,,essays ,,on ,,art                     
,,by                             ,a4    
,,clutton-,,brock                       
,,me?u5  ,,co4 ,,ltd4                   
#cf ,,essex ,,/reet ,w4,c4              
,,london                                
,fir/ ,publi%$ 9 #aiai                  
,,preface   ,^! essays1 repr9t$ f !     
,times ,lit]>y ,supplem5t ) a few       
additions & corrections1 are n all      
entirely or directly conc]n$ ) art2 b   
ev5 ! la/ "o--,wa/e or ,creation8--does 
be> on ! "q1 ,h[ are we to improve ! art
 ( our own "t8 ,aft] ye>s ( criticism ,i
 am m int]e/$ 9 ?is "q ?an 9 any o!r t  
conc]ns ! arts4 ,:i/l] said t we c\ld n 
improve x2 ! be/ we c\ld d = x 0 n to   
?9k ab\t x4 ,i h discuss$ t op9ion1 z   
also ! contr>y op9ion ( ,tol/oy1 & !    
tru? t seems to me to lie betwe5 !m4 ,if
 ^! essays h any unity1 x is giv5 to !m 
by my belief t art1 l o!r human         
activities1 is subject to ! w ( man4 ,we
 _c cause m5 ( arti/ic g5ius to be born2
 b we c provide a public1 namely1       

ourselves1 = ! arti/1 :o w enc\rage him 
to be an arti/1 to d 8 be/1 n 8 wor/4 ,i
 believe t ! quality ( art 9 any age    
dep5ds1 n ^u ! pres5ce or abs5ce (      
individuals ( g5ius1 b ^u ! attitude ( !
 public t[>ds art4  ,because ( ! decl9e 
( all ! arts1 especially ! arts ( use1  
:i* began at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury &
 has cont9u$ up to our own "t1 we are m 
int]e/$ 9 art ?an any p ( ! pa/1 ) !    
int]e/ ( a sick man 9 heal?4 ,to say t  
?is int]e/ mu/ be futile or mis*iev\s is
 to d5y ! w ( man 9 "o ( ! *ief ( human 
activities2 b x (t5 is d5i$ by ^? :o d n
 und]/& h[ x c be appli$ to art4 ,we _c 
make arti/s directly2 no gov]nm5t (fice 
c det]m9e _! tra9+2 /ill less c any     
critic tell !m h[ !y ought to practise  
_! art4 ,b we c all aim at a /ate (     
society 9 :i* !y w be enc\rag$ to d _!  
be/1 & at a /ate ( m9d 9 :i* we         
ourselves %all le>n to "k good f bad &  
to pref] ! good4 ,at pres5t we h nei!r !
 /ate ( society nor ! /ate ( m9d2 & we c
 atta9 to bo? n by connoisseur%ip1 n by 

an anxiety to l ! "r ?+ or at lea/ to   
buy x1 b by le>n+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 good
 & bad workman%ip & design 9 objects (  
use4 ,anyone c d t1 & c resolve to pay a
 fair price = good workman%ip & design2 
& only s w ! arts ( use1 & all ! arts1  
revive aga94 ,= :]e ! public has no s5se
 ( design 9 ! arts ( use1 x w h none 9 !
 f9e arts4 ,to aim at connoisseur%ip :5 
y d n "k a good table or *air f a bad "o
 is to attempt fly+ be=e y c walk4 ,s1  
,i ?9k1 pr(essors ( art at ,ox=d or     
,cambridge %\ld be *os51 n s mu* = _! k 
( ,greek sculpture1 z = _! success 9    
furni%+ _! own h\ses4 ,:at c !y "k ab\t 
,greek sculpture if _! own draw+-rooms  
are hide\s8 ,i believe t ! notori\s     
fallibility ( _m exp]ts is caus$ by !   
fact t !y conc]n !mselves ) ! f9e arts  
be=e !y h _h any tra9+ 9 ! arts ( use4  
,s1 if we are to h a s*ool ( art at     
,ox=d or ,cambridge1 x %\ld put ?is "q  
to e pupil3 ,if y _h to build & furni% a
 h\se ( y\r own1 h[ w\ld y set ab\t x8  
,& x %\ld tra9 its pupils to give a     

rational answ] to t "q4 ,s we might get 
a public kn[+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 good &  
bad 9 objects ( use1 valu+ ! good1 &    
ready to pay a fair price = x4  ,at     
pres5t we h no su* public4 ,a lib]al    
education %\ld tea* ! diff]5ce betwe5   
good & bad 9 ?+s ( use1 includ+ build+s4
 ,ox=d & ,cambridge pr(ess to give a    
lib]al education2 b y h only to look at 
_! mod]n build+s to see t _! tea*]s     
!mselves d n "k a good build+ f a bad   
"o4 ,!y1 l all ! re/ ( u1 ?9k t ta/e 9  
art is an irrational my/]y2 !y tru/ 9 ! 
exp]t & usually 9 ! wrong "o1 z !       
ignorant & sup]/iti\s tru/ 9 ! wrong    
prie/4 ,= z religion is m]ely mis*iev\s 
unless x is te/$ 9 matt]s ( conduct1 s  
ta/e is m]e p$antry or frivolity unless 
x is te/$ on ?+s ( use4 ,^! h _! s5se or
 nons5se1 _! righte\sness or            
unrighte\sness1 :i* anyone c le>n to see
 = himself1 &1 until he has le>n$1 he w 
be at ! m]cy ( *>latans4  ,i h writt5   
all ^! essays z a memb] ( ! public1 z "o
 :o has to f9d a "r attitude t[>ds art s

 t ! arts may fl\ri% aga94 ,! critic is 
sure to be a *>latan or a prig1 unless  
he is to himself n a pseudo-arti/       
exp\nd+ ! my/]ies ( art & tell+ arti/s  
h[ to practise !m1 b simply "o ( !      
public ) a natural & human int]e/ 9 art4
 ,b "o ( ^! essays is a def5ce (        
criticism1 & ,i w n repeat x "h4        
,a4 ,,clutton-,,brock    ,july #cj1     
#aiai   ,,f>ncombe1 ,,surrey            
,,cont5ts                    ,,!        
,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,magi            #a
                   ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci
                     #ac                
,,! ,,pompad\r ,,9 ,,art                
#bg                   ,,an ,,unpopul>   
,,ma/]                   #cg            
,a ,,def5ce ,,( ,,criticism             
#dh                   ,,! ,,arti/ ,,&   
,,8 ,,audi5ce           #eh             
,,wilfulness ,,& ,,wisdom               
#gd                   ,,! ,,magic       
,,flute                     #hf         
,,process ,,or ,,p]son8                 
#ig                   ,,! ,,arti/ ,,&   

,,! ,,tradesman         #aaj            
,,pr(essionalism ,,9 ,,art              
#abj                   ,,wa/e ,,or      
,,creation8                   #acb      
,,essays ,,on ,,art                     
,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi   ,!re is "o    
beauty ( nature & ano!r ( art1 & _m     
attempts h be5 made to expla9 ! diff]5ce
 betwe5 !m4 ,signor ,croce's !ory1 n[   
mu* 9 fav\r1 is t nature provides only !
 raw mat]ial = art4 ,! beg9n+ ( !       
arti/ic process is ! p]ception ( beauty 
9 nature2 b an arti/ does n see beauty z
 he sees a c[4 ,x is 8 own m9d t imposes
 on ! *aos ( nature an ord]1 a relation1
 :i* is beauty4 ,all m5 h ! faculty1 9  
"s degree1 ( impos+ ?is ord]2 ! arti/   
only does x m completely ?an o!r m51 &  
he owes 8 p[] ( execution to t4 ,he c   
make ! beauty :i* he has p]ceiv$ because
 he has p]ceiv$ x cle>ly2 & ?is p]ceiv+ 
is "p ( ! mak+4  ,! defect ( ?is !ory is
 t x ends by d5y+ t v diff]5ce betwe5 ! 
beauty ( nature & ! beauty ( art :i* x  
sets out to expla94 ,if ! arti/ makes ! 

beauty ( nature 9 p]ceiv+ x1 if x is    
produc$ by ! action ( 8 own m9d ^u !    
*aos ( reality1 !n x is ! v same beauty 
t appe>s 9 8 art2 & if1 to u1 ! beauty (
 8 art seems diff]5t f ! beauty (       
nature1 z we p]ceive x1 x is only       
because we h n ourselves se5 ! beauty ( 
nature z completely z he has1 we h n    
r$uc$ *aos s ?or\ghly to ord]4 ,x is a  
diff]5ce n ( k9d1 b ( degree2 = ! arti/ 
himself !re is no diff]5ce ev5 ( degree4
 ,:at he makes he sees1 & :at he sees he
 makes4 ,all beauty is arti/ic1 & to    
speak ( natural beauty is to make a     
false di/9ction4  ,yet x is a di/9ction 
t we rema9 con/antly aw>e (4 ,9 spite ( 
,signor ,croce & all ! subtlety & p>tial
 tru? ( 8 !ory1 we d n believe t we make
 beauty :5 we see x1 or t ! arti/ makes 
x :5 he sees x4 ,nor d we believe t t   
beauty :i* he makes is ( ! same nature z
 t :i* he has p]ceiv$ 9 reality4 ,r he1 
l u1 values ! beauty :i* he p]ceives 9  
reality because he kn[s t he has n made 
x4 ,x is some?+1 indep5d5t ( himself1 to

 :i* 8 own m9d makes answ]3 t answ] is 8
 art2 x is ! passionate value express$ 9
 x :i* gives beauty to 8 art4 ,if he    
knew t ! beauty he p]ceives 0 a product 
( 8 own m9d1 he c\ld n value x s2 if he 
held ,signor ,croce's !ory1 he w\ld     
cease to be an arti/4  ,&1 9 fact1 ^? :o
 act on 8 !ory d cease to be arti/s4    
,no?+ kills art s c]ta9ly z ! ef=t to   
produce a beauty ( ! same k9d z t :i* is
 p]ceiv$ 9 nature4 ,9 ! beauty ( nature1
 z we p]ceive x1 !re is a p]fection (   
workman%ip :i* is p]fection because !re 
is no workman%ip4 ,natural ?+s are n    
made1 b born2 works ( art are made4 ,!re
 is ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 !m &     
betwe5 _! beauties4 ,if a "w ( art tries
 to h ! f9i% ( a ?+ born1 n made1 if a  
piece ( enamel apes ! gloss ( a         
butt]fly's w+1 x misses ! peculi> beauty
 ( art & is b an inadequate imitation ( 
! beauty ( nature4 ,t beauty ( !        
butt]fly's w+1 :i* ! arti/ l all ( u    
p]ceives1 is ( a diff]5t k9d f any      
beauty he c make2 & if he is an arti/ he

 kn[s x & does n try to make x4 ,b all !
 arts1 ev5 ^? :i* are n !mselves        
imitative1 are always be+ p]v]t$ by !   
attempt to imitate ! f9i% ( nature4 ,!re
 is a vanity ( craftsman%ip 9 ,l\is     
,qu9ze furniture1 9 ! lat] ,*9ese       
porcela91 9 mod]n jewelry1 no less ?an 9
 ,dut* pa9t+1 :i* is ! dea? ( art4 ,all 
great works ( art %[ an ef=t1 a         
r\ghness1 an inadequacy ( craftsman%ip1 
:i* is ! ess5ce ( _! beauty & di/+ui%es 
x f ! beauty ( nature4 ,z soon z m5     
cease to und]/& ?is & despise ?is ef=t &
 r\ghness & inadequacy1 !y dem& f art ! 
beauty ( nature & get some?+ :i* is     
mo/ly dead nature1 n liv+ art4  ,we c   
be/ und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds 
( beauty if we consid] h[ beauty /eals  
into language1 t art :i* we all practise
 m or less & 9 :i* x is difficult1 if n 
impossible1 to imitate ! f9i% ( natural 
beauty4 ,!re is no beauty :atev] 9      
s5t5ces l ,trespass]s w be prosecut$ or 
,pass ! mu/>d1 because !y say exactly & 
completely all t !y h to say4 ,!re is   

beauty 9 s5t5ces l ,! bright day is     
done1 ,& we are = ! d>k1 or ,aft] life's
 fitful fev] he sleeps well1 because 9  
!m1 al?\gh !y seem q simple1 ! poet is  
try+ to say a ?\s& times m ?an he c say4
 ,x is ! ef=t to d some?+ beyond ! p[] (
 words t br+s beauty into !m4 ,t is ! v 
nature ( ! beauty ( art1 :i* di/+ui%es x
 f ! beauty ( nature2 x is always       
produc$ by ! ef=t to accompli% !        
impossible1 & :at ! arti/ kn[s to be    
impossible4 ,:5ev] t ef=t ceases1 :5ev] 
! arti/ sets himself a task t he c      
accompli%1 a task ( m]e skill1 !n he    
ceases to be an arti/1 because he no    
long] exp]i5ces reality 9 ! mann]       
necess>y to an arti/4 ,! great poet is  
aw>e ( "s excell5ce 9 reality s int5sely
 t x is to him beauty2 = all excell5ce  
:5 we are int5sely aw>e ( x is beauty to
 u4 ,!re is t tru? 9 ,croce's !ory4 ,our
 p]ception ( beauty does dep5d ^u !     
int5sity ( our p]ception ( excell5ce4 ,b
 t int5sity ( p]ception rema9s          
p]ception1 & does n make :at x p]ceives4

 ,t ! poet & e arti/ kn[s2 & 8 art is n 
m]ely an ext5sion ( ! process (         
p]ception1 b an attempt to express 8 own
 value = t excell5ce :i* he has p]ceiv$ 
z beauty4 ,x is an answ] to t beauty1 a 
wor%ip ( x1 & is itself beautiful       
because x makes no ef=t to compete ) x4 
,?us 9 ! beauty ( art !re is always     
value & wond]1 always a ref]5ce to ano!r
 beauty diff]5t 9 k9d f itself2 & we    
too1 if we are to see ! beauty ( art1   
mu/ %>e ! same value & wond]4 ,to ent] t
 ,k+dom ( ,heav5 we mu/ become little   
*ildr5 z ! arti/ himself does4 ,art is !
 expression ( a c]ta9 attitude t[>ds    
reality1 an attitude ( wond] & value1 a 
recognition ( some?+ great] ?an man2 &  
:]e t recognition is n1 art dies4 ,9 a  
society valu+ only itself1 believ+ t x c
 make a heav5 ( itself out ( its own    
skill & k & wisdom1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! 
beauty ( nature & ! beauty ( art is no  
long] se51 & art loses all its own      
beauty4 ,! sure/ sign ( corruption &    
dea? 9 a society is :]e m5 & wom5 see ! 

be/ life z a life )\t wond] or ef=t or  
failure1 :]e lab\r is hidd5 und]gr\nd s 
t a few may seem to live 9 ,p>adise2 :]e
 !re is p]fect f9i% ( all ?+s1 human    
be+s no less ?an _! clo!s & furniture & 
build+s & pictures2 :]e ! ideal is !    
lady s p]fectly turn$ out t any activity
 :atev] w\ld m> h] p]fection4 ,9 su*    
societies ! arti/ becomes a slave4 ,he  
too mu/ produce "w t does n seem to be  
"w4 ,he mu/ express no wond] or value = 
patrons :o w\ld be a%am$ to feel ei!r4  
,:at he makes mu/ seem to be born & n   
made1 s t x may fit a _w :i* pret5ds to 
be a born ,p>adise populat$ by cynical  
angels :o own allegiance to no god4 ,9  
su* a _w art means1 beauty means1 !     
concealm5t ( ef=t1 ! pret5ce t x does n 
exi/2 & t pret5ce is ! end ( art &      
beauty 9 all ?+s made by man4 ,!re is a 
close connexion betwe5 ! idea ( life    
express$ 9 ,ari/otle's ideal man & !    
lat] ,greek sculpture4 ,! aim ( t       
sculpture1 z ( 8 ideal man1 0 pr\d &    
ef=tless p]fection4 ,bo? dread !        

confession ( failure above all ?+s--&   
bo? are dull4 ,9 ,ari/otle's age art _h 
/>t$ ^u a long decl9e1 :i* end$ only :5 
! pret5ce ( p]fection 0 kill$1 bo? 9 art
 & 9 life1 by ,*ri/ianity4 ,!n ! real   
beauty ( art1 ! beauty ( value & wond]1 
sup]s$$ ! we>isome imitation ( natural  
beauty2 & x is only lately t we h le>nt 
aga9 to pref] ! real beauty to ! false4 
,m5 mu/ free !mselves f ! contempt (    
ef=t & ! desire to conceal x1 !y mu/ be 
cont5t ) ! p]petual1 passionate failure 
( art1 be=e !y c see its beauty or dem& 
t beauty f ! arti/4 ,:5 !y !mselves     
become l little *ildr51 !n !y see t !   
greate/ arti/s1 9 all _! seem+ triumphs1
 are l little *ildr5 too4 ,= 9          
,mi*elangelo & ,bee?ov5 x is n !        
arrogant1 ! accompli%$1 ! magnific5t1 t 
moves u4 ,!y are great m5 to u2 b !y    
a*iev$ beauty because 9 _! ef=t to      
a*ieve x !y 7 little *ildr5 to !mselves4
 ,!y impose awe on u1 b x is _! own awe 
t !y impose4 ,x is n _! a*ievem5t t     
makes beauty1 b _! ef=t1 always confess+

 its own failure2 & 9 t confession is ! 
beauty ( art4 ,t is :y x moves & frees  
u2 = x frees u f our pret5ce t we are   
:at we w\ld be1 x c>ries u out ( our own
 egotism into ! wond] & value ( ! arti/ 
himself4  ,consid] ! beauty ( a tune4   
,music itself is ! be/ means :i* man has
 f\nd = confess+ t he _c say :at he w\ld
 say2 & x is m purely & raptur\sly      
beauty ?an any o!r =m ( art4 ,a tune is 
! v sil5c+ ( spee*1 & 9 ! greate/ tunes 
!re is always ! hu% ( wond]3 !y seem to 
tell u to be sil5t & li/51 n to :at !   
musician has to say1 b to :at he _c say4
 ,! v beauty ( a tune is 9 its ref]5ce  
to some?+ beyond all expression1 & 9 its
 p]fection x speaks ( a p]fection n its 
own4 ,pat] said t all art tries to atta9
 to ! condition ( music4 ,t is true 9 a 
s5se diff]5t f :at he meant4 ,art is    
always mo/ completely art :5 x makes    
music's confession ( ! ineffable2 !n x  
comes ne>e/ to ! beauty ( music4 ,b :5 x
 is no long] a =lorn hope1 :5 x is able 
to say :at x wi%es to say ) calm        

assurance1 !n x has ceas$ to be art &   
become a game ( skill4  ,(t5 ! great    
arti/ is imp]i\s1 impati5t1 full (      
c]ta9ties2 b 8 c]ta9ty is n ( himself2 &
 he is impati5t ( ! failure to          
recognize1 n himself1 b :at he          
recognizes4 ,mi*elangelo1 ,bee?ov51     
,t9toret1 w\ld snap a critic's head (f  
if he did n see :at !y 7 try+ to d4 ,!y 
may seem sometimes to be arrogant 9 !   
m]e display ( p[]1 yet _! beauty lies 9 
! sudd5 *ange f arrogance to humility4  
,! arrogance itself b[s d[n & wor%ips2 !
 v muscle & mat]ial =ce obey a _s n _!  
own4 ,!y are lion-tam]s1 & !y !mselves  
are ! lions2 out ( ! /rong comes =?     
sweetness1 & x is all ! sweet] = ! /r5g?
 t is p\r$ into x & subdu$ by x4 ,:at is
 ! diff]5ce1 z ( diff]5t worlds1 betwe5 
,rub5s at 8 be/ & ,t9toret at 8 be/8    
,?is3 t ,rub5s always seems to be       
uplift$ by 8 own p[]1 :]eas ,t9toret has
 mo/ p[] :5 he =gets x 9 wond]4 ,:5 he  
b[s d[n all 8 turbul5ce 9 wor%ip1 !n he 
is mo/ /rong4 ,rub5s1 9 ! ,desc5t f !   

,cross1 is /ill ! supreme draw+-ma/]2 & 
pa9t]s flock+ to him = lessons pay      
homage to him4 ,b1 9 8 ,crucifixion1 x  
is ,t9toret himself :o pays homage1 & we
 =get ! ma/] 9 ! !me4 ,we may say (     
,rub5s's art1 9 a new s5se1 ,c'e/       
magnifique1 mais ce n'e/ pas la gu]re4  
,! greate/ art is n magnific5t1 b x is  
w>1 desp]ate & )\t trapp+s1 a w> 9 :i*  
victory comes ?r\gh ! confession (      
defeat4  ,man1 if he tries to be a god 9
 8 art1 makes a fool ( himself4 ,he     
becomes l ,god1 he makes beauty l ,god1 
:5 he is too mu* aw>e ( ,god to be aw>e 
( himself4 ,!n only does he n set       
himself too easy a task1 = !n he does n 
make 8 !me s t he may accompli% x2 x is 
=c$ ^u him by 8 aw>5ess ( ,god1 by 8    
wond] & value = an excell5ce n 8 own4 ,s
 9 all ! beauty ( art !re is a humility 
n only ( conception1 b also ( execution1
 :i* is m]e failure & ugl9ess to ^? :o  
expect to f9d 9 art ! beauty & f9i% (   
nature1 :o expect x to be born1 n made4 
,!y are always disappo9t$ by ! greate/  

works ( art1 by _! inadequacy & /ra9 &  
lab\r4 ,!y look = a pro( ( :at man c d &
 f9d a confession ( :at he _c d2 b t    
confession1 made s9c]ely & passionately1
 is beauty4 ,!re is also a s]5ity 9 !   
beauty ( art1 b x is ! s]5ity (         
self-surr5d]1 n ( self-satisfaction1 ( !
 sa9t1 n ( ! lady ( fa%ion4 ,& all !    
accompli%m5t ( great art1 its inf9ite   
sup]iority 9 m]e skill ov] ! "w ( !     
m]ely skilful1 comes f ! incessant ef=t 
( ! arti/ to d m ?an he c4 ,by t he is  
tra9$2 by t 8 "w is di/+ui%$ f ! m]e    
exclamation ( wond]4 ,he is n cont5t to 
applaud2 he mu/ also wor%ip1 & make 8   
(f]+s 9 8 wor%ip2 & !y are ! be/ he c d4
 ,x 0 n only ! %eph]ds :o came to ! bir?
 ( ,*ri/2 ! wise m5 came also & br\ght  
_! treasures ) !m4 ,& ! art ( mank9d is 
! (f]+ ( its wise m51 x is ! adoration (
 ! ,magi1 :o are "o ) ! simple/ 9 _!    
wor%ip--                   ,wise m51 all
 ways ( k pa/1                  ,to !   
,%eph]d's wond] come at la/4  ,b !y d n 
lose _! wisdom 9 _! wond]4 ,:5 x passes 

into wond]1 :5 all ! k & skill & passion
 ( mank9d are p\r$ into ! ackn[l$gm5t ( 
some?+ great] ?an !mselves1 !n t        
ackn[l$gm5t is art1 & x has a beauty :i*
 may be envi$ by ! natural beauty ( ,god
 ,himself4                              
,leon>do da ,v9ci   ,leon>do da ,v9ci is
 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s m5 9 hi/ory--z a man m
 fam\s ?an ,mi*elangelo or ,%akespe>e or
 ,moz>t--because po/]ity has elect$ him 
! memb] = ! ,r5aissance4 ,mo/ great     
arti/s live 9 :at !y did1 & by t we "k  
!m2 b :at ,leon>do did gets mu* ( its   
life f :at he 01 or r f :at he is to u4 
,( all great m5 he is ! mo/             
repres5tative2 we _c ?9k ( him z a m]e  
individual1 eat+ & dr9k+1 liv+ &        
compet+1 on equal t]ms ) o!r m54 ,we see
 him magnifi$ by 8 own leg5d f ! fir/1 )
 p /&+ aside to wat* & :isp] z he pass$ 
?r\gh ! /reets ( ,flor5ce or ,milan4    
,!re he goes to pa9t ! ,la/ ,supp]1 !y  
said to ea* o!r2 & we ?9k ( x z already 
! mo/ fam\s picture 9 ! _w be=e x 0     
begun4 ,e "o knew t he _h ! mo/ fam\s   

picture 9 8 bra91 t he 0 born to pa9t x1
 to initiate ! ,high ,r5aissance2 f     
,giotto onw>ds all ! pa9t]s _h be5      
prep>+ = t1 ,flor5ce h]self _h be5      
prep>+ = x4 ,x makes no diff]5ce t =    
c5turies x has be5 a %ad[ on ! wall2 x  
is /ill ! mo/ fam\s pa9t+ 9 ! _w because
 x is ! ma/]piece ( ,leon>do4 ,!re 0 a  
fate aga9/ ! survival ( 8 ma/]pieces1 b 
he has surviv$ !m & !y are rememb]$     
because ( him4 ,we accept him = himself1
 l ! p ( 8 own "t1 :o1 :5 he said he    
c\ld p]=m impossibilities1 believ$ him4 
,to !m he meant ! new age :i* c\ld d    
any?+1 & /ill to u he means ! inf9ite   
capacities ( man4 ,he is ! ,adam awak5$ 
:om ,mi*elangelo only pa9t$2 &1 if he   
accompli%$ b little1 we believe 9 him1 z
 9 mank9d1 = 8 promise4 ,if he did n    
fulfil x1 nei!r has mank9d2 b he believ$
 t all ?+s c\ld be done & liv$ a great  
life 9 t fai?4  ,ano!r ,flor5t9e almo/  
equals him 9 r5[n4 ,m5 wat*$ & :isp]$ :5
 ,dante pass$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,flor5ce2
 b ,dante lives 9 8 a*ievem5t1 ,leon>do 

9 himself4 ,dante means to u an         
individual s\l quiv]+ ?r\gh a sy/em1 a  
cre$1 inh]it$ f ! pa/4 ,leon>do is a _s 
un/rait5$2 n cons5t+ to any pa/ nor     
rebell+ aga9/ x1 b newborn ) a newborn  
univ]se ar\nd x1 see+ x )\t memories or 
sup]/itions1 )\t inh]it$ fe>s or        
pieties1 yet )\t impiety or irrev]5ce4  
,he is n an iconocla/1 s9ce = him !re   
are no images to be brok52 :atev] he    
sees is n an image b itself1 to be      
accept$ or reject$ by himself2 :at he   
w\ld d he does )\t ! help or h9drance ( 
tradition4 ,9 art & 9 sci5ce he means ! 
same ?+1 n a rebir? ( any pa/1 z ! ^w   
,r5aissance seems to imply1 b fre$om f  
all ! pa/1 life utt]ly 9 ! pres5t4 ,he  
is conc]n$ n ) :at has be5 ?\ght1 or    
said1 or done1 b ) 8 own imm$iate       
relation to all ?+s1 ) :at he sees &    
feels & discov]s4 ,au?ority is no?+ to  
him1 :e!r ( ,gal5 or ( ,/4 ,?omas1 (    
,greek or m$iaeval art4 ,9 sci5ce he    
looks at ! fact1 9 art at ! object2 nor 
w he all[ ei!r to be hidd5 f him by !   

a*ievem5ts ( ! dead4 ,giotto _h /ruck ! 
fir/ bl[ = fre$om :5 he all[$ ! !me to  
dictate ! picture2 ,leon>do all[$ !     
object to dictate ! draw+4 ,to him !    
fact itself is sacr$1 & man fulfils     
himself 9 8 own imm$iate relation to    
fact4  ,all ^? :o react & rebel aga9/ ! 
,r5aissance h an easy case aga9/ its    
great repres5tative4 ,:at did he d 9    
?\ght comp>$ ) ,/4 ,?omas1 or 9 art     
comp>$ ) ! build]s ( ,*>tres or ,b\rges8
 ,he fill$ notebooks ) sket*es &        
conjectures2 he modell$ a /atue t 0 nev]
 ca/2 he pa9t$ a fresco on a wall1 & ) a
 m$ium s unsuit$ to fresco t x 0 a ru9 9
 a few ye>s4 ,ev5 9 8 own day !re 0 a   
d\bt ab\t him2 x is express$ 9 ! "y     
,mi*elangelo's sudd5 taunt t he c\ld n  
ca/ ! /atue he _h modell$4 ,mi*elangelo 
0 "o ( ^? :o see 9 life always ! great  
task to be p]=m$ & :o judge a man by 8  
p]=mance2 to him ,leon>do 0 a           
dilettante1 a talk]2 he made monum5ts1 b
 ,leon>do rema9s 8 own monum5t1 a       
prophecy ( :at man %all be :5 he comes  

into 8 k+dom4 ,) him1 we mu/ confess1 x 
is m promise ?an p]=mance2 he c\ld pa9t 
,! ,la/ ,supp] because x means ! future2
 he c\ld nev]1 9 good fai?1 h pa9t$ ,!  
,la/ ,judgm5t1 = t means a judgm5t on ! 
pa/1 & to him ! pa/ is no?+2 to him man1
 9 ! future1 is ! judge1 ma/]1 enjoy] ( 
8 own fate4 ,comp>$ ) 81 ,mi*elangelo's 
m9d 0 /ill m$iaeval1 8 reproa* ! reproa*
 ( "o :o c>es = do+ m ?an = be+1 &      
c]ta9ly ,mi*elangelo did a ?\s& times m2
 b f 8 own day to ours ! _w has n judg$ 
,leon>do by 8 a*ievem5t4 ,z ,johnson _h 
8 ,boswell s he has _h 8 leg5d2 he means
 to u n books or pictures1 b himself4 ,9
 8 own day k+s bid = him z if he 7 a "w 
( art2 & he di$ magnific5tly 9 ,france1 
mak+ no?+ b =etell+ a race ( m5 n yet   
fulfill$4  ,be=e ,francis ,bacon1 be=e  
,velasquez or ,manet1 he prophesi$ n    
m]ely ! new arti/ or ! new man ( sci5ce1
 b ! new man :o is to free himself f 8  
inh]itance & to see1 feel1 ?9k1 & act 9 
all ?+s ) ! spontaneity ( ,god4 ,t is :y
 he is a leg5d>y h]o to u1 ) a leg5d t  

is n 9 ! pa/ b 9 ! future4 ,= 8 prophecy
 is /ill f> f fulfilm5t2 & ! v sci5ce t 
he initiat$ tells u h[ h>d x is = man to
 free himself f 8 inh]itance4 ,x seems  
/range to u t ,leon>do sang hymns to    
causation z if to ,god4 ,9 its w 0 8    
peace & 8 fre$om4       ,o m>vell\s     
necessity1 ?\ ) supreme reason con/ra9e/
      all ef=ts to be ! direct result ( 
_! causes1 & by a      supreme &        
irrevocable law e natural action obeys  
!e by      ! %orte/ possible process4   
,:o w\ld believe t s small a space c\ld 
conta9 !      images ( all ! univ]se8 ,o
 mighty process1 :at tal5t c      avail 
to p5etrate a nature su* z ?9e8 ,:at    
tongue w x      be t c unfold s great a 
wond]8 ,v]ily none4 ,?is x is      t    
guides ! human disc\rse to ! consid]+ ( 
div9e      ?+s4#a  ,footnote #a3 ,!     
say+s ( ,leon>do quot$ 9 ?is article are
 tak5 f ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,notebooks1 
by ,e4 ,m',curdy4 7,duckwor?1 #aijf47   
,to ,leon>do causation meant ! escape f 
caprice2 x meant a secure relation      

betwe5 man & all ?+s1 9 :i* man w\ld ga9
 p[] by k1 9 :i* e increase ( k w\ld    
reveal to him m & m ( ! supreme reason4 
,!re 0 no *a9 = him 9 cause & effect1 no
 un?9k+ ( ! w ( man4 ,r by k man w\ld   
discov] 8 own w & "k t x 0 ! univ]sal w4
 ,s man mu/ nev] be afraid ( k4 ,! eye  
is ! w9d[ ( ! s\l4 ,l ,:itman he tells u
 always to look ) ! eye1 & s to conf\nd 
! wisdom ( ages4 ,!re is 9 e man's      
vision ! p[] ( relat+ himself n[ &      
directly to reality by k2 & 9 kn[+ o!r  
?+s he kn[s himself4 ,by k man *anges   
:at seem$ to be a compulsion into a     
h>mony2 he gives up 8 own caprice = !   
univ]sal w4  ,t is ! religion (         
,leon>do1 9 art z 9 sci5ce4 ,= him !    
arti/ also mu/ relate himself directly  
to ! visible _w1 9 :i* is ! only        
inspiration2 to accept any =mula is to  
see ) dead m5's eyes4 ,t has be5 said   
aga9 & aga9 by arti/s1 b n ) ,leon>do's 
my/ical & philosophical conviction4 ,he 
knew t x is va9 to /udy ,nature unless  
%e is to y a goddess or a god2 y c le>n 

no?+ f reality unless y adore x1 & 9    
ador+ x he f\nd 8 fre$om4 ,h[ diff]5t is
 ?is doctr9e f t ) :i*1 aft] c5turies ( 
sci5tific advance1 we intimidate        
ourselves4 ,we are ?reat5$ by a cre$ f> 
m enslav+ ?an t ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,if !
 ,middle ,ages turn$ to ! pa/ to le>n   
:at !y 7 to ?9k or to d1 we turn to !   
pa/ to le>n :at we are4 ,!y may h fe>$ !
 new2 b we say t !re is no new1 no?+ b  
"s comb9ation or v>iation ( ! old4      
,causation is to u a *a9 t b9ds u to !  
pa/1 b to ,leon>do x 0 fre$om2 & s he   
prophesies a fre$om t we may atta9 to n 
by d5y+ facts or mak+ my?s1 b by        
discov]+ :at he h9t$--t causation itself
 is n compulsion b w1 & our w if1 by k1 
we make x ours4  ,no "o be=e him _h be5 
s mu* 9 love ) reality1 :atev] x may be4
 ,he 0 call$ a sceptic1 b x 0 only t he 
pref]r$ reality itself to any tales ab\t
 x2 & 8 religion1 8 wor%ip1 0 ! se>* = !
 v fact4 ,?is1 because he 0 bo? arti/ & 
man ( sci5ce1 he c>ri$ fur!r ?an anyone 
else1 pursu+ x ) all 8 faculties4 ,9 8  

draw+s !re is ! beauty n ( 8 "*1 b ( !  
"* ( :at he draws2 he does n make a     
design1 b f9ds x4 ,t beauty proves him a
 ,flor5t9e--,du]] himself falls %ort (  
x--b x is ! beauty ( ! ?+ itself1       
discov]$ & insi/$ ^u ) ! passion ( a    
lov]4 ,he draws animals1 trees1 fl[]s1 z
 ,correggio draws ,antiope or ,io2 & x  
is only 9 8 draw+s n[ t he speaks cle>ly
 to u4 ,! ,mona ,lisa is well en\gh1 b  
ano!r h& might h execut$ ! pa9t+ ( x4 ,x
 owes its popul> fame to ! smile ab\t   
:i* x is s easy to write f9ely2 b 9 !   
draw+s we see ! exp]i5c+ passion (      
,leon>do himself1 we see him feel+1 z 9 
! notebooks we see him ?9k+4 ,!re is !  
eag]ness ( discov]y at :i* s (t5 he     
/opp$ %ort1 turn+ away f a task to fur!r
 discov]y1 liv+ always 9 ! mom5t1 tak+  
no ?\ght ei!r = ! morr[ or = ye/]day1   
unable to att5d to any bus9ess1 ev5 !   
bus9ess ( ! arti/1 see+ life n z a      
/ruggle or a duty1 b z an adv5ture ( all
 ! s5ses & all ! faculties4 ,he is1 ev5 
) 8 p5cil1 ! greate/ talk] 9 ! _w1 b )\t

 egotism1 talk+ always ( :at he sees1   
satisfy+ himself n ) ! common appetites 
& passions ( m51 b ) 8 "o supreme       
passion = reality4 ,if ,mi*elangelo     
?\ght him a dilettante1 !re mu/ h be5 9 
8 taunt "s envy ( ,leon>do's fre$om4    
,yet once at lea/ ,leon>do did a*ieve1 &
 some?+ we %\ld nev] h expect$ f 8      
draw+s4 ,! ,la/ ,supp] is b a %ad[ on ! 
wall1 yet /ill we c see its greatness1  
:i* is ! greatness ( pure design1 (     
,giotto1 ,masaccio1 ,pi]o della         
,francesa4 ,goe! & o!rs h f\nd all k9ds 
( psy*ological subtleties 9 x1 mean+s 9 
e ge/ure2 b :at we see n[ is only space1
 gr&eur1 a supreme mom5t express$ 9 !   
relation ( all ! =ms4 ,! pure music ( ! 
pa9t+ rema9s :5 ! drama is almo/        
oblit]at$2 & x proves t ,leon>do1 :5 he 
*ose1 c\ld )draw himself f ! delight (  
h&-to-m\? exp]i5ce into a vision ( 8    
own1 t he _h ! res]ve & ! creative p[] (
 ! e>li] ma/]s & ( t au/]e1 labori\s y\?
 :o taunt$ him4 ,if x 7 n = ,! ,la/     
,supp] we might d\bt :e!r he c\ld g     

fur!r 9 art ?an ! vivid sket* ( ,!      
,magi2 b ,! ,la/ ,supp] tells u h[ great
 8 passion = reality mu/ h be51 s9ce x  
c\ld di/ract him f ! mak+ ( su*         
ma/]pieces4  ,t passion = reality itself
 made him cold to o!r passions4 ,we "k  
,mi*elangelo & ,bee?ov5 z m5 9 "s       
respects v l o!r m54 ,!y 7 anxi\s1      
fretful1 full ( affections & grievances1
 & mu* conc]n$ ) _! relations4 ,leon>do 
is l ,mel*iz$ek1 n only by ! accid5t (  
bir?1 = he 0 a natural son1 b by *oice4 
,he nev] m>ri$1 he nev] _h a home2 !re  
is no evid5ce t he 0 ev] ti$ to any man 
or woman by 8 affections2 yet x w\ld be 
/upid to call him cold1 = 8 "o gr&      
passion absorb$ him4 ,monks suspect$    
him1 b 9 8 he>t he 0 celibate l ! great 
monki% sa9ts1 celibate n by v[s b by    
preoccupation4 ,x is cle> t f y\? to age
 life _h no cumulative p[] ov] him2 z we
 %\ld say 9 our prosaic language1 he    
nev] settl$ d[n1 = he let ?+s happ5 to  
him & valu$ ! v happ5+4 ,he 0 always l a
 /range1 wond]ful creature f ano!r      

planet1 tak+ notes ) un/al$ delight b   
nev] los+ 8 he>t to any p>ticul>4 ,sex  
itself seems h>dly to exi/ = him1 or at 
lea/ = 8 m9d4 ,(t5 ! p 9 8 draw+s are ( 
no sex4 ,rembr&t draws e "o1 ,leon>do no
 "o1 z if he 7 8 own relation4 ,wom5 &  
y\?s 7 z mu* a subject ( 8 impassion$   
curiosity z fl[]s1 & no m4 ,he is always
 ! spectator1 b a spectator :o c ex]cise
 e faculty ( ! human m9d & e passion 9  
contemplation2 he is ! ne>e/ t any man  
has ev] come to ,ari/otle's ,supreme    
,be+4  ,b we mu/ n suppose t he w5t     
solemnly ?r\gh life liv+ up to 8 own    
/ory1 t he 0 my/]i\s 9 mann] or 9 any   
respect l a *>latan4 ,r1 he liv$ always 
9 ! mom5t & ov]came mank9d by 8         
spontaneity4 ,he _h ! *>m ( ! real man (
 g5ius1 n ! res]ve ( ! false "o4 ,!     
fam\s /atem5t ( :at he c\ld d1 :i* he   
made to ,ludovico ,s=za1 is n a m]e boa/
 b an expression ( 8 eag]ness to d x4   
,^! eng9es ( w> 7 spl5did toys to him1 &
 all 8 life he enjoy$ mak+ toys & see+  
m5 wond] at !m4 ,8 delight 0 to d ?+s = 

! fir/ "t l a *ild1 & !n n to d !m aga94
 ,aga9 & aga9 he cries out aga9/        
au?ority & 9 fav\r ( discov]y4 ,:oev] 9 
discussion adduces au?ority1 he says1   
uses n intellect b r memory2 &1         
anticipat+ ,milton1 he obs]ves t all our
 k orig9ates 9 op9ions4 ,p]haps "s "o _h
 rebuk$ him = hav+ too _m op9ions4 ,we c
 be sure t he *af$ aga9/ dull1 cauti\s1 
safe m5 :o wi%$ = results4 ,he himself  
c>$ no?+ = !m2 x 0 en\gh = him to "k :at
 might be done1 )\t do+ x4 ,he 0 s sure 
( 8 insight t he did n c>e to put x to !
 te/ ( action2 t 0 = sl[] m51 :e!r      
arti/s or m5 ( sci5ce4 ,8 notebooks 7   
en\gh = him4  ,9 spite ( ! notebooks & !
 sket*es1 we "k less ab\t ! man ,leon>do
 ?an ab\t ! man ,%akespe>e4 ,"h & !re he
 makes a rem>k ) "s p]sonal conviction  
or exp]i5ce 9 x4 ,intellectual passion1 
he says1 drives out s5suality4 ,9 him x 
_h driv5 out or sublimat$ all ! s5sual  
"p ( "*4 ,we _c t\* or see or he> him 9 
any?+ he says or draws4 ,! passion is   
!re1 b x is too mu* conc]n$ ) univ]sals 

to be ( l nature ) our own passions4 ,he
 seems to be speak+ to himself z if he  
_h =gott5 ! :ole audi5ce ( mank9d1 b 9  
:at he says he ignores ! p]sonal "p (   
himself2 he is mo/ passionate :5 mo/    
imp]sonal4 ,to ! ambiti\s1 :om nei!r !  
boon ( life nor ! beauty ( ! _w suffices
 to cont5t1 x comes z a p5ance t life ) 
!m is squ&]$ & t !y possess nei!r !     
b5efits nor ! beauty ( ! _w4 ,t might be
 a platitude said by "s "o else2 b we "k
 t 9 x ,leon>do expresses 8 fai?4 ,!    
boon ( life1 ! beauty ( ! _w1 7 en\gh = 
him )\t ambition1 )\t ev5 fur!r         
affections4 ,he left fa!r & "m & weal?1 
& ev5 a*ievem5t1 to foll[ !m2 & he left 
all ^? n out ( coldness1 or fe>1 or     
idl5ess1 b because 8 own passion drew   
him away4 ,no cold man c\ld h said1 ,:]e
 !re is mo/ p[] ( feel+1 !re ( m>tyrs is
 ! greate/ m>tyr4 ,x is difficult = u   
nor!rn]s to und]/& ! intellectual       
passion ( ! ,s\?1 to see ev5 t x is     
passion2 mo/ difficult ( all = u to see 
t 9 m5 l ,leon>do ! passion = beauty    

itself is intellectual4 ,we1 ) our      
romanticism1 our s5se ( exile1 c nev]   
f9d t id5tity :i* he f\nd betwe5 beauty 
& reality4 ,?is b5ign nature s provides 
t all ov] ! _w y f9d some?+ to imitate4 
,to u imitation means prose1 to him x   
meant poetry2 sci5ce itself meant       
poetry1 & illusion 0 ! only ugl9ess4    
,nature nev] breaks h] own law4 ,x is we
 :o try to f9d fre$om 9 lawlessness1 :i*
 is ignorance1 ugl9ess1 illusion4       
,falsehood is s utt]ly vile t1 ?\gh x   
%\ld praise ! great works ( ,god1 x     
(f5ds aga9/ ,8 div9ity4 ,!re is         
,leon>do's religion2 & if /ill x is too 
cold = u1 x is because we h n 8 pure    
spiritual fire 9 ourselves4             
,! ,pompad\r 9 ,art   ,x is an important
 fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! arts = ! la/ c5tury
 or m t 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 if n        
else:]e1 ! *ief int]e/ 9 all ! arts1    
includ+ lit]ature1 has be5 tak5 by wom5 
r ?an by m54 ,9 ! great ages ( art x 0 n
 s4 ,wom51 s f> z we c tell1 _h little  
to d ) ! art ( ,greece 9 ! fif? c5tury  

or ) ! art ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!re 7    
female patrons ( art at ! ,r5aissance1 b
 !y 7 exceptions subject to ! prevail+  
mascul9e ta/e4 ,art 0 & rema9$ a prop]  
int]e/ ( m5 up to ! eighte5? c5tury4    
,wom5 fir/ began to control x & to      
affect its "* at ! mi/ress-ridd5 ,c\rt (
 ,l\is ,,xv4 ,b 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury m5   
began to ?9k !y 7 too busy to conc]n    
!mselves ) ! arts4 ,m5 ( p[]1 :5 !y 7 n 
work+1 ne$$ to take ex]cise & left x to 
_! wives to patronize ! arts4 ,& s !    
notion grew t art 0 a fem99e conc]n1 &  
ev5 arti/s 7 pets = wom54 ,! great man1 
especially 9 ,am]ica1 lik$ 8 wife to h e
 luxury4 ,! exquisite life %e l$ 0      
itself a pro( ( 8 success2 & %e 0 = him 
a liv+ "w ( art1 able to live s because 
( ! abundance ( 8 /r5g?4 ,9 h]1 t /r5g? 
pass$ into ornam5t & became beautiful2  
%e 0 a fri5dly1 fai?ful ,delilah to 8   
,samson1 a ,delilah :o did n %e> 8      
locks4 ,& s he came to ?9k ( art itself 
z be+ 9 its nature fem99e if n          
effem9ate1 z a luxury & ornam5t ( life1 

z ev]y?+1 9 fact1 except a means (      
expression = himself & o!r m54  ,?is    
female control ( art began1 z ,i h said1
 at ! mi/ress-ridd5 ,c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xv1 
& x has un=tunately kept ! /amp ( its   
orig94 ,at t ,c\rt art1 to suit ! ta/es 
( ! ,pompad\r & ! ,du ,b>ri1 became     
consci\sly frivol\s1 became almo/ a "p (
 ! toilet4 ,! arti/ 0 ! slave ( !       
mi/ress1 & seems to h enjoy$ 8 *a9s4 ,9 
?is slav]y he did produce some?+ *>m+2  
he did inve/ t n>r[ & artificial ,heav5 
( ! ,c\rt ) "s ( ! inf9ite beauty &     
music ( a real ,heav54 ,b out ( ?is     
ref9$ h>em art !re has sprung a h>em art
 ( ! :ole _w :i* has infe/$ ! homes ev5 
( p]fectly respectable ladies ev] s9ce4 
,all ov] ,europe ! ideals ( appli$ art h
 rema9$ ! ideals ( ! ,pompad\r2 & only  
by a /]n & consci\s ef=t h ei!r wom5 or 
m5 be5 able to escape f !m4 ,ev]y:]e !re
 has spread a /range disease ( romantic 
snobb]y1 ! suff]]s f :i*1 9 _! ef=ts at 
ae/hetic expression1 always pret5d to be
 :at !y are n4 ,excell5t mo!rs (        

families1 9 _! furniture & sometimes ev5
 9 _! clo!s1 pret5d to be ,k+'s         
mi/resses4 ,( c\rse1 if ?is pret5ce 7   
put into words & s pres5t$ to _!        
consci\sness1 !y w\ld be indignant4 ,x  
has = !m no connexion ) conduct2 x is   
purely ae/hetic1 b art means to !m      
make-believe1 ! make-believe t !y live  
an entirely frivol\s life ( pleasure    
provid$ = !m by mascul9e p[] & devotion4
  ,yet ^! ladies "k t !y h n ! rev5ues (
 ! ,pompad\r2 !y mu/ h _! art1 _!       
make-believe1 z *eap z possible2 & x has
 be5 "o ( ! triumphs ( mod]n indu/ry to 
provide !m ) *eap imitations ( ! luxury 
( ! ,pompad\r4 ,h5ce ! ma*9e-made       
frivolities ( ! mo/ respectable homes1 !
 hair-bru%es ) backs ( /amp$ silv]1 !   
sc5t-bottles ( imitation cut-glass1 !   
drap]ies ) pr9t$ rose-buds on !m1 !     
g5]al artificial-fl[]9ess & flims9ess & 
sup]fluity ( naught9ess ( our dome/ic   
art4 ,x expresses a fem99e romance to   
:i* ! male indulg5tly cons5ts1 z if he 7
 really ! voluptu\s mon>* ^: mi/ress !  

female1 ae/hetically1 pret5ds to be4 ,9 
?is _w ( ae/hetic make-believe our homes
 are n respectable2 !y w\ld scorn to be 
s1 = to ! romantic female m9d1 :5 x     
occupies itself ) art1 ! improp] is !   
arti/ic4  ,b ?is ne$s a m precise       
demon/ration4 ,we wond] at our mod]n    
passion = sup]flu\s ornam5t4 ,we %all   
und]/& x only if we discov] its orig94  
,! ,k+'s mi/ress lik$ ev]y?+ ab\t h] to 
be ornam5t$1 because x 0 a po9t ( hon\r 
) h] to adv]tise ! ,k+'s devotion to h] 
9 ! co/l9ess ( all h] surr\nd+s4 ,he    
lov$ h] s mu* t he _h paid = all ?is    
ornam5tation4 ,%e1 l ,cleopatra1 0      
always prov+ ! pot5cy ( h] *>ms by melt+
 pe>ls 9 v9eg>4 ,l a prize ox1 %e 0 hung
 ) ! trophies ( h] physical pre-em95ce4 
,9 all ! art :i* we call ,l\is ,qu9ze   
!re is ?is adv]tisem5t ( ! lab\r sp5t ^u
 x4 ,x proclaims t a va/ deal ( tr\ble  
has be5 tak5 9 ! mak+ ( x1 & we c see ! 
arti/ utt]ly subdu$ to ?is tr\ble1      
utt]ly ! slave ( ! mi/ress's exorbitant 
:ims4 ,?is adv]tisem5t ( lab\r sp5t1 )\t

 ! reality1 has be5 ! m>k ( all popul>  
dome/ic art ev] s9ce4  ,! beautiful is !
 ornam5t$--namely1 t :i* looks z if x _h
 tak5 a great deal ( tr\ble to make4 ,! 
tr\ble n[ is tak5 by ma*9]y1 & s1 ) !   
co/1 is m9imiz$2 & :at x produces is    
ugl9ess1 an ugl9ess :i* c\ld n be mi/ak5
 = beauty b = ! notion t x does express 
a desirable /ate ( be+ 9 ^? :o possess  
x4 ,& ?is desirable /ate is ! /ate ( !  
,k+'s mi/ress1 ( a sir5 :o c h :atev] %e
 desires because ( ! pot5cy ( h] *>ms4  
,h[ o!rwise c we expla9 ! passion =     
sup]flu\s ma*9e-made ornam5t :i* makes  
our respectable homes s hide\s8 ,! ma*9e
 simulates a tr\ble t has n be5 tak51 & 
s gives pro( ( a voluptu\s infatuation t
 does n exi/4 ,! h>dwork+ "m ( a family 
buys out ( h] scanty all[ance a         
sc5t-bottle t looks z if x _h be5       
labori\sly cut = a ,k+'s mi/ress1 :]eas 
really x has be5 m\ld$ by ma*9]y to keep
 up ! delusion1 unconsci\sly *]i%$ by   
h]1 t %e lives 9 a _w ( irresi/ible &   
unscrupul\s fem99e *>m4 ,& h] husb&     

endures indulg5tly all ?is sup]flu\s    
ugl9ess because he1 too1 believes t x is
 ! function ( art to make ! draw+-room (
 ! "m ( a family look l ! b\doir ( a    
sir54  ,mo/ ( ?is make-believe rema9s   
unconsci\s4 ,we are all s us$ to x t we 
d n see 9 x ! expression ( ! dy+ h>em   
in/9ct 9 wom54 ,yet x p]si/s1 ev5 :]e ! 
h>em in/9ct w\ld be passionately        
repudiat$4 ,x p]si/s (t5 9 ! dress ( !  
mo/ defiant suffragette1 9 outbreaks (  
incongru\s frivolity1 =lorn tawdry roses
 t /ill :isp] memories ( ! ,pompad\r &  
h] triumphant guilty spl5d\r4  ,b       
besides all ?is unconsci\s fem99e       
influ5ce ^u art1 !re is ! influ5ce (    
wom5 :o c>e consci\sly = art2 & x also  
has an en]vat+ effect on ! arti/4 ,= !  
female patron ( art1 j because !re are s
 few male patrons ( x1 is apt to take a 
mo!rly int]e/ 9 ! arti/4 ,to h] he is a 
delightful wayw>d *ild r ?an a real man 
occupi$ ) real ?+s1 l h] husb& or h]    
fa!r or h] bro!r3 n "o :o c e>n money = 
h] & fight = h] & protect h]1 b r "o :o 

ne$s to be protect$ & hum\r$ 9 a _w :i* 
c>es s little = art4 ,to h]1 ) all h]   
passion = art1 x is some?+ 9 its nature 
irrational1 &1 l a *ild1 delightful     
because irrational4 ,x is an escape f   
reality r ?an a "p ( x4 ,& s %e w       
believe :atev] ! arti/ tells h] because 
he is an arti/1 n because he is a man ( 
s5se2 & %e enc\rages him to be m ( an   
arti/ ?an a man ( s5se4 ,%e enc\rages   
him to be extravagantly ae/hetic1 &     
enjoys all 8 extravagance z a div]sion f
 ! s\nd mascul9ity ( h] own mank9d4 ,!re
 is room 9 h] prosp]\s1 easy _w = ^!    
div]sions f bus9ess1 j z !re is room =  
*>ity or1 p]haps1 religion4 ,! _w c af=d
 arti/s z x c af=d pets2 z x c af=d     
beautiful1 cultivat$ wom54 ,& t also is 
! view ( h] husb&1 if he is good-natur$4
 ,b to him1 j because art & arti/s are !
 prop] conc]n ( 8 wife1 !y are ev5 less 
s]i\s ?an !y are to h]4 ,%e may p]suade 
h]self t %e takes !m q s]i\sly1 b he    
pret5ds to d s only out ( polit5ess1 & z
 he w\ld pret5d to take h] clo!s        

s]i\sly4 ,= him ! type ( ! arti/ is /ill
 ! piani/ :o gives locks ( 8            
ov]-abundant hair to ladies4 ,ev5 if !  
arti/ is a pa9t] & cuts 8 hair & dresses
 l a man1 he /ill belongs to ! fem99e _w
 & excites himself ab\t matt]s t d n    
conc]n m54 ,m5 c af=d him1 & s !y       
tol]ate him2 b he is "o ( ! exp5ses !y  
w\ld cut d[n if x 7 necess>y to cut d[n 
exp5ses4  ,well1 x is necess>y to cut   
d[n exp5ses n[2 & yet 9 ages mu* /]n] & 
poor] ?an our own art 0 ! conc]n ( m51 &
 !y af=d$ x because x 0 n to !m a m]e   
fem99e luxury4 ,!y af=d$ ! t[]+ *ur*es (
 ! ,middle ,ages because !y express$ !  
religi\s passion ( all mank9d2 & h we   
no?+ to express except a dy+ h>em in/9ct
 & ! mo!rl9ess ( k9d wom5 to a neglect$ 
class8 ,we ought to be grateful to ?is  
mo!rl9ess1 :i* has kept art alive 9 an  
age ( ignorance2 b we %\ld see t x is   
only a pis-all]1 & wom5 %\ld see ?is z  
well z m54 ,! female attitude t[>ds art 
has be5 itself ! result ( a wrong       
relation betwe5 wom5 & m51 a relation   

half-animal1 half-romantic1 & !re=e n q 
real4 ,?is relation1 ev5 :ile x has     
ceas$ to exi/ m & m 9 fact1 has /ill    
cont9u$ to express itself ae/hetically2 
& 9 art x has become a m]e obsolete     
nuisance4 ,"o may c>e no?+ = art & yet  
long to be rid ( ! mean+less frivolities
 ( our dome/ic art4 ,"o may wi% to cle> 
!m away z s mu* litt] & tra%2 & ?is     
cle>ance is necess>y s t we may purge   
our vision & see :at is beautiful4 ,we  
are almo/ rid ( ! mann]s ( ! ,k+'s      
mi/ress1 & mo/ wom5 no long] try to     
appeal to m5 by _! *>m+ unreason4 ,x is 
n m]ely t ! appeal fails n[2 !y !mselves
 refuse to make x1 out ( self-respect4  
,b !y /ill rema9 irrational 9 _! ta/es2 
or at lea/ !y h n le>n$ t all ?is       
ae/hetic irrationality misrepres5ts !m1 
t x is =c$ ^u !m by tradesm51 t x is z  
inexpressive z a s5tim5tal music-hall   
song sung by a gramophone4 ,b n[ t m5 h 
giv5 wom5 ! vote1 & s prov$ t !y take !m
 s]i\sly at la/1 !y h ! "r to speak     
pla9ly on ?is matt]4 ,! fem99e influ5ce 

^u art has be5 bad4 ,let u admit t x has
 be5 ! result ( a bad mascul9e influ5ce 
^u wom51 t x has be5 supreme because m5 
h become phili/9e2 b ! fact rema9s t x  
has be5 bad4 ,art mu/ be tak5 s]i\sly if
 x is to be wor? any?+4 ,x mu/ be !     
expression ( :at is s]i\s & real 9 !    
human m9d4 ,b all ?is fem99e art has    
express$1 & has tri$ to glorify1 some?+ 
false & wor?less4 ,!re=e x has be5 ugly1
 & we are all sick ( its ugl9ess4 ,we   
look to wom51 n[ t !y are equall$ ) m5  
by an act ( legal ju/ice1 to deliv] u f 
x4 ,!y dis[n ! ,pompad\r 9 fact2 let !m 
dis[n h] 9 art4                         
,an ,unpopul> ,ma/]   ,ni*olas ,p\ss9 is
 "o ( ! great pa9t]s ( ! _w2 yet x is   
easi] to give reasons = dislik+ him ?an 
= lik+ him4 ,aft] 8 dea? !re 0 a w> (   
pamphlets ab\t him2 ! "o side1 l$ by    
,lebrun1 hold+ him up z a model = all   
pa9t]s to come1 ! o!r side1 "u de       
,piles1 call+ him a m]e p$ant comp>$ )  
,rub5s4 ,"h is a passage f a poem aga9/ 
,p\ss93--              ,il scavoit mani]

 la regle et le compas1                 
,p>loit de la lumi]e et ne l'ent5doit   
pas2             ,il e/oit de l'antique 
un assez bon copi/e1             ,mais  
sans inv5tion1 et mauvais colori/e4     
,il ne p\vait m>*] que sur le pas       
d'autruy3             ,le g5ie a manque1
 c'e/ un malheur p\r luy4  ,n[ ?is is j 
:at ! criticism ( ye/]day said ab\t him1
 ! criticism ( ! eighties & n9eties1 :5 
x 0 suppos$ t ,velasquez _h discov]$ !  
art ( see+1 & ) x ! art ( pa9t+4 ,x     
s\nds plausible1 b n a ^w ( x is true4  
,& yet x rema9s difficult to %[ :y x is 
n true1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! g5ius (     
,p\ss9 & ! p$antry ( 8 imitators1 to    
conv9ce p t he 0 n a bad col\ri/1 & t he
 did n imitate ! antique4  ,?is         
difficulty is connect$ ) ! age 9 :i* he 
happ5$ to live4 ,nobody calls ,mantegna 
a p$ant n[adays2 yet "o might say aga9/ 
him mo/ ( ! ?+s t h be5 said aga9/      
,p\ss94 ,b ,mantegna liv$ 9 a c5tury t  
we l1 & ,p\ss9 9 "o t we dislike4 ,!    
sev5te5? c5tury is = u a "t ( pictorial 

platitude2 !re 0 no?+ !n to discov] ab\t
 ge/ure or expression1 & pa9t]s1 ev5 !  
be/ ( !m1 us$ /ock ge/ures & /ock       
expressions )\t any ( ! eag]ness (      
discov]y4 ,n[ ,p\ss9 is1 or appe>s to   
be1 9 _m ( 8 works a dramatic pa9t]1 & =
 u 8 drama is platitud9\s4 ,take !      
,plague ( ,a%dod1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4
 ,!re are ! ge/ures t we are already a  
little we>y ( 9 ,raphael's c>toons4 ,!  
figures express horror & fe> ) uplift$  
h&s or contort$ features2 b _! real     
bus9ess seems to be to make ! picture4  
,! drama is ?ru/ ^u u1 & we _c ignore x2
 yet we feel t x is no discov]y = !     
arti/1 b some?+ t he has le>nt l a      
second-rate actor--t he has1 9 fact1 a  
bag ( tricks 9 common ) all ! ,italian  
pa9t]s ( 8 "t1 & t he is only pret5d+ to
 be surpris$ by 8 subject4 ,n[ e age has
 its arti/ic platitudes2 b ^! platitudes
 ( dramatic expression are peculi>ly    
we>isome to u because !y h p]si/$ 9     
,european pa9t+ up to ! pres5t day1 &   
because mo/ great pa9t]s 9 mod]n times h

 /ruggl$ 9 "o way or ano!r to escape f  
!m4 ,we associate !m ) m$iocrity &      
ins9c]ity2 & we d n und]/& t = _m ( !   
bett] pa9t]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury !y 7   
only a basis = discov]ies ( a diff]5t   
k9d4 ,il ,greco1 = in/ance1 is (t5 z    
dramatically platitud9\s z ,guido ,r5i1 
b he also 0 mak+ discov]ies 9 design :i*
 happ5 to int]e/ u n[1 s t we ov]look 8 
platitudes4 ,he 0 try+ to express 8     
emotions n s mu* by ge/ure & ! play (   
features z by a rhy?m really indep5d5t (
 ^?1 a rhy?m c>ri$ ?r\gh ev]y?+ 9 !     
picture1 to :i* all 8 platitudes are    
subject4 ,& because ?is rhy?m is new to 
u n[ we h>dly notice ! platitudes4      
,p\ss9 0 play+ ! same game1 b 8 rhy?m   
has be5 imitat$ by s _m dull pa9t]s t we
 are tempt$ to ?9k x z platitud9\s z 8  
drama1 & t is :]e we are unju/ to him4  
,p\ss9 _h a m9d t 0 at once passionate &
 det]m9$ to be ma/] ( its passions4 ,he 
w\ld n suppress !m1 b he w\ld express !m
 ) complete composure2 & z ,donne 9     
poetry tri$ to atta9 to an intellectual 

ma/]y ov] 8 passions by means (         
conceits1 s ,p\ss9 9 pa9t+ tri$ to atta9
 to ! same ma/]y ?r\gh ! repres5tation (
 an ideal _w4 ,ea* 0 en?rall$ ) 8       
exp]i5ce ( real life2 b ea* 0           
dissatisfi$ ) ! haphaz>d1 tyrann\s      
nature ( t exp]i5ce1 & especially ) !   
divorce betwe5 passion & intellect1 :i* 
9 actual exp]i5ce is s pa9ful to ! man  
:o is bo? passionate & intellig5t4 ,s   
ea*1 9 8 art1 tri$ to make a new k9d (  
exp]i5ce1 9 :i* passion %\ld be         
intellig5t & intellect passionate4 ,?is1
 no d\bt1 is :at e arti/ tries to d2 b !
 ef=t 0 peculi>ly fi]ce 9 ,donne &      
,p\ss9 because 9 !m !re 0 a m ?an common
 discord betwe5 passion & intellig5ce1  
because !y 7 in/antly critical bo? ( :at
 !y desir$ & ( _! own process ( desire4 
,donne1 at ! v height ( passion1 ask$   
himself :y he 0 passionate2 & he c\ld n 
express 8 passion )\t try+ to ju/ify x  
to 8 intellig5ce4 ,s 9 8 poetry he      
endeav\r$ to exp]i5ce x aga9 )          
simultane\s intellectual ju/ification   

:i* 9 t poetry 0 a "p ( ! exp]i5ce      
itself4 ,p\ss9 aims n s mu* at an       
intellectual ju/ification ( passion z at
 an expression ( x 9 :i* !re %all be    
also complete intellectual composure4   
,he aims 9 8 art at an exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! 
intellect %all be free f ! bewild]m5t ( 
! passions & ! passions also free f !   
*eck ( ! intellect2 & to ?is he atta9s  
by ! repres5tation ( an ideal /ate 9 :i*
 ! intellect c make all ! =ms ?r\gh :i* 
! passion expresses itself4 ,he is1 9   
fact1 ne>] ?an mo/ pa9t]s to ! musician2
 b /ill he is a pa9t] & appeals to u    
?r\gh ! repres5tation ( objects t we c  
recognize by _! lik5ess to :at we h se5 
ourselves4 ,8 intellect desires to make 
its =ms1 n to h !m impos$ ^u x by m]e   
ocul> exp]i5ce1 s9ce ocul> exp]i5ce =   
him is full ( ! tyrann\s bewild]m5t (   
actual passion4 ,b at ! same "t ^? =ms  
:i* 8 intellect makes mu/ be recogniz$  
by _! lik5ess to :at m5 see 9 ! _w ab\t 
!m4 ,s he f\nd a l9k betwe5 8 ideal =ms 
& :at m5 see 9 :at is vaguely call$ !   

antique4  ,b he did n g to ! antique out
 ( any arti/ic snobb]y or because he    
di/ru/$ 8 own natural ta/e4 ,! antique 0
 n = him an ari/ocratic _w ( art t he   
tri$ to ent] 9 ! hope ( becom+ himself  
an ari/ocrat4 ,he %[$ t he 0 p]fectly at
 ease 9 t _w by ! mann] 9 :i* he pa9t$  
its subjects4 ,:51 = in/ance1 he pa9ts  
,bac*anals1 he is really mu* less ov]aw$
 by ! subject ?an ,rub5s w\ld be4       
,rub5s1 :o 0 a man ( culture & an       
intellectual p>v5u1 tri$ desp]ately to  
comb9e 8 natural ta/es ) classical      
subjects4 ,:5 he pa9t$ a ,flemi% cook z 
,v5us he really tri$ to make h] look l  
,v5us2 & ! result is a ,flemi% cook     
pret5d+ to be ,v5us1 an incongruity t   
betrays a l incongruity 9 ! arti/'s m9d4
 ,p\ss9's ,v5us1 f> less fle% & blood1  
does belong entirely to ! _w 9 :i* he   
imag9es h]--inde$1 s int5sely t1 if we h
 lo/ int]e/ 9 t _w1 %e fails to int]e/  
u4 ,! ,v5etians h done ?is mu* bett]1 we
 ?9k2 & :y1 if ,p\ss9 0 go+ to pa9t l   
,titian1 did he n use ,titian's col\r8  

,! answ] is1 ,because 8 mood 0 v f> f   
,titian's1 because he makes a comm5t t  
,titian nev] makes ^u 8 ,v5uses &       
,bac*anals4 ,rub5s makes no comm5t at   
all3 8 attitude t[>ds ! classical is t (
 ! wond]+ p>v5u4 ,titian ?r\gh !        
classical expresses ! ,r5aissance       
lib]ation f scruple & fe>4 ,b ,p\ss9    
gives u a mortal comm5t ^u ?is immortal 
c>elessness & delight4 ,:e!r 8 figures  
are tranquil or raptur\s1 !re is 9 8    
col\r an expression ( some?+ f> f _!    
felicity4 ,inde$1 h[ev] voluptu\s ! =ms 
may be1 ! col\r is always ascetic4 ,x is
 n t he seems to disapprove ( ^?        
glorifi$ pleasures ( ! s5ses1 b t he _c 
satisfy himself ) 8 own conception ( !m1
 z ,titian c\ld4 ,titian repres5ts a _w 
9 :i* all ! m9d cons5ts to delight4 ,8  
figures are n fooli%1 b !y are l danc]s 
or dream]s to ! music ( _! own pleasure4
 ,he makes u he> t music to :i* 8       
figures dance or dream2 b1 ) ,p\ss91 we 
d n he> x1 we only see ! figures subject
 to x z to "s influ5ce f :i* we are cut 

(f2 & t :i* cuts u (f is ! col\r4  ,mo/ 
pa9t]s1 if !y wi%$ to pa9t a sc5e (     
voluptu\s pleasure1 w\ld conceive x fir/
 9 col\r2 = col\r is ! natural          
expression ( all delights ( ! s5ses4 ,b 
,p\ss9 nev] all[s ! delight t he pa9ts  
to affect 8 col\r at all4 ,t is always  
an expression ( 8 own p]man5t m9d1 ( a  
m9d t c\ld n dance or dream to ! music (
 any pleasure possible 9 ?is _w4 ,= him 
! ideal _w 0 n m]ely "o ( p]petual1     
int5sifi$ pleasure1 b "o 9 :i* all !    
activities ( ! m9d %\ld "w l gratifi$   
s5ses & yet keep _! own "*1 9 :i*       
passion %\ld be fre$ f its bewild]m5t & 
intellect f its que/ion+4 ,t 0 :at he   
tri$ to repres5t2 & 8 col\r 0 a comm5t1 
half-unconsci\s p]haps1 ^u its          
impossibility4 ,= ! ev]la/+ conflict    
betwe5 col\r & =m does itself express t 
impossibility4 ,:atev] he might         
repres5t1 ,p\ss9 c\ld n1 = "o mom5t1    
lose 8 int]e/ 9 =m or subord9ate x to   
col\r4 ,8 figures1 :atev] _! raptures1  
mu/ express 8 own intellectual ma/]y (  

!m2 & x 0 impossible to comb9e ?is ) a  
col\r t %\ld express _! raptures4 ,b    
,p\ss91 kn[+ ?is impossibility1 0 n     
cont5t ) a compromise4 ,he might h us$ a
 fa9tly agreeable col\r t w\ld n be     
incongru\s ) _! raptures2 b he *ose r to
 express 8 own exasp]ation 9 a col\r t 0
 viol5tly incongru\s ) !m1 b :i* at !   
same "t height5s 8 emphasis ^u =m4 ,s1  
?\gh !re is an incongruity betwe5 !     
subject itself & ! mood 9 :i* x is      
treat$1 !re is none 9 ! treatm5t4 ,p\ss9
 himself seems to look1 & to make u     
look1 at a my?ological ,p>adise1 ) !    
se>*+1 m\rnful gaze ( a human spectator4
 ,?is glory is =bidd5 to u n m]ely by   
our circum/ances b by ! nature ( our own
 m9ds4 ,x is1 inde$1 "o ( our own       
conceptions ( ,heav51 b inadequate l all
 ! re/2 & ,p\ss91 by mak+ ! conception  
cle> to u1 reveals its inadequacy4  ,he 
pa9ts ! subjects ( ! ,r5aissance l a man
 rememb]+ 8 own y\?1 & sad1 n because he
 has lo/ ! pleasures ( y\?1 b because he
 wa/$ himself ^u !m4 ,"h are ^! deities1

 he seems to tell u1 b !re mu/ be a     
secret 9 _! felicity t we d n und]/&4 ,!
 joy !y seem to (f] is bel[ u1 & he w n 
pret5d to h caught x f !m 9 8 art4 ,= t 
art is always sad1 n ) a p>ticul> grief 
nor ) m]e l[ spirits1 b ) ! incongruity 
( ! passions & ! intellect2 & ?is noble 
sadness is express$ by ,p\ss9 z no o!r  
pa9t] has express$ x4 ,he 0 himself a   
melan*oly man to :om art 0 ! "o happ9ess
 ( life2 b he did n use 8 art to talk ( 
8 sorr[s4 ,he us$ x to create a _w (    
cle> & ord]ly design1 & satisfi$ 8      
intellect 9 ! creation ( x4 ,9 8 art he 
c\ld ex]cise ! composure :i* actual     
exp]i5ce di/urb$2 he c\ld remake t      
reality s tr\bl$ by ! conflict ( s5se1  
emotion1 & und]/&+2 b1 ev5 9 remak+ x1  
he add$ ! comm5t t x 0 only 8 9 art4 ,& 
t is ! reason :y 8 art seems s imp]sonal
 to u1 :y !re is ! same cold passion 9  
all 8 pictures1 :e!r religi\s or        
my?ological4 ,9 all ( !m he expresses a 
%>p dissatisfaction ) ! v nature ( 8    
actual exp]i5ce4 ,a pa9t] l ,rub5s is   

entranc$ ) 8 own actual vision ( ?+s2 b 
,p\ss9 tells u t he has nev] ev5 se5    
any?+ z he want$ to see x4 ,he is n a   
vague ideali/ dissatisfi$ ) reality     
because ( ! weakness ( 8 own s5ses or   
und]/&+4 ,r he seems to cry1 l ,poe1 (  
ev]y?+ t he draws--                     
,o ,god1 c ,i n grasp                   
,!m ) a tight] clasp8  ,x is ! v        
sub/ance & matt] ( ?+s t he tries to    
ma/]2 & t s int5sely t he nev] sees !m  
flu%$ or dimm$ by any mood ( 8 own4 ,nor
 does he all[ ! passions ( 8 figures to 
affect 8 repres5tation ( !m or ( _!     
surr\nd+s4 ,he is cold1 himself1 t[>ds  
^! passions1 = to him !y are only a "p (
 ! bewild]m5t ( actual exp]i5ce4 ,b 9   
mak+ =ms he escapes f t bewild]m5t & %[s
 u matt] utt]ly subject to m9d4 ,yet 9  
?is triumph !re is always impli$ !      
sadness t su* a triumph is impossible 9 
life1 t ! arti/ _c be :at he pa9ts4 ,!  
,r5aissance _h fail$1 & ,p\ss9's art 0 a
 bitt]ly s9c]e ann\ncem5t ( its failure4
                              ,a ,def5ce

 ( ,criticism   ,! only k9d ( critic    
tak5 s]i\sly 9 ,engl& is ! art critic2 &
 he is tak5 s]i\sly z an exp]t1 t is to 
say1 z "o :o w tell u n :at he has f\nd 
9 a "w ( art1 b :o produc$ x4 ,8 v      
judgm5t is valu$ n on a matt] ( art at  
all1 b on a matt] ( bus9ess4 ,no "o     
wants to "k :e!r a c]ta9 picture is good
 or bad4 ,! "q is1 ,0 x pa9t$ by        
,romney8 ,x might well h be5 & yet be a 
v bad picture2 b t is n ! po9t4 ,exp]ts 
are call$ to say t x is by ,romney2 & !y
 are prov$ to be wrong4 ,!reupon ,sir   
,?omas ,jackson writes to ! ,times &    
says t if p le>n$ to ?9k = !mselves !   
pr(ession ( art critic w\ld be at an    
end4 ,! art critic1 = him1 is "o :o     
tells p :at to ?9k4 ,& !n he proce$s--  
,x is only = ! public he writes2 he is (
 no use to      arti/s4 ,i d\bt :e!r any
 man 9 any bran* ( art c\ld be      f\nd
 :o w\ld hone/ly say he _h ev] le>n$    
any?+ f      ! art critic1 :o1 aft] all1
 is only an amateur4 ,!      criticism  
we value1 & t :i* really helps1 is t (  

our      bro!r arti/s1 (t5 %>p & unsp>+1
 b always salut>y      & useful4 ,& if  
useless to ! arti/1 art criticism is    
h>mful to ! public1 :o take _! op9ion f 
x at second      h&4 ,7 all art         
criticism made p5al = t5 ye>s lov]s (   
art w\ld le>n to ?9k = !mselves1 & a    
tru]      appreciation ( art ?an !      
comm]cial "o w\ld result1 )      !      
greate/ b5efit bo? to art & to arti/s4  
,x is !      arti/ & n ! pr(essional    
critic :o %\ld be ! real      in/ructor 
( ! public ta/e4  ,"h !re seems to be an
 inconsi/5cy2 = if we are to ?9k =      
ourselves we d n ne$ to be in/ruct$ by  
arti/s any m ?an by critics4 ,b ,sir    
,?omas ,jackson may mean t ! arti/ is to
 in/ruct ! public only ?r\gh 8 works4   
,/ill1 ! "q rema9s1 ,h[ is ! arti/ to be
 recogniz$8 ,!re is a riddle--,:5 is an 
arti/ n an arti/8 & ! answ] is--,n9e    
times out ( t54 ,c]ta9ly ! op9ions (    
arti/s ab\t ea* o!r w n br+ security to 
! public m9d2 & does ,sir ,t4 ,jackson  
really believe t arti/s always value !  

criticism ( bro!r arti/s8 ,does an      
,academician value ! criticism ( a      
,vortici/1 or vice v]sa8 ,!             
,academician1 ( c\rse1 w\ld say t !     
,vortici/ 0 n an arti/--& vice v]sa4 ,! 
arti/ values ! op9ion ( ! arti/ :o      
agrees ) him2 & at pres5t !re is less   
agreem5t among arti/s ?an among critics4
 ,!y condemn ea* o!r m ?an ! critics    
condemn !m4  ,b ^! are m9or po9ts4 ,:at 
,i am conc]n$ ) is ,sir ,t4 ,jackson's  
notion ( ! function ( criticism4 ,= him1
 z = mo/ ,engli%m51 ! critic is "o :o   
tells p :at to ?9k2 & ! value ( 8       
criticism dep5ds ^u 8 reputation2 we    
%\ld pay no he$ to art critics1 because 
!y are n arti/s4 ,b ! critic1 :e!r ( art
 or ( any?+ else2 is a writ]2 & he is to
 be judg$ n by 8 reputation ei!r z arti/
 or z critic1 b by :at he writes4 ,sir  
,t4 ,jackson ?9ks t he is condemn+ !    
critic :5 he says t he writes only = !  
public4 ,he might z well ?9k t he       
condemn$ ! arti/ if he said t he work$  
only = ! public4 ,( c\rse ! critic      

writes = ! public1 z ! pa9t] pa9ts = !  
public2 & he writes z "o ( ! public1 n z
 an arti/4 ,fur!r1 if he is a critic1 he
 does n write to tell ! public :at to   
?9k any m ?an he writes to tell ! pa9t] 
h[ to pa9t4 ,j z ! pa9t] 9 8 pictures   
expresses a g5]al int]e/ 9 ! visible _w1
 s ! critic 9 8 criticism expresses a   
g5]al int]e/ 9 art2 & 8 ju/ification1 l 
t ( ! pa9t]1 consi/s 9 8 p[] ( express+ 
?is int]e/4 ,if he _c express x well1 x 
is useless to talk ab\t 8 reputation    
ei!r z arti/ or critic2 "o might z well 
excuse a bad picture ( a g>d5 by say+ t 
! pa9t] ( x 0 a good g>d5] & !re=e a    
good judge ( g>d5s4  ,x is a mis=tune t 
! ^w critic %\ld be d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w 
mean+ judge4 ,a critic c]ta9ly does     
arrive at judgm5ts2 b ! value ( 8       
criticism1 if x has any1 consi/s n 9 !  
judgm5t1 b 9 ! process by :i* x is      
arriv$ at4 ,?is fact is seldom und]/ood 
9 ,engl&1 ei!r by ! public or by arti/s4
 ,! arti/ c>es only ab\t ! judgm5t &    
compla9s t a m]e amateur has no "r to   

judge him4 ,he w\ld r be judg$ by       
himself2 &1 be+ himself an arti/1 he mu/
 be a bett] judge4 ,b ! "q to be ask$   
ab\t ! critic is n :e!r he is an amateur
 z an arti/1 b :e!r he is an amateur z a
 critic2 & t c be decid$ only by 8      
criticism4 ,! greate/ arti/ might prove 
t he 0 an amateur 9 criticism2 & he c\ld
 n disprove x by appeal+ to 8 art4 ,sir 
,jo%ua ,reynolds1 = in/ance1 ?9ks l an  
amateur 9 "s ( 8 disc\rses2 & x is      
amateur ?9k+ to def5d him by say+ t he  
does n pa9t l "o4  ,c]ta9ly mu* ( our   
criticism consi/s ( m]e judgm5ts1 & is  
!re=e wor?less z criticism4 ,b mu* ( our
 art consi/s also ( m]e judgm5ts2 x     
tells u no?+ except t ! arti/ admires   
?is or t1 or believes t ! public admires
 x2 & x also is wor?less z art4 ,b no   
critic !re=e writes to ! pap]s to say t1
 if only ! public w\ld le>n to feel =   
!mselves1 ! pr(ession ( arti/ w\ld be at
 an end4 ,we "k t ! bus9ess ( an arti/  
is n to tell ! public :at to feel ab\t !
 visible _w1 or any?+ else1 b to express

 8 own int]e/ 9 ! visible _w or :atev]  
may be ! subject-matt] ( 8 art4 ,we d n 
condemn art because ( its failures4 ,^? 
:o "k any?+ at all ab\t ! nature ( art  
"k t x has value because x expresses !  
common int]e/s ( mank9d bett] ?an mo/ m5
 c express !m2 & = ?is reason x has     
value = mank9d & n m]ely = arti/s4 ,=   
?is reason1 also1 criticism has value = 
mank9d & n m]ely = arti/s or = critics4 
,b ! value ( x does n lie 9 ! judgm5t ( 
! critic any m ?an ! value ( art lies 9 
! judgm5t1 ta/e1 pref]5ce ( ! arti/4 ,! 
value 9 bo? cases lies 9 p[] (          
expression2 & by t art & criticism are  
to be judg$4  ,ne$less to say1 !n1      
criticism is n to be judg$ by ! help x  
gives to arti/s4 ,"o might z well       
suppose t philosophy 0 to be judg$ by ! 
help x gives to ! ,deity4 ,! philosoph] 
does n tell ! ,deity h[ ,he ought to h  
made ! univ]se2 nor d we read philosophy
 = ! sake ( ! judgm5ts at :i*           
philosoph]s arrive4 ,we d n want to "k  
,kant's op9ion because he is ,kant2 :at 

int]e/s u is ! process by :i* he arrives
 at t op9ion1 & x is ! process :i*      
conv9ces u t 8 op9ion is "r1 if we are  
conv9c$4 ,s x is1 or %\ld be1 )         
criticism4 ,x ought to provoke ?\ght r  
?an to suppress x2 & if x does n provoke
 ?\ght x is wor?less4  ,b 9 ! be/       
criticism judgm5t is r impli$ ?an       
express$4 ,= ! prop] subject-matt] (    
criticism is ! exp]i5ce ( works ( art4  
,! be/ critic is he :o has exp]i5c$ a "w
 ( art s int5sely t 8 criticism is !    
spontane\s expression ( 8 exp]i5ce4 ,he 
tells u :at has happ5$ to him1 z ! arti/
 tells u :at has happ5$ to him2 & we1 z 
we read1 d n judge ei!r ! criticism or !
 art criticiz$1 b %>e ! exp]i5ce4 ,!    
value ( art lies 9 ! fact t x           
communicates ! exp]i5ce & ! exp]i5c+ p[]
 ( "o man to _m4 ,:5 we he> a symphony (
 ,bee?ov51 we are = ! mom5t ,bee?ov52 & 
we ourselves are enri*$ = ev] by ! fact 
t we h = ! mom5t be5 ,bee?ov54 ,s !     
value ( ! be/ criticism lies 9 ! fact t 
x communicates ! exp]i5ce & ! exp]i5c+  

p[] ( ! critic to 8 read]s & s enri*es  
_! exp]i5c+ p[]4 ,if he is futile1 s is 
! arti/4 ,if we _c read him )\t dang] to
 our own indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 nei!r c we 
look at a picture )\t dang] to our own  
indep5d5ce ( vision4 ,b believe 9 !     
fell[%ip ( mank9d1 believe t "o m9d c   
p\r into ano!r & enri* x ) its own      
treasures1 & y w "k t nei!r art nor     
criticism is futile4 ,!y /& or fall     
toge!r1 & ! arti/ :o condemns ! critic  
condemns himself also4  ,!re rema9s !   
cont5tion1 half impli$ by ,sir ,t4      
,jackson1 t ! critic's exp]i5ce ( art is
 ( no value because he is n an arti/4   
,n[ if x is ( no value to himself       
because he is n an arti/1 !n art is ( no
 value to anyone except ! arti/1 & !    
arti/ :o practises ! same k9d ( art2    
music is ( value only to musicians1 &   
pa9t+ to pa9t]s4 ,x _c be t m]e te*nical
 tra9+ gives a man ! my/]i\s p[] (      
exp]i5c+ works ( art2 =1 z we all "k1 x 
does n make an arti/4 ,no arti/ w admit 
t anyone ?r\gh te*nical tra9+ c become a

 memb] ( ! sacr$ bro!rhood ( ^? :o      
und]/& ! my/]y ( art4 ,!re=e !y _h all  
bett] admit t !re is no my/]y ab\t x1   
or1 r1 a my/]y = u all4 ,ei!r art is (  
value to u all1 & our own exp]i5ce ( x  
is ( value to u2 or art has no value    
:atev] to anyone1 b is ! mean+less      
activity ( a few oddities :o w\ld be    
bett] employ$ 9 agriculture4  ,b if our 
own exp]i5ce ( art is ( value to u1 !n x
 is possible = u to communicate t       
exp]i5ce to o!rs s t x may be ( value to
 !m2 z x is possible = ! pa9t] to       
communicate to o!rs 8 exp]i5ce ( !      
visible _w4 ,if he d5ies ?is1 once aga9 
he d5ies himself4 ,he %uts himself )9 ! 
prison ( 8 own arrogance1 f :i* he c    
escape only by a want ( logic4 ,b1      
fur!r1 if our exp]i5ce ( art is ( value 
to ourselves1 & if x is possible = u to 
communicate t exp]i5ce to o!rs1 x is    
also possible = u to arrive at          
conclusions ab\t t exp]i5ce :i* may be (
 value bo? to ourselves & to o!rs4 ,h5ce
 sci5tific or philosophic criticism1 :i*

 is bas$ n1 z "s arti/s seem to ?9k1 ^u 
a fraudul5t pret5ce ( ! critic t he     
himself is an arti/1 b ^u t exp]i5ce (  
art :i* is1 or may be1 common to all m54
 ,! philosophic critic writes n z "o :o 
kn[s h[ to produce t :i* he criticizes  
bett] ?an he :o has produc$ x1 b z "o :o
 has exp]i5c$ art2 & 8 own exp]i5ce is  
really ! subject-matt] ( 8 criticism4   
,if he is a philosophic critic1 he w "k 
t 8 exp]i5ce is itself necess>ily       
imp]fect4 ,z "s "o has said3 ,we d n    
judge works ( art2 !y judge u2 & !      
critic is to be judg$ by ! mann] 9 :i*  
he has exp]i5c$ art1 z ! pa9t] is to be 
judg$ by ! mann] 9 :i* he has exp]i5c$ !
 visible _w4 ,all ! imp]fections ( 8    
exp]i5ce w be betray$ 9 8 criticism2 :]e
 he is ins5sitive1 !re he w fail1 bo? z 
arti/ & z philosoph]2 & ( ?is fact he   
mu/ be con/antly aw>e4 ,s if he gives   
himself ! airs ( a judge1 if he relies  
on 8 own reputation to make or m> !     
reputation ( a "w ( art1 he ceases to be
 a critic & des]ves all t arti/s 9 _!   

ha/e h said ab\t him4 ,/ill1 x is a pity
 t arti/s1 9 _! ha/e1 %\ld say ^! ?+s2 =
 :5 !y d s !y1 too1 become critics ( !  
wrong sort1 critics ins5sitive to       
criticism4 ,!y may ?9k t !y are uphold+ 
! cause ( art2 b !y are uphold+ ! cause 
( /upidity1 t common enemy ( art & (    
criticism4                           ,! 
,arti/ & 8 ,audi5ce   ,accord+ to ,:i/l]
 art is n a social activity at all2     
accord+ to ,tol/oy x is no?+ else4 ,b   
art is cle>ly a social activity & some?+
 m2 yet no "o has yet reconcil$ ! tru? 9
 ,:i/l]'s doctr9e ) ! tru? 9 ,tol/oy's4 
,ea* leaves out an ess5tial "p ( ! tru?1
 & !y rema9 oppos$ 9 _! mixture ( error 
& tru?4 ,! ma9 po9t ( ,:i/l]'s ,t5      
o'clock is t art is n a social activity4
 ,li/51 he cries1 !re nev] 0 an arti/ic 
p]iod4 ,!re nev] 0 an art-lov+ nation4  
,9 ! beg9n+ man w5t =? ea* day--"s to   
battle1 "s to ! *ase2 o!rs aga9 to dig &
 to delve 9 ! field--all t !y might ga9 
& live or lose & die4 ,until !re 0 f\nd 
among !m "o1 diff]+ f ! re/1 ^: pursuits

 attract$ him n1 & s he /ay$ by ! t5ts )
 ! wom51 & trac$ /range devices ) a     
burnt /ick ^u a g\rd4 ,?is man1 :o took 
no joy 9 ! ways ( 8 bre?r51 :o c>$ n =  
conque/ & frett$ 9 ! field1 ?is design] 
( qua9t patt]ns1 ?is devis] ( !         
beautiful1 :o p]ceiv$ 9 ,nature ab\t him
 curi\s curv+s1 z faces are se5 9 !     
fire--?is dream] ap>t 0 ! fir/ arti/4   
,!n1 he says1 ! hunt]s & ! work]s drank 
f ! arti/s' goblets1 tak+ no note ! :ile
 ( ! craftsman's pride1 & und]/&+ n 8   
glory 9 8 "w2 dr9k+ at ! cup n f *oice1 
n f a consci\sness t x 0 beautiful1 b   
because1 =soo?1 !re 0 none o!r6 ,luxury 
grew1 & ! great ages ( art came4 ,greece
 0 9 its spl5d\r1 & art reign$          
supreme--by =ce ( fact1 n by election4  
,& ! p que/ion$ n1 & _h no?+ to say 9 ! 
matt]4 ,9 fact art fl\ri%$ because      
mank9d did n notice x4 ,b !re arose a   
new class1 :o discov]$ ! *eap1 & =esaw  
=tune 9 ! manufacture ( ! %am4 ,!n1     
accord+ to ,:i/l]1 a /range ?+ happ5$4  
,! h]oes fill$ f ! jugs & drank f !     

b[ls--) und]/&+4444 ,& ! p--?is "t--_h  
mu* to say 9 ! matt]1 & all 7 satisfi$4 
,& ,birm+ham & ,man*e/] arose 9 _!      
might1 & art 0 relegat$ to ! curiosity  
%op4  ,:i/l] does n expla9 :y1 if no "o 
0 aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( art except ! arti/1
 ^? :o 7 n arti/s began to imitate x4   
,if no "o priz$ art1 :y %\ld %am art h  
come into exi/5ce8 ,accord+ to him x 0 !
 %am t made m5 aw>e ( ! true2 yet ! %am 
c\ld n exi/ until m5 7 aw>e ( ! true4 ,b
 ! acc\nt he gives ( ! decad5ce ( art is
 hi/orically untrue z well z            
un9telligible4 ,we "k little ( !        
primitive arti/2 b we h no pro( t he 0  
utt]ly diff]5t f o!r m51 or t !y did n  
enjoy 8 activities4 ,if !y _h n enjoy$  
!m !y w\ld probably h kill$ him4 ,!     
primitive arti/ surviv$1 no d\bt1       
because he 0 an arti/ 9 8 leisure2 & all
 we "k ( m primitive art goes to prove t
 x 01 & is1 practis$ n by a special     
class b by ! ord9>y primitive man 9 8   
leisure4 ,peasant art is produc$ by     
peasants1 n by lonely arti/s4 ,"s1 (    

c\rse1 h m gift = x ?an o!rs1 b all     
enjoy x1 ?\gh !y d n call x art4 ,:i/l] 
saw himself 9 e primitive arti/2 & see+ 
himself z a dream] ap>t misund]/ood by !
 common h]d1 he saw ! primitive arti/ z 
"o liv+ 9 a primitive ,:ite ,h\se1 &    
produc+ primitive nocturnes = 8 own     
amusem5t1 unnotic$1 happily1 by         
primitive critics4  ,b 8 view1 ?\gh     
refut$ bo? by hi/ory & by common s5se1  
is /ill held by _m arti/s & amateurs4   
,!y !mselves make mu* ( art1 b d n see t
 _! !ory makes little ( x1 makes x a m]e
 caprice ( ! human m9d1 l ! collect+ (  
po/age /amps4 ,if art has any value or  
importance = mank9d1 x is because x is a
 social activity4 ,if no "o b an arti/ c
 enjoy art1 x seems to foll[ t no art c 
be completely enjoy$ except by him :o   
has produc$ x2 = 9 relation to t art he 
alone is an arti/4 ,all o!r arti/s1 ev51
 are ! public2 &1 accord+ to ,:i/l]1 !  
public has no?+ to d ) art2 x fl\ri%es  
be/ :5 !y are n aw>e ( its exi/5ce4 ,he 
is v contemptu\s ( ta/e4 ,all judgm5t ( 

art mu/ be bas$ on exp]t k1 = art1 he   
says1 is bas$ ^u laws z rigid & def9$ z 
^? ( ! kn[n sci5ces4 ,yet :]eas no      
poli%$ memb] ( society is at all affect$
 by admitt+ himself nei!r eng9e]1       
ma!matician1 nor a/ronom]1 & !re=e      
rema9s will+ly discreet & taciturn ^u ^!
 subjects1 /ill he w\ld be highly (f5d$ 
7 he suppos$ to h no voice 9 :at cle>ly 
to him is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,s to ,:i/l]  
art has no m to d ) ! life ( ! ord9>y   
man ?an a/ronomy or ma!matics4 ,8 m5tion
 ( eng9e]+ is an un=tunate slip1 =1     
al?\gh we are n eng9e]s we all knew1 :5 
! ,tay ,bridge broke d[n & ?rew hundr$s 
( pass5g]s into ! wat]1 t x 0 n a good  
bridge4 ,we are all conc]n$ ) eng9e]+ 9 
spite ( our ignorance ( x1 because we   
make use ( its works4 ,:i/l] assumes t  
we make no use ( works ( art except z   
objects ( use2 & s9ce pictures1 poems1  
music are n objects ( use1 we c h no    
conc]n ) !m :atev]--:i* is absurd4  ,b  
"h comes ,tol/oy1 :o tells u t all works
 ( art are m]ely objects ( use & are to 

be judg$ !re=e by ! ext5t ( _! use4 ,a  
"w ( art t few c enjoy fails z mu* z a  
railway t few c travel by4 ,art1 ,tol/oy
 says1 is a human activity1 consi/+ 9   
?is--t "o man consci\sly1 by means (    
c]ta9 ext]nal signs1 h&s on to o!rs     
feel+s he has liv$ ?r\gh1 & t o!r p are 
infect$ by ^! feel+s & also exp]i5ce !m4
 ,s x is ! ess5ce ( a "w ( art t x %all 
infect o!rs ) ! feel+s ( ! arti/4 ,n[   
c]ta9ly a "w ( art is a "w ( art to u   
only if x does s infect u1 b ,tol/oy is 
n cont5t ) t4 ,! individual is n to     
judge ! "w ( art by its infection (     
himself4 ,he is to consid] also ! ext5t 
( its infection4 ,= a "w to be e/eem$   
good & to be approv$ ( & diffus$ x w h  
to satisfy ! dem&s1 n ( a few p liv+ 9  
id5tical & (t5 unnatural conditions1 b x
 w h to satisfy ! dem&s ( all ^? great  
masses ( p :o are situat$ 9 ! natural   
conditions ( labori\s life4  ,! two     
views are utt]ly irreconcilable4        
,accord+ to ,:i/l] ! public are n to    
judge art at all because !y h no conc]n 

) x1 & x fl\ri%es mo/ :5 !y d n pret5d  
to h any conc]n ) x4 ,accord+ to ,tol/oy
 ! individual is to judge x1 n by !     
effect x produces on him1 b by ! effect 
x produces on o!rs1 on all ^? great     
masses ( p :o are situat$ 9 ! natural   
conditions ( labori\s life4  ,n[1 if we 
f9d ourselves intimidat$ by "o or o!r ( 
^! views1 if we seem =c$ to accept "o ( 
!m aga9/ our w1 x is a relief &         
lib]ation f ! tyranny ( ,:i/l]'s or     
,tol/oy's logic to ask ourselves simply 
:at does actually happ5 to u 9 our own  
exp]i5ce & enjoym5t ( a "w ( art4 ,!    
fact t we are able to enjoy & exp]i5ce a
 "w ( art does lib]ate u at once f !    
tyranny ( ,:i/l]2 = cle>ly1 if we c     
exp]i5ce & enjoy a "w ( art1 we are     
conc]n$ ) x4 ,x is va9 = ,:i/l] to tell 
u t we ought n to be1 or t we d injury  
to art by our conc]n4 ,! fact ( our     
enjoym5t & exp]i5ce makes art = u a     
social activity2 we "k t our enjoym5t ( 
x is good2 we "k also t ! arti/ likes u 
to enjoy x2 & we d n believe t ei!r !   

primitive arti/ or ! primitive man 0    
diff]5t f u 9 ?is respect4 ,!re is n[1 &
 always has be51 "s k9d ( social        
relation betwe5 ! arti/ & ! public2 !   
only "q is h[ f> t relation is ! ess5ce 
( art4  ,tol/oy tells u t x is ! ess5ce 
( art1 because ! prop] aim ( art is to d
 good4 ,?is is impli$ 9 8 doctr9e t art 
c be good only if x is intelligible to  
mo/ m54 ,! ass]tion t art may be good   
art & at ! same "t incompreh5sible to a 
great numb] ( p1 is extremely unju/2 &  
its consequ5ces are ru9\s to art itself4
 ,! ^w unju/ implies ! moral factor4 ,i 
am n to enjoy a "w ( art if ,i "k t o!rs
 _c enjoy x1 because x is n fair t ,i   
%\ld h a pleasure n %>$ by !m4 ,if ,i "k
 t o!rs _c %>e x1 ,i am to take no      
acc\nt ( my own exp]i5ce1 b to condemn !
 "w1 h[ev] good x may seem to me4 ,f ?is
 logic also ,i c lib]ate myself by      
conc]n+ myself simply ) my own exp]i5ce4
 ,aga91 if ,i exp]i5ce & enjoy a "w (   
art1 ,i "k t my exp]i5ce ( x is good2 &1
 9 my judgm5t ( ! "w ( art1 ,i d n ne$  

to ask myself h[ _m o!rs enjoy x4 ,i may
 wi% !m to enjoy x & try to make !m d s1
 b t ef=t ( m9e is n ae/hetic b moral4  
,x does n affect my judgm5t ( ! "w (    
art1 b is a result ( t judgm5t4 ,&1 z a 
matt] ( fact1 if ,i am to exp]i5ce a "w 
( art at all1 ,i _c be ask+ myself h[ _m
 o!rs enjoy x4 ,judgm5ts ( art are n =m$
 9 t way & _c be2 !y are1 & mu/ be1     
always =m$ out ( our own exp]i5ce ( art4
 ,if art is to be art to u1 we _c ?9k ( 
x 9 t]ms ( some?+ else4 ,!re w\ld be no 
public = art at all if we all agre$ to  
judge x 9 t]ms ( ea* o!r's enjoym5t or  
und]/&+4 ,ea* individual ( ! great      
masses ( p :o are situat$ 9 ! natural   
conditions ( labori\s life w\ld also h  
to ask himself :e!r ! re/ ( ! masses 7  
enjoy+ & und]/&+1 be=e he c\ld judge2   
inde$1 he w\ld n feel a "r to enjoy     
until he knew t ! re/ 7 enjoy+4 ,t is to
 say1 no individual w\ld ev] enjoy art  
at all4 ,! fact is t art is produc$ by !
 individual arti/ & exp]i5c$ by !       
individual man4 ,tol/oy says t x is     

exp]i5c$ by mank9d 9 ! mass1 & n z      
individuals2 ,:i/l] t x is n exp]i5c$ at
 all1 ei!r by ! mass or by ! individual4
 ,ea* is a h]etic ) "s tru? 9 8 h]esy2  
:at is ! true doctr9e8  ,x is cle> t e  
arti/ desires an audi5ce1 n m]ely s t he
 may w9 pudd+ & praise f !m1 nor s t he 
may d !m good2 none ( ^! aims w make him
 an arti/2 he c accompli% all ( !m )\t  
attempt+ to produce a "w ( art4 ,x is   
also cle> t 8 arti/ic success is n 8    
success 9 w9n+ an audi5ce4 ,^? great    
masses ( p :o are situat$ 9 ! natural   
conditions ( labori\s life are a figm5t 
( ,tol/oy's m9d4 ,no conditions are     
natural 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he uses ! ^w2 nor
 d any exi/+ conditions make "o man a   
bett] judge ( art ?an ano!r4 ,!re is no 
multitude ( simple1 normal1 unspoilt m5 
able & will+ to enjoy any real art t is 
pres5t$ to !m4 ,! "r exp]i5ce ( art     
comes ) ef=t1 l "r ?\ght & "r action2 & 
no ,russian peasant has x because he    
works 9 ! fields4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 are
 !re any arti/s :o are m]e sports       

occupi$ ) a que] game ( _! own          
self-expression :i* no "o else c enjoy4 
,!re is a necess>y relation betwe5 ! "w 
( art & its audi5ce1 ev5 if no actual   
audi5ce = x exi/s2 & ! fact t ?is       
relation mu/ be1 ev5 :5 !re is no       
audi5ce 9 exi/5ce1 is ! p>adox & problem
 ( art4 ,a "w ( art claims an audi5ce1  
entreats x1 is inde$ made = x2 b mu/ h x
 on its own t]ms4 ,m5 are arti/s because
 !y are m51 because !y h a faculty1 at  
its height1 :i* is %>$ by all m54 ,9 t  
,croce is "r2 & 8 doctr9e t all m5 are  
arti/s 9 "s degree1 & t ! v exp]i5ce (  
art is itself an ae/hetic activity1     
conta9s a tru? ( great value4 ,b 8      
ae/hetic ignores1 or seems to ignore1 ! 
fact t art is n m]ely1 z he calls x1    
expression1 b is also a means ( address2
 9 fact1 t we d n express ourselves     
except :5 we address ourselves to o!rs1 
ev5 ?\gh we speak to no p>ticul>1 or ev5
 exi/+1 audi5ce4 ,yet ?is fact is       
obvi\s2 = all art gets its v =m f ! fact
 t x is a me?od ( address4 ,a /ory is a 

/ory because x is told1 & told to "s "o 
n ! tell]4 ,a picture is a picture      
because x is pa9t$ to be se54 ,x has all
 its arti/ic qualities because x is     
address$ to ! eye4 ,& music is music1 & 
has ! =m :i* makes x music1 because x is
 address$ to ! e>4 ,)\t ?is int5tion (  
address !re c\ld be no =m 9 art & no    
di/9ction betwe5 art & day-dream+4      
,day-dream+ is n expression1 is n art1  
because x is address$ to no "o b is a   
purposeless activity ( ! m9d4 ,x becomes
 art only :5 !re is ! purpose ( address 
9 x4 ,t purpose w give x =m & turn x f  
day-dream+ into art4 ,ev5 9 an object ( 
use :i* is also a "w ( art1 ! art is !  
ef=t ( ! mak] to emphasize1 t is1 to    
po9t out1 ! beauty ( t :i* he has made4 
,x is ?is emphasis t turns build+ into  
ar*itecture2 & x implies t ! build+ is  
made n m]ely = ! build]'s or = anyone   
else's use1 b t its aim also is to      
address an audi5ce1 to speak to ! eye z 
a picture speaks to x4 ,art is made = m5
 z surely z boots are made = !m4  ,b n z

 ,tol/oy ?9ks1 = any p>ticul> class ( m5
 or ev5 = ! :ole mass ( exi/+ mank9d4 ,!
 arti/ w n & _c judge 8 "w by its       
effects on any actual m51 any m ?an we c
 or w judge x by its effects on anyone  
except ourselves4 ,z we1 9 our exp]i5ce 
( x1 mu/ be completely individual2 s mu/
 he 9 8 production ( x4 ,he is n a      
public s]vant1 b a man speak+ = himself1
 & ) no ?\ght ( effects1 to anyone :o w 
he>4 ,8 audi5ce consi/s only ( ^? :o w  
he>1 ( ^? individuals :o c und]/& 8     
individual expression :i* is also       
communication4 ,9 8 art he seeks !      
individual :o w he>4 ,he has some?+ to  
say2 b he c say x only to o!rs1 n to    
himself2 x is :at x is because he says x
 to o!rs4 ,yet he says x also = its own 
sake & n = !irs4 ,! p>ticul> likes &    
dislikes1 /upidities1 limitations1      
dem&s1 ( individual m5 or classes are   
no?+ to him4 ,! condition ( 8 art is ?is
 alone1 t he does address x to an       
audi5ce4 ,s ! relation betwe5 ! arti/ & 
8 audi5ce is ! mo/ important fact ( 8   

art1 ev5 if he has no actual audi5ce4 ,x
 is 8 attitude t[>ds ! audi5ce t makes  
him d 8 be/ or 8 wor/1 makes him a good 
arti/ or a bad "o1 t sets him free to   
express all he has to say or hamp]s him 
) inhibitions4 ,8 bus9ess is n to f9d an
 audi5ce1 b to f9d ! "r attitude t[>ds  
"o1 ! attitude :i* is t ( ! arti/ & n ( 
! tradesman1 or peacock1 or             
philan?ropi/4 ,& x is pla9 t 9 8 ef=t to
 f9d ?is "r attitude he may be help$ or 
h9d]$ mu* by 8 actual fell[-m54 ,! arti/
 is also a man & subject to all !       
temptations ( m54 ,:i/l]1 :5 he said t  
art happ5s1 ignor$ ?is fact1 ignor$ !   
:ole social relation ( mank9d & ! :ole  
hi/ory ( ! arts2 :ile ,tol/oy ignor$ no 
less ! m9d ( ! arti/1 & ! m9ds ( all ^? 
:o d actually exp]i5ce art4 ,to ,:i/l] !
 arti/ is a ,*ima]a bomb9ans 9 vacuo2 to
 ,tol/oy he is a philan?ropi/4 ,= ,:i/l]
 ! public has no function :atev] 9      
relation to art2 = ,tol/oy ! arti/      
himself has no function :atev] except a 
moral "o4 ,9 fact he d5ies ! exi/5ce ( !

 arti/1 z ,:i/l] d5ies ! exi/5ce ( !    
public4 ,:i/l]'s tru? is t ! public mu/ 
n tell ! arti/ :at he is to d2          
,tol/oy's1 t a public ) a "r relation to
 ! arti/ w help ! arti/ to h a "r       
relation to ! public4  ,arti/s are n    
sports1 b m52 & m5 engag$ 9 "o ( ! mo/  
difficult ( human activities4 ,!y are   
subject to ae/hetic temptation & s91 z  
all m5 are subject to temptation & s9 ( 
all k9ds4 ,_! public may tempt !m to ?9k
 m ( !mselves ?an ( :at !y h to express1
 ei!r by p]v]se admiration or by        
ignorant contempt4 ,an actual audi5ce   
may be an ob/ruction betwe5 !m & ! ideal
 audi5ce to :i* e arti/ %\ld address    
himself4 ,e arti/ mu/ desire t 8 ideal  
audi5ce %\ld exi/1 & may mi/ake an      
actual audi5ce = x4 ,9 ! ideal relation 
betwe5 an arti/ & 8 audi5ce1 x is !     
univ]sal 9 him t speaks to ! univ]sal 9 
!m1 & yet ?is univ]sal f9ds an int5sely 
p]sonal expression4 ,art1 :i* is p]sonal
 expression1 tells1 n ( :at ! arti/     
wants1 b ( :at he values4 ,b if 8 ego is

 provok$ by ! ego 9 a p>ticul> audi5ce1 
!n he beg9s to tell ( :at he wants or ( 
:at !y want4 ,! audi5ce may dem& ( him t
 he %all please !m by indulg+ _!        
p>ticul> vanities1 appetites1 s5tim5tal 
desires1 t he %all pres5t life to !m z  
!y wi% x to be2 & if he yields to t dem&
 x is because ( ! dem&s ( 8 own p>ticul>
 ego4 ,!re is a transaction betwe5 him &
 t audi5ce1 9 its ess5ce comm]cial4 ,8  
art is ! p>ticul> supply+ "s k9d ( goods
 to ! p>ticul>1 n ! univ]sal p\r+ itself
 out to ! univ]sal4  ,! function ( !    
audi5ce is n to dem& b to receive4 ,x   
%\ld n all[ its own expectations to h9d]
 its receptiv5ess2 to t ext5t ,:i/l] is 
"r4 ,art happ5s z ! beauty ( ! univ]se  
happ5s2 & x is ! bus9ess ( ! audi5ce to 
exp]i5ce x1 n to dictate h[ x %all      
happ54 ,x has be5 said3 ,x is n we :o   
judge works ( art2 !y judge u4 ,! arti/ 
speaks & we li/52 b /ill he speaks to u 
& by li/5+ wisely we help him to speak 8
 be/1 = man is a social be+2 & all life1
 9 s f> z x is :at x wi%es to be1 is a  

fell[%ip4 ,nev] is x s completely a     
fell[%ip z 9 ! relation betwe5 an arti/ 
& 8 audi5ce4 ,!re ,tol/oy is "r1 b !    
fell[%ip has to be a*iev$ by bo? ! arti/
 & ! audi5ce4 ,!re is no body ( simple  
peasants1 any m ?an !re are ri* or      
cultur$ p1 to :om he mu/ address himself
 or ^: dem&s he mu/ satisfy4 ,art t     
tries to satisfy any p>ticul> dem& is ( 
use nei!r to ! fle% nor to ! _s4 ,x is  
nei!r meat nor music4 ,b :]e all is well
 ) x1 ! _s 9 ! arti/ speaks to ! _s 9 8 
audi5ce4 ,!re is a common quality 9 bo?1
 ) :i* he speaks & !y li/52 & :]e ?is   
common quality is f\nd art ?rives4      
,wilfulness & ,wisdom   ,!re are p to   
:om ! w> 0 m]ely ! runn+ amuck ( a      
crim9al lunatic2 & !y get :at pleasure  
!y c f call+ t lunatic all ! names !y c 
?9k (4 ,to !m ! ,g]mans are diff]5t 9   
k9d f all o!r peoples1 utt]ly sep>at$ f 
! re/ ( u by _! crimes4 ,we c\ld le>n   
no?+ f !m except h[ to cru% !m2 &1 hav+ 
done s1 we %all ne$ to le>n no?+ except 
h[ to keep !m d[n4 ,b su* m9ds nev] le>n

 any?+ f exp]i5ce1 because !y believe t 
!re is no?+ to be le>nt4 ,!y consume all
 _! m5tal en]gy 9 ang] & ! expression ( 
x2 & 9 do+ s !y gr[ m & m l ^? ) :om !y 
are angry4 ,wisdom always goes contr>y  
to :at our passions tell u1 especially  
:5 !y take ! =m ( righte\s indignation4 
,! creative p[] ( ! m9d beg9s ) refusal 
( all ^? tempt+ fi]ce delights :i* !    
passions (f] to x4 ,wisdom mu/ be cold  
be=e x c become w>m2 x mu/ suppress !   
com=t+ heat ( ! fle% be=e x c k9dle ) ! 
pure fire ( ! _s4 ,above all1 :5 we say 
t we are n z o!r m51 z ! ,g]mans1 =     
in/ance1 x mu/ insi/ t we are1 & t we   
%all avoid ! ,g]man crime only by       
recogniz+ our lik5ess to ^? :o h        
committ$ x4  ,! ,g]mans h committ$ !    
great crime2 b !y h be5 born & nurtur$ 9
 an atmosph]e :i* made t crime possible2
 & we live 9 ! same atmosph]e4 ,_!      
error1 ?\gh !y c>ri$ x to an extreme 9  
!ory & 9 practice ) ! native            
extravagance ( _! race1 is ! error ( !  
:ole ,we/]n _w2 & we %all n und]/& :at x

 is unless we are aw>e ( x 9 ourselves z
 well z 9 !m4 ,= x is a _w-error & "o   
aga9/ :i* m5 h be5 w>n$ = ages2 b 9 _!  
pride !y w n li/5 to ! w>n+4 ,_m ( ! old
 w>n+s1 9 ! ,gospels & else:]e1 s\nd l  
platitudes to u2 we expect ! cl]gyman to
 repeat !m 9 *ur*2 b we %\ld nev] ?9k ( 
apply+ !m to ?is great1 successful1     
progressive ,we/]n _w ( ours4 ,if we are
 n happy2 if we d n ev5 see ! way to    
happ9ess2 if all our p[] m]ely helps u  
to de/roy ea* o!r1 or to make ! ri* m   
vulg>ly ri* & ! poor m squalidly poor2  
if ! great en]gy ( ,g]many has hurri$ h]
 to h] own ru92 /ill we d n ask :e!r we 
may n h made "s fundam5tal mi/ake ab\t  
our own nature & ! nature ( ! univ]se1 &
 :e!r ,g]many has n m]ely made x m      
sy/ematically & m philosophically ?an ! 
re/ ( u4  ,b ! ,g]man1 because he is    
sy/ematic & philosophical1 may reveal to
 u :at t error is 9 u z well z 9        
himself4 ,we d n /ate x z if x 7 a      
spl5did tru?2 we m]ely act ^u x4 ,he    
/at$ x = u ) su* hi/rionic & t[]+       

absurdity t we c laugh at 8 /atem5t ( x2
 b we mu/ n laugh at him )\t le>n+ to   
laugh at ourselves4 ,all ?is talk ab\t !
 iron w1 ab\t set tee? & ru?lessness1   
:at does x mean except t ! ,g]man *ose  
to glorify op5ly & to c>ry to a logical 
extreme ! peculi> error ( ! :ole ,we/]n 
_w--! belief t ! highe/ function ( man  
is to "w 8 w ^u p & ?+s outside him1 t  
he c *ange ! _w )\t *ang+ himself8  ,!  
,*ri/ian doctr9e1 prea*$ s long 9 va9 & 
n[ almo/ =gott51 is ! opposite ( ?is4 ,x
 insi/s t man is by nature a passive1 an
 exp]i5c+ creature1 & t he c d no?+ well
 9 action unless he has fir/ le>n$ a "r 
passivity4 ,only by t passivity c he    
enri* himself2 & :5 he has enri*$       
himself he w act rightly4 ,man has a w2 
b he mu/ apply x at ! "r po9t1 or x w   
seem to him m]ely a bl9d impulse4 ,he   
mu/ apply x to ! mann] 9 :i* he         
exp]i5ces ?+s2 he mu/ free himself f 8 w
 to live or 8 w to p[]1 & see all m5 &  
?+s n z !y are ( mat]ial use to him1 b )
 ! object ( lov+ :atev] !re is ( beauty 

or virtue 9 !m4 ,8 w1 9 fact1 mu/ be ! w
 to love1 :i* is ! w to exp]i5ce 9 a    
c]ta9 way2 & out ( t w to love "r action
 w naturally ensue4 ,is ?is a platitude8
 ,if x is1 x is flatly contradict$ by ! 
,g]man doctr9e ( wilfulness4 ,= !       
,g]manic h]o ex]cises 8 w always ^u o!r 
m5 & ?+s1 n ^u himself2 & we all admire 
?is ,g]manic h]o1 :5 he is n an obvi\s  
dang] to u all1 & :5 he is n made       
ridicul\s by ! ,g]man pres5tm5t ( him4  
,we all believe t ! w is to be ex]cis$  
fir/ ( all 9 action1 t x is ! function (
 ! great man to *ange ! _w1 n to *ange  
himself4 ,to u ! great man is "o :o does
 "w a *ange ^u ! _w1 no matt] :at t     
*ange may be4 ,he may *ange x only z an 
explosion *anges ?+s1 & at ! end he may 
be left among ! ru9s he has made2 b /ill
 we admire him4 ,we comp>e him to ! =ces
 ( nature1 we say t !re is some?+       
elem5tal 9 him1 ev5 ?\gh he has be5     
m]ely an elem5tal nuisance4 ,we value   
=ce 9 itself1 & d n ask :at x c f9d to  
value 9 itself :5 x has exhau/$ itself  

^u ! _w4 ,b out ( ?is wor%ip (          
wilfulness !re comes1 soon] or lat]1 a  
pr(\nd scepticism & disc\ragem5t4 ,=    
:ile ^! wilful h]oes d produce "s viol5t
 effect1 x is n ! effect !y aim$ at4    
,some?+ happ5s2 some?+ has happ5$ to    
,g]many z ! result ( ,bism>ck's         
wilfulness2 b x is n :at he will$4 ,!   
wilful h]o is a cause 9 t he acts2 b !  
effect is n :at he design$1 & s he seems
 to himself1 & to ! _w1 only a l9k 9 an 
un5d+ *a9 ( cause & effect2 & z = 8 s5se
 ( w1 x is no?+ b ! illusion t he is all
 cause & n at all effect4  ,quem ,deus  
vult p]d]e dem5tat prius4 ,t old tag    
puts a tru? wrongly4 ,god does n int]f]e
 to afflict ! wilful man ) madness1 b he
 has nev] ?r[n himself op5 to ! wisdom (
 ,god4 ,8 m9d is l a ma*9e t acts )     
increas+ spe$ & fury because !re is less
 & less mat]ial = x to act ^u4 ,"o act  
leads to ano!r 9 a bl9d *a9 ( cause &   
effect2 he does ?is m]ely because he has
 done t1 & seems to be driv5 by fate on 
& on to 8 own ru94 ,s x 0 ) ,napoleon 9 

8 lat] ye>s4 ,he _h lo/ ! s5se ( any    
reality :atev] except 8 own action2 he  
saw ! _w z a passive object to be act$  
^u by himself4 ,& t is h[ ! ,g]mans saw 
x two ye>s ago4 ,!y c\ld n und]/& t x 0 
possible = ! _w to react aga9/ !m4 ,x 0 
m]ely some?+ t !y 7 go+ to remake1 to "w
 _! w ^u4 ,! w>1 at its beg9n+1 0 n to  
!m a conflict betwe5 human be+s2 x 0 a  
process by :i* !y w\ld make ( ?+s :at !y
 will$4 ,!re 0 no reality except 9      
!mselves & _! own w2 =1 9 _! wor%ip (   
action1 !y _h lo/ ! s5se ( ext]nal      
reality1 !y _h come to believe t !re 0  
no?+ to le>n f x except :at a craftsman 
le>ns f 8 mat]ial by work+ 9 x4 ,x is by
 mak+ t he le>ns2 & !y ?\ght t !re 0 no 
le>n+ except by mak+4  ,b t is ! mi/ake 
( ! :ole ,we/]n _w1 ?\gh we h none ( u  
c>ri$ x s f> z ,g]many4 ,o!r m5 are to u
 /ill m51 !y /ill h "s reality to u2 b  
we see ext]nal reality z a mat]ial = u  
to "w 92 we are to ourselves entirely   
active & n at all passive be+s4 ,ev5    
among all ! evil & sorr[ ( ! w> we /ill 

took a pride 9 ! enorm\s p[] ( our      
in/rum5ts ( de/ruction1 z if we 7 *ildr5
 play+ ) big1 dang]\s toys4 ,b ^! toys  
are !mselves ! product ( a society t mu/
 always be mak+ & nev] ?9k+ or feel+4   
,!y express ! w = action t has ou/$ ! w 
to exp]i5ce2 & all ! *anges :i* we "w on
 ! face ( ! e>? express t w too4 ,we    
c\ld n live 9 ! cities we h made =      
ourselves if we ?\ght t we _h any?+ to  
le>n f ! beauty ( ! e>?4 ,!y are = u    
m]ely places 9 :i* we le>n to act1 9 :i*
 no "o c\ld le>n to ?9k or feel4        
,passive exp]i5ce is impossible 9 !m &  
!y d n consid] ! possibility ( x4 ,s !y 
express 9 e build+1 9 e object1 9 ! v   
clo!s ( _! inhabitants1 an utt] pov]ty (
 passive exp]i5ce4 ,9 :at we make we    
give out no /or$ ri*es ( ! m9d2 we make 
only s t we may act1 nev] s t we may    
express ourselves2 & we h little art    
because our mak+ is entirely wilful4    
,our attempts at art are !mselves       
entirely wilful4 ,we w h art1 we say2 & 
s we pla/] our utilities ) ! ornam5ts ( 

! pa/1 z if we c\ld get ! ri*ness (     
exp]i5ce secondh& f our ance/ors4 ,& 9 !
 same way we are always f9d+ = our bl9d 
activities moral motives1 ^? motives :i*
 are real only :5 !y spr+ out ( "r      
exp]i5ce4 ,we rationalize all t we d1 b 
! rationaliz+ is secondh& ornam5t to    
bl9d impulse2 x is an attempt to p]suade
 ourselves t our actions spr+ out ( !   
exp]i5ce :i* we lack4 ,!re is among u an
 incessant activity bo? ( ?\ght & ( art2
 b mu* ( x is entirely wilful4 ,! ?9k]  
makes !ories to ju/ify :at is done2 he1 
too1 sees all life 9 t]ms ( action1 he  
is ! p>asite ( action4 ,= a ,g]man      
pr(essor ! :ole process ( hi/ory 0 b a  
prelude to ! wilfulness ( ,g]many2 he   
c\ld n exp]i5ce ! pa/ except 9 t]ms (   
:at ,g]many will$ to d2 & ! aim ( 8     
!oriz+ 0 to remove all scrupul\s        
imp$im5ts to ! action ( ,g]many :i* %e  
may h inh]it$ f ! pa/4 ,?9k s t y may be
 /rong] to d :at y wi% to d2 t is !     
mod]n notion ( ?\ght1 & t is ! reason :y
 we ?r[ up !ories s easily2 = ?9k+ ( ?is

 k9d ne$s no exp]i5ce1 x ne$s m]ely an  
activity ( ! m9d1 ! activity :i*        
collects facts & does ) !m :at x w4 ,&  
^! !ories are eag]ly accept$ s long z ! 
impulse la/s :i* !y ju/ify4 ,:5 t is    
sp5t !y are =gott51 & new !ories take _!
 place to ju/ify fre% impulses4 ,& s x  
is ) ! incessant new movem5ts 9 art4    
,art n[ is conceiv$ entirely z action4  
,! arti/ is z wilful z ! ,g]manic h]o2 !
 w to make excludes 9 him ! w to        
exp]i5ce4 ,! pa9t] _c look at ! visible 
_w )\t consid]+ at once :at k9d (       
picture he w make ( x4 ,x is to him m]e 
passive mat]ial = 8 arti/ic w1 n an     
indep5d5t reality to enri* 8 m9d s t x w
 give out its ri*es 9 ! =m ( art4 ,& z  
he is always will+ to make pictures s he
 mu/ w ! k9d ( pictures he w make1 z !  
,g]mans will$ ! k9d ( _w !y w\ld make4  
,b ?is will+ ( 8 is a k9d ( !oriz+ to   
ju/ify 8 own action2 & x *anges         
incessantly because he nev] c be        
satisfi$ ) 8 own pov]ty ( exp]i5ce4 ,b  
/ill he w d any?+ r ?an try to enri* t  

pov]ty4  ,& t is ! secret ( all our     
re/lessness1 ! re/lessness t =c$ !      
,g]mans into ! folly & crime ( w>4 ,we  
are always dissatisfi$ ) our pov]ty (   
exp]i5ce2 & we try to get rid ( our     
dissatisfaction 9 m bl9d activity1 ?r[+ 
up new !ories all ! :ile z reasons :y we
 %\ld act4 ,we fidget ab\t ! e>? z if we
 7 *ildr51 t c\ld n read1 left 9 a      
libr>y2 &1 l !m1 we d mis*ief4 ,& t is j
 :at we are3 *ildr5 t h n le>nt to read 
let loose ^u ! libr>y ( ! univ]se2 & all
 t we c d is to pull ! books ab\t & play
 games ) !m & scribble on _! pages4     
,ev]y:]e ! e>? is defac$ ) our mean+less
 scribbl+1 & we tell ourselves t x means
 some?+ because we want to scribble4 ,or
 sometimes we tell ourselves t !re is no
 mean+ 9 any?+1 no m 9 ! books ?an 9 our
 scribble4  ,! only rem$y is t we %\ld  
le>n to read2 & = ?is we ne$ above all  
?+s humility2 n m]ely ! p]sonal humility
 ( a man :o kn[s t o!r m5 excel him1 b a
 g5]ic humility :i* ackn[l$ges 9 !      
univ]se a great] wisdom1 p[]1           

righte\sness ?an 8 own4 ,t is =mally    
ackn[l$g$ by our religion1 b x is n     
practically ackn[l$g$ 9 our way ( life1 
9 our conduct or our ?\ght4 ,we ?9k &   
feel & behave z if we 7 ! be/ & wise/   
creatures 9 ! univ]se1 z if x exi/$ only
 = u to make use ( x2 & 9 s f> z we le>n
 f x at all1 we le>n only to make use ( 
x4 ,t is our idea ( k & wisdom2 m & m x 
is our idea ( sci5ce2 & z = philosophy1 
we pay no he$ to x because1 9 its       
nature1 x is n conc]n$ ) mak+ use ( ?+s4
 ,9 e way we betray ! fact t we _c li/5 
humbly1 because we d n believe !re is   
any?+ to li/5 to4 ,= a few ( ! dev\t    
,god spoke long ago1 b ,he is n speak+  
n[4 ,! k+s ( mod]n ?\ght are dumb1 said 
,mat!w ,arnold2 b t is because ev]y?+   
outside ! m9d ( man is dumb2 all mu/ be 
dumb to ^? :o w n li/54 ,if we assume t 
!re1 is no intellig5ce any:]e b 9       
ourselves1 we %all f9d none any:]e else4
 ,!re w be no mean+ = u 9 any?+ b our   
own actions2 & !y w become m & m        
mean+less to u z !y become m & m wilful1

 until at la/ we %all be to ourselves l 
squirrels 9 a cage1 or prison]s on a    
univ]sal treadmill4 ,ye>s ago ! w> mu/ h
 seem$ a mean+less treadmill to !       
,g]mans1 b !y _c escape f its           
consequ5ces2 !y h done & !y mu/ suff]4  
,b w !y le>n f _! suff]+s1 %all we all  
le>n1 t do+ is n ev]y?+8 ,are we humbl$ 
en\gh to li/5 to ! wisdom ( ! ages1 :i* 
tells u t we c be wise only if we li/5 =
 a wisdom t is n ours8                  
,! ,magic ,flute   ,:5 ,! ,magic ,flute 
0 produc$ by ! already dy+ ,moz>t x _h  
little success4 ,at ! fir/ p]=mance1 x  
is said1 :5 ! applause 0 fa9t1 ! lead] (
 ! or*e/ra /ole up to ,moz>t1 :o 0      
conduct+1 & kiss$ 8 h&2 & ,moz>t /rok$  
him on ! head4 ,we may guess t ! lead]  
knew :at ! music meant & t ,moz>t knew t
 he knew4 ,nei!r c\ld put x into words &
 x is n put into words 9 ! libretto4 ,b 
! libretto ne$ n be an ob/ruction to !  
mean+ ( ! music if only ! audi5ce w n   
ask !mselves :at ! libretto means4 ,aft]
 ,moz>t's dea? ! op]a 0 successful1 no  

d\bt because ! audi5ce _h giv5 up ask+  
:at ! libretto meant & _h le>nt some?+ (
 ! mean+ ( ! music4  ,!re are worse     
librettos--librettos :i* h "s cle>      
unmusical mean+ ( _! own beyond :i* !   
audi5ce _c p5etrate to ! mean+ ( !      
music1 if x has any4 ,?is libretto1 ap>t
 f ! music1 is s ne>ly mean+less1 x has 
s little coh]5ce1 t "o c easily pass    
?r\gh x to ! music4 ,! au?or1           
,s*ickan$]1 0 ,moz>t's fri5d1 & he _h   
wit en\gh to und]/& ! mood ( ,moz>t4 ,t 
mood does express itself 9 ! plot & !   
incid5ts ( ! libretto1 al?\gh 9 !m x is 
empty ( value or passion4 ,s*ickan$]1 9 
fact1 con/ruct$ a m]e diagram to :i*    
,moz>t gave life4 ,! life is all 9 !    
music1 b ! diagram has its use1 9 t x   
supplies a %ape1 :i* we recognize1 to ! 
life ( ! music4 ,! *>act]s live 9 !     
music1 b 9 ! words !y tell u some?+ ab\t
 !mselves :i* enables u to und]/& _!    
musical spee* bett]4 ,papag5o tells u t 
he is a bird-cat*] & a *ild ( nature4 ,!
 words are labels1 b ?r\gh !m we pass m 

quickly to an und]/&+ ( 8 song4 ,only we
 %all miss t und]/&+ if we try to rea* x
 ?r\gh ! words1 if we look = ! /ory ( ! 
op]a 9 !m4 ,9 ! words ! ev5ts ( ! op]a h
 no connexion ) ea* o!r4 ,!re is no     
reason :y "o %\ld foll[ ano!r4 ,! logic 
( x is all 9 ! music1 = ! music creates 
a _w 9 :i* ev5ts happ5 naturally1 9 :i* 
"o tune spr+s out ( ano!r1 or conflicts 
) x1 l ! =ces ( nature or ! ?\ghts &    
actions ( man4 ,?is _w is ! univ]se z   
,moz>t sees x2 & ! :ole op]a is an      
expression ( 8 peculi> fai?4 ,x is !re=e
 a religi\s "w1 ?\gh free f t mean+less 
& timid solemnity :i* we associate )    
religion4 ,moz>t1 9 ?is _w1 0 l an angel
 :o c\ld n b laugh1 ?\gh )\t any malice1
 at all ! bitt] e>ne/ness ( mank9d4 ,ev5
 ! wick$ 7 only absurd to him2 !y 7     
naughty *ildr5 :om1 if "o _h ! spell1 "o
 c\ld en*ant into goodness4 ,& 9 ,!     
,magic ,flute ! spell works4 ,x works 9 
! flute itself & 9 ,papag5o's lyre :5 ! 
wick$ negro ,mono/atos ?reat5s him &    
,tam9o ) 8 ugly att5dants4 ,papag5o has 

only to play a beautiful *ildi% tune on 
8 lyre & ! att5dants all m>* backw>ds to
 an absurd goose-/ep 9 "t ) x4 ,!y are  
play$ (f ! /age2 & ! music conv9ces "o t
 !y mu/ yield to x4 ,s1 we feel if we _h
 _h ! music1 we c\ld h made ! ,prussians
 m>* _! goose-/ep back to ,potsdam2 s we
 c\ld play all solemn p]v]sity (f ! /age
 ( life4 ,if we _h ! music--b !re is    
solemn p]v]sity 9 u too2 by reason ( :i*
 we c h>dly li/5 to ! music1 mu* less   
play x1 h>dly li/5 to x or und]/& x ev5 
:5 ,moz>t makes x = u4 ,= he _h ! secret
 ( x2 he 0 a philosoph] :o spoke 9 music
 & s simply t ! _w miss$ 8 wisdom &     
?\ght t he 0 j a begg> play+ tunes 9 !  
/reet4 ,a g5]ation ago he 0 commonly    
said to be too tuney1 z y might say t a 
fl[] 0 too fl[]y4 ,p w\ld no m consid]  
him ?an !y w\ld consid] ! lilies ( !    
field4 ,!y pref]r$ ,wagn] 9 all 8 glory4
  ,ev5 n[ y c enjoy ,! ,magic ,flute z a
 m ?an usually absurd musical com$y )   
easy1 old-fa%ion$ tunes4 ,y c enjoy x   
anyway1 if y are n solemn ab\t x1 z y c 

enjoy ,hamlet = a bloody melodrama4 ,b1 
l ,hamlet1 x has dep?s & dep?s ( mean+  
beyond our full compreh5sion4 ,papag5o  
is a pantomime figure1 b he is also "o (
 ! greate/ figures 9 ! drama ( ! _w4 ,he
 is ev]yman1 l ,hamlet1 if only we _h ! 
wit to recognize ourselves 9 him4 ,or r 
he is t elem5t 9 u :i* we all l &       
despise 9 o!rs1 b :i* we w nev] = "o    
mom5t confess to 9 ourselves--! c[>d1 ! 
boa/]1 ! li>1 b ! *ild ( nature4 ,he1   
because he kn[s himself = all ( ^!1 c   
f9d 8 home 9 ,s>o/ro's p>adise4 ,he does
 n want ,s>o/ro's high wisdom2 :at he   
does want is a ,papag5a1 an ,eve1 a *ild
 ( nature l himself2 & %e is giv5 to    
him4 ,he has ! wit to recognize 8 mate1 
almo/ a bird l himself1 & to !m ,moz>t  
gives _! bird-duet1 s t1 :5 !y s+ x1 we 
feel t we might all s+ x toge!r4 ,x is n
 above our capacity ( und]/&+ or        
delight4 ,! angel has le>nt our e>?ly   
tongue1 b trans=m$ x s t he makes a     
heav5 ( ! e>?1 a heav5 t is n too high  
or difficult = u1 a wild-wood heav51    

half-absurd1 9 :i* we c laugh z well z  
s+1 & 9 :i* ! angels w laugh at u & ) u1
 laugh our silly sorr[s into joy4  ,!re 
is ,moz>t himself 9 ,papag5o1 ! faun    
dome/icat$ & sweet5$ by c5turies (      
,*ri/ian exp]i5ce1 yet /ill a faun &    
always ready to play a trick on human   
solemnity2 & 9 ?is p>adise :i* ,moz>t   
makes = u ! faun has 8 place & a beauty 
n incongru\s ) x1 l ! imps & g>goyles ( 
a ,go?ic *ur*4 ,at any mom5t ! music w  
turn f sublimity into fun1 & 9 a mom5t x
 c turn back to sublimity2 & always !   
*ange seems natural4 ,x is l a great    
ca!dral ) ,high ,mass & *ildr5 play+    
hide-&-seek beh9d ! pill>s2 & ! ,mass   
w\ld n be itself )\t ! *ildr54 ,t is !  
m9d ( ,moz>t :i* p h call$ frivol\s1 j  
because 9 8 heav5 !re is room = ev]y?+  
except ! vulg> glory ( ,solomon &       
cruelty & /upidity & ugl9ess4 ,!re nev] 
0 any?+ 9 art m pr(\nd or beautiful ?an 
,s>o/ro's initiation music1 b x is n1 l 
! solemnities ( ! half-s]i\s1 incongru\s
 ) ! twitt]+s ( ,papag5o4 ,moz>t's      

religion is s real t x seems to be n    
religion1 b m]ely beauty1 z real sa9ts  
seem to be n good1 b m]ely *>m+4 ,& !re 
are p to :om 8 beauty does n seem to be 
art1 because x is j beauty2 !y ?9k t he 
_h ! trick ( x & c\ld turn x on z he    
*ose2 !y pref] ! creak+ ( ef=t &        
egotism4 ,8 gifts are s purely gifts & s
 lavi% t !y seem to be *eap2 & ,! ,magic
 ,flute is an absurdity :i* he wrote 9 a
 hurry to please ! cr[d4  ,we c h>dly   
expect to see a satisfy+ p]=mance ( x on
 ! /age ( to-day1 b we mu/ be grateful =
 any p]=mance1 = ! life ( ! music is 9  
x4 ,"o c see f x :at ,! ,magic ,flute   
might be4 ,! music is s sung1 s play$ t 
x does transfigure ! peculi> !atrical   
hide\sness ( our "t4 ,tam9o & ,pan9a may
 look l figures out ( an ,academy       
picture1 z h]oes & h]o9es ( op]a always 
d4 ,!y may we> clo!s t belong to no _w (
 reality or art1 clo!s t sugge/ ! pos$ &
 dress$-up model4 ,b ! music mitigates  
ev5 ^!1 & x helps e "o to act1 or r to  
=get :at !y h le>nt ab\t act+4 ,x       

evid5tly br+s happ9ess & concord to ^?  
:o s+ x1 s t !y seem to be tak+ "p 9 a  
religi\s act r ?an 9 an act ( ! !atre4  
,"o feels ?is mo/ 9 ! conc]t$ music1 :5 
! same w9d f p>adise seems to be bl[+   
?r\gh all ! s+]s & !y move to x l fl[]s1
 9 spite ( _! absurd clo!s4  ,b :at is  
ne$$ = a satisfy+ p]=mance is a _w      
congru\s to ! eye z well z to ! e>2 & = 
?is we ne$ a break ) all our !atrical   
conv5tions4 ,s>o/ro1 = in/ance1 lives   
among ,egyptian sc5]y--v likely !       
ar*itecture ( 8 temple 0 ,egyptian at ! 
fir/ p]=mance--b1 = all t1 ?is ,egyptian
 _w does n suit ! music1 & to u x       
sugge/s ! miracles ( ! ,egyptian ,hall4 
,b !re is "o _w :i* w\ld p]fectly suit !
 music1 a _w 9 :i* x c\ld pass naturally
 f absurdity to beauty1 & 9 :i* all !   
figures c\ld be h>moni\s & yet di/9ct1 &
 t is ! ,*9ese _w z we "k x 9 ,*9ese    
art4 ,= 9 t !re is some?+ fanta/ic yet  
spiritual1 some?+ comic b beautiful1 a  
mixture ( ! *ildi% & ! sacr$1 :i* might 
say to ! eye :at ,moz>t's music says to 

! e>4 ,only 9 ,*9ese art c\ld ,papag5o  
be a sa9t2 only 9 t _w1 :i* ranges f !  
will[-patt]n plate to ! ,ri%i 9 8       
my/ical ec/asy 9 ! wild]ness1 c\ld ! s\l
 ( ,moz>t1 ) its laught] & its wisdom1  
be at home4 ,t too is ! _w 9 :i* fl[]s &
 all animals are ( equal import )       
mank9d2 x is ! _w ( dragons 9 :i* !     
s]p5t ( ! fir/ act w\ld n seem to be    
made ( pa/ebo>d1 & 9 :i* all ! magic    
w\ld n seem to be m]e conjur+4 ,9 t _w  
"o might h beautiful l&scapes &         
beautiful figures to suit !m4 ,!re      
,s>o/ro w\ld n be a /age magician1 b a  
prie/2 f ,papag5o & ! lov]s to him w\ld 
be only ! *ange f ,m+ to ,sung1 :i* w\ld
 seem no *ange at all4 ,*9ese art1 9    
fact1 is ! _w ( ! magic flute1 ! _w :]e 
silv] bells hang on e fl[]+ tree & !    
?ickets are full ( en*ant$ night+ales4  
,x is ! _w ( imps & mon/]s1 & yet (     
impassion$ contemplation1 :]e ! sage    
sits 9 a moonlit pavilion & smiles l a  
lov]1 & :]e ! lov]s smile l sages2 :]e  
ev]y?+ is to ! eye :at ! music ( ,moz>t 

is to ! e>4  ,9 ! ,*9ese _w we c\ld be  
rid ( all ! drawl+ erotics ( ! mod]n    
!atre1 we c\ld give up ! or*id = ! lotus
 & ! heavy egotism ( ,europe = !        
self-=getful gaiety ( ! ,ea/4 ,x may be 
only an ideal _w1 empty ( ! horrors (   
reality1 b x is "o :i* ! art ( ,*9a     
makes real to u & ) :i* we are famili> 9
 t art2 & !re is a smil+ wisdom 9 x1 !re
 is a gaiety :i* comes f conque/ r ?an  
refusal ( reality1 j l ! gaiety & wisdom
 ( ,moz>t's music4 ,he knew sorr[ well1 
b w\ld n luxuriate 9 x2 he took ! beauty
 ( ! univ]se m s]i\sly ?an himself4 ,to 
him wick$ness 0 a matt] ( imps & mon/]s 
r ?an ( villa9s1 & ( imps & mon/]s t    
c\ld be exorciz$ by music4 ,he 0 !      
,orpheus ( ! _w :o might tame ! bea/ 9  
all ( u if we w\ld li/5 to him1 ! w&]+  
m9/rel :om ! _w left to play out 9 !    
/reet4 ,& yet 8 ultimate s]i\sness & !  
la/ secret ( 8 beauty is pity1 n =      
himself & 8 own little tr\bles1 b = !   
:ole bitt] e>ne/ness ( mortal *ildr54 ,&
 9 ?is pity he seems n to weep = u1 /ill

 less = himself1 b to tell u to dry our 
te>s & be good1 & li/5 to 8 magic flute4
 ,t is :at he w\ld h told ! ,prussians1 
aft] he _h set !m m>*+ ! goose-/ep      
backw>ds4 ,ev5 !y w\ld n be ! villa9s ( 
a trag$y = him1 b only bea/s to be tam$ 
) 8 music until !y %\ld be fit to s+ _! 
own bass "p 9 ! la/ *orus (             
reconciliation4 ,& ?is pity ( 8 s\nds   
all ?r\gh ,! ,magic ,flute & gives to   
its beauty a ?rill & a wond] f> beyond  
:at any fle%ly passion c give4 ,s>o/ro  
is a prie/1 n a magician1 because !re is
 9 him ! lovely wisdom ( pity1 because  
he has a place 9 8 p>adise = ,papag5o1 !
 *ild ( nature1 :]e he %all be made     
happy ) 8 mate ,papag5a4 ,!re is a mom5t
 :5 ,papag5o is ab\t to hang himself    
because !re is no "o to love him2 he w  
hang himself 9 ,s>o/ro's lonely p>adise4
 ,b !re is a sly laught] 9 ! music :i*  
tells u t he w be int]rupt$ ) ! rope    
r\nd 8 neck4 ,& s he is1 & ,papag5a is  
giv5 to him1 & ! p>adise is no long]    
lonely2 & ! two s+ _! "p 9 ! *orus (    

reconciliation at ! end4 ,& we are sure 
t ! ,que5 ( ,night1 & ! ugly negro & all
 8 goose-/epp+ att5dants1 are n puni%$4 
,!y h be5 naughty = no reason t anyone c
 discov]1 j l ,prussians & o!r human    
be+s2 & n[ ! magic flute triumphs ov] _!
 naught9ess1 & ! silv] bells r+ f e tree
 & ! en*ant$ night+ales s+ 9 all !      
?ickets1 & ! sages & ! lov]s smile l    
*ildr52 & ! laught] passes naturally    
into ! div9e beauty ( ,moz>t's religion1
 :i* is solemn because laught] & pity   
are reconcil$ 9 x1 n reject$ z pr(ane4  
,process or ,p]son8   ,ne>ly all w>     
pictures 9 ! pa/ h be5 m]ely pictures t 
happ5$ to repres5t w>4 ,paolo ,uccello's
 battle sc5es are b pretexts = 8 peculi>
 v]sion ( ! visible _w4 ,!y might z well
 be /ill life = all ! effect ! subject  
has _h ^u 8 treatm5t ( x4 ,leon>do1 9 8 
lo/ battle picture1 0 no d\bt dramatic1 
& express$ 9 x 8 inf9ite curiosity2 he  
has left notes ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* fight+
 m5 & horses ought to be repres5t$1 b he
 _h ?is deta*$ curiosity ab\t all ?+s4  

,mi*elangelo's battle picture1 also lo/1
 express$ 8 int]e/ 9 ! nude 9 viol5t    
action1 l 8 picture ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4  
,titian's ,battle ( ,cadore1 :i* we "k f
 ! copy ( a fragm5t ( x1 0 a l&scape )  
figures 9 viol5t action4 ,t9toret's     
battle sc5es are p>ade pictures4 ,^? (  
,rub5s are l 8 hunt+ sc5es or 8         
,bac*anals1 expressions ( 8 own ov]we5+ 
en]gy4 ,9 none ( ^!1 except p]haps 9    
,leon>do's1 0 !re impli$ any criticism (
 w>1 or any s5se t x is an abnormal     
activity ( man4 ,! m5 :o take "p 9 x are
 j m5 fight+2 !y are n m5 se5 diff]5tly 
because !y are fight+1 or 9 any way     
robb$ ( _! humanity because ( _! inhuman
 bus9ess4 ,z = ,meissoni]1 he pa9ts a   
battle sc5e j z if he 7 a second-rate   
,dut*man pa9t+ a g5re picture2 & mo/ o!r
 mod]n milit>y pa9t]s make m]ely a      
patriotic appeal4 ,w> to !m also is a   
normal occupation2 & !y pa9t battle     
pictures z !y might pa9t sport+         
pictures1 because !re is a public t     
likes !m4  ,9 ,mr4 ,nev9son's w>        

pictures !re is express$ a mod]n s5se ( 
w> z an abnormal occupation2 & ?is s5se 
%[s itself 9 ! v me?od ( ! arti/4 ,he 0 
some?+ ( a ,cubi/ be=e ! w>2 b 9 ^!     
pictures he has f\nd a new reason = be+ 
"o2 = 8 cubi/ me?od does express1 9 !   
mo/ direct way1 8 s5se t 9 w> man       
behaves l a ma*9e or "p ( a ma*9e1 t w> 
is a process 9 :i* man is n treat$ z a  
human be+ b z an item 9 a great in/rum5t
 ( de/ruction1 9 :i* he ceases to be a  
p]son & is lo/ 9 a process4 ,! cubi/    
me?od1 ) its repetition & %>p di/9ction 
( planes1 expresses ?is s5se ( me*anical
 process bett] ?an any o!r way (        
repres5tation4 ,p]haps x came into be+  
to express ! mod]n s5se ( process z !   
ultimate reality ( all ?+s1 ev5 ( life &
 gr[?4 ,?is is ! age ( me*anism2 &      
ma*9es h affect$ ev5 our view ( !       
univ]se2 we are ov]aw$ by our own k &   
inv5tions4 ,samuel ,butl] imag9$ a      
future 9 :i* ma*9es w\ld come to life & 
make u _! slaves2 b x is n s mu* t      
ma*9es h come to life z t we ourselves h

 lo/ ! pride & sweetness ( our humanity2
 n t ! ma*9es seem m & m l u1 b t we    
seem m & m l ! ma*9es4 ,ev]y:]e we see  
processes to :i* we are subject & ( :i* 
our humanity is ! result1 ?\gh 9 ! pa/  
we h h>b\r$ ! delusion t our humanity 0 
9 "s way indep5d5t ( processes4 ,n[ t   
delusion is fad+ away f u2 & x fades    
away mo/ ( all 9 w>1 :]e all humanity is
 evid5tly dom9at$ by ! /ruggle = life1 &
 is b a "p ( x1 z ra9drops are "p ( a   
/orm4  ,x is ?is s5se ( tyrann\s process
 t ,mr4 ,nev9son expresses 9 8 battle   
pictures1 )1 we suspect1 a bitt] feel+ (
 res5tm5t aga9/ x4 ,8 pictures look l a 
visible r$uctio ad absurdum ( x all4 ,t 
is h[ m5 look1 he seems to say1 :5 !y   
are fight+ 9 mod]n w>2 &1 be+ m51 !y    
ought n to look s4 ,t1 at lea/1 is !    
effect ! pictures produce on u4 ,!y are 
a bitt] satire on all ! mod]n p[] ( man 
& ! uses to :i* he has put x4 ,he has   
all[$ x to make him its slave & to set  
him to a bus9ess :i* has no purpose     
:atev]1 :i* is z bl9d z ! process ( !   

univ]se seems to "o :o has no fai?4 ,?is
 /ruggle = life might j z well be call$ 
a /ruggle = dea?4 ,x is1 9 fact1 m]ely a
 /ruggle betwe5 two ma*9es int5t on     
wreck+ ea* o!r2 & "p ( ! ma*9es are !   
bodies ( m51 :i* behave z if !re 7 no   
s\ls 9 !m1 z if !re 7 n ev5 life1 b     
m]ely en]gy2 s t !y collide & de/roy ea*
 o!r l masses ( matt] 9 space4 ,no?+ c  
be said ( !m except t !y obey c]ta9     
laws2 we call _! ob$i5ce discipl9e1 b x 
is only ! discipl9e ( ?+s subject to a  
process4  ,n[ x is ! s5se ( process1 z !
 ultimate reality 9 ! univ]se1 :i* has  
produc$ w> aga9/ ! consci5ce ( mank9d1 &
 ev5 ( _m ,g]mans4 ,consci5ce 0 p[]less 
to prev5t x because consci5ce _h ceas$  
to believe 9 its own p[]1 _h come to ?9k
 ( itself z a va9 & inexplicable        
rebellion aga9/ ! nature ( ?+s4 ,?is    
rebellion we call s5tim5tality1 mean+   
!reby t x is really n ev5 moral2 = true 
morality w\ld recognize ! process to :i*
 ! nature ( man is subject1 ( :i* t     
nature is itself a "p2 & w\ld cure man (

 8 futile rebellions s t he %\ld n suff]
 ne$lessly f !m4 ,x w\ld cure man (     
pity1 because x is ?r\gh pity t he      
suff]s4 ,he is a ma*9e1 &1 if he is a   
consci\s ma*9e1 he %\ld be consci\s ( ! 
fact t he is "o4 ,su* is ! belief t has 
be5 gr[+ ^u u = fifty ye>s or m ) _m    
/range effects4 ,x has n de/roy$ our    
s5se ( pity1 b has confus$ & exasp]at$  
x4 ,we pity & love /ill1 b ) desp]ation1
 n l ,*ri/ians assur$ t ^! ?+s are      
accord+ to ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 b fe>+ t 
!y are wilful exceptions to t ord]1     
co/ly luxuries t we indulge 9 at our own
 p]il4 ,we seem to ourselves lonely 9   
our pity & love2 ! supreme process kn[s 
no?+ ( !m2 ! ,god1 :o is love1 does n   
exi/4  ,9 ! pa/ w>s h happ5$ ) ! cons5t 
( mank9d2 b ?is w> did n happ5 s4 ,ev5 9
 ,g]many !re 0 some?+ hy/]ical 9 !      
praise ( w>1 z if x 7 ! wor%ip ( an idol
 bo? hat$ & fe>$4 ,we mu/ praise w>1 !  
,g]man wor%ipp]s ( =ce seem to say1 s t 
we may survive4 ,we mu/ =go ! pa/ hopes 
( man s t we may f9d some?+ real to hope

 =4 ,we mu/ habituate ourselves to !    
univ]se z x is1 & break ourselves & all 
mank9d 9 to ! bitt] tru?4 ,!y prais$ w> 
z we us$ 9 ,engl& to praise indu/ry4    
,lab\r1 we believ$1 :5 all ! lab\r ( !  
poor _h be5 made joyless by ! indu/rial 
revolution1 0 ! result ( ! curse laid ^u
 man by ,god4 ,!re=e1 man mu/ lab\r )\t 
joy & nev] dream ( happy "w4 ,& s n[ ! v
 wor%ipp]s ( w> believe t x is a curse  
laid ^u man by ! nature ( ?+s4 ,!y may n
 believe 9 ! fall ( man1 b !y d believe 
t he c nev] rise1 s9ce he is himself "p 
( a process :i* is always w>2 &1 if he  
tries to escape f x1 he w become ext9ct4
 ,s !y exhort u to cons5t to t process  
ev5 ) our consci5ce2 ! m completely we  
cons5t to x1 ! m we %all succe$ 9 x4 ,b 
all ! :ile !y are do+ viol5ce to our    
natures & to _! own4 ,!y try to ?9k l   
ma*9es1 l ! slaves ( a process2 b ?\ght 
itself is inconsi/5t ) _! ef=t2 _! v    
praises ( ! h]oism ( _! victims are     
inconsi/5t ) x4 ,!re is a gap+          
incongruity betwe5 ! obsolete ,g]man    

romanticism & ! new ,g]man a!ism :i*    
exploit$ x1 betwe5 _! talk ab\t         
,siegfri$ & _! talk ab\t ! /ruggle =    
life4 ,& !re is ! same incongruity      
betwe5 ! cubi/ ef=t to see ! visible _w 
z a me*anical process & art itself4 ,!  
cubi/ seems to =ce himself ) a savage   
irony into ?is c>icature ( nature2 we h 
empti$ reality ( its cont5t 9 our ?\ght 
& he w empty x ( its cont5t to our eyes2
 t is n h[ we really see ?+s1 b x is h[ 
we ought to see !m if :at we believe    
ab\t ! nature ( ?+s is true4 ,?is irony 
we f9d 9 ,mr4 ,nev9son's pictures ( !   
w>1 :e!r x be a despair+ irony or !     
rebellion ( an un%ak5 fai?4 ,he has     
empti$ man ( 8 cont5t1 j z ! ,prussian  
drill s]geant w\ld empty him ( 8 cont5t 
= ! purposes ( w>2 & only a ,prussian   
drill s]geant c\ld cons5t to ?is v]sion 
( man ) any joy4  ,t1 p]haps1 is h[ we  
%all all come to see ev]y?+ if we       
cont9ue = "s c5turies to believe t      
process & n p]son is ! ultimate reality4
 ,empty+ ourselves ( all our cont5t 9   

?\ght1 we %all at la/ empty ourselves ( 
all cont5t 9 reality2 we %all become :at
 n[ we fe> we are1 & our v s5ses w be   
ob$i5t to our unfai?4 ,= unfai? is !    
belief 9 process2 & fai? is ! belief 9  
p]son4 ,x is ! belief 9 process t makes 
m5 sacrifice o!r m5 9 ?\s&s to "s idol2 
x is ! belief 9 p]son t makes !m refuse 
to sacrifice anyone b !mselves2 & !y are
 afraid :5 !y sacrifice o!rs1 b confid5t
 :5 !y sacrifice !mselves4 ,ultimately  
process has no value & c h no value = u4
 ,x is m]ely :at exi/s or :at we believe
 to exi/1 & our ef=t to value x is only 
! obsequi\sness ( ! slave to ! p[] t he 
fe>s4 ,all our values come f ! s5se (   
p]son z m real ?an process4 ,we w n d   
wrong to a man because he is a man2 if  
he is to u only "p ( a process1 we _c   
value him & we c d :at we w to him )\t  
any s5se ( wrong4 ,all ! old cruelties &
 iniquities ( ! _w arose out ( a belief 
9 process & a fe> ( x4 ,x is n a mod]n  
sci5tific discov]y1 b ! olde/ & d>ke/   
sup]/ition t has oppress$ ! m9d ( man4  

,to all religi\s p]secutors salvation 0 
a process1 l t /ruggle = life :i* is !  
mod]n =m ( ! /ruggle = salvation to !   
sup]/iti\s4 ,& because salvation 0 a    
process human be+s 7 sacrific$ to x4 ,x 
did n matt] h[ !y 7 tortur$1 provid$ ?is
 ab/ract process 0 ma9ta9$4 ,s x does n 
matt] n[ h[ !y are slaught]$1 provid$ ! 
ab/ract process ( ! /ruggle = life is   
ma9ta9$4 ,to ! ,g]man ?is w> 0 "p ( a   
process1 ! hi/orical process ( ! triumph
 ( ,g]many1 & x did n matt] h[ _m       
,g]mans 7 kill$ 9 fur!r+ x4 ,if !y 7 all
 kill$ ,g]many w\ld /ill h ass]t$ h]    
fai?less fai? 9 process & w\ld h r$uc$ x
 to a glori\s absurdity4  ,s1 if we     
f\ght = any?+ beyond ourselves1 we f\ght
 = ! belief 9 p]son z aga9/ ! belief 9  
process4 ,inde$1 x is ! *ief glory (    
,engl&1 among h] _m follies & crimes1 t 
%e has always believ$ 9 p]son r ?an 9   
process2 & t is :at we mean :5 we say t 
we refuse to sacrifice facts to !ories4 
,m5 !mselves are to u facts1 & we di/ru/
 !ories t empty !m ( cont5t4 ,if we act 

l brutes1 we w\ld r d s because ! brute 
has ma/]$ u = ! mom5t ?an because we    
believe t humanity is inconsi/5t ) !    
process t dom9ates ! _w4 ,we ourselves  
_h r be inconsi/5t ?an empty ourselves (
 all reality = ! sake ( a !ory4 ,& !re  
is an intellectual z well z a moral     
basis to ?is inconsi/5cy ( ours4 ,= if y
 believe t p]son1 n process1 is !       
ultimate reality1 y mu/ (f] "s defiance 
to ! mat]ial facts ( life4 ,!re is      
evid5tly a conflict betwe5 p]son &      
process2 & 9 t conflict ! process1 :i* y
 p]ceive ) y\r intellig5ce1 w be less   
real to y ?an ! p]son ( :om y are aw>e )
 all y\r faculties4 ,s y w tru/ 9 ?is   
union ( all ! faculties r ?an 9 !       
ex]cise ( ! pure intellig5ce2 = to y !  
pure intellig5ce w be "p ( ! p]son & w  
%>e 9 ! p]son's univ]sal imp]fection4 ,9
 fact x w n be pure intellig5ce at all1 
b r a faculty t may be obsequi\s to all 
! l[] passions4 ,no?+ w free y f !m1    
except ! respect = p]sons1 except1 9    
fact1 lov+ y\r neighb\r z y\rself4 ,!re 

is no way to consi/5cy b ?r\gh t1 & no  
way to ! ex]cise ( ! pure intellig5ce4  
,nev] sacrifice a p]son to a process & y
 w nev] sacrifice a p]son to y\r own l[]
 passions4 ,b1 if y believe 9 process r 
?an 9 p]son1 y w see y\r passions z "p (
 ! process & glorify !m :5 y ?9k y are  
glorify+ ! nature ( ! univ]se4  ,cubism 
& all ^? new me?ods ( art :i* subject   
facts to ! tyranny ( a process may be   
good satire1 b !y w nev]1 ,i ?9k1       
produce an indep5d5t beauty ( _! own4 ,l
 all satire1 !y are p>asitic ^u pa/ art1
 negative & rebelli\s4 ,!y tell u :at ! 
univ]se may look l to u if we lose all  
fai? 9 ourselves & ea* o!r2 &1 :5 !y are
 ! result ( a desp]ate ef=t to see !    
univ]se s1 !y are unconsci\s satire4 ,! 
complete1 conv9c$ cubi/ r$uces 8 own    
me?od1 8 own beliefs1 8 own /ate ( m9d1 
to an absurdity4 ,! m s9c]e he is1 ! m  
complete is ! r$uction4 ,= he1 reject+  
all t has be5 ! subject-matt] ( pa9t+ 9 
! pa/1 all ! human values & ! complexes 
( association :i* h inve/$ ! visible _w 

) beauty = m51 proves to u 9 8 tortur$  
diagrams t he has f\nd no?+ to take _!  
place1 ,he gives u a ,*ima]a bomb9ans 9 
vacuo1 t vacuum :i* ! univ]se is to !   
human _s :5 x d5ies itself4 ,he tries to
 make art1 hav+ cut himself (f f all !  
exp]i5ce & belief t produce art4 ,= art 
spr+s always out ( a supreme value = !  
p]sonal & is an expression ( t value4 ,x
 is an ef=t1 no matt] 9 :at m$ium1 to   
f9d ! p]sonal 9 all ?+s1 to see trees z 
m5 walk+2 & ! new ab/ract me?ods 9 pa9t+
 rev]se ?is process1 !y empty all ?+s1  
ev5 m51 ( p]sonality & subject !m to a  
process inv5t$ by ! arti/1 :i*          
expresses1 if x expresses any?+1 8 own  
loss ( p]sonal values & no?+ else4 ,!   
result may be +5i\s1 x may /ill h a k9d 
( beauty rememb]$ f ! great design ( pa/
 art2 b x w lead n[h]e1 s9ce x is cut (f
 f ! v exp]i5ce1 ! passionate p]sonal   
int]e/ 9 p & ?+s1 :i* gave design to !  
great art ( ! pa/4 ,x is at be/         
satirical1 at wor/ p>asitic1 us+ up all 
devices ( design & turn+ f "o to ano!r 9

 a re/less ennui :i* ( itself c give no 
enri*m5t4 ,x may h its uses1 s9ce x     
insi/s ^u ! supreme importance ( design 
& provides a new me?od = ! expression ( 
?ree dim5sions2 b ?is me?od w be b>r5   
unless ^? :o practise x enri* x ) _! own
 obs]vation & delight4 ,already "s ( !m 
seem to be we>y ( ! b>r5ness ( pure     
ab/raction2 !y see t any fool c hide 8  
own commonplace 9 cubism z an o/ri*     
hides its head 9 ! s&2 b we w\ld r h    
hone/ *ocolate-box ladies ?an !         
kaleidoscopic b betray+ *ocolate-box    
fragm5ts ( ! futuri/4                   
,! ,arti/ & ! ,tradesman   ,!           
,exhibition ( ! ,arts & ,crafts at      
,burl+ton ,h\se 0 an ackn[l$gm5t ( !    
fact t !re are o!r arts besides ^? (    
pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture1 or r   
p]haps t ! arts subsidi>y to ar*itecture
 are arts & n m]ely comm]cial           
activities4 ,burl+ton ,h\se w\ld prote/1
 ( c\rse1 t x is n a %op2 b n[ at la/   
objects are to be %[n 9 x :i* ! great   
mass ( ! public expects to see only 9   

%ops & expects to be produc$ m]ely to   
sell4 ,we rememb] h[ ,"l ,grim?orpe     
call$ ,morris a poetic uphol/]]4 ,he    
meant !re 0 some?+ incongru\s 9 !       
comb9ation ( an uphol/]] & a poet2 he   
w\ld h se5 no?+ incongru\s 9 !          
comb9ation ( a poet & a pa9t]1 because  
he w\ld h call$ a pa9t] an arti/2 b an  
uphol/]] 0 to him m]ely a tradesman1 &  
tradesm5 are n expect$ to write poetry4 
,_! bus9ess is to sell ?+s & to make    
objects = sale4  ,9 t respect he ?\ght l
 ! mass ( ! public n[4 ,= !m ! pa9t] has
 "s pre/ige1 because he is suppos$ n to 
be a tradesman1 n to pa9t 8 pictures    
m]ely s t he may sell !m4 ,he has to    
live by 8 art1 ( c\rse1 b he practises x
 also because he enjoys x2 &1 if he is  
an arti/1 he w n pa9t bad pictures m]ely
 because !y are :at ! public wants4 ,b x
 is ! bus9ess ( ^? :o make furniture &  
su* ?+s to produce :at ! public wants4  
,no "o w\ld blame !m = produc+ :at !y d 
n l !mselves1 any m ?an "o w\ld blame a 
pill-mak] = produc+ pills t he w\ld n   

swall[ himself4 ,! pill-mak] & !        
furniture-mak] are bo? tradesm5 produc+ 
objects 9 answ] to a dem&4 ,!y h no     
pre/ige & no consci5ce is expect$ ( !m4 
,n[ 9 ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ?is     
di/9ction betwe5 ! arti/ & ! tradesman  
did n exi/4 ,! pa9t] 0 a tradesman2 he  
kept a %op & he _h none ( t peculi>     
pre/ige :i* he possesses n[4 ,b ( !     
tradesman m 0 expect$ ?an is expect$ n[2
 = in/ance1 good workman%ip & mat]ial 7 
expect$ ( him & also good design4 ,he   
did n produce articles m]ely to sell1   
:e!r !y 7 pictures or w$d+-*e/s or      
jewelry or pots & pans4 ,he made all ^! 
o!r ?+s j z he made pictures1 ) "s      
pleasure & consci5ce 9 8 own "w2 & x 0 !
 be/ craftsman :o became a pa9t] or     
sculptor1 m]ely because ^? 7 ! mo/      
difficult crafts4 ,n[ x is ! g5tleman ) 
arti/ic faculty :o becomes a pa9t]2 !   
poor man1 h[ev] mu* ( t faculty he      
possesses1 rema9s a workman )\t any     
arti/ic pre/ige & )\t any temptation to 
consid] ! quality ( 8 "w or to take any 

pleasure 9 x4 ,?is is a commonplace1 no 
d\bt2 b x rema9s a fact1 h[ev] (t5 x may
 h be5 repeat$1 & a social fact ) a     
con/ant evil effect ^u all ! arts4      
,because ! pa9t] is suppos$ to be an    
arti/ & no?+ else & ! craftsman a       
tradesman & no?+ else1 we d n expect !  
virtues ( ! craftsman f ! pa9t] nor !   
virtues ( ! arti/ f ! craftsman4 ,= u   
!re is no?+ b my/]y 9 ! "w ( ! arti/ &  
no my/]y at all 9 ! "w ( ! craftsman4 ,!
 pa9t] c be z silly z he likes1 & we d n
 laugh at him1 if we are p]sons (       
culture1 because 8 art is a sacr$ my/]y4
 ,b1 z = ! craftsman1 !re is no?+ sacr$ 
ab\t 8 "w4 ,x is sold 9 a %op & made to 
be sold2 & all we expect ( x is t x %all
 be 9 ! fa%ion1 :i* means t x %all be   
:at ! comm]cial travell] ?9ks he c sell4
 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 a few craftsman :o  
are ?\ght ( z arti/s1 & _! "w at once   
becomes a sacr$ my/]y1 l pictures4 ,!y  
too h a "r to be z silly z !y l2 & "s p 
w buy _! "w1 h[ev] silly x may be1 z !y 
w\ld buy pictures--t is to say1 = ! good

 ( _! s\ls & n because !y l x4  ,h[ are 
we to get rid ( ?is di/9ction we h made 
betwe5 ! arti/ & ! tradesman8 ,h[ are we
 to recov] = ! arti/ ! virtues ( !      
craftsman & = ! craftsman ! virtues ( ! 
arti/8 ,at pres5t we get f nei!r :at we 
really l4 ,art rema9s to u a pa9ful     
my/]y2 mo/ ( u w\ld def9e x1 if we 7    
hone/1 z t :i* human be+s buy because !y
 d n l x4 ,:ile1 z = objects ( use1 !y  
are b\ght ma9ly because !y are sold2 !y 
are =c$ ^u u z a conjur] =ces a c>d4 ,we
 ?9k we l !m :ile !y rema9 ! fa%ion2 b  
soon !y are l wom5's clo!s ( two ye>s   
ago1 if !y la/ long en\gh to be outmod$4
 ,x is va9 = u to reproa* ei!r ! arti/  
or ! tradesman4 ,! fault is 9 ourselves2
 we h z a :ole society yield$ to ! mo/  
subtle temptation ( ,satan4 ,we h lo/ ! 
p[] ( kn[+ :at we l--t is to say1 ! p[] 
( lov+4 ,we value no?+ = itself1 b      
ev]y?+ = its associations4 ,! man (     
culture buys a picture1 n because he    
likes x1 b because he ?9ks x is art2 at 
mo/ :at he enjoys is n ! picture itself 

b ! ?\ght t he is cultur$ en\gh to enjoy
 x4 ,t ?\ght comes betwe5 him & !       
picture1 & makes x impossible = him to  
exp]i5ce ! picture at all4 ,& s he is   
ready to accept any?+ t ! pa9t] *ooses  
to give him1 if only he believes ! pa9t]
 to be a real arti/4 ,?is is bad = !    
pa9t]1 :o has e temptation to become a  
*>latan1 & to ?9k ( 8 art z a sacr$     
my/]y :i* no "o c und]/& b himself & a  
few o!r pa9t]s ( 8 own sect4 ,b 9 ?is   
matt] ! man ( culture is j l ! vulg>    
h]d1 z he w\ld call !m4 ,_! attitude to 
! arts ( use is ! same z 8 attitude to  
pictures4 ,!y d n buy furniture or *9a  
because !y l !m1 b because ! %opman     
p]suades !m t :at !y buy is ! fa%ion4   
,or p]haps !y recognize x !mselves z !  
fa%ion & !re=e in/antly believe t !y l  
x4 ,9 bo? cases ! buy] is hypnotiz$2 he 
has lo/ ! faculty ( f9d+ out = himself  
:at he really likes1 & 8 m9d1 be+ empty 
( real affection1 is op5 to ! sev5      
devils ( sugge/ion4 ,he _c enjoy        
directly any beautiful ?+1 all he c     

enjoy is ! belief t he is enjoy+ x2 & he
 c h>b\r ?is belief ab\t any nons5se or 
tra%4  ,x is a v curi\s disease t has   
become endemic 9 ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,p   
impute x to ma*9]y1 b unju/ly4 ,!re are 
objects made by ma*9]y1 su* z motor-c>s1
 :i* h real beauty ( design2 & p d      
g5u9ely & unconsci\sly enjoy ?is beauty1
 j because !y nev] ?9k ( x z beauty4 ,!y
 l ! look ( a c> because !y c see t x is
 well made = its purpose4 ,if only !y   
w\ld l ! look ( any object ( use = !    
same reason1 ! arts ( use w\ld once aga9
 beg9 to fl\ri% among u4 ,b :5 once we  
ask ourselves :e!r any ?+ is beautiful1 
we become incapable ( kn[+ our real     
feel+s ab\t x4 ,any tradesman or arti/ c
 p]suade u t we ?9k x beautiful :5 we d 
no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,we are all l ! cr[d :o   
admir$ ! ,emp]or's clo!s2 & !re is no   
*ild to tell u t ! ,emp]or has no clo!s 
on at all4 ,we are n s ) human be+s2 we 
_c be p]suad$ t we l a man :5 really we 
dislike him2 if we c\ld1 our :ole       
society w\ld soon dissolve 9 a moral    

an>*y4 ,b ) reg>d to ! works ( man1 or t
 "p ( !m :i* is suppos$ to aim at       
beauty1 we are 9 a /ate ( ae/hetic      
an>*y1 because !re is a :ole va/        
conspiracy1 itself unconsci\s = ! mo/   
"p1 to p]suade u t we l :at no human be+
 out ( a madh\se c\ld l4  ,s ! real     
problem = u is to discov]1 n m]ely 9    
pictures1 b 9 all ?+s t are suppos$ to h
 beauty1 :at we really d l4 ,& we c be/ 
d t1 p]haps1 if we dismiss ! notions (  
art & beauty = a "t f our m9ds2 n       
because art & beauty d n exi/1 b because
 our notions ( !m are wrong & mislead+4 
,! v words intimidate u1 z p us$ to be  
intimidat$ by ! j>gon ( pieti/ic        
religion1 s t !y w\ld believe t a v     
unpleasant p]son 0 a sa9t4 ,:5 once we  
look = beauty 9 any?+1 we look no long] 
= good design1 good workman%ip1 or good 
mat]ial4 ,x is because we d n look =    
beauty 9 motor-c>s t we enjoy !         
excell5ce ( _! design1 workman%ip1 &    
mat]ial1 :i* is beauty1 if only we knew 
x4 ,beauty1 9 fact1 is a symptom (      

success 9 ?+s made by man1 n ( success 9
 sell+1 b ( success 9 mak+4 ,if an      
object made by man gives u pleasure 9   
itself1 !n x has beauty2 if we got      
pleasure only f ! belief t 9 x we are   
enjoy+ :at we ought to enjoy1 !n v      
likely x is z nak$ ( beauty z ! ,emp]or 
0 ( clo!s4 ,! great mass ( p n[ h a     
belief t ornam5t is necess>ily beauty1  
t1 )\t x1 no?+ c be beautiful4 ,b       
ornam5t is (t5 only add$ ugl9ess1 l a w5
 on a man's face4 ,x is always add$     
ugl9ess :5 x is ma*9e-made1 & :5 x is   
put on to hide *eapness ( mat]ial &     
faults ( design & workman%ip4           
,un=tunately1 x does hide ^! ?+s f u2 we
 accept ornam5t z a sub/itute = t beauty
 :i* c only come ( good design1 mat]ial1
 & workman%ip2 & we d n recognize ^! ?+s
 :5 we see !m1 except 9 objects l       
motor-c>s1 :i* we pref] pla9 because we 
d unconsci\sly enjoy _! real beauty4    
,s1 9 ! matt] ( ornam5t1 we ne$ to make 
a self-d5y+ ord9ance2 n because ornam5t 
is necess>ily bad--x is ! natural       

expression ( ! arti/'s sup]flu\s en]gy &
 delight--b because we ourselves _c be  
tru/$ ) ornam5t1 z a drunk>d _c be tru/$
 ) /rong dr9k4 ,we mu/ le>n to see ?+s  
pla9 be=e we c see !m at all1 or enjoy  
!m = _! own real qualities & n = :at we 
?9k we see 9 !m4 ,a man ^: ta/e is = bad
 poetry c only improve x by read+ good1 
pla9 prose4 ,he mu/ become rational be=e
 he c enjoy ! real beauties ( lit]ature4
 ,& s we ne$ to become rational be=e we 
c enjoy art1 :e!r 9 pictures or 9       
objects ( use4 ,! unreason ( our pa9t+  
has ! same cause z ! unreason ( our     
objects ( use2 & ! cause is 9 u1 n 9 !  
arti/4 ,we ?9k ( ta/e z some?+ 9 its    
nature irrational4 ,x is no m s ?an     
consci5ce is4 ,inde$1 !re is consci5ce 9
 all good ta/e z 9 all ! good workman%ip
 t pleases x4 ,b :]e ! public has n ?is 
consci5ce1 ! arti/ w n possess x ei!r4  
,at be/ he w h only :at he calls 8      
arti/ic consci5ce--t is to say1 a       
det]m9ation to foll[ 8 own :ims r ?an ! 
ta/e ( ! public4 ,b :]e ! public kn[s   

:at x likes1 & ! arti/ makes :at he     
likes1 !re is m ?an a *ance t bo? w l ! 
same ?+1 z !y h 9 ! great ages ( art4 ,=
 a real lik+ mu/ be a lik+ = some?+     
good4 ,x is ,satan :o p]suades u t we l 
:at is bad by fill+ our m9d ) %am lik+s1
 :i* are always really ! expression (   
our egotism disguis$4                   
,pr(essionalism 9 ,art   ,pr(essionalism
 is a dull1 ugly ^w2 b x means dull1    
ugly ?+s1 a p]v]sion ( ! high]          
activities ( man1 ( art1 lit]ature1     
religion1 philosophy2 & a p]v]sion to   
:i* we are all apt to be bl9d4 ,we "k t 
9 ^! activities specialization is a     
condition ( excell5ce4 ,z ,keats said to
 ,%elley1 9 art x is necess>y to s]ve   
bo? ,god & ,mammon2 & z ,samuel ,butl]  
said1 ,t is n easy1 b !n no?+ t is      
really wor? do+ ev] is easy4 ,! poet may
 be born1 n made2 b no man c />t writ+  
poetry z if x _h nev] be5 writt5 be=e4  
,9 e art !re is a m$ium1 & ! poet1 l all
 o!r arti/s1 le>ns f ! poets ( ! pa/ h[ 
to use 8 m$ium4 ,(t5 he does ?is        

unconsci\sly by read+ !m = delight4 ,he 
fir/ becomes a poet because he loves !  
poetry ( o!rs4 ,& ! pa9t] becomes a     
pa9t] because he loves ! pictures (     
o!rs4 ,ea* ( !m is apt to beg9--        
,z if 8 :ole vocation                   
,7 endless imitation4  ,s ! arti/ insi/s
 to himself ^u ! value ( h>d "w4 ,he is 
impati5t ( all ! talk ab\t inspiration2 
= he kn[s t1 ?\gh no?+ c be done )\t x1 
x comes only ) comm& ( ! m$ium4 ,& ?is  
comm&1 l all craftsman%ip1 is           
traditional1 h&$ d[n f "o g5]ation to   
ano!r4 ,any k9d ( expression 9 ?is      
imp]fect _w is z difficult z virtue     
itself4 ,= expression1 l virtue1 is a   
k9d ( transc5d5ce4 ,9 x ! natural man   
rises above 8 animal functions1 above   
liv+ s t he may cont9ue to live2 he     
triumphs ov] ^? animal functions :i*    
hold him d[n to ! e>? z incessantly z ! 
attraction ( gravity itself4 ,b1 l !    
airman1 he c triumph only by mat]ial    
means1 & by means gradually p]fect$ 9 ! 
practice ( o!rs4 ,yet !re is always ?is 

diff]5ce1 t 9 me*anics anyone c le>n to 
make use ( an inv5tion2 b 9 ! high]     
activities1 inv5tion1 if x becomes      
me*anical1 de/roys ! activity itself1   
ev5 9 ! orig9al inv5tor4 ,! m$ium is    
always a m$ium1 n m]ely a mat]ial2 & if 
x becomes m]ely a mat]ial to be         
manipulat$1 x ceases to be a m$ium4  ,n[
 pr(essionalism is ! result ( a false   
analogy betwe5 me*anical inv5tion & !   
high] activities4 ,x happ5s :5ev] !     
m$ium is reg>d$ m]ely z mat]ial to be   
manipulat$1 :5 ! arti/ ?9ks t he c le>n 
to fly by ma/]+ "s o!r arti/'s ma*9e1 :5
 8 art is to him a matt] ( inv5tion     
gradually p]fect$ & necess>ily progress+
 ?r\gh ! advance ( k & skill4 ,"o (t5   
f9ds ?is false analogy 9 books ab\t !   
hi/ory ( ! arts1 especially ( pa9t+ &   
music4 ,x is assum$1 = in/ance1 t       
,italian pa9t+ progress$ me*anically f  
,giotto to ,titian1 t ,titian _h a      
great] p[] ( expression ?an ,giotto     
because he _h comm& ( a numb] (         
inv5tions 9 anatomy & p]spective & ! l t

 7 unkn[n to ,giotto4 ,s we h hi/ories (
 ! developm5t ( ! symphony1 9 :i*       
,haydn1 ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov5 are treat$ z if
 !y 7 me*anical inv5tors ea* pr(it+ by !
 discov]ies ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,bee?ov5 0 
! greate/ ( ! ?ree because he _h ! luck 
to be born la/1 & ,bee?ov5's e>lie/     
symphonies are necess>ily bett] ?an     
,moz>t's late/ because !y 7 compos$     
lat]4 ,b 9 su* hi/ories !re always comes
 a po9t at :i* arti/s cease to pr(it by 
! inv5tions ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,aft]     
,mi*elangelo1 p]haps aft] ,bee?ov51 is !
 decad5ce4 ,!n sudd5ly !re is talk (    
inspiration1 or ! lack ( x4 ,m]e        
imitators appe>1 & ! hi/orian :o reviles
 !m does n see t !y h only practis$1 &  
refut$1 8 !ory ( art4 ,!y also h _h !   
luck to be born lat]2 b x has be5 bad   
luck1 n good1 = !m1 because to !m _! art
 has be5 all a matt] ( me*anical        
inv5tion1 ( pr(essionalism4  ,! wor/ ( x
 is t ! greate/ arti/s are apt !mselves 
to fall 9 love ) _! own inv5tions1 n to 
see t !y are me*anical inv5tions because

 !y !mselves h discov]$ !m4 ,mi*elangelo
 9 8 ,la/ ,judgm5t is v pr(essional2    
,titian 0 pr(essional ?r\gh all 8 middle
 age2 ,t9toret 0 pr(essional :5ev] he 0 
bor$ ) 8 "w1 :i* happ5$ (t52 ,%akespe>e1
 :5ev] he 0 lazy1 :i* 0 n seldom4       
,bee?ov51 we n[ beg9 to see1 c\ld be v  
e>ne/ly pr(essional2 & z =              
,milton--consid] ?is end ( ! la/ spee* (
 ,manoah1 9 ,samson ,agoni/es1 :]e we   
expect a simple cad5ce3--               
,! virg9s also %all on fea/ful days     
,visit 8 tomb ) fl[]s1 only bewail+     
,8 lot un=tunate 9 nuptial *oice1       
,f :5ce captivity & loss ( eyes  ,milton
 0 tempt$ into ! j>gon ( ^! la/ two     
l9es1 :i* are l a bad translation ( a   
,greek play1 by pr(essionalism4 ,he 0   
try+ to make 8 poetry z mu* unlike      
ord9>y spee* z he c\ld2 he 0 = ! mom5t a
 slave to a tradition1 & none ! less a  
slave because x 0 ! tradition ( 8 own   
pa/4  ,pr(essionalism is a device = mak+
 expression easy2 & x is "o us$ by !    
greate/ arti/s sometimes because _!     

bus9ess is to be always express+        
!mselves1 & ev5 !y h n always some?+ to 
express4 ,b expression is s difficult1  
ev5 = ^? :o h some?+ to express1 t !y   
mu/ be always practis+ x if !y are ev]  
to succe$ 9 x4 ,wordswor?1 = in/ance1 0 
a pr(ess$ enemy ( pr(essionalism 9      
poetry2 yet he1 too1 0 = ev] writ+      
v]ses4 ,x 0 a hobby ) him z well z an   
art2 & 8 pr(essionalism 0 m]ely less    
accompli%$ ?an t ( ,milton or ,sp5s]3-- 
,fair ,ell5 ,irw91 :5 %e sate           
,^u ! ,braes ( ,kirtle1                 
,0 lovely z a ,grecian maid             
,adorn$ ) wrea?s ( myrtle4  ,:y adorn$ )
 wrea?s ( myrtle8 ,wordswor? himself    
tells u4 ,8 subject _h already be5      
treat$ 9 ,scot* poems 9 simple ballad   
/ra91 s1 he says1 at ! outset ,i ?rew   
out a classical image to prep>e ! read] 
= ! /yle 9 :i* ,i meant to treat ! /ory1
 & s to preclude all comp>ison4 ,no "o1 
^: object 0 j to tell ! /ory1 w\ld      
comp>e ,ell5 ) a ,grecian maid & h]     
wrea?s ( myrtle2 b ,wordswor? mu/ d s to

 %[ u h[ he means to tell x1 &1 z he    
=gets to m5tion1 s t he may rhyme )     
,kirtle4 ,t is all pr(essionalism1 all a
 device = mak+ expression easy1 practis$
 by a great poet because at ! mom5t he  
_h no?+ to express4 ,b art is always    
difficult & _c be made easy by ?is      
means4 ,we ne$ n take a malici\s        
pleasure 9 su* lapses ( ! great poet2 b 
x is well to "k :5 ,hom] nods1 ev5 ?\gh 
he uses all 8 craft to pret5d t he is   
wide awake4 ,criticism may h a negative 
z well z a positive value4 ,x may set u 
on our gu>d aga9/ pr(essionalism ev5 9 !
 greate/ arti/s1 & mo/ ( all 9 !m4 ,= x 
is !y :o beg9 pr(essionalism &1 ) ! m]e 
mom5tum ( _! vitality1 make x           
attractive4 ,because !y are great m5 &  
really accompli%$1 !y c say no?+ ) a gr&
 air2 & ^! gr& no?+s ( !irs allure u j  
because !y are no?+s & make no dem&s ^u 
our intellig5ce4 ,t is art inde$1 we    
cry3 & we intoxicate ourselves ) x      
because x is m]ely art4 ,! quality (    
m]cy is n /ra9$ is f> m popul> ?an      

,le>'s spee*1 ,no1 no1 no6 ,come1 let's 
away to prison1 because x is pr(essional
 rhetoric2 x is :at ,%akespe>e c\ld     
write at any mom5t1 :]eas ! spee* ( ,le>
 is :at ,le> said at "o p>ticul> mom5t4 
,! contra/ betwe5 ! two is ! contra/    
well put 9 ! epigram ab\t ,b>ry &       
,g>rick 9 _! r5d]+s ( ,k+ ,le>3--       
,a k+1 aye1 e in* a k+1 su* ,b>ry do?   
appe>4       ,b ,g>rick's q ano!r ?+2   
he's e in* ,k+ ,le>4  ,we admire ! great
 arti/ :5 he is e in* a k+ m ?an :5 he  
has lo/ 8 k+%ip 9 8 passion4  ,he no    
d\bt kn[s ! diff]5ce well en\gh4 ,b he  
wi%es to d ev]y?+ well1 he has a natural
 human delight 9 8 own accompli%m5t2 & a
 job to f9i%4 ,%akespe>e1 ,mi*elangelo1 
,bee?ov5 7 n slaves to _! own           
pr(essionalism2 no d\bt !y c\ld laugh at
 x !mselves4 ,b !re is always a dang] t 
we %all be enslav$ by x2 & x is !       
bus9ess ( criticism to free u f t       
slav]y1 to make u aw>e ( ?is la/        
infirmity ( great arti/s4 ,we are on our
 gu>d easily en\gh aga9/ a              

pr(essionalism t is out ( fa%ion4 ,!    
,wagn]ian ( a g5]ation ago c\ld sne] at 
! pr(essionalism ( ,moz>t2 b !          
pr(essionalism ( ,wagn] seem$ to him to 
be inspiration made con/ant & c]ta9 by a
 new musical inv5tion4 ,we "k n[ only   
too well1 f ,wagn]'s imitators1 t he did
 n inv5t a new me?od ( tapp+            
inspiration2 we ought to "k t no "o c d 
t4 ,! m complete ! me?od ! m tiresome x 
becomes1 ev5 z practis$ by ! inv5tor4   
,decad5ce 9 art is always caus$ by      
pr(essionalism1 :i* makes ! te*nique (  
art too difficult1 & s de/roys ! arti/'s
 en]gy & joy 9 8 practice ( x4 ,tea*]s (
 ! arts are always incl9$ to insi/ on _!
 difficulty & to set h>d tasks to _!    
pupils = ! sake ( _! h>dness2 & (t5 !   
pupil /ays too long le>n+ until he ?9ks 
t any?+ :i* is difficult to d mu/ !re=e 
be wor? do+4 ,?is notion also ov]awes ! 
g5]al public s t !y value :at looks to  
!m difficult2 b 9 art t :i* seems       
difficult to u fails ) u1 we are aw>e ( 
! difficulty1 n ( ! art4 ,! great] ! "w 

( art ! easi] x seems to u4 ,we feel t  
we c\ld h done x ourselves if only we _h
 _h ! luck to hit ^u t way ( do+ x2     
inde$1 :]e our ae/hetic exp]i5ce ( x is 
complete1 we feel z if we 7 do+ x       
ourselves2 our m9ds jump ) ! arti/'s    
m9d2 we are = ! mom5t ! arti/ himself 9 
8 v act ( creation4 ,b we are always apt
 to und]value ?is true & complete       
ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 because x seems s    
easy & simple1 & we mi/ake = x a pa9ful 
s5se ( ! arti/'s skill1 ( 8 pr(essional 
accompli%m5t4 ,s we dem& ( arti/s1 t !y 
%all impress u ) _! accompli%m5t2 we h n
 _h our money's wor? unless we feel t we
 c\ld n possibly d ourselves :at !y h   
done4 ,no d\bt1 :5 ! ,songs ( ,innoc5ce 
7 fir/ publi%$1 anyone :o did happ5 to  
read !m ?\ght !m dogg]el4 ,blake 9 a    
mom5t _h fre$ himself f all !           
pr(essionalism ( ! foll[]s ( ,pope1 &   
ev5 n[ !y make poetry seem an easy art  
to u1 until we try to write songs (     
innoc5ce ourselves3--            ,:5 !  
voices ( *ildr5 are he>d on ! gre51     

,& laugh+ is he>d on ! hill1            
,my he>t is at re/ )9 my brea/1         
,& ev]y?+ else is /ill4            ,!n  
come home1 my *ildr51 ! sun is gone d[n1
               ,& ! dews ( night arise2 
,come1 come1 leave (f play1 & let u     
away1               ,till ! morn+ appe>s
 9 ! skies4  ,we call x artless1 ) /ill 
a h9t ( depreciation 9 ! ^w1 or at lea/ 
( wond] t we %\ld be s mov$ by su*      
simple means4 ,x is a k9d (             
cottage-poetry1 & has t beauty :i* 9 a  
cottage moves u m ?an all ! art (       
palaces4 ,b we nev] le>n ! lesson ( t   
beauty because x seems to u s easily    
won2 & s our arts are always ?reat5$ by 
! decad5ce ( pr(essionalism4 ,b poetry 9
 ,engl& has be5 a liv+ art s long       
because x has _h ! p[] ( free+ itself f 
pr(essionalism & *oos+ ! bett] pa? )    
,m>y & ) ,ru?4 ,! value ( ! ,romantic   
movem5t lay1 n 9 its escape to ! wond]s 
( ! pa/1 b 9 its escape f pr(essionalism
 & all its self-impos$ & easy           
difficulties4 ,= x is mu* easi] to write

 pr(essional v]ses 9 any /yle ?an to    
write songs ( innoc5ce2 & t is :y       
pr(essionalism 9 all ! arts tempts all  
k9ds ( arti/s4 ,anyone c a*ieve x :o has
 ! m9d4 ,x is a sub/itute = expression1 
z m]e duty is a sub/itute = virtue4 ,b1 
z a =bidd+ s5se ( duty makes virtue     
itself seem unattractive1 s             
pr(essionalism de/roys m5's natural     
delight 9 ! arts4 ,l ! arti/ himself1 8 
public becomes anxi\s1 p]v]se1 exact+2  
afraid le/ x %all admire ! wrong ?+1    
because x has lo/ ! imm$iate s5se ( ! "r
 ?+4 ,j z x expects art to be difficult1
 s x expects its own pleasure 9 art to  
be difficult2 & ?us we h atta9$ to our  
pres5t notion ab\t art :i* is l !       
,puritan notion ab\t virtue1 t x is :at 
no human be+ c\ld possibly enjoy by     
nature4 ,& if we d enjoy x1 l a mead[   
gale 9 spr+1 x _c be good art4  ,b 9    
pa9t+ z 9 poetry1 all ! new movem5ts (  
value are escapes f pr(essionalism2 & !y
 beg9 by %ock+ ! public because !y seem 
to make ! art too easy4 ,dick5s 0       

horrifi$ by an e>ly "w ( ,millais2      
,rusk9 0 enrag$ by a nocturne ( ,:i/l]4 
,he said x 0 cockney impud5ce because x 
lack$ ! pr(essionalism he expect$4      
,arti/s & critics alike are always b9d+ 
burd5s on ! arts2 & !y are always angry 
) ! arti/ :o cuts ! burd5 (f 8 back4 ,!y
 ?9k he is m]ely %irk+ difficulties4 ,b 
! difficulty ( expression is s mu*      
great] ?an ! self-impos$ difficulties ( 
m]e pr(essionalism t any man :o is      
afraid ( difficulties w try to be a     
pr(essional r ?an an arti/4  ,9 art !re 
is always humility1 9 pr(essionalism    
pride4 ,& x is ?is pride t makes art m  
ugly & tiresome ?an any o!r "w ( man4   
,no?+ is /rang] 9 human nature ?an !    
tyranny ( bor$om x w endure 9 ! pursuit 
( art2 & ! m bor$ m5 are1 ! m !y are    
conv9c$ ( arti/ic salvation4 ,our       
museums are cumb]$ ) mon/r\s monum5ts ( 
pa/ pr(essionalism2 our book%elves groan
 ) !m4 ,always we are try+ to l ?+s     
because !y seem to u v well done2 nev] d
 we d>e to say to ourselves3 ,x may be  

well done1 b x 7 bett] if x 7 n done at 
all2 & ! arti/ is /ill to u a dog walk+ 
on 8 h9d legs1 a p]=m] ^: m]it lies 9 ! 
unnatural difficulty ( 8 p]=mance4      
,wa/e or ,creation8   ,! ,william       
,morris ,celebration 0 n s irrelevant to
 ^! times z x may seem4 ,morris 0 always
 =etell+ a cata/rophe to our society1 & 
x has come4 ,t comm]cial sy/em ( ours1  
:i* seems to s _m "p ( ! ord] ( ,nature1
 0 to him z evil & unnatural z slav]y4  
,8 qu>rel ) x 0 n political1 b human2 x 
0 ! qu>rel n ( ! oppress$1 = he 0 n !   
man to be oppress$ 9 any society1 b ( ! 
workman4 ,he 0 sure t a society :i*     
enc\rag$ bad "w & disc\rag$ good mu/ 9  
"s way or o!r come to a bad end2 & he   
w\ld h se5 9 ?is w> ! end t he pr$ict$4 
,:atev] its result1 !re mu/ be a *ange 9
 ! ord] ( our society1 :e!r x s9ks ?r\gh
 incessant w>s1 national & comm]cial1   
into b>b>ism or is %ock$ into an ef=t to
 atta9 to civilization4 ,!re 7 p>ticul> 
say+s ( ,morris's to :i* no "o at ! "t  
paid mu* he$4 ,!y seem$ m]e grumbl+s    

aga9/ :at mu/ be4 ,he 01 = in/ance1     
always cry+ out aga9/ our wa/e ( lab\r4 
,if only all m5 did "w t 0 wor? do+--   
,?9k :at a *ange t w\ld make 9 ! _w6 ,i 
tell y ,i      feel daz$ at ! ?\ght ( ! 
imm5sity ( ! "w :i* is      und]gone = !
 mak+ ( useless ?+s4 ,x w\ld be an      
in/ructive day's "w1 = any "o ( u :o is 
/rong en\gh1      to walk ?r\gh two or  
?ree ( ! pr9cipal /reets ( ,london      
on a weekday1 & take accurate note (    
ev]y?+ 9 ! %op      w9d[s :i* is        
emb>rass+ or sup]flu\s to ! daily life  
( a s]i\s man4 ,nay1 ! mo/ ( ^! ?+s no  
"o1 s]i\s      or uns]i\s1 wants at all2
 only a fooli% habit makes ev5 !        
lighte/-m9d$ ( u suppose t he wants !m2 
& to _m      p1 ev5 ( ^? :o buy !m1 !y  
are obvi\s      encumbrances to real "w1
 ?\ght1 & pleasure4  ,at ! "t mo/ p said
 t ?is wa/e ( lab\r 0 all a matt] ( dem&
 & supply1 & ?\ght no m ab\t x2 "s said 
t x 0 good = trade4 ,v few saw1 )       
,morris1 t dem& = su* ?+s is some?+     
will$ & some?+ t ought n to be will$4   

,b !n x 0 g5]ally believ$ t we c\ld af=d
 ?is wa/e ( lab\r2 & s x w5t on until1  
aft] a ye> or two ( w>1 we f\nd t we    
c\ld n af=d x4 ,!n ev5 ! mo/ ignorant & 
?\ghtless le>n$1 f facts1 n f books1    
c]ta9 lessons ( political economy4 ,!y  
le>n$ t1 9 w>-"t at lea/1 a nation t    
wa/es its lab\r w be ov]come by "o t    
does n4 ,at once ! common w 0 set aga9/ 
! wa/e ( lab\r2 &1 :at w\ld h seem$     
/range/ ( all =ty ye>s ago1 ! ,gov]nm5t1
 ) ! cons5t ( ! p1 set to "w to /op !   
wa/e ( lab\r1 & did to a great ext5t    
succe$ 9 /opp+ x4 ,:5 p ?\ght 9 t]ms (  
munitions1 in/ead ( 9 t]ms ( g5]al      
well-be+1 !y saw t ! wa/e ( lab\r mu/   
be1 & c\ld be1 /opp$4 ,!y talk$ no long]
 ab\t ! laws ( supply & dem&1 b ab\t    
munitions4 ,^? :o _h made tra% mu/ be   
set to make munitions1 or to fight1 or 9
 "s way to second ! ,army4 ,^? :o /ill 7
 ready to wa/e lab\r on tra% = !mselves 
7 no long] obey+ ! laws ( supply & dem&2
 !y 7 div]t+ lab\r f its prop] task2 !y 
7 unpatriotic1 !y 7 help+ ! ,g]mans4    

,money1 9 fact1 _h no long] ! "r to an  
absolute comm& ov] lab\r4 ,a man1 be=e  
he sp5t a sov]eign1 mu/ ask himself :e!r
 he 0 sp5d+ x = ! good ( ! nation2 & if 
he did n ask himself t1 ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld
 ask x = him4  ,s mu* ! w> taught u1 =  
purposes ( w>4 ,b ,morris _m ye>s ago   
tri$ to tea* x = purposes ( peace4 ,:5  
he wrote ^? words :i* we h quot$1 he 0 n
 talk+ politics b ord9>y common s5se4   
,he 0 n ev5 talk+ art1 b r economics2 & 
he 0 talk+ x n to any vague ab/raction  
call$ ! community1 b to ea* individual  
human be+4 ,at t "t e "o ?\ght (        
economics z some?+ :i* conc]n$ society  
or ! univ]se4 ,x 01 s to speak1 a       
natural sci5ce2 x obs]v$ ph5om5a z if !y
 7 9 ! heav5s2 & /at$ laws ab\t !m1 laws
 n human b natural4 ,p]haps x 0 !       
greate/ a*ievem5t ( ,morris 9 ! way (   
?\ght t he saw economics1 ev5 m cle>ly  
?an ,rusk91 z a matt] n ( natural laws1 
b ( consci5ce & duty4 ,he did n talk    
ab\t economics at all1 b ab\t ! wa/e (  
lab\r1 j z we talk ab\t x n[4 ,! only   

diff]5ce is t he saw x to be "o ( ! *ief
 causes ( pov]ty 9 "t ( peace1 :]eas we 
see x z a h9drance to victory 9 "t ( w>4
 ,we h1 = w> purposes1 acquir$ !        
consci5ce t he wi%$ u to acquire = all  
purposes4 ,! "q is :e!r we %all keep x 9
 peace4  ,^u t dep5ds ! "q h[ soon we   
%all recov] f ! w>4 ,= !re is no d\bt t 
we %all n be able to af=d our =m] wa/e (
 lab\r2 &1 if we p]si/ 9 x1 we %all be  
bankrupt z a society4 ,x may be said t  
we %all n h ! money1 ! p[]1 to wa/e     
lab\r4 ,b we %all c]ta9ly h "s sup]flu\s
 en]gy1 m & m1 x is to be hop$1 z "t    
goes on2 & our future recov]y w dep5d ^u
 ! use we make ( ?is sup]flu\s en]gy4   
,we c wa/e x1 z we wa/$ x be=e ! w>2 or 
we c keep ! consci5ce we h acquir$ 9 w> 
& ask ourselves 9 peace1 ) e p5ny we    
sp5d1 :e!r we are wa/+ lab\r4 ,x is true
 t :at may be wa/e to "o w n be wa/e to 
ano!r2 b 9 t matt] e "o mu/ obey 8 own  
consci5ce4 ,! important ?+ is t e "o    
%\ld h a consci5ce & obey x4 ,!re w be  
pl5ty ( p to tell u t no "o c def9e wa/e

 ( lab\r4 ,no "o c def9e s92 b ea* man  
has 8 own consci5ce on t po9t & lives   
well or ill z he obeys x or disobeys x4 
,besides1 !re are _m ?+s1 all ! tra% t  
,morris speaks ab\t 9 ! %op w9d[s1 t e  
"o kn[s to be wa/e4 ,we ne$ n tr\ble    
ourselves ab\t ! fact t art w seem wa/e 
to ! phili/9e & n to ! arti/4 ,we mu/   
all[ = diff]5ces on t po9t z on mo/     
o!rs4 ,"s ?+s t might h be5 wa/e to     
,samuel ,smiles w\ld h be5 to ,morris a 
symptom ( well-be+4 ,b he knew1 & (t5   
said1 t we _c h ! beauty :i* 0 to him a 
symptom ( well-be+ unless we end ! wa/e 
( lab\r on tra%4 ,( luxury he said3--   
,by ^? :o "k ( no?+ bett] x has ev5 be5 
tak5 =      art1 ! div9e solace ( human 
lab\r1 ! romance ( ea*      day's h>d   
practice ( ! difficult art ( liv+4 ,b ,i
 say1      art _c live beside x nor     
self-respect 9 any class (      life4   
,effem9acy & brutality are its          
companions on ! "r      h& & ! left4    
,!re is1 we h all discov]$ n[1 only a   
c]ta9 am\nt ( lab\r 9 ! c\ntry1 9 ! _w4 

,ev5 ! mo/ ignorant are aw>e at la/ t   
money does n create lab\r b only comm&s 
x1 & may comm& x to d :at w or w n      
b5efit u all4 ,we 71 = ! purposes ( !   
w>1 mu* m ( a fell[%ip ?an we _h ev] be5
 be=e4 ,we ackn[l$g$ a duty to ea* o!r1 
! duty ( comm&+ lab\r to ! common good4 
,we ask$ ) e sov]eign we sp5t :e!r x    
w\ld help or h9d] u 9 ! w>4 ,morris w\ld
 h u ask also :e!r x w help or h9d] u 9 
! advance t[>ds a g5]al happ9ess4  ,& he
 put a fur!r "q1 :i* 9 "t ( w>          
un=tunately we c\ld n put1 a "q n only  
ab\t ! "w b ab\t ! workman4 ,are we1 )  
our money1 =c+ him to "w t is = him wor?
 do+2 are we1 to use an old phrase1     
consid]+ ! good ( 8 s\l8 ,morris insi/$ 
on our duty to ! workman m ev5 ?an on   
our duty to society4 ,he saw t :]e great
 masses ( m5 d "w t !y "k to be futile  
!re mu/ be a l[ /&>d ( "w & incessant   
discont5t4 ,! workman may n ev5 "k !    
cause ( 8 discont5t4 ,he may ?9k he is  
angry ) ! ri* because !y are ri*2 b !   
real s\rce ( 8 ang] is ! "w t !y set him

 to d ) _! ri*es4 ,& no class w>1 no    
r$i/ribution ( weal?1 w end t discont5t 
if ! same wa/e ( lab\r cont9ues4 ,d\ble 
! wages ( e workman 9 ! c\ntry1 & if he 
sp5ds ! increase on tra% no "o w be any 
bett] (f 9 m9d or body4 ,!re w /ill be  
pov]ty & /ill discont5t1 ) ! "w if n ) !
 wages4  ,! problem = u1 = e mod]n      
society n[1 is n s mu* to r$i/ribute    
weal?2 t at be/ c be only a means to an 
end2 b to use our sup]flu\s en]gy to !  
be/ purpose1 no long] to wa/e x         
piecemeal4 ,t problem we solv$1 to a    
great ext5t1 9 w>4 ,we h to solve x also
 9 peace if ! peace is to be wor? hav+ &
 is n to lead to fur!r w>s at home or   
abroad4 ,! w> itself has giv5 u a great 
opportunity4 ,x has op5$ our eyes1 if   
only we d n %ut !m aga94 ,x has taught e
 "o 9 ! c\ntry ! mo/ important ( all    
lessons 9 political economy :i* ! books 
(t5 seem to conceal4 ,&1 bett] /ill1 x  
has taught u t 9 economics we c ex]cise 
our own wills1 t !y conc]n ea*          
individual man & woman z mu* z morals2 t

 !y are morals1 & n ab/ract ma!matics2 t
 we h ! same duty t[>ds ! c\ntry1 t[>ds 
mank9d1 t we h to our own families4 ,!  
prov]b1 ,wa/e n1 want n1 does n apply   
m]ely to ea* private income4 ,we h      
acc\nts to settle n only ) our bank]s1 b
 ) ! community4 ,x w ?rive or n accord+ 
z we are ?rifty or ?riftless2 & our     
?rift dep5ds ^u h[ we sp5d our income1 n
 m]ely on h[ mu* we sp5d ( x4 ,= all t  
"p ( x :i* we d n sp5d on necess>ies is 
! sup]flu\s en]gy ( mank9d1 & we det]m9e
 h[ x %all be ex]cis$2 ea* individual   
det]m9es t1 n an ab/raction call$       
society4  ,"o may pres5t ! ?rift ( lab\r
 z a matt] ( duty to society4 ,b ,morris
 saw t x 0 m ?an t2 & he lit x ) !      
sunlight ( ! w>m] virtues4 ,x is n m]ely
 society t we h to consid]1 or !        
direction ( its sup]flu\s en]gy4 ,x is  
also ! happ9ess1 ! life1 ( actual m5 &  
wom54 ,we %all n cease to wa/e "w until 
we ?9k always ( ! work] beh9d x1 until  
we see t x is our duty1 if ) our money  
we h comm& ov] him1 to set him to "w    

wor? do+4 ,capital n[ is to mo/ ( ^? :o 
own x a means ( e>n+ int]e/4 ,we %\ld   
?9k ( x z creative1 z ! p[] :i* may make
 ! wild]ness blossom l ! rose & *ange ! 
slum into a home = m5 & wom52 &1 bett]  
/ill1 z ! p[] t may tra9 & set m5 to d  
"w t w satisfy _! s\ls1 s t !y %all "w =
 ! "w's sake & n only = ! wages4 ,until 
capital becomes s creative 9 ! h&s ( ^? 
:o own x !re w always be a /ruggle = !  
possession ( x2 & to ^? :o d possess x x
 w br+ m]ely sup]fluities & n happ9ess4 
,if x becomes creative1 no "o w m9d mu* 
:o possesses x4 ,! class w> w be end$ by
 a league ( classes1 _! aim n m]ely     
peace1 b ^? ?+s :i* make m5 resolve n to
 spoil peace ) w>4  ,we %all be told t  
?is is a dream1 z we are always told t !
 end+ ( w> is a dream4 ,s long z human  
nature is :at x is !re w always be w>4  
,^? :o talk ?us ?9k ( human nature z    
some?+ n ourselves mak+ =               
unrighte\sness4 ,x is n _! own nature4  
,!y "k t !y !mselves d n wi% = w>2 b1   
look+ at mank9d 9 ! mass & leav+        

!mselves out ( t mass1 !y see x gov]n$  
by "s =ce t is n really human nature1 b 
m]ely nature r$ 9 too? & claw1 a process
 become a malignant goddess1 :o =ces    
mank9d to act contr>y to _! own desires1
 contr>y ev5 to _! own int]e/s4 ,%e has 
tak5 ! place = u ( ! old orig9al s92 & !
 belief 9 h] is f> m primitive ?an !    
belief 9 orig9al s94 ,%e is 9 fact b a  
mod]n "n = all ! malignant idols t      
savages h wor%ipp$ ) sacrifices ( blood 
& te>s t !y did n wi% to make4 ,x is    
/range t1 prid+ ourselves z we d on our 
mod]n scepticism :i* has taught u to    
disbelieve 9 ! miracle ( ! ,gad>5e sw9e1
 we yet h n d>$ to affirm ! pla9 fact t 
?is nature1 ?is human nature1 does n    
exi/4 ,!re is no =ce1 no process1 :e!r  
)9 u or outside u1 t compels u to act   
contr>y to our desires & our int]e/s4   
,!re is no?+ b fe>2 & fe> c be conqu]$1 
z by individuals1 s by ! collective w ( 
man4 ,x is fe> t produces w>1 ! fe> t   
o!r m5 are n l ourselves1 t !y are      
ho/ile animals gov]n$ utt]ly by ! in/9ct

 ( self-pres]vation4  ,s x is fe> t     
produces ! class w> & ! belief t x mu/  
always cont9ue4 ,x is our own fe>s t cut
 u (f f happ9ess by mak+ u despair ( x4 
,! man :o has capital sees x z a means (
 protect+ himself & 8 *ildr5 f pov]ty2 x
 is to him a negative1 def5sive ?+1 at  
be/ ! safegu>d ( a negative1 def5sive   
happ9ess4 ,s o!rs see x z some?+ :i* he 
has & !y h n1 some?+ !y w\ld l to snat* 
f him if !y c\ld4 ,b if he saw capital z
 a creative ?+1 l ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 l !   
g5ius ( ! arti/1 !n x w\ld be to him a  
means ( positive happ9ess bo? = himself 
& = o!rs4 ,he w\ld say to himself1 n ,h[
 c ,i protect myself ) ?is aga9/ !      
tyranny ( ! /ruggle = life8 n ,h[ c ,i  
inve/ ?is8 b ,:at c ,i d ) ?is8 ,he w\ld
 see x z ,mi*elangelo saw ! m>ble :5 he 
look$ = ! %ape )9 x4 ,& !n he w\ld rise 
above ! conception ( m]e duty z some?+  
we d aga9/ our own wills1 or ( virtue z 
a luxury ( ! _s to :i* we escape 9 our  
little leisure f ! /ruggle = life4      
,virtue1 duty1 w\ld be = him life       

itself2 9 creation he w\ld atta9 to t   
h>mony ( duty & pleasure :i* is         
happ9ess4  ,if only we c\ld see t !     
sup]flu\s en]gy ( mank9d is some?+ out (
 :i* to make ! happ9ess ( mank9d we %\ld
 f9d our own happ9ess 9 ! mak+ ( x4 ,!re
 is /ill = u a gulf betwe5 do+ good to  
o!rs & ! delight ( ! arti/1 ! craftsman1
 9 8 "w4 ,! arti/ is "o k9d ( man & !   
philan?ropi/ ano!r2 ! arti/ is a selfi% 
p]son :om we l1 & ! philan?ropi/ an     
unselfi% p]son :om we d n l4 ,:at we ne$
 is to fuse !m 9 our use ( capital1 9   
our ex]cise ( ! sup]flu\s en]gy (       
mank9d4 ,!re are s+le p[]ful capitali/s 
:o "k ?is joy ( creation1 :o are        
b5evol5t despots1 & yet are suspect to !
 poor because ( _! great p[]4 ,b x nev] 
ent]s ! head ( ! small] inve/or t he1   
too1 might create in/ead ( m]ely inve/+2
 t1 in/ead ( be+ a %>ehold] 9 a limit$  
liability company1 he might be "o ( a   
creative fell[%ip1 n m]ely e>n+ divid5ds
 b trans=m+ cities1 exalt+ ?+s ( use    
into ?+s ( beauty1 giv+ to himself & to 

mank9d "w wor? do+ = its own sake1 "w 9 
:i* all ! obsolete conflicts ( ri* &    
poor c\ld be =gott5 9 a commonweal?4 ,t 
is ! vision ( peace :i* our sacrifices 9
 ! w> may e>n = u4 ,we h le>n$ sacrifice
 & ! joy ( x2 b1 s f>1 only s t we may  
ov]come an enemy ( our own k9d4 ,!re    
rema9s to be ov]come1 by a sacrifice m  
joyful & ) f> great] rew>ds1 ?is o!r old
 enemy n ( our own k9d1 ! enemy we call 
nature or human nature1 ! enemy t is s  
p[]ful m]ely because we d>e n believe t 
%e does n exi/4                         
,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,morrison ,,& ,,gibb      
,,ltd41 ,,ed9burgh