,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #fbc ,,new ,,york1 ,,decemb] #aj1 #ahhg ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxiv41 ,no4 #fbc4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,ar*itecture4--,notes on ! ,con/ruction ( a ,di/ill]y ,*imney--,a new me?od ( build+ l(ty %afts1 includ+ a metallic frame & brick l9+--#c illu/rations4 #iidi ,! ,comm]cial ,ex*ange1 ,p>is--,! new ,p>is ex*ange n[ 9 process ( erection4--,pres5t /ate ( op]ations--#a illu/ration4 #iied ,,ii4 ,,a/ronomy4--,! ,yale ,college ,measurem5t ( ! ,pleiades4-- ,dr4 ,elk9's "w ) ! ,repsold heliomet] at ,yale ,college4 #iieg ,,iii4 ,,*emi/ry--,new ,me?od = ! ,quantitative ,det]m9ation ( ,/>*4--,by ,a4,n4 ,,asbo?--,det]m9ation ( />* by its b>ium comp\nd4 #iief ,syn!sis ( ! ,alkaloids--,a retrospect ( ! field ( "w s f> travel$ ov] by syn!tical *emi/s1 & future prospects4 #iief ,! ,*emical ,basis ( ,plant ,=ms--,by ,,hel5 ,c4 ,,de ,s4 ,,abbott --,cont9uation ( ?is important contribution to plant *emi/ry1 "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( rec5t *emical monographs4 #iiee ,,iv4 ,,electricity4--,an ,electrical ,gov]nor--,a new app>atus = pres]v+ a con/ant electromotive =ce ) v>y+ dynamo spe$--#a illu/ration4 #iieb ,electric ,laun*--,a ,fr5* gov]nm5t laun* ) ,krebs electric motor4 #iied ,! electric curr5t z a means ( increas+ ! tractive adhesion ( railway motors & o!r roll+ contacts4--,by ,,elias ,e4 ,,ries--,a full review ( ?is important subject1 ) acc\nts ( its exp]im5tal exam9ation4 #iiec ,v4 ,,eng9e]+--,b5i]'s ,hot ,air ,eng9e--,a new caloric eng9e v fully illu/rat$ & describ$--#h illu/rations4 #iidc ,heat+ ,m>9e ,boil]s ) ,liquid ,fuel--,a simple app>atus & rec5t exp]im5ts ) ! same4--#c illu/rations4 #iide ,! ,*ange ( ,gauge ( ,s\!rn ,railroads 9 #ahhf--;,by ,c4,h4 ,,hudson4--,! conclusion ( ! acc\nt ( ?is great eng9e]+ feat1 ) tables ( /ati/ics & data--#af illu/rations4 #iidf ,y\r ,future ,problems--,by ,,*as4 ,e4 ,,em]y--,an address to ! graduat+ class ( ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute1 ,n4,j4--,a practical view ( ! eng9e]+ pr(ession4 #iidc ,,vi4 ,,miscellane\s--,a ,gr\p ( ,hamp%ire ,d[ns--,a typical bre$ ( %eep1 _! qualities & habits4--#a illu/ration4 #iieg ,,vii4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+--,! ,spani% ,cruis] ,re9a ,reg5te--,a fur!r description ( ?is celebrat$ vessel--#d illu/rations4 #iidh ,torp$o ,boats = ,spa9--,! ,azor & ,halcon1 two ,y>r[ torp$o boats1 describ$ & illu/rat$--#g illu/rations4 #iidg ,,viii4 ,,photography--,h[ ,diff]5t ,tones 9 ,gelat9o-*loride ,pr9ts may be ,v>i$ by ,develop]s4--,tw5ty diff]5t =mul = ! above purpose4 #iidi ,film ,negatives--,ea/man /ripp+ films1 _! manipulation & developm5t4 #iidi ,,ix4 ,,sanitation--,fr5* ,dis9fect+ ,app>atus--,a portable app>atus = dis9fect+ clo!s & simil> objects--#a illu/ration4 #iieb ,x4 ,,te*nology4--,! ,manufacture ( ,coca9e--,! extraction ( coca9e ) alkali & petroleum1 ) /atem5t ( p]c5tage yield$ by v>i\s leaves4 #iied ,! ,production ( ,oxyg5 by ,br9's ,process--,! comm]cial manufacture ( oxyg5 by means ( b>yta--#c illu/rations4 #iiej ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,foll[+ entry n 9 orig9al table ( cont5ts ,deep ,sea ,dr$g+s3 ,exam9ation ,( ,sea ,bottoms4 ,by ,,?omas #iieh ,t4,p4 ,,bruce ,,w>r54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,b5i]',s ,,hot ,,air ,,eng9e4 ,! hot air eng9e1 al?\gh !oretically recogniz$ = "s "t pa/ z ! mo/ economical means ( conv]t+ heat into motive p[]1 has up to ! pres5t met ) little success4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! arrangem5t ( ! motors ( ?is class t h hi!rto be5 con/ruct$ has be5 su* z to r5d] !m b slightly practical4 ,9 ! ,b5i] hot air eng9e 7illu/rat$ h]e)71 h[ev]1 ob/acles t 7 once consid]$ insurm\ntable h be5 ov]come1 & ! motor pres5ts _m advantages ov] all ! types t h prec$$ x4 ,among su* advantages we %all cite ! possibility ( utiliz+ air at a high temp]ature 7#a1bjj or #a1ejj degrees71 :ile ! rubb+ surfaces rema9 at a mod]ate temp]ature 7#fj or #hj degrees74 ,! fire grate is plac$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d]1 & is trav]s$ by ! cold air =c$ by a pump4 ,! exp&$ hot gases fill ! cyl9d] & act aga9/ ! pi/on directly above ! grate4 ,! type h]e) illu/rat$ is ( #f horse p[]4 ,! motive cyl9d]1 ,,cc'1 is bolt$ to ! extremity ( ! frame1 ,a4 ,^u ?is latt] is fix$ a column1 ,b1 :i* c>ries a work+ beam1 ,e4 ,?is latt] transmits ! motion ( ! pi/on1 ,p1 to ! %aft1 ,d4 ,a pump1 ,g1 plac$ )9 ! frame1 =ces a c]ta9 quantity ( cold air at e revolution into ! driv+ cyl9d]4 ,! pi/on ( ?is pump is actuat$ by ! connect+ rod1 ,g'1 jo9t$ to ! lev]1 ,f'1 :i* receives its motion f ! rod1 ,f4 ,a slide valve1 b'1 actuat$ by a cam1 regulates ! entrance ( ! cold air into ! pump dur+ suction1 z well z its introduction into ! cyl9d]4 ,!re is a ?ru/ ^u ! pi/on dur+ its upw>d travel1 & an escape ( hot gas ?r\gh ! eduction valve1 h1 dur+ ! d[nw>d travel4 ,! cyl9d] is 9 two p>ts1 ,c & ,c'4 ,! pi/on1 :i* is v long1 rubs at its upp] end aga9/ ! sides ( ! cyl9d]1 ,c4 ,! l[] end is ( small] diamet]1 & leaves an annul> space betwe5 x & ! cyl9d]4 ,! grate is at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 ,c'4 ,! sides ( ! cyl9d] at ! level ( ! fire box are protect$ ) a l9+ ( plumbago4 ,:5 ! pi/on is at ! bottom ( its travel1 ! eduction valve closes4 ,! slide valve1 b'1 e/abli%es a communication betwe5 ! pump *amb] & ! cyl9d]4 ,! air conta9$ 9 ! pump is already compress$ 9 ! latt] to a pressure ( ne>ly a kilogramme at ! mom5t ( ! communication4 ,?is air ent]s ! cyl9d]1 & ! communication betwe5 ! latt] & ! pump cont9ues until all ! air is =c$ into ! driv+ cyl9d]1 ! pi/on ( ! pump be+ at ! bottom ( its travel1 & t ( ! cyl9d] ab\t midway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b5i]',s ,,hot ,,air ,,eng9e4 ,! air =c$ by ! pump pi/on ent]s ! cyl9d] ?r\gh two conduits1 "o ( :i* leads a portion ( x t[>d ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! o!r t[>d ! bottom4 ,! l[] conduit deb\*es "u ! grate1 & ! air t passes ?r\gh x trav]ses ! fire box1 & ! hot gas fills ! cyl9d]4 ,! conduit t runs to ! top deb\*es 9 ! cyl9d]1 ,c1 at ! l[] limit ( ! surface rubb$ by ! pi/on4 ,! air t trav]ses ?is conduit is di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! annul> space betwe5 ! pi/on & cyl9d]4 ,! hot gas d]iv$ f combu/ion c !re=e nev] introduce itself into ?is annul> space1 & consequ5tly _c come into contact ) ! rubb+ surfaces ( ! cyl9d] & pi/on4 ,z ! quantity ( air introduc$ at e /roke is con/ant1 ! "w develop$ at e /roke is v>i$ by regulat+ ! temp]ature ( ! gas t fills ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! temp]ature falls1 ! pressure1 & consequ5tly ! "w develop$1 dim9i%es4 ,?is result is obta9$ by v>y+ ! respective quantities ( air t pass ?r\gh ! fire box & ar\nd ! pi/on4 ,9 measure z less air passes ?r\gh ! fire box1 ! quantity t passes ar\nd ! pi/on augm5ts by j s mu*1 & ! pressure dim9i%es4 ,a valve1 n'1 9 ! conduit t runs to ! fire box is controll$ by ! regulator1 ,l'1 9 ! int]ior ( ! column4 ,:5 ! "w to be transmitt$ dim9i%es1 ! regulator closes ! valve m or less1 & ! "w develop$ dim9i%es4 ,! coke is put by %ovelfuls into a hopp]1 ,i4 ,f\r buckets m\nt$ ^u ! p]iph]y ( a :eel1 ,i'1 trav]se ! coke1 &1 tak+ up a piece ( x1 let x fall ^u ! cov]1 ,j1 ( ! slide valve1 j1 :5ce x falls into ! cavity ( ! latt] :5 x is uncov]$1 & f !nce into ! conduit1 c'1 ( ! box1 j'1 :5 ! cavity ( ! valve is opposite ! conduit4 ,f ! conduit1 c'1 ! coke falls ^u ! grate4 ,a small sight hole cov]$ ) glass1 9 ! cov]1 ,j1 p]mits ! grate to be se5 :5 ! cavity ( ! valve is opposite c'4 ,z 9 gas eng9es1 a curr5t ( wat] is made to fl[ ar\nd ! cyl9d]1 ,c'1 9 ord] to keep ! sides f gett+ too hot4 ,9 ord] to set ! eng9e 9 motion1 we beg9 by op5+ ! bottom1 ,c1 ( ! cyl9d]1 ,c'1 to clean ! grate4 ,?is done1 we close ,c & introduce light$ *>coal ?r\gh ! conduit1 c' 7! valve be+ op574 ,! valve is put 9 place1 two or ?ree revolutions are giv5 to ! fly :eel1 & ! motor />ts4 ,! fe$+ is aft]w>d done ) coke4 ,! p>ts t transmit motion op]ate "u conditions analog\s to ^? "u :i* ! same p>ts ( a /eam eng9e d4 ,! air pump sucks & =ces no?+ b cold air1 & no?+ b cold air passes ?r\gh ! di/ribut+ slide valve4 ,! pump & valve are !re=e r5d]$ v durable4 ,! pi/on & cyl9d]1 at ! po9ts :]e friction exi/s1 are at a temp]ature ( #fj or #hj degrees4 ,^! surfaces are protect$ aga9/ hot gas *>g$ ) du/4 ,! hot gas1 :i* escapes f ! cyl9d] ?r\gh a valve1 has previ\sly be5 cool$ by contact ) ! sides ( ! cyl9d] & by expansion4 ,! eduction valve j m5tion$ works ab\t l t ( a /eam eng9e1 & x is only necess>y to poli% x n[ & !n 9 ord] to keep x 9 good condition4--,annales ,indu/rielles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,y\r ,,future ,,problems4#a ,footnote #a3 ,an address to ! graduat+ class1 ,/ev5s ,in/itute1 ,hobok51 ,n4,j41 #ahhg4 ,by ,,*>les ,e4 ,,em]y4 ,mr4 ,presid5t & ,ladies & ,g5tlem53 ,x has n be5 consid]$ ! duty ( ! speak]1 9 address+ ! graduat+ class1 to dwell on ! triumphs ( sci5ce or ! advantage ( a lib]al education4 ,^! subjects h already be5 discuss$1 9 connection ) ! regul> c\rses ( /udy1 bett]1 & m at l5g?1 ?an he c\ld d4 ,we propose r to try & prep>e ! m9ds ( ! graduates = ! practical problems be=e !m4 ,all "y m5 are impress$ ) ! consci\sness ( high] p[]s z !y increase _! /ores ( k1 & ?is feel+ p]haps rea*es its maximum ) ^? :o h made a specialty ( ! inve/igation & application ( physical laws4 ,"y m5 :o h le>n$ h[ to h>ness ! p[]s ( nature & guide !m to d _! w are apt to belittle ! difficulties !y h yet to ov]come1 & h a false impression ( ! problems ( life4 ,?is feel+ is %[n to a m9imum ext5t by graduates ( ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute1 on acc\nt ( _! c>eful practical tra9+1 9 connection ) ! ?or\gh /udy ( pr9ciples2 b x has be5 ?\ght be/ = "o f ! outside _w to supplem5t su* tea*+ by call+ to m9d in/ances :i* may h a useful c\nt]act+ effect1 &1 l p>ables1 s]ve ! purpose ( illu/rative in/ruction4 ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,class ( '#hg3 ,x 0 ! pleasure ( ! speak] to address ! class ( '#gi1 "u ! title ( ,h[ to ,succe$1 "s words ( c\nsel & w>n+1 :i*1 if !y left an impression ( sev]ity at ! "t1 7 app>5tly s well receiv$ aft]w>d t he has be5 tempt$ to cont9ue ! g5]al subject1 ) ! title ( ,y\r ,future ,problems4 ,! notation ( y\r future problems w n be f\nd at once among ! kn[n quantities1 b ) x1 y1 & z1 at ! o!r end ( ! alphabet4 ,(t5 ^w symbols w be applicable1 express+ at times disappo9tm5t & pa91 at o!r times r5ew$ ef=t1 & f9ally ! active phases ( individual ?\ght & ex]tion4 ,! fir/ s]i\s problem ) _m ( y w be to secure satisfactory engagem5ts4 ,?is problem _c be illu/rat$ by p>ables4 ,x ne$s1 9 g5]al1 pati5t1 unremitt+1 & frequ5tly long cont9u$ ef=t4 ,x may be t ! fame ( "s ( y1 t h already acquir$ ! happy faculty ( mak+ y\rselves imm$iately useful1 has already gone abroad & ! covet$ positions be5 already assur$4 ,to be frank1 we _c promise y ev5 a b$ ( roses4 ,we h 9 m9d an in/ance :]e a sup]ior au?ority 9 a l>ge bus9ess ent]prise :o _h great respect1 z he %\ld h1 = ! atta9m5ts ( "y g5tlem5 :o h _h ! opportunities ( a te*nical education1 delib]ately ord]$ out a compet5t me*anical eng9e]1 famili> ) ! designs requir$ 9 a l>ge repair %op1 & s5t 9 8 place a "y g5tleman fre% f s*ool & flu%$ ) hope1 b :o f ! v nature ( ! case c\ld "k little or no?+ ( 8 duties at t p>ticul> place4 ,he 0 practically alone 9 ! draw+ room1 & did n "k :]e to f9d su* draw+s z 7 requir$1 & c&or requires x to be said t he desir$ to ask _m que/ions ab\t ^? he did f9d4 ,! sup]9t5d5t un=tunately _h no?+ to d ) 8 appo9tm5t1 & r res5t$ x4 ,s he did n tru/ any ( 8 "w1 & ! new com] 0 oblig$ to le>n 8 practical exp]i5ce at t e/abli%m5t1 :]e he 0 kn[n z ! me*anical eng9e]1 by hav+ all 8 "w done ov] by ! patt]n mak] or o!rs1 "u ! eye ( ! sup]9t5d5t or ma/] me*anic1 & be subject$ all ! "t to ! jeal\sies & annoyances incid5t to su* a me?od ( introduction4 ,8 practical exp]i5ce 0 c]ta9ly le>n$ "u difficulties :i* ,i tru/ none ( y may exp]i5ce4 ,?is /atem5t is made t ^? ( y :o h n yet obta9$ positions may n envy ^? :o h1 & t ea* & all ( y may be c>eful n to take a position s f> above y\r exp]i5ce1 if n y\r capacity1 z to become unpleasantly situat$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! educational facilities y h enjoy$ are ( su* great value 9 "s exceptional cases t ! p>ties ?us b5efit$ may d y an injury by lead+ o!rs to expect t y w be equally valuable 9 p]=m+ duties :i* require mu* m practical exp]i5ce & k ( detail ?an x is possible t y c\ld h obta9$ 9 ! "t y h be5 "h4 ,! incid5t is ripe ) sugge/ions4 ,no matt] h[ humble a position y may take 9 ! beg9n+1 y w be emb>rass$ 9 mu* ! same way z ! "y g5tleman 9 "q1 ?\gh x is hop$ 9 a less degree4 ,y\r c\rse ( action %\ld be fir/ to le>n to d z y are told1 no matt] :at y ?9k ( x4 ,& above ev]y?+ keep y\r eyes & e>s op5 to obta9 practical k ( all t is go+ on ab\t y4 ,let no?+ escape y ( an eng9e]+ nature1 ?\gh x has connection ) ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,x may be y\r bus9ess ! next day1 & if y h tak5 advantage ( ! v>i\s opportunities to "k all ab\t t p>ticul> matt] 9 e detail1 y c intellig5tly act 9 relation to x1 )\t emb>rassm5t to y\rself & ) satisfaction to y\r sup]ior4 ,above all1 avoid conflict ) ! practical =ce ( ! e/abli%m5t into :i* y are introduc$4 ,x is bett]1 z we h at ano!r "t advis$1 to e/abli% fri5dly relations ) ! workm5 & practical m5 ) :om y h to d4 ,y are to be sp>$ ?is ev5+ any direct ref]5ces to ! conceit ( le>n+1 b y are ask$ & advis$ to be> ) ! conceit ( ignorance4 ,y w f9d t practical m5 w be jeal\s ( y on acc\nt ( y\r opportunities1 & at ! same "t jeal\s ( _! own practical in=mation & exp]i5ce1 & t !y may take "s pa9s to h9d] r ?an aid y 9 y\r attempts to actively le>n ! practical details ( ! bus9ess4 ,! mo/ disagreeable man ab\t ! e/abli%m5t to p]sons l y1 :o p]haps goes out ( 8 way to insult y1 & yet %\ld be respect$ = 8 age1 may be "o :o c be ( greate/ use to y4 ,cultivate 8 acqua9tance4 ,a k9d ^w w g5]ally be ! be/ response to an (f5sive rem>k1 ?\gh g5tlemanly words ( res5tm5t may be necess>y :5 o!rs are pres5t4 ,sometimes x w be suffici5t to say1 ,i wi% a little talk ) y by y\rself1 :i* w put ! by/&]s at a di/ance & enable y to mature y\r plans4 ,asc]ta9 z soon z possible t man's ta/es2 :at he reads & :at he delights 94 ,approa* him z if y _h no res5tm5t & talk on 8 favorite topic4 ,if rebuff$1 tell a pleasant /ory1 & p]si/ f "t to "t 9 ! attempt to please1 until 8 h>d5$ nature relaxes & he beg9s to feel & p]haps speaks to o!rs favorably ( y4 ,/4 ,paul has said3 ,= ?\gh ,i be free f all m51 yet h ,i made myself s]vant ( all t ,i might ga9 ! m4 ,?is is ! keynote ( policy1 & ?\gh 9 humbl+ y\rself y control & hide y\r true feel+s1 recollect t all y\r faculties are giv5 y = prop] use4 ,we h ref]r$ to "s :o h acquir$ ! happy faculty ( mak+ !mselves imm$iately useful4 ,?is is a mu* m difficult matt] ?an ! words imply4 ,if "o ( y %\ld be s =tunate z to be ord]$ to make c]ta9 te/s almo/ l ^? y h already conduct$ "h1 or to tabulate ! results ( te/s z y h done x "h1 or to make inspections ak9 to ^? :i* h be5 fully expla9$ "h1 !re is e probability ! "w w\ld be done satisfactorily 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,b let a mu* simpl] case arise1 = in/ance1 if a sup]ior h& "o ( y a lett] ) ! simple in/ructions1 ,get me ! facts on t1 y may be v mu* puzzl$ to "k :at is to be done & h[ to d x4 ,x may be t ! lett] is a reque/ = in=mation 9 reg>d to c]ta9 "w t 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! pa/1 9 :i* case x w be necess>y = y to hunt ?r\gh old records1 copy books1 eng9e]+ notes1 draw+s1 & ! l1 & get a li/ ( all ref]r+ to ! subject2 to make an ab/ract ( ! lett]s & notes if !y are at all complicat$2 & f9ally to lay ! :ole be=e ! ov]work$ sup]ior 9 a bus9ess mann]1 t he l>gely f recollection1 aid$ by ! ref]5ces & notes1 c write an intellig5t answ] 9 a v brief p]iod4 ,! way n to d x w\ld be to say1 ,yes1 sir1 v promptly1 g (f & n m ?an half read ! lett]1 d some?+ & be back 9 five m9utes ) "s "q or ill-dige/$ answ]2 !n ^u receiv+ a polite h9t z to ! me?od to be employ$1 g (f & repeat ! op]ation ! next five m9utes2 !n on receiv+ a %ort reply1 9 :at appe>$ to be an unnecess>y tone ( voice1 get a little flurri$ p]haps1 d worse next "t1 & 9 ! end feel v unpleasant )\t hav+ accompli%$ mu*1 & make ! g5tleman seek+ assi/ance lam5t ! difficulty 9 tea*+ "y m5 practical "w4 ,x is possible1 on ! contr>y1 = a "y man to exce$ 8 in/ructions & volunte] advice t has n be5 ask$4 ,if he has un=tunately gone too f> = "s "t & be5 %>ply spok5 to1 he may fail ! next 9 n fully do+ ! "w int5d$4 ,simply putt+ d[n a column ( figures w\ld n necess>ily mean tabulat+ facts4 ,! arrangem5t & re>rangem5t ( ! columns aid 9 classify+ su* facts1 s t ! results %[n by !m w be readily se5 & a great deal ( labor sav$ 9 exam9ation4 ,a good rule 9 a case ( ?is k9d is to try & f9d "s "w done by o!r p>ties ( a simil> nature1 & !reby asc]ta9 :at is ne$$ & expect$4 ,reasonable que/ions to asc]ta91 :]e records are to be f\nd & ! k9d ( records accessible1 are always prop] if made at ! prop] "t )\t int]rupt+ an imm$iate tra9 ( ?\ght2 & ) su* in=mation z a />t1 if a "y man w endeavor to imag9e himself 9 a place l t ( ! "o :o has f9ally to decide1 & try to asc]ta9 j :at in=mation w probably be requir$1 !n pati5tly g to "w to f9d & pres5t x 9 cond5s$ %ape1 he f t mom5t really beg9s to be useful & 8 s]vices w be rapidly appreciat$4 ,x is a good rule always to keep ! memor&a obta9$ 9 accompli%+ a result ( ?is k9d2 s t if fur!r in=mation is requir$1 ! :ole inve/igation ne$ n be made ov]4 ,?is rem>k sugge/s ano!r l9e ( ?\ght4 ,"s "y m5 ) quick p]ceptions get 9 ! way at s*ool ( tru/+ _! memories1 & omit mak+ complete notes ( lectures or ( ! v>i\s te/s illu/rat+ _! /udies4 ,?is c>elessness foll[s !m into aft] life1 & !re are in/ances :]e "y m51 :o c make c]ta9 k9ds ( inve/igations mu* bett] ?an _! fell[s1 & promptly give a /atem5t ( ! g5]al nature ( ! results1 h1 :5 call$ on aft]w>d = ! details1 =gott5 !n entirely1 & _! notes & memor&a1 if pres]v$1 be+ ( little use1 ! labor is entirely lo/4 ,su* m5 necess>ily h to le>n m c>eful ways 9 aft] life4 ,x is a good rule 9 ?is1 z 9 ! previ\s case1 to make & copy complete records ( ev]y?+ 9 su* %ape t !y may be conv5i5t = ref]5ce & criticism aft]w>d4 ,"o ( ! important problems ) :i* y w h to deal 9 ! future is ! labor "q1 & x is probable t y\r v fir/ exp]i5ce ) x may be 9 direct antagonism ) ! op9ions ( _m ) :om y h h]et(ore be5 associat$4 ,x is an honor to ! feel+s ( ^? :o /& outside & witness ?is s-call$ /ruggle n[ 9 progress betwe5 capital & labor1 t !y believe ! :ole "q c be settl$ by k9dly treatm5t & reasonable argum5t4 ,!re are "s cases t w yield to su* treatm5t1 & "o's :ole duty is n p]=m$ till all possible1 reasonable1 & humanit>ian me?ods are adopt$4 ,!re has be5 an excuse = ! organization ( labor1 & x1 to "s small ext5t1 /ill exi/s4 ,"t 0 t ! surplus ( unskill$ labor 0 us$ on a m]cantile basis to r$uce wages to su* an ext5t t x 0 almo/ impossible to re> a well nurtur$1 mu* less a well educat$ & well dress$ family1 &1 moreov]1 ! h\rs ( labor 9 "s bran*es ( bus9ess 7 s long z to %ort5 ! lives ( op]atives & make self-improvem5t impossible4 ,! natural progress ( civiliz+ influ5ce did mu* to abate _m ( ^! evils1 b ! organization ( labor remov$ sores t _h n & p]haps c\ld n h be5 rea*$ 9 o!r ways4 ,hav+ !n an excuse = organization1 & support$ by ! success made 9 directions :]e public sympa?y 0 ) !m1 is x to be wond]$ t !y h gone too f> 9 v _m cases1 & t ! lead]%ip ( su* organization has 9 _m in/ances be5 captur$ by design+ m51 :o control ! masses to accompli% selfi% ends8 ,:atev] may h be5 ! me?od ( evolution1 x is c]ta9 t ! manufactur+ op]ations ( ! pres5t day h to meet ) elem5ts entirely antagoni/ic to _! int]e/s1 & 9 v _m ways antagoni/ic to ! int]e/s ( ! work+man4 ,! memb]s ( _m organizations1 ev5 ( intellig5t m51 are bl9dly l$ by *iefs ( v>i\s titles1 ( :i* p]haps ! walk+ delegate is ! mo/ (f5sive "o to reasonable p4 ,?is class ( m5 claim ! "r to intrude !mselves into ! e/abli%m5ts own$ by o!rs1 & on ! mo/ trivial gr\nds make dem&s m or less unreasonable1 & ord] /rikes & o!rwise int]f]e ) ! "w ( manufactur]s1 mu* 9 ! way t we h an idea t ! ag5ts ( ! b>b>b\s *iefta9s1 feudal lords1 & semi-civiliz$ rul]s collect$ taxes & laid burd5s 9 e>li] hi/orical times4 ,necess>ily ^! m5 mu/ use _! p[] s z to insure its p]man5cy4 ,if /rikes are popul>1 /rikes mu/ be ord]$4 ,if funds run l[1 excuses = /rikes1 x is believ$1 9 _m cases are s\ght1 s z to /ir ! pulses ( ^? :o sympa?ize ) ! labor cause4 ,co-op]ation has be5 sugge/$ z a cure = ! evil1 & !re are cases :]e x has app>5tly succe$$1 9 connection ) ! e>li] =ms ( labor organization4 ,! ambition ( lat] labor lead]s almo/ prev5ts ?is rem$y be+ ( effect4 ,x may be possible /ill ) v intellig5t workm51 isolat$ f ! l>ge mass ( workm5 9 ! c\ntry t[ns1 to feel an int]e/ 9 co-op]ation2 b su* inducem5ts1 or ! high] ones ( p]sonal k9dness to employes or _! families1 are n ( mu* effect 9 l>ge manufactur+ c5t]s4 ,z soon z dissatisfaction exi/s 9 "o mill or manufactory1 all simil> employes are ord]$ out4 ,! f9al result w be t comb9ations ( employ]s mu/ foll[ ! comb9ation ( employes1 & ^? :o h always be5 /rong 9 ! pa/ w be /rong] 9 ! future1 z has appe>$ to be ! case 9 _m conte/s t h already tak5 place4 ,if !re are any real abuses ( p[] by ! employ]s1 su* z requir+ "w = unusual h\rs or at less ?an liv+ rates1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to correct ^! abuses1 s t compla9ts w n be ^u a s\nd f\ndation4 ,"s m51 :5 ! labor epidemic /rikes _! places1 h suffici5t =ce ( "* & influ5ce ) _! m5 to av]t ! bl[ = "s "t4 ,o!rs f9d x is policy to compromise ) ! repres5tatives until a plan ( action1 conciliatory1 (f5sive1 or def5sive1 c be det]m9$ ^u4 ,! :ole matt] mu/ be consid]$ "o ( policy r ?an ( pr9ciples4 ,! class ( m5 to be dealt ) d n talk pr9ciples except z an excuse to secure _! ends4 ,9 spite ( ev]y?+1 !re w be times :5 no compromise is possible & y w be call$ ^u to take "p 9 def5d+ y\r employ]s' int]e/s aga9/ :at is call$ a /rike4 ,y c d s ) he>t :5 y "k ! employes are all well paid1 & p>ticul>ly1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 :5 ! labor organiz]s & walk+ delegates claim t "s old1 tri$ =eman %all be dismiss$ because !y d l him1 really because he has n be5 a tool 9 c>ry+ out _! plans1 & !y defiantly ackn[l$ge t _! w> is aga9/ non-union labor1 & t !y h organiz$ y\r m5 & =c$ a /rike to require y\r e/abli%m5t to become z x is call$ a union %op4 ,if y\r delud$ employes 7 p]mitt$ simply to g away & let y alone1 & y 7 p]mitt$ to employ o!rs at ! reasonable wages y 7 pay+1 ! problem w\ld be a simple "o4 ,! pr9cipal labor organizations claim t ev]y?+ !y d is by peaceable me?ods1 b ?is1 l _m ?+s said1 is simply to deceive1 = if y attempt to employ o!r assi/ants & c>ry on y\r bus9ess indep5d5tly1 y w surely f9d t well kn[n r\ghs are assembl$ :o nev] d any?+ )\t !y are paid = x by somebody1 t y\r m5 are assault$ by su* p]sons1 & :ile ! labor organiz]s talk ab\t peaceable me?ods & urge !m al\d 9 public1 9 case "o ( ! r\ghs is arre/$1 ! l\d talk]s are ! fir/ to g bail = ! def5d]1 & y w feel morally sure t ! sympa?iz+ cr[d ) ! r\ghs :o make ! assaults are all "p ( or tools ( ! organization4 ,at su* times1 y w f9d y\r old employes /&+ ar\nd ! /reet corn]s1 p]suad+ o!r m5 n to g to "w & ?us int]f]e ) :at are call$ ! true int]e/s ( labor4 ,any new employe :o has to g 9 ! /reet w be fir/ met ) inducem5ts ( o!r employm5t1 ) (f]s ( money1 aft]w>d ) ?reats1 &1 if opportunity occurs1 ) direct assault4 ,all ! features ( p]suasion1 intimidation1 & viol5ce w be c>ri$ out z dem&$1 & /rang]s to ev]ybody 9 ! vic9ity1 b well kn[n z exp]i5c$ lead]s 9 ?is k9d ( "w 9 o!r places1 be br\ght 9 to endeavor to make ! /rike a success4 ,!n1 "y m51 is ! "t to %[ y\r pluck1 & our exp]i5ce is t educat$ "y m5 w d s e "t4 ,!y c be dep5d$ ^u to g /raight ahead ) duty ?r\gh e dang]1 be>+ pati5tly ev]y?+ t may be said1 def5d+ !mselves ) nature's weapons z long z possible1 & )\t fe> us+ res]ve weapons 9 case real dang] ( life is imm95t4 ,9 c>ry+ ?r\gh a v important /rike aga9/ a m]e desire to control & n to correct abuses1 y\r speak] desires to pay ! highe/ tribute to a numb] ( educat$ "y m51 mo/ly f ! te*nical s*ools1 :o fe>lessly fac$ e dang]1 & by _! example /imulat$ o!rs to d _! duty1 & all p>ticipat$ 9 ! results obta9$ by a great success4 ,we w\ld n by su* ref]5ces fire y\r he>ts to a desire to p>ticipate 9 su* an unpleasant conte/4 ,x is ! duty ( all to /udy ?is problem intellig5tly & e>ne/ly1 ) a view ( ov]com+ ! difficulties & p]mitt+ ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry to g on4 ,:ile conciliation may be be/ at "s times1 policy at ano!r1 & resi/ance at ano!r1 we mu/ also be ?9k+ ( ! be/ means to prev5t fur!r outbreaks4 ,x w\ld seem to be true policy n to int]f]e ) organization1 b to try & direct x into high] *annels4 ,^? ( ! humanit>ians :o claim t ! disease w be root$ out ev5tually by a m g5]al & bett] education are und\bt$ly l>gely 9 ! "r1 not)/&+ t "s fairly educat$ m5 h act$ aga9/ _! be/ int]e/s 9 affiliat+ ) ! labor organizations4 ,x seems to ! speak] t en\gh in/ances c be collect$ to %[ ! utt] folly ( ! pres5t selfi% sy/em1 bas$1 z x is1 entirely on gett+ all t is possible1 indep5d5t ( "r 9 ! matt]1 & by dem&+ equal wages = all m51 t5d+ to l[] all to "o common degradation1 in/ead ( rew>d+ indu/ry & ability & advanc+ ! cause ( civilization4 ,labor %\ld n be organiz$ = selfi% ends1 b = its own good1 s z to secure /eady & p]man5t employm5t1 r ?an prev5t x by impracticable s*emes & unwise me?ods1 :i* w cripple manufactur]s & all k9ds ( indu/ry4 ,! m5 %\ld organize "u ! g5]al laws ( ! ,/ate1 s t _! lead]s w be responsible to ! laws & c be indict$1 tri$1 & puni%$ 9 case !y misappropriate funds or commit any brea* ( tru/2 & su* laws %\ld be am5d$ if necess>y1 s t wise1 responsible lead]s ( ! organizations c contract to furni% labor = a c]ta9 "t at a fix$ price1 :5 manufactur]s c make calculations ahead z to ! co/ ( labor ! same z = ! co/ ( mat]ial1 & h su* confid5ce t !y w use all _! en]gies to d a l>g] am\nt ( bus9ess & b5efit ! work+man z well z !mselves by furni%+ /eady employm5t4 ,su* a plan z is "h outl9$ c readily be c>ri$ into effect by select+ bett] m5 z lead]s4 ,x is well kn[n h[ well ! organization kn[n z ! locomotive bro!rhood is conduct$1 & x %\ld be an example to o!rs4 ,x has _h its day ( diss5sions1 :5 ! be/ c\nsels did n prevail1 :i* %[s t any organization ( ! k9d1 no matt] h[ well conduct$1 may be div]t$ by its lead]s into improp] *annels4 ,:5 organiz$ "u ! laws ( ! ,/ate & "u by-laws design$ to secure /eady employm5t1 r ?an any artificial condition ( ?+s 9 reg>d to pay h\rs1 & cont9uance ( labor1 ! true int]e/s ( ! workman w be advanc$4 ,x may be t "s "o ( y w develop a tal5t 9 ! direction ( organization & be ! means ( aid+ 9 ! solution ( ?is great problem4 ,please ?9k ( ! matt] s]i\sly1 wat* ! law ( evolution :ile y are advanc+ y\r pr(essional k1 & if ! opportunity (f]s1 d all y c to aid 9 a cause s important & b5efic5t4 ,"o writ] has criticis$ ! te*nical s*ools because !y d n tea* me*anical intuition4 ,! s*ools h en\gh to d 9 ! "t available if !y tea* pr9ciples & suffici5t practice to enable ! pr9ciples to be und]/ood4 ,! aptitude to design1 :i* mu/ be :at is meant by me*anical intuition1 requires v consid]able practical exp]i5ce1 :i* y w readily le>n if y d n keep y\rself above x4 ,if y h us$ y\r leisure h\rs to /udy :y a c]ta9 piece ( me*anism 0 made 9 a c]ta9 way r ?an 9 ano!r2 if y h wond]$ :y "o "p is ?ick 9 "o place r ?an 9 ano!r1 app>5tly 9 defiance ( all rules ( ! /r5g? ( mat]ial2 if y h endeavor$ to asc]ta9 :y a p>ticul> device is us$ r ?an ano!r m evid5t "o2 if y h ?\ght & /udi$ :y a boss is ?r[n 9 "h & !re 9 designs to receive bolts or to l5g!n a j\rnal1 & if y h 9 y\r m9d1 by repeat$ obs]vation1 a fair idea ( h[ "w is design$ by o!r p1 ! s-call$ me*anical intuition w be le>n$ & f\nd to be ! comb9ation ( common s5se & good practice4 ,y w obs]ve t "s details h be5 copi$ = ye>s & ye>s1 al?\gh ?\ghtful m5 w\ld say !y are n ! be/1 simply because !y are adapt$ to a l>ge am\nt ( "w already done4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! roll+ /ock on railroads4 ,! co/ ( a *ange 9 />t+ 9 a new c\ntry might be w>rant$1 b x practically _c be done :5 ! p>ts mu/ int]*ange ) s mu* "w done 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,y w f9d 9 o!r cases t ! direct /ra9 to :i* a piece ( me*anism is subject$ is only "o ( ! /ra9s :i* occur 9 practice4 ,a piece ( metal may h be5 ?ick5$ :]e x cu/om>ily broke1 & y may possibly surmise t c]ta9 j>s took place t caus$ su* breakages1 or t p>ticul> po9t 0 :]e ! abuse ( ! att5dant 0 cu/om>ily appli$4 ,:]ev] y g y w f9d matt]s ( ?is k9d affect+ designs />+ y 9 ! face1 & y w soon see :y a man :o has le>n$ 8 trade 9 ! %op1 & f !re work$ into ! draw+ room ) mu* less te*nical in=mation ?an y h1 c get along z well z he does4 ,res]ve y\r /r5g?1 h[ev]4 ,y\r "t w come4 ,:5ev] !re is a new dep>ture to be tak51 & matt]s to be work$ out f ! solid :i* require close computation ( /ra9s or ! application ( any pr9ciples1 y\r education w put y f> ahead1 & if y h1 dur+ ! p]iod ( :at may be call$ y\r po/-graduate c\rse1 :i* occurs dur+ y\r e>ly introduction into practical life1 be5 c>eful to keep y\r eyes & e>s op5 s z to le>n all t a man 9 practical life has done1 y w soon /& f> ahead4 ,ref]5ce 0 made to ! use ( leisure h\rs4 ,leisure h\rs c be sp5t 9 v>i\s ways4 ,= in/ance1 9 /udy+ ! composition & resolution ( =ces & ! laws ( ela/icity 9 a billi>d room1 ! poetry ( motion1 etc41 9 a ball room1 & ! *emical prop]ties ( v>i\s malt & v9\s extracts 9 ano!r room2 b ! philosophical reason :y c]ta9 eng9e]+ "w is done 9 ! way x is1 & ! prop] way 9 :i* new "w %all be done ( a simil> "* & orig9al "w ( any k9d c>ri$ on1 c only be le>n$ by cultivat+ y\r p[]s ( obs]vation & rum9at+ on ! facts collect$ 9 ! privacy ( "o's own room1 away f ! allurem5ts provid$ = ^? :o h no?+ to d4 ,no "o w\ld recomm5d y to s sep>ate y\rself f ! _w z to sacrifice heal? & /r5g?1 or to become a recluse1 ev5 if y did le>n all ab\t a c]ta9 ?+4 ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! m5 :o h accompli%$ mo/ 9 ?is _w work$ ! longe/ h\rs1 & any "o ) a regul> occupation mu/ utilize 8 leisure h\rs to obta9 pre/ige4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r ( ! same natural ability lies entirely 9 ! am\nt ( 8 in=mation & ! facility ) :i* he c use x4 ,life is %ort1 & y mu/ realize t n[ is y\r opportunity4 ,if any div]sion 9 ! way ( pleasure or ev5 c]ta9 k9ds ( cong5ial "w is (f]$1 consid] x 9 connection ) ! "q1 ,w ?is be conducive to my high] aim8 ,?is implies t y h a high] aim2 & if y h x1 & weigh ev]y?+ 9 ?is way1 y w f9d t e mom5t ( ex]tion adds some?+ to y\r /oreh\se ( in=mation & br+s y ne>] to ! accompli%m5t ( t high] aim4 ,9 clos+1 we ?ank ! ladies & g5tlem5 pres5t = _! close att5tion to details ( special int]e/ only to ^? engag$ 9 te*nical /udy or practice4 ,we congratulate y1 "y g5tlem5 ( ! class ( '#hg1 = ! success y h ?us f> obta9$1 & tru/ t y w p]sev]e 9 well do+ & w9 great] success 9 ! future4 ,we ne$ h>dly /ate t all t has be5 said 0 9 a _s ( k9dness1 & we feel assur$ t mu* ( x has be5 second$ by y\r p>5ts1 to :om no less ?an to all p>5ts "h pres5t (f or on ! /age1 ! speak] n except$1 a s]i\s1 ?\ghtful problem has be51 /ill is1 & w cont9ue to be to _m1 ,:at %all we d ) our boys4--,/ev5s ,indicator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,heat+ ,,m>9e ,,boil]s ,,) ,,liquid ,,fuel4 ,we 7 rec5tly witness ( an exp]im5t made at ,eragny ,conflans on ! /eam ya*t ,flamboyante4 ,x 0 a "q ( te/+ a new vaporiz] or burn] = liquid fuel4 ,! exp]im5t 0 a repetition ( ! "o t ! inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,dietri*1 rec5tly p]=m$ ) success 9 ! pres5ce ( ,admirals ,cl\e & ,miot4 ,! ,flamboyante is #eh ft4 9 l5g?1 #i ft4 9 wid?1 draws #e ft4 ( wat]1 & has a displacem5t ( #aj tons4 ,%e is provid$ ) a d\ble v]tical eng9e suppli$ by a ,belleville boil] t develops #bh horse p[]4 ,! screw makes #bjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & gives ! ya*t a spe$ ( #f knots4 ,mr4 ,dietri*'s vaporiz] appe>s to be v simple1 & has giv5 s good results t we h ?\ght x ( int]e/ to give our read]s a succ9ct description ( x4 ,9 ?is app>atus1 ! inv5tor has endeavor$ to obta9 an easy regulation ( ! two ess5tial elem5ts--naph?a & /eam4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts ! app>atus 9 section4 ,! /eam ent]s ?r\gh ! tubulure1 ,a1 & f9ds its way ar\nd ! p]iph]y ( a tuy]e1 ,d4 ,x escapes ) great velocity1 c>ries along ! petroleum t runs f two lat]al tubulures1 ,b 7,fig4 #b71 & ?r[s x 9 a f9e spray into ! fireplace1 ?r\gh ! nozzle1 ,c 7,fig4 #a71 :i* is flatt5$ into ! %ape ( a fan op5$ out horizontally4 ,! mixture at once ignites 9 contact ) ! hot gases1 & gives a beautiful1 long1 cle> flame4 ,! air necess>y = ! combu/ion is suck$ ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ! nozzle1 ,h1 :i* is 9 front ( ! tuy]e4 ,x w be se5 t ! curr5t ( /eam c be regulat$ by mov+ ! tuy]e1 ,d1 f or t[>d ! eduction orifice4 ,?is is effect$ ?r\gh a maneuv] ( ! h& :eel1 ,f4 ,9 ! second place1 ! fl[ ( ! petroleum is made regul> by revolv+ ! h& :eel1 ,g1 :i* gives ! pi/on1 ,o1 a to & fro motion 9 ! tuy]e1 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--,,! ,,dietri* ,,petroleum ,,burn]4 ,! regulation may be p]=m$ ) ! greate/ ease4 ,x is possible to in/antly v>y1 toge!r or sep>ately1 ! /eam & ! petroleum4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 *ok+ is n to be fe>$ at ! petroleum orifice1 :]e1 accord+ to exp]im5t1 ! ?ickness ( ! sub/ance to be vaporiz$ %\ld n be less ?an #j4jd ( an in*4 ,! petroleum might evid5tly be made to ent] at ,a & ! /eam at ,b2 b "o ( ! conclusions ( ! exp]im5ts cit$ is t ! p]=mance is bett] :5 ! jet ( /eam surr\nds ! petroleum4 ,x w be und]/ood1 9 fact1 t by ?is means n a p>ticle ( ! liquid c escape vaporization &1 consequ5tly1 combu/ion4 ,moreov]1 z ! jet ( petroleum is completely surr\nd$ by /eam its fl[ c be increas$ )9 ! wide/ limits1 & ?is1 9 c]ta9 cases1 may prev5t an ob/ruction )\t mu* dim9i%+ ! useful effect ( ! burn]4 ,! app>atus is easily & rapidly tak5 ap>t4 ,x x is only necess>y to remove ! nozzle1 ,c1 9 ord] to p>tially clean x4 ,x w\ld ev5 seem t ! clean+ might be done automatically by occasionally rev]s+ ! fl[ ( ! /eam & petroleum4 ,h[ev] efficaci\s su* a me?od might prove1 ! app>atus z we h describ$ x c be v easily appli$ to any g5]ator4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts x z appli$ to ! front ( a furnace provid$ ) two doors4 ,a metallic box1 ) two comp>tm5ts1 is plac$ on "o side ( ! furnace1 & is provid$ ) two /uff+ boxes t are capable ( revolv+ ar\nd ! /eam & petroleum pipes4 ,! latt] ?us =m ! pivots ( ! h+e t all[s ( ! play ( ! vaporiz]s & pip+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--,,! ,,burn] ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,furnace ,,( ,a ,,boil]4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ,mr4 ,dietri* arrang$ 8 app>atus 9 an exp]im5t made ^u a /ation>y boil] belong+ to a ,mr4 ,corpet4 ,! exp]im5t 0 satisfactory & l$ to ! adoption ( ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! fire bridge is con/ruct$ ( refractory bricks1 & ! majority ( ! grate b>s are fill$ 9 ) brick4 ,! few free b>s p]mit ( ! fir+ ( ! boil] & ( access ( air to ! int]ior ( ! fire box4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! combu/ion is v regul>1 ! furnace does n ro>1 & ! smoke-consum+ qualities are p]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c--;,,application ,,( ,,! ,,burn] ,,to ,a ,,return ,,flame ,,boil]4 ,9 ! exp]im5t on ! ,flamboyante1 ! boil] 0 provid$ ) b "o app>atus1 & ! grate rema9$ cov]$ ) a lay] ( ignit$ coal t _h be5 us$ = fir+ up 9 ord] to obta9 ! necess>y pressure ( /eam to set ! vaporiz] 9 op]ation4 ,?is ignit$ coal appe>$ to v advantage\sly replace ! refractory bricks1 ! role ( :i* x exactly fulfill$4 ,x has be5 f\nd well1 moreov]1 to break ! flames by a few piles ( bricks 9 ! furnace1 9 ord] to obta9 z intimate a mixture z possible ( ! inflammable gases4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t fir+ up 9 ord] to obta9 ! necess>y /eam at fir/ is a drawback t might be surm\nt$ by us+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation a v small auxili>y boil]4 ,! ma9 furnace w\ld !n be fir$ by means ( say a wad ( cotton4 ,b1 9 curr5t practice1 if a grate & fire be reta9$1 ! fir+ w p]haps be simpl]4 ,) b "o app>atus1 ! pressure 9 ! ,flamboyante's boil] rose 9 a few m9utes f #f to #be p\nds1 & ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] leav+ ! :>f ! app>atus _h be5 s regulat$ t !re 0 no sign ( smoke4 ,?is prop]ty ( ! ,dietri* burn] proce$s naturally f ! use ( a jet ( /eam to c>ry along ! petroleum & air necess>y = combu/ion4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an ,orvis smoke consum] trans=m$1 & appli$ 9 a special way4 ,x mu/ be add$ t ! regulat+ requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( practice & ev5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t at e *ange 9 ! boat's runn+4 ,s x is well to use two1 & ev5 ?ree1 app>atus1 ( a size adapt$ to t ( ! boil]4 ,! regulation ( ! furnace temp]ature is !n effect$ by ext+ui%+ "o or two1 or ev5 ?ree1 ( ! app>atus1 accord+ z x is desir$ to sl[ up m or less or to come to a /&/ill4 ,! oil us$ by ,mr4 ,de ,dosme on 8 ya*t comes f ,comaille1 ne> ,antun4 ,! price ( x is q l[1 &1 see+ ! feeble consumption 7f #cc to #de lb4 = ! ya*t's boil]71 x competes advantage\sly ) ! coal t ,mr4 ,de ,dosme 0 =m]ly oblig$ to use4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #fbb1 page #iice4 ,,! ,,*ange ,,( ,,gauge ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,railroads ,,9 #ahhf4a ,footnote #a3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,we/]n ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 ,june #g1 #ahhg4 ,by ,c4,h4 ,,hudson4 ,_m ( ! :eels t 7 /ill 9 use ) ! long hub 7 put into a la!1 & a groove 0 cut an in* & a half back f ! face1 leav+ our ca/ coll>1 :i* 0 easily split (f z be=e4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,) t5d] :eels1 z ) our c> :eels1 ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,orig9ally1 ! axle = ! #e ft4 gauge 0 long] ?an = ! #d ft4 #i 942 b latt]ly ! #e ft4 roads _h us$ a great _m ma/] c> build]s' axles = ! #d ft4 #i 94 gauge1 namely1 #f ft4 #aa 94 ov] all1 ?us mak+ ! wid? ( ! truck ! same z = #d ft4 #i 94 gauge4 ,to d ?is a di%$ :eel1 or r a :eel ) a great] di% by #a 94 ?an previ\sly us$1 0 ne$$1 s t ! tread ( ! :eel c\ld be at its prop] place4 7,see ,fig4 #be47 ,!re 71 ( c\rse1 _m ( ! :eels ) small di% & long axles /ill 9 use4 ,_! treatm5t1 h[ev]1 :5 ! day ( *ange came1 did n v>y f t ( ! %ort axle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd & ,,fig4 #be ,x _h be5 ! rule = "s ye>s t all axles %\ld be turn$ back #a 94 fur!r ?an ne$$2 b un=tunately ! rule _h n be5 closely foll[$1 & _m 7 f\nd n to be s turn$4 ,to make ! matt] worse1 q a numb] ( ! :eels 7 f\nd to h be5 c\nt]bor$ ab\t 94 deep at ! back end1 & ! axle turn$ up to fit ?is c\nt]bore2 a good idea to prev5t ! runn+ 91 9 case ! :eel work$ loose1 b bad f ! /&po9t ( a *ange ( gauge4 ,9 su* cases ! :eels _h to be />t$ (f be=e ! axle c\ld be turn$ back1 s t ! :eels c\ld be pu%$ on 9 _! prop] position4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,if ! "w 0 done :]e !y _h a la! l>ge en\gh to sw+ a pair ( :eels1 !y 7 press$ (f b half an in*1 ! :eels swung 9 ! la!1 ! axles turn$ back #a 941 & ! :eels !n press$ on #b 94 or #a 94 inside ( _! fir/ position4 ,:]e no l>ge la! 0 9 use1 ! :eels came entirely (f be=e ! axles c\ld be turn$ back4 ,! "w 9 ! =m] case 0 bo? ! quick] & ! *eap]4 ,:]e ! l>ge la!s 7 us$ !y 7 ei!r set d[n into ! floor1 s a pair ( :eels w\ld easily roll into place1 or a rais$ plat=m 0 put be=e ! la!1 ) an incl9e up :i* ! :eels 7 roll$ & !n tak5 to ! la!4 ,^! arrangem5ts 7 f\nd mu* quick] & *eap] ?an to hoi/ ! :eels up1 z is usually done4 ,9 press+ ! :eels on1 :]e ! axles _h previ\sly be5 turn$ back1 mu* tr\ble 0 at fir/ exp]i5c$ because ( ! ru/ t _h ga!r$ ^u ! turn$ "p beh9d ! :eel1 =m+ a ridge ov] or ^u :i* ! :eel mu/ be pu%$4 ,"s ( ! roads1 at ! />t1 bur/ #aj or #ae p] c5t4 ( ! :eels s press$ on4 ,by saturat+ ?is surface ) coal oil1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t ! ru/ 0 easily remov$ & little tr\ble 0 _h4 ,x 0 f\nd1 sometimes1 t ^u axles newly turn$ back a c>eless workman w\ld leave a ridge at ! />t+ po9t ( ! turn+4 ,frequ5tly also ! axles 7 a little sprung1 s t ! new turn+ w\ld be a little scant ^u "o side :5 comp>$ ) ! old surface1 & ^u ! opposite side a little full4 ,z an indication t ^! difficulties 7 ov]come z !y appe>$1 ,i w say t ^u our l9e only #bjb :eels bur/ out ( ne>ly #bg1jjj press$ on--an exce$+ly small p]c5tage4 ,aft] ! *ange ^u ! e>ly roads !y 7 tr\bl$ = weeks ) hot boxes1 caus$1 z we believ$1 by ! *ang+ ( brasses4 ,a brass once fitt$ to a j\rnal w "w ^u x )\t tr\ble1 b :5 plac$ ^u "s o!r j\rnal w probably n fit4 ,if ! j\rnal _h be5 worn holl[ 7& x 0 surpris+ to see h[ _m 7 s worn71 ! brass w\ld be f\nd worn d[n to fit x4 7,see ,fig4 #bg4 ,exagg]at$1 ( c\rse47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg & ,,fig4 #bh ,! next :eel may h an axle worn little or none4 7,see ,fig4 #bh7 ,n[1 if ^! brasses are ex*ang$1 we h ! conditions z %[n 9 ,figs4 #bi & #cj1 & we mu/ expect !y w heat4 ,! rem$y 0 simply to keep ea* brass ^u its own j\rnal4 ,to d ?is ! brasses 7 fa/5$ to ! axle by a piece ( small wire1 & w5t ) x to ! la! & press4 ,:5 its truck 0 rea*$1 ! brass 0 !re ) its j\rnal4 ,worn-out brasses1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n be put 91 & new ones 7 sub/itut$4 ,! little tr\ble f t s\rce t foll[$ ! *ange %[$ ! efficacy ( ! rem$y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi & ,,fig4 #cj ,! mann] 9 :i* ! tires ( eng9es 7 to be *ang$1 :5 ! f9al day came1 0 a s]i\s "q4 ,! old-fa%ion$ fire ^u ! gr\nd c\ld n be ?\ght (4 ,! ,m4 ,o4 _h us$ a fire ( p9e "u ! :eel1 :i* 0 cov]$ by a box ( %eet iron1 s arrang$ t ! flame & heat w\ld be convey$ ar\nd ! tire1 & out at an ap]ture at ! top4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,_m ?\ght ?is p]fect1 :ile o!rs 7 n satisfi$1 & began exp]im5ts = some?+ bett]4 ,a device = us+ gas _h be5 pat5t$1 b x 0 some:at complicat$1 z well z exp5sive1 & did n meet ) g5]al favor4 ,a v simple device 0 soon hit ^u4 ,a two in* pipe 0 b5t ar\nd 9 a circle a little l>g] ?an ! out] rim ( ! :eel4 ,holes #a_/aj 94 9 diamet] & #c or #d 94 ap>t 7 drill$ ?r\gh ! pipe on ! inside ( ! circle4 ,to ?is pipe 0 fa/5$ ano!r ) a bran* or =k ^u x4 ,to "o bran* or =k 0 connect$ a gas pipe f ! met]1 :ile to ! o!r 0 connect$ a pipe f an air pump4 ,) ! ord9>y pressure ( city gas ^u ?is pipe x 0 f\nd t ! air pump mu/ keep an air pressure ( #dj p\nds1 t ! air & gas might mix prop]ly at ! bran* or =k1 s we c\ld get ! be/ combu/ion & mo/ heat f our bl[pipe1 = su* x 04 7,fig4 #cb47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca & ,,fig4 #cb ,we 7 able to heat a tire s x c\ld be mov$ 9 t5 to tw5ty m9utes1 & ! ma*9e may be said to h be5 satisfactory4 ,gas1 h[ev]1 0 n to be _h at all places :]e x w\ld be necess>y to *ange tires1 & ! item ( co/ 0 consid]able4 ,to rea* a result z good1 if possible1 exp]im5ts 7 begun ) coal oil 7headlight oil74 ,!y 7 crude & unsatisfactory at fir/1 b soon success 0 rea*$4 ,a pipe 0 b5t to fit ! l[] half ( a :eel pretty closely & !n turn$ back "u itself ab\t ! diamet] ( ! pipe di/ant f x4 ,?is "u "p _h holes #a_/aj 94 diamet] & #c or #d 94 ap>t drill$ ^u its upp] side or "u ! upp] pipe4 ,connect$ ) ! upp] pipe at its c5t] 0 a pipe :i* ran to "o side & up to ! c conta9+ ! k]os5e4 ,betwe5 ! c & ! pipe "u ! :eel 0 a /op cock1 by :i* ! fl[ ( oil c\ld be controll$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,to use ! device1 op5 ! cock & let a small am\nt ( oil fl[2 apply fire to ! pipe "u ! :eel1 & ! oil 9 ! upp] pipe is conv]t$ into gas1 :i* fl[s out ( ! small holes 9 ! l[] pipe1 takes fire1 & heats n only ! tire1 b ! upp] pipe1 ?us conv]t+ m oil into gas4 ,we _h "h a lot ( blue flame jets & ! same result z ) gas1 b at less co/4 ,we _h also a ma*9e t 0 inexp5sive & easily h&l$ any:]e4 ,boxes 7 plac$ ov] ! upp] p>ts ( ! :eels1 t ! heat might pass closely to ! tire4 ,?is device 0 ext5sively us$ by our p1 & ) great satisfaction4 ,9 "o way c>e _h to be tak51 viz43 ,t 9 />t+ ! fire x did n smoke & cov] ! tire ) c>bon or lampblack1 :i* is a non-conductor ( heat4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) air =c$ ?r\gh gasol9e1 & ) oil heat$ 9 a c to =m gas4 ,!re 0 m dang] 9 ei!r ( ^! ?an ) our bl[pipe device1 & no bett] results 7 obta9$1 ?\gh ! co/ 0 great]4 ,) ! *ange ( ! :eels1 ! brakes _h to be *ang$ ! same am\nt1 t is1 ea* "o set 9 #a 94 ,?is x 0 ?\ght w\ld ei!r require new hang]s or a *ange 9 ! head or %oe 9 "s way4 ,we f\nd t ! hang]s c\ld easily be b5t )\t removal4 ,fig4 #cd %[s ?ree hang]s aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! b5d+ process4 ,a %ort lev] arrang$ to clasp ! hang] j bel[ ! po9t1 ,a1 0 ! in/rum5t2 a =k$ %ore is n[ plac$1 ) ! =k1 aga9/ ! po9t1 ,a1 & ! o!r end aga9/ ! c> sill2 press d[n on ! lev] & y b5d ! hang] at ,a2 l[] ! lev] to a po9t j bel[ ,b1 rev]se ! process1 & y h ! b5d at ,b2 ! :ole ?+ tak+ less ?an two m9utes p] hang]4 ,a new bolt hole1 ( c\rse1 has be5 bor$ 9 ! brake beam #a 94 inside ! old hole4 ,x takes b a %ort "t aft] ?is to *ange ! position ( ! head & %oe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,be=e ! day ( *ange1 a portion ( ! spikes 7 drawn f ! inside ( ! rail to be mov$1 & spike set #c 94 inside ( ! rail4 ,z a rule two spikes 7 drawn & ! ?ird left4 ,at lea/ e ?ird spike 0 set = ! new gauge1 & 9 "s cases e o!r "o4 ,!re 7 sev]al devices ) :i* to set ! spike4 ,a small piece ( iron #c 94 wide 0 common1 & answ]$ ! purpose well4 ,?is _h a h&le1 sometimes small1 j l>ge en\gh = ! h& to clasp1 :ile o!rs _h a h&le long en\gh = a man to use x )\t /oop+ d[n4 7,see ,figs4 #ce & #cf47 ,ano!r device is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg1 s arrang$ t ! measurem5ts 7 made f ! head ( ! o!r rail4 ,?is 0 lik$ be/1 &1 x is ?\ght1 gave ! be/ results1 z ! mov$ rail 0 m likely to be 9 good l9e ?an :5 ! measurem5ts 7 tak5 f ! flange4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce1 ,,fig4 #cf & ,,fig4 #cg ,x 0 int5d$ t great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 driv+ ! spikes1 t !y 7 9 ! prop] place1 squ>e ) ! rail1 & left /ick+ up ab\t an in*4 ,! ties1 ( c\rse1 7 all adz$ d[n be=e ! day ( *ange4 ,h&spikes 7 orig9ally us$ to ?r[ ! rails1 z 7 l9+ b>s4 ,we f\nd1 h[ev]1 t small cant hooks 7 m easily h&l$ & did bett] "w4 ,! fir/ 7 made l ,fig4 #ch1 ) a spike 9 ! end ( a /ick1 :ile ! hook 0 fa/5$ ) a bolt ab\t #aj or #ab in*es above ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch & ,,fig4 #ci ,we aft]w>d made !m ( a #a 94 rod1 #c ft4 long1 po9t$ at "o end1 ) a r+ %runk on #a ft4 f ! bottom4 ,!n ! hook 0 made ) an eye1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci1 :i* slipp$ d[n ov] ! top ( ! ma9 rod4 ,?is 0 simple & *eap1 & ! iron 0 to be us$ = repair purposes :5 ?is "w 0 done4 ,^u ! sy/em ) :i* ! writ] 0 connect$ we _h "s bran*es :]e we c\ld exp]im5t ^u ! mov+ ( ! rail4 ,betwe5 ,selma & ,laud]dale ! traffic 0 light1 & at ,laud]dale x connect$ ) ! ,mobile ,ohio ,railroad1 :i* 0 n>r[1 & to :i* all freight _h to be transf]r$1 ei!r by hoi/+ ! c>s or by h&l+ ?r\gh ! h\se4 ,by *ang+ our gauge we w\ld simply *ange ! po9t ( transf] to ,selma4 ,"h 0 a *ance to exp]im5t ^u "o hundr$ miles & cause little tr\ble to traffic4 ,we c\ld see ! practical work+s ( our plans1 &1 at ! same "t1 leave less to d on ! f9al day4 ,^u ! #bj? ( ,april we did ?is "w4 ,x _h be5 our plan to d x some:at e>li]1 b floods prev5t$4 ,mo/ ( ! rail 0 old *air iron1 %ort1 & consequ5tly m "t 0 us$ 9 mak+ ! *ange ?an w\ld h be5 requir$ _h our "w be5 on fi%plate rail4 ,our sections "h 7 ab\t eight miles long1 & we arrang$ our m5 on ! basis block$ out by ! committee1 viz41 #bd to #bf m5 to ! section1 consi/+ ( #f spike pull]s1 #d ?r[+ rails1 #ab spik]s1 #b to pu% ! c>s & c>ry wat]4 ,we soon f\nd #e ft4 c>s useless1 & ?rew !m into ! dit* to be pick$ up at "s future "t4 ,! m5 7 spread out s z n to be 9 ea* o!r's way1 & :5 ! organization 0 und]/ood & con=m$ to1 x work$ well4 ,"o gang *ang$ #e miles 9 #e h\rs & #aj m9utes1 includ+ a numb] ( swit*es4 ,we f\nd1 h[ev]1 & x 0 demon/rat$ /ill m /rongly on lat] "w1 t aft] #e or #f miles ! m5 began to lag4 ,we believ$ we _h ! be/ results :5 we _h sections ( ab\t t l5g?4 ,x 0 arrang$ t two sections1 alt]nately1 comm5c$ "w toge!r at "o po9t1 work+ f ea* o!r & cont9u+ until ! =ce ( ano!r section 0 met1 work+ f ! opposite direction4 ,! =eman 9 *>ge 0 expect$ to exam9e ! "w & "k t all 0 "r4 ,! pu% c> :i* foll[$ 0 a good te/ z to gauge4 ,a "w tra9 0 />t$ f ea* end ) a small =ce 7#bj or #be m57 to run ov] ! *ang$ track4 ,?is tra91 ( c\rse1 _h be5 *ang$ on a previ\s day to be ready = ?is "w4 ,if a =ce 0 ov]tak5 by ?is tra9 ) its "w n done1 ! m5 on ! tra9 7 at once spread out to aid 9 its completion4 ,?is done1 ! tra9 ran on4 ,n until ?is 0 done 0 a traffic tra9 all[$ to pass ov] ! track4 ,! same rule 0 foll[$ ^u all ! "w4 ,^u ! f9al day x 0 requir$ t ^u all high tre/les & 9 tunnels ! track %\ld be full-spik$ be=e be+ left or a tra9 let ov]4 ,?is took extra "t & labor1 & possibly 0 n necess>y2 b x 0 a precaution on ! side ( safety4 ,^u ! day ( ! *ange ( ! ,alabama ,c5tral ,division 7,selma to ,laud]dale71 sup]9t5d5ts ( o!r divisions1 ) _! road ma/]s1 sup]visors1 ma/] me*anics & _m section =em51 7 s5t ov] to see ! organization & "w & ! prep>ations t _h be5 made4 ,_m ( !m l5t a help+ h& 9 ! "w4 ,!y saw "h 9 practice :at _h only be5 !ory be=e4 ,ab\t a week be=e ! g5]al *ange t portion ( ! road betwe5 ,rome1 ,ga41 & ,selma1 ,ala41 ab\t #bjj miles1 0 *ang$1 & aga9 m5 f o!r divisions 7 s5t to see & aid 9 ! "w4 ,s :5 ! f9al day came1 ! l>ge/ possible numb] ( m5 7 able to "w und]/&+ly4 ,on ! la/ day ( ,may ! ,memphis ,*>le/on1 ,knoxville ,ohio1 & ,nor? ,c>ol9a bran* 7 *ang$1 & on ,june #a ! l9e f ,bri/ol to ,*attanooga & ,brunswick4 ,o!r roads *ang$ _! bran* l9es a day or two be=e ! #a/ ( ,june2 b ! ma9 l9es1 z a rule1 7 *ang$ on t day4 ,x 0 a small matt] to take c>e ( ! c>s & arrange ! tra9 s]vice s !re %\ld be no hit*es4 ,x 0 n expect$ t connections w\ld move freight dur+ ! #dh h\rs prior to ! *ange1 & ^! days 7 sp5t 9 cle>+ ! road ( ev]y?+1 & tak+ ! c>s to ! po9ts ( r5dezv\s4 ,all s*$ul$ freight tra9s 7 ab&on$ on ! day prior to ! *ange1 & only tra9s run to su* po9ts4 ,^u ! ,ea/ ,t5nessee sy/em ^! po9ts 7 ,knoxville1 ,rome1 ,atlanta1 ,macon1 ,huntsville1 & ,memphis1 & to ^! po9ts all c>s mu/ g1 load$ or empty1 & !re !y 7 p>k$ ^u ! tracks prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,pass5g] tra9s 7 run to po9ts :]e x _h be5 arrang$ to *ange !m1 g5]ally to ! g5]al *ang+ po9t4 ,mo/ ( ! ,s\!rn roads h d\ble daily pass5g] s]vice4 ,^u all roads "o ( ^! tra9s1 ^u ! day ( *ange1 0 ab&on$1 & ^u "s all4 ,"s1 ev51 did n run till next day4 ,we 7 able to />t ! day tra9s out by #aj or #aa o'clock ,a4,m41 & put !m ?r\gh 9 fair "t4 ,( c\rse1 no freights 7 run t day1 & ! next day 0 us$ 9 gett+ ! c>s :i* _h be5 *ang$ out ( ! p>ks & into l9e4 ,s our freight traffic ov] ! entire ,s\? 0 susp5d$ practically ?ree days4 ,! "w ( *ang+ 0 to comm5ce at #c3cj ,a4,m41 b _m ( ! m5 7 9 position at an e>li] h\r1 & did comm5ce "w z soon z ! la/ tra9 0 ov]1 or an h\r or s be=e ! fix$ "t4 ,half-pa/ ?ree ,a4,m41 h[ev]1 c be set d[n z ! g5]al h\r ( comm5cem5t4 ,= five or six h\rs 9 ! cool morn+ ! "w w5t on briskly1 ! m5 work+ ) mu* m ?an ord9>y en?usiasm4 ,b ! day 0 w>m1 & aft] #i or #aj ,a4,m4 x began to lag4 ,all 0 done1 h[ev]1 be=e ! day 0 ov]1 & safe1 s t tra9s c\ld pass at full spe$4 ,! m5 all receiv$ #a4ej = ! "w1 :e!r x 0 f9i%$ e>ly or late 9 ! day1 & 7 paid t aft]noon z soon z ! "w 0 done4 ,tickets 7 giv5 ! m51 :i* ! ne>e/ ag5t paid1 remitt+ z ca% to ! treasur]4 ,on "s l9es x 0 deem$ be/ to (f] prizes to ^? :o got ?r\gh fir/4 ,reports %[$ "s v e>ly f9i%es4 ,b ! facts seem to h be5 t "u su* enc\ragem5t ! m5 7 apt to pull too _m spikes be=e ! *ange & put too few 9 :ile *ang+4 ,!y 7 ?us report$ ?r\gh e>ly1 b _! "w 0 n done1 & !y took great *ances4 ,x 0 by mo/ consid]$ unwise to (f] su* prizes1 pref]r+ to h a little m "t tak5 & be sure t all 0 safe4 ,su* l9es seem$ to get _! tra9s 9 motion ) z mu* promptness z o!rs4 ,?is1 ) fre$om f accid5t1 0 ! end s\ght4 ,x 0 f\nd aft] ! "w _h be5 done t !re _h be5 little inaccuracies 9 driv+ ! gauge spike1 to :i* ! rail 0 ?r[n1 probably f v>i\s causes4 ,! rail to be mov$ may n always h be5 exactly 9 its prop] place1 & !n ! template 9 ! hurry may n h be5 accurately plac$1 or ! spike may h turn$ or twi/$4 ,:atev] 0 ! cause1 x 0 f\nd t frequ5tly ! l9e on ! mov$ side 0 n p]fect1 &1 ( c\rse1 _m spikes _h to be drawn & ! rail l9$ up & respik$4 ,! m c>eful ! "w _h be5 done1 ! less ( ?is !re 0 to d aft]w>d4 ,) r\gh track ?is 0 lea/ se54 ,! ne>] p]fect1 ! m noticeable x 04 ,( c\rse1 we all plann$ to get =eign c>s home & h ours s5t to u4 ,b :5 ! int]*ange /opp$1 we f\nd we _h _m =eign c>s1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _h to be *ang$4 ,?is subject _h come up 9 conv5tion & x _h be5 vot$ to *>ge ?ree doll>s p] c> :5 axles did n ne$ turn+1 & five doll>s :]e !y did4 ,by comp>ison ) ! co/ ( *ang+1 z %[n 9 ?is pap]1 x w be se5 t to our company1 at lea/1 !re 0 no loss at ^! figures4 ,! foll[+ tables w expla9 ! "w done ^u ! ,l\isville ,na%ville & ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 ,virg9ia ,georgia sy/ems4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! writ] has n at h& in=mation reg>d+ o!r roads1 t full] /atem5ts & comp>isons might be made & ! %[+s be ( great] value4 ,! figures ( ! ,mobile ,ohio are add$1 hav+ be5 compil$ f ! annual report ( t road4 ,,mobile ,,ohio ,,railroad4 7,compil$ f ,annual ,report47 ,numb] ,co/ ( ,co/ ( ,total ,av]age ,*ang$4 ,labor4 ,mat]ial ,co/4 ,co/4 ,eng9es & t5d]s4 #dg #h1jca4db #g1bgf4hfae1cjh4bhcbe4gj ,pass41 bag41 ex4 c>s4 #ee #dci4cg #ajd4be #edb4fb #i4hg ,freight c>s1 #a1cfa4 #a1dfh #e1gai4jc #gci4eg #f1deh4fj #d4dj ,freight trucks1 #ajg4 ,lev] & pu% c>s4 #adc #a1dbg4ee #dgf4ic #a1ijd4dh #ac4cb ,miles4 ,track 7inc4 sid+s74 #ehc4e #ag1aji4ec #g1bge4ad #bd1chd4hg #da4gi ,bridges4 #ehc4e #a1hif4fj #aij4jj #b1jhf4fj #c4eh ,track tools4 #ehc4e #agj4gb #a1dje4gd #a1egf4df #b4gj ,%op tools4 #ehc4e #dai4gj #b1ihb4ij #c1djb4fj #e4hc ,temp4 side tracks4 #ab4ji #a1ieh4id #cgb4cg #b1cca4ca #aib4hc ,swit*+ c>s4 #a1cih4ah #af4ej #a1dad4fh ,c> hoi/s4 #b1dii4ch #d1dai4cd #f1iah4gb ,total co/4 #da1jfi4dbbe1bei4fjff1cbi4jb ,total av]age co/ p] mile4 #aac4fh ,,l\isville ,,na%ville ,,railroad4 7,compil$ f ,annual ,report47 ,miles ( track--,ma9 l9e #a1hic4g --,side track #aif4c ------- #b1jij4j ,co/ ,track4 ,total4 p] ,mile4 ,section labor--,be=e day ( *ange #bh1ajf4fj --,on day ( *ange #bj1jij4db --,aft] day ( *ange #ai1gac4ai ---------- #fg1iaj4ba #cb4di ,c>p5t] labor #c1gii4ai #a4hb ,spikes #bj1hgc4gj #i4ii ,swit*es #f1cca4he #c4jc ,tools #b1gdi4ej #a4ca ,h& c>s & sundries #e1fia4ci #b4gb ----------- ------ ,total #ajg1hee4hd #ea4cf ,equipm5t4 ,av]age ,numb]4 ,total4 ,co/4 ,locomotives #bfd #ec1dhj4ih #bjb4eh ,c>s 7#cjj ( ^! pass5g]--#c4e7 #h1ecg #di1egg4bj #e4ha ----------- -------- ,total co/ #baj1dad4jb ,total av]age co/ p] mile #ajj4fg ,,ea/ ,,t5nessee1 ,,virg9ia ,,georgia ,,sy/em4 ,numb] ,co/ ( ,co/ ( ,total ,av]age ,*ang$4 ,labor4 ,mat]ial ,co/4 ,co/4 ,eng9es & t5d]s4 #ahj #h1bbg4dg #b1ijd4cj #aa1aca4gg #fa4hb ,pass41 bag41 & mail c>s4 #afh #gcd4ic #ei4fg #gid4fj #d4gc ,freight c>s & cabooses4 #e1age #ag1dbe4eg #a1bbd4jh #ah1fdi4fe #c4fj ,m4 ( ,w4 c>s4 #dci #b1jch4dd #edi4dg #b1ehg4ia #e4hi ,miles ,track4 ,track 7inc4 sid+s74 #a1ecb4g #bg1gah4ag #dj1iab4ji #fh1fcj4bf #dd4gh ,bridges4 #a1ecb4g #a1hjh4eg #bjj4jj #b1jjh4eg #a4ca ,track tools4 #a1ecb4g #aid4dh #b1egc4hc #b1gfh4ca #a4hj ,/orage tracks1 inc4 tak+ up4 #cg4jb #i1hbe4da #a1dha4ei #aa1cjg4jj #cje4dd ,%op tools4 #dgb4bj #b1gbh4cj #c1bjj4ej ,total co/4 #fh1dde4bdeb4fcc4ccaba1jgh4eg ,total av]age co/ p] mile4 #gi4jf ,axles condemn$ #egg ,:eels condemn$ #ged ,:eels bur/ #bjb ,new axles us$ #a1ajb ,new :eels us$ #b1ghc ,axles turn$ back #h1caf ,:eels press$ on )\t turn+ axle #bc1ieb ,new brasses us$ #aj1gbc ,c>s n>r[$ 7n includ+ lev] or pu% c>s7 #e1cdc ,eng9es n>r[$ #ahj ,av]age co/ ( new c5t]s & crank p9s1 etc #bfd4df ,av]age co/ ( cutt+ (f hub & press+ :eels & new p9s #acj4fg ,av]age co/ ( press+ old tires on old c5t]s #bi4jh ,av]age co/ ( press+ old tires on broad c5t]s #ca4hc ,av]age co/ ( labor putt+ on new tires #bb4id ,,comp>ative ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,av]age ,,co/ ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,items ,,( ,,"w4 ,m4 ,l4 ,e4,t41 ,v4,av]age4 ,o4 ,r4,r4 ,n4 ,r4,r4 ,g4 ,r4,r4 ,eng9es & t5d]s--p] eng9e #cbe4gj #bjb4eh #fa4hb #aif4gj ,pass41 bag41 & ex4 c>s--p] c> #i4hg #b #e4ha #d4gc #f4hj ,freight c>s1 p] c> #d4dj #c #e4ha #c4fj #d4fj ,m4 ( ,w4 c>s1 p] c> #ac4cb #b4gb #e4hi #g4ca ,track 7inc4 sid+s bridges1 etc471 p] mile #de4cg #dg4hc #df4ji #df4bf ,track tools1 p] mile #b4gj #a4ca #a4hj #a4id ,tempor>y side tracks1 p] mile #aib4hc #cje4dd #bdi4ac ,total p] mile ( track1 inc4 sid+s #aac4fh #ajj4fg #gi4jf #ig4hj ,footnote #b3 ,exp5se n divid$ z betwe5 pass5g] & freight c>s4 ,footnote #c3 #c4e p] c5t4 pass5g]1 baggage1 & express c>s1 #if4e p] c5t4 freight c>s4 ,,note--,s9ce ! prep>ation ( ?is pap] ! g5]al manag] ( ! ,norfolk ,we/]n ,railroad has k9dly furni%$ ! foll[+ items ( exp5se = t l9e3 ,no4 ,co/4 ,av]age ,co/4 ,eng9es & t5d]s #ie #cg1gcj4jj #cig4af ,c>s 7all k9ds7 #c1fae #cg1iid4fe #aj4ea ,track1 miles 7includ+ sid+s7 #eig4e ,labor #be1bif4if ,tools & supplies #c1eca4ab ,*ang+ ,m4 ( ,w4 equipm5t #hac4ac ,swit*es #ega4fg ,spikes #h1ejh4bb ---------- ,total track #ch1gba1aj #fd4hj ,total #aad1dde4ge --------- ,total av]age co/ p] mile #aia4ec ,& ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,s4,f4 ,w4 ,r4,r4 has also furni%$ ! exp5ses = t road3 ,no4 ,av]age ,co/4 ,eng9es & t5d]s #ge #gf4ca ,c>s 7pass5g]7 #ie #d4fg ,c>s 7freight7 #a1acc #c4hh ,track1 includ+ sid+s #fja4gf #dd4di ,no?+ 0 said ab\t %op or o!r tools1 /orage tracks1 or *ang+ ( ma9t5ance ( way equipm5t4 ,,comp>ative ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,av]age ,,co/ ,,( ,,labor ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,items ,,( ,,"w4 ,m4 ,l4 ,e4,t41 ,v4 ,o4 ,r4,r4 ,n4 ,r4,r4 ,g4 ,r4,r4 ,av]age ,eng9es & t5d]s4 #agj4hh #de4ga #ajh4bi ,pass41 bag41 & ex c>s #g4ig ,n #d4ch #f4ag ,freight c>s #c4hi divid$ #c4cf #c4fb ,m4 ( ,w4 c>s #i4ih #d4fd #g4ca ,miles track 7includ+ sid+s1 bridges1 etc47 #cb4eg #cd4ca #ai4bf #bh4ga ,track tools1 p] mile 4#cj ,n 4#ac 4#ba ,tempor>y tracks #afb4jc divid$ #bfe4dj #bac4ga ,n ,total p] mile ( track #gj4ch divid$ #dd4gb #eg4ee ,,comp>ative ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,av]age ,,co/ ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,items ,,( ,,"w4 ,m4 ,l4 ,e4,t41 ,v4 ,o4 ,r4,r4 ,n4 ,r4,r4 ,g4 ,r4,r4 ,av]age ,eng9es & t5d]s4 #aed4hb #af4aa #he4df ,pass41 bag41 & ex c>s #a4ij ,n 4#ce #a4ab ,freight c>s 4#ea divid$ 4#bd 4#cg ,m4 ( ,w4 c>s #c4cd #a4be #b4cj ,miles track 7includ+ sid+s1 bridges1 etc47 #ab4hj #ac4jb #bf4hh #ag4ee ,track tools1 p] mile #b4dj ,n #a4fg #b4jc ,tempor>y tracks #afb4jc divid$ #dj4jd #aja4jc ,n ,total p] mile ( track #dc4cj divid$ #cd4cd #ch4hb ,,summ>y ,,( ,,/atem5ts ,,( ,l4 ,n4 ,,& ,e4,t41 ,v4 ,g4 ,,railways4 ,! mileage *ang$ ( ! ,l,n4 & ,e4,t41 ,v4 ,g4 sy/ems comb9$ aggregates #c1fbb miles4 ,! total co/ ( ^! two roads4 #cca1dib4ei ,or an av]age p] mile ( #ia4eb ,total miles *ang$ 0 ab\t #ad1ejj miles4 ,:i* w\ld give total co/1 at same rate4 #a1cbg1jdj ,we %\ld really add to ?is a l>ge sum = ! great numb] ( new locomotives :i* 7 pur*as$ to replace old ones1 t c\ld n be *ang$1 except at l>ge co/1 & :i*1 :5 done1 w\ld h be5 light & undesirable4 ,^u ! basis ( ! "w done ^u ! ,l4 ,n4 & ,e4,t41 ,v4 ,g4 sy/ems1 :i*1 comb9$1 cov] ab\t "o-f\r? ! mileage *ang$1 we h made ! foll[+ e/imates1 :i* w1 p]haps1 convey a bett] idea ( ! ext5t ( ! "w ?an c be obta9$ 9 any o!r way3 ,miles ( track *ang$1 ab\t #ad1ejj ,locomotives *ang$1 ab\t #a1hjj ,c>s 7pass1 & freight7 *ang$1 ab\t #de1jjj ,new axles us$1 ab\t #i1jjj ,new :eels us$1 ab\t #bj1jjj ,axles turn$ back1 ab\t #ge1jjj ,:eels press$ on )\t turn+ axles1 ab\t #bbj1jjj ,new brasses us$1 ab\t #ij1jjj ,kegs ( spikes us$1 ab\t #ej1jjj ,co/ ( mat]ial us$1 ab\t #fjj1jjj ,co/ ( labor1 ab\t #gcj1jjj ,total co/ ( "w1 ab\t #a1ccj1jjj ,am\nt exp5d$ on equipm5t1 ab\t #fej1jjj ,am\nt exp5d$ on track1 ab\t #fhj1jjj ,am\nt exp5d$ on track on day ( *ange 9 labor1 ab\t #adj1jjj ,! "w 0 done economically1 & s quietly t ! public h>dly realiz$ x 0 9 progress4 ,to ! casual obs]v] x 0 an e day transaction4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a "w ( great magnitude1 requir+ mu* ?\ght & me*anical ability4 ,t x 0 ably h&l$ is evid5c$ by ! uni=m success atta9$1 ! prompt *ang+ at ! agre$ "t1 & ! trifl+ inconv5i5ce to ! public4--,j\r4 ,assn4 ,eng9e]+ ,societies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,torp$o ,,boats ,,= ,,spa94 ,9 our pres5t issue1 on page #iidh1 we give illu/rations ( two torp$o boats1 ! ,azor & ,halcon1 :i* h lately be5 con/ruct$ by ,messrs ,y>r[ ,co41 ( ,popl>1 = ! ,spani% gov]nm5t4 ,!y are #ace ft4 9 l5g? by #ad ft4 beam1 be+ ( ! same dim5sions z ,no4 #hj torp$o boat1 lately complet$ by ! above firm = ! ,admiralty1 :i* is ! l>ge/ & fa/e/ torp$o-boat 9 ! ,briti% navy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,torp$o ,,boats ,,= ,,! ,,spani% ,,gov]nm5t4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ^! torp$o boats is suffici5tly cle> f ! illu/rations to ne$ b little description4 ,suffice x to say t ! eng9es are ( ! triple comp\nd type1 capable ( indicat+ #a1eej horse p[]1 /eam be+ suppli$ by "o l>ge locomotive boil]1 :i* our read]s are already aw>e is 9 accordance ) ! usual practice ( ! mak]s1 z1 by us+ a s+le boil]1 great simplification ( ! ma*9]y takes place1 & consid]ably less room is occupi$ ?an if two boil]s 7 adopt$4 ,x is wor?y ( record t al?\gh 9 "s torp$o boats1 & inde$ 9 a great numb] ( !m1 tr\ble has be5 f\nd ) ! locomotive type ( boil]1 /ill we h no hesitation 9 say+ t ?is is due ei!r to defective design or bad workman%ip1 & t1 if prop]ly design$ & con/ruct$1 su* difficulty does n occur4 ,& x is a fact t ,messrs4 ,y>r[ ,co4 h already con/ruct$ a great numb] ( locomotive boil]s ( ! exceptional size adopt$ 9 ^! two ,spani% boats1 & !y h turn$ out 9 e respect1 aft] actual s]vice1 p]fectly satisfactory4 ,! =w>d "p ( ! boat is provid$ ) two torp$o-eject+ tubes1 z usual1 & ne> ! /]n1 on deck1 x is propos$ to place turntables1 ) two torp$o guns = fir+ ov] ! sides1 z already adopt$ by sev]al gov]nm5ts4 ,! trials ( ! ,azor took place ab\t two mon?s s9ce1 giv+ a spe$ dur+ a run ( two h\rs & ?ree qu>t]s1 c>ry+ a load ( #ag tons1 ( #bd knots 7ov] #bg miles7 p] h\r4 ,s9ce h] trial %e has /eam$ out to ,spa91 hav+ enc\nt]$1 dur+ a portion ( ! voyage v bad wea!r1 :5 h] sea go+ qualities 7 f\nd to be admirable4 ,! ,halcon1 ^: (ficial trials took place lately1 obta9$ a spe$ ( #bc4e knots1 c>ry+ a load ( #ag tons4 ,x may be rem>k$ t a spe$ ( #bd knots1 9 a boat only #ace ft 9 l5g?1 "u ! ,spani% conditions ( trial1 is by f> ! be/ result t has ev] be5 obta9$ 9 a vessel ( ^! dim5sions ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt t _h ! l5g? ( ! boat be5 great]1 a /ill high] spe$ w\ld h be5 obta9$ ,b x 0 desir$ by ! au?orities to keep )9 ! smalle/ possible dim5sions1 s z to expose z little area z practicable to ! fire ( ! enemy1 x be+ cle>ly evid5t t ?is is a consid]ation ( ! fir/ importance 9 an unprotect$ w> vessel4 ,9 conclusion1 we w\ld add t ! hulls ( ^! two ,spani% boats are ( mu* great] /r5g? ( con/ruction ?an is usually adopt$ 9 torp$o boats1 x hav+ be5 f\nd t = ! sake ( obta9+ exceptional spe$s1 /r5g? suffici5t = actual s]vice has (t5 be5 injudici\sly sacrific$ ,&1 judg+ f ! num]\s accid5ts :i* took place at ! rec5t trials (f ,portl&1 we h no d\bt t 9 ! future naval au?orities w be q ready & will+ to sacrifice a little spe$ s z to obta9 vessels :i* are m tru/wor?y4 ,! necessity = ?is1 we feel conv9c$1 w be conclusively %[n if ev] torp$o boats are engag$ 9 actual w>f>e1 & ?is n only z reg>ds /r5g? ( hull1 b also z reg>ds ! ma*9]y1 :i* at pres5t is only capable ( be+ h&l$ successfully by m5 ( exceptional tra9+1 :o 9 times ( w> w\ld n be readily procur$--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,spani% ,,cruis] ,,re9a ,,reg5te ,9 our ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #fbj we gave an illu/ration ( ?is %ip1 ) "s p>ticul>s4 ,! int]e/ express$ 9 naval circles = fur!r in=mation induces u to give /ill fur!r engrav+s ( ?is rem>kable vessel1 ) additional in=mation1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ! ,eng9e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,spani% ,,w> ,,%ip ,,re9a ,,reg5te4 ,we gave rec5tly a %ort acc\nt ( two ( ! trials ( ?is vessel1 & we are1 by ! c\rtesy ( ! build]s--,messrs4 ,?omson1 ( ,clydebank--enabl$ to lay fur!r p>ticul>s be=e our read]s ?is week4 ,we give h]e) engrav+s ( ! vessel1 :i* w illu/rate h] sali5t po9ts4 ,! pr9cipal dim5sions are z foll[s4 ,l5g? on wat] l9e1 #cag ft41 bread?1 #ej ft4 #g 941 dep? m\ld$1 #cb ft4 #f 941 normal displacem5t1 #d1hjj tons1 deep load displacem5t1 #e1fjj tons4 ,we h be=e in=m$ our read]s t ?is vessel 0 design$ by ,messrs4 ,?omson1 9 competition ) sev]al o!r %ipbuild+ firms ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 9 reply to an invitation ( ! ,spani% gov]nm5t = a cruis] ( ! fir/ class4 ,! design submitt$ by ! build]s ( ! ,re9a ,reg5te 0 accept$1 & ! vessel 0 contract$ to be built 9 ,june ( la/ ye>4 ,! pr9cipal conditions ( ! contract 7 z foll[s4 ,! %ip to /eam at a spe$ ( #bj knots = f\r runs on ! mile & = two h\rs cont9u\sly aft]w>d4 ,%e 0 fur!r to be capable ( /eam+ = six h\rs cont9u\sly at a spe$ ( #ah knots1 )\t any artificial means ( produc+ draught4 ,%e 0 also to be capable ( /eam+ a di/ance ( at lea/ #e1gjj knots = #ejj tons ( coal1 at "s spe$ ov] #aj knots1 to be *os5 by ! build]s4 ,ov] ! l5g? ( h] ma*9]y & magaz9e spaces %e 0 to h a slop+ deck ext5d+ to #f ft4 bel[ ! wat] l9e at ! side1 & =m$ ( plates #d 94 ?ick4 ,?is deck 0 to ext5d to ab\t #a ft4 above ! wat] l9e1 & ! flat "p to be #c-a_/h 94 ?ick4 ,beyond ! ma*9]y & magaz9e spaces1 ! deck 0 to be gradually r$uc$ to #c 94 ?ick at ! ends4 ,?is deck is int5d$ to protect ! vitals ( ! %ip1 su* z boil]s1 eng9es1 p[d] magaz9es1 /e]+ ge>1 etc41 f ! effects ( %ot & %ell1 b ! float+ & /ability ma9ta9+ p[] ( ! %ip 0 to be dep5d5t ^u a simil> /ructure rais$ above ?is protective deck to a height ( ab\t #e ft4 above ! wat]4 ,?is /ructure is cov]$ by a wat] tight deck kn[n z ! ma9 deck ( ! %ip1 on :i* ! cab9s & liv+ spaces are arrang$4 ,! space betwe5 ! ma9 & protective deck is divid$1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to ! protective deck plan1 into _m /rong1 wat] tight spaces1 mo/ ( :i* are n m ?an ab\t #ejj cubic feet capacity4 ,! spaces next to ! %ip's side are pr9cipally coal bunk]s1 & may1 !re=e1 exclude l>gely any wat] t %\ld ent]4 ,! fir/ l9e ( def5se is =m$ inside ^! coal bunk]s by a complete girdle ( c(f] dams1 :i* c be work$ f ! ma9 deck4 ,^! x is int5d$ to fill ) wat] & cellulose mat]ial1 & z !y are also m9utely subdivid$1 ! effects ( damage by %ot & consequ5t flood+ may be localiz$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,! guns ( ! %ip are to consi/ ( f\r #bj c5timet] ,hontorio bree* load+ guns on ,vavasseur c>riages1 six #ab c5timet] guns1 eight #f p\nd] rapid fir+1 & eight or t5 small guns = boats & mitrailleuse purposes1 f\r ( :i* are 9 ! cr['s ne/s at ! top ( ! two ma/s ( ! %ip4 ,we may rem>k 9 pass+ t ! build]s saw _! way at an e>ly p]iod ( ! con/ruction to sugge/ an addition to ! weight ( ! l>ge siz$ guns1 & !re w actually be on ! %ip f\r #bd c5timet] guns1 in/ead ( f\r #bj c5timet]4 ,! vessel 0 to c>ry five torp$o tubes1 two =w>d 9 ! b[1 "o 9 ea* broadside1 & "o aft4 ,all ^! tubes to be fix$4 ,to fulfill ! spe$ condition1 f\r boil]s 7 necess>y & two sets ( triple expansion eng9es1 capable ( develop+ 9 all #ab1jjj horse p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,protective ,,deck ,,plan4 ,n[ t ! vessel has be5 completely tri$1 ! promises by ! build]s may be comp>$ ) ! results det]m9$ by ! commission ( ,spani% (fic]s appo9t$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ,spa9 to say :e!r ! vessel fulfill$ 9 all respects ! conditions laid d[n 9 ! contract4 ,! mean spe$ atta9$ = ! two h\rs' run 0 #bj4f knots1 z comp>$ ) #bj4e gu>ante$1 b ?is spe$ 0 obta9$ ) #aa1ejj horse p[] in/ead ( ! #ab1jjj :i* ! ma*9]y is capable ( develop+4 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,spani% commission 7 anxi\s n to h ! vessel's ma*9]y press$ beyond :at 0 necess>y to fulfill ! spe$ conditions ( ! contract2 b !y saw en\gh to w>rant !m 9 express+ _! belief t ! vessel c easily d tw5ty-"o knots :5 requir$1 & %e actually did ?is = "s "t dur+ ! trial4 ,dur+ ! natural draught trial ! vessel obta9$ a mean spe$ ( #ah4fh knots1 on an av]age ( #id revolutions--! =c$ draught hav+ be5 done on an av]age ( #aje revolutions4 ,! consumption trial1 :i* la/$ twelve h\rs1 0 made to det]m9e ! radius ( action1 :5 ! %ip %[$ t at a spe$ ( #aa4f knots %e c\ld /eam a di/ance ( #e1ijj knots4 ,fur!r trials took place to te/ ! evolution>y p[]s ( ! vessel1 ?\gh ^! trials 7 n specifi$ 9 ! contract4 ,! vessel1 z may be se5 f ! engrav+s1 is fitt$ ) a rudd] ( a new type1 kn[n z ,?omson ,biles' rudd]1 ) :i* x is claim$ t all ! advantage ( a balanc$ rudd] is obta9$1 :ile ! %ip loses ! l5g? due to ! adoption ( su* a rudd]4 ,x is =m$ 9 ! %ape ( ! hull ( ! vessel1 & z ! p>tial balance ( ! l[] =eside gradually r$uces ! /ra9s1 ! rudd] head may be made ( v great s]vice4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is rudd] is #bcj ft4 9 area1 & is probably ! l>ge/ rudd] fitt$ to a w>%ip4 ,! effici5cy ( x 0 %[n 9 ! turn+ trials1 by its be+ able to br+ ! vessel r\nd1 :5 go+ at ab\t n9ete5 knots1 9 half a circle 9 "o m9ute tw5ty-?ree seconds1 & a complete circle 9 two m9utes fifty-eight seconds1 ! diamet] ( ! circle be+ #cej y>ds4 ,?is result1 we believe1 is unrival$1 & makes ?is vessel equal 9 turn+ capabilities to _m rec5t w>%ips n mu* m ?an half h] l5g?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,film ,,negatives4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a communication to ! ,birm+ham ,photographic ,society4 ,hav+ _h a c]ta9 measure ( success ) ,ea/man /ripp+ films1 ,i h be5 reque/$ by y\r c\ncil to give a pap] ?is ev5+ deal+ ) ! subject1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! me?od ( work+ :i* my exp]i5ce has f\nd mo/ successful4 ,9 accord+ to _! reque/1 ,i feel ,i h impos$ ^u myself a some:at difficult task4 ,!re is1 und\bt$ly1 a /rong prejudice 9 ! m9ds ( mo/ photograph]s1 bo? amateur & pr(essional1 aga9/ a negative 9 :i* pap] is us$ z a p]man5t support1 on acc\nt ( ! insep>able gra9 & lack ( brilliancy 9 ! result+ pr9ts2 & ! idea ( ! pap] be+ us$ only z a tempor>y support does n seem to convey to _! m9d a correct impression ( ! true position ( ! matt]4 ,x may be z well be=e ent]+ into ! te*nical details ( ! manipulation to consid] briefly ! advantages to be d]iv$--:i* w be bett] appreciat$ aft] an actual trial4 ,my exp]i5ce 7:i* is at pres5t limit$7 is t !y are f> sup]ior to glass = all purposes except portraiture ( ! human =m or in/antane\s pictures :]e extreme rapidity is necess>y1 b = all ord9>y cases ( rapid exposure !y are suffici5tly quick4 ,! fir/ advantage1 :i* ,i soon discov]$1 is _! entire fre$om f halation4 ,?is1 ) glass plates1 is insep>able1 & ev5 :5 mu* labor has be5 be/[$ on back+ !m1 ! halation is pa9fully app>5t4 ,^! films nev] frill1 be+ made ( emulsion :i* has be5 made insoluble4 ,comp>e ! respective weights ( ! two sub/ances--"o plate weigh+ m ?an a doz5 films ( ! same size4 ,aga91 on comp>+ a /ripp+ film negative ) "o on glass ( ! same exposure & subject1 x w be f\nd !re is a great] %>pness or cle>ness 9 ! detail1 ow+1 ,i am ( op9ion1 to ! pap] absorb+ ! light imm$iately x has p5etrat$ ! emulsion1 ! result be+ a brilliant negative4 ,l&scapes on /ripp$ films c be ret\*$ or pr9t$ f on ei!r side1 & ! advantage 9 ?is respect = c>bon or me*anical pr9t+ is enorm\s4 ,n[1 imag9e ! t\ri/ work+ ) glass1 & comp>e him to ano!r work+ ) films4 ,! "o works 9 h>ness1 tugg+1 probably1 a half hundr$weight ( glass ) him f place to place1 pay+ extra c>riage1 extra tips1 & 9 a cont9ual /ate ( anxiety z to possible breakage1 difficulty ( pack+1 & hav+ to be cont9ually on ! look\t = a d>k place to *ange ! plates1 &1 p]haps1 on 8 return f9ds numb]s ( 8 plates damag$ ow+ to friction on ! surface2 :ile ! disciple ( films1 lightly burd5$ ) only cam]a & slide1 & 8 7say two hundr$7 films 9 8 pockets1 = !y lie s compact toge!r4 ,!n ! advantages to ! t\ri/s abroad1 _! "n is legion1 n ! lea/ be+ ! ease ( gu>d+ y\r expos$ pictures f ! cu/om h\se (ficials1 :o almo/ always seek to make matt]s disagreeable 9 ?is respect1 & la/ly1 ?\gh n lea/1 ! ease ) :i* ! negatives c be /[$ away 9 envelopes or albums1 etc41 :5 ref]5ce to !m is easy 9 ! extreme4 ,n[1 hav+ come 7rightly1 ,i ?9k1 y w admit7 to ! conclusion t films h ^! advantages1 y naturally ask1 ,:at are _! disadvantages8 ,rememb]+1 !n1 t ,i am only advocat+ /ripp+ films1 ,i consid] !y h b two disadvantages3 ,fir/1 !y entail "s additional outlay 9 ! way ( app>atus1 etc4 ,second1 !y are a little m tr\ble to f9i% ?an ! glass negatives1 :i* s9k into insignificance :5 ! manifold advantages are consid]$4 ,9 ord] to deal effectively ) ! second objection ,i m5tion$1 viz41 ! extra tr\ble & p]sev]ance1 ,i propose1 ) y\r p]mission1 to c>ry a negative ?r\gh ! diff]5t /ages f exposure to completion1 & 9 s do+ ,i %all endeavor to make ! process cle> to y1 & hope to enli/ y\r att5tion4 ,! develop] ,i use is slightly diff]5t to t ( ! ,ea/man company1 & is z foll[s3 ,a4 ,sulphite ( soda4 #d ounces4 ,to be dissolv$ 9 #h ounces ( hot di/ill$ wat]1 !n r5d]$ slightly acid ) citric acid1 !n add-- ,pyrogallic acid4 #a ounce4 ,wat] to make up to #aj ounces4 ,b4 ,pure c>bonate ( soda4 #a ounce4 ,wat] to make up 9 all to #aj ounces4 ,c4 ,pure c>bonate ( pota%4 #a ounce4 ,wat] to make up to #aj ounces4 ,d4 ,bromide ( potassium4 #a ounce4 ,wat] to make up to #aj ounces4 ,i h "h two half-plate films expos$ at #h3cj ,a4,m4 to-day1 "o ) five & "o ) six seconds' exposure1 subject *iefly middle di/ance4 ,i take #ij m9ims ,a1 #aj m9ims ,d1 & #ij m9ims ,b1 & make up to #b ounces wat]4 ,i d n soak ! films 9 wat]4 ,!re is no ne$ = x4 ,9 fact1 x is prejudicial to d s4 ,i place ! films face upp]mo/ 9 ! di%1 & p\r on ! develop] on ! c5t] ( ! films4 ,y w obs]ve !y lie p]fectly flat1 & are free f air bubbles4 ,rock ! di% cont9ually dur+ developm5t1 & :5 ! high lights are out add f #aj to #ij m9ims ,c1 & f9i% developm5t & fix4 ,! negatives be+ complete1 ,i ask y to obs]ve t bo? are ( equal quality1 prov+ ! latitude ( exposure p]missible4 ,i n[ coat a piece ( glass half an in* l>g] all r\nd ?an ! negative ) ,india rubb] solution 7see ,ea/man =mula71 & squeegee ! negative face d[nw>d ^u ! rubb]1 int]pos+ a %eet ( blott+ pap] & oilsk9 betwe5 ! negative & squeegee to prev5t injury to ! expos$ rubb] surface1 & !n place ! negative "u pressure ) blott+ pap] int]pos$ until mod]ately dry only4 ,i !n p\r hot wat] ^u x1 &1 g5tly rock+ ! di%1 y see ! pap] floats f ! film )\t ! necessity = pull+ x ) a p91 leav+ ! film negative on ! glass4 ,n[1 ! in/ructions say remove ! rema9+ soluble gelat9e ) camel's hair bru%1 b1 unless x requires int5sify+1 :i* no prop]ly develop$ negative %\ld require1 y ne$ n d s1 b simply p\r on ! gelat9e solution 7see ,ea/man =mula71 well cov]+ ! edges ( ! film1 & put on a level %elf to dry4 ,i w n[ take up a negative 9 ?is /ate on ! glass1 b dry1 & c>efully cut r\nd ! edges ( ! film1 & y see ,i c readily pull (f ! film ) its gelat9e support4 ,hav+ n[ pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! process1 x behooves u to consid] = a few m9utes ! causes ( failure 9 ! h&s ( beg9n]s & _! rem$ies3 #a4 ,! rubb] w n fl[ ov] glass8 ,solution too ?ick1 glass greasy4 #b4 ,rubb] peels (f on dry+8 ,dirty glass4 #c4 ,negative n d5se en\gh8 ,use m bromide & long] developm5t4 #d4 ,gelat9e cracks on be+ pull$ (f8 ,add m glyc]9e4 #e4 ,gelat9e n ?ick en\gh8 ,gelat9e v>ni% too ?91 n /rong en\gh4 #f4 ,does n dry suffici5tly h>d8 ,too mu* glyc]9e4--,e4,h4 ,jaques1 ,report$ 9 ,br4 ,j\r4 ( ,photography4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,diff]5t ,,tones ,,9 ,,gelat9o-,,*loride ,,pr9ts ,,may ,,be ,,v>i$ ,,by ,,develop]s4 ,! foll[+ =mul are = use ) gelat9o-*loride pap] or plates4 ,! quantities are 9 ea* case calculat$ = "o ounce1 ?ree p>ts ( ea* ( ! foll[+ solutions be+ employ$ & add$ to "o "p ( solution ( protosulphate ( iron4 ,/r5g?1 #adj gra9s to ! ounce4 ,slaty ,blue4 #a4--,"o "p ( ! above solution to ?ree p>ts ( a solution ( citrate ( ammonia4 ,gre5i% ,br[n4 #b4--;,citric acid4 #ahj gra9s ,c>bonate ( ammonia4 #ej #c4--;,citrate ( ammonia4 #bej gra9s4 ,*loride ( sodium4 #b #d4--;,citrate ( ammonia4 #bej gra9s4 ,*loride ( sodium4 #d ,sepia ,br[n4 #e4--;,citrate ( ammonia4 #bej gra9s4 ,*loride ( sodium4 #h ,cle> ,r$ ,br[n4 #f4--;,citric acid4 #abj gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia4 #gf ,w>m ,gray ,br[n4 #g4--;,citric acid4 #abj gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( soda4 #bje ,deep ,r$ ,br[n4 #h4--;,citric acid4 #abj gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( pota%4 #aag ,gre5 ,blue4 #i4--;,citric acid4 #ij gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( soda4 #aed ,citrate ( pota%4 #bd ,oxalate ( pota%4 #f ,sepia ,r$4 #aj4--;,citric acid4 #hj gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( soda4 #ace ,citrate ( pota%4 #ab ,oxalate ( pota%4 #c #aa4--;,citric acid4 #ajh gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia4 #fh ,c>bonate ( pota%4 #ab ,oxalate ( pota%4 #c ,sepia ,yell[4 #ab4--;,citric acid4 #dj gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia4 #be ,citrate ( ammonia4 #aff #ac4--;,citric acid4 #abj gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia4 #gb ,c>bonate ( ammonia4 #gb ,*loride ( sodium4 #h ,blue ,black4 #ad4--;,citric acid4 #abj gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia4 #gj ,c>bonate ( magnesia4 #ae #ae4--;,citric acid4 #abj gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia4 #ch ,c>bonate ( ammonia4 #dd #af4--;,citric acid4 #ij gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia4 #eg ,citrate ( pota%4 #ed ,oxlate ( pota%4 #ah #ag4--;,citric acid4 #gb gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia4 #de ,citrate ( pota%4 #ed ,oxalate ( pota%4 #ah #ah4--;,citric acid4 #fj gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia4 #ch ,citrate ( pota%4 #fh ,oxalate ( pota%4 #bb ,a m ,int5se ,blue ,black4 #ai4--;,citric acid4 #cj gra9s4 ,c>bonate ( magnesia4 #ah ,citrate ( pota%4 #ajj ,oxalate ( pota%4 #cc ,a ,cle>] ,blue4 #bj4--;,citrate ( pota%4 #acf gra9s4 ,oxalate ( pota%4 #dd ,9 ! photographic exhibition at ,flor5ce1 ! firm ( ,corvan#a places on view a frame conta9+ tw5ty pro(s produc$ by ! =ego+ tw5ty =mul1 9 su* a way t ! obs]v] c comp>e ! value ( ea* tone & select t :i* pleases him be/4--,le ,moniteur de la ,photographie1 translat$ by ,briti% ,j\r4 ( ,photo4 ,footnote #a3 ,does ?is mean ,mr4 ,a4 ,c[an8--,translator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,a ,,di/ill]y ,,*imney4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,indu/rial ,society ( ,ami5s1 ,mr4 ,s*midt1 eng9e] ( ! ,/eam ,us]s' ,association1 read a pap] 9 :i* he describ$ ! process employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a l>ge *imney ( peculi> "* = ! ,roc\rt di/ill]y1 at ,/4 ,qu5t94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--;,,elevation4 ,?is *imney1 :i* is cyl9drical 9 =m1 is #adj feet 9 height1 & has an int]nal diamet] ( #h feet f base to summit4 ,! coal consum$ = ! n9e g5]ators v>ies betwe5 #hfj & #a1bjj p\nds p] h\r & p] #aj squ>e feet ( section4 ,! gr\nd t 0 to support ?is *imney consi/$ ( v aquif]\s1 crack$ b$s ( m>l1 dis9tegrat$ by infiltrations ( wat] f ! di/ill]y1 & alt]nat+ ) /rata ( clay4 ,x became necess>y1 !re=e1 to build z light a *imney z possible4 ,! problem 0 solv$ z foll[s1 by ,mr4 ,gu5dt1 :o 0 !n sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,roc\rt e/abli%m5t4 ,^u a wide concrete f\ndation a p$e/al 0 built1 9 :i* 7 unit$ ! v>i\s smoke conduits1 & ^u ?is p$e/al 7 erect$ f\r lattice gird]s1 ,c1 connect$ ) ea* o!r by ,/4 ,&rew's crosses4 ,! int]nal surface ( ^! gird]s is v]tical & ! ext]nal is incl9$4 ,)9 ! framework !re 0 built a five-in* ?ick masonry wall ( bricks1 made especially = ! purpose4 ,! masonry 0 !n /r5g!n$ & its contact ) ! gird]s assur$ by num]\s hoops1 especially at ! l[] "p2 "s ( !m int]nal1 o!rs ext]nal1 to ! surface ( ! gird]s1 & o!rs ( angle irons1 all 9 f\r p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--;,,horizontal ,,section4 ,! an*ors re/ ^u a ca/ iron f\ndation plate connect$1 ?r\gh /rong bolts emb$d$ 9 ! p$e/al1 ) a second plate re/+ ^u ! concrete4 ,z ! metallic framework 0 calculat$ = resi/+ ! w9d1 ! brick l9+ does n re/ aga9/ x p]man5tly above4 ,! weight ( ! *imney is #a1aab1bjj p\nds1 & ! f\ndation is ab\t #eae squ>e feet 9 area2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! pressure ^u ! gr\nd is ab\t #ijj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,! co/ 0 #c1hdj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c--,,v]tical ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,*imney4 ,! *imney 0 built six ye>s ago1 & has )/ood ! mo/ viol5t hurricanes4 ,! m\nt+ ( ! iron framework 0 effect$ by means ( a motor & two m51 & took a mon?4 ,! brick l9+ 0 built up 9 eight days by a mason & 8 assi/ant4 ,a *imney ( ! same size1 all ( brick1 erect$ on ! same f\ndation1 w\ld h weigh$ #b1dei1fjj p\nds 7say a load ( #c1jgj p\nds to ! squ>e in*71 & w\ld h co/ ab\t #b1hfj4 ,! *imney ( ! ,roc\rt di/ill]y is1 !re=e1 light] by half1 & co/ ab\t a ?ird m1 ?an "o ( brick2 b1 at ! pres5t price ( metal1 ! diff]5ce w\ld be slight4--,annales ,indu/rielles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,oxyg5 ,,by ,,br9',s ,,process4 ,consid]able int]e/ has be5 ar\s$ lately 9 sci5tific & indu/rial circles by a report t sep>ation ( ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 ( ! air 0 be+ effect$ on a l>ge scale 9 ,london by a process :i* promises to r5d] ! gases available = g5]al application 9 ! arts4 ,! *eap manufacture ( ! comp\nds ( nitrog5 f ! gas itself is /ill a dream ( *emical en?usia/s2 & ?\gh ! pure gas is n[ available1 ! me?ods ( mak+ its comp\nds h yet to be devis$4 ,b ! indu/rial processes :i* already dep5d directly or indirectly on ! *emical union ( bodies ) atmosph]ic oxyg5 are innum]able4 ,9 all ^! processes ! action ( ! gas is imp$$ by ! bulky pres5ce ( its fell[ con/itu5t ( air1 nitrog54 ,we may say1 = in/ance1 9 homely phrase1 t :5ev] a fire burns !re are f\r volumes ( nitrog5 t5d+ to ext+ui% x = e volume ( oxyg5 support+ its combu/ion1 & to ! same degree ! nitrog5 int]f]es ) all o!r processes ( atmosph]ic oxidation1 ( :i* mo/ metallurgical op]ations may be giv5 z in/ances4 ,if1 !n1 x has become possible to remove ?is dilu5t gas simply & *eaply 9 ord] to give ! oxyg5 free play 9 its v>i\s applications1 we are d\btless on ! eve ( a revolution among "s ( ! mo/ ext5sive & famili> ( ! _w's indu/ries4 ,a s]ies ( *emical reactions has long be5 kn[n by means ( :i* oxyg5 c\ld be sep>at$ out ( air 9 ! laboratory1 & at v>i\s times processes bas$ on ^! reactions h be5 pat5t$ = ! production ( oxyg5 on a l>ge scale4 ,until rec5tly1 h[ev]1 none ( ^! me?ods gave suffici5tly satisfactory results4 ,! simple/ & p]haps ! be/ ( !m 0 bas$ on ! fact fir/ notic$ by ,b\ss+ault1 t :5 b>yta 7,ba,o7 is heat$ to l[ r$ness 9 a curr5t ( air1 x takes up oxyg5 & becomes b>ium dioxide 7,ba,o#b71 & t ?is dioxide at a high] temp]ature is reconv]t$ into free oxyg5 & b>yta1 ! latt] be+ ready = use aga94 ,= _m ye>s x 0 assum$1 h[ev]1 by *emi/s t ?is ideally simple reaction 0 inapplicable on a comm]cial scale1 ow+ to ! gradual loss ( p[] to absorb oxyg5 :i* 0 always f\nd to take place 9 ! b>yta aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( op]ations4 ,ab\t eight ye>s ago ,messrs4 ,a4 ,l4 ,br91 :o _h /udi$ *emi/ry "u ,b\ss+ault1 und]took exp]im5ts ) ! view ( det]m9+ :y ! b>yta lo/ its p[] ( absorb+ oxyg54 ,!y f\nd t x 0 ow+ to molecul> & physical *anges caus$ 9 x by impurities 9 ! air us$ & by ! high temp]ature employ$ = decompos+ ! dioxide4 ,!y discov]$ t by heat+ ! dioxide 9 a p>tial vacuum ! temp]ature necess>y to drive (f its oxyg5 0 mu* r$uc$4 ,!y also f\nd t by supply+ ! air to ! b>yta "u a mod]ate pressure1 its absorption ( oxyg5 0 greatly assi/$4 ,"u ^! conditions1 & by c>efully purify+ ! air be=e use1 !y f\nd t x became possible to use ! b>yta an indef9ite numb] ( times4 ,?us ! process became practically1 z x 0 !oretically1 cont9u\s4 ,aft] secur+ pat5t protection = _! process1 ,messrs4 ,br9 erect$ a small produc] 9 ,p>is1 & successfully work$ x = ne>ly ?ree ye>s )\t f9d+ a r5ewal ( ! orig9al *>ge ( b>yta once necess>y4 ,?is produc] 0 exhibit$ at ! ,inv5tions ,exhibition 9 ,london1 9 #ahhe4 ,subsequ5tly an ,engli% company 0 =m$1 & 9 ! autumn ( la/ ye> ,br9's ,oxyg5 ,company began op]ations 9 ,horsef]ry ,road1 ,we/m9/]1 :]e a l>ge & complete demon/ration plant 0 erect$1 & ! "w comm5c$ ( develop+ ! production & application ( oxyg5 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,mak+ ,,oxyg54 ,we give h]e) details ( ! plant n[ work+ at ,we/m9/]4 ,x is exce$+ly simple4 ,on ! left ( ! side elevation & plan are %[n ! retorts1 on ! "r is an arrangem5t ( pumps = alt]nately supply+ air "u pressure & exhau/+ ! oxyg5 f ! retorts4 ,z is %[n 9 ! plan1 two sets ( app>atus are work$ side by side at ,we/m9/]1 ! sev5ty-two retorts %[n 9 ! draw+s be+ divid$ into two sy/ems ( ?irty-six4 ,ea* sy/em is f$ by ! two pumps on ! correspond+ side ( ! boil]4 ,ea* set ( retorts consi/s ( six r[s ( six retorts ea*1 "o r[ above ! o!r4 ,!y are heat$ by a small ,wilson's produc]1 s t ! att5dant c easily regulate ! supply ( heat & obta9 complete control ov] ! temp]ature ( ! retorts4 ,! retorts1 ,a1 are made ( wr\ght iron & are ab\t #aj ft long & #h 94 diamet]4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 goes to prove t !re is a limit to ! diamet] ( ! retorts beyond :i* ! results become less satisfactory4 ,?is limit is probably some:at "u #h 94 ,ea* retort is closely pack$ ) b>yta 9 lumps ab\t ! size ( a walnut4 ,! b>yta is a heavy grayi% por\s sub/ance prep>$ by c>efully ignit+ ! nitrate ( b>ium2 & ( ?is ea* retort hav+ ! above dim5sions holds ab\t #abe lb4 ,! retorts s *>g$ are clos$ at ea* end by a gun metal lid rivet$ on s z to be air tight4 ,f ! c5t] ( ea* lid a b5t gun metal pipe1 ,b1 connects ea* retort ) ! next ( its s]ies1 s t air introduc$ into ! end retort ( any r[ may pass ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( six retorts4 ,suppose n[ t ! op]ations are to comm5ce4 ,! retorts are fir/ heat$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #fjj ,c4 or fa9t r$ness1 !n ! air pumps1 ,c ,c1 are />t$4 ,air is drawn by !m ?r\gh ! purifi]1 ,d1 :]e x is fre$ f c>bon dioxide & moi/ure by ! lay]s ( quicklime & cau/ic soda ) :i* ! purifi] is *>g$4 ,! air is !n =c$ along ! pipe1 ,e1 into ! small air vessel1 ,f1 :i* acts z a sort ( cu%ion to prev5t ! b>yta 9 ! retorts be+ di/urb$ by ! pulsation ( ! pumps4 ,f ?is vessel ! air passes by ! pipe1 ,g1 & is di/ribut$ 9 ! retorts z rapidly z possible at su* a pressure t ! nitrog5 :i* passes out unabsorb$ at ! outlet regi/]s ab\t #ae lb4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,) ! b>yta s dispos$ 9 ! retorts z to pres5t z l>ge a sup]ficies z possible to ! action ( ! air1 x is f\nd t 9 #a to #b h\rs--dur+ :i* "t ab\t #ab1jjj cub4 ft ( air h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! retorts--! gas at ! outlet fails to ext+ui% a gl[+ *ip1 indicat+ t oxyg5 is no long] be+ absorb$4 ,! pump+ n[ ceases1 & ! temp]ature ( ! retorts is rais$ to ab\t #hjj ,c4 ,! workman is able to judge ! temp]ature ) suffici5t accuracy by means ( ! small inspection holes1 ,h1 fitt$ ) panes ( mica1 ?r\gh :i* ! color ( ! heat 9 ! furnace c be di/+ui%$4 ,! pumps are n[ rev]s$ & ! process ( exhau/ion beg9s4 ,at ,we/m9/] ! pressure 9 ! retorts is r$uc$ to ab\t #a 94 ( m]cury4 ,9 ?is p>tial vacuum ! oxyg5 is giv5 (f rapidly1 & if =c$ by ! pumps ?r\gh ano!r pipe & away into an ord9>y gas hold]1 :]e x is /or$ = use4 ,) p[]ful pumps su* z are us$ 9 ! plant "u notice ! :ole ( ! oxyg5 c be drawn (f 9 an h\r1 & f "o *>ge a yield ( ab\t #b1jjj cub4 ft4 is obta9$4 ,) a less p]fect vacuum ! "t is long]--ev5 z mu* z f\r h\rs4 ,! :ole op]ation ( *>g+ & exhau/+ ! retorts c be complet$ 9 f ?ree to f\r h\rs4 ,z soon z ! evolution ( oxyg5 is f9i%$1 ! doors1 ,k1 & v5tilators1 ,l1 may be op5$ & ! retorts cool$ = re*>g+4 ,! co/ ( produc+ oxyg5 at ,we/m9/]1 "u specially exp5sive conditions1 is high--ab\t #abs4 p] #a1jjj cub4 ft4 ,:5 we consid]1 h[ev]1 t ! co/ %\ld only embrace att5dance1 fuel1 we> & te>1 & a little lime & soda = ! purifi]s1 t ! consumption ( fuel is small1 ! we> & te> light1 & t ! raw mat]ial--air--is obta9$ = no?+1 x ought to be possible to produce ! gas = a ?ird or f\r? ( ?is am\nt 9 mo/ ( our great manufactur+ c5t]s1 :]e ! price ( fuel is b a ?ird ( t dem&$ 9 ,london1 & :]e provision c\ld be made = economiz+ ! wa/e heat1 :i* is entirely lo/ 9 ! ,we/m9/] in/allation4 ,moreov]1 9 e/imat+ ?is co/ all ! *>ges are ?r[n on ! oxyg52 7 !re any means ( utiliz+ ! #d1jjj cub4 ft4 ( nitrog5 at pres5t bl[n away z wa/e = e ?\s& cubic feet ( oxyg5 produc$1 ! nitrog5 w\ld ( c\rse be> its %>e ( ! co/4 ,! "q ( ! application ( ! oxyg5 is "o :i* mu/ be det]m9$ 9 its manifold be>+s ma9ly by ! exp]im5ts ( *emi/s & sci5tific m5 engag$ 9 indu/rial "w4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ ! me?od by :i* & ! limit ( co/ )9 :i* x is possible to use oxyg5 9 _! "w1 x c be se5 :e!r by ,br9's process ! gas c be obta9$ )9 t limit4 ,mr4 ,s4,r4 ,ogd51 ! manag] ( ! corporation gasworks at ,blackburn1 has already made int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ! application ( oxyg5 9 ! manufacture ( illum9at+ gas4 ,9 ord] to purify coal gas f comp\nds ( sulphur1 x is pass$ ?r\gh purifi]s *>g$ ) lay]s ( oxide ( iron4 ,:5 ! oxide ( iron has absorb$ z mu* sulphur z x c comb9e )1 x is describ$ z f\l4 ,x is !n dis*>g$ & spread out 9 ! op5 air1 :51 "u ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]ic oxyg51 x is rapidly decompos$1 ! sulphur is sep>at$ out 9 ! free /ate1 & oxide ( iron is re=m$ ready = use aga9 9 ! purifi]s4 ,?is process is call$ revivification1 & x is repeat$ until ! accumulation ( sulphur 9 ! oxide is s great 7#de to #ee p] c5t47 t x c be pr(itably sold to ! vitriol mak]4 ,hawk9s discov]$ t by introduc+ ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( air into ! gas be=e pass+ x ?r\gh ! purifi]s1 ! oxyg5 ( ! air introduc$ set free ! sulphur f ! iron z fa/ z x 0 absorb$4 ,?us ! process ( revivification c\ld be c>ri$ on 9 ! purifi]s !mselves simultane\sly ) ! absorption ( ! sulphur impurities 9 ! gas4 ,a great sav+ ( labor 0 ?us effect$1 & also an economy 9 ! use ( ! iron oxide1 :i* 9 ?is way c\ld be left 9 ! purifi]s until *>g$ ) #ge p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,un=tunately x 0 f\nd t ?is introduction ( air = ! sake ( its oxyg5 meant also ! introduction ( mu* useless nitrog51 :i* mat]ially r$uc$ ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! gas4 ,to re/ore ?is illum9at+ p[] ! gas _h to be rec>buret$1 & ?is aga9 meant co/ 9 labor & mat]ial4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,ogd5 has f\nd by a s]ies ( conclusive exp]im5ts made dur+ a p]iod ( sev5ty-eight days ^u a quantity ( ab\t #d1jjj1jjj cub4 ft4 ( gas1 t by introduc+ #a p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 into ! gas in/ead ( #c p] c5t4 ( air1 n only is ! revivification 9 situ effect$ m satisfactorily ?an ) air1 b at ! same "t ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! gas1 s f> f be+ decreas$1 is actually increas$ by "o c&le unit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,oxyg5 ,,by ,,br9',s ,,process4 ,s satisfi$ is he ) 8 results t he has recomm5d$ ! corporation to erect a plant = ! production ( oxyg5 at ! ,blackburn gas works1 by :i* he e/imates t ! sav+ to ! t[n on ! ye>'s make ( gas w be some?+ l #b1ejj4 ,! practical obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,ogd5 are be+ foll[$ up by a s]ies ( exhau/ive exp]im5ts by ,mr4 ,valon1 ,a4,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 also a gas eng9e]4 ,! make ( an entire works at ,we/gate is be+ treat$ by him ) oxyg54 ,mr4 ,valon has n yet publi%$ 8 report1 z ! exp]im5ts are n q complete2 b we und]/& t 8 results are ev5 m satisfactory ?an ^? obta9$ at ,blackburn4 ,9 conclusion we may indicate a few o!r ( ! num]\s possible applications ( *eap oxyg5 :i* might be realiz$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,! greate/ illum9at+ effect f a giv5 bulk ( gas is obta9$ by mix+ x ) ! requisite proportion ( oxyg51 & hold+ 9 ! flame ( ! burn+ mixture a piece ( "s solid infusible & non-volatile sub/ance1 su* z lime4 ,?is becomes heat$ to :it5ess1 & emits an int5se light "k z ! ,drummond light1 us$ already = special purposes ( illum9ation4 ,by supply+ oxyg5 9 pipes laid by ! side ( ! ord9>y gas ma9s1 x w\ld be possible to fix small ,drummond lights 9 place ( ! gas burn]s n[ us$ 9 h\ses2 ?is w\ld greatly r$uce ! consumption ( gas & increase ! light obta9$1 or ev5 r5d] possible ! employm5t ( *eap non-illum9at+ combu/ible gases o!r ?an coal gas = ! purpose4 ,two ob/acles at pres5t lie 9 ! way ( ?is consummation--! co/ ( ! oxyg5 & ! want ( a conv5i5t & completely refractory mat]ial to take ! place ( ! lime4 ,messrs4 ,br9 believe !y h ov]come ! fir/ ob/acle1 & are address+ !mselves1 we believe1 to ! removal ( ! second4 ,aga91 ! int5se heat :i* ! combu/ion ( c>bon 9 *eap oxyg5 w place at ! disposal ( ! metallurgi/ _c fail to play an important "p 9 8 op]ations4 ,!re are _m processes1 too1 ( metal ref9+ :i* ought to be facilitat$ by ! use ( ! gas4 ,!n ! production ( pure metallic oxides = ! manufacture ( pa9ts1 ! blea*+ ( oils & fats1 ! r$uction ( refractory ores ( ! preci\s metals on a l>ge scale1 ! conv]sion ( iron into /eel1 & numb]less o!r processes famili> to ! speciali/s ^: walk is 9 ! byways ( appli$ *emi/ry1 %\ld all pr(it by ! employm5t ( ?is en]getic ag5t4 ,d\btless1 too1 ! inve/igation into me?ods ( produc+ ! comp\nds ( nitrog5 s indisp5sable z plant foods1 & = :i* we are n[ dep5d5t on ! supplies ( ! m9]al _w1 may be /imulat$ by ! fact t !re is available by ,br9's process a *eap & inexhau/ible supply ( pure nitrog54--,indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fr5* ,,dis9fect+ ,,app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,dis9fect+ ,,app>atus4 ,we repres5t h]e) a sanit>y tra9 t 0 v successfully us$ dur+ ! preval5ce ( an epidemic ( sudor ,anglicus 9 ,poit\ ?is ye>4 ,x consi/$ ( a movable /ove & a boil]4 ,9 reality1 to save "t1 su* agricultural locomotives z c\ld be f\nd 7 utiliz$2 b h]eaft]1 app>atus l ^? %[n 9 ! engrav+1 & :i* are specially con/ruct$ to accompany ! /oves1 w be employ$4 ,we %all quote f a communication made by ,pr(4 ,br\>del to ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e on ?is subject1 at its session ( ,septemb] #ac3 ,9 ! c\ntry we c nev] ?9k ( dis9fect+ h\ses ) sulphur\s acid1 z ! peasants (t5 h b a s+le room1 9 :i* ! b$s ( ! entire family are congregat$4 ,e "o kn[s t ! agglom]ations t compose ! same dep>tm5t are (t5 di/ant f ea* o!r & ! *ief t[n by f two to ?ree miles or m4 ,?is is usually ! case 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,vi5ne1 ,haute ,vi5ne1 ,indre1 etc4 ,to f9d a dis9fect+ place 9 ! *ief t[n ( ! dep>tm5t is /ill difficult1 & to f9d "o 9 ea* ( ! hamlets is absolutely impossible4 ,families 9 :i* !re are invalids are oblig$ to c>ry clo?+ & b$d+ to ! *ief t[n to be dis9fect$1 & to g aft] !m aft] ! expiration ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is is n an easy ?+ to d4 ,x is easy to und]/& :at difficulties mu/ be met ) 9 _m cases1 & s "o has to be cont5t to prescribe m]ely wa%+1 & blea*+ ) lime--some?+ t is simple & ev]y:]e accept$1 b insuffici5t4 ,s1 !n1 dis9fection ) sulphur\s acid1 :i* is easy 9 l>ge cities1 z 0 taught by ! *ol]a epidemics ( la/ ye>1 is (t5 difficult 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! objection has always be made to x1 too1 t x is ( d\btful efficacy4 ,x is n = u to exam9e ?is "q "h1 b !re is no d\bt t damp /eam alone1 "u pressure1 effects a p]fect dis9fection1 & t if ?is mode ( dis9fection c\ld be appli$ 9 ! rural di/ricts 7z x c be easily done 9 cities71 ! public heal? w\ld be bett] protect$ 9 case ( an epidemic4 ,9 cities "o or m /ation>y /eam /oves c always be arrang$2 b 9 ! c\ntry movable ones are necess>y4 ,f in/ructions giv5 by ,pr(4 ,br\>del1 ,messrs4 ,g5e/e ,h]s*] h solv$ ! problem ( con/ruct+ su* /oves 9 a few days1 & f\r h be5 put at ! disposal ( ! mission4 ,dr4 ,?o9ot1 :o direct$ ?is mission1 9 ord] to make an exp]im5t ) ^! app>atus1 select$ two po9ts 9 :i* cases ( sudor 7 /ill num]\s1 & 9 :i* ! conditions 7 entirely diff]5t1 & p]mitt$ ( /udy+ ! work+ ( ! s]vice & app>atus "u v>i\s phases4 ,"o ( ^! po9ts 0 ,dorat1 *ief t[n ( ,haute ,vi5ne1 a locality ) a cr[d$ population & pres5t+ e desirable res\rce2 & ! o!r 0 ! commune ( ,mauvi]es1 9 ,indre1 :]e ! population 0 scatt]$ ?r\gh sev]al hamlets4 ,! fir/ /ove 0 op]at$ at ,dorat1 on ! #bi? ( ,june1 & ! second at ,mauvi]es1 on ! #a/ ( ,july4 ,a g5d>me accompani$ ! /ove 9 all its movem5ts & rema9$ ) x dur+ ! dis9fect+ exp]im5ts4 ,! ,dorat /ove 0 op]at$ on ! #bi? ( ,june & ! #a/1 #b;d1 & #c;d ( ,july4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,june x proce$$ to dis9fect ! commune ( ,d>nac4 ,! ,mauvi]es /ove1 9 ! fir/ place1 dis9fect$ ! *ief t[n ( ?is commune on ! #a/ ( ,july1 & on ! next day x 0 tak5 to ,p\lets1 a small hamlet1 & a dep5d5t ( ! commune ( ,mauvi]es4 ,all ! l95 & all ! clo?+ ( ! sick ( ?is locality1 :i* _h be5 ! seat ( sudor1 especially infantile1 0 dis9fect$4 ,on ! #d? ( ,july1 ! /ove w5t to ,concremi]s1 a commune ab\t ?ree miles di/ant1 & !re f9i%$ up ! dis9fection t until !n _h be5 p]=m$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! epidemic 0 almo/ ev]y:]e on ! wane at ?is epo*2 b we judge t ! te/ ( ! /oves 0 suffici5t4 ,we are able to advance ! foll[+ /atem5t boldly3 ,= ! application ( dis9fection 9 ! rural di/ricts1 ! movable /ove is ! mo/ practical ?+ t we "k (4 ,x is easily us$1 c be tak5 to ! smalle/ hamlets1 & c be transport$ ov] ! r\ghe/ roads4 ,x inspires peasants ) no di/ru/4 ,! fir/ repugnance is easily ov]come1 & e "o1 ^u see+ t objects come f ! /ove unh>m$1 soon ha/5s to br+ to x all ! contam9at$ l951 etc41 t he has 9 ! h\se4 ,fur!r1 we may add t ! dis9fection is accompli%$ 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & t x !re=e keeps ! peasant b a v %ort "t f 8 "w--an advantage t is greatly appreciat$4 ,f9ally1 a day well employ$ suffices to dis9fect a small settlem5t completely4 ,^u ! :ole1 dis9fection by ! /ove "u consid]ation is ! only me?od t c always & ev]y:]e be c>ri$ out4 ,we believe t x is call$ ^u to r5d] ! greate/ s]vices 9 ! future4 ,! movable /ove1 reg>d+ :i* ,pr(4 ,br\>del expresses himself 9 ! above t]ms1 consi/s ( a cyl9drical *amb]1 #c feet 9 int]nal diamet] & #e feet 9 l5g?1 clos$ 9 front by a h]metically jo9t$ door4 ,?is cyl9d]1 :i* con/itutes ! dis9fection *amb]1 is m\nt$ ^u :eels & is provid$ ) %afts1 s t x c easily be haul$ by a horse or mule4 ,! cyl9d] is ( rivet$ iron plate1 & is cov]$ ) a wood5 jacket4 ,! door is provid$ ) a flange t ent]s a rubb] l9$ groove 9 ! cyl9d]1 & to x are rivet$ wr\ght iron =ks t receive ! nuts ( h+$ bolts fix$ ^u ! cyl9d]4 ,! nuts are screw$ up tight1 & ! flange ( ! door1 compress+ ! rubb] l9+1 r5d]s ! jo9t h]metical4 ,! door1 :i* is h+$1 is provid$ ) a h&le1 :i*1 :5 ! /ove is clos$1 slides ov] an incl9$ plane fix$ to ! cyl9d]4 ,! /eam ent]s a ca/ iron box 9 ! /ove ?r\gh a rubb] tube provid$ ) a ?read$ c\pl+4 ,! entrance ( ! /eam is regulat$ by a cock4 ,! box is provid$ ) a safety & pressure gauge & a small p+e cock4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! /ove ! entrance ( ! /eam is mask$ by a l>ge t9n$ copp] scre51 :i* is situat$ at ! upp] "p & pres]ves ! objects "u treatm5t f drops ( wat] ( cond5sation4 ,^! latt] fall "h & !re f ! scre51 foll[ ! sides ( ! cyl9d]1 & collect at ! bottom1 f :5ce !y are drawn (f ?r\gh a cock plac$ 9 ! re>4 ,! sides are l9$ int]nally ) wood1 :i* prev5ts ! objects to be infect$ f com+ into contact ) ! metal4 ,! objects to be treat$ are plac$ ^u wire clo? %elves4 ,! p+e cock likewise s]ves = draw+ (f ! air or /eam conta9$ 9 ! app>atus4 ,! /ove is support$ ^u an axle ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( two angle irons rivet$ longitud9ally ^u ! cyl9d]4 ,! axle is crank$1 & its :eels1 :i* are ( wood1 are #d feet 9 diamet]4 ,! %afts are fix$ to ! angle irons4 ,! app>atus is1 9 addition1 provid$ ) a seat1 a brake1 & prop rods be=e & beh9d to keep x horizontal :5 9 op]ation4 ,! boil] t supplies ?is /ove is v]tical & is m\nt$ ^u f\r :eels4 ,x is jacket$ ) wood1 & is provid$ ) a wat] level1 two gauge cocks1 a pressure gauge1 two spr+ safety valves1 a /eam cock provid$ ) a rubb] tube t connects ) t ( ! /ove1 an a% pan1 & a smoke /ack4 ,9 ! re> !re are two cyl9drical wat] res]voirs t communicate ) ea* o!r1 & are design$ to fe$ ! boil] ?r\gh an injector4 ,b5ea? ^! res]voirs !re is a fuel box4 ,9 front !re is a seat ^: box s]ves to hold tools & v>i\s o!r objects4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,electrical ,,gov]nor4 ,we ab/ract ! foll[+ f a pap] on electric light+ by ,pr(4 ,j4,a4 ,fleem+1 read be=e ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute1 ,man*e/]4 ,! illu/ration is f ,eng9e]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electrical ,,gov]nor4 ,"o ( ! que/ions :i* mo/ frequ5tly occurs 9 ref]5ce to mill & factory light+ is :e!r ! factory eng9es c be us$ to run ! dynamo4 ,z a broad1 g5]al rule1 !re c be no "q t ! be/ results are obta9$ by us+ a sep>ate dynamo eng9e1 controll$ by a good gov]nor1 set ap>t = t purpose4 ,) an ord9>y %unt dynamo1 ! spe$ ought n to v>y m ?an #b or #c p] c5t4 ( its normal value on ei!r side ( t value4 ,h5ce1 if a dynamo has a normal spe$ ( #a1jjj1 x %\ld c]ta9ly n v>y ov] a great] range ?an f #igj to #ihj to #a1jbj to #a1jcj4 ,9 _m cases !re may be %aft+ f :i* ! necess>y p[] c be tak51 & ( :i* ! spe$ is v>iable only )9 ^! limits4 ,!re are sev]al devices by :i* x has be5 f\nd possible to enable a dynamo to ma9ta9 a con/ant electromotive =ce1 ev5 if ! spe$ ( rotation v>ies ov] consid]able limits4 ,"o ( ^! is t 7see illu/ration7 due to ,messrs4 ,trott] ,rav5%aw1 & applicable to %unt or s]ies ma*9es4 ,9 ! circuit ( ! field magnet is plac$ a v>iable resi/ance4 ,?is resi/ance is ?r[n 9 or out by means ( a motor device actuat$ by an electromotive =ce indicator4 ,a plung] ( s(t iron is susp5d$ f a spr+1 & hangs )9 a sol5oid ( wire1 :i* sol5oid is 9 connection ) ! t]m9als ( ! dynamo4 ,any increase or dim9ution ( ! electromotive =ce causes ?is iron to move 9 or out ( ! core1 & its movem5t is made to connect or disconnect ! ge>+ :i* ?r[s 9 ! field magnet resi/ance ) a %aft driv5 by ! eng9e itself4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! app>atus is !re=e t small v>iations ( electromotive =ce are made to v>y inv]sely ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic field ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( a relay me*anism 9 :i* ! p[] requir$ to effect ! movem5t is tapp$ f ! eng9e4 ,) ! aid ( su* a gov]nor x is possible to drive a dynamo f a mill %aft provid+ ! requisite p[]1 b ( :i* ! spe$ ( rotation is n suffici5tly uni=m to secure alone effici5t regulation ( electromotive =ce4 ,ano!r device1 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,crompton1 is a modification ( t me?od ( field magnet w9d+ commonly kn[n z comp\nd w9d+4 ,! field magnets are w\nd ov] ) two wires1 "o ( :i* has a high resi/ance & is arrang$ z a %unt1 & ! o!r ( :i* has a l[ resi/ance & is arrang$ 9 s]ies4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( ! magnetiz+ p[]s ( ^! coils be+ unit$ 9 ! same direction z an ord9>y comp\nd w9d+1 !y are oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,t is to say1 ! curr5t 9 ! %unt wire t5ds to magnetize ! iron ( ! field magnets 9 an opposite direction to t ( ! s]ies wire4 ,x results f ?is t any slight increase ( spe$ dim9i%es ! /r5g? ( ! magnetic field1 & vice v]sa4 ,accord+ly1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! electromotive =ce ( ! dynamo is indep5d5t ( ! spe$ ( rotation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,electric ,,curr5t ,,z ,a ,,means ,,( ,,increas+ ,,! ,,tractive ,,adhesion ,,( ,,railway ,,motors ,,& ,,o!r ,,roll+ ,,contacts4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read be=e ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,new ,york meet+1 #ahhg4 ,by ,,elias ,e4 ,,ries4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is to lay be=e y ! results ( "s rec5t exp]im5ts 9 a comp>atively new field ( op]ation1 b "o t1 judg+ f ! results already atta9$1 is de/9$ to become ( great importance & value 9 its practical application to v>i\s bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,i say comp>atively new because ! und]ly+ pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ref]r$ to h1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be5 employ$ 791 h[ev]1 a some:at re/rict$ s5se7 = purposes analog\s to ^? t =m ! basis ( ?is communication4 ,z indicat$ by ! title1 ! subject t w n[ occupy our att5tion is ! use ( ! electric curr5t z a means ( increas+ & v>y+ ! frictional adhesion ( roll+ contacts & o!r rubb+ surfaces1 & x is propos$ to %[ h[ ?is effect may be produc$1 bo? by means ( ! direct action ( ! curr5t itself & by its indirect action ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( electro-magnetism4 ,probably ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* ! electric curr5t 0 directly employ$ to v>y ! am\nt ( friction betwe5 two rubb+ surfaces 0 exemplifi$ 9 ,edison's electro-motograph1 9 :i* ! v>iations 9 ! /r5g? ( a telephonic curr5t caus$ correspond+ v>iations 9 friction betwe5 a revolv+ cyl9d] ( moi/5$ *alk & ! free end ( an adju/able contact arm ^: opposite extremity 0 atta*$ to ! diaphragm ( ! receiv+ telephone4 ,?is device 0 extremely s5sitive to ! lea/ *anges 9 curr5t /r5g?1 & if x 7 n = ! complication introduc$ by ! revolv+ cyl9d]1 x is v likely t x w\ld to-day be m g5]ally us$4 ,x has also be5 discov]$ m rec5tly t 9 ! op]ation ( electric railways 9 :i* ! track rails =m "p ( ! circuit1 a consid]able increase 9 ! tractive adhesion ( ! driv+ :eels is manife/$1 due to ! passage ( ! return curr5t f ! :eels into ! track4 ,9 ! ,baltimore & ,hampd5 electric railway1 us+ ! ,daft ?ird rail sy/em1 ?is increas$ tractive adhesion enables ! motors to asc5d )\t slipp+ a long grade ( #cej feet to ! mile1 draw+ two heavily load$ c>s1 :i* result1 x is claim$1 is n atta9able by /eam or o!r self-propell+ motors ( simil> weight4 ,9 ! two in/ances j cit$ ! conditions are widely diff]5t1 z reg>ds ! nature ( ! curr5t employ$1 ! me*anical prop]ties ( ! surfaces 9 contact1 & ! electrical resi/ance & ! work+ conditions ( ! respective circuits4 ,9 bo?1 h[ev]1 z cle>ly demon/rat$ by ! exp]im5ts h]e9aft] ref]r$ to1 ! cause ( ! increas$ friction is sub/antially ! same4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! practical value ( ! electric curr5t z a means ( increas+ me*anical friction1 &1 if possible1 r5d] x comm]cially & practically useful :]ev] su* additional friction might be desirable1 z = example 9 ! transmission ( p[]1 etc41 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 ent]$ into by ! au?or1 :i*1 ?\gh n yet fully complet$1 are suffici5tly advanc$ to %[ t an electric curr5t1 :5 prop]ly appli$1 is capable ( v mat]ially increas+ ! me*anical friction ( rotat+ bodies1 9 "s cases z mu* z f #ej to #ajj p] c5t41 ) a v economical exp5diture ( curr5t2 ?is increase dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! sub/ances 9 contact & be+ capable ( be+ rais$ by an increas$ fl[ ( curr5t4 ,be=e ent]+ into a description ( ! means by :i* ?is result is produc$1 & h[ x is propos$ to apply ?is me?od practically to railway & o!r purposes1 x may be well to give a g5]al outl9e ( :at has s f> be5 det]m9$4 ,^! exp]im5ts h %[n t ! coeffici5t ( friction betwe5 two conduct+ surfaces is v mu* increas$ by ! passage !re?r\gh ( an electric curr5t ( l[ electromotive =ce & l>ge volume1 & ?is is especially noticeable betwe5 two roll+ surfaces 9 p]iph]al contact ) ea* o!r1 or betwe5 a roll+ & a /ation>y surface1 z 9 ! case ( a driv+ :eel runn+ ^u a railway rail4 ,?is effect increases ) ! numb] ( amp]es ( curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! circuit1 ( :i* ! two surfaces =m "p1 & is n mat]ially affect$ by ! electromotive =ce1 s long z ! latt] is suffici5t to ov]come ! electrical resi/ance ( ! circuit4 ,?is increase 9 frictional adhesion is pr9cipally noticeable 9 iron1 /eel1 & o!r metallic bodies1 & is due to a molecul> *ange 9 ! conduct+ sub/ances at _! po9t ( contact 7:i* is also ! po9t ( greate/ resi/ance 9 ! circuit71 caus$ by ! heat develop$ at t po9t4 ,?is heat is ord9>ily imp]ceptible1 & becomes app>5t only :5 ! curr5t /r5g? is l>gely augm5t$4 ,x is !re=e probable t a portion ( ?is increas$ tractive adhesion is due directly to ! curr5t itself aside f its heat+ effect1 al?\gh ,i h n z yet be5 able to asc]ta9 ?is def9itely4 ,! mo/ economical & effici5t results h be5 obta9$ by ! employm5t ( a trans=m$ curr5t ( extremely l[ electromotive =ce 7betwe5 & #a volt71 b ( v l>ge volume or quantity1 ?is latt] be+ v>iable at w1 s z to obta9 diff]5t degrees ( frictional resi/ance 9 ! sub/ances "u obs]vation4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 orig9ally direct$ ma9ly t[>d an endeavor to increase ! tractive adhesion ( ! driv+ :eels ( locomotives & o!r vehicles1 & to utilize ! electric curr5t = ?is purpose 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] x entirely safe1 practical1 & economical4 ,x w be app>5t at once t a me?od ( increas+ ! tractive p[] ( ! pres5t /eam locomotives by m ?an #ej p] c5t4 )\t add+ to _! weight & )\t injury to ! roadb$ & :eel tires1 su* z is caus$ by ! s& n[ commonly us$1 w\ld prove ( consid]able value1 & ! same holds true ) respect to electrically propell$ /reet c>s1 especially z x has be5 f\nd exce$+ly difficult to secure suffici5t tractive adhesion on /reet railways dur+ ! w9t] season1 z well z at o!r times1 on roads hav+ grades ( m ?an ord9>y /eepness4 ,z ?is1 !re=e1 is probably ! mo/ important use = ?is application ( ! electric curr5t1 x has be5 select$ = illu/rat+ ?is pap]4 ,i h "h a model c> & track arrang$ to %[ ! equipm5t & op]ation ( ! sy/em z appli$ to railway motors4 ,! curr5t 9 ! pres5t in/ance is "o ( alt]nat+ pol>ity :i* is conv]t$ by ?is trans=m] into "o hav+ ! requir$ volume4 ,! electromotive =ce ( ?is second>y curr5t is some:at high] ?an is necess>y4 ,9 practice x w\ld be ab\t half a volt4 ,y w notice ^u a clos] inspection t "o ( ! =w>d driv+ :eels is insulat$ f its axle1 & ! trans=m$ curr5t1 aft] pass+ to a regulat+ swit* "u ! control ( ! eng9e] or driv]1 goes to ?is insulat$ :eel1 f :i* x ent]s ! track rail1 !n ?r\gh ! re> pair ( driv+ :eels & axles to ! opposite rail1 & !n fl[s up ?r\gh ! =w>d un9sulat$ :eel1 f ! axle ( :i* x returns by way ( a contact bru% to ! opposite t]m9al ( ! second>y coil ( ! trans=m]4 ,?us ! curr5t is made to fl[ s]iatim ?r\gh all f\r ( ! driv+ :eels1 complet+ its circuit ?r\gh t portion ( ! rails ly+ betwe5 ! two axles1 & g5]at+ a suffici5t am\nt ( heat at ea* po9t ( contact to produce ! molecul> *ange be=e ref]r$ to4 ,by means ( ! regulat+ swit* ! eng9e] c control ! am\nt ( curr5t fl[+ at any "t1 & c ev5 increase its /r5g? to su* an ext5t1 9 wet or slipp]y wea!r1 z to evaporate any moi/ure t may adh]e to ! surface ( ! rails at ! po9t ( contact ) ! :eels :ile ! locomotive or motor c> is "u full spe$4 ,x w be app>5t t inasmu* z ! traction circuit moves along ) ! locomotive1 & is complete ?r\gh its driv+ :eel base1 ! track rails 9 front & re> ( ! same are at all times entirely free f curr5t1 & no dang] :atev] c occur by com+ 9 contact ) ! rails betwe5 successive motors4 ,moreov]1 ! pot5tial us$ 9 ! pres5t arrangem5t1 :ile suffici5t to ov]come ! extremely l[ resi/ance ( ! mov+ circuit1 is too small to cause an appreciable loss ( curr5t f t portion ( ! rails 9 circuit1 ev5 "u ! mo/ unfavorable conditions ( ! wea!r4 ,9 practice ! prim>y curr5t necess>y is pref]ably g5]at$ by a small high spe$ alt]nat+ dynamo on ! locomotive1 ! curr5t be+ conv]t$ by means ( an inductional trans=m]4 ,to avoid ! necessity = electrically bridg+ ! rail jo9ts1 a modifi$ arrangem5t may be employ$1 9 :i* ! electrical connection is made directly ) a fix$ coll> on ! =w>d & re> driv+ axles1 ! curr5t divid+ itself 9 p>allel betwe5 ! two rails 9 su* a mann] t1 if a defective jo9t exi/s 9 ! rail at "o side1 ! circuit is /ill complete ?r\gh ! rail on ! o!r2 & z ! rails usually break jo9ts on opposite sides1 ?is arrangem5t is f\nd v effective4 ,! insulation ( ! driv+ :eels is v easily effect$ 9 ei!r case4 ,z ! am\nt ( additional tractive adhesion produc$ dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( curr5t fl[+ r ?an ^u its pressure1 ! reason = trans=m+ ! curr5t z describ$ w be app>5t1 & its advantages ov] a direct curr5t ( high] t5sion & less quantity1 bo? f an economical & practical /&po9t1 w = ?is reason be cle>4 ,! am\nt ( heat produc$ at ! po9t ( contact betwe5 ! :eels & rails is nev] l>ge en\gh to injure or o!rwise affect !m1 al?\gh x may be q possible to increase ! curr5t suffici5tly to produce a v consid]able heat+ effect4 ,! am\nt ( curr5t s5t ?r\gh ! traction circuit w ( c\rse v>y ) ! requirem5ts1 & z ! ext5t to :i* ! resi/ance to slipp+ may be increas$ is v great1 ?is me?od is likely to prove ( consid]able value4 ,:ile 9 "s cases ! use ( su* a me?od ( increas+ ! tractive p[] ( locomotives w\ld be conf9$ to asc5d+ gradi5ts & ! movem5t ( exceptionally heavy loads1 9 o!rs x w\ld prove useful z a con/ant factor 9 ! "w ( transportation4 ,9 cases l t ( ! ,new ,york elevat$ railway sy/em1 :]e ! traffic dur+ c]ta9 h\rs is mu* beyond ! capacity ( ! tra9s1 & ! /ructure unable to support ! weight ( heavi] eng9es1 a sy/em l t j describ$ w\ld prove ( v great b5efit1 z x w\ld easily enable ! pres5t eng9es to draw two or ?ree additional c>s ) f> less slipp+ & lo/ motion ?an is ! case ) me*anical friction alone1 at a co/ = tractive curr5t t is insignificant comp>$ to ! advantages ga9$4 ,o!r cases may be cit$ 9 :i* ?is me?od ( increas+ friction w probably be f\nd useful1 aside f its application to railway purposes1 b ^! w naturally sugge/ !mselves & ne$ n be fur!r dwelt ^u4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5ts above describ$1 ano!r & some:at diff]5t me?od ( increas+ ! traction ( railway motors has be5 devis$1 :i* is m p>ticul>ly adapt$ to electric motors = /reet railways1 & is int5d$ to be us$ 9 connection ) a sy/em ( electric /reet railways n[ be+ develop$ by ! au?or4 ,9 ?is sy/em electro-magnetism provides ! means :]eby ! increase 9 tractive adhesion is produc$1 & ?is result is atta9$ 9 an entirely novel mann]4 ,sev]al attempts h h]et(ore be5 made to utilize magnetism = ?is purpose1 b app>5tly )\t success1 *iefly because ( ! crude & imp]fect mann] 9 :i* mo/ ( ^! attempts h be5 c>ri$ out4 ,! pres5t sy/em owes its effici5cy to ! =mation ( a complete & con/antly clos$ magnetic circuit1 mov+ ) ! vehicle & complet$ ?r\gh ! two driv+ axles1 :eels1 & t portion ( ! track rails ly+ betwe5 ! two pairs ( :eels1 9 a mann] simil> to t employ$ 9 ! electrical me?od be=e %[n4 ,we h "h a model ( a second motor c> equipp$ ) ! app>atus1 m\nt$ on a section ( track & provid$ ) means = measur+ ! am\nt ( tractive =ce ex]t$ bo? ) & )\t ! passage ( ! curr5t4 ,y w notice t ea* axle ( ! motor c> is w\nd ) a helix ( insulat$ wire1 ! helices 9 ! pres5t in/ance be+ divid$ to p]mit ! atta*m5t to ! axles ( ! motor connections4 ,! helices on bo? axles are s connect$ t1 :5 en]giz$1 !y induce magnetic l9es ( =ce t fl[ 9 ! same direction ?r\gh ! magnetic circuit4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 f\r po9ts at :i* ! circuit is ma9ta9$ clos$ by ! roll+ :eels1 & z ! resi/ance to ! fl[ ( ! l9es ( =ce is greate/ at ^! po9ts1 ! magnetic saturation !re is m int5se1 & produces ! mo/ effective result j :]e x is mo/ requir$4 ,n[1 :5 ! batt]y circuit is clos$ ?r\gh ! helices1 x w be obs]v$ t ! torque1 or pull1 ex]t$ by ! motor c> is fully twice t ex]t$ by ! motor ) ! traction circuit op51 &1 by increas+ ! batt]y curr5t until ! saturation po9t ( ! iron is rea*$1 ! tractive =ce is increas$ ne>ly #bjj p] c5t41 z %[n by ! dynamomet]4 ,a l>ge portion ( ?is resi/ance to ! slipp+ or skidd+ ( ! driv+ :eels is und\bt$ly due to direct magnetic attraction betwe5 ! :eels & track1 ?is attraction dep5d+ ^u ! degree ( magnetic saturation & ! relative mass ( metal involv$4 ,b by f> ! greate/ proportion ( ! increas$ friction is purely ! result ( ! *ange 9 position ( ! iron molecules due to ! well kn[n action ( magnetism1 :i* causes a direct & close int]lock+ action1 s to speak1 betwe5 ! molecules ( ! two surfaces 9 contact4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by draw+ a v ?9 knife blade ov] ! poles ( an ord9>y electro-magnet1 fir/ ) ! curr5t on & !n (f4 ,9 ! model be=e y1 ! helices are fix$ firmly to1 & revolve )1 ! axles1 ! connections be+ ma9ta9$ by bru%es be>+ ^u contact r+s at ea* end ( ! helices4 ,if desir$1 h[ev]1 ! axles may revolve loosely )9 ! helices1 & in/ead ( ! latt] be+ connect$ = cumulative effects1 !y may be arrang$ 9 o!r ways s z to produce ei!r subsequ5t or oppos+ magnetic =ces1 leav+ c]ta9 portions ( ! circuit neutral & conc5trat+ ! l9es ( =ce :]ev] !y maybe mo/ desirable4 ,su* a disposition w prove ( advantage 9 "s cases4 ,! am\nt ( curr5t requir$ to obta9 ?is increas$ adhesion 9 practice is extremely small1 & may be entirely neglect$ :5 comp>$ to ! great b5efits d]iv$4 ,! sy/em is v simple & inexp5sive1 & ! am\nt ( traction secur$ is entirely )9 ! control ( ! motor man1 z 9 ! electric sy/em4 ,x w be se5 t ! c> "h w n1 ) ! traction circuit op51 propel itself up hill :5 "o end ( ! track is rais$ m ?an #e in*es above ! table2 b ) ! circuit en]giz$ x w readily asc5d ! track z y n[ see x1 ) "o end ab\t #ac1 in*es above ! o!r 9 a l5g? ( ?ree feet1 or ! equival5t ( a #dj p] c5t4 grade2 & ?is c\ld be increas$ /ill fur!r if ! motor _h p[] en\gh to propel itself aga9/ ! =ce ( gravity on a /eep] incl9e4 ,z y w notice1 ! motor adh]es v firmly to ! track & requires a consid]able pu% to =ce x d[n ?is #dj p] c5t4 grade1 :]eas ) ! traction circuit op5 x slips d[n 9 v %ort ord]1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts ( ! driv+ me*anism to propel x up4 ,! resi/ance ( ! helices on ?is model is less ?an two ohms1 & ?is w sc>cely be exce$$ :5 appli$ to a full siz$ c>1 ! curr5t f two or ?ree cells ( second>y batt]ies be+ probably suffici5t to en]gize !m4 ,! revolution ( ! driv+ axles & :eels is n int]f]$ ) 9 ! slighte/1 because 9 ! =m] ! axle boxes are outside ! pa? ( ! l9es ( =ce1 & 9 ! case ( ! latt] because ea* :eel practically =ms a s+le pole piece1 & 9 revolv+ pres5ts cont9u\sly a new po9t ( contact1 ( ! same pol>ity1 to ! rail2 ! fl[ ( ! l9es ( =ce be+ mo/ int5se ?r\gh ! l[] half ( ! :eels1 & on a p]p5dicul> l9e connect+ ! c5t] ( ! axle ) ! rail4 ,9 w9t] all t is necess>y is to provide ea* motor c> ) a suitable bru% = clean+ ! track rails suffici5tly to enable ! :eels to make good contact !re)1 & any t5d5cy to slipp+ or skidd+ may be effectually *eck$4 ,by ?is means x is easily possible to increase ! tractive adhesion ( an ord9>y railway motor f #ej to #ajj p] c5t41 )\t any increase 9 ! load or weight ^u ! track2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ev5 t portion ( ! increas$ friction due to direct attraction does n increase ! weight ^u ! roadb$1 z ?is attraction is mutual betwe5 ! :eels & track rails2 & if ?is c> & track 7 plac$ ^u a scale & ! circuit clos$1 x w\ld n weigh a s+le ounce m ?an ) ! circuit op54 ,x is obvi\s t ?is increase 9 friction betwe5 two mov+ surfaces c also be appli$ to *eck1 z well z augm5t1 ! tractive p[] ( a c> or tra9 ( c>s1 & ,i h %[n 9 connection ) ?is model a sy/em ( brak+ t is int5d$ to be us$ 9 conjunction ) ! electro-magnetic traction sy/em j describ$4 ,y w h notic$ t 9 ! exp]im5ts ) ! traction circuit ! brake %oes "h h rema9$ idle2 t is to say1 !y h n be5 attract$ to ! magnetiz$ :eels4 ,?is is because a portion ( ! traction curr5t has be5 circulat+ ar\nd ?is coil on ! iron brake beam1 induc+ 9 ! brake %oes magnetism ( l pol>ity to t 9 ! :eels to :i* !y apply4 ,!y h !re=e be5 repell$ f ! :eel tires in/ead ( be+ attract$ to !m4 ,suppose n[ t x is desir$ to /op ! motor c>2 in/ead ( op5+ ! traction circuit1 ! curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! helices is simply rev]s$ by means ( ?is pole *ang+ swit*1 :]eupon ! axles are magnetiz$ 9 ! opposite direction & ! brake %oes are in/antly drawn to ! :eels ) a v great pressure1 z ! curr5t 9 ! helices & brake coil n[ assi/ ea* o!r 9 sett+ up a v /rong magnetic fl[1 suffici5t to br+ ! motor c> almo/ to an in/ant /op1 if desir$4 ,! same tractive =ce t has previ\sly be5 appli$ to increase ! tractive adhesion n[ ex]cises its influ5ce ^u ! brake %oes & :eels1 ) ! result ( n only caus+ a v p[]ful pressure betwe5 ! two surfaces due to ! magnetic attraction1 b (f]+ an extremely l>ge frictional resi/ance 9 virtue ( ! molecul> int]lock+ action be=e ref]r$ to4 ,z %[n 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 a portion ( ! curr5t /ill fl[s ?r\gh ! traction circuit & prev5ts ! skidd+ ( ! :eels4 ,! me?od ?us describ$ is equally applicable to increase ! coeffici5t ( friction 9 app>atus = ! transmission ( p[]1 its *ief advantage = ?is purpose be+ ! ease & facility ) :i* ! am\nt ( friction betwe5 ! :eels c be v>i$ to suit diff]5t requirem5ts1 or increas$ & dim9i%$ 7ei!r automatically or manually7 accord+ to ! nature ( ! "w be+ done4 ,) s(t iron contact surfaces ! v>iation 9 friction is v rapid & s5sitive to slight *anges 9 curr5t /r5g?1 & ?is fact may prove ( value 9 connection ) its application to regulat+ & measur+ app>atus4 ,9 all cases ! po9t to be obs]v$ is to ma9ta9 a clos$ magnetic circuit ( l[ resi/ance ?r\gh ! two or m surfaces ! friction ( :i* x is desir$ to increase1 & ! same rule holds good ) respect to ! electric sy/em1 except t 9 ! latt] case ! be/ effects are obta9$ :5 ! area ( surface 9 contact is smalle/4 ,= l>ge contact areas ! magnetic sy/em is f\nd to be mo/ economical1 & ?is sy/em might possibly be us$ to advantage to prev5t slipp+ ( %ort wire ropes & belts ^u _! driv+ pulleys1 9 cases :]e long] belts are inapplicable z 9 ! driv+ ( dynamos & o!r ma*9]y4 ,exp]im5ts h also be51 & are /ill be+1 made ) ! object ( increas+ friction by means ( p]man5t magnetism1 & also ) a view to dim9i%+ ! friction ( revolv+ & o!r mov+ surfaces1 ! results ( :i* w probably =m ! subject matt] ( a subsequ5t pap]4 ,en\gh has be5 said to indicate t ! developm5t ( ^! two me?ods ( increas+ me*anical friction op5s up a new & ext5sive field ( op]ation1 & enables electricity to score ano!r important po9t 9 ! pres5t age ( progress4 ,! great range & flexibility ( ?is me?od peculi>ly adapt x to ! purposes we h consid]$ & to num]\s o!rs t w d\btless sugge/ !mselves to y4 ,its application to ! increase ( ! tractive adhesion ( railway motors is probably its mo/ prom95t & valuable feature at pres5t1 & is calculat$ to act z an important /imulus to ! practical introduction ( electric railways on our city /reets1 inasmu* z ! claims h]et(ore made = cable traction 9 ?is respect are n[ no long] exclusively its own4 ,on trunk l9e railways ! use ( s& & o!r objectionable traction-increas+ appliances w be entirely disp5s$ )1 & locomotives w be enabl$ to run at great] spe$ ) less slipp+ ( ! :eels & less dang] ( d]ailm5t4 ,_! tractive p[] c be ne>ly d\bl$ )\t any increase 9 weight1 enabl+ !m to draw heavi] tra9s & surm\nt /eep] grades )\t impos+ additional weight or /ra9 ^u bridges & o!r p>ts ( ! roadb$4 ,in]tia ( heavy tra9s c be m readily ov]come1 loss ( "t due to slipp]y tracks obviat$1 & ! mom5tum ( ! tra9 at full spe$ almo/ in/antly *eck$ by "o & ! same means4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electric ,,laun*4 ,trials h be5 made at ,havre ) an electric laun* built to ! ord] ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t by ! ,=ges et ,*anti]s de la ,m$it]rane4 ,! vessel1 :i* has r full l9es1 measures #bh ft4 betwe5 p]p5dicul>s & #i ft4 beam1 & is #e tons regi/]4 ,! electromotor is ! inv5tion ( ,capta9 ,krebs1 :o is already well kn[n on acc\nt ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 connection ) navigable balloons1 & ( ,m4 ,de ,zd1 naval ar*itect4 ,! propell] %aft is n directly c\pl$ ) ! sp9dle ( ! motor1 b is ge>$ to x by spur :eels 9 ! ratio ( #a to #c1 9 ord] to all[ ( ! employm5t ( a light high-spe$ motor4 ,! latt] makes #hej revolutions p] m9ute1 & develops #ab horse p[] :5 driv+ ! screw at #bhj revolutions4 ,curr5t is suppli$ by a new type ( accumulators made by ,messrs4 ,commel9 ,desmazures4 ,"o hundr$ & ?irty two ( ^! accumulators are fitt$ 9 ! bottom ( ! boat1 ! total weight be+ ab\t #b tons4 ,9 ord]+ ?is boat ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t /ipulat$ a spe$ ( #f knots to be ma9ta9$ dur+ ?ree h\rs ) an exp5diture ( #aj horse p[]4 ,! result ( ! trials gave a spe$ ( #f knots dur+ five h\rs ) #ab horse p[]1 & suffici5t *>ge 0 left 9 ! accumulators to all[ ! boat to travel on ! foll[+ day = f\r h\rs4 ,?is p]=mance is exce$+ly good1 s9ce x %[s t "o horse p[] h\r has be5 obta9$ ) less ?an #fj lb4 ( total weight ( batt]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,ex*ange1 ,,p>is4 ,level+ ! gr\nd1 pull+ d[n old build+s1 & di/ribut+ light & air ?r\gh h] wide /reets1 ,p>is is sl[ly & cont9u\sly pursu+ h] trans=mation4 ,at ?is mom5t x is an entire di/rict1 & n "o ( ! lea/ curi\s ones1 t is disappe>+1 leav+ no o!r trace ( its exi/5ce ?an ! circul> walls t once inclos$ ! :eat m>ket4 ,x is ?is build+ t1 metamorphos$1 is to become ! ,comm]cial ,ex*ange t has be5 s e>ne/ly dem&$ s9ce #ahhj by ! comm]ce ( ,p>is4 ,! "q1 :i* 0 simple 9 ! fir/ place1 & consi/$ 9 ! conv]sion ( ! :eat m>ket into a comm]cial ex*ange1 became complicat$ by a project ( enl>g+ ! m>kets4 ,x !re=e became necess>y to take possession1 on ! "o h&1 ( sixty sev5 e/ates1 ( a total area ( #aaf1gae squ>e feet1 to cle> ! ex*ange1 &1 on ! o!r1 ( #di1ife squ>e feet to cle> ! c5tral m>kets4 ,9 o!r words1 out ( #e1jjj1jjj vot$ by ! common c\ncil = ?is "w1 #b1hjj1jjj are devot$ to ! dispossessions necessitat$ by ! new ex*ange1 #a1hjj1jjj to ^? necessitat$ by ! m>kets1 & #djj1jjj are appropriat$ to ! :eat m>ket4 ,! "w ( demolition began la/ spr+1 & ! odd numb] side ( ,orleans /reet1 ,deux-,ecus /reet1 f ?is latt] to ,j4,j4 ,r\sseau /reet1 ,babille /reet1 ,m]ci] /reet1 & ,sort9e /reet1 n[ no long] exi/4 ,all ?is "p is to-day b a des]t1 9 ^: c5t] /&s ! iron truss+ ( ! :eat m>ket cupola4 ,x is on ^! gr\nds t w be laid out ! prolongation ( ,l\vre /reet 9 a /raight l9e to ,coquilli]e /reet4 ,our engrav+ %[s ! pres5t /ate ( ! "w4 ,:at is se5 ( ! :eat m>ket w be pres]v$ & utiliz$ by ,mr4 ,blondeau1 ! ar*itect1 :o has obta9$ a grant f ! comm]cial ex*ange to con/ruct two edifices on two plots ( an area ( #cb1bbj squ>e feet1 front+ on ,l\vre /reet1 & :i* w br+ ! city an annual r5t ( #fj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,comm]cial ,,ex*ange1 ,,p>is4 ,ar\nd ! rotunda t /ill exi/s !re 0 a circul> wall #f feet 9 ?ickness4 ,mr4 ,blondeau has torn ?is d[n1 & is n[ build+ ano!r "o appropriate to ! new de/9ation ( ! acquir$ e/ates4 ,z = ! truss+ ( ! cupola1 t is consid]$ z a "w ( art1 & c>e has be5 tak5 n to t\* x4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 at an epo* :5 no?+ b rudim5t>y tools 7 to be _h = work+ iron1 & x 01 s to speak1 =g$4 ,all ! pieces 7 made ) ! hamm] & 7 add$ "o to ! o!r 9 succession4 ,?is cupola w be glaz$ at ! upp] "p1 :ile ! l[] "p w be cov]$ ) z9c4 ,9 ! int]ior ?is "p w be decorat$ ) allegorical pa9t+s repres5t+ ! five divisions ( ! globe1 ) _! comm]cial & indu/rial attributes4 ,x 0 fe>$ at "o "t t ! hall1 to :i* admission w be free1 w\ld n af=d suffici5t space1 & ! halls ( ! ,bordeaux & ,havre ex*anges 7 cit$4 ,x is true t ! hall ( ! :eat m>ket has an area ( b #aa1hbe squ>e feet1 b on utiliz+ ! #e1jjj feet ( ! circul> gall]y1 :i* w n be occupi$1 x w rea* #af1hbe feet4 ,z = ! t[] :i* /&s at "o side ( ! edifice1 t 0 built by ,m>ie de ,m$ici = ! a/rolog] :om %e br\ght ) h] to ,p>is f ,flor5ce4 ,on acc\nt ( its hi/oric int]e/1 ?is /ructure w be pres]v$4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is t[]1 ov]look+ ! ro(s ( ! neighbor+ dwell+s1 are p]ceiv$ ! summit ( a t[] ( ,/4 ,eu/a*e *ur* & a campanile ( a pavilion ( ! m>kets4--,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,coca9e4 ,coca9e is manufactur$ f ! dry leaves ( ! ,ery?roxylon coca1 :i* gr[s 9 ! valleys ( ! ,ea/ ,cordill]as ( ,s\? ,am]ica--i4e41 9 ! int]ior ( ,p]u & ,bolivia4 ,! fre% leaves conta9 #j4jjc to #j4jjf p] c5t ( coca9e1 :i* p]c5tage decreases consid]ably if ! leaves are /or$ any l5g? ( "t be=e be+ work$ up4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! alkaloid c be transport$ & kept )\t decomposition4 ,?is circum/ance caus$ ! au?or to devise a simple process = ! manufacture ( crude coca9e on ! spot1 nei!r ,p]u nor ,bolivia be+ suitable c\ntries = complicat$ *emical op]ations4 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts1 he hit ^u ! foll[+ plan3 ,! dis9tegrat$ coca leaves are dige/$ at #gj ,c4 9 clos$ vessels = two h\rs1 ) a v weak solution ( sodium hydrate & petroleum 7boil+ betwe5 #bjj & #bej ,c74 ,! mass is filt]$1 press$ :ile /ill tepid1 & ! filtrate all[$ to /& until ! oil has completely sep>at$ f ! aque\s solution4 ,! oil is drawn (f & c>efully neutraliz$ ) v weak hydro*loric acid4 ,a :ite bulky precipitate ( coca9e hydro*loride is obta9$1 toge!r ) an aque\s solution ( ! same comp\nd1 :ile ! petroleum is free f ! alkaloid & may be us$ = ! extraction ( a fre% bat* ( leaves4 ,! precipitate is dri$1 & by conc5trat+ ! aque\s solution a fur!r quantity ( ! hydro*loride is obta9$4 ,bo? c be %ipp$ )\t risk ( decomposition4 ,! product is n q pure1 b conta9s "s hygr9e1 traces ( gum & o!r matt]s4 ,its p]c5tage ( alkaloid is #ge p] c5t41 :ile *emically pure coca9e hydro*loride 7,c#ag;,h#ba,,no#d4b;,h,cl7 conta9s #hj4f p] c5t4 ( ! alkaloid4 ,! sodium hydrate solution _c be replac$ by milk ( lime1 nor c any o!r acid be us$ = neutralization4 ,alcohol or e!r are n suitable = extraction4 ,a repetition ( ! process ) once-extract$ coca leaves gave no fur!r quantity ( coca9e1 prov+ t all ! coca9e goes into solution by "o treatm5t4 ,! same process s]ves on ! small scale = ! valuation ( coca leaves4 #ajj grms4 ( coca leaves are dige/$ 9 a flask ) #djj c4c4 ( wat]1 #ej c4c4 ( #a_/aj ,na,o,h 7#aj grms4 ( ,na,o,h 9 #ajj c4c47 & #bej c4c4 ( petroleum4 ,! flask is loosely cov]$ & w>m$ on ! wat] ba? = two h\rs1 %ak+ x f to "t4 ,! mass is !n filt]$1 ! residue press$1 & ! filtrate all[$ to sep>ate 9 two lay]s4 ,! oil lay] is run into a bottle & titrat$ back ) #a_/ajj ,h,cl 7#a grm4 ( ,h,cl 9 #ajj c4c47 until exactly neutral4 ,! numb] ( c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid requir$ = titrat+ back multipli$ by #j4db gives ! p]c5tage ( coca9e 9 ! sample4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results ) diff]5t samples ( coca leaves ( v>i\s age3 ,conta9$ p] c5t4 ( ,coca9e4 ,coca leaves f ,mapiri1 #a mon? old #j4e ,yungas #j4e ,mapiri & ,yungas #f mon?s old #j4d ,( ! ,cuzco 7,p]u7 weight ( #f mon?s old #j4c ! dry ,mapiri & ,yungas leaves4 #a ye> old #j4c ,cuzco #j4b ,mapiri & ,yungas #b ye>s old #j4ae_/ ,coca leaves f ,yungas & ,cuzco1 ?ree ye>s old1 conta9$ no trace ( ! alkaloid1 :]eas fre% gre5 leaves f ,yungas conta9$ #j4g p] c5t4 ( ! weight ( ! dry leaves4 ,! same process is also applicable = ! manufacture ( qu99e f poor qu99e b>k1 ) ! s+le alt]ation t weak sulphuric acid mu/ be us$ = ! neutralization ( ! alkal9e petroleum extract4--,h4,t4 ,pfeiff]1 ,*em4 ,zeit4 #aa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #fbb1 page #iida4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,basis ,,( ,,plant ,,=ms4#a ,by ,,hel5 ,c4 ,,de ,s4 ,,abbott4 ,! succession ( plants f ! l[] to ! high] =ms w be review$ sup]ficially1 & *emical comp\nds not$ :]e !y appe>4 ,:5 ! g]m9at+ spores ( ! fungi1 myxomycetes1 rupture _! walls & become masses ( nak$ protoplasm1 !y are kn[n z plasmodia4 ,! plasmodium ?alium septicum occurs 9 moi/ places1 on heaps ( tan or decay+ b>ks4 ,x is a s(t1 gelat9\s mass ( yell[i% color1 sometimes measur+ sev]al in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! plasmodium#b has be5 *emically analyz$1 ?\gh n 9 a /ate ( absolute purity4 ,! table ( ,re9ke & ,rodewold gives an idea ( its proximate con/itution4 ,_m ( ! con/itu5ts giv5 are always pres5t 9 ! liv+ cells ( high] plants4 ,x _c be too emphatically /at$ t :]e biotic =ce is manife/$1 ^! colloidal or album9\s comp\nds are f\nd4 ,! simple/ =m ( plant life is an undiff]5tiat$ individual1 all ( its functions be+ p]=m$ indiff]5tly by all p>ts ( its protoplasm4 ,! *emical basis ( plasmodium is almo/ entirely compos$ ( complex album9\s sub/ances1 & correlat$ ) ?is /ructureless body are o!r comp\nds d]iv$ f !m4 ,aside f ! *emical sub/ances :i* are always pres5t 9 liv+ matt]1 & are ess5tial prop]ties ( protoplasm1 we f9d no o!r comp\nds4 ,9 ! high] organisms1 :]e ^! functions are n p]=m$ indiff]5tly1 specialization ( tissues is accompani$ by _m o!r k9ds ( bodies4 ,! alg are a /age high] 9 ! evolution>y scale ?an ! undiff]5tiat$ noncellul> plasmodium4 ,! simple ,alga protococcus#c may be reg>d$ z a simple cell4 ,all high] plants are masses ( cells1 v>y+ 9 =m1 function1 & *emical composition4 ,a typical liv+ cell may be describ$ z compos$ ( a cell wall & cont5ts4 ,! cell wall is a firm1 ela/ic membrane clos$ on all sides1 & consi/s ma9ly ( cellulose1 wat]1 & inorganic con/itu5ts4 ,! cont5ts consi/ ( a semi-fluid colloidal sub/ance1 ly+ 9 contact ) ! inn] surface ( ! membrane1 &1 l x1 clos$ on all sides4 ,?is always is compos$ ( album9\s sub/ances4 ,9 ! high] plants1 at lea/1 a nucleus occurs emb$d$ 9 x2 a wat]y liquid hold+ salts & sac*>9e sub/ances 9 solution fills ! space call$ ! vacuole1 inclos$ by ! protoplasm4 ,^! simple plants may be se5 z actively mov+ cells or z non-motile cells4 ,! =m] consi/ ( a m9ute mass ( protoplasm1 granul> & mo/ly color$ gre51 b cle> & colorless at ! m po9t$ end1 & :]e x is prolong$ into two delicate filam5ts call$ cilia4 ,aft] mov+ actively = a "t !y come to re/1 acquire a sph]ical =m1 & inve/ !mselves ) a firm membrane ( cellulose4 ,?is firm1 out] membrane ( ! ,protococcus accompanies a high] diff]5tiation ( tissue & localization ( function ?an is f\nd 9 ! plasmodium4 ,hatococcus & plasmodium come "u ! classes alg & fungi ( ! ,?allo?yta gr\p4 ,! division#d ( ?is gr\p into two classes is bas$ ^u ! pres5ce ( *lorophyl 9 alg & its abs5ce 9 fungi4 ,gelat9\s />* is f\nd 9 ! alg2 ! fungi conta9 a />*y sub/ance call$ glycog51 :i* also occurs 9 ! liv] & muscles ( animals4 ,/ructureless bodies1 z ?alium1 conta9 no true sug>4 ,/ratifi$ />*#e fir/ appe>s 9 ! phan]ogams4 ,alkaloids h be5 f\nd 9 fungi1 & owe _! pres5ce d\btless to ! ri*ness ( ^! plants 9 nitrog5\s bodies4 ,9 addition to ! gre5 color+ matt] 9 alg are f\nd o!r color+ matt]s4#f ,! nature#g ( ^! color+ matt]s is usually ! same ?r\gh :ole families1 :i* also resemble ea* o!r 9 _! modes ( reproduction4 ,9 =m1 ! alg diff] greatly f filam5ts or masses ( cells2 !y live 9 ! wat] & cov] damp surfaces ( rocks & wood4 ,9 ^! !y are rem>kable = _! ramifications & colors & gr[ to a gigantic size4 ,! physiological functions ( alg & fungi dep5d ^u _! *emical diff]5ces4 ,^! facts h be5 (f]$1 simple z !y are1 z /rik+ examples ( *emical & /ructural opposition4 ,! fungi include v simple organisms1 z well z o!rs ( tol]ably high developm5t1 ( mo/ v>i$ =m1 f ! simple bacillus & yea/ to ! truffle1 li*5s1 & mu%rooms4 ,! cell membrane ( ?is class conta9s no pure cellulose1 b a modification call$ fungus cellulose4 ,! membrane also conta9s an amyloid sub/ance1 amylomyc94#h ,_m ( ! *emical con/itu5ts f\nd 9 ! entire class are giv5 9 ,die ,pflanz5/(fe4#i ,"u ! ,s*izomycetes to :i* ! ,micrococcus & ,bact]ium#aj belong are f\nd m9ute organisms diff]+ mu* 9 =m & 9 ! color+#aa matt]s !y produce1 z t caus+ ! r$ color ( m\ldy bread4 ,! class ( li*5s#ab conta9s a numb] ( diff]5t color+ sub/ances1 ^: *emical composition has be5 exam9$4 ,^! sub/ances are f\nd sep>ately 9 individuals diff]+ 9 =m4 ,9 ! ,polyporus#ac an acid has be5 f\nd peculi> to x1 z 9 _m plants special comp\nds are f\nd4 ,9 ! ag>ice ! diff]5t k9ds ( vellum di/+ui% betwe5 species1 & ! color ( ! conidia is also ( diff]5tial importance4 ,9 all cases ( di/9ct *>act]i/ic habits ( reproduction & =m1 "o or m diff]5t *emical comp\nds is f\nd4 ,9 ! next gr\p ( ! musice1 or mosses1 is an abs5ce ( "s *emical comp\nds t 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! classes j describ$4 ,_m ( ! album9\s sub/ances are pres5t4 ,/>*#ad is f\nd (t5 9 l>ge quantities1 & also oily fats1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ! oil bodies ( ! liv]worts2 wax1#ae organic acids1 includ+ aconitic acid1 & tann91 :i* is f\nd = ! fir/ "t at ?is evolution>y /age ( ! plant k+dom4 ,! vascul> cryptogams are especially *>act]iz$ by _! m9]al composition4#af ,! a% is extraord9>ily ri* 9 silicic acid & alum9a4 ,equisetum#ag4444444444silicic acid #fj p] c5t4 ,aspidium444444444444444 #ac ,aspl5ium44444444444444 #ce ,osmunda4444444444444444 #ec ,lycopodium#ah444444444 #ad 44444444 alum9a #bf to #bg 44444444 manganese #b to #b4e ,^! v>i\s plants conta9 acids & comp\nds peculi> to !mselves4 ,z we asc5d 9 ! plant scale1 we rea* ! phan]ogams4 ,^! plants are *>act]iz$ by ! production ( true se$s1 & _m *emical comp\nds n f\nd 9 l[] plants4 ,x w be conv5i5t 9 speak+ ( ^! high] gr\ps to foll[ ,m4 ,heckel's#ai s*eme ( plant evolution4 ,all ^! plants are gr\p$ "u ?ree ma9 divisions3 apetal\s1 monocotyl$on\s1 & dicotyl$on\s2 & ^! ma9 divisions are fur!r subdivid$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ^! ?ree ma9 p>allel columns are divid$ into ?ree g5]al horizontal planes4 ,on plane #a are all plants ( simplicity ( floral elem5ts1 or p>ts2 = example1 ! black walnut1 ) ! simple fl[] conta9$ 9 a catk94 ,on plane #b plants :i* h a multiplicity ( floral elem5ts1 z ! _m petals & /am5s ( ! rose2 & f9ally1 ! high] plants1 ! or*ids among ! monocotyl$ons & ! composite among ! dicotyl$on\s plants1 come "u ! ?ird division ( cond5sation ( floral elem5ts4 ,x w be impossible to take up 9 ord] = *emical consid]ation all ^! gr\ps1 & ,i %all re/rict myself to po9t+ out ! occurr5ce ( c]ta9 con/itu5ts4 ,i desire n[ to call att5tion to *emical gr\ps "u ! apetal\s plants hav+ simplicity ( floral elem5ts4 ,cassu>9a equisetifolia#bj possibly conta9s tann91 s9ce x is us$ = cur+ hides4 ,! b>k conta9s a dye4 ,x is said to resemble ,equisetum#ba 9 appe>ance1 & 9 ?is latt] plant a yell[ dye is f\nd4 ,! ,myrica#bb conta9s e!real oil1 wax1 res91 balsam1 9 all p>ts ( ! plant4 ,! root conta9s 9 addition fats1 tann91 & />*1 also myric9ic acid4 ,9 ! will[ & popl>1#bc a cry/all9e1 bitt] sub/ance1 salic9 or popul91 is f\nd4 ,?is may be consid]$ z ! fir/ appe>ance ( a real glucoside1 if tann9 be exclud$ f ! li/4 ,! oak1 walnut1 bee*1 ald]1 & bir* conta9 tann9 9 l>ge quantities2 9 ! case ( ! oak1 t5 to twelve p] c5t4 ,oak galls yield z mu* z sev5ty p] c5t4#bd ,! num]\s g5]a ( p9e & fir trees are rem>kable = e!real oil1 res91 & camphor4 ,! plane#be trees conta9 ca\t*\c & gum2 pepp]s1#bf e!real oils1 alkaloids1 pip]91 :ite res91 & malic acid4 ,datisca cannab9a#bg conta9s a color+ matt] & ano!r sub/ance peculi> to itself1 datisc91 a k9d ( />*1 or alli$ to ! glucosides4 ,^u ! same evolution>y plane among ! monocotyl$ons1 ! dates & palms#bh conta9 9 l>ge quantities special />*es1 & ?is is 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples ( ! !ory4 ,alkaloids & glucosides h n yet be5 discov]$ 9 !m4 ,o!r monocotyl$on\s gr\ps ) simplicity ( floral elem5ts1 su* z ! typhace1 conta9 l>ge quantities ( />*2 9 ! case ( ,typha latifolia#bi #ab4e p] c5t41 & #a4e p] c5t4 gum4 ,9 ! poll5 ( ?is same plant1 #b4jh p] c5t4 />* has be5 f\nd4 ,"u ! dicotyl$on\s gr\ps1 !re are no plants ) simplicity ( floral elem5ts4 ,return+1 n[1 to apetal\s plants ( multiplicity & simplification ( floral elem5ts1 we f9d t ! urticace#cj conta9 free =mic acid2 ! hemp#ca conta9s alkaloids2 ! hop1#cb e!real oil & res92 ! rhub>b1#cc crysophonic acid2 & ! begonias1#cd *ic>9 & lapa*o dyes4 ,! highe/ apetal\s plants conta9 camphors & oils2 ! highe/ ( ! monocotyl$ons conta9 a mucilage & oils2 & ! highe/ dicotyl$ons conta9 oils & special acids4 ,! trees yield+ common camphor & borneol are f g5]a ( ! laurace family2 also sassafras camphor is f ! same family4 ,small quantities ( /]eopt5es are widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! plant k+dom4 ,! gram9e1 or grasses1 are especially *>act]iz$ by ! l>ge quantities ( sug> & silica !y conta94 ,! a% ( ! rice hull1 = example1 conta9s n9ety eight p] c5t4 silica4 ,! ranunculace conta9 _m plants :i* yield alkaloids1 z ,hydra/ia canad5sis1 or ,indian hemp1 ,helleborus1 ,delph9um1 ,aconitum1 & ! alkaloid b]b]9e has be5 obta9$ f g5]a ( ?is family4 ,! alkaloid#ce furni%+ families belong1 ) few exceptions1 to ! dicotyl$ons4 ,! col*ice1 f :i* is obta9$ v]atr9e1 =m an exception among ! monocotyl$ons4 ,! alkaloids ( ! fungus h already be5 not$4 #cf;,among ! great] numb] ( plant families1 no alkaloids h be5 f\nd4 ,9 ! labiat none has be5 discov]$1 nor 9 ! composit among ! highe/ plants4 ,"o alkaloid is f\nd 9 _m g5]a ( ! loganiace2 b]b]9e 9 g5]a ( ! b]b]idace1 ranunculace1 m5isp]mace1 rutace1 papav]ace1 anonace4 ,waxes are widely di/ribut$ 9 plants4 ,!y occur 9 quantities 9 "s closely relat$ families4 ,e!real oils occur 9 _m families1 9 ! b>k1 root1 wood1 leaf1 fl[]1 & fruit2 p>ticul>ly 9 myrtace1 laur9e1 cyp]ace1 crucif]e1 aurantiace1 labiat1 & umbellif]4 ,res9s are f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! high] plants4 ,tropical plants are ri*] 9 res9s ?an ^? ( cold climates4 ,*emical resemblance betwe5 gr\ps1 z indicat+ morphological relations1 has be5 well %[n4 ,= example3 ! simil>ity#cg ( ! viscid juices1 & a l ta/e & smell1 among cactace & portulace1 indicate a clos] relation%ip betwe5 ^! two ord]s ?an botanical classification w\ld p]haps all[4 ,?is fact 0 corroborat$ by ! discov]y ( irritable /am5s 9 ,portulaca & ,opuntia1 & o!r g5]a ( cactace4 ,d>w9#ch /ates t 9 ! composit ! ray florets are m poison\s ?an ! disk florets1 9 ! ratio ( ab\t #c to #b4 ,comp>+ ! cycade & palm1 ! =m] are diff]5tly plac$ by diff]5t botani/s1 b ! g5]al resemblance is rem>kable1 & !y bo? yield sago4 ,*emical con/itu5ts ( plants are f\nd 9 v>y+ quantities dur+ /at$ p]iods ( ! ye>4 ,c]ta9 comp\nds pres5t at "o /age ( gr[? are abs5t at ano!r4 ,_m facts c\ld be br\ght =w>d to %[ ! diff]5t *emical composition ( plants 9 diff]5t /ages ( gr[?4 ,! ,?uja occid5talis#ci 9 ! juv5esc5t & adult =m1 (f]s an example :]e morphological & *emical diff]5ces g h& 9 h&4 ,analyses ( ?is plant "u bo? conditions %[ a /rik+ diff]5ce4 ,diff]5t p>ts ( plants may conta9 di/9ct *emical comp\nds1 & ! comp>ative *emical /udy ( plant ord]s comprises ! analysis ( all p>ts ( plants ( diff]5t species4 ,= example2 f\r portions ( ! ,yucca angu/ifolia#dj 7 exam9$ *emically2 ! b>k & wood ( ! root & ! base & blades ( ! leaves4 ,fix$ oils 7 sep>at$ f ea* "p4 ,^! 7 n id5tical2 two 7 fluid at ord9>y temp]ature1 & two 7 solid4 ,_! melt+ & solidify+ po9ts 7 n ! same4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! physical "* & *emical reaction ( ^! fix$ oils may be due to ! pres5ce ( free fatty acid & glyc]ides 9 v>y+ proportions 9 ! f\r p>ts ( ! plants4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t1 9 ! subt]ranean "p ( ! ,yucca1 ! oil extract$ f ! b>k is solid at ! ord9>y temp]ature2 f ! wood x 0 ( a less solid consi/5cy2 :ile ! yell[ base ( ! leaf conta9$ an oil q s(t1 & 9 ! gre5 leaf ! oil is almo/ fluid4 ,two new res9s 7 extract$ f ! yell[ & gre5 p>ts ( ! leaf4 ,x 0 propos$ to "n !m yuccal & pyrophal ,an exam9ation ( ! cont5ts ( ea* extract %[$ a diff]5t quantitative & qualitative result4 ,sapon9 0 f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! plant4 ,_m ( ! above facts h be5 collect$ f ! inve/igations ( o!rs4 ,i h introduc$ ^! /atem5ts1 select$ f a mass ( mat]ial1 z evid5ces 9 favor ( ! view /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap]4#da ,my own /udy has be5 direct$ t[>d ! discov]y ( sapon9 9 ^? plants :]e x 0 presumably to be f\nd4 ,! practical use ( ?is !ory 9 plant analysis w lead ! *emi/s at once to a se>* = ^? comp\nds :i* morphology %[s are probably pres5t4 ,i h discov]$ sapon9 9 all p>ts ( ! ,yucca angu/ifolia1 9 ! ,y4 filim5tosa & ,y4 gloriosa1 9 sev]al species ( agav1 & 9 plants belong+ to ! legum9os family4 ,! li/#db ( plants 9 :i* sapon9 has be5 discov]$ is giv5 9 ! note4 ,all ^! plants are conta9$ 9 ! middle plane ( ,heckel's s*eme4 ,no plants conta9+ sapon9 h be5 f\nd among apetal\s gr\ps4 ,no plants h be5 f\nd conta9+ sapon9 among ! l[] monocotyl$ons4 ,! plane ( sapon9 passes f ! liliace & alli$ gr\ps to ! rosales & high] dicotyl$ons4 ,sapon9 belongs to a class ( sub/ances call$ glucosides4 ,"u ! action ( dilute acids1 x is split up into two sub/ances1 glucose & sopog594 ,! *emical nature ( ?is sub/ance is n ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! comm]cial#dc product is probably a mixture ( sev]al sub/ances4 ,?is complexity ( *emical composition ( sapon9 is admirably adapt$ = ! nutrition ( ! plant1 & x is associat$ ) ! correspond+ complexity ( ! morphological elem5ts ( ! plant's organs4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,p]rey1#dd x seems t ! p[] ( a plant to direct ! di/ribution ( its c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 to =m complex glucosides is indicative ( its high] functions & developm5ts4 ,! solv5t action ( sapon9 on res9s has be5 already discuss$4 ,sapon9 likewise acts z a solv5t ^u b>ium#de sulphate & calcium#df oxalate1 & z a solv5t ( insoluble or slightly soluble salts w\ld assi/ ! plant 9 obta9+ food1 o!rwise difficult ( access4 ,! botanical classifications bas$ ^u morphology are s frequ5tly ,sapon9 is f\nd 9 endog5s & exog5s4 ,! l9e divid+ ^! two gr\ps is n always cle>ly def9$4 ,/atem5ts po9t+ to ?is are f\nd 9 ! works ( ,haeckel1 ,b5?am1 & o!rs4 ,smilax belongs to a transition class1 p>tak+ some:at ( ! nature ( endog5 & ( exog54 ,x is wor?y ( note t ?is int]m$iate gr\p ( ! s>sap>illas %\ld conta9 sapon94 ,x is a significant fact t all ! gr\ps above nam$ conta9+ sapon9 belong to ,heckel's middle division4 ,x may be sugge/$ t sapon9 is ?us a con/ructive elem5t 9 develop+ ! plant f ! multiplicity ( floral elem5ts to ! cephalization ( ^? organs4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! composite occurs :]e ! mat]ials = gr[? are suppli$ 9 greate/ abundance1 & ! m simple =ms arise :]e s\rces ( nutrition are remote4 ,we may ga!r f ?is fact t ! simpl] organs ( plants l[ 9 ! evolution>y scale conta9 simpl] non-nitrog5\s *emical comp\nds = _! nutrition4 ,! pres5ce ( sapon9 seems ess5tial to ! life ( ! plant :]e x is f\nd1 & x is an indisp5sable pr9ciple 9 ! progression ( c]ta9 l9es ( plants1 pass+ f _! l[] to _! high] /ages4 ,sapon9 is inv>iably abs5t :]e ! floral elem5ts are simple2 x is inv>iably abs5t :]e ! floral elem5ts are cond5s$ to _! greate/ ext5t4 ,its position is pla9ly t ( a factor 9 ! great middle realm ( vegetable life1 :]e ! elem5ts ( ! individual are /riv+ to cond5se1 & ?us increase _! physiological action & ! economy ( p>ts4 ,x may be sugge/$ z a l9e ( rese>* to /udy :at are ! conditions :i* control ! syn!sis & gradual =mation ( sapon9 9 plants4 ,! simpl] comp\nds ( :i* ?is complex sub/ance is built up1 if locat$ z comp\nds ( l[] plants1 w\ld indicate ! l9es ( progression f ! l[] to ! sapon9 gr\ps4 ,9 my pap]#dg read 9 ,buffalo at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 v>i\s sugge/ions 7 (f]$ :y *emical comp\nds %\ld be us$ z a means ( botanical classification4 ,! botanical classifications bas$ ^u morphology are s frequ5tly unsatisfactory1 t ef=ts 9 "s directions h be5 made to introduce o!r me?ods4#dh ,!re has be5 comp>atively little /udy ( ! *emical pr9ciples ( plants f a purely botanical view4 ,x promises to become a new field ( rese>*4 ,! legum9os are conspicu\s z furni%+ u ) important dyes1 e4g41 indigo1 logwood1 cate*94 ,! =m] is obta9$ pr9cipally f diff]5t species ( ! g5us ,indig(]a1 & logwood f ! ,hmatoxylon & ,s>aca indica4 ,! discov]y#di ( hmatoxyl9 9 ! ,s>aca indica illu/rates v well h[ ?is plant 9 its *emical1 z well z botanical1 "* is relat$ to ! ,hmatoxylon campe*ianum2 also1 ,i f\nd a sub/ance l cate*9 9 ! ,s>aca4 ,?is comp\nd is f\nd 9 ! acacias1 to :i* class ,s>aca is relat$ by its *emical position1 z well z botanically4 ,sapon9 is f\nd 9 bo? ( ^! plants1 z well z 9 _m o!r plants ( ! legum9os4 ,! legum9os come "u ! middle plane or multiplicity ( floral elem5ts1 & ! pres5ce ( sapon9 9 ^! plants 0 to be expect$4 ,f _m ( ! facts above /at$1 x may be inf]r$ t ! *emical comp\nds ( plants d n occur at r&om4 ,ea* /age ( gr[? & developm5t has its own p>ticul> *emi/ry4 ,x is said t _m ( ! con/itu5ts f\nd 9 plants are ! result ( de/ructive metabolism1 & are ( no fur!r use 9 ! plant's economy4 ,?is subject is by no means settl$1 & ev5 %\ld we be =c$ to accept t gr\nd1 x is a significant fact t c]ta9 cells1 tissues1 or organs peculi> to a plant secrete or excrete *emical comp\nds peculi> to !m1 :i* are to be f\nd 9 "o family1 or 9 species closely alli$ to x4 ,x is a fact t ! *emical comp\nds are !re1 no matt] :y or :5ce !y came4 ,!y w s]ve our purposes ( /udy & classification4 ,! result ( exp]im5t %[s t ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 comp\nds is ess5tial to ! vigor & developm5t ( all plants & p>ticul> comp\nds to ! developm5t ( c]ta9 plants4 ,plant *emi/ry & morphology are relat$4 ,future inve/igations w demon/rate ?is relation4 ,9 g5]al t]ms1 we may say t amides & c>bohydrates are utiliz$ 9 ! manufacture ( proteids4 ,organic acids cause a turgesc5ce ( cells4 ,glucosides may be a =m ( res]ve food mat]ial4 ,res9s & waxes may s]ve only z protection to ! surfaces ( plants2 color+ matt]s1 z scre5s to %ut (f or admit c]ta9 ( ! sun's rays2 b we are /ill f> f p5etrat+ ! my/]y ( life4 ,a simple plant does :at animals m highly end[$ _c d4 ,f simple/ sub/ances !y manufacture ! mo/ complex4 ,we owe our exi/5ce to plants1 z !y d !irs to ! air & soil4 ,! elem5ts c>bon1 oxyg51 hydrog51 & nitrog5 pass ?r\gh a cycle ( *anges f simple inorganic sub/ances to ! complex comp\nds ( ! liv+ cell4 ,^u ! decomposition ( ^! bodies ! elem5ts return to _! orig9al /ate4 ,dur+ ?is transition ^? prop]ties ( protoplasm :i* 7 m5tion$ at ! beg9n+1 9 turn1 foll[ _! pa?4 ,f g]m9ation to dea? ?is c\rse appe>s l a cresc5t1 ! o!r half ( ! circle clos$ f view4 ,:]e *emi/ry beg9s & ends x is difficult to say4--,j\r4 ,fr4 ,in/4 ,footnote #a3 ,a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,janu>y #bd1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #b3 ,/udi5 ub] das ,protoplasm1 #ahha4 ,footnote #c3 ,v9es1 p4 #a4 ,ro/af9ski3 ,mem4 de la ,soc4 des ,sc4 ,nat4 de ,*]b\rg1 #ahge4 ,/rasburg]3 ,zeits*r41 xii1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #d3 ,botany3 ,prantl & ,v9es4 ,london1 #ahhf1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #e3 ,= ! lit]ature ( />*1 see p4 #aae1 ,die ,pflanz5/(fe1 von ,hilg] & ,husemann4 ,footnote #f3 ,kutz+3 ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 xli1 #ch4 ,kraus & ,mill>det3 ,bul4 ,soc4 ,sci5ces ,nat41 ,/rasb\rg1 #ahfh1 #bb4 ,sorby3 ,j\r4 ,l94 ,soc41 xv1 #cd4 ,j4 ,re9ke3 ,jahrb4 ,wiss5s*t4 ,botan41 x1 ,b4 #cii4 ,phipson3 ,ph>4 ,j\r4 ,trans41 clxii1 #dgi4 ,footnote #g3 ,prantl & ,v9es1 p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #h3 ,l4 ,crie3 ,compt4 ,r5d41 lxxxviii1 #gei & #ihe4 ,j4 ,de ,seynes1 #hbj1 #ajdc4 ,footnote #i3 ,page #bgi4 ,footnote #aj3 ,m4 ,n5cki & ,f4 ,s*aff]4 ,n4 ,sieh]3 ,j\r4 ,pract4 ,*em41 #bc1 #dab4 ,footnote #aa3 ,e4 ,kle93 ,qu>4 ,j\r4 ,micros4 ,sci5ce1 #ahge1 #cha4 ,o4 ,helm3 ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 #ahge1 #ai-bd4 ,g4 ,gug9i3 ,gaz4 ,*em41 #g1 #d4 ,w4 ,?orn]3 ,bul4 ,b]1 xi1 #ecc4 ,footnote #ab3 ,h&book ( ,dye+4 ,by ,w4 ,crookes1 ,london1 #ahgd4 p4 #cfg4 ,s*unck3 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m41 #da1 #aeg2 #ed1 #bfa2 #fa1 #gb2 #fa1 #fd2 #fa1 #gh4 ,ro*eld] & ,heldt1 ibid41 #dh1 #b2 #dh1 #i4 ,/5h\se1 ibid41 #fh1 #eg2 #fh1 #gb2 #fh1 #ig1 #ajd2 #abe1 #cec4 ,see also rese>*es ( ,/reck]1 ,o4 ,hesse1 ,reymann1 ,lieb]mann1 ,lamp>t]1 ,knop1 & ,s*n$]mann4 ,footnote #ac3 ,/ahls*midt4 ,footnote #ad3 ,e4 ,treffn]3 ,inaugur4 ,diss4 ,dorpat1 #ahhj4 ,footnote #ae3 ,w4 ,pfeff]3 ,flora1 #ahgd4 ,footnote #af3 ,die ,pflanz5/(fe1 p4 #cbc ,w4 ,lange3 ,bul4 ,b]41 xi1 #hbb4 ,footnote #ag3 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 #da1 #fb1 #bjh2 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,ph>m41 #gg1 #bie4 ,footnote #ah3 ,fluckig]3 ,ph>makognosie4 ,kamp3 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,ph>m41 #ajj1 #cjj4 ,footnote #ai3 ,revue ,sci5tifiqe1 #ac ,m>s1 #ahhf4 ,footnote #bj3 ,diction>y ( ,economic ,plants4 ,by ,j4 ,smi?4 ,london1 #ahhb1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ibid41 p4 #afj4 ,ph>makognosie des ,pflanz5rei*s1 ,witt/e91 p4 #gcf4 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m41 #gg1 #bie4 ,footnote #bb3 ,rab5hor/3 ,rep]t4 ,ph>m41 lx1 #bad4 ,moore3 ,*em4 ,c5tralbl41 #ahfb1 #ggi1 ,dana4 ,footnote #bc3 ,johans53 ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 #c1 ix1 #baj4 ,ibid41 #c1 ix #ajc4 ,b5te3 ,b]l4 ,b]41 viii1 #dgf4 ,braconnot3 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 #b1 #dd1 #bif4 ,footnote #bd3 ,witt/e92 ,ph>m4 des ,pflanz5rei*s1 p4 #bdi4 ,footnote #be3 ,john2 ,ibid41 p4 #fea4 ,footnote #bf3 ,dulong4 ,o]/$1 ,lucas1 ,pontet2 ,ibid41 p4 #fdj4 ,footnote #bg3 ,braconnot3 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 #b1 #c4 #bgg4 ,/5h\se3 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phann41 #aih1 #aff4 ,footnote #bh3 #c ,pflanz5/(fe1 p4 #dab4 ,footnote #bi3 ,lecocq3 ,braconnot3 ,ph>macog4 ,pflan1 p4 #fic4 ,footnote #cj3 ,gorup-,besanez4 ,footnote #ca3 ,siebold & ,brodbury3 ,ph>4 ,j\r4 ,trans41 #c1 #eij1 #ahha1 #cbf4 ,footnote #cb3 ,wagn]3 ,j\r4 ,prakt4 ,*em41 #eh1 #ceb4 ,b4 ,pet]s1 v4 ,gohr53 ,jahresb4 ,agric41 viii1 #aad2 ix1 #aje2 v4 #eh4 ,ann4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m41 #d1 #di4 ,footnote #cc3 ,drag5dorff3 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*r4 ,russ41 xvii1 #fe-ig4 ,footnote #cd3 ,bonss+ault3 ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys41 #b1 #bg1 #cae4 ,erdmann3 ,j\r4 ,pract4 ,*em41 #ga1 #aih4 ,footnote #ce3 ,die ,pflanz5/(fe1 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #cf3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #cg3 ,meehan3 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci5ces4 ,footnote #ch3 ,diff]5t =ms ( fl[]s on plants ( ! same species4 ,introduction4 ,footnote #ci3 ,meehan3 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci5ces4 ,footnote #dj3 ,h4,c4 ,de ,s4 ,abbott3 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 #ahhf4 ,footnote #da3 ,= fur!r facts confirm+ ?is !ory1 see ,comp>ative ,*emi/ry ( ,high] & ,l[] ,plants4 ,by ,h4,c4 ,de ,s4 ,abbott4 ,am]4 ,naturali/1 ,augu/1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #db3 ,diff]5t g5]a & species ( ! foll[+3 ,ranunculace1 ,b]b]idace1 ,c>ophyllace1 ,polygalace1 ,bromeliace1 ,liliace1 ,smilace1 ,yuccas1 ,am>yllide1 ,legum9os1 ,primulace1 ,rosace1 ,sap9dace1 ,sapotace ,footnote #dc3 ,kob]t3 ,*em ,ztg4 ,footnote #dd3 ,compt4 ,r5d41 xciv1 p4 #aabd4 ,footnote #de3 ,bul4 de la ,soc4 ,*im4 ,footnote #df3 ,yucca angus4 ,trans4 ,am4 ,philos4 ,soc41 ,dec41 #ahhe4 ,footnote #dg3 ,botanical ,gazette1 ,octob]1 #ahhf4 ,footnote #dh3 ,borod93 ,ph>m4 ,j\r4 ,trans41 xvi1 #cfi4 ,pax4 ,firemy3 ,ann4 ,sci4 ,nat41 xiii4 ,footnote #di3 ,h4,c4 ,de ,s4 ,abbott1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci5ces1 ,nov4 #cj1 #ahhf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,me?od ,,= ,,! ,,quantitative ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,/>*4 ,a4,v4 ,,asbo?4 ,! au?or ma9ta9s t unsatisfactory results are obta9$ 9 det]m9ations ( />* :5 ! me?od employ$ is bas$ ^u ! inv]sion ( sug>1 =m$ z an int]m$iate product1 s9ce maltose1 dextrose1 & levulose are p>tly decompos$ by boil+ ) dilute acids4 ,he proposes to replace ! me?ods hi!rto employ$ by "o :i* dep5ds ^u ! =mation ( a b>ium salt ( />*1 to :i* he assigns ! =mula ,ba,o4,c#bd;,h#dj,o#bj4 ,?is salt is sp>+ly soluble 9 wat] & insoluble 9 dilute alcohol4 ,9 mak+ a det]m9ation a weigh$ quantity ( />* is sac*>ifi$ ) wat]1 !n mix$ ) an excess ( normal b>yta solution1 dilute alcohol add$ to make up to a c]ta9 volume1 &1 aft] ! precipitate has settl$1 ! excess ( b>yta is titrat$ back ) acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,titrat+ app>atus ,! au?or also describes ! app>atus he employs = /or+ & titrat+ ) b>yta solution4 ,! latt] is conta9$ 9 ! bottle1 ,a1 & ! dry+ tube atta*$ to ! neck ( ! same is fill$ ) quicklime4 ,! burette1 ,b1 :i* is 9 direct connection ) ! bottle1 may be fill$ ) ! solution by op5+ ! /op cock1 & ! small dry+ tube1 n1 is fill$ ) dry ,,koh1 ?us prev5t+ ! entrance ( any ,,co#b4 ,numb]s are app5d$ :i* seem to te/ify to ! excell5ce ( ! me?od employ$4 ,! au?or f9ally gives a detail$ acc\nt ( ! entire analysis ( v>i\s c]eals4--,a4,r4 9 ,j\r4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,indus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,syn!sis ,,( ,,! ,,alkaloids4 ,9 ! note on ! con/itution ( alkaloids 9 a rec5t issue1 we ref]r$ m especially to :at we may t]m ! less highly organiz$ bases4 ,mo/ ( our k1 z we n[ h x1 reg>d+ su* alkaloids z musc>9e & *ol9e has be5 acquir$ dur+ ! pa/ doz5 ye>s4 ,?is is n exactly ! case ) ! high] gr\ps ( alkaloids--! d]ivatives ( pyrid9e & qu9ol9e4 ,x s happ5s t ! olde/ alkaloids are 9 ^! gr\ps4 ,!y h1 almo/ necess>ily1 be5 subject$ to a long] p]iod ( attack1 b ! extreme complexity ( _! molecules1 & ! inf9ite numb] ( diff]+ p>ts or sub/ances into :i* ^! molecules split up :5 attack$1 are ! ma9 cause ( ! small progress :i* has be5 made 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,all1 h[ev]1 yield "o or m bodies or bases 9 common1 :ile ea* has its di/9ctive & peculi> decomposition product4 ,= example1 c9*on9e & qu99e bo? af=d ! basic qu9ol9e "u c]ta9 conditions1 b on oxidation ( c9*on9e1 an acid--c9*on9ic acid 7,c#aj;,h#g,,no#b7--;is ! pr9cipal body =m$1 :ile 9 ! case ( qu99e1 qu99ic acid 7,c#aj;,h#i,,no#c7 is ! pr9cipal product4 ,! acquirem5t ?r\gh exp]im5t ( su* k z t is1 h[ev]1 s mu* ga9$4 ,we f9d1 inde$1 t ob/acles are gradually be+ cle>$ away1 & ! actual syn!tic =mation ( su* alkaloids z pip]id9e & coni9e is a pro( t ! *emi/ is on ! "r track 9 /udy+ ! decomposition products1 & build+ up f !m1 !oretically1 bodies ( simil> con/itution4 ,x is notewor?y t ! syn!sis ( ! alkaloids has l$ to "s ( ! mo/ brilliant discov]ies ( ! pres5t day1 especially 9 ! discov]y ( dye /uffs4 ,_m ( our qu99e sub/itutes1 su* z ?all9e1 = example1 are ! result ( endeavors to make qu99e artificially4 ,if !re is romance 9 *emi/ry at all1 x is to be f\nd c]ta9ly 9 ?is bran* ( x1 :i* is g5]ally consid]$ ! mo/ un9t]e/+ & unfa?omable4 ,we may take pip]id9e & coni9e z examples ( ! me?ods foll[$ 9 alkaloidal syn!sis2 ^! are pyrid9e bases4 ,pyrid9e has ! =mula ,c#e;,h#e,n1 t is1 x is b5z5e ) ,,* replac$ by ,n4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ^! & pip]id9e is se5 9 ! foll[+ =mul3 ,,* ,n ,,nh _/ _/ _/ ,,hc ,,* ,,hc ,,* ,h#b;,c ,,*#b ,,hc ,,* ,,hc ,,* ,h#b;,c ,,*#b _/ _/ _/ ,,* ,,* ,,*#b 7,b5z5e17 7,pyrid9e17 7,pip]id9e17 7,c#f;,h#f7 7,c#e;,h#e,n7 7,c#e;,h#aa,n7 ,if we introduce six hydrog5 atoms into pyrid9e1 we conv]t x into pip]id9e4 ,lad5burg succe$$ 9 s hydrog5iz+ pyrid9e by act+ ^u an alcoholic solution ) sodium1 & f ! base :i* 0 =m$ he obta9$ a plat9o*loride :i* agre$ ) ! simil> d\ble salt ( pip]id9e4 ,he has also prep>$ x f trime?yl9e cyanide by ! action ( sodium4 ,p5tame?yl9$iam9e is ! pr9cipal int]m$i>y product1 & ?is gives pip]id9e :5 di/ill$ ) sup]heat$ /eam4 ,he has prov$ t ! alkaloid s obta9$ is id5tical ) t prep>$ f pip]9e4 ,ano!r curi\s po9t :i* ,lad5burg has lately prov$ is t cadav]9e 7"o ( ! products ( fle% decomposition7 is id5tical ) p5tame?yl9$iam9e1 & t its im9e is ! same z pip]id9e4 ,! syn!sis ( coni9e by ,lad5burg is "o ( ! mo/ notable a*ievem5ts ( mod]n *emi/ry4 ,he at fir/ suppos$ t ?is alkaloid 0 pip]id9e 9 :i* two hydrog5 atoms 7 replac$ by ! isopropyl radical 7,c#c;,h#g71 its =mula be+ tak5 z ,c#e;,h#i7;,c#c;,h#g7,,nh4 ,b he has s9ce *ang$ 8 view1 z w be se5 f :at foll[s4 ,9 its syn!sis #a1jjj grammes ( picol9e 7 fir/ conv]t$ into alphapicol9e1 #chj grammes be+ obta9$4 ,?is 0 heat$ ) p>aldehyde1 :]eby x 0 conv]t$ into allylpyrid9e 7#dh grammes71 & ?is by r$uction ) sodium yield$ alpha-propylpyrid9e1 a body 9 almo/ e respect id5tical ) coni9e4 ,! m important diff]5ce 0 its optical inactivity1 b he succe$$ 9 splitt+ up a solution ( ! acid t>trate ( ! base by means ( ,p5icillium glaucum4 ,cry/als sep>at$ :i* _h a dextro-rotatory p[] ( a,d #ca #hg' z comp>$ ) ! a,d #ac #gi' ( natural coni9e4 ,?is brief acc\nt conveys b a fa9t idea ( ! difficulties :i* 7 enc\nt]$ 9 ^! rese>*es4 ,optical me?ods ( exam9ation h prov$ ( great value1 & are de/9$ to play an important "p 9 su* "w4 ,among ! mo/ complex alkaloids are ^? ( ! qu99e gr\p4 ,z yet *emi/s h got no fur!r ) ^! ?an ! oxidation products2 b ! /udy has af=d$ u sev]al new antipyretics & _m int]e/+ facts4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 = example1 t artificial qu99e-l bodies1 :i* fluoresce & give ! gre5 color ) *lor9e wat] & ammonia1 h antipyretic prop]ties l qu99e1 b _! second>y effects are s p]nici\s z to prev5t _! use4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* bodies are hydrog5iz$ or me?ylat$ !y lose _! fluoresc+ prop]ty1 d n give ! gre5 color1 & _! second>y effects are remov$4 ,k ( ^! facts l$ to ! discov]y ( ?all9e4 ,x is prep>$ f p>aqu9anisol1 "o ( ! objectionable bodies1 by r$uction ) t9 & hydro*loric acid4 ,! foll[+ =mul %[ ! con/itutional relation%ip ( ^! comp\nds3 ,,* ,,* ,,* ,,*#b _/ _/ _/ _/ 7,,*#c,o7,c ,c ,,* 7,,*#c,o7,c ,c ,,*#b ,,hc ,c ,,* ,,hc ,c ,,*#b _/ _/ _/ _/ ,,* ,n ,,* ,,nh ,p>aqu9anisol ,?all9e ,c#i;,h#f4;,,*#c4,,no4 ,c#i;,h#aj4;,,*#c4,,no4 ,x is evid5t f ! difficulties :i* h be5 enc\nt]$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( *emi/ry1 & m especially f ! co/ly nature ( ! "w1 t x w be _m ye>s be=e x w influ5ce ! manufacture ( alkaloids f ! drugs :i* yield !m4 ,lad5burg has syn!tiz$ coni9e1 b he has n yet v5tur$ to ass]t t 8 product w replace ! natural alkaloid4--,*em4 & ,druggi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ,advocate reports ano!r magnific5t donation ( l&s to ! ,univ]sity ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia by ,mr4 ,d4 ,freeman1 ! own] ( ! ,c5t9ella ran* ne> ,los ,angeles--six hundr$ ?\s& doll>s 9 all giv5 to f\nd a s*ool ( appli$ sci5ces1 #ajj1jjj = build+ & app>atus & #ejj1jjj = end[m5t4 ,! build+s w be 9 ! vic9ity ( ,+lewood1 ! new & beautiful t[n on ! ,ballona bran* ( ! ,cali=nia ,c5tral4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,hamp%ire ,,d[ns4 ,illu/ration ,! ,hamp%ire ,d[n bre$ ( %eep orig9at$ ab\t #hj ye>s ago by a cross ( ,s\? ,d[ns on ! horn$1 :ite-fac$ %eep :i* _h = ages be5 native ( ! op51 untill$1 hilly /ret* ( l& kn[n z ! ,hamp%ire ,d[ns1 9 ! c\nty ( t "n bord]+ on ! ,engli% ,*annel1 9 ! ,s\? ( ,engl&4 ,f "t immemorial ! ,s\? ,d[ns _h d>k br[n or black legs1 matur$ e>ly1 produc$ ! be/ ( mutton & a f9e quality ( m$ium wool4 ,! orig9al ,hamp%ire 0 l>g]1 co>s]1 b h>di]1 sl[] to mature1 ) inf]ior fle%1 & a long] b co>s] wool4 ,! ,s\? ,d[n has always be5 rem>kable = its p[] ( transmitt+ its special *>act]i/ics to its prog5y by o!r k9ds ( %eep1 & h5ce x soon impress$ its own *>act]i/ics on its prog5y by ! ,hamp%ire4 ,! horns ( ! orig9al bre$ h disappe>$2 ! face & legs h become d>k1 ! frame has become m compact1 ! bones small]1 ! back broad] & /raight]1 ! legs %ort]1 & ! fle% & wool ( bett] quality1 :ile ! sup]ior h>d9ess & great] size1 z well z ! l>ge head & ,roman nose ( ! old bre$1 /ill rema94 ,! ,hamp%ires ( to-day mature e>ly & fatt5 readily4 ,!y clip f six to sev5 p\nds ( wool1 suitable = comb+1 :i* is long] ?an ,s\? ,d[n wool1 b less f9e4 ,! mutton has a desirable proportion ( fat & lean1 & is juicy & f9e flavor$4 ,! lambs are ( l>ge size & are usually dropp$ e>ly & f$ = m>ket4 ,inde$1 ! ,hamp%ire may be consid]$ a l>g] & trifle co>s] & h>di] ,s\? ,d[n4 ,! bre$ is occasionally cross$ ) ,cotswolds1 :5 x produces a wool m valuable = wor/$ manufactur]s ?an ! pure ,cotswold4 ,inde$1 !re is little d\bt t 9 addition to ,s\? ,d[n1 ! ,hamp%ire has a da% ( ,cotswold blood 9 its composition4 ,consid]able importations ( ! bre$ h be5 made into ?is c\ntry1 b x has n become s popul> z ! ,s\? ,d[n & "s o!r ,engli% bre$s4 ,! excell5t gr\p %[n is own$ by ,mr4 ,james ,wood1 ( ,m\nt ,kisco1 ,new ,york4--,rural ,new-,york]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,yale ,,college ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,! ,,pleiades4#a ,footnote #a3 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,relative ,positions ( ! ,pr9cipal ,/>s 9 ! ,gr\p ( ! ,pleiades4 ,by ,william ,l4 ,elk94 ,transactions ( ! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vatory ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,"p ,i4 7,new ,hav53 #ahhg47 ,! ,messrs4 ,repsold h e/abli%$1 & = ! pres5t seem likely to ma9ta91 a practical monopoly 9 ! con/ruction ( heliomet]s4 ,t complet$ by !m = ! obs]vatory ( ,yale ,college 9 #ahhb leaves s little to be desir$ z to %[ excell5ce n to be ! exclusive result ( competition4 ,9 m]e size x does n inde$ take ! highe/ rank4 ,its ap]ture is ( only six in*es1 :ile t ( ! ,ox=d heliomet] is ( sev5 & a half2 b ! p]fection ( ! arrangem5ts adapt+ x to ! tw(old function ( equatorial & micromet] /amps x z a model n easy to be surpass$4 ,/eel has be5 almo/ exclusively us$ 9 ! m\nt+4 ,recomm5d$ z ! mat]ial = ! objective cell by its quality ( *ang+ volume "u v>iations ( temp]ature ne>ly p>ipassu ) glass1 its employm5t 0 ext5d$ to ! telescope tube & o!r portions ( ! me*anism4 ,! optical "p ( ! "w 0 done by ,m]z1 ,alvan ,cl>k hav+ decl9$ ! responsibility ( divid+ ! object l5s4 ,its segm5ts are sep>able to ! ext5t ( #b1 & ?r\gh ! contrivance ( cyl9drical slides 7orig9ally sugge/$ by ,bessel7 p]fect def9ition is pres]v$ 9 all positions1 giv+ a range ( accurate measurem5t j six times t ) a fil> micromet]4 7,gill1 ,encyc4 ,brit41 vol4 xvi41 p4 #bec2 ,fis*]1 ,sirius1 vol4 xvii41 p4 #ade47 ,?is beautiful eng9e ( rese>* 0 9 #ahhc plac$ 9 ! already practic$ & skillful h&s ( ,dr4 ,elk94 ,he lo/ no "t 9 fix+ ^u a task suit$ bo? to te/ ! p[]s ( ! new in/rum5t & to employ !m to ! highe/ advantage4 ,! />s ( ! ,pleiades h1 f ! e>lie/ times1 attract$ ! special notice ( obs]v]s1 :e!r savage or civiliz$4 ,h5ce1 on ! "o h&1 _! prom95ce 9 /ell> my?ology all ov] ! _w2 on ! o!r1 _! unique int]e/ = purposes ( sci5tific /udy & comp>ison4 ,!y con/itute an und\bt$ clu/]2 t is to say1 !y are really1 & n simply 9 appe>ance1 gr\p$ toge!r 9 space1 s z to fall "u ! sway ( prevail+ mutual influ5ces4 ,& s9ce !re is1 p]haps1 no o!r /ell> clu/] s ne> ! sun1 ! *ance ( p]ceptible displacem5ts among !m 9 a mod]ate lapse ( "t is great] ?an 9 any o!r simil> case4 ,au!ntic data reg>d+ !m1 besides1 h n[ be5 s long g>n]$ t _! fruit may confid5tly be expect$ at lea/ to beg9 to rip54 ,dr4 ,elk9 det]m9$1 accord+ly1 to repeat ! survey ( ! ,pleiades execut$ by ,bessel at ,konigsb]g dur+ ab\t twelve ye>s previ\s to #ahda4 ,wolf & ,prit*>d _h1 x is true1 be5 be=eh& ) him2 b ! wide scatt]+ ( ! gr\p$ />s puts ! fil> micromet] at a disadvantage 9 measur+ !m1 produc+ m9ute errors :i* ! ardu\s conditions ( ! problem r5d] ( s]i\s acc\nt4 ,! heliomet]1 !re c be no d\bt1 is ! special in/rum5t = ! purpose1 & x 01 moreov]1 t employ$ by ,bessel2 s t ! ,konigsb]g & ,yale results are comp>able 9 a /rict] s5se ?an any o!rs s f> obta9$4 ,"o ( ,bessel's fifty-?ree />s 0 omitt$ by ,dr4 ,elk9 z too fa9t = accurate det]m9ation4 ,he add$1 h[ev]1 sev5te5 />s f ! ,bonn ,dur*mu/]ung1 s t 8 li/ compris$ sixty-n9e1 d[n to #i4b magnitude4 ,two indep5d5t triangulations 7 execut$ by him 9 #ahhd-he4 ,= ! fir/1 f\r />s situat$ ne> ! outskirts ( ! gr\p1 & m>k+ ! angles ( quadrilat]al by :i* x 0 inclos$1 7 *os5 z ref]5ce po9ts4 ,! second re/$ ^u measures ( di/ance & position angle outw>d f ,alcyone 7eta ,tauri74 ,?us1 two :olly unconnect$ sets ( positions 7 secur$1 ! close accordance ( :i* te/ifi$ /rongly to ! high quality ( ! entire "w4 ,!y 7 comb9$1 ) ne>ly equal weights1 9 ! f9al results4 ,a fre% r$uction ( ! ,konigsb]g obs]vations1 necessitat$ by rec5t improvem5ts 9 ! value ( "s ( ! corrections employ$1 0 ! prelim9>y to _! comp>ison ) ^? made1 aft] an int]val ( =ty-five ye>s1 at ,yale ,college4 ,! conclusions ?us labori\sly arriv$ at are n devoid ( significance1 & appe> p]fectly secure1 s f> z !y g4 ,x has be5 kn[n = "s "t t ! />s ( ! ,pleiades possess a small id5tical prop] motion4 ,its direction1 z asc]ta9$ by ,newcomb 9 #ahgh1 is ab\t s\?-s\!a/2 its am\nt is some:at less ?an six seconds ( arc 9 a c5tury4 ,! d\ble /> #fa ,cygni1 9 fact1 is displac$ v ne>ly z mu* 9 "o ye> z ,alcyone ) its tra9 9 "o hundr$4 ,nor is !re mu* probability t ?is sl[ secul> %ift+ is o!r ?an app>5t2 s9ce x pretty accurately rev]ses ! c\rse ( ! sun's translation ?r\gh space1 x may be presum$ t ! backw>d curr5t ( movem5t 9 :i* ! ,pleiades seem to float is purely an effect ( our own onw>d travel+4 ,n[ ! curi\s fact em]ges f ,dr4 ,elk9's inquiries t six ( ,bessel's />s are exempt f ! g5]al drift ( ! gr\p4 ,!y are be+ progressively left beh9d4 ,! inf]5ce is obvi\s t !y d n 9 reality belong to1 b are m]ely accid5tally project$ ^u1 x2 or1 r1 t x is project$ ^u !m2 = _! app>5t immobility 7:i*1 9 two ( ! six1 may be call$ absolute7 %[s !m ) tol]able c]ta9ty to be indef9itely m remote--s remote t ! pa?1 mod]ately e/imat$ at #ba1jjj1jjj1jjj miles 9 l5g?1 trav]s$ by ! sol> sy/em dur+ ! =ty-five ye>s elaps$ s9ce ! ,konigsb]g measures dw9dles into visual ins5sibility :5 beheld f !m4 ,! brighte/ ( ^! six f>-(f />s is j above ! eigh? 7#g4i7 magnitude2 ! o!rs range f #h4e d[n to bel[ ! n9?4 ,a *>t ( ! relative displacem5ts indicat$ = ,bessel's />s by ! diff]5ces 9 _! int]-mutual positions z det]m9$ at ,konigsb]g & ,yale accompanies ! pap] be=e u4 ,div]g5ces exce$+ #j4dj 7tak5 z ! limit ( probable error7 are reg>d$ z due to real motion2 & ?is is ! case ) tw5ty-six />s besides ! half doz5 already m5tion$ z de/9$ des]t]s f ! gr\p4 ,) ^! la/ may be associat$ two />s surmis$1 = an opposite reason1 to /& alo( f x4 ,in/ead ( t>ry+ beh9d1 !y are hurry+ on 9 front4 ,an excess ( ! prop] movem5t ( _! companions belongs to !m2 & s9ce t movem5t is presumably an effect ( secul> p>allax1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ _! possession ( an extra %>e ( x to signify _! great] proximity to ! sun4 ,h5ce1 ( all ! />s 9 ! ,pleiades ^! are ! mo/ likely to h a measurable annual p>allax4 ,"o is a /> a little above ! sev5? magnitude1 di/+ui%$ z s ,pleiadum2 ! o!r1 ( ab\t ! eigh?1 is numb]$ #be 9 ,bessel's li/4 ,dr4 ,elk9 has n omitt$ to rem>k t ! conjecture ( _! disconnection f ! clu/] is confirm$ by ! circum/ance t its typical spectrum 7z %[n on ,pr(4 ,pick]+'s plates7 is v>i$ 9 s by ! m>k$ "* ( ! ,k l9e4 ,! spectrum ( its fell[ travel] 7,no4 #be7 is /ill undet]m9$4 ,x is improbable1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ^! ne>] />s are practicable subjects = ! direct det]m9ation ( annual p>allax4 ,by indirect means1 h[ev]1 we c obta9 "s idea ( _! di/ance4 ,all t we want to "k = ! purpose is ! rate ( ! sun's motion2 its direction we may consid] z giv5 ) approximate accuracy by ,airy's inve/igation4 ,n[1 spectroscopic measurem5ts ( /ell> movem5ts ( approa* & recession w ev5tually af=d ample mat]ials f :i* to d$uce ! sol>1 velocity2 ?\gh !y are z yet n accurate or num]\s en\gh to f\nd any def9itive conclusion ^u4 ,nev]!less1 ,m4 ,homann's prelim9>y result ( fifte5 miles a second z ! spe$ ) :i* our sy/em travels 9 its va/ orbit inspires confid5ce bo? f ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! det]m9ations 7,mr4 ,seabroke's7 s]v+ z its basis & f its intr9sic probability4 ,accept+ x provisionally1 we f9d ! p>allax ( ,alcyone ab\t #j4jb'1 imply+ a di/ance ( #ied1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles & a light j\rney ( #afc ye>s4 ,x is assum$ t ! :ole ( its prop] motion ( #b4fa' 9 =ty-five ye>s is ! visual projection ( o> own movem5t t[>d a po9t 9 ,r4,a4 #bfa1 ,decl4 #be4 ,?us ! p>allax ( ! two />s :i* we suspect to lie betwe5 u & ! />s =m+ ! g5u9e gr\p ( ! ,pleiades1 at p]haps two-?irds ( _! di/ance1 c h>dly exce$ #j4jc'4 ,?is is j half t f\nd by ,dr4 ,gill = xi ,t\cani1 :i* may be reg>d$ z1 up to ?is1 ! smalle/ annual displacem5t at all satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,& ! error ( ! pres5t e/imate is m likely to be on ! side ( excess ?an ( defect4 ,t is1 ! />s 9 "q c h>dly be mu* ne>] to u ?an is impli$ by an annual p>allax ( #j4jc1 & !y may be consid]ably m remote4 ,dr4 ,elk9 concludes1 f ! m9ut5ess ( ! detect$ *anges ( position among ! ,pleiades1 t ! hopes ( obta9+ any clew to ! int]nal me*anism ( ?is clu/] seem n likely to be realiz$ 9 an imm$iate future2 rem>k+ fur!r3 ,! bright />s 9 especial seem to =m an almo/ rigid sy/em1 z = only "o is !re really mu* evid5ce ( motion1 & 9 ?is case ! total am\nt is b>ely #a p] c5tury4 ,?is "o mobile memb] ( ! nak$ eye gr\p is ,electra2 & x is noticeable t ! app>5t direction ( its displacem5t favors ! hypo!sis ( leisurely orbital circulation r\nd ! lead+ />4 ,! l>g] movem5ts1 h[ev]1 ascrib$ to "s ( ! fa9t] associat$ />s are f> f h>moniz+ ) ?is preconceiv$ notion ( :at !y ought to be4 ,on ! contr>y1 s f> z !y are kn[n at pres5t1 !y =ce ^u our m9ds ! idea t ! clu/] may be und]go+ "s sl[ process ( dis9tegration4 ,m4 ,wolf's impression ( incipi5t c5trifugal t5d5cies among its compon5ts c]ta9ly d]ives "s confirmation f ,dr4 ,elk9's *>t4 ,div]g5t movem5ts are ! mo/ /rongly m>k$2 & ! region r\nd ,alcyone sugge/s1 at ! fir/ glance1 r a v confus$ area ( radiation = a flight ( meteors ?an ! c5tral seat ( attraction ( a revolv+ ?rong ( suns4 ,!re are _m signs1 h[ev]1 t adjac5t />s 9 ! clu/] d n pursue indep5d5t c\rses4 ,community ( drift is visible 9 _m di/9ct sets2 :ile !re is z yet no p]ceptible evid5ce1 f orbital motion1 ( association into subord9ate sy/ems4 ,! ?ree eigh?-magnitude />s1 = in/ance1 arrang$ 9 a small isosceles triangle ne> ,alcyone1 d n1 z might h be5 expect$ a priori1 con/itute a real t]n>y gr\p4 ,!y are all app>5tly travel+ directly away f ! l>ge /> close by !m1 9 /raight l9es :i* may1 ( c\rse1 be ! projections ( clos$ curves2 b _! rates ( travel are s diff]5t z to involve c]ta9 progressive sep>ation4 ,obvi\sly1 ! ord] & me?od ( su* movem5ts z are j beg9n+ to develop to our appreh5sion among ! ,pleiades w n prove easy to div9e4--,a4,m4 ,cl]ke1 9 ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,deep ,,sea ,,dr$g+s3 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,sea ,,bottoms4 ,by ,,?omas ,t4,p4 ,,bruce ,,w>r54 ,i believe ,pr(4 ,ehr5b]g 0 "o ( ! fir/ to exam9e1 microscopically1 deep sea dr$g+s1 "s ( :i* 7 und]tak5 = ! ,atlantic cable exp$ition1 #aheg4 ,i propose to deal ) ! bottoms br\ght up f tropical wat]s ( ! ,atlantic1 a few ye>s ago1 dur+ c]ta9 telegraph cable op]ations4 ,^! s\nd+s 7 made = survey purposes1 & n = any biological or *emical inve/igations4 ,/ill ,i ?9k t ?is imp]fect record may be a useful contribution to *emical sci5ce1 be>+ especially on m>9e op]ations4 ,al?\gh !re is little to be add$ to ! *emi/ry ( ?is subject1 /ill ,i ?9k !re are few *emi/s :o c\ld successfully make an analysis ( a deep sea bottom )\t "s sacrifice ( "t & pati5ce1 to say no?+ ( ! risk ( wa/+ a valuable specim54 ,! muds1 clays1 oozes1 etc41 f deep wat] are s v f9e t !y pass readily ?r\gh ! be/ k9ds ( filt]s1 & x is necess>y to wa% out all traces ( sea wat] z a prelim9>y4 ,! specim5 mu/ be repeat$ly wa%$ by decantation1 until ! wa%+s are p]fectly free f *lor9e1 :5 ! :ole may be ?r[n onto a filt] m]ely to dra94 ,! turbid wat] :i* passes ?r\gh is all[$ to /& s t ! susp5d$ matt] may settle1 & aft] decant+ ! cle> sup]natant wat]1 ! residuum is aga9 ?r[n on to ! filt]4 ,! wa%+ & gett+ ready = ! dry+ ov5 w1 9 "s cases1 require days to c>ry out1 if we wi% to avoid los+ any?+4 ,s f> ! proce$+ is exactly ! same1 except dra9+ on a filt]1 :i* w\ld be adopt$ = prep>+ = ! microscope4 ,on no acc\nt %\ld ! opportunity be miss$ ( m\nt+ sev]al slides p]man5tly = microscopic exam9ation4 ,draw+s or photographic enl>gem5ts w r5d] u indep5d5t ( direct microscopic appeal1 :i* is n at all times conv5i5t4 ,! sub/ance1 if dra9$ & all[$ to dry on ! filt]1 w adh]e mo/ t5aci\sly to x1 s t x is bett] to complete ! dry+ 9 a porcela9 or plat9um capsule1 ei!r by swill+ ! filt] ) a jet ( wat] or by c>efully remov+ ) a spatula4 ,! mo/ /r5u\s c>e mu/ be us$ n to contam9ate ! specim5 ) loose fib]s f ! filt]4 ,! p]fectly dri$ matt] is be/ treat$ 9 exactly ! same way z a residuum 9 wat] analysis4 ,x is a common ?+ to ignite ! residuum1 & to put ! loss d[n1 if any1 to wat]4 ,?is ought n to satisfy an accurate obs]v]1 s9ce organic matt]1 c>bonates--especially 9 pres5ce ( silica--w easily add to ! loss4 ,! be/ plan is to heat a small portion v cauti\sly1 & note if any smell or alt]ation 9 color1 due to c>bon1 etc41 is p]ceptible1 & to proce$ accord+ly4 ,i h se5 "s v satisfactory analyses made on bo>d %ip by a skillful use ( ! bl[pipe1 :]e liquid reag5ts w\ld be v inconv5i5t to employ4 ,x w be necess>y to say a few words z to ! way 9 :i* s\nd+s are made at sea4 ,:5 ! bottom consi/s ( s&1 mud1 or o!r loose matt]1 x is easy en\gh to br+ specim5s to ! surface1 &1 ( c\rse1 we "k 9 su* a case t ! bottom has be5 rea*$1 b1 9 ! ev5t ( ! bottom be+ h>d & rocky1 x is n easy to say t our s\nd+ has be5 successful3 & "h we meet ) a difficulty :i* un=tunately is mo/ unsatisfactorily provid$ =4 ,! lead is ca/1 z ! say+ goes1 arm$ = ?is em]g5cy4 ,an iron s9k] is made ) a holl[ recess 9 ! bottom2 ?is is fill$ 9 ) tall[1 & on /rik+ ! bottom any loose matt] may adh]e by be+ press$ into ! tall[4 ,if ! bottom is rocky or h>d we get simply an impr9t 9 ! arm+1 & :5 su* a result is obta9$ ! usual con/ruction is t ! bottom is rocky or h>d4 ,n[1 ?is seems to me a po9t on :i* *emi/ry may give "s v valuable help1 = ,i am conv9c$ t no s\nd+ %\ld be accept$ unless evid5ce ( ! bottom itself is obta9$4 ,a few consid]ations w %[ t :5 we are work+ 9 v deep wat]1 :]e !re is a difficulty ( kn[+ = c]ta9 t we h an up & d[n s\nd+1 & ! h>d5+ ( ! arm+ by ! cold & pressure1 unless we br+ up some?+ we _c be sure t we h t\*$ ! bottom2 leav+ ! d\bt on ?is po9t on "o side1 unless we use a v heavy s9k]1 s z to get an indication ( ! releas$ /ra9 :5 x t\*es ! bottom1 we enc\nt] ano!r complication4 ,sir ,william ,?omson's s\nd+ wire has add$ ! elem5t ( reliability to our s\nd+s 9 ?is latt] case4 ,! note giv5 out by ! wire :5 ! bottom is rea*$ is p]ceptibly diff]5t :5 "u /ra91 ev5 if ! dynamomet] %\ld give an unreliable indication4 ,x has be5 f\nd t :5 a bottom has be5 recov]$ by ! arm+ ) tall[1 ! adh]5t grease s]i\sly detracts f ! value ( ! specim5 = sci5tific purposes4 ,wa%+ ) p]fectly pure bisulphide c>bon w save ! s\nd+1 b ( c\rse any liv+ organism is de/roy$4 ,z we h pl5ty ( contrivances = br++ up loose bottoms )\t arm+1 we h no?+ to fe> on ?is score4 ,!re is a great difficulty to expla9 ! va/ accumulations ( clay deposits on ! ocean b$1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t "s m9ute organisms may produce ^! deposits1 z o!rs give u c>bonate ( lime4 ,is !re n a v great probability ( "s ( ! app>5tly insoluble rocky =mations be+ answ]able = ^! accumulations8 ,we mu/ n =get ! peculi> *anges :i* su* an app>5tly /able sub/ance z feldsp> und]goes :5 dis9tegrat$ & expos$ to ! *emical action ( sea wat]4 ,z ^! deposits conta9 bo? sodium & potassium1 our *emical op]ations mu/ provide = ! analytical results2 9 o!r respects ! analysis c be proce$$ ) accord+ to ! op]ator's analytical k4 ,few op]ators are aw>e ( ! usefulness ( an ord9>y deep sea grapnel rope1 z us$ = cable "w1 9 recov]+ specim5s ( ! fauna ( any locality4 ,! grapnel rope %\ld be left d[n = a few mon?s1 s t ! d5iz5s ( ! deep may get us$ to x & make x _! place ( resid5ce & atta*m5t4 ,! /5* caus$ by _! decomposition1 unless ! rope be kept 9 wat]1 :5 haul$ up w be 9 a few days intol]able1 ev5 to an individual ) a sea-go+ /oma*4 ,i tri$ sev]al *emical solutions = pres]v+ specim5s ?us recov]$1 b no?+ answ]$ s well z ! wat] itself drawn up f ! same dep? z ! rope 0 recov]$ f4--,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition #b4ej a ,ye>4 ,s+le ,copies1 #be cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! 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