,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press  ,london        
,ed9burgh ,glasg[ ,new ,york ,toronto   
,melb\rne ,bombay  ,humphrey ,mil=d     
,m4,a4 ,publi%] to ! ,univ]sity         
,,music ,,z ,a ,,language  ,,lectures   
,,to ,,music ,,/ud5ts  ,,by  ,,e!l      
,,home ,,head ,,mi/ress ,,( ,,!         
,,k5s+ton ,,high ,,s*ool ,g4,p4,d4,s4,t4
  ,,ox=d ,,at ,,! ,,cl>5don ,,press     
#aiaf     ,,preface   ,! foll[+ lectures
 7 deliv]$ to music /ud5ts betwe5 ! ye>s
 #aijg & #aiae4 ,!y h be5 p>tly rewritt5
 s z to be intelligible to a diff]5t    
audi5ce1 = 9 all cases ! lectures 7     
foll[$ by a discussion 9 :i* v>i\s po9ts
 n dealt ) 9 ! lectures 7 elucidat$4    
,an exp]i5ce ( eight ye>s 9 organiz+ a  
tra9+ c\rse = /ud5ts :o wi% to tea*     
e>-tra9+ on mod]n l9es to classes (     
av]age *ildr5 9 ! ord9>y curriculum ( a 
s*ool has %[n me t ! great ne$ = su*    
/ud5ts is to realize ! problems1 n only 
( musical education1 b ( g5]al          
education4  ,ow+ to ! nature ( all art  
"w ! arti/ is too (t5 incl9$ to see life

 9 ref]5ce to 8 art alone4 ,x is = ?is  
reason t he sometimes f9ds x difficult  
to fit 9 ) ! requirem5ts ( s*ool life4  
,he feels vaguely t 8 art matt]s s mu* m
 to ! _w ?an su* ?+s z gramm> &         
geography2 b :5 ask$ to give a reason = 
8 fai?1 he is n always able to conv9ce 8
 he>]s4  ,he feels ) ,rusk9 t3  ',! end 
( ,art is z s]i\s z t ( o!r beautiful   
?+s--( ! blue sky1 & ! gre5 grass1 & !  
cl\ds1 & ! dew4 ,!y are ei!r useless1 or
 !y are ( mu* deep] function ?an giv+   
amusem5t4'  ,b he has n always ! gift ( 
words by means ( :i* he c describe ?is  
function4  ,we want our arti/s1 & _!    
visions1 & ^? ( !m :o c realize a       
p]spective 9 :i* _! art takes its place 
) o!r educative =ces are among ! mo/    
valuable educators ( ! ris+ g5]ation4   
,,e!l ,,home4 ,,k5s+ton1 ,janu>y1 #aiaf4
     ,,cont5ts   ,,*ap4                 
,,page     ,i4 ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,!      
,,music ,,tea*]                      #i 
,,ii4 ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,musical  
,,"w ,,9 ,,s*ools           #ae   ,,iii4

 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,voice ,,production   
,,& ,,songs            #bj    ,,iv4 ,,! 
,,sol-,,fa ,,me?od                      
#bf     ,v4 ,,fir/ ,,lessons ,,to       
,,beg9n]s ,,9 ,,e>-,,tra9+              
#ca    ,,vi4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,(            
,,sight-,,s++                           
#ce   ,,vii4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,"t ,,&   
,,rhy?m                       #dj       
,,viii4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,dictation     
#dc    ,,ix4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,(            
,,extemporization ,,& ,,h>mony          
#dh     ,x4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,elem5t>y  
,,composition                #ee        
,,xi4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,transposition   
#fj   ,,xii4 ,,g5]al ,,h9ts ,,on ,,tak+ 
,a ,,lesson ,,9 ,,e>-,,tra9+      #fe   
,,xiii4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,piano     
#gj   ,,xiv4 ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,/ud5ts 
,,on ,,leav+ ,a ,,tra9+                 
,,dep>tm5t                              
#gi     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,! 
,,music ,,tea*]   ,let u consid] ! case 
( a "y girl :o has f9i%$ h] s*ool       
education1 & has supplem5t$ ?is by a    

special c\rse ( te*nical "w 9 music1 :i*
 has end$ 9 h] tak+ a musical diploma4  
,%e n[ wi%es to tea*4 ,:at are ! *ief   
problems :i* %e w h to face8 ,%e mu/    
fir/ ( all make up h] m9d :e!r %e wi%es 
to conf9e h] "w to ! tea*+ ( a solo     
in/rum5t1 toge!r ) "s "w 9 h>mony or    
c\nt]po9t1 along or?odox l9es1 or :e!r  
%e wi%es to be 9 t\* ) mod]n me?ods (   
guid+ ! g5]al musical education (       
*ildr51 z tak5 9 "s s*ools 9 ! morn+    
curriculum4 ,if ! latt]1 %e mu/ ent] on 
a c\rse ( special tra9+4  ,!re is also a
 practical reason :y _m :o wi% to tea*  
music at ! pres5t "t are ent]+ a tra9+  
dep>tm5t4 ,9 a pap] rec5tly issu$ by !  
,tea*]s' ,regi/ration ,c\ncil we f9d !  
foll[+ p>agraph deal+ ) ',conditions (  
,regi/ration'3  ',! applicant mu/       
produce evid5ce satisfactory to !       
,c\ncil ( hav+ complet$ successfully a  
c\rse ( tra9+ 9 ! pr9ciples & me?ods (  
tea*+1 accompani$ by practice "u        
sup]vision4 ,! c\rse mu/ ext5d ov] a    
p]iod ( at lea/ "o academic ye> or its  

equival5t4'  ,n[1 ^? :o h /udi$ ! "q ( !
 tea*+ ( music 9 accordance ) mod]n     
me?ods h realiz$ t music provides a     
language1 :i* %\ld be us$ prim>ily =    
self-expression & int]c\rse ) o!rs4 ,!  
:ole ( life dep5ds on ! expression (    
ourselves 9 relation to ! community4    
',self-expression is a univ]sal in/9ct1 
:i* c only be cru%$ by a c\rse (        
sy/ematic ill treatm5t1 ei!r            
self-inflict$ or inflict$ by o!rs4 ,x is
 self-inflict$ if we con=m to false     
/&>ds ( conv5tion1 or create = ourselves
 a /&>d ( life :i* is out ( t\* )       
humanity z a :ole4 ,x is inflict$ by    
o!rs if !y =ce u :5 "y into a wrong     
educational atmosph]e1 & p>alyse our    
faculties in/ead ( develop+ !m4  ,to !  
fav\r$ few real creative p[] comes by   
in/9ct1 b to a great _m a small degree (
 ?is p[] c be giv5 by education1 & 9 ?is
 way an extra outlet is possible =      
self-expression4 ,! *ild %\ld be tra9$  
:5 q "y to ?9k 9 t]ms ( music1 9 ! same 
way 9 :i* x is tra9$ to ?9k 9 its       

"m-tongue4 ,! fundam5tal "w %\ld be tak5
 9 class1 n at an individual lesson1 &  
%\ld be compulsory = all *ildr54 ,we d n
 inquire :e!r a *ild is gift$ 9         
languages be=e we tea* him ,fr5*1 & we  
mu/ n ask :e!r he is gift$ 9 ! language 
( music be=e plac+ him 9 ! music class4 
,aga91 %ort frequ5t lessons are m       
b5eficial to ! "y beg9n] ?an long]      
lessons at great] int]vals1 =1 z a new  
's5se' is be+ op5$ to ! pupil1 a long   
lesson produces an unheal?y /ra94  ,!   
s*eme ( "w to be foll[$ 9 su* a class w 
be dealt ) lat]1 b we may note "h t     
tra9+ giv5 9 accordance ) !             
above-m5tion$ aim w produce a m>k$      
increase 9 ! vitality & g5]al           
intellig5ce ( a *ild4 ,! reflex actions 
( int5se conc5tration = a %ort "t1      
foll[$ by ! giv+ out ( creative "w1 w   
s5d a *ild back to its o!r lessons ) an 
al]t m9d & ) increas$ vig\r4  ,a l>ge   
numb] ( s*ools & private families are   
(f]+ po/s to tea*]s :o are able to tea* 
along su* l9es4 ,e ye> ! numb] ( su*    

po/s /eadily increases1 & x w n be too  
mu* to pr$ict t 9 ! ne> future few      
s*ools 9 ! fir/ rank w be )\t tea*+ (   
?is k9d4 ,! sal>ies (f]$ are naturally  
high] ?an ^? obta9$ by ! old-fa%ion$    
'or?odox' tea*]1 z m has to be done1 &  
classes h to be manag$ in/ead (         
individual pupils4  ,x is impossible to 
ov]-e/imate ! importance ( secur+ pl5ty 
( exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ classes ( av]age     
pupils ( all ages1 "u exp]t sup]vision4 
,_m an app>5tly promis+ tea*] has come  
to grief 9 ! fir/ po/ tak51 because ! k 
ga9$ has be5 too !oretical1 & has n be5 
*eck$ by class exp]i5ce ) really av]age 
pupils4 ,! "q ( discipl9e is an easy "o 
) an individual pupil1 b 9 class "w x   
assumes a diff]5t proportion4  ,= !     
purpose ( tea*+ e>-tra9+1 )\t in/rum5tal
 "w1 a high degree ( musical gift is n  
necess>y4 ,any "o :o is fond ( music1   
sympa!tic ) *ildr51 & will+ to "w1 c    
manage ! c\rse ( "w necess>y be=e be+   
able to tea* classes up to a fair /&>d4 
,! "w1 :i* (t5 appe>s bewild]+ly        

difficult to "o :o sees x = ! fir/ "t1  
becomes q simple :5 approa*$ /ep by /ep1
 & 9 company ) fell[ /ud5ts4 ,x is also 
int]e/+ to "k t "s ( ! mo/ satisfactory 
results obta9$ 9 c]ta9 s*ools dur+ ! la/
 few ye>s h be5 arriv$ at by tea*]s     
possess+ only an av]age k ( an in/rum5t1
 b :o h ?r[n !mselves ) en?usiasm into !
 /udy ( music z a liv+ language4 ,su*   
tea*]s are b\nd to succe$1 because !y   
are attack+ ! subject 9 a g5u9ely       
educational _s4  ,a ^w n[ on ano!r      
aspect ( ! "q ( tra9+4 ,!re is go+ to be
 an enorm\s diff]5ce 9 ! "y girl's      
outlook on life4 ,= p]haps ! fir/ "t %e 
has to adopt ! attitude ( ! "o :o gives1
 n ( ! "o :o receives4 ,hi!rto %e has   
be5 receiv+ food1 clo!s1 money1         
education1 help 9 h] difficulties1 c41 &
 n[1 ,fate waves a w&1 & ! *ild :o has  
be5 ! c5tre ( int]e/ 9 h] home & 9 h]   
s*ool has to le>n to give--& to give    
g5]\sly--z o!rs gave to h]4  ,= ! real  
tea*] is nev] paid = all %e does4 ,h]   
sal>y is n augm5t$ 9 proportion to all !

 extra help %e gives to ! backw>d or    
delicate pupil--to ! h\rs ( drudg]y1    
outside s*ool h\rs1 will+ly giv5 9 ord] 
to be prep>$ = e ev5tuality ( s*ool     
life4 ,su* ?+s are nev] paid = 9 money1 
! only rew>d is 9 ! p>tial realization (
 ! /&>d attempt$4  ,ano!r po9t4 ,! ideal
 tea*] mu/ h real p]sonality1 & ?is is a
 ?+ ( sl[ gr[?1 b :i* c be develop$ "u  
exp]t guidance4 ,!re mu/ be sympa?y1    
tact1 & hum\r4 ,9 adopt+ ! attitude ( ! 
giv] in/ead ( ! receiv] ! "y tea*] is   
too apt to put away ! remembrance (     
*ildi% difficulties1 & to =get ! re/less
 vitality :i* made h]1 z a *ild1 long to
 fidget1 & d any?+ b le>n4  ,!re is     
ano!r ?+ to be> 9 m9d4 ,! majority (    
amateurs are nev] subject to ! same     
criticism z ! pr(essional4 ,ev]y?+ is   
'wat]$ d[n'4 ',v good' has (t5 be5 !    
v]dict ( ! critic1 b an unspok5 addition
 has be5--'= an amateur'4  ,n[ 9 a tra9+
 dep>tm5t "o ( ! mo/ valuable po9ts ( ! 
tra9+ consi/s 9 ! outspok5 comm5ts4 ,&  
?is does n only ref] to musical "w1 b to

 p]sonal faults4 ,we all "k t if a      
mann]ism does n int]f]e ) ! unity ( a   
/rong p]sonality1 x may be left alone4  
,b !re are "s mann]isms :i* m]ely       
express ! weaknesses ( ^? :o possess !m1
 & :i* spoil ! expression ( !           
p]sonality4 ,^! mu/ be cur$1 & w be     
fai?fully dealt ) 9 ! tra9+ dep>tm5t4   
,la/ly1 if ! c\rse ( tra9+ be tak5 9    
connexion ) a s*ool1 opportunities w be 
af=d$ ( gett+ an insight into g5]al     
organization & s*emes ( "w = *ildr5 (   
all ages4  ,an accusation (t5 levell$ at
 ! musical memb]s ( a /aff is t !y keep 
to !mselves1 & d n id5tify !mselves ) ! 
g5]al s*ool life4 ,9 "s cases ?is may be
 due to lack ( will+ness1 b 9 ! l>ge    
majority x is due to lack ( tra9+ 91 &  
realization (1 ! unity ( su* life4  ,a  
/ud5t :o takes e opportunity giv5 to h] 
dur+ h] ye> ( tra9+ w n only le>n h[ to 
organize ! g5]al musical life ( a s*ool1
 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( e>-tra9+ & song        
classes1 recitals1 music clubs1 c41 b w 
be ready & pr\d to %[ initiative 9 o!r  

directions4  ,we _c d )\t ! visions (   
our arti/s1 & a c\ntry or a s*ool1 is ! 
poor] :5 full use is n made ( ! driv+   
=ce ( arti/ic inspiration4     ,,*apt]  
,,ii  ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,musical  
,,"w ,,9 ,,s*ools   ,! musical "w 9 a   
s*ool falls r\ghly into f\r divisions3  
#a4 ,e>-tra9+1 lead+ on 9 lat] /ages to 
h>mony1 c\nt]po9t1 c4  #b4 ,voice       
production & songs4  #c4 ,in/rum5tal "w4
  #d4 ,conc]ts1 music clubs1 c4  ,to    
take ^! 9 ord]3   #a4 ,e>-tra9+4  ,:5 ! 
necessity = ?is "w has be5 realiz$ !    
next /ep is to consid] h[ ! "t c be f\nd
 = x 9 ! s*ool curriculum4 ,^? :o h se5 
"s ( ! results 9 s*ools :i* h tak5 ! "w 
= "s ye>s are sometimes incl9$ to ?9k t 
a l>ge exp5diture ( "t has be5 involv$4 
,b1 provid$ ! *ildr5 h begun ! tra9+ :5 
q "y1 x is nei!r necess>y nor desirable 
= !m to h m ?an "o =ty-m9ute lesson a   
week aft] !y h rea*$ ! age ( twelve     
ye>s4 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 all 'language'
 "w ! ideal plan is to beg9 ) v %ort &  
fairly frequ5t lessons4 ,e>-tra9+ :i* is

 to be treat$ on ! l9es sugge/$ w be    
op5+ up a new 's5se' to ! pupil1 & !    
conc5tration necess>y is su* t ! *ildr5 
_c /& ! /ra9 ( a long lesson4  ,! foll[+
 l5g?s ( lessons are !re=e advisable3   
,= *ildr5 f f\r to sev5 ye>s ( age1 a   
qu>t] ( an h\r f\r days a week4  ,f     
eight to twelve ye>s ( age1 tw5ty m9utes
 ?ree days a week4  ,f ?irte5 ye>s ( age
 upw>ds1 =ty m9utes once a week4  ,n[ z 
to s*emes ( "w4  ,= ^? betwe5 ! ages (  
f\r & sev5 ! "t %\ld be sp5t 9 s++ at   
sight easy melodies 9 major keys1 & 9 e>
 te/s ( two or ?ree notes at a "t4  ,=  
^? betwe5 eight & twelve sight-s++ 9    
m9or keys & 9 two p>ts %\ld be add$1    
also ! dictation ( melodies & ( two-"p  
tunes4 ,:5 ?is "w is securely grasp$ !  
treatm5t ( *ords c beg91 also           
extemporiz+ ( melodies ) ! voice1 toge!r
 ) transposition & h>moniz+ ( easy      
phrases at ! piano4  ,= *ildr5 ( ?irte5 
ye>s & upw>ds ! above c be cont9u$1     
toge!r ) sight-s++ 9 ?ree p>ts1         
dictation 9 ?ree & f\r p>ts1 extemporiz+

 at ! piano1 & m def9ite "w 9 h>mony1   
c\nt]po9t1 & elem5t>y composition4      
,aft] ! age ( f\rte5 x is well to make !
 "w volunt>y4 ,by ?is "t x is possible  
to di/+ui% betwe5 *ildr5 :o are         
suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 music to make x   
wor? :ile = !m to cont9ue ! "w & ^? :o w
 be m pr(itably employ$ 9 o!r           
directions4 ,! latt] w h le>nt h[ to    
take an intellig5t int]e/ 9 music1 & h[ 
to 'li/5' :5 music is be+ p]=m$4 ,!     
classes w n[ become small]1 an advantage
 = ! m detail$ "w4  ,x is important to  
note t ! be/ results 9 e>-tra9+ w only  
be obta9$ if ! classes d n exce$        
tw5ty-five pupils 9 numb]4   #b4 ,voice 
,production & ,songs4  ,^! classes c be 
l>g] )\t prejudice to ! "w1 b ! above   
classification z to age is desirable4   
,*ildr5 betwe5 f\r & sev5 ye>s ( age w  
probably le>n songs connect$ ) _!       
k9d]g>t5 "w1 s x is difficult to say    
exactly ! am\nt ( "t to be sp5t 9 song  
lessons1 z ! "w w ov]lap4 ,^? betwe5    
eight & twelve %\ld h "o song & voice   

production lesson a week1 ( n less ?an  
tw5ty m9utes4 ,^? ov] ?irte5 w probably 
be work+ at m difficult songs1 & w ne$ n
 less ?an ?irty m9utes once a week4     
#c4 ,in/rum5tal ,"w4  ,x is v desirable 
t all *ildr5 up to ! age ( eight :o are 
le>n+ an in/rum5t %\ld d s 9 a class = !
 fir/ ye>1 r ?an 9 individual lessons4  
,mu* ( ! fundam5tal "w at an in/rum5t c 
become we>isome to a "y *ild unless tak5
 9 company ) o!rs ( ! same age4  ,a     
practical consid]ation involv$ is t ?is 
makes x possible to *>ge a small] fee = 
ea* pupil1 & ?is fact may influ5ce a    
p>5t to let a *ild beg9 an in/rum5t     
e>li] ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4  ,x   
has be5 f\nd t *ildr5 />t$ 9 ?is way    
develop mu* m rapidly ?an if !y _h      
individual lessons4 ,! /imulus ( class  
"w = ! av]age *ild _c be ov]-e/imat$4   
,:5 ?is prelim9>y ye>'s "w is ov]1 !    
*ild c g on ei!r to ?ree tw5ty-m9ute    
lessons a week by itself1 or two        
half-h\rs4 ,if e>-tra9+ is be+ done at !
 same "t1 x is possible to %ort5 ! am\nt

 ( in/rum5tal practice ea* day4 ,9 few  
cases %\ld x be all[$ to exce$ half an  
h\r up to ! age ( ?irte51 & 9 _m cases  
tw5ty m9utes is f\nd suffici5t4  ,aft] !
 age ( ?irte5 x is aga9 possible1 z 0 ! 
case ) ! e>-tra9+ "w1 to di/+ui% betwe5 
! musical *ildr5 & ! o!rs4 ,! =m] %\ld  
increase ! am\nt ( practis+ ea* day2 !  
latt]1 if !y cont9ue to le>n1 %\ld n    
exce$ half an h\r4 ,! piano lessons w 9 
mo/ cases consi/ ( two half-h\rs a week4
   #d4 ,conc]ts1 ,music ,clubs1 c4  ,x  
is a good plan to arrange = a %ort      
recital to be giv5 e t]m1 at :i* n only 
! m advanc$ pupils w play1 b *ildr5 at  
all /ages ( developm5t4 ,x is wise to   
insi/ on all music be+ play$ by he>t1 z 
9 ?is way an invaluable tra9+ w be giv5 
f ! v fir/4  ,9 ! case ( a prize-giv+ or
 l>ge s*ool function x is ( c\rse       
necess>y to %[ only ! be/ "w4  ,a music 
club is a great /imulus to ! musical    
life ( a s*ool4 ,a good plan is to      
arrange a s]ies ( %ort lectures on su*  
subjects z ! orig9s ( h>mony1 ac\/ics1 !

 *ief diff]5ce betwe5 music ( diff]5t   
s*ools & p]iods1 c41 & to foll[ ^! by   
acc\nts ( ! lives & works ( ! great     
compos]s4 ,*ildr5 are delight$ to come  
to su* meet+s1 especially if _! aid be  
ask$ 9 illu/rat+ ! lectures by play+    
specim5s ( ! music ref]r$ to4  ,9 !     
organization ( musical "w 9 a s*ool x is
 ( ! utmo/ importance t !re %\ld be a   
c5tral musical au?ority1 responsible =  
br++ all ^? engag$ 9 ! tea*+ into t\* ) 
ea* o!r4 ,if ?is be done1 n only w      
ov]lapp+ ( "w 9 ! v>i\s classes &       
lessons be avoid$1 b a driv+ =ce (      
musical comrade%ip w be initiat$ :i* w  
produce a g5u9e musical atmosph]e4      
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,voice  
,,production ,,& ,,songs   ,x is p]haps 
m r>e to f9d a successful tea*] ( songs 
?an ( any o!r subject 9 ! s*ool         
curriculum4 ,!re are _m reasons = ?is4  
,9 _m cases a visit+ tea*] takes ! "w1  
:o f9ds x difficult to le>n ! names (   
all ! *ildr5 9 "o lesson a week1 & :o   
!re=e />ts at a disadvantage4 ,!n ! size

 ( ! class = songs is always l>g] ?an t 
( classes 9 o!r subjects1 & !re is !re=e
 m inducem5t to inatt5tion on ! "p ( !  
*ildr54  ,no?+ is m pitiful ?an to see a
 "y1 inexp]i5c$ mi/ress grappl+ ) a l>ge
 class ( heal?y1 re/less *ildr51 :o "k f
 exp]i5ce t ! weekly song lesson may be 
turn$ to good acc\nt = _! own little    
games6  ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 ! born tea*]1 
:o s5ds an electric %ock ?r\gh ! room   
directly %e ent]s x1 & :o1 )\t ask+ = x1
 secures in/ant sil5ce & eag] att5tion4 
,su* p are r>e1 & x mu/ be our task n[  
to give a few practical sugge/ions to ^?
 less =tunate p :o d n possess ! innate 
gift1 b :o are will+ to le>n4  ,to beg9 
)1 ! tea*] ( songs mu/ h real           
p]sonality2 & if %e does n possess ?is  
by nature1 %e mu/ d h] be/ to develop   
:at %e has4 ,%e mu/ be full ( vitality1 
%e mu/ und]/& *ildr51 &1 above all1 %e  
mu/ be g5u9ely fond ( music1 9 su* a way
 t %e _c d )\t x4 ,! la/ qualification  
(t5 implies a c]ta9 s5sitiv5ess1 :i*    
f9ds a difficulty 9 accommodat+ itself  

to a workaday _w1 :]e p h little "t1 or 
incl9ation1 to /udy ! 'moods' ( o!rs4 ,v
 arti/ic p are a well-kn[n difficulty to
 ! au?orities ( s*ools4 ,9 ord] to excel
 9 _! art1 !y mu/ n only h a 'capacity =
 tak+ pa9s'1 b a res]ve /ore ( emotional
 =ce1 on :i* !y draw = self-expression  
?r\gh _! art4 ,n[ ! possession ( su* a  
res]ve /ore does n always imply a p[] ( 
keep+ x 9 res]ve6 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( tra9+ 
! att5tion ( su* p %\ld be direct$ to ! 
high ideals und]ly+ all true educational
 "w2 !y %\ld realize ! real function (  
music 9 education--t x is n to be tak5 z
 a m]e accompli%m5t1 or te*nical art1 b 
z a means ( self-expression4  ,we w n[  
consid] a special case4 ,let u suppose t
 a new mi/ress is tak+ a song lesson ) a
 l>ge class ( *ildr51 :o h ! reputation 
( be+ tr\blesome to manage4 ,on ent]+ ! 
classroom x is a good plan to g /raight 
to ! plat=m1 )\t speak+ a ^w to ! *ildr5
 on ! way1 :atev] !y may be do+4 ,f ?is 
vantage gr\nd ! tea*] %\ld look ! class 
ov] = a few seconds1 /ill )\t speak+4   

,!re is no?+ m impressive to a re/less  
class ?an ! sight ( a mi/ress n 9 ! lea/
 di/urb$ by _! do+s1 yet tak+ ev]y?+ 94 
,if ! mi/ress has cultivat$ a s5se (    
repose & self-confid5ce ?is action on h]
 "p w produce ! feel+ ( a c5tre ( =ce 9 
! room--& ! =ce w radiate f h]4 ,!      
*ildr51 )\t kn[+ exactly :at has happ5$1
 w feel diff]5t1 & w be pliant & easy to
 manage4 ,directly ! mi/ress is consci\s
 ( ?is *ange ( atmosph]e %e c />t !     
lesson4 ,b %e mu/ n[ gradually m]ge h]  
p]sonality into t ( ! class--%e mu/ "w )
 !m1 n outside !m4 ,x is difficult to   
put ?is idea into words1 b all real     
tea*]s w see ! mean+4 ,!re is no driv+  
=ce to equal t :i* works f )9 a         
community--n f )\t4  ,n[ = ! lesson     
itself4  ,x %\ld />t ) a few simple     
ex]cises 9 voice production4 ,excell5t  
sugge/ions = ^! w be f\nd 9 a little    
book call$ ,class ,s++ = ,s*ools1 ) a   
preface by ,sir ,*>les ,/an=d1 publi%$  
by ,/a9]  ,bell1 also 9 ! ,bo>d (       
,education ,memor&um on ,music4 ,a      

special po9t mu/ be dwelt on4 ,*ildr5   
%\ld nev] be all[$ to use ! *e/ regi/]4 
,_! voices %\ld be tra9$ d[nw>ds4 ,9 !  
s++ ( scales !re %\ld be a leap to1 or a
 />t on1 a note high en\gh to be out ( !
 *e/ regi/]--su* z ! high ,eb4 ,!       
desc5d+ scale %\ld !n be sung4 ,brea?+  
ex]cises %\ld be tak5 at ! beg9n+ ( !   
lesson4 ,a good ex]cise is to exhale on 
! s\nd '%'4 ,! *ildr5 w /& 9 easy       
positions = ?is1 ! h&s on ! ribs1 s t !y
 c feel ! ribs exp&+ & contract+ dur+   
inhalation & exhalation4 ,! %\ld]s %\ld 
be kept d[n4 ,! advantage 9 us+ ! s\nd  
'%' is t ! tea*] c !reby tell h[ long   
ea* *ild makes its brea? la/4  ,:5 ^!   
ex]cises are f9i%$1 & a few scales &    
passages h be5 sung1 ! class %\ld sit   
d[n :ile ! tea*] speaks ab\t ! new song 
to be sung4 ,9 s*ools :]e sight-s++ is  
tak5 z "p ( ! regul> curriculum x is n  
necess>y to "w at ?is 9 ! song class4 ,9
 beg9n+ a new song ! *ief ?+ is = !     
tea*] to get ! class to seize ! _s ( x4 
,if difficult words occur1 !y may be    

expla9$ lat]1 b x is absolutely ess5tial
 t ! *ildr5 %all get hold ( "s idea :i* 
!y c express 9 s++4  ,mr4 ,w4 ,toml9s1  
:o came ov] f ,new ,york 9 ord] to %[ "s
 ( 8 me?ods = deal+ ) l>ge classes1     
produc$ "s admirable results4 ,he work$ 
up ! en?usiasm ( 8 classes to su* an    
ext5t t ! effect ( _! s++ 0 electrical2 
& x 0 all due to ! few words he said    
be=e ! song 0 sung1 n to any corrections
 he made lat]4 ,x is n necess>y = a     
tea*] to conduct ! songs all ! "t dur+ !
 lesson1 or ! fact t ! class is expect$ 
to wat* ! baton t5ds to make !m rigid 9 
_! attitudes1 & !re=e1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1
 9 _! s++4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ :5 
a class /&s to s+4 ,"s well-mean+ tea*]s
 =get t ! *ildr5 h probably be5 sitt+ 9 
_! classrooms = ! great] "p ( ! morn+1 &
 are only too glad to /& = a *ange4 ,!y 
c sit betwe5 ! songs1 :5 f9d+ _! places1
 & s on4  ,songs %\ld be *os5 9 :i* !   
pit* is n too l[4 ,_m p h ! mi/ak5 idea 
t "y *ildr5 _c s+ high4 ,li/5 to _! %\ts
 9 ! playgr\nd1 to ! notes !y use :5    

call+ to ea* o!r1 & ?is idea w soon be  
correct$4 ,! l[e/ note 9 ! voice ( a "y 
*ild is g5]ally ,e1 & x c take ! high ,f
 or ,g q easily4  ,dron]s %\ld n be     
all[$ to s+ ) ! re/ ( ! class1 or ! pit*
 w be lo/ at once1 to say no?+ ( !      
spoil+ ( ! g5]al effect4  ,flat s++ is  
(t5 due to bad v5tilation ( ! room1 m   
(t5 /ill to bor$om4 ,a good plan 9 ?is  
case is to raise ! pit* a semitone2 x is
 (t5 j z easy = s++1 & inv>iably        
produces a s5se ( *e]fulness4  ,*ildr5  
%\ld nev] be all[$ to s+ l\dly1         
especially :5 v "y4 ,x is mo/ difficult 
to cure ! habit :5 once =m$4 ,att5tion  
%\ld be paid to articulation f ! v fir/4
 ,a useful lesson is taught ! class if1 
f "t to "t1 half ( !m g to ! end ( !    
room1 &1 ) clos$ books1 li/5 to _!      
companions s++ a v]se ( a song :i* is   
new to !m4 ,! difficulty !y exp]i5ce 9  
foll[+ ! words w n soon be =gott54      
,attacks %\ld be absolutely precise4 ,! 
two-& ?ree-"p contrapuntal s++ :i* is   
done 9 ! sight-s++ classes is admirable 

= ?is1 z ! :ole effect is blurr$ or     
entirely spoilt 9 su* cle>-cut "w by a  
false entry4  ,= all l>ge s*ool         
functions1 su* z a prize-giv+1 ! songs  
%\ld be sung by he>t4 ,?is is n necess>y
 9 ord9>y class "w1 z ! aim !re is to   
tea* z _m good songs z possible1 9 ord] 
to =m a /&>d ( real musical lit]ature4  
,b at ! set p]=mance no?+ is m          
delightful ?an to see *ildr5 rise1 &1   
)\t any flapp+ ( pages1 or uncom=table  
attitudes = see+ ! words 9 a book1 s+   
/raight f _! he>ts4 ,h[ev] simple !     
music or ! words1 ! effect w be well    
wor? ! little additional tr\ble4  ,our  
la/ consid]ation is t ( ! songs to be   
*os5 to le>n4 ,little *ildr5 %\ld r>ely 
s+ any?+ b unison songs4 ,folk-songs1   
su* z ^? edit$ by ,cecil ,%>p & o!rs1 &1
 = ! v little ones1 traditional nurs]y  
rhymes & game songs are ! be/4 ,f ! ages
 ( t5 to f\rte5 ye>s su* books z        
,boosey's ,national ,songs or ,songs (  
,brita9 %\ld be ! /aple "w1 :ile = old] 
*ildr5 ! great classical songs may be   

add$4 ,a good book = ^! is ! ,gold5     
,treasury1 publi%$ by ,boosey4  ,songs  
by liv+ compos]s %\ld be /rictly limit$ 
9 numb]1 ?\gh n exclud$4 ,^! h n /ood ! 
te/ ( "t4 ,we tea* ,%akespe>e 9 our     
lit]ature classes1 n a mod]n poet--!    
essays ( ,bacon1 n ^? ( a mod]n essayi/4
 ,& our reason is t ! only way to create
 a /&>d ( ta/e is to take our *ildr5 to 
! classical f\nta9s ( prose & poetry4   
,we mu/ d ! same 9 music4     ,,*apt]   
,,iv  ,,! ,,sol-,,fa ,,me?od   ,to ^? :o
 are n accu/om$ to ! ,sol-fa notation x 
appe>s at fir/ sight a useless          
encumbrance4 ,excell5t argum5ts are     
produc$ = ?is view4 ,_m musical p c     
sc>cely rememb] :5 !y c\ld n s+ at sight
 & write melodies f dictation4 ,!y pick$
 up ?is k in/9ctively1 & _c see :y o!rs 
%\ld n d ! same4 ,un=tunately ev]ybody  
has n prov$ able to d s1 h5ce a         
multitude ( 'me?ods' = tea*+ !m4  ,! mo/
 famili> ( ^! consi/$ 9 try+ to tea* !  
pupil to s+ int]vals1 z int]vals1 at    
sight4 ,?irds1 fif?s1 six?s1 c4 7       

dilig5tly practis$4 ,b pupils did n     
always f9d x easy to s+ ^! int]vals f   
all notes ( ! scale1 unless 9 sequ5ce4  
,! major ?ird f doh to me seem$ easi]   
?an t f fah to lah1 & s on4 ,?us 9 !    
majority ( cases sight-s++ 9 classes    
resolv$ itself into ! musical *ildr5    
lead+1 & ! o!rs foll[+4 ,x is r>e to f9d
 a l>ge class 9 :i* !re is n "o musical 
*ild1 & ! only sure te/ ( progress is to
 make ! less musical *ildr5 s+ at sight 
alone f "t to "t4  ,n[1 if ^? :o h      
'pick$ up' ! k ( sight-s++ )\t kn[+ h[  
!y did x be ask$ to expla9 h[ !y arrive 
at _! int]vals1 x w be f\nd t tonality  
plays a l>ge "p 9 _! consci\sness4 ,9   
o!r words1 !y are p]fectly c]ta9 ( _!   
key-note1 & at any mom5t c\ld s+ x1 ev5 
aft] complicat$ passages4  ,?is fact is 
! root ( ! ,sol-fa sy/em4 ,! *ild is    
taught to ?9k ( all ! notes ( ! scale 9 
relation to ! key-note4 ,a v s5sible    
objection is sometimes rais$ to ?is1    
i4e4 t x mu/ surely entail a great deal 
( deta*m5t f ! matt] 9 h& if ! m9d has  

to grope = ! key-note betwe5 e two      
consecutive notes ( a melody4 ,b ?is    
process becomes automatic v quickly4 ,we
 are n consci\s ( ref]5ces to !         
multiplication tables e "t we d a sum1  
yet we c\ld n d ! sum )\t ^!4 ,& x is ! 
same ) ! ,sol-fa sy/em4 ,! *ild ne$ v   
r>ely actually s+ ! key-note :5 consid]+
 ano!r note1 %e ref]s ! latt] to x      
unconsci\sly4  ,!re is "o curi\s anomaly
 9 ! or?odox ,sol-fa sy/em1 :i* has     
caus$ a good deal ( amusem5t to its     
critics1 & has end$ by caus+ a cleavage 
on ! "p ( _m :o are o!rwise 9 cordial   
agreem5t ) ! broad l9es ( ! me?od4 ,?is 
is conc]n$ ) ! treatm5t ( ! m9or key4 ,!
 or?odox ,sol-fa tea*] relates ! notes (
 ! m9or scale1 n to ! key-note1 b to !  
?ird ( ! scale1 i4e4 to ! key-note ( !  
relative major4 ,! confusion :i* ?is    
plan produces 9 ! s5se ( tonality c     
readily be imag9$4 ,:5 s++ 9 major keys 
! pupils are told to ref] all notes to !
 key-note = 'm5tal effect'1 b 9 ! m9or  
key ?is is /rictly =bidd54 ,to take an  

in/ance4 ,9 ! scale ( ,c major ! *ild   
has be5 tra9$ to feel ! %>p1 bright     
effect ( ! note ,g1 ! fif? f ! key-note 
,c4 ,x w\ld naturally feel ! same effect
 = ! note ,e 9 ! key ( ,a m9or1 :5      
relat$ to ! key-note ,a4 ,b ! or?odox   
,sol-fa tea*] says3 ',no4 ,y mu/ feel ! 
calm1 soo?+ effect ( ,e 9 relation to   
,c6' ,c ! *ild be really tra9$ 9 ?is    
way8 ,if x 7 m]ely a diff]5ce 9 detail (
 ! treatm5t ( ! two modes ?is error c\ld
 be =giv51 b x is a diff]5ce 9          
fundam5tal pr9ciple4  ,"o ( ! _m        
difficulties caus$ occurs 9             
transposition on ! piano4 ,:5 transpos+ 
f1 say1 ,c m9or to ,f m9or1 ! *ild mu/  
fir/ ?9k 9 ,eb major1 s z to get ! pivot
 ( ref]5ce1 !n 9 ,ab major = ! new pivot
 ,ab4 ,yet all ! "t its real s5se (     
pivot1 :i*1 be x not$1 has be5 admirably
 tra9$ by ! ,sol-fa treatm5t ( ! major  
scale1 is 9 fav\r ( ,c & ,f             
respectively4  ,! me?od evolv$ = ! m9or 
key by ^? :o wi% to uphold ! fundam5tal 
pr9ciple ( ! key-note be+ ! pivot (     

ref]5ce = all keys1 major & m9or1 is a v
 simple "o4 ,x consi/s 9 giv+ to ! ?ird 
& six? ( ! h>monic =m ( ! scale _!      
logical names ( maw & taw4 ,! six? ( !  
asc5d+ scale 9 ! melodic =m w ( c\rse be
 ! same 9 ! m9or z 9 ! major4  ,!re are 
two o!r po9ts 9 ! or?odox ,sol-fa sy/em 
:i* are modifi$ by ^? :o wi% to use x z 
a crut* to /aff notation4 ,! fir/ ( ^!  
conc]ns ! r complicat$ "t notation ( all
 b ! fir/ sets ( ex]cises4 ,directly    
subdivisions ( ! beat are introduc$ !   
notation becomes difficult to read )\t  
putt+ a /ra9 on ! eyes4 ,! little dots1 
da%es1 commas1 c41 worry *ildr54        
,exp]i5ce has prov$ t :5 a class is     
ready = any?+ beyond ! v simple/ "t     
values x c leave ! ,sol-fa notation     
altoge!r1 & keep entirely to ! /aff     
notation4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 an          
advantage1 & is :at is be+ aim$ at4  ,! 
o!r po9t is connect$ ) ! use ( :at are  
call$ 'bridge-notes'4 ,:5 a modulation  
is introduc$ :i* entails a fairly long  
ref]5ce to a new key1 ! note lead+      

directly to x is ( c\rse accid5tal 9 !  
fir/ key & diatonic 9 ! second4 ,?is is 
call$ a bridge-note1 & mu/ be ?\ght ( 9 
two ways1 fir/ 9 ! old key1 !n 9 ! new4 
,?us its "n mu/ be *ang$1 z a prelude to
 us+ ! new pivot4  ,n[1 9 tea*+ /aff    
notation x is nei!r wise nor necess>y to
 introduce ext5d$ modulations v e>ly4 ,!
 aim is to make x possible = *ildr5 to  
s+ fairly easy melodies 9 all keys1     
major & m9or1 ) incid5tal modulations1 z
 soon z possible--!n to revise ! "w1    
introduc+ m difficult modulations4 ,?is 
end w be atta9$ by def]r+ ! use (       
bridge-notes until ! *ildr5 are ready to
 s+ melodies 9 ! m9or keys :i* modulate 
to ! relative major4 ,if ! above-m5tion$
 plan = ! treatm5t ( ! m9or key be      
adopt$1 bridge-notes w be ess5tial at   
?is /age1 & ! melodies1 at any rate at  
fir/1 _c be sung )\t _! aid4 ,a fur!r   
ref]5ce to ?is matt] is giv5 9 ! *apt]  
on ! tea*+ ( sight-s++4     ,,*apt] ,v  
,,fir/ ,,lessons ,,to ,,beg9n]s ,,9     
,,e>-,,tra9+   ,! =m ( ^! lessons w v>y 

slightly accord+ to ! ages ( ! *ildr54  
,we w suppose ^! to lie betwe5 sev5 &   
n9e ye>s1 :5 ! *ildr5 c read & write4   
,at ! fir/ lesson ! scale ( ,c major    
%\ld be play$1 f middle ,c to high ,c1  
asc5d+ only4 ,!n repeat middle ,c1 & /op
 on x a little4 ,d ?is ?ree or f\r      
times1 tell+ ! *ildr5 to c\nt ! notes z 
y play up ! scale4 ,:5 !y are all sure t
 eight notes h be5 play$1 ask !m :y !y  
?9k y repeat$ ! middle ,c at ! end4 ,!y 
w probably say3 ',to make x s\nd f9i%$4'
 ,9 o!r words1 !y h grasp$ ! 'm5tal     
effect' ( ! key-note 9 e key1 ! pivot   
r\nd :i* ! o!r notes revolve4 ,give ! h&
 sign = ?is note1 accord+ to ! ,sol-fa  
plan1 & tell ! *ildr5 t ! note is call$ 
doh4 ,n[ repeat ! scale1 b ?is "t play x
 f high ,c to middle ,c1 repeat+ ! high 
,c at ! end4 ,! *ildr5 w see at once :at
 has happ5$1 & t ! high ,c n[ 'f9i%es' !
 passage4 ,?us x w be call$ 'high doh'1 
& ! h& sign w be repeat$1 b at a high]  
level4 ,be c>eful n to b5d ! h& at !    
wri/ :5 giv+ ?is sign1 or ! effect (    

f9ality & repose w be lo/4  ,at ! second
 lesson1 repeat ?is "w1 ! *ildr5 tell+ y
 :at to d4 ,!n make eight l>ge dots on !
 blackbo>d1 & aga9/ ! fir/ & eigh? ( ^! 
write doh & doh'4 ,n[ play ! fir/ five  
notes ( ! scale1 & repeat ! fir/ z be=e4
 ,ask h[ _m notes 7 play$4 ,!n play !m  
aga91 b />t+ f ! fif? d[nw>ds1 & repeat 
! fif? at ! end4 ,ask ! *ildr5 :y !y ?9k
 y did ?is4 ,at fir/ !y w n be able to  
express :at !y feel1 b gradually ! idea 
w em]ge t y want to call att5tion to    
some?+ ( int]e/4 ,p (t5 call to ea* o!r 
by s++ up a fif?4 ,! new note is %>p &  
bright 9 s\nd :5 relat$ to ! key-note4  
,h5ce ! h& sign4 ,give ! "n soh1 & write
 x aga9/ ! fif? dot on ! bo>d4 ,! *ildr5
 %\ld n[ s+ f ! ?ree h& signs kn[n1 also
 f ! notes on ! bo>d4 ,!y %\ld also     
id5tify ! notes :5 play$ 9 gr\ps ( two &
 ?ree on ! piano4  ,:5 !y c d all ?is   
easily1 ! next note1 ! ?ird ( ! scale1  
is tak5 9 ! same way4 ,! 'm5tal effect' 
is calm & soo?+1 h5ce ! h& sign4 ,9     
addition to s++ f ! h& signs1 & f !     

,sol-fa 'modulator' :i* is gradually be+
 con/ruct$ on ! bo>d1 ! *ildr5 c n[ s+ f
 ! horizontal ,sol-fa notation1 & f !   
/aff notation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is          
invaluable 9 ! e>ly /ages1 z x          
absolutely precludes guess+4 ,9 s++ f ! 
modulator ?is is possible to a c]ta9    
ext5t1 z ! relation ( ea* note to !     
key-note is %[n r\ghly 9 di/ance by !   
dots betwe5 ! notes4 ,!re is no su* help
 giv5 9 ! horizontal notation4  ,9      
beg9n+ ! "w 9 /aff notation ! notes ( ! 
scale w be ?\ght ( z /eps 9 a ladd]4 ,9 
all keys1 :5 doh is on a l9e1 me & soh  
are also on l9es1 & high doh is on a    
space2 b :5 doh is on a space1 me & soh 
are on spaces1 & high doh is on a l9e4  
,^! are v simple matt]s1 b *ildr5 are   
simple p1 & w n despise su* h9ts4  ,!   
next notes ( ! scale to be tak5 are ray 
& te1 !n fah & lah4 ,! la/ two are ! mo/
 difficult4 ,a good patt]n to fix 9 !   
*ildr5's m9ds is3       d f m l s t1 d--
  :i* splits up into3       d f m--2 d l
 s--  ,if ^! are really kn[n1 no tr\ble 

w be f\nd ) ! notes f & l4  ,pl5ty (    
ex]cises %\ld be giv5 9 :i* ! notes ( ! 
scale are tak5 9 relation to ! high doh4
 ,possible notes %\ld also be tak5 above
 high doh 7su* z high ray1 high me1 high
 fah 9 ! scale ( ,c7 & bel[ doh4 ,)     
reg>d to ! latt]1 ! key may be *ang$ f  
"t to "t :5 tak+ ,sol-fa "w f h& signs  
or ! modulator1 or f ,sol-fa notation1 9
 ord] to get a wid] range = ! notes     
above m5tion$4 ,?us1 if ! class be giv5 
! doh ( ,g major1 !y c s+ l[ te1 l[ lah1
 l[ soh1 & l[ fah1 or1 z ^! notes are   
writt5 9 ,sol-fa notation1 t1 l1 s1 f14 
,^! po9ts are sometimes ov]look$ by     
mi/resses1 & ! e>ly tra9+ loses 9       
?or\ghness4  ,directly ! *ildr5 are sure
 ( ! diatonic notes ( ! key ( ,c major  
!y %\ld take ! %>p5$ f\r? 7fe71 !       
flatt5$ sev5? 7taw74 & ! %>p5$ fif?     
7se74 ,lat] on !y w le>n t ^! notes (t5 
introduce modulations to ! dom9ant1     
subdom9ant1 & relative m9or keys        
respectively4  ,extemporiz+ ) ! voice   
may n[ beg91 along ! l9es sugge/$ 9     

,*apt] ,,ix4 ,an extra int]e/ w ?us be  
add$ to ! lesson1 & ! *ild w h its fir/ 
initiation into 'self-expression' ?r\gh 
! art ( music4     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,!    
,,tea*+ ,,( ,,sight-,,s++   ,in/ruction 
9 sight-s++ %\ld beg9 by tea*+ ! /aff   
notation ?r\gh ! ,tonic ,sol-fa me?od4  
,objections to ?is are sometimes rais$  
by v musical p1 :o h no recollection (  
any 'me?od' by means ( :i* !y !mselves  
le>nt to s+ at sight1 & :o !re=e ?9k _! 
pupils c pick up ! k 9 ! same in/9ctive 
fa%ion4 ,exp]i5ce proves t ?is is v     
r>ely ! case4  ,) v little *ildr5 x is  
well to keep entirely to h& signs & e>  
te/s until all ! notes ( ! scale are    
kn[n1 ?r\gh _! 'm5tal effect'4 ,"o      
reason = ?is is t su* *ildr5 _c read or 
write1 s no musical "w c be done ) !m   
:i* implies ?is k4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to  
v>y ! lessons z mu* z possible4  ,at "o 
lesson ! tea*] c give ! h& signs & e>   
te/s h]self4 ,at ! next1 "o ( ! class c 
give ! h& signs = ! re/ ( ! class1 & !  
tea*] ! e> te/s4 ,at ! next1 a *ild c   

give ! e> te/s1 & s on4 ,an exp]i5c$    
tea*] w f9d pl5ty ( simil> ways =       
produc+ new int]e/ 9 ! lessons1 ev5 ?\gh
 ! actual am\nt ( "w done be necess>ily 
small4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by hurry+ ov] !    
initial /ages ( e>-tra9+4 ,! f\ndation  
mu/ be securely laid1 or tr\ble w come  
lat]4 ,^? :o h _h exp]i5ce ( class "w 9 
k9d]g>t5s "k ! special difficulties to  
be met--! irregul>ity ( att5dance1 !    
con/ant /ream ( new pupils com+ 91 & s  
on4 ,unless pl5ty ( opportunity is giv5 
= revision ! "w w suff] 9 ?or\ghness4   
,= *ildr5 :o take ?is "w betwe5 ! ages (
 eight & twelve1 no bett] s*eme =       
sight-s++ c be f\nd ?an t conta9$ 9     
,som]vell's ,fifty ,/eps 9 ,sight-s++1  
supplem5t$ by ! *ildr5's books1 ,a ,?\s&
 ,ex]cises1 publi%$ by ,curw54 ,x is    
ess5tial to read c>efully ! app5dices to
 ?is "w1 especially t conc]n$ ) ! m9or  
keys4 ,ano!r book ( sight-s++ ex]cises  
:i* foll[s ! same sequ5ce is ! ,rational
 ,sight ,read]1 by ,ev]ett1 publi%$ by  
,boosey4  ,9 tea*+ ! keys ( ,g major &  

,f major x is mo/ important t ! class   
%all !mselves discov] ! necessity = ! ,f
 & ,bb 9 ! respective signatures4       
,inexp]i5c$ tea*]s sometimes tea* ?is z 
a dogma1 & !reby deprive ! *ildr5 ( !   
delight ( discov]+ x = !mselves4  ,?us1 
if ! scale ( ,g major be play$ ) ,fn    
in/ead ( ,f1 ! class w discov] t taw has
 be5 play$ in/ead ( te1 & w soon f9d out
 h[ to correct ! wrong s\nd4  ,simil>ly1
 if ! scale ( ,f major be play$ ) ,bn   
in/ead ( ,bb1 !y w say t fe has be5     
play$ in/ead ( fah4  ,if ! ord] ( keys  
tak5 be t ( ! ,fifty ,/eps1 ! foll[+    
diagram w %[ at a glance ! und]ly+ plan3
       #g      #e      #c    #a    #b   
#d   #f      ,eb  ,bb  ,f  ,c  ,g  ,d   
,a  ,x %\ld be not$ t s f> z ! positions
 ( ! notes on ! /ave are conc]n$1 ! key 
( ,ab is z easy to s+ 9 z ! key ( ,a1   
,db z ,d1 & s on4 ,?is fact is sometimes
 ov]look$1 & unnecess>y difficulties are
 creat$ = ! *ildr54  ,x is important = a
 class to s+ at sight flu5tly 9 "o key  
be=e attempt+ a new "o4 ,"s tea*]s take 

keys 9 gr\ps1 & try to tea* !m all      
toge!r4 ,?is plan r>ely leads to        
satisfactory results4   ,m9or ,keys4  ,x
 is wise to def] ! treatm5t ( ^! until  
all ! major keys h be5 ma/]$4 ,! h>monic
 =m ( ! scale ( ,c m9or %\ld !n be tak51
 ! *ildr5 id5tify+ ! two notes new to !m
 z ! flatt5$ ?ird & six? ( ! scale4 ,x  
is a good plan to get !m to s+ a few    
melodies f ! blackbo>d :i* are 9 ,c     
m9or1 b :i* be> ! signature ( ,c major1 
! flatt5$ ?ird & six? be+ suppli$4 ,?is 
impresses ! new notes on ! *ildr54      
,lat] on1 ! correct signature %\ld be   
evolv$ by exp]im5t1 & ! same plan foll[$
 = ! o!r keys1 be=e ! 'rule' = f9d+ !   
signature is discuss$4 ,! melodic =m ( !
 scale c !n be taught1 & bo? =ms        
practis$ to give pl5ty ( fre$om 9 ! new 
tonality4 ,! v>i\s m9or keys %\ld !n be 
tak5 9 ! same ord] z t 9 :i* ! major    
keys 7 tak54  ,x is advisable to limit !
 "w at fir/ to melodies :i* d n modulate
 to ! relative major4 ,lat] on1 :5 !    
*ildr5 are fairly flu5t1 !y c take ^!4  

,at fir/ !y w h to make use (           
'bridge-notes' at ! modulation1 b1 ) a  
little practice1 !y w soon be able to s+
 at sight to lah4  ,"p-s++4  ,*ildr5    
%\ld n be all[$ to s+ "p-songs until !y 
c s+ at sight 9 p>ts4 ,! reason = ?is is
 t 9 ! majority ( "p-songs ! "u p>ts are
 writt5 too l[ = ! *ild voice1 & if !y  
are practis$ sev]al times 9 succession1 
h>m is likely to result4 ,if1 on ! o!r  
h&1 ! songs c be read at sight1 ! p>ts c
 be int]*ang$1 & ! voices ( ! *ildr5 d n
 suff] to ! same ext5t4 ,! greate/      
difficulty 9 tea*+ "p-s++ is a moral "o3
 a *ild :o takes an "u "p does n l !    
feel+ ( "s "o s++ above h]4 ,! voices   
mu/ be divid$ c>efully = ?is "w--"s     
tea*]s pref] to get ! balance on ! side 
( ! "u p>ts1 9 ord] to avoid ! feel+ t x
 is necess>y to %\t 9 ord] to be he>d6  
,! ideal plan is to int]*ange ! p>ts    
freely at ! same lesson4  ,ex]cises %\ld
 be *os5 at fir/ 9 :i* ! "u "p />ts on a
 fairly high note &1 if possible1 be=e !
 upp] "p ent]s1 9 ord] to give          

confid5ce4 ,! "u "p %\ld also move      
freely1 & %\ld n consi/ ( long hold+    
notes4 ,ex]cises 9 :i* ! p>ts cross af=d
 excell5t practice4 ,good in/ances (    
easy ex]cises are to be f\nd 9 ,nos4 #i1
 #fh1 #hj1 #aja1 c4 9 ,book ,,iii ( ,a  
,?\s& ,ex]cises2 also 9 ! _m canons to  
be f\nd 9 t book4  ,sight-s++ 9 ?ree    
p>ts %\ld always beg9 ) ex]cises writt5 
9 ! contrapuntal /yle4 ,!re are in/ances
 ( ^! 9 ,?ree-"p ,vocal ,ex]cises1 by   
,raymond1 publi%$ by ,weekes  ,sons4    
,?is book is also suitable = use :]e    
m5's voices are obta9able1 ! two treble 
p>ts be+ tak5 by two t5ors1 & !         
transpos$ alto "p by a bass4  ,a good   
s]ies ( "p-songs is to be f\nd 9 ! ,ye> 
,book ,press1 :i* only admits songs by  
/&>d compos]s4     ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,!   
,,tea*+ ,,( ,,"t ,,& ,,rhy?m   ,x is    
impossible to ov]-e/imate ! importance (
 c>eful /udy be=e a tea*] attempts to   
tra9 *ildr5 9 a s5se ( "t & rhy?m4  ,n  
only mu/ an intellectual conception ( ! 
importance ( ! subject be arriv$ at1 b a

 subconsci\s realization ( x4 ,!        
function ( rhy?m 9 ! _w %\ld be p]ceiv$1
 & su* natural ph5om5a z day & night1 ! 
seasons1 ! tides1 & c\ntless o!rs1 seem 
to be examples ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,!    
same influ5ce may be trac$ 9 social     
activities4 ,"w _c be organiz$ & c>ri$  
on :]e rhy?mic ord] is n f\nd1 & no     
conception ( ! bra9 or ( ! arti/ic      
faculty c em]ge un9=m$ by rhy?mic       
cont9uity4  ,a human be+ imp]fectly     
end[$ ) a s5se ( balance or rhy?m is a  
dang] to ! community1 & "o :o is        
entirely )\t ?is s5se is spok5 ( z      
'insane'4  ,9 ! tra9+ ( ! tea*] x is    
well to call att5tion fir/ to ! rhy?m ( 
spee*1 be=e ent]+ into t ( music4 ,^? :o
 h _h a lit]>y education h already /udi$
 ! metrical prop]ties ( poetry & prose4 
,!y w readily agree t su* phrases z3    
',my fa!r's fa!r saw x n4' ',happy ,new 
,ye> to y4' ',because ,i s\ght x f> f   
m51   ,9 des]ts & alone4' ',we mu/ g    
back ) ,policeman ,day1   ,back to !    
,city ( ,sleep4'  c be ?\ght ( z writt5 

9 #b_/d1 #c_/d1 #d_/d1 #f_/h times      
respectively4  ,m4 ,jaques ,dalcroze has
 %[n1 ?r\gh 8 ,rhy?mic ,gymna/ics1 !    
extraord9>y effect t rhy?mic movem5ts c 
h1 n only on physical heal?1 b on m5tal 
& moral poise4 ,= highly n]v\s *ildr5 "s
 su* "w is ( especial b5efit1 b = all   
*ildr5 x is ( great value4 ,x %\ld be   
supplem5t$ 9 ! e>-tra9+ class by con/ant
 practice 9 beat+ "t to tunes4 ,! tea*] 
beg9s by play+ simple tunes1 ) /rongly  
m>k$ acc5ts4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld discov] ^!  
acc5ts = !mselves1 & %\ld be taught to  
beat "t1 us+ ! prop] conductor's beats f
 ! fir/4  ,! ,fr5* "t names--ta1 ta-t1  
c4--are invaluable 9 e>ly /ages4 ,!y are
 bas$ on s5se impression1 & are pick$ up
 quickly by ! *ildr54 ,by tak+ ! crot*et
 z ! unit to />t )1 ! old-fa%ion$ plan (
 exalt+ ! semibreve1 ! lea/ us$ note 9  
music1 to a prim>y place1 is avoid$4    
,if ! ord] giv5 9 ,som]vell's ,fifty    
,/eps 9 ,sight-s++ be foll[$1 ! "q (    
complicat$ "t w n be =c$ too e>ly on !  
att5tion ( ! *ildr54 ,pupils tra9$ on   

o!r sy/ems h sometimes be5 f\nd         
incapable ( s++ melodies writt5 9       
complicat$ "t1 ev5 ?\gh !y c beat "t to 
! notes1 giv+ ! "t names1 )\t mi/ake4 ,!
 same ?+ is noticeable 9 _! in/rum5tal  
"w4 ,?is is due to ! fact t "o side ( _!
 tra9+ has be5 develop$ at ! exp5se ( ! 
o!r--"t at ! exp5se ( pit*4 ,!re seems  
little po9t 9 tea*+ a *ild su* "t-values
 z  ,illu/ration3 7crot*et ti$ to fir/  
note ( a quav] triplet1 foll[$ by f\r   
semiquav]s & ano!r crot*et7  :5 x c only
 read at sight 9 ! key ( ,c major6  ,9  
tak+ an ex]cise 9 sight-s++ = ! fir/ "t 
) a class at an elem5t>y /age ! foll[+  
practice has be5 f\nd b5eficial3  #a4 ,!
 *ildr5 s+ ! tune /raight ?r\gh at      
sight1 )\t /opp+1 ! tea*] beat+ "t4     
,mi/akes are !n po9t$ out & difficult   
phrases practis$4  #b4 ,! *ildr5 /& & s+
 ! tune /raight ?r\gh aga91 beat+ "t z  
!y d s4  #c4 ,individual *ildr5 !n /& & 
s+ ! tune by !mselves1 beat+ "t4 ,9 ?is 
way ! *ild gets to "k ! s\nd ( its own  
voice1 & ! tea*] c correct any          

individual faults ( intonation1 voice   
production1 c4 ,"s *ildr5 w always h an 
incl9ation to %\t :5 !y s+ ) o!rs1 p>tly
 ?r\gh excitem5t & p>tly because !y _c  
he> _! own voices 9 any o!r way4 ,if ?is
 be p]mitt$ ! quality ( tone w rapidly  
deg5]ate1 & ! effect ( ! :ole class "w w
 suff]4  ,no?+ is m delightful ?an to   
he> "y *ildr5 s+ quietly1 & )\t 9 any   
way =c+ _! voices4     ,,*apt] ,,viii   
,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,dictation   ,s long z 
! "w done 9 e>-tra9+ is 9 ! v elem5t>y  
/ages ! be/ =m ( dictation w be3  #a4   
,e> te/s1 consi/+ ( two to ?ree notes at
 a "t1 :i* %\ld be writt5 9 /aff        
notation z soon z possible4  #b4        
,monotone "t te/s1 :i* %\ld be q %ort1 z
 ! con/ant repetition ( ! same note 9   
pit* is irritat+ to ! m s5sitive e>s 9 a
 class4 ,?is po9t is sometimes ov]look$1
 ) ! result t only ! less musical *ildr5
 get any real b5efit f ! te/s4  ,by ! "t
 t *ildr5 c s+ at sight 9 ! key ( ,d    
major !y w be ready to take d[n f       
dictation %ort melodic phrases 9 "t &   

tune4 ,a useful plan is = ! phrase to be
 play$ ov] ?ree times1 ! *ildr5 li/5+   
c>efully & beat+ "t4 ,!y %\ld !n s+ !   
phrase once ?r\gh to lah1 & write x d[n4
  ,?is me?od ( dictation is m           
satisfactory ?an t ( dictat+ a b> at a  
"t1 z x draws att5tion to musical       
phrases z a :ole4 ,lat] on x w be f\nd  
possible to dictate 9 ! same way long] &
 long] phrases4 ,incid5tally ! memory is
 be+ tra9$ z well z ! e>4  ,! class %\ld
 be accu/om$ to write phrases :i* d n   
necess>ily beg9 on ! fir/ beat ( ! b>4  
,! h&writ+1 exact position ( accid5tals1
 c41 %\ld be c>efully wat*$4 ,) "y      
*ildr5 x is well to use manuscript books
 :i* h ! l9es rul$ v widely ap>t--a     
little *ild's h& soon gets cramp$ if x  
is made to write 9 an ord9>y manuscript 
book4  ,:5 a class c take d[n simple    
melodies correctly x is "t to beg9      
two-"p "w4 ,z a prelim9>y1 get a *ild to
 play middle ,c on ! piano1 !n to comb9e
 ) x ea* ( ! notes ( ! scale ( ,c major 
9 turn4 ,! class w decide :i* ( ^!      

two-"p *ords are pleasant to li/5 to4   
,op9ion is g5]ally unanim\s 9 fav\r ( ! 
?ird1 six?1 & octave1 :i* w !re=e be !  
basis ( ! fir/ ex]cises 9 two-"p        
dictation4  ,pl5ty ( practice %\ld be   
giv5 9 isolat$ examples ( ^! *ords1 9 m 
?an "o key1 be=e ! class attempts to    
comb9e "t ) tune4 ,:5 !y are ready =    
?is1 ! "w %\ld beg9 ) v simple phrases1 
) pl5ty ( repetition to enable !m to be 
quickly memoriz$4 ,a lat] /age          
introduces ! use ( pass+ notes4 ,x is   
bett] to play ! ex]cise ?r\gh fir/ )\t  
^!1 & :5 x has be5 writt5 & correct$1 to
 play x aga91 ins]t+ ! pass+ notes4     
,be=e a class has f9i%$ ! major keys x  
%\ld be ready = ! dictation ( ?ree-"p   
*ords4 ,z ! *ildr5 are accu/om$ to !    
s\nd ( ! *ord ( ! ?ird on all degrees ( 
! scale1 x w be a natural exp]im5t to   
play a p>ticul> comb9ation ( ?irds1 ?us 
arriv+ at ! triad4 ,aft] ?is has be5    
play$ on all degrees ( ! scale1 ! class 
%\ld be ask$ to decide :i* ( ^! *ords x 
w be well to get to "k fir/4 ,!y w      

rememb] t ! fir/ ?ree keys 9 :i* !y     
le>nt to s+ 7 ,c1 ,g1 & ,f major1 & w   
!re=e sugge/ t ! tonic1 dom9ant1 &      
subdom9ant *ords %\ld be *os54  ,at ?is 
/age x %\ld be po9t$ out t all ! notes (
 ! scale are conta9$ 9 "o or o!r ( ^!   
*ords4 ,?is is a se$ :i*1 if well       
plant$1 w sugge/ ! fir/ pr9ciples (     
h>moniz+ melodies lat]4  ,we mu/ n[ "w  
at ! ?ree *ords c>efully4 ,beg9 by mak+ 
! class s+ !m 9 arpeggio1 & 9 a def9ite 
rhy?m1 s z to get precision4 ,ea* *ord  
%\ld be sung once v sl[ly1 s z to get ! 
notes correctly1 & absolutely 9 tune2 !n
 twice m quickly1 s z to get ! feel+ (  
h>mony4 ,?is /ep is invaluable 9 its    
lat] results--a *ild w (t5 be he>d to s+
 diff]5t *ords 9 arpeggio1 :5 9 d\bt z  
to ! *ords to use 9 h>moniz+ a melody4  
,:5 ! ?ree prim>y *ords are kn[n ! o!rs 
may be add$1 toge!r ) ! dom9ant sev5? & 
! inv]sions1 9 all keys4 ,?is la/ /ep   
mu/ n be hurri$4 ,! av]age class r>ely  
f9i%es ?ree-"p *ords 9 less ?an a ye>1 &
 unless pl5ty ( "t is giv5 difficulties 

w crop up lat]1 :5 f\r-"p *ords are     
begun4  ,x is n en\gh = *ildr5 to be    
tra9$ to li/5 to ! actual notes ( a     
*ord--!y mu/ feel ! m5tal effect1 9 !   
same way 9 :i* !y felt ^! effects 9 !   
case ( ! notes ( ! scale4  ,a lat] /ep  
is to make use ( ! position ( ! *ord 9 a
 sequ5ce--= in/ance1 ! *ild soon gets to
 notice t _m phrases end ) ! progression
 subdom9ant1 dom9ant1 tonic4  ,we n[    
come to ! consid]ation ( ! dictation (  
f\r-"p *ords4 ,^! ne$ n be sung 9       
arpeggio4 ,z a fir/ exp]im5t x w be     
necess>y to play ! *ord to ! class ) ea*
 note d\bl$ 9 turn1 s t !y may feel !   
necessity = d\bl+ ! be/ note4  ,?is     
exp]im5t is mo/ valuable1 z x gets !    
*ild away f ! cramp+ feel+ ( keep+ a    
rule m]ely because x is m5tion$ 9 a     
text-book4  ,pl5ty ( phrases ) ! prim>y 
*ords 9 root position mu/ be tak5 be=e !
 o!r *ords are treat$4 ,= at lea/ a ye> 
! class w n be able to write f\r-"p     
dictation2 ! "t %\ld be sp5t 9 id5tify+ 
! *ords :5 play$4  ,! *ant =m is ! be/ =

 elem5t>y "w4 ,x is v simple1 & c be    
adapt$ to e sort ( sequ5ce4 ,pass+      
notes1 appoggiaturas1 susp5sions1 c41   
%\ld be avoid$ at fir/4 ,:5 ! diatonic  
*ords & _! inv]sions are kn[n ! pr9cipal
 modulations %\ld be /udi$4 ,x w        
probably be necess>y = ! tea*] to write 
h] own te/s1 z !re are v few books (    
*ants publi%$ :i* conta9 en\gh ex]cises 
on ! use ( ! easi] *ords4  ,! la/ /ep 9 
! tea*+ ( dictation is ! treatm5t ( :at 
may be call$ ! 'mix$ phrase'1 i4e4 "o 9 
! c\rse ( :i* ! numb] ( p>ts v>ies4 ,?is
 is ! mo/ difficult /age ( all1 & w ne$ 
! utmo/ pati5ce on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,b by
 ?is "t ! *ildr5 w h begun "s ( !       
practical "w at ! piano describ$ 9 !    
*apt] on ',! ,tea*+ ( ,extemporization &
 ,h>mony'1 & ?is w help !m to recognize 
easily ! drift ( ! mix$ phrase4         
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,(           
,,extemporization ,,& ,,h>mony   ,9 e>ly
 days ! art ( melody 0 develop$ be=e t (
 h>mony4 ,! same plan %\ld be foll[$ 9 !
 g5]al musical education ( ! *ild4  ,z e

 *ild possesses a voice1 b does n 9 e   
case le>n an in/rum5t1 x is cle> t !    
fundam5tal tra9+ 9 music mu/ be giv5    
?r\gh ! use ( ! voice4 ,! fir/ /ep w    
consi/ 9 le>n+ h[ to s+ at sight & h[ to
 take d[n easy melodies f dictation4    
,p>allel ) ?is "w ! *ild %\ld be taught 
to extemporize melodies1 & to s+ !m4  ,q
 little *ildr5 w take pleasure 9        
complet+ a musical phrase ( :i* ! fir/  
few b>s h be5 giv5 !m4 ,! proc$ure w be 
z foll[s3  #a4 ,! tea*] writes two b>s 9
 ,c major1 #b_/d "t1 on ! blackbo>d4    
#b4 ,! class s+s x ?r\gh twice1 fir/ us+
 ! ,sol-fa names = ! notes1 !n s++ to   
lah4  #c4 ,volunte]s are !n ask$ = to   
complete ! phrase by add+ ano!r two b>s4
 ,! m musical *ildr5 9 ! class w at once
 respond1 & _! ef=ts w /ir ! ambition ( 
! o!rs4 ,x w soon be a "q ( tak+ !      
*ildr5 9 turn1 a few at ea* lesson--s   
eag] w !y be to 'express !mselves' 9    
melody4  ,x is important n to be too    
critical ( ^! e>ly ef=ts4 ,! great ?+ is
 to get ! *ildr5                        

un-self-consci\s--v>iety ( melodic      
outl9e & ( rhy?m w foll[ quickly en\gh4 
,! next /ep w be = two *ildr5 9 ! class 
to extemporize ! :ole phrase betwe5 !m1 
"o tak+ ! fir/ two b>s & ! o!r ! la/    
two4 ,! key & "t %\ld be v>i$ z mu* z   
possible--keys a f\r? or fif? ap>t %\ld 
be us$ 9 succession1 or ! *ildr5 w      
assume t any melody c be sung by !m 9   
any key1 :i* is obvi\sly n ! case4 ,a   
melody sung 9 ,c major1 :i* uses middle 
,c & high ,f1 _c be sung 9 ! key ( ,g   
major ) ! *ild voice4  ,! class w n[ f9d
 x q easy to extemporize ! :ole ( a     
f\r-b> phrase4 ,sugge/ions c be made by 
! tea*]1 su* z3  ',beg9 on ! ?ird beat (
 ! b>4'  ',introduce two triplets 9 !   
c\rse ( ! phrase1' & s on4  ,:5 ?is     
becomes easy to !m !y w be ready to beg9
 eight-b> melodies4 ,at fir/ ! tea*] w  
give ! fir/ f\r b>s1 & diff]5t memb]s ( 
! class w f9i% ! tune4 ,modulations %\ld
 n[ be introduc$4 ,! same proc$ure z    
be=e %\ld be foll[$1 until any *ild 9 ! 
class c give ! :ole ( a tune1 9 any giv5

 key & "t1 & ) a giv5 modulation4  ,next
 comes ! sixte5-b> tune1 9 :i* at lea/  
"o modulation %\ld be introduc$4 ,a good
 plan is to beg9 ) ! well-kn[n simple   
=m3  #a4 ,f\r b>s to ! #f_/d #e_/c      
cad5ce4  #b4 ,f\r b>s to ! pr9cipal     
modulation4  #c4 ,repeat ! fir/ f\r b>s4
  #d4 ,f\r b>s to ! end4  ,?ree *ildr5 c
 be us$ = ?is1 9 ! foll[+ way3  ,! fir/ 
*ild s+s ! fir/ f\r b>s1 ! second goes  
on to ! end ( ! eigh? b>1 !n ! fir/ *ild
 repeats :at %e sang1 & a ?ird *ild     
f9i%es4 ,?is af=ds excell5t practice1   
p>ticul>ly = ! fir/ *ild1 :o soon le>ns 
to conf9e h]self to a simple op5+1 z ?is
 mu/ be rememb]$ & repeat$ lat]4        
,memory plays a mu* l>g] "p 9 ! p[] to  
extemporize ?an _m p realize1 & if ?is  
/ep 9 ! prelim9>y "w be consci5ti\sly   
tak5 !re w be abundant results lat]4    
,we n[ come to ! important /age (       
extemporiz+ on ! piano4 ,x mu/ be       
rememb]$ t a v ?or\gh f\ndation ( ! k ( 
*ords has be5 laid by ! e>-tra9+ "w1    
lead+ up to ! p[] to write d[n *ords f  

dictation1 & to s+ !m 9 arpeggio4  ,!   
fir/ ex]cise w consi/ 9 play+ a v simple
 tonic & dom9ant accompanim5t on !      
piano1 :ile a melody is extemporiz$ ) ! 
voice4 ,!re is f> m v>iety possible 9   
?is ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,=        
in/ance1 ! sequ5ce ( ! *ords may run 9  
any ( ! foll[+ ways1 among o!rs3  ,i ,v 
,i ,v ,i ,i ,v ,i                   ,i  
,i ,v ,i ,i ,i ,v ,i                    
,i ,i ,i ,v ,i ,i ,v ,i                 
,i ,v ,v ,i ,i ,i ,v ,i   ,^? :o h /udi$
 elem5t>y algebra w recognize a simple  
application ( ! !ory ( p]mutations6  ,x 
is int]e/+ to note ! ease ) :i* *ildr5 w
 d ?is ex]cise1 if !y h be5 c>efully    
tra9$ 9 all ! prec$+ "w4 ,gr[n-up /ud5ts
 are usually v mu* sl[] ?an *ildr5 at x1
 p>tly because !y are incl9$ to be      
self-consci\s1 & to worry ab\t ! s\nd ( 
_! voice1 c4 ,b ! *ild :o has be5       
accu/om$ to s+ at sight & to extemporize
 ) ! voice 9 front ( a class is n 9 !   
lea/ emb>rass$ at be+ told to g to !    
piano & comb9e a sung melody ) a simple 

piano accompanim5t4 ,at fir/ !re w be a 
t5d5cy to re/rict ! melodies to ! actual
 notes ( ! tonic & dom9ant *ords1 b ) a 
little practice pass+ notes1 c4 are soon
 add$1 & graceful little tunes w result4
  ,! next ex]cise consi/s 9 ! use ( ?ree
 *ords1 tonic1 dom9ant1 & subdom9ant2 ! 
melody1 z be=e1 be+ sung4 ,at ?is /age x
 is wise to let ! dictation "w 9 ! class
 take ! =m ( phrases :i* c be h>moniz$ )
 ^! *ords1 s z to accu/om ! *ildr5 to   
use !m4 ,?is gives invaluable practice 9
 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( h>moniz+ melodies1 &
 %\ld prec$e all =mal treatm5t ( !      
subject4  ,ano!r useful ex]cise at ?is  
/age is to let ! *ildr5 add a second "p1
 ei!r above or bel[ a giv5 melodic      
phrase4 ,?is w be ! f\ndation ( lat] "w 
9 =mal c\nt]po9t4  ,! class is n[ ready 
= ! treatm5t ( modulations on ! piano4  
,if ! prelim9>y "w 9 cad5ces1 dom9ant   
sev5?s1 c4 has be5 consci5ti\sly done 9 
all keys !re w be no difficulty 9       
extemporiz+ a sung melody1 :i*          
modulates1 & add+ a simple accompanim5t 

at ! piano4  ,o!r *ords c n[ be add$1 & 
! *ildr5 w be ready to extemporize %ort 
tunes1 entirely at ! piano1 )\t ! aid ( 
! voice4 ,to "s p ?is may seem an easi] 
?+ to d ?an to accompany ! voice1 b     
exp]i5ce has prov$ ! contr>y4 ,! *ild is
 s accu/om$ to use ! voice t x w at fir/
 be incl9$ to ?9k ( all melody z vocal1 
& w be a little tr\bl$ :5 told n to ?9k 
ab\t vocal pit*4  ,! discipl9e ( ^! e>ly
 re/rictions is obvi\s1 & _c be         
ov]-e/imat$4 ,x q does away ) !         
'hymn-tune' /yle ( e>ly composition1 :i*
 is su* a trap to _m amateurs4  ,side by
 side ) ?is "w x is advisable to get !  
class to extemporize *ants1 "u ! same   
re/rictions z h be5 put on ! melodies1  
i4e4 !y w beg9 by us+ only tonic &      
dom9ant *ords1 !n add+ ! subdom9ant1 & s
 on4 ,! d\ble *ant w give opportunities 
= m ?an "o modulation be+ introduc$ at a
 "t4 ,?is "w w prep>e ! way = figur$    
basses1 & m =mal h>mony4 ,! *ildr5 w    
le>n to avoid consecutive fif?s & eigh?s
 because !y gradually notice ! ugl9ess (

 !m1 :i* seems a bett] plan ?an to le>n 
to avoid !m z a 'rule'4  ,!re is an     
int]e/+ ref]5ce to me?ods ( tea*+ h>mony
 9 ! ,bo>d ( ,education ,memor&um on    
,music1 issu$ 9 #aiad4  ,! writ] says3  
',x _c be emphasiz$ too /rongly t !     
curr5t me?od ( tea*+ h>mony1 :]eby      
pupils are taught to resolve *ords on   
pap] by eye1 q reg>dless ( ! fact t #ii 
p] c5t4 ( !m d n realize ! s\nd ( !     
*ords !y are writ+1 is musically        
valueless4         99       99       99 
99       99  ',9 no o!r language ?an t (
 music w\ld x be tol]at$ t ! !oretical  
rules ( gramm> & syntax %\ld be s       
completely sep>at$ f ! actual lit]ature 
f :i* !y are d]iv$1 t ! pupil %\ld nev] 
h p]ceiv$ t !re 0 any relation :atev]   
betwe5 !m4         99       99       99 
99       99  ',ano!r v common result ( !
 neglect ( an aural basis = h>mony tea*+
 is t /ud5ts :o c pass a difficult      
exam9ation1 & write correctly by eye an 
advanc$ h>mony ex]cise1 are (t5 q unable
 to recognize t ex]cise play$ ov] to !m 

on ! piano1 or ev5 to write d[n ! notes1
 ap>t f ! "t1 ( a hymn or a tune t !y h 
kn[n all _! lives4'  ,! :ole *apt] 9 ?is
 memor&um is well wor? read+4  ,! f9al  
/ages 9 ! tea*+ ( extemporization w     
consi/ 93  #a4 ,express+ a giv5 idea 9  
musical =m1 e4g4 a m>*1 or a gavotte4   
#b4 ,extemporiz+ on a giv5 !me4  ,al?\gh
 ^! la/ /ages may be ?\ght to be beyond 
! p[] ( ! av]age *ild1 exp]i5ce has     
prov$ t x is n s1 provid$ ! previ\s "w  
has be5 c>efully grad$1 & t none ( !    
e>ly /eps h be5 omitt$ or hurri$ ov]4   
,,*apt] ,x  ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,elem5t>y  
,,composition   ,a wise musician has    
drawn att5tion to ! fact t music has a m
 important educational function ?an any 
=eign language1 be+ a common language = 
! expression ( emotion1 imag9ative p[]1 
& rhy?mic feel+4 ,he w5t on to say t1 z 
a tra9+1 x is ( use f ! v e>lie/ ye>s1 &
 = all classes ( ! community4  ,if we   
agree ) ?is view--& x is enc\rag+ to    
note ! increas+ numb] ( ^? :o d s--we   
mu/ s organize ! musical education (    

*ildr5 t a "t comes :5 !y w be ready to 
'express !mselves' 9 music 9 ! same way 
9 :i* !y c express !mselves 9 _! native 
tongue4  ,an e>li] *apt] 9 ?is book has 
dealt ) ! tea*+ ( extemporiz+1 fir/1    
treat$ z vocal expression1 !n z         
in/rum5tal4 ,:5 a class ( *ildr5 has    
arriv$ at ! /age ( be+ able to          
extemporize a tune ( sixte5 b>s1 9 any  
giv5 key & "t1 & introduc+ giv5         
modulations1 x is q ready to beg9 ! m   
=mal /udy ( composition1 & to be        
initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( =m4 ,hi!rto ! 
exp]im5ts ( ! class 9 ?is direction h   
be5 *iefly spontane\s2 ! tea*] has ( set
 design left ! *ild :o is extemporiz+ z 
free z possible1 b ! "t has n[ come = a 
new 'w9d[' to be op5$ 9 its m9d4  ,a    
prelim9>y talk %\ld be giv5 on ! ne$ (  
=m 9 music4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out t we _c 
be intelligible )\t x1 t x is n en\gh to
 h a language at our comm&2 we mu/ h    
%ape 9 ord] to convey our ideas to o!rs4
 ,! *ild %\ld realize t ! great arti/s 9
 all ! arts are "u ! same necessity z ! 

y\nge/ beg9n] 9 composition4            
,inspiration mu/ be embodi$ 9 a def9ite 
=m1 or o!rs _c %>e ! vision ( beauty4   
,= a "t ! *ild n[ has to le>n to select 
a musical =m1 !n to *oose a musical     
?\ght :i* c be fitly express$ 9 x4 ,x w 
seem a cramp+ process aft] ! fre$om (   
extemporiz+1 b ! *ild :o loves ! "w w   
will+ly submit to ! discipl9e4 ,x _c be 
too (t5 impress$ on ! "y tea*] t *ildr5 
z a :ole l discipl9e4 ,!y despise ^? :o 
are indiff]5t to x1 & give a ready      
submission to ^? :o expect x1 provid$ !y
 feel sure ( an und]ly+ sympa?y4  ,!    
fir/ lessons 9 =m %\ld consi/ ( !       
analysis ( simple tunes1 pref]ably ( !  
,folk ,song type4 ,! =ms kn[n z ,,ab1   
,,aba1 & ! v>iants d]iv$ f ^! w be      
expla9$1 & ! class w write examples (   
ea*1 at fir/ n h>moniz+ ! melodies1 b   
aft]w>ds do+ s4 ,! old dance =ms w !n be
 tak54 ,at ?is /age x is absolutely     
necess>y = ^? ( ! class :o are musical1 
& :o wi% to give a little extra "t to   
music1 to g ?r\gh a c\rse ( /rict h>mony

 & c\nt]po9t2 endless "t w be wa/$ if !y
 d n d s4 ,! "w w be v mu* light5$      
because ( ! f\ndation already laid1 =1  
)\t kn[+ x1 ! *ildr5 h be5 do+ a little 
free c\nt]po9t = "s "t1 :5 !y add$ vocal
 p>ts to a giv5 melody1 & _! k (        
practical h>mony w make x possible = !m 
to take _m a %ort cut 9 ! =mal "w4  ,!  
dance =ms1 toge!r ) v simple fugues &   
contrapuntal /udies1 & a few 'free'     
ex]cises 9 songs & %ort pieces1 w be z  
f> z ! majority ( *ildr5 w get 9 ! /udy 
( composition4 ,b !re w always be a few 
9 ea* class :o w be eag] & able to g    
f>!r1 & to beg9 ! /udy ( sonata =m4 ,=  
su* *ildr51 & c]ta9ly = all tea*]s (    
music1 !re c be no bett] text-book ?an  
,had['s ,sonata ,=m1 publi%$ 9 !        
,novello ,prim] ,s]ies4 ,?is book is (t5
 describ$ z 'm excit+ ?an a novel'6     
,som]vell's ,*>ts = ,h>mony & ,c\nt]po9t
 are also mo/ valuable1 & w save !      
necessity ( a text-book 9 ^!            
subjects--at any rate = ! beg9n]1 :o    
works "u guidance4  ,!re is "o curi\s   

fact ab\t all b ! mo/ musical *ildr5 :5 
!y beg9 to write d[n tunes ( _! own     
composition4 ,!y make mi/akes :i* !y h  
nev] made :5 extemporiz+ ! same type (  
tune4 ,?is seems to arise f ! fact t !y 
sudd5ly feel self-consci\s--!y h m "t to
 ?9k :5 writ+ ?an :5 s++ or play+1 & are
 incl9$ to compose "o b> at a "t in/ead 
( phrase by phrase4 ,!y w produce a tune
 ( sev5 b>s--!y w end on a weak beat--!y
 w come to a full /op 9 ! middle ( an   
eight-b> tune on ! tonic *ord1 root at !
 top--! la/ half ( ! tune w h no?+ to d 
) ! fir/ half4 ,we c\ld write a page (  
_! possible mi/akes6  ,! cure = ^!      
lapses is to insi/ on ! tunes be+ sung  
be=e be+ writt54 ,! old unconsci\s habit
 w !n ass]t itself1 & ! little tunes w  
fall into %ape4  ,x is a useful lesson  
to get a class to criticize all orig9al 
tunes :5 play$ by ! "y compos]4 ,= "o   
?+1 ! criticism ( our contempor>ies (t5 
c>ries m weight ?an t ( our eld]s2 & =  
ano!r1 ! practice ar\ses ! critical     
faculty1 & tea*es ! *ildr5 to li/5      

ke5ly1 = !y h n ! writt5 tune 9 front ( 
!m4  ,aft] a little practice q good     
criticisms w be giv5 by *ildr54 ,!y w   
notice su* po9ts z a weak s*eme (       
keys--undue repetition ( ! *ief         
melody--a clumsy modulation--a trite    
end+--an ov]-lab\r$ sequ5ce--a t5d5cy to
 borr[ ideas f o!rs1 & s on4  ,?is tra9+
 w be ( ! greate/ possible value to !m  
lat] on 9 ! conc]t-room4 ,z a writ] 9 ,!
 ,times once put x3  ',! vague          
impressions :i* are all t _m p c>ry away
 f ! conc]t-room w\ld be replac$ by     
def9ite exp]i5ces4         99       99  
99       99       99  ',m5tal analysis  
is n1 ( c\rse1 ! ma9 object 9 li/5+ to  
music1 b x is a mo/ p[]ful aid to full  
appreciation4 ,x is ! failure to p]ceive
 any def9ite relation betwe5 ! p>ts & ! 
:ole t baffles s _m p1 & s5ds !m away f 
! conc]t-room rem>k+ t !y _c und]/&     
classical music4'     ,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,! 
,,tea*+ ,,( ,,transposition   ,a great  
_m musical p w n take up ! subject (    
transposition s]i\sly1 because !y h no  

idea ( ! l9es along :i* to "w4 ,!y all  
agree t ! k w\ld be mo/ useful to !m1   
especially f ! po9t ( view ( song       
accompanim5t1 b ! pa? seems to be beset 
by s _m difficulties1 & ! results ( _!  
fir/ attempts are s pitifully small1 t  
!y g5]ally give up all hope1 & all ef=t4
 ,!n aga91 "s ( ! books publi%$ on !    
subject are n v helpful to ! av]age     
/ud5t4 ,"s ( !m seem to />t ) !         
assumption t ! /ud5t is v musical1 & c d
 a great deal by in/9ct4 ,!y !re=e give 
only ! r\ghe/ directions4 ,o!rs beg9    
s5sibly en\gh1 b leave out s _m /eps 9 !
 "w t a /ud5t may be =giv5 = ?r[+ !m    
aside 9 despair4  ,n[ !re are ?ree *ief 
reasons :y ! musician w\ld d well to    
/udy transposition3  #a4 ,= ! purpose ( 
song accompanim5t4  #b4 ,z an aid to    
committ+ music to memory1 especially t  
writt5 9 a =m :]e diff]5t keys are us$ =
 ! pres5tm5t ( ! same mat]ial4  #c4 ,z  
an infallible te/ ( a s\nd 'g5]al'      
musical education4  ,! la/ reason is n  
(t5 advocat$1 b a little ?\ght w %[ t x 

is impossible = ! av]age /ud5t1 n       
specially gift$ 9 any way1 to transpose 
ev5 an easy piece ( music at sight on ! 
piano1 )\t prov+ ! possession ( a tra9$ 
e> & a k ( practical h>mony4 ,= class "w
 ) *ildr5 x c be made a /ill m valuable 
te/ ( progress4 ,= ! av]age *ild w be q 
unable to transpose a simple e> te/--su*
 z d f m l s t1 d--on ! piano1 f "o key 
to ano!r1 say a fif? away1 )\t a good   
deal ( accurate k4  ,! fir/ ex]cises 9  
transposition w be v simple--any *ild ( 
sev5 or eight ye>s old1 :o c s+ at      
sight1 & take d[n e> te/s1 9 ! keys ( ,c
 & ,g major1 c be expect$ to d !m4 ,!y  
consi/ 93  #a4 ,s++ any well-kn[n       
hymn-tune1 or simple melody ( ! ,folk   
,song type1 us+ ! ,sol-fa names ( !     
notes4 ,x %\ld be sung phrase by phrase1
 until e *ild 9 ! class is sure ( !     
correct notes4  #b4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld n[ g 
9 turn to ! piano1 & ea* play a phrase (
 ! melody1 fir/ 9 ,c major1 !n 9 ,g4  ,x
 is important to emphasize ! fact t !   
tune mu/ be well kn[n to !m1 or an extra

 difficulty w be introduc$4  ,z ! *ildr5
 le>n m & m keys1 ^! tunes %\ld be      
transpos$ into !m4  ,provid$ ! class    
does n consi/ ( pick$ musical *ildr51   
!re w always be a few 9 x :o d n le>n ! 
piano4 ,?is "w w be "o ( _!             
opportunities = le>n+ a little ab\t x4  
,int]e/+ results h be5 obta9$ f su*     
*ildr51 if ! tea*] is en?usia/ic & ready
 to help4  ,by ! "t t ! class has begun 
! /udy ( ?ree-"p *ords ! transposition w
 become m & m int]e/+1 z sequ5ces (     
*ords c n[ be transpos$4 ,:5 ! fir/ /eps
 9 extemporiz+ on ! piano are begun1 !  
transposition advances by leaps & b\nds4
 ,! *ildr5 w be delight$ to play _!     
little tonic & dom9ant accompanim5ts 9 e
 key--to *ange f major to tonic m9or by 
flatt5+ ! ?ird & sometimes ! six? ( !   
scale4  ,!re is a s5se ( fre$om & p[] 9 
su* "w1 to :i* ! class w readily        
respond4 ,!y soon realize t c]ta9       
melodies 'only s\nd nice' 9 su* & su* a 
key1 & 9 ?is way ! f\ndation ( a 'col\r 
s5se' w be laid4 ,also1 ap>t f ! "q ( ! 

key 9 :i* a melody s\nds be/ to a *ild1 
ano!r po9t comes into notice4 ,! *ild _c
 s+ c]ta9 notes 9 c]ta9 melodies unless 
x keeps )9 a c]ta9 range ( keys4 ,?is   
tea*es !m some?+4 ,! po9t has be5 ref]r$
 to 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4  ,altoge!r x w be 
se5 t ! /udy ( transposition is op5+ a  
new w9d[ = !m into ! fairyl& ( music4   
,lat] on1 :5 a *ild c compose %ort      
h>moniz$ tunes ( its own1 x is well to  
hold up ! ideal ( be+ able to transpose 
!m into any key1 & 9 c]ta9 cases1 :]e ! 
melody l5ds itself to ! treatm5t1 f     
major to m9or1 & vice v]sa4 ,?is "w mu/ 
( c\rse be volunt>y1 b a *ild is well   
rew>d$ :5 x f9ds t x is only ! fir/ /ep 
:i* co/s1 & t ! second ( su* tunes is s 
mu* easi] to transpose ?an ! fir/6  ,& !
 "t comes :5 a *ild w sit d[n to !      
piano1 & w extemporize q happily ei!r 9 
,f major or 9 ,f major1 :i*ev] is       
sugge/$4 ,su* "w is well wor? any       
initial tr\ble tak5--x is a comb9$      
process ( e> & m9d :i* has a f>-rea*+   
educational effect4  ,! la/ /age ( all 9

 ?is "w consi/s 9 transpos+ at sight f !
 pr9t$ page4 ,hi!rto ! e> & ! m9d h be5 
*iefly employ$1 b n[ ! eye mu/ be tra9$ 
to d its %>e4  ,x is f\nd useful to make
 *ildr5 say ! names ( ! *ords al\d :5 !y
 are beg9n+ ?is sort ( transposition4 ,!
 habit sets up a connect+ l9k betwe5 !  
v>i\s faculties 9 use1 9 "s curi\s way4 
,! eye c help by not+ ! int]vals betwe5 
successive notes 9 ! v>i\s p>ts1 &      
especially 9 ! out] p>ts4 ,x sees !     
g5]al drift ( ! piece be=e ! m9d comes  
into play--! com+ modulations & s on4 ,9
 fact1 x is n too mu* to say t x is be/1
 9 c]ta9 musical phrases1 to rely on !  
eye alone1 e4g4 rapid decorative        
passages1 :i* are n always easy to      
analyse at fir/ sight4  ,a ^w ( w>n+ mu/
 n[ be giv54 ,^? :o attempt '%ort cuts' 
9 ?is "w w c]ta9ly come to grief1 unless
 !y are born ) ! faculty--und\bt$ly     
possess$ by a few--( be+ able to        
transpose by a sort ( in/9ct4 ,su* p are
 =tunate1 b x is n our pres5t task to   
attempt to guide !m4 ,we are conc]n$ ) !

 av]age *ild1 taught 9 fairly l>ge      
classes1 9 ! ord9>y s*ool curriculum1 & 
) only a v limit$ am\nt ( "t at our     
disposal4      ,,*apt] ,,xii  ,,g5]al   
,,h9ts ,,on ,,tak+ ,a ,,lesson ,,9      
,,e>-,,tra9+   ,all ^? :o tea* e>-tra9+ 
%\ld keep a book 9 :i* !y write on "o   
side ( ! page ! propos$ s*eme ( "w = ea*
 lesson1 & on ! o!r ! actual "w done4   
,all sorts ( ?+s may happ5 9 ! c\rse ( !
 lesson to upset ! propos$ s*eme4 ,!    
*ildr5 may f9d ! new "w easi]1 or m     
difficult ?an 0 expect$1 a "q f a *ild  
may sudd5ly reveal a piece ( ignorance  
:i* necessitates a digression--e tea*]  
is aw>e ( ! 'unkn[n quantities' 9 class 
"w4 ,unless ! propos$ s*eme ( "w is     
*eck$ by :at is done 9 ea* lesson1 !re w
 be difficulties lat]4  ,aga91 ea*      
lesson mu/ =m a def9ite l9k betwe5 pa/ &
 future lessons4 ,x is (t5 a temptation 
to a tea*] ( initiative to draw att5tion
 to a new aspect ( ! subject1 9 :i* %e  
happ5s to be specially int]e/$ at ! "t1 
:5 ! previ\s "w is n 9 a fit /ate to be 

left1 ev5 = two or ?ree lessons4 ,some?+
 happ5s to make h] realize ?is1 & ! new 
piece ( "w is hurri$ly left--susp5d$ 9  
mid-air1 z x 7--& is n ref]r$ to aga9   
until an accid5t recalls x to h] m9d4   
,su* tea*+ c]ta9ly has ! *>m ( novelty  
to a class1 b we mu/ rememb] t "o ( !   
faults ( *ildhood is an undue read9ess  
to pass on quickly to le>n 'some?+ new' 
be=e ! previ\s "w is secure4  ,9 tak+ a 
lesson ! tea*] %\ld aim at speak+ 9 h]  
ord9>y voice4 ,inexp]i5c$ p sometimes   
imag9e t x is necess>y to %\t :5 speak+ 
9 a fairly l>ge room4 ,b provid$ ! voice
 is cle>1 & ! articulation good1 a l[   
voice c>ries j z well z a l\d "o1 &     
c]ta9ly produces a great] s5se ( repose4
  ,ano!r fault to avoid is monotony (   
tone--we ne$ 'modulations' 9 speak+ j z 
mu* z 9 music1 & a class is ke5ly1 ?\gh 
(t5 unconsci\sly1 susceptible to ?is4 ,a
 *ange ( position is helpful4 ,! voice (
 ! mi/ress w bright5 at once if %e comes
 d[n f ! plat=m & walks ab\t a little4  
,b %e mu/ nev] turn h] back on a class  

:5 actually tell+ !m some?+4 ,musical p1
 :o h n ! same exp]i5ce 9 su* matt]s z !
 ord9>y tea*]1 con/antly d ?is1 & w ev5 
hide ! great] "p ( a blackbo>d :5 po9t+ 
to notes ( a tune4  ,9 beg9n+ a lesson !
 maximum ef=t w be ga9$ if communal "w  
be tak5 be=e individual1 i4e4 sight-s++ 
be=e dictation1 extemporiz+1 c4 ,!      
reason = ?is is obvi\s1 a c]ta9 mom5tum 
is ?us g5]at$1 :i* is impossible lat]1  
:5 ! =ce has be5 diffus$4  ,be=e a tune 
is sung at sight ! class %\ld analyse x1
 giv+ ! key1 "t signature1 />t+ note1   
modulations1 sequ5ces1 g5]al            
con/ruction1 c4 ,rem9d ! *ildr5 f "t to 
"t t ! la/ %>p 9 a signature gives ! te 
9 a key1 ! la/ flat ! fah2 t :5 modulat+
 to ! dom9ant key ! fe ( ! fir/ key     
becomes ! te ( ! second1 9 go+ f a key  
to its subdom9ant taw becomes fah1 = !  
relative m9or se becomes te1 & = !      
relative major taw becomes soh4 ,also t 
if 9 a m9or key taw occurs 9 an asc5d+  
scale passage1 or is tak5 or left by    
leap1 x is a sign ( a modulation to !   

relative major4  ,9 />t+ ! tune ! tonic 
*ord is play$1 & ! tea*] beats a :ole   
b>1 toge!r ) a fraction ( ! next if !   
tune beg9s on an (f-beat1 be=e ! class  
takes x up4  ,d n tap "t :5 beat+3 x    
cultivates a habit ( inatt5tion on ! "p 
( a class4 ,nor %\ld ! tea*] beat "t :5 
! class is do+ s1 unless = a mom5t1 to  
correct an error4 ,"o reason = ?is is t 
if ! "t signature be any?+ b #b_/d or   
#f_/h1 ! tea*]'s arm moves 9 a diff]5t  
direction 9 c]ta9 beats f t ( ! class   
fac+ h]1 & ?is is mo/ confus+4  ,nev]   
correct a mi/ake by s++ ! "r note       
y\rself4 ,?is w\ld be tea*+ by          
imitation--z we tea* a bird to s+ a     
tune--n tea*+ by me?od4  ,rememb] t we  
are n aim+ at arti/ic p]=mance 9 a      
sight-s++ class1 s d n hamm] away at a  
tune until ! p]=mance ( x has rea*$ y\r 
ideal4 ,if y d1 y\r aim is 'p]=mance'--n
 sight-s++4  ,if a *ild makes a mi/ake 9
 dictation1 d n tell x :at is wrong1    
unless y are v %ort ( "t4 ,get x to s+ !
 phrase x has writt5 to ,sol-fa names--9

 ?is way x w f9d out its own mi/ake4  ,9
 writ+ notes1 ei!r on ! blackbo>d or on 
manuscript pap]1 x is n necess>y to fill
 up all ! space betwe5 ! l9es1 z is done
 9 pr9t$ music4 ,if *ildr5 are all[$ to 
d ?is1 !y w sp5d a long "t ov] _!       
ex]cises4 ,tea* !m to turn all tails (  
notes up :i* are writt5 on l9es or      
spaces bel[ ! ?ird l9e1 & d[n = ^?      
above4 ,! direction ( ! tails ( notes on
 ! ?ird l9e itself w dep5d on ! context4
 ,^! directions ref]1 ( c\rse1 to !     
writ+ ( melodies4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to 
rem9d ev5 gr[n-up /ud5ts t accid5tals   
mu/ be plac$ be=e ! note affect$1 n aft]
 x2 also t a dot aft] a note :i* is     
writt5 on a l9e mu/ come on ! space next
 above1 n on ! l9e itself4 ,*ildr5 (t5  
=get t ! lead+ note 9 a m9or key        
inv>iably c>ries an accid5tal4  ,we mu/ 
n[ say a little on ! subject ( revision4
 ,x is a fault ( ! "y tea*] t %e (t5    
entirely neglects ?is1 ) ! result t h]  
class c only s+ accurately at sight1 & d
 dictation 91 ! la/ key le>n$4 ,dur+ !  

fir/ few lessons 9 a new key x is       
c]ta9ly inadvisable to give ex]cises 9 !
 prec$+ ones1 z ! :ole att5tion mu/ be  
conc5trat$ on ! new tonality4 ,b o!r    
keys %\ld be tak5 at lea/ once 9 ?ree   
weeks4 ,an impati5t p]son may say3 ',b  
prop]ly taught *ildr5 c\ld n =get s     
soon6' ,yet1 at times1 we are all hazy  
on almo/ any subject1 b x does n foll[ t
 we are ei!r fools1 or badly taught3 we 
are simply human6 ,aft] all1 ma*9es get 
out ( ord]1 s :y n ! mo/ complicat$     
ma*9e ( all--! human m9d8  ,aga91 x is  
only ! inexp]i5c$ tea*] :o ?9ks h] class
 has be5 badly taught by h] pr$ecessor4 
,_m a /ud5t 9 tra9+ is incl9$1 aft] !   
fir/ lesson ) a new class1 to come to ! 
di/ract+ conclusion t ! *ildr5 "k       
'no?+'4 ,?is g5]ally means t1 aft] !    
holidays1 ! =m] "w ne$s a little        
revision be=e new "w is begun4  ,9 tak+ 
a fairly advanc$ class a tea*] is (t5   
worri$ because !re is n en\gh "t 9 a    
s+le =ty-m9ute lesson a week to t\* on  
all ( su* subjects z *ords1 cad5ces1    

extemporiz+1 transposition1 c41 9       
addition to sight-s++ & dictation4 ,x is
 c]ta9ly q impossible to d s1 & ?is is  
"o ( ! reasons = app>5tly sl[ progress4 
,b !re is1 h[ev]1 a good side to !      
difficulty1 = su* "w ought n to be      
hurri$1 & x is well to leave a little   
brea?+ space betwe5 ! ref]5ces to x4    
,tea*]s are sometimes he>d to speak )   
regret ( ! high spirits ( _! classes1   
:i* lead to re/lessness4 ,b we %\ld nev]
 regret =ce 9 a *ild1 & we mu/ realize t
 all p5t-up =ce ne$s a safety-valve4 ,x 
mu/ be our bus9ess to direct su* =ce    
into safe *annels4 ,keep ! *ildr5 really
 busy1 give !m pl5ty to d1 & !re w be no
 cause to regret _! vitality4           
,,*apt] ,,xiii  ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,!     
,,piano   ,x is impossible1 )9 ! limits 
( a *apt]1 to d m ?an dwell on a few    
practical po9ts connect$ ) ! tea*+ &    
organization ( ?is "w 9 a s*ool4 ,z 0   
said 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! ideal = all "y 
*ildr5 :o are ab\t to le>n ! piano is t 
!y %\ld fir/ g ?r\gh a %ort c\rse (     

e>-tra9+4 ,if ?is be done1 ! progress 9 
! fir/ ye>'s "w w be ab\t ?ree times :at
 x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,if ! e>-tra9+ be   
done along ! l9es sugge/$ 9 e>li]       
*apt]s1 ! *ild w h be5 taught to s+ easy
 melodies at sight1 %e w h approa*$ ! "q
 ( "t by means ( ! ,fr5* "t names1 %e w 
h le>n$ to beat "t ) ! prop] conductor's
 beat1 to f9d notes on ! piano1 &1 :at  
is m important1 to "k ^! notes by s\nd1 
9 relation to fix$ notes4  ,9 ?is way "s
 ( ! processes :i* a *ild goes ?r\gh 9  
beg9n+ to le>n ! piano are tak5 "o at a 
"t1 9 company ) o!r *ildr51 & are !re=e 
n hurri$4  ,:5 ! "t has come to beg9 !  
piano1 ! *ild %\ld jo9 a class = ?is =  
"o ye>4 ,su* a class %\ld n exce$ six 9 
numb]4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e w add to h] k !  
fir/ pr9ciples ( f+]+1 w play easy      
ex]cises = f+]s1 wri/1 c41 & w le>n a   
few easy pieces & duets4  ,f ! v fir/ %e
 w be taught to analyse a piece be=e %e 
beg9s to play x--%e w f9d out ! key1 "t1
 cad5ces1 sequ5ces1 passages (          
imitation1 modulations1 c4 ,if ! melody 

be )9 ! range ( ! *ild's voice %e w !n  
s+ x1 beat+ "t z %e does s4 ,aft] ^!    
prelim9>ies x is only a "q ( te*nique to
 le>n to play x4 ,! la/ /age w consi/ 9 
le>n+ ! piece by he>t4 ,! day has long  
gone by :5 x 0 consid]$ a sign (        
exceptional musical gift to be able to d
 ?is4 ,all exp]i5c$ tea*]s "k t1 provid$
 a *ild is hav+ its e> tra9$ by "s su*  
me?od z t sugge/$ above1 x c le>n a     
piece ( music by he>t almo/ entirely    
away f ! piano4 ,t is to say1 in/ead ( !
 we>isome repetitions :i* 7 =m]ly       
necess>y be=e a piece c\ld be play$ by  
he>t1 x is possible1 directly ! te*nique
 is ma/]$1 & 9 _m cases be=e ?is is     
done1 to le>n ! piece away f ! piano4 ,!
 b5efit ( ?is is obvi\s1 & ! n]ves1 bo? 
( ! play] & ( ! unwill+ li/5]s1 are !   
ga9]s4  ,a little ?\ght w %[ t x %\ld be
 no m difficult = av]age *ildr5 to le>n 
a piece ( music by he>t 9 ?is way1 ?an =
 !m to le>n a piece ( prose or poetry by
 he>t4 ,! initial /eps are exactly !    
same--! language has to be kn[n1 & x is 

!n a "q ( memory1 & memory alone4 ,:o   
w\ld ?9k ( le>n+ poetry by he>t by !    
process ( repeat+ x al\d a hundr$ or m  
times8 ,yet ?is is :at 0 =m]ly done 9 ! 
case ( music4  ,sixty ye>s ago no girl 0
 consid]$ educat$ :o c\ld n play ! piano
 a little4 ,s9ce !n a reaction has begun
 to set 94 ,! /&>d ( play+ has gone up  
to su* a degree t p>5ts are (t5 he>d to 
say t _! *ild is n musical en\gh = x to 
be wor? :ile to tea* x an in/rum5t4 ,?is
 is a pity4 ,music is us$ s mu* 9 our   
daily life t we _c d )\t our 'av]age    
p]=m]s'4 ,! soldi] m>*es be/ to a tune1 
! sailor heaves 8 an*or to a song1 !    
ritual ( all =ms ( religion ne$s ! aid (
 music2 we ne$ x1 n only 9 ! pageantry (
 our processions1 b 9 ! solemn crises ( 
life & dea?4 ,= ^! purposes arti/s ( !  
fir/ rank are n necess>y4  ,e *ild1     
h[ev] app>5tly unmusical1 %\ld be giv5  
its *ance1 at any rate up to ! age (    
twelve ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! /ress %\ld 
be plac$1 = ! unmusical *ild1 n s mu* on
 p]fection ( te*nique1 b on ! ability ( 

play+ easy pieces really well1 & to read
 at sight su* ?+s z duets1 song         
accompanim5ts1 c4  ,if1 9 addition1 !   
*ildr5 h jo9$ an e>-tra9+ class1 !y w1  
at any rate1 be intellig5t li/5]s = !   
re/ ( _! lives to o!r p's play+4  ,= all
 *ildr51 sight read+ %\ld =m "p1 n only 
( e lesson1 b ( e day's practice4 ,_m   
books = sight read+ h be5 publi%$1 well 
grad$1 "s ( !m beg9n+ ) little pieces 9 
! treble clef only1 & go+ on to advanc$ 
te/s4 ,! foll[+ are a few1 select$ f _m 
o!r excell5t ones3  ,s*f] 7#c vols41    
publi%$ by ,aug5]74  ,hilli>d 7#e vols41
 publi%$ by ,weekes74  ,som]vell 7#b    
vols41 publi%$ by ,aug5] & ,weekes      
respectively74  ,taylor 7#a vol41       
publi%$ by ,boswor?74  ,z a *ild w ne$ m
 ?an "o su* book 9 ! c\rse ( h] /udy1 & 
z %e _c play ! same te/ twice1 a plan   
has be5 made 9 "s s*ools = ! music to be
 sold second-h& f "o pupil to ano!r1    
?r\gh ! m$ium ( a mi/ress1 9 ! same way 
9 :i* ord9>y s*ool books are sometimes  
pass$ on4 ,?is r$uces ! exp5se (        

con/antly hav+ to buy new books = sight 
read+4 ,ano!r plan is to e/abli% a l5d+ 
libr>y1 ea* *ild to pay #b;d4 or #c;d4 a
 t]m4  ,9 ! tea*+ ( 'pieces' music      
mi/resses %\ld be> 9 m9d t *ildr5 mu/1 f
 "t to "t1 revise ^? :i* !y h f9i%$4    
,no?+ is m irritat+ to a p>5t ?an to be 
told by a *ild t x has 'no?+ to play' to
 a visitor4 ,! mi/ress :o is anxi\s to  
get a pupil on z quickly z possible (t5 
ov]looks ?is po9t1 & an entirely wrong  
impression is giv5 ( ! *ild's progress  
to ! p>5t4  ,we n[ come to ! vex$ "q ( !
 int]pretation ( music by *ildr54 ,an   
int]e/+ po9t c be not$ ab\t ! practice (
 ! e>ly classical compos]s4 ,!y 7       
accu/om$ to give ! m9imum am\nt (       
indication z to tempo & g5]al detail = !
 p]=mance ( _! works4  ,& to :at        
conclusion does ?is lead u8 ,surely     
?is--t ^! giants 9 music recogniz$ !    
necessity = e p]=m] ( _! works to       
express !mselves ?r\gh ! music1 subject 
to ! broad conditions laid d[n by !     
compos]4 ,z ,hegel said3 ',music is !   

mo/ subjective ( all arts4' ,& is x n   
true t x is ?is con/ant necessity =     
p]sonal int]pretation1 s /rongly felt by
 ! majority ( arti/s1 :i* gives !       
p]man5t int]e/ to music8  ,we say1 'by !
 majority ( arti/s'1 = n[ & !n we meet  
an arti/ :o seems to h /ray$ f ! pa? (  
beauty1 & :o is devot+ 8 en]gies to an  
ascetic det]m9ation to keep alive "o    
p>ticul> int]pretation ( a compos]'s "w1
 or works2 :o dictates ^! int]pretations
 to 8 pupils1 & :o talks ( o!r arti/s :o
 feel ! b\nd5 duty ( self-expression    
?r\gh ! said works z 'outsid]s'1 & 'n 9 
! cult'4 ,su* musicians d n appe> to see
 t su* an attitude is 'idolatry' pure & 
simple4 ,!y h n pond]$ ! well-kn[n      
anecdote ( ,brahms1 :o1 :5 ask$ by a s+]
 :e!r 8 int]pretation ( "o ( 8 songs 0  
'! "r "o'1 answ]$3 ',x is "o ( ! _m     
hundr$ possible int]pretations4'  ,a ^w 
mu/ n[ be said on ! organization (      
in/rum5tal "w 9 ! s*ool4 ,x is important
 t ?is %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( "o p]son1 :o w 
n only keep a sup]vis+ eye on que/ions (

 me?od1 *oice ( music1 l5g?s ( lessons &
 practis+1 c41 b :o w evolve "s means ( 
te/+ ! progress ( ! pupils e t]m1 9 !   
same way 9 :i* _! progress is te/$ 9 o!r
 subjects4 ,! progress ( ! individual   
pupil %\ld n be a secret betwe5 h]self &
 h] p>ticul> mi/ress6  ,x is a good plan
 to arrange a %ort recital e t]m 9 a    
s*ool1 at :i* f tw5ty to tw5ty-five     
pupils %\ld play at a "t4 ,su* recitals 
%\ld n exce$ m ?an #a-a_/d h\rs 9 l5g?4 
,no?+ is m we>isome to ! outsid] ?an to 
li/5 to amateur p]=mances :i* /ret* out 
to two & sometimes to ?ree h\rs' l5g?4  
,if ! above plan be adopt$1 no *ild w be
 able to play m ?an "o %ort piece4 ,a   
mi/ress :o is ambiti\s = ! success ( a  
few specially gift$ pupils w sometimes  
sugge/ t a recital %all consi/ ( !      
p]=mance ( two or ?ree ( ^! only1 & t   
ea* pupil %\ld play m ?an once4  ,su*   
sugge/ions %\ld be fr[n$ at4  ,:at we   
want1 if we h an educational end 9 view1
 is n s mu* to give ! few musical *ildr5
 9 a s*ool ! opportunity ( ga9+ exp]i5ce

 9 play+ 9 public1 & indirectly ( %[+ _!
 progress to an admir+ audi5ce1 b we    
want to give e music pupil 9 turn ! same
 opportunity4  ,all *ildr5 ne$ exp]i5ce 
be=e !y c play to o!rs 9 su* a way t !y 
n only d !mselves ju/ice1 b give        
pleasure to _! li/5]s4  ,pieces play$ at
 su* recitals %\ld inv>iably be by he>t4
 ,! n]v\s pupil may possibly break d[n  
at h] fir/ appe>ance1 b %e w be quickly 
succe$$ by a m confid5t play]1 ! little 
victim ( 'n]ves' w be soon =gott51 & !  
exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ?is way is invaluable4  
,be=e a recital a rehe>sal %\ld be held 
9 ! same room 9 :i* ! recital is to take
 place4 ,few p seem to realize ! imm5se 
diff]5ce made to *ildr5 by a *ange (    
environm5t at su* a "t4 ,! pupil :o w   
play h] piece on ! piano )\t "o mi/ake  
to h] mi/ress1 & 9 ! room to :i* %e is  
us$1 w (t5 be tr\bl$ at play+ x on ano!r
 piano1 & 9 ano!r room4  ,a *ild 0 once 
kn[n to break d[n 9 an ev5+ recital1 &  
:5 ask$ ! reason1 said3 ',i h nev] play$
 t piece be=e ) a c&le ne> me1 & ,i     

didn't l ! %ad[s on ! piano4'  ,?is sort
 ( rem>k gives a real insight into !    
*ild m9d4  ,ano!r small po9t may be     
m5tion$4 ,9 ! lessons j be=e a recital !
 mi/ress %\ld g to ! end ( ! room 9 :i* 
! lesson is giv51 :ile ! *ild is play+  
h] recital piece1 9 ord] t h] support+  
pres5ce ne> ! *ild may n be miss$ at !  
recital4  ,! recital w probably be      
foll[$ by "s =m ( reception by ! s*ool  
au?orities ( ! p>5ts ( ! pupils4 ,no    
tea*] %\ld miss ?is opportunity ( gett+ 
to "k ! p>5ts ( h] pupils4 ,a fri5dly   
talk ov] ! progress1 or lack ( progress 
( a *ild w (t5 result 9 sympa!tic help  
be+ giv5 at home1 &1 9 any case1 ! tea*]
 w probably le>n some?+ ab\t ! "* & home
 environm5t ( ! *ild :i* w help h] 9 h] 
"w4  ,p>tly ow+ to lack ( "t1 & p>tly   
because "s pieces w n be ready1 a c]ta9 
numb] ( *ildr5 w n be able to play at ! 
s*ool recital4 ,su* *ildr5 %\ld be ga!r$
 toge!r at ! end ( ! t]m1 & %\ld play to
 ! mi/ress :o organizes ! "w4 ,9 ?is way
 !y too w ga9 exp]i5ce1 & a little focus

 w h be5 made = _! "w4  ,we mu/ add "o  
f9al sugge/ion4 ,ea* music mi/ress %\ld 
keep a regi/]1 9 :i* %e notes n only !  
names ( h] pupils1 ! times ( _! lessons1
 abs5ces1 late arrivals1 c41 b an exact 
li/ ( all ! "w done by !m1 ) dates4 ,?is
 is invaluable1 n only = gaug+ _!       
progress1 b z a means ( quickly asc]ta9+
 _! "w 9 musical lit]ature4 ,x is1 alas6
 a day ( exam9ations1 & ) ! _m little   
books ( /udies & pieces :i* h to be got 
up = outside exam9ations !re is a s]i\s 
fe> ( ! sy/ematic education ( a *ild 9  
classical musical lit]ature be+         
int]rupt$1 or1 at any rate1 put on "o   
side = a "t4 ,su* a book makes x        
possible = ! mi/ress to keep a def9ite  
s*eme ( "w 9 view = ea* pupil1 & ! busi]
 ! mi/ress1 ! m %e w ne$ "s su* aid to  
h] memory4  ,! pupil %\ld also keep a   
regi/]1 9 :i* %e notes ! exact am\nt (  
"t sp5t daily 9 practis+1 & ! way 9 :i* 
%e divides x4 ,?is book %\ld be br\ght  
to ea* music lesson1 & %\ld also be %[n 
to ! sup]vis+ mi/ress at ! end ( ea*    

t]m4     ,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,,sugge/ions    
,,to ,,/ud5ts ,,on ,,leav+ ,a ,,tra9+   
,,dep>tm5t   ,9 f9i%+ a c\rse ( tra9+   
along ! l9es we h be5 consid]+1 x is    
well to take a bird's-eye view ( :at has
 be5 done4  ,9 all communal "w ! results
 fall r\ghly "u two heads3  #a4 ,! gett+
 ( new ideas1 & ( new ways ( pres5t+ old
 ideas4  #b4 ,! developm5t ( "*1 due to 
! mix+ ) fell[ /ud5ts & ) ^? :o are     
direct+ ! "w4  ,s f> z ! actual "w is   
conc]n$1 /ress has be5 laid on ! foll[+3
  #a4 ,! necessity ( consid]+ music z a 
language4  #b4 ,v>i\s me?ods = tea*+ 9  
accordance ) ?is idea4  #c4 ,! pr9ciple 
( ! inclusion ( ! "w 9 ! regul>         
curriculum ( s*ools1 ) class treatm5t4  
,9 ! %ort space ( "o ye>1 :i* is all t c
 be g5]ally sp>$ by ! /ud5t1 x is       
impossible = h] to realize ! full be>+ (
 all t has be5 done4 ,x is only :5 we   
see su* "w 9 p]spective1 aft] ! lapse ( 
a little "t1 :5 x has be5 possible to "w
 out at leisure "s ( ! practical po9ts  
involv$1 t we c p]ceive all ! gr\nd     

cov]$4  ,_m /ud5ts h exp]i5c$           
consid]able difficulty at fir/ 9 do+    
!mselves :at !y h se5 *ildr5 d1 :o h be5
 tra9$ along ^! l9es1 i4e4 to write d[n 
two-1 ?ree-1 or f\r-"p ex]cises 9       
dictation1 to transpose at sight1 to    
extemporize )\t hesitation at ! piano1  
c4 ,! feel+ ( work+ aga9/ "t1 (         
exam9ations to be pass$1 ( disc\ragem5t 
at app>5tly sl[ progress1 has possibly  
produc$ a /ate ( m5tal indige/ion1 & !  
only cure = ?is is ,"t1 ! univ]sal      
doctor4  ,! /ud5t is n[ at ! po9t (     
ent]+ a new sph]e ( "w4 ,! in/rum5t has 
be5 %>p5$4 ,h[ is ! application to be   
direct$8 ,a ^w ( w>n+ is necess>y4 ,! "y
 & en?usia/ic tea*]1 fre% f !           
inspiration ( a ye>'s "w ) ^? int]e/$ 9 
h] developm5t1 is too (t5 apt to be     
ov]-rigid 9 en=c+ a new pres5tm5t (     
ideas4  ',?is way1 or no way6' is h]    
cry4  ,n[ all s\nd educational "w mu/   
possess an intr9sic quality (           
pliability3 x mu/ gr[1 exp&1 & be       
capable ( developm5t 9 a hundr$ ways4   

,small po9ts ( me?od mu/ be adju/$ to ! 
p>ticul> class & pupil1 & a g5]\s       
recognition ( ! useful p>ts ( o!r p's   
'me?ods' w be ! sure/ way ( obta9+      
recognition ( our own ideals4 ,provid$ a
 firm attitude be ma9ta9$ on ess5tials1 
x is (t5 possible to compromise on m9or 
details4 ,above all1 an op5 m9d mu/ be  
pres]v$ 9 ! pres5ce ( advice1 h[ev]     
inexp]i5c$4 ,_m a "y tea*] has fail$ 9  
h] fir/ po/ because %e has giv5 !       
impression to ^? 9 au?ority t !re is "o1
 & "o only1 way 9 :i* %e c d h] "w--"o1 
& "o only1 possible s*eme ( division (  
classes & h\rs = lessons4  ,an          
arrangem5t f> %ort ( ! ideal mu/ (t5 be 
accept$1 ) a c\rte\s prote/1 b x w      
assur$ly be modifi$ lat] by ! au?orities
 :5 ! tea*] has won confid5ce by ar\s+ !
 int]e/ & en?usiasm ( ! pupils1 & by %[+
 good results f ! lessons4  ,has n e new
 pres5tm5t ( e subject 9 ! s*ool        
curriculum be5 greet$ ) ! same *orus (  
depreciation at fir/8 ,:y %\ld music1 ! 
late/ arriv$ ( ! subjects on ! regul>   

curriculum1 f>e diff]5tly8  ,rememb] t !
 head ( a s*ool has (t5 to keep 9 m9d1 n
 only 8 or h] ideals 9 education1 b !   
wi%es ( a gov]n+ body & ( ! p>5ts4  ,a  
%ort demon/ration ( "w done "u imp]fect 
conditions w (t5 ?r[ a flood ( light on 
! aims ( an en?usia/ic tea*]1 :o has be5
 /ruggl+ 9 difficult surr\nd+s4 ',i _h  
no idea y 7 do+ all ?is ) ! *ildr5' has 
be5 ! admir+ comm5t ( m ?an "o =m]      
unsympa!tic critic1 & conditions are at 
once alt]$ 9 a g5]\s _s4  ,above all1 ! 
"y tea*] mu/ rememb] t x is ( ! fir/    
importance n to lose h] en?usiasm = !   
"w4 ,%e mu/ keep h]self up to date by   
be+ 9 t\* ) g5]al musical life outside  
h] imm$iate circle4 ,%e %\ld belong to a
 musical society1 & take e opportunity (
 att5d+ lectures1 c4 ,%e %\ld organize  
musical clubs & meet+s among h] pupils1 
& enc\rage a heal?y attitude ( k9dly    
criticism4  ,&1 f9ally1 %e mu/ be always
 work+ at some?+ to d ) h] own music1 = 
directly %e ceases to put h]self1 f "t  
to "t1 9 ! attitude ( ! le>n]1 %e w     

cease to be a sympa!tic & /imulat+      
tea*]4  ,x is a good plan to keep a     
musical di>y1 9 :i* our own progress & t
 ( our pupils is record$1 toge!r ) notes
 on curr5t musical ev5ts--conc]ts       
att5d$1 & s on4 ,su* a record is mo/    
useful = ref]5ce1 & = enc\ragem5t 9 d>k 
h\rs1 :5 x seems impossible to          
re-e/abli% a lo/ s5se ( proportion4     
,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,engl& ,,at ,,! ,,ox=d     
,,univ]sity ,,press