,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,,an ,,oration ,deliv]$ at ,albany1 on ! #bh? ( ,augu/1 #ahef ,,by ,,edw>d ,,ev]ett1 ,,on ,,! ,,occasion ,,( ,,! ,,inauguration ,,( ,,! ,,dudley ,,a/ronomical ,,obs]vatory1 ,,) ,a ,,cond5s$ ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,proce$+s1 ,,& ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,d$ication ,,( ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,geological ,,hall4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,ross ,,t\sey1 #ajc ,,nassau ,,/reet4 #ahef4 ,a ,,note ,,explanatory4 ,! und]sign$ v5tures to put =? ?is report ( ,mr4 ,,ev]ett',s ,oration1 9 connection ) a cond5s$ acc\nt ( ! ,inauguration ( ! ,dudley ,obs]vatory1 & ! ,d$ication ( ! ,new ,/ate ,geological ,hall1 at ,albany1--9 ! hope t ! dem& :i* has exhau/$ ! newspap] editions1 may exhau/ ?is z spe$ily z possible2 n t he is p>ticul>ly t5aci\s ( a rew>d = 8 own slight labors1 b because he believes t ! ext5sive circulation ( ! record ( ! two ev5ts s int]e/+ & important to ! cause ( ,sci5ce w ex]cise a b5eficial influ5ce ^u ! public m9d4 ,! ef=t ( ! di/+ui%$ ,/atesman :o has inve/$ ,a/ronomy ) new beauties1 is ! late/ & "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ( 8 compositions1 & is already :olly out ( pr9t1 ?\gh sc>cely a mon? has elaps$ s9ce ! date ( its deliv]y4 ,! acc\nt ( ! proce$+s at ,albany dur+ ! ,c]emonies ( ,inauguration is necess>ily brief1 b accurate1 & is respectfully submitt$ to ! consid]ation ( ! read]4 ,a4 ,,mav]ick4 ,,new ,,york1 ,octob] #a1 #ahef4 ,,two ,,new ,,in/itutions ,,( ,,sci5ce2 ,,& ,,! ,,sc5es ,,:i* ,,att5d$ ,,_! ,,*ri/5+4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ la/1 two ev5ts took place 9 ! city ( ,albany1 :i* h m ?an an ephem]al int]e/4 ,!y occurr$ 9 close connection ) ! proce$+s ( a ,sci5tific ,conv5tion1 & ! memory ( !m des]ves to be *]i%$ z a recollection ( ! easy way 9 :i* ,sci5ce may be popul>iz$ & be r5d]$ s g5]ally acceptable t ! p w cry1 l ,oliv] ,twi/1 = m4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is small publication to embody1 9 a =m m durable ?an t ( ! daily newspap]1 ! record ( proce$+s :i* h s ne> a relation to ! progress ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,a m>k$ feature 9 ! c]emonies 0 ! magnific5t ,oration ( ! ,hon4 ,,edw>d ,,ev]ett1 inaugurat+ ! ,dudley ,obs]vatory ( ,albany2 & x is believ$ t ! reissue ( t spee* 9 its pres5t =m w be acceptable to ! admir]s ( t di/+ui%$ g5tleman1 n less ?an to ! lov]s ( ,sci5ce1 :o hung ) delight ^u 8 words4 ,,! ,,d$ication ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,hall4 ,on ,w$nesday1 ,augu/ #bg1 #ahef1 ! ,/ate ,geological ,hall ( ,new ,york 0 d$icat$ ) appropriate c]emonies4 ,= ! purpose ( af=d+ accommodation to ! imm5se cr[ds ( p :o1 x 0 confid5tly anticipat$1 w\ld ?rong to ?is demon/ration & t ( ! succe$+ day1 at :i* ,mr4 ,,ev]ett spoke1 a capaci\s ,t5t 0 arrang$ ) c>e 9 ! c5t] ( ,academy ,p>k1 on ,capitol ,hill2 & "u its %elt] ! c]emonies ( ! inauguration ( bo? in/itutions 7 conduct$ )\t accid5t or confusion2 att5d$ on ! fir/ day by fully ?ree ?\s& p]sons1 & on ! second by a numb] :i* may be safely comput$ at f five to sev5 ?\s&4 ,! ann\ncem5t t ,hon4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,sew>d w\ld be pres5t at ! d$ication ( ! ,geological ,hall1 excit$ great int]e/ among ! citiz5s2 b ! hope ( 8 appe>ance prov$ fallaci\s4 ,8 place 0 occupi$ by sev5 pick$ m5 ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 "o ( :om 7,pr(4 ,,h5ry7 decl>$ 8 inability to compute ! problem :y sev5 m5 ( sci5ce 7 to be consid]$ equal to "o /atesman4 ,! result ju/ifi$ ! selections ( ! committee1 & al?\gh ! ,s5ator 0 n pres5t1 ! sev5 ,common]s ( ,sci5ce made ! occasion a mo/ notable "o by ! fl[ ( wit1 elegance ( phrase1 solidity & cog5cy ( argum5t1 & r>e disc]nm5t ( natural tru?s1 ) :i* _! disc\rse 0 g>ni%$4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ,association m>*$ 9 procession to ! ,t5t1 f _! place ( meet+ 9 ! ,/ate ,capitol4 ,on ! /age 7 assembl$ _m di/+ui%$ g5tlem51 & 9 ! audi5ce 7 hundr$s ( ladies4 ,,gov4 ,,cl>k & ,ex-,gov]nors ,,hunt & ,,seym\r1 ( ,new ,york1 ,sir ,,wm4 ,,logan1 ( ,canada1 ,hon4 ,,george ,,bancr(t1 & o!rs z well kn[n z ^!1 7 among ! numb] pres5t4 ,! t5t 0 pr(usely decorat$4 ,small bann]s 9 tri-color 7 di/ribut$ ov] ! entire area cov]$ by ! /age1 & adorn$ ! w+s4 ,! foll[+ inscriptions 7 plac$ ov] ! front ( ! ro/rum1--t 9 honor ( ,! ,press occupy+ a c5tral position3 ,,geology4 ,,! ,,press4 ,,meteorology4 ,,m9]alogy4 ,,metallurgy4 ,,e?nology4 ,,a/ronomy4 ,! foll[+ 7 arrang$ 9 v>i\s positions on ! "r & left3 ,,*emi/ry4 ,,telegraph4 ,,physiology4 ,,lett]s4 ,,con*ology4 ,,hydrology4 ,,pal,,ontology4 ,,zoology4 ,,microscopy4 ,,i*?yology4 ,,art4 ,,manufactures4 ,,/eam4 ,,agriculture4 ,,comm]ce4 ,,physics4 ,,sci5ce4 ,,anatomy4 ,,navigation4 ,,botany4 ,! proce$+s ( ! day 7 op5$ ) pray] by ,rev4 ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,be?une1 ,d4,d41 ( ,brooklyn4 ,hon4 ,,g>rit ,y4 ,,lans+1 ( ,albany1 !n introduc$ ,pr(essor ,,l\is ,,agassiz1 ( ,cambridge1 ,mass41 :o 0 ! fir/ ( ! sev5 m5 ( sci5ce to ent]ta9 8 audi5ce1 always ) ! aid ( ! inevitable black-bo>d1 )\t :i* ! excell5t ,pr(essor w\ld be z mu* at a loss z a *emi/ )\t a laboratory4 ,pr(essor ,,agassiz spoke = an h\r1 giv+ 8 views ( a new !ory ( animal developm5t4 ,he began by say+3-- ,we are "h to inaugurate ! ,geological ,hall1 :i* has gr[n out ( ! geological survey ( ! ,/ate4 ,to make ! occasion memorable1 a di/+ui%$ /atesman ( y\r own ,/ate1 & ,mr4 ,,frank ,c4 ,,gray1 7 expect$ to be pres5t & address y4 ,! pressure ( public duties has deta9$ ,mr4 ,,sew>d1 & sev]e sickness has deta9$ ,mr4 ,,gray4 ,i deeply lam5t t ! occasion is lo/ to y to he> my fri5d ,mr4 ,,gray1 :o is a devotee to sci5ce1 & z w>m-he>t$ a fri5d z ev] ,i knew4 ,night be=e la/ ,i 0 reque/$ to assi/ 9 tak+ _! place--,i1 :o am ! mo/ unfit ( m5 = ! po/4 ,i nev] made a spee*4 ,i h address$ le>n$ bodies1 b ,i lack t lib]ty ( spee*--! ability to pres5t 9 f9i%$ /yle1 & ) t ri* imag]y :i* *>act]ize ! words ( ! orator1 ! ?\ghts fitt+ to su* an occasion z ?is4 ,he w\ld limit himself1 he cont9u$1 to pres5t+ "s motives :y ! community %\ld patronize sci5ce1 & fo/] su* in/itutions z ?is4 ,we sci5tific m5 reg>d ?is z an occasion ( ! highe/ int]e/1 & ?us d n hesitate to give ! sanction ( ! highe/ le>n$ body ( ! c\ntry z an indorsem5t ( ! lib]ality ( ?is ,/ate4 ,! geological survey ( ,new ,york has giv5 to ! _w a new nom5clature4 ,no geologi/ c1 h]eaft]1 describe ! sev]al /rata ( ! e>? )\t ref]r+ to x4 ,its results1 z record$ 9 y\r publi%$ volumes1 are treasur$ 9 ! mo/ valuable libr>ies ( ! _w4 ,!y h made ?is city fam\s2 & n[1 :5 ! sci5tific geologi/ l&s on y\r %ore1 8 fir/ "q is1 ,:i* is ! way to ,albany8 ,i want to see y\r fossils4 ,b ,paleontology is only "o bran* ( ! subject1 & _m o!rs y\r survey has equally fo/]$4 ,he next proce$$ to %[ t organiz$ be+s 7 organiz$ ) ref]5ce to a plan1 :i* ! relations betwe5 diff]5t animals1 & betwe5 diff]5t plants1 & betwe5 animals & plants1 ev]y:]e exhibit2--drew sections ( ! body ( a fi%1 & ( ! bird1 & ( man1 & po9t$ out t 9 ea* !re 0 ! same c5tral back-bone1 ! cavity above & ! ribb$ cavity bel[ ! fle% on ea* side1 & ! sk9 ov] all--%[+ t ! mak] ( ea* possess$ ! same ?\ght--foll[$ ! same plan ( /ructure4 ,& ^u t plan ,he _h made all ! k9ds ( quadrup$s1 #b1jjj 9 numb]1 all ! k9ds ( birds1 #g1jjj 9 numb]1 all ( ! reptiles1 #b1jjj to #c1jjj 9 numb]1 all ! fi%1 #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj 9 numb]4 ,all _! =ms may be d]iv$ z diff]5t expressions ( ! same =mula4 ,!re are only f\r ( ^! great types2 or1 said he1 may ,i n call !m ! f\r tunes on :i* ,div9ity has play$ ! h>monies t h peopl$1 9 liv+ & beautiful reality1 ! :ole _w8 ,,pr(essor ,,hit*cock ,,on ,,rem9isc5ces4 ,,era/us ,c4 ,,b5$ict1 ,esq4 ( ,new ,york1 introduc$ ,pr(4 ,,hit*cock1 ( ,amh]/1 z a g5tleman ^: "n 0 v famili>1 :o _h laid aside1 volunt>ily1 ! *>ge ( "o ( ! l>ge/ colleges 9 ,new ,engl&1 b :o c\ld nev] lay aside ! honors he _h e>n$ 9 ! lit]ature & sci5ce ( geology4 ,aft] a few introductory obs]vations1 ,pr(4 ,,hit*cock said3-- ,?is1 ,i believe1 is ! fir/ example 9 :i* a ,/ate ,gov]nm5t 9 our c\ntry has erect$ a museum = ! exhibition ( its natural res\rces1 its m9]al & rock1 its plants & animals1 liv+ & fossil4 ,& ?is seems to me ! mo/ appropriate spot 9 ! c\ntry = plac+ ! fir/ geological hall erect$ by ! ,gov]nm5t2 = ! ,c\nty ( ,albany 0 ! di/rict :]e ! fir/ geological survey 0 und]tak51 on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 &1 p]haps1 ! _w4 ,?is 0 9 #ahbj1 & ord]$ by t em95t philan?ropi/1 ,/eph5 ,van ,r5ssela]1 :o1 ?ree ye>s lat]1 appo9t$ ,pr(4 ,eaton to survey1 9 l mann]1 ! :ole region trav]s$ by ! ,erie ,canal4 ,?is 0 ! comm5cem5t ( a "w1 :i*1 dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 has _h a wond]ful expansion1 rea*+ a l>ge "p ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,union1 z well z ,canada1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,new ,brunswick1 &1 ,i might add1 sev]al ,european c\ntries1 :]e ! magnific5t surveys n[ 9 progress did n comm5ce till aft] ! survey ( ,albany & ,r5ssela] ,c\nties4 ,h[ glad are we1 !re=e1 to f9d on ?is spot ! fir/ ,museum ( ,economical ,geology on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic6 ,nay1 embrac+ z x does all ! dep>tm5t ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,i see 9 x m ?an a ,european ,museum ( ,economical ,geology1 spl5did ?\gh !y are4 ,i fancy1 r1 t ,i see "h ! g]m ( a ,cis-,atlantic ,briti% ,museum1 or ,g>d5 ( ,plants4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 0 ! fir/ ,/ate t ord]$ a geological survey2 & ,i h ! pleasure ( see+ be=e me ! g5tleman :o execut$ x1 & 9 #ahbd-e publi%$ a report ( #adj pages4 ,i ref] to ,pr(essor ,olm/ead1 :o1 ?\gh he has s9ce won bright] laurels 9 ano!r dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 w always be honor$ z ! fir/ commission$ ,/ate geologi/ 9 our l&4 ,( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,survey he said3-- ,?is survey has develop$ ! old] fossilif]\s rocks1 ) a fullness & di/9ctness unkn[n else:]e4 ,h5ce ,european savans /udy ! ,new ,york ,reports ) eag]ness4 ,9 #ahej1 z ,i ent]$ ! ,woodw>dian ,museum1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 9 ,engl&1 ,i f\nd ,pr(essor ,mc,coy busy ) a collection ( ,silurian fossils be=e him1 :i* he 0 /udy+ ) ,hall's fir/ volume ( ,paleontology z 8 guide2 & 9 ! spl5did volumes1 entitl$ ,briti% ,paleozoric ,rocks & ,fossils1 :i* appe>$ la/ ye> z ! result ( ^? rese>*es1 ,i f9d ,pr(essor ,hall d5om9at$ ! great ,am]ican ,paleontologi/4 ,i tell y1 ,sir1 t ?is survey has giv5 ,new ,york a reputation ?r\gh\t ! le>n$ _w1 ( :i* %e may well be pr\d4 ,am ,i told t x w1 probably1 co/ half a million8 ,v well4 ,! l>g] ! sum1 ! high] w be ! reputation ( ,new ,york = lib]ality2 & :at o!r half million exp5d$ 9 our c\ntry1 has develop$ s _m new facts or ?r[n s mu* light ^u ! hi/ory ( ! globe1 or won s _w-wide & enviable a reputation8 ,& ( ,geological ,surveys 9 g5]al3-- ,9 reg>d to ?is matt] ( geological surveys1 ,i c h>dly avoid mak+ a sugge/ion "h4 ,s l>ge a portion ( our c\ntry has n[ be5 exam9$1 m or less ?or\ghly1 by ! sev]al ,/ate gov]nm5ts1 t x does seem to me ! "t has come :5 ! ,national gov]nm5t %\ld ord] a survey--geological1 zoological1 & botanical--( ! :ole c\ntry1 on su* a lib]al & ?or\gh plan z ! surveys 9 ,great ,brita9 are n[ conduct$2 9 ! latt] c\ntry x be+ und]/ood t at lea/ ?irty ye>s w be occupi$ 9 ! "w4 ,c\ld n ! di/+ui%$ ,new ,york /atesman :o 0 to h address$ u to-day be induc$1 :5 ! pres5t great /ruggle 9 :i* he is engag$ %all h be5 br\ght to a close1 by a m]ciful ,provid5ce1 to introduce ?is subject1 & urge x ^u ,congress8 ,& w\ld x n be appropriate = ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce to ?r[ a petition be=e ! gov]nm5t = su* an object8 ,or might x n1 ) ! cons5t ( ! em95t g5tleman :o has *>ge ( ! ,coa/ ,survey1 be connect$ !re)1 z x is ) ! ,ordnance ,survey 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,association 0 !n giv53-- ,pr(4 ,ma!r1 ,i believe1 ?r\gh ,pr(4 ,emmons1 fir/ sugge/$ to ! ,new-,york ,bo>d ( ,geologi/s 9 ,novemb]1 #ahch1 9 a lett] propos+ a numb] ( po9ts = _! consid]ation4 ,i quote f him ! foll[+ p>agraph relat+ to ! meet+4 ,z to ! cr$it he has "h giv5 me ( hav+ p]sonally sugge/$ ! subject1 ,i c say only t ,i _h be5 9 ! habit = sev]al ye>s ( mak+ ?is meet+ ( sci5tific m5 a sort ( hobby 9 my correspond5ce ) su*4 ,:e!r o!rs did ! same1 ,i did n !n1 & d n n[ "k4 ,7 ?is ! prop] place1 ,i c\ld g m into detail on ?is po9t2 b ,i w m]ely quote ,pr(4 ,ma!r's language to ! ,bo>d3-- 99 99 99 99 ,w\ld x n be well to sugge/ ! propriety ( a meet+ ( ,geologi/s & o!r sci5tific m5 ( our c\ntry at "s c5tral po9t next fall1--say at ,new-,york or ,philadelphia8 ,!re are _m que/ions 9 our ,geology t w receive new light f fri5dly discussion & ! comb9$ obs]vations ( v>i\s individuals :o h not$ !m 9 diff]5t p>ts ( our c\ntry4 ,su* a meet+ has be5 sugge/$ by ,pr(4 ,hit*cock2 & to me x seems desirable4 ,x w\ld und\bt$ly be an advantage n only to sci5ce b to ! sev]al surveys t are n[ 9 progress & t may 9 future be au?oriz$4 ,x w\ld t5d to make kn[n our sci5tific m5 to ea* o!r p]sonally1 give !m m confid5ce 9 ea* o!r1 & cause !m to conc5trate _! obs]vation on ^? que/ions t are ( int]e/ 9 ei!r a sci5tific or economical po9t ( view4 ,m que/ions may be satisfactorily settl$ 9 a day by oral discussion 9 su* a body1 ?an a ye> by writ+ & publication4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,9 ! lett] allud$ to1 on exam9ation1 we discov] ano!r passage be>+ on ! po9t1 :i*1 ow+ to ! ,pr(essor's mode/y we suspect1 he did n read4 ,pr(4 ,ma!r adds4 ,y1 s f> z ,i "k1 fir/ sugge/$ ! matt] ( su* an ,association4 ,i laid ! matt] be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,geologi/s ( ,new-,york1 specify+ "s ( ! advantages t might be expect$ to result2 & ,pr(4 ,vanuxem probably made ! motion be=e ! ,bo>d 9 reg>d to x4 ,?\gh ! ,bo>d adopt$ ! plan ( a meet+1 v>i\s causes delay$ ! fir/ ov] till ,april1 #ahdj1 :5 we assembl$ 9 ,philadelphia1 & sp5t a week 9 mo/ pr(itable & pleasant discussion1 & ! pres5tation ( pap]s4 ,our numb] t ye> 0 only #ah1 because conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ! ,/ate geologi/s2 b ! next ye>1 :5 we met aga9 9 ,philadelphia1 & a m ext5d$ invitation 0 giv51 ab\t eighty 7 pres5t2 & ! memb]s h be5 increas+ to ! pres5t "t4 ,b1 9 fact1 ^? fir/ two meet+s prov$ ! type1 9 all ?+s ess5tial1 ( all t h foll[$4 ,! pr9cipal *anges h be5 ^? ( expansion & ! consequ5t introduction ( _m o!r bran*es ( sci5ce ) _! em95t cultivators4 ,9 #ahdb1 we *ang$ ! "n to t ( ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,geologi/s & ,naturali/s2 & 9 #ahdg1 to t ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,i tru/ x has n yet rea*$ its fulle/ developm5t1 z our c\ntry & its sci5tific m5 multiply1 & new fields ( discov]y op54 ,pr(4 ,h4 said ( ?is p>ticul> occasion3-- ,we may be q sure t ?is ,hall w be a c5t] ( deep int]e/ to com+ g5]ations4 ,long aft] we %all h pass$ away w ! m5 ( ,new-,york1 z !y survey ^! monum5ts1 feel /imulat$ to engage 9 o!r noble ent]prises by ?is "w ( _! prog5itors1 & f _m a di/ant "p ( ! civiliz$ _w w m5 come "h to solve _! sci5tific que/ions1 & to br+ f>-(f regions into comp>ison ) ?is4 ,new-,york1 !n1 by h] lib]al patronage1 has n only acquir$ an honorable "n among ^? liv+ 9 all civiliz$ l&s1 b has secur$ ! voice ( ,hi/ory to transmit h] fame to f>-(f g5]ations4 ,,sir ,,william ,,logan ,,asks ,,! ,,way ,,to ,,albany4 ,sir ,,william ,e4 ,,logan1 ( ,canada1 9 a brief spee* ackn[l$g$ ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! ,new-,york ,survey to ,canada4 ,he %\ld manife/ +ratitude if he decl9$ to unite 9 ! joyful occasion ( inaugurat+ ! ,museum :i* 0 to hold =ev] ! evid5ce ( ! tru? ( its publi%$ results4 ,! ,survey ( ,canada _h be5 ord]$1 & ! ,commission ( five ye>s twice r5ew$2 & ! la/ "t1 ! provision = x 0 m ?an d\bl$4 ,x happ5$ to him1 z ,mr4 ,agassiz _h said3 aft] cross+ ! ocean fir/1 ! fir/ ?+ he ask$ 01 ,:i* is ! way to ,albany8 & :5 he arriv$ "h1 he f\nd t ) ! aid ( ,pr(4 ,hall's discov]ies1 he _h only to take up ! diff]5t =mations z he _h left !m on ! b\nd>y l9e1 & foll[ !m into ,canada4 ,x 0 bo? a conv5i5ce & a necessity to adopt ! ,new-,york nom5clature1 :i* 0 ?us ext5d$ ov] an area six times z l>ge z ,new-,york4 ,9 ,p>is he he>d ,de ,v]ni] us+ ! words ,tr5ton & ,niag>a1 z if !y 7 h\sehold words4 ,he 0 delight$ to witness ! impati5ce ) :i* ,b>ron inquir$ :5 ! rema9+ volumes ( ! ,paleontology ( ,new-,york w\ld be publi%$4 ,y\r ,paleontological reputation1 said he1 has made ,new-,york kn[n1 ev5 among m5 n sci5tific1 all ov] ,europe4 ,i hope y w n /op "h1 b w g on & give u 9 equally ?or\gh1 full1 & magnific5t /yle1 ! "* ( ! ,durassic & ,cretace\s =mations4 ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry ,,on ,,dut*m54 ,pr(essor ,,h5ry 0 at a loss to "k by :at process !y _h arriv$ at ! conclusion t sev5 m5 ( sci5ce mu/ be sub/itut$ to fill ! place ( "o di/+ui%$ /atesman :om !y _h expect$ to he>4 ,he prid$ himself on 8 ,albany nativity4 ,he 0 pr\d ( ! old ,dut* "*1 t 0 ! sub/ratum ( ! city4 ,! ,dut* are h>d to be mov$1 b :5 !y d />t _! mom5tum is n z o!r m5's 9 proportion to ! velocity1 b z ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,s :5 ! ,dut*man goes ?ree times z fa/1 he has n9e times ! =ce ( ano!r man4 ,! ,dut*man has an imm5se pot5tia ag5cy1 b x wants a small sp>k ( ,yankee ent]prise to t\* x (f4 ,9 ?is /ra9 ! ,pr(essor cont9u$1 mak+ 8 audi5ce v m]ry1 & giv+ !m a f9e *ance to express !mselves ) repeat$ explosions ( laught]4 ,,pr(essor ,,davies ,,on ,,! ,,practical ,,nature ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,pr(4 ,,*>les ,,davies 0 introduc$ by ,,ex-,,gov]nor ,,seym\r1 & spoke briefly1 b humor\sly & v mu* to ! po9t1 9 def5se ( ! practical "* ( sci5tific rese>*es4 ,he said t to "o accu/om$ to speak only on ! ab/ract quantities ( numb] & space1 ?is 0 an unusual occasion1 & ?is an unusual audi5ce2 & inquir$ h[ he c\ld discuss ! ab/ract =ms ( geometry1 :5 he saw be=e him1 9 su* pr(usion1 ! mo/ beautiful real =ms t ,provid5ce has v\*saf$ to ! life ( man4 ,he propos$ to introduce & develop b a s+le tra9 ( ?\ght--! un*angeable connection betwe5 :at 9 common language is call$ ! !oretical & practical1 b 9 m te*nical phraseology1 ! ideal & ! actual4 ,! actual1 or true practical1 consi/s 9 ! uses ( ! =ces ( nature1 accord+ to ! laws ( nature2 & "h we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 x & ! empirical1 :i* uses1 or attempts to use1 ^? =ces1 )\t a k ( ! laws4 ,! true practical1 !re=e1 is ! result1 or actual1 ( an antec$5t ideal4 ,! ideal1 full & complete1 mu/ exi/ 9 ! m9d be=e ! actual c be br\ght =? accord+ to ! laws ( sci5ce4 ,:o1 !n1 are ! truly practical m5 ( our age8 ,are !y n ^? :o are engag$ mo/ labori\sly & successfully 9 inve/igat+ ! great laws8 ,are !y n ^? :o are press+ out ! b\nd>ies ( k1 & conduct+ ! m9d into new & unexplor$ regions1 :]e !re may yet be discov]$ a ,cali=nia ( undevelop$ ?\ght8 ,is n ! g5tleman f ,massa*usetts 7,pr(essor ,agassiz7 ! mo/ practical man 9 our c\ntry 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 n because he has collect$ ! greate/ numb] ( specim5s1 b because he has laid op5 to u all ! laws ( ! animal k+dom8 ,are ! =mulas writt5 on ! black-bo>d by ! g5tleman f ,cambridge 7,pr(4 ,pi]ce7 ( no practical value1 because !y _c be read by ! un9/ruct$ eye8 ,a s+le l9e may conta9 ! elem5ts ( ! motions ( all ! heav5ly bodies2 & ! eye ( sci5ce1 tak+ its /&-po9t at ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! sy/em1 w see 9 ! equation ! h>moni\s revolutions ( all ! bodies :i* circle ! heav5s4 ,x is su* labors & su* g5]alizations t h r5d]$ 8 "n illu/ri\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ma!matical sci5ce4 ,is x ( no practical value t ! ,*ief ( ! ,coa/ ,survey 7,pr(4 ,ba*e71 by a few *>act]s writt5 ^u pap]1 at ,wa%+ton1 has det]m9$ ! exact "t ( high & l[ tide 9 ! h>bor ( ,bo/on1 & c det]m9e1 by a simil> process1 ! exact times ( high & l[ wat] at e po9t on ! surface ( ! globe8 ,are n ^! results1 ! highe/ ef=ts ( sci5ce1 also ( ! greate/ practical utility8 ,& may we n1 !n1 conclude t !re is no?+ truly practical :i* is n ! consequ5ce ( an antec$5t ideal8 ,sci5ce is to art :at ! great fly-:eel & gov]nor ( a /eam-eng9e are to ! work+ "p ( ! ma*9]y--x guides1 regulates1 & controls ! :ole4 ,sci5ce & art are insep>ably connect$2 l ! ,siamese ,tw9s1 !y _c be sep>at$ )\t produc+ ! dea? ( bo?4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to reg>d ! sup]b specim5s ( natural hi/ory1 :i* ! lib]ality1 ! munific5ce2 & ! wisdom ( our ,/ate h collect$ at ! ,capitol8 ,!y are ! elem5ts f :i* we c "h det]m9e all t belongs to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( our ,/ate2 & may we n indulge ! hope1 t sci5ce & g5ius w come "h1 &1 /rik+ !m ) a magic w&1 cause ! true practical to spr+ into immortal life8 ,rem>ks 7 also utt]$ by ,pr(4 ,,*e/] ,,dewey1 ,presid5t ,,&]son1 & ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,cox4 ,& ?us end$ ! ,inauguration ( ! ,/ate ,geological ,hall4 ,we turn to ! ,obs]vatory1 9 regul> ord] ( succession4 ,,inauguration ,,( ,,dudley ,,obs]vatory4 ,! ,inauguration ( ! ,dudley ,obs]vatory took place "u ! same t5t :i* 0 appropriat$ to ! d$ication ( ! ,geological ,hall1 & on ! day foll[+ t ev5t4 ,an imm5se audi5ce 0 assembl$1 drawn by ! ann\ncem5t ( ,mr4 ,,ev]ett',s ,oration4 ,at a little pa/ ?ree o'clock ! procession ( savans arriv$ f ! ,assembly ,*amb]1 escort$ by ! ,burgesses ,corps4 ,directly 9 front ( ! speak]'s /& sat ,mrs4 ,,dudley1 ! v5]able lady to ^: munific5ce ! _w is indebt$ = ?is ,obs]vatory4 ,%e 0 dress$ 9 an antique1 olive-color$ silk1 ) a figure ( a light] color1 a heavy1 r$ bro* %awl1 & h] bonnet1 cap1 c41 aft] ! /ricte/ /yle ( ! old s*ool4 ,h] pres5ce add$ a new po9t ( int]e/4 ,pray] hav+ be5 utt]$ by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,sprague1 ( ,albany1 ,,?omas ,w4 ,,olcott1 ,esq41 introduc$ to ! audi5ce ,ex-,gov]nor ,,wa%+ton ,,hunt1 :o spoke briefly 9 honor ( ! memory ( ,,*>les ,e4 ,,dudley1 ^: wid[ has f\nd$ & 9 "p end[$ ?is ,obs]vatory ) a lib]ality s rem>kable4 ,rem>ks 7 (f]$ by ,dr4 ,b4 ,a4 ,,g\ld & ,pr(4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,ba*e1 & ,judge ,,h>ris read ! foll[+ lett] f ,mrs4 ,,dudley1 ann\nc+ ano!r munific5t donation 9 aid ( ! new ,obs]vatory--#ej1jjj1 9 addition to ! #be1jjj :i* _h be5 already exp5d$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! build+4 ,! lett] 0 receiv$ ) %\ts ( applause1 ,pr(4 ,,agassiz ris+ & lead+ ! va/ assemblage 9 ?ree vehem5t *e]s 9 honor ( ,mrs4 ,,dudley6 ,,albany1 ,?ursday1 ,aug4 #ad1 #ahef4 ,to ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,dudley ,obs]vatory3 ,,g5tlem51--,i sc>cely ne$ ref] 9 a lett] to y to ! mode/ beg9n+ & gradual gr[? ( ! in/itution ov] :i* y preside1 & ( :i* y are ! responsible gu>dians4 ,b we h arriv$ at a p]iod 9 its hi/ory :5 its inauguration gives to x & to y "s degree ( prom95ce1 & :i* mu/ /amp our pa/ ef=ts ) weakness & inconsid]ation1 or exalt ^? ( ! future to ! measure ( lib]ality necess>y to c]ta9 success4 ,y h a build+ erect$ & in/rum5ts engag$ ( unrival$ excell5ce2 & x n[ rema9s to c>ry out ! sugge/ion ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal ( ,engl& 9 giv+ p]man5cy to ! e/abli%m5t4 ,! v di/+ui%$ ,pr(essors ,,ba*e1 ,,pi]ce1 & ,,g\ld1 /ate 9 a lett]1 :i* ,i h be5 p]mitt$ to see1 t to exp& ?is in/itution to ! wants ( ,am]ican sci5ce & ! honors ( a national "*1 w require an inve/m5t :i* w yield annually n less ?an #aj1jjj2 & ^! g5tlem5 say1 9 ! lett] ref]r$ to1-- ,if ! greatness ( y\r giv+ c rise to ?is occasion1 z x has to all our previ\s sugge/ions1 ) su* unfl9*+ magnanimity1 we promise y our e>ne/ & he>ty cop]ation1 & /ake our reputation t ! sci5tific success %all fill up ! measure ( y\r hopes & anticipations4 ,= ! atta9m5t ( an object s ri* 9 sci5tific rew>d & national glory1 gu>ante$ by m5 ) reputations z exalt$ & endur+ z ! skies ^u :i* !y are writt51 contributions %\ld be g5]al1 & n conf9$ to an individual or a place4 ,= myself1 ,i (f]1 z my "p ( ! requir$ end[m5t1 ! sum ( #ej1jjj 9 addition to ! advances :i* ,i h already made2 &1 tru/+ t ! "n :i* y h giv5 to ! ,obs]vatory may n be reg>d$ z an undes]v$ complim5t1 & t x w n dim9i% ! public reg>d by giv+ to ! in/itution a seem+ly individual "*1 ,i rema91 ,g5tlem51 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,bl&9a ,,dudley4 ,judge ,,h>ris !n introduc$ ! ,orator ( ! occasion1 ,hon4 ,,edw>d ,,ev]ett1 ^: spee* is giv5 v]batim 9 ^! pages4 ,,! ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,! ,,dudley ,,obs]vatory4 ,dur+ ! ,sessions ( ! ,am]ican ,association1 ! new ,a/ronomical ,in/rum5ts ( ,dudley ,obs]vatory 7 describ$ 9 detail by ,dr4 ,b4 ,a4 ,,g\ld1 :o is ! ,a/ronom] 9 *>ge4 ,we cond5se 8 /atem5ts3-- ,! ,m]idian ,circle & ,transit in/rum5t 7 ord]$ f ,pi/or ,m>t9s1 ! celebrat$ manufactur]s ( ,b]l91 by :om ! new in/rum5t at ,ann ,arbor 0 made4 ,a numb] ( improvem5ts h be5 introduc$ 9 ! ,albany in/rum5ts1 n p]haps all absolutely new1 b an eclectic comb9ation ( late adaptations ) new improvem5ts4 ,dr4 ,g\ld made a di/9ction ( mod]n a/ronomical in/rum5ts into two classes1 ! ,engli% & ! ,g]man4 ,! ,engli% is ! massive type2 ! ,g]man1 light & airy4 ,! ,engli% in/rum5t is ! in/rum5t ( ! eng9e]2 ! ,g]man1 ! in/rum5t ( ! arti/4 ,9 ord]+ ! in/rum5ts = ! ,albany ,obs]vatory1 ! ,doctor pref]r$ ! ,g]man type & disc>d$ ! heavi] ,engli%4 ,he in/anc$1 z a specim5 ( ! latt]1 ! new in/rum5t at ,gre5wi*1 rec5tly erect$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,t in/rum5t regi/]s obs]vations 9 s+le seconds2 ! ,dudley in/rum5t w regi/] to t5?s ( seconds4 ,t has six or eight microscopes2 ?is has f\r4 ,t has a gas lamp1 by ! light ( :i* ! graduations are read (f2 ! ,albany in/rum5t has no lamp1 & ! ,doctor consid]$ ! lamp a haz>d\s exp]im5t1 affect+ ! integrity ( ! exp]im5t1 n only by its radiant heat b by ! curr5ts ( heat$ air :i* x produces4 ,! diamet] ( ! object-glass ( ! ,albany in/rum5t is #g-a_/b ,fr5* in*es cle> ap]ture1 or #h ,engli% in*es1 & ! l5g? ( ! tube #h feet4 ,he w\ld h pref]r$ an in/rum5t 9 :i* ! facilities ( manipulation w\ld h be5 great]1 b 0 hamp]$ by "o proviso1 ^u :i* ! ,tru/ees ( ! in/itution insi/$--t ?is %\ld be ! bigge/ in/rum5t ( its k9d2 & ! in/ruction 0 obey$4 ,! glass 0 made by ,*ance1 & gr\nd by ,pi/or himself4 ,! eye-piece is fitt$ ) two micromet]s1 = v]tical & horizontal obs]vations4 ,ano!r app>atus provides = ! detection & measurem5t ( ! flexure ( ! tube4 ,mu* tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ a good ca/+ = ! /eel axis ( ! in/rum5t4 ,?ree 7 f\nd imp]fect "u ! la!1 & ! f\r? 0 *os52 b ev5 !n ! pivots 7 made 9 sep>ate pieces1 :i* 7 set 9 v deeply & weld$4 ,dr4 ,g\ld said he _h be5 reque/$ by ! g5tlem5 :o _h ?is ent]prise 9 *>ge to sugge/1 z a m>k ( respect to a g5tleman ( ,albany :o 0 a munific5t patron ( ,sci5ce1 t ?is in/rum5t be kn[n z ! ,olcott ,m]idian ,circle4 ,,:at ,,! ,,dudley ,,obs]vatory ,,is4 ,x /&s a mile f ! ,capitol1 9 ! city ( ,albany1 ^u ! cre/ ( a hill1 s difficult ( approa*1 z to be 9 reality a ,hill ( ,sci5ce4 ,!re are two ways ( gett+ to x4 ,9 bo? cases !re are rail f5ces to be clamb]$ ov]1 & long grass to wade ?r\gh1 settlem5ts to explore1 & a clayey road to travel2 b ^! are m9or tr\bles4 ,! elevation ( ! hill above tide-wat] is1 p]haps1 #bjj feet2 its di/ance f ! ,capitol ab\t a mile & a half4 ,! view = miles is unimp$$2 & ! ,obs]vatory is belt$ ab\t ) woods & v]dant lawns4 ,!re c\ld n be a f9] location or a pur] air4 ,! plateau conta9s "s fifte5 acres4 ,! ,obs]vatory is con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( a ,lat9 cross4 ,its ea/]n arm is an ap>tm5t #bb by #bd feet1 9 :i* ! m]idian circle is to be plac$4 ,! we/]n arm is a room ( ! same dim5sions1 int5d$ = ! transit in/rum5t4 ,f ! nor? & s\? faces ( bo? rooms are semi-circul> apsides1 project+ #f feet #f in*es1 conta9+ ! ,collimator pi]s & ! v]tical op5+s = obs]vation4 ,! entire l5g? ( ea* room is1 !re=e1 #cg feet4 ,9 ! nor!rn arm are plac$ ! libr>y1 #bc feet by #bg feet2 two comput+ rooms1 #ab feet by #bc feet ea*2 side entrance halls1 /aircases1 c4 ,! s\!rn arm conta9s ! pr9cipal entrance1 consi/+ ( an ar*$ colonnade ( f\r ,tuscan columns1 surr\nd$ by a p$im5t4 ,a broad flight ( /one /eps leads to ?is colonnade2 & ?r\gh ! entrance door b5ea? x to ! ma9 c5tral hall1 #bh feet squ>e1 9 :i* are plac$ 79 ni*es7 ! v beautiful electric clock & p5dulum pres5t$ by ,era/us ,corn+1 ,esq4 ,! c5t] ( ?is hall is occupi$ by a massive pi] ( /one1 #aj feet squ>e1 pass+ f ! basem5t into ! dome above1 & int5d$ = ! support ( ! great heliomet]4 ,directly opposite ! entrance door is a l>ge ni*e1 9 :i* x is propos$ to place ! bu/ ( ! late ,mr4 ,dudley4 ,imm$iately above ?is hall is ! equatorial room1 a circul> ap>tm5t1 #bb feet #f in*es 9 diamet]1 & #bd feet high1 cov]$ by a l[ conical ro(1 9 :i* & 9 ! walls are ! usual obs]v+ slits4 ,! drum1 or cyl9drical portion1 ( ?is room is divid$ into two p>ts--! l[] "o fix$1 ! upp]1 revolv+ on ca/-iron balls mov+ 9 groov$ metal plates1 c comm& ! entire horizon4 ,! build+ is 9 two /ories--! upp] ( brick1 ) free/one quo9s1 impo/ & w9d[ & door dress+s1 re/s ^u a ru/icat$ basem5t ( free/one1 six feet high4 ,! /yle adopt$ is ! mod]n ,italian1 ( :i* x is a v excell5t specim54 ,! build+ has be5 complet$ "s "t2 b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! size ( ! in/rum5ts n[ procur$ be+ great] ?an t orig9ally contemplat$1 sundry alt]ations 7 requir$ 9 ! ,transit & ,m]idian ,circle rooms4 ,^! consi/ ( ! semi-circul> projections already m5tion$1 & :i*1 by v>y+ ! outl9es ( ! build+1 w add greatly to its beauty & picturesqu5ess4 ,! pi]s = ! ,m]idian ,circle & ,transit h1 aft] c>eful inve/igation1 be5 procur$ f ! ,lockport qu>ries4 ,! great d5sity & uni=mity ( ! /ructure ( ! /one1 & ! facility ) :i* su* l>ge masses z are requir$ = ?is purpose c be procur$ !re1 h induc$ ! selection ( ^! qu>ries4 ,! /ones w weigh f six & a half to eight tons ea*4 ,! ma9 build+ 0 erect$ f ! draw+s ( ,messrs4 ,woollett & ,ogd51 ,ar*itects1 ,albany2 ! additions & ! ma*9]y h be5 design$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,hodg9s1 ,civil ,eng9e]2 & ! latt] is n[ be+ con/ruct$ "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce1 9 a v sup]ior mann]1 at ! iron works ( ,messrs4 ,pruyn & ,lans+1 ,albany4 ,! entire build+ is a ta/eful & elegant /ructure1 mu* sup]ior 9 ar*itectural "* to any o!r 9 ,am]ica devot$ to a simil> purpose4 ,,oration4 ,,fell[ ,,citiz5s ,,( ,,albany3-- ,assembl$ z we are1 "u y\r auspices1 9 ?is anci5t & hospitable city1 = an object indicative ( a highly-advanc$ /age ( sci5tific culture1 x is natural1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ca/ a hi/orical glance at ! pa/4 ,x seems almo/ to surpass belief1 ?\gh an unque/ion$ fact1 t m ?an a c5tury %\ld h pass$ away1 aft] ,cabot _h discov]$ ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica = ,engl&1 be=e any k 0 ga9$ ( ! noble riv] on :i* y\r city /&s1 & :i* 0 de/9$ by ,provid5ce to det]m9e1 9 aft] times1 ! position ( ! comm]cial metropolis ( ! ,cont95t4 ,x is true t ,v]azzano1 a bold & sagaci\s ,flor5t9e navigator1 9 ! s]vice ( ,france1 _h ent]$ ! ,n>r[s 9 #aebd1 :i* he describes z a v l>ge riv]1 deep at its m\?1 :i* =c$ its way ?r\gh /eep hills to ! sea2 b ?\gh he1 l all ! naval adv5tur]s ( t age1 0 sail+ we/w>d 9 se>* ( a %ort] passage to ,india1 he left ?is "p ( ! coa/ )\t any attempt to asc5d ! riv]2 nor c x be ga!r$ f 8 n>rative t he believ$ x to p5etrate f> into ! int]ior4 ,,voyage ,,( ,,h5drick ,,hudson4 ,ne> a hundr$ ye>s elaps$ be=e t great ?\ght acquir$ sub/ance & =m4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #afji1 ! h]oic b un=tunate ,hudson1 "o ( ! brighte/ names 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% m>itime adv5ture1 b !n 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company1 9 a vessel ( eighty tons1 be>+ ! v a/ronomical "n ( ! ,half ,moon1 hav+ be5 /opp$ by ! ice 9 ! ,pol> ,sea1 9 ! attempt to rea* ! ,ea/ by ! way ( ,nova ,zembla1 /ruck ov] to ! coa/ ( ,am]ica 9 a high nor!rn latitude4 ,he !n /ret*$ d[n s\?w>dly to ! entrance ( ,*esapeake ,bay 7( :i* he _h ga9$ a k f ! *>ts & descriptions ( 8 fri5d1 ,capta9 ,smi?71 !nce return+ to ! nor?1 ent]$ ,delaw>e ,bay1 /&+ out aga9 to sea1 arriv$ on ! second ( ,septemb] 9 sight ( ! high hills ( ,nev]s9k1 pron\nc+ x a good l& to fall 9 )1 & a pleasant l& to see2 &1 on ! foll[+ morn+1 s5d+ 8 boat be=e him to s\nd ! way1 pass$ ,s&y ,hook1 & !re came to an*or on ! ?ird ( ,septemb]1 #afji2 two hundr$ & =ty-sev5 ye>s ago next ,w$nesday4 ,:at an ev5t1 my fri5ds1 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican population1 ent]prise1 comm]ce1 intellig5ce1 & p[]--! dropp+ ( t an*or at ,s&y ,hook6 ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,hudson ,,riv]4 ,"h he l+]$ a week1 9 fri5dly int]c\rse ) ! natives ( ,new ,j]sey1 :ile a boat's company explor$ ! wat]s up to ,new>k ,bay4 ,& n[ ! great "q4 ,%all he turn back1 l ,v]azzano1 or asc5d ! /ream8 ,hudson 0 ( a race n prone to turn back1 by sea or by l&4 ,on ! elev5? ( ,septemb] he rais$ ! an*or ( ! ,half ,moon1 pass$ ?r\gh ! ,n>r[s1 behold+ on bo? sides z beautiful a l& z "o c tread on2 & float$ cauti\sly & sl[ly up ! noble /ream--! fir/ %ip t ev] re/$ on its bosom4 ,he pass$ ! ,palisades1 nature's d>k basaltic ,malak(f1 =c$ ! iron gateway ( ! ,highl&s1 an*or$1 on ! f\rte5?1 ne> ,we/ ,po9t2 swept onw>d & upw>d1 ! foll[+ day1 by grassy mead[s & tangl$ slopes1 h]eaft] to be cov]$ ) smil+ villages2--by elevat$ banks & woody heights1 ! de/9$ site ( t[ns & cities--( ,newburg1 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,catskill2--on ! ev5+ ( ! fifte5? arriv$ opposite ! m\nta9s :i* lie f ! riv] side1 :]e he f\nd a v lov+ p & v old m52 & ! day foll[+ sail$ by ! spot h]eaft] to be honor$ by 8 own illu/ri\s "n4 ,"o m day wafts him up betwe5 ,s*odac & ,ca/leton2 & "h he l&$ & pass$ a day ) ! natives1--greet$ ) all sorts ( b>b>\s hospitality1--! l& ! f9e/ = cultivation he ev] set foot on1 ! natives s k9d & g5tle1 t :5 !y f\nd he w\ld n rema9 ) !m ov] night1 & fe>$ t he left !m--poor *ildr5 ( nature6--because he 0 afraid ( _! weapons1--he1 ^: qu>t]-deck 0 heavy ) ordnance1--!y broke _! arr[s 9 pieces1 & ?rew !m 9 ! fire4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+1 ) ! e>ly flood-tide1 on ! #ai? ( ,septemb]1 #afji1 ! ,half ,moon ran high] up1 two leagues above ! ,%oals1 & came to an*or 9 deep wat]1 ne> ! site ( ! pres5t city ( ,albany4 ,happy if he c\ld h clos$ 8 gallant c>e] on ! banks ( ! /ream :i* s ju/ly be>s 8 "n1 & ?us h escap$ ! sorr[ful & my/]i\s cata/rophe :i* await$ him ! next ye>6 ,,*ampla9',s ,,voyage ,,& ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,colonies4 ,b ! discov]y ( y\r great riv] & ( ! site ( y\r anci5t city1 is n ! only ev5t :i* r5d]s ! ye> #afji memorable 9 ! annals ( ,am]ica & ! _w4 ,x 0 "o ( ^? ye>s 9 :i* a sort ( sympa!tic movem5t t[>d great results unconsci\sly p]vades ! races & ! m9ds ( m54 ,:ile ,hudson discov]$ ?is mighty riv] & ?is va/ region = ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company1 ,*ampla91 9 ! same ye>1 c>ri$ ! lilies ( ,france to ! beautiful lake :i* be>s 8 "n on y\r nor!rn limits2 ! langui%+ e/abli%m5ts ( ,engl& 9 ,virg9ia 7 /r5g!n$ by ! second *>t] grant$ to t colony2 ! little *ur* ( ,rob9son remov$ f ,am/]dam to ,leyd51 f :i*1 9 a few ye>s1 !y w5t =?1 to lay ! f\ndations ( ,new ,engl& on ,plym\? ,rock2 ! sev5 ,unit$ ,prov9ces ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 aft] t t]rific /ruggle ( =ty ye>s 7! comm5cem5t ( :i* has j be5 embalm$ 9 a record wor?y ( ! great ev5t by an ,am]ican hi/orian7 wre/$ f ,spa9 ! virtual ackn[l$gm5t ( _! indep5d5ce1 9 ! ,twelve ,ye>s' ,truce2 & ,james ! ,fir/1 9 ! same ye>1 grant$ to ! ,briti% ,ea/ ,india ,company _! fir/ p]man5t *>t]1--corn]-/one ( an empire de/9$ 9 two c5turies to ov]%ad[ ! ,ea/4 ,,galileo',s ,,discov]ies ,"o m incid5t is want+ to complete ! li/ ( ! memorable occurr5ces :i* signalize ! ye> #afji1 & "o mo/ wor?y to be rememb]$ by u on ?is occasion4 ,cotemporane\sly ) ! ev5ts :i* ,i h enum]at$--eras ( hi/ory1 dates ( empire1 ! />t+-po9t 9 "s ( ! greate/ political1 social1 & moral revolutions 9 our annals1 an ,italian a/ronom]1 :o _h he>d ( ! magnify+ glasses :i* _h be5 made 9 ,holl&1 by :i* di/ant objects c\ld be br\ght seem+ly ne>1 caught at ! idea1 con/ruct$ a telescope1 & po9t$ x to ! heav5s4 ,yes1 my fri5ds1 9 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,hudson discov]$ y\r riv] & ! site ( y\r anci5t t[n1 9 :i* ,rob9son made 8 melan*oly hegira f ,am/]dam to ,leyd51 ,galileo ,galilei1 ) a telescope1 ! "w ( 8 own h&s1 discov]$ ! phases ( ,v5us & ! satellites ( ,jupit]2 & n[1 aft] ! lapse ( less ?an two c5turies & a half1 on a spot !n embosom$ 9 ! wild]ness--! cov]t ( ! lea/ civiliz$ ( all ! races ( m5--we are assembl$--desc5dants ( ! ,holl&]s1 desc5dants ( ! ,pilgrims1 9 ?is anci5t & prosp]\s city1 to inaugurate ! e/abli%m5t ( a fir/-class ,a/ronomical ,obs]vatory4 ,,e>ly ,,days ,,( ,,albany4 ,"o m glance at y\r e>ly hi/ory4 ,?ree ye>s aft] ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims at ,plym\?1 ,=t ,orange 0 erect$1 9 ! c5t] ( :at is n[ ! bus9ess "p ( ! city ( ,albany2 &1 a few ye>s lat]1 ! little hamlet ( ,bev]swyck began to ne/le "u its walls4 ,two c5turies ago1 my ,albanian fri5ds1 ?is v ye>1 & ,i believe ?is v mon? ( ,augu/1 y\r =efa!rs assembl$1 n to inaugurate an obs]vatory1 b to lay ! f\ndations ( a new *ur*1 9 ! place ( ! rude cab9 :i* _h hi!rto s]v$ !m 9 t capacity4 ,x 0 built at ! int]section ( ,yonk]'s & ,h&ela>'s1 bett] kn[n to y z ,/ate & ,m>ket /reets4 ,public & private lib]ality cop]at$ 9 ! important "w4 ,! au?orities at ! ,=t gave fifte5 hundr$ guild]s2 ! patroon ( t e>ly day1 ) ! lib]ality coval ) ! "n & ! race1 contribut$ a ?\s&2 :ile ! inhabitants1 = ^: b5efit x 0 erect$1 ^: numb]s 7 small & _! res\rces small]1 contribut$ tw5ty beav]s = ! pur*ase ( an oak5 pulpit 9 ,holl&4 ,:e!r ! l>ge/ "p ( ?is subscription 0 be/[$ by "s lib]al b5efactress1 tradition has n in=m$ u4 ,,new ,,am/]dam ,nor is ! ye> #afef memorable 9 ! annals ( ,albany alone4 ,9 t same ye> y\r imp]ial metropolis1 !n numb]+ ab\t ?ree hundr$ inhabitants1 0 fir/ laid out z a city1 by ! "n ( ,new ,am/]dam4,a ,9 eight ye>s m1 ,new ,ne!rl& becomes ,new ,york2 ,=t ,orange & its dep5d5t hamlet assumes ! "n ( ,albany4 ,a c5tury ( v>i\s =tune succe$s2 ! sc\rge ( ,fr5* & ,indian w> is r>ely abs5t f ! l&2 e %ock ( ,european policy vibrates ) electric rapidity across ! ,atlantic2 b ! ye> #agef f9ds a population ( #cjj1jjj 9 y\r gr[+ prov9ce4 ,albany1 h[ev]1 may /ill be reg>d$ almo/ z a fronti] settlem5t4 ,( ! twelve c\nties into :i* ! prov9ce 0 divid$ a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! c\nty ( ,albany compreh5d$ all t lay nor? & we/ ( ! city2 & ! city itself conta9$ b ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty h\ses4 ,footnote ,a3 ,^! hi/orical notices are1 = ! mo/ "p1 abridg$ f ,mr4 ,brodhead's excell5t hi/ory ( ,new ,york4 ,,two ,,hundr$ ,,ye>s4 ,"o m c5tury2 ano!r act 9 ! great drama ( empire2 ano!r ,fr5* & ,indian ,w> b5ea? ! bann]s ( ,engl&2 a successful ,revolution1 ( :i* "s ( ! mo/ mom5t\s ev5ts occurr$ )9 y\r limits2 a union ( ,/ates2 a ,con/itution ( ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t2 y\r population c>ri$ to ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! great ,lakes1 & _! wat]s p\r$ into ! ,hudson2 y\r t]ritory cov]$ ) a net-"w ( canals & railroads1 fill$ ) life & action1 & p[]1 ) all ! works ( peaceful art & prosp]\s ent]prise ) all ! in/itutions :i* con/itute & advance ! civilization ( ! age2 its population exce$+ t ( ! ,union at ! date ( ! ,revolution2 y\r own numb]s twice z l>ge z ^? ( ! l>ge/ city ( t day1 y h met toge!r1 my ,fri5ds1 j two hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! erection ( ! little *ur* ( ,bev]swyck1 to d$icate a noble temple ( sci5ce & to take a becom+ public notice ( ! e/abli%m5t ( an in/itution1 de/9$1 z we tru/1 to ex]t a b5eficial influ5ce on ! progress ( useful k at home & abroad1 & ?r\gh t on ! g5]al cause ( civilization4 ,,sci5tific ,,progress4 ,y w obs]ve t ,i am c>eful to say ! progress ( sci5ce at home & abroad2 = ! /udy ( ,a/ronomy 9 ?is c\ntry has long s9ce1 ,i am happy to add1 pass$ t po9t :]e x is cont5t to repeat ! obs]vations & v]ify ! results ( ,european rese>*4 ,x has boldly & successfully ent]$ ! field ( orig9al inve/igation1 discov]y1 & speculation2 & !re is n n[ a s+le dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce 9 :i* ! names ( ,am]ican obs]v]s & ma!maticians are n cit$ by our bre?r5 across ! wat]1 side by side ) ! mo/ em95t ( _! ,european contempor>ies4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is c]ta9ly rec5t4 ,dur+ ! colonial p]iod & 9 ! fir/ g5]ation aft] ! ,revolution1 no dep>tm5t ( sci5ce 01 = obvi\s causes1 v ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica--a/ronomy p]haps z mu* z ! k9dr$ bran*es4 ,! improvem5t 9 ! quadrant1 commonly kn[n z ,hadley's1 _h already be5 made at ,philadelphia by ,godfrey1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury2 & ! beautiful inv5tion ( ! collimat+ telescope 0 made at a lat] p]iod by ,ritt5h\se1 an a/ronom] ( di/+ui%$ repute4 ,! transits ( ,v5us ( #agfa & #agfi 7 obs]v$1 & orr]ies 7 con/ruct$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 & "s respectable sci5tific essays are conta9$ & valuable obs]vations are record$ 9 ! e>ly volumes ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,philosophical ,society1 at ,philadelphia1 & ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces at ,bo/on & ,cambridge4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( a num]\s class ( m5 ( sci5ce to enc\rage & aid ea* o!r1 )\t obs]vatories & )\t valuable in/rum5ts1 little ( importance c\ld be expect$ 9 ! high] walks ( a/ronomical life4 ,,am]ican ,,obs]vations4 ,! great] ! cr$it due = ! a*ievem5t ( an ent]prise comm5c$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & :i* w\ld reflect honor on ! sci5ce ( any c\ntry & any age2 ,i mean ! translation & comm5t>y on ,laplace's ,mcanique ,cele/e1 by ,b[dit*2 a "w ( ^: m]it ,i am myself :olly unable to =m an op9ion1 b :i* ,i suppose places ! le>n$ translator & comm5tator on a level ) ! able/ a/ronom]s & geomet]s ( ! day4 ,?is "w may be consid]$ z op5+ a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican sci5ce4 ,! c\ntry 0 /ill almo/ :olly defici5t 9 in/rum5tal p[]2 b ! want 0 g5]ally felt by m5 ( sci5ce1 & ! public m9d 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry began to be turn$ t[>ds ! means ( supply+ x4 ,9 #ahbe1 ,presid5t ,john ,qu9cy ,adams br\ght ! subject ( a ,national ,obs]vatory be=e ,congress4 ,political consid]ations prev5t$ its be+ favorably ent]ta9$ at t "t2 & x 0 n till #ahdb1 & z an incid5t ( ! explor+ exp$ition1 t an appropriation 0 made = a dpt = ! *>ts & in/rum5ts ( ! ,navy4 ,on ?is mode/ basis has be5 re>$ ! ,national ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton2 an in/itution :i* has already tak5 & fully su/a9s an honorable position among ! sci5tific e/abli%m5ts ( ! age4 ,besides ! in/itution at ,wa%+ton1 fifte5 or tw5ty obs]vatories h )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 be5 e/abli%$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 "s ( !m on a mode/ scale1 = ! gratification ( ! sci5tific ta/e & zeal ( individuals1 o!rs on a broad f\ndation ( exp5se & usefulness4 ,9 ^! e/abli%m5ts1 public & private1 ! means are provid$ = ! highe/ ord] ( a/ronomical obs]vation1 rese>*1 & in/ruction4 ,!re is already 9 ! c\ntry an am\nt ( in/rum5tal p[] 7to :i* addition is con/antly mak+71 & ( ma!matical skill on ! "p ( our m5 ( sci5ce1 adequate to a manly competition ) _! ,european contempor>ies4 ,! fruits are already be=e ! _w1 9 ! triangulation ( sev]al ( ! ,/ates1 9 ! great "w ( ! ,coa/ ,survey1 9 ! num]\s sci5tific surveys ( ! int]ior ( ! ,cont95t1 9 ! a/ronomical dep>tm5t ( ! ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 9 ! sci5tific exp$ition to ,*ili1 9 ! brilliant hydrographical labors ( ! ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 9 ! publi%$ obs]vations ( ,wa%+ton & ,cambridge1 9 ! ,j\rnal conduct$ by ! ,ne/or ( ,am]ican ,sci5ce1 n[ 9 its eigh? lu/rum2 9 ! ,sid]eal ,mess5g]1 ! ,a/ronomical ,j\rnal1 & ! ,national ,ephem]is2 9 ! great *ronometrical exp$itions to det]m9e ! longitude ( ,cambridge1 bett] asc]ta9$ ?an t ( ,p>is 0 till )9 ! la/ ye>2 9 ! prompt rectification ( ! errors 9 ! pr$ict$ elem5ts ( ,neptune2 9 its id5tification ) ,lal&e's miss+ />1 & 9 ! calculation ( its ephem]is2 9 ! discov]y ( ! satellite ( ,neptune1 ( ! eigh? satellite ( ,saturn1 & ( ! inn]mo/ ( its r+s2 9 ! e/abli%m5t1 bo? by obs]vation & !ory1 ( ! non-solid "* ( ,saturn's r+s2 9 ! sep>ation & measurem5t ( _m d\ble & triple />s1 am5able only to sup]ior in/rum5tal p[]1 9 ! imm5se labor already p]=m$ 9 prep>+ /> catalogues1 & 9 num]\s accurate obs]vations ( /&>d />s2 9 ! dilig5t & successful obs]vation ( ! meteoric %[]s2 9 an ext5sive s]ies ( magnetic obs]vations2 9 ! discov]y ( an a/]oid & t5 or twelve telescopic comets2 9 ! resolution ( nebul :i* _h defi$ e ?+ 9 ,europe b ,"l ,rosse's great reflector2 9 ! application ( electricity to ! measurem5t ( diff]5ces 9 longitude2 9 ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! velocity ( ! electro-magnetic fluid1 & its truly wond]ful uses 9 record+ a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,^! are b a portion ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ,am]ican a/ronomical sci5ce )9 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s1 & fully ju/ify ! mo/ sangu9e anticipations ( its fur!r progress4 ,h[ f> our a/ronom]s may be able to pursue _! rese>*es1 w dep5d ^u ! res\rces ( our public in/itutions1 & ! lib]ality ( weal?y individuals 9 furni%+ ! requisite means4 ,) ! exception ( ! obs]vatories at ,wa%+ton & ,we/ ,po9t1 little c be done1 or be expect$ to be done1 by ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,union or ! ,/ates2 b 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( lib]al art & sci5ce1 ! great dep5d5ce1--& may ,i n add1 ! safe dep5d5ce8--z x ev] has be51 mu/ cont9ue to be ^u ! b\nty ( enlight5$1 lib]al1 & public-spirit$ individuals4 ,,! ,,dudley ,,obs]vatory4 ,x is by a signal ex]cise ( ?is b\nty1 my ,fri5ds1 t we are call$ toge!r to-day4 ,! munific5ce ( sev]al citiz5s ( ?is anci5t city1 among :om ! fir/ place is due to ! g5]\s lady ^: "n has ) great propriety be5 giv5 to ! in/itution1 has furni%$ ! means = ! f\ndation ( ! ,dudley ,obs]vatory at ,albany4 ,on a comm&+ elevation on ! nor!rn edge ( ! city1 lib]ally giv5 = t purpose by ! head ( a family 9 :i* ! patronage ( sci5ce is h]$it>y1 a build+ ( ample dim5sions has be5 erect$1 ^u a plan :i* comb9es all ! requisites ( solidity1 conv5i5ce1 & ta/e4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! exp5se ( ! /ructure has be5 defray$ by ,mrs4 ,bl&9a ,dudley2 to ^: g5]osity1 & t ( sev]al o!r public-spirit$ individuals1 ! in/itution is also indebt$ = ! provision :i* has be5 made = an adequate supply ( fir/-class in/rum5ts1 to be execut$ by ! mo/ em95t mak]s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica2 & :i*1 x is confid5tly expect$1 w yield to none ( _! class 9 any obs]vatory 9 ! _w4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,pr(4 ,loomis1 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e = ,june1 p4 #di4 ,) a lib]al supply ( in/rum5tal p[]2 e/abli%$ 9 a community to ^: intellig5ce & g5]osity its support may be safely confid$1 & ^: educational in/itutions are rapidly realiz+ ! conception ( a univ]sity2 c\nt5anc$ by ! g5tleman :o conducts ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey ) su* sci5tific skill & adm9i/rative en]gy2 committ$ to ! imm$iate sup]vision ( an a/ronom] to ^: di/+ui%$ tal5t _h be5 add$ ! advantage ( a ?or\gh sci5tific education 9 ! mo/ r5[n$ univ]sities ( ,europe1 & :o1 z ! editor ( ! ,am]ican ,a/ronomical ,j\rnal1 has %[n himself to be fully qualifi$ = ! high tru/2--"u ^! favorable circum/ances1 ! ,dudley ,obs]vatory at ,albany takes its place among ! sci5tific f\ndations ( ! c\ntry & ! _w4 ,,wond]s ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,x is no affect$ mode/y :i* leads me to express ! regret t ?is int]e/+ occasion c\ld n h tak5 place "u some:at diff]5t auspices4 ,i feel t ! duty ( address+ ?is great & enlight5$ assembly1 compris+ s mu* ( ! intellig5ce ( ! community & ( ! sci5ce ( ! c\ntry1 ought to h be5 else:]e assign$2 t x %\ld h devolv$ ^u "s "o ( ! em95t p]sons1 _m ( :om ,i see be=e me1 to :om y h be5 li/5+ ! pa/ week1 :o1 z obs]v]s & geomet]s1 c\ld h treat$ ! subject ) a ma/]'s p[]2 a/ronom]s1 ^: telescopes h p5etrat$ ! dep?s ( ! heav5s1 or ma!maticians1 ^: analysis un?reads ! maze ( _! wondr\s me*anism4 ,if1 in/ead ( comm&+1 z y easily c\ld h done1 qualifications ( ?is k9d1 y\r *oice has r fall5 on "o mak+ no pret5sions to ! honorable "n ( a man ( sci5ce1--b ^: delight x has always be5 to turn aside f ! du/y pa?s ( active life1 = an int]val ( recreation 9 ! gre5 fields ( sacr$ nature 9 all h] k+doms1--x is1 ,i presume1 because y h desir$ on an occasion ( ?is k9d1 necess>ily ( a popul> "*1 t ^? views ( ! subject %\ld be pres5t$ :i* address !mselves to ! g5]al intellig5ce ( ! community1 & n to its select sci5tific circles4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no bran* ( sci5ce :i* to ! same ext5t z a/ronomy exhibits ph5om5a :i*1 :ile !y task ! highe/ p[]s ( philosophical rese>*1 are also well adapt$ to arre/ ! att5tion ( m9ds b>ely t9ctur$ ) sci5tific culture1 & ev5 to tea* ! s5sibilities ( ! :olly un9/ruct$ obs]v]4 ,! pr(\nd inve/igations ( ! *emi/ into ! ultimate con/itution ( mat]ial nature1 ! m9ute rese>*es ( ! physiologi/ into ! secrets ( animal life1 ! transc5d5tal logic ( ! geomet]1 clo!d 9 a notation1 ! v sight ( :i* t]rifies ! un9itiat$1--are lo/ on ! common und]/&+4 ,b ! unspeakable glories ( ! ris+ & ! sett+ sun2 ! s]5e maje/y ( ! moon1 z %e walks 9 full-orb$ brightness ?r\gh ! heav5s2 ! s(t wit*]y ( ! morn+ & ! ev5+ />2 ! imp]ial spl5dors ( ! firmam5t on a bright1 uncl\d$ night2 ! comet1 ^: /ream+ bann] floats ov] half ! sky1--^! are objects :i* *>m & a/oni% alike ! philosoph] & ! peasant1 ! ma!matician :o weighs ! masses & def9es ! orbits ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! untutor$ obs]v] :o sees no?+ beyond ! images pa9t$ ^u ! eye4 ,,:at ,,is ,,an ,,a/ronomical ,,obs]vatory8 ,an a/ronomical obs]vatory1 9 ! g5]al acceptation ( ! ^w1 is a build+ erect$ = ! reception & appropriate use ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 & ! accommodation ( ! m5 ( sci5ce employ$ 9 mak+ & r$uc+ obs]vations ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,^! in/rum5ts are ma9ly ( ?ree classes1 to :i* ,i believe all o!rs ( a /rictly a/ronomical "* may be ref]r$4 #a4 ,! in/rum5ts by :i* ! heav5s are inspect$1 ) a view to discov] ! exi/5ce ( ^? cele/ial bodies :i* are n visible to ! nak$ eye 7beyond all comp>ison m num]\s ?an ^? :i* are71 & ! magnitude1 %apes1 & o!r s5sible qualities1 bo? ( ^? :i* are & ^? :i* are n ?us visible to ! unaid$ sight4 ,! in/rum5ts ( ?is class are designat$ by ! g5]al "n ( ,telescope1 & are ( two k9ds1--! refract+ telescope1 :i* d]ives its magnify+ p[] f a sy/em ( convex l5ses2 & ! reflect+ telescope1 :i* receives ! image ( ! heav5ly body ^u a concave mirror4 #b;d4 ,! second class ( in/rum5ts consi/s ( ^? :i* are design$ pr9cipally to measure ! angul> di/ances ( ! heav5ly bodies f ea* o!r1 & _! "t ( pass+ ! m]idian4 ,! transit in/rum5t1 ! m]idian circle1 ! mural circle1 ! heliomet]1 & ! sextant1 belong to ?is class4 ,! brilliant discov]ies ( a/ronomy are1 = ! mo/ "p1 made ) ! fir/ class ( in/rum5ts2 its practical results wr\ght out by ! second4 #c;d4 ,! ?ird class conta9s ! clock1 ) its subsidi>y app>atus1 = measur+ ! "t & mak+ its subdivisions ) ! greate/ possible accuracy2 indisp5sable auxili>y ( all ! in/rum5ts1 by :i* ! positions & motions ( ! heav5ly bodies are obs]v$1 & measur$1 & record$4 ,,! ,,telescope4 ,! telescope may be lik5$ to a wondr\s cyclopean eye1 endu$ ) sup]human p[]1 by :i* ! a/ronom] ext5ds ! rea* ( 8 vision to ! fur!r heav5s1 & surveys galaxies & univ]ses comp>$ ) :i* ! sol> sy/em is b an atom float+ 9 ! air4 ,! transit may be comp>$ to ! measur+ rod :i* he lays f planet to planet1 & f /> to />1 to asc]ta9 & m>k (f ! heav5ly spaces1 & transf] !m to 8 note-book2 ! clock is t m>vel\s app>atus by :i* he equalizes & divides into nicely measur$ p>ts a portion ( t unconceiv$ inf9ity ( duration1 )\t beg9n+ & )\t end1 9 :i* all exi/5ce floats z on a %oreless & bottomless sea4 ,9 ! contrivance & ! execution ( ^! in/rum5ts1 ! utmo/ /ret* ( inv5tive skill & me*anical +5uity has be5 put =?4 ,to su* p]fection h !y be5 c>ri$1 t a s+le second ( magnitude or space is r5d]$ a di/9ctly visible & appreciable quantity4 ,! arc ( a circle1 says ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*ell1 subt5d$ by "o second1 is less ?an ! #bjj1jjj? "p ( ! radius1 s t on a circle ( six feet 9 diamet]1 x w\ld occupy no great] l9e> ext5t ?an #a-egjj "p ( an in*1 a quantity requir+ a p[]ful microscope to be disc]n$ at all4,a ,! l>ge/ body 9 our sy/em1 ! sun1 ^: real diamet] is #hhb1jjj miles1 subt5ds1 at a di/ance ( #ie1jjj1jjj miles1 b an angle ( little m ?an #cb2 :ile s admirably are ! be/ in/rum5ts con/ruct$1 t bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica a satellite ( ,neptune1 an object ( comp>atively inconsid]able diamet]1 has be5 discov]$ at a di/ance ( #b1hej millions ( miles4 ,footnote ,a3 ,outl9es1 #aca4 ,,utility ,,( ,,a/ronomical ,,obs]vations4 ,! object ( an obs]vatory1 erect$ & suppli$ ) in/rum5ts ( ?is admirable con/ruction1 & at proportionate exp5se1 is1 z ,i h already intimat$1 to provide = an accurate & sy/ematic survey ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ) a view to a m correct & ext5sive acqua9tance ) ^? already kn[n1 & z in/rum5tal p[] & skill 9 us+ x increase1 to ! discov]y ( bodies hi!rto invisible1 & 9 bo? classes to ! det]m9ation ( _! di/ances1 _! relations to ea* o!r1 & ! laws :i* gov]n _! movem5ts4 ,:y %\ld we wi% to obta9 ?is k8 ,:at inducem5t is !re to exp5d l>ge sums ( money 9 ! erection ( obs]vatories1 & 9 furni%+ !m ) co/ly in/rum5ts1 & 9 ! support ( ! m5 ( sci5ce employ$ 9 mak+1 discuss+1 & record+1 = successive g5]ations1 ^? m9ute obs]vations ( ! heav5ly bodies8 ,9 an exclusively sci5tific treatm5t ( ?is subject1 an inquiry into its utilit>ian relations w\ld be sup]flu\s--ev5 we>isome4 ,b on an occasion l ! pres5t1 y w n1 p]haps1 ?9k x out ( place if ,i briefly answ] ! "q1 ,:at is ! use ( an obs]vatory1 & :at b5efit may be expect$ f ! op]ations ( su* an e/abli%m5t 9 a community l ours8 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 we d]ive f ! obs]vations ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* are made at an obs]vatory1 our only adequate measures ( "t1 & our only means ( comp>+ ! "t ( "o place ) ! "t ( ano!r4 ,our artificial "t-keep]s--clocks1 wat*es1 & *ronomet]s--h[ev] +5i\sly contriv$ & admirably fabricat$1 are b a transcript1 s to say1 ( ! cele/ial motions1 & w\ld be ( no value )\t ! means ( regulat+ !m by obs]vation4 ,x is impossible = !m1 "u any circum/ances1 to escape ! imp]fection ( all ma*9]y ! "w ( human h&s2 & ! mom5t we remove ) our "t-keep] ea/ or we/1 x fails u4 ,x w keep home "t alone1 l ! fond travel] :o leaves 8 he>t beh9d him4 ,! artificial in/rum5t is ( incalculable utility1 b mu/ itself be regulat$ by ! et]nal clock-"w ( ! skies4 ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,natural ,,ph5om5a ,,& ,,daily ,,life4 ,?is s+le consid]ation is suffici5t to %[ h[ completely ! daily bus9ess ( life is affect$ & controll$ by ! heav5ly bodies4 ,x is !y--& n our ma9-spr+s1 our expansion balances1 & our comp5sation p5dulums--:i* give u our "t4 ,to rev]se ! l9e ( ,pope3 ',tis ) our wat*es z our judgm5ts2--none ,g j alike1 b ea* believes 8 own4 ,b = all ! k9dr$s & tribes & tongues ( m5--ea* ^u _! own m]idian--f ! ,arctic pole to ! equator1 f ! equator to ! ,ant>ctic pole1 ! et]nal sun /rikes twelve at noon1 & ! glori\s con/ellations1 f> up 9 ! ev]la/+ belfries ( ! skies1 *ime twelve at midnight2--twelve = ! pale /ud5t ov] 8 flick]+ lamp2 twelve amid ! flam+ glories ( ,orion's belt1 if he crosses ! m]idian at t fat$ h\r2 twelve by ! we>y c\* ( langui%+ humanity2 twelve 9 ! />-pav$ c\rts ( ! ,empyrean2 twelve = ! heav+ tides ( ! ocean2 twelve = ! we>y arm ( labor2 twelve = ! toil+ bra92 twelve = ! wat*+1 wak+1 brok5 he>t2 twelve = ! meteor :i* blazes = a mom5t & expires2 twelve = ! comet ^: p]iod is measur$ by c5turies2 twelve = e sub/antial1 = e imag9>y ?+1 :i* exi/s 9 ! s5se1 ! intellect1 or ! fancy1 & :i* ! spee* or ?\ght ( man1 at ! giv5 m]idian1 ref]s to ! lapse ( "t4 ,n only d we resort to ! obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies = ! means ( regulat+ & rectify+ our clocks1 b ! great divisions ( day & mon? & ye> are d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,by ! con/itution ( our nature1 ! elem5ts ( our exi/5ce are closely connect$ ) cele/ial times4 ,p>tly by 8 physical organization1 p>tly by ! exp]i5ce ( ! race f ! dawn ( creation1 man z he is1 & ! times & seasons ( ! heav5ly bodies1 are "p & p>cel ( "o sy/em4 ,! fir/ great division ( "t1 ! day-night 7ny*!m]um71 = :i* we h no precise synonym 9 our language1 ) its primal alt]nation ( wak+ & sleep+1 ( labor & re/1 is a vital condition ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a creature z man4 ,! revolution ( ! ye>1 ) its v>i\s incid5ts ( summ] & w9t]1 & se$-"t & h>ve/1 is n less involv$ 9 our social1 mat]ial1 & moral progress4 ,x is true t at ! poles1 & on ! equator1 ! effects ( ^! revolutions are v>i\sly modifi$ or :olly disappe>2 b z ! necess>y consequ5ce1 human life is ext+ui%$ at ! poles1 & on ! equator atta9s only a languid or fev]i% developm5t4 ,^? latitudes only 9 :i* ! great motions & c>d9al positions ( ! e>? ex]t a mean influ5ce1 exhibit man 9 ! h>moni\s expansion ( 8 p[]s4 ,! lun> p]iod1 :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! mon?1 is less vitally connect$ ) human exi/5ce & developm5t2 b is prov$ by ! exp]i5ce ( e age & race to be em95tly conducive to ! progress ( civilization & culture4 ,b indisp5sable z are ^! heav5ly measures ( "t to our life & progress1 & obvi\s z are ! ph5om5a on :i* !y re/1 yet ow+ to ! circum/ance t1 9 ! economy ( nature1 ! day1 ! mon?1 & ! ye> are n exactly comm5surable1 "s ( ! mo/ difficult que/ions 9 practical a/ronomy are ^? by :i* an accurate division ( "t1 applicable to ! v>i\s uses ( life1 is d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,i h no d\bt t1 to ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce :i* creat$ & rules ! univ]se1 !re is a h>mony hidd5 to u 9 ! num]ical relation to ea* o!r ( days1 mon?s1 & ye>s2 b 9 our ignorance ( t h>mony1 _! practical adju/m5t to ea* o!r is a "w ( difficulty4 ,! great emb>rassm5t :i* att5d$ ! re=mation ( ! cal5d>1 aft] ! error ( ! ,julian p]iod _h1 9 ! lapse ( c5turies1 rea*$ t5 7or r twelve7 days1 suffici5tly illu/rates ?is rem>k4 ,x is mo/ true t sci5tific difficulties did n =m ! *ief ob/acle4 ,hav+ be5 propos$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,roman pontiff1 ! ,prote/ant _w1 = a c5tury & m1 reject$ ! new /yle4 ,x 0 9 v>i\s places ! subject ( controv]sy1 collision1 & blood%$4,a ,x 0 n adopt$ 9 ,engl& till ne>ly two c5turies aft] its introduction at ,rome2 & 9 ! c\ntry ( ,/ruve & ! ,pulkova equatorial1 !y p]si/ at ! pres5t day 9 add+ elev5 m9utes & twelve seconds to ! l5g? ( ! tropical ye>4 ,footnote ,a3 ,/]n's ,himmelskunde1 p4 #gb4 ,,geographical ,,sci5ce4 #b4 ,! second great practical use ( an ,a/ronomical ,obs]vatory is connect$ ) ! sci5ce ( geography4 ,! fir/ page ( ! hi/ory ( our ,cont95t decl>es ?is tru?4 ,pr(\nd m$itation on ! sph]icity ( ! e>? 0 "o ( ! ma9 reasons :i* l$ ,columbus to und]take 8 mom5t\s voyage2 & 8 ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! a/ronomical sci5ce ( t day 01 9 8 own judgm5t1 :at enabl$ him to ov]come ! almo/ innum]able ob/acles :i* att5d$ its prosecution4,a ,9 return1 ,i f9d t ,cop]nicus 9 ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 immortal "w ,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,coele/ium1 fol4 #b1 appeals to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica z complet+ ! demon/ration ( ! sph]icity ( ! e>?4 ,mu* ( our k ( ! figure1 size1 d5sity1 & position ( ! e>?1 z a memb] ( ! sol> sy/em1 is d]iv$ f ?is sci5ce2 & x furni%es u ! means ( p]=m+ ! mo/ important op]ations ( practical geography4 ,latitude & longitude1 :i* lie at ! basis ( all descriptive geography1 are det]m9$ by obs]vation4 ,no map des]ves ! "n1 on :i* ! position ( important po9ts has n be5 a/ronomically det]m9$4 ,"s ev5 ( our mo/ important political & adm9i/rative arrangem5ts dep5d ^u ! cop]ation ( ?is sci5ce4 ,among ^! ,i may m5tion ! l& sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! c\ntry4 ,i believe t till x 0 done by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 a uni=m sy/em ( ma!matical survey _h nev] 9 any c\ntry be5 appli$ to an ext5sive t]ritory4 ,l>ge grants & sales ( public l& took place be=e ! ,revolution1 & 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! peace & ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution2 b ! limits ( ^! grants & sales 7 asc]ta9$ by s5sible objects1 by trees1 /reams1 rocks1 hills1 & by ref]5ce to adjac5t portions ( t]ritory1 previ\sly survey$4 ,! unc]ta9ty ( b\nd>ies ?us def9$1 0 a nev]-fail+ s\rce ( litigation4 ,l>ge tracts ( l& 9 ! ,we/]n c\ntry1 grant$ by ,virg9ia "u ?is old sy/em ( special & local survey1 7 cov]$ ) conflict+ claims2 & ! controv]sies to :i* !y gave rise =m$ no small "p ( ! bus9ess ( ! ,f$]al ,c\rt aft] its organization4 ,b ! adoption ( ! pres5t l&-sy/em br\ght ord] out ( *aos4 ,! entire public doma9 is n[ sci5tifically survey$ be=e x is (f]$ = sale2 x is laid (f into ranges1 t[n%ips1 sections1 & small] divisions1 ) un]r+ accuracy1 re/+ on ! f\ndation ( base & m]idian l9es2 & ,i h be5 in=m$ t "u ?is sy/em1 sc>ce a case ( conte/$ location & b\nd>y has ev] pres5t$ itself 9 c\rt4 ,! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice conta9s maps & plans1 9 :i* e qu>t]-section ( ! public l& is laid d[n ) ma!matical precision4 ,! sup]ficies ( half a cont95t is ?us transf]r$ 9 m9iature to ! bureaus ( ,wa%+ton2 :ile ! local ,l& ,(fices conta9 transcripts ( ^! plans1 copies ( :i* are furni%$ to ! individual pur*as]4 ,:5 we consid] ! tide ( population annually fl[+ into ! public doma91 & ! imm5se importance ( its effici5t & economical adm9i/ration1 ! utility ( ?is application ( ,a/ronomy w be duly e/imat$4 ,footnote ,a3 ,humboldt1 ,hi/otre de la ,geographie1 c41 ,tom4 #a1 page #ga4 ,i w "h v5ture to repeat an anecdote1 :i* ,i he>d lately f a son ( ! late ,hon4 ,timo?y ,pick]+4 ,mr4 ,octavius ,pick]+1 on behalf ( 8 fa!r1 _h appli$ to ,mr4 ,david ,putnam ( ,m>ietta1 to act z 8 legal advis]1 ) respect to c]ta9 l& claims 9 ! ,virg9ia ,milit>y di/rict1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio4 ,mr4 ,putnam decl9$ ! ag5cy4 ,he _h _h mu* to d ) bus9ess ( t k9d1 & f\nd x beset ) endless litigation4 ,i h nev]1 he add$1 succe$$ b 9 a s+le case1 & t 0 a location & survey made by ,g5]al ,wa%+ton be=e ! ,revolution2 & ,i am n acqua9t$ ) any surveys1 except ^? made by him1 b :at h be5 litigat$4 ,at ?is mom5t1 a mo/ important survey ( ! coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 progress1 an op]ation ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce1 9 ref]5ce to ! comm]ce1 navigation1 & hydrography ( ! c\ntry4 ,! entire "w1 ,i ne$ sc>ce say1 is "o ( practical a/ronomy4 ,! sci5tific e/abli%m5t :i* we ?is day inaugurate is look$ to = important cop]ation 9 ?is great und]tak+1 & w no d\bt contribute effici5tly to its prosecution4 ,a/ronomical obs]vation furni%es by f> ! be/ means ( def9+ ! b\nd>ies ( ,/ates1 especially :5 ! l9es are ( great l5g? & run ?r\gh unsettl$ c\ntries4 ,natural indications1 l riv]s & m\nta9s1 h[ev] indi/9ct 9 appe>ance1 are 9 practice subject to unavoidable error4 ,by ! treaty ( #aghc1 a b\nd>y 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita91 dep5d+ *iefly on ! c\rse ( riv]s & highl&s divid+ ! wat]s :i* fl[ into ! ,atlantic ,ocean f ^? :i* fl[ into ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,x took tw5ty ye>s to f9d out :i* riv] 0 ! true ,/4 ,croix1 t be+ ! />t+ po9t4 ,engl& !n hav+ made ! extraord9>y discov]y t ! ,bay ( ,fundy is n a "p ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 =ty ye>s m 7 pass$ 9 ! unsuccessful attempt to re-create ! highl&s :i* ?is /range !ory _h annihilat$2 & j z ! two c\ntries 7 on ! v]ge ( a w>1 ! controv]sy 0 settl$ by compromise4 ,_h ! b\nd>y be5 accurately describ$ by l9es ( latitude & longitude1 no dispute c\ld h aris54 ,no dispute arose z to ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa91 & h] successor1 ,mexico1 :]e x runs ?r\gh untrodd5 des]ts & ov] pa?less m\nta9s along ! #db;d degree ( latitude4 ,! id5tity ( riv]s may be disput$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,/4 ,croix2 ! c\rse ( m\nta9 *a9s is too broad = a divid+ l9e2 ! division ( /reams1 z exp]i5ce has %[n1 is unc]ta92 b a degree ( latitude is writt5 on ! heav5ly sph]e1 & no?+ b an obs]vation is requir$ to read ! record4 ,,que/ions ,,( ,,b\nd>y4 ,b sci5tific elem5ts1 l %>p in/rum5ts1 mu/ be h&l$ ) sci5tific accuracy4 ,a "p ( our b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,briti% ,prov9ces ran ^u ! =ty-fif? degree ( latitude2 & ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 an exp5sive =tress 0 comm5c$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ,r\se's ,po9t1 on ,lake ,*ampla91 on a spot int5d$ to be j )9 our limits4 ,:5 a l9e came to be m c>efully survey$1 ! =tress turn$ out to be on ! wrong side ( ! l9e2 we _h be5 build+ an exp5sive =tification = our neighbor4 ,b 9 ! g5]al compromises ( ! ,treaty ( ,wa%+ton by ! ,web/] & ,a%burton ,treaty 9 #ahdb1 ! =tification 0 left )9 our limits4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,web/]'s ,works4 ,vol4 ,v41 #aaj1 #aae4 ,errors /ill m s]i\s _h ne>ly result$1 a few ye>s s9ce1 9 a w> ) ,mexico4 ,by ! treaty ( ,guadalupe ,hidalgo1 9 #ahdh1 ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & t c\ntry 0 9 "p describ$ by ref]5ce to ! t[n ( ,el ,paso1 z laid d[n on a specifi$ map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( :i* a copy 0 app5d$ to ! treaty4 ,?is b\nd>y 0 to be survey$ & run by a jo9t commission ( m5 ( sci5ce4 ,x soon appe>$ t errors ( two or ?ree degrees exi/$ 9 ! projection ( ! map4 ,its l9es ( latitude & longitude did n con=m to ! topography ( ! region2 s t x became impossible to execute ! text ( ! treaty4 ,! fam\s ,mesilla ,valley 0 a "p ( ! debatable gr\nd2 & ! sum ( #aj1jjj1jjj1 paid to ! ,mexican ,gov]nm5t = t & = an additional /rip ( t]ritory on ! s\?we/1 0 ! sm>t-money :i* expiat$ ! inaccuracy ( ! map--! necess>y result1 p]haps1 ( ! want ( good mat]ials = its con/ruction4 ,x became my (ficial duty 9 ,london1 a few ye>s ago1 to apply to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t = an au!ntic /atem5t ( _! claim to jurisdiction ov] ,new ,zeal&4 ,! (ficial ,gazette = ! #b;d ( ,octob]1 #ahdj1 0 s5t me f ! ,=eign ,(fice1 z af=d+ ! desir$ in=mation4 ,?is numb] ( ! ,gazette conta9$ ! proclamations issu$ by ! ,lieut5ant ,gov]nor ( ,new ,zeal&1 9 pursuance ( ! in/ructions he receiv$ f ! ,m>quis ( ,normanby1 "o ( ,h] ,maje/y's pr9cipal ,secret>ies ( ,/ate1 ass]t+ ! jurisdiction ( 8 gov]nm5t ov] ! isl&s ( ,new ,zeal&1 & decl>+ !m to ext5d f #cd #cj' ,nor? to #dg #aj' ,s\? latitude4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t s\? latitude 0 int5d$ 9 bo? in/ances4 ,?is error ( #fi ( latitude1 :i* w\ld h ext5d$ ! claim ( ,briti% jurisdiction ov] ! :ole bread? ( ! ,pacific1 _h1 app>5tly1 escap$ ! notice ( t gov]nm5t4 ,,comm]ce ,,& ,,navigation4 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply illu/rations 9 pro( ( ! great practical importance ( accurate sci5tific designations1 drawn f a/ronomical obs]vations1 9 v>i\s relations connect$ ) b\nd>ies1 surveys1 & o!r geographical purposes2 b ,i mu/ ha/5 to #c4 ,a ?ird important dep>tm5t1 9 :i* ! s]vices r5d]$ by a/ronomy are equally conspicu\s4 ,i ref] to comm]ce & navigation4 ,x is ma9ly ow+ to ! results ( a/ronomical obs]vation1 t mod]n comm]ce has atta9$ su* a va/ expansion1 comp>$ ) t ( ! anci5t _w4 ,i h already rem9d$ y t accurate ideas 9 ?is respect contribut$ mat]ially to ! conception 9 ! m9d ( ,columbus ( 8 immortal ent]prise1 & to ! practical success ) :i* x 0 conduct$4 ,x 0 ma9ly 8 skill 9 ! use ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts--imp]fect z !y 7--:i* enabl$ him1 9 spite ( ! bewild]+ v>iation ( ! compass1 to f9d 8 way across ! ocean4 ,) ! progress ( ! true sy/em ( ! univ]se t[>d g5]al adoption1 ! problem ( f9d+ ! longitude at sea pres5t$ itself4 ,?is 0 ! av[$ object ( ! f\ndation ( ! obs]vatory at ,gre5wi*2,a & no "o subject has receiv$ m ( ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s1 ?an ^? inve/igations ( ! lun> !ory on :i* ! requisite tables ( ! navigator are f\nd$4 ,! pa?ways ( ! ocean are m>k$ out 9 ! sky above4 ,! et]nal lights ( ! heav5s are ! only ,ph>os ^: beams nev] fail1 :i* no tempe/ c %ake f its f\ndation4 ,)9 my recollection1 x 0 deem$ a necess>y qualification = ! ma/] & ! mate ( a m]*ant-%ip1 & ev5 = a prime h&1 to be able to "w a lun>1 z x 0 call$4 ,! improvem5ts 9 ! *ronomet] h 9 practice1 to a great ext5t1 sup]s$$ ?is labori\s op]ation2 b obs]vation rema9s1 & unque/ionably w = ev] rema91 ! only dep5d5ce = asc]ta9+ ! %ip's "t & d$uct+ ! longitude f ! comp>ison ( t "t ) ! *ronomet]4 ,footnote ,a3 ,grant's ,physical ,a/ronomy1 p4 #dfj4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be ?\ght t a/ronomical sci5ce is br\ght already to su* a /ate ( p]fection t no?+ m is to be desir$1 or at lea/ t no?+ m is atta9able1 9 ref]5ce to su* practicable applications z ,i h describ$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an idea :i* g5]\s m9ds w reject1 9 ?is1 z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( human k4 ,9 a/ronomy1 z 9 e ?+ else1 ! discov]ies already made1 !oretical or practical1 in/ead ( exhau/+ ! sci5ce1 or putt+ a limit to its advancem5t1 d b furni% ! means & in/rum5ts ( fur!r progress4 ,i h no d\bt we live on ! v]ge ( discov]ies & inv5tions1 9 e dep>tm5t1 z brilliant z any t h ev] be5 made2 t !re are new tru?s1 new facts1 ready to />t into recognition on e side2 & x seems to me !re nev] 0 an age1 s9ce ! dawn ( "t1 :5 m5 ought to be less dispos$ to re/ satisfi$ ) ! progress already made1 ?an ! age 9 :i* we live2 = !re nev] 0 an age m di/+ui%$ = +5i\s rese>*1 = novel result1 & bold g5]alization4 ,t no fur!r improvem5t is desirable 9 ! means & me?ods ( asc]ta9+ ! %ip's place at sea1 no "o ,i ?9k w f exp]i5ce be dispos$ to ass]t4 ,! la/ "t ,i cross$ ! ,atlantic1 ,i walk$ ! qu>t]-deck ) ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! noble vessel1 on "o occasion1 :5 we 7 driv+ along be=e a lead+ breeze & "u a head ( /eam1 b5ea? a />less sky at midnight1 at ! rate c]ta9ly ( t5 or elev5 miles an h\r4 ,!re is some?+ sublime1 b approa*+ ! t]rible1 9 su* a sc5e2--! rayless gloom1 ! midnight *ill1--! awful swell ( ! deep1--! dismal moan ( ! w9d ?r\gh ! rigg+1 ! all b volcanic fires )9 ! hold ( ! %ip4 ,i sc>ce "k an occasion 9 ord9>y life 9 :i* a reflect+ m9d feels m ke5ly its hopeless dep5d5ce on irrational =ces beyond its own control4 ,i ask$ my companion h[ ne>ly he c\ld det]m9e 8 %ip's place at sea "u favorable circum/ances4 ,!oretically1 he answ]$1 ,i ?9k1 )9 a mile2--practically & usually )9 ?ree or f\r4 ,my next "q 01 h[ ne> d y ?9k we may be to ,cape ,race2--t dang]\s headl& :i* pu%es its iron-b\nd unlight$ ba/ions f ! %ore ( ,newf\ndl& f> into ! ,atlantic1--fir/ l&fall to ! homew>d-b\nd ,am]ican vessel4 ,we mu/1 said he1 by our la/ obs]vations & reckon+1 be )9 ?ree or f\r miles ( ,cape ,race4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! two rem>ks1 "u ! circum/ances 9 :i* we 7 plac$ at ! mom5t1 br\ght my m9d to ! conclusion1 t x is greatly to be wi%$ t ! means %\ld be discov]$ ( f9d+ ! %ip's place m accurately1 or t navigators w\ld give ,cape ,race a little wid] b]?4 ,b ,i d n rememb] t "o ( ! /eam packets betwe5 ,engl& & ,am]ica 0 ev] lo/ on t =midable po9t4 ,x appe>s to me by no means unlikely t1 ) ! improvem5t ( in/rum5tal p[]1 & ( ! means ( asc]ta9+ ! %ip's "t ) exactness1 z great an advance beyond ! pres5t /ate ( art & sci5ce 9 f9d+ a %ip's place at sea may take place1 z 0 effect$ by ! inv5tion ( ! reflect+ quadrant1 ! calculation ( lun> tables1 & ! improv$ con/ruction ( *ronomet]s4 ,,babbage',s ,,diff]5ce ,,ma*9e4 ,9 ! wond]ful v]satility ( ! human m9d1 ! improvem5t1 :5 made1 w v probably be made by pa?s :]e x is lea/ expect$4 ,! great inducem5t to ,mr4 ,babbage to attempt ! con/ruction ( an eng9e by :i* a/ronomical tables c\ld be calculat$1 & ev5 pr9t$1 by me*anical means & ) entire accuracy1 0 ! errors 9 ! requisite tables4 ,n9ete5 su* errors1 9 po9t ( fact1 7 discov]$ 9 an edition ( ,taylor's ,log>i?ms pr9t$ 9 #agif2 "s ( :i* might h l$ to ! mo/ dang]\s results 9 calculat+ a %ip's place4 ,^! n9ete5 errors1 7( :i* "o only 0 an error ( ! press71 7 po9t$ out 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac = #ahcb4 ,9 "o ( ^! errata ! seat ( ! error 0 /at$ to be 9 cos9e ( #ad #ah' #c4 ,subsequ5t exam9ation %[$ t !re 0 an error ( "o second 9 ?is correction2 &1 accord+ly1 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac ( ! next ye> a new correction 0 necess>y4 ,b 9 mak+ ! new correction ( "o second1 a new error 0 committ$ ( t5 degrees4 ,in/ead ( cos9e #ad #ah' #b ! correction 0 pr9t$ cos9e #d #ah' #b mak+ x /ill necess>y1 9 "s future edition ( ! ,nautical ,almanac1 to ins]t an erratum 9 an erratum ( ! errata 9 ,taylor's log>i?ms4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,vol4 ,,lix41 #bhb4 ,9 ! hope ( obviat+ ! possibility ( su* errors1 ,mr4 ,babbage project$ 8 calculat+1 or1 z he pref]s to call x1 8 diff]5ce ma*9e4 ,al?\gh ?is extraord9>y und]tak+ has be5 arre/$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! enorm\s exp5se att5d+ its execution1 en\gh has be5 a*iev$ to %[ ! me*anical possibility ( con/ruct+ an eng9e ( ?is k9d1 & ev5 "o ( f> high] p[]s1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,babbage has matur$ ! conception1 devis$ ! notation1 & execut$ ! draw+s--!mselves an imp]i%able monum5t ( ! g5ius ( ! au?or4 ,i happ5$ on "o occasion to be 9 company ) ?is highly di/+ui%$ man ( sci5ce1 ^: social qualities are z pleas+ z 8 con/ructive tal5t is m>vel\s1 :5 ano!r em95t savant1 ,c\nt ,/rzelecki1 j return$ f 8 ,ori5tal & ,au/ralian t\r1 obs]v$ t he f\nd among ! ,*9ese1 a great desire to "k some?+ m ( ,mr4 ,babbage's calculat+ ma*9e1 & especially :e!r1 l _! own swampan1 x c\ld be made to g into ! pocket4 ,mr4 ,babbage good-hum\r$ly obs]v$ t1 ?us f>1 he _h be5 v mu* out ( pocket ) x4 ,,increas$ ,,comm& ,,( ,,in/rum5tal ,,p[]4 ,:atev] advances may be made 9 a/ronomical sci5ce1 !oretical or appli$1 ,i am /rongly incl9$ to ?9k t !y w be made 9 connection ) an increas$ comm& ( in/rum5tal p[]4 ,! natural ord] 9 :i* ! human m9d proce$s 9 ! acquisition ( a/ronomical k is m9ute & accurate obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s1 ! skillful discussion & analysis ( ^! obs]vations1 & s\nd philosophy 9 g5]aliz+ ! results4 ,9 pursu+ ?is c\rse1 h[ev]1 a difficulty pres5t$ itself1 :i* = ages prov$ insup]able--& :i* to ! same ext5t has exi/$ 9 no o!r sci5ce1 viz43 t all ! lead+ ph5om5a are 9 _! appe>ance delusive4 ,x is inde$ true t 9 all sci5ces sup]ficial obs]vation c only lead1 except by *ance1 to sup]ficial k2 b ,i "k ( no bran* 9 :i*1 to ! same degree z 9 a/ronomy1 ! great lead+ ph5om5a are ! rev]se ( true2 :ile !y yet appeal s /rongly to ! s5ses1 t m5 :o c\ld =etell eclipses1 & :o discov]$ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 /ill believ$ t ! e>? 0 at re/ 9 ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 & t all ! ho/ ( heav5 p]=m$ a daily revolution ab\t x z a c5t]4 ,x usually happ5s 9 sci5tific progress1 t :5 a great fact is at l5g? discov]$1 x approves itself at once to all compet5t judges4 ,x furni%es a solution to s _m problems1 & h>monizes ) s _m o!r facts1--t all ! o!r data z x 7 cry/allize at once ab\t x4 ,9 mod]n times1 we h (t5 witness$ su* an impati5ce1 s to say1 ( great tru?s1 to be discov]$1 t x has frequ5tly happ5$ t !y h be5 f\nd out simultane\sly by m ?an "o individual2 & a disput$ "q ( priority is an ev5t ( v common occurr5ce4 ,n s ) ! true !ory ( ! heav5s4 ,s complete is ! deception practic$ on ! s5ses1 t x fail$ m ?an once to yield to ! sugge/ion ( ! tru?2 & x 0 only :5 ! visual organs 7 arm$ ) an almo/ pret]natural in/rum5tal p[]1 t ! great fact f\nd admission to ! human m9d4 ,,! ,,cop]nican ,,sy/em4 ,x is suppos$ t 9 ! v dawn ( sci5ce1 ,py?agoras or 8 disciples expla9$ ! app>5t motion ( ! heav5ly bodies ab\t ! e>? by ! diurnal revolution ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,b ?is !ory1 ?\gh be>+ s deeply impress$ ^u x ! great seal ( tru?1 simplicity1 0 9 su* gl>+ contra/ ) ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 t x fail$ ( acceptance 9 antiquity or ! middle ages4 ,x f\nd no favor ) m9ds l ^? ( ,ari/otle1 ,ar*im$es1 ,hipp>*us1 ,ptolemy1 or any ( ! acute & le>n$ ,arabian or m$ival a/ronom]s4 ,all _! +5uity & all _! ma!matical skill 7 exhau/$ 9 ! developm5t ( a wond]fully complicat$ & +5i\s1 b errone\s hi/ory4 ,! great ma/] tru?1 reject$ = its simplicity1 lay disreg>d$ at _! feet4 ,at ! second dawn ( sci5ce1 ! great fact aga9 beam$ into ! m9d ( ,cop]nicus4 ,n[1 at lea/1 9 t glori\s age :i* witness$ ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 ! great me*anical eng9e ( intellectual progress1 & ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 we may expect t ?is long-hidd5 revelation1 a second "t proclaim$1 w comm& ! ass5t ( mank9d4 ,b ! s5sible ph5om5a 7 /ill too /rong = ! !ory2 ! glori\s delusion ( ! ris+ & ! sett+ sun c\ld n be ov]come4 ,ty*o de ,brahe furni%$ 8 ,obs]vatory ) in/rum5ts sup]ior 9 numb] & quality to all t _h be5 collect$ be=e2 b ! great in/rum5t ( discov]y1 :i*1 by augm5t+ ! optic p[] ( ! eye1 enables x to p5etrate beyond ! app>5t ph5om5a1 & to disc]n ! true con/itution ( ! heav5ly bodies1 0 want+ at ,urani5burg4 ,! obs]vations ( ,ty*o z discuss$ by ,kepl]1 conduct$ t mo/ f]vid1 p[]ful1 & sagaci\s m9d to ! discov]y ( "s ( ! mo/ important laws ( ! cele/ial motions2 b x 0 n till ,galileo1 at ,flor5ce1 _h po9t$ 8 telescope to ! sky1 t ! ,cop]nican sy/em c\ld be said to be firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,,! ,,home ,,( ,,galileo4 ,on ?is great "n1 my ,fri5ds1 assembl$ z we are to d$icate a temple to in/rum5tal ,a/ronomy1 we may well pause = a mom5t4 ,!re is mu*1 9 e way1 9 ! city ( ,flor5ce to excite ! curiosity1 to k9dle ! imag9ation1 & to gratify ! ta/e4 ,%elt]$ on ! nor? by ! v9e-clad hills ( ,fiesoli1 ^: cyclopean walls c>ry back ! antiqu>y to ages be=e ! ,roman1 be=e ! ,etruscan p[]1 ! fl[]y city 7,fior5za7 cov]s ! sunny banks ( ! ,arno ) its /ately palaces4 ,d>k & fr[n+ piles ( m$ival /ructure2 a maje/ic dome1 ! prototype ( ,/4 ,pet]'s2 basilicas :i* en%r9e ! a%es ( "s ( ! mightie/ ( ! dead2 ! /one :]e ,dante /ood to gaze on ! ,campanile2 ! h\se ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 /ill occupi$ by a desc5dant ( 8 l9eage & "n1 8 hamm]1 8 *isel1 8 divid]s1 8 manuscript poems1 all z if he _h left !m b ye/]day2 airy bridges1 :i* seem n s mu* to re/ on ! e>? z to hov] ov] ! wat]s !y span2 ! lovelie/ creations ( anci5t art1 rescu$ f ! grave ( ages aga9 to en*ant ! _w2 ! brea?+ m>bles ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! gl[+ canvas ( ,raphael & ,titian1 museums fill$ ) m$als & co9s ( e age f ,cyrus ! y\ng]1 & gems & amulets & vases f ! sepul*]s ( ,egyptian ,ph>aohs coval ) ,joseph1 & ,etruscan ,lucumons t sway$ ,italy be=e ! ,romans1--libr>ies /or$ ) ! *oice/ texts ( anci5t lit]ature1--g>d5s ( rose & orange1 & pomegranate1 & myrtle1--! v air y brea! languid ) music & p]fume2--su* is ,flor5ce4 ,b among all its fasc9ations1 address$ to ! s5se1 ! memory1 & ! he>t1 !re 0 none to :i* ,i m frequ5tly gave a m$itative h\r dur+ a ye>'s resid5ce1 ?an to ! spot :]e ,galileo ,galilei sleeps b5ea? ! m>ble door ( ,santa ,croce2 no build+ on :i* ,i gaz$ ) great] rev]5ce1 ?an ,i did ^u ! mode/ mansion at ,arcetri1 villa at once & prison1 9 :i* t v5]able sage1 by comm& ( ! ,inquisition1 pass$ ! sad clos+ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,! belov$ daught] on :om he _h dep5d$ to smoo? 8 passage to ! grave1 laid !re be=e him2 ! eyes ) :i* he _h discov]$ worlds be=e unkn[n1 qu5*$ 9 bl9dness3 ,ahime6 quegli oc*i si son fatti oscuri1 ,*e vid] pi di tutti i tempi anti*i1 ,e luce fur dei secoli futuri4 ,t 0 ! h\se1 :]e1 says ,milton 7ano!r ( ^? ( :om ! _w 0 n wor?y71 ,i f\nd & visit$ ! fam\s ,galileo1 gr[n old--a prison] to ! ,inquisition1 = ?9k+ on a/ronomy o!rwise ?an z ! ,dom9ican & ,franciscan lic5s]s ?\ght4,a ,great ,heav5s6 :at a tribunal1 :at a culprit1 :at a crime6 ,let u ?ank ,god1 my ,fri5ds1 t we live 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,( all ! wond]s ( anci5t & mod]n art1 /atues & pa9t+s1 & jewels & manuscripts1--! admiration & ! delight ( ages1--!re 0 no?+ :i* ,i beheld ) m affectionate awe ?an t poor1 r\gh tube1 a few feet 9 l5g?1--! "w ( 8 own h&s1--t v optic glass1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,tuscan ,arti/ view$ ! moon1 ,at ev5+1 f ! top ( ,fesol1 ,or 9 ,vald>no1 to descry new l&s1 ,riv]s1 or m\nta9s1 9 h] spotty globe4 t poor little spy-glass 7= x is sc>cely m7 ?r\gh :i* ! human eye fir/ di/9ctly beheld ! surface ( ! moon--fir/ discov]$ ! phases ( ,v5us1 ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 & ! seem+ h&les ( ,saturn--fir/ p5etrat$ ! dusky dep?s ( ! heav5s--fir/ pi]c$ ! cl\ds ( visual error1 :i*1 f ! creation ( ! _w1 involv$ ! sy/em ( ! ,univ]se4 ,footnote ,a3 ,prose ,works1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bac4 ,!re are occasions 9 life 9 :i* a great m9d lives ye>s ( rapt enjoym5t 9 a mom5t4 ,i c fancy ! emotions ( ,galileo1 :51 fir/ rais+ ! newly-con/ruct$ telescope to ! heav5s1 he saw fulfill$ ! gr& prophecy ( ,cop]nicus1 & beheld ! planet ,v5us cresc5t l ! moon4 ,x 0 su* ano!r mom5t z t :5 ! immortal pr9t]s ( ,m5tz & ,/rasburg receiv$ ! fir/ copy ( ! ,bible into _! h&s1 ! "w ( _! div9e art2 l t :5 ,columbus1 ?r\gh ! gray dawn ( ! #ab? ( ,octob]1 #adib 7,cop]nicus1 at ! age ( eighte51 0 !n a /ud5t at ,crac[71 beheld ! %ores ( ,san ,salvador2 l t :5 ! law ( gravitation fir/ reveal$ itself to ! intellect ( ,newton2 l t :5 ,frankl9 saw by ! /iff5+ fib]s ( ! hemp5 cord ( 8 kite1 t he held ! lightn+ 9 8 grasp2 l t :5 ,lev]ri] receiv$ back f ,b]l9 ! tid+s t ! pr$ict$ planet 0 f\nd4 ,yes1 noble ,galileo1 ?\ art "r1 ,e pur si muove4 ,x does move4 ,bigots may make !e recant x2 b x moves1 nev]!less4 ,yes1 ! e>? moves1 & ! planets move1 & ! mighty wat]s move1 & ! great sweep+ tides ( air move1 & ! empires ( m5 move1 & ! _w ( ?\ght moves1 ev] onw>d & upw>d to high] facts & bold] !ories4 ,! ,inquisition may seal ?y lips1 b !y c no m /op ! progress ( ! great tru? prop\nd$ by ,cop]nicus1 & demon/rat$ by !e1 ?an !y c /op ! revolv+ e>?4 ,close n[1 v5]able sage1 t sightless1 te>ful eye2 x has se5 :at man nev] be=e saw--x has se5 en\gh4 ,hang up t poor little spy-glass--x has done its "w4 ,n ,h]s*ell nor ,rosse h1 comp>atively1 done m4 ,franciscans & ,dom9icans d]ide ?y discov]ies n[2 b ! "t w come :51 f two hundr$ obs]vatories 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ! glori\s artill]y ( sci5ce %all nightly assault ! skies1 b !y %all ga9 no conque/s 9 ^? glitt]+ fields be=e :i* ?9e %all be =gott54 ,re/ 9 peace1 great ,columbus ( ! heav5s--l him scorn$1 p]secut$1 brok5-he>t$6--9 o!r ages1 9 di/ant hemisph]es1 :5 ! vot>ies ( sci5ce1 ) solemn acts ( consecration1 %all d$icate _! /ately edifices to ! cause ( k & tru?1 ?y "n %all be m5tion$ ) honor4 ,,new ,,p]iods ,,9 ,,a/ronomical ,,sci5ce4 ,x is n my int5tion1 9 dwell+ ) su* emphasis ^u ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 to ascribe undue importance1 9 promot+ ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 to ! increase ( in/rum5tal p[]4 ,too mu*1 inde$1 _c be said ( ! s]vice r5d]$ by its fir/ application 9 confirm+ & br++ into g5]al repute ! ,cop]nican sy/em2 b = a consid]able "t1 little m 0 effect$ by ! wondr\s in/rum5t ?an ! gratification ( curiosity & ta/e1 by ! inspection ( ! planet>y phases1 & ! addition ( ! r+s & satellites ( ,saturn to ! sol> family4 ,newton1 prematurely despair+ ( any fur!r improvem5t 9 ! refract+ telescope1 appli$ ! pr9ciple ( reflection2 & ! nic] obs]vations n[ made1 no d\bt1 ha/5$ ! maturity ( 8 great discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation2 b t discov]y 0 ! "w ( 8 transc5d5t g5ius & consummate skill4 ,) ,bradley1 9 #agda1 a new p]iod comm5c$ 9 in/rum5tal a/ronomy1 n s mu* ( discov]y z ( measurem5t4 ,! sup]ior accuracy & m9ut5ess ) :i* ! motions & di/ances ( ! heav5ly bodies 7 n[ obs]v$1 result$ 9 ! accumulation ( a mass ( new mat]ials1 bo? = tabul> comp>ison & !oretical speculation4 ,^! mat]ials =m$ ! enl>g$ basis ( a/ronomical sci5ce betwe5 ,newton & ,sir ,william ,h]s*ell4 ,8 gigantic reflectors introduc$ ! a/ronom] to regions ( space be=e unvisit$--ext5d$ beyond all previ\s conception ! range ( ! obs]v$ ph5om5a1 & ) x proportionably enl>g$ ! range ( con/ructive !ory4 ,! discov]y ( a new prim>y planet & its att5dant satellites 0 b ! fir/ /ep ( 8 progress into ! labyr9? ( ! heav5s4 ,cotemporane\sly ) 8 obs]vations1 ! ,fr5* a/ronom]s1 & especially ,la ,place1 ) a geometrical skill sc>cely1 if at all1 inf]ior to t ( its great au?or1 resum$ ! :ole sy/em ( ,newton1 & br\ght e ph5om5on obs]v$ s9ce 8 "t )9 8 laws4 ,difficulties ( fact1 ) :i* he /ruggl$ 9 va91 gave way to m accurate obs]vations2 & problems t defi$ ! p[] ( 8 analysis1 yield$ to ! mod]n improvem5ts ( ! calculus4 ,,h]s*ell',s ,,nebul> ,,!ory4 ,b !re is no ,ultima ,?ule 9 ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,) ! rec5t augm5tations ( telescopic p[]1 ! details ( ! nebul> !ory1 propos$ by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*ell ) su* c\rage & +5uity1 h be5 drawn 9 "q4 ,_m--mo/--( ^? milky pat*es 9 :i* he beheld :at he reg>d$ z cosmical matt]1 z yet 9 an un=m$ /ate1--! rudim5tal mat]ial ( worlds n yet cond5s$1--h be5 resolv$ into />s1 z bright & di/9ct z any 9 ! firmam5t4 ,i well recall ! gl[ ( satisfaction ) :i*1 on ! #bb;d ( ,septemb]1 #ahdg1 be+ !n connect$ ) ! ,univ]sity at ,cambridge1 ,i receiv$ a lett] f ! v5]able director ( ! ,obs]vatory !re1 beg9n+ ) ^! memorable words3--,y w rejoice ) me t ! great nebula 9 ,orion has yield$ to ! p[]s ( our incomp>able telescope6 99 99 99 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ?is nebula1 & t ( ,&rom$a :i* has be5 also resolv$ at ,cambridge1 are ! la/ /rongholds ( ! nebul> !ory4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,annals ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,h>v>d ,college1 p4 #aba4 ,b if "s ( ! adv5tur\s speculations built by ,sir ,william ,h]s*ell on ! bewild]+ revelations ( 8 telescope h be5 s9ce que/ion$1 ! va/ progress :i* has be5 made 9 sid]eal a/ronomy1 to :i*1 z ,i und]/&1 ! ,dudley ,obs]vatory w be p>ticul>ly devot$1 ! discov]y ( ! p>allax ( ! fix$ />s1 ! inve/igation ( ! int]ior relations ( b9>y & triple sy/ems ( />s1 ! !ories = ! explanation ( ! extraord9>y1 n to say fanta/ic1 %apes disc]n$ 9 "s ( ! nebul\s sy/ems--:irls & spirals radiat+ ?r\gh spaces z va/ z ! orbit ( ,neptune2,a ! glimpses at sy/ems beyond t to :i* our sun belongs2--^! are all spl5did results1 :i* may fairly be attribut$ to ! s*ool ( ,h]s*ell1 & w = ev] insure no second>y place to t "n 9 ! annals ( sci5ce4 ,footnote ,a3 ,see ! rem>kable memoir ( ,pr(essor ,alex&]1 ,on ! orig9 ( ! =ms & ! pres5t condition ( "s ( ! clu/]s ( />s1 & sev]al ( ! nebul1 7,g\ld's ,a/ronomical ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 iii1 p4 #ie47 ,,relation%ip ,,( ,,! ,,lib]al ,,arts4 ,9 ! rem>ks :i* ,i h hi!rto made1 ,i h _h ma9ly 9 view ! direct connection ( a/ronomical sci5ce ) ! uses ( life & ! s]vice ( man4 ,b a g5]\s philosophy contemplates ! subject 9 high] relations4 ,x is a rem>k z old1 at lea/1 z ,plato1 & is repeat$ f him m ?an once by ,cic]o1 t all ! lib]al arts h a common bond & relation%ip4,a ,! diff]5t sci5ces contemplate z _! imm$iate object ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( animate & inanimate nature2 b ?is great sy/em itself is b "o1 & its p>ts are s int]wov5 ) ea* o!r1 t ! mo/ extraord9>y relations & unexpect$ analogies are con/antly pres5t+ !mselves2 & arts & sci5ces seem+ly ! lea/ connect$1 r5d] to ea* o!r ! mo/ effective assi/ance4 ,footnote ,a3 ,ar*ias1 i42 ,de ,oratore1 iii41 #ba4 ,! hi/ory ( electricity1 galvanism1 & magnetism1 furni%es ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is rem>k4 ,comm5c+ ) ! meteorological ph5om5a ( our own atmosph]e1 & t]m9at+ ) ! obs]vation ( ! remote/ heav5s1 x may well be adduc$1 on an occasion l ! pres5t4 ,frankl9 demon/rat$ ! id5tity ( lightn+ & ! electric fluid4 ,?is discov]y gave a great impulse to electrical rese>*1 ) little else 9 view b ! means ( protection f ! ?und]-cl\d4 ,a purely accid5tal circum/ance l$ ! physician ,galvani1 at ,bologna1 to trace ! my/]i\s elem5t1 "u conditions entirely novel1 bo? ( developm5t & application4 ,9 ?is new =m x became1 9 ! h&s ( ,davy1 ! in/rum5t ( ! mo/ extraord9>y *emical op]ations2 & e>?s & alkalis1 t\*$ by ! creative wire1 />t$ up into metals t float on wat]1 & k9dle 9 ! air4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ! close/ aff9ities are obs]v$ betwe5 electricity & magnetism1 on ! "o h&2 :ile1 on ! o!r1 ! relations ( pol>ity are detect$ betwe5 acids & alkalis4 ,plat+ & gild+ h5ce=? become electrical processes4 ,9 ! la/ applications ( ! same subtle m$ium1 x has become ! mess5g] ( intellig5ce across ! l& & b5ea? ! sea2 & is n[ employ$ by ! a/ronom] to asc]ta9 ! diff]5ce ( longitudes1 to transf] ! beats ( ! clock f "o /ation to ano!r1 & to record ! mom5t ( 8 obs]vations ) automatic accuracy4 ,h[ l>ge a %>e has be5 borne by ,am]ica 9 ^! magnific5t discov]ies & applications1 among ! mo/ brilliant a*ievem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce1 w suffici5tly appe> f ! repetition ( ! names ( ,frankl91 ,h5ry1 ,morse1 ,walk]1 ,mit*ell1 ,lock1 & ,bond4 ,,v]satility ,,( ,,g5ius4 ,x has sometimes happ5$1 :e!r f ! h>moni\s relations to ea* o!r ( e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 or f r>e felicity ( individual g5ius1 t ! mo/ extraord9>y intellectual v]satility has be5 manife/$ by ! same p]son4 ,al?\gh ,newton's transc5d5t tal5t did n blaze out 9 *ildhood1 yet z a boy he discov]$ great aptitude = me*anical contrivance4 ,8 wat]-clock1 self-mov+ vehicle1 & mill1 7 ! wond] ( ! village2 ! latt] propell$ by a liv+ m\se4 ,sir ,david ,brew/] repres5ts ! acc\nts z diff]+1 :e!r ! m\se 0 made to advance by a /r+ atta*$ to its tail1 or by its unavail+ attempts to rea* a portion ( corn plac$ above ! :eel4 ,x seems m reasonable to conclude t ! y\?ful discov]] ( ! law ( gravitation int5d$ by ! comb9ation ( ^! opposite attractions to produce a balanc$ movem5t4 ,x is consol+ to ! av]age m$iocrity ( ! race to p]ceive 9 ^! sportive assays1 t ! m9d ( ,newton pass$ ?r\gh ! /age ( boyhood4 ,b em]g+ f boyhood1 :at a b\nd x made1 z f e>? to heav56 ,h>dly comm5c+ ba*elor ( arts1 at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r1 he untwi/$ ! gold5 & silv] ?reads ( ! sol> spectrum1 simultane\sly or soon aft] conceiv$ ! me?od ( fluxions1 & arriv$ at ! elem5tal idea ( univ]sal gravity be=e he _h pass$ to 8 ma/]'s degree4 ,ma/] ( ,arts inde$6 ,t degree1 if no o!r1 0 well be/[$4 ,univ]sities are unju/ly accus$ ( fix+ sci5ce 9 /]eotype4 ,t diploma is en\gh ( itself to r$eem ! honors ( academical p>*m5t f c5turies ( le>n$ dullness & s*ola/ic dogmatism4 ,b ! great object ( all k is to enl>ge & purify ! s\l1 to fill ! m9d ) noble contemplations1 to furni% a ref9$ pleasure1 & to lead our feeble reason f ! works ( nature up to its great ,au?or & ,su/a9]4 ,consid]+ ?is z ! ultimate end ( sci5ce1 no bran* ( x c surely claim prec$5ce ( ,a/ronomy4 ,no o!r sci5ce furni%es su* a palpable embodim5t ( ! ab/ractions :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( our intellectual sy/em2 ! great ideas ( "t1 & space1 & ext5sion1 & magnitude1 & numb]1 & motion1 & p[]4 ,h[ gr& ! conception ( ! ages on ages requir$ = sev]al ( ! secul> equations ( ! sol> sy/em2 ( di/ances f :i* ! light ( a fix$ /> w\ld n rea* u 9 tw5ty millions ( ye>s1 ( magnitudes comp>$ ) :i* ! e>? is b a foot-ball2 ( />ry ho/s--suns l our own--numb]less z ! s&s on ! %ore2 ( worlds & sy/ems %oot+ ?r\gh ! inf9ite spaces1 ) a velocity comp>$ ) :i* ! cannon-ball is a way-worn1 heavy-pac$ travel]6,a ,footnote ,a3 ,ni*ol's ,ar*itecture ( ! ,heav5s1 p4 #afj4 ,,! ,,spectacle ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 z we are indebt$ to our obs]vatories = elevat+ our conceptions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 !y pres5t1 ev5 to ! unaid$ sight1 sc5es ( glory :i* words are too feeble to describe4 ,i _h occasion1 a few weeks s9ce1 to take ! e>ly tra9 f ,provid5ce to ,bo/on2 & = ?is purpose rose at #b o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,e ?+ ar\nd 0 wrapp$ 9 d>kness & hu%$ 9 sil5ce1 brok5 only by :at seem$ at t h\r ! une>?ly clank & ru% ( ! tra94 ,x 0 a mild1 s]5e midsumm]'s night2 ! sky 0 )\t a cl\d--! w9ds 7 :i/4 ,! moon1 !n 9 ! la/ qu>t]1 _h j ris51 & ! />s %one ) a spectral lu/] b little affect$ by h] pres5ce2 ,jupit]1 two h\rs high1 0 ! h]ald ( ! day2 ! ,pleiades1 j above ! horizon1 %$ _! sweet influ5ce 9 ! ea/2 ,lyra sp>kl$ ne> ! z5i?2 ,&rom$a veil$ h] newly discov]$ glories f ! nak$ eye 9 ! s\?2 ! /eady ,po9t]s1 f> b5ea? ! pole1 look$ meekly up f ! dep?s ( ! nor? to _! sov]eign4 ,su* 0 ! glori\s spectacle z ,i ent]$ ! tra94 ,z we proce$$1 ! timid approa* ( twilight became m p]ceptible2 ! int5se blue ( ! sky began to s(t51 ! small] />s1 l little *ildr51 w5t fir/ to re/2 ! si/]-beams ( ! ,pleiades soon melt$ toge!r2 b ! bright con/ellations ( ! we/ & nor? rema9$ un*ang$4 ,/eadily ! wondr\s transfiguration w5t on4 ,h&s ( angels hidd5 f mortal eyes %ift$ ! sc5]y ( ! heav5s2 ! glories ( night dissolv$ into ! glories ( ! dawn4 ,! blue sky n[ turn$ m s(tly gray2 ! great wat*-/>s %ut up _! holy eyes2 ! ea/ began to k9dle4 ,fa9t /reaks ( purple soon blu%$ along ! sky2 ! :ole cele/ial concave 0 fill$ ) ! infl[+ tides ( ! morn+ light1 :i* came p\r+ d[n f above 9 "o great ocean ( radiance2 till at l5g?1 z we rea*$ ! ,blue ,hills1 a fla% ( purple fire blaz$ out f above ! horizon1 & turn$ ! dewy te>drops ( fl[] & leaf into rubies & diamonds4 ,9 a few seconds ! ev]la/+ gates ( ! morn+ 7 ?r[n wide op51 & ! "l ( day1 array$ 9 glories too sev]e = ! gaze ( man1 began 8 c\rse4 ,i d n wond] at ! sup]/ition ( ! anci5t ,magians1 :o 9 ! morn+ ( ! _w w5t up to ! hill-tops ( ,c5tral ,asia1 & ignorant ( ! true ,god1 ador$ ! mo/ glori\s "w ( 8 h&4 ,b ,i am fill$ ) amazem5t1 :5 ,i am told t 9 ?is enlight5$ age1 & 9 ! he>t ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 !re are p]sons :o c witness ?is daily manife/ation ( ! p[] & wisdom ( ! ,creator1 & yet say 9 _! he>ts1 ,!re is no ,god4 ,,undiscov]$ ,,bodies4 ,num]\s z are ! heav5ly bodies visible to ! nak$ eye1 & glori\s z are _! manife/ations1 x is probable t 9 our own sy/em !re are great numb]s z yet undiscov]$4 ,j two hundr$ ye>s ago ?is ye>1 ,huygh5s ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( "o satellite ( ,saturn1 & express$ ! op9ion t ! six planets & six satellites !n kn[n1 & mak+ up ! p]fect numb] ( twelve1 compos$ ! :ole ( our planet>y sy/em4 ,9 #agbi an a/ronomical writ] express$ ! op9ion t !re might be o!r bodies 9 our sy/em1 b t ! limit ( telescopic p[] _h be5 rea*$1 & no fur!r discov]ies 7 likely to be made4,a ,! orbit ( "o comet only _h be5 def9itively calculat$4 ,s9ce t "t ! p[] ( ! telescope has be5 indef9itely increas$2 two prim>y planets ( ! fir/ class1 t5 satellites1 & =ty-?ree small planets revolv+ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 h be5 discov]$1 ! orbits ( six or sev5 hundr$ comets1 "s ( brief p]iod1 h be5 asc]ta9$2--& x has be5 comput$1 t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ^! my/]i\s bodies w&] ?r\gh our sy/em4 ,!re is no reason to ?9k t all ! prim>y planets1 :i* revolve ab\t ! sun1 h be5 discov]$4 ,an indef9ite increase 9 ! numb] ( a/]oids may be anticipat$2 :ile outside ( ,neptune1 betwe5 our sun & ! ne>e/ fix$ />1 suppos+ ! attraction ( ! sun to prevail ?r\gh half ! di/ance1 !re is room = t5 m prim>y planets succe$+ ea* o!r at di/ances increas+ 9 a geometrical ratio4 ,! fir/ ( ^! w1 unque/ionably1 be discov]$ z soon z ! p]turbations ( ,neptune %all h be5 accurately obs]v$2 & ) maps ( ! heav5s1 on :i* ! smalle/ telescopic />s are laid d[n1 x may be discov]$ mu* soon]4 ,footnote ,a3 ,memoirs ( ,a4,a4,s41 vol4 iii1 #bge4 ,,! ,,va/ness ,,( ,,creation4 ,b x is :5 we turn our obs]vation & our ?\ghts f our own sy/em1 to ! sy/ems :i* lie beyond x 9 ! heav5ly spaces1 t we approa* a m adequate conception ( ! va/ness ( creation4 ,all analogy tea*es u t ! sun :i* gives light to u is b "o ( ^? c\ntless /ell> fires :i* deck ! firmam5t1 & t e glitt]+ /> 9 t %9+ ho/ is ! c5t] ( a sy/em z va/ & z full ( subord9ate lum9>ies z our own4 ,( ^! suns--c5t]s ( planet>y sy/ems--?\s&s are visible to ! nak$ eye1 millions are discov]$ by ! telescope4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*ell1 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 op]ations at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 7p4 #cha7 calculates t ab\t five & a half millions ( />s are visible en\gh to be di/9ctly c\nt$ 9 a tw5ty-foot reflector1 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,he adds1 t ! actual numb] is mu* great]1 !re c be little d\bt4 ,8 illu/ri\s fa!r1 e/imat$ on "o occasion t #abe1jjj />s pass$ ?r\gh ! field ( 8 =ty foot reflector 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,?is w\ld give #ab1jjj1jjj = ! entire circuit ( ! heav5s1 9 a s+le telescopic zone2 & ?is e/imate 0 made "u ! assumption t ! nebul 7 masses ( lum9\s matt] n yet cond5s$ into suns4 ,^! /up5d\s calculations1 h[ev]1 =m b ! fir/ column ( ! inv5tory ( ! univ]se4 ,fa9t :ite specks are visible1 ev5 to ! nak$ eye ( a practic$ obs]v] 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! heav5s4 ,"u high magnify+ p[]s1 sev]al ?\s&s ( su* spots are visible1--no long] h[ev]1 fa9t1 :ite specks1 b _m ( !m resolv$ by p[]ful telescopes into va/ aggregations ( />s1 ea* ( :i* may1 ) propriety1 be comp>$ ) ! milky way4 ,_m ( ^! nebul1 h[ev]1 resi/$ ! p[] ( ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*ell's great reflector1 & 71 accord+ly1 /ill reg>d$ by him z masses ( un=m$ matt]1 n yet cond5s$ into suns4 ,?is1 till a few ye>s s9ce1 01 p]haps1 ! prevail+ op9ion2 & ! nebul> !ory fill$ a l>ge space 9 mod]n a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,b ) ! increase ( in/rum5tal p[]1 especially "u ! mighty grasp ( ,"l ,rosse's gigantic reflector1 & ! great refractors at ,pulkova & ,cambridge1 ! mo/ irresolvable ( ^! nebul h giv5 way2 & ! bett] op9ion n[ is1 t e "o ( !m is a galaxy1 l our own milky way1 compos$ ( millions ( suns4 ,9 o!r words1 we are br\ght to ! bewild]+ conclusion t ?\s&s ( ^! mi/y specks1 ! great] "p ( !m too fa9t to be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 are1 n ea* a univ]se l our sol> sy/em1 b ea* a sw>m ( univ]ses ( unappreciable magnitude4,a ,! m9d s9ks1 ov]p[]$ by ! contemplation4 ,we repeat ! words1 b !y no long] convey di/9ct ideas to ! und]/&+4 ,footnote ,a3 ,humboldt's ,cosmos1 iii4 #da4 ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,b ^! conclusions1 h[ev] va/ _! compreh5sion1 c>ry u b ano!r /ep =w>d 9 ! realms ( sid]eal a/ronomy4 ,a prop] motion 9 space ( our sun1 & ( ! fix$ />s z we call !m1 has long be5 believ$ to exi/4 ,_! va/ di/ances only prev5t its be+ m app>5t4 ,! great improvem5t ( in/rum5ts ( measurem5t )9 ! la/ g5]ation has n only e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( ?is motion1 b has po9t$ to ! region 9 ! />ry vault ar\nd :i* our :ole sol> & /ell> sy/em1 ) its myriad ( att5dant planet>y worlds1 appe>s to be p]=m+ a mighty revolution4 ,if1 !n1 we assume t outside ( ! sy/em to :i* we belong & 9 :i* our sun is b a /> l ,aldeb>an or ,sirius1 ! diff]5t nebul ( :i* we h spok51--?\s&s ( :i* spot ! heav5s--con/itute a di/9ct family ( univ]ses1 we mu/1 foll[+ ! guide ( analogy1 attribute to ea* ( !m also1 beyond all ! revolutions ( _! individual att5dant planet>y sy/ems1 a great revolution1 compreh5d+ ! :ole2 :ile ! same c\rse ( analogical reason+ w\ld lead u /ill fur!r onw>d1 & 9 ! la/ analysis1 require u to assume a transc5d5tal connection betwe5 all ^! mighty sy/ems--a univ]se ( univ]ses1 circl+ r\nd 9 ! inf9ity ( space1 & pres]v+ its equilibrium by ! same laws ( mutual attraction :i* b9d ! l[] worlds toge!r4 ,x may be ?\ght t conceptions l ^! are calculat$ r to depress ?an to elevate u 9 ! scale ( be+2 t1 bani%$ z he is by ^! contemplations to a corn] ( creation1 & !re r$uc$ to an atom1 man s9ks to no?+ness 9 ?is inf9ity ( worlds4 ,b a second ?\ght corrects ! impression4 ,^! va/ contemplations are well calculat$ to inspire awe1 b n abasem5t4 ,m9d & matt] are incomm5surable4 ,an immortal s\l1 ev5 :ile clo!d 9 ?is muddy ve/ure ( decay1 is 9 ! eye ( ,god & reason1 a pur] ess5ce ?an ! brighte/ sun t lights ! dep?s ( heav54 ,! organiz$ human eye1 in/9ct ) life & s\l1 :i*1 gaz+ ?r\gh ! telescope1 travels up to ! cl\dy speck 9 ! h&le ( ,orion's sword1 & bids x blaze =? into a galaxy z va/ z ours1 /&s high] 9 ! ord] ( be+ ?an all t ho/ ( lum9>ies4 ,! intellect ( ,newton :i* discov]$ ! law t holds ! revolv+ worlds toge!r1 is a nobl] "w ( ,god ?an a univ]se ( univ]ses ( un?9k+ matt]4 ,if1 /ill tread+ ! l(tie/ pa?s ( analogy1 we adopt ! supposition1--to me ,i own ! grateful supposition1--t ! c\ntless planet>y worlds :i* att5d ^! c\ntless suns1 are ! abodes ( rational be+s l man1 in/ead ( br++ back f ?is exalt$ conception a feel+ ( insignificance1 z if ! individuals ( our race 7 b poor atoms 9 ! inf9ity ( be+1 ,i reg>d x1 on ! contr>y1 z a glory ( our human nature1 t x belongs to a family :i* no man c numb] ( rational natures l itself4 ,9 ! ord] ( be+ !y may /& b5ea? u1 or !y may /& above u2 he may well be cont5t ) 8 place1 :o is made a little l[] ?an ! angels4 ,,contemplation ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s4 ,f9ally1 my ,fri5ds1 ,i believe !re is no contemplation bett] adapt$ to awak5 dev\t ideas ?an t ( ! heav5ly bodies1--no bran* ( natural sci5ce :i* be>s cle>] te/imony to ! p[] & wisdom ( ,god ?an t to :i* y ?is day consecrate a temple4 ,! he>t ( ! anci5t _w1 ) all ! prevail+ ignorance ( ! true nature & motions ( ! heav5ly orbs1 0 religi\sly impress$ by _! survey4 ,!re is a passage 9 "o ( ^? admirable philosophical treatises ( ,cic]o compos$ 9 ! decl9e ( life1 z a solace "u dome/ic b]eavem5t & patriotic conc]n at ! imp5d+ convulsions ( ! /ate1 9 :i*1 quot+ f "s lo/ "w ( ,ari/otle1 he treats ! topic 9 a mann] :i* almo/ puts to %ame ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ian wisdom4 ,prcl>e ergo ,ari/oteles1 ',si ess5t1' inquit1 'qui sub t]ra semp] habitaviss5t1 bonis et illu/ribus domiciliis qu ess5t ornata signis atque picturis1 in/ructaque rebus iis omnibus quibus abundant ii qui beati putantur1 nec tam5 exiss5t unquam supra t]ram2 accepiss5t autem fama et auditione1 esse quoddam num5 et vim ,deorum1--de9de aliquo tempore patefactis t]r faucibus ex illis abditis s$ibus evad]e 9 hc loca qu nos incolimus1 atque exire potuiss5t2 cum rep5te t]ram et m>ia coelumque1 vidiss5t2 nubium magnitud9em v5torumque vim1 cognoviss5t2 aspexiss5tque solem1 ejusque tum magnitud9em1 pul*ritud9emque2 tum etiam effici5tiam cognoviss5t1 quod is diem effic]et1 toto coelo luce diffusa2 cum autem t]ras nox opacasset1 tum coelum totum c]n]5t a/ris di/9ctum et ornatum1 lunque lum9um v>ietatem tum cresc5tis tum s5esc5tis1 corumque omnium ortus et occasus atque 9 t]nitate ratos immutabilesque cursus2--hc cum vid]5t1 pr(ecto et esse ,deos1 et hc tanta op]a ,deorum esse1 arbitr>5tur4,a ,!re is mu* by day to engage ! att5tion ( ! ,obs]vatory2 ! sun1 8 app>5t motions1 8 dim5sions1 ! spots on 8 disc 7to u ! fa9t indications ( movem5ts ( unimag9$ gr&eur 9 8 lum9\s atmosph]e71 a sol> eclipse1 a transit ( ! inf]ior planets1 ! my/]ies ( ! spectrum2--all ph5om5a ( va/ importance & int]e/4 ,b night is ! a/ronom]'s accept$ "t2 he goes to 8 delightful labors :5 ! busy _w goes to its re/4 ,a d>k pall spreads ov] ! resorts ( active life2 t]re/rial objects1 hill & valley1 & rock & /ream1 & ! abodes ( m5 disappe>2 b ! curta9 is drawn up :i* conceal$ ! heav5ly ho/s4 ,!re !y %9e & !re !y move1 z !y mov$ & %one to ! eyes ( ,newton & ,galileo1 ( ,kepl] & ,cop]nicus1 ( ,ptolemy & ,hipp>*us2 yes1 z !y mov$ & %one :5 ! morn+ />s sang toge!r1 & all ! sons ( ,god %\t$ = joy4 ,all has *ang$ on e>?2 b ! glori\s heav5s rema9 un*ang$4 ,! pl[ passes ov] ! site ( mighty cities1--! homes ( p[]ful nations are desolate1 ! languages !y spoke are =gott52 b ! />s t %one = !m are %9+ = u2 ! same eclipses run _! /eady cycle2 ! same equ9oxes call out ! fl[]s ( spr+1 & s5d ! husb&man to ! h>ve/2 ! sun pauses at ei!r tropic z he did :5 8 c\rse began2 & sun & moon1 & planet & satellite1 & /> & con/ellation & galaxy1 /ill be> witness to ! p[]1 ! wisdom1 & ! love1 :i* plac$ !m 9 ! heav5s & uphold !m !re4 ,footnote ,a3 ,nobly does ,ari/otle obs]ve1 t if !re 7 be+s :o _h always liv$ "u gr\nd1 9 conv5i5t1 nay1 9 magnific5t dwell+s1 adorn$ ) /atues & pictures1 & e ?+ :i* belongs to prosp]\s life1 b :o _h nev] come above gr\nd2 :o _h he>d1 h[ev]1 by fame & report1 ( ! be+ & p[] ( ! gods2 if1 at a c]ta9 "t1 ! portals ( ! e>? be+ ?r[n op51 !y _h be5 able to em]ge f ^? hidd5 abodes to ! regions inhabit$ by u2 :5 sudd5ly !y _h se5 ! e>?1 ! sea1 & ! sky2 _h p]ceiv$ ! va/ness ( ! cl\ds & ! =ce ( ! w9ds2 _h contemplat$ ! sun1 8 magnitude & 8 beauty1 & /ill m 8 effectual p[]1 t x is he :o makes ! day1 by ! diffusion ( 8 light ?r\gh ! :ole sky2 &1 :5 night _h d>k5$ ! e>?1 %\ld !n behold ! :ole heav5s /udd$ & adorn$ ) />s1 & ! v>i\s lights ( ! wax+ & wan+ moon1 ! ris+s & ! sett+s ( all ^! heav5ly bodies1 & ! c\rses fix$ & immutable 9 all et]nity2 :51 ,i say1 !y %\ld see ^! ?+s1 truly !y w\ld believe t !re 7 gods1 & ^! s great ?+s are _! works4--,cic]o1 ,de ,natura ,deorum lib4 ii41 #cj4