,,talks ,,to ,,tea*]s  ,,on ,,psy*ology3
 ,,& ,,to ,,/ud5ts ,,on ,,"s ,,(        
,,life',s ,,ideals1 ,by ,,william       
,,james  ,,new ,,york ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& 
,,company #aibe   ,,copyright1 #ahii1   
#aijj ,,by ,,william ,,james  ,,press   
,,( ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co4 7,,inc47   
,,bo/on   ,,preface4  ,9 #ahib ,i 0 ask$
 by ! ,h>v>d ,corporation to give a few 
public lectures on psy*ology to !       
,cambridge tea*]s4 ,! talks n[ pr9t$ =m 
! sub/ance ( t c\rse1 :i* has s9ce !n   
be5 deliv]$ at v>i\s places to v>i\s    
tea*]-audi5ces4 ,i h f\nd by exp]i5ce t 
:at my he>]s seem lea/ to reli% is      
analytical te*nicality1 & :at !y mo/ c>e
 = is concrete practical application4 ,s
 ,i h gradually we$$ out ! =m]1 & left !
 latt] unr$uc$2 & n[1 t ,i h at la/     
writt5 out ! lectures1 !y conta9 a      
m9imum ( :at is deem$ 'sci5tific' 9     
psy*ology1 & are practical & popul> 9 ! 
extreme4  ,"s ( my colleagues may       
possibly %ake _! heads at ?is2 b 9 tak+ 
my cue f :at has seem$ to me to be !    

feel+ ( ! audi5ces ,i believe t ,i am   
%ap+ my book s z to satisfy ! m g5u9e   
public ne$4  ,tea*]s1 ( c\rse1 w miss ! 
m9ute divisions1 subdivisions1 &        
def9itions1 ! lett]$ & numb]$ head+s1 ! 
v>iations ( type1 & all ! o!r me*anical 
artifices on :i* !y are accu/om$ to prop
 _! m9ds4 ,b my ma9 desire has be5 to   
make !m conceive1 &1 if possible1       
reproduce sympa!tically 9 _! imag9ation1
 ! m5tal life ( _! pupil z ! sort (     
active unity :i* he himself feels x to  
be4 ,he doesn't *op himself into di/9ct 
processes & comp>tm5ts2 & x w\ld h      
fru/rat$ ?is deep] purpose ( my book to 
make x look1 :5 pr9t$1 l a ,ba$ek]'s    
h&book ( travel or a text-book (        
ari?metic4 ,s f> z books pr9t$ l ?is    
book =ce ! fluidity ( ! facts ^u ! "y   
tea*]'s att5tion1 s f> ,i am sure !y t5d
 to d 8 intellect a s]vice1 ev5 ?\gh !y 
may leave unsatisfi$ a crav+ 7n altoge!r
 )\t its legitimate gr\nds7 = m         
nom5clature1 head-l9es1 & subdivisions4 
,read]s acqua9t$ ) my l>g] books on     

,psy*ology w meet mu* famili>           
phraseology4 ,9 ! *apt]s on habit &     
memory ,i h ev5 copi$ sev]al pages      
v]batim1 b ,i d n "k t apology is ne$$ =
 su* plagi>ism z ?is4  ,! talks to      
/ud5ts1 :i* conclude ! volume1 7 writt5 
9 response to invitations to deliv]     
'addresses' to /ud5ts at wom5's         
colleges4 ,! fir/ "o 0 to ! graduat+    
class ( ! ,bo/on ,normal ,s*ool (       
,gymna/ics4 ,prop]ly1 x cont9ues ! s]ies
 ( talks to tea*]s4 ,! second & ! ?ird  
address belong toge!r1 & cont9ue ano!r  
l9e ( ?\ght4  ,i wi% ,i 7 able to make !
 second1 ',on a ,c]ta9 ,bl9dness 9      
,human ,be+s1' m impressive4 ,x is m ?an
 ! m]e piece ( s5tim5talism :i* x may   
seem to "s read]s4 ,x connects itself ) 
a def9ite view ( ! _w & ( our moral     
relations to ! same4 ,^? :o h done me ! 
honor ( read+ my volume ( philosophic   
essays w recognize t ,i mean !          
plurali/ic or individuali/ic philosophy4
 ,accord+ to t philosophy1 ! tru? is too
 great = any "o actual m9d1 ev5 ?\gh t  

m9d be dubb$ '! ,absolute1' to "k ! :ole
 ( x4 ,! facts & wor?s ( life ne$ _m    
cogniz]s to take !m 94 ,!re is no po9t (
 view absolutely public & univ]sal4     
,private & uncommunicable p]ceptions    
always rema9 ov]1 & ! wor/ ( x is t ^?  
:o look = !m f ! outside nev] "k :]e4   
,! practical consequ5ce ( su* a         
philosophy is ! well-kn[n democratic    
respect = ! sacr$ness (                 
individuality1--is1 at any rate1 !      
outw>d tol]ance ( :atev] is n itself    
intol]ant4 ,^! phrases are s famili> t  
!y s\nd n[ r dead 9 our e>s4 ,once !y _h
 a passionate inn] mean+4 ,su* a        
passionate inn] mean+ !y may easily     
acquire aga9 if ! pret5sion ( our nation
 to inflict its own inn] ideals &       
in/itutions vi et armis ^u ,ori5tals    
%\ld meet ) a resi/ance z obdurate z s  
f> x has be5 gallant & spirit$4         
,religi\sly & philosophically1 our      
anci5t national doctr9e ( live & let    
live may prove to h a f> deep] mean+ ?an
 our p n[ seem to imag9e x to possess4  

,,cambridge1 ,,mass41 ,m>*1 #ahii4      
,,cont5ts4   ,,talks ,,to ,,tea*]s4  ,i4
 ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,art  ,!  
,am]ican educational organization1--,:at
 tea*]s may expect f psy*ology1--,tea*+ 
me?ods mu/ agree ) psy*ology1 b _c be   
imm$iately d$uc$ !refrom1--,! sci5ce (  
tea*+ & ! sci5ce ( w>1--,! educational  
uses ( psy*ology def9$1--,! tea*]'s duty
 t[>d *ild-/udy4  ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/ream ,,( 
,,consci\sness  ,our m5tal life is a    
succession ( consci\s 'fields1'--,!y h a
 focus & a m>g91--,?is description      
contra/$ ) ! !ory ( 'ideas1'--,wundt's  
conclusions1 note4  ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ild   
,,z ,a ,,behav+ ,,organism  ,m9d z pure 
reason & m9d z practical guide1--,!     
latt] view ! m fa%ionable "o to-day1--,x
 w be adopt$ 9 ?is "w1--,:y s8--,!      
tea*]'s function is to tra9 pupils to   
behavior4  ,,iv4 ,,education ,,&        
,,behavior  ,education def9$1--,conduct 
is always its outcome1--,diff]5t        
national ideals3 ,g]many & ,engl&4  ,v4 
,,! ,,necessity ,,( ,,reactions  ,no    

impression )\t expression1--,v]bal      
reproduction1--,manual tra9+1--,pupils  
%\ld "k _! 'm>ks'4  ,,vi4 ,,native ,,&  
,,acquir$ ,,reactions  ,! acquir$       
reactions mu/ be prec$$ by native       
ones1--,illu/ration3 tea*+ *ild to ask  
in/ead ( snat*+1--,man has m in/9cts ?an
 o!r mammals4  ,,vii4 ,,:at ,,! ,,native
 ,,reactions ,,are  ,fe> &              
love1--,curiosity1--,imitation1--,emulat
ion1--,=bidd5 by ,r\sseau1--,8          
error1--,ambition1 pugnacity1 & pride4  
,s(t p$agogics & ! fight+               
impulse1--,own]%ip1--,its educational   
uses1--,con/ructiv5ess1--,manual        
tea*+1--,transitor9ess 9 in/9cts1--,_!  
ord] ( succession4  ,,viii4 ,,! ,,laws  
,,( ,,habit  ,good & bad habits1--,habit
 due to pla/icity ( organic tissues1--,!
 aim ( education is to make useful      
habits automatic1--,maxims relative to  
habit-=m+3 #a4 ,/rong initiative1--#b4  
,no exception1--#c4 ,seize fir/         
opportunity to act1--#d4 ,don't         
prea*1--,d>w9 & poetry3 )\t ex]cise our 

capacities decay1--,! habit ( m5tal &   
muscul> relaxation1--,fif? maxim1 keep !
 faculty ( ef=t tra9$1--,sudd5          
conv]sions compatible ) laws (          
habit1--,mom5t\s influ5ce ( habits on   
"*4  ,,ix4 ,,! ,,association ,,( ,,ideas
  ,a case ( habit1--,! two laws1        
contiguity & simil>ity1--,! tea*] has to
 build up useful sy/ems (               
association1--,habitual associations    
det]m9e "*1--,indet]m9at5ess ( our tra9s
 ( association1--,we c trace !m backw>d1
 b n =etell !m1--,int]e/                
deflects1--,prepot5t p>ts ( ! field1--,9
 tea*+1 multiply cues4  ,x4 ,,int]e/  ,!
 *ild's native int]e/s1--,h[ un9t]e/+   
?+s acquire an int]e/1--,rules = !      
tea*]1--',prep>ation' ( ! m9d = !       
lesson3 ! pupil mu/ h some?+ to att5d   
)1--,all lat] int]e/s are borr[$ f      
orig9al ones4  ,,xi4 ,,att5tion  ,int]e/
 & att5tion are two aspects ( "o        
fact1--,volunt>y att5tion comes 9       
beats1--,g5ius & att5tion1--,! subject  
mu/ *ange to w9 att5tion1--,me*anical   

aids1--,! physiological process1--,! new
 9 ! old is :at excites int]e/1--,int]e/
 & ef=t are compatible1--,m9d-w&]+1--,n 
fatal to m5tal effici5cy4  ,,xii4       
,,memory  ,due to association1--,no     
recall )\t a cue1--,memory is due to    
bra9-pla/icity1--,native                
ret5tiv5ess1--,numb] ( associations may 
practically be its                      
equival5t1--,ret5tiv5ess is a fix$      
prop]ty ( ! individual1--,memory v]sus  
memories1--,sci5tific sy/em z help to   
memory1--,te*nical                      
memories1--,cramm+1--,elem5t>y memory   
unimprovable1--,utility ( v]bal         
memoriz+1--,measurem5ts ( imm$iate      
memory1--,!y ?r[ little light1--,passion
 is ! important factor 9 human          
effici5cy1--,eye-memory1 e>-memory1     
etc41--,! rate ( =gett+1 ,ebb+haus's    
results1--,influ5ce ( !                 
unreproducible1--,to rememb]1 "o mu/ ?9k
 & connect4  ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,acquisition  
,,( ,,ideas  ,education gives a /ock (  
conceptions1--,! ord] ( _!              

acquisition1--,value ( v]bal            
mat]ial1--,ab/ractions ( diff]5t ord]s3 
:5 are !y assimilable1--,false          
conceptions ( *ildr54  ,,xiv4           
,,app]ception  ,(t5 a my/ify+ idea1--,! 
process def9$1--,! law (                
economy1--,old-fogyism1--,h[ _m types ( 
app]ception8--,new heads (              
classification mu/ cont9ually be        
inv5t$1--,alt]ation ( ! app]ceiv+       
mass1--,class names are :at we "w       
by1--,few new fundam5tal conceptions    
acquir$ aft] tw5ty-five4  ,,xv4 ,,! ,,w 
,! ^w def9$1--,all consci\sness t5ds to 
action1--,ideo-motor                    
action1--,inhibition1--,! process (     
delib]ation1--,:y s few ( our ideas     
result 9 acts1--,! associationi/ acc\nt 
( ! w1--,a balance ( impulses &         
inhibitions1--,! ov]-impulsive & !      
ov]-ob/ruct$ type1--,! p]fect type1--,! 
balky w1--,:at "* build+ consi/s 91--,"r
 action dep5ds on "r app]ception ( !    
case1--,ef=t ( w is ef=t ( att5tion3 !  
drunk>d's dilemma1--,vital importance ( 

volunt>y att5tion1--,its am\nt may be   
indet]m9ate1--,affirmation (            
free-w1--,two types (                   
inhibition1--,sp9oza on inhibition by a 
high] good1--,conclusion4   ,,talks ,,to
 ,,/ud5ts4  ,i4 ,,! ,,gospel ,,(        
,,relaxation  ,,ii4 ,,on ,a ,,c]ta9     
,,bl9dness ,,9 ,,human ,,be+s  ,,iii4   
,,:at ,,makes ,a ,,life ,,significant8  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,talks ,,to ,,tea*]s     ,i4           
,,psy*ology ,,& ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,art   ,9 !
 g5]al activity & upris+ ( ideal int]e/s
 :i* e "o ) an eye = fact c disc]n all  
ab\t u 9 ,am]ican life1 !re is p]haps no
 m promis+ feature ?an ! f]m5tation :i* 
= a doz5 ye>s or m has be5 go+ on among 
! tea*]s4 ,9 :atev] sph]e ( education _!
 functions may lie1 !re is to be se5    
among !m a really inspir+ am\nt ( se>*+ 
( ! he>t ab\t ! highe/ conc]ns ( _!     
pr(ession4 ,! r5ovation ( nations beg9s 
always at ! top1 among ! reflective     
memb]s ( ! ,/ate1 & spreads sl[ly outw>d
 & d[nw>d4 ,! tea*]s ( ?is c\ntry1 "o   

may say1 h its future 9 _! h&s4 ,!      
e>ne/ness :i* !y at pres5t %[ 9 /riv+ to
 enlight5 & /r5g!n !mselves is an index 
( ! nation's probabilities ( advance 9  
all ideal directions4 ,! outw>d         
organization ( education :i* we h 9 our 
,unit$ ,/ates is p]haps1 on ! :ole1 !   
be/ organization t exi/s 9 any c\ntry4  
,! ,/ate s*ool sy/ems give a div]sity & 
flexibility1 an opportunity = exp]im5t &
 ke5ness ( competition1 n[h]e else to be
 f\nd on su* an important scale4 ,!     
indep5d5ce ( s _m ( ! colleges &        
univ]sities2 ! give & take ( /ud5ts &   
in/ructors betwe5 !m all2 _! emulation1 
& _! happy organic relations to ! l[]   
s*ools2 ! traditions ( in/ruction 9 !m1 
evolv$ f ! old] ,am]ican                
recitation-me?od 7& s avoid+ on ! "o h& 
! pure lecture-sy/em preval5t 9 ,g]many 
& ,scotl&1 :i* consid]s too little !    
individual /ud5t1 & yet n involv+ !     
sacrifice ( ! in/ructor to ! individual 
/ud5t1 :i* ! ,engli% tutorial sy/em w\ld
 seem too (t5 to entail71--all ^! ?+s   

7to say no?+ ( t co$ucation ( ! sexes 9 
^: b5efits s _m ( u he>tily believe71   
all ^! ?+s1 ,i say1 are mo/ happy       
features ( our s*ola/ic life1 & f !m !  
mo/ sangu9e auguries may be drawn4      
,hav+ s favorable an organization1 all  
we ne$ is to impregnate x ) g5iuses1 to 
get sup]ior m5 & wom5 work+ m & m       
abundantly 9 x & = x & at x1 & 9 a      
g5]ation or two ,am]ica may well lead ! 
education ( ! _w4 ,i mu/ say t ,i look  
=w>d ) no little confid5ce to ! day :5 t
 %all be an accompli%$ fact4  ,no "o has
 pr(it$ m by ! f]m5tation ( :i* ,i      
speak1 9 p$agogical circles1 ?an we     
psy*ologi/s4 ,! desire ( ! s*ooltea*]s =
 a complet] pr(essional tra9+1 & _!     
aspiration t[>d ! 'pr(essional' _s 9 _! 
"w1 h l$ !m m & m to turn to u = light  
on fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,& 9 ^! few    
h\rs :i* we are to sp5d toge!r y look to
 me1 ,i am sure1 = in=mation conc]n+ !  
m9d's op]ations1 :i* may enable y to    
labor m easily & effectively 9 ! sev]al 
s*oolrooms ov] :i* y preside4  ,f> be x 

f me to disclaim = psy*ology all title  
to su* hopes4 ,psy*ology ought c]ta9ly  
to give ! tea*] radical help4 ,& yet ,i 
confess t1 acqua9t$ z ,i am ) ! height (
 "s ( y\r expectations1 ,i feel a little
 anxi\s le/1 at ! end ( ^! simple talks 
( m9e1 n a few ( y may exp]i5ce "s      
disappo9tm5t at ! net results4 ,9 o!r   
words1 ,i am n sure t y may n be indulg+
 fancies t are j a %ade exagg]at$4 ,t   
w\ld n be altoge!r a/oni%+1 = we h be5  
hav+ some?+ l a 'boom' 9 psy*ology 9 ?is
 c\ntry4 ,laboratories & pr(essor%ips h 
be5 f\nd$1 & reviews e/abli%$4 ,! air   
has be5 full ( rumors4 ,! editors (     
educational j\rnals & ! arrang]s (      
conv5tions h _h to %[ !mselves ent]pris+
 & on a level ) ! novelties ( ! day4 ,"s
 ( ! pr(essors h n be5 unwill+ to       
co-op]ate1 & ,i am n sure ev5 t !       
publi%]s h be5 entirely in]t4 ',! new   
psy*ology' has ?us become a t]m to      
conjure up port5t\s ideas )al2 & y      
tea*]s1 docile & receptive & aspir+ z _m
 ( y are1 h be5 plung$ 9 an atmosph]e ( 

vague talk ab\t our sci5ce1 :i* to a    
great ext5t has be5 m my/ify+ ?an       
enlight5+4 ,altoge!r x does seem z if   
!re 7 a c]ta9 fatality ( my/ification   
laid ^u ! tea*]s ( our day4 ,! matt] (  
_! pr(ession1 compact en\gh 9 itself1   
has to be fro!d up = !m 9 j\rnals &     
in/itutes1 till its outl9es (t5 ?reat5  
to be lo/ 9 a k9d ( va/ unc]ta9ty4 ,:]e 
! disciples are n indep5d5t &           
critical-m9d$ en\gh 7& ,i ?9k t1 if y   
tea*]s 9 ! e>li] grades h any defect--! 
slighte/ t\* ( a defect 9 ! _w--x is t y
 are a mite too docile71 we are pretty  
sure to miss accuracy & balance &       
measure 9 ^? :o get a lic5se to lay d[n 
! law to !m f above4  ,z reg>ds ?is     
subject ( psy*ology1 n[1 ,i wi% at ! v  
?re%old to d :at ,i c to dispel !       
my/ification4 ,s ,i say at once t 9 my  
humble op9ion !re is no 'new psy*ology' 
wor?y ( ! "n4 ,!re is no?+ b ! old      
psy*ology :i* began 9 ,locke's "t1 plus 
a little physiology ( ! bra9 & s5ses &  
!ory ( evolution1 & a few ref9em5ts (   

introspective detail1 = ! mo/ "p )\t    
adaptation to ! tea*]'s use4 ,x is only 
! fundam5tal conceptions ( psy*ology :i*
 are ( real value to ! tea*]2 & !y1 ap>t
 f ! a=esaid !ory ( evolution1 are v f> 
f be+ new4--,i tru/ t y w see bett] :at 
,i mean by ?is at ! end ( all ^! talks4 
,i say moreov] t y make a great1 a v    
great mi/ake1 if y ?9k t psy*ology1 be+ 
! sci5ce ( ! m9d's laws1 is some?+ f :i*
 y c d$uce def9ite programmes & s*emes &
 me?ods ( in/ruction = imm$iate         
s*oolroom use4 ,psy*ology is a sci5ce1 &
 tea*+ is an art2 & sci5ces nev] g5]ate 
arts directly out ( !mselves4 ,an       
int]m$i>y inv5tive m9d mu/ make !       
application1 by us+ its orig9ality4  ,! 
sci5ce ( logic nev] made a man reason   
rightly1 & ! sci5ce ( e?ics 7if !re be  
su* a ?+7 nev] made a man behave        
rightly4 ,! mo/ su* sci5ces c d is to   
help u to cat* ourselves up & *eck      
ourselves1 if we />t to reason or to    
behave wrongly2 & to criticise ourselves
 m articulately aft] we h made mi/akes4 

,a sci5ce only lays d[n l9es )9 :i* !   
rules ( ! art mu/ fall1 laws :i* !      
foll[] ( ! art mu/ n transgress2 b :at  
p>ticul> ?+ he %all positively d )9 ^?  
l9es is left exclusively to 8 own g5ius4
 ,"o g5ius w d 8 "w well & succe$ 9 "o  
way1 :ile ano!r succe$s z well q        
diff]5tly2 yet nei!r w transgress !     
l9es4  ,! art ( tea*+ grew up 9 !       
s*oolroom1 out ( inv5tiv5ess & sympa!tic
 concrete obs]vation4 ,ev5 :]e 7z 9 !   
case ( ,h]b>t7 ! advanc] ( ! art 0 also 
a psy*ologi/1 ! p$agogics & ! psy*ology 
ran side by side1 & ! =m] 0 n d]iv$ 9   
any s5se f ! latt]4 ,! two 7 congru5t1 b
 nei!r 0 subord9ate4 ,& s ev]y:]e !     
tea*+ mu/ agree ) ! psy*ology1 b ne$ n  
necess>ily be ! only k9d ( tea*+ t w\ld 
s agree2 = _m div]se me?ods ( tea*+ may 
equally well agree ) psy*ological laws4 
,to "k psy*ology1 !re=e1 is absolutely  
no gu>antee t we %all be good tea*]s4   
,to advance to t result1 we mu/ h an    
additional end[m5t altoge!r1 a happy    
tact & +5uity to tell u :at def9ite ?+s 

to say & d :5 ! pupil is be=e u4 ,t     
+5uity 9 meet+ & pursu+ ! pupil1 t tact 
= ! concrete situation1 ?\gh !y are !   
alpha & omega ( ! tea*]'s art1 are ?+s  
to :i* psy*ology _c help u 9 ! lea/4  ,!
 sci5ce ( psy*ology1 & :atev] sci5ce (  
g5]al p$agogics may be bas$ on x1 are 9 
fact mu* l ! sci5ce ( w>4 ,no?+ is      
simpl] or m def9ite ?an ! pr9ciples (   
ei!r4 ,9 w>1 all y h to d is to "w y\r  
enemy into a position f :i* ! natural   
ob/acles prev5t him f escap+ if he tries
 to2 !n to fall on him 9 numb]s sup]ior 
to 8 own1 at a mom5t :5 y h l$ him to   
?9k y f> away2 & s1 ) a m9imum (        
exposure ( y\r own troops1 to hack 8 =ce
 to pieces1 & take ! rema9d] prison]s4  
,j s1 9 tea*+1 y mu/ simply "w y\r pupil
 into su* a /ate ( int]e/ 9 :at y are   
go+ to tea* him t e o!r object (        
att5tion is bani%$ f 8 m9d2 !n reveal x 
to him s impressively t he w rememb] !  
occasion to 8 dy+ day2 & f9ally fill him
 ) dev\r+ curiosity to "k :at ! next    
/eps 9 connection ) ! subject are4 ,!   

pr9ciples be+ s pla91 !re w\ld be no?+ b
 victories = ! ma/]s ( ! sci5ce1 ei!r on
 ! battlefield or 9 ! s*oolroom1 if !y  
did n bo? h to make _! application to an
 incalculable quantity 9 ! %ape ( ! m9d 
( _! oppon5t4 ,! m9d ( y\r own enemy1 ! 
pupil1 is work+ away f y z ke5ly &      
eag]ly z is ! m9d ( ! comm&] on ! o!r   
side f ! sci5tific g5]al4 ,j :at !      
respective enemies want & ?9k1 & :at !y 
"k & d n "k1 are z h>d ?+s = ! tea*] z =
 ! g5]al to f9d out4 ,div9ation &       
p]ception1 n psy*ological p$agogics or  
!oretic /rategy1 are ! only help]s "h4  
,b1 if ! use ( psy*ological pr9ciples   
?us be negative r ?an positive1 x does n
 foll[ t x may n be a great use1 all !  
same4 ,x c]ta9ly n>r[s ! pa? = exp]im5ts
 & trials4 ,we "k 9 advance1 if we are  
psy*ologi/s1 t c]ta9 me?ods w be wrong1 
s our psy*ology saves u f mi/akes4 ,x   
makes u1 moreov]1 m cle> z to :at we are
 ab\t4 ,we ga9 confid5ce 9 respect to   
any me?od :i* we are us+ z soon z we    
believe t x has !ory z well z practice  

at its back4 ,mo/ ( all1 x fructifies   
our indep5d5ce1 & x reanimates our      
int]e/1 to see our subject at two       
diff]5t angles1--to get a /]eoscopic    
view1 s to speak1 ( ! y\?ful organism :o
 is our enemy1 &1 :ile h&l+ him ) all   
our concrete tact & div9ation1 to be    
able1 at ! same "t1 to repres5t to      
ourselves ! curi\s inn] elem5ts ( 8     
m5tal ma*9e4 ,su* a complete k z ?is ( !
 pupil1 at once intuitive & analytic1 is
 surely ! k at :i* e tea*] ought to aim4
  ,=tunately = y tea*]s1 ! elem5ts ( !  
m5tal ma*9e c be cle>ly appreh5d$1 & _! 
work+s easily grasp$4 ,&1 z ! mo/ g5]al 
elem5ts & work+s are j ^? p>ts (        
psy*ology :i* ! tea*] f9ds mo/ directly 
useful1 x foll[s t ! am\nt ( ?is sci5ce 
:i* is necess>y to all tea*]s ne$ n be v
 great4 ,^? :o f9d !mselves lov+ !      
subject may g z f> z !y please1 & become
 possibly none ! worse tea*]s = ! fact1 
ev5 ?\gh 9 "s ( !m "o might appreh5d a  
little loss ( balance f ! t5d5cy        
obs]vable 9 all ( u to ov]emphasize     

c]ta9 special p>ts ( a subject :5 we are
 /udy+ x int5sely & ab/ractly4 ,b = !   
great majority ( y a g5]al view is      
en\gh1 provid$ x be a true "o2 & su* a  
g5]al view1 "o may say1 might almo/ be  
writt5 on ! palm ( "o's h&4  ,lea/ ( all
 ne$ y1 m]ely z tea*]s1 deem x "p ( y\r 
duty to become contributors to          
psy*ological sci5ce or to make          
psy*ological obs]vations 9 a me?odical  
or responsible mann]4 ,i fe> t "s ( !   
en?usia/s = *ild-/udy h ?r[n a c]ta9    
burd5 on y 9 ?is way4 ,by all means let 
*ild-/udy g on1--x is refre%+ all our   
s5se ( ! *ild's life4 ,!re are tea*]s :o
 take a spontane\s delight 9 fill+      
syllabuses1 inscrib+ obs]vations1       
compil+ /ati/ics1 & comput+ ! p] c5t4   
,*ild-/udy w c]ta9ly enri* _! lives4 ,&1
 if its results1 z treat$ /ati/ically1  
w\ld seem on ! :ole to h b trifl+ value1
 yet ! anecdotes & obs]vations ( :i* x 9
 "p consi/ d c]ta9ly acqua9t u m        
intimately ) our pupils4 ,our eyes & e>s
 gr[ quick5$ to disc]n 9 ! *ild be=e u  

processes simil> to ^? we h read ( z    
not$ 9 ! *ildr51--processes ( :i* we    
might o!rwise h rema9$ inobs]vant4 ,b1 =
 ,heav5's sake1 let ! rank & file (     
tea*]s be passive read]s if !y s pref]1 
& feel free n to contribute to !        
accumulation4 ,let n ! prosecution ( x  
be prea*$ z an imp]ative duty or impos$ 
by regulation on ^? to :om x proves an  
ext]m9at+ bore1 or :o 9 any way :atev]  
miss 9 !mselves ! appropriate vocation =
 x4 ,i _c too /rongly agree ) my        
colleague1 ,pr(essor ,mu5/]b]g1 :5 he   
says t ! tea*]'s attitude t[>d ! *ild1  
be+ concrete & e?ical1 is positively    
oppos$ to ! psy*ological obs]v]'s1 :i*  
is ab/ract & analytic4 ,al?\gh "s ( u   
may conjo9 ! attitudes successfully1 9  
mo/ ( u !y mu/ conflict4  ,! wor/ ?+ t c
 happ5 to a good tea*] is to get a bad  
consci5ce ab\t h] pr(ession because %e  
feels h]self hopeless z a psy*ologi/4   
,our tea*]s are ov]work$ already4 ,e "o 
:o adds a jot or tittle ( unnecess>y    
weight to _! burd5 is a foe ( education4

 ,a bad consci5ce increases ! weight ( e
 o!r burd52 yet ,i "k t *ild-/udy1 & o!r
 pieces ( psy*ology z well1 h be5       
productive ( bad consci5ce 9 _m a really
 innoc5t p$agogic brea/4 ,i %\ld inde$  
be glad if ?is pass+ ^w f me might t5d  
to dispel su* a bad consci5ce1 if any ( 
y h x2 = x is c]ta9ly "o ( ^? fruits ( m
 or less sy/ematic my/ification ( :i* ,i
 h already compla9$4 ,! be/ tea*] may be
 ! poore/ contributor ( *ild-/udy       
mat]ial1 & ! be/ contributor may be !   
poore/ tea*]4 ,no fact is m palpable ?an
 ?is4  ,s mu* = :at seems ! mo/         
reasonable g5]al attitude ( ! tea*] t[>d
 ! subject :i* is to occupy our         
att5tion4     ,,ii4 ,,! ,,/ream ,,(     
,,consci\sness   ,i said a few m9utes   
ago t ! mo/ g5]al elem5ts & work+s ( !  
m9d are all t ! tea*] absolutely ne$s to
 be acqua9t$ ) = 8 purposes4  ,n[ !     
imm$iate fact :i* psy*ology1 ! sci5ce ( 
m9d1 has to /udy is also ! mo/ g5]al    
fact4 ,x is ! fact t 9 ea* ( u1 :5 awake
 7& (t5 :5 asleep71 "s k9d (            

consci\sness is always go+ on4 ,!re is a
 /ream1 a succession ( /ates1 or waves1 
or fields 7or ( :atev] y please to call 
!m71 ( k1 ( feel+1 ( desire1 (          
delib]ation1 etc41 t con/antly pass &   
repass1 & t con/itute our inn] life4 ,! 
exi/5ce ( ?is /ream is ! primal fact1 ! 
nature & orig9 ( x =m ! ess5tial        
problem1 ( our sci5ce4 ,s f> z we class 
! /ates or fields ( consci\sness1 write 
d[n _! sev]al natures1 analyze _!       
cont5ts into elem5ts1 or trace _! habits
 ( succession1 we are on ! descriptive  
or analytic level4 ,s f> z we ask :]e !y
 come f or :y !y are j :at !y are1 we   
are on ! explanatory level4  ,9 ^! talks
 ) y1 ,i %all entirely neglect !        
que/ions t come up on ! explanatory     
level4 ,x mu/ be frankly confess$ t 9 no
 fundam5tal s5se d we "k :]e our        
successive fields ( consci\sness come f1
 or :y !y h ! precise inn] con/itution  
:i* !y d h4 ,!y c]ta9ly foll[ or        
accompany our bra9 /ates1 & ( c\rse _!  
special =ms are det]m9$ by our pa/      

exp]i5ces & education4 ,b1 if we ask j  
h[ ! bra9 conditions !m1 we h n !       
remote/ inkl+ ( an answ] to give2 &1 if 
we ask j h[ ! education m\lds ! bra91 we
 c speak b 9 ! mo/ ab/ract1 g5]al1 &    
conjectural t]ms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we   
%\ld say t !y are due to a spiritual be+
 call$ our ,s\l1 :i* reacts on our bra9 
/ates by ^! peculi> =ms ( spiritual     
en]gy1 our words w\ld be famili> en\gh1 
x is true2 b ,i ?9k y w agree t !y w\ld 
(f] little g5u9e explanatory mean+4 ,!  
tru? is t we really d n "k ! answ]s to !
 problems on ! explanatory level1 ev5   
?\gh 9 "s directions ( inquiry !re may  
be promis+ speculations to be f\nd4 ,=  
our pres5t purposes ,i %all !re=e       
dismiss !m entirely1 & turn to m]e      
description4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 :at ,i _h
 9 m9d :51 a mom5t ago1 ,i said !re 0 no
 'new psy*ology' wor?y ( ! "n4  ,we h   
?us fields ( consci\sness1--t is ! fir/ 
g5]al fact2 & ! second g5]al fact is t !
 concrete fields are always complex4 ,!y
 conta9 s5sations ( our bodies & ( !    

objects ar\nd u1 memories ( pa/         
exp]i5ces & ?\ghts ( di/ant ?+s1 feel+s 
( satisfaction & dissatisfaction1       
desires & av]sions1 & o!r emotional     
conditions1 toge!r ) det]m9ations ( ! w1
 9 e v>iety ( p]mutation & comb9ation4  
,9 mo/ ( our concrete /ates (           
consci\sness all ^! diff]5t classes (   
+r$i5ts are f\nd simultane\sly pres5t to
 "s degree1 ?\gh ! relative proportion  
!y be> to "o ano!r is v %ift+4 ,"o /ate 
w seem to be compos$ ( h>dly any?+ b    
s5sations1 ano!r ( h>dly any?+ b        
memories1 etc4 ,b ar\nd ! s5sation1 if  
"o consid] c>efully1 !re w always be "s 
fr+e ( ?\ght or w1 & ar\nd ! memory "s  
m>g9 or p5umbra ( emotion or s5sation4  
,9 mo/ ( our fields ( consci\sness !re  
is a core ( s5sation t is v pron\nc$4   
,y1 = example1 n[1 al?\gh y are also    
?9k+ & feel+1 are gett+ ?r\gh y\r eyes  
s5sations ( my face & figure1 & ?r\gh   
y\r e>s s5sations ( my voice4 ,!        
s5sations are ! c5tre or focus1 ! ?\ghts
 & feel+s ! m>g91 ( y\r actually pres5t 

consci\s field4  ,on ! o!r h&1 "s object
 ( ?\ght1 "s di/ant image1 may h become 
! focus ( y\r m5tal att5tion ev5 :ile ,i
 am speak+1--y\r m9d1 9 %ort1 may h w&]$
 f ! lecture2 &1 9 t case1 ! s5sations (
 my face & voice1 al?\gh n absolutely   
vani%+ f y\r consci\s field1 may h tak5 
up !re a v fa9t & m>g9al place4  ,aga91 
to take ano!r sort ( v>iation1 "s feel+ 
connect$ ) y\r own body may h pass$ f a 
m>g9al to a focal place1 ev5 :ile ,i    
speak4  ,! expressions 'focal object' & 
'm>g9al object1' :i* we owe to ,mr4     
,lloyd ,morgan1 require1 ,i ?9k1 no     
fur!r explanation4 ,! di/9ction !y      
embody is a v important "o1 & !y are !  
fir/ te*nical t]ms :i* ,i %all ask y to 
rememb]4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,9 ! successive mutations (
 our fields ( consci\sness1 ! process by
 :i* "o dissolves into ano!r is (t5 v   
gradual1 & all sorts ( inn] re>rangem5ts
 ( cont5ts occur4 ,sometimes ! focus    
rema9s b little *ang$1 :ile ! m>g9 alt]s
 rapidly4 ,sometimes ! focus alt]s1 & ! 

m>g9 /ays4 ,sometimes focus & m>g9 *ange
 places4 ,sometimes1 aga91 abrupt       
alt]ations ( ! :ole field occur4 ,!re c 
seldom be a %>p description4 ,all we "k 
is t1 = ! mo/ "p1 ea* field has a sort (
 practical unity = its possessor1 & t f 
?is practical po9t ( view we c class a  
field ) o!r fields simil> to x1 by call+
 x a /ate ( emotion1 ( p]plexity1 (     
s5sation1 ( ab/ract ?\ght1 ( volition1 &
 ! l4  ,vague & hazy z su* an acc\nt (  
our /ream ( consci\sness may be1 x is at
 lea/ secure f positive error & free f  
admixture ( conjecture or hypo!sis4 ,an 
influ5tial s*ool ( psy*ology1 seek+ to  
avoid haz9ess ( outl9e1 has tri$ to make
 ?+s appe> m exact & sci5tific by mak+ !
 analysis m %>p4  ,! v>i\s fields (     
consci\sness1 accord+ to ?is s*ool1     
result f a def9ite numb] ( p]fectly     
def9ite elem5t>y m5tal /ates1           
me*anically associat$ into a mosaic or  
*emically comb9$4 ,accord+ to "s        
?9k]s1--,sp5c]1 = example1 or ,ta9e1--^!
 resolve !mselves at la/ into little    

elem5t>y psy*ic p>ticles or atoms (     
'm9d-/uff1' out ( :i* all ! m imm$iately
 kn[n m5tal /ates are said to be built  
up4 ,locke introduc$ ?is !ory 9 a       
some:at vague =m4 ,simple 'ideas' (     
s5sation & reflection1 z he call$ !m1 7 
= him ! bricks ( :i* our m5tal          
ar*itecture is built up4 ,if ,i ev] h to
 ref] to ?is !ory aga91 ,i %all ref] to 
x z ! !ory ( 'ideas4' ,b ,i %all try to 
/e] cle> ( x altoge!r4 ,:e!r x be true  
or false1 x is at any rate only         
conjectural2 &1 = y\r practical purposes
 z tea*]s1 ! m unpret5d+ conception ( ! 
/ream ( consci\sness1 ) its total waves 
or fields incessantly *ang+1 w amply    
suffice4,a       ,a ,9 ! light ( "s ( ! 
expectations t are abroad      conc]n+ !
 'new psy*ology1' x is in/ructive to    
read      ! unusually c&id confession ( 
its f\nd] ,wundt1 aft]      8 ?irty ye>s
 ( laboratory-exp]i5ce3       ,! s]vice 
:i* x ! exp]im5tal me?od c yield        
consi/s ess5tially 9 p]fect+ our inn]   
obs]vation1 or      r1 z ,i believe1 9  

mak+ ?is really possible1 9 any         
exact s5se4 ,well1 has our exp]im5tal   
self-obs]vation1 s      und]/ood1       
already accompli%$ aught ( importance8  
,no      g5]al answ] to ?is "q c be     
giv51 because 9 !      unf9i%$ /ate (   
our sci5ce1 !re is1 ev5 inside ( !      
exp]im5tal l9es ( inquiry1 no univ]sally
 accept$ body      ( psy*ologic         
doctr9e4444       ,9 su* a discord (    
op9ions 7compreh5sible en\gh at a       
"t ( unc]ta9 & grop+ developm5t71 !     
individual      inquir] c only tell =   
:at views & insights he himself      has
 to ?ank ! new] me?ods4 ,& if ,i 7 ask$ 
9 :at      = me ! wor? ( exp]im5tal     
obs]vation 9 psy*ology      has consi/$1
 & /ill consi/s1 ,i %\ld say t x has    
giv5 me an entirely new idea ( ! nature 
& connection (      our inn] processes4 
,i le>n$ 9 ! a*ievem5ts ( !      s5se ( 
sight to appreh5d ! fact ( creative     
m5tal      syn!sis4444 ,f my inquiry    
into "t-relations1 etc41444 ,i          
atta9$ an insight into ! close union (  

all ^? psy*ic      functions usually    
sep>at$ by artificial ab/ractions &     
names1 su* z ideation1 feel+1 w2 & ,i   
saw !      indivisibility & inn]        
homog5eity1 9 all its phases1 (      !  
m5tal life4 ,! *ronometric /udy (       
association-processes f9ally %[$ me t ! 
notion (      di/9ct m5tal 'images'     
reproducirt5 ,vor/ellung5 0      "o ( ^?
 num]\s self-deceptions :i* are no soon]
      /amp$ 9 a v]bal t]m ?an !y =?)    
?ru/      non-exi/5t fictions into !    
place ( ! reality4 ,i      le>n$ to     
und]/& an 'idea' z a process no less    
melt+      & fleet+ ?an an act ( feel+  
or ( w1 & ,i      compreh5d$ ! old]     
doctr9e ( association ( 'ideas' to      
be no long] t5able4444 ,besides all ?is1
 exp]im5tal      obs]vation yield$ mu*  
o!r in=mation ab\t ! span (             
consci\sness1 ! rapidity ( c]ta9        
processes1 ! exact      num]ical value (
 c]ta9 psy*ophysical data1 & ! l4       
,b ,i hold all ^! m special results to  
be relatively      insignificant        

by-products1 & by no means ! important  
?+4--,philosophis*e ,/udi51 x4 #aba-abd4
 ,! :ole      passage %\ld be read4 ,z  
,i int]pret x1 x am\nts to a            
complete esp\sal ( ! vagu] conception ( 
! /ream (      ?\ght1 & a complete      
r5unciation ( ! :ole bus9ess1      /ill 
s indu/ri\sly c>ri$ on 9 text-books1 (  
*opp+      up '! m9d' into di/9ct units 
( composition or function1      numb]+  
^! (f1 & labell+ !m by te*nical names4  
,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ild ,,z ,a ,,behav+       
,,organism   ,i wi% n[ to cont9ue !     
description ( ! peculi>ities ( ! /ream (
 consci\sness by ask+ :e!r we c 9 any   
intelligible way assign its functions4  
,x has two functions t are obvi\s3 x    
leads to k1 & x leads to action4  ,c we 
say :i* ( ^! functions is ! m ess5tial8 
,an old hi/oric div]g5ce ( op9ion comes 
9 "h4 ,popul> belief has always t5d$ to 
e/imate ! wor? ( a man's m5tal processes
 by _! effects ^u 8 practical life4 ,b  
philosoph]s h usually *]i%$ a diff]5t   
view4 ,man's supreme glory1 !y h said1  

is to be a rational be+1 to "k absolute 
& et]nal & univ]sal tru?4 ,! uses ( 8   
intellect = practical affairs are !re=e 
subord9ate matt]s4 ',! !oretic life' is 
8 s\l's g5u9e conc]n4 ,no?+ c be m      
diff]5t 9 its results = our p]sonal     
attitude ?an to take sides ) "o or ! o!r
 ( ^! views1 & emphasize ! practical or 
! !oretical ideal4 ,9 ! latt] case1     
ab/raction f ! emotions & passions &    
)drawal f ! /rife ( human affairs w\ld  
be n only p>donable1 b praisewor?y2 &   
all t makes = quiet & contemplation %\ld
 be reg>d$ z conducive to ! highe/ human
 p]fection4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! man (           
contemplation w\ld be treat$ z only half
 a human be+1 passion & practical       
res\rce w\ld become once m glories ( our
 race1 a concrete victory ov] ?is e>?'s 
outw>d p[]s ( d>kness w\ld appe> an     
equival5t = any am\nt ( passive         
spiritual culture1 & conduct w\ld rema9 
z ! te/ ( e education wor?y ( ! "n4  ,x 
is impossible to disguise ! fact t 9 !  
psy*ology ( our own day ! emphasis is   

transf]r$ f ! m9d's purely rational     
function1 :]e ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & :at 
"o may call ! :ole classic tradition 9  
philosophy _h plac$ x1 to ! s long      
neglect$ practical side4 ,! !ory (      
evolution is ma9ly responsible = ?is4   
,man1 we n[ h reason to believe1 has be5
 evolv$ f infra-human ance/ors1 9 :om   
pure reason h>dly exi/$1 if at all1 & ^:
 m9d1 s f> z x c h _h any function1 w\ld
 appe> to h be5 an organ = adapt+ _!    
movem5ts to ! impressions receiv$ f !   
environm5t1 s z to escape ! bett] f     
de/ruction4 ,consci\sness w\ld ?us seem 
9 ! fir/ in/ance to be no?+ b a sort (  
sup]-add$ biological p]fection1--useless
 unless x prompt$ to useful conduct1 &  
inexplicable ap>t f t consid]ation4     
,deep 9 our own nature ! biological     
f\ndations ( our consci\sness p]si/1    
undisguis$ & undim9i%$4 ,our s5sations  
are "h to attract u or to det] u1 our   
memories to w>n or enc\rage u1 our      
feel+s to impel1 & our ?\ghts to re/ra9 
our behavior1 s t on ! :ole we may      

prosp] & our days be long 9 ! l&4       
,:atev] ( transmundane metaphysical     
insight or ( practically inapplicable   
ae/hetic p]ception or e?ical s5tim5t we 
may c>ry 9 our int]iors might at ?is    
rate be reg>d$ z only "p ( ! incid5tal  
excess ( function t necess>ily          
accompanies ! work+ ( e complex ma*9e4  
,i %all ask y n[--n mean+ at all !reby  
to close ! !oretic "q1 b m]ely because x
 seems to me ! po9t ( view likely to be 
( greate/ practical use to y z          
tea*]s--to adopt ) me1 9 ?is c\rse (    
lectures1 ! biological conception1 z ?us
 express$1 & to lay y\r own emphasis on 
! fact t man1 :atev] else he may be1 is 
prim>ily a practical be+1 ^: m9d is giv5
 him to aid 9 adapt+ him to ?is _w's    
life4  ,9 ! le>n+ ( all matt]s1 we h to 
/>t ) "s "o deep aspect ( ! "q1 ab/ract+
 x z if x 7 ! only aspect2 & !n we      
gradually correct ourselves by add+ ^?  
neglect$ o!r features :i* complete !    
case4 ,no "o believes m /rongly ?an ,i d
 t :at our s5ses "k z '?is _w' is only  

"o portion ( our m9d's total environm5t 
& object4 ,yet1 because x is ! primal   
portion1 x is ! s9e qua non ( all ! re/4
 ,if y grasp ! facts ab\t x firmly1 y   
may proce$ to high] regions undi/urb$4  
,z our "t mu/ be s %ort toge!r1 ,i pref]
 be+ elem5t>y & fundam5tal to be+       
complete1 s ,i propose to y to hold fa/ 
to ! ultra-simple po9t ( view4  ,!      
reasons :y ,i call x s fundam5tal c be  
easily told4  ,fir/1 human & animal     
psy*ology !reby become less discont9u\s4
 ,i "k t to "s ( y ?is w h>dly seem an  
attractive reason1 b !re are o!rs :om x 
w affect4  ,second1 m5tal action is     
condition$ by bra9 action1 & runs       
p>allel !re)4 ,b ! bra91 s f> z we      
und]/& x1 is giv5 u = practical         
behavior4 ,e curr5t t runs into x f sk9 
or eye or e> runs out aga9 into muscles1
 gl&s1 or visc]a1 & helps to adapt !    
animal to ! environm5t f :i* ! curr5t   
came4 ,x !re=e g5]alizes & simplifies   
our view to treat ! bra9 life & ! m5tal 
life z hav+ "o fundam5tal k9d ( purpose4

  ,?ird1 ^? v functions ( ! m9d t d n   
ref] directly to ?is _w's environm5t1 ! 
e?ical utopias1 ae/hetic visions1       
insights into et]nal tru?1 & fanciful   
logical comb9ations1 c\ld nev] be c>ri$ 
on at all by a human individual1 unless 
! m9d t produc$ !m 9 him 7 also able to 
produce m practically useful products4  
,! latt] are ?us ! m ess5tial1 or at    
lea/ ! m primordial results4  ,f\r?1 !  
iness5tial 'unpractical' activities are 
!mselves f> m connect$ ) our behavior & 
our adaptation to ! environm5t ?an at   
fir/ sight might appe>4 ,no tru?1 h[ev] 
ab/ract1 is ev] p]ceiv$1 t w n probably 
at "s "t influ5ce our e>?ly action4 ,y  
mu/ rememb] t1 :5 ,i talk ( action "h1  
,i mean action 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,i mean  
spee*1 ,i mean writ+1 ,i mean yeses &   
noes1 & t5d5cies 'f' ?+s & t5d5cies     
't[>d' ?+s1 & emotional det]m9ations2 & 
,i mean !m 9 ! future z well z 9 !      
imm$iate pres5t4 ,z ,i talk "h1 & y     
li/51 x might seem z if no action       
foll[$4 ,y might call x a purely !oretic

 process1 ) no practical result4 ,b x   
mu/ h a practical result4 ,x _c take    
place at all & leave y\r conduct        
unaffect$4 ,if n to-day1 !n on "s f>    
future day1 y w answ] "s "q diff]5tly by
 reason ( :at y are ?9k+ n[4 ,"s ( y w  
be l$ by my words into new ve9s (       
inquiry1 into read+ special books4 ,^! w
 develop y\r op9ion1 :e!r = or aga9/4 ,t
 op9ion w 9 turn be express$1 w receive 
criticism f o!rs 9 y\r environm5t1 & w  
affect y\r /&+ 9 _! eyes4 ,we _c escape 
our de/9y1 :i* is practical2 & ev5 our  
mo/ !oretic faculties contribute to its 
work+ out4  ,^! few reasons w p]haps    
smoo? ! way = y to acquiesc5ce 9 my     
proposal4 ,z tea*]s1 ,i s9c]ely ?9k x w 
be a suffici5t conception = y to adopt (
 ! y\?ful psy*ological ph5om5a h&$ ov]  
to y\r inspection if y consid] !m f !   
po9t ( view ( _! relation to ! future   
conduct ( _! possessor4 ,suffici5t at   
any rate z a fir/ conception & z a ma9  
conception4 ,y %\ld reg>d y\r           
pr(essional task z if x consi/$ *iefly &

 ess5tially 9 tra9+ ! pupil to behavior2
 tak+ behavior1 n 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( 8     
mann]s1 b 9 ! v wide/ possible s5se1 z  
includ+ e possible sort ( fit reaction  
on ! circum/ances into :i* he may f9d   
himself br\ght by ! vicissitudes ( life4
  ,! reaction may1 inde$1 (t5 be a      
negative reaction4 ,n to speak1 n to    
move1 is "o ( ! mo/ important ( our     
duties1 9 c]ta9 practical em]g5cies4 ,?\
 %alt refra91 r5\nce1 ab/a96 ,?is (t5   
requires a great ef=t ( w p[]1 &1       
physiologically consid]$1 is j z        
positive a n]ve function z is motor     
dis*>ge4     ,,iv4 ,,education ,,&      
,,behavior   ,9 our =ego+ talk we 7 l$  
to frame a v simple conception ( :at an 
education means4 ,9 ! la/ analysis x    
consi/s 9 ! organiz+ ( res\rces 9 !     
human be+1 ( p[]s ( conduct :i* %all fit
 him to 8 social & physical _w4 ,an     
'un$ucat$' p]son is "o :o is nonpluss$  
by all b ! mo/ habitual situations4 ,on 
! contr>y1 "o :o is educat$ is able     
practically to extricate himself1 by    

means ( ! examples ) :i* 8 memory is    
/or$ & ( ! ab/ract conceptions :i* he   
has acquir$1 f circum/ances 9 :i* he    
nev] 0 plac$ be=e4 ,education1 9 %ort1  
_c be bett] describ$ ?an by call+ x !   
organization ( acquir$ habits ( conduct 
& t5d5cies to behavior4  ,to illu/rate4 
,y & ,i are ea* & all ( u educat$1 9 our
 sev]al ways2 & we %[ our education at  
?is pres5t mom5t by diff]5t conduct4 ,x 
w\ld be q impossible = me1 ) my m9d     
te*nically & pr(essionally organiz$ z x 
is1 & ) ! optical /imulus :i* y\r       
pres5ce af=ds1 to rema9 sitt+ "h        
entirely sil5t & inactive4 ,some?+ tells
 me t ,i am expect$ to speak1 & mu/     
speak2 some?+ =ces me to keep on speak+4
 ,my organs ( articulation are          
cont9u\sly inn]vat$ by outgo+ curr5ts1  
:i* ! curr5ts pass+ inw>d at my eyes &  
?r\gh my educat$ bra9 h set 9 motion2 & 
! p>ticul> movem5ts :i* !y make h _! =m 
& ord] det]m9$ altoge!r by ! tra9+ ( all
 my pa/ ye>s ( lectur+ & read+4 ,y\r    
conduct1 on ! o!r h&1 might seem at fir/

 sight purely receptive &               
inactive1--leav+ out ^? among y :o happ5
 to be tak+ notes4 ,b ! v li/5+ :i* y   
are c>ry+ on is itself a det]m9ate k9d (
 conduct4 ,all ! muscul> t5sions ( y\r  
body are di/ribut$ 9 a peculi> way z y  
li/54 ,y\r head1 y\r eyes1 are fix$     
*>act]i/ically4 ,&1 :5 ! lecture is ov]1
 x w inevitably ev5tuate 9 "s /roke (   
behavior1 z ,i said on ! previ\s        
occasion3 y may be guid$ diff]5tly 9 "s 
special em]g5cy 9 ! s*oolroom by words  
:i* ,i n[ let fall4--,s x is ) !        
impressions y w make !re on y\r pupil4  
,y %\ld get into ! habit ( reg>d+ !m all
 z lead+ to ! acquisition by him (      
capacities = behavior1--emotional1      
social1 bodily1 vocal1 te*nical1 or :at 
n4 ,&1 ?is be+ ! case1 y ought to feel  
will+1 9 a g5]al way1 & )\t hair-splitt+
 or f>!r ado1 to take up = ! purposes ( 
^! lectures ) ! biological conception ( 
! m9d1 z ( some?+ giv5 u = practical    
use4 ,t conception w c]ta9ly cov] !     
great] "p ( y\r own educational "w4  ,if

 we reflect ^u ! v>i\s ideals (         
education t are preval5t 9 ! diff]5t    
c\ntries1 we see t :at !y all aim at is 
to organize capacities = conduct4 ,?is  
is mo/ imm$iately obvi\s 9 ,g]many1 :]e 
! explicitly av[$ aim ( ! high]         
education is to turn ! /ud5t into an    
in/rum5t = advanc+ sci5tific discov]y4  
,! ,g]man univ]sities are pr\d ( ! numb]
 ( "y speciali/s :om !y turn out e      
ye>1--n necess>ily m5 ( any orig9al =ce 
( intellect1 b m5 s tra9$ to rese>* t :5
 _! pr(essor gives !m an hi/orical or   
philological !sis to prep>e1 or a bit ( 
laboratory "w to d1 ) a g5]al indication
 z to ! be/ me?od1 !y c g (f by !mselves
 & use app>atus & consult s\rces 9 su* a
 way z to gr9d out 9 ! requisite numb] (
 mon?s "s little pepp]-corn ( new tru?  
wor?y ( be+ add$ to ! /ore ( extant     
human in=mation on t subject4 ,little   
else is recogniz$ 9 ,g]many z a man's   
title to academic advancem5t ?an 8      
ability ?us to %[ himself an effici5t   
in/rum5t ( rese>*4  ,9 ,engl&1 x might  

seem at fir/ sight z if ! high]         
education ( ! univ]sities aim$ at !     
production ( c]ta9 /atic types ( "* r   
?an at ! developm5t ( :at "o may call   
?is dynamic sci5tific effici5cy4        
,pr(essor ,j[ett1 :5 ask$ :at ,ox=d c\ld
 d = its /ud5ts1 is said to h repli$1   
,ox=d c tea* an ,engli% g5tleman h[ to  
be an ,engli% g5tleman4 ,b1 if y ask :at
 x means to 'be' an ,engli% g5tleman1 ! 
only reply is 9 t]ms ( conduct &        
behavior4 ,an ,engli% g5tleman is a     
bundle ( specifically qualifi$          
reactions1 a creature :o = all !        
em]g5cies ( life has 8 l9e ( behavior   
di/9ctly m>k$ out = him 9 advance4 ,"h1 
z else:]e1 ,engl& expects e man to d 8  
duty4     ,v4 ,,! ,,necessity ,,(       
,,reactions   ,if all ?is be true1 !n   
imm$iately "o g5]al aphorism em]ges :i* 
ought by logical "r to dom9ate ! entire 
conduct ( ! tea*] 9 ! classroom4  ,no   
reception )\t reaction1 no impression   
)\t correlative expression1--?is is !   
great maxim :i* ! tea*] ought nev] to   

=get4  ,an impression :i* simply fl[s 9 
at ! pupil's eyes or e>s1 & 9 no way    
modifies 8 active life1 is an impression
 gone to wa/e4 ,x is physiologically    
incomplete4 ,x leaves no fruits beh9d x 
9 ! way ( capacity acquir$4 ,ev5 z m]e  
impression1 x fails to produce its prop]
 effect ^u ! memory2 =1 to rema9 fully  
among ! acquisitions ( ?is latt]        
faculty1 x mu/ be wr\ght into ! :ole    
cycle ( our op]ations4 ,its motor       
consequ5ces are :at cl9* x4 ,"s effect  
due to x 9 ! way ( an activity mu/      
return to ! m9d 9 ! =m ( ! s5sation (   
hav+ act$1 & connect itself ) !         
impression4 ,! mo/ durable impressions  
are ^? on acc\nt ( :i* we speak or act1 
or else are inw>dly convuls$4  ,! old]  
p$agogic me?od ( le>n+ ?+s by rote1 &   
recit+ !m p>rot-l 9 ! s*oolroom1 re/$ on
 ! tru? t a ?+ m]ely read or he>d1 &    
nev] v]bally reproduc$1 contracts !     
weake/ possible adhesion 9 ! m9d4 ,v]bal
 recitation or reproduction is ?us a    
highly important k9d ( reactive behavior

 on our impressions2 & x is to be fe>$  
t1 9 ! reaction aga9/ ! old             
p>rot-recitations z ! beg9n+ & end (    
in/ruction1 ! extreme value ( v]bal     
recitation z an elem5t ( complete tra9+ 
may n[adays be too mu* =gott54  ,:5 we  
turn to mod]n p$agogics1 we see h[      
enorm\sly ! field ( reactive conduct has
 be5 ext5d$ by ! introduction ( all ^?  
me?ods ( concrete object tea*+ :i* are !
 glory ( our contempor>y s*ools4 ,v]bal 
reactions1 useful z !y are1 are         
insuffici5t4 ,! pupil's words may be "r1
 b ! conceptions correspond+ to !m are  
(t5 direfully wrong4 ,9 a mod]n s*ool1  
!re=e1 !y =m only a small "p ( :at !    
pupil is requir$ to d4 ,he mu/ keep     
notebooks1 make draw+s1 plans1 & maps1  
take measurem5ts1 ent] ! laboratory &   
p]=m exp]im5ts1 consult au?orities1 &   
write essays4 ,he mu/ d 9 8 fa%ion :at  
is (t5 laugh$ at by outsid]s :5 x appe>s
 9 prospectuses "u ! title ( 'orig9al   
"w1' b :at is really ! only possible    
tra9+ = ! do+ ( orig9al "w !reaft]4 ,!  

mo/ colossal improvem5t :i* rec5t ye>s h
 se5 9 second>y education lies 9 !      
introduction ( ! manual tra9+ s*ools2 n 
because !y w give u a p m h&y &         
practical = dome/ic life & bett] skill$ 
9 trades1 b because !y w give u citiz5s 
) an entirely diff]5t intellectual      
fibre4 ,laboratory "w & %op "w eng5d] a 
habit ( obs]vation1 a k ( ! diff]5ce    
betwe5 accuracy & vagu5ess1 & an insight
 into nature's complexity & into !      
inadequacy ( all ab/ract v]bal acc\nts (
 real ph5om5a1 :i* once wr\ght into !   
m9d1 rema9 !re z lifelong possessions4  
,!y conf] precision2 because1 if y are  
do+ a ?+1 y mu/ d x def9itely "r or     
def9itely wrong4 ,!y give hone/y2 =1 :5 
y express y\rself by mak+ ?+s1 & n by   
us+ words1 x becomes impossible to      
dissimulate y\r vagu5ess or ignorance by
 ambiguity4 ,!y beget a habit (         
self-reliance2 !y keep ! int]e/ &       
att5tion always *e]fully engag$1 & r$uce
 ! tea*]'s discipl9>y functions to a    
m9imum4  ,( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( manual     

tra9+1 s f> z woodwork is conc]n$1 !    
,sw$i% ,sloyd sy/em1 if ,i may h an     
op9ion on su* matt]s1 seems to me by f> 
! be/1 psy*ologically consid]$4 ,manual 
tra9+ me?ods1 =tunately1 are be+ sl[ly b
 surely introduc$ into all our l>ge     
cities4 ,b !re is /ill an imm5se di/ance
 to trav]se be=e !y %all h ga9$ !       
ext5sion :i* !y are de/9$ ultimately to 
possess4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,no impression )\t         
expression1 !n1--t is ! fir/ p$agogic   
fruit ( our evolution>y conception ( !  
m9d z some?+ in/rum5tal to adaptive     
behavior4 ,b a ^w may be said 9         
cont9uation4 ,! expression itself comes 
back to u1 z ,i intimat$ a mom5t ago1 9 
! =m ( a /ill f>!r impression1--!       
impression1 namely1 ( :at we h done4 ,we
 ?us receive s5sible news ( our behavior
 & its results4 ,we he> ! words we h    
spok51 feel our own bl[ z we give x1 or 
read 9 ! by/&]'s eyes ! success or      
failure ( our conduct4 ,n[ ?is return   
wave ( impression p]ta9s to !           

complet5ess ( ! :ole exp]i5ce1 & a ^w   
ab\t its importance 9 ! s*oolroom may n 
be out ( place4  ,x w\ld seem only      
natural to say t1 s9ce aft] act+ we     
normally get "s return impression (     
result1 x mu/ be well to let ! pupil get
 su* a return impression 9 e possible   
case4 ,nev]!less1 9 s*ools :]e          
exam9ation m>ks & '/&+' & o!r returns ( 
result are conceal$1 ! pupil is fru/rat$
 ( ?is natural t]m9ation ( ! cycle ( 8  
activities1 & (t5 suff]s f ! s5se (     
incomplet5ess & unc]ta9ty2 & !re are    
p]sons :o def5d ?is sy/em z enc\rag+ !  
pupil to "w = ! "w's sake1 & n =        
extrane\s rew>d4 ,( c\rse1 "h z else:]e1
 concrete exp]i5ce mu/ prevail ov]      
psy*ological d$uction4 ,b1 s f> z our   
psy*ological d$uction goes1 x w\ld      
sugge/ t ! pupil's eag]ness to "k h[    
well he does is 9 ! l9e ( 8 normal      
complet5ess ( function1 & %\ld nev] be  
balk$ except = v def9ite reasons inde$4 
,acqua9t !m1 !re=e1 ) _! m>ks & /&+ &   
prospects1 unless 9 ! individual case y 

h "s special practical reason = n s do+4
     ,,vi4 ,,native ,,reactions ,,&     
,,acquir$ ,,reactions   ,we are by ?is  
"t fully laun*$ ^u ! biological         
conception4 ,man is an organism = react+
 on impressions3 8 m9d is !re to help   
det]m9e 8 reactions1 & ! purpose ( 8    
education is to make !m num]\s & p]fect4
 ,our education means1 9 %ort1 little m 
?an a mass ( possibilities ( reaction1  
acquir$ at home1 at s*ool1 or 9 ! tra9+ 
( affairs4 ,! tea*]'s task is t (       
sup]vis+ ! acquir+ process4  ,?is be+ ! 
case1 ,i w imm$iately /ate a pr9ciple   
:i* und]lies ! :ole process (           
acquisition & gov]ns ! entire activity (
 ! tea*]4 ,x is ?is3--  ,e acquir$      
reaction is1 z a rule1 ei!r a           
complication graft$ on a native         
reaction1 or a sub/itute = a native     
reaction1 :i* ! same object orig9ally   
t5d$ to provoke4  ,! tea*]'s art consi/s
 9 br++ ab\t ! sub/itution or           
complication1 & success 9 ! art         
presupposes a sympa!tic acqua9tance ) ! 

reactive t5d5cies natively !re4  ,)\t an
 equipm5t ( native reactions on ! *ild's
 "p1 ! tea*] w\ld h no hold :atev] ^u ! 
*ild's att5tion or conduct4 ,y may take 
a horse to ! wat]1 b y _c make him dr9k2
 & s y may take a *ild to ! s*oolroom1 b
 y _c make him le>n ! new ?+s y wi% to  
imp>t1 except by solicit+ him 9 ! fir/  
in/ance by some?+ :i* natively makes him
 react4 ,he mu/ take ! fir/ /ep himself4
 ,he mu/ d some?+ be=e y c get y\r      
pur*ase on him4 ,t some?+ may be some?+ 
good or some?+ bad4 ,a bad reaction is  
bett] ?an no reaction at all2 =1 if bad1
 y c c\ple x ) consequ5ces :i* awake him
 to its badness4 ,b imag9e a *ild s     
lifeless z to react 9 no way to !       
tea*]'s fir/ appeals1 & h[ c y possibly 
take ! fir/ /ep 9 8 education8  ,to make
 ?is ab/ract conception m concrete1     
assume ! case ( a "y *ild's tra9+ 9 good
 mann]s4 ,! *ild has a native t5d5cy to 
snat* ) 8 h&s at any?+ t attracts 8     
curiosity2 also to draw back 8 h&s :5   
slapp$1 to cry "u ^! latt] conditions1  

to smile :5 g5tly spok5 to1 & to imitate
 "o's ge/ures4  ,suppose n[ y appe> be=e
 ! *ild ) a new toy int5d$ z a pres5t = 
him4 ,no soon] does he see ! toy ?an he 
seeks to snat* x4 ,y slap ! h&2 x is    
)drawn1 & ! *ild cries4 ,y !n hold up ! 
toy1 smil+ & say+1 ,beg = x nicely1--s6 
,! *ild /ops cry+1 imitates y1 receives 
! toy1 & cr[s ) pleasure2 & t little    
cycle ( tra9+ is complete4 ,y h         
sub/itut$ ! new reaction ( 'begg+' = !  
native reaction ( snat*+1 :5 t k9d (    
impression comes4  ,n[1 if ! *ild _h no 
memory1 ! process w\ld n be educative4  
,no matt] h[ (t5 y came 9 ) a toy1 !    
same s]ies ( reactions w\ld fatally     
occur1 ea* call$ =? by its own          
impression3 see1 snat*2 slap1 cry2 he>1 
ask2 receive1 smile4 ,b1 ) memory !re1 !
 *ild1 at ! v in/ant ( snat*+1 recalls !
 re/ ( ! e>li] exp]i5ce1 ?9ks ( ! slap &
 ! fru/ration1 recollects ! begg+ & !   
rew>d1 inhibits ! snat*+ impulse1       
sub/itutes ! 'nice' reaction = x1 & gets
 ! toy imm$iately1 by elim9at+ all !    

int]m$i>y /eps4 ,if a *ild's fir/ snat*+
 impulse be excessive or 8 memory poor1 
_m repetitions ( ! discipl9e may be ne$$
 be=e ! acquir$ reaction comes to be an 
+ra9$ habit2 b 9 an em95tly educable    
*ild a s+le exp]i5ce w suffice4  ,"o c  
easily repres5t ! :ole process by a     
bra9-diagram4 ,su* a diagram c be little
 m ?an a symbolic translation ( !       
imm$iate exp]i5ce into spatial t]ms2 yet
 x may be useful1 s ,i subjo9 x4        
,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4 ,,!          
,,bra9-,,processes ,,be=e ,,education4  
,figure #a %[s ! pa?s ( ! f\r successive
 reflexes execut$ by ! l[] or in/9ctive 
c5tres4 ,! dott$ l9es t lead f !m to !  
high] c5tres & connect ! latt] toge!r1  
repres5t ! processes ( memory &         
association :i* ! reactions impress ^u !
 high] c5tres z !y take place4          
,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b4 ,,!          
,,bra9-,,process ,,aft] ,,education4  ,9
 ,figure #b we h ! f9al result4 ,!      
impression see awak5s ! *a9 ( memories1 
& ! only reactions t take place are !   

beg & smile4 ,! ?\ght ( ! slap1 connect$
 ) ! activity ( ,c5tre #b1 inhibits !   
snat*1 & makes x abortive1 s x is       
repres5t$ only by a dott$ l9e ( dis*>ge 
n rea*+ ! t]m9us4 ,ditto ( ! cry        
reaction4 ,^! are1 z x 71 %ort-circuit$ 
by ! curr5t sweep+ ?r\gh ! high] c5tres 
f see to smile4 ,beg & smile1 ?us       
sub/itut$ = ! orig9al reaction snat*1   
become at la/ ! imm$iate responses :5 ! 
*ild sees a snat*able object 9 "s "o's  
h&s4  ,! fir/ ?+1 !n1 = ! tea*] to      
und]/& is ! native reactive t5d5cies1--!
 impulses & in/9cts ( *ildhood1--s z to 
be able to sub/itute "o = ano!r1 & turn 
!m on to artificial objects4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,x is (t5
 said t man is di/+ui%$ f ! l[] animals 
by hav+ a mu* small] assortm5t ( native 
in/9cts & impulses ?an !y1 b ?is is a   
great mi/ake4 ,man1 ( c\rse1 has n !    
m>vell\s egg-lay+ in/9cts :i* "s        
articulates h2 b1 if we comp>e him ) !  
mammalia1 we are =c$ to confess t he is 
appeal$ to by a mu* l>g] array ( objects

 ?an any o!r mammal1 t 8 reactions on ^!
 objects are *>act]i/ic & det]m9ate 9 a 
v high degree4 ,! monkeys1 & especially 
! an?ropoids1 are ! only be+s t approa* 
him 9 _! analytic curiosity & wid? (    
imitativ5ess4 ,8 in/9ctive impulses1 x  
is true1 get ov]laid by ! second>y      
reactions due to 8 sup]ior reason+ p[]2 
b ?us man loses ! simply in/9ctive      
demeanor4 ,b ! life ( in/9ct is only    
disguis$ 9 him1 n lo/2 & :5 ! high]     
bra9-functions are 9 abeyance1 z happ5s 
9 imbecility or dem5tia1 8 in/9cts      
sometimes %[ _! pres5ce 9 truly bruti%  
ways4  ,i w !re=e say a few words ab\t  
^? in/9ctive t5d5cies :i* are ! mo/     
important f ! tea*]'s po9t ( view4      
,,vii4 ,,:at ,,! ,,native ,,reactions   
,,are   ,fir/ ( all1 ,fe>4 ,fe> (       
puni%m5t has always be5 ! great weapon (
 ! tea*]1 & w always1 ( c\rse1 reta9 "s 
place 9 ! conditions ( ! s*oolroom4 ,!  
subject is s famili> t no?+ m ne$ be    
said ab\t x4  ,! same is true ( ,love1 &
 ! in/9ctive desire to please ^? :om we 

love4 ,! tea*] :o succe$s 9 gett+ h]self
 lov$ by ! pupils w obta9 results :i* "o
 ( a m =bidd+ temp]am5t f9ds x          
impossible to secure4  ,next1 a ^w might
 be said ab\t ,curiosity4 ,?is is p]haps
 a r poor t]m by :i* to designate !     
impulse t[>d bett] cognition 9 its full 
ext5t2 b y w readily und]/& :at ,i mean4
 ,novelties 9 ! way ( s5sible objects1  
especially if _! s5sational quality is  
bright1 vivid1 />tl+1 inv>iably arre/ ! 
att5tion ( ! "y & hold x until ! desire 
to "k m ab\t ! object is assuag$4 ,9 its
 high]1 m intellectual =m1 ! impulse    
t[>d complet] k takes ! "* ( sci5tific  
or philosophic curiosity4 ,9 bo? its    
s5sational & its intellectual =m !      
in/9ct is m vivaci\s dur+ *ildhood & y\?
 ?an 9 aft] life4 ,"y *ildr5 are        
possess$ by curiosity ab\t e new        
impression t assails !m4 ,x w\ld be q   
impossible = a "y *ild to li/5 to a     
lecture = m ?an a few m9utes1 z y are n[
 li/5+ to me4 ,! outside sights & s\nds 
w\ld inevitably c>ry 8 att5tion (f4 ,&1 

= mo/ p 9 middle life1 ! sort (         
intellectual ef=t requir$ ( ! av]age    
s*oolboy 9 ma/]+ 8 ,greek or ,lat9      
lesson1 8 algebra or physics1 w\ld be   
out ( ! "q4 ,! middle-ag$ citiz5 att5ds 
exclusively to ! r\t9e details ( 8      
bus9ess2 & new tru?s1 especially :5 !y  
require involv$ tra9s ( close reason+1  
are no long] )9 ! scope ( 8 capacity4   
,! s5sational curiosity ( *ildhood is   
appeal$ to m p>ticul>ly by c]ta9        
det]m9ate k9ds ( objects4 ,mat]ial ?+s1 
?+s t move1 liv+ ?+s1 human actions &   
acc\nts ( human action1 w w9 ! att5tion 
bett] ?an any?+ t is m ab/ract4 ,"h aga9
 comes 9 ! advantage ( ! object-tea*+ & 
manual tra9+ me?ods4 ,! pupil's att5tion
 is spontane\sly held by any problem t  
involves ! pres5tation ( a new mat]ial  
object or ( an activity on any "o's "p4 
,! tea*]'s e>lie/ appeals1 !re=e1 mu/ be
 ?r\gh objects %[n or acts p]=m$ or     
describ$4 ,!oretic curiosity1 curiosity 
ab\t ! rational relations betwe5 ?+s1 c 
h>dly be said to awake at all until     

adolesc5ce is rea*$4 ,! sporadic        
metaphysical inquiries ( *ildr5 z to :o 
made ,god1 & :y !y h five f+]s1 ne$     
h>dly be c\nt$ "h4 ,b1 :5 ! !oretic     
in/9ct is once alive 9 ! pupil1 an      
entirely new ord] ( p$agogic relations  
beg9s = him4 ,reasons1 causes1 ab/ract  
conceptions1 sudd5ly gr[ full ( ze/1 a  
fact ) :i* all tea*]s are famili>4 ,&1  
bo? 9 its s5sible & 9 its rational      
developm5ts1 dis9t]e/$ curiosity may be 
successfully appeal$ to 9 ! *ild ) mu* m
 c]ta9ty ?an 9 ! adult1 9 :om ?is       
intellectual in/9ct has gr[n s torpid z 
usually nev] to awake unless x ent]s    
into association ) "s selfi% p]sonal    
int]e/4 ,( ?is latt] po9t ,i w say m    
anon4  ,imitation4 ,man has always be5  
recogniz$ z ! imitative animal p>       
excell5ce4 ,& !re is h>dly a book on    
psy*ology1 h[ev] old1 :i* has n devot$  
at lea/ "o p>agraph to ?is fact4 ,x is  
/range1 h[ev]1 t ! full scope &         
pregnancy ( ! imitative impulse 9 man   
has _h to wait till ! la/ doz5 ye>s to  

become adequately recogniz$4 ,m4 ,t>de  
l$ ! way 9 8 admirably orig9al "w1 ,les 
,lois de l',imitation2 & 9 our own      
c\ntry ,pr(essors ,royce & ,baldw9 h    
kept ! ball roll+ ) all ! en]gy t c\ld  
be desir$4 ,ea* ( u is 9 fact :at he is 
almo/ exclusively by virtue ( 8         
imitativ5ess4 ,we become consci\s ( :at 
we ourselves are by imitat+ o!rs--!     
consci\sness ( :at ! o!rs are prec$es--!
 s5se ( self gr[s by ! s5se ( patt]n4 ,!
 entire accumulat$ weal? (              
mank9d--languages1 arts1 in/itutions1 & 
sci5ces--is pass$ on f "o g5]ation to   
ano!r by :at ,baldw9 has call$ social   
h]$ity1 ea* g5]ation simply imitat+ !   
la/4 ,into ! p>ticul>s ( ?is mo/        
fasc9at+ *apt] ( psy*ology ,i h no "t to
 g4 ,! mom5t "o he>s ,t>de's proposition
 utt]$1 h[ev]1 "o feels h[ supremely    
true x is4 ,inv5tion1 us+ ! t]m mo/     
broadly1 & imitation1 are ! two legs1 s 
to call !m1 on :i* ! human race         
hi/orically has walk$4  ,imitation %ades
 imp]ceptibly into ,emulation4          

,emulation is ! impulse to imitate :at y
 see ano!r do+1 9 ord] n to appe>       
inf]ior2 & x is h>d to draw a %>p l9e   
betwe5 ! manife/ations ( ! two impulses1
 s inextricably d !y mix _! effects4    
,emulation is ! v n]ve ( human society4 
,:y are y1 my he>]s1 sitt+ "h be=e me8  
,if no "o :om y ev] he>d ( _h att5d$ a  
'summ] s*ool' or tea*]s' in/itute1 w\ld 
x h occurr$ to any "o ( y to break out  
indep5d5tly & d a ?+ s unprescrib$ by   
fa%ion8 ,probably n4 ,nor w\ld y\r      
pupils come to y unless ! *ildr5 ( _!   
p>5ts' neighbors 7 all simultane\sly be+
 s5t to s*ool4 ,we wi% n to be lonely or
 ecc5tric1 & we wi% n to be cut (f f our
 %>e 9 ?+s :i* to our neighbors seem    
desirable privileges4  ,9 ! s*oolroom1  
imitation & emulation play absolutely   
vital p>ts4 ,e tea*] kn[s ! advantage ( 
hav+ c]ta9 ?+s p]=m$ by :ole b&s (      
*ildr5 at a "t4 ,! tea*] :o meets ) mo/ 
success is ! tea*] ^: own ways are ! mo/
 imitable4 ,a tea*] %\ld nev] try to    
make ! pupils d a ?+ :i* %e _c d h]self4

 ,come & let me %[ y h[ is an           
incomp>ably bett] /imulus ?an ,g & d x z
 ! book directs4 ,*ildr5 admire a tea*] 
:o has skill4 ,:at he does seems easy1 &
 !y wi% to emulate x4 ,x is useless = a 
dull & devitaliz$ tea*] to exhort h]    
pupils to wake up & take an int]e/4 ,%e 
mu/ fir/ take "o h]self2 !n h] example  
is effective1 z no exhortation c        
possibly be4  ,e s*ool has its tone1    
moral & intellectual4 ,& ?is tone is a  
m]e tradition kept up by imitation1 due 
9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! example set by    
tea*]s & by previ\s pupils ( an         
aggressive & dom9at+ type1 copi$ by !   
o!rs1 & pass$ on f ye> to ye>1 s t ! new
 pupils take ! cue almo/ imm$iately4    
,su* a tone *anges v sl[ly1 if at all2 &
 !n always "u ! modify+ influ5ce ( new  
p]sonalities aggressive en\gh 9 "* to   
set new patt]ns & n m]ely to copy ! old4
 ,! classic example ( ?is sort ( tone is
 ! (t5 quot$ case ( ,rugby "u ,dr4      
,arnold's adm9i/ration4 ,he impress$ 8  
own "* z a model on ! imag9ation ( !    

olde/ boys1 :o 9 turn 7 expect$ &       
requir$ to impress !irs ^u ! y\ng] set4 
,! contagi\sness ( ,arnold's g5ius 0 su*
 t a ,rugby man 0 said to be            
recognizable all ?r\gh life by a peculi>
 turn ( "* :i* he acquir$ at s*ool4 ,x  
is obvi\s t psy*ology z su* c give 9 ?is
 field no precepts ( detail4 ,z 9 s _m  
o!r fields ( tea*+1 success dep5ds ma9ly
 on ! native g5ius ( ! tea*]1 ! sympa?y1
 tact1 & p]ception :i* enable him to    
seize ! "r mom5t & to set ! "r example4 
,among ! rec5t mod]n re=ms ( tea*+      
me?ods1 a c]ta9 disp>agem5t ( emulation1
 z a laudable spr+ ( action 9 !         
s*oolroom1 has (t5 made itself he>d4 ,m 
?an a c5tury ago1 ,r\sseau1 9 8         
',emile1' br&$ rivalry betwe5 "o pupil &
 ano!r z too base a passion to play a "p
 9 an ideal education4 ,let ,emile1 he  
said1 nev] be l$ to comp>e himself to   
o!r *ildr54 ,no rivalries1 n ev5 9      
runn+1 z soon z he beg9s to h ! p[] (   
reason4 ,x 7 a hundr$ times bett] t he  
%\ld n le>n at all :at he c\ld only le>n

 ?r\gh jeal\sy or vanity4 ,b ,i w\ld m>k
 out e ye> ! progress he may h made1 &  
,i w\ld comp>e x ) ! progress ( ! foll[+
 ye>s4 ,i w\ld say to him3 ',y are n[   
gr[n s _m in*es tall]2 !re is ! dit* :i*
 y jump$ ov]1 !re is ! burd5 :i* y      
rais$4 ,!re is ! di/ance to :i* y c\ld  
?r[ a pebble1 !re ! di/ance y c\ld run  
ov] )\t los+ brea?4 ,see h[ mu* m y c d 
n[6' ,?us ,i %\ld excite him )\t mak+   
him jeal\s ( any "o4 ,he w\ld wi% to    
surpass himself4 ,i c see no inconv5i5ce
 9 ?is emulation ) 8 =m] self4          
,unque/ionably1 emulation ) "o's =m]    
self is a noble =m ( ! passion (        
rivalry1 & has a wide scope 9 ! tra9+ ( 
! "y4 ,b to veto & taboo all possible   
rivalry ( "o y\? ) ano!r1 because su*   
rivalry may deg5]ate into gre$y & selfi%
 excess1 does seem to savor some:at (   
s5tim5tality1 or ev5 ( fanaticism4 ,!   
feel+ ( rivalry lies at ! v basis ( our 
be+1 all social improvem5t be+ l>gely   
due to x4 ,!re is a noble & g5]\s k9d ( 
rivalry1 z well z a spiteful & gre$y    

k9d2 & ! noble & g5]\s =m is p>ticul>ly 
common 9 *ildhood4 ,all games owe ! ze/ 
:i* !y br+ ) !m to ! fact t !y are root$
 9 ! emul\s passion1 yet !y are ! *ief  
means ( tra9+ 9 fairness & magnanimity4 
,c ! tea*] af=d to ?r[ su* an ally away8
 ,ought we s]i\sly to hope t m>ks1      
di/9ctions1 prizes1 & o!r goals ( ef=t1 
bas$ on ! pursuit ( recogniz$           
sup]iority1 %\ld be =ev] bani%$ f our   
s*ools8 ,z a psy*ologi/1 oblig$ to      
notice ! deep & p]vasive "* ( ! emul\s  
passion1 ,i mu/ confess my d\bts4  ,!   
wise tea*] w use ?is in/9ct z he uses   
o!rs1 reap+ its advantages1 & appeal+ to
 x 9 su* a way z to reap a maximum (    
b5efit ) a m9imum ( h>m2 =1 aft] all1 we
 mu/ confess1 ) a ,fr5* critic (        
,r\sseau's doctr9e1 t ! deepe/ spr+ (   
action 9 u is ! sight ( action 9 ano!r4 
,! spectacle ( ef=t is :at awak5s &     
su/a9s our own ef=t4 ,no runn] runn+ all
 alone on a race-track w f9d 9 8 own w !
 p[] ( /imulation :i* 8 rivalry ) o!r   
runn]s incites1 :5 he feels !m at 8     

heels1 ab\t to pass4 ,:5 a trott+ horse 
is 'spe$$1' a runn+ horse mu/ g beside  
him to keep him to ! pace4  ,z imitation
 slides into emulation1 s emulation     
slides into ,ambition2 & ambition       
connects itself closely ) ,pugnacity &  
,pride4 ,consequ5tly1 ^! five in/9ctive 
t5d5cies =m an int]connect$ gr\p (      
factors1 h>d to sep>ate 9 ! det]m9ation 
( a great deal ( our conduct4 ,!        
,ambiti\s ,impulses w\ld p]haps be ! be/
 "n = ! :ole gr\p4  ,pride & pugnacity h
 (t5 be5 consid]$ unwor?y passions to   
appeal to 9 ! "y4 ,b 9 _! m ref9$ &     
noble =ms !y play a great "p 9 !        
s*oolroom & 9 education g5]ally1 be+ 9  
"s *>act]s mo/ pot5t spurs to ef=t4     
,pugnacity ne$ n be ?\ght ( m]ely 9 ! =m
 ( physical combativ5ess4 ,x c be tak5 9
 ! s5se ( a g5]al unwill+ness to be     
beat5 by any k9d ( difficulty4 ,x is :at
 makes u feel '/ump$' & *all5g$ by      
ardu\s a*ievem5ts1 & is ess5tial to a   
spirit$ & ent]pris+ "*4 ,we h ( late be5
 he>+ mu* ( ! philosophy ( t5d]ness 9   

education2 'int]e/' mu/ be assidu\sly   
awak5$ 9 ev]y?+1 difficulties mu/ be    
smoo!d away4 ,s(t p$agogics h tak5 !    
place ( ! old /eep & rocky pa? to le>n+4
 ,b f ?is lukew>m air ! brac+ oxyg5 (   
ef=t is left out4 ,x is nons5se to      
suppose t e /ep 9 education c be        
int]e/+4 ,! fight+ impulse mu/ (t5 be   
appeal$ to4 ,make ! pupil feel a%am$ (  
be+ sc>$ at fractions1 ( be+ 'd[n$' by !
 law ( fall+ bodies2 r\se 8 pugnacity & 
pride1 & he w ru% at ! difficult places 
) a sort ( inn] wra? at himself t is "o 
( 8 be/ moral faculties4 ,a victory     
scor$ "u su* conditions becomes a       
turn+-po9t & crisis ( 8 "*4 ,x repres5ts
 ! high-wat] m>k ( 8 p[]s1 & s]ves      
!reaft] z an ideal patt]n = 8           
self-imitation4 ,! tea*] :o nev] r\ses  
?is sort ( pugnaci\s excitem5t 9 8      
pupils falls %ort ( "o ( 8 be/ =ms (    
usefulness4  ,! next in/9ct :i* ,i %all 
m5tion is t ( ,own]%ip1 also "o ( !     
radical end[m5ts ( ! race4 ,x (t5 is !  
antagoni/ ( imitation4 ,:e!r social     

progress is due m to ! passion = keep+  
old ?+s & habits or to ! passion (      
imitat+ & acquir+ new ones may 9 "s     
cases be a difficult ?+ to decide4 ,!   
s5se ( own]%ip beg9s 9 ! second ye> (   
life4 ,among ! fir/ words :i* an infant 
le>ns to utt] are ! words 'my' & 'm9e1' 
& woe to ! p>5ts ( tw9s :o fail to      
provide _! gifts 9 duplicate4 ,! dep? & 
primitiv5ess ( ?is in/9ct w\ld seem to  
ca/ a sort ( psy*ological discr$it 9    
advance ^u all radical =ms ( communi/ic 
utopia4 ,private proprietor%ip _c be    
practically aboli%$ until human nature  
is *ang$4 ,x seems ess5tial to m5tal    
heal? t ! individual %\ld h some?+      
beyond ! b>e clo!s on 8 back to :i* he c
 ass]t exclusive possession1 & :i* he   
may def5d adv]sely aga9/ ! _w4 ,ev5 ^?  
religi\s ord]s :o make ! mo/ /r+5t v[s (
 pov]ty h f\nd x necess>y to relax !    
rule a little 9 favor ( ! human he>t    
made unhappy by r$uction to too         
dis9t]e/$ t]ms4 ,! monk mu/ h 8 books3 !
 nun mu/ h h] little g>d51 & ! images & 

pictures 9 h] room4  ,9 education1 !    
in/9ct ( own]%ip is fundam5tal1 & c be  
appeal$ to 9 _m ways4 ,9 ! h\se1 tra9+ 9
 ord] & neatness beg9s ) ! arrangem5t ( 
! *ild's own p]sonal possessions4 ,9 !  
s*ool1 own]%ip is p>ticul>ly important 9
 connection ) "o ( its special =ms (    
activity1 ! collect+ impulse4 ,an object
 possibly n v int]e/+ 9 itself1 l a     
%ell1 a po/age /amp1 or a s+le map or   
draw+1 w acquire an int]e/ if x fills a 
gap 9 a collection or helps to complete 
a s]ies4 ,mu* ( ! s*ol>ly "w ( ! _w1 s  
f> z x is m]e bibliography1 memory1 &   
erudition 7& ?is lies at ! basis ( all  
our human s*ol>%ip71 w\ld seem to owe   
its int]e/ r to ! way 9 :i* x gratifies 
! accumulat+ & collect+ in/9ct ?an to   
any special appeal :i* x makes to our   
crav+s aft] rationality4 ,a man wi%es a 
complete collection ( in=mation1 wi%es  
to "k m ab\t a subject ?an anybody else1
 mu* z ano!r may wi% to own m doll>s or 
m e>ly editions or m engrav+s be=e !    
lett] ?an anybody else4  ,! tea*] :o c  

"w ?is impulse into ! s*ool tasks is    
=tunate4 ,almo/ all *ildr5 collect      
some?+4 ,a tactful tea*] may get !m to  
take pleasure 9 collect+ books2 9 keep+ 
a neat & ord]ly collection ( notes2 9   
/>t+1 :5 !y are mature en\gh1 a c>d     
catalogue2 9 pres]v+ e draw+ or map :i* 
!y may make4 ,neatness1 ord]1 & me?od   
are ?us in/9ctively ga9$1 along ) ! o!r 
b5efits :i* ! possession ( ! collection 
entails4 ,ev5 su* a noisome ?+ z a      
collection ( po/age /amps may be us$ by 
! tea*] z an incit] ( int]e/ 9 !        
geographical & hi/orical in=mation :i*  
%e desires to imp>t4 ,sloyd successfully
 avails itself ( ?is in/9ct 9 caus+ !   
pupil to make a collection ( wood5      
implem5ts fit = 8 own private use at    
home4 ,collect+ is1 ( c\rse1 ! basis (  
all natural hi/ory /udy2 & probably     
nobody ev] became a good naturali/ :o 0 
n an unusually active collector :5 a    
boy4  ,con/ructiv5ess is ano!r great    
in/9ctive t5d5cy ) :i* ! s*oolroom has  
to contract an alliance4 ,up to ! eigh? 

or n9? ye> ( *ildhood "o may say t !    
*ild does h>dly any?+ else ?an h&le     
objects1 explore ?+s ) 8 h&s1 do+ &     
undo+1 sett+ up & knock+ d[n1 putt+     
toge!r & pull+ ap>t2 =1 f ! psy*ological
 po9t ( view1 con/ruction & de/ruction  
are two names = ! same manual activity4 
,bo? signify ! production ( *ange1 & !  
work+ ( effects1 9 outw>d ?+s4 ,! result
 ( all ?is is t intimate famili>ity ) ! 
physical environm5t1 t acqua9tance ) !  
prop]ties ( mat]ial ?+s1 :i* is really !
 f\ndation ( human consci\sness4 ,to ! v
 la/1 9 mo/ ( u1 ! conceptions ( objects
 & _! prop]ties are limit$ to ! notion (
 :at we c d ) !m4 ,a '/ick' means some?+
 we c lean ^u or /rike )2 'fire1' some?+
 to cook1 or w>m ourselves1 or burn ?+s 
up )al2 '/r+1' some?+ ) :i* to tie ?+s  
toge!r4 ,= mo/ p ^! objects h no o!r    
mean+4 ,9 geometry1 ! cyl9d]1 circle1   
sph]e1 are def9$ z :at y get by go+     
?r\gh c]ta9 processes ( con/ruction1    
revolv+ a p>allelogram ^u "o ( its      
sides1 etc4 ,! m diff]5t k9ds ( ?+s a   

*ild ?us gets to "k by treat+ & h&l+ !m1
 ! m confid5t gr[s 8 s5se ( k9%ip ) ! _w
 9 :i* he lives4 ,an unsympa!tic adult w
 wond] at ! fasc9at$ h\rs :i* a *ild w  
sp5d 9 putt+ 8 blocks toge!r & re>rang+ 
!m4 ,b ! wise education takes ! tide at 
! flood1 & f ! k9d]g>t5 upw>d devotes ! 
fir/ ye>s ( education to tra9+ 9        
con/ruction & to object-tea*+4 ,i ne$ n 
recapitulate "h :at ,i said a:ile back  
ab\t ! sup]iority ( ! objective &       
exp]im5tal me?ods4 ,!y occupy ! pupil 9 
a way mo/ congru\s ) ! spontane\s       
int]e/s ( 8 age4 ,!y absorb him1 & leave
 impressions durable & pr(\nd4 ,comp>$ )
 ! y\? taught by ^! me?ods1 "o br\ght up
 exclusively by books c>ries ?r\gh life 
a c]ta9 remot5ess f reality3 he /&s1 z x
 71 out ( ! pale1 & feels t he /&s s2 & 
(t5 suff]s a k9d ( melan*oly f :i* he   
might h be5 rescu$ by a m real          
education4  ,!re are o!r impulses1 su* z
 love ( approbation or vanity1 %yness & 
secretiv5ess1 ( :i* a ^w might be said2 
b !y are too famili> to ne$ x4 ,y c     

easily pursue ! subject by y\r own      
reflection4 ,!re is "o g5]al law1 h[ev]1
 t relates to _m ( our in/9ctive        
t5d5cies1 & t has no little importance 9
 education2 & ,i mu/ ref] to x briefly  
be=e ,i leave ! subject4 ,x has be5     
call$ ! law ( transitor9ess 9 in/9cts4  
,_m ( our impulsive t5d5cies rip5 at a  
c]ta9 p]iod2 &1 if ! appropriate objects
 be !n & !re provid$1 habits ( conduct  
t[>d !m are acquir$ :i* la/4 ,b1 if !   
objects be n =?com+ !n1 ! impulse may   
die out be=e a habit is =m$2 & lat] x   
may be h>d to tea* ! creature to react  
appropriately 9 ^? directions4 ,! suck+ 
in/9cts 9 mammals1 ! foll[+ in/9ct 9    
c]ta9 birds & quadrup$s1 are examples ( 
?is3 !y fade away %ortly aft] bir?4  ,9 
*ildr5 we obs]ve a rip5+ ( impulses &   
int]e/s 9 a c]ta9 det]m9ate ord]4       
,creep+1 walk+1 climb+1 imitat+ vocal   
s\nds1 con/ruct+1 draw+1 calculat+1     
possess ! *ild 9 succession2 & 9 "s     
*ildr5 ! possession1 :ile x la/s1 may be
 ( a semi-frantic & exclusive sort4     

,lat]1 ! int]e/ 9 any "o ( ^! ?+s may   
:olly fade away4 ,( c\rse1 ! prop]      
p$agogic mom5t to "w skill 91 & to cl5* 
! useful habit1 is :5 ! native impulse  
is mo/ acutely pres5t4 ,cr[d on !       
a?letic opportunities1 ! m5tal          
ari?metic1 ! v]se-le>n+1 ! draw+1 !     
botany1 or :at n1 ! mom5t y h reason to 
?9k ! h\r is ripe4 ,! h\r may n la/     
long1 & :ile x cont9ues y may safely let
 all ! *ild's o!r occupations take a    
second place4 ,9 ?is way y economize "t 
& deep5 skill2 = _m an infant prodigy1  
arti/ic or ma!matical1 has a fl[]+ epo* 
( b a few mon?s4  ,"o c draw no specific
 rules = all ?is4 ,x dep5ds on close    
obs]vation 9 ! p>ticul> case1 & p>5ts "h
 h a great advantage ov] tea*]s4 ,9     
fact1 ! law ( transitor9ess has little  
*ance ( individualiz$ application 9 !   
s*ools4  ,su* is ! little int]e/$ &     
impulsive psy*ophysical organism ^:     
spr+s ( action ! tea*] mu/ div9e1 & to  
^: ways he mu/ become accu/om$4 ,he mu/ 
/>t ) ! native t5d5cies1 & enl>ge !     

pupil's entire passive & active         
exp]i5ce4 ,he mu/ ply him ) new objects 
& /imuli1 & make him ta/e ! fruits ( 8  
behavior1 s t n[ t :ole context (       
rememb]$ exp]i5ce is :at %all det]m9e 8 
conduct :5 he gets ! /imulus1 & n ! b>e 
imm$iate impression4 ,z ! pupil's life  
?us enl>ges1 x gets full] & full] ( all 
sorts ( memories & associations &       
sub/itutions2 b ! eye accu/om$ to       
psy*ological analysis w disc]n1 und]nea?
 x all1 ! outl9es ( our simple          
psy*ophysical s*eme4  ,respect !n1 ,i   
beg y1 always ! orig9al reactions1 ev5  
:5 y are seek+ to ov]come _! connection 
) c]ta9 objects1 & to supplant !m ) o!rs
 t y wi% to make ! rule4 ,bad behavior1 
f ! po9t ( view ( ! tea*]'s art1 is z   
good a />t+-po9t z good behavior4 ,9    
fact1 p>adoxical z x may s\nd to say s1 
x is (t5 a bett] />t+-po9t ?an good     
behavior w\ld be4  ,! acquir$ reactions 
mu/ be made habitual :5ev] !y are       
appropriate4 ,!re=e ,habit is ! next    
subject to :i* y\r att5tion is invit$4  

,,viii4 ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,habit   ,x is v
 important t tea*]s %\ld realize !      
importance ( habit1 & psy*ology helps u 
greatly at ?is po9t4 ,we speak1 x is    
true1 ( good habits & ( bad habits2 b1  
:5 p use ! ^w 'habit1' 9 ! majority (   
in/ances x is a bad habit :i* !y h 9    
m9d4 ,!y talk ( ! smok+-habit & !       
swe>+-habit & ! dr9k+-habit1 b n ( !    
ab/5tion-habit or ! mod]ation-habit or !
 c\rage-habit4 ,b ! fact is t our       
virtues are habits z mu* z our vices4   
,all our life1 s f> z x has def9ite =m1 
is b a mass ( habits1--practical1       
emotional1 &                            
intellectual1--sy/ematically organiz$ = 
our weal or woe1 & be>+ u irresi/ibly   
t[>d our de/9y1 :atev] ! latt] may be4  
,s9ce pupils c und]/& ?is at a          
comp>atively e>ly age1 & s9ce to und]/& 
x contributes 9 no small measure to _!  
feel+ ( responsibility1 x w\ld be well  
if ! tea*] 7 able himself to talk to !m 
( ! philosophy ( habit 9 "s su* ab/ract 
t]ms z ,i am n[ ab\t to talk ( x to y4  

,i believe t we are subject to ! law (  
habit 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t we h      
bodies4 ,! pla/icity ( ! liv+ matt] (   
our n]v\s sy/em1 9 %ort1 is ! reason :y 
we d a ?+ ) difficulty ! fir/ "t1 b soon
 d x m & m easily1 & f9ally1 ) suffici5t
 practice1 d x semi-me*anically1 or )   
h>dly any consci\sness at all4 ,our     
n]v\s sy/ems h 79 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s words7 
gr[n to ! way 9 :i* !y h be5 ex]cis$1 j 
z a %eet ( pap] or a coat1 once creas$  
or fold$1 t5ds to fall =ev] aft]w>d into
 ! same id5tical folds4  ,habit is ?us a
 second nature1 or r1 z ! ,duke (       
,well+ton said1 x is 't5 times          
nature1'--at any rate z reg>ds its      
importance 9 adult life2 = ! acquir$    
habits ( our tra9+ h by t "t inhibit$ or
 /rangl$ mo/ ( ! natural impulsive      
t5d5cies :i* 7 orig9ally !re4 ,n9ety-n9e
 hundr$?s or1 possibly1 n9e hundr$ &    
n9ety-n9e ?\s&?s ( our activity is      
purely automatic & habitual1 f our ris+ 
9 ! morn+ to our ly+ d[n ea* night4 ,our
 dress+ & undress+1 our eat+ & dr9k+1   

our greet+s & p>t+s1 our hat-rais+s &   
giv+ way = ladies to prec$e1 nay1 ev5   
mo/ ( ! =ms ( our common spee*1 are ?+s 
( a type s fix$ by repetition z almo/ to
 be class$ z reflex actions4 ,to ea*    
sort ( impression we h an automatic1    
ready-made response4 ,my v words to y n[
 are an example ( :at ,i mean2 = hav+   
already lectur$ ^u habit & pr9t$ a *apt]
 ab\t x 9 a book1 & read ! latt] :5 9   
pr9t1 ,i f9d my tongue inevitably fall+ 
into its old phrases & repeat+ almo/    
lit]ally :at ,i said be=e4  ,s f> z we  
are ?us m]e bundles ( habit1 we are     
/]eotyp$ creatures1 imitators & copi]s (
 our pa/ selves4 ,& s9ce ?is1 "u any    
circum/ances1 is :at we always t5d to   
become1 x foll[s fir/ ( all t ! tea*]'s 
prime conc]n %\ld be to +ra9 into !     
pupil t assortm5t ( habits t %all be mo/
 useful to him ?r\gh\t life4 ,education 
is = behavior1 & habits are ! /uff ( :i*
 behavior consi/s4  ,to quote my e>li]  
book directly1 ! great ?+ 9 all         
education is to make our n]v\s sy/em our

 ally in/ead ( our enemy4 ,x is to fund 
& capitalize our acquisitions1 & live at
 ease ^u ! int]e/ ( ! fund4 ,= ?is we   
mu/ make automatic & habitual1 z e>ly z 
possible1 z _m useful actions z we c1 & 
z c>efully gu>d aga9/ ! gr[+ into ways t
 are likely to be disadvantage\s4 ,! m (
 ! details ( our daily life we c h& ov] 
to ! ef=tless cu/ody ( automatism1 ! m  
our high] p[]s ( m9d w be set free = _! 
own prop] "w4 ,!re is no m mis]able     
human be+ ?an "o 9 :om no?+ is habitual 
b indecision1 & = :om ! light+ ( e cig>1
 ! dr9k+ ( e cup1 ! "t ( ris+ & go+ to  
b$ e day1 & ! beg9n+ ( e bit ( "w are   
subjects ( express volitional           
delib]ation4 ,full half ! "t ( su* a man
 goes to ! decid+ or regrett+ ( matt]s  
:i* ought to be s +ra9$ 9 him z         
practically n to exi/ = 8 consci\sness  
at all4 ,if !re be su* daily duties n   
yet +ra9$ 9 any "o ( my he>]s1 let him  
beg9 ?is v h\r to set ! matt] "r4  ,9   
,pr(essor ,ba9's *apt] on ',! ,moral    
,habits' !re are "s admirable practical 

rem>ks laid d[n4 ,two great maxims em]ge
 f ! treatm5t4 ,! fir/ is t 9 !         
acquisition ( a new habit1 or ! leav+ (f
 ( an old "o1 we mu/ take c>e to laun*  
ourselves ) z /rong & decid$ an         
initiative z possible4 ,accumulate all !
 possible circum/ances :i* %all re9=ce !
 "r motives2 put y\rself assidu\sly 9   
conditions t enc\rage ! new way2 make   
engagem5ts incompatible ) ! old2 take a 
public pl$ge1 if ! case all[s2 9 %ort1  
envelope y\r resolution ) e aid y "k4   
,?is w give y\r new beg9n+ su* a mom5tum
 t ! temptation to break d[n w n occur z
 soon z x o!rwise might2 & e day dur+   
:i* a breakd[n is po/pon$ adds to !     
*ances ( its n occurr+ at all4  ,i      
rememb] long ago read+ 9 an ,au/rian    
pap] ! adv]tisem5t ( a c]ta9 ,rudolph   
,somebody1 :o promis$ fifty guld5 rew>d 
to any "o :o aft] t date %\ld f9d him at
 ! w9e-%op ( ,ambrosius ,s-&-s4 ',?is ,i
 d1' ! adv]tisem5t cont9u$1 '9          
consequ5ce ( a promise :i* ,i h made my 
wife4' ,) su* a wife1 & su* an und]/&+ (

 ! way 9 :i* to />t new habits1 x w\ld  
be safe to /ake "o's money on ,rudolph's
 ultimate success4  ,! second maxim is1 
,nev] suff] an exception to occur till !
 new habit is securely root$ 9 y\r life4
 ,ea* lapse is l ! lett+ fall ( a ball (
 /r+ :i* "o is c>efully w9d+ up3 a s+le 
slip undoes m ?an a great _m turns w w9d
 aga94 ,cont9uity ( tra9+ is ! great    
means ( mak+ ! n]v\s sy/em act          
infallibly "r4 ,z ,pr(essor ,ba9 says3--
  ,! peculi>ity ( ! moral habits1       
contradi/+ui%+ !m f ! intellectual      
acquisitions1 is ! pres5ce ( two ho/ile 
p[]s1 "o to be gradually rais$ into !   
asc5dant ov] ! o!r4 ,x is necess>y above
 all ?+s1 9 su* a situation1 nev] to    
lose a battle4 ,e ga9 on ! wrong side   
undoes ! effect ( _m conque/s on ! "r4  
,! ess5tial precaution1 !re=e1 is s to  
regulate ! two oppos+ p[]s t ! "o may h 
a s]ies ( un9t]rupt$ successes1 until   
repetition has =tifi$ x to su* a degree 
z to enable x to cope ) ! opposition1 "u
 any circum/ances4 ,?is is ! !oretically

 be/ c>e] ( m5tal progress4  ,a ?ird    
maxim may be add$ to ! prec$+ pair3     
,seize ! v fir/ possible opportunity to 
act on e resolution y make1 & on e      
emotional prompt+ y may exp]i5ce 9 !    
direction ( ! habits y aspire to ga94 ,x
 is n 9 ! mom5t ( _! =m+1 b 9 ! mom5t ( 
_! produc+ motor effects1 t resolves &  
aspirations communicate ! new 'set' to !
 bra94  ,no matt] h[ full a res]voir (  
maxims "o may possess1 & no matt] h[    
good "o's s5tim5ts may be1 if "o h n    
tak5 advantage ( e concrete opportunity 
to act1 "o's "* may rema9 entirely      
unaffect$ = ! bett]4 ,) good int5tions1 
hell prov]bially is pav$4 ,?is is an    
obvi\s consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciples ,i h    
laid d[n4 ,a '"*1' z ,j4,s4 ,mill says1 
'is a completely fa%ion$ w'2 & a w1 9 ! 
s5se 9 :i* he means x1 is an aggregate (
 t5d5cies to act 9 a firm & prompt &    
def9ite way ^u all ! pr9cipal em]g5cies 
( life4 ,a t5d5cy to act only becomes   
effectively +ra9$ 9 u 9 proportion to ! 
un9t]rupt$ frequ5cy ) :i* ! actions     

actually occur1 & ! bra9 'gr[s' to _!   
use4 ,:5 a resolve or a f9e gl[ ( feel+ 
is all[$ to evaporate )\t be>+ practical
 fruit1 x is worse ?an a *ance lo/3 x   
works s z positively to h9d] future     
resolutions & emotions f tak+ ! normal  
pa? ( dis*>ge4 ,!re is no m contemptible
 type ( human "* ?an t ( ! n]veless     
s5tim5tali/ & dream]1 :o sp5ds 8 life 9 
a welt]+ sea ( s5sibility1 b nev] does a
 concrete manly de$4  ,?is leads to a   
f\r? maxim4 ,don't prea* too mu* to y\r 
pupils or ab\nd 9 good talk 9 ! ab/ract4
 ,lie 9 wait r = ! practical            
opportunities1 be prompt to seize ^? z  
!y pass1 & ?us at "o op]ation get y\r   
pupils bo? to ?9k1 to feel1 & to d4 ,!  
/rokes ( behavior are :at give ! new set
 to ! "*1 & "w ! good habits into its   
organic tissue4 ,prea*+ & talk+ too soon
 become an ineffectual bore4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,!re is a
 passage 9 ,d>w9's %ort autobiography   
:i* has be5 (t5 quot$1 & :i*1 = ! sake (
 its be>+ on our subject ( habit1 ,i mu/

 n[ quote aga94 ,d>w9 says3 ,up to ! age
 ( ?irty or beyond x1 poetry ( _m k9ds  
gave me great pleasure2 & ev5 z a       
s*oolboy ,i took int5se delight 9       
,%akespe>e1 especially 9 ! hi/orical    
plays4 ,i h also said t pictures =m]ly  
gave me consid]able1 & music v great    
delight4 ,b n[ = _m ye>s ,i _c endure to
 read a l9e ( poetry4 ,i h tri$ lately  
to read ,%akespe>e1 & f\nd x s          
intol]ably dull t x nauseat$ me4 ,i h   
also almo/ lo/ my ta/e = pictures or    
music4444 ,my m9d seems to h become a   
k9d ( ma*9e = gr9d+ g5]al laws out (    
l>ge collections ( facts2 b :y ?is %\ld 
h caus$ ! atrophy ( t "p ( ! bra9 alone1
 on :i* ! high] ta/es dep5d1 ,i _c      
conceive4444 ,if ,i _h to live my life  
aga91 ,i w\ld h made a rule to read "s  
poetry & li/5 to "s music at lea/ once e
 week2 = p]haps ! p>ts ( my bra9 n[     
atrophi$ w\ld ?us h be5 kept alive ?r\gh
 use4 ,! loss ( ^! ta/es is a loss (    
happ9ess1 & may possibly be injuri\s to 
! intellect1 & m probably to ! moral "*1

 by enfeebl+ ! emotional "p ( our       
nature4  ,we all int5d :5 "y to be all t
 may become a man1 be=e ! de/roy] cuts u
 d[n4 ,we wi% & expect to enjoy poetry  
always1 to gr[ m & m intellig5t ab\t    
pictures & music1 to keep 9 t\* )       
spiritual & religi\s ideas1 & ev5 n to  
let ! great] philosophic ?\ghts ( our "t
 develop q beyond our view4 ,we mean all
 ?is 9 y\?1 ,i say2 & yet 9 h[ _m       
middle-ag$ m5 & wom5 is su* an hone/ &  
sangu9e expectation fulfill$8 ,surely1 9
 comp>atively few2 & ! laws ( habit %[ u
 :y4 ,"s int]e/ 9 ea* ( ^! ?+s arises 9 
ev]ybody at ! prop] age2 b1 if n        
p]si/5tly f$ ) ! appropriate matt]1     
in/ead ( gr[+ into a p[]ful & necess>y  
habit1 x atrophies & dies1 *ok$ by !    
rival int]e/s to :i* ! daily food is    
giv54 ,we make ourselves into ,d>w9s 9  
?is negative respect by p]si/5tly ignor+
 ! ess5tial practical conditions ( our  
case4 ,we say ab/ractly3 ,i mean to     
enjoy poetry1 & to absorb a lot ( x1 (  
c\rse4 ,i fully int5d to keep up my love

 ( music1 to read ! books t %all give   
new turns to ! ?\ght ( my "t1 to keep my
 high] spiritual side alive1 etc4 ,b we 
d n attack ^! ?+s concretely1 & we d n  
beg9 to-day4 ,we =get t e good t is wor?
 possess+ mu/ be paid = 9 /rokes ( daily
 ef=t4 ,we po/pone & po/pone1 until ^?  
smil+ possibilities are dead4 ,:]eas t5 
m9utes a day ( poetry1 ( spiritual read+
 or m$itation1 & an h\r or two a week at
 music1 pictures1 or philosophy1 provid$
 we began n[ & suff]$ no remission1 w\ld
 infallibly give u 9 due "t ! fulness ( 
all we desire4 ,by neglect+ ! necess>y  
concrete labor1 by sp>+ ourselves !     
little daily tax1 we are positively     
digg+ ! graves ( our high]              
possibilities4 ,?is is a po9t conc]n+   
:i* y tea*]s might well give a little   
timely in=mation to y\r old] & m aspir+ 
pupils4  ,accord+ z a function receives 
daily ex]cise or n1 ! man becomes a     
diff]5t k9d ( be+ 9 lat] life4 ,we h    
lately _h a numb] ( accompli%$ ,h9doo   
visitors at ,cambridge1 :o talk$ freely 

( life & philosophy4 ,m ?an "o ( !m has 
confid$ to me t ! sight ( our faces1 all
 contract$ z !y are ) ! habitual        
,am]ican ov]-int5sity & anxiety (       
expression1 & our ungraceful & di/ort$  
attitudes :5 sitt+1 made on him a v     
pa9ful impression4 ,i d n see1 said "o1 
h[ x is possible = y to live z y d1 )\t 
a s+le m9ute 9 y\r day delib]ately giv5 
to tranquillity & m$itation4 ,x is an   
inv>iable "p ( our ,h9doo life to retire
 = at lea/ half an h\r daily into       
sil5ce1 to relax our muscles1 gov]n our 
brea?+1 & m$itate on et]nal ?+s4 ,e     
,h9doo *ild is tra9$ to ?is f a v e>ly  
age4 ,! good fruits ( su* a discipl9e 7 
obvi\s 9 ! physical repose & lack (     
t5sion1 & ! wond]ful smoo?ness &        
calmness ( facial expression1 &         
imp]turbability ( mann] ( ^! ,ori5tals4 
,i felt t my c\ntrym5 7 depriv+ !mselves
 ( an ess5tial grace ( "*4 ,h[ _m       
,am]ican *ildr5 ev] he> x said by p>5t  
or tea*]1 t !y %\ld mod]ate _! pi]c+    
voices1 t !y %\ld relax _! unus$        

muscles1 & z f> z possible1 :5 sitt+1   
sit q /ill8 ,n "o 9 a ?\s&1 n "o 9 five 
?\s&6 ,yet1 f its reflex influ5ce on !  
inn] m5tal /ates1 ?is ceaseless         
ov]-t5sion1 ov]-motion1 & ov]-expression
 are work+ on u griev\s national h>m4   
,i beg y tea*]s to ?9k a little s]i\sly 
( ?is matt]4 ,p]haps y c help our ris+  
g5]ation ( ,am]icans t[>d ! beg9n+ ( a  
bett] set ( p]sonal ideals4,b       ,b  
,see ! ,address on ! ,gospel (          
,relaxation1 lat] 9      ?is volume4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,to g back n[ to our g5]al maxims1 ,i   
may at la/1 z a fif? & f9al practical   
maxim ab\t habits1 (f] some?+ l ?is3    
,keep ! faculty ( ef=t alive 9 y by a   
little gratuit\s ex]cise e day4 ,t is1  
be sy/ematically h]oic 9 little         
unnecess>y po9ts1 d e day or two some?+ 
= no o!r reason ?an its difficulty1 s t1
 :5 ! h\r ( dire ne$ draws nigh1 x may  
f9d y n unn]v$ & untra9$ to /& ! te/4   
,asceticism ( ?is sort is l ! insurance 
:i* a man pays on 8 h\se & goods4 ,! tax

 does him no good at ! "t1 & possibly   
may nev] br+ him a return4 ,b1 if ! fire
 does come1 8 hav+ paid x w be 8        
salvation f ru94 ,s ) ! man :o has daily
 inur$ himself to habits ( conc5trat$   
att5tion1 en]getic volition1 &          
self-d5ial 9 unnecess>y ?+s4 ,he w /& l 
a t[] :5 ev]y?+ rocks ar\nd him1 & 8    
s(t] fell[-mortals are w9n[$ l *aff 9 ! 
bla/4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,i h be5 accus$1 :5 talk+ (
 ! subject ( habit1 ( mak+ old habits   
appe> s /rong t ! acquir+ ( new ones1 & 
p>ticul>ly any?+ l a sudd5 re=m or      
conv]sion1 w\ld be made impossible by my
 doctr9e4 ,( c\rse1 ?is w\ld suffice to 
condemn ! latt]2 = sudd5 conv]sions1    
h[ev] infrequ5t !y may be1 unque/ionably
 d occur4 ,b !re is no incompatibility  
betwe5 ! g5]al laws ,i h laid d[n & !   
mo/ />tl+ sudd5 alt]ations 9 ! way ( "*4
 ,new habits c be laun*$1 ,i h expressly
 said1 on condition ( !re be+ new /imuli
 & new excitem5ts4 ,n[ life ab\nds 9 ^!1
 & sometimes !y are su* critical &      

revolution>y exp]i5ces t !y *ange a     
man's :ole scale ( values & sy/em (     
ideas4 ,9 su* cases1 ! old ord] ( 8     
habits w be ruptur$2 &1 if ! new motives
 are la/+1 new habits w be =m$1 & build 
up 9 him a new or reg5]ate 'nature4'    
,all ?is k9d ( fact ,i fully all[4 ,b ! 
g5]al laws ( habit are no wise alt]$    
!reby1 & ! physiological /udy ( m5tal   
conditions /ill rema9s on ! :ole ! mo/  
p[]ful ally ( hortatory e?ics4 ,! hell  
to be endur$ h]eaft]1 ( :i* !ology      
tells1 is no worse ?an ! hell we make = 
ourselves 9 ?is _w by habitually fa%ion+
 our *>act]s 9 ! wrong way4 ,c\ld ! "y b
 realize h[ soon !y w become m]e walk+  
bundles ( habits1 !y w\ld give m he$ to 
_! conduct :ile 9 ! pla/ic /ate4 ,we are
 sp9n+ our own fates1 good or evil1 &   
nev] to be undone4 ,e smalle/ /roke (   
virtue or ( vice leaves its             
nev]-s-little sc>4 ,! drunk5 ,rip ,van  
,w9kle1 9 ,jeff]son's play1 excuses     
himself = e fre% d]eliction by say+1 ,i 
won't c\nt ?is "t6 ,well1 he may n c\nt 

x1 & a k9d ,heav5 may n c\nt x2 b x is  
be+ c\nt$ none ! less4 ,d[n among 8     
n]ve-cells & fibres ! molecules are     
c\nt+ x1 regi/]+ & /or+ x up to be us$  
aga9/ him :5 ! next temptation comes4   
,no?+ we ev] d is1 9 /rict sci5tific    
lit]alness1 wip$ out4  ,( c\rse1 ?is has
 its good side z well z its bad "o4 ,z  
we become p]man5t drunk>ds by s _m      
sep>ate dr9ks1 s we become sa9ts 9 !    
moral1 & au?orities & exp]ts 9 !        
practical & sci5tific sph]es1 by s _m   
sep>ate acts & h\rs ( "w4 ,let no y\? h 
any anxiety ab\t ! up%ot ( 8 education1 
:atev] ! l9e ( x may be4 ,if he keep    
fai?fully busy ea* h\r ( ! work+ day1 he
 may safely leave ! f9al result to      
itself4 ,he c ) p]fect c]ta9ty c\nt on  
wak+ up "s f9e morn+ to f9d himself "o (
 ! compet5t ones ( 8 g5]ation1 9 :atev] 
pursuit he may h s+l$ out4 ,sil5tly1    
betwe5 all ! details ( 8 bus9ess1 ! p[] 
( judg+ 9 all t class ( matt] w h built 
itself up )9 him z a possession t w nev]
 pass away4 ,"y p %\ld "k ?is tru? 9    

advance4 ,! ignorance ( x has probably  
eng5d]$ m disc\ragem5t & fa9t-he>t$ness 
9 y\?s emb>k+ on ardu\s c>e]s ?an all   
o!r causes put toge!r4     ,,ix4 ,,!    
,,association ,,( ,,ideas   ,9 my la/   
talk1 9 treat+ ( ,habit1 ,i *iefly _h 9 
m9d our motor habits1--habits ( ext]nal 
conduct4 ,b our ?9k+ & feel+ processes  
are also l>gely subject to ! law (      
habit1 & "o result ( ?is is a ph5om5on  
:i* y all "k "u ! "n ( '! association ( 
ideas4' ,to t ph5om5on ,i ask y n[ to   
turn4  ,y rememb] t consci\sness is an  
ev]-fl[+ /ream ( objects1 feel+s1 &     
impulsive t5d5cies4 ,we saw already t   
its phases or pulses are l s _m fields  
or waves1 ea* field or wave hav+ usually
 its c5tral po9t ( livelie/ att5tion1 9 
! %ape ( ! mo/ prom95t object 9 our     
?\ght1 :ile all ar\nd ?is lies a m>g9 ( 
o!r objects m dimly realiz$1 toge!r ) ! 
m>g9 ( emotional & active t5d5cies :i* !
 :ole entails4 ,describ+ ! m9d ?us 9    
fluid t]ms1 we cl+ z close z possible to
 nature4 ,at fir/ sight1 x might seem z 

if1 9 ! fluidity ( ^! successive waves1 
ev]y?+ is indet]m9ate4 ,b inspection %[s
 t ea* wave has a con/itution :i* c be  
to "s degree expla9$ by ! con/itution ( 
! waves j pass$ away4 ,& ?is relation ( 
! wave to its pr$ecessors is express$ by
 ! two fundam5tal 'laws ( association1' 
s-call$1 ( :i* ! fir/ is nam$ ! ,law (  
,contiguity1 ! second t ( ,simil>ity4   
,! ,law ( ,contiguity tells u t objects 
?\ght ( 9 ! com+ wave are su* z 9 "s    
previ\s exp]i5ce 7 next to ! objects    
repres5t$ 9 ! wave t is pass+ away4 ,!  
vani%+ objects 7 once =m]ly _! neighbors
 9 ! m9d4 ,:5 y recite ! alphabet or y\r
 pray]s1 or :5 ! sight ( an object      
rem9ds y ( its "n1 or ! "n rem9ds y ( ! 
object1 x is ?r\gh ! law ( contiguity t 
! t]ms are sugge/$ to ! m9d4  ,! ,law ( 
,simil>ity says t1 :5 contiguity fails  
to describe :at happ5s1 ! com+ objects w
 prove to resemble ! go+ objects1 ev5   
?\gh ! two 7 nev] exp]i5c$ toge!r be=e4 
,9 our 'flights ( fancy1' ?is is        
frequ5tly ! case4  ,if1 arre/+ ourselves

 9 ! fl[ ( rev]ie1 we ask ! "q1 ,h[ came
 we to be ?9k+ ( j ?is object n[8 we c  
almo/ always trace its pres5ce to "s    
previ\s object :i* has introduc$ x to ! 
m9d1 accord+ to "o or ! o!r ( ^! laws4  
,! entire r\t9e ( our memoriz$          
acquisitions1 = example1 is a consequ5ce
 ( no?+ b ! ,law ( ,contiguity4 ,! words
 ( a poem1 ! =mulas ( trigonometry1 !   
facts ( hi/ory1 ! prop]ties ( mat]ial   
?+s1 are all kn[n to u z def9ite sy/ems 
or gr\ps ( objects :i* coh]e 9 an ord]  
fix$ by innum]able it]ations1 & ( :i*   
any "o "p rem9ds u ( ! o!rs4 ,9 dry &   
prosaic m9ds1 almo/ all ! m5tal sequ5ces
 fl[ along ^! l9es ( habitual r\t9e     
repetition & sugge/ion4  ,9 witty1      
imag9ative m9ds1 on ! o!r h&1 ! r\t9e is
 brok5 ?r\gh ) ease at any mom5t2 & "o  
field ( m5tal objects w sugge/ ano!r )  
:i* p]haps 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( human ?9k+ 
x _h nev] once be=e be5 c\pl$4 ,! l9k "h
 is usually "s analogy betwe5 ! objects 
successively ?\ght (1--an analogy (t5 s 
subtle t1 al?\gh we feel x1 we c )      

difficulty analyze its gr\nd2 z :]e1 =  
example1 we f9d some?+ mascul9e 9 !     
color r$ & some?+ fem99e 9 ! color pale 
blue1 or :]e1 ( ?ree human be+s'        
*>act]s1 "o w rem9d u ( a cat1 ano!r ( a
 dog1 ! ?ird p]haps ( a c[4         99  
99       99       99       99           
,psy*ologi/s h ( c\rse gone v deeply    
into ! "q ( :at ! causes ( association  
may be2 & "s ( !m h tri$ to %[ t        
contiguity & simil>ity are n two        
radically div]se laws1 b t ei!r         
presupposes ! pres5ce ( ! o!r4 ,i myself
 am dispos$ to ?9k t ! ph5om5a (        
association dep5d on our c]ebral        
con/itution1 & are n imm$iate           
consequ5ces ( our be+ rational be+s4 ,9 
o!r words1 :5 we %all h become          
disembodi$ spirits1 x may be t our tra9s
 ( consci\sness w foll[ diff]5t laws4   
,^! que/ions are discuss$ 9 ! books on  
psy*ology1 & ,i hope t "s ( y w be      
int]e/$ 9 foll[+ !m !re4 ,b ,i w1 on !  
pres5t occasion1 ignore !m entirely2 =1 
z tea*]s1 x is ! fact ( association t   

practically conc]ns y1 let its gr\nds be
 spiritual or c]ebral1 or :at !y may1 & 
let its laws be r$ucible1 or            
non-r$ucible1 to "o4 ,y\r pupils1 :atev]
 else !y are1 are at any rate little    
pieces ( associat+ ma*9]y4 ,_! education
 consi/s 9 ! organiz+ )9 !m ( det]m9ate 
t5d5cies to associate "o ?+ )           
ano!r1--impressions ) consequ5ces1 ^! ) 
reactions1 ^? ) results1 & s on         
indef9itely4 ,! m copi\s ! associative  
sy/ems1 ! complet] ! individual's       
adaptations to ! _w4  ,! tea*] c =mulate
 8 function to himself !re=e 9 t]ms (   
'association' z well z 9 t]ms ( 'native 
& acquir$ reaction4' ,x is ma9ly t (    
build+ up useful sy/ems ( association 9 
! pupil's m9d4 ,?is description s\nds   
wid] ?an ! "o ,i began by giv+4 ,b1 :5  
"o ?9ks t our tra9s ( association1      
:atev] !y may be1 normally issue 9      
acquir$ reactions or behavior1 "o sees t
 9 a g5]al way ! same mass ( facts is   
cov]$ by bo? =mulas4  ,x is a/oni%+ h[  
_m m5tal op]ations we c expla9 :5 we h  

once grasp$ ! pr9ciples ( association4  
,! great problem :i* association        
und]takes to solve is1 ,:y does j ?is   
p>ticul> field ( consci\sness1 con/itut$
 9 ?is p>ticul> way1 n[ appe> be=e my   
m9d8 ,x may be a field ( objects imag9$2
 x may be ( objects rememb]$ or (       
objects p]ceiv$2 x may include an action
 resolv$ on4 ,9 ei!r case1 :5 ! field is
 analyz$ into its p>ts1 ^? p>ts c be %[n
 to h proce$$ f p>ts ( fields previ\sly 
be=e consci\sness1 9 consequ5ce ( "o or 
o!r ( ! laws ( association j laid d[n4  
,^? laws run ! m9d3 int]e/1 %ift+ hi!r &
 ?i!r1 deflects x2 & att5tion1 z we %all
 lat] see1 /e]s x & keeps x f too zigzag
 a c\rse4  ,to grasp ^! factors cle>ly  
gives "o a solid & simple und]/&+ ( !   
psy*ological ma*9]y4 ,! 'nature1' !     
'"*1' ( an individual means really no?+ 
b ! habitual =m ( 8 associations4 ,to   
break up bad associations or wrong ones1
 to build o!rs 91 to guide ! associative
 t5d5cies into ! mo/ fruitful *annels1  
is ! educator's pr9cipal task4 ,b "h1 z 

) all o!r simple pr9ciples1 ! difficulty
 lies 9 ! application4 ,psy*ology c /ate
 ! laws3 concrete tact & tal5t alone c  
"w !m to useful results4  ,mean:ile x is
 a matt] ( ! commone/ exp]i5ce t our    
m9ds may pass f "o object to ano!r by   
v>i\s int]m$i>y fields ( consci\sness4  
,! indet]m9at5ess ( our pa?s (          
association 9 concreto is ?us almo/ z   
/rik+ a feature ( !m z ! uni=mity ( _!  
ab/ract =m4 ,/>t f any idea :atev]1 & ! 
entire range ( y\r ideas is pot5tially  
at y\r disposal4 ,if we take z !        
associative />t+-po9t1 or cue1 "s simple
 ^w :i* ,i pron\nce be=e y1 !re is no   
limit to ! possible div]sity (          
sugge/ions :i* x may set up 9 y\r m9ds4 
,suppose ,i say 'blue1' = example3 "s ( 
y may ?9k ( ! blue sky & hot wea!r f :i*
 we n[ are suff]+1 !n g (f on ?\ghts (  
summ] clo?+1 or possibly ( meteorology  
at l>ge2 o!rs may ?9k ( ! spectrum & !  
physiology ( color-vision1 & glide into 
,x-rays & rec5t physical speculations2  
o!rs may ?9k ( blue ribbons1 or ( ! blue

 fl[]s on a fri5d's hat1 & proce$ on    
l9es ( p]sonal rem9isc5ce4 ,to o!rs1    
aga91 etymology & l+ui/ic ?\ghts may be 
sugge/$2 or blue may be 'app]ceiv$' z a 
synonym = melan*oly1 & a tra9 (         
associates connect$ ) morbid psy*ology  
may proce$ to unroll !mselves4  ,9 !    
same p]son1 ! same ^w he>d at diff]5t   
times w provoke1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>y+  
m>g9al preoccupations1 ei!r "o ( a numb]
 ( div]se possible associative sequ5ces4
 ,pr(essor ,mu5/]b]g p]=m$ ?is exp]im5t 
me?odically1 us+ ! same words f\r times 
ov]1 at ?ree-mon? int]vals1 z 'cues' =  
f\r diff]5t p]sons :o 7 ! subjects (    
obs]vation4 ,he f\nd almo/ no con/ancy 9
 _! associations tak5 at ^! diff]5t     
times4 ,9 %ort1 ! entire pot5tial cont5t
 ( "o's consci\sness is accessible f any
 "o ( its po9ts4 ,?is is :y we c nev] "w
 ! laws ( association =w>d3 />t+ f !    
pres5t field z a cue1 we c nev] ciph]   
out 9 advance j :at ! p]son w be ?9k+ ( 
five m9utes lat]4 ,! elem5ts :i* may    
become prepot5t 9 ! process1 ! p>ts (   

ea* successive field r\nd :i* !         
associations %all *iefly turn1 !        
possible bifurcations ( sugge/ion1 are s
 num]\s & ambigu\s z to be indet]m9able 
be=e ! fact4 ,b1 al?\gh we _c "w ! laws 
( association =w>d1 we c always "w !m   
backw>ds4 ,we _c say n[ :at we %all f9d 
ourselves ?9k+ ( five m9utes h5ce2 b1   
:atev] x may be1 we %all !n be able to  
trace x ?r\gh int]m$i>y l9ks (          
contiguity or simil>ity to :at we are   
?9k+ n[4 ,:at s baffles our prevision is
 ! %ift+ "p play$ by ! m>g9 & focus--9  
fact1 by ea* elem5t by itself ( ! m>g9  
or focus--9 call+ up ! next ideas4  ,=  
example1 ,i am recit+ ',locksley ,hall1'
 9 ord] to div]t my m9d f a /ate (      
susp5se t ,i am 9 conc]n+ ! w ( a       
relative t is dead4 ,! w /ill rema9s 9 !
 m5tal backgr\nd z an extremely m>g9al  
or ultra-m>g9al portion ( my field (    
consci\sness2 b ! poem fairly keeps my  
att5tion f x1 until ,i come to ! l9e1   
,i1 ! heir ( all ! ages1 9 ! =emo/ files
 ( "t4 ,! words ',i1 ! heir1' imm$iately

 make an electric connection ) ! m>g9al 
?\ght ( ! w2 t1 9 turn1 makes my he>t   
beat ) anticipation ( my possible       
legacy1 s t ,i ?r[ d[n ! book & pace !  
floor excit$ly ) visions ( my future    
=tune p\r+ ?r\gh my m9d4 ,any portion ( 
! field ( consci\sness t has m          
pot5tialities ( emotional excitem5t ?an 
ano!r may ?us be r\s$ to pr$om9ant      
activity2 & ! %ift+ play ( int]e/ n[ 9  
"o portion1 n[ 9 ano!r1 deflects !      
curr5ts 9 all sorts ( zigzag ways1 !    
m5tal activity runn+ hi!r & ?i!r z !    
sp>ks run 9 burnt-up pap]4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,"o m    
po9t1 & ,i %all h said z mu* to y z     
seems necess>y ab\t ! process (         
association4  ,y j saw h[ a s+le excit+ 
^w may call up its own associates       
prepot5tly1 & deflect our :ole tra9 (   
?9k+ f ! previ\s track4 ,! fact is t e  
portion ( ! field t5ds to call up its   
own associates2 b1 if ^! associates be  
sev]ally diff]5t1 !re is rivalry1 & z   
soon z "o or a few beg9 to be effective 

! o!rs seem to get siphon$ out1 z x 71 &
 left beh9d4 ,seldom1 h[ev]1 z 9 our    
example1 does ! process seem to turn    
r\nd a s+le item 9 ! m5tal field1 or ev5
 r\nd ! entire field t is imm$iately 9 !
 act ( pass+4 ,x is a matt] (           
con/ellation1 into :i* portions ( fields
 t are already pa/ especially seem to   
ent] & h _! say4 ,?us1 to g back to     
',locksley ,hall1' ea* ^w z ,i recite x 
9 its due ord] is sugge/$ n solely by ! 
previ\s ^w n[ expir+ on my lips1 b x is 
r ! effect ( all ! previ\s words1 tak5  
toge!r1 ( ! v]se4 ,ages1 = example1     
calls up 9 ! =emo/ files ( "t1 :5 prec$$
 by ,i1 ! heir ( all !--2 b1 :5 prec$$  
by = ,i d\bt n ?r\gh !1--x calls up "o  
increas+ purpose runs4 ,simil>ly1 if ,i 
write on ! blackbo>d ! lett]s ,a ,b ,c  
,d ,e ,f1444 !y probably sugge/ to y ,g 
,h ,i4444 ,b1 if ,i write ,a ,b ,a ,d ,d
 ,e ,f1 if !y sugge/ any?+1 !y sugge/ z 
_! complem5t ,e ,c ,t or ,e ,f ,i ,c ,i 
,e ,n ,c ,y4 ,! result dep5d+ on ! total
 con/ellation1 ev5 ?\gh mo/ ( ! s+le    

items be ! same4  ,my practical reason =
 m5tion+ ?is law is ?is1 t x foll[s f x 
t1 9 work+ associations into y\r pupils'
 m9ds1 y mu/ n rely on s+le cues1 b     
multiply ! cues z mu* z possible4 ,c\ple
 ! desir$ reaction ) num]\s             
con/ellations ( antec$5ts1--don't always
 ask ! "q1 = example1 9 ! same way2     
don't use ! same k9d ( data 9 num]ical  
problems2 v>y y\r illu/rations1 etc41 z 
mu* z y c4 ,:5 we come to ! subject (   
memory1 we %all le>n /ill m ab\t ?is4   
,s mu*1 !n1 = ! g5]al subject (         
association4 ,9 leav+ x = o!r topics 79 
:i*1 h[ev]1 we %all abundantly f9d x    
involv$ aga971 ,i _c too /rongly urge y 
to acquire a habit ( ?9k+ ( y\r pupils 9
 associative t]ms4 ,all gov]nors (      
mank9d1 f doctors & jail-w>d5s to       
demagogues & /atesm51 in/9ctively come s
 to conceive _! *>ges4 ,if y d ! same1  
?9k+ ( !m 7h[ev] else y may ?9k ( !m    
besides7 z s _m little sy/ems (         
associat+ ma*9]y1 y w be a/oni%$ at !   
intimacy ( insight into _! op]ations &  

at ! practicality ( ! results :i* y w   
ga94 ,we ?9k ( our acqua9tances1 =      
example1 z *>act]iz$ by c]ta9           
't5d5cies4' ,^! t5d5cies w 9 almo/ e    
in/ance prove to be t5d5cies to         
association4 ,c]ta9 ideas 9 !m are      
always foll[$ by c]ta9 o!r ideas1 ^! by 
c]ta9 feel+s & impulses to approve or   
disapprove1 ass5t or decl9e4 ,if ! topic
 ar\se "o ( ^? fir/ ideas1 ! practical  
outcome c be pretty well =ese54 ',types 
( "*' 9 %ort are l>gely types (         
association4     ,x4 ,,int]e/   ,at our 
la/ meet+ ,i treat$ ( ! native t5d5cies 
( ! pupil to react 9 *>act]i/ically     
def9ite ways ^u diff]5t /imuli or excit+
 circum/ances4 ,9 fact1 ,i treat$ ( !   
pupil's in/9cts4 ,n[ "s situations      
appeal to special in/9cts f ! v outset1 
& o!rs fail to d s until ! prop]        
connections h be5 organiz$ 9 ! c\rse ( !
 p]son's tra9+4 ,we say ( ! =m] set (   
objects or situations t !y are int]e/+ 9
 !mselves & orig9ally4 ,( ! latt] we say
 t !y are natively un9t]e/+1 & t int]e/ 

9 !m has fir/ to be acquir$4  ,no topic 
has receiv$ m att5tion f p$agogical     
writ]s ?an t ( int]e/4 ,x is ! natural  
sequel to ! in/9cts we s lately         
discuss$1 & x is !re=e well fitt$ to be 
! next subject :i* we take up4  ,s9ce "s
 objects are natively int]e/+ & 9 o!rs  
int]e/ is artificially acquir$1 ! tea*] 
mu/ "k :i* ! natively int]e/+ ones are2 
=1 z we %all see imm$iately1 o!r objects
 c artificially acquire an int]e/ only  
?r\gh fir/ becom+ associat$ ) "s ( ^!   
natively int]e/+ ?+s4  ,! native int]e/s
 ( *ildr5 lie altoge!r 9 ! sph]e (      
s5sation4 ,novel ?+s to look at or novel
 s\nds to he>1 especially :5 !y involve 
! spectacle ( action ( a viol5t sort1 w 
always div]t ! att5tion f ab/ract       
conceptions ( objects v]bally tak5 94 ,!
 grimace t ,johnny is mak+1 ! spitballs 
t ,tommy is ready to ?r[1 ! dog-fight 9 
! /reet1 or ! di/ant firebells r++1--^! 
are ! rivals ) :i* ! tea*]'s p[]s ( be+ 
int]e/+ h incessantly to cope4 ,! *ild w
 always att5d m to :at a tea*] does ?an 

to :at ! same tea*] says4 ,dur+ !       
p]=mance ( exp]im5ts or :ile ! tea*] is 
draw+ on ! blackbo>d1 ! *ildr5 are      
tranquil & absorb$4 ,i h se5 a roomful (
 college /ud5ts sudd5ly become p]fectly 
/ill1 to look at _! pr(essor ( physics  
tie a piece ( /r+ ar\nd a /ick :i* he 0 
go+ to use 9 an exp]im5t1 b imm$iately  
gr[ re/less :5 he began to expla9 !     
exp]im5t4 ,a lady told me t "o day1 dur+
 a lesson1 %e 0 delight$ at hav+ captur$
 s completely ! att5tion ( "o ( h] "y   
*>ges4 ,he did n remove 8 eyes f h]     
face2 b he said to h] aft] ! lesson 0   
ov]1 ,i look$ at y all ! "t1 & y\r upp] 
jaw did n move once6 ,t 0 ! only fact t 
he _h tak5 94  ,liv+ ?+s1 !n1 mov+ ?+s1 
or ?+s t savor ( dang] or ( blood1 t h a
 dramatic quality1--^! are ! objects    
natively int]e/+ to *ildhood1 to !      
exclusion ( almo/ ev]y?+ else2 & ! tea*]
 ( "y *ildr51 until m artificial int]e/s
 h gr[n up1 w keep 9 t\* ) h] pupils by 
con/ant appeal to su* matt]s z ^!4      
,in/ruction mu/ be c>ri$ on objectively1

 exp]im5tally1 anecdotally4 ,!          
blackbo>d-draw+ & /ory-tell+ mu/        
con/antly come 94 ,b ( c\rse ^! me?ods  
cov] only ! fir/ /eps1 & c>ry "o b a    
little way4  ,c we n[ =mulate any g5]al 
pr9ciple by :i* ! lat] & m artificial   
int]e/s connect !mselves ) ^! e>ly ones 
t ! *ild br+s ) him to ! s*ool8         
,=tunately1 we c3 !re is a v simple law 
t relates ! acquir$ & ! native int]e/s )
 ea* o!r4  ,any object n int]e/+ 9      
itself may become int]e/+ ?r\gh becom+  
associat$ ) an object 9 :i* an int]e/   
already exi/s4 ,! two associat$ objects 
gr[1 z x 71 toge!r3 ! int]e/+ portion   
%$s its quality ov] ! :ole2 & ?us ?+s n 
int]e/+ 9 _! own "r borr[ an int]e/ :i* 
becomes z real & z /rong z t ( any      
natively int]e/+ ?+4 ,! odd circum/ance 
is t ! borr[+ does n impov]i% ! s\rce1 !
 objects tak5 toge!r be+ m int]e/+1     
p]haps1 ?an ! orig9ally int]e/+ portion 
0 by itself4  ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+  
pro(s ( ! range ( application ( !       
pr9ciple ( association ( ideas 9        

psy*ology4 ,an idea w infect ano!r ) its
 own emotional int]e/ :5 !y h become bo?
 associat$ toge!r into any sort ( a     
m5tal total4 ,z !re is no limit to !    
v>i\s associations into :i* an int]e/+  
idea may ent]1 "o sees 9 h[ _m ways an  
int]e/ may be d]iv$4  ,y w und]/& ?is   
ab/ract /atem5t easily if ,i take ! mo/ 
frequ5t ( concrete examples1--! int]e/  
:i* ?+s borr[ f _! connection ) our own 
p]sonal welf>e4 ,! mo/ natively int]e/+ 
object to a man is 8 own p]sonal self & 
its =tunes4 ,we accord+ly see t ! mom5t 
a ?+ becomes connect$ ) ! =tunes ( !    
self1 x =?) becomes an int]e/+ ?+4 ,l5d 
! *ild 8 books1 p5cils1 & o!r app>atus3 
!n give !m to him1 make !m 8 own1 &     
notice ! new light ) :i* !y in/antly %9e
 9 8 eyes4 ,he takes a new k9d ( c>e (  
!m altoge!r4 ,9 mature life1 all !      
drudg]y ( a man's bus9ess or pr(ession1 
intol]able 9 itself1 is %ot ?r\gh )     
engross+ significance because he kn[s x 
to be associat$ ) 8 p]sonal =tunes4 ,:at
 m deadly un9t]e/+ object c !re be ?an a

 railroad "t-table8 ,yet :]e w y f9d a m
 int]e/+ object if y are go+ on a       
j\rney1 & by its means c f9d y\r tra98  
,at su* times ! "t-table w absorb a     
man's entire att5tion1 its int]e/ be+   
borr[$ solely f its relation to 8       
p]sonal life4 ,f all ^! facts !re em]ges
 a v simple ab/ract programme = ! tea*] 
to foll[ 9 keep+ ! att5tion ( ! *ild3   
,beg9 ) ! l9e ( 8 native int]e/s1 & (f] 
him objects t h "s imm$iate connection )
 ^!4 ,! k9d]g>t5 me?ods1 ! object-tea*+ 
r\t9e1 ! blackbo>d & manual-tra9+       
"w1--all recognize ?is feature4 ,s*ools 
9 :i* ^! me?ods prepond]ate are s*ools  
:]e discipl9e is easy1 & :]e ! voice ( !
 ma/] claim+ ord] & att5tion 9 ?reat5+  
tones ne$ nev] be he>d4  ,next1 /ep by  
/ep1 connect ) ^! fir/ objects &        
exp]i5ces ! lat] objects & ideas :i* y  
wi% to in/ill4 ,associate ! new ) ! old 
9 "s natural & tell+ way1 s t ! int]e/1 
be+ %$ along f po9t to po9t1 f9ally     
suffuses ! entire sy/em ( objects (     
?\ght4  ,?is is ! ab/ract /atem5t2 &1   

ab/ractly1 no?+ c be easi] to und]/&4 ,x
 is 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! rule t !          
difficulty lies2 = ! diff]5ce betwe5 an 
int]e/+ & a t$i\s tea*] consi/s 9 little
 m ?an ! inv5tiv5ess by :i* ! "o is able
 to m$iate ^! associations &            
connections1 & 9 ! dulness 9 discov]+   
su* transitions :i* ! o!r %[s4 ,"o      
tea*]'s m9d w fairly coruscate ) po9ts (
 connection betwe5 ! new lesson & !     
circum/ances ( ! *ildr5's o!r exp]i5ce4 
,anecdotes & rem9isc5ces w ab\nd 9 h]   
talk2 & ! %uttle ( int]e/ w %oot backw>d
 & =w>d1 weav+ ! new & ! old toge!r 9 a 
lively & ent]ta9+ way4 ,ano!r tea*] has 
no su* inv5tive f]tility1 & 8 lesson w  
always be a dead & heavy ?+4 ,?is is !  
psy*ological mean+ ( ! ,h]b>tian        
pr9ciple ( 'prep>ation' = ea* lesson1 & 
( correlat+ ! new ) ! old4 ,x is !      
psy*ological mean+ ( t :ole me?od (     
conc5tration 9 /udies ( :i* y h be5     
rec5tly he>+ s mu*4 ,:5 ! geography &   
,engli% & hi/ory & ari?metic            
simultane\sly make cross-ref]5ces to "o 

ano!r1 y get an int]e/+ set ( processes 
all along ! l9e4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,if1 !n1 y wi% to 
insure ! int]e/ ( y\r pupils1 !re is    
only "o way to d x2 & t is to make c]ta9
 t !y h some?+ 9 _! m9ds to att5d )1 :5 
y beg9 to talk4 ,t some?+ c consi/ 9    
no?+ b a previ\s lot ( ideas already    
int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 & ( su* a nature t !
 incom+ novel objects :i* y pres5t c    
dovetail into !m & =m ) !m "s k9d ( a   
logically associat$ or sy/ematic :ole4  
,=tunately1 almo/ any k9d ( a connection
 is suffici5t to c>ry ! int]e/ along4   
,:at a help is our ,philipp9e w> at     
pres5t 9 tea*+ geography6 ,b be=e ! w> y
 c\ld ask ! *ildr5 if !y ate pepp] ) _! 
eggs1 & :]e !y suppos$ ! pepp] came f4  
,or ask !m if glass is a /one1 &1 if n1 
:y n2 & !n let !m "k h[ /ones are =m$ & 
glass manufactur$4 ,ext]nal l9ks w s]ve 
z well z ^? t are deep] & m logical4 ,b 
int]e/1 once %$ ^u a subject1 is liable 
to rema9 always ) t subject4 ,our       
acquisitions become 9 a measure portions

 ( our p]sonal self2 & little by little1
 z cross-associations multiply & habits 
( famili>ity & practice gr[1 ! entire   
sy/em ( our objects ( ?\ght             
consolidates1 mo/ ( x becom+ int]e/+ =  
"s purposes & 9 "s degree4  ,an adult   
man's int]e/s are almo/ e "o ( !m       
int5sely artificial3 !y h sl[ly be5     
built up4 ,! objects ( pr(essional      
int]e/ are mo/ ( !m1 9 _! orig9al       
nature1 repulsive2 b by _! connection ) 
su* natively excit+ objects z "o's      
p]sonal =tune1 "o's social              
responsibilities1 & especially by ! =ce 
( invet]ate habit1 !y gr[ to be ! only  
?+s = :i* 9 middle life a man pr(\ndly  
c>es4  ,b 9 all ^! ! spread &           
consolidation h foll[$ no?+ b !         
pr9ciples fir/ laid d[n4 ,if we c\ld    
recall = a mom5t our :ole individual    
hi/ory1 we %\ld see t our pr(essional   
ideals & ! zeal !y inspire are due to   
no?+ b ! sl[ accretion ( "o m5tal object
 to ano!r1 traceable backw>d f po9t to  
po9t till we rea* ! mom5t :51 9 ! nurs]y

 or 9 ! s*oolroom1 "s little /ory told1 
"s little object %[n1 "s little op]ation
 witness$1 br\ght ! fir/ new object &   
new int]e/ )9 our k5 by associat+ x ) "s
 "o ( ^? primitively !re4 ,! int]e/ n[  
suffus+ ! :ole sy/em took its rise 9 t  
little ev5t1 s insignificant to u n[ z  
to be entirely =gott54 ,z ! bees 9 sw>m+
 cl+ to "o ano!r 9 lay]s till ! few are 
rea*$ ^: feet grapple ! b\gh f :i* !    
sw>m dep5ds2 s ) ! objects ( our        
?9k+1--!y hang to ea* o!r by associat$  
l9ks1 b ! orig9al s\rce ( int]e/ 9 all (
 !m is ! native int]e/ :i* ! e>lie/ "o  
once possess$4     ,,xi4 ,,att5tion     
,:oev] treats ( int]e/ inevitably treats
 ( att5tion1 = to say t an object is    
int]e/+ is only ano!r way ( say+ t x    
excites att5tion4 ,b 9 addition to !    
att5tion :i* any object already int]e/+ 
or j becom+ int]e/+ claims--passive     
att5tion or spontane\s att5tion1 we may 
call x--!re is a m delib]ate            
att5tion1--volunt>y att5tion or att5tion
 ) ef=t1 z x is call$1--:i* we c give to

 objects less int]e/+ or un9t]e/+ 9     
!mselves4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 active &  
passive att5tion is made 9 all books on 
psy*ology1 & connects itself ) ! deep]  
aspects ( ! topic4 ,f our pres5t purely 
practical po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 x is n    
necess>y to be intricate2 & passive     
att5tion to natively int]e/+ mat]ial    
requires no fur!r elucidation on ?is    
occasion4 ,all t we ne$ explicitly to   
note is t1 ! m ! passive att5tion is    
reli$ on1 by keep+ ! mat]ial int]e/+2 & 
! less ! k9d ( att5tion requir+ ef=t is 
appeal$ to2 ! m smoo?ly & pleasantly !  
classroom "w goes on4 ,i mu/ say a few m
 words1 h[ev]1 ab\t ?is latt] process ( 
volunt>y & delib]ate att5tion4  ,"o (t5 
he>s x said t g5ius is no?+ b a p[] (   
su/a9$ att5tion1 & ! popul> impression  
probably prevails t m5 ( g5ius are      
rem>kable = _! volunt>y p[]s 9 ?is      
direction4 ,b a little introspective    
obs]vation w %[ any "o t volunt>y       
att5tion _c be cont9u\sly su/a9$1--t x  
comes 9 beats4 ,:5 we are /udy+ an      

un9t]e/+ subject1 if our m9d t5ds to    
w&]1 we h to br+ back our att5tion e n[ 
& !n by us+ di/9ct pulses ( ef=t1 :i*   
revivify ! topic = a mom5t1 ! m9d !n    
runn+ on = a c]ta9 numb] ( seconds or   
m9utes ) spontane\s int]e/1 until aga9  
"s int]curr5t idea captures x & takes x 
(f4 ,!n ! processes ( volitional recall 
mu/ be repeat$ once m4 ,volunt>y        
att5tion1 9 %ort1 is only a mom5t>y     
affair4 ,! process1 :atev] x is1 exhau/s
 itself 9 ! s+le act2 &1 unless ! matt] 
is !n tak5 9 h& by "s trace ( int]e/    
inh]5t 9 ! subject1 ! m9d fails to foll[
 x at all4 ,! su/a9$ att5tion ( ! g5ius1
 /ick+ to 8 subject = h\rs toge!r1 is = 
! mo/ "p ( ! passive sort4 ,! m9ds (    
g5iuses are full ( copi\s & orig9al     
associations4 ,! subject ( ?\ght1 once  
/>t$1 develops all sorts ( fasc9at+     
consequ5ces4 ,! att5tion is l$ along "o 
( ^! to ano!r 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ mann]1 & !
 att5tion nev] once t5ds to /ray away4  
,9 a commonplace m9d1 on ! o!r h&1 a    
subject develops mu* less num]\s        

associates3 x dies out !n quickly2 &1 if
 ! man is to keep up ?9k+ ( x at all1 he
 mu/ br+ 8 att5tion back to x by a      
viol5t wr5*4 ,9 him1 !re=e1 ! faculty ( 
volunt>y att5tion receives abundant     
opportunity = cultivation 9 daily life4 
,x is y\r despis$ bus9ess man1 y\r      
common man ( affairs1 7s look$ d[n on by
 ! lit]>y aw>d]s ( fame7 ^: virtue 9 ?is
 reg>d is likely to be mo/ develop$2 =  
he has to li/5 to ! conc]ns ( s _m      
un9t]e/+ p1 & to transact s mu* drudg+  
detail1 t ! faculty 9 "q is always kept 
9 tra9+4 ,a g5ius1 on ! contr>y1 is !   
man 9 :om y are lea/ likely to f9d ! p[]
 ( att5d+ to any?+ insipid or di/a/eful 
9 itself4 ,he breaks 8 engagem5ts1      
leaves 8 lett]s unansw]$1 neglects 8    
family duties incorrigibly1 because he  
is p[]less to turn 8 att5tion d[n & back
 f ^? m int]e/+ tra9s ( imag]y ) :i* 8  
g5ius con/antly occupies 8 m9d4         
,volunt>y att5tion is ?us an ess5tially 
in/antane\s affair4 ,y c claim x1 = y\r 
purposes 9 ! s*oolroom1 by comm&+ x 9   

l\d1 imp]i\s tones2 & y c easily get x 9
 ?is way4 ,b1 unless ! subject to :i* y 
?us recall _! att5tion has inh]5t p[] to
 int]e/ ! pupils1 y w h got x = only a  
brief mom5t2 & _! m9ds w soon be w&]+   
aga94 ,to keep !m :]e y h call$ !m1 y   
mu/ make ! subject too int]e/+ = !m to  
w&] aga94 ,& = t !re is "o prescription2
 b ! prescription1 l all our            
prescriptions1 is ab/ract1 &1 to get    
practical results f x1 y mu/ c\ple x )  
"m-wit4  ,! prescription is t ! subject 
mu/ be made to %[ new aspects ( itself2 
to prompt new que/ions2 9 a ^w1 to      
*ange4 ,f an un*ang+ subject ! att5tion 
inevitably w&]s away4 ,y c te/ ?is by ! 
simple/ possible case ( s5sorial        
att5tion4 ,try to att5d /eadfa/ly to a  
dot on ! pap] or on ! wall4 ,y pres5tly 
f9d t "o or ! o!r ( two ?+s has happ5$3 
ei!r y\r field ( vision has become      
blurr$1 s t y n[ see no?+ di/9ct at all1
 or else y h involunt>ily ceas$ to look 
at ! dot 9 "q1 & are look+ at some?+    
else4 ,b1 if y ask y\rself successive   

que/ions ab\t ! dot1--h[ big x is1 h[   
f>1 ( :at %ape1 :at %ade ( color1 etc42 
9 o!r words1 if y turn x ov]1 if y ?9k (
 x 9 v>i\s ways1 & along ) v>i\s k9ds ( 
associates1--y c keep y\r m9d on x = a  
comp>atively long "t4 ,?is is :at !     
g5ius does1 9 ^: h&s a giv5 topic       
coruscates & gr[s4 ,& ?is is :at ! tea*]
 mu/ d = e topic if he wi%es to avoid   
too frequ5t appeals to volunt>y att5tion
 ( ! co]c$ sort4 ,9 all respects1       
reliance ^u su* att5tion z ?is is a     
wa/eful me?od1 br++ bad temp] & n]v\s   
we> & te> z well z imp]fect results4 ,! 
tea*] :o c get along by keep+ spontane\s
 int]e/ excit$ mu/ be reg>d$ z ! tea*] )
 ! greate/ skill4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 all
 s*oolroom "w a l>ge mass ( mat]ial t   
mu/ be dull & unexcit+1 & to :i* x is   
impossible 9 any cont9u\s way to        
contribute an int]e/ associatively      
d]iv$4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 c]ta9 ext]nal   
me?ods1 :i* e tea*] kn[s1 ( volunt>ily  
ar\s+ ! att5tion f "t to "t & keep+ x ^u
 ! subject4 ,mr4 ,fit* has a lecture on 

! art ( secur+ att5tion1 & he briefly   
passes ^! me?ods 9 review2 ! po/ure mu/ 
be *ang$2 places c be *ang$4 ,que/ions1 
aft] be+ answ]$ s+ly1 may occasionally  
be answ]$ 9 conc]t4 ,elliptical que/ions
 may be ask$1 ! pupil supply+ ! miss+   
^w4 ,! tea*] mu/ p\nce ^u ! mo/ li/less 
*ild & wake him up4 ,! habit ( prompt & 
ready response mu/ be kept up4          
,recapitulations1 illu/rations1         
examples1 novelty ( ord]1 & ruptures (  
r\t9e1--all ^! are means = keep+ !      
att5tion alive & contribut+ a little    
int]e/ to a dull subject4 ,above all1 ! 
tea*] mu/ himself be alive & ready1 &   
mu/ use ! contagion ( 8 own example4    
,b1 :5 all is said & done1 ! fact rema9s
 t "s tea*]s h a naturally inspir+      
pres5ce1 & c make _! ex]cises int]e/+1  
:ile o!rs simply _c4 ,& psy*ology &     
g5]al p$agogy "h confess _! failure1 &  
h& ?+s ov] to ! deep] spr+s ( human     
p]sonality to conduct ! task4         99
       99       99       99       99  ,a
 brief ref]5ce to ! physiological !ory (

 ! att5tive process may s]ve /ill fur!r 
to elucidate ^! practical rem>ks1 &     
confirm !m by %[+ !m f a slightly       
diff]5t po9t ( view4  ,:at is ! att5tive
 process1 psy*ologically consid]$8      
,att5tion to an object is :at takes     
place :5ev] t object mo/ completely     
occupies ! m9d4 ,= simplicity's sake    
suppose ! object be an object (         
s5sation1--a figure approa*+ u at a     
di/ance on ! road4 ,x is f> (f1 b>ely   
p]ceptible1 & h>dly mov+3 we d n "k )   
c]ta9ty :e!r x is a man or n4 ,su* an   
object z ?is1 if c>elessly look$ at1 may
 h>dly cat* our att5tion at all4 ,!     
optical impression may affect solely !  
m>g9al consci\sness1 :ile ! m5tal focus 
keeps engag$ ) rival ?+s4 ,we may inde$ 
n 'see' x till "s "o po9ts x out4 ,b1 if
 s1 h[ does he po9t x out8 ,by 8 f+]1 & 
by describ+ its appe>ance1--by creat+ a 
premonitory image ( :]e to look & ( :at 
to expect to see4 ,?is premonitory image
 is already an excitem5t ( ! same       
n]ve-c5tres t are to be conc]n$ ) !     

impression4 ,! impression comes1 &      
excites !m /ill fur!r2 & n[ ! object    
ent]s ! focus ( ! field1 consci\sness   
be+ su/a9$ bo? by impression & by       
prelim9>y idea4 ,b ! maximum ( att5tion 
to x is n yet rea*$4 ,al?\gh we see x1  
we may n c>e = x2 x may sugge/ no?+     
important to u2 & a rival /ream (       
objects or ( ?\ghts may quickly take our
 m9d away4 ,if1 h[ev]1 our companion    
def9es x 9 a significant way1 ar\ses 9 !
 m9d a set ( exp]i5ces to be appreh5d$ f
 x1--names x an enemy or z a mess5g] (  
important tid+s1--! residual & m>g9al   
ideas n[ ar\s$1 s f> f be+ its rivals1  
become its associates & allies4 ,!y %oot
 toge!r into "o sy/em ) x2 !y conv]ge ^u
 x2 !y keep x /eadily 9 focus2 ! m9d    
att5ds to x ) maximum p[]4  ,! att5tive 
process1 !re=e1 at its maximum may be   
physiologically symboliz$ by a bra9-cell
 play$ on 9 two ways1 f )\t & f )94     
,incom+ curr5ts f ! p]iph]y ar\se x1 &  
collat]al curr5ts f ! c5tres ( memory & 
imag9ation re-en=ce ^!4  ,9 ?is process 

! incom+ impression is ! new] elem5t2 ! 
ideas :i* re-en=ce & su/a9 x are among !
 old] possessions ( ! m9d4 ,& ! maximum 
( att5tion may !n be said to be f\nd    
:5ev] we h a sy/ematic h>mony or        
unification betwe5 ! novel & ! old4 ,x  
is an odd circum/ance t nei!r ! old nor 
! new1 by itself1 is int]e/+3 !         
absolutely old is insipid2 ! absolutely 
new makes no appeal at all4 ,! old 9 !  
new is :at claims ! att5tion1--! old ) a
 slightly new turn4 ,no "o wants to he> 
a lecture on a subject completely       
disconnect$ ) 8 previ\s k1 b we all l   
lectures on subjects ( :i* we "k a      
little already1 j z1 9 ! fa%ions1 e ye> 
mu/ br+ its slight modification ( la/   
ye>'s suit1 b an abrupt jump f ! fa%ion 
( "o decade into ano!r w\ld be di/a/eful
 to ! eye4  ,! g5ius ( ! int]e/+ tea*]  
consi/s 9 sympa!tic div9ation ( ! sort (
 mat]ial ) :i* ! pupil's m9d is likely  
to be already spontane\sly engag$1 & 9 !
 +5uity :i* discov]s pa?s ( connection f
 t mat]ial to ! matt]s to be newly      

le>n$4 ,! pr9ciple is easy to grasp1 b !
 accompli%m5t is difficult 9 ! extreme4 
,& a k ( su* psy*ology z ?is :i* ,i am  
recall+ c no m make a good tea*] ?an a k
 ( ! laws ( p]spective c make a l&scape 
pa9t] ( effective skill4  ,a c]ta9 d\bt 
may n[ occur to "s ( y4 ,a :ile ago1    
apropos ( ! pugnaci\s in/9ct1 ,i spoke (
 our mod]n p$agogy z be+ possibly too   
's(t4' ,y may p]haps "h face me ) my own
 words1 & ask :e!r ! exclusive ef=t on !
 tea*]'s "p to keep ! pupil's spontane\s
 int]e/ go+1 & to avoid ! m /r5u\s pa? (
 volunt>y att5tion to repulsive "w1 does
 n savor also ( s5tim5talism4 ,! great] 
"p ( s*oolroom "w1 y say1 mu/1 9 !      
nature ( ?+s1 always be repulsive4 ,to  
face un9t]e/+ drudg]y is a good "p (    
life's "w4 ,:y seek to elim9ate x f !   
s*oolroom or m9imize ! /]n] law8  ,a ^w 
or two w obviate :at might p]haps become
 a s]i\s misund]/&+ "h4  ,x is c]ta9 t  
mo/ s*oolroom "w1 till x has become     
habitual & automatic1 is repulsive1 & _c
 be done )\t volunt>ily j]k+ back !     

att5tion to x e n[ & !n4 ,?is is        
inevitable1 let ! tea*] d :at he w4  ,x 
fl[s f ! inh]5t nature ( ! subjects & ( 
! le>n+ m9d4 ,! repulsive processes (   
v]bal memoriz+1 ( discov]+ /eps (       
ma!matical id5tity1 & ! l1 mu/ borr[ _! 
int]e/ at fir/ f purely ext]nal s\rces1 
ma9ly f ! p]sonal int]e/s ) :i* success 
9 ma/]+ !m is associat$1 su* z ga9+ (   
rank1 avoid+ puni%m5t1 n be+ beat5 by a 
difficulty & ! l4 ,)\t su* borr[$       
int]e/1 ! *ild c\ld n att5d to !m at    
all4 ,b 9 ^! processes :at becomes      
int]e/+ en\gh to be att5d$ to is n !reby
 att5d$ to )\t ef=t4 ,ef=t always has to
 g on1 d]iv$ int]e/1 = ! mo/ "p1 n      
awak5+ att5tion t is easy1 h[ev]        
spontane\s x may n[ h to be call$4 ,!   
int]e/ :i* ! tea*]1 by 8 utmo/ skill1 c 
l5d to ! subject1 proves ov] & ov] aga9 
to be only an int]e/ suffici5t to let   
loose ! ef=t4 ,! tea*]1 !re=e1 ne$ nev] 
conc]n himself ab\t inv5t+ occasions :]e
 ef=t mu/ be call$ into play4 ,let him  
/ill awak5 :atev] s\rces ( int]e/ 9 !   

subject he c by /irr+ up connections    
betwe5 x & ! pupil's nature1 :e!r 9 !   
l9e ( !oretic curiosity1 ( p]sonal      
int]e/1 or ( pugnaci\s impulse4 ,! laws 
( m9d w !n br+ en\gh pulses ( ef=t into 
play to keep ! pupil ex]cis$ 9 !        
direction ( ! subject4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 
no great] s*ool ( ef=t ?an ! /eady      
/ruggle to att5d to imm$iately repulsive
 or difficult objects ( ?\ght :i* h gr[n
 to int]e/ u ?r\gh _! association z     
means1 ) "s remote ideal end4  ,!       
,h]b>tian doctr9e ( int]e/ ought n1     
!re=e1 9 pr9ciple to be reproa*$ ) mak+ 
p$agogy s(t4 ,if x d s1 x is because x  
is un9tellig5tly c>ri$ on4 ,d n1 !n1 = !
 m]e sake ( discipl9e1 comm& att5tion f 
y\r pupils 9 ?und]+ tones4 ,d n too (t5 
beg x f !m z a favor1 nor claim x z a   
"r1 nor try habitually to excite x by   
prea*+ ! importance ( ! subject4        
,sometimes1 inde$1 y mu/ d ^! ?+s2 b1 ! 
m y h to d !m1 ! less skilful tea*] y w 
%[ y\rself to be4 ,elicit int]e/ f )91  
by ! w>m? ) :i* y c>e = ! topic y\rself1

 & by foll[+ ! laws ,i h laid d[n4  ,if 
! topic be highly ab/ract1 %[ its nature
 by concrete examples4 ,if x be         
unfamili>1 trace "s po9t ( analogy 9 x )
 ! kn[n4 ,if x be inhuman1 make x figure
 z "p ( a /ory4 ,if x be difficult1     
c\ple its acquisition ) "s prospect (   
p]sonal ga94 ,above all ?+s1 make sure t
 x %all run ?r\gh c]ta9 inn] *anges1    
s9ce no unv>y+ object c possibly hold ! 
m5tal field = long4 ,let y\r pupil w&] f
 "o aspect to ano!r ( y\r subject1 if y 
d n wi% him to w&] f x altoge!r to      
some?+ else1 v>iety 9 unity be+ ! secret
 ( all int]e/+ talk & ?\ght4 ,! relation
 ( all ^! ?+s to ! native g5ius ( !     
in/ructor is too obvi\s to ne$ comm5t   
aga94  ,"o m po9t1 & ,i am done ) !     
subject ( att5tion4 ,!re is             
unque/ionably a great native v>iety     
among individuals 9 ! type ( _!         
att5tion4 ,"s ( u are naturally         
scatt]bra9$1 & o!rs foll[ easily a tra9 
( connect$ ?\ghts )\t temptation to     
sw]ve aside to o!r subjects4 ,?is seems 

to dep5d on a diff]5ce betwe5           
individuals 9 ! type ( _! field (       
consci\sness4 ,9 "s p]sons ?is is highly
 focaliz$ & conc5trat$1 & ! focal ideas 
pr$om9ate 9 det]m9+ association4 ,9 o!rs
 we mu/ suppose ! m>g9 to be bright]1 & 
to be fill$ ) some?+ l meteoric %[]s (  
images1 :i* /rike into x at r&om1       
displac+ ! focal ideas1 & c>ry+         
association 9 _! own direction4 ,p]sons 
( ! latt] type f9d _! att5tion w&]+ e   
m9ute1 & mu/ br+ x back by a volunt>y   
pull4 ,! o!rs s9k into a subject (      
m$itation deeply1 &1 :5 int]rupt$1 are  
'lo/' = a mom5t be=e !y come back to !  
out] _w4  ,! possession ( su* a /eady   
faculty ( att5tion is unque/ionably a   
great boon4 ,^? :o h x c "w m rapidly1 &
 ) less n]v\s we> & te>4 ,i am incl9$ to
 ?9k t no "o :o is )\t x naturally c by 
any am\nt ( drill or discipl9e atta9 x 9
 a v high degree4 ,its am\nt is probably
 a fix$ *>act]i/ic ( ! individual4 ,b ,i
 wi% to make a rem>k "h :i* ,i %all h   
occasion to make aga9 9 o!r connections4

 ,x is t no "o ne$ deplore unduly !     
inf]iority 9 himself ( any "o elem5t>y  
faculty4 ,?is conc5trat$ type ( att5tion
 is an elem5t>y faculty3 x is "o ( ! ?+s
 t might be asc]ta9$ & measur$ by       
ex]cises 9 ! laboratory4 ,b1 hav+       
asc]ta9$ x 9 a numb] ( p]sons1 we c\ld  
nev] rank !m 9 a scale ( actual &       
practical m5tal effici5cy bas$ on its   
degrees4 ,! total m5tal effici5cy ( a   
man is ! resultant ( ! work+ toge!r (   
all 8 faculties4 ,he is too complex a   
be+ = any "o ( !m to h ! ca/+ vote4 ,if 
any "o ( !m d h ! ca/+ vote1 x is m     
likely to be ! /r5g? ( 8 desire &       
passion1 ! /r5g? ( ! int]e/ he takes 9  
:at is propos$4 ,conc5tration1 memory1  
reason+ p[]1 inv5tiv5ess1 excell5ce ( ! 
s5ses1--all are subsidi>y to ?is4 ,no   
matt] h[ scatt]-bra9$ ! type ( a man's  
successive fields ( consci\sness may be1
 if he really c>e = a subject1 he w     
return to x incessantly f 8 incessant   
w&]+s1 & fir/ & la/ d m ) x1 & get m    
results f x1 ?an ano!r p]son ^: att5tion

 may be m cont9u\s dur+ a giv5 int]val1 
b ^: passion = ! subject is ( a m       
languid & less p]man5t sort4 ,"s ( ! mo/
 effici5t work]s ,i "k are ( !          
ultra-scatt]bra9$ type4 ,"o fri5d1 :o   
does a prodigi\s quantity ( "w1 has 9   
fact confess$ to me t1 if he wants to   
get ideas on any subject1 he sits d[n to
 "w at some?+ else1 8 be/ results com+  
?r\gh 8 m9d-w&]+s4 ,?is is p]haps an    
epigrammatic exagg]ation on 8 "p2 b ,i  
s]i\sly ?9k t no "o ( u ne$ be too mu*  
di/ress$ at 8 own %ortcom+s 9 ?is reg>d4
 ,our m9d may enjoy b little com=t1 may 
be re/less & feel confus$2 b x may be   
extremely effici5t all ! same4          
,,xii4 ,,memory   ,we are foll[+ a      
some:at arbitr>y ord]4 ,s9ce ea* & e    
faculty we possess is ei!r 9 :ole or 9  
"p a resultant ( ! play ( our           
associations1 x w\ld h be5 z natural1   
aft] treat+ ( association1 to treat (   
memory z to treat ( int]e/ & att5tion   
next4 ,b1 s9ce we did take ! latt]      
op]ations fir/1 we mu/ take memory n[   

)\t f>!r delay2 = ! ph5om5a ( memory are
 among ! simple/ & mo/ imm$iate         
consequ5ces ( ! fact t our m9d is       
ess5tially an associat+ ma*9e4 ,!re is  
no m pre-em95t example = exhibit+ !     
f]tility ( ! laws ( association z       
pr9ciples ( psy*ological analysis4      
,memory1 moreov]1 is s important a      
faculty 9 ! s*oolroom t y are probably  
wait+ ) "s eag]ness to "k :at psy*ology 
has to say ab\t x = y\r help4  ,9 old   
times1 if y ask$ a p]son to expla9 :y he
 came to be rememb]+ at t mom5t "s      
p>ticul> incid5t 9 8 previ\s life1 !    
only reply he c\ld make 0 t 8 s\l is    
end[$ ) a faculty call$ memory2 t x is !
 inali5able function ( ?is faculty to   
recollect2 & t1 !re=e1 he necess>ily at 
t mom5t mu/ h a cognition ( t portion ( 
! pa/4 ,?is explanation by a 'faculty'  
is "o ?+ :i* explanation by association 
has sup]s$$ altoge!r4 ,if1 by say+ we h 
a faculty ( memory1 y mean no?+ m ?an ! 
fact t we c rememb]1 no?+ m ?an an      
ab/ract "n = our p[] inw>dly to recall !

 pa/1 !re is no h>m done3 we d h !      
faculty2 = we unque/ionably h su* a p[]4
 ,b if1 by faculty1 y mean a pr9ciple ( 
explanation ( our g5]al p[] to recall1  
y\r psy*ology is empty4 ,! associationi/
 psy*ology1 on ! o!r h&1 gives an       
explanation ( ea* p>ticul> fact (       
recollection2 &1 9 s do+1 x also gives  
an explanation ( ! g5]al faculty4 ,!    
'faculty' ( memory is ?us no real or    
ultimate explanation2 = x is itself     
expla9$ z a result ( ! association (    
ideas4  ,no?+ is easi] ?an to %[ y j :at
 ,i mean by ?is4 ,suppose ,i am sil5t = 
a mom5t1 & !n say 9 comm&+ acc5ts3      
,rememb]6 ,recollect6 ,does y\r faculty 
( memory obey ! ord]1 & reproduce any   
def9ite image f y\r pa/8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,x 
/&s />+ into vacancy1 & ask+1 ,:at k9d (
 a ?+ d y wi% me to rememb]8 ,x ne$s 9  
%ort1 a cue4 ,b1 if ,i say1 rememb] !   
date ( y\r bir?1 or rememb] :at y _h =  
breakfa/1 or rememb] ! succession (     
notes 9 ! musical scale2 !n y\r faculty 
( memory imm$iately produces ! requir$  

result3 ! 'cue' det]m9es its va/ set (  
pot5tialities t[>d a p>ticul> po9t4 ,&  
if y n[ look to see h[ ?is happ5s1 y    
imm$iately p]ceive t ! cue is some?+    
contigu\sly associat$ ) ! ?+ recall$4 ,!
 words1 'date ( my bir?1' h an +ra9$    
association ) a p>ticul> numb]1 mon?1 & 
ye>2 ! words1 'breakfa/ ?is morn+1' cut 
(f all o!r l9es ( recall except ^? :i*  
lead to c(fee & bacon & eggs2 ! words1  
'musical scale1' are invet]ate m5tal    
neighbors ( d1 re1 mi1 fa1 sol1 la1 etc4
 ,! laws ( association gov]n1 9 fact1   
all ! tra9s ( our ?9k+ :i* are n        
int]rupt$ by s5sations break+ on u f    
)\t4 ,:atev] appe>s 9 ! m9d mu/ be      
introduc$2 &1 :5 introduc$1 x is z !    
associate ( some?+ already !re4 ,?is is 
z true ( :at y are recollect+ z x is (  
ev]y?+ else y ?9k (4  ,reflection w %[ y
 t !re are peculi>ities 9 y\r memory :i*
 w\ld be q :imsical & unacc\ntable if we
 7 =c$ to reg>d !m z ! product ( a      
purely spiritual faculty4 ,7 memory su* 
a faculty1 grant$ to u solely = its     

practical use1 we ought to rememb]      
easie/ :atev] we mo/ ne$$ to rememb]2 & 
frequ5cy ( repetition1 rec5cy1 & ! l1   
w\ld play no "p 9 ! matt]4 ,t we %\ld   
be/ rememb] frequ5t ?+s & rec5t ?+s1 &  
=get ?+s t are anci5t or 7 exp]i5c$ only
 once1 c\ld only be reg>d$ z an         
incompreh5sible anomaly on su* a view4  
,b if we rememb] because ( our          
associations1 & if ^! are 7z !          
physiological psy*ologi/s believe7 due  
to our organiz$ bra9-pa?s1 we easily see
 h[ ! law ( rec5cy & repetition %\ld    
prevail4 ,pa?s frequ5tly & rec5tly      
pl\gh$ are ^? t lie mo/ op51 ^? :i* may 
be expect$ mo/ easily to lead to        
results4 ,! laws ( our memory1 z we f9d 
!m1 !re=e are incid5ts ( our            
associational con/itution2 &1 :5 we are 
emancipat$ f ! fle%1 x is conceivable t 
!y may no long] cont9ue to obta94  ,we  
may assume1 !n1 t recollection is a     
resultant ( our associative processes1  
^! !mselves 9 ! la/ analysis be+ mo/    
probably due to ! work+s ( our bra94    

,desc5d+ m p>ticul>ly into ! faculty (  
memory1 we h to di/+ui% betwe5 its      
pot5tial aspect z a magaz9e or /oreh\se 
& its actual aspect z recollection n[ ( 
a p>ticul> ev5t4 ,our memory conta9s all
 sorts ( items :i* we d n n[ recall1 b  
:i* we may recall1 provid$ a suffici5t  
cue be (f]$4 ,bo? ! g5]al ret5tion & !  
special recall are expla9$ by           
association4 ,an educat$ memory dep5ds  
on an organiz$ sy/em ( associations2 &  
its goodness dep5ds on two ( _!         
peculi>ities3 fir/1 on ! p]si/5cy ( !   
associations2 &1 second1 on _! numb]4   
,let u consid] ea* ( ^! po9ts 9 turn4   
,fir/1 ! p]si/5cy ( ! associations4 ,?is
 gives :at may be call$ ! quality (     
native ret5tiv5ess to ! individual4 ,if1
 z ,i ?9k we are =c$ to1 we consid] !   
bra9 to be ! organic condition by :i* ! 
ve/iges ( our exp]i5ce are associat$ )  
ea* o!r1 we may suppose t "s bra9s are  
'wax to receive & m>ble to reta94' ,!   
slighte/ impressions made on !m abide4  
,names1 dates1 prices1 anecdotes1       

quotations1 are indelibly reta9$1 _!    
sev]al elem5ts fix$ly coh]+ toge!r1 s t 
! individual soon becomes a walk+       
cyclopa$ia ( in=mation4 ,all ?is may    
occur ) no philosophic t5d5cy 9 ! m9d1  
no impulse to weave ! mat]ials acquir$  
into any?+ l a logical sy/em4 ,9 ! books
 ( anecdotes1 &1 m rec5tly1 9 !         
psy*ology-books1 we f9d record$ in/ances
 ( mon/rosities1 z we may call !m1 ( ?is
 desultory memory2 & !y are (t5 o!rwise 
v /upid m54 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 by no means 
incompatible ) a philosophic m9d2 =     
m5tal *>act]i/ics h inf9ite capacities =
 p]mutation4 ,&1 :5 bo? memory &        
philosophy comb9e toge!r 9 "o p]son1 !n 
inde$ we h ! highe/ sort ( intellectual 
effici5cy4 ,y\r ,walt] ,scotts1 y\r     
,leibnitzes1 y\r ,glad/ones1 & y\r      
,goe!s1 all y\r folio copies ( mank9d1  
belong to ?is type4 ,effici5cy on a     
colossal scale w\ld inde$ seem to       
require x4 ,=1 al?\gh y\r philosophic or
 sy/ematic m9d )\t good desultory memory
 may "k h[ to "w out results & recollect

 :]e 9 ! books to f9d !m1 ! "t lo/ 9 !  
se>*+ process h&icaps ! ?9k]1 & gives to
 ! m ready type ( individual !          
economical advantage4  ,! extreme ( !   
contra/$ type1 ! type ) associations (  
small p]si/5cy1 is f\nd 9 ^? :o h almo/ 
no desultory memory at all4 ,if !y are  
also defici5t 9 logical & sy/ematiz+    
p[]1 we call !m simply feeble           
intellects2 & no m ne$ to be said ab\t  
!m "h4 ,_! bra9-matt]1 we may imag9e1 is
 l a fluid jelly1 9 :i* impressions may 
be easily made1 b are soon clos$ ov]    
aga91 s t ! bra9 rev]ts to its orig9al  
indiff]5t /ate4  ,b x may occur "h1 j z 
9 o!r gelat9\s sub/ances1 t an          
impression w vibrate ?r\gh\t ! bra91 &  
s5d waves into o!r p>ts ( x4 ,9 cases ( 
?is sort1 al?\gh ! imm$iate impression  
may fade out quickly1 x does modify !   
c]ebral mass2 = ! pa?s x makes !re may  
rema91 & become s _m av5ues ?r\gh :i* ! 
impression may be reproduc$ if !y ev]   
get excit$ aga94 ,& its liability to    
reproduction w dep5d ( c\rse ^u ! v>iety

 ( ^! pa?s & ^u ! frequ5cy ) :i* !y are 
us$4 ,ea* pa? is 9 fact an associat$    
process1 ! numb] ( ^! associates becom+ 
?us to a great degree a sub/itute = !   
indep5d5t t5acity ( ! orig9al           
impression4 ,z ,i h else:]e writt53 ,ea*
 ( ! associates is a hook to :i* x      
hangs1 a means to fi% x up :5 sunk bel[ 
! surface4 ,toge!r !y =m a network (    
atta*m5ts by :i* x is wov5 into ! entire
 tissue ( our ?\ght4 ,! 'secret ( a good
 memory' is ?us ! secret ( =m+ div]se & 
multiple associations ) e fact we c>e to
 reta94 ,b ?is =m+ ( associations ) a   
fact1--:at is x b ?9k+ ab\t ! fact z mu*
 z possible8 ,briefly1 !n1 ( two m5 ) ! 
same outw>d exp]i5ces1 ! "o :o ?9ks ov] 
8 exp]i5ces mo/1 & weaves !m into ! mo/ 
sy/ematic relations ) ea* o!r1 w be ! "o
 ) ! be/ memory4  ,b1 if our ability to 
recollect a ?+ be s l>gely a matt] ( its
 associations ) o!r ?+s :i* ?us becomes 
its cues1 an important pa$agogic        
consequ5ce foll[s4 ,!re c be no         
improvem5t ( ! g5]al or elem5t>y faculty

 ( memory3 !re c only be improvem5t (   
our memory = special sy/ems ( associat$ 
?+s2 & ?is latt] improvem5t is due to ! 
way 9 :i* ! ?+s 9 "q are wov5 into      
association ) ea* o!r 9 ! m9d4          
,intricately or pr(\ndly wov51 !y are   
held3 disconnect$1 !y t5d to drop out j 
9 proportion z ! native bra9 ret5tiv5ess
 is poor4 ,& no am\nt ( tra9+1 drill+1  
repeat+1 & recit+ employ$ ^u ! matt] (  
"o sy/em ( objects1 ! hi/ory-sy/em1 =   
example1 w 9 ! lea/ improve ei!r !      
facility or ! durability ) :i* objects  
belong+ to a :olly disp>ate sy/em--!    
sy/em ( facts ( *emi/ry1 = in/ance--t5d 
to be reta9$4 ,t sy/em mu/ be sep>ately 
work$ into ! m9d by itself1--a *emical  
fact :i* is ?\ght ab\t 9 connection ) ! 
o!r *emical facts1 t5d+ !n to /ay1 b    
o!rwise easily dropp+ out4  ,we h1 !n1 n
 s mu* a faculty ( memory z _m faculties
 ( memory4 ,we h z _m z we h sy/ems (   
objects habitually ?\ght ( 9 connection 
) ea* o!r4 ,a giv5 object is held 9 !   
memory by ! associates x has acquir$ )9 

its own sy/em exclusively4 ,le>n+ !     
facts ( ano!r sy/em w 9 no wise help x  
to /ay 9 ! m9d1 = ! simple reason t x   
has no 'cues' )9 t o!r sy/em4  ,we see  
examples ( ?is on e h&4 ,mo/ m5 h a good
 memory = facts connect$ ) _! own       
pursuits4 ,a college a?lete1 :o rema9s a
 dunce at 8 books1 may amaze y by 8 k ( 
! 'records' at v>i\s feats & games1 &   
prove himself a walk+ diction>y ( sport+
 /ati/ics4 ,! reason is t he is         
con/antly go+ ov] ^! ?+s 9 8 m9d1 &     
comp>+ & mak+ s]ies ( !m4 ,!y =m = him1 
n s _m odd facts1 b a concept-sy/em1 s  
!y /ick4 ,s ! m]*ant rememb]s prices1 ! 
politician o!r politicians' spee*es &   
votes1 ) a copi\sness :i* a/oni%es      
outsid]s1 b :i* ! am\nt ( ?9k+ !y be/[  
on ^! subjects easily expla9s4  ,! great
 memory = facts :i* a ,d>w9 or a ,sp5c] 
reveal 9 _! books is n incompatible ) ! 
possession on _! "p ( a m9d ) only a    
middl+ degree ( physiological           
ret5tiv5ess4 ,let a man e>ly 9 life set 
himself ! task ( v]ify+ su* a !ory z t (

 evolution1 & facts w soon clu/] & cl+  
to him l grapes to _! /em4 ,_! relations
 to ! !ory w hold !m fa/2 &1 ! m ( ^! ! 
m9d is able to disc]n1 ! great] !       
erudition w become4 ,mean:ile ! !ori/   
may h little1 if any1 desultory memory4 
,unutilizable facts may be unnot$ by    
him1 & =gott5 z soon z he>d4 ,an        
ignorance almo/ z encyclop$ic z 8       
erudition may coexi/ ) ! latt]1 & hide1 
z x 71 )9 ! int]/ices ( its web4 ,^? ( y
 :o h _h mu* to d ) s*ol>s & savants w  
readily ?9k ( examples ( ! class ( m9d  
,i mean4  ,! be/ possible sort ( sy/em  
into :i* to weave an object1 m5tally1 is
 a rational sy/em1 or :at is call$ a    
'sci5ce4' ,place ! ?+ 9 its pigeon-hole 
9 a classificatory s]ies2 expla9 x      
logically by its causes1 & d$uce f x its
 necess>y effects2 f9d out ( :at natural
 law x is an in/ance1--& y !n "k x 9 !  
be/ ( all possible ways4 ,a 'sci5ce' is 
?us ! greate/ ( labor-sav+ contrivances4
 ,x relieves ! memory ( an imm5se numb] 
( details1 replac+1 z x does1 m]ely     

contigu\s associations by ! logical ones
 ( id5tity1 simil>ity1 or analogy4 ,if y
 "k a 'law1' y may dis*>ge y\r memory ( 
masses ( p>ticul> in/ances1 = ! law w   
reproduce !m = y :5ev] y require !m4 ,! 
law ( refraction1 = example3 ,if y "k t1
 y c ) a p5cil & a bit ( pap] imm$iately
 disc]n h[ a convex l5s1 a concave l5s1 
or a prism1 mu/ sev]ally alt] !         
appe>ance ( an object4 ,b1 if y don't "k
 ! g5]al law1 y mu/ *>ge y\r memory     
sep>ately ) ea* ( ! ?ree k9ds ( effect4 
,a 'philosophic' sy/em1 9 :i* all ?+s   
f\nd _! rational explanation & 7        
connect$ toge!r z causes & effects1 w\ld
 be ! p]fect mnemonic sy/em1 9 :i* !    
greate/ economy ( means w\ld br+ ab\t ! 
greate/ ri*ness ( results4 ,s t1 if we h
 poor desultory memories1 we c save     
ourselves by cultivat+ ! philosophic    
turn ( m9d4  ,!re are _m artificial     
sy/ems ( mnemonics1 "s public1 "s sold z
 secrets4 ,!y are all s _m devices =    
tra9+ u into c]ta9 me?odical & /]eotyp$ 
ways ( ?9k+ ab\t ! facts we seek to     

reta94 ,ev5 7 ,i compet5t1 ,i c\ld n "h 
g into ^! sy/ems 9 any detail4 ,b a s+le
 example1 f a popul> sy/em1 w %[ :at ,i 
mean4 ,i take ! numb]-alphabet1 ! great 
mnemonic device = recollect+ numb]s &   
dates4 ,9 ?is sy/em ea* digit is        
repres5t$ by a consonant1 ?us3 #a is t  
or d2 #b1 n2 #c1 m2 #d1 r2 #e1 l2 #f1 %1
 j1 *1 or g2 #g1 c1 k1 g1 or qu2 #h1 f  
or v2 #i1 b or p2 #j1 s1 c1 or z4       
,suppose1 n[1 y wi% to rememb] !        
velocity ( s\nd1 #a1adb feet a second3  
t1 t1 r1 n1 are ! lett]s y mu/ use4 ,!y 
make ! consonants ( tight run1 & x w\ld 
be a 'tight run' = y to keep up su* a   
spe$4 ,s #afdi1 ! date ( ! execution (  
,*>les ,i41 may be rememb]$ by ! ^w %>p1
 :i* recalls ! headsman's axe4  ,ap>t f 
! extreme difficulty ( f9d+ words t are 
appropriate 9 ?is ex]cise1 x is cle>ly  
an excessively poor1 trivial1 & silly   
way ( '?9k+' ab\t dates2 & ! way ( !    
hi/orian is mu* bett]4 ,he has a lot (  
l&m>k-dates already 9 8 m9d4 ,he kn[s ! 
hi/oric concat5ation ( ev5ts1 & c       

usually place an ev5t at its "r date 9 !
 *ronology-table1 by ?9k+ ( x 9 a       
rational way1 ref]r+ x to its antec$5ts1
 trac+ its concomitants & consequ5ces1 &
 ?us ciph]+ out its date by connect+ x )
 !irs4 ,! artificial memory-sy/ems1     
recomm5d+1 z !y d1 su* irrational me?ods
 ( ?9k+1 are only to be recomm5d$ = !   
fir/ l&m>ks 9 a sy/em1 or = su* purely  
deta*$ facts z enjoy no rational        
connection ) ! re/ ( our ideas4 ,?us !  
/ud5t ( physics may rememb] ! ord] ( !  
spectral col\rs by ! ^w vibgyor :i* _!  
initial lett]s make4 ,! /ud5t ( anatomy 
may rememb] ! position ( ! ,mitral valve
 on ! ,left side ( ! he>t by ?9k+ t     
,l4,m4 /&s also = 'long met]' 9 !       
hymn-books4  ,y n[ see :y 'cramm+' mu/  
be s poor a mode ( /udy4 ,cramm+ seeks  
to /amp ?+s 9 by int5se application     
imm$iately be=e ! ordeal4 ,b a ?+ ?us   
le>n$ c =m b few associations4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 ! same ?+ recurr+ on diff]5t days1 
9 diff]5t contexts1 read1 recit$ on1    
ref]r$ to aga9 & aga91 relat$ to o!r ?+s

 & review$1 gets well wr\ght into !     
m5tal /ructure4 ,?is is ! reason :y y   
%\ld en=ce on y\r pupils habits (       
cont9u\s application4 ,!re is no moral  
turpitude 9 cramm+4 ,x w\ld be ! be/1   
because ! mo/ economical1 mode ( /udy if
 x l$ to ! results desir$4 ,b x does n1 
& y\r old] pupils c readily be made to  
see ! reason :y4  ,x foll[s also1 f :at 
has be5 said1 t ! popul> idea t '!      
,memory1' 9 ! s5se ( a g5]al elem5t>y   
faculty1 c be improv$ by tra9+1 is a    
great mi/ake4 ,y\r memory = facts ( a   
c]ta9 class c be improv$ v mu* by tra9+ 
9 t class ( facts1 because ! incom+ new 
fact w !n f9d all sorts ( analogues &   
associates already !re1 & ^! w keep x   
liable to recall4 ,b o!r k9ds ( fact w  
reap none ( t b5efit1 &1 unless "o h be5
 also tra9$ & v]s$ 9 _! class1 w be at !
 m]cy ( ! m]e crude ret5tiv5ess ( !     
individual1 :i*1 z we h se51 is         
practically a fix$ quantity4 ,nev]!less1
 "o (t5 he>s p say3 ,a great s9 0       
committ$ aga9/ me 9 my y\?3 my tea*]s   

entirely fail$ to ex]cise my memory4 ,if
 !y _h only made me le>n a lot ( ?+s by 
he>t at s*ool1 ,i %\ld n be1 z ,i am n[1
 =getful ( ev]y?+ ,i read & he>4 ,?is is
 a great mi/ake3 le>n+ poetry by he>t w 
make x easi] to le>n & rememb] o!r      
poetry1 b no?+ else2 & s ( dates2 & s ( 
*emi/ry & geography4  ,b1 aft] :at ,i h 
said1 ,i am sure y w ne$ no f>!r argum5t
 on ?is po9t2 & ,i !re=e pass x by4  ,b1
 s9ce x has br\ght me to speak ( le>n+  
?+s by he>t1 ,i ?9k t a g5]al practical 
rem>k ab\t v]bal memoriz+ may n[ n be   
out ( place4 ,! excesses ( old-fa%ion$  
v]bal memoriz+1 & ! imm5se advantages ( 
object-tea*+ 9 ! e>li] /ages ( culture1 
h p]haps l$ ^? :o philosophize ab\t     
tea*+ to an unduly /rong reaction2 &    
le>n+ ?+s by he>t is n[ probably some:at
 too mu* despis$4 ,=1 :5 all is said &  
done1 ! fact rema9s t v]bal mat]ial is1 
on ! :ole1 ! h&ie/ & mo/ useful mat]ial 
9 :i* ?9k+ c be c>ri$ on4 ,ab/ract      
conceptions are f> & away ! mo/         
economical in/rum5ts ( ?\ght1 & ab/ract 

conceptions are fix$ & inc>nat$ = u 9   
words4 ,/ati/ical inquiry w\ld seem to  
%[ t1 z m5 advance 9 life1 !y t5d to    
make less & less use ( visual images1 & 
m & m use ( words4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s t   
,mr4 ,galton discov]$ 0 t ?is appe>$ to 
be ! case ) ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society
 :om he que/ion$ z to _! m5tal images4  
,i %\ld say1 !re=e1 t con/ant ex]cise 9 
v]bal memoriz+ mu/ /ill be an           
indisp5sable feature 9 all s\nd         
education4 ,no?+ is m deplorable ?an t  
in>ticulate & helpless sort ( m9d t is  
rem9d$ by ev]y?+ ( "s quotation1 case1  
or anecdote1 :i* x _c n[ exactly        
recollect4 ,no?+1 on ! o!r h&1 is m     
conv5i5t to its possessor1 or m         
delightful to 8 comrades1 ?an a m9d     
able1 9 tell+ a /ory1 to give ! exact   
words ( ! dialogue or to furni% a       
quotation accurate & complete4 ,9 e     
bran* ( /udy !re are happily turn$1     
concise1 & h&y =mulas :i* 9 an          
incomp>able way sum up results4 ,! m9d t
 c reta9 su* =mulas is 9 s f> a sup]ior 

m9d1 & ! communication ( !m to ! pupil  
ought always to be "o ( ! tea*]'s       
favorite tasks4  ,9 le>n+ 'by he>t1' !re
 are1 h[ev]1 effici5t & ineffici5t      
me?ods2 &1 by mak+ ! pupil skilful 9 !  
be/ me?od1 ! tea*] c bo? int]e/ him &   
abridge ! task4 ,! be/ me?od is ( c\rse 
n to 'hamm] 9' ! s5t5ces1 by m]e        
reit]ation1 b to analyze !m1 & ?9k4 ,=  
example1 if ! pupil %\ld h to le>n ?is  
la/ s5t5ce1 let him fir/ /rip out its   
grammatical core1 & le>n1 ,! be/ me?od  
is n to hamm] 91 b to analyze1 & !n add 
! amplificative & re/rictive clauses1   
bit by bit1 ?us3 ,! be/ me?od is ( c\rse
 n to hamm] 9 ! s5t5ces1 b to analyze !m
 & ?9k4 ,!n f9ally ins]t ! words 'by m]e
 reit]ation1' & ! s5t5ce is complete1 & 
bo? bett] und]/ood & quick] rememb]$ ?an
 by a m purely me*anical me?od4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,9 conclusion1 ,i mu/ say a ^w ab\t !   
contributions to our k ( memory :i* h   
rec5tly come f ! laboratory-psy*ologi/s4
 ,_m ( ! en?usia/s = sci5tific or       

brass-in/rum5t *ild-/udy are tak+       
accurate measurem5ts ( *ildr5's elem5t>y
 faculties1 & among ^! :at we may call  
imm$iate memory admits ( easy           
measurem5t4 ,all we ne$ d is to exhibit 
to ! *ild a s]ies ( lett]s1 syllables1  
figures1 pictures1 or :at-n1 at int]vals
 ( "o1 two1 ?ree1 or m seconds1 or to   
s\nd a simil> s]ies ( names at ! same   
int]vals1 )9 8 he>+1 & !n see h[        
completely he c reproduce ! li/1 ei!r   
directly1 or aft] an int]val ( t51      
tw5ty1 or sixty seconds1 or "s long]    
space ( "t4 ,accord+ to ! results ( ?is 
ex]cise1 ! pupils may be rat$ 9 a       
memory-scale2 & "s p]sons g s f> z to   
?9k t ! tea*] %\ld modify h] treatm5t ( 
! *ild accord+ to ! /r5g? or feebl5ess (
 its faculty z ?us made kn[n4  ,n[ ,i c 
only repeat "h :at ,i said to y :5      
treat+ ( att5tion3 man is too complex a 
be+ = light to be ?r[n on 8 real        
effici5cy by measur+ any "o m5tal       
faculty tak5 ap>t f its cons5sus 9 !    
work+ :ole4 ,su* an ex]cise z ?is1 deal+

 ) incoh]5t & insipid objects1 ) no     
logical connection ) ea* o!r1 or        
practical significance outside ( !      
'te/1' is an ex]cise ! l ( :i* 9 real   
life we are h>dly ev] call$ ^u to p]=m4 
,9 real life1 our memory is always us$ 9
 ! s]vice ( "s int]e/3 we rememb] ?+s   
:i* we c>e = or :i* are associat$ ) ?+s 
we c>e =2 & ! *ild :o /&s at ! bottom ( 
! scale ?us exp]im5tally e/abli%$ might1
 by d9t ( ! /r5g? ( 8 passion = a       
subject1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! logical     
association into :i* he weaves ! actual 
mat]ials ( 8 exp]i5ce1 be a v effective 
memoriz] inde$1 & d 8 s*ool-tasks on !  
:ole mu* bett] ?an an imm$iate p>rot :o 
might /& at ! top ( ! 'sci5tifically    
accurate' li/4  ,?is prepond]ance (     
int]e/1 ( passion1 9 det]m9+ ! results (
 a human be+'s work+ life1 obta9s       
?r\gh\t4 ,no elem5t>y measurem5t1       
capable ( be+ p]=m$ 9 a laboratory1 c   
?r[ any light on ! actual effici5cy ( ! 
subject2 = ! vital ?+ ab\t him1 8       
emotional & moral en]gy & dogg$ness1 c  

be measur$ by no s+le exp]im5t1 &       
becomes kn[n only by ! total results 9 !
 long run4 ,a bl9d man l ,hub]1 ) 8     
passion = bees & ants1 c obs]ve !m ?r\gh
 o!r p's eyes bett] ?an ^! c ?r\gh _!   
own4 ,a man born ) nei!r arms nor legs1 
l ! late ,kavanagh1 ,m4,p4--& :at an icy
 he>t 8 "m mu/ h _h ab\t him 9 8        
babyhood1 & h[ 'negative' w\ld !        
laboratory-measurem5ts ( 8              
motor-functions h be56--c be an         
adv5tur\s travell]1 an eque/rian &      
sportsman1 & lead an a?letic outdoor    
life4 ,mr4 ,romanes /udi$ ! elem5t>y    
rate ( app]ception 9 a l>ge numb] (     
p]sons by mak+ !m read a p>agraph z fa/ 
z !y c\ld take x 91 & !n imm$iately     
write d[n all !y c\ld reproduce ( its   
cont5ts4 ,he f\nd a/oni%+ diff]5ces 9 ! 
rapidity1 "s tak+ f\r times z long z    
o!rs to absorb ! p>agraph1 & ! swifte/  
read]s be+1 z a rule1 ! be/ imm$iate    
recollectors1 too4 ,b n1--& ?is is my   
po9t1--n ! mo/ intellectually capable   
subjects1 z te/$ by ! results ( :at ,mr4

 ,romanes rightly names 'g5u9e'         
intellectual "w2 = he tri$ ! exp]im5t ) 
sev]al highly di/+ui%$ m5 9 sci5ce &    
lit]ature1 & mo/ ( !m turn$ out to be   
sl[ read]s4  ,9 ! light ( all su* facts 
"o may well believe t ! total impression
 :i* a p]ceptive tea*] w get ( ! pupil's
 condition1 z indicat$ by 8 g5]al temp] 
& mann]1 by ! li/lessness or al]tness1  
by ! ease or pa9fulness ) :i* 8 s*ool "w
 is done1 w be ( mu* m value ?an ^?     
unreal exp]im5tal te/s1 ^? p$antic      
elem5t>y measurem5ts ( fatigue1 memory1 
association1 & att5tion1 etc41 :i* are  
urg$ ^u u z ! only basis ( a g5u9ely    
sci5tific p$agogy4 ,su* measurem5ts c   
give u useful in=mation only :5 we      
comb9e !m ) obs]vations made )\t brass  
in/rum5ts1 ^u ! total demeanor ( !      
measur$ individual1 by tea*]s ) eyes 9  
_! heads & common s5se1 & "s feel+ = !  
concrete facts ( human nature 9 _!      
he>ts4  ,dep5d ^u x1 no "o ne$ be too   
mu* ca/ d[n by ! discov]y ( 8 defici5cy 
9 any elem5t>y faculty ( ! m9d4 ,:at    

tells 9 life is ! :ole m9d work+ toge!r1
 & ! defici5cies ( any "o faculty c be  
comp5sat$ by ! ef=ts ( ! re/4 ,y c be an
 arti/ )\t visual images1 a read] )\t   
eyes1 a mass ( erudition ) a bad        
elem5t>y memory4 ,9 almo/ any subject   
y\r passion = ! subject w save y4 ,if y 
only c>e en\gh = a result1 y w almo/    
c]ta9ly atta9 x4 ,if y wi% to be ri*1 y 
w be ri*2 if y wi% to be le>n$1 y w be  
le>n$2 if y wi% to be good1 y w be good4
 ,only y mu/1 !n1 really wi% ^! ?+s1 &  
wi% !m ) exclusiv5ess1 & n wi% at ! same
 "t a hundr$ o!r incompatible ?+s j z   
/rongly4  ,"o ( ! mo/ important         
discov]ies ( ! 'sci5tific' sort t h     
rec5tly be5 made 9 psy*ology is t ( ,mr4
 ,galton & o!rs conc]n+ ! great         
v>iations among individuals 9 ! type (  
_! imag9ation4 ,e "o is n[ famili> ) !  
fact t human be+s v>y enorm\sly 9 !     
brilliancy1 complet5ess1 def9it5ess1 &  
ext5t ( _! visual images4 ,^! are       
s+ul>ly p]fect 9 a l>ge numb] (         
individuals1 & 9 a few are s rudim5t>y z

 h>dly to exi/4 ,! same is true ( !     
auditory & motor images1 & probably ( ^?
 ( e k9d2 & ! rec5t discov]y ( di/9ct   
bra9-areas = ! v>i\s ord]s ( s5sation   
w\ld seem to provide a physical basis = 
su* v>iations & discrepancies4 ,! facts1
 z ,i said1 are n[adays s popul>ly kn[n 
t ,i ne$ only rem9d y ( _! exi/5ce4 ,!y 
might seem at fir/ sight ( practical    
importance to ! tea*]2 &1 inde$1 tea*]s 
h be5 recomm5d$ to sort _! pupils 9 ?is 
way1 & treat !m z ! result falls out4 ,y
 %\ld int]rogate !m z to _! imag]y1 x is
 said1 or exhibit li/s ( writt5 words to
 _! eyes1 & !n s\nd simil> li/s 9 _!    
e>s1 & see by :i* *annel a *ild reta9s  
mo/ words4 ,!n1 9 deal+ ) t *ild1 make  
y\r appeals pr$om9antly ?r\gh t *annel4 
,if ! class 7 v small1 results ( "s     
di/9ctness might d\btless ?us be obta9$ 
by a pa9/ak+ tea*]4 ,b x is obvi\s t 9 !
 usual s*oolroom no su* diff]5tiation ( 
appeal is possible2 & ! only really     
useful practical lesson t em]ges f ?is  
analytic psy*ology 9 ! conduct ( l>ge   

s*ools is ! lesson already rea*$ 9 a    
purely empirical way1 t ! tea*] ought   
always to impress ! class ?r\gh z _m    
s5sible *annels z he c4 ,talk & write & 
draw on blackbo>d1 p]mit ! pupils to    
talk1 & make !m write & draw1 exhibit   
pictures1 plans1 & curves1 h y\r        
diagrams color$ diff]5tly 9 _! diff]5t  
p>ts1 etc42 & out ( ! :ole v>iety (     
impressions ! individual *ild w f9d !   
mo/ la/+ ones = himself4 ,9 all prim>y  
s*ool "w ?is pr9ciple ( multiple        
impressions is well recogniz$1 s ,i ne$ 
say no m ab\t x "h4  ,?is pr9ciple (    
multiply+ *annels & v>y+ associations & 
appeals is important1 n only = tea*+    
pupils to rememb]1 b = tea*+ !m to      
und]/&4 ,x runs1 9 fact1 ?r\gh ! :ole   
tea*+ art4  ,"o ^w ab\t ! unconsci\s &  
unreproducible "p ( our acquisitions1 & 
,i %all h done ) ! topic ( memory4      
,pr(essor ,ebb+haus1 9 a h]oic little   
inve/igation into ! laws ( memory :i* he
 p]=m$ a doz5 or m ye>s ago by ! me?od (
 le>n+ li/s ( nons5se syllables1 devis$ 

a me?od ( measur+ ! rate ( our          
=getfulness1 :i* lays b>e an important  
law ( ! m9d4  ,8 me?od 0 to read ov] 8  
li/ until he c\ld repeat x once by he>t 
unhesitat+ly4 ,! numb] ( repetitions    
requir$ = ?is 0 a measure ( ! difficulty
 ( ! le>n+ 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,n[1    
aft] hav+ once le>n$ a piece 9 ?is way1 
if we wait five m9utes1 we f9d x        
impossible to repeat x aga9 9 ! same    
unhesitat+ mann]4 ,we mu/ read x ov]    
aga9 to revive "s ( ! syllables1 :i* h  
already dropp$ out or got transpos$4    
,ebb+haus n[ sy/ematically /udi$ ! numb]
 ( read+s-ov] :i* 7 necess>y to revive !
 unhesitat+ recollection ( ! piece aft] 
five m9utes1 half an h\r1 an h\r1 a day1
 a week1 a mon?1 _h elaps$4 ,! numb] (  
r]ead+s requir$ he took to be a measure 
( ! am\nt ( =gett+ t _h occurr$ 9 !     
elaps$ int]val4 ,& he f\nd "s rem>kable 
facts4 ,! process ( =gett+1 namely1 is  
va/ly m rapid at fir/ ?an lat] on4 ,?us 
full half ( ! piece seems to be =gott5  
)9 ! fir/ half-h\r1 two-?irds ( x are   

=gott5 at ! end ( eight h\rs1 b only    
f\r-fif?s at ! end ( a mon?4 ,he made no
 trials beyond "o mon? ( int]val2 b1 if 
we ourselves prolong ideally ! curve (  
remembrance1 ^: beg9n+ 8 exp]im5ts ?us  
obta91 x is natural to suppose t1 no    
matt] h[ long a "t might elapse1 ! curve
 w\ld nev] desc5d q s l[ z to t\* !     
z]o-l9e4 ,9 o!r words1 no matt] h[ long 
ago we may h le>n$ a poem1 & no matt] h[
 complete our inability to reproduce x  
n[ may be1 yet ! fir/ le>n+ w /ill %[   
its l+]+ effects 9 ! abridgm5t ( ! "t   
requir$ = le>n+ x aga94 ,9 %ort1        
,pr(essor ,ebb+haus's exp]im5ts %[ t ?+s
 :i* we are q unable def9itely to recall
 h nev]!less impress$ !mselves1 9 "s    
way1 ^u ! /ructure ( ! m9d4 ,we are     
diff]5t = hav+ once le>n$ !m4 ,!        
resi/ances 9 our sy/ems ( bra9-pa?s are 
alt]$4 ,our appreh5sions are quick5$4   
,our conclusions f c]ta9 premises are   
probably n j :at !y w\ld be if ^?       
modifications 7 n !re4 ,! latt] influ5ce
 ! :ole m>g9 ( our consci\sness1 ev5    

?\gh _! products1 n be+ di/9ctly        
reproducible1 d n directly figure at !  
focus ( ! field4  ,! tea*] %\ld draw a  
lesson f ^! facts4 ,we are all too apt  
to measure ! ga9s ( our pupils by _!    
pr(ici5cy 9 directly reproduc+ 9 a      
recitation or an exam9ation su* matt]s z
 !y may h le>n$1 & in>ticulate p[] 9 !m 
is some?+ ( :i* we always und]e/imate ! 
value4 ,! boy :o tells u1 ,i "k ! answ]1
 b ,i c't say :at x is1 we treat z      
practically id5tical ) him :o kn[s      
absolutely no?+ ab\t ! answ] at all4 ,b 
?is is a great mi/ake4 ,x is b a small  
"p ( our exp]i5ce 9 life t we are ev]   
able articulately to recall4 ,& yet !   
:ole ( x has _h its influ5ce 9 %ap+ our 
"* & def9+ our t5d5cies to judge & act4 
,al?\gh ! ready memory is a great bless+
 to its possessor1 ! vagu] memory ( a   
subject1 ( hav+ once _h to d ) x1 ( its 
neighborhood1 & ( :]e we may g to recov]
 x aga91 con/itutes 9 mo/ m5 & wom5 !   
*ief fruit ( _! education4 ,?is is true 
ev5 9 pr(essional education4 ,! doctor1 

! lawy]1 are seldom able to decide ^u a 
case (f-h&4 ,!y diff] f o!r m5 only     
?r\gh ! fact t !y "k h[ to get at !     
mat]ials = decision 9 five m9utes or    
half an h\r3 :]eas ! layman is unable to
 get at ! mat]ials at all1 n kn[+ 9 :at 
books & indexes to look or n und]/&+ !  
te*nical t]ms4  ,be pati5t1 !n1 &       
sympa!tic ) ! type ( m9d t cuts a poor  
figure 9 exam9ations4 ,x may1 9 ! long  
exam9ation :i* life sets u1 come out 9 !
 end 9 bett] %ape ?an ! glib & ready    
reproduc]1 its passions be+ deep]1 its  
purposes m wor?y1 its comb9+ p[] less   
commonplace1 & its total m5tal output   
consequ5tly m important4  ,su* are !    
*ief po9ts :i* x has seem$ wor? :ile =  
me to call to y\r notice "u ! head (    
memory4 ,we c sum !m up = practical     
purposes by say+ t ! art ( rememb]+ is !
 art ( ?9k+2 & by add+1 ) ,dr4 ,pick1 t1
 :5 we wi% to fix a new ?+ 9 ei!r our   
own m9d or a pupil's1 our consci\s ef=t 
%\ld n be s mu* to impress & reta9 x z  
to connect x ) some?+ else already !re4 

,! connect+ is ! ?9k+2 &1 if we att5d   
cle>ly to ! connection1 ! connect$ ?+ w 
c]ta9ly be likely to rema9 )9 recall4   
,i %all next ask y to consid] ! process 
by :i* we acquire new k1--! process (   
',app]ception1' z x is call$1 by :i* we 
receive & deal ) new exp]i5ces1 & revise
 our /ock ( ideas s z to =m new or      
improv$ conceptions4     ,,xiii4 ,,!    
,,acquisition ,,( ,,ideas   ,! images ( 
our pa/ exp]i5ces1 ( :atev] nature !y   
may be1 visual or v]bal1 blurr$ & dim1  
vivid & di/9ct1 ab/ract or concrete1 ne$
 n be memory images1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! 
^w4 ,t is1 !y ne$ n rise be=e ! m9d 9 a 
m>g9al fr+e or context ( concomitant    
circum/ances1 :i* mean = u _! date4 ,!y 
may be m]e conceptions1 float+ pictures 
( an object1 or ( its type or class4 ,9 
?is undat$ condition1 we call !m        
products ( 'imag9ation' or 'conception4'
 ,imag9ation is ! t]m commonly us$ :]e !
 object repres5t$ is ?\ght ( z an       
individual ?+4 ,conception is ! t]m :]e 
we ?9k ( x z a type or class4 ,= our    

pres5t purpose ! di/9ction is n         
important2 & ,i w p]mit myself to use   
ei!r ! ^w 'conception1' or ! /ill vagu] 
^w 'idea1' to designate ! inn] objects (
 contemplation1 :e!r ^! be individual   
?+s1 l '! sun' or ',julius ,caes>1' or  
classes ( ?+s1 l 'animal k+dom1' or1    
f9ally1 entirely ab/ract attributes1 l  
'rationality' or 'rectitude4'  ,! result
 ( our education is to fill ! m9d little
 by little1 z exp]i5ces accrete1 ) a    
/ock ( su* ideas4 ,9 ! illu/ration ,i   
us$ at our fir/ meet+1 ( ! *ild snat*+ !
 toy & gett+ slapp$1 ! ve/iges left by !
 fir/ exp]i5ce answ]$ to s _m ideas :i* 
he acquir$ !reby1--ideas t rema9$ ) him 
associat$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & f ! la/ "o (
 :i* ! *ild ev5tually proce$$ to act4 ,!
 sci5ces ( gramm> & ( logic are little m
 ?an attempts me?odically to classify   
all su* acquir$ ideas & to trace c]ta9  
laws ( relation%ip among !m4 ,! =ms (   
relation betwe5 !m1 becom+ !mselves 9   
turn notic$ by ! m9d1 are treat$ z      
conceptions ( a high] & m ab/ract ord]1 

z :5 we speak ( a syllogi/ic relation'  
betwe5 propositions1 or ( f\r quantities
 mak+ a 'proportion1' or ( !            
'inconsi/5cy' ( two conceptions1 or !   
'implication' ( "o 9 ! o!r4  ,s y see t 
! process ( education1 tak5 9 a l>ge    
way1 may be describ$ z no?+ b ! process 
( acquir+ ideas or conceptions1 ! be/   
educat$ m9d be+ ! m9d :i* has ! l>ge/   
/ock ( !m1 ready to meet ! l>ge/        
possible v>iety ( ! em]g5cies ( life4 ,!
 lack ( education means only ! failure  
to h acquir$ !m1 & ! consequ5t liability
 to be 'floor$' & 'rattl$' 9 !          
vicissitudes ( exp]i5ce4  ,9 all ?is    
process ( acquir+ conceptions1 a c]ta9  
in/9ctive ord] is foll[$4 ,!re is a     
native t5d5cy to assimilate c]ta9 k9ds (
 conception at "o age1 & o!r k9ds (     
conception at a lat] age4 ,dur+ ! fir/  
sev5 or eight ye>s ( *ildhood ! m9d is  
mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! s5sible prop]ties (     
mat]ial ?+s4 ,con/ructiv5ess is ! in/9ct
 mo/ active2 & by ! incessant hamm]+ &  
saw+1 & dress+ & undress+ dolls1 putt+ (

 ?+s toge!r & tak+ !m ap>t1 ! *ild n    
only tra9s ! muscles to co-ord9ate      
action1 b accumulates a /ore ( physical 
conceptions :i* are ! basis ( 8 k ( !   
mat]ial _w ?r\gh life4 ,object-tea*+ &  
manual tra9+ wisely ext5d ! sph]e ( ?is 
ord] ( acquisition4 ,clay1 wood1 metals1
 & ! v>i\s k9ds ( tools are made to     
contribute to ! /ore4 ,a y\? br\ght up )
 a suffici5tly broad basis ( ?is k9d is 
always at home 9 ! _w4 ,he /&s )9 !     
pale4 ,he is acqua9t$ ) ,nature1 &      
,nature 9 a c]ta9 s5se is acqua9t$ )    
him4 ,:]eas ! y\? br\ght up alone at    
home1 ) no acqua9tance ) any?+ b ! pr9t$
 page1 is always afflict$ ) a c]ta9     
remot5ess f ! mat]ial facts ( life1 & a 
correlative insecurity ( consci\sness   
:i* make ( him a k9d ( ali5 on ! e>? 9  
:i* he ought to feel himself p]fectly at
 home4  ,i already said some?+ ( ?is 9  
speak+ ( ! con/ructive impulse1 & ,i mu/
 n repeat myself4 ,moreov]1 y fully     
realize1 ,i am sure1 h[ important =     
life1--= ! moral tone ( life1 q ap>t f  

def9ite practical pursuits1--is ?is s5se
 ( read9ess = em]g5cies :i* a man ga9s  
?r\gh e>ly famili>ity & acqua9tance ) ! 
_w ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,to h gr[n up on a    
f>m1 to h haunt$ a c>p5t]'s &           
blacksmi?'s %op1 to h h&l$ horses & c[s 
& boats & guns1 & to h ideas & abilities
 connect$ ) su* objects are an          
ine/imable "p ( y\?ful acquisition4     
,aft] adolesc5ce x is r>e to be able to 
get into famili> t\* ) any ( ^!         
primitive ?+s4 ,! in/9ctive prop5sions h
 fad$1 & ! habits are h>d to acquire4   
,accord+ly1 "o ( ! be/ fruits ( !       
'*ild-/udy' movem5t has be5 to re9/ate  
all ^! activities to _! prop] place 9 a 
s\nd sy/em ( education4 ,fe$ ! gr[+     
human be+1 fe$ him ) ! sort ( exp]i5ce =
 :i* f ye> to ye> he %[s a natural      
crav+1 & he w develop 9 adult life a    
s\nd] sort ( m5tal tissue1 ev5 ?\gh he  
may seem to be 'wa/+' a great deal ( 8  
gr[+ "t1 9 ! eyes ( ^? = :om ! only     
*annels ( le>n+ are books & v]bally     
communicat$ in=mation4  ,x is n till    

adolesc5ce is rea*$ t ! m9d gr[s able to
 take 9 ! m ab/ract aspects ( exp]i5ce1 
! hidd5 simil>ities & di/9ctions betwe5 
?+s1 & especially _! causal sequ5ces4   
,rational k ( su* ?+s z ma!matics1      
me*anics1 *emi/ry1 & biology1 is n[     
possible2 & ! acquisition ( conceptions 
( ?is ord] =m ! next phase ( education4 
,lat] /ill1 n till adolesc5ce is well   
advanc$1 does ! m9d awak5 to a sy/ematic
 int]e/ 9 ab/ract human relations--moral
 relations1 prop]ly s call$1--to        
sociological ideas & to metaphysical    
ab/ractions4  ,?is g5]al ord] ( sequ5ce 
is foll[$ traditionally ( c\rse 9 !     
s*oolroom4 ,x is =eign to my purpose to 
d m ?an indicate t g5]al psy*ological   
pr9ciple ( ! successive ord] ( awak5+ ( 
! faculties on :i* ! :ole ?+ re/s4 ,i h 
spok5 ( x already1 apropos ( !          
transitor9ess ( in/9cts4 ,j z _m a y\?  
has to g p]man5tly )\t an adequate /ock 
( conceptions ( a c]ta9 ord]1 because   
exp]i5ces ( t ord] 7 n yield$ at ! "t :5
 new curiosity 0 mo/ acute1 s x w       

conv]sely happ5 t _m ano!r y\? is spoil$
 = a c]ta9 subject ( /udy 7al?\gh he    
w\ld h enjoy$ x well if l$ into x at a  
lat] age7 ?r\gh hav+ _h x ?ru/ ^u him s 
prematurely t disgu/ 0 creat$1 & ! bloom
 q tak5 (f f future trials4 ,i ?9k ,i h 
se5 college /ud5ts unfitt$ =ev] =       
'philosophy' f hav+ tak5 t /udy up a ye>
 too soon4  ,9 all ^! lat] /udies1 v]bal
 mat]ial is ! vehicle by :i* ! m9d ?9ks4
 ,! ab/ract conceptions ( physics &     
sociology may1 x is true1 be embodi$ 9  
visual or o!r images ( ph5om5a1 b !y ne$
 n be s2 & ! tru? rema9s t1 aft]        
adolesc5ce has begun1 words1 words1     
words1 mu/ con/itute a l>ge "p1 & an    
always l>g] "p z life advances1 ( :at ! 
human be+ has to le>n4 ,?is is s ev5 9 !
 natural sci5ces1 s f> z ^! are causal &
 rational1 & n m]ely conf9$ to          
description4 ,s ,i g back to :at ,i said
 a:ile ago apropos ( v]bal memoriz+4 ,! 
m accurately words are le>n$1 ! bett]1  
if only ! tea*] make sure t :at !y      
signify is also und]/ood4 ,x is !       

failure ( ?is latt] condition1 9 s mu* (
 ! old-fa%ion$ recitation1 t has caus$ t
 reaction aga9/ 'p>rot-l reproduction' t
 we are s famili> ) to-day4 ,a fri5d (  
m9e1 visit+ a s*ool1 0 ask$ to exam9e a 
"y class 9 geography4 ,glanc+1 at !     
book1 %e said3 ,suppose y %\ld dig a    
hole 9 ! gr\nd1 hundr$s ( feet deep1 h[ 
%\ld y f9d x at ! bottom1--w>m] or cold]
 ?an on top8 ,none ( ! class reply+1 !  
tea*] said3 ,i'm sure !y "k1 b ,i ?9k y 
don't ask ! "q q rightly4 ,let me try4  
,s1 tak+ ! book1 %e ask$3 ,9 :at        
condition is ! int]ior ( ! globe8 &     
receiv$ ! imm$iate answ] f half ! class 
at once3 ,! int]ior ( ! globe is 9 a    
condition ( igne\s fusion4 ,bett]       
exclusive object-tea*+ ?an su* v]bal    
recitations z t2 & yet v]bal            
reproduction1 intellig5tly connect$ ) m 
objective "w1 mu/ always play a lead+1 &
 surely ! lead+1 "p 9 education4 ,our   
mod]n re=m]s1 9 _! books1 write too     
exclusively ( ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! pupil4  
,^! l5d !mselves bett] to explicit      

treatm5t2 & ,i myself1 9 dwell+ s mu* ^u
 ! native impulses1 & object-tea*+1 &   
anecdotes1 & all t1 h paid my tribute to
 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance 9 describ+4 ,yet
 away back 9 *ildhood we f9d ! beg9n+s (
 purely intellectual curiosity1 & !     
intellig5ce ( ab/ract t]ms4 ,!          
object-tea*+ is ma9ly to laun* ! pupils1
 ) "s concrete conceptions ( ! facts    
conc]n$1 ^u ! m ab/ract ideas4  ,to he> 
"s au?orities on tea*+1 h[ev]1 y w\ld   
suppose t geography n only began1 b end$
 ) ! s*ool-y>d & neighbor+ hill1 t      
physics 0 "o endless r\nd ( repeat+ !   
same sort ( t$i\s weigh+ & measur+      
op]ation3 :]eas a v few examples are    
usually suffici5t to set ! imag9ation   
free on g5u9e l9es1 & !n :at ! m9d      
craves is m rapid1 g5]al1 & ab/ract     
treatm5t4 ,i he>d a lady say t %e _h    
tak5 h] *ild to ! k9d]g>t51 b he is s   
bright t he saw ?r\gh x imm$iately4 ,too
 _m s*ool *ildr5 'see' z imm$iately     
'?r\gh' ! namby-pamby attempts ( ! s(t] 
p$agogy to lubricate ?+s = !m1 & make !m

 int]e/+4 ,ev5 !y c enjoy ab/ractions1  
provid$ !y be ( ! prop] ord]2 & x is a  
poor complim5t to _! rational appetite  
to ?9k t anecdotes ab\t little ,tommies 
& little ,j5nies are ! only k9d ( ?+s _!
 m9ds c dige/4  ,b "h1 z else:]e1 x is a
 matt] ( m or less2 &1 9 ! la/ resort1 !
 tea*]'s own tact is ! only ?+ t c br+  
out ! "r effect4 ,! great difficulty )  
ab/ractions is t ( kn[+ j :at mean+ !   
pupil atta*es to ! t]ms he uses4 ,!     
words may s\nd all "r1 b ! mean+ rema9s 
! *ild's own secret4 ,s v>i$ =ms ( words
 mu/ be insi/$ on1 to br+ ! secret out4 
,& a /range secret does x (t5 prove4 ,a 
relative ( m9e 0 try+ to expla9 to a    
little girl :at 0 meant by '! passive   
voice'3 ,suppose t y kill me3 y :o d !  
kill+ are 9 ! active voice1 & ,i1 :o am 
kill$1 am 9 ! passive voice4 ,b h[ c y  
speak if y're kill$8 said ! *ild4 ,oh1  
well1 y may suppose t ,i am n yet q     
dead6 ,! next day ! *ild 0 ask$1 9      
class1 to expla9 ! passive voice1 &     
said1 ,x's ! k9d ( voice y speak ) :5 y 

a9't q dead4  ,9 su* a case z ?is !     
illu/ration ought to h be5 m v>i$4 ,e   
"o's memory w probably furni% examples (
 ! fanta/ic mean+ :i* _! *ildhood atta*$
 to c]ta9 v]bal /atem5ts 79 poetry (t571
 & :i* _! eld]s1 n hav+ any reason to   
suspect1 nev] correct$4 ,i rememb] be+  
greatly mov$ emotionally at ! age (     
eight by ! ballad ( ,"l ,ull9's         
,daught]4 ,yet ,i ?\ght t ! /a9+ ( !    
hea!r by ! blood 0 ! evil *iefly dread$1
 & t1 :5 ! boatman said1    ,i'll r[ y  
o'er ! f]ry4   ,x is n = y\r silv]      
bright1   ,b = y\r w9some lady1  he 0 to
 receive ! lady = 8 pay4 ,simil>ly1 ,i  
rec5tly f\nd t "o ( my own *ildr5 0     
read+ 7& accept+7 a v]se ( ,t5nyson's ,9
 ,memoriam z    ,r+ out ! food ( ri* &  
poor1      ,r+ 9 r$ness to all mank9d1  
& f9d+ no inw>d difficulty4  ,! only    
safegu>d aga9/ ?is sort ( misconceiv+ is
 to insi/ on v>i$ /atem5t1 & to br+ !   
*ild's conceptions1 :]ev] x be possible1
 to "s sort ( practical te/4  ,let u    
next pass to ! subject ( ,app]ception4  

,,xiv4 ,,app]ception   ',app]ception' is
 a ^w :i* cuts a great figure 9 !       
p$agogics ( ! pres5t day4 ,read1 =      
example1 ?is adv]tisem5t ( a c]ta9      
text-book1 :i* ,i take f an educational 
j\rnal3--       ,,:at ,,is              
,,app]ception8       ,= an explanation (
 ,app]ception see ,blank's ,,psy*ology1 
,vol4 ---- ( ! ---- ,education ,s]ies1 j
 publi%$4       ,! diff]5ce betwe5      
,p]ception & ,app]ception is            
expla9$ = ! tea*] 9 ! preface to        
,blank's      ,,psy*ology4       ,_m    
tea*]s are inquir+1 ,:at is ! mean+ (   
,app]ception 9 educational psy*ology8 ,j
 ! book =      !m is ,blank's           
,,psy*ology 9 :i* ! idea 0 fir/         
exp\nd$4       ,! mo/ important idea 9  
educational psy*ology is                
,app]ception4 ,! tea*] may f9d ?is      
exp\nd$ 9 ,blank's      ,,psy*ology4 ,! 
idea ( ,app]ception is mak+ a revolution
      9 educational me?ods 9 ,g]many4 ,x
 is expla9$ 9 ,blank's      ,,psy*ology1
 ,vol4 ---- ( ! ---- ,education ,s]ies1 

j      publi%$4       ,blank's          
,,psy*ology w be mail$ prepaid to any   
address on      receipt ( #a4jj4   ,su* 
an adv]tisem5t is 9 sob] e>ne/ a        
disgrace to all conc]n$2 & su* talk z x 
indulges 9 is ! sort ( ?+ ,i _h 9 view  
:5 ,i said at our fir/ meet+ t ! tea*]s 
7 suff]+ at ! pres5t day f a c]ta9      
indu/ri\s my/ification on ! "p ( editors
 & publi%]s4 ,p]haps ! ^w 'app]ception' 
fl\ri%$ 9 _! eyes & e>s z x n[adays (t5 
is1 embodies z mu* ( ?is my/ification z 
any o!r s+le ?+4 ,! consci5ti\s "y tea*]
 is l$ to believe t x conta9s a         
recondite & port5t\s secret1 by los+ !  
true inw>dness ( :i* h] :ole c>e] may be
 %att]$4 ,& yet1 :5 %e turns to ! books 
& reads ab\t x1 x seems s trivial &     
commonplace a matt]1--mean+ no?+ m ?an !
 mann] 9 :i* we receive a ?+ into our   
m9ds1--t %e fe>s %e mu/ h miss$ ! po9t  
?r\gh ! %all[ness ( h] intellig5ce1 &   
goes ab\t !reaft] afflict$ ) a s5se ei!r
 ( unc]ta9ty or ( /upidity1 & 9 ea* case
 rema9+ mortifi$ at be+ s inadequate to 

h] mission4  ,n[ app]ception is an      
extremely useful ^w 9 p$agogics1 & (f]s 
a conv5i5t "n = a process to :i* e tea*]
 mu/ frequ5tly ref]4 ,b x v]ily means   
no?+ m ?an ! act ( tak+ a ?+ into ! m9d4
 ,x corresponds to no?+ peculi> or      
elem5t>y 9 psy*ology1 be+ only "o ( !   
innum]able results ( ! psy*ological     
process ( association ( ideas2 &        
psy*ology itself c easily disp5se ) !   
^w1 useful z x may be 9 p$agogics4  ,!  
gi/ ( ! matt] is ?is3 ,e impression t   
comes 9 f )\t1 be x a s5t5ce :i* we he>1
 an object ( vision1 or an effluvium :i*
 assails our nose1 no soon] ent]s our   
consci\sness ?an x is draft$ (f 9 "s    
det]m9ate direction or o!r1 mak+        
connection ) ! o!r mat]ials already !re1
 & f9ally produc+ :at we call our       
reaction4 ,! p>ticul> connections x     
/rikes into are det]m9$ by our pa/      
exp]i5ces & ! 'associations' ( ! pres5t 
sort ( impression ) !m4 ,if1 = in/ance1 
y he> me call out ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 x is t5 to
 "o t y w react on ! impression by      

inw>dly or outw>dly articulat+ ,d1 ,e1  
,f4 ,! impression ar\ses its old        
associates3 !y g out to meet x2 x is    
receiv$ by !m1 recogniz$ by ! m9d z '!  
beg9n+ ( ! alphabet4' ,x is ! fate ( e  
impression ?us to fall into a m9d       
preoccupi$ ) memories1 ideas1 & int]e/s1
 & by ^! x is tak5 94 ,educat$ z we     
already are1 we nev] get an exp]i5ce t  
rema9s = u completely nondescript3 x    
always rem9ds ( some?+ simil> 9 quality1
 or ( "s context t might h surr\nd$ x   
be=e1 & :i* x n[ 9 "s way sugge/s4 ,?is 
m5tal escort :i* ! m9d supplies is      
drawn1 ( c\rse1 f ! m9d's ready-made    
/ock4 ,we conceive ! impression 9 "s    
def9ite way4 ,we dispose ( x accord+ to 
our acquir$ possibilities1 be !y few or 
_m1 9 ! way ( 'ideas4' ,?is way ( tak+ 9
 ! object is ! process ( app]ception4 ,!
 conceptions :i* meet & assimilate x are
 call$ by ,h]b>t ! 'app]ceiv+ mass4' ,! 
app]ceiv$ impression is engulf$ 9 ?is1 &
 ! result is a new field ( consci\sness1
 ( :i* "o "p 7& (t5 a v small "p7 comes 

f ! out] _w1 & ano!r "p 7sometimes by f>
 ! l>ge/7 comes f ! previ\s cont5ts ( ! 
m9d4  ,i ?9k t y see pla9ly en\gh n[ t !
 process ( app]ception is :at ,i call$ x
 a mom5t ago1 a resultant ( !           
association ( ideas4 ,! product is a    
sort ( fusion ( ! new ) ! old1 9 :i* x  
is (t5 impossible to di/+ui% ! %>e ( !  
two factors4 ,= example1 :5 we li/5 to a
 p]son speak+ or read a page ( pr9t1 mu*
 ( :at we ?9k we see or he> is suppli$ f
 our memory4 ,we ov]look mispr9ts1      
imag9+ ! "r lett]s1 ?\gh we see ! wrong 
ones2 & h[ little we actually he>1 :5 we
 li/5 to spee*1 we realize :5 we g to a 
=eign !atre2 = !re :at tr\bles u is n s 
mu* t we _c und]/& :at ! actors say z t 
we _c he> _! words4 ,! fact is t we he> 
q z little "u simil> conditions at home1
 only our m9d1 be+ full] ( ,engli% v]bal
 associations1 supplies ! requisite     
mat]ial = compreh5sion ^u a mu* slight] 
auditory h9t4  ,9 all ! app]ceptive     
op]ations ( ! m9d1 a c]ta9 g5]al law    
makes itself felt1--! law ( economy4 ,9 

admitt+ a new body ( exp]i5ce1 we       
in/9ctively seek to di/urb z little z   
possible our pre-exi/+ /ock ( ideas4 ,we
 always try to "n a new exp]i5ce 9 "s   
way :i* w assimilate x to :at we already
 "k4 ,we hate any?+ absolutely new1     
any?+ )\t any "n1 & = :i* a new "n mu/  
be =g$4 ,s we take ! ne>e/ "n1 ev5 ?\gh 
x be inappropriate4 ,a *ild w call sn[1 
:5 he sees x = ! fir/ "t1 sug> or :ite  
butt]flies4 ,! sail ( a boat he calls a 
curta92 an egg 9 its %ell1 se5 = ! fir/ 
"t1 he calls a pretty potato2 an orange1
 a ball2 a fold+ corkscrew1 a pair ( bad
 scissors4 ,casp> ,haus] call$ ! fir/   
geese he saw horses1 & ! ,polynesians   
call$ ,capta9 ,cook's horses pigs4 ,mr4 
,roop] has writt5 a little book on      
app]ception1 to :i* he gives ! title (  
,a ,pot ( ,gre5 ,fea!rs1 t be+ ! "n     
appli$ to a pot ( f]ns by a *ild :o _h  
nev] se5 f]ns be=e4  ,9 lat] life ?is   
economical t5d5cy to leave ! old        
undi/urb$ leads to :at we "k z 'old     
fogyism4' ,a new idea or a fact :i* w\ld

 entail ext5sive re>rangem5t ( ! previ\s
 sy/em ( beliefs is always ignor$ or    
extrud$ f ! m9d 9 case x _c be          
sophi/ically re9t]pret$ s z to tally    
h>moni\sly ) ! sy/em4 ,we h all conduct$
 discussions ) middle-ag$ p1 ov]p[]$ !m 
) our reasons1 =c$ !m to admit our      
cont5tion1 & a week lat] f\nd !m back z 
secure & con/ant 9 _! old op9ion z if !y
 _h nev] conv]s$ ) u at all4 ,we call !m
 old fogies2 b !re are "y fogies1 too4  
,old fogyism beg9s at a y\ng] age ?an we
 ?9k4 ,i am almo/ afraid to say s1 b ,i 
believe t 9 ! majority ( human be+s x   
beg9s at ab\t tw5ty-five4  ,9 "s ( !    
books we f9d ! v>i\s =ms ( app]ception  
codifi$1 & _! subdivisions numb]$ &     
ticket$ 9 tabul> =m 9 ! way s delightful
 to ! p$agogic eye4 ,9 "o book :i* ,i   
rememb] read+ !re 7 sixte5 diff]5t types
 ( app]ception discrim9at$ f ea* o!r4   
,!re 0 associative app]ception1         
subsumptive app]ception1 assimilative   
app]ception1 & o!rs up to sixte54 ,x is 
ne$less to say t ?is is no?+ b an       

exhibition ( ! crass artificiality :i*  
has always haunt$ psy*ology1 & :i*      
p]petuates itself by l+]+ along1        
especially 9 ^! works :i* are adv]tis$ z
 'writt5 = ! use ( tea*]s4' ,! fl[+ life
 ( ! m9d is sort$ into p>cels suitable =
 pres5tation 9 ! recitation-room1 &     
*opp$ up into suppos$ 'processes' ) long
 ,greek & ,lat9 names1 :i* 9 real life h
 no di/9ct exi/5ce4  ,!re is no reason1 
if we are class+ ! diff]5t types (      
app]ception1 :y we %\ld /op at sixte5 r 
?an sixte5 hundr$4 ,!re are z _m types (
 app]ception z !re are possible ways 9  
:i* an incom+ exp]i5ce may be react$ on 
by an individual m9d4 ,a little :ile    
ago1 at ,buffalo1 ,i 0 ! gue/ ( a lady  
:o1 a =tnight be=e1 _h tak5 h]          
sev5-ye>-old boy = ! fir/ "t to ,niag>a 
,falls4 ,! *ild sil5tly gl>$ at !       
ph5om5on until 8 "m1 suppos+ him /ruck  
spee*less by its sublimity1 said1 ,well1
 my boy1 :at d y ?9k ( x8 to :i*1 ,is t 
! k9d ( spray ,i spray my nose )8 0 !   
boy's only reply4 ,t 0 8 mode (         

app]ceiv+ ! spectacle4 ,y may claim ?is 
z a p>ticul> type1 & call x by ! ,greek 
"n ( rh9o!rapeutical app]ception1 if y  
l2 &1 if y d1 y w h>dly be m trivial or 
artificial ?an are "s ( ! au?ors ( !    
books4  ,m4 ,p]ez1 9 "o ( 8 books on    
*ildhood1 gives a good example ( !      
diff]5t modes ( app]ception ( ! same    
ph5om5on :i* are possible at diff]5t    
/ages ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,a         
dwell+-h\se took fire1 & an infant 9 !  
family1 witness+ ! conflagration f !    
arms ( 8 nurse1 /&+ outside1 express$   
no?+ b ! livelie/ delight at its        
brilliancy4 ,b1 :5 ! bell ( ! fire eng9e
 0 he>d approa*+1 ! *ild 0 ?r[n by !    
s\nd into a p>oxysm ( fe>1 /range s\nds 
be+1 z y "k1 v al>m+ to "y *ildr54 ,9   
:at opposite ways mu/ ! *ild's p>5ts h  
app]ceiv$ ! burn+ h\se & ! eng9e        
respectively6  ,! self-same p]son1      
accord+ to ! l9e ( ?\ght he may be 91 or
 to 8 emotional mood1 w app]ceive ! same
 impression q diff]5tly on diff]5t      
occasions4 ,a m$ical or eng9e]+ exp]t   

reta9$ on "o side ( a case w n app]ceive
 ! facts 9 ! same way z if ! o!r side _h
 reta9$ him4 ,:5 p are at logg]heads    
ab\t ! int]pretation ( a fact1 x usually
 %[s t !y h too few heads (             
classification to app]ceive by2 =1 z a  
g5]al ?+1 ! fact ( su* a dispute is     
en\gh to %[ t nei!r "o ( _! rival       
int]pretations is a p]fect fit4 ,bo?    
sides deal ) ! matt] by approximation1  
squeez+ x "u ! h&ie/ or lea/ di/urb+    
conception3 :]eas x w\ld1 n9e times out 
( t51 be bett] to enl>ge _! /ock ( ideas
 or inv5t "s altoge!r new title = !     
ph5om5on4  ,?us1 9 biology1 we us$ to h 
int]m9able discussion z to :e!r c]ta9   
s+le-cell$ organisms 7 animals or       
vegetables1 until ,haeckel introduc$ !  
new app]ceptive "n ( ,proti/a1 :i* end$ 
! disputes4 ,9 law c\rts no t]tium quid 
is recogniz$ betwe5 insanity & sanity4  
,if sane1 a man is puni%$3 if insane1   
acquitt$2 & x is seldom h>d to f9d two  
exp]ts :o w take opposite views ( 8     
case4 ,all ! :ile1 nature is m subtle   

?an our doctors4 ,j z a room is nei!r   
d>k nor light absolutely1 b might be d>k
 = a wat*mak]'s uses1 & yet light en\gh 
to eat 9 or play 91 s a man may be sane 
= "s purposes & insane = o!rs1--sane    
en\gh to be left at l>ge1 yet n sane    
en\gh to take c>e ( 8 f9ancial affairs4 
,! ^w 'crank1' :i* became famili> at !  
"t ( ,guiteau's trial1 fulfill$ ! ne$ ( 
a t]tium quid4 ,! =eign t]ms            
'desequilibre1' 'h]$it>y deg5]ate1' &   
'psy*opa?ic' subject1 h aris5 9 response
 to ! same ne$4  ,! :ole progress ( our 
sci5ces goes on by ! inv5tion ( newly   
=g$ te*nical names :]eby to designate ! 
newly rem>k$ aspects ( ph5om5a1--ph5om5a
 :i* c\ld only be squeez$ ) viol5ce into
 ! pigeonholes ( ! e>li] /ock (         
conceptions4 ,z "t goes on1 our         
vocabul>y becomes ?us ev] m & m         
volum9\s1 hav+ to keep up ) ! ev]-gr[+  
multitude ( our /ock ( app]ceiv+ ideas4 
,9 ?is gradual process ( int]action     
betwe5 ! new & ! old1 n only is ! new   
modifi$ & det]m9$ by ! p>ticul> sort (  

old :i* app]ceives x1 b ! app]ceiv+     
mass1 ! old itself1 is modifi$ by !     
p>ticul> k9d ( new :i* x assimilates4   
,?us1 to take ! /ock ,g]man example ( ! 
*ild br\ght up 9 a h\se :]e !re are no  
tables b squ>e ones1 'table' means = him
 a ?+ 9 :i* squ>e corn]s are ess5tial4  
,b1 if he goes to a h\se :]e !re are    
r\nd tables & /ill calls !m tables1 8   
app]ceiv+ notion 'table' acquires       
imm$iately a wid] inw>d cont5t4 ,9 ?is  
way1 our conceptions are con/antly      
dropp+ *>act]s once suppos$ ess5tial1 & 
includ+ o!rs once suppos$ inadmissible4 
,! ext5sion ( ! notion 'bea/' to        
porpoises & :ales1 ( ! notion 'organism'
 to society1 are famili> examples ( :at 
,i mean4  ,b be our conceptions adequate
 or inadequate1 & be our /ock ( !m l>ge 
or small1 !y are all we h to "w )4 ,if  
an educat$ man is1 z ,i said1 a gr\p (  
organiz$ t5d5cies to conduct1 :at       
prompts ! conduct is 9 e case ! man's   
conception ( ! way 9 :i* to "n &        
classify ! actual em]g5cy4 ,! m adequate

 ! /ock ( ideas1 ! m 'able' is ! man1 ! 
m uni=mly appropriate is 8 behavior     
likely to be4 ,:5 lat] we take up !     
subject ( ! w1 we %all see t ! ess5tial 
prelim9>y to e decision is ! f9d+ ( ! "r
 names "u :i* to class ! propos$        
alt]natives ( conduct4 ,he :o has few   
names is 9 s f> =? an incompet5t        
delib]ator4 ,! names--& ea* "n /&s = a  
conception or idea--are our in/rum5ts = 
h&l+ our problems & solv+ our dilemmas4 
,n[1 :5 we ?9k ( ?is1 we are too apt to 
=get an important fact1 :i* is t 9 mo/  
human be+s ! /ock ( names & concepts is 
mo/ly acquir$ dur+ ! ye>s ( adolesc5ce &
 ! e>lie/ ye>s ( adult life4 ,i probably
 %ock$ y a mom5t ago by say+ t mo/ m5   
beg9 to be old fogies at ! age (        
tw5ty-five4 ,x is true t a gr[n-up adult
 keeps ga9+ well into middle age a great
 k ( details1 & a great acqua9tance )   
individual cases connect$ ) 8 pr(ession 
or bus9ess life4 ,9 ?is s5se1 8         
conceptions increase dur+ a v long      
p]iod2 = 8 k gr[s m ext5sive & m9ute4 ,b

 ! l>g] categories ( conception1 ! sorts
 ( ?+1 & wid] classes ( relation betwe5 
?+s1 ( :i* we take cognizance1 are all  
got into ! m9d at a comp>atively y\?ful 
date4 ,few m5 ev] d acqua9t !mselves ) !
 pr9ciples ( a new sci5ce aft] ev5      
tw5ty-five4 ,if y d n /udy political    
economy 9 college1 x is a ?\s& to "o t  
its ma9 conceptions w rema9 unkn[n to y 
?r\gh life4 ,simil>ly ) biology1        
simil>ly ) electricity4 ,:at p]c5tage ( 
p]sons n[ fifty ye>s old h any def9ite  
conception :atev] ( a dynamo1 or h[ !   
trolley-c>s are made to run8 ,surely1 a 
small fraction ( "o p] c5t4 ,b ! boys 9 
colleges are all acquir+ ^! conceptions4
  ,!re is a s5se ( inf9ite pot5tiality 9
 u all1 :5 "y1 :i* makes "s ( u draw up 
li/s ( books we int5d to read h]eaft]1 &
 makes mo/ ( u ?9k t we c easily acqua9t
 ourselves ) all sorts ( ?+s :i* we are 
n[ neglect+ by /udy+ !m out h]eaft] 9 ! 
int]vals ( leisure ( our bus9ess lives4 
,su* good int5tions are h>dly ev] c>ri$ 
out4 ,! conceptions acquir$ be=e ?irty  

rema9 usually ! only ones we ev] ga94   
,su* exceptional cases ( p]petually     
self-r5ovat+ y\? z ,mr4 ,glad/one's only
 prove1 by ! admiration !y awak51 !     
univ]sality ( ! rule4 ,& x may well     
solemnize a tea*]1 & confirm 9 him a    
heal?y s5se ( ! importance ( 8 mission1 
to feel h[ exclusively dep5d5t ^u 8     
pres5t m9i/rations 9 ! way ( imp>t+     
conceptions ! pupil's future life is    
probably b\nd to be4     ,,xv4 ,,! ,,w  
,s9ce m5tality t]m9ates naturally 9     
outw>d conduct1 ! f9al *apt] 9 psy*ology
 has to be ! *apt] on ! w4 ,b ! ^w 'w' c
 be us$ 9 a broad] & 9 a n>r[] s5se4 ,9 
! broad] s5se1 x designates our entire  
capacity = impulsive & active life1     
includ+ our in/9ctive reactions & ^? =ms
 ( behavior t h become second>ily       
automatic & semi-unconsci\s ?r\gh       
frequ5t repetition4 ,9 ! n>r[] s5se1    
acts ( w are su* acts only z _c be      
inatt5tively p]=m$4 ,a di/9ct idea ( :at
 !y are1 & a delib]ate fiat on ! m9d's  
"p1 mu/ prec$e _! execution4  ,su* acts 

are (t5 *>act]iz$ by hesitation1 &      
accompani$ by a feel+1 altoge!r peculi>1
 ( resolve1 a feel+ :i* may or may n    
c>ry ) x a fur!r feel+ ( ef=t4 ,9 my    
e>li] talks1 ,i said s mu* ( our        
impulsive t5d5cies t ,i w re/rict myself
 9 :at foll[s to volition 9 ?is n>r[]   
s5se ( ! t]m4  ,all our de$s 7 consid]$ 
by ! e>ly psy*ologi/s to be due to a    
peculi> faculty call$ ! w1 )\t ^: fiat  
action c\ld n occur4 ,?\ghts &          
impressions1 be+ intr9sically inactive1 
7 suppos$ to produce conduct only ?r\gh 
! int]m$iation ( ?is sup]ior ag5t4      
,until !y twit*$ its coat-tails1 s to   
speak1 no outw>d behavior c\ld occur4   
,?is doctr9e 0 long ago explod$ by !    
discov]y ( ! ph5om5a ( reflex action1 9 
:i* s5sible impressions1 z y "k1 produce
 movem5t imm$iately & ( !mselves4 ,!    
doctr9e may also be consid]$ explod$ z  
f> z ideas g4  ,! fact is t !re is no   
sort ( consci\sness :atev]1 be x        
s5sation1 feel+1 or idea1 :i* does n    
directly & ( itself t5d to dis*>ge into 

"s motor effect4 ,! motor effect ne$ n  
always be an outw>d /roke ( behavior4 ,x
 may be only an alt]ation ( ! he>t-beats
 or brea?+1 or a modification 9 !       
di/ribution ( blood1 su* z blu%+ or     
turn+ pale2 or else a secretion ( te>s1 
or :at n4 ,b1 9 any case1 x is !re 9 "s 
%ape :5 any consci\sness is !re2 & a    
belief z fundam5tal z any 9 mod]n       
psy*ology is ! belief at la/ atta9$ t   
consci\s processes ( any sort1 consci\s 
processes m]ely z su*1 mu/ pass ov] into
 motion1 op5 or conceal$4  ,! lea/      
complicat$ case ( ?is t5d5cy is ! case (
 a m9d possess$ by only a s+le idea4 ,if
 t idea be ( an object connect$ ) a     
native impulse1 ! impulse w imm$iately  
proce$ to dis*>ge4 ,if x be ! idea ( a  
movem5t1 ! movem5t w occur4 ,su* a case 
( action f a s+le idea has be5 di/+ui%$ 
f m complex cases by ! "n ( 'ideo-motor'
 action1 mean+ action )\t express       
decision or ef=t4 ,mo/ ( ! habitual     
actions to :i* we are tra9$ are ( ?is   
ideo-motor sort4 ,we p]ceive1 = in/ance1

 t ! door is op51 & we rise & %ut x2 we 
p]ceive "s rais9s 9 a di% be=e u1 &     
ext5d our h& & c>ry "o ( !m to our m\?  
)\t int]rupt+ ! conv]sation2 or1 :5 ly+ 
9 b$1 we sudd5ly ?9k t we %all be late =
 breakfa/1 & in/antly we get up ) no    
p>ticul> ex]tion or resolve4 ,all !     
+ra9$ proc$ures by :i* life is c>ri$    
on--! mann]s & cu/oms1 dress+ &         
undress+1 acts ( salutation1 etc4--are  
execut$ 9 ?is semi-automatic way        
unhesitat+ly & effici5tly1 ! v out]mo/  
m>g9 ( consci\sness seem+ to be conc]n$ 
9 !m1 :ile ! focus may be occupi$ )     
widely diff]5t ?+s4  ,b n[ turn to a m  
complicat$ case4 ,suppose two ?\ghts to 
be 9 ! m9d toge!r1 ( :i* "o1 ,a1 tak5   
alone1 w\ld dis*>ge itself 9 a c]ta9    
action1 b ( :i* ! o!r1 ,b1 sugge/s an   
action ( a diff]5t sort1 or a consequ5ce
 ( ! fir/ action calculat$ to make u    
%r9k4 ,! psy*ologi/s n[ say t ! second  
idea1 ,b1 w probably arre/ or inhibit ! 
motor effects ( ! fir/ idea1 ,a4 ,"o ^w1
 !n1 ab\t 'inhibition' 9 g5]al1 to make 

?is p>ticul> case m cle>4  ,"o ( ! mo/  
int]e/+ discov]ies ( physiology 0 !     
discov]y1 made simultane\sly 9 ,france &
 ,g]many fifty ye>s ago1 t n]ve curr5ts 
d n only />t muscles into action1 b may 
*eck action already go+ on or keep x f  
occurr+ z x o!rwise might4 ,n]ves (     
arre/ 7 ?us di/+ui%$ alongside ( motor  
n]ves4 ,! pneumoga/ric n]ve1 = example1 
if /imulat$1 arre/s ! movem5ts ( ! he>t3
 ! splan*nic n]ve arre/s ^? ( !         
inte/9es1 if already begun4 ,b x soon   
appe>$ t ?is 0 too n>r[ a way ( look+ at
 ! matt]1 & t arre/ is n s mu* !        
specific function ( c]ta9 n]ves z a     
g5]al function :i* any "p ( ! n]v\s     
sy/em may ex]t ^u o!r p>ts "u !         
appropriate conditions4 ,! high] c5tres1
 = example1 seem to ex]t a con/ant      
inhibitive influ5ce on ! excitability ( 
^? bel[4 ,! reflexes ( an animal ) its  
hemisph]es :olly or 9 "p remov$ become  
exagg]at$4 ,y all "k t common reflex 9  
dogs1 :]eby1 if y scrat* ! animal's     
side1 ! correspond+ h9d leg w beg9 to   

make scrat*+ movem5ts1 usually 9 ! air4 
,n[ 9 dogs ) mutilat$ hemisph]es ?is    
scrat*+ reflex is s incessant t1 z      
,goltz fir/ describ$ !m1 ! hair gets all
 worn (f _! sides4 ,9 idiots1 !         
functions ( ! hemisph]es be+ l>gely 9   
abeyance1 ! l[] impulses1 n inhibit$1 z 
!y w\ld be 9 normal human be+s1 (t5     
express !mselves 9 mo/ odi\s ways4 ,y "k
 also h[ any high] emotional t5d5cy w   
qu5* a l[] "o4 ,fe> arre/s appetite1    
mat]nal love annuls fe>1 respect *ecks  
s5suality1 & ! l2 & 9 ! m subtile       
manife/ations ( ! moral life1 :5ev] an  
ideal /irr+ is sudd5ly quick5$ into     
int5sity1 x is z if ! :ole scale (      
values ( our motives *ang$ its          
equilibrium4 ,! =ce ( old temptations   
vani%es1 & :at a mom5t ago 0 impossible 
is n[ n only possible1 b easy1 because (
 _! inhibition4 ,?is has be5 well call$ 
! 'expulsive p[] ( ! high] emotion4'  ,x
 is easy to apply ?is notion (          
inhibition to ! case ( our ideational   
processes4 ,i am ly+ 9 b$1 = example1 & 

?9k x is "t to get up2 b alongside ( ?is
 ?\ght !re is pres5t to my m9d a        
realization ( ! extreme coldness ( !    
morn+ & ! pleasantness ( ! w>m b$4 ,9   
su* a situation ! motor consequ5ces ( ! 
fir/ idea are block$2 & ,i may rema9 =  
half an h\r or m ) ! two ideas oscillat+
 be=e me 9 a k9d ( deadlock1 :i* is :at 
we call ! /ate ( hesitation or          
delib]ation4 ,9 a case l ?is !          
delib]ation c be resolv$ & ! decision   
rea*$ 9 ei!r ( two ways3--  7#a7 ,i may 
=get = a mom5t ! !rmometric conditions1 
& !n ! idea ( gett+ up w imm$iately     
dis*>ge into act3 ,i %all sudd5ly f9d t 
,i h got up--or  7#b7 ,/ill m9dful ( !  
freez+ temp]ature1 ! ?\ght ( ! duty (   
ris+ may become s pung5t t x det]m9es   
action 9 spite ( inhibition4 ,9 ! latt] 
case1 ,i h a s5se ( en]getic moral ef=t1
 & consid] t ,i h done a virtu\s act4   
,all cases ( wilful action prop]ly s    
call$1 ( *oice aft] hesitation &        
delib]ation1 may be conceiv$ aft] "o (  
^! latt] patt]ns4 ,s y see t volition1 9

 ! n>r[] s5se1 takes place only :5 !re  
are a numb] ( conflict+ sy/ems ( ideas1 
& dep5ds on our hav+ a complex field (  
consci\sness4 ,! int]e/+ ?+ to note is !
 extreme delicacy ( ! inhibitive ma*9]y4
 ,a /rong & urg5t motor idea 9 ! focus  
may be neutraliz$ & made inop]ative by !
 pres5ce ( ! v fa9te/ contradictory idea
 9 ! m>g94 ,= in/ance1 ,i hold out my   
=ef+]1 & ) clos$ eyes try to realize z  
vividly z possible t ,i hold a revolv] 9
 my h& & am pull+ ! trigg]4 ,i c ev5 n[ 
fairly feel my f+] quiv]+ ) ! t5d5cy to 
contract2 &1 if x 7 hit*$ to a record+  
app>atus1 x w\ld c]ta9ly betray its /ate
 ( t5sion by regi/]+ incipi5t movem5ts4 
,yet x does n actually crook1 & !       
movem5t ( pull+ ! trigg] is n p]=m$4 ,:y
 n8  ,simply because1 all conc5trat$    
?\gh ,i am ^u ! idea ( ! movem5t1 ,i    
nev]!less also realize ! total          
conditions ( ! exp]im5t1 & 9 ! back ( my
 m9d1 s to speak1 or 9 its fr+e & m>g91 
h ! simultane\s idea t ! movem5t is n to
 take place4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( t m>g9al  

int5tion1 )\t ef=t1 urg5cy1 or emphasis1
 or any special re9=cem5t f my att5tion1
 suffices to ! inhibitive effect4  ,&   
?is is :y s few ( ! ideas t flit ?r\gh  
our m9ds d1 9 po9t ( fact1 produce _!   
motor consequ5ces4 ,life w\ld be a curse
 & a c>e = u if e fleet+ fancy 7 to d s4
 ,ab/ractly1 ! law ( ideo-motor action  
is true2 b 9 ! concrete our fields (    
consci\sness are always s complex t !   
inhibit+ m>g9 keeps ! c5tre inop]ative  
mo/ ( ! "t4 ,9 all ?is1 y see1 ,i speak 
z if ideas by _! m]e pres5ce or abs5ce  
det]m9$ behavior1 & z if betwe5 ! ideas 
!mselves on ! "o h& & ! conduct on ! o!r
 !re 7 no room = any ?ird int]m$iate    
pr9ciple ( activity1 l t call$ '! w4'   
,if y are /ruck by ! mat]iali/ic or     
fatali/ic doctr9es :i* seem to foll[ ?is
 conception1 ,i beg y to susp5d y\r     
judgm5t = a mom5t1 z ,i %all soon h     
some?+ m to say ab\t ! matt]4 ,b1       
mean:ile yield+ "o's self to ! me*anical
 conception ( ! psy*ophysical organism1 
no?+ is easi] ?an to indulge 9 a picture

 ( ! fatali/ic "* ( human life4 ,man's  
conduct appe>s z ! m]e resultant ( all 8
 v>i\s impulsions & inhibitions4 ,"o    
object1 by its pres5ce1 makes u act3    
ano!r object *ecks our action4 ,feel+s  
ar\s$ & ideas sugge/$ by objects sway u 
"o way & ano!r3 emotions complicate !   
game by _! mutual inhibitive effects1 ! 
high] aboli%+ ! l[] or p]haps be+ itself
 swept away4 ,! life 9 all ?is becomes  
prud5tial & moral2 b ! psy*ologic ag5ts 
9 ! drama may be describ$1 y see1 z no?+
 b ! 'ideas' !mselves1--ideas = ! :ole  
sy/em ( :i* :at we call ! 's\l' or "*'  
or 'w' ( ! p]son is no?+ b a collective 
"n4 ,z ,hume said1 ! ideas are !mselves 
! actors1 ! /age1 ! !atre1 ! spectators1
 & ! play4 ,?is is ! s-call$            
'associationi/' psy*ology1 br\ght d[n to
 its radical expression3 x is useless to
 ignore its p[] z a conception4 ,l all  
conceptions1 :5 !y become cle> & lively 
en\gh1 ?is conception has a /rong t5d5cy
 to impose itself ^u belief2 &          
psy*ologi/s tra9$ on biological l9es    

usually adopt x z ! la/ ^w ( sci5ce on !
 subject4 ,no "o c h an adequate notion 
( mod]n psy*ological !ory unless he has 
at "s "t appreh5d$ ?is view 9 ! full =ce
 ( its simplicity4  ,let u humor x = a  
:ile1 = x has advantages 9 ! way (      
exposition4  ,volunt>y action1 !n1 is at
 all times a resultant ( ! comp\nd+ (   
our impulsions ) our inhibitions4  ,f   
?is x imm$iately foll[s t !re w be two  
types ( w1 9 "o ( :i* impulsions w      
pr$om9ate1 9 ! o!r inhibitions4 ,we may 
speak ( !m1 if y l1 z ! precipitate & ! 
ob/ruct$ w1 respectively4 ,:5 fully     
pron\nc$1 !y are famili> to ev]ybody4 ,!
 extreme example ( ! precipitate w is ! 
maniac3 8 ideas dis*>ge into action s   
rapidly1 8 associative processes are s  
extravagantly lively1 t inhibitions h no
 "t to arrive1 & he says & does :atev]  
pops into 8 head )\t a mom5t (          
hesitation4  ,c]ta9 melan*oliacs furni% 
! extreme example ( ! ov]-inhibit$ type4
 ,_! m9ds are cramp$ 9 a fix$ emotion ( 
fe> or helplessness1 _! ideas conf9$ to 

! "o ?\ght t = !m life is impossible4 ,s
 !y %[ a condition ( p]fect 'abulia1' or
 inability to w or act4 ,!y _c *ange _! 
po/ure or spee* or execute ! simple/    
comm&4  ,! diff]5t races ( m5 %[ diff]5t
 temp]am5ts 9 ?is reg>d4 ,! ,s\!rn races
 are commonly acc\nt$ ! m impulsive &   
precipitate3 ! ,engli% race1 especially 
our ,new ,engl& bran* ( x1 is suppos$ to
 be all sickli$ ov] ) repressive =ms (  
self-consci\sness1 & condemn$ to express
 itself ?r\gh a jungle ( scruples &     
*ecks4  ,! highe/ =m ( "*1 h[ev]1       
ab/ractly consid]$1 mu/ be full (       
scruples & inhibitions4 ,b action1 9 su*
 a "*1 f> f be+ p>alyz$1 w succe$ 9     
en]getically keep+ on its way1 sometimes
 ov]p[]+ ! resi/ances1 sometimes /e]+   
along ! l9e :]e !y lie ?9ne/4  ,j z our 
ext5sor muscles act mo/ truly :5 a      
simultane\s contraction ( ! flexors     
guides & /eadies !m2 s ! m9d ( him ^:   
fields ( consci\sness are complex1 & :o1
 ) ! reasons = ! action1 sees ! reasons 
aga9/ x1 & yet1 in/ead ( be+ palsi$1    

acts 9 ! way t takes ! :ole field into  
consid]ation1--s1 ,i say1 is su* a m9d !
 ideal sort ( m9d t we %\ld seek to     
reproduce 9 our pupils4 ,purely         
impulsive action1 or action t proce$s to
 extremities reg>dless ( consequ5ces1 on
 ! o!r h&1 is ! easie/ action 9 ! _w1 & 
! l[e/ 9 type4 ,any "o c %[ en]gy1 :5   
made q reckless4 ,an ,ori5tal despot    
requires b little ability3 z long z he  
lives1 he succe$s1 = he has absolutely 8
 own way2 &1 :5 ! _w c no long] endure !
 horror ( him1 he is assass9at$4 ,b n to
 proce$ imm$iately to extremities1 to be
 /ill able to act en]getically "u an    
array ( inhibitions1--t inde$ is r>e &  
difficult4 ,cav\r1 :5 urg$ to proclaim  
m>tial law 9 #ahei1 refus$ to d s1 say+3
 ,any "o c gov]n 9 t way4 ,i w be       
con/itutional4 ,y\r p>liam5t>y rul]s1   
y\r ,l9coln1 y\r ,glad/one1 are !       
/ronge/ type ( man1 because !y accompli%
 results "u ! mo/ intricate possible    
conditions4 ,we ?9k ( ,napoleon         
,bonap>te z a colossal mon/] ( w-p[]1 & 

truly en\gh he 0 s4 ,b1 f ! po9t ( view 
( ! psy*ological ma*9]y1 x w\ld be h>d  
to say :e!r he or ,glad/one 0 ! l>g]    
volitional quantity2 = ,napoleon        
disreg>d$ all ! usual inhibitions1 &    
,glad/one1 passionate z he 01           
scrupul\sly consid]$ !m 9 8 /atesman%ip4
  ,a famili> example ( ! p>alyz+ p[] (  
scruples is ! inhibitive effect (       
consci5ti\sness ^u conv]sation4 ,n[h]e  
does conv]sation seem to h fl\ri%$ z    
brilliantly z 9 ,france dur+ ! la/      
c5tury4 ,b1 if we read old ,fr5*        
memoirs1 we see h[ _m brakes (          
scrupulosity :i* tie our tongues to-day 
7 !n remov$4 ,:]e m5dacity1 trea*]y1    
obsc5ity1 & malignity f9d unhamp]$      
expression1 talk c be brilliant inde$4  
,b its flame waxes dim :]e ! m9d is     
/it*$ all ov] ) consci5ti\s fe> (       
violat+ ! moral & social proprieties4   
,! tea*] (t5 is confront$ 9 ! s*oolroom 
) an abnormal type ( w1 :i* we may call 
! 'balky w4' ,c]ta9 *ildr51 if !y d n   
succe$ 9 do+ a ?+ imm$iately1 rema9     

completely inhibit$ 9 reg>d to x3 x     
becomes lit]ally impossible = !m to     
und]/& x if x be an intellectual        
problem1 or to d x if x be an outw>d    
op]ation1 z long z ?is p>ticul> inhibit$
 condition la/s4 ,su* *ildr5 are usually
 treat$ z s9ful1 & are puni%$2 or else !
 tea*] pits 8 or h] w aga9/ ! *ild's w1 
consid]+ t ! latt] mu/ be 'brok54'      
,break y\r *ild's w1 9 ord] t x may n   
p]i%1 wrote ,john ,wesley4 ,break its w 
z soon z x c speak pla9ly--or ev5 be=e x
 c speak at all4 ,x %\ld be =c$ to d z x
 is told1 ev5 if y h to :ip x t5 times  
runn+4 ,break its w1 9 ord] t its s\l   
may live4 ,su* w-break+ is always a sc5e
 ) a great deal ( n]v\s we> & te> on bo?
 sides1 a bad /ate ( feel+ left beh9d x1
 & ! victory n always ) ! w\ld-be       
w-break]4  ,:5 a situation ( ! k9d is   
once fairly develop$1 & ! *ild is all   
t5se & excit$ inw>dly1 n9ete5 times out 
( tw5ty x is be/ = ! tea*] to app]ceive 
! case z "o ( neural pa?ology r ?an z "o
 ( moral culpability4 ,s long z !       

inhibit+ s5se ( impossibility rema9s 9 !
 *ild's m9d1 he w cont9ue unable to get 
beyond ! ob/acle4 ,! aim ( ! tea*] %\ld 
!n be to make him simply =get4 ,drop !  
subject = ! "t1 div]t ! m9d to some?+   
else3 !n1 lead+ ! pupil back by "s      
circuit\s l9e ( association1 spr+ x on  
him aga9 be=e he has "t to recognize x1 
& z likely z n he w g ov] x n[ )\t any  
difficulty4 ,x is 9 no o!r way t we     
ov]come balk9ess 9 a horse3 we div]t 8  
att5tion1 d some?+ to 8 nose or e>1 lead
 him r\nd 9 a circle1 & ?us get him ov] 
a place :]e flogg+ w\ld only h made him 
m inv9cible4 ,a tactful tea*] w nev] let
 ^! /ra9$ situations come up at all4  ,y
 p]ceive n[1 my fri5ds1 :at y\r g5]al or
 ab/ract duty is z tea*]s4 ,al?\gh y h  
to g5]ate 9 y\r pupils a l>ge /ock (    
ideas1 any "o ( :i* may be inhibitory1  
yet y mu/ also see to x t no habitual   
hesitancy or p>alysis ( ! w ensues1 & t 
! pupil /ill reta9s 8 p[] ( vigor\s     
action4 ,psy*ology c /ate y\r problem 9 
^! t]ms1 b y see h[ impot5t %e is to    

furni% ! elem5ts ( its practical        
solution4 ,:5 all is said & done1 & y\r 
be/ ef=ts are made1 x w probably rema9  
true t ! result w dep5d m on a c]ta9    
native tone or temp] 9 ! pupil's        
psy*ological con/itution ?an on any?+   
else4 ,"s p]sons appe> to h a naturally 
poor focalization ( ! field (           
consci\sness2 & 9 su* p]sons actions    
hang slack1 & inhibitions seem to ex]t  
peculi>ly easy sway4  ,b let u n[ close 
9 a little m closely on ?is matt] ( !   
education ( ! w4 ,y\r task is to build  
up a "* 9 y\r pupils2 & a "*1 z ,i h s  
(t5 said1 consi/s 9 an organiz$ set (   
habits ( reaction4 ,n[ ( :at d su*      
habits ( reaction !mselves consi/8 ,!y  
consi/ ( t5d5cies to act *>act]i/ically 
:5 c]ta9 ideas possess u1 & to refra9   
*>act]i/ically :5 possess$ by o!r ideas4
  ,our volitional habits dep5d1 !n1     
fir/1 on :at ! /ock ( ideas is :i* we h2
 &1 second1 on ! habitual c\pl+ ( !     
sev]al ideas ) action or inaction       
respectively4 ,h[ is x :5 an alt]native 

is pres5t$ to y = *oice1 & y are unc]ta9
 :at y ought to d8 ,y fir/ hesitate1 &  
!n y delib]ate4 ,& 9 :at does y\r       
delib]ation consi/8 ,x consi/s 9 try+ to
 app]ceive ! ease successively by a     
numb] ( diff]5t ideas1 :i* seem to fit x
 m or less1 until at la/ y hit on "o :i*
 seems to fit x exactly4 ,if t be an    
idea :i* is a cu/om>y =]unn] ( action 9 
y1 :i* ent]s into "o ( y\r maxims (     
positive behavior1 y\r hesitation       
ceases1 & y act imm$iately4 ,if1 on !   
o!r h&1 x be an idea :i* c>ries inaction
 z its habitual result1 if x ally itself
 ) prohibition1 !n y unhesitat+ly       
refra94 ,! problem is1 y see1 to f9d !  
"r idea or conception = ! case4 ,?is    
se>* = ! "r conception may take days or 
weeks4  ,i spoke z if ! action 7 easy :5
 ! conception once is f\nd4 ,(t5 x is s1
 b x may be o!rwise2 &1 :5 x is o!rwise1
 we f9d ourselves at ! v c5tre ( a moral
 situation1 into :i* ,i %\ld n[ l y to  
look ) me a little ne>]4  ,! prop]      
conception1 ! true head (               

classification1 may be h>d to atta92 or 
x may be "o ) :i* we h contract$ no     
settl$ habits ( action4 ,or1 aga91 !    
action to :i* x w\ld prompt may be      
dang]\s & difficult2 or else inaction   
may appe> deadly cold & negative :5 our 
impulsive feel+ is hot4 ,9 ei!r ( ^!    
latt] cases x is h>d to hold ! "r idea  
/eadily en\gh be=e ! att5tion to let x  
ex]t its adequate effects4 ,:e!r x be   
/imulative or inhibitive1 x is too      
reasonable = u2 & ! m in/9ctive         
passional prop5sity !n t5ds to extrude x
 f our consid]ation4 ,we %y away f !    
?\ght ( x4 ,x tw9kles & goes out ! mom5t
 x appe>s 9 ! m>g9 ( our consci\sness2 &
 we ne$ a resolute ef=t ( volunt>y      
att5tion to drag x into ! focus ( !     
field1 & to keep x !re long en\gh = its 
associative & motor effects to be ex]t$4
 ,e "o kn[s only too well h[ ! m9d      
fl9*es f look+ at consid]ations ho/ile  
to ! reign+ mood ( feel+4  ,once br\ght1
 h[ev]1 9 ?is way to ! c5tre ( ! field (
 consci\sness1 & held !re1 ! reasonable 

idea w ex]t ^! effects inevitably2 = !  
laws ( connection betwe5 our            
consci\sness & our n]v\s sy/em provide =
 ! action !n tak+ place4 ,our moral     
ef=t1 prop]ly s call$1 t]m9ates 9 our   
hold+ fa/ to ! appropriate idea4  ,if1  
!n1 y are ask$1 ,9 :at does a moral act 
consi/ :5 r$uc$ to its simple/ & mo/    
elem5t>y =m8 y c make only "o reply4 ,y 
c say t x consi/s 9 ! ef=t ( att5tion by
 :i* we hold fa/ to an idea :i* b = t   
ef=t ( att5tion w\ld be driv5 out ( !   
m9d by ! o!r psy*ological t5d5cies t are
 !re4 ,to ?9k1 9 %ort1 is ! secret ( w1 
j z x is ! secret ( memory4  ,?is comes 
out v cle>ly 9 ! k9d ( excuse :i* we mo/
 frequ5tly he> f p]sons :o f9d !mselves 
confront$ by ! s9fulness or h>mfulness (
 "s "p ( _! behavior4 ,i nev] ?\ght1 !y 
say4 ,i nev] ?\ght h[ mean ! action 01  
,i nev] ?\ght ( ^! abom9able            
consequ5ces4 ,& :at d we retort :5 !y   
say ?is8 ,we say3 ,:y didn't y ?9k8 ,:at
 7 y !re = b to ?9k8 ,& we read !m a    
moral lecture on _! irreflectiv5ess4  ,!

 hackney$ example ( moral delib]ation is
 ! case ( an habitual drunk>d "u        
temptation4 ,he has made a resolve to   
re=m1 b he is n[ solicit$ aga9 by !     
bottle4 ,8 moral triumph or failure     
lit]ally consi/s 9 8 f9d+ ! "r "n = !   
case4 ,if he says t x is a case ( n wa/+
 good liquor already p\r$ out1 or a case
 ( n be+ *urli% & unsociable :5 9 ! mid/
 ( fri5ds1 or a case ( le>n+ some?+ at  
la/ ab\t a br& ( :iskey :i* he nev] met 
be=e1 or a case ( celebrat+ a public    
holiday1 or a case ( /imulat+ himself to
 a m en]getic resolve 9 favor ( ab/95ce 
?an any he has ev] yet made1 !n he is   
lo/4 ,8 *oice ( ! wrong "n seals 8 doom4
 ,b if1 9 spite ( all ! plausible good  
names ) :i* 8 ?ir/y fancy s copi\sly    
furni%es him1 he unwav]+ly cl+s to !    
tru] bad "n1 & app]ceives ! case z t (  
be+ a drunk>d1 be+ a drunk>d1 be+ a     
drunk>d1 8 feet are plant$ on ! road to 
salvation4 ,he saves himself by ?9k+    
rightly4  ,?us are y\r pupils to be     
sav$3 fir/1 by ! /ock ( ideas ) :i* y   

furni% !m2 second1 by ! am\nt ( volunt>y
 att5tion t !y c ex]t 9 hold+ to ! "r   
ones1 h[ev] unpalatable2 &1 ?ird1 by !  
sev]al habits ( act+ def9itely on ^!    
latt] to :i* !y h be5 successfully      
tra9$4  ,9 all ?is ! p[] ( volunt>ily   
att5d+ is ! po9t ( ! :ole proc$ure4 ,j z
 a balance turns on its knife-edges1 s  
on x our moral de/9y turns4 ,y rememb]  
t1 :5 we 7 talk+ ( ! subject ( att5tion1
 we discov]$ h[ mu* m int]mitt5t & brief
 our acts ( volunt>y att5tion are ?an is
 commonly suppos$4 ,if !y 7 all summ$   
toge!r1 ! "t t !y occupy w\ld cov] an   
almo/ incr$ibly small portion ( our     
lives4 ,b ,i also said1 y w rememb]1 t  
_! brevity 0 n 9 proportion to _!       
significance1 & t ,i %\ld return to !   
subject aga94 ,s ,i return to x n[4 ,x  
is n ! m]e size ( a ?+ :i*1 con/itutes  
its importance3 x is its position 9 !   
organism to :i* x belongs4 ,our acts (  
volunt>y att5tion1 brief & fitful z !y  
are1 are nev]!less mom5t\s & critical1  
det]m9+ u1 z !y d1 to high] or l[]      

de/9ies4 ,! ex]cise ( volunt>y att5tion 
9 ! s*oolroom mu/ !re=e be c\nt$ "o ( ! 
mo/ important po9ts ( tra9+ t take place
 !re2 & ! fir/-rate tea*]1 by ! ke5ness 
( ! remot] int]e/s :i* he is able to    
awak51 w provide abundant opportunities 
= its occurr5ce4 ,i hope t y appreciate 
?is n[ )\t any fur!r explanation4  ,i h 
be5 accus$ ( hold+ up be=e y1 9 ! c\rse 
( ^! talks1 a me*anical & ev5 a         
mat]iali/ic view ( ! m9d4 ,i h call$ x  
an organism & a ma*9e4 ,i h spok5 ( its 
reaction on ! environm5t z ! ess5tial ?+
 ab\t x2 & ,i h ref]r$ ?is1 ei!r op5ly  
or implicitly1 to ! con/ruction ( !     
n]v\s sy/em4 ,i h1 9 consequ5ce1 receiv$
 notes f "s ( y1 begg+ me to be m       
explicit on ?is po9t2 & to let y "k     
frankly :e!r ,i am a complete mat]iali/1
 or n4  ,n[ 9 ^! lectures ,i wi% to be  
/rictly practical & useful1 & to keep   
free f all speculative complications4   
,nev]!less1 ,i d n wi% to leave any     
ambiguity ab\t my own position2 & ,i w  
!re=e say1 9 ord] to avoid all          

misund]/&+1 t 9 no s5se d ,i c\nt myself
 a mat]iali/4 ,i _c see h[ su* a ?+ z   
our consci\sness c possibly be produc$  
by a n]v\s ma*9]y1 ?\gh ,i c p]fectly   
well see h[1 if 'ideas' d accompany !   
work+s ( ! ma*9]y1 ! ord] ( ! ideas     
might v well foll[ exactly ! ord] ( !   
ma*9e's op]ations4 ,our habitual        
associations ( ideas1 tra9s ( ?\ght1 &  
sequ5ces ( action1 might ?us be         
consequ5ces ( ! succession ( curr5ts 9  
our n]v\s sy/ems4 ,& ! possible /ock (  
ideas :i* a man's free _s w\ld h to     
*oose f might dep5d exclusively on !    
native & acquir$ p[]s ( 8 bra94 ,if ?is 
7 all1 we might inde$ adopt ! fatali/   
conception :i* ,i sket*$ = y b a %ort   
:ile ago4 ,our ideas w\ld be det]m9$ by 
bra9 curr5ts1 & ^! by purely me*anical  
laws4  ,b1 aft] :at we h j se51--namely1
 ! "p play$ by volunt>y att5tion 9      
volition1--a belief 9 free w & purely   
spiritual causation is /ill op5 to u4 ,!
 duration & am\nt ( ?is att5tion seem )9
 c]ta9 limits indet]m9ate4 ,we feel z if

 we c\ld make x really m or less1 & z if
 our free action 9 ?is reg>d 7 a g5u9e  
critical po9t 9 nature1--a po9t on :i*  
our de/9y & t ( o!rs might h+e4 ,! :ole 
"q ( free w conc5trates itself1 !n1 at  
?is same small po9t3 ,is or is n !      
appe>ance ( indet]m9ation at ?is po9t an
 illusion8  ,x is pla9 t su* a "q c be  
decid$ only by g5]al analogies1 & n by  
accurate obs]vations4 ,! free-willi/    
believes ! appe>ance to be a reality3 ! 
det]m9i/ believes t x is an illusion4 ,i
 myself hold ) ! free-willi/s1--n       
because ,i _c conceive ! fatali/ !ory   
cle>ly1 or because ,i fail to und]/& its
 plausibility1 b simply because1 if free
 w 7 true1 x w\ld be absurd to h !      
belief 9 x fatally =c$ on our           
acceptance4 ,consid]+ ! inn] fitness (  
?+s1 "o w\ld r ?9k t ! v fir/ act ( a w 
end[$ ) fre$om %\ld be to su/a9 ! belief
 9 ! fre$om itself4 ,i accord+ly believe
 freely 9 my fre$om2 ,i d s ) ! be/ (   
sci5tific consci5ces1 kn[+ t !          
pr$et]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( my ef=t (     

att5tion c nev] receive objective pro(1 
& hop+ t1 :e!r y foll[ my example 9 ?is 
respect or n1 x w at lea/ make y see t  
su* psy*ological & psy*ophysical !ories 
z ,i hold d n necess>ily =ce a man to   
become a fatali/ or a mat]iali/4  ,let  
me say "o m f9al ^w n[ ab\t ! w1 & !re) 
conclude bo? t important subject & ^!   
lectures4  ,!re are two types ( w4 ,!re 
are also two types ( inhibition4 ,we may
 call !m inhibition by repression or by 
negation1 & inhibition by sub/itution1  
respectively4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is  
t1 9 ! case ( inhibition by repression1 
bo? ! inhibit$ idea & ! inhibit+ idea1 !
 impulsive idea & ! idea t negates x1   
rema9 along ) ea* o!r 9 consci\sness1   
produc+ a c]ta9 inw>d /ra9 or t5sion    
!re3 :]eas1 9 inhibition by sub/itution1
 ! inhibit+ idea sup]s$es altoge!r !    
idea :i* x inhibits1 & ! latt] quickly  
vani%es f ! field4  ,= in/ance1 y\r     
pupils are w&]+ 9 m9d1 are li/5+ to a   
s\nd outside ! w9d[1 :i* pres5tly gr[s  
int]e/+ en\gh to claim all _! att5tion4 

,y c call ! latt] back aga9 by bell[+ at
 !m n to li/5 to ^? s\nds1 b to keep _! 
m9ds on _! books or on :at y are say+4  
,&1 by ?us keep+ !m consci\s t y\r eye  
is /]nly on !m1 y may produce a good    
effect4 ,b x w be a wa/eful effect & an 
inf]ior effect2 = ! mom5t y relax y\r   
sup]vision ! attractive di/urbance1     
always !re solicit+ _! curiosity1 w     
ov]p[] !m1 & !y w be j z !y 7 be=e3     
:]eas1 if1 )\t say+ any?+ ab\t ! /reet  
di/urbances1 y op5 a c\nt]-attraction by
 />t+ "s v int]e/+ talk or demon/ration 
y\rself1 !y w altoge!r =get ! di/ract+  
incid5t1 & )\t any ef=t foll[ y along4  
,!re are _m int]e/s t c nev] be inhibit$
 by ! way ( negation4 ,to a man 9 love1 
= example1 x is lit]ally impossible1 by 
any ef=t ( w1 to annul 8 passion4 ,b let
 '"s new planet swim into 8 k51' & ! =m]
 idol w imm$iately cease to engross 8   
m9d4  ,x is cle> t 9 g5]al we ought1    
:5ev] we c1 to employ ! me?od (         
inhibition by sub/itution4 ,he ^: life  
is bas$ ^u ! ^w 'no1' :o tells ! tru?   

because a lie is wick$1 & :o has        
con/antly to grapple ) 8 envi\s & c[>dly
 & mean prop5sities1 is 9 an inf]ior    
situation 9 e respect to :at he w\ld be 
if ! love ( tru? & magnanimity          
positively possess$ him f ! outset1 & he
 felt no inf]ior temptations4 ,y\r born 
g5tleman is c]ta9ly1 = ?is _w's         
purposes1 a m valuable be+ ?an y\r      
,crump1 ) 8 grunt+ resi/ance to 8 native
 devils1 ev5 ?\gh 9 ,god's sight ! latt]
 may1 z ! ,ca?olic !ologians say1 be    
roll+ up great /ores ( 'm]it4'  ,sp9oza 
long ago wrote 9 8 ,e?ics t any?+ t a   
man c avoid "u ! notion t x is bad he   
may also avoid "u ! notion t some?+ else
 is good4 ,he :o habitually acts sub    
specie mali1 "u ! negative notion1 !    
notion ( ! bad1 is call$ a slave by     
,sp9oza4 ,to him :o acts habitually "u !
 notion ( good he gives ! "n ( freeman4 
,see to x n[1 ,i beg y1 t y make freem5 
( y\r pupils by habituat+ !m to act1    
:5ev] possible1 "u ! notion ( a good4   
,get !m habitually to tell ! tru?1 n s  

mu* ?r\gh %[+ !m ! wick$ness ( ly+ z by 
ar\s+ _! en?usiasm = honor & v]acity4   
,wean !m f _! native cruelty by imp>t+  
to !m "s ( y\r own positive sympa?y ) an
 animal's inn] spr+s ( joy4 ,&1 9 !     
lessons :i* y may be legally oblig$ to  
conduct ^u ! bad effects ( alcohol1 lay 
less /ress ?an ! books d on ! drunk>d's 
/oma*1 kidneys1 n]ves1 & social mis]ies1
 & m on ! bless+s ( hav+ an organism    
kept 9 lifelong possession ( its full   
y\?ful ela/icity by a sweet1 s\nd blood1
 to :i* /imulants & n>cotics are unkn[n1
 & to :i* ! morn+ sun & air & dew w     
daily come z suffici5tly p[]ful         
intoxicants4  ,i h n[ end$ ^! talks4 ,if
 to "s ( y ! ?+s ,i h said seem obvi\s  
or trivial1 x is possible t !y may appe>
 less s :51 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> or two1 y 
f9d y\rselves notic+ & app]ceiv+ ev5ts 9
 ! s*oolroom a little diff]5tly1 9      
consequ5ce ( "s ( ! conceptions ,i h    
tri$ to make m cle>4 ,i _c b ?9k t to   
app]ceive y\r pupil z a little s5sitive1
 impulsive1 associative1 & reactive     

organism1 p>tly fat$ & p>tly free1 w    
lead to a bett] intellig5ce ( all 8     
ways4 ,und]/& him1 !n1 z su* a subtle   
little piece ( ma*9]y4 ,& if1 9         
addition1 y c also see him sub specie   
boni1 & love him z well1 y w be 9 ! be/ 
possible position = becom+ p]fect       
tea*]s4     ,,talks ,,to ,,/ud5ts       
,i4 ,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,relaxation   ,i  
wi% 9 ! foll[+ h\r to take c]ta9        
psy*ological doctr9es & %[ _! practical 
applications to m5tal hygi5e1--to !     
hygi5e ( our ,am]ican life m p>ticul>ly4
 ,our p1 especially 9 academic circles1 
are turn+ t[>ds psy*ology n[adays )     
great expectations2 &1 if psy*ology is  
to ju/ify !m1 x mu/ be by %[+ fruits 9 !
 p$agogic & !rapeutic l9es4  ,! read]   
may possibly h he>d ( a peculi> !ory ( !
 emotions1 commonly ref]r$ to 9         
psy*ological lit]ature z ! ,lange-,james
 !ory4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 our        
emotions are ma9ly due to ^? organic    
/irr+s t are ar\s$ 9 u 9 a reflex way by
 ! /imulus ( ! excit+ object or         

situation4 ,an emotion ( fe>1 = example1
 or surprise1 is n a direct effect ( !  
object's pres5ce on ! m9d1 b an effect (
 t /ill e>li] effect1 ! bodily commotion
 :i* ! object sudd5ly excites2 s t1 7   
?is bodily commotion suppress$1 we %\ld 
n s mu* feel fe> z call ! situation     
fe>ful2 we %\ld n feel surprise1 b      
coldly recognize t ! object 0 inde$     
a/oni%+4 ,"o en?usia/ has ev5 gone s f> 
z to say t :5 we feel sorry x is because
 we weep1 :5 we feel afraid x is because
 we run away1 & n conv]sely4 ,"s ( y may
 p]haps be acqua9t$ ) ! p>adoxical      
=mula4 ,n[1 :atev] exagg]ation may      
possibly lurk 9 ?is acc\nt ( our        
emotions 7& ,i d\bt myself :e!r !       
exagg]ation be v great71 x is c]ta9 t ! 
ma9 core ( x is true1 & t ! m]e giv+ way
 to te>s1 = example1 or to ! outw>d     
expression ( an ang]-fit1 w result = !  
mom5t 9 mak+ ! inn] grief or ang] m     
acutely felt4 ,!re is1 accord+ly1 no    
bett] kn[n or m g5]ally useful precept 9
 ! moral tra9+ ( y\?1 or 9 "o's p]sonal 

self-discipl9e1 ?an t :i* bids u pay    
prim>y att5tion to :at we d & express1 &
 n to c>e too mu* = :at we feel4 ,if we 
only *eck a c[>dly impulse 9 "t1 =      
example1 or if we only don't /rike ! bl[
 or rip out ) ! compla9+ or insult+ ^w t
 we %all regret z long z we live1 our   
feel+s !mselves w pres5tly be ! calm] & 
bett]1 ) no p>ticul> guidance f u on _! 
own acc\nt4 ,action seems to foll[      
feel+1 b really action & feel+ g toge!r2
 & by regulat+ ! action1 :i* is "u ! m  
direct control ( ! w1 we c indirectly   
regulate ! feel+1 :i* is n4  ,?us !     
sov]eign volunt>y pa? to *e]fulness1 if 
our spontane\s *e]fulness be lo/1 is to 
sit up *e]fully1 to look r\nd *e]fully1 
& to act & speak z if *e]fulness 7      
already !re4 ,if su* conduct does n make
 y soon feel *e]ful1 no?+ else on t     
occasion c4 ,s to feel brave1 act z if  
we 7 brave1 use all our w to t end1 & a 
c\rage-fit w v likely replace ! fit (   
fe>4 ,aga91 9 ord] to feel k9dly t[>d a 
p]son to :om we h be5 inimical1 ! only  

way is m or less delib]ately to smile1  
to make sympa!tic inquiries1 & to =ce   
ourselves to say g5ial ?+s4 ,"o he>ty   
laugh toge!r w br+ enemies into a clos] 
communion ( he>t ?an h\rs sp5t on bo?   
sides 9 inw>d wre/l+ ) ! m5tal demon (  
un*>itable feel+4 ,to wre/le ) a bad    
feel+ only p9s our att5tion on x1 &     
keeps x /ill fa/5$ 9 ! m9d3 :]eas1 if we
 act z if f "s bett] feel+1 ! old bad   
feel+ soon folds its t5t l an ,arab1 &  
sil5tly /eals away4  ,! be/ manuals (   
religi\s devotion accord+ly reit]ate !  
maxim t we mu/ let our feel+s g1 & pay  
no reg>d to !m :atev]4 ,9 an admirable &
 widely successful little book call$ ',!
 ,*ri/ian's ,secret ( a ,happy ,life1'  
by ,mrs4 ,hannah ,:itall ,smi?1 ,i f9d  
?is lesson on almo/ e page4 ,act        
fai?fully1 & y really h fai?1 no matt]  
h[ cold & ev5 h[ dubi\s y may feel4 ,x  
is y\r purpose ,god looks at1 writes    
,mrs4 ,smi?1 n y\r feel+s ab\t t        
purpose2 & y\r purpose1 or w1 is !re=e !
 only ?+ y ne$ att5d to4444 ,let y\r    

emotions come or let !m g1 j z ,god     
pleases1 & make no acc\nt ( !m ei!r     
way4444 ,!y really h no?+ to d ) !      
matt]4 ,!y are n ! indicators ( y\r     
spiritual /ate1 b are m]ely ! indicators
 ( y\r temp]am5t or ( y\r pres5t        
physical condition4  ,b y all "k ^!     
facts already1 s ,i ne$ no long] press  
!m on y\r att5tion4 ,f our acts & f our 
attitudes ceaseless inp\r+ curr5ts (    
s5sation come1 :i* help to det]m9e f    
mom5t to mom5t :at our inn] /ates %all  
be3 t is a fundam5tal law ( psy*ology   
:i* ,i w !re=e proce$ to assume4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,vi5nese neurologi/ ( consid]able    
reputation has rec5tly writt5 ab\t !    
,b9n5leb51 z he t]ms x1 or buri$ life ( 
human be+s4 ,no doctor1 ?is writ] says1 
c get into really pr(itable relations ) 
a n]v\s pati5t until he gets "s s5se (  
:at ! pati5t's ,b9n5leb5 is1 ( ! sort ( 
unutt]$ inn] atmosph]e 9 :i* 8          
consci\sness dwells alone ) ! secrets ( 
its prison-h\se4 ,?is inn] p]sonal tone 

is :at we c't communicate or describe   
articulately to o!rs2 b ! wrai? & gho/ (
 x1 s to speak1 are (t5 :at our fri5ds &
 intimates feel z our mo/ *>act]i/ic    
quality4 ,9 ! unheal?y-m9d$1 ap>t f all 
sorts ( old regrets1 ambitions *eck$ by 
%ames & aspirations ob/ruct$ by         
timidities1 x consi/s ma9ly ( bodily    
discom=ts n di/9ctly localiz$ by !      
suff]]1 b bre$+ a g5]al self-mi/ru/ &   
s5se t ?+s are n z !y %\ld be ) him4    
,half ! ?ir/ = alcohol t exi/s 9 ! _w   
exi/s simply because alcohol acts z a   
tempor>y anae/hetic & effac] to all ^!  
morbid feel+s t nev] ought to be 9 a    
human be+ at all4 ,9 ! heal?y-m9d$1 on !
 contr>y1 !re are no fe>s or %ames to   
discov]2 & ! s5sations t p\r 9 f !      
organism only help to swell ! g5]al     
vital s5se ( security & read9ess = any?+
 t may turn up4  ,consid]1 = example1 ! 
effects ( a well-ton$ motor-app>atus1   
n]v\s & muscul>1 on our g5]al p]sonal   
self-consci\sness1 ! s5se ( ela/icity & 
effici5cy t results4 ,!y tell u t 9     

,norway ! life ( ! wom5 has lately be5  
entirely revolutioniz$ by ! new ord] (  
muscul> feel+s ) :i* ! use ( ! ski1 or  
long sn[-%oes1 z a sport = bo? sexes1   
has made ! wom5 acqua9t$4 ,fifte5 ye>s  
ago ! ,norwegian wom5 7 ev5 m ?an ! wom5
 ( o!r l&s vot>ies ( ! old-fa%ion$ ideal
 ( fem99ity1 '! dome/ic angel1' ! 'g5tle
 & ref9+ influ5ce' sort ( ?+4 ,n[ ^!    
s$5t>y fireside tabby-cats ( ,norway h  
be5 tra9$1 !y say1 by ! sn[-%oes into   
li! & audaci\s creatures1 = :om no night
 is too d>k or height too giddy1 & :o   
are n only say+ good-bye to !           
traditional fem99e pallor & delicacy (  
con/itution1 b actually tak+ ! lead 9 e 
educational & social re=m4 ,i _c b ?9k t
 ! t5nis & tramp+ & skat+ habits & !    
bicycle-craze :i* are s rapidly ext5d+  
among our de> si/]s & daught]s 9 ?is    
c\ntry are go+ also to lead to a s\nd] &
 he>ti] moral tone1 :i* w s5d its tonic 
brea? ?r\gh all our ,am]ican life4  ,i  
hope t "h 9 ,am]ica m & m ! ideal ( !   
well-tra9$ & vigor\s body w be ma9ta9$  

neck by neck ) t ( ! well-tra9$ &       
vigor\s m9d z ! two coequal halves ( !  
high] education = m5 & wom5 alike4 ,!   
/r5g? ( ! ,briti% ,empire lies 9 ! /r5g?
 ( "* ( ! individual ,engli%man1 tak5   
all alone by himself4 ,& t /r5g?1 ,i am 
p]suad$1 is p]5nially n\ri%$ & kept up  
by no?+ s mu* z by ! national wor%ip1 9 
:i* all classes meet1 ( a?letic outdoor 
life & sport4  ,i recollect1 ye>s ago1  
read+ a c]ta9 "w by an ,am]ican doctor  
on hygi5e & ! laws ( life & ! type (    
future humanity4 ,i h =gott5 its au?or's
 "n & its title1 b ,i rememb] well an   
awful prophecy t x conta9$ ab\t ! future
 ( our muscul> sy/em4 ,human p]fection1 
! writ] said1 means ability to cope ) ! 
environm5t2 b ! environm5t w m & m      
require m5tal p[] f u1 & less & less w  
ask = b>e brute /r5g?4 ,w>s w cease1    
ma*9es w d all our heavy "w1 man w      
become m & m a m]e director ( nature's  
en]gies1 & less & less an ex]t] ( en]gy 
on 8 own acc\nt4 ,s t1 if ! homo sapi5s 
( ! future c only dige/ 8 food & ?9k1   

:at ne$ w he h ( well-develop$ muscles  
at all8 ,& :y1 pursu$ ?is writ]1 %\ld we
 n ev5 n[ be satisfi$ ) a m delicate &  
intellectual type ( beauty ?an t :i*    
pleas$ our ance/ors8 ,nay1 ,i h he>d a  
fanciful fri5d make a /ill fur!r advance
 9 ?is 'new-man' direction4 ,) our      
future food1 he says1 itself prep>$ 9   
liquid =m f ! *emical elem5ts ( !       
atmosph]e1 peps9at$ or half-dige/$ 9    
advance1 & suck$ up ?r\gh a glass tube f
 a t9 c1 :at ne$ %all we h ( tee?1 or   
/oma*s ev58 ,!y may g1 along ) our      
muscles & our physical c\rage1 :ile1    
*all5g+ ev] m & m our prop] admiration1 
w gr[ ! gigantic domes ( our crania1    
ar*+ ov] our spectacl$ eyes1 & animat+  
our flexible little lips to ^? floods ( 
le>n$ & +5i\s talk :i* w con/itute our  
mo/ cong5ial occupation4  ,i am sure t  
y\r fle% creeps at ?is apocalyptic      
vision4 ,m9e c]ta9ly did s2 & ,i _c     
believe t our muscul> vigor w ev] be a  
sup]fluity4 ,ev5 if ! day ev] dawns 9   
:i* x w n be ne$$ = fight+ ! old heavy  

battles aga9/ ,nature1 x w /ill always  
be ne$$ to furni% ! backgr\nd ( sanity1 
s]5ity1 & *e]fulness to life1 to give   
moral ela/icity to our disposition1 to  
r\nd (f ! wiry edge ( our fretfulness1 &
 make u good-humor$ & easy ( approa*4   
,weakness is too apt to be :at ! doctors
 call irritable weakness4 ,& t bless$   
int]nal peace & confid5ce1 t            
acquiesc5tia 9 seipso1 z ,sp9oza us$ to 
call x1 t wells up f e "p ( ! body ( a  
muscul>ly well-tra9$ human be+1 & soaks 
! indwell+ s\l ( him ) satisfaction1 is1
 q ap>t f e consid]ation ( its me*anical
 utility1 an elem5t ( spiritual hygi5e (
 supreme significance4  ,& n[ let me g a
 /ep deep] into m5tal hygi5e1 & try to  
enli/ y\r insight & sympa?y 9 a cause   
:i* ,i believe is "o ( p>am\nt patriotic
 importance to u ,yankees4 ,_m ye>s ago 
a ,scotti% m$ical man1 ,dr4 ,cl\/on1 a  
mad-doctor z !y call him !re1 or :at we 
%\ld call an asylum physician 7! mo/    
em95t "o 9 ,scotl&71 visit$ ?is c\ntry1 
& said some?+ t has rema9$ 9 my memory  

ev] s9ce4 ,y ,am]icans1 he said1 we> too
 mu* expression on y\r faces4 ,y are    
liv+ l an army ) all its res]ves engag$ 
9 action4 ,! dull] c\nt5ances ( !       
,briti% population betok5 a bett] s*eme 
( life4 ,!y sugge/ /ores ( res]v$ n]v\s 
=ce to fall back ^u1 if any occasion    
%\ld arise t requires x4 ,?is           
inexcitability1 ?is pres5ce at all times
 ( p[] n us$1 ,i reg>d1 cont9u$ ,dr4    
,cl\/on1 z ! great safegu>d ( our       
,briti% p4 ,! o!r ?+ 9 y gives me a s5se
 ( insecurity1 & y ought someh[ to tone 
y\rselves d[n4 ,y really d c>ry too mu* 
expression1 y take too int5sely !       
trivial mom5ts ( life4  ,n[ ,dr4 ,cl\/on
 is a tra9$ read] ( ! secrets ( ! s\l z 
express$ ^u ! c\nt5ance1 & ! obs]vation 
( 8 :i* ,i quote seems to me to mean a  
great deal4 ,& all ,am]icans :o /ay 9   
,europe long en\gh to get accu/om$ to ! 
_s t reigns & expresses itself !re1 s   
unexcitable z comp>$ ) ours1 make a     
simil> obs]vation :5 !y return to _!    
native %ores4 ,!y f9d a wild-ey$ look ^u

 _! compatriots' faces1 ei!r ( too      
desp]ate eag]ness & anxiety or ( too    
int5se responsiv5ess & good-w4 ,x is h>d
 to say :e!r ! m5 or ! wom5 %[ x mo/4 ,x
 is true t we d n all feel ab\t x z ,dr4
 ,cl\/on felt4 ,_m ( u1 f> f deplor+ x1 
admire x4 ,we say3 ,:at intellig5ce x   
%[s6 ,h[ diff]5t f ! /olid *eeks1 !     
codfi% eyes1 ! sl[1 inanimate demeanor  
we h be5 see+ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles6       
,int5sity1 rapidity1 vivacity (         
appe>ance1 are inde$ ) u some?+ ( a     
nationally accept$ ideal2 & ! m$ical    
notion ( 'irritable weakness' is n !    
fir/ ?+ sugge/$ by !m to our m9d1 z x 0 
to ,dr4 ,cl\/on's4 ,9 a weekly pap] n v 
long ago ,i rememb] read+ a /ory 9 :i*1 
aft] describ+ ! beauty & int]e/ ( !     
h]o9e's p]sonality1 ! au?or summ$ up h] 
*>ms by say+ t to all :o look$ ^u h] an 
impression z ( 'bottl$ lightn+' 0       
irresi/ibly convey$4  ,bottl$ lightn+1 9
 tru?1 is "o ( our ,am]ican ideals1 ev5 
( a "y girl's "*6 ,n[ x is mo/          
ungraci\s1 & x may seem to "s p]sons    

unpatriotic1 to criticise 9 public !    
physical peculi>ities ( "o's own p1 (   
"o's own family1 s to speak4 ,besides1 x
 may be said1 & said ) ju/ice1 t !re are
 pl5ty ( bottl$-lightn+ temp]am5ts 9 o!r
 c\ntries1 & pl5ty ( phlegmatic         
temp]am5ts "h2 & t1 :5 all is said &    
done1 ! m or less ( t5sion ab\t :i* ,i  
am mak+ su* a fuss is a v small item 9 !
 sum total ( a nation's life1 & n wor?  
solemn treatm5t at a "t :5 agreeable r  
?an disagreeable ?+s %\ld be talk$ ab\t4
 ,well1 9 "o s5se ! m or less ( t5sion 9
 our faces & 9 our unus$ muscles is a   
small ?+3 n mu* me*anical "w is done by 
^! contractions4 ,b x is n always !     
mat]ial size ( a ?+ t measures its      
importance3 (t5 x is its place &        
function4 ,"o ( ! mo/ philosophical     
rem>ks ,i ev] he>d made 0 by an unlett]$
 workman :o 0 do+ "s repairs at my h\se 
_m ye>s ago4 ,!re is v little diff]5ce  
betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 he said1 :5 y g  
to ! bottom ( x4 ,b :at little !re is1  
is v important4 ,& ! rem>k c]ta9ly      

applies to ?is case4 ,! g5]al           
ov]-contraction may be small :5 e/imat$ 
9 foot-p\nds1 b its importance is imm5se
 on acc\nt ( its effects on !           
ov]-contract$ p]son's spiritual life4   
,?is foll[s z a necess>y consequ5ce f ! 
!ory ( our emotions to :i* ,i made      
ref]5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article4 ,= by
 ! s5sations t s incessantly p\r 9 f !  
ov]-t5se excit$ body ! ov]-t5se & excit$
 habit ( m9d is kept up2 & ! sultry1    
?reat5+1 exhau/+1 ?und]\s inn] atmosph]e
 nev] q cle>s away4 ,if y nev] :olly    
give y\rself up to ! *air y sit 91 b    
always keep y\r leg- & body-muscles half
 contract$ = a rise2 if y brea! eighte5 
or n9ete5 in/ead ( sixte5 times a m9ute1
 & nev] q brea! out at t1--:at m5tal    
mood c y be 9 b "o ( inn] pant+ &       
expectancy1 & h[ c ! future & its       
worries possibly =sake y\r m9d8 ,on !   
o!r h&1 h[ c !y ga9 admission to y\r m9d
 if y\r br[ be unruffl$1 y\r respiration
 calm & complete1 & y\r muscles all     
relax$8  ,n[ :at is ! cause ( ?is abs5ce

 ( repose1 ?is bottl$-lightn+ quality 9 
u ,am]icans8 ,! explanation ( x t is    
usually giv5 is t x comes f ! extreme   
dryness ( our climate & ! acrobatic     
p]=mances ( our !rmomet]1 c\pl$ ) !     
extraord9>y progressiv5ess ( our life1 !
 h>d "w1 ! railroad spe$1 ! rapid       
success1 & all ! o!r ?+s we "k s well by
 he>t4 ,well1 our climate is c]ta9ly    
excit+1 b h>dly m s ?an t ( _m p>ts (   
,europe1 :]e nev]!less no bottl$-lightn+
 girls are f\nd4 ,& ! "w done & ! pace (
 life are z extreme an e great capital (
 ,europe z !y are "h4 ,to me bo? ( ^!   
pret5d$ causes are utt]ly insuffici5t to
 expla9 ! facts4  ,to expla9 !m1 we mu/ 
g n to physical geography1 b to         
psy*ology & sociology4 ,! late/ *apt]   
bo? 9 sociology & 9 psy*ology to be     
develop$ 9 a mann] t approa*es adequacy 
is ! *apt] on ! imitative impulse4 ,fir/
 ,bagehot1 !n ,t>de1 !n ,royce & ,baldw9
 "h1 h %[n t inv5tion & imitation1 tak5 
toge!r1 =m1 "o may say1 ! entire w>p &  
wo( ( human life1 9 s f> z x is social4 

,! ,am]ican ov]-t5sion & j]k9ess &      
brea?lessness & int5sity & agony (      
expression are prim>ily social1 & only  
second>ily physiological1 ph5om5a4 ,!y  
are bad habits1 no?+ m or less1 br$ (   
cu/om & example1 born ( ! imitation (   
bad models & ! cultivation ( false      
p]sonal ideals4 ,h[ are idioms acquir$1 
h[ d local peculi>ities ( phrase & acc5t
 come ab\t8 ,?r\gh an accid5tal example 
set by "s "o1 :i* /ruck ! e>s ( o!rs1 & 
0 quot$ & copi$ till at la/ e "o 9 !    
locality *im$ 94 ,j s x is ) national   
tricks ( vocalization or intonation1 )  
national mann]s1 fa%ions ( movem5t &    
ge/ure1 & habitual expressions ( face4  
,we1 "h 9 ,am]ica1 ?r\gh foll[+ a       
succession ( patt]n-sett]s :om x is n[  
impossible to trace1 & ?r\gh influ5c+   
ea* o!r 9 a bad direction1 h at la/     
settl$ d[n collectively into :at1 =     
bett] or worse1 is our own *>act]i/ic   
national type1--a type ) ! production ( 
:i*1 s f> z ^! habits g1 ! climate &    
conditions h _h practically no?+ at all 

to d4  ,?is type1 :i* we h ?us rea*$ by 
our imitativ5ess1 we n[ h fix$ ^u u1 =  
bett] or worse4 ,n[ no type c be :olly  
disadvantage\s2 b1 s f> z our type      
foll[s ! bottl$-lightn+ fa%ion1 x _c be 
:olly good4 ,dr4 ,cl\/on 0 c]ta9ly "r 9 
?9k+ t eag]ness1 brea?lessness1 &       
anxiety are n signs ( /r5g?3 !y are     
signs ( weakness & ( bad co-ord9ation4  
,! ev5 =ehead1 ! slab-l *eek1 ! codfi%  
eye1 may be less int]e/+ = ! mom5t2 b !y
 are m promis+ signs ?an int5se         
expression is ( :at we may expect ( _!  
possessor 9 ! long run4 ,y\r dull1      
unhurri$ work] gets ov] a great deal (  
gr\nd1 because he nev] goes backw>d or  
breaks d[n4 ,y\r int5se1 convulsive     
work] breaks d[n & has bad moods s (t5 t
 y nev] "k :]e he may be :5 y mo/ ne$ 8 
help1--he may be hav+ "o ( 8 'bad days4'
 ,we say t s _m ( our fell[-c\ntrym5    
collapse1 & h to be s5t abroad to re/ _!
 n]ves1 because !y "w s h>d4 ,i suspect 
t ?is is an imm5se mi/ake4 ,i suspect t 
nei!r ! nature nor ! am\nt ( our "w is  

acc\ntable = ! frequ5cy & sev]ity ( our 
breakd[ns1 b t _! cause lies r 9 ^?     
absurd feel+s ( hurry & hav+ no "t1 9 t 
brea?lessness & t5sion1 t anxiety (     
feature & t solicitude = results1 t lack
 ( inn] h>mony & ease1 9 %ort1 by :i* ) 
u ! "w is s apt to be accompani$1 & f   
:i* a ,european :o %\ld d ! same "w w\ld
 n9e times out ( t5 be free4 ,^!        
p]fectly wanton & unnecess>y tricks (   
inn] attitude & out] mann] 9 u1 caught f
 ! social atmosph]e1 kept up by         
tradition1 & idealiz$ by _m z !         
admirable way ( life1 are ! la/ /raws t 
break ! ,am]ican camel's back1 ! f9al   
ov]fl[]s ( our measure ( we> & te> &    
fatigue4  ,! voice1 = example1 9 a      
surpris+ly l>ge numb] ( u has a tir$ &  
pla9tive s\nd4 ,"s ( u are really tir$  
7= ,i d n mean absolutely to d5y t our  
climate has a tir+ quality72 b f> m ( u 
are n tir$ at all1 or w\ld n be tir$ at 
all unless we _h got into a wret*$ trick
 ( feel+ tir$1 by foll[+ ! preval5t     
habits ( vocalization & expression4 ,&  

if talk+ high & tir$1 & liv+ excit$ly & 
hurri$ly1 w\ld only enable u to d m by !
 way1 ev5 :ile break+ u d[n 9 ! end1 x  
w\ld be diff]5t4 ,!re w\ld be "s        
comp5sation1 "s excuse1 = go+ on s4 ,b !
 exact rev]se is ! case4 ,x is y\r      
relax$ & easy work]1 :o is 9 no hurry1 &
 q ?\ghtless mo/ ( ! :ile ( consequ5ces1
 :o is y\r effici5t work]2 & t5sion &   
anxiety1 & pres5t & future1 all mix$ up 
toge!r 9 our m9d at once1 are ! sure/   
drags ^u /eady progress & h9drances to  
our success4 ,my colleague1 ,pr(essor   
,mu5/]b]g1 an excell5t obs]v]1 :o came  
"h rec5tly1 has writt5 "s notes on      
,am]ica to ,g]man pap]s4 ,he says 9     
sub/ance t ! appe>ance ( unusual en]gy 9
 ,am]ica is sup]ficial & illusory1 be+  
really due to no?+ b ! habits ( j]k9ess 
& bad co-ord9ation = :i* we h to ?ank ! 
defective tra9+ ( our p4 ,i ?9k myself t
 x is high "t = old leg5ds & traditional
 op9ions to be *ang$2 & t1 if any "o    
%\ld beg9 to write ab\t ,yankee         
ineffici5cy & feebl5ess1 & inability to 

d any?+ ) "t except to wa/e x1 he w\ld h
 a v pretty p>adoxical little !sis to   
su/a91 ) a great _m facts to quote1 & a 
great deal ( exp]i5ce to appeal to 9 its
 pro(4  ,well1 my fri5ds1 if our de>    
,am]ican "* is weak5$ by all ?is        
ov]-t5sion1--& ,i ?9k1 :atev] res]ves y 
may make1 t y w agree z to ! ma9        
facts1--:]e does ! rem$y lie8 ,x lies1 (
 c\rse1 :]e lay ! orig9s ( ! disease4   
,if a vici\s fa%ion & ta/e are to blame 
= ! ?+1 ! fa%ion & ta/e mu/ be *ang$4   
,&1 ?\gh x is no small ?+ to inoculate  
sev5ty millions ( p ) new /&>ds1 yet1 if
 !re is to be any relief1 t w h to be   
done4 ,we mu/ *ange ourselves f a race t
 admires j]k & snap = _! own sakes1 &   
looks d[n ^u l[ voices & quiet ways z   
dull1 to "o t1 on ! contr>y1 has calm = 
its ideal1 & = _! own sakes loves       
h>mony1 dignity1 & ease4  ,s we g back  
to ! psy*ology ( imitation aga94 ,!re is
 only "o way to improve ourselves1 & t  
is by "s ( u sett+ an example :i* ! o!rs
 may pick up & imitate till ! new fa%ion

 spreads f ea/ to we/4 ,"s ( u are 9 m  
favorable positions ?an o!rs to set new 
fa%ions4 ,"s are mu* m /rik+ p]sonally &
 imitable1 s to speak4 ,b no liv+ p]son 
is sunk s l[ z n to be imitat$ by       
somebody4 ,?ack]ay some:]e says ( !     
,iri% nation t !re nev] 0 an ,iri%man s 
poor t he didn't h a /ill poor] ,iri%man
 liv+ at 8 exp5se2 &1 surely1 !re is no 
human be+ ^: example doesn't "w         
contagi\sly 9 "s p>ticul>4 ,! v idiots  
at our public in/itutions imitate ea*   
o!r's peculi>ities4 ,&1 if y %\ld       
individually a*ieve calmness & h>mony 9 
y\r own p]son1 y may dep5d ^u x t a wave
 ( imitation w spread f y1 z surely z ! 
circles spread outw>d :5 a /one is      
dropp$ into a lake4  ,=tunately1 we %all
 n h to be absolute pione]s4 ,ev5 n[ 9  
,new ,york !y h =m$ a society = !       
improvem5t ( our national vocalization1 
& "o p]ceives its ma*9ations already 9 !
 %ape ( v>i\s newspap] p>agraphs int5d$ 
to /ir up dissatisfaction ) ! awful ?+ t
 x is4 ,&1 bett] /ill ?an t1 because m  

radical & g5]al1 is ! gospel (          
relaxation1 z "o may call x1 prea*$ by  
,miss ,annie ,payson ,call1 ( ,bo/on1 9 
h] admirable little volume call$ ',p[]  
?r\gh ,repose1' a book t ought to be 9 !
 h&s ( e tea*] & /ud5t 9 ,am]ica ( ei!r 
sex4 ,y ne$ only be foll[]s1 !n1 on a   
pa? already op5$ up by o!rs4 ,b ( "o ?+ 
be confid5t3 o!rs /ill w foll[ y4  ,&   
?is br+s me to "o m application (       
psy*ology to practical life1 to :i* ,i w
 call att5tion briefly1 & !n close4 ,if 
"o's example ( easy & calm ways is to be
 effectively contagi\s1 "o feels by     
in/9ct t ! less volunt>ily "o aims at   
gett+ imitat$1 ! m unconsci\s "o keeps 9
 ! matt]1 ! m likely "o is to succe$4   
,become ! imitable ?+1 & y may !n       
dis*>ge y\r m9ds ( all responsibility = 
! imitation4 ,! laws ( social nature w  
take c>e ( t result4 ,n[ ! psy*ological 
pr9ciple on :i* ?is precept reposes is a
 law ( v deep & wide-spread importance 9
 ! conduct ( our lives1 & at ! same "t a
 law :i* we ,am]icans mo/ griev\sly     

neglect4 ,/at$ te*nically1 ! law is ?is3
 t /rong feel+ ab\t "o's self t5ds to   
arre/ ! free association ( "o's         
objective ideas & motor processes4 ,we  
get ! extreme example ( ?is 9 ! m5tal   
disease call$ melan*olia4  ,a melan*olic
 pati5t is fill$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh )        
int5sely pa9ful emotion ab\t himself4   
,he is ?reat5$1 he is guilty1 he is     
doom$1 he is annihilat$1 he is lo/4 ,8  
m9d is fix$ z if 9 a cramp on ^! feel+s 
( 8 own situation1 & 9 all ! books on   
insanity y may read t ! usual v>i$ fl[ (
 8 ?\ghts has ceas$4 ,8 associative     
processes1 to use ! te*nical phrase1 are
 inhibit$2 & 8 ideas /& /ock-/ill1 %ut  
up to _! "o monoton\s function (        
reit]at+ inw>dly ! fact ( ! man's       
desp]ate e/ate4 ,& ?is inhibitive       
influ5ce is n due to ! m]e fact t 8     
emotion is pa9ful4 ,joy\s emotions ab\t 
! self also /op ! association ( our     
ideas4 ,a sa9t 9 ec/asy is z motionless 
& irresponsive & "o-idea'd z a          
melan*oliac4 ,&1 )\t go+ z f> z ec/atic 

sa9ts1 we "k h[ 9 e "o a great or sudd5 
pleasure may p>alyze ! fl[ ( ?\ght4 ,ask
 "y p return+ f a p>ty or a spectacle1 &
 all excit$ ab\t x1 :at x 04 ,oh1 x 0   
f9e6 x 0 f9e6 x 0 f9e6 is all !         
in=mation y are likely to receive until 
! excitem5t has calm$ d[n4 ,probably e  
"o ( my he>]s has be5 made tempor>ily   
half-idiotic by "s great success or     
piece ( good =tune4 ,good6 ,,good6      
,,good6 is all we c at su* times say to 
ourselves until we smile at our own v   
fooli%ness4  ,n[ f all ?is we c draw an 
extremely practical conclusion4 ,if1    
namely1 we wi% our tra9s ( ideation &   
volition to be copi\s & v>i$ &          
effective1 we mu/ =m ! habit ( free+ !m 
f ! inhibitive influ5ce ( reflection ^u 
!m1 ( egoi/ic preoccupation ab\t _!     
results4 ,su* a habit1 l o!r habits1 c  
be =m$4 ,prud5ce & duty & self-reg>d1   
emotions ( ambition & emotions (        
anxiety1 h1 ( c\rse1 a ne$ful "p to play
 9 our lives4  ,b conf9e !m z f> z      
possible to ! occasions :5 y are mak+   

y\r g5]al resolutions & decid+ on y\r   
plans ( campaign1 & keep !m out ( !     
details4 ,:5 once a decision is rea*$ & 
execution is ! ord] ( ! day1 dismiss    
absolutely all responsibility & c>e ab\t
 ! outcome4 ,unclamp1 9 a ^w1 y\r       
intellectual & practical ma*9]y1 & let x
 run free2 & ! s]vice x w d y w be twice
 z good4 ,:o are ! s*ol>s :o get        
'rattl$' 9 ! recitation-room8 ,^? :o ?9k
 ( ! possibilities ( failure & feel !   
great importance ( ! act4 ,:o are ^? :o 
d recite well8 ,(t5 ^? :o are mo/       
indiff]5t4 ,_! ideas reel !mselves out (
 _! memory ( _! own accord4 ,:y d we he>
 ! compla9t s (t5 t social life 9 ,new  
,engl& is ei!r less ri* & expressive or 
m fatigu+ ?an x is 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ! _w8
 ,to :at is ! fact1 if fact x be1 due   
unless to ! ov]-active consci5ce ( ! p1 
afraid ( ei!r say+ some?+ too trivial & 
obvi\s1 or some?+ ins9c]e1 or some?+    
unwor?y ( "o's int]locutor1 or some?+ 9 
"s way or o!r n adequate to ! occasion8 
,h[ c conv]sation possibly /e] itself   

?r\gh su* a sea ( responsibilities &    
inhibitions z ?is8 ,on ! o!r h&1        
conv]sation does fl\ri% & society is    
refre%+1 & nei!r dull on ! "o h& nor    
exhau/+ f its ef=t on ! o!r1 :]ev] p    
=get _! scruples & take ! brakes (f _!  
he>ts1 & let _! tongues wag z           
automatically & irresponsibly z !y w4   
,!y talk mu* 9 p$agogic circles to-day  
ab\t ! duty ( ! tea*] to prep>e = e     
lesson 9 advance4 ,to "s ext5t ?is is   
useful4 ,b we ,yankees are assur$ly n ^?
 to :om su* a g5]al doctr9e %\ld be     
prea*$4 ,we are only too c>eful z x is4 
,! advice ,i %\ld give to mo/ tea*]s    
w\ld be 9 ! words ( "o :o is h]self an  
admirable tea*]4 ,prep>e y\rself 9 !    
subject s well t x %all be always on    
tap3 !n 9 ! classroom tru/ y\r          
spontaneity & fl+ away all fur!r c>e4   
,my advice to /ud5ts1 especially to     
girl-/ud5ts1 w\ld be some:at simil>4 ,j 
z a bicycle-*a9 may be too tight1 s may 
"o's c>efulness & consci5ti\sness be s  
t5se z to h9d] ! runn+ ( "o's m9d4      

,take1 = example1 p]iods :5 !re are _m  
successive days ( exam9ation imp5d+4 ,"o
 ounce ( good n]v\s tone 9 an exam9ation
 is wor? _m p\nds ( anxi\s /udy = x 9   
advance4 ,if y want really to d y\r be/ 
9 an exam9ation1 fl+ away ! book ! day  
be=e1 say to y\rself1 ,i won't wa/e     
ano!r m9ute on ?is mis]able ?+1 & ,i    
don't c>e an iota :e!r ,i succe$ or n4  
,say ?is s9c]ely1 & feel x2 & g out &   
play1 or g to b$ & sleep1 & ,i am sure !
 results next day w enc\rage y to use ! 
me?od p]man5tly4 ,i h he>d ?is advice   
giv5 to a /ud5t by ,miss ,call1 ^: book 
on muscul> relaxation ,i quot$ a mom5t  
ago4 ,9 h] lat] book1 entitl$ ',z a     
,matt] ( ,c\rse1' ! gospel ( moral      
relaxation1 ( dropp+ ?+s f ! m9d1 & n   
'c>+1' is prea*$ ) equal success4 ,n    
only our prea*]s1 b our fri5ds !        
!osophi/s & m9d-cur]s ( v>i\s religi\s  
sects are also h>p+ on ?is /r+4 ,& ) !  
doctors1 ! ,dels>teans1 ! v>i\s m9d-cur+
 sects1 & su* writ]s z ,mr4 ,dress]1    
,pr5tice ,mul=d1 ,mr4 ,horace ,flet*]1 &

 ,mr4 ,tr9e to help1 & ! :ole b& (      
s*ooltea*]s & magaz9e-read]s *im+ 91 x  
really looks z if a good />t might be   
made 9 ! direction ( *ang+ our ,am]ican 
m5tal habit into some?+ m indiff]5t &   
/rong4  ,worry means always & inv>iably 
inhibition ( associations & loss (      
effective p[]4 ,( c\rse1 ! sov]eign cure
 = worry is religi\s fai?2 & ?is1 (     
c\rse1 y also "k4 ,! turbul5t bill[s ( !
 fretful surface leave ! deep p>ts ( !  
ocean undi/urb$1 & to him :o has a hold 
on va/] & m p]man5t realities ! h\rly   
vicissitudes ( 8 p]sonal de/9y seem     
relatively insignificant ?+s4 ,! really 
religi\s p]son is accord+ly un%akable & 
full ( equanimity1 & calmly ready = any 
duty t ! day may br+ =?4 ,?is is *>m+ly 
illu/rat$ by a little "w ) :i* ,i       
rec5tly became acqua9t$1 ,! ,practice ( 
! ,pres5ce ( ,god1 ! ,be/ ,rul] ( a     
,holy ,life1 by ,bro!r ,lawr5ce1 be+    
,conv]sations & ,lett]s ( ,ni*olas      
,h]man ( ,lorra9e1 ,translat$ f !       
,fr5*4,c ,i extract a few passages1 !   

conv]sations be+ giv5 9 indirect        
disc\rse4 ,bro!r ,lawr5ce 0 a ,c>melite 
fri>1 conv]t$ at ,p>is 9 #afff4 ,he said
 t he _h be5 footman to ,m4 ,fieub]t1 ! 
,treasur]1 & t he 0 a great awkw>d      
fell[1 :o broke ev]y?+4 ,t he _h desir$ 
to be receiv$ into a mona/]y1 ?9k+ t he 
w\ld !re be made to sm>t = 8 awkw>dness 
& ! faults he %\ld commit1 & s he %\ld  
sacrifice to ,god 8 life1 ) its         
pleasures2 b t ,god _h disappo9t$ him1  
he hav+ met ) no?+ b satisfaction 9 t   
/ate4444       ,c ,flem+ ,h4 ,revell    
,company1 ,new ,york4  ,t he _h long be5
 tr\bl$ 9 m9d f a c]ta9 belief t he %\ld
 be damn$2 t all ! m5 9 ! _w c\ld n h   
p]suad$ him to ! contr>y2 b t he _h ?us 
reason$ ) himself ab\t x3 ,i engag$ 9 a 
religi\s life only = ! love ( ,god1 & ,i
 h endeavor$ to act only = ,him2 :atev] 
becomes ( me1 :e!r ,i be lo/ or sav$1 ,i
 w always cont9ue to act purely = ! love
 ( ,god4 ,i %all h ?is good at lea/1 t  
till dea? ,i %all h done all t is 9 me  
to love ,him4444 ,t s9ce !n he _h pass$ 

8 life 9 p]fect lib]ty & cont9ual joy4  
,t :5 an occasion ( practis+ "s virtue  
(f]$1 he address$ himself to ,god1 say+1
 ',"l1 ,i _c d ?is unless ?\ enable/    
me'2 & t !n he receiv$ /r5g? m ?an      
suffici5t4 ,t1 :5 he _h fail$ 9 8 duty1 
he only confess$ 8 fault1 say+ to ,god1 
',i %all nev] d o!rwise1 if ,y leave me 
to myself2 x is ,y :o mu/ h9d] my fail+1
 & m5d :at is amiss4' ,t aft] ?is he    
gave himself no fur!r uneas9ess ab\t x4 
,t he _h be5 lately s5t into ,burgundy  
to buy ! provision ( w9e = ! society1   
:i* 0 a v unwelcome task = him1 because 
he _h no turn = bus9ess1 & because he 0 
lame1 & c\ld n g ab\t ! boat b by roll+ 
himself ov] ! casks4 ,t1 h[ev]1 he gave 
himself no uneas9ess ab\t x1 nor ab\t ! 
pur*ase ( ! w9e4 ,t he said to ,god1 ',x
 0 8 bus9ess he 0 ab\t1' & t he aft]w>d 
f\nd x well p]=m$4 ,t he _h be5 s5t into
 ,auv]gne1 ! ye> be=e1 ^u ! same acc\nt2
 t he c\ld n tell h[ ! matt] pass$1 b t 
x prov$ v well4  ,s1 likewise1 9 8      
bus9ess 9 ! kit*5 7to :i* he _h         

naturally a great av]sion71 hav+        
accu/om$ himself to d ev]y?+ !re = !    
love ( ,god1 & ) pray] ^u all occasions1
 = 8 grace to d 8 "w well1 he _h f\nd   
ev]y?+ easy dur+ fifte5 ye>s t he _h be5
 employ$ !re4  ,t he 0 v well pleas$ ) !
 po/ he 0 n[ 91 b t he 0 z ready to quit
 t z ! =m]1 s9ce he 0 always pleas+     
himself 9 e condition1 by do+ little ?+s
 = ! love ( ,god4  ,t ! goodness ( ,god 
assur$ him he w\ld n =sake him utt]ly1 &
 t he w\ld give him /r5g? to be> :atev] 
evil he p]mitt$ to happ5 to him2 &1     
!re=e1 t he fe>$ no?+1 & _h no occasion 
to consult ) anybody ab\t 8 /ate4 ,t1 :5
 he _h attempt$ to d x1 he _h always    
come away m p]plex$4  ,!                
simple-he>t$ness ( ! good ,bro!r        
,lawr5ce1 & ! relaxation ( all          
unnecess>y solicitudes & anxieties 9    
him1 is a refre%+ spectacle4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,! ne$ ( 
feel+ responsible all ! livelong day has
 be5 prea*$ long en\gh 9 our ,new       
,engl&4 ,long en\gh exclusively1 at any 

rate1--& long en\gh to ! female sex4    
,:at our girl-/ud5ts & woman-tea*]s mo/ 
ne$ n[adays is n ! exac]bation1 b r !   
ton+-d[n ( _! moral t5sions4 ,ev5 n[ ,i 
fe> t "s "o ( my fair he>]s may be mak+ 
an undy+ resolve to become /r5u\sly     
relax$1 co/ :at x w1 = ! rema9d] ( h]   
life4 ,x is ne$less to say t t is n !   
way to d x4 ,! way to d x1 p>adoxical z 
x may seem1 is g5u9ely n to c>e :e!r y  
are do+ x or n4 ,!n1 possibly1 by !     
grace ( ,god1 y may all at once f9d t y 
are do+ x1 &1 hav+ le>n$ :at ! trick    
feels l1 y may 7aga9 by ! grace ( ,god7 
be enabl$ to g on4  ,& t some?+ l ?is   
may be ! happy exp]i5ce ( all my he>]s  
is1 9 clos+1 my mo/ e>ne/ wi%4     ,,ii4
 ,,on ,a ,,c]ta9 ,,bl9dness ,,9 ,,human 
,,be+s   ,our judgm5ts conc]n+ ! wor? ( 
?+s1 big or little1 dep5d on ! feel+s ! 
?+s ar\se 9 u4 ,:]e we judge a ?+ to be 
preci\s 9 consequ5ce ( ! idea we frame (
 x1 ?is is only because ! idea is itself
 associat$ already ) a feel+4 ,if we 7  
radically feel+less1 & if ideas 7 ! only

 ?+s our m9d c\ld ent]ta91 we %\ld lose 
all our likes & dislikes at a /roke1 &  
be unable to po9t to any "o situation or
 exp]i5ce 9 life m valuable or          
significant ?an any o!r4  ,n[ ! bl9dness
 9 human be+s1 ( :i* ?is disc\rse w     
treat1 is ! bl9dness ) :i* we all are   
afflict$ 9 reg>d to ! feel+s ( creatures
 & p diff]5t f ourselves4  ,we are      
practical be+s1 ea* ( u ) limit$        
functions & duties to p]=m4 ,ea* is b\nd
 to feel int5sely ! importance ( 8 own  
duties & ! significance ( ! situations t
 call ^! =?4 ,b ?is feel+ is 9 ea* ( u a
 vital secret1 = sympa?y ) :i* we va9ly 
look to o!rs4 ,! o!rs are too mu*       
absorb$ 9 _! own vital secrets to take  
an int]e/ 9 ours4 ,h5ce ! /upidity &    
inju/ice ( our op9ions1 s f> z !y deal )
 ! significance ( ali5 lives4 ,h5ce !   
falsity ( our judgm5ts1 s f> z !y       
presume to decide 9 an absolute way on !
 value ( o!r p]sons' conditions or      
ideals4  ,take our dogs & ourselves1    
connect$ z we are by a tie m intimate   

?an mo/ ties 9 ?is _w2 & yet1 outside ( 
t tie ( fri5dly fondness1 h[ ins5sible1 
ea* ( u1 to all t makes life significant
 = ! o!r6--we to ! rapture ( bones "u   
h$ges1 or smells ( trees & lamp-po/s1 !y
 to ! delights ( lit]ature & art4 ,z y  
sit read+ ! mo/ mov+ romance y ev] fell 
^u1 :at sort ( a judge is y\r fox-t]ri] 
( y\r behavior8 ,) all 8 good w t[>d y1 
! nature ( y\r conduct is absolutely    
exclud$ f 8 compreh5sion4 ,to sit !re l 
a s5seless /atue1 :5 y might be tak+ him
 to walk & ?r[+ /icks = him to cat*6    
,:at que] disease is ?is t comes ov] y e
 day1 ( hold+ ?+s & />+ at !m l t = h\rs
 toge!r1 p>alyz$ ( motion & vacant ( all
 consci\s life8 ,! ,african savages came
 ne>] ! tru?2 b !y1 too1 miss$ x1 :5 !y 
ga!r$ wond]+ly r\nd "o ( our ,am]ican   
travell]s :o1 9 ! int]ior1 _h j come    
into possession ( a /ray copy ( ! ,new  
,york ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]1 & 0 dev\r+ x
 column by column4 ,:5 he got ?r\gh1 !y 
(f]$ him a high price = ! my/]i\s       
object2 &1 be+ ask$ = :at !y want$ x1 !y

 said3 ,= an eye m$ic9e1--t be+ ! only  
reason !y c\ld conceive ( = ! protract$ 
ba? :i* he _h giv5 8 eyes ^u its        
surface4  ,! spectator's judgm5t is sure
 to miss ! root ( ! matt]1 & to possess 
no tru?4 ,! subject judg$ kn[s a "p ( ! 
_w ( reality :i* ! judg+ spectator fails
 to see1 kn[s m :ile ! spectator kn[s   
less2 &1 :]ev] !re is conflict ( op9ion 
& diff]5ce ( vision1 we are b\nd to     
believe t ! tru] side is ! side t feels 
! m1 & n ! side t feels ! less4  ,let me
 take a p]sonal example ( ! k9d t       
befalls ea* "o ( u daily3--  ,"s ye>s   
ago1 :ile j\rney+ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,nor?   
,c>ol9a1 ,i pass$ by a l>ge numb] (     
'coves1' z !y call !m !re1 or heads (   
small valleys betwe5 ! hills1 :i* _h be5
 newly cle>$ & plant$4 ,! impression on 
my m9d 0 "o ( unmitigat$ squalor4 ,!    
settl] _h 9 e case cut d[n ! m          
manageable trees1 & left _! *>r$ /umps  
/&+4 ,! l>g] trees he _h girdl$ & kill$1
 9 ord] t _! foliage %\ld n ca/ a %ade4 
,he _h !n built a log cab91 pla/]+ its  

*9ks ) clay1 & _h set up a tall zigzag  
rail f5ce ar\nd ! sc5e ( 8 havoc1 to    
keep ! pigs & cattle out4 ,f9ally1 he _h
 irregul>ly plant$ ! int]vals betwe5 !  
/umps & trees ) ,indian corn1 :i* grew  
among ! *ips2 & !re he dwelt ) 8 wife & 
babes--an axe1 a gun1 a few ut5sils1 &  
"s pigs & *ick5s fe$+ 9 ! woods1 be+ !  
sum total ( 8 possessions4  ,! =e/ _h   
be5 de/roy$2 & :at _h 'improv$' x out ( 
exi/5ce 0 hide\s1 a sort ( ulc]1 )\t a  
s+le elem5t ( artificial grace to make  
up = ! loss ( ,nature's beauty4 ,ugly1  
inde$1 seem$ ! life ( ! squatt]1 scudd+1
 z ! sailors say1 "u b>e poles1 beg9n+  
aga9 away back :]e our fir/ ance/ors    
/>t$1 & by h>dly a s+le item ! bett] (f 
= all ! a*ievem5ts ( ! int]v5+          
g5]ations4  ,talk ab\t go+ back to      
nature6 ,i said to myself1 oppress$ by !
 dre>9ess1 z ,i drove by4 ,talk ( a     
c\ntry life = "o's old age & = "o's     
*ildr56 ,nev] ?us1 ) no?+ b ! b>e gr\nd 
& "o's b>e h&s to fight ! battle6 ,nev]1
 )\t ! be/ spoils ( culture wov5 96 ,!  

beauties & commodities ga9$ by !        
c5turies are sacr$4 ,!y are our h]itage 
& bir?right4 ,no mod]n p]son ought to be
 will+ to live a day 9 su* a /ate (     
rudim5t>9ess & d5udation4  ,!n ,i said  
to ! m\nta9e] :o 0 driv+ me1 ,:at sort (
 p are !y :o h to make ^! new cle>+s8   
,all ( u1 he repli$4 ,:y1 we a9't happy 
"h1 unless we are gett+ "o ( ^! coves "u
 cultivation4 ,i in/antly felt t ,i _h  
be5 los+ ! :ole inw>d significance ( !  
situation4 ,because to me ! cle>+s spoke
 ( naught b d5udation1 ,i ?\ght t to ^? 
^: /urdy arms & ob$i5t axes _h made !m  
!y c\ld tell no o!r /ory4 ,b1 :5 !y     
look$ on ! hide\s /umps1 :at !y ?\ght ( 
0 p]sonal victory4 ,! *ips1 ! girdl$    
trees1 & ! vile split rails spoke (     
hone/ sweat1 p]si/5t toil & f9al rew>d4 
,! cab9 0 a w>rant ( safety = self &    
wife & babes4 ,9 %ort1 ! cle>+1 :i* to  
me 0 a m]e ugly picture on ! ret9a1 0 to
 !m a symbol r$ol5t ) moral memories &  
sang a v paean ( duty1 /ruggle1 &       
success4  ,i _h be5 z bl9d to ! peculi> 

ideality ( _! conditions z !y c]ta9ly   
w\ld also h be5 to ! ideality ( m9e1 _h 
!y _h a peep at my /range indoor        
academic ways ( life at ,cambridge4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,:]ev] a process ( life communicates an 
eag]ness to him :o lives x1 !re ! life  
becomes g5u9ely significant4 ,sometimes 
! eag]ness is m knit up ) ! motor       
activities1 sometimes ) ! p]ceptions1   
sometimes ) ! imag9ation1 sometimes )   
reflective ?\ght4 ,b1 :]ev] x is f\nd1  
!re is ! ze/1 ! t+le1 ! excitem5t (     
reality2 & !re is 'importance' 9 ! only 
real & positive s5se 9 :i* importance   
ev] any:]e c be4  ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son 
has illu/rat$ ?is by a case1 drawn f !  
sph]e ( ! imag9ation1 9 an essay :i* ,i 
really ?9k des]ves to become immortal1  
bo? = ! tru? ( its matt] & ! excell5ce (
 its =m4  ,t[>d ! end ( ,septemb]1      
,/ev5son writes1 :5 s*ool-"t 0 draw+    
ne>1 & ! nights 7 already black1 we w\ld
 beg9 to sally f our respective villas1 
ea* equipp$ ) a t9 bull's-eye lant]n4 ,!

 ?+ 0 s well kn[n t x _h worn a rut 9 ! 
comm]ce ( ,great ,brita92 & ! groc]s1   
ab\t ! due "t1 began to g>ni% _! w9d[s )
 our p>ticul> br& ( lum9>y4 ,we wore !m 
buckl$ to ! wai/ ^u a cricket belt1 &   
ov] !m1 su* 0 ! rigor ( ! game1 a       
button$ top-coat4 ,!y smell$ noisomely (
 bli/]$ t94 ,!y nev] burn$ aright1 ?\gh 
!y w\ld always burn our f+]s4 ,_! use 0 
naught1 ! pleasure ( !m m]ely fanciful1 
& yet a boy ) a bull's-eye "u 8 top-coat
 ask$ = no?+ m4 ,! fi%]m5 us$ lant]ns   
ab\t _! boats1 & x 0 f !m1 ,i suppose1 t
 we _h got ! h9t2 b !irs 7 n            
bull's-eyes1 nor did we ev] play at be+ 
fi%]m54 ,! police c>ri$ !m at _! belts1 
& we _h pla9ly copi$ !m 9 t2 yet we did 
n pret5d to be policem54 ,burgl>s1      
inde$1 we may h _h "s haunt+ ?\ght (2 & 
we _h c]ta9ly an eye to pa/ ages :5     
lant]ns 7 m common1 & to c]ta9          
/ory-books 9 :i* we _h f\nd !m to figure
 v l>gely4 ,b take x = all 9 all1 !     
pleasure ( ! ?+ 0 sub/antive2 & to be a 
boy ) a bull's-eye "u 8 top-coat 0 good 

en\gh = u4  ,:5 two ( ^! asses met1 !re 
w\ld be an anxi\s ',h y got y\r lant]n8'
 & a gratifi$ ',yes6' ,t 0 ! %ibbole?1 &
 v ne$ful1 too2 =1 z x 0 ! rule to keep 
our glory conta9$1 none c\ld recognize a
 lant]n-be>] unless 7l ! polecat7 by !  
smell4 ,f\r or five w\ld sometimes climb
 into ! belly ( a t5-man lugg]1 ) no?+ b
 ! ?w>ts above !m1--= ! cab9 0 usually  
lock$1--or *ose out "s holl[ ( ! l9ks   
:]e ! w9d might :i/le ov]head4 ,!n !    
coats w\ld be unbutton$1 & ! bull's-eyes
 discov]$2 & 9 ! *equ]+ glimm]1 "u !    
huge1 w9dy hall ( ! night1 & *e]$ by a  
ri* /eam ( toa/+ t9w>e1 ^! =tunate "y   
g5tlem5 w\ld cr\* toge!r 9 ! cold s& ( !
 l9ks1 or on ! scaly bilges ( !         
fi%+-boat1 & delight !m ) inappropriate 
talk4 ,woe is me t ,i _c give "s        
specim5s6444 ,b ! talk 0 b a condim5t1 &
 ^! ga!r+s !mselves only accid5ts 9 !   
c>e] ( ! lant]n-be>]4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is   
bliss 0 to walk by y\rself 9 ! black    
night1 ! slide %ut1 ! top-coat button$1 
n a ray escap+1 :e!r to conduct y\r     

foot/eps or to make y\r glory public1--a
 m]e pill> ( d>kness 9 ! d>k2 & all !   
:ile1 deep d[n 9 ! privacy ( y\r fool's 
he>t1 to "k y _h a bull's-eye at y\r    
belt1 & to exult & s+ ov] ! k4  ,x is   
said t a poet has di$ "y 9 ! brea/ ( !  
mo/ /olid4 ,x may be cont5d$ r t a      
7some:at m9or7 b>d 9 almo/ e case       
survives1 & is ! spice ( life to 8      
possessor4 ,ju/ice is n done to !       
v]satility & ! unplumb$ *ildi%ness (    
man's imag9ation4 ,8 life f )\t may seem
 b a rude m\nd ( mud3 !re w be "s gold5 
*amb] at ! he>t ( x1 9 :i* he dwells    
delight$2 & = z d>k z 8 pa?way seems to 
! obs]v]1 he w h "s k9d ( bull's-eye at 
8 belt4  444 ,!re is "o fable t t\*es v 
ne> ! quick ( life1--! fable ( ! monk :o
 pass$ into ! woods1 he>d a bird break  
into song1 he>k5$ = a trill or two1 &   
f\nd himself at 8 return a /rang] at 8  
conv5t gates2 = he _h be5 abs5t fifty   
ye>s1 & ( all 8 comrades !re surviv$ b  
"o to recognize him4 ,x is n only 9 !   
woods t ?is en*ant] c>ols1 ?\gh p]haps  

he is native !re4 ,he s+s 9 ! mo/       
doleful places4 ,! mis] he>s him &      
*uckles1 & 8 days are mom5ts4 ,) no m   
app>atus ?an an evil-smell+ lant]n1 ,i h
 evok$ him on ! nak$ l9ks4 ,all life t  
is n m]ely me*anical is spun out ( two  
/r&s1--seek+ = t bird & he>+ him4 ,& x  
is j ?is t makes life s h>d to value1 & 
! delight ( ea* s incommunicable4 ,& x  
is j a k ( ?is1 & a remembrance ( ^?    
=tunate h\rs 9 :i* ! bird has sung to u1
 t fills u ) su* wond] :5 we turn to !  
pages ( ! reali/4 ,!re1 to be sure1 we  
f9d a picture ( life 9 s f> z x consi/s 
( mud & ( old iron1 *eap desires & *eap 
fe>s1 t :i* we are a%am$ to rememb] & t 
:i* we are c>eless :e!r we =get2 b ( !  
note ( t "t-dev\r+ night+ale we he> no  
news4  444 ,say t we came 9 su* a       
reali/ic romance on "s su* bus9ess z t (
 my lant]n-be>]s on ! l9ks1 & describ$ !
 boys z v cold1 spat ^u by flurries (   
ra91 & dre>ily surr\nd$1 all ( :i* !y 72
 & _! talk z silly & indec5t1 :i* x     
c]ta9ly 04 ,to ! eye ( ! obs]v] !y are  

wet & cold & dre>ily surr\nd$2 b ask    
!mselves1 & !y are 9 ! heav5 ( a        
recondite pleasure1 ! gr\nd ( :i* is an 
ill-smell+ lant]n4  ,=1 to repeat1 !    
gr\nd ( a man's joy is (t5 h>d to hit4  
,x may h+e at times ^u a m]e accessory1 
l ! lant]n2 x may reside 9 ! my/]i\s    
inw>ds ( psy*ology4444 ,x has s little  
bond ) ext]nals 444 t x may ev5 t\* !m  
n1 & ! man's true life1 = :i* he cons5ts
 to live1 lie toge!r 9 ! field (        
fancy4444 ,9 su* a case ! poetry runs   
und]gr\nd4 ,! obs]v] 7poor s\l1 ) 8     
docum5ts67 is all abroad4 ,= to look at 
! man is b to c\rt deception4 ,we %all  
see ! trunk f :i* he draws 8 n\ri%m5t2 b
 he himself is above & abroad 9 ! gre5  
dome ( foliage1 humm$ ?r\gh by w9ds &   
ne/$ 9 by night+ales4 ,& ! true realism 
7 t ( ! poets1 to climb aft] him l a    
squirrel1 & cat* "s glimpse ( ! heav5 9 
:i* he lives4 ,& ! true realism1 always 
& ev]y:]e1 is t ( ! poets3 to f9d out   
:]e joy resides1 & give x a voice f>    
beyond s++4  ,= to miss ! joy is to miss

 all4 ,9 ! joy ( ! actors lies ! s5se ( 
any action4 ,t is ! explanation1 t !    
excuse4 ,to "o :o has n ! secret ( !    
lant]ns ! sc5e ^u ! l9ks is mean+less4  
,& h5ce ! haunt+ & truly spectral       
unreality ( reali/ic books4444 ,9 ea* we
 miss ! p]sonal poetry1 ! en*ant$       
atmosph]e1 t ra9b[ "w ( fancy t clo!s   
:at is nak$ & seems to ennoble :at is   
base2 9 ea*1 life falls dead l d\gh1    
in/ead ( so>+ away l a balloon into !   
colors ( ! sunset2 ea* is true1 ea*     
inconceivable2 = no man lives 9 !       
ext]nal tru? among salts & acids1 b 9 ! 
w>m1 phantasmagoric *amb] ( 8 bra91 ) ! 
pa9t$ w9d[s & ! /ori$ wall4,d       ,d  
',! ,lant]n-be>]s1' 9 ! volume entitl$  
',across !      ,pla9s4' ,abridg$ 9 !   
quotation4  ,^! p>agraphs are ! be/ ?+  
,i "k 9 all ,/ev5son4 ,to miss ! joy is 
to miss all4 ,inde$1 x is4 ,yet we are b
 f9ite1 & ea* "o ( u has "s s+le        
specializ$ vocation ( 8 own4 ,& x seems 
z if en]gy 9 ! s]vice ( its p>ticul>    
duties might be got only by h>d5+ ! he>t

 t[>d ev]y?+ unlike !m4 ,our deadness   
t[>d all b "o p>ticul> k9d ( joy w\ld   
?us be ! price we inevitably h to pay = 
be+ practical creatures4 ,only 9 "s     
pitiful dream]1 "s philosoph]1 poet1 or 
romanc]1 or :5 ! common practical man   
becomes a lov]1 does ! h>d ext]nality   
give way1 & a gleam ( insight into !    
ejective _w1 z ,clif=d call$ x1 ! va/ _w
 ( inn] life beyond u1 s diff]5t f t (  
out] seem+1 illum9ate our m9d4 ,!n !    
:ole s*eme ( our cu/om>y values gets    
conf\nd$1 !n our self is riv5 & its n>r[
 int]e/s fly to pieces1 !n a new c5tre &
 a new p]spective mu/ be f\nd4  ,! *ange
 is well describ$ by my colleague1      
,josiah ,royce3--  ,:at1 !n1 is our     
neighbor8 ,?\ ha/ reg>d$ 8 ?\ght1 8     
feel+1 z someh[ diff]5t f ?9e4 ,?\ ha/  
said1 ',a pa9 9 him is n l a pa9 9 me1 b
 some?+ f> easi] to be>4' ,he seems to  
!e a little less liv+ ?an ?\2 8 life is 
dim1 x is cold1 x is a pale fire beside 
?y own burn+ desires4444 ,s1 dimly & by 
in/9ct ha/ ?\ liv$ ) ?y neighbor1 & ha/ 

kn[n him n1 be+ bl9d4 ,?\ ha/ made ( him
 a ?+1 no ,self at all4 ,h done ) ?is   
illusion1 & simply try to le>n ! tru?4  
,pa9 is pa91 joy is joy1 ev]y:]e1 ev5 z 
9 !e4 ,9 all ! songs ( ! =e/ birds2 9   
all ! cries ( ! w\nd$ & dy+1 /ruggl+ 9 !
 captor's p[]2 9 ! b\ndless sea :]e !   
myriads ( wat]-creatures /rive & die2   
amid all ! c\ntless hordes ( savage m52 
9 all sickness & sorr[2 9 all exultation
 & hope1 ev]y:]e1 f ! l[e/ to ! noble/1 
! same consci\s1 burn+1 wilful life is  
f\nd1 endlessly manifold z ! =ms ( !    
liv+ creatures1 unqu5*able z ! fires ( !
 sun1 real z ^! impulses t ev5 n[ ?rob 9
 ?9e own little selfi% he>t4 ,lift up ?y
 eyes1 behold t life1 & !n turn away1 & 
=get x z ?\ can/2 b1 if ?\ ha/ kn[n t1  
?\ ha/ begun to "k ?y duty4,e       ,e  
,! ,religi\s ,aspect ( ,philosophy1 pp4 
#aeg-afb      7abridg$74         99     
99       99       99       99  ,?is     
high] vision ( an inn] significance 9   
:at1 until !n1 we _h realiz$ only 9 !   
dead ext]nal way1 (t5 comes ov] a p]son 

sudd5ly2 &1 :5 x does s1 x makes an epo*
 9 8 hi/ory4 ,z ,em]son says1 !re is a  
dep? 9 ^? mom5ts t con/ra9s u to ascribe
 m reality to !m ?an to all o!r         
exp]i5ces4 ,! passion ( love w %ake "o l
 an explosion1 or "s act w awak5 a      
remorseful compunction t hangs l a cl\d 
ov] all "o's lat] day4  ,?is my/ic s5se 
( hidd5 mean+ />ts ^u u (t5 f non-human 
natural ?+s4 ,i take ?is passage f      
',ob]mann1' a ,fr5* novel t _h "s vogue 
9 its day3 ,p>is1 ,m>* #g4--;,x 0 d>k & 
r cold4 ,i 0 gloomy1 & walk$ because ,i 
_h no?+ to d4 ,i pass$ by "s fl[]s plac$
 brea/-high ^u a wall4 ,a jonquil 9     
bloom 0 !re4 ,x is ! /ronge/ expression 
( desire3 x 0 ! fir/ p]fume ( ! ye>4 ,i 
felt all ! happ9ess de/9$ = man4 ,?is   
unutt]able h>mony ( s\ls1 ! phantom ( ! 
ideal _w1 arose 9 me complete4 ,i nev]  
felt any?+ s great or s in/antane\s4 ,i 
"k n :at %ape1 :at analogy1 :at secret (
 relation x 0 t made me see 9 ?is fl[] a
 limitless beauty4444 ,i %all nev]      
enclose 9 a conception ?is p[]1 ?is     

imm5sity t no?+ w express2 ?is =m t no?+
 w conta92 ?is ideal ( a bett] _w :i* "o
 feels1 b :i* x w\ld seem t nature has n
 made4,f      ,f ,de ,s5anc\r3 ,ob]mann1
 ,lettre ,,xxx4  ,wordswor? & ,%elley   
are simil>ly full ( ?is s5se ( a        
limitless significance 9 natural ?+s4 ,9
 ,wordswor? x 0 a some:at au/]e & moral 
significance1--a 'lonely *e]4'   ,to e  
natural =m1 rock1 fruit1 or fl[]1   ,ev5
 ! loose /ones t cov] ! highway1   ,i   
gave a moral life3 ,i saw !m feel   ,or 
l9k$ !m to "s feel+3 ! great mass   ,lay
 b$d$ 9 "s quick5+ s\l1 & all   ,t ,i   
beheld respir$ ) inw>d mean+4,g      ,g 
,! ,prelude1 ,book ,,iii4  ,au!ntic     
tid+s ( invisible ?+s6 ,j :at ?is hidd5 
pres5ce 9 nature 01 :i* ,wordswor? s    
raptur\sly felt1 & 9 ! light ( :i* he   
liv$1 tramp+ ! hills = days toge!r1 !   
poet nev] c\ld expla9 logically or 9    
articulate conceptions4 ,yet to ! read] 
:o may himself h _h gleam+ mom5ts ( a   
simil> sort ! v]ses 9 :i* ,wordswor?    
simply proclaims ! fact ( !m come ) a   

he>t-satisfy+ au?ority3--               
,magnific5t   ,! morn+ rose1 9 memorable
 pomp1   ,glori\s z ere ,i _h beheld4 ,9
 front   ,! sea lay laugh+ at a di/ance2
 ne>   ,! solid m\nta9s %one1 bright z !
 cl\ds1   ,gra9-t9ctur$1 dr5*$ 9        
empyrean light2   ,& 9 ! mead[s & ! l[] 
gr\nds   ,0 all ! sweetness ( a common  
dawn1--   ,dews1 vapors1 & ! melody (   
birds1   ,& labor]s go+ =? to till !    
fields4   ,ah6 ne$ ,i say1 de> ,fri5d1 t
 to ! brim   ,my he>t 0 full2 ,i made no
 v[s1 b v[s   ,7 !n made = me2 bond     
unkn[n to me   ,0 giv51 t ,i %\ld be1   
else s9n+ greatly1   ,a d$icat$ ,_s4 ,on
 ,i walk$1   ,9 ?ankful bless$ness1 :i* 
yet survives4,h      ,h ,! ,prelude1    
,book ,,iv4  ,z ,wordswor? walk$1 fill$ 
) 8 /range inn] joy1 responsive ?us to !
 secret life ( nature r\nd ab\t him1 8  
rural neighbors1 tightly & n>r[ly int5t 
^u _! own affairs1 _! crops & lambs &   
f5ces1 mu/ h ?\ght him a v insignificant
 & fooli% p]sonage4 ,x surely nev]      
occurr$ to any "o ( !m to wond] :at 0   

go+ on inside ( him or :at x might be   
wor?4 ,& yet t inn] life ( 8 c>ri$ !    
burd5 ( a significance t has f$ ! s\ls (
 o!rs1 & fills !m to ?is day ) inn] joy4
  ,ri*>d ,jeff]ies has writt5 a         
rem>kable autobiographic docum5t entitl$
 ,! ,/ory ( my ,he>t4 ,x tells1 9 _m    
pages1 ( ! rapture ) :i* 9 y\? ! s5se ( 
! life ( nature fill$ him4 ,on a c]ta9  
hill-top he says3--  ,i 0 utt]ly alone )
 ! sun & ! e>?4 ,ly+ d[n on ! grass1 ,i 
spoke 9 my s\l to ! e>?1 ! sun1 ! air1 &
 ! di/ant sea1 f> beyond sight4444 ,)   
all ! int5sity ( feel+ :i* exalt$ me1   
all ! int5se communion ,i held ) ! e>?1 
! sun & sky1 ! />s hidd5 by ! light1 ) !
 ocean1--9 no mann] c ! ?rill+ dep? ( ^!
 feel+s be writt51--) ^! ,i pray$ z if  
!y 7 ! keys ( an in/rum5t4444 ,! great  
sun1 burn+ ) light1 ! /rong e>?1--de>   
e>?1--! w>m sky1 ! pure air1 ! ?\ght (  
ocean1 ! inexpressible beauty ( all     
fill$ me ) a rapture1 an ec/asy1 an     
inflatus4 ,) ?is inflatus1 too1 ,i      
pray$4444 ,! pray]1 ?is s\l-emotion1 0 9

 itself1 n = an object3 x 0 a passion4  
,i hid my face 9 ! grass4 ,i 0 :olly    
pro/rat$1 ,i lo/ myself 9 ! wre/le1 ,i 0
 rapt & c>ri$ away4444 ,_h any %eph]d   
accid5tally se5 me ly+ on ! turf1 he    
w\ld only h ?\ght ,i 0 re/+ a few       
m9utes4 ,i made no outw>d %[4 ,:o c\ld h
 imag9$ ! :irlw9d ( passion t 0 go+ on 9
 me z ,i recl9$ !re6,i      ,i ,op4     
cit41 ,bo/on1 ,rob]ts1 #ahhc1 pp4 #e1   
#f4  ,surely1 a wor?less h\r ( life1 :5 
measur$ by ! usual /&>ds ( comm]cial    
value4 ,yet 9 :at o!r k9d ( value c !   
preci\sness ( any h\r1 made preci\s by  
any /&>d1 consi/1 if x consi/ n 9 feel+s
 ( excit$ significance l ^!1 eng5d]$ 9  
"s "o1 by :at ! h\r conta9s8  ,yet s    
bl9d & dead does ! clamor ( our own     
practical int]e/s make u to all o!r ?+s1
 t x seems almo/ z if x 7 necess>y to   
become wor?less z a practical be+1 if "o
 is to hope to atta9 to any bread? (    
insight into ! imp]sonal _w ( wor?s z   
su*1 to h any p]ception ( life's mean+  
on a l>ge objective scale4 ,only y\r    

my/ic1 y\r dream]1 or y\r insolv5t tramp
 or loaf]1 c af=d s sympa!tic an        
occupation1 an occupation :i* w *ange ! 
usual /&>ds ( human value 9 ! tw9kl+ (  
an eye1 giv+ to fooli%ness a place ahead
 ( p[]1 & lay+ l[ 9 a m9ute ! di/9ctions
 :i* x takes a h>d-work+ conv5tional man
 a lifetime to build up4 ,y may be a    
prophet1 at ?is rate2 b y _c be a       
worldly success4  ,walt ,:itman1 =      
in/ance1 is acc\nt$ by _m ( u a         
contempor>y prophet4 ,he aboli%es !     
usual human di/9ctions1 br+s all        
conv5tionalisms into solution1 & loves &
 celebrates h>dly any human attributes  
save ^? elem5t>y ones common to all     
memb]s ( ! race4 ,= ?is he becomes a    
sort ( ideal tramp1 a rid] on           
omnibus-tops & f]ry-boats1 &1 consid]$  
ei!r practically or academically1 a     
wor?less1 unproductive be+4 ,8 v]ses are
 b ejaculations--?+s mo/ly )\t subject  
or v]b1 a succession ( int]jections on  
an imm5se scale4 ,he felt ! human cr[d z
 raptur\sly z ,wordswor? felt ! m\nta9s1

 felt x z an ov]p[]+ly significant      
pres5ce1 simply to absorb "o's m9d 9 :i*
 %\ld be bus9ess suffici5t & wor?y to   
fill ! days ( a s]i\s man4 ,z he crosses
 ,brooklyn f]ry1 ?is is :at he feels3-- 
,flood-tide bel[ me6 ,i wat* y1 face to 
face2   ,cl\ds ( ! we/6 sun !re half an 
h\r high6 ,i see     y also face to     
face4   ,cr[ds ( m5 & wom5 attir$ 9 !   
usual co/umes6     h[ curi\s y are to   
me6   ,on ! f]ry-boats1 ! hundr$s &     
hundr$s t cross1     return+ home1 are m
 curi\s to me ?an y suppose2   ,& y t   
%all cross f %ore to %ore ye>s h5ce1    
are m to me1 & m 9 my m$itations1 ?an y 
might suppose4   ,o!rs w ent] ! gates ( 
! f]ry1 & cross f     %ore to %ore2     
,o!rs w wat* ! run ( ! flood-tide2      
,o!rs w see ! %ipp+ ( ,manhattan nor? & 
we/1     & ! heights ( ,brooklyn to !   
s\? & ea/2   ,o!rs w see ! isl&s l>ge & 
small2   ,fifty ye>s h5ce1 o!rs w see !m
 z !y cross1 !     sun half an h\r high4
   ,a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 or ev] s _m     
hundr$ ye>s     h5ce1 o!rs w see !m1    

,w enjoy ! sunset1 ! p\r+ 9 ( !         
flood-tide1 !     fall+ back to ! sea ( 
! ebb-tide4   ,x avails n1 nei!r "t or  
place--di/ance avails n4   ,j z y feel  
:5 y look on ! riv] & sky1 s ,i         
felt2   ,j z any ( y is "o ( a liv+     
cr[d1 ,i 0 "o ( a     cr[d2   ,j z y are
 refre%'d by ! gladness ( ! riv] &     !
 bright fl[1 ,i 0 refre%'d2   ,j z y /& 
& lean on ! rail1 yet hurry ) !         
swift curr5t1 ,i /ood1 yet 0 hurri$2    
,j z y look on ! numb]less ma/s ( %ips1 
& !     ?ick-/emm$ pipes ( /eamboats1 ,i
 look$4   ,i too _m & _m a "t cross'd ! 
riv]1 ! sun half     an h\r high2   ,i  
wat*$ ! ,twelf?-mon? sea-gulls--,i saw  
!m high 9     ! air1 ) motionless w+s1  
oscillat+ _! bodies1   ,i saw h[ !      
gli/5+ yell[ lit up p>ts ( _! bodies1   
& left ! re/ 9 /rong %ad[1   ,i saw !   
sl[-:eel+ circles1 & ! gradual edg+     
t[>d ! s\?4   ,saw ! :ite sails (       
s*oon]s & sloops1 saw ! %ips     at     
an*or1   ,! sailors at "w 9 ! rigg+1 or 
out a/ride ! sp>s2   ,! scallop-edg$    

waves 9 ! twilight1 ! ladl$ cups1     ! 
frolicsome cre/s & gli/5+2   ,! /ret*   
af> gr[+ dimm] & dimm]1 ! gray     walls
 ( ! granite /ore-h\ses by ! docks2     
,on ! neighbor+ %ores1 ! fires f !      
f\ndry *imneys     burn+ high 444 into !
 night1   ,ca/+ _! flick] ( black 444   
into ! clefts ( /reets4   ,^!1 & all    
else1 7 to me ! same z !y are to y4,j   
,j ',cross+ ,brooklyn ,f]ry' 7abridg$74 
,& s on1 ?r\gh ! re/ ( a div9ely        
beautiful poem4 ,&1 if y wi% to see :at 
?is ho>y loaf] consid]$ ! mo/ wor?y way 
( pr(it+ by life's heav5-s5t            
opportunities1 read ! delici\s volume ( 
8 lett]s to a "y c>-conductor :o _h     
become 8 fri5d3--       ,,new ,,york1   
,oct4 #i1 #ahfh4       ,de> ,pete1--,x  
is spl5did "h ?is =5oon--bright &       
cool4 ,i 0 out e>ly tak+ a %ort walk by 
! riv] only      two squ>es f :]e ,i    
live4444 ,%all ,i tell y ab\t my        
life j to fill up8 ,i g5]ally sp5d !    
=5oon 9 my      room writ+1 etc41 !n    
take a ba? fix up & g out ab\t          

twelve & loafe some:]e or call on       
someone d[n t[n or on      bus9ess1 or  
p]haps if x is v pleasant & ,i feel l   
x ride a trip ) "s driv] fri5d on       
,broadway f #bcrd      ,/reet to ,b[l+  
,gre51 ?ree miles ea* way4 7,e day ,i   
f9d ,i h pl5ty to d1 e h\r is occupi$ ) 
some?+47 ,y "k x is a nev] end+ amusem5t
 & /udy      & recreation = me to ride a
 c\ple ( h\rs on a pleasant             
aft]noon on a ,broadway /age 9 ?is way4 
,y see ev]y?+      z y pass1 a sort (   
liv+1 endless panorama--%ops &          
spl5did build+s & great w9d[s3 on !     
broad sidewalks      cr[ds ( wom5 ri*ly 
dress$ cont9ually pass+1      altoge!r  
diff]5t1 sup]ior 9 /yle & looks f any to
      be se5 any:]e else--9 fact a      
p]fect /ream (      p--m5 too dress$ 9  
high /yle1 & pl5ty (      =eign]s--& !n 
9 ! /reets ! ?ick cr[d (      c>riages1 
/ages1 c>ts1 hotel & private coa*es1 & 9
      fact all sorts ( vehicles & _m    
fir/ class teams1 mile      aft] mile1 &
 ! spl5dor ( su* a great /reet & s      

_m tall1 ornam5tal1 noble build+s _m (  
!m ( :ite      m>ble1 & ! gayety &      
motion on e side3 y w n      wond] h[   
mu* attraction all ?is is on a f9e day1 
to a      great loaf] l me1 :o enjoys s 
mu* see+ ! busy      _w move by him1 &  
exhibit+ itself = 8 amusem5t1      :ile 
he takes x easy & j looks on &          
obs]ves4,k      ,k ,calamus1 ,bo/on1    
#ahig1 pp4 #da1 #db4  ,truly a futile   
way ( pass+ ! "t1 "s ( y may say1 & n   
altoge!r cr$itable to a gr[n-up man4 ,& 
yet1 f ! deepe/ po9t ( view1 :o kn[s ! m
 ( tru?1 & :o kn[s ! less1--,:itman on 8
 omnibus-top1 full ( ! inn] joy ) :i* ! 
spectacle inspires him1 or y1 full ( !  
disda9 :i* ! futility ( 8 occupation    
excites8  ,:5 y\r ord9>y ,brooklynite or
 ,new ,york]1 lead+ a life replete ) too
 mu* luxury1 or tir$ & c>eworn ab\t 8   
p]sonal affairs1 crosses ! f]ry or goes 
up ,broadway1 8 fancy does n ?us 'so>   
away into ! colors ( ! sunset' z did    
,:itman's1 nor does he inw>dly realize  
at all ! indisputable fact t ?is _w nev]

 did any:]e or at any "t conta9 m (     
ess5tial div9ity1 or ( et]nal mean+1 ?an
 is embodi$ 9 ! fields ( vision ov] :i* 
8 eyes s c>elessly pass4 ,!re is life2 &
 !re1 a /ep away1 is dea?4 ,!re is !    
only k9d ( beauty !re ev] 04 ,!re is !  
old human /ruggle & its fruits toge!r4  
,!re is ! text & ! s]mon1 ! real & !    
ideal 9 "o4 ,b to ! jad$ & unquick5$ eye
 x is all dead & common1 pure vulg>ism1 
flatness1 & disgu/4 ,he*6 x is a sad    
sight6 says ,c>lyle1 walk+ at night ) "s
 "o :o appeals to him to note ! spl5dor 
( ! />s4 ,& t v repetition ( ! sc5e to  
new g5]ations ( m5 9 secula seculorum1 t
 et]nal recurr5ce ( ! common ord]1 :i* s
 fills a ,:itman ) my/ic satisfaction1  
is to a ,s*op5hau]1 ) ! emotional       
anae/hesia1 ! feel+ ( 'awful inn]       
empt9ess' f out ( :i* he views x all1 ! 
*ief +r$i5t ( ! t$ium x in/ils4 ,:at is 
life on ! l>ge/ scale1 he asks1 b ! same
 recurr5t inanities1 ! same dog b>k+1 ! 
same fly buzz+1 =ev]more8 ,yet ( ! k9d (
 fibre ( :i* su* inanities consi/ is !  

mat]ial wov5 ( all ! excitem5ts1 joys1 &
 mean+s t ev] 71 or ev] %all be1 9 ?is  
_w4  ,to be rapt ) satisfi$ att5tion1 l 
,:itman1 to ! m]e spectacle ( ! _w's    
pres5ce1 is "o way1 & ! mo/ fundam5tal  
way1 ( confess+ "o's s5se ( its         
unfa?omable significance & importance4  
,b h[ c "o atta9 to ! feel+ ( ! vital   
significance ( an exp]i5ce1 if "o h x n 
to beg9 )8 ,!re is no receipt :i* "o c  
foll[4 ,be+ a secret & a my/]y1 x (t5   
comes 9 my/]i\sly unexpect$ ways4 ,x    
blossoms sometimes f out ( ! v grave    
:]e9 we imag9$ t our happ9ess 0 buri$4  
,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 aft] a life all 9 !   
out] sun%9e1 made ( adv5tures & arti/ic 
excitem5ts1 sudd5ly f9ds himself ca/    
into a dungeon 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,san        
,angelo4 ,! place is horrible4 ,rats &  
wet & m\ld possess x4 ,8 leg is brok5 & 
8 tee? fall out1 app>5tly ) scurvy4 ,b 8
 ?\ghts turn to ,god z !y h nev] turn$  
be=e4 ,he gets a ,bible1 :i* he reads   
dur+ ! "o h\r 9 ! tw5ty-f\r 9 :i* a w&]+
 ray ( daylight p5etrates 8 cav]n4 ,he  

has religi\s visions4 ,he s+s psalms to 
himself1 & composes hymns4 ,& ?9k+1 on !
 la/ day ( ,july1 ( ! fe/ivities cu/om>y
 on ! morr[ 9 ,rome1 he says to himself3
 ,all ^! pa/ ye>s ,i celebrat$ ?is      
holiday ) ! vanities ( ! _w3 f ?is ye>  
h5ce=w>d ,i w d x ) ! div9ity ( ,god4 ,&
 !n ,i said to myself1 ',oh1 h[ mu* m   
happy ,i am = ?is pres5t life ( m9e ?an 
= all ^? ?+s rememb]$6',l      ,l ,vita1
 lib4 #b1 *ap4 iv4  ,b ! great und]/&] (
 ^! my/]i\s ebbs & fl[s is ,tol/oi4 ,!y 
?rob all ?r\gh 8 novels4 ,9 8 ',w> &    
,peace1' ! h]o1 ,pet]1 is suppos$ to be 
! ri*e/ man 9 ! ,russian empire4 ,dur+ !
 ,fr5* invasion he is tak5 prison]1 &   
dragg$ ?r\gh mu* ( ! retreat4 ,cold1    
v]m91 hung]1 & e =m ( mis]y assail him1 
! result be+ a revelation to him ( !    
real scale ( life's values4 ,"h only1 & 
= ! fir/ "t1 he appreciat$1 because he 0
 depriv$ ( x1 ! happ9ess ( eat+ :5 he 0 
hungry1 ( dr9k+ :5 he 0 ?ir/y1 ( sleep+ 
:5 he 0 sleepy1 & ( talk+ :5 he felt !  
desire to ex*ange "s words4444 ,lat] 9  

life he always recurr$ ) joy to ?is mon?
 ( captivity1 & nev] fail$ to speak )   
en?usiasm ( ! p[]ful & ineffaceable     
s5sations1 & especially ( ! moral calm  
:i* he _h exp]i5c$ at ?is epo*4 ,:5 at  
daybreak1 on ! morr[ ( 8 imprisonm5t1 he
 saw ,i abridge "h ,tol/oi's description
 ! m\nta9s ) _! wood$ slopes disappe>+ 9
 ! grayi% mi/2 :5 he felt ! cool breeze 
c>ess him2 :5 he saw ! light drive away 
! vapors1 & ! sun rise maje/ically beh9d
 ! cl\ds & cupolas1 & ! crosses1 ! dew1 
! di/ance1 ! riv]1 sp>kle 9 ! spl5did1  
*e]ful rays1--8 he>t ov]fl[$ ) emotion4 
,?is emotion kept cont9ually ) him1 &   
increas$ a hundr$-fold z ! difficulties 
( 8 situation grew grav]4444 ,he le>nt t
 man is meant = happ9ess1 & t ?is       
happ9ess is 9 him1 9 ! satisfaction ( ! 
daily ne$s ( exi/5ce1 & t unhapp9ess is 
! fatal result1 n ( our ne$1 b ( our    
abundance4444 ,:5 calm reign$ 9 ! camp1 
& ! emb]s pal$1 & little by little w5t  
out1 ! full moon _h rea*$ ! z5i?4 ,!    
woods & ! fields r\ndab\t lay cle>ly    

visible2 &1 beyond ! inundation ( light 
:i* fill$ !m1 ! view plung$ into !      
limitless horizon4 ,!n ,pet] ca/ 8 eyes 
^u ! firmam5t1 fill$ at t h\r ) myriads 
( />s4 ',all t is m9e1' he ?\ght4 ',all 
t is 9 me1 is me6 ,& t is :at !y ?9k !y 
h tak5 prison]6 ,t is :at !y h %ut up 9 
a cab96' ,s he smil$1 & turn$ 9 to sleep
 among 8 comrades4,m      ,m ,la ,gu]re 
et la ,paix1 ,p>is1 #ahhd1 vol4 iii4 pp4
 #bfh1 #bge1 #caf4  ,! occasion & !     
exp]i5ce1 !n1 are no?+4 ,x all dep5ds on
 ! capacity ( ! s\l to be grasp$1 to h  
its life-curr5ts absorb$ by :at is giv54
 ,cross+ a b>e common1 says ,em]son1 9  
sn[ puddles1 at twilight1 "u a cl\d$    
sky1 )\t hav+ 9 my ?\ghts any occurr5ce 
( special good =tune1 ,i h enjoy$ a     
p]fect exhil>ation4 ,i am glad to ! br9k
 ( fe>4  ,life is always wor? liv+1 if  
"o h su* responsive s5sibilities4 ,b we 
( ! highly educat$ classes 7s call$7 h  
mo/ ( u got f>1 f> away f ,nature4 ,we  
are tra9$ to seek ! *oice1 ! r>e1 !     
exquisite exclusively1 & to ov]look !   

common4 ,we are /uff$ ) ab/ract         
conceptions1 & glib ) v]balities &      
v]bosities2 & 9 ! culture ( ^! high]    
functions ! peculi> s\rces ( joy        
connect$ ) our simpl] functions (t5 dry 
up1 & we gr[ /one-bl9d & ins5sible to   
life's m elem5t>y & g5]al goods & joys4 
,! rem$y "u su* conditions is to desc5d 
to a m pr(\nd & primitive level4 ,to be 
imprison$ or %ipwreck$ or =c$ into !    
army w\ld p]man5tly %[ ! good ( life to 
_m an ov]-educat$ pessimi/4 ,liv+ 9 !   
op5 air & on ! gr\nd1 ! lop-sid$ beam ( 
! balance sl[ly rises to ! level l9e2 & 
! ov]-s5sibilities & ins5sibilities ev5 
!mselves out4 ,! good ( all ! artificial
 s*emes & fev]s fades & pales2 & t (    
see+1 smell+1 ta/+1 sleep+1 & d>+ & do+ 
) "o's body1 gr[s & gr[s4 ,! savages &  
*ildr5 ( nature1 to :om we deem         
ourselves s mu* sup]ior1 c]ta9ly are    
alive :]e we are (t5 dead1 along ^!     
l9es2 &1 c\ld !y write z glibly z we d1 
!y w\ld read u impressive lectures on   
our impati5ce = improvem5t & on our     

bl9dness to ! fundam5tal /atic goods (  
life4 ,ah6 my bro!r1 said a *iefta9 to 8
 :ite gue/1 ?\ wilt nev] "k ! happ9ess (
 bo? ?9k+ ( no?+ & do+ no?+4 ,?is1 next 
to sleep1 is ! mo/ en*ant+ ( all ?+s4   
,?us we 7 be=e our bir?1 & ?us we %all  
be aft] dea?4 ,?y p1444 :5 !y h f9i%$   
reap+ "o field1 !y beg9 to pl\gh ano!r2 
&1 if ! day 7 n en\gh1 ,i h se5 !m pl\gh
 by moonlight4 ,:at is _! life to       
ours1--! life t is z naught to !m8 ,bl9d
 t !y are1 !y lose x all6 ,b we live 9 !
 pres5t4,n      ,n ,quot$ by ,lotze1    
,microcosmus1 ,engli% translation1 vol4 
ii4     p4 #bdj4  ,! int5se int]e/ t    
life c assume :5 br\ght d[n to !        
non-?9k+ level1 ! level ( pure s5sorial 
p]ception1 has be5 beautifully describ$ 
by a man :o c write1--,mr4 ,w4,h4       
,hudson1 9 8 volume1 ,idle ,days 9      
,patagonia4  ,i sp5t ! great] "p ( "o   
w9t]1 says ?is admirable au?or1 at a    
po9t on ! ,rio ,negro1 sev5ty or eighty 
miles f ! sea4  444 ,x 0 my cu/om to g  
out e morn+ on horseback ) my gun1 &1   

foll[$ by "o dog1 to ride away f !      
valley2 & no soon] w\ld ,i climb !      
t]race1 & plunge into ! gray1 univ]sal  
?icket1 ?an ,i w\ld f9d myself z        
completely alone z if five hundr$ in/ead
 ( only five miles sep>at$ me f ! valley
 & riv]4 ,s wild & solit>y & remote     
seem$ t gray wa/e1 /ret*+ away into     
inf9itude1 a wa/e untrodd5 by man1 & :]e
 ! wild animals are s few t !y h made no
 discov]able pa? 9 ! wild]ness (        
?orns4444 ,n once nor twice nor ?rice1 b
 day aft] day ,i return$ to ?is         
solitude1 go+ to x 9 ! morn+ z if to    
att5d a fe/ival1 & leav+ x only :5 hung]
 & ?ir/ & ! we/]+ sun compell$ me4 ,&   
yet ,i _h no object 9 go+1--no motive   
:i* c\ld be put into words2 =1 al?\gh ,i
 c>ri$ a gun1 !re 0 no?+ to %oot1--!    
%oot+ 0 all left beh9d 9 ! valley4444   
,sometimes ,i w\ld pass a :ole day )\t  
see+ "o mammal1 & p]haps n m ?an a doz5 
birds ( any size4 ,! wea!r at t "t 0    
*e]less1 g5]ally ) a gray film ( cl\d   
spread ov] ! sky1 & a bleak w9d1 (t5    

cold en\gh to make my bridle-h& q       
numb4444 ,at a sl[ pace1 :i* w\ld h     
seem$ intol]able "u o!r circum/ances1 ,i
 w\ld ride ab\t = h\rs toge!r at a      
/ret*4 ,on arriv+ at a hill1 ,i w\ld    
sl[ly ride to its summit1 & /& !re to   
survey ! prospect4 ,on e side x /ret*$  
away 9 great undulations1 wild &        
irregul>4 ,h[ gray x all 06 ,h>dly less 
s ne> at h& ?an on ! haze-wrapp$ horizon
 :]e ! hills 7 dim & ! outl9e obscur$ by
 di/ance4 ,desc5d+ f my outlook1 ,i w\ld
 take up my aimless w&]+s aga91 & visit 
o!r elevations to gaze on ! same l&scape
 f ano!r po9t2 & s on = h\rs4 ,& at noon
 ,i w\ld dism\nt1 & sit or lie on my    
fold$ pon*o = an h\r or long]4 ,"o day 9
 ^! rambles ,i discov]$ a small grove   
compos$ ( tw5ty or ?irty trees1 gr[+ at 
a conv5i5t di/ance ap>t1 t _h evid5tly  
be5 resort$ to by a h]d ( de] or o!r    
wild animals4 ,?is grove 0 on a hill    
diff]+ 9 %ape f o!r hills 9 its         
neighborhood2 &1 aft] a "t1 ,i made a   
po9t ( f9d+ & us+ x z a re/+-place e day

 at noon4 ,i did n ask myself :y ,i made
 *oice ( t "o spot1 sometimes go+ out ( 
my way to sit !re1 in/ead ( sitt+ d[n "u
 any "o ( ! millions ( trees & bu%es on 
any o!r hillside4 ,i ?\ght no?+ ab\t x1 
b act$ unconsci\sly4 ,only aft]w>d x    
seem$ to me t1 aft] hav+ re/$ !re once1 
ea* "t ,i wi%$ to re/ aga91 ! wi% came  
associat$ ) ! image ( t p>ticul> clump (
 trees1 ) poli%$ /ems & clean b$ ( s&   
b5ea?2 & 9 a %ort "t ,i =m$ a habit (   
return+1 animal l1 to repose at t same  
spot4  ,x 01 p]haps1 a mi/ake to say t  
,i w\ld sit d[n & re/1 s9ce ,i 0 nev]   
tir$2 & yet1 )\t be+ tir$1 t noon-day   
pause1 dur+ :i* ,i sat = an h\r )\t     
mov+1 0 /rangely grateful4 ,all day !re 
w\ld be no s\nd1 n ev5 ! ru/l+ ( a leaf4
 ,"o day1 :ile li/5+ to ! sil5ce1 x     
occurr$ to my m9d to wond] :at ! effect 
w\ld be if ,i 7 to %\t al\d4 ,?is seem$ 
at ! "t a horrible sugge/ion1 :i* almo/ 
made me %udd]4 ,b dur+ ^? solit>y days x
 0 a r>e ?+ = any ?\ght to cross my m9d4
 ,9 ! /ate ( m9d ,i 0 91 ?\ght _h become

 impossible4 ,my /ate 0 "o ( susp5se &  
wat*fulness2 yet ,i _h no expectation ( 
meet+ an adv5ture1 & felt z free f      
appreh5sion z ,i feel n[ :ile sitt+ 9 a 
room 9 ,london4 ,! /ate seem$ famili> r 
?an /range1 & accompani$ by a /rong     
feel+ ( elation2 & ,i did n "k t some?+ 
_h come betwe5 me & my intellect until  
,i return$ to my =m] self1--to ?9k+1 & !
 old insipid exi/5ce aga94  ,i _h       
und\bt$ly gone back2 & t /ate ( int5se  
wat*fulness or al]tness1 r1 ) susp5sion 
( ! high] intellectual faculties1       
repres5t$ ! m5tal /ate ( ! pure savage4 
,he ?9ks little1 reasons little1 hav+ a 
sur] guide 9 8 m]e s5sory p]ceptions4   
,he is 9 p]fect h>mony ) nature1 & is   
ne>ly on a level1 m5tally1 ) ! wild     
animals he preys on1 & :i* 9 _! turn    
sometimes prey on him4,o      ,o ,op4   
cit41 pp4 #baj-bbb 7abridg$74  ,= !     
spectator1 su* h\rs z ,mr4 ,hudson      
writes ( =m a m]e tale ( empt9ess1 9 :i*
 no?+ happ5s1 no?+ is ga9$1 & !re is    
no?+ to describe4 ,!y are mean+less &   

vacant tracts ( "t4 ,to him :o feels _! 
inn] secret1 !y t+le ) an importance t  
unutt]ably v\*es = itself4 ,i am sorry =
 ! boy or girl1 or man or woman1 :o has 
nev] be5 t\*$ by ! spell ( ?is my/]i\s  
s5sorial life1 ) its irrationality1 if s
 y l to call x1 b its vigilance & its   
supreme felicity4 ,! holidays ( life are
 its mo/ vitally significant portions1  
because !y are1 or at lea/ %\ld be1     
cov]$ ) j ?is k9d ( magically           
irresponsible spell4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,& n[ :at  
is ! result ( all ^! consid]ations &    
quotations8 ,x is negative 9 "o s5se1 b 
positive 9 ano!r4 ,x absolutely =bids u 
to be =w>d 9 pron\nc+ on ! mean+lessness
 ( =ms ( exi/5ce o!r ?an our own2 & x   
comm&s u to tol]ate1 respect1 & indulge 
^? :om we see h>mlessly int]e/$ & happy 
9 _! own ways1 h[ev] un9telligible ^!   
may be to u4 ,h&s (f3 nei!r ! :ole (    
tru? nor ! :ole ( good is reveal$ to any
 s+le obs]v]1 al?\gh ea* obs]v] ga9s a  
p>tial sup]iority ( insight f ! peculi> 

position 9 :i* he /&s4 ,ev5 prisons &   
sick-rooms h _! special revelations4 ,x 
is en\gh to ask ( ea* ( u t he %\ld be  
fai?ful to 8 own opportunities & make ! 
mo/ ( 8 own bless+s1 )\t presum+ to     
regulate ! re/ ( ! va/ field4     ,,iii4
 ,,:at ,,makes ,a ,,life ,,significant  
,9 my previ\s talk1 ',on a ,c]ta9       
,bl9dness1' ,i tri$ to make y feel h[   
soak$ & %ot-?r\gh life is ) values &    
mean+s :i* we fail to realize because ( 
our ext]nal & ins5sible po9t ( view4 ,! 
mean+s are !re = ! o!rs1 b !y are n !re 
= u4 ,!re lies m ?an a m]e int]e/ (     
curi\s speculation 9 und]/&+ ?is4 ,x has
 ! mo/ trem5d\s practical importance4 ,i
 wi% t ,i c\ld conv9ce y ( x z ,i feel x
 myself4 ,x is ! basis ( all our        
tol]ance1 social1 religi\s1 & political4
 ,! =gett+ ( x lies at ! root ( e /upid 
& sangu9>y mi/ake t rul]s ov]           
subject-peoples make4 ,! fir/ ?+ to le>n
 9 int]c\rse ) o!rs is non-int]f]5ce )  
_! own peculi> ways ( be+ happy1 provid$
 ^? ways d n assume to int]f]e by       

viol5ce ) ours4 ,no "o has insight into 
all ! ideals4 ,no "o %\ld presume to    
judge !m (f-h&4 ,! pret5sion to         
dogmatize ab\t !m 9 ea* o!r is ! root ( 
mo/ human inju/ices & cruelties1 & !    
trait 9 human "* mo/ likely to make !   
angels weep4  ,e ,jack sees 9 8 own     
p>ticul> ,jill *>ms & p]fections to !   
en*antm5t ( :i* we /olid onlook]s are   
/one-cold4 ,& :i* has ! sup]ior view ( !
 absolute tru?1 he or we8 ,:i* has ! m  
vital insight into ! nature ( ,jill's   
exi/5ce1 z a fact8 ,is he 9 excess1 be+ 
9 ?is matt] a maniac8 or are we 9       
defect1 be+ victims ( a pa?ological     
anae/hesia z reg>ds ,jill's magical     
importance8 ,surely ! latt]2 surely to  
,jack are ! pr(\nd] tru?s reveal$2      
surely poor ,jill's palpitat+ little    
life-?robs are among ! wond]s (         
creation1 are wor?y ( ?is sympa!tic     
int]e/2 & x is to our %ame t ! re/ ( u  
_c feel l ,jack4 ,= ,jack realizes ,jill
 concretely1 & we d n4 ,he /ruggles t[>d
 a union ) h] inn] life1 div9+ h]       

feel+s1 anticipat+ h] desires1 und]/&+  
h] limits z manfully z he c1 & yet      
inadequately1 too2 = he is also afflict$
 ) "s bl9dness1 ev5 "h4 ,:il/ we1 dead  
clods t we are1 d n ev5 seek aft] ^!    
?+s1 b are cont5t$ t t portion ( et]nal 
fact nam$ ,jill %\ld be = u z if x 7 n4 
,jill1 :o kn[s h] inn] life1 kn[s t     
,jack's way ( tak+ x--s importantly--is 
! true & s]i\s way2 & %e responds to !  
tru? 9 him by tak+ him truly & s]i\sly1 
too4 ,may ! anci5t bl9dness nev] wrap   
its cl\ds ab\t ei!r ( !m aga96 ,:]e w\ld
 any ( u be1 7 !re no "o will+ to "k u z
 we really are or ready to repay u = our
 insight by mak+ recognizant return8 ,we
 ought1 all ( u1 to realize ea* o!r 9   
?is int5se1 pa!tic1 & important way4    
,if y say t ?is is absurd1 & t we _c be 
9 love ) ev]yone at once1 ,i m]ely po9t 
out to y t1 z a matt] ( fact1 c]ta9     
p]sons d exi/ ) an enorm\s capacity =   
fri5d%ip & = tak+ delight 9 o!r p's     
lives2 & t su* p]sons "k m ( tru? ?an if
 _! he>ts 7 n s big4 ,! vice ( ord9>y   

,jack & ,jill affection is n its        
int5sity1 b its exclusions & its        
jeal\sies4 ,leave ^? out1 & y see t !   
ideal ,i am hold+ up be=e y1 h[ev]      
impracticable to-day1 yet conta9s no?+  
intr9sically absurd4  ,we h             
unque/ionably a great cl\d-bank (       
ance/ral bl9dness weigh+ d[n ^u u1 only 
transi5tly riv5 "h & !re by fitful      
revelations ( ! tru?4 ,x is va9 to hope 
= ?is /ate ( ?+s to alt] mu*4 ,our inn] 
secrets mu/ rema9 = ! mo/ "p imp5etrable
 by o!rs1 = be+s z ess5tially practical 
z we are are necess>ily %ort ( sight4   
,b1 if we _c ga9 mu* positive insight   
into "o ano!r1 _c we at lea/ use our    
s5se ( our own bl9dness to make u m     
cauti\s 9 go+ ov] ! d>k places8 ,_c we  
escape "s ( ^? hide\s ance/ral          
intol]ances & cruelties1 & positive     
rev]sals ( ! tru?8  ,= ! rema9d] ( ?is  
h\r ,i invite y to seek ) me "s pr9ciple
 to make our tol]ance less *aotic4 ,&1 z
 ,i began my previ\s lecture by a       
p]sonal rem9isc5ce1 ,i am go+ to ask y\r

 indulg5ce = a simil> bit ( egotism n[4 
,a few summ]s ago ,i sp5t a happy week  
at ! fam\s ,assembly ,gr\nds on ! bord]s
 ( ,*autauqua ,lake4 ,! mom5t "o treads 
t sacr$ enclosure1 "o feels "o's self 9 
an atmosph]e ( success4 ,sobriety &     
indu/ry1 intellig5ce & goodness1        
ord]l9ess & ideality1 prosp]ity &       
*e]fulness1 p]vade ! air4 ,x is a s]i\s 
& /udi\s picnic on a gigantic scale4 ,"h
 y h a t[n ( _m ?\s&s ( inhabitants1    
beautifully laid out 9 ! =e/ & dra9$1 & 
equipp$ ) means = satisfy+ all !        
necess>y l[] & mo/ ( ! sup]flu\s high]  
wants ( man4 ,y h a fir/-class college 9
 full bla/4 ,y h magnific5t music--a    
*orus ( sev5 hundr$ voices1 ) possibly !
 mo/ p]fect op5-air auditorium 9 ! _w4  
,y h e sort ( a?letic ex]cise f sail+1  
r[+1 swimm+1 bicycl+1 to ! ball-field & 
! m artificial do+s :i* ! gymnasium     
af=ds4 ,y h k9d]g>t5s & model second>y  
s*ools4 ,y h g5]al religi\s s]vices &   
special club-h\ses = ! sev]al sects4 ,y 
h p]petually runn+ soda-wat] f\nta9s1 & 

daily popul> lectures by di/+ui%$ m54 ,y
 h ! be/ ( company1 & yet no ef=t4 ,y h 
no zymotic diseases1 no pov]ty1 no      
drunk5ness1 no crime1 no police4 ,y h   
culture1 y h k9dness1 y h *eapness1 y h 
equality1 y h ! be/ fruits ( :at mank9d 
has f\ght & bl$ & /riv5 = t9d] ! "n (   
civilization = c5turies4 ,y h1 9 %ort1 a
 =eta/e ( :at human society might be1 7 
x all 9 ! light1 ) no suff]+ & no d>k   
corn]s4  ,i w5t 9 curiosity = a day4 ,i 
/ay$ = a week1 held spell-b\nd by ! *>m 
& ease ( ev]y?+1 by ! middle-class      
p>adise1 )\t a s91 )\t a victim1 )\t a  
blot1 )\t a te>4  ,& yet :at 0 my own   
a/oni%m5t1 on em]g+ into ! d>k & wick$  
_w aga91 to cat* myself q unexpect$ly & 
involunt>ily say+3 ,ouf6 :at a relief6  
,n[ = some?+ primordial & savage1 ev5   
?\gh x 7 z bad z an ,arm5ian massacre1  
to set ! balance /raight aga94 ,?is ord]
 is too tame1 ?is culture too           
second-rate1 ?is goodness too un9spir+4 
,?is human drama )\t a villa9 or a pang2
 ?is community s ref9$ t ice-cream      

soda-wat] is ! utmo/ (f]+ x c make to ! 
brute animal 9 man2 ?is city simm]+ 9 ! 
tepid lakeside sun2 ?is atroci\s        
h>mlessness ( all ?+s1--,i _c abide )   
!m4 ,let me take my *ances aga9 9 ! big 
outside worldly wild]ness ) all its s9s 
& suff]+s4 ,!re are ! heights & dep?s1 !
 precipices & ! /eep ideals1 ! gleams ( 
! awful & ! inf9ite2 & !re is m hope &  
help a ?\s& times ?an 9 ?is dead level &
 qu9tess5ce ( e m$iocrity4  ,su* 0 !    
sudd5 "r-ab\t-face p]=m$ = me by my     
lawless fancy6 ,!re _h be5 spread be=e  
me ! realization--on a small1 sample    
scale ( c\rse--( all ! ideals = :i* our 
civilization has be5 /riv+3 security1   
intellig5ce1 humanity1 & ord]2 & "h 0 ! 
in/9ctive ho/ile reaction1 n ( ! natural
 man1 b ( a s-call$ cultivat$ man ^u su*
 a ,utopia4 ,!re seem$ ?us to be a      
self-contradiction & p>adox some:]e1 :i*
 ,i1 z a pr(essor draw+ a full sal>y1 0 
9 duty b\nd to unravel & expla91 if ,i  
c\ld4  ,s ,i m$itat$4 ,&1 fir/ ( all1 ,i
 ask$ myself :at ! ?+ 0 t 0 s lack+ 9   

?is ,sabbatical city1 & ! lack ( :i*    
kept "o =ev] fall+ %ort ( ! high] sort (
 cont5tm5t4 ,& ,i soon recogniz$ t x 0 !
 elem5t t gives to ! wick$ out] _w all  
its moral /yle1 expressiv5ess &         
picturesqu5ess1--! elem5t (             
precipit\sness1 s to call x1 ( /r5g? &  
/r5u\sness1 int5sity & dang]4  ,:at     
excites & int]e/s ! look]-on at life1   
:at ! romances & ! /atues celebrate & ! 
grim civic monum5ts rem9d u (1 is !     
ev]la/+ battle ( ! p[]s ( light ) ^? (  
d>kness2 ) h]oism1 r$uc$ to its b>e     
*ance1 yet ev] & anon snat*+ victory f !
 jaws ( dea?4 ,b 9 ?is unspeakable      
,*autauqua !re 0 no pot5tiality ( dea? 9
 sight any:]e1 & no po9t ( ! compass    
visible f :i* dang] might possibly      
appe>4 ,! ideal 0 s completely victori\s
 already t no sign ( any previ\s battle 
rema9$1 ! place j re/+ on its o>s4 ,b   
:at our human emotions seem to require  
is ! sight ( ! /ruggle go+ on4 ,! mom5t 
! fruits are be+ m]ely eat51 ?+s become 
ignoble4 ,sweat & ef=t1 human nature    

/ra9$ to its utt]mo/ & on ! rack1 yet   
gett+ ?r\gh alive1 & !n turn+ its back  
on its success to pursue ano!r m r>e &  
ardu\s /ill--?is is ! sort ( ?+ !       
pres5ce ( :i* inspires u1 & ! reality ( 
:i* x seems to be ! function ( all !    
high] =ms ( lit]ature & f9e art to br+  
home to u & sugge/4 ,at ,*autauqua !re 7
 no racks1 ev5 9 ! place's hi/orical    
museum2 & no sweat1 except possibly !   
g5tle moi/ure on ! br[ ( "s lectur]1 or 
on ! sides ( "s play] 9 ! ball-field4   
,su* abs5ce ( human nature 9 extremis   
any:]e seem$1 !n1 a suffici5t           
explanation = ,*autauqua's flatness &   
lack ( ze/4  ,b 0 n ?is a p>adox well   
calculat$ to fill "o ) dismay8 ,x looks 
inde$1 ?\ght ,i1 z if ! romantic        
ideali/s ) _! pessimism ab\t our        
civilization 71 aft] all1 q "r4 ,an     
irrem$iable flatness is com+ ov] ! _w4  
,b\rgeoisie & m$iocrity1 *ur* sociables 
& tea*]s' conv5tions1 are tak+ ! place (
 ! old heights & dep?s & romantic       
*i>oscuro4 ,&1 to get human life 9 its  

wild int5sity1 we mu/ 9 future turn m & 
m away f ! actual1 & =get x1 if we c1 9 
! romanc]'s or ! poet's pages4 ,! :ole  
_w1 delightful & s9ful z x may /ill     
appe> = a mom5t to "o j escap$ f !      
,*autauquan enclosure1 is nev]!less     
obey+ m & m j ^? ideals t are sure to   
make ( x 9 ! end a m]e ,*autauqua       
,assembly on an enorm\s scale4 ,0 im    
,gesang soll leb5 muss im ,leb5         
unt]gehn4 ,ev5 n[1 9 our own c\ntry1    
correctness1 fairness1 & compromise = e 
small advantage are cr[d+ out all o!r   
qualities4 ,! high] h]oisms & ! old r>e 
flavors are pass+ out ( life4,p       ,p
 ,?is address 0 compos$ be=e ! ,cuban & 
,philipp9e      w>s4 ,su* outbur/s ( !  
passion ( ma/]y are1 h[ev]1      only   
episodes 9 a social process :i* 9 ! long
 run seems      ev]y:]e t5d+ t[>d !     
,*autauquan ideals4  ,) ^! ?\ghts 9 my  
m9d1 ,i 0 spe$+ ) ! tra9 t[>d ,buffalo1 
:51 ne> t city1 ! sight ( a workman do+ 
some?+ on ! dizzy edge ( a sky-scal+    
iron con/ruction br\ght me to my s5ses v

 sudd5ly4 ,& n[ ,i p]ceiv$1 by a fla% ( 
insight1 t ,i _h be5 /eep+ myself 9 pure
 ance/ral bl9dness1 & look+ at life ) ! 
eyes ( a remote spectator4 ,wi%+ =      
h]oism & ! spectacle ( human nature on !
 rack1 ,i _h nev] notic$ ! great fields 
( h]oism ly+ r\nd ab\t me1 ,i _h fail$  
to see x pres5t & alive4 ,i c\ld only   
?9k ( x z dead & embalm$1 labell$ &     
co/um$1 z x is 9 ! pages ( romance4 ,&  
yet !re x 0 be=e me 9 ! daily lives ( ! 
labor+ classes4 ,n 9 clang+ fights &    
desp]ate m>*es only is h]oism to be     
look$ =1 b on e railway bridge &        
fire-pro( build+ t is go+ up to-day4 ,on
 freight-tra9s1 on ! decks ( vessels1 9 
cattle-y>ds & m9es1 on lumb]-rafts1     
among ! firem5 & ! policem51 ! dem& =   
c\rage is incessant2 & ! supply nev]    
fails4 ,!re1 e day ( ! ye> some:]e1 is  
human nature 9 extremis = y4 ,& :]ev] a 
scy!1 an axe1 a pick1 or a %ovel is     
wield$1 y h x sweat+ & a*+ & ) its p[]s 
( pati5t endurance rack$ to ! utmo/ "u !
 l5g? ( h\rs ( ! /ra94  ,z ,i awoke to  

all ?is unidealiz$ h]oic life ar\nd me1 
! scales seem$ to fall f my eyes2 & a   
wave ( sympa?y great] ?an any?+ ,i _h   
ev] be=e felt ) ! common life ( common  
m5 began to fill my s\l4 ,x began to    
seem z if virtue ) horny h&s & dirty sk9
 7 ! only virtue g5u9e & vital en\gh to 
take acc\nt (4 ,e o!r virtue poses2 none
 is absolutely unconsci\s & simple1 &   
unexpectant ( decoration or recognition1
 l ?is4 ,^! are our soldi]s1 ?\ght ,i1  
^! our su/a9]s1 ^! ! v p>5ts ( our life4
  ,_m ye>s ago1 :5 9 ,vi5na1 ,i _h _h a 
simil> feel+ ( awe & rev]5ce 9 look+ at 
! peasant-wom51 9 f ! c\ntry on _!      
bus9ess at ! m>ket = ! day4 ,old hags _m
 ( !m 71 dri$ & br[n & wr9kl$1 k]*ief$ &
 %ort-petticoat$1 ) ?ick wool /ock+s on 
_! bony %anks1 /ump+ ?r\gh ! glitt]+    
?or\ghf>es1 look+ nei!r to ! "r nor !   
left1 b5t on duty1 envy+ no?+1          
humble-he>t$1 remote2--& yet at bottom1 
:5 y came to ?9k ( x1 be>+ ! :ole fabric
 ( ! spl5dors & corruptions ( t city on 
_! labori\s backs4 ,= :]e w\ld any ( x h

 be5 )\t _! unremitt+1 unrew>d$ labor 9 
! fields8 ,& s ) u3 n to our g5]als &   
poets1 ,i ?\ght1 b to ! ,italian &      
,hung>ian labor]s 9 ! ,subway1 r1 ought 
! monum5ts ( gratitude & rev]5ce ( a    
city l ,bo/on to be re>$4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,if any (
 y h be5 read]s ( ,tol/oi1 y w see t ,i 
pass$ into a ve9 ( feel+ simil> to 81 ) 
its abhorr5ce ( all t conv5tionally     
passes = di/+ui%$1 & its exclusive      
deification ( ! brav]y1 pati5ce1        
k9dl9ess1 & dumbness ( ! unconsci\s     
natural man4  ,:]e n[ is our ,tol/oi1 ,i
 said1 to br+ ! tru? ( all ?is home to  
our ,am]ican bosoms1 fill u ) a bett]   
insight1 & wean u away f t spuri\s      
lit]>y romanticism on :i* our wret*$    
culture--z x calls itself--is f$8       
,div9ity lies all ab\t u1 & culture is  
too hideb\nd to ev5 suspect ! fact4     
,c\ld a ,h[ells or a ,kipl+ be enli/$ 9 
?is mission8 or are !y /ill too deep 9 !
 ance/ral bl9dness1 & n humane en\gh = !
 inn] joy & mean+ ( ! labor]'s exi/5ce  

to be really reveal$8 ,mu/ we wait = "s 
"o born & br$ & liv+ z a labor] himself1
 b :o1 by grace ( ,heav51 %all also f9d 
a lit]>y voice8  ,& !re ,i re/$ on t    
day1 ) a s5se ( wid5+ ( vision1 & ) :at 
x is surely fair to call an increase (  
religi\s insight into life4 ,9 ,god's   
eyes ! diff]5ces ( social position1 (   
intellect1 ( culture1 ( cleanl9ess1 (   
dress1 :i* diff]5t m5 exhibit1 & all !  
o!r r>ities & exceptions on :i* !y s    
fanta/ically p9 _! pride1 mu/ be s small
 z practically q to vani%2 & all t %\ld 
rema9 is ! common fact t "h we are1 a   
c\ntless multitude ( vessels ( life1 ea*
 ( u p5t 9 to peculi> difficulties1 )   
:i* we mu/ sev]ally /ruggle by us+      
:atev] ( =titude & goodness we c summon 
up4 ,! ex]cise ( ! c\rage1 pati5ce1 &   
k9dness1 mu/ be ! significant portion ( 
! :ole bus9ess2 & ! di/9ctions (        
position c only be a mann] ( div]sify+ !
 ph5om5al surface ^u :i* ^! und]gr\nd   
virtues may manife/ _! effects4 ,at ?is 
rate1 ! deepe/ human life is ev]y:]e1 is

 et]nal4 ,&1 if any human attributes    
exi/ only 9 p>ticul> individuals1 !y mu/
 belong to ! m]e trapp+ & decoration ( !
 surface-%[4  ,?us are m5's lives       
levell$ up z well z levell$             
d[n1--levell$ up 9 _! common inn] mean+1
 levell$ d[n 9 _! out] glori\sness & %[4
 ,yet always1 we mu/ confess1 ?is       
levell+ insight t5ds to be obscur$ aga92
 & always ! ance/ral bl9dness returns & 
wraps u up1 s t we end once m by ?9k+ t 
creation c be = no o!r purpose ?an to   
develop rem>kable situations &          
conv5tional di/9ctions & m]its4 ,& !n   
always "s new levell] 9 ! %ape ( a      
religi\s prophet has to arise--!        
,buddha1 ! ,*ri/1 or "s ,sa9t ,francis1 
"s ,r\sseau or ,tol/oi--to r$ispel our  
bl9dness4 ,yet1 little by little1 !re   
comes "s /able ga92 = ! _w does get m   
humane1 & ! religion ( democracy t5ds   
t[>d p]man5t increase4  ,?is1 z ,i said1
 became = a "t my conviction1 & gave me 
great cont5t4 ,i h put ! matt] into ! =m
 ( a p]sonal rem9isc5ce1 s t ,i might   

lead y into x m directly & completely1 &
 s save "t4 ,b n[ ,i am go+ to discuss !
 re/ ( x ) y 9 a m imp]sonal way4       
,tol/oi's levell+ philosophy began long 
be=e he _h ! crisis ( melan*oly         
commemorat$ 9 t wond]ful docum5t ( 8    
entitl$ ',my ,confession1' :i* l$ ! way 
to 8 m specifically religi\s works4 ,9 8
 ma/]piece ',w> & ,peace1'--assur$ly !  
greate/ ( human novels1--! role ( !     
spiritual h]o is giv5 to a poor little  
soldi] nam$ ,k>ataieff1 s helpful1 s    
*e]ful1 & s dev\t t1 9 spite ( 8        
ignorance & fil?9ess1 ! sight ( him op5s
 ! heav5s1 :i* h be5 clos$1 to ! m9d ( !
 pr9cipal "* ( ! book2 & 8 example      
evid5tly is meant by ,tol/oi to let ,god
 into ! _w aga9 = ! read]4 ,poor little 
,k>ataieff is tak5 prison] by ! ,fr5*2  
&1 :5 too exhau/$ by h>d%ip & fev] to   
m>*1 is %ot z o!r prison]s 7 9 ! fam\s  
retreat f ,mosc[4 ,! la/ view "o gets ( 
him is 8 little figure lean+ aga9/ a    
:ite bir*-tree1 & uncompla9+ly await+ ! 
end4  ,! m1 writes ,tol/oi 9 ! "w ',my  

,confession1' ! m ,i exam9$ ! life ( ^! 
labor+ folks1 ! m p]suad$ ,i became t !y
 v]itably h fai?1 & get f x alone ! s5se
 & ! possibility ( life4444 ,contr>iwise
 to ^? ( our own class1 :o prote/ aga9/ 
de/9y & gr[ indignant at its rigor1 ^! p
 receive maladies & mis=tunes )\t       
revolt1 )\t opposition1 & ) a firm &    
tranquil confid5ce t all _h to be l t1  
c\ld n be o!rwise1 & t x is all "r s4444
 ,! m we live by our intellect1 ! less  
we und]/& ! mean+ ( life4 ,we see only a
 cruel je/ 9 suff]+ & dea?1 :]eas ^! p  
live1 suff]1 & draw ne> to dea? )       
tranquillity1 & (t5] ?an n ) joy4444    
,!re are enorm\s multitudes ( !m happy )
 ! mo/ p]fect happ9ess1 al?\gh depriv$ (
 :at = u is ! sole good ( life4 ,^? :o  
und]/& life's mean+1 & "k h[ to live &  
die ?us1 are to be c\nt$ n by twos1     
?rees1 t5s1 b by hundr$s1 ?\s&s1        
millions4 ,!y labor quietly1 endure     
privations & pa9s1 live & die1 & ?r\gh\t
 ev]y?+ see ! good )\t see+ ! vanity4 ,i
 _h to love ^! p4 ,! m ,i ent]$ into _! 

life1 ! m ,i lov$ !m2 & ! m x became    
possible = me to live1 too4 ,x came ab\t
 n only t ! life ( our society1 ( !     
le>n$ & ( ! ri*1 disgu/$ me--m ?an t1 x 
lo/ all semblance ( mean+ 9 my eyes4    
,all our actions1 our delib]ations1 our 
sci5ces1 our arts1 all appe>$ to me ) a 
new significance4 ,i und]/ood t ^! ?+s  
might be *>m+ pa/imes1 b t "o ne$ seek 9
 !m no dep?1 :]eas ! life ( ! h>d-work+ 
populace1 ( t multitude ( human be+s :o 
really contribute to exi/5ce1 appe>$ to 
me 9 its true light4 ,i und]/ood t !re  
v]itably is life1 t ! mean+ :i* life !re
 receives is ! tru?2 & ,i accept$ x4,q  
,q ,my ,confession1 ,x4 7cond5s$74  ,9 a
 simil> way does ,/ev5son appeal to our 
piety t[>d ! elem5tal virtue ( mank9d4  
,:at a wond]ful ?+1 he writes1,r is ?is 
,man6 ,h[ surpris+ are 8 attributes6    
,poor s\l1 "h = s little1 ca/ among s _m
 h>d%ips1 savagely surr\nd$1 savagely   
desc5d$1 irrem$iably condemn$ to prey ^u
 8 fell[-lives1--:o %\ld h blam$ him1 _h
 he be5 ( a piece ) 8 de/9y & a be+     

m]ely b>b>\s8 444 ,yet x matt]s n :]e we
 look1 "u :at climate we obs]ve him1 9  
:at /age ( society1 9 :at dep? (        
ignorance1 burd5$ ) :at errone\s        
morality2 9 %ips at sea1 a man inur$ to 
h>d%ip & vile pleasures1 8 brighte/ hope
 a fiddle 9 a tav]n1 & a b$iz5$ trull :o
 sells h]self to rob him1 & he1 = all t1
 simple1 innoc5t1 *e]ful1 k9dly l a     
*ild1 con/ant to toil1 brave to dr[n1 = 
o!rs2444 9 ! slums ( cities1 mov+ among 
indiff]5t millions to me*anical         
employm5ts1 )\t hope ( *ange 9 ! future1
 ) sc>ce a pleasure 9 ! pres5t1 & yet   
true to 8 virtues1 hone/ up to 8 lights1
 k9d to 8 neighbors1 tempt$ p]haps 9 va9
 by ! bright g9-palace1444 (t5 repay+ ! 
_w's scorn ) s]vice1 (t5 /&+ firm ^u a  
scruple2444 ev]y:]e "s virtue *]i%$ or  
affect$1 ev]y:]e "s dec5cy ( ?\ght &    
c\rage1 ev]y:]e ! ensign ( man's        
ineffectual goodness1--ah6 if ,i c\ld %[
 y ?is6 ,if ,i c\ld %[ y ^! m5 & wom5   
all ! _w ov]1 9 e /age ( hi/ory1 "u e   
abuse ( error1 "u e circum/ance (       

failure1 )\t hope1 )\t help1 )\t ?anks1 
/ill obscurely fight+ ! lo/ fight (     
virtue1 /ill cl++ to "s rag ( honor1 !  
poor jewel ( _! s\ls4      ,r ,across ! 
,pla9s3 ,pulvis et ,umbra 7abridg$74    
,all ?is is z true z x is spl5did1 &    
t]ribly d we ne$ our ,tol/ois &         
,/ev5sons to keep our s5se = x alive4   
,yet y rememb] ! ,iri%man :o1 :5 ask$1  
,is n "o man z good z ano!r8 repli$1    
,yes2 & a great deal bett]1 too6        
,simil>ly 7x seems to me7 does ,tol/oi  
ov]correct our social prejudices1 :5 he 
makes 8 love ( ! peasant s exclusive1 & 
h>d5s 8 he>t t[>d ! educat$ man z       
absolutely z he does4 ,grant t at       
,*autauqua !re 0 little moral ef=t1     
little sweat or muscul> /ra9 9 view4    
,/ill1 deep d[n 9 ! s\ls ( ! p>ticipants
 we may be sure t some?+ ( ! sort 0 hid1
 "s inn] /ress1 "s vital virtue n f\nd  
want+ :5 requir$4 ,&1 aft] all1 ! "q    
recurs1 & =ces itself ^u u1 ,is x s     
c]ta9 t ! surr\nd+s & circum/ances ( !  
virtue d make s little diff]5ce 9 !     

importance ( ! result8 ,is ! functional 
utility1 ! wor? to ! univ]se ( a c]ta9  
def9ite am\nt ( c\rage1 k9dl9ess1 &     
pati5ce1 no great] if ! possessor ( ^!  
virtues is 9 an educat$ situation1 work+
 out f>-rea*+ tasks1 ?an if he be an    
illit]ate nobody1 hew+ wood & draw+     
wat]1 j to keep himself alive8 ,tol/oi's
 philosophy1 deeply enlight5+ ?\gh x    
c]ta9ly is1 rema9s a false ab/raction4  
,x savors too mu* ( t ,ori5tal pessimism
 & nihilism ( 81 :i* decl>es ! :ole     
ph5om5al _w & its facts & _! di/9ctions 
to be a cunn+ fraud4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,a m]e b>e 
fraud is j :at our ,we/]n common s5se w 
nev] believe ! ph5om5al _w to be4 ,x    
admits fully t ! inn] joys & virtues are
 ! ess5tial "p ( life's bus9ess1 b x is 
sure t "s positive "p is also play$ by !
 adjuncts ( ! %[4 ,if x is idiotic 9    
romanticism to recognize ! h]oic only :5
 x sees x labell$ & dress$-up 9 books1 x
 is really j z idiotic to see x only 9 !
 dirty boots & sweaty %irt ( "s "o 9 !  

fields4 ,x is ) u really "u e disguise3 
at ,*autauqua2 "h 9 y\r college2 9 !    
/ock-y>ds & on ! freight-tra9s2 & 9 !   
cz> ( ,russia's c\rt4 ,b1 in/9ctively1  
we make a comb9ation ( two ?+s 9 judg+ !
 total significance ( a human be+4 ,we  
feel x to be "s sort ( a product 7if su*
 a product only c\ld be calculat$7 ( 8  
inn] virtue & 8 out] place1--nei!r s+ly 
tak51 b bo? conjo9$4 ,if ! out]         
diff]5ces _h no mean+ = life1 :y inde$  
%\ld all ?is imm5se v>iety ( !m exi/8   
,!y mu/ be significant elem5ts ( ! _w z 
well4  ,j te/ ,tol/oi's deification ( ! 
m]e manual labor] by ! facts4 ,?is is   
:at ,mr4 ,walt] ,wyck(f1 aft] work+ z an
 unskill$ labor] 9 ! demolition ( "s    
build+s at ,we/ ,po9t1 writes ( !       
spiritual condition ( ! class ( m5 to   
:i* he tempor>ily *ose to belong3--  ,! 
sali5t features ( our condition are pla9
 en\gh4 ,we are gr[n m51 & are )\t a    
trade4 ,9 ! labor-m>ket we /& ready to  
sell to ! highe/ bidd] our m]e muscul>  
/r5g? = s _m h\rs ea* day4 ,we are ?us 9

 ! l[e/ grade ( labor4 ,&1 sell+ our    
muscul> /r5g? 9 ! op5 m>ket = :at x w   
br+1 we sell x "u peculi> conditions4 ,x
 is all ! capital t we h4 ,we h no      
res]ve means ( subsi/5ce1 & _c1 !re=e1  
/& (f = a 'res]ve price4' ,we sell "u ! 
necessity ( satisfy+ imm95t hung]4      
,broadly speak+1 we mu/ sell our labor  
or />ve2 &1 z hung] is a matt] ( a few  
h\rs1 & we h no o!r way ( meet+ ?is ne$1
 we mu/ sell at once = :at ! m>ket (f]s 
= our labor4  ,our employ] is buy+ labor
 9 a de> m>ket1 & he w c]ta9ly get f u z
 mu* "w z he c at ! price4 ,! gang-boss 
is secur$ = ?is purpose1 & ?or\ghly does
 he "k 8 bus9ess4 ,he has sole comm& (  
u4 ,he nev] saw u be=e1 & he w dis*>ge u
 all :5 ! debris is cle>$ away4 ,9 !    
mean "t he mu/ get f u1 if he c1 ! utmo/
 ( physical labor :i* we1 individually &
 collectively1 are capable (4 ,if he    
%\ld drive "s ( u to exhau/ion1 & we    
%\ld n be able to cont9ue at "w1 he w\ld
 n be ! los]2 = ! m>ket w\ld soon supply
 him ) o!rs to take our places4  ,we are

 ignorant m51 b s mu* we cle>ly see1--t 
we h sold our labor :]e we c\ld sell x  
de>e/1 & our employ] has b\ght x :]e he 
c\ld buy x *eape/4 ,he has paid high1 & 
he mu/ get all ! labor t he c2 &1 by a  
/rong in/9ct :i* possesses u1 we %all "p
 ) z little z we c4 ,f "w l ours !re    
seems to u to h be5 elim9at$ e elem5t   
:i* con/itutes ! nobility ( labor4 ,we  
feel no p]sonal pride 9 its progress1 & 
no community ( int]e/ ) our employ]4    
,!re is none ( ! joy ( responsibility1  
none ( ! s5se ( a*ievem5t1 only ! dull  
monotony ( gr9d+ toil1 ) ! long+ = !    
signal to quit "w1 & = our wages at !   
end4  ,& be+ :at we are1 ! dregs ( !    
labor-m>ket1 & hav+ no c]ta9ty ( p]man5t
 employm5t1 & no organization among     
ourselves1 we mu/ expect to "w "u !     
wat*ful eye ( a gang-boss1 & be driv51 l
 ! wage-slaves t we are1 ?r\gh our      
tasks4  ,all ?is is to tell u1 9 effect1
 t our lives are h>d1 b>r51 hopeless    
lives4  ,& su* h>d1 b>r51 hopeless      
lives1 surely1 are n lives 9 :i* "o     

ought to be will+ p]man5tly to rema94 ,&
 :y is ?is s8 ,is x because !y are s    
dirty8 ,well1 ,nans5 grew a great deal  
dirti] on 8 pol> exp$ition2 & we ?9k    
none ! worse ( 8 life = t4 ,is x !      
ins5sibility8 ,our soldi]s h to gr[     
va/ly m ins5sible1 & we extol !m to !   
skies4 ,is x ! pov]ty8 ,pov]ty has be5  
reckon$ ! cr[n+ beauty ( _m a h]oic     
c>e]4 ,is x ! slav]y to a task1 ! loss (
 f9] pleasures8  ,su* slav]y & loss are 
( ! v ess5ce ( ! high] =titude1 & are   
always c\nt$ to its cr$it1--read !      
records ( mission>y devotion all ov] !  
_w4 ,x is n any "o ( ^! ?+s1 !n1 tak5 by
 itself1--no1 nor all ( !m toge!r1--t   
make su* a life undesirable4 ,a man     
might 9 tru? live l an unskill$ labor]1 
& d ! "w ( "o1 & yet c\nt z "o ( !      
noble/ ( ,god's creatures4 ,q possibly  
!re 7 "s su* p]sons 9 ! gang t our au?or
 describes2 b ! curr5t ( _! s\ls ran    
und]gr\nd2 & he 0 too /eep$ 9 ! ance/ral
 bl9dness to disc]n x4  ,if !re 7 any   
su* morally exceptional individuals1    

h[ev]1 :at made !m diff]5t f ! re/8 ,x c
 only h be5 ?is1--t _! s\ls work$ &     
endur$ 9 ob$i5ce to "s inn] ideal1 :ile 
_! comrades 7 n actuat$ by any?+ wor?y (
 t "n4 ,^! ideals ( o!r lives are among 
^? secrets t we c almo/ nev] p5etrate1  
al?\gh some?+ ab\t ! man may (t5 tell u 
:5 !y are !re4 ,9 ,mr4 ,wyck(f's own    
case we "k exactly :at ! self-impos$    
ideal 04 ,p>tly he _h /ump$ himself1 z !
 boys say1 to c>ry ?r\gh a /r5u\s       
a*ievem5t2 b ma9ly he wi%$ to enl>ge 8  
sympa!tic insight into fell[-lives4 ,=  
?is 8 sweat & toil acquire a c]ta9 h]oic
 significance1 & make u accord to him   
exceptional e/eem4 ,b x is easy to      
imag9e 8 fell[s ) v>i\s o!r ideals4 ,to 
say no?+ ( wives & babies1 "o may h be5 
a conv]t ( ! ,salvation ,army1 & _h a   
night+ale s++ ( expiation & =giv5ess 9 8
 he>t all ! :ile he labor$4 ,or !re     
might h be5 an apo/le l ,tol/oi himself1
 or 8 compatriot ,bond>eff1 9 ! gang1   
volunt>ily embrac+ labor z _! religi\s  
mission4 ,class-loyalty 0 und\bt$ly an  

ideal ) _m4 ,& :o kn[s h[ mu* ( t high] 
manl9ess ( pov]ty1 ( :i* ,phillips      
,brooks has spok5 s p5etrat+ly1 0 or 0 n
 pres5t 9 t gang8  ,a rugg$1 b>r5 l&1   
says ,phillips ,brooks1 is pov]ty to    
live 91--a l& :]e ,i am ?ankful v (t5 if
 ,i c get a b]ry or a root to eat4 ,b   
liv+ 9 x really1 lett+ x be> witness to 
me ( itself1 n di%onor+ x all ! "t by   
judg+ x aft] ! /&>d ( ! o!r l&s1        
gradually !re come out its qualities4   
,behold6 no l& l ?is b>r5 & nak$ l& (   
pov]ty c\ld %[ ! moral geology ( ! _w4  
,see h[ ! h>d ribs 444 /& out /rong &   
solid4 ,no life l pov]ty c\ld s get "o  
to ! he>t ( ?+s & make m5 "k _! mean+1  
c\ld s let u feel life & ! _w ) all !   
s(t cu%ions /ripp$ (f & ?r[n away4444   
,pov]ty makes m5 come v ne> ea* o!r1 &  
recognize ea* o!r's human he>ts2 &      
pov]ty1 highe/ & be/ ( all1 dem&s &     
cries out = fai? 9 ,god4444 ,i "k h[    
sup]ficial & unfeel+1 h[ l m]e mock]y1  
words 9 praise ( pov]ty may seem4444 ,b 
,i am sure t ! poor man's dignity &     

fre$om1 8 self-respect & en]gy1 dep5d ^u
 8 cordial k t 8 pov]ty is a true region
 & k9d ( life1 ) its own *ances ( "*1   
its own spr+s ( happ9ess & revelations (
 ,god4 ,let him resi/ ! *>act]lessness  
:i* (t5 goes ) be+ poor4 ,let him insi/ 
on respect+ ! condition :]e he lives4   
,let him le>n to love x1 s t by & by1 if
 he gr[s ri*1 he %all g out ( ! l[ door 
( ! old famili> pov]ty ) a true pang (  
regret1 & ) a true honor = ! n>r[ home 9
 :i* he has liv$ s long4,s      ,s      
,s]mons4 #e? ,s]ies1 ,new ,york1 #ahic1 
pp4 #aff1 #afg4  ,! b>r5ness &          
ignobl5ess ( ! m usual labor]'s life    
consi/ 9 ! fact t x is mov$ by no su*   
ideal inn] spr+s4 ,! backa*e1 ! long    
h\rs1 ! dang]1 are pati5tly endur$--=   
:at8 ,to ga9 a quid ( tobacco1 a glass (
 be]1 a cup ( c(fee1 a meal1 & a b$1 &  
to beg9 aga9 ! next day & %irk z mu* z  
"o c4 ,?is really is :y we raise no     
monum5t to ! labor]s 9 ! ,subway1 ev5   
?\gh !y be our conscripts1 & ev5 ?\gh   
aft] a fa%ion our city is inde$ bas$ ^u 

_! pati5t he>ts & endur+ backs & %\ld]s4
 ,& ?is is :y we d raise monum5ts to our
 soldi]s1 ^: outw>d conditions 7 ev5    
brutall] /ill4 ,! soldi]s are suppos$ to
 h foll[$ an ideal1 & ! labor]s are     
suppos$ to h foll[$ none4  ,y see1 my   
fri5ds1 h[ ! plot n[ ?ick5s2 & h[       
/rangely ! complexities ( ?is wond]ful  
human nature ( ours beg9 to develop "u  
our h&s4 ,we h se5 ! bl9dness & deadness
 to ea* o!r :i* are our natural         
inh]itance2 &1 9 spite ( !m1 we h be5 l$
 to ackn[l$ge an inn] mean+ :i* passe?  
%[1 & :i* may be pres5t 9 ! lives ( o!rs
 :]e we lea/ descry x4 ,& n[ we are l$  
to say t su* inn] mean+ c be complete & 
valid = u also1 only :5 ! inn] joy1     
c\rage1 & endurance are jo9$ ) an ideal4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,b :at1 exactly1 d we mean by an    
ideal8 ,c we give no def9ite acc\nt (   
su* a ^w8  ,to a c]ta9 ext5t we c4 ,an  
ideal1 = in/ance1 mu/ be some?+         
intellectually conceiv$1 some?+ ( :i* we
 are n unconsci\s1 if we h x2 & x mu/   

c>ry ) x t sort ( outlook1 uplift1 &    
brightness t g ) all intellectual facts4
 ,secondly1 !re mu/ be novelty 9 an     
ideal1--novelty at lea/ = him :om !     
ideal grasps4 ,sodd5 r\t9e is           
incompatible ) ideality1 al?\gh :at is  
sodd5 r\t9e = "o p]son may be ideal     
novelty = ano!r4 ,?is %[s t !re is no?+ 
absolutely ideal3 ideals are relative to
 ! lives t ent]ta9 !m4 ,to keep out ( ! 
gutt] is = u "h no "p ( consci\sness at 
all1 yet = _m ( our bre?r5 x is ! mo/   
legitimately engross+ ( ideals4  ,n[1   
tak5 nak$ly1 ab/ractly1 & imm$iately1 y 
see t m]e ideals are ! *eape/ ?+s 9     
life4 ,ev]ybody has !m 9 "s %ape or o!r1
 p]sonal or g5]al1 s\nd or mi/ak51 l[ or
 high2 & ! mo/ wor?less s5tim5tali/s &  
dream]s1 drunk>ds1 %irks & v]se-mak]s1  
:o nev] %[ a gra9 ( ef=t1 c\rage1 or    
endurance1 possibly h !m on ! mo/ copi\s
 scale4 ,education1 enl>g+ z x does our 
horizon & p]spective1 is a means (      
multiply+ our ideals1 ( br++ new ones   
into view4 ,& y\r college pr(essor1 ) a 

/>*$ %irt & spectacles1 w\ld1 if a /ock 
( ideals 7 all alone by itself en\gh to 
r5d] a life significant1 be ! mo/       
absolutely & deeply significant ( m54   
,tol/oi w\ld be completely bl9d 9       
despis+ him = a prig1 a p$ant & a p>ody2
 & all our new insight into ! div9ity ( 
muscul> labor w\ld be altoge!r (f !     
track ( tru?4  ,b su* consequ5ces z ?is1
 y in/9ctively feel1 are errone\s4 ,! m 
ideals a man has1 ! m contemptible1 on !
 :ole1 d y cont9ue to deem him1 if !    
matt] ends !re = him1 & if none ( !     
labor+ man's virtues are call$ into     
action on 8 "p1--no c\rage %[n1 no      
privations und]gone1 no dirt or sc>s    
contract$ 9 ! attempt to get !m realiz$4
 ,x is q obvi\s t some?+ m ?an ! m]e    
possession ( ideals is requir$ to make a
 life significant 9 any s5se t claims ! 
spectator's admiration4 ,inn] joy1 to be
 sure1 x may h1 ) its ideals2 b t is its
 own private s5tim5tal matt]4 ,to extort
 f u1 outsid]s z we are1 ) our own      
ideals to look aft]1 ! tribute ( our    

grudg+ recognition1 x mu/ back its ideal
 visions ) :at ! labor]s h1 ! /]n] /uff 
( manly virtue2 x mu/ multiply _!       
s5tim5tal surface by ! dim5sion ( !     
active w1 if we are to h dep?1 if we are
 to h any?+ cubical & solid 9 ! way (   
"*4  ,! significance ( a human life =   
communicable & publicly recognizable    
purposes is ?us ! (fspr+ ( a m>riage (  
two diff]5t p>5ts1 ei!r ( :om alone is  
b>r54 ,! ideals tak5 by !mselves give no
 reality1 ! virtues by !mselves no      
novelty4 ,& let ! ori5tali/s & pessimi/s
 say :at !y w1 ! ?+ ( deepe/--or1 at any
 rate1 ( comp>atively                   
deepe/--significance 9 life does seem to
 be its "* ( progress1 or t /range union
 ( reality ) ideal novelty :i* x        
cont9ues f "o mom5t to ano!r to pres5t4 
,to recognize ideal novelty is ! task ( 
:at we call intellig5ce4 ,n e "o's      
intellig5ce c tell :i* novelties are    
ideal4 ,= _m ! ideal ?+ w always seem to
 cl+ /ill to ! old] m famili> good4 ,9  
?is case "*1 ?\gh n significant totally1

 may be /ill significant pa!tically4 ,s1
 if we are to *oose :i* is ! m ess5tial 
factor ( human "*1 ! fight+ virtue or ! 
intellectual bread?1 we mu/ side )      
,tol/oi1 & *oose t simple fai?fulness to
 8 light or d>kness :i* any common      
un9tellectual man c %[4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,b1 ) all
 ?is beat+ & tack+ on my "p1 ,i fe> y   
take me to be rea*+ a confus$ result4 ,i
 seem to be j tak+ ?+s up & dropp+ !m   
aga94 ,fir/ ,i took up ,*autauqua1 &    
dropp$ t2 !n ,tol/oi & ! h]oism ( common
 toil1 & dropp$ !m2 f9ally1 ,i took up  
ideals1 & seem n[ almo/ dropp+ ^?4 ,b   
please obs]ve 9 :at s5se x is t ,i drop 
!m4 ,x is :5 !y pret5d s+ly to r$eem    
life f insignificance4 ,culture &       
ref9em5t all alone are n en\gh to d s4  
,ideal aspirations are n en\gh1 :5      
uncomb9$ ) pluck & w4 ,b nei!r are pluck
 & w1 dogg$ endurance & ins5sibility to 
dang] en\gh1 :5 tak5 all alone4 ,!re mu/
 be "s sort ( fusion1 "s *emical        
comb9ation among ^! pr9ciples1 = a life 

objectively & ?or\ghly significant to   
result4  ,( c\rse1 ?is is a some:at     
vague conclusion4 ,b 9 a "q (           
significance1 ( wor?1 l ?is1 conclusions
 c nev] be precise4 ,! answ] (          
appreciation1 ( s5tim5t1 is always a m  
or a less1 a balance /ruck by sympa?y1  
insight1 & good w4 ,b x is an answ]1 all
 ! same1 a real conclusion4 ,&1 9 !     
c\rse ( gett+ x1 x seems to me t our    
eyes h be5 op5$ to _m important ?+s4 ,"s
 ( y are1 p]haps1 m liv+ly aw>e ?an y 7 
an h\r ago ( ! dep?s ( wor? t lie ar\nd 
y1 hid 9 ali5 lives4 ,&1 :5 y ask h[ mu*
 sympa?y y ought to be/[1 al?\gh ! am\nt
 is1 truly en\gh1 a matt] ( ideal on y\r
 own "p1 yet 9 ?is notion ( ! comb9ation
 ( ideals ) active virtues y h a r\gh   
/&>d = %ap+ y\r decision4 ,9 any case1  
y\r imag9ation is ext5d$4 ,y div9e 9 !  
_w ab\t y matt] = a little m humility on
 y\r own "p1 & tol]ance1 rev]5ce1 & love
 = o!rs2 & y ga9 a c]ta9 inn] joyfulness
 at ! increas$ importance ( our common  
life4 ,su* joyfulness is a religi\s     

inspiration & an elem5t ( spiritual     
heal?1 & wor? m ?an l>ge am\nts ( t sort
 ( te*nical & accurate in=mation :i* we 
pr(essors are suppos$ to be able to     
imp>t4  ,to %[ ! sort ( ?+ ,i mean by ^!
 words1 ,i w j make "o brief practical  
illu/ration & !n close4  ,we are suff]+ 
to-day 9 ,am]ica f :at is call$ !       
labor-"q2 &1 :5 y g out into ! _w1 y w  
ea* & all ( y be caught up 9 its        
p]plexities4 ,i use ! brief t]m labor-"q
 to cov] all sorts ( an>*i/ic discont5ts
 & sociali/ic projects1 & ! cons]vative 
resi/ances :i* !y provoke4 ,s f> z ?is  
conflict is unheal?y & regrettable1--&  
,i ?9k x is s only to a limit$ ext5t1--!
 unheal?9ess consi/s solely 9 ! fact t  
"o-half ( our fell[-c\ntrym5 rema9      
entirely bl9d to ! int]nal significance 
( ! lives ( ! o!r half4 ,!y miss ! joys 
& sorr[s1 !y fail to feel ! moral       
virtue1 & !y d n guess ! pres5ce ( !    
intellectual ideals4 ,!y are at         
cross-purposes all along ! l9e1 reg>d+  
ea* o!r z !y might reg>d a set (        

dang]\sly ge/iculat+ automata1 or1 if !y
 seek to get at ! inn] motivation1 mak+ 
! mo/ horrible mi/akes4 ,(t5 all t !    
poor man c ?9k ( 9 ! ri* man is a c[>dly
 gre$9ess = safety1 luxury1 & effem9acy1
 & a b\ndless affectation4 ,:at he is1  
is n a human be+1 b a pocket-book1 a    
bank-acc\nt4 ,& a simil> gre$9ess1 turn$
 by disappo9tm5t into envy1 is all t _m 
ri* m5 c see 9 ! /ate ( m9d ( !         
dissatisfi$ poor4 ,&1 if ! ri* man beg9s
 to d ! s5tim5tal act ov] ! poor man1   
:at s5seless blund]s does he make1 pity+
 him = j ^? v duties & ^? v immunities  
:i*1 rightly tak51 are ! condition ( 8  
mo/ abid+ & *>act]i/ic joys6 ,ea*1 9    
%ort1 ignores ! fact t happ9ess &       
unhapp9ess & significance are a vital   
my/]y2 ea* p9s !m absolutely on "s      
ridicul\s feature ( ! ext]nal situation2
 & ev]ybody rema9s outside ( ev]ybody   
else's sight4  ,society has1 ) all ?is1 
und\bt$ly got to pass t[>d "s new] &    
bett] equilibrium1 & ! di/ribution (    
weal? has d\btless sl[ly got to *ange3  

su* *anges h always happ5$1 & w happ5 to
 ! end ( "t4 ,b if1 aft] all t ,i h     
said1 any ( y expect t !y w make any    
g5u9e vital diff]5ce on a l>ge scale1 to
 ! lives ( our desc5dants1 y w h miss$ !
 significance ( my entire lecture4 ,!   
solid mean+ ( life is always ! same     
et]nal ?+1--! m>riage1 namely1 ( "s     
unhabitual ideal1 h[ev] special1 ) "s   
fidelity1 c\rage1 & endurance2 ) "s     
man's or woman's pa9s4--,&1 :atev] or   
:]ev] life may be1 !re w always be !    
*ance = t m>riage to take place4        
,fitz-,james ,/eph5 wrote _m ye>s ago   
words to ?is effect m eloqu5t ?an any ,i
 c speak3 ,! ',great ,ea/]n1' or "s ( h]
 successors1 he said1 w p]haps defy !   
roll ( ! ,atlantic1 & cross ! seas )\t  
all[+ _! pass5g]s to feel t !y h left ! 
firm l&4 ,! voyage f ! cradle to ! grave
 may come to be p]=m$ ) simil> facility4
 ,progress & sci5ce may p]haps enable   
untold millions to live & die )\t a c>e1
 )\t a pang1 )\t an anxiety4 ,!y w h a  
pleasant passage & pl5ty ( brilliant    

conv]sation4 ,!y w wond] t m5 ev]       
believ$ at all 9 clang+ fights & blaz+  
t[ns & s9k+ %ips & pray+ h&s2 &1 :5 !y  
come to ! end ( _! c\rse1 !y w g _! way1
 & ! place !re( w "k !m no m4 ,b x seems
 unlikely t !y w h su* a k ( ! great    
ocean on :i* !y sail1 ) its /orms &     
wrecks1 its curr5ts & iceb]gs1 its huge 
waves & mighty w9ds1 z ^? :o battl$ ) x 
= ye>s toge!r 9 ! little craft1 :i*1 if 
!y _h few o!r m]its1 br\ght ^? :o       
navigat$ !m full into ! pres5ce ( "t &  
et]nity1 _! mak] & !mselves1 & =c$ !m to
 h "s def9ite view ( _! relations to !m 
& to ea* o!r4,t      ,t ,essays by a    
,b>ri/]1 ,london1 #ahfb1 p4 #cah4  ,9   
?is solid & tridim5sional s5se1 s to    
call x1 ^? philosoph]s are "r :o cont5d 
t ! _w is a /&+ ?+1 ) no progress1 no   
real hi/ory4 ,! *ang+ conditions (      
hi/ory t\* only ! surface ( ! %[4 ,!    
alt]$ equilibriums & r$i/ributions only 
div]sify our opportunities & op5 *ances 
to u = new ideals4 ,b1 ) ea* new ideal t
 comes into life1 ! *ance = a life bas$ 

on "s old ideal w vani%2 & he w\ld ne$s 
be a presumptu\s calculator :o %\ld )   
confid5ce say t ! total sum (           
significances is positively & absolutely
 great] at any "o epo* ?an at any o!r ( 
! _w4  ,i am speak+ broadly1 ,i "k1 &   
omitt+ to consid] c]ta9 qualifications 9
 :i* ,i myself believe4 ,b "o c only    
make "o po9t 9 "o lecture1 & ,i %all be 
well cont5t if ,i h br\ght my po9t home 
to y ?is ev5+ 9 ev5 a slight degree4    
,!re are comp5sations3 & no outw>d      
*anges ( condition 9 life c keep !      
night+ale ( its et]nal mean+ f s++ 9 all
 sorts ( diff]5t m5's he>ts4 ,t is ! ma9
 fact to rememb]4 ,if we c\ld n only    
admit x ) our lips1 b really & truly    
believe x1 h[ our convulsive insi/5cies1
 h[ our antipa?ies & dreads ( ea* o!r1  
w\ld s(t5 d[n6 ,if ! poor & ! ri* c\ld  
look at ea* o!r 9 ?is way1 sub specie   
aet]natis1 h[ g5tle w\ld gr[ _!         
disputes6 :at tol]ance & good humor1 :at
 will+ness to live & let live1 w\ld come
 into ! _w6   ,,! ,,end4