spl5dor ( _! =m] exploits4 ,bo? di$ *ildless4 ,& bo?1 by ! neglect ( _! affairs & ! sev]ity ( _! gov]nm5t1 gave _! subjects provocation & enc\ragem5t to revive _! fre$om4 ,9 all ^! respects ! two *>act]s 7 alike2 b ,ri*>d fell z mu* %ort ( ! ,sw$i% h]o 9 temp]ance1 *a/ity1 & equality ( m9d z he exce$$ him 9 wit & eloqu5ce4 ,"s ( 8 say+s are ! mo/ spirit$ t we f9d 9 t "t2 & "s ( 8 v]ses rema91 :i* is a b>b>\s age might h pass$ = poetry4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,reign ,,( ,,john4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #aaii ,we are n[ arriv$ at "o ( ! mo/ memorable p]iods 9 ! ,engli% /ory1 :e!r we consid] ! a/oni%+ revolutions :i* 7 !n wr\ght1 ! calamities 9 :i* bo? ! pr9ce & p 7 involv$1 or ! happy consequ5ces :i*1 aris+ f ! mid/ ( ^? calamities1 h con/itut$ ! glory & prosp]ity ( ,engl& = s _m ye>s4 ,we %all see a ?rone f\nd$ 9 arms1 & augm5t$ by ! successive policy ( five able pr9ces1 at once %ak5 to its f\ndations3 fir/ made tribut>y by ! arts ( a =eign p[]2 !n limit$1 & almo/ ov]turn$1 by ! viol5ce ( its subjects4 ,we %all see a k+1 to r$uce 8 p to ob$i5ce1 draw into 8 t]ritories a tumultu>y =eign army1 & de/roy 8 c\ntry in/ead ( e/abli%+ 8 gov]nm5t4 ,we %all behold ! p1 gr[n desp]ate1 call 9 ano!r =eign army1 ) a =eign pr9ce at its head1 & ?r[ away t lib]ty :i* !y _h sacrific$ ev]y?+ to pres]ve4 ,we %all see ! arms ( ?is pr9ce successful aga9/ an e/abli%$ k+ 9 ! vigor ( 8 ye>s1 ebb+ 9 ! full tide ( _! prosp]ity1 & yield+ to an infant3 aft] ?is1 peace & ord] & lib]ty re/or$1 ! =eign =ce & =eign title purg$ (f1 & all ?+s settl$ z happily z beyond all hope4 ,ri*>d dy+ )\t lawful issue1 ! succession to 8 dom9ions aga9 became dubi\s4 ,!y consi/$ ( v>i\s t]ritories1 gov]n$ by v>i\s rules ( desc5t1 & all ( !m unc]ta94 ,!re 7 two competitors3 ! fir/ 0 ,pr9ce ,john1 y\nge/ son ( ,h5ry ! ,second2 ! o!r 0 ,ar?ur1 son ( ,con/ance ( ,bretagne1 by ,ge(frey1 ! ?ird son ( t mon>*4 ,if ! "r ( consangu9ity 7 only consid]$1 ! title ( ,john to ! :ole succession _h be5 indubitable4 ,if ! "r ( repres5tation _h !n prevail$1 :i* n[ univ]sally prevails1 ,ar?ur1 z /&+ 9 ! place ( 8 fa!r1 ,ge(frey1 _h a solid claim4 ,ab\t ,brittany !re 0 no dispute4 ,anj\1 ,poit\1 ,t\ra9e1 & ,gui5ne decl>$ 9 favor ( ,ar?ur1 on ! pr9ciple ( repres5tation4 ,norm&y 0 entirely = ,john4 ,9 ,engl& ! po9t ( law _h nev] be5 entirely settl$1 b x seem$ r incl9$ to ! side ( consangu9ity4 ,!re=e 9 ,engl&1 :]e ?is po9t 0 dubi\s at be/1 ! claim ( ,ar?ur1 an infant & a /rang]1 _h little =ce aga9/ ! pret5sions ( ,john1 decl>$ heir by ! w ( ! late k+1 support$ by 8 armies1 possess$ ( 8 treasures1 & at ! head ( a p[]ful p>ty4 ,he secur$ 9 8 int]e/s ,hub]t1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & ,glanville1 ! *ief ju/ici>y1 & by !m ! body ( ! ecclesia/ics & ! law4 ,x is rem>kable1 also1 t he paid c\rt to ! cities & bor\ghs1 :i* is ! fir/ in/ance ( t policy3 b sev]al ( ^! communities n[ happily began to em]ge f _! slav]y1 &1 tak+ advantage ( ! necessities & confusion ( ! late reign1 increas$ 9 weal? & consequ5ce1 & _h !n fir/ atta9$ a free & regul> =m ( adm9i/ration4 ,! t[ns new to p[] decl>$ he>tily 9 favor ( a pr9ce :o 0 will+ to all[ t _! decl>ation c\ld conf] a "r4 ,! nobility1 :o saw !mselves beset by ! ,*ur*1 ! law1 & ! burgh]s1 _h tak5 no measures1 nor ev5 a resolution1 & !re=e _h no?+ left b to concur 9 ackn[l$g+ ! title ( ,john1 :om !y knew & hat$4 ,b ?\gh !y 7 n able to exclude him f ! succession1 !y _h /r5g? en\gh to oblige him to a solemn promise ( re/or+ ^? lib]ties & fran*ises :i* !y _h always claim$ )\t hav+ ev] enjoy$ or ev5 p]fectly und]/ood4 ,! cl]gy also took advantage ( ! badness ( 8 title to e/abli% "o altoge!r z ill f\nd$4 ,hub]t1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 9 ! spee* :i* he deliv]$ at ! k+'s coronation1 publicly affirm$ t ! cr[n ( ,engl& 0 ( "r elective4 ,he drew 8 examples 9 support ( ?is doctr9e1 n f ! hi/ories ( ! anci5t ,saxon k+s1 al?\gh a species ( election )9 a c]ta9 family _h !n frequ5tly prevail$1 b f ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ k+s ( ! ,jews3 )\t d\bt 9 ord] to revive ^? pret5sions :i* ! cl]gy fir/ set up 9 ! election ( ,/eph51 & :i* !y _h s9ce be5 oblig$ to conceal1 b _h n entirely =gott54 ,john accept$ a sov]eignty weak5$ 9 ! v act by :i* he acquir$ x2 b he submitt$ to ! times4 ,he came to ! ?rone at ! age ( ?irty-two4 ,he _h ent]$ e>ly into bus9ess1 & _h be5 (t5 involv$ 9 difficult & ardu\s ent]prises1 9 :i* he exp]i5c$ a v>iety ( m5 & =tunes4 ,8 fa!r1 :il/ he 0 v "y1 _h s5t him into ,irel&1 :i* k+dom 0 de/9$ = 8 portion1 9 ord] to habituate t p to _! future sov]eign1 & to give ! "y pr9ce an opportunity ( conciliat+ ! favor ( 8 new subjects4 ,b he gave on ?is occasion no good om5s ( capacity = gov]nm5t4 ,full ( ! insol5t levity ( a "y man ( high rank )\t education1 & surr\nd$ ) o!rs equally unpractis$1 he insult$ ! ,iri% *iefs1 &1 ridicul+ _! unc\? g>b & mann]s1 he rais$ su* a disaffection to ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 & s mu* opposition to x1 z all ! wisdom ( 8 fa!r's be/ (fic]s & c\nsellors 0 h>dly able to ov]come4 ,9 ! decl9e ( 8 fa!r's life he jo9$ 9 ! rebellion ( 8 bro!rs1 ) s mu* m guilt z ) m +ratitude & hypocrisy4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,ri*>d he 0 ! p]petual au?or ( s$itions & tumults2 & yet 0 p>don$1 & ev5 favor$ by t pr9ce to 8 dea?1 :5 he v unacc\ntably appo9t$ him heir to all 8 dom9ions4 ,x 0 ( ! utmo/ mom5t to ,john1 :o _h no solid title1 to conciliate ! favor ( all ! _w4 ,yet "o ( 8 fir/ /eps1 :il/ 8 p[] /ill rema9$ dubi\s & unsettl$1 01 on pret5ce ( consangu9ity1 to divorce 8 wife ,avisa1 ) :om he _h liv$ _m ye>s1 & to m>ry ,isabella ( ,ang\lme1 a woman ( extraord9>y beauty1 b :o _h be5 betro!d to ,hugh1 ,c\nt ( ,m>*e3 ?us disgu/+ at once ! p[]ful fri5ds ( 8 divorc$ wife1 & ^? ( ! ,e>l ( ,m>*e1 :om he _h s s5sibly wrong$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #abjj4 ,! ,k+ ( ,france1 ,philip ,augu/us1 saw ) pleasure ^! proce$+s ( ,john1 z he _h be=e rejoic$ at ! dispute ab\t ! succession4 ,he _h be5 always employ$1 & sometimes ) success1 to r$uce ! ,engli% p[] ?r\gh ! reigns ( "o v able & "o v w>like pr9ce4 ,he _h great] advantages 9 ?is conjuncture1 & a pr9ce ( q ano!r "* n[ to cont5d )4 ,he 0 !re=e n long )\t *oos+ 8 "p2 & :il/ he secretly enc\rag$ ! ,c\nt ( ,m>*e1 already /imulat$ by 8 private wrongs1 he op5ly support$ ! claim ( ,ar?ur to ! ,du*ies ( ,anj\ & ,t\ra9e4 ,x 0 ! "* ( ?is pr9ce readily to lay aside & z readily to reassume 8 ent]prises1 z 8 affairs dem&$4 ,he saw t he _h decl>$ himself too ra%ly1 & t he 0 9 dang] ( be+ assault$ ^u e side4 ,he saw x 0 necess>y to break an alliance1 :i* ! nice circum/ances & timid "* ( ,john w\ld enable him to d4 ,9 fact1 ,john 0 at ?is "t unit$ 9 a close alliance ) ! ,emp]or & ! ,e>l ( ,fl&]s2 & ^! pr9ces 7 engag$ 9 a w> ) ,france4 ,he _h !n a mo/ favorable opportunity to e/abli% all 8 claims1 & at ! same "t to put ! ,k+ ( ,france out ( a condition to "q !m ev] aft]4 ,b he suff]$ himself to be ov]rea*$ by ! artifices ( ,philip3 he cons5t$ to a treaty ( peace1 by :i* he receiv$ an empty ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 "r to ! disput$ t]ritories1 & 9 return = :i* ackn[l$gm5t he r5\nc$ 8 alliance ) ! ,emp]or4 ,by ?is act he at once /r5g!n$ 8 enemy1 gave up 8 ally1 & l[]$ 8 "* ) 8 subjects & ) all ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #abja4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #abjb4 ,?is treaty 0 h>dly sign$1 :5 ! ill consequ5ces ( 8 conduct became evid5t4 ,! ,e>l ( ,m>*e & ,ar?ur imm$iately r5ew$ _! claims & ho/ilities "u ! protection ( ! ,k+ ( ,france1 :o made a /rong div]sion by invad+ ,norm&y4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ^! motions1 ,john1 by virtue ( a pr]ogative hi!rto undisput$1 summon$ 8 ,engli% b>ons to att5d him into ,france2 b in/ead ( a compliance ) 8 ord]s1 he 0 surpris$ ) a solemn dem& ( _! anci5t lib]ties4 ,x is a/oni%+ t ! b>ons %\ld at t "t h v5tur$ on a resolution ( su* dang]\s importance1 z !y _h provid$ no sort ( means to support !m4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ^? times furni%es _m in/ances ( ! l want ( design 9 ! mo/ mom5t\s affairs1 & %[s t x is 9 va9 to look = political causes = ! actions ( m51 :o 7 mo/ commonly direct$ by a brute caprice1 & 7 = ! great] "p de/itute ( any fix$ pr9ciples ( ob$i5ce or resi/ance4 ,! k+1 s5sible ( ! weakness ( 8 b>ons1 fell ^u "s ( _! ca/les ) su* timely vigor1 & treat$ ^? :om he _h r$uc$ ) s mu* sev]ity1 t ! re/ imm$iately & abjectly submitt$4 ,he levi$ a sev]e tax ^u _! fiefs2 & ?9k+ himself m /r5g!n$ by ?is treasure ?an ! =c$ s]vice ( 8 b>ons1 he excus$ ! p]sonal att5dance ( mo/ ( !m1 &1 pass+ into ,norm&y1 he rais$ an army !re4 ,he f\nd t 8 enemies _h unit$ _! =ces1 & inve/$ ! ca/le ( ,mirebeau1 a place ( importance1 9 :i* 8 "m1 f :om he d]iv$ 8 "r to ,gui5ne1 0 besieg$4 ,he flew to ! relief ( ?is place ) ! _s ( a great] "*1 & ! success 0 answ]able4 ,! ,breton & ,poitev9 army 0 defeat$1 8 "m 0 fre$1 & ! "y ,duke ( ,brittany & 8 si/] 7 made prison]s4 ,! latt] he s5t into ,engl&1 to be conf9$ 9 ! ca/le ( ,bri/ol2 ! =m] he c>ri$ ) him to ,r\54 ,! good =tune ( ,john n[ seem$ to be at its highe/ po9t2 b x 0 exalt$ on a precipice2 & ?is great victory prov$ ! occasion ( all ! evils :i* afflict$ 8 life4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #abjc4 ,john 0 n ( a "* to resi/ ! temptation ( hav+ ! life ( 8 rival 9 8 h&s4 ,all hi/orians are z fully agre$ t he murd]$ 8 nephew z !y diff] 9 ! means by :i* he accompli%$ t crime4 ,b ! report 0 soon spread abroad1 v>i\sly height5$ 9 ! circum/ances by ! obscurity ( ! fact1 :i* left all m5 at lib]ty to imag9e & inv5t1 & excit$ all ^? s5tim5ts ( pity & indignation :i* a v "y pr9ce ( great hopes1 cruelly murd]$ by 8 uncle1 naturally inspire4 ,philip _h nev] miss$ an occasion ( endeavor+ to ru9 ! ,k+ ( ,engl&3 & hav+ n[ acquir$ an opportunity ( accompli%+ t by ju/ice :i* he _h 9 va9 s\ght by ambition1 he fill$ e place ) compla9ts ( ! cruelty ( ,john1 :om1 z a vassal to ! cr[n ( ,france1 ! k+ accus$ ( ! murd] ( ano!r vassal1 & summon$ him to ,p>is to be tri$ by 8 pe]s4 ,x 0 by no means consi/5t ei!r ) ! dignity or safety ( ,john to appe> to ?is summons4 ,he _h ! argum5t ( k+s to ju/ify :at he _h done4 ,b z 9 all great crimes !re is some?+ ( a lat5t weakness1 & 9 a vici\s caution some?+ mat]ial is ev] neglect$1 ,john1 satisfi$ ) remov+ 8 rival1 took no ?\ght ab\t 8 enemy2 b :il/ he saw himself s5t5c$ = non-appe>ance 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,pe]s1 :il/ he saw ! ,k+ ( ,france ent]+ ,norm&y ) a va/ army 9 consequ5ce ( ?is s5t5ce1 & place aft] place1 ca/le aft] ca/le1 fall+ be=e him1 he pass$ 8 "t at ,r\5 9 ! pr(\nde/ tranquillity1 indulg+ himself 9 indol5t amusem5ts1 & satisfi$ ) va9 ?reat5+s & boa/s1 :i* only add$ great] %ame to 8 inactivity4 ,! ,engli% b>ons :o _h att5d$ him 9 ?is exp$ition1 disaffect$ f ! beg9n+1 & n[ we>i$ ) be+ s long witnesses to ! ignom9y ( _! sov]eign1 retir$ to _! own c\ntry1 & !re spread ! report ( 8 unacc\ntable slo? & c[>dice4 ,john quickly foll[$ !m2 & return+ into 8 k+dom1 pollut$ ) ! *>ge ( s heavy a crime1 & disgrac$ by s _m follies1 in/ead ( aim+ by popul> acts to ree/abli% 8 "*1 he exact$ a sev5? ( _! movables f ! b>ons1 on pret5ce t !y _h des]t$ 8 s]vice4 ,he laid ! same imposition on ! cl]gy1 )\t giv+ himself ! tr\ble ( seek+ = a pretext4 ,he made no prop] use ( ^! great supplies1 b saw ! great city ( ,r\51 always fai?ful to its sov]eigns1 & n[ ex]t+ ! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts 9 8 favor1 oblig$ at l5g? to surr5d]1 )\t ! lea/ attempt to relieve x ,?us ! :ole ,du*y ( ,norm&y1 orig9ally acquir$ by ! valor ( 8 ance/ors1 & ! s\rce f :i* ! greatness ( 8 family _h be5 d]iv$1 aft] be+ support$ aga9/ all %ocks = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 0 torn =ev] f ! /ock ( ,rollo1 & reunit$ to ! cr[n ( ,france4 ,imm$iately all ! re/ ( ! prov9ces :i* he held on ! cont95t1 except a "p ( ,gui5ne1 despair+ ( 8 protection1 & abhorr+ 8 gov]nm5t1 ?rew !mselves into ! h&s ( ,philip4 ,mean:ile ! k+ by 8 p]sonal vices complet$ ! odium :i* he _h acquir$ by ! impot5t viol5ce ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,uxori\s & yet dissolute 9 8 mann]s1 he made no scruple frequ5tly to violate ! wives & daught]s ( 8 nobility1 t rock on :i* tyranny has s (t5 split4 ,o!r acts ( irregul> p[]1 9 _! greate/ excesses1 /ill reta9 ! *>act]s ( sov]eign au?ority2 b "h ! vices ( ! pr9ce intrude into ! families ( ! subject1 &1 :il/ !y aggravate ! oppression1 l[] ! "* ( ! oppressor4 ,9 ! disposition :i* all ^! causes _h concurr$ univ]sally to diffuse1 ! slighte/ motion 9 8 k+dom ?reat5$ ! mo/ dang]\s consequ5ces4 ,^? ?+s :i* 9 quiet times w\ld h only rais$ a slight controv]sy1 n[1 :5 ! m9ds ( m5 7 exasp]at$ & inflam$1 7 capable ( af=d+ matt] to ! greate/ revolutions4 ,! affairs ( ! ,*ur*1 ! w9ds :i* mo/ly gov]n$ ! fluctuat+ p1 7 to be reg>d$ ) ! utmo/ att5tion4 ,above all1 ! p]son :o fill$ ! see ( ,cant]bury1 :i* /ood on a level ) ! ?rone itself1 0 a matt] ( ! la/ importance4 ,j at ?is critical "t di$ ,hub]t1 ar*bi%op ( t see1 a man :o _h a l>ge %>e 9 procur+ ! cr[n = ,john1 & 9 weak5+ its au?ority by 8 acts at ! c]emony ( ! coronation1 z well z by 8 subsequ5t conduct4 ,imm$iately on ! dea? ( ?is prelate1 a cabal ( obscure monks1 ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,augu/91 assemble by night1 & fir/ b9d+ !mselves by a solemn oa? n to divulge _! proce$+s1 until !y %\ld be confirm$ by ! ,pope1 !y elect "o ,reg9ald1 _! sub-prior1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,! p]son elect$ imm$iately cross$ ! seas2 b 8 vanity soon discov]$ ! secret ( 8 greatness4 ,! k+ receiv$ ! news ( ?is transaction ) surprise & indignation4 ,provok$ at su* a contempt ( 8 au?ority1 he fell sev]ely on ! mona/]y1 no less surpris$ ?an himself at ! cl&e/9e proce$+ ( "s ( its memb]s4 ,b ! s\nd] "p pacifi$ him 9 "s measure by _! submission4 ,!y elect$ a p]son recomm5d$ by ! k+1 & s5t f\rte5 ( ! mo/ respectable ( _! body to ,rome1 to pray t ! =m] proce$+s %\ld be annull$1 & ! lat] & m regul> confirm$4 ,to ?is matt] ( cont5tion ano!r 0 add$4 ,a dispute _h long subsi/$ betwe5 ! suffragan bi%ops ( ! prov9ce ( ,cant]bury & ! monks ( ! ,abbey ( ,/4 ,au/91 ea* claim+ a "r to elect ! metropolitan4 ,?is dispute 0 n[ reviv$1 & pursu$ ) mu* vigor4 ,! pret5sions ( ! ?ree cont5d+ p>ties 7 laid be=e ! ,pope1 to :om su* disputes 7 highly pleas+1 z he knew t all claimants will+ly conspire to flatt] & aggr&ize t au?ority f :i* !y expect a confirmation ( _! own4 ,! fir/ election1 he null$1 because its irregul>ity 0 gl>+4 ,! "r ( ! bi%ops 0 entirely reject$3 ! ,pope look$ ) an evil eye ^u ^? ^: au?ority he 0 e day usurp+4 ,! second election 0 set aside1 z made at ! k+'s in/ance3 ?is 0 en\gh to make x v irregul>4 ,! canon law _h n[ gr[n up to its full /r5g?4 ,! enl>gem5t ( ! pr]ogative ( ! ,pope 0 ! great object ( ?is jurisprud5ce1--a pr]ogative :i*1 f\nd$ on fictiti\s monum5ts1 t are =g$ 9 an ignorant age1 easily admitt$ by a cr$ul\s p1 & aft]w>ds confirm$ & enl>g$ by ^! admissions1 n satisfi$ ) ! supremacy1 encroa*$ on e m9ute "p ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t1 & _h almo/ annihilat$ ! episcopal jurisdiction ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,"s canons _h giv5 ! metropolitan a p[] ( nom9at+ a bi%op1 :5 ! circum/ances ( ! election 7 palpably irregul>2 & z x does n appe> t !re 0 any o!r judge ( ! irregul>ity ?an ! metropolitan himself1 ! election bel[ 9 effect became nugatory4 ,! ,pope1 tak+ ! irregul>ity 9 ?is case = grant$1 9 virtue ( ?is canon1 & by 8 pl5itude ( p[]1 ord]$ ! deputies ( ,cant]bury to proce$ to a new election4 ,at ! same "t he recomm5d$ to _! *oice ,/eph5 ,langton1 _! c\ntryman1--a p]son already di/+ui%$ = 8 le>n+1 ( irreproa*able morals1 & free f e canonical imp$im5t4 ,?is au?oritative reque/ ! monks _h n ! c\rage to oppose 9 ! ,pope's pres5ce & 9 8 own city4 ,!y murmur$1 & submitt$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #abjh4 ,9 ,engl& ?is proce$+ 0 n s easily ratifi$4 ,john drove ! monks ( ,cant]bury f _! mona/]y1 &1 hav+ seiz$ ^u _! rev5ues1 ?reat5$ ! effects ( ! same indignation aga9/ all ^? :o seem$ incl9$ to acquiesce 9 ! proce$+s ( ,rome4 ,b ,rome _h n made s bold a /ep ) int5tion to rec$e4 ,on ! k+'s positive refusal to admit ,langton1 & ! expulsion ( ! monks ( ,cant]bury1 ,engl& 0 laid "u an int]dict4 ,!n div9e s]vice at once ceas$ ?r\gh\t ! k+dom2 ! *ur*es 7 %ut2 ! sacram5ts 7 susp5d$2 ! dead 7 buri$ )\t honor1 9 highways & dit*es1 & ! liv+ depriv$ ( all spiritual com=t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! k+ let loose 8 indignation aga9/ ! ecclesia/ics1--seiz+ _! goods1 ?r[+ _m into prison1 & p]mitt+ or enc\rag+ all sorts ( viol5ce aga9/ !m4 ,! k+dom 0 ?r[n into ! mo/ t]rible confusion2 :il/ ! p1 unc]ta9 ( ! object or measure ( _! allegiance1 & di/ract$ ) opposite pr9ciples ( duty1 saw !mselves depriv$ ( _! religi\s rites by ! m9i/]s ( religion1 & _! k+1 furi\s ) wrongs n caus$ by !m1 fall+ indiscrim9ately on ! innoc5t & ! guilty3 = ,john1 in/ead ( soo?+ 8 p 9 ?is _! common calamity1 s\ght to t]rify !m into ob$i5ce4 ,9 a progress :i* he made into ! ,nor?1 he ?rew d[n ! inclosures ( 8 =e/s1 to let loose ! wild bea/s ^u _! l&s2 & z he saw ! ,papal proce$+s increase ) 8 opposition1 he ?\ght x necess>y to /r5g!n himself by new devices4 ,he extort$ ho/ages & a new oa? ( fidelity f 8 b>ons4 ,he rais$ a great army1 to div]t ! ?\ghts ( 8 subjects f brood+ too mu* on _! di/ract$ condition4 ,?is army he transport$ into ,irel&2 & z x happ5$ to 8 fa!r 9 a simil> dispute ) ! ,pope1 :il/ he 0 dubi\s ( 8 h]$it>y k+dom1 he subdu$ ,irel&4 ,at ?is "t he is said to h e/abli%$ ! ,engli% laws 9 t k+dom1 & to h appo9t$ it9]ant ju/ices4 ,at l5g? ! s5t5ce ( excommunication 0 fulm9at$ aga9/ ! k+4 ,9 ! same ye> ! same s5t5ce 0 pron\nc$ ^u ! ,emp]or ,o?o2 & ?is d>+ ,pope 0 n afraid at once to drive to extremities ! two greate/ pr9ces 9 ,europe4 ,& truly1 no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! uni=m /ead9ess ( ! c\rt ( ,rome 9 ! pursuits ( h] ambiti\s projects4 ,=1 kn[+ t pret5sions :i* /& m]ely 9 op9ion _c be> to be que/ion$ 9 any "p1 ?\gh %e _h hi!rto se5 ! int]dict produce b little effect1 & p]ceiv$ t ! excommunication itself c\ld draw sc>ce "o poor bigot f ! k+'s s]vice1 yet %e rec$$ n ! lea/ po9t f ! utmo/ ( h] dem&4 ,%e broke (f an accommodation j on ! po9t ( be+ conclud$1 because ! k+ refus$ to repair ! losses :i* ! cl]gy _h suff]$1 ?\gh he agre$ to ev]y?+ else1 & ev5 submitt$ to receive ! ar*bi%op1 :o1 be+ obtrud$ on him1 _h 9 reality be5 set ov] him4 ,b ! ,pope1 bold z politic1 det]m9$ to r5d] him p]fectly submissive1 & to ?is purpose br\ght out ! la/ arms ( ! ecclesia/ic /ores1 :i* 7 res]v$ = ! mo/ extreme occasions4 ,hav+ fir/ releas$ ! ,engli% subjects f _! oa? ( allegiance1 by an unhe>d-( presumption1 he =mally depos$ ,john f 8 ?rone & dignity2 he invit$ ! ,k+ ( ,france to take possession ( ! =feit$ cr[n2 he call$ =? all p]sons f all p>ts ( ,europe to assi/ 9 ?is exp$ition1 by ! p>dons & privileges ( ^? :o f\ght = ! ,holy ,l&4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #abah4 ,?is proce$+ did n a/oni% ! _w4 ,! ,k+ ( ,france1 hav+ driv5 ,john f all he held on ! cont95t1 gladly saw religion itself invite him to f>!r conque/s4 ,he summon$ all 8 vassals1 "u ! p5alty ( felony1 & ! opprobri\s "n ( culv]tage1#hb 7a "n ( all ?+s dread$ by bo? nations17 to att5d 9 ?is exp$ition2 & su* =ce _h ?is ?reat1 & ! hope ( plund] 9 ,engl&1 t a v great army 0 9 a %ort "t assembl$4 ,a fleet also r5dezv\s$ 9 ! m\? ( ! ,se9e1 by ! writ]s ( ^! times said to consi/ ( sev5te5 hundr$ sail4 ,on ?is occasion ,john r\s$ all 8 p[]s4 ,he call$ ^u all 8 p :o by ! duty ( _! t5ure or allegiance 7 oblig$ to def5d _! "l & k+1 & 9 8 writs /imulat$ !m by ! same ?reats ( culv]tage :i* _h be5 employ$ aga9/ him4 ,!y op]at$ p[]fully 9 8 favor4 ,8 fleet 9 numb] exce$$ ! va/ navy ( ,france2 8 army 0 9 ev]y?+ b he>t9ess to ! cause equal1 &1 ext5d+ along ! coa/ ( ,k5t1 expect$ ! desc5t ( ! ,fr5* =ces4 ,:il/ ^! two mighty armies ov]spread ! opposite coa/s1 & ! sea 0 cov]$ ) _! fleets1 & ! decision ( s va/ an ev5t 0 h\rly expect$1 v>i\s ?\ghts arose 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o mov$ ! spr+s ( ^! affairs4 ,john1 at ! head ( "o ( ! f9e/ armies 9 ! _w1 trembl$ inw>dly1 :5 he reflect$ h[ little he possess$ or m]it$ _! confid5ce4 ,w\nd$ by ! consci\sness ( 8 crimes1 excommunicat$ by ! ,pope1 hat$ by 8 subjects1 9 dang] ( be+ at once ab&on$ by heav5 & e>?1 he 0 fill$ ) ! mo/ fe>ful anxiety4 ,! legates ( ! ,pope _h hi!rto se5 ev]y?+ succe$ to _! wi%4 ,b hav+ made use ( an in/rum5t too great = !m to wield1 !y appreh5d$1 t1 :5 x _h ov]?r[n _! adv]s>y1 x might recoil ^u ! c\rt ( ,rome itself2 t to add ,engl& to ! re/ ( ,philip's great possessions 0 n ! way to make him humble2 & t 9 ru9+ ,john to aggr&ize t mon>*1 !y %\ld set up a p[]ful enemy 9 ! place ( a submissive vassal4 ,!y _h done en\gh to give !m a sup]iority 9 any negotiation1 & !y privately s5t an embassy to ! ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,f9d+ him v tractable1 !y ha/$ to complete ! treaty4 ,! ,pope's legate1 ,p&ulph1 0 intru/$ ) ?is affair4 ,he knew ! nature ( m5 to be su* t !y seldom engage will+ly1 if ! :ole ( an h>d%ip be %[n !m at fir/1 b t1 hav+ advanc$ a c]ta9 l5g?1 _! =m] concessions are an argum5t ) !m to advance fur!r1 & to give all because !y h already giv5 a great deal4 ,!re=e he began ) exact+ an oa? f ! k+1 by :i*1 )\t %[+ ! ext5t ( 8 design1 he engag$ him to ev]y?+ he c\ld ask4 ,john swore to submit to ! legate 9 all ?+s relat+ to 8 excommunication4 ,& fir/ he 0 oblig$ to accept ,langton z ar*bi%op2 !n to re/ore ! monks ( ,cant]bury1 & o!r depriv$ ecclesia/ics1 & to make !m a full indemnification = all _! losses4 ,& n[1 by ^! concessions1 all ?+s seem$ to be p]fectly settl$4 ,! cause ( ! qu>rel 0 entirely remov$4 ,b :5 ! k+ expect$ = s p]fect a submission a full absolution1 ! legate began a labor$ h>angue on 8 rebellion1 8 tyranny1 & ! innum]able s9s he _h committ$1 & 9 conclusion decl>$ t !re 0 no way left to appease ,god & ! ,*ur* b to resign 8 cr[n to ! ,holy ,see1 f ^: h&s he %\ld receive x purifi$ f all pollutions1 & hold x = ! future by homage & an annual tribute4 ,john 0 /ruck motionless at a dem& s extravagant & unexpect$4 ,he knew n on :i* side to turn4 ,if he ca/ 8 eyes t[>d ! coa/ ( ,france1 he !re saw 8 enemy ,philip1 :o consid]$ him z a crim9al z well z an enemy1 & :o aim$ n only at 8 cr[n1 b 8 life1 at ! head ( an innum]able multitude ( fi]ce p1 ready to ru% 9 ^u him4 ,if he look$ at 8 own army1 he saw no?+ !re b coldness1 disaffection1 unc]ta9ty1 di/ru/1 & a /r5g? 9 :i* he knew n :e!r he ought mo/ to confide or fe>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,papal ?und]s1 f ! w\nds ( :i* he 0 /ill sore1 7 levell$ full at 8 head4 ,he c\ld n look /eadily at ^! complicat$ difficulties3 & truly x is h>d to say :at *oice he _h1 if any *oice 7 left to k+s 9 :at conc]ns ! indep5d5ce ( _! cr[n4 ,surr\nd$1 !re=e1 ) ^! difficulties1 & t all 8 late humiliations might n be r5d]$ z ineffectual z !y 7 ignom9i\s1 he took ! la/ /ep1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( a num]\s assembly ( 8 pe]s & prelates1 :o turn$ _! eyes f ?is mortify+ sight1 =mally resign$ 8 cr[n to ! ,pope's legate1 to :om at ! same "t he did homage & paid ! fir/ fruits ( 8 tribute4 ,no?+ c\ld be add$ to ! humiliation ( ! k+ ^u ?is occasion1 b ! insol5ce ( ! legate1 :o spurn$ ! treasure ) 8 foot1 & let ! cr[n rema9 a long "t on ! gr\nd1 be=e he re/or$ x to ! degrad$ own]4 ,9 ?is proce$+ ! motives ( ! k+ may be easily discov]$2 b h[ ! b>ons ( ! k+dom1 :o 7 deeply conc]n$1 suff]$ )\t any prote/ation ! indep5d5cy ( ! cr[n to be ?us =feit$ is m5tion$ by no hi/orian ( t "t4 ,9 civil tumults x is a/oni%+ h[ little reg>d is paid by all p>ties to ! honor or safety ( _! c\ntry4 ,! k+'s fri5ds 7 probably induc$ to acquiesce by ! same motives t _h influ5c$ ! k+4 ,8 enemies1 :o 7 ! mo/ num]\s1 p]haps saw 8 abasem5t ) pleasure1 z !y knew ?is action might be "o day employ$ aga9/ him ) effect4 ,to ! bigots x 0 en\gh t x aggr&iz$ ! ,pope4 ,x is p]haps wor?y ( obs]vation t ! conduct ( ,p&ulph t[>ds ,k+ ,john bore a v great aff9ity to t ( ! ,roman consuls to ! p ( ,c>?age 9 ! la/ ,punic ,w>1--draw+ !m f concession to concession1 & c>efully conceal+ _! design1 until !y made x impossible = ! ,c>?ag9ians to resi/4 ,su* a /rong resemblance did ! same ambition produce 9 su* di/ant times2 & x is f> f ! sole in/ance 9 :i* we may trace a simil>ity betwe5 ! _s & conduct ( ! =m] & latt] ,rome 9 _! common design on ! lib]ties ( mank9d4 ,! legates1 hav+ ?us triumph$ ov] ! k+1 pass$ back into ,france1 b )\t relax+ ! int]dict or excommunication1 :i* !y /ill left hang+ ov] him1 le/ he %\ld be tempt$ to ?r[ (f ! *a9s ( 8 new subjection4 ,arriv+ 9 ,france1 !y deliv]$ _! ord]s to ,philip ) z mu* haught9ess z !y _h done to ,john4 ,!y told him t ! end ( ! w> 0 answ]$ 9 ! humiliation ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 :o _h be5 r5d]$ a dutiful son ( ! ,*ur*1--& t1 if ! ,k+ ( ,france %\ld1 aft] ?is notice1 proce$ to fur!r ho/ilities1 he _h to appreh5d ! same s5t5ce :i* _h humbl$ 8 adv]s>y4 ,philip1 :o _h n rais$ s great an army ) a view ( re=m+ ! mann]s ( ,k+ ,john1 w\ld h slight$ ^! ?reats1 _h he n f\nd t !y 7 second$ by ! ill dispositions ( a "p ( 8 own army4 ,! ,e>l ( ,fl&]s1 always disaffect$ to 8 cause1 0 glad ( ?is opportunity to oppose him1 &1 only foll[+ him ?r\gh fe>1 )drew 8 =ces1 & n[ op5ly oppos$ him4 ,philip turn$ 8 arms aga9/ 8 revolt$ vassal4 ,! cause ( ,john 0 reviv$ by ?is diss5sion1 & 8 c\rage seem$ rek9dl$4 ,mak+ "o ef=t ( a vigor\s m9d1 he br\ght 8 fleet to an action ) ! ,fr5* navy1 :i* he entirely de/roy$ on ! coa/ ( ,fl&]s1 & ?us fre$ himself f ! t]ror ( an invasion4 ,b :5 he int5d$ to emb>k & improve 8 success1 ! b>ons refus$ to foll[ him4 ,!y alleg$ t he 0 /ill excommunicat$1 & t !y w\ld n foll[ a "l "u ! c5sures ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is demon/rat$ to ! k+ ! necessity ( a spe$y absolution2 & he receiv$ x ?is ye> f ! h&s ( ,c>d9al ,langton4 ,t ar*bi%op no soon] came into ! k+dom ?an he discov]$ designs v diff]5t f ^? :i* ! ,pope _h rais$ him to promote4 ,he =m$ s*emes ( a v deep & ext5sive nature1 & became ! fir/ mov] 9 all ! affairs :i* di/+ui% ! rema9d] ( ?is reign4 ,9 ! oa? :i* he adm9i/]$ to ,john on 8 absolution1 he did n conf9e himself solely to ! ecclesia/ical grievances1 b made him swe> to am5d 8 civil gov]nm5t1 to raise no tax )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,great ,c\ncil1 & to puni% no man b by ! judgm5t ( 8 c\rt4 ,9 ^! t]ms we may ,bee ! ,great ,*>t] trac$ 9 m9iature4 ,a new sc5e ( cont5tion 0 op5$2 new pret5sions 7 />t$2 a new s*eme 0 display$4 ,"o dispute 0 h>dly clos$1 :5 he 0 involv$ 9 ano!r2 & ?is un=tunate k+ soon discov]$ t to r5\nce 8 dignity 0 n ! way to secure 8 repose4 ,=1 be+ cle>$ ( ! excommunication1 he resolv$ to pursue ! w> 9 ,france1 9 :i* he 0 n )\t a prospect ( success2 b ! b>ons refus$ ^u new pret5ces1 & n a man w\ld s]ve4 ,! k+1 inc5s$ to f9d himself equally oppos$ 9 8 lawful & unlawful comm&s1 prep>$ to av5ge himself 9 8 accu/om$ mann]1 & to r$uce ! b>ons to ob$i5ce by c>ry+ w> into _! e/ates4 ,b he f\nd by ?is exp]im5t t 8 p[] 0 at an end4 ,! ,ar*bi%op foll[$ him1 confront$ him ) ! lib]ties ( 8 p1 rem9d$ him ( 8 late oa?1 & ?reat5$ to excommunicate e p]son :o %\ld obey him 9 8 illegal proce$+s4 ,! k+1 fir/ provok$1 aft]w>ds t]rifi$ at ?is resolution1 =bore to prosecute ! recusants4 ,! ,engli% b>ons _h privileges1 :i* !y knew to h be5 violat$2 !y _h always kept up ! memory ( ! anci5t ,saxon lib]ty2 & if !y 7 ! conqu]ors ( ,brita91 !y did n ?9k t _! own s]vitude 0 ! j fruit ( _! victory4 ,!y _h1 h[ev]1 b an indi/9ct view ( ! object at :i* !y aim$2 !y r felt _! wrongs ?an und]/ood ! cause ( !m2 & hav+ no head nor c\ncil1 !y 7 m 9 a condition ( di/ress+ _! k+ & disgrac+ _! c\ntry by _! disob$i5ce ?an ( apply+ any effectual rem$y to _! grievances4 ,langton saw ^! dispositions1 & ^! wants4 ,he _h conceiv$ a settl$ plan = r$uc+ ! k+1 & all 8 actions t5d$ to c>ry x into execution4 ,?is prelate1 "u pret5ce ( hold+ an ecclesia/ical synod1 drew toge!r privately "s ( ! pr9cipal b>ons to ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ,london4 ,!re1 hav+ expatiat$ on ! mis]ies :i* ! k+dom suff]$1 & hav+ expla9$ at ! same "t ! lib]ties to :i* x 0 entitl$1 he produc$ ! fam\s *>t] ( ,h5ry ! ,fir/1 long conceal$1 & ( :i*1 ) inf9ite difficulty1 he _h procur$ an au!ntic copy4 ,?is he held up to ! b>ons z ! /&>d ab\t :i* !y 7 to unite4 ,^! 7 ! lib]ties :i* _! ance/ors _h receiv$ by ! free concession ( a =m] k+1 & ^! ! rights :i* _! virtue 0 to =ce f ! pres5t1 if 7:i* ,god =bid67 !y %\ld f9d x necess>y to h rec\rse to su* extremities4 ,! b>ons1 transport$ to f9d an au!ntic in/rum5t to ju/ify _! discont5t & to expla9 & sanction _! pret5sions1 cov]$ ! ,ar*bi%op ) praises1 readily conf$]at$ to support _! dem&s1 &1 b9d+ !mselves by e obligation ( human & religi\s fai?1 to vigor1 unanimity1 & secrecy1 !y dep>t to conf$]ate o!rs 9 _! design4 ,?is plot 0 9 ! h&s ( too _m to be p]fectly conceal$2 & ,john saw1 )\t kn[+ h[ to w>d x (f1 a m dang]\s bl[ levell$ at 8 au?ority ?an any ( ! =m]4 ,he _h no res\rces )9 8 k+dom1 :]e all ranks & ord]s 7 unit$ aga9/ him by "o common hatr$4 ,=eign alliance he _h none1 among temporal p[]s4 ,he endeavor$1 !re=e1 if possible1 to draw "s b5efit f ! mis=tune ( 8 new circum/ances3 he ?rew himself ^u ! protection ( ! ,papal p[]1 :i* he _h s long & ) su* reason oppos$4 ,! ,pope readily receiv$ him into 8 protection1 b took ?is occasion to make him pur*ase x by ano!r & m =mal resignation ( 8 cr[n4 ,8 pres5t necessities & 8 habits ( humiliation made ?is second degradation easy to ! k+4 ,b ,langton1 :o no long] act$ 9 subs]vi5ce to ! ,pope1 f :om he _h n[ no?+ fur!r to expect1 & :o _h put himself at ! head ( ! patrons ( civil lib]ty1 l\dly exclaim$ at ?is indignity1 prote/$ aga9/ ! resignation1 & laid 8 prote/ation on ! alt>4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #abad4 ,?is 0 m disagreeable to ! b>ons ?an ! fir/ resignation1 z !y 7 s5sible t he n[ degrad$ himself only to humble 8 subjects4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 once m pati5t witnesses to t ignom9i\s act1--& 7 s mu* ov]aw$ by ! ,pope1 or _h br\ght _! design to s little maturity1 t ! k+1 9 spite ( x1 /ill f\nd means & au?ority to raise an army1 ) :i* he made a f9al ef=t to recov] "s "p ( 8 dom9ions 9 ,france4 ,! juncture 0 altoge!r favorable to 8 design4 ,philip _h all 8 att5tion abundantly employ$ 9 ano!r qu>t]1 aga9/ ! t]rible attacks ( ! ,emp]or ,o?o 9 a conf$]acy ) ! ,e>l ( ,fl&]s4 ,john1 /r5g!n$ by ?is div]sion1 c>ri$ on ! w> 9 ,poit\ = "s "t ) good appe>ances4 ,! ,battle ( ,b\v9es1 :i* 0 f\ght ?is ye>1 put an end to all ^! hopes4 ,9 ?is battle1 ! ,imp]ial army1 consi/+ ( "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& m51 7 defeat$ by a ?ird ( _! numb] ( ,fr5* =ces4 ,! ,emp]or himself1 ) difficulty escap+ f ! field1 surviv$ b a %ort "t a battle :i* entirely broke 8 /r5g?4 ,s signal a success e/abli%$ ! gr&eur ( ,france ^u immovable f\ndations4 ,philip rose cont9ually 9 reputation & p[]1 :il/ ,john cont9ually decl9$ 9 bo?2 & z ! ,k+ ( ,france 0 n[ ready to employ aga9/ him all 8 =ces1 s lately victori\s1 he su$1 by ! m$iation ( ! ,pope's legate1 = a truce1 :i* 0 grant$ to him = five ye>s4 ,su* truces /ood 9 ! place ( regul> treaties ( peace1 :i* 7 n (t5 made at t "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #abae4 ,! b>ons ( ,engl& _h made use ( ! k+'s abs5ce to br+ _! conf$]acy to =m2 & n[1 see+ him return ) s little cr$it1 8 allies discomfit$1 & no hope ( a p>ty among 8 subjects1 !y appe>$ 9 a body be=e him at ,london4 ,all 9 complete armor1 & 9 ! guise ( defiance1 !y pres5t$ a petition1 v humble 9 ! language1 b excessive 9 ! sub/ance1 9 :i* !y decl>$ _! lib]ties1 & pray$ t !y might be =mally all[$ & e/abli%$ by ! royal au?ority4 ,! k+ resolv$ n to submit to _! dem&s2 b be+ at pres5t 9 no condition to resi/1 he requir$ "t to consid] ( s important an affair4 ,! "t :i* 0 grant$ to ! k+ to delib]ate he employ$ 9 f9d+ means to avoid a compliance4 ,he took ! cross1 by :i* he hop$ to r5d] 8 p]son sacr$2 he oblig$ ! p to r5ew _! oa? ( fealty2 &1 la/ly1 he _h rec\rse to ! ,pope1 =tifi$ by all ! devices :i* c\ld be us$ to supply ! place ( a real /r5g?1 he v5tur$1 :5 ! b>ons r5ew$ _! dem&s1 to give !m a positive refusal2 he swore by ! feet ( ,god 78 usual oa?7 t he w\ld nev] grant !m su* lib]ties z mu/ make a slave ( himself4 ,! b>ons1 on ?is answ]1 imm$iately fly to arms3 !y rise 9 e "p2 !y =m an army1 & appo9t a lead]2 & z !y knew t no design c involve all sorts ( p or inspire !m ) extraord9>y resolution1 unless x be animat$ ) religion1 !y call _! lead] ! ,m>%al ( ! ,army ( ,god & ,holy ,*ur*4 ,! k+ 0 :olly unprovid$ aga9/ s g5]al a defection4 ,! city ( ,london1 ! possession ( :i* has g5]ally prov$ a decisive advantage 9 ! ,engli% civil w>s1 0 betray$ to ! b>ons4 ,he might r be said1 to be imprison$ ?an def5d$ 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london1 to :i* close siege 0 laid2 :il/ ! m>%al ( ! b>ons' army1 ex]cis+ ! pr]ogatives ( royalty1 issu$ writs to summon all ! lords to jo9 ! army ( lib]ty1 ?reat5+ equally all ^? :o %\ld adh]e to ! k+ & ^? :o betray$ an indiff]5ce to ! cause by _! neutrality4 ,john1 des]t$ by all1 _h no res\rce b 9 temporiz+ & submission4 ,)\t que/ion+ 9 any "p ! t]ms ( a treaty :i* he int5d$ to obs]ve 9 none1 he agre$ to ev]y?+ ! b>ons ?\ght fit to ask1 hop+ t ! exorbitancy ( _! dem&s w\ld ju/ify 9 ! eyes ( ! _w ! brea* ( 8 promises4 ,! in/rum5ts by :i* ! b>ons secur$ _! lib]ties 7 drawn up 9 =m ( *>t]s1 & 9 ! mann] by :i* grants _h be5 usually made to mona/]ies1 ) a preamble signify+ t x 0 done = ! b5efit ( ! k+'s s\l & ^? ( 8 ance/ors4 ,= ! place ( solemniz+ ?is rem>kable act !y *ose a l>ge field1 ov]look$ by ,w9dsor1 call$ ,runn+-m$e1 :i*1 9 our pres5t tongue1 signifies ! ,mead[ ( ,c\ncil1--a place long consecrat$ by public op9ion1 z t :]e9 ! qu>rels & w>s :i* arose 9 ! ,engli% nation1 :5 divid$ into k+doms or factions1 _h be5 t]m9at$ f ! remote/ times4 ,"h x 0 t ,k+ ,john1 on ! #ae? day ( ,june1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #abae1 sign$ ^? two memorable in/rum5ts :i* fir/ dis>m$ ! cr[n ( its unlimit$ pr]ogatives1 & laid ! f\ndation ( ,engli% lib]ty4 ,"o 0 call$ ! ,great ,*>t]2 ! o!r1 ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/4 ,if we look back to ! /ate ( ! nation at t "t1 we %all ! bett] compreh5d ! _s & necessity ( ^! grants4 ,besides ! ecclesia/ical jurisprud5ce1 at t "t1 two sy/ems ( laws1 v diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 _! object1 _! reason1 & _! au?ority1 regulat$ ! int]ior ( ! k+dom3 ! ,=e/ ,law1 & ! ,common ,law4 ,aft] ! ,nor!rn nations _h settl$ "h1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 hunt+1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 ! *ief means ( _! subsi/5ce1 /ill cont9u$ _! favorite div]sion4 ,great tracts ( ea* c\ntry1 wa/$ by ! w>s 9 :i* x 0 conqu]$1 7 set ap>t = ?is k9d ( sport1 & gu>d$ 9 a /ate ( desolation by /rict laws & sev]e p5alties4 ,:51 su* wa/e l&s 7 9 ! h&s ( subjects1 !y 7 call$ ,*ases2 :5 9 ! p[] ( ! sov]eign1 !y 7 d5om9at$ ,=e/s4 ,^! =e/s lay prop]ly )9 ! jurisdiction ( no hundr$1 c\nty1 or bi%opric2 & !re=e1 be+ out bo? ( ! ,common & ! ,spiritual ,law1 !y 7 gov]n$ by a law ( _! own1 :i* 0 su* z ! k+ by 8 private w ?\ght prop] to impose4 ,!re 7 reckon$ 9 ,engl& no less ?an sixty-eight royal =e/s1 "s ( !m ( va/ ext5t4 ,9 ^! great tracts 7 _m scatt]$ inhabitants2 & sev]al p]sons _h prop]ty ( woodl&1 & o!r soil1 inclos$ )9 _! b\nds4 ,"h ! k+ _h sep>ate c\rts & p>ticul> ju/ici>ies2 a complete jurisprud5ce1 ) all its c]emonies & t]ms ( art1 0 =m$2 & x appe>s t ^! laws 7 bett] dige/$ & m c>efully en=c$ ?an ^? :i* belong$ to civil gov]nm5t4 ,!y _h1 inde$1 all ! qualities ( ! wor/ ( laws4 ,_! pr(ess$ object 0 to keep a great "p ( ! nation desolate4 ,!y h9d]$ communication & de/roy$ indu/ry4 ,!y _h a trivial object1 & mo/ sev]e sanctions2 =1 z !y belong$ imm$iately to ! k+'s p]sonal pleasures1 by ! lax int]pretation ( treason 9 ^? days1 all consid]able (f5ces aga9/ ! ,=e/ ,law1 su* z kill+ ! bea/s ( game1 7 consid]$ z high treason1 & puni%$1 z high treason !n 01 by truncation ( limbs & loss ( eyes & te/icles4 ,h5ce arose a ?\s& abuses1 vexati\s suits1 & pret5ces = imposition ^u all ^? :o liv$ 9 or ne> ^! places4 ,! de] 7 suff]$ to run loose ^u _! l&s2 & _m oppressions 7 us$ ) relation to ! claim ( commonage :i* ! p _h 9 mo/ ( ! =e/s4 ,! ,norman k+s 7 n ! fir/ mak]s ( ! ,=e/ ,law2 x subsi/$ "u ! ,saxon & ,dani% k+s4 ,canute ! ,great compos$ a body ( ^? laws1 :i* /ill rema9s4 ,b "u ! ,norman k+s !y 7 en=c$ ) great] rigor1 z ! :ole t5or ( ! ,norman gov]nm5t 0 m rigor\s4 ,besides1 new =e/s 7 frequ5tly made1 by :i* private prop]ty 0 outrag$ 9 a griev\s mann]4 ,no?+1 p]haps1 %[s m cle>ly h[ little m5 are able to dep>t f ! common c\rse ( affairs ?an t ! ,norman k+s1 pr9ces ( great capacity1 & extremely desir\s ( absolute p[]1 did n ?9k ( peopl+ ^! =e/s1 places "u _! own uncontroll$ dom9ion1 & :i* might h s]v$ z s _m g>risons disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/s _h = its object ! disaf=e/+ sev]al ( ^? tracts1 ! prev5tion ( future af=e/+s1 ! mitigation & asc]ta9m5t ( ! puni%m5ts = brea*es ( ! ,=e/ ,law4 ,! ,common ,law1 z x !n prevail$ 9 ,engl&1 0 9 a great measure compos$ ( "s remnants ( ! old ,saxon cu/oms1 jo9$ to ! feudal in/itutions br\ght 9 at ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,& x is "h to be obs]v$1 t ! con/itutions ( ,magna ,*>ta are by no means a r5ewal ( ! ,laws ( ,/4 ,edw>d1 or ! anci5t ,saxon laws1 z our hi/orians & law-writ]s g5]ally1 ?\gh v gr\ndlessly1 ass]t4 ,!y be> no resemblance 9 any p>ticul> to ! ,laws ( ,/4 ,edw>d1 or to any o!r collection ( ^! anci5t in/itutions4 ,inde$1 h[ %\ld !y8 ,! object ( ,magna ,*>ta is ! correction ( ! feudal policy1 :i* 0 fir/ introduc$1 at lea/ 9 any regul> =m1 at ! ,conque/1 & did n subsi/ be=e x4 ,x may be fur!r obs]v$1 t 9 ! preamble to ! ,great ,*>t] x is /ipulat$ t ! b>ons %all hold ! lib]ties !re grant$ to !m & _! heirs1 f ! k+ & 8 heirs2 :i* %[s t ! doctr9e ( an unali5able t5ure 0 always upp]mo/ 9 _! m9ds4 ,_! idea ev5 ( lib]ty 0 n 7if ,i may use ! expression7 p]fectly free2 & !y did n claim to possess _! privileges ^u any natural pr9ciple or indep5d5t bottom1 b j z !y held _! l&s f ! k+4 ,?is is wor?y ( obs]vation4 ,by ! ,feudal ,law1 all l&$ prop]ty is1 by a feign$ conclusion1 suppos$ to be d]iv$1 & !re=e to be m$iately or imm$iately held1 f ! cr[n4 ,if "s e/ates 7 s d]iv$1 o!rs 7 c]ta9ly procur$ by ! same orig9al title ( conque/ by :i* ! cr[n itself 0 acquir$1 & ! d]ivation f ! k+ c\ld 9 reason only be consid]$ z a fiction ( law4 ,b its consequ5t rights be+ once suppos$1 _m real *>ges & burd5s grew f a fiction made only = ! pres]vation ( subord9ation2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 a great p[] 0 ex]cis$ ov] ! p]sons & e/ates ( ! t5ants4 ,! f9es on ! succession to an e/ate1 call$ 9 ! feudal language reliefs1 7 n fix$ to any c]ta9ty1 & 7 !re=e frequ5tly made s excessive t !y might r be consid]$ z r$emptions or new pur*ases ?an ackn[l$gm5ts ( sup]iority & t5ure4 ,) respect to t mo/ important article ( m>riage1 !re 01 9 ! v nature ( ! feudal hold+1 a great re/ra9t laid ^u x4 ,x 0 ( importance to ! "l t ! p]son :o receiv$ ! feud %\ld be submissive to him2 he _h1 !re=e1 a "r to int]f]e 9 ! m>riage ( ! heiress :o inh]it$ ! feud4 ,?is "r 0 c>ri$ fur!r ?an ! necessity requir$3 ! male heir himself 0 oblig$ to m>ry accord+ to ! *oice ( 8 "l2 & ev5 wid[s1 :o _h made "o sacrifice to ! feudal tyranny1 7 nei!r suff]$ to cont9ue 9 ! wid[$ /ate nor to *oose = !mselves ! p>tn]s ( _! second b$4 ,9 fact1 m>riage 0 publicly set up to sale4 ,! anci5t records ( ! ,ex*equ] af=d _m in/ances :]e "s wom5 pur*as$ by heavy f9es ! privilege ( a s+le life1 "s ! free *oice ( an husb&1 o!rs ! lib]ty ( reject+ "s p]son p>ticul>ly disagreeable4 ,& :at may appe> extraord9>y1 !re are n want+ examples :]e a woman has f9$ 9 a consid]able sum1 t %e might n be compell$ to m>ry a c]ta9 man2 ! suitor1 on ! o!r h&1 has outbid h]1 & solely by (f]+ m = ! m>riage ?an ! heiress c\ld to prev5t x1 he c>ri$ 8 po9t directly & av[$ly aga9/ h] incl9ations4 ,n[1 z ! k+ claim$ no "r ov] 8 imm$iate t5ants t !y did n ex]cise 9 ! same or 9 a m oppressive mann] ov] _! vassals1 x is h>d to conceive a m g5]al & cruel grievance ?an ?is %ameful m>ket1 :i* s univ]sally outrag$ ! mo/ sacr$ relations among mank9d4 ,b ! tyranny ov] wom5 0 n ov] ) ! m>riage4 ,z ! k+ seiz$ into 8 h&s ! e/ate ( e deceas$ t5ant 9 ord] to secure 8 relief1 ! wid[ 0 driv5 (t5 by an heavy composition to pur*ase ! admission to h] d[]1 into :i* x %\ld seem %e c\ld n ent] )\t ! k+'s cons5t4 ,all ^! 7 m>ks ( a real & griev\s s]vitude4 ,! ,great ,*>t] 0 made1 n to de/roy ! root1 b to cut %ort ! ov]gr[n bran*es ( ! feudal s]vice3 fir/1 9 mod]at+ & 9 r$uc+ to a c]ta9ty ! reliefs :i* ! k+'s t5ants paid on succe$+ to _! e/ate accord+ to _! rank2 &1 secondly1 9 tak+ (f "s ( ! burd5s :i* _h be5 laid on m>riage1 :e!r compulsory or re/rictive1 & !reby prev5t+ t %ameful m>ket :i* _h be5 made 9 ! p]sons ( heirs1 & ! mo/ sacr$ ?+s among/ mank9d4 ,!re 7 o!r provisions made 9 ! ,great ,*>t] t w5t deep] ?an ! feudal t5ure1 & affect$ ! :ole body ( ! civil gov]nm5t4 ,a great "p ( ! k+'s rev5ue !n consi/$ 9 ! f9es & am]cem5ts :i* 7 impos$ 9 8 c\rts4 ,a f9e 0 paid !re = lib]ty to comm5ce or to conclude a suit4 ,! puni%m5t ( (f5ces by f9e 0 discretion>y2 & ?is discretion>y p[] _h be5 v mu* abus$4 ,b by ,magna ,*>ta1 ?+s 7 s ord]$1 t a del9qu5t might be puni%$1 b n ru9$1 by a f9e or am]cem5t2 because ! degree ( 8 (f5ce1 & ! rank he held1 7 to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,8 freehold1 8 m]*&ise1 & ^? in/rum5ts by :i* he obta9$ 8 livelihood 7 made sacr$ f su* impositions4 ,a m gr& re=m 0 made ) reg>d to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,! k+s 9 ^? days seldom resid$ long 9 "o place1 & _! c\rts foll[$ _! p]sons4 ,?is erratic ju/ice mu/ h be5 productive ( inf9ite inconv5i5ce to ! litigants4 ,x 0 n[ provid$ t civil suits1 call$ ,common ,pleas1 %\ld be fix$ to "s c]ta9 place4 ,?us "o bran* ( jurisdiction 0 sep>at$ f ! k+'s c\rt1 & deta*$ f 8 p]son4 ,!y _h n yet come to t maturity ( jurisprud5ce z to ?9k ?is might be made to ext5d to crim9al law also1 & t ! latt] 0 an object ( /ill great] importance4 ,b ev5 ! =m] may be consid]$ z a great revolution4 ,a tribunal1 a creature ( m]e law1 indep5d5t ( p]sonal p[]1 0 e/abli%$2 & ?is sep>ation ( a k+'s au?ority f 8 p]son 0 a matt] ( va/ consequ5ce t[>ds introduc+ ideas ( fre$om1 & confirm+ ! sacr$ness & maje/y ( laws4 ,b ! gr& article1 & t :i* cem5t$ all ! p>ts ( ! fabric ( lib]ty1 0 ?is1--t no freeman %all be tak51 or imprison$1 or disseiz$1 or outlaw$1 or bani%$1 or 9 any wise de/roy$1 b by judgm5t ( 8 pe]s4 ,!re is ano!r article ( ne>ly z mu* consequ5ce z ! =m]1 consid]+ ! /ate ( ! nation at t "t1 by :i* x is provid$ t ! b>ons %all grant to _! t5ants ! same lib]ties :i* !y _h /ipulat$ = !mselves4 ,?is prev5t$ ! k+dom f deg5]at+ into ! wor/ imag9able gov]nm5t1 a feudal ari/ocracy4 ,! ,engli% b>ons 7 n 9 ! condition ( ^? great pr9ces :o _h made ! ,fr5* mon>*y s l[ 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 or l ^? :o r$uc$ ! ,imp]ial p[] to a "n4 ,!y _h be5 br\ght to mod]ate b\nds1 by ! policy ( ! fir/ & second ,h5rys1 & 7 n 9 a condition to set up = petty sov]eigns by an usurpation equally detrim5tal to ! cr[n & ! p4 ,!y 7 able to act only 9 conf$]acy2 & ?is common cause made x necess>y to consult ! common good1 & to /udy popul>ity by ! equity ( _! proce$+s4 ,?is 0 a v happy circum/ance to ! gr[+ lib]ty4 ,^! concessions 7 s j & reasonable1 t1 if we except ! =ce1 no pr9ce c\ld ?9k himself wrong$ 9 mak+ !m4 ,b to secure ! obs]vance ( ^! articles1 regulations 7 made1 :i*1 :il/ !y 7 reg>d$1 sc>cely left a %ad[ ( regal p[]4 ,& ! b>ons c\ld ?9k ( no measures = secur+ _! fre$om1 b su* z 7 inconsi/5t ) mon>*y4 ,a c\ncil ( tw5ty-five b>ons 0 to be *os5 by _! own body1 )\t any concurr5ce ( ! k+1 9 ord] to he> & det]m9e ^u all compla9ts conc]n+ ! brea* ( ! *>t]2 & z ^! *>t]s ext5d$ to almo/ e "p ( gov]nm5t1 a tribunal ( 8 enemies 0 set up :o might pass judgm5t on all 8 actions4 ,& t =ce might n be want+ to execute ! judgm5ts ( ?is new tribunal1 ! k+ agre$ to issue 8 own writs to all p]sons1 to oblige !m to take an oa? ( ob$i5ce to ! tw5ty-five b>ons1 :o 7 emp[]$ to di/ress him by seizure ( 8 l&s & ca/les1 & by e possible me?od1 until ! grievance compla9$ ( 0 r$ress$ accord+ to _! pleasure3 8 own p]son & 8 family 7 alone exempt$ f viol5ce4 ,by ^! la/ concessions1 x mu/ be confess$1 he 0 effectually de?ron$1 & ) all ! circum/ances ( indignity :i* c\ld be imag9$4 ,he _h refus$ to gov]n z a lawful pr9ce1 & he saw himself depriv$ ( ev5 8 legal au?ority4 ,he became ( no sort ( consequ5ce 9 8 k+dom2 he 0 held 9 univ]sal contempt & d]ision2 he fell into a pr(\nd melan*oly4 ,x 0 9 va9 t he _h rec\rse to ! ,pope1 ^: p[] he _h f\nd suffici5t to r$uce1 b n to support him4 ,! c5sures ( ! ,holy ,see1 :i* _h be5 fulm9at$ at 8 desire1 7 little reg>d$ by ! b>ons1 or ev5 by ! cl]gy1 support$ 9 ?is resi/ance by ! firmness ( _! ar*bi%op1 :o act$ ) great vigor 9 ! cause ( ! b>ons1 & ev5 deliv]$ into _! h&s ! =tress ( ,ro*e/]1 "o ( ! mo/ important places 9 ! k+dom4 ,aft] mu* m$itation ! k+ at la/ resolv$ ^u a measure ( ! mo/ extreme k9d1 extort$ by %ame1 rev5ge1 & despair1 b1 consid]+ ! disposition ( ! "t1 mu* ! mo/ effectual t c\ld be *os54 ,he dispat*$ emiss>ies into ,france1 into ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & ,g]many1 to raise m5 = 8 s]vice4 ,he _h rec\rse to ! same measures to br+ 8 k+dom to ob$i5ce :i* 8 pr$ecessor1 ,william1 _h us$ to conqu] x4 ,he promis$ to ! adv5tur]s 9 8 qu>rel ! l&s ( ! rebelli\s b>ons1 & x is said ev5 emp[]$ 8 ag5ts to make *>t]s ( ! e/ates ( sev]al p>ticul>s4 ,! utmo/ success att5d$ ^! negotiations 9 an age :5 ,europe ab\nd$ ) a w>like & poor nobility1 ) y\ng] bro!rs1 = :om !re 0 no provision 9 regul> armies1 :o seldom ent]$ into ! ,*ur*1 & nev] appli$ !mselves to comm]ce1 & :5 e consid]able family 0 surr\nd$ by an innum]able multitude ( reta9]s & dep5dants1 idle1 & gre$y ( w> & pillage4 ,! ,crusade _h univ]sally diffus$ a _s ( adv5ture2 & if any adv5ture _h ! ,pope's approbation1 x 0 sure to h a numb] ( foll[]s4 ,john wait$ ! effect ( 8 measures4 ,he kept up no long] ! solemn mock]y ( a c\rt1 9 :i* a degrad$ long mu/ always h be5 ! l[e/ object4 ,he retir$ to ! ,isle ( ,wight3 8 only companions 7 sailors & fi%]m51 among :om he became extremely popul>4 ,nev] 0 he m to be dread$ ?an 9 ?is sull5 retreat1 :il/ ! b>ons amus$ !mselves by idle je/s & va9 conjectures on 8 conduct4 ,su* 0 ! /range want ( =esight 9 t b>b>\s age1 & su* ! total neglect ( design 9 _! affairs1 t ! b>ons1 :51 !y _h got ! *>t]1 :i* 0 weak5$ ev5 by ! =ce by :i* x 0 obta9$ & ! great p[] :i* x grant$1 set no wat* ^u ! k+1 seem$ to h no intellig5ce ( ! great & op5 ma*9ations :i* 7 c>ry+ on aga9/ !m1 & _h made no sort ( dispositions = _! def5ce4 ,!y sp5t _! "t 9 t\rnam5ts & be>-bait+s1 & o!r div]sions suit$ to ! fi]ce ru/icity ( _! mann]s4 ,at l5g? ! /orm broke =?1 & f\nd !m utt]ly unprovid$4 ,! ,papal excommunication1 ! indignation ( _! pr9ce1 & a va/ army ( lawless & bold adv5tur]s 7 p\r$ d[n at once ^u _! heads4 ,su* numb]s 7 engag$ 9 ?is ent]prise t =ty ?\s& are said to h p]i%$ at sea4 ,yet a numb] /ill rema9$ suffici5t to compose two great armies1 "o ( :i*1 ) ! enrag$ k+ at its head1 ravag$ )\t m]cy ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 :il/ ! o!r turn$ all ! ,we/ to a l sc5e ( blood & desolation4 ,! memory ( ,/eph5's w>s 0 r5ew$1 ) e image ( horror1 mis]y1 & crime4 ,! b>ons1 disp]s$ & trembl+ 9 _! ca/les1 wait$ :o %\ld fall ! next victim4 ,!y _h no army able to keep ! field4 ,! ,ar*bi%op1 on :om !y _h great reliance1 0 susp5d$ f 8 functions4 ,!re 0 no hope ev5 f submission3 ! k+ c\ld n fulfil 8 engagem5ts to 8 =eign troops at a *eap] rate ?an ! utt] ru9 ( 8 b>ons4 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #abaf ,9 ^! circum/ances ( despair !y resolv$ to h rec\rse to ,philip1 ! anci5t enemy ( _! c\ntry4 ,?r[+ (f all allegiance to ,john1 !y agre$ to accept ,l\is1 ! son ( t mon>*1 z _! k+4 ,philip _h once m an opportunity ( br++ ! cr[n ( ,engl& into 8 family1 & he readily embrac$ x4 ,he imm$iately s5t 8 son into ,engl& ) sev5 hundr$ %ips1 & slight$ ! m5aces & excommunications ( ! ,pope1 to atta9 ! same object = :i* he _h =m]ly arm$ to support & execute !m4 ,! affairs ( ! b>ons assum$ q a new face by ?is re9=cem5t1 & _! rise 0 z sudd5 & /rik+ z _! fall4 ,! =eign army ( ,k+ ,john1 )\t discipl9e1 pay1 or ord]1 ru9$ & wa/$ 9 ! mid/ ( its successes1 0 little able to oppose ! natural =ce ( ! c\ntry1 call$ =? & recruit$ by s consid]able a succor4 ,besides1 ! ,fr5* troops :o s]v$ "u ,john1 & made a great "p ( 8 army1 imm$iately w5t ov] to ! enemy1 unwill+ to s]ve aga9/ _! sov]eign 9 a cause :i* n[ began to look desp]ate4 ,! son ( ! ,k+ ( ,france 0 ackn[l$g$ 9 ,london1 & receiv$ ! homage ( all ranks ( m54 ,john1 ?us des]t$1 _h no o!r ally ?an ! ,pope1 :o inde$ s]v$ him to ! utmo/ ( 8 p[]1 b ) arms to :i* ! circum/ances ( ! "t alone c give any =ce4 ,he excommunicat$ ,l\is & 8 adh]5ts2 he laid ,engl& "u an int]dict2 he ?reat5$ ! ,k+ ( ,france himself ) ! same s5t5ce3 b ,philip cont9u$ firm1 & ! int]dict _h little effect 9 ,engl&4 ,c>d9al ,langton1 by 8 rem>kable address1 by 8 int]e/ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,college1 & 8 prud5t submissions1 _h be5 re/or$ to ! ex]cise ( 8 (fice2 b1 /eady to ! cause he _h fir/ esp\s$1 he made use ( ! recov]y ( 8 au?ority to c>ry on 8 old designs aga9/ ! k+ & ! ,pope4 ,he celebrat$ div9e s]vice 9 spite ( ! int]dict1 & by 8 influ5ce & example taught o!rs to despise x4 ,! k+1 ?us des]t$1 & n[ only solicit\s = 8 p]sonal safety1 rambl$1 or r fl$1 f place to place1 at ! head ( a small p>ty4 ,he 0 9 great dang] 9 pass+ a m>% 9 ,norfolk1 9 :i* he lo/ ! greate/ "p ( 8 baggage1 & 8 mo/ valuable effects4 ,) difficulty he escap$ to ! mona/]y ( ,sw9e%ead1 :]e1 viol5tly agitat$ by grief & disappo9tm5ts1 8 late fatigue & ! use ( an improp] diet ?rew him into a fev]1 ( :i* he di$ 9 a few days at ,new>k1 n )\t suspicion ( poison1 aft] a reign1 or r a /ruggle to reign1 = eighte5 ye>s1 ! mo/ turbul5t & calamit\s bo? to k+ & p ( any t are record$ 9 ! ,engli% hi/ory4 ,x may n be improp] to pause "h = a few mom5ts1 & to consid] a little m m9utely ! causes :i* _h produc$ ! gr& revolution 9 favor ( lib]ty by :i* ?is reign 0 di/+ui%$1 & to draw all ! circum/ances :i* l$ to ?is rem>kable ev5t into a s+le po9t ( view4 ,s9ce ! dea? ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor only two pr9ces succe$$ to ! cr[n ^u undisput$ titles4 ,william ! ,conqu]or e/abli%$ 8 by =ce ( arms4 ,8 successors 7 oblig$ to c\rt ! p by yield+ _m ( ! possessions & _m ( ! pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n2 b !y support$ a dubi\s title by a vigor\s adm9i/ration1 & recov]$ by _! policy1 9 ! c\rse ( _! reign1 :at ! necessity ( _! affairs oblig$ !m to rel9qui% = ! e/abli%m5t ( _! p[]4 ,?us 0 ! nation kept cont9ually fluctuat+ betwe5 fre$om & s]vitude4 ,b ! pr9ciples ( fre$om 7 pr$om9ant1 ?\gh ! ?+ itself 0 n yet fully =m$4 ,! cont9ual /ruggle ( ! cl]gy = ! ecclesia/ical lib]ties laid op5 at ! same "t ! natural claims ( ! p2 & ! cl]gy 7 oblig$ to %[ "s respect = ^? claims1 9 ord] to add /r5g? to _! own p>ty4 ,! concessions :i* ,h5ry ! ,second made to ! ecclesia/ics on ! dea? ( ,becket1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ,ri*>d ! ,fir/1 gave a griev\s bl[ to ! au?ority ( ! cr[n2 z !reby an ord] ( s mu* p[] & influ5ce triumph$ ov] x 9 _m ess5tial po9ts4 ,! latt] ( ^! pr9ces br\ght x v l[ by ! :ole t5or ( 8 conduct4 ,always abroad1 ! royal au?ority 0 felt 9 its full vigor1 )\t be+ support$ by ! dignity or s(t5$ by ! graci\sness ( ! royal pres5ce4 ,always 9 w>1 he consid]$ 8 dom9ions only z a res\rce = 8 armies4 ,! demesnes ( ! cr[n 7 squ&]$4 ,e (fice 9 ! /ate 0 made vile by be+ sold4 ,excessive grants1 foll[$ by viol5t & arbitr>y resumptions1 tore to pieces ! :ole contexture ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! civil tumults :i* arose 9 t k+'s abs5ce %[$ t ! k+'s lieut5ants at lea/ might be disobey$ ) impunity4 ,!n came ,john to ! cr[n4 ,! arbitr>y taxes :i* he impos$ v e>ly 9 8 reign1 :i*1 (f5d$ ev5 m by ! improp] use made ( !m ?an _! irregul>ity1 irritat$ ! p extremely1 & jo9$ ) all ! prec$+ causes to make 8 gov]nm5t contemptible4 ,h5ry ! ,second1 dur+ 8 conte/s ) ! ,*ur*1 _h ! address to pres]ve ! b>ons 9 8 int]e/s4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! b>ons _h jo9$ 9 ! rebellion ( 8 *ildr51 ?is wise pr9ce f\nd means to secure ! bi%ops & ecclesia/ics4 ,b ,john drew ^u himself at once ! hatr$ ( all ord]s ( 8 subjects4 ,8 /ruggle ) ! ,pope weak5$ him2 8 submission to ! ,pope weak5$ him yet m4 ,! loss ( 8 =eign t]ritories1 besides :at he lo/ along ) !m 9 reputation1 made him entirely dep5d5t ^u ,engl&3 :]eas 8 pr$ecessors made "o "p ( _! t]ritories subs]vi5t to ! pres]vation ( _! au?ority 9 ano!r1 :]e x 0 endang]$4 ,add to all ^! causes ! p]sonal "* ( ! k+1 9 :i* !re 0 no?+ uni=m or s9c]e1 & :i* introduc$ ! l un/ead9ess into all 8 gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 indol5t1 yet re/less1 9 8 disposition2 fond ( work+ by viol5t me?ods1 )\t any vigor2 boa/ful1 b cont9ually betray+ 8 fe>s2 %[+ on all occasions su* a desire ( peace z h9d]$ him f ev] enjoy+ x4 ,hav+ no _s ( ord]1 he nev] look$ =w>d1--cont5t by any tempor>y exp$i5t to extricate himself f a pres5t difficulty4 ,ra%1 arrogant1 p]fidi\s1 irreligi\s1 unquiet1 he made a tol]able head ( a p>ty1 b a bad k+1 & _h tal5ts fit to di/urb ano!r's gov]nm5t1 n to support 8 own4 ,a mo/ /rik+ contra/ pres5ts itself betwe5 ! conduct & =tune ( ,john & 8 adv]s>y ,philip4 ,philip came to ! cr[n :5 _m ( ! prov9ces ( ,prance1 by be+ 9 ! h&s ( too p[]ful vassals1 7 9 a mann] dismemb]$ f ! k+dom2 ! royal au?ority 0 v l[ 9 :at rema9$4 ,he reunit$ to ! cr[n a c\ntry z valuable z :at belong$ to x be=e2 he r$uc$ 8 subjects ( all ord]s to a /rict] ob$i5ce ?an !y _h giv5 to 8 pr$ecessors2 he )/ood ! ,papal usurpation1 & yet us$ x z an in/rum5t 9 8 designs3 :il/ ,john1 :o inh]it$ a great t]ritory & an entire pr]ogative1 by 8 vices & weakness gave up 8 indep5d5cy to ! ,pope1 8 pr]ogative to 8 subjects1 & a l>ge "p ( 8 dom9ions to ! ,k+ ( ,france4 ,,footnotes3 #hb ,a ^w ( unc]ta9 d]ivation1 b :i* signifies "s sc&al\s species ( c[>dice4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,fragm5t4--,,an ,,essay ,,t[>ds ,,an ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,engl&4 ,!re is sc>ce any object ( curiosity m rational ?an ! orig91 ! progress1 & ! v>i\s revolutions ( human laws4 ,political & milit>y relations are = ! great] "p acc\nts ( ! ambition & viol5ce ( mank9d3 ?is is an hi/ory ( _! ju/ice4 ,& surely !re _c be a m pleas+ speculation ?an to trace ! advances ( m5 9 an attempt to imitate ! ,supreme ,rul] 9 "o ( ! mo/ glori\s ( ,8 attributes1 & to att5d !m 9 ! ex]cise ( a pr]ogative :i* x is wond]ful to f9d intru/$ to ! managem5t ( s weak a be+4 ,9 su* an inquiry we %all1 inde$1 frequ5tly see great in/ances ( ?is frailty2 b at ! same "t we %all behold su* noble ef=ts ( wisdom & equity z seem fully to ju/ify ! reasonabl5ess ( t extraord9>y disposition by :i* m51 9 "o =m or o!r1 h be5 always put "u ! dom9ion ( creatures l !mselves4 ,= :at c be m in/ructive ?an to se>* out ! fir/ obscure & scanty f\nta9s ( t jurisprud5ce :i* n[ wat]s & enri*es :ole nations ) s abundant & copi\s a flood1--to obs]ve ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,,"r spr++ up1 involv$ 9 sup]/ition & pollut$ ) viol5ce1 until by l5g? ( "t & favorable circum/ances x has work$ itself into cle>ness3 ! laws sometimes lo/ & trodd5 d[n 9 ! confusion ( w>s & tumults1 & sometimes ov]rul$ by ! h& ( p[]2 !n1 victori\s ov] tyranny1 gr[+ /rong]1 cle>]1 & m decisive by ! viol5ce !y _h suff]$2 enri*$ ev5 by ^? =eign conque/s :i* ?reat5$ _! entire de/ruction2 s(t5$ & mell[$ by peace & religion2 improv$ & exalt$ by comm]ce1 by social int]c\rse1 & t great op5] ( ! m9d1 +5u\s sci5ce8 ,^! c]ta9ly 7 great enc\ragem5ts to ! /udy ( hi/orical jurisprud5ce1 p>ticul>ly ( our own4 ,nor 0 !re a want ( mat]ials or help = su* an und]tak+4 ,yet we h _h few attempts 9 t prov9ce4 ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ,hale's ,hi/ory ( ! ,common ,law is1 ,i ?9k1 ! only "o1 good or bad1 :i* we h4 ,b ) all ! def]5ce ju/ly due to s great a "n1 we may v5ture to ass]t t ?is p]=mance1 ?\gh n )\t m]it1 is :olly unwor?y ( ! high reputation ( its au?or4 ,! s\rces ( our ,engli% law are n well1 nor inde$ fairly1 laid op52 ! anci5t judicial proce$+s are t\*$ 9 a v slight & transi5t mann]2 & ! great *anges & rem>kable revolutions 9 ! law1 toge!r ) _! causes1 d[n to 8 "t1 are sc>cely m5tion$4 ,( ?is defect ,i ?9k !re 7 two pr9cipal causes4 ,! fir/1 a p]suasion1 h>dly to be eradicat$ f ! m9ds ( our lawy]s1 t ! ,engli% law has cont9u$ v mu* 9 ! same /ate f an antiquity to :i* !y w all[ h>dly any sort ( b\nds4 ,! second is1 t x 0 =m$ & grew up among ourselves2 t x is 9 e respect peculi> to ?is isl&2 & t1 if ! ,roman or any =eign laws attempt$ to intrude into its composition1 x has always _h vigor en\gh to %ake !m (f1 & return to ! purity ( its primitive con/itution4 ,^! op9ions are flatt]+ to national vanity & pr(essional n>r[ness2 & ?\gh !y involv$ ^? t support$ !m 9 ! mo/ gl>+ contradictions1 & "s absurdities ev5 too ridicul\s to m5tion1 we h always be51 & 9 a great measure /ill are1 extremely t5aci\s ( !m4 ,if ^! pr9ciples are admitt$1 ! hi/ory ( ! law mu/ 9 a great measure be deem$1 sup]flu\s4 ,= to :at purpose is a hi/ory ( a law ( :i* x is impossible to trace ! beg9n+1 & :i* dur+ its cont9uance has admitt$ no ess5tial *anges8 ,or :y %\ld we se>* =eign laws or hi/ories = explanation or ornam5t ( t :i* is :olly our own1 & by :i* we are effectually di/+ui%$ f all o!r c\ntries8 ,?us ! law has be5 conf9$1 & drawn up into a n>r[ & +lori\s /udy1 & t :i* %\ld be ! lead+ sci5ce 9 e well-ord]$ commonweal? rema9$ 9 all ! b>b>ism ( ! rude/ times1 :il/ e o!r advanc$ by rapid /eps to ! highe/ improvem5t bo? 9 solidity & elegance2 insomu* t ! /udy ( our jurisprud5ce pres5t$ to lib]al & well-educat$ m9ds1 ev5 9 ! be/ au?ors1 h>dly any?+ b b>b>\s t]ms1 ill expla9$1 a co>se1 b n a pla9 expression1 an indige/$ me?od1 & a species ( reason+ ! v refuse ( ! s*ools1 :i* d$uc$ ! _s ( ! law1 n f orig9al ju/ice or legal con=mity1 b f causes =eign to x & altoge!r :imsical4 ,"y m5 7 s5t away ) an incurable1 &1 if we reg>d ! mann] ( h&l+ r ?an ! sub/ance1 a v well-f\nd$ disgu/4 ,! fam\s antiqu>y1 ,spelman1 ?\gh no man 0 bett] =m$ = ! mo/ labori\s pursuits1 9 ! beg9n+ des]t$ ! /udy ( ! law 9 despair1 ?\gh he return$ to x aga9 :5 a m confirm$ age & a /rong desire ( k enabl$ him to wre/le ) e difficulty4 ,! op9ions :i* h drawn ! law into su* n>r[ness1 z !y are weakly f\nd$1 s !y are v easily refut$4 ,) reg>d to t species ( et]nity :i* !y attribute to ! ,engli% law1 to say no?+ ( ! manife/ contradictions 9 :i* ^? involve !mselves :o praise x = ! frequ5t improvem5ts x has receiv$1 & at ! same "t value x = hav+ rema9$ )\t any *ange 9 all ! revolutions ( gov]nm5t1 x is obvi\s1 on ! v fir/ view ( ! ,saxon laws1 t we h entirely alt]$ ! :ole frame ( our jurisprud5ce s9ce ! ,conque/4 ,h>dly c we f9d 9 ^! old collections a s+le title :i* is law at ?is day2 & "o may v5ture to ass]t1 )\t mu* haz>d1 t1 if !re 7 at pres5t a nation gov]n$ by ! ,saxon laws1 we %\ld f9d x difficult to po9t out ano!r s entirely diff]5t f ev]y?+ we n[ see e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,?is is a tru? :i* requires less sagacity ?an c&or to discov]4 ,! _s ( p>ty1 :i* has misl$ u 9 s _m o!r p>ticul>s1 has t5d$ greatly to p]plex u 9 ?is matt]4 ,= z ! advocates = pr]ogative w\ld1 by a v absurd consequ5ce drawn f ! ,norman ,conque/1 h made all our national rights & lib]ties to h aris5 f ! grants1 & !re=e to be revocable at ! w ( ! sov]eign1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o ma9ta9$ ! cause ( lib]ty did n support x ^u m solid pr9ciples4 ,!y w\ld he> ( no beg9n+ to any ( our privileges1 ord]s1 or laws1 &1 9 ord] to ga9 !m a rev]5ce1 w\ld prove t !y 7 z old z ! nation2 & to support t op9ion1 !y put to ! torture all ! anci5t monum5ts4 ,o!rs1 pu%+ ?+s fur!r1 h (f]$ a /ill great] viol5ce to !m4 ,n4 ,bacon1 9 ord] to e/abli% 8 republican1 sy/em1 has s di/ort$ all ! evid5ce he has produc$1 conceal$ s _m ?+s ( consequ5ce1 & ?r[n su* false colors ^u ! :ole argum5t1 t ,i "k no book s likely to mislead ! read] 9 our antiquities1 if yet x reta9s any au?ority4 ,9 reality1 t anci5t ,con/itution & ^? ,saxon laws make little or no?+ = any ( our mod]n p>ties1 &1 :5 fairly laid op51 w be f\nd to compose su* a sy/em z none1 ,i believe1 w\ld ?9k x ei!r practicable or desirable to e/abli%4 ,i am s5sible t no?+ has be51 a l>g] !me ( panegyric )1 all our writ]s on politics & hi/ory ?an ! ,anglo-,saxon gov]nm5t2 & x is impossible n to conceive an high1 op9ion ( its laws1 if we r consid] :at is said ( !m ?an :at !y visibly are4 ,^! monum5ts ( our pri/9e rud5ess /ill subsi/2 & !y /& out ( !mselves indisputable evid5ce to confute ! popul> declamations ( ^? writ]s :o w\ld p]suade u t ! crude in/itutions ( an unlett]$ p _h rea*$ a p]fection :i* ! unit$ ef=ts ( inquiry1 exp]i5ce1 le>n+1 & necessity h n be5 able to atta9 9 _m ages4 ,b ! tru? is1 ! pres5t sy/em ( our laws1 l our language & our le>n+1 is a v mix$ & het]og5e\s mass3 9 "s respects our own2 9 m borr[$ f ! policy ( =eign1 nations1 & comp\nd$1 alt]$1 & v>i\sly modifi$1 accord+ to ! v>i\s necessities :i* ! mann]s1 ! religion1 & ! comm]ce ( ! p h at diff]5t times impos$4 ,x is our bus9ess1 9 "s measure1 to foll[ & po9t out ^! *anges & improvem5ts3 a task we und]take1 n f any ability = ! greatness ( su* a "w1 b purely to give "s %ort & pla9 acc\nt ( ^! matt]s to ! v ignorant4 ,! ,law ( ! ,romans seems utt]ly to h expir$ 9 ?is isl& toge!r ) _! empire1 & t1 too1 be=e ! ,saxon e/abli%m5t4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons came into ,engl& z conqu]ors4 ,!y br\ght _! own cu/oms ) !m1 & d\btless did n take laws f1 b impos$ !irs ^u1 ! p !y _h vanqui%$4 ,^! cu/oms ( ! conqu]+ nation 7 )\t "q ! same1 = ! great] "p1 !y _h obs]v$ be=e _! migration f ,g]many4 ,! be/ image we h ( !m is to be f\nd 9 ,tacitus4 ,b !re is reason to believe t "s *anges 7 made suitable to ! circum/ances ( _! new settlem5t1 & to ! *ange _! con/itution mu/ h und]gone by adopt+ a k+ly gov]nm5t1 n inde$ ) unlimit$ sway1 b c]ta9ly ) great] p[]s ?an _! lead]s possess$ :il/ !y cont9u$ 9 ,g]many4 ,h[ev]1 we "k v little ( :at 0 done 9 ^! respects until _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 a revolution :i* made /ill m ess5tial *anges 9 _! mann]s & gov]nm5t4 ,= imm$iately aft] ! conv]sion ( ,e!lb]t1 ,k+ ( ,k5t1 ! mission>ies1 :o _h introduc$ ! use ( lett]s1 & came f ,rome full ( ! ideas ( ! ,roman civil e/abli%m5t1 mu/ h obs]v$ ! gross defect aris+ f a want ( writt5 & p]man5t laws4 ,! k+1#hc f _! report ( ! ,roman me?od1 & 9 imitation ( x1 fir/ dige/$ ! mo/ mat]ial cu/oms ( ?is k+dom into writ+1 )\t hav+ adopt$ any?+ f ! ,roman law1 & only add+ "s regulations = ! support & enc\ragem5t ( ! new religion4 ,^! laws /ill exi/1 & /rongly m>k ! extreme simplicity ( mann]s & pov]ty ( conception ( ! legislators4 ,!y are writt5 9 ! ,engli% ( t "t2 &1 inde$1 all ! laws ( ! ,anglo-,saxons cont9u$ 9 t language d[n to ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,?is 0 diff]5t f ! me?od ( ! o!r ,nor!rn nations1 :o made use only ( ! ,lat9 language 9 all _! codes4 ,& ,i take ! diff]5ce to h aris5 f ?is4 ,at ! "t :5 ! ,visigo?s1 ! ,lomb>ds1 ! ,franks1 & ! o!r ,nor!rn nations on ! cont95t compil$ _! laws1 ! prov9cial ,romans 7 v num]\s among/ !m1 or1 inde$1 compos$ ! body ( ! p4 ,! ,lat91 language 0 yet f> f ext+ui%$2 s t1 z ! greate/ "p ( ^? :o c\ld write 7 ,romans1 !y f\nd x difficult to adapt _! *>act]s to ^! r\gh ,nor!rn tongues1 & !re=e *ose to write 9 ,lat91 :i*1 ?\gh n ! language ( ! legislator1 c\ld n be v incommodi\s1 z !y c\ld nev] fail ( int]pret]s2 & = ?is reason1 n only _! laws1 b all _! ord9>y transactions1 7 writt5 9 t language4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 ! ,roman "n & language hav+ entirely vani%$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ! mission>y monks 7 oblig$ to cont5d ) ! difficulty1 & to adapt =eign *>act]s to ! ,engli% language2 else none b a v few c\ld possibly h drawn any advantage f ! ?+s !y meant to record4 ,& to ?is x 0 ow+ t _m1 ev5 ! ecclesia/ical con/itutions1 & n a few ( ! ord9>y evid5ces ( ! l&1 7 writt5 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is example ( writt5 laws be+ giv5 by ,e!lb]t1 x 0 foll[$ by 8 successors1 ,edric & ,lo?aire4 ,! next legislator among/ ! ,engli%1 0 ,ina1 ,k+ ( ! ,we/ ,saxons1 a pr9ce fam\s 9 8 "t = 8 wisdom & 8 piety4 ,8 laws1 z well z ^? ( ! above-m5tion$ pr9ces1 /ill subsi/4 ,b we mu/ always rememb] t v few ( ^! laws conta9$ any new regulation1 b 7 r design$ to affirm _! anci5t cu/oms1 & to pres]ve & fix !m2 & accord+ly !y are all extremely rude & imp]fect4 ,we read ( a collection ( laws by ,(fa1 ,k+ ( ! ,m]cians2 b !y h be5 long s9ce lo/4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon laws1 by univ]sal cons5t ( all writ]s1 owe m to ! c>e & sagacity ( ,alfr$ ?an ( any ( ! anci5t k+s4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a cruel w>1 ( :i* he did n see ! beg9n+ nor live to see ! end1 he did m = ! e/abli%m5t ( ord] & ju/ice ?an any o!r pr9ce has be5 kn[n to d 9 ! pr(\nde/ peace4 ,_m ( ! in/itutions attribut$ to him und\bt$ly 7 n ( 8 e/abli%m5t3 ?is %all be %[n1 :5 we come to treat m m9utely ( ! in/itutions4 ,b x is cle> t he rais$1 z x 71 f ! a%es1 & put new life & vigor into ! :ole body ( ! law1 almo/ lo/ & =gott5 9 ! ravages ( ! ,dani% w>2 s t1 hav+ reviv$1 & 9 all likelihood improv$1 sev]al anci5t national regulations1 he has pass$ = _! au?or1 ) a reputation p]haps m j ?an if he _h inv5t$ !m4 ,9 ! prologue :i* he wrote to 8 own code1 he in=ms u t he collect$ !re :atev] appe>$ to him mo/ valuable 9 ! laws ( ,ina & ,(fa & o!rs ( 8 prog5itors1 omitt+ :at he ?\ght wrong 9 itself or n adapt$ to ! "t2 & he seems to h done ?is ) no small judgm5t4 ,! pr9ces :o succe$$ him1 hav+ by 8 labors enjoy$ m repose1 turn$ _! m9ds to ! improvem5t ( ! law2 & !re are few ( !m :o h n left u "s collection m or less complete4 ,:5 ! ,danes _h e/abli%$ _! empire1 !y %[$ !mselves no less solicit\s ?an ! ,engli% to collect & en=ce ! laws3 seem+ desir\s to repair all ! injuries !y _h =m]ly committ$ aga9/ !m4 ,! code ( ,canute ! ,great is "o ( ! mo/ mod]ate1 equitable1 & full1 ( any ( ! old collections4 ,!re 0 no mat]ial *ange1 if any at all1 made 9 _! g5]al sy/em by ! ,dani% conque/4 ,!y 7 ( ! orig9al c\ntry ( ! ,saxons1 & c\ld n h diff]$ f !m 9 ! gr\ndwork ( _! policy4 ,x appe>s by ! league betwe5 ,alfr$ & ,gu?rum1 t ! ,danes took _! laws f ! ,engli%1 & accept$ !m z a favor4 ,!y 7 m newly come out ( ! ,nor!rn b>b>ism1 & want$ ! regulations necess>y to a civil society4 ,b "u ,canute ! ,engli% law receiv$ consid]able improvem5t4 ,_m ( ! old ,engli% cu/oms1 :i*1 z t mon>* ju/ly obs]ves1 7 truly odi\s1 7 abrogat$2 &1 inde$1 t code is ! la/ we h t belongs to ! p]iod be=e ! ,conque/4 ,t monum5t call$ ! ,laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor is c]ta9ly ( a mu* lat] date2 & :at is extraord9>y1 ?\gh ! hi/orians aft] ! ,conque/ cont9ually speak ( ! ,laws ( ,k+ ,edw>d1 x does n appe> t he ev] made a collection1 or t any su* laws exi/$ at t "t4 ,x appe>s by ! preface to ! ,laws ( ,/4 ,edw>d1 t ^! writt5 con/itutions 7 cont9ually fall+ into disuse4 ,al?\gh ^! laws _h und\bt$ly _! au?ority1 x 01 not)/&+1 by tradition>y cu/oms t ! p 7 = ! mo/ "p gov]n$1 :i*1 z !y v>i$ some:at 9 diff]5t prov9ces1 7 di/+ui%$ accord+ly by ! names ( ! ,we/ ,saxon1 ! ,m]cian1 & ! ,dani% ,law2 b ?is produc$ no v rem>kable inconv5i5ce1 z ^? cu/oms seem$ to diff] f ea* o!r1 & f ! writt5 laws1 r 9 ! quantity & nature ( _! pecuni>y mulcts ?an 9 any?+ ess5tial4 ,if we take a review ( ^! anci5t con/itutions1 we %all obs]ve t _! sanctions are mo/ly conf9$ to ! foll[+ objects4 #a/4 ,! pres]vation ( ! peace4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ titles2 & x %[s ! anci5t ,saxons to h be5 a p extremely prone to qu>rell+ & viol5ce4 ,9 "s cases ! law v5tures only to put ?is disposition "u regulations3#hd prescrib+ t no man %all fight ) ano!r until he has fir/ call$ him to ju/ice 9 a legal way2 & !n lays d[n ! t]ms "u :i* he may proce$ to ho/ilities4 ,! o!r less prem$itat$ qu>rels1 9 meet+s = dr9k+ or bus9ess1 7 consid]$ z m or less he9\s1 accord+ to ! rank ( ! p]son 9 ^: h\se ! dispute happ5$1 or1 to speak ! language ( t "t1 ^: peace !y _h violat$4 #b;d4 ,9 proportion+ ! pecuni>y mulcts impos$ by !m = all1 ev5 ! highe/ crimes1 accord+ to ! dignify ( ! p]son injur$1 & to ! quantity ( ! (f5ce4 ,= ?is purpose !y class$ ! p ) great regul>ity & exactness1 bo? 9 ! ecclesia/ic & ! secul> l9es1 adju/+ ) great c>e ! ecclesia/ical to ! secul> dignities2 & !y n only e/imat$ ea* man's life accord+ to 8 quality1 b !y set a value ^u e limb & memb]1 d[n ev5 to tee?1 hair1 & nails2 & ^! are ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* _! laws are mo/ accurate & be/ def9$4 #c;d4 ,9 settl+ ! rules & c]emonies ( _! oa?s1 _! purgations1 & ! :ole ord] & process ( _! sup]/iti\s ju/ice3 = by ^! me?ods !y seem to h decid$ all controv]sies4 #d?4 ,9 regulat+ ! sev]al frat]nities ( ,frank-pl$ges1 by :i* all ! p 7 naturally b\nd to _! good behavior to "o ano!r & to _! sup]iors2 9 all :i* !y 7 excessively /rict1 9 ord] to supply by ! sev]ity ( ?is police ! extreme laxity & imp]fection ( _! laws1 & ! weak & prec>i\s au?ority ( _! k+s & magi/rates4 ,^!1 ) "s regulations = paym5t ( ti!s & ,*ur* dues1 & = ! discov]y & pursuit ( /eal]s ( cattle1 comprise almo/ all ! titles des]v+ notice 9 ! ,saxon laws4 ,9 ^? laws !re are frequ5tly to be obs]v$ p>ticul> in/itutions1 well & prud5tly fram$2 b !re is no appe>ance ( a regul>1 consi/5t1 & /able jurisprud5ce4 ,h[ev]1 x is pleas+ to obs]ve some?+ ( equity & di/9ction gradually ins9uat+ itself into ^! un=m$ mat]ials1 & "s transi5t fla%es ( light /rik+ across ! gloom :i* prep>$ = ! full day t %one out aft]w>ds4 ,! cl]gy1 :o kept up a con/ant communication ) ,rome1 & 7 9 effect ! ,saxon legislators1 c\ld n avoid ga!r+ "s in=mations f a law :i* nev] 0 p]fectly ext+ui%$ 9 t "p ( ! _w4 ,accord+ly we f9d "o ( its pr9ciples _h /ray$ hi!r s e>ly z ! "t ( ,edric & ,lo?aire4#he ,!re are two maxims#hf ( civil law 9 _! prop] t]ms 9 ! code ( ,canute ! ,great1 :o made & au?oriz$ t collection aft] 8 pilgrimage to ,rome2 & at ?is "t1 x is rem>kable1 we f9d ! in/itutions ( o!r nations imitat$4 ,9 ! same collection !re is an express ref]5ce to ! laws ( ! ,w]9i4 ,f h5ce x is pla9 t ! resemblance betwe5 ! polity ( ! sev]al ,nor!rn nations did n only arise f _! common orig9al1 b also f _! adopt+1 9 "s cases1 ! con/itutions ( ^? among/ !m :o 7 mo/ rem>kable = _! wisdom4 ,9 ?is /ate ! law cont9u$ until ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,b we see t ev5 be=e t p]iod ! ,engli% law began to be improv$ by tak+ 9 =eign le>n+2 we see ! canons ( sev]al c\ncils mix$ indiscrim9ately ) ! civil con/itutions2 &1 inde$1 ! greate/ "p ( ! reason+ & equity to be f\nd 9 !m seems to be d]iv$ f t s\rce4 ,hi!rto we h obs]v$ ! progress ( ! ,saxon laws1 :i*1 con=mably to _! mann]s1 7 rude & simple1--agreeably to _! conf9$ situation1 v n>r[1--& ?\gh 9 "s degree1 yet n v consid]ably1 improv$ by =eign communication4 ,h[ev]1 we c pla9ly disc]n its ?ree capital s\rces4 ,fir/1 ! anci5t tradition>y cu/oms ( ! ,nor?1 :i*1 com+ ^u ?is & ! o!r civiliz$ p>ts ( ,europe ) ! impetuosity ( a conque/1 bore d[n all ! anci5t e/abli%m5ts1 &1 by be+ suit$ to ! g5ius ( ! p1 =m$1 z x 71 ! great body & ma9 /ream ( ! ,saxon laws4 ,! second s\rce 0 ! canons ( ! ,*ur*4 ,z yet1 inde$1 !y 7 n r$uc$ into sy/em & a regul> =m ( jurisprud5ce2 b !y 7 ! law ( ! cl]gy1 & consequ5tly influ5c$ consid]ably a p ov] :om t ord] _h an almo/ unb\nd$ au?ority4 ,!y correct$1 mitigat$1 & enri*$ ^? r\gh ,nor!rn in/itutions2 & ! cl]gy hav+ once1 b5t ! /ubborn necks ( t p to ! yoke ( religion1 !y 7 ! m easily susceptible ( o!r *anges introduc$ "u ! same sanction4 ,^! =m$ ! ?ird s\rce1--namely1 "s p>ts ( ! ,roman civil law1 & ! cu/oms ( o!r ,g]man nations4 ,b ?is s\rce appe>s to h be5 mu* ! smalle/ ( ! ?ree1 & 0 yet inconsid]able4 ,! ,norman ,conque/ is ! great era ( our laws4 ,at ?is "t ! ,engli% jurisprud5ce1 :i*1 _h hi!rto cont9u$ a poor /ream1 f$ f "s few1 & ^? scanty s\rces1 0 all at once1 z f a mighty flood1 repl5i%$ ) a va/ body ( =eign le>n+1 by :i*1 inde$1 x might be said r to h be5 increas$ ?an mu* improv$3 = ?is =eign law1 be+ impos$1 n adopt$1 = a long "t bore /rong appe>ances ( t viol5ce by :i* x _h be5 fir/ introduc$4 ,all our monum5ts be> a /rong evid5ce to ?is *ange4 ,new c\rts ( ju/ice1 new names & p[]s ( (fic]s1 9 a ^w1 a new t5ure ( l& z well z new possessors ( x1 took place4 ,ev5 ! language ( public proce$+s 0 9 a great measure *ang$4 ,,footnotes3 #hc ,decreta illi judiciorum juxta exempla ,romanorum cum consilio sapi5tium con/ituit4--,b$a1 ,eccl4 ,hi/4 ,lib4 ,,ii4 c4 #e4 #hd ,leg4 lfr$4 #ch1 ,de ,pugna4 #he ,ju/um e/ ut proles matrem sequatur4--,edric & ,lo?aire4 #hf ,negatio potior e/ affirmatione4 ,possessio proprior e/ hab5ti quam de9ceps repet5ti4--,l4 ,cnut4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,vii4