,transcriber's note3 ,the ,old-,tagalog 
characters used in this book are        
represented by capital letters4         
,,doctrina ,,christiana                 
,the ,first ,book ,printed in the       
,philippines4               ,manila1    
#aeic4 ,a ,facsimile of the ,copy in    
the ,lessing ,j4 ,rosenwald ,collection4
                   ,library of          
,congress1 ,washington4                 
,with an ,introductory ,essay           
,by ,edwin ,wolf #bnd                   
,,acknowledgements   ,i want here to    
express my thanks and appreciation to   
,mr4 ,lessing ,j4 ,rosenwald1 through   
whose kindness this unique ,doctrina was
 presented to the ,library of ,congress 
and with whom the idea of this          
publication originated4 ,his interest   
and enthusiasm made possible my work1   
and his friendly advice and             
encouragement have been both valuable   
and heart-warming4  ,i also wish to     
thank others who have given me great    
assistance4 ,they are ,dr4 ,a4,s4,w4    

,rosenbach to whom ,i continually turned
 for advice1 ,dr4 ,lawrence ,c4 ,wroth  
of the ,john ,carter ,brown ,library and
 ,dr4 ,leslie ,w4 ,dunlap of the        
,library of ,congress who very kindly   
read over my manuscript and gave me the 
benefit of their suggestions and        
criticisms1 ,mr4 ,david ,c4 ,mearns and 
,miss ,elsie ,rackstraw of the ,library 
of ,congress and ,mrs4 ,ruth ,lapham    
,butler of the ,ayer ,collection of the 
,newberry ,library who so freely and    
generously made available to me the     
great collections of works on the       
,philippines in their libraries1 ,dr4   
,john ,h4 ,powell of the ,free ,library 
of ,philadelphia who helped me find     
reference books of the utmost           
importance1 and the many librarians who 
courteously answered written queries    
about early ,philippine material4       
,,edwin ,,wolf #b,,nd4       ,,doctrina 
,,christiana   ,the first book printed  
in the ,philippines has been the object 
of a hunt which has extended from       

,manila to ,berlin1 and from ,italy to  
,chile1 for four hundred and fifty      
years4 ,the patient research of         
scholars1 the scraps of evidence found  
in books and archives1 the amazingly    
accurate hypotheses of bibliographers   
who have sifted the material so         
painstakingly gathered together1 combine
 to make its history a bookish detective
 story par excellence4  ,it is easy when
 a prisoner has been arrested and       
brought to the dock to give details of  
his complexion1 height1 characteristics 
and identifying marks1 to fingerprint   
him and to photograph him1 but how      
inadequate was the description before   
his capture1 how frequently did false   
scents draw the pursuer off the right   
track6 ,it is with this in mind that we 
examine the subject of this             
investigation1 remembering that it has  
not been done before in detail4 ,and1 to
 complete the case1 the book has been   
photographed in its entirety and its    
facsimile herewith published4  ,in      

studying the ,doctrina ,christiana of   
#aeic there are four general problems   
which we shall discuss4 ,first1 we shall
 give a physical description of the     
book4 ,secondly1 we shall trace         
chronologically the bibliographical     
history of the ,doctrina1 that is1 we   
shall record the available evidence     
which shows that it was the first book  
printed in the ,philippines1 and weigh  
the testimonies which state or imply to 
the contrary4 ,thirdly1 we shall try to 
establish the authorship of the text1   
and lastly1 we shall discuss the actual 
printing4  ,it hardly needs be told why 
so few of the incunabula of the         
,philippines have survived4 ,the paper  
on which they were printed was one of   
the most destructible papers ever used  
in book production4 ,the native worms   
and insects thrived on it1 and the heat 
and dampness took their slower but      
equally certain toll4 ,add to these     
enemies the acts of providence of which 
the ,philippines have received more than

 their share--earthquake1 fire and      
flood--and the man-made devastations of 
war1 combined with the fact that there  
was no systematic attempt made in the   
,philippines to preserve in archives and
 libraries the records of the past1 and 
it can well be understood why a scant   
handful of cradle-books have been       
preserved4 ,the two fires of #afjc      
alone1 which burned the ,dominican      
convent in ,manila to the ground and    
consumed the whole of ,binondo just     
outside the walls1 must have played     
untold havoc upon the records of the    
early missionaries4 ,perhaps the only   
copies of early ,philippine books which 
exist today1 unchronided and forgotten1 
are those which were sent to ,europe in 
the #afth1 #agth and #ahth centuries1   
and may now be lying uncatalogued in    
some library there4  ,one copy of this  
,doctrina was sent to ,philip ,,ii by   
the ,governor of the ,philippines in    
#aeic2 and in #aghe a ,jesuit           
philologist1 ,hervas y ,panduro1 printed

 ,tagalog texts from a then extant copy4
 ,yet1 since that time no example is    
recorded as having been seen by         
bibliographer or historian4 ,the        
provenance of the present one is but    
imperfectly known4 ,in the spring of    
#aidf ,william ,h4 ,schab1 a ,new ,york 
dealer1 was in ,paris1 and heard through
 a friend of the existence of a #aeic   
,manila book4 ,he expressed such        
incredulity at this information that his
 friend1 feeling his integrity impugned1
 telephoned the owner then and there1   
and confirmed the unbelievable #aeic4   
,delighted and enthused1 ,schab arranged
 to meet him1 found that he was a ,paris
 bookseller and collector who           
specialized in ,pacific imprints and was
 fully aware of the importance of the   
volume1 and induced him to sell the     
precious ,doctrina4 ,he brought it back 
with him to the ,united ,states and     
offered it to ,lessing ,j4 ,rosenwald1  
who promptly purchased it and presented 
it to the ,library of ,congress4 ,where 

the book had been before it reached     
,paris we do not know4 ,perhaps it is   
the very copy sent to ,philip ,,ii1     
perhaps the copy from which ,hervas got 
his text4 ,indeed1 it may have been     
churned to the surface by the late      
,civil ,war in ,spain1 and sent from    
there to ,france4 ,in the course of     
years from similar sources may come     
other books to throw more light upon the
 only too poorly documented history of  
the establishment of printing in the    
,philippine ,islands4    ,,the          
,,physical ,,description   ,let us first
 examine the book as it appears before  
us4 ,the title-page reads3              
,doctrina ,christiana1 en               
lengua espanola ytagala1 cor            
regida por los ,religiosos de las       
ordenes ,impressa con licencia1 en      
,s4 gabriel4 de la orden de4 ,s4 ,domigo
             ,en ,manila4 #aeic   ,the  
book1 printed in ,gothic letters and    
,tagalog #a characters on paper made    
from the paper mulberry1 now browned and

 brittle with age1 consists of          
thirty-eight leaves1 comprising a       
title-page as above1 under a woodcut #b 
of ,st4 ,dominic1 with the verso        
originally blank1 but in this copy      
bearing the contemporary manuscript     
inscription1 ,tassada en dos rreales1   
signed ,juan de ,cuellar2 and           
seventy-four pages of text in ,spanish1 
,tagalog transliterated into roman      
letters1 and ,tagalog in ,tagalog       
characters4 ,the size of the volume1    
which is unbound1 is #i #a_/h by #g     
inches1 although individual leaves vary 
somewhat due to chipping4 ,some of the  
leaves have become separated from their 
complements1 but enough remain in the   
original stitching to indicate that the 
book was originally made up in four     
gatherings1 the first of twelve leaves1 
the second of ten1 the third of ten1 and
 the fourth of six4 ,although the book  
is of the size called quarto1 the method
 of printing must have been page by     
page1 so it is doubtful that each sheet 

was folded twice in the usual quarto    
manner1 but more probable that it was   
printed four pages to a sheet of paper  
approximately #i #a_/h by #ad inches1   
which was folded once4  ,the volume is  
printed throughout by the xylographic   
method1 that is to say1 each page of    
text is printed from one wood-block     
which was carved by hand4 ,along the    
inner margins of some pages are vertical
 lines which were made by the inked edge
 of the block1 and the grain of the wood
 has caused striations to appear in the 
printed portions throughout4 ,the       
unevenness of the impression indicates  
that the pages were printed in some     
primitive manner without the help of a  
conventional press4  ,the paper1 which  
is one of the distinctive features of   
most old ,oriental books1 has been      
discussed at length by ,pardo de ,tavera
 in his study of early ,philippine      
printing1 and we can do no better than  
translate the relevant passage in full3 
,i have said before that the material   

composition of our     books is         
inferior4 ,the imprints before #ahcj    
were made on a     paper called by some 
rice paper1 by others silk paper1 and   
by still others ,china paper1 according 
to their taste4 ,it     is detestable1  
brittle1 without consistency or         
resistance1     and was called rice     
paper because it was supposed to be     
made from that grain4 ,it was the only  
kind then used in the     ,philippines1 
not only for printing1 but for all      
manner of     writing1 letters1 etc41   
and it is even recorded that in #ahgd   
when tobacco was a state monopoly1      
cigarettes were made with     this      
paper1 and that the ,indians and        
,chinese preferred it     7and perhaps  
they still do7 to rag paper or other    
kinds1     because of the horrible taste
 it gives the tobacco4      ,in ,china  
they commonly made paper of bamboo1 but 
more     principally from cotton and a  
plant which travellers have cited       
only by its common name1 which they     

transcribe in various ways1     calling 
it kochu1 kotsu1 or kotzu4 ,today it is 
known     that this plant is an ulmacea 
7,broussonetia papyrifera7     from a   
mash of which they still make cloth in  
,japan4 ,cotton     paper is superior to
 it1 and naturally more expensive2 but  
the paper of inferior quality which was 
received in ,manila1     where nothing  
was imported regularly but common       
articles of low     price1 was of kotsu4
 ,as all ,chinese-made paper it was     
coated     with alum1 the finer the     
paper the thicker the coating1     for  
the purpose of whitening it and making  
the surface smooth1     a deplorable    
business1 for it made the paper very    
moisture     absorbent1 a condition     
fatal in such a humid climate as     in 
these islands4 ,moreover1 as the alum   
used is impure and     contains a large 
proportion of iron salts1 the humidity  
and     weather oxidize it which finally
 darkens the paper1 so that             
,philippine books present a coloration  

which runs the gamut     of tones from  
the color of bone to that of dark       
cinnamon4 #c   ,because the ,doctrina   
,christiana1 which may well be          
translated ,the ,teachings of           
,christianity1 contains the basic       
elements of the religion which the      
missionaries were trying to spread among
 the unbaptized in the remote regions of
 the world1 it was the most useful      
handbook they had4 ,a summary of the    
contents of the present edition shows   
the fundamental character of the work4  
,after a syllabary comes the ,pater     
,noster1 the primary and most popular   
prayer of ,christianity4 ,then follow   
the ,ave ,maria1 ,credo1 ,salve ,regina1
 ,articles of ,faith1 ,ten              
,commandments1 ,commandments of the     
,holy ,church1 ,sacraments of the ,holy 
,church1 ,seven ,mortal ,sins1 ,fourteen
 ,works of ,charity1 ,confession and    
,catechism4 ,here in a small compass is 
presented the simplest1 most easily     
learned and most essential tenets of the

 ,catholic ,church4  ,so useful was the 
,doctrina considered as a guide for     
those who had just been1 or were about  
to be1 converted that the missionary    
fathers placed it in most cases foremost
 among the books necessary to have in   
print in a strange land4 ,it is         
generally accepted today1 although no   
extant copy is known1 that the first    
book printed in ,mexico #d in #aeci was 
a ,doctrina in ,mexican and ,spanish4   
,recent research has shown that the     
second book printed by the pioneer      
,jesuit press at ,goa1 in ,india1 in    
#aeeg was ,st4 ,francis ,xavier's       
,doutrina ,christao #e in the ,malay    
language1 of which also no copy has yet 
been located4 ,but there are copies of  
the first book to come from a ,south    
,american press1 another ,doctrina #f   
printed in the native and ,spanish      
languages at ,lima in #aehd4 ,so the    
choice of this book as the first to be  
printed at ,manila follows a widespread 
precedent4  ,we have then a book1 the   

,doctrina ,christiana1 in ,spanish and  
,tagalog1 corrected by priests of more  
than one order--and this is important in
 tracing the authorship of the work--and
 printed by the xylographic method with 
license at ,manila at the ,dominican    
,church of ,san ,gabriel in #aeic4 ,so  
much we get from the title1 and in      
itself it is a fairly complete story1   
but from the date of its issue until the
 present time that very fundamental     
information has not been completely     
recorded4     ,,the ,,bibliographical   
,,history   ,in tracing our clues down  
through the years1 we find at the very  
beginning the most valuable evidence    
which has been uncovered1 short of the  
book itself4 ,from ,manila on ,june #bj1
 #aeic1 the ,governor of the            
,philippines1 ,gomez ,perez ,dasmarinas1
 wrote a letter to ,philip ,,ii of      
,spain in which he said3       ,sire1 in
 the name of ,your ,majesty1 ,i have for
 this once1     because of the existing 
great need1 granted a license for the   

printing of the ,doctrinas ,christianas1
 herewith enclosed--one     in the      
,tagalog language1 which is the native  
and best of these     islands1 and the  
other in ,chinese--from which ,i hope   
great     benefits will result in the   
conversion and instruction of the       
peoples of both nations2 and because the
 lands of the ,indies     are on a      
larger scale in everything and things   
more expensive1     ,i have set the     
price of them at four reales a piece1   
until ,your     ,majesty is pleased to  
decree in full what is to be done4 #g   
,this states unequivocally that two     
books were printed at ,manila some time 
before ,june #bj1 #aeic1 one of which   
was the ,doctrina in ,tagalog1 and the  
other the same work in ,chinese4        
,although we are chiefly concerned here 
with the former1 the fact that they were
 produced at about the same time and    
probably at the same place makes it     
necessary to trace the history of both  
in order to reconstruct the             

circumstances surrounding the production
 of the one4 ,of the ,chinese ,doctrina 
no copy has yet come to light1 and      
except for two #aeic references1 there  
are no records of its existence4        
,another document #h of #aeic verifies  
the information given in the letter of  
,dasmarinas1 differing from it only in  
one detail4 ,in the ,archives of the    
,indies was found a manuscript account  
of #aeic listing books written in the   
,philippines1 which says3       ,there  
have been printed primers and catechisms
 of the faith1     one in ,spanish and  
,tagalog1 which is the native language1 
and     the other in ,chinese1 which are
 being sent to ,your ,majesty1     the  
,tagalog priced at two reales and the   
,chinese at four1     which is hoped    
will be of great benefit4   ,the        
accounts of the printing of two         
,doctrinas contained in these documents 
confirm some of the information of the  
title and add a bit more4 ,first1 the   
letter says that the book was printed by

 permission given by the ,governor1     
which agrees with the with license of   
the title1 for this once because of the 
existing great need4 ,by a royal cedula 
#i of ,september #ba1 #aeef1 which was  
promulgated again on ,august #ad1 #aefj1
 it had been ordered that ,justices not 
consent to or permit to be printed or   
sold any book containing material       
concerning the ,indies without having   
special license sent by our ,royal      
,council of the ,indies1 and on ,may #h1
 #aehd this was implemented by the      
further order that when any grammar or  
dictionary of the language of the       
,indies be made it shall not be         
published1 or printed or used unless it 
has first been examined by the ,bishop  
and seen by the ,royal ,audiencia4 ,this
 latter portion was applied specifically
 to the ,philippines in a letter #aj    
from ,philip ,,ii to the ,audiencia of  
,manila1 also dated ,may #h1 #aehd1 to  
which further reference will be made4   
,it can be gathered from ,dasmarinas'   

implied apology that he had never before
 given such a license1 and1 since he had
 arrived in the ,philippines in #aeij1  
that no books had been printed between  
that time and the licensing of the      
,doctrinas4 ,it is1 moreover1 likely    
that if any similar books had been      
printed during the administrations of   
his predecessors he would have mentioned
 the fact as a precedent for acting     
contrary to the cedulas4  ,according to 
,dasmarinas he had priced the books at  
four reales a piece1 which followed the 
regular ,spanish procedure1 under which 
books were subject to price control4    
,the ,governor1 it will be noted1 also  
apologized for the high price he was    
forced to set1 giving general high      
prices #aa as his excuse4 ,yet1 while   
the appraisal of four reales for this   
book was high compared to the prevailing
 scale in ,spain1 it was not high       
compared to prices allowed in ,mexico4  
,on ,june #f1 #aedb the ,emperor had    
given the ,casa de ,cromberger1 the     

first printing-house in ,mexico1        
permission #ab to sell books printed    
there at seventeen maravedis a sheet1 or
 exactly one half a real4 ,if we assume 
that1 although the ,doctrina had been   
printed page by page1 it was quarto in  
size and so appraised on the basis of   
eight pages to a sheet1 we find that the
 price per sheet comes to about fourteen
 maravedis1 or less than half a real4   
,however1 a contradiction occurs between
 the letter of ,dasmarinas and this copy
 of the ,doctrina1 supported by the     
other #aeic document4 ,on the verso of  
the title1 ,juan de ,cuellar1 #ac the   
,governor's secretary and the logical   
person to sign the official valuation1  
gives the price as two reales1 and the  
#aeic account1 while agreeing with the  
letter as far as the ,chinese ,doctrina 
is concerned1 also lists the price of   
the ,tagalog ,doctrina as two reales4   
,it is impossible to say what caused the
 discrepancy2 perhaps it was a decision 
on ,dasmarinas' part to lower the cost1 

notwithstanding inflationary values1 in 
order to make the book more readily     
available for the natives who were not  
economically as well off as the         
,chinese1 or it could be that after the 
letter had been written it was noticed  
that the ,chinese volume was larger than
 the ,tagalog one1 and some adjustment  
made4 ,in any event1 the price of this  
,doctrina was finally set at two reales1
 making it less than half the price     
allowed in ,mexico fifty years before4  
,the evidence of the two #aeic documents
 would seem conclusive with regard to   
printing in #aeic1 but witnesses were   
not long in appearing who stated        
something quite different4 ,the earliest
 of these was ,pedro ,chirino1 #ad a    
,jesuit priest1 who came to the         
,philippines with ,dasmarinas in #aeij4 
,he went back to ,europe in #afjb1 and  
while there had a history of the        
,philippines printed at ,rome in #afjd4 
,in #afjf he returned to the islands1   
where he died in #afce4 ,he left        

unpublished the manuscript of another   
and more detailed history1 dated #afaj1 
which contains a most significant       
passage1 where1 after speaking of       
various early writers in native         
languages1 he continues3       ,those   
who printed first were2 ,p4 ,fr4 ,juan  
de ,villanueva of     the ,order of ,st4
 ,augustine who printed certain little  
tracts1     and ,p4 ,fr4 ,francisco de  
,san ,joseph of the ,order of ,st4      
,dominic     who printed larger things  
of more bulk4 #ae   ,concerning this    
,juan de ,villanueva #af very little    
indeed is known4 ,from what has been    
recorded it would seem that there were  
two ,augustinians of the same name who  
were in the ,philippines before #afjj4  
,the first of these was a secular priest
 who came to ,cebu about #aeff1 may have
 taken the ,augustinian habit some time 
after his arrival1 and died not long    
after #aefi4 ,the other ,juan de        
,villanueva1 the date of whose arrival  
is unknown1 was in ,lubao in #aeij1 in  

,hagonoy in #aeic1 and prior of         
,batangas from #aeif until his death in 
#aeii4 ,of the two there can be no doubt
 but that ,chirino referred to the      
second one4 ,but1 apart from ,chirino's 
note1 there is no record anywhere that  
works by him existed1 nor do the        
,augustinian chroniclers themselves1    
except for the modern ,santiago ,vela   
who knew of ,chirino's citation1 mention
 him as a linguist or a writer4 ,the    
only possibility is that between #aeic  
and #aeii ,villanueva had printed some  
small xylographic books no copies and no
 further record of which have appeared4 
,as for ,francisco de ,san ,joseph1 or  
,blancas de ,san ,jose as he is more    
frequently called1 there are other      
references to his part in the           
establishment of printing in the        
islands4 ,from information doubtless    
obtained from ,diego ,aduarte1 then in  
,spain1 ,alonso ,fernandez wrote in his 
ecclesiastical history1 printed at      
,toledo in #afaa3       ,father ,fr4    

,francisco ,blancas printed in the      
,tagalog language     and characters a  
book of ,our ,lady of the ,rosary in the
 year     #afjb1 which was the first    
book that was printed there of     that 
or any other material4 ,after this he   
printed another of     the sacraments in
 the language of the ,philippines1 in   
both     characters1 theirs and ours1   
from which the greatest results     have
 been achieved4 #ag   ,two years later  
the same author published at ,madrid an 
account #ah of the miracles performed by
 the ,rosary of the ,virgin1 in which he
 included a list of ,of some writers of 
the ,order of ,st4 ,dominic who were    
living in this year #afab1 and gave the 
same information as above1 adding only  
that the printing took place in ,bataan4
  ,diego ,aduarte1 #ai whose history of 
the ,dominican province of the          
,philippines is one of the best         
contemporary ones written1 bears out    
these statements of which he was most   
probably the source4 ,aduarte came to   

the islands in company with his close   
friend ,blancas de ,san ,jose in #aeie1 
went back to ,spain as procurator of his
 order in #afjg1 and returned to ,manila
 in #afbh1 staying in the ,orient until 
his death in #afcf4 ,his history was    
continued and edited after his death by 
a fellow ,dominican1 ,domingo ,goncalez1
 who had it printed in #afdj4           
,summarizing the life and               
accomplishments of ,blancas de ,san     
,jose1 ,aduarte wrote3       ,so he was 
sent to ,bataan1 which is near there    
,manila1     where he learned the       
language of the ,indians1 called        
,tagalog1     which is the most common  
in this country and is used among the   
,indians for many leagues around the    
city4 ,so rapid was his     study of the
 language that he began to preach in it 
within     three months1 and could teach
 it to others in six4444 ,and           
believing that he was the instrument    
needed to bring the holy     gospel to  
the ,indians1 he spared no pains to     

investigate the     fitness of their    
words1 the way to use them1 and all the 
rest     so that he could succeed in    
mastering it4444 ,he wrote many         
books of devotion for them1 and since   
there was no printing     in these      
islands1 and no one who understood it or
 who was     a journeyman printer1 he   
planned to have it done through a       
,chinaman1 a good ,christian1 who1      
seeing that the books of     ,p4 ,fr4   
,francisco were sure to be of great use1
 bestowed so     much care upon this    
undertaking that he finally succeeded1  
aided by those who told him whatever    
they knew about it1     in learning     
everything necessary to do printing2 and
 he     printed these books4 4 4 4 ,he  
,blancas de ,san ,jose printed     a    
grammar to learn the ,tagalog language1 
a memorial of the     ,christian life1 a
 book on the four last things1 another  
on the     preparation for the          
communion1 a confessionary1 another on  
the     mysteries of the ,rosary of ,our

 ,lady1 and another to teach the        
,tagalog ,indians the ,spanish language1
 and he left many very     pious and    
curious works in the language of these  
,indians4 #bj   ,blancas de ,san ,jose1 
#ba as we have noted1 came to the       
,philippines in #aeie4 ,he was at       
,abucay in ,bataan from #aeih until     
#afjb1 and then spent several years in  
and about ,manila1 preaching to the     
,indians and the ,chinese1 whose        
language he also mastered4 ,in #afad he 
set out for ,spain1 but died on the     
voyage before reaching ,mexico4 ,of the 
books which he is said to have had      
printed1 only two are known to be       
extant1 the ,arte y ,reglas de la       
,lengva ,tagala #bb and the ,librong    
,pagaaralan nang manga ,tagalog nang    
uicang ,castilla #bc 7or ,libro en qve  
aprendan los ,tagalos1 la lengua        
,castellana71 both printed at ,bataan in
 #afaj1 and until the discovery of the  
present ,doctrina and the ,ordinationes 
of #afjd the earliest surviving         

,philippine imprints known4  ,we have   
not cited here in detail the account of 
,juan ,lopez #bd in the fifth part of   
his history of the ,dominicans1 because1
 although it was printed nineteen years 
before the appearance of ,aduarte's     
work1 the information therein contained 
regarding the ,philippines was          
acknowledgedly obtained from the        
unfinished manuscript which ,aduarte had
 with him in ,spain4 ,the pertinent     
passages add nothing to ,aduarte's      
information1 and even the wording is    
reminiscent of his4  ,the first         
suggestion that early ,philippine books 
may have been printed from wood-blocks  
occurred in ,quetif and ,echard's       
bibliography of ,dominican writers      
printed at ,paris in #agai4 ,there1     
after listing eight works by ,blancas de
 ,san ,jose1 they add3       ,he        
published all these in the ,philippines 
with the help     of a ,chinese         
,christian using ,chinese blocks1 for in
 his day     ,european typographers had 

not yet arrived in those islands1       
nor did they have types for their       
language4 #be   ,this was an amazing    
suggestion1 for as far as we know the   
bibliographers who made it had not      
actually seen the books2 nor is it      
entirely true4 ,the first two works     
listed are two books we know were       
printed typographically in #afaj4 ,the  
sixth is ,de los mysterios del ,rosario 
de nuestra ,senora ,tagalice1 the book  
referred to by ,fernandez as having been
 printed in #afjb1 and generally        
accepted as being from movable type1    
although no copy has been discovered to 
prove it4 ,and yet1 it is not at all    
impossible that some time before #afjb  
,blancas de ,san ,jose had some of his  
writings printed from blocks4 ,in any   
event1 the idea1 later developed by     
,medina and ,retana1 that xylography was
 used before a real printing-press was  
established1 may have come from this not
 wholly accurate note4  ,for almost a   
hundred and fifty years no historian or 

bibliographer wrote anything to         
challenge the basic affirmations of     
,chirino1 ,fernandez and ,aduarte4 ,in  
the middle of the #ahth century1        
,lorenzo ,hervas y ,panduro1 #bf a      
,jesuit1 was forced by the expulsion of 
the ,jesuits from ,spain to seek refuge 
in the ,papal ,states1 and took up      
residence at ,cesena4 ,there he began   
work on a tremendous universal history  
of the spiritual development of man1    
into which he wove the results of his   
philosophical1 social and linguistic    
studies4 ,these last were of particular 
importance1 and ,hervas is regarded as  
the true founder of the science of      
linguistics and comparative philology4  
,in #aghe he published the eighteenth   
volume of his massive work1 the         
,origine1 formazione1 meccanismo1 ed    
armonia degl' idiomi1 in which he       
printed a ,tagalog ,ave ,maria as       
written in #aeic1 with the note3        
,the ,ave ,maria in the ,tagalog of     
#aeic is to be read in the              

,tagalog-,spanish ,doctrina ,christiana 
which was printed in     ,tagalog and   
roman characters by the ,dominican      
fathers in     their printing-house at  
,manila in the year #aeic4 #bg   ,in    
#aghg he finished his twenty-first      
volume1 ,saggio pratico1 #bh which was  
another philological study1 including   
the ,pater ,noster in over three hundred
 languages and dialects1 among them     
,tagalog1 again from the #aeic          
,doctrina4 ,here1 then1 is ample proof  
that a copy of this book was known to   
,hervas in #aghe1 and the only          
information which his loose             
transcription of the title failed to    
give was that the volume was corrected  
by members of the orders1 that it was   
printed with license1 and that it was   
printed at ,san ,gabriel4  ,at the      
beginning of the following century two  
,german scholars1 familiar with ,hervas'
 writings1 noted the #aeic ,doctrina4   
,franz ,carl ,alter1 #bi in his         
monograph on the ,tagalog language1     

printed the ,ave ,maria from the text   
which had appeared in #aghe1 and ,johann
 ,christoph ,adelung1 #cj in his        
,mithridates1 a comprehensive study of  
languages1 included the ,tagalog ,pater 
,noster from the ,saggio pratico of     
#aghg4 ,the latter also listed in a     
short bibliography of the ,tagalog      
language the ,doctrina of #aeic1 giving 
exactly the same information about it   
that ,hervas had4 ,neither of these men 
apparently saw a copy of the book1      
limiting themselves to extracts from    
,hervas1 but they perpetuated an earlier
 reference of the utmost importance4    
,shortly after the two ,germans         
published their notices of the #aeic    
,doctrina an entry appeared of a book   
printed at ,manila in #aeha4 ,jose      
,mariano ,beristain y ,sousa1 a learned 
,mexican writer1 issued in #ahai-ba a   
bibliography of ,spanish-,american      
books1 in which he listed alphabetically
 the authors1 giving a short biography  
of each and adding a list of his works4 

,under ,juan de ,quinones we find3      
',arte y ,vocabulario de la ,lengua     
,tagala1' ,imp4 en ,manila1     #aeha4  
#ca   ,no specific authority is given   
for this entry1 but in his sketch of the
 life of ,quinones ,beristain cited as  
sources1 ,juan de ,grijalva1 ,nicolas   
,antonio1 ,gaspar de ,san ,agustin1 and 
,jose ,sicardo4 ,it would seem logical  
that one of these must have mentioned   
such a work as printed in ,manila in    
#aeha1 but in tracing down the sources  
no such precise notice is found4        
,grijalva simply said that ,quinones    
concerned himself with ,tagalog and made
 a vocabulary and grammar of it4 #cb    
,antonio #cc referred to ,grijalva1 and 
carried the matter no further4 ,san     
,agustin1 describing the ,franciscan    
chapter of #aegh1 wrote3       ,it was  
determined moreover in this chapter that
 ,p4 ,fr4 ,juan     de ,quinones1 prior 
of the ,convent of ,taal in ,tagalos1   
and     ,fr4 ,diego de ,ochoa1 prior of 
,bacolor in ,pampanga1 should           

compose and fashion grammars1           
dictionaries1 and confessionaries     in
 the two languages respectively ,tagalog
 and ,pampanga in     which they had    
ventured2 which they executed very      
promptly     and well1 and these were of
 great use to those who came to         
these islands1 for they had these by    
which they could study     the          
languages4 #cd   ,later1 ,san ,agustin1 
again mentioning ,quinones1 referred to 
,grijalva1 and added as an additional   
source for his information ,tomas de    
,herrera4 ,sicardo #ce added nothing    
new4 ,herrera1 not cited directly by    
,beristain1 may however have been the   
source from which the ,imp4 of his entry
 came4 ,herrera wrote3       ,he        
,quinones was the first to have learned 
the ,tagalog     language of which he   
published a grammar and dictionary as   
an aid to the ministers of the gospel4  
,if ,beristain read this1 he may have   
been misled by the ,latin of published1 
#cf in lucem edidit1 which may indeed   

mean printed and published1 but also    
means quite properly published in the   
sense of written in manuscript and      
copied and circulated4 ,we agree with   
,schilling #cg that this latter meaning 
was the one intended4 ,one other        
statement that ,quinones' works were    
printed may derive from the same        
misunderstanding4 ,about the year #ahja 
,pedro ,bello wrote an account1 still in
 manuscript and unpublished1 of the     
writings of the ,augustinians4 ,his     
remarks on ,quinones1 first printed by  
,santiago ,vela #ch1 we believe are only
 an extension of ,herrera's in lucem    
edidit4  ,this same confusion in        
terminology has been used #ci to support
 ,beristain's claim by introducing as   
evidence the letter of ,philip ,,ii of  
,may #h1 #aehd4 ,salazar1 the ,bishop of
 ,manila1 probably shortly after the    
,synod of #aehb1 had written the ,king a
 letter1 now unfortunately lost1 in     
which he spoke of a decision to         
standardize linguistic works4 ,in answer

 to the ,bishop1 the following letter in
 the form of a royal cedula was sent3   
,to the ,president and ,judges of my    
,royal ,audiencia situated     in the   
city of ,manila in the ,philippine      
,islands4--,it has been     told me on  
behalf of ,don ,fray ,domingo de        
,salazar1 ,bishop of     that place1    
that it was agreed that no priest might 
make a     grammar or vocabulary1 and   
that if it were made it might not     be
 published before being examined and    
approved by the said     ,bishop1       
because otherwise there would result    
great differences     and disagreements 
in the doctrine2 and this having been   
seen     by my ,council of the ,indies1 
it was agreed that ,i should     order  
this my cedula which decrees that when  
any grammar or     vocabulary be made it
 shall not be published or used unless  
it has first been examined by the said  
,bishop and seen by     this ,audencia4 
#dj   ,here again the word publicado is 
brought forth to prove that the letter  

referred to printed works1 but here     
again the term is equally applicable to 
manuscript works in common use and      
generally available4  ,further evidence 
that there was no printing as early as  
#aeha is to be found in a letter #da    
from ,juan de ,plasencia1 a ,tagalist of
 great renown1 to the ,king1 dated from 
,manila1 ,june #ah1 #aehe1 in which he  
reported on the state of missionary work
 in ,china and ,japan1 and added that he
 had written a grammar and a declaration
 of the whole ,doctrina in the most     
common language of the ,philippines1 and
 that he was then making a dictionary1  
concluding by asking the ,king to send  
decrees ordering those works to be      
printed in ,mexico at the expense of the
 ,exchequer4 ,is it likely that         
,plasencia would have so written if an  
,arte y ,vocabulario had been printed   
four years earlier8 ,furthermore1 ,san  
,antonio1 recording the book on the     
customs and rites of the ,indians       
written by ,plasencia at the request of 

the ,governor ,santiago de ,vera1 and   
dated ,october #bd1 #aehi1 said that it 
was not printed because printing houses 
had not yet come to this country4 #db   
,we then conclude with regard to        
,beristain's entry1 that although there 
existed in manuscript an ,arte y        
,vocabuldrio ,tagalo by ,juan de        
,quinones1 there is no evidence of the  
existence of any book printed for him   
from wood-blocks or in type4 ,santiago  
de ,vela #dc suggests the possibility   
that there might have been a xylographic
 ,arte of #aeha1 but ,schilling #dd     
questions this in the face of the       
complete lack of reference to such a    
printed work by any #agth or #ahth      
century writer1 and the tenuous notices 
of ,bello and ,beristain2 yet to say    
categorically that no such work was     
printed would be foolhardy in the face  
of the scanty early records and the     
appearance of this ,doctrina1 a single  
copy of which has just been discovered4 
,the first important work devoted solely

 to the early history of the ,philippine
 press was by ,t4,h4 ,pardo de ,tavera1 
who in #ahic published his study of     
printing and engraving in the           
,philippines4 ,he there recorded a #aeic
 ,doctrina1 but adamantly refused to    
accept it on the hearsay evidence of    
others4 ,his account is valuable because
 it shows that there may have been a    
copy of the ,doctrina in ,java in #ahhe1
 and so we quote from it at some length3
       ,a learned ,dutch orientalist1   
,dr4 ,j4 ,brandes1 wrote me in #ahhe    
from ,bali-,boeleleng 7,java7 telling me
 that in #aeic at ,manila     there was 
printed a ,doctrina ,christiana in      
,spanish-,tagalog1     with the proper  
characters for the latter language4     
,other     orientalists1 at the last    
,congress in ,london in #ahia1 gave     
me the same information4 ,nonetheless1  
no one told me where     he had read    
such a thing1 nor much less that he had 
managed     to see such a book1 although
 inspecting a rare book which     ,i    

acquired in ,paris 7,alter1 ,ueber die  
tagalische sprache1     ,vienna1 #ahjc71
 ,i saw that the author cited such a    
,doctrina     ,christiana and said that 
he knew of its existence through ,abbe  
,hervas4 ,this is an error1 and without 
doubt such a ,doctrina was     in       
manuscript1 because in #aeia he should  
have said #aeic there     was no press  
in ,manila nor in any part of the       
archipelago1     and today we know for  
certain and positively that the first   
book issued there appeared in #afaj4 #de
   ,pardo de ,tavera was the first to   
call attention to ,alter1 and through   
him to ,hervas1 and in all probability  
the orientalists at the ,london         
,congress had seen the ,doctrina cited  
by one of these or ,adelung4 ,but he    
rejects that evidence in no uncertain   
terms4 ,mitigating somewhat his         
assurance1 he speaks following the      
above-quoted passage of printing in     
,china1 and differentiates between      
xylographic and typographic printing1   

and since he was obviously thinking in  
terms of printing on a press with       
movable type his conclusions are not too
 extreme4  ,in #ahif appeared ,jose     
,toribio ,medina's ,la ,imprenta en     
,manila1 which was up to then the best1 
most complete and most scholarly work on
 early ,philippine printing1 and is     
today with its subsequent additions and 
corrections the standard bibliography of
 the subject4 ,there ,medina cited most 
of the authorities we have already      
quoted1 the letter of ,dasmarinas1      
,fernandez' ,historia eclesiastica1     
,aduarte1 ,adelung1 ,beristain and      
,pardo de ,tavera4 ,then1 basing his    
conclusions strongly on the ,dasmarinas 
letter and the note of ,adelung1 he     
listed #df as number one in his         
bibliography the ,doctrina of #aeic in  
,spanish and ,tagalog1 and as number two
 the ,doctrina in ,spanish and ,chinese 
of the same year4 ,this is a verdict    
which has stood the test of time1 and   
one that is just now confirmed by the   

discovery of the book itself4 ,two      
points1 however1 in his survey should be
 noted4 ,in his discussion of the       
printing and the authorship ,medina does
 not emphasize the ,dominican origin of 
the book1 although he does say that it  
does not appear bold to us to suppose   
that the imprint of these ,doctrinas    
ought to be the ,hospital of ,san       
,gabriel in this village ,binondo1 #dg  
and faithfully copies ,adelung's imprint
 notice1 in the ,dominican              
printing-house1 in his listing of the   
book4 ,the other point is that he says  
in his introduction and repeats in his  
entry that the ,doctrina had a ,latin as
 well as ,spanish and ,tagalog texts1 an
 erroneous translation of ,adelung's mit
 lateinische und tagalische ,schrift4   
,he was hesitant as are all             
bibliographers1 who must perforce record
 the probable existence of a book a copy
 of which they have never seen1 in      
committing himself as to whether it was 
printed from blocks or from type or by a

 combination of the two methods4  ,more 
positive and more succinct than ,medina 
was ,t4,e4 ,retana whose earlier        
researches #dh into the history of the  
,philippines ,medina acknowledgedly made
 use of1 and who in #ahig published his 
,la ,imprenta en ,filipinas1 ,adiciones 
y ,observaciones a ,la ,imprenta en     
,manila4 ,he took the material of       
,medina1 added the evidence of ,chirino 
and ,plasencia1 and resummarized the    
problem4 ,the letter of ,dasmarinas     
showed conclusively that a ,doctrina was
 printed in #aeic4 ,chirino said that   
the first two whose works were printed  
were ,juan de ,villanueva and ,blancas  
de ,san ,jose4 ,fernandez stated        
positively that the first book printed  
in the ,philippines was the book of ,our
 ,lady of the ,rosary by ,blancas de    
,san ,jose printed at ,bataan in #afjb4 
,aduarte supported this without         
mentioning a title1 place or date of    
printing4 ,if we are to accept all these
 statements as incontrovertible1 how can

 the apparent contradictions be         
reconciled8 ,the answer had already been
 hinted at1 but ,retana solved the      
problem with amazing acumen1 and arrived
 at four conclusions1 which are here    
printed in his own words3               
,a--,that the ,doctrinas of #aeic1      
though printed at ,manila1 were     not 
executed in type1 but by the so-called  
xylographic method2      ,b--,that the  
initiative for the establishment of     
typography     is owed to ,p4 ,fr4      
,francisco ,blancas de ,san ,jose2      
,c--,that the first typographer was the 
,chinese ,christian     ,juan de ,vera  
at the instigation of the said ,father  
,san ,jose2      ,d--,that the first    
typographical printing of this          
,dominican     author is of the year    
#afjb4 #di   ,it is not difficult to say
 with the book itself in front of us1   
that it is an example of xylographic    
printing1 but it was a great feat on the
 part of ,retana1 who had never seen a  
copy1 to resolve apparently             

irreconcilable differences of opinion on
 the part of several unquestioned       
authorities by deducing that it was all 
a matter of semantics--what did printing
 mean8 ,as for the sprite of #aeha      
introduced by ,beristain1 ,retana       
dismissed it on the grounds of          
insufficient evidence4 ,in a word1 he   
concluded that the first book issued in 
the ,philippines was a ,doctrina printed
 from wood-blocks in #aeic4  ,all       
subsequent writers on the subject have  
derived their information from the      
sources we have already mentioned1 and  
to a great degree have been influenced  
by the findings of ,medina and ,retana4 
,the ,rev4 ,thomas ,cooke ,middleton #ej
 in #aijj confessed that he did not know
 what the first book printed was4 ,pardo
 de ,tavera maintained his old          
intransigence1 when in the introduction 
to his bibliography for the ,library of 
,congress in #aijc he wrote that        
,medina's affirmation that printing took
 place in #aeic loses all validity in   

the face of the categorical statement of
 ,f4 ,alonso ,fernandez4 #ea ,medina did
 not comment further in his ,adiciones y
 ,ampliaciones #eb of #aijd1 yet when   
the same year ,perez and ,gueemes #ec   
published their additions to and        
continuation of ,medina1 bringing his   
bibliography down to #ahej1 they        
resurrected the #aeha ,arte1 but added  
no new evidence to prove their case4    
,blair and ,robertson1 in their         
tremendous1 collective history of the   
,philippines1 did not include a list of 
,philippine imprints in their           
bibliography1 #ed but referred readers  
to ,medina and ,retana with whom they   
agreed4 ,to celebrate the three         
hundredth anniversary of typographical  
printing in the ,philippines ,artigas y 
,cuerva #ee wrote a study which         
emphasized the part played by ,blancas  
de ,san ,jose1 but did not deny the     
existence of the #aeic ,doctrina4       
,retana #ef in #aiaa brought his work on
 the subject up to date1 but retained   

all his major conclusions4 ,in ,palau's 
standard bibliography of ,spanish books 
we find the ,doctrinas called the two   
earliest books known to have been       
printed in ,manila4 #eg ,finally1 the   
most thorough recent work on the subject
 is to be found in ,schilling's #eh     
survey of the early history of the      
,philippine press published in #aicg4   
,there is little that can be added to   
the evidence uncovered by these modern  
writers1 but the appearance of the book 
itself enables us to say with certainty 
some things which they were able only to
 surmise4 ,however1 as regards the      
authorship and the circumstances and    
place of printing we are able1 from the 
information given on the title1 to carry
 the investigation somewhat further4    
,,the ,,authorship ,,of ,,the ,,text    
,the title tells us that the book was   
corrected by the priests of more than   
one order1 and since it was printed by  
the ,dominicans1 we can assume that the 
ultimate responsibility for the         

preparation of the text in consultation 
with friars of other orders also lay in 
their hands4 ,our problem then is to    
discover what texts were available to   
them in #aeic and who were the priests  
who formed the editorial board4 ,we have
 included in this study also the origins
 of the ,chinese text1 for the two      
,doctrinas appeared at the same time1   
and as we shall see the same ,dominicans
 were probably responsible for the      
production and preparation of both the  
,tagalog and the ,chinese texts4 ,during
 the period under discussion there were 
priests of four orders active in the    
islands1 and so we shall speak in turn  
of the ,augustinian1 ,franciscan1       
,jesuit and ,dominican fathers who might
 have written or worked on the          
,doctrinas printed in #aeic4    ,,the   
,,augustinians   ,the first priests to  
come to the ,philippines were six       
,augustinians who accompanied ,legazpi  
on the expedition which in #aefe        
established the first permanent         

,european settlement in the islands4    
,among them was ,martin de ,rada1 who   
was one of the most important and       
influential priests during the early    
days of the ,spanish colony1 and who was
 the first linguist of note to work in  
the ,philippines4 ,the first language he
 learned was ,visayan1 #ei native to the
 island of ,cebu where the ,spaniards   
first landed1 but he also learned       
,chinese4 ,in ,may #aegb he was elected 
provincial of his order1 and in ,june   
#aege he went with ,jeronimo ,marin1 as 
ambassador to ,china1 being the first   
,spaniard who entered into that said    
kingdom4 #fj ,in preparation for the    
voyage1 we are told by ,gonzalez de     
,mendoza1 whose famous and popular      
history of ,china first printed in #aehe
 derives in a great measure from        
information brought back by ,rada1 that 
,rada began with great care  studie to  
learne that language ,chinese1 the which
 he learned in few daies3  did make     
thereof a dictionarie4 #fa ,rada was    

then not only the first to write in     
,visayan1 but also the first to compile 
a ,chinese dictionary1 and more         
important still brought back with him to
 ,manila from ,china many books of which
 ,mendoza gives a list4 #fb ,these      
books1 printed in the usual ,chinese    
method from wood-blocks1 could have     
provided models for the ,spaniards in   
the ,philippines who lacked ,european   
facilities for printing1 and they may   
have given birth to the idea which      
resulted in the xylographic ,doctrinas4 
,within the first few years several more
 ,augustinian fathers #fc arrived whose 
linguistic accomplishments are briefly  
noted by the historians1 but while these
 men were certainly pioneers in the     
speaking of ,tagalog and ,chinese1 they 
are not recorded as having written in   
the language4 ,according to ,cano1 #fd  
the first ,tagalog grammar was written  
by ,agustin de ,alburquerque1 and       
,retana #fe considered him one of the   
possible authors of the present         

,doctrina4 ,this friar reached the      
,philippines in #aega1 accompanied ,rada
 on his second expedition to ,china in  
#aegf1 was elected provincial in #aegh1 
and died in #aehj4 ,however1 there is no
 early record saying that ,alburquerque 
wrote any linguistic work4 ,the         
statement was not made until the #aith  
century1 and in contradiction ,juan de  
,medina1 who wrote in #afcj1 said that  
,juan de ,quinones made a grammar and   
lexicon of the ,tagal language1 which   
was the first to make a start in the    
rules of its mode of speech4 #ff        
,furthermore1 in the official acts #fg  
of the ,augustinian province we find    
that on ,august #bj1 #aegh ,alburquerque
 as provincial of the order commissioned
 ,quinones to write a grammar1          
dictionary and confessionary in the     
,tagalog language4 ,the conclusions of  
,santiago de ,vela #fh are that it is   
doubtful that ,alburquerque wrote any   
linguistic works1 and if he did they    
were liable to have been rough          

preliminary studies #fi upon which the  
texts of ,quinones were based4 ,in view 
of the lack of positive contemporary    
evidence #gj we believe that            
,alburquerque may be eliminated except  
as the instigator of such works1 and we 
return again to ,juan de ,quinones4  ,in
 so far as ,quinones #ga was the author 
of a grammar and dictionary claimed to  
have been printed at ,manila in #aeha1  
we have shown what various writers have 
said1 and though we must conclude that  
the work was probably not printed1 it is
 certain that he wrote in the ,tagalog  
language4 ,agustin ,maria de ,castro #gb
 said1 although no earlier writers      
support it1 that ,quinones actually     
presented a grammar1 dictionary and     
,doctrina in ,tagalog at the ,synod of  
#aehb for its approval4 ,our total      
information about this ,augustinian     
linguist boils down to these essentials3
 that he did write a grammar and        
dictionary of ,tagalog about #aegh-ha1  
which may have been the earliest written

 in the ,philippines2 that he may have  
presented these and a ,doctrina at the  
,synod of #aehb which approved ,juan de 
,plasencia's works2 that there is no    
concrete evidence that any of these     
works were printed2 and that ,quinones' 
works which were extant in manuscript in
 #aeic might have been consulted in the 
preparation of the present ,doctrina4   
,another member of the ,order of ,st4   
,augustine who might have been able to  
participate in the editing of the #aeic 
,doctrinas was ,diego ,munoz4 ,munoz    
came to the islands in #aegh1 and died  
in #aeid4 ,of him ,san ,agustin writes3 
,moreover in this year #aeha the        
ministry for the ,sangleys     was      
founded in the convent of ,tondo1 and   
,p4 ,fr4 ,diego ,munoz     was named as 
its special minister4 ,he devoted       
particular     zeal to the study of the 
,chinese language1 and preached in      
it with much elegance4 ,and all the     
,sangleys who were going     to be      
baptized1 and there were many1 had      

recourse to this     ministry1 and the  
teaching was continued with much        
vigilance     and care4 ,and there never
 lacked a religious of our order     to 
apply himself to such holy work1 from   
the time we came to     this land1 as   
our original records of the province    
prove4 #gc   ,to him is also attributed 
#gd a volume of manuscript panegyric    
sermons in ,tagalog1 and because of this
 and his work at ,tondo he may have been
 consulted by the ,dominicans4 ,we also 
mention ,lorenzo de ,leon1 #ge who      
arrived in #aehb1 spent twelve years in 
the provinces1 wrote a book called the  
,estrella del mar in ,tagalog1 and died 
in #afbc1 and might also have helped4   
,,the ,,franciscans   ,although the     
first ,franciscans did not arrive in the
 ,philippines until ,june #bd1 #aegg1   
the writings of the linguists of that   
order are more fully recorded4 ,among   
the earliest was ,juan de ,plasencia    
who1 the ,franciscans claim1 wrote the  
first ,tagalog grammar4 ,he was         

fortunate in meeting soon after his     
arrival ,miguel de ,talavera1 #gf who   
had come with his parents on the        
expedition of ,legazpi4 ,miguel1 then   
quite young1 became in a manner of      
speaking the disciple of ,plasencia1 and
 while the father taught him ,latin1 he 
in turn taught ,plasencia the elements  
of ,tagalog which he had picked up4 ,for
 two years ,plasencia ministered in the 
provinces of ,tayabas1 ,laguna1 and     
,bulacan where he used and perfected his
 knowledge of the native language4 ,on  
,may #bj1 #aegi1 when the provincial    
,pedro de ,alfaro left for ,china1 he   
named ,plasencia acting provincial      
during his absence4 ,a reference to the 
earliest linguistic writings of the     
,franciscans occurs in an account by    
,santa ,ines of the chapter meeting held
 in the ,convent of ,los ,angeles in    
,july #aehj1 which was presided over by 
,plasencia3       ,the third and last   
thing that was determined in this       
chapter     was that a grammar and      

dictionary of the ,tagalog language     
should be made and a translation of the 
,doctrina ,christiana     completed4    
,and since ,fr4 ,juan de ,plasencia1 the
 president of     this same chapter1    
excelled all in the language1 he was    
given     this responsibility1 and he   
accepted it1 and immediately set to     
work4 ,and then after great study1 much 
lack of sleep and care1     together    
with fervent prayers and other spiritual
 duties1     of not little importance in
 the good profit of such work1     he   
reduced the language to a grammar1 made 
a catechism1     a very full dictionary1
 and various translations4 #gg   ,but   
the most important record of his        
writings is contained in the description
 of the ,synod called by ,bishop        
,salazar in #aehb4 ,in ,march1 #aeha1   
,domingo de ,salazar1 the first ,bishop 
of ,manila and the ,philippines1 had    
arrived4 ,the problems which faced him  
were manifold1 particularly those of    
ecclesiastical jurisdiction1 the        

treatment of the natives by government  
administrators1 and the means by which  
the gospel could best be spread4 ,a     
synod was called to resolve these       
points4 ,one matter of the utmost       
importance was the approval of standard 
,tagalog texts1 and ,juan de la         
,concepcion gives the following account 
of what transpired in this connection3  
,his excellency presided at the         
meetings4 ,at them the most     learned 
topics were discussed and the most      
learned persons     were present--the   
,dominican father ,salvatierra1 the most
     outstanding scholars among the     
,augustinians and ,franciscans1     the 
,jesuit fathers ,sedeno and ,sanchez1   
and the ,licentiate     ,don ,diego     
,vasquez de ,mercado as dean of the new 
cathedral4 ,at     this convention or   
diocesan synod it was discussed whether 
the     ,indians were to be ministered  
to in their native language1 or     if  
they would be obliged to learn ,spanish1
 and it was decided     to instruct them

 in their native tongue4 ,the divine    
office1     the ,doctrina ,christiana1  
which ,father ,fr4 ,juan de ,plasencia  
had translated into the ,tagalog        
language1 was approved4 ,his     work1  
the ,arte y ,vocabuldrio ,tagalo1 was   
judged most useful     because of the   
ease by which it permitted an           
understanding     and thorough knowledge
 of so foreign a language4 #gh   ,the   
already quoted account of ,santa ,ines  
continues with a similar description of 
the ,synod1 and says that when the      
problem of teaching the natives was     
brought up only ,plasencia could resolve
 it4       ,since1 having seen his      
catechism and the translation which he  
had made in ,tagalog of the grammar and 
dictionary1 those who     were at the   
,synod and understood anything of the   
language could     do nothing but admire
 the fitness of the terms1 their        
efficacy     and strength4 ,and they    
said that1 without the particular       
help of heaven1 it seemed impossible    

that in so short a time     and with so 
few years in the country he could have  
done such     excellent work4 ,and then1
 having approved them1 they ordered     
that various copies be made1            
particularly of the translation     of  
the ,doctrina1 so that with them and    
with no other would     the ministers   
teach the ,indians1 and so it was       
approved1     in order that there might 
be uniformity in all parts of the       
,tagalog country4 ,this translation is  
that which has come down     to this    
day1 except that it is more polished4   
#gi   ,it must have been shortly after  
the handbooks of ,plasencia received the
 seal of ecclesiastical approval that   
,salazar wrote the ,king speaking of the
 action taken1 and got back in answer   
the cedula1 quoted before1 giving the   
,bishop and ,audiencia the right of     
censorship over such works4 ,the        
question of chronological precedence #hj
 between ,quinones and ,plasencia is not
 important1 for the specific approval of

 ,plasencia's texts by the ,synod1      
attended by ,quinones himself1 shows    
that ,plasencia's books were accepted1  
and in conformity with the ruling of the
 ,synod would have been the only texts  
allowed to be used generally in the     
,philippines4  ,another reference to    
writers in the native tongues in an     
anonymous manuscript of #afdi introduces
 the names of other linguists3          
,the first missionaries left many       
writings in the ,tagalog     and ,bicol 
languages1 the best of which are those  
left by     ,fathers ,fray ,juan de     
,oliver1 ,fray ,juan de ,plasencia1     
,fray     ,miguel de ,talavera1 ,fray   
,diego de la ,asuncion1 and ,fray       
,geronimo ,monte4 ,mention is here made 
of the above fathers     because they   
were the first masters of the ,tagalog  
language1     and since their writings  
are so common and so well received      
by all the orders4 ,they have not been  
printed1 because they     are           
voluminous1 and there are no            

arrangements in this kingdom     for    
printing so much4 #ha   ,miguel de      
,talavera we have spoken of before4     
,that he helped ,plasencia in the       
compilation of his earliest works in    
,tagalog is clear1 and to him in part   
must be attributed the miracle of the   
production by ,plasencia of the texts in
 so short a time and with so few years  
in the country4 ,martinez says          
specifically that ,talavera was the     
first interpreter among our priests1 and
 greatly helped ,fr4 ,juan de ,plasencia
 in the composition of the ,arte y      
,vocabulario4 #hb ,juan de ,oliver was  
in somewhat the same relationship to    
,plasencia1 but instead of helping with 
the initial attempts1 he carried on from
 where ,plasencia left off4 ,oliver came
 to the ,philippines on the same        
expedition which brought ,bishop        
,salazar in #aeha4 ,according to ,huerta
 #hc he worked in various ,tagalog      
villages1 and mastered the ,tagalog and 
,bicol languages1 in which he wrote     

twenty-two works1 which ,huerta lists4  
,of these three are of particular       
interest to us4 ,the first entry says   
that he corrected the ,tagalog grammar  
written by ,fr4 ,juan de ,plasencia1 and
 added the adverbs and particles2 #hd   
the second that he perfected and        
augmented the ,spanish-,tagalog         
dictionary1 written by the said ,fr4    
,juan de ,plasencia2 and the sixteenth  
lists a ,catecismo de doctrina          
,cristiana esplicado4  ,several authors1
 attempting to establish the priority of
 ,quinones' dictionary1 question the    
existence of one by ,plasencia at the   
,synod of #aehb in the face of his own  
statement in #aehe that he was then     
making a dictionary4 #he ,to us there   
seems to be no inconsistency1 if        
,plasencia in #aehe was referring to a  
revision1 unquestionably made with his  
knowledge and help1 by ,juan de ,oliver4
 ,in short1 it is reasonable to assume  
that ,plasencia1 burdened with          
administrative duties from #aehc to     

#aehf1 during which time he was         
custodian of his order1 secured the aid 
of ,oliver in reediting and continuing  
his linguistic studies4 ,plasencia died 
in #aeij4  ,the other two ,franciscans  
listed by the anonymous historian of    
#afdi are elsewhere recorded as having  
written various works in ,tagalog4 ,to  
both ,diego de la ,asuncion #hf and     
,geronimo ,montes y ,escamillo #hg were 
attributed grammars and dictionaries1   
and the latter also wrote a ,devotional 
tagalog1 said to have been printed at   
,manila in #afaj4 ,in speaking of these 
early linguistic texts1 it is not       
necessary to believe that each was a    
completely original work1 but rather    
that they were based upon a recognized  
model1 which was at first the           
,talavera-,plasencia-,oliver text1 and  
that the individual missionaries used   
their experience in the field to        
produce1 as it were1 new editions4 ,that
 this was the case is borne out by the  
notes of ,pablo ,rojo to his            

bibliography of ,plasencia where        
speaking of the grammar and dictionary  
he says that perfected by other         
missionaries1 they have been the base   
for such grammars and dictionaries of   
,tagalog as have been written1 but in   
the form in which they came from the    
hands of their author1 they have not    
come down to us4 #hh ,more important    
still is ,rojo's statement #hi that he  
found a portion of ,plasencia's         
,doctrina which had been believed lost1 
and from which he quotes the ,pater     
,noster4 ,since he does not say where   
the manuscript was or how it was known  
to be ,plasencia's text1 we cannot put  
too much reliance on the statement1 but 
the text as there printed1 while similar
 to that of the present ,doctrina1 is   
not identical4    ,,the ,,jesuits       
,before passing on to the ,dominicans we
 shall mention briefly the linguists of 
the ,society of ,jesus4 ,in the early   
days there were not many ,jesuits in the
 ,philippines4 ,however1 there were some

 linguists among them1 chiefly of the   
,visayan tongue1 in which they are said 
to have printed a ,doctrina #ij as early
 as #afaj4 ,limiting ourselves to a note
 of those who knew ,chinese and         
,tagalog1 we find that the first        
mentioned by ,chirino as an outstanding 
master of one of these was ,francisco   
,almerique1 who arrived with ,santiago  
de ,vera in #aehc4 ,shortly thereafter  
he began the study of the ,chinese      
language in his zeal to aid in the      
conversion of the many ,chinese who came
 to ,manila and whom we in the          
,philippines call ,sangleys4 #ia ,and   
,colin says his principal occupation was
 with the ,tagalog ,indians1 being the  
first of the ,company to learn their    
language4 #ib ,nothing further is said  
of his accomplishments in these         
languages1 but his knowledge would have 
been available in #aeic1 for he was then
 still active in the islands4  ,chirino 
himself landed at ,manila in #aeij      
shortly after ,dasmarinas1 and went     

almost immediately to ,taytay where he  
learned ,tagalog and was joined in #aeib
 by ,martin ,henriquez4 ,at the time    
,juan de ,oliver was preaching in that  
district1 and it is exceedingly probable
 that he helped the newcomers with the  
language1 for ,chirino speaks of him in 
terms of highest praise4 ,henriquez     
learned the language in three months and
 in six wrote a catechism in it1 a      
confessionary1 and a book of sermons for
 all the gospels of the year in the said
 idiom1 #ic but he died on ,february #c1
 #aeic at ,taytay4 ,how thoroughly      
,chirino himself had grasped the        
fundamentals of ,tagalog is evident from
 his three chapters #id on the language 
and letters of the natives in which he  
prints the ,ave ,maria in ,tagalog and  
reproduces the ,tagalog alphabet--its   
first appearance in a ,european         
publication4 ,but ,chirino1 who remained
 in the provinces until #aeie1 would    
have mentioned his participation and    
that of ,henriquez in the ,doctrina of  

#aeic1 so we record them as possible but
 not probable consultants4    ,,the     
,,dominicans   ,had ,aduarte written    
that the first books printed at ,manila 
were two ,doctrinas issued by the       
,dominicans at ,san ,gabriel in #aeic1  
and given some details of their         
production1 we could conclude our study 
with a quotation from him1 but nowhere  
does he mention them4 ,in fact1 his     
inference was that the first book was   
that printed for ,blancas de ,san ,jose1
 and yet we know that this ,doctrina    
preceded anything that ,blancas de ,san 
,jose could have written1 since he did  
not come to the ,philippines until      
#aeie4 ,we can assume1 as ,retana did1  
that by printing ,aduarte meant printing
 from movable type1 but this does not   
explain away the fact that ,aduarte1 who
 recorded in detail events of far less  
significance1 did not speak of the      
,doctrinas at all4 ,the best--and it is 
a most unsatisfactory best--that we can 
do is ascribe the omission to the       

frailty of man1 and record that there is
 no notice of the ,dominican ,doctrina  
of #aeic in the most complete           
contemporary ,dominican history of the  
,philippines4  ,the first members of the
 ,order of ,st4 ,dominic #ie to land in 
the ,philippines were ,bishop ,salazar  
and his assistant1 ,christoval de       
,salvatierra4 ,but they were fully      
occupied with the administration of the 
bishopric and could not devote          
themselves to regular missionary work4  
,it was not until ,july #be1 #aehg that 
working ,dominican missionaries came4   
,then fifteen #if under the leadership  
of ,juan de ,castro arrived1 and        
established the first ,dominican        
province #ig of the ,philippines and    
,china1 thus consummating the hope      
expressed as early as #aegi4 #ih  ,in   
consultation with the other orders it   
was decided that the ,dominicans should 
be given the ministry of the territories
 of ,pangasinan and ,bataan1 which had  
theretofore been spiritually exploited  

by few priests4 ,almost immediately1 on 
,september #ae1 #aehg1 the vicariate of 
,bataan was founded and settled4 ,in    
speaking of it1 ,aduarte stressed the   
importance of a knowledge of the        
language of the natives1 which there    
would have been ,tagalog1 to the success
 of the mission4 ,domingo de ,nieva1 one
 of the four members of the mission1    
learned it rapidly and well1 and soon   
began to preach to the ,indians in their
 own tongue4 ,his aptitude for languages
 and its usefulness to the ,dominicans  
must have been very great1 for ,aduarte 
in listing the priests who originally   
volunteered in ,spain makes few comments
 about individuals1 but of ,nieva he    
remarks that he was afterwards of great 
importance because of the great ease and
 skill with which he learned languages1 
whether ,indian or ,chinese4 #ii        
,unfortunately ,nieva was only a deacon1
 and so could not hear confession1 a    
fact which was greatly deplored1 because
 during that first year no other priest 

mastered the language sufficiently well 
to do it1 but in ,september #aehh he    
reached the requisite age and was       
ordained4 ,about that time the friars in
 ,bataan--one had died and another was  
ailing--were joined by ,juan de la      
,cruz1 who1 being young1 succeeded very 
well with the language1 #ajj and also   
succeeded in surviving the climate4     
,early in #aehh ,juan ,cobo #aja arrived
 from ,mexico4 ,shortly thereafter1 on  
,june #ab1 #aehh1 the ,dominican chapter
 held its first convocation4 ,it elected
 ,juan de ,castro the first provincial1 
adopted the general ordinances #ajb     
already made in ,mexico1 gave the       
convent at ,manila the title of priory1 
and designated as parts of the province 
four vicariates4 ,of primary importance 
was the appointment then of ,juan ,cobo 
to the mission for the ,chinese4  ,from 
the very earliest days of the ,spanish  
occupation of ,manila1 the governors had
 had trouble with the ,chinese and      
,sangleys4 #ajc ,these people had long  

conducted a profitable trade between    
,china and the ,philippines1 and many   
had settled permanently near ,manila1   
while others stayed there regularly     
between trading voyages4 ,the ,chinese  
merchants were in full control of the   
shops of the city1 and so monopolized   
retail trade that the early governors   
legislated #ajd against them to give the
 ,spaniards a chance to establish       
themselves in business4 ,in #aehh there 
were as many as seven thousand of them  
in and around ,manila4  ,no one had     
objected to the ,pangasinan and ,bataan 
assignments1 but when it was suggested  
that the ,dominicans also assume the    
responsibility for the ministry over the
 ,chinese and ,sangleys in the suburbs  
of ,manila1 the ,augustinians vehemently
 resented what they considered an       
invasion of their prior rights4 ,aduarte
 omits any account of a disagreement1   
merely saying that since the ,chinese   
had had no one to minister to them the  
,dominicans assumed that responsibility1

 but in a letter #aje from the          
,licentiate ,gaspar de ,ayala to ,philip
 ,,ii1 dated from ,manila1 ,july #ae1   
#aehi1 full details of the squabble are 
given4 ,from this source we learn that  
the ,augustinians had a convent in the  
village of ,tondo in the ,chinese       
district4 ,there they had ministered to 
the natives in their own language1 but  
had rather neglected their              
,chinese-speaking parishioners4         
,consequently after the arrival of the  
,dominicans the ,audiencia passed an    
ordinance requiring that the ,bishop    
appoint ministers of one order to       
administer to the ,chinese in their own 
language within thirty days4 ,to meet   
the deadline the ,augustinians began to 
study ,chinese at breakneck speed1 but  
when the ,bishop came to ,tondo to hear 
one of the friars1 who was supposed to  
know the language1 preach in it1 there  
was some trouble as a result of which   
the ,augustinian would not1 or indeed   
could not1 preach4 ,naturally1 when it  

was decided to award the territory to   
the ,dominicans1 the ,augustinians      
accused the ,bishop of favoritism       
towards his own order4  ,the whole      
situation is best described in the      
report on the ,chinese made by ,salazar 
to the ,king on ,june #bd1 #aeij3       
,when ,i arrived in this land1 ,i found 
that in a village called                
,tondo--which is not far from this city1
 there being a river     between--lived 
many ,sangleys1 of whom some were       
,christians1     but the larger part    
infidels4 ,in this city were also some  
shops kept by ,sangleys1 who lived here 
in order to sell the     goods which    
they kept here year by year4 ,these     
,sangleys were     scattered among the  
,spaniards1 with no specific place      
assigned     to them1 until ,don        
,gonzalo ,ronquillo allotted them a     
place     to live in1 and to be used as 
a silk-market 7which is here     called 
,parian71 of four large buildings4      
,here1 many shops     were opened1      

commerce increased1 and more ,sangleys  
came to this     city4444 ,when ,i came1
 all the ,sangleys were almost          
forgotten1     and relegated to a       
corner4 ,no thought was taken for their 
conversion1 because no one knew their   
language or undertook     to learn it on
 account of its great difficulty2 and   
because     the religious who lived here
 were too busy with the natives of      
these islands4 ,although the            
,augustinian religious had charge     of
 the ,sangleys of ,tondo1 they did not  
minister to or instruct     them in     
their own language1 but in that of the  
natives or this     land2 thus the      
,sangley ,christians living here1 were  
,christians     only in name1 knowing no
 more of ,christianity than if they     
had never accepted it4444 ,then ,i      
appealed to all religious     orders to 
appoint some one of their religious to  
learn the     language and take charge  
of the ,sangleys4 ,although all of them 
showed a desire to do so1 and some even 

began to learn it1     yet no one       
succeeded2 and the ,sangleys found      
themselves with     no one to instruct  
them and take up their conversion with  
the     necessary earnestness1 until1 in
 the year eighty-seven1 ,god     brought
 to these islands the religious of ,st4 
,dominic4 #ajf   ,so we find1 as the    
,dominicans undertook their mission1 a  
large settlement of ,chinese1 including 
both a settled and a floating           
population1 concentrated in the ,parian1
 across the ,pasig river from the main  
city of ,manila4  ,the dominating figure
 of the ,chinese mission from the time  
of his arrival in the ,philippines was  
,juan ,cobo4 ,in a letter1 written by   
him from the ,parian of ,manila1 ,july  
#ac1 #aehi1 probably to ecclesiastical  
authorities in ,mexico1 he gives an     
account of the early days of the        
mission3       ,the ,order took a site  
next to this ,parian1 since there was   
not a single house between ,santo       
,domingo and the ,parian4 ,and          

because of this opportunity the ,order  
presently charged     itself with the   
,chinese1 both ,christians and infidels4
 ,and     upon ,p4 ,fr4 ,miguel de      
,benavides and ,p4 ,fr4 ,juan ,maldonado
 was     imposed the responsibility for 
the care of the ,chinese and for        
learning their language4 ,p4 ,fr4       
,miguel was less occupied with     other
 matters than ,fr4 ,juan ,maldonado1 so 
that he progressed     in the language  
enough to begin to catechize in it4     
,this was     the first year the ,order 
was in ,manila4      ,presently in the  
second year when ,i came1 the ,order    
moved     ,p4 ,fr4 ,miguel and myself   
into another separate house at the      
other edge of the ,parian4 ,so that     
there stood between ,santo     ,domingo 
and ,san ,gabriel1 which is the name of 
this church     of the ,chinese1 the    
whole of the ,parian of the ,sangleys4  
,and     there a poor little church was 
built under the protection of     ,san  
,gabriel1 to whom it fell by lot1 and a 

poor house where     we two lived4 ,we  
entered into it at the beginning of     
,september     #aehh4 ,this was the     
first church for the ,chinese built1 and
 we     believe that there is today not 
another parish church for     the       
,chinese but that4444 ,and ,p4 ,fr4     
,miguel catechized them     and preached
 to them in their ,chinese language1 and
 taught     the doctrine in it4 ,i      
myself did not yet know the language1   
but the ,lord has been served1 so that  
in a short time ,i     progressed in it4
 #ajg   ,the account of ,aduarte is not 
so accurate in some details1 but it     
supplies others not mentioned by ,cobo4 
,the first mission which ,benavides and 
,maldonado 7or de ,san ,pedro ,martyr as
 he was later known7 built was near the 
village of ,tondo1 in a new settlement  
specially founded for ,christian        
,chinese1 called ,baybay1 and it was    
named for ,our ,lady of the             
,purification4 ,the second mission which
 was established by ,benavides and ,cobo

 was at first a palm-leaf hut4 ,the name
 of ,san ,gabriel was decided upon by   
making lots with the names of various   
saints on them and then drawing4 ,san   
,gabriel came out three times in a row1 
and all were persuaded that the ,lord   
was pleased to have the patronage belong
 to this holy archangel4 ,soon1 because 
of the good works of the fathers who    
established a hospital there for the    
care of the sick and poor1 the demands  
upon the hut became so great that a     
larger building was planned4 ,at first  
it was to have been erected on the site 
of the hut1 but the inhabitants         
protested that a stone building so near 
native houses might do them great damage
 in the event of an earthquake1 so the  
friars went to the other side of the    
river1 and there built a temporary      
building of wood which was later        
completed in stone4 ,it was here then   
that the ,doctrina was printed1 in the  
,church of ,san ,gabriel1 near the      
,parian of ,manila1 at the edge of the  

,chinese settlement4  ,under the care of
 ,benavides and ,cobo the mission       
flourished1 and the two fathers became  
increasingly proficient in the ,chinese 
language4 ,when the provincial ,juan de 
,castro began making preparations for an
 inspection tour of his ,chinese        
vicariate in #aeij1 he chose as his     
companion ,miguel de ,benavides4 ,the   
account of the events leading up to this
 expedition is given in the already     
quoted letter of ,salazar on the        
,chinese3       ,of the ,dominican      
religious who came to these islands1    
four     are engaged in ministering to  
the ,sangleys4 ,two of these     four   
officiate in the ,church of ,san        
,gabriel1 which1 together     with the  
house where the religious live1 stands  
close to the     ,parian4 ,another      
church with its house is on the         
promontory     of ,baybay1 near         
,tondo--which a river divides1          
separating it     from ,manila4 ,two of 
the four have learned the language of   

the ,sangleys so well1 and one of these 
two how to write also     7which is the 
most difficult part of the language71   
that the     ,sangleys wonder at their  
knowledge4444 ,after due consideration  
of the matter1 the ,dominican fathers   
and myself decided that     it was      
necessary to go to ,china4444 ,thus we  
decided upon the     departure1 sending 
at present no more than two religious3  
,fray     ,miguel de ,benavides1 who was
 the first to learn the language     of 
the ,sangleys2 and ,father ,juan de     
,castro1 who came as vicar     of the   
religious and who was made provincial   
here4 ,we preferred     these two1 as   
one is well acquainted with the         
language1 and the     other is much     
loved and esteemed by the ,sangleys on  
account of     his venerable gray locks 
and blessed old age2 and we know that   
in that land old people are much        
respected and revered4 #ajh   ,they     
sailed on ,may #bb1 #aeij1 but ,juan de 
,castro before he left appointed ,cobo  

acting superior of the province with    
full authority during his absence1 and  
in the latter's place as head of the    
,chinese mission sent ,juan de ,san     
,pedro ,martyr4  ,there is no doubt but 
that at this time ,benavides and ,cobo  
were the two outstanding ,chinese       
linguists among the ,spaniards in the   
,philippines4 ,to ,benavides has been   
attributed #aji a ,chinese dictionary1  
and ,schilling #aaj uses the already    
quoted letter of ,cobo to prove that he 
also wrote a ,doctrina in ,chinese1 but1
 granting that such works were written  
by him1 there is no evidence that they  
were written in ,chinese characters1 and
 not in ,chinese transliterated into    
roman letters4 ,the available evidence  
points to the fact that ,cobo was the   
only one who could then write in        
,chinese characters4 ,salazar in his    
above quoted letter had said that one of
 these two have learned how to write    
also1 and in the same letter he         
continued1 ,fray ,juan ,cobo1 the       

,dominican religious--who1 as ,i have   
said before1 knows the language of the  
,sangleys and their writing1 and who is 
most esteemed by them--is sending to    
,your ,majesty a book1 one of a number  
brought to him from ,china4 #aaa        
,further witness to ,cobo's amazing     
knowledge of ,chinese writing is given  
by ,aduarte3       ,he knew three       
thousand ,chinese characters1 each      
different     from all the rest1 for the
 ,chinese have no definite number     of
 letters nor alphabet4444 ,he translated
 a number of     ,chinese books2 for    
like those of ,seneca1 though they are  
the work of heathens1 they contain many 
profound sayings     like ours4 ,he     
taught astrology to some of them whom he
 found     capable of learning2 and to  
bring them by all means to their        
salvation also taught them some trades  
that are necessary     among ,spaniards1
 but which1 not being used by the       
,chinese1     they did not know--such as
 painting images1 binding books1        

cutting and sewing clothes1 and such    
things--doing all to     win men to     
,god4 #aab   ,finally1 as a more        
definite proof that ,cobo could have    
been the author of the ,chinese         
,doctrina of #aeic1 we have the record  
#aac of a ,catecismo de la ,doctrina    
,cristiana en ,lengua ,china written by 
him1 as well as many other works in     
,chinese4  ,in ,may #aeij1 then1 the    
most accomplished ,sinologist yet to    
work in the ,philippines was in charge  
of the ,dominican province4 ,his first  
act1 wrote ,aduarte1 was to strengthen  
the ministry to the ,chinese by         
appointing to it ,father ,domingo de    
,nieva1 a priest of great virtue and    
very able--which was tremendously       
important there--and one who best       
mastered that language1 as well as that 
of the ,indians in which he had had     
experience2 and he worked in both of    
them1 and wrote much to the great       
advantage of those who came after him4  
#aad ,it is surprising that no previous 

writer has emphasized the presence of   
,domingo de ,nieva1 whose proficiency in
 ,tagalog we have already noted1 at ,san
 ,gabriel during the years when the     
printing of the ,doctrinas must have    
been planned and executed4 ,his works   
are cited by ,fernandez1 #aae and after 
giving a summary of his career1 ,aduarte
 added3       ,he wrote much in the     
language of the ,indians and other      
things     in the language of the       
,chinese for whom he had printed in     
their language and characters a memorial
 upon the ,christian     life1 with     
other brief tracts of prayer and        
meditation1 in     preparation for the  
holy sacraments1 of confession and the  
sacred communion4 ,he was an enemy of   
sloth1 and so worked     much in        
,chinese1 in which he wrote a           
practically new grammar     of the      
,chinese language1 a vocabulary1 a      
manual of confession     and many       
sermons1 in order that those who had to 
learn this     language might find it   

less difficult4 #aaf   ,medina #aag     
records these various works as ,manila  
imprints of unknown date1 and to this   
indefinite information about them we can
 add nothing positive4 ,however1 it is  
apparent that some time before #afjf1   
when ,nieva died on his way to ,mexico1 
he had had books printed1 and since they
 were in ,chinese they must have been   
printed from wood-blocks1 for at that   
early date it would have been impossible
 to have cast the number of characters  
necessary to print in ,chinese with     
movable type4  ,with ,nieva was         
,maldonado1 or ,san ,pedro ,martyr4 ,he 
had been one of the first associates of 
,benavides in the first ,chinese mission
 at ,baybay1 but after the arrival of   
,cobo he had been sent by order of the  
first chapter to ,pangasinan4 ,when     
,cobo was appointed acting provincial   
,san ,pedro ,martyr was again assigned  
to the ,chinese ministry4 ,he had       
learned ,tagalog1 and after his return  
to the ,parian he learned more words of 

the ,chinese language than any other    
member of the order1 though he was not  
successful with the pronunciation4 #aah 
,on ,may #ca1 #aeib1 the ,governor      
received a letter from the ,emperor of  
,japan demanding that an ambassador be  
sent to offer him the fealty of the     
,philippines4 ,juan ,cobo1 as the best  
speaker of ,chinese1 was chosen to      
represent the ,spaniards1 and he left   
,manila on ,july #bi1 #aeib4 ,after     
successfully convincing the ,japanese   
,emperor of the amity of the ,spaniards1
 he left to come back to ,manila1 but   
his ship was wrecked in ,november on the
 coast of ,formosa1 and there ,cobo was 
killed by hostile natives4 ,meanwhile   
,benavides had gone back to ,spain with 
,bishop ,salazar in #aeia1 and did not  
return to the ,philippines until after  
his appointment as ,bishop of ,nueva    
,segovia in #aeie4  ,that left as the   
only two remaining experts in the       
,chinese language1 ,domingo de ,nieva   
and ,juan de ,san ,pedro ,martyr1 both  

of whom were at ,san ,gabriel in #aeib4 
,moreover1 both of them knew ,chinese   
and ,tagalog4 ,a text in ,tagalog was   
available1 based on the                 
,talavera-,plasencia-,oliver model1     
which had circulated freely1 and this1  
we believe1 was further edited--hence   
the corrected by the religious of the   
orders--by these two ,dominicans4 ,in   
their editorial work they may have been 
helped by ,juan de la ,cruz1 who1 we    
have noted1 was sent to ,bataan in      
#aehh1 there learned ,tagalog1 and      
succeeded so perfectly with it that     
,father ,fr4 ,francisco ,san ,joseph1   
who was afterwards the best linguist    
there1 profited by the papers and labors
 of ,p4 ,fr4 ,juan de la ,cruz4 #aai    
,juan de ,oliver1 the pioneer           
,franciscan ,tagalist was still living  
and available for consultation1 and the 
polylingual ,jesuit1 ,francisco         
,almerique1 also was in ,manila at the  
time4 ,a ,chinese text had been written 
by ,juan ,cobo1 and both ,nieva and ,san

 ,pedro ,martyr were capable of         
preparing this for publication1 again   
possibly aided by ,almerique1 and also  
,diego ,munoz1 if as an ,augustinian he 
had been willing to cooperate with the  
,dominicans4 ,nothing remained to be    
done but have the blocks cut and the    
impressions pulled4    ,,the ,,printing 
,,of ,,the ,,books   ,the stage was set 
for the production of the ,doctrinas4   
,that there were ,chinese xylographic   
models upon which the books could be    
based is evidenced by the account of    
,mendoza of the considerable number of  
,chinese books brought to ,manila by    
,martin de ,rada as early as #aege4 ,a  
more likely model was a bilingual text  
in ,spanish and ,chinese which ,cobo    
describes in his letter of ,july #ac1   
#aehi1 where speaking of the ,jesuits in
 ,china he says3       ,moreover the    
,father of the ,company who was in      
,china wrote and     printed in ,chinese
 letters a whole book of the unity of   
,god1     the creation of the world1 and

 the commandments explained2     and in 
this book has gotten as far as the      
incarnation of     the ,son of ,god4    
,concerning this ,i am not speaking of  
things     heard1 for ,i have it1 and am
 thus certain of it1 as of all     the  
things that happened4 ,how far ,i have  
progressed with the     ,chinese letters
 ,i shall say later4 ,this book was     
printed in     ,china in #aehd4 ,it     
circulates freely in ,china whence we   
have     our copy1 and because of the   
writing1 contrary to what others        
have misleadingly said about the        
,chinese1 they have done him     no ill3
 from which it may be inferred that the 
lion is not     so wild as they paint   
him4 #abj   ,there is no direct evidence
 to support our belief that it was      
during the brief period after ,castro   
returned1 probably late in #aeij1 and   
relieved ,cobo of his executive         
responsibilities1 and ,june #aeib when  
he left for ,japan1 that ,cobo began    
intensive plans for the production of   

bilingual texts4 ,his recorded interest 
in such books1 his influence with the   
,chinese1 his energy and his own        
linguistic aptitude would naturally have
 stimulated him to undertake the task4  
,whether he actually began work on the  
blocks from which the books were        
printed1 or merely suggested the        
feasibility of the idea1 we do not know1
 but we feel sure that ,juan ,cobo was  
the father of the production of books in
 the ,philippines4  ,there is no need   
here to go into the history of printing 
in ,china2 the method used there and its
 antiquity have been fully described by 
others4 #aba ,that there were ,chinese  
in ,manila who understood this age-old  
process would seem obvious from the     
reports of skilled craftsmen whose      
presence was noted by all the writers of
 the period4 ,we have already quoted a  
reference to ,juan ,cobo's teaching them
 ,european trades1 and ,salazar in his  
already cited letter speaks of them     
further3       ,they are so skillful and

 clever1 that1 as soon as they see      
any object made by a ,spanish workman1  
they reproduce it with     exactness4   
,what arouses my wonder most is1 that   
when ,i arrived     no ,sangley knew how
 to paint anything2 but now they have   
so perfected themselves in this art that
 they have produced     marvelous works 
with both the brush and the chisel4444  
,what has     pleased all of us here has
 been the arrival of a bookbinder       
from ,mexico4 ,he brought books with    
him1 set up a bindery1     and hired a  
,sangley who had offered his services to
 him4 ,the     ,sangley secretly1 and   
without his master noticing it1 watched 
how the latter bound books1 and lo1 in  
less than lacuna in     ,,ms4 he left   
the house1 saying that he wished to     
serve him     no longer1 and set up a   
similar shop4 #abb   ,to turn over a    
manuscript copy of a book to a ,chinaman
 who had already some familiarity with  
the production of books in ,china1 or   
who with a given text could carve the   

blocks according to tradition1 was then 
not a matter of great difficulty4 ,there
 were ,chinese books which showed what  
the result would be2 there were ,spanish
 books1 definitely some from ,mexico1   
which provided samples of ,european     
characters and format4  ,who cut the    
blocks--that is exactly what            
,chinaman--we do not know1 nor do we    
know who handled the presswork1 but it  
is logical to assume that the whole     
process took place under the supervision
 of the fathers of ,san ,gabriel1 ,juan 
,cobo if work had begun before #aeib1   
and certainly ,nieva and ,san ,pedro    
,martyr4 ,one further aide may have been
 the lay brother1 ,pedro ,rodriguez1 who
 had been sent to ,san ,gabriel with    
,nieva1 and who was a handyman or       
skilled mechanic1 for ,aduarte credits  
him with rebuilding and restoring the   
hospital4  ,in speaking of the book     
printed for ,blancas de ,san ,jose1     
,aduarte said that the printing had been
 done by a ,chinaman1 a good ,christian1

 #abc but in this particular account he 
does not give the ,chinaman's name4     
,yet1 where he describes the founding of
 a second church of ,san ,gabriel in    
,binondo1 sometime after ,march #bh1    
#aeid #abd and before ,june #ae1 #aeif  
when it was admitted to the chapter1 he 
tells in some detail of printing done by
 ,juan de ,vera4 #abe       ,there have 
been in this town ,binondo1 then called 
,minondoc     many ,chinese of very     
exemplary lives4 ,juan de ,vera was     
not only a very devout man1 and one much
 given to prayer1     but a man who     
caused all his household to be the same4
 ,he     always heard mass1 and was very
 regular in his attendance at           
church4 ,he adorned the church most     
handsomely with hangings     and        
paintings1 because he understood this   
art4 ,he also1     thinking only of the 
great results to be attained by means   
of holy and devout books1 gave himself  
to the great labor     necessary to     
establish printing in this country1     

where there     was no journeyman who   
could show him the way1 or give him an  
account of the manner of printing in    
,europe1 which is very     different    
from the manner of printing followed in 
his own     country of ,china4 ,the     
,lord aided his pious intentions1 and   
he gave to this undertaking not only    
continued and excessive     labor1 but  
all the forces of his mind1 which were  
great4 ,in     spite of the             
difficulties1 he attained that which he 
desired1     and was the first printer  
in these islands2 and this not from     
avarice--for he gained much more in his 
business as a merchant1     and readily 
gave up his profit--but merely to do    
service to     the ,lord and this good  
to the souls of the natives4 #abf   ,it 
is interesting to note that this        
narrative1 which is in substance similar
 to that about the books of ,blancas de 
,san ,jose1 nowhere mentions the name of
 the priest in connection with ,vera4   
,it is probable that ,juan de ,vera was1

 as ,retana believed1 the first         
typographer1 and it may be that he also 
printed the ,doctrinas of #aeic4 ,it is 
impossible to say with certainty1 but it
 is not too fanciful to suppose that    
,juan de ,vera tried xylographic        
printing under the supervision of ,nieva
 and ,san ,pedro ,martyr1 and after some
 experimenting achieved typography in   
the time of ,blancas de ,san ,jose4     
,since we have here dealt with a volume 
printed entirely from wood-blocks it    
does not seem necessary to discuss in   
detail the subsequent typographical     
books4 ,however1 just as this goes to   
press1 a copy of the ,ordinationes      
,generales prouintiae ,sanctissimi      
,rosarij ,philippinarum1 #abg printed at
 ,binondo by ,juan de ,vera in #afjd1   
has been discovered1 and also presented 
by ,mr4 ,rosenwald to the ,library of   
,congress4 ,this is the volume described
 by ,remesal #abh as being printed in as
 fine characters and as correctly as if 
in ,rome or ,lyon4 ,no copy of the book 

had been described since his day1       
although ,medina #abi and ,retana #acj  
both listed it from references which    
probably derived from ,remesal4 ,its    
discovery--almost unbelievable coming so
 close on the heels of that of the      
,doctrina--helps to close the gap       
between the latter and the two ,bataan  
imprints #aca of #afaj1 the ,arte y     
,reglas de la ,lengva ,tagala and the   
,librong ,pagaaralan nang manga ,tagalog
 nang uicang ,castilla4  ,the full story
 of the early typographical products of 
the ,philippines must wait upon another 
occasion1 for the questions posed by the
 scanty records and the handful of      
surviving books are extremely knotty4   
,where did the type come from8 ,medina  
suggested it was imported from ,macao2  
,retana believed it to have been cut in 
the ,philippines4 ,fernandez said that  
the first works of ,blancas de ,san     
,jose were printed at ,bataan and the   
two #afaj books have that place of      
printing1 yet in #afjd the ,ordinationes

 issued from ,binondo4 ,remesal wrote   
that this book was printed by ,francisco
 de ,vera1 and the book itself bears the
 name of ,juan4 ,indeed1 the history of 
the early typographers and the output of
 their presses1 as it has so far been   
written1 presents many problems1 but    
they are problems which we feel are     
outside the scope of this study4  ,to   
summarize what we have learned of the   
earliest printing in the ,philippines3  
we have the possibility1 but not a      
likely one1 that an ,arte by ,juan de   
,quinones was printed xylographically in
 #aeha2 we know that in the first half  
of the year #aeic two ,doctrinas were   
printed xylographically--although we    
have no way of telling which came       
first--one in ,tagalog from the         
,talavera-,plasencia-,oliver text1 and  
one in ,chinese written by ,juan ,cobo1 
both edited and printed under the       
supervision of ,domingo de ,nieva and   
,juan de ,san ,pedro ,martyr2 we surmise
 that between #aeic and #afjb other     

works were also printed xylographically1
 such as the small tracts of ,juan de   
,villanueva and some of the books of    
,blancas de ,san ,jose1 ,nieva and      
others2 and in #afjb was printed by     
,juan de ,vera1 in all likelihood from  
movable type1 the book of ,our ,lady of 
the ,rosary by ,blancas de ,san ,jose4  
,the known facts are not many1 and we   
can only hope that time and further     
research will discover new ones to make 
the history of the earliest ,philippine 
imprints more complete and more         
satisfactory4   ,philadelphia1 ,january 
#bj1 #aidg                 ,,edwin      
,,wolf #b,,nd4         ,the most        
frequently cited authorities will be    
referred to as follows3                 
,,aduarte--,diego ,aduarte1 ,historia de
 la ,provincia del ,sancto ,rosario de  
la ,orden de ,predicadores en           
,philippinas1 ,iapon1 y ,china1 ,manila1
 #afdj4  ,b4  ,r4--,emma ,helen ,blair  
and ,james ,alexander ,robertson1 ,the  
,philippine ,islands #adic-ahih1        

,cleveland1 #aijc-ji4  ,,cano--,gaspar  
,cano1 ,catalogo de los ,religiosos de  
,n4,p4,s4 ,agustin de la ,provincia del 
,smo4 ,nombre de ,jesus de ,filipinas1  
,manila1 #ahfd4  ,,chirino--,pedro      
,chirino1 ,relacion de las ,islas       
,filipinas1 ,rome1 #afjd4               
,,colin--,francisco ,colin1 ,labor      
,evangelica1 ,ministerios ,apostolicos  
de los ,obreros de la ,compania de      
,jesus1 ,fundacion1 y ,progressos de su 
,provincia en las ,islas ,filipinas 7ed4
 ,pablo ,pastells71 ,barcelona1         
#aijj-jb4  ,,huerta--,felix de ,huerta1 
,estado ,geografico1 ,topografico1      
,estadistico1 ,historico-,religioso1 de 
la ,santa y ,apostolica ,provincia de   
,s4 ,gregorio ,magno 444 de ,n4,s4,p4,s4
 ,francisco1 en las ,islas ,filipinas1  
,binondo1 #ahfe4  ,,medina--,jose       
,toribio ,medina1 ,la ,imprenta en      
,manila desde sus ,origenes hasta #ahaj1
 ,santiago de ,chile1 #ahif4  ,,medina  
7,juan de7--,juan de ,medina1 ,historia 
de los ,sucesos de la ,orden de ,n4     

,gran ,p4 ,s4 ,agustin de estas ,islas  
,filipinas1 ,manila1 #ahic4  ,p4        
,g4--,angel ,perez and ,cecilio         
,gueemes1 ,adiciones y ,continuacion de 
,la ,imprenta en ,manila de ,d4,j4,t4   
,medina1 ,manila1 #aijd4                
,,perez--,elviro ,jorde ,perez1         
,catalogo ,biobibliografico de los      
,religiosos ,agustinos de la ,provincia 
del ,santisimo ,nombre de ,jesus de las 
,islas ,filipinas1 ,manila1 #aija4      
,,remesal--,antonio de ,remesal1        
,historia de la provincia de ,s4        
,vincente de ,chyapa y ,guatemala de la 
orden de nro glorioso padre ,sancto     
,domingo1 ,madrid1 #afai4               
,,retana--,wenceslao ,emilio ,retana y  
,gamboa1 ,la ,imprenta en ,filipinas    
,adiciones y ,observaciones a ,la       
,imprenta en ,manila de ,d4,j4,t4       
,medina1 ,madrid1 #ahig4  ,,san         
,,agustin--,gaspar de ,san ,agustin1    
,conquistas de las ,islas ,philipinas1  
,madrid1 #afih4  ,,san ,,antonio--,juan 
,francisco de ,san ,antonio1 ,chronicas 

de la ,apostolica ,provincia de ,s4     
,gregorio de ,religiosos ,descalzos de  
,n4,s4,p4 ,francisco en las ,islas      
,philipinas1 ,manila1 #agch-dd4  ,,santa
 ,,ines--,francisco de ,santa ,ines1    
,cronica de la ,provincia de ,san       
,gregorio ,magno de ,religiosos         
descalzos de ,n4,p4 ,san ,francisco en  
islas ,filipinas1 ,china1 ,japon1 etc4  
escrita 444 en #afgf1 ,manila1 #ahib4   
,,santiago ,,vela--,gregorio de         
,santiago ,vela1 ,ensayo de una         
,biblioteca ,ibero-,americana de la     
,orden de ,san ,agustin1 ,madrid1       
#aiac-ca4  ,,schilling--,dorotheus      
,schilling1 ,vorgeschichte des          
,typendrucks auf den ,philippen1        
,gutenberg-,jahrbuch1 #aicg1 pp4        
#bjb-af4  ,,torres--,pedro ,torres y    
,lanza1 ,catalogo de los documentos     
relativos a las ,islas ,filipinas       
existentes en el ,archivo de ,indias de 
,seville1 ,barcelona1 #aibe-cd4         
,,vinaza--,cipriano ,munoz y ,manzano1  
,conde de la ,vinaza1 ,escritos de los  

,portugueses y ,castellanos referentes a
 las lenguas de ,china y el ,japon1     
,lisbon1 #ahib4      ,this facsimile of 
the ,doctrina ,christiana printed at    
,manila in #aeic was printed by ,edward 
,stern  ,company1 ,inc41 ,philadelphia1 
in an edition of twenty-five hundred    
copies1 and published by the ,library of
 ,congress1 ,february #aidg4 ,the type  
used on the title page and for headings 
is ,forum1 and that in the text ,italian
 ,old ,style4             ,doctrina     
,christiana1 en         lengua espanola 
ytagala1 cor         regida por los     
,religiosos de las         ordenes      
,impressa con licencia1 en         ,s4  
gabriel4 de la orden de4 ,s4 ,domigo    
,en ,manila4 #aeic              ,tassada
 endos rreales                          
,juandecuellaz              ,a4 a4 b4 c4
 d4 e4 f4 g4 h4 ij4 l4 m4 n4 o4         
p4 q4 rr4 s4 s4 t4 u4 v4 x4 y4 z4 z4    
vocales4 a4 e4 i4 o4 u4         ,ba4 be4
 bi bo bu4 ,ca ce ci4 co4 cu4           
,da4 de di do du4 ,fa fe fi fo fu4      

,gua gue gui guo gu4 ,ha he hi4         
ho hu4 ,ja je ji jo ju4 ,la le li4      
lo lu4 ,ma me mi mo mu4 ,na4         ne 
ni no nu4 ,pa pe pi po pu4         ,qua 
que qui quo qu4 ,ra re4         ri ro   
ru4 ,sa se si so su4 ,ta te ti4         
to tu4 ,ua ue ui uo uu4 ,xa xe xi4      
xo xu4 ,ya ye yi yo yu4 ,za ze zi4      
zo zu4          ,ban ben bin bon bun4   
,can cen         cin con cun4 ,dan den  
din don4         dun4 ,fan fen fin fon  
fun4 ,guan         guen guin guon gun4  
,han hen         hin hon hun4 ,jan jen  
jin jon jun4         ,lan len lin lon   
lun4 ,man me         min mon mun4 ,nan  
nen nin non4         nun4 ,pan pen pin  
pon pun4 ,qua         quen quin quon    
qun4 ,ran ren         rin ron run4 ,san 
sen sin son su4         ,tan ten tin ton
 tun4 ,uan uen4         uin uon4 uun4   
,xan xen xin xon         xun4 ,yan yen  
yin yon yun4 ,zan         zen zin zon   
zun4          ,ba be bi bo bu4 ,ca ce ci
 co cu4         ,da de di do du4 ,fa fe 
fi fo fu4         ,guan guen guin guon  

gun4 ,ha4         he hi ho hu4 ,ja je ji
 jo ju4 ,la le4         li lo lu4 ,ma me
 mi mo mu4 ,na4         ne ni no nu4 ,pa
 pe pi po pu4 ,qua4         que qui quo 
qu4 ,ra re ri ro ru4 ,sa4         se si 
so su4 ,xa xe xi xo xu4 ,ya ye4         
yi yo yu4 ,za ze zi zo zu4          ,el 
abc4 en legua tagala4          ,a ,o ,e 
,,ha ,,pa ,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,ta ,,na ,,ba 
,,ma ,,ga ,,da ,,ya         ,,nga ,,wa4 
,el paternoster4         ,,padre nuestro
 que estas en         ,los cielos1      
sanctificado sea el tu         nombre4  
,venga anos el tu reyno4         hagase 
tu voluntad1 asi en la tierra           
como en el cielo4 ,el pan nuestro       
de cada dia da noslo oy4 ,y per         
donanos nuestras duedas4 asi como       
nosotros las perdonamos a               
nuestros deudores4 ,y no nos de         
xes caer en la tentacion4 ,das          
libranos de mal4 ,amen4            ,ang 
ama namin4         ,ama namin nasa      
langit ca         y pasamba mo ang ngala
         mo1 mouisa amin ang pagcahari  

mo4 ,y pasonor mo ang loob mo4          
dito sa lupa para sa langit1 bigya      
mo cami ngaion nang amin caca           
nin4 para nang sa araoarao4 at pa       
caualin mo ang amin casalana1           
yaing uinaualan bahala nami         sa  
loob ang casalanan nang                 
nagcasasala sa amin4 ,houag         mo  
caming ceuan nang di cami         matalo
 nang tocso4 ,datapo         uat ya dia 
mo cami sa dilan ma         sama4 ,amen 
,jesus4            ,a ,,ma ,,na ,,mi4   
,,na ,,sa ,,la ,,ngi ,,ka4 ,i ,,pa ,,sa 
,,ba         ,,mo4 ,a ,,nga ,,la ,,mo4  
,,mo ,,wi ,,sa ,a ,,mi4 ,a         ,,pe 
,,ka ,,ha ,,ri ,,mo4 ,i ,,pe ,,so ,,no  
,,mo4 ,a ,,lo ,o ,,mo4         ,,di ,,to
 ,,sa ,,lu ,,pa4 ,,pa ,,ra ,,sa ,,la    
,,ngi4 ,,bi ,,ya ,,mo ,,ka ,,mi4        
,,nga ,o4 ,,na ,a ,,mi ,,ka ,,ka ,,ni4  
,,pa ,,ra ,,na ,,sa ,a ,,ra ,a ,,ra4    
,a ,,pa ,,ka ,,wa ,i ,,mo4 ,a ,a ,,mi   
,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,na4 ,,ya ,,ya          
,,wi ,,na ,,wa ,,la ,,ba ,,ha ,,la ,,na 
,,mi ,,sa ,,lo ,o4 ,a ,,ka ,,sa ,,la    

,,na4         ,,na ,,na ,,ka ,,sa ,,sa  
,,la ,,sa ,a ,,mi4 ,,ho ,,wa ,,mo ,,ka  
,,mi ,e ,,wa4 ,,na         ,,di ,,ka    
,,mi ,,ma ,,ta ,,lo ,,na ,,to ,,so4 ,,da
 ,,ta ,,po ,,wa4 ,i ,a         ,,ya ,,mo
 ,,ka ,,mi4 ,,sa ,,di ,,la ,,ma ,,sa    
,,ma4 ,a ,,me ,,se ,,so4            ,el 
aue ,maria4         ,dios te salue      
,maria4 lle         na degracia4 ,el    
senor es         contigo4 bendita tu1   
estretodas         las mugeres4 ,y      
bendito el fructo4         deus  vientre
 ,jesus4 ,santa ,ma         ria uirgen y
 madre de ,dios rue         ga por      
nosotros peccadores4 aora         y en  
la ora denuestra muerte         amen4   
,jesus4            ,ang aba guinoo ,ma  
,aba guinoo ,maria ma         toua cana1
 napopono ca         nang gracia4 ang   
panginoon di         os1 ce1 nasayyo4   
,bucor cang pinag         pala sa       
babaying lahat4 ,pinag         pala     
naman ang yyong anac si         ,jesus4 
,santa ,maria yna nang1         dios1   
ypanalangin mo camima         casalanan 

ngaion at cun mama         tai cami4    
,amen ,jesus4            ,a ,,ba ,,gi   
,,no ,o ,,ma ,,ri ,,ya4 ,,ma ,,to ,,wa  
,,ka ,,na4 ,,na ,,po         ,,po ,,no  
,,ka ,,na ,,ga ,,ra ,,si ,,ya4 ,a ,,pa  
,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,di         ,,yo ,,na    
,,sa ,i ,,yo4 ,,bo ,,ko ,,ka ,,pi ,,na  
,,pa ,,la4 ,,sa ,,ba ,,ba ,,yi4         
,,la ,,ha4 ,,pi ,,na ,,pa ,,la ,,na     
,,ma4 ,a ,i ,,yo ,a ,,na ,,se ,,se ,,so4
         ,,sa ,,ta ,,ma ,,ri ,,ya4 ,i   
,,na ,,na ,,di ,,yo4 ,i ,,pa ,,na ,,la  
,,ngi ,,mo         ,,ka ,,mi4 ,,ma ,,ka 
,,sa ,,la ,,na4 ,,nga ,o4 ,a ,,ku ,,ma  
,,ma ,,ta ,,ka ,,mi4         ,a ,,me    
,,se ,,so4            ,el credo en      
,romace          ,creo en dios padre1   
todo         poderoso4 ,criador del cie 
lo y dela tierra4 ,y en ,jesuchristo1   
su unico hijo senor nro4 ,que fue       
concebido del elpiritusancto4 ,y        
,y nacio de la uirgen sancta ,ma        
ria4 ,padescio so el poder depocio      
,pilato4 ,fue crucificado1 muer         
to1 y sepultado1 descendio alos         

infiernos1 y altercero dia resuscito1   
dentre1 los muertos4 ,subio a los cie   
los1 y esta asentado ala diestra de     
dios padre todo poderoso1 dende         
uerna ajuzgar alos uiuos y alos         
muertos4 ,creo en el espiritusato4      
y la sancta yglesia catholica1 la       
comunio de los sanctos4 ,la remi        
sion de los peccados4 ,la refuree       
cion de la carne4 ,la uida perdu        
rable1 que nunca seacaba4 ,ame4         
,ang sumagpalataia                      
,sumasangpalataia aco sa di         os  
ama1 macagagaua sa lahat1               
mangagaua nang langit at nang lu1       
pa4 ,sumasangpalataia aco naman         
cai ,jesuchristo yysang anac nang       
dios panginoon natin lahat4 ,nag        
catauan tauo siya salang nang es        
piritusancto4 ,ypinanganac ni ,sa       
cta ,maria uirgen totoo4 ,nasacta       
otos ni poncio ,pilato4 ,ypinaco        
sa cruz4 ,namatai1 ybinaon1 nana        
og sa manga infierno1 nang ma           
ycatlong arao nabuhai na naguli4        

naquiat sa langit nalolocloc sa ca      
nan nang dios ama1 macagagaua         sa
 lahat4 ,sa caparito hohocom sa         
nabubuhai1 at sa nanga matai na         
tauo4 ,sumasangpalataia aco na          
man sa dios ,espiritusancto4 ,at        
mei sancta yglesia catholica1 at        
mei casamahan ang manga satos4          
,at mei ycauauala nang casala           
nan4 ,at mabubuhai na maguli         ang
 na nga matai na tauo4 ,at         mei  
buhai na di mauala mag pa         rating
 saan4 ,amen ,jesus4            ,,su    
,,ma ,,sa ,,pa ,,la ,,ta ,,ya ,a ,,ako4 
,,sa ,,di ,,yo ,a ,,ma4         ,,ma    
,,ka ,,ga ,,ga ,,wa ,,sa ,,la ,,ha4 ,,ma
 ,,ga ,,ga ,,wa ,,na ,,la ,,ngi4        
,a ,,na ,,lu ,,pa4 ,,su ,,ma ,,sa ,,pa  
,,la ,,ta ,,ya ,a ,,ko ,,na ,,ma4 ,,ka  
,,se ,,so4         ,,ki ,,ri ,,to4 ,i ,i
 ,,sa ,a ,,na ,,na ,,di ,,yo4 ,,pa ,,ngi
 ,,no ,o ,,na ,,ti         ,,la ,,ha4   
,,na ,,ka ,,ta ,a ,,ta ,,wo ,,si ,,ya4  
,,la ,,la ,,na ,e ,,pi ,,ri ,,to ,,sa   
,,to4         ,i ,,pi ,,na ,,nga ,,na4  

,,ni ,,sa ,,ta ,,ma ,,ri ,,ya4 ,,bi ,,se
 ,,to ,,to ,o4 ,,na ,,sa         ,,ta ,o
 ,,to ,,ni ,,po ,,si ,,yo4 ,,pe ,,la    
,,to4 ,i ,,pi ,,na ,,ko ,,sa ,,ku ,,ru4 
,,na ,,ma ,,ta4 ,i ,,bi ,,na ,o4 ,,na   
,,na ,o ,,sa ,,ma ,,nga ,i ,,pe ,,no4   
,,na ,,ma         ,i ,,ka ,,lo ,a ,,ra4 
,,na ,,bu ,,ha ,,na ,,na ,o ,,li4 ,,na  
,,ya ,,sa ,,la ,,ngi4         ,,na ,,lo 
,,lo ,,lo ,,sa ,,ka ,,na4 ,,na ,,di ,,yo
 ,a ,,ma4 ,,ma ,,ka ,,ga ,,ga ,,wa ,,sa 
,,la ,,ha4 ,,sa ,,ka ,,pa ,,ri ,,to4    
,,ho ,,ho ,,ko4 ,,sa ,,na ,,bu ,,bu     
,,ha4 ,a ,,sa         ,,na ,,nga ,,ma   
,,ta ,,na ,,ta ,,wo4 ,,su ,,ma ,,sa ,,pa
 ,,la ,,ta ,,ya ,a ,,ko ,,na            
,,ma ,,sa ,,di ,,yo ,e ,,pi ,,ri ,,tu   
,,sa ,,to4 ,a ,,ma ,,sa ,,ta ,i ,,le    
,,si         ,,ya ,,ka ,,to ,,li ,,ka4  
,a ,,ma ,,ka ,,sa ,,ma ,,ha4 ,a ,,ma    
,,nga ,,sa ,,to4         ,a ,,ma ,i ,,ka
 ,,wa ,,wa ,,la4 ,,na ,,ka ,,sa ,,la    
,,na4 ,a ,,ma ,,bu ,,bu ,,ha            
,,na ,,ma ,u ,,li4 ,a ,,na ,,nga ,,ma   
,,ta ,,na ,,ta ,,wo4 ,a ,,ma ,,bu ,,ha  

,,na ,,di ,,na ,,ma ,,wa ,,la4 ,,ma ,,pa
 ,,ra ,,ti ,,sa ,a4 ,a ,,me ,,se ,,so4  
,la salue ,regina          ,salue te    
dios reyna y ma         dre             
demisericordia1 uida         dulcura y  
esperanca nra4 ,dios         te salue   
atillamamos los deste         ruados    
hijos de ,gua4 ,atisuspi         ramos  
gimiendo yllorando en         aqueste   
ualle de lagrimas4 ,ga         pues     
abogada nuestra1 buelue         anostros
 ellos tus misericor         diosos     
ojos4 ,y despues dea4         queste    
destierro muestra nos aje         sus   
bendito fruto de tu ueintre4 ,o         
clemente4 ,o piadosa4 ,o dulce uir      
gen ,maria4 ,ruega por nos sata         
madre de dios quescamos dig         nos 
de las promisiones de ,chris         to 
,amen4            ,ang aba po4          
,aba po sancta4 ,mariang ha         ri  
yna nang aua4 ,ycao ang                 
yquinabubuhai namin1 at ang pi          
nananaligan4 ,aba ycao nga ang          
tinatauag namin pinapapanao         na  

tauo anac ni ,gua4 ycao din         ang 
ypinagbubuntun hininga na         min   
nang amin pagtangis dini sa         lupa
 baian cahapishapis4 ,ay         aba    
pintacasi namin1 ylingo mo         sa   
amin ang mata mong maauai4         ,at  
saca cun matapos yering pag             
papanao sa amin4 ypaquita mo         sa 
amin ang yyong anac si ,jesus4          
,ay ,sancta ,maria maauain1 ma          
alam1 uirgen naman totoo1 yna           
nang ,dios4 ,cami ypanalangin           
mo1 nang mapatoloi sa amin         ang  
panga ngaco ni ,jesuchristo4            
,amen ,jesus4            ,a ,,ba ,,po   
,,sa ,,ta ,,ma ,,ri ,,ya ,,ha ,,ri4 ,i  
,,na ,,na ,a ,,wa         ,i ,,ka ,a ,i 
,,ki ,,na ,,bu ,,bu ,,ha ,,na ,,mi4 ,a  
,a ,,pi         ,,na ,,na ,,na ,,li     
,,ga4 ,a ,,ba ,i ,,ka ,,nga4 ,a ,,ti    
,,na ,,ta ,,wa ,,na ,,mi4 ,,pi          
,,na ,,pa ,,pa ,,na ,,na ,,ta ,,wo4 ,a  
,,na ,,ni ,e ,,ba4 ,i ,,ka ,,di4 ,a ,i  
,,pi         ,,na ,,bu ,,bu ,,tu ,,hi   
,,ni ,,nga ,,na ,,mi4 ,,na ,a ,,mi ,,pa 

,,ta ,,ngi4 ,,di ,,ni         ,,sa ,,lu 
,,pa4 ,,ba ,,ya ,,ka ,,ha ,,pi ,,ha     
,,pi4 ,a ,a ,,ba4 ,,pi ,,ta ,,ka        
,,si ,,na ,,mi4 ,i ,,li ,,ngo ,,mo ,,sa 
,a ,,mi4 ,a ,,ma ,,ta ,,mo ,,ma ,a ,,wa 
,i4 ,,sa ,,ka ,,ku ,,ma ,,ta ,,po4 ,,ya 
,,ri ,,pa ,,pa ,,pa ,,na ,,sa ,a ,,mi4  
,i ,,pa ,,ki ,,ta ,,mo ,,sa ,a ,,mi4 ,a 
,i ,,yo ,a ,,na ,,si ,,se ,,so4 ,,sa    
,,ta         ,,ma ,,ri ,,ya4 ,,ma ,a    
,,wa ,i4 ,,ma ,a ,,la4 ,,bi ,,se ,,na   
,,ma ,,to ,,to ,o4         ,i ,,na ,,na 
,,di ,,yo4 ,,ka ,,mi ,i ,,pa ,,na ,,la  
,,ngi ,,mo4 ,,na ,,ma ,,pa         ,,to 
,,lo ,,sa ,a ,,mi4 ,a ,,pa ,,nga ,,nga  
,,ko4 ,,ni ,,se ,,so ,,ki ,,to4         
,a ,,me ,,se ,,so4            ,los      
,articulos dela fee1         son        
catorze4 ,los siete pertenesce          
ata diuinidad1 ylos otros siete         
a la humanidad denro senor ,je          
suchristo ,dios y hombre uerda          
dero4 ylos siete que pertenescen        
ala diuinidad son estos4          ,el   
primero1 creer en un so         lo dios 

todo poderoso4         ,el segundo creer
 que es dios pa         dre4 ,el        
tercero1 creer qes dios hi         jo4  
,el quarto1 creer que es ,dios          
,espiritusancto4 ,el quinto1 creer      
que es criador4 ,el sexto1 creer        
qes satuador4 ,el septimo1 creer        
que es glorificador4          ,los que  
pertenescenatasa         ta humanidad4  
,son estos4          ,el ,primero1 creer
 que nues         tro senor             
,jesuchristo1 en quato         hombre   
fue concebido del sptri         tu      
sancto4 ,el segundo1 que nascro         
del uientre uirginal de la uirgen       
sancta ,maria1 siendo ella uirge        
antes del parto1 yenelparto1 y des      
pues del parto4 ,el tercero1 que        
rescibio muerte y pasion porsal         
uar anosotros peccadores4 ,el quar      
to3 que descendio alos infiernos1       
ysacolas animas de los sanctos          
padres que asta estauan esperan         
do su sancto aduenimiento4 ,el          
quinto1 que resuscito altercero         

dia4 ,el sexto1 creer que subio         
alos cielos1 yseassento ala dies        
tra de dios padre todo poderoso4        
,el septimo1 que uerna ajuzgar          
alos uinos y alos muertos4 ,con         
uiene asaber1 alos buenos paradar       
la gloria1 porq guardaron susma         
damientos3 yalos malos pena             
percurable porque nolos guar            
daron4 ,amen3            ,ang pono nang 
sinasangpa         lataianan nang manga 
chris         tiano labin apat na bagai4
 ,ang         pitong naona ang sabi ang 
,dios         ang pagcadios niya4 ,ang  
pitog         naholi ang sabi1a1 ang    
atin pangi         noon ,jesuchristo ang
 pagcatauo         niya4 ,ang pitong    
naona ang sa         bi1 ce ang ,dios   
ang pagca dios ni         ya ay yceri4  
,ang naona sumangpalataia         sa    
ysang ,dios totoo4 ,ang ycalua1         
sumangpalataia1 ycering dios si         
yang ama4 ,ang ycatlo1 ,sumapalataia4   
ycering dios siyang anac4 ,ang          
ycapat sumangpalataia1 ycering          

dios siyang spiritusancto4 ,ang         
ycalima1 sumangpalataia1 ycerig         
dios siyang mangagaua nang la           
hat4 ,ang ycanim1 sumangpala            
taia ycering dios siyang naca           
uauala nang casalanan4 ,ang             
ycapito sumangpalataia ycering          
dios siyang nacalulualhati4             
,ang pitong naholi ang         sabi ce  
ang ating pagninoon         ,jesuchristo
 ang pagcatauo ni         ya ay yari4   
,ang naona sumangpala         taia ang  
atin pagninoon         ,jesuchristo1    
ypinaglehe ni ,san         cta ,maria   
lalang nang spiritu         sancto4 ,ang
 ycalua sumang         palataia1 ang    
atin pagninoon         ,jesuchristo y   
pinanganac ni         sancta maria      
uirgen totoo1 na         dipa nanganac1 
nang macapa         nganac na uirgen din
 totoo4         ,ang ycatlo             
sumangpalataia1         ang atin        
panginoon ,jesuchris         to         
nasactan1 ypinaco sa cruz4              
namatai sacop nang atin casa            

lanan4 ,ang ycapat sumang               
palataia1 ang atin panginoon ,je        
suchristo nanaog sa manga in            
fierno1 at hinango doon ang ca          
loloua nang manga sanctos nag           
hihintai nang pagdating niya4           
,ang ycalima sumangpalataia         ang 
atin panginoon ,jesuchristo1            
nang magycatlong arao nabu         hai  
nanaguli4 ,ang ycanim su                
mangpalataia ang atin pangino         on
 ,jesuchristo nacyat sa langit          
nalolocloc sa canan nang dios           
ama macagagaua sa lahat4 ,ang           
ycapito sumangpalataia ang a         tin
 panginoon ,jesuchristo saca            
parito hohocom sa nabubuhai at          
sa nangamatai na tauo4 ,ang ba          
nal na tauo gagantihin niya nag         
caloualhatian nang langit1 ang          
nacasonor silla nang caniyang           
otos4 ,ang di banal pacasasamin         
sa infierno ang di silla sumonor        
nang otos niya4 ,ame4 ,jesus4           
,a ,,po ,,no ,,na ,,si ,,na ,,sa ,,pa   

,,la ,,ta ,,ya ,,na4 ,,na         ,,ma  
,,nga ,,ki ,,ni ,,ti ,,ya ,,no4 ,,la    
,,bi ,a ,,pa ,,na         ,,ba ,,ga4 ,a 
,,pi ,,to ,,na ,o ,,na4 ,a ,,sa ,,bi ,i 
,a ,,di ,,yo4 ,a         ,,pa ,,ka ,,di 
,,yo ,,ni ,,ya4 ,a ,,pi ,,to ,,na ,,ho  
,,li4 ,a ,,sa ,,bi ,i4         ,a ,a    
,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,se ,,so ,,ki  
,,to4 ,a ,,pa ,,ka ,,ta ,,wo ,,ni ,,ya4 
,a ,,pi ,,ta ,,na ,o ,,na4 ,a ,,sa ,,bi 
,a ,,di ,,yo4 ,a ,,pa ,,ka ,,di ,,yo    
,,ni ,,ya4 ,a ,,pa ,,di4          ,a    
,,na ,o ,,na4 ,,su ,,ma ,,pa ,,la ,,ta  
,,ya ,,sa ,i ,,sa ,,di         ,,yo ,,to
 ,,to ,o4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,wa4 ,,su ,,ma    
,,pa ,,la ,,ta ,,ya4 ,,ya ,,ri ,,di     
,,yo4 ,,si ,,ya ,a ,,ma4 ,a ,i ,,ka     
,,lo4 ,,su ,,ma ,,pa ,,la ,,ta ,,ya4    
,,ya ,,ri ,,di ,,to4 ,,si ,,ya ,a ,,na4 
,a ,i ,,ka ,,pa4 ,,su ,,ma ,,pa ,,la    
,,ta ,,ya4 ,,ya ,,ri ,,di ,,yo4 ,s ,,ya 
,e ,,pi ,,di ,,to ,,sa ,,to ,a ,i       
,,ka ,,li ,,ma4 ,,su ,,ma ,,pa ,,la ,,ta
 ,,ya4 ,,ya ,,ri ,,di ,,to4 ,,si ,,ya   
,,ma ,,ga         ,,ga ,,wa ,,na ,,la   

,,ha4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,ni4 ,,su ,,ma ,,pa   
,,la ,,ta ,,ya4 ,,ya ,,ri         ,,di  
,,to4 ,,si ,,ya ,,na ,,ka ,,wa ,,wa ,,la
 ,,na ,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,na4 ,a ,i ,,ka   
,,pi         ,,to4 ,,su ,,ma ,,pa ,,la  
,,ta ,,ya4 ,,ya ,,ri ,,di ,,yo4 ,,si    
,,ya ,,na ,,ka ,,lu         ,,lu ,,wa   
,,ha ,,ti4          ,a ,,pi ,,to ,,na   
,,hu ,,li4 ,a ,,sa ,,bi ,i ,a ,a ,,ti   
,,pa ,,ngi         ,,no ,o ,,se ,,so    
,,ki ,,to4 ,a ,,pa ,,ka ,,ta ,,wa ,,ni  
,,ya4 ,a ,,ya ,,ri4         ,a ,,na ,o  
,,na4 ,,su ,,ma ,,pa ,,la ,,ta ,,ya4 ,a 
,a ,,ti ,,pa         ,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,se 
,,so ,,ki ,,to4 ,i ,,pi ,,na ,,le ,,he4 
,,ni ,,sa ,,ta ,,ma ,,ri         ,,ya4  
,,la ,,la ,,na ,e ,,pi ,,ri ,,to ,,sa   
,,to4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,wa4 ,,su ,,ma        
,,pa ,,la ,,ta ,,ya4 ,a ,a ,,ti ,,pa    
,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,se ,,so ,,ki ,,to4 ,i   
,,pi         ,,na ,,nga ,,na4 ,,ni ,,sa 
,,to ,,ma ,,ri ,,ya4 ,,bi ,,se ,,to ,,to
 ,o4 ,,na ,,di ,,pa         ,,na ,,nga  
,,na4 ,,na ,,ma ,,ka ,,pa ,,nga ,,na    
,,na4 ,,bi ,,se ,,di ,,to ,,to ,o4      

,a ,i ,,ka ,,lo4 ,,su ,,ma ,,pa ,,la    
,,ta ,,ya4 ,a ,a ,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi        
,,no ,o ,,se ,,so ,,ki ,,to4 ,,na ,,sa  
,,ta4 ,i ,,pi ,,na ,,ko ,,sa ,,ku ,,ru4 
,,sa         ,,ko ,,na ,a ,,ti ,,ka ,,sa
 ,,la ,,na4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,pa4 ,,su ,,ma  
,,pa ,,la ,,ta ,,ya4         ,a ,a ,,ti 
,,pa ,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,se ,,so ,,ki ,,to4 
,,na ,,na ,o4 ,,sa ,,ma ,,ngo         ,i
 ,,pe ,,no4 ,a ,,hi ,,na ,,ngo ,,do ,o4 
,a ,,ka ,,lo ,,lo ,,wa ,,na ,,ma        
,,nga ,,sa ,,to4 ,,na ,,hi ,,hi ,,ta4   
,,na ,,pa ,,ra ,,ti ,,ni ,,ya4 ,a ,i    
,,ka         ,,li ,,ma4 ,,su ,,ma ,,pa  
,,la ,,ta ,,ya4 ,a ,a ,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi   
,,no ,o4 ,,se ,,so         ,,ki ,,to4   
,,na ,,ma ,i ,,ka ,,lo ,a ,,ra4 ,,na    
,,bu ,,ha ,,na ,,na ,u ,,li4         ,a 
,i ,,ka ,,ni4 ,,su ,,ma ,,sa ,,pa ,,la  
,,ta ,,ya4 ,a ,a ,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi ,,no   
,o ,,se ,,so ,,ki ,,to4 ,,na ,,ya ,,sa  
,,la ,,ngi4 ,,na ,,lo ,,lo ,,lo ,,sa    
,,ka         ,,na4 ,,na ,,di ,,yo ,a    
,,ma4 ,,ma ,,ka ,,ga ,,ga ,,wa ,,sa ,,la
 ,,ha4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,pi ,,to4            

,,su ,,ma ,,pa ,,la ,,ta ,,ya4 ,a ,a    
,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,se ,,so ,,ki  
,,to4         ,,sa ,,ka ,,pa ,,ri ,,to4 
,,ho ,,ho ,,ko4 ,,sa ,,na ,,bu ,,bu     
,,ha4 ,a ,,sa ,,na ,,nga         ,,ma   
,,ta ,,na ,,ta ,,wo4 ,a ,,ba ,,na ,,na  
,,ta ,,wo4 ,,ga ,,ga ,,ti ,,hi ,,ni     
,,ya4         ,,na ,,ka ,,lu ,,wa ,,ha  
,,ti ,a ,,na ,,la ,,ngi4 ,a ,,na ,,ka   
,,so ,,no ,,si ,,la         ,,na ,,ka   
,,ni ,,ya ,o ,,to4 ,a ,,di ,,ba ,,na    
,,pa ,,ka ,,sa ,,sa ,i4 ,,sa ,i         
,,pe ,,no4 ,a ,,di ,,si ,,la ,,so ,,mo  
,,no4 ,,na ,o ,,to ,,ni ,,ya4 ,a ,,me4  
,,se ,,so4            ,los mandamientos 
de la         lei de dios son diez4 ,los
 tres         pertenescen alhonor de    
,dios4         ylos otros siete al      
prouecho del         proximo4           
,el primero1 amarasa dios         sobre 
todas las cosas4 ,el         segundo1 no
 jurarasu sancto nom         bre en     
uano4 ,el tercero1 sanctisi             
caras las siestas4 ,el quarto1 hon      
rraras atu padre y madre4 ,el           

quinto1 no mataras4 ,el sexto           
nofornicaras4 ,el septimo1 no hur       
taras4 ,el octauo1 noscuantarafal99     
so testimonio4 ,el noueno1 no           
dessearas la muger de suproxi           
mo4 ,el dezeno1 nocobdiciaras1          
los bienes agenos4 ,estos diez          
mandamientos se encierran e         dos1
 amarasa dios sobre todas         las   
cosas4 y atu proximo como         ati   
mesmo4            ,ang otos nang        
,dios1ce1         sangpouo4             
,ang naona1 ybigin mo ang         dios  
lalo sa lahat4 ,ang y         calua1    
houag mo sacsihin ang         dios cundi
 totoo4 ,ang ycatlo         mangilin ca 
cun domingo at cu         siesta4 ,ang  
ycapat1 ygalang mo         ang yyong    
ama1 at ang yyong         yna4 ,ang     
ycalima houag mog         patayin ag    
capoua mo tauo4 ag yca         nim1     
houag cag maquiapir sa di mo            
asaua4 ,ang ycapito houag cang mag      
nacao1 ag ycaualo houag mog paga        
uagaua nanguica ang capoua mo           

tauo houag ca naman magsono             
galing4 ,ang ycasiam houag cang         
mag nasa sa di mo asaua4 ,ang y         
capolo1 houag mong pagnasa         ang  
di mo ari4 ,ytong sang         pouong   
,otos nang ,dios da         laua ang    
inouian4 ,ang ysa         ybigin mo ,ang
 ,dios lalo         lalo sa lahat4 ,ang 
ycalua ybig         in mo naman ang     
capoua mo tauo         parang ang       
catauan mo4 ,amen4         ,jesus4      
,a ,o ,,to ,,na ,,di ,,yo4 ,i ,,sa ,,po 
,,wo         ,a ,,na ,o ,,na4 ,i ,,bi ,i
 ,,mo ,a ,,di ,,yo4 ,,la ,,lo ,,sa ,,la 
,,ha4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,wa4 ,,ho ,,wa ,,mo   
,,sa ,,se ,,hi ,a ,,di ,,yo         ,,ku
 ,,di ,,to ,,to ,o4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,lo4    
,,ma ,,ngi ,,li ,,ka4 ,,ku ,,do ,,mi    
,,go4         ,a ,,ku ,,pi ,,ta4 ,a ,i  
,,ka ,,pa4 ,i ,,ga ,,la ,,mo4 ,a ,i ,,yo
 ,a ,,ma4         ,a ,a ,i ,,yo ,i ,,na4
 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,li ,,ma4 ,,ho ,,wa ,,mo   
,,pa ,,ta         ,,yi ,a ,,ka ,,po ,,wa
 ,,mo ,,to ,,wo4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,ni4 ,,ho  
,,wa ,,ka ,,ma ,,ki         ,a ,,pi ,,sa

 ,,di ,,mo ,a ,,sa ,,wa4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,pi
 ,,to4 ,,ho ,,wa ,,ka         ,,ma ,,na 
,,ka4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,wa ,,lo4 ,,ho ,,wa   
,,mo ,,pa ,,ga ,a ,,ga ,a ,,na          
,,wi ,,ka4 ,a ,,ka ,,po ,,wa ,,mo ,,ta  
,,wo4 ,,ho ,,wa ,,ka ,,na ,,ma ,,ma     
,,so4         ,,no ,,nga ,,li4 ,a ,i    
,,ka ,,si ,,ya4 ,,ho ,,wa ,,ka ,,ma ,,na
 ,,sa4 ,,sa         ,,di ,,mo ,a ,,sa   
,,wa4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,po ,,lo4 ,,ho ,,wa   
,,mo ,,pa ,,na ,,sa ,,hi         ,a ,,di
 ,,mo ,a ,,ri4 ,i ,,to ,,sa ,,po ,,wo4  
,o ,,to ,,na ,,di ,,yo4 ,,da ,,wa       
,a ,i ,,no ,,wi ,a4 ,a ,i ,,sa4 ,i ,,bi 
,i ,,mo ,a ,,di ,,yo4 ,,la         ,,lo 
,,sa ,,la ,,ha4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,wa4 ,i ,,bi
 ,i ,,mo ,,na ,,ma4 ,a ,,ka         ,,po
 ,,wa ,,mo ,,ta ,,wo4 ,,pa ,,ra ,,na    
,,ka ,,ta ,a ,,mo4 ,a ,,me ,,se ,,so4   
,los mandamientos de las sa         cta 
madre yglesia1 son cinco4          ,el  
primero4 ourmissa ente         ra los   
domingos y siestas         de guardar4  
,el segundo1 con         fesar alomenos 
una vez en el         ano4 ,el tercero1 

comulgar de         necessidad por      
pascua florida4         ,el quarto1     
ayunar quando lo         manda la sancta
 madre ygtia4         ,el quinto1 pagar 
diezmos y         primicias4            
,ang otos nang sancta y         gtia yna
 natin ceylima4          ,ang naona1    
maquinig nag         missa houag        
meilisan         cun domingo at sa      
siesta1 pina         ngingilinan4 ,ang  
ycalua1 mag         confesar miminsan   
man taon         taon1 at cun mey hirap 
na yca         mamatai4 ,ang ycatlo1 mag
         comulgar cun pascua na yqui    
nabuhai na naguli nang atin pa          
nginoon ,jesuchristo4 ,ang ycapat1      
magayunar cun magotos ang sa         cta
 yglesia yna natin4 ,ang y              
calima papamagohin ang ,dios            
nang dilan pananim1 at ang scey         
capoua yhayin sa dios4 ,amen4           
,a ,o ,,to ,,na ,,sa ,,ta ,i ,,le ,,si  
,,ya4 ,i ,,na ,,na ,,ti ,a         ,a   
,,li ,,ma4         ,a ,,na ,o ,,na4 ,,ma
 ,,ki ,,yi ,,na ,,mi ,,sa4 ,,ho ,,wa    

,,ma ,,li ,,sa4         ,,ku ,,do ,,mi  
,,go4 ,a ,,sa ,,pi ,,ta4 ,,pi ,,na ,,ngi
         ,,ngi ,,li ,,na4 ,a ,i ,,ka    
,,wa4 ,,ma ,,ko ,,pi ,,sa4 ,,mi ,,mi    
,,sa ,,ma4         ,,ta ,o ,,ta ,o4 ,a  
,,ku ,,ma ,,hi ,,ra ,,na ,i ,,ka ,,ma   
,,ma ,,ta4 ,a ,i         ,,ka ,,lo4 ,,ma
 ,,ko ,,mu ,,ga4 ,,ku ,,pa ,,ku ,,wa4   
,,na ,i ,,ki ,,na ,,bu ,,ha         ,,na
 ,,na ,u ,,li4 ,,na ,a ,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi  
,,no ,o4 ,,se ,,so ,,ki ,,to4         ,a
 ,i ,,ka ,,pa4 ,,ma ,a ,,yu ,,na4 ,,ku  
,,ma ,o ,,to4 ,a ,,sa ,,ta         ,i   
,,le ,,si ,,ya4 ,i ,,na ,,na ,,ti4 ,a ,i
 ,,ka ,,li ,,ma4 ,,pa ,,pa         ,,ma 
,,go ,,hi ,a ,,di ,,yo4 ,a ,,di ,,la    
,,pa ,,na ,,ni4 ,a ,a         ,,sa ,i   
,,ka ,,pu ,,wo4 ,i ,,ha ,,yi ,,mo ,,sa  
,,di ,,yo4 ,a ,,me4            ,los     
sacramentos de la san         cta madre 
ygtia son siete4          ,el primero   
baptismo4 ,el segu         do           
confirmacion4 ,el tercero ,pe           
nitencia4 ,el quarto1 comunio4          
,el quinto extrema uncion4 ,el          

septimo1 orden de matrimonio4           
,pito ang mahal natanda                 
ycauauala nang casalanan ang            
ngalan sacramentos4          ,ang naona 
ang baptismo4 ,ag         ycalua ang    
confirmar4 ,ang y         catlo ang     
confesar4 ,ang yca         pat ang      
comulgar4 ,ang ycali         ma ang     
extrema uncion4 ,ang         ycanim ang 
orden nang sacerdo         te4 ,ang     
ycapito ang pagcasal4         ,itong    
daluan holi pinatotooba         nang    
dios ang tauo piliin ang         balan  
ybig4 ,amen4            ,,pi ,,to ,a    
,,ma ,,ha ,,na ,,ta ,,da4 ,a ,,ka ,,wa  
,,wa ,,la ,,na ,,ka ,,sa         ,,la   
,,na4 ,a ,,nga ,,la ,,sa ,,ka ,,ra ,,me 
,,to4         ,a ,,na ,o ,,na4 ,a ,,ba  
,,ti ,,mo4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,wa4 ,a ,,ku ,,pi
 ,,ma4         ,a ,i ,,ka ,,lo4 ,a ,,ko 
,,pi ,,sa4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,pa4 ,a ,,ko ,,mu
 ,,ga4         ,a ,i ,,ka ,,li ,,ma4 ,a 
,e ,,te ,,re ,,ma4 ,u ,,si ,,yo4 ,a ,i  
,,ka ,,ni4 ,a ,o ,,de ,,na ,,sa ,,se    
,,do ,,ti4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,pi ,,to4        

,a ,,pa ,,ka ,,sa4 ,i ,,to ,,da ,,wa    
,,ho ,,li4 ,,pi ,,na ,,lo ,,lo ,o ,,ba4 
,,na ,,di ,,yo ,a ,,ta ,,wo4 ,,pi ,,li  
,i4 ,a ,,ba ,,la ,i ,,bi4               
,los peccados mortales         son      
siete4          ,el primero soberuia4   
,el se         gundo ,euaricia4 ,el     
tercero1         ,luxuria4 ,el quarto   
yra4 ,el         quinto1 ,gula994 ,el   
sexto ,embi         dia4 ,el septimo    
,accidia4          ,ang ponong          
casalanan1 y         capapacasama nang  
caloloua         cey pito4          ,ang
 capalaloan4 ,ang caramo         tan4   
,ang calibogan4 ,ang ca         galitan4
 ,ang caiamoan sapag         caen at    
sapag inum4 ,ang capa         naghilian4
 ,ang catamara4            ,a ,,po ,,no 
,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,na4 ,i ,,ka ,,pa ,,pa  
,,ka ,,sa         ,,ma ,,na ,,ka ,,lo   
,,lo ,,wa4 ,a ,,pi ,,to4         ,a ,,ka
 ,,pa ,,la ,,lo ,a4 ,a ,,ka ,,ra ,,mo   
,,ta4 ,a ,,ka ,,li         ,,bo ,,ga4 ,a
 ,,ka ,,ga ,,li ,,ta4 ,a ,,ka ,,ya ,,mo 
,a4 ,,sa ,,pa ,,ka         ,e4 ,a ,,sa  

,,pa ,i ,,nu4 ,a ,,ka ,,pa ,,na ,,hi    
,,li ,a4         ,a ,,ka ,,ta ,,ma ,,ra4
            ,las obras demisericordia1  
que qualquier chistiano deue            
cumplirson catorze4 ,las siete          
spirituales1 y las otras siete cor      
porales4 las siete corporales son       
estas4          ,ujsitar los enfermos4  
,dar de         comer al que hahabre4   
,dar de         beuer al que hased4     
,recte         mir al que esta captiuo4 
,deltir         al desnudo1 que lo      
hamenester4         ,dar posada a los   
peregrinos4         ,enterrar los       
muertos4          ,las otras siete obras
 de         misericordia spirituales1   
son         estas4 ,ensenas alos sim    
ples queno saben4 ,dar consejo          
al quelo hamenester4 ,castigar          
al que hamenester castigo4 ,per         
donar al que erro contrati4 ,su         
friutas injurias de tu proximo          
conpaciencia1 al doliente1 yatsa        
nuedo4 ,consolar los tristes1 y         
desconsolados1 ,rogardios         por   

los uiuos y por los muertos4            
,amen4            ,ang cauaan gaua labin
 apat ag         pitong naona           
paquinabang nag         catauan1 ang    
pitong naholi pa         quinabang nang 
caloloua4 ,ang         pitong naona     
paquinabang na         catauan ay yari4 
,dalauin ang mei hirap4 ,paca           
nin ang nagogotom4 ,painumi         ang 
nauuhao4 ,paramtan ang ua         lan   
damit4 ,tubsin ang nabihag4             
,patoloyin ang ualan totoloya4          
,ybaon ang namatai4          ,ang pitong
 naholi paquina         bang nang       
caloloua         ay yari4               
,aralan ang di nacaaalam4 ,a            
ralan ang napaaaral4 ,ang ta         bo 
sala1 ce1 papagdalitain4 ,ual         in
 bahala sa loob ang casalana            
nang naccasasala sa iyo4 ,houag         
ypalaman sa loob ang pagmo         mora 
nang tauo sa iyo4 ,aliuin         ang   
nalulumbai4 ,ipanalangin         sa dios
 ang nabubuhai at ang         nanga     
matai na christiano4         ,amen      

,jesus4            ,a ,,ka ,a ,,wa ,a   
,,ga ,,wa4 ,,la ,,bi ,a ,,pa4 ,a ,,pi   
,,to ,,na ,o ,,na4 ,,pa ,,ki ,,na ,,ba  
,,na ,,ka ,,ta ,a4         ,a ,,pi ,,to 
,,na ,,ho ,,li4 ,,pa ,,ki ,,na ,,ba4    
,,na ,,ka ,,lo ,,lo         ,,wa4 ,a    
,,pi ,,to ,,na ,o ,,na4 ,,pa ,,ki ,,na  
,,ba ,,na ,,ka ,,ta ,a4         ,a ,,ya 
,,ri4 ,,da ,,la ,,wi ,a ,,me ,,hi ,,ra4 
,,pa ,,ka ,,na4         ,a ,,na ,,go    
,,go ,,to4 ,,pa ,i ,,no ,,mi4 ,a ,,na ,u
 ,u ,,ha4 ,,pa         ,,ra ,,ta4 ,a    
,,wa ,,la ,,da ,,mi4 ,,tu ,,si ,a ,,na  
,,bi ,,ha4 ,,pa         ,,to ,,lo ,,yi4 
,a ,,wa ,,la ,,to ,,to ,,lo ,,ya4 ,i    
,,ba ,o4 ,a         ,,na ,,ma ,,ta4 ,a  
,,pi ,,to ,a ,,ho ,,li4 ,,pa ,,ki ,,na  
,,ba ,,na ,,ka ,,lo ,,lo ,,wa4 ,a ,,ya  
,,ri4         ,a ,,ra ,,la4 ,a ,,di ,,na
 ,,ka ,a ,a ,,la4 ,a ,,ra ,,la4         
,a ,,na ,,pa ,a ,a ,,ra4 ,a ,,ta ,,wo   
,,sa ,,la4 ,,pa ,,pa ,,da         ,,li  
,,ta ,i4 ,,wa ,i ,,ba ,,ha ,,la ,,sa    
,,lo ,o4 ,a ,,ka ,,sa ,,la         ,,na4
 ,,na ,,na ,,ka ,,sa ,,sa ,,la4 ,,sa ,i 

,,yo4 ,,ho ,,wa ,i ,,pa         ,,la    
,,ma ,,sa ,,lo ,o4 ,a ,,pa ,,mo ,,mo    
,,ra4 ,a ,,ta ,,wo ,,sa         ,i ,,yo4
 ,a ,,li ,,wi4 ,a ,,na ,,lu ,,lu ,,ba4  
,a ,,pa ,,na ,,la         ,,ngi ,,sa    
,,di ,,yo4 ,a ,,na ,,bu ,,bu ,,ha4 ,a ,a
 ,,na         ,,nga ,,ma ,,ta ,,na ,,ki 
,,ni ,,ti ,,ya ,,no4 ,a ,,me ,,se ,,so4 
,la confesion en ,romance               
,jopeccador mucho herrado me            
confieso adios yasancta ,maria1         
ya san ,pedro ya san ,pablo1         ya 
los bien aueuturados1 san               
,miguel harchangel1 ya san         ,juan
 baptista2 ya todos los sanc            
tos1 yauos padre que peque mu           
cho con el pensamientoi conla           
palabra1 y conta obra1 por mi cul       
pa por mi culpa1 por mi guan cul        
pa1 por en de ruego a la bien aue       
turada uirgen sancta ,maria1         y  
alos bien auenturados apos         toles
 san ,pedro y san ,pablo1         y     
asanct ,juan baptista1 ya todos         
los sanctos y sanctas querue            

quen por mi anuestro senor4 ,je         
suchristo4 ,amen4            ,acoy      
macasalanan nagcoco         pesal aco sa
 atin panginoon di         os macagagaua
 sa lahat at cai         sancta ,maria  
uirgen totoo         at cai sanct       
,miguel archangel1         cai sanct    
,juan baptista sa san         ctos      
apostoles cai sanct ,pedro1         at  
cai sanct ,pablo at sa lahat         na 
sanctos at sa iyo padre1         ang    
naccasala aco sa panidim1         sa pag
 uica at sa paggaua aco nga         ce1 
sala aco1i1 mei casalanan1 aco1         
i1 salan lubha siyang ypmagsisi         
sico caiangaiata nananalan         ngin 
aco cai sancta ,maria         uirgen    
totoo at cai1 ,s4 ,miguel archa         
gel1 at cai1 ,s4,juan baptista1 at sa   
san         ctos apostoles1 cai ,s4     
,pedro at cai1 ,s4         ,pablo at sa 
lahat na sanctos1 nag aco         a4    
ypanalangin nila sa atin pangi          
noo dios ycao nama padre aco1i4         
ypanalangin mo at haman caha            

lili canang dios dito aco1i1 ca         
lagan mo sa casalanan co1 at            
parusahan mo aco4 ,amen1 ,jesu4         
,a ,,ko ,,ma ,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,na4 ,a    
,,ko ,,na ,,ko ,,ko ,,pi ,,sa           
,,sa ,a ,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,di    
,,yo4 ,,ma ,,ka ,,ga ,,ga         ,,wa  
,,sa ,,la ,,ha4 ,a ,,ka ,,sa ,,ta ,,ma  
,,ri ,,ya4 ,,bi ,,se ,,to ,,to ,o4      
,,ka ,,sa ,,mi ,,ge4 ,a ,,ka ,,si4 ,,ka 
,,sa ,,su ,,wa ,,ba ,,ti ,,ta4 ,,sa ,,sa
         ,,to ,a ,,po ,,to ,,li4 ,,ka   
,,sa ,,pe ,,ro4 ,a ,,ka ,,sa ,,pa ,,lo4 
,a ,,sa ,,la ,,ha ,,na ,,sa ,,to4 ,a    
,,sa ,i ,,yo ,,pa ,,re4 ,a ,,na         
,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,a ,,ko4 ,,sa ,,pa ,,ni  
,,ri4 ,,sa ,,pa ,,wi ,,ka4 ,a           
,,sa ,,pa ,,ga ,,wa4 ,a ,,ko ,,nga ,a   
,,sa ,,la4 ,a ,,ko ,,ma ,,ka            
,,sa ,,la ,,na4 ,a ,,ko ,,sa ,,la ,,lo  
,,ha4 ,,si ,,ya ,i ,,pi ,,na ,,si ,,si  
,,si ,,ko4 ,,ka ,,ya ,,nga ,,ya ,,to4   
,,na ,,na ,,na ,,la ,,ngi ,a ,,ko       
,,ka ,,sa ,,ta ,,ma ,,di ,,yo4 ,,bi ,,se
 ,,to ,,to ,o4 ,,ka ,,sa ,,mi ,,go4     

,a ,,ka ,,si4 ,a ,,sa ,,so ,,wa ,,ba    
,,ti ,,ta4 ,a ,,sa ,,sa ,,to ,a         
,,po ,,to ,,li4 ,,ka ,,sa ,,pi ,,ro4 ,a 
,,ka ,,sa ,,pe ,,la4         ,a ,,sa    
,,la ,,ha ,,na ,,sa ,,to4 ,,na ,a ,,ko  
,i ,,pa ,,na ,,la         ,,ngi ,,ni    
,,la4 ,,sa ,a ,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi ,,no ,o   
,,di ,,yo4 ,i ,,ka         ,,na ,,ma    
,,pa ,,re4 ,a ,,ko ,i ,,pa ,,na ,,la    
,,ngi ,,mo4 ,a ,,ha         ,,ma ,,ka   
,,ha ,,li ,,li ,,ka4 ,,na ,,di ,,yo ,,di
 ,,to4 ,a ,,ko ,,ka ,,la         ,,ga   
,,mo4 ,,sa ,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,na ,,ko4 ,a 
,,pa ,,ru ,,sa ,,ha ,,mo         ,a     
,,ko4 ,a ,,me ,,se ,,so4            ,las
 preguntas en ,romace         ,p4 ,eres 
christiano8 ,r4 si porlami              
sericordia de ,dios4 ,p4que cosa es     
christiano8 ,r4 ,el hombre bapti        
zado que cree lo que ensena di          
os1 yla sancta yglesia madre nra4       
,p4 qua les la senal del christiano     
,r4 la sancta cruz4 ,p4 ,aquien         
adoran los christianos8 ,r4 a nro       
senor ,dios4 ,p4 que cosa es dios8      

,r4 la primera causa1 el princi         
pio de todas las cosas1 ,el que hi      
co todas las cosas1 y el no tiene       
principio nifin4 ,p4 quantos dio        
ses ay8 ,r4 un solo dios4 ,p4 qua       
tas personas4 ,r4 tres ,p4 como         
se llama la primera8 ,r4 ,dios          
padre4 ,p4 como se llama la seu         
da8 ,r4 ,dios hijo4 ,p4 como se lla     
ma la tercera8 ,r4 ,dios spiritu        
sancto4 ,p4 son por uenturatres         
,dioses4 ,r4 no sontres dioses4         
las personas son tres1 ysolo ai         
un dios4 ,p4 qual de las tres per       
sonas se hizo hombre8 ,r4 la se         
gunda persona que es el hijo4           
,p4 como se hizo hombre8 ,r4 por        
obra del spiritu sancto1 en las         
entranas de sancta ,maria uirge         
antes del parto1 ydespues del           
parto4 ,p4 para q se hizo hombre8       
,r4 para podermorir en rescate          
de los peccados de todos los            
hombres4 ,p4 qual es erantos            
peccados de los hombres8 ,r4         el 

peccado de nuestros prime         ros   
padres4 ,adan y ,eva1 del         qual  
todos participamos1 y fue         ra de 
esto1 los peccados actua         les    
conque ofenden a dios ca         da dia4
 ,p4 como rescato a los ho         bres8
 ,r4 murio en la cruz y to         mo   
asucargo los peccados de         todos  
los hombres4 ,p4 despues         de     
muerto nro senor ,jesuchris         to  
que hizo su alma8 ,r4 baxo         a los
 infiernos junta con la diui            
nidad1 ysaco las animas de los          
sanctos padres que estauan a            
guardando su sancto adueni4             
miento4 ,p4 ,el cuerpo de nuestro       
senor ,jesuchristo fue sepultado8       
,r4 si ,p4 resuscito4 ,r4 si ,p4qua     
do8 ,r4 al tercero dia1 de su muer      
te4 ,p4 que dose aca en la tierra nu    
estro senor ,jesuchristo8 ,r4 no1       
sino subro a los cielos1 despues        
de quarenta dias de su4 ,r4 esurrec     
cion y esta asentado ala diestra        
de dios padre todo poderoso4         ,p4

 que asiento tiene alla en el           
cielo8 ,r4 ,el mas abentaxado         de
 todos4 ,p4 ay dia enque uedra          
ajuzgar uinos y muertos4 ,r4 si1        
,p4 quando8 ,r4 no se sabe4 ,p4         
,el alma del hombre aca base            
quando muere el hombre8 ,r4         no  
muere con el cuerpo como         en los 
otros animales1 si no so         to el  
cuerpo muere y el alma         uiue para
 siempre4 ,p4 ande uol         uer      
adinir todos los que muere              
buenos y malos8 ,r4 ande uol         uer
 adinir y juntar se el cuerpo           
con el alma para ser juzgados         de
 chirsto nuestro senor4 ,p4             
despues de4 ,r4 esuscitados los         
cuerpos de los hombres ande             
uoluer amorir8 ,r4 no ,p4que            
dara dios en premio a los bue           
nos4 ,r4 la gloria del cielo al         
la ueran adios y se alegraran         y 
regozi jaran para siempre ja            
mas4 ,p4 que castigo dara dios         a
 los malos8 ,r4 echar los a en          

el infierno allatendran torme           
los y dolores para simpre ja            
mas4 ,p4 que esta sancta ygle           
sia4 ,r4 todos los hombres              
christianos que creen en di         os1 
juntamente consu cabe         ca1       
,jesuschristo que esta en         el    
cielo1 ysuuicauio en la tierra          
que es el papa del ,roma4 ,p4 ,en es    
ta sancta yglesia y cosas que           
quiten peccados8 ,r4 si ,p4 que         
cosas son8 ,r4 el baptisimo a           
los no christianos1 y la confe          
sion a los ya christianos que           
peccaron si searrepienten de            
suspeccados de ueras ytiene             
uoluntad de nunca mas boluer            
apeccar4 ,p4 ,en esta sancta yglia      
ay comunion de los sanctos8 ,r4         
si4 ,p4 que esta comunion de los        
sanctos8 ,r4 la participacion         de
 los buenos christianos en las          
buenas obras y sacramentos4         ,p4 
quando leuanta la ostia el pa           
dre en la missa para quela ado          

rentos christianos quien esta           
asti8 ,r4 ,jesuchristo nro senor        
dios y hombre uerdadero como            
esta en el cielo4 ,p4 ,en el caliz      
quien esta8 ,r4 la sangre uer           
dadera de nro senor ,jesuchris          
to como aquella que deruamo         en  
la cruz4 ,p4 que esta el chris          
tiano obligado a hazer1 para            
saluarse8 ,r4 hazer y cumplir4          
los diez mandamientos de dios         y 
los de la sancta madre yglesia4         
,ang tanongan4          ,tanongan4      
,christiano cana8         ,sagot4 ,oo4t 
aua nang atin pa         nginoon dios4  
,t4 ano caia ang         christiano8 ,s4
 ang binagan su         masangpalataia  
sa aral nang         dios at nang sancta
 yglesia         yna natin4 ,t4 alin    
caia ang tan         da nang christiano8
 ,s4 ang sacta         cruz4 ,t4 sino   
caia ang sinasam         ba nang manga  
christiano8 ,s4         ang atin        
panginoon dios4 ,t4         ano caia ang
 dios8 ,s4 ang onag         mola4 ang   

caona onahan sa lahat1         ang mei  
gaua sa lahat1 siya1e1         ualan    
pinagmolan ualan caha         ganan4 ,t4
 ylan ang dios8 ,s4 ysa         lamang4 
,t4 ylan ang personas8         ,s4      
tatlo4 ,t4 anong ngalang nang           
naona8 ,s4 ang dios ama4 ,t4 anog       
ngalan nang ycalua8 ,s4 ang di          
os anac4 ,t4 anong ngalan nag           
ycatlo8 ,s4 ang dios spiritusacto4      
,t4 tatlo caia ang dios8 ,s4 dile       
tatlo ang dios1 ang personas            
siyang tatlo1 ang dios ysa              
lamang4 ,t4 alin sa tatlong per         
sonas ang nagcatauan tauo8         ,s4  
ang ycaluang persona nang               
sanctissima trinidad ang dios a         
nac4 ,t4 anong pagcatauan tauo          
niya8 ,s4 pinaglalangan siya nag        
dios spiritusancto satian ni sacta      
,maria uirgen totoo nang dipa           
nanganac siya4 nang macapanga           
nac na virgen din totoo4 ,t4 ayat       
nagcatauan tauo siya8 ,s1 nang ma       
yari mamatai siya tubus sacasa          

lanan nang lahat na tauo4 ,t4 atin      
caia ang casalanan nang tauo8           
,s4 ang casalanan nang atin magu        
gulang si ,adan at si ,eva nagin        
casalanan natin1 naramai pala ta        
yo sapagcacasala nila sa pangino        
on dios4 bucor naman doon ang sa        
diling casalanan nang balan nang        
tauo nagcasasala sa dios arao           
arao4 ,t4 ,anong pagtubus niya          
sa tauo8 ,s4 nagpacamatai siya          
sa cruz1 at sinacop niya ang san        
libotan bayan4 ,t4 nang namatai         
na ang atin  panginoon ,jesuchris       
to sa cruz1 anong guinaua nang          
caloloua niya8 ,s1 nanaog sama          
nga infiernos pati nang pagca           
dios niya1 at hinango doon ag           
caloloua nang manga sanctos             
padres naghihintai nagpagda         ting
 niya4 ,t4 ang catauan ni               
,jesuchristo ybinaon8 ,s4 oo4 ,t4       
nabuhai nanaguli8 ,s4 oo4 ,t4 ca        
ylan8 ,s4 nang magycatlong         arao 
nangpagcamatai niya4 ,t4                

humabilin dito sa lupa ang atin         
panginoon ,jesuchristo8 ,s4 di          
le humabilin dito sa lupa1 nac          
yat sa langit nang magycapat            
napoung arao nang pagcabu         hai   
niyang naguli1 at nalolocloc         sa 
canan nang dios ama maca         gagaua 
sa lahat4 ,t4 anong pagca         locloc
 niya doon sa langit8 ,s4               
pinalalo siya nang dios ama ni          
ya sa lahat4 ,t4 mei arao na yhoho      
com sa nangabubuhai1 at sana            
ngamatai natauo8 ,s4 oo ,t4 caila8      
,s4 dile naaalaman4 ,t4 sino caia1      
ang hocom8 ,s4 ang atin pangino         
on ,jesuchristo4 ,t4 ang caloloua       
natin mamatai caia cun mama         tai 
ang catauan natin8 ,s4 dile ma          
matai ang caloloua natin para           
nang sa haiop1 ang catauan la           
mang mamatai1 ang caloloua              
mabubuhai magparating man         saan4 
,t4 mabubuhai caia mag         uli ang  
nangamatai natauo1 ba         nal man1  
tampalasan man4 ,s1 oo         mabubuhai

 din maguli1 at papa         soc na moli
 ang caloloua sa ca         tauan nang  
hocoman silang         dalua nang atin  
panginoon ,je         suchristo4 ,t4 cun
 mabuhai na         maguli ang catauan  
nang ma         nga tauo mamatai pa     
caiang mo         li8 ,s4 dile4 ,t4 ano 
ygaganti         nang dios sa manga     
banal na         tauo4 ,s4 ang          
caluualhatian         sa langit doon    
maquiquita ni         la ang dios1 at   
matotoua at ma         liligaia1 at     
luluualhati magpa         rating man    
saan4 ,t4 ano ypa         rurusa niya sa
 manga tauo tan         palasan8 ,s1    
yhoholog niya sa         ynfierno doon  
maghihirap sila         at maccacasaquet
 magparatig         man saan4 ,t4 ano   
caia ang san         cta yglesia8 ,s4   
ang lahat nata         uo christiano    
sumasangpala         taia sa dios pati  
nang pononi         la si               
,jesuchristo1e1 nasa langit         dito
 sa lupa ang cahalili niya         ang  
sancto ,papa sa ,roma8         ,t4 dito 

sa sancta yglesia mei         ycauauala 
nang casalanan8         ,s1 oo1 ,t1 ano 
caia ang ycauaua         la nang        
casalanan8 ,s1 ang         pinagbinag sa
 dipa christianos         at ang        
pagcoconfesal nang ma         nga       
christianos mei casalana1         cun   
magsising masaquet at         mei loob  
na di moli maccasa         la sa dios   
magparating man         saan4 ,t1 dito  
sasancta yglesia         mei casamahan  
ang manga         sanctos8 ,s1 oo1 ,t1  
ano caia         ang casamahan nang     
manga         sanctos8 ,s1 ang          
pagpapaquina         bang nang manga    
,christianos         banal na tauo1 sa  
gaua maga         ling sangpon nang     
sasacra         mentos4 ,t1 ,nang       
binubuhat         ang ostia nang padre  
sapagmi         misa sino caia ang      
naroon8         ,s1 ang atin panginoon  
,jesu         ,christo ,dios totoo1 at  
tauog         totoo1 para doon sa       
langit4 ,t1 sa         caliz sino caia  
ang naroon8 ,s1         ,ang dugong     

totoo nang atin         panginoon       
,jesuchristo1 capara         niun       
nabohos sa cruz nang na         matai   
siya4 ,t1 ano caia ang ga         gauin 
nang manga ,christiano         nang     
macaparoon sa langit8 ,s1         ,ang  
susundin nila ang sang         po1 uong 
otos nang dios1 pati         nang otos  
nang sancta yglesia         yna natin4  
,,ta ,,no ,,nga4          ,,ki ,,ni ,,ti
 ,,ya ,,no ,,ka ,,na4 ,o ,o ,a ,,wa ,,na
 ,a         ,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,di
 ,,yo4 ,a ,,no ,,ka ,,ya         ,a ,,ki
 ,,ni ,,ti ,,ya ,,no4 ,a ,,bi ,,ya ,,ga 
,,na ,,ta ,,wo4 ,,su ,,ma         ,,sa  
,,pa ,,la ,,ta ,,ya4 ,,sa ,a ,,ra ,,na  
,,di ,,yo4 ,a ,,na ,,sa         ,,ta ,i 
,,le ,,si ,,ya4 ,i ,,na ,,na ,,ti4 ,a   
,,li ,,ka ,,ya         ,a ,,ta ,,da ,,na
 ,,ki ,,ni ,,ti ,,ya ,,no4 ,a ,,sa ,,ta 
,,ku ,,ru4         ,,si ,,no ,,ka ,,ya4 
,a ,,si ,,na ,,sa ,,ba4 ,,na ,,ma ,,nga 
,,ki ,,ni         ,,ti ,,ya ,,no4 ,a ,a 
,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,di ,,yo4 ,a   
,,no ,,ka ,,ya ,a ,,di ,,yo4 ,a ,o ,,na 

,,mo ,,la4 ,a ,,ka ,o         ,,na ,o   
,,na ,,ha ,,sa ,,la ,,ha4 ,a ,,ma ,,ga  
,,wa ,,sa ,,la ,,ha4         ,,si ,,ya  
,,wa ,,la ,,pi ,,na ,,mo ,a4 ,,wa ,,la  
,,ka ,,ha ,,ga ,,na4         ,i ,,la ,a 
,,di ,,yo4 ,i ,i ,,sa ,,la ,,ma4 ,i ,,la
 ,a         ,,pe ,,so ,,na4 ,,ta ,,lo4  
,a ,,no ,,nga ,,la ,,na ,,na ,o ,,na4   
,,di         ,,yo ,a ,,ma4 ,,ano ,,nga  
,,la ,,na ,i ,,ka ,,wa4 ,,di ,,yo ,a    
,,ma4         ,a ,,no ,,nga ,,la ,,na ,i
 ,,ka ,,lo4 ,,di ,,yo ,e ,,pi ,,ri ,,to 
,,sa ,,to4 ,,ta ,,lo ,,ka ,,ya ,a ,,di  
,,yo4 ,,di ,,le ,,ta ,,lo ,a ,,di       
,,yo4 ,a ,,pe ,,so ,,na ,,si ,,ya ,,ta  
,,lo4 ,a ,,di ,,yo ,i ,,sa         ,,la 
,,ma4 ,a ,,li ,,sa ,,ta ,,lo ,,pe ,,so  
,,na4 ,a ,,na ,,ka ,,ta ,a         ,,ta 
,,wo4 ,a ,i ,,ka ,,wa ,,pe ,,so ,,na4   
,,na ,,sa ,,ti ,,si ,,ma ,,ti           
,,ni ,,da4 ,,na ,,di ,,yo ,a ,,na4 ,a   
,,no ,,pa ,,ka ,,ta ,a ,,ta ,,wo        
,,ni ,,ya4 ,,pi ,,na ,,la ,,la ,,nga    
,,si ,,ya4 ,,na ,,di ,,yo ,e ,,pi       
,,ri ,,to ,,sa ,,to4 ,,sa ,,ti ,,ya ,,ni

 ,,sa ,,to ,,ma ,,ri ,,ya4         ,,bi 
,,se ,,to ,,to ,o4 ,,na ,,di ,,pa ,,na  
,,nga ,,na4 ,,si ,,ya4 ,,na ,,ma        
,,ka ,,pa ,,nga ,,na ,,na4 ,,bi ,,se    
,,ri ,,to ,,to ,o4 ,a ,a ,,na ,,ka      
,,ta ,a ,,ta ,,wo ,,si ,,ya4 ,,na ,,ma  
,,ya ,,ri ,,ma ,,ma ,,ta ,,si ,,ya4     
,,tu ,,bu ,,sa ,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,na4 ,,na
 ,,la ,,ha ,,na ,,ta ,,wo4 ,a ,,li ,,ka 
,,ya ,a ,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,na ,,ni ,,la4  
,a ,o ,,na ,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,na4         
,,na ,,ma ,,gu ,,gu ,,la ,,na ,,ti4 ,,si
 ,a ,,da4 ,a ,,si ,e ,,ba4         ,,na 
,,gi ,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,na ,,na ,,ti 4    
,,na ,,ra ,,ma ,,pa ,,la ,,ta ,,yo4     
,,sa ,,pa ,,ka ,,ka ,o ,,la ,,ni ,,la   
,,sa ,,di ,,yo4 ,,bo ,,ko ,,na ,,ma ,,do
         ,o4 ,a ,,sa ,,di ,,li ,a ,,sa  
,,la ,,na4 ,,na ,,ba ,,la ,,na ,,ta     
,,wa4         ,,na ,,ka ,,sa ,,sa ,,la  
,,sa ,,di ,,yo4 ,a ,,ra ,a ,,ra4 ,,ti   
,,nu         ,,bu ,,ni ,,se ,,so ,,ki   
,,to4 ,a ,,la ,,ha ,,na ,,ta ,,wo4 ,o   
,o4 ,a ,,no         ,,pa ,,tu ,,bu ,,ni 
,,ya ,,sa ,,ma ,,nga ,,ta ,,wo4 ,a ,,pa 

,,ka ,,ma ,,ta         ,,si ,,ya ,,sa   
,,ku ,,ru4 ,a ,,si ,,na ,,ko ,,ni ,,ya4 
,a ,,sa ,,li ,,bu         ,,ta ,,ba     
,,ya4 ,,na ,,na ,,ma ,,ta ,,na ,a ,a    
,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi ,,no ,o         ,,se    
,,so ,,ki ,,to ,,sa ,,ku ,,ru4 ,a ,,no  
,,gi ,,na ,,wa ,,na ,,ka ,,lo ,,lo ,,wa 
,,ni ,,ya4 ,,na ,,na ,o ,,sa ,,ma ,,nga 
,i ,,pe ,,no4 ,,pa ,,ti ,,na            
,,pa ,,ka ,,di ,,yo ,,ni ,,ya4 ,a ,,hi  
,,na ,,ngo ,,do ,o4 ,a         ,,ka ,,lo
 ,,lo ,,wa ,,na ,,ma ,,nga ,,sa ,,to    
,,pa ,,re4 ,,na ,,hi ,,ni ,,ta          
,a ,,pa ,,ra ,,ti ,,ni ,,ya4 ,a ,,ka    
,,ta ,a ,,ni ,,se ,,so ,,ki ,,to4       
,i ,,bi ,,na ,o4 ,o ,o4 ,,na ,,bu ,,ha  
,,na ,,na ,u ,,li4 ,o ,o4 ,,ka ,i       
,,la4 ,,na ,,ma ,i ,,ka ,,lo ,a ,,ra4 ,a
 ,,pa ,,ka ,,ma ,,ta ,,ni ,,ya4         
,,hu ,,ma ,,bi ,,li ,,di ,,to ,,sa ,,lu 
,,pa4 ,a ,a ,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi ,,no        
,o ,,se ,,so ,,ki ,,to4 ,,di ,,le ,,hu  
,,ma ,,bi ,,li ,,di ,,to ,,sa ,,lu ,,pa4
         ,,na ,,ya ,,sa ,,la ,,ngi4 ,,na
 ,,ma ,i ,,ka ,,pa ,,na ,,po ,,wo ,a    

,,ra4 ,a ,,pa ,,ka ,,bu ,,ha ,,ni ,,ya  
,,na ,o ,,li4 ,a ,,na ,,lo         ,,lo 
,,lo ,,sa ,,ka ,,na ,,na ,,di ,,yo ,a   
,,ma4 ,a ,,ka ,,ga ,,ga ,,wa            
,,sa ,,la ,,ha4 ,a ,,no ,,pa ,,ka ,,lo  
,,lo ,,ni ,,ya4 ,,do ,o ,,sa ,,la       
,,ngi4 ,,pi ,,na ,,lo ,,lo ,,si ,,ya    
,,na ,,di ,,yo ,a ,,ma ,,ni ,,ya4       
,,sa ,,la ,,ha4 ,,ma ,a ,,ra ,,na ,i    
,,ho ,,ho4 ,,sa ,,ma ,,bu ,,bu ,,ha     
,a ,,sa ,,na ,,nga ,,ma ,,ta ,,na ,,ta  
,,wo4 ,o ,o4 ,,ka ,i ,,la4 ,,di ,,le    
,,na ,a ,a ,,la ,,ma4 ,,si ,,no ,,ka    
,,ya ,a ,,ho ,,ko4 ,a ,a         ,,ti   
,,pa ,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,se ,,so ,,ki ,,to4 
,a ,,ka ,,lo ,,lo ,,wa ,,na ,,ti4       
,,ma ,,ma ,,ta ,,ka ,,ya4 ,,ko ,,ma ,,ma
 ,,ta ,a ,,ka ,,ta ,a ,,na ,,ti4        
,,di ,,le ,,ma ,,ma ,,ta ,a ,,ka ,,lo   
,,lo ,,wa ,,na ,,ti4 ,,pa ,,ra ,,na ,,sa
 ,i         ,,ba ,,ha ,,yo4 ,a ,,ka ,,ta
 ,a ,,na ,,la ,,ma4 ,a ,,ma ,,ma ,,ta4  
,a ,,ka         ,,lo ,,lo ,,wa ,,ma ,,bu
 ,,bu ,,ha4 ,,ma ,,pa ,,ra ,,ti ,,ma    
,,sa ,a         ,,ma ,,bu ,,bu ,,ha ,,ka

 ,,ya ,,ma ,o ,,li4 ,a ,,na ,,nga ,,ma  
,,ta ,,na ,,to ,,wo4         ,,ba ,,na  
,,ma4 ,,ta ,,pa ,,la ,,sa ,,ma4 ,o ,o   
,,na ,,bu ,,bu ,,ha ,,ri         ,,ma ,u
 ,,li4 ,a ,,pa ,,pa ,,so ,,na ,,mo ,,li4
 ,a ,,ka ,,lo ,,lo         ,,wa ,,sa    
,,ka ,,ta ,a ,,ni ,,ya4 ,,na ,,ho ,,ko  
,,ma ,,si ,,la ,,da ,,wa4         ,,na  
,a ,,ti ,,pa ,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,se ,,so    
,,ki ,,to4 ,,ku ,,ma ,,bu ,,ha          
,,na ,,ma ,o ,,li4 ,a ,,ka ,,ta ,a ,,na 
,,ma ,,nga ,,ta ,,wo4 ,,ma ,,ma ,,ta    
,,pa ,,ka ,,ya ,,mo ,,li4 ,,di ,,le4    
,,ano ,i ,,ga ,,ga ,,ti ,,na ,,di ,,yo  
,,sa ,,ma ,,nga ,,ba ,,na ,,na ,,ta     
,,wo4 ,a ,,ka ,,lu ,,wa ,,ha ,,ti ,a ,a 
,,sa ,,la         ,,ngi4 ,,do ,o ,,ma   
,,ki ,,ki ,,ta ,,ni ,,la ,a ,,di ,,yo4  
,a ,,ma ,,to         ,,to ,,wa4 ,a ,,ma 
,,li ,,li ,,ga ,,ya4 ,a ,,lu ,,lu ,,wa  
,,ha ,,ti4 ,,ma ,,pa         ,,ra ,,ti  
,,ma ,,sa ,a4 ,a ,,no ,i ,,pa ,,ru ,,ru 
,,sa ,,na ,,di ,,yo         ,a ,,ma     
,,nga ,,ta ,,wo ,,ta ,,pa ,,la ,,sa4 ,i 
,,ho ,,ho ,,lo ,,ni ,,ya4         ,,sa  

,i ,,pe ,,no4 ,,do ,o ,,ma ,,hi ,,hi    
,,ra ,,si ,,ya4 ,a ,,ma ,,ka            
,,ka ,,sa ,,ki4 ,,ma ,,pa ,,ra ,,ti ,,ma
 ,,sa ,a4 ,a ,,no ,,ka ,,ya ,a          
,,sa ,,ta ,i ,,le ,,si ,,ya4 ,a ,,la    
,,ha ,,na ,,ta ,,wo ,,ki ,,ni ,,ti ,,ya 
,,no4         ,,su ,,ma ,,sa ,,pa ,,la  
,,ta ,,ya ,,sa ,,di ,,yo4 ,,pa ,,ti ,,na
 ,,po         ,,po ,,ni ,,la ,,si ,,se  
,,so ,,ki ,,to4 ,,na ,,sa ,,la ,,ngi4 ,a
 ,,di         ,,to ,,sa ,,lu ,,pa4 ,a   
,,ka ,,ha ,,li ,,li ,,ni ,,ya4 ,a ,,sa  
,,to ,,pa         ,,pa4 ,,di ,,to ,,sa  
,,sa ,,ta ,i ,,le ,,si ,,ya4 ,,ma ,i    
,,ka ,,wa ,,wa ,,la         ,,na ,,ka   
,,sa ,,la ,,na4 ,a ,,no ,,ka ,,ya ,a ,i 
,,ka ,,wa ,,wa ,,la         ,,na ,,ka   
,,sa ,,la ,,na4 ,a ,,pa ,,bi ,,ya ,,sa  
,,di ,,pa ,,ki ,,ni ,,ti         ,,ya   
,,no4 ,a ,a ,,pa ,,ko ,,ko ,,pi ,,sa4 ,a
 ,,ma ,,nga ,,ka         ,,ni ,,ti ,,ya 
,,no4 ,,ma ,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,na4 ,,ku    
,,ma ,,si ,,si ,,ma ,,sa ,,ki4          
,a ,,ma ,,lo ,o4 ,,na ,,di ,,mo ,,li    
,,ma ,,ka ,,sa ,,la ,,sa ,,di ,,yo      

,,ma ,,pa ,,ra ,,ti ,,ma ,,sa ,a4 ,,di  
,,to ,,sa ,,sa ,,ta ,i ,,le ,,si        
,,ya4 ,,ma ,,ka ,,sa ,,ma ,,ha4 ,a ,,ma 
,,nga ,,sa ,,to4 ,o ,o4 ,a ,,no         
,,ka ,,ya ,a ,,ka ,,sa ,,ma ,,ha4 ,,na  
,,ma ,,nga ,,sa ,,to4 ,a ,,pa ,,pa      
,,pa ,,ki ,,na ,,ba4 ,,na ,,ma ,,nga    
,,ki ,,ni ,,ti ,,ya ,,no4 ,,ba ,,na ,,na
         ,,ta ,,wo4 ,,sa ,,ga ,,wa ,,ma 
,,ga ,,li4 ,,sa ,,po ,,na ,,sa ,,sa ,,ka
 ,,ra ,,me ,,to4         ,,na ,,bi ,,nu 
,,bu ,,ha ,a ,o ,,ti ,,ya ,,na ,,pa     
,,re4 ,,sa ,,pa ,,mi         ,,mi ,,sa4 
,,si ,,no ,,ka ,,ya ,a ,,na ,,ro ,o4 ,a 
,a ,,ti ,,pa         ,,ngi ,,no ,o ,,se 
,,so ,,ki ,,to4 ,,di ,,yo ,,to ,,to ,o4 
,a ,,ta ,,wo         ,,to ,,to ,o4 ,,pa 
,,ra ,,do ,o ,,sa ,,la ,,ngi4 ,,sa ,,ka 
,,li4 ,,si ,,no         ,,ka ,,ya ,a    
,,na ,,do ,o4 ,a ,,du ,,go ,,to ,,to ,o4
 ,,na ,a ,,ti ,,pa         ,,ngi ,,no ,o
 ,,se ,,so ,,ki ,,to4 ,,ka ,,pa ,,ra    
,,ni ,u ,,na ,,bo ,,ho ,,sa ,,ku        
,,ru4 ,,na ,,na ,,ma ,,ta ,,si ,,ya4    
,,ano ,,ka ,,ya4 ,a ,,ga ,,ga ,i        

,,na ,,ma ,,nga ,,ki ,,ni ,,ti ,,ya     
,,no4 ,,na ,,ma ,,ka ,,pa ,,ro ,o ,,sa  
,,la ,,ngi4 ,a ,,su ,,su ,,di ,,ni ,,ya4
 ,a ,,sa ,,po ,,wo ,o ,,to ,,na ,,di    
,,yo4 ,,pa ,,ti ,,na ,o ,,to ,,na ,,sa  
,,ta ,i ,,le ,,si ,,ya4         ,i ,,na 
,,na ,,ti4           ,laus ,deo         
,,notes  #a ,tagalog characters are said
 to be similar to old ,javanese1        
,ignacio ,villamot1 ,la ,antigua        
,escritura ,filipina1 ,manila1 #aibb1 p4
 #cj4 ,they were replaced under the     
,spanish occupation by roman letters1   
and are not now used4 ,the best         
definitive grammar is ,frank ,r4        
,blake's ,a ,grammar of the ,tagalog    
,language1 ,new ,haven1 #aibe1 where1 p4
 #a1 he defines the language as follows3
 ,tagalog is the principal language of  
,luzon1 the largest island of the       
,philippine ,archipelago4 ,it is spoken 
in ,manila and in the middle region of  
,luzon4 ,tagalog1 like all the          
,philippine languages about which       
anything is known1 belongs to the       

,malayo-,polynesian family of speech1   
which embraces the idioms spoken on the 
islands of ,polynesia1 ,melanesia1 and  
,malaysia1 on the ,malay peninsula1 and 
on the island of ,madagascar4  #b ,the  
woodcut1 showing ,st4 ,dominic beneath a
 star holding a lily and a book1 the    
usual symbols of this saint1 and clad in
 the white habit and black cloak of his 
order1 seems to be of oriental          
workmanship1 differing vastly from      
contemporary ,spanish and ,mexican cuts 
of the same type4 ,the clouds1 for      
instance1 are characteristically        
,chinese1 and the buildings in the      
background more reminiscent of eastern  
temples than ,european churches4  #c    
,t4,h4 ,pardo de ,tavera1 ,noticias     
sobre ,la ,imprenta y el ,grabado en    
,filipinas1 ,madrid1 #ahic1 pp4 #i-aj4  
,dard ,hunter in ,papermaking through   
,eighteen ,centuries1 ,new ,york1 #aicj1
 pp4 #aji-af1 describes papermaking in  
,china1 and mentions the use of makaso  
or takaso1 both species of the paper    

mulberry1 as material for the making of 
paper4 ,the paper mulberry's scientific 
name is ,broussonetia papyrifera4       
,later1 on p4 #ada1 he speaks of the use
 by the ,chinese of gypsum1 lichen1     
starch1 rice flour and animal glue for  
sizing4  #d ,the best short summaries in
 ,english of the beginnings of printing 
in ,mexico are ,henry ,r4 ,wagner's     
introduction to the exhibition catalogue
 of ,mexican ,imprints #aedd-afjj ,in   
the ,huntington ,library1 ,san ,marino1 
#aici1 pp4 #c-aj2 and ,lawrence ,c4     
,wroth1 ,some ,reflections on the ,book 
,arts in ,early ,mexico1 ,cambridge     
7,mass471 #aide4  #e ,j4,b4 ,primrose1  
,the ,first ,press in ,india and ,its   
,printers1 ,the ,library1 #dth ,series1 
#aici1 ,,xx1 pp4 #bdd-e4  #f ,jose      
,toribio ,medina1 ,la ,imprenta en      
,lima1 ,santiago de ,chile1 #aijd-ag1   
no4 #a1 p4 #c4  #g ,a contemporary copy 
of this letter--the original is not     
known--lay forgotten and unnoticed in   
the ,archives of the ,indies            

7#a-a-c_/be1 no4 #eb71 ,torres1 ,,iii1  
no4 #daea1 p4 #hc1 until discovered     
there by ,pascual de ,gayangos1 who     
called it to the attention of ,w4,e4    
,retana1 who first printed it in ,la    
,politica de ,espana en ,filipinas1 no4 
#ig1 ,oct4 #bc1 #ahid4 ,it was later    
rediscovered independently by ,medina   
who also printed it in his ,la ,imprenta
 en ,manila1 p4 xix4 ,gomez ,perez      
,dasmarinas1 formerly corregidor of     
,murcia and ,cartagena in ,spain1 was   
appointed governor of the ,philippines  
in #aehi1 landed at ,manila in ,may     
#aeij1 and remained in office until his 
death in ,october #aeic4  #h ,relacion  
de lo que se ha escrito y escribe en las
 ,filipinas fecho este ano de #aeic1 an 
apparently inedited ,,ms4 in the ,a4 of 
,i41 ,index #i1 no4 #ha1 from which the 
passage was quoted by ,retana in his    
edition of ,antonio de ,morga's ,sucesos
 de las ,islas ,filipinas1 ,madrid1     
#aiji1 p4 #dbe1 and ,manuel ,artigas y  
,cuerva1 ,la ,primera ,imprenta en      

,filipinas1 ,manila1 #aiaj1 p4 xi4 ,this
 may be the ,,ms4 listed by ,torres1    
,,iii1 no4 #dbbi1 p4 #ia1 as ,breve     
sumario y memorial de apuntamientos de  
lo que se ha escrito y escribe en las   
,islas ,filipinas1 undated but probably 
#aeic4  #i ,recopilacion de las ,leyes  
de los ,reynos de las ,indias1 ,madrid1 
#afha1 ,i1 ff4 #abcv-#abdr1 where they  
are ,laws #a and #c1 ,title ,,xxiv1     
,book ,i4  #aj ,medina1 p4 xxviii1 from4
 ,libro de provisiones reales1 ,madrid1 
#aeif1 ,i1 p4 #bca4  #aa ,inflation in  
the ,philippines was discussed in a     
report sent by ,bishop ,salazar to the  
,king in #aehc1 ,b4  ,r41 ,v1 pp4       
#baj-aa1 translated from ,retana1       
,archivo del bibliofilo filipino1       
,madrid1 #ahie-ig1 ,,iii4 no #a4  #ab   
,henry ,r4 ,wagner1 ,the ,house of      
,cromberger1 in ,to ,doctor ,rosenbach1 
,philadelphia1 #aidf1 pp4 #bcd  #bch1   
where he gives some interesting         
comparative figures3 in #aedb the ,casa 
de ,cromberger could charge #ag         

maravedis a sheet2 in ,spain in #aeeb   
,lopez de ,gomara's ,historia de las    
,indias was appraised at #b maravedis a 
sheet2 and in ,mexico ,vasco de ,puga's 
,provisiones of #aefc was permitted to  
sell at the tremendous figure of one    
real or #cd maravedis a sheet4  #ac     
,juan de ,cuellar was mentioned in the  
,letter of ,instruction given by ,philip
 ,,ii to ,gomez ,perez ,dasmarinas on   
,august #i1 #aehi1 as among those who   
are men of worth and account in the     
,philippines and who should be provided 
for and rewarded accordingly1 ,b4  ,r41 
,,vii1 p4 #aea1 translated from the     
original ,,ms4 in the ,a4 of ,i4        
7#aje-b-aa71 ,torres1 ,,iii1 no4 #cefg1 
p4 #ag4 ,cuellar received a commission  
from ,dasmarinas and signed various     
documents during his administration as  
secretary and notary4 ,antonio de       
,morga1 ,sucesos de las ,islas          
,filipinas1 ,mexico1 #afji1 f4 #acv1    
reports that ,cuellar was one of two    
survivors of the ship on which          

,dasmarinas sailed in ,october #aeic as 
part of an expedition to conquer the    
fort of ,terrenate in ,maluco4 ,on the  
second day out1 while the ship was      
weather-bound at ,punta del ,acufre1 the
 ,chinese rowers mutinied1 and only     
,cuellar1 there described as the        
governor's secretary1 and the           
,franciscan father1 ,francisco de       
,montilla1 survived the ensuing         
massacre4 ,they were set ashore on the  
coast of ,ylocos1 and made their way    
back to ,manila4 ,a similar account     
appears in ,chapter ,,xvi of ,leonardo  
de ,argensola's1 ,conqvista delas ,islas
 ,malvcas1 ,madrid1 #afji4 ,we have been
 able to find no subsequent record of   
,cuellar4  #ad ,colin1 ,i1 pp4 #eja1    
#ejg-ad1 #efa-f4  #ae ,pedro ,chirino1  
,primera parte de la ,historia de la    
provincia de ,philipinas de la ,compania
 de ,ihs1 unpublished ,,ms4 of #afaj1   
from which the present passage was      
quoted by ,retana1 col4 #be4 ,for an    
account of the ,,ms4 see ,santiago      

,vela1 ,,vi1 p4 #dcen4 ,schilling1 p4   
#bad1 demonstrates that according to the
 original punctuation the meaning is    
that the first printers were ,villanueva
 and ,blancas de ,san ,jose1 but with   
the shifting of a semi-colon it could be
 read to mean that the first printers   
were of the ,order of ,st4 ,augustine4  
,we can see no reason to shift the      
semi-colon1 and have retained it in its 
original place4  #af ,retana1 col4 #bf1 
said that he was able to find no        
information regarding ,villanueva except
 for the listing of his name by ,cano1  
p4 #dc1 as having arrived in the        
,philippines at an unknown date4 ,the   
destruction of the early records of the 
,augustinians when the ,english sacked  
,manila in #agfb accounts for the       
paucity of information1 but there are a 
few references which throw some little  
light on the two ,villanuevas4 ,san     
,agustin1 p4 #bab1 says that when       
,herrara sailed for ,mexico in #aefi he 
left in ,cebu only ,p4 ,fr4 ,martin de  

,rada and two virtuous clerics1 the one 
named ,juan de ,vivero1 and the other   
,juan de ,villanueva1 who had come with 
,felipe de ,salcedo4 ,salcedo had come  
back to ,cebu in #aeff4 ,francisco      
,moreno1 ,historia de la ,santa ,iglesia
 ,metropolitana de ,filipinas hasta     
#afej1 ,manila1 #ahgg1 p4 #bbf1 states  
that ,villanueva came in #aeff1 and died
 shortly after #aefi4 ,san ,antonio1 ,i1
 p4 #agc1 writes1 ,another cleric was   
the ,licentiate ,don ,juan de           
,villanueva1 of whom the only thing     
known is that he was a churchman and    
lived but a short time--and that after  
the erection of the church4 ,this refers
 to the foundation of the church in     
,manila in #aega4 ,of the other         
,villanueva our information comes from  
,perez1 p4 #fc4  #ag ,alonso ,fernandez1
 ,historia ,eclesiastica de ,nvestros   
,tiempos1 ,toledo1 #afaa1 pp4 #cjc-d4   
,the book referred to here is called ,de
 los mysterios del ,rosario de nuestra  
,senora by ,jacques ,quetif and ,jacques

 ,echard1 ,scriptores ,ordinis          
,praedicatorum1 ,paris1 #agai1 ,,ii1 p4 
#cij2 and ,devotion del ,santisimo      
,rosario de la ,bienaventurada ,virgen  
by ,vicente ,maria ,fontana1 ,monvmenta 
,dominicana1 ,rome1 #afge1 p4 #ehf4  #ah
 ,fernandez1 ,historia de los insignes  
,milagros qve la ,magestad ,diuina ha   
obrado por el ,rosario santissimo de la 
,virgen soberana1 su ,madre1 ,madrid1   
#afac1 f4 #baf4 ,i have been unable to  
locate a copy of this book in the       
,united ,states1 but the passage is     
printed in ,retana1 ,aparato            
,bibliografico de la ,historia ,general 
de ,filipinas1 ,madrid1 #aijf1 ,i1 pp4  
#fd-e4 ,it was first cited in modern    
times by ,pedro ,vindel1 ,catalogo1     
,madrid1 #aijc1 ,,iii1 no4 #bfca4  #ai  
,a sketch of the life of ,aduarte was   
added to his history by ,goncalez1 ,,ii1
 pp4 #cgf-ha1 and a notice also appears 
in ,ramon ,martinez-,vigil1 ,la ,orden  
de ,predicadores 444 seguidas del       
,ensayo de una ,bibliotheca de          

,dominicos ,espanoles1 ,madrid1 #ahhd1  
p4 #bbi4  #bj ,aduarte1 ,,ii1 pp4       
#ae-ah4  #ba ,artigas1 op4 cit41 pp4    
#c-bb1 stresses the part played by him  
in establishing printing and gives much 
information regarding this father4      
,there1 referring to the ,acta          
,capitulorum ,provincialium provinciae  
,sanctissimi ,rosarii ,philippinarum1   
,manila1 #ahgd-gg1 ,artigas traces the  
career of ,blancas de ,san ,jose as     
follows3 in ,abucay from ,may #bd1 #aeih
 until ,april #bg1 #afjb2 at ,san       
,gabriel in ,binondo from ,april #bg1   
#afjb until ,may #d1 #afjd2 as          
,preacher-,general of the order at the  
,convent of ,santo ,domingo in ,manila  
from #afjd to #afjh2 back at ,abucay    
from ,april #bf1 #afjh until ,may #h1   
#afaj2 and at ,san ,gabriel again from  
,may #h1 #afaj until ,may #d1 #afad4    
#bb ,medina1 no4 #h1 p4 #g4 ,a copy of  
this book and an unique copy of the     
recently discovered ,ordinationes of    
#afjd1 see note #abg1 are in the        

,library of ,congress4 ,both books are  
entirely typographical1 and the ,tagalog
 in the #afaj volume has been           
transliterated4 ,these two and the      
present ,doctrina are1 so far as ,i have
 been able to find out1 the only        
,philippine imprints before #afac in the
 ,united ,states4  #bc ,medina1 no4 #ad1
 p4 #aa4 ,the text was written by       
,thomas ,pinpin1 who appears as the     
printer of the former book1 and a       
confessionary by ,blancas de ,san ,jose1
 who probably edited the volume1 is     
included4  #bd ,juan ,lopez1 ,quinta    
,parte de la ,historia de ,san ,domingo1
 ,valladolid1 #afba1 ff4 #bdf-ea4  #be  
,quetif and ,echard1 op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 
#cij4 ,this same statement was made in  
,antonio de ,leon ,pinelo1 ,epitome de  
la ,biblioteca ,oriental y ,occidental1 
,nautica1 y ,geografica 7ed4 ,antonio   
,gonzalez de ,barcia71 ,madrid1         
#agcg-ch1 col4 #gcg1 and was reprinted  
almost word for word by ,jose ,mariano  
,beristain y ,sousa1 ,bibliotheca       

,hispano-,americana ,septentrional1     
,mexico1 #ahhc-ig1 ,i1 p4 #agg4  #bf ,a 
fairly complete biography is given by   
,vinaza1 pp4 #aab-g1 where he points out
 that several of the major ,jesuit      
biographers have erroneously stated that
 ,hervas went to ,america some time     
before #agfg4  #bg ,lorenzo ,hervas y   
,panduro1 ,origine1 formazione1         
meccanismo1 ed armonia degli' idiomi1   
,cesena1 #aghe1 p4 #hh4  #bh ,hervas1   
,saggio ,pratico delle lingue1 ,con     
prolegomeni1 e una raccolta di orazioni 
,dominicali in piu di trecento lingue1 e
 dialetti1 ,cesena1 #aghg1 pp4 #abh-i4  
,although ,schilling1 p4 #bjh1 says that
 ,hervas had a copy of the #aeic        
,doctrina before him1 which had been    
lent or given by ,bernardo de la        
,fuente1 ,hervas merely says that he    
took his information from the best      
documents1 which showed the grammar2 and
 the ,tagalog and ,visayan dictionary   
were given me by ,messrs4 ,d4 ,antonio  
,tornos and ,d4 ,bernardo de la ,fuente4

 ,there is no doubt1 however1 but that  
,hervas had a copy of the ,doctrina1 or 
accurate and extensive transcripts from 
a copy known to one of his friends4  #bi
 ,franz ,carl ,alter1 ,ueber die        
,tagalische ,sprache1 ,vienna1 #ahjc1 p4
 vii4 ,alter speaks of having had       
extensive correspondence with ,hervas4  
#cj ,johann ,christoph ,adelung1        
,mithridates oder allgemeine            
,sprachenkunde mit dem ,vater ,unser als
 ,sprach probe in beynahe fuenfhundert  
,sprachen und ,mundarten1 ,berlin1      
#ahjf1 ,i1 pp4 #fjh-i4  #ca ,beristain1 
op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 #dfd4 ,the first     
edition was published in #ahai-ba1 but  
we have used the second for our         
quotations4  #cb ,juan de ,grijalva1    
,cronica de la orden de ,n4,p4,s4       
,augustin de ,nueva ,espana1 ,mexico1   
#afbd1 f4 #aiiv4  #cc ,nicolas ,antonio1
 ,bibliotheca ,hispana ,nova1 ,madrid1  
#aghc1 ,i1 p4 #gfd4 ,the first edition  
was ,rome1 #afgb1 but ,i could locate no
 copy in this country4  #cd ,san        

,agustin1 p4 #ceb4 ,on pp4 #ddc-d       
referring to ,grijalva and ,herrera1 he 
says merely that ,quinones was very     
learned in the ,tagalog language1 and   
wrote a grammar and dictionary of it4   
#ce ,he succeeded in learning that      
language with such perfection that he   
composed a treatise1 as a light and     
guide for the new missionaries1 and a   
vocabulary1 with which in a short time  
they could instruct those islanders in  
the mysteries of the faith1 ,medina1 p4 
xxvii1 assumed that this referred to    
,jose ,sicardo1 ,la ,cristiandad del    
,japon1 ,madrid1 #afih1 where he could  
find nothing about ,quinones1 but       
,beristain cited specifically his       
,historias de ,filipinas y ,japon1 which
 ,santiago ,vela1 ,,vi1 p4 #dda1 thinks 
must be his additions to ,grijalva1     
including a life of ,quinones1 which    
,san ,agustin used and quoted from4 ,the
 quotation here is from ,san ,agustin1  
p4 #ddb1 where ,sicardo is given as the 
source4  #cf ,tomas de ,herrera1        

,alphabetvm ,avgvstinianvm1 ,madrid1    
#afdd1 ,i1 p4 #djf1 according to ,p4    
,g41 p4 xxiv4  #cg ,schilling1 p4 #bjd4 
#ch ,pedro ,bello1 ,noticia de los      
escritores y sus obras impresas y       
manuscritas en diferentes idiomas por   
los religiosos agustinos calzados hasta 
#ahja1 unpublished ,,ms41 from which the
 citation is given by ,santiago ,vela1  
,,vi1 p4 #dda4  #ci ,p4  ,g41 pp4       
xxv-xxvi4  #dj ,medina1 p4 xxviii1 who  
gives as source the ,a4 of ,i4 and      
,libro de provisiones reales1 ,madrid1  
#aeif1 ,i1 p4 #bca4 ,in his note ,medina
 says that this cedula was not in the   
,recopilacion1 but referring back to the
 note on p4 xxiv1 we find that he there 
prints a law of the same content and    
date1 cited as ,law #c1 ,title ,,xxiv1  
,book #a of the ,recopilacion1 where we 
have seen it1 with the extremely        
significant addition1 it shall not be   
published1 or printed1 or used4 ,if this
 phrase was not included in the original
 cedula sent to ,manila1 but added when 

printed as applying to all the ,indies1 
it is important evidence that the ,king 
felt an admonition against printing     
unnecessary where no facilities for     
printing existed4  #da ,retana1 col4    
#aj1 cited from the original ,,ms4 in   
the ,a4 of ,i4 7#fh-a-db71 ,torres1     
,,ii1 no4 #cbaa1 p4 #aej4  #db ,san     
,antonio1 ,,ii1 p4 #big4 ,this work1    
treated at length by ,san ,antonio1 is  
proof of the high esteem in which       
,plasencia was held as a ,tagalist4 ,it 
was incorporated in a document of       
,governor ,francisco ,tello1 dated ,july
 #ac1 #aeii1 now in the ,a4 of ,i4      
7#fg-f-ah71 and first printed in the    
appendix to ,santa ,ines1 ,,ii1 pp4     
#eib-fjc1 and translated in ,b4  ,r41   
,,vii1 pp4 #agc-if4  #dc ,santiago      
,vela1 ,,vi1 pp4 #ddb-c4 ,his study of  
the questionable ,arte of #aeha is the  
most thorough and detailed yet written4 
#dd ,schilling1 p4 #bje4  #de ,pardo de 
,tavera1 op4 cit41 pp4 #h-i4 ,after     
quoting the latter part of this passage1

 ,medina1 p4 xviii1 adds a quizzical    
note1 ,i want to cite the opinion of so 
distinguished a student of the          
,philippines because it shows how       
tangled and confused is the information 
concerning the primitive ,philippine    
press1 even among men best informed on  
the subject4  #df ,medina1 nos4 #a and  
#b1 p4 #c4  #dg ,medina1 p4 xix4  #dh   
,retana had published many of his       
findings in ,la ,politico de ,espana en 
,filipinas1 ,madrid1 #ahia-ih2 in his   
edition of ,joaquin ,martinez de        
,zuniga1 ,estadismo de las ,islas       
,filipinas1 ,madrid1 #ahic2 and in the  
,archivo del ,bibliofilo ,filipino1     
,madrid1 #ahie-ig4  #di ,retana1 cols4  
#g-h4 ,we shall speak of ,juan de ,vera 
later4  #ej ,thomas ,cooke ,middleton1  
,some ,notes on the ,bibliography of the
 ,philippines1 ,philadelphia1 #aijj1 pp4
 #cb-cc4  #ea ,pardo de ,tavera1        
,biblioteca ,filipina1 ,washington1     
#aijc1 pp4 #i-aj4  #eb ,medina1 ,la     
,imprenta en ,manila desde sus ,origenes

 hasta #ahaj ,adiciones y ,ampliacones1 
,santiago de ,chile1 #aijd4  #ec ,p4    
,g41 pp4 xxi-xxvi4  #ed ,b4  ,r41       
,,liii1 p4 #aa4  #ee ,artigas1 op4 cit4 
,he admitted that the celebration should
 have been held in #aijb4  #ef ,retana1 
,origenes de la ,imprenta ,filipina1    
,madrid1 #aiaa4 ,retana had also        
published between #ahig and #aiaa       
several other books which contained some
 information about the early ,philippine
 press1 the ,aparato ,bibliografico in  
#aijf and his edition of ,morga in      
#aiji1 both of which have already been  
cited4  #eg ,antonio ,palau y ,dulcet1  
,manuel del ,librero                    
,hispano-,americano1 ,barcelona1        
#aibc-cg1 ,,iii1 p4 #gb4  #eh           
,schilling1 op4 cit4  #ei ,chirino1 p4  
#c1 writes that he was the first who    
made converts to ,christianity in the   
,philippines1 preaching to them of      
,jesus ,christ in their own tongue--of  
which he made the first vocabulary1     
which ,i have seen and studied2 and     

,juan de ,medina 7who originally wrote  
his history in #afcj71 p4 #ed1 says that
 in visiting ,cebu in #afab he saw a    
lexicon there1 compiled by ,father ,fray
 ,martin de ,rada1 which contained a    
great number of words4 ,grijalva1 op4   
cit41 f4 #abd,v1 writes that ,rada by   
the force of his imaginative and        
excellent ability learned the ,visayan  
language1 as he had learned the ,otomi  
in this land ,mexico1 so that he could  
preach in it in five months4  #fj       
,perez1 p4 #e4  #fa ,juan ,gonzalez de  
,mendoza1 ,the ,historie of the great   
and mightie kingdom of ,china 444       
,translated out of ,spanish by ,r4      
,parke1 ,london1 #aehh1 p4 #ach4 ,the   
original edition of #aehe said he made  
an arte y vocabulario4 ,we must take the
 phrase in few daies in a comparative   
sense1 but that an ,augustinian1        
probably ,rada1 knew some ,chinese as   
early as ,july #cj1 #aegd is shown by a 
letter from ,governor ,lavezaris to the 
,king from ,manila1 sending him a map of

 the whole land of ,china1 with an      
explanation which ,i had some ,chinese  
interpreters make through the aid of an 
,augustinian religious who is acquainted
 with the elements of the ,chinese      
language1 ,b4  ,r41 ,,iii1 p4 #bhd1 from
 the original ,,ms4 in the ,a4 of ,i4   
7#fg-f-f71 ,torres1 ,,ii1 no4 #ahfh1 p4 
#aj-aa4 ,antonio de ,leon ,pinelo1      
,epitome de la ,biblioteca ,oriental i  
,occidental1 ,nautica i ,geographica1   
,madrid1 #afbi1 p4 #ca1 also records    
,rada's ,chinese grammar and dictionary4
 ,santiago ,vela1 ,,vi1 pp4 #ddd-fj1    
gives a full history of ,rada and his   
writings4 ,he went to ,china a second   
time in ,may #aegf1 and in #aegh        
accompanied ,la ,sande on his expedition
 to ,borneo1 dying on the way back to   
,manila in ,june of that year4  #fb     
,gonzalez de ,mendoza1 op4 cit41 pp4    
#ajc-e4  #fc ,diego ,ordonez ,vivar came
 to the ,philippines in #aegj1 filled   
various ministries there1 and according 
to ,agustin ,maria de ,castro was in    

,japan  in  #aeig1  where  he  witnessed
 the martyrdom of the ,franciscans2 he  
died in #afjc1 ,perez1 p4 #aj4 ,juan de 
,medina1 p4 #gd1 says1 ,father ,diego de
 ,ordonez learned this language ,tagalog
 very quickly4 ,alonso ,alvatado had    
been on the unsuccessful #aedb          
expedition of ,villalobos1 and returned 
to the ,philippines in #aega4 ,perez1 p4
 #aa1 records that he became familiar   
with the ,tagalog language1 was the     
first prior of ,tondo1 ministered to the
 ,chinese there1 and was the first      
,spaniard to learn the ,mandarin        
dialect4 ,he was elected provincial in  
#aege1 and died at ,manila the following
 year4 ,jeronimo ,marin came to the     
islands with ,alvarado1 acquired skill  
in the ,visayan1 ,tagalog and ,chinese  
languages1 accompanied ,rada on his     
first expedition to ,china1 was in      
,tondo in #aegh1 and later returned to  
,spain to recruit new missionaries for  
the province1 dying in ,mexico in #afjf1
 ,perez1 pp4 #aa-ab4  #fd ,cano1 p4 #ab4

 ,santiago ,vela1 ,i1 p4 #he1 expresses 
the opinion that ,cano's statement was  
an overenthusiasm1 and is not valid4    
#fe ,retana1 col4 #i4  #ff ,juan de     
,medina1 p4 #aef4  #fg ,santiago ,vela1 
,i1 p4 #he1 where he cites the first    
book of the ,gobierno of the            
,augustinian province4  #fh ,santiago   
,vela1 ,i1 pp4 #hd-f treats of the whole
 question in detail4  #fi ,a ,doctrina  
in ,tagalog1 attributed to ,alburquerque
 by ,agustin ,maria de ,castro in his   
unpublished ,osario1 is said by         
,santiago ,vela1 ,i1 p4 #he1 to have    
been arranged and perfected by          
,quinones1 and was probably that        
presented by him to the ,synod of #aehb1
 if indeed he did present such a work   
then4 ,for an account of the ,,ms4      
,osario1 see ,schilling1 p4 #bjen4  #gj 
,perez1 p4 #bjn1 quotes ,vicente        
,barrantes1 ,el teatro tagalo1 ,madrid1 
#ahij1 p4 #agj1 as saying that according
 to the ,augustinian writers            
,alburquerque compiled an ,arte de la   

,lengua ,tagala between #aegj and #aehj1
 the manuscript of which disappeared    
when the ,english sacked ,manila in     
#agfb4 ,it may be that ,barrantes       
referred to ,cano or possibly ,castro1  
but it must be emphasized that no       
contemporary historian1 as far as has   
been discovered up to this time1 has    
made such a statement4  #ga ,quinones   
came to the ,philippines in #aegg and   
spent his time in missions in and about 
,manila4 ,he was named prior of ,manila 
in #aehf1 and provincial vicar in #aehg 
in which year he died1 ,perez1 p4 #ai1  
and ,santiago ,vela1 ,,vi1 pp4 #dcc-d4  
#gb ,again ,castro1 as cited by         
,santiago ,vela1 ,,vi1 p4 #dce1 is the  
only authority for this1 although ,san  
,agustin1 p4 #cia1 lists ,quinones' name
 among those present at the ,synod4  #gc
 ,san ,agustin1 p4 #cha4 ,it should be  
noted that this statement is in direct  
contradiction to those we shall cite    
later in connection with the controversy
 between the ,augustinians and          

,dominicans over the ,chinese ministry4 
,the convent at ,tondo had been founded 
in #aega1 so ,san ,agustin here must    
refer specifically to the ,chinese      
mission4  #gd ,perez1 p4 #bb4  #ge      
,perez1 p4 #bi4  #gf ,huerta1 pp4 #ddc  
#ejj-ja4 ,in #aehj1 under the influence 
of ,plasencia1 ,talavera took the habit 
of the ,franciscan order and preached   
throughout the ,philippines until his   
death in #afaf4 ,huerta lists six works 
in ,tagalog by him1 all of them         
devotionary tracts1 the last of which he
 notes was printed at ,manila in #afag1 
and is listed by ,medina1 no4 #bj1 pp4  
#ad-e4 ,his works are also recorded by  
,leon ,pinelo1 op4 cit41 #agcg-ch1 ,,ii1
 f4 #iair4  #gg ,santa ,ines 7written   
originally in #afgf71 p4 #baa4          
,virtually the same information is given
 by ,san ,antonio1 ,i1 pp4 #ecb-c  #efc4
  #gh ,juan de la ,concepcion1 ,historia
 general de ,philipinas1 ,manila1       
#aghh-ib1 ,,ii1 pp4 #de-f4 ,schilling1  
p4 #bjcn1 maintains that the early      

writers were mistaken in believing that 
the ,synod was held in #aeha4 ,on       
,october #af1 #aeha the ,bishop called a
 meeting of ten priests at the ,convent 
of ,tondo to discuss the execution of   
the decree about slaves1 ,torres1 ,,ii1 
pp4 cxliv-v4 ,no laymen were present and
 no other topic was discussed4 ,the     
decisions of this meeting were sent in a
 letter from ,salazar to the ,king1     
dated from ,tondo1 ,october #ag1 #aeha1 
translated in ,b4  ,r41 ,,xxxiv1 pp4    
#cbe-ca1 from the original ,,ms4 in the 
,a4 of ,i4 7#fh-a-db71 ,torres1 ,,ii1   
no4 #bfhf1 p4 #ie4 ,the following year a
 real ,synod was held1 this time        
including lay government officials as   
well as priests1 at which was discussed 
a variety of subjects4 ,robert ,streit1 
,bibliotheca ,missionum1 ,aachen1 #aibh1
 ,,iv1 pp4 #cbg-ca1 cites a ,,ms4       
account of it by the ,jesuit father     
,sanchez who was present2 and ,valentin 
,marin1 ,ensayo de una ,sintesis de los 
trabajos realizados por las             

,corporaciones ,religiosas ,espanoles de
 ,filipinas1 ,manila1 #aija1 ,i1 pp4    
#aib et seqq41 cites another ,,ms41 then
 in the ,archives of the ,archiepiscopal
 ,palace of ,manila1 ,memoria de una    
junta que se hizo a manera de concilio  
el ano de #aehb1 para dar asiento a las 
cosas tocantes al aumento de la fe1 y   
justificacion de las conquistas hechas y
 que adelante se hicieron por los       
espanoles1 from which he quotes         
extensively4 ,with reference to the     
,synod see further ,lorenzo ,perez1     
,origen de las ,misiones ,franciscanas  
en el extremo oriente1 in ,archivo      
,ibero-,americano1 #aiae1 ,,iii1 pp4    
#chf-djj4  #gi ,santa ,ines1 p4 #bab4   
,again similar accounts are to be found 
in ,san ,antonio1 ,i1 pp4 #efc-f1 in far
 more detail and phrased in even more   
laudatory terms1 and the fullest early  
biography of ,plasencia is given by ,san
 ,antonio1 ,,ii1 pp4 #eab-gi4 ,modern   
surveys appear in ,marin1 op4 cit41     
,,ii1 pp4 #egc-hb1 and ,lorenzo ,perez1 

op4 cit41 pp4 #cgh et seqq4  #hj        
,chirino1 ,primera parte1 quoted by     
,retana1 col4 #bd1 implied that         
,quinones and ,plasencia wrote at about 
the same time3 ,the first who wrote in  
these languages were1 in ,visayan1 ,p4  
,fr4 ,martin de ,rada1 and in ,tagalog1 
,fr4 ,juan de ,quinones1 both of the    
,order of ,st4 ,augustine1 and at the   
same time ,fr4 ,juan de ,oliver and ,fr4
 ,juan de ,plasencia of the ,order of   
,st4 ,francis1 of whom the latter began 
first1 but the former wrote many more   
things and very useful ones4 ,however1  
,san ,antonio1 ,i1 p4 #ecb1 wrote       
perhaps with bias in favor of his own   
order1 ,although the ,augustinian       
fathers had come earlier and did not    
lack priests fluent in the idiom1 the   
language had not yet been reduced to a  
grammar1 so that it could be learned by 
common grammatical rules1 nor was there 
a general vocabulary of speech2 except  
that each one had his own notes1 to make
 himself understood1 and everything was 

unsystematized4  #ha ,entrada de la     
seraphica ,religion de nuestro ,p4 ,s4  
,francisco en las ,islas ,philipinas1   
,,ms4 of #afdi1 first published in      
,retana1 ,archivo1 ,i1 no4 ,,iii1       
translated in ,b4  ,r41 ,,xxxv1 p4 #caa4
  #hb ,medina1 p4 #ae1 quoting from     
,martinez whom we are unable to trace4  
#hc ,huerta1 pp4 #dib-c4 ,oliver died in
 #aeii4 ,san ,antonio1 ,,ii1 p4 #eca1   
says that ,plasencia was the first to   
write a catechism 7called in ,tagalog   
,tocsohan71 and ,oliver was the first to
 translate the explanation of the       
,doctrina4 ,oliver's works are noted by 
,leon ,pinelo1 op4 cit41 #agcg-ch1 ,,ii1
 col4 #gcj1 and ,barrantes1 op4 cit41 p4
 #ahg4  #hd ,sebastian de ,totanes1     
,arte de la ,lengua ,tagala1 ,manila1   
#ahej1 p4 v1 7first edition printed in  
#agde7 says of ,oliver that up to the   
present day our province reveres him as 
the first master of this idiom4  #he    
,see note #db4  #hf ,huerta1 p4 #eag4   
,nothing is known of ,diego de la       

,asuncion except that he wrote five     
works in ,tagalog including an ,arte and
 ,diccionario4 ,huerta was unable to    
find any record of him in the mission   
lists1 the capitularies or the death    
records1 but that he was in the         
,philippines before #afdi we can be sure
 of from the notice of him in the       
manuscript of that date4  #hg ,huerta1  
p4 #die4 ,montes y ,escamilla came to   
the islands in #aehc and remained there 
until his death in #afaj4 ,five works in
 ,tagalog are attributed to him1 an     
,arte1 ,diccionario1 ,confesionario1    
,devocional tagalog1 and a ,guia de     
,pecadores4 ,the ,devocional is listed  
by ,medina1 no4 #af1 p4 #ab4  #hh ,pablo
 ,rojo1 ,fr4 ,juan de ,plasencia1       
,escritor1 ,appendix #c of ,santa ,ines1
 ,,ii1 p4 #eij4 ,an early reference by  
,fernandez1 ,historia ,eclesiastica1 p4 
#cjj1 speaking of the ,franciscan       
missionary successes among the natives1 
says1 ,they learned the ,doctrina       
,christiana which the priests translated

 into ,tagalog4  #hi ,rojo1 in ,santa   
,ines1 ,,ii1 pp4 #eij-a1 says that the  
,doctrina then being used among the     
,tagalogs was the same as that written  
by ,plasencia except for modernization  
in accordance with the changes which had
 taken place in the language since his  
time4  #ij ,medina1 no4 #ae1 p4 #aa4    
#ia ,chirino1 p4 #ad4  #ib ,colin1 ,,ii1
 p4 #cbe4  #ic ,chirino1 p4 #bg4  #id   
,chirino1 chaps4 ,,xv-,,xvii1 pp4       
#cd-da4  #ie ,on ,may #ac1 #aegi1       
,philip ,,ii wrote to the ,governor of  
the ,philippines1 ,fray ,domingo de     
,salazar1 of the ,dominican order1 and  
bishop of the said islands1 has reported
 to us that he is going to reside in    
these islands2 and that he will take    
with him religious of his order to found
 monasteries1 and to take charge of the 
conversion and instruction of the       
natives1 ,b4  ,r41 ,,iv1 p4 #ada1       
translated from the original ,,ms4 in   
the ,archivo-,historico ,nacional1      
,cedulario indico1 t4 #ca1 f4 #acb,v1   

no4 #ace4 ,twelve of the twenty who set 
out from ,europe with ,salazar died     
before reaching ,mexico1 and the others 
were so sick that all but one remained  
there1 so when ,salazar landed at       
,manila in ,march #aeha he was          
accompanied by twenty ,augustinians1    
eight ,franciscans1 and only one        
,dominican1 ,christoval de ,salvatierra4
  #if ,for these and other general facts
 ,i have used ,aduarte and ,remesal     
where they are supported by the other   
historians1 ,juan de la ,concepcion1    
,san ,antonio1 ,san ,agustin1 ,juan de  
,medina and ,santa ,ines4 ,it should be 
noted that ,remesal acknowledged as his 
source for much of the material on the  
,philippines the unpublished ,,ms4      
history of the ,franciscan1 ,francisco  
de ,montilla4 ,the fifteen ,dominicans  
were ,juan de ,castro1 ,alonso ,ximenez1
 ,miguel de ,benavides1 ,pedro ,bolanos1
 ,bernardo ,navarro1 ,diego de ,soria1  
,juan de ,castro the younger1 ,marcos   
,soria de ,san ,antonio1 ,juan de ,san  

,pedro ,martyr 7or ,maldonado71 ,juan   
,ormaza de ,santo ,tomas1 ,pedro de     
,soto1 ,juan de la ,cruz1 ,gregorio de  
,ochoa1 ,domingo de ,nieva1 and ,pedro  
,rodriguez4  #ig ,by a bull of ,october 
#bj1 #aehb ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii        
confirmed the appointment already       
obtained from ,pablo ,constable de      
,ferrara1 ,general of the ,dominican    
,order1 making ,juan ,chrisostomo       
vicar-general of the ,philippine        
,islands and ,china1 and giving him     
authority to establish a province there1
 ,b4  ,r41 ,v1 pp4 #aii--bjj1 translated
 from ,hernaez1 ,coleccion de bulas1    
,brussels1 #ahgi1 ,i1 p4 #ebg1 where it 
is printed from the original ,,ms4 in   
the ,vatican1 ,bular4 ,dom41 t4 #ae1 p4 
#dab4  #ih ,in #aehj the ,dominicans of 
,mexico had begun plans for the         
establishment of a province in the      
,orient1 and sent ,juan ,chrisostomo to 
,europe to obtain the necessary         
permission from lay and ecclesiastical  
authorities4 ,the ,jesuit ,alonso       

,sanchez1 who had been sent to ,spain to
 explain the situation in the           
,philippines1 was at court1 and told the
 ,king and ,council of the              
,indies--quite subverting his           
mission--that there was no need for more
 priests and particularly no need for a 
new order there4 ,chrisostomo was       
discouraged1 but the scheme was         
revivified by ,juan de ,castro who      
finally secured a letter from ,philip   
,,ii on ,september #bj1 #aehe endorsing 
the plan4 ,twenty-two volunteers sailed 
from ,spain on ,july #ag1 #aehf4 ,in    
,mexico the ,dominicans again found     
,sanchez propagandizing against the     
mission and also encountered the efforts
 of the ,viceroy to persuade the friars 
to remain there4 ,notwithstanding1      
twenty friars subscribed to a set of    
ordinances at the ,convent of ,santo    
,domingo in ,mexico on ,december #ag1   
#aehf4 ,of the twenty1 fifteen went to  
the ,philippines1 three went directly to
 ,china1 and ,juan ,chrisostomo1 who was

 ill and weak1 and ,juan ,cobo1 who had 
business there1 stayed behind in        
,mexico4  #ii ,aduarte1 ,i1 p4 #i4  #ajj
 ,aduarte1 ,i1 p4 #gj4  #aja ,juan ,cobo
 had stayed behind in ,mexico on        
business1 and during his stay had been  
so moved by the scandals of the         
government there that he preached       
publicly against them1 as a result of   
which he was banished by the ,viceroy4  
,he brought with him from ,mexico a     
fellow-reformer and exile1 ,luis        
,gandullo1 and four other recruits for  
the ,philippine mission4  #ajb ,these   
are printed in the ,ordinationes of     
#afjd1 see note #abg1 and by ,remesal1  
pp4 #fgg--h1 who says that these        
ordinances were printed in as fine      
characters and as correctly as if in    
,rome or ,lyon1 by ,francisco de ,vera1 
a ,chinese ,christian1 in the town of   
,binondo in the year #afjd through the  
diligence of ,fr4 ,miguel ,martin4  #ajc
 ,sangley1 a term used by the natives to
 designate ,chinese1 was derived from   

the ,cantonese hiang 7or xiang7 and ley 
meaning a travelling merchant4 ,it was  
adopted by the ,spaniards and in most   
instances used interchangeably with     
,chinese4 ,if any distinction existed it
 was that a ,sangley was a permanent    
resident of the ,philippines--quite     
contrary to the derivation of the       
word--or a ,chinese of partially native 
blood4 ,see ,san ,agustin1 p4 #bec4     
#ajd ,particularly the ,memorial to the 
,council of the ,indies sent with       
,sanchez1 ,april #bj1 #aehf1 translated 
in ,b4  ,r41 ,,vi1 pp4 #afg-h1 from the 
original ,,ms4 in the ,a4 of ,i4        
7#a-a-b_/bd71 ,torres1 ,,ii1 no4 #cbhi1 
p4 #aei4  #aje ,b4  ,r41 ,,vii1 pp4     
#acj-a1 translated from the original    
,,ms4 in the ,a4 of ,i4 7#fg-f-ah71     
,torres1 ,,iii1 no4 #ceef1 pp4 #ae-f4   
,see the statement of ,san ,agustin     
quoted on p4 #bb1 which gives the       
irreconciled ,augustinian view4 ,most of
 the contemporary witnesses1 however1   
seem to agree with the ,dominicans4     

#ajf ,b4  ,r41 ,,vii1 pp4 #bbj-c1       
translated from ,retana1 ,archivo1      
,,iii1 pp4 #dg-hj1 and there printed    
from the original ,,ms4 in the ,a4 of   
,i4 7#fh-a-cb71 ,torres1 ,,iii1 no4     
#cfih1 p4 #cb4  #ajg ,remesal1 pp4      
#fha-b4  #ajh ,b4  ,r41 ,,vii1 pp4      
#bbc-e1 as in note #ajf4  #aji          
,martinez-,vigil1 op4 cit41 p4 #bdf1    
lists as written by ,benavides a        
,vocabularium sinense facillimum1 and   
,vinaza1 p4 #ag1 cites his entry4  #aaj 
,schilling1 p4 #baj1 says that in his   
letter ,cobo himself recorded that      
,benavides wrote the first ,chinese     
catechism in the ,philippines4 ,he does 
not however differentiate between       
writing in ,chinese characters and      
writing transliterated ,chinese1 and    
moreover hizo doctrina may only mean    
that he taught the doctrine1 not        
necessarily that he wrote one4  #aaa ,b4
  ,r41 ,,vii1 p4 #bch1 as in note #ajf4 
#aab ,aduarte1 ,i1 p4 #adj4  #aac       
,aduarte1 ,i1 p4 #adj1 says1 before the 

previously quoted passage1 that ,cobo   
put the ,doctrina ,christiana in the    
,chinese language1 and ,vinaza1 pp4     
#ag-bc1 lists seven books by him1       
including the famous translation of the 
,chinese classic1 ,beng-,sim-,po-,cam1  
the original ,,ms4 of which1 with an    
introductory epistle by ,benavides1     
dated from ,madrid1 ,december #bc1      
#aeie1 is in the ,biblioteca ,nacional  
at ,madrid2 an ,arte de las letras      
chinas2 ,vocabulario chino2 ,catecismo o
 doctrina christiana en chino2 7cited   
from ,leon ,pinelo1 op4 cit41 #agcg-ch1 
,i1 col4 #adb72 ,tratado de astronomia  
en chino2 ,linguae sinica ad certam     
revocata methodum 7called by            
,martinez-,vigil1 op4 cit41 p4 #bfc1 the
 first works or work on the ,chinese    
language72 and ,sententiae plures1      
excerpted from various ,chinese  books4 
,see also ,beristain1 op4 cit41 ,i1 p4  
#caf1 and ,quetif and ,echard1 op4 cit41
 ,,ii1  pp4 #cjf-g4  #aad ,aduarte1 ,i1 
p4 #abb4  #aae ,fernandez1 ,historia    

,eclesiastica1 p4 #cjd1 ,in the ,chinese
 language and letters1 ,p4 ,fr4 ,domingo
 de ,nieva1 of ,san ,pablo of           
,valladolid1 printed a memorial of the  
,christian life2 and ,p4 ,fray ,tomas   
,mayor1 of the province of ,aragon1 from
 the ,convent and ,college of ,orihuela1
 the ,symbol of ,faith4 ,in his         
,historia de los ,insignes ,milagros1 f4
 #bag1 ,fernandez states that both these
 works were printed at ,bataan4 ,since  
,mayor did not arrive in the islands    
until #afjb his work is not pertinent to
 the present discussion4 ,mayor's book  
was seen but inadequately described by  
,jose ,rodriguez1 ,biblioteca           
,valentina1 #agdg1 p4 #djf1 from a copy 
then in the ,library of the ,dominican  
,convent at ,valencia1 but now lost4    
,medina records it under the year #afjg1
 no4 #f1 p4 #f4 ,see also ,leon ,pinelo1
 op4 cit41 #agcg--ch1 ,,ii1 f4 #iair1   
and ,antonio1 op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #ccj4    
#aaf ,aduarte1 ,i1 p4 #cdb4  #aag       
,medina1 nos4 #cii-djb1 pp4 #bfa-b4     

#aah ,aduarte1 ,i1 pp4 #bee-h4 ,san     
,pedro ,martyr moved back and forth a   
good deal4 ,the first year in the       
,philippines he was with ,benavides at  
,baybay2 the second year he was in      
,pangasinan4 ,in #aeij he was ordered to
 the ,chinese mission in ,cobo's place  
by ,castro before he left for ,china4   
,when ,castro got back and ,cobo could  
resume his old station1 ,san ,pedro     
,martyr went to the vicariate of ,bataan
 the language of which he learned very  
well1 and when ,cobo left for ,japan in 
#aeib1 ,san ,pedro ,martyr went back to 
,san ,gabriel4  #aai ,aduarte1 ,i1 p4   
#cbc4  #abj ,remesal1 p4 #fhc4  #aba    
,see ,hermann ,huelle1 ,ueber den alten 
chinesischen ,typendruck und seine      
,entzvicklung in den ,laendern des      
,fernen ,ostens1 ,n4,p41 #aibc2 ,thomas 
,francis ,carter1 ,the ,invention of    
,printing in ,china and its ,spread     
,westward1 ,new ,york1 #aibe2 and ,cyrus
 ,h4 ,peake1 ,the origin and development
 of printing in ,china in the light of  

recent research1 in the                 
,gutenberg-,jahrbuch #aice1 ,x1 pp4     
#i-ag4  #abb ,b4  ,r41 ,,vii1 pp4 #bbf1 
as in note #ajf4  #abc ,aduarte1 ,,ii1  
pp4 #ae-ah4  #abd ,medina1 p4 xix1      
supposed that the ,doctrina was printed 
in the ,hospital of ,san ,gabriel in    
,minondoc1 but ,aduarte1 ,i1 p4 #ajg1   
says that when the village of ,baybay   
became overcrowded1 it became necessary 
to spread the ,chinese ,christian       
settlement to a new site directly across
 the river1 where land was given them by
 ,don ,luis ,perez ,dasmarinas1 the son 
and successor of ,gomez ,perez          
,dasmarinas1 and there a second church  
of ,san ,gabriel was built4 ,according  
to an inscription on a painting of ,don 
,luis1 exhibited at the ,st4 ,louis     
,fair of #aijd and illustrated in ,b4   
,r41 ,,xxx1 p4 #bbh1 he bought the land 
from ,don ,antonio ,velada on ,march    
#bh1 #aeid1 so that ,san ,gabriel of    
,minondoc could not have been the place 
where the #aeic volumes were printed4   

,marin1 op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 #fag1 says   
that ,san ,gabriel was moved several    
years after its foundation to ,binondo  
at the request of the city1 and was     
rebuilt twice4 ,it is apparent that ,san
 ,gabriel in the ,parian was abandoned  
after the church in ,binondo was built4 
#abe ,juan de ,vera was probably a      
comparatively common name at this time1 
because upon baptism the natives and    
,chinese assumed any ,spanish name they 
pleased1 and since ,santiago de ,vera   
was governor from #aehd to #aeij1 his   
last name would have been very popular4 
,aduarte1 ,i1 p4 #hf1 mentions an       
,indian chief1 ,don ,juan de ,vera1 who 
helped the ,dominicans in ,pangasinan1  
and ,retana1 col4 #bc1 quotes from a    
document sent by the ,audiencia of the  
,philippines to the ,king1 ,august #aa1 
#afbj1 the appointments as official     
interpreters of one ,juan de ,vera on   
,june #ae1 #aeih1 and the same or       
another ,juan de ,vera on ,october #i1  
#afac4  #abf ,aduarte1 ,i1 p4 #ajh4     

#abg ,the title-page of this unique book
 is as follows3 row of type ornaments _/
 ,ordinationes ,generales _/ prouinciae 
,sanctissimi ,rosarij _/ type ornament  
,philippinarum4 type ornament _/ ,factae
 per admodum ,reuerendum patrem fratrem 
_/ ,ioanem de ,castro1 primum vicarium  
generalem e- _/ iusdem prouintiae4 ,de  
consilio1  vnanimi con _/ sensu omnium  
frattu1 qui primit#i in pro _/ uintiam  
illam se contulerunt1 euan _/ gelizandi 
gratia4_/ ,sunt que semper vsque in     
hodiernum diem in om- _/ nibus eiusdem  
prouintiae capitulis infalibiliter _/   
acceptatae1 inuiolabiliter ab omnibus _/
 fratribus obseruandae4 _/ ,binondoc1   
per ,ioannem de ,vera china _/          
,christianum4 ,cum licentia4 #afjd4 _/  
row of type ornaments4 ,the volume1 an  
octavo bound in maroon levant morocco by
 ,sangorski and ,sutcliffe1 consists of 
eight leaves1 as follows3 title-page as 
above1 on the verso the permission      
signed at ,manila1 ,june #bd1 #afjd1 by 
,fr4 ,miguel ,martin de ,san ,jacinto1  

prior provincial of the ,dominican      
,province of the ,philippines2 the text 
of the ordinances in ,latin on eleven   
pages1 with the device of the ,dominican
 order on the verso of the last page2   
blank4  #abh ,see note #ajb4  #abi      
,medina1 ,adiciones y ,ampliacixones1 p4
 #e4  #acj ,retana1 cols4 #gg-h1 where  
he gives as his source ,hilario ,ocio1  
,resena biografica de los religiosos de 
la provincia del ,santisimo ,rosario de 
,filipinas1 ,manila1 #ahia1 ,i1 p4 #fc4 
,ocio did not cite ,remesal as his      
source1 but the information1 including  
the printer's name as ,francisco de     
,vera1 is the same4  #aca ,both         
title-pages are reproduced in ,francisco
 ,vindel1 ,manual ,graphico-,descriptivo
 del ,bibliofilo ,hispano-,americano1   
,madrid1 #aicj--cd1 ,,ix1 p4 #bb1 and   
,,vii1 p4 #aha respectively4