,,elem5ts ,,( ,,milit>y ,,art ,,& ,,sci5ce3 ,,or1 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,/rategy1 ,,=tification1 ,,tactics ,,( ,,battles1 c4 ,,embrac+ ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,/aff1 ,,infantry1 ,,cavalry1 ,,artill]y1 ,,& ,,eng9e]s4 ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,volunte]s ,,& ,,militia4 ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,,) ,,critical ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,mexican ,,& ,,crimean ,,w>s4 ,,by ,h4 ,,wag] ,,halleck1 ,a4,m41 ,,major ,,g5]al1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,company1 #ddc #dde ,,broadway4 ,,london3 #af ,,little ,,brita9 #ahfb4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ! ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahdf1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,company1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface #e ,i4 ,,introduction4--,dr4 ,wayl&'s ,argum5ts on ! ,ju/ifiabl5ess ( ,w> briefly exam9$4 #g ,,ii4 ,,/rategy4--,g5]al ,divisions ( ! ,art4--,rules = plann+ a ,campaign4--,analysis ( ! ,milit>y ,op]ations ( ,napoleon4 #ce ,,iii4 ,,=tifications4--,_! importance 9 ! ,def5ce ( ,/ates prov$ by num]\s ,hi/orical ,examples4 #fa ,,iv4 ,,logi/ics4--,subsi/5ce4--,=age4--,m>*es 4--,convoys4-- ,ca/rametation4 #hh ,v4 ,,tactics4--,! ,twelve ,ord]s ( ,battle1 ) ,examples ( ea*4--,diff]5t ,=mations ( ,infantry1 ,cavalry1 ,artill]y1 & ,eng9e]s on ! ,field ( ,battle1 ) ! ,modes ( br++ ,troops into action4 #aad ,,vi4 ,,milit>y ,,polity4--,! ,means ( ,national ,def5ce be/ suit$ to ! "* & condition ( a ,c\ntry1 ) a brief ,acc\nt ( ^? adopt$ by ! sev]al ,european ,p[]s4 #ace ,,vii4 ,,def5ce ,,( ,,our ,,sea-,,coa/4--,brief ,description ( our ,m>itime ,=tifications1 ) an ,exam9ation ( ! sev]al ,conte/s t h tak5 place betwe5 ,%ips & ,=ts1 includ+ ! ,attack on ,san ,juan d',ulloa1 & on ,/4 ,jean d',acre4 #aee ,,viii4 ,,our ,,nor!rn ,,fronti] ,,def5ces4--,brief ,description ( ! ,=tifications on ! ,fronti]1 & an analysis ( our ,nor!rn ,campaigns4 #baj ,,ix4 ,,army ,,organization4--,/aff & ,adm9i/rative ,corps4--,_! ,hi/ory1 ,duties1 ,numb]s1 & ,organization4 #bce ,x4 ,,army ,,organization4--,infantry & ,cavalry4--,_! ,hi/ory1 ,duties1 ,numb]s1 & ,organization4 #bef ,,xi4 ,,army ,,organization4--,artill]y4--,its ,hi/ory & ,organization1 ) a ,brief ,notice ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,ordnance1 ! ,manufacture ( ,projectiles1 c4 #bge ,,xii4 ,,army ,,organization4--,eng9e]s4--,_! ,hi/ory1 ,duties1 & ,organization1--) a ,brief ,discussion1 %[+ _! importance z a "p ( a mod]n ,army ,organization4 #cjj ,,xiii4 ,,p]man5t ,,=tifications4 ,hi/orical ,notice ( ! progress ( ?is ,art4--,description ( ! sev]al p>ts ( a ,=tress1 & ! v>i\s ,me?ods ( =tify+ a ,position4 #cbg ,,xiv4 ,,field ,,eng9e]+4--,field ,=tifications4--,milit>y ,communications4--,milit>y ,bridges4--,sapp+1 ,m9+1 & ! ,attack & ,def5ce ( a ,=tifi$ ,place4 #cdb ,,xv4 ,,milit>y ,,education4--,milit>y ,s*ools ( ,france1 ,prussia1 ,au/ria1 ,russia1 ,engl&1 c4--,wa%+ton's ,reasons = e/abli%+ ! ,we/ ,po9t ,academy4--,rules ( ,appo9tm5t & ,promotion 9 ,=eign ,s]vices4--,absurdity & ,inju/ice ( our own ,sy/em4 #cgh ,,explanation ,,( ,,plates #dji ,,preface ,! foll[+ pages 7 ha/ily ?r[n toge!r 9 ! =m ( lectures1 & deliv]$1 dur+1 ! pa/ w9t]1 be=e ! ,l[ell ,in/itute ( ,bo/on4 ,!y 7 writt5 )\t ! slighte/ int5tion ( ev] publi%+ !m2 b sev]al (fic]s ( militia1 :o he>d !m deliv]$1 or aft]w>ds read !m 9 manuscript1 desire _! publication1 on ! gr\nd ( _! be+ useful to a class ( (fic]s n[ likely to be call$ into milit>y s]vice4 ,x is ) ?is view alone t !y are plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! pr9t]4 ,no pret5sion is made to orig9ality 9 any "p ( ! "w2 ! sole object hav+ be5 to embody1 9 a small compass1 well e/abli%$ milit>y pr9ciples1 & to illu/rate ^! by ref]5ce to ! ev5ts ( pa/ hi/ory1 & ! op9ions & practice ( ! be/ g5]als4 ,small portions ( two or ?ree ( ! foll[+ *apt]s h already appe>$1 9 articles furni%$ by ! au?or to ! ,new ,york & ,democratic ,reviews1 & 9 a ,report on ! ,means ( ,national ,def5ce1 publi%$ by ord] ( ,congress4 ,h4,w4,h4 ,,may1 #ahdf4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,milit>y ,,art ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,our di/ance f ! old _w1 & ! favorable circum/ances 9 :i* we h be5 plac$ ) respect to ! o!r nations ( ! new _w1 h made x s easy = our gov]nm5t to adh]e to a pacific policy1 t1 9 ! sixty-two ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce ! ackn[l$gm5t ( our national indep5d5ce1 we h enjoy$ m ?an fifty-eight ( g5]al peace2 our ,indian bord] w>s h be5 too limit$ & local 9 _! "* to s]i\sly affect ! o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 or to di/urb ! g5]al conditions ( peace4 ,?is =tunate /ate ( ?+s has done mu* to diffuse k1 promote comm]ce1 agriculture1 & manufactures2 9 f9e1 to increase ! greatness ( ! nation & ! happ9ess ( ! individual4 ,"u ^! circum/ances our p h gr[n up ) habits & dispositions ess5tially pacific1 & x is to be hop$ t ^! feel+s may n soon be *ang$4 ,b 9 all communities op9ions sometimes run into extremes2 & !re are n a few among u :o1 dazzl$ by ! b5eficial results ( a long peace1 h adopt$ ! op9ion t w> 9 any case is n only useless1 b actually immoral2 nay1 m1 t to engage 9 w> is wick$ 9 ! highe/ degree1 & ev5 bruti%4 ,all mod]n e?ical writ]s reg>d unju/ w> z n only immoral1 b z "o ( ! greate/ ( crimes--murd] on a l>ge scale4 ,su* are all w>s ( m]e ambition1 engag$ 9 = ! purpose ( ext5d+ regal p[] or national sov]eignty2 w>s ( plund]1 c>ri$ on f m]c5>y motives2 w>s ( propag&ism1 und]tak5 = ! unrighte\s end ( compell+ m5 to adopt c]ta9 religi\s or political op9ions1 :e!r f ! alleg$ motives ( introduc+ a m or?odox religion1 or ( ext5d+ ! area ( fre$om4 ,su* w>s are held 9 j abhorr5ce by all moral & religi\s p3 & ?is is believ$ to be ! settl$ conviction ( ! great mass ( our own citiz5s4 ,b 9 addition to t respectable d5om9ation ( ,*ri/ians :o d5y our "r to use arms "u any circum/ances1 !re are _m religi\s en?usia/s 9 o!r communions :o1 f causes already notic$1 h adopt$ ! same !ory1 & hold all w>s1 ev5 ^? 9 self-def5ce1 z unlawful & immoral4 ,?is op9ion has be51 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 press$ on ! public ) great zeal & eloqu5ce1 & _m able p5s h be5 enli/$ 9 its cause4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul>1 & by "s reg>d$ "o ( ! mo/ able writ]s on moral sci5ce1 has adopt$ ?is view z ! only "o consonant ) ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian morality4 ,x has be5 deem$ prop]1 9 comm5c+ a c\rse ( lectures on w>1 to make a few introductory rem>ks respect+ ?is "q ( its ju/ifiabl5ess4 ,we "k ( no bett] way ( do+ ?is ?an to give on ! "o side ! objections to w> z laid d[n 9 ,dr4 ,wayl&'s ,moral ,philosophy1 & on ! o!r side ! argum5ts by :i* o!r e?ical writ]s h ju/ifi$ a resort to w>4 ,we d n select ,dr4 ,wayl&'s "w = ! purpose ( criticiz+ s di/+ui%$ an au?or2 b because he is almo/ ! only writ] on e?ics :o advocates ^! views1 & because ! ma9 argum5ts aga9/ w> are "h giv5 9 brief space1 & 9 m mod]ate & temp]ate language ?an t us$ by mo/ ( 8 foll[]s4 ,i %all give 8 argum5ts 9 8 own language4 ,i4 ,all w>s are contr>y to ! reveal$ w ( ,god4 ,x is said 9 reply1 t if ! ,*ri/ian religion condemns all w>s1 no matt] h[ j ! cause1 or h[ necess>y = self-def5ce1 we mu/ expect to f9d 9 ! ,bible "s direct prohibition ( w>1 or at lea/ a prohibition fairly impli$ 9 o!r direct comm&m5ts4 ,b ! ,bible n[h]e prohibits w>3 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we f9d w> & ev5 conque/ positively comm&$1 & al?\gh w> 0 rag+ 9 ! _w 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ & 8 apo/les1 /ill !y said n a ^w ( its unlawfulness & immorality4 ,moreov]1 ! fa!rs ( ! *ur* amply ackn[l$ge ! "r ( w>1 & directly ass]t1 t :5 w> is ju/ly decl>$1 ! ,*ri/ian may engage 9 x ei!r by /ratagem or op5 =ce4 ,if x be ( t highly wick$ & immoral "* :i* "s h rec5tly attribut$ to x1 mo/ assur$ly x w\ld be condemn$ 9 ! ,bible 9 t]ms ! mo/ positive & unequivocal4 ,b x has be5 said t ! use ( ! sword is ei!r directly or typically =bidd5 to ! ,*ri/ian1 by su* passages z ,?\ %alt n kill1 7,deut4 v4 #ag17 ,i say unto y1 t ye resi/ n evil3 b :osoev] %all smite !e on ?y "r *eek1 turn to him ! o!r also1 7,matt4 v4 #ci17 c4 ,if ^! passages are to be tak5 z lit]al comm&s1 z fanatics & religi\s en?usia/s w\ld h u believe1 n only is w> unlawful1 b also all our p5al /atutes1 ! magi/racy1 & all ! in/itutions ( ! /ate = ! def5ce ( individual rights1 ! protection ( ! innoc5t1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! guilty4 ,b if tak5 9 conjunction ) ! :ole ,bible1 we mu/ inf] t !y are hyp]bolical expressions1 us$ to impress /rongly on our m9ds ! g5]al pr9ciple ( love & =giv5ess1 & t1 s f> z possible1 we ov] come evil ) good4 ,c any sob]-m9d$ man suppose1 = a mom5t1 t we are comm&$ to enc\rage ! attacks ( ! wick$1 by lit]ally turn+ ! left *eek :5 assault$ on ! "r1 & ?us induce ! assailant to commit m wrong8 ,%all we invite ! ?ief & ! robb] to p]sev]e 9 8 depr$ations1 by lit]ally giv+ him a cloak :5 he takes our coat2 & ! insol5t & ! oppressor to proce$ 9 8 pa? ( crime1 by go+ two miles ) him if he bid u to g "o8 ,aga91 if ! comm&1 ,?\ %alt n kill1 is to be tak5 lit]ally1 x n only prohibits u f engag+ 9 j w>1 & =bids ! tak+ ( human life by ! /ate1 z a puni%m5t = crime2 x also =bids1 says ,dr4 ,leib]1 our tak+ ! life ( any animal1 & ev5 ext5ds to ! vegetable k+dom1--= und\bt$ly plants h life1 & are liable to viol5t dea?--to be kill$4 ,b ,dr4 ,wayl& conc$es to individuals ! "r to take vegetable & animal life1 & to society ! "r to puni% murd] by dea?4 ,?is passage und\bt$ly means1 ?\ %alt n unju/ly kill1--?\ %alt d no murd]2 & s x is r5d]$ 9 our pray]-books4 ,x _c h ref]5ce to w>1 = on almo/ ! next page we f9d ! ,israelites comm&$ to g =? & smite ! hea!n nations1--to ca/ !m out ( ! l&1--to utt]ly de/roy !m1--to %[ !m no m]cy1 c4 ,if ^! passages ( ! ,bible are to be tak5 lit]ally1 !re is no book :i* conta9s s _m contradictions2 b if tak5 9 connection ) ! _s ( o!r passages1 we %all f9d t we are p]mitt$ to use =ce 9 prev5t+ or puni%+ crime1 :e!r 9 nations or 9 individuals2 b t we %\ld comb9e love ) ju/ice1 & free our he>ts f all evil motives4 ,,ii4 ,all w>s are unju/ifiable1 because ,god comm&s u to love e man1 ali5 or citiz51 ,sam>itan or ,jew1 z ourselves2 & ! act nei!r ( society nor ( gov]nm5t c r5d] x our duty to violate ?is comm&4 ,x is true t no act ( society c make x our duty to violate any comm& ( ,god3 b is ! above comm& to be tak5 lit]ally1 & z =bidd+ u to engage 9 j w>8 ,is x n r int5d$ to impress ^u u1 9 a =cible mann]1 t mutual love is a great virtue2 t we %\ld hate no "o1 n ev5 a /rang] nor an enemy1 b %\ld treat all ) ju/ice1 m]cy1 & lov+-k9dness8 ,if ! mean+ attempt$ to be giv5 to ?is comm& 9 ! above quotation be ! true "o1 x is antagoni/ical n only to j w>1 b to civil ju/ice1 to patriotism1 & to ! social & dome/ic affections4 ,b are we b\nd to love all human be+s alike2 t is1 to ! same degree8 ,does ! ,bible1 z a :ole1 inculcate su* doctr9e8 ,on ! contr>y1 ,*ri/ himself _h 8 belov$ disciple1--"o :om he lov$ pre-em95tly1 & above all ! o!rs2 ?\gh he lov$ ! o!rs none ! less on t acc\nt4 ,we are b\nd to love our p>5ts1 our bro!rs1 our families fir/1 & above all o!r human be+s2 b we d n1 = ?is reason1 love o!rs any ! less4 ,a man is n only p]mitt$ to seek fir/ ! com=t & happ9ess ( 8 own family1 b if he neglect to d s1 he is worse ?an an infidel4 ,we are b\nd to protect our families aga9/ ! attacks ( o!rs2 &1 if necess>y = ! def5ce ( _! lives1 we are p]mitt$ to take ! life ( ! assailant2 nay m1 we are b\nd to d s4 ,b x does n foll[ t we hate him :om we ?us de/roy4 ,on ! contr>y1 we may feel compassion1 & ev5 love = him4 ,! magi/rate s5t5ces ! murd]] to suff] ! p5alty ( ! law2 & ! %]iff c>ries ! s5t5ce into execution by tak+1 9 due =m1 ! life ( ! prison]3 nev]!less1 bo? ! magi/rate & ! %]iff may h ! k9de/ feel+s t[>ds him :om !y ?us deprive ( life4 ,s x is 9 ! ext]nal affairs ( ! /ate4 ,next to my k9dr$ & my neighbors d ,i love my c\ntrym54 ,i love !m m ?an ,i d =eign]s1 because my int]e/s1 my feel+s1 my happ9ess1 my ties ( fri5d%ip & affection1 b9d me to !m m intimately ?an to ! =eign]4 ,i sympa?ize ) ! oppress$ ,greek1 & ! enslav$ ,african1 & will+ly contribute to _! relief1 al?\gh _! suff]+s affect me v remotely2 b if my own c\ntrym5 become oppress$ & enslav$1 ne>] & de>] int]e/s are affect$1 & peculi> duties spr+ f ! ties & affections :i* ,god has =m$4 ,if my c\ntrym5 be oppress$1 my neighbors & k9dr$ w be made unhappy & suff]+2 ?is ,i am b\nd to take all prop] measures 9 my p[] to prev5t4 ,if ! assailant _c be p]suad$ by argum5t to desi/ f 8 wick$ int5tions1 ,i unite ) my fell[-citiz5s 9 =cibly resi/+ 8 aggressions4 ,9 do+ ?is ,i am actuat$ by no feel+s ( hatr$ t[>ds ! ho/ile =ces2 ,i h 9 my he>t no malice1 no _s ( rev5ge2 ,i h no desire to h>m individuals1 except s f> z !y are made ! in/rum5ts ( oppression4 ,b z in/rum5ts ( evil1 ,i am b\nd to de/roy _! p[] to d h>m4 ,i d n %oot at my milit>y enemy f hatr$ or rev5ge2 ,i fight aga9/ him because ! p>am\nt int]e/s ( my c\ntry _c be secur$ )\t de/roy+ ! in/rum5t by :i* !y are assail$4 ,i am prohibit$ f ex]cis+ any p]sonal cruelty2 & aft] ! battle1 or z soon z ! enemy is r5d]$ h>mless1 he is to be treat$ ) k9dness1 & to be tak5 c>e ( equally ) ! w\nd$ fri5d4 ,all conduct to ! contr>y is reg>d$ by civiliz$ nations ) disapprobation4 ,t w> does n prop]ly beget p]sonal malignity b t1 on ! contr>y1 ! effects ( mutual k9dness & c\rtesy on ! battle-field1 frequ5tly h a b5eficial influ5ce 9 ! political ev5ts ( aft] ye>s1 may be %[n by innum]able examples 9 all hi/ory4 ,s\lt & ,well+ton 7 oppos+ g5]als 9 num]\s battles2 b :5 ! =m] visit$ ,engl& 9 #ahch1 he 0 receiv$ by ,well+ton & ! :ole ,briti% nation ) ! highe/ m>ks ( respect2 & ! mutual w>m? ( feel+ betwe5 ^! two di/+ui%$ m5 has contribut$ mu* to ! cont9uance ( fri5dly relations betwe5 ! two nations4 ,& a few ye>s ago1 :5 we seem$ br\ght1 by our civil au?orities1 almo/ to ! br9k ( w> by ! nor!a/]n b\nd>y difficulties1 ! pacific arrangem5ts conclud$1 ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ,g5]al ,scott1 betwe5 ! ,gov]nors ( ,ma9e & ,new ,brunswick1 7 ma9ly due to anci5t fri5d%ips contract$ by (fic]s ( ! cont5d+ armies dur+ our la/ w> ) ,great ,brita94 ,,iii4 ,x is grant$ t x w\ld be bett] = man 9 g5]al1 if w>s 7 aboli%$1 & all means1 bo? ( (f5ce & def5ce1 ab&on$4 ,n[1 ?is seems to me to admit1 t ?is is ! law "u :i* ,god has creat$ man4 ,b ?is be+ admitt$1 ! "q seems to be at an end2 = ,god nev] places man "u circum/ances 9 :i* x is ei!r wise1 or necess>y1 or innoc5t1 to violate 8 laws4 ,is x = ! advantage ( him :o lives among a community ( ?ieves1 to /eal2 or = "o :o lives among a community ( li>s1 to lie8 ,! fallacy ( ! above argum5t is s evid5t t x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out its logical defects4 ,my liv+ among a community ( ?ieves w\ld n ju/ify me 9 /eal+1 & c]ta9ly x w\ld be no reason :y ,i %\ld neglect ! security ( my prop]ty4 ,my liv+ among murd]]s w\ld n ju/ify me 9 committ+ murd]1 & on ! o!r h& x w\ld be no reason :y ,i %\ld n fight 9 ! def5ce ( my family1 if ! arm ( ! law 7 unable to protect !m4 ,t o!r nations c>ry on unju/ w>s is no reason :y we %\ld d likewise1 nor is x ( itself any reason :y we %\ld neglect ! means ( self-def5ce4 ,x may seem1 to u %ort-sight$ mortals1 bett] t we 7 plac$ 9 a _w :]e !re 7 no w>s1 or murd]s1 or !fts2 b ,god has se5 fit to ord] x o!rwise4 ,our duties & our relations to our fell[-m5 are made to suit ! _w z x is1 & n su* a _w z we w\ld make = ourselves4 ,we live among ?ieves3 we mu/ !re=e resort to =ce to protect our prop]ty--t is1 to locks1 & b>s1 & bolts2 we build walls ?ick & high betwe5 ! robb] & our m]*&ise4 ,& m3 we enact laws = 8 puni%m5t1 & employ civil (fic]s to =cibly seize ! guilty & inflict t degree ( puni%m5t necess>y = ! prev5tion ( o!r !fts & robb]ies4 ,we live among murd]]s3 if nei!r ! law nor ! ord9>y physical protections suffice = ! def5ce ( our own lives & ! lives ( our innoc5t fri5ds1 we =cibly resi/ ! murd]]1 ev5 to 8 dea?1 if ne$ be4 ,moreov]1 to det] o!rs f l crimes1 we inflict ! puni%m5t ( dea? ^u him :o has already tak5 life4 ,^! relations ( individuals & ( society are laid d[n by all e?ical writ]s z 9 accordance ) ! /ricte/ rules ( ,*ri/ian morality4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,wayl& consid]s x n only ! "r1 b ! duty ( individuals & ( society to resort to ^! means1 & to enact ^! laws = self-protection4 ,let u ext5d ! same c\rse ( reason+ to ! relations ( diff]5t societies4 ,we live among nations :o frequ5tly wage unju/ w>s2 :o1 disreg>d+ ! rights ( o!rs1 oppress & rob1 & ev5 murd] _! citiz5s1 9 ord] to rea* "s unrighte\s end4 ,z individuals1 we build f5ces & walls = ! protection ( our gr\nds & our m]*&ise2 s1 z a nation1 we build %ips & =ts to protect our comm]ce1 our h>bors1 & our cities4 ,b ! walls ( our h\ses & /ores are useless1 unless made s /rong & high t ! robb] _c break ?r\gh or scale !m )\t great ef=t & p]sonal dang]2 s our national %ips & =ts w\ld be utt]ly useless = protection1 unless fully arm$ & equipp$4 ,fur!r3 z individuals & z societies we employ civil (fic]s = ! protection ( our prop]ty & lives1 &1 :5 necess>y1 arm !m ) ! physical means ( execut+ ! laws1 ev5 ?\gh ! employm5t ( ^! means %\ld co/ human life4 ,! prev5tion & puni%m5t ( crime causes mu* human suff]+2 nev]!less ! good ( community requires t crime %\ld be prev5t$ & puni%$4 ,s1 z a nation1 we employ milit>y (fic]s to man our %ips & =ts1 to protect our prop]ty & our p]sons1 & to repel & puni% ^? :o seek to rob u ( our life1 lib]ty1 & pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,national aggressions are f> m t]rible 9 _! results ?an individual crime2 s also ! means ( prev5tion & puni%m5t are f> m /up5d\s1 & ! employm5t ( ^! means causes a f> great] am\nt ( human suff]+4 ,?is may be a good reason = great] caution 9 resort+ to su* means1 b assur$ly x is no argum5t aga9/ ! moral "r to use !m4 ,,iv4 ,w> is unju/ifiable because unnecess>y3 #a/4 ,! v fact t a nation reli$ solely ^u ! ju/ice ( its measures1 & ! b5evol5ce ( its conduct1 w\ld d m ?an any ?+ else to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( injury4 ,! moral s5tim5t ( e community w\ld rise 9 opposition to injury inflict$ ^u ! j ! k9d1 & ! m]ciful4 ,! moral duty ( nations 9 ?is respect is ! same z t ( individuals4 ,active b5evol5ce & =be>ance %\ld be employ$1 s f> z may be prop]2 b !re are po9ts at :i* =be>ance ceases to be a virtue4 ,if we entirely =be> to puni% ! ?ief1 ! robb]1 & ! murd]]1 ?9k y t crime w be dim9i%$8 ,reason & exp]i5ce prove ! contr>y4 ,active b5evol5ce & k9dness %\ld always att5d j puni%m5t1 b !y 7 nev] design$ to prohibit x4 ,! laws ( ,god's univ]se are f\nd$ on ju/ice z well z love4 ,! moral s5tim5t ( e community rises 9 opposition to injury inflict$ ^u ! j1 ! k9d1 & ! m]ciful2 b ?is fact does n entirely prev5t wick$ m5 f robb+ & murd]+ innoc5t p]sons1 & !re=e wise & j laws require t crim9als %all be puni%$1 9 ord] t ^? :o are dead to all moral re/ra9ts may be det]r$ f crime ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t4 #b;d4 ,b suppose ! national injury to be done4 ,i reply1 ! prop] appeal = moral be+s1 ^u moral que/ions1 is n to physical =ce1 b to ! consci5ces ( m54 ,let ! wrong be set =?1 b be set =? 9 ! _s ( love2 & 9 ?is mann]1 if 9 any1 w ! consci5ces ( m5 be ar\s$ to ju/ice4 ,argum5t1 & appeals to ! consci5ces ( m5 %\ld always be resort$ to 9 pref]5ce to physical =ce2 b :5 !y fail to det] ! wick$1 =ce mu/ be employ$4 ,i may reason ) ! robb] & ! murd]]1 to p]suade him to desi/ f 8 attempt to rob my h\se1 & murd] my family2 b if he refuse to li/5 to moral appeals1 ,i employ physical =ce1--,i call 9 ! /rong arm ( ! law to assi/ me2 & if no o!r means c be f\nd to save innoc5t life t is assail$1 ! life ( ! assailant mu/ be sacrific$4 ,if1 says ,puff5dorf1 "s "o treads ! laws ( peace "u 8 feet1 =m+ projects :i* t5d to my ru91 he c\ld n1 )\t ! highe/ degree ( impud5ce1 7impud5tissime17 pret5d t aft] ?is ,i %\ld consid] him z a sacr$ p]son1 :o ought n to be t\*$2 9 o!r words1 t ,i %\ld betray myself1 & ab&on ! c>e ( my own pres]vation1 9 ord] to give way to ! malice ( a crim9al1 t he may act ) impunity & ) full lib]ty4 ,on ! contr>y1 s9ce he %[s himself unsociable t[>ds me1 & s9ce he has plac$ himself 9 a position :i* does n p]mit me safely to practice t[>ds him ! duties ( peace1 ,i h only to ?9k ( prev5t+ ! dang] :i* m5aces me2 s t if ,i _c d ?is )\t hurt+ him1 he has to accuse himself only1 s9ce he has r$uc$ me to ?is necessity4 ,de ,jure ,nat4 et ,g5t1 lib4 ii41 *4 v41 #a4 ,?is same c\rse ( reason+ is also appli$ to ! duties ( a nation t[>ds its enemy 9 respect to w>4 #c;d4 ,b suppose ?is me?od fail4 ,:y1 !n1 let u suff] ! evil4 ,?is pr9ciple1 if appli$ to its full ext5t1 w\ld1 we believe1 be subv]sive ( all "r1 & soon place all p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ evil & wick$ m5 9 ! community4 ,reason ) ! nation t invades our soil1 & tramples "u foot our rights & lib]ties1 & %\ld x n desi/1 :y1 !n1 suff] ! evil6 ,reason ) ! murd]]1 & if he d n desi/1 :y1 !n1 suff] him to murd] our wives & our *ildr56 ,reason ) ! robb] & ! default]1 & if !y w n li/51 :y1 !n1 let !m take our prop]ty6 ,we _c appeal to ! c\rts1 = if _! decisions be n respect$1 !y employ =ce to compel ob$i5ce to _! m&ates4 ,b ,dr4 ,wayl& consid]s ! law ( b5evol5ce to =bid ! use ( =ce betwe5 m54 ,he =gets ?is1 x is true1 9 speak+ ( our duties t[>ds our fell[-m5 ( ! same society1 & ev5 all[s u to puni% ! murd]] ) dea?2 b t[>ds ! =eign] he requires a great] =be>ance & b5evol5ce ?an t[>ds our neighbor2 = if ano!r nation s5d its armies to oppress1 & rob1 & murd] u by ! ?\s&1 we h no "r to employ physical =ce ei!r to prev5t or to puni% !m1 ?\gh we may d s to prev5t or puni% a neighbor = an individual act ( ! same "*4 ,! great] ! scale ( crime1 !n1 ! less ! necessity ( resort+ to physical =ce to prev5t x6 #d?4 ,b x may be ask$1 :at is to prev5t repeat$ & cont9u$ aggression8 ,i answ]1 fir/1 n in/rum5ts ( de/ruction1 b ! moral pr9ciple :i* ,god has plac$ 9 ! bosom ( e man4 ,i ?9k t ob$i5ce to ! law ( ,god1 on ! "p ( ! injur$1 is ! sure/ prev5tive aga9/ ! repetition ( injury4 ,i answ]1 secondly1 suppose t act+ 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( b5evol5ce w n prev5t ! repetition ( injury1 w act+ on ! pr9ciple ( retaliation prev5t x8 ,aga92 ,i believe aggression f a =eign nation to be ! intimation f ,god t we are disobey+ ! law ( b5evol5ce1 & t ?is is 8 mode ( tea*+ nations _! duty1 9 ?is respect1 to ea* o!r4 ,s t aggression seems to me 9 no mann] to call = retaliation & injury1 b r to call = special k9dness & good-w4 ,?is argum5t1 if su* x c be call$1 is equally applicable to individual aggressions4 ,we are b\nd to reg>d !m z intimations ( our want ( b5evol5ce1 & to rew>d ! aggressors = ! intimations6 ,is x true1 t 9 ?is _w ! wick$ only are oppress$1 & t ! good are always ! prosp]$ & happy8 ,ev5 suppose ?is true1 & t ,i1 z a s9ful man1 des]ve ,god's ang]1 is ?is any reason :y ,i %\ld n resi/ ! assass91 & seek to br+ him to puni%m5t8 ,! :ole ( ?is argum5t ( ,dr4 ,wayl& applies ) mu* great] =ce to municipal c\rts ?an to w>4 ,v4 ,let u suppose a nation to ab&on all means bo? ( (f5ce & ( def5ce1 to lay aside all p[] ( inflict+ injury1 & to rely = self-pres]vation solely ^u ! ju/ice ( its own conduct1 & ! moral effect :i* su* a c\rse ( conduct w\ld produce ^u ! consci5ces ( m54 99 99 99 99 ,h[ w\ld su* a nation be protect$ f ext]nal attack1 & entire subjugation8 ,i answ]1 by adopt+ ! law ( b5evol5ce1 a nation w\ld r5d] su* an ev5t 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 ,! causes ( national w> are1 mo/ commonly1 ! love ( plund] & ! love ( glory4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is r>ely1 if ev]1 suffici5t to /imulate m5 to ! f]ocity necess>y to w>1 unless :5 assi/$ by ! second4 ,& by adopt+ z ! rule ( our conduct ! law ( b5evol5ce1 all motive aris+ f ! second cause is tak5 away4 ,!re is n a nation 9 ,europe t c\ld be l$ on to w> aga9/ a h>mless1 j1 =giv+1 & def5celess p4 ,hi/ory tea*es u t societies z well z individuals h be5 attack$ aga9 & aga9 not)/&+ t !y ei!r w\ld n or c\ld n def5d !mselves4 ,did ,mr4 ,:ite1 ( ,salem1 escape 8 murd]]s any ! m = be+ h>mless & def5celess8 ,did ! ,quak]s escape be+ attack$ & hung by ! anci5t ,new ,engl&]s any ! m because ( _! non-resi/+ pr9ciples8 ,h ! ,jews escap$ p]secutions ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom any ! m because ( _! imbecility & non-resi/ance = "s c5turies pa/8 ,pol& 0 comp>atively h>mless & def5celess :5 ! ?ree great ,european p[]s comb9$ to attack & de/roy ! entire nation1 divid+ betwe5 !mselves ! ,poli% t]ritory1 & enslav+ or driv+ into exile ! ,poli% p4 ,oh1 bloodie/ picture 9 ! book ( "t1 ,s>matia fell1 unwept1 )\t a crime6 ,we ne$ n multiply examples "u ?is head2 all hi/ory is fill$ ) !m4 ,let u to-morr[ de/roy our =ts & %ips ( w>1 disb& our army & navy1 & apply ! light$ tor* to our milit>y munitions & to our physical means ( def5ce ( e description2 let x be proclaim$ to ! _w t we w rely solely ^u ! consci5ces ( nations = ju/ice1 & t we h no long] ei!r ! w or ! ability to def5d ourselves aga9/ aggression4 ,?9k y t ! ,african & ,asiatic pirates w\ld refra91 any ! m1 f plund]+ our vessels trad+ to ,*9a1 because we _h adopt$ ! law ( b5evol5ce8 ,w\ld ,engl& be any ! m likely to compromise h] diff]5ces ) u1 or be any ! m dispos$ to refra9 f impress+ our seam5 & f se>*+ our m]*ant-%ips8 ,exp]i5ce %[s t an undef5d$ /ate1 kn[n to suff] e ?+1 soon becomes ! prey ( all o!rs1 & hi/ory mo/ abundantly proves ! wisdom & ju/ice ( ! words ( ,wa%+ton--,,if ,,we ,,desire ,,to ,,secure ,,peace1 ,,x ,,mu/ ,,be ,,kn[n ,,t ,,we ,,are ,,at ,,all ,,times ,,ready ,,= ,,w>4 ,b let u br+ ?is case /ill ne>] home4 ,let x be kn[n to-morr[ t ! p ( ,bo/on or ,new ,york h adopt$ ! /rictly non-resi/+ pr9ciple1 & t h]eaft] !y w rely solely on ! consci5ces ( m5 = ju/ice2 let x be proclaim$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( our ,union1 & ?r\gh\t ! _w1 t y h de/roy$ y\r jails & h\ses ( correction1 aboli%$ y\r police & executive law (fic]s1 t c\rts may decide ju/ice b w be all[$ no =ce to compel respect to _! decisions1 t y w no long] employ walls1 & b>s1 & locks1 to secure y\r prop]ty & ! virtue & lives ( y\r *ildr52 b t y w tru/ solely = protection to ! law ( active b5evol5ce4 ,?9k y t ! ?ieves1 & robb]s1 & murd]]s ( ,philadelphia1 & ,baltimore1 & ,new ,orleans1 & ! cities ( ! old _w1 w1 on ?is acc\nt1 refra9 f mole/+ ! peace ( ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 & t ! wick$ & ab&on$ m5 n[ 9 ^! cities1 w be ! m likely to turn f ! evil ( _! ways8 ,assur$ly1 if ?is law ( active b5evol5ce1 z ,dr4 ,wayl& d5om9ates ! rule ( non-resi/ance1 w prev5t nations f attack+ ! h>mless & def5celess1 x w be /ill m likely to prev5t individuals f ! l aggressions2 = ! moral s5se is less active 9 communities ?an :]e ! responsibility is individual & direct4 ,?r\gh\t ?is argum5t ,dr4 ,wayl& assumes t all w>s are w>s ( aggression1 wag$ = plund] or glory1 or ?r\gh hatr$ or rev5ge1 :]eas su* is f> f be+ true4 ,he inde$ sometimes speaks ( w> z be+ g5]ally ( ?is "*2 at o!rs he speaks ( x z be+ always und]tak5 ei!r f a _s ( aggression or retaliation4 ,take ei!r =m ( 8 argum5t1 & ! v]ie/ s*oolboy w\ld pron\nce x uns\nd3 viz41 ,all w>s are und]tak5 ei!r = aggression or retaliation2 ,aggression & retaliation are =bidd5 by ,god's laws2--!re=e1 ,all w>s are immoral & unju/ifiable4 ,or1 ,w>s are g5]ally und]tak5 ei!r = aggression or retaliation2 ,aggression & retaliation are =bidd5 by ,god's laws--!re=e1 ,all w>s are immoral & unju/ifiable4 ,,vi4 ,let any man reflect ^u ! am\nt ( pecuni>y exp5diture1 & ! awful wa/e ( human life1 :i* ! w>s ( ! la/ hundr$ ye>s h occasion$1 & !n we w ask him :e!r x be n evid5t1 t ! "o-hundr$? "p ( ?is exp5se & suff]+1 if employ$ 9 ! hone/ ef=t to r5d] mank9d wis] & bett]1 w\ld1 long be=e ?is "t1 h bani%$ w>s f ! e>?1 & r5d]$ ! civiliz$ _w l ! g>d5 ( ,ed58 ,if ?is be true1 x w foll[ t ! cultivation ( a milit>y _s is injuri\s to a community1 inasmu* z x aggravates ! s\rce ( ! evil1 ! corrupt passions ( ! human brea/1 by ! v mann] 9 :i* x attempts to correct ! evil itself4 ,mu* has be5 said to %[ t w> begets immorality1 & t ! cultivation ( ! milit>y _s has a corrupt+ influ5ce on community4 ,& memb]s ( ! cl]gy & ( ! b> h n unfrequ5tly s f> =gott51 if n tru? & fact1 at lea/ ! common c\rtesies & *>ities ( life1 z to attribute to ! milit>y pr(ession an unequal %>e ( immorality & crime4 ,we are decl>$ n only p>asites on ! body politic1 b pr(ess$ violators ( ,god's laws--m5 s degrad$1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 t 9 ! pursuit ( ju/ice we r5\nce ! human "* & assume t ( ! bea/s2 x is said t murd]1 robb]y1 rape1 arson1 !ft1 if only plait$ ) ! soldi]'s g>b1 g un:ipp$ ( ju/ice4#a ,x has nev] be5 ! habit ( ! milit>y to retort ^! *>ges ^u ! o!r pr(essions4 ,we pref] to leave !m unansw]$4 ,if demagogues on ! /ump1 or 9 ! legislative halls1 or 9 _! ,f\r? (-,july addresses1 c f9d no fitt] subjects to po9t a moral or adorn a tale1 we mu/ be cont5t to be> _! misrepres5tations & abuse4 ,footnote #a3 ,sumn]'s ,oration4 ,unju/ w>s1 z well z unju/ litigation1 are immoral 9 _! effects & also 9 _! cause4 ,b j w>s & j litigation are n demoraliz+4 ,suppose all w>s & all c\rts ( ju/ice to be aboli%$1 & ! wick$ nations z well z individuals to be suff]$ to commit injuries )\t opposition & )\t puni%m5t2 w\ld n immorality & unrighte\sness increase r ?an dim9i%8 ,few ev5ts r\se & elevate ! patriotism & public _s ( a nation s mu* z a j & patriotic w>4 ,x raises ! tone ( public morality1 & de/roys ! sordid selfi%ness & degrad+ submissiv5ess :i* s (t5 result f a long-protract$ peace4 ,su* 0 ! ,dut* w> ( indep5d5ce aga9/ ! ,spani>ds2 su* ! ,g]man w> aga9/ ! aggressions ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & ! ,fr5* w> aga9/ ! coalition ( #agib4 ,b )\t look+ abroad = illu/ration1 we f9d ample pro( 9 our own hi/ory4 ,c x be said t ! w>s ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution & ( #ahab1 7 demoraliz+ 9 _! effects8 ,:5ce d ,am]icans1 says ,dr4 ,lieb]1 habitually take _! be/ & pure/ examples ( all t is connect$ ) patriotism1 public _s1 devot$ness to common good1 purity ( motive & action1 if n f ! d>+ b& ( _! patriots ( ! ,revolution8 ,! pr9cipal actors 9 ! milit>y ev5ts ( ! ,revolution & ( #ahab1 held1 :ile liv+1 high political (fices 9 ! /ate1 & ! moral tone :i* !y d]iv$ f ^! w>s may be judg$ ( by ! "* /amp$ on _! adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,^! m5 h pass$ away1 & _! places h1 = "s "t1 be5 fill$ by m5 :o take _! moral tone f ! relations ( peace4 ,to ! true believ] 9 ! efficacy ( non-resi/ance1 & 9 ! demoraliz+ influ5ce ( all w>s1 h[ /rik+ ! contra/ betwe5 ^! diff]5t p]iods 9 our political hi/ory6 ,h[ inf9itely inf]ior to ! rul]s 9 lat] times 7 ^?1 :o1 9 ! bl9dness ( _! infatuation1 appeal$ to physical =ce1 r ?an surr5d] _! life1 lib]ty1 & pursuit ( happ9ess6 ,let u trace out ?is contra/3-- ,9 ! e>li] ages ( our republic1 & "u ! rule ( ^? ^: moral "* _h be5 corrupt$ by w>1 p>ty _s ran high] & 0 less pure ?an at lat] p]iods 9 our hi/ory4 ,! object ( ! pr9cipal lead]s ( ! great political p>ties 0 !n to r5d] ! op9ions ( ! opposite p>ty odi\s3 n[1 _! only object is to su/a9 _! own op9ions by argum5t4 ,!n1 ea* p>ty claim$ to itself an exclusive love ( c\ntry1 & /igmatiz$ ! o!r z ali5s & ! natural enemies ( ! /ate3 n[1 !y bo? practise great =be>ance1 love1 & *>ity1 t[>ds political oppon5ts4 ,!n1 m5 obta9$ place ?r\gh intrigue & corruption1 & a univ]sal scramble = ! loaves & fi%es ( (fice on ! "o side1 & a univ]sal political proscription on ! o!r1 7 reg>d$ z ! natural results ( an election3 n[1 ?is disgu/+ /rife = (fice has ceas$2 m5 no long] seek place1 b wait1 l ,c9c9natus1 to be call$ f _! pl\ghs2 & none are proscrib$ = op9ion's sake4 ,!n1 9 elect+ m5 to (fice ! mo/ important social & con/itutional pr9ciples 7 =gott5 or violat$3 n[1 we h ! augu/ spectacle ( a nation-*oos+ its rul]s "u ! guidance ( /rict moral pr9ciple4 ,!n1 ! halls ( congress 7 frequ5tly fill$ ) demagogues1 & tipl]s1 & ! small m5 ( community3 n[1 ! able/ & be/ ( ! c\ntry are always s\ght = z repres5tatives4 ,!n1 ! magnates ( p>ty 7 ! m]e timid1 temporiz+ slaves ( exp$i5cy1 look+1 n to ! ju/ice & wisdom ( _! measures1 b to _! probable popul>ity ) !n sneak+ tra9 ( foll[]s3 n[1 !y rely = respect & support ^u ! judgm5t ( ! hone/ & enlight5$4 ,!n1 ! rank & file ( p>ty 7 m]e political hirel+s1 :o sold _! manhood = place1 :o revil$ & glorifi$1 & %\t$ huzzas & :isp]$ calumnies1 j z !y 7 bidd52 !y c\ld fawn ^u ^? :o disp5s$ political patronage ) a cr++ s]vility t w\ld %ame ! c\rti]s ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 or ! p>asites & hirel+s ( ,walpole3 n[1 all political p>tisans1 d]iv+ _! moral tone f ! pip+ times ( peace1 are pure1 dis9t]e/$ patriots1 :o1 l ! ,roman f>m]1 take (fice ) great reluctance1 & resign x aga9 z soon z ! /ate c sp>e _! s]vices4 ,!n1 prize-fight]s1 & blacklegs1 & gambl]s1 hav+ =m$ !mselves into political clubs1 7 c\rt$ by m5 high 9 au?ority1 & rew>d$ = _! dirty & corrupt+ p>tisan s]vices by (fices ( tru/ & responsibility3 n[1 no man clo!d ) au?ority w\ld d>e to insult ! moral s5se ( community by receiv+ su* *>act]s 9 ! national c\ncils1 or by be/[+ public (fices ^u ^! corrupt & loa?some dregs ( society4 ,su*1 ! advocates ( non resi/ance w\ld p]suade u1 are ! legitimate results 9 ?is c\ntry ( w> on ! "o h& & ( a long-protract$ peace on ! o!r4 ,b !re are m5 ( less vivid imag9ations1 &1 p]haps1 ( visions less di/ort$ by fanatical zeal1 :o fail to p]ceive ^! results1 & :o ev5 ?9k !y see ! rev]se ( all ?is4 ,^! m5 _c p]ceive any ?+ 9 ! lives ( ,wa%+ton1 ,hamilton1 & ,knox1 to %[ t !y 7 ! less virtu\s because !y _h borne arms 9 _! c\ntry's s]vice3 !y ev5 fail to p]ceive ! injuri\s effects ( ! cultivation ( a milit>y _s on ! milit>y /ud5ts ( ,we/ ,po9t1 ^: graduates1 !y ?9k1 w comp>e favorably 9 moral "* ) ! graduates ( ,yale & ,cambridge4 ,nay1 m1 "s ev5 g s f> z to say t our army1 z a body1 is no less moral ?an ! correspond+ classes 9 civil life2 t our common soldi]s are z seldom guilty ( riots1 !fts1 robb]ies1 & murd]s1 z simil>ly educat$ m5 engag$ 9 o!r pursuits2 t our milit>y (fic]s are n inf]ior 9 moral "* to our civil (fic]s1 & t1 z a class1 !y w comp>e favorably ) any o!r class ( pr(essional m5--) lawy]s1 = example4 ,9 ju/ification ( ^! op9ions--:i* may1 p]haps1 be deem$ s+ul>ly errone\s--!y say1 t 9 ! _m millions ( public money exp5d$ dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s1 by milit>y (fic]s1 = ! army1 = milit>y def5ces1 & = int]nal improvem5ts1 b a s+le graduate ( ,we/ ,po9t has prov$ a default]1 ev5 to ! smalle/ sum1 & t x is exce$+ly r>e to see an (fic] ( ! army br\ght into c\rt = violat+ ! laws4 ,b ev5 suppose x true t armies necess>ily diffuse immorality ?r\gh community1 is x n equally true t habitual submission to ! inju/ice1 plund]1 & insult ( =eign conqu]ors w\ld t5d /ill m to degrade & demoralize any p8 ,) reg>d to pecuni>y exp5ditures requir$ 9 milit>y def5ce1 _m absurd z well z false /atem5ts h be5 put =?4 ,) respect to our own c\ntry1 ! entire am\nts exp5d$1 "u ! head ( w> dep>tm5t1 :e!r = ,indian p5sions1 = ! pur*ase ( ,indian l&s1 ! con/ruction ( gov]nm5t roads1 ! improvem5t ( riv]s & h>bors1 ! build+ ( breakwat]s & sea-walls1 = ! pres]vation ( prop]ty1 ! survey+ ( public l&s1 c41 c42 9 f9e1 e exp5diture made by (fic]s ( ! army1 "u ! w> dep>tm5t1 is put d[n z exp5ses = milit>y def5ce4 ,simil> mis/atem5ts are made ) respect to =eign c\ntries3 = example1 ! new =tifications ( ,p>is are said to h already co/ f fifty to sev5ty-five millions ( doll>s1 & z mu* m is said to be requir$ to complete !m4 ,inde$1 we h se5 ! :ole e/imat$ co/ ( ^? works /at$ at two hundr$ & =ty millions ( doll>s1 or twelve hundr$ millions ( francs6 ,! facts are ^!3 ! works1 :5 done1 w h co/ ab\t tw5ty-eight millions4 ,we _h ! pleasure ( exam9+ !m n long s9ce1 9 company ) sev]al ( ! eng9e] (fic]s employ$ on ! works4 ,!y 7 !n ?ree-f\r?s done1 & _h co/ ab\t tw5ty millions4 ,we 7 assur$ by ^! (fic]s t ! =tifications prop] w\ld be complet$ = some:at less ?an ! orig9al e/imate ( tw5ty-eight millions4 ,_h we "t to ent] into details1 o!r examples ( exagg]ation & misrepres5tation c\ld be giv54 ,b x is n to be d5i$ t w>s & ! means ( milit>y def5ce h co/ va/ am\nts ( money4 ,s also h litigation & ! means deem$ requisite = ma9ta9+ ju/ice betwe5 individuals4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t we h 9 ?is c\ntry1 at ! pres5t "t1 ?irty ?\s& lawy]s1 )\t includ+ pettifogg]s4 ,all[+ ea* ( ^! to co/ ! c\ntry ! av]age sum ( "o ?\s& doll>s1 & we h ! annual co/ to ! c\ntry1 = lawy]s1 ?irty millions ( doll>s4 ,add to ?is ! co/ ( legislative halls & legislators = mak+ laws2 ( c\rt-h\ses1 jails1 police (fices1 judges ( ! diff]5t c\rts1 m>%als1 %]iffs ju/ices ( ! peace1 con/ables1 cl]ks1 witnesses1 c41 employ$ to apply & en=ce ! laws :5 made2 ! p]sonal loss ( "t ( ! diff]5t pla9tiffs & def5dants1 ! individual anxiety & suff]+ produc$ by litigation2 add all ^! toge!r1 & ,i d\bt n ! result = a s+le ye> w some:at a/oni% ^! mod]n economi/s4 ,b if all ! exp5ditures ( ?is nature t h be5 made = ! la/ fifty ye>s1 9 ?is individual w> ( hate1 be add$ toge!r1 we h no d\bt a v fruitful text might be obta9$ = prea*+ a crusade aga9/ law & lawy]s6 ,b c\ld any sane man be f\nd to say t1 on acc\nt ( ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ !m1 all laws & lawy]s are useless & %\ld be aboli%$8 ,if1 !re=e1 ^! va/ sums ( money are deem$ necess>y to secure ju/ice betwe5 individuals ( ! same nation1 c we expect t ! means ( int]national ju/ice c be ma9ta9$ )\t exp5ditures comm5surate ) ! object 9 view8 ,if we _c rely exclusively ^u ! law ( active b5evol5ce = ma9ta9+ ju/ice betwe5 bro!rs ( ! same c\ntry1 c we hope t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 /rang]s & =eign]s w be m ready to comply ) its requisitions8 ,! l5g? ( ! prec$+ rem>ks admoni%es u to great] brevity 9 ! fur!r discussion ( ?is subject4 ,x is object$ to w>1 t m5 be+ rational be+s1 %\ld cont5d ) "o ano!r by argum5t1 & n by =ce1 z d ! brutes4 ,to ?is x is answ]$1 t =ce prop]ly beg9s only :]e argum5t ends4 ,if he :o has wrong$ me _c be p]suad$ to make re/itution1 ,i apply to ! c\rt1--t is1 to legal =ce1--to compel him to d me ju/ice4 ,s nations ought to resort to milit>y =ce only :5 all o!r means fail to prev5t aggression & injury4 ,b w> (t5 fails to procure r$ress ( grievances1 or to prev5t repeat$ & cont9u$ aggression4 ,s does a resort to civil =ce2 b su* a resort is none ! less prop] & j on t acc\nt4 ,b 9 w> ! innoc5t p>ty is sometimes ! suff]]1 :ile ! guilty triumph4 ,s x (t5 is 9 civil life3 ,god1 = "s wise purpose1 sometimes p]mits ! wick$ to triumph = a season4 ,b 9 all w>s "o p>ty mu/ be 9 ! wrong1 & frequ5tly ! w> is unju/ on bo? sides4 ,s 9 suits at law1 "o p>ty is necess>ily wrong1 & frequ5tly bo? resort to ! civil tribunals 9 hopes ( atta9+ unrighte\s ends4 ,b nations d n resort to tribunals1 l individuals1 to settle _! diff]5ces4 ,= ! reason t x is believ$ a tribunal ( ?is "*--a congress ( nations1 z x has be5 call$1--w\ld be m productive ( evil ?an ( good4 ,by su* an arrangem5t ! old & p[]ful ,european mon>*ies w\ld acquire ! au?ority to int]f]e 9 ! dome/ic affairs ( ! weak] p[]s4 ,we see ! effects ( e/abli%+ su* a tribunal 9 ! s-call$ ,holy ,alliance1 ^: influ5ce is reg>d$ by ! fri5ds ( lib]ty z little less dang]\s ?an ! ,holy ,inquisition4 ,moreov]1 su* a tribunal w\ld n prev5t w>1 = milit>y =ce w\ld /ill be resort$ to to en=ce its decisions4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 x is deem$ bett] & saf] to rely on ! pres5t sy/em ( ,int]national ,law4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 & 9 ?is c\ntry1 a resort to ! arbitram5t ( w> is n ! result ( impulse & passion1--a yield+ to ! m]e be/ial prop5sities ( our nature2 x is a delib]ate & solemn act ( ! legislative p[]1--( ! repres5tatives ( ! national m9d1 conv5$ z ! high c\ncil ( ! p4 ,x is ?is p[] :i* mu/ det]m9e :5 all j & honorable means h be5 resort$ to to obta9 national ju/ice1 & :5 a resort to milit>y =ce is requisite & prop]4 ,if ?is decision be necess>ily un*ri/ian & b>b>\s1 su*1 also1 %\ld we expect to be ! "* ( o!r laws pass$ by ! same body1 & "u ! same circum/ances4 ,a decl>ation ( w>1 9 ?is c\ntry1 is a law ( ! l&1 made by a delib]ative body1 "u ! high sanction ( ! con/itution4 ,x is true t su* a law may be unju/ & wrong1 b we c sc>cely agree t x w necess>ily be s4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 w>1 z ?us duly decl>$1 & int]national ,lyn*-law is too evid5t to ne$ comm5t4 ,b x is said t ! b5efits ( w> are m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! evils x entails1 & t1 mo/ commonly1 ! v means by :i* we repel a despotism f abroad1 only e/abli%es ov] u a milit>y despotism at home4 ,mu* has be5 said & writt5 ab\t milit>y despotism2 b we ?9k he :o /udies hi/ory ?or\ghly1 w n fail to pref] a milit>y despotism to a despotism ( m]e politicians4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( ,alex&] & ,*>lemagne 7 inf9itely pref]able to ^? ( ! petty civil tyrants :o prec$$ & foll[$ !m2 & !re is no "o s bl9d$ by prejudice z to say t ! reign ( ,napoleon 0 no bett] ?an t ( ,robespi]re1 ,danton1 & ! o!r lawy]s :o prec$$ him1 or ( ! ,b\rbons1 = :om he 0 de?ron$4 ,cs>1 says a di/+ui%$ s5ator ( our own c\ntry1 0 rightfully kill$ = conspir+ aga9/ 8 c\ntry2 b x 0 n he t de/roy$ ! lib]ties ( ,rome4 ,t "w 0 done by ! pr(ligate politicians )\t him1 & be=e 8 "t2 & 8 dea? did n re/ore ! republic4 ,!re 7 no m elections3 rott5 politicians _h de/roy$ !m2 & ! nephew ( ,cs>1 z heir to 8 uncle1 succe$$ to ! empire on ! pr9ciple ( h]$it>y succession4 ,& "h ,hi/ory appe>s 9 h] gr& & in/ructive "*1 z ,philosophy tea*+ by example3 & let u n be s5seless to h] w>n+ voice4 ,sup]ficial read]s believe x 0 ! milit>y m5 :o de/roy$ ! ,roman republic6 ,no su* ?+6 ,x 0 ! politicians :o did x6--facti\s1 corrupt1 intrigu+ politicians--de/roy+ public virtue 9 _! mad pursuit aft] (fice--de/roy+ _! rivals by crime--deceiv+ & debau*+ ! p = votes--& br++ elections into contempt by ! frauds & viol5ce ) :i* !y 7 conduct$4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,grac*i !re 7 no elections t c\ld be> ! "n4 ,conf$]ate & rott5 politicians b\ght & sold ! consul%ip4 ,intrigue & ! dagg] dispos$ ( rivals4 ,fraud1 viol5ce1 bribes1 t]ror1 & ! plund] ( ! public treasury comm&$ votes4 ,! p _h no *oice2 & long be=e ! "t ( ,cs>1 no?+ rema9$ ( republican gov]nm5t b ! "n & ! abuse4 ,read ,plut>*4 ,9 ! ',life ( ,cs>1' & n ?ree pages be=e ! cross+ ( ! ,rubicon1 he pa9ts ! ru9$ /ate ( ! elections1--%[s t all elective gov]nm5t 0 gone1--t ! h]$it>y =m _h become a necess>y relief f ! conte/s ( ! corrupt1--& t 9 *oos+ betwe5 ,pompey & ,cs>1 _m pref]r$ ,pompey1 n because !y ?\ght him republican1 b because !y ?\ght he w\ld make ! mild] k+4 ,ev5 arms 7 b a small "p ( ,cs>'s reliance1 :5 he cross$ ! ,rubicon4 ,gold1 /ill m ?an ! sword1 0 8 dep5d5ce2 & he s5t =w>d ! accumulat$ treasures ( plund]$ ,gaul1 to be p\r$ into ! laps ( rott5 politicians4 ,!re 0 no long] a popul> gov]nm5t2 & 9 tak+ all p[] himself1 he only took advantage ( ! /ate ( ?+s :i* pr(ligate politicians _h produc$4 ,9 ?is he 0 culpable1 & paid ! =feit ) 8 life4 ,b 9 contemplat+ 8 fate1 let u nev] =get t ! politicians _h und]m9$ & de/roy$ ! republic1 be=e he came to seize & to ma/] x4 ,we c\ld po9t to num]\s in/ances1 :]e ! b5efits ( w> h m ?an comp5sat$ = ! evils :i* att5d$ x2 b5efits n only to ! g5]ations :o engag$ 9 x1 b also to _! desc5dants = long ages4 ,_h ,rome adopt$ ! non-resi/ance pr9ciple :5 ,hannibal 0 at h] gates1 we %\ld n[ be 9 ! night ( ,african ignorance & b>b>ism1 in/ead ( enjoy+ ! b5efits ( ,roman le>n+ & ,roman civilization4 ,_h ,france adopt$ ?is pr9ciple :5 ! alli$ armies invad$ h] t]ritories 9 #agib1 h] fate _h foll[$ t ( ,pol&4 ,_h our ance/ors adopt$ ?is pr9ciple 9 #aggf1 :at n[ _h be51 ?9k y1 ! "* & condition ( our c\ntry8 ,dr4 ,lieb]'s rem>ks on ?is po9t are peculi>ly j & apposite4 ,! cont9u$ ef=ts1 says he1 requisite = a nation to protect !mselves aga9/ ! ev]-repeat$ attacks ( a pr$atory foe1 may be inf9itely great] ?an ! evils entail$ by a s+le & en]getic w>1 :i* =ev] secures peace f t side4 ,nor w x be d5i$1 ,i suppose1 t ,niebuhr is "r :5 he obs]ves1 t ! advantage to ,rome ( hav+ conqu]$ ,sicily1 z to p[] & national vigor1 0 und5iable4 ,b ev5 if x 7 n s1 are !re no o!r advantages to be secur$8 ,no human m9d is va/ en\gh to compreh5d 9 "o glance1 nor is any human life long en\gh to foll[ out consecutively1 all ! immeasurable bless+s & ! unspeakable good :i* h resolv$ to mank9d f ! ev]-memorable victories ( little ,greece ov] ! roll+ masses ( s]vile ,asia1 :i* 7 nigh sweep+ ov] ,europe l ! high tides ( a swoll5 sea1 c>ry+ its *ok+ s& ov] all ! g]ms ( civilization1 lib]ty1 & ta/e1 & ne>ly all t is good & noble4 ,?9k :at we %\ld h be5 _h ,europe become an ,asiatic prov9ce1 & ! ,ea/]n pr9ciples ( p[] & /agnation %\ld h become deeply infus$ into h] population1 s t no process ev] aft] c\ld h ?r[n x out aga96 ,has no advantage result$ f ! ,hebrews decl9+ any long] to be gr\nd 9 ! du/1 & ultimately annihilat$1 at lea/ m5tally s1 by /ifl+ s]vitude1 & ! w>s :i* foll[$ _! resolution8 ,! ,ne!rl&s w> ( indep5d5ce has _h a p5etrat+ & decid$ effect ^u mod]n hi/ory1 &1 9 ! eye ( all :o value ! mo/ sub/antial p>ts & elem5t>y ideas ( mod]n & civil lib]ty1 a highly advantage\s "o1 bo? directly & ?r\gh ,great ,brita94 ,w>s h frequ5tly be51 9 ! h&s ( ,provid5ce1 ! means ( dissem9at+ civilization1 if c>ri$ on by a civiliz$ p--z 9 ! case ( ,alex&]1 ^: w>s _h a mo/ decid$ effect ^u ! int]c\rse ( m5 & ext5sion ( civilization--or ( r\s+ & reunit+ p :o _h fall5 into le?>gy1 if attack$ by less civiliz$ & num]\s hordes4 ,frequ5tly we f9d 9 hi/ory t ! rud] & victori\s tribe is made to recov] z x 7 civilization1 already on ! wane ) a ref9$ nation4 ,p>adoxical z x may seem at fir/ glance1 x is1 nev]!less1 amply prov$ by hi/ory1 t ! close/ contact & consequ5t ex*ange ( ?\ght & produce & enl>gem5t ( k1 betwe5 two o!rwise sev]$ nations1 is frequ5tly produc$ by w>4 ,w> is a /ruggle1 a /ate ( suff]+2 b z su*1 at times1 only t /ruggl+ process )\t :i*--9 proportion to ! good to be obta9$1 or1 z w\ld be a bett] expression = _m cases1 to ! good t is to be borne--no great & ess5tial good falls ev] to ! %>e ( man4 ,suff]+1 m]ely z suff]+1 is n an evil4 ,our religion1 philosophy1 e day's exp]i5ce1 prove x4 ,no mat]nal rejoic+ bright5s up a "m's eve )\t ! anxiety ( labor4 ,"o ^w m1 & we mu/ leave ?is subject4 ,x has be5 said by "s t ! duties ( patriotism are less b9d+ ^u u ?an ^u our ance/ors2 t1 :atev] may h be5 ! practice 9 ye>s t are pa/ ! pres5t g5]ation c 9 no mann] be> arms 9 _! c\ntry's cause1 su* a c\rse be+ n only di%onorable1 b 9 ! eye ( ! ,*ri/ian1 wick$1 & ev5 infam\s6 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t su* are n ! g5]al op9ions & s5tim5ts ( ! religi\s p ( ?is c\ntry4 ,our =efa!rs light$ ! fires ( ,religion & ,patriotism at ! same alt>2 x is believ$ t _! desc5dants h n all[$ ei!r to be ext+ui%$1 b t bo? /ill burn1 & w cont9ue to burn1 ) a pur] & bright] flame4 ,our =efa!rs 7 n ! less m9dful ( _! duty to _! ,god1 because !y also fai?fully s]v$ _! c\ntry4 ,if we are call$ ^u to excel !m 9 works ( *>ity1 ( b5evol5ce1 & ( ,*ri/ian virtue1 let x n be said ( u t we h =gott5 ! virtue ( patriotism4#b ,footnote #b3 ,= fur!r discussion ( ?is subject ! read] is ref]r$ to ,lieb]'s ,political ,e?ics1 ,"p ,,ii41 book vii4 *ap4 #c2 ,paley's ,moral & ,political ,philosophy2 ,leg>e's ,report ( ,june #ac1 #ahch1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 ,mack9to%'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,revolution ( #afhh1 *ap4 x42 ,bynk]%ock2 ,vatel2 ,puff5dorf2 ,clausewitz2 & mo/ o!r writ]s on int]national law & ! laws ( w>4 ,dr4 ,wayl&'s view ( ! "q is advocat$ ) mu* zeal by ,dymond 9 8 ,inquiry into ! ,accordancy ( ,w> ) ! ,pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity2 ,jay's ,peace & ,w>2 ,judd's ,s]mon on ,peace & ,w>2 ,peabody's ,address1 c42 ,c\e's ,tract on ,:at is ! ,use ( ! ,navy8 ,sumn]'s ,true ,gr&eur ( ,nations4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,/rategy ,w> has be5 def9$1 ,a conte/ betwe5 nations & /ates c>ri$ on by =ce4 ,b ?is def9ition is by "s consid]$ defective1 inasmu* z x w\ld exclude all civil w>s4 ,:5 w> is comm5c$ by attack+ a nation 9 peace1 x is call$ (f5sive1 & :5 und]tak5 to repel invasion1 or ! attacks ( an enemy1 x is call$ def5sive4 ,a w> may be ess5tially def5sive ev5 :]e we beg9 x1 if int5d$ to prev5t an attack or invasion :i* is "u prep>ation4 ,besides ?is g5]al division ( w>1 milit>y writ]s h made num]\s o!rs1 su* z-- ,w>s ( int]v5tion1 9 :i* "o /ate int]f]es 9 favor ( ano!r4 ,?is int]v5tion may ei!r h respect to ! int]nal or to ! ext]nal affairs ( a nation4 ,! int]f]5ce ( ,russia 9 ! affairs ( ,pol&1 ( ,engl& 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,india1 ,au/ria & ! alli$ p[]s 9 ! affairs ( ,france dur+ ! ,revolution & "u ! empire1 are examples "u ! fir/ head4 ,! int]v5tion ( ! ,elector ,maurice ( ,saxony aga9/ ,*>les ,v41 ( ,k+ ,william aga9/ ,l\is ,,xiv41 9 #afhh1 ( ,russia & ,france 9 ! sev5 ye>s' w>1 ( ,russia aga9 betwe5 ,france & ,au/ria1 9 #ahje1 & betwe5 ,france & ,prussia1 9 #ahjf1 are examples "u ! second head4 ,mo/ lib]al-publici/s consid] int]v5tion 9 ! int]nal affairs ( nations z indef5sible2 b ! pr9ciple is support$ by ! advocates ( ! old mon>*ies ( ,europe4 ,w>s ( insurrection to ga9 or to rega9 lib]ty2 z 0 ! case ) ! ,am]icans 9 #aggf1 & ! mod]n ,greeks 9 #ahba4 ,w>s ( indep5d5ce f =eign dictation & control z ! w>s ( ,pol& aga9/ ,russia1 ( ! ,ne!rl&s aga9/ ,spa91 ( ,france aga9/ ! sev]al coalitions ( ! alli$ p[]s1 ( ! ,spani% ,p59sula aga9/ ,france & ( ,*9a & ,india aga9/ ,engl&4 ,! ,am]ican w> ( #ahab p>took l>gely ( ?is "*1 & "s judici\s hi/orians h d5om9at$ x ! w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f ! w> ( ! ,revolution4 ,w>s ( op9ion1 l ^? :i* ! ,v5deans h su/a9$ 9 support ( ! ,b\rbons1 & ^? ,france has su/a9$ aga9/ ! allies1 z also ^? ( propag&ism1 wag$ aga9/ ! small] ,european /ates by ! republican hordes ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,to ?is class also belong-- ,religi\s w>s1 l ^? ( ,islamism1 ( ! crusades1 & ( ! ,re=mation4 ,w>s ( conque/1 l ^? ( ! ,romans 9 ,gaul1 ( ! ,engli% 9 ,india1 ( ! ,fr5* 9 ,egypt & ,africa1 & ( ! ,russians 9 ,circassia4 ,national w>s1 9 :i* ! great body ( ! p ( a /ate engage1 l ^? ( ! ,swiss aga9/ ,au/ria & ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 ( ! ,catalans 9 #agab1 ( ! ,am]icans aga9/ ,engl&1 ( ! ,dut* aga9/ ,phillip ,,ii41 & ( ! ,poles & ,circassians aga9/ ,russia4 ,civil w>s1 :]e "o portion ( ! /ate fights aga9/ ! o!r1 z ! w> ( ! ,roses 9 ,engl&1 ( ! league 9 ,france1 ( ! ,guelphs & ,ghibel9es 9 ,italy1 & ( ! factions 9 ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is n ! pres5t int5tion to ent] into any discussion ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( w>1 b r to consid] ! g5]al subject1 & to discuss su* g5]al pr9ciples & rules z may be applicable to all w>s4 ,w> 9 its mo/ ext5sive s5se may be reg>d$ bo? z a sci5ce & an art4 ,x is a sci5ce s f> z x inve/igates g5]al pr9ciples & in/itutes an analysis ( milit>y op]ations2 & an art :5 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! practical rules = conduct+ campaigns1 sieges1 battles1 c4 ,s is eng9e]+ a sci5ce s f> z x inve/igates ! g5]al pr9ciples ( =tification1 & also artill]y1 9 analyz+ ! pr9ciples ( gunn]y2 b bo? are arts :5 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! practical rules = ! con/ruction1 attack1 & def5ce ( =ts1 or = ! use ( cannon4 ,?is di/9ction has n always be5 obs]v$ by writ]s on ?is subject1 & "s h ass]t$ t /rategy is ! sci5ce1 & tactics ! art ( w>4 ,?is is evid5tly mi/ak+ ! g5]al di/9ction betwe5 sci5ce1 :i* inve/igates pr9ciples1 & art1 :i* =ms practical rules4 ,9 popul> language1 h[ev]1 x is usual to speak ( ! milit>y art :5 we ref] to ! g5]al subject ( w>1 & ( ! milit>y sci5ces :5 we wi% to call att5tion m p>ticul>ly to ! sci5tific pr9ciples ^u :i* ! art is f\nd$4 ,we %all "h consid] ! milit>y art 9 ?is g5]al s5se1 z includ+ ! entire subject ( w>4 ,z ?us def9$1 ! milit>y art may be divid$ into f\r di/9ct bran*es1 viz43 #a/4 ,/rategy2 #b;d4 ,=tification1 or ,eng9e]+2 #c;d4 ,logi/ics2 #d?4 ,tactics4 ,sev]al g5]al treatises on ?is art add ano!r bran*1 call$ ,! ,policy ( ,w>1 or ! relations ( w> ) ! affairs ( /ate4 ,/rategy is def9$ to be ! art ( direct+ masses on decisive po9ts1 or ! ho/ile movem5ts ( armies beyond ! range ( ea* o!r's cannon4 ,eng9e]+ embraces all dispositions made to enable troops to resi/ a sup]ior =ce ! longe/ "t possible2 & also ! means resort$ to by ! oppos+ army to ov]come ^! mat]ial ob/acles4 ,logi/ics embraces ! practical details ( mov+ & supply+ armies4 ,tactics is ! art ( br++ troops into action1 or ( mov+ !m 9 ! pres5ce ( an enemy1 t is1 )9 8 view1 & )9 ! rea* ( 8 artill]y4 ,all ^! are mo/ intimately connect$4 ,a fault 9 tactics may occasion ! loss ( /rategic l9es2 ! be/ comb9$ manoeuvres on ! field ( battle may lead to no decisive results1 :5 ! position1 or ! direction ( ! op]ation is n /rategic2 sometimes n only battles1 b entire campaigns1 are lo/ ?r\gh neglect ( ! eng9e]'s art1 or faults 9 8 dispositions2 aga91 armies w\ld be ( little use )\t ! requisite means ( locomotion & ( subsi/5ce4 #a4 ,/rategy reg>ds ! !atre ( w>1 r ?an ! field ( battle4 ,x selects ! important po9ts 9 ?is !atre1 & ! l9es ( communication by :i* !y may be rea*$2 x =ms ! plan & arranges ! g5]al op]ations ( a campaign2 b x leaves x to ! eng9e]s to ov]come mat]ial ob/acles & to erect new ones2 x leaves to logi/ics ! means ( support+ armies & ( mov+ !m on ! *os5 l9es2 & to tactics1 ! p>ticul> dispositions = battle1 :5 ! armies h rea*$ ! de/9$ po9ts4 ,x is well to keep 9 m9d ^! di/9ctions1 :i* may be r5d]$ /ill m obvi\s by a few illu/rations4 ,! po9t :]e sev]al l9es ( communications ei!r int]sect or meet1 & ! c5tre ( an arc :i* is occupi$ by ! enemy1 are /rategic po9ts2 b tactics w\ld reject a position equally accessible on all sides1 especially ) its flanks expos$ to attack4 ,sempronius at ,trebbia & ,v>ro at ,cannae1 s plac$ _! armies t ! ,c>?ag5ians attack$ !m1 at ! same "t1 9 front1 on ! flanks1 & 9 re>2 ! ,roman consuls 7 defeat$3 b ! c5tral /rategic position ( ,napoleon at ,rivoli 0 em95tly successful4 ,at ! battle ( ,au/]litz ! allies _h project$ a /rategic movem5t to _! left1 9 ord] to cut (f ,napoleon's "r f ,vi5na2 ,weyro!r aft]w>ds *ang$ 8 plans1 & execut$ a correspond+ tactical movem5t4 ,by ! =m] !re _h be5 "s *ance ( success1 b ! latt] expos$ him to inevitable de/ruction4 ,! little =t ( ,ko5ig/51 f its advantage\s position1 0 m useful to ! ,fr5*1 9 #ahac1 ?an ! va/ works ( ,dresd54 ,! little =t ( ,b>d1 ) its h&ful ( m51 0 ne> defeat+ ! op]ations ( ,napoleon 9 #ahjj1 by hold+ 9 *eck 8 entire army2 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ill-advis$ l9es ( ,tic9o1 9 #agjf1 caus$ an army ( #gh1jjj ,fr5* to be defeat$ by only #dj1jjj m5 "u ,pr9ce ,eug5e ( ,savoy4 ,w>1 z has already be5 said1 may be ei!r (f5sive or def5sive4 ,if ! attack+ army be direct$ aga9/ an entire /ate1 x becomes a w> ( invasion4 ,if only a prov9ce1 or a milit>y position1 or an army1 be attack$1 x is simply reg>d$ z tak+ ! initiative 9 (f5sive movem5ts4 ,(f5sive w> is ord9>ily mo/ advantage\s 9 its moral & political influ5ce4 ,x is wag$ on a =eign soil1 & !re=e sp>es ! c\ntry ( ! attack+ =ce2 x augm5ts its own res\rces at ! same "t t x dim9i%es ^? ( ! enemy2 x adds to ! moral c\rage ( its own army1 :ile x di%e>t5s its oppon5ts4 ,a w> ( invasion may1 h[ev]1 h also its disadvantages4 ,its l9es ( op]ation may become too deep1 :i* is always haz>d\s 9 an enemy's c\ntry4 ,all ! natural & artificial ob/acles1 su* z m\nta9s1 riv]s1 defiles1 =tifications1 c41 are favorable = def5ce1 b difficult to be ov]come by ! invad]4 ,! local au?orities & inhabitants oppose1 in/ead ( facilitat+ 8 op]ations2 & if patriotism animate ! def5sive army to fight = ! indep5d5ce ( its ?reat5$ c\ntry1 ! w> may become long & bloody4 ,b if a political div]sion be made 9 favor ( ! invad+ =ce1 & its op]ations be att5d$ ) success1 x /rikes ! enemy at ! he>t1 p>alyzes all 8 milit>y en]gies1 & deprives him ( 8 milit>y res\rces1 ?us promptly t]m9at+ ! conte/4 ,reg>d$ simply z ! initiative ( movem5ts1 ! (f5sive is almo/ always ! pref]able "o1 z x enables ! g5]al to *oose 8 l9es = mov+ & conc5trat+ 8 masses on ! decisive po9t4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important rule 9 (f5sive w> is1 to keep y\r =ces z mu* conc5trat$ z possible4 ,?is w n only prev5t mis=tune1 b secure victory1--s9ce1 by its necess>y op]ation1 y possess ! p[] ( ?r[+ y\r :ole =ce ^u any expos$ po9t ( y\r enemy's position4 ,to ?is g5]al rule "s writ]s h laid d[n ! foll[+ exceptions3-- #a/4 ,:5 ! food & =age ( ! neighborhood 9 :i* y act h be5 exhau/$ & de/roy$1 & y\r magaz9es are1 f any cause1 unable to supply ! defici5cy1 "o ( two ?+s mu/ be done2 ei!r y mu/ g to places :]e ^! articles ab\nd1 or y mu/ draw f !m y\r supplies by deta*m5ts4 ,! =m] is r>ely compatible ) y\r plan1 & necess>ily ret>ds its execution2 & h5ce ! pref]5ce :i* is g5]ally giv5 to ! latt]4 #b;d4 ,:5 re9=cem5ts are ab\t to jo9 y1 & ?is c only be effect$ by a m>* ?r\gh a c\ntry actually occupi$ by ho/ile corps1 or liable to be s occupi$1 y mu/ aga9 waive ! g5]al rule1 & risk "o p>ty = ! security ( ! o!r2 or1 7:i* may be bett]17 make su* movem5ts ) y\r ma9 body z %all accompli% y\r object4 #c;d4 ,:5 y h complete evid5ce ( ! actual1 or probable insurrection 9 y\r favor1 ( a t[n or prov9ce ( y\r enemy1 or ( a division ( 8 army1 y mu/ support ?is incl9ation by /rong deta*m5ts1 or by movem5ts ( y\r ma9 body4 ,napoleon's op]ations 9 ,italy1 9 #agif-g1 furni% examples ( :at is "h meant4 #d?4 ,:51 by dispat*+ a deta*m5t1 y may be able to int]cept a convoy1 or re9=cem5t1 com+ to ! aid ( y\r enemy4 ,^! are app>5t r ?an real exceptions to ! rule ( conc5tration4 ,?is rule does n require t all ! army %\ld occupy ! same position4 ,f> f x4 ,conc5tration requires ! ma9 body to be 9 imm$iate & support+ rea*3 small deta*m5ts1 = tempor>y & important objects1 l ^? m5tion$1 are p]fectly legitimate1 & 9 accordance ) correct pr9ciples4 ,napoleon's position 9 ,spa9 w s]ve z an illu/ration4 ,a h&1 plac$ on ! map ( t c\ntry1 w repres5t ! position ( ! invad+ =ces4 ,:5 op5$1 ! f+]s w repres5t ! sev]al deta*m5ts1 ?r[n out on important /rategic l9es1 & :i* c\ld readily be drawn 91 z 9 clos+ ! h&1 ^u ! pr9cipal & c5tral mass1 prep>atory to /rik+ "s important bl[4 ,if1 z we h se51 x be ! fir/ great rule = an army act+ on ! (f5sive pr9ciple1 to keep its =ces conc5trat$1 x is1 no d\bt1 ! second1 to keep !m fully employ$4 ,is x y\r int5tion to seize a p>ticul> prov9ce ( y\r enemy8 to p5etrate to 8 capital8 or to cut him (f f 8 supplies8 ,:atev] measure be necess>y to op5 y\r r\te to ^! objects mu/ be promptly tak52 & if y mean to subsi/ y\rself at 8 exp5se1 y\r movem5ts mu/ be m rapid ?an 84 ,give him "t to brea!1--& above all1 give him "t to re/1 & y\r project is bla/$2 8 =ages w be complet$1 & 8 magaz9es fill$ & secur$4 ,! roads ( approa* w be ob/ruct$1 bridges de/roy$1 & /rong po9ts ev]y:]e tak5 & def5d$4 ,y w1 9 fact1 l ,burgoyne1 9 #aggg1 r$uce y\rself to ! necessity ( ble$+ at e /ep1 )\t equival5t or use4 ,su* _c be ! fate ( a comm&] :o1 kn[+ all ! value ( act+ on ! (f5sive1 %akes1 by ! vigor & address ( 8 fir/ movem5ts1 ! moral z well z physical =ce ( 8 enemy1--:o1 select+ 8 own "t1 & place1 & mode ( attack1 conf\nds 8 antagoni/ by ent]prises equally h>dy & unexpect$1--& :o at la/ leaves to him only ! alt]native ( resi/ance )\t hope1 or ( fly+ )\t resi/ance4 ,! ,briti% army1 9 ! w> ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 mu/ h be5 mo/ wret*$ly ignorant ( ^! lead+ maxims = conduct+ (f5sive w>4 ,in/ead ( conc5trat+ _! =ces on "s decisive po9t1 & !n de/roy+ ! ma9 body ( our army by repeat$ & well-direct$ bl[s1 !y scatt]$ _! =ces ov] an imm5se ext5t ( c\ntry1 & became too weak to act ) decision & effect on any "o po9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is policy enabl$ u to call out & discipl9e our scatt]$ & ill-provid$ =ces4 ,! ma9 object 9 def5sive w> is1 to protect ! m5ac$ t]ritory1 to ret>d ! enemy's progress1 to multiply ob/acles 9 8 way1 to gu>d ! vital po9ts ( ! c\ntry1 &--at ! favorable mom5t1 :5 ! enemy becomes enfeebl$ by deta*m5ts1 losses1 privations1 & fatigue--to assume ! (f5sive1 & drive him f ! c\ntry4 ,?is comb9ation ( ! def5sive & (f5sive has _m advantages4 ,! enemy1 be+ =c$ to take ! def5sive 9 8 turn1 loses mu* ( ! moral sup]iority due to successful (f5sive op]ations4 ,!re are num]\s in/ances ( ?is k9d ( w>1 ! def5sive-(f5sive1 z x is sometimes call$1 to be f\nd 9 hi/ory4 ,! la/ f\r campaigns ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great ( ,prussia1 are examples :i* may s]ve z models4 ,well+ton play$ a simil> "p 9 ! ,spani% p59sula4 ,to m]ely rema9 9 a def5sive attitude1 yield+ gradually to ! advances ( ! enemy1 )\t any ef=t to rega9 su* positions or prov9ces z may h fall5 into 8 p[]1 or to inflict on him "s fatal & decisive bl[ on ! fir/ favorable opportunity2 su* a sy/em is always )9 ! rea* ( ignorance1 /upidity1 & c[>dice2 b su* is f> f be+ ! true ,fabian sy/em ( def5sive w>4 ,in/ead ( f9d+ security only 9 flight2 in/ead ( habitually refus+ to look ! enemy 9 ! face2 in/ead ( leav+ 8 m>* undi/urb$2 in/ead ( ab&on+1 )\t conte/1 po9ts /rong by nature or by art2--in/ead ( all ?is1 ! true w> ( def5ce seeks e occasion to meet ! enemy1 & loses none by :i* x c annoy or defeat him2 x is always awake2 x is con/antly 9 motion1 & nev] unprep>$ = ei!r attack or def5ce4 ,:5 n employ$ 9 ef=ts ( c\rage or address1 x incessantly yields itself to ^? ( labor & sci5ce4 ,9 its front x breaks up roads or breaks d[n bridges2 :ile x erects or repairs ^? 9 its re>3 x =ms abbatis1 raises batt]ies1 =tifies passes1 or intr5*es encampm5ts2 & to ! sy/em ( deprivation adds all ! activity1 /ratagem1 & boldness ( la petite gu]re4 ,divid+ itself into deta*m5ts1 x multiplies its own attacks & ! al>ms ( ! enemy4 ,collect+ itself at a s+le po9t1 x ob/ructs 8 progress = days1 & sometimes = weeks toge!r4 ,does x ev5 ab&on ! av5ues x is de/9$ to def5d8 ,x is b = ! purpose ( %ield+ !m m securely1 by ! attack ( 8 hospitals1 magaz9es1 convoys1 or re9=cem5ts4 ,9 a ^w1 by adopt+ ! maxim1 t ! enemy mu/ be made to pay = :atev] he ga9s1 x disputes ) him e in* ( gr\nd1 & if at la/ x yields to him a victory1 x is ( t k9d :i* calls =? only 8 sighs4 ,9 discuss+ ! subject ( /rategy1 c]ta9 te*nical t]ms are employ$1 su* z !atre ( w>2 !atre ( op]ations2 base ( op]ations1 or ! l9e f :i* op]ations />t2 objective po9ts1 or po9ts to :i* ! op]ations are direct$2 l9e ( op]ations1 or ! l9e along :i* an army moves2 key po9ts1 or po9ts :i* x is important = ! def5sive army to secure2 l9e ( def5ce1 or ! l9e :i* x is important to def5d at all haz>ds3 & 9 g5]al1 /rategic po9ts1 /rategic l9es1 /rategic positions1 c4 ,z ^! t]ms are v g5]ally us$ 9 milit>y books1 x may be well to make ourselves ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) _! import4 ,aft] def9+ ^! t]ms & expla9+ _! mean+ & application1 x is deem$ be/ to illu/rate _! use by ref]5ce to well-kn[n & /rik+ hi/orical examples4 ,! !atre ( a w> embraces n only ! t]ritory ( ! two bellig]5t p[]s1 b also t ( _! allies1 & ( su* second>y p[]s z1 ?r\gh fe> or int]e/1 may be drawn into ! conte/4 ,) m>itime nations x also embraces ! seas1 & sometimes crosses to ano!r cont95t4 ,"s ( ! w>s betwe5 ,france & ,engl& embrac$ ! two hemisph]es4 ,! !atre ( op]ations1 h[ev]1 is ( a m limit$ "*1 & %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! !atre ( w>4 ,9 g5]al1 x includes only ! t]ritory :i* an army seeks1 on ! "o h&1 to def5d1 & on ! o!r1 to invade4 ,if two or m armies be direct$ t[>ds ! same object1 ?\gh by diff]5t l9es1 _! comb9$ op]ations are includ$ 9 ! same !atre b if ea* acts indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 & seeks di/9ct & sep>ate objects1 ea* mu/ h its own indep5d5t !atre ( op]ations4 ,a w> betwe5 ,france & ,au/ria may embrace all ,italy & ,g]many1 b ! !atre ( op]ations may be limit$ to only a portion ( ^! c\ntries4 ,%\ld ! ,oregon "q lead to ho/ilities betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&1 ! !atre ( w> w\ld embrace ! great] "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! two oceans1 b ! !atre ( op]ations w\ld probably be limit$ to ,canada & our nor!rn fronti]1 ) naval desc5ts ^u our m>itime cities4 ,! fir/ po9t to be att5d$ to 9 a plan ( milit>y op]ation is to select a good base4 ,_m circum/ances influ5ce ?is selection1 su* z m\nta9s1 riv]s1 roads1 =e/s1 cities1 =tifications1 milit>y dpts1 means ( subsi/5ce1 c4 ,if ! fronti] ( a /ate conta9 /rong natural or artificial b>ri]s1 x may s]ve n only z a good base = (f5sive op]ations1 b also z an excell5t l9e ( def5ce aga9/ invasion4 ,a s+le fronti] l9e may1 h[ev]1 be p5etrat$ by ! enemy1 & 9 t case a second or ?ird base fur!r 9 ! int]ior becomes indisp5sable = a good def5ce4 ,a ,fr5* army c>ry+ on milit>y op]ations aga9/ ,g]many w\ld make ! ,rh9e its fir/ base2 b if driv5 f ?is x w\ld =m a second base on ! ,meuse or ,moselle1 a ?ird on ! ,se9e1 & a f\r? on ! ,loire2 or1 :5 driv5 f ! fir/ base1 x w\ld take o!rs p]p5dicul> to ! front ( def5ce1 ei!r to ! "r1 on ,b=t & ,besanon1 or to ! left1 on ,mzires & ,s$an4 ,if act+ (f5sively aga9/ ,prussia & ,russia1 ! ,rh9e & ! ,ma9 w\ld =m ! fir/ base ! ,elbe & ! ,od] ! second1 ! ,vi/ula ! ?ird1 ! ,nieman ! f\r?1 & ! ,dw9a & ! ,dniep] ! fif?4 ,a ,fr5* army op]at+ aga9/ ,spa9 w\ld h ! ,pyr5ees = its fir/ base2 ! l9e ( ! ,ebro = a second1 re/+ its w+s on ! gulf ( ,gascony & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,if f ?is position x advance its left1 possess+ itself ( ! k+dom ( ,val5cia1 ! l9e ( ! ,si]ra d',e/ellas becomes its ?ird base ( op]ations aga9/ ! c5tre ( ,spa94 ,a base may be p>allel1 oblique1 or p]p5dicul> to our l9e ( op]ations1 or to ! enemy's l9e ( def5ce4 ,"s pref] "o plan & "s ano!r2 ! be/ au?orities1 h[ev]1 ?9k ! oblique or p]p5dicul> m advantage\s ?an ! p>allel2 b we are n (t5 at lib]ty to *oose betwe5 ^!1 = o!r consid]ations usually det]m9e ! selection4 ,9 #ahjf1 ! ,fr5* =ces fir/ mov$ p]p5dicul> to _! base on ! ,ma91 b aft]w>ds effect$ a *ange ( front1 & mov$ on a l9e oblique or ne>ly p>allel to ?is base4 ,!y _h pursu$ ! same plan ( op]ations 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,! ,russians1 9 #ahab1 bas$ p]p5dicul>ly on ! ,oka & ! ,kal\ga1 & ext5d$ _! flank m>* on ,wiozma & ,krasnoi2 9 #ahac1 ! allies1 bas$ p]p5dicul>ly on ,bohemia1 succe$$ 9 p>alyz+ ,napoleon's army on ! ,elbe4 ,an ,am]ican army mov+ by ,lake ,*ampla91 w\ld be bas$ p]p5dicul> on ! great l9e ( communication betwe5 ,bo/on & ,buffalo2 if mov+ f ! ,new ,engl& /ates on ,quebec & ,montreal1 ! l9e ( op]ations w\ld be oblique2 & if mov+ f ! ,niag>a fronti] by ,lake ,ont>io & ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! l9e w\ld be ne>ly p>allel bo? to our base & to ! enemy's l9e ( def5ce--an op]ation1 "u ! circum/ances1 exce$+ly objectionable4 ,any po9t 9 ! !atre ( op]ations :i* gives to ! possessor an advantage ov] 8 oppon5t1 is reg>d$ z /rategic4 ,_! geographical position & political & milit>y "*1 give !m a great] or less influ5ce 9 direct+ ! campaign4 ,^! po9ts are occupi$ by ! def5sive army1 & attack$ by ! (f5sive2 if on or ne> ! base1 !y become ! key po9ts = ! =m]1 & ! objective po9ts = ! latt]4#c ,!re are also betwe5 ^! two a great] or less numb] ( /rategic po9ts1 :i* h an important ?\gh inf]ior influ5ce ^u ! result ( ! w>4 ,footnote #c3 ,x may be well to rem>k t a /rategic po9t is n necess>ily a geometrical po9t2 an entire prov9ce1 or a consid]able portion ( a geographical fronti]1 is1 9 milit>y language1 sometimes d5om9at$ a po9t4 ,9 ! same way1 /rategic l9es1 in/ead ( be+ ma!matical l9es1 are frequ5tly _m miles 9 wid?4 ,! fir/ object ( ! ,fr5* 9 attack+ ,belgium1 is to ga9 possession ( ! ,meuse1 z ?is position w\ld give !m a decid$ advantage 9 any ult]ior op]ations4 ,9 attack+ s\!rn ,g]many1 ! c\rse ( ! ,danube (f]s a s]ies ( po9ts :i* ex]cise an important influ5ce on ! w>4 ,= nor!rn ,g]many1 ,leipsic & ! c\ntry bord]+ on ! ,saale & ! ,elbe1 are objects (t5 fi]cely conte/$ by ! ,fr5* & o!r bellig]5t p[]s4 ,9 a w> betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ,engl&1 ,montreal & ! po9ts on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce betwe5 ,montreal & ,quebec1 w\ld become objects ( ! highe/ importance1 & _! possession w\ld probably det]m9e ! result ( ! w>4 ,! capital ( a /ate1 f its political importance z well z its milit>y influ5ce1 is almo/ always a decisive /rategic po9t1 & its capture is !re=e frequ5tly ! object ( an entire campaign4 ,! possession ( ,g5oa1 ,tur91 ,alex&ria1 ,milan1 c41 9 #agif1 bo? f _! political & milit>y importance1 _h a decid$ influ5ce ^u ! results ( ! w> 9 ^! sev]al /ates4 ,9 ! same way ,v5ice1 ,rome1 & ,naples1 9 #agig1 ,vi5na1 9 ! campaigns ( #ahje & #ahji1 ,b]l91 9 #ahjf1 ,madrid1 9 #ahjh1 & ,p>is1 9 #ahad & #ahae4 ,if ,hannibal _h captur$ ! capital imm$iately aft] ! battle ( ,cannae21 he w\ld ?us h de/roy$ ! ,roman p[]4 ,! tak+ ( ,wa%+ton1 9 #ahad1 _h little or no influ5ce on ! w>1 = ! place 0 !n ( no importance 9 itself1 & 0 a m]e nom9al capital4 ,x1 h[ev]1 greatly influ5c$ our reputation abroad1 & requir$ _m brilliant successes to wa% ! blot f our national escut*eon4 ,l9es ( def5ce 9 /rategy are ei!r p]man5t or tempor>y4 ,! great milit>y fronti]s ( a /ate1 especially :5 /r5g!n$ by natural & artificial ob/acles1 su* z *a9s ( m\nta9s1 riv]s1 l9es ( =tresses1 c41 are reg>d$ z p]man5t l9es ( def5ce4 ,! ,alp9e range betwe5 ,france & ,pi$mont1 ) its =tifi$ passes2 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,od]1 & ! ,elbe1 ) _! /rongly-=tifi$ places2 ! ,pyr5ees1 ) ,bayonne at "o extremity & ,p]pignon at ! o!r2 ! triple range ( =tresses on ! ,belgian fronti]--are all p]man5t l9es ( def5ce4 ,! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv] is a p]man5t l9e ( def5ce = ,canada2 & ! l9e ( lake ,*ampla91 ! upp] ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & ! lakes1 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,tempor>y l9es ( def5ce are su* z are tak5 up m]ely = ! campaign4 ,napoleon's position 9 ,saxony1 9 #ahac2 ! l9e ( ! allies 9 ,belgium1 9 #ahae2 ! l9e ( ! ,m>ne1 9 #ahad1 are examples ( tempor>y l9es ( def5ce4 ,x w be se5 f ^! rem>ks t l9es ( def5ce are n necess>ily bases ( op]ation4 ,/rategic positions are su* z are tak5 up dur+ ! op]ations ( a w>1 ei!r by a corps d'arme or gr& deta*m5t1 = ! purpose ( *eck+ or obs]v+ an oppos+ =ce2 !y are nam$ ?us to di/+ui% !m f tactical positions or fields ( battle4 ,! positions ( ,napoleon at ,rivoli1 ,v]ona1 & ,legnano1 9 #agif & #agig1 to wat* ! ,adige2 8 positions on ! ,pass>ge1 9 #ahjg1 & 9 ,saxony & ,silesia 9 front ( 8 l9e ( def5ce1 9 #ahac2 & ,mass5a's positions on ! ,albis1 along ! ,limmat & ! ,a>1 9 #agii1 are examples "u ?is head4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r x may be well to illu/rate ! /rategic relations ( l9es & positions by ! use ( diagrams4 7,fig4 #a47 ,! army at ,a cov]s ! :ole ( ! gr\nd 9 re> ( ! l9e ,,dc p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ,,ab1 ! position ( ! enemy be+ at ,b4 7,fig4 #b47 ,,aj be+ equal to ,,bj1 ,a w /ill cov] e ?+ 9 re> ( ,,dc4 7,fig4 #c47 ,if ! army ,a is oblig$ to cov] ! po9t a1 ! army ,b w cov] all ! space )\t ! circle ^: radius is a ,b2 & ( c\rse ,a cont9ues to cov] ! po9t a s long z x rema9s )9 ?is circle a ,b4 ,a l9e ( op]ations embraces t portion ( ! !atre ( w> :i* an army or corps d'arme passes ov] 9 atta9+ its object2 ! front ( op]ations is ! front =m$ by ! army z x advances on ?is l9e4 ,:5 an army acts z a s+le mass1 )\t =m+ indep5d5t corps1 ! l9e x foll[s is d5om9at$ a simple l9e ( op]ations4 ,if two or m corps act 9 an isolat$ mann]1 b aga9/ ! same oppos+ =ce1 !y are said to foll[ d\ble or multiple l9es4 ,! l9es by :i* ,moreau & ,j\rdan ent]$ ,g]many 9 #agif1 7 d\ble l9es2 b ,napoleon's advance by ,bamb]g & ,g]a1 9 #ahjf1 al?\gh mov+ 9 sev5 di/9ct corps d'arme1 =m$ b a s+le l9e ( op]ations4 ,int]ior l9es ( op]ations are ^? foll[$ by an army :i* op]ates betwe5 ! enemy's l9es 9 su* a way z to be able to conc5trate 8 =ces on "o ( ^! l9es be=e ! o!r c be br\ght to its assi/ance4 ,= example1 ,napoleon's l9e ( op]ations 9 #ahad1 betwe5 ! ,m>ne & ! ,se9e1 :]e he manoeuvr$ ) s mu* skill & success aga9/ ! imm5sely sup]ior =ces ( ! allies4 ,ext]ior l9es pres5t ! opposite results2 !y are ^? :i* an army w =m 9 mov+ on ! extremities ( ! oppos+ masses4 ,= example1 ! l9es ( ! ,m>ne & ! ,se9e1 foll[$ by ! army ( ,silesia & ! gr& ,au/ro-,russian army1 9 ! campaign ( #ahad4 ,burgoyne's l9e ( op]ations1 9 #aggg1 0 d\ble & ext]ior4 ,conc5tric l9es are su* z />t f di/ant po9ts1 & are direct$ t[>ds ! same object1 ei!r 9 ! re> or 9 advance ( _! base4 ,if a mass leaves a s+le po9t & sep>ates into sev]al di/9ct corps1 tak+ div]g5t directions1 x is said to pursue ecc5tric l9es4 ,l9es are said to be deep1 :5 ! end to be atta9$ is v di/ant f ! base4 ,! l9es foll[$ by a second>y or auxili>y =ce are d5om9at$ second>y l9es4 ,! l9es pursu$ by ! army ( ! ,sombre-et-,meuse 9 #agif1 & by ,bagration 9 #ahab1 7 second>y l9es1 z ! =m] 7 m]ely second>y to ! army ( ! ,rh9e1 & ! latt] to t ( ,b>clay4 ,accid5tal l9es are ^? :i* result f a *ange 9 ! primitive plan ( campaign1 :i* give a new direction to ! op]ations4 ,^! are ( r>e occurr5ce1 b !y sometimes lead to important results4 ,! direction giv5 to a l9e ( op]ations dep5ds n only on ! geographical situation ( ! c\ntry1 b also on ! positions occupi$ by ! enemy4 ,! g5]al plan ( campaign is frequ5tly det]m9$ on previ\s to beg9n+ op]ations1 b ! *oice ( l9es & positions mu/ ord9>ily result f ! ult]ior ev5ts ( ! w>1 & be made by ! g5]al z ^! ev5ts occur4 ,z a g5]al rule1 a l9e ( op]ations %\ld be direct$ ^u ! c5tre1 or "o ( ! extremities ( ! enemy's l9e ( def5ce2 unless our =ces be inf9itely sup]ior 9 numb]1 x w\ld be absurd to act aga9/ ! front & extremities at ! same "t4 ,if ! configuration ( ! !atre ( op]ations be favorable to a movem5t aga9/ ! extremity ( ! enemy's l9e ( def5ce1 ?is direction maybe be/ calculat$ to lead to important results4 7,fig4 #d47 ,9 #ahjj ! army ( ! ,rh9e 0 direct$ aga9/ ! extreme left ( ! l9e ( ! ,black ,=e/2 ! army ( res]ve 0 direct$ by ! ,/4 ,b]n>d & ,milan on ! extreme "r & re> ( ,melas's l9e ( def5ce3 bo? op]ations 7 mo/ em95tly successful4 7,fig4 #e47 ,x may be well to rem>k t x is n en\gh m]ely to ga9 ! extremity & re> ( ! enemy1 = 9 t case x may be possible = him to ?r[ himself on our communications & place u 9 ! v dilemma 9 :i* we _h hop$ to involve him4 ,to avoid ?is dang] x is necess>y to give su* a direction to ! l9e ( op]ations t our army %all pres]ve its communications & be able to rea* its base4 ,?us1 if ,napoleon1 9 #ahjj1 aft] cross+ ! ,alps1 _h m>*$ by ,tur9 on ,alex&ria & receiv$ battle at ,m>5go1 )\t hav+ fir/ secur$ ,lomb>dy & ! left ( ! ,po1 8 own l9e ( retreat w\ld h be5 completely cut (f by ,melas2 :]eas1 by ! direction :i* he gave to 8 l9e ( op]ations he _h1 9 case ( rev]se1 e means = rea*+ ei!r ! ,v> or ! ,valois4 7,fig4 #f47 ,aga91 9 #ahjf1 if he _h m>*$ directly f ,g]a to ,leipsic1 he w\ld h be5 cut (f f 8 base on ! ,rh9e2 :]eas1 by turn+ f ,g]a t[>ds ,weim>1 he n only cut (f ! ,prussians f ! ,elbe1 b at ! same "t secur$ to himself ! roads ( ,saalfield1 ,s*leitz1 & ,h(f1 ?us r5d]+ p]fectly safe 8 communications 9 8 re>4 7,fig4 #g47 ,we h said t ! configuration ( ! gr\nd & ! position ( ! ho/ile =ces may sometimes r5d] x advisable to direct our l9e ( op]ations aga9/ ! extremity ( ! enemy's l9e ( def5ce2 b1 z a g5]al rule a c5tral direction w lead to m important results4 ,?is sev]s ! enemy's means ( resi/ance1 & enables ! assailant to /rike1 ) ! mass ( 8 =ce1 ^u ! dissev]$ & p>tially p>alyz$ memb]s ( ! ho/ile body4 7,fig4 #h47 ,su* a plan ( op]ations enabl$ ,napoleon1 9 ! ,italian campaigns ( #agif & #agig1 to pi]ce & de/roy1 ) a small =ce1 ! l>ge & successive armies :i* ,au/ria s5t aga9/ him4 ,9 #ahje 8 op]ations 7 bo? int]ior & c5tral3 9 #ahjh !y 7 mo/ em95tly c5tral3 9 #ahji1 by ! c5tral op]ations 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ratisbonne1 he defeat$ ! l>ge & almo/ victori\s army ( ! ,ar*duke ,*>les3 9 #ahad1 f 8 c5tral position betwe5 ! ,m>ne & ,se9e1 ) only sev5ty ?\s& m5 aga9/ a =ce ( m ?an two hundr$ ?\s&1 he ga9$ num]\s victories1 & b>ely fail$ ( complete success4 ,aga9 9 #ahae1 ) an army ( only "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& m5 aga9/ an alli$ =ce ( two hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&1 by 8 c5tral advance on ,*>l]oi & ,ligny1 he ga9$ a mo/ decid$ advantage ov] ! enemy--an advantage lo/ by ! ecc5tric movem5t ( ,gr\*y3 & ev5 9 #ahac1 8 c5tral position at ,dresd5 w\ld h secur$ him mo/ decisive advantages1 _h n ! faults ( 8 lieut5ants lo/ ^! advantages 9 ! disa/]s ( ,kulm & ! ,katzba*4 ,= ! same fronti] x is objectionable to =m m ?an "o army2 gr& deta*m5ts & corps ( obs]vation may frequ5tly be us$ ) advantage1 b d\ble or multiple l9es ( op]ation are f> less favorable ?an "o simple l9e4 ,x may h[ev] sometimes occur t ! position ( ! enemy's =ces w be su* z to make ?is op]ation ! pref]able "o4 ,9 t case1 int]ior l9es %\ld always be adopt$1 unless we h a va/ sup]iority 9 numb]4 ,d\ble ext]ior l9es1 ) corps sev]al days' m>* asund]1 mu/ be fatal1 if ! enemy1 :e!r act+ on s+le or d\ble int]ior l9es1 take advantage ( 8 position to conc5trate 8 masses successively aga9/ our isolat$ =ces4 ,! ,roman armies "u ! consuls ,flam9ius & ,s]vilius oppos$ ,hannibal on ext]ior l9es1 ! "o by ,flor5ce & ,arrezzio1 & ! o!r by ,mod5a & ,arim9um4 ,hannibal turn$ ! position ( ,flam9ius & attack$ ! ,roman armies sep>ately1 ga9+ a complete & decisive victory4 ,su* also 0 ! "* ( ! op]ations ( ! ,fr5* 9 #agie1 "u ,pi*egru & ,j\rdan2 !y met ) a bloody & decisive defeat4 ,aga9 9 #agif1 ! ,fr5* armies "u ,j\rdan & ,moreau1 pursu$ ext]ior l9es2 ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 f 8 int]ior position1 succe$$ 9 defeat+ bo? ! oppos+ g5]als1 & =c+ !m to retreat4 ,if ! two armies unit$ _h pursu$ a s+le l9e1 ! republican flag _h be5 c>ri$ 9 triumph to ,vi5na4 ,conv]g+ l9es ( op]ation are pref]able1 "u mo/ circum/ances1 to div]g+ l9es4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 t ! po9t ( meet+ be su* t x may n be tak5 z a /rategic position by ! enemy1 & our own =ces be de/roy$ 9 detail1 be=e !y c effect a junction4 ,9 #agig ! ma9 body ( ! ,au/rians1 "u ,alv9zi1 advanc$ aga9/ ,napoleon1 on ?ree sep>ate l9es1 int5d+ to conc5trate at ,rivoli1 & !n attack ! ,fr5* 9 mass2 b ,napoleon took 8 /rategic position at ,rivoli1 & ov]?rew ! enemy's corps z !y successively appe>$4 ,9 ! same way ! ,ar*duke ,*>les took an int]ior position1 betwe5 ,moreau & ,j\rdan1 9 #agif1 & prev5t$ !m f conc5trat+ _! =ces on a s+le po9t4 ,wurms] & ,quasdan[i* attempt$ to conc5trate _! =ces on ! ,m9cio1 by mov+ on ! opposite %ores ( ,lake ,g>da2 b ,napoleon took an int]ior position & de/roy$ !m4 ,9 #ahae ,blu*] & ,well+ton1 f _! int]ior position1 prev5t$ ! junction ( ,napoleon & ,gr\*y4 ,div]g+ l9es may be employ$ ) advantage aga9/ an enemy imm$iately aft] a successful battle or /rategic manoeuvre2 = by ?is means we sep>ate ! enemy's =ces1 & disp]se !m2 & if occasion %\ld require x1 may aga9 conc5trate our =ces by conv]g+ l9es4 ,su* 0 ! manoeuvre ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 9 #ageg1 :i* produc$ ! battles ( ,rosba* & ,leu!n2 su* also 0 ! manoeuvre ( ,napoleon at ,donaw]t 9 #ahje1 at ,j5a 9 #ahjf1 & at ,ratisbon 9 #ahji4 ,int]ior l9es ( op]ations1 :5 prop]ly conduct$1 h almo/ inv>iably l$ to success3 inde$ e in/ance ( failure may be cle>ly trac$ to great unskilfulness 9 _! execution1 or to o!r extrane\s circum/ances ( ! campaign4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be cases :]e x w be pref]able to direct our =ces on ! enemy's flank2 ! geographical "* ( ! !atre ( w>1 ! position ( o!r collat]al =ces1 c41 r5d]+ su* a direction necess>y4 ,b z a g5]al rule1 int]ior & c5tral l9es1 = an army ( mod]ate =ces1 w lead to decisive results4 ,napoleon's ,italian campaigns 9 #agif & #agig1 ! campaign ( ! ,ar*duke ,*>les 9 #agif1 ,napoleon's campaigns ( #ahje & #ahji aga9/ ,au/ria1 & ( #ahjf & #ahjg aga9/ ,prussia & ,russia1 ( #ahjh 9 ,spa91 8 manoeuvres 9 #ahad1 betwe5 ! battle ( ,bri5ne & t ( ,p>is1 & 8 op]ations previ\s to ! ,battle ( ,ligny 9 #ahae1 are all brilliant examples "u ?is head4 ,to *ange ! l9e ( op]ations1 9 ! middle ( a campaign1 & foll[ accid5tal l9es1 is always a delicate affair1 & c only be resort$ to by a g5]al ( great skill1 & ) discipl9$ troops4 ,9 su* a case x may be att5d$ ) important results4 ,x 0 "o ( ,napoleon's maxims1 t a l9e ( op]ations1 :5 once *os51 %\ld nev] be ab&on$4 ,?is maxim1 h[ev]1 mu/ sometimes be disreg>d$ by an army ( undiscipl9$ troops1 9 ord] to avoid entire de/ruction2 b ! total ab&onm5t ( a l9e ( op]ations is always att5d$ ) great loss1 & %\ld be reg>d$ z a m]e *oice ( evils4 ,a regul> army c always avoid ?is result1 by *ang+ ! direction ( its l9e2 ?us frequ5tly ga9+ sup]ior advantages 9 ! new !atre ( action4 ,if ! plan ( ?is *ange be ! result ( a good c\p d'oeil1 & x be skilfully execut$1 ! re> ( ! op]at+ army w be secure f ! enemy2 & moreov]1 he w be left 9 d\bt respect+ its weak po9ts4 ,b su* is ! unc]ta9ty ( ?is manoeuvre1 t x is v r>ely tak5 by ! be/ troops1 unless actually =c$ ^u !m4 ,if ! army be ( incongru\s mat]ials1 g5]ally a *ange ( direction w be less advantage\s ?an to entirely ab&on ! l9e1 & save z _m z possible ( ! troops = "s new plan ( op]ations4 7,maxim #bj47 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! undiscipl9$ army be su/a9$ by =tifications1 x c take up ! accid5tal l9e ( op]ations 9 ! same mann]1 & ) ! same probability ( success1 z is done by a regul> =ce4 ,we h examples ( accid5tal l9es 9 ! op]ations ( ! k+ ( ,prussia1 aft] ! battle ( ,hoh5kir*51 & ( ,wa%+ton1 9 ,new-,j]sey1 aft] ! action ( ,pr9ceton4 ,?is is "o ( ! f9e/ 9 milit>y hi/ory4 ,napoleon _h project$ a *ange 9 8 l9e ( op]ations1 9 case he lo/ ! battle ( ,au/]litz2 b victory r5d]$ its execution unnecess>y4 ,aga9 9 #ahad he _h plann$ an entire *ange ( op]ations2 b ! want ( co-op]ation ( ! =ces "u ,morti] & ,m>mont =c$ him to ab&on a plan :i*1 if prop]ly execut$1 _h probably defeat$ ! allies4 ,jom9i pron\nc$ x "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ( 8 milit>y c>e]4 ,hav+ expla9$ ! pr9cipal t]ms us$ 9 /rategy1 let u trace out ! successive op]ations ( w> 9 _! usual /rategic relations4 ,we w suppose w> to be decl>$1 & ! army to be j ent]+ ^u a campaign4 ,! political & milit>y au?orities ( ! /ate det]m9e ^u ! nature ( ! w>1 & select ! !atre ( its ent]prises4 ,! *ief selects c]ta9 po9ts1 on or ne> ! bord]s ( ! seat ( w>1 :]e 8 troops are to be assembl$1 & 8 mat]iel collect$4 ,^! po9ts1 toge!r1 =m 8 base ( op]ations4 ,he n[ selects "s po9t1 )9 ! !atre ( ! w>1 z ! fir/ object ( 8 ent]prises1 & *ooses ! l9e ( op]ations mo/ advantage\s = rea*+ ?is objective po9t4 ,! tempor>y positions tak5 on ?is l9e become /rategic positions1 & ! l9e 9 8 re>1 a l9e ( def5ce4 ,:5 he arrives 9 ! vic9ity ( 8 fir/ object1 & ! enemy beg9s to oppose 8 ent]prises1 he mu/ =ce ?is enemy to retreat1 ei!r by an attack or by manoeuvres4 ,= ?is purpose he tempor>ily adopts c]ta9 l9es ( manoeuvre1 :i* may deviate f 8 g5]al l9e ( op]ations4 ,! ult]ior ev5ts ( ! campaign may possibly cause him to make ^! new1 or accid5tal l9es1 8 l9es ( op]ations4 ,! approa* ( ho/ile =ces may cause him to deta* second>y corps on second>y l9es2 or to divide 8 army1 & pursue d\ble or multiple l9es4 ,! primitive object may also be rel9qui%$1 & new ones propos$1 ) new l9es & new plans ( op]ations4 ,z he advances f> f 8 primitive base1 he =ms new depots & l9es ( magaz9es4 ,he may enc\nt] natural & artificial ob/acles4 ,to cross l>ge riv]s 9 ! face ( an enemy is a haz>d\s op]ation2 & he requires all ! art ( ! eng9e] 9 con/ruct+ bridges1 & secur+ a safe passage = 8 army4 ,if a =tifi$ place is to be tak51 he w deta* a siege corps1 & ei!r cont9ue 8 m>* ) ! ma9 army1 or take a /rategic position to cov] ?is siege4 ,?us ,napoleon1 9 #agif1 ) an army ( only #ej1jjj combatants1 c\ld n v5ture to p5etrate into ,au/ria1 ) ,mantua & its g>rison ( #be1jjj m5 9 8 re>1 & an ,au/rian =ce ( #dj1jjj be=e him4 ,b 9 #ahjf ! great sup]iority ( 8 army enabl$ him to deta* =ces to besiege ! pr9cipal =tresses ( ,silesia1 & /ill to cont9ue 8 op]ations ) 8 pr9cipal =ces4 ,! *ief ( ! army may meet ! enemy "u circum/ances su* z to induce or compel him to give battle4 ,if he %\ld be victori\s1 ! enemy mu/ be pursu$ & h>ass$ to ! utt]mo/4 ,if he %\ld be defeat$1 he mu/ =m ! be/ plan1 & provide ! be/ means ( retreat4 ,if possible1 he mu/ take %elt] 9 "s l9e ( =tifications1 & prep>e to resume ! (f5sive4 ,l9es ( intr5*m5t & tempor>y works may sometimes s]ve him z a suffici5t protection4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! unfavorable season compels him to susp5d 8 op]ations1 he w g into w9t] cantonm5ts1 & prep>e = a new campaign4 ,su* are ! ord9>y op]ations ( w>3 its relations to /rategy mu/ be evid5t1 ev5 to ! mo/ sup]ficial read]4 ,n unfrequ5tly ! results ( a campaign dep5d m ^u ! /rategic op]ations ( an army1 ?an ^u its victories ga9$ 9 actual combat4 ,tactics1 or movem5ts )9 ! range ( ! enemy's cannon1 is !re=e subord9ate to ! *oice ( positions3 if ! field ( battle be prop]ly *os51 success w be decisive1 & ! loss ( ! battle n disa/r\s2 :]eas1 if select$ )\t ref]5ce to ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce1 ! victory1 if ga9$1 might be b>r51 & defeat1 if suff]$1 totally fatal3 ?us demon/rat+ ! tru? ( ,napoleon's maxim1 t success is (t5] due to ! g5ius ( ! g5]al1 & to ! nature ( ! !atre ( w>1 ?an to ! numb] & brav]y ( ! soldi]s4 7,maxim #ag1 #ah47 ,we h a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is 9 ! ,fr5* army ( ! ,danube1 :i*1 f ! left w+ ( ,g5]al ,kray1 m>*$ rapidly ?r\gh ,switz]l& to ! "r extremity ( ! ,au/rian l9e1 & by ?is movem5t alone conqu]$ all ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ,danube )\t pull+ a trigg]4 ,aga91 9 #ahje1 ! army ( ,mack 0 completely p>alyz$1 & ! ma9 body =c$ to surr5d]1 at ,ulm1 )\t a s+le important battle4 ,9 #ahjf1 ! ,prussians 7 ess5tially defeat$ ev5 be=e ! battle ( ,j5a4 ,! op]ations ab\t ,heilesb]g1 9 #ahjg1 ! advance ^u ,madrid1 9 #ahjh1 ! manoeuvres ab\t ,ratisbon1 9 #ahji1 ! op]ations ( ! ,fr5* 9 #ahad1 & ! fir/ "p ( ! campaign ( #ahae1 aga9/ va/ly sup]ior numb]s1 are all famili> pro(s ( ! tru? ( ! maxim4 ,/rategy may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important1 ?\gh lea/ und]/ood1 ( all ! bran*es ( ! milit>y art4#d ,footnote #d3 ,/rategy may be le>n$ f didactic works or f g5]al milit>y hi/ories4 ,!re are v few good elem5t>y works on ?is bran* ( ! milit>y art4 ,! g5]al treatises ( ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 & ( ,g5]al ,wagn]1 9 ,g]man1 7! =m] has be5 translat$ into ,fr5*17 are consid]$ z ! be/4 ,! discussions ( ,jom9i on ?is subject 9 8 great "w on ! milit>y art1 are exce$+ly valuable2 also ! writ+s ( ,rocquanc\rt1 ,jacqu9ot de ,presle1 & ,gay de ,v]non4 ,! la/ ( ^! has be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 b ! translation is exce$+ly inaccurate4 ,! milit>y hi/ories ( ,lloyd1 ,templeh(f1 ,jom9i1 ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 ,grimo>d1 ,grav]t1 ,s\*et1 ,/4 ,cyr1 ,beauvais1 ,lav]ne1 ,/utt]heim1 ,wagn]1 ,kausl]1 ,g\rgaud & ,mon?olon1 ,foy1 ,ma?ieu ,dumas1 ,sgur1 ,pelet1 ,ko*1 ,clausewitz1 & ,?i]s1 may be read ) great advantage4 ,napi]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,p59sul> ,w> is ! only ,engli% ,hi/ory t is ( any value z a milit>y "w3 x is a mo/ excell5t book4 ,alison's great ,hi/ory ( ,europe is utt]ly wor?less to ! milit>y man2 ! au?or is ignorant ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! milit>y art1 & ne>ly e page is fill$ ) ! grosse/ blund]s4 ,we subjo9 ! titles ( a few ( ! be/ works t treat ( /rategy1 ei!r directly or 9 connection ) milit>y hi/ory4 ,pr9cipes de la ,/ratgie1 c41 p> le ,pr9ce ,*>les1 traduit de l',allem&1 #c vols4 9 #hvo4 ,?is is a "w ( great m]it4 ,! te*nical t]ms1 h[ev]1 are v loosely employ$4 ,prcis de l',art de la ,gu]re1 p> le ,b>on ,jom9i4 ,8 *apt] on /rategy embodies ! pr9ciples ( ?is bran* ( ! art4 ,grundstze d] ,/rategic1 ,von ,wagn]4 ,c\rs ,elm5taire d',art et d',hi/oire ,militaire1 p> ,rocquanc\rt4 ,?is "w conta9s mu* valuable in=mation connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! art ( w>2 b x is f> too diffuse & ill-arrang$ = an elem5t>y book4 ,c\rs d',art et d',hi/oire ,militaire1 p> ,jacqu9ot de ,presle4 ,?is "w is especially design$ = cavalry (fic]s1 & ! o!r bran*es ( milit>y s]vice are b v briefly discuss$4 ,de ,v]non's ,treatise on ! ,sci5ce ( ,w> & ,=tification conta9s mu* valuable in=mation2 b1 z an elem5t>y book1 x has ! same objections z t ( ,rocquanc\rt4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 by ,lloyd & ,templeh(f4 ,! milit>y writ+s ( ,lloyd & ,templeh(f are valuable z connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( /rategy2 b _m ( ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ^! writ]s are n[ reg>d$ z errone\s4 ,mmoires de ,napolon4 ,! ,memoirs ( ,napoleon1 z dictat$ by himself to ,g\rgaud & ,mon?olon1 h be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t !y conta9 all ! g5]al pr9ciples ( milit>y art & sci5ce4 ,no milit>y man %\ld fail to /udy !m ?or\ghly4 ,! matt] is s cond5s$1 & important pr9ciples are embodi$ 9 s few words1 t !y are n easily und]/ood by ! ord9>y read]1 & probably w nev] be popul> ) ! multitude4 ,essai gnral de ,tactique1 p> ,guib]t4 ,a "w v popul> 9 its day1 b n[ f> less valuable ?an ! writ+s already m5tion$4 ,ausfhrli*e ,bes*reibung d] ,s*la*t des ,pirmas5s1 von ,grav]t4 ,reg>d$ by milit>y m5 z a valuable hi/orical fragm5t4 ,mmoires sur les ,campagnes en ,espagne4 ,s\*et4 ,mmoires de ,g\vion ,/4 ,cyr4 ,/ati/ique de la ,gu]re1 p> ,rev]oni ,/4 ,cyr4 ,premire ,campagnes de la ,revolution1 p> ,grimo>d4 ,victoires et ,conqutes4 ,beauvais4 ,campagnes de ,suw>r[4 ,lav]ne4 ,hi/oire de la ,gu]re de la ,pn9sule4 ,foy4 ,prcis des ,evnem5ts ,militaires4 ,ma?ieu ,dumas4 ,hi/oire de ,napolon et de la ,gr&e ,arme en #ahab4 ,sgur ,mmoires sur la ,gu]re de #ahji4 ,pelet4 ,la ,campagne de #ahad4 ,ko*4 ,vom ,kriege--,die ,feldzgge1 c4 ,clausewitz4 ,la ,rvolution1 le ,consulat et l',empire4 ,?i]s4 ,mmoires sur la ,gu]re de #ahab--sur la ,campagne du ,vice roi en ,italie1 en #ahac et #ahad2 ,hi/oire de la ,gu]re en ,allemagne en #ahad2 ,hi/oire des ,campagnes de #ahad et #ahae1 en ,france4 ,vaudonc\rt4 ,essai sur l',art ,militaire1 c4 ,c>ion-,nisas4 ,hi/oire de l',expdition en ,russie en #ahab4 ,*ambray4 ,w> 9 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,john ,jones4 ,p59sul> ,w>4 ,napi]4 ,notices ( ! ,w> ( #ahab4 ,arm/rong ,all ! above are works ( m]it2 b none are m valuable to ! milit>y man ?an ! milit>y hi/ories ( ,jom9i & ,kausl]1 ) _! spl5did diagrams & maps4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,=tifications4 ,=tifications1 or eng9e]+1 may be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! def5ce ( /ates & ! gr& op]ation ( armies2 or ) ref]5ce to ! details ( ! con/ruction1 & attack1 & def5ce ( =ts1 & ! influ5ce ( field-works on ! tactical manoeuvres ( armies4 ,x is propos$ to speak "h only ( its g5]al "*1 z a bran* ( ! milit>y art1 )\t ent]+ into any pr(essional discussion ( details4 ,! connection ( =tification & /rategy may be consid]$ "u two di/9ct heads3 #a/1 ! *oice ( sites = con/ruct+ =tresses = def5ce2 #b;d1 _! influ5ce 9 (f5sive op]ations1 & ! det]m9ation ( ! "q :e!r !y c be pass$ ) safety1 or :e!r ! attack+ =ce w be "u ! necessity ( besieg+ !m4 ,! c5tre & extremities ( a base ( op]ations %\ld always be secur$ ei!r by natural or artificial ob/acles4 ,?is base is g5]ally *os5 s t =tifications w be necess>y = /r5g!n+ only a "p ( ! l9e4 ,b if a fronti]1 l ! side ( ,france t[>ds ,belgium1 be de/itute ( natural ob/acles1 ! artificial means ( def5ce mu/ be proportionally increas$4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 t p]man5t =tifications be made only on su* places z may favor milit>y op]ations4 ,if o!rwise1 ! troops deta*$ f ! active army = g>rison+ !m1 w only t5d to weak5 ?is =ce )\t any correspond+ advantages4 ,9 ?is way1 =tifications may become actually injuri\s to def5ce4 ,a numb] ( ! ,european =tresses :i* 7 built be=e ! subject ( /rategy 0 prop]ly und]/ood1 are n[ reg>d$ z utt]ly useless1 f _! ill-advis$ positions4 ,:e!r a =tress may be safely pass$ ) m]ely blockad+ or obs]v+ x1 dep5ds v mu* ^u ! nature ( ! w>1 & ! numb]s & position ( ! def5sive army4 ,! allies1 9 #ahad1 invad+ ,france ) a million ( soldi]s1 assi/$ by ! political div]sion ( factions & ,b\rboni/s )9 ! k+dom1 & treason 9 ! fronti] =tresses1 & ev5 9 ! ranks ( ,napoleon's army1 c\ld conduct _! milit>y op]ations on a v diff]5t plan f t :i* w\ld be adopt$ by ei!r ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 ,russia1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,holl&1 ,italy1 & ! ,g]man p[]s1 if s+ly wag+ w> ) ! ,fr5*4 ,napoleon sometimes deta*$ a corps to obs]ve a =tress :i* ?reat5$ 8 l9e ( op]ations or ( manoeuvre2 at o!rs1 he delay$ 8 advance till ! place c\ld be r$uc$4 ,an army1 says ,jom9i1 may sometimes p5etrate betwe5 places on an op5 fronti]1 to attack ! enemy's =ces 9 ! field1 tak+ c>e at ! same "t to obs]ve ^! places2 b no invad+ army c cross a great riv]1 l ! ,danube1 ! ,rh9e1 or ! ,elbe1 )\t r$uc+ at lea/ "o ( ! =tresses on t riv]1 s z to secure a l9e ( retreat2 b be+ 9 possession ( su* a place1 x c cont9ue ! (f5sive1 :ile its matriel de sige successively r$uces ! o!r places4 ,9 case ! ma9 army is oblig$ to rema9 & cov] ! besieg+ corps1 x %\ld take "s c5tral position1 :]e x c comm& all ! av5ues ( approa*1 & fall ) vigor on ! enemy1 %\ld he attempt to raise ! siege4 ,napoleon's op]ations be=e ,mantua1 9 #agif1 (f] ! f9e/ model = imitation4 ,! old sy/em ( intr5*$ camps & l9es ( contravallation is unsuit$ to ! _s ( mod]n w>f>e4 ,9 anci5t times1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! middle ages1 too mu* importance 0 atta*$ to tactical positions1 & n en\gh to /rategic po9ts & l9es4 ,?is gave to =tifications a "* t nev] prop]ly belong$ to !m4 ,f ! middle ages d[n to ! p]iod ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 w>s 7 c>ri$ on ma9ly by ! sy/em ( positions--"o p>ty conf9+ _! op]ations to ! security ( c]ta9 important places1 :ile ! o!r direct$ _! :ole att5tion to ! siege & capture ( ^! places4 ,b ,c>not & ,napoleon *ang$ ?is sy/em1 at ! same "t ) ! sy/em ( tactics1 or r1 return$ f x to ! old & true sy/em ( /rategic op]ations4 ,"s m51 look+ m]ely at ! fact t a *ange 0 made1 b )\t exam9+ ! "* ( t *ange1 h ru%$ headlong to ! conclusion t =tifi$ places are n[ utt]ly useless 9 w>1 milit>y success dep5d+ entirely ^u a good sy/em ( m>*es4 ,on ?is subject1 ,g5]al ,jom9i1 ! great milit>y hi/orian ( ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 rem>ks t we %\ld dep5d entirely ^u nei!r organiz$ masses1 nor ^u mat]ial ob/acles1 :e!r natural or artificial4 ,to foll[ exclusively ei!r ( ^! sy/ems w\ld be equally absurd4 ,! true sci5ce ( w> consi/s 9 *oos+ a j m$ium betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,! w>s ( ,napoleon demon/rat$ ! great tru?1 t di/ance c protect no c\ntry f invasion1 b t a /ate1 to be secure1 mu/ h a good sy/em ( =tresses1 & a good sy/em ( milit>y res]ves & milit>y in/itutions4 ,9 all milit>y op]ations "t is ( va/ importance4 ,if a s+le division ( an army c be ret>d$ = a few h\rs only1 x n unfrequ5tly decides ! fate ( ! campaign4 ,_h ! approa* ( ,blu*] be5 delay$ = a few h\rs1 ,napoleon mu/ h be5 victori\s at ! battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,an equilibrium c seldom be su/a9$ = m ?an six or sev5 h\rs betwe5 =ces on ! field ( battle2 b 9 ?is in/ance1 ! /ate ( ! gr\nd r5d]$ ! movem5ts s sl[ z to prolong ! battle = ab\t twelve h\rs2 ?us enabl+ ! allies to effect a conc5tration 9 "t to save ,well+ton4 ,_m ( ,napoleon's brilliant victories result$ f m]ely br++ troops to be> sudd5ly ^u "s decisive po9t4 ,rivoli 9 #agif-g1 ,m>5go 9 #ahjj1 ,ulm 9 #ahje1 ,j5a 9 #ahjf1 ,ratisbon 9 #ahji1 ,bri5ne 9 #ahad1 & ,ligny 9 #ahae1 are famili> examples4 ,b ?is conc5tration ( =ces1 ev5 ) a regul> army1 _c be calculat$ on by ! g5]al ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 unless 8 communications are p]fectly secure4 ,& ?is difficulty is v mu* increas$ :]e ! troops are new & undiscipl9$4 ,:5 a c\ntry l ours is invad$1 l>ge numb]s ( su* troops mu/ sudd5ly be call$ into ! field4 ,n kn[+ ! designs ( ! invad]s1 mu* "t w be lo/ 9 m>*es & c\nt]m>*es2 & if !re be no safe places ( resort ! op]ations mu/ be indecisive & insecure4 ,to a def5sive army =tifications are valuable z po9ts ( repose1 ^u :i* ! troops1 if beat51 may fall back1 & %elt] _! sick & w\nd$1 collect _! scatt]$ =ces1 repair _! mat]ials1 & draw toge!r a new supply ( /ores & provisions2 & z rally+ po9ts1 :]e new troops may be assembl$ ) safety1 & ! army1 9 a few days1 be prep>$ to aga9 meet ! enemy 9 ! op5 field4 ,)\t ^! def5ces1 undiscipl9$ & inexp]i5c$ armies1 :5 once r\t$1 c seldom be ralli$ aga91 except ) great losses4 ,b :5 support$ by =ts1 !y c select _! opportunity = fight+1 & (f] or refuse battle accord+ to ! probability ( success2 &1 hav+ a safe place ( retreat1 !y are f> less influ5c$ by fe> 9 ! actual conflict4 ,! enemy1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ compell$ ei!r to besiege or obs]ve ^! works1 8 army w be sep>at$ f its magaz9es1 its /r5g? & effici5cy dim9i%$ by deta*m5ts1 & 8 :ole =ce expos$ to ! horrors ( p>tisan w>f>e4 ,x has !re=e be5 e/imat$ by ! be/ milit>y writ]s1 t an army support$ by a judici\s sy/em ( =tifications1 c repel a l& =ce six times z l>ge z itself4 ,e gov]nm5t %\ld prep>e1 9 "t ( peace1 its mo/ prom95t & durable means ( def5ce4 ,by secur+ 9 a p]man5t mann] its important po9ts1 x w enable a small =ce to reta9 possession ( ^! places aga9/ a greatly sup]ior army1 = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,?is s]ves ! same purpose z a battle ga9$2 =1 9 ! beg9n+ ( a w> ( invasion1 ! economy ( "t is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! def5sive p>ty1 enabl+ x to organize & prep>e ! great milit>y res\rces ( ! /ate4 ,9 all m\nta9\s fronti]s1 or sides ( /ates bord]+ on l>ge riv]s1 or *a9s ( lakes1 !re w necess>ily be b few po9ts by :i* an invad] c p5etrate into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,let u suppose t1 = a fronti] ( mod]ate ext5t1 !re are five passes1 or av5ues ?r\gh :i* ! enemy may approa* ! int]ior4 ,to effectually def5d ^! approa*es aga9/ ! invad+ army w require1 = ea*1 an army ( t5 ?\s& m54 ,n be+ able to decide positively on ! plans ( ! enemy1 all ^! communications mu/ be def5d$ at ! same "t4 ,?is requires a def5d+ army ( fifty ?\s& m54 ,let u n[ suppose ea* ( ^! passes to be =tifi$ 9 su* a way1 t "o ?\s& m5 w be able to hold ! enemy 9 *eck1 & =ce him to resort to ! op]ations ( a siege2 or1 at lea/1 to ret>d 8 advance till an active army c be organiz$ 9 ! int]ior1 & prep>$ to meet him 9 ! field4 ,we "h see t five ?\s& m51 by means ( =tifications1 c accompli% ! same def5sive object z fifty ?\s& m5 )\t ^! artificial means ( security4 ,b let u ent] a little m into ! details ( fronti] def5ces1 & exam9e ! "* ( ! sev]al sy/ems :i* h be5 successively propos$ or adopt$4 ,fronti]s are divid$ into f\r di/9ct classes1 accord+ z ! /ate may be op5 on "o or m sides1 or b\nd$ by m\nta9s1 l>ge riv]s & lakes1 or by ! sea4 ,an op5 fronti] is ! mo/ difficult ( def5ce2 & :ile !re exi/s a p]fect uni=mity among milit>y m5 ^u ! va/ importance ( =tify+ su* a fronti]1 !re is an equal div]sity ( op9ion respect+ ! be/ mann] ( arrang+ ^! works4 ,we %all "h m5tion ?ree g5]al sy/ems ( arrang+ =ts = ! def5ce ( an op5 c\ntry1 ea* ( :i* has be5 advocat$ at diff]5t times1 & aft]w>ds receiv$ v>i\s modifications & additions4 ,^! ?ree sy/ems comprise ! ma9 features ( all o!rs wor?y ( mu* consid]ation4 ,!y are3-- #a/4 ,! sy/em ( cont9u\s l9es1 propos$ by ,montalemb]t4 #b;d4 ,a sy/em ( ?ree l9es ( deta*$ works1 /rongly recomm5d$ by ,d',aron & o!rs4 #c;d4 ,a sy/em propos$ by ,vauban1 & advocat$ by ,rogniat1 consi/+ ( l9es ( v /rong works1 plac$ at consid]able di/ances f ea* o!r & cov]+ l>ge intr5*$ camps4 ,! fir/ ( ^! sy/ems 0 propos$ 9 #agij1 & = a "t attract$ consid]able notice 9 ,france1 b has long s9ce be5 disc>d$1 z be+ utt]ly incompatible ) ! pr9ciples ( ! milit>y art4 ,a writ]1 h[ev]1 ( "s pret5sions 9 ?is c\ntry1 recomm5ds its adoption = ! def5ce ( ,baltimore & ! %ores ( ! ,*esapeake4 ,! same au?or w\ld disp5se entirely ) our pres5t sy/em ( =tifications on ! sea-coa/1 & sub/itute 9 _! place wood5 ,m>tello t[]s6 ,?is w\ld be v mu* l build+ #abj gun %ips at ,pittsburg & ,memphis1 = ! def5ce ( ! ,ohio & ! ,mississippi riv]s1 & s5d+ out duck-boats to meet ! enemy on ! ,atlantic6 ,9 ! second sy/em1 ! works on ! extreme fronti] are to be plac$ ab\t ?irty or =ty miles ap>t1 & ^? ( ! second & ?ird l9es respectively ?irty or =ty miles 9 re> ( ! fir/ & second l9es1 & opposite ! int]vals4 ,9 ! ?ird sy/em1 fir/ recomm5d$ by ,vauban & m rec5tly by ,rogniat1 ! works are to be arrang$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 t ( ,d',aron1 b ! di/ance betwe5 !m is to be f sev5ty to "o hundr$ miles1 & ea* =t arrang$ = cov]+ a l>ge intr5*$ camp4 ,ei!r ( ^! la/ two sy/ems is well suit$ to ! def5ce ( an op5 fronti]4 ,! =m] is appli$ to ! side ( ,france t[>ds ,belgium1 & ! latt]1 ) c]ta9 modifications1 to ! def5ce ( ,we/]n ,g]many4 ,! fir/ l9e ( =tifications on ! nor!rn fronti] ( ,france consi/s ( ,dunkirk1 ,lille1 ,val5ci5nes1 ,cond1 ,quesnoy1 ,rocroi1 ,*>lemont1 ,mzires1 & ,s$an2 ! second l9e1 ( ,calais1 ,&res1 ,/4 ,om]1 ,b?une1 ,arras1 ,d\ai1 ,*ambrai1 ,l&recies1 & ,avesnes2 ! ?ird l9e1 ( ,b\logne1 ,montreuil1 ,hesd91 ,abbeville1 ,ami5s1 ,bapaume1 ,p]onne1 ,ham1 & ,laon4 ,= m\nta9\s fronti]s x is deem$ necess>y to secure all ! important passes ) small r$\bts or milit>y works1 & to def5d ) /rong =ts ! gr& int]ior /rategic po9ts on :i* ^! communications are direct$4 ,= a fronti] ( mod]ate ext5t !re may be "s six or eight gorges 9 ! m\nta9s by :i* an army might p5etrate2 b x w always be f\nd t ^! roads conc5trate on two or ?ree po9ts 9 ! great valleys bel[4 ,take1 = example1 ! fronti] ( ,france t[>ds ,switz]l& & ,italy4 ,! passes ( ! m\nta9s are secur$ by ! little works ( ,=t ,l',ecluse1 ,=t ,pi]re-*tel1 ,=t ,b>raux1 ,brianon1 ,mont ,dauph91 ,colm>s1 ,entrevaux1 & ,antibes2 :ile ,besanon1 ,gr5oble1 & ,t\lon1 =m a second l9e2 & ,lyons a gr& c5tral dpt4 ,:]e a great riv] or *a9 ( lakes =ms ! b\nd>y ( a /ate1 ! sy/em ( def5ce w be mu* ! same z t ( an op5 l& fronti]1 ! works ( ! fir/ l9e be+ made to secure ! great bridges or f]ries by :i* ! enemy might effect a passage2 ^? ( ! second l9e1 to cov] ! passes ( ! highl&s t g5]ally approa* m or less ne> ! great wat]c\rse2 & ^? ( ! ?ird l9e1 f> en\gh 9 re> to protect ! great int]nal communications ( ! c\ntry4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! side ( ,france bord]+ on ! ,rh9e4 ,wissemb\rg & ,laut]b\rg1 ,=t ,l\is1 ,hagu5au1 ,/rasb\rg1 ,s*el/adt1 ,neuf-,brisa*1 & ,hunegu51 cov] ! sev]al passages ( ! riv]2 :ile ,bit*e1 ,phalsb\rg1 & ,b=t =m a second l9e2 ,?ionville1 ,metz1 & ,t\l1 a ?ird l9e2 & ,v]dun a gr& c5tral dpt4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal objects propos$ to be accompli%$ by =tifications on a sea-coa/4 #a/4 ,to close all important h>bors to an enemy1 & secure !m to ! navy ( ! c\ntry4 #b;d4 ,to prev5t ! enemy f =m+ an e/abli%m5t on our %ores1 f :i*1 by 8 naval sup]iority1 he might de/roy our comm]ce & keep ! :ole fronti] 9 cont9ual al>m4 #c;d4 ,to cov] our great cities aga9/ a m>itime attack & bomb>dm5t4 #d?4 ,to cov] our %ip-y>ds & great naval depots4 #e?4 ,to prev5t1 z mu* z possible1 ! great av5ues ( int]ior navigation f be+ blockad$ by naval means at _! entrance into ! ocean4 #f?4 ,to give to our navy facilities = protect+ our coa/ trade f ! enemy's %ips ( w>1 & our int]nal communications1 :i* lie ne> ! coa/1 f m>itime desc5ts4 ,let u notice h[ ,france has attempt$ to accompli% ?is object4 ,! ,m$it]ranean fronti] has ,=t ,qu>r1 ,=t ,/4 ,m>gurite1 ,/4 ,tropez1 ,briganon1 ! =ts ( ,po9t ,man1 ( l',ertissac1 & ( ,lang\/i]1 ,t\lon1 ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,ca/le ( ,if1 ,m>seilles1 ,t\r de ,b\e1 ,aigues-,montes1 ,=t ,/4 ,l\is1 ,=t ,bresc\1 ,n>bonne1 ,*teau de ,salces1 ,p]pignan1 ,colli\re1 ,=t ,/4 ,elme1 & ,port ,v5dre4 ,t\lon is ! great naval dpt = ?is fronti]1 & ,m>seilles ! great comm]cial port4 ,bo? are well secur$ by /rong =tifications4 ,! ,atlantic fronti] has ,bayonne2 ! =ts ( ,royan1 ,grave1 ,m$oc1 ,pat1 c41 on ! ,gironde2 ,ro*e=t1 ) ! =ts ( ,*apus1 ,lap91 ,aix1 ,ol]on1 c41 to cov] ! road/ead2 ,la ,ro*elle1 ) ! =ts ( ! ,isle ( ,r2 ,sables1 ) ! =ts ( ,/4 ,ni*olas1 & ,des ,m\l9es1 ,isle ,dieu1 ,belle ,isle1 ,=t du ,pili]1 ,m9d91 ,ville ,m>t92 ,quib]on1 ) ,=t ,p5?ivre2 ,l',ori5t1 ) its h>bor def5ces2 ,=t ,cigogne2 ,bre/1 ) its h>bor def5ces2 ,/4 ,malo1 ) ,=ts ,czembre1 ,la ,can*e1 ,l',anse du ,v]g]1 & ,des ,rima9s2 ,*]b\rg1 ) its def5sive =ts & batt]ies2 ,havre1 ,dieppe1 ,b\logne1 ,calais1 & ,dunkirk4 ,*]b\rg1 ,bre/1 & ,ro*e=t1 are great naval dpts2 & ,havre1 ,nantes1 & ,bordeaux1 ! pr9cipal comm]cial ports4 ,_m ( ! works above enum]at$ are small 9 ext5t & antiquat$ 9 _! con/ruction1 & "s ( !m q old & dilapidat$ nev]!less1 !y h h]et(ore be5 f\nd suffici5t = ! def5ce ( ! naval depots & comm]cial seaports ( ,france aga9/ ! sup]ior naval =ces ( h] neighbor4 ,omitt+ = ! pres5t all discussion ( sea-coa/ def5ces1 let u exam9e m p>ticul>ly ! "* & influ5ce ( =tifications on l& fronti]s4 ,all milit>y writ]s agree t =tifications h h]et(ore ex]t$ a great1 & frequ5tly a decisive1 influ5ce on ! op]ations ( a w>4 ,^? ( ,france are frequ5tly ref]r$ to z pro(s ( ?is influ5ce4 ,b1 :ile all are dispos$ to all[ t ^! works contribut$ mu* 9 =m] times to ! def5ce ( /ates1 yet "s h said t mod]n improvem5ts 9 ! mode ( attack h r5d]$ =ts f> less valuable ?an =m]ly4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! mode ( attack h n kept pace ) ! facilities ( locomotion2 &1 al?\gh =tifications d n n[ usually su/a9 a siege ( z _m days z 9 =m] times1 /ill1 z comp>$ ) ! relative l5g?s ( campaigns 9 anci5t & mod]n w>s1 ! proportional l5g? ( sieges is n[ ev5 great] ?an =m]ly4 ,:5 ! same is accompli%$ 9 a campaign ( sev5 weeks z 0 =m]ly done 9 a w> ( sev5 ye>s1 x is n necess>y t =tifi$ places %\ld hold out a v long "t4 ,a place t c su/a9 a siege ( a mon? is n[ deem$ suffici5tly /rong = ord9>y campaigns2 = by ! end ( t "t ! def5sive army w ei!r be de/roy$1 or be able to come to its succor4 ,9 ei!r case a long] def5ce w\ld n be requir$4 ,a ref]5ce to ! mo/ important sieges ( ! la/ c5tury or two w %[ t =ts are1 on an av]age1 capable ( su/a9+ a siege = m ?an t l5g? ( "t4 ,lille1 9 #agjh1 held ! allies 9 *eck = a :ole ye>2 & aga91 9 #agib1 compell$ ! ,au/rians to raise ! siege aft] an unsuccessful attack ( fifte5 days4 ,antw]p1 9 #aehe1 su/a9$ a siege ( f\rte5 mon?s aga9/ greatly sup]ior =ces2 9 #ahad ,c>not def5d$ ! citadel ( ?is place = f\r mon?s1 & until an armi/ice _h be5 conclud$ betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties2 9 #ahcb1 x su/a9$1 ) a g>rison ( only #d1ejj m5 & #ade pieces ( ordnance1 a siege ( tw5ty-five days1 aga9/ a =ce ( #ee1jjj m5 & #bbc cannon4 ,namur1 ne> ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 su/a9$ a siege ( t5 weeks4 ,ismal1 9 #agij1 su/a9$ a siege ( m ?an two mon?s aga9/ ! ,russians4 ,mae/ri*t1 9 #agic1 su/a9$ a siege ( ne>ly two weeks2 & aga91 9 #agid1 su/a9$ a blockade & siege ( ne>ly two mon?s4 ,magdeburg1 9 ! ?irty ye>s' w>1 resi/$ ! army ( ,wall5/e9 = sev5 mon?s2 & 9 #ahac-ad1 al?\gh g>rison$ by only #d1jjj m51 x = a long "t resi/$ ! ov]:elm+ =ces ( ! allies4 ,dantzic1 at ! same "t1 su/a9$ a siege aga9/ sup]ior =ces = m ?an n9e mon?s4 ,l&au1 9 #agic1 su/a9$ a siege ( n9e mon?s4 ,val5ci5nes & ,may5ce1 9 #agic1 ea* su/a9$ a siege ( ab\t ?ree mon?s4 ,*>l]oi1 ,=t ,vauban1 & ,l',ecluse1 9 #agid1 ea* su/a9$ a siege ( ab\t ?irty days4 ,quesnoy1 9 #agid1 su/a9$ a siege ( ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,rosas1 9 #agie1 su/a9$ a siege ( "s sev5ty days4 ,mantua1 9 #agif-g1 protect$ f invasion1 = eight mon?s1 ! ,tyrol & ! he>t ( ! ,au/rian mon>*y4 ,kehl & ,hun+u51 9 #agif1 %elt]$ ,moreau = ?ree mon?s aga9/ all ! ef=ts ( ! ,ar*duke ,*>les4 ,/4 ,jean d',acre1 9 #agii1 su/a9$ a siege ( sixty days ( op5 tr5*4 ,ulm1 9 #ahjj1 held ,moreau 9 *eck = m ?an a mon?4 ,g5oa1 9 #ahjj1 su/a9$ a blockade ( sixty & a siege ( =ty days4 ,s>agossa 9 #ahjh su/a9$ a close siege ( ne> two mon?s2 & 9 #ahji x 0 aga9 besieg$ = two mon?s4 ,rosas 9 #ahjh su/a9$ a siege ( ?irty days4 ,g]ona 9 #ahji su/a9$ a siege & blockade ( sev5 mon?s1 ne>ly f\r ( !m be+ ( op5 tr5*4 ,mequ95za 7a v small "w7 9 #ahaj su/a9$ a siege ( m ?an two weeks4 ,a/orga 9 #ahaj su/a9$ a siege ( ?irty days2 tw5ty-f\r be+ ( op5 tr5*4 ,l]ida 9 #ahaj su/a9$ a siege ( ?irty days1 two weeks be+ ( op5 tr5*4 ,ciudad ,rodrigo 9 #ahaj su/a9$ a siege ( two mon?s4 ,almeida 9 #ahaj su/a9$ a siege ( m ?an a mon?4 ,tortosa 9 #ahaj su/a9$ a siege ( six mon?s4 ,t>ragona 9 #ahaa su/a9$ a siege ( ne>ly two mon?s4 ,badajos 9 #ahaa su/a9$ a siege ( m ?an =ty days op5 tr5*4 ,l]ida 9 #ahaa su/a9$ a siege ( two weeks op5 tr5*4 ,saguntum 9 #ahaa su/a9$ a siege ( a mon?4 ,val5cia 9 #ahaa-ab su/a9$ a siege ( two mon?s ,ciudad ,rodrigo 9 #ahab su/a9$ a blockade ( sev]al mon?s1 & a close siege ( two weeks4 ,badajos 9 #ahab su/a9$ tw5ty-"o days ( op5 tr5*es4 ,burgos 9 #ahab su/a9$ ?irty-?ree days ( op5 tr5*es4 ,/4 ,seba/ian 9 #ahac su/a9$ a siege & blockade ( ne>ly ?ree mon?s1 ) fifty-n9e days ( op5 tr5*es4 ,pampeluna 9 #ahac su/a9$ a siege ( m ?an f\r mon?s4 ,monzon 9 #ahac-ad also su/a9$ a siege ( m ?an f\r mon?s4 ,?is li/ might be increas$ ) num]\s o!r examples1 to %[ t ev5 poorly =tifi$ t[ns are capable ( def5d+ !mselves1 on an av]age1 = m ?an a mon?4 ,^! examples1 be x rememb]$1 are ne>ly all tak5 f a p]iod ( hi/ory s9ce any mat]ial improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! art ( attack4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,vauban ! improvem5ts 9 attack h n kept pace ) ! increas$ means ( def5ce4 ,moreov]1 ^! examples are tak5 f ! sieges ( t[ns def5d$ ma9ly by old & antiquat$ works1 & entirely incapable ( (f]+ ! same resi/ance z deta*$ =tifications1 ) all ! mod]n improvem5ts4 ,! value ( =tifications1 z l& def5ces1 is suffici5tly prov$ by %[+ _! g5]al capability ( resi/+ an invad]1 ev5 = a limit$ p]iod2 ?us af=d+ u "t & opportunity to provide o!r means ( security4 ,b x mu/ n be inf]r$ t =ts besieg$ en rgle w necess>ily fall aft] s _m days4 ,su* is f> f be+ ! case4 ,! besieg$ h usually great advantages ov] ! besieg]s2 & unless ! latt] are va/ly sup]ior 9 numb]1 or ! "w is ( a v inf]ior "*1 or ! g>rison is de/itute ( ! requisite means & en]gy to resi/ an attack1 !y w n be tak54 ,mezi]es 0 n tak5 9 #aebj2 nor ,m>seilles 9 #aebd2 nor ,p]onne 9 #aecf2 nor ,l&recies 9 #aedc2 nor ,metz 9 #aeeb2 nor ,montauban 9 #afba2 nor ,l]ida 9 #afdg2 nor ,mae/ri*t 9 #afgf2 nor ,vi5na 9 #aebi1 & aga9 9 #afhc2 nor ,tur9 9 #agjf2 nor ,conde 9 #agdd2 nor ,lille 9 #agib2 nor ,l&au 9 #agic2 nor ,ulm 9 #ahjj2 nor ,s>agossa 9 #ahjh2 nor ,burgos 9 #ahab4 ,?is li/ might be ext5d$ almo/ indef9itely ) ! names ( places t c\ld be r$uc$ nei!r by =ce nor by />vation4 ,b1 z has already be5 notic$1 "s h ass]t$ t =tifications h become ( little comp>ative importance1 "u ! new sy/em ( w>f>e introduc$ dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,on ?is subject let u consult ! op9ions ( ! be/ milit>y judges ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,napoleon says ( =tifications1 !y are an excell5t means ( ret>d+1 fett]+1 enfeebl+1 & disquiet+ a conqu]+ foe4 ,! possession ( /rategic po9ts1 says ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 is decisive 9 milit>y op]ations2 & ! mo/ efficaci\s means %\ld1 !re=e1 be employ$ to def5d po9ts ^: pres]vation is ! c\ntry's safegu>d4 ,?is object is accompli%$ by =tifications1 inasmu* z !y c resi/1 = a giv5 "t1 ) a small numb] ( troops1 e ef=t ( a mu* l>g] =ce2 =tifications %\ld1 !re=e1 be reg>d$ z ! basis ( a good sy/em ( def5ce4 ,x %\ld be a maxim ( /ate policy 9 e c\ntry1 to =tify1 9 "t ( peace1 all su* po9ts1 & to arrange !m ) great c>e1 s t !y c be def5d$ by a small numb] ( troops4 ,= ! enemy1 kn[+ ! difficulty ( gett+ possession ( ^! works1 w look twice be=e he involves himself 9 a w>4 ,e/abli%m5ts :i* c secure /rategic advantages are n ! works ( a mom5t2 !y require "t & labor4 ,he :o has ! direction ( ! milit>y =ces ( a /ate1 %\ld1 9 "t ( peace1 prep>e = w>4 ,! prop] application or neglect ( ^! pr9ciples w decide ! safety or ! ru9 ( ! /ate4 ,=tifications arre/ ! enemy 9 ! pursuit ( 8 object1 & direct 8 movem5ts on less important po9ts2--he mu/ ei!r =ce ^! =tifi$ l9es1 or else haz>d ent]prises ^u l9es :i* (f] only disadvantages4 ,9 f9e1 a c\ntry secur$ by a sy/em ( def5ces truly /rategic1 has no cause to fe> ei!r ! invasion or ! yoke ( ! enemy2 = he c advance to ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry only ?r\gh great tr\ble & ru9\s ef=ts4 ,( c\rse1 l9es ( =tifications ?us arrang$ _c %elt] a /ate aga9/ all rev]ses2 b ^! rev]ses w n1 9 ?is case1 be att5d$ by total ru92 = !y _c take f ! /ate ! means nor ! "t = collect+ new =ces2 nor c !y ev] r$uce x to ! cruel alt]native ( submission or de/ruction4 ,=tifications1 says ,jom9i1 fulfil two objects ( capital importance1--#a/4 ,! protection ( ! fronti]s2 & #b;d4 ,assi/+ ! op]ations ( ! army 9 ! field4 ,e "p ( ! fronti]s ( a /ate %\ld be secur$ by "o or two great places ( refuge1 second>y places1 & ev5 small po/s = facilitat+ ! active op]ations ( ! armies4 ,cities girt ) walls & slight dit*es may (t5 be ( great utility 9 ! int]ior ( a c\ntry1 z places ( deposit1 :]e /ores1 magaz9es1 hospitals1 c41 may be %elt]$ f ! incursions ( ! enemy's light troops4 ,^! works are m especially valuable :]e su* /ores1 9 ord] n to weak5 ! regul> army by deta*m5ts1 are intru/$ to ! c>e ( raw & militia =ces4 ,x is n suppos$ t any sy/em ( =tifications c h]metically close a fronti]2 b1 al?\gh !y ( !mselves c r>ely pres5t an absolute ob/acle to ! advance ( ! ho/ile army1 yet x is indisputable t !y /rait5 its movem5ts1 *ange ! direction ( its m>*es1 & =ce x into deta*m5ts2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 !y af=d all ! opposite advantages to ! def5sive army2 !y protect its m>*es1 favor its deb\*es1 cov] its magaz9es1 its flanks1 & its movem5ts1 & f9ally furni% x ) a place ( refuge 9 "t ( ne$4 ,^! op9ions 7 utt]$1 be x rememb]$1 long s9ce ! p]iod at :i* mod]n milit>y quacks date ! d[nfall ( =tifications z inl& def5ces1 by m51 too1 :o 7 n eng9e]s1 & consequ5tly _h no pr(essional pr$ilections 9 favor ( =tifications4 ,! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 z a g5]al1 knew no rival b ,napoleon1 & ,g5]al ,jom9i is univ]sally reg>d$ z ! fir/ milit>y hi/orian ( ! age4 ,! tru? ( _! rem>ks on =tifications is mo/ fully confirm$ by ! milit>y hi/ories ( ,g]many & ,france4 ,= a long p]iod previ\s to ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 its /rong ca/les & =tifi$ cities secur$ ! ,g]man empire f attacks f abroad1 except on its ext5sive fronti]1 :i* 0 frequ5tly assail$1 b no enemy 0 able to p5etrate to ! int]ior till a want ( union among its own pr9ces op5$ its /rongholds to ! ,sw$i% conqu]or2 nor !n1 did ! cauti\s ,gu/avus ,adolphus v5ture f> into its t]ritories till he _h obta9$ possession ( all ! milit>y works t might endang] 8 retreat4 ,aga91 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 :5 ! ,fr5* neglect$ to secure _! foo?old 9 ,g]many1 by plac+ 9 a /ate ( def5ce ! =tifications t fell into _! p[]1 ! fir/ defeat r5d]$ _! gr\nd unt5able1 & ?rew !m f ! ,elbe back ^u ! ,rh9e & ! ,mayne4 ,!y aft]w>ds took ! precaution to =tify _! positions1 & to secure _! magaz9es "u %elt] ( /rong places1 &1 consequ5tly1 7 enabl$ to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! ho/ile c\ntry till ! end ( ! w>1 not)/&+ ! ineffici5cy ( _! g5]als1 ! great rev]ses !y su/a9$ 9 ! field1 ! skill & p]sev]ance ( ! enemy !y 7 cont5d+ )1 & ! weak & vacillat+ "* ( ! cab9et t direct$ !m4 ,b ?is sy/em ( def5ce 0 n s c>efully ma9ta9$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 = at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 says ,jom9i1 ,g]many _h too few =tifications2 !y 7 g5]ally ( a poor "*1 & improp]ly locat$4 ,france1 on ! contr>y1 0 well =tifi$3 & al?\gh )\t armies1 & torn 9 pieces by dome/ic factions1 7we "h use ! language ( ! ,ar*duke17 %e su/a9$ h]self aga9/ all ,europe2 & ?is 0 because h] gov]nm5t1 s9ce ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 _h cont9ually labor$ to put h] fronti]s into a def5sive condition agreeably to ! pr9ciples ( /rategy2 />t+ f su* a sy/em = a basis1 %e subdu$ e c\ntry on ! cont95t t 0 n ?us =tifi$2 & ?is reason alone w expla9 h[ h] g5]als sometimes succe$$ 9 de/roy+ an army1 & ev5 an entire /ate1 m]ely by a /rategic success4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to p>ticul> campaigns4 ,9 #agib1 :5 ! ,duke ( ,brunswick invad$ ,france1 %e _h no armies compet5t to h] def5ce4 ,_! numb]s ^u pap] 7 some:at =midable1 x is true1 b ! lic5se ( ! ,revolution _h s loos5$ ! bonds ( discipl9e z to effect an almo/ complete disorganization4 ,x seem$1 at ?is p]iod1 says ! hi/orian1 z if ! op]ations ( ! ,fr5* g5]als 7 dep5d5t ^u ! abs5ce ( _! enemies3 ! mom5t !y appe>$1 ! op]ations 7 precipitately ab&on$4 ,b ,france _h on h] ea/]n fronti] a triple l9e ( good =tresses1 al?\gh h] mis]able soldi]y 7 incapable ( prop]ly def5d+ !m4 ,! sev]al works ( ! fir/ & second l9es fell1 "o aft] ano!r1 be=e ! sl[ op]ations ( a ,prussian siege1 & ! ,duke ( ,brunswick 0 already advanc+ ^u ! ?ird1 :5 ,dum\ri]1 ) only tw5ty-five ?\s& m51 ?rew himself into ?is l9e1 & by a well-conduct$ w> ( positions1 plac+ 8 raw & un/eady =ces beh9d unassailable intr5*m5ts1 succe$$ 9 repell+ a discipl9$ army ne>ly f\r times z num]\s z 8 own4 ,_h no o!r ob/acle ?an ! ,fr5* troops be5 int]pos$ betwe5 ,p>is & ! ,prussians1 all agree t ,france mu/ h fall54 ,9 ! campaign1 ( #agic1 ! ,fr5* army 9 ,fl&]s 7 beat5 9 almo/ e engagem5t1 & _! =ces r$uc$ to less ?an "o half ! numb] ( ! allies4 ,! ,fr5* g5]al turn$ traitor to 8 c\ntry1 & ! ,national ,gu>ds des]t$ _! colors & return$ to ,france4 ,! only hope ( ! ,republicans1 at ?is crisis1 0 ,vauban's l9e ( ,flemi% =tresses4 ,^! alone sav$ ,france4 ,! /rongholds ( ,lille1 ,cond1 ,val5ci5nes1 ,quesnoy1 ,l&recies1 c41 held ! ,au/rians 9 *eck till ! ,fr5* c\ld raise new =ces & reorganize _! army4 ,! important brea?+-"t :i* ! sieges ( ^! =tresses1 says an ,engli% hi/orian1 af=d$ to ! ,fr5*1 & ! imm5se advantage :i* !y d]iv$ f ! new levies :i* !y receiv$1 & fre% organization :i* !y acquir$ dur+ t important p]iod1 is a signal pro( ( ! vital importance ( =tresses 9 contribut+ to national def5ce4 ,napoleon has n hesitat$ to ascribe to ! ?ree mon?s ?us ga9$ ! salvation ( ,france4 ,x is to be con/antly recollect$ t ! ,republican armies 7 !n totally unable to keep ! field2 t beh9d ! fronti] =tresses !re 0 nei!r a def5sive position1 nor a corps to re9=ce !m2 & t if driv5 f _! vic9ity1 ! capital 0 tak5 & ! w> conclud$4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #agid1 :5 ,france _h complet$ h] va/ armam5ts1 &1 9 h] turn1 _h become ! invad+ p[]1 ! enemy _h no =tifi$ t[ns to *eck ! progress ( ! ,republican armies2 :i*1 bas$ on /rong works ( def5ce1 9 a few weeks ov]ran ,fl&]s1 & drove ! allies beyond ! ,rh9e4 ,9 ! campaign ( #agif1 :5 ! army ( ,moreau _h be5 =c$ into a precipitate retreat by ! admirable /rategic op]ations ( ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 ! ,fr5* =ces ow$ _! safety to ! =tifications on ! ,rh9e4 ,^! works arre/$ ! enemy's pursuit & oblig$ him to resort to ! t$i\s op]ations ( sieges2 & ! r$uction ( ! ,fr5* advanc$ po/s alone1 ,kehl & ,hun+u51 poorly z !y 7 def5d$1 employ$ all ! res\rces ( ! ,au/rian army1 & ! skill ( _! eng9e]s1 f e>ly 9 ,octob] till late 9 ,febru>y4 ,kehl 0 at fir/ assault$ by a =ce f\r times z num]\s z ! g>rison2 if ! enemy _h succe$$1 he w\ld h cut (f ,moreau's retreat1 & de/roy$ 8 army4 ,=tunately ! place 0 /rong en\gh to resi/ all assaults2 & ,moreau1 bas+ himself on ! =tresses ( ,alsace1 8 "r cov]$ by ,hun+u51 ,neuf-,brisa*1 & ,b=t1 & 8 left by ! iron b>ri] ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 effectually *eck$ ! waves ( ,au/rian success4 ,let u n[ turn to ! campaigns ( ,napoleon4 ,9 8 fir/ campaign 9 ,italy1 #agif1 ! g5]al 0 direct$ to seize ! =ts ( ,savona1 compel ! s5ate to furni% him ) pecuni>y supplies1 & to surr5d] ! keys ( ,gavi1 a =tress p]*$ on ! rocky height comm&+ ! pass ( ! ,boc*etta4 ,sett+ out f ,savona1 he cross$ ! m\nta9s at a weak po9t betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,ap5n9es1 & succe$$ 9 pi]c+ ! enemy's l9e ( def5ce4 ,! k+ ( ,s>d9ia1 jeal\s ( ,au/rian influ5ce1 _h refus$ to p]mit ! ,au/rian army to g>rison 8 l9e ( =tifications4 ,napoleon1 pr(it+ by 8 victori\s attitude1 ! mutual jeal\sy ( ,au/ria & ,s>d9ia1 & ! intrigues ( 8 diplomati/s1 soon ga9$ possession ( ^! important works4 ,^! ,s>d9ian =tresses1 he wrote to ! ,directory1 at once put ! ,republicans 9 possession ( ! keys ( ! ,p59sula4 ,bas+ himself on ,coni1 ,mondovi1 ,ceva1 ,gavi1 & ,aless&ria1 ) ,tortosa z 8 dpt ( magaz9es1 he advanc$ aga9/ ,lomb>dy4 ,n[ bas+ himself on ! ,adda & ,po1 ) ! =tress ( ,pizzighettone z ! dpt ( 8 magaz9es1 he advanc$ ^u ! l9e ( ! ,adige4 ,pe*i]a became 8 next dpt1 & he n[ _h f\r =tresses 9 e*elon betwe5 him & 8 fir/ dpt ( magaz9es2 &1 aft] ! fall ( ,mantua1 bas+ himself on ! ,po1 he advanc$ aga9/ ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*1 mak+ ,f]r>a & !n ,ancona1 8 places ( dpt4 ,f ! solid basis ( ! =tresses ( ,pi$mont & ,lomb>dy1 he 0 enabl$ to turn 8 undivid$ att5tion to ! de/ruction ( ! ,au/rians1 & ?us comm5ce1 ) "s security1 t great c>e] ( conque/ :i* he already m$itat$ 9 ! imp]ial dom9ions4 ,9 ?is campaign ( #agig1 aft] sc\r+ 8 base1 he =tifi$ ,palma-,nuova1 ,osapo1 c41 repair$ ! old =tifications ( ,klag5fur?1 &1 z he advanc$1 e/abli%$1 to use 8 own words1 a good po9t d'appui at e five or six m>*es4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! ,au/rians _h ne>ly wre/$ ,italy f ! weak grasp ( ,napoleon's successors1 ! ,fr5* sav$ _! army 9 ! =tress ( ,g5oa & beh9d ! l9e ( ! ,v>1 :i* _h be5 =tifi$ ) c>e 9 #agid-e4 ,num]\s attempts 7 made to =ce ?is l9e1 ! advanc$ po/ ( ,=t ,montauban be+ sev]al times assault$ by num]\s =ces4 ,b ! ,au/rian columns recoil$ f its murd]\s fire ( grape & musketry1 :i* swept (f great numb]s at e dis*>ge4 ,aga9 ! assault 0 r5ew$ ) a va/ sup]iority ( numb]s1 & aga9 ! brave m5 :o head$ ! column almo/ p]i%$ at ! foot ( ! intr5*m5t2 &1 aft] su/a9+ a heavy loss1 !y 7 compell$ to ab&on ! ent]prise4 ,:ile ! =ces on ! ,v> ?us /ay$ ! waves ( ,au/rian success1 ,mass5a1 9 ! =tifications ( ,g5oa1 su/a9$ a blockade ( sixty1 & a siege ( =ty days1 aga9/ an army five times z l>ge z 8 own2 & :5 =c$ to yield to ! /]n dem&s ( fam9e1 he almo/ dictat$ to ! enemy ! t]ms ( ! treaty4 ,^! two def5ces held 9 *eck ! lite ( ! ,au/rian =ces1 :ile ! ,fr5* res]ve cross$ ! ,alps1 seiz$ ! important po9ts ( ! c\ntry1 & cut (f ! ,au/rian l9e ( retreat4 ,b ev5 aft] ! victory ( ,m>5go1 says ,napoleon1 ,i did n consid] ! :ole ( ,italy reconqu]$1 until all ! =tifi$ places betwe5 me & ! ,m9cio %\ld be occupi$ by my troops4 ,i gave ,melas p]mission to return to ,mantua1 on condition ( 8 surr5d]+ all ^! =tresses4 ,he n[ direct$ ,*assel\p de ,laubat & 8 eng9e]s to repair & remodel ! =tifications ( ,v]ona1 ,legnano1 ,pe*i]a1 ,mantua1 ! l9e ( ! ,adda1 ,milan1 ,aless&ria1#e ,roco d',aufo1 ,g5oa1 & sev]al small] works2 ?us =m+ a quadruple l9e ( def5ce aga9/ ,au/rian aggression 9 ,italy4 ,^! works 7 ( great s]vice to ! ,fr5* 9 #ahje1 enabl+ ,mass5a ) fifty ?\s& m5 to hold 9 *eck ! ,ar*duke ,*>les ) m ?an n9ety ?\s&1 :ile ,napoleon's gr& army1 />t+ f ! solid base ( ! ,rh9e1 trav]s$ ,g]many & seiz$ ^u ! capital ( ,au/ria4 ,footnote #e3 ,m ?an tw5ty millions ( money 7 appropriat$ = ?is place alone4 ,! neglect ( ! ,prussians to place _! c\ntry 9 a /ate ( milit>y def5ce1 previ\s to decl>+ w> aga9/ ,napoleon 9 #ahjf1 _h a mo/ disa/r\s influ5ce ^u ! campaign4 ,napoleon1 on ! o!r h&1 occupi$ & secur$ all ! important milit>y positions :i* he _h captur$ 9 ! prec$+ campaign4 ,! ,prussians1 said he1 made no prep>ations = putt+ into a /ate ( def5ce ! =tifications on _! fir/ l9e1 n ev5 ^? )9 a few m>*es ( our cantonm5ts4 ,:ile ,i 0 pil+ up ba/ion ^u ba/ion at ,kehl1 ,cassel1 & ,wesel1 !y did n plant a s+le palisade at ,magdeburg1 nor put 9 batt]y a s+le cannon at ,sp&au4 ,! works on ! ?ree great l9es ( ! ,od]1 ! ,elbe1 & ! ,wes]1 _h !y be5 prop]ly repair$1 g>rison$1 & def5d$1 7 suffici5t to h held 9 *eck ! ,fr5*1 ev5 aft] ! great victory ( ,j5a1 till ! newly-organiz$ =ces1 act+ 9 conc]t ) ! ,russian army1 c\ld re-e/abli% ! ,prussian mon>*y 9 its anci5t greatness4 ,pr(it+ by ! neglect ( ! ,prussians1 ,napoleon seiz$ ^u ! great def5sive works ( ! c\ntry1 :i*1 to 8 great joy1 7 readily surr5d]$ into 8 h&s by ! old & ineffici5t g5]als :o comm&$ !m2 & ,fr5* g>risons 7 almo/ imm$iately e/abli%$ 9 ! =tresses ( ,/ett91 ,cu/r91 ,glogau1 ,magdeburg1 ,sp&au1 ,hameln1 ,nieub\rg1 c4 ,sp&au1 said he 9 ! #ai? ,bullet91 is an ine/imable acquisition4 ,9 our h&s x c\ld su/a9 two mon?s ( op]ations4 ,b su* 0 ! g5]al confusion1 t ! ,prussians _h n ev5 arm$ its batt]ies4 ,! possession ( ^! =tifications incl9$ ! scale at ,eylau4 ,all ! hi/orians ( ! w> notice _! influ5ce on ! campaigns ( ,fri$l& & ,tilsit4 ,^! ,prussian =tresses 7 reta9$ by ,napoleon at ! treaty ( ,tilsit4 ,! campaign ( #ahji prov$ ! wisdom ( ?is policy1 z !y effectually prev5t$ ,prussia f jo9+ ,au/ria 9 rek9dl+ ! flames ( w>4 ,& aga9 9 #ahac1 ^! works might h produc$ a decid$ influ5ce on ! campaign1 _h n ! political p]fidy ( ,au/ria1 & ! treason ( ! ,fr5* g5]als1 prev5t$ ,napoleon f pr(it+ by ! advantages ( 8 position4 ,! influ5ce ( ! =tifications ( ,spa9 ^u ! ,p59sul> campaigns has (t5 be5 allud$ to by hi/orians4 ,^? works :i* _h be5 giv5 up to ,napoleon previ\s to ! op5+ ( ho/ilities1 contribut$ v mu* to ! success ( 8 arms2 :ile ^? :i* _h be5 reta9$ by ,spa9 & h] allies contribut$ 9 an equal degree to fett] & emb>rass 8 op]ations4 ,"s ( ^!1 l ,s>agossa1 ,t>ragona1 ,g]ona1 ,tortosa1 c4 c41 ) _! brok5 walls & defective armam5ts1 kept ! enemy 9 *eck = mon?s2 &1 by compell+ ! ,fr5* to resort to ! t$i\s op]ations ( sieges1 did mu* to weak5 ! ,fr5* p[] 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,! influ5ce ( ! =tifications ( ! ,fr5* fronti]s 9 furni%+ a secure basis = ! successful op]ations ( ,napoleon into ! enemy's t]ritory1 has already be5 notic$4 ,if ^! =tresses ( ,france1 aft] ! disa/]s ( #ahab & '#ac1 fail$ to save ! nation1 ! cause mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! peculi> features ( ! invasion itself1 r ?an any lack ( milit>y influ5ce 9 ! ,fr5* def5ces4 ,z has be5 already rem>k$1 a million ( discipl9$ m51 "u consummate lead]s1 7 "h assail+ a s+le /ate1 impov]i%$ by ! fatal w> 9 ,russia1--torn 9 pieces by political factions1--des]t$ by its sworn allies1--its =tresses basely betray$ into ! enemy's h&s1 & its milit>y p[] p>alyz$ by ! treason ( g5]als ) _! entire armies4 ,its only hope 0 9 ! =tresses :i* _h rema9$ fai?ful2 & ,napoleon said at ,/4 ,hel5a1 t if he _h collect$ toge!r ! g>risons ( ^! few =tresses & retir$ to ! ,rh9e1 he c\ld h cru%$ ! allies ev5 aft] _! entrance into ,p>is4 ,b political consid]ations prev5t$ ! op]ation4 ,aga9 9 #ahae1 ,napoleon1 ev5 aft] ! defeat ( ,wat]loo1 possess$ l9es ( def5ce suffici5tly /rong to resi/ all attempts at invasion4 ,b aga9 ! want ( co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t at ,p>is1 & ! treason ( 8 own g5]als1 =c$ 8 second abdication4 ,if he _h reta9$ ! comm& ( ! army1 & ! nation _h second$ 8 ef=ts1 ! allies w\ld nev] h rea*$ ,p>is4 ,b ! new gov]nm5t pres5t$ ! disgraceful spectacle ( op5+ ! way = ! enemies ( _! c\ntry4 ,france1 said ,napoleon1 w et]nally reproa* ! m9i/ry ) hav+ =c$ h] :ole p to pass "u ! ,caud9e-=ks1 by ord]+ ! disb&+ ( an army t _h = tw5ty-five ye>s be5 its c\ntry's glory1 & by giv+ up to our a/oni%$ enemies our /ill inv9cible =tresses4 ,hi/ory fully supports ,napoleon's op9ion ( ! great dang] ( p5etrat+ f> into a ho/ile c\ntry to attack ! capital1 ev5 :5 t capital is )\t =tifications4 ,! fatal effects ( su* an advance1 )\t prop]ly secur+ ! means ( retreat1 is exemplifi$ by 8 own campaign ( #ahab1 9 ,russia4 ,if1 aft] ! fall ( ,smol5sk1 he _h =tifi$ t place & ,vitepsk1 :i* by _! position clos$ ! n>r[ passage compris$ betwe5 ! ,dniep] & ! ,dw9a1 he might 9 all probability1 on ! foll[+ spr+1 h be5 able to seize ^u ,mosc[ & ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,b leav+ ! ho/ile army ( ,ts*kok(f 9 8 re>1 he pu%$ on to ,mosc[1 & :5 ! conflagration ( t city cut (f 8 hopes ( w9t] qu>t]s !re1 & ! premature rigor ( ! season de/roy$ ! horses ( 8 artill]y & provision-tra9s1 retreat became impossible1 & ! awful fate ( 8 imm5se army 0 clos$ by sc5es ( horror to :i* !re is sc>cely a p>allel 9 hi/ory4 ,?is po9t might be /ill fur!r illu/rat$ by ! ,russian campaign ( ,*>les ,,xii41 9 #agjh-i1 ! fatal advance ( ! ,fr5* army on ,lisbon1 9 ! ,p59sul> w>1 & o!r examples ( ! same "*4 ,ev5 s+le works sometimes effect ! object ( l9es ( =tifications1 & fru/rate ! op]ations ( an entire army4 ,?us1 ,lille susp5d$ = a :ole ye> ! op]ations ( ,pr9ce ,eug5e & ,m>lbor\gh2 ! siege ( ,l&recies gave ,vill>s an opportunity ( *ang+ ! =tunes ( ! w>2 ,pavia1 9 #aebe1 lo/ ,france h] mon>*1 ! fl[] ( h] nobility1 & h] ,italian conque/s2 ,metz1 9 #aeeb1 arre/$ ! entire p[] ( ,*>les ,v41 & sav$ ,france f de/ruction2 ,prague1 9 #ageg1 br\ght ! greate/ w>rior ( 8 age to ! br9k ( ru92 ,/4 ,jean d',acre1 9 #agii1 /opp$ ! successful c>e] ( ,napoleon2 ,burgos1 9 #ahab1 sav$ ! beat5 army ( ,portugal1 enabl$ !m to collect _! scatt]$ =ces1 & rega9 ! asc5dancy2 ,/rasburg has (t5 be51 ! bulw>k ( ! ,fr5* aga9/ ,g]many1 sav+ ,france f invasion1 & p]haps subjugation4 ,9 ne>ly ! language ( ,napoleon1 7,memoirs1 vol4 ,,ix417 ,if ,vi5na _h be5 =tifi$ 9 #ahje1 ! battle ( ,ulm w\ld n h decid$ ! fate ( ! w>4 ,aga91 9 #ahji1 if ?is capital _h be5 =tifi$1 x w\ld h enabl$ ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 aft] ! disa/] ( ,eckmuhl1 by a =c$ retreat on ! left ( ! ,danube1 to =m a junction ) ! =ces ( ,g5]al ,hill] & ! ,ar*duke ,john4 ,if ,b]l9 _h be5 =tifi$ 9 #ahjf1 ! army r\t$ at ,j5a w\ld h ralli$ !re & be5 jo9$ by ! ,russians4 ,if ,madrid _h be5 /rongly =tifi$ 9 #ahjh1 ! ,fr5* army1 aft] ! victories ( ,esp9osa1 ,tudela1 ,burgos1 & ,sommo-,si]ra1 w\ld n h m>*$ t[>ds t capital1 leav+ 9 re> ( ,salamanca & ,valladolid1 bo? ! ,engli% army ( ,g5]al ,moore & ! ,spani% army ( ,romana4 ,if ,mosc[ _h be5 =tifi$ 9 #ahab1 its conflagration w\ld h be5 avoid$1 =1 ) /rong def5sive works1 & ! army ( ,kutus(f encamp$ on its ramp>ts1 its capture w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,_h n ,con/ant9ople be5 well =tifi$1 ! empire ( ,con/ant9e mu/ h t]m9at$ 9 ! ye> #gjj1 :]eas ! /&>d ( ! ,prophet 0 n plant$ !re until #addj4 ,?is capital 0 !re=e indebt$ to its walls = eight hundr$ ye>s ( exi/5ce4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod x 0 besieg$ fifty-?ree times1 b only "o ( ^! sieges 0 successful4 ,! ,fr5* & ,v5etians took x1 b n )\t a v sev]e conte/4 ,p>is has (t5 ow$ its safety to its walls4 ,9 #hhe ! ,normans besieg$ x = two ye>s )\t effect4 ,9 #aceh ! ,dauph9 besieg$ x 9 va94 ,9 #acei ,edw>d1 k+ ( ,engl&1 encamp$ at ,montr\ge1 deva/at$ ! c\ntry to its walls1 b recoil$ f be=e x1 & retir$ to ,*>tres4 ,9 #adbi x repuls$ ! attack ( ,*>les ,,vii4 ,9 #adfd ! ,c\nt ( ,*>l]ois surr\nd$ ! city1 b 0 unsuccessful 9 8 attacks4 ,9 #adgb x repuls$ ! army ( ! ,duke ( ,b\rgone1 :o _h already ravag$ its prec9cts4 ,9 #aecf1 :5 attack$ by ,*>les ,v41 x aga9 ow$ its safety to its walls4 ,9 #aehh & #aehi x repuls$ ! armies ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 & ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,9 #afcf & sev]al succe$+ ye>s ! inhabitants ( ,p>is ow$ _! safety to its walls4 ,if ?is capital _h be5 /rongly =tifi$ 9 #ahad & #ahae1 ! alli$ armies w\ld n h d>$ to attempt its inve/m5t4 ,b x is deem$ unnecess>y to fur!r specify examples2 ! :ole hi/ory ( mod]n w>f>e is "o cont9u$ pro( ( ! importance ( =tifications z a means ( national def5ce1 & z an auxili>y 9 (f5sive milit>y op]ations4 ,our illu/rations h be5 mo/ly drawn f ,european w>s1 b our own brief hi/ory1 z w be %[n h]eaft]1 is n )\t its pro(s4 ,! use & importance ( field-=tifications1 intr5*$ camps1 c41 z well z ! class ( milit>y works call$ coa/-def5ces1 w be discuss$ h]eaft]4#f ,footnote #f3 ,! use ( =tifications 9 ! def5ce ( /ates is discuss$ by ,t]nay1 ,vauban1 ,cormontaigne1 ,napoleon1 ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 ,jom9i1 ,fallot1 &1 incid5tally1 by mo/ ( ! milit>y hi/orians ( ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! names ( su* /&>d works z give ! detail$ arrangem5ts ( =tifications w be m5tion$ h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,logi/ics4 ,,iii4 ,we h def9$ logi/ics to be t bran* ( ! milit>y art :i* embraces all ! practical details ( mov+ & supply+ armies4 ,! t]m is d]iv$ f ! title ( a ,fr5* g5]al (fic]1 7major-gnral des logis17 :o 0 =m]ly *>g$ ) direct+ ! m>*es1 encampm5ts1 & lodg+ ( ! troops4 ,x has be5 /ill fur!r ext5d$ by rec5t milit>y writ]s1 & _m ( !m n[ reg>d logi/ics z a di/9ct & important bran* ( ! art4 ,we %all "h consid] logi/ics z includ+ ! milit>y duties ord9>ily attribut$ to ! pay1 subsi/5ce1 clo?+1 m$ical1 hospital1 & transportation dep>tm5ts2 9 f9e1 ( all ! civil & civico-milit>y corps ( ! army4 ,we %all !re=e discuss "u ?is head1 ! prep>ation ( all ! necess>y mat]ials = fitt+ out troops = a campaign & = putt+ !m 9 motion2 ! regulat+ ( m>*es1 convoys1 ! means ( transport = provisions1 hospitals1 munitions1 & supplies ( all k9ds2 ! prep>ation & protection ( magaz9es2 ! lay+ out ( camps & cantonm5ts2 9 f9e1 e ?+ connect$ ) prep>+1 mov+1 & gu>d+ ! imp$im5ta ( an army4 ,! (fic]s connect$ ) ?is bran* ( s]vice mu/ consult ) ! eng9e]s 9 e ?+ relat+ to ! def5ce ( _! depots1 magaz9es1 camps1 cantonm5ts1 communications1 & ! passage ( riv]s1 & 9 all t relates to _! connection ) ! attack & def5ce ( places3 b 9 all t relates to /rategy & tactics !y mu/ receive in/ructions directly f ! *ief ( ! /aff ( ! army1 :o w h ! g5]al direction ( e ?+ connect$ ) logi/ics4 ,be=e comm5c+ ! op]ations ( ! campaign1 or beg9n+ ! execution ( ! plans decid$ ^u at head-qu>t]s1 ?is (fic] %\ld satisfy himself respect+ ! condition ( ! v>i\s mat]ials belong+ to ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! army2--! horses & horse equipm5ts1 c>riages1 caissons1 ponton & artill]y equipages1 siege equipages1 moveable hospitals1 eng9e] & artill]y ut5sils1 clo?+1 & munitions ( all k9ds2 he mu/ supply :atev] may be want+1 & provide means = ! transportation ( e ?+4 ,subsi/5ce4--,! art ( subsi/+ troops dur+ active op]ations 9 a ho/ile c\ntry1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult subjects connect$ ) w>2 & x is a "q well wor?y ( /udy1 bo? = ! /atesman & ! w>rior1 h[ ,d>ius & ,x]xes1 ,philip & ,alex&]1 9 anci5t times--& ! ,greek emp]ors & ! b>b>ians--&1 lat] /ill1 ! crusad]s ( ! middle ages1 contriv$ to support ! imm5se masses ( m5 :i* !y l$ to w>4 ,cs> has said t w> %\ld be made to support w>2 & "s mod]n g5]als h act$ ^u ?is pr9ciple to ! extreme ( support+ _! armies entirely at ! exp5se ( ! c\ntry pass$ ov]4 ,o!rs h adopt$ ei!r 9 "p or entirely ! pr9ciple ( regul> magaz9es4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 f\ght mo/ly on _! own fronti]s1 & foll[$ ! sy/em ( regul> dpts & supplies4 ,b ! revolution>y armies ( ,france made w> )\t magaz9es1 subsi/+1 sometimes on ! inhabitants1 sometimes by requisitions levi$ on ! c\ntry pass$ ov]1 & at o!rs by pillage & m>aud+4 ,napoleon f\nd little difficulty 9 support+ an army ( a hundr$ or a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& m5 9 ,italy1 ,suabia1 & on ! ri* bord]s ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube2 b 9 ,spa91 ,pol&1 & ,russia1 ! subject ( subsi/5ce became "o ( extreme emb>rassm5t4 ,all depots ( provisions & o!r supplies = an army are d5om9at$ magaz9es2 ^! are divid$ into pr9cipal1 second>y1 & provisional4 ,! fir/ are usually on ! base ( op]ations2 ! second1 on ! l9e ( op]ations2 & ! la/ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! troops1 & conta9 supplies = a few days only4 ,! sy/em ( magaz9es is object$ to by "s1 because x fett]s ! movem5ts ( an army1 & makes its milit>y op]ations subord9ate to ! means ( supply4 ,moreov]1 z ! movem5ts ( an army mu/ be s arrang$ z to cov] ^! magaz9es1 _! e/abli%m5t at giv5 po9ts reveals to ! enemy our plan ( campaign4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sy/em ( requisitions1 ei!r = imm$iate supplies or = second>y magaz9es1 gives f> great] velocity & impetuosity to an active army2 & if x be s regulat$ z to repress pillage1 & be levi$ ) uni=mity & mod]ation1 x may be reli$ on ) safety 9 well-cultivat$ c\ntries2 b 9 m b>r5 & less popul\s di/ricts1 an army )\t magaz9es1 especially 9 case ( a prolong$ /ay or a =c$ retreat1 w be expos$ to great suff]+ & loss1 if n to total de/ruction4 ,be=e comm5c+ a campaign ! g5]al %\ld make himself acqua9t$ ) all ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry to be pass$ ov]--det]m9e ! am\nt ( supplies :i* x may be necess>y to take ) him1 & ! am\nt t c be obta9$ by requisitions2 ^! requisitions be+ levi$ 9 a uni=m & legal mann]1 & ?r\gh ! exi/+ local au?orities4 ,9 great w>s ( invasion x is sometimes impracticable1 at lea/ = a "t1 to provide = ! imm5se =ces plac$ on foot1 by any regul> sy/em ( magaz9es or ( ord9>y requisitions3 9 su* cases _! subsi/5ce is entirely intru/$ to ! troops !mselves1 :o levy contributions :]ev] !y pass4 ,! inevitable consequ5ces ( ?is sy/em are univ]sal pillage & a total relaxation ( discipl9e2 ! loss ( private prop]ty & ! violation ( individual rights1 are foll[$ by ! massacre ( all /raggl+ p>ties1 & ! ord9>y peaceful & non-combatant inhabitants are conv]t$ into bitt] & implacable enemies4 ,9 ?is connection ! w> 9 ! ,spani% p59sula is well wor?y ( /udy4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is w> ,napoleon _h to *oose betwe5 me?odical op]ations1 ) provisions c>ri$ 9 ! tra9 ( 8 army1 or pur*as$ ( ! inhabitants & regul>ly paid =2 & irregul> w>f>e1 ) =c$ requisitions--w> be+ made to support w>4 ,! "q 0 ?or\ghly discuss$4 ,on ! "o h&1 by sacrific+ ?ree or f\r millions ( francs f ! ,fr5* treasury1 he w\ld h be5 able to support 8 troops )\t requisitions1 w\ld h ma9ta9$ good ord] & discipl9e 9 8 armies1 & by ! di/ribution ( ?is money among a p poor & int]e/$1 he w\ld h made _m p>tisans4 ,he c\ld !n h (f]$ !m1 ) a firm & j h&1 ! olive or ! sword4 ,b !n ! drafts ^u ! ,fr5* treasury1 _h ! w> be5 a protract$ "o1 w\ld h be5 enorm\s = ! support ( an army ( #bjj1jjj m5 9 ,spa94 ,moreov]1 ! ho/ile & insurrection>y /ate ( ! local au?orities r5d]$ regul> & legal requisitions almo/ impossible2 & ! want ( navigable riv]s1 good roads1 & suitable transport1 r5d]$ problematical ! possibility ( mov+ a suffici5t quantity ( /ores 9 an insurrection>y c\ntry4 ,besides1 no great deta*m5ts c\ld h be5 made to regulate ! adm9i/ration ( ! prov9ces1 or to pursue ! insurg5t corps into ! fa/nesses ( ! m\nta9s4 ,9 f9e1 by ?is sy/em1 he w\ld h effect$ a milit>y occupation ( ,spa9 )\t its subjugation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by m>*+ rapidly aga9/ all organiz$ masses1 liv+ f day to day ^u ! local res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 z he _h done 9 ,italy1 sp>+ 8 res]ves = ! occupation & pacification ( ! conqu]$ prov9ces2 ?is mode promis$ m prompt & decisive results ?an ! o!r4 ,napoleon1 !re=e1 det]m9$ to adopt x = 8 active masses1 employ+ ! sy/em ( magaz9es & regul> requisitions s f> z practicable4 ,9 favorable p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ,s\lt & ,s\*et1 ) small] armies1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ 9 ?is way regul> supplies = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 b ! o!rs liv$ ma9ly by =c$ requisitions levi$ z necessity requir$4 ,?is sometimes gave place to great excesses1 b ^! 7 pr9cipally ! faults ( subord9ate (fic]s :o tol]at$ !m1 r ?an ( ,napoleon1 :o puni%$ su* brea*es ( discipl9e1 :5 !y 7 kn[n to him1 ) great sev]ity4 ,he aft]w>ds decl>$ t1 _h he succe$$ he w\ld h indemnifi$ ! great mass ( ! ,spani% p = _! losses1 by ! sale ( ! ho>d$ weal? ( ! cl]gy1 :i* w\ld h r5d]$ ! *ur* less p[]ful1 & caus$ a m j division ( prop]ty2 ?us ! evil ( ! w> w\ld h be5 =gott5 9 ! happy triumph ( public & private int]e/ ov] ! int]e/ ( an ambiti\s & exclusive cl]gy4 ,! foll[+ maxims on subsi/5ce h ! sanction ( ! be/ milit>y writ]s3 #a/4 ,regul> magaz9es %\ld be =m$1 s f> z practicable1 = ! supplies ( an army2 ! levy+ ( requisitions be+ resort$ to only :]e ! nature ( ! w>1 & ! requisite rapidity ( m>*es1 r5d] ^! absolutely necess>y to success4 #b;d4 ,dpts %\ld be =m$ 9 places /r5g!n$ by nature or art1 def5d$ by small corps1 or g>risons1 & situat$ 9 positions lea/ liable to attack4 #c;d4 ,all great dpts %\ld be plac$ on navigable riv]s1 canals1 railways1 or practical roads1 communicat+ ) ! l9e ( op]ations1 s t !y may be transport$ ) ease & rapidity1 z ! army advances on ?is l9e4 #d?4 ,an army %\ld nev] be )\t a supply = t5 or fifte5 days1 o!rwise ! be/ *ances ( w> may be lo/1 & ! army expos$ to great inconv5i5ces4 ,templeh(f says t ! great ,fr$]ick1 9 ! campaign ( #ageg1 always c>ri$ 9 ! ,prussian provision-tra9 bread = six1 & fl\r = n9e days1 & 0 !re=e nev] at a loss = means to subsi/ 8 =ces1 9 und]tak+ any sudd5 & decisive op]ation4 ,! ,roman soldi] usually c>ri$ ) him provisions = fifte5 days4 ,napoleon says1 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t an army ought to c>ry ) x a mon?'s provisions1 t5 days' food be+ c>ri$ by ! m5 & baggage-horses & a supply = tw5ty days by ! tra9 ( wagons2 s t at lea/ f\r hundr$ & eighty wagons w\ld be requir$ = an army ( =ty ?\s& m52 two hundr$ & =ty be+ regul>ly organiz$1 & two hundr$ & =ty be+ obta9$ by requisition4 ,= ?is purpose !re w\ld be a battalion ( ?ree companies = ! milit>y /ores ( ea* division1 ea* company hav+ its e/abli%m5t = =ty wagons1 tw5ty be+ furni%$ by ! commiss>iat1 & tw5ty obta9$ by requisition4 ,?is gives = ea* division "o hundr$ & tw5ty wagons1 & = ea* army1 f\r hundr$ & eighty4 ,ea* battalion = a provision-tra9 %\ld h two hundr$ & t5 m54 #e?4 ,an army1 :ile actually 9 motion1 c f9d tempor>y res\rces1 unless 9 a /]ile c\ntry1 or "o already ravag$ by w>1 or at ! season ( ! ye> :5 ! old crops are ne>ly exhau/$ & ! new ones n ready = h>ve/2 b1 ev5 suppos+ ! army may 9 ?is way be p>tially or :olly suppli$1 :ile 9 motion1 x nev]!less frequ5tly happ5s t x may rema9 = "s days 9 position1 7z ! ,fr5* at ,au/]litz & ,ulm27 a supply ( h>d bread = "s t5 days w !re=e be important to subsi/ ! army till a regul> commiss>iat c be e/abli%$4 #f?4 ,supplies ( bread & biscuit1 says ,napoleon1 are no m ess5tial to mod]n armies ?an to ! ,romans2 fl\r1 rice1 & pulse1 may be sub/itut$ 9 m>*es )\t ! troops suff]+ any h>m4 ,x is an error to suppose t ! g5]als ( antiquity did n pay great att5tion to _! magaz9es2 x may be se5 9 ,caes>'s ,comm5t>ies1 h[ mu* he 0 occupi$ ) ?is c>e 9 8 sev]al campaigns4 ,! anci5ts knew h[ to avoid be+ slaves to any sy/em ( supplies1 or to be+ oblig$ to dep5d on ! purveyors2 b all ! great capta9s well und]/ood ! art ( subsi/5ce4 ,=age is a milit>y t]m appli$ to food ( any k9d = horses or cattle1--z grass1 hay1 corn1 oats1 c42 & also to ! op]ation ( collect+ su* food4 ,=age is ( two k9ds1 gre5 & dry2 ! =m] be+ collect$ directly f ! mead[s & h>ve/-fields1 & ! latt] f ! b>ns & gran>ies ( ! f>m]s1 or ! /oreh\ses ( ! deal]s4 ,! animals connect$ ) an army may be subsi/$ by regul> magaz9es1 by =c$ requisitions1 or by au?oriz$ =ag+ #g ,z has already be5 rem>k$1 x is n always politic1 or ev5 possible1 to provide regul> magaz9es = ! entire supplies ( an army dur+ ! active op]ations ( a campaign4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great exp5se & difficulty ( transport+ =age1 ! g5]al ( an army is m frequ5tly "u ! necessity ( resort+ to requisitions1 or =c$ contributions z !y are call$1 & to =ag+1 = ! subsi/5ce ( 8 animals1 ?an to provide food = 8 m54 ,nor are requisitions & =ag+s = ?is object s objectionable z 9 ! o!r case1 be+ f> less likely to produce g5]al want & di/ress among ! non-combatant inhabitants4 ,footnote #g3 ,?is t]m is sometimes1 ?\gh improp]ly1 appli$ to ! op]ation ( =cibly collect+ food = ! troops4 ,! comm&+ (fic] ( troops %\ld always use 8 be/ endeavors to obta9 8 =age by pur*ase ( ! inhabitants1 or by requisitions on ! local au?orities2 & ev5 :]e ^! means are impracticable1 ! =ag+ p>ties %\ld be /rictly direct$ to make _! levies ) uni=mity & due mod]ation4 ,accurate acc\nts %\ld be kept ( ! k9ds & quantities ( all produce & o!r prop]ty tak51 s t x may be regul>ly di/ribut$ & acc\nt$ =4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld individuals be p]mitt$ to appropriate to !mselves m ?an _! pro rata all[ance4 ,=ag+ p>ties may sometimes atta9 _! object 9 a peaceful mann]1 by repres5t+ to ! inhabitants ! nature ( _! in/ructions & ! necessity ( obta9+ imm$iate supplies4 ,ev5 :]e no recomp5se is propos$1 x may be well to (f] c]tificates to ! effect t su* articles h be5 tak5 = ! use ( ! army4 ,^! c]tificates1 ev5 :5 ( no value 9 !mselves1 frequ5tly t5d to appease excit$ passions & allay insurrections4 ,9 def5sive w>1 c>ri$ on 9 "o's own c\ntry1 x is (t5 necess>y to seize ^u private prop]ty & appropriate x to ! public s]vice3 9 all su* cases ! c]tificates ( ! =ag+ (fic]s become pro(s ( individual claims aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,no =ag+ p>ty %\ld ev] be s5t out till aft] ! c\ntry has be5 prop]ly reconnoitr$4 ,a good milit>y escort & vangu>d %\ld always accompany & prec$e ! =ag]s1 = protection aga9/ ! enemy's light cavalry & an insurg5t militia4 ,tru/wor?y troops mu/ be plac$ 9 ! villages & hamlets ( ! c\ntry to be =ag$1 9 ord] to prev5t ! =ag]s f engag+ 9 irregul> & unau?oriz$ pillage4 ,(fic]s ( ! /aff & adm9i/rative corps are s5t ) ! p>ty to see to ! prop] execution ( ! ord]s1 & to report any irregul>ities on ! "p ( ! troops4 ,9 case any corps engage 9 unau?oriz$ pillage1 due re/itution %\ld be made to ! inhabitants1 & ! exp5se ( su* re/itution d$uct$ f ! pay & all[ances ( ! corps by :om su* excess is committ$4 ,a few examples ( ?is k9d ( ju/ice w soon re/ore discipl9e to ! army1 & pacify ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry occupi$4 ,exp]i5ce is ! be/ guide 9 e/imat+ ! am\nt ( hay or gra9 t may be tak5 f a giv5 field3 ! produce ( an acre is1 ( c\rse1 v diff]5t = diff]5t soils & climates4 ,9 di/ribut+ ! burd5s to ! sev]al pack-horses & wagons employ$ 9 convey+ ! =age to ! army1 x is important = ! =ag+ (fic]s to "k ! relative weight & bulk ( ea* article4 ,ord9>y press$ hay 9 ?is c\ntry w av]age ab\t 4 #ab lbs4 p] cubic foot4 ,:eat 4 4 4 weighs4 4 #fj lbs4 p] bu%el4 ,rye 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ef ,maize or ,indian corn 4 #ef ,b>ley 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ej ,oats 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ce ,meal1 fl\r1 & gr\nd fe$ ( all k9ds1 are pur*as$ by ! p\nd4 ,z x w\ld be exce$+ly dang]\s to s5d =w>d ! regul> tra9 ( ! army = ! conveyance ( =age collect$ by ^! =ag+ p>ties1 ! c\ntry wagons & pack-horses are usually press$ into s]vice = ?is purpose4 ,troops ( horse are sometimes s5t into ! vic9ity ( mead[s & gra9-fields = tempor>y subsi/5ce3 9 su* cases ! horses & cattle may be f>m$ 9 ! neighborhood1 & ! grass & gra9 issu$ 9 regul> rations1 imm$iately z tak5 f ! field2 b 9 no case %\ld ! animals be turn$ out to pa/ure4 ,9 a c\ntry l ours1 :]e l>ge bodies ( new & irregul> =ces are to be sudd5ly call$ into ! field 9 case ( w>1 x is important to e/abli% v rigid rules 9 relation to =age & subsi/5ce2 o!rwise ! op]ations ( su* troops mu/ be att5d$ ) great wa/e ( public & private prop]ty1 ! want ( means ( subsi/5ce1 ! consequ5t pillage ( ! inhabitants1 & a g5]al relaxation ( discipl9e4 ,regul> troops are f> less liable to su* excesses ?an inexp]i5c$ & undiscipl9$ =ces4 ,m>*es4--,m>*es are ( two k9ds3 #a/4 ,r\te m>*es1--#b;d4 ,m>*es )9 rea* ( ! enemy4 ,! =m] belong to ! doma9 ( /rategy2 ! latt] to t ( tactics2 bo?1 h[ev]1 are connect$ ) logi/ics 9 e ?+ t conc]ns ! means ( _! execution4 ,:5 an army is mov+ on a l9e ( op]ations1 x %\ld be 9 z _m columns z ! facility ( subsi/5ce1 cel]ity ( movem5t1 ! nature ( ! roads1 c41 may require4 ,l>ge columns _c move ) ! same rapidity z small] ones1 nor c !y be s readily subsi/$4 ,b :5 an army is )9 /rik+ di/ance ( ! enemy1 conc5tration becomes m important ?an cel]ity1 & ! =ces mu/ be kept 9 mass1 or at lea/ )9 support+ di/ances ( ea* o!r4 ,we f9d only two in/ances 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 9 :i* ,fr$]ick attempt$ attacks by sev]al columns at consid]able di/ances f ea* o!r2 & 9 bo? ^! in/ances 7at ,torgau & at ,namie/1 aga9/ ,laudon1 dur+ ! siege ( ,olmutz7 he 0 unsuccessful4 ,8 usual mode 0 to br+ 8 columns ne> toge!r z he approa*$ ! enemy1 & to =m 8 troops into l9e at ! mom5t ( attack4 ,su* 0 8 ord] ( m>* at ,prague1 ,koll91 ,rosba*1 ,leu!n1 ,zornsdorf1 & ,kun]sdorf4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ,fr$]ick's ord]s respect+ m>*es1 7,octob] #b;d1 #agfj47 ,! army w1 z usual1 m>* 9 ?ree columns by l9es4 ,! fir/ column w consi/ ( ! fir/ l9e2 ! second1 ( ! second l9e2 & ! ?ird1 ( ! res]ve4 ,! wagons1 & hospital wagons1 ( regim5ts1 w foll[ _! corps4 ,! batt]ies ( heavy calibre w foll[ ! infantry brigades to :i* !y are assign$4 ,on pass+ woods1 ! regim5ts ( cavalry w m>* betwe5 two infantry corps4 ,ea* column w h a vangu>d ( "o light battalion & t5 squadrons ( huss>s or dragoons4 ,!y w be prec$$ by ?ree wagons c>ry+ plank-bridges4 ,! re>-gu>d is *>g$ ) tak+ up ^! bridges aft] ! army has defil$ ov] !m4 ,! p>ks w be divid$ among ! columns1 to avoid ! emb>rassm5t result+ f a great _m wagons be+ toge!r 9 a body4 ,if any ?+ %\ld happ5 to ! second & ?ird columns1 ! k+ w be in/antly appriz$ ( x2 he w be f\nd at ! head ( ! fir/ column4 ,%\ld any ?+ occur to ! re>-gu>d1 ! same w be in/antly communicat$ to ,lieut5ant-g5]al ,zei!n1 :o w be ) ! re>-gu>d ( ! fir/ column4 ,! (fic]s w take c>e t ! soldi]s m>* ) equal /ep1 & t !y d n /ray to ! "r or left1 & ?us uselessly fatigue !mselves & lose _! di/ances4 ,:5 ord]s are giv5 to =m ! l9e1 ! wagons w file out ( ! columns to ! left1 & w m>* to be p>k$1 c4 ,! position ( ! baggage1 :5 ne> ! enemy1 w dep5d on ! nature ( ! m>*4 ,if ! m>* be to ! front1 x w be 9 re> ( ! column2 if ! m>* be by ! flank1 & ! enemy be on ! out] flank1 ! baggage w be on ! inn] "o1 mo/ remote f dang]2 if ! m>* be 9 retreat1 ! baggage w be 9 advance ( ! army4 ,9 ei!r case x %\ld be /rongly gu>d$4 ,x 0 9 direct violation ( ?is rule t ,g5]al ,hull1 9 ! campaign ( #ahab1 on rea*+ ! ,miami ( ! ,lake1 7,maumee17 emb>k$ 8 baggage1 /ores1 sick1 convalesc5t1 & ev5 ! in/ructions ( 8 gov]nm5t & ! returns ( 8 army1 on bo>d ! ,cuyahoga packet1 & dispat*$ !m = ,detroit1 :ile ! army1 ) ! same de/9ation1 resum$ its m>* by l&4 ,! result ( ?us s5d+ 8 baggage1 /ores1 (ficial pap]s1 c41 )\t a gu>d1 & on ! flank ne>e/ ! enemy1 0 j :at might h be5 anticipat$3--9 attempt+ to pass ! ,briti% po/ ( ,mald5 ! :ole deta*m5t 0 attack$ & captur$1 by a subalt]n & six m51 9 a small & op5 boat4 ,to prev5t a surprise1 deta*m5ts ( light troops %\ld be always ?r[n out 9 front1 on ! flanks1 & 9 re> ( ! column1 d5om9at$ f _! position1 ,advanc$-,gu>d1 ,flank]s1 & ,re>-,gu>d4 ,^! scan ! c\ntry :i* is to be pass$ ov] by ! column1 wat* ! enemy's motions1 & give notice ( 8 approa* 9 "t to all[ ! ma9 =ce to *oose a suitable field ( battle1 & to pass f ! ord] ( m>* to t ( combat4 ,! /r5g? & composition ( ^! deta*m5ts dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 & ! "* & position ( ! enemy4 ,9 case ( an attack !y retire sl[ly1 & on jo9+ ! ma9 body1 take _! assign$ position 9 ! l9e ( battle4 ,9 an op5 c\ntry ! ord] ( m>* pres5ts b little difficulty2 b 9 a brok5 c\ntry1 & especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ! enemy1 a m>* _c be conduct$ ) too _m precautions4 ,be=e engag+ 9 a defile x %\ld be ?or\ghly exam9$1 & suffici5t deta*m5ts s5t out to cov] ! ma9 body f attack :ile effect+ ! passage4 ,a neglect ( ^! precautions has sometimes l$ to ! mo/ t]rible disa/]s4 ,9 milit>y op]ations v mu* dep5ds ^u ! rapidity ( m>*es4 ,! ,roman infantry1 9 ,scipio's campaigns 9 ,africa1 frequ5tly m>*$ a di/ance ( tw5ty miles 9 five h\rs1 ea* soldi] c>ry+ f fifty to eighty p\nds ( baggage4 ,septimius ,sev]us1 ,gibbon /ates1 m>*$ f ,vi5na to ,rome1 a di/ance ( eight hundr$ miles1 9 =ty days4 ,cs> m>*$ f ,rome to ! ,si]ra-,mor5a1 9 ,spa91 a di/ance ( f\r hundr$ & fifty leagues1 9 tw5ty-?ree days6 ,napoleon excell$ all mod]n g5]als 9 ! cel]ity ( 8 movem5ts4 ,o!rs h made = a s+le day z extraord9>y m>*es z ! ,fr5*1 b = g5]al activity dur+ a campaign !y h no rivals 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,a few examples ( ! rapidity ( _! movem5ts may n be )\t int]e/4 ,9 #agig a "p ( ,napoleon's army left ,v]ona aft] hav+ f\ght ! battle ( ,/4 ,mi*aels1 on ! #ac? ( ,janu>y1 !n m>*$ all night ^u ,rivoli1 f\ght 9 ! m\nta9s on ! #ad?1 return$ to ,mantua on ! #ae?1 & defeat$ ! army ( ,prov]a on ! morn+ ( ! #af?1--?us1 9 less ?an f\r days1 hav+ m>*$ ne> fifty leagues1 f\ght ?ree battles1 & captur$ m ?an tw5ty ?\s& prison]s6 ,well might he write to ! ,directory t 8 soldi]s _h surpass$ ! mu* vaunt$ rapidity ( ,cs>'s legions4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahjj1 ,macdonald1 wi%+ to prev5t ! escape ( ,l\don1 9 a s+le day m>*$ =ty miles1 cross+ riv]s1 & climb+ m\nta9s & glaci]s4 ,9 #ahje ! gr& ,fr5* army broke up _! camp at ,b\logne1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,septemb]1 & 9 two weeks rea*$ _! allott$ po/s on ! ,rh9e1 av]ag+ daily f tw5ty-five to ?irty miles4 ,dur+ ! same campaign ! ,fr5* infantry1 pursu+ ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& 9 8 retreat f ,ulm1 m>*$ ?irty miles a day 9 dreadful wea!r1 & ov] roads almo/ impassable = artill]y4 ,aga91 9 ! campaign ( #ahjf1 ! ,fr5* infantry pursu$ ! ,prussians at ! rate ( f tw5ty-five to ?irty miles p] day4 ,9 #ahjh ! advanc$ po/s ( ,napoleon's army pursu$ ,sir ,john ,moore's army at ! rate ( tw5ty-five miles a day1 9 ! mid/ ( w9t]4 ,napoleon transport$ an army ( fifty ?\s& m5 f ,madrid to ,a/orga ) ne>ly ! same rapidity1 m>*+ ?r\gh deep sn[s1 across high m\nta9s1 & riv]s swoll5 by ! w9t] ra9s4 ,! activity1 p]sev]ance1 & endurance ( 8 troops1 dur+ ^! t5 days' m>*1 are sc>cely equall$ 9 hi/ory4 ,9 #ahab1 ! activity ( ! ,fr5* =ces "u ,clausel 0 truly extraord9>y4 ,aft] almo/ unhe>d-( ef=ts at ! battle ( ,salamanca1 he retreat$ =ty miles 9 a little m ?an twelve h\rs6 ,9 #ahad1 ,napoleon's army m>*$ at ! rate ( t5 leagues a day1 besides fight+ a battle e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,wi%+ to =m a junction ) o!r troops1 = ! succor ( ,p>is1 he m>*$ 8 army ! di/ance ( sev5ty-five miles 9 ?irty-six h\rs2 ! cavalry m>*+ night & day1 & ! infantry travell+ en po/e4 ,on 8 return f ,elba1 9 #ahae1 8 gu>ds m>*$ fifty miles ! fir/ day aft] l&+2 rea*$ ,gr5oble ?r\gh a r\gh & m\nta9\s c\ntry1 a di/ance ( two hundr$ miles1 9 six days1 & rea*$-,p>is1 a di/ance ( six hundr$ miles1 9 less ?an tw5ty days6 ,! m>*es ( ! alli$ p[]s1 dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 7 mu* less rapid ?an ^? ( ! armies ( ,napoleon4 ,nev]!less1 = a s+le day ! ,engli% & ,spani>ds h made "s ( ! mo/ extraord9>y m>*es on record4 ,9 #ahji1 on ! day ( ! battle ( ,talav]a1 ,g5]al ,craw=d1 fe>+ t ,well+ton 0 h>d press$1 made a =c$ m>* ) ?ree ?\s& m5 ! di/ance ( sixty-two miles 9 tw5ty-six h\rs6 ,! ,spani% regim5t ( ,romana1 9 _! m>* f ,jutl& to ,spa91 m>*$ ! extraord9>y di/ance ( fifty miles 9 tw5ty-"o h\rs4 ,cavalry1 = a s+le day1 w m>* a great] di/ance ?an infantry2 b = a campaign ( sev]al mon?s ! infantry w m>* ov] ! mo/ gr\nd4 ,9 ! ,russian campaign ( ,napoleon1 8 cavalry fail$ to keep pace ) ! infantry 9 8 =c$ m>* on ,moskwa4 ,b 9 ! %ort campaigns ( #ahje & #ahjf1 ! cavalry ( ,murat display$ ! mo/ wond]ful activity1 & effect$ m extraord9>y results ?an any m\nt$ troops ( mod]n ages4 ,! ,engli% cavalry1 h[ev]1 h made "o or two %ort m>*es ) a rapidity truly extraord9>y4 ,9 #ahjc ,well+ton's cavalry 9 ,india m>*$ ! di/ance ( sixty miles 9 ?irty-two h\rs4 ,b ! m>* ( ! ,engli% cavalry "u ,"l ,lake1 be=e ! battle ( ,furruckabad1 is1 if we c tru/ ! ,engli% acc\nts1 /ill m extraord9>y ?an any ?+ record$ ( ! ,romans or ! ,fr5*--x is said t he m>*$ sev5ty miles 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs666 ,z a g5]al rule1 troops m>*+ = _m days 9 succession w move at ! rate ( f fifte5 to tw5ty miles p] day4 ,9 =c$ m>*es1 or 9 pursuit ( a fly+ enemy1 !y w av]age f tw5ty to tw5ty-five miles p] day4 ,& = only two or ?ree days 9 succession1 ) favorable roads1 ?irty miles p] day may be calculat$ on4 ,m>*es beyond ?is are unusual1 &1 :5 !y d occur1 are ! result ( extraord9>y circum/ances4 ,convoy4--,a convoy consi/s ( provisions1 milit>y munitions1 c41 s5t f "o po9t to ano!r1 "u ! *>ge ( a deta*m5t ( troops1 call$ an escort4 ,:5 regul> depots & magaz9es are e/abli%$1 ) prop] relations to ! l9e ( op]ations1 convoys requir+ p>ticul> escorts are seldom necess>y1 because ! position ( ! army w cov] ! space ov] :i* ! magaz9es are to be mov$4 ,b 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! enemy1 or 9 a c\ntry ^: inhabitants are ho/ile or insurrection>y1 precautions ( ?is k9d %\ld always be resort$ to4 ,! size & composition ( ! escort mu/ dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! c\ntry & ! imm95ce ( ! dang]4 ,! gr\nd to be pass$ ov] %\ld be previ\sly reconnoitr$1 & ! l9e ( m>* be tak5 up only aft] ! mo/ satisfactory reports4 ,:5 once put 9 motion1 ! convoy %\ld be ?or\ghly hemm$ 9 by flank]s1 to give w>n+ to ! escort ( ! approa* ( ! enemy4 ,small p>ties ( cavalry are deta*$ on all sides1 b p>ticul>ly 9 advance4 ,! ma9 body ( ! escort is conc5trat$ on ! mo/ expos$ po9t ( ! convoy :ile ! o!r sides are gu>d$ by subdivisions4 ,9 case ( an attack by a l>ge p>ty1 ! baggage wagons may be =m$ into a k9d ( def5sive field-"w1 :i*1 ) "o or two pieces ( light artill]y1 c 9 ?is way resi/ a pretty /rong ef=t to de/roy or c>ry away ! convoy4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x is bett] to supply ! wants ( an army by small successive convoys ?an by p]iodical & l>ge ones4 ,ev5 %\ld "s ( ! =m] be captur$ _! loss w\ld n be mat]ially felt2 b a l>ge p]iodical convoy (f]s s great a temptation to ! ent]prise ( ! enemy1 & is s difficult to escort1 t he w v5ture mu* to de/roy x1 & its loss may fru/rate our plans ( a siege or ( an important milit>y op]ation4 ,if ! ,prussian army1 :5 besieg+ ,olmutz1 _h obs]v$ ?is rule1 ! capture ( a convoy w\ld n h =c$ !m to raise ! siege & to retreat4 ,napoleon e/imates t an army ( #ajj1jjj m5 9 position w require ! daily arrival ( f f\r to five hundr$ wagon loads ( provisions4 ,! difficulty ( mov+ provisions1 baggage1 c41 9 a retreat1 is always v great1 & ! v be/ g5]als h frequ5tly fail$ on ?is po9t4 ,inde$1 ! be/ conc]t$ measures w sometimes fail1 amid ! confusion & disord] consequ5t ^u a retreat ) an able & active enemy 9 pursuit4 ,9 su* a case1 ! loss ( ! provision-tra9s 9 a /]ile or unfri5dly c\ntry may lead to ! mo/ t]rible disa/]s4 ,we w allude to two examples ( ?is k9d3 ! retreat ( ! ,engli% f ,spa9 9 #ahji1 & t ( ! ,fr5* f ,russia 9 #ahab4 ,:5 ,sir ,john ,moore saw t a retreat _h become necess>y to save 8 army f entire de/ruction1 he direct$ all ! baggage & /ores to be tak5 to ! re>1 & e possible arrangem5t to be made = _! pres]vation & = ! regul> supplies ( ! army4 ,b ! want ( discipl9e 9 8 troops1 & m especially ! want ( a prop] eng9e] organization to prep>e ! requisite means = facilitat+ 8 own m>*es1 & imp$+ ! enemy's pursuit1 prev5t$ 8 plans f be+ fully c>ri$ into execution4 ,mu* suff]+ & great losses 7 consequ5tly inflict$ ^u 8 troops2 a l>ge portion ( 8 baggage & milit>y /ores 0 captur$1 & ev5 ! treasure ( 8 army1 am\nt+ to "s #bjj1jjj doll>s1 0 ab&on$ ?r\gh ! ignorance & c>elessness ( ! escort+ (fic]4 ,9 ,napoleon's m>* into ,russia1 8 plans _h be5 s admirably comb9$1 t f ,m5tz to ,mosc[ n a s+le e/afette or convoy1 x is said1 0 c>ri$ (f 9 ?is campaign2 nor 0 !re a day pass$ )\t 8 receiv+ intellig5ce f ,france4 ,:5 ! retreat 0 begun1 7aft] ! burn+ ( ,mosc[17 he _h six l9es ( magaz9es 9 8 re>2 ! #a/1 at ,smol5sk1 t5 days' m>* f ,mosc[2 ^? ( ! #b;d l9e at ,m9sk & ,wilna1 eight m>*es f ,smol5sk2 ^? ( ! #c;d l9e at ,k[no1 ,grodno1 & ,bialy/ok2 ^? ( ! #d? l9e at ,elb+1 ,m>i5w]d]1 ,?orn1 ,plock1 ,modl91 & ,w>saw2 ^? ( ! #e? l9e at ,dantzic1 ,bamb]g1 & ,pos52 ^? ( ! #f? l9e at ,/ett91 ,cu/r91 & ,glogau4 ,:5 ! army left ,mosc[ x c>ri$ ) x provisions suffici5t = tw5ty days1 & an abundance ( ammunition1 ea* piece ( artill]y be+ suppli$ ) ?ree hundr$ & fifty r\nds2 b ! premature cold wea!r de/roy$ ?irty ?\s& horses 9 less ?an ?ree days1 ?us leav+ ! tra9s )\t ! means ( transportation or suitable escorts = _! protection3 ! horrible suff]+s ( ! return+ army n[ surpass$ all description4 ,! (fic] select$ to escort convoys %\ld be a man ( great prud5ce1 activity1 & en]gy1 = frequ5tly v mu* dep5ds ^u ! safe & timely arrival ( ! provisions & milit>y /ores :i* he may h 9 *>ge4 ,ca/rametation4--,ca/rametation is1 /rictly speak+1 ! art ( lay+ out & dispos+ to advantage ! sev]al p>ts ( ! camp ( an army4 ,! t]m is sometimes m ext5sively us$ to include all ! means = lodg+ & %elt]+ ! soldi]s dur+ a campaign1 & all ! arrangem5ts = cook+1 c41 ei!r 9 ! field or 9 w9t] qu>t]s4 ,a camp1 :e!r compos$ ( t5ts or b>racks1 or m]ely places assign$ = biv\ack+1 mu/ be divid$ & arrang$ 9 su* a way t ! sev]al divisions %all be dispos$ z !y are int5d$ to be drawn up 9 ord] ( battle2 s t1 on any sudd5 al>m1 ! troops c pass f x promptly1 & =m _! l9e ( battle )\t confusion4 ,suitable places mu/ also be assign$ = cook+1 = baggage1 & = provisions1 milit>y /ores1 & ammunitions4 ,! ext5t ( ! color front ( a camp dep5ds mu* on ! "* ( ! gr\nd & ! means ( def5ce1 b z a g5]al rule1 x %\ld nev] exce$ ! position :i* ! army w\ld occupy 9 ! l9e ( battle4 ,! diff]5t arms %\ld be encamp$ 9 ! same ord] z t ( battle2 ?is ord] ( c\rse dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! battle-gr\nd4 ,a corps d'arme is compos$ ( battalions ( infantry1 squadrons ( cavalry1 batt]ies ( artill]y1 & companies ( eng9e] troops1 & ! art ( encampm5ts consi/s 9 arrang+ ea* ( ^! elem5ts s z to satisfy ! prescrib$ conditions4 ,! *oice ( gr\nd = a camp mu/ be gov]n$1 #a/1 by ! g5]al rules respect+ milit>y positions1 &1 #b;d1 by o!r rules peculi> to !mselves1 = !y may be v>i\sly arrang$ 9 a mann] m or less suitable on ! same position4 ,t ! gr\nd be suitable = def5ce1 is ! fir/ & highe/ consid]ation4 ,x %\ld also be commodi\s & dry3 moi/ gr\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( swamps & /agnant wat]s1 w\ld endang] ! heal? ( ! army3 = ! same reason x %\ld n be subject to ov]fl[ or to become m>%y by heavy ra9s1 & ! melt+ ( sn[4 ,! proximity ( good roads1 canals1 or navigable /reams1 is important = furni%+ ! soldi]s ) all ! necess>ies ( life4 ,! proximity ( woods is also desirable = furni%+ firewood1 mat]ials = huts1 = repairs ( milit>y equipm5ts1 = works ( def5ce1 c4 ,good wat] )9 a conv5i5t di/ance1 is also an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! *oice ( gr\nd = a camp2 )\t ?is ! soldi]s' heal? is soon und]m9$4 ,! proximity ( runn+ /reams is also important = ! purposes ( wa%+ & ba?+1 & = c>ry+ (f ! fil? ( ! camp4 ,! camp %\ld n be s plac$ z to be enfilad$ or comm&$ by any po9t )9 long cannon range2 if bord]+ on a riv] or small] /ream1 !re %\ld be space en\gh betwe5 !m to =m 9 ord] ( battle2 ! communications 9 re> %\ld (f] ! means ( retreat+ 9 case ( necessity1 b %\ld n af=d facilities to ! enemy to make 8 attack on t side4 ,if ! camp is to be occupi$ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 z = cantonm5ts or w9t]-qu>t]s1 ! great] mu/ be ! c>e 9 select+ its position & 9 ! arrangem5t = ! heal? & com=t ( ! soldi]s4 ,9 ! latt] case1 7( w9t]-qu>t]s17 ! eng9e]'s art %\ld always be call$ 9 play to =m intr5*m5ts1 l9es ( abattis1 inundations1 c41 to r5d] ! position z difficult ( access to ! enemy z possible4 ,a biv\ac is ! mo/ simple k9d ( camp4 ,x consi/s m]ely ( l9es ( fires1 & huts = ! (fic]s & soldi]s4 ,^! huts may be made ( /raw1 ( wood obta9$ f ! =e/1 or by dismantl+ h\ses & o!r build+s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! camp1 & /ripp+ !m ( _! timb]s1 doors1 floors1 c4 ,troops may be kept 9 biv\ac = a few days1 :5 9 ! vic9ity ( ! enemy1 b ! exposure ( ! soldi] 9 ord9>y biv\acs1 especially 9 ! ra9y seasons or 9 a rigor\s climate1 is exce$+ly de/ructive ( human life1 & moreov] leads to mu* di/ress to ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry occupi$1 9 ! de/ruction ( _! dwell+s & ! mo/ common necess>ies ( life4 ,if ! position is to be occupi$ = any l5g? ( "t1 ! huts %\ld be arrang$ l t5ts1 accord+ to a regul> sy/em1 & made com=table = ! troops4 ,su* %\ld always be ! sy/em adopt$ 9 camps ( practice or manoeuvre1 9 cantonm5ts1 w9t]-qu>t]s1 or 9 intr5*$ positions4 ,we h adopt$ 9 our s]vice ! sy/em ( encamp+ 9 t5ts4 ,^! may d v well "u ! ord9>y circum/ances2 b 9 ! active op]ations ( a campaign !y are exce$+ly objectionable1 z greatly encumb]+ ! baggage-tra9s4 ,x w\ld seem pref]able to resort to biv\acs = ! tempor>y camp ( a s+le night1 & to con/ruct a regul> sy/em ( huts :]e a position is to be occupi$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z a g5]al rule1 b 9 c]ta9 c\ntries & climates1 ! t5t becomes almo/ indisp5sable4 ,napoleon's views on ?is subject are c]ta9ly int]e/+1 if n decisive ( ! "q3 ,t5ts1 says he1 are n :olesome4 ,x is bett] = ! soldi] to biv\ac1 because he c sleep ) 8 feet t[>ds ! fire2 he may %elt] himself f ! w9d ) a few bo>ds or a little /raw4 ,! gr\nd ^u :i* he lies w be rapidly dri$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! fire4 ,t5ts are necess>y = ! sup]ior (fic]s1 :o h occasion to read & consult maps1 & :o ought to be ord]$ nev] to sleep 9 a h\se--a fatal abuse1 :i* has giv5 rise to s _m disa/]s4 ,all ! ,european nations h s f> foll[$ ! example ( ! ,fr5* z to disc>d _! t5ts2 & if !y be /ill us$ 9 camps ( m]e p>ade1 x is because !y are economical1 sp>+ woods1 ?at*$ ro(s1 & villages4 ,! %ade ( a tree1 aga9/ ! heat ( ! sun1 & any sorry %elt] :atev]1 aga9/ ! ra91 are pref]able to t5ts4 ,! c>riage ( ! t5ts = ea* battalion w\ld load five horses1 :o w\ld be mu* bett] employ$ 9 c>ry+ provisions4 ,t5ts are a subject ( obs]vation = ! enemies' spies & (fic]s ( ! /aff3 !y give !m an insight into y\r numb]s1 & ! position t y occupy2 & ?is inconv5i5ce occurs e day1 & e in/ant 9 ! day4 ,an army rang$ 9 two or ?ree l9es ( biv\ac is only to be p]ceiv$ at a di/ance by ! smoke1 :i* ! enemy may mi/ake = ! vapor ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is impossible to c\nt ! numb] ( fires2 x is easy1 h[ev]1 to c\nt ! numb] ( t5ts1 & to trace out ! position t !y occupy4 ,! gu>d+ ( camps is a v important matt]1 & requires mu* att5tion4 ,! camp-gu>d consi/s ( "o or two r[s ( s5t9els plac$ ar\nd ! camp1 & reliev$ at regul> int]vals4 ,! numb] ( r[s ( s5t9els1 & ! di/ance betwe5 ea* man1 w dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! gr\nd & ! degree ( dang] appreh5d$4 ,deta*m5ts ( infantry & cavalry1 d5om9at$ picquets1 are also ?r[n out 9 front & on ! flanks1 :i*1 9 connection ) ! camp-gu>ds1 s]ve to keep good ord] & discipl9e 9 & ar\nd ! camp1 to prev5t des]tions1 int]cept reconnoit]+ p>ties1 & to give timely notice ( ! enemy's approa*4 ,/ill l>g] deta*m5ts1 d5om9at$ gr&-gu>ds1 are po/$ 9 ! surr\nd+ villages1 f>m-h\ses1 or small field-works1 :i* !y occupy z outpo/s1 & f :i* !y c wat* ! movem5ts ( ! enemy1 & prev5t any attempts to surprise ! camp4 ,!y deta* patrols1 videttes1 & s5tries1 to furni% timely notice ( dang]4 ,!y %\ld nev] be s f> f ! camp z to be beyond succor 9 case ( sudd5 attack4 ,outpo/s1 :5 too f> advanc$1 are sometimes de/roy$ )\t be+ able to give notice ( ! enemy's approa*4 ,9 encamp+ troops 9 w9t]-qu>t]s1 x is sometimes necess>y to scatt] !m ov] a consid]able ext5t ( gr\nd1 9 ord] to facilitate _! subsi/5ce4 ,9 su* a case1 ! arrangem5t ( gu>ds requires ! utmo/ c>e4 ,a *a9 ( advanc$ po/s %\ld be plac$ sev]al miles' di/ance f ! l9e ( camp2 ^! po/s %\ld be support$ by o!r & l>g] deta*m5ts 9 _! re>1 & conc5trat$ on few] po9ts2 & ! :ole c\ntry ar\nd %\ld be cont9ually reconnoit]$ by patrols ( cavalry4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,napoleon qu>t]$ & w9t]$ 8 army on ! ,pass>ge1 9 #ahjf-g1 furni%es a useful lesson to milit>y m51 bo? 9 ! matt]s ( encampm5t & subsi/5ce4 ,an imm5se army ( m5 7 "h qu>t]$ & subsi/$1 9 a mo/ rigor\s climate1 ) a n ov] f]tile soil1 9 ! mid/ ( ho/ile nations1 & 9 ! v face ( a mo/ p[]ful enemy4 ,a ,roman army inv>iably encamp$ 9 ! same ord]1 its troops be+ always drawn up 9 ! same battle array4 ,a ,roman /aff-(fic] :o m>k$ out an encampm5t1 p]=m$ no?+ m ?an a me*anical op]ation2 he _h no occasion = mu* g5ius or exp]i5ce4 ,! =m ( ! camps 0 a squ>e4 ,9 lat] times1 !y sometimes1 9 imitation ( ! ,greeks1 made !m circul>1 or adapt$ !m to ! gr\nd4 ,! camp 0 always surr\nd$ ) a dit* & ramp>t1 & divid$ into two p>ts by a broad /reet1 & into subdivisions by cross-/reets & alleys4 ,ea* t5t 0 calculat$ to hold t5 privates & a petty (fic]4 ,9 ! middle ages1 ! =m ( ! camp did n diff] v ess5tially f t ( ! ,romans1 ! v>iation consi/+ pr9cipally 9 ! int]ior arrangem5ts1 ^! arrangem5ts be+ made to correspond to ! exi/+ mode ( =m+ a l9e ( battle4 ,! details ( ?is sy/em may be f\nd 9 ! milit>y "w ( ,ma*iavelli4 ,! art ( fix+ a camp 9 mod]n times is ! same z tak+ up a l9e ( battle on ! same position4 ,( all ! projectile ma*9es mu/ be 9 play & favorably plac$4 ,! position mu/ nei!r be comm&$1 out-front$1 nor surr\nd$2 b on ! contr>y ought1 z f> z possible1 to comm& & out-front ! enemy's position4 ,b ev5 9 ! same position !re are num]\s modes ( arrang+ an encampm5t1 or ( =m+ a l9e ( battle1 & to select ! be/ ( ^! modes requires great exp]i5ce1 c\p d'oeil1 & g5ius4 ,9 relation to ?is po9t ,napoleon makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3-- ,ought an army to be conf9$ to "o s+le encampm5t1 or ought x to =m z _m z x has corps or divisions8 ,at :at di/ance ought ! vangu>d & ! flank]s to be encamp$8 ,:at frontage & :at dep? ought to be giv5 to ! camp8 ,:]e %\ld ! cavalry1 ! artill]y1 & ! c>riages be di/ribut$8 ,%\ld ! army be rang$ 9 battle array1 9 sev]al l9es8 ,& if x %\ld1 :at space %\ld !re be betwe5 ^? l9es8 ,%\ld ! cavalry be 9 res]ve beh9d ! infantry1 or %\ld x be plac$ ^u ! w+s8 ,z e piece has suffici5t ammunition = keep+ up its fire tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 %\ld all ! artill]y be br\ght into action at ! beg9n+ ( ! engagem5t1 or %\ld half ( x be kept 9 res]ve8 ,! solution ( ^! que/ions dep5ds on ! foll[+ circum/ances3--#a/4 ,on ! numb] ( troops1 & ! numb]s ( infantry1 artill]y1 & cavalry1 ( :i* ! army is compos$4 #b;d4 ,on ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! two armies4 #c;d4 ,on ! quality ( ! troops4 #d?4 ,on ! end 9 view4 #e?4 ,on ! nature ( ! field4 ,& #f?4 ,on ! position occupi$ by ! enemy1 & on ! "* ( ! g5]al :o comm&s !m4 ,no?+ absolute ei!r c or ought to be prescrib$ on ?is head4 ,9 mod]n w>f>e !re is no natural ord] ( battle4 ,! duty to be p]=m$ by ! comm&] ( an army is m difficult 9 mod]n armies1 ?an x 0 9 ^? ( ! anci5ts4 ,x is also c]ta9 t 8 influ5ce is m efficaci\s 9 decid+ battles4 ,9 ! anci5t armies ! g5]al-9-*ief1 at a di/ance ( eighty or a hundr$ toises f ! enemy1 0 9 no dang]2 & yet he 0 conv5i5tly plac$1 s z to h an opportunity ( direct+ to advantage all ! movem5ts ( 8 =ces4 ,9 mod]n armies1 a g5]al-9-*ief1 ?\gh remov$ f\r or five hundr$ toises1 f9ds himself 9 ! mid/ ( ! fire ( ! enemy's batt]ies1 & is v mu* expos$2 & /ill he is s di/ant t sev]al movem5ts ( ! enemy escape him4 ,9 e engagem5t he is occasionally oblig$ to approa* )9 rea* ( small-arms4 ,! effect ( mod]n arms is mu* influ5c$ by ! situation 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,a batt]y ( guns1 ) a great range & a comm&+ position t takes ! enemy obliquely1 may be decisive ( a victory4 ,mod]n fields ( battle are mu* m ext5d$ ?an ^? ( ! anci5ts1 :5ce x becomes necess>y to /udy op]ations on a l>ge scale4 ,a mu* great] degree ( exp]i5ce & milit>y g5ius is requisite = ! direction ( a mod]n army ?an 0 necess>y = an anci5t "o4 ,figure #i repres5ts a camp 7on favorable gr\nd7 ( a gr&-division ( an army1 compos$ ( two brigades or twelve battalions ( infantry1 twelve squadrons ( cavalry1 five batt]ies ( artill]y1 & ?ree companies ( eng9e]s4 ,figure #aj repres5ts ! details ( a camp ( a battalion ( infantry compos$ ( eight companies4 ,figure #aa is ! camp ( a squadron ( cavalry4 ,figure #ab is ! camp ( two batt]ies ( foot artill]y1 or two companies ( foot eng9e]s4 ,figure #ac is ! camp ( two batt]ies ( m\nt$ artill]y1 or two companies ( m\nt$ sapp]s & pontoni]s4 ,on undulat+ or brok5 gr\nd ! arrangem5t & ord] ( ! g5]al camp1 z well z ! details ( ! encampm5t ( ea* arm1 w\ld admit ( mu* v>iation4#h ,footnote #h3 ,!re are _m valuable rem>ks on ! v>i\s subjects compris$ "u ! head ( logi/ics1 9 ! works ( ,jom9i1 ,grimo>d1 ,?iebault1 ,b\t\rl91 ,guib]t1 ,l>o*e ,amyon1 ,b\sm>d1 ,t]nay1 ,vau*elle1 ,odi]1 ,aud\91 ,b>d91 ,*emevri]es1 ,daznan1 ,ballyet1 ,dremaux1 ,dupre d',aulnay1 ,mor91 & 9 ! publi%$ regulations & ord]s ( ! ,engli% army4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,tactics4 ,,iv4 ,tactics4--,we h def9$ tactics to be ! art ( br++ troops into action1 or ( mov+ !m 9 ! pres5ce ( ! enemy2--t is1 )9 8 view1 & )9 ! rea* ( 8 artill]y4 ,?is bran* ( ! milit>y art has usually be5 divid$ into two p>ts3 #a/4 ,gr& ,tactics1 or ! tactics ( battles2 & #b;d4 ,elem5t>y ,tactics1 or tactics ( in/ruction4#i ,footnote #i3 ,x does n come )9 ! view ( ?is "w to say any ?+ ( ! m]ely me*anical "p ( ! art2 because x mu/ be tak5 = grant$1 t e man :o accepts ! comm& ( an army kn[s at lea/ ! alphabet ( 8 trade4 ,if he does n1 7unless 8 enemy be z ignorant z himself17 defeat & infamy await him4 ,)\t und]/&+ p]fectly :at are call$ ! evolutions1 h[ is x possible t a g5]al c give to 8 own army t ord] ( battle :i* %all be mo/ provid5t & skilful 9 ea* p>ticul> case 9 :i* he may be plac$8 ,h[ "k :i* ( ^! evolutions ! enemy employs aga9/ him8 &1 ( c\rse1 h[ decide on a c\nt]-movem5t :i* may be necess>y to secure victory or avoid defeat8 ,! man :o %all take ! comm& ( an army )\t p]fectly und]/&+ ?is elem5t>y bran*1 is no less presumptu\s ?an he :o %\ld pret5d to tea* ,greek )\t kn[+ ev5 8 lett]s4 ,if we h su* g5]als1 let !m1 = _! own sakes1 if n = _! c\ntry's1 put !mselves imm$iately to s*ool4 ,a battle is a g5]al action betwe5 armies4 ,if only a small portion ( ! =ces are engag$ x is usually d5om9at$ a combat1 an affair1 an action1 a skirmi%1 c41 accord+ to ! "* ( ! conflict4 ,! art ( comb9+ & conduct+ battles ( all descriptions has be5 designat$ by ! "n ( ,gr& ,tactics4 ,battles may be arrang$ into ?ree classes2 #a/4 ,def5sive battles1 or ^? giv5 9 a *os5 position by an army wait+ ! attack ( ! enemy4 #b;d4 ,(f5sive battles1 or ^? made by an army :i* attacks ! enemy 9 position4 #c;d4 ,! mix$ or un=ese5 battles1 giv5 by two armies meet+ :ile on ! m>*4 ,i4 ,:5 an army awaits ! attack1 x takes its position & =ms its l9e ( battle accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd & ! suppos$ "* & /r5g? ( ! enemy's =ces4 ,su* is usually ! case :5 an army wi%es to cov] a siege1 protect a capital1 gu>d dpts ( provisions & milit>y /ores1 or "s important /rategic po9t4 ,! g5]al relations ( positions ) /rategy & eng9e]+ h already be5 consid]$2 we w n[ discuss m]ely _! relations to battles4 ,! fir/ condition to be satisfi$ by a tactical position is1 t its deb\*es %all be m favorable = fall+ on ! enemy :5 he has approa*$ to ! desir$ po9t1 ?an ^? :i* ! enemy c h = attack+ our l9e ( battle4 #b;d4 ,! artill]y %\ld h its full effect ^u all ! av5ues ( approa*4 #c;d4 ,we %\ld h good gr\nd = manoeuvr+ our own troops unse51 if possible1 by ! enemy4 #d?4 ,we %\ld h a full view ( ! enemy's manoeuvres z he advances to ! attack4 #e?4 ,we %\ld h ! flanks ( our l9e well protect$ by natural or artificial ob/acles4 #f?4 ,we %\ld h "s means ( effect+ a retreat )\t expos+ our army to de/ruction4 ,x is v seldom t all ^! conditions c be satisfi$ at ! same "t2 & sometimes ! v means ( satisfy+ "o1 may be 9 direct violation ( ano!r4 ,a riv]1 a =e/1 or a m\nta91 :i* secures a flank ( a l9e ( battle1 may become an ob/acle to a retreat1 %\ld ! def5sive =ces be ?r[n back ^u t w+4 ,aga91 ! position may be difficult ( attack 9 front or on ! w+s1 & at ! same "t unfavorable = retreat4 ,su* 0 ,well+ton's position at ,wat]loo4 ,! p>k ( ,h\gomont1 ! hamlet ( ,haye ,sa9te1 & ! m>%y rivulet ( ,papelotte1 7 s]i\s ob/acles aga9/ ! attack+ =ce2 b ! m>%y =e/ ( ,soignies 9 re>1 ) b a s+le road1 cut (f all hope ( retreat4 ,,ii4 ,accord+ to ! /rategic relations ( ! cont5d+ =ces 9 a campaign1 w x be det]m9$ :e!r we are to await ! enemy1 or to seek him out & attack him :]ev] he may be f\nd4 ,we may sometimes be oblig$ to make ! attack at all haz>ds1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! junction ( two corps1 or to cut (f =ces t may be sep>at$ f ! ma9 body by a riv]1 c4 ,z a g5]al rule ! attack+ =ce has a moral sup]iority ov] ! def5sive1 b ?is advantage is frequ5tly m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by o!r conditions4 ,! ma9 ?+ 9 an (f5sive battle is to seize ^u ! decisive po9t ( ! field4 ,?is po9t is det]m9$ by ! configuration ( ! gr\nd1 ! position ( ! cont5d+ =ces1 ! /rategic object ( ! battle2 or1 by a comb9ation ( ^!4 ,= example1 :5 "o w+ ( ! enemy re/s on a height t comm&s ! rema9d] ( 8 l9e1 ?is w\ld seem ! decisive po9t to be attack$1 = its occupation w\ld secure ! greate/ advantages2 b ?is po9t may be s v difficult ( access1 or be s relat$ to ! /rategic object z to r5d] its attack out ( ! "q4 ,?us x 0 at ! battle ( ,bautz53 ! left ( ! allies re/$ on ! m\nta9s ( ,bohemia1 :i* 7 difficult ( attack1 b favorable = def5ce2 moreov]1 _! only l9e ( retreat 0 on ! "r1 :i* ?us became ! po9t ( attack = ! ,fr5*1 al?\gh ! topographical & tactical key ( ! field 0 on ! left4 ,,iii4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s 9 mod]n w>f>e t battles result f ! meet+ ( armies 9 motion1 bo? p>ties act+ on ! (f5sive4 ,inde$1 an army t is occupy+ a def5sive position may1 on ! approa* ( ! enemy1 advance to meet him :ile on ! m>*4 ,battles ( ?is k9d may p>take ( ! mix$ "* ( (f5sive & def5sive actions1 or !y may be ( ! nature ( a surprise to bo? armies4 ,to ?is class belong ! battles ( ,rosba*1 ,eylau1 ,lutz51 ,luzz>a1 ,ab5sb]g1 c4 ,surprises 7 mu* m common 9 anci5t ?an 9 mod]n times1 = ! noise ( musketry & ! ro> ( artill]y1 belong+ to ! po/s or w+s assail$1 w prev5t any g5]al surprise ( an army4 ,moreov]1 ! division into sep>ate masses1 or corps d'arme1 w necess>ily conf9e ! surprise to a "p1 at mo/1 ( ! =ces employ$4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! *ange giv5 to milit>y t]ms1 a surprise may n[ mean only an unexpect$ comb9ation ( manoeuvres = an attack1 r ?an an actual fall+ ^u troops ungu>d$ or asleep4 ,9 ?is s5se ,m>5go1 ,lutz51 ,eylau1 c4 are numb]$ ) surprises4 ,b5n+s5's attack on ,murat at ,z>ant9 9 #ahab 0 a true surprise1 result+ f ! gross neglig5ce & c>elessness ( ! k+ ( ,naples4 ,an ord] ( battle is ! p>ticul> disposition giv5 to ! troops = a det]m9$ manoeuvre on ! field ( battle4 ,a l9e ( battle is ! g5]al "n appli$ to troops drawn up 9 _! usual ord] ( ex]cise1 )\t any det]m9$ manoeuvre2 x may apply to def5sive positions1 or to (f5sive op]ations1 :]e no def9itive object has be5 decid$ on4 ,milit>y writ]s lay d[n twelve ord]s ( battle1 viz43 #a/4 ,! simple p>allel ord]2 #b;d4 ,! p>allel ord] ) a crot*et2 #c;d4 ,! p>allel ord] re9=c$ on "o or bo? w+s2 #d?4 ,! p>allel ord] re9=c$ on ! c5tre2 #e?4 ,! simple oblique ord]2 #f?4 ,! oblique ord] re9=c$ on ! assail+ w+2 #g?4 ,! p]p5dicul> ord] on "o or bo? w+s2 #h?4 ,! concave ord]2 #i?4 ,! convex ord]2 #aj?4 ,! ord] by e*elon on "o or bo? w+s2 #aa?4 ,! ord] by e*elon on ! c5tre2 #ab?4 ,! comb9$ ord]s ( attack on ! c5tre & "o w+ at ! same "t4 7,figure #ad47aj ,! simple p>allel ord] is ! wor/ possible disposition = a battle1 = ! two p>ties "h fight ) equal *ances1 & ! combat mu/ cont9ue till accid5t1 sup]ior numb]s1 or m]e physical /r5g? decides ! day2 skill c h little or no influ5ce 9 su* a conte/4 ,footnote #aj3 ,9 ! plans1 ,b is ! army 9 position1 & ,a ! attack+ =ce arrang$ accord+ to ! diff]5t ord]s ( battle4 ,to simplify ! draw+s1 a s+le l9e repres5ts ! position ( an army1 :]eas1 9 practice1 troops are usually drawn up 9 ?ree l9es4 ,ea* figure repres5ts a gr& division ( twelve battalions4 7,figure #ae47 ,! p>allel ord] ) a crot*et on ! flank1 is sometimes us$ 9 a def5sive position1 & also 9 ! (f5sive ) ! crot*et ?r[n =w>d4 ,malplaquet1 ,nordl+51 ,prague1 & ,kol91 are examples ( ?is ord]4 ,well+ton1 at ,wat]loo1 =m$ ! p>allel ord] ) ! retir$ crot*et on ! "r flank4 7,figure #af47 ,a l9e ( battle p>allel to ! enemy's1 if /rongly re9=c$ on "o po9t1 is accord+ to correct pr9ciples1 & may 9 c]ta9 cases secure ! victory2 b x has _m inconv5i5ces4 ,! weak "p ( ! l9e be+ too ne> ! enemy1 may1 not)/&+ its ef=ts to ! contr>y1 become engag$1 & run ! risk ( a defeat1 & !reby c\nt]balance ! advantages ga9$ by ! /rong po9t4 ,moreov]1 ! re9=c$ "p ( ! l9e w n be able to pr(it by its success by tak+ ! enemy's l9e 9 flank & re>1 )\t endang]+ its connection ) ! re/ ( ! l9e4 7,figure #ag7 repres5ts ! p>allel ord] re9=c$ on ! c5tre4 ,! same rem>ks are applicable to ?is z to ! prec$+4 ,^! two ord]s 7 frequ5tly us$ by ! anci5ts3 z at ! battle ( ,zama1 = example2 & sometimes by mod]n g5]als4 ,tur5ne employ$ "o ( !m at ,en%eim4 7,figure #ah7 is ! simple oblique ord]4 7,figure #ai7 is ! oblique ord]1 ) ! attack+ w+ re9=c$4 ,?is la/ is bett] suit$ = an inf]ior army 9 attack+ a sup]ior1 = x enables x to c>ry ! mass ( its =ce on a s+le po9t ( ! enemy's l9e1 :ile ! weak w+ is n only out ( rea* ( imm$iate attack1 b also holds ! rema9d] ( ! enemy's l9e 9 *eck by act+ z a res]ve ready to be conc5trat$ on ! favorable po9t z occasion may require4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ examples "u ?is ord] are ! battles ( ,leuctra & ,mant9ea1 "u ! celebrat$ ,epam9ondas2 ,leu!n1 "u ,fr$]ick2 ! ,pyramids1 ,m>5go1 & ,j5a1 "u ,napoleon4 7,figure #bj47 ,an army may be p]p5dicul> ^u a flank at ! beg9n+ ( a battle1 z 0 ! army ( ,fr$]ick at ,rosba*1 & ! ,russian army at ,kun]sdorff2 b ?is ord] mu/ soon *ange to ! oblique4 ,an attack ^u bo? w+s c only be made :5 ! attack+ =ce is va/ly sup]ior4 ,at ,eylau1 ,napoleon made a p]p5dicul> attack on "o w+ at ! same "t t he s\ght to pi]ce ! enemy's c5tre4 7,figure #ba47 ,! concave ord] may be us$ ) advantage 9 c]ta9 cases1 & 9 p>ticul> localities4 ,hannibal employ$ x at ! battle ( ,cann1 ! ,engli% at ,crecy & ,ag9c\rt1 & ! ,au/rians at ,essl+1 9 #ahji4 7,figure #bb47 ,! convex ord] is sometimes =m$ to cov] a defile1 to attack a concave l9e1 or to oppose an attack be=e or aft] ! passage ( a riv]4 ,! ,romans =m$ ?is ord] at ! battle ( ,cosil9um2 ! ,fr5* at ,ramilies 9 #agjf1 at ,fleurus 9 #agid1 at ,essl+ 9 #ahji1 & at ! second & ?ird days ( ,leipsic 9 #ahac1 & at ,bri5ne 9 #ahad4 7,figure #bc47 ,! ord] by e*elon on "o w+ may be frequ5tly employ$ ) advantage2 b if ! e*elon be made on bo? w+s1 !re is ! same objection to its use z to ! p]p5dicul> ord] on bo? w+s4 ,at ,dresd51 ,napoleon attack$ bo? w+s at ! same "t2 ?is is ! only in/ance 9 8 :ole hi/ory ( a simil> attack1 & ?is 0 ow+ to peculi> circum/ances 9 ! gr\nd & 9 ! position ( 8 troops4 7,figure #bd47 ,! e*elon ord] on ! c5tre alone may be employ$ ) success aga9/ an army =m$ 9 a ?9 or too ext5d$ l9e ( battle1 = x w\ld be pretty c]ta9 to p5etrate & break ! l9e4 ,! e*elon ord] possesses 9 g5]al v great advantages4 ,! sev]al corps compos+ ! army may manoeuvre sep>ately1 & consequ5tly ) great] ease4 ,ea* e*elon cov]s ! flank ( t :i* prec$es x2 & all may be comb9$ t[>ds a s+le object1 & ext5d$ ) ! necess>y ensemble4 ,at ! battle ( ! ,pyramids1 ,napoleon =m$ ! oblique ord] 9 e*elon by squ>es4 ,portions ( 8 =ces 7 arrang$ 9 e*elon 9 "s ( 8 o!r battles4 7,figure #be47 ,! comb9$ ord] 9 columns on ! c5tre & "o extremity at ! same "t1 is bett] suit$ ?an ei!r ( ! prec$+ = attack+ a /rong contigu\s l9e4 ,napoleon employ$ ?is ord] at ,wagram1 ,ligny1 ,bautz51 ,borod9o1 & ,wat]loo4 ,x is impossible to lay d[n1 z a g5]al rule1 :i* ( ^! ord]s ( battle %\ld be employ$1 or t ei!r %\ld be exclusively foll[$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole battle4 ,! "q mu/ be decid$ by ! g5]al himself on ! gr\nd1 :]e all ! circum/ances may be duly weigh$4 ,an ord] well suit$ to "o position might be ! wor/ possible 9 ano!r4 ,tactics is 9 ?is respect ! v rev]se ( /rategy--! latt] be+ subject to m rigid & inv>iable rules4 ,b :atev] ! plan adopt$ by ! attack+ =ce1 x %\ld seek to dislodge ! enemy1 ei!r by pi]c+ or turn+ 8 l9e4 ,if x c conceal its real int5tions1 & deceive him respect+ ! true po9t ( attack1 success w be m c]ta9 & decisive4 ,a turn+ manoeuvre may frequ5tly be employ$ ) advantage at ! same "t ) ! ma9 attack on ! l9e4 ,! op]ations ( ,dav\/ at ,wagram1 & ,ri*epanse at ,hoh5l9d51 are good examples "u ?is head4 ,! manoeuvre is1 h[ev]1 a difficult "o1 & unless execut$ ) skill1 may lead to disa/]s l ! turn+ manoeuvres ( ! ,au/rians at ,rivoli & ,au/]litz1 & ( ! ,fr5* "u ,j\rdan at ,/acka*1 & "u ,m>mont at ,salamanca4 ,we w n[ discuss ! p>ticul> mann] ( arrang+ ! troops on ! l9e ( battle1 or ! mann] ( employ+ ea* arm1 )\t ent]+1 h[ev]1 mu* into ! detail$ tactics ( =mation & in/ruction4 ,we %all beg9 ) infantry1 z ! mo/ important arm on ! battle-field4 ,!re are f\r diff]5t ways ( =m+ infantry = battle3 #a/1 z tirailleurs1 or light troops2 #b;d1 9 deploy$ l9es2 #c;d1 9 l9es ( battalions1 ploy$ on ! c5tral division ( ea* battalion1 or =m$ 9 squ>es2 #d?1 9 deep masses4 ,^! diff]5t modes ( =mation are r$uc$ to f\r sep>ate sy/ems3 #a/1 ! ?9 =mation ( two deploy$ l9es2 #b;d1 a l9e ( battalions 9 columns ( attack on ! c5tre1 or 9 squ>es by battalions2 #c;d1 a comb9ation ( ^! two1 or ! fir/ l9e deploy$1 & ! second 9 columns ( attack2 & #d?1 ! deep =mation ( heavy columns ( sev]al battalions4 ,! tirailleurs are m]ely accessories to ! ma9 =ces1 & are employ$ to fill up int]vals1 to protect ! m>* ( ! columns1 to annoy ! enemy1 & to manoeuvre on ! flanks4 #a/4 ,=m]ly ! l9e ( battle = infantry 0 v g5]ally t ( two deploy$ l9es ( troops1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,b reason & exp]i5ce h demon/rat$ t infantry 9 ?is ?9 or light ord]1 c only move v sl[ly2 t 9 attempt+ rapid movem5ts x breaks & exhibits great & dang]\s undulations1 & w\ld be easily pi]c$ ?r\gh by troops ( a deep] ord]4 ,h5ce x is t ! light =mation is only prop] :5 ! infantry is to make use ( its fire1 & to rema9 almo/ /ation>y4 #b;d4 ,if ! =mation ( a l9e ( battalions 9 columns ( attack be employ$1 ! dep? & mobility w dep5d ^u ! organization or habitual =mation ( ?is arm4 ,9 our s]vice a battalion is suppos$ to be compos$ ( t5 companies1 ea* =m$ 9 ?ree ranks4 ,! two flank companies are design$ = tirailleurs4 ,?is w\ld give a column ( f\r divisions1 & consequ5tly twelve files deep2 & z only two ( ^! files c\ld employ _! fire1 !re w\ld be mu* too l>ge a portion ( non-combatants expos$ to ! enemy's artill]y4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 we employ ! two-rank =mation1 :i*1 if ! flank companies be deta*$1 w\ld give a column ( attack eight files 9 dep?1 :i* is n objectionable4 ,if h[ev]1 ! flank companies %\ld be pres5t 9 ! battalion1 ! dep? ( ! column w\ld /ill be t5 files4 ,9 ! ,fr5* s]vice1 ea* battalion is compos$ ( f\r divisions1 =m$ 9 ei!r two or ?ree ranks4 ,! two-rank =mation is ! "o habitually employ$4 ,if all ! companies be pres5t1 & ! =mation 9 ?ree ranks1 ! dep? ( column w be twelve files2 if 9 two ranks ! dep? w be eight1 files4 ,if ! flank companies be deta*$1 ! dep? ( column w be1 = ?ree ranks n9e files1 & = two ranks six files4 7,figs4 #bg & #bh47 ,9 ! ,russian s]vice ea*1 battalion has f\r divisions ( ?ree ranks ea*4 ,b ! ?ird rank is employ$ z tirailleurs1 :i* gives a dep? ( column ( eight files4 ,! employm5t ( ! ?ird rank = tirailleurs is deem$ objectionable on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( rally+ !m on ! column4 ,= ?is reason1 ! be/ au?orities pref] deta*+ an entire division ( two companies4 ,! =mation ( squ>es is exce$+ly effective 9 an op5 c\ntry1 & aga9/ an enemy :o is sup]ior 9 cavalry4 ,=m]ly v l>ge squ>es 7 employ$1 b !y are n[ =m$ ei!r by regim5t or by battalion4 ,! =m] are deem$ be/ = ! def5sive1 & ! latt] = (f5sive movem5ts4 ,! mann] ( arrang+ ^! is %[n 9 ,figure #bi4 #c;d4 ,! mix$ sy/em1 or ! comb9ation ( ! two prec$+1 has sometimes be5 employ$ ) success4 ,napoleon us$ ?is =mation at ,tagliam5to1 & ! ,russians at ,eylau4 ,ea* regim5t 0 compos$ ( ?ree battalions1 ! fir/ be+ deploy$ 9 l9e1 & ! o!r two =m$ 9 columns ( attack by division 9 re> ( ! two extremities1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj4 ,x may 9 "s cases be bett] to place ! second & ?ird battalions 9 l9e ) ! fir/1 & on ! two extremities ( ?is battalion1 9 ord] to prolong ! l9e ( fire4 ,! c5tre ( ! l9e ( ea* regim5t w\ld be less /rong1 h[ev]1 ?an :5 ! two battalions by column are plac$ 9 re> ( ! o!r :i* is deploy$4 ,?is mix$ sy/em ( =mation has _m advocates1 & 9 c]ta9 situations may be employ$ ) great advantage4 #d?4 ,! deep ord] ( heavy columns ( sev]al battalions is objectionable z an habitual =mation = battle1 inasmu* z x exposes l>ge masses ( m5 to ! ravages ( artill]y1 & dim9i%es ! mobility & impulsion ( an attack )\t add+ greatly to its =ce4 ,macdonald l$ a column ( ?is k9d at ! battle ( ,wagram ) complete success1 al?\gh he exp]i5c$ enorm\s losses4 ,b ,ney's heavy columns ( attack at ,wat]loo fail$ ( success1 & suff]$ t]ribly f ! conc5tric fire ( ! enemy's batt]ies4 ,:5ev] deep columns are employ$1 ,jom9i recomm5ds t ! gr&-division ( twelve battalions %\ld h "o battalion on ea* flank1 7,fig4 #ca17 m>*+ by files1 9 ord] to protect its flanks f ! enemy's attacks4 ,)\t ?is def5ce a column ( twelve battalions deep becomes an in]t mass1 greatly expos$ to be ?r[n into disord] or brok51 z 0 ! column ( ,font5oy1 & ! ,mac$onian phalanx by ,paulus ,emillus4 ,a gr&-division is sometimes arrang$ 9 two columns by brigade1 z is repres5t$ 9 ,figure #cb4 ,^! are less heavy ?an a s+le column ( gr&-division by battalion1 b are subject to ne>ly ! same objections4 ,all (f5sive op]ations on ! field ( battle require mobility1 solidity1 & impulsion2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 all def5sive op]ations %\ld comb9e solidity ) ! greate/ possible am\nt ( fire4 ,troops 9 motion c make b little use ( _! fire-arms1 :atev] may be _! =mation4 ,if 9 v l>ge masses1 !y move sl[] & are m expos$2 b ! moral effect ( ^! l>ge moveable columns is su*1 t !y frequ5tly c>ry positions )\t ev] employ+ _! fire4 ,! ,fr5* columns usually succe$$ aga9/ ! ,au/rian & ,prussian infantry1 b ! ,engli% infantry c\ld n s easily be driv5 f _! gr\nd2 hey also employ$ _! fire to great] advantage1 z 0 %[n at ,talav]a1 ,busaco1 ,fu5te de ,honore1 ,albu]a & ,wat]loo4 ,! small] columns & ! mix$ =mation 7 always mo/ successful aga9/ su* troops4 ,f ^! rem>ks we mu/ conclude--#a/4 ,t ! v ?9 z well z ! v deep =mation is objectionable "u ord9>y circum/ances1 & c seldom be employ$ ) safety4 #b;d4 ,t ! attack by battalions 9 columns by division is ! be/ = c>ry+ a position2 ! column %\ld1 h[ev]1 be dim9i%$ 9 dep? z mu* z possible1 9 ord] bo? to increase its own fire & to dim9i% its exposure to ! fire ( ! enemy2 moreov]1 x %\ld be well cov]$ by tirailleurs & support$ by cavalry4 #c;d4 ,t ! mix$ =mation ( ! fir/ l9e deploy$ & ! second 9 columns ( battalion by division is ! be/ = def5ce4 #d?4 ,t ei!r ( ! la/ two may be employ$ 9 ! (f5sive or def5sive1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 ! "* ( ! g5]al1 & ! "* & position ( ! troops4 ,squ>es are always good aga9/ cavalry4 ,troops %\ld be habituat$ to all ^! =mations1 & accu/om$ to pass rapidly f "o to ano!r 9 ! daytime or at night4 ,none1 h[ev]1 b discipl9$ troops c d ?is3 h5ce ! great sup]iority ( regul>s on ! field ( battle1 :]e skilful manoeuvres frequ5tly effect m ?an ! mo/ undaunt$ c\rage4 ,! arm next 9 importance on ! battle-field is cavalry4 ,! pr9cipal m]it ( ?is arm consi/s 9 its velocity & mobility4 ,cavalry has little solidity1 & _c ( itself def5d any position aga9/ infantry2 b 9 connection ) ! o!r arms1 x is indisp5sable = beg9n+ a battle1 = complet+ a victory1 & = reap+ its full advantage by pursu+ & de/roy+ ! beat5 foe4 ,!re are f\r diff]5t modes ( =m+ cavalry1 ! same z = infantry3 #a/ 9 deploy$ l9es2 #b;d1 a l9e ( regim5ts 9 column ( attack on ! c5tre2 #c;d1 ! mix$ =mation2 & #d?1 ! deep =mation ( sev]al columns4 #a/4 ,! ?9 =mation 0 deem$ objectionable = infantry1 on acc\nt ( its liability to be p5etrat$ by cavalry4 ,! same objection does n hold s =cibly ) respect to ?is latt] arm2 b full l9es are deem$ less advantage\s ?an l9es deploy$ *eck]-wise or 9 e*elon4 ,9 ei!r case ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es %\ld be suffici5t to prev5t ! second l9e f com+ 9 contact ) ! fir/1 9 case ! latt] receives a slight *eck4 ,?is di/ance ne$ n be s great 9 l9es deploy$ *eck]-wise1 z :5 !y are full1 or 9 e*elon4 #b;d4 ,! second sy/em ( =mation1 t is1 a l9e ( columns ( attack on ! c5tral division = infantry1 is by battalion1 b = cavalry1 by regim5t4 ,if ! regim5t is compos$ ( eight squadrons1 ! column w conta9 f\r l9es1 two squadrons =m+ a division2 b if compos$ ( only six squadrons1 ! column w conta9 only ?ree l9es1 & consequ5tly w be six files 9 dep?4 ,9 ei!r case ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es %\ld be t ( a demi-squadron1 :5 ! troops are drawn up 9 battle array2 b :5 *>g+1 ! divisions may close to a less di/ance4 #c;d4 ,9 =m+ a gr& division ( two brigades1 by ! ?ird or mix$ sy/em1 two regim5ts may be deploy$ 9 ! fir/ l9e1 & ?ree =m$ 9 columns ( attack 9 re> ( ! flanks & c5tre1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc1 ! six? be+ held 9 res]ve4 ,?is =mation is deem$ a good "o4 #d?4 ,! f\r? sy/em1 ( deep columns ( cavalry1 is entirely unsuit$ = ! *>ge1 & ?is =mation c only be employ$ = troops drawn up 9 res]ve4 ,! flanks ( l9es or columns ( cavalry are always mu* expos$1 & squadrons %\ld !re=e be =m$ 9 e*elon on ! "r & left1 & a little 9 re> ( ! ma9 body1 9 ord] to protect ! flanks f ! attacks ( ! enemy's horse4 ,irregul> cavalry is usually employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ! =mation ( a gr& division 9 l9e ( battle1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to give too great an ext5t to ! comm& ( ! g5]als ( brigade4 ,if ! =mation be 9 two l9es1 nei!r brigade %\ld =m an entire l9e1 b ea* %\ld =m a w+ ( ! division1 two regim5ts ( ! same brigade be+ plac$ 9 re> ( ea* o!r4 ,?is rule is an important "o1 & %\ld nev] be neglect$4 ,x may also be laid d[n z a maxim1 9 ! =mation ( cavalry on ! battle-field1 t ! fir/ l9e aft] ! *>ge1 ev5 if mo/ successful1 may require re=m+ 9 re> ( ! second l9e1 & t ?is la/ %\ld be prep>$ to act 9 ! front l9e aft] ! fir/ onset4 ,! success ( ! battle frequ5tly dep5ds ^u ! *>ge ( ! f9al res]ve ( cavalry on ! flanks ( l9es already engag$4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is frequ5t manoeuvr+ ( ! cavalry on ! battle-field1 its re=m+ = repeat$ *>ges1 t great bodies deploy$ 9 full l9es are pr9cipally object$ to4 ,!y _c be h&l$ ) ! facility & rapidity ( columns ( regim5ts by divisions4 ,! attack ( ,nans\ty's cavalry1 =m$ 9 ?is way1 on ! ,prussian cavalry1 deploy$ 9 advance ( ,*ateau-,?i]ry1 9 #ahad1 is a good pro( ( ?is4 ,cavalry may be br\ght to a *>ge--#a/1 9 columns2 #b;d1 9 l9e2 & #c;d1 9 r\te1 or at r&om1 7 la dban-dade47 ,^! may also be v>i$ by *>g+ ei!r at a trot or a gallop4 ,all ^! modes h be5 employ$ ) success4 ,9 a regul> *>ge 9 l9e ! lance (f]s great advantages2 9 ! melee ! sabre is ! be/ weapon2 h5ce "s milit>y writ]s h propos$ arm+ ! front rank ) lances1 & ! second ) sabres1 ,! pi/ol & ! c>ab9e are useless 9 ! *>ge1 b may sometimes be employ$ ) advantage aga9/ convoys1 outpo/s1 & light cavalry2 to fire ! c>ab9e ) any effect1 ! troop mu/ be at a halt4 ,9 all *>ges 9 l9e1 especially aga9/ cavalry1 ! fa/ trot is deem$ pref]able to ! gallop1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( keep+ up ! alignm5t :5 ! spe$ is increas$4 ,lances are utt]ly useless 9 a mele1 & 9 employ+ troops arm$ 9 ?is way1 x is ( ! greate/ importance to keep !m 9 ord] & 9 l9e4 ,9 *>g+ ) ! sabre aga9/ artill]y ! gallop may sometimes be employ$1 = velocity "h may be m important ?an =ce4 ,we w n[ consid] ! =mation & use ( artill]y on ! field ( battle4 ,x may be laid d[n z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t ! fire ( artill]y %\ld be direct$ on t "p ( ! enemy's l9e :i* we design to pi]ce2 = ?is fire w n only weak5 ?is po9t1 b w also aid ! attack ( ! cavalry & infantry :5 ! pr9cipal ef=ts are direct$ t[>ds ! int5d$ po9t4 ,9 ! def5ce1 ! artill]y is usually di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole l9e1 on gr\nd favorable = its fire2 b ! res]ve %\ld be s plac$ t x c easily be br\ght to be> on ! po9t :]e ! enemy w be mo/ likely to direct 8 pr9cipal attack4 ,artill]y plac$ on a pla91 or ) gr\nd slightly incl9$ 9 front1 & us+ ! po9t-blank or rico*et fire1 is ! mo/ effective2 v high po9ts are unfavorable ,if possible1 ! conc5tric fire %\ld be employ$ aga9/ ! enemy's columns ( attack4 ,! position ( ! ,engli% artill]y on ! field ( ,wat]loo1 & ! use ( ! conc5tric fire1 furni%es "o ( ! be/ examples = ! disposition ( ?is arm to be f\nd 9 mod]n milit>y hi/ory4 ,! prop] use ( artill]y on ! battle-field is aga9/ ! enemy's infantry & cavalry1 consequ5tly only a small "p ( x %\ld be employ$ to respond to ! fire ( ! enemy's batt]ies2 n m ?an "o ?ird at mo/ c be sp>$ = ?is object4 ,if possible1 batt]ies %\ld be e/abli%$ s z to take ! enemy's l9e 9 flank1 ei!r by an oblique or enfilad+ fire4 ,a direct fire aga9/ columns ( attack1 ) a few light pieces ?r[n out to take x 9 flank at ! same "t1 w always be advantage\s4 ,a direct & flank fire 0 employ$ ) success by ,klei/ aga9/ ! column ( ,ney at ! battle ( ,bautz52 ! ,fr5* m>%al 0 =c$ to *ange 8 direction4 ,batt]ies %\ld always be well secur$ on ! flanks1 & con/antly su/a9$ by infantry or cavalry4 ,if attack$ by cavalry1 ! artill]y %\ld keep up its fire z long z possible1 fir/ ) ball1 & !n ) grape :5 ! enemy arrives )9 a suitable di/ance4 ,! same rule w apply to attacks ( infantry1 except t ! fire ( solid %ot at a great di/ance is mu* less effective ?an aga9/ m\nt$ troops4 ,! eng9e] troops are employ$ on ! field ( battle pr9cipally by deta*m5ts1 act+ z auxili>ies to ! o!r arms4 ,ea* regim5t ( infantry %\ld h a deta*m5t ( sapp]s arm$ ) axes to act z pione]s1 = ! removal ( ob/acles t may imp$e its advance4 ,^! sapp]s are ( ! utmo/ importance1 = )\t !m an entire column might be *eck$ & ?r[n into confusion by imp$im5ts :i* a few sapp]s ) _! axes w\ld remove 9 a v %ort "t4 ,deta*m5ts ( eng9e] troops mu/ also act 9 conc]t ) ! cavalry & artill]y = ! same purpose z above4 ,9 e/abli%+ ! batt]ies ( artill]y1 9 op5+ roads = _! manoeuvres1 & 9 arrang+ mat]ial ob/acles = _! def5ce1 ! axes1 picks1 & %ovels ( ! sapp]s are ( inf9ite value4 ,fieldworks1 bridges1 & bridge-def5ces1 frequ5tly h a decisive influ5ce ^u ! result ( a battle1 b z ^! are usually arrang$ previ\s to ! action1 !y w be discuss$ 9 ano!r place4 ,9 ! attack & def5ce ( ^! field-works1 ! eng9e] troops play a di/+ui%$ "p4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is "p ( ! subject1 ?\gh p]haps prop]ly belong+ to ! tactics ( battles1 w also be po/pon$ to ano!r occasion4 ,we w n[ discuss ! employm5t ( ! comb9$ arms on ! field ( battle4 ,be=e ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 all ! infantry1 =m$ by regim5ts & brigades1 0 unit$ 9 a s+le body & drawn up 9 two l9es4 ,! cavalry 0 plac$ on ! two flanks1 & ! artill]y di/ribut$ along ! entire l9e4 ,9 mov+ by w+s1 !y =m$ f\r columns1 two ( cavalry & two ( infantry3 9 mov+ by a flank1 !y =m$ only two v long columns2 ! cavalry1 h[ev]1 sometimes =m$ a ?ird & sep>ate column 9 flank movem5ts1 b ?is disposition 0 r>ely made4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution introduc$ ! sy/em ( gr& divisions compos$ ( ! f\r arms comb9$2 ea* division mov$ sep>ately & indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! w>s ( ! ,empire1 ,napoleon unit$ two or m ( ^! divisions into a corps d'arme1 :i* =m$ a w+1 ! c5tre1 or res]ve ( 8 gr& army4 ,9 addition to ^! divisions & corps d'arme1 he _h l>ge res]ves ( cavalry & artill]y1 :i* 7 employ$ z di/9ct & sep>ate arms4 ,if ! =ces be suffici5tly num]\s to fight by corps d'arme1 ea* corps %\ld h its own res]ve1 indep5d5t ( ! g5]al res]ve ( ! army4 ,aga91 if ! =ces be s small z to act by gr& divisions only1 ea* division %\ld !n h its sep>ate res]ve4 ,an army1 :e!r compos$ ( sep>ate corps or ( gr& divisions1 usually =ms1 on ! field ( battle1 a c5tre1 two w+s1 & a res]ve4 ,ea* corps or division acts by itself1 ) its infantry1 cavalry1 artill]y1 & eng9e] troops4 ,! res]ve ( cavalry may be =m$ 9 re> ( ! c5tre or "o ( ! w+s4 ,9 small =ces ( fifty or sixty ?\s& m51 ! cavalry may act ) advantage on ! w+s1 9 ! mann] ( ! anci5ts4 ,if ! res]ve ( ?is arm be l>ge en\gh to =m ?ree sep>ate bodies1 x may itself v prop]ly be =m$ into a c5tre & w+s4 ,if x be =m$ into two columns only1 !y may be plac$ 9 re> ( ! op5+s betwe5 ! c5tre & ! w+s ( ! ma9 =ce4 ,! res]ve ( artill]y is employ$ ei!r to re9=ce ! c5tre or a w+1 & 9 ! def5sive is frequ5tly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole l9e ( battle4 ,9 (f5sive op]ations1 x may be well to conc5trate z mu* fire z possible on ! int5d$ po9t ( attack4 ,! m\nt$ artill]y ei!r acts 9 conc]t ) ! cavalry1 ( is us$ to re9=ce t arm2 ! light-foot acts ) ! infantry1 & ! batt]ies ( heavy calibre are di/ribut$ along ! l9e1 or conc5trat$ on "s important po9t :]e _! fire may be mo/ effectual4 ,!y rea* ! enemy's =ces at a di/ance1 & arre/ ! impulsion ( 8 attack4 ,!y may also be employ$ to draw ! fire ( 8 artill]y2 b _! movem5ts are too sl[ & difficult = a res]ve4 ,! ord] ( succession 9 :i* ! diff]5t arms are engag$ 9 a battle1 dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! gr\nd & o!r accid5tal circum/ances1 & _c be det]m9$ by any fix$ rules4 ,! foll[+1 h[ev]1 is mo/ frequ5tly employ$1 & 9 ord9>y cases may be deem$ good4 ,! attack is fir/ op5$ by a cannonade2 light troops are s5t =w>d to annoy ! enemy1 &1 if possible1 to pick (f 8 artill]i/s4 ,! ma9 body !n advances 9 two l9es3 ! fir/ displays itself 9 l9e z x arrives ne>ly )9 ! range ( grape-%ot2 ! second l9e rema9s 9 columns ( attack =m$ ( battalions by division1 at a di/ance f ! fir/ suffici5t to be beyond ! rea* ( ! enemy's musketry1 b ne> en\gh to support ! fir/ l9e1 or to cov] x1 if driv5 back4 ,! artill]y1 9 ! mean "t1 conc5trates its fire on "s weak po9t to op5 a way = ! res]ve1 :i* ru%es into ! op5+ & takes ! enemy 9 flank & re>4 ,! cavalry *>ges at ! opportune mom5t on ! flank ( ! enemy's columns or p5etrates an op5+ 9 8 l9e1 & cutt+ to pieces 8 /agg]$ troops1 =ces !m into retreat1 & completes ! victory4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! :ole l9e ( ! enemy %\ld be kept occupi$1 s z to prev5t fre% troops f be+ conc5trat$ on ! ?reat5$ po9t4 ,! foll[+ maxims on battles may be /udi$ ) advantage3--#a/4 ,g5]al battles are n to be f\ght b "u ! occurr5ce ( "o ( ! foll[+ circum/ances3 :5 y are1 f any cause1 decid$ly sup]ior to ! enemy2 :5 he is on ! po9t ( receiv+ re9=cem5ts1 :i* w mat]ially effect y\r relative /r5g?2 :51 if n beat5 or *eck$1 he w deprive y ( supplies or re9=cem5ts1 necess>y to ! cont9uance or success ( y\r op]ations2 &1 g5]ally1 :5 ! advantage ( w9n+ ! battle w be great] ?an ! disadvantage ( los+ x4 #b;d4 ,:atev] may be y\r reason = risk+ a g5]al battle1 y ought to reg>d z indisp5sable prelim9>ies1--a ?or\gh k ( ! gr\nd on :i* y are to act2 an ample supply ( ammunition2 ! mo/ p]fect ord] 9 y\r fire-arms2 hospital dpts regul>ly e/abli%$1 ) surgeons1 nurses1 dress+s1 c41 suffici5t = ! accommodation ( ! w\nd$2 po9ts ( r5dezv\s e/abli%$ & kn[n to ! comm&]s ( corps2 & an entire possession ( ! passes 9 y\r own re>4 #c;d4 ,! battle be+ f\ght & won1 ! victory mu/ be foll[$ up ) z mu* alacrity & vigor1 z ?\gh no?+ _h be5 ga9$1--a maxim v difficult ( obs]vance1 7f ! mom5t>y disob$i5ce :i* p]vades all troops flu%$ ) conque/17 b ) :i* an able g5]al w nev] disp5se4 ,no "o knew bett] ! use ( ?is maxim ?an ,napoleon1 & no "o 0 a m /rict & habitual obs]v] ( x4 #d?4 ,! battle be+ f\ght & lo/1 x is y\r fir/ duty to d away ! moral effect ( defeat1--! want ( t self-respect & self-confid5ce1 :i* are its imm$iate foll[]s1 & :i*1 s long z !y la/1 are ! mo/ p[]ful auxili>ies ( y\r enemy4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k t1 to effect ?is object1--to re9spire a beat5 army ) hope1 & to reassure x ( victory1--we mu/ n turn our backs on an enemy1 )\t sometimes pres5t+ to him our front also2--we mu/ n confide our safety to m]e flight1 b adopt su* measures z %all conv9ce him t ?\gh w\nd$ & ov]p[]$1 we are nei!r disabl$ nor dismay$2 & t we /ill possess en\gh bo? ( /r5g? & _s to puni% 8 faults1 %\ld he commit any4 ,d y op]ate 9 a cov]$ or m\nta9\s c\ntry8--avail y\rself ( its ridges & woods2 = by do+ s y w be/ evade ! pressure ( 8 cavalry4 ,h y defiles or villages to pass8--seize ! heads ( ^!1 def5d !m ob/9ately1 & make a %[ ( fight+ ano!r battle4 ,9 a ^w1 let no error ( y\r enemy1 nor any favorable incid5t ( ! gr\nd1 escape y\r notice or y\r use4 ,x is by ^! means t y\r enemy is *eck$1 & y\r troops inspirit$2 & x 0 by ^! t ,fr$]ick balanc$ 8 surprise at ,hoh5kir*51 & ! defeat ( 8 plans be=e ,olmutz4 ,! movem5t ( our own ,wa%+ton1 aft] los+ ! battle ( ,br&yw9e1 0 ( ?is "*4 ,he ha/ily recross$ ! ,s*uylkill ) ! pr(ess$ int5tion ( seek+ ! enemy & r5ew+ ! combat1 :i* 0 app>5tly prev5t$ only by a heavy & incessant fall ( ra94 ,a rumor 0 n[ rais$ t ! enemy1 :ile refus+ 8 left w+1 0 rapidly advanc+ ^u 8 "r1 to int]cept our passage ( ! riv]1 & ?us ga9 possession ( ,philadelphia4 ,?is report ju/ifi$ a retreat1 :i* drew f ! ,g5]al repeat$ assurances1 t 9 quitt+ 8 pres5t position & giv+ to 8 m>* a retrograde direction1 x 0 n 8 object to avoid1 b to foll[ & to fight ! enemy4 ,?is movem5t1 ?\gh no battle ensu$1 _h ! effect ( re/or+ ! confid5ce z well ( ! p z ( ! army4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,!re are innum]able works 9 almo/ e language on elem5t>y tactics2 v few p]sons1 h[ev]1 c>e to read any ?+ fur!r ?an ! manuals us$ 9 our own s]vice4 ,our sy/em ( infantry1 cavalry1 & artill]y tactics is g5]ally tak5 f ! ,fr5*2 & also ! c\rse ( eng9e] in/ruction1 s f> z matur$1 = sapp]s1 m9]s1 & pontoni]s1 is bas$ on ! ,fr5* manuals = ! v>i$ duties ( ?is arm4 ,on ,gr& ,tactics1 or ,tactics ( ,battles1 ! milit>y & hi/orical writ+s ( ,g5]al ,jom9i ab\nd 9 mo/ valuable in/ructions4 ,napoleon's memoirs1 & ! writ+s ( ,rocquanc\rt1 ,hoy]1 ,deck]1 ,ok\neff1 ,roguiat1 ,jocqu9ot-de-,presle1 ,guib]t1 ,duhesme1 ,gass5di1 ,w>n]y1 ,b>on ,bohan1 ,l9dneau1 ,mais]oy1 ,mill]1 & ,t]nay1 are consid]$ z be+ among ! be/ au?orities4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,milit>y ,,polity ,,& ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,national ,,def5ce4 ,milit>y ,polity4--,9 decid+ ^u a resort to arms1 /atesm5 are guid$ by c]ta9 g5]al rules :i* h be5 tacitly adopt$ 9 ! int]c\rse ( nations3 s also bo? /atesm5 & g5]als are b\nd by rules simil>ly adopt$ = ! conduct ( ho/ile =ces :ile actually engag$ 9 milit>y op]ations4 ,9 all diff]5ces betwe5 nations1 ea* /ate has a "r to decide = itself ^u ! nature ( its means ( r$ress = injuries receiv$4 ,previ\s to decl>+ op5 & public w>1 x may resort to "s o!r =cible means ( r$ress1 %ort ( actual w>4 ,^! are3-- #a/4 ,lay+ an emb>go ^u ! prop]ty ( ! (f5d+ nation4 #b;d4 ,tak+ =cible possession ( ! t]ritory or prop]ty 9 dispute4 #c;d4 ,resort+ to "s direct measure ( retaliation4 #d?4 ,mak+ reprisals ^u ! p]sons & ?+s ( ! (f5d+ nation4 ,x is n ! pres5t purpose to discuss ^! sev]al means ( r$ress1 nor ev5 to ent] into any exam9ation ( ! rights & laws ( public w>1 :5 actually decl>$2 x is int5d$ to consid] "h m]ely su* milit>y comb9ations z are resort$ to by ! /ate 9 prep>ation = def5ce1 or 9 c>ry+ on ! actual op]ations ( a w>4 ,9 comm5c+ ho/ilities aga9/ any o!r p[]1 we mu/ evid5tly take into consid]ation all ! political & physical circum/ances ( ! p ) :om we are to cont5d3 we mu/ reg>d _! g5]al "* = c\rage & love ( c\ntry2 _! atta*m5t to _! gov]nm5t & political in/itutions2 ! "* ( _! rul]s & _! g5]als2 ! numb]s1 organization1 & discipl9e ( _! armies2 & p>ticul>ly ! relations betwe5 ! civil & milit>y au?orities 9 ! /ate1 = if ! latt] be made entirely subord9ate1 we may v safely calculate on errone\s comb9ations4 ,we mu/ also reg>d _! passive means ( resi/ance1 su* z _! sy/em ( =tifications1 _! milit>y mat]ials & munitions1 _! /ati/ics ( agriculture1 comm]ce1 & manufactures1 & especially ! geographical position & physical features ( _! c\ntry4 ,no gov]nm5t c neglect1 ) impunity1 ^! consid]ations 9 its prep>ations = w>1 or 9 its mann] ( conduct+ milit>y op]ations4 ,napoleon's sy/em ( c>ry+ on w> aga9/ ! weak1 effem9ate1 & disorganiz$ ,italians requir$ _m modifications :5 direct$ aga9/ ! great milit>y p[] ( ,russia4 ,moreov]1 ! comb9ations ( ,eylau & ,fri$l& 7 inapplicable to ! conte/ ) ! madd5$ gu]rillas ( ,m9os1 animat$ by ! comb9$ passions ( hatr$1 patriotism1 & religi\s en?usiasm4 ,milit>y p[] may be reg>d$ ei!r z absolute or relative3 ! absolute =ce ( a /ate dep5d+ on ! numb] ( its inhabitants & ! ext5t ( its rev5ues2 ! relative =ce1 on its geographical & political position1 ! "* ( its p1 & ! nature ( its gov]nm5t4 ,its milit>y prep>ations %\ld evid5tly be 9 proportion to its res\rces4 ,weal? con/itutes bo? ! appreh5sion & ! inc5tive to invasion4 ,:]e two or m /ates h equal means ( w>1 ) inc5tives v unequal1 an equilibrium _c exi/2 = dang] & temptation are no long] oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,! prep>ation ( /ates may1 !re=e1 be equal )\t be+ equival5t1 & ! small] ( ! two may be mo/ liable to be drawn into a w> )\t ! means ( su/a9+ x4 ,! num]ical relation betwe5 ! entire population ( a /ate1 & ! arm$ =ces :i* x c ma9ta91 mu/ evid5tly v>y ) ! weal? & pursuits ( ! p4 ,adam ,smi? ?9ks t a c\ntry purely agricultural may1 at c]ta9 seasons1 furni% = w> "o-fif?1 or ev5 9 case ( necessity "o-f\r?1 ( its entire population4 ,a comm]cial or manufactur+ c\ntry w\ld be unable to furni% any ?+ l s num]\s a milit>y =ce4 ,on ?is acc\nt small agricultural /ates are sometimes able to br+ into ! field mu* l>g] armies ?an _! m p[]ful neighbors4 ,dur+ ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 ,fr$]ick support$ an army equal to "o-tw5tie? ( ! entire ,prussian population1 & at ! close ( ?is memorable conte/ "o-six? ( ! males capable ( be>+ arms _h actually p]i%$ on ! field ( battle4 ,b ! numb] ( troops t may be br\ght into ! field 9 times ( great em]g5cy is1 ( c\rse1 mu* great] ?an c be support$ dur+ a long w>1 or z a "p ( a p]man5t milit>y e/abli%m5t4 ,montesquieu e/imates t mod]n nations are capable ( support+1 )\t endang]+ _! p[]1 a p]man5t milit>y =ce ( ab\t "o-hundr$? "p ( _! population4 ,?is ratio diff]s b little f t ( ! pres5t milit>y e/abli%m5ts ( ! great ,european p[]s4 ,great ,brita91 ) a population ( ab\t tw5ty-five millions1 & a g5]al budget ( #bej1jjj1jjj1 supports a milit>y & naval =ce ( ab\t #aej1jjj effective & #ajj1jjj non-effective m51 #bej1jjj 9 all1 at an annual exp5se ( f sev5ty to eighty millions ( doll>s4 ,russia1 ) a population ( ab\t sev5ty millions1 supports an active army ( #fcb1jjj m51 ) an imm5se res]ve1 at an exp5se ( ab\t #fe1jjj1jjj1 out ( a g5]al budget ( #ij1jjj1jjj2 t is1 ! exp5se ( h] milit>y e/abli%m5t is to h] :ole budget z #g to #aj4 ,au/ria1 ) a population ( ?irty-five millions1 has an organiz$ peace e/abli%m5t ( #cgj1jjj1 7ab\t #bej1jjj 9 active s]vice17 & a res]ve ( #bfj1jjj1 at an exp5se ( #cf1jjj1jjj1 out ( a g5]al budget ( #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,prussia1 ) a population ( ab\t fifte5 millions1 has f #ajj1jjj to #abj1jjj m5 9 arms1 ) a res]ve ( #bjj1jjj1 at an annual exp5se ( m ?an #ah1jjj1jjj1 out ( a g5]al budget ( ab\t #ch1jjj1jjj4 ,france1 ) a population ( ne> ?irty-five millions1 supports a p]man5t e/abli%m5t ( ab\t #cej1jjj m51 at an exp5se ( sev5ty or eighty millions ( doll>s1 out ( a total budget ( #bhj1jjj1jjj4 ,france has long support$ a p]man5t milit>y =ce ( f "o-hundr$? to "o hundr$-&-t5? ( h] population1 at an exp5se ( f "o-f\r? to "o-fif? ( h] :ole budget4 ,! foll[+ table1 copi$ f ! ,spectateur ,militaire1 %[s ! /ate ( ! army at six diff]5t p]iods betwe5 #aghh & #ahdb4 ,x omits1 ( c\rse1 ! extraord9>y levies ( ! w>s ( ! ,revolution & ( ! ,empire4 ,table4 ,budget4 ,army4 ,dates4 ,population4 ,rem>ks4 ,( ,/ate4 ,( ! ,army4 ,peace ,w> ,e/ab4 ,e/ab4 ,livres4 ,livres4 ,m54 ,m54 #aghh #bd1jjj1jjj #ejj1jjj1jjj #ajj1jjj1jjj #ahj1jjj #cfj1jjj ,francs4 ,francs4 ,ord9ance ( #ahad #bh1jjj1jjj #hjj1jjj1jjj #ahj1jjj1jjj #bee1jjj #cdj1jjj #ahad ,report ( #ahbc #ca1jjj1jjj #ijj1jjj1jjj #bjj1jjj1jjj #bhj1jjj #cij1jjj ,m9i/] ( ,w>4 ,report ( #ahcj #cb1jjj1jjj #a1jjj1jjj1jjj #bbj1jjj1jjj #cab1jjj #ejj1jjj ,m9i/] ( ,w>4 #ahdj #cd1jjj1jjj #a1agj1jjj1jjj #bdb1jjj1jjj #cab 1#jjj - ,budget ( #ahdj4 ,e/imat$ #ahdb #ce1jjj1jjj #a1bjj1jjj1jjj #bhe1jjj1jjj #cgj1jjj #ebj1jjj ,exp5ses ( #ahdb4 ,f ^! data we see t ! great ,european p[]s at ! pres5t day ma9ta91 9 "t ( peace1 milit>y e/abli%m5ts equal to ab\t "o-hundr$? "p ( _! entire population4 ,! geographical position ( a c\ntry also greatly influ5ces ! degree & "* ( its milit>y prep>ation4 ,x may be bord]$ on "o or m sides by m\nta9s & o!r ob/acles calculat$ to dim9i% ! probability ( invasion2 or ! :ole fronti] may be wide op5 to an attack3 ! int]ior may be ( su* a nature z to furni% security to its own army1 & yet be fatal to ! enemy %\ld he occupy x2 or x may furni% him advantages f> sup]ior to 8 own c\ntry4 ,x may be an isl& 9 ! sea1 & consequ5tly expos$ only to m>itime desc5ts--ev5ts ( r>e occurr5ce 9 mod]n times4 ,aga91 a nation may be plac$ betwe5 o!rs :o are int]e/$ 9 its security1 _! mutual jeal\sy prev5t+ ! mole/ation ( ! weak] neighbor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 its political in/itutions may be su* z to compel ! o!rs to unite 9 attack+ x 9 ord] to secure !mselves4 ,! republics ( ,switz]l& c\ld rema9 unmole/$ 9 ! mid/ ( p[]ful mon>*ies2 b revolution>y ,france br\ght ^u h]self ! armies ( all ,europe4 ,climate has also "s influ5ce ^u milit>y "*1 b ?is influ5ce is f> less ?an t ( education & discipl9e4 ,nor!rn nations are said to be naturally m phlegmatic & sluggi% ?an ^? ( w>m] climates2 & yet ! armies ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ,*>les ,,xii41 & ,suw>r[1 h %[n !mselves suffici5tly active & impetu\s1 :ile ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,spani>ds1 9 ! times ( _! glory1 7 pati5t1 discipl9$1 & indefatigable1 not)/&+ ! reput$ fickl5ess ( ard5t temp]am5ts4 ,= any nation to po/pone ! mak+ ( milit>y prep>ations till su* "t z !y are actually requir$ 9 def5ce1 is to wa/e ! public money1 & endang] ! public safety4 ,! clos+ ( an av5ue ( approa*1 ! security ( a s+le road or riv]1 or ev5 ! /rategic movem5t ( a small body ( troops1 (t5 effects1 9 ! beg9n+1 :at aft]w>ds _c be accompli%$ by l>ge =tifications1 & ! mo/ =midable armies4 ,_h a small army 9 #ahab1 ) a well-=tifi$ depot on ,lake ,*ampla91 p5etrat$ into ,canada1 & cut (f all re9=cem5ts & supplies by way ( ,quebec1 t c\ntry w\ld inevitably h fall5 into our possession4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahjf-g1 ,napoleon cross$ ! ,vi/ula1 & advanc$ ev5 to ! walls ( ,knigsb]g1 ) ! ,au/rians 9 8 re>1 & ! :ole p[] ( ,russia be=e him4 ,if ,au/ria _h pu%$ =w>d "o hundr$ ?\s& m5 f ,bohemia1 on ! ,od]1 %e w\ld1 9 all probability1 says ! be/ ( milit>y judges1 ,jom9i1 h /ruck a fatal bl[ to ! op]ations ( ,napoleon1 & 8 army mu/ h be5 exce$+ly =tunate ev5 to rega9 ! ,rh9e4 ,b ,au/ria pref]r$ rema9+ neutral till %e c\ld increase h] army to f\r hundr$ ?\s& m54 ,%e !n took ! (f5sive1 & 0 beat52 :]eas1 ) "o hundr$ ?\s& m5 br\ght into action at ! favorable mom5t1 %e might1 mo/ probably1 h decid$ ! fate ( ,europe4 ,def5sive w>1 says ,napoleon1 does n preclude attack1 any m ?an (f5sive w> is exclusive ( def5ce1 = frequ5tly ! be/ way to c\nt]act ! enemy's op]ations1 & prev5t 8 conque/s1 is1 at ! v outset ( ! w>1 to invade & cripple him4 ,b ?is c nev] be attempt$ ) raw troops1 ill suppli$ ) ! munitions ( w>1 & unsupport$ by =tifications4 ,su* invasions mu/ necess>ily fail4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* revolution has demon/rat$ ?is2 & ev5 our own %ort hi/ory is n )\t its pro(4 ,9 #ahab1 ! conque/ ( ,canada 0 det]m9$ on "s "t be=e ! decl>ation ( w>2 an undiscipl9$ army1 )\t prep>ation or app>5t plan1 0 actually put 9 motion1 eighte5 days previ\s to ?is decl>ation1 = ! ,canadian p59sula4 ,) a discipl9$ army ( ! same numb]s1 ) an effici5t & skilful lead]1 direct$ aga9/ ! vital po9t ( ! ,briti% possessions at a "t :5 ! :ole milit>y =ce ( ! prov9ces did n exce$ ?ree ?\s& m51 h[ diff]5t _h be5 ! result6 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! p]man5t def5ces ( a nation mu/ be subord9ate to its res\rces1 position1 & "*1 !y c 9 no case be disp5s$ )4 ,no matt] h[ ext5sive or important ! tempor>y means t may be develop$ z necessity requires1 !re mu/ be "s =ce kept 9 a con/ant /ate ( effici5cy1 9 ord] to imp>t life & /ability to ! sy/em4 ,! "o c nev] prop]ly replace ! o!r2 = :ile ! =m] con/itutes ! basis1 ! latt] mu/ =m ! ma9 body ( ! milit>y edifice1 :i*1 by its /r5g? & durability1 w (f] %elt] & protection to ! nation2 or1 if ! ar*itecture & mat]ials be defective1 cru% & de/roy x 9 its fall4 ,! p]man5t means ( milit>y def5ce employ$ by mod]n nations1 are-- #a/4 ,an army2 #b;d4 ,a navy2 #c;d4 ,=tifications4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! c\ld h>dly be call$ p]man5t1 if we 71 to reg>d _! p]sonnel2 b look+ ^u !m z in/itutions or organizations1 !y pres5t all ! *>act]i/ics ( durability4 ,!y are sometimes subject$ to v great & radical *anges2 by ! hot-h\se nurs+ ( design+ ambition or ra% legislation1 !y may become ov]gr[n & dang]\s1 or ! /orms ( popul> delusion may ov]?r[ & app>5tly sweep !m away4 ,b !y w imm$iately spr+ up aga9 9 "s =m or o!r1 s deeply are !y root$ 9 ! organization ( political in/itutions4 ,its army & navy %\ld always be kept )9 ! limits ( a nation's wants2 b pity = ! c\ntry :i* r$uces !m 9 numb] or support s z to degrade _! "* or endang] _! organization4 ,a gov]nm5t1 says "o ( ! be/ hi/orians ( ! age1 :i* neglects its army1 "u :atev] pretext1 is a gov]nm5t culpable 9 ! eyes ( po/]ity1 = x is prep>+ humiliations = its flag & its c\ntry1 in/ead ( lay+ ! f\ndation = its glory4 ,"o ( our own di/+ui%$ cab9et m9i/]s rem>ks1 t ! hi/ory ( our relations ) ! ,indian tribes f ! beg9n+ to ! pres5t h\r1 is "o cont9u$ pro( ( ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ an effici5t milit>y =ce 9 "t ( peace1 & t ! treatm5t we receiv$ = a long s]ies ( ye>s f ,european p[]s1 0 a mo/ humiliat+ illu/ration ( ! folly ( attempt+ to disp5se ) ^! means ( def5ce4 ,twice1 says he1 we 7 compell$ to ma9ta91 by op5 w>1 our qu>rel ) ! pr9cipal aggressors4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( =be>ance & negotiation1 our claims 9 o!r cases 7 at l5g? amicably settl$2 b 9 "o ( ! mo/ not$ ( ^! cases1 x 0 n )\t mu* delay & imm95t haz>d ( w> t ! execution ( ! treaty 0 f9ally en=c$4 ,no "o acqua9t$ ) ^! portions ( our hi/ory1 c hesitate to ascribe mu* ( ! wantonness & duration ( ! wrongs we endur$1 to a k on ! "p ( our assailants ( ! scant9ess & ineffici5cy ( our milit>y & naval =ce4 ,if1 said ,mr4 ,calh\n1 disreg>d+ ! s\nd dictates ( reason & exp]i5ce1 we1 9 peace1 neglect our milit>y e/abli%m5t1 we mu/1 ) a p[]ful & skilful enemy1 be expos$ to ! mo/ di/ress+ calamities4 ,^! rem>ks 7 made 9 opposition to ! r$uction ( our milit>y e/abli%m5t1 9 #ahba1 bel[ ! /&>d ( ?irte5 ?\s&4 ,nev]!less1 ! =ce 0 r$uc$ to ab\t six or sev5 ?\s&2 & we 7 soon made to feel ! consequ5ces4 ,x is /at$1 9 a report ( high au?ority1 t if !re _h be5 two regim5ts available ne> ,/4 ,l\is1 9 #ahcb1 ! w> ) ,black ,hawk w\ld h be5 easily avoid$2 & t x _c be d\bt$ t ! sc5es ( deva/ation & savage w>f>e :i* ov]spread ! ,floridas = ne>ly sev5 ye>s w\ld also h be5 avoid$1 & "s ?irty millions h be5 sav$ ! c\ntry1 if two regim5ts _h be5 available at ! beg9n+ ( t conflict4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,we may n[ add to ^! rem>ks1 t if our gov]nm5t _h occupi$ ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,nueces & ! ,rio ,gr&e ) a well-organiz$ army ( twelve ?\s& m51 w> ) ,mexico might h be5 avoid$2 b to pu% =w>d ^u ,matamoras a small =ce ( only two ?\s&1 9 ! v face ( a l>ge ,mexican army 0 hold+ out to !m ! /ronge/ inducem5ts to attack u4 ,! tempor>y economy ( a few ?\s&s 9 r$uc+ our milit>y e/abli%m5t to a m]e h&ful ( m51 aga9 results 9 a necess>y exp5diture ( _m millions ( doll>s & a l>ge sacrifice ( human life4 ,we mu/1 9 ?is c\ntry1 if we he$ ei!r ! dictates ( reason or exp]i5ce1 ma9ta9 9 "t ( peace a skeleton milit>y & naval =ce1 capable ( be+ greatly exp&$1 9 ! ev5t ( dang]1 by ! addition ( new troops4 ,mu* en]gy & ent]prise w always be imp>t$ to an army or navy by ! addition ( new =ces4 ,! /r5g? ?us acquir$ is sometimes 9 ev5 a f> great] ratio ?an ! increase ( numb]s4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! new elem5ts are1 ( !mselves1 f> inf]ior to ! old ones 9 discipl9e1 /eady c\rage1 & p]sev]ance4 ,no g5]al c rely on ! accuracy ( _! movem5ts 9 ! op]ations ( a campaign1 & !y are exce$+ly apt to fail him at ! critical mom5t on ! field ( battle4 ,! same holds true ) respect to sailors inexp]i5c$ 9 ! discipl9e & duties ( a man-(-w>4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]3 an army usually obta9s its recruits f m5 totally unacqua9t$ ) milit>y life1 :ile a navy1 9 case ( sudd5 increase1 is ma9ly suppli$ f ! m]*ant m>9e ) pr(essional sailors1 :o1 ?\gh unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( artill]y1 c41 on %ip-bo>d1 are famili> ) all ! o!r duties ( sea life1 & n unus$ to discipl9e4 ,moreov]1 raw seam5 & m>9es1 f be+ "u ! imm$iate eye ( _! (fic]s 9 "t ( action1 & )\t ! possibility ( escape1 fight mu* bett] ?an troops ( ! same "* on l&4 ,if ye>s are requisite to make a good sailor1 surely an equal l5g? ( "t is necess>y to p]fect ! soldi]2 & no less skill1 practice1 & pr(essional /udy are requir$ = ! prop] direction ( armies ?an = ! managem5t ( fleets4 ,b "s h said t ev5 ^! skeletons ( milit>y & naval =ces are entirely sup]flu\s1 & t a brave & patriotic p w make z good a def5ce aga9/ invasion z ! mo/ discipl9$ & exp]i5c$4 ,su* views are frequ5tly urg$ 9 ! halls ( congress1 & "s h ev5 attempt$ to confirm !m by hi/orical examples4 ,!re are in/ances1 x is true1 :]e disorganiz$ & frantic masses1 animat$ by patriotic en?usiasm1 h ga9$ ! mo/ brilliant victories4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 extraord9>y circum/ances suppli$ ! place ( ord]1 & produc$ an equilibrium betwe5 =ces t o!rwise w\ld h be5 v unequal2 b 9 almo/ e in/ance ( ?is k9d1 ! loss ( ! undiscipl9$ army has be5 unnecess>ily great1 human life be+ sub/itut$ = skill & ord]4 ,b victory1 ev5 ) su* a drawback1 _c (t5 att5d ! bann]s ( newly rais$ & disord]ly =ces4 ,if ! capta9 & crew ( a /eam%ip knew no?+ ( navigation1 & _h nev] be5 at sea1 & ! eng9e] 0 totally unacqua9t$ ) 8 pr(ession1 c\ld we expect ! %ip to cross ! ,atlantic 9 safety1 & rea* h] de/9$ port8 ,w\ld we tru/ our lives & ! honor ( our c\ntry to _! c>e8 ,w\ld we n say to !m1 ,fir/ make y\rselves acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( y\r pr(ession1 ! use ( ! compass1 & ! means ( det]m9+ :e!r y direct y\r c\rse ^u a l$ge ( rocks or into a safe h>bor8 ,w> is n1 z "s seem to suppose1 a m]e game ( *ance4 ,its pr9ciples con/itute "o ( ! mo/ intricate ( mod]n sci5ces2 & ! g5]al :o und]/&s ! art ( rightly apply+ its rules1 & possesses ! means ( c>ry+ out its precepts1 may be morally c]ta9 ( success4 ,hi/ory furni%es abundant pro(s ( ! impolicy ( rely+ ^u undiscipl9$ =ces 9 ! op5 field4 ,almo/ e page ( ,napi]'s classic ,hi/ory ( ! ,p59sul> ,w> conta9s /rik+ examples ( ! useless wa/e ( human life & prop]ty by ! ,spani% militia2 :ile1 ) "o qu>t] z _m regul>s1 at a small fractional "p ( ! actual exp5se1 ! ,fr5* might h be5 expell$ at ! outset1 or h be5 driv51 at any "t aft]w>ds1 f ! ,p59sula4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution ! regul> army 0 aboli%$1 & ! citiz5-soldi]y1 :o 7 e/abli%$ on ! #ad? ( ,july1 #aghi1 reli$ on exclusively = ! national def5ce4 ,b ^! ?ree millions ( national gu>ds1 says ,jom9i1 ?\gh good support]s ( ! decrees ( ! assembly1 7 nev]!less useless = re9=c+ ! army beyond ! fronti]s1 & utt]ly incapable ( def5d+ _! own firesides4 ,yet no "o c "q _! individual brav]y & patriotism2 =1 :5 reorganiz$1 discipl9$1 & prop]ly direct$1 !y put to flight ! be/ troops 9 ,europe4 ,at ! fir/ outbreak ( ?is revolution1 ! privileg$ classes ( o!r c\ntries1 uphold+ crumbl+ in/itutions & rott5 dyna/ies1 ru%$ =? aga9/ ! madd5$ hordes ( ,fr5* democracy4 ,! popul> p[]1 spr++ upw>d by its own ela/icity :5 ! weight ( political oppression 0 remov$1 soon became too wild & reckless to e/abli% itself on any sure basis1 or ev5 to provide = its own protection4 ,if ! attacks ( ! en]vat$ enemies ( ,france 7 weak1 s also 7 h] own ef=ts feeble to resi/ ^! attacks4 ,! republican armies repell$ ! ill-plann$ & ill-conduct$ invasion by ! ,duke ( ,brunswick2 b x 0 by ! sub/itution ( human life = prep>ation1 sy/em1 & skill2 en?usiasm suppli$ ! place ( discipl9e2 robb]y produc$ milit>y /ores2 & ! dead bodies ( h] citiz5s =m$ paulem5ts aga9/ ! enemy4 ,yet ?is 0 b ! /r5g? ( weakness2 ! aimless /ruggle ( a brok5 & disjo9t$ gov]nm5t2 & ! new revolution>y p[] 0 fa/ s9k+ away be=e ! comb9$ opposition ( ,europe1 :5 ! great g5ius ( ,napoleon1 ) a /rong arm & iron rule1 seiz+ ^u ! scatt]$ fragm5ts1 & b9d+ !m toge!r into "o consolidat$ mass1 made ,france victori\s1 & seat$ himself on ! ?rone ( empire4 ,no p 9 ! _w ev] exhibit$ a m g5]al & en?usia/ic patriotism ?an ! ,am]icans dur+ ! w> ( our own ,revolution4 ,& yet our army receiv$1 ev5 at t "t1 b little support f irregul> & militia =ces 9 ! op5 field4 ,wa%+ton's op9ions on ?is subject furni% s /rik+ a contra/ to ! congressional spee*es ( mod]n political demagogues1 :o1 ) boa/ful swagg]s1 w\ld fa9 p]suade u t we require no organization or discipl9e to meet ! vet]an troops ( ,europe 9 ! op5 field1 & :o w\ld hurry u1 )\t prep>ation1 into w> ) ! /ronge/ milit>y p[]s ( ! _w--s /rik+ is ! contra/ betwe5 ! ass]tions ( ^! m5 & ! lett]s & reports ( ,wa%+ton1 t x may be well = ! cool & dispassionate lov] ( tru? to occasionally refre% 8 memory by ref]5ce to ! writ+s ( ,wa%+ton4 ,! foll[+ brief extracts are f 8 lett]s to ! ,presid5t ( ,congress1 ,decemb]1 #aggf3 ,! sav+ 9 ! article ( clo?+1 provisions1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s1 by hav+ no?+ to d ) ! militia1 unless 9 cases ( extraord9>y exig5cy1 & su* z c\ld n be expect$ 9 ! common c\rse ( ev5ts1 w\ld amply support a l>ge army1 :i*1 well (fic]$1 w\ld be daily improv+1 in/ead ( cont9u+ a de/ructive1 exp5sive1 & disord]ly mob4 ,9 my op9ion1 if any dep5d5ce is plac$ on ! militia ano!r ye>1 ,congress w be deceiv$4 ,:5 dang] is a little remov$ f !m !y w n turn out at all4 ,:5 x comes home to !m1 ! well-affect$1 in/ead ( fly+ to arms to def5d !mselves1 are busily employ$ 9 remov+ _! families & effects2 :ile ! disaffect$ are conc]t+ measures to make _! submission1 & spread t]ror & dismay all ar\nd1 to induce o!rs to foll[ _! example4 ,daily exp]i5ce & abundant pro(s w>rant ?is in=mation4 ,%ort enli/m5ts1 & a mi/ak5 dep5d5ce ^u our militia1 h be5 ! orig9 ( all our mis=tunes1 & ! great accumulation ( our debt4 ,! militia come 91 y _c tell h[2 g1 y _c tell :52 & act1 y _c tell :]e2 consume y\r provisions1 exhau/ y\r /ores1 & leave y at la/1 at a critical mom5t4 ,^! rem>ks ( ,wa%+ton w n be f\nd too sev]e if we rememb] ! conduct ( our militia 9 ! op5 field at ,pr9ceton1 ,savannah ,riv]1 ,camd51 ,guil=d ,c\rt-,h\se1 c41 9 ! w> ( ! ,revolution2 ! great co/ ( ! w> ( #ahab z comp>$ ) its milit>y results2 ! refusal ( ! ,new ,engl& militia to m>* beyond ! l9es ( _! own /ates1 & ( ! ,new-,york militia to cross ! ,niag>a & secure a victory already won2 or ! disgraceful flight ( ! ,s\!rn militia f ! field ( ,blad5sburg4 ,b !re is ano!r side to ?is picture4 ,if our militia h frequ5tly fail$ to ma9ta9 _! gr\nd :5 drawn up 9 ! op5 field1 we c po9t ) pride to _! brave & successful def5ce ( ,*>le/on1 ,mobile1 ,new ,orleans1 ,=t ,mc,henry1 ,/on+ton1 ,niag>a1 ,plattsburg1 9 pro( ( :at may be accompli%$ by militia 9 connection ) =tifications4 ,^! examples f our hi/ory mu/ fully demon/rate ! great value ( a militia :5 prop]ly employ$ z a def5ce aga9/ invasion1 & ought to sil5ce ! sne]s ( ^? :o w\ld aboli% ?is arm ( def5ce z utt]ly useless4 ,9 ! op5 field militia _c 9 g5]al be manoeuvr$ to advantage2 :]eas1 9 ! def5ce ( =tifi$ places _! sup]ior intellig5ce & activity n unfrequ5tly r5d] !m ev5 m valuable ?an regul>s4 ,& 9 read+ ! sev]e /rictures ( ,wa%+ton1 ,gre5e1 ,morgan1 & o!rs1 ^u our militia1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y 7 at t "t entirely de/itute ( important works ( def5ce2 & ! exp]i5ce ( all o!r nations1 z well z our own1 has abundantly %[n t a newly-rais$ =ce _c cope1 9 ! op5 field1 ) "o subord9ate & discipl9$4 ,"h sci5ce mu/ det]m9e ! conte/4 ,habits ( /rict ob$i5ce1 & ( simultane\s & unit$ action1 are indisp5sable to c>ry out :at ! high] pr9ciples ( ! milit>y pr(ession require4 ,new & undiscipl9$ =ces are (t5 conf\nd$ at ! evolutions1 & /rategic & tactical comb9ations ( a regul> army1 & lose all confid5ce 9 _! lead]s & 9 !mselves4 ,b1 :5 plac$ beh9d a brea/work1 !y ev5 ov]rate _! security4 ,!y c !n coolly look ^u ! approa*+ columns1 &1 unmov$ by glitt]+ armor & bri/l+ bayonets1 w ex]t all _! skill 9 ! use ( _! weapons4 ,! sup]ior accuracy ( aim :i* ! ,am]ican has obta9$ by practice f 8 e>ly y\?1 has enabl$ our militia to ga91 "u ! protection ( milit>y works1 victories z brilliant z ! mo/ vet]an troops4 ,! moral c\rage necess>y to await an attack beh9d a p>apet1 is at lea/ equal to t ex]t$ 9 ! op5 field1 :]e movem5ts g5]ally det]m9e ! victory4 ,to wat* ! approa* ( an enemy1 to see him move up & display 8 massive columns1 8 long array ( milit>y equipm5ts1 8 fasc9es & scal+-ladd]s1 8 in/rum5ts ( attack1 & ! pr(essional skill ) :i* he wields !m1 to he> ! ?und] ( 8 batt]ies1 spread+ dea? all ar\nd1 & to repel1 h& to h&1 ^? trem5d\s assaults1 :i* /& out 9 all _! horrible relief ^u ! canvass ( mod]n w>f>e1 requires a he>t at lea/ z brave z ! pr(essional w>rior exhibits 9 ! pit*$ battle4 ,b we mu/ n =get t to call ?is =ce into ! op5 field1--to take ! me*anic f 8 %op1 ! m]*ant f 8 c\nt]1 ! f>m] f 8 pl\gh1--w necess>ily be att5d$ ) an imm5se sacrifice ( human life4 ,! lives lo/ on ! battle-field are n ! only ones2 militia1 be+ unaccu/om$ to exposure1 & unable to supply _! own wants ) c]ta9ty & regul>ity1 contract diseases :i* occasion 9 e campaign a mo/ frightful mortality4 ,!re is also a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( support+ regul>s & militia =ces4 ,! co/ ( a regul> army ( tw5ty ?\s& m5 = a campaign ( six mon?s1 9 ?is c\ntry1 has be5 e/imat$1 f data 9 ! ,w>-(fice1 at a hundr$ & fifty doll>s p] man2 :ile ! co/ ( a militia =ce1 "u ! same circum/ances1 mak+ all[ance = ! diff]5ce 9 ! exp5ses f sickness1 wa/e ( camp-furniture1 equipm5ts1 c41 w be two hundr$ & fifty doll>s p] man4 ,b 9 %ort campaigns1 & 9 irregul> w>f>e1 l ! exp$ition aga9/ ,black ,hawk & 8 ,indians 9 ! ,nor?we/1 & dur+ ! ho/ilities 9 ,florida1 ! exp5ses ( ! militia1 says ,mr4 ,secret>y ,sp5c]1 9 a report to congress 9 #ahdb1 inv>iably exce$ ^? ( regul>s by at lea/ ?ree hundr$ p] c5t4 ,x is fur!r /at$ t fifty-five ?\s& militia 7 call$ into s]vice dur+ ! ,black ,hawk & ,florida w>s1 & t ?irty millions ( doll>s h be5 exp5d$ 9 ^! conflicts6 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t dur+ ^! bord] w>s our :ole regul> army did n exce$ twelve or ?irte5 ?\s& m51 x w n be difficult to p]ceive :y our milit>y e/abli%m5t 0 s enorm\sly exp5sive4 ,l>ge sums 7 paid to s$5t>y militia :o nev] r5d]$ ! slighte/ s]vice4 ,aga91 dur+ our late w> ) ,great ,brita91 ( less ?an ?ree ye>s' duration1 two hundr$ & eighty ?\s& muskets 7 lo/1--! av]age co/ ( :i* is /at$ at twelve doll>s1--mak+ an aggregate loss1 9 muskets alone1 ( ?ree millions & ?ree hundr$ & sixty ?\s& doll>s1 dur+ a s]vice ( ab\t two ye>s & a half2--result+ ma9ly f t neglect & wa/e ( public prop]ty :i* almo/ inv>iably att5ds ! movem5ts ( newly-rais$ & inexp]i5c$ =ces4 ,facts l ^! %\ld awak5 u to ! necessity ( reorganiz+ & discipl9+ our militia4 ,g5]al ,knox1 :5 ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ,g5]al ,h>rison :ile 9 ! s5ate1 & ,mr4 ,po9sett 9 #ahda1 ea* furni%$ plans = effect+ ?is purpose1 b ! :ole subject has be5 pass$ by ) neglect4 ,p]man5t =tifications diff] 9 _m ( _! features f ei!r ( ! two prec$+ elem5ts ( national def5ce4 ,!y are passive 9 _! nature1 yet possess all ! cons]vative prop]ties ( an army or navy1 & ?r\gh ^! two contribute l>gely to ! active op]ations ( a campaign4 ,:5 once con/ruct$ !y require b v little exp5diture = _! support4 ,9 "t ( peace !y )draw no valuable citiz5s f ! useful occupations ( life4 ,( !mselves !y c nev] ex]t an influ5ce corrupt+ to public morals1 or dang]\s to public lib]ty2 b z ! means ( pres]v+ peace1 & z ob/acles to an invad]1 _! influ5ce & p[] are imm5se4 ,:ile contribut+ to ! economical support ( a peace e/abli%m5t1 by furni%+ drill-gr\nds1 p>ades1 qu>t]s1 c42 & to its effici5cy /ill m1 by af=d+ facilities bo? to ! regul>s & militia = t species ( artill]y practice s necess>y 9 ! def5ce ( wat] fronti]s2 !y also s]ve z safe dpts ( arms & ! imm5se quantity ( mat]ials & milit>y munitions s indisp5sable 9 mod]n w>f>e4 ,^! munitions usually require mu* "t1 skill1 & exp5se 9 _! con/ruction1 & x is ( va/ importance t !y %\ld be pres]v$ ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,m>itime ars5als & depots ( naval & milit>y /ores on ! sea-coa/ are m p>ticul>ly expos$ to capture & de/ruction4 ,"h an enemy c approa* by /eal?1 /rik+ "s sudd5 & fatal bl[ be=e any effectual resi/ance c be organiz$4 ,b 9 addition to ! security af=d$ by h>bor =tifications to public prop]ty ( ! highe/ milit>y value1 !y also s]ve to protect ! m]*ant %ipp+1 & ! va/ am\nt ( private weal? :i* a comm]cial p always collect at ^! po9ts4 ,!y furni% safe retreats1 & ! means ( repair = public vessels injur$ 9 battle1 or by /orms1 & to m]*antm5 a refuge f ! dang]s ( sea1 or ! ?reats ( ho/ile fleets4 ,moreov]1 !y greatly facilitate our naval attacks ^u ! enemy's %ipp+2 & if he attempt a desc5t1 _! well-direct$ fire w repel 8 squadrons f our h>bors1 & =ce 8 troops to l& at "s di/ant & unfavorable position4 ,! ?ree means ( p]man5t def5ce :i* h be5 m5tion$1 are1 ( c\rse1 int5d$ to accompli% ! same g5]al object2 b ea* has its di/9ct & prop] sph]e ( action1 & nei!r c be reg>d$ z antagoni/ical to ! o!rs4 ,any undue increase ( "o1 at ! exp5se ( ! o!r two1 mu/ necess>ily be foll[$ by a correspond+ dim9ution ( national /r5g?4 ,we mu/ n inf]1 h[ev]1 t all mu/ be ma9ta9$ ^u ! same foot+4 ,! position ( ! c\ntry & ! "* ( ! p mu/ det]m9e ?is4 ,engl&1 f h] insul> position & ! ext5t ( h] comm]ce1 mu/ ma9ta9 a l>ge navy2 a l>ge army is also necess>y = ! def5ce ( h] own coa/s & ! protection ( h] colonial possessions4 ,h] m5-(-w> secure a safe passage = h] m]*ant-vessels1 & transport h] troops 9 safety ?r\gh all seas1 & ?us contribute mu* to ! acquisition & security ( colonial t]ritory4 ,! milit>y =ces ( ! ,briti% empire am\nt to ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& m51 & ! naval =ces to ab\t sev5 hundr$ vessels ( w>1#ac c>ry+ 9 all "s fifte5 ?\s& guns & =ty ?\s& m54 ,france has less comm]ce1 & b few colonial possessions4 ,%e has a great ext5t ( sea-coa/1 b h] =tifications secure x f m>itime desc5ts2 h] only accessible po9ts are on ! l& fronti]s4 ,h] army & navy1 !re=e1 con/itute h] pr9cipal means ( def5ce4 ,h] army numb]s "s ?ree hundr$ & fifty ?\s& m51 & h] navy ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty vessels1#ac c>ry+ ab\t n9e ?\s& guns & ?irty ?\s& m54 ,russia1 ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 ,sw$51 & o!r cont95tal p[]s1 h b little comm]ce to be protect$1 :ile _! ext5sive fronti]s are greatly expos$ to l& attacks3 _! =tifications & armies1 !re=e1 con/itute _! pr9cipal means ( def5ce4 ,b = ! protection ( _! own seas f ! inroads ( _! p[]ful m>itime neighbor1 ,russia & ,au/ria support naval e/abli%m5ts ( a limit$ ext5t4 ,russia has1 9 all1 "s "o hundr$ & eighty vessels ( w>1 & ,au/ria n q half t numb]4#ac ,footnote #ac3 ,^! numb]s include all vessels ( w>1 :e!r 9 commission1 build+1 or 9 ord9>y4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates possess no colonies2 b !y h a sea-coa/ ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& miles1 ) num]\s bays1 e/u>ies1 & navigable riv]s1 :i* expose our mo/ popul\s cities to m>itime attacks4 ,! nor!rn l& fronti] is two ?\s& miles 9 ext5t1 & 9 ! we/ our t]ritory bord]s ^u ! ,briti% & ,mexican possessions = _m ?\s& miles m4 ,)9 ^! limits !re are num]\s tribes ( ,indians1 :o require ! wat*ful c>e ( arm$ =ces to keep !m at peace among !mselves z well z ) u4 ,our au?oriz$ milit>y e/abli%m5t am\nts to #g1eij m51 & our naval e/abli%m5t consi/s ( sev5ty-sev5 vessels ( all classes1 c>ry+ #b1cde guns1 & #h1gbd m54#ad ,?is is c]ta9ly a v small milit>y & naval =ce = ! def5ce ( s ext5d$ & popul\s a c\ntry1 especially "o ^: political in/itutions & rapidly-increas+ p[] expose x to ! di/ru/ & jeal\sy ( mo/ o!r nations4 ,footnote #ad3 ,s9ce ^! pages 7 put 9 ! h&s ( ! pr9t]1 ! above numb]s h be5 ne>ly d\bl$1 ?is increase hav+ be5 made ) special ref]5ce to ! pres5t w> ) ,mexico4 ,! =tifications = ! def5ce ( our sea-coa/ & l& fronti]s w be discuss$ h]eaft]4#ae ,footnote #ae3 ,jom9i's "w on ! ,milit>y ,art conta9s _m valuable rem>ks on ?is subject ( ,milit>y ,polity3 also ! writ+s ( ,clausewitz1 ,dup91 ,lloyd1 ,*ambray1 ,tran*ant de ,lav]ne1 & ,rudtorf]4 ,sev]al ( ^! que/ions are also discuss$ 9 ,rocquanc\rt1 ,c>ion-,nisas1 ,de ,v]non1 & o!r writ]s on milit>y hi/ory4 ,! sev]al ,european ,annuaires ,militaires1 or ,army ,regi/]s1 & ! ,fr5* & ,g]man milit>y p]iodicals1 conta9 mu* valuable matt] connect$ ) milit>y /ati/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,sea-,,coa/ ,,def5ces4 ,! pr9cipal attacks :i* we h _h to su/a91 ei!r z colonies or /ates1 f civiliz$ foes1 h come f ,canada4 ,z colonies we 7 cont9ually enc\nt]+ difficulties & dang]s f ! ,fr5* possessions4 ,9 ! w> ( ! ,revolution1 x be+ "o ( national emancipation1 ! milit>y op]ations 7 m g5]al ?r\gh\t ! sev]al /ates2 b 9 ! w> ( #ahab ! attacks 7 conf9$ to ! nor!rn fronti] & a few expos$ po9ts along ! coa/4 ,9 ^! two conte/s ) ,great ,brita91 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,wa%+ton1 ,*>le/on1 ,savannah1 ,mobile1 & ,new ,orleans1 be+ )9 rea* ( ! ,briti% naval p[]1 & (f]+ ! dazzl+ attraction ( ri* booty1 h ea* be5 subject$ to p[]ful assaults4 ,simil> attacks w und\bt$ly be made 9 any future w> ) ,engl&4 ,an attempt at p]man5t lodgm5t w\ld be bas$ ei!r on ,canada or a s]vile insurrection 9 ! s\!rn /ates4 ,! =m] project1 9 a milit>y po9t ( view1 (f]s ! greate/ advantages1 b mo/ probably ! latt] w\ld also be resort$ to = effect+ a div]sion1 if no?+ m4 ,b = inflict+ ^u u a sudd5 & sev]e injury by ! de/ruction ( l>ge am\nts ( public & private prop]ty1 our seaport t[ns (f] inducem5ts n likely to be disreg>d$4 ,?is mode ( w>f>e1 b>b>\s ?\gh x be1 w c]ta9ly att5d a conflict ) any great m>itime p[]4 ,h[ c we be/ prep>e 9 "t ( peace to repel ^! attacks8 ,imm$iately aft] ! w> ( #ahab a jo9t commission ( our mo/ di/+ui%$ milit>y & naval (fic]s 0 =m$1 to devise a sy/em ( def5sive works1 to be erect$ 9 "t ( peace = ! security ( ! mo/ important & ! mo/ expos$ po9ts on our sea-coa/4 ,x may be well "h to po9t out1 9 v g5]al t]ms1 ! positions & "* ( ^! works1 m5tion+ only su* z h be5 complet$1 or are n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction1 & su* z are int5d$ to be built z soon z ,congress %all grant ! requisite funds4 ,!re are o!r works project$ = "s future p]iod1 b z !y d n belong to ! class requir$ = imm$iate1 use1 !y w n be ref]r$ to4 ,,ma9e4 ,beg9n+ at ! nor!a/]n extremity ( our coa/1 we h1 = ,ea/port & ,wiscasset1 project$ works e/imat$ to c>ry ab\t fifty guns4 ,no?+ has yet be5 done to ^! works4 ,next ,portl&1 ) works c>ry+ ab\t =ty or fifty guns1 & ,=t ,p5obscot & batt]ies1 c>ry+ ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty guns4 ,^! are only p>tly built4 ,,new ,,hamp%ire4 ,def5ces ( ,portsm\? & ! vic9ity1 ab\t two hundr$ guns4 ,^! works are also only p>tly built4 ,,massa*usetts4 ,project$ works ea/ ( ,bo/on1 c>ry+ ab\t sixty guns4 ,^! are n yet comm5c$4 ,works = def5ce ( ,bo/on ,h>bor c>ry ab\t five hundr$ guns4 ,^! are ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s complet$4 ,^? ( ,new ,b$=d h>bor c>ry fifty guns3 n yet begun4 ,,rhode ,,isl&4 ,newport h>bor1--works c>ry ab\t five hundr$ guns1 ne>ly complet$4 ,,connecticut4 ,new ,london h>bor1 ,new ,hav51 & ! ,connecticut riv]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ne>ly complet$2 ! two latt] n yet begun4 ,,new ,,york4 ,! works project$ = ! def5ce ( ,new ,york h>bor are e/imat$ to c>ry ab\t "o ?\s& guns4 ,^! works are n yet "o-half con/ruct$4 ,,p5nsylvania4 ,! works project$ = ! def5ce ( ! ,delaw>e ,bay & ,philadelphia w c>ry ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty guns4 ,!y are n "o-qu>t] built4 ,,m>yl& ,,& ,,virg9ia4 ,baltimore & ,annapolis--^! works w c>ry "s two hundr$ & fifty guns4 ,! works = ! ,*esapeake ,bay w c>ry ab\t six hundr$ guns2 & ^? = ! ,potomac riv] ab\t eighty guns4 ,^! are m ?an "o-half complet$4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 ,! works at ,beau=t & ,smi?ville c>ry ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty guns4 ,!y are ess5tially complet$4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 ,! works = ! def5ce ( ,*>le/on c>ry "s two hundr$ guns4 ,!y are "o-half con/ruct$4 ,,georgia4 ,! def5ces ( ,savannah c>ry ab\t two hundr$ guns & are ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s f9i%$4 ,,florida4 ,! works project$ = ! def5ce ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,key ,we/1 ,tortugas1 & ,p5sacola w c>ry "s eight or n9e hundr$ guns4 ,^? at ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,p5sacola are ess5tially complet$1 b ^? at ,key ,we/ & ,tortugas are b>ely begun4 ,,alabama4 ,! works = ! def5ce ( ,mobile w c>ry ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty guns4 ,^! are ne>ly con/ruct$4 ,,l\isiana4 ,! works = ! def5ce ( ,new ,orleans w c>ry "s two hundr$ & fifty or ?ree hundr$ guns2 !y are ne>ly complet$4 ,! works nor? ( ! ,*esapeake co/ ab\t ?ree ?\s& doll>s p] gun2 ^? s\? ( t po9t ab\t six ?\s& doll>s p] gun4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 co/ is due 9 "p to ! "* ( ! soil on :i* ! =tifications are built1 & 9 "p to ! high prices paid 9 ! s\? = mat]ials & workman%ip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ po9t$ out ! "* & condition ( our sy/em ( sea-coa/ def5ces1 let u briefly exam9e h[ f> ^! works may be reli$ on z a means ( security aga9/ a m>itime desc5t4 ,to come to a prop] conclusion on ?is subject1 let u fir/ exam9e ! ?ree or f\r great m>itime desc5ts attempt$ by ! ,engli% dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 a p]iod at :i* ! great naval sup]iority ( ,engl& ov] o!r nations1 gave h] ! title ( mi/ress ( ! seas4 ,let u notice :at h be5 ! results ( ! sev]al attempts made by ?is p[] at m>itime invasions1 & ! means by :i* su* attacks h be5 repell$4 ,9 #agie1 a m>itime exp$ition 0 fitt$ out aga9/ ,quib]on1 at an exp5se ( eight millions ( doll>s4 ,?is port ( ! ,fr5* coa/ _h !n a naval def5ce ( ne> ?irty sail1 c>ry+ ab\t sixte5 hundr$ guns4 ,"l ,bridport attack$ x ) f\rte5 sail ( ! l9e1 five frigates1 & "s small] vessels1 ab\t fifte5 hundr$ guns 9 all1 captur$ a portion ( ! fleet1 & =c$ ! rema9d] to take %elt] "u ! guns ( ! =tifications ( ,l',ori5t4 ,! ,fr5* naval def5ce be+ de/roy$1 ! ,briti% n[ ent]$ ,quib]on )\t opposition4 ,?is bay is said by ,br5ton1 9 8 ,briti% ,naval ,hi/ory1 to be ! f9e/ on ! coa/ ( ,france1 or p]haps 9 ! _w1 = l&+ an army4 ,besides ^! natural advantages 9 favor ( ! ,engli%1 ! inhabitants ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 7 9 op5 insurrection1 ready to receive ! invad]s ) op5 arms4 ,a body ( t5 ?\s& troops 7 l&$1 & clo?+1 arms1 c41 furni%$ to z _m m royali/ troops2 b ! comb9$ =ces fail$ 9 _! attack ^u ,/4 ,b>be1 & ,g5]al ,ho*e1 f 8 intr5*m5ts1 ) sev5 ?\s& m51 held 9 *eck a body ( eighte5 ?\s&1 p5n$ up1 )\t def5ces1 9 ! n>r[ p59sula4 ,re9=c$ by a new deb>kation1 ! allies aga9 attempt$ to advance1 b 7 soon defeat$1 & ultimately almo/ entirely de/roy$4 ,9 #agii1 ! ,engli% & ,russians made a desc5t ^u ,holl& ) f\rte5 %ips ( ! l9e & t5 frigates1 c>ry+ ab\t elev5 hundr$ guns & a great numb] ( transports1 ) an army ( ?irty-six ?\s& m54 ,! ,dut* naval def5ces consi/$ ( eight %ips ( ! l9e1 ?ree fifty-f\r gun %ips1 eight =ty-eight gun %ips & eight small] frigates1 c>ry+ 9 all ab\t twelve hundr$ guns2 b ?is =ce contribut$ little or no?+ to ! def5ce1 & 0 soon =c$ to hoi/ ! ho/ile flag4 ,! def5sive army 0 at fir/ only twelve ?\s&1 b ! ,republicans aft]w>ds increas$ x to tw5ty-two ?\s&1 & f9ally to tw5ty-eight ?\s& m54 ,b not)/&+ ?is imm5se naval & milit>y sup]iority1 & ! co-op]ation ( ! ,orange p>ty 9 assi/+ ! l&+ ( _! troops1 ! allies fail$ to get possession ( a s+le /rong place2 & aft] a loss ( six ?\s& m51 7 compell$ to capitulate4 ,su*1 says ,alison1 0 ! disa/r\s issue ( ! greate/ exp$ition :i* _h yet sail$ f ! ,briti% h>bors dur+ ! w>4 ,9 #ahja1 ,nelson1 ) ?ree %ips ( ! l9e1 two frigates1 & ?irty-five small] vessels1 made a desp]ate attack ^u ! h>bor ( ,b\logne1 b 0 repuls$ ) sev]e loss4 ,pass+ ov] "s unimportant attacks1 we come to ! desc5t ^u ! ,s*eldt1 or z x is commonly call$1 ! ,wal*]5 exp$ition1 9 #ahji4 ,?is exp$ition1 ?\gh a failure1 has (t5 be5 ref]r$ to z prov+ ! exp$i5cy ( m>itime desc5ts4 ,! foll[+ is a brief n>rative ( ?is exp$ition3-- ,napoleon _h project$ va/ =tifications1 dock-y>ds1 & naval ars5als at ,flu%+ & ,antw]p = ! protection ( a m>itime =ce 9 ! ,s*eldt4 ,b no soon] 0 ! execution ( ?is project begun1 ?an ! ,engli% fitt$ out an exp$ition to seize ^u ! def5ces ( ! ,s*eldt1 & capture or de/roy ! naval =ce4 ,flu%+1 at ! m\? ( ! riv]1 0 b ill-secur$1 & ,antw]p1 "s sixty or sev5ty miles fur!r up ! riv]1 0 entirely def5celess2 ! ramp>t 0 un>m$ ) cannon1 dilapidat$1 & tott]+1 & its g>rison consi/$ ( only ab\t two hundr$ invalids & recruits4 ,napoleon's regul> army 0 employ$ on ! ,danube & 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,! ,briti% attack+ =ce consi/$ ( ?irty-sev5 %ips ( ! l9e1 tw5ty-?ree frigates1 ?irty-?ree sloops ( w>1 tw5ty-eight gun1 mort>1 & bomb vessels1 ?irty-six small] vessels1 eighty-two gunboats1 innum]able transports1 ) ov] =ty ?\s& troops1 & an imm5se artill]y tra92 mak+ 9 all1 says ! ,engli% hi/orian1 an hundr$ ?\s& combatants4 ,a l&+ 0 made ^u ! isl& ( ,wal*]51 & siege laid to ,flu%+1 :i* place 0 n r$uc$ till eighte5 days aft] ! l&+2 ! attack ^u ! wat] 0 made by sev5 or eight %ips ( ! l9e1 & a l>ge flotilla ( bomb vessels1 b produc$ no effect4 ,! *annel at ! m\? ( ! riv] 0 too broad to be def5d$ by ! works ( ,flu%+1 & ! ma9 portion ( ! fleet pass$ out ( rea* ( ! guns1 & asc5d$ ! ,s*eldt "p way up to ,antw]p4 ,b 9 ! mean "t1 ! =tifications ( t place _h be5 repair$1 &1 aft] a fruitless op]ation ( a :ole mon? 9 ! riv]1 ! ,engli% 7 gradually =c$ to retreat to ,wal*]51 & f9ally to evacuate _! entire conque/4 ,! co/ ( ! exp$ition 0 imm5se1 bo? 9 treasure & 9 life4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly v poorly manag$4 ,b we _c help notic+ ! sup]ior value ( =tifications z a def5ce aga9/ su* desc5ts4 ,!y did mu* to ret>d ! op]ations ( ! enemy till a def5sive army c\ld be rais$4 ,! works ( ,flu%+ 7 nev] int5d$ to close up ! ,s*eldt1 & ( c\rse c\ld n int]cept ! passage ( %ipp+2 b !y 7 n r$uc$ by ! ,engli% naval =ce1 z has sometimes be5 alleg$4 ,col4 ,mit*el1 ( ! ,engli% s]vice1 says t ! fleet kept up s trem5d\s a fire ^u ! batt]ies1 t ! ,fr5* (fic]s :o _h be5 pres5t at ,au/]litz & ,j5a decl>$ t ! cannonade 9 ^! battles _h be5 a m]e jeu d'enfans 9 comp>ison4 ,yet :at 0 ! effect produc$ on ! def5ces ( ! place by ?is fire1 s =midable1 to judge by ! s\nd alone8 ,! writ] c answ] ! "q ) "s accuracy1 = he w5t along ! entire sea-l9e ! v day aft] ! capitulation1 & f\nd no "p ( ! p>apet injur$ s z to be ( ! slighte/ consequ5ce1 & only "o solit>y gun dism\nt$1 evid5tly by ! bur/+ ( a %ell1 & :i* c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 h be5 ?r[n f ! l9e ( battle %ips1 b mu/ h be5 ?r[n f ! l& batt]ies4#af ,footnote #af3 ,! batt]ies con/ruct$ 9 ! siege ( ?is place 7 arm$ ) fifty-two heavy guns & mort>s4 ,b x may be said t al?\gh great naval desc5ts on a ho/ile coa/ are almo/ always unsuccessful1 nev]!less a direct naval attack ^u a s+le =tifi$ position w be att5d$ ) m favorable results2 & t our seaport t[ns1 h[ev] =tifi$1 w be expos$ to bomb>dm5t & de/ruction by ! enemy's fleets4 ,9 o!r words1 t 9 a direct conte/ betwe5 %ips & =ts ! =m] w h at lea/ an equal *ance ( success4 ,let u suppose a fair trial ( ?is relative /r5g?4 ,! =t is to be prop]ly con/ruct$ & 9 good repair2 its guns 9 a position to be us$ ) effect2 its g>rison skilful & effici5t2 its comm&] capable & brave4 ,! %ip is ( ! v be/ "*1 & 9 p]fect ord]2 ! crew discipl9$ & c\rage\s2 its comm&] skilful & adroit2 ! w9d1 & tide1 & sea--all z c\ld be desir$4#ag ,! numb]s ( ! g>rison & crew are to be no m ?an requisite1 ) no unnecess>y exposure ( human life to swell ! li/s ( ! sla94 ,! issue ( ?is conte/1 unless att5d$ ) extraord9>y & easily di/+ui%able circum/ances1 w\ld be a fair te/ ( _! relative /r5g?4 ,footnote #ag3 ,^! conditions = a batt]y are easily satisfi$1 b = ! %ip1 are p>tly dep5d5t on ! elem5ts1 & seldom to be :olly atta9$4 ,:at result %\ld we anticipate f ! nature ( ! cont5d+ =ces8 ,! %ip1 "u ! circum/ances we h suppos$1 c *oose h] po9t ( attack1 select+ ! "o %e may deem ! mo/ vuln]able2 b %e h]self is ev]y:]e vuln]able2 h] m5 & guns are mu* conc5trat$1 & consequ5tly mu* expos$4 ,b 9 ! =t ! guns & m5 are m di/ribut$1 a =t ) an int]ior area ( sev]al acres n hav+ a g>rison z l>ge z ! crew ( a sev5ty-f\r-gun %ip4 ,all p>ts ( ! vessel are liable to injury2 :ile ! =t (f]s b a small m>k1--! op5+ ( ! embrasures1 a small "p ( ! c>riage1 & n[ & !n a head or arm rais$ above ! p>apet1--! ratio ( expos$ surfaces be+ n less ?an tw5ty to "o4 ,9 ! vessel ! guns are fir$ f an oscillat+ deck1 & ! balls g at r&om2 9 ! =t ! guns are fir$ f an immoveable plat=m1 & ! balls rea* _! object ) un]r+ aim4 ,!re is always m or less motion 9 ! wat]1 s t ! %ip's guns1 ?\gh accurately po9t$ at "o mom5t1 at ! next w be ?r[n entirely away f ! object1 ev5 :5 ! motion is too slight to be o!rwise notic$2 :]eas 9 ! batt]y ! guns w be fir$ j z !y are po9t$2 & ! motion ( ! vessel w m]ely v>y to ! ext5t ( a few in*es ! spot 9 :i* ! %ot is receiv$4 ,9 ! =t ! m5 & guns are beh9d imp5etrable walls ( /one & e>?2 9 ! vessel !y are beh9d frail bulw>ks1 ^: spl9t]s are equally de/ructive ) ! %ot4 ,! =t is incombu/ible2 :ile ! %ip may readily be set on fire by inc5di>y projectiles4 ,! %ip has _m po9ts expos$ t may be call$ vital po9ts4 ,by los+ h] rudd]1 or portions ( h] rigg+1 or ( h] sp>s1 %e may become unmanageable1 & unable to use h] /r5g?2 %e may receive %ots "u wat]1 & be liable to s9k2 %e may receive hot %ot1 & be set on fire3 ^! damages are 9 addition to ^? ( hav+ h] guns dism\nt$ & h] p kill$ by %ots t pi]ce h] sides & scatt] spl9t]s f h] timb]s2 :ile ! risks ( ! batt]y are conf9$ to ^? m5tion$ above--namely1 ! risk t ! gun1 ! c>riage1 or ! m5 may be /ruck4 ,! op9ions ( milit>y writ]s1 & ! facts ( hi/ory1 fully accord ) ^! d$uctions ( !ory4 ,"s few individuals mi/ak+1 or mis/at+1 ! facts ( a few rec5t trials1 ass]t t mod]n improvem5ts 9 ! naval s]vice h s f> out/ripp$ ! progress 9 ! art ( l& def5ce1 t a float+ =ce is n[ abundantly able to cope1 ^u equal t]ms1 ) a l& batt]y4 ,ignorant & sup]ficial p]sons1 he>+ m]ely t c]ta9 =ts _h rec5tly yield$ to a naval =ce1 & tak+ no tr\ble to le>n ! real facts ( ! case1 h p>ad$ !m be=e ! public z pro(s positive ( a new era 9 milit>y sci5ce4 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev] gr\ndless & absurd1 has receiv$ cr$it m]ely f its novelty4 ,let u exam9e ! sev]al trials ( /r5g? :i* h tak5 place betwe5 %ips & =ts )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 & see :at h be5 ! results4 ,9 #agib a consid]able ,fr5* squadron attack$ ,cagli>i1 ^: =tifications 7 at t "t s dilapidat$ & weak1 z sc>cely to des]ve ! "n ( def5ces4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,fr5* fleet1 aft] a bomb>dm5t ( ?ree days1 0 mo/ signally defeat$ & oblig$ to retire4 ,9 #agid two ,briti% %ips1 ! ,=titude ( sev5ty-f\r1 & ! ,juno frigate ( ?irty-two guns1 attack$ a small t[n 9 ! bay ( ,m>tello1 ,corsica1 :i* 0 arm$ ) "o gun 9 b>bette1 & a g>rison ( ?irty m54 ,aft] a bomb>dm5t ( two & a half h\rs1 ^! %ips 7 =c$ to haul (f ) consid]able damage & loss ( life4 ,! little t[] _h receiv$ no injury1 & its g>rison 7 unh>m$4 ,"h 7 "o hundr$ & six guns afloat aga9/ "o on %ore2 & yet ! latt] 0 successful4 ,9 #agig ,nelson attack$ ! little ineffici5t batt]ies ( ,santa ,crux1 9 ,t5]iffe1 ) eight vessels c>ry+ f\r hundr$ guns4 ,b not)/&+ 8 great sup]iority 9 numb]s1 skill1 & brav]y1 he 0 repell$ ) ! loss ( two hundr$ & fifty m51 :ile ! g>rison receiv$ little or no damage4 ,a s+le ball f ! l& batt]y1 /rik+ ! side ( "o ( 8 vessels1 in/antly sunk h] ) ne> a hundr$ seam5 & m>9es6 ,9 #agih1 a ,fr5* flotilla ( fifty-two brigs & gunboats1 mann$ ) ne> sev5 ?\s& m51 attack$ a little ,engli% r$\bt on ! isl& ( ,m>c\1 :i* 0 arm$ ) two ?irty-two-p\nd]s1 two six-p\nd]s1 f\r f\r-p\nd]s1 & two c>ronades1 & g>rison$ ) two hundr$ & fifty m54 ,not)/&+ ?is great disp>ity ( numb]s1 ! little r$\bt sunk sev5 ( ! enemy's brigs & gunboats1 captur$ ano!r1 & =c$ ! rema9d] to retreat ) great loss2 :ile ! g>rison _h b "o man kill$ & ?ree w\nd$4 ,9 #ahja1 ! ,fr5*1 ) ?ree frigates & six ?\s& m51 attack$ ! poorly-con/ruct$ works ( ,porto ,f]rairo1 ^: def5sive =ce 0 a motley g>rison ( fifte5 hundr$ ,corsicans1 ,tuscans1 & ,engli%4 ,"h ! attack+ =ce 0 f\r times z great z t ( ! g>rison2 nev]!less !y 7 unsuccessful aft] sev]al bomb>dm5ts & a siege ( five mon?s4 ,9 ,july ( ! same ye>1 #ahja1 ,admiral ,saum>ez1 ) an ,engli% fleet ( six %ips ( ! l9e & two small] vessels1 c>ry+ 9 all five hundr$ & two guns1 attack$ ! ,spani% & ,fr5* def5ces ( ,algesiras4 ,suppos+ ! float+ =ces ( ! cont5d+ p>ties to be equal1 gun = gun1 7:i* is c]ta9ly a v fair e/imate = ! attack+ =ce1 consid]+ ! circum/ances ( ! case17 we h a ,fr5* l&-batt]y ( only twelve guns oppos$ by an ,engli% float+ =ce ( "o hundr$ & n9ety-six guns4 ,not)/&+ ?is inequality ( ne>ly sev5te5 to "o1 ! little batt]y compell$ ! sup]ior naval =ce to retreat ) great loss4 ,%ortly aft] ?is1 ! ,fr5* & ,spani% fleets attack$ ! same ,engli% squadron ) a =ce ( ne>ly ?ree to "o1 b met ) a mo/ signal defeat2 :]eas ) a l&-batt]y ( only "o to sev5te51 ! same p>ty _h be5 victori\s4 ,:at pro( c be m decisive ( ! sup]iority ( guns on %ore ov] ^? afloat6 ,9 #ahjc ! ,engli% g>rison ( ,diamond ,rock1 ne> ,port ,royal ,bay1 ) only "o hundr$ m5 & "s fifte5 guns1 repell$ a ,fr5* squadron ( two sev5ty-f\r-gun %ips1 a frigate1 & a brig1 assi/$ by a l& attack ( two hundr$ troops4 ,!re 0 n a s+le man kill$ or w\nd$ 9 ! r$\bt1 :ile ! ,fr5* lo/ fifty m56 ,! place 0 aft]w>ds r$uc$ by fam9e4 ,9 #ahjf a ,fr5* batt]y on ,cape ,licosa1 ( only two guns & a g>rison ( tw5ty-five m51 resi/$ ! attacks ( a ,briti% eighty-gun %ip & two frigates4 ,! c>riage ( "o ( ! l&-guns fail$ on ! second %ot1 s t1 9 fact1 only "o ( !m 0 available dur+ ! action4 ,"h 0 a s+le piece ( ordnance & a g>rison ( tw5ty-five m51 oppos$ to a naval =ce ( ov] "o hundr$ & fifty guns & ab\t ?irte5 hundr$ m54 ,& :at effects 7 produc$ by ?is /range combat8 ,! attack+ =ce lo/ ?irty-sev5 m5 kill$ & w\nd$1 ! eighty-gun %ip 0 mu* disabl$1 :ile ! =t & g>rison escap$ entirely unh>m$6 ,:at c\ld n be effect$ by =ce 0 aft]w>ds obta9$ by negotiation4 ,9 #ahjh a ,fr5* l&-batt]y ( only ?ree guns1 ne> ,=t ,tr9idad1 drove (f an ,engli% sev5ty-f\r-gun %ip1 & a bomb-vessel4 ,9 #ahac ,leghorn1 ^: def5ces 7 ( a v m$iocre "*1 & ^: g>rison at t "t 0 exce$+ly weak1 0 attack$ by an ,engli% squadron ( six %ips1 c>ry+ ov] ?ree hundr$ guns1 & a l& =ce ( "o ?\s& troops4 ,! :ole attempt 0 a p]fect failure4 ,9 #ahad1 :5 ! ,engli% advanc$ aga9/ ,antw]p1 says ,colonel ,mit*ell1 an ,engli% hi/orian1 ,=t ,fr$]ick1 a small "w ( only two guns1 0 e/abli%$ 9 a b5d ( ! ,pold] ,dyke1 at "s di/ance bel[ ,lillo4 ,! armam5t 0 a long eighte5-p\nd] & a five & a half in* h[itz]4 ,f ?is po/ ! ,fr5* det]m9$ to dislodge ! ,engli%1 & an eighty-gun %ip dropp$ d[n ) ! tide & an*or$ ne> ! ,fl&]s %ore1 ab\t six hundr$ y>ds f ! ,briti% batt]y4 ,by h] position %e 0 secur$ f ! fire ( ! eighte5-p\nd]1 & expos$ to t ( ! h[itz] only4 ,z soon z e ?+ 0 made tight h] broadside 0 op5$2 & if noise & smoke 7 alone suffici5t to ensure success 9 w>1 z s _m ( ! mod]ns seem to ?9k1 ! result ( ?is /range conte/ w\ld n h be5 long d\btful1 = ! ?und] ( ! ,fr5* artill]y actually made ! e>? to %ake aga92 b ?\gh ! e>? %ook1 ! s+le ,briti% h[itz] 0 nei!r dism\nt$ nor sil5c$2 & ?\gh ! artill]y-m5 c\ld n1 p]fectly expos$ z !y 71 /& to _! gun :ile ! iron hail 0 /rik+ ?ick & fa/ ar\nd1 yet no soon] did ! enemy's fire slack5 = a mom5t ?an !y sprang to _! po/1 ready to return at lea/ "o %ot = eighty4 ,?is extraord9>y combat la/$ f sev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+ till ne> twelve at noon1 :5 ! ,fr5* %ip1 hav+ _h =ty-"o m5 kill$ & w\nd$1 h] comm&] be+ 9 ! li/ ( ! latt]1 & hav+ besides su/a9$ s]i\s damage 9 h] hull & rigg+1 return$ to ,antw]p )\t effect+ any ?+ :atev]4 ,! h[itz] 0 n dism\nt$1 ! =t 0 n injur$1--!re be+ 9 fact no?+ to injure1--& ! ,briti% _h only "o man kill$ & two w\nd$4 ,x is unnecess>y to fur!r specify examples f ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 ! :ole hi/ory ( ^! w>s is "o cont9u$ pro( ( ! sup]iority ( =tifications z a m>itime fronti] def5ce4 ,! sea-coa/ ( ,france is almo/ )9 /one's ?r[#ah ( ! pr9cipal ,briti% naval depots2 "h 7 l>ge t[ns & h>bors1 fill$ ) ! ri* comm]ce ( ! _w1 (f]+ ! dazzl+ attraction ( ri* booty4 ,! ,fr5* navy 0 at ?is "t utt]ly incompet5t to _! def5ce2 :ile ,engl& support$ a m>itime =ce at an annual exp5se ( ne> n9ety millions ( doll>s4 ,h] l>ge/ fleets 7 cont9ually cruis+ )9 sight ( ^! seaports1 & n unfrequ5tly attempt+ to cut out _! %ipp+4 ,at ?is p]iod1 says "o ( h] naval hi/orians1 ! naval =ce ( ,brita91 s multipli$ & s exp]t f long practice1 _h acquir$ an intimate k ( _! 7! ,fr5*7 h>bors1 _! bays & creeks2 h] (fic]s knew ! dep? ( wat]1 & ! resi/ance likely to be met ) 9 e situation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! h>bors & t[ns 7 frequ5tly /ripp$ ( _! g>risons by ! necessities ( di/ant w>s1 be+ left ) no o!r def5ce ?an _! =tifications & militia4 ,& yet1 not)/&+ all ?is1 !y escap$ unh>m$ dur+ ! entire conte/4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly attack$1 & 9 "s in/ances ! mo/ desp]ate ef=ts 7 made to effect a p]man5t lodgm5t2 b 9 no case 0 ! success at all comm5surate ) ! exp5se ( life & treasure sacrific$1 & no p]man5t hold 0 made on ei!r ! m>itime fronti]s ( ,france or h] allies4 ,?is c]ta9ly 0 ow+ to no inf]iority ( skill & brav]y on ! "p ( ! ,briti% navy1 z ! battles ( ,ab\kir & ,trafalg>1 & ! almo/ total annihilation ( ! ,fr5* m>9e1 h b too pla9ly prov54 ,:y !n did ^! places1 escape8 ,we "k ( no o!r reason1 ?an t !y 7 =tifi$2 & t ! ,fr5* knew h[ to def5d _! =tifications4 ,! ,briti% m>itime exp$itions to ,quib]on1 ,holl&1 ,b\logne1 ! ,s*eldt1 ,con/ant9ople1 ,bu5os ,ayres1 c41 suffici5tly prove ! ill-success1 & ! wa/e ( life & treasure ) :i* !y mu/ always be att5d$4 ,b :5 h] naval p[] 0 appli$ to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's m>9e1 & 9 transport+ h] l& =ces to solid bases ( op]ations on ! soil ( h] allies1 9 ,portugal & ,belgium1 ! fall ( ,napoleon cr[n$ ! glory ( _! a*ievem5ts4 ,footnote #ah3 ,only eighte5 & a half miles across ! ,*annel at ! n>r[e/ place4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! sev]al ,briti% naval attacks on our own =ts1 9 ! w>s ( ! ,revolution & ( #ahab4 ,9 #aggf ,sir ,pet] ,p>k]1 ) a ,briti% fleet ( n9e vessels1 c>ry+ ab\t two hundr$ & sev5ty#ai guns1 attack$ ,=t ,m\ltrie1 9 ,*>le/on h>bor1 :i* 0 !n arm$ ) only tw5ty-six guns1 & g>rison$ by only ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five regul>s & a few militia4 ,9 ?is conte/ ! ,briti% 7 entirely defeat$1 & lo/1 9 kill$ & w\nd$1 two hundr$ & five m51 :ile _! :ole two hundr$ & sev5ty guns kill$ & w\nd$ only ?irty-two m5 9 ! =t4 ,( ?is trial ( /r5g?1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly a fair "o1 ,coop] 9 8 ,naval ,hi/ory1 says3--,x goes fully to prove ! important milit>y position t %ips _c )/& =ts1 :5 ! latt] are prop]ly arm$1 con/ruct$1 & g>rison$4 ,g5]al ,m\ltrie says only ?irty r\nds f ! batt]y 7 fir$1 & 0 ( op9ion t ! want ( p[d] alone prev5t$ ! ,am]icans f de/roy+ ! m5-(-w>4 ,footnote #ai3 ,^! vessels rat$ two hundr$ & fifty-f\r guns1 b ! numb] actually c>ri$ is /at$ to h be5 two hundr$ & sev5ty4 ,9 #ahad a ,briti% fleet ( f\r vessels1 c>ry+ n9ety-two guns1 attack$ ,=t ,boy]1 a small r$\bt1 locat$ on a po9t ( l& comm&+ ! passage f ! ,gulf into ! bay ( ,mobile4 ,?is r$\bt 0 g>rison$ by only "o hundr$ & tw5ty combatants1 (fic]s includ$2 & its armam5t 0 b tw5ty small pieces ( cannon1 "s ( :i* 7 almo/ entirely useless1 & mo/ ( !m poorly m\nt$ 9 batt]ies ha/ily ?r[n up1 & leav+ ! gunn]s uncov]$ f ! knee upw>d1 :ile ! enemy's l& =ce1 act+ 9 conc]t ) ! %ips1 consi/$ ( tw5ty artill]i/s ) a batt]y ( two guns1 & sev5 hundr$ & ?irty m>9es1 ,indians1 & negroes4 ,8 %ips c>ri$ five hundr$ & n9ety m5 9 all4 ,?is imm5se disp>ity ( numb]s & /r5g? did n all[ to ! ,briti% milit>y & naval comm&]s ! slighte/ appreh5sion t f\r ,briti% %ips1 c>ry+ n9ety-two guns1 & a l& =ce some:at exce$+ sev5 hundr$ combatants1 c\ld fail 9 r$uc+ a small "w m\nt+ only tw5ty %ort c>ronades1 & def5d$ by a little m ?an a hundr$ m51 unprovid$ alike ) furnaces = heat+ %ot1 or casem5ts to cov] !mselves f rockets & %ells4 ,nev]!less1 ! enemy 0 completely repuls$2 "o ( 8 l>ge/ %ips 0 entirely de/roy$1 & #he m5 7 kill$ & w\nd$ on bo>d ! o!r2 :ile our loss 0 only eight or n9e4 ,"h a naval =ce ( five to "o 0 repell$ by ! l&-batt]y4 ,aga91 9 #ahad1 a b>bette batt]y ( "o f\r-p\nd] & two eighte5-p\nd] guns at ,/on+ton1 repell$ a ,briti% fleet ( "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r guns4 ,dur+ ! engagem5t ! ,am]icans exhau/$ _! ammunition1 & spik$ _! eighte5-p\nd]s1 & only "o ( !m 0 aft]w>ds us$4 ,two ( ! enemy's %ips1 c>ry+ "o hundr$ & twelve guns1 7 engag$ dur+ ! :ole "t ( attack1 & dur+ mu* ( ?is "t bomb>d$ ! t[n f a position beyond rea* ( ! l&-batt]y4 ,!y 7 entirely too f> (f = ! f\r-p\nd] gun to be ( any use4 ,suppos+ ! two eighte5-p\nd]s to h be5 employ$ dur+ ! :ole action1 & also all ! guns ( ! fleet1 "o eighte5-p\nd] on l& mu/ h be5 m ?an equival5t to sixty-sev5 guns afloat1 = ! %ips 7 s mu* injur$ z to r5d] x necess>y = !m to )draw4 ,! ,briti% loss 0 tw5ty kill$1 & m ?an fifty w\nd$4 ,ours 0 only two kill$ & six w\nd$4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,p]k9s says two kill$ & six w\nd$4 ,holmes says six w\nd$1 b makes no m5tion ( any kill$4 ,! fleet s5t to ! attack ( ,baltimore1 9 #ahad1 consi/$ ( =ty sail1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* 7 %ips ( ! l9e1 c>ry+ an army ( ov] six ?\s& combatants4 ,! troops 7 l&$ at ,nor? ,po9t1 :ile sixte5 ( ! bomb-vessels & frigates approa*$ )9 rea* ( ,=t ,mc,henry1 & comm5c$ a bomb>dm5t :i* la/$ tw5ty-five h\rs4 ,dur+ ?is attack1 ! enemy ?rew fifte5 hundr$ %ells1 f\r hundr$ ( :i* explod$ )9 ! walls ( ! =t1 b )\t mak+ any impression on ei!r ! /r5g? ( ! "w or ! g>rison1 & ! ,briti% 7 compell$ to retire ) mu* loss4 ,9 #ahae1 a squadron ( ,briti% %ips1 /ation$ (f ! m\?s ( ! ,mississippi1 = ! purpose ( a blockade1 asc5d$ ! riv] z high z ,=t ,/4 ,philip1 :i* is a small "w capable ( an armam5t ( only tw5ty guns 9 all4 ,a heavy fire ( %ot & %ells 0 cont9u$ ) b few & %ort pauses = n9e days & nights1 b mak+ no impression ei!r on ! =t or g>rison1 !y retreat$ to _! =m] position at ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,!re is b a s+le in/ance 9 ! w> ( #ahab1 :]e ! enemy's vessels succe$$ 9 r$uc+ a =t2 & ?is has sometimes be5 allud$ to1 by p]sons ignorant ( ! real facts ( ! case1 z a pro( aga9/ ! ability ( our =tifications to resi/ naval attacks4 ,ev5 if x 7 a case ( decid$ failure1 w\ld ?is s+le exception be suffici5t to ov]?r[ ! weight ( evid5ce on ! o!r side8 ,we allude to ! r$uction ( ! s-call$ ,=t ,wa%+ton by ! ,briti% fleet t asc5d$ ! ,potomac 9 #ahad1 to assi/ 9 ! disgraceful & b>b>\s op]ation ( burn+ ! capitol & de/roy+ ! ar*ives ( ! nation4 ,=t ,wa%+ton 0 a v small & ineffici5t "w1 incorrectly plann$ by an incompet5t ,fr5* eng9e]2 only a small "p ( ! =t 0 !n built1 & x has n yet be5 complet$4 ,! portion con/ruct$ 0 nev]1 until v rec5tly1 prop]ly prep>$ = receiv+ its armam5t1 & at ! "t ( attack c\ld n possibly h held out a long "t4 ,b no def5ce :atev] 0 made4 ,capt4 ,gordon1 ) a squadron ( eight sail1 c>ry+ "o hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree guns1 "u ord]s to asc5d ! riv] z high z ,=t ,wa%+ton1 & try ^u x ! exp]im5t ( a bomb>dm5t1 approa*$ t =t1 &1 ^u fir+ a s+le %ell1 :i* did no injury to ei!r ! =t or ! g>rison1 ! latt] des]t$ ! works1 & rapidly retreat$4 ,! comm&+ (fic] 0 imm$iately dismiss$ = 8 c[>dice4 ,an ,engli% naval (fic]1 :o 0 "o ( ! exp$ition1 9 speak+ ( ! retreat ( ! g>rison1 says3 ,we 7 at loss to acc\nt = su* an extraord9>y /ep4 ,! position 0 good & ! capture w\ld h co/ u at lea/ fifty m51 & m1 _h x be5 prop]ly def5d$2 besides1 an unfavorable w9d & _m o!r *ances 7 9 _! favor1 c4 ,! fleet asc5d$ ! riv] to ,alex&ria1 b le>n+ soon aft]w>ds t batt]ies 7 prep>+ at ,:ite ,h\se & ,indian ,head to cut (f its retreat1 x retir$1 9 mu* ha/e1 b n )\t injury4 ,"s h also pret5d$ to f9d 9 mod]n ,european hi/ory a few examples contradictory ( ! relative p[] :i* we h "h assign$ to %ips & =ts4 ,ov]look+ ! num]\s & well-au!nticat$ examples1 :]e =ts ( small dim5sions & ( small armam5t h repell$ l>ge fleets1 !y w\ld draw _! conclusions f ! f\r or five in/ances :]e fleets h ga9$ 7z 0 at fir/ suppos$7 a some:at d\btful victory ov] =ts4 ,b a c>eful & critical exam9ation ( ! facts 9 ^! cases1 w %[ t ev5 ^! are no exceptions to ! g5]al rule ( ! sup]iority ( guns a%ore ov] guns afloat4 ,! only in/ances :]e x has ev] be5 pret5d$ by writ]s ( any note1 t %ips h ga9$ advantage1 are ^? ( ! attack on ,cop5hag5 9 #ahja2 ! passage ( ! ,d>danelles1 9 #ahjg2 ! attack on ,algi]s1 9 #ahaf2 ! attack on ,san ,juan d',ulloa1 9 #ahch2 & ! attack on ,/4 ,jean d',acre1 9 #ahdj4 ,let u exam9e ^! examples a little 9 detail3-- ,cop5hag54--,! ,briti% fleet s5t to attack ,cop5hag51 9 #ahja1 consi/$ ( fifty-two sail1 eighte5 ( !m be+ l9e-(-battle %ips1 f\r frigates1 c4 ,!y sail$ f ,y>m\? roads on ! #ab? ( ,m>*1 pass$ ! ,s\nd on ! #cj?1 & attack$ & defeat$ ! ,dani% l9e on ! #b;d ( ,april4 ,! ,s\nd betwe5 ,cron5b]g & ! ,sw$i% coa/ is ab\t two & a half miles wide1 7vide ,fig4 #cd47 ,! batt]ies ( ,cron5b]g & ,els9ore 7 l9$ ) "o hundr$ pieces ( cannon & mort>s2 b ! ,sw$i% batt]y _h be5 mu* neglect$1 & !n m\nt$ only six guns4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,briti% admiral1 to avoid ! damage 8 squadron w\ld h to su/a9 9 ! passage ( ?is wide *annel1 def5d$ by a =ce sc>cely sup]ior to a s+le "o ( 8 %ips1 pref]r$ to attempt ! difficult passage ( ! ,belt2 b aft] a few ( 8 light vessels1 act+ z sc\ts1 _h run on rocks1 he return$ to ! ,s\nd4 ,he !n tri$ to negotiate a peaceful passage1 ?reat5+1 h[ev]1 a decl>ation ( w> if 8 vessels %\ld be fir$ ^u4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t at ?is "t ,engl& 0 at peace ) bo? ,d5m>k & ,sw$51 & t no j cause ( w> exi/$4 ,h5ce1 ! admiral inf]r$ t ! comm&]s ( ^! batt]ies w\ld be loa? to involve _! c\ntries 9 a w> ) s =midable a p[] z ,engl&1 by comm5c+ ho/ilities1 :5 only a free passage 0 ask$4 ,! ,dani% comm&] repli$1 t he %\ld n p]mit a fleet to pass 8 po/1 ^: object & de/9ation 7 unkn[n to him4 ,he fir$ ^u !m1 z he 0 b\nd to d by long-exi/+ comm]cial regulations1 & n z an act ( ho/ility aga9/ ! ,engli%4 ,! ,sw$es1 on ! contr>y1 rema9$ neutral1 & all[$ ! ,briti% vessels to lie ne> by = sev]al days )\t fir+ ^u !m4 ,see+ ?is fri5dly disposition ( ! ,sw$es1 ! fleet ne>$ _! coa/1 & pass$ out ( ! rea* ( ! ,dani% batt]ies1 :i* op5$ a fire ( balls & %ells2 b all ( !m fell m ?an two hundr$ y>ds %ort ( ! fleet1 :i* escap$ )\t ! loss ( a s+le man4 ,! ,sw$es excus$ _! trea*]y by ! plea t x w\ld h be5 impossible to con/ruct batt]ies at t season1 & t1 ev5 _h x be5 possible1 ,d5m>k w\ld n h cons5t$ to _! do+ s1 = fe> t ,sw$5 w\ld r5ew h] old claim to "o half ( ! ri* duties levi$ by ,d5m>k on all %ips pass+ ! /rait4 ,!re may h be5 "s gr\nds = ! la/ excuse2 b ! true reason = _! conduct 0 ! fe> ( gett+ involv$ 9 a w> ) ,engl&4 ,napoleon says t1 ev5 at t season1 a few days w\ld h be5 suffici5t = plac+ a hundr$ guns 9 batt]y1 & t ,sw$5 _h mu* m "t ?an 0 requisite4 ,& ) a hundr$ guns on ea* side ( ! *annel1 s]v$ ) skill & en]gy1 ! fleet mu/ necess>ily h su/a9$ s mu* damage z to r5d] x unfit to attack ,cop5hag54 ,on ?is passage1 we rem>k3-- #a/4 ,! :ole numb] ( guns & mort>s 9 ! =ts ( ! ,s\nd am\nt$ to only "o hundr$ & six1 :ile ! fleet c>ri$ ov] sev5te5 hundr$ guns2 & yet1 ) ?is imm5se sup]iority ( m ?an sixte5 to "o1 ! ,briti% admiral pref]r$ ! dang]\s passage ( ! ,belt to enc\nt]+ ! fire ( ^! l&-batt]ies4 #b;d4 ,by negotiations1 & ?reat5+ ! v5geance ( ,engl&1 he p]suad$ ! small ,sw$i% batt]y to rema9 sil5t & all[ ! fleet to pass ne> t %ore1 out ( rea* ( ,cron5b]g & ,els9ore4 #c;d4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ,napoleon & ! be/ ,engli% writ]s1 t if ! ,sw$i% batt]y _h be5 put 9 ord]1 & act$ 9 conc]t ) ! ,dani% works1 !y might h s damag$ ! fleet z to r5d] x incapable ( any s]i\s attempt on ,cop5hag54 ,we n[ proce$ to consid] ! circum/ances att5d+ ! attack & def5ce ( ,cop5hag5 itself4 ,! only side ( ! t[n expos$ to ! attack ( heavy %ipp+ is ! nor!rn1 :]e !re lies a %oal ext5d+ out a consid]able di/ance1 leav+ only a v n>r[ approa* to ! he>t ( ! city1 7,fig4 #ce7 ,on ! mo/ advanc$ "p ( ?is %oal are ! ,cr[n-batt]ies1 c>ry+ 9 all eighty-eight guns4#ba ,! entrance into ! ,baltic betwe5 ,cop5hag5 & ,sal?orn1 is divid$ into two *annels by a bank1 call$ ! ,middle ,gr\nd1 :i* is situat$ directly opposite ,cop5hag54 ,to def5d ! entrance on ! left ( ! ,cr[n-batt]ies1 !y plac$ ne> ! m\? ( ! *annel f\r %ips ( ! l9e1 "o frigate1 & two sloops1 c>ry+ 9 all ?ree hundr$ & fifty-eight guns4 ,to secure ! port & city f bomb>dm5t f ! ,k+'s ,*annel1 7t betwe5 ! ,middle ,gr\nd & t[n17 a l9e ( float+ def5ces 7 moor$ ne> ! edge ( ! %oal1 & mann$ pr9cipally by volunte]s4 ,?is l9e consi/$ ( old hulls ( vessels1 block-%ips1 prames1 rafts1 c41 c>ry+ 9 all six hundr$ & tw5ty-eight guns--a =ce /rong en\gh to prev5t ! approa* ( bomb-vessels & gunboats1 7! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$17 b utt]ly incapable ( cont5d+ ) fir/-rate %ips ( w>2 b ^! ! ,danes ?\ght w\ld be det]r$ f approa*+ by ! difficulties ( navigation4 ,^! difficulties 7 c]ta9ly v great2 & ,nelson said1 be=eh&1 t ! w9d :i* might c>ry him 9 w\ld mo/ probably n br+ out a crippl$ %ip4 ,_h ! ,danes suppos$ x possible = ,nelson to approa* ) 8 l>ge vessels1 ! l9e ( float+ def5ces w\ld h be5 =m$ ne>] ,cop5hag51 ! "r support$ by batt]ies rais$ on ! isle ( ,amack4 ,9 t case1 says ,napoleon1 x is probable t ,nelson w\ld h fail$ 9 8 attack2 = x w\ld h be5 impossible = him to pass betwe5 ! l9e & %ore ?us l9$ ) cannon4 ,z x 01 ! l9e 0 too ext5d$ = /r5g?1 & its "r too f> advanc$ to receive assi/ance f ! batt]y ( ,amack4 ,a "p ( ! fleet rema9$ z a res]ve1 "u ,admiral ,p>k]1 :ile ! o!rs1 "u ,nelson1 advanc$ to ! ,k+'s ,*annel4 ,?is attack+ =ce consi/$ ( eight %ips ( ! l9e & ?irty-six small] vessels1 c>ry+ 9 all elev5 hundr$ guns1 7)\t includ+ ^? 9 ! six gun-brigs1 ^: armam5t is n giv547 ,"o ( ! sev5ty-f\r-gun %ips c\ld n be br\ght into action1 & two o!rs gr\nd$2 b1 ,"l ,nelson says1 al?\gh n 9 ! situation assign$ !m1 yet !y 7 s plac$ z to be ( great s]vice4 ,?is =ce 0 conc5trat$ ^u a "p ( ! ,dani% l9e ( float+ def5ces1 ! :ole ( :i* 0 n only inf]ior to x by ?ree hundr$ & eighty-two guns1 b s situat$ z to be beyond ! rea* ( succor1 & )\t a *ance ( escape4 ,! result 0 :at might h be5 expect$4 ,e vessel ( ! "r & c5tre ( ?is out] ,dani% l9e 0 tak5 or de/roy$1 except "o or two small ones1 :i* cut & run "u protection ( ! =tifications4 ,! left ( ! l9e1 be+ support$ by ! ,cr[n-batt]y1 rema9$ unbrok54 ,a division ( frigates1 9 hopes ( provid+ an adequate sub/itute = ! %ips int5d$ to attack ! batt]ies1 v5tur$ to engage !m1 b x suff]$ consid]able loss1 &1 9 spite ( all its ef=ts1 0 oblig$ to rel9qui% ?is ent]prise1 & %e] (f4 ,footnote #ba3 ,"s writ]s say only sixty-eight or sev5ty2 b ! ,engli% writ]s g5]ally say eighty-eight4 ,a few1 7app>5tly to increase ! brilliancy ( ! victory17 make ?is numb] /ill great]4 ,! ,dani% vessels ly+ 9 ! entrance ( ! *annel :i* leads to ! city1 7 n attack$1 & took no mat]ial "p 9 ! conte/4 ,!y are to be reckon$ 9 ! def5ce on ! same gr\nds t ! ,briti% %ips ( ! res]ve %\ld be includ$ 9 ! attack+ =ce4 ,nor 0 any use made ( ! guns on %ore1 = ! enemy did n advance f> en\gh to be )9 _! range4 ,! ,cr[n-batt]y 0 beh9d ! ,dani% l9e1 & ma9ly mask$ by x4 ,a "p only ( its guns c\ld be us$ 9 support ( ! left ( ?is l9e1 & 9 repell+ ! direct attacks ( ! frigates1 :i* x did mo/ effectually4 ,b we n[ come to a new feature 9 ?is battle4 ,z ! ,dani% l9e ( float+ def5ces fell into ! h&s ( ! ,engli%1 ! range ( ! ,cr[n-batt]y enl>g$1 & its p[] 0 felt4 ,nelson saw ! dang] to :i* 8 fleet 0 expos$1 &1 be+ at la/ conv9c$ ( ! prud5ce ( ! admiral's signal = retreat1 made up 8 m9d to weigh an*or & retire f ! engagem5t4 ,to retreat1 h[ev]1 f 8 pres5t position1 0 exce$+ly difficult & dang]\s4 ,he !re=e det]m9$ to endeavor to effect an armi/ice1 & dispat*$ ! foll[+ lett] to ! pr9ce-reg5t3 ,"l ,nelson has directions to sp>e ,d5m>k :5 no long] resi/+2 b if ! fir+ is cont9u$ on ! "p ( ,d5m>k1 ,"l ,nelson mu/ be oblig$ to set on fire all ! float+ batt]ies he has tak51 )\t ! p[] to save ! brave ,danes :o h def5d$ !m4 ,?is produc$ an armi/ice1 & ho/ilities _h h>dly ceas$1 :5 ?ree ( ! ,engli% %ips1 includ+ t 9 :i* ,nelson himself 01 /ruck ^u ! bank4 ,!y 7 9 ! jaws ( de/ruction1 & w\ld nev] h escap$ if ! batt]ies _h cont9u$ _! fire4 ,!y !re=e ow$ _! safety to ?is armi/ice4 ,a conv5tion 0 soon sign$1 by :i* e ?+ 0 left 9 /atu quo1 & ! fleet ( ,admiral ,p>k] all[$ to proce$ into ! ,baltic4 ,edw>d ,ba9es1 ! able ,engli% hi/orian ( ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 9 speak+ ( ,nelson's reque/ = an armi/ice1 says3 ,?is lett]1 :i* exhibit$ a happy union ( policy & c\rage1 0 writt5 at a mom5t :5 ,"l ,nelson p]ceiv$ t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unfavorable /ate ( ! w9d1 ! admiral 0 n likely to get up to aid ! ent]prise2 t ! pr9cipal batt]ies ( ! enemy1 & ! %ips at ! m\? ( ! h>bor1 7 yet unt\*$2 t two ( 8 own division _h gr\nd$1 & o!rs 7 likely to %>e ! same fate4 ,campbell says ^! batt]ies & %ips 7 /ill unconqu]$4 ,two ( 8 ,nelson's own vessels 7 gr\nd$ & expos$ to a heavy fire2 o!rs1 if ! battle cont9u$1 might be expos$ to a simil> fate1 :ile he f\nd x w\ld be sc>cely practicable to br+ (f ! prizes "u ! fire ( ! batt]ies4 ,) respect to ! =tifications ( ! t[n1 a *ronicl] ( ! times says !y 7 ( no s]vice :ile ! action la/$4 ,!y began to fire :5 ! enemy took possession ( ! ab&on$ %ips1 b x 0 at ! same "t ! p>ley appe>$4 ,! ,dani% comm&]1 speak+ ( ! g5]al conte/ betwe5 ! two l9es1 says3 ,! ,cr[n-batt]y did n come at all into action4 ,an ,engli% writ] says di/9ctly3 ,! works 7=tifications7 ( ,cop5hag5 7 absolutely unt\*$ at ! close ( ! action4 ,colonel ,mit*el1 ! ,engli% hi/orian1 says3 ,"l ,nelson nev] fir$ a %ot at ! t[n or =tifications ( ,cop5hag52 he de/roy$ a l9e ( block-%ips1 prames1 & float+ batt]ies t def5d$ ! sea approa* to ! t[n2 & ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 see+ 8 capital expos$1 0 will+ to f9i% by armi/ice a w>1 ! object ( :i* 0 nei!r v popul> nor well und]/ood4 ,:at ! result ( ! action betwe5 ,cop5hag5 & ! ,briti% fleet might ultimately h be51 is !re=e altoge!r unc]ta94 ,,! ,,bomb>dm5t ,,( ,,cop5hag5 ,,by ,,nelson1 z x is g5]ally /yl$1 is !re=e1 l mo/ o!r oracul> phrases ( ! day1 a m]e comb9ation ( words1 )\t ! slighte/ mean+4 ,! ,briti% lo/ 9 kill$ & w\nd$ n9e hundr$ & =ty-?ree m52 & ! loss ( ! ,danes1 accord+ to _! own acc\nt1 :i* is confirm$ by ! ,fr5*1 0 b v little high]4 ,! ,engli%1 h[ev]1 say x am\nt$ to sixte5 or eighte5 hundr$2 b let ! loss be :at x may1 x 0 almo/ exclusively conf9$ to ! float+ def5ces1 & c 9 no way det]m9e ! relative accuracy ( aim ( ! guns a%ore & guns afloat4 ,! facts & te/imony we h adduc$1 prove inconte/ably-- #a/4 ,t ( ! fleet ( fifty-two sail & sev5te5 hundr$ guns s5t by ! ,engli% to ! attack ^u ,cop5hag51 two %ips c>ry+ "o hundr$ & =ty-eight guns 7 gr\nd$ or wreck$2 sev5 %ips ( ! l9e1 & ?irty-six small] vessels1 c>ry+ ov] "o ?\s& guns1 7 actually br\ght into ! action2 :ile ! rema9d] 7 held z a res]ve to act ^u ! fir/ favorable opportunity4 #b;d4 ,t ! ,dani% l9e ( float+ def5ces1 consi/+ mo/ly ( hulls1 sloops1 rafts1 c41 c>ri$ only six hundr$ & tw5ty-eight guns ( all descriptions2 t ! fix$ batt]ies support+ ?is l9e did n c>ry ov] eighty or n9ety guns at mo/2 & t bo? ^! l& & float+ batt]ies 7 mo/ly mann$ & ! guns s]v$ by volunte]s4 #c;d4 ,t ! fix$ batt]ies 9 ! sy/em ( def5ce 7 ei!r s completely mask$1 or s f> di/ant1 z to be useless dur+ ! conte/ betwe5 ! fleet & float+ =ce4 #d?4 ,t ! few guns ( ^! batt]ies :i* 7 r5d]$ available by ! position ( ! float+ def5ces1 repell$1 ) little or no loss to !mselves1 & "s injury to ! enemy1 a va/ly sup]ior =ce ( frigates :i* attack$ !m4 #e?4 ,t ! l9e ( float+ def5ces 0 conqu]$ & mo/ly de/roy$1 :ile ! fix$ batt]ies 7 un9jur$4 #f?4 ,t ! =tifications ( ! city & ( ,amack isl& 7 n attack$1 & _h no "p 9 ! conte/4 #g?4 ,t1 z soon z ! ,cr[n-batt]ies 7 unmask$ & began to act1 ,nelson prep>$ to retreat1 b1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( do+ s1 he op5$ a p>ley1 ?reat5+1 ) a cruelty unwor?y ( ! mo/ b>b>\s ages1 t1 unless ! batt]ies ceas$ _! fire ^u 8 %ips1 he w\ld burn all ! float+ def5ces ) ! ,dani% prison]s 9 8 possession2 & t ?is armi/ice 0 conclud$ j 9 "t to save 8 own %ips f de/ruction4 #h?4 ,t1 consequ5tly1 ! battle ( ,cop5hag5 _c be reg>d$ z a conte/ betwe5 %ips & =ts1 or a triumph ( %ips ov] =ts3 t1 s f> z ! guns on %ore 7 engag$1 !y %[$ a va/ sup]iority ov] ^? afloat--a sup]iority kn[n & confess$ by ! ,engli% !mselves4 ,con/ant9ople4--,! *annel ( ! ,d>danelles is ab\t twelve leagues long1 ?ree miles wide at its entrance1 & ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile at its n>r[e/ po9t4 ,its pr9cipal def5ces are ! out] & inn] ca/les ( ,europe & ,asia1 & ! ca/les ( ,se/os & ,abydos4 ,con/ant9ople /&s ab\t "o hundr$ miles f its entrance into ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 & at ne>ly ! opposite extremity ( ?is sea4 ,! def5ces ( ! *annel _h be5 all[$ to g to decay2 b few guns 7 m\nt$1 & ! =ts 7 b p>tially g>rison$4 ,9 ,con/ant9ople n a gun 0 m\nt$1 & no prep>ations = def5ce 7 made2 inde$1 previ\s to ! approa* ( ! fleet1 ! ,turks _h n det]m9$ :e!r to side ) ! ,engli% or ! ,fr5*1 & ev5 !n ! ,fr5* ambassador _h ! greate/ difficulty 9 p]suad+ !m to resi/ ! dem&s ( ,duck=?4 ,! ,briti% fleet consi/$ ( six sail ( ! l9e1 two frigates1 two sloops1 & sev]al bomb-vessels1 c>ry+ eight hundr$ & eighte5 guns1 7besides ^? 9 ! bomb-%ips47 ,admiral ,duck=? sail$ ?r\gh ! ,d>danelles on ! #ai? ( ,febru>y1 #ahjg1 ) little or no opposition4 ,?is be+ a ,turki% fe/ival day1 ! soldi]s ( ! scanty g>rison 7 enjoy+ ! fe/ivities ( ! occasion1 & none 7 left to s]ve ! few guns ( ! =ts :i* _h be5 prep>$ = def5ce4 ,b :ile ! admiral 0 wait+ on ! ,sea ( ,m>mora = ! result ( negotiations1 or = a favorable w9d to make ! attack ^u ,con/ant9ople1 ! =tifications ( ?is city 7 put 9 ord]1 & ! ,turks actively employ$1 "u ,fr5* eng9e]s & artill]y (fic]s1 9 repair+ ! def5ces ( ! ,/raits4 ,campbell1 9 8 ,naval ,hi/ory1 says3--,admiral ,duck=? n[ fully p]ceiv$ ! critical situation 9 :i* he 0 plac$4 ,he might1 inde$1 succe$1 %\ld ! wea!r become favorable1 9 bomb>d+ ,con/ant9ople2 b unless ! bomb>dm5t %\ld prove completely successful 9 =c+ ! ,turks to pacific t]ms1 ! injury he might d to ! city w\ld n comp5sate = ! damage :i* 8 fleet mu/ necess>ily su/a94 ,) ?is damag$ & crippl$ fleet1 he mu/ repass ! ,d>danelles1 n[ r5d]$ inf9itely /rong] ?an !y 7 :5 he came ?r\gh !m4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! admiral det]m9$ to retreat2 & on ! #c;d ( ,april escap$ ?r\gh ! ,d>danelles1 /e]+ midway ( ! *annel1 ) a favorable & /rong curr5t4 ,?is escape1 h[ev]1 says ,ba9es1 0 only f de/ruction1 b by no means f s]i\s loss & injury4 99 99 99 99 ,9 :at in/ance 9 ! :ole c\rse ( our naval w>f>e1 h %ips receiv$ equal damage 9 s %ort a "t z 9 ?is extraord9>y ent]prise8 ,9 detail+ ! ext5t ( ?is damage1 we w take ! %ips 9 ! ord] !y desc5d$4 ,! fir/ _h h] :eel c>ri$ away1 & h] hull mu* damag$1 b escap$ ) ! loss ( only ?ree m54 ,a /one %ot p5etrat$ ! second1 betwe5 ! poop & qu>t] deck1 badly injur$ ! mizz5-ma/1 c>ri$ away ! :eel1 & did o!r s]i\s damage1 kill+ & w\nd+ tw5ty m54 ,two %ot /ruck ! ?ird1 c>ry+ away h] %r\ds & injur+ h] ma/s2 loss 9 kill$ & w\nd$1 ?irty4 ,! f\r? _h h] ma9ma/ de/roy$1 ) a loss ( sixte54 ,! fif? _h a l>ge %ot1 six feet eight in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 ent] h] l[] deck2 loss fifty-five4 ,! six?1 n injur$4 ,! sev5?1 a good deal damag$1 ) a loss ( sev5te54 ,! eigh? _h no loss4 ,! n9? 0 s mu* injur$ t1 _h !re be5 a necessity = haul+ ! w9d on ! opposite tack1 %e mu/ h gone d[n3 h] loss 0 eight4 ,! t5? lo/ twelve4 ,! elev5? 0 mu* injur$1 ) a loss ( eight--mak+ a total loss 9 repass+ ! ,d>danelles1 ( "o hundr$ & sixty-sev52 & 9 ! :ole exp$ition two hundr$ & eighty-"o1 exclusive ( two hundr$ & fifty m5 :o p]i%$ 9 ! burn+ ( ! ,ajax4 ,su* 0 ! effect produc$ on ! ,briti% fleet1 sail+ ) a favorable w9d & /rong curr5t pa/ ! half-arm$ & half-mann$ =ts ( ! ,d>danelles4 ,duck=? himself says1 t _h he rema9$ be=e ,con/ant9ople mu* long]--till ! =ts _h be5 completely put 9 ord]--no return w\ld h be5 op5 to him1 & ! unavoidable sacrifice ( ! squadron mu/ h be5 ! consequ5ce4 ,sc>cely _h ! fleet cle>$ ! ,/raits1 be=e x 7! fleet7 0 re9=c$ ) eight sail ( ! l9e2 b1 ev5 ) ?is va/ increase ( /r5g?1 ! ,engli% did n v5ture to r5ew ! conte/4 ,!y _h effect$ a mo/ =tunate escape4 ,g5]al ,jom9i says t if ! def5ce _h be5 conduct$ by a m ent]pris+ & exp]i5c$ p1 ! exp$ition w\ld h co/ ! ,engli% _! :ole squadron4 ,great z 0 ! damage done to ! fleet1 ! =ts !mselves 7 un9jur$4 ,! ,engli% say _! own fire did no execution1 ! %ot 9 all probability n ev5 /rik+ _! objects--! rapid *ange ( position1 occasion$ by a fair w9d & curr5t1 prev5t+ ! c]ta9ty ( aim4 ,! /ate ( ! batt]ies :5 ! fleet fir/ pass$1 is ?us describ$ 9 ,james's ,naval ,hi/ory3 ,"s ( !m 7 dilapidat$1 & o!rs b p>tially m\nt$ & poorly mann$4 ,& ,alison says3 ,!y _h be5 all[$ to fall into disrepair4 ,! ca/les ( ,europe & ,asia1 inde$1 /ood 9 fr[n+ maje/y1 to ass]t ! dom9ion ( ! ,cresc5t at ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! passage1 b _! ramp>ts 7 antiquat$1 _! guns 9 "p dism\nt$1 & su* z rema9$1 ?\gh ( enorm\s calibre1 little calculat$ to answ] ! rapidity & precision ( an ,engli% broadside4 ,mu* has be5 said because ! =tifications ( ! ,d>danelles did n h]metically seal t *annel1 7an object !y 7 nev] expect$ to accompli%1 ev5 _h !y be5 well arm$ & well s]v$27 b x is =gott51 or entirely ov]look$1 t twelve ,turki% l9e-(-battle -%ips1 two ( !m ?ree-deck]s1 ) n9e frigates1 7 ) _! sails b5t & 9 app>5t read9ess1 fill$ ) troops1 & ly+ )9 ! l9e ( =tifications2 & yet ?is naval =ce effect$ little or no?+ aga9/ ! invad]s4 ,x is sc>cely ev] m5tion$1 be+ reg>d$ ( little consequ5ce z a means ( def5ce2 & yet ! numb] ( its guns & ! exp5se ( its con/ruction & support1 c\ld h>dly h fall5 %ort ( ! incomplete & half-arm$ =ts1 "s ( :i* 7 z anci5t z ! reign ( ,amura?6 ,algi]s4--,! foll[+ n>rative ( ! attack on ,algi]s1 9 #ahaf1 is drawn f ! reports ( ! ,engli% & ,dut* admirals1 & o!r (ficial & au!ntic ,engli% pap]s4 ,! attack 0 made by ! comb9$ fleets1 consi/+ ( five sail ( ! l9e1 eighte5 or tw5ty frigates & small] vessels1 besides five bomb-vessels & sev]al rocket-boats1 c>ry+ 9 all ab\t "o ?\s& guns4 ,! armam5t ( "s ( ! small] vessels is n giv51 b ! guns ( ^? ^: armam5ts are kn[n1 am\nt to ov] n9e hundr$4 ,! h>bor & def5ces ( ,algi]s _h be5 previ\sly survey$ by ,capta9 ,w>de1 royal navy1 "u ,"l ,exm\?'s direction2 & ! numb] ( ! comb9$ fleet 0 arrang$ accord+ to ! in=mation giv5 9 ?is survey--j s _m %ips1 & no m1 be+ tak51 z c\ld be employ$ to advantage aga9/ ! city1 )\t be+ ne$lessly expos$4 ,moreov]1 ! m5 & (fic]s _h be5 select$ & ex]cis$ ) ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul> attack4 ,f ! survey ( ,capta9 ,w>de1 & ! accompany+ map1 x appe>s t ! armam5t ( all ! =tifications ( ,algi]s & ! vic9ity1 c\nt+ ! wat] fronts & ! p>ts t c\ld flank ! %ore1 0 only two hundr$ & eighty-f\r guns ( v>i\s sizes & descriptions1 includ+ mort>s4 ,b n ne> all ( ^! c\ld act ^u ! fleet z x lay4 ,o!r ,engli% acc\nts /ate ! numb] ( guns actually oppos$ to ! fleet at f two hundr$ & tw5ty to two hundr$ & ?irty4 ,"s ( ^! 7 9 small & di/ant batt]ies1 :]eas ne>ly all ! fleet 0 conc5trat$ on ! mole-head works4 7,fig4 #cf47 ,suppos+ only "o broadside ( ! %ips to h be5 engag$1 ! ratio ( ! =ces1 z express$ by ! numb] ( guns1 mu/ h be5 ab\t z #e to #b4 ,?is is a favorable supposition = ! %ips2 = we "k t sev]al ( !m1 f _! position & a *ange ( an*orage1 br\ght bo? broadsides to be>2 moreov]1 at no "o "t c\ld all ! guns ( ! wat] fronts ( ! batt]ies be> on ! attack+ %ips4 ,! ,alg]9e %ipp+ 9 ! h>bor 0 consid]able1 includ+ sev]al vessels ( w>1 b no use 0 made ( !m 9 def5ce1 & ne>ly all 7 burnt4 ,! attack+ %ips comm&$ "s ( ! batt]ies1 & almo/ imm$iately dism\nt$ _! guns4 ,! walls ( ! casemat$ works 7 s ?9 z to be v soon batt]$ d[n4 ,mo/ ( ! ,alg]9e guns 7 badly m\nt$1 & _m ( !m 7 useless aft] ! fir/ fire4 ,!y _h no furnaces = heat+ %ot1 &1 z !y load$ _! guns ) loose p[d]1 put 9 ) a ladle1 !y c\ld n possibly h us$ hot %ot1 ev5 _h !y con/ruct$ furnaces4 ,! %ips approa*$ ! =ts1 & _m ( !m an*or$ 9 _! int5d$ position1 )\t a %ot be+ fir$ f ! batt]ies4 ,! action comm5c$ at a qu>t] be=e ?ree1 & did n entirely cease till half-pa/ elev54 ,! %ips !n took advantage ( ! l& breeze1 &1 by w>p+ & t[+ (f1 7 able to get "u sail & come to an*or beyond rea* ( ! l&-batt]ies4 ,negotiations 7 aga9 op5$1 & ! ,dey surr5d]$ ! ,*ri/ian slaves & yield$ to ! t]ms ( ! treaty4 ,dur+ ! conte/1 ! fleet fir$ ne>ly "o hundr$ & eighte5 tons ( p[d]1 & fifty ?\s& %ot1 7weigh+ m ?an five hundr$ tons ( iron17 besides n9e hundr$ & sixty ?irte5 & t5-in* %ells1 7?r[n by ! bomb-vessels17 & ! %ells & rockets f ! flotilla4 ,! vessels 7 consid]ably crippl$1 & _! loss 9 kill$ & w\nd$ am\nt$ to eight hundr$ & eighty-?ree4 ,! l& batt]ies 7 mu* injur$1 & a l>ge "p ( _! guns dism\nt$4 ,_! loss is n kn[n2 ! ,engli% confess !y c\ld obta9 no acc\nt ( x1 b suppose x to h be5 v great4 ,?is seems m ?an probable2 =1 besides ^? actually employ$ 9 ! def5ce1 l>ge numb]s ( p cr[d$ into ! =ts to witness ! conte/4 ,s great 0 ?is curiosity1 t1 :5 ! action comm5c$1 ! p>apets 7 cov]$ ) ! multitude gaz+ at ! manoeuvres ( ! %ips4 ,to avoid s unnecess>y & indiscrim9ate a slaught]1 ,"l ,exm\? 7%[+ a humanity t does him great cr$it7 motion$ ) 8 h& to ! ignorant wret*es to retire to "s place ( safety4 ,?is loss ( life 9 ! batt]ies1 ! burn+ ( ! build+s )9 ! t[n & ab\t ! mole1 ! entire de/ruction ( _! fleet & m]*ant vessels an*or$ )9 ! mole & 9 ! h>bor1 _h a depress+ effect ^u ! inhabitants1 & probably did m ?an ! injuries receiv$ by ! batt]ies 9 secur+ an honorable conclusion to ! treaty4 ,we "k v well t ^! batt]ies1 ?\gh mu* injur$1 7 n sil5c$ :5 ,"l ,exm\? took advantage ( ! l& breeze & sail$ beyond _! rea*4 ,! %ips retir$--#a/1 because !y _h become mu* injur$1 & _! ammunition ne>ly exhau/$2 #b;d1 9 ord] to escape f a position s haz>d\s 9 case ( a /orm2 & #c;d1 to get beyond ! rea* ( ! ,alg]9e batt]ies4 ,"l ,exm\? himself gives ^! z 8 reasons = ! retreat1 & says1 ! l& w9d sav$ me _m a gallant fell[4 ,& ,vice-admiral ,von de ,capellan1 9 8 report ( ! battle1 gives ! same op9ion3 9 ?is retreat says he1 :i*1 f want ( w9d & ! damage suff]$ 9 ! rigg+1 0 v sl[1 ! %ips _h /ill to suff] mu* f ! new-op5$ & r$\bl$ fire ( ! enemy's batt]ies2 at la/1 ! l& breeze spr++ up1 c4 ,an ,engli% (fic]1 :o took "p 9 ?is affair1 says3 ,x 0 well = u t ! l& w9d came (f1 or we %\ld nev] h got out2 & ,god kn[s :at w\ld h be5 our fate1 _h we rema9$ all night4 ,! motives ( ! retreat _c1 !re=e1 be d\bt$4 ,_h ! ,arabs set !mselves zeal\sly at "w1 dur+ ! night1 to prep>e = a new conte/1 by rem\nt+ _! guns1 & plac+ o!rs beh9d ! ru9s ( ^? batt]ies :i* _h fall51--9 o!r words1 _h ! works n[ be5 plac$ 9 h&s z skilful & exp]i5c$ z ! ,engli%1 ! conte/ w\ld h be5 f> f end$4 ,b 7to use ! words ( ! ,bo>d ( ,def5ce7 ,"l ,exm\? reli$ on ! effects produc$ on ! p by 8 dreadful cannonade2 & ! result proves t he 0 "r4 ,8 anxiety to cle> ! vessels f ! conte/ %[s t !re 0 a p[] /ill unconqu]$1 :i* he ?\ght x bett] to leave to be re/ra9$ by ! suff]+ population ( ! city1 ?an to keep 9 a /ate ( exasp]ation & activity by 8 pres5ce4 ,:at 0 ?is p[] b an unsubdu$ en]gy 9 ! batt]ies8 ,! true solution ( ! "q is1 !n1 n s mu* ! am\nt ( injury done on ! "o side or ! o!r--p>ticul>ly z !re 0 on "o side a city to suff] z well z ! batt]ies--z ! relative effici5cy ( ! p>ties :5 ! battle clos$4 ,all political agitation & popul> clamor aside1 :at w\ld h be5 ! result _h ! fight be5 cont9u$1 or ev5 _h ,"l ,exm\? r5ew$ x next morn+8 ,^! are que/ions t c be answ]$ only on conjecture2 b ! mann] ! battle end$ c]ta9ly leaves room = _m d\bts :e!r1 _h ! subsequ5t dem&s ( ,"l ,exm\? be5 reject$1 he _h x 9 8 p[] to en=ce !m by 8 %ips2 :e!r1 inde$1 if he _h r5ew$ ! fight1 he w\ld n h be5 signally defeat$4 ,on ! :ole1 we d n ?9k t ?is battle1 al?\gh x /&s pre-em95t z an example ( naval success ov] batt]ies1 pres5ts an argum5t to %ake ! confid5ce :i* =tifications1 well situat$1 well plann$1 & well f\ght1 des]ve1 z ! def5ces ( a seabo>d4 ,we _c help reg>d+ ^! conclusions z j1 :5 we reflect ^u all ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,! high "*1 skill1 & brav]y ( ! attack+ =ce2 _! imm5se sup]iority 9 numb] ( guns1 ) no surplus human life to be expos$2 ! antiquat$ & ill-manag$ works ( def5ce1 ! entire want ( skill ( ! ,alg]9e artill]i/s1 & ! neglect ( ! ord9>y means ( prep>ation2 ! sev]e execution :i* ^! ill-s]v$ guns did ^u ! enemy's %ips1--an execution f> m dreadful ?an t effect$ by ! ,fr5* or ,dut* fleets 9 _! be/-conte/$ naval battles ) ! %ips ( ! same foe1--f ^! facts1 we mu/ ?9k t ^? :o are s ready to draw f ?is case conclusions unfavorable to ! use ( l&-batt]ies z a means ( def5ce aga9/ %ipp+1 "k b little ( ! nature ( ! conte/4 ,an ,engli% hi/orian ( "s note1 9 speak+ ( ?is attack1 says3--,x is b little to ! purpose1 unless to prove :at may be accompli%$ by fleets aga9/ t[ns exactly s circum/anc$1 plac$1 & gov]n$4 ,algi]s is situat$ on an amphi!atre ( hills1 slop+ d[n t[>ds ! sea1 & pres5t+ !re=e ! faire/ m>k to ! fire ( ho/ile %ips4 ,b :]e is ! capital exactly s situat$ t we are ev] likely to attack8 ,& z to ! de/ruction ( a few second-rate t[ns1 ev5 :5 practicable1 x is a mean1 unwor?y species ( w>f>e1 by :i* no?+ 0 ev] ga9$4 ,! sev]e loss su/a9$ be=e ,algi]s mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt1 because x 0 inflict$ by m]e ,alg]9e artill]y1 & 0 mu* inf]ior to :at may be expect$ f a conte/ ma9ta9$ aga9/ batt]ies mann$ ) soldi]s in/ruct$ by (fic]s ( skill & sci5ce1 n only 9 work+ ! guns1 b 9 ! endless duty ( detail necess>y = keep+ ! :ole ( an artill]y mat]ial 9 a prop] /ate ( =midable effici5cy4 ,san ,juan d',ulloa4--,! foll[+ facts1 relative to ! attack on ,san ,juan d',ulloa by ! ,fr5*1 9 #ahch1 are drawn pr9cipally f ! report ( a ,fr5* eng9e] (fic] :o 0 "o ( ! exp$ition4 ,! ,fr5* fleet consi/$ ( f\r %ips1 c>ry+ "o hundr$ & eighty-eight guns1 two arm$ /eamboats1 & two bomb-ket*es ) f\r l>ge mort>s4 ,! :ole numb] ( guns1 ( :atev] description1 f\nd 9 ! =t 0 "o hundr$ & eighty-sev52 a l>ge portion ( ^!1 h[ev]1 7 = l& def5ce4 7,fig4 #cg47 ,:5 ! ,fr5* vessels 7 t[$ into ! position select$ = ! attack1 x 0 lucky = u1 says ! ,fr5* (fic] 9 8 report1 t ! ,mexicans did n di/urb ?is op]ation1 :i* la/$ ne>ly two h\rs1 & t !y p]mitt$ u to comm5ce ! fire4 ,we 7 expos$ to ! fire ( "o tw5ty-f\r-p\nd]1 five sixte5-p\nd]s1 sev5 twelve-p\nd]s1 "o eight-p\nd]1 & five eighte5-p\nd] c>ronades--9 all n9ete5 pieces only4 ,if ^! be conv]t$ into equival5t tw5ty-f\r-p\nd]s1 9 proportion to ! weight ( ! balls1 ! :ole n9ete5 guns w be less ?an twelve tw5ty-f\r p\nd]s4 ,?is e/imate is mu* too great1 = x all[s ?ree eight-p\nd]s to be equal to "o tw5ty-f\r-p\nd]1 & ea* ( ! eighte5-p\nd] c>ronades to be ?ree qu>t]s ! p[] ( a long tw5ty-f\r-p\nd]2 :]eas1 at ! di/ance at :i* ! p>ties 7 engag$1 ^! small pieces 7 ne>ly h>mless4 ,two ( ! p[d] magaz9es1 f n be+ bomb-pro(1 7 bl[n up dur+ ! engagem5t1 by :i* ?ree ( ! n9ete5 guns on ! wat] front ( ! ca/le 7 dism\nt$2 ?us r$uc+ ! l& =ce to an equival5t ( t5 tw5ty-f\r-p\nd]s4 ,! o!r sixte5 guns 7 /ill effective :5 ab&on$ by ! ,mexicans4 ,! cannonade & bomb>dm5t cont9u$ ab\t six h\rs1 eight ?\s& two hundr$ & fifty %ot & %ells be+ fir$ at ! =t by ! ,fr5*4 ,! pr9cipal injury receiv$ by ! "w 0 f ! explosion ( ! p[d] magaz9e4 ,b v few guns 7 dism\nt$ by ! fire ( ! ,fr5* %ips1 & only ?ree ( ^! on ! wat] front4 ,! details ( ! condition ( ! %ips & =t are giv5 9 ! report ( ! ,fr5* (fic]1#bb b x is unnecess>y to repeat !m "h4 ,footnote #bb3 ,vide also ,h\se ,doc4 ,no4 #bjf1 tw5ty-six? ,congress1 fir/ session ,9 g5]al t]ms1 x appe>s f ! above-m5tion$ report1 t ! numb] ( guns actually br\ght into action by ! float+ =ce1 7c\nt+ only "o broadside ( ! %ip17 am\nt$ to n9ety-f\r guns1 besides f\r heavy sea-mort>s2 t ! :ole numb] s employ$ 9 ! =t 0 only n9ete51 includ+ ! smalle/ calibres2 t ^! guns 7 g5]ally s small & ineffici5t1 t _! balls w\ld n ent] ! sides ( ! ord9>y attack+ frigates2 ! pr9cipal injury su/a9$ by ! ca/le 0 produc$ by ! explosion ( p[d] magaz9es injudici\sly plac$ & improp]ly secur$2 t ! ca/le1 ?\gh built ( poor mat]ials1 0 b slightly injur$ by ! ,fr5* fire2 t ! ,mexicans prov$ !mselves ignorant ( ! ord9>y means ( def5ce1 & ab&on$ _! works :5 only a few ( _! guns _h be5 dism\nt$2 t not)/&+ all ! circum/ances 9 favor ( ! ,fr5*1 _! kill$ & w\nd$1 9 proportion to ! guns act+ aga9/ !m1 0 upw>ds ( f\r times z great z ! loss ( ! ,engli% at ! battle ( ,trafalg>6 ,/4 ,jean d',acre4--,! n>ratives ( ! day conta9$ mo/ exagg]at$ acc\nts ( ! ,engli% attack on ,/4 ,jean d',acre2 n[1 h[ev]1 ! pr9cipal facts connect$ ) ?is attack are fully au!nticat$4 ,= ! am\nt ( ! fleet we quote f ! ,briti% (ficial pap]s1 & = t ( ! =t1 f ! pamphlet ( ,lieut5ant-colonel ,matuszewiez4 ,^! /atem5ts are ma9ly confirm$ by ! n>ratives1 m rec5tly publi%$1 ( sev]al ,engli% & ,fr5* eye-witnesses4 ,! =tifications 7 built ( poor mat]ials1 antiquat$ 9 _! plans1 & mu* decay$4 ,_! entire armam5t am\nt$ to only two hundr$ guns1 "s ( :i* 7 m]ely field-pieces4 ,! wat] fronts 7 arm$ ) "o hundr$ cannon & sixte5 mort>s1 ^? ( ! small] calibre includ$4 7,fig4 #ch47 ,:5 approa*$ by ! ,briti% fleet1 ! works 7 und]go+ repairs1 &1 says ,commodore ,napi]1 7 fa/ gett+ into a /ate ( prep>ation aga9/ attack4 ,! ,briti% fleet consi/$ ( eight %ips ( ! l9e1 c>ry+ six hundr$ & =ty-six guns2 six frigates1 c>ry+ two hundr$ & ?irty-six guns2 f\r /eam]s1 c>ry+ eighte5 guns2 & two or ?ree o!r vessels1 ^: =ce is n giv54 ,only a few guns1 says ,napi]1 def5d$ ! approa* f ! nor?w>d1 & mo/ ( ! %ips came 9 f t direction4 ,! we/]n front 0 arm$ ) ab\t =ty cannon2 b oppos$ to ?is 7 six %ips & two /eam]s1 c>ry+ ab\t five hundr$ guns4 ,_! fire 0 trem5d\s dur+ ! engagem5t1 b no brea* 0 made 9 ! walls4 ,! s\? front 0 arm$ 9 "p by heavy artill]y & 9 "p by field-pieces4 ,?is front 0 attack$ by six %ips & two /eam]s1 c>ry+ ov] two hundr$ guns4 ,! ea/]n front 0 arm$ only ) light artill]y2 aga9/ ?is 0 conc5trat$ ! rema9d] ( ! fleet1 c>ry+ ab\t two hundr$ & =ty guns4 ,! guns ( ! works 7 s poorly m\nt$1 t b few c\ld be us$ at all2 & ^!1 on acc\nt ( ! con/ruction ( ! =t1 c\ld n rea* ! %ips1 ?\gh an*or$ close by ! walls4 ,only five ( _! guns1 says ,napi]1 plac$ 9 a flank+ batt]y1 7 well s]v$1 & nev] miss$2 b !y 7 po9t$ too high1 & damag$ our sp>s & rigg+ only4 ,! /one 0 ( s poor a quality1 says ! n>rative ( ,colonel ,matuszewiez1 t ! walls fir$ ^u pres5t$ on ! ext]ior a %att]$ appe>ance1 b !y 7 n[h]e s]i\sly injur$4 ,9 ! words ( ,napi]1 !y 7 n brea*$1 & a det]m9$ enemy might h rema9$ secure "u ! brea/works1 or 9 ! num]\s casemates1 )\t suff]+ mu* loss4 ,! accid5tal explosion ( a magaz9e )9 ! =t1 conta9+ six ?\s& casks ( p[d]1 laid 9 ru9s a space ( sixty ?\s& squ>e y>ds1 op5$ a l>ge brea* 9 ! walls ( ! =tifications1 p>tially de/roy$ ! prisons1 & kill$ & w\nd$ a ?\s& m5 ( ! g>rison4 ,?is frightful disa/]1 says ! ,fr5* acc\nt1 ha/5$ ! triumph ( ! fleet4 ,! prison]s & malefactors1 ?us releas$ f conf9em5t1 ru%$ ^u ! g>rison at ! same "t ) ! m\nta9e]s1 :o _h besieg$ ! place on ! l& side4 ,! uselessness ( ! artill]y1 ! brea*es ( ! =t1 ! attacks ( ! ,engli%1 all comb9$ to =ce ! retreat ( ! g>rison1 9 ! mid/ ( sc5es ( blood & atroci\s murd]s4 ,we w close ?is acc\nt ) ! foll[+ extract ( a spee* ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 ,feb4 #d1 #ahda3 ,he _h _h1 he said1 a little exp]i5ce 9 s]vices ( ?is nature2 & he ?\ght x 8 duty to w>n _! lord%ips1 on ?is occasion1 t !y mu/ n always expect t %ips1 h[ev] well comm&$1 or h[ev] gallant _! seam5 might be1 7 capable ( commonly engag+ successfully ) /one walls4 ,he _h no recollection1 9 all 8 exp]i5ce1 except ! rec5t in/ance on ! coa/ ( ,syria1 ( any =t be+ tak5 by %ips1 except+ two or ?ree ye>s ago1 :5 ! =t ( ,san ,juan d',ulloa 0 captur$ by ! ,fr5* fleet4 ,?is 01 he ?\ght1 ! s+le in/ance t he recollect$1 ?\gh he believ$ t some?+ ( ! sort _h occurr$ at ! siege ( ,havana1 9 #agfc4 ,! pres5t a*ievem5t he consid]$ "o ( ! greate/ ( mod]n times4 ,?is 0 8 op9ion1 & he gave ! highe/ cr$it to ^? :o _h p]=m$ su* a s]vice4 ,x 01 altoge!r1 a mo/ skilful proce$+4 ,he 0 greatly surpris$ at ! small numb] ( m5 t 0 lo/ on bo>d ! fleet2 &1 on inquir+ h[ x happ5$1 he discov]$ t x 0 because ! vessels 7 moor$ )9 "o-?ird ( ! ord9>y di/ance4 ,! guns ( ! =tress 7 int5d$ to /rike objects at a great] di/ance2 & ! consequ5ce 01 t ! %ot w5t ov] ! %ips t 7 an*or$ at "o-?ird ! usual di/ance4 ,by t means1 !y su/a9$ n m ?an "o-t5? ( ! loss :i* !y w\ld o!rwise h exp]i5c$4 ,n less ?an five hundr$ pieces ( ordnance 7 direct$ aga9/ ! walls1 & ! precision ) :i* ! fire 0 kept up1 ! position ( ! vessels1 &1 la/ly1 ! bl[+ up ( ! l>ge magaz9e--all aid$ 9 a*iev+ ?is great victory 9 s %ort a "t4 ,he _h ?\ght x "r to say ?us mu*1 because he wi%$ to w>n ! public aga9/ suppos+ t su* de$s z ?is c\ld be effect$ e day4 ,he w\ld repeat t ?is 0 a s+ul> in/ance1 9 ! a*ievem5t ( :i* und\bt$ly great skill 0 manife/$1 b :i* 0 also connect$ ) peculi> circum/ances1 :i* !y c\ld n hope always to occur4 ,x mu/ n !re=e be expect$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t all su* attempts mu/ necess>ily succe$4 ,hav+ complet$ our exam9ation ( ! ability ( l& batt]ies to cope1 gun = gun1 ) a naval =ce1 let u consid]1 = a few mom5ts1 ! objection :i* is sometimes made to ! use ( =tifications = ! def5ce ( ! sea-coa/1 viz43 t our m>itime cities & ars5als c be bett] & m economically secur$ by a home squadron4 ,we h already allud$ to ! impossibility ( sub/itut+ "o means ( def5ce = ano!r4 ,! effici5cy ( ! bayonet c 9 no way enable u to disp5se ) artill]y1 nor ! value ( eng9e] troops 9 ! passage ( riv]s1 & ! attack & def5ce ( =ts1 r5d] cavalry ! less necess>y 9 o!r op]ations ( a campaign4 ,to ! navy alone mu/ we look = ! def5ce ( our %ipp+ ^u ! high seas2 b x _c replace =tifications 9 ! protection ( our h>bors1 bays1 riv]s1 ars5als1 & comm]cial t[ns4 ,let u take a case 9 po9t4 ,= ! def5ce ( ,new ,york city1 x is deem$ highly important t ! ,ea/ ,riv] %\ld be clos$ to ! approa* ( a ho/ile fleet at lea/ fifte5 or tw5ty miles f ! city1 s t an army l&$ !re w\ld h to cross ! ,we/*e/] creek1 ! ,bronx1 ,h>lem riv]1 & ! defiles ( ,h>lem heights--ob/acles ( great importance 9 a judici\s def5ce4 ,?rog's ,neck is ! position select$ = ?is purpose2 cannon plac$ !re n only comm& ! *annel1 b1 f ! w9d+s ( ! riv]1 sweep x = a great di/ance above & bel[4 ,no o!r position1 ev5 9 ! *annel itself1 possesses equal advantages4 ,h5ce1 if we _h only naval means ( def5ce1 x w\ld be be/1 7 su* a ?+ possible1 to place ! float+ def5ces !mselves on ?is po9t4 ,leav+ entirely out ( consid]ation ! "q ( relative p[]1 position alone w\ld give ! sup]ior effici5cy to ! =t4 ,b !re are o!r consid]ations no less important ?an t ( position4 ,=t ,s*uyl] c be g>rison$ & def5d$ 9 "p by ! same militia =ce :i* w be employ$ to prev5t ! m>* ( ! enemy's army on ! city4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! crews ( ! float+ def5ces mu/ be seam52 !y w consequ5tly be ( less value 9 ! subsequ5t l& op]ations4 ,moreov]1 =ts1 situat$ z ?is is1 c be s plann$ z to br+ to be> ^u any "p ( ! *annel a great] numb] ( guns ?an c be pres5t$ by any ho/ile squadron aga9/ ! correspond+ portion ( ! =t4 ,?is result c be obta9$ ) little difficulty 9 n>r[ *annels1 z is done 9 mo/ ( ! o!r works = ! def5ce ( ,new ,york1 ! works = ,bo/on1 ,newport1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,*>le/on1 ,savannah1 ,new ,orleans1 c41 & an approximation to x is n incompatible ) ! def5ce ( ! broad] e/u>ies1 l ! ,*esapeake4 ,b we w suppose t !re are no su* po9ts ( l&1 9 ! inlets to our h>bors1 & t we rely = def5ce ^u a naval =ce exclusively4 ,let u leave out ( consid]ation ! security ( all our o!r h>bors & our comm]ce on ! high seas1 & also ! importance ( hav+ at comm& ! means ( attack+ ! enemy's coa/1 9 ! abs5ce ( 8 fleet4 ,we take ! s+le case ( ! attack be+ made on ,new ,york h>bor1 & t our :ole fleet is assembl$ !re4 ,n[1 if ?is fleet be equal 9 numb] to ! enemy1 ! *ances ( success may be reg>d$ z equal2 if inf]ior1 ! *ances are aga9/ u--= an attack+ =ce w\ld probably be ( pick$ m5 & ( ! be/ mat]ials4 ,b "h ! consequ5ces ( victory are v unequal3 ! enemy c lose 8 squadron only1 :ile we put 9 p]il bo? our squadron & ! objects x is int5d$ to def5d4 ,if we suppose our own naval =ce sup]ior to t ( ! enemy1 ! def5ce ( ?is h>bor w\ld 9 all respects be complete1 provid$ ?is =ce nev] left ! h>bor4 ,b1 !n1 all ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry ^u ! ocean mu/ be left to its fate2 & no attempt c be made to react (f5sively ^u ! foe1 unless we c control ! *ances ( f9d+ ! enemy's fleets )9 8 ports1 & ! /ill m unc]ta9 *ance ( keep+ him !re2 ! escape ( a s+le vessel be+ suffici5t to cause ! loss ( our h>bor4 ,^! rem>ks are bas$ ^u ! supposition t we h b ! s+le h>bor ( ,new ,york2 :]eas ,portl&1 ,portsm\?1 ,bo/on1 ,newport1 ! ,delaw>e1 ! ,*esapeake1 ,*>le/on1 ,savannah1 ,p5sacola1 ,mobile1 ,new ,orleans1 & num]\s o!r places1 are equally op5 to attack1 & !re=e mu/ be equally def5d$1 = we "k n to :i* ! enemy w direct 8 assaults4 ,if he come to "o ( ^! 9 ! abs5ce ( our fleet1 8 object is atta9$ )\t resi/ance2 or1 if 8 :ole =ce be conc5trat$ ^u "o b feebly def5d$1 we involve bo? fleet & h>bor 9 inevitable ru94 ,c\ld our fleet be s arrang$ z to meet ^! ent]prises8 ,z x _c be d5i$ t ! enemy c select ! po9t ( attack out ( ! :ole ext5t ( coa/1 :]e is ! presci5ce t c indicate ! spot8 ,& if x _c be =etold1 h[ is t ubiquity to be imp>t$ t %all always place our fleet 9 ! pa? ( ! advanc+ foe8 ,suppose we attempt to cov] ! coa/ by cruis+ 9 front ( x1 %all we sweep its :ole l5g?--a di/ance sc>cely less ?an t :i* ! enemy mu/ trav]se 9 pass+ f 8 coa/ to ours8 ,mu/ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico be swept1 z well z ! ,atlantic2 or %all we give up ! ,gulf to ! enemy8 ,%all we cov] ! s\!rn cities1 or give !m up also8 ,we mu/ unque/ionably d "o ( two ?+s--ei!r rel9qui% a great ext5t ( coa/1 conf9+ our cruis]s to a small portion only1 or include s mu* t ! *ances ( int]cept+ an enemy w\ld seem to be out ( ! "q4 ,on ! practicability ( cov]+ a small ext5t ( coa/ by cruis+ 9 front ( x--or1 9 o!r words1 ! possibility ( anticipat+ an enemy's op]ations1 discov]+ ! object ( movem5ts ( :i* we get no glimpse & he> no tid+s1 & see+ ! impress ( 8 foot/eps on ! surface ( ! ocean--x may be well to consult exp]i5ce4 ,! naval p[] ( ,spa9 "u ,philip ,,ii4 0 almo/ unlimit$4 ,) ! treasures ( ,india & ,am]ica at 8 comm&1 ! fitt+ out ( a fleet ( "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ sail1 to invade ano!r c\ntry1 0 no v gigantic op]ation4 ,nev]!less1 ?is naval =ce 0 ( b little avail z a coa/ def5ce4 ,its effici5cy = ?is purpose 0 well te/$ 9 #aeif4 ,engl& & ,holl& attack$ ,cadiz ) a comb9$ fleet ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty %ips1 :i* ent]$ ! ,bay ( ,cadiz )\t1 on its approa* to _! coa/1 be+ once se5 by ! ,spani% navy4 ,?is same squadron1 on its return to ,engl&1 pass$ along a great portion ( ! ,spani% coa/ )\t ev] meet+ ) ! slighte/ opposition f ! innum]able ,spani% float+ def5ces4 ,9 #agdd1 a ,fr5* fleet ( tw5ty %ips1 & a l& =ce ( tw5ty-two ?\s& m51 sail$ f ,bre/ to ! ,engli% coa/1 )\t meet+ ) any opposition f ! sup]ior ,briti% fleet :i* _h be5 s5t out1 "u ,sir ,john ,norris1 on purpose to int]cept !m4 ,! l&+ ( ! troops 0 prev5t$ by a /orm1 :i* drove ! fleet back ^u ! coa/ ( ,france to seek %elt]4 ,9 #agee1 a ,fr5* fleet ( tw5ty-five sail ( ! l9e1 & _m small] vessels1 sail$ f ,bre/ = ,am]ica4 ,n9e ( ^! soon aft]w>ds return$ to ,france1 & ! o!rs proce$$ to ! gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,an ,engli% fleet ( sev5te5 sail ( ! l9e & "s frigates _h be5 s5t out to int]cept !m2 b ! two fleets pass$ ea* o!r 9 a ?ick fog1 & all ! ,fr5* vessels except two rea*$ ,quebec 9 safety4 ,9 #agei1 a ,fr5* fleet1 blockad$ 9 ! port ( ,dunkirk by a ,briti% =ce "u ,commodore ,bogs1 seiz+ ^u a favorable opportunity1 escap$ f ! enemy1 attack$ ! coa/ ( ,scotl&1 made a desc5t ^u ,c>rickf]gus1 & cruis$ ab\t till ,febru>y1 #agfj1 )\t meet+ a s+le ,briti% vessel1 al?\gh sixty-"o %ips ( ! l9e 7 !n /ation$ ^u ! coa/s ( ,engl& & ,france1 & sev]al ( ^! 7 actually 9 pursuit4 ,9 #agif1 :5 ! ,fr5* attempt$ to ?r[ ! army ( ,ho*e into ,irel&1 ! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts 7 made by ! ,briti% navy to int]cept ! ,fr5* fleet 9 its passage4 ,! ,*annel fleet1 ( ne> ?irty sail ( ! l9e1 "u ,"l ,bridport1 0 /ation$ at ,spi!ad2 ,sir ,rog] ,curtis1 ) a small] =ce1 0 cruis+ to ! we/w>d2 ,vice-admiral ,colpoys 0 /ation$ (f ,bre/1 ) ?irte5 sail ( ! l9e2 & ,sir ,edw>d ,pellew 7aft]w>ds ,"l ,exm\?7 wat*$ ! h>bor1 ) a small squadron ( frigates4 ,not)/&+ ?is triple float+ bulw>k1 z x 0 call$--"o fleet on ! enemy's coa/1 a second 9 ! ,d[ns1 & a ?ird close on _! own %ores--! ,fr5* fleet ( =ty-f\r vessels1 c>ry+ a l& =ce ( tw5ty-five ?\s& m51 rea*$ ,bantry ,bay 9 safety6 ,?is fleet 0 eight days on ! passage1 & ?ree m 9 l&+ ! troops2 & mo/ ( ! vessels might h return$ to ,bre/ 9 safety1 _h x n be5 = disa/]s by /orms1 = only "o ( _! :ole numb] 0 int]cept$ by ! va/ naval =ce :i* ,engl& _h assembl$ = t express object4 ,! result ( ?is exp$ition1 says ,alison1 0 pregnant ) important in/ructions to ! rul]s ( bo? c\ntries4 ,to ! ,fr5*1 z demon/rat+ ! extraord9>y risks :i* att5d a m>itime exp$ition1 9 comp>ison ) a l& campaign2 ! small numb] ( =ces :i* c be emb>k$ on bo>d ev5 a great fleet2 & ! un=ese5 disa/]s :i* frequ5tly1 on t elem5t1 defeat ! be/ conc]t$ ent]prises4 ,to ! ,engli%1 z %[+ t ! empire ( ! seas does n always af=d security aga9/ invasion2 t1 9 ! face ( sup]ior m>itime =ces1 h] possessions 7 = sixte5 days at ! m]cy ( ! enemy2 & t nei!r ! skill ( h] sailors nor ! valor ( h] armies1 b ! fury ( ! elem5ts1 sav$ !m f dang] 9 ! mo/ vuln]able "p ( _! dom9ions4 ,:ile ^! consid]ations are fitt$ to abate ! confid5ce 9 invasion1 !y are calculat$1 at ! same "t1 to weak5 an ov]we5+ confid5ce 9 naval sup]iority1 & to demon/rate t ! only base ^u :i* c]ta9 reliance c be plac$1 ev5 by an insul> p[]1 is a well-discipl9$ army & ! patriotism ( its own subjects4 ,subsequ5t ev5ts /ill fur!r demon/rat$ ! tru? ( ^! rem>ks4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 a ,fr5* squadron ( two frigates & two sloops1 pass$ ! ,briti% fleets ) p]fect impunity1 de/roy$ ! %ipp+ 9 ! port ( ,ilfracombe1 & safely l&$ _! troops on ! coa/ ( ,wales4 ,aga91 9 #agih1 ! imm5se ,briti% naval =ce fail$ to prev5t ! l&+ ( ,g5]al ,humb]t's army 9 ! bay ( ,killala2 &1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! same ye>1 a ,fr5* squadron ( n9e vessels & ?ree ?\s& m5 escap$ ,sir ,j4,b4 ,w>r5's squadron1 & safely rea*$ ! coa/ ( ,irel&4 ,z a fur!r illu/ration1 we quote f ! report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,national ,def5ce 9 #ahci4 ,! ,t\lon fleet1 9 #agih1 consi/+ ( ab\t tw5ty sail ( ! l9e & tw5ty small] vessels ( w>1 & num]\s transports1 mak+ 9 all1 ?ree hundr$ sail & =ty ?\s& troops1 slipp$ out ( port & sail$ to ,malta4 ,x 0 foll[$ by ,nelson1 :o1 ?9k+ correctly t !y 7 b\nd = ,egypt1 %ap$ 8 c\rse direct = ,alex&ria4 ,! ,fr5*1 /e]+ t[>ds ,c&ia1 took ! m circuit\s passage2 s t ,nelson arriv$ at ,alex&ria be=e !m1 &1 n f9d+ !m !re1 return$1 by way ( ,c>amania & ,c&ia1 to ,sicily1 miss+ 8 adv]s>y 9 bo? passages4 ,sail+ aga9 = ,alex&ria1 he f\nd ! ,fr5* fleet at an*or 9 ,ab\kir bay1 &1 attack+ !m !re1 a*iev$ ! memorable victory ( ! ,nile4 ,:5 we consid] ! n>r[ness ( ! sea2 ! num]\s vessels 9 ! ,fr5* fleet2 ! actual cross+ ( ! two fleets on a c]ta9 night2 & t ,nelson1 not)/&+1 c\ld see no?+ ( ! enemy himself1 & he> no?+ ( !m f m]*ant vessels1 we may judge ( ! probability ( waylay+ our adv]s>y on ! broad ,atlantic4 ,! escape ( ano!r ,t\lon fleet 9 #ahje2 ! long se>* = !m 9 ! ,m$it]ranean by ! same able (fic]2 ! pursuit 9 ! ,we/ ,indies2 _! evasion ( him among ! isl&s2 ! return to ,europe2 8 va9 ef=ts subsequ5tly1 along ! coa/ ( ,portugal1 9 ! bay ( ,biscay1 & (f ! ,engli% *annel2 & ! meet+ at la/ at ,trafalg>1 br\ght ab\t only because ! comb9$ fleets1 tru/+ to ! sup]iority t ! accession ( sev]al re9=cem5ts _h giv51 7 will+ to try ! issue ( a battle--^! are in/ances1 ( ! _m t might be cit$1 to %[ h[ small is ! probability ( enc\nt]+ ^u ! ocean an enemy :o desires to avoid a meet+1 & h[ little ! mo/ untir+ zeal1 ! mo/ re/less activity1 ! mo/ exalt$ pr(essional skill & judgm5t1 c d to less5 ! adv]se *ances4 ,= m ?an a ye> ,nelson mo/ closely wat*$ 8 enemy1 :o seems to h got out ( port z soon z he 0 prep>$ to d s1 & )\t attract+ ! notice ( any ( ! blockad+ squadron4 ,:5 out1 ,nelson1 p]fectly 9 ! d>k z to ! c\rse ,vill5euve _h tak51 s\ght = him 9 va9 on ! coa/ ( ,egypt4 ,scatt]$ by tempe/s1 ! ,fr5* fleet aga9 took refuge 9 ,t\lon2 :5ce x aga9 put to sea1 :5 refitt$ & ready1 jo9+ ! ,spani% fleet at ,cadiz4 ,on ! c\rage1 skill1 vigilance1 & judgm5t1 acc$$ on all h&s to belong 9 a pre-em95t degree to ! naval pr(ession 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?is sy/em ( def5ce relies to accompli%1 aga9/ a /r+ ( *ances1 objects ( importance s great t n a d\bt or misgiv+ z to ! result is admissible4 ,x dem&s ( ! navy to d p]fectly1 & )\t fail1 t :i*1 to d at all1 seems impossible4 ,! navy is requir$ to "k ! secret purposes ( ! enemy1 9 spite ( di/ance1 & ! brok5 int]c\rse ( a /ate ( w>1 ev5 be=e ^! purposes are kn[n to ! lead] :o is to execute !m2 nay1 m1 be=e ! purpose itself is =m$4 ,on an elem5t :]e man is b ! sport ( /orms1 ! navy is requir$ to lie 9 wait = ! foe at ! exact spot & mom5t1 9 spite ( wea!r & seasons2 to see him 9 spite ( fogs & d>kness4 ,f9ally1 aft] all ! devices & reliances ( ! sy/em are satisfactorily accompli%$1 & all ! difficulties subdu$1 x submits to ! issue ( a s+le battle1 on equal t]ms1 ! fate ( ! w>1 hav+ no hope or res]ve beyond4 ,! prop] duty ( our navy is1 n coa/ or riv] def5ce2 x has a m glori\s sph]e--t ( ! (f5sive4 ,9 our la/ w>1 in/ead ( ly+ 9 h>bor1 & cont5t+ !mselves ) keep+ a few m ( ! enemy's vessels 9 wat* ov] !m ?an _! own numb]--in/ead ( leav+ ! enemy's comm]ce 9 undi/urb$ enjoym5t ( ! sea1 & our comm]ce )\t c\nt5ance or aid1 !y scatt]$ !mselves ov] ! wide surface ( ! ocean1 p5etrat$ to ! mo/ remote seas1 ev]y:]e act+ ) ! mo/ brilliant success aga9/ ! enemy's navigation4 ,& we believe1 moreov]1 t 9 ! am\nt ( ! enemy's prop]ty ?us de/roy$1 ( ,am]ican prop]ty protect$ or recov]$1 & 9 ! numb] ( ho/ile %ips kept 9 pursuit ( our scatt]$ vessels1 %ips evad$ if sup]ior1 & beat5 if equal--!y r5d]$ b5efits a ?\s&-fold great]1 to say no?+ ( ! glory !y acquir$ = ! nation1 & ! "* !y imp>t$ to x1 ?an any t w\ld h result$ f a /ate ( passiv5ess )9 ! h>bors4 ,confid5t t ?is is ! true policy z reg>ds ! employm5t ( ! navy prop]1 we d\bt n t x w 9 ! future be act$ on1 z x has be5 9 ! pa/2 & t ! results1 z reg>ds bo? honor & advantage1 w be exp&$ comm5surately ) its own enl>gem5t4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t ! navy may always assume & ma9ta9 t active & en]getic deportm5t1 9 (f5sive op]ations1 :i* is at ! same "t s consi/5t ) its functions1 & s consonant ) its _s1 we h %[n t x mu/ n be occupi$ ) m]e coa/ def5ce4 ,a few rem>ks on ! relative co/ ( %ips & =ts1 & ! economy ( _! support1 & we w close ?is discussion4 ,we d n reg>d ?is "q1 h[ev]1 z a matt] ( any great importance1 = x c seldom be decisive 9 ! *oice ( ^! two means ( def5ce4 ,no matt] :at _! relative co/ may be1 ! "o _c (t5 be sub/itut$ = ! o!r4 ,!re are "s few cases1 h[ev]1 :]e ?is might be tak5 into consid]ation1 & w\ld be decisive4 ,let u endeavor to illu/rate our mean+4 ,= ! def5ce ( ,new ,york city1 ! ,n>r[s & ,ea/ ,riv] mu/ be secur$ by =ts2 %ips _c1 9 ?is case1 be sub/itut$4 ,b let u suppose t ! out] h>bor ( ,new ,york furni%es no favorable place = ! deb>kation ( troops1 or t ! place ( deb>kation is s f> di/ant t ! troops _c rea* ! city be=e ! def5sive =ces c be prep>$ to repel !m4 ,?is out] h>bor w\ld be ( great importance to ! enemy z a %elt] f /orms1 & z a place ( deb>kation or ( r5dezv\s prep>atory to a =cible passage ( ! ,n>r[s2 :ile to u its possession w\ld n be absolutely ess5tial1 ?\gh v important4 ,/rong =tifications on ,s&y ,hook1 & "o ( ! %oals1 might probably be s con/ruct$ z to furni% a pretty sure b>ri] to ! entrance ( ?is out] h>bor2 on ! o!r h&1 a naval =ce /ation$ )9 ! inn] h>bor1 & act+ "u ! protection ( =ts at ! ,n>r[s1 might also furni% a good1 ?\gh p]haps less c]ta9 protection = ?is out] road/ead4 ,"h1 !n1 we might well consid] ! "q ( relative co/ & economy ( support ( ! propos$ =tifications1 & ( a home squadron l>ge en\gh to effect ! same object1 & to be kept cont9ually at home = t special purpose4 ,if we 7 to all[ x to g to sea = ! protection ( our comm]ce1 its "* & effici5cy z a h>bor def5ce w\ld be lo/4 ,we c !re=e reg>d x only z a local =ce--fix$ )9 ! limits ( ! def5ce ( ?is p>ticul> place--& our e/imates mu/ be made accord+ly4 ,! av]age durability ( %ips ( w> 9 ! ,briti% navy1 has be5 v>i\sly /at$ at sev5 & eight ye>s 9 "t ( w>1 & f t5 to twelve & f\rte5 ye>s 9 "t ( peace4 ,mr4 ,p]r+1 9 8 ,brief ,inquiry1 publi%$ 9 #ahab1 e/imates ! av]age durability at ab\t eight ye>s4 ,8 calculations seem bas$ ^u au!ntic in=mation4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,engli% writ] has m rec5tly arriv$ at ! same result1 f e/imates bas$ ^u ! returns ( ! ,bo>d ( ,admiralty dur+ ! p]iod ( ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! data 9 our own possession are less complete2 ! appropriations = build+ & repair+ hav+ be5 s exp5d$ z to r5d] x impossible to draw any accurate l9e ( di/9ction4 ,b1 9 ! returns n[ be=e u1 !re are g5]ally sep>ate & di/9ct am\nts ( ! timb]s us$ = ^! two purposes2 & consequ5tly1 s f> z ?is 7! ma9 item ( exp5se7 is conc]n$1 we may =m pretty accurate comp>isons4 ,accord+ to ,edge1 7pp4 #bj1 #ba17 ! av]age co/ ( timb]1 = hulls1 ma/s1 & y>ds1 9 build+ an ,engli% #gd gun %ip1 is #fa1chb4 ,let u n[ comp>e ?is co/ ( timb] = build+1 ) t ( ! same item = repairs1 = ! foll[+ fifte5 %ips1 betwe5 #ahjj & #ahbj4 ,! li/ w\ld h be5 /ill fur!r enl>g$1 b ! returns = o!r %ips dur+ "s portion ( ! above p]iod are imp]fect3 ,"n ( ,%ip4 ,no4 ( ,:5 ,repair$ f ,co/4 ,guns4 built4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,v5geance144444444444 #gd -- #ahjj to #ahjg #hd1gbj ,ildefonso144444444444 #gd -- #ahjg to #ahjh #he1aie ,scipio144444444444444 #gd -- #ahjg to #ahji #fj1ghe ,trem5d\s14444444444 #gd -- #ahjg to #ahaj #ace1cig ,elephant1444444444444 #gd -- #ahjh to #ahaa #fg1jjg ,sp5c]14444444444444 #gd #ahjj #ahji to #ahac #abd1ahf ,romulus14444444444444 #gd -- #ahaj to #ahab #gc1ada ,albion144444444444444 #gd #ahjb #ahaj to #ahac #ajb1bie ,donegal14444444444444 #gd -- #ahab to #ahae #aja1cfg ,implacable14444444444 #gd -- #ahac to #ahae #ei1hfe ,illu/ri\s1444444444 #gd #ahjc #ahac to #ahaf #gd1ahd ,nor?umb]l&1444444 #gd -- #ahad to #ahae #ei1gie ,k5t14444444444444444 #gd -- #ahad to #ahah #hh1ceg ,sultan144444444444444 #gd #ahjg #ahaf to #ahah #fa1eah ,/]l+ ,ca/le144444 #gd -- #ahaf to #ahah #fe1bhj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,?is table1 al?\gh incomplete1 gives = ! above fifte5 %ips1 dur+ a p]iod ( less ?an tw5ty ye>s1 ! co/ ( timb] alone us$ 9 _! repair1 an av]age ( ab\t #djj1jjj ea*4 ,m timb] ?an ?is 0 us$1 9 all probability1 ^u ! same vessels1 & paid = out ( ! funds appropriat$ = su* z may be ord]$ 9 c\rse ( ! ye> to be repair$4 ,b ! am\nt specifically appropriat$ = timb] = ^! fifte5 %ips1 w\ld1 9 e twelve or fifte5 ye>s1 equal ! entire fir/ co/ ( ! same items4 ,if we add to ?is am\nt1 ! co/ ( labor requir$ 9 ! application ( timb] to ! op]ations ( repair1 & take into consid]ation ! exp5se ( o!r mat]ials & labor1 & ! decay$ condition ( _m ( ! %ips at ! end ( ?is p]iod1 we %\ld n be surpris$ to f9d ! :ole sum exp5d$ "u ^! heads to equal ! fir/ co/1 ev5 )9 ! m9imum e/imate ( sev5 ye>s4 ,! :ole co/ ( timb] us$ = hulls1 ma/s1 & y>ds1 9 build+ betwe5 #ahjj & #ahbj1 0 #ah1gbg1eea2 9 repairs & ord9>y we> & te>1 #ag1ddi1ghj2 mak+ an annual av]age ( #d1efj1aeh = build+ timb]1 & #d1bgc1cga = t us$ 9 repairs4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! vessels built 7 int5d$ to replace o!rs :i* _h be5 lo/1 or 7 s decay$ z to be brok5 up4 ,b x may be well to add "h1 ! actual supplies vot$ = ! sea-s]vice1 & = we> & te>1 & ! extraord9>y exp5ses 9 build+ & repair+ ( %ips f #ahjj to #ahae4 ,= ! we>,ext4 ,exp5ses ,= entire ,ye> & te> ( = build+1 sea-s]vice4 ,%ips4 repair+1c4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahjj #d1cej1jjj #ggb1adj #ac1fai1jgi #ahja #e1hej1jjj #icc1ijj #af1egg1jcg #ahjb #c1fhd1jjj #ggc1ejj #aa1hcc1ega #ahjc #c1abj1jjj #ija1adj #aj1baa1cgh #ahjd #c1ijj1jjj #idh1ebj #ab1cej1fjf #ahje #d1fhj1jjj #a1eec1fij #ae1jce1fcj #ahjf #d1fhj1jjj #a1ihj1hcj #ah1hfd1cda #ahjg #e1jgj1jjj #b1acd1ijc #ag1djj1ccg #ahjh #e1jgj1jjj #b1cea1ahh #ah1jhg1edd #ahji #c1bie1ejj #b1bif1jcj #ai1egh1dfg #ahaj #c1bie1ejj #a1hda1ajg #ah1ige1abj #ahaa #c1fge1gej #b1jdf1bjj #ai1hbb1jjj #ahab #c1fge1gej #a1fif1fba #ai1cje1gei #ahac #c1edi1jjj #b1hbb1jca #bj1jif1gji #ahad #c1bfh1jjj #b1jhf1bgd #ai1cab1jgj #ahae #b1chf1ejj #b1aaf1gaj #ai1jcb1gjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,x appe>s f ?is table t ! appropriations = ! s]vice1 dur+ ! fir/ fifte5 ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 am\nt$ to a little less ?an n9ety millions ( doll>s p] annum2 & = ! we> & te> ( %ips1 & ! extraord9>y exp5ses 9 build+ & repair+ %ips1 c41 ! annual appropriations am\nt$ to ne> ?irty millions4 ,our own naval returns are also s imp]fect t x is impossible to =m any v accurate e/imate ( ! relative co/ ( con/ruction & repairs ( our m5-(-w>4 ,! foll[+ table1 compil$ f a report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 9 #ahda1 7,s5ate ,doc4 ,no4 #bbc1 #bf? ,congress17 w af=d data = an approximate calculation3-- ,"n ( ,no4 ,total ,co/ ,:5 ,co/ ( ,repair$ ,%ip4 ( ( build+1 complet$4 ,repairs1 betwe54 ,guns4 exclusive ( exclusive armam5t1 ( /ores1 ordnance1 c4 c4 c4 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,delaw>e1 #gd #edc1cfh #jj #ahbj #ced1acb #ef #ahbg & #ahch ,n4 ,c>ol9a1 #gd #dca1heb #jj #ahbe #cag1fbh #ib #ahbd & #ahcf ,con/itution1 #dd #cjb1gah #hd #agig #bff1hgh #cd #ahcc & #ahci ,unit$ ,/ates #dd #bii1ccf #ef #agig #ega1igb #gg #ahba & #ahda ,br&yw9e1 #dd #bcbii1bah #ab #ahbe #bccgg1ffe #ie #ahbf & #ahch ,potomac1 #dd #bcbca1jac #jb #ahbb #bc #hb1eig #jc #ahbi & #ahce ,concord1 #bj #aae1cbe #hj #ahbh #gb1gif #bb #ahcb & #ahdj ,falm\?1 #bj #id1jic #bg #ahbg #acj1jae #dc #ahbh & #ahcg ,john ,adams1 #bj #aaj1fgj #fi #ahbi #aai1fda #ic #ahcd & #ahcg ,bo/on1 #bj #ia1igc #ai #ahbe #ahi1bfd #cg #ahbf & #ahdj ,/4 ,l\is1 #bj #ajb1dfa #ie #ahbh #ace1deh #ge #ahcd & #ahci ,v9c5nes1 #bj #aaa1eab #gi #ahbf #agh1jid #ha #ahcj & #ahch ,v&alia1 #bj #ij1igg #hh #ahbh #ei1aha #cd #ahcb & #ahcd ,lex+ton1 #bj8 #aad1fbb #ce #ahbf #hc1chf #eb #ahbg & #ahcg ,w>r51 #bj8 #ii1daj #ja #ahbf #aeb1eif #jc #ahcj & #ahch ,fairfield1 #bj #ajj1dij #ce #ahbf #fe1iah #bf #ahca & #ahcg ,nat*es1#bd #bj8 #ajf1bcb #ai #ahbg #abi1ifi #hj #ahbi & #ahcf ,box]1 #aj #cj1fig #hh #ahca #bh1ghj #dh #ahcd & #ahdj ,ent]prise1 #aj #bg1ich #fc #ahca #bj1gaf #ei #ahcd & #ahdj ,grampus1 #aj #bc1fbg #db #ahba #if1jhf #cf #ahbe & #ahdj ,dolph91 #aj #ch1ebb #fb #ahcf #ae1jac #ce #ahci & #ahdj ,%>k1 #aj #bc1fbg #db #ahba #ic1cie #hd #ahbd & #ahci ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,footnote #bc3 ,returns incomplete4 ,footnote #bd3 ,brok5 up 9 #ahdj4 ,x appe>s f ! above table1 t ! co/ ( con/ruct+ %ips ( ! l9e is ab\t #f1fjj p] gun2 ( frigates1 #f1ejj p] gun2 ( small] vessels ( w>1 a little less ?an #e1jjj p] gun3 mak+ an av]age co/ ( vessels ( w> to be m ?an six ?\s& doll>s p] gun4 ,& ! exp5se ( repairs = ^! vessels is m ?an sev5 p] c5t4 p] annum on _! fir/ co/4 ,we h z yet _h b little exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( w>-/eam]s4 ,! ,fulton1 f\r guns1 built 9 #ahch-'ci1 co/ ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-?ree ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty doll>s & sev5ty-sev5 c5ts2 ! ,mississippi & ,miss\ri1 t5 guns ea*1 built 9 #ahda1 co/ ab\t six hundr$ ?\s& doll>s a piece2 mak+ an av]age co/ = w>-/eam]s ( ov] sixty ?\s& doll>s p] gun4 ,! co/ ( repairs ( /eam %ips w be mu* great] ?an ^? = vessels ( w>2 b we h n yet _h suffici5t exp]i5ce to det]m9e ! exact am\nt4 ,x has be5 e/imat$1 h[ev]1 by compet5t judges1 t :5 kept1 ! exp5se ( repairs w at lea/ equal twelve p] c5t4 ( ! fir/ co/4 ,! exp5se ( keep+ !m 9 commission is enorm\sly great4 ,_! eng9es1 says ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 9 8 annual report 9 #ahdb1 consume s mu* fuel z to add enorm\sly to _! exp5ses2 & ! necessity t !y %\ld return to port1 aft] %ort int]vals ( "t1 = fre% supplies1 r5d]s x impossible to s5d !m on any di/ant s]vice4 ,!y _c be reli$ on z cruis]s1 & are altoge!r too exp5sive = s]vice 9 "t ( peace4 ,i h !re=e det]m9$ to take !m out ( commission1 & sub/itute = !m o!r & less exp5sive vessels4 ,! av]age co/ ( p]man5t =tifications is b little m ?an ?ree ?\s& doll>s p] gun4 ,& x mu/ be obvi\s1 f ! nature ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are con/ruct$1 t ! exp5se ( _! support mu/ be inconsid]able4 ,x is true t = "s ye>s pa/ a l>ge item ( annual exp5diture = =tifications has be5 "u ! head ( repairs2 b mu* ( ?is sum is = alt]ations & enl>gem5ts ( tempor>y & ineffici5t works1 erect$ ant]ior to ! w> ( #ahab4 ,"s ( x1 h[ev]1 has be5 = actual repairs ( decay$ or injur$ portions ( ! =ts2 ^! injuries result+ f ! nature ( ! climate1 ! f\ndations1 ! use ( poor mat]ials & poor workman%ip1 & f neglect & ab&onm5t4 ,b if we include ! risk ( ab&onm5t at times1 x is e/imat$1 ^u data drawn f pa/ exp]i5ce1 t "o-?ird ( "o p] c5t4 p] annum1 ( ! fir/ co/1 w keep 9 p]fect repair any ( our =ts t h be5 con/ruct$ s9ce ! la/ w>4 ,b x is unnecess>y to fur!r discuss ?is "q ,we repeat :at has already be5 said1 no matt] :at may be ! relative co/ ( %ips & =ts1 ! "o1 z a g5]al ?+1 _c be sub/itut$ = ! o!r4 ,ea* has its own sph]e ( action1 & ea* w contribute1 9 its own way1 to ! national def5ce2 & any undue increase ( "o1 at ! exp5se ( ! o!r1 w be att5d$ by a correspond+ dim9ution ( national p[]4#be ,footnote #be3 ,= fur!r in=mation conc]n+ our sy/em ( sea-coa/ def5ces1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,h\se ,doc4 #bjf1 tw5ty-six? ,congress1 second session2 ,s5ate ,doc4 #he1 tw5ty-eigh? ,congress1 second session2 & to ! annual reports ( ! ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,our ,,nor!rn ,,fronti] ,,def5ces4 ,9 discuss+ eng9e]+ z a bran* ( ! milit>y art1 we spoke ( ! use ( =tifications on l& fronti]s1 & _! influ5ce on ! /rategic op]ations ( a campaign4 ,a brief notice 0 also giv5 ( ! diff]5t sy/ems t h be5 propos$ = arrang+ ^! def5sive works4 ,let u n[ apply ?is discussion to our nor!rn fronti]4 ,! pr9ciple laid d[n by ,napoleon & ,jom9i1 t =tifications %\ld always be con/ruct$ on important /rategic po9ts1 is und\bt$ly ! correct "o3 b h[ to det]m9e ^! po9ts is a "q t w (t5 p]plex ! pati5ce & try ! skill ( ! eng9e]2 yet det]m9e !m he mu/1 or 8 =tifications w be worse ?an useless2 = a =t improp]ly locat$1 l a cannon ) its fire rev]s$ on its own artill]i/s1 w be sure to effect ! de/ruction ( ! v =ces x 0 design$ to protect4 ,! selection ( positions = =tifications on our nor!rn fronti] mu/ h ref]5ce to ?ree di/9ct classes ( objects1 viz43 ! security1 fir/1 ( ! l>ge fronti] t[ns1 :]e mu* public & private prop]ty is expos$ to sudd5 da%+ exp$itions ( ! foe1 made ei!r on l& or by wat]2 second1 ( lake h>bors1 important z places ( refuge & security to our own %ips1 or to ! enemy's fleets :ile engag$ 9 l&+ troops or furni%+ supplies to an invad+ army2 ?ird1 ( all /rategic po9ts on ! probable l9es ( (f5sive or def5sive op]ations4 ,^! objects are di/9ct 9 _! nature1 & w\ld seem to require sep>ate & di/9ct means = _! accompli%m5t2 nev]!less1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t positions select$ ) ref]5ce to "o ( ^! objects equally fulfil ! o!rs1 s intimately are !y all connect$4 ,to det]m9e ! /rategic po9ts ( a probable l9e ( milit>y op]ations is !re=e ! ma9 ?+ to be att5d$ to 9 locat+ =tifications4 ,t su* po9ts ( maximum importance are actually m>k$ out by ! peaceful or ho/ile int]c\rse ( nations _c be d\bt$4 ,! relative importance ( cities & t[ns is less v>i$ by ! fluctuations ( comm]ce on a l& fronti] ?an on ! sea-coa/4 ,! ev]-*ang+ sy/em ( int]nal improvem5ts1 by furni%+ new highways & ?or\ghf>es = ! transportation ( ! products ( manufactur]s & agriculture1 ei!r cont9ually v>ies ! relative /&+ ( ! seaports already op5$1 or op5s new ones = ! exportation ( ^! products1 & ! importation ( =eign articles receiv$ 9 ex*ange4 ,b ^! int]nal improvem5ts are seldom c>ri$ s f> z to connect toge!r two sep>ate & di/9ct c\ntries1 & consequ5tly ! pr9cipal places on ! divid+ l9e usually reta9 _! relative importance1 no matt] h[ (t5 !y may h decl9$ dur+ times ( ho/ility1 or aga9 fl\ri%$ ) ! increas$ comm]cial int]c\rse :i* results f peace4 ,! pr9cipal ,european places ( traffic ne> ! fronti]s h rema9$ ! same = ages1 & 9 all probability ages h5ce ! great fronti] m>ts w be ne>ly ! same z at pres5t4 ,?is /ability ( rank among bord] t[ns is n conf9$ to comm]cial influ5ce2 ! same holds true ) respect to t e/abli%$ by int]c\rse ( a ho/ile "*4 ,milit>y hi/ory tea*es u t l9es ( ho/ile op]ations1 & ! fields ^u :i* ! pr9cipal battles betwe5 any two c\ntries h be5 f\ght1 are ne>ly ! same1 no matt] h[ remote ! p]iods ( comp>ison4 ,^! po9ts & l9es1 s important 9 comm]ce z well z 9 w>1 result f ! natural features ( ! gr\nd1 & we ought !re=e to expect t !y w\ld be z little liable to sudd5 *anges z ! "* ( ! e>? itself4 ,f ^! rem>ks x w readily be p]ceiv$ t !re are ?ree di/9ct me?ods ( det]m9+ ! /rategic po9ts betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ,canada3 #a/1 by an exam9ation ( ! topography ( ! two c\ntries2 #b;d1 by trac+ out ! ma9 *annels ( comm]cial int]c\rse2 #c;d1 by review+ ! l9es ( _! milit>y op]ations4 ,! la/ me?od is ! lea/ liable to error1 & p]haps is ! mo/ easily und]/ood1 inasmu* z x is sometimes difficult to po9t out ! precise degree ( connection betwe5 prospective milit>y l9es & ! *annels ( comm]ce1 or to %[ :y ^! two h a fix$ relation to ! physical features ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 moreov]1 ?is me?od furni%es ample data = ! =mation ( our decision1 inasmu* z ! campaigns betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ,canada h be5 nei!r few 9 numb] nor unimportant 9 _! "* & results4 ,9 trac+ out ! ma9 features ( ! e>ly w>s ^u our nor!rn fronti]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ne>ly ! same portion ( c\ntry :i* is n[ possess$ by ! ,engli%1 0 !n occupi$ by ! ,fr5*1 & t ! ,engli% possessions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica includ$ ! pres5t ,middle & ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,at ! p]iod ( ! ,am]ican revolution ! ,fr5* & ,engli% _h completely *ang$ gr\nd1 ! armies ( ! =m] op]at+ 9 ! ,/ates1 :ile ! ,engli% 7 9 possession ( ,canada4 ,! fir/ exp$ition to be notic$ aga9/ t portion ( ! c\ntry1 0 conduct$ by ,samuel ,argall1 :o sail$ f ,virg9ia 9 #afac1 ) a fleet ( elev5 vessels1 attack$ ! ,fr5* on ! ,p5obscot1 & aft]w>ds ! ,/4 ,croix4 ,9 #afed1 ,s$gwick1 at ! head ( a small ,new ,engl& army1 attack$ ! ,fr5* on ! ,p5obscot1 & ov]run all ,arcadia4 ,9 #afff1 dur+ ! conte/ betwe5 ,*>les ,,ii4 & ,l\is ,,xiv41 x 0 propos$ to m>* ! ,new ,engl& troops across ! c\ntry by ! ,k5nebec or ,p5obscot1 & attack ,quebec2 b ! t]rors & difficulties ( cross+ ov] rocky m\nta9s & h[l+ des]ts 7 su* z to det] !m f und]tak+ ! campaign4 ,9 #afhi1 ,c\nt ,front5ac1 gov]nor ( ,canada1 made a desc5t into ,new ,york to assi/ ! ,fr5* fleet 9 r$uc+ t prov9ce4 ,8 l9e ( m>* 0 by ! riv] ,sorrel & ,lake ,*ampla94 ,an attack ^u ,montreal by ! ,iroquois soon =c$ him to return2 b 9 ! foll[+ ,janu>y a p>ty ( ,fr5* & ,indians left ,montreal 9 ! dep? ( a ,canadian w9t]1 & aft] wad+ = two & tw5ty days1 ) provisions on _! backs1 ?r\gh sn[s & swamps & across a wide wild]ness1 rea*$ ! ungu>d$ village ( ,s*5ectady4 ,"h a midnight w>-:oop 0 rais$1 & ! inhabitants ei!r massacr$ or driv5 half-clad ?r\gh ! sn[ to seek protection 9 ! neighbor+ t[ns4 ,9 #afij1 a congress ( ! colonies1 call$ to provide means = ! g5]al def5ce1 assembl$ at ,new ,york1 & resolv$ to c>ry w> into ,canada3 an army 0 to attack ,montreal by way ( ,lake ,*ampla91 & a fleet to attempt ,quebec by ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,! =m] advanc$ z f> z ! lake1 :5 ! qu>rels ( ! comm&+ (fic]s defeat$ ! objects ( ! exp$ition4 ,! ,massa*usetts fleet ( ?irty-f\r vessels1 7! l>ge/ c>ry+ =ty-f\r guns ea*17 & two ?\s& m51 fail$ to r$uce ,quebec1 ?\gh ! def5ces ( t place 7 !n ( ! slighte/ "*1 & arm$ ) only tw5ty-?ree guns4 ,9 #agjd1 & aga9 9 #agjg1 ,port ,royal 0 attack$ by co/ly exp$itions fitt$ out by ! ea/]n colonies2 & aga91 9 #agji1 a l& =ce ( fifte5 hundr$ m5 advanc$ aga9/ ,montreal by ,lake ,*ampla92 b no?+ ( importance 0 effect$ by ei!r exp$ition4 ,9 #agaa1 ,"l ,bol+broke plann$ ! conque/ ( ,canada4 ,! l& =ces1 numb]+ five ?\s& m5 9 all1 7 sep>at$ into two di/9ct armies1 ! "o s5t aga9/ ,detroit1 & ! o!r aga9/ ,montreal by ,lake ,*ampla92 :ile a fleet ( fifte5 %ips ( w>1 =ty transports1 & six /ore-%ips1 c>ry+ a l& =ce ( six ?\s& five hundr$ m51 0 to attack ,quebec4 ,! m>itime exp$ition fail$ to rea* its de/9ation1 & aft] los+ a "p ( ! fleet & m ?an a ?\s& m5 9 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ?is "p ( ! project 0 ab&on$4 ,nor 0 any ?+ important accompli%$ by ei!r division ( ! l& =ces4 ,! same plan ( campaign 0 foll[$ 9 #agab4 ,an army ( f\r ?\s& m5 m>*$ aga9/ ,montreal by ,lake ,*ampla91 b on he>+ ( ! failure ( ! naval exp$ition & ( ! conc5tration ( ! ,fr5* =ces on ! riv] ,sorel1 !y retir$ t[>ds ,albany4 ,! next exp$ition ( any importance 0 ! naval "o ( #agde aga9/ ,l\isburg4 ,= ! attack ( ?is place ! colonies rais$ ab\t f\r ?\s& m51 & "o hundr$ small vessels & transports1 c>ry+ betwe5 "o hundr$ & sixty & two hundr$ guns4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds jo9$ by t5 o!r vessels c>ry+ ne> five hundr$ guns4 ,?is attack+ =ce n[1 accord+ to "s ( ! ,engli% writ]s1 consi/$ ( six ?\s& prov9cials1 & eight hundr$ seam51 & a comb9$ naval =ce ( ne> sev5 hundr$ guns4 ,! troops l&$1 & laid siege to ! t[n4 ,! g>rison ( ! =tifications ( ,l\isburg consi/$ ( six hundr$ regul>s & "o ?\s& ,breton militia1 or1 accord+ to "s writ]s1 ( only twelve hundr$ m5 9 all4 ,! armam5t ( ^! works 0 "o hundr$ & "o cannon1 sev5ty-six swivels1 & six mort>s4 ,auxili>y to ! ma9 works 7 an isl&-batt]y ( ?irty tw5ty-two-p\nd]s1 & a batt]y on ! ma9 l& arm$ ) ?irty l>ge cannon4 ,frequ5t attempts 7 made to /orm ! place1 b ! mo/ p]sev]+ ef=ts 7 ( no avail1 _m ( ! ,new ,engl&]s be+ kill$ & w\nd$1 & _! boats de/roy$1 :ile ! g>rison rema9$ unh>m$4 ,at l5g?1 aft] a siege ( =ty-n9e days1 want ( provisions & ! g5]al dissatisfaction ( ! inhabitants1 caus$ ! g>rison to surr5d]4 ,:5 ! ,new ,engl&]s saw ! /r5g? ( ! works1 & ! slight impression :i* _! ef=ts _h produc$1 !y 7 n only elat$ b greatly a/oni%$ at _! success4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 t 9 ! above attack ! numb] ( guns 9 ! fleet 0 almo/ ?ree times z great z t ( all ! =ts comb9$2 & yet ! naval "p ( ! attack 0 unsuccessful4 ,! besieg+ army 0 m ?an f\r times z great z all ! g>risons comb9$2 & yet ! place held out =ty-n9e days1 & at la/ 0 surr5d]$ ?r\gh ! want ( provisions & ! disaffection ( ! citiz5s4 ,?is place 0 soon aft]w>ds re/or$ to ! ,fr5*4 ,we see t1 ?us f> 9 ^! w>s1 ! ,engli% 7 va/ly sup]ior 9 /r5g? & numb]s1 yet ! result ( ! sev]al campaigns 0 decid$ly 9 favor ( ! ,fr5*1 :o n only reta9$ _! possessions 9 ! ,nor?1 b ext5d$ _! jurisdiction to ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi1 & laid claim to ! :ole c\ntry we/ ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s4 ,?is success mu/ be attribut$1 n to any sup]iority ( ! ,canadians 9 brav]y1 b to ! high] milit>y "* ( _! gov]nors1 & m especially to _! =tifications1 :i* 7 con/ruct$ 9 situations mo/ judici\sly select$1 to influ5ce ! ,indians & facilitate incursions into ! ,engli% colonies4 ,! ,fr5* pursu$ int]ior & c5tral l9es1 :ile ! ,engli% foll[$ ext]ior & div]g5t l9es4 ,! disp>ity ( numb]s 0 always v great4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! :ole population ( ! colonies am\nt$ to upw>ds ( "o million ( s\ls1 :ile t ( bo? ,canada & ,l\isiana did n exce$ fifty-two ?\s&4 ,b ! ,fr5* possessions1 ?\gh situat$ at ! extremities ( a cont95t & sep>at$ by an almo/ b\ndless wild]ness1 7 nev]!less connect$ by a l9e ( milit>y po/s1 /rong en\gh to resi/ ! small arms t c\ld !n be br\ght aga9/ !m4 ,?is =t-build+ prop5sity ( ! ,fr5* became a matt] ( s]i\s al>m to ! colonies1 & 9 #agaj ! legislature ( ,new ,york especially prote/$ aga9/ x 9 an address to ! cr[n4 ,:ile ! milit>y art 0 /ation>y 9 ,engl&1 ,france _h produc$ h] f\r great eng9e]s--,err>d1 ,pagan1 ,vauban1 & ,cormontaigne2 & n[h]e has ! influ5ce ( _! sy/em ( milit>y def5ce be5 m /rik+ly exhibit$ ?an 9 ! security x af=d$ to ! ,canadian colony1 :5 assail$ by su* va/ly sup]ior ,briti% =ces4 ,/ill fur!r accessions 7 n[ made to ^! ,engli% =ces by l>ge re9=cem5ts f ! "m c\ntry1 :ile ! ,canadians receiv$ little or no assi/ance f ,france2 nev]!less !y prolong$ ! w> till #agfj1 =c+ ! ,engli% to adopt at la/ ! sl[ & exp5sive process ( r$uc+ all _! =tifications4 ,?is w be %[n 9 ! foll[+ outl9e ( ! sev]al campaigns4 ,v e>ly 9 #agee1 a consid]able body ( m5 0 s5t f ,great ,brita9 to re9=ce _! troops 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,^! troops 7 aga9 sep>at$ into f\r di/9ct armies4 ,! fir/1 consi/+ ( ne> two ?\s& m51 m>*$ to ! attack ( ,=t ,du ,quesne1 b 0 met & totally defeat$ by "o-half t numb] ( ,fr5* & ,indians4 ,! second division1 ( fifte5 hundr$1 proce$$ to attack ,=t ,niag>a by way ( ,oswego1 b return$ )\t success4 ,! ?ird1 ( ?ree ?\s& sev5 hundr$ m51 met & defeat$ ,dieskau's army ( twelve hundr$ regul>s & six hundr$ ,canadians & ,indians1 9 ! op5 field1 b did n attempt to drive him f 8 works at ,ticond]oga & ,cr[n ,po9t4 ,! f\r?1 consi/+ ( ?ree ?\s& ?ree hundr$ m5 & =ty-"o vessels1 laid wa/e a portion ( ,nova ,scotia2 ?us end+ ! campaign )\t a s+le important result4 ,x 0 comm5c$ "u favorable auspices1 ) ample prep>ations1 & a va/ sup]iority ( =ce2 b ?is sup]iority 0 aga9 m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! faulty plans ( ! ,engli%1 & by ! =tifications :i* ! ,fr5* _h erect$1 9 su* positions z to give !m a decid$ advantage 9 _! milit>y op]ations4 ,wa%+ton e>ly recomm5d$ ! same sy/em ( def5ce = ! ,engli% on ! ,ohio2 &1 aft] ,braddock's defeat1 advis$ ! erection ( small =tresses at conv5i5t places to deposit provisions 91 by :i* means ! c\ntry w be eas$ ( an imm5se exp5se 9 ! c>riage1 & x w also be a means ( secur+ a retreat if we %\ld be put to ! r\t aga94 ,b ?is advice ( ,wa%+ton 0 unhe$$1 & ! campaign ( #agef 0 bas$ ^u ! same errone\s pr9ciples z ! prec$+ "o4 ,! fir/ division1 ( ?ree ?\s& m51 0 to op]ate aga9/ ,=t ,du ,quesne2 ! second1 ( six ?\s& m51 aga9/ ,niag>a2 ! ?ird1 ( t5 ?\s& m51 aga9/ ,cr[n ,po9t2 & a f\r?1 ( two ?\s& m51 0 to asc5d ! ,k5nebec riv]1 de/roy ! settlem5ts on ! ,*audi]e1 &1 by al>m+ ! c\ntry ab\t ,quebec1 produce a div]sion 9 favor ( ! ?ird division1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! ma9 army1 & 0 direct$ along ! pr9cipal l9e ( op]ations4 ,! entire ,fr5* =ces at ?is "t consi/$ ( only ?ree ?\s& regul>s & a body ( ,canadian militia4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,engli%1 ) =ces ne>ly six times z num]\s1 clos$ ! campaign )\t ga9+ a s+le advantage4 ,we "h see t ! ,fr5*1 ) v inf]ior =ces1 /ill cont9u$ successful 9 e campaign1 uni=mly ga9+ advantage ov] _! enemy1 & ga9+ gr\nd ^u 8 colonies4 ,by ! possession ( ,=ts ,william ,h5ry1 ,ticond]oga1 & ,cr[n ,po9t1 !y completely comm&$ ,lake ,george & ,lake ,*ampla91 :i* af=d$ ! %orte/ & easie/ l9e ( communication betwe5 ! ,briti% colonies & ,canada4 ,by means ( _! =ts at ,montreal1 ,front5ac1 ,detroit1 c41 !y _h entire dom9ion ( ! lakes connect+ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ) ! ,mississippi1 & ,canada ) ,l\isiana2 moreov]1 by means ( ,=t ,du ,quesne & a l9e ( auxili>y works1 _! asc5d5cy ov] ! ,indians on ! ,ohio 0 well secur$4 ,b exp]i5ce _h at l5g? taught ! ,engli% :]e9 lay ! great /r5g? ( _! oppon5ts1 & a p[]ful ef=t 0 n[ to be made to displace ! ,fr5* f _! =tresses1 or at lea/ to c\nt]balance ^! works by a va/ & ov]:elm+ sup]iority ( troops4 ,9 #ageg1 a ,briti% fleet ( fifte5 %ips ( ! l9e1 eighte5 frigates1 & _m small] vessels1 & a l& =ce ( twelve ?\s& effective m51 7 s5t to attempt ! r$uction ( ! =tifications ( ,l\isburg2 b !y fail$ to effect _! object4 ,9 #ageh ! =ces s5t aga9/ ?is place consi/$ ( tw5ty %ips ( ! l9e & eighte5 frigates1 ) an army ( f\rte5 ?\s& m54 ,! h>bor 0 def5d$ by only five %ips ( ! l9e1 "o fifty-gun %ip1 & five frigates1 ?ree ( :i* 7 sunk across ! m\? ( ! bas94 ,! =tifications ( ! t[n _h be5 mu* neglect$1 & 9 g5]al _h fall5 into ru9s4 ,! g>rison consi/$ ( only two ?\s& five hundr$ regul>s1 & six hundr$ militia4 ,not)/&+ t ! numb] ( guns ( ! ,briti% fleet exce$$ bo? ! armam5ts ( ! ,fr5* %ips & ( all ! =ts1 ^! ,briti% %ips did n risk an attack1 b m]ely act$ z transports & z a blockad+ squadron4 ,ev5 ! ,fr5* naval def5ce1 & ! out] works comm&+ ! h>bor1 7 r$uc$ by ! tempor>y l&-batt]ies :i* ,wolfe erect$2 & ! ma9 "w1 al?\gh besieg$ by an inequality ( =ces ( ne>ly five to "o1 held out = two mon?s1 & ev5 !n surr5d]$ ?r\gh ! fe>s & petitions ( ! non-combatant inhabitants1 & n because x _h receiv$ any mat]ial injury f ! besieg]s4 ,! def5ce1 h[ev]1 _h be5 cont9u$ long en\gh to prev5t1 = t campaign1 any fur!r op]ations aga9/ ,canada4 ,! :ole numb] ( ! ,engli% l& =ces 9 ?is campaign 0 comput$ at fifty ?\s& m51 ( :i* m ?an =ty ?\s& 7 9 ! field4 ,! fir/ division1 ( n9e ?\s& m51 0 direct$ aga9/ ,=t ,du ,quesne1 ^: g>rison did n exce$ z _m hundr$4 ,! second division1 ( sixte5 ?\s& effective troops1 proce$$ aga9/ ,ticond]oga & ,cr[n ,po9t2 :ile a deta*m5t ( ?ree ?\s& m5 captur$ ,=t ,front5ac1 !n g>rison$ by only "o hundr$ & t5 m54 ,! :ole =ce ( ! ,fr5* am\nt$ to only five ?\s&2 ! ,engli% attempt$ to drive !m f _! works by /orm1 b 7 repuls$ ) a loss ( ne> two ?\s& m51 :ile _! oppon5ts 7 sc>cely injur$4 ,! ?ird division act$1 z has j be5 /at$1 9 conc]t ) ! naval =ce aga9/ ,l\isburg4 ,9 #agei1 ! we/]n division ( ! ,engli% army1 consi/+ ( a /rong body ( ,indians1 & five ?\s& troops1 wa/$ ! :ole season 9 r$uc+ ,=t ,niag>a1 :i* 0 g>rison$ by only six hundr$ m54 ,! c5tral column ( ?irte5 ?\s& m5 0 suffici5tly successful to enable x to w9t] at ,cr[n ,po9t4 ,! ea/]n division ( eight ?\s& m5 "u ,wolfe asc5d$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ) a fleet ( tw5ty-two %ips1 ?irte5 frigates1 & f\rte5 sloops1 & small] vessels1 c>ry+ "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & n9ety guns1 & five ?\s& five hundr$ & n9ety seam54 ,! naval def5ce ( ,quebec consi/$ ( eight frigates1 c>ry+ two hundr$ & t5 guns2 ! l& =ces numb]$ ab\t n9e ?\s&1 & ! =tifications 7 arm$ ) n9ety-f\r guns & five mort>s1 only a "p ( :i* c\ld be br\ght to be> ^u ! an*orage gr\nd4 ,sev]al attempts 7 made by ! comb9$ =ces to c>ry ^! works1 b !y prov$ equally unsuccessful4 ,al?\gh ! ,engli% fleet c>ri$ tw5ty times z _m guns z ! =ts1 _! inability to r$uce ^! works 0 ackn[l$g$4 ,! siege _h cont9u$ = two mon?s1 & /ill ! =tifications 7 un9jur$4 ,g5]al ,wolfe himself di/9ctly /at$1 t1 9 any fur!r attempt to c>ry ! place1 ! guns ( ! %ipp+ c\ld n be ( mu* use2 & ! *ief eng9e] ( ! exp$ition gave x z 8 op9ion1 t ! %ips w\ld receive great damage f ! %ot & bombs ( ! upp] batt]ies1 )\t mak+ ! lea/ impression ^u !m4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x 0 f9ally det]m9$ to endeavor to decoy ,montcalm f 8 works1 & make him risk a battle 9 ! op5 field4 ,9 an evil h\r1 ! ,fr5* cons5t$ to =ego ! advantages ( _! =tifications1 & ! conte/ 0 f9ally decid$ on ! pla9s ( ,abraham1 ) =ces ne>ly equal 9 numb]4 ,bo? ,wolfe & ,montcalm fell 9 ?is battle1 b ! =m] on ! field ( victory2 & five days aft]w>ds ! inhabitants ( ,quebec1 weak5$ & dispirit$ by _! losses1 surr5d]$ ! t[n1 al?\gh its =tifications 7 /ill unh>m$4 ,! ,fr5*1 9 ?is campaign1 _h rel9qui%$ all idea ( oppos+ ! enemy 9 ! op5 field1 & conf9$ _! ef=ts to ret>d ! advance ( ! ,engli% till ,france c\ld s5d troops to _! relief2 b no su* relief came1 & :5 ! campaign ( #agfj op5$1 ! little ,fr5* army 0 conc5trat$ at ,montreal4 ,z ! ,engli% divisions advanc$1 "o by ,oswego1 "o by ,lake ,*ampla91 & ! ?ird by ,quebec1 !y af=d$ to ! ,fr5* a f9e opportunity = ! /rategic movem5t f a c5tre aga9/ conv]g+ l9es2 b ! g>rison 0 too weak to hope = success 9 ei!r direction1 & !re=e await$ ! enemy )9 _! works4 ,montreal1 be+ b slightly =tifi$1 0 soon r$uc$1 & ) x fell ! ,fr5* empire erect$ 9 ?is c\ntry at inf9ite labor & exp5se4 ,at ! fir/ outbreak ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 x 0 s obvi\sly important to get possession ( ! milit>y works comm&+ ! l9e ( ,lake ,*ampla91 t exp$itions = ?is purpose 7 simultane\sly fitt$ out by ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut4 ,! g>risons ( ^! works 7 tak5 by surprise4 ,?is conque/1 says ,botta1 ! able & elegant hi/orian ( ! ,revolution1 0 no d\bt ( high importance1 b x w\ld h _h a mu* great] influ5ce ^u ! c\rse ( ! :ole w>1 if ^! =tresses1 :i* are ! bulw>ks ( ! colonies1 _h be5 def5d$ 9 times foll[+1 ) ! same prud5ce & valor ) :i* !y _h be5 acquir$4 ,9 ! campaign ( #agge1 an army ( two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & eighty-f\r effective m51 ) a res]ve ( "o ?\s& at ,albany1 cross$ ! lake & approa*$ ! =tress ( ,/4 ,john's ab\t ! #a/ ( ,septemb]4 ,! "w 0 g>rison$ by only ab\t five or six hundr$ regul>s1 & "s two hundr$ militia4 ,?is 0 ! only ob/acle to prev5t ! advance ( our army into ! v he>t ( ,canada2 to leave x unr$uc$ 9 re> w\ld cut (f all hope ( retreat4 ,all5 _h already made ! ra% & fooli% attempt1 & 8 :ole army _h be5 de/roy$1 & he himself made prison]4 ,! r$uction ( ?is place 0 !re=e deem$ absolutely necess>y1 b 0 n effect$ till ! #c;d ( ,novemb]1 & aft] a long & t$i\s siege4 ,?is delay decid$ ! fate ( ! campaign2 =1 al?\gh ,montreal fell imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ! season 0 s f> advanc$ t a l>ge portion ( our troops1 we>i$ ) _! suff]+s f cold & want ( clo?+1 n[ dem&$ _! dis*>ge4 ,! ea/]n division1 ( "o ?\s& m5 "u ,arnold1 cross+ ! c\ntry by ! ,k5nebeck & ,*audi]e1 ?r\gh difficulties & suff]+ almo/ unp>allel$1 arriv$ opposite ,quebec on ! #i? ( ,novemb]4 ,! place 0 at ?is "t almo/ )\t def5ce1 &1 _h ,arnold possess$ a suitable pontoon equipage1 x might easily h be5 tak5 by surprise4 ,b by ! "t t ! means = effect+ a passage c\ld be prep>$1 & a junction c\ld be effect$ betwe5 ! two ,am]ican armies1 ,quebec 0 prep>$ to su/a9 _! attack4 ,! result ( t attack is too well kn[n to require a repetition "h4 ,e>ly ! next season x 0 deem$ necess>y to )draw ! ,am]ican army f ,canada4 ,?is retreat ( undiscipl9$ troops1 9 ! pres5ce ( va/ly sup]ior numb]s ( ! enemy1 w\ld h be5 extremely haz>d\s _h x n be5 effect$ on a l9e ( =ts :i* 7 held by our own troops4 ,z x 0 we su/a9$ no consid]able loss4 ,c>leton pursu$ on rapidly1 to co-op]ate ) ,g5]al ,h[e1 :o 0 n[ ly+ at ,new ,york ) ov] "o hundr$ %ips & ab\t ?irty-five ?\s& troops2 b he receiv$ a decid$ *eck f ! guns ( ,ticond]oga1 & retir$ aga9 to ,canada4 ,by ! ,briti% plan ( campaign 9 #aggg1 ! entire =ce ( _! nor!rn army 0 to conc5trate at ,albany4 ,"o division ( fifte5 hundr$ m51 includ+ ,indians1 advanc$ by ,oswego1 ,wood ,creek1 & ! ,mohawk2 b ,=t ,/anwix1 ) a g>rison ( only six hundr$ m51 arre/$ _! progress & =c$ !m to return4 ,ano!r1 leav+ ,new ,york1 asc5d$ ! ,hudson z f> z ,esopus2 b its progress 0 s mu* ret>d$ by ! small =ts & wat]-batt]ies along t riv]1 t x w\ld h be5 too late to assi/ ,burgoyne1 ev5 if x c\ld possibly h rea*$ ,albany4 ,! pr9cipal division ( ! enemy's army1 numb]+ ab\t n9e ?\s& m51 advanc$ by ! ,*ampla9 r\te4 ,little or no prep>ations 7 made to arre/ its progress4 ,! works ( ,ticond]oga 7 s out ( repair z to be indef5sible on ! flanks4 ,its g>rison consi/$ ( only fifte5 hundr$ cont95tal troops1 & ab\t z _m militia1 ov] :om ! g5]al _h no control4 ,_! supply ( provisions 0 exhau/$1 & only "o man 9 t5 ( ! militia _h bayonets to _! guns4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x 0 deem$ be/ to )draw ! g>rison six days aft] ! inve/m5t4 ,burgoyne n[ advanc$ rapidly1 b ) s little precaution z to leave 8 communications 9 re> entirely unprotect$4 ,be+ repuls$ by ! ,am]ican =ces collect$ at ,s>atoga1 8 l9e ( supplies cut (f by our deta*$ =ts1 8 provisions exhau/$1 8 troops dispirit$1 & 8 ,indian allies hav+ des]t$ him1 retreat became impossible1 & 8 :ole army 0 =c$ to capitulate4 ,?is campaign clos$ ! milit>y op]ations on our nor!rn fronti] dur+ ! w> ( ! ,revolution4 ,we n[ come to ! w> ( #ahab4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is w> ! numb] ( ,briti% regul>s 9 ! ,canadas did n exce$ ?ree ?\s& m51 :o 7 scatt]$ along a fronti] ( m ?an n9e hundr$ miles 9 ext5t4 ,9 ! :ole ( ,upp] ,canada !re 7 b sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty m51 & at ,montreal1 ,?ree ,riv]s1 & on ! :ole l9e ( ! ,sorel ! :ole def5sive =ce am\nt$ to only ?irte5 hundr$ & ?irty m51 & ! g>rison ( ,quebec 0 s small1 t no deta*m5t c\ld be made )\t great inconv5i5ce & dang]4 ,! =tifications ( ,isle aux ,noix1 !n emphatically ! key ( c5tral ,canada1 0 )\t a g>rison dur+ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! fir/ campaign4 ,"u ^! circum/ances an ,am]ican =ce ( fifte5 hundr$ or two ?\s& m5 m>*+ rapidly f ,albany1 might readily h brok5 ! enemy's l9e ( def5ce1 & cut (f all ,upp] ,canada f supplies & re9=cem5ts f ,engl& by way ( ,quebec4 ,let u see :at c\rse 0 pursu$4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,june an army ( two ?\s& m5 0 collect$ at ,dayton1 9 ,ohio1 plac$ "u ! comm& ( an imbecile old (fic] ( ! ,revolution1 & direct$ by ,detroit aga9/ ! ,canadian ,p59sula4 ,! dilatory m>*1 absurd movem5ts1 & traitor\s surr5d] ( ,hull's army to a ,briti% =ce ( ?ree hundr$ regul>s & f\r hundr$ militia1 are b too well kn[n4 ,ano!r ,am]ican army ( ab\t t5 ?\s& m5 0 aft]w>ds rais$ 9 ! we/2 ! ma9 division ( ?is army "u ,h>rison m>*$ by ?ree sep>ate r\tes to invade ,canada by way ( ,mald52 b !y fail$ to rea* _! de/9ation1 & w9t]$ beh9d ! riv] ,portage4 ,! ,ea/]n army 0 collect$ at ,albany 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! summ] & plac$ "u ! comm& ( ,g5]al ,de>born1 ano!r old (fic] ( ! ,revolution4 ,in/ead ( pu%+ ?is =ce rapidly =w>d ^u ! /rategic l9e ( ,lake ,*ampla91 ! g5]al 0 direct$ to divide x into ?ree p>ts1 & to s5d "o division aga9/ ! ,niag>a fronti]1 a second aga9/ ,k+/on1 & a ?ird aga9/ ,montreal4 ,^! ord]s 7 dispat*$ f ,wa%+ton ! #bf? ( ,june1 ne>ly a mon? aft] ,hull _h begun 8 m>* f ,dayton4 ,de>born's army1 on ! fir/ ( ,septemb]1 consi/$ ( six ?\s& five hundr$ regul>s & sev5 ?\s& militia--?irte5 ?\s& five hundr$ 9 all3 six ?\s& ?ree hundr$ = ! ,niag>a fronti]1 two ?\s& two hundr$ at ,sacketts ,h>bor1 & five ?\s& = ,lake ,*ampla94 ,ev5 ) ?is absurd plan ( campaign & faulty division ( ! =ces1 we might h succe$$ if ! g5]al _h act$ ) en]gy1 s exce$+ly weak 7 ! ,canadian means ( def5ce2 b in/ead ( tak+ advantage ( 8 sup]iority 9 numb]s & ! favorable circum/ances ( ! "t1 he ent]$ into an armi/ice ) ! ,briti% g5]al1 & 8 :ole army ( ?irte5 ?\s& five hundr$ m5 lay inactive till ! #ac? ( ,octob]1 :5 ! absurd project ( cross+ ! ,niag>a at ,lewi/on fail$1 because ! ,new-,york militia _h con/itutional scruples aga9/ cross+ a riv] s long z ! enemy 7 on ! o!r side4 ,! ,lake ,*ampla9 column1 consi/+ ( ?ree ?\s& regul>s & two ?\s& militia1 a consid]able portion ( :i* _h be5 collect$ z e>ly z ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 _h 9 f\r mon?s advanc$ z f> z ,la ,cole riv]1 a di/ance ( ab\t two hundr$ miles f ,albany4 ,! unimportant action at ?is place t]m9at$ ! campaign1 & ! army ( ! ,nor? return$ to w9t]-qu>t]s4 ,all ! e>ly "p ( ! campaign ( #ahac1 on ! nor!rn fronti]1 0 sp5t 9 a w> ( deta*m5ts1 9 :i* our troops captur$ ,=t ,george & ,york1 & repell$ ! pr$atory excursions ( ! enemy4 ,9 ^! op]ations our troops exhibit$ mu* c\rage & en]gy1 & ! "y (fic]s :o l$ !m1 no little skill & milit>y tal5t4 ,b no?+ c\ld h be5 m absurd ?an = a g5]al1 ) sup]ior =ces 9 ! vic9ity ( an enemy1 to act only by deta*m5ts at a "t :5 8 oppon5ts 7 daily increas+ 9 numb]4 ,?is useless w> ( outpo/s & deta*m5ts 0 cont9u$ till ,july1 :5 ,g5]al ,de>born 0 recall$1 & ,g5]al ,wilk9son1 ano!r old (fic] ( ! ,revolution1 put 9 8 place4 ,x 0 n[ det]m9$ to make a pu% = ,montreal1 ) ! comb9$ =ces ( ! ,nor!rn army4 ,wilk9son1 ) #h1jjj m51 desc5d$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 b did n rea* ,prescott till ! #f? ( ,novemb]1 ?us af=d+ to ! ,engli% pl5ty ( leisure to prep>e = 8 reception4 ,hampton1 ano!r old (fic] ( ! ,revolution1 asc5d$ ,lake ,*ampla9 ) ano!r column ( #d1jjj m51 b refus$ to =m any co-op]ation ) ,wilk9son1 & aft] ! unimportant combat ( ,*ry/l]'s ,field1 ! :ole army aga9 retir$ to w9t]-qu>t]s4 ,9 ! mean "t ! army ( ! ,we/1 "u ,h>rison1 :o 0 assi/$ by ! milit>y skill & sci5ce ( ,mc,crea & ,wood1 & ! brav]y ( ,croghan & ,johnson1 held 9 *eck ! ,briti% & ,indians2 & ! battle ( ! ,?ames & ! victory ( ,lake ,erie =m$ a brilliant t]m9ation to ! campaign 9 t qu>t]4 ,_h su* victories be5 ga9$ on ! ,montreal or ea/]n portion ( ! fronti]1 !y w\ld h l$ to ! mo/ important results4 ,! plan ( op]ations = ! campaign ( #ahad 0 ( ! same div]se & discordant "* z be=e4 ,b ! comm& ( ! troops _h n[ fall5 into ! h&s ( "y & en]getic (fic]s1 & ,br[n1 assi/$ by su* m5 z ,wood1 ,mc,crea1 ,scott1 ,ripley1 ,mill]1 soon ga9$ ! victories ( ,=t ,erie1 ,*ippewa1 & ,lundy's ,lane2 :ile ,mc,comb & ,mc,donough drove back ! enemy f ! l9e ( ,lake ,*ampla94 ,) ^! op]ations t]m9at$ ! ,nor!rn campaign ( #ahad1 ! la/ :i* has be5 conduct$ on t fronti]4 ,let u n[ turn to ! sy/em ( works project$ = ! def5ce ( ?is l9e4 ,! fir/ works are at ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,m>y1 on ! we/]n extremity ( ! l9e4 ,! second works are at ,mack9aw4 ,! ?ird works are at ! foot ( ,lake ,huron4 ,! f\r? works are ne> ,detroit4 ,! fif? works are ne> ,buffalo4 ,! six? works are at ! m\? ( ! ,niag>a riv]4 ,! sev5? works are at ,oswego4 ,! eigh? works are at ,sacketts ,h>bor4 ,! n9? works are bel[ ,ogd5sburg4 ,! t5? works are at ,r\se's ,po9t4 ,! elev5? works are ne> ! head-wat]s ( ! ,k5nebec or ! ,p5obscot4 ,! twelf? works are at ,calais1 on ! ,/4 ,croix4 ,all ^! works are small1 & simple 9 _! "*1 well calculat$ to assi/ ! op]ations ( arm$ =ces 9 ! field1 b incapable ( resi/+ a protract$ siege4 ,!y are entirely diff]5t 9 _! "* f ^? on ! coa/1 ! latt] be+ int5d$ pr9cipally = ! use ( our citiz5-soldi]y1 9 ! def5ce ( our seaport t[ns1 :ile ! =m] are int5d$ m]ely z auxili>ies to ! op]ations ( m discipl9$ troops4 ,?is sy/em ( def5ce = our ,nor!rn fronti] has be5 mu* comm5t$ on by m5 pr(ess+ "s k ( ! milit>y art1 & v>i\s op9ions h be5 advanc$ respect+ its m]its4 ,"s h ?\ght t m & l>g] works %\ld be plac$ on ! we/]n extremity ( ?is l9e2 o!rs atta* by f> ! greate/ importance to ! c5tral or ,montreal portion ( ! fronti]2 :ile o!rs1 aga91 atta* a high] value to ! ea/]n extremity ( ! l9e4 ,^! la/ w\ld h u conc5trate our ma9 =ces on ! head-wat]s ( ! ,k5nebec & ! ,p5obscot1 & !n advance ^u ,quebec1 a di/ance ( "s #bej miles1 along ! isolat$ c>riage-road1 ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,*audi]e4 ,"h is only a s+le road1 b little travell$1 & p5etrat+ a wide & almo/ un9habit$ wild]ness4 ,g5]al ,jom9i says emphatically1 t a l9e ( op]ations %\ld always (f] two or ?ree roads = ! movem5t ( an army 9 ! sph]e ( its ent]prises1--an insup]able objection to ! ,k5nebec r\te1 except z a div]sion to ! ma9 attack4 ,b !re are /ill /rong] objections to ?is r\te1 ?an its want ( feasibility = ! transportation ( ! ma9 army2 = ev5 %\ld t army succe$ 9 rea*+ ,quebec 9 safety1 ! exp$ition w\ld be entirely )\t milit>y results1 unless t =tress c\ld be imm$iately r$uc$1--a cont+5cy :i* w\ld be extremely d\btful "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances2 & ev5 %\ld we be ev] s =tunate 9 our op]ations1 ! siege ( su* a place w\ld occupy a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,x w\ld be ?r[+ our =ces along ! mo/ difficult l9e ( op]ations1 aga9/ ! /ronge/ po9t 9 ! enemy's l9e ( def5ce1 & mak+ ! success ( ! :ole plan dep5d ^u ! cont+5cy ( a r$uction1 9 a few days1 ( "o ( ! /ronge/ =tresses 9 ! _w4 ,:at pr9ciple 9 milit>y sci5ce w\ld ju/ify su* a plan ( campaign8 ,we are fully aw>e ( ! great advantages to be d]iv$ f ! r$uction ( ,quebec2 & we are also aw>e ( ! great difficulties to be enc\nt]$ 9 any attempt to accompli% t object4 ,x may1 & probably w ere long1 be made to surr5d] to our arms2 b x w\ld be utt] folly to base our milit>y op]ations on ! cont+5cy ( a %ort & successful siege4 ,by advanc+ ^u ,montreal by ! ,lake ,*ampla9 r\te1 we c\ld cut (f ! ,canadian =ces 9 ! ,we/ f all re9=cem5ts2 & !n1 z circum/ances might direct1 c\ld besiege ,quebec1 or attack ! enemy 9 ! field1 or p]haps1 manoeuvr+ z ! ,fr5* did at ! siege ( ,mantua1 accompli% bo? objects at ! same "t4 ,we h se5 t x 0 "o ( ,napoleon's maxims t an army %\ld *oose ! %orte/ & mo/ direct l9e ( op]ations1 :i* %\ld ei!r pi]ce ! enemy's l9e ( def5ce1 or cut (f 8 communications ) 8 base4 ,x is ! op9ion ( m5 ( ! be/ milit>y tal5t 9 our army t ! ,lake ,*ampla9 l9e satisfies all ^! conditions at ! same "t2--t x is ! mo/ direct1 mo/ feasible1 & mo/ decisive l9e :i* c be pursu$ 9 case ( op]ations aga9/ ,canada2 & t x is indisp5sable to success 9 w> t ?is l9e be well =tifi$ 9 "t ( peace4 ,all agree t ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce above ,quebec con/itutes ! key po9t ( ! enemy's def5ce1 & ! objective po9t t[>ds :i* all our op]ations %\ld be direct$4 ,to rea* ?is po9t1 all our ,bo>ds ( ,eng9e]s h deem$ x be/ to collect our troops at ,albany & advance by ,lake ,*ampla91 a di/ance ( only two hundr$ miles4 ,besides ! advantages ( a good wat] communication ! :ole di/ance = ! transportation ( milit>y /ores1 !re are sev]al roads on ea* side1 all conc5trat+ on ?is l9e )9 our own t]ritory4 ,x has already be5 %[n by ! brief sket* ( our nor!rn w>s1 t ?is l9e has be5 ! field ( /rife & blood = fifte5 campaigns4 ,nature has m>k$ x out z our %orte/ & easie/ l9e ( int]c\rse ) ,canada1 bo? 9 peace & w>4 ,milit>y div]sions w always be made on ! ea/]n & we/]n extremities ( ?is fronti]1 & important second>y or auxili>y op]ations be c>ri$ on by ! ea/]n & we/]n r\tes2 b until we ov]?r[ ! :ole sy/em ( milit>y sci5ce z e/abli%$ by ! ,romans1 reviv$ by ,fr$]ick & practis$ & improv$ by ,napoleon1 ! c5tral & int]ior l9e1 "u all ord9>y circum/ances1 w furni% ! greate/ probabilities ( success4 ,if ! l9e ( ,lake ,*ampla9 is1 z we h endeavor$ to %[1 ! mo/ important l9e 9 ! nor?2 its security by =tifications is a matt] ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,! works recomm5d$ by ! ,bo>d1 consi/ ( a s+le =t1 co/+ #fjj1jjj1 at ,r\se's ,po9t1 on ! extreme fronti]1 & un=tifi$ dpts at ,plattsburg & ,albany4 ,b is ?is suffici5t to accompli% ! object8 ,if ! ho/ile army %\ld pass ! extreme fronti] b>ri]1 :at is to ret>d 8 advance1--:at def5sive works are to protect ! db\* ( ! ,nor!rn canal1 or ev5 to save ! great c5tral dpt8 ,we "k ( no =eign eng9e] :o has recomm5d$ less ?an ?ree l9es ( =tifications = ! security ( a l& fronti]2 & ,napoleon1 ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 & ,g5]al ,jom9i1 agree 9 recomm5d+ at lea/ ?is numb] ( l9es4 ,!re may be circum/ances t r5d] x unnecess>y to resort to a ?ree-fold def5ce ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( our nor!rn fronti]2 b ^u our ma9 l9e ( communication ) ,canada1--a l9e ( maximum importance bo? to u & to ! enemy1 we "k ( no reason = violat+ ! positive rules ( ! art1--rules :i* h be5 e/abli%$ = ages2 & sanction$ by ! be/ eng9e]s & greate/ g5]als ( mod]n times4 ,ticond]oga has m ?an once /ay$ ! waves ( nor!rn invasion2 & we "k ( no *ange 9 ! art ( w>1 or 9 ! condition ( ! c\ntry1 t r5d]s less important ?an =m]ly ! advantages ( an int]m$iate po9t ( support betwe5 ,albany & ! ,canadian l9es4 ,inde$ x w\ld seem t ! connection ( ! ,hudson ) ! lake by ! nor!rn canal _h ev5 increas$ ! value ( su* a po9t4 ,x w\ld seem1 moreov]1 t ! great value ( a c5tral dpt ne> ,albany w\ld w>rant a resort to ! be/ means ( security :i* c be af=d$ by def5sive works4 ,"h we already h "o ( our l>ge/ ars5als ( con/ruction2 "h are to be locat$ magaz9es = ! collection & deposit1 9 "t ( peace1 ( gunp[d]2 "h1 9 "t ( w>1 is to be =m$ ! gr& milit>y dpt = our :ole nor!rn armies2 & "h is ! po9t ( junction ( ! l9es ( communication ( our nor!rn & ea/]n /ates1 & ! great c5tral rally+ po9t :]e troops are to be collect$ = ! def5ce ( our nor!rn fronti]1 or = (f5sive op]ations aga9/ ,canada4 ,su* a place %\ld nev] be expos$ to ! c\p-de-ma9 ( an enemy4 ,! *ance op]ations ( a def5sive army are nev] suffici5t = ! security ( s important a position4 ,we d n "h pret5d to say :at its def5ces %\ld be4 ,p]haps /rong ttes-de-pont on ! ,mohawk & ,hudson riv]s1 & deta*$ works on ! sev]al l9es ( communication1 may accompli% ! desir$ object2 p]haps m c5tral & compact works may be f\nd necess>y4 ,b we insi/ on ! importance ( secur+ ?is position by "s effici5t means4 ,! rem>ks ( ,napoleon1 7:i* h already be5 giv517 on ! advantages to be d]iv$ f =tify+ su* a c5tral place1 :]e ! milit>y weal? ( a nation c be secur$1 are /rik+ly applicable to ?is case4 ,b let u look = a mom5t at :at is call$ ! we/]n plan ( def5ce = our nor!rn fronti]4 ,c]ta9 writ]s & orators ( ! we/]n /ates1 9 _! plans ( milit>y def5ce1 w\ld h ! pr9cipal =tifications ( ! nor!rn fronti] e/abli%$ on ,lake ,erie1 ! ,detroit riv]1 ! ,/4 ,clair1 & ,lake ,huron2 & ! money propos$ = ! o!r fronti] & coa/ works1 exp5d$ 9 e/abli%+ milit>y & naval dpts at ,memphis & ,pittsburg1 & 9 ! con/ruction ( a %ip-canal f ! l[] ,ill9ois to ,lake ,mi*igan1--= ! purpose ( obta9+ ! naval control ( ! nor!rn lakes4 ,x is said t ,briti% milit>y & /eam naval =ces w asc5d ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ,lake ,ont>io2 t to c\nt]act ^! op]ations we mu/ build an opposition /eam-navy at ,pittsburg & ,memphis1 & collect out troops on ! ,ohio & ,mississippi1 asc5d ! ,mississippi & ,ill9ois1 ,lake ,mi*igan1 ,lake ,huron1 & ! ,georgian ,bay1 cross ov] to ! ,ottawa by ,fr5* riv] & ,lake ,nipiss+1 or ,moon riv] & ! ,muskago1 !n desc5d ! ,ottawa riv] to ,montreal4 ,b z !re might be "s difficulty 9 convey+ _! w>-/eam]s ov] "s twelve or fifte5 portages betwe5 ! ,georgian ,bay & ! ,ottawa1 & z ! upp] wat]s ( t riv] are n navigable by su* craft1 x has1 by "s ( ! milit>y writ]s be=e allud$ to1 be5 deem$ pref]able to desc5d ,lake ,huron1 ,/4 ,clair riv] & lake1 run ! gauntlet pa/ ! ,briti% =ts on ! ,detroit1 desc5d ,lake ,erie & ! ,niag>a#bf into ,lake ,ont>io1 s z to meet ! ,engli% z !y come /eam+ up ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce6 ,footnote #bf3 ,h[ !y are to pass ! ,falls 0 n det]m9$ ei!r by ,h>ry ,bluff or ! ,memphis ,conv5tion4 ,x is agre$ ^u all sides t ! ,briti% mu/ fir/ collect _! =ces at ,quebec1 & !n pass along ! l9e ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ,lake ,ont>io to rea* ! ,niag>a & ,detroit fronti]s4 ,our bo>ds ( eng9e]s h deem$ x be/ to collect troops on ! ,*ampla9 l9e1 &1 by p5etrat+ betwe5 ,montreal & ,quebec1 sep>ate ! enemy's =ces & cut (f all ! rema9d] ( ,canada f supplies & re9=cem5ts f ,engl&4 ,b x has be5 discov]$ by c]ta9 we/]n m5 t to cut ! trunk ( a tree is n ! prop] me?od ( fell+ x3 we mu/ climb to ! top & p9* ! buds1 or1 at mo/1 cut (f a few ( ! small] limbs4 ,to bl[ up a h\se1 we %\ld n place ! m9e "u ! f\ndation1 b atta* x to "o ( ! %+les ( ! ro(6 ,we h already %[n t troops collect$ at ,albany may rea* ! great /rategic po9t on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce by an easy & direct r\te ( two hundr$ miles2 b =ces collect$ at ,pittsburg & ,memphis mu/ pass ov] a difficult & unfrequ5t$ r\te ( two ?\s& miles4 ,our m]*ant m>9e on ! lakes secures to u a naval sup]iority 9 t qu>t] at ! beg9n+ ( a w>2 & our facilities = %ip-build+ are !re equal if n sup]ior to any possess$ by ! enemy4 ,! only way1 !re=e1 9 :i* our asc5d5cy on ! lakes c be lo/1 is by ! introduction ( /eam craft f ! ,atlantic4 ,! canals & locks con/ruct$ = ?is object w pass vessels ( small dim5sions & draw+ n ov] eight & a half feet wat]4 ,h[ are we to prev5t ! introduction ( ^! ,atlantic /eam]s into our lakes8 ,%all we1 at ! fir/ op5+ ( ho/ilities1 m>* ) arm$ =ces ^u ! enemy's l9e ( artificial communication & bl[ up ! locks ( _! %ip-canals1 ?us meet+ ! enemy's m>9e at ! v ?re%old ( its introduction into ! int]ior seas2 or %all we build opposition /eam-navies at ,pittsburg & ,memphis1 "s two ?\s& miles di/ant1 & !n exp5d "s =ty or fifty millions#bg 9 op5+ an artificial *annel to enable !m to rea* ,lake ,ont>io1 aft] its bord]s h be5 laid wa/e by ! ho/ile =ces8 ,v few dis9t]e/$ judges w\ld hesitate 9 =m+ _! op9ion on ?is "q4#bh ,footnote #bg3 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,ill9ois %ip-canal1 = vessels ( eight & a half feet draught1 is e/imat$ at fifte5 millions2 to give ! same draught to ! ,mississippi & l[] ,ill9ois1 w\ld require at lea/ t5 millions m2 a %ip canal ( ! correspond+ draught ar\nd ,niag>a ,falls1 w co/1 say1 t5 millions2 ! navy y>d at ,memphis1 ) docks1 /oreh\ses1 c41 w co/ ab\t two millions1 & /eam]s s5t !nce to ! lakes w co/ ab\t fifty ?\s& doll>s p] gun4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! milit>y def5ces :i* x is deem$ necess>y to erect 9 "t ( peace = ! security ( ! ,*ampla9 fronti]1 w co/ only ab\t two ?\s& doll>s p] gun2 ! :ole exp5diture n exce$+1 at mo/1 two millions ( doll>s6 ,x is n to be d5i$ t a wat] communication betwe5 ! ,mississippi & ! nor!rn lakes w h great comm]cial advantages1 & t1 9 case ( a protract$ w>1 auxili>y troops & milit>y /ores may be drawn f ! valley ( ! ,mississippi to assi/ ! ,nor? & ,ea/ 9 prev5t+ any great accessions to ! ,briti% milit>y =ces 9 ! ,canadas4 ,we speak only ( ! policy ( exp5d+ va/ sums ( money on ?is milit>y 787 project1 to ! neglect ( matt]s ( m imm$iate & press+ want4 ,we h no?+ to say ( its "* z a comm]cial project1 or ( ! ultimate milit>y advantages t might accrue f su* a "w4 ,we speak only ( ! pres5t condition & wants ( ! c\ntry1 & n ( :at t condition & ^? wants may be g5]ations h5ce6 ,footnote #bh3 ,!re are no books devot$ exclusively to ! subjects embrac$ 9 ?is *apt]2 b ! read] w f9d _m rem>ks on ! nor!rn fronti] def5ces 9 ! hi/ories ( ! w> ( #ahab1 9 congressional reports1 7vide ,h\se ,doc4 #bjf1 ,x,x,v,ith ,congress1 #b;d session2 & ,s5ate ,doc41 ,no4 #he1 ,x,x,v,i,i,ith ,congress1 #b;d session17 & 9 num]\s pamphlets & essays t h appe>$ f ! press )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,army ,,organization--,,/aff ,,& ,,adm9i/rative ,,corps4 ,by ! law ( ! #ab? ( ,decemb]1 #agij1 on ! organization ( ! public =ce ( ,france1 ! ,army 0 def9$1 ,a /&+ =ce drawn f ! public =ce1 & design$ to act aga9/ ext]nal enemies4 ,une =ce habituelle extraite de la =ce publique1 et de/9e ess5tiellem5t agir contre les ennemis du dehors4 ,9 "t ( peace1 ! :ole organiz$ milit>y =ce ( ! ,/ate is int5d$ :5 we speak ( ! army2 b 9 "t ( w> ?is =ce is brok5 up into two or m fractions1 ea* ( :i* is call$ an army4 ,^! armies are usually nam$ f ! p>ticul> duty :i* may be assign$ to !m--z1 army ( invasion1 army ( occupation1 army ( obs]vation1 army ( res]ve1 c42 or f ! c\ntry or direction 9 :i* !y op]ate--z1 army ( ! ,nor?1 ( ! ,s\?1 ( ,mexico1 ( ,canada1 ( ! ,rh9e1 c42 or f ! g5]al :o comm&s x--z1 ! army ( ,s\lt1 army ( ,well+ton1 army ( ,bl*]1 c4 ,all mod]n armies are organiz$ on ! same basis4 ,!y are made up ( a ,/aff & ,adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts1 & f\r di/9ct arms--,infantry1 ,cavalry1 ,artill]y1 & ,eng9e]s2 ea* hav+ di/9ct duties1 b all comb9+ to =m "o & ! same milit>y body4 ,9 ! actual op]ations ( a campaign1 ^! =ces are =m$ into corps d'arme1 ea* corps d'arme be+ compos$ ( two or m gr&-divisions2 ea* gr&-division1 ( two or m brigades2 & ea* brigade1 ( sev]al companies1 squadrons1 or batt]ies4 ,9 speak+ ( an army 9 ! field1 x is sometimes suppos$ to be divid$ into two classes ( m5--! ,/aff & ! l9e4 ,we "h include 9 ! fir/ class-- ,all (fic]s1 ( :atev] arm1 above ! rank ( colonel2 ,all (fic]s ( ! /aff corps ( :atev] grade1 & ,all (fic]s atta*$ to ! /aff z aides1 c42 ,all (fic]s ( ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts2 ,all (fic]s ( artill]y & eng9e] /affs2 ,! corps ( geographical or topographical eng9e]s1 & ,! gu>ds4 ,9 ! second class are includ$ all troops1 ( :atev] arm1 :i* belong to ! active army1 9 infantry1 cavalry1 artill]y1 & eng9e]s4 ,all troops on deta*$ s]vice1 su* z recruit+1 gu>d+ po/s & depots1 escort+ convoys1 c41 z well z all s$5t>y corps1 g>risons ( =tifi$ places1 c41 are n reg>d$ 9 ?is classification z compos+ any "p ( ! l9e ( ! army4 ,troops ( ! l9e is a t]m appli$ only to su* troops z =m ! pr9cipal l9e on ! battle-field1 viz3--,! heavy infantry & heavy cavalry4 ,^! are te*nically call$ infantry ( ! l9e1 & cavalry ( ! l9e4 ,9 ?is s5se ( ! t]m1 light infantry1 light cavalry or dragoons1 artill]y1 & eng9e]s1 are n class$ z troops ( ! l9e4 ,b ?is di/9ction is n[ pretty mu* fall5 into disuse1 & ! division ( an army into ,/aff & ,adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts1 & f\r arms ( s]vice--,infantry1 ,cavalry1 ,artill]y1 & ,eng9e]s--is n[ reg>d$ z ! mo/ conv5i5t1 f be+ precise & def9ite 9 its mean+4 ,! g5]al /aff ( an army includes all g5]al (fic]s ( ! army1 & su* (fic]s ( l[] grades z are atta*$ to ?is g5]al duty1 in/ead ( s]v+ ) troops1 or on special adm9i/rative duty4 ,! g5]al (fic]s are--#a/1 ! g5]alissimo1 or comm&]-9 -*ief2 #b;d1 g5]als1 or m>%als1 z !y are call$ 9 ,france1 or field-m>%als & g5]als ( infantry & cavalry1 z !y are call$ 9 ,engl& & ! nor!rn /ates ( ,europe2 #c;d1 lieut5ant-g5]als2 #d?1 g5]als ( division1 or major-g5]als1 z !y are call$ 9 ,engl&2 #e?1 g5]als ( brigade1 or brigadi]-g5]als1 z !y are sometimes call$2--colonels1 majors1 capta9s1 lieut5ants1 ensigns1 & cornets or cadets1 are also ei!r atta*$ to ! /aff1 or =m a "p ( ! /aff corps4 ,! titles ( adjutant-g5]al1 & ( inspector-g5]al1 are giv5 to /aff (fic]s select$ = ^! special s]vices1 ei!r 9 ! g5]al /aff or 9 ! sev]al corps d'arme4 ,no special rank is atta*$ to ^! (fices !mselves1 & ! grade ( ^? :o hold !m is fix$ by "s special rule1 or by _! g5]al rank 9 ! army4 ,9 ! w> ( ! ,revolution1 ,wa%+ton held ! rank ( ,g5]al1 & 9 #agih ! rank ( ,lieut5ant-g5]al4 ,9 ! w> ( #ahab1 ! highe/ grade held by any ( our (fic]s 0 t ( ,g5]al ( ,division1 or ,major-g5]al1 z x 0 call$4 ,! highe/ grade 9 our army at ! pres5t "t is call$ ,major-g5]al--a title t prop]ly belongs1 n to ! g5]al ( an army1 b to ! *ief ( /aff4 ,hamilton _h ?is title :5 *ief ( ,wa%+ton's /aff2 ,b]?i] & ,s\lt :5 *ief ( ,napoleon's /aff1 ! =m] till ! close ( ! campaign ( #ahad1 & ! latt] 9 ! ,wat]loo campaign4 ,g5]al ,jom9i fir/ greatly di/+ui%$ himself z *ief ( ,ney's /aff1 & aft]w>ds on ! /aff ( ! ,emp]or ( ,russia4 ,o!r g5]als h ow$ mu* ( _! success to ! *iefs ( _! /aff3--,pi*egru to ,regni]1 ,moreau to ,dessoles1 ,kutus( to ,toll1 ,b>clay to ,diebits*1 & ,bl*] to ,%>nh>/ & ,gneis5au4 ,! g5]alissimo or comm&]-9-*ief ( an army is ! p]son designat$ by ! law ( ! l& to take *>ge ( ! organiz$ milit>y =ces ( ! /ate4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! ,presid5t1 ?r\gh 8 ,secret>y ( ,w>1 ex]cises ?is g5]al comm&4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,well+ton acts 9 ! capacity ( comm&]-9-*ief ( all ! ,briti% milit>y =ces4 ,9 ,france1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 "u ! k+1 has ?is g5]al direction4 ,9 o!r ,european s]vices1 "s pr9ce ( ! blood1 or di/+ui%$ g5]al1 ex]cises ! functions ( g5]alissimo4 ,an active army 9 ! field %\ld be comm&$ by a g5]al1 or1 z is done 9 "s ,european c\ntries1 by a m>%al4 ,^! may be reg>d$ z ( assimilat$ rank4 ,a corps d'arme %\ld1 be comm&$ by a ,lieut5ant-g5]al4 ,?is rule is almo/ univ]sal 9 ,europe4 ,! numb] ( m>%als 9 ,france "u ,napoleon 0 s great1 t (fic]s ( ?is grade 7 (t5 assign$ to corps d'arme4 ,a gr& division ( an army %\ld be comm&$ by a ,g5]al ( ,division4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! assimilat$ grade is t ( major-g5]al1 & 9 ,france at ! pres5t "t1 ! y\ng] lieut5ant-g5]als1 or ! m>*aux-de-camp1 comm& divisions4 ,a brigade %\ld be comm&$ by a ,brigadi]-g5]al4 ,at ! pres5t "t 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice1 m>*aux-de-camp act z comm&]s ( brigades4 ,! sev]al corps d'arme are designat$ by numb]s1 #a/1 #b;d1 #c;d1 c41 & 9 ! same way ! sev]al divisions 9 ea* corps d'arme1 & ! sev]al brigades 9 ea* division4 ,:5 ! numb] ( troops are plac$ on a w> foot+1 ea* corps d'arme ord9>ily conta9s f tw5ty to ?irty ?\s& m54 ,! comm& ( ^! sev]al corps d'arme1 divisions1 & brigades1 is tak5 by ! (fic]s ( ! correspond+ grades accord+ to s5iority ( rank1 & )\t ref]5ce to arms1 unless o!rwise direct$ by ! g5]alissimo1 :o %\ld always h ! p[] to designate (fic]s = special comm&s4 ,! *ief ( /aff ( an army is usually select$ f ! grade next bel[ t ( ! g5]al comm&+1 & receives ! title1 = ! "t be+1 :i* is us$ to designate ?is special rank4 ,9 "s ,european armies1 & =m]ly 9 our own s]vice1 ?is (fic] 0 call$ major-g5]al4 ,9 ,france1 if ! g5]alissimo comm&s 9 p]son1 a m>%al is made *ief ( /aff ) ! tempor>y title ( major-gnral2 b if a m>%al comm&s ! army1 a lieut5ant -g5]al or m>*al-de-camp becomes *ief ( /aff ) ! title ( aide-major-gnral4 ,! *iefs ( /aff ( corps d'arme & ( divisions1 are select$ 9 precisely ! same way4 ,! position assign$ by ! comm&+ g5]al = ! resid5ce ( 8 /aff1 is d5om9at$ ! ,g5]al ,head-,qu>t] ( ! army2 t ( a corps d'arme /aff1 ! ,head-,qu>t]s ( #a/ or #b;d1 c4 corps d'arme2 t ( a division1 ! ,head-,qu>t]s ( #a/ or #b;d1 c4 division1 #a/ or #b;d1 c4 corps d'arme4 ,! petty /affs ( regim5ts1 squadrons1 c41 consi/+ ( an adjutant1 s]geant-major1 c41 are especially organiz$ by ! comm&ants ( ! regim5ts1 c41 & h no connection :atev] ) ! g5]al /aff ( an army4 ,( c\rse1 !n1 !y are n embrac$ 9 ! pres5t discussion4 ,! subord9ate (fic]s ( ! /aff ( an army1 9 "t ( w>1 are *>g$ ) important & responsible duties connect$ ) ! execution ( ! ord]s ( _! respective *iefs4 ,b 9 "t ( peace1 !y are too apt to deg5]ate into f\r?-rate cl]ks ( ! ,adjutant-g5]al's dep>tm5t1 & m]e milit>y d&ies1 employ+ _! "t 9 discuss+ ! mo/ unimportant & really contemptible po9ts ( milit>y etiquette1 or criticis+ ! lett]s & dispat*es ( sup]ior (fic]s1 to see :e!r ! word+ ( ! report or ! fold+ ( ! lett] exactly corresponds to ! p>ticul> regulation applicable to ! case4 ,su* 0 ! "* giv5 to ! fir/ /aff ( ,well+ton1 & a simil> class ( m5 compos$ ! /aff ( ! army ( ,italy :5 x 0 aboli%$ by ,napoleon & a new "o =m$ 9 its place4 ,!re are also "s (fic]s ( ?is /amp 9 our own s]vice1 b !y are reg>d$ by ! army ) univ]sal contempt4 ,! /aff ( our army requires a new & diff]5t organization1 & %\ld be consid]ably enl>g$4 ,! foll[+ is ! composition ( a regul>ly organiz$ g5]al /aff 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice1 = an army ( =ty or fifty ?\s& m5 divid$ into two corps d'arme & a res]ve4 #a/4 ,! m>%al 7or g5]al7 comm&+-9-*ief2 & "o colonel or lieut5ant-colonel1 "o major1 ?ree capta9s & ?ree subalt]ns1 z aides-de-camp4 #b;d4 ,a lieut5ant-g5]al z *ief-(-/aff1 ) ! title ( major-g5]al1 assi/$ by "o colonel or lieut5ant-colonel1 ?ree majors1 five capta9s1 & "o subalt]n1 z aides-de-camp4 #c;d4 ,?ree lieut5ant-g5]als1 comm&+ ! corps d'arme & res]ve4 ,ea* ( ^! w be assi/$ by aides 9 ! same way z ! major-g5]al1 & ea* w also h 8 regul>ly-organiz$ /aff ( corps d'arme1 ) a g5]al ( division or g5]al ( brigade z *ief4 #d?4 ,six or n9e g5]als comm&+ divisions1 ea* hav+ 8 own di/9ct & sep>ately organiz$ /aff4 ,9 ! ,fr5* army1 ! /aff ( an (fic] comm&+ a division is compos$ ( "o colonel1 two majors1 ?ree capta9s1 & six subalt]ns4 #e?4 ,twelve or m g5]als ( brigade1 ea* hav+ "o capta91 & "o subalt]n = aides4 #f?4 ,!re is also atta*$ to ! /aff ( ! g5]al-9-*ief ( ! army1 ! comm&ants ( artill]y & eng9e]s1 ) sev]al subord9ates1 inspector-g5]als1 & ! rank+ (fic]s ( ea* ( ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts1 ) _! assi/ants4 ,! g5]als select _! aides & assi/ants f ! /aff corps1 or f ei!r ( ! f\r arms ( s]vice4 ,! troops ( ^! arms may be di/ribut$ z foll[s3 #eb battalions ( infantry1 #ce1jjj m54 #db squadrons ( horse1 4 4 #f1ejj #ac batt]ies ( artill]y1 7#d m\nt$ & #i foot17 4 #b1ejj #e companies ( sapp]s1 #b ( pontoni]s1#bi & #a ( artific]s1 4 4 4 4 4 #a1ejj ------ #de1ejj ,footnote #bi3 ,"o bridge-equipage is requir$ = ea* corps d'arme4 ,if we add to ^! ! /aff1 & ! sev]al (fic]s & employs ( ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts1 we h an army ( ne>ly fifty ?\s& m54 ,?is1 x w be rememb]$1 is ! organization ( an army 9 ! field2 9 ! entire milit>y organization ( a /ate1 ! numb] ( /aff (fic]s w be /ill high]4 ,9 #aghh1 ,france1 ) a milit>y organization = ab\t ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& m51 _h eighte5 m>%als1 two hundr$ & tw5ty-five lieut5ant-g5]als1 five hundr$ & ?irty-eight m>*aux-de-camp1 & f\r hundr$ & eighty-?ree brigadi]s4 ,a simil> organization ( ! g5]al /aff 0 ma9ta9$ by ,napoleon4 ,at pres5t ! g5]al /aff ( ! ,fr5* army consi/s ( n9e m>%als1 7twelve 9 "t ( w>27 eighty lieut5ant-g5]als 9 active s]vice1 fifty-two 9 res]ve1 & sixty two en retraite--"o hundr$ & n9ety-f\r 9 all2 "o hundr$ & sixty m>*aux-de-camp 9 active s]vice1 eighty-six 9 res]ve1 & "o hundr$ & n9ety en retraite--f\r hundr$ & ?irty-six 9 all4 ,! (fic]s ( ! /aff-corps are3 ?irty colonels1 ?irty lieut5ant-colonels1 "o hundr$ majors1 ?ree hundr$ capta9s1 & "o hundr$ lieut5ants4 ,^? ( o!r ,european armies are organiz$ on ! same basis4 ,x w be se5 f ^! rem>ks t ! organization ( our own g5]al /aff is exce$+ly defective1 & entirely unsuit$ to ! object = :i* x is creat$4 ,we h two brigadi]-g5]als = ! comm& ( two brigades1 & "o g5]al ( division1 ) ! title ( major-g5]al1 :o acts 9 ! f\rfold capacity ( g5]al comm&+ ! army1 lieut5ant-g5]al1 g5]al ( division1 & *ief ( /aff ( ! army4 ,b z x is impossible ) ?is numb] to ma9ta9 a prop] organization1 ! ,presid5t 7) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate7 has1 f "t to "t1 increas$ ?is numb] to ?ree major-g5]als1 & n9e brigadi]-g5]als1 & num]\s (fic]s ( /aff ) l[] grades4 ,ne>ly all ^! (fic]s are deta*$ f _! sev]al regim5ts & corps1 ?us injur+ ! effici5cy ( regim5ts & companies2 & we h 9 our s]vice1 by ?is absurd mode ( supply+ ! defects ( our sy/em ( organization by brevet rank1 ! anomaly ( (fic]s be+ g5]als1 & at ! same "t n g5]als2 ( hold+ c]ta9 ranks & grades1 & yet n hold+ ^! ranks & grades6 ,let ,congress d away ?is absurd & ridicul\s sy/em1 & e/abli% a prop] & effici5t organization ( ! g5]al /aff1 & re/ore ! grades ( g5]al & lieut5ant-g5]al4 ,9 ! w> ( #ahab1 in/ead ( resort+ to a prop] organization :5 an increase ( ! g5]al /aff 0 requir$1 we m]ely multipli$ ! numb] ( major-g5]als & g5]als ( brigade by direct appo9tm5t1 or by conf]r+ brevet rank4 ,x is n[ conc$$ t !re nev] 0 a m ineffici5t g5]al /aff ?an t ) :i* our army 0 curs$ dur+ ! w>2 & ! claims ( brevet rank h ev] s9ce be5 a s\rce ( endless turmoils & dissatisfaction1 driv+ f ! army _m ( its noble/ ornam5ts4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ano!r w>1 x is to be hop$ t ,congress w n aga9 resort to ! ru9\s sy/em ( #ahab4 ,possibly x may by "s be object$ to ! creation ( g5]als1 lieut5ant-g5]als1 c41 t x increases ! exp5se ( ! army & ! numb] ( its (fic]s4 ,?is ne$ n be4 ,! numb]1 pay1 c41 may rema9 ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 z at pres5t4 ,b by increas+ ! grades y avoid 9 a consid]able measure ! difficulties ( s5iority claims & brevet rank--! pr9cipal curses ( our pres5t sy/em4 ,if we m]ely increase ! numb] ( ea* exi/+ grade1 giv+ a "p ( ^! rank above _! "n & (fice1 we m]ely multiply evils4 ,b we w leave ?is subject = ! pres5t1 & recur to ! g5]al discussion ( /aff duties4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks ( ,jom9i on ! importance ( ! /aff ( an army are wor?y ( att5tion4 ,a good /aff1 says he1 is1 m ?an all1 indisp5sable to ! con/itution ( an army2 = x mu/ be reg>d$ z ! nurs]y :]e ! comm&+ g5]al c raise 8 pr9cipal supports--z a body ( (fic]s ^: intellig5ce c aid 8 own4 ,:5 h>mony is want+ betwe5 ! g5ius t comm&s1 & ! tal5ts ( ^? :o apply 8 conceptions1 success _c be sure2 = ! mo/ skilful comb9ations are de/roy$ by faults 9 execution4 ,moreov]1 a good /aff has ! advantage ( be+ m durable ?an ! g5ius ( any s+le man2 x n only rem$ies _m evils1 b x may safely be affirm$ t x con/itutes = ! army ! be/ ( all safegu>ds4 ,! petty int]e/s ( cot]ies1 n>r[ views1 & misplac$ egotism1 oppose ?is la/ position3 nev]!less1 e milit>y man ( reflection1 & e enlight5$ /atesman1 w reg>d its tru? z beyond all dispute2 = a well-appo9t$ /aff is to an army :at a skilful m9i/] is to a mon>*y--x seconds ! views ( ! *ief1 ev5 ?\gh x be 9 condition to direct all ?+s ( itself2 x prev5ts ! commission ( faults1 ev5 ?\gh ! comm&+ g5]al be want+ 9 exp]i5ce1 by furni%+ him good c\ncils4 ,h[ _m m$iocre m5 ( bo? anci5t & mod]n times1 h be5 r5d]$ illu/ri\s by a*ievem5ts :i* 7 ma9ly due to _! associates6 ,reyni] 0 ! *ief cause ( ! victories ( ,pi*egru1 9 #agid2 & ,dessoles1 9 l mann]1 contribut$ to ! glory ( ,moreau4 ,is n ,g5]al ,toll associat$ ) ! successes ( ,kutus(8 ,diebits* ) ^? ( ,b>clay & ,witg5/e98 ,gneis5au & ,muffl+ ) ^? ( ,bl*]8 ,num]\s o!r in/ances might be cit$ 9 support ( ^! ass]tions4 ,a well-e/abli%$ /aff does n always result f a good sy/em ( education = ! "y aspirants2 = a man may be a good ma!matician & a f9e s*ol>1 )\t be+ a good w>rior4 ,! /aff %\ld always possess suffici5t consid]ation & pr]ogative to be s\ght = by ! (fic]s ( ! sev]al arms1 & to draw toge!r1 9 ?is way1 m5 :o are already kn[n by _! aptitude = w>4 ,eng9e] & artill]y (fic]s w no long] oppose ! /aff1 if !y reflect t x w op5 to !m a m ext5sive field = imm$iate di/9ction1 & t x w ev5tually be made up exclusively ( ! (fic]s ( ^? two corps :o may be plac$ at ! disposal ( ! comm&+ g5]al1 & :o are ! mo/ capable ( direct+ ! op]ations ( w>4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>s ( ! ,revolution1 says ?is able hi/orian else:]e1 9 ! ,fr5* army ! g5]al /aff1 :i* is ess5tial = direct+ ! op]ations ( w>1 _h nei!r in/ruction nor exp]i5ce4 ,! sev]al adjutant-g5]als atta*$ to ! army ( ,italy 7 s utt]ly incompet5t1 t ,napoleon became prejudic$ aga9/ ! exi/+ /aff-corps1 & virtually de/roy$ x1 draw+ 8 /aff-(fic]s f ! o!r corps ( ! army4 ,9 8 e>li] w>s1 a l>ge portion ( /aff duties 7 assign$ to ! eng9e]s2 b 9 8 lat] campaigns ! (fic]s ( ?is corps 7 p>ticul>ly requir$ = ! sieges c>ri$ on 9 ,g]many & ,spa91 & consid]able difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 f9d+ suitable (fic]s = /aff duty4 ,"s ( ! defects ( ! fir/ ,fr5* /aff-corps 7 rem$i$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ,napoleon's c>e]1 & 9 #ahah x 0 reorganiz$ by ,m>%al ,sa9t-,cyr1 & a special s*ool e/abli%$ = its in/ruction4 ,"s ,european nations h e/abli%$ regul> /aff-corps1 f :i* ! vacancies 9 ! g5]al /aff are fill$2 o!rs draw all _! /aff-(fic]s f ! corps ( ! army4 ,a comb9ation ( ! two sy/ems is pref]r$ by ! be/ judges4 ,jom9i recomm5ds a regul> /aff-corps1 ) special s*ools = its in/ruction2 b ?9ks t its (fic]s %\ld be drawn1 at lea/ 9 "p1 f ! o!r corps ( ! army3 ! (fic]s ( eng9e]s & artill]y he deems1 f _! in/ruction1 to be peculi>ly qualifi$ = /aff duty4 ,! policy ( hold+ d\ble rank at ! same "t 9 ! /aff & 9 ! corps ( ! army1 z is done 9 our s]vice1 is pron\nc$ by all compet5t judges z ru9\s to an army1 de/roy+ at ! same "t ! "* ( ! /aff & injur+ ! effici5cy ( ! l9e4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks on ! "* & duties ( g5]al-(fic]s ( an army1 made at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ( #ahab1 are f ! p5 ( "o ( ! able/ milit>y writ]s ?is c\ntry has yet produc$3-- ,g5]als h be5 divid$ into ?ree classes1--,!ori/s1 :o by /udy & reflection h made !mselves acqua9t$ ) all ! rules or maxims ( ! art !y pr(ess2 ,m>t9ets1 :o h conf9$ _! att5tion m]ely to ! me*anical "p ( ! trade2 & ,practical m51 :o h no o!r or bett] guide ?an _! own exp]i5ce1 9 ei!r bran* ( x4 ,?is la/ description is 9 all s]vices1 except+ our own1 ! mo/ num]\s1 b ) u gives place to a f\r? class1 viz41 m5 de/itute alike ( !ory & ( exp]i5ce4 ,self-respect is "o ?+1 & presumption ano!r4 ,)\t ! =m]1 no man ev] became a good (fic]2 "u ! influ5ce ( ! latt]1 g5]als h committ$ great faults4 ,! =m] is ! necess>y result ( k2 ! latt] ( ignorance4 ,a man acqua9t$ ) 8 duty c r>ely be plac$ 9 circum/ances new1 surpris+1 or emb>rass+2 a man ignorant ( 8 duty w always f9d himself con/ra9$ to guess1 & n kn[+ h[ to be "r by sy/em1 w (t5 be wrong by *ance4 ,^! rem>ks are nei!r made nor (f]$ z apply+ exclusively to ! sci5ce ( w>4 ,!y apply to all o!r sci5ces2 b 9 ^!1 errors are comp>atively h>mless4 ,a naturali/ may amuse himself & ! public ) false & fanciful !ories ( ! e>?2 & a metaphysician may reason v badly on ! relations & =ms ( matt] & _s1 )\t any ill effect b to make !mselves ridicul\s4 ,_! blund]s b make u m]ry2 !y nei!r pick pockets1 nor break legs1 nor de/roy lives2 :ile ^? ( a g5]al br+ aft] !m evils ! mo/ comp\nd$ & mis*iev\s1--! slaught] ( an army--! deva/ation ( a /ate--! ru9 ( an empire6 ,9 proportion z ignorance may be calamit\s1 ! reasons = acquir+ in/ruction are multipli$ & /r5g!n$4 ,are y an hone/ man8 ,y w sp>e nei!r labor nor sacrifice to ga9 a compet5t k ( y\r duty4 ,are y a man ( honor8 ,y w be c>eful to avoid self-reproa*4 ,does y\r bosom gl[ ) ! holy f]vor ( patriotism8 ,y w s accompli% y\rself z to avoid br++ d[n ^u y\r c\ntry ei!r insult or injury4 ,nor are ! m selfi% impulses )\t a simil> t5d5cy4 ,has hung] made y a soldi]8 ,w y n take c>e ( y\r bread6 ,is vanity y\r pr9ciple ( action8 ,w y n gu>d ^? mighty bless+s1 y\r epaulets & fea!rs6 ,are y impell$ by a love ( glory or a love ( p[]8 ,& c y =get t ^! coy mi/resses are only to be won by intellig5ce & good conduct8 ,b ! means ( in/ruction1 say y1 :]e are !y to be f\nd8 ,our /&+ army is b a bad & ill-organiz$ militia1 & our militia n bett] ?an a mob4 ,nor h ! defects 9 ^! be5 suppli$ by ,lyces1 ,prytanes1 & ,polyte*nic s*ools4 ,! morbid patriotism ( "s1 & ! false economy ( o!rs1 h ne>ly oblit]at$ e ?+ l milit>y k among u4 ,?is1 read]1 is b "o motive ! m = re9/at+ x4 ,?anks to ! noble art ( pr9t+6 y /ill h books :i*1 if /udi$1 w tea* ! art ( w>4 ,books6 ,& :at are !y b ! dreams ( p$ants8 ,!y may make a ,mack1 b h !y ev] made a ,x5ophon1 a ,cs>1 a ,saxe1 a ,fr$]ick1 or a ,bonap>te8 ,:o w\ld n laugh to he> ! cobbl] ( ,a!ns lectur+ ,hannibal on ! art ( w>8 ,true2 b z y are n ,hannibal1 li/5 to ! cobbl]4 ,x5ophon1 ,cs>1 ,saxe1 ,fr$]ick1 & ,napoleon1 h all ?\ght well ( books1 & h ev5 compos$ !m4 ,nor is ?is extraord9>y1 s9ce !y are b ! depositories ( maxims :i* g5ius has sugge/$1 & exp]i5ce confirm$2 s9ce !y bo? enlight5 & %ort5 ! road ( ! travell]1 & r5d] ! labor & g5ius ( pa/ ages tribut>y to our own4 ,^! tea* mo/ emphatically1 t ! secret ( successful w> is n to be f\nd 9 m]e legs & arms1 b 9 ! head t %all direct !m4 ,if ?is be ei!r ungift$ by nature1 or un9/ruct$ by /udy & reflection1 ! be/ plans ( manoeuvre & campaign avail no?+4 ,! two la/ c5turies h pres5t$ _m revolutions 9 milit>y "*1 all ( :i* h turn$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,x w\ld be useless to enum]ate ^!4 ,we %all quote only ! greate/ & ! la/--,! troops ( ,fr$]ick6 ,h[ illu/ri\s "u him6 ,h[ contemptible "u 8 successors6 ,yet 8 sy/em 0 !re2 8 d\ble l9es ( m>* at full di/ance2 8 oblique ord] ( battle2 8 simple l9es ( manoeuvre 9 ! pres5ce ( an enemy2 8 wise con=mation ( an tat-major2--all1 9 %ort1 t di/+ui%$ 8 practice f t ( ord9>y m51 surviv$ him2 b ! head t truly compreh5d$ & knew h[ to apply ^!1 di$ ) ,fr$]ick4 ,:at an admonition does ?is fact pres5t = self-in/ruction1--= unwe>i$ dilig5ce1--= /udy & reflection6 ,nor %\ld ! =ce ( ?is be less5$ by ! consid]ation t1 aft] all1 unless nature %\ld h done h] "p ( ! "w1--unless to a s\l n to be %ak5 by any *anges ( =tune--cool1 collect$1 & /r5u\s--%e adds a head f]tile 9 exp$i5ts1 prompt 9 its decisions1 & s\nd 9 its judgm5ts1 no man c ev] m]it ! title ( a g5]al4 ,! celebrat$ ,m>%al ,saxe has made ! foll[+ rem>ks on ! necess>y qualifications to =m a good g5]al4 ,! mo/ indisp5sable "o1 accord+ to 8 idea1 is valor1 )\t :i* all ! re/ w prove nugatory4 ,! next is a s\nd und]/&+ ) "s g5ius3 = he mu/ n only be c\rage\s1 b be extremely f]tile 9 exp$i5ts4 ,! ?ird is heal? & a robu/ con/itution4 ,8 m9d mu/ be capable ( prompt & vigor\s res\rces2 he mu/ h an aptitude1 & a tal5t at discov]+ ! designs ( o!rs1 )\t betray+ ! slighte/ trace ( 8 own int5tions2 he mu/ be1 seem+ly1 communicative1 9 ord] to enc\rage o!rs to unbosom1 b rema9 t5aci\sly res]v$ 9 matt]s t conc]n 8 own army2 he mu/1 9 a ^w1 possess activity ) judgm5t1 be able to make a prop] *oice ( 8 (fic]s1 & nev] deviate f ! /ricte/ l9e ( milit>y ju/ice4 ,old soldi]s mu/ n be r5d]$ wret*$ & unhappy by unw>rantable promotions1 nor mu/ extraord9>y tal5ts be kept back to ! detrim5t ( ! s]vice on acc\nt ( m]e rules & regulations4 ,great abilities w ju/ify exceptions2 b ignorance & inactivity w n make up = ye>s sp5t 9 ! pr(ession4 ,9 8 deportm5t he mu/ be affable1 & always sup]ior to peevi%ness or ill-humor2 he mu/ n "k1 or at lea/ seem n to "k1 :at a _s ( res5tm5t is2 & :5 he is "u ! necessity ( inflict+ milit>y *a/isem5t1 he mu/ see ! guilty puni%$ )\t compromise or fooli% humanity2 & if ! del9qu5t be f among ! numb] ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds1 he mu/ be d\bly sev]e t[>ds ! un=tunate man4 ,= x is bett]1 9 in/ances ( correction1 t "o individual %\ld be treat$ ) rigor 7by ord]s ( ! p]son ov] :om he may be suppos$ to hold "s influ5ce7 ?an t an idea %\ld g =? 9 ! army ( public ju/ice be+ sacrific$ to private s5tim5ts4 ,a mod]n g5]al %\ld always h be=e him ! example ( ,manlius2 he mu/ dive/ himself ( p]sonal s5sations1 & n only be conv9c$ himself1 b conv9ce o!rs1 t he is ! organ ( milit>y ju/ice1 & t :at he does is irrevocably prescrib$4 ,) ^! qualifications1 & by ?is l9e ( conduct1 he w secure ! affections ( 8 foll[]s1 in/ill into _! m9ds all ! impulses ( def]5ce & respect2 he w be fe>$1 & consequ5tly obey$4 ,! res\rces ( a g5]al's m9d are z v>i\s z ! occasions = ! ex]cise ( !m are multipli$ & *eck]$3 he mu/ be p]fectly ma/] ( ! art ( kn[+ h[ to support an army 9 all circum/ances & situations2 h[ to apply its /r5g?1 or be sp>+ ( its en]gy & confid5ce2 h[ to po/ all its diff]5t compon5t p>ts1 s z n to be =c$ to give or receive battle 9 opposition to settl$ plans4 ,:5 once engag$1 he mu/ h pres5ce ( m9d en\gh to grasp all ! relative po9ts ( disposition & arrangem5t1 to seize favorable mom5ts = impression1 & to be ?or\ghly conv]sant 9 ! inf9ite vicissitudes t occur dur+ ! heat ( a battle2 on a ready possession ( :i* its ultimate success dep5ds4 ,^! requisites are unque/ionably manifold1 & gr[ out ( ! div]sity ( situations & ! *ance m$ley ( ev5ts t produce _! necessity4 ,a g5]al to be 9 p]fect possession ( !m1 mu/ on ! day ( battle be dive/$ ( e ?\ght1 & be inaccessible to e feel+1 b :at imm$iately reg>ds ! bus9ess ( ! day2 he mu/ reconnoitre ) ! promptitude ( a skilful geograph]1 ^: eye collects in/antane\sly all ! relative portions ( locality1 & feels 8 gr\nd z x 7 by in/9ct2 & 9 ! disposition ( 8 troops he mu/ discov] a p]fect k ( 8 pr(ession1 & make all 8 arrangem5ts ) accuracy & dispat*4 ,8 ord] ( battle mu/ be simple & unconfus$1 & ! execution ( 8 plan be z quick z if x m]ely consi/$ 9 utt]+ "s few words ( comm&2 z1 ! fir/ l9e w attack6 ! second w support x6 or1 su* a battalion w advance & support ! l9e4 ,! g5]al (fic]s :o act "u su* a g5]al mu/ be ignorant ( _! bus9ess inde$1 if1 ^u ! receipt ( ^! ord]s1 !y %\ld be defici5t 9 ! imm$iate means ( answ]+ !m1 by a prompt & ready co-op]ation4 ,s t ! g5]al has only to issue out directions accord+ to ! gr[? ( circum/ances1 & to re/ satisfi$ t e division w act 9 con=mity to 8 int5tions2 b if1 on ! contr>y1 he %\ld s f> =get 8 situation z to become a drill-s]geant 9 ! heat ( action1 he mu/ f9d himself 9 ! case ( ! fly 9 ! fable1 :i* p]*$ ^u a :eel1 & fooli%ly imag9$ t ! motion ( ! c>riage 0 influ5c$ by its situation4 ,a g5]al1 !re=e1 ought on ! day ( battle to be ?or\ghly ma/] ( himself1 & to h bo? 8 m9d & 8 eye rivet$ to ! imm$iate sc5e ( action4 ,he w by ^! means be enabl$ to see e ?+2 8 judgm5t w be unemb>rass$1 & he w in/antly discov] all ! vuln]able po9ts ( ! enemy4 ,! in/ant a favorable op5+ (f]s1 by :i* ! conte/ may be decid$1 x becomes 8 duty to head ! ne>e/ body ( troops1 &1 )\t any reg>d to p]sonal safety1 to advance aga9/ ! enemy's l9e4 ,by a ready conception ( ?is sort1 jo9$ to a great c\rage1 ,g5]al ,dessaix det]m9$ ! issue ( ! battle ( ,m>5go4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible = any man to lay d[n rules1 or to specify ) accuracy all ! diff]5t ways by :i* a victory may be obta9$4 ,e ?+ dep5ds ^u a v>iety ( situations1 casualties ( ev5ts1 & int]m$iate occurr5ces1 :i* no human =esight c positively asc]ta91 b :i* may be conv]t$ to good purposes by a quick eye1 a ready conception1 & prompt execution4 ,pr9ce ,eug5e 0 s+ul>ly gift$ ) ^! qualifications1 p>ticul>ly ) t sublime possession ( ! m9d1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( a milit>y "*4 ,_m comm&]s-9-*ief h be5 s limit$ 9 _! ideas ( w>f>e1 t :5 ev5ts h br\ght ! conte/ to issue1 & two rival armies h be5 drawn out = action1 _! :ole att5tion has devolv$ ^u a /raight alignm5t1 an equality ( /ep1 or a regul> di/ance 9 int]vals ( columns4 ,!y h consid]$ x suffici5t to give answ]s to que/ions propos$ by _! aides-de-camp1 to s5d ord]s 9 v>i\s directions1 & to gallop !mselves f "o qu>t] to ano!r1 )\t /eadily adh]+ to ! fluctuations ( ! day1 or calmly wat*+ = an opportunity to /rike a decisive bl[4 ,!y endeavor1 9 fact1 to d e ?+1 & !reby d no?+4 ,!y appe> l m5 ^: pres5ce ( m9d des]ts !m ! in/ant !y are tak5 out ( ! beat5 track1 or r$uc$ to supply unexpect$ calls by uncommon ex]tions2 & f :5ce1 cont9ues ! same s5sible writ]1 d ^! contradictions arise8 f an ignorance ( ^? high qualifications )\t :i* ! m]e r\t9e ( duty1 me?odical arrangem5t1 & /udi$ discipl9e mu/ fall to ! gr\nd1 & defeat !mselves4 ,_m (fic]s sp5d _! :ole lives 9 putt+ a few regim5ts ?r\gh a regul> set ( manoeuvres2 & hav+ done s1 !y va9ly imag9e t all ! sci5ce ( a real milit>y man consi/s 9 t acquirem5t4 ,:51 9 process ( "t1 ! comm& ( a l>ge army falls to _! lot1 !y are manife/ly lo/ 9 ! magnitude ( ! und]tak+1 &1 f n kn[+ h[ to act z !y ought1 !y rema9 satisfi$ ) do+ :at !y h p>tially le>n$4 ,milit>y k1 z f> z x reg>ds a g5]al or comm&]-9-*ief1 may be divid$ into two p>ts1 "o compreh5d+ m]e discipl9e & settl$ sy/ems = putt+ a c]ta9 numb] ( rules into practice2 & ! o!r orig9at+ a sublimity ( conception t me?od may assi/1 b _c give4 ,if a man be born ) faculties t are naturally adapt$ to ! situation ( a g5]al1 & if 8 tal5ts d n fit ! extraord9>y casualties ( w>1 he w nev] rise beyond m$iocrity4 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 w> z x is 9 pa9t+1 or 9 music4 ,p]fection 9 ei!r art gr[s out ( innate tal5t1 b x nev] c be acquir$ )\t !m4 ,/udy & p]sev]ance may correct ideas1 b no application1 no assiduity w give ! life & en]gy ( action2 ^! are ! works ( nature4 ,x has be5 my fate 7obs]ves ! ,m>%al7 to see sev]al v excell5t colonels become indiff]5t g5]als4 ,i h kn[n o!rs1 :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves at sieges1 & 9 ! diff]5t evolutions ( an army1 lose _! pres5ce ( m9d & appe> ignorant ( _! pr(ession1 ! in/ant !y 7 tak5 f t p>ticul> l9e1 & be incapable ( comm&+ a few squadrons ( horse4 ,%\ld a man ( ?is ca/ be put at ! head ( an army1 he w conf9e himself to m]e dispositions & manoeuvres2 to !m he w look = safety2 & if once ?w>t$1 8 defeat w be inevitable1 because 8 m9d is n capable ( o!r res\rces4 ,9 ord] to obviate1 9 ! be/ possible mann]1 ! innum]able disa/]s :i* mu/ arise f ! unc]ta9ty ( w>1 & ! great] unc]ta9ty ( ! means t are adopt$ to c>ry x on1 "s g5]al rules ought to be laid d[n1 n only = ! gov]nm5t ( ! troops1 b = ! in/ruction ( ^? :o h ! comm& ( !m4 ,! pr9ciples to be obs]v$ are3 t :5 ! l9e or ! columns advance1 _! di/ances %\ld be scrupul\sly obs]v$2 t :5ev] a body ( troops is ord]$ to *>ge1 e proportion ( ! l9e %\ld ru% =w>d ) intrepidity & vigor2 t if op5+s are made 9 ! fir/ l9e1 x becomes ! duty ( ! second in/antly to fill up ! *asms4 ,^! in/ructions issue f ! dictates ( pla9 nature1 & d n require ! lea/ elucidation 9 writ+ ,!y con/itute ! ,a1 ,b1 ,c ( soldi]s4 ,no?+ c be m simple1 or m intelligible2 s mu* s1 t x w\ld be ridicul\s 9 a g5]al to sacrifice ess5tial objects 9 ord] to att5d to su* m9uti4 ,8 functions 9 ! day ( battle are conf9$ to ^? occupations ( ! m9d1 by :i* he is enabl$ to wat* ! c\nt5ance ( ! enemy2 to obs]ve 8 movem5ts1 & to see ) an eagle's or a k+ ( ,prussia's eye1 all ! relative directions t 8 oppon5ts take4 ,x mu/ be 8 bus9ess to create al>ms & suspicions among ! enemy's l9e 9 "o qu>t]1 :ile 8 real int5tion is to act aga9/ ano!r2 to puzzle & disconc]t him 9 8 plans2 to take advantage ( ! manifold op5+s :i* 8 fe9ts h produc$1 & :5 ! conte/ is br\ght to issue1 to be capable ( plung+ ) effect ^u ! weake/ "p1 & c>ry+ ! sword ( dea? :]e its bl[ is c]ta9 ( be+ mortal4 ,b to accompli% ^! important & indisp5sable po9ts1 8 judgm5t mu/ be cle>1 8 m9d collect$1 8 he>t firm1 & 8 eyes incapable ( be+ div]t$1 ev5 = a mom5t1 by ! trifl+ occurr5ces ( ! day4 ,! adm9i/rative s]vice ( an army is usually divid$ into sev]al di/9ct dep>tm5ts1 z-- ,pay dep>tm5t4 ,subsi/5ce ,clo?+ ,m$ical ,^! 9 our s]vice are unit$4 ,hospital ,b>rack ,^! 9 our s]vice are comb9$ ,fuel 9 "o1 call$ ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,transportation dep>tm5t ,recruit+ ,milit>y ,ju/ice1 or ,c\rt ,m>tial dep>tm5t4 ,x 0 int5d$ to ent] into ! hi/ory1 organization1 & use ( ea* ( ^! civico-milit>y dep>tm5ts ( an army2 b our limits are su* z to preclude any ?+ l s detail$ a discussion z w\ld be necess>y = a prop] und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,we !re=e pass f ! /aff directly to ! l9e or r ! f\r pr9cipal arms ( an army organization4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ,( works t treat directly ( /aff organization & duties1 ^? ( ,grimo>d1 ,?ibault1 ,b\t\rl91 ,labaume1 are e/eem$ among ! be/4 ,! writ+s ( ,jom9i1 ,napoleon1 ,rocquanc\rt1 ,vau*elle1 ,odi]1 ,s*>nhor/1 also conta9 mu* valuable in=mation on ?is subject4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( books may be ref]r$ to = fur!r in=mation on ! subjects allud$ to 9 ?is *apt]3 ,aide-,mmoire des (fici]s gnraux et suprieurs et des capita9es4 ,prcis de l'art de la gu]re4 ,jom9i4 ,mmoires de ,napolon4 ,mon?olon et ,g\rgaud4 ,c\rs lm5taire d'art et d'hi/oire militaires4 ,rocquanc\rt4 ,c\rs lm5taire d'adm9i/ration militaire4 ,vau*elle4 ,droite lm5taire d'art militaire1 c4 ,gay de ,v]non4 ,annuaire militaire hi/orique1 c4 ,sic>d4 ,c\rs abrg d'adm9i/ration militaire4 ,b]ni]4 ,c\rs d'adm9i/ration militaire1 c4 ,odi]4 ,de l'adm9i/ration de l'arme d',espagne4 ,odi]4 ,de l'organization de la =ce arme en ,france4 ,c>ion-,nisas4 ,elm5s de l'art militaire1 c4 ,cugnot4 ,mmoires sur la gu]re4 ,feuquires4 ,c\rs d'art militaire et d'hi/oire4 ,jacqu9ot de ,presle4 ,c\rs d'art militaire4 ,fallot4 ,?orie de l'(fici] suprieur4 ,lori]4 ,hi/oire de l'adm9i/ration de la gu]re4 ,aud\94 ,in/ructions div]ses a l'usage de l'cole d'application du corps royal d'tat-major4 ,h&bu* fr (fizi]e1 c4 ,s*>nhor/4 ,hav+ omitt$ all discussion ( ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ! adm9i/rative s]vice ( an army organization1 x is n deem$ necess>y to give ! names ( books ( ref]5ce on ! subjects ( pay1 c\rts-m>tial1 m$ic9al & hospital dep>tm5ts1 c41 c4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,army ,,organization4#ca--;,,infantry ,,& ,,cavalry ,infantry4--,infantry con/itutes1 9 active s]vice1 by f> ! mo/ num]\s portion ( an army2 9 "t ( peace its duties are simple1 &1 9 mo/ c\ntries1 ( little comp>ative importance2 b 9 our c\ntry ! cont9ually recurr+ difficulties on ! ,indian fronti]s1 r5d] ?is arm peculi>ly necess>y & important1 ev5 9 "t ( g5]al peace4 ,f ! nature ( infantry s]vice--no peculi> te*nical k 7we speak ( ! privates & (fic]s ( ! l[] grades7 be+ s absolutely indisp5sable z 9 ! o!r arms--! soldi] may 9 a %ort "t be tra9$ & in/ruct$ 9 8 duties4 ,= ?is reason ! ratio ( infantry 9 a peace e/abli%m5t is ord9>ily mu* less ?an 9 active s]vice1 ?is arm be+ always capable ( great expansion :5 occasion requires4 ,footnote #ca3 ,9 discuss+ our own organization1 x may be well to comp>e x ) ! armies ( "s ( ! pr9cipal nations ( ,europe4 ,our limits w n all[ u to g v mu* into details1 nor to make a comp>ison ) m ?an a s+le ,european p[]4 ,we %all select ,france1 inasmu* z h] army organization has s]v$ z a model = ! re/ ( ,europe1 & is /ill1 9 "s respects1 sup]ior to mo/ o!rs4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iods ( society1 & 9 c\ntries :]e horses ab\nd$1 m5 h usually pref]r$ fight+ on horseback2 b civilization & a m ?or\gh acqua9tance ) w> has always increas$ ! importance ( infantry4 ,! ,hebrews1 & also ! ,egyptians1 employ$ ?is arm almo/ exclusively4 ,! ,asiatics g5]ally employ$ bo? infantry & cavalry1 b ) ! ,greeks ! infantry 0 ! favorite arm4 ,ev5 _! k+s & g5]als usually f\ght on foot4 ,! ,romans conqu]$ ! _w ma9ly ) _! infantry4 ,?is arm 0 also consid]$ ( ! greate/ importance by ! anci5t ,g]mans & ,gauls2 b ! migration ( ! ,huns & o!r ,mongolic tribes m\nt$ on small & fleet horses1 & ! acqua9tance =m$ by ! ,franks ( nor!rn ,spa9 ) ! ,moors1 :o 7 m\nt$ on beautiful horses f ,arabia & ! plateau ( ,asia1 introduc$ a ta/e = cavalry 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,?is ta/e 0 /ill fur!r cultivat$ "u ! feudal sy/em1 = ! knights pref]r$ fight+ on horseback to s]v+ on foot4 ,dur+ ! crusades ! infantry fell into disrepute4 ,b ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] *ang$ ! :ole sy/em ( w>f>e1 & re/or$ to infantry its =m] importance4 ,! ,romans1 says ,napoleon 9 8 ,memoirs1 _h two infantries2 ! fir/1 lightly arm$1 0 provid$ ) a missile weapon2 ! second1 heavily arm$1 bore a %ort sword4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( p[d] two species ( infantry 7 /ill cont9u$3 ! arquebusi]s1 :o 7 lightly arm$1 & int5d$ to obs]ve & h>ass ! enemy2 & ! pikem51 :o suppli$ ! place ( ! heavy-arm$ infantry4 ,dur+ ! hundr$ & fifty ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ,vauban bani%$ lances & pikes f all ! infantry ( ,europe1 sub/itut+ = !m ! firelock & bayonet1 all ! infantry has be5 lightly arm$444444 ,!re has be5 s9ce t "t1 prop]ly speak+1 only "o k9d ( infantry3 if !re 0 a company ( *asseurs 9 e battalion1 x 0 by way ( c\nt]poise to ! company ( gr5adi]s2 ! battalion be+ compos$ ( n9e companies1 "o pick$ company did n appe> suffici5t4 ,if ! ,emp]or ,napoleon creat$ companies ( voltigeurs arm$ l dragoons1 x 0 to sub/itute !m = ^? companies ( *asseurs4 ,he compos$ !m ( m5 "u five feet 9 height1 9 ord] to br+ into use t class ( ! conscription :i* measur$ f f\r feet t5 in*es to five feet2 & hav+ be5 until t "t exempt1 made ! burd5 ( conscription fall m heavily on ! o!r classes4 ,?is arrangem5t s]v$ to rew>d a great numb] ( old soldi]s1 :o1 be+ "u five feet 9 height1 c\ld n ent] into ! companies ( gr5adi]s1 :o on acc\nt ( _! brav]y1 des]v$ to ent] into a pick$ company3 x 0 a p[]ful inc5tive to emulation to br+ ! giants & pigmies into competition4 ,_h !re be5 m5 ( diff]5t colors 9 ! armies ( ! emp]or1 he w\ld h compos$ companies ( blacks & companies ( :ites3 9 a c\ntry :]e !re 7 cyclops or hun*backs1 a good use might be made ( companies ( cyclops1 & o!rs ( hun*backs4 ,9 #aghi1 ! ,fr5* army z compos$ ( regim5ts ( ! l9e & battalions ( *asseurs2 ! *asseurs ( ! ,cev5nes1 ! ,viv>ais1 ! ,alps1 ( ,corsica1 & ! ,pyr5ees1 :o at ! ,revolution =m$ half brigades ( light infantry2 b ! object 0 n to h two diff]5t sorts ( infantry1 = !y 7 rais$ alike1 in/ruct$ alike1 drill$ alike2 only ! battalions ( *asseurs 7 recruit$ by ! m5 ( ! m\nta9\s di/ricts1 or by ! sons ( ! g>de-*asse2 :5ce !y 7 m fit to be employ$ on ! fronti]s ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees2 & :5 !y 7 9 ! armies ( ! ,nor?1 !y 7 always deta*$1 9 pref]5ce1 = climb+ heights or sc\r+ a =e/2 :5 ^! m5 7 plac$ 9 l9e1 9 a battle1 !y s]v$ v well z a battalion ( ! l9e1 because !y _h receiv$ ! same in/ructions1 & 7 arm$ & discipl9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,e p[] occasionally raises1 9 w>-"t1 irregul> corps1 "u ! title ( free or legion>y battalions1 consi/+ ( =eign des]t]s1 or =m$ ( individuals ( a p>ticul> p>ty or faction2 b t does n con/itute two sorts ( infantry4 ,!re is & c be b "o4 ,if ! apes ( antiquity mu/ ne$s imitate ! ,romans1 x is n light-arm$ troops t !y ought to introduce1 b heavy-arm$ soldi]s1 or battalions arm$ ) swords2 = all ! infantry ( ,europe s]ve at times z light troops4 ,mo/ ,european nations1 = reasons probably simil> to ^? ( ,napoleon1 keep up ?is nom9al division ( infantry ( ! l9e & light infantry2 b bo? are usually arm$ & equipp$ alike1 & bo? receive ! same organization & in/ruction4 ,! light infantry are usually made up f ! class ( m51 or di/rict ( c\ntry1 :i* furni%es ! greate/ numb] ( riflem5 & %>p%oot]s4 ,9 ,france1 ! light infantry is be/ suppli$ by ! hunt]s ( ! ,ard5nes1 ! ,vosges1 & ! ,jura di/ricts2 9 ,au/ria1 by ! ,croates & ,tyrolese2 9 ,prussia1 by ! fr/]s1 or woodsm52 & 9 ,russia1 by ! ,cossacks4 ,our own we/]n hunt]s1 ) prop] discipl9e1 make ! be/ tirailleurs 9 ! _w4 ,light infantry is usually employ$ to protect ! flanks ( ! ma9 army1 to secure outpo/s1 to reconnoitre ! gr\nd1 secure av5ues ( approa*1 deceive ! enemy by demon/rations1 & secure ! repose ( ! o!r troops by patroll+ p>ties4 ,!y usually beg9 a battle1 & aft]w>ds take _! places 9 ! l9e1 ei!r on ! flanks1 or 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! l>g] bodies4 ,! battle ( ,j5a furni%es a good example ( ! use ( ,fr5* light infantry2 & at ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 ! ,prussian tirailleurs 7 exce$+ly effective 9 cle>+ ! gr\nd = ! advance ( ,bl*]'s heavy columns4 ,! attack ( ,floh-hug by ,aug]eau1 ( ,vi]zehn ,heileg5 by ,su*et1 ( ,is]/a$t by ,desj>d9s1 are models well wor?y ( /udy4 ,! infantry ( ! l9e acts 9 masses1 &1 on ! field ( battle1 con/itutes ! pr9cipal fight+ =ce4 ,its =mations & ! mann] ( engag+ x h already be5 discuss$ "u ! head ( tactics4 ,! importance ( infantry is due1 9 consid]able "p1 to ! fact t x c be us$ ev]y:]e--9 m\nta9s or on pla9s1 9 woody or op5 c\ntries1 9 cities or 9 fields1 on riv]s or at sea1 9 ! r$\bt or 9 ! attack ( ! brea*2 ! infantry dep5ds only on itself1 :]eas ! o!r arms mu/ dep5d 9 a consid]able degree on ! effici5cy ( _! mat]ials & ! w & /r5g? ( brute =ce2 & :5 ! sn[s ( ,russia or ! des]ts ( ,egypt deprive _! animals ( ! means ( su/5ance1 !y become p]fectly useless4 ,foot-soldi]s1 9 old5 times1 7 arm$ ) a spe> & sometimes ) a sword1 arr[s1 lance1 & sl+4 ,at pres5t !y are arm$ ) a gun & bayonet1 & sometimes ) a sword4 ,9 "s ,european s]vices1 a few ( ! foot-soldi]s are arm$ ) a pike4 ,"s ( ! light troops us$ z %>p%oot]s c>ry ! rifle1 b ?is weapon is useless = ! great body ( infantry4 ,! %ort-sword is m useful z an in/rum5t = cutt+ bran*es1 wood1 c41 ?an = actual fight+4 ,! infantry h no def5sive cov]+1 or at lea/ v little4 ,! helmet or cap s]ves to protect ! head1 & ! %\ld]s are some:at def5d$ by epaulets4 ,x has (t5 be5 propos$ 9 mod]n times to re/ore ! anci5t def5sive armor ( ! foot-soldi]2 b ?is w\ld be worse ?an useless aga9/ fire-arms1 & moreov] w\ld de/roy ! effici5cy ( ^! troops by imp$+ _! movem5ts4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is arm dep5ds greatly ^u its discipl9e2 = if calm & firm1 a mass ( infantry 9 column or 9 squ>e is almo/ imp5etrable4 ,! bayonet 0 introduc$ by ,vauban 9 ! w>s ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & aft] ! ye>s #agjc & '#d1 ! pike 0 totally suppress$ 9 ! ,fr5* army4 ,?is measure 0 w>mly oppos$ by ,m>%al ,montesquieu1 & ! "q 0 discuss$ by him & ,m>%al ,vauban ) an ability & le>n+ wor?y ( ^! great m54 ,! argum5ts ( ,vauban 7 deem$ mo/ conclusive1 & 8 project 0 adopt$ by ! k+4 ,?is "q has be5 agitat$ by milit>y writ]s 9 m rec5t times1 ,puysgur advocat+ ! musket1 & ,fol>d & ,lloyd cont5d+ 9 favor ( re/or+ ! pike4 ,ev5 9 our own s]vice1 s late z ! w> ( #ahab1 a di/+ui%$ g5]al ( ! army /rongly urg$ ! use ( ! pike1 & ! fifte5? 7& p]haps ano!r regim5t7 0 arm$ & equipp$ 9 "p z pikem52 b exp]i5ce soon prov$ ! absurdity ( ! project4 ,napoleon calls ! infantry ! arm ( battles & ! s9ews ( ! army4 ,b if x be ackn[l$g$1 t1 next to ! tal5t ( ! g5]al-9-*ief1 ! infantry is ! fir/ in/rum5t ( victory1 x mu/ also be confess$ t x f9ds a p[]ful support 9 ! cavalry1 artill]y1 & eng9e]s1 & t )\t ^! x w\ld (t5 be compromis$1 & c\ld ga9 b a half success4 ,! ,fr5* infantry is divid$ into "o hundr$ regim5ts ( ?ree battalions ea*1 a battalion be+ compos$ ( sev5 companies4 ,!re are also sev]al o!r battalions ( *asseurs1 zuaves1 c41 be+ organiz$ especially = s]vice 9 ,africa1 & compos$ 9 "p ( native troops4 ,9 our own army we h eight regim5ts ( infantry1 ea* regim5t =m+ a s+le battalion ( t5 companies4 ,! flank companies are int5d$ = light infantry4 ,9 all prop]ly organiz$ armies ! infantry con/itutes f ?ree-f\r?s to f\r-fif?s ( ! entire active =ce 9 ! field1 & f two-?irds to ?ree-f\r?s1 say ab\t sev5-t5?s ( ! entire milit>y e/abli%m5t4 ,9 "t ( peace ?is proportion may be slightly dim9i%$4 ,cavalry4--,! use ( cavalry is probably ne>ly z old z w> itself4 ,! ,egyptians _h cavalry be=e ! "t ( ,moses1 & ! ,israelites (t5 enc\nt]$ cavalry 9 _! w>s ) _! neighbors1 ?\gh !y made no use ( ?is arm !mselves until ! "t ( ,solomon4 ,! ,greeks borr[$ _! cavalry f ! ,asiatics1 & especially f ! ,p]sians1 :o1 accord+ to ,x5ophon1 held ?is arm 9 great consid]ation4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,platea1 x 0 agre$ by assembl$ ,greece t ea* p[] %\ld furni% "o horseman to e t5 foot-soldi]s4 ,9 ,sp>ta ! poore/ 7 select$ = ?is arm1 & ! cavalry m>*$ to combat )\t any previ\s tra9+4 ,at ,a!ns ! cavalry s]vice 0 m popul>1 & !y =m$ a well-organiz$ corps ( twelve hundr$ horsem54 ,at ,!bes also ?is arm _h consid]ation 9 ! "t ( ,epam9ondas4 ,b ! cavalry ( ,!ssaly 0 ! mo/ r5[n$1 & bo? ,philip & ,alex&] drew _! m\nt$ troops f t c\ntry4 ,! ,romans _h made b little progress 9 ?is arm :5 !y enc\nt]$ ! ,!ssalians1 :o f\ght 9 ! army ( ,pyrrhus4 ,!y !n increas$ _! cavalry1 b x 0 n num]\s till aft] _! w>s ) ! ,c>?ag9ians4 ,scipio organiz$ & discipl9$ ! ,roman cavalry l t ( ! ,numidians4 ,?is arm 0 suppli$ f ! ranks ( ! ri*e/ citiz5s1 & aft]w>ds =m$ an ord] int]m$i>y betwe5 ! ,s5ate & ! p1 "u ! "n ( knights4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ! cavalry ( ! ,gauls 0 p>ticul>ly good4 ,! ,franks 7 )\t cavalry :5 !y made _! fir/ irruption into ,gaul4 ,"u ! reign ( ,*ild]ic ,i4 we see = ! fir/ "t ! cavali]s francs figure z a "p ( ! national =ces4 ,at ! battle ( ,t\rs ! cavalry & infantry 7 9 ! proportion ( "o to five1 & "u ,pep9 & ,*>lemagne _! numb]s 7 ne>ly equal4 ,"u ,*>les ! ,bald armies 7 compos$ entirely ( cavalry1 & dur+ ! middle ages ! knights disda9$ ! foot s]vice1 & f\ght only on horseback4 ,aft] ! introduction ( artill]y1 cavalry 0 /ill employ$1 ?\gh to little advantage4 ,gu/avus ,adolphus 0 ! fir/ to p]ceive ! real importance ( ?is arm 9 mod]n w>f>e1 & he us$ x ) great success4 ,b x 0 left = ,seidlitz to p]fect x "u ! direction ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,m>%al ,saxe v ju/ly rem>k$1 t cavalry is ! arme du mom5t1 = 9 almo/ e battle !re are mom5ts :5 a decisive *>ge ( cavalry w ga9 ! victory1 b if n made at ! in/ant x may be too late4 ,! effici5cy ( cavalry dep5ds ^u ! moral impression :i* x makes on ! enemy1 & is great] 9 proportion to ! size ( ! mass1 & ! rapidity ( its motion4 ,?is la/ quality enables a comm&] to avail himself imm$iately ( a decisive mom5t1 :5 ! enemy exposes a weak po9t1 or :5 disord] appe>s 9 8 ranks4 ,b ?is requires a bold & active _s1 :i* %r9ks n f responsibility1 & is able to avail itself ) quickness & decision ( e opportunity4 ,if x be rememb]$ t x is ess5tial t ?is c\p d'oeil1 s r>e & s difficult to acquire1 be accompani$ by a c\rage & vigor ( execution :i* no?+ c %ake1 we %all n be a/oni%$ t hi/ory furni%es s few good cavalry g5]als1 & t ?is arm s seldom does su* execution z x did "u ,fr$]ick & ,napoleon1 ) ,seidlitz & ,murat z comm&]s4 ,! soldi] ga9s great velocity by ! use ( ! horse 9 w>2 b 9 o!r respects he is ! los]4 ,! great exp5se & c>e requir$ ( ! cavali] to support 8 horse2 ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 surm\nt+ ord9>y ob/acles1 & 9 us+ 8 fire-arms to advantage1 are all prejudicial to success4 ,! unequal size ( ! horse1 & ! great div]sity 9 8 /r5g? & bre$1 h r5d]$ x necess>y to divide ?is arm into light & heavy cavalry1 & a mix$ class call$ dragoons4 ,! heavy cavalry is commonly us$ 9 masses :]e =ce is ma9ly requisite2 ! light] troops are us$ s+ly & 9 small deta*m5ts1 :]e rapidity ( movem5t is mo/ desir$4 ,! heavy cavalry are divid$ into c>ab9i]s1 cuirassi]s1 & sometimes lanc]s4 ,! two latt] are frequ5tly unit$1 ! cuirassi]s be+ arm$ ) ! lance4 ,^! troops are seldom us$ = sc\ts1 vangu>ds1 & convoys2 b are frequ5tly employ$ to su/a9 ! light cavalry4 ,_! ma9 duty is to appe> on ! field ( battle & make ! decisive *>ges4 ,! light cavalry is compos$ ( *asseurs1 or troop]s1 huss>s1 & lanc]s4 ,! latt]1 :5 compos$ ( l>ge m5 & m\nt$ on heavy horses1 are atta*$ to ! heavy cavalry4 ,! dragoons 7 =m]ly a mix$ body ( horse & foot1 b x be+ f\nd impossible to unite ^! two di/9ct arms 9 "o1 & ! attempt hav+ de/roy$ ! usefulness ( ! body to act 9 ei!r capacity1 ! t]m 0 appli$ to a mix$ k9d ( cavalry betwe5 ! heavy & ! light horse4 ,9 m rec5t w>s !y h also be5 in/ruct$ z infantry & employ$ z foot-soldi]s1 till horses c\ld be f\nd 9 ! enemy's c\ntry ) :i* to m\nt !m4 ,b we believe !re is no in/ance 9 m mod]n w>s 9 :i* !y h be5 employ$ at ! same "t 9 bo? capacities4 ,?is t]m is1 v improp]ly1 appli$ to all our cavalry2 & "s ( ! congressional wiseacres h rec5tly exp]im5t$ on "o ( our s-call$ regim5ts ( dragoons1 by dism\nt+ x "o ye>1 sell+ its horses at auction1 & *ang+ its arms & equipm5ts1 & aga91 ! next ye>1 pur*as+ new horses1 arms1 & equipm5ts = rem\nt+ x2 & all ?is = economy6 ,! ,roman cavalry at fir/ wore a r\nd %ield & helmet1 ! re/ ( _! body be+ ne>ly uncov]$4 ,_! arms 7 a sword & long ?9 javel91 or lance1 ) an iron head4 ,!y aft]w>ds r$uc$ ! %ield to a mu* small] size1 & made squ>e1 & _! lance 0 greatly increas$ 9 size & l5g?1 & arm$ at bo? ends4 ,9 o!r respects !y 7 arm$ 9 ! same way z infantry4 ,! use ( ! lance & ! %ield at ! same "t1 ( c\rse r5d]$ bo? ne>ly wor?less4 ,! ,roman cavalry 0 sup]ior to t ( _! enemies1 except1 p]haps1 ! light cavalry ( ! ,p>?ians4 ,! heavy armor :i* 0 sometimes worn by ! anci5ts1 l ! g5s d'armes ( ! middle ages1 r5d]$ !m greatly inf]ior to infantry 9 a close engagem5t4 ,tigranes1 k+ ( ,arm5ia1 br\ght an army ( "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& horse into ! field1 aga9/ ! ,roman g5]al ,lucullus1 :o _h only ab\t six ?\s& horse & fifte5 ?\s& foot4 ,b ! ,arm5ian cavalry1 call$ cataphratti 7 s ov]burd5$ ) armor1 t :5 !y fell f _! horses !y c\ld sc>cely move or make any use ( _! arms4 ,!y 7 r\t$ by a m]e h&ful ( ,roman infantry4 ,! mod]n cavalry is mu* light]1 &1 by disp5s+ ) armor1 %ields1 c41 x c move ) mu* great] rapidity4 ,a mod]n cavalry horse c>ries a weight ( f two hundr$ & fifty to ?ree hundr$ p\nds1 viz43 ,heavy ,light cavalry4 cavalry4 ,! rid]1 4 4 4 4 #afj #adj lbs4 ,8 arms & equipm5ts1 4 4 4 #ee #dj ,8 horse equipm5ts1 4 4 4 #fj #de ,two days' rations ( provisions & gra91 #be #be ----------------- #cjj #bej ,! horse moves p] m9ute-- ,at a walk1 f #aaj y>ds to #abj ,at a trot1 #bbj #bdj ,at a gallop1 #ccj #cfj ,b on a m>* ov] ! ord9>y av]age ( good & bad roads1 cavalry w walk ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds p] m9ute1 & at an easy trot1 two hundr$4 ,an ord9>y day's m>* = cavalry is ab\t ?irty miles1 b on a =c$ m>* ?is arm c m>* fifty miles )9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a s+le horseman1 or a small deta*m5t1 c easily exce$ ?is di/ance4 ,light cavalry1 says ,napoleon1 9 8 ,memoirs1 ought to reconnoitre & wat* ! motions ( ! enemy1 consid]ably 9 advance ( ! army2 x is n an app5dage to ! infantry3 x %\ld be su/a9$ & protect$ especially by ! cavalry ( ! l9e4 ,rivalry & emulation h always exi/$ betwe5 ! infantry & cavalry3 light cavalry is indisp5sable to ! vangu>d1 ! re>gu>d1 & ! w+s ( ! army2 x1 !re=e1 _c prop]ly be atta*$ to1 & =c$ to foll[ ! movem5ts ( any p>ticul> corps ( infantry4 ,x w\ld be m natural to atta* x to ! cavalry ( ! l9e1 ?an to leave x 9 dep5d5ce ^u ! infantry1 ) :i* x has no connection2 b x %\ld be indep5d5t ( bo?4 ,if ! light cavalry is to =m vangu>ds1 x mu/ be organiz$ into squadrons1 brigades1 & divisions1 = ! purpose ( manoeuvr+2 = t is all vangu>ds & re>gu>ds d3 !y pursue or retreat by platoons1 =m !mselves into sev]al l9es1 or :eel into column1 or *ange _! position ) rapidity = ! purpose ( outfront+ a :ole w+4 ,by a comb9ation ( su* evolutions1 a vangu>d1 ( inf]ior numb]s1 avoids brisk actions & g5]al engagem5ts1 & yet delays ! enemy long en\gh to give "t = ! ma9 army to come up1 = ! infantry to deploy1 = ! g5]al-9-*ief to make 8 dispositions1 & = ! baggage & p>ks to file into _! /ations4 ,! art ( a g5]al ( ! vangu>d1 or ( ! re>-gu>d1 is1 )\t haz>d+ a defeat1 to hold ! enemy 9 *eck1 to imp$e him1 to compel him to sp5d ?ree or f\r h\rs 9 mov+ a s+le league3 tactics po9t out ! me?ods ( effect+ ^! important objects1 & are m necess>y = cavalry ?an = infantry1 & 9 ! vangu>d1 or ! re>-gu>d1 ?an 9 any o!r position4 ,! ,hung>ian ,insurg5ts1 :om we saw 9 #agig1 #ahje1 & #ahji1 7 pitiful troops4 ,if ! light troops ( ,m>ia ,!resa's times became =midable1 x 0 by _! excell5t organization1 &1 above e ?+1 by _! numb]s4 ,to imag9e t su* troops c\ld be sup]ior to ,wurms]'s huss>s1 or to ! dragoons ( ,lat\r1 or to ! ,ar*duke ,john1 w\ld be ent]ta9+ /range ideas ( ?+s2 b nei!r ! ,hung>ian ,insurg5ts1 nor ! ,cossacks1 ev] =m$ ! vangu>ds ( ! ,au/rian & ,russian armies2 because to speak ( a vangu>d or a re>-gu>d1 is to speak ( troops :i* manoeuvre4 ,! ,russians consid]$ a regim5t ( ,cossacks :o _h be5 tra9$ wor? ?ree regim5ts untra9$4 ,e ?+ ab\t ^! troops is despicable1 except ! ,cossack himself1 :o is a man ( f9e p]son1 p[]ful1 adroit1 subtle1 a good horseman1 & indefatigable2 he is born on horseback1 & br$ among civil w>s2 he is 9 ! field1 :at ! ,b$\9 is 9 ! des]t1 or ! ,b>bet 9 ! ,alps2 he nev] ent]s a h\se1 nev] lies 9 a b$2 & he always *anges 8 biv\ac at sunset1 t he may n pass a night 9 a place :]e ! enemy may possibly h obs]v$ him4 ,two ,mamelukes kept ?ree ,fr5*m5 at bay1 because !y 7 bett] arm$1 bett] m\nt$1 & bett] ex]cis$2 !y _h two pairs ( pi/ols1 a tromblon1 a c>b9e1 a helmet ) a visor1 a coat ( mail1 sev]al horses1 & sev]al m5 on foot to att5d !m4 ,b a hundr$ ,fr5* did n fe> a hundr$ ,mamelukes2 ?ree hundr$ 7 m ?an a mat* = an equal numb]2 & "o ?\s& w\ld beat fifte5 hundr$3 s p[]ful is ! influ5ce ( tactics1 ord]1 & evolutions6 ,murat1 ,lecl]c1 & ,lasalle1 cavalry g5]als1 pres5t$ !mselves to ! ,mamelukes 9 sev]al l9es3 :5 ! latt] 7 ^u ! po9t ( outfront+ ! fir/ l9e1 ! second came to its assi/ance on ! "r & left2 ! ,mamelukes !n /opp$1 & :eel$1 to turn ! w+s ( ?is new l9e3 ?is 0 ! mom5t seiz$ = *>g+ !m2 !y 7 always brok54 ,! duty ( a vangu>d1 or a re>-gu>d1 does n consi/ 9 advanc+ or retir+1 b 9 manoeuvr+4 ,x %\ld be compos$ ( a good light cavalry1 support$ by a good res]ve ( cavalry ( ! l9e1 by excell5t battalions ( foot1 & /rong batt]ies ( artill]y3 ! troops mu/ be well tra9$2 & ! g5]als1 (fic]s1 & soldi]s1 %\ld all be equally well acqua9t$ ) _! tactics1 ea* accord+ to 8 /ation4 ,an undiscipl9$ troop w\ld only emb>rass ! advanc$ gu>d4 ,x is admitt$ t = facility 9 manoeuvr+1 ! squadron %\ld consi/ ( "o hundr$ m51 & t e ?ree or f\r squadrons %\ld h a sup]ior (fic]4 ,x is n advisable = all ! cavalry ( ! l9e to we> cuirasses3 dragoons1 m\nt$ ^u horses ( f\r feet n9e in*es 9 height1 arm$ ) /raight sabres1 & )\t cuirasses1 %\ld =m a "p ( ! heavy cavalry2 !y %\ld be furni%$ ) infantry-muskets1 ) bayonets3 %\ld h ! %akot ( ! infantry1 pantaloons cov]+ ! half-boot-busk91 cloaks ) sleeves1 & portmanteaus small en\gh to be c>ri$ slung across ! back :5 ! m5 are on foot4 ,cavalry ( all descriptions %\ld be furni%$ ) fire-arms1 & %\ld "k h[ to manoeuvre on foot4 ,?ree ?\s& light cavalry1 or ?ree ?\s& cuirassi]s1 %\ld n suff] !mselves to be /opp$ by a ?\s& infantry po/$ 9 a wood1 or on gr\nd impracticable to cavalry2 & ?ree ?\s& dragoons ought n to hesitate to attack two ?\s& infantry1 %\ld ! latt]1 favor$ by _! position1 attempt to /op !m4 ,tur5ne1 ,pr9ce ,eug5e ( ,savoy1 & ,v5dome1 atta*$ great importance to dragoons1 & us$ !m successfully4 ,! dragoons ga9$ great glory 9 ,italy1 9 #agif & #agig4 ,9 ,egypt & 9 ,spa91 dur+ ! campaigns ( #ahjf & #ahjg1 a degree ( prejudice sprung up aga9/ !m4 ,! divisions ( dragoons _h be5 mu/]$ at ,compiegne & ,ami5s1 to be emb>k$ )\t horses = ! exp$ition ( ,engl&1 9 ord] to s]ve on foot until !y %\ld be m\nt$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,g5]al ,b>aguay d',hilli]s1 _! fir/ inspector1 comm&$ !m2 he _h !m equipp$ ) gait]s1 & incorporat$ ) !m a consid]able numb] ( recruits1 :om he ex]cis$ 9 infantry manoeuvres alone4 ,^! 7 no long] cavalry regim5ts3 !y s]v$ 9 ! campaign ( #ahjf on foot1 until aft] ! battle ( ,j5a1 :5 !y 7 m\nt$ on horses tak5 f ! ,prussian cavalry1 ?ree-f\r?s ( :i* 7 uns]viceable4 ,^! comb9$ circum/ances injur$ ! dragoons2 b 9 #ahac & #ahad _! divisions acquir$ honor 9 rivall+ ! cuirassi]s4 ,dragoons are necess>y = ! support ( light cavalry 9 ! vangu>d1 ! re>-gu>d1 & ! w+s ( an army2 cuirassi]s are little adapt$ = van & re>gu>ds3 !y %\ld nev] be employ$ 9 ?is s]vice b :5 x is requisite to keep !m 9 practice & accu/om !m to w>4 ,napoleon fur!r recomm5ds t light cavalry be divid$ into two k9ds1 *asseurs or troop]s1 & light horse2 & ! heavy to be compos$ ( dragoons & cuirassi]s2 ! troop]s to be m\nt$ on horses ( #d ft #f 942 light cavalry on horses ( #d ft4 #g or #h 942 dragoons on horses ( #d ft4 #i 942 & cuirassi]s on horses ( #d ft4 #aj or #aa 942 :i* employ horses ( all k9ds = m\nt+ ! troops4 ,all cavalry mu/ receive ! same in/ruction2 & all %\ld be capable1 9 case ( ne$1 ( p]=m+ any ( ! duties ( m\nt$ troops4 ,! %ock is ! pr9cipal effect produc$ by ?is arm2 !re=e1 ! great] ! velocity ! great] mu/ be ?is effect1 provid$ ! troops c be kept 9 mass4 ,b x is f\nd1 by exp]i5ce1 t x is impossible to pres]ve !m 9 l9e :5 put to ! height ( _! spe$4 ,! be/ au?orities !re=e pref]1 z we h said else:]e1 ! *>ge at ! trot1 or at any rate ! gallop %\ld n be tak5 up till )9 a v %ort di/ance ( ! enemy4 ,! *>ge ( a compact mass at a trot is mu* great] ?an t ( a wav]+ "o at a gallop4 ,on ! field ( battle ! cavalry ( ! l9e is consid]$ z ! arm ( ! %ock1 to break ?r\gh any corps t may be 9 opposition2 b x is unable ( itself to resi/ a %ock1 & !re=e %\ld on no acc\nt wait to receive ! *>ge ( ano!r body ( m\nt$ troops4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t ,fr$]ick direct$ 8 cavalry (fic]s1 "u ! sev]e/ p5alties1 nev] to receive a *>ge1 b always to meet ! attack+ =ce half way4 ,?is is ! only mode ( prev5t+ defeat4 ,a good infantry c always su/a9 itself aga9/ ! *>ges ( cavalry4 ,at ! battle ( ,au]/$t1 9 #ahjf1 ,dav\/ ord]$ ! divisions ( ,gud9 to =m squ>es to resi/ ! ,prussian cavalry1 :i*1 by means ( a fog1 _h ga9$ a mo/ advantage\s position4 ,bl*] l$ 8 cavalry 9 repeat$ & impetu\s *>ges1 b all 0 9 va92 ! ,fr5* infantry pres5t$ a front ( iron4 ,at ! combat ( ,krasnoi1 9 #ahab1 ! cavalry ( ,gr\*y1 ,nansonty1 & ,bordes\lt1 attack$ & ov]?rew ! dragoons ( ,cl>k(1 b ! ,russian infantry "u ,nev](fskoi su/a9$ itself aga9/ ! repeat$ *>ges ( va/ly sup]ior numb]s ( ^! ,fr5* horse4 ,at ! battle ( ,molwitz1 ! gr5adi]s su/a9$ ! *>ges ( ! enemy's cavalry1 al?\gh ! cavalry ( ! great ,fr$]ick _h already be5 completely ov]?r[n4 ,b :5 ! infantry is engag$ ) ! infantry ( ! enemy1 ! *>ges ( cavalry are g5]ally successful1 & sometimes decide ! fate ( ! battle1 z 0 ! case at ,rosba*1 ,zornsdorf1 ,wurtsburg1 ,m>5go1 ,eylau1 ,borod9o1 c4 ,cavalry may also be v efficaci\s aga9/ infantry 9 wet wea!r1 :5 ! ra9 or sn[ r5d]s x impossible = ! foot soldi]s to use _! fire-arms to advantage1 z 0 ! case ) ! corps ( ,aug]eau1 at ,eylau1 & ) ! ,au/rian left1 at ! battle ( ,dresd54 ,aga91 if ! infantry be previ\sly weak5$1 or ?r[n into disord] by ! fire ( batt]ies4 ,! *>ge ( ! ,russian cavalry at ,hoh5fri$b]g1 9 #agde1 is a rem>kable example ( ?is k9d4 ,cavalry %\ld always be imm$iately su/a9$ 9 its ef=ts ei!r by infantry or o!r bodies ( horse2 = z soon z ! *>ge is made1 ! /r5g? ( ?is arm is = a "t exhau/$1 &1 if imm$iately attack$1 defeat becomes inevitable4 ,! *>ge ( ! cavalry ( ,ney on ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe at ! battle ( ,j5a1 & ( ! ,fr5* horse on ,gossa at ,leipsic1 are f9e examples ( ! successful *>ges ( cavalry :5 prop]ly su/a9$4 ,kunn]sdorf & ,wat]loo are examples ( ! disa/r\s consequ5ces ( leav+ su* *>ges )\t support4 ,! *oice ( ! field ( battle is sometimes su* z to r5d] cavalry almo/ useless4 ,su* 0 ! case at ! battle ( ,cassano1 betwe5 ! ,duke ( ,v5dome & ! ,pr9ce ,eug5e4 ,! field 0 s cut up by ! ,adda & ! canals ( ,rittorto & ,p5d9a1 t ,pr9ce ,eug5e c\ld make no use ( 8 horse4 ,if1 :5 ma/] ( ! bridge ( ,rittorto1 he _h be5 able to *>ge ! ,fr5* ) a body ( cavalry1 !re _h be5 no d\bt ( 8 complete success4 ,aft] a battle1 & 9 ! pursuit ( a fly+ enemy1 cavalry is invaluable4 ,if ,napoleon _h possess$ a suitable numb] ( m\nt$ troops1 ) an able comm&]1 at ! battles ( ,lutz5 & ,ligny1 ! results ( ^! victories _h be5 decisive2 :]eas !y 7 really )\t consequ5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,prussian army 9 #ahjf1 aft] ! battle ( ,j5a1 & ,napoleon's army 9 #ahae at ,wat]loo1 7 completely cut to pieces by ! skilful use ( cavalry 9 ! pursuit ( a defeat$ & dispirit$ foe4 ,! want ( good cavalry 0 sev]ely felt 9 ! w> ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,_h ,wa%+ton possess$ a few good squadrons ( horse1 8 surprise & defeat 9 ! l9es ( ,brooklyn1 & ! consequ5t loss ( ,new ,york1 _h nev] tak5 place4 ,! effici5t employm5t ( a few good squadrons ( cavalry might readily h prev5t$ ! defeat at ,blad5sburg1 & ! loss ( ! capitol1 9 #ahad4 ,9 a well-organiz$ army1 ! cavalry %\ld be f "o-f\r? to "o-six? ( ! infantry1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! w>4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,to ga9 a compet5t k ( ! duties connect$ ) ! two arms ( s]vice m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt]1 ! (fic] %\ld make himself ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ,scott's ,sy/em ( ,infantry ,tactics1 = ! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,infantry1 or at lea/ ) ,major ,coop]'s abridg$ edition ( ,infantry ,tactics1 & ) ! sy/em ( ,cavalry ,tactics1 adopt$ 9 our army2 also ) ! directions = ! use ( ^! two arms 9 a campaign1 & _! employm5t on ! battle-field1 giv5 9 ! writ+s ( ,jom9i1 ,deck]1 ,ok\neff1 ,rocquanc\rt1 & ,jacqu9ot de ,presle4 ,! foll[+ books may be ref]r$ to = fur!r in=mation respect+ ! hi/ory1 organization1 use1 & in/ruction ( infantry & cavalry3-- ,essai gnral de tactique4 ,guib]t4 ,considrations gnrales sur l'infant]ie franaise1 p> un gnral en rtraite4 ,a "w ( m]it4 ,de l'infant]ie1 p> l'auteur de l'hi/oire de l'expdition de ,russie4 ,hi/oire de la gu]re de la p59sule4 ,foy4 ,?is "w conta9s _m int]e/+ & valuable rem>ks on ! ,fr5* & ,engli% sy/ems ( tactics1 & p>ticul>ly on ! tactics ( ,infantry4 ,c\rs d'art et d'hi/oire militaires4 ,jacqu9ot de ,presle4 ,art de la gu]re4 ,rogniat4 ,in/ruction de/9e aux tr\pes lgres1 c41 r$ige sur une in/ruction de ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ses (fici]s4 ,engli% ,infantry ,regulations4 ,ordonnance 7,fr5*7 p\r l'ex]cice et les manoeuvres de l'infant]ie1 p> le commission de manoeuvres4 ,aide-mmoires des (fici]s gnraux et suprieurs1 et des capita9es4 ,essai sur l'hi/oire gnrale de l'art militaire4 ,c>ion-,nisas4 ,hi/oire de la milice franaise4 ,daniel4 ,c\rs lm5taire d'art et d'hi/oire militaires4 ,rocquanc\rt4 ,trait lm5taire d'art militaire1 c4 ,gay de ,v]non4 ,introduction l'tude de l'art de la gu]re4 ,la ,ro*e-,amy\4 ,tactique des trois armes4 ,deck]4 ,exam5 raisonn des trois armes1 c4 ,ok\neff4 ,! la/ two are works ( great m]it4 ,! writ+s ( ,ok\neff1 h[ev]1 are v diffuse4 ,in/ruction p\r le s]vice de l'infant]ie lgre4 ,guy>d4 ,in/ruction de l'infant]ie1 c4 ,s*au5b\rg4 ,trait de tactique4 ,t]nay et ,ko*4 ,mcanism des manoeuvres de gu]re de l'infant]ie polonaise4 ,vroniecki4 ,trait sur l'infant]ie lgre4 ,beurmann4 ,engli% ,cavalry ,regulations4 ,ordonnance 7,fr5*7 sur l'ex]cice et les volutions de la caval]ie4 ,les tr\pes *eval de ,france1 c4 ,de ,b\rge4 ,avant-po/es de caval]ie lgre4 ,brack4 ,! au?or s]v$ ) di/9ction "u ,lassale1 ,colb]t1 ,maison1 ,pujol1 & ,excelmans4 ,rflexions sur l'emploi de la caval]ie1 c4 ,c>aman4 ,obs]vations sur l'ordonnance1 c41 de la caval]ie4 ,dejean4 ,tactique de la caval]ie4 ,iti]4 ,elm5ts de tactique p\r la caval]ie1 p> ,mott9 de la ,balme4 ,a "w ( r>e m]it4 ,de l'emploi de la caval]ie la gu]re4 ,s*au5b\rg4 ,rm>ques sur la caval]ie4 ,w>n]y4 ,?is "w has long enjoy$ a high reputation among ! cavalry (fic]s ( ! ,european s]vices4 ,! ,p>is edition is enri*$ ) notes by a ,fr5* g5]al (fic]4 ,na*ri*t5 und ,betra*tung5 b] die ,?at5 und ,s*icksale d] ,reit]ei1 c4 ,?is "w discusses ! op]ations ( cavalry 9 ! campaigns ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ( ,napoleon1 d[n to ! battle ( ,lutz5 9 #ahac4 ,exam5 du livret provisoire1 c4 ,m>bot4 ,le ,spectateur ,militaire1 conta9s _m essays by cavalry (fic]s on ! v>i\s que/ions connect$ ) ! organization & use ( ?is arm4 ,die ,gefe*tslehre d] beid5 v]bund55 ,waff5-,kavall]ie und reit5d5 ,artill]ie4 ,deck]4 ,manuel de l'(fici]4 ,ruhle de ,lili5/]n4 ,aide-mmoire1 l'usage des (fici]s de caval]ie4 ,j\rnal de l'infant]ie et de la caval]ie4 ,trait de tactique p\r les (fici]s d'infant]ie et de caval]ie4 ,hi/oire des exploits et des vicissitudes de la caval]ie prussi5ne4 ,c\tz4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,army ,,organization4--,,artill]y4 ,artill]y4--,previ\s to ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ma*9es ( w> 7 divid$ betwe5 two classes ( milit>y m51 ! eng9e]s 7engign\rs1 z !y 7 call$ 9 ! middle ages7 & ! artill]y1 7artilli]s1 z !y 7 =m]ly call$17 ! latt] be+ p>ticul>ly *>g$ ) ! managem5t ( ! light] & m portable projectile ma*9es1 su* z ! bali/as & arco-bali/as1 :i* 7 us$ = ?r[+ diff]5t k9ds ( arr[s--fl*es1 viretons1 c>reaux1 matras1 c41 :ile ! =m] manag$ ! batt]+-rams1 cranes1 helipoles1 c4 ,&1 inde$1 = a long "t aft] ! discov]y ( gunp[d]1 ?is di/9ction 0 kept up1 & ! artill]y reta9$ all ! m ord9>y projectile ma*9es1 :ile ! eng9e]s con/ruct$ & manag$ ! m pond]\s weapons ( attack & def5ce4 ,b ! new artill]y 0 gradually introduc$1 )\t1 h[ev]1 imm$iately displac+ ! old1 & !re 7 = a "t1 if we may be all[$ ! expression1 two artill]ies1 ! "o employ+ ! old projectile ma*9es1 & ! o!r ^? ( ! new inv5tion4 ,! latt] 7 call$ canoni]s1 to di/+ui% !m f ! =m]1 :o /ill reta9$ ! "n ( artilli]s4 ,! fir/ cannon 7 inv5t$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 or1 p]haps1 among ! ,arabs z e>ly z ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 b !y 7 n mu* kn[n 9 ,europe till ab\t #acej4 ,cannon are said to h be5 employ$ by ! ,moors z e>ly z #abdi1 & by ! ,fr5* 9 #acch4 ,! ,engli% us$ artill]y at ! battle ( ,crecy 9 #acdf4 ,bo? cannon & ! anci5t projectile ma*9es 7 employ$ at ! siege ( ,aiguillon 9 #acci1 at ,z>a 9 #acde1 at ,r5nes 9 #aceg1 & at ,naples 9 #achj4 ,at ?is la/ siege ! anci5t bali/a 0 employ$ to ?r[ into ! ca/le ( ,naples b>rels ( infecti\s matt] & mutilat$ limbs ( prison]s ( w>4 ,we read ( ! same ?+ be+ done 9 ,spa9 at a lat] p]iod4 ,cannon 9 ,france 7 at fir/ call$ bomb>ds & c\leuv]9es1 b 7 aft]w>ds nam$ f c]ta9 figures m>k$ on !m1 su* z s]p5t9es1 basilisks1 scorpions1c4 ,9 ! infancy ( ! art !y 7 made small1 weigh+ only f tw5ty to fifty p\nds1 & 7 m\nt$ on small moveable c>riages4 ,?is species ( fire-arms became q num]\s ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by heavi] pieces1 us$ 9 ! attack & def5ce ( t[ns4 ,?is siege artill]y cont9u$ to be increas$ 9 dim5sions till1 t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 !y rea*$ su* an enorm\s size z to be almo/ useless z a milit>y ma*9e4 ,l\is ,,xi4 _h an imm5se piece con/ruct$ at ,t\rs1 9 #aggj1 :i*1 x 0 said1 c>ri$ a ball f ! ,ba/ille to ,*>5ton1 7ab\t six miles67 ,its calib] 0 t ( five hundr$ p\nds4 ,x 0 int5d$ = exp]im5t1 & bur/ on ! second dis*>ge4 ,! fam\s culv]9 ( ,bolduc 0 said to c>ry a ball f t city to ,bommel4 ,! culv]9 ( ,nancy1 made 9 #aeih1 0 m ?an tw5ty-?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,!re is n[ an anci5t cannon 9 ! ars5al at ,metz ( ab\t ?is l5g?1 :i* c>ries a ball ( "o hundr$ & =ty p\nds4 ,cannon balls 7 f\nd at ,p>is z late z #agab1 weigh+ ne> two hundr$ p\nds1 & f twelve to sixte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,at ! siege ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #adec1 !re 0 a fam\s metallic bomb>d :i* ?rew /one balls ( an incr$ible size2 at ! siege ( ,b\rges 9 #adab1 a cannon 0 us$ :i*1 x 0 said1 ?rew /one balls ( ! size ( mill-/ones4 ,! ,gantois1 "u ,arteville1 made a bomb>d fifty feet 9 l5g?1 ^: report 0 he>d at a di/ance ( t5 leagues6 ,! fir/ cannon 7 made ( wood1 & cov]$ ) %eet-iron1 or embrac$ by iron r+s3 longitud9al b>s ( iron 7 aft]w>ds sub/itut$ = ! wood5 =m4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 brass1 t91 copp]1 wr\ght & ca/ iron1 7 successively us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! bores ( ! pieces 7 fir/ made 9 a conical %ape1 & x 0 n until a mu* lat] p]iod t ! cyl9drical =m 0 introduc$4 ,9 ! w>s betwe5 ! ,spani>ds & ,moors 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 v great use 0 made ( artill]y 9 sieges & battles4 ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic _h at ?is "t1 probably1 a l>g] artill]y tra9 ?an any o!r ,european p[]4 ,! ,spani% cannon1 g5]ally v l>ge1 7 compos$ ( iron b>s ab\t two in*es 9 bread?1 held toge!r by bolts & r+s ( ! same metal4 ,! pieces 7 firmly atta*$ to _! c>riages1 & incapable ( ei!r horizontal or v]tical movem5t4 ,! balls ?r[n by !m 7 usually ( m>ble1 ?\gh sometimes ( iron4 ,_m ( ! pieces us$ at ! siege ( ,baza1 9 #adhf1 are /ill to be se5 9 t city1 & also ! cannon balls !n 9 use4 ,"s ( ! latt] are f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & weigh "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five p\nds4 ,! l5g? ( ! cannon 0 ab\t twelve feet4 ,^! dim5sions are a pro( ( a slight improvem5t 9 ?is bran* ( milit>y sci5ce1 :i* 01 nev]!less1 /ill 9 its infancy4 ,! awkw>dness ( artill]y at ?is p]iod may be judg$ ( by its sl[ness ( fire4 ,at ! siege ( ,zeteuel1 9 #adjg1 five bomb>ds1 z ! heavy pieces ( ordnance 7 !n call$1 7 able to dis*>ge only =ty %ot 9 ! c\rse ( a day2 & x is notic$ z a rem>kable circum/ance at ! siege ( ,albah>1 t two batt]ies dis*>g$ "o hundr$ & =ty balls 9 ! c\rse ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs6 ,9 ! ,italian w>s betwe5 ,france & ,spa91 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! difficulty ( mov+ ! heavy cannon !n 9 use 0 s great t only a v small numb] ( pieces 7 br\ght ^u ! battle-field4 ,at ! battle ( ,c]ignola1 9 #aejc1 ! numb] ( cannon 9 ! ,fr5* army 0 only ?irte54 ,inde$1 dur+ ! great] "p ( ?is c5tury1 f\r or five pieces 7 consid]$ suffici5t = an ord9>y army 9 ! field1 & _m agre$ to ! doctr9e ( ,ma*iavelli1 t ! only legitimate use ( artill]y 0 9 ! attack & def5ce ( places4 ,b 9 ! w>s ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france1 ?is arm ( s]vice 0 aga9 increas$1 & ! troops :i* ?is k+ de/9$ aga9/ ! h\se ( ,au/ria _h an artill]y tra9 ( fifty pieces4 ,great improvem5ts 7 also made ab\t ?is p]iod 9 ! manufacture ( p[d]1 & all k9ds ( fire-arms4 ,sully gave great] developm5t to ?is arm ( s]vice1 improv+ its mat]ials1 & increas+ its effici5cy4 ,!n1 z at mo/ o!r p]iods1 ! ,fr5* 7 9 advance ( mo/ o!r nations 9 artill]y4 ,x 0 ne> ! close ( ! sixte5? or ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 t ! heavy & ill-%ap$ artill]y began to give place to m wieldy & useful pieces4 ,a c]ta9 ,m4 de ,l9> demon/rat$1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 t cannon twelve feet 9 l5g? w\ld give a great] range ?an ^? sev5te5 feet 9 l5g?1 ! calibre be+ ! same2 b "s ye>s elaps$ be=e advantage 0 tak5 ( ?is discov]y4 ,9 #afbd1 ,gu/avus ,adolphus caus$ exp]im5ts to be made to v]ify ?is po9t1 &1 on be+ conv9c$ ( its tru?1 caus$ 8 batt]ies to be furni%$ ) %ort] & light] pieces4 ,?is great k+ introduc$1 ab\t ! same "t1 a new & light] k9d ( artill]y1 made ( %eet iron & lea!r4 ,ea* piece _h its *amb] =m$ ( ?9 metal & embrac$ by /rong iron r+s2 ov] ^! 0 plac$ a =m ( h>d5$ lea!r1 :i* 0 aga9 encircl$ ) r+s & held compactly toge!r4 ,^! pieces 7 m\nt$ on light c>riages1 s t two m5 c\ld easily manoeuvre !m4 ,x 0 said t !y w\ld fire f eight to t5 r\nds )\t requir+ repairs4 ,gu/avus made use ( !m 9 all 8 milit>y op]ations f #afbh to ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,!y did him excell5t s]vice on num]\s occasions2 be+ s v light !y c\ld be easily transport$1 &1 on ! field ( battle1 _! movem5ts c\ld be made to con=m to ! movem5ts ( 8 troops4 ,z cannon & small arms 7 gradually introduc$ into g5]al use1 v>i\s inv5tions & improvem5ts 7 propos$ & introduc$ f "t to "t4 ,cannon 7 con/ruct$ ) two or m b>rels2 "s 7 arrang$ = be+ load$ 9 ! bree*1 & o!rs at ! m\? ( ! piece2 two pieces 7 sometimes connect$ by horizontal timb]s1 :i* revolv$ ab\t a v]tical axis1 s t ! recoil ( "o piece w\ld br+ ! o!r into batt]y2 & v>i\s o!r arrangem5ts ( ?is description1 :i* h rec5tly be5 reviv$ & "s ( !m pat5t$ z new inv5tions4 ,! small arms employ$ at ?is p]iod 7 mu* ! same z ^? us$ at ! pres5t day1 except ! mat*lock1 :i* aft]w>ds gave place to fl9t-locks4 ,arms ( ?is description 7 sometimes made to be load$ at ! brea*1 & guns ) two1 ?ree1 & ev5 z _m z eight b>rels1 7 at "o "t 9 fa%ion4 ,9 ! ,muse de l',artill]ie at ,p>is may be f\nd _m arms ( ?is k9d1 :i* h be5 reproduc$ 9 ?is c\ntry & ,engl& z new inv5tions4 ,9 ?is ,museum are two anci5t pieces1 inv5t$ ne> ! end ( ! sixte5? or ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i* v ne>ly correspond ) ,colt's pat5t1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! lock6#cc ,footnote #cc3 ,x is n to be inf]r$ t ! mod]n improvem5ts 7z !y are call$7 are copi$ f ! m anci5t inv5tions4 ,two m5 ( diff]5t ages1 or ev5 ( ! same age1 sometimes fall ^u ! same id5tical discov]y1 )\t ei!r's borr[+ f ! o!r4 ,! mat]iel ( artill]y employ$ 9 mod]n w>f>e is divid$ into two g5]al classes3 #a/4 ,siege ,artill]y1 or su* z is employ$ 9 ! attack & def5ce ( places4 #b;d4 ,field ,artill]y1 or su* z is us$ 9 battle1 or 9 ! field-op]ations ( an army4 #a4 ,siege ,artill]y is compos$ ( mort>s1 l>ge h[itz]s1 ,paixhan guns or ,columbiads1#cd & all cannon ( a l>ge calibre4 ,9 our s]vice ?is class ( ordnance includes ! twelve1 eighte51 tw5ty-f\r1 ?irty-two1 & =ty-two-p\nd] guns1 ! eight1 t51 & ?irte5-in* mort>s1 ! sixte5-in* /one mort>1 ! tw5ty-f\r-p\nd] coehorn mort>1 ! tw5ty-f\r-p\nd] c>ronade1 & ! eight1 t51 & twelve-in* h[itz]s4 ,footnote #cd3 ,^! pieces 7 fir/ inv5t$ by ,colonel ,bom=d1 ( ! ,u4,s4 army1 & us$ 9 ! w> ( #ahab4 ,! dim5sions ( ^! guns 7 fir/ tak5 to ,europe by a "y ,fr5* (fic]1 & ?us fell into ! h&s ( ,g5]al ,paixhan1 :o imm$iately introduc$ !m into ! ,fr5* s]vice4 ,!y 7 by ?is means fir/ made kn[n to ! re/ ( ,europe1 & receiv$ ! "n ( ! p]son :o introduc$ !m into ! ,european s]vices1 r ?an t ( ! orig9al inv5tor4 ,all ^! facts are s fully susceptible ( pro(1 t ,europeans n[ ackn[l$ge !mselves indebt$ to u = ! inv5tion2 ev5 ,g5]al ,paixhan gives up all claim to orig9ality 9 8 gun1 & limits himself to c]ta9 improvem5ts :i* he introduc$4 ,! orig9al gun1 :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,colonel ,bom=d1 & ^: dim5sions 7 c>ri$ to ,g5]al ,paixhan 9 ,france1 is n[ ly+ at ! ordnance dpt1 9 ,new ,york h>bor4 ,all ^!1 except ! small] mort>s1 are made ( ca/ iron4 ,?is sub/ance is less t5aci\s ?an wr\ght iron or bronze1 & ! cannon made ( x are1 on ?is acc\nt1 mu* heavi] ?an ( ! o!r mat]ials2 b = ! naval s]vice1 & ! attack & def5ce ( =tifications1 ! weight requir$ to secure ! necess>y /r5g? is n v objectionable4 ,wr\ght iron & bronze are mu* m exp5sive & less durable4 ,moreov]1 ! difficulty ( =g+ wr\ght iron 9 masses ( suffici5t size has be5 su* z to prev5t its be+ br\ght into g5]al use = artill]y4 ,num]\s attempts h be5 made1 at diff]5t p]iods1 to con/ruct l>ge guns ( ?is mat]ial1 b none h yet be5 successful4 ,improvem5ts :i* are n[ mak+ 9 ! manufacture ( wr\ght iron1 may r5d] ?is ! pref]able mat]ial = ! small] pieces ( artill]y2 b ! be/ in=m$ milit>y m5 deem x objectionable = ! heavi] cannon1 bo? on acc\nt ( its co/ & ! imp]fection ( its manufacture4 ,ev5 %\ld ! latt] objection be remov$1 its co/ mu/ prev5t its g5]al application to ! con/ruction ( siege artill]y4 ,*>latans 9 milit>y sci5ce1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 br+ ?is subject up e fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s z a new inv5tion1 & flam+ notices ( ! improvem5t1 & pr$ictions ( ! revolution x is to effect 9 ! art ( w>1 are circulat$ 9 ! newspap]s to gull a cr$ul\s public2 & aft] "s fifty or "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s h be5 squ&]$ on "s c\rt-favorite1 ! :ole matt] ends 9 ! explosion ( ! improvem5t1 & probably ! de/ruction ( ! inv5tor1 & p]haps also ( 8 spectators4 ,let u be di/9ctly und]/ood on ?is subject4 ,!re may be inv5tions & improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( wr\ght iron1 b !re is no?+ new 9 its application to ! con/ruction ( cannon1 = x has be5 us$ = ?is purpose z long ago z ! fir/ inv5tion ( ! art4 #b4 ,field ,artill]y is compos$ ( ! small] guns & h[itz]s4 ,9 our s]vice ?is class ( cannon includes ! six & twelve-p\nd] guns1 & ! twelve & tw5ty-f\r-p\nd] h[itz]s4 ,all ^! are n[ made ( bronze4 ,?is mat]ial is m exp5sive ?an ca/-iron1 b its sup]ior t5acity r5d]s x m useful :]e great weight is objectionable4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( ca/ iron may r5d] x safe to employ ?is metal 9 ! con/ruction ( field-pieces4 ,x is also possible ! wr\ght iron may be =g$ 9 masses l>ge en\gh1 & ! co/ be s r$uc$ z to br+ x into use = field-pieces4 ,x is "h important to comb9e /r5g? ) lightness1 & additional exp5se may v prop]ly be incurr$ to secure ?is important object4 ,! projectiles n[ 9 use are solid %ot1 %ells1 /rap-%ot1 case or cani/]-%ot1 grape-%ot1 light & fire-balls1 c>casses1 gr5ades1 & rockets4 ,solid %ot are n[ almo/ inv>iably made ( ca/ iron1#ce =m$ 9 m\lds ( s& or iron4 ,?is projectile is us$ "u almo/ e circum/ance1 :e!r 9 ! battle-field or 9 ! attack & def5ce ( places1 & is ! only "o t is effectual aga9/ ! /one walls ( =ts4 ,hot %ot are us$ aga9/ %ipp+ & wood5 /ructures ( e description4 ,r$-hot balls 7 fir/ employ$ by ! k+ ( ,pol&1 9 #aege1 b1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( heat+ !m ) rapidity1 & ! dang] ( load+ ! piece ) !m1 ?is k9d ( projectile 0 n 9 g5]al use till a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,x 0 at fir/ suppos$ t ! expansion ( ! metal w\ld be s great1 :5 heat$ to a r$ or :ite heat1 z to prev5t ! ball f ent]+ ! piece2 x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! w9dage is /ill suffici5t = load+ ) facility4 ,^! r$-hot balls are pr9cipally us$ to fire wood5 build+s1 %ips1 & o!r combu/ible matt]4 ,!y are !re=e mu* us$ z a projectile = coa/ def5ce1 & all =tifications on ! seabo>d %\ld be provid$ ) furnaces & grates1 arrang$ s z to heat !m ) facility & rapidity4 ,footnote #ce3 ,9 ,mexico1 :]e iron is sc>ce1 copp] is us$ = %ot & %ells2 b x is a poor sub/itute4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( holl[-%ot & %ells1 call$ bombs1 h[itzes1 gr5ades1 c4 ,!y are made ( ca/ iron1 & usually 9 a sph]ical %ape1 ! cavity be+ conc5tric ) ! ext]ior surface4 ,! cavity 0 =m]ly made ecc5tric ) ! ext]ior1 "u ! belief t ! heavi] side w\ld always /rike fir/4 ,! rot>y motion ( ! %ell dur+ its flight r5d]$ ?is precaution ( no use4 ,fire is communicat$ to ! combu/ible matt] )9 ! %ell by means ( a fuse1 :i* is s regulat$ t ! explosion %all take place at ! desir$ mom5t4 ,holl[-%ot are us$ ) advantage to de/roy ord9>y build+s1 %ips1 e>?work1 & ?9 walls ( masonry2 !y1 h[ev]1 are ( little avail 9 break+ ! massive walls ( well-con/ruct$ =ts4 ,h[itzes & gr5ades are p>ticul>ly effective aga9/ cavalry & columns ( infantry1 & are mu* employ$ on ! battle-field2 !y are also mu* us$ 9 ! attack & def5ce ( places4 ,we f9d t z e>ly z #adhf ! ,spani>ds made use ( a projectile simil> to ! mod]n bomb4 ,!y ?rew f _! eng9es l>ge globul> masses1 compos$ ( c]ta9 inflammable +r$i5ts mix$ ) gunp[d]1 :i*1 scatt]+ long tra9s ( light1 says an eye-witness1 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! air1 fill$ ! behold]s ) dismay1 & desc5d+ on ! ro(s ( edifices1 frequ5tly occasion$ ext5sive conflagration4 ,9 ! siege ( ,con/ant9ople by ,mahomet ,,ii41 %ells 7 us$1 & also mort>s ( enorm\s size4 ,9 #aegb ,valturus propos$ to ?r[1 ) a k9d ( mort>1 globes ( copp] fill$ ) p[d]4 ,9 #aehh1 an artific] ( ,v5loo burn$ ,wa*t5deck by ?r[+ bombs into ! place4 ,a simil> attempt _h j be5 made at ,b]g-op-,zoom4 ,! use ( ?is projectile became q common 9 ,france "u ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,h[itzes 7 n mu* us$ till ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,!y are ( ,g]man orig91 & ! h[itz] fir/ bore ! "n ( hausmitz4 ,! /rap-%ot consi/s ( a r\nd ball atta*$ to a sabot ( ! same calibre1 by means ( two /rips ( t9 pass+ ov] ! %ot at "r angles1 & fa/5$ to a ?ird1 :i* is sold]$ ar\nd ! sabot4 ,"o end ( ! sabot is arrang$ = atta*+ x to ! c>tridge1 ! o!r be+ holl[$ out to receive ! %ot4 ,! suppos$ advantages ( ?is arrangem5t are1 #a/1 a dim9ution ( ! w9dage2 #b;d1 ! gun may be load$ ) great] rapidity2 &1 #c;d1 ! c>tridge is transport$ ) great] safety4 ,! case or cani/]-%ot is prep>$ by fill+ a t9 cani/] ) grape-%ot or musket-balls1 & atta*+ x to ! c>tridge by means ( a sabot4 ,!re be+ two sizes ( grape-%ot1 & "o ( musket-balls1 we h ?ree k9ds ( cani/]-%ot calculat$ to rea* at diff]5t di/ances4 ,! ?ree sizes ( %ot are frequ5tly mix$ 9 ! same cani/]4 ,?is projectile is p>ticul>ly effective aga9/ l9es ( infantry & cavalry1 :5 ! di/ance is %ort4 ,! grape-%ot is compos$ ( small balls arrang$ r\nd an upright p9 atta*$ to a plate ( wood or iron4 ,! concave ca/-iron plate is pref]able1 z x increases ! range ( ! %ot4 ,! balls are cov]$ ) canvass1 & ?or\ghly conf9$ by a quilt+ ( /rong tw9e4 ,?is %ot is us$ = ! same purposes z ! cani/]4 ,light & fire-balls are =m$ ( an oval case ( sack+1 fill$ ) combu/ible matt]1 & atta*$ to a culot ( ca/-iron4 ,! :ole is cov]$ ) a net ( spun-y>n4 ,light-balls are us$ to light up our own works1 & are n arm$2 fire-balls be+ employ$ to light up ! works or approa*es ( an enemy1 x is necess>y to arm !m ) pi/ol-b>rels1 9 ord] to prev5t1 any "o f ext+ui%+ !m4 ,:5 made ( v combu/ible mat]ials1 & us$ = sett+ fire to wood5 /ructures1 !y are d5om9at$ inc5di>y balls4 ,c>casses are employ$ = ! same purpose z inc5di>y balls2 !y are ( two k9ds3 #a/1 ! %ell-c>cass2 &1 #b;d1 ! ribb$-c>cass4 ,! fir/ is compos$ ( a sph]ical %ell1 ca/ ) five fuse-holes1 "o be+ at ! top1 & ! o!r f\r 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ?is & at "r angles ) ea* o!r2 ! %ell is fill$ ) matt] highly combu/ible4 ,! second is =m$ ( iron ribs connect$ by iron /raps1 & atta*$ at ! ends to culots ( ! same mat]ial1 ! :ole be+ fill$ ) combu/ible composition4 ,?is is m exp5sive ?an ! %ell c>cass1 & _c be fir$ ) z great accuracy2 x is n[ seldom us$4 ,c>casses may be arm$ 9 ! same mann] z fire-balls4 ,smoke & suffocat+ balls are us$ to drive an enemy f gall]ies & m9es4 ,!y are ?r[n by h&4 ,! p]sonnel ( ! ,fr5* artill]y 0 = a long "t reta9$1 toge!r ) ! eng9e]s1 "u ! g5]al direction ( ! ,gr& ,ma/] ( ,cross-b[s4 ,9 #adbj ! ma/]-g5]al ( artill]y 0 made indep5d5t ( ! gr&-ma/] ( cross-b[s2 b previ\s to ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! artill]y troops _h no organization z a sep>ate corps4 ,9 #affh six companies ( canoni]s 7 creat$1 & soon aft] two companies ( bomb>di]s4 ,9 #afic ! fir/ regim5t ( fusili]s 0 *ang$ into a royal regim5t ( artill]y1 & bo? ! canoni]s & bomb>di]s 7 ev5tually incorporat$ ) x4 ,! /aff ( artill]y1 t[>ds ! close ( ?is reign1 0 compos$ ( "o gr&-ma/]1 sixty lieut5ants1 sixty commiss>ies1 & eighty (fici]s-po9teurs4 ,9 #agba ! artill]y 0 divid$ into five battalions & /ation$ at ,metz1 ,/rasb\rg1 ,gr5oble1 ,p]pignan1 & ,la ,fre1 :]e !y e/abli%$ s*ools ( !ory & practice4 ,9 #agef ! artill]y 0 organiz$ into sev5 regim5ts1 ea* regim5t hav+ its own sep>ate s*ool4 ,?is organization cont9u$ )\t any rem>kable *ange till ! ,revolution4 ,dur+ ! e>li] campaigns ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution x is impossible to trace out ! *anges t took place 9 army organization1 e ?+ 0 !n s irregul> & confus$1 ! troops ( diff]5t arms be+ frequ5tly unit$ toge!r4 ,9 ! campaign ( #agib !re 7 "s six or sev5 regim5ts ( foot artill]y1 & t5 companies ( horse4 ,?is arm 0 greatly increas$ dur+ ! subsequ5t campaigns1 & its organization 0 completely remodell$ by ,napoleon on 8 elevation to ! head ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! p]sonnel ( ! artill]y 0 !n compos$ ( a g5]al /aff1 n9e regim5ts ( foot & six ( horse4 ,9 #ahae x 0 r$uc$ to eight regim5ts ( foot & f\r ( horse4 ,! p]sonnel ( artill]y 9 mod]n army organization is divid$ into f\r classes3 ! /aff1 gu>ds1 artific]s1 & troops4 ,i4 ,! ,/aff1 or ,ordnance1 z x is call$ 9 our s]vice1 is *>g$ ) ! con/ruction ( all ! mat]ials ( artill]y1 & ! collection ( p[d] & milit>y /ores4 ,z ! lives ( p]sons us+ ^! mat]ials1 &1 9 a consid]able degree1 ! success ( w>1 dep5d ^u ! nature & quality ( ! /ores ?us manufactur$ & collect$1 x is obvi\s t ! memb]s ( ?is bran* ( ! artill]y s]vice %\ld possess high & peculi> qualifications4 ,9 ! ,fr5* army ! artill]y /aff is compos$ ( two hundr$ & eighty-?ree (fic]s ( diff]5t grades3 also tw5ty-f\r (fic]s ( ! g5]al /aff are atta*$ to ?is s]vice4 ,9 our army ! ordnance is compos$ ( tw5ty-eight (fic]s ( diff]5t grades4 ,,ii4 ,artill]y-gu>ds4--,^! 9 our s]vice are divid$ into two classes3 #a/4 ,milit>y ,/ore-keep]s4 #b;d4 ,ordnance ,s]geants4 ,bo? are alike *>g$ ) ! c>e & pres]vation ( ! artill]y prop]ty & /ores at ! sev]al g>risons1 ars5als1 & magaz9es4 ,9 our army we h fifty-eight ( ^! gu>ds1 viz3 fifte5 commission$ milit>y /ore-keep]s1 & =ty-?ree ordnance s]geants4 ,we seldom h m ?an ?is numb] ( p]man5t po/s2 ea* "o c !re=e be suppli$ ) an artill]y gu>d = ! c>e ( ! artill]y /ores4 ,9 ! ,fr5* s]vice !re are ?ree hundr$ & fifte5 ( ^! artill]y gu>ds2 !y are divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,,iii4 ,artific]s4--,?is class ( m5 are employ$ 9 ! con/ruction & repairs ( milit>y mat]ials4 ,9 mo/ ( our ars5als & armories x is ?\ght to be be/ to employ un5li/$ workm51 by ! piece or contract4 ,nev]!less a limit$ numb] ( enli/$ m5 ( ?is description are f\nd to be bo? useful & necess>y4 ,we h ?ree hundr$ & ?irty ( ^! 9 our army1 viz3 two hundr$ & fifty enli/$ ordnance m51 & eighty artific]s atta*$ to ! regim5ts4 ,9 ! ,fr5* army !y h = ! s]vice ( ! ars5als & e/abli%m5ts1 "o hundr$ & =ty-n9e ouvri]s1 & twelve artific]s2 !re are also ?ree hundr$ & sixty ouvri]s & sev5te5 armuri]s atta*$ to ! corps ( artill]y1 mak+ 9 all five hundr$ & ?irty-eight4 ,,iv4 ,artill]y ,troops4--,artill]y1 z an arm ( s]vice1 is divid$ 9 ! same mann] z its mat]iel2 ! field-artill]y be+ int5d$ = field s]vice1 & ! g>rison or siege-artill]y1 = ! attack & def5ce ( places4 ,! troops ( ! artill]y corps ( a mod]n army usually d duty ei!r 9 ! field1 or 9 sieges1 or g>rison1 z occasion may require4 ,:5 employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( a campaign1 artill]y is usually divid$ into two classes3 #a/4 ,foot ,artill]y2 & #b;d4 ,horse ,artill]y4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( artill]y1 z has already be5 %[n1 b few pieces 7 ev] br\ght ^u ! battle-field4 ,*>les ,,viii4 cross$ ! ,alps ) a pretty l>ge tra92 b a "p ( ^! 7 h&-guns1 & b v few ( ! l>g] pieces 7 ev] br\ght into battle2 inde$1 x 0 !n ?\ght t ?is arm w\ld be ( little use except 9 sieges4 ,at ! battle ( ,gravel9es ! army ( ,philip ,,ii4 _h only sev5te5 pieces ( artill]y2 & at ! battle ( ,ivry ! ,fr5* _h only f\r pieces ( cannon1 & two culv]9s3 ! army ( ! ,league _h also only f\r pieces4 ,at ! battle ( ,moncont\r ! oppos+ armies _h b eight pieces ea*4 ,gu/avus ,adolphus ( ,sw$5 n only improv$ ! "* ( artill]y1 b also gave to x great developm5t z an arm ( s]vice4 ,at ! battle ( ,bret5field he _h "o hundr$ pieces ( artill]y1 great & small1 & at ! camp ( ,nuremb]g he numb]$ ab\t ?ree hundr$4 ,?is k+ also made a m skilful use ( 8 cannon by unit+ !m m 9 mass ?an _h be5 done by 8 pr$ecessors2 8 sy/em 0 nev]!less v imp]fect4 ,9 ! disposition ( ?is arm on ! field ( battle1 a va/ improvem5t 0 made by ,cond1 ,tur5ne1 & ,pr9ce ,eug5e ( ,savoy4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great also made great use ( ?is arm1 & 0 ! fir/ to introduce horse artill]y4 ,?is mode ( us+ field-pieces has peculi> prop]ties :i* 9 _m circum/ances r5d] x an invaluable arm4 ,! promptness & rapidity ( its movem5ts enable x to act ) o!r troops )\t emb>rass+ !m4 ,! ,fr5* soon introduc$ into _! army ! improvem5ts made by ! k+ ( ,prussia1 & 9 #agfc ! celebrat$ ,gribeauval appe>$4 ,he improv$ ! =m ( ! cannon & greatly dim9i%$ ! weight ( field artill]y1 giv+ x an organization :i* has be5 b slightly *ang$ s9ce 8 "t4 ,! successive improvem5ts 9 artill]y h = a long "t con/itut$ a prom95t feature 9 w>4 ,! p[] ( ?is arm to ?r[ projectiles to a great di/ance1 & to ov]turn & de/roy oppos+ ob/acles1 r5d]s x a necess>y arm on ! battle-field1 & a /rong b>ri] & safegu>d ( /ates4 ,x is an ess5tial elem5t 9 all army organization4 ,9 our army we h f\r regim5ts ( artill]y1 =m+ ! basis ( =ty batt]ies4 ,9 ! ,fr5* s]vice !re are f\rte5 regim5ts1 =m+ ! basis ( two hundr$ & six field batt]ies4 ,! t]m batt]y1 :5 appli$ to artill]y z an arm ( s]vice1 ref]s to a p]man5t organization ( a c]ta9 numb] ( cannon1 ) ! m5 & o!r access>ies requir$ to s]ve !m4 ,?is is ! unit ( =ce 9 ?is arm4 ,! regim5tal organization is a m]e nom9al arrangem5t1 = 9 actual s]vice artill]y acts by batt]ies1 & nev] by regim5ts4 ,its /r5g? is !re=e inv>iably e/imat$ by ! numb] ( its batt]ies4 ,a batt]y is ord9>ily compos$ ( six pieces1 two ( !m be+ h[itz]s4 ,! light] batt]ies w\ld1 9 our s]vice1 be =m$ ( six-p\nd] guns & twelve-p\nd] h[itz]s2 & ! heavi] ( twelve-p\nd] guns & tw5ty-f\r-p\nd] h[itz]s4 ,^! heavy batt]ies w\ld usually =m ! res]ve4 ,ea* piece be+ att5d$ by its caisson1 ?is =mation w\ld give twelve c>riages to ea* batt]y1 six = ! guns & six = ! caissons4 ,! extra caissons =m a "p ( ! res]ve1 & move ) ! tra94 ,9 "s =eign s]vices a batt]y is compos$ ( eight pieces ) _! caissons4 ,?is arm admits ( ?ree =mations--9 column1 9 battle1 & 9 batt]y4 ,9 column x ord9>ily moves by sections ( two pieces1 ea* piece be+ foll[$ or prec$$ by its caisson4 ,columns ( half-batt]ies are sometimes =m$1 & also columns ( s+le pieces2 b ! latt] ought nev] to be employ$ except 9 cases ( necessity 9 pass+ a n>r[ defile1 & at a di/ance f ! enemy4 ,9 ord] ( battle1 ! pieces are drawn up 9 l9e1 _! caissons =m+ a second l9e1 at ! di/ance ( a few paces4 ,:5 9 ord] ( batt]y1 ! pieces are =m$ 9 ! same way z = battle1 except t ! guns are direct$ t[>ds ! enemy & prep>$ = fir+4 ,! movem5ts & manoeuvres ( foot artill]y correspond ) ^? ( infantry1 & ( m\nt$ artill]y ) ^? ( cavalry1 a batt]y be+ reg>d$ z a battalion or squadron1 ( :i* ! pieces =m ! platoons4 ,m\nt$ batt]ies c seldom move ) great] rapidity ?an ! trot1 except 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 & ev5 !n ! gallop c be kept up only = a v %ort "t2 b ?is is ( no great importance1 z ! batt]ies nev] accompany cavalry 9 ! *>ge4 ,! ,fr5* & ,g]man writ]s discuss artill]y z employ$ 9 battle1 "u two di/9ct heads--#a/1 z an arm ( prep>ation1 & #b;d1 z an arm ( succor4 ,i4 ,z an arm ( prep>ation x s]ves1 #a/1 to protect ! deploy+ ( ! o!r troops2 #b;d1 to disorganize ! enemy's masses1 & to facilitate ! action ( infantry & cavalry1 by weak5+ ! int5d$ po9ts ( attack2 #c;d1 to =ce an enemy to evacuate a position by ov]?r[+ ob/acles ) :i* he has cov]$ himself2 #d?1 to keep up ! action till ! o!r troops c be prep>$ to /rike ! decisive bl[4 ,! =ce ( ?is arm dep5ds ^u ! rapidity & accuracy ( its fire2 ra% valor is !re=e f> less desirable 9 artill]y ?an skill1 pati5ce1 & cool c\rage4 ,artill]y always acts at a di/ance1 & 9 mass2 s+le pieces are seldom employ$1 except to cov] reconnoitr+ p>ties1 or to su/a9 ! light infantry 9 a skirmi%4 ,m\nt$ batt]ies sometimes approa* )9 two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds ( ! enemy's infantry2 b ?is is only done ) a /rong support ( o!r troops1 & to prep>e ! way = a *>ge ( cavalry4 ,! batt]ies d n accompany ! *>ge1 b !y %\ld always foll[ up & complete ! success2 m\nt$ batt]ies are p>ticul>ly useful 9 pursuit4 ,if ,murat1 9 #ahab1 _h accompani$ 8 attacks ^u ,nev](fskoi's retreat+ columns ( sixty ?\s& infantry by two or ?ree batt]ies ( m\nt$ artill]y1 ! :ole column mu/ h be5 captur$ or de/roy$4 ,artill]y1 on ! field ( battle1 is v liable to all[ its fire to be drawn1 & its projectiles wa/$1 :ile ! enemy is at too great a di/ance to be rea*$4 ,x is a v common ?+ 9 a battle1 to employ two or ?ree pieces ( heavy calibre at ! beg9n+ ( ! fight1 9 ord] to provoke ! oppos+ batt]ies to op5 _! fire be=e ! prop] "t4 ,! wa/e ( mat]ial is n ! only loss att5d+ ?is error2 ! troops are fatigu$ & di%e>t5$1 :ile ! c\rage & confid5ce ( _! oppon5ts are always reviv$ by a weak & inaccurate fire4 ,to avoid su* an error ! comm&+ (fic] ( a batt]y ( artill]y %\ld be p]fectly famili> ) ! effective ranges ( 8 pieces1 & accu/om$ to =m a correct e/imate ( di/ances4 ,= ?is purpose ! eye %\ld be frequ5tly practis$ 9 "t ( peace 9 e/imat+ ! ranges = diff]5t calibres4 ,! effective range ( a #ab-p\nd] field-piece is ab\t 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajjj yds4 #f #hjj #bd h[itz]1 #fjj #ab #ejj grape & case %ot is f 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cjj to #ejj ,ev5 at ^! di/ances ! aim is usually s inaccurate t a l>ge portion ( ! projectiles are lo/4 ,9 ! attack on ,spires1 a :ole column ( artill]y exp5d$ its fire :ile at a di/ance ( #ijj y>ds f ! enemy1 :o1 ( c\rse1 receiv$ little or no injury4 ,9 fir+ f =tifications1 ! aim is f> m accurate1 & ! artill]y may !re=e be employ$ to advantage z soon z ! enemy comes )9 ! longe/ range4 ,,ii4 ,z an arm ( succor1 ! artill]y s]ves1 #a/1 to give impulsive =ce to ! attack+ columns2 #b;d1 to assi/ 9 arre/+1 or at lea/ 9 ret>d+1 ! (f5sive movem5ts ( an enemy2 #c;d1 to protect ! av5ues ( approa*1 & to def5d ob/acles t cov] a position2 &1 #d?1 to cov] a retrograde movem5t4 ,m\nt$ artill]y is1 l cavalry1 mu* ! mo/ effective 9 attack2 b batt]ies ( foot are bett] calculat$ = def5ce4 ,! cannoni]s are s arm$ z to be capable ( def5d+ _! pieces to ! la/ extremity2 !y !re=e _c be easily captur$ by oppos+ columns ( infantry4 ,z to pret5d+ to ru% ^u ! guns1 says ,napoleon1 & c>ry !m by ! bayonet1 or to pick (f ! gunn]s by musketry1 ^! are *im]ical ideas4 ,su* ?+s d sometimes happ52 b h we n examples ( /ill m extraord9>y captures by a c\p de ma98 ,z a g5]al rule1 !re is no infantry1 h[ev] intrepid x may be1 t c1 )\t artill]y1 m>* ) impunity ! di/ance ( five or six hundr$ toises1 aga9/ two well-plac$ batt]ies 7#af pieces7 ( cannon1 s]v$ by good gunn]s2 be=e !y c\ld pass ov] two-?irds ( ! way1 ! m5 w\ld be kill$1 w\nd$1 or disp]s$4 99 99 99 99 ,a good infantry =ms1 no d\bt1 ! s9ews ( an army2 b if x 7 requir$ to fight = a long "t aga9/ a v sup]ior artill]y1 its good quality w\ld be exhau/$1 & its effici5cy de/roy$4 ,9 ! fir/ campaigns ( ! w>s ( ! ,revolution1 :at ,france _h 9 ! greate/ p]fection 0 artill]y2 we "k n a s+le in/ance 9 :i* tw5ty pieces ( cannon1 judici\sly plac$1 & 9 batt]y1 7 ev] c>ri$ by ! bayonet4 ,9 ! affair at ,valmy1 at ! battles ( ,jemmapes1 ,nordl+51 & ,fleurus1 ! ,fr5* _h an artill]y sup]ior to t ( ! enemy1 al?\gh !y _h (t5 only two guns to "o ?\s& m52 b t 0 because _! armies 7 v num]\s4 ,x may happ5 t a g5]al1 m skilful 9 manoeuvr+1 m exp]t ?an 8 adv]s>y1 & comm&+ a bett] infantry1 may obta9 successes dur+ a "p ( a campaign1 al?\gh 8 artill]y may be f> inf]ior to t ( 8 oppon5t2 b on ! critical day ( a g5]al engagem5t1 8 inf]iority 9 po9t ( metal w be sev]ely felt4 ,hi/ory furni%es u num]\s examples ( ! use ( artill]y 9 protect+ av5ues ( approa*3--su* z ! defile ( ,kes5 at ! battle ( ,au]/$t2 ! av5ues betwe5 ! r$\bts ( ,pult[a1 c41 c4 ,:5 an army is =c$ to retreat1 x cov]s its re> by t portion ( its cavalry & m\nt$ artill]y :i* has suff]$ lea/ dur+ ! battle4 ,by plac+ ! squadrons ( horse & ! light batt]ies 9 e*elon1 ! retir+ column may be well protect$4 ,! artill]y1 by us+ ! prolonge1 may also cont9ue its retreat :ile 9 batt]y & fir+4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t at ! battle ( ,albu]a1 9 #ahaa1 ! ,fr5* artill]y on ! left w+ held 9 *eck ! "r & c5tre ( ! ,anglo-,spani>ds till ! army effect$ its retreat2 ! artill]y !n retir$ 9 e*elons1 by batt]ies & fractions ( batt]ies1 "u ! protection ( ! cavalry4 ,we h already discuss$1 "u ! g5]al head ( tactics1 ! position & use ( artill]y on ! battle-field a few additional rem>ks mu/ suffice4 ,z a g5]al rule1 batt]ies %\ld be plac$ 9 positions f :i* !y c employ _! fire to advantage1 & also be free to move 9 any direction t ! progress ( ! battle may require4 ,advantage %\ld always be tak5 ( natural or artificial ob/acles1 su* z h$ges1 clumps ( trees1 logs1 m\nds ( e>?1 c41 to cov] & conceal ! guns till ! mom5t !y op5 _! fire4 ,elevat$ positions are1 contr>y to ! common op9ion1 g5]ally unfavorable1 = artill]y _c fire to advantage at any consid]able angle ( depression4 ,! slopes 9 front %\ld be ( consid]able l5g?1 o!rwise ! balls w\ld d v little execution ^u t portion ( ! column ( attack :i* occupi$ ! valley4 ,! gr\nd %\ld also be smoo?1 = if r\gh ! balls w ei!r bury !mselves 9 ! e>?1 or rico*et at a high angle ( deflection1 ?us de/roy+ a consid]able "p ( ! effect ( ! fire4 ,! c\nt]=ts or spurs ( hills are favorable = artill]y1 z !y enable x to see1 ) an enfilad+ fire1 ! slopes ( ! pr9cipal range4 ,batt]ies %\ld seldom be plac$ s z to fire ov] o!r troops1 = !y w n only be intimidat$ by ?is fire1 b also expos$ to ! oppos+ fire ( ! enemy's artill]y4 ,a l>ge numb] ( pieces %\ld nev] be cr[d$ into ! same place1 b an int]val %\ld be left betwe5 ! guns ( =ty or fifty feet1 accord+ to ! locality4 ,! mo/ favorable position = ?is arm 9 ord9>y gr\nd1 is 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! regim5ts or brigades ( ! l9e1 & f> en\gh 9 advance ( ?is l9e n to draw ^u ! o!r troops ! fire ( ! enemy's artill]y4 ,! flanks ( ! l9e are also favorable = ! action ( ?is arm4 ,sometimes artill]y has be5 employ$ to =m a "p ( ! l9e ( battle2 b su* in/ances are exceptions1 & c nev] be compris$ 9 g5]al rules4 ,:5ev] ?is disposition has be5 made1 x has result$ f ! defective "* ( ! o!r arms1 or f "s peculi> circum/ance 9 ! battle :i* enabl$ a bold & skilful comm&] to deviate f ! ord9>y rules ( tactics4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ,napoleon at ,wagram4 ,9 ,saxony1 9 #ahac1 he 0 sev]al times oblig$ to sub/itute 8 artill]y to supply ! want ( o!r arms4 ,9 ! def5ce & attack ( field-works1 & 9 ! passage ( riv]s1 artill]y plays an important & indisp5sable "p2 b x "h becomes an auxili>y to ! dispositions ( ! eng9e]s1 or at lea/ acts 9 conc]t ) t arm4 ,! troops ( artill]y1 9 all well-regulat$ army organizations1 %\ld equal ab\t two-?irds ( ! cavalry1 or "o-sev5? ( ! infantry4#cf ,footnote #cf3 ,to qualify himself = ! duties connect$ ) 8 arm ( s]vice1 ! artill]y (fic] mu/ make himself ?or\ghly acqua9t$ )--4 ,! ,in/ruction = ,unit$ ,/ates ,field ,artill]y1 horse & foot2 ,capt4 ,&]son's ,in/ruction = ,g>rison ,artill]y2 ,k9sley's ,notes on ,pyrote*ny2 ,kn[lton's ,notes on ,gunp[d]1c42 & ,! writ+s ( ,?ir\x & ,piob]t on !oretical & practical in/ruction1 & ! writ+s ( ,jom9i1 ,deck]1 & ,okotmeff1 on ! use ( ?is arm on ! field ( battle4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( books ( ref]5ce may be ( use to ^? :o wi% to make !mselves p]fectly famili> ) all ! bran*es ( artill]y4 ,hi/oire gnral de l'artill]ie4 ,brunet4 ,l'artill]ie *eval dans les combats de caval]ie4 ,p> un (fici] de l'artill]ie ,prussi5ne4 ,considrations et exp]i5ces sur le tir des obus bulles4 ,bormann4 ,essai sur les obusi]s4 ,dusa]t4 ,essai sur l'organisation de l'artill]ie4 ,le ,b\rg4 ,trait sur l'artill]ie1 7traduit de l',allem&47 ,r\vroy4 ,bomb>di] ,franais4 ,blidor4 ,mmoires d'artill]ie4 ,/4 ,rmy4 ,essai sur l'usage de l'artill]ie dans la gu]re de campagne et celle de sige4 ,dupuget4 ,mmoires sur les n\veaux sy/mes d'artill]ie4 ,/4 ,aub94 ,treatise on ,artill]y4 ,mll]4 ,artificial ,fire-,works4 ,jones4 ,table de tir les canons et obusi]s4 ,lomb>d4 ,on ,gunp[d]4 ,antoni4 ,re*]*es sur l'artill]ie en gnral4 ,texi] de ,norbec4 ,dscription de l'art de fabriqu] les canons4 ,monge4 ,procds de la fabrication des armes blan*es4 ,v&]monde4 ,manuel de l'artilleur4 ,durtubie4 ,trait du m\vem5t des projectiles4 ,lomb>d4 ,treatise on ,artill]y4 ,s*eel4 7,translat$ f ! ,g]man47 ,trait pratique des feux d'artifice4 ,morel4 ,manuel du canonni] m>94 ,cornib]t4 ,new ,pr9ciples ( ,gunn]y4 ,rob9s4 ,mmoires sur la fabrication des armes portatives4 ,cotty4 ,re*]*es sur la p\dre4 ,cossigny4 ,supplem5t4 ,cossigny4 ,fabrication de la p\dre4 ,r5aud4 ,am]ican ,artill]i/'s ,companion4 ,t\ss>d4 ,tables des portes des canons et canonades de la m>9e4 ,cornilw]t4 ,trait d'artifices de gu]re4 ,bigot4 ,trait lm5taire de la fabrication des b\*es feu4 ,d>te94 ,trait de l'art de fabriqu] la p\dre canon4 ,botte et ,riffault4 ,l'art du salptri]4 ,botte et ,riffault4 ,diction>y ( ,artill]y4 ,hoy]4 7,g]man47 ,new ,exp]im5ts on ,gunn]y4 ,hutton--7,hutton's ,tracts47 ,des bois propres au s]vice des ,ars5aux4 ,h]b9 de ,halles4 ,in/ruction sur le s]vice de l'artill]ie4 ,hulot4 ,manoeuvres de =ce4 ,bigot4 ,bali/ique4 ,ob5heim4 ,treatise on ,artill]y4 ,g]man4 ,s*>nhor/4 7,translat$ into ,fr5*1 #ahdj47 ,essai sur l'art de po9t]4 ,p\met4 ,rflexions sur la fabrication des b\*es feu4 ,lam>tillire4 ,mmoire sur la plan*ette du canonni]4 ,ob5heim4 ,aide-,mmoire4 ,gass5di4 ,obs]vations on ! use ( ,artill]y at ! sieges ( ,badajos1 ,/4 ,seba/ian1 c4 ,treatise on ,artill]y4 ,lallem&4 ,elm5s de pyrote*nie4 ,ruggi]i4 ,n\velle =ce m>itime4 ,paixhans4 ,dictionnaire d'artill]ie4 ,cotty4 ,re*]*es bali/iques4 ,co/e4 ,p\dres fulm9antes4 ,v]gnaud4 ,manuel de la mtallurgie du f]4 ,culman4 ,pyrote*nic militaire1 7traduit de l',allem&1 p> ,r4 de ,p]etsdorff47 ,j\rnal des ,sci5ces ,militaires4 ,pyrote*ny4 ,cutbu%4 ,trait lm5taire d'artill]ie4 ,deck]4 ,fuses de gu]re4 ,montg]y4 ,docum5s sur la matire canons4 ,h]v4 ,obs]vations sur le n\veau sy/me d'artill]ie4 ,allix4 ,sy/me d'artill]ie de campagne4 ,allix4 ,pocket ,gunn]4 ,adye4 ,on ! ,rocket ,sy/em4 ,congreve4 ,essai sur l'art des fontes4 ,s]res4 ,receuil de ,mmoires sur la p\dre canon4 ,pr\/4 ,mmorial de l'artilleur m>94 ,mi*el4 ,obs]vations sur le n\veau sy/me de l'artill]ie4 ,p\met4 ,mmorial d'artill]ie4 ,briti% ,gunn]4 ,spe>man4 ,rgles de po9tage bord des vaisseaux4 ,montg]y4 ,manuel du matre de =ges4 ,l&r94 ,naval ,gunn]y4 ,d\glass4 ,mtallurgie du f] 7traduit de l',allem&1 p> ,culman47 ,k>/54 ,aide-,mmoire l'usage des (fic]s d'artill]ie4 7,/rasb\rg47 ,trait de l'organisation et de la tactique de l'artill]ie1 7traduit de l',allem& p> ,p]etsdorff47 ,grew5itz4 ,supplem5t au dictionnaire d'artill]ie4 ,cotty4 ,memoir on ,gunp[d]4 ,braddock4 ,manuel de l'armuri]4 ,paul9-,desormeaux4 ,j\rnal des armes spciales4 ,c\rs sur le s]vice des (fici]s dans les fond]ies4 ,s]res4 ,expri5ces sur la fabrication et la dure des b\*es feu en f] et bronze1 7traduit de l',allem& p> ,p]etsdorff47 ,mey]4 ,applications du f] aux con/ructions de l'artill]ie4 ,?i]ry4 ,aide-,mmoire d'art militaire4 ,lebas4 ,mmorial l'usage de l'arme ,belge4 ,in/ructions & ,regulations = ! s]vice & managem5t ( heavy ordnance 9 ! ,briti% s]vice4 ,exp]i5ces sur les pr9cipes du tir1 faites ,metz1 en #ahcd4 ,trait d'artill]ie ?orique et pratique4 ,piob]t4 ,aide-,mmoire l'usage des (fici]s d'artill]ie1 7avec approbation du comit d'artill]ie47 ,manuel d'artill]ie l'usage des (fici]s de la ,rpublique ,helvtique4 ,bonap>te1 7,napoleon ,l\is47 ,expri5ces comp>atives entre des b\*es feu en fonte de f]1 d'orig9e ,franzaise1 ,anglaise et ,sudoise1 faites ,gavres1 en #ahcf4 ,expri5ces faites ,bre/ en #ahca1 sur les canons4 ,paixhans4 ,essai sur l'organisation de l'artill]ie4 ,le ,b\rg4 ,expri5ces sur des projectiles creux1 faites en #ahbi1 '#cj1 '#ca4 ,in/ruction pratique sur l'emploi des projectiles1 7traduit de l',allem& p> ,p]etsdorff47 ,deck]4 ,effects ( heavy ordnance z appli$ to %ips ( w>4 ,simmons4 ,expri5ces sur les p\dres de gu]re1 faites ,esqu]des1 en #ahcb1 '#cc1 '#cd1 & '#ce4 ,magu94 ,c\rs d'artill]ie l'usage des s\s-(fici]s4 ,de ,crpy4 ,in/ruction ?orique et pratique d'artill]ie1 l'usage des lves de ,/4 ,cyr4 ,?ir\x4 ,c\rs sur le s]vice des (fici]s d'artill]ie dans les =ges4 ,manuel hi/orique de la te*nologie des armes feu1 7traduit de l',allem& p> ,m4 ,rieffel47 ,mey]4 ,=mules rlatives aux effets du tir sur afft4 ,poisson4 ,manuel de l'artific]4 ,v]gnaud4 ,etat actuel de l'artill]ie de campagne de t\tes les puissances de l',europe1 7traduit p> ,maz2 ,ire p>tie1 ,artill]ie ,anglaise47 ,jacobi4 7,six o!r p>ts h be5 publi%$ 9 ,g]man1 conta9+ descriptions ( ! ,fr5*1 ,belgian1 ,hessian1 ,wirtemburg1 ,nassau1 & ,sw$i% sy/ems47 ,introduction l'tude de l'artill]ie4 ,madela9e4 ,c\rs sur le s]vice des (fici]s d'artill]ie dans les fond]ies4 ,description de la fabrication des b\*es feu la fond]ie royale de ,lige4 ,hugu594 ,p\dre canon4 ,timm]hans4 ,procds de fabrication dans les =ges1 7extrait du c\rs sur le s]vice des (fici]s dans les =ges47 ,r5seignem5ts sur le matriel de l'artill]ie navale de la ,gr&e ,bretagne4 ,z5i et des ,hays4 ,?orie des affts et des voitures de l'artill]ie4 ,mig\t et ,b]g]y ,artill]i/'s ,manual4 ,griffi?4 ,h&bu* fr die ,k4,k4 ,oe/]rei*is*e ,artill]ie ,(fizi]e1 7manual = ! ,au/rian artill]y (fic]s47 ,sammlung von ,/e9druckzei*nung5 d] ,preussis*5 ,artill]ie1 mit ,erlut]ung51 7collection ( plates ( ! ,prussian artill]y1 ) explanatory text47 ,hi/oire des fuses de gu]re4 ,ordnance ,manual1 = ! use ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,exp]im5ts on ,gunp[d]4 ,capt4 ,mordecai4 ,pyrote*ny1 = ! use ( ! ,cadets at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy4 ,k9sley4 ,notes on ,gunp[d]1 ,p]cussion ,p[d]1 ,cannon1 & ,projectiles4 ,lt4 ,kn[lton4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,army ,,organization--,,eng9e]s4 ,eng9e]s4--,! t]m eng9e] is d]iv$ f ! unclassical ,lat9 ^w +5ium1 :i* 0 appli$ bo? to a ma*9e & ! m9d or skill ( ! p]son :o devis$ or con/ruct$ x4 ,x 0 ,philip ,augu/us1 say ! ,fr5* writ]s1 :o fir/ introduc$ eng9e]s 7engigneurs1 or engign\rs1 z !y 7 call$7 into ,france1 & re/or$ ! art ( sieges4 ,! eng9e]s ( t age 7 seldom *>g$ ) ! con/ruction ( works ( milit>y def5ce1 b1 l ,ar*im$es at ,syracuse1 & ,long9us at ,palmyra1 !y direct$ _! att5tion pr9cipally to devis+ implem5ts ( w> & ! mo/ effective mann] ( us+ !m4 ,eng9es ( w> 7 at t "t divid$ betwe5 ! engigneurs & ! artilli]s2 ! =m] be+ *>g$ ) ! heavi] ma*9es1 & ! latt] ) ! small] weapons us$ = ?r[+ projectiles4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 ! old batt]+-rams1 cranes1 helipoles1 c41 disappe>$1 & ) !m ! engigneurs1 or ma/]s ( eng9es4 ,! new inv5tions 7 unit$ ) ! few old projectile ma*9es t rema9$ 9 ! artill]y1 & ! eng9e]s 7 = a "t left almo/ )\t employm5t4 ,! revival ( ! art ( =tification 0 v sl[1 & ! mod]n sy/em sc>cely began to be develop$ till ne> ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we mu/ omit = ! pres5t giv+ ev5 an outl9e ( ! hi/ory ( milit>y eng9e]+1 & pass to ! troops ( ?is arm1 z con/itut+ an ess5tial elem5t ( an army organization4 ,! subject ( =tification1 & ! hi/ory ( its v>i\s *anges1 w be exam9$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! eng9e]s1 9 mod]n army organization1 con/itute ! f\r? arm ( s]vice1 z1 comp>$ ) artill]y1 _! relative numb]s are ab\t z two to ?ree4 ,!y are divid$ 9 ! same mann] z ! artill]y1 viz43--#a/1 ! /aff2 #b;d1 gu>ds1 or =t-keep]s2 #c;d1 artific]s2 & #d?1 ! troops4 ,i4 ,! (fic]s con/itut+ ! /aff ( ?is corps are *>g$ 9 "t ( peace ) plann+1 con/ruct+1 & repair+ all =tifications & o!r def5sive works2 ! con/ruction & prep>ation ( all milit>y mat]ials1 & /ores connect$ ) ?is arm2 & 79 our s]vice7 ) ! disbursem5ts ( money connect$ ) ^! op]ations3 9 "t ( w> !y are *>g$ ) ! attack & def5ce ( milit>y works1 ! lay+ out & con/ruction ( field def5ces1 r$\bts1 intr5*m5ts1 roads1 c42 9 ! attack !y =m a "p ( ! vangu>d1 to remove ob/ructions2 & 9 retreat !y =m a "p ( ! re>-gu>d1 to erect ob/acles1 de/roy roads1 bridges1 c41 s z to ret>d an enemy's pursuit4 ,f ! important "* ( ^! duties z connect$ ) ! means ess5tial to a national def5ce1 & ! va/ am\nt ( money exp5d$ 9 ^! op]ations1 x is evid5t t a high ord] ( acquirem5ts %\ld be deem$ necess>y to qualify "o to p]=m ! duties ( a milit>y eng9e]4 ,?is (fic] requires a k ( *emi/ry1 to guide 8 *oice ( mat]ials = mort>s1 cem5ts1 & ma/ics2 ( m9]alogy & geology1 = select+ /one2 ( botany1 = timb] & ! means ( prev5t+ its decay2 ( ma!matics1 9 lay+ out 8 "w & calculat+ ! ?ickness & /ability ( 8 walls1 embankm5ts1 c42 ( me*anical philosophy1 9 con/ruct+ 8 ma*9]y2 ( milit>y eng9e]+1 9 8 plans ( =tifications2 & ( all ! high] bran*es ( milit>y sci5ce1 9 select+ positions = ^! works1 su* t !y %all h ! prop] relations to ! means ( national def5ce1 & to ! gr& op]ations ( armies 9 ! field4 ,! av5ues to appo9tm5t to ?is corps are gu>d$1 9 mo/ ,european armies1 ) special c>e1 to prev5t ! influ5ce ( money1 politics1 or family connections2 & 9 our own army x is n[ specifi$ by law ( ,congress1 t ! vacancies %all be fill$ only f ! mo/ di/+ui%$ graduates ( ! milit>y academy4 ,=m]ly our s]vice suff]$ mo/ sev]ely f ! employm5t ( incompet5t p]sons1 introduc$ ?r\gh political influ5ce f civil life1 & =eign *>latans1 ! refuse ( ,european armies4 ,_m ( our e>li] milit>y works 7z w be m5tion$ h]eaft]7 7 modell$ ^u sy/ems = a long "t disc>d$ by ! pr(ession 9 ,europe1 & ev5 "s ( ^? :i* h be5 con/ruct$ )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s are made ( su* wret*$ mat]ials & workman%ip1 t !y are already crumbl+ into ru9s4 ,:ile ! exi/+ laws & regulations seem well calculat$ to prev5t ! recurr5ce ( simil> abuses & errors1 x nev]!less c be %[n t ! organization ( ?is arm ( our s]vice requires modifications & ext5sions to give x ! requisite degree ( effici5cy1 & to economize ! public exp5ditures4 ,! w>s ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 fir/ l$ to a regul> milit>y organization1 & a regul> sy/em ( def5ce4 ,9 ^! w>s ! eng9e]s receiv$ great developm5t1 & h ev] s9ce occupi$ a prom95t position z p>ts ( an army organization4 ,we !re=e f9d 9 all ! great sieges & battles ( ?is era a l>ge & cont9ually increas+ numb] ( eng9e]s & eng9e] troops1 ?is =ce be+ gradually augm5t$ z ! true pr9ciples ( w> became bett] und]/ood1 & z ! wants ( ! s]vice requir$4 ,ev5 9 ! e>lie/ ( ^! battles we f9d ! eng9e]s tak+ a prom95t & di/+ui%$ "p4 ,9 ! w> ( #afhh1 tw5ty-f\r eng9e]s 7 kill$ & w\nd$ at ! siege ( ,philipsb\rg1 eighte5 at ,namur1 eight at ,huy1 t5 at ,*>l]oi1 eight at ,a?1 ?irty at ,b>celona1 c4 ,su* losses 7 good pro(s ( ! usefulness ( ^! (fic]s1 & be=e ?is w> 0 clos$1 _! numb] 0 increas$ to six hundr$2 & 9 #agjf ! army conta9$ eight brigades ( eng9e]s & f\r companies ( m9]s4 ,! eng9e] corps be+ p>tially disb&$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 reorganiz+ x & 9 f9d+ compet5t m5 to supply ! places ( ^? :o _h be5 driv5 into exile or sacrific$ dur+ ! reign ( t]ror4 ,en]gy & activity1 comb9$ ) republican zeal1 c\ld supply ! place ( skill 9 ! o!r arms1 b ! sci5ce ( ! eng9e] c\ld n be acquir$ 9 a day4 ,9 #agii1 ! /aff ( ! eng9e] corps consi/$ ( f\r hundr$ & =ty-n9e (fic]s1 )\t includ+ ! g5]al (fic]s1 comm&+ dep>tm5ts1 or ^? connect$ ) ! eng9e] troops4 ,! same organization 0 cont9u$ 9 #ahjd4 ,! eng9e] /aff ( ! ,fr5* army n[ numb]s f\r hundr$ & ?irty-two (fic]s4 ,we h 9 our s]vice =ty-?ree eng9e] (fic]s1 = /aff duty1 :o are n[ engag$ 9 ! con/ruction & repairs ( "s sixty or sev5ty =tifications1 & o!r works ( a civil & milit>y "*4 ,,ii4 ,eng9e] ,gu>ds1 or ,=t-,keep]s1 are a class ( m5 *>g$ ) ! g5]al c>e ( =ts1 & all public prop]ty deposit$ 9 ! sev]al eng9e] dpts & g>risons1 & 9 ! public works dur+ _! con/ruction4 ,!re are five hundr$ & fifty ( ^! g>des du ,g5ie 9 ! ,fr5* army1 :o rank next ! sub-lieut5ants ( eng9e]s1 & are assimilat$ ) ! sub-lieut5ants ( infantry 9 ! hospitals1 m>*es1 c4 ,9 our s]vice we h no eng9e] gu>ds or =t-keep]s4 ,?is defect 9 our organization has be5 ! cause ( s]i\s inconv5i5ce1 & ! consequ5t wa/e ( public prop]ty4 ,! exp5se ( hir+ civil ag5ts = ?is purpose has m ?an trebl$ ! co/ ( support+ a suitable numb] ( non-commission$ gu>ds to ma9ta9 ! good ord] & effici5cy ( our =ts1 9 ! abs5ce ( eng9e] (fic]s1 & to pres]ve & keep 9 repair ! milit>y implem5ts & /ores connect$ ) ?is dep>tm5t ( ! army4 ,x has already be5 %[n t we h fifty-eight ( ^! gu>ds = ! artill]y s]vice1 & x really seems some:at s+ul> t ! eng9e]s1 ) a mu* great] am\nt ( public prop]ty 9 _! *>ge1 are all[$ no assi/ants ( ?is k9d4 ,,iii4 ,eng9e] artific]s are a class ( m5 employ$ 9 ! practical op]ations ( con/ruct+ =ts & o!r milit>y def5ces1 & 9 mak+ & repair+ all ! implem5ts us$ by ! eng9e] troops 9 ! op]ations ( sapp+ & m9+1 9 cross+ riv]s1 9 con/ruct+ field-def5ces1 & 9 ! attack & def5ce ( fieldworks4 ,z v few new =tifications are n[ requir$ 9 ,france1 ! s]vices ( eng9e] artific]s are less necess>y & important ?an 9 our s]vice1 :]e l>ge sums ( money are annually exp5d$ ^u milit>y def5ces1 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,fr5* army a corps ( eng9e] artific]s1 consi/+ ( eight (fic]s & a cadre ( fifty-f\r non-commission$ (fic]s1 ) a v>iable numb] ( privates1 organiz$ into two companies4 ,b 9 our army we h no regul> eng9e] artific]s6 ,9 our artill]y s]vice we h ?ree hundr$ & ?irty enli/$ artill]y artific]s4 ,if ^! are useful & necess>y to ! artill]y s]vice1 :i* no "o d\bts1 = /ill /rong] reasons w\ld x be advantage\s to ! public s]vice to employ at lea/ an equal numb] ( enli/$ eng9e] artific]s on our =tifications2 = ! annual exp5diture ( public money is "h mu* great] ?an 9 ! correspond+ bran* ( ! artill]y s]vice4 ,,iv4 ,eng9e] troops are divid$ into ?ree classes--#a/1 sapp]s & pione]s2 #b;d1 m9]s2 & #c;d1 pontoni]s4 ,9 ! ,fr5* army ( #agii1 !re 7 f\r battalions ( sapp]s1 consi/+ ( #abj (fic]s & #g1jib m54 ,9 #ahjd1 ,napoleon organiz$ five battalions ( ^! troops1 consi/+ ( #afe (fic]s & #h1hfe m54 ,ev5 ?is numb] 0 f\nd insuffici5t 9 8 campaigns 9 ,g]many & ,spa91 & he 0 oblig$ to organize an additional numb] ( sapp]s f ! ,italian & ,fr5* auxili>ies4 ,! pione]s 7 !n p>tly atta*$ to o!r bran*es ( ! s]vice4 ,!re is1 at pres5t1 9 ! ,fr5* army a consid]able numb] ( sapp]s or pione]s deta*$ = ! s]vice ( ! infantry regim5ts1 ?ree companies ( sapeurs-conducteurs1 & =ty-two companies ( sapeurs4 ,9 ! ,fr5* army ( #agii1 !re 7 six companies ( m9]s1 consi/+ ( #bd (fic]s & #egf m54 ,9 #ahjd1 ,napoleon increas$ ^! troops to n9e companies1 conta9+ #cf (fic]s & #hfd m54 ,! pres5t ,fr5* peace e/abli%m5t conta9s six companies ( m9]s1 organiz$ mu* ! same z "u ,napoleon4 ,9 ! ,fr5* army ( #agii !re 7 two regim5ts ( pontoni]s1 ( #ch (fic]s & #ifj m54 ,b ?is numb] 0 f\nd too small 9 ! rema9+ campaigns1 & ! defici5cy 0 tempor>ily suppli$ by organiz+ sailors = ^! duties4 ,9 ! pres5t ,fr5* army organization1 !re are elev5 companies ( pontoni]s1 =m+ a regim5t ( sixty-?ree (fic]s4 ,we h 9 our s]vice no sapp]s1 m9]s1 or pontoni]s1 &1 9 case ( w>1 w\ld be f\nd )\t ! means ( execut+ any milit>y works1 or p]=m+ any milit>y op]ation :i* w\ld require eng9e] troops4 ,9 ! prelim9>y /ages ( army organization "u ,l\is ,,xiv41 infantry troops 7 detail$ z sapp]s1 & in/ruct$ 9 ^! duties by ! eng9e]s4 ,?is irregul>ity ( s]vice soon caus$ difficulties & losses1 & ! evils spr++ f x 7 s great1 t ,vauban urg$ ! propriety ( a sep>ate organization4 ,9 #afgj he (ficially recomm5d$ to ! k+ to e/abli% a regim5t ( twelve hundr$ sapp]s & ouvri]s1 & 9 a subsequ5t report on ! value ( ^! troops1 us$ ! foll[+ language3 ,!y w\ld be useful 9 peace z well z 9 w>1 & w\ld be ! means ( sav+ mu* 9 all =tifications :]e !y %\ld be employ$4 ,9 fact1 ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt t !y w\ld save annually to ! k+ mu* m ?an _! pay4 ,i ass]t all ,i h said on ?is subject ) z mu* confid5ce z if ,i _h se5 ! result2 & ,i c1 ) ! same c]ta9ty1 add1 t ?is small troop w be ! means ( sav+ l>ge numb]s ( good eng9e]s & brave (fic]s & soldi]s1 f ! /]n necessity to :i* we are r$uc$ ( expos+1 almo/ always1 ! labor]s & ^? :o support !m2 :i* necessity w\ld n arise _h we at comm& a suffici5t numb] ( ?is k9d ( workm5 well in/ruct$4 ,to su* a degree h ,i felt ! necessity ( sapp]s1 at e siege at :i* ,i h be5 pres5t1 t ,i h always _h reason to rep5t ( n hav+ m urg5tly solicit$ ! creation ( ?is company4 ,su* are ! views ( ! greate/ ( milit>y eng9e]s1 a man :o f\ght "o hundr$ & =ty battles1 conduct$ fifty-eight sieges1 & built or repair$ ?ree hundr$ =tifications4 ,8 anticipations ( ! usefulness ( eng9e] troops 7 fully realiz$1 & !y h ev] s9ce receiv$ ! mo/ c>eful att5tion1 & n[ =m1 z has j be5 %[n1 "o ( ! mo/ important & effici5t arms 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice4 ,! =tifications con/ruct$ by ! eng9e]s1 z organiz$ by ,vauban1 h ev] s9ce con/itut$ "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( ! ,fr5* milit>y p[]4 ,9 ! w>s ( ,napoleon !re are innum]able in/ances 9 illu/ration ( ! delays & disa/]s att5d+ ! op]ations ( armies n suppli$ ) eng9e] troops2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! advantages result+ f _! s]vices :5 prop]ly organiz$ & in/ruct$4 ,we h already po9t$ out ! influ5ce :i* ! =tifications 9 ! h&s ( ! ,fr5* ex]t$ on ! results ( ^! w>s1 & ! fatal consequ5ces to ! ,allies ( neglect+ ^! works ( national def5ce4 ,e /ud5t ( milit>y hi/ory w imm$iately call to m9d ! influ5ce ( ,savona1 ,coni1 ,mondovi1 ,ceva1 ,govi1 ,aless&ria1 ,tortona1 ,pizzighitone1 ,pes*i]a1 ,mantua1 ,palma-,nuova1 ,osopo1 ,klag5fur?1 c41 9 ! campaigns ( #agif-g2 ( ,g5oa1 ,port ,b>d1 ! =tifications ( ! ,v>1 ,ulm1 ,+old/adt1 c41 9 #ahjj2 ( ,milan1 ,tur91 ,mantua1 ,roco d',aufo1 ,g5oa1 ,aless&ria1 c41 9 #ahje2 ! importance ( ,kehl1 ,cassel1 ,wesel1 c41 to ! ,fr5* 9 #ahjf1 & ! fatal consequ5ces to ! ,prussians 9 t campaign1 ( _! total & culpable neglect ( _! own =tifications4 ,all milit>y hi/orians speak ( ! influ5ce ( =tifications 9 ! ,p59sul> campaigns3 ^? :i* _h be5 giv5 up to ,napoleon previ\s to ! op5+ ( ho/ilities1 contribut$ v mu* to ! success ( 8 arms1 :ile ^? :i* 7 reta9$ by ,spa9 & h] allies1 contribut$ 9 an equal degree to hamp] & emb>rass 8 op]ations4 ,"s ( ^!1 l ,s>agossa & ,t>ragona1 ) _! brok5 walls & defective armam5ts1 kept ! enemy 9 *eck "s sixty days ea*1 & did mu* to weak5 ! ,fr5* p[] 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,tempor>y or field-=tifications also _h an important influ5ce "h4 ,! l9es ( ,torres-,v$ras1 ! field-works ( ,ronda1 ! intr5*$ camps ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ,bayonne1 ,t\l\se1 c41 are examples "u ?is head4 ,9 fact1 field-works play$ a mo/ important "p 9 all ( ,napoleon's w>s4 ,we might m5tion ! r$\bt ( ,mont5otte1 ! intr5*m5ts at ,milesimo1 ! batt]ies ( ,lobau1 ! field-def5ces ( ,h\gomont1 ,la ,haye-,sa9te1 & ,papelotte at ,wat]loo1 & num]\s o!r cases equally /rik+4 ,j be=e ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 ,well+ton employ$ "s eighte5 ?\s& peasants & two ?\s& horses1 "u ! direction ( ,briti% (fic]s ( eng9e]s4 ,9 speak+ ( ^! def5ces1 ,colonel ,pasley says3 ,x may be easily conceiv$ t to h direct$ su* a great body ( workm5 to prop] advantage1 by means ( a few (fic]s ( eng9e]s1 w\ld h be5 impossible1 b = ! sy/em adopt$ ( subdivid+ ! v>i\s works among ! non-commission$ (fic]s & privates ( ! eng9e] troops1 ea* ( :om 0 made responsible = lay+ out ! details ( 8 own portion1 & = ! direction ( a p>ty ( f tw5ty to "o hundr$ m51 or ev5 m1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,b to return to ! ,p59sul> w>4 ,^! campaigns exhibit 9 /rong colors ! advantages d]iv$1 on ! "o side1 f a well-organiz$ eng9e] corps1 & ! losses1 delays1 & defects suff]$ on ! o!r1 until ! defects ( ! organization 7 rem$i$4 ,napoleon ent]$ ,spa9 ) a well-appo9t$ army1 & soon1 ?r\gh /rategy & well-direct$ =ce1 ga9$ possession ( ! important =tresses ( ! ,p59sula2 seiz+ 9 ?is way ! /rategic r\tes & important geographical po9ts1 he 0 enabl$ to reta9 possession ( ! c\ntry = eight ye>s1 9 spite ( ! num]\s =ces array$ aga9/ him1 ! abs5ce ( himself & 8 be/ g5]als 9 ,g]many1 & ! great ineffici5cy ( ,joseph & ( _m ( 8 g5]als4 ,^! =tifications 7 old1 & ( /r5g? inf]ior to mod]n works ( def5ce1 b x requir$ ye>s & ! exp5diture ( millions 9 blood & treasure to expel f ! c\ntry ^? :o _h possession ( !m4 ,= ! fir/ five ye>s ( ?is w> ! ,engli% /ruggl$ ) a mo/ imp]fect army organization4#cg ,:5 ! fir/ s]i\s siege1 says ,napi]1 0 und]tak5 by ! ,briti% army1 to ! discr$it ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 no army 0 ev] s ill provid$ ) ! means ( prosecut+ su* an ent]prise4 ,! eng9e] (fic]s 7 exce$+ly zeal\s2 & _m ( !m 7 well v]s$ 9 ! !ory ( _! bus9ess4 ,b ! able/ trembl$ :5 reflect+ on _! utt] de/itution ( all t belong$ to real s]vice4 ,)\t a corps ( sapp]s & m9]s1 )\t a s+le private :o knew h[ to c>ry on an approa* "u fire1 !y 7 compell$ to attack =tresses def5d$ by ! mo/ w>like1 practis$1 & sci5tific troops ( ! age4 ,footnote #cg3 ,9 a lett] dat$ ,febru>y #aa?1 #ahab1 ,well+ton wrote to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate z foll[s3--,i w\ld beg leave to sugge/ to y\r lord%ip ! exp$i5cy ( add+ to ! eng9e] e/abli%m5t a corps ( sapp]s & m9]s4 ,x is inconceivable ) :at disadvantages we und]take any ?+ l a siege = want ( assi/ance ( ?is description4 ,!re is no ,fr5* corps d'arme :i* has n a battalion ( sapp]s & a company ( m9]s2 b we are oblig$ to dep5d = assi/ance ( ?is description ^u ! regim5ts ( ! l9e2 & al?\gh ! m5 are brave & will+1 !y want ! k & tra9+ :i* are necess>y4 ,_m casualties among !m consequ5tly occur1 & mu* valuable "t is lo/ at ! mo/ critical p]iod ( ! siege4 ,! be/ (fic]s & f9e/ soldi]s 7 oblig$ to sacrifice !mselves 9 a lam5table mann]1 to comp5sate = ! neglig5ce & incapacity ( a gov]nm5t1 always ready to plunge ! nation into w>1 )\t ! slighte/ c>e ( :at 0 necess>y to obta9 success4 ,! sieges c>ri$ on by ! ,briti% 9 ,spa9 7 a succession ( but*]ies2 because ! commone/ mat]ials1 & ! means necess>y to _! art1 7 d5i$ ! eng9e]s4 ,colonel ,j4,t4 ,jones writes 9 ne>ly ! same t]ms ( ! e>ly sieges 9 ! ,p59sula1 & ) respect to ! siege ( ,badajos1 adds 9 express t]ms1 t a body ( sapp]s & m9]s1 & ! necess>y fasc9es & gabions1 w\ld h r5d]$ ! r$uction ( ! "w c]ta94#ch ,soon aft] ?is siege a body ( eng9e] troops arriv$ f ,engl&1 b _! numb] 0 insuffici5t1 & ,well+ton1 hav+ le>n$ by sad exp]i5ce ! importance ( eng9e] troops1 ord]$ a body ( two hundr$ volunte]s to be deta*$ f ! l9e1 & daily in/ruct$ 9 ! practice ( sapp+1 mak+ & lay+ fasc9es & gabions1 & ! con/ruction ( batt]ies1 c4 ,! siege ( ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 :i* imm$iately foll[$ ?is organization1 0 conduct$ ) great] skill & success ?an any o!r till ne>ly ! close ( ! w>2 & all milit>y writ]s h attribut$ ?is result to ! great] effici5cy ( ! eng9e] =ce engag$ 9 ! siege4 ,?is arm 0 n[ gradually increas$1 & ! la/ ye> ( ! w> ! eng9e] =ce ) ! ,engli% army 9 ! field consi/$ ( sev5ty-sev5 (fic]s1 sev5 assi/ant-eng9e]s & surveyors1 f\r surgeons & assi/ants1 "o ?\s& six hundr$ & =ty-six sapp]s1 m9]s1 artific]s1 c41 "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & =ty horses & "o hundr$ & sixty c>riages4 ,footnote #ch3 ,colonel ,pasley /ates t only "o & a half y>ds ( excavation1 p] man1 0 execut$ 9 a :ole night1 by ! untra9$ troops 9 ! ,p59sul> w>2 :]eas an in/ruct$ sapp] c easily accompli% ?is 9 tw5ty m9utes1 & t x has be5 done by "o ( 8 mo/ skilful sapp]s1 at ,*a?am1 9 sev5 m9utes6 ,dur+ all ?is "t ! ,fr5* furni%$ _! armies 9 ,spa9 ) well-organiz$ eng9e] =ces4 ,we h endeavor$ to =m a comp>ison ( ! numb] ( ,fr5* eng9e]s & artill]i/s employ$ on ^! p59sul> sieges4 ,b f ! loose mann] 9 :i* ^! details are usually giv5 by hi/orians1 x is almo/ impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two4 ,bo? are n unfrequ5tly giv5 "u ! same head1 & :5 a di/9ction is app>5tly kept up1 only ! eng9e] /aff is m5tion$ "u ! head ( eng9e]s--! sapp]s1 m9]s1 artific]s1 ! tra91 c41 all be+ put d[n z artill]y4 ,9 ! foll[+ table we h endeavor$ to arrange !m z is done 9 our own army4 ,! tra9s ( bo? arms are left out1 = frequ5tly t ( "o arm p]=m$ ! duties ( ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 9 our s]vice a portion ( ^! duties ( eng9e] & artill]y tra9s is p]=m$ by ! qu>t]ma/]'s dep>tm5t4 ,= ^? :o wi% to "k ! exact organization ( ! ,fr5* eng9e] tra91 we give x z x exi/$ 9 #ahaa1 viz43--sev5 troops1 ea* troop consi/+ ( ?ree (fic]s1 "o hundr$ & =ty-"o non-commission$ (fic]s & privates1 two hundr$ & fifty horses1 & fifty wagons1 convey+ five ?\s& two hundr$ & sev5ty intr5*+ tools1 "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ cutt+ tools1 "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & two artific]s' tools1 two hundr$ & fifty-?ree m9]s' tools1 & eight ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & eighte5 kilogrammes' weight ( ma*9]y & /ores1 ea* article be+ made to a p>ticul> patt]n4 ,! pione]s 9 ,spa9 act$ sometimes ) "o arm & sometimes ) ! o!r1 & we h assign$ !m accord+ly 9 ! table4 ,! pontoni]s1 h[ev]1 9 our s]vice are includ$ ) ! eng9e]s2 we h !re=e put !m1 9 our table1 9 ! same column ) ! eng9e]s4 ,eng9e] ,artill]y /aff1 ,total ,total ( /aff1 sapp]s1 horse & foot ( artill]y m9]s1 artill]y1 eng9e]s1 /aff1 horse pontoni]s1 ouvri]s1 & sapp]s1 & foot & pione]s4 pione]s4 m9]s1 artill]y1 ,"n ( ,siege4 pontoni]s1ouvri]s1 & & ,(fic4 ,m54 ,(fic4 ,m54 pione]s4 pione]s4 ,s>agossa1 #hf #aahi #ij #abgf #abge #acfj ,rosas1 #ba #baa -- -- #bcb #dfa ,girona1 #ed #fjc #fb #abii #feg #acfa ,a/orga1 #g #ia #ag #dbg #ih #ddd ,l]ida1 #ae #caf #aa #bjh #cca #bai ,megu95za1 #ca #bgh -- -- #cab #acf #a/ ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 #cd #dda -- -- #dge #ajai ,almeida1 #cd #dhi -- -- #ebc #ajai ,tortosa1 #dc #dbi #cb #cha #dgb #dac ,t>ragona1 #ej #fha #df #gja #gca #gdg ,oliv5sa1 #aj #ajf -- -- #aaf #ahf #a/ ,badajos1 #be #gjg #da #fii #gcb #gdj ,t>ifa1 #ab #bce #ag #adh #bdg #afe ,p5iscola1 #ac #ach #i #ahc #aea #aib #b;d ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 #c #ab #h #afj #ae #afh #b;d ,badajos1 #i #bef -- -- #bfe #bfh ,burgos1 #d #abd #c #abf #abh #abi ,ca/io ,udiales1 #e #fh #h #aig #gc #bje ,/4 ,seba/ian1 #ac #bdh #g #aff #bfa #agc ,f ?is table x appe>s t ! ratio ( ! two arms at ^! sieges1 mak+ ! comp>ison on ! basis ( our own organization1 is ab\t ! same z = ! pres5t ,fr5* army 9 ,alg]ia1 or a little m ?an five ( eng9e]s to six ( artill]y4 ,?us f> we h spok5 ( ! field-op]ations ( eng9e] troops 9 connection ) =tifications1 allud+ only incid5tally to ! use ( milit>y bridges & ! passage ( riv]s4 ,9 ! e>ly w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution ! want ( pontoni]s 0 sev]ely felt1 & f ! defici5cy ( ?is bran* ( s]vice1 ! op]ations ( ! ,fr5* g5]als 7 on sev]al occasions v mu* re/rict$4 ,! evil 0 aft]w>ds rem$i$ 9 a great degree by ! introduction ( sev]al battalions ( ponioni]s 9 ! regul> army organization4 ,on _m occasions1 dur+ 8 w>s1 did ,napoleon feel & ackn[l$ge ! importance ( ^! troops2 b on none1 p]haps1 0 ?is importance m cle>ly %[n ?an 9 ! passage ( ! ,b]es9a dur+ 8 retreat f ,mosc[ ) ! wreck ( 8 army4 ,! ,russians _h cut ! bridge ( ,boris[ & tak5 position 9 great /r5g? on ! "r bank ( ! riv]1 bo? at ?is po9t & bel[2 ! ,fr5*1 we>i$ ) long & difficult m>*es1 de/itute ( artill]y1 provisions1 & milit>y /ores1 ) a wide & deep riv] 9 front1 & a p[]ful enemy on _! flank & re>1 b5umb$ by ! rigors ( a m]ciless climate1 & dispirit$ by defeat--e ?+ seem$ to promise _! total de/ruction4 ,g5]al ,ebl1 says an ,engli% g5]al (fic]1 9 8 rem>ks on ?is retreat1 :o1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! campaign1 _h made all ! arrangem5ts = ! equipm5t & con/ruction ( milit>y bridges1 0 specially *>g$ ) ! important duty ( provid+ = ! passage ( ?is riv]2 & he dis*>g$ t duty ) a degree ( =eca/ & ability to :i* c]ta9ly ,napoleon ow$ 8 escape & ! wreck ( 8 army its safety4 ,g5]al ,ebl _h begun to prep>e1 at ,smol5sko1 = ! difficulties :i* he =esaw 9 ?is op]ation4 ,he =m$1 ) e c>e1 a tra9 suffici5t = ! transport ( all ! tools & /ores t might be requir$2 &1 fur!r to provide aga9/ casualties & accid5ts1 e man belong+ to ! companies ( pontoni]s 0 oblig$ to c>ry f ,smol5sko a tool or implem5t ( "s k9d1 & a proportion ( nails3 & =tunate 0 x = ! army t he did s2 = su* 0 ! difficulty 9 gett+ ?r\gh ! c>riages conta9+ /ores1 t only two =ge-wagons & six caissons ( tools & nails c\ld be pres]v$4 ,to ^! ! g5]al add$ a quantity ( iron-"w tak5 f ! :eels ( c>riages t 7 ab&on$ on ! m>*4 ,mu* 0 sacrific$ to br+ (f ^! valuable mat]ials = mak+ clamps & fa/5+s1 b1 z ,segur obs]ves1 t ex]tion 'sauva l'arme4' ,b x is n always 9 ! possession ( a ?+ t we are mo/ likely to appreciate its utility2 ! evils & inconv5i5ces result+ f ! want ( x n unfrequ5tly impress u mo/ p[]fully ) its importance & ! advantages to be d]iv$ f its possession4 ,a few examples ( ?is nature1 drawn f milit>y hi/ory1 may be in/ructive4 ,we ne$ n g back to ! disa/r\s passage ( ! ,vi/ula by ,*>les ,,xii41 ! failure ( ,m>lbor\gh to pass ! ,dyle1 & ,eug5e to cross ! ,adda 9 #agje1 nor ( ! ?ree unsuccessful attempts ( ,*>les ( ,lorra9e to cross ! ,rh9e 9 #agdc4 ,! w>s foll[+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution are suffici5tly replete ) useful in/ruction on ?is subject4#ci ,footnote #ci3 ,be=e recurr+ to ^!1 x might be useful to give "o example1 z x is (t5 ref]r$ to1 9 ! campaign ( #agjb4 ,x 0 deem$ important = ! success ( ! campaign to attack ! ,pr9ce ( ,bad5 9 8 camp at ,fri$l+54 ,accord+ly1 a bridge 0 ?r[n across ! ,rh9e at ,hun+51 ! passage effect$1 & ! victory ga9$4 ,b ,vill>s 0 sev]al times on ! po9t ( los+ all = want ( a suffici5t ponton equipage4 ,hav+ b a s+le bridge1 ! passage 0 necess>ily sl[2 ! artill]y & /ores 7 frequ5tly int]rupt$ by ! infantry hurry+ to ! field ( battle2 disord] ensu$1 & ! :ole movem5t 0 ret>d$2 ,vill>s c\ld br+ only a small "p ( 8 artill]y into action1 & t[>ds ! close ( ! battle ! infantry 7 9 want ( ammunition3 moreov]1 ! :ole op]ation _h ne>ly fail$ f ! attempt ( ! enemy to de/roy ?is bridge1 b ! skill ( ! ,fr5* pontoni]s sav$ x4 ,we "h rem>k1 #a/1 ! passage secur$ to ,vill>s an important victory2 #b;d1 f hav+ an ineffici5t bridge-equipage 8 :ole army 0 plac$ 9 great p]il1 & ! op]ation _h ne>ly fail$2 #c;d1 if ! ,pr9ce ( ,bad5 _h possess$ a skilful corps to oppose t ( ,vill>s1 ?is s+le bridge w\ld h be5 de/roy$1 & ! army cut to pieces2 #d?1 ! skill ( ! little corps ( ,fr5* pontoni]s sav$ ! bridge1 & ( consequ5ce1 ! army4 ,9 #agid s great 0 ! disord] 9 ! direction ( affairs1 t ! boats ( ! bridges across ! ,wahal & ! ,rh9e 7 dispos$ ( = comm]cial purposes2 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( #agie1 says ,jom9i1 ! conqu]ors ( ,belgium & ,holl& _h n ev5 a bridge equipage1 at a "t too :5 ! success ( ! campaign dep5d$ solely on ! means ( cross+ a riv]4 ,a few boats 7 procur$ f ! ,wahal & ! ,meuse1 & o!rs manufactur$ 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,moselle2 b ^! op]ations consum$ preci\s "t1 & f\r mon?s ?us pass$ away 9 prep>ations4 ,ev5 aft] o!r ?+s 7 all ready1 ! army 0 oblig$ to wait ?irty days = ! arrival ( boats = ponton bridges2 dur+ ?is delay ! ,au/rians /r5g!n$ _! position1 & ) v little ex]tion !y might easily h prev5t$ ! passage4 ,9 #agif1 pr(it+ by ! errors ( ! =m] campaigns1 ! ,fr5* collect$ m suitable bridge equipages1 & ! two armies pass$ ! ,rh9e at ,neuweid & ,kehl )\t loss or delay4 ,! latt] ( ^! passages has (t5 be5 ref]r$ to z a model = su* op]ations1 & c]ta9ly does cr$it to ! g5]al :o direct$ x4 ,b ,moreau's bridge equipage hav+ be5 de/roy$ dur+ ?is disa/r\s campaign1 8 op]ations ! foll[+ ye> 7 consid]ably delay$ 9 prep>+ a new "o1 & ev5 !n he 0 "u ! necessity ( seiz+ all private boats t c\ld be f\nd )9 rea*2 b ! difficulty ( collect+ & us+ boats ( all sizes & descriptions 0 s great z entirely to defeat 8 plan ( surpris+ ! enemy on ! opposite bank ( ! riv]4 ,! necessity ( co-op]at+ ) ,ho*e admitt$ ( no fur!r delay1 & he 0 n[ oblig$ to =ce 8 passage 9 ! op5 day1 & 9 face ( ! enemy4 ,und]tak5 "u su* circum/ances1 ! ent]prise 0 extremely sangu9>y1 & at "o "t v d\btful2 & _h x fail$1 ,moreau's army w\ld h be5 ru9$ = ! campaign4 ,napoleon's celebrat$ passage ( ! ,po1 at ,plac5tia1 %[s pla9ly h[ important x is = a g5]al to possess ! means ( cross+ riv]s4 ,i felt ! importance ( ha/5+ ! ent]prise 9 ord] n to all[ ! enemy "t to prev5t x4 ,b ! ,po1 :i* is a riv] z wide & deep z ! ,rh9e1 is a b>ri] difficult to be ov]come4 ,we _h no means ( con/ruct+ a bridge1 & 7 oblig$ to cont5t ourselves ) ! means ( emb>kation f\nd at ,plac5tia & its environs4 ,lannes1 *ief ( brigade1 cross$ 9 ! fir/ boats1 ) ! advanc$ gu>d4 ,! ,au/rians _h only t5 squadrons on ! o!r side1 & ^! 7 easily ov]come4 ,! passage 0 n[ cont9u$ )\t int]ruption1 b v sl[ly4 ,if ,i _h _h a good ponton-equipage1 ! fate ( ! enemy's army _h be5 seal$2 b ! necessity ( pass+ ! riv] by successive emb>kations sav$ x4 ,9 ! campaign ( #agii1 ! ,ar*duke attempt$ to pass ! ,a>1 & attack$ ! ,fr5* on ! opposite side1 b = want ( suitable equipage 8 op]ation 0 delay$ till ! enemy _h collect$ suffici5t =ces to int]cept ! passage2 he 0 n[ oblig$ to ent] into a /ipulation = a susp5sion ( ho/ilities1 & to )draw 8 bridges4 ,! op]ations ( ! ,fr5* 9 ! campaign ( #ahjj1 l$ to ! mo/ glori\s results1 b _! execution 0 att5d$ ) ! greate/ difficulties4 ,! passage ( ! ,alps 0 greatly facilitat$ by ! ability ( ! *ief eng9e]1 ,m>escot1 & ! skill ( ! troops "u 8 comm&2 & ! facility ( pass+ riv]s af=d$ ,napoleon by 8 pontoni]s1 _h an important influ5ce ^u ! success ( ! campaign4 ,! army ( ! res]ve _h _m companies ( pontoni]s & sapp]s2 ! pontons ( c\rse c\ld n be tak5 across ! ,/4 ,b]n>d1 b ! pontoni]s soon f\nd mat]ials on ! ,po & ,tes9 = con/ruct+ bridge equipages4 ,moreau's army 9 ! same ye> pr(it$ well by 8 pontoni]s1 9 ! passages ( ! ,inn1 ! ,salza1 ! ,traun1 ! ,alza1 c41 & 9 ! pursuit ( ! ,au/rian army--a pursuit t has b a s+le p>allel example 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,! facility ) :i* ,napoleon cross$ riv]s1 made =c$ m>*es1 con/ruct$ r$\bts1 =tifi$ depots1 & grasp$ ! great /rategic po9ts ( ! enemy 9 ! campaign ( #ahje1 result$ f ! skilful organization ( 8 army1 & ! effici5cy giv5 to ! =ces employ$ 9 ^! important op]ations4 ,! eng9e] /aff ( ! ,fr5* army at ?is p]iod1 consi/$ ( f\r hundr$ & =ty-n9e (fic]s1 & !re 7 f\r battalions ( sapp]s1 ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty (fic]s & sev5 ?\s& & n9ety-two m52 six companies ( m9]s1 ( tw5ty-f\r (fic]s & five hundr$ & sev5ty-six m52 & two regim5ts ( pontoni]s1 ( ?irty-eight (fic]s & n9e hundr$ & sixty m54 ,on ! contr>y1 ! enemy's neglect ( ^! ?+s is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! _m faults ( ! w>1 & 8 ill-direct$ ef=ts to de/roy ! great wood5 bridge across ! ,danube1 & ! successful op]ations ( ! ,fr5* sapp]s 9 secur+ x1 =m$ "o ( ! pr9cipal turn+ po9ts 9 ! campaign4 ,! same organization enabl$ ! ,fr5* to p]=m _! wond]fully rapid & decisive movem5ts 9 ! ,prussian campaign ( #ahjf1 & ! nor!rn op]ations ( #ahjg4 ,9 #ahji1 ,napoleon's army cross$1 ) ! mo/ wond]ful rapidity1 ! ,inn1 ! ,salza1 ! ,traun1 & o!r riv]s empty+ into ! ,danube1 & rea*$ ,vi5na be=e ! wond]-/rick5 ,au/rians c\ld prep>e = its def5ce4 ,x 0 !n necess>y = ! ,fr5* to effect a passage ( ! ,danube1 :i* 0 mu* swoll5 by rec5t ra9s & ! melt+ sn[ ( ! m\nta9s4 ,consid]+ ! dep? & wid? ( ! riv]1 ! positions ( ! enemy1 & 8 prep>ations to oppose a passage1 ) ! disa/r\s consequ5ces t w\ld result to ! ,fr5* f any failure 9 its execution2 tak+ all ^! ?+s into consid]ation1 ,jom9i pron\nc$ x "o ( ! mo/ haz>d\s & difficult ( all ! op]ations ( ,w>4 ,"h ! fate ( ! army dep5d$1 app>5tly1 ^u ! skill & effici5cy ( ! eng9e]s & pontoni]s1 & nobly did !y dis*>ge ! tru/ repos$ 9 !m4 ,:5 ! pontons fail$1 tressel-bridges 7 sub/itut$1 & ev5 fifty-f\r enorm\s boats 7 put 9 requisition4 ,s skilfully 7 ^! op]ations conduct$1 t ,napoleon's imm5se army cross$ ov] 9 safety1 directly 9 ! face ( a sup]ior enemy1 & ! same day f\ght ! memorable battle ( ,esl+4 ,=c$ to retire be=e numb]s va/ly sup]ior to 8 own1 ,napoleon conc5trat$ 8 =ces on ! isl& ( ,lobau1 & intr5*$ 8 position4 ,surr\nd$ by ! broad & deep *annel ( ! ,danube1 & wat*$ by num]\s & skilful enemies1 x requir$ ! mo/ con/ant activity & ! greate/ good =tune to effect a passage4 ,"h ! skill & effici5cy ( ! eng9e]s %one conspicu\sly2 a numb] ( bridges 7 ?r[n across ! riv] 9 ! face ( ! ,au/rians1 & aga9/ ob/acles almo/ insurm\ntable2 ! :ole ,fr5* army pass$ 9 safety1 & soon put ! f9i%+ /roke to t brilliant campaign4 ,s high an e/imate did ,napoleon atta* to ! con/ruction ( ^! bridges1 t1 :5 ! passage 0 complet$1 he (f]$ to place ,b]tr&1 ! con/ruct+ eng9e]1 ?\gh ( comp>atively l[ rank1 at ! head ( ! ,fr5* corps du g5ie4 ,on _m occasions dur+ ! retreat 9 #ahab-ac1 f ! ,b]es9a to ! left ( ! ,rh9e1 across ! ,niem51 ! ,vi/ula1 ! ,od]1 ! ,elbe1 & ! num]\s o!r riv]s :i* divide t imm5se c\ntry1 ! ,fr5* d]iv$ va/ advantages f ! exp]i5ce & skill ( _! eng9e]s & pontoni]s1 sev]al times :ole corps escap+ ?r\gh _! means f ! grasp ( _! pursu]s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! disa/]s ( ?is retreat _h absorb$ mo/ ( ! mat]ial ( ! army1 & _h sadly ?9n$ ! ranks ( m5 ( skill & exp]i5ce1 !y su/a9$ _m sev]e1 &1 9 o!r circum/ances1 unnecess>y losses4 ,( ?is "* we may m5tion ! passage ( ! ,el/] by ! bridge ( ,l9dnau1 :]e1 ?r\gh ! ignorance & c>elessness ( ^? *>g$ ) ! m9es1 & ?r\gh ! want ( suitable bridge arrangem5ts1 ?\s&s ( brave m5 7 buri$ 9 ! muddy wat]s ( ?is small riv]4 ,s s5sibly did ,napoleon feel ?is want ( bridge equipages1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahac-ad1 t he address$ to 8 m9i/] ( w>1 on ?is subject1 ! foll[+ rem>kable words3 ,if ,i _h _h pontons1 ,i %\ld h already annihilat$ ! army ( ,s*w>tz5b]g1 & clos$ ! w>2 ,i %\ld h tak5 f him eight or t5 ?\s& wagons1 & 8 entire army 9 detail2 b = want ( ! prop] means ,i c\ld n pass ! ,se9e4 ,aga91 on ! #b;d ( ,m>* he wrote3 ,if ,i _h _h a bridge equipage ?is morn+1 ,bl*]'s army _h be5 lo/4 ,:oev] w exam9e ! details ( ! op]ations ( ?is campaign1 w be conv9c$ ( ! full =ce ( ^! rem>ks4 ,9 ,spa9 9 #ahjh1 ,sir ,john ,moore1 9 ord] to assi/ ! native =ces1 _h p5etrat$ s ne> ! army ( ,napoleon1 t retreat became exce$+ly difficult1 & he 0 sev]al times on ! po9t ( be+ lo/4 ,! ,engli% army 0 at ?is "t v defici5t 9 eng9e] troops1 & ,moore suff]$ mu* = want ( m9]s to de/roy bridges1 & pontoni]s to con/ruct new ones4 ,9 ord] to cov] 8 retreat & imp$e ! advance ( ! ,fr5*1 ! comm&]-9-*ief1 says ,napi]1 direct$ sev]al bridges to be de/roy$1 b ! eng9e]s = want ( m9]s & m9]'s tools fail$ ( success 9 e attempt4 ,9 ,s\lt's retreat1 9 #ahji1 he cross$ ! ,du]o at ,oporto1 & de/roy$ ! bridges s z to cut (f ! pursuit ( ,well+ton4 ,b :ile ,s\lt1 deceiv$ by trea*]y 9 8 own corps1 neglect$ to gu>d ! riv] ) prop] vigilance1 ,well+ton collect$ boats at diff]5t po9ts1 cross$ ov] 8 army1 surpris$ ! ,fr5*1 &1 _h x n be5 = ! s+ul> delay & indecision ( ,g5]al ,murray1 w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly h =c$ ! entire army to capitulate2 z x 01 8 op]ation produc$ a decid$ influ5ce on ! campaign1 & effect$ ! safety ( ,b]es=d's corps4 ,s\lt de/roy$ 8 artill]y & baggage1 & ha/ily retreat$ ?r\gh ! m\nta9 passes2 b 8 army 0 aga9 arre/$ at ! riv] ,cavado1 & plac$ on ! v br9k ( de/ruction1 :5 ! brave & skilful ,dulong succe$$ 9 effect+ a passage at ! ,ponte ,nova2 ! same d>+ (fic] op5$1 on ! same day1 a way = ! fur!r escape ( ! ,fr5* across ! ,mis>ella by ! ,saltador4 ,9 ! pursuit ( ,mass5a1 9 #ahaj1 x 0 important to ! ,engli% to cross ! ,guadiana1 & attack ! ,fr5* be=e ,badajos c\ld be put 9 a /ate ( def5ce4 ,b]es=d 0 direct$ by ,well+ton to pass ?is riv] at ,j]um9a1 :]e ! ,portuguese _h promis$ to furni% pontons2 b !y neglect$ to fulfil _! engagem5t1 & ! army _h to wait till ,capt4 ,squire1 an able & effici5t (fic] ( eng9e]s1 c\ld con/ruct o!r means = effect+ a passage4 ,e ?+ 0 done t g5ius c\ld devise & indu/ry execute2 nev]!less1 ! op]ations ( ! army 7 greatly delay$--a delay1 says ! hi/orian1 t may be consid]$ z ! pr9cipal cause ( ^? long & bloody op]ations :i* aft]w>ds deta9$ ,"l ,well+ton m ?an a ye> on ! fronti]s ( ,portugal4 ,we might prolong ^! rem>ks by discuss+ ! passages ( ! ,ceira & ,alva1 & _! influ5ce on ! pursuit ( ,mass5a2 ,well+ton's passage ( ! ,tagus1 & 8 retreat f ,burgos 9 #ahab2 ! passage ( ! ,ad\r & ,g>onne 9 #ahad2 & ! failure ( ! m9es to bl[ up ! bridges ( ,saltador1 ,alcant>a1 c42 b a suffici5t numb] ( examples1 x is believ$1 has already be5 adduc$ to %[ ! advantage ( ma9ta9+ a prop]ly organiz$ & in/ruct$ body ( sapp]s1 m9]s1 & pontoni]s1 & ! fatal results att5d+ ! want ( su* troops1 z a compon5t "p ( an army organization4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t ! infantry ( an army mu/ always =m ! basis ( ! apportionm5t2 & by ! g5]al rule laid d[n by milit>y writ]s1 ! cavalry %\ld be f "o-f\r? to "o-six? ( ! infantry1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! w>2 ! artill]y ab\t two-?irds ( ! cavalry1 or "o-sev5? ( ! infantry2 & ! eng9e]s f "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( ! artill]y1--say ab\t two-?irds4 ,! /aff & adm9i/rative corps mu/ v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! organization1 & ! "* ( ! !atre ( w>4 ,! =m] ought to be f two to five 9 a ?\s&1 & ! latt] f tw5ty-five to sev5ty-five1#dj z a g5]al rule4 ,^! ratios w\ld give = a good army organization2 ,/aff1 ab\t 44444444444444444444444444444444444 #e ,adm9i/rative s]vice--pay1 m$ical1 commiss>y1 qu>t]-ma/]1 c4 44444444444444444444444444444#fe ,infantry1 44444444444444444444444444444444444444#f ej ,cavalry1 444444444444444444444444444444444444444# acj ,artill]y1 44444444444444444444444444444444444444#i j ,eng9e]s1 44444444444444444444444444444444444444#f j ----- ,total1 4444444444444444444#a1jjj ,9 a brok5 c\ntry1 & aga9/ savage & undiscipl9$ foes1 l ! ,indians 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! natives oppos$ to ! ,engli% 9 ,india1 to ! ,fr5* 9 ,alg]ia1 or to ! ,russians 9 ,circassia1 ! cavalry1 artill]y1 & eng9e]s w\ld be dim9i%$1 & ! infantry & adm9i/rative corps proportionably increas$2 ! =m] because light troops are always pref]able aga9/ an undiscipl9$ foe1 & ! latt] because ( ! difficulty ( mov+ & procur+ supplies 9 new & uncultivat$ c\ntries4 ,! ,fr5* =ces 9 ,alg]ia1 9 #ahdd1 am\nt$ to ab\t sixty ?\s& m51 9 ! foll[+ proportion3-- ,/aff1 44444444444444444444444444444444444#d4g ,adm9i/rative1 c41 4444444444444444444#aab4c ,infantry1 444444444444444444444444444444#fhg4c ,cavalry1 44444444444444444444444444444444#hf4f ,artill]y1 444444444444444444444444444444#fa4b ,eng9e]s1 444444444444444444444444444444#dg4i --------- #ajjj m54 ,footnote #dj3 ,?is supposes ! team/]s1 wagon-ma/]s1 hospital-s]vants1 c41 to be enli/$ m51 & n p]sons hir$ = ! occasion z is done 9 our army4 ,9 small peace e/abli%m5ts ! relative proportion ( infantry & cavalry %\ld be mu* less ?an :5 prep>$ = ! field1 because troops = ^! two arms c be mu* m readily =m$ 9 case ( em]g5cy1 ?an = ^? :i* require m sci5tific in=mation1 & te*nical skill & in/ruction4 ,! /aff & eng9e]s are evid5tly ! mo/ difficult to be =m$ 9 case ( w>1 & next to ^! ! artill]y & adm9i/rative corps4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we c ma9ta91 9 "t ( peace1 only ! framework ( an army1 look+ to our citiz5 soldi]y to =m1 9 case ( ne$1 ! great mass ( our milit>y =ce4 ,?is is ! />t+ po9t 9 our milit>y sy/em1 & ! basis ( our army organization4 ,let u see :e!r ?is pr9ciple is c>ri$ out 9 practice4 ,= e ?\s& m5 9 our pres5t organization#da we h1 ,= ! /aff1 #b ,adm9i/rative1 #bjdb ,infantry1 #eac ,cavalry1 #aej ,artill]y1 #caj ,eng9e]s1 #e ---- #ajjj ,footnote #da3 ,^! numb]s are ! real r ?an ! nom9al proportions1 _m ( our (fic]s be+ call$ /aff1 :o prop]ly belong to "o ( ! o!r classes4 ,footnote #db3 ,mu* ( ! adm9i/rative duty 9 our army is done by un5li/$ m51 or by soldi]s deta*$ f _! companies4 ,:]e su* is ! case1 ! ratio ( ?is bran* ( ! s]vice ought to be no high] ?an is repres5t$ above4 ,we see f ?is table1 t :ile our artill]y is ne>ly six times z num]\s z 9 ord9>y armies1 our /aff is less by "o-half1 & our eng9e]s n m ?an "o-half :at ought to be _! proportion 9 a w> e/abli%m5t4 ,to ?is excess ( artill]y ov] infantry & cavalry 9 our army 9 "t ( peace !re is no objection1 inasmu* z ! latt] c\ld be m easily exp&$ 9 case ( w> ?an ! artill]y4 ,b = a /ill /rong] reason our /aff & eng9e]s %\ld also be proportionally increas$1 in/ead ( be+ va/ly dim9i%$1 z is actually ! case4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! fir/ campaigns ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution /rongly impress$ on ! m9d ( ,wa%+ton ! absolute necessity ( =m+ a regul> & sy/ematic army organization4 ,b s difficult 0 x to obta9 prop]ly in/ruct$ eng9e]s1 t he 0 oblig$ to seek 8 eng9e] (fic]s 9 ! ranks ( =eign adv5tur]s1 & to make drafts f ! o!r arms ( s]vice1 & h !m regul>ly in/ruct$ 9 ! duties ( eng9e] troops1 & comm&$ by ! (fic]s ( ?is corps4 ,an ord]1 9 8 own h&writ+1 giv+ ! details ( ?is tempor>y arrangem5t1 is dat$ ,m>* #cj?1 #aggi4 ,until m5 are enli/$ = ! purpose1 companies ( sapp]s & m9]s %all be =m$ by drafts f ! l9e4 ,! duties ( ! companies ( sapp]s & m9]s1 he cont9ues1 %all be "u ! direction ( ! eng9e]s1 to con/ruct field-works ( e k9d1 & all works necess>y = ! attack or def5ce ( places1 z circum/ances may require4 ,on a m>* 9 ! vic9ity ( an enemy1 a deta*m5t ( ! companies ( sapp]s & m9]s %all be /ation$ at ! head ( ! column1 directly aft] ! vangu>d1 = ! purpose ( op5+ & m5d+ ! roads1 & remov+ ob/ructions1 c4 c4 ,! great difficulties enc\nt]$ by ,wa%+ton 9 in/ruct+ 8 inexp]i5c$ =ces 9 ! m difficult bran*es ( ! art1 made him ! m e>ne/1 9 aft] ye>s1 to impress on u h[ important x 0 = u ,9 peace to prep>e = w>4 ,! prep>ation "h meant is n ! keep+ up1 9 "t ( peace1 ( a l>ge /&+ army1 ev] ready to take ! field2 b r ! =mation ( a small body1 educat$ & practis$ 9 all ! sci5tific & difficult p>ts ( ! pr(ession2 a body :i* %all s]ve z ! cadre or framework ( a l>ge army1 capable ( imp>t+ to ! new & inexp]i5c$ soldi]s ( ! republic t skill & effici5cy :i* has be5 acquir$ by practice4 ,h[ f> h we accompli%$ ?is object1 & :at w be ! probable op]ations 9 case ( ano!r conte/ ) a ,european p[]8 ,new & inexp]i5c$ troops w be call$ into ! field to oppose a vet]an & discipl9$ army4 ,f ^! troops we %all expect all ! brav]y & en]gy result+ f ard5t patriotism & an en?usia/ic love ( lib]ty4 ,b we _c "h expect mu* discipl9e1 milit>y skill1 or k ( ! sev]al bran*es ( ! milit>y art4 ,! peaceful habits ( our citiz5s t5d b little to ! cultivation ( ! milit>y "*4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to oppose ! ho/ile =ce8 ,mu/ human blood be sub/itut$ = skill & prep>ation1 & dead bodies ( our citiz5s s]ve z epaulem5ts aga9/ ! inroads ( ! enemy8 ,to "s ext5t1 we fe> x mu/ be ! case2 b n entirely s1 = gov]nm5t has n altoge!r neglect$ to make prep>ation = su* an ev5t4 ,=tifications h be5 plann$ or erect$ on ! mo/ important & expos$ positions2 milit>y mat]ials & munitions h be5 collect$ 9 ! public ars5als2 a milit>y s*ool has be5 organiz$ to in/ruct 9 ! milit>y sci5ces2 !re are regul>ly kept up small bodies ( infantry & cavalry1 weak 9 numb]s1 b capable ( soon mak+ good soldi]s ( a population s well v]s$ z ours is 9 ! use ( ! musket & ! horse2 an artill]y =ce1 proportionally mu* l>g]1 is also regul>ly ma9ta9$1 ) a suffici5t numb] ( m5 & (fic]s to organize & make good artill]y-m5 ( citiz5s already p>tially acqua9t$ ) ! use ( ! cannon4 ,b an acqua9tance ) infantry1 cavalry1 & artill]y duties is n ! only practical k requisite 9 w>4 ,9 ! practical op]ations ( an army 9 ! field1 riv]s are to be cross$1 bridges sudd5ly erect$ & sudd5ly de/roy$1 fieldworks con/ruct$ & def5d$1 batt]ies captur$ & de/roy$2 =tifications are to be put 9 ord] & def5d$1 or to be besieg$ & recaptur$2 tr5*es mu/ be op5$1 m9es sprung1 batt]ies e/abli%$1 brea*es made & /orm$2 tr\s-de-l\p1 abattis1 palisades1 gabions1 fasc9es1 & num]\s o!r milit>y implem5ts & ma*9]y are to be con/ruct$4 ,h our citiz5s a k ( ^! ?+s1 or h we provid$ 9 our milit>y e/abli%m5t = a body ( m5 in/ruct$ & practis$ 9 ?is bran* ( ! milit>y art1 & capable ( imp>t+ to an army ! necess>y effici5cy = ?is s]vice8 ,un=tunately ?is "q mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! negative2 & x is greatly to be fe>$ t ! future hi/orian w h to say ( u1 z ,napi] has said ( ! ,engli%3--,! be/ (fic]s & soldi]s 7 oblig$ to sacrifice !mselves 9 a lam5table mann]1 to comp5sate = ! neglig5ce & incapacity ( a gov]nm5t always ready to plunge ! nation into a w>1 )\t ! slighte/ c>e ( :at 0 necess>y to obta9 success4 ,_! sieges 7 a succession ( but*]ies2 because ! commone/ mat]ials1 & ! means necess>y to _! art1 7 d5i$ ! eng9e]s4#dc ,footnote #dc3 ,! subjects discuss$ 9 ?is *apt] are also treat$ by mo/ au?ors on ,milit>y ,organization & ,milit>y ,hi/ory1 & by ! sev]al writ]s on ,milit>y ,eng9e]+4 ,all5t1 ,vauban1 ,cormontaigne1 ,rocquanc\rt1 ,pasley1 ,d\glas1 ,jones1 ,belmas1 ,napi]1 ,gay de ,v]non1 may be ref]r$ to ) advantage4 ,pasley1 ,d\glas1 ,jones1 & ,napi]1 speak 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms ( ! importance ( eng9e] troops 9 ! active op]ations ( a w>1 & ( ! absolute necessity ( organiz+ ?is =ce 9 "t ( peace4 ,a li/ ( books ( ref]5ce on ,milit>y ,eng9e]+ w be giv5 at ! close ( ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,:ile ^! pages are pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ,congress has au?oriz$ ! ,presid5t to raise "o company ( eng9e] troops6 ,?is numb] is altoge!r too small to be ( any use 9 "t ( w>4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,p]man5t ,,=tifications4 ,=tification is def9$1--! art ( dispos+ ! gr\nd 9 su* a mann] z to enable a small numb] ( troops to resi/ a l>g] army ! longe/ "t possible4 ,if ! "w be plac$ 9 a position ( mu* importance1 & its mat]ials be ( a durable "*1 x is call$ p]man5t2 if o!rwise1 x receives ! appellation ( field1 or tempor>y4 ,fieldworks are prop]ly conf9$ to op]ations ( a s+le campaign1 & are us$ to /r5g!n positions :i* are to be occupi$ only = a %ort p]iod4 ,g5]ally ^! works are ( e>?1 ?r[n up by ! troops 9 a s+le day4 ,!y are intimately connect$ ) a sy/em ( p]man5t =tifications1 b f ! facility ( _! con/ruction1 no provision ne$ be made = !m be=e ! actual break+ out ( w>4 ,inde$1 !y c\ld n well be built be=e ho/ilities comm5c$1 z _! locality 9 ea* case mu/ be det]m9$ by ! position ( ! ho/ile =ces4 ,hav+ already describ$ ! g5]al influ5ce ( p]man5t =tifications z a means ( national def5ce1 we %all "h speak m]ely ( ! pr9ciples ( _! con/ruction4 ,x is n propos$ to ent] into any te*nical discussion ( matt]s t especially belong to ! in/ruction ( ! eng9e]1 b m]ely to give ! nom5clature & use ( ! m important p>ts ( a milit>y "w2 9 a ^w1 su* g5]al in=mation z %\ld belong to (fic]s ( e grade & corps ( an army4 ,! fir/ species ( =tification among ! anci5ts 0 ( c\rse v simple1 consi/+ m]ely ( an e>!n m\nd1 or palisades4 ,a wall 0 aft]w>ds us$1 & a dit* 0 !n add$ to ! wall4 ,x 0 f\nd t a /raight wall c\ld be easily brea*$ by ! enemy's batt]+-rams2 to rem$y ?is evil1 t[]s 7 built at %ort int]vals f ea* o!r1 =m+ a brok5 l9e ( sali5t & re-ent]+ p>ts4 ,^! t[]s or sali5t po9ts gradually assum$ a %ape approximat+ to ! mod]n ba/ion4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] & ! application ( cannon to ! attack & def5ce ( places1 x became necess>y to arrange e>!n ramp>ts beh9d ! ?9 walls ( ! anci5t works1 = ! reception ( ! new artill]y4 ,moreov] ^! walls 7 soon f\nd inadequate to resi/ ! missiles ( ! besieg]s1 & x became necess>y to replace !m by p>apets ( e>?4 ,9 ord] to cov] ! reta9+ walls ( ^! p>apets f ! besieg+ batt]ies1 x 0 also f\nd to be necess>y to l[] ^! walls z mu* z possible1 & to raise ! c\nt]sc>ps4 ,! traces or plans ( ! works1 h[ev]1 receiv$ no mat]ial *ange till ab\t ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is n kn[n :o fir/ *ang$ ! anci5t t[]s into ba/ions4 ,"s attribute x to an ,italian1 & ) consid]able %[ ( reason1 = a ba/ion 0 built at ,tur9 z e>ly z #adfa4 ,a*met ,pa*a1 x is said1 =tifi$ ,otranto 9 ?is way1 9 #adhj1 b :e!r ! sy/em 0 previ\sly kn[n among ! ,turks _c be det]m9$4 ,o!rs attribute ! inv5tion to ,ziska1 ! celebrat$ lead] ( ! ,hussites4 ,x is mo/ probable t ! transition f ! t[] to ! ba/ion 0 a v gradual "o1 & t ! *ange 0 p]fect$ 9 sev]al c\ntries at ab\t ! same "t4 ,=tifications1 l o!r arts & sci5ces1 greatly fl\ri%$ 9 ,italy "u ! ,m$icis1 & t c\ntry furni%$ ,europe ) its mo/ skilful eng9e]s4 ,ca?>9e ( ,m$icis introduc$ into ,france _m ( h] c\ntrym51 di/+ui%$ 9 ?is pr(ession2 among ^! may be nam$ ,bellamat1 ,bephano1 ,co/ritio1 ,relogio1 ,vorganno1 ! two ,m>9i1 ,campi1 & ,hi]onimo1 :o built sev]al important places & direct$ ! sieges ( o!rs4 ,^! able =eign]s 7 rivall$ by "s di/+ui%$ ,fr5* eng9e]s1 :o laid ! f\ndation ( ! corps du ,g5ie :i* has s9ce become a s*ool ( milit>y in/ruction = ! _w4 ,among ! e>ly ,fr5* eng9e]s may be di/+ui%$ ,lafonta9e ,de ,s]r1 ,feuquires1 & ,/4 ,remy4 ,p$ro ,nav>ro _h be5 appo9t$ a memb] ( ?is corps1 b 8 att5tion 0 m specially direct$ to m9+1 & we d n le>n t he di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! con/ruction ( any =tification4 ,9 ,g]many1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,alb]t ,dur] di/+ui%$ himself z a writ] on =tification2 8 book is rem>kable z conta9+ ! g]ms ( _m ( ! improvem5ts :i* 7 made by ^? :o foll[$ him4 ,?is is ! m to be wond]$ at z he 0 n a pr(ess$ eng9e]4 ,aft] him foll[$ ,spekel1 a native ( ,/rasburg1 :o di$ 9 #aehi4 ,8 writ+s are valuable z %[+ ! /ate ( ! art at t "t1 & ! *anges :i* he himself introduc$4 ,he 0 an eng9e] ( mu* practical k & exp]i5ce1 hav+ assi/$ at ! sieges ( ,malta1 ,golletta1 ,vi5na1 ,jula1 ,nicosia1 ,famagu/a1 c4 ,! fir/ ,fr5* eng9e] :o wrote on =tification 0 ,err>d de ,b>-le-,duc1 :o publi%$ ne> ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,z an eng9e]1 he 0 rivall$ by ,*atillon1 a man ( di/+ui%$ m]it4 ,err>d =tifi$ ,ami5s1 built a "p ( ! ca/le ( ,s$an1 & a portion ( ! def5ces ( ,calais4 ,"u ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 ,desnoy]s1 ,deville1 ,pagan1 & ,fabre 7 greatly di/+ui%$4 ,deville publi%$ 9 #afbh4 ,he 0 a man ( mu* le>n+ & exp]i5ce2 b he is said to h adopt$1 bo? 9 8 !ory & practice1 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,italian s*ool1 ) mo/ ( its errors4 ,pagan began 8 milit>y c>e] :ile "y1 & became m>*al de *amp at ! age ( #ch1 :51 hav+ ! mis=tune to become bl9d1 he 0 compell$ to rel9qui% 8 brilliant hopes4 ,he 0 ! able/ eng9e] ( 8 age1 & 0 also greatly di/+ui%$ 9 o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,9 8 plans he incl9$ to ! ,dut* r ?an ! ,italian s*ool ( =tification4 ,he publi%$ 9 #afde4 ,at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,dut* _h be5 =c$ to resort to milit>y def5ces to protect !mselves aga9/ ! aggressions ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,z ! ,dut* 7 inf]ior 9 o!r milit>y means1 =tification became "o ( ! vital res\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,_! works1 h[ev]1 ?r[n up 9 mu* ha/e1 7 9 _m respects defective1 al?\gh well adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( ! "t4 ,freytag1 _! pr9cipal eng9e]1 wrote 9 #afcj4 ,"s ( 8 improvem5ts 7 introduc$ into ,france by ,pagan4 ,he 0 prec$$ by ,m>olois1 7a cotempor>y ( ,pagan17 :o publi%$ 9 #afac4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,rimpl]1 a ,saxon1 wrote on =tification 9 #afga4 ,he 0 a man ( great exp]i5ce1 hav+ s]v$ at ! sieges ( ,c&ia1 ,phillipsburg1 ,bonn1 ,riga1 ,brem51 ,dansburg1 ,bommeln1 c4 ,he fell at ! siege ( ,vi5na 9 #afhc4 ,8 writ+s are said to conta9 ! gr\ndwork ( ,montalemb]t's sy/em4 ,9 ,italy1 aft] ! "t ( ,t>taglia1 ,m>*i1 ,campi1 c41 we f9d no great improvem5t 9 ?is art4 ,sev]al ,italians1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ !mselves z eng9e]s "u ! ,spani>ds4 ,! =tifications ( ,badajos are a good example ( ! /ate ( ! art 9 ,italy & ,spa9 a t epo*4 ,! citadel ( ,antw]p1 built by two ,italian eng9e]s1 ,pacciotti & ,c]belloni1 9 #aefh1 has become celebrat$ = ! siege x su/a9$ 9 #ahcb4 ,! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 effect$ a great revolution 9 ! art ( =tification1 & c>ri$ x to su* a degree ( p]fection1 t x has s9ce receiv$ b slight improvem5t4 ,! ye>s #afcc & #afcd are int]e/+ dates 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is art1 z hav+ giv5 bir? respectively to ,vauban & ,coehorn4 ,! =m] 0 *ief eng9e] ( ,france "u ,l\is ,,xiv41 & ! latt] held a correspond+ position "u ! ,dut* republic4 ,coehorn's ideas ^u =tification are conceiv$ ) an especial view to ! m>%y soil ( 8 own c\ntry1 &1 al?\gh well suit$ to ! object 9 view1 are consequ5tly ( less g5]al application ?an ^? ( 8 m di/+ui%$ cotempor>y & rival4 ,! be/ specim5s ( 8 mode ( con/ruction t exi/ at ! pres5t day1 are ! =tresses ( ,manheim1 ,b]g5-op-,zoom1 ,nimigu51 & ,br$a4 ,coehorn 0 foll[$ 9 ,holl& by ,l&sb]g1 an able & practical eng9e]1 :o to mu* read+ add$ ext5sive exp]i5ce1 hav+ himself s]v$ at sixte5 sieges4 ,8 sy/em 0 9 _m respects peculi>1 bo? 9 trace & relief2 x disp5s$ ) ! glacis1 & all rev]tm5ts ( masonry4 ,8 plans c\ld be appli$ only to m>%y soils4 ,! fir/ edition ( 8 "w 0 publi%$ 9 #afhe4 ,b ! c>e] ( ,vauban =ms ! mo/ m>k$ & prom95t era 9 ! hi/ory ( =tification2 x con/itutes ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! rude sket*es ( ! e>li] eng9e]s1 & ! well-e/abli%$ =m :i* ! art has s9ce assum$4 ,9 8 e>li] works we f9d _m ( ! errors ( 8 pr$ecessors2 b a gradual *ange seems to h be5 wr\ght 9 8 m9d by reflection & exp]i5ce1 & ^! faults 7 soon rem$i$ & a new & di/9ct sy/em develop$4 ,vauban has left no treatise ^u 8 favorite art1 & 8 ideas ^u =tification h be5 d$uc$ f 8 con/ructions1 & f deta*$ memoirs left among 8 pap]s4 ,! nature ( 8 labors1 & ! ext5t ( 8 activity & indu/ry1 may be imag9$ f ! fact t he f\ght "o hundr$ & =ty battles1 conduct$ fifty-eight sieges1 & built or repair$ ?ree hundr$ =tifications4 ,8 memoirs1 f\nd among 8 manuscript pap]s1 on v>i\s milit>y & political subjects1 are num]\s1 & highly prais$ ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,b 8 beautiful & num]\s con/ructions1 bo? ( a civil & milit>y "*1 are real monum5ts to 8 g5ius4 ,! be/ illu/rations ( 8 pr9ciples ( =tification occur at ,lille1 ,/rasb\rg1 ,l&au1 ,givet1 & ,neuf-,brisack4 ,8 writ+s on m9es1 & ! attack & def5ce ( places1 are1 by ! pr(ession1 reg>d$ z classic4 ,8 improvem5ts 9 ! exi/+ me?od ( attack gave great sup]iority to ! arms ( 8 c\ntrym51 & ev5 enabl$ him to besiege & capture 8 rival ,coehorn1 9 8 own works4 ,he di$ 9 #agjg1 & 0 soon succe$$ by ,cormontaigne4 ,! latt] did n attempt ! introduction ( any new sy/em1 b limit$ himself to improv+ & p]fect+ ! plans ( 8 illu/ri\s pr$ecessors4 ,8 improvem5ts1 h[ev]1 7 bo? ext5sive & judici\s1 & are suffici5t to entitle him to ! place he holds z "o ( ! able/ milit>y eng9e]s ! _w has ev] produc$4 ,8 works on ! subject ( =tification1 besides be+ elegantly writt51 conta9 ! mo/ valuable in=mation ( any works we h4 ,8 mo/ admir$ con/ructions are to be f\nd at ,metz1 ,?ionville1 & ,bit*e4 ,! beautiful cr[n works ( ,billecroix1 at ,metz1 are p]fect models ( _! k9d4 ,cormontaigne di$ 9 #agej4 ,cotempor>y ) him 7 ,/ur9 & ,glass]4 ,! =m] deviat$ b slightly f ! sy/ems ( 8 pr$ecessors1 b ! latt] inv5t$ sev]al +5i\s improvem5ts :i* gave him great reputation4 ,next foll[s ,ros>d1 a ,bav>ian eng9e]2 & ,fr$]ick ,augu/us1 k+ ( ,pol&1 :o devot$ himself p>ticul>ly to ?is art4 ,! =m] casemat$ only ! flanks ( 8 works1 b ! latt] introduc$ casemate fire m ext5sively ?an any "o :o _h prec$$ him4 ,9 ,france1 ,belidor & ,de ,filey publi%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,!y 7 bo? able eng9e]s b _! sy/ems 7 inf]ior to t ( ,cormontaigne4 ,9 #agfg ,de la ,*i*e introduc$ a sy/em ( =tification 9 _m respects orig9al4 ,he rais$ 8 cov]$-ways s z to conceal all 8 masonry1 & casemat$ a great portion ( 8 ence9te4 ,= ext]ior def5ce1 he employ$ direct fire f 8 b>bettes1 & curvat$ fire f 8 casemates2 ! direct fire ( ! latt] secur$ 8 dit*es4 ,next to ,de la ,*i*e foll[s ,montalemb]t1 :o publi%$ 9 #aggf4 ,he 0 a man ( mu* exp]i5ce & consid]able orig9ality1 b ( no great ability z an eng9e]4 ,mo/ ( 8 ideas 7 d]iv$ f ,de la ,*i*e & ! ,g]man s*ool ( ,rimpl]4 ,8 plans h g5]ally be5 reject$ by 8 own c\ntrym51 b !y /ill h advocates among ! ,g]mans4 ,g5]al ,virg91 a di/+ui%$ ,sw$i% eng9e]1 wrote 9 #agha4 ,8 idea ( /rongly =tify+ ! small] t[ns to ! comp>ative neglect ( ! l>g] cities1 con/itutes "o ( ! pr9cipal novelties 9 8 sy/em4 ,9 #agid1 ,rev]oni devis$ a sy/em 9 :i* ! casemates ( ,montalemb]t 7 employ$1 b 8 guns 7 s arrang$ z to be employ$ 9 b>bette :ile ! besieg]s 7 at a di/ance1 & aft]w>ds to be us$ = casemat$ fire4 ,! casemate gun-c>riage1 :i* =m$ a "p ( 8 inv5tion1 0 +5i\s1 b nev] mu* employ$ 9 practice4 ,b\sm>d1 a ,fr5* emigrant1 publi%$ 9 #agij4 ,he adopt$ ! g5]al trace ( ,vauban1 b introduc$ modifications 9 ! details ess5tially diff]5t f ^? ( ,cormontaigne4 ,"s ( ^! modifications are v valuable improvem5ts1 :ile o!rs are ( a m d\btful "*4 ,b\sm>d is1 on ! :ole1 a v able writ]1 & 8 works %\ld be f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( e milit>y eng9e]4 ,c>not's celebrat$ treatise 0 publi%$ 9 #ahaj4 ,he 0 evid5tly a man ( g5ius1 & dur+ 8 c>e] at ! head ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t ( ,france1 num]\s & v important improvem5ts 7 made 9 ! sev]al bran*es ( ! milit>y art1 & especially 9 /rategy4 ,8 "w on =tification exhibits mu* orig9ality & g5ius1 b x is d\btful :e!r x has v mu* contribut$ to ! improvem5t ( ?is art4 ,8 ideas h be5 v sev]ely1 & r unfairly criticis$ by ! ,engli%1 & p>ticul>ly by ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas4 ,*assel\p de ,laubat e>ly di/+ui%$ himself z an eng9e] ( mu* capacity & tal5t4 ,he foll[$ ,napoleon 9 ne>ly all 8 campaigns1 & conduct$ _m ( 8 sieges4 ,he remodell$ ! =tifications ( ,nor!rn ,italy & ( ! ,l[] ,rh9e4 ,he publi%$ 9 #ahaa4 ,! improvem5ts :i* he introduc$ are num]\s & valuable1 & he probably contribut$ m to advance 8 art1 & to re/ore ! equilibrium betwe5 attack & def5ce1 ?an any o!r eng9e] s9ce ,cormontaigne4 ,aft] ! fall ( ,napoleon & ! p>tition ( 8 empire1 ! allies mutilat$ or de/roy$ ! con/ructions ( ,*assel\p1 s t1 x is believ$1 no p]fect specim5 ( 8 sy/em rema9s4 ,! cotempor>ies ( ,*assel\p 7 mo/ly engag$ 9 active field s]vice & sieges1 & few _h ei!r leisure or opportunity to devote !mselves to improvem5ts 9 p]man5t =tification4 ,*\m>a publi%$ 9 #ahbg4 ,8 sy/em conta9s mu* orig9ality1 & 8 writ+s give pro( ( tal5t & g5ius4 ,he has v evid5tly m orig9ality ?an judgm5t1 & x is h>dly probable t 8 sy/em w ev] be g5]ally adopt$ 9 practice4 ,! ,metz sy/em1 z arrang$ by ,noizet1 z a !oretical /udy1 is und\bt$ly ! v be/ t is n[ kn[n4 ,x1 h[ev]1 requires great modifications to suit x to diff]5t localities4 ,= a horizontal site1 x is probably ! mo/ p]fect sy/em ev] devis$4 ,x is bas$ on ! sy/em ( ,vauban z improv$ by ,cormontaigne1 & conta9s sev]al ( ! modifications sugge/$ by mod]n eng9e]s4 ,x is appli$ 9 a modifi$ =m to ! new =tifications ( ,p>is4 ,b>on ,rohault de ,fleury has introduc$ _m modifications ( ! ord9>y ,fr5* sy/em 9 8 new def5ces ( ,lyons4 ,we h se5 no writt5 acc\nt ( ^! works1 b f a ha/y exam9ation 9 #ahdd1 !y /ruck u z be+ too complicat$ & exp5sive4 ,! new =tifications ( ,we/]n ,g]many are modifications ( ,rempl]'s sy/em1 z improv$ by ,de la ,*i*e & ,montalemb]t4 ,x is said t ,g5]al ,a/]1 ! direct+ eng9e]1 has also introduc$ "s ( ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ,*assel\p & ,c>not4 ,! ,engli% eng9e]s h satisfi$ !mselves ) foll[+ 9 ! track ( _! cont95tal neighbors1 & c (f] no claims to orig9ality4 ,( ! sy/em ( =tification n[ foll[$ 9 our s]vice we mu/ decl9e express+ any op9ion2 ! "t has n yet arriv$ = subject+ x to a sev]e & judici\s criticism4 ,b ( ! sy/em pursu$ previ\s to #ahbj1 we may say1 )\t mu* fe> ( contradiction1 t a worse "o c\ld sc>cely h be5 devis$4 ,in/ead ( m5 ( tal5t & atta9m5ts 9 milit>y sci5ce1 mo/ ( our eng9e]s 7 !n ei!r =eign]s1 or civilians :o ow$ _! commissions to m]e political influ5ce4 ,! qualifications ( ! =m] 7 probably limit$ to _! recollection ( "s casual visit to two or ?ree ( ! old ,european =tresses2 & ! latt] probably d]iv$ all _! milit>y sci5ce f "s old milit>y book1 :i*1 hav+ become useless 9 ,europe1 _h f\nd its way into ?is c\ntry1 & :i* !y _h read )\t und]/&+1 & probably )\t ev5 look+ at its date4 ,! result 0 :at might h be5 anticipat$--a total wa/e ( ! public money4 ,we might illu/rate ?is by num]\s examples4 ,a s+le "o1 h[ev]1 mu/ suffice4 ,ab\t ! p]iod ( ! la/ w>1 eight new =ts 7 con/ruct$ = ! def5ce ( ,new ,york h>bor1 at an exp5se ( "s two millions ( doll>s4 ,six ( ^! 7 circul>1 & ! o!r two 7 /> =ts--sy/ems :i* _h be5 disc>d$ 9 ,europe = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s6 ,?ree ( ^! works are n[ entirely ab&on$1 two o!rs are useless1 & l>ge sums ( money h rec5tly be5 exp5d$ on ! o!r ?ree 9 an attempt to rem$y _! faults1 & r5d] !m susceptible ( a good def5ce4 ,moreov]1 a numb] ( ! works :i* 7 con/ruct$ by our eng9e]s be=e t corps 0 made to feel ! influ5ce ( ! sci5tific education introduc$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,milit>y ,academy--we say1 a consid]able numb] ( our =tifications1 con/ruct$ by eng9e]s :o ow$ _! appo9tm5t to political influ5ce1 are n only wrong 9 _! plans1 b h be5 made ( su* wret*$ mat]ials & workman%ip t !y are already crumbl+ into ru9s4 ,a =tification1 9 its mo/ simple =m1 consi/s ( a m\nd ( e>?1 t]m$1 ! ramp>t1 :i* encloses ! space =tifi$2 a p>apet1 surm\nt+ ! ramp>t & cov]+ ! m5 & guns f ! enemy's projectiles2 a sc>p wall1 :i* su/a9s ! pressure ( ! e>? ( ! ramp>t & p>apet1 & pres5ts an insurm\ntable ob/acle to an assault by /orm2 a wide & deep dit*1 :i* prev5ts ! enemy f approa*+ ne> ! body ( ! place2 a c\nt]sc>p wall1 :i* su/a9s ! e>? on ! ext]ior ( ! dit*2 a cov]$ way1 :i* occupies ! space betwe5 ! c\nt]sc>p & a m\nd ( e>? call$ a glacis1 ?r[n up a few y>ds 9 front ( ! dit* = ! purpose ( cov]+ ! sc>p ( ! ma9 "w4 ,! "w by :i* ! space =tifi$ is imm$iately envelop$1 is call$ ! ence9te1 or body ( ! place4 ,o!r works are usually add$ to ! ence9te to /r5g!n ! weak po9ts ( ! =tification1 or to l5g!n ! siege by =c+ ! enemy to ga9 possession ( !m be=e he c brea* ! body ( ! place3 ^! are t]m$ outworks1 :5 envelop$ by ! cov]$ way1 & advanc$ works1 :5 plac$ ext]ior to ! cov]$ way1 b 9 "s way connect$ ) ! ma9 "w2 b if entirely beyond ! glacis1 & n )9 support+ di/ance ( ! =tress1 !y are call$ deta*$ works4 ,9 a ba/ion$ front ! pr9cipal outwork is ! demi-lune1 :i* is plac$ 9 front ( ! curta92 x s]ves to cov] ! ma9 entrance to ! "w1 & to place ! adjac5t ba/ions 9 /rong re-ent]+s4 ,! t5aille is a small l[ "w plac$ 9 ! dit*1 to cov] ! sc>p wall ( ! curta9 & flanks f ! fire ( ! besieg]'s batt]ies erect$ along ! cre/ ( ! glacis4 ,! places ( arms1 are po9ts :]e troops are assembl$ 9 ord] to act on ! ext]ior ( ! "w4 ,! re-ent]+ places ( arms1 are small r$ans arrang$ at ! po9ts ( junction ( ! cov]$ ways ( ! ba/ion & demi-lune4 ,! sali5t places ( arms are ! p>ts ( ! cov]$ way 9 front ( ! sali5ts ( ! ba/ion & demi-lune4 ,small p]man5t works1 t]m$ r$\bts1 are plac$ )9 ! demi-lune & re-ent]+ places ( arms = /r5g!n+ ^? works4 ,works ( ?is "* con/ruct$ )9 ! ba/ion are t]m$ int]ior retr5*m5ts2 :5 suffici5tly elevat$ to comm& ! ext]ior gr\nd1 !y are call$ cavali]s4 ,caponni]s are works con/ruct$ to cov] ! passage ( ! dit* f ! t5aille to ! gorge ( ! demi-lune1 & also f ! demi-lune to ! cov]$ way1 by :i* communication may be ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! ence9te & outworks4 ,po/]ns are und]gr\nd communications made ?r\gh ! body ( ! place or "s ( ! outworks4 ,sortie-passages are n>r[ op5+s made ?r\gh ! cre/ ( ! glacis1 :i* usually rise 9 ! =m ( a ramp f ! cov]$ way1 by means ( :i* communication may be kept up ) ! ext]ior4 ,^! passages are s arrang$ t !y _c be swept by ! fire ( ! enemy4 ,! o!r communications above gr\nd are call$ ramps1 /airs1 c4 ,trav]ses are small works erect$ on ! cov]$ way to int]cept ! fire ( ! besieg]'s batt]ies4 ,sc>p & c\nt]sc>p gall]ies are sometimes con/ruct$ = ! def5ce ( ! dit*4 ,!y are arrang$ ) loop-holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! troops ( ! g>rison fire on ! besieg]s :5 !y h ent]$ ! dit*1 )\t be+ !mselves expos$ to ! batt]ies ( ! enemy4 ,9 sea-coa/ def5ces1 & sometimes 9 a l& front = ! def5ce ( ! dit*1 embrasures are made 9 ! sc>p wall = ! fire ( artill]y2 ! :ole be+ protect$ f %ells by a bomb-pro( cov]+ ov] head3 ?is arrangem5t is t]m$ a casemate4 ,sometimes d\ble ramp>ts & p>apets are =m$1 s t ! int]ior "o %all fire ov] ! m advanc$2 ! latt] 9 ?is case is call$ a faussebraie4 ,if ! inn] "w be sep>at$ f ! o!r x is call$ a retr5*m5t#dd & if 9 addition x has a comm&+ fire1 x is t]m$1 z 0 j rem>k$1 a cavali]4 ,footnote #dd3 ,! t]m retr5*m5t implies an int]ior "w1 :i* is con/ruct$ )9 or 9 re> ( ano!r1 = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ x2 ! t]m intr5*m5t1 on ! contr>y1 implies an indep5d5t "w1 con/ruct$ 9 ! op5 field1 )\t ref]5ce to any o!r adjo9+ "w4 ,! capital ( a ba/ion is a l9e bisect+ its sali5t angle4 ,all ! works compreh5d$ betwe5 ! capitals ( two adjac5t ba/ions is t]m$ a front3 x is tak5 z ! unit 9 p]man5t =tification4 ,fig4 #ci repres5ts ! gr\nd plan ( a mod]n ba/ion$ front1 ( a regul> & simple =m1 on a horizontal site4 ,a1 ,a1 ,a--,is ! ence9te1 or body ( ! place4 ,b--,! ba/ions4 ,c--,! ma9 dit*4 ,d--,! cov]$ ways4 ,e--,! re-ent]+ places ( arms4 ,f--,! sali5t places ( arms4 ,g--,! demi-lune4 ,h--,! demi-lune dit*4 ,j--,! demi-lune r$\bt4 ,l--,! dit* ( ! demi-lune r$\bt4 ,m--,! r$\bt ( ! re-ent]+ places ( arms4 ,n--,! dit*es ( ! r$\bts4 ,o--,! t5aille4 ,p--,! d\ble caponi]4 a--,! trav]ses4 b--,! sortie-passages4 c--,/airs4 d--,cut 9 ! demi-lune to flank ! r$\bt ( ! re-ent]+ place ( arms4 ,fig4 #dj repres5ts a section ?r\gh ! l9e mn' ( ! prec$+ figure4 ,a--,is ! ramp>t4 ,b--,! p>apet4 ,c--,! dit*4 ,d--,! sc>p wall4 ,e--,! c\nt]sc>p wall4 ,f--,! glacis4 ,g--,! cov]$ way4 ,h--,! t]re-pla94 ,j--,! p>ade4 ,sometimes half embrasures are cut 9 ! e>!n p>apet ( a =t1 s z to s9k ! gun bel[ ! cre/1 & ?us m effectually cov] ! m5 f ! enemy's fire4 ,b guns 9 embrasure h a f> less ext5d$ field ( fire ?an :5 m\nt$ 9 b>bette2 moreov]1 ! embrasures pres5t op5+s ?r\gh :i* an enemy may p5etrate 9 an assault4 ,ow+ to ^! objections1 !y are employ$ only = ! protection ( p>ticul> po9ts2 t is1 :]e x is important to cov] ! artill]i/s f ! enemy's fire1 or :]e ! guns are to be us$ m]ely to protect a dit*1 or to enfilade a road1 c4 ,! bottom ( ! embrasure is call$ ! sole1 ! sides are call$ *eeks1 & ! mass ( e>? betwe5 two embrasures1 ! m]lon4 ,embrasures may be made ei!r direct or oblique1 accord+ z ! fire is requir$ to be p]p5dicul> or oblique to ! p>apet4 ,a cov]port is a small outwork ( any conv5i5t =m1 erect$ imm$iately 9 front ( a gateway1 to scre5 x f ! enemy's fire4 ,a c\nt]gu>d is a m ext5sive "w1 con/ruct$ 9 front ( a "p ( ! =tress itself1 or ( "s o!r outwork ( great] importance1 :i* x is int5d$ to cov]4 ,^! are sometimes call$ cov]faces1 f _! situation & object2 b ! =m] t]m is mo/ commonly us$4 ,sometimes outworks1 call$ t5aillons1 consi/+ ( "o long & "o %ort face1 are plac$ on ea* side ( ! demi-lune ( a front ( =tification1 = ! purpose ( prolong+ ! siege4 7,fig4 #da47 ,small1 or demi-t5aillons1 are frequ5tly s arrang$ z to cov] only "o-half ( ! demi-lune1 & !n a bonnet con/ruct$ 9 front ( ! sali5t ( ! demi-lune4 7,fig4#db47 ,9 ?is case ! bonnet is flank$ by ! %ort faces ( ! demi-t5aillons2 ^! %ort faces are !mselves flank$ by ! demi-lune1 :ile ! ba/ions flank ! long faces4 ,a horn-"w consi/s ( a front ( =tification1 & two w+s re/+ on ! faces ( ba/ions ( a front ( ! =tress4 ,x sometimes has also a demi-lune or bonnet1 z 9 ! case ( demi-t5aillons4 7,fig4 #dc47 ,a cr[n-"w consi/s ( two fronts ( =tification1 & two w+s4 7,fig4 #dd47 ,x is sometimes made d\ble1 & ev5 triple4 ,^! works are also employ$ z advanc$ works1 & plac$ entirely 9 front ( ! glacis4 ,!y h g5]ally be5 add$ to a =tress = ! purpose ( occupy+ "s important piece ( gr\nd n includ$ )9 ! limits ( ! ma9 "w4 ,!y may be con/ruct$ ) cov]$ ways1 & sometimes x may be f\nd advantage\s to secure !m by retr5*m5ts4 ,a deta*$ "w may be made 9 any =m deem$ be/ suit$ to ! site4 ,be+ b remotely connect$ ) ! =tress1 ! latt] w ex]cise b slight influ5ce on ! "* ( its plan or con/ruction4 ,!y are usually ( limit$ ext5t & slight relief1 p>tak+ mu* ( ! nature ( field-works4#de ,footnote #de3 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( p]man5t =tification may be be/ le>n$ f ! writ+s ( ,cormontaigne1 ,/4 ,paul de ,noizet1 & ,laurill>d-,fallot4 ,a li/ ( valuable books ( ref]5ce on ! sev]al bran*es ( milit>y eng9e]+ w be giv5 at ! close ( ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,field-,,eng9e]+4 ,field-,eng9e]+ includes ! mak+ ( milit>y reconnaissances1 tempor>y =tifications1 & milit>y roads2 ! plann+ & con/ruction ( milit>y bridges2 ! attack & def5ce ( milit>y works2--9 f9e1 all ! v>i\s duties ( eng9e] troops1 ei!r 9 ! op]ations ( a campaign1 or 9 ! dispositions on ! battle-field4 ,milit>y reconnaissance4--,by ?is t]m is meant an exam9ation ( a portion ( ! !atre ( w>1 to asc]ta9 its milit>y "* & res\rces4 ,if ! exam9ation be made ( a l>ge di/rict ( c\ntry1 & = an entire campaign1 ! reconnaissance is g5]al2 if made = collect+ detail$ in=mation respect+ a propos$ l9e ( m>*1 ! passage ( a riv]1 ! position ( an enemy1 c41 x is t]m$ special4 ,9 mak+ a g5]al reconnaissance1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to collect accurate in=mation respect+ ! g5]al topography ( ! c\ntry2 ! "* ( ! m\nta9s1 =e/s1 & wat]-c\rses2 ! nature ( ! roads1 canals1 & railways2 ! quality ( ! soil1 & ! am\nt ( provisions & =age x produces2 ! population & "* ( ! cities1 t[ns1 & villages1 ! comm]cial & manufactur+ res\rces ( e "p ( ! c\ntry1 & ! means ( transportation to be f\nd 9 ea* di/rict4 ,! plan ( milit>y op]ations w be bas$ on ! in=mation ?us obta9$1 & any s]i\s error 9 ! reconnaissance may involve ! results ( ! campaign1 & ev5 ! fate ( ! w>4 ,9 a special reconnaissance1 n only accurate b m9ute in=mation w be requir$3 ! "* ( ! roads mu/ be giv5 9 detail2 ! nature ( ! wat]-c\rses1 _! dep? & velocity2 ! position & "* ( bridges1 & =ds2--9 f9e1 a full description ( all ob/acles to be enc\nt]$1 & ! means t c be made available = ov]com+ ^! ob/acles4 ,a reconnoitr+ (fic] may usually d]ive mu* valuable in=mation f ! publi%$ maps & descriptions ( ! c\ntry to be exam9$2 additional matt]s ( detail may be obta9$ f woodsm51 hunt]s1 & fi%]m52 & also f ! innkeep]s & local au?orities ( ! di/rict4 ,b ! (fic] %\ld always v]ify ?is in=mation1 s f> z practical1 by p]sonal exam9ation4 ,9 mak+ a reconnaissance 9 ! vic9ity ( an enemy1 he mu/ be support$ by a /rong escort ( m\nt$ troops1 & 9 all 8 op]ations ! greate/ precaution w be requisite to ensure success4 ,"s simple in/rum5t1 su* z a pocket sextant1 or compass1 w be suffici5t to enable ! reconnoitr+ (fic] to measure1 ) consid]able accuracy1 ! height ( m\nta9s1 ! wid? ( /reams1 c41 & an ord9>y scale & divid]s w enable him to make a suitable milit>y sket*4 ,tempor>y ,=tification4--,x has be5 /at$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] t tempor>y =tifications are prop]ly conf9$ to ! op]ations ( a s+le campaign1 & are us$ to /r5g!n positions :i* are to be occupi$ only = a %ort p]iod2 & t !y are usually made ( e>?1 ?r[n up by ! troops 9 a s+le day4 ,tempor>y =tifications1 z a "p ( field-eng9e]+1 may !re=e be reg>d$ r z an arm ?an an art4 ,! pr9ciples ( _! con/ruction are d]iv$1 ( c\rse1 f ! !ory ( p]man5t =tification1 b 9 apply+ ^! pr9ciples to practice 9 ! field1 mu* great] latitude is all[$ ?an 9 ! exact sci5tific arrangem5t ( p]man5t works4 ,! purpose ( field-works 7or intr5*m5ts1 z !y are commonly call$7 is to arre/1 or at lea/ to imp$e1 ! m>* ( ! attack+ foe2 to %elt] ! def5sive troops f ! missive weapons ( ! assailants1 & to deta9 !m 9 a position :]e !y w be expos$ to ! fire ( ! def5sive =ce4 ,! num]ical & positive /r5g? ( ! assail$ may be mu* less ?an t ( ! assailant1 & yet an equilibrium exi/2 ! mat]ial ob/acles comp5sat+ = ! diff]5ce 9 numb]s4 ,intr5*m5ts1 ?\gh in]t masses1 mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z mo/ valuable & important access>ies 9 ! def5ce ( a position4 ,intr5*m5ts consi/ ei!r ( l9es ( works made to cov] ext5d$ positions1 or ( deta*$ works design$ simply to def5d ! gr\nd !y occupy4 ,! =m] g5]ally pres5t a front aga9/ ! enemy 9 b "o direction1 :ile ! latt] are usually clos$ on all _! sides4 ,! foll[+ figures h be5 employ$ = ! plan ( simple intr5*m5ts1 viz43 ! polygon1 r$an1 lunette1 mitre1 />-=t1 & ba/ion4 ,squ>e or polygonal r$\bts are ! mo/ common =ms giv5 to field-works1 on acc\nt ( ! ease ( _! con/ruction4 ,b !y h _m defects4 ,!re is a sector )\t fire 9 front ( ea* sali5t1 & ! dit*es are )\t protection4 ,! latt] objection also holds good aga9/ all circul> works4 ,! r$an 7,fig4 #de7 is frequ5tly us$ to cov] a po9t 9 re>1 z a bridge1 a =d1 or a defile4 ,:5 us$ alone1 its gorge %\ld be clos$ by palisades4 ,its dit*es are unprotect$4 ,! lunette 7,fig4 #df7 has ne>ly ! same defects z ! r$an4 ,! mitre1 or prie/-cap1 7,fig4 #dg17 may be employ$ ) advantage :5 a cross-fire is requir$ on ! capital ( ! "w4 ,! />-=t has all ! defects1 )\t ! m]it ( simplicity1 :i* belong to ! polygonal r$\bt4 ,! ba/ion-=t 7,fig4 #dh7 m fully satisfies ! conditions ( a good def5ce ?an any o!r plan2 b x is less simple & easy ( execution4 ,x is usually compos$ ( f\r or five fronts1 b x may be appli$ to a polygon ( any numb] ( sides4 ,= ! details ( ! con/ruction ( ^! sev]al works1 we mu/ ref] to ! special treatises on field-=tification4 ,l9es ( intr5*m5ts may be made ei!r cont9u\s or ) int]vals4 ,9 adopt+ ei!r plan1 ! eng9e] %\ld avail himself ( all ! natural ob/acles pres5t$ by ! position1 s z to dim9i% ! labor ( erect+ artificial means ( def5ce4 ,! simple/ arrangem5t = a cont9u\s intr5*m5t is ! cremaillire or ind5t$ l9e4 ,:5 appli$ to an irregul> site1 or us$ to connect toge!r di/ant & deta*$ works1 ! ind5t$ l9e may be reg>d$ z a good disposition4 ,mitres & r$ans1 connect$ by /raight curta9s1 are sometimes employ$1 z also a comb9ation ( l>ge & small r$ans1 =m+ alt]nate sali5t & re-ent]+ angles4 ,a cont9u\s l9e ( ba/ions is pref]able to any o!r arrangem5t1 :5 !re is pl5ty ( "t = _! con/ruction4 ,l9es ) int]vals are frequ5tly =m$ ( alt]nate lunettes & squ>e r$\bts4 ,o!r deta*$ works may be employ$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is mann] ( intr5*+ a position has sev]al advantages1 ) discipl9$ troops4 ,! fir/ %ock ( ! assailant is su/a9$ by ! deta*$ works1 & :5 he attempts to p5etrate 9 ! int]vals1 8 flanks become expos$ to a deadly cross fire4 ,^! int]vals also all[ ! assail$ to act on ! (f5sive1 by *>g+ ! enemy at ! opportune mom5t4 ,b ) raw & militia =ces x w be saf] to resort to cont9u\s l9es4 ,if cavalry =m any "p ( ! def5sive =ce1 x w be absolutely necess>y to leave int]vals ?r\gh :i* ^! troops may *>ge4 ,a v]tical section ( all intr5*m5ts is ( ! same g5]al =m2 ! dim5sions w1 ( c\rse1 v>y ) ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! "t & means employ$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,! m9imum dim5sions t c be us$ ) any consid]able advantage are giv5 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,9 lay+ out field-works advantage %\ld be tak5 ( all available artificial ob/acles1 su* z h$ges1 walls1 h\ses1 outbuild+s1 c4 ,a ?ickset h$ge may be r5d]$ def5sible by ?r[+ up aga9/ x a slight p>apet ( e>?4 ,/one f5ces may be employ$ 9 ! same way4 ,walls ( masonry may be pi]c$ ) loop-holes & arrang$ = "o or two ti]s ( fire4 ,! walls ( h\ses are pi]c$ 9 ! same mann]1 & a project+ wood5 /ructure1 t]m$ a ma*ic\lis gall]y1 is sometimes made f ! floor ( ! second /ory1 to enable ! assail$ to fire d[n ^u _! oppon5ts4 ,?is arrangem5t is frequ5tly employ$ to advantage 9 wood5 blockh\ses aga9/ a savage foe2 b x is ( little avail :5 expos$ to ! fire ( artill]y4 ,"s h propos$ gall]ies ( ?is description 9 p]man5t works ( masonry1 b ! project is too obvi\sly absurd to m]it discussion4 ,9 addition to ! p>apet ( an intr5*m5t1 a good eng9e] w always f9d "t & means = con/ruct+ o!r artificial ob/acles1 su* z tr\s-de-l\p1 abattis1 palisades1 /ockades1 fraises1 *evaux-de-frise1 cr[s'-feet1 m9es1 c4 ,tr\s-de-l\p are pits dug 9 ! e>? 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ truncat$ cone1 "s six feet 9 diamet]1 & ab\t ! same numb] ( feet 9 dep?4 ,!y are usually plac$ a few y>ds 9 front ( ! dit*1 & conceal$ by "s slight cov]+4 ,abattis are tops & l>ge limbs ( trees arrang$ along ! glacis ( a "w2 ! ends ( ! bran*es are lopp$ (f & %>p5$4 ,palisades are /akes "s eight or t5 feet long1 ) "o end fa/5$ 9 ! gr\nd & ! o!r made %>p4 ,!y are plac$ 9 juxtaposition & connect$ toge!r by horizontal rib&-pieces4 ,?is arrangem5t is frequ5tly plac$ at ! foot ( ! c\nt]sc>p4 ,:5 ! timb]s are l>ge & ! "w is int5d$ z a "p ( a prim>y def5ce1 x is call$ a /ockade2 :5 ! /akes are plac$ at ! foot ( ! sc>p1 ei!r horizontally or incl9$1 !y receive ! "n ( fraises4 ,a *eval-de-frise consi/s ( a horizontal piece ( timb] arm$ ) wood5 or iron lances1 :i* project "s eight or t5 feet4 ,x is mu* employ$ aga9/ cavalry1 & on rocky soils s]ves z a sub/itute = palisades4 ,cr[s'-feet are small wood5 or iron =ms fill$ ) %>p spikes4 ,!y are ?r[n1 ) _! po9ts upw>d1 on gr\nd :i* is to be pass$ ov] by cavalry4 ,m9es are sometimes us$ 9 connection ) intr5*m5ts1 b m commonly 9 ! attack & def5ce ( p]man5t works4 ,!y w be notic$ fur!r on4 ,fieldworks :i* are to be occupi$ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t w usually h _! /eep] slopes revett$1 & be arrang$ ) sc>p & c\nt]sc>p1 gall]ies1 trav]ses1 bl9dages1 c4 ,su* works hold an int]m$i>y rank betwe5 tempor>y & p]man5t =tification4 ,z examples ( ! importance ( field =tifications & ( ! mann] ( organiz+ !m1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! celebrat$ battle ( ,font5oy1 9 #agde1 :]e ! c>efully-arrang$ intr5*m5ts ( ,m>%al ,saxe enabl$ ! ,fr5* to repel1 ) imm5se de/ruction1 ! attacks ( greatly sup]ior numb]s2 to ! battle ( ,fleurus1 9 #afij1 :]e ! ,pr9ce ( ,waldeck expos$ himself to a mo/ disa/r\s defeat by neglect+ ! res\rces ( =tification & o!r indisp5sable precautions2 to ! battle ( ,malplaquet1 9 #agji1 :]e ,m>%al ,vill>s1 by neglect+ to occupy & intr5* ! f>m t clos$ ! passage betwe5 ! woods ( ,s>s & ,lanire1 expos$ himself to a disa/r\s defeat2 to ! op]ations ( #agib1 :]e ,g5]al ,cu/9e1 by neglect+ to intr5* ! heights t cov]$ ,b+51 z ! eng9e]s _h recomm5d$1 expos$ himself to ^? t]rible disa/]s :i* =c$ him to a precipitate retreat2 to ! works ( ,w]vike1 :i*1 by a vigor\s resi/ance on ! #aj? ( ,septemb]1 #agic1 sav$ ! ,dut* army f total de/ruction2 to ! intr5*$ camp ( ,ulm1 9 #ahjj1 :i* = six weeks held 9 *eck ! victori\s army ( ,moreau2 to ! intr5*$ l9es ( ,torres ,v$ras1 9 #ahaj1 :i* sav$ f de/ruction ! ,engli% army ( ,well+ton2 to ! field-def5ces ( ,h\gomont1 :i* contribut$ s mu* to ! victory ( ,wat]loo1 c4 ,milit>y communications4--,! movem5ts ( armies are always mu* emb>rass$ by =e/s1 m>%es1 & wat]-c\rses1 & no?+ contributes m to ! dispat* ( milit>y op]ations ?an ! means ( op5+ practical & easy communication ?r\gh ^! v>i\s ob/acles4 ,x is n necess>y "h to ent] into any detail$ discussion ( ! mann] ( con/ruct+ milit>y communications ?r\gh =e/s or m>%es4 ,9 a new c\ntry l ours1 :]e almo/ e "o has _h "s exp]i5ce 9 road-mak+1 no v great te*nical k is requir$ = ! con/ruction ( tempor>y works ( ?is "*2 b mu* pr(essional skill & exp]i5ce w be requisite = ! eng9e]s :o make ! prelim9>y reconnaissances1 & fix ! location ( ^! roads4 ,wat]-c\rses may be cross$ by means ( =ds1 on ! ice1 or by f]ries & bridges4 ,:5 tempor>y bridges or f]ries are con/ruct$ by ! army 9 ! field1 !y are class$ "u ! g5]al head ( milit>y bridges1 or m prop]ly1 pontoni]+4 ,:]e ! dep? ( ! /ream is n great1 ! curr5t slight1 & ! bottom smoo? & h>d1 ! passage may be effect$ by =d+4 ,if ! bottom be ( mud1 or l>ge /ones1 ! passage w be difficult & dang]\s1 ev5 :]e ! dep? & curr5t are favorable4 ,"u favorable circum/ances infantry c =d a /ream :]e ! dep? is n great] ?an f\r feet2 cavalry to a dep? ( f\r or five feet2 b artill]y1 & eng9e] tra9s1 _c g to a dep? ( m ?an two & a half feet1 )\t greatly expos+ _! ammunition & milit>y /ores ,! =ds %\ld be accurately /ak$ out be=e ! passage is attempt$1 & ropes ought to be /ret*$ across ! /ream1 or cavalry & small boats /ation$ bel[1 to prev5t ! loss ( life4 ,ice may be cross$ by infantry1 9 small deta*m5ts4 ,its /r5g? may be increas$ by cov]+ x ) bo>ds1 or /raw1 s z to di/ribute ! weight ov] a great] surface4 ,by spr9kl+ wat] ov] ! /raw1 & all[+ x to freeze1 ! mass may be made /ill m compact4 ,b l>ge bodies ( cavalry1 & heavy artill]y1 _c v5ture on ! ice unless x be ( great ?ickness & /r5g?4 ,an army c nev] tru/1 = any l5g? ( "t1 to ei!r =ds or ice2 if x did a fre%et or a ?aw w\ld place x 9 a mo/ critical /ate4 ,milit>y bridges w1 !re=e1 become its only safe reliance = keep+ op5 its communications4 ,milit>y bridges are made ) tre/les1 rafts1 boats1 & o!r float+ bodies4 ,rope bridges are also sometimes resort$ to by troops = pass+ riv]s4 ,tre/le bridges are pr9cipally us$ = cross+ small /reams n m ?an sev5 or eight feet 9 dep?3 !y also s]ve to connect float+ bridges ) ! %ore1 9 %all[ wat]4 ,! =m ( ! tre/le is mu* ! same z t ( an ord9>y c>p5t]'s horse1 i4e41 a horizontal beam support$ by f\r incl9$ legs4 ,^! tre/les are plac$ 9 ! /ream1 f twelve to tw5ty feet ap>t1 & connect$ by /r+-pieces1 7or balks z !y are t]m$ 9 te*nical language17 :i* are cov]$ ov] ) plank4 ,! action ( ! curr5t aga9/ ! bridge may be c\nt]act$ by an*ors & cables1 or by means ( boxes or baskets atta*$ to ! legs ( ! tre/les1 & fill$ ) /ones4 ,a m sub/antial =m may be giv5 to ! bridge by sub/itut+ = ! tre/les1 piles1 or ! ord9>y fram$ supports s mu* us$ 9 ! new] p>ts ( our c\ntry4 ,= examples ( ! use ( bridges ( ?is description we w\ld ref] to ,caes>'s celebrat$ bridge across ! ,rh9e2 ! passage ( ! ,s*eldt 9 #aehh by ! ,spani>ds2 ! passage ( ! ,le* 9 #afca by ,gu/avus ,adolphus2 ! passage ( ! ,danube 9 #agdj by ,m>%al ,saxe2 ! great bridge across ! ,v> dur+ ,napoleon's ,italian campaigns2 ! passage ( ! ,le* 9 #ahjj by ,lec\rbe2 ! bridges across ! ,piava1 ! ,isonso1 c41 9 ! subsequ5t op]ations ( ! army 9 ,italy2 ! celebrat$ passage ( ! ,danube at ! isl& ( ,lobau 9 #ahji2 ! passage ( ! ,agu$a 9 #ahaa by ! ,engli%2 ! passages ( ! ,dw9a1 ! ,mosc[a1 ! ,dneip]1 ! ,b]es9a1 c41 9 ! campaign ( #ahab2 ! repair+ ( ! bridge ne> ,dresd51 & ! passage ( ! ,elbe 9 #ahac1 c4 ,rafts =m$ ( timb]s1 casks1 b>rels1 c41 are frequ5tly us$ z milit>y bridges4 ,!y may be made to be> almo/ any weight1 & w answ] = ! passage ( riv]s ( any dep? & wid?1 provid$ ! curr5t be n rapid4 ,:]e ! bridge is to be support$ by rafts made ( solid timb]s1 ^! timb]s %\ld be fir/ plac$ 9 ! wat]1 to asc]ta9 _! natural position ( /ability1 & !n ! l>g] ends cut away on ! "u side1 s z to pres5t ! lea/ possible resi/ance to ! action ( ! curr5t4 ,!y are aft]w>ds la%$ toge!r by /rong rope or )e la%+1 or fa/5$ by cross-pieces let into ! timb]s1 & held firm by bolts1 or wood5 p9s4 ,^! rafts are kept 9 place by an*ors & cables plac$ up & d[n /ream4 ,! roadway is =m$ 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z = a bridge support$ on tre/les4 ,empty casks1 & o!r float+ bodies1 may be sub/itut$ 9 place ( logs 9 ! con/ruction ( rafts4 ,= examples ( ! use ( rafts 9 ! con/ruction ( milit>y bridges1 we w\ld ref] to ! passage ( ! ,se9e 9 #adfe by ,c\nt ,*>olais2 ! passage ( ! ,meuse 9 #aegi1 by ,alex&] ,f>nse2 ! passage ( ! ,vi/ula 9 #agjd1 ! ,bory/h5ese 9 #agji1 & ! ,s\nd 9 #agah1 by ,*>les ,,xii42 ! passage ( ! ,adige 9 #agif2 ! passage ( ! ,po 9 #ahjg2 & ! subsequ5t milit>y op]ations 9 ! ,spani% ,p59sula4 ,milit>y bridges are frequ5tly made ( boats1 & ! ord9>y riv]-craft f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! int5d$ passage4 ,flat-bottom$ boats are ! mo/ suitable = ?is purpose1 b if ^! _c be obta9$1 keel boats w s]ve z a sub/itute4 ,:5 ^! wat]-craft are ( v unequal sizes1 7z is frequ5tly ! case17 two small] ones may be la%$ toge!r to =m a s+le support2 !y c be br\ght to ! same level by means ( /one balla/4 ,! gunwales mu/ be suitably arrang$ = support+ ! balks1 or else frameworks %\ld be erect$ = ?is purpose f ! c5tre ( ! boat4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! roadway1 an*ors1 c41 is ! same z be=e4 ,a bridge-equipage made to foll[ an army 9 its movem5ts 9 ! field1 is g5]ally compos$ ( light skiffs or batteaux1 & ! necess>y timb]s1 planks1 an*ors1 c41 = =m+ ! roadway1 & keep+ ! bridge 9 its position4 ,all ^! articles are con/ruct$ especially = ?is purpose4 ,all ! wood-"w %\ld be ( t\gh & well-season$ timb]1 s z to impose no unnecess>y weight on ! wagon tra9s4 ,! bateaux %\ld also be made ( /rong & light mat]ials4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 transportation1 ^! boats are sometimes made ) h+es s z to fold up4 ,! ribs are usually ( oak1 & ! sides & bottom ( p9e4 ,in/ead ( plank1 a cov]+ ( t91 copp]1 ,india-rubb]1 c41 has sometimes be5 sub/itut$4 ,float+ supports ( ?is "* are (t5 made 9 comp>tm5ts1 s z to prev5t _! s9k+ :5 injur$ by ! enemy's projectiles4 ,indian-rubb] pontons may be fold$ up into a small space1 & _! slight weight r5d]s !m conv5i5t = transportation4 ,on navigable /reams a "p ( ! bridge re/+ on "o or two bateaux %\ld be s arrang$ t x c be %ipp$ out ( its place1 =m+ a draw = ! passage ( riv]-craft4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be well1 ev5 :]e ! riv] is n navigable1 to =m a draw = ! passage ( trees1 & o!r float+ bodies1 s5t d[n by ! enemy aga9/ ! bridge4 ,an ord9>y bridge-equipage ( bateaux1 or light pontons1 = cross+ a riv] ( f ?ree to f\r hundr$ y>ds 9 wid?1 & ( mod]ate curr5t1 w require a tra9 ( f sixty to eighty wagons4#df ,"u favorable circum/ances1 & ) a well-in/ruct$ corps ( pontoni]s1 ! bridge may be ?r[n across ! riv]1 & prep>$ = ! passage ( an army 9 a few h\rs at mo/4#dg ,aft] ! troops h pass$ ov]1 ! bridge may be tak5 up1 & replac$ on ! wagons 9 f a qu>t] to half an h\r4 ,footnote #df3 ,! numb] ( wagons 9 a ponton tra9 w be greatly dim9i%$ if x be f\nd t ,indian-rubb] boats may be us$ z supports = ! bridge4 ,! eng9e] dep>tm5t ( our army are mak+ exp]im5ts to det]m9e ?is po9t4 ,footnote #dg3 ,9 #agdf1 ?ree bridges ( bateaux 7 ?r[n across ! ,po1 ne> ,plac5tia1 ea* fifte5 hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & entirely complet$ 9 eight h\rs4 ,9 #ageg1 two bridges ( bateaux 7 ?r[n across ! ,rh9e1 at ,wesel1 9 half an h\r2 aga91 9 ! same ye>1 a ?ird bridge 0 ?r[n across ?is riv] ne> ,dusseldorf1 9 six h\rs4 ,9 #ahda1 ,col4 ,birago1 ( ! ,au/rian army1 arriv$ on ! bank ( ! ,weisg]b5 arm ( ! ,danube1 ) 8 bridge-equipage1 at a r\nd trot1 & imm$iately began ! con/ruction ( 8 bridge1 )\t any previ\s prep>ation or exam9ation4 ,9 less ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r ! bridge 0 complet$1 & ?ree load$ f\r-horse wagons pass$ ov] on a trot1 foll[$ by a column ( infantry4 ,! foll[+ examples w s]ve to illu/rate ! use ( diff]5t k9ds ( boat-bridges 9 milit>y op]ations3--! passage ( ! ,rh9e1 9 #agjb1 by ,vill>s2 ! passage ( ! ,dniep] & ! ,bog1 9 #agci1 by ! ,russians2 ! passage ( ! ,danube1 9 #agdj1 by ,m>%al ,saxe2 ! passage ( ! ,rh9e1 ne> ,cologne1 9 #ageh1 by ! ,pr9ce ( ,cl]mont2 ! passage ( ! ,rh9e1 9 #agie1 by ,j\rdan2 ! passage ( ! ,rh9e1 at ,kehl1 9 #agif1 by ,moreau2 & aga9 ! same ye>1 at ,weiss5?urn1 & at ,neuwi$1 by ,j\rdan2 ! bridges across ! ,rh9e1 at ! sieges ( ,kehl & ,hun+u51 9 #agig2 ! passage ( ! ,limmat1 9 #agii1 by ,mass5a2 ! passages ( ! ,m9cio1 ! ,adige1 ! ,br5ta1 ! ,piava1 c41 9 #ahjj2 ! passages ( ^! riv]s aga9 9 #ahje2 ! passages ( ! ,n>ew1 9 #ahjg1 by ! ,russians2 ! sev]al passages ( ! ,danube1 9 #ahji1 by ! ,fr5* & ,au/rian armies2 ! passages ( ! ,tagus & ,d\ro1 9 #ahaj1 by ! ,engli%2 ! passages ( ! ,niem51 ! ,dw9a1 ! ,moskwa1 & ! ,b]es9a1 9 #ahab1 by ! ,fr5*2 & ( ! great riv]s ( ,g]many & ,france1 9 #ahac & #ahad4 ,a float+ body1 propell$ f "o bank to ! o!r by ! curr5t ( ! /ream1 is t]m$ a fly+-bridge4 ,! usual mode ( e/abli%+ a f]ry ( ?is k9d1 is to atta* ! head ( ! boat by means ( a cable & an*or to "s po9t ne> ! middle ( ! /ream4 ,by /e]+ obliquely to ! curr5t1 ! boat may be made to cross & recross at ! same po9t4 ,a s+le passage may be made 9 ! same way1 by ! action ( ! curr5t )\t ! cable & an*or1 b ! boat 9 ?is case w be c>ri$ "s di/ance d[n ! /ream4 ,r[boats are employ$ = cross+ ov] infantry by successive deb>kations2 b ?is process is too sl[ = ! passage ( a l>ge =ce2 x may v well be resort$ to z auxili>y to o!r means4 ,/eam craft are s common at ! pres5t day on all navigable /reams1 t an army 9 ! field w frequ5tly be able to avail itself ( ?is means ( pass+ ! l>g] riv]s4 ,b1 9 a ho/ile c\ntry1 or 9 "o already pass$ ov] by ! enemy1 x w n be safe to rely ) confid5ce ^u obta9+ craft ( ?is "*4 ,a well-organiz$ army w always c>ry 9 its tra9 ! means ( effect+ a c]ta9 & spe$y passage ( all wat]-c\rses t may int]cept its l9e ( m>*4 ,fly+-bridges or r[boats 7 employ$ 9 ! passage ( ! ,dw9a1 9 #agja1 by ! ,sw$es2 ! passage ( ! ,po1 9 #agja1 by ,pr9ce ,eug5e2 ! passage ( ! ,rh9e1 at ,hun+u51 9 #agjd2 ,j\rdan's passage ( ! ,rh9e 9 #agie2 ,moreau's passage 9 #agif2 ! sieges ( ,kehl & ,hun+u5 9 #agig2 ,mass5a's passage ( ! ,limmat1 & ,s\lt's passage ( ! ,l9?1 9 #agii2 ! passage ( ! ,rh9e1 at ,luci/eig 9 #ahjj2 ! passage ( ! ,po1 by ! ,fr5*1 j be=e ! battle ( ,m>5go2 & o!rs 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,spa91 9 ! subsequ5t campaigns ( ,napoleon4 ,milit>y bridges h sometimes be5 =m$ ( ropes1 cables /ret*$ across ! /ream1 & firmly atta*$ at ea* end to trees1 or po/s let into ! e>?4 ,if ! %ore is ( rock1 r+s ) /aples let into ! /one =m ! be/ means = secur+ ! ends ( ! ma9 ropes4 ,plank are laid on ^! cables to =m ! roadway4 ,! ropes =m+ ! side-rail ( ! bridge are pass$ ov] tre/les at ea* %ore1 & !n fa/5$ z be=e4 ,%ort v]tical ropes atta* ! ma9 supports to ^! side ropes1 9 ord] t !y may su/a9 a "p ( ! weight pass+ ov] ! bridge4 ,con/ructions ( ?is "* are fully describ$ 9 ,d\glas's ,essay on ,milit>y ,bridges4 ,= example1 see ! passage ( ! ,po1 ne> ,casal1 9 #aeae1 by ! ,swiss2 ! bridge ?r[n ov] ! ,cla9 by ,admiral ,coligni1 at ! siege ( ,poiti]s1 9 #aefi2 ! op]ations ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange aga9/ ,gh5t & ,bruges1 9 #afca2 ! passage ( ! ,tagus1 at ,alcant>a1 9 #ahaj1 by ! ,engli%2 ! bridge con/ruct$ across ! ,zez]e1 by ! ,fr5*1 9 #ahaj2 ! bridge ?r[n across ! ,sc>pe1 ne> ,d\ai1 9 #ahbj2 ! exp]im5ts made at ,fre 9 #ahbc1 c4 ,! passage ( a riv] 9 ! pres5ce ( an enemy1 :e!r act+ (f5sively or 9 retreat1 is an op]ation ( great delicacy & dang]4 ,9 ei!r case ! army is call$ ^u to %[ ! coole/ & mo/ det]m9$ c\rage1 = its success w dep5d on its ma9ta9+ ! /ricte/ discipl9e & good ord]4 ,9 ! case ( a retreat ! bridge %\ld be cov]$ by field intr5*m5ts1 call$ a tte de pont1 & def5d$ by a /rong gu>d4 ,if ! riv] be ( mod]ate wid?1 ! enemy may be kept at a di/ance by heavy batt]ies on ! opposite %ore4 ,z soon z ! passage is effect$ by ! ma9 body1 ! bridge1 if p]man5t1 w be bl[n up1 or o!rwise de/roy$ by ! m9]s1 & if float+1 w be swung r\nd to ! o!r %ore4 ,! re>-gu>d w pass ov] 9 r[boats1 or ! end pontons deta*$ = t purpose4 ,an army retreat+ 9 ! face ( an enemy %\ld nev] rely ^u "o s+le bridge1 no matt] :at may be its "*3 = ! slighte/ accid5t happ5+ to x might expose ! :ole army to inevitable de/ruction4 ,! passage ( a riv] by ma9 =ce1 aga9/ an ent]pris+ & active enemy on ! opposite %ore1 is always an op]ation ( ! greate/ difficulty1 & n unfrequ5tly accompani$ ) ! mo/ bloody results4 ,! mo/ effectual me?od ( accompli%+ ?is object is by /ratagem4 ,demon/rations are made at sev]al po9ts at ! same "t3 bodies ( troops are ?r[n across1 aft] nightfall1 9 r[boats or by fly+-bridges1 to get possession ( ! opposite bank4 ,! vangu>d ( light cavalry may cross by swimm+4 ,! pontoni]s %\ld h _! bridge equipage 9 read9ess ne> ! int5d$ po9t ( passage1 s t x c be ?r[n across ) ! greate/ possible rapidity1 :ile ! advanc$ gu>ds are /ill able to keep ! enemy at a di/ance4 ,"u favorable circum/ances ! pontoni]s w h ! bridge 9 read9ess = ! passage ( ! army be=e ! enemy c collect 8 troops ^u ! ?reat5$ po9t4 ,cannon-balls & holl[ %ot are ! mo/ effectual means = de/roy+ an enemy's bridge :5 our batt]ies c be plant$ )9 rea*4 ,:5 ?is _c be done1 we mu/ resort to fire-boats1 float+ rafts1 c41 to accompli% our object4 ,op]ations ( ?is k9d c>ri$ on 9 ! night1 are mo/ likely to succe$4 ,to protect bridges f ! action ( ^! float+ bodies1 /ockades1 or float+ *evaux-de-frise are con/ruct$ across ! /ream at "s di/ance above ! bridge2 /rong cables1 or *a9s /ret*$ directly across ! riv]1 or ) an angle up /ream1 may be us$ 9 place ( /ockades1 or 9 conjunction ) !m4 ,gu>ds %\ld be /ation$ above ! bridge1 ) boats1 ropes1 grapnels1 c41 = ! purpose ( arre/+ all float+ bodies & draw+ ?orn a%ore1 or direct+ !m safely ?r\gh ! draw 9 ! bridge arrangem5t4 ,! troops especially *>g$ ) ! con/ruction & managem5t ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( milit>y bridges1 are d5om9at$ pontoni]s4 ,! duties ( ^! troops are ardu\s & important1 &1 9 a c\ntry l ours1 int]sect$ by num]\s wat]-c\rses1 ! success ( a campaign w (t5 dep5d ^u _! skill & effici5cy4 ,sapp+4--,?is is a g5]al t]m appli$ to ! op]ations ( =m+ tr5*es1 along :i* troops may approa* a "w )\t be+ expos$ to ! fire ( ! besieg$4 ,9 addition to ! ord9>y sapp+-tools1 su* z %ovels1 picks1 gabion-=ks1 c41 us$ 9 con/ruct+ tr5*es1 !re w also be requir$ a consid]able am\nt ( sapp+ mat]ials1 su* z gabions1 fasc9es1 sap-fagots1 s&bags1 c4 ,! gabion is a cyl9drical basket ( twigs1 ab\t two feet 9 diamet]1 & "s ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 & )\t a bottom4 ,x is made by driv+ into ! gr\nd1 9 a circul> =m1 a numb] ( small pickets ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 & ( ! l5g? requir$ = ! gabion4 ,twigs are wattl$ betwe5 ! pickets l ord9>y basket-"w1 & fa/5$ at ! ends by )s or pack?read4 ,gabions are us$ 9 =m+ saps1 batt]ies1 bl9dages1 p[d]-magaz9es1 & 9 revett+ ! /eep slopes ( field-works4 ,! fasc9e is a bundle ( twigs closely b\nd up1 f n9e to twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 & f t5 to fifte5 or tw5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,! l>ge/ are sometimes call$ saucissons4 ,9 mak+ a fasc9e1 /raight twigs ab\t ! ?ickness ( a man's f+] are laid side by side1 & firmly compress$ toge!r by a /rong rope or *a9 atta*$ to ! extremities ( two lev]s4 ,:ile held 9 ?is position ! twigs are firmly b\nd toge!r by )s or cords4 ,fasc9es are us$ 9 con/ruct+ tr5*es1 batt]ies1 c41 & = fill+ up wet dit*es4 ,! sap-fagot is a /rong fasc9e ab\t t5 in*es 9 diamet] & two feet 9 l5g?1 ) a picket ins]t$ ?r\gh ! middle4 ,x is us$ 9 ! d\ble sap 9 connection ) gabions4 ,s&-bags are usually made ( co>se canvass4 ,:5 fill$ ) e>? !y are "s six or eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & f eighte5 in*es to two feet 9 l5g?4 ,f _! p]i%able nature1 !y are us$ only :5 o!r mat]ials _c be procur$1 & :]e x is important to place ! troops spe$ily "u cov] f ! enemy's fire4 ,bales ( wool1 cotton1 hay1 /raw1 c41 may be employ$ 9 sapp+ = ! same purposes z ! above mat]ials1 :5 !y c be procur$ 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,pork & fl\r b>rels1 :i* are usually 9 abundance 9 a camp1 are frequ5tly fill$ ) s& & us$ = =m+ magaz9es1 bl9dages1 c41 9 field-works4 ,a tr5* con/ruct$ 9 ord9>y soil beyond ! range ( ! enemy's grape1 is call$ a simple sap1 or ord9>y tr5*4 ,! e>? is ?r[n up on ! side t[>ds ! place besieg$1 s z to =m a k9d ( p>apet to cov] ! m5 9 ! tr5*4 ,! labor is "h execut$ "u ! sup]vision ( eng9e] soldi]s1 by work+ p>ties deta*$ f ! o!r arms4 ,fig4 #ej repres5ts a v]tical section ( a simple sap4 ,:5 )9 range ( ! enemy's grape1 ! fly+ sap is resort$ to 9 ord] to place ! workm5 spe$ily "u cov]4 ,9 ?is op]ation1 gabions are plac$ 9 juxtaposition on ! side t[>ds ! besieg$ "w1 & fill$ ) all possible spe$ by ! workm54 ,?ree r[s ( fasc9es are usually plac$ on ! top ( ! gabions to increase ! height4 ,! mo/ difficult "p ( ! fly+ sap is execut$ by eng9e] troops1 & ! tr5* is complet$ by ! ord9>y work+ p>ties4 ,fig4 #ea repres5ts a section ( ?is sap4 ,! full-sap is employ$ :5 ! works ( ! besieg]s are )9 range ( musketry1 or :5 ! grape fire ( ! besieg$ is s deadly t ! fly+ sap c no long] be us$4 ,?is is a difficult op]ation1 & unless execut$ ) great c>e & by well-in/ruct$ eng9e] troops1 ! con/ruction ( ! tr5* w be att5d$ ) an imm5se loss ( life4 ,! "w mu/ be execut$ "u cov] ( a sap-roll]1 :i* is a cyl9drical mass ( fasc9es1 wool1 or cotton1 "s two feet 9 diamet]4 ,on v smoo? gr\nd a ball-pro( %elt] on :eels might be us$ z a sub/itute4 ,! sap-roll] be+ plac$ along ! l9e ( ! tr5* s z to cov] ! sapp] 9 front1 :o is arm$ ) a musket-pro( headpiece & cuirass1 ?is sapp] comm5ces ! sap by plac+ a gabion on ! l9e ( ! propos$ tr5* & fills x ) e>?1 work+ on 8 h&s & knees4 ,hav+ fill$ ! fir/ gabion1 he pu%es =w>d ! sap-roll] & places a second "o next ! fir/1 /opp+ ! op5 jo9t betwe5 ! two ) a /op-fagot4 ,! second gabion be+ fill$ 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/1 o!rs are successively e/abli%$4 ,:5 ! fir/ sapp] has advanc$ a few feet1 he is foll[$ by a second1 also 9 def5sive armor1 :o increases ! excavation & embankm5t2 ?is sapp] is !n foll[$ 9 ! same way by a ?ird & a f\r?1 aft] :i* ! tr5* w be suffici5tly advanc$ to be turn$ ov] to ! ord9>y workm54 ,! sap-fagots may be remov$ :5 ! embankm5t becomes ?ick en\gh to resi/ grape4 ,fig4 #eb repres5ts a plan & section ( a full-sap4 ,:5 ! direction ( ! tr5* is su* t ! m5 are expos$ on bo? sides1 x w be necess>y to ?r[ up an embankm5t bo? to ! "r & left4 ,?is op]ation is call$ ! d\ble sap1 & is execut$ by two p>ties ( sapp]s1 work+ side by side4 ,9 ?is sap x w be necess>y to frequ5tly *ange ! direction ( ! tr5*1 or to ?r[ up trav]ses1 9 ord] to cov] ! m5 at a di/ance f ! sap-roll]4 ,w+-trav]ses1 on ! side ( ! tr5* :i* is lea/ expos$1 "s times s]ve ! same purpose z a d\ble sap4 ,m9es4--,by m9+1 z a milit>y t]m1 we und]/& ! op]ations resort$ to = ! demolition1 ) p[d]1 ( a milit>y /ructure ( any description4 ,! t]m m9e is appli$ bo? to ! excavation *>g$ ) p[d] = ! purpose ( produc+ an explosion1 & to ! communications :i* lead to ?is excavation4 ,! place 9 :i* ! *>ge ( p[d] is lodg$ is call$ ! *amb]1 ! communication by :i* ?is place is rea*$ ! gall]y1 & ! excavation made by ! explosion is t]m$ ! crat]4 ,! =m ( ! crat] caus$ by an explosion 9 ord9>y soils is assum$ to be a truncat$ cone1 ! diamet]1 c d1 7,fig4 #ec17 ( ! l[] circle be+ "o-half ! diamet]1 a b1 ( ! upp] circle4 ,?is =m has nev] be5 asc]ta9$ to be exactly correct1 b ! !oretical results d$uc$ f a ma!matical discussion ( ?is figure h be5 fully v]ifi$ 9 practice4 ,! radius1 p b1 ( ! upp] circle is t]m$ ! crat] radius2 ! l9e o p1 drawn f ! c5tre ( ! *>ge p]p5dicul> to ! surface :]e ! explosion takes place1 is t]m$ ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance2 ! l9e o b1 drawn f ! c5tre ( ! p[d] to any po9t 9 ! circumf]5ce ( ! upp] circle1 is t]m$ ! radius ( explosion4 ,:5 ! crat] radius is equal to ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 ! m9e is t]m$ common2 :5 ?is radius is great] ?an ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 ! m9e is t]m$ ov]*>g$2 & :5 ! radius is less1 und]*>g$4 ,a m9e ( small dim5sions1 =m$ by s9k+ a %aft 9 ! gr\nd1 is t]m$ a f\gasse4 ,! t]m cam\flet is appli$ to a m9e us$ to suffocate ! enemy's m9]1 )\t produc+ an explosion4 ,small m9es made 9 rock or masonry1 m]ely = ! purpose ( excavation1 )\t any consid]able ext]nal explosion1 are call$ bla/s4 ,f exp]im5ts made on common m9es1 ^: l9e ( lea/ resi/ance did n exce$ fifte5 feet1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! t5acity ( ! e>? is completely de/roy$ ar\nd ! crat] to a di/ance equal to ! crat] radius1 & t empty gall]ies w\ld be brok5 9 at once & a half t di/ance4 ,x has also be5 prov$ by exp]im5t1 t ! crat] radius 9 ov]*>g$ m9es may be increas$ to six times ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 b n mu* beyond ?is2 t )9 ?is limit ! diamet] ( ! crat] increases ne>ly 9 ! ratio ( ! squ>e roots ( ! *>ge2 & t empty gall]ies may be de/roy$ by ov]*>g$ m9es at ! di/ance ( f\r times ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,by means ( ! d$uctions ( physico-ma!matical !ory1 & ! results ( exp]im5ts1 rules h be5 det]m9$ by :i* ! m9] c calculate1 ) mu* accuracy1 ! *>ge necess>y to produce a requir$ result 9 any giv5 soil4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! hi/ory ( ?is art1 m9es 7 only us$ to op5 brea*es & demoli% masses ( masonry2 b 9 lat] times !y h be5 employ$ z important elem5ts 9 ! attack & def5ce ( places4 ,an isolat$ wall1 only two or ?ree feet ?ick1 may readily be demoli%$ by explod+ "o or two casks ( p[d] plac$ 9 contact ) its base4 ,if ! wall be five or six feet ?ick1 ! *>ges %\ld be plac$ "u ! f\ndation4 ,= walls ( /ill great] ?ickness x w be be/ to op5 a gall]y to ! c5tre ( ! wall1 a foot or two above its base1 & place ! p[d] 9 *amb]s ?us excavat$4 ,revetm5t walls may be ov]turn$ by plac+ ! *>ges at ! back ( ! wall1 ab\t "o-?ird or "o-qu>t] ( ! way up f ! base4 ,if plac$ too ne> ! base1 a brea* w be made 9 ! wall )\t ov]turn+ x4 ,to demoli% a bridge ( masonry ! p[d] %\ld be lodg$ 9 *amb]s excavat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! pi]s4 ,:5 !re is n "t = excavat+ ^! *amb]s 9 ! pi]s1 a tr5* may be cut ov] ! key ( ! ar*1 9 :i* ! p[d] is plac$ & explod$2 or1 ! casks ( p[d] may be susp5d$ imm$iately "u ! ar*1 ) ! same results4 ,:]e a sav+ ( p[d] is ( consequ5ce1 small *amb]s may be excavat$ 9 ! haun*es ( ! ar*1 & ! m9e c>efully tamp$ be=e fir+ x4 ,bridges ( wood may be de/roy$ by susp5d+ casks ( p[d] "u ! pr9cipal timb]s1 or atta*+ !m to ! supports4 ,palisad+1 gates1 doors1 c41 may be de/roy$ 9 ! same way1 by susp5d+ casks or bags ( p[d] aga9/ _! sides2 or /ill m effectually1 by bury+ ! *>ges j b5ea? _! base4 ,to demoli% a t[]1 magaz9e1 or h\se1 ( masonry1 place *>ges ( p[d] "u ! pi]s & pr9cipal walls ( ! build+4 ,9 wood5 /ructures ! p[d] %\ld be plac$ "u1 or atta*$ to ! pr9cipal supports4 ,:]e "t is want+ to effect ^! arrangem5ts1 a build+ may be bl[n d[n by plac+ a l>ge mass ( p[d] 9 ! int]ior4 ,! p[d] may be economiz$1 9 ?is case1 by putt+ x 9 a /rong case1 :i* %\ld be connect$ ) ! walls ( ! build+ on all sides by wood5 props4 ,special treatises on milit>y m9+ conta9 full in/ructions = regulat+ ! size & position ( ! *>ge = ! v>i\s cases t may be met ) 9 ! practical op]ations ( field-eng9e]+4 ,z appli$ to ! attack & def5ce ( a =tifi$ place1 m9es are divid$ into two g5]al classes--(f5sive & def5sive m9es4 ,! =m] are employ$ by ! besieg]s to ov]?r[ ! sc>ps & c\nt]sc>ps ( ! place1 to demoli% b>ri]s1 palisades1 walls1 & o!r tempor>y means ( def5ce1 & to de/roy ! m9es ( ! besieg$4 ,! latt] are employ$ by ! opposite p>ty to bl[ up ! besieg]s' works ( attack1 & to def5d ! passage ( dit*es aga9/ an assault4 ,small m9es call$ f\gasses may be employ$ = ! la/ nam$ object4 ,! %ell-f\gasse is compos$ ( a wood5 box fill$ ) "o or m ti]s ( %ells1 & buri$ j bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,sometimes a quantity ( p[d] is plac$ "u ! %ells1 s z to project !m into ! air previ\s to _! explosion4 ,! /one f\gasse is =m$ by mak+ a funnel-%ap$ excavation1 "s five or six feet deep1 & plac+ at ! bottom a *>ge ( p[d] enclos$ 9 a box1 & cov]$ ) a /rong wood5 %ield2 sev]al cubic y>ds ( pebbles1 brok5 /one1 or brickbats1 are plac$ aga9/ ! %ield1 & e>? well ramm$ r\nd1 to prev5t ! explosion f tak+ place 9 ! wrong direction4 ,^! m9es are fir$ by means ( p[d] hose1 or by wires connect$ ) a galvanic batt]y4 ,! def5sive m9es employ$ to bl[ up ! besieg]s' works1 are g5]ally common m9es ) ! l9es ( lea/ resi/ance seldom great] ?an fifte5 feet4 ,all ! ma9 gall]ies & pr9cipal bran*es ( m9es = a p]man5t =tification are con/ruct$ at ! same "t ) ! o!r portions ( ! "w1 leav+ only ! second>y bran*es1 *amb]s1 c41 to be made dur+ ! siege4 ,= ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ^! gall]ies1 & ! precautions necess>y = _! protection f ! op]ations ( ! besieg]s1 ref]5ce mu/ be made to treatises specially devot$ to ! discussion ( ?is subject4 ,m9es c seldom be employ$ ) advantage 9 works ( slight relief1 & liable to an assault4 ,b if judici\sly arrang$ 9 ! plan ( _! con/ruction1 & well manag$ dur+ ! op]ations ( ! siege1 !y contribute v mat]ially to ! l5g? ( ! def5ce4 ,attack & def5ce4--,?is subject admits ( two natural divisions3 #a/1 ( intr5*m5ts1 & #b;d1 ( p]man5t works4 ,i4 ,intr5*m5ts maybe attack$ ei!r by surprise1 or by op5 =ce4 ,9 ei!r case ! op]ations %\ld be bas$ on exact in=mation ( ! /r5g? ( ! works & ! numb] & "* ( ! g>rison--in=mation t c be obta9$ f spies1 des]t]s1 & prison]s1 & confirm$ by exam9ations or reconnaissances made by (fic]s ( eng9e]s4 ,by ^! means a pretty accurate k may be obta9$ ( ! natural features ( ! gr\nd ext]ior to ! works2 _! weak & /rong po9ts2 & _! int]ior arrangem5ts = def5ce4 ,9 an attack by surprise1 ! troops %\ld consi/ ( a /orm+ p>ty & a res]ve ( pick$ m54 ,! attack+ column is prec$$ by a company ( sapp]s arm$ ) axes1 %ovels1 picks1 cr[b>s1 c42 bags ( p[d] are also us$ = bl[+ d[n gates1 palisades1 c4 ,all ! op]ations mu/ be c>ri$ on ) ! utmo/ dispat*4 ,! "t mo/ favorable = a surprise is an h\r or two be=e day1 z at ?is mom5t ! s5t9els are g5]ally less vigilant1 & ! g>rison 9 a pr(\nd sleep2 moreov]1 ! subsequ5t op]ations1 aft] ! fir/ surprise1 w be facilitat$ by ! approa* ( day4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 x may be advisable to make false attacks at ! same "t ) ! true "o1 9 ord] to di/ract ! att5tion ( ! g>rison f ! true po9t ( dang]4 ,b false attacks h1 9 g5]al1 ! objection ( divid+ ! =ces ( ! assailants z well z ( ! assail$4 ,9 all attacks by surprise1 secrecy is ! s\l ( ! ent]prise4 ,9 an op5 assault1 if artill]y be employ$1 ! troops %\ld be drawn up 9 a %elt]$ position1 until ! fire ( ! works is sil5c$1 & brea*es effect$ 9 ! p>apet4 ,b if ! bayonet alone be resort$ to1 ! troops are imm$iately br\ght =w>d at ! beg9n+ ( ! assault4 ,! attack is begun by a /orm+ p>ty ( pick$ m53 !y are prec$$1 z be=e1 by a body ( sapp]s1 provid$ ) necess>y means = remov+ ob/acles1 & foll[$ by a second deta*m5t ( eng9e]s1 :o w wid5 ! passages1 & r5d] !m m accessible to ! ma9 body ( troops :o n[ advance to ! assi/ance ( ! /orm+ p>ty4 ,if ! assailants %\ld be arre/$ at ! c\nt]sc>p by ob/acles :i* mu/ be remov$ be=e any f>!r progress c be made1 ! infantry troops ( ! deta*m5t display & op5 a fire ^u ! assail$1 9 ord] to div]t _! fire f ! sapp]s4 ,a few pieces ( light artill]y1 on ! flanks ( ! column1 may sometimes be employ$ = ?is purpose ) great advantage4 ,! /orm+ p>ty %\ld always be provid$ ) scal+-ladd]s1 planks1 fasc9es1 c41 = cross+ ! dit*1 & m\nt+ ! sc>p4 ,if ! c\nt]sc>p be revett$ ) masonry1 ! troops mu/ ei!r desc5d by ladd]s1 or fill up ! dit* ) fasc9es1 bales ( /raw1 bundles ( wool1 c43 if n revett$1 a passage = ! troops into ! dit* w soon be =m$ by ! %ovels ( ! sapp]s4 ,:5 ! dit* is ga9$1 %elt] is s\ght 9 a dead angle till ! means are prep>$ = m\nt+ ! sc>p1 & /orm+ ! "w4 ,if ! sc>p be ( e>? only1 ! sapp]s w soon prep>e a passage = ! escalade2 b if revett$ ) masonry1 ! walls mu/ be brea*$ ) holl[ %ot1 or scal$ by means ( ladd]s4 ,9 ! def5ce1 ! /ricte/ vigilance %\ld be at all times ex]t$ to gu>d aga9/ a surprise3 s5t9els are po/$ on all ! mo/ comm&+ po9ts ( ! "w2 all ! av5ues ( approa* are mo/ ?or\ghly gu>d$2 & patroles are con/antly sc\r+ ! gr\nd 9 all directions4 ,at night all ^! precautions are r$\bl$4 ,light & fire-balls are ?r[n out 9 front ( ! "w to light up ! gr\nd1 & discov] ! movem5ts & approa* ( ! enemy4 ,ea* man %\ld h 8 p>ticul> po/ assign$ to him1 & be ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 ! duties he w h to p]=m4 ,all auxili>y arrangem5ts1 su* z palisades1 abattis1 c41 %\ld be def5d$ ) ! utmo/ ob/9acy2 ! long] ! enemy is held 9 *eck by ^! ob/acles1 ! long] w he be expos$ to ! grape & musketry ( ! ma9 "w4 ,:5 he assaults ! p>apet1 he w be oppos$ by ! bayonet 9 front & a well-aim$ fire 9 flank4 ,:ile 9 ! dit*1 or z he m\nts ! sc>p1 holl[ projectiles1 inc5di>y prep>ations1 /ones1 logs1 c41 w be roll$ d[n ^u 8 head4 ,b :5 ! assault+ column has ga9$ ! top ( ! sc>p1 ! bayonet =ms ! mo/ effective means ( resi/ance4 ,! measures resort$ to 9 ! attack & def5ce ( ! l>g] class ( field-works1 w necess>ily p>take mu* ( ! nature ( ! op]ations employ$ 9 ! attack & def5ce ( p]man5t =tifications4 ,,ii4 ,! attack & def5ce ( a =tress may be c>ri$ on ei!r by a regul> siege1 or by irregul> op]ations & an assault4 ,! latt] plan has sometimes be5 adopt$ :5 ! works ( ! place 7 weak & improp]ly def5d$2 :]e ! "t & means 7 want+ = conduct+ a regul> siege2 or :]e ! assailants 7 ignorant ( ! means prop] to be resort$ to = ! r$uction ( ! =tress4 ,su* op]ations1 h[ev]1 are usually att5d$ by an imm5se sacrifice ( human life1 & ! g5]al :o neglects to employ all ! res\rces ( ! eng9e]'s art 9 c>ry+ on a siege1 is ju/ly *>geable ) ! lives ( 8 m54 ,9 ! siege ( ,cambrai1 ,l\is ,,xiv41 on ! solicitation ( ,du ,metz1 b contr>y to ! advice ( ,vauban1 ord]$ ! demi-lune to be tak5 by assault1 in/ead ( wait+ = ! result ( a regul> siege4 ,! assault 0 made1 b x 0 unsuccessful1 & ! ,fr5* su/a9$ great losses4 ,! k+ n[ direct$ ,vauban to take ! demi-lune by regul> approa*es1 :i* 0 done 9 a v %ort "t1 & ) a loss ( only five m56 ,aga91 at ! siege ( ,ypres1 ! g5]als advis$ an assault be=e ! brea*es 7 ready4 ,y w ga9 a day by ! assault1 said ,vauban1 b y w lose a ?\s& m54 ,! k+ direct$ ! regul> works to be cont9u$1 & ! next day ! place 0 tak5 ) b little loss to ! besieg]s4 ,b a "w may be ( su* a "* z to r5d] x unnecess>y to resort to all ! works ( attack :i* w\ld be requir$ = ! r$uction ( a regul> ba/ion$ =t1 on a horizontal site4 ,= example3 ! nature ( ! gr\nd may be su* z to enable ! troops to approa* to ! foot ( ! glacis1 )\t erect+ any works :atev]2 ( c\rse1 all ! works up to ! ?ird p>allel may 9 ?is case be disp5s$ ) )\t any violation ( ! rules ( a siege4 ,aga91 ! po9t ( attack may be su* t ! o!r p>ts ( ! place w n flank ! works ( approa*2 "h a s+le l9e ( boyaux & %ort p>allels may be all-suffici5t4 ,b = ! purpose ( discussion1 we w "h suppose ! place besieg$ to be a regul> ba/ion$ "w on a horizontal site1 7,fig4 #ed47 ,! op]ations ( ! siege may be divid$ into ?ree di/9ct p]iods4 #a/4 ,! prelim9>y op]ations ( ! attack & def5ce previ\s to ! op5+ ( ! tr5*es4 #b;d4 ,! op]ations ( ! two p>ties f ! op5+ ( ! tr5*es to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ?ird p>allel4 #c;d4 ,f ! completion ( ! ?ird p>allel to ! r$uction ( ! place4 ,fir/ p]iod4 ,! object ( ! inve/m5t ( ! place is to cut (f all communication betwe5 ! "w & ! ext]ior1 ?us prev5t+ x f receiv+ succors1 provisions1 & milit>y munitions1 & also to facilitate a close reconnoissance ( ! place by ! eng9e]s1 :o %\ld always accompany ! inve/+ corps1 & pursue _! labors "u its protection4 ,?is corps %\ld be compos$ *iefly ( light troops--cavalry1 light infantry1 horse artill]y1 brigades ( eng9e]s & m\nt$ sapp]s1--:o m>* 9 advance ( ! besieg+ army1 &1 by a sudd5 movem5t1 surr\nd ! "w1 seize ^u all ! av5ues ( approa*1 & c>ry (f e ?+ )\t ! "w t c be ( s]vice ei!r to ! g>rison or to ! besieg]s4 ,to effect ?is object1 ! ent]prise mu/ be conduct$ ) secrecy & dispat*4 ,! inve/+ corps is n[ di/ribut$ ar\nd ! "w 9 ! mo/ favorable positions = cutt+ (f all access to x1 & also to prev5t any communication ) ! ext]ior by deta*m5ts f ! g>rison1 & ev5 s+le individuals are s5t out to give intellig5ce to a succor+ army or to reconnoitre ! op]ations ( ! besieg+ corps4 ,^! po/s & s5t9els1 call$ ! daily cordon1 are plac$ "s mile or mile & a half f ! "w1 & beyond ! rea* ( ! guns4 ,b 9 ! night-"t ^! po/s are insuffici5t to accompli% _! object1 & consequ5tly z soon z x is d>k ! troops move up z close to ! "w z possible )\t be+ expos$ to ! fire ( musketry4 ,?is arrangem5t con/itutes ! nightly cordon4 ,by ! "t ! ma9 army arrives ! reconnoissance w be suffici5tly complete to enable ! *ief eng9e] to lay be=e ! g5]al ! outl9e ( 8 plan ( attack1 s z to e/abli% ! position ( 8 depots & camp4 ,^! w be plac$ "s two miles f ! "w1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,z !y occupy a consid]able ext5t ( gr\nd ar\nd ! "w1 x w g5]ally be necess>y to =m intr5*m5ts /rong en\gh to prev5t succors ( troops1 provisions1 c41 f be+ ?r[n into ! place1 & also to re/ra9 ! excursions ( ! g>rison4 ,! works ?r[n up betwe5 ! camp & besieg$ place are t]m$ ! l9e ( c\nt]vallation1 & ^? on ! ext]ior side ( ! camp =m ! l9e ( circumvallation4 ,^! l9es are g5]ally ab\t six hundr$ y>ds ap>t4 ,x is n unusual 9 mod]n w>f>e to disp5se ) l9es ( circumvallation1 7except a few deta*$ works = cov]+ ! p>ks ( ! eng9e]s & artill]y17 & to hold ! succor+ army 9 *eck by means ( an oppos+ =ce1 call$ ! army ( obs]vation4 ,! measures ( def5ce resort$ to by ! g>rison w1 ( c\rse1 be subord9ate1 9 "s degree1 to ^? ( attack4 ,z soon z any dang] ( an inve/m5t is appreh5d$1 ! comm&+ g5]al %\ld collect into ! place all ! necess>y provisions1 =age1 milit>y munitions1 c41 to be f\nd 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry2 all useless p]sons %\ld be expell$ f ! g>rison2 a supply ( timb] = ! works ( ! eng9e]s & artill]y1 fasc9es1 gabions1 palisades1 c41 prep>$2 all gr\nd )9 cannon range ar\nd ! "w levell$2 h$ges & trees cut d[n2 holes fill$ up2 tempor>y build+s demoli%$ or burnt2 & all ob/acles capable ( cov]+ an enemy & int]rupt+ ! fire ( ! "w1 remov$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! eng9e] troops & work+ p>ties deta*$ f ! o!r arms w be mo/ actively employ$4 ,z soon z ! inve/+ corps makes its appe>ance1 bodies ( light troops are ?r[n out to cut (f reconnoitr+ p>ties1 &1 if possible1 to draw ! enemy into ambu%4 ,to facilitate ^! ext]ior op]ations1 & to prev5t a surprise1 sev]al guns ( long range are plac$ on ! sali5ts ( ! ba/ions & demi-lunes1 & o!rs1 load$ ) grape1 9 ! embrasures ( ! flanks1 s z to sweep ! dit*es4 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! g>rison may be employ$ 9 ext]ior op]ations1 & ! o!r two-?irds 9 arrang+ ! means ( def5ce 9 ! int]ior4 ,second p]iod4--,z soon z ! eng9e]s h complet$ _! reconnaissances & det]m9$ on ! front ( attack1 & all ! o!r prep>ations are made1 ! g5]al w direct ! op5+ ( ! tr5*es4 ,! gr\nd be+ previ\sly m>k$ out1 battalions ( light troops1 t]m$ gu>ds ( ! tr5*es1 z soon z x is d>k1 are plac$ ab\t ?irty y>ds 9 front ( ! fir/ p>allel1 7,a4 ,fig4 #ed17 ) small] sections1 & s5t9els ab\t ! same di/ance fur!r 9 advance4 ,^! gu>ds lie d[n1 or o!rwise conceal !mselves f ! fire ( ! "w4 ,! eng9e] troops & deta*m5ts ( workm5 be+ fir/ m>*$ to ! dpts & suppli$ ) all ! necess>y tools = c>ry+ on ! "w1 n[ comm5ce _! labors "u ! protection ( ^! gu>ds4 ,by daybreak ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ p>allel1 & ! tr5*es connect+ x ) ! dpts1 w be suffici5tly advanc$ to cov] ! m5 f ! fire ( ! place2 ! gu>ds w !re=e be )drawn1 & ! workm5 cont9ue _! labors dur+ ! day to give ! tr5*es ! prop] size & =m4 ,! p>allels are ! long l9es ( tr5* :i* envelop ! besieg$ "w1 & s]ve bo? z cov]$ ways = ! circulation ( ! besieg]s1 & z means ( def5ce aga9/ sorties f ! g>rison2 !y are !re=e arrang$ ) banquettes = musketry fire4 ,! boyaux are tr5*es run 9 a zigzag direction along ! capitals ( ! front ( attack1 & are int5d$ exclusively = ! circulation ( ! troops2 !y h no banquettes4 ,! fir/ p>allel is ab\t six hundr$ y>ds f ! place1 & consequ5tly beyond ! rea* ( grape4 ,x is con/ruct$ by ! simple sap4 ,aft] ! fir/ night1 ! gu>ds1 in/ead ( advanc+ 9 front ( ! "w1 are plac$ 9 ! tr5*es4 ,! second p>allel 7,b7 is made "s ?ree hundr$ or ?ree hundr$ & fifty y>ds f ! place1 & be+ mu* expos$ to grape1 ! fly+-sap is employ$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,batt]ies 7,h7 are e/abli%$ betwe5 ! fir/ & second p>allels to sil5ce ! fire ( ! demi-lunes ( ! collat]al ba/ions1 & o!rs 7,i7 ne> ! second p>allel1 to enfilade ! faces ( ! front ( attack4 ,^! are arm$ 9 "p ) mort>s & 9 "p ) heavy siege-pieces4 ,! works are n[ gradually pu%$ =w>d to ! ?ird p>allel1 7,c71 :i* is con/ruct$ ab\t sixty y>ds f ! sali5ts ( ! place4 ,z ! op]ations ( ! besieg]s are "h greatly expos$ to musketry fire1 ! tr5*es are con/ruct$ by ! full-sap4 ,! ?ird p>allel1 hav+ to conta9 ! gu>ds ( ! tr5*es1 & be+ ( less developm5t ?an ! two prec$+1 is made mu* wid]4 ,! second p>allel n[ conta9s ! res]ve1 & ! fir/ p>allel becomes ! dpt ( mat]ials4 ,demi-p>allels 7,g7 are frequ5tly e/abli%$ betwe5 ! second & ?ird1 to be occupi$ by deta*m5ts ( gu>ds4 ,! op]ations ( def5ce dur+ ?is p]iod are s direct$ z to h>ass ! workm5 9 ! tr5*es & ret>d ! advance ( ! works ( attack4 ,g>rison pieces ( long range & l>ge h[itz]s are br\ght =w>d on ! sali5ts ( ! ba/ions & demi-lunes ( attack1 s z to fire 9 rico*et along ! capitals on :i* ! boyaux mu/ be pu%$3 light & fire-balls are ?r[n out z soon z x becomes d>k1 to light up ! gr\nd occupi$ by ! besieg]s1 ?us expos+ !m to ! fire ( ! "w & to ! attacks ( ! sortie p>ties4 ,^! p>ties are compos$ ( light troops :o *>ge ! gu>ds & compel ! workm5 to ab&on _! sapp+ tools & /& ^u ! def5ce4 ,!y are mo/ effective :5 ! besieg]s comm5ce ! second p>allel1 z ! gu>ds 9 ! fir/ p>allel are n s imm$iately at h& to protect ! workm54 ,:5 ! sortie deta*m5t has driv5 ^! workm5 f ! tr5*es1 in/ead ( pursu+ !m into ! fir/ p>allel1 x w display itself 9 battle ord] to cov] ! eng9e] troops1 7:o %\ld always accompany ! deta*m5t 9 ?is ent]prise17 :ile !y fill up ! tr5*es & de/roy ! implem5ts ( ! besieg]s4 ,:5 ! gu>ds ( ! tr5*es appe> 9 =ce1 ! deta*m5t w retire 9 su* a way1 if possible1 z to draw ! enemy )9 range ( ! grape & musketry ( ! collat]al works4 ,^! sorties1 if successful1 may be frequ5tly repeat$1 = !y t5d v mu* to prolong ! siege4 ,! be/ "t = mak+ !m is an h\r or two be=e day1 :5 ! workm5 & gu>ds are fatigu$ ) ! labors ( ! night4 ,:ile ! besieg]s are e/abli%+ _! enfilad+ batt]ies1 a /rong fire ( solid %ot & %ells w be conc5trat$ on ! po9ts select$ = _! con/ruction4 ,! g>rison w also labor dur+ ?is p]iod to put ! "w into a complete /ate ( def5ce3 con/ruct+ all necess>y palisad+s1 trav]ses1 bl9dages1 b>ri]s2 & /r5g!n+1 if necess>y1 ! cov]+ ( ! magaz9es4 ,?ird p]iod4--,aft] ! completion ( ! ?ird p>allel1 ! cr[n+ ( ! cov]$ way may be effect$ by /orm1 by regul> approa*es1 or 7if ! "w is secur$ by def5sive m9es7 by a subt]ranean w>f>e4 ,9 ! fir/ case /one mort>-batt]ies are e/abli%$ 9 front ( ! ?ird p>allel1 :i*1 on a giv5 signal1 w op5 _! fire 9 conc]t ) all ! enfilad+ & mort> batt]ies4 ,:5 ?is fire has produc$ its effect 9 cle>+ ! outworks1 pick$ troops w sally =? & c>ry ! cov]$ way ) ! bayonet1 %elt]+ !mselves beh9d ! trav]ses until ! sapp]s ?r[ up a tr5* "s f\r or five y>ds f ! cre/ ( ! glacis1 high en\gh to protect ! troops f ! fire ( ! besieg$4 ,x may aft]w>ds be connect$ ) ! ?ird p>allel by boyaux4 ,:5 ! cov]$ way is to be cr[n$ by regul> approa*es1 a d\ble sap is pu%$ =w>d f ! ?ird p>allel to )9 ?irty y>ds ( ! sali5t ( ! cov]$ way2 ! tr5* is !n ext5d$ "s fifte5 or tw5ty y>ds to ! "r or left1 & ! e>? ?r[n up high en\gh to enable ! besieg]s to obta9 a plung+ fire into ! cov]$ way1 & ?us prev5t ! enemy f occupy+ x4 ,?is m\nd ( e>? is t]m$ a tr5* cavali]1 7,o74 ,boyaux are n[ pu%$ =w>d to ! cr[n+ ( ! cov]$ way & ! e/abli%+ ( brea* batt]ies1 7,j74 ,desc5ts are !n con/ruct$ into ! dit*es1 & z soon z ^! batt]ies h made a brea* into ! walls ( ! ba/ions & outworks1 ! boyaux are pu%$ across ! dit*es & lodgm5ts effect$ 9 ! brea*es4 ,! demi-lune is fir/ c>ri$2 next ! demi-lune r$\bt & ba/ion2 & la/ly1 ! int]ior retr5*m5ts & citadel4 ,9 "s cases ! brea*es are c>ri$ by assault1 b ! same objection is applicable "h z 9 ! /orm+ ( ! cov]$ way2 "t is ga9$1 b at an imm5se exp5se ( human life4 ,if ! place is def5d$ by m9es x w be necess>y = ! besieg]s to c\nt]act ! effects ( ^! works by resort+ to ! sl[ & t$i\s op]ations ( a subt]ranean w>f>e4 ,9 ?is case a f\r? tr5* is =m$ 9 front ( ! ?ird p>allel2 %afts are sunk 9 ?is1 ab\t six y>ds ap>t1 = e/abli%+ ov]*>g$ m9es2 z soon z ! gall]ies ( ! besieg$ are de/roy$ by ! explosion ( ^! m9es1 ! cov]$ way is attack$ by /orm2 o!r m9es are e/abli%$ on ! t]re-pla9 ( ! cov]$ way to de/roy ! entrance to ! gall]ies1 & ?us deprive ! besieg$ ( ! use ( _! entire sy/em ( m9es4 ,! measures ( def5ce dur+ ?is p]iod mu/ embrace e ?+ calculat$ to ret>d ! works ( ! besieg]s4 ,?is may be mo/ effectually accompli%$ by ma9ta9+ a con/ant fire ( grape & musketry on ! heads ( ! sap1 & ?r[+ gr5ades1 %ells1 c41 into ! tr5*es1 to h>ass & de/roy ! workm54 ,z ! musketry fire ( ! besieg]s n[ becomes v de/ructive to ! artill]i/s at ! guns1 /rong musket-pro( bl9ds are arrang$ to mask ! m\?s ( ! embrasures :5 ! guns are n 9 batt]y1 & also slop+ bl9dages to cov] ! m5 :5 s]v+ at ! pieces4 ,! possession ( ! outworks %\ld be disput$ in* by in*1 & :5 ! besieg]s h rea*$ ! dit* ( ! body ( ! place1 sorties1 & e species ( projectile1 %\ld be employ$ to drive (f ! sapp]s1 & to ret>d ! con/ruction ( _! works4 ,9 f9e1 all ! res\rces ( ! eng9e]'s art %\ld be put 9 requisition = ! def5ce ( ! brea*1 & ! f9al assault %\ld be vigor\sly resi/$ by ! bayonet1 & by a well-su/a9$ fire f all ! collat]al works4 ,) respect to ! relative /r5g? ( ! oppos+ =ces x may be well to rem>k1 t if ! =tress is prop]ly con/ruct$ ! g>rison w be able to resi/ a besieg+ army six times z num]\s z itself4 ,su* is ! e/imate ( ! be/ eng9e]s4#dh ,footnote #dh3 ,a good k ( ! sev]al subjects discuss$ 9 ?is *apt] may be d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( ,vauban1 ,cormontaigne1 & ,noizet de ,/4 ,paul1 on ! attack & def5ce ( places & field =tification2 ! sev]al manuels us$ 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice on sapp+1 m9+1 & pontoni]+2 ,col4 ,pasley's exp]im5ts on ! op]ations ( a siege1 sapp+1 m9+1 c42 ,d\glas's "w on milit>y bridges2 ,macauley's "w on field =tification2 & ,pr(essor ,mahan's ,treatise on ,field ,=tification4 ,?is la/ is und\bt$ly ! v be/ "w t has ev] be5 writt5 on field =tification1 & e (fic] go+ into ! field %\ld supply himself ) a copy4 ,! foll[+ are recomm5d$ z books ( ref]5ce on subjects discuss$ 9 ! ?ree prec$+ *apt]s4 ,mmorial p\r la =tification p]man5te et passagre4 ,cormontaigne4 ,df5se des places4 ,cormontaigne4 ,attaque des places4 ,cormontaigne4 ,attaque des places4 ,vauban4 ,trait des m9es4 ,vauban4 ,mmorial p\r la ca/rametation et la =tification passagre4 ,lafitte-,clav4 ,ex]cice sur les =tifications4 ,davigneau4 ,mmorial de l'(fici] du g5ie4 ,a p]iodical ( r>e m]it1 conta9+ mo/ valuable milit>y & sci5tific matt]4 ,x is conduct$ by (fic]s ( ! ,fr5* corps ( eng9e]s4 ,x has already rea*$ its f\rte5? numb]1 ea* numb] =m+ a volume4 ,trait complet de =tification4 ,noizet de ,/4 ,paul4 ,trait d'art militaire et de la =tification4 ,gay de ,v]non4 ,art de la gu]re4 ,rogniat4 ,essai gnral de =tification1 c4 ,b\sm>d4 ,aide-mmoire portatif l'usage des (fici]s du gnie4 ,laisn4 ,a v valuable & useful book4 ,aide-mmoire de l'+nieur militaire4 ,grivet4 ,c\rs d'art militaire4 ,laurill>d ,fallot4 ,c\rs de =tification1 c4 ,lav>t4 ,le livre de la gu]re4 ,p]rot4 ,j\rnaux des siges dans la pn9sule4 ,belmas4 ,j\rnal ( ,sieges 9 ,spa94 ,john ,jones4 ,bo? ( ! above are works ( great value4 ,c\rs d'art militaire et de =tification militaire4 ,franois4 ,ar*itettura milit>e4 ,m>*i4 ,essai sur la =tification4 ,balt>d4 ,la =tification4 ,b>-le-,duc4 ,elm5s de =tification4 ,bellaire4 ,la sci5ce des +nieurs4 ,blidor4 ,l'art univ]sel des =tifications4 ,bita9vieu4 ,n\velle manire de =tifi] les places4 ,blondel4 ,les sept siges de ,lille4 ,brun ,lava9e4 ,df5se des places =tes4 ,c>not4 ,mmoire sur la =tification4 ,c>not4 ,df5se de ,s>agosse4 ,cavall]o4 ,mmoires sur la =tification4 ,*\m>a4 ,n\velle =tification4 ,coehorn4 ,?orie de la =tification4 ,cugnot4 ,des =tifications1 c4 c4 ,d>on4 ,relation de la def5se de ,dantzik4 ,d',artois4 ,les =tifications4 ,deville4 ,pribologie4 ,dili*4 ,de la =tification p]man5te4 ,duf\r4 ,a "w ( m]it4 ,essai sur la df5se des tats p> les =tifications4 ,duviviet4 ,attaque et df5se des places du camp de ,/4 ,om]4 ,l'cole de la =tification4 ,fallois4 ,introduction la =tification4 ,de ,f]4 ,prcis de la df5se de ,val5ci5nes4 ,f]r&4 ,trait ?orique1 c4 ,foissac-,lat\r4 ,exam5 detaill1 c4 ,foissac-,lat\r4 ,les ouvrages militaires de ,fosse4 ,in/ruction sur la =tification1 c4 ,gaill>d4 ,mmoires p\r l'attaque et df5se d'une place4 ,g\lon4 ,sige ( ,pes*i]a4 ,h594 ,j\rnal du sige de ,philisb\rg4 ,prcis du sige de ,dantzick4 ,kirg5]4 ,deuxime df5se de ,badajos4 ,lam>e4 ,=tification1 et l'attaque et df5se des places4 ,lebl\d4 ,o,euvres de ,lefebvre4 ,l'ar*itecture des =t]esses4 ,m&>4 ,trait sur l'art des siges4 ,maz]oy4 ,la sret des tats p> le moy5 des =t]esses4 ,maigret4 ,df5se d',ancone4 ,mang\rit4 ,=tification4 ,m>olois4 ,siege de ,tur94 ,m5g94 ,re*]*es sur l'art df5sif1 c4 ,mi*aloz4 ,la =tification de campagne1 c4 ,mill]4 ,l'art df5sif1 c4 ,montalemb]t4 ,j\rnaux des siges de ,fl&re4 ,relations des siges en ,europe1 c1 ,musset-,fa?ay4 ,a v valuable & int]e/+ "w4 ,relation du sige de ,metz4 ,relation du sige d',anv]s4 ,les siges de ,jaffa et de ,/4 ,jean d',acre4 ,les siges de ,s>agosse et de ,tortose4 ,rogniat4 ,sige de ,dantzick4 ,sa9te-,susanne4 ,mmoire sur la =tification p]man5te4--,sa4 ,le sige de ,con/ant9e4 ,elm5s de =tification4 ,tr9cano4 ,des places =tes4 ,valaz4 ,essay on ,milit>y ,bridges4,d\glas4 ,a valuable "w4 ,guide du pontoni]4 ,drieu4 ,mmoire sur la gu]re s\t]ra9e4 ,contle4 ,trait des m9es4 ,eti5ne4 ,trait de l'art du m9eur4 ,geuss4 ,trait de =tification s\t]ra9e4 ,gillot4 ,trait pratique et ?orique des m9es4 ,lebrun4 ,n\veau trait des m9es1 c4 ,prudhomme4 ,manuel du sapeur4 ,us$ 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice4 ,manuel du m9eur4 ,manuel du pontoni]4 ,essay on ,field ,=tifications4 ,pleydell4 ,elem5ts ( ,field ,=tifications4 ,lo*ee4 ,rlation du sige de ,grave et ,may5ce4 ,siges de ,gnes4 ,?ibault4 ,trait de =tification s\t]ra9e4 ,m\ze4 ,militairis*e ,mit!ilung54 ,xil&]4 ,die ,befe/igung d] ,/att54 ,haus]4 ,abh&lung b] die ,befe/igungskun/1c4 ,haus] ,v]su* b] die ,v]s*anzungskun/4 ,mull]4 ,c\rse ( ,elem5t>y ,=tification4 ,pasley4 ,?is is a "w ( mu* detail--useful1 no d\bt1 to an un$ucat$ eng9e] soldi]1 b to an (fic] at all acqua9t$ ) 8 pr(ession1 x mu/ seem ridicul\sly m9ute4 ,to ! above li/ might be add$ a long li/ ( books on t bran* ( ! eng9e]'s art call$ con/ructions2 b z ?is "p ( ! pr(ession is1 9 "s degree1 common bo? to ! civil & milit>y eng9e]1 x is n deem$ necess>y to include works ( ?is "* 9 a li/ ( books /rictly milit>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,milit>y ,,education ,,appo9tm5t ,,& ,,promotion4 ,) ! ,romans1 six ye>s' in/ruction 0 requir$ to make a soldi]2 & s great importance did ^! anci5t conqu]ors ( ! _w atta* to milit>y education & discipl9e1 t ! v "n ( _! army 0 d]iv$ f ! v]b to practise4 ,mod]n nations1 le>n+ f exp]i5ce t milit>y success dep5ds m ^u skill & discipl9e ?an ^u numb]s1 h g5]ally adopt$ ! same rule z ! ,romans2 & ne>ly all ( ! ,european p[]s h e/abli%$ milit>y s*ools = ! education ( _! (fic]s & ! in/ruction ( _! soldi]s4 ,france1 :i* has long tak5 ! lead 9 milit>y sci5ce1 has six milit>y s*ools = ! in/ruction ( (fic]s1 conta9+ 9 all m ?an "o ?\s& pupils1 & num]\s division & regim5tal s*ools = ! sub-(fic]s & soldi]s4 ,prussia ma9ta9s "s twelve g5]al s*ools = milit>y education1 :i* conta9 ab\t ?ree ?\s& pupils1 & also num]\s division1 brigade1 g>rison1 & company s*ools = practical in/ruction4 ,au/ria has "s fifty milit>y s*ools1 :i* conta9 9 all ab\t f\r ?\s& pupils4 ,russia has ?irty-five eng9e] & artill]y te*nical s*ools1 ) ab\t two ?\s& pupils2 tw5ty-five milit>y s*ools = ! noblesse1 conta9+ eight ?\s& sev5 hundr$ pupils2 corps d'armee s*ools1 ) sev]al ?\s& pupils2 regim5tal s*ools1 ) elev5 ?\s& pupils2 & brigade-s*ools1 ) upw>ds ( "o hundr$ & fifty-six ?\s& s*ol>s2--mak+ 9 all ab\t two hundr$ ?\s& pupils 9 h] milit>y s*ools6 ,engl& has five milit>y s*ools ( in/ruction = (fic]s1 numb] ( pupils n kn[n2 a milit>y orphan s*ool1 ) ab\t twelve ?\s& pupils2 & num]\s dpt & regim5tal s*ools ( practice4 ,! small] ,european p[]s--,belgium1 ,s>d9ia1 ,naples1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,wurtemb]g1 ,bav>ia1 ,bad51 h ea* sev]al milit>y s*ools1 ) a l>ge numb] ( pupils4 ,x is se5 f ^! /ati/ics1 t ! ,european p[]s are n s neglig5t 9 educat+ _! (fic]s1 & 9 in/ruct+ & discipl9+ _! soldi]s1 z "s 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld h u believe4 ,wa%+ton1 ,hamilton1 ,knox1 ,pick]+1 & o!rs1 le>n+1 by _! own exp]i5ce 9 ! w> ( ! ,am]ican revolution1 ! great necessity ( milit>y education1 urg$ ^u our gov]nm5t1 z e>ly z #aghc1 ! importance ( e/abli%+ a milit>y academy 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ! subject cont9u$ to be po/pon$ f ye> to ye> till #ahjb4 ,9 #agid1 ! subalt]n grade ( cadet 0 creat$ by an act ( ,congress1 ! (fic]s ( ?is grade be+ atta*$ to _! regim5ts1 & furni%$ at ! public exp5se ) ! necess>y books1 in/rum5ts1 & app>atus = _! in/ruction4 ,b ?is plan ( educat+ "y (fic]s at _! po/s 0 f\nd impracticable1 & 9 8 la/ annual message1 ,dec4 #g?1 #agif1 ,wa%+ton urg$ aga91 9 /rong language1 ! e/abli%m5t ( a milit>y academy1 :]e a regul> c\rse ( milit>y in/ruction c\ld be giv54 ,:atev] argum5t1 said he1 may be drawn f p>ticul> examples1 sup]ficially view$1 a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! subject w ev9ce t ! art ( w> is bo? compreh5sive & complicat$2 t x dem&s mu* previ\s /udy2 & t ! possession ( x 9 its mo/ improv$ & p]fect /ate is always ( great mom5t to ! security ( a nation4 ,! subject 0 h[ev] po/pon$ f "t to "t1 till ,m>*1 #ahjb1 :5 a bill 0 pass$ e/abli%+ ! ,milit>y ,academy4 ,x 0 at fir/ on a small scale1 & its c\rse ( in/ruction meag] & defici5t4 ,x gradually became enl>g$1 b l+]$ along1 ) no great improvem5t1 till #ahag1 :5 ,capt4 ,patridge 0 dismiss$ f ! sup]9t5d5cy1 & ,col4 ,?ay] put 9 *>ge4 ,f ?is p]iod we date ! comm5cem5t ( ! success & reputation :i* ! ,milit>y ,academy has s9ce enjoy$4 ,?is in/itution1 z n[ organiz$1 consi/s ( "o cadet f ea* congressional di/rict1 & a few at l>ge1 mak+ an av]age ( two hundr$ & ?irty-sev54 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction is f\r ye>s1 aft] :i* "t ! cadet is s5t to 8 regim5t or corps1 ) high] rank if !re are vacancies1 b if !re are no vacancies1 he goes z a cadet1 ) ! brevet rank ( ! next high] grade4 ,! exam9ation = admission to ! in/itution is a v limit$ "o1 be+ conf9$ to ! elem5t>y bran*es ( an ,engli% education4 ,! annual c\rse at ! academy is divid$ into two di/9ct p]iods1 ! fir/ ext5d+ f ,june till ,septemb]1 & ! second f ,septemb] to ! foll[+ ,june4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod1 ! cadets leave _! b>racks & encamp 9 t5ts1 & are made subject to ! police & discipl9e ( an army 9 "t ( w>4 ,9 addition to ! ?or\gh & sev]e c\rse ( practical ex]cises & drills 9 ! diff]5t arms dur+ ^! ?ree summ] mon?s ( ea* ye>1 !y are made to p]=m ! same t\rs ( gu>d-duty1 night & day1 z is requir$ ( ! common soldi] 9 "t ( actual w>4 ,?is cont9ues till ! fir/ ( ,septemb] ( ea* ye>1 :5 ! cadets return to _! b>racks1 & = ! rema9+ n9e mon?s devote !mselves to ! prescrib$ c\rse ( sci5tific & milit>y /udies1 int]mix$ ) milit>y ex]cises & practical op]ations 9 ! laboratory & on ! field4 ,to te/ ! progress ( ! cadets 9 _! /udies1 !re are held semi-annual public exam9ations4 ,^! exam9ations are /rict & sev]e1 & all :o fail to come up to ! fix$ /&>d are oblig$ to )draw f ! in/itution1 to all[ "s "o else f ! same di/rict to make ! trial4 ,dur+ _! c\rse ( /udies ! cadets1 z w>rant-(fic]s ( ! army1 draw pay b>ely suffici5t to defray _! necess>y exp5ses4 ,! all[ance to ea* is tw5ty-six doll>s p] mon?1 b none ( ?is is paid to ! cadet1 b is appli$ to ! pur*ase ( books1 fuel1 lights1 clo?+1 bo>d1 c4 ,?is in/itution furni%es ea* ye> to ! army ab\t =ty subalt]n (fic]s1 ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 all ! !oretical & practical duties ( _! pr(ession4 ,aft] complet+ ?is c\rse1 ! cadet is usually promot$ f ! grade ( w>rant-(fic] to t ( a commission$ (fic]1 & is imm$iately put on duty ) 8 regim5t or corps4 ,?is sy/em ( appo9tm5t to ! army has produc$ ! mo/ satisfactory results1 & has receiv$ ! comm5dation ( our be/ milit>y m51 & ! approbation ( all our presid5ts & mo/ able /atesm54 ,nev]!less1 x has occasionally met ) /rong opposition2 ?is opposition spr++ 9 "p f a want ( prop] in=mation respect+ ! "* & work+ ( ! sy/em1 & 9 "p f ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ^? :o f neglig5ce or incapacity h fail$ to pass _! exam9ations = promotion1 & ( ^? :o1 f a consci\s want ( qualifications or m]it1 feel assur$ t !y _c obta9 commissions 9 ! army s long z ?is sy/em ( m]it1 z fix$ by exam9ation1 %all exi/4 ,h5ce ! ef=t to de/roy ! ,milit>y ,academy & to ?r[ ! army entirely op5 to political appo9tm5t4 ,sev]al legislative bodies1 act+ "u ^! comb9$ influ5ces1 h pass$ resolutions1 giv+ v>i\s objections to ! ,milit>y ,academy1 & recomm5d+ t x be aboli%$4 ,! objections made by ! legislatures ( ,t5nessee1 ,ohio1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ,ma9e1 are mo/ly f\nd$ on false in=mation1 & may be readily answ]$ by ref]5ce to ! (ficial records ( ! ,w>-(fice4 ,b x is n ! pres5t object to ent] into a g5]al discussion ( ! *>ges aga9/ t in/itution1 except s f> z !y are connect$ ) ! importance ( milit>y education1 & ! rules ( milit>y appo9tm5t & promotion4 ,x has be5 alleg$ by _m ( ! oppon5ts ( ! ,we/ ,po9t ,academy1 t milit>y in/ruction is ( little or no advantage to a g5]al2--t 9 ! w>s ( ,napoleon1 & 9 ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 & ! ,am]ican w> ( #ahab1 armies 7 g5]ally l$ to victory by m5 )\t a milit>y education1 & unacqua9t$ ) milit>y sci5ce2--& t 9 ! ev5t ( ano!r w> 9 ?is c\ntry1 we mu/ seek our g5]als 9 ! ranks ( civil life1 r ?an among ! graduates ( our ,milit>y ,academy4 ,! objection "h made to milit>y education w hold ) equal =ce aga9/ education 9 any o!r pr(ession4 ,we sometimes f9d m5 :o h become em95t 9 ! pulpit & at ! b>1 or 9 m$ic9e & ! sci5ces1 )\t ev] hav+ enjoy$ ! advantages ( an education 9 academic or collegiate halls1 & p]haps ev5 )\t t prelim9>y in/ruction usually deem$ necess>y = pr(essional pursuits4 ,%all we !re=e aboli% all our colleges1 !ological sem9>ies1 s*ools ( law & m$ic9e1 our academies & prim>y s*ools1 & seek = our pr(essional m5 among ! un$ucat$ & ! ignorant8 ,if pr(essional ignorance be a recomm5dation 9 our g5]als1 :y n also 9 our lawy]s & our surgeons8 ,if we deem pr(essional in/ruction requisite = ! c>e ( our individual prop]ty & heal?1 %all we require less = gu>d+ ! honor & safety ( our c\ntry1 ! reputation ( our arms1 & ! lives ( ?\s&s ( our citiz5s8 ,b 9 reality1 7 n ^! m5 to :om we h allud$ em95t 9 _! sev]al pr(essions 9 spite (1 r ?an by means ( _! want ( a pr(essional education8 ,& h n su* m51 feel+ ! disadvantages "u :i* !y 7 =c$ to labor1 be5 almo/ )\t exception ! advocates ( education 9 o!rs8 ,b is x true t mo/ ( ! g5]als ( di/9ction 9 ! m rec5t w>s 7 m5 de/itute ( milit>y education1--m5 :o rose f ! ranks to ! p9nacle ( milit>y glory1 ?r\gh ! comb9$ influ5ce ( ignorance ( milit>y sci5ce & contempt = milit>y in/ruction8 ,let u glance at ! lives ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! g5]als ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 = ^! are ! m5 to :om ref]5ce is cont9ually made to prove t ! ,milit>y ,academy is an unnecess>y & useless in/itution1 ! be/ g5]als be+ inv>iably f\nd 9 ! ranks ( an army1 & n 9 ! ranks ( milit>y s*ools4 ,facts may s]ve to conv9ce1 :]e reason+ is ( no avail4 ,napoleon himself 0 a pupil ( ! milit>y s*ools ( ,bri5ne & ,p>is1 & _h all ! advantages ( ! be/ milit>y & sci5tific in/ruction giv5 9 ,france4 ,dessaix 0 a pupil ( ! milit>y s*ool ( ,effiat1 ) all ! advantages :i* weal? & nobility c\ld procure4 ,dav\/ 0 a pupil ( ! milit>y s*ool ( ,aux]re1 & a fell[-pupil ) ,napoleon 9 ! milit>y s*ool ( ,p>is4 ,kleb] 0 educat$ at ! milit>y s*ool ( ,bav>ia4 ,eug5e ,beauh>nais 0 a pupil ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-en-,loye1 & _h = 8 milit>y in/ructor ! great capta9 ( ! age4 ,8 :ole life 0 devot$ to ! milit>y art4 ,b]?i] & ,m>mont 7 bo? sons ( (fic]s1 &1 be+ e>ly int5d$ = ! army1 !y receiv$ milit>y educations4 ,lec\rbe _h also ! advantages ( a milit>y education be=e ent]+ ! army4 ,pi*egru & ,duroc 7 pupils ( ! milit>y s*ool ( ,bri5ne4 ,dr\et 0 a pupil ( ! artill]y s*ool4 ,foy 0 fir/ educat$ 9 ! college ( ,soissons1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! milit>y s*ools ( ,la ,fre & ,*alons4 ,c>not1 call$ ! ,organiz] ( ,fr5* victory1 receiv$ a good e>ly education1 & 0 also a pupil ( ! eng9e] s*ool ( ,mzires4 ,sev]al ( ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* g5]als at fir/ receiv$ good sci5tific & lit]>y educations 9 ! colleges ( ,france1 & !n acquir$ _! milit>y in/ruction 9 ! subord9ate grades ( ! army2 & by ?is means1 be=e _! promotion to responsible (fices1 acquir$ a ?or\gh practical in/ruction1 f\nd$ on a basis ( a ?or\gh prelim9>y education4 ,su* 0 ,su*et1 a pupil ( ! college ( ,lisle-,b>be2 ,lannes1 a pupil ( ! college ( ,lect\re2 & ,morti]1 :o 0 mo/ c>efully educat$ at ,cambrai2 ,lefebvr & ,murat 7 bo? educat$ = ! *ur*1 ?\gh ! latt] pr(it$ b little by 8 in/ruction2 ,moreau & ,j\b]t 7 educat$ = ! b>2 ,mass5a 0 n a college graduate1 b he receiv$ a good prelim9>y education1 & = sev]al ye>s be=e he ent]$ ! army z an (fic]1 he _h enjoy$ all ! advantages af=d$ by leisure & afflu5t circum/ances2 ,ney1 ?\gh poor1 receiv$ a good prelim9>y education1 & ent]$ a not>y's (fice to /udy a pr(ession4 ,ho*e 0 de/itute ( ! advantages ( e>ly education1 b1 anxi\s to supply ?is defici5cy1 he e>ly di/+ui%$ himself by 8 ef=ts to procure books1 & by 8 extraord9>y devotion to milit>y /udies4 ,by sev]al ye>s devot$ 9 ?is way to pr(essional /udies & ! practical duties ( a subord9ate grade 9 ! army1 ,ho*e acquir$ a milit>y k :i* e>ly di/+ui%$ him among ! g5]als ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,s\lt & ,g\vion-,sa9t-,cyr1 be+ ( p>5ts 9 limit$ circum/ances1 _h n ! advantages ( ext5sive education1 b close & dilig5t application1 an ard5t ambition1 & /rong & p[]ful intellect1 comb9$ ) long ye>s ( s]vice 9 ! practical op]ations ( ! field1 at l5g? enabl$ ^! m5 to ov]come all ob/acles1 & =ce _! way to ! high] walks ( _! pr(essions4 ,b bo? knew f exp]i5ce ! advantages ( milit>y in/ruction1 & ! importance ( pr(essional education 9 ! army1 & !y h consequ5tly bo? be5 ! w>me/ fri5ds & /ronge/ advocates ( ! milit>y s*ools ( ,france4 ,! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool 0 e/abli%$ too late to furni% (fic]s = any ( ! e>li] w>s ( ,napoleon2 b 9 8 la/ campaigns he began to reap ! advantages ( an in/itution :i* _h be5 "u 8 fo/]+ c>e1 & ,b]tr&1 ,dode1 ,dupon?on1 ,haxo1 ,rogniat1 ,fleury1 ,valaz1 ,g\rgaud1 ,*amb]ry1 & a ho/ ( o!r di/+ui%$ "y g5]als1 fully ju/ifi$ ! praises :i* ! emp]or lavi%$ on 8 p\let aux oeufs d'or--! h5 t laid him gold5 eggs6 ,9 our own revolution>y w>1 ,g5]als ,wa%+ton1 ,hamilton1 ,gates1 ,s*uyl]1 ,knox1 ,alex&]1 7,"l ,/irl+17 ! two ,cl9tons1 ! ,lees1 & o!rs1 7 m5 ( f9e education1 & a "p ( !m ( high lit]>y & sci5tific atta9m5ts2 ,wa%+ton1 ,gates1 ,*>les ,lee1 ! ,cl9tons1 & "s o!rs1 _h consid]able milit>y exp]i5ce ev5 be=e ! w>3 nev]!less1 s de/itute 0 ! army1 g5]ally1 ( milit>y sci5ce1 t ! gov]nm5t 0 "u ! necessity ( seek+ x 9 =eign]s--9 ! ,la ,fayettes1 ! ,kosciuskos1 ! ,/eub5s1 ! ,de ,kalbs1 ! ,pulaskis1 ! ,duportails--:o 7 imm$iately promot$ to ! highe/ ranks 9 our army4 ,9 fact ! (fic]s ( our sci5tific corps 7 !n ne>ly all =eign]s4 ,b1 say ! oppon5ts ( ! ,academy1 milit>y k & education are n ! only requisites = milit>y success2 y\?ful ent]prise & effici5cy are f> m important ?an a m]e acqua9tance ) milit>y sci5ce & ! milit>y art3 long s]vice 9 g>rison1 comb9$ ) ! indol5t habits acquir$ by (fic]s ( a peace-e/abli%m5t1 s dead5s ! ent]prise ( ! old] (fic]s ( ! army1 t x mu/ inevitably result1 9 case ( w>1 t milit>y en]gy & effici5cy w be d]iv$ f ! ranks ( civil life4 ,we are n dispos$ to "q ! importance ( y\?ful en]gy 9 ! comm&] ( an army1 & we readily admit t :ile seek+ to secure to our s]vice a due degree ( milit>y k1 we %\ld also be v c>eful n to de/roy its influ5ce by load+ x d[n ) ! dead weights ( effete s5iority4 ,b we d "q ! wisdom ( ! means propos$ = supply+ our army ) ?is desir$ effici5cy4 ,m9ds /or$ ) va/ funds ( pr(essional k1 & ! ri* lore ( pa/ hi/ory2 judgm5ts rip5$ by long /udy & exp]i5ce2 ) passions ext+ui%$1 or at lea/ s(t5$ by ! mell[+ influ5ce ( age--^! may be be/ suit$ = judges & /atesm51 = "h !re is "t = delib]ation1 = ! sl[ & mature judgm5t ( ye>s4 ,b = a g5]al 9 ! field1 o!r qualities are also requir$4 ,n only is milit>y k requisite = direct+ ! bl[1 b he mu/ also h ! milit>y en]gy necess>y = /rik+ t bl[1 & ! milit>y activity necess>y = p>ry+ ! attacks ( ! enemy4 ,a rapid c\p d'oeil prompt decision1 active movem5ts1 are z indisp5sable z s\nd judgm5t2 = ! g5]al mu/ see1 & decide1 & act1 all 9 ! same in/ant4 ,accord+ly we f9d t mo/ great g5]als ( anci5t & mod]n times h ga9$ _! laurels :ile /ill "y4 ,philip ( ,mac$on asc5d$ ! ?rone at ! age ( tw5ty-two1 & soon di/+ui%$ himself 9 8 w>s ) ! neighbor+ /ates4 ,at ! age ( =ty-five he _h conqu]$ all ,greece4 ,he di$ at =ty-sev54 ,alex&] ! ,great _h defeat$ ! celebrat$ ,!ban b& at ! battle ( ,*]onea1 & ga9$ a milit>y reputation at ! age ( eighte54 ,he asc5d$ ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r ,philip be=e tw5ty1 & at tw5ty-five _h rea*$ ! z5i? ( 8 milit>y glory1 hav+ already conqu]$ ! _w4 ,he di$ be=e ! age ( ?irty-two4 ,julius ,caes> comm&$ ! fleet s5t to blockade ,mityl5e1 :]e he greatly di/+ui%$ himself be=e ! age ( tw5ty-two4 ,he soon aft] held ! important (fices ( tribune1 qu/or1 & edile4 ,he _h complet$ 8 fir/ w> 9 ,spa91 & 0 made consul at ,rome be=e ! age ( =ty4 ,he twice cross$ ! ,rh9e1 & conqu]$ all ,gaul1 & _h twice pass$ ov] to ,brita91 be=e ! age ( =ty-five2 at fifty-two he _h won ! field ( ,ph>salia1 & atta9$ ! supreme p[]4 ,he di$ 9 ! fifty-six? ye> ( 8 age1 ! victor ( five hundr$ battles1 & ! conqu]or ( a ?\s& cities4 ,hannibal jo9$ ! ,c>?ag9ian army 9 ,spa9 at tw5ty-two1 & 0 made comm&]-9-*ief at tw5ty-six4 ,victori\s 9 ,spa9 & ,france1 he cross$ ! ,alps & won ! battle ( ,cann be=e ! age ( ?irty-"o4 ,scipio ,africanus1 7! eld]17 at ! age ( sixte5 di/+ui%$ himself at ! battle ( ,tic9us2 at tw5ty 0 made edile1 & soon aft] pro-consul 9 ,spa92 at tw5ty-n9e he won ! great battle ( ,zama1 & clos$ 8 milit>y c>e]4 ,scipio ,africanus 7! y\ng]7 also di/+ui%$ himself 9 e>ly life2 at ! age ( ?irty six he _h conqu]$ ! ,c>?ag9ian armies & complet$ ! de/ruction ( ,c>?age4 ,g5gis-,khan succe$$ to ! doma9 ( 8 fa!r at ! age ( ?irte51 & almo/ imm$iately rais$ an army ( ?irty ?\s& m51 ) :i* he defeat$ a num]\s =ce ( rebels1 :o _h ?\ght to take advantage ( 8 extreme y\? to )draw f 8 dom9ion4 ,he soon acquir$ a milit>y reputation by num]\s conque/s1 & be=e ! age ( =ty _h made himself emp]or ( ,mogul4 ,*>lemagne 0 cr[n$ k+ at tw5ty-six1 conqu]$ ,aquitania at tw5ty-eight1 made himself ma/] ( ,france & ! great] "p ( ,g]many at tw5ty-n9e1 plac$ on 8 br[s ! iron cr[n ( ,italy at ?irty-two1 & conqu]$ ,spa9 at ?irty-six4 ,gonsalvo de ,cordova1 ! great capta91 ent]$ ! army at fifte51 & be=e ! age ( sev5te5 _h acquir$ a brilliant milit>y reputation1 & 0 knight$ by ! k+ himself on ! field ( battle2 at =ty-"o he 0 promot$ ov] ! heads ( old] vet]ans & made comm&]-9-*ief ( ! army 9 ,italy4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france 0 plac$ at ! head ( ! ,hugu5ot army at ! age ( sixte51 at n9ete5 he became k+ ( ,nav>re2 at =ty he _h ov]?r[n all 8 enemies1 plac$ himself on ! ?rone ( ,france1 & become ! f\nd] ( a new dyna/y4 ,montecuculi1 at ! age ( ?irty-"o1 ) two ?\s& horse1 attack$ t5 ?\s& ,sw$es & captur$ all _! baggage & artill]y2 at ?irty-two he ga9$ ! victory ( ,triebel1 at =ty-n9e defeat$ ! ,sw$es & sav$ ,d5m>k1 & at fifty-?ree defeat$ ! ,turks at ! great battle ( ,/4 ,go?>d4 ,9 8 campaigns aga9/ ! ,fr5* at a lat] age1 he made x 8 *ief m]it1 n t he conqu]$1 b t he 0 n conqu]$4 ,saxe ent]$ ! army at ! e>ly age ( twelve1 & soon obta9$ ! comm& ( a regim5t ( horse2 at tw5ty-f\r he became m>*al-de-camp1 at =ty-f\r m>%al ( ,france1 & at =ty-n9e ga9$ ! celebrat$ victory ( ,font5oy4 ,he di$ at ! age ( fifty-f\r4 ,vauban ent]$ ! army ( ,cond z a cadet at ! age ( sev5te51 at tw5ty 0 made a lieut5ant1 at tw5ty-f\r he comm&$ two companies1 at =ty-"o 0 a brigadi]1 at =ty-?ree a m>*al-de-camp1 & at =ty-five commissaire-gnral ( all ! =tifications ( ,france4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-five he _h himself conduct$ sev]al sieges1 & _h assi/$ at _m o!rs4 ,tur5ne ent]$ ! army be=e ! age ( f\rte52 he s]v$ "o ye> z a volunte]1 f\r ye>s z a capta91 f\r ye>s z a colonel1 ?ree ye>s z a major-g5]al1 five ye>s z a lieut5ant-g5]al1 & became a m>%al ( ,france at ?irty-two4 ,he _h won all 8 milit>y reputation by ! age ( =ty4 ,pr9ce ,maurice comm&$ an army at ! age ( sixte51 & acquir$ 8 milit>y reputation 9 v e>ly life4 ,he di$ at fifty-eight4 ,! great ,cond immortaliz$ 8 "n at ! battle ( ,rocroi1 9 :i*1 at ! age ( tw5ty-two1 he defeat$ ! ,spani>ds4 ,he _h won all 8 great milit>y fame be=e ! age ( tw5ty-five4 ,pr9ce ,eug5e ( ,savoy 0 a colonel at tw5ty-"o1 a lieut5ant-field-m>%al at tw5ty-f\r1 & soon aft]1 a g5]al-field-m>%al4 ,he ga9$ ! battle ( ,z5ta at ?irty-f\r1 & ( ,bl5heim at =ty-"o4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! w> ( #agcc1 he aga9 appe>$ at ! head ( ! army at ! advanc$ age ( sixty-n9e1 b hav+ lo/ ! vigor & fire ( y\?1 he effect$ no?+ ( importance4 ,pet] ! ,great ( ,russia 0 proclaim$ cz> at t5 ye>s ( age2 at tw5ty he organiz$ a l>ge army & built sev]al %ips2 at tw5ty-f\r he f\ght ! ,turks & captur$ ,asoph2 at tw5ty-eight he made w> ) ,sw$52 at ?irty he ent]$ ,mosc[ 9 triumph aft] ! victory ( ,emba*1 & ! capture ( ,noteburg & ,m>i5burg2 at ?irty-"o he began ! city ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 at ?irty-n9e he 0 defeat$ by ! ,turks & =c$ to ransom himself & army4 ,8 latt] ye>s 7 mo/ly devot$ to civil & m>itime affairs4 ,he di$ at ! age ( fifty-five4 ,*>les ! ,,xii4 ( ,sw$5 asc5d$ ! ?rone at ! age ( fifte51 complet$ 8 fir/ successful campaign aga9/ ,d5m>k at eighte51 ov]?rew eighty ?\s& ,russians at ,n>va be=e n9ete51 conqu]$ ,pol& & ,saxony at tw5ty-f\r1 & di$ at ?irty-six4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great ( ,prussia asc5d$ ! ?rone at tw5ty-eight1 & almo/ imm$iately ent]$ on t c>e] ( milit>y glory :i* has immortaliz$ 8 "n4 ,he e/abli%$ 8 reputation 9 ! fir/ ,silesian w>1 :i* he t]m9at$ at ! age ( ?irty4 ,! second ,silesian w> 0 t]m9at$ at ?irty-?ree2 & at =ty-?ree1 ) a population ( five millions1 he successfully oppos$ a league ( m ?an "o hundr$ millions ( p4 ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,prussia s]v$ 8 fir/ campaign z colonel ( a regim5t at sixte52 at ! age ( ?irty-"o he decid$ ! victory ( ,prague1 & ! same ye> 0 promot$ to ! comm& ( a sep>ate army4 ,! milit>y reputation he acquir$ 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> 0 second only to t ( ,fr$]ick4 ,cortes _h effect$ ! conque/ ( ,mexico1 & complet$ 8 milit>y c>e]1 at ! age ( ?irty-six4 ,s&oval1 ! mo/ em95t ( 8 great capta9s1 di$ at ! age ( ?irty-"o4 ,he _h e>n$ 8 great r5[n1 & clos$ 8 milit>y a*ievem5ts1 be=e ! age ( tw5ty-five4 ,piz>ro complet$ ! conque/ ( ,p]u at ?irty-five1 & di$ ab\t =ty4 ,"l ,clive began 8 milit>y c>e] at tw5ty-two1 & _h rea*$ ! z5i? ( 8 milit>y fame at ?irty-five2 he 0 rais$ to ! pe]age at ?irty-six1 & di$ at fifty4 ,ha/+s began 8 milit>y s]vice at ab\t tw5ty-five1 & became gov]nor ( ,b5gal at =ty4 ,napoleon 0 made a lieut5ant at sev5te51 a capta9 at tw5ty1 *ef-de-bataillon at tw5ty-f\r1 g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-five1 & comm&]-9-*ief ( ! army ( ,italy at tw5ty-six4 ,all 8 mo/ di/+ui%$ g5]als 71 l him1 "y m51 & !y second$ him 9 8 sev]al campaigns ) all ! en]gy & activity ( y\?ful valor & en?usiasm4 ,dessaix ent]$ ! army at fifte52 at ! op5+ ( ! w> he quickly pass$ ?r\gh ! l[] grades1 & became a g5]al ( brigade be=e ! age ( tw5ty-five1 & a g5]al ( division at tw5ty-six2 he di$ be=e ! age ( ?irty-two1 ) a reputation second only to t ( ,napoleon4 ,kleb] did n ent] ! army till lat] 9 life1 b he quickly pass$ ?r\gh ! subord9ate grades1 & 0 made a g5]al ( brigade at ?irty-eight1 a g5]al ( division at =ty1 & g5]al-9-*ief ( an army at =ty-"o3 he di$ at =ty-six4 ,on 8 dea?1 & 9 ,napoleon's abs5ce1 ,mnau1 ag$ & ineffici5t1 succe$$ by "r ( s5iority to ! comm& ( ! army ( ,egypt4 ,its utt] ru9 0 ! almo/ imm$iate consequ5ce4 ,mass5a fir/ ent]$ ! army at sev5te51 b soon m>ri$ a ri* wife1 & retir$ to civil life4 ,he return$ to ! army at ! op5+ ( ! revolution1 & 9 two ye>s1 be=e ! age ( ?irty-five1 0 promot$ to ! rank ( g5]al ( division4 ,he imm$iately acquir$ t high reputation :i* he su/a9$ ?r\gh a long c>e] ( milit>y glory4 ,s\lt became a sub-lieut5ant at tw5ty-two1 a capta9 at tw5ty-f\r2 ! foll[+ ye> he pass$ ?r\gh ! sev]al grades ( *ef-de-bataillon1 colonel1 & g5]al ( brigade1 & became g5]al ( division at tw5ty-n9e4 ,dav\/ 0 a sub-lieut5ant at sev5te51 a g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-?ree1 & g5]al ( division at tw5ty-five4 ,eug5e ,beauh>nais ent]$ ! army at a v e>ly age4 ,he became *ef-de-bataillon at n9ete51 colonel at tw5ty-"o1 g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-?ree1 & ,vic]oy ( ,italy at tw5ty-five4 ,he soon prov$ himself "o ( ,napoleon's able/ g5]als4 ,at tw5ty-eight he comm&$ ! army ( ,italy1 & at ?irty-"o ga9$ great glory 9 ! ,russian campaign1 at ! head ( ! f\r? corps d'arme4 ,g\vion-,sa9t-,cyr enur$ ! army at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,revolution1 & pass+ rapidly ?r\gh ! l[] grades1 became a g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-n9e1 & a g5]al ( division at ?irty4 ,su*et became a *ef-de-bataillon at tw5ty1 g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-five1 major-g5]al ( ,brune's army at tw5ty-sev51 & g5]al ( division & ( a corps d'arme at tw5ty-eight4 ,oud9ot became a capta9 at tw5ty-?ree1 *ef-de-bataillon at tw5ty-f\r1 g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-five1 & g5]al ( division at tw5ty-eight4 ,ney 0 a capta9 at tw5ty-?ree1 adjutant-g5]al at tw5ty-six1 g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-sev51 & g5]al ( division at tw5ty-n9e4 ,lannes 0 a colonel at tw5ty-sev51 g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-eight1 & v soon aft] g5]al ( division4 ,j\b]t became adjutant-g5]al at tw5ty-five1 g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-six1 g5]al ( division at tw5ty-eight1 & g5]al-9-*ief ( ! army ( ,italy at tw5ty-n9e4 ,he di$ at ?irty4 ,victor 0 a *ef-de-bataillon at tw5ty-sev51 g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-n9e1 & g5]al ( division at ?irty-two4 ,murat 0 a lieut5ant at tw5ty1 & pass+ rapidly ?r\gh ! l[] grades1 he became a g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-five1 & a g5]al ( division at tw5ty-sev54 ,morti] 0 a capta9 at tw5ty-?ree1 adjutant-g5]al at tw5ty-five1 g5]al ( brigade at ?irty1 & g5]al ( division at ?irty-"o4 ,macdonald 0 a colonel at tw5ty-sev51 a g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-sev51 & a g5]al ( division at ?irty4 ,m>mont 0 a capta9 at tw5ty-"o1 *ef-de-bataillon at tw5ty-two1 g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-f\r1 inspector g5]al at tw5ty-sev51 & g5]al-9-*ief ( an army at ?irty-two4 ,b]nadotte 0 a colonel at tw5ty-eight1 g5]al ( brigade at tw5ty-n9e1 & g5]al ( division at ?irty4 ,lefebvre 0 made a capta9 at ! organization ( ! army 9 #agic2 he became a g5]al ( brigade at ?irty-eight1 & g5]al ( division at ?irty-n9e4 ,bessires ent]$ ! army at tw5ty-six1 became a colonel at ?irty1 g5]al ( brigade at ?irty-two1 & g5]al ( division at ?irty-f\r4 ,he di$ at =ty-sev54 ,duroc 0 a capta9 at tw5ty-?ree1 *ef-de-bataillon at tw5ty-six1 colonel & *ef-de-brigade at tw5ty-sev51 & g5]al ( division at ?irty4 ,he di$ at =ty-"o4 ,?is li/ might be /ill fur!r ext5d$ ) ! same results1 b names en\gh h be5 giv5 to %[ t ! g5]als :o assi/$ ,napoleon 9 8 immortal campaigns 7 all1 ) sc>cely an exception1 "y m51 /ill burn+ ) ! fires ( y\?ful ardor & en?usiasm4 ,! grade ( m>%al 0 n creat$ till aft] ,napoleon became emp]or4 ,on asc5d+ ! ?rone ( ! empire1 he nom9at$ to ?is rank eighte5 ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ g5]als ( ,france4 ,"s ( ^! 7 g5]als ( ! e>li] w>s ( ! ,revolution1 & _h nev] s]v$ "u him4 ,o!rs 7 y\ng] m51 sev]al be+ only ?irty-f\r1 ?irty-five1 & ?irty-six ye>s ( age4 ,! mean age ( all 0 =ty-f\r4 ,he aft]w>ds made sev5 m m>%als1 ^: mean age 0 =ty-?ree4 ,^! appo9tm5ts1 h[ev]1 7 reg>d$ z rew>ds = pa/ s]vices1 r ?an z a grade f :i* s]vice 0 expect$1 = sev]al ( ! old] m>%als 7 nev] call$ into ! field aft] _! promotion4 ,hav+ notic$ ! ages ( ! pr9cipal g5]als :o comm&$ 9 ! armies ( ,napoleon1 let u look = a mom5t at ^? :o oppos$ him4 ,9 ! campaign ( #agif ! enemy's =ces 7 direct$ by ,beaulieu1 !n ne>ly eighty ye>s ( age2 ,wurms]1 also an octog5>ian1 & ,alv9zi1 !n ov] sev5ty3 ^! _h all ?ree di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 e>li] life1 b _h n[ lo/ t y\?ful en]gy & activity s ess5tial = a milit>y comm&]4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahjj ! g5]al-9-*ief ( ! ,au/rian =ces 0 ,melas1 an old g5]al1 :o _h s]v$ "s fifty ye>s 9 ! army2 he _h di/+ui%$ himself s long ago z ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 b he _h n[ become timid & ineffici5t1 age hav+ de/roy$ 8 en]gy4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahje ! ,fr5* 7 oppos$ by ,kutus(1 !n sixty1 & ,mack1 !n fifty-?ree2 ! plan ( op]ations 0 drawn up by /ill m ag$ g5]als ( ! ,aulic c\ncil4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahjf ! ,fr5* 7 oppos$ by ! ,duke ( ,brunswick1 !n sev5ty-"o1 ,hoh5lohe1 !n sixty1 & ,moll5dorf1 ,klei/1 & ,mass5ba*1 old g5]als1 :o _h s]v$ "u ! great ,fr$]ick1--m51 says ,jom9i1 exhum$ f ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1--^: faculties 7 froz5 by age1--:o _h be5 buri$ = ! la/ t5 ye>s 9 a le?>gic sleep4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahjg ! ,fr5* 7 oppos$ by ,kam5ski1 !n eighty ye>s ( age1 ,b5n+s51 !n sixty1 & ,buxh[d51 !n fifty-six4 ,! ,allies n[ began to pr(it by _! exp]i5ce1 & 9 #ahji ! ,au/rian army 0 l$ by ! "y1 active1 skilful1 & en]getic ,ar*duke ,*>les2 & ?is campaign1 al?\gh ! comm&]-9-*ief 0 some:at fett]$ by ! fooli% projects ( ! old g5]als ( ! ,aulic c\ncil1 & ?w>t$ by ! disob$i5ce ( 8 bro!r1 0 nev]!less ! mo/ glori\s 9 ! ,au/rian annals ( ! w>s ( ! ,revolution4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! campaign ( #ahab ! ,emp]or ,alex&]1 "y1 7only ?irty-five17 active1 intellig5t1 & ambiti\s1 _h remodell$ 8 army1 & infus$ into x 8 own en]gy & en?usia/ic love ( glory4 ,he 0 himself at its head1 & direct$ its op]ations4 ,kutus( 0 = a %ort "t ! nom9al comm&]-9-*ief1 & exhibit$ an activity unusual at 8 age1 b he 0 surr\nd$ by y\ng] g5]als--,b>clay-de-,tolley1 & ,milorad[i*1 !n =ty-n9e1 ,w9tz5g]ode1 !n =ty-?ree1 ,s*\val(1 !n ?irty-five1 & ! ,ar*duke ,con/ant9e1 !n ?irty-?ree1--g5]als :o1 at ! heads ( _! corps1 & "u ! "y emp]or & 8 able /aff ( "y (fic]s1 9 ! two succe$+ campaigns1 roll$ back ! waves ( ,fr5* conque/1 & f9ally ov]?rew ! ,fr5* empire4 ,well+ton1 :o l$ ! ,engli% 9 ^! campaigns1 0 ( ! same age z ,napoleon1 & _h be5 educat$ at ! same "t ) him 9 ! milit>y s*ools ( ,france4 ,! ,au/rians 7 l$ by ,s*w>tz5burg1 !n only ab\t ?irty1 & ! ,prussians by ,yorck1 ,bul[1 & ,bl*]4 ,! la/ ( ^! 0 !n well advanc$ 9 life1 b all 8 movem5ts be+ direct$ by y\ng] m51--,s*>nhor/ & ,gneis5au1--8 op]ations p>took ( ! en]gy ( 8 able *iefs ( /aff4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahae1 ,napoleon 0 oppos$ by ! comb9ations ( ,well+ton & ,gneis5au1 bo? y\ng] m5 ?an mo/ ( 8 own g5]als1 :o1 x is well kn[n1 exhibit$1 9 ?is campaign1 less ?an 9 =m] ones1 ! ard5t en]gy & re/less activity :i* _h *>act]iz$ _! y\ng] days4 ,nev] 7 ,napoleon's1 plans bett] conceiv$1 nev] did 8 troops fight ) great] brav]y2 b ! dilatory movem5ts ( 8 g5]als enabl$ 8 active enemies to p>ry ! bl[ int5d$ = _! de/ruction4 ,9 ! ,am]ican w> ( #ahab1 we pursu$ ! same c\rse z ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 & ,russia1 9 _! e>li] conte/s ) ,napoleon1 i4e41 to supply our armies ) g5]als1 we dug up ! ,beaulieus1 ! ,wurms]s1 ! ,alv9zis1 ! ,melases1 ! ,macks1 ! ,brunswicks1 & ! ,kam5skis ( our revolution>y w>2 b aft] we _h suff]$ suffici5tly f ! ,hulls1 ! ,arm/rongs1 ! ,w9*e/]s1 ! ,de>borns1 ! ,wilk9sons1 ! ,hamptons1 & o!r vet]ans ( ! ,revolution1 we also *ang$ our policy1 & p]mitt$ y\ng] m5--! ,jacksons1 ! ,h>risons1 ! ,br[ns1 ! ,mc,reas1 ! ,scotts1#di ! ,ripleys1 ! ,woods1 ! ,mc,combs1 ! ,wools1 & ! ,mill]s--to lead our =ces to victory & to glory4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ano!r w>1 ) any nation capable ( oppos+ to u any ?+ l a p[]ful resi/ance1 %all we aga9 exhume ! vet]ans ( =m] days1 & aga9 place at ! head ( our armies respectable & ag$ ineffici5cy2 or %all we seek out y\?ful ent]prise & activity comb9$ ) milit>y sci5ce & in/ruction8 ,! results ( ! w>1 ! honor ( ! c\ntry1 ! glory ( our arms1 dep5d1 9 a great measure1 ^u ! answ] t w be giv5 to ?is "q4 ,footnote #di3 ,scott _h acquir$ 8 milit>y reputation1 & atta9$ ! rank ( major-g5]al at tw5ty-eight4 ,b x may be ask$1 h[ are we to secure ?is comb9ation ( milit>y in/ruction & milit>y en]gy2 h[ are we to fill ! high] grades ( our army ) "y & active m5 possess+ due milit>y in/ruction & tal5t8 ,! "q is n a difficult "o1 & our gov]nm5t c easily atta9 ! desir$ object1 if x w only set at "w hone/ly1 disreg>d+ all p>ty prejudices & ! m]c5>y & selfi% int]e/s ( its own memb]s & advis]s4 ,o!r gov]nm5ts h po9t$ out to u ! way4 ,x is ?is3 let m]it be ! ma9 te/ = all appo9tm5ts & promotions 9 ! army4 ,let "o or m ( ! subord9ate grades be ?r[n op5 to ! y\? ( ! :ole c\ntry1 )\t di/9ction z to bir?1 or weal?1 or politics2 let !m be kept on probation 9 ?is subord9ate grade1 & be ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 all t relates to ! milit>y pr(ession2 aft] /rict exam9ation let !m be promot$ to ! vacancies 9 ! high] grades z rapidly z !y %all %[ !mselves qualifi$ = ! duties ( ^? grades1 m]it & s]vices be+ "h z else:]e ! only te/s4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is rule is already accompli%$ by ! ,milit>y ,academy4 ,"o "y man is select$ f ea* congressional di/rict1 on an av]age1 once 9 ab\t two ye>s1 ! selection be+ made by ! repres5tative ( ! di/rict2 ^! "y m5 are made w>rant (fic]s 9 ! army1 & s5t to a milit>y po/ = in/ruction2 frequ5t & /rict exam9ations are in/itut$ to det]m9e _! capacity & fitness = milit>y s]vice2 aft] a probation ( a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 ! be/ are select$ = commission 9 ! army1 relative rank & appo9tm5ts to corps be+ made /rictly ) ref]5ce to m]it2 bir?1 weal?1 influ5ce ( political fri5ds--all extrane\s circum/ances be+ exclud$ f consid]ation4 ,:at c be m truly & ?or\ghly democratic ?an ?is8 ,:at s*eme c be bett] devis$ to supply our army ) good (fic]s1 & to exclude f ! milit>y e/abli%m5t ! corrupt+ influ5ce ( p>ty politics1 & to prev5t commissions 9 ! army f be+ giv5 to ! sons ( weal?y & influ5tial m51 to ! almo/ total exclusion ( ! sons ( ! poor & less influ5tial m51 reg>dless alike ( qualifications & ( m]it8 ,un=tunately = ! army & = ! c\ntry ?is sy/em ends "h1 & all fur!r advancem5t is made by m]e s5iority1 or by executive favoritism1 ! claims ( m]it hav+ b little or no fur!r influ5ce4 ,inde$1 executive patronage is n infrequ5tly p]mitt$ to encroa* ev5 ^u ^! salut>y rules ( appo9tm5t1 & to place relatives & political fri5ds into ! high] ranks ( commission$ (fic]s directly f civil life1 reg>dless alike ( qualifications & ( m]it1 :ile numb]s ( sons ( ! poor & less influ5tial m51 :o h s]v$ a probation ( f\r or five ye>s 9 milit>y /udies & ex]cises1 & h prov$ !mselves1 9 "s ?irty exam9ations made by compet5t bo>ds ( milit>y (fic]s1 to be mo/ em95tly qualifi$ = commissions1 are pass$ by 9 utt] neglect6 ,our army is mu* m op5 to ?is k9d ( favoritism & political p>tiality1 ?an t ( almo/ any ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe1 :i* we h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d z ari/ocratic & :olly unfri5dly to real m]it4 ,9 ! ,prussian s]vice1 9 "t ( peace1 ! gov]nm5t c appo9t no "o1 ev5 to ! subord9ate grade ( ensign1 till he has foll[$ ! c\rses ( in/ruction ( ! division or brigade-s*ool ( 8 arm1 & has pass$ a satisfactory exam9ation4 ,&1 no ensign c be promot$ to a high] grade till aft] 8 promotion has be5 agre$ to by ! sup]ior bo>d or commission ( exam9]s at ,b]l91 & 8 "n has be5 plac$ on ! li/ ( ^? ^: k & acquirem5ts 7connaissances7 r5d] !m qualifi$ 7aptes7 = ! responsible duties ( _! pr(ession4 ,! nom9ation to ! grade ( second-lieut5ant is n1 ev5 aft] all ^! conditions are fulfill$1 left to ! *oice ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,:5 a vacancy occurs 9 ?is grade1 ! subalt]n (fic]s pres5t to ! comm&ant ( ! regim5t a li/ ( ?ree ensigns :o h complet$ _! c\rse ( /udy2 ! comm&ant1 aft] tak+ ! advice ( ! sup]ior (fic]s ( ! regim5t1 nom9ates ! mo/ m]itori\s ( ^! ?ree to ! k+1 :o makes ! appo9tm5t4 ,! gov]nm5t c appo9t to ! eng9e]s & artill]y only ^? :o h be5 in/ruct$ z lves 9 ! ,b]l9 s*ool ( cadets & ! s*ool ( artill]y & eng9e]s1 & ^! appo9tm5ts mu/ be made 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! pupils h pass$ _! f9al exam9ation4 ,9 ^! corps ! lieut5ants & second capta9s c be promot$ to a high] grade only aft] !y h pass$ a satisfactory exam9ation4 ,no political influ5ce1 nor ev5 royal p>tiality1 c int]f]e ) ?is rule4 ,ev5 9 ! arbitr>y mon>*ies ( ,au/ria & ,russia x is deem$ necess>y to subject all milit>y appo9tm5ts & promotions1 9 ! peace e/abli%m5ts1 to c]ta9 fix$ rules4 ,9 ! ,au/rian army all sub-lieut5ants mu/ be tak5 f ! milit>y s*ools1 or ! specially-in/ruct$ corps ( cadets & imp]ial gu>ds2 f ?is grade to t ( capta9 all promotions are made by ! comm&ants ( regim5ts & corps on ! advice ( ! o!r sup]ior (fic]s4 ,above ! grade ( capta9 all nom9ations = promotion are made to ! emp]or by ! ,aulic ,c\ncil1 9 ! ord] ( s5iority ( rank1 except ! claims ( sup]ior m]it int]f]e4 ,9 ! ,russian army1 says ,haillot1 no "o1 n ev5 a pr9ce ( ! imp]ial family1 c rea* ! grade ( (fic] till he has satisfactorily pass$ 8 sev]al exam9ations1 or f9i%$ ! sev]e novitiate to :i* ! cadets 9 ! corps are subject$4 ,promotion bel[ ! grade ( colonel is made p>tly by s5iority1 & p>tly by m]it2 above t grade1 by selection alone4 ,9 ! ,briti% s]vice1 rank 9 ! l9e ( ! army is obta9$ by pur*ase1 & ! high] grades are 9 ?is way fill$ ) "y m5 ( en]gy & ent]prise2 b ?is effici5cy is ga9$ by inju/ice to ! poor man1 :o is )\t ! means ( pur*as+ rank4 ,9 "s respects x is pref]able to our ru9\s sy/em ( exclusive s5iority & executive favoritism1 b f> m objectionable ?an t bas$ on m]it4 ,well+ton has rec5tly said t ! sy/em ( exclusive s5iority w\ld soon utt]ly de/roy ! effici5cy ( ! army1 by prev5t+ "y m5 f rea*+ ! high] grades4 ,at fir/1 says an (fic] ( "s di/9ction 9 ! ,briti% navy1 9 speak+ ( promotions 9 t arm ( s]vice1 x c]ta9ly looks v h>d to see old /ag]s grumbl+ away _! exi/5ce 9 disappo9t$ hopes2 yet !re c be little d\bt t ! navy1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! c\ntry at l>ge1 are ess5tially bett] s]v$ by ! pres5t sy/em ( employ+ active1 "y1 & *e]ful-m9d$ (fic]s1 ?an !y ev] c\ld be by any imag9able sy/em by s5iority4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 inde$1 t at a c]ta9 /age ( ! pr(ession1 ! arrangem5t by :i* (fic]s are promot$ 9 turn is already made ! rule1 & has long be5 s3 b1 by a wise regulation1 x does n come into op]ation be=e ! rank ( po/-capta9 be atta9$4 ,antec$5t to ?is po9t1 !re mu/ occur ample opportunities ( we$+ out ^? p]sons1 :o1 if ! rule ( m]e s5iority 7 adopt$1 w\ld exce$+ly emb>rass ! navy li/4 ,we fully agree ) ?is writ] respect+ ! evils ( a sy/em ( exclusive s5iority1 b n respect+ ! be/ means ( rem$y+ ^! evils4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e ! weal?y & ari/ocratic classes gov]n ! /ate1 !y may v well pref] a sy/em ( milit>y appo9tm5t & promotion bas$ exclusively on weal? & political influ5ce2 b 9 ?is c\ntry we are taught to consid] m]it z a claim mu* high] ?an weal?1 or rank1 or privilege4 ,! v>i\s *anges 9 ! rules ( appo9tm5t & promotion 9 ! ,fr5* s]vice1 & ! v>i\s results ( ^! *anges1 bo? on ! "* ( ! army & ! welf>e ( ! /ate1 are s in/ructive t we regret t our limits w n all[ u to ent] into a full discussion ( !m4 ,we c give only a v brief outl9e4 ,previ\s to ! ,revolution1 milit>y appo9tm5t & promotion 7 :olly subject to ! rules ( nobility1 c]ta9 grades 9 ! army belong+ ( "r to c]ta9 grades ( ! noblesse2 m]it & s]vice be+ exclud$ f consid]ation4 ,b ! con/itu5t assembly *ang$ ?is ord] ( ?+s1 & e/abli%$ ! rule t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! sub-lieut5ants be appo9t$ by selection1 aft] a conc\rs1 & ! o!r qu>t] be appo9t$ f ! sub-(fic]s1 alt]nately by s5iority & selection1 )\t conc\rs2 ! capta9s & lieut5ants by s5iority2 ! colonels & lieut5ant-colonels two-?irds by s5iority & "o-?ird by selection2 m>*aux-de-camp & lieut5ant-g5]als "o-half by s5iority & "o-half by selection4 ,9 #agic ! grades 7 /ill fur!r op5$ to selection1 & 9 ! turbul5t times t foll[$1 a "p ( !m 7 ev5 ?r[n op5 to election by ! soldi]s4 ,b 9 #agie ! comb9$ sy/em ( m]it & s5iority1 ) c]ta9 improvem5ts1 0 re/or$4 ,9 #agif & ! w>s t foll[$1 m]it 0 ! only qualification requir$1 & ,bonap>te1 ,moreau1 & o!r "y g5]als 7 actually plac$ 9 comm& ( _! s5iors 9 rank4 ,milit>y tal5t & milit>y s]vices1 n rank1 7 ! recognis$ claims = promotion1 ! baptism ( blood1 z x 0 call$1 hav+ equaliz$ all grades4 ,bonap>te1 9 leav+ ,egypt1 paid no att5tion to s5iority ( rank1 b gave ! comm& to ,kleb]1 :o 0 !n only a g5]al ( brigade1 :ile ,m5\ 0 a g5]al ( division4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t on ! dea? ( ,kleb]1 ,g5]al ,m5\ succe$$ 9 ! comm&2 & t ,egypt1 sav$ by ! selection ( ,kleb]1 0 lo/ by ! s5iority ( ,m5\4 ,napoleon =m$ rules = promotion1 bo? = peace & w>1 bas$ on m]it4 ,8 peace regulations 7 mu* ! same z ! sy/em ( #agie2 8 field regulations1 h[ev]1 f ! circum/ances ( ! times1 7 almo/ ! only ones us$4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,reglem5t de ,campagne ( #ahji1 7title ,,xx417 gives ! _s ( ?is sy/em3--,! next day aft] an action ! g5]als ( brigade w pres5t to ! g5]als ( division ! names ( all su* z h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 a p>ticul> mann]2 ! g5]als ( division w imm$iately report ^! to ! comm&]-9-*ief1 & also ! names ( ! g5]als & sup]ior (fic]s ^: conduct has contribut$ mo/ to secure success1 s t ! g5]al-9-*ief may imm$iately in=m 8 maje/y4 ,on ! re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons !re 7 also re/or$ _m ( ! anci5t privileges & claims ( rank by ! (fic]s ( ! maison militaire du roi1 & c\rt favoritism 0 sub/itut$ = m]it & s]vice4 ,b ! revolution ( #ahcj produc$ a diff]5t ord] ( ?+s4 ,! laws n[ regulate milit>y promotion2 ! k+ c appo9t or promote only 9 con=mity to legal prescriptions2 & ev5 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is pr]ogative1 he is wise en\gh to re/ra9 himself by c]ta9 fix$ rules1 :i* protect him f intrigues1 & f ! obsessions ( p]sons ( influ5ce1 & ( p>ty politicians4 ,w\ld t ! same c\ld always be said ( ! executive ( ?is c\ntry 9 mak+ appo9tm5ts & promotions 9 ! army4 ,! exi/+ laws & regulations ( ! ,fr5* s]vice diff] slightly = diff]5t corps1 b ! g5]al rule is z foll[s3 ,no "o c be appo9t$ to ! grade ( (fic] 9 ! army :o has n graduat$ at "o ( ! milit>y s*ools1 or has n s]v$ at lea/ two ye>s z a sub-(fic] 9 a corps d'arme4 ,9 "t ( peace1 no "o c be promot$ to ! rank ( lieut5ant1 capta91 or major1 7*ef-d'escadron & *ef-de-bataillon17 till he has s]v$ two ye>s 9 ! next l[] grade2 no "o c be made lieut5ant-colonel till he has s]v$ f\r ye>s1 nor be made colonel till he has s]v$ ?ree ye>s1 9 ! next l[] grade2 no "o c be made m>*al-de-camp1 lieut5ant-g5]al1 or m>%al ( ,france1 till he has s]v$ two ye>s 9 ! next l[] grade4 ,^! numb]s are all dim9i%$ "o half 9 "t ( w>4 ,= ! grades ( fir/-lieut5ant & capta91 two-?irds ( ! promotions are by s5iority1 & "o-?ird by selection2 = ! *ef-de-bataillon & *ef-d'escadron1 "o-half by s5iority & "o-half by selection2 = all ! o!r grades by selection only4 ,9 "t ( w>1 "o-half ( ! promotions to ! grades ( fir/-lieut5ant & capta9 are fill$ by selection1 & all ! promotions to o!r grades 9 ?is way4 ,= promotion by selection1 a li/ ( ! au?oriz$ c&idates = ea* grade is made out e ye> by inspectors1 & bo>ds ( exam9]s appo9t$ ad hoc1 & ! "n1 qualifications1 & p>ticul> claim are giv5 ( ea* (fic] admitt$ to ! conc\rs4 ,! recomm5dations ( ^! inspectors & exam9]s are almo/ inv>iably foll[$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 its selections4 ,?is comb9$ sy/em ( s5iority & m]it secures a gradual promotion to all1 & at ! same "t enables (fic]s ( great tal5ts & acquirem5ts to atta9 ! high] grades :ile /ill "y & effici5t4 ,m]it ne$ n1 !re=e1 always l+] 9 ! subalt]n grades1 & be held subord9ate to ignorance & /upidity1 m]ely because !y happ5 to be end[$ ) ! privileges ( s5iority4 ,moreov]1 gov]nm5t is preclud$ f ?ru/+ its own favorites into ! high] grades1 & plac+ !m ov] ! heads ( abl] & bett] m54 ,if su* a sy/em ( appo9tm5t 7 introduc$ into our army1 & fix$ by legal enactm5ts1 & no "o 7 all[$ to receive a commission till he _h ei!r di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! field1 or _h pass$ an exam9ation be=e a bo>d ( compet5t (fic]s1 we are confid5t t bett] selections w\ld be made 9 ! appo9tm5ts f civil life ?an h be5 )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s by ! pres5t sy/em ( political influ5ce4 ,x w\ld sc>cely be possible to make worse selections4#ej ,& if ! comb9$ sy/em ( s5iority & exam9ation 7 pursu$ 9 promot+ ! subalt]ns already 9 s]vice1 x c]ta9ly w\ld produce less inju/ice1 & give great] effici5cy to ! army1 ?an ! pres5t "o ( exclusive s5iority & brevet rank1 obta9$ ?r\gh intrigue & political influ5ce1 or high milit>y appo9tm5ts be/[$ z a rew>d = dirty & corrupt p>ty s]vices4 ,z a milit>y maxim1 secure effici5cy1 by limit+ ! privileges ( rank2 exclude favoritism1 by giv+ ! p[] ( selection to bo>ds ( compet5t (fic]s1 totally indep5d5t ( p>ty politics4 ,su* a sy/em has be5 = "s "t pursu$ 9 ! m$ical dep>tm5t ( our army2 x has produc$ ! mo/ satisfactory results2 /upidity1 ignorance1 & ag$ ineffici5cy h be5 ov]slaugh$1 & w soon entirely disappe> f t corps2 !y h be5 replac$ by "y m5 ( activity1 tal5t1 "*1 intellig5ce1 & great pr(essional skill4 ,is x less important to h compet5t milit>y (fic]s to comm& :]e ! lives ( ?\s&s1 ! honor ( our flag1 ! safety ( ! c\ntry dep5d ^u _! judgm5t & conduct1 ?an x is to h compet5t surgeons to att5d ! sick & ! w\nd$8 ,footnote #ej3 ,to %[ ! work+ ( ?is sy/em ( political appo9tm5ts1 we w\ld call att5tion to a s+le fact4 ,on ! =mation ( an additional regim5t ( dragoons 9 #ahcf1 ?irty ( its (fic]s 7 appo9t$ f civil life1 & only f\r f ! graduates ( ! ,milit>y ,academy4 ,( ^? appo9t$ to t regim5t f civil life1 tw5ty-two h already be5 dismiss$ or resign$1 7mo/ ( ! latt] to save !mselves f be+ dismiss$17 & only eight ( ! :ole ?irty political appo9tm5ts are n[ left1 _! places hav+ be5 ma9ly suppli$ by graduates ( ! ,milit>y ,academy4 ,9 case ( ano!r increase ( our milit>y e/abli%m5t1 :at c\rse w our gov]nm5t pursue8 ,w x aga9 pass by ! m]itori\s "y (fic]s ( our army1--graduates ( ! ,milit>y ,academy1--:o h sp5t t5 or twelve ( ! be/ ye>s ( _! life 9 qualify+ !mselves = ! high] duties ( _! pr(ession1 & place ov] _! heads civilians ( less education & inf]ior "*--m5 totally ignorant ( milit>y duties1 m]e po?\se politicians1 & ! base hirel+s ( p>ty1--^? :o scree* ! l\de/ 9 favor ( p>ty measures1 & degrade !mselves ! mo/ 9 ord] to s]ve p>ty ends8--& by ?us devot+ ! army1 l ! cu/om-h\se & po/-(fice1 to political purposes1 w x seek to increase t va/ patronage ( ! executive :i* is already debas+ individual morality1 & de/roy+ ! national "*8 ,%\ld any adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t be s unm9dful ( ! int]e/s & honor ( ! c\ntry z to aga9 pursue su* a c\rse1 x is to be hop$ t ! sword ( political ju/ice w n long slumb] 9 its scabb>d4 ,we wi% to call p>ticul> att5tion to ?is subject4 ,x des]ves att5tion at all times1 b at ! pres5t mom5t x m especially dem&s a close & c&id consid]ation4 ,! high] grades ( our peace e/abli%m5t are n[ fill$ ) m5 s f> advanc$ 9 life t1 9 case ( an increase ( ! army1 _m ( !m mu/ und\bt$ly be ei!r pass$ ov]1 or put on a retir$ li/4 ,soon] or lat] "s *ange ( ?is k9d w und\bt$ly be made4 ,x is dem&$ by ! good ( s]vice1 ev5 9 "t ( peace2 & 9 "t ( w>1 x w be absolutely necess>y to ! success ( our arms4#ea ,b ! great dang] is t ! *ange may be made = ! worse--t all ! appo9tm5ts & promotions to ! high] grades w be made ?r\gh political influ5ce1 ?us conv]t+ ! army & navy into political eng9es4 ,let prop] measures be tak5 to prev5t s dang]\s a result2 let executive patronage 9 ! army be limit$ by :olesome laws1 l ^? 9 ,france & ,prussia2 & let milit>y m]it & s]vices1 z det]m9$ by bo>ds ( compet5t milit>y (fic]s1 be ! only recognis$ claims to appo9tm5t & promotion1 ?us giv+ to ! poor & m]itori\s at lea/ an equal *ance ) ! man ( weal? & ! base hirel+ ( p>ty4 ,9 actual s]vice ! sy/em ( exclusive s5iority _c exi/2 x w\ld dead5 & p>alyze all our en]gies4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is1 politicians w drive u to ! opposite extreme1 unless ! executive au?ority be limit$ by :olesome laws1 bas$ on ! j pr9ciples ( m]it & s]vice4 ,footnote #ea3 ,ev5 at ! pres5t mom5t1 9 ord]+ troops to ,texas1 :]e imm$iate & active s]vice is anticipat$1 x is f\nd necess>y to break up regim5ts & s5d only ! "y & effici5t (fic]s into ! field1 leav+ mo/ ( ! high] (fic]s beh9d ) m]e nom9al comm&s4 ,v _m ( ! (fic]s n[ 9 ,texas are act+ 9 capacities f> above _! nom9al grades1 b )\t receiv+ ! rank1 pay1 & emolum5ts due to _! s]vices4 ,b ! importance ( ma9ta9+ 9 our milit>y organization a suitable sy/em ( milit>y in/ruction is n conf9$ to ! exig5cies ( our actual condition4 ,x ma9ly re/s ^u ! absolute necessity ( hav+ 9 ! c\ntry a body ( m5 :o %all devote !mselves to ! cultivation ( milit>y sci5ce1 s z to be able to compete ) ! milit>y sci5ce ( ! transatlantic p[]s4 ,x is n to be expect$ t our citiz5 soldi]y1 h[ev] intellig5t1 patriotic1 & brave !y may be1 c make any v great progress 9 milit>y /udies4 ,!y h nei!r ! "t nor opportunities = su* pursuits1 & if !y c acquire a practical acqua9tance ) elem5t>y tactics--! m]e alphabet ( ! milit>y art--x is z mu* z c reasonably be expect$ ( !m4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! militia are individually m capable & intellig5t ?an ! m5 :o compose a regul> army4 ,b !y mu/ ( necessity be inf]ior 9 practical pr(essional k4 ,te*nical education is necess>y 9 e pursuit ( life4 ,x is possible t ! lawy] may succe$ 9 "s p>ticul> cases )\t a k ( law1 b he w probably h few cli5ts if he rema9 ignorant ( ! laws & prec$5ts t gov]n ! c\rts4 ,! unle>n$ *emi/ may succe$ 9 p]=m+ "s s+le exp]im5t1 b 8 progress w be sl[ & unc]ta9 if he neglect to make himself famili> ) ! exp]im5ts & discov]ies ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,le>n+1 :5 appli$ to agriculture1 raises x f a m]e me*anical drudg]y to ! dignity ( a sci5ce4 ,by analyz+ ! composition ( ! soil we cultivate1 we le>n its capacity = improvem5t1 & ga9 ! p[] to /imulate ! e>? to ! mo/ b\ntiful production4 ,h[ diff]5t ! results att5d+ ! labors ( ! intellig5t agriculturi/1 guid$ by ! lamp ( le>n+1 f ^? ( ! ignorant drudge :o foll[s ! b>r5 =mula ( traditional precepts6 ,z appli$ to manufactures & ! me*anical arts1 le>n+ develops new p[]s ( labor1 & new facilities = subsi/5ce & enjoym5t4 ,p]sonal com=ts ( e k9d are greatly increas$1 & plac$ )9 ! rea* ( ! humbl] classes2 :ile at ! same "t ! appliances ( art are made to m9i/] to ! dem&s ( elegant ta/e1 & a high] moral culture4 ,z appli$ to comm]ce1 x n only greatly increases ! facilities = ! m g5]al diffusion ( civilization & k1 b is also va/ly influ5tial 9 h>moniz+ ! conflict+ int]e/s ( nations4 ,nor is le>n+ less humaniz+ & pacific 9 its influ5ce :5 appli$ to ! milit>y art4 ,dur+ ! d>k ages :i* foll[$ ! wreck ( ! ,roman p[]1 ! milit>y sci5ce by :i* t p[] _h be5 re>$1 0 lo/ ) o!r bran*es ( le>n+4 ,:5 le>n+ reviv$1 ! milit>y art reviv$ ) x1 & contribut$ n a little to ! re/oration ( ! empire ( m9d ov] t ( brute =ce4 ,!n1 too1 e great discov]y 9 ! art ( w> has a life-sav+ & peace-promot+ influ5ce4 ,! effects ( ! inv5tion ( gunp[d] are a famili> pro( ( ?is rem>k2 & ! same pr9ciple applies to ! discov]ies ( mod]n times4 ,by p]fect+ ourselves 9 milit>y sci5ce1 p>adoxical z x may seem1 we are !re=e assi/+ 9 ! diffusion ( peace1 & ha/5+ on ! approa* ( t p]iod :5 swords %all be beat5 into pl\gh%>es & spe>s into prun+-hooks4 ,,app5dix4 ,s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w 0 publi%$1 two important w>s h be5 comm5c$ & t]m9at$--t betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,republic ( ,mexico1 & t betwe5 ,russia & ! ,we/]n ,p[]s ( ,europe--& ano!r is n[ be+ wag$ betwe5 ,france & ,au/ria1 ^u ! old battle fields ( ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,9 issu+ a new edition ( ^! ,elem5ts ( ,milit>y ,art & ,sci5ce1 x is deem$ prop] to ref] to ^! w>s1 & to apply ! pr9ciples "h discuss$ to ! milit>y op]ations c>ri$ on 9 ,mexico & 9 ! ,crimea4 ,x is propos$ to d ?is 9 ! =m ( ,notes to ! sev]al ,*apt]s4 ,! w> 9 ,italy be+ /ill undet]m9$1 & ! details ( ! sev]al battles :i* h already be5 f\ght be+ b imp]fectly kn[n1 x is obvi\sly improp] to attempt to criticize _! /rategic "* or tactical arrangem5t4 ,h4,w4,h4 ,,new ,,york1 ,july1 #ahei4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,/rategy4 ,9 ! invasion ( ,mexico1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates =m$ f\r sep>ate armies1 mov+ on f\r di/9ct l9es ( op]ation3 #a/4 ,! ,army ( ! ,we/1 "u ,g5]al ,ke>ny1 mov+ f ,/4 ,l\is on ,new ,mexico & ,cali=nia2 #b;d4 ,! ,army ( ! ,c5tre1 "u ,g5]al ,wool1 mov+ f ,san ,antonio de ,bex> on ,*ihuahua2 #c;d4 ,! ,army ( ,occupation1 on ! ,rio ,gr&e1 "u ,g5]al ,taylor1 mov+ f ,corpus ,*ri/i on ,matamoras1 ,mont]ey1 & ,saltillo2 & #d?4 ,! ,ma9 ,army1 "u ,g5]al ,scott1 mov+ f ,v]a ,cruz on ! capital ( ,mexico4 ,! ,army ( ! ,we/1 "u ,g5]al ,ke>ny1 mov$ ^u a sep>ate & di/9ct l9e ( op]ations1 hav+ no /rategic relations to ! o!r ?ree2 its objects 7 ! conque/ & occupation ( ,new ,mexico & ,upp] ,cali=nia4 ,! fir/ 0 readily accompli%$2 b ! g5]al !n deta*$ s l>ge a =ce to op]ate on ,*ihuahua aft] ! div]sion ( ,wool's column1 t 8 exp$ition to ,cali=nia mu/ h utt]ly fail$ )\t ! assi/ance ( ! naval =ces 9 ! ,pacific4 ,! l9es ( ,taylor & ,wool 7 evid5tly ill *os51 be+ s di/ant z to af=d ! enemy an opportunity to take a c5tral position betwe5 !m4 ,=tunately ,wool proce$$ no fur!r ?an ,monclova1 & !n turn$ (f to occupy ,p>ras1 ?us com+ "u ! imm$iate comm& ( ,g5]al ,taylor4 ,! latt] f\ght ! battles ( ,palo ,alto & ,resaca de la ,palma1 & su/a9$ ! siege ( ,=t ,br[n2 !n cross+ ! ,rio ,gr&e at ,matamoras1 he captur$ ,mont]ey1 &1 =m+ a junction ) ,wool1 defeat$ ! army ( ,santa ,anna at ,bu5a ,vi/a4 ,?is battle end$ ! campaign1 :i*1 h[ev] brilliantly conduct$1 0 entirely )\t /rategic results4 ,scott l&$ 8 army ne> ! ,isl& ( ,sacrificios )\t opposition1 & imm$iately inve/$ ,v]a ,cruz1 :i* surr5d]$ aft] a %ort siege & bomb>dm5t4 ,hav+ ?us secur$ 8 base1 he imm$iately advanc$ to ! city ( ,puebla1 meet+ & defeat+ ! army ( ,santa ,anna at ,c]ro ,gordo4 ,rema9+ "s "t at ,puebla to re9=ce 8 army1 he advanc$ into ! valley ( ,mexico1 & aft] ! brilliant victories ( ,contr]as1 ,*urubusco1 ,mol9o del ,rey1 & ,*apultepec1 captur$ ! city & t]m9at$ ! w>4 ,) respect to ! d\ble l9e ( op]ations ( ,taylor & ,scott x may be suffici5t to rem>k1 t ,santa ,anna1 f 8 c5tral position1 f\ght1 ) ! same troops1 ! battles ( ,bu5a ,vi/a & ,c]ro ,gordo4 ,x %\ld also be rem>k$1 t ! l9e ( op]ations ( ! army ( ! ,rio ,gr&e 0 n approv$ by ei!r ,scott or ,taylor1 nor1 x is believ$1 by any o!r (fic] ( our army4 ,scott's l9e ( op]ations1 h[ev]1 0 truly /rategic1 & 9 turn+ ! ,mexican flank by ,lake ,*alco & ! ,p$regal1 he exhibit$ ! skill ( a great g5]al4 ,! w> 9 ! ,crimea1 f ! limit$ ext5t ( ! !atre ( op]ations1 af=d$ b little opportunity = ! display ( /rategic skill on ei!r side4 ,nev]!less1 ! movem5ts ( bo? p>ties1 prior to ! inve/m5t & siege ( ,seba/opol1 are fair subjects = milit>y criticism ) respect to ! plans ( op]ation4 ,:5 ! allies l&$ _! troops at ! ,old ,=t1 ?ree plans 7 op5 = ! consid]ation ( ! ,russian g5]al3 #a/4 ,to de/roy or close ! h>bors ( ,balaklava1 ,kamies*1 ,kazat* & ,/relitzka1 &1 g>rison+ ,seba/opol ) a /rong =ce1 to occupy ) ! re/ ( 8 army ! /rong plateau s\? ( ! city1 & ?us =ce ! allies to besiege ! /rong works on ! nor?4 #b;d4 ,hav+ clos$ ! h>bors on ! s\?1 & secur$ ,seba/opol f be+ c>ri$ by ! assault ( any deta*m5t ( ! allies1 to op]ate on _! left flank1 annoy+ & h>ass+ !m ) 8 ,cossacks1 & ?us delay !m _m days 9 ! difficult & prec>i\s position :i* !y w\ld h occupi$4 #c;d4 ,to advance ) 8 :ole =ce & (f] !m battle at ! ,alma4 ,! la/ & lea/ advantage\s ( ^! plans 0 adopt$1 & z ! g>rison ( ,seba/opol1 dur+ ! battle1 consi/$ ( only f\r battalions & ! sailors ( ! fleet1 x might1 consid]+ ! weakness ( its works1 h be5 easily c>ri$ by a deta*m5t ( ! alli$ =ces4 ,= ! allies at ! ,alma two plans pres5t$ !mselves3 #a/4 ,to turn ! ,russian left1 cut him (f f ,seba/opol1 & occupy t city 9 =ce4 #b;d4 ,to turn ! ,russian "r1 &1 ?r[+ him back ^u ,seba/opol1 cut him (f f all ext]nal succor4 ,nei!r plan 0 fully c>ri$ out4 ,! column ( ,g5]al ,bosquet turn$ ! ,russian left & decid$ 8 retreat2 b no /rategic advantage 0 tak5 ( ! victory4 ,! battle 0 f\ght on ! #bj? ( ,septemb]1 & by noon ( ! #bf? ! allies _h only advanc$ to ! ,balbeck1 a di/ance ( a little m ?an t5 miles 9 six days6 ,on ! #bg? !y rega9$ _! communication ) ! fleet at ,balaklava1 )\t attempt+ to occupy ,seba/opol1 & hav+ expos$ !mselves to de/ruction by an ill-conduct$ flank m>*4 ,=tunately = ! allies1 ! ,russians fail$ to avail !mselves ( ! advantages :i* ! enemy _h ?us gratuit\sly af=d$4 ,! fleet hav+ ent]$ ! op5 h>bor ( ,balaklava1 ! allies n[ comm5c$ ! labor ( l&+ & mov+ up _! siege mat]ial & ( op5+ _! tr5*es1 :ile ! ,russians prep>$ _! =tifications on ! s\? ( ,seba/opol = resi/+ ! op]ations ( t gigantic siege :i* /&s )\t a p>allel 9 hi/ory4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,=tifications4 ,9 ! w> betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico1 ! latt] _h no =tifications on h] l& fronti]s1 &1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,v]a ,cruz1 h] h>bors 7 entirely de/itute ( def5sive works4 ,! ,am]icans1 !re=e1 _h no ob/acles ( ?is k9d to ov]come on ?ree ( _! l9es ( op]ation2 &1 :5 ,scott _h r$uc$ ,v]a ,cruz1 8 l9e ( m>* 0 op5 to ! capital4 ,moreov]1 ne>ly e seaport on ! ,gulf & ,pacific coa/ fell into our h&s )\t a bl[4 ,_h ! l&+ ( ,scott be5 prop]ly oppos$1 & ,v]a ,cruz be5 /rongly =tifi$ & well def5d$1 x w\ld h be5 tak5 only aft] a long & difficult siege4 ,moreov]1 _h ! invad+ army enc\nt]$ /rong & well-def5d$ =tifications on ! l9e ( m>* to ,mexico1 ! w> w\ld1 necess>ily1 h be5 prolong$1 & possibly ) a diff]5t result4 ,! ,russian =tifications 9 ! ,baltic prev5t$ ! allies f attempt+ any s]i\s op]ations 9 t qu>t]1 & ^? 9 ! ,black ,sea conf9$ ! w> to a s+le po9t ( ! ,h]acleidan ,*]sonese4 ,_h ,russia reli$ exclusively ^u h] fleet to prev5t a m>itime desc5t1 & left ,seba/opol entirely undef5d$ by =tifications1 h[ diff]5t _h be5 ! result ( ! ,crimean w>4 ,?is subject w be allud$ to aga9 9 ! ,notes on ,sea-coa/ ,def5ces1 & ,p]man5t ,=tifications4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,logi/ics4 ,! w> 9 ,mexico exhibit$1 9 a /rik+ mann]1 our sup]iority ov] ! enemy 9 ?is bran* ( ! milit>y art4 ,no army 0 bett] suppli$ ?an ours 9 all matt]s ( subsi/5ce1 clo?+1 m$ical & hospital /ores1 & 9 means ( transportation4 ,two po9ts1 h[ev]1 are wor?y ( rem>k 9 ?is connection3 #a/4 ,! great wa/e ( mat]ial1 :i* result$ f ! employm5t ( raw troops "u %ort enli/m5ts1 & comm&$ by (fic]s appo9t$ f civil life1 :o 7 )\t exp]i5ce & de/itute ( milit>y in/ruction2 &1 #b;d4 ,! imm5se exp5se ( transportation1 :i* 0 due 9 "p to ! above cause & 9 "p to ! employm5t1 9 ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts1 ( civilians :o 7 utt]ly ignorant ( ! rules & r\t9e ( milit>y s]vice4 ,?is w> 0 conduct$ on ! sy/em ( magaz9es & provisions c>ri$ 9 ! tra9 ( ! army1 or pur*as$ ( ! inhabitants & regul>ly paid =1 =c$ requisitions be+ seldom resort$ to1 & !n 9 v mod]ate quantities4 ,! wisdom ( ?is plan 0 prov$ by ! g5]al good ord] & discipl9e ( our troops1 & ! g5]al good-w ( ! non-combatant inhabitants ( ! c\ntry :i* 0 pass$ ov] or occupi$ by ! army4 ,! w> 9 ! ,crimea prov$ mo/ conclusively ! va/ sup]iority ( ! ,fr5* adm9i/rative sy/em ov] t ( ! ,engli%--( ! milit>y ov] a civil organization ( ! adm9i/rative corps ( an army4 ,! ,fr5* troops be=e ,seba/opol 7 regul>ly1 *eaply1 & abundantly suppli$ ) e requisite ( provisions1 clo?+1 munitions1 m$ical /ores1 milit>y ut5sils1 & hospital & camp equipages2 :ile ! ,engli% army1 not)/&+ an imm5se exp5diture ( money1 0 (t5 p>alyz$ 9 its op]ations by ! want ( prop] milit>y mat]ial1 & n unfrequ5tly 0 de/itute ( ev5 ! necess>ies ( life4 ,in/ead ( pr(it+ by ?is lesson1 ! rec5t t5d5cy ( our own gov]nm5t has be5 7especially 9 supply+ ! army 9 ,utah7 to imitate ! sad example ( ! ,engli%1 & to conv]t ! supply+ ( our armies into a sy/em ( political patronage to be us$ = p>ty purposes4 ,if fully c>ri$ out1 x mu/ necess>ily result 9 ! ru9 ( ! army1 ! robb]y ( ! treasury1 & ! utt] corruption ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,v4--,,tactics4 ,! w> 9 ,mexico1 f ! small numb] ( troops engag$1 & ! peculi> "* ( ! gr\nd 9 mo/ cases1 af=d$ b few opportunities = ! display ( t skill 9 ! tactics ( battle :i* has s (t5 det]m9$ ! victory ^u ! great fields ( ,europe4 ,nev]!less1 ! hi/ory ( t w> is n )\t useful lessons 9 ! use :i* may be made ( ! sev]al arms 9 ! attack & def5ce ( positions4 ,! limit assign$ to ^! ,notes w admit ( only a few brief rem>ks ^u ^! battles4 ,! affairs ( ,palo ,alto & ,resaca de la ,palma prop]ly con/itute only a s+le battle4 ,9 ! fir/1 :i* 0 virtually a cannonade1 ! l9es 7 ne>ly p>allel1 & ,ari/a's *ange ( front to an oblique position dur+ ! engagem5t1 0 foll[$ by a correspond+ movem5t on ! "p ( ,g5]al ,taylor4 ,be+ made s5sible ( ! sup]iority ( ! ,am]ican artill]y1 ! ,mexican g5]al fell back ^u ! ,rav9e ( ,resaca de la ,palma1 draw+ up 8 troops 9 a concave l9e to suit ! physical "* ( ! gr\nd4 ,! ,am]icans attack$ ! :ole l9e ) skirmi%]s1 & ) dragoons support$ by light artill]y1 & ! *>ge ( a heavy column ( infantry decid$ ! victory4 ,g5]al ,taylor's op]ations at ,mont]ey p>took m ( ! nature ( an attack ^u an intr5*$ position ?an ( a regul> battle ^u ! field4 ,no d\bt ,wor?'s movem5t to ! "r _h an important influ5ce 9 decid+ ! conte/1 b ! sep>ation ( 8 column f ! ma9 body1 by a di/ance ( "s five miles1 01 to say ! lea/1 a mo/ haz>d\s op]ation4 ,! ,mexicans1 h[ev]1 took no advantage ( ! op5+ to op]ate betwe5 ! sep>ate masses into :i* ! ,am]ican army 0 divid$4 ,! loss :i* ! ,mexicans inflict$ ^u u result$ m f ! /r5g? ( _! position ?an f any skilful use ( _! def5sive works4 ,9 ! battle ( ,bu5a ,vi/a1 ! ef=ts ( ,santa ,anna 7 pr9cipally direct$ to turn+ ! ,am]ican left4 ,if he _h conc5trat$ 8 masses m ^u ! c5tre at ! plateau1 ! success ga9$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! conte/ w\ld probably h be5 decisive4 ,! ,am]ican "r at ,la ,ango/ura 0 made almo/ inaccessible by ! deep rav9es 9 its front1 & ! skilful use made ( ! artill]y f ?is po9t enabl$ ,g5]al ,taylor to ga9 ! victory1 ev5 aft] 8 left _h be5 completely turn$1 & a portion ( ! volunte]s _h actually fl$ f ! field4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,scott h&l$ 8 troops 9 ! v>i\s battles on 8 l9e ( m>* f ,v]a ,cruz to ! capital1 prov$ him to be "o ( ! be/ g5]als ( ! age4 ,at ,c]ro ,gordo he s completely turn$ ,santa ,anna's left z to cut (f 8 l9e ( retreat1 & ne>ly de/roy$ 8 army1 ! g5]al himself b>ely escap+ capture4 ,! turn+ ( ,val5cia's position by ! village ( ,san ,g]onimo1 at ! battle ( ,contr]as1 & ! *>ge by ,riley's columns ( infantry1 7 movem5ts well plann$ & admirably execut$1 z 7 also ! rapid pursuit ( ,santa ,anna to ,*urubusco1 & ! flank & re> attacks by ! brigades ( ,pi]ce & ,%ields4 ,! victory ( ,mol9o del ,rey 0 mo/ly won ) ! musket1 )\t v mat]ial assi/ance f heavy artill]y1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant b de>ly b\ght a*ievem5ts ( ! w>4 ,! assault ^u ,*apultepec 0 prec$$ by a long & heavy cannonade1 :i* produc$ a decid$ moral effect ^u ! enemy & greatly facilitat$ ! assault4 ,) respect to ! battles ( ! ,crimean w>1 only t ( ! ,alma is subject to ! tactical criticism ( ord9>y battles2 ^? ( ,balaklava1 ,ink]man1 & ! ,t*]naya1 7 ( ! nature ( sorties made to prev5t an assault ( ! unf9i%$ works ( def5ce1 & to prolong ! op]ations ( ! siege4 ,!y mu/ !re=e be judg$ z su*1 & n accord+ to ! ord9>y rules applicable to conte/s 9 ! op5 field4 ,at ! battle ( ! ,alma ! ,russians 7 attack$ 9 position1 ! two l9es ( battle be+ ne>ly p>allel4 ,accord+ to ! orig9al plan ( attack1 ! ,turks & ,bosquet's division 0 to turn ! ,russian left1 :ile ! ma9 attack 0 made ^u ! c5tre4 ,b1 on acc\nt ( ! division ( comm& 9 ! alli$ army1 !re 0 no conc]t ( action4 ,! heavy column ( ,bosquet probably decid$ ! victory1 al?\gh ! battle 0 g5]al ?r\gh\t ! :ole l9e4 ,! ,engli% army advanc$ 9 columns ( brigades at deploy+ di/ances1 its "r connect$ ) ! ,fr5*1 & its left protect$ by a l9e ( skirmi%]s1 ( cavalry & horse artill]y4 ,) respect to ! =mation & use ( troops 9 ! o!r battles1 x may be rem>k$ t ! *>ge ( ! ,engli% light cavalry at ,balaklava 0 app>5tly )\t necessity or object1 & l$ to its inevitable de/ruction4 ,9 ! battle ( ,ink]man ! ,russians direct$ _! ma9 attack ^u ! ,engli% "r & c5tre1 ) false attacks ^u ! ,fr5* left & t[>ds ,balaklava4 ,b ^! false attacks1 z is usual 9 su* cases1 7 n conduct$ ) suffici5t en]gy & decision1 & ,bosquet 0 ?us enabl$ to p]ceive ! real int5tions ( ! enemy ^u ! ,engli% portion ( ! l9e & move to its assi/ance4 ,moreov]1 ! ma9 body ( ! ,russians mov$ 9 too heavy & unwieldy masses1 :i* expos$ !m to t]rible losses1 & r5d]$ impossible a rapid & effective deploym5t ( _! num]ical =ce4 ,! same criticism is applicable to _! =mation at ! battle ( ! ,teh]naya4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,means ,,( ,,national ,,def5ce4 ,on ! invasion ( ,mexico by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! =m] republic _h a l>ge army ( tol]ably good troops1 ?\gh badly (fic]$1 /ill worse equipp$1 & almo/ de/itute ( prop] milit>y /ores2 b %e 0 entirely want+ 9 two important elem5ts ( national def5ce--=tifications & a navy4 ,h] weakness 0 %[n by ! rapid & easy conque/ ( almo/ ! entire c\ntry4 ,we h already rem>k$ t ! =tifications ( ,russia conf9$ ! !atre ( w> to a s+le po9t ( ! ,crimea1 & limit$ ! milit>y op]ations ( ! allies to ! prolong$ & only p>tially successful siege ( ,seba/opol4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,sea-,,coa/ ,,def5ces4 ,allusion has already be5 made to ! weakness ( ,mexico1 result+ f h] want ( sea-coa/ def5ces1 z %[n by ! w> betwe5 t republic & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is w\ld h be5 /ill m manife/ _h %e possess$ any ?+ l a comm]cial m>9e1 expos$ to capture by our naval =ces4 ,z x 01 ! ,mexican w> af=d$ n a s+le conte/ betwe5 %ips & =ts1 no opposition be+ made to ! occupation ( ,mexican ports by our naval =ce4 ,! only coa/ def5ce1 ! ca/le ( ,san ,juan d',ulica 0 n attack$1 b aft] ! bomb>dm5t & capture ( ,v]a ,cruz1 x surr5d]$ )\t a bl[4 ,! ,crimean w>1 on ! contr>y1 exhibit$ 9 a mo/ m>k$ degree ! importance ( a well-=tifi$ sea-coa/4 ,not)/&+ ! imm5se =ce ( ! comb9$ fleets ( ,engl& & ,france1 no naval attack 0 made ^u ei!r ,cron/adt or ,seba/opol1 & ! l>ge naval =ce ( ,russia prov$ utt]ly useless z a def5ce aga9/ a m>itime desc5t4 ,!re 01 inde$1 a simula*re ( a naval cannonade on ! latt] place on ! #ag? ( ,octob]1 #ahed1 int5d$ z a div]sion ( ! att5tion & /r5g? ( ! g>rison f ! l& side1 :]e ! real /ruggle = pr$om9ance 0 go+ on betwe5 ! besieg$ & ! besieg]s4 ,! inutility ( ?is attempt 0 s manife/ t no s]i\s naval attack 0 und]tak51 not)/&+ t ! allies 7 ready to br+ to be> ^u ! antiquat$ & ill-arm$ ,russian works ! mo/ p[]ful naval armam5ts ! _w _h ev] se54 ,! results ( ?is simula*re ( a naval cannonade1 z x has be5 call$1 is wor?y ( note4 ,! details are tak5 f ,major ,b>n>d's able pamphlet on ,! ,dang]s & ,def5ces ( ,new ,york1 & ,comm&] ,dahlgr5's int]e/+ & valuable "w on ,%ells & ,%ell ,guns4 ,! alli$ fleet consi/$ ( #ad ,fr5*1 #aj ,briti%1 & #b ,turki% %ips-(-!-l9e 7"s few ( :i* _h auxili>y /eam p[]71 & a numb] ( side-:eel /eam]s to t[ ^!2 & c>ri$ 9 all ab\t #b1ejj guns4 ,x 0 oppos$ by ab\t #bhj guns f ! works4 ,! fleet kept itself 79 g5]al7 at a respectable di/ance 7f #aejj to #bjjj y>ds72 too f> to inflict any mat]ial injury ) its armam5t 7#cb-p\nd]s1 ) a mod]ate proportion ( #h-;in* %ell-guns7 ^u ! works2--too f> to receive mu* f ! ineffici5t armam5t ( ! ,russian works4 ,! only exception to ?is rem>k applies to ! deta*$ ,engli% squadron "u ,sir ,edmund ,lyons1 consi/+ ( ! ,agamemnon1 ,sansp>eil1 ,london1 ,are?usa1 & ,albion1 ! fir/-nam$ ( :i* vessels took a position at #gej or #hjj y>ds f ,=t ,con/ant9e1 :ile ! o!rs /ret*$ along at ab\t ! same di/ance f ,=t ,con/ant9e1 ! ',wasp ,t[]1' & ',telegraph ,batt]y4' ,dahlgr5 describes ! result z foll[s3-- ,! ,agamemnon 0 v s]i\sly maltreat$1 ?\gh n to su* an ext5t z to impair h] p[] ( batt]y or eng9e4 ,%e 0 on fire sev]al times2 0 /ruck by #bdj %ot or %ells2 &1 s+ul> to say1 only lo/ #bi1 :ile h] second1 j by1 lo/ #gj m54 ,! ,albion suff]$ /ill m1 & 9 an h\r 0 t[$ out crippl$1 & on fire 9 m ?an "o place1 ) a loss ( #ha m54 ,! crews ( ! ,london & ,are?usa1 f>$ r bett]1 b ! %ips ne>ly z ill2 & !y too rema9$ 9 /ation b a little "t aft] ! ,albion4 ,! ,que5 0 driv5 (f soon aft] %e got into h] new position1 9 great dang]2 & ! ,rodney _h ! b>e satisfaction ( gett+ agr\nd & afloat aft] exp]i5c+ "s damage4 ,! value ( ! small works on ! cape & bluffs1 0 cle>ly def9$ 9 ^! results2 be+ above ! d5se cl\d ( smoke t envelop$ ! %ips & ! l[] =ts1 _! aim 0 n emb>rass$1 :ile ! seam5 labor$ "u ! difficulty ( fir+1 ) an inconv5i5t elevation1 at objects t !y saw b seldom1 & !n b dimly & briefly4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ?ree l9e-(-battle %ips & a frigate 7 driv5 (f v %ortly & 9 great p]il1 & a f\r? badly cut up2 :ile ! ,agamemnon lay oppos$ to "o ( ! heavie/ sea-=ts ) two ti]s ( casemates1 & at ! end ( five-h\rs came (f ) comp>atively little loss4 ,:atev] sup]iority ( effect ! batt]ies on ! heights may h _h 7& we h s few details ab\t ^! works t we c draw no sure conclusion f ?is m]e nak$ /atem5t ( damages receiv$ by ! vessels71 x evid5tly 0 n = want ( be+ hit (t5 en\gh 7smoke or no smoke71 t ! ,agamemnon escap$ ) s little injury4 ,%e '0 /ruck by #bdj %ot & %ells2' & x is only due to ! ineffici5cy ( ! projectiles by :i* %e 0 /ruck1 t %e 0 n de/roy$4 ,) respect to ! damages receiv$ by ,=t ,con/ant9e1 ,dahlgr5 says3-- ,! di/ance ( ! ,agamemnon & ,sansp>eil f ,=t ,con/ant9e 7#ag? ,octob]1 #ahed71 0 assum$ to be ab\t #hjj y>ds2 ,"l ,raglan /ates x to h be5 r less4 ,^! two %ips c\ld br+ to be> ab\t #hg guns1 & ! fir+ f !m probably la/$ "s f\r h\rs4 ,!re c be no d\bt t x inflict$ mu* damage1 = ! ,russian ,comm&]-9-*ief-admits x 9 8 (ficial report2 b n suffici5t to impair ! /r5g? ( ! masonry1 & f> %ort ( effect+ a brea* 9 x4 ,at ,bom>sund1 ! results 7 r diff]5t3--,?ree #cb-p\nd]s ( #db cwt4 7guns ( inf]ior weight71 7 l&$ f a %ip's sp> deck1 & plac$ 9 batt]y at #iej y>ds f ! ,nor? ,t[]--! masonry ( good quality & #f-a_/b feet ?ick4 ,9 eight h\rs1 ! wall betwe5 two embrasures 0 cut ?r\gh f top to bottom1 (f]+ a practicable brea*1 to effect :i* #dhg %ot & #de %ells 7 fir$1 be+ at ! rate ( "o r\nd f ! batt]y 9 r less ?an a m9ute2 or1 f ea* gun1 "o 9 #b-c_/d m9utes4 ,! ,t[] surr5d]$4 ,x seems almo/ incr$ible t ?ree pieces %\ld be able to accompli% fully t :i* eighty-sev5 pieces utt]ly fail$ to d1 ! di/ances f ! object be+ alike--p>ticul>ly :5 x is consid]$ t _m ( ! latt] 7 ( great] calibre1 & mo/ ( !m employ$ mu* heavi] *>ges :]e ! calibres 7 simil>4 ,! guns ( ! %ip1 if fir$ at ! same rate z ^? ( ! batt]y1 :i* 0 n unusually rapid 7"o r\nd 9 two & ?ree-f\r? m9utes71 w\ld h dis*>g$ "s sev5 ?\s& sev5 hundr$ %ot & %ells 9 ! c\rse ( ! f\r h\rs1 suppos+ no int]ruption2 a numb] :i*1 if prop]ly appli$1 w\ld appe>1 f ! results ( ?ree guns1 to h be5 suffici5t to brea* ! wall ( ! =t 9 f\rte5 places2 :]eas !y did n effect a s+le brea*1 :i* is abundant pro( ( ! lack ( accuracy4 ,!y mu/ ei!r h be5 disp]s$ ov] ! surface ( ! =t1 or else miss$ x altoge!r1 & ?is c\ld h be5 due only to a want ( ! precision :i* 0 atta9$ by ! batt]y4 ,! con/antly pref]r$ compla9t ( motion 9 ! %ips 0 n to be urg$1 because on ! day ( cannonad+ ,seba/opol1 !re 0 sc>cely a brea? ( w9d1 & ! %ips 7 too l>ge to be easily mov$ by ! swell1 unless v consid]able4 ,t ! =t did no great] damage to ! %ips ?an x receiv$ f !m1 proves no m ?an t its fire 0 q z illy direct$1 & ! calibres too l[4 ,x is said t ! ,agamemnon 0 /ruck 9 ! hull by two hundr$ & =ty %ot & %ells1 :i* mu/ h be5 b a small portion ( :at 0 fir$1 ?\gh suffici5t to be decisive1 if1 z already obs]v$1 ! calibre _h be5 heavi]4 ,"h1 !n1 a numb] ( projectiles ?r[n f ! %ips1 :i* 7 suffici5t1 _h !y be5 ?r[n f a l& batt]y1 accord+ to ! result at ,bom>sund1 to produce f\rte5 practicable brea*es1 fail$ n only to produce a s+le brea*1 b ev5 to impair ! /r5g? ( ! masonry4 ,! reason ( ?is is obvi\s4 ,t degree ( precision ( fire by :i* a brea* is effect$ by a l& batt]y is utt]ly unatta9able f a float+ /ructure1 = ! motion ( ! wat]1 ev5 9 ! calme/ days1 is q suffici5t to prev5t accuracy ( aim at an object at a di/ance1 z 9 ?is case1 ( sev5 & eight hundr$ y>ds4 ,) respect to ! action ( ! %ot & %ells ^u ! ,agamemnon1 x is to be rem>k$ t we h z yet _h no fair trial ( ! p[] ( ! fire ( mod]n %ell-guns ( l>ge calibre f l& batt]ies aga9/ %ips ( w>4 ,! ,russians _h "s ( !m 9 _! fleet1 & at ,s9ope1 ) _! %ell-guns1 !y blew up two ,turki% frigates 9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,x does n appe> t 9 ! ,crimean w> !y _h yet provid$ _! =tifications ) ! mod]n armam5ts1 = :]e %ells 7 ?r[n f _! sea-coa/ batt]ies1 !y 7 9 e in/ance ( inf]ior calibre4 ,) respect to ! naval attack ^u ,k9burn1 :i* has be5 ref]r$ to z %[+ ! importance ( float+ batt]ies z an auxili>y to %ips 9 r$uc+ h>bor def5ces1 we h no (ficial reports ( ! ,russians f :i* to d]ive accurate in=mation ( ! /r5g? ( ! works attack$4 ,dahlgr51 draw+ 8 in=mation f ! (ficial acc\nts ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* admirals1 describes ! works & _! location is foll[s3-- ,! ,b\g & ! ,dniep] issue into a l>ge bas91 =m$ p>tly by ! projection ( ! ma9 %ore1 p>tly by a long n>r[ /rip ( ,s&-bea*1 :i* cont9ues f x & takes a nor?-we/]ly direction until x passes ! promontory ( ,ot*akov1 :]e x t]m9ates1 & f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! *annel1 :]eby ! wat]s ( ! e/u>y empty into ! ,black ,sea4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! spit or extremity ( ?is tongue & ! ,po9t ( ,ot*akov1 or ! ma9 %ore opposite1 is ab\t two miles2 b ! wat] is too %oal to admit ( ! passage ( l>ge vessels ( w>1 except 9 ! n>r[ *annel t runs ne>e/ to ! spit & its nor!rn %ore4 ,"h1 !re=e1 are plac$ ! works design$ to comm& ! entrance4 ,!y are ?ree 9 numb]4 ,ne> ! extreme po9t ( ! spit is a cov]$ batt]y built ( logs1 :i* are fill$ 9 & ov]laid ) s&1--pi]c$ = eighte5 guns1 b m\nt+ only t54 ,advanc+ fur!r along ! bea* is a circul> r$\bt1 connect$ ) ! spit batt]y by a cov]$ way4 ,?is "w1 built ( /one1 & rivet$ ) turf1 is op51 & said to be ! mo/ sub/antial ( ! ?ree2 x has elev5 cannon1 & )9 is a furnace = heat+ %ot4 ,fur!r on1 & :]e ! bea* has wid5$ consid]ably1 is ,=t ,k9burn1 a squ>e ba/ion$ "w1 ext5d+ to ! sea on ! s\?1 & to ! wat]s ( ! e/u>y on ! nor?4 ,x is casemat$ 9 "p1 ?\gh b few ( ^! embrasures 7 arm$1--its *ief =ce be+ 9 ! pieces en b>bette1 & "s n9e or t5 mort>s4 ,! masonry1 ?\gh solid1 is repres5t$ by an eye-witness n to be bomb-pro(1 & s dilapidat$ by age t ! mort> 0 fall+ out f ! int]/ices1 leav+ ! /one to dis9tegrate4 ,! int]ior space 0 occupi$ by ranges ( wood5 build+s1 slightly con/ruct$ & pla/]$ ov]4 ,?is =t is said to be arm$ ) sixty pieces4 ,! ,engli% admiral /ates1 t all ?ree ( ! works m\nt$ eighty-"o guns & mort>s4 ,! calibres are n giv5 (ficially1 b /at$ 9 private lett]s to be #ah-p\nd]s & #cb-p\nd]s4 ,! above description w q ju/ify ! fur!r rem>k z to ^! works3-- ,!y 7 inf]ior 9 e respect1 & manife/ly incapable ( )/&+ any s]i\s op]ation by sea or l&4 ,! ma9 =t 0 p>ticul>ly weak 9 design1 & dilapidat$2 all ( !m 7 indiff]5tly arm$ & g>rison$4 ,s mu* = ! works4 ,z to ! "* ( ! armam5t br\ght to ! assault1 ! same au?ority says3-- ,! alli$ =ce 0 admirably adapt$ to ! op]ation1 embrac+ e description ( vessel1 f ! l>ge/ to ! smalle/1 & all propell$ by /eam4 ,!re 7 screw-l9]s1 & l vessels ( inf]ior class1 side-:eel /eam]s1 screw gunboats1 float+-batt]ies1 mort>-vessels1 etc41 ea* arm$ 9 :at 0 consid]$ ! mo/ approv$ mann]4 ,& ?is truly =midable naval =ce c>ri$ besides '"s ?\s& troops' on bo>d1 all design$ to attack ^! 'dilapidat$' works ( ,k9burn4 ,)\t go+ into ! p>ticul>s1 we simply give ,dahlgr5's acc\nt ( ! affair3-- ,! ,fr5* float+-batt]ies 7,deva/ation1 ,lave1 & ,tonnante7 /eam$ 9 to make _! fir/ essay1 an*or+ "s six or sev5 hundr$ y>ds (f ! ,s4,e4 ba/ion ( ,=t ,k9burn1 & at #i4bj op5$ fire1 support$ by ! mort>-vessels1 ( :i* six 7 ,engli%1 by ! gunboats1 five ,fr5* & six ,engli%1 & by ! /eam] ,od91 #af4 ,! heavy metal ( ! float+-batt]ies 7said to be twelve #ej-p\nd]s on ! broadside ( ea*7 soon told on ! walls ( ! =t2 & ! v]tical fire 0 s good t ! ,fr5* admiral attribut$ to x1 9 great "p1 ! spe$y surr5d] ( ! place4 ,! gunboats also made good rico*et practice1 :i* 0 notic$ to be sev]e on ! b>bette batt]ies4 ,! ,russian gunn]s1 9 n[ise daunt$ by ?is v>i$ fire1 pli$ _! guns rapidly 9 return1 direct+ _! att5tion *iefly to ! float+-batt]ies1 :i* 7 ne>e/4 ,exactly at noon1 ! admirals /eam$ 9 ) ! ,royal ,alb]t 1 #aba1 ,algi]s1 #ia1 ,agamemnon1 #ij1 & ,pr9cess ,royal1 #ij1 ) ! f\r ,fr5* l9]s 9 close ord]1 tak+ position 9 l9e1 rang+ ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e41 ab\t "o mile f ! =t1 9 tw5ty-eight feet wat]4 ,at ! same "t1 a squadron ( /eam-frigates1 "u ,re>-,admirals ,/ew>t & ,pellion1 da%$ 9 ?r\gh ! passage to ! bas91 op5+ fire on ! spit & c5tral batt]ies 9 pass+1 & an*or+ well inside ( ,=t ,ni*olaiev & ,ot*akov4 ,! attack seaw>d 0 complet$ by ! ,acre1 #ajj1 ,curaoa1 #cj1 ,tribune1 #cj1 & ,sphynx1 #f1 op5+ on ! c5tral batt]y2 :ile ! ,hannibal1 #ia1 ,dauntless1 #bd1 & ,t]rible1 #ba1 assail$ t on ! spit4 ,to ?is /orm ( %ot & %ells1 ! ,russians c\ld n reply long4 ,9 ! spit batt]y1 ! s& fall+ ?r\gh betwe5 ! logs1 displac$ by %ot & %ells1 *ok$ ! embrasures1 & block$ up ! guns4 ,9 ! =t1 ! light wood5 build+s 7 9 flames at an e>ly h\r2 !n ! walls began to crumble be=e ! balls :i* came f e qu>t]1 front1 flank1 & re>2 & z ! guns 7 disabl$ successively1 ! return became feeble1 until few 7 9 condition to be fir$1 ! c5tral r$\bt alone dis*>g+ s+le guns at long int]vals4 ,! ,russian comm&]1 h[ev]1 made no sign ( surr5d]2 b ! admirals1 see+ t 8 fire _h ceas$1 & fur!r def5ce 0 unavail+1 hoi/$ ! :ite flag at #a4ce ,p4,m41 ^u :i* ! works 7 giv5 up on honorable t]ms4 ,! g>rison consi/$ ( ab\t f\rte5 hundr$ m52 _! loss is diff]5tly /at$1--! ,fr5* admiral says eighty w\nd$1--ano!r1 =ty-?ree kill$ & "o hundr$ & f\rte5 w\nd$4 ,! ,engli% suff]$ ! lea/1 hav+ b two m5 w\nd$2 besides two kill$ & two w\nd$ 9 ! ,arr[1 by ! bur/+ ( h] two #fh-p\nd] ,lanca/] guns4 ,! sup]iority ( ! alli$ vessels 9 numb] & calibre ( ordnance 0 v decid$2 !y mu/ h _h at lea/ six hundr$ & fifty pieces 9 play1 *iefly #cb-p\nd]s1 & #h-;in* %ell guns1 ) a fair proportion ( #fh-p\nd]s & mort>s1 besides ! #ej-p\nd]s ( ! ,fr5* float+ batt]ies4 ,to :i* ! ,russians c\ld only reply ) eighty-"o cannon & mort>s1 & no guns ( heavi] calibre ?an #cb-p\nd]s1 :ile _m 7 l[]4 ,! great disp>ity 9 (f5sive p[] 0 n comp5sat$ to ! works by ! advantage ( comm&+ position1 ! ,russian =t & r$\bt be+ ^u ne>ly ! same level ) ! %ips' batt]ies1 & also v defici5t 9 prop] /r5g?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dep? ( wat] did n all[ ! l9]s to approa* ne>] ?an "o mile2 & ?us _! fire 0 by no means s int5se z x w\ld h be5 at %ort] range4 ,?is 0 ! sole occasion 9 :i* ! float+ batt]ies _h an opportunity ( prov+ _! endurance2 :i* 0 ! "q ( mo/ importance1 z no "o c\ld d\bt ! effect ( long #ej-p\nd]s1 or #fh-p\nd]s1 :5 br\ght )9 a few hundr$ y>ds ( masonry1 & able to reta9 ! /ead9ess indisp5sable to a brea*+ fire4 ,no siege op]ation _h ev] embrac$ batt]ies ( su* p[]1 = ?\gh ! ,engli% _h employ$ long #fh-p\nd]s at ,seba/opol1 yet ! di/ance f ! objects exce$$ a ?\s& y>ds2 & ! conc5tration ( fire1 s f> z any op9ion c be =m$ f ! publi%$ /atem5ts1 0 f> inf]ior to t ( ! ?irty-six #ej-p\nd]s1 9 ! broadsides ( ! ?ree batt]ies an*or$ 9 close ord]4 ,!y 7 hull$ repeat$ly by %ot2 "o ( !m 7! ,deva/ation71 x is said1 sixty-sev5 times1 )\t any o!r effect on ! /\t iron plates ?an to d9t !m1 at ! mo/1 "o & a half in*es1--/ill1 !re 7 t5 m5 kill$ & w\nd$ 9 ?is batt]y by %ot & %ell :i* ent]$ ! ports1--& ! majority ( damage to ! ,fr5* p]sonnel 7tw5ty-sev5 m57 occurr$ 9 ! ?ree float+-batt]ies4 ,major ,b>n>d1 9 comm5t+ ^u ?is affair1 says t x proves no?+1 unless x be1 t dilapidat$1 & ill-design$1 & ill-con/ruct$ works1 arm$ ) inf]ior calibres1 _c cont5d aga9/ su* an ov]:elm+ array ( =ce z 0 "h display$4 99 99 99 ,! ,=t ( ,k9burn surr5d]$1 n because x 0 brea*$--n because ! def5d]s 7 s f> dim9i%$ by _! losses z to be unable to protract ! conte/1--b simply because ! guns & gunn]s1 expos$ 9 all possible ways1 7 put hors-du-combat1 & ! calibres 7( ! guns 9 ,k9burn7 7 incapable ( do+ any great damage to ! vessels1 at ! di/ance !y 7 /ation$4 ,! guns 9 ! l[ op5 batt]ies 7 expos$ to a rico*et & v]tical fire1 to :i* latt] ! ,fr5* admiral attribut$1 9 good "p1 ! surr5d] ( ! place4 ,! build+s beh9d ! batt]ies1 built ( wood1 slightly con/ruct$ & pla/]$ ov]1 7 set on fire1 & ! heat & smoke mu/ h r5d]$ ! s]vice ( ! guns almo/ impracticable4 ,nev]!less1 out ( a g>rison ( #a1djj1 only #aeg 7 kill$ & w\nd$--a v small loss "u all ! circum/ances4 ,if ! works _h be5 well-con/ruct$ casemates1 cov]+ ! m5 f ! rico*et & v]tical fires & ! %>p%oot]s ( ! troops :o inve/$ ! l& fronts1 ! loss ( ! g>rison w\ld h be5 /ill less2 & if !y _h be5 arm$ ) heavi] projectiles1 mu* great] damage w\ld h be5 inflict$ ^u ! attack+ =ce4 ,) respect to ! use ( float+-batt]ies 9 ?is case1 ,comm&] ,dahlgr5 v judici\sly rem>ks3-- ,! use t c be made ( float+-batt]ies1 z auxili>ies 9 attack+ %ore-works1 mu/ dep5d on fur!r confirmation ( _! ass]t$ invuln]ability4 ,x may be t ! p]=mance at ,k9burn answ]$ ! expectation ( ! ,fr5* emp]or z reg>ds (f5sive p[]1 = t is a m]e "q ( ! batt]+ capacity ( ! heavie/ calibres1 :i* is und\bt$2 b ! ma9 issue1 :i* conc]ns _! endurance1 _c be settl$ by ! impact ( #cb-p\nd] %ot1 fir$ at #fjj & #gjj y>ds4 ,f> heavi] projectiles w 9 future be f\nd on all seabo>d =tifications2 & ! +5uity ( ! artill]i/ may also be ex]t$ m successfully ?an at ,k9burn4 ,/ill1 x is n to be d\bt$ t ! float+-batt]y is a =midable elem5t 9 assail+ =ts1 ev5 if its endurance falls %ort ( absolute invuln]ability2 & ! def5ce w d well to provide aga9/ its employm5t4 ,! works at ,bom>sund 7 tak5 by means ( l&-batt]ies1 :i* brea*$ ! expos$ walls ( ! t[]s & ma9 works4 ,an auxili>y fire 0 op5$ ^u ! wat] front by ! fleet1 b x produc$ v little effect4 ,b aft] ! "w _h be5 r$uc$1 an exp]im5tal fir+ 0 made by ! ,ed9burgh1 arm$ ) ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful guns 9 ! ,briti% navy4 ,9 speak+ ( ! effects ( ! siege batt]ies ^u ! walls ( ,bom>sund1 & ! exp]im5tal fire ( ! ,ed9burgh1 ,sir ,h[>d ,d\glas rem>ks3-- ,?is successful op]ation 7( ! l& batt]ies7 is v g5]ally1 b errone\sly1 /at$ to h be5 effect$ by ! fire ( ! %ips1 & x is ev5 /rongly held up z a pro( ( :at %ips c d1 & ought to attempt else:]e4 ,b ! results ( ! exp]im5tal fir+ at ! remnant ( ! =t1 :i*1 unless ! previ\s fir+ ( ! %ips dur+ ! attack 0 absolutely h>mless1 mu/ h be5 some:at damag$1 & moreov] %ak5 by ! bl[+-up ( ! contigu\s portions1 d n w>rant ?is conclusion1 ev5 %\ld ! attack+ %ips be p]mitt$1 l ! ,ed9burgh1 to take up1 quietly & coolly1 positions )9 #ejj y>ds1 & !n delib]ately comm5ce & cont9ue _! fir+1 )\t be+ fir$ at6 ,! fir+ ( ! ,ed9burgh1 at #a1jfj y>ds1 0 unsatisfactory4 #cij %ot & %ells 7 fir$1 f ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful guns 9 ! ,briti% navy 7viz41 f ! ,lanca/] gun ( #ie cwt41 ) an elongat$ %ell ( #ajj lbs42--f #fh-p\nd]s ( #ie cwt41 & #cb-p\nd]s ( #ef cwt41 solid %ot guns2--f #aj-;in* %ell guns ( #hd cwt41 ) holl[ %ot ( #hd lbs42--f #h-;in* %ell guns ( #fe & #fj cwt41 ) holl[ %ot ( #ef lbs471 & did b little injury to ! "w4 ,at #dhj y>ds1 #bej %ot1 %ells1 & holl[ %ot 7 fir$4 ,a small brea* 0 =m$ 9 ! fac+ ( ! out] wall1 ( extremely bad masonry1 & consid]able damage done to ! embrasures & o!r portions ( ! wall2 b no decisive result 0 obta9$--no practicable brea* =m$1 by :i* ! "w might be assault$1 tak51 & effectually de/roy$1 al?\gh #fdj %ot & %ells 7#dj1jjj lbs4 ( metal7 7 fir$ into ! place1 fir/ at #a1jfj1 & !n at #dhj y>ds4 ,surely1 ?is naval attack1 tak5 9 connection ) ! true facts ( ! capture ( ,k9burn1 ! abortive attempt ( ! ,briti% fleet 9 ! ,pacific ^u ! ,russian works ( ,petropauloski1 is n calculat$ to affect ! well e/abli%$ op9ion ( ! ability ( =ts to resi/ m>itime attacks4 ,few are n[ dispos$ to dispute ! g5]al sup]iority ( guns a%ore ov] guns afloat2 b "s ?9k t works ( masonry are incapable ( resi/+ ! heavy & cont9u\s fire :i* may n[ be br\ght aga9/ x by fleets & float+-batt]ies1 & w\ld !re=e ext5d ! area ( ! works & rely ma9ly ^u e>!n p>apets1 ) guns 9 b>bette4 ,?is conclusion !y =m f ! results ( ! m>itime attack on ,k9burn1 & ( ! l&-batt]ies on ,bom>sund4 ,major ,b>n>d1 9 8 valuable "w on ,! ,dang]s & ,def5ces ( ,new ,york1 draws a v diff]5t conclusion f ^! attacks1 & cont5ds t !y abundantly prove ! capability ( well-con/ruct$ /one masonry to resi/ ! fire ( %ips & float+-batt]ies1 if ! latt] are oppos$ by prop] armam5ts 9 ! =ts2 moreov]1 t !y prov$ ! sup]iority ( casemat$ =ts ov] l[ op5 batt]ies1 ) guns 9 b>bette1 9 cov]+ ! g>rison f ! effects ( a v]tical & rico*et fire4 ,unque/ionably ! masonry at ,bom>sund 0 poorly con/ruct$2 nev]!less1 ! fire ( ! %ipp+ produc$ v little effect ^u x4 ,x is also equally c]ta9 t ,k9burn ,0 tak51 n by a brea*+ fire1 b ma9ly by ! effects ( v]tical & rico*et fires4 ,) respect to our own sy/em ( sea-coa/ def5ces1 x may be rem>k$1 t1 s9ce ?is *apt] 0 writt51 ! works m5tion$ !re9 z hav+ be5 comm5c$1 h be5 gradually advanc$ t[>ds completion1 & t ! acquisition ( ,texas & ,cali=nia1 & ! settlem5t ( ,oregon & ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory1 by greatly ext5d+ our l9e ( m>itime def5ce1 h r5d]$ necess>y ! =tification ( o!r po9ts4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t :ile ! value & necessity ( ^! works are g5]ally admitt$1 & :ile ! g5]al outl9e ( ! sy/em is almo/ univ]sally approv$1 _m are ( ! op9ion t ! increas$ facilities = naval attacks1 & ! imm5se p[] ( mod]n m>itime exp$itions1 l t ^u ,seba/opol1 r5d] x necess>y to m /rongly =tify ! great naval & comm]cial ports ( ,new ,york & ,san ,francisco--"o ! key po9t ( ! ,atlantic1 & ! o!r ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,p]haps ! sy/em adopt$ by our ,bo>ds ( ,eng9e]s may be op5 to ! objection t !y h adopt$ too _m po9ts ( def5ce1 )\t giv+ suffici5t prom95ce to our great seaports1 :i* are necess>ily ! /rategic po9ts ( coa/ def5ce4 ,h[ev] ?is may h be5 at ! "t ! sy/em 0 adopt$1 !re c be no "q t ! relative /r5g? ( ! works design$ = ! diff]5t po9ts ( our coa/ does n correspond to ! pres5t relative importance ( ! places to be def5d$1 & ! relative temptations !y (f] to an enemy capable ( organiz+ ! means ( m>itime attack4 ,on ?is subject we quote f ! "w ( ,major ,b>n>d3-- ,:ile ! means ( m>itime attack h ( late ye>s assum$ a magnitude & =midabl5ess n dream$ ( :5 our def5sive sy/em 0 plann$1 & our c\ntry has s increas$ 9 population1 weal? & milit>y res\rces1 t no enemy c hope to make any impression by an invasion ( our t]ritory1--our great m>itime places l ,new ,york1 h1 on ! o!r h&1 increas$ 9 ev5 great] proportion1 9 e ?+ t c\ld make !m objects ( attack4 ,! works deem$ adequate 9 =m] ye>s = ! def5ce ( ,new ,york c\ld n1 !re=e1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be adequate at ! pres5t day4 ,! rec5t w> ( ,engl& & ,france aga9/ ,russia may illu/rate my mean+2 = x has taught u :at to expect 7 ei!r ( ^! nations to wage w> aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no invasion ( t]ritory1 no attempt at t]ritorial conque/ 0 made1 or ?\ght (2 = x 0 well =ese5 t no decisive results w\ld fl[ f su* means4 ,! w> consi/$ exclusively 9 attacks ^u m>itime places--great seaports--seats ( comm]cial & naval p[]4 ,su* places1 by _! va/ importance to ! well-be+ & prosp]ity ( a nation--by ! l>ge populations & imm5se am\nt ( weal? conc5trat$ 9 !m1 & by _! exposure to m>itime attack1 (f] !mselves at once z po9ts at :i* ! mo/ decisive results may be produc$4 ,cron/adt1 ,seba/opol1 ,sweaborg1 ,k9burn1 ,odessa1 ,k]t*1 ,petropauloski1 & o!r places ( less note1 7 9 succession or simultane\sly objects ( attack2 :ile su* z ! fir/ nam$ became1 inde$1 ! true seats ( w>4 ,ar\nd ,seba/opol assail$ & assailant ga!r$ _! res\rces1 & on ! result ( ! ardu\s /ruggle may be said to h turn$ ! issue ( ! w>4 ,_h x n be5 s decid$ !re1 ,cron/adt w\ld h be5 ! next field ( combat1--= :i*1 inde$1 ! allies _h made ! mo/ enorm\s prep>ations4 ,is x n c]ta9 t 9 future all w> ( m>itime p[]s aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w take a simil> c\rse8 ,all t]ritorial invasion be+ out ( ! "q1 x is aga9/ our great seaports & /rategic po9ts ( coa/ def5ce--su* z ,new ,york1 ,new ,orleans1 & ,san ,francisco--pre-em95tly ,new ,york1--t an enemy w conc5trate 8 ef=ts4 ,aga9/ ^! he w prep>e su* imm5se armam5ts1 --aga9/ ^! he w call into exi/5ce special ag5cies ( attack1 :i* 7unless met by an inexpugnable def5sive sy/em7 %all insure success4 ,! m]e def5se ( ! city aga9/ ord9>y fleets1 is no long] ! "q2 b ?r\gh ! def5sive works to be "h erect$1 ! nation is to measure its /r5g? aga9/ ! mo/ lavi% use ( ! res\rces ( a great m>itime p[]1 aid$ by all t mod]n sci5ce & me*anical +5uity 9 creat+ or inv5t+ means ( attack1 c br+ aga9/ !m2 9 %ort1 9 =tify+ ,new ,york1 we are really prep>+ ! battle-field on :i* ! issue ( future mom5t\s conte/s is to be decid$4 ,a few1 h[ev]1 object to ! sy/em at pres5t adopt$1 on ! gr\nd t casemat$ works d n (f] suffici5t resi/ance to %ips & float+-batt]ies1 & t e>!n works1 cov]+ a great] area1 w accompli% t object mu* m effectually1 :ile _! long] l& fronts w be m difficult ( r$uction by siege4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t e>!n batt]ies1 ) guns 9 b>bette1 c1 z a g5]al rule1 be m easily tak5 by assault1 t !y are m expos$ to v]tical & rico*et fir+1 & m expose _! gunn]s to be pick$ (f by %>p%oot]s4 ,moreov]1 !y give b a v limit$ fire ^u ! mo/ desirable po9t1 z ! entrance to a h>bor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has n be5 prov$ t masonry-casemat$ works1 :5 prop]ly con/ruct$ & prop]ly arm$1 w n effectually resi/ a naval cannonade1 :e!r f %ips or float+-batt]ies4 ,! results ( rec5t w>s1 & ( ! ,we/ ,po9t exp]im5ts by ,g5]al ,tott51 w\ld seem to prove !m abundantly capable ( do+ ?is4 ,aga9/ su* pro(s ! m]e ad capt&um ass]tion ( _! incapacity c h b little weight--c]ta9ly n en\gh to ju/ify ! ab&onm5t ( a sy/em approv$ by ! be/ milit>y au?orities ( ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 & sanction$ by long exp]i5ce4 ,major ,b>n>d1 9 speak+ ( ! capacity ( masonry casemat$ =ts to resi/ ! fire ( a ho/ile armam5t1 & ( ! propriety ( ab&on+ !m = e>!n batt]ies 9 our sy/em ( ,coa/ ,def5ces1 uses ! foll[+ =cible language3--,:5 we be> 9 m9d t ! ho/ile 'float+ batt]ies1' ( :atev] description1 w !mselves be expos$ to ! mo/ =midable projectiles t c be ?r[n f %ore batt]ies1--t :5 !y *oose to come to 'close qu>t]s1' to attempt to brea*1 _! 'embrasures' pres5t op5+s ?r\gh :i* deluges ( grape1 cani/]1 & musket balls c be p\r$ ^u ! gunn]s2 & consid] :at exp]i5ce has s f> %[n1 & reason has taught u1 ) reg>d to ! casemate1--we ne$ n be "u appreh5sion t our casemat$ works w be batt]$ d[n2 nor d\bt t !y w1 z !y did 9 ,russia1 answ] ! important purposes = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,x only rema9s to %[ ! necessity ( su* works4 ,x1 9 g5]al1 co/s mu* less to place a gun beh9d an e>!n p>apet1 ?an to build a masonry /ructure cov]$ ) bomb-pro( ar*es1 9 :i* to m\nt x4 ,all au?orities agree t an op5 b>bette batt]y 7,grivel's v =cible admission has be5 quot$71 on a l[ site1 & to :i* vessels c approa* )9 #cjj or #djj y>ds1 is utt]ly inadmissible4 ,x may safely be said1 t 9 n9e cases out ( t51 ! sites :i* furni% ! effici5t rak+ & cross fires ^u ! *annels1 are exactly ( ?is "*2 & inde$ x v (t5 happ5s t !re are no o!rs4 ,:5 su* sites are f\nd1 x r>ely happ5s t !y af=d room = suffici5t numb] ( guns 9 op5 batt]ies4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( putt+ !m ti] above ti]1 :i* involves1 ( c\rse1 ! casemat$ /ructure4 ,su* works1 furni%+ f _! l[] ti] a l[1 rak+ fire1 & 7if ( sev]al ti]s7 a plung+ fire f _! b>bettes1 (f] z favorable emplacem5ts = guns z c be contriv$1 & af=d to _! gunn]s a degree ( security q z great z c be giv5 to m5 ?us engag$4 ,on subjects :i* h a m]e speculative importance1 !re is no dang] 9 giv+ re9 to speculation2 b on ^? ( su* real & int5se practical importance z ! security aga9/ ho/ile aggression ( ! great city & port ( ,new ,york1 x is n admissible to set aside ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 or ! op9ions ( ! be/ m9ds :o h devot$ !mselves to su* subjects4 ,a means ( def5ce1 sanction$ by its be+ confid$ 9 to protect ! great ports ( ,europe--:i* has protect$ ! great ports ( ,russia aga9/ ! mo/ =midable naval armam5t t ev] float$ on ! ocean1 has a claim ^u our confid5ce :i* m]e criticism _c dim9i%2 & a claim to be adh]$ to 9 place ( all new 'sy/ems1' until "t & trial %all h necessitat$ 7n m]ely ju/ifi$7 ! *ange4 ,if1 !n1 we ref] to ! practice ( o!r nations1 to f9d :at has be5 judg$ necess>y = ! def5ce ( important ports1--to exp]i5ce1 to f9d h[ su* def5sive sy/ems h /ood ! te/ ( actual trial1--we may draw useful conclusions ) reg>d to :at is n[ requir$ to def5d ,new ,york4 ,we %all f9d at ,seba/opol--a n>r[ h>bor1 :i* ow$ its importance to its be+ ! great naval dpt ( ,russia on ! ,black ,sea--an array ( #gjj guns1 ab\t #ejj ( :i* 7 plac$ 9 five 'masonry-casemat$' works 7sev]al ( !m ( great size71 & ! rema9d] 9 op5 batt]ies4 ,^! def5sive works fulfill$ _! object1 & su/a9$ ! attack ( ! alli$ fleet1 on ! #ag? ( ,octob]1 #ahed1 )\t s5sible damage4 ,! facility ) :i* seaports are attack$ by fleets--! enorm\s prep>ations requir$--! great risks enc\nt]$ 9 l&+ a besieg+ army on ! coa/ ( a =midable enemy 7:ile1 = protection aga9/ ! =m] species ( attack1 co/ly works are necess>y1 & aga9/ ! latt]1 field works & m5 c1 9 em]g5cy1 af=d protection71 naturally caus$ ! ,russians to make ^! wat] def5ces _! fir/ object4 ,yet1 ?\gh almo/ unprotect$ on ! l& side1 ,seba/opol resi/$1 = a :ole ye>1 an attack on t qu>t]2 & illu/rat$ h[1 ) pl5ty ( m5 & mat]ial1 an en]getic & effectual l& def5ce may be improvis$1 :]e ! sea def5ce is provid$ =1 z ?or\ghly z x 0 at t place4 ,let ,cron/adt be ano!r example4 ,great z 0 ! importance ( its def5ce to ,russia1 x 0 n great]1--x 0 by no means z great1 z t ( ,new ,york to our own c\ntry4 ,?is port1 & milit>y & naval dpt1 0 def5d$ 79 its ma9 approa*7 by upw>ds ( #fjj guns1 #ejj ( :i* 7 m\nt$ 9 five 'masonry-casemat$' works2 ! rema9d] 9 an op5 b>bette batt]y1 :i* enfilad$ ! ma9 *annel4 ,?is numb] is =midable 9 itself2 yet ! same numb] m\nt$ 9 ,new ,york h>bor w\ld n af=d any?+ l su* a =midable def5ce z 0 f\nd at ,cron/adt1 ow+ to its great area1 & long l9e ( approa*1 comp>$ ) ! latt]4 ,^! works fulfill$ _! object4 ,!y protect$ ! great port & dpt ( ,cron/adt & ! capital ( ! empire f invasion4 ,= two successive ye>s did ! mighty armam5ts ( ,france & ,engl& ?reat52 b !y 7 ov]aw$ by ! fr[n+ array ( 'casemat$ ca/les' :i* pres5t$ itself1 & decl9$ ! conte/4 ,let u turn our eyes n[ to ! great naval dpt ( ,france4 ,aft] ! almo/ incr$ible exp5diture lavi%$ "h1 9 creat+ a h>bor fac+ ! %ores ( h] great rival1 ,engl&1 & an equally pr(use exp5diture 9 provid+ all t con/itutes a great naval dpt1 we may suppose t ! be/ means1 )\t reg>d to co/1 :i* ! sci5ce ( man c\ld devise1 w\ld be employ$ "h to make ?is great seat ( naval p[] secure aga9/ ! =midable means ( attack possess$ by ! great m>itime p[] mo/ likely to be ! assailant4 ,! means !re employ$ are 7s f> z reg>ds m]e h>bor def5ce7 precisely ! same 7viz41 casemat$ works 9 sev]al ti]s1 comb9$ ) op5 batt]ies :]e ! locations are favorable72 & ! application ( means is ! same z we h f\nd s successful 9 ,russia1--! same :i* con/itute ! sy/em ( h>bor def5ce ( ,new ,york4 ,capta9 ,mc,clelland1 9 8 (ficial report to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 on ! siege ( ,seba/opol1 uses language equally /rong & p]t95t3-- ,! p]man5t def5ces ( ,seba/opol aga9/ an attack by wat]1 al?\gh inf]ior 9 mat]ial & ! details ( con/ruction to our own mo/ rec5t works1 prov$ fully equal to ! purpose = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,inde$1 ! occurr5ces on ! ,pacific1 ! ,baltic1 & ! ,black ,sea1 all seem to e/abli% beyond controv]sy1 ! s\ndness ( ! view s long ent]ta9$ by all intellig5t milit>y m51 t well con/ruct$ =tifications mu/ always prove m ?an a mat* = ! /ronge/ fleet4 ,x is deem$ t a calm consid]ation ( ! ev5ts s ha/ily & imp]fectly n>rat$ 9 ! prec$+ pages mu/ lead all unprejudic$ p]sons among our c\ntrym5 to a firm conviction on two vital po9ts3 #a/4 ,t our sy/em ( p]man5t coa/ def5ces is a wise & prop] "o1 :i* ought to be complet$ & arm$ ) ! lea/ possible delay4 #b;d4 ,t m]e individual c\rage _c suffice to ov]come ! =ces t w\ld be br\ght aga9/ u1 7 we involv$ 9 an ,european w>1 b t x mu/ be r5d]$ manageable by discipl9e1 & direct$ by t consummate & me*anical skill :i* c only be acquir$ by a c\rse ( education1 in/itut$ = ! special purpose1 & by long habit4 ,9 ! day ( sail+-vessels ! successful siege ( ,seba/opol w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,x is evid5t t ! ,russians did n appreciate ! advantages af=d$ by /eam]s1 & 7 unprep>$ to su/a9 a siege4 ,?is same p[] ( /eam w\ld enable ,european nations to disemb>k ^u our %ores ev5 a l>g] =ce ?an t :i* f9ally encamp$ ar\nd ,seba/opol4 ,to resi/ su* an attack1 %\ld x ev] be made1 our cities & h>bors mu/ be =tifi$1 & ^? =tifications mu/ be provid$ ) guns1 ammunition1 & in/ruct$ artill]i/s4 ,to repel ! advance ( su* an army into ! int]ior1 x is n en\gh to tru/ to ! numb] ( brave b undiscipl9$ m5 t we c br+ to be> aga9/ x4 ,an invad+ army ( #ae1jjj or #bj1jjj m5 c\ld easily be cru%$ by ! unremitt+ attacks ( sup]ior numb]s2 b :5 x comes to ! case ( m ?an #ajj1jjj discipl9$ vet]ans1 ! v multitude br\ght to be> aga9/ !m works its own de/ruction2 because1 if )\t discipl9e & in/ruction1 !y _c be h&l$1 & are 9 _! own way4 ,we _c af=d a ,mosc[ campaign4 ,our regul> army nev] c1 &1 p]haps1 nev] ought to be1 l>ge en\gh to provide = all ! cont+5cies t may arise1 b x %\ld be z l>ge z its ord9>y avocations 9 ! def5ce ( ! fronti] w ju/ify2 ! numb] ( (fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s %\ld be unusually l>ge1 to provide = a sudd5 increase2 & ! greate/ possible c>e %\ld be be/[$ ^u ! in/ruction ( ! special arms ( ! artill]y & eng9e] troops4 ,! militia & volunte] sy/em %\ld be plac$ ^u "s tangible & effective basis2 in/ructors furni%$ !m f ! regul> army1 & all possible means tak5 to spread s\nd milit>y in=mation among !m4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( our sea-coa/ =tifications1 x w\ld be well to provide a suffici5t numb] ( volunte] companies ) ! means ( in/ruction 9 heavy artill]y1 detail+ (fic]s ( ! regul> artill]y = in/ructors4 ,on ?is subject ( in/ruct+ our volunte]s & militia 9 ! use ( sea-coa/ batt]ies1 we add ! foll[+ quotation f ,major ,b>n>d's pamphlet3-- ,"o ( ! ma9 causes ( ineffici5cy 9 coa/ batt]ies1 :i* has giv5 color to ! idea t !y may be pass$1 or ev5 attack$ ) impunity1 ,i conceive to be ! want ( skill & c>e 9 ! use ( ! guns4 ,! result is a prodigi\s smoke1 & a prodigi\s ?r[+ away ( balls1 & v little damage done4 ,?is has be51 h[ev]1 by no means a peculi>ity ( coa/ def5ces4 ,! same sy/em ( r&om fir+ has hi!rto prevail$1 bo? 9 ! use ( small arms 9 l& & ( heavy ordnance 9 sea battles2 nor has x occurr$ app>5tly to ev5 ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! art ( w>1 to ask :y1 = "o man w\nd$1 or = "o effective %ot 9 a vessel's hull1 s _m ?\s&s ( %ot %\ld be ?r[n uselessly into ! air4 ,b ?is "q is n[ ask$1 bo? 9 ! use ( ! soldi]'s rifl$ musket1 & 9 ! managem5t ( %ips' guns1 z well z ( artill]y ( all k9ds4 ,x is at la/ discov]$ t x is ( m importance to tea* ! soldi] to direct 8 piece ) accuracy ( aim1 ?an to p]=m c]ta9 motions on p>ade ) ! precision ( an automaton4 ,! same idea is n[ infus$ into all ! dep>tm5ts ( milit>y & naval sci5ce1 & is a necess>y result ( ! rec5t great improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( arms4 ,9 %ort1 ! tru? has at la/ become app>5t t ! old-fa%ion$ sy/em ( r&om fir+1 ?\gh p]haps l ! '*>ge ( ! six hundr$' at ,balaklava1 'bi5 magnifique1 n'e/ pas la gu]re4' ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t we %\ld apply ?is pr9ciple to ! managem5t ( our sea-coa/ batt]ies1 & give x a practical effect4 ,! volunte]s ( our cities w con/itute ma9ly1 9 "t ( w>1 ! gunn]s ( our =ts & manipulators ( our sea-coa/ guns4 ,9 "t ( w>1 !y w probably be ex]cis$ 9 ^! duties4 ,b x is mo/ desirable t we %\ld h at all times a body ( gunn]s1 practis$ 9 ^! ex]cises4 ,! result w\ld be1 n only to give to our citiz5s1 z well z citiz5-soldi]s1 confid5ce 9 ! def5ces provid$ = _! security1 b x w\ld dissem9ate milit>y k1 & an intellig5t idea ( ! be>+ & objects ( ! diff]5t def5sive works4 ,to c>ry out ?is idea1 x w\ld be desirable t !re %\ld be at ea* consid]able seaport t[n1 a suffici5t g>rison ( artill]y troops to aid 9 ! in/ruction ( ! volunte]s4 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( ! army ?is _c be hop$2 b p]haps x might1 at lea/1 be f\nd practicable to detail an artill]y (fic] or two = ! purpose4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,our ,,nor!rn ,,fronti] ,,def5ces4 ,! au?or has se5 no?+ s9ce ?is *apt] 0 writt5 to induce him to *ange ! views !re9 express$ ) respect to ! sup]ior /rategic importance ( ! l9e ( ,lake ,*ampla91 bo? z a l9e ( milit>y op]ations1 & z a l9e ( def5ce4 ,! mutual comm]cial int]e/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,canadas r5d] a w> betwe5 ! two c\ntries less probable ?an =m]ly2 nev]!less1 su* an ev5t is by no means impossible1 & common prud5ce %\ld induce u to prep>e 9 ! be/ possible mann] = su* a cont+5cy4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt]s ,,ix41 ,x41 ,,xi4 ,,& ,,xii4--,,army ,,organization4 ,s9ce ^! *apt]s 7 writt51 sev]al important *anges h be5 made 9 our army organization4 ,! rank ( ,lieut5ant-,g5]al 7at lea/1 by brevet7 has be5 reviv$1 ! /aff1 adm9i/rative corps1 infantry & cavalry h be5 increas$1 & a company ( eng9e] troops organiz$4 ,b ?is company is ma9ly employ$ at ,we/ ,po9t = in/ruction ( ! cadets 9 ! sev]al bran*es ( milit>y eng9e]+1 & ?us s]ves to supply a defici5cy long felt 9 ! sy/em ( education at ! ,milit>y ,academy4 ,! want1 h[ev]1 ( troops ( ?is arm = ! con/ruction1 c>e1 & pres]vation ( our p]man5t =tifications1 & = ! g5]al duties ( field eng9e]+1 /ill rema9s to be suppli$4 ,( all ! arms ( milit>y organization1 ?is "o mo/ requires in/ruction 9 "t ( peace2 x _c be suppli$ at ! mom5t a w> is decl>$4 ,9 speak+ ( our pres5t army organization1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! diff]5t ,european p[]s :i* he 0 s5t to exam9e & report ^u1 ,capta9 ,mc,clelland says3-- ,our =ce ( artill]y is l>ge 9 proportion to ! o!r arms ( s]vice1 :ile ! numb] ( our eng9e] troops is ridicul\sly & %amefully small2 x is1 !re=e1 m ?an probable t 9 any future siege x w be easy = ! artill]y to con/ruct _! own batt]ies1 :ile ! eng9e]s w be suffici5tly burd5$ by ! con/ruction ( ! o!r works ( attack2 we h n[1 at la/1 ! g]m ( an artill]y s*ool ( practice2 ,i w\ld !n sugge/1 = ! consid]ation ( ! ,secret>y1 ! propriety ( caus+ ! artill]y to con/ruct _! own batt]ies4 ,! position & armam5t ( siege batt]ies %\ld be det]m9$ by consultation betwe5 ! eng9e]s & ! artill]y1 ! =m] hav+ ! prepond]at+ voice1 9 ord] to secure ! necess>y h>mony & connection betwe5 all p>ts ( ! works ( attack4 ,?is *ange1 he says1 w require to be introduc$ into ! artill]y manual & c\rse ( in/ruction ev]y?+ 9 relation to ! prep>ation ( ! fasc9es1 gabions1 plat=ms1 & magaz9es1 ! dim5sions ( batt]ies1 mann] ( arrang+1 work+ p>ties1 etc4 ,) reg>d to ! sugge/ion ( ,capta9 ,mc,clellan1 x is suffici5t to rem>k1 t x seeks to rem$y "o evil by introduc+ ano!r equally z great & equally z objectionable4 ,! defect 9 our pres5t army organization is t "o ( its arms is too small = ! duties :i*1 f ! v nature ( milit>y s]vice1 naturally & prop]ly belong to x2 & x surely is no rem$y = ?is defect to p]man5tly transf] a "p ( ^! duties to ano!r arm4 ,z well might x be said1 if our artill]y =ce 7 ridicul\sly & %amefully small 9 proportion to ! infantry & cavalry1 t ! field batt]ies %\ld be p]man5tly transf]r$ to ^? arms1 & t light artill]y tactics %\ld be compris$ 9 our infantry & cavalry manuals4 ,!re are c]ta9 duties :i* ! milit>y exp]i5ce ( ages has %[n to prop]ly & almo/ necess>ily belong to ea* p>ticul> arm ( an army organization1 & e attempt to make "o bran* p]=m ! appropriate duties ( ano!r has inv>iably de/roy$ its effici5cy = ei!r s]vice4 ,suppose our m$ical corps 7 ridicul\sly & %amefully small 9 proportion to our pay dep>tm5t1 %all our payma/]s p]=m ! duties ( surg]y1 & be in/ruct$ 9 ! use ( ! scalpel & amputat+ in/rum5ts6 ,?is is1 p]haps1 an extreme case1 b x s]ves to illu/rate ! pr9ciple4 ,! defect ref]r$ to by ,capta9 ,mc,clelland1 & :i* has s (t5 be5 po9t$ out by our be/ milit>y m51 _c be obviat$ by any transf] or assignm5t1 :e!r tempor>y or p]man5t1 ( ! appropriate duties ( "o corps to ano!r4 ,inde$1 su* a measure w\ld only t5d to make ?is defect p]man5t1 & to conv]t a tempor>y into a la/+ evil4 ,x c readily be rem$i$ by legislative action1 b 9 no o!r way4 ,! executive action sugge/$ w\ld be deprecat$ by all4 ,moreov]1 ! evil is n[ s obvi\s & s g5]ally admitt$1 t !re c be little d\bt t ,congress w soon p]ceive ! importance ( apply+ ! only prop] & effective rem$y4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xiii4--,,p]man5t ,,=tifications4 ,al?\gh ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! plan & arrangem5t ( a p]man5t =tification1 z e/abli%$ by ! great ma/]s ( ?is bran* ( milit>y sci5ce1 rema9 ! same2 nev]!less1 ! va/ improvem5ts :i* h1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 be5 made 9 projectiles1 require "s *anges 9 ! details ( def5sive works ( ?is "*4 ,^! *anges consi/ ma9ly 9 an increas$ ?ickness ( /one & e>!n p>apets & ( ! cov]+ ( magaz9es1 9 ! arrangem5t ( embrasures1 & 9 protect+ ! g>rison f an enemy's %>p%oot]s4 ,! introduction ( heavi] siege guns1 & ( heavi] ordnance on %ips ( w>1 & especially on ^? propell$ by /eam1 require mu* l>g] ordnance 9 =ts design$ = ! def5ce ( h>bors4 ,9 ! ,russian w>1 ,sweaborg 0 made to suff] f a di/ant bomb>dm5t :i* left h] =tifications intact4 ,^! modifications 9 ! arrangem5ts & armam5ts ( =ts are absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to re/ore ! relative p[] ( def5ce aga9/ ! improvem5ts made 9 ! means ( attack4 ,!y c v easily be introduc$ )\t *ang+ ! =m or g5]al "* ( ! works1 & !y are really s v ess5tial t1 )\t !m1 a =t con/ruct$ #be or #cj ye>s ago1 & well suit$ to ! !n exi/+ /ate ( ! milit>y art1 w be likely to (f] no v consid]able resi/ance to mod]n siege batt]ies or well organiz$ m>itime attacks4 ,"s h gone mu* fur!r 9 _! e/imate ( ! effect produc$ by ! increas$ size & =ce ( milit>y projectiles1 & boldly ass]t t masonry works ( /rong relief c no long] be us$1 & t ! increas$ range ( small arms requires an entire *ange ( ! ba/ion$ front1 ) l9es m ext5d$4 ,) respect to ! effect ( ! increas$ range ( small arms1 x is v natural t a sup]ficial obs]v] %\ld adopt ! op9ion t ?is improvem5t mu/ be foll[$ by an ext5sion ( ! l9es ( a def5sive milit>y "w2 b a close /udy ( ! subject w probably lead to a diff]5t conclusion4 ,su* at lea/ is ! op9ion ( ! able/ milit>y eng9e]s ( ,europe4 ,! l9es ( ! ba/ion$ front n[ g5]ally 9 use1 7 really too long = a good def5ce ) ! arms 9 use at ! "t x 0 adopt$2 &1 9 !ory1 ! ramp>t gun 0 to be reli$ ^u = ! def5ce ( c]ta9 expos$ po9ts4 ,b ?is weapon is no long] 9 use2 its place1 h[ev]1 is bett] suppli$ by ! increas$ range ( ! musket & rifle4 ,! latt] weapon is almo/ invaluable = def5d+ ! approa*es to a p]man5t "w4 ,) respect to ! brea*+ ( /one masonry by siege batt]ies1 x has long be5 an e/abli%$ pr9ciple t all masonry expos$ to ! fire ( l& batt]ies %\ld be mask$ by e>!n works4 ,! neglect ( ?is rule caus$ ! fall ( ,bom>sund4 ,^? :o s readily draw1 f ! results ( t siege1 ! inf]5ce t ! pres5t mode ( =tify+ l& fronts mu/ be ab&on$1 exhibit _! ignorance ( milit>y eng9e]+4 ,! facts d n ju/ify _! conclusions4 ,) respect to sea fronts1 :i* c be rea*$ only by guns afloat1 ! case is v diff]5t4 ,!y are usually casemates ( masonry1 n mask$ by e>!n works4 ,:e!r ! increas$ effici5cy ( projectiles ?r[n by %ips & float+ batt]ies n[ require a resort to ?is mode ( protect+ masonry on ! wat] fronts ( =tifications1 is a "q well wor?y ( discussion4 ,?is subject has already be5 allud$ to 9 ! ,note on ,sea-coa/ ,def5ces1 & x is !re %[n t no facts h yet be5 develop$ :i* require or au?orize any *ange 9 our pres5t sy/em4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xiv4--,,field ,,eng9e]+4 ,z ,mexico _h no p]man5t =tifications to be besieg$1 ! w> 9 t c\ntry af=d$ v little practice 9 t bran* ( eng9e]+ :i* is connect$ ) ! attack & def5ce ( p]man5t works1 p>ticul>ly sapp+ & m9+4 ,! only op]ation resembl+ a siege 0 ! inve/m5t & bomb>dm5t ( ,v]a ,cruz1 & x is wor?y ( rem>k t if ,g5]al ,scott _h /orm$ t place1 weak z x 01 he mu/ h lo/ a l>ge numb] ( 8 m51 :ile f 8 tr5*es & batt]ies he r$uc$ x ) sc>cely ! sacrifice ( a s+le life4 ,nor did ei!r p>ty 9 ?is w> make mu* use ( field works 9 ! attack & def5ce ( positions4 ,nev]!less1 no "o c read ! hi/ory ( ! w> )\t appreciat+ ! important influ5ce :i* ,=t ,br[n _h ^u ,g5]al ,taylor's def5ce ( ! left bank ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,aga9 if we comp>e our loss 9 o!r ,mexican battles ) t :i* ! ,am]icans su/a9$ 9 _! attacks ^u ,mont]ey1 ,*urubusco1 ,mol9o del ,key1 & ,*apultepec1--places p>tially secur$ by field works--we %all be /ill m conv9c$ ( ! value ( tempor>y =tifications = ! def5ce ( milit>y positions1 al?\gh x 0 manife/ t ! ,mexicans nei!r knew h[ to con/ruct nor h[ to def5d !m4 ,nor 0 !re mu* practice 9 ?is w> 9 ! use ( milit>y bridges1 =1 ) ! exception ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 our armies _h no important riv]s to cross4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 omit to note ! important fact t ,g5]al ,taylor 0 unable to take advantage ( ! victories ( ,palo ,alto & ,resacade ,la ,palma to pursue & de/roy ! army ( ,ari/a1 because he _h no pontoon equipage to enable him to foll[ !m across ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,x %\ld also be rem>k$ t ev5 a v small bridge equipage w\ld h be5 ( v great use 9 cross+ o!r /reams & rav9es dur+ ! op]ations ( ?is w>4 ,"o ( our cavalry (fic]s writes3-- ,on our m>* f ,matam>as to ,victoria & ,tampico1 9 #ahdf & #ahdg1 we _h inf9ite difficulty 9 bridg+ boggy /reams 7!re be+ no suitable timb]71 & 9 cross+ rav9es ) v]tical banks2 a few ways ( ! ,birago tre/les w\ld h sav$ u _m days & a va/ am\nt ( labor4 ,9 ! op]ations 9 ! valley ( ,mexico1 our movem5ts1 *eck$ z !y s (t5 7 by impassable wet dit*es & sometimes by dry rav9es1 w\ld h be5 r5d]$ s mu* m free & rapid by ! use ( ! ,birago tre/les1 t our successes c\ld h be5 ga9$ at f> less co/1 & probably ) m rapidity ?an !y 74 ,) reg>d to milit>y reconnaissance1 ! spl5did a*ievem5ts ( ,lee & o!rs connect$ ) ! op]ations ( ,g5]al ,scott1 prov$ ! value & importance ( ?is p>ticul> bran* ( field eng9e]+4 ,b field eng9e]+1 z a bran* or arm ( ! milit>y s]vice1 receiv$ its greate/ developm5t & mo/ brilliant application 9 ! ,crimean w>1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! siege ( ,seba/opol1 & ! measures resort$ to by ,g5]al ,todtleb5 to def5d t place aga9/ ! attack ( sup]ior =ces4 ,a brief sket* ( ^! def5sive works may be ( int]e/ to ! read]3-- ,:5 ! allies rea*$ ,balaklava1 ,seba/opol 0 def5d$ on ! s\? side only by a loop-hol$ wall ab\t f\r feet & a half ?ick1 & f eighte5 to tw5ty feet high1 & a semicircul> r$\bt ) two /ories ( loop-holes1 & five guns 9 b>bette4 ,^! works w\ld h af=d$ "s protection aga9/ a c\p-de-ma9 by infantry & cavalry1 b c\ld h (f]$ no v consid]able ob/acle to a comb9$ attack ( ^! arms ) artill]y4 ,! ,russian eng9e] comm5c$ 8 op]ations = /r5g!n+ ?is position by occupy+ ! mo/ important po9ts 9 8 l9e ( def5ce ) deta*$ field works ( suffici5t relief to resi/ an assault1 & g5]ally clos$ at ! gorge4 ,^! works 7 aft]w>ds connect$ by re-ent]+ l9es ( a weak] pr(ile1 :i* s]v$ to enfilade ! rav9es & to flank ! advanc$ works4 ,! old wall 0 /r5g!n$ ) e>?1 & rifle-pits = %>p%oot]s 7 con/ruct$ at a consid]able di/ance 9 front4 ,! mo/ important po9ts ( ! ma9 l9e ( def5ce 73 #a/4 ,! ,flag-/aff ,ba/ion4 #b;d4 ,! ,c5tral ,ba/ion4 #c;d4 ,! ,malak(f4 #d?4 ,! ,r$an4 #e?4 ,! little ,r$an4 ,! comm& ( ! fir/ 0 ab\t fifte5 feet1 its dit* ?irty feet wide & f twelve to fifte5 feet deep4 ,a portion ( ! sc>p 0 provid$ ) palisades "s t5 feet high4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ,c5tral ,ba/ion 0 simil> to t ( ! ,flag-/aff1 b weak] 9 pr(ile4 ,! relief ( ! o!r works 0 /ill less4 ,! comm& ( ! ,malak(f 0 ab\t f\rte5 feet1 its dit* eighte5 feet wide & twelve feet deep4 ,! ?ickness ( p>apet 9 ^! works 0 g5]ally ab\t eighte5 feet1 & ! bombpro(s 7 cov]$ ) timb] eighte5 in*es ?ick & six feet ( e>?4 ,! loop-hol$ walls connect+ ^! works 7 cov]$ by a ramp>t & p>apet1 or entirely replac$ by a simple p>apet4 ,_m ( ! embrasures 7 revett$ ) ! common boil] iron %ips' wat]-tanks fill$ ) e>?4 ,! same mat]ial 0 sometimes us$ = trav]ses4 ,rope mantelets 7 us$ to protect ! artill]i/s at ! pieces f rifle balls & small grape4 ,great att5tion 0 giv5 to ! con/ruction ( bombpro(s to cov] ! m5 f v]tical fir+4 ,^! 7 sometimes "u ! ramp>t & ! second l9e ( def5ce 7:]e !re 0 "o71 (t5 "u special trav]ses1 or entirely "u gr\nd1 & occasionally excavat$ 9 ! solid rock4 ,"s _h fireplaces & *imneys1 & 7 well v5tilat$4 ,int]ior slopes 7 revett$ ) gabions1 cr[n$ by fasc9es & s& bags4 ,gabions 7 also employ$ to repair ! damage caus$ by ! enemy's artill]y4 ,abattis1 milit>y pits1 caltrops & spikes1 /uck ?r\gh planks1 & explosive ma*9es 7 employ$ 9 front ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! def5ces4 ,m9es 7 resort$ to 9 front ( ! ,flag-/aff ,ba/ion to ret>d ! ,fr5* approa*es4 ,!y 7 made 9 rocky soil ) crat]s f twelve to fifte5 feet deep4 ,! ,russian c\nt]-approa*es g5]ally consi/$ ( fle*es1 unit$ by a simple tr5*4 ,capta9 ,mc,clelland1 "o ( our (fic]s s5t to ! ,crimea1 f ^: valuable ,report mo/ ( ! =ego+ details are ga!r$1 adds ! foll[+ rem>ks ^u ^! works ( def5ce3-- ,f ! prec$+ ha/y & imp]fect acc\nt ( ! def5ces ( ,seba/opol1 x w appe> h[ little f\ndation !re 0 = ! g5]ally-receiv$ acc\nts ( ! /up5d\s dim5sions ( ! works1 & ( new sy/ems ( =tifications br\ght into play4 ,! pla9 tru? is1 t ^! def5ces 7 simple tempor>y =tifications ( r great] dim5sions ?an usual1 & t n a s+le new pr9ciple ( eng9e]+ 0 develop$4 ,x is true1 t !re 7 sev]al novel m9or details1 su* z ! rope mantelets1 ! use ( iron tanks1 etc41 b ! :ole m]it consi/$ 9 ! admirable adaptation ( well-kn[n pr9ciples to ! peculi> locality & circum/ances ( ! case4 ,nei!r c x be ass]t$ t ! plans ( ! v>i\s works 7 p]fect4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is no impropriety 9 believ+ t if ,todtleb5 7 call$ ^u to d ! same "w ov] aga91 he w\ld probably introduce bett] close flank+ arrangem5ts4 ,^! rem>ks are n int5d$ to1 nor c !y1 detract f ! reputation ( ! ,russian eng9e]4 ,8 labors & _! results w be h&$ d[n 9 hi/ory z ! mo/ triumphant & endur+ monum5t ( ! value ( =tifications1 & 8 "n mu/ ev] be plac$ 9 ! fir/ rank ( milit>y eng9e]s4 ,b1 9 our admiration ( ! tal5t & en]gy ( ! eng9e]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! in]t masses :i* he rais$ w\ld h be5 useless )\t ! skilful artill]y & h]oic infantry :o def5d$ !m4 ,mu* /rong] places ?an ,seba/opol h (t5 fall5 "u f> less ob/9ate & well-comb9$ attacks ?an t to :i* x 0 subject$4 ,!re c be no dang] 9 express+ ! conviction t ! siege ( ,seba/opol call$ =? ! mo/ magnific5t def5ce ( =tifications t has ev] yet occurr$4 ,we w n[ pass to ! works ( attack4 ,:5 ! allies decid$ t ! works ( ,seba/opol c\ld n be c>ri$ by a simple cannonade & assault1 b mu/ be r$uc$ by a regul> siege1 ! fir/ ?+ to be consid]$ 0 to secure ! =ces cov]+ ! siege works f lat]al sorties & ! ef=ts ( a reliev+ army4 ,! field works plann$ = ?is purpose 7 n ( any great /r5g?1 & _m ( !m 7 only und]tak5 :5 a n>r[ escape f "s imm95t dang] _h demon/rat$ _! necessity4 ,! ,fr5* l9e ( def5ce consi/$ ( eight p5tagonal r$\bts1 connect$ by an infantry p>apet4 ,! ,engli% seem$ to atta* b little importance to field works = ! def5ce ( _! position2 ! t]rible slaught] at ,ink]man 0 ! natural consequ5ce ( ?is neglect4 ,9 describ+ ! eng9e]+ op]ations ( ! allies at ?is siege4 ,capta9 ,mc,clelland says3-- ,9 reg>d to ! detail$ execution ( ! ,fr5* attacks1 little or no?+ novel is to be obs]v$4 ,ev5 :5 coolly exam9+ ! direction ( _! tr5*es1 aft] ! close ( ! siege1 x 0 v r>e t a faulty direction c\ld be detect$2 !y always af=d$ excell5t cov]1 & 7 well defilad$2 9 "s cases ! excavation ( ! d\ble direct sap 0 c>ri$ to ! dep? ( six & a half feet 9 ! solid rock6 ,! execution ( _m ( ! saps & batt]ies 0 wor?y ( a s*ool ( practice4 ,9 ! p>allels1 bombpro(s 7 provid$ z tempor>y hospitals1 (fices = ! g5]als on duty1 etc4 ,!y did n use ! sapp] armor4 ,! use ( ! sap-roll] 0 (t5 attempt$1 b x c\ld be employ$ only dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! attack ^u ! ,malak(f1 :5 ! fire ( ! ,russian artill]y 0 ne>ly ext+ui%$ by ! mort>s2 be=e t1 z soon z a sap-roll] 0 plac$ 9 position--"s ?irty guns w\ld be br\ght to be> ^u x1 ! result be+ its imm$iate de/ruction4 ,x may ju/ly be said ( ! ,fr5* approa*es1 t !y admirably c>ri$ into practice _! sy/em ( sapp+4 ,! te*nical skill & pati5t c\rage ev9c$ by _! (fic]s & m5 9 pu%+ =w>d su* excell5t approa*es1 "u a mo/ deadly fire1 is wor?y ( all comm5dation1 & is su* z might h be5 expect$ f ! antec$5ts ( _! corps ( eng9e]s4 ,) reg>d to ! ,engli%1 ! case 0 diff]5t2 x seem$ z if !y sy/ematically ab&on$ ! excell5t sy/em taught & p]fect$ ) s mu* c>e at ,*a?am4 ,:5ev] ! gr\nd 0 difficult1 _! tr5*es g5]ally ceas$ to af=d %elt]2 a %all[ excavation 9 ! rock1 & a few /ones ?r[n up 9 front1 appe>$ to be all t 0 consid]$ necess>y 9 su* cases4 ,!y 7 (t5 faulty 9 direction z well z 9 pr(ile1 be+ n unfrequ5tly badly defilad$1 or n ga9+ gr\nd en\gh & entirely too cramp$2 nor 7 !y pu%$ z close to ! ,r$an z !y ought to h be5 be=e giv+ ! assault4 ,9 too _m cases ! expression 'ttonnem5t ( ! ,fr5* w\ld seem to convey ! be/ idea ( _! op]ations4 ,_! batt]ies1 h[ev]1 7 v well con/ruct$4 ,! magaz9es1 plat=ms1 etc41 7 usually simil> to ^? adopt$ at ,*a?am1 al?\gh unnecess>y deviations 7 sometimes compla9$ (4 ,!y employ$ nei!r armor nor ! full sap1 sometimes ! half-full1 b g5]ally ! fly+-sap 7 employ$4 ,x may also be add$1 t1 at ! "t ( ! assault1 ! ,fr5* approa*es _h be5 pu%$ to ! di/ance ( ?irty-two paces ( ! c\nt]sc>p ( ! ,malak(f1 :ile ! ,engli% _h sc>cely rea*$ )9 two hundr$ & tw5ty-five y>ds ( ! dit* ( ! ,r$an4 ,?is description ( ! op]ations ( ! ,engli% at ! siege ( ,seba/opol c>ries ! pr(essional read] directly back to _! sieges 9 ! ,spani% ,p59sula4 ,x c]ta9ly is v /range t a great nation lead+ ! van ( civilization %\ld1 aft] su* exp]i5ce1 h neglect$ to provide its army ) a prop] numb] ( eng9e] (fic]s & eng9e] troops1 well in/ruct$ 9 ! peculi> & difficult duties ( t arm4 ,:at excuse c ev] be (f]$ = sub/itut+ human life = pr(essional skill 9 ! op]ations ( a siege1 :5 t skill may s readily be acquir$ 9 "t ( peace1 & is always s necess>y an elem5t ( a good milit>y organization6 ,:ile e "o admits t ! siege ( ,seba/opol prov$ ! imm5se importance ( fieldworks aga9/ l& attacks1 "s w\ld conclude f ! op]ations ( t siege t good e>!n works ( a l>ge developm5t are bett] suit$ = ! def5ce ( a l>ge city ?an p]man5t =tifications ) masonry revetm5ts1 & :i* w necess>ily h a less ext5d$ l9e ( fire & less capacity = m5 & milit>y /ores4 ,we quote ! rem>ks ( ,capta9 ,mc,clelland on ?is po9t1 & also make a %ort extract f ! rec5tly publi%$ ,j\rnal ( ! siege ( ,seba/opol by ,g5]al ,niel4 ,capta9 ,mc,clelland says3-- ,?is w\ld seem to be ! prop] place to notice a popul> fallacy1 :i*1 = a "t at lea/1 ga9$ ext5sive cr$5ce4 ,x 01 t ! siege ( ,seba/opol prov$ ! sup]iority ( tempor>y 7e>!n7 =tifications ov] ^? ( a p]man5t nature4 ,x is easy to %[ t x prov$ no?+ ( ! k9d2 b t x only prov$ t tempor>y works 9 ! h&s ( a brave & skillful g>rison are susceptible ( a long] def5ce ?an 0 g5]ally suppos$4 ,!y 7 attack$ z field works nev] 7 be=e1 & 7 def5d$ z field works nev] _h be5 def5d$4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 prop]ly con/ruct$ p]man5t =tifications 7int5d$ to resi/ a siege7 & tempor>y works1 is t ! latt] seldom pres5t an insup]able ob/acle aga9/ assault1 :ile ! =m] always d4 ,9 addition1 p]man5t works h a bett] comm& ov] ! adjac5t c\ntry1 & are m c>efully & p]fectly plann$4 ,! masonry walls1 :i* r5d] an assault impossible1 _c be se5 f ! di/ance1 & c be de/roy$ only by e/abli%+ batt]ies on ! cre/ ( ! glacis1 or ! edge ( ! dit*2 ! e>!n p>apet alone be+ visible beyond t po9t1 !y may1 until ! besieg]s arrive !re1 be reg>d$ 9 ! same light z field works1 ) ! diff]5ce t ! g>rison are n h>ass$ by ! necessity ( be+ con/antly prep>$ to repel an assault4 ,n[1 9 ! siege ( ,seba/opol1 ! tr5*es ( ! besieg]s nev] rea*$ ! edge ( ! dit*2 s t1 _h ! =tification be5 a p]man5t "o1 ! mo/ difficult1 sl[1 & dang]\s "p ( ! siege rema9$ to be und]tak51 viz41 ! cr[n+ ( ! cov]$ way1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! brea* batt]ies1 ! desc5t & passage ( ! dit*1 & ! assault ( ! brea*2 9 o!r words1 at ! mom5t :5 ! weakness ( ! tempor>y works became app>5t & fatal1 ! true /r5g? ( ! p]man5t def5ces w\ld h comm5c$ com+ into play4 ,assum+ ! progress ( ! attack to h be5 z rapid z x 0 "u exi/+ circum/ances1 ! besieg]s1 on ! #h? ( ,septemb]1 w\ld n yet h be5 9 a condition to cr[n ! cov]$ way1 ! siege w\ld c]ta9ly h ext5d$ into ! w9t]2 & x may ev5 be d\bt$ :e!r ! place w\ld ev5tually h fall51 until ! allies 7 9 suffici5t =ce to inve/ ! nor? z well z ! s\?side4 ,g5]al ,neil rem>ks3-- ,/ruck by ! l5g? ( ! siege ( ,seba/opol1 c]ta9 =eign (fic]s h express$ ! op9ion t masonry-revett$ sc>ps are n ( inconte/able utility 9 =tifi$ places4 ,seba/opol1 a va/ retr5*$ camp1 def5d$ by field =tifications ( /rong pr(ile1 d]iv$ its pr9cipal /r5g? f an armam5t su* z c\ld only exi/ 9 an ext5sive m>itime ars5al1 & f a l>ge army :i* always pres]v$ its free communications ) ! int]ior ( ,russia4 ,if ! ence9te _h be5 provid$ ) good revett$ sc>ps2 if x _h be5 necess>y to brea* ^!1 & subsequ5tly h be5 compell$ to p5etrate ?r\gh difficult passages1 9 re> ( :i* ! heads ( our columns w\ld h met an army1 ,seba/opol w\ld h be5 an impregnable =tress4 ,:5 we comp>e1 9 effect1 ! works ( attack at ,seba/opol ) ^? ( an ord9>y siege1 we w see t on ! #h? ( ,septemb]1 #ahee1 ! day ( ! la/ assault1 we _h only execut$1 aft] ! greate/ ef=t1 ! besieg+ works :i* prec$e ! cr[n+ ( ! cov]$ way2 we _h n !n1 z yet1 ent]$ ^u t p]iod ( ! works ( a siege :i* is ! mo/ difficult & ! mo/ murd]\s2 & !re 0 no occasion to engage ourselves 9 !m1 s9ce ! dit*es & p>apets ( ! ence9te 7 n insurm\ntable1 z ! sequel has prov$4 ,! difficulty consi/$ 9 conqu]+ ! ,russian army ^u a position prep>$ long be=eh& = its def5ce1 q z mu* z 9 surm\nt+ ! mat]ial ob/acle ( ! =tification4 ,our places ( arms be+ e/abli%$ at ?irty metres f ! besieg$ works1 we 7 able to *oose our own "t = action1 & to ?r[ ourselves unexpect$ly ^u ! enemy :5 ! fire ( our artill]y _h =c$ him to %elt] himself1 up to ! la/ m9ute1 beh9d 8 num]\s bl9dages2 to h gone fur!r w\ld h be5 invit+ ! initiative 9 ! attack on ! "p ( ! ,russian army4 ,! abs5ce ( sc>p walls1 :i* w\ld h secur$ ! place f escalade1 did n ex]cise a less influ5ce ^u ! def5ce2 = ! besieg$ 7 compell$ to keep p]man5tly at ! gorges ( ! works1 /rong res]ves1 9 read9ess to repulse ! assault1 :i* !y saw !mselves m5ac$ ) f ! comm5cem5t ( ! siege4 ,f9ally1 x c be rem>k$1 t ^! res]ves1 :i* 7 decimat$ night & day by ! conc5tric fire ( our batt]ies1 7 able to issue out f ! ence9te ?r\gh wide deb\*es1 )\t hav+ to pass ?r\gh ! n>r[ defiles :i* are =m$ by ! drawbridges ( revett$ places2 !y 71 !n1 a p]man5t ?reat = ! besieg]s1 :o 7 expos$ to see+ _! tr5*es unexpect$ly invad$ by ! great] "p ( ! ,russian army4 ,nei!r side1 consequ5tly1 0 9 a position analog\s to t :i* is pres5t$ 9 ! siege ( a =tifi$ place1 protect$ f insult by good masonry sc>ps4' 7,note to page #ddc47 ,& aga91 page #dbc1 ! same au?ority rem>ks3 ,n[1 x 7! ,russian army7 is no long] able to escape f ! conc5tric fires ( our batt]ies2 =1 n be+ protect$ by masonry sc>ps1 x is oblig$ con/antly to keep unit$ /rong res]ves1 9 ord] to repulse ! assault ) :i* x is at e in/ant m5ac$' ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xv4--,,milit>y ,,education1 ,c4 ,) reg>d to ! subjects discuss$ 9 ?is *apt] x w1 p]haps1 be suffici5t to rem>k t ! ,mexican w> inconte/ably prov$ ! value ( ! ,we/ ,po9t ,milit>y ,academy2 = ! sup]ior effici5cy ( prop]ly-educat$ (fic]s ov] ^? :o _h be5 appo9t$ f civil life )\t any k ( ! pr(ession !y 7 call$ ^u to practice1 fully satisfi$ ! c\ntry ( ! importance ( t in/itution1 & ev5 sil5c$ ! clamors ( ! few :o refus$ to be conv9c$4 ,! rec5t abortive attempt to give effici5cy to our navy by means ( a retir$ li/1 has1 x is fe>$1 de/roy$ = a "t all hopes ( introduc+ ?is v necess>y measure into our milit>y s]vice2 al?\gh x is v c]ta9 t )\t ?is we c nev] h our sy/em ( promotion plac$ ^u an effective & satisfactory basis1 :i* %all give effici5cy to ! army by rew>d+ m]it1 :ile x prev5ts inju/ice by clos+ ! av5ues ( political favoritism4 ,! ,mexican w> also mo/ abundantly prov$ t our objections to ! sy/em ( milit>y appo9tm5t 7 well f\nd$1 & x is hop$ t ! m rec5t abuses ( t sy/em w call public att5tion to ! necessity ( a *ange2 = if milit>y (fice cont9ue to be conf]r$ = p>tisan s]vices1 x w soon de/roy ! integrity z well z ! effici5cy ( our army4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,plates ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c4--,us$ to illu/rate ! /rategic relations ( ! armies ,a & ,b4 ,fig4 #d4--,l9e ( op]ations direct$ aga9/ ! extremity ( ! enemy's l9e ( def5ce1 z 0 done by ,napoleon 9 ! ,m>5go campaign4 ,fig4 #e4--,napoleon's plan ( campaign 9 #ahjj1 = ! army ( ! ,rh9e1 & ! army ( res]ve4 ,fig4 #f %[s ! plan adopt$ by ,napoleon 9 ! campaign ( #ahjj1 to pres]ve 8 communications4 ,fig4 #g illu/rates ! same ?+ 9 ! campaign ( #ahjf4 ,fig4 #h4--;,int]ior & c5tral l9e ( op]ations4 ,fig4 #i repres5ts a camp ( a gr& division ( an army4 ,! di/ance f ! front r[ ( t5ts to ! l9e ( camp-gu>ds %\ld be f #cej to #djj feet2 !nce to ! l9e ( po/s1 f #aej to #bjj feet2 !nce to ! l9e ( s5t9els1 f #ajj to #bjj feet4 ,9 _m cases1 ! l9e ( po/s betwe5 ! camp-gu>ds & s5t9els may be disp5s$ )4 ,! di/ance betwe5 battalions w be f #ej to #ajj feet2 & ! same betwe5 squadrons & batt]ies4 ,fig4 #aj4--;,details ( encampm5t = a battalion ( infantry4 ,! wid? ( company /reets w dep5d ^u ! /r5g? ( a company1 & w be s arrang$ t ! front ( ! camp %all n exce$ ! l5g? ( ! battalion1 :5 drawn up 9 l9e ( battle4 ,?is wid? w be f #ej to #ajj feet4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! t5ts ( ea* r[ w be #b or #c feet2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! t5ts ( "o company & ^? ( ano!r1 f #d to #f feet4 ,fig4 #aa is ! camp ( a squadron ( cavalry4 ,a s+le company encamp+ alone1 w\ld be arrang$ 9 ! same way z an entire squadron4 ,! horses are picket$ 9 two l9es p>allel to ! t5ts1 & at a di/ance f !m ( ab\t #ab feet4 ,! =age is plac$ betwe5 ! t5ts4 ,a squadron ( two companies w occupy a front ( ab\t #ahj feet4 ,! fires1 or company kit*5s1 %\ld be #ej or #fj feet 9 re> ( ! non-commission$ (fic]s' t5ts4 ,fig #ab is ! camp ( two batt]ies ( foot artill]y1 or two companies ( foot eng9e]s4 ,! plan ( encampm5t = artill]y1 z giv5 9 ! ,in/ruction ( ,u4,s4 ,field ,artill]y1 horse & foot1 may be employ$ :]e a s+le batt]y encamps by itself1 or :]e only ! skeleton ( companies is ma9ta9$2 b x w be f\nd exce$+ly inconv5i5t1 :]e a full batt]y1 ) a l>ge tra91 encamps on ! same l9e ) o!r troops4 ,! plan we h giv5 is t :i* is employ$ 9 mo/ ,european s]vices4 ,fig4 #ac4--;,9 ?is plan = m\nt$ artill]y & eng9e]s1 ! fires are s arrang$ z to expose ! ammunition z little z possible to ! sp>ks f ! kit*5s4 ,fig4 #ad4--,simple p>allel ord] ( battle4 #ae4--,p>allel ord]1 ) a cro*et on ! flank4 #af4--,p>allel ord]1 re9=c$ on a w+4 #ag4--,p>allel ord]1 re9=c$ on ! c5tre4 #ah4--,simple oblique ord]4 #ai4--,oblique ord]1 re9=c$ on ! assail+ w+4 #bj4--,p]p5dicul> ord]4 #ba4--;,concave ord]4 #bb4--;,convex ord]4 #bc4--,ord] by e*elon on a w+4 #bd4--,ord] by e*elon on ! c5tre4 #be4--;,comb9$ ord] ( attack4 #bf4--;,=mation ( infantry by two deploy$ l9es4 #bg1 #bh4--- ,arrangem5ts correspond+ to dep? ( column4 #bi4--;,=mation by squ>es4 #cj4--,mix$ =mation ( ?ree battalions4 #ca4--;,deep =mation ( heavy columns4 #cb4--;,=mation 9 columns by brigade4 #cc4--;,=mation ( two brigades ( cavalry1 by ! mix$ sy/em4 #cd4--,passage ( ! ,s\nd by ! ,briti% fleet1 9 #ahjg4 #ce4--;,attack on ,cop5hag54 #cf4--;,attack on ,algi]s4 #cg4--;,attack on ,san ,juan d',ulloa4 #ch4--;,attack on ,/4 ,jean d',acre4 #ci4--,plan ( a regul> ba/ion$ front ( a =tification4 #dj4--,section ( d4 d4 #da4--,t5aillons4 ,fig4 #db4--;,demi-t5aillons1 ) a bonnet4 #dc4--;,a horn-"w4 #dd4--;,a cr[n-"w4 #de4--;,a r$an4 #df4--;,a lunette4 #dg4--;,a mitre or prie/-cap4 #dh4--;,a ba/ion$ =t4 #di4--,v]tical section ( a field intr5*m5t4 #ej4--,simple sap4 #ea4--;,fly+ sap4 #eb4--;,full sap4 #ec4--;,crat] ( a milit>y m9e4 #ed4--,plan ( ! attack ( a regul> ba/ion$ "w4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration