file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #afjeh-;h4htm or #afjeh-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ f_/j_/e_/afjeh_/afjeh-;h_/#afjeh-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ f_/j_/e_/afjeh_/afjeh-;h4zip7 ,,occult ,,chemistry ,clairvoyant ,observations on the ,chemical ,elements by ,,annie ,,besant1 ,p4,t4,s4 and ,,charles ,w4 ,,leadbeater ,revised ,edition edited by ,a4 ,p4 ,,sinnett ,,london ,,theosophical ,,publishing ,,house #a1 ,,upper ,,woburn ,,place1 ,w4,c4 #a4 #aiai ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,when undertaking to prepare a new edition of this book ,i received permission from the authors to throw it into the form in which you think it would be most useful at the present time4 ,it was left to my discretion1 ,what to use and what to omit4 ,i have not found it necessary to avail myself to any considerable extent of this latter permission4 ,but as the contents of the book were originally arranged the reader was ill-prepared to appreciate the importance of the later research for want of introductory matter explaining how it began1 and how the early research led up to the later investigation4 ,i have therefore contributed an entirely new preliminary chapter which will1 ,i hope1 help the reader to realise the credibility of the results attained when the molecular forms and constitution of the numerous bodies examined were definitely observed4 ,i have not attempted to revise the records of the later research in which ,i had no personal share1 so from the beginning of ,chapter ,,iii to the end the book in its present form is simply a reprint of the original edition except for the correction of a few trifling misprints4 ,i have thus endeavoured to bring into clear prominence at the outset the scientific value of the light the book sheds on the constitution of matter4 ,the world owes a debt to scientific men of the ordinary type that cannot be over-estimated1 but though they have hitherto preferred to progress gradually1 from point to point1 disliking leaps in the dark1 the leap now made is only in the dark for those who will not realise that the progress to be accomplished by means of instrumental research must sooner or later be supplemented by subtler methods4 ,physical science has reached the conception that the atoms of the bodies hitherto called the chemical elements are each composed of minor atoms4 ,instrumental research cannot determine by how many1 in each case4 ,occult research ascertained the actual number in some cases by direct observation and then discovered the law governing the numbers in all cases1 and the relation of these numbers to atomic weights4 ,the law thus unveiled is a demonstration of the accuracy of the first direct observations1 and this principle once established the credibility of accounts now given as to the arrangement of minor atoms in the molecules of the numerous elements examined1 seems to me advanced to a degree approximating to proof4 ,it remains to be seen--not how far1 but rather how soon the scientific world at large will accept the conclusions of this volume as a definite contribution to science1 blending the science of the laboratory with that variety that has hitherto been called occult4 ,,contents4 ,i4--,a ,,preliminary ,,survey ,,ii4--,,details ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,research ,,the ,,platonic ,,solids ,,iii4--,,the ,,later ,,researches ,,occult ,,chemistry4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,a ,,preliminary ,,survey4 ,the deep interest and importance of the research which this book describes will best be appreciated if introduced by an account of the circumstances out of which it arose4 ,the first edition1 consisting mainly of articles reprinted from the ,theosophist1 dealt at once with the later phases of the research in a way which1 though intelligible to the occult student1 must have been rather bewildering to the ordinary reader4 ,these later phases1 however1 endow the earlier results with a significance that in the beginning could only be vaguely conjectured4 ,i am the better entitled to perform the task that has been assigned to me--that of preparing the present edition--by reason of the fact that it was in my presence and at my instigation that the first efforts were made to penetrate the mystery previously enshrouding the ultimate molecule of matter4 ,i remember the occasion vividly4 ,mr4 ,leadbeater was then staying at my house1 and his clairvoyant faculties were frequently exercised for the benefit of myself1 my wife and the theosophical friends around us4 ,i had discovered that these faculties1 exercised in the appropriate direction1 were ultra-microscopic in their power4 ,it occurred to me once to ask ,mr4 ,leadbeater if he thought he could actually see a molecule of physical matter4 ,he was quite willing to try1 and ,i suggested a molecule of gold as one which he might try to observe4 ,he made the appropriate effort1 and emerged from it saying the molecule in question was far too elaborate a structure to be described4 ,it evidently consisted of an enormous number of some smaller atoms1 quite too many to count2 quite too complicated in their arrangement to be comprehended4 ,it struck me at once that this might be due to the fact that gold was a heavy metal of high atomic weight1 and that observation might be more successful if directed to a body of low atomic weight1 so ,i suggested an atom of hydrogen as possibly more manageable4 ,mr4 ,leadbeater accepted the suggestion and tried again4 ,this time he found the atom of hydrogen to be far simpler than the other1 so that the minor atoms constituting the hydrogen atom were countable4 ,they were arranged on a definite plan1 which will be rendered intelligible by diagrams later on1 and were eighteen in number4 ,we little realized at the moment the enormous significance of this discovery1 made in the year #ahie1 long before the discovery of radium enabled physicists of the ordinary type to improve their acquaintance with the electron4 ,whatever name is given to that minute body it is recognised now by ordinary science as well as by occult observation1 as the fundamental unit of physical matter4 ,to that extent ordinary science has overtaken the occult research ,i am dealing with1 but that research rapidly carried the occult student into regions of knowledge whither1 it is perfectly certain1 the ordinary physicist must follow him at no distant date4 ,the research once started in the way ,i have described was seen to be intensely interesting4 ,mrs4 ,besant almost immediately co-operated with ,mr4 ,leadbeater in its further progress4 ,encouraged by the success with hydrogen1 the two important gases1 oxygen and nitrogen1 were examined4 ,they proved to be rather more difficult to deal with than hydrogen but were manageable4 ,oxygen was found to consist of #bij minor atoms and nitrogen of #bfa4 ,their grouping will be described later on4 ,the interest and importance of the whole subject will best be appreciated by a rough indication of the results first attained4 ,the reader will then have more patience in following the intricacies of the later discoveries4 ,the figures just quoted were soon perceived to have a possible significance4 ,the atomic weight of oxygen is commonly taken as #af4 ,that is to say1 an atom of oxygen is sixteen times heavier than an atom of hydrogen4 ,in this way1 all through the table of atomic weights1 hydrogen is taken as unity1 without any attempt being made to estimate its absolute weight4 ,but now with the atom of hydrogen dissected1 so to speak1 and found to consist of #ah somethings1 while the atom of oxygen consisted of #bij of the same things1 the sixteen to one relationship reappears3 #bij divided by #ah gives us #af and a minute decimal fraction4 ,again the nitrogen number divided by #ah gives us #ad and a minute fraction as the result1 and that is the accepted atomic weight of nitrogen4 ,this gave us a glimpse of a principle that might run all through the table of atomic weights4 ,for reasons having to do with other work1 it was impossible for the authors of this book to carry on the research further at the time it was begun4 ,the results already sketched were published as an article in the magazine then called ,lucifer1 in ,november1 #ahie1 and reprinted as a separate pamphlet bearing the title ,occult ,chemistry1 a pamphlet the surviving copies of which will one day be a recognised vindication of the method that will at some time in the future be generally applied to the investigation of ,nature's mysteries4 ,for the later research which this volume deals with does establish the principle with a force that can hardly be resisted by any fair-minded reader4 ,with patience and industry--the authors being assisted in the counting in a way that will be described 7and the method adopted involved a check upon the accuracy of the counting7--the minor atoms of almost all the known chemical elements1 as they are commonly called1 were counted and found to bear the same relation to their atomic weights as had been suggested by the cases of oxygen and nitrogen4 ,this result throws back complete proof on the original estimate of the number of minor atoms in hydrogen1 a figure which ordinary research has so far entirely failed to determine4 ,the guesses have been widely various1 from unity to many hundreds1 but1 unacquainted with the clairvoyant method1 the ordinary physicist has no means of reaching the actual state of the facts4 ,before going on with the details of the later research some very important discoveries arising from the early work must first be explained4 ,as ,i have already said clairvoyant faculty of the appropriate order directed to the minute phenomena of ,nature is practically infinite in its range4 ,not content with estimating the number of minor atoms in physical molecules1 the authors proceeded to examine the minor atoms individually4 ,they were found to be themselves elaborately complicated structures which1 in this preliminary survey of the whole subject1 ,i will not stop to explain 7full explanation will be found later on7 and they are composed of atoms belonging to an ultra-physical realm of ,nature with which the occultist has long been familiar and describes as the ,astral ,plane4 ,some rather pedantic critics have found fault with the term1 as the plane in question is of course really a sphere entirely surrounding the physical globe1 but as all occultists understand the word1 plane simply signifies a condition of nature4 ,each condition1 and there are many more than the two under consideration1 blends with its neighbour1 via atomic structure4 ,thus the atoms of the ,astral plane in combination give rise to the finest variety of physical matter1 the ether of space1 which is not homogeneous but really atomic in its character1 and the minute atoms of which physical molecules are composed are atoms of ether1 etheric atoms1 as we have now learned to call them4 ,many physicists1 though not all1 will resent the idea of treating the ether of space as atomic4 ,but at all events the occultist has the satisfaction of knowing that the great ,russian chemist1 ,mendeleef1 preferred the atomic theory4 ,in ,sir ,william ,tilden's recent book entitled ,chemical ,discovery and ,invention in the ,twentieth ,century1 ,i read that ,mendeleef1 disregarding conventional views1 supposed the ether to have a molecular or atomic structure1 and in time all physicists must come to recognise that the ,electron is not1 as so many suppose at present1 an atom of electricity1 but an atom of ether carrying a definite unit charge of electricity4 ,long before the discovery of radium led to the recognition of the electron as the common constituent of all the bodies previously described as chemical elements1 the minute particles of matter in question had been identified with the cathode rays observed in ,sir ,william ,crookes' vacuum tubes4 ,when an electric current is passed through a tube from which the air 7or other gas it may contain7 has been almost entirely exhausted1 a luminous glow pervades the tube manifestly emanating from the cathode or negative pole of the circuit4 ,this effect was studied by ,sir ,william ,crookes very profoundly4 ,among other characteristics it was found that1 if a minute windmill was set up in the tube before it was exhausted1 the cathode ray caused the vanes to revolve1 thus suggesting the idea that they consisted of actual particles driven against the vanes2 the ray being thus evidently something more than a mere luminous effect4 ,here was a mechanical energy to be explained1 and at the first glance it seemed difficult to reconcile the facts observed with the idea creeping into favour1 that the particles1 already invested with the name electron1 were atoms of electricity pure and simple4 ,electricity was found1 or certain eminent physicists thought they had found1 that electricity per se had inertia4 ,so the windmills in the ,crookes' vacuum tubes were supposed to be moved by the impact of electric atoms4 ,then in the progress of ordinary research the discovery of radium by ,madame ,curie in the year #aijb put an entirely new face upon the subject of electrons4 ,the beta particles emanating from radium were soon identified with the electrons of the cathode ray4 ,then followed the discovery that the gas helium1 previously treated as a separate element1 evolved itself as one consequence of the disintegration of radium4 ,transmutation1 till then laughed at as a superstition of the alchemist1 passed quietly into the region of accepted natural phenomena1 and the chemical elements were seen to be bodies built up of electrons in varying number and probably in varying arrangements4 ,so at last ordinary science had reached one important result of the occult research carried on seven years earlier4 ,it has not yet reached the finer results of the occult research--the structure of the hydrogen atom with its eighteen etheric atoms and the way in which the atomic weights of all elements are explained by the number of etheric atoms entering into their constitution4 ,the ether of space1 though defying instrumental examination1 comes within scope of the clairvoyant faculty1 and profoundly interesting discoveries were made during what ,i have called the early research in connexion with that branch of the inquiry4 ,etheric atoms combine to form molecules in many different ways1 but combinations involving fewer atoms than the eighteen which give rise to hydrogen1 make no impression on the physical senses nor on physical instruments of research4 ,they give rise to varieties of molecular ether1 the comprehension of which begins to illuminate realms of natural mystery as yet entirely untrodden by the ordinary physicist4 ,combinations below #ah in number give rise to three varieties of molecular ether1 the functions of which when they come to be more fully studied will constitute a department of natural knowledge on the threshold of which we already stand4 ,some day we may perhaps be presented with a volume on ,occult ,physics as important in its way as the present dissertation on ,occult ,chemistry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,details ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,research4 ,the article detailing the results of the research carried on in the year #ahie 7see the ,november issue for that year of the magazine then called ,lucifer71 began with some general remarks about the clairvoyant faculty1 already discussed in the preceding chapter4 ,the original record then goes on as follows3-- ,the physical world is regarded as being composed of between sixty and seventy chemical elements1 aggregated into an infinite variety of combinations4 ,these combinations fall under the three main heads of solids1 liquids and gases1 the recognised substates of physical matter1 with the theoretical ether scarcely admitted as material4 ,ether1 to the scientist1 is not a substate or even a state of matter1 but is a something apart by itself4 ,it would not be allowed that gold could be raised to the etheric condition as it might be to the liquid and gaseous2 whereas the occultist knows that the gaseous is succeeded by the etheric1 as the solid is succeeded by the liquid1 and he knows also that the word ether covers four substates as distinct from each other as are the solids1 liquids and gases1 and that all chemical elements have their four etheric substates1 the highest being common to all1 and consisting of the ultimate physical atoms to which all elements are finally reducible4 ,the chemical atom is regarded as the ultimate particle of any element1 and is supposed to be indivisible and unable to exist in a free state4 ,mr4 ,crookes' researches have led the more advanced chemists to regard the atoms as compound1 as a more or less complex aggregation of protyle4 ,to astral vision ether is a visible thing1 and is seen permeating all substances and encircling every particle4 ,a solid body is a body composed of a vast number of particles suspended in ether1 each vibrating backwards and forwards in a particular field at a high rate of velocity2 the particles are attracted towards each other more strongly than they are attracted by external influences1 and they cohere1 or maintain towards each other a definite relation in space4 ,closer examination shows that the ether is not homogeneous but consists of particles of numerous kinds1 differing in the aggregations of the minute bodies composing them2 and a careful and more detailed method of analysis reveals that it has four distinct degrees1 giving us1 with the solid1 liquid and gaseous1 seven instead of four substates of matter in the physical world4 ,these four etheric substates will be best understood if the method be explained by which they were studied4 ,this method consisted of taking what is called an atom of gas1 and breaking it up time after time1 until what proved to be the ultimate physical atom was reached1 the breaking up of this last resulting in the production of astral1 and no longer physical matter4 ,illustration ,it is1 of course1 impossible to convey by words the clear conceptions that are gained by direct vision of the objects of study1 and the accompanying diagram--cleverly drawn from the description given by the investigators--is offered as a substitute1 however poor1 for the lacking vision of the readers4 ,the horizontal lines separate from each other the seven substates of matter2 solid1 liquid1 gas1 ether #d1 ether #c1 ether #b1 ether #a4 ,on the gas level are represented three chemical atoms1 one of hydrogen 7,h71 one of oxygen 7,o71 one of nitrogen 7,n74 ,the successive changes undergone by each chemical atom are shown in the compartments vertically above it1 the left-hand column showing the breaking up of the hydrogen atom1 the middle column that of the oxygen atom1 the right-hand column1 that of the nitrogen atom4 ,the ultimate physical atom is marked a1 and is drawn only once1 although it is the same throughout4 ,the numbers #ah1 #bij and #bfa are the numbers of the ultimate physical atoms found to exist in a chemical atom4 ,the dots indicate the lines along which force is observed to be playing1 and the arrowheads show the direction of the force4 ,no attempt has been made to show this below ,e #b except in the case of the hydrogen4 ,the letters given are intended to help the reader to trace upwards any special body2 thus d in the oxygen chemical atom on the gas level may be found again on ,e #d1 ,e #c1 and ,e #b4 ,it must be remembered that the bodies shown diagrammatically in no way indicate relative size2 as a body is raised from one substate to the one immediately above it1 it is enormously magnified for the purpose of investigation1 and the ultimate atom on ,e #a is represented by the dot a on the gaseous level4 ,the first chemical atom selected for this examination was an atom of hydrogen 7,h74 ,on looking carefully at it1 it was seen to consist of six small bodies1 contained in an egg-like form4 ,it rotated with great rapidity on its own axis1 vibrating at the same time1 and the internal bodies performed similar gyrations4 ,the whole atom spins and quivers1 and has to be steadied before exact observation is possible4 ,the six little bodies are arranged in two sets of three1 forming two triangles that are not interchangeable1 but are related to each other as object and image4 7,the lines in the diagram of it on the gaseous sub-plane are not lines of force1 but show the two triangles2 on a plane surface the interpenetration of the triangles cannot be clearly indicated47 ,further1 the six bodies are not all alike2 they each contain three smaller bodies--each of these being an ultimate physical atom--but in two of them the three atoms are arranged in a line1 while in the remaining four they are arranged in a triangle4 ,the wall of the limiting spheroid in which the bodies are enclosed being composed of the matter of the third1 or gaseous1 kind1 drops away when the gaseous atom is raised to the next level1 and the six bodies are set free4 ,they at once re-arrange themselves in two triangles1 each enclosed by a limiting sphere2 the two marked b in the diagram unite with one of those marked b' to form a body which shows a positive character1 the remaining three forming a second body negative in type4 ,these form the hydrogen particles of the lowest plane of ether1 marked ,e #d--;ether #d--on the diagram4 ,on raising these further1 they undergo another disintegration1 losing their limiting walls2 the positive body of ,e #d1 on losing its wall1 becomes two bodies1 one consisting of the two particles1 marked b1 distinguishable by the linear arrangement of the contained ultimate atoms1 enclosed in a wall1 and the other being the third body enclosed in ,e #d and now set free4 ,the negative body of ,e #d similarly1 on losing its wall1 becomes two bodies1 one consisting of the two particles marked b'1 and the second the remaining body1 being set free4 ,these free bodies do not remain on ,e #c but pass immediately to ,e #b1 leaving the positive and negative bodies1 each containing two particles1 as the representatives of hydrogen on ,e #c4 ,on taking these bodies a step higher their wall disappears1 and the internal bodies are set free1 those containing the atoms arranged lineally being positive1 and those with the triangular arrangement being negative4 ,these two forms represent hydrogen on ,e #b1 but similar bodies of this state of matter are found entering into other combinations1 as may be seen by referring to f on ,e #b of nitrogen 7,n74 ,on raising these bodies yet one step further1 the falling away of the walls sets the contained atoms free1 and we reach the ultimate physical atom1 the matter of ,e #a4 ,the disintegration of this sets free particles of astral matter1 so that we have reached in this the limit of physical matter4 ,the ,theosophical reader will notice with interest that we can thus observe seven distinct substates of physical matter1 and no more4 ,the ultimate atom1 which is the same in all the observed cases1 is an exceedingly complex body1 and only its main characteristics are given in the diagram4 ,it is composed entirely of spirals1 the spiral being in its turn composed of spirill1 and these again of minuter spirill4 ,a fairly accurate drawing is given in ,babbitt's ,principles of ,light and ,colour1 p4 #ajb4 ,the illustrations there given of atomic combinations are entirely wrong and misleading1 but if the stove-pipe run through the centre of the single atom be removed1 the picture may be taken as correct1 and will give some idea of the complexity of this fundamental unit of the physical universe4 ,turning to the force side of the atom and its combinations1 we observe that force pours in the heart-shaped depression at the top of the atom1 and issues from the point1 and is changed in character by its passage2 further1 force rushes through every spiral and every spirilla1 and the changing shades of colour that flash out from the rapidly revolving and vibrating atom depend on the several activities of the spirals2 sometimes one1 sometimes another1 is thrown into more energetic action1 and with the change of activity from one spiral to another the colour changes4 ,the building of a gaseous atom of hydrogen may be traced downward from ,e #a1 and1 as stated above1 the lines given in the diagram are intended to indicate the play of the forces which bring about the several combinations4 ,speaking generally1 positive bodies are marked by their contained atoms setting their points towards each other and the centre of their combination1 and repelling each other outwards2 negative bodies are marked by the heart-shaped depressions being turned inwards1 and by a tendency to move towards each other instead of away4 ,every combination begins by a welling up of force at a centre1 which is to form the centre of the combination2 in the first positive hydrogen combination1 ,e #b1 an atom revolving at right angles to the plane of the paper and also revolving on its own axis1 forms the centre1 and force1 rushing out at its lower point1 rushes in at the depressions of two other atoms1 which then set themselves with their points to the centre2 the lines are shown in b1 right-hand figure4 7,the left-hand figure indicates the revolution of the atoms each by itself47 ,as this atomic triad whirls round1 it clears itself a space1 pressing back the undifferentiated matter of the plane1 and making to itself a whirling wall of this matter1 thus taking the first step towards building up the chemical hydrogen atom4 ,a negative atomic triad is similarly formed1 the three atoms being symmetrically arranged round the centre of out-welling force4 ,these atomic triads then combine1 two of the linear arrangement being attracted to each other1 and two of the triangular1 force again welling up and forming a centre and acting on the triads as on a single atom1 and a limiting wall being again formed as the combination revolves round its centre4 ,the next stage is produced by each of these combinations on ,e #c attracting to itself a third atomic triad of the triangular type from ,e #b1 by the setting up of a new centre of up-welling force1 following the lines traced in the combinations of ,e #d4 ,two of these uniting1 and their triangles interpenetrating1 the chemical atom is formed1 and we find it to contain in all eighteen ultimate physical atoms4 ,the next substance investigated was oxygen1 a far more complicated and puzzling body2 the difficulties of observation were very much increased by the extraordinary activity shown by this element and the dazzling brilliancy of some of its constituents4 ,the gaseous atom is an ovoid body1 within which a spirally-coiled snake-like body revolves at a high velocity1 five brilliant points of light shining on the coils4 ,the snake appears to be a solid rounded body1 but on raising the atom to ,e #d the snake splits lengthwise into two waved bodies1 and it is seen that the appearance of solidity is due to the fact that these spin round a common axis in opposite directions1 and so present a continuous surface1 as a ring of fire can be made by whirling a lighted stick4 ,the brilliant bodies seen in the atom are on the crests of the waves in the positive snake1 and in the hollows in the negative one2 the snake itself consists of small bead-like bodies1 eleven of which interpose between the larger brilliant spots4 ,on raising these bodies to ,e #c the snakes break up1 each bright spot carrying with it six beads on one side and five on the other2 these twist and writhe about still with the same extraordinary activity1 reminding one of fire-flies stimulated to wild gyrations4 ,it can been seen that the larger brilliant bodies each enclose seven ultimate atoms1 while the beads each enclose two4 7,each bright spot with its eleven beads is enclosed in a wall1 accidentally omitted in the diagram47 ,on the next stage1 ,e #b1 the fragments of the snakes break up into their constituent parts2 the positive and negative bodies1 marked d and d'1 showing a difference of arrangement of the atoms contained in them4 ,these again finally disintegrate1 setting free the ultimate physical atoms1 identical with those obtained from hydrogen4 ,the number of ultimate atoms contained in the gaseous atom of oxygen is #bij1 made up as follows3-- #b in each bead1 of which there are #aaj3 #g in each bright spot1 of which there are #aj2 #b x #aaj #gj #bij4 ,when the observers had worked out this1 they compared it with the number of ultimate atoms in hydrogen3-- #bij _/ #ah #af4aa ,the respective number of ultimate atoms contained in a chemical atom of these two bodies are thus seen to closely correspond with their accepted weight-numbers4 ,it may be said in passing that a chemical atom of ozone appears as an oblate spheroid1 with the contained spiral much compressed and widened in the centre2 the spiral consists of three snakes1 one positive and two negative1 formed in a single revolving body4 ,on raising the chemical atom to the next plane1 the snake divides into three1 each being enclosed in its own egg4 ,the chemical atom of nitrogen was the third selected by the students for examination1 as it seemed comparatively quiet in contrast with the ever-excited oxygen4 ,it proved1 however1 to be the most complicated of all in its internal arrangements1 and its quiet was therefore a little deceptive4 ,most prominent was the balloon-shaped body in the middle1 with six smaller bodies in two horizontal rows and one large egg-shaped one in the midst1 contained in it4 ,some chemical atoms were seen in which the internal arrangement of these contained bodies was changed and the two horizontal rows became vertical2 this change seemed to be connected with a greater activity of the whole body1 but the observations on this head are too incomplete to be reliable4 ,the balloon-shaped body is positive1 and is apparently drawn downwards towards the negative egg-shaped body below it1 containing seven smaller particles4 ,in addition to these large bodies1 four small ones are seen1 two positive and two negative1 the positive containing five and the negative four minuter spots4 ,on raising the gaseous atom to ,e #d1 the falling away of the wall sets free the six contained bodies1 and both the balloon and the egg round themselves1 apparently with the removal of their propinquity1 as though they had exercised over each other some attractive influence4 ,the smaller bodies within the egg--marked q on ,e #d--;are not on one plane1 and those within n and o form respectively square-based and triangular-based pyramids4 ,on raising all these bodies to ,e #c we find the walls fall away as usual1 and the contents of each cell are set free3 p of ,e #d contains six small bodies marked k1 and these are shown in k of ,e #c1 as containing each seven little bodies--marked e--each of which has within it two ultimate atoms2 the long form of p ,e #d--marked l--appears as the long form l on ,e #c1 and this has three pairs of smaller bodies within it1 f'1 g and h1 containing respectively three1 four and six ultimate atoms2 q of ,e #d1 with its seven contained particles1 m1 has three particles m on ,e #c1 each showing three ultimate atoms within them2 e from n of ,e #d becomes i of ,e #c1 with contained bodies1 e1 showing two ultimate atoms in each2 while e' from o of ,e #d becomes j of ,e #c1 each having three smaller bodies within it1 e'1 with two ultimate atoms in each4 ,on ,e #b1 the arrangement of these ultimate atoms is shown1 and the pairs1 f'1 g and h are seen with the lines of force indicated2 the triads in f--from m of ,e #c--;are similarly shown1 and the duads in e and e'--from i and j of ,e #c--;are given in the same way4 ,when all these bodies are raised to ,e #a1 the ultimate physical atoms are set free1 identical1 of course1 with that previously described4 ,reckoning up the number of ultimate physical atoms in a chemical atom of nitrogen we find they amount to #bfa1 thus divided3-- #fb bodies with #b ultimate atoms1 #fb x #b #abd #bd - #b #bd x #b #dh #ba - #c #ba x #c #fc #b #c #b x #c #f #b #d #b x #d #h #b #d #b x #f #ab ---- #bfa ,this again approaches closely the weight-number assigned to nitrogen3-- #bfa _/ #ah #ad4dd ,this is interesting as checking the observations1 for weight-numbers are arrived at in so very different a fashion1 and especially in the case of nitrogen the approximation is noteworthy1 from the complexity of the bodies which yield the number on analysis4 ,some other observations were made which went to show that as weight-numbers increased1 there was a corresponding increase in the number of bodies discerned within the chemical atom2 thus1 gold showed forty-seven contained bodies2 but these observations need repetition and checking4 ,investigation of a molecule of water revealed the presence of twelve bodies from hydrogen and the characteristic snake of oxygen1 the encircling walls of the chemical atoms being broken away4 ,but here again1 further observations are necessary to substantiate details4 ,the present paper is only offered as a suggestion of an inviting line of research1 promising interesting results of a scientific character2 the observations recorded have been repeated several times and are not the work of a single investigator1 and they are believed to be correct so far as they go4 ,,the ,,platonic ,,solids4 ,some of our readers may be glad to have a drawing of the ,platonic solids1 since they play so large a part in the building up of elements4 ,the regular solids are five1 and five only2 in each3 7#a7 ,the lines are equal4 7#b7 ,the angles are equal4 7#c7 ,the surfaces are equal4 ,illustration ,it will be seen that the tetrahedron is the fundamental form1 the three-sided pyramid on a triangular base1 i4e41 a solid figure formed from four triangles4 ,two of these generate the cube and the octahedron2 five of these generate the dodecahedron and the icosahedron4 ,the rhombic dodecahedron is not regular1 for though the lines and surfaces are equal1 the angles are not4 ,,notes4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,jinarjadsa#a writes3 ,the asterisk put before metargon in the list of elements should be omitted1 for metargon had been discovered by ,sir ,william ,ramsey and ,mr4 ,travers at the same time as neon 7see ,proceedings of the ,royal ,society1 vol4 lxiii1 p4 #daa71 and therefore before it was observed clairvoyantly4 ,it is not1 however1 given in the latest list of elements in the ,report of ,november #ac1 #aijg1 of the ,international ,atomic ,weights ,commission1 so it would seem as though it were not yet fully recognised4 ,neon was discovered in #ahih by ,ramsey and ,travers1 and the weight given to it was #bb4 ,this almost corresponds with our weight for meta-neon1 #bb4cc2 the latest weight given to neon is #bj1 and that corresponds within one-tenth to our weight1 #ai4i4 ,from this it would seem that neon was examined in the later investigations and meta-neon in the earlier4 ,he says further on a probable fourth ,interperiodic ,group3 ,thinking over the diagrams1 it seemed to me likely that a fourth group exists1 coming on the paramagnetic side1 directly under iron1 cobalt1 nickel1 just one complete swing of the pendulum after rhodium1 ruthenium1 palladium4 ,this would make four interperiodic groups1 and they would come also periodically in the table too4 ,i took the diagram for ,osmium1 and in a bar postulated only three columns for the first element of the new groups1 i4e41 one column less than in ,osmium4 ,this would make #ahc atoms in a bar2 the new group then would follow in a bar1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahg4 ,here ,i found to my surprise that the third postulated group would have a remarkable relation to ,os1 ,ir1 ,pt4 ,thus ,os4--#bde 7in a bar72 less #fj #ahe ,ir4 #bdg less #fj #ahg ,pt4 #bdi less #fj #ahi ,but strange to say also ,ruthenium 7bar7 #acb less #fj--gb ,rhodium #acd less #fj--gd ,palladium #acf less #fj--gf ,but #gb1 #gd1 #gf1 are ,iron1 ,cobalt and ,nickel4 ,so there does probably exist a new group with bars 7#ahc71 #ahe1 #ahg1 #ahi1 with atomic weights4 ,xbar #ahe2 atoms #beij1 wt4 #adc4c ,y #ahg1 #bfah1 wt4 #ade4d ,z #ahi1 #bfdf1 wt4 #adg4j4 ,they come probably among the rare earths4 ,probably also ,neodymium and ,praseodymium are two of them1 for their weights are #adc4f1 #adj4e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,later ,,researches4 ,the first difficulty that faced us was the identification of the forms seen on focusing the sight on gases4#b ,we could only proceed tentatively4 ,thus1 a very common form in the air had a sort of dumb-bell shape 7see ,plate ,i72 we examined this1 comparing our rough sketches1 and counted its atoms2 these1 divided by #ah--the number of ultimate atoms in hydrogen--gave us #bc4bb as atomic weight1 and this offered the presumption that it was sodium4 ,we then took various substances--common salt1 etc4--in which we knew sodium was present1 and found the dumb-bell form in all4 ,in other cases1 we took small fragments of metals1 as iron1 tin1 zinc1 silver1 gold2 in others1 again1 pieces of ore1 mineral waters1 etc41 etc41 and1 for the rarest substances1 ,mr4 ,leadbeater visited a mineralogical museum4 ,in all1 #eg chemical elements were examined1 out of the #gh recognized by modern chemistry4 ,in addition to these1 we found #c chemical waifs3 an unrecognized stranger between hydrogen and helium which we named occultum1 for purposes of reference1 and #b varieties of one element1 which we named kalon and meta-kalon1 between xenon and osmium2 we also found #d varieties of #d recognized elements and prefixed meta to the name of each1 and a second form of platinum1 that we named ,pt4 ,b4 ,thus we have tabulated in all #fe chemical elements1 or chemical atoms1 completing three of ,sir ,william ,crookes' lemniscates1 sufficient for some amount of generalization4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,sodium4 ,in counting the number of ultimate atoms in a chemical elemental atom1 we did not count them throughout1 one by one2 when1 for instance1 we counted up the ultimate atoms in sodium1 we dictated the number in each convenient group to ,mr4 ,jinarjadsa1 and he multiplied out the total1 divided by #ah1 and announced the result4 ,thus3 sodium 7see ,plate ,i7 is composed of an upper part1 divisible into a globe and #ab funnels2 a lower part1 similarly divided2 and a connecting rod4 ,we counted the number in the upper part3 globe--#aj2 the number in two or three of the funnels--each #af2 the number of funnels--#ab2 the same for the lower part2 in the connecting rod--#ad4 ,mr4 ,jinarjadsa reckoned3 #aj 7#af x #ab7 #bjb2 hence3 #bjb #bjb #ad #dah3 divided by #ah #bc4bb recurring4 ,by this method we guarded our counting from any prepossession1 as it was impossible for us to know how the various numbers would result on addition1 multiplication and division1 and the exciting moment came when we waited to see if our results endorsed or approached any accepted weight4 ,in the heavier elements1 such as gold1 with #cedf atoms1 it would have been impossible to count each atom without quite unnecessary waste of time1 when making a preliminary investigation4 ,later1 it may be worth while to count each division separately1 as in some we noticed that two groups1 at first sight alike1 differed by #a or #b atoms1 and some very slight errors may1 in this way1 have crept into our calculations4 ,in the following table is a list of the chemical elements examined2 the first column gives the names1 the asterisk affixed to some indicating that they have not yet been discovered by orthodox chemistry4 ,the second column gives the number of ultimate physical atoms contained in one chemical atom of the element concerned4 ,the third column gives the weight as compared with hydrogen1 taken as #ah1 and this is obtained by dividing the calculated number of ultimate atoms by #ah4 ,the fourth column gives the recognized weight-number1 mostly according to the latest list of atomic weights1 the ,international ,list of #aije1 given in ,erdmann's ,lehrbuch der ,unorganischen ,chemie4 ,these weights differ from those hitherto accepted1 and are generally lighter than those given in earlier text-books4 ,it is interesting to note that our counting endorses the earlier numbers1 for the most part1 and we must wait to see if later observations will endorse the last results of orthodox chemistry1 or confirm ours4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,hydrogen #ah #a #a 99,occultum #ed #c -- ,helium #gb #d #c4id ,lithium #abg #g4jf #f4ih ,baryllium #afd #i4aa #i4ja ,boron #bjj #aa4aa #aj4hf ,carbon #baf #ab #aa4ia ,nitrogen #bfa #ad4ej #ad4ja ,oxygen #bij #af4aa #ae4hgi ,fluorine #cdj #ah4hh #ah4ij ,neon #cfj #bj #ai4i 99,meta-,neon #djb #bb4cc -- ,sodium #dah #bc4bb #bb4hh ,magnesium #dcb #bd #bd4ah ,aluminium #dhf #bg #bf4ia ,silicon #ebj #bh4hh #bh4ah ,phosphorus #eeh #ca #cj4gg ,sulphur #egf #cb #ca4hb ,chlorine #fci #ce4ej #ce4dgc ,potassium #gja #ch4idd #ch4he ,argon #gad #ci4ff #ci4fj ,calcium #gbj #dj #ci4gd 99,metargon #gef #db -- ,scandium #gib #dd #dc4gh ,titanium #hfd #dh #dg4gd ,vanadium #iah #ea #ej4hd ,chromium #icf #eb #ea4gd ,manganese #iib #ee4aa #ed4eg ,iron #ajjh #ef #ee4dg ,cobalt #ajcf #eg4ee #eg4g ,nickel #ajfd #ei4ll #eh4cj ,copper #aaci #fc4bgg #fc4ab ,zinc #aagj #fe #fd4ia ,gallium #abfj #gj #fi4ej ,germanium #acjj #gb4bb #ga4ic ,arsenic #acej #ge #gd4de ,selenium #adbb #gi #gh4eh ,bromine #adci #gi4idd #gi4iec ,krypton #adfd #ha4cc #ha4bj 99,meta-,krypton #aejf #hc4ff -- ,rubidium #aecj #he #hd4he ,strontium #aefh #hg4aa #hf4ie ,yttrium #afjf #hi4bb #hh4cd ,zirconium #afbd #ij4bb #hi4he ,niobium #agai #ie4ej #ic4be ,molybdenum #agdf #ig #ie4bf ,ruthenium #ahdh #ajb4ff #ajj4ia ,rhodium #ahgf #ajd4bb #ajb4bc ,palladium #aijd #aje4gg #aje4gd ,silver #aide #ajh4jee #ajg4ic ,cadmium #bjaf #aab #aaa4fj ,indium #bjeb #aad #aad4je ,tin #babd #aah #aah4aj ,antimony #bafi #abj4ej #aai4cd ,tellurium #bbbc #abc4ej #abf4fd ,iodine #bbhg #abg4jee #abf4ja ,xenon #bbih #abg4ff #abg4aj 99,meta-,xenon #bcdj #acj -- 99,kalon #cjed #afi4ff -- 99,meta-,kalon #cjif #agb -- ,osmium #cdcj #aij4ee #ahi4ee ,iridium #cdeh #aib4aa #aia4ef ,platinum ,a #cdhf #aic4ff #aic4cd 99,platinum ,b #cead #aie4bb -- ,gold #cedf #aig #aie4gd ---------------------------------------- ---- ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,male 7left7 and ,,female 7right74 ,as the words ultimate physical atom must frequently occur1 it is necessary to state what we mean by the phrase4 ,any gaseous chemical atom may be dissociated into less complicated bodies2 these1 again1 into still less complicated2 these1 again1 into yet still less complicated4 ,these will be dealt with presently4 ,after the third dissociation but one more is possible2 the fourth dissociation gives the ultimate physical atom4#c ,this may vanish from the physical plane1 but it can undergo no further dissociation on it4 ,in this ultimate state of physical matter two types of atoms have been observed2 they are alike in everything save the direction of their whorls and of the force which pours through them4 ,in the one case force pours in from the outside1 from fourth-dimensional space1#d and passing through the atom1 pours into the physical world4 ,in the second1 it pours in from the physical world1 and out through the atom into the outside again1#d i4e41 vanishes from the physical world4 ,the one is like a spring1 from which water bubbles out2 the other is like a hole1 into which water disappears4 ,we call the atoms from which force comes out positive or male2 those through which it disappears1 negative or female4 ,all atoms1 so far as observed1 are of one or other of these two forms4 7,plate ,,ii47 ,it will be seen that the atom is a sphere1 slightly flattened1 and there is a depression at the point where the force flows in1 causing a heart-like form4 ,each atom is surrounded by a field1 formed of the atoms of the four higher planes1 which surround and interpenetrate it4 ,the atom can scarcely be said to be a thing1 though it is the material out of which all things physical are composed4 ,it is formed by the flow of the life-force#e and vanishes with its ebb4 ,when this force arises in space#f--the apparent void which must be filled with substance of some kind1 of inconceivable tenuity--atoms appear2 if this be artificially stopped for a single atom1 the atom disappears2 there is nothing left4 ,presumably1 were that flow checked but for an instant1 the whole physical world would vanish1 as a cloud melts away in the empyrean4 ,it is only the persistence of that flow#g which maintains the physical basis of the universe4#h ,in order to examine the construction of the atom1 a space is artificially made#i2 then1 if an opening be made in the wall thus constructed1 the surrounding force flows in1 and three whorls immediately appear1 surrounding the hole with their triple spiral of two and a half coils1 and returning to their origin by a spiral within the atom2 these are at once followed by seven finer whorls1 which following the spiral of the first three on the outer surface1 and returning to their origin by a spiral within that1 flowing in the opposite direction--form a caduceus with the first three4 ,each of the three coarser whorls1 flattened out1 makes a closed circle2 each of the seven finer ones1 similarly flattened out1 makes a closed circle4 ,the forces which flow in them1 again1 come from outside1 from a fourth-dimensional space4#aj ,each of the finer whorls is formed of seven yet finer ones1 set successively at right angles to each other1 each finer than its predecessor2 these we call spirill4#aa ,it will be understood from the foregoing1 that the atom cannot be said to have a wall of its own1 unless these whorls of force can be so designated2 its wall is the pressed back space4 ,as said in #ahie1 of the chemical atom1 the force clears itself a space1 pressing back the undifferentiated matter of the plane1 and making to itself a whirling wall of this matter4 ,the wall belongs to space1 not to the atom4 ,in the three whorls flow currents of different electricities2 the seven vibrate in response to etheric waves of all kinds--to sound1 light1 heat1 etc42 they show the seven colours of the spectrum2 give out the seven sounds of the natural scale2 respond in a variety of ways to physical vibration--flashing1 singing1 pulsing bodies1 they move incessantly1 inconceivably beautiful and brilliant4#ab ,the atom has--as observed so far--three proper motions1 i4e41 motions of its own1 independent of any imposed upon it from outside4 ,it turns incessantly upon its own axis1 spinning like a top2 it describes a small circle with its axis1 as though the axis of the spinning top moved in a small circle2 it has a regular pulsation1 a contraction and expansion1 like the pulsation of the heart4 ,when a force is brought to bear upon it1 it dances up and down1 flings itself wildly from side to side1 performs the most astonishing and rapid gyrations1 but the three fundamental motions incessantly persist4 ,if it be made to vibrate1 as a whole1 at the rate which gives any one of the seven colors1 the whorl belonging to that color glows out brilliantly4 ,illustration ,an electric current brought to bear upon the atoms checks their proper motions1 i4e41 renders them slower2 the atoms exposed to it arrange themselves in parallel lines1 and in each line the heart-shaped depression receives the flow1 which passes out through the apex into the depression of the next1 and so on4 ,the atoms always set themselves to the current4 ,the well-known division of diamagnetic and paramagnetic depends generally on this fact1 or on an analogous action on molecules1 as may be seen in the accompanying diagrams4#ac ,two atoms1 positive and negative1 brought near to each other1 attract each other1 and then commence to revolve round each other1 forming a relatively stable duality2 such a molecule is neutral4 ,combinations of three or more atoms are positive1 negative or neutral1 according to the internal molecular arrangement2 the neutral are relatively stable1 the positive and negative are continually in search of their respective opposites1 with a view to establishing a relatively permanent union4 ,three states of matter exist between the atomic state and the gaseous--the state in which the chemical atoms are found1 the recognized chemical elements2 for our purposes we may ignore the liquid and solid states4 ,for the sake of clearness and brevity in description1 we have been obliged to name these states2 we call the atomic state of the chemist elemental2 the state which results from breaking up chemical elements1 proto-elemental2 the next higher1 meta-proto-elemental2 the next higher1 hyper-meta-proto-elemental2 then comes the atomic state4 ,these are briefly marked as ,el41 ,proto41 ,meta41 and ,hyper4#ad ,the simplest unions of atoms1 never1 apparently consisting of more than seven1 form the first molecular state of physical matter4 ,illustration3 ,,types ,,of ,,hyper-,,meta-,,proto-,,elemental ,,matter4 ,here are some characteristic combinations of the ,hyper state2 the atom is conventional1 with the depression emphasised2 the lines1 always entering at the depression and coming out at the apex1 show the resultants of lines of force2 where no line appears entering the depression1 the force wells up from fourth-dimensional space2 where no line appears leaving the apex1 the force disappears into fourth-dimensional space2 where the point of entry and departure is outside the atoms1 it is indicated by a dot4#ae ,the molecules show all kinds of possible combinations2 the combinations spin1 turn head over heels1 and gyrate in endless ways4 ,each aggregation is surrounded with an apparent cell-wall1 the circle or oval1 due to the pressure on the surrounding matter caused by its whirling motion2 they strike on each other#af and rebound1 dart hither and thither1 for reasons we have not distinguished4 ,illustration3 ,,types ,,of ,,meta-,,proto-,,elemental ,,matter4 ,the ,meta state1 in some of its combinations1 appears at first sight to repeat those of the ,hyper state2 the only obvious way of distinguishing to which some of the molecules of less complexity belong is to pull them out of the cell-wall2 if they are ,hyper molecules they at once fly off as separate atoms2 if they are ,meta molecules they break up into two or more molecules containing a smaller number of atoms4 ,thus one of the ,meta molecules of iron1 containing seven atoms1 is identical in appearance with a ,hyper heptad1 but the latter dissociates into seven atoms1 the former into two triads and a single atom4 ,long-continued research into the detailed play of forces and their results is necessary2 we are here only able to give preliminary facts and details--are opening up the way4 ,the following may serve as characteristic ,meta types3-- ,these are taken from constituents of the various elements2 #a from ,gl2 #b and #c from ,fe2 #d from ,bo2 #e1 #f and #g from ,c2 #h from ,he2 #i from ,fl2 #aj1 #aa1 #ab from ,li2 #ac and #ad from ,na4 ,others will be seen in the course of breaking up the elements4 ,the ,proto state preserves many of the forms in the elements1 modified by release from the pressure to which they are subjected in the chemical atom4 ,in this state various groups are thus recognizable which are characteristic of allied metals4 ,illustration3 ,,types ,,of ,,proto-,,elemental ,,matter4 ,these are taken from the products of the first disintegration of the chemical atom1 by forcibly removing it from its hole4 ,the groups fly apart1 assuming a great variety of forms often more or less geometrical2 the lines between the constituents of the groups1 where indicated1 no longer represent lines of force1 but are intended to represent the impression of form1 i4e41 of the relative position and motion of the constituents1 made on the mind of the observer4 ,they are elusive1 for there are no lines1 but the appearance of lines is caused by the rapid motion of the costituents up and down1 or along them backwards and forwards4 ,the dots represent atoms1 or groups of atoms1 within the proto-elements4 #a is found in ,c2 #b and #c in ,he2 #d in ,fl2 #e in ,li2 #f in ,n2 #g in ,ru2 #h in ,na2 #i and #aj in ,co2 #aa in ,fe2 #ab in ,se4 ,we shall return to these when analysing the elements1 and shall meet many other proto-elemental groupings4 ,the first thing which is noticed by the observer1 when he turns his attention to the chemical atoms1 is that they show certain definite forms1 and that within these forms1 modified in various ways1 sub-groupings are observable which recur in connexion with the same modified form4 ,the main types are not very numerous1 and we found that1 when we arranged the atoms we had observed1 according to their external forms1 they fell into natural classes2 when these1 in turn1 were compared with ,sir ,william ,crookes' classification1 they proved to be singularly alike4 ,here is his arrangement of the elements1 as it appeared in the ,proceedings of the ,royal ,society1 in a paper read on ,june #ith1 #ahih4 ,illustration ,this is to be read1 following the lines of the figures of eight3 ,h1 ,he1 ,li1 ,gl1 ,b1 ,c1 ,n1 and so on1 each successive element being heavier than the one preceding it in order4 ,the disks which fall immediately below each other form a class2 thus3 ,h1 ,cl1 ,br1 ,i2 these resemble each other in various ways1 and1 as we shall presently see1 the same forms and groupings re-appear4 ,another chart--taken from ,erdmann's ,lehrbuch--arranges the elements on a curved line1 which curiously resembles the curves within the shell of a nautilus4 ,the radiating lines show the classes1 the whole diameter building up a family2 it will be observed that there is an empty radius between hydrogen and helium1 and we have placed occultum there2 on the opposite radius1 iron1 rubidium and osmium are seen4 ,illustration ,the external forms may be classified as follows2 the internal details will be dealt with later 3-- ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 #a4 ,the ,dumb-bell4--,the characteristics of this are a higher and lower group1 each showing #ab projecting funnels1 grouped round a central body1 and a connecting rod4 ,it appears in sodium1 copper1 silver1 and gold1#ag and gold is given 7#a on ,plate ,,iii7 as the most extremely modified example of this form4 ,the #ab almond-like projections1 above and below1 are severally contained in shadowy funnels1 impossible to reproduce in the drawing2 the central globe contains three globes1 and the connecting portion has swollen out into an egg1 with a very complicated central arrangement4 ,the dumb-bell appears also in chlorine1 bromine and iodine1 but there is no trace of it in hydrogen1 the head of the group4 ,we have not met it elsewhere4 ,it may be remarked that1 in ,sir ,william ,crookes' scheme1 in which they are all classed as monads1 these two groups are the nearest to the neutral line1 on the ingoing and outgoing series1 and are respectively positive and negative4 ,,ii and ,i,ia4 ,the ,tetrahedron4--,the characteristics of this form are four funnels1 containing ovoid bodies1 opening on the face of a tetrahedron4 ,the funnels generally1 but not always1 radiate from a central globe4 ,we give beryllium 7glucinum7 as the simplest example 7#b on ,plate ,,iii71 and to this group belong calcium and strontium4 ,the tetrahedron is the form of chromium and molybdenum1 but not that of the head of their group1 oxygen1 which is1 like hydrogen1 sui generis4 ,these two groups are marked in orthodox chemistry as respectively positive and negative1 and are closely allied4 ,another pair of groups show the same tetrahedral form3 magnesium1 zinc and cadmium1 positive2 sulphur1 selenium and tellurium1 negative4 ,selenium is a peculiarly beautiful element1 with a star floating across the mouth of each funnel2 this star is extremely sensitive to light1 and its rays tremble violently and bend if a beam of light falls on it4 ,all these are dyads4 ,the tetrahedron is not confined to the external form of the above atoms2 it seems to be one of the favourite forms of nature1 and repeatedly appears in the internal arrangements4 ,there is one tetrahedron within the unknown element occultum2 two appear in helium 7#c on ,plate ,,iii72 yttrium has also two within its cube1 as has germanium2 five1 intersecting1 are found in neon1 meta-neon1 argon1 metargon1 krypton1 meta-krypton1 xenon1 meta-xenon1 kalon1 meta-kalon1 tin1 titanium and zirconium4 ,gold contains no less than twenty tetrahedra4 ,,iii4 ,the ,cube4--,the cube appears to be the form of triads4 ,it has six funnels1 containing ovoids1 and opening on the faces of the cube4 ,boron is chosen as an example 7#d on ,plate ,,iii74 ,its group members1 scandium and yttrium1 have the same form2 we have not examined the fourth2 the group is positive4 ,its negative complement consists of nitrogen1 vanadium and niobium1 and we have again to note that nitrogen1 like hydrogen and oxygen1 departs from its group type4 ,two other triad groups1 the positive aluminium1 gallium and indium 7the fourth unexamined7 and the negative phosphorus1 arsenic and antimony 7the fourth unexamined71 have also six funnels opening on the faces of a cube4 ,,iv4 ,the ,octahedron4--,the simplest example of this is carbon 7#e on ,plate ,,iii74 ,we have again the funnel with its ovoids1 but now there are eight funnels opening on the eight faces of the octahedron4 ,in titanium 7#f on ,plate ,,iii7 the form is masked by the protruding arms1 which give the appearance of the old ,rosicrucian ,cross and ,rose1 but when we look into the details later1 the carbon type comes out clearly4 ,zirconium is exactly like titanium in form1 but contains a large number of atoms4 ,we did not examine the remaining two members of this group4 ,the group is tetratomic and positive4 ,its negative pendant shows the same form in silicon1 germanium and tin2 again1 the fourth was unexamined4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,v4 ,the ,bars4--,these characterise a set of closely allied groups1 termed inter-periodic4 ,fourteen bars 7or seven crossed7 radiate from a centre1 as in iron 7#a on ,plate ,,iv71 and the members of each group--iron1 nickel1 cobalt2 ruthenium1 rhodium1 palladium2 osmium1 iridium1 platinum--differ from each other by the weight of each bar1 increasing in orderly succession2 the details will be given later4 ,manganese is often grouped with iron1 nickel1 and cobalt 7see ,crookes' lemniscates71 but its fourteen protruding bodies repeat the lithium spike 7proto-element #e7 and are grouped round a central ovoid4 ,this would appear to connect it with lithium 7#b on ,plate ,,iv7 rather than with fluorine 7#c in ,plate ,,iv71 with which it is often classed4 ,the lithium spike re-appears in potassium and rubidium4 ,these details1 again1 will come out more clearly later4 ,,vi4 ,the ,star4--,a flat star1 with five interpenetrating tetrahedra in the centre1 is the characteristic of neon and its allies 7#d on ,plate ,,iv7 leaving apart helium1 which1 as may be seen by referring to #c1 ,plate ,,iv1 has an entirely different form4 ,there are thus six clearly defined forms1 typical of classes1 with two--lithium and fluorine--of doubtful affinities4 ,it is worthy of notice that in diatomic elements four funnels open on the faces of tetrahedra2 in triatomic1 six funnels on the faces of cubes2 in tetratomic1 eight funnels on the faces of octahedra4 ,thus we have a regular sequence of the platonic solids1 and the question suggests itself1 will further evolution develop elements shaped to the dodecahedron and the icosahedron8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,we now pass from the consideration of the outer forms of the chemical elements to a study of their internal structure1 the arrangement within the element of more or less complicated groups--proto-elements--capable of separate1 independent existence2 these1 once more1 may be dissociated into yet simpler groups--hyper-meta-proto-elements--equal ly capable of separate1 independent existence1 and resolvable into single ultimate physical atoms1 the irreducible substratum of the physical world 7see ,theosophist1 #aijh1 pp4 #ced-cef74ah ,we shall have to study the general internal structure1 and then the breaking up of each element1 and the admirable diagrams1 patiently worked out by ,mr4 ,jinarjadsa1 will make the study comparatively easy to carry on4 ,the diagrams1 of course1 can only give a very general idea of the facts they represent2 they give groupings and show relations1 but much effort of the imagination is needed to transform the two-dimensional diagram into the three-dimensional object4 ,the wise student will try to visualize the figure from the diagram4 ,thus the two triangles of hydrogen are not in one plane2 the circles are spheres1 and the atoms within them1 while preserving to each other their relative positions1 are in swift movement in three-dimensional space4 ,where five atoms are seen1 as in bromine and iodine1 they are generally arranged with the central atom above the four1 and their motion indicates lines which erect four plane triangles--meeting at their apices--on a square base1 forming a square-based four-sided pyramid4 ,each dot represents a single ultimate atom4 ,the enclosing lines indicate the impression of form made on the observer1 and the groupings of the atoms2 the groups will divide along these lines1 when the element is broken up1 so that the lines have significance1 but they do not exist as stable walls or enclosing films1 but rather mark limits1 not lines1 of vibrations4 ,it should be noted that it is not possible to show five of the prisms in the five intersecting tetrahedra of prisms1 and #cj atoms must1 therefore1 be added in counting4 ,the diagrams are not drawn to scale1 as such drawing would be impossible2 the dot representing the atom is enormously too large compared with the enclosures1 which are absurdly too small2 a scale drawing would mean an almost invisible dot on a sheet of many yards square4 ,the use of the words positive and negative needs to be guarded by the following paragraphs from the article on ,chemistry in the ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,we use the words in their ordinary text-book meaning1 and have not1 so far1 detected any characteristics whereby an element can be declared1 at sight1 to be either positive or negative3-- ,when binary compounds1 or compounds of two elements1 are decomposed by an electric current1 the two elements make their appearance at opposite poles4 ,these elements which are disengaged at the negative pole are termed electro-positive or positive or basylous elements1 while those disengaged at the positive pole are termed electro-negative or negative or chlorous elements4 ,but the difference between these two classes of elements is one of degree only1 and they gradually merge into each other2 moreover the electric relations of elements are not absolute1 but vary according to the state of combination in which they exist1 so that it is just as impossible to divide the elements into two classes according to this property as it is to separate them into two distinct classes of metals and non-metals4 ,we follow here the grouping according to external forms1 and the student should compare it with the groups marked in the lemniscate arrangement shown in ,article ,,ii 7p4 #cgg1 properly p4 #dcg1 ,february71 reading the group by the disks that fall below each other2 thus the first group is ,h1 ,cl1 ,br1 ,i 7hydrogen1 chlorine1 bromine1 iodine7 and a blank for an undiscovered element4 ,the elements grow denser in descending order2 thus hydrogen is an invisible gas2 chlorine a denser gas visible by its colour2 bromine is a liquid2 iodine is a solid--all1 of course1 when temperature and pressure are normal4 ,by the lowering of temperature and the increase of pressure1 an element which is normally gaseous becomes a liquid1 and then a solid4 ,solid1 liquid1 gaseous1 are three interchangeable states of matter1 and an element does not alter its constitution by changing its state4 ,so far as a chemical atom is concerned1 it matters not whether it be drawn for investigation from a solid1 a liquid1 or a gas2 but the internal arrangements of the atoms become much more complicated as they become denser and denser1 as is seen by the complex arrangements necessitated by the presence of the #cedf ultimate atoms contained in the chemical atom of gold1 as compared with the simple arrangement of the #ah ultimate atoms of hydrogen4 ,according to the lemniscate arrangement1 we should commence with hydrogen as the head of the first negative group1 but as it differs wholly from those placed with it1 it is better to take it by itself4 ,hydrogen is the lightest of the known elements1 and is therefore taken as #a in ordinary chemistry1 and all atomic weights are multiples of this4 ,we take it as #ah1 because it contains eighteen ultimate atoms1 the smallest number we have found in a chemical element4 ,so our number-weights are obtained by dividing the total number of atoms in an element by #ah 7see p4 #cdi1 ,january74 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,hydrogen 7,plate ,v1 #a74--;,hydrogen not only stands apart from its reputed group by not having the characteristic dumb-bell shape1 well shown in sodium 7,plate ,i1 opposite p4 #cdi1 ,january71 but it also stands apart in being positive1 serving as a base1 not as a chlorous1 or acid1 radical1 thus playing the part of a metal1 as in hydrogen chloride 7hydrochloric acid71 hydrogen sulphate 7sulphuric acid71 etc4 ,it is most curious that hydrogen1 oxygen and nitrogen1 the most widely spread gases1 all differ fundamentally in form from the groups they reputedly head4#ai ,hydrogen was the first chemical element examined by us1 nearly thirteen years ago1 and ,i reproduce here the substance of what ,i wrote in ,november1 #ahie1 for we have nothing to add to nor amend in it4 ,hydrogen consists of six small bodies1 contained in an egg-like form 7the outer forms are not given in the diagrams74 ,the six little bodies are arranged in two sets of three1 forming two triangles which are not interchangeable1 but are related to each other as object and image4 ,the six bodies are not all alike2 they each contain three ultimate physical atoms1 but in four of the bodies the three atoms are arranged in a triangle1 and in the remaining two in a line4 ,,hydrogen3 #f bodies of #c #ah ,atomic weight #a ,number weight #ah_/ah #a ,i4--,,the ,,dumb-,,bell ,,group4 ,i a4--,this group consists of ,cl1 ,br1 and ,i 7chlorine1 bromine and iodine72 they are monads1 diamagnetic and negative4 ,,chlorine 7,plate ,v1 #b74--;,as already said1 the general form is that of the dumb-bell1 the lower and upper parts each consisting of twelve funnels1 six sloping upwards and six downwards1 the funnels radiating outwards from a central globe1 and these two parts being united by a connecting rod 7see1 again1 sodium1 ,plate ,i74 ,the funnel 7shown flat as an isosceles triangle1 standing on its apex7 is a somewhat complicated structure1 of the same type as that in sodium 7,plate ,,vi1 #b71 the difference consisting in the addition of one more globe1 containing nine additional atoms4 ,the central globe is the same as in sodium1 but the connecting rod differs4 ,we have here a regular arrangement of five globes1 containing three1 four1 five1 four1 three atoms respectively1 whereas sodium has only three bodies1 containing four1 six1 four4 ,but copper and silver1 its congeners1 have their connecting rods of exactly the same pattern as the chlorine rod1 and the chlorine rod reappears in both bromine and iodine4 ,these close similarities point to some real relation between these groups of elements1 which are placed1 in the lemniscates1 equi-distant from the central line1 though one is on the swing which is going towards that line and the other is on the swing away from it4 ,,chlorine3 ,upper part #ab funnels of #be atoms #cjj ,central globe #aj ,lower part same #caj ,connecting rod #ai ---- ,total #fci ---- ,atomic weight #ce4dgc ,number weight #fci_/ah #ce4ej 7,the ,atomic ,weights are mostly from ,erdmann1 and the ,number ,weights are those ascertained by us by counting the atoms as described on p4 #cdi1 ,january1 and dividing by #ah4 ,prof4 ,t4,w4 ,richards1 in ,nature1 ,july #ah1 #aijg1 gives #ce4dgc47 ,,bromine 7,plate ,v1 #c74--;,in bromine1 each funnel has three additional bodies1 ovoid in shape1 an addition of #cc atoms being thus made without any disturbance of form2 two pairs of atoms are added to the central globe1 and a rearrangement of the atoms is effected by drawing together and lessening the swing of the pair of triplets1 thus making symmetrical room for the newcomers4 ,the connecting rod remains unchanged4 ,the total number of atoms is thus raised from the #fci of chlorine to #adci4 ,over and over again1 in these investigations1 were we reminded of ,tyndall's fascinating description of crystal building1 and his fancy of the tiny1 ingenious builders busied therein4 ,truly are there such builders1 and the ingenuity and effectiveness of their devices are delightful to see4#bj ,,bromine3 ,upper part #ab funnels of #eh atoms #fif ,central globe #ad ,lower part same #gaj ,connecting rod #ai ---- ,total #adci ---- ,atomic weight #gi4iec ,number weight #adei_/ah #gi4idd ,,iodine 7,plate ,v1 #d74--,we find herein that the central globe gains #d atoms1 the two pairs becoming #b quartets2 the connecting rod exactly reproduces the rods of chlorine and bromine2 the funnel is also that of bromine1 except that five bodies1 containing #ce atoms1 are added to it4 ,the #adci atoms of bromine are thus raised to #bhhg4 ,,iodine3 ,upper ,part #ab funnels of #ij atoms #aaaf ,central globe #ah ,lower part same #aacd ,connecting rod #ai ---- ,total #bbhg ---- ,atomic weight #abf4ja ,number weight #bbhg_/ah #abg4jee ,the plan underlying the building up of groups is here clearly shown2 a figure is built up on a certain plan1 in this case a dumb-bell2 in the succeeding members of the group additional atoms are symmetrically introduced1 modifying the appearance1 but following the general idea2 in this case the connecting rod remains unaltered1 while the two ends become larger and larger1 more and more overshadowing it1 and causing it to become shorter and thicker4 ,thus a group is gradually formed by additional symmetrical additions4 ,in the undiscovered remaining member of the group we may suppose that the rod will have become still more egg-like1 as in the case of gold4 ,i b4--,the corresponding positive group to that which we have been considering consists of ,na1 ,cu1 ,ag1 and ,au 7sodium1 copper1 silver and gold71 with an empty disk between silver and gold1 showing where an element ought to be4 ,these four elements are monads1 diamagnetic1 and positive1 and they show the dumb-bell arrangement1 although it is much modified in gold2 we may presume that the undiscovered element between silver and gold would form a link between them4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,sodium 7,plate ,,vi1 #b7 has been already described 7p4 #cdi1 ,january71 as a type of the group1 so we need only refer to its internal arrangement in order to note that it is the simplest of the dumb-bell group4 ,its twelve funnels show only four enclosed bodies1 the same as we see in chlorine1 bromine1 iodine1 copper and silver1 and which is very little modified in gold4 ,its central globe is the simplest of all1 as is its connecting rod4 ,we may therefore take it that sodium is the ground-plan of the whole group4 ,,sodium3 ,upper part #ab funnels of #af each #aib ,central globe #aj ,lower part same #bjb ,connecting rod #ad ---- ,total #dah ---- ,atomic weight #bc4hh ,number weight #dah_/ai #bc4bb ,,copper 7,plate ,,vi1 #c7 introduces an addition in the funnel1 that we shall find elsewhere1 e4g41 in silver1 gold1 iron1 platinum1 zinc1 tin1 the triangular arrangement near the mouth of the funnel and adds to the ten atoms in this nineteen more in three additional enclosed bodies1 thus raising the number of atoms in a funnel from the sixteen of sodium to forty-five4 ,the number in the central globe is doubled1 and we meet for the first time the peculiar cigar or prism-shaped six-atomed arrangement1 that is one of the most common of atomic groups4 ,it ought to imply some definite quality1 with its continual recurrence4 ,the central column is the three1 four1 five1 four1 three1 arrangement already noted4 ,,copper3 ,upper part #ab funnels of #de atoms #edj ,central globe #bj ,lower part same #efj ,connecting rod #ai ---- ,total #aaci ---- ,atomic weight #fc4ab ,number weight #aaci_/ah #fc4bgg ,,silver 7,plate ,,vi1 #d7 follows copper in the constitution of five of the bodies enclosed in the funnels4 ,but the triangular group contains twenty-one atoms as against ten1 and three ovoids1 each containing three bodies with eleven atoms1 raise the number of atoms in a funnel to seventy-nine4 ,the central globe is decreased by five1 and the prisms have disappeared4 ,the connecting rod is unaltered4 ,,silver3 ,upper part #ab funnels of #gi atoms #idh ,central globe #ae ,lower part same #ifc ,connecting rod #ai ---- ,total #aide ---- ,atomic weight #ajg4ic ,number weight #aide_/ah #ajh4jee 7,this atomic weight is given by ,stas1 in ,nature1 ,august #bi1 #aijg1 but it has been argued later that the weight should not be above #ajg4hhc47 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,gold 7,plate ,,vii7 is so complicated that it demands a whole plate to itself4 ,it is difficult to recognize the familiar dumb-bell in this elongated egg1 but when we come to examine it1 the characteristic groupings appear4 ,the egg is the enormously swollen connecting rod1 and the upper and lower parts with their central globes are the almond-like projections above and below1 with the central ovoid4 ,round each almond is a shadowy funnel 7not drawn in the diagram71 and within the almond is the collection of bodies shown in e1 wherein the two lowest bodies are the same as in every other member of the negative and positive groups2 the third1 ascending1 is a very slight modification of the other thirds2 the fourth is a union and re-arrangement of the fourth and fifth2 the fifth1 of four ovoids1 adds one to the three ovoids of bromine1 iodine and silver2 the triangular group is like that in copper and silver1 though with #bh atoms instead of #aj or #ba1 and it may be noted that the cone in iron has also #bh4 ,the central body in the ovoid is very complicated1 and is shown in c1 the bodies on each side1 d1 are each made up of two tetrahedra1 one with four six-atomed prisms at its angles1 and the other with four spheres1 a pair with four atoms and a pair with three4 ,we then come to the connecting rod4 ,one of the four similar groups in the centre is enlarged in a1 and one of the sixteen circling groups is enlarged in b4 ,these groups are arranged in two planes inclined to one another4 ,,gold3 ,upper part #ab funnels of #ig atoms #aafd ,central ovoid c #aja #b d1 #ch #gf ,lower part same #acda ,connecting rod #d a #hd #ccf #af b #cc #ebh ---- ,total #cedf ---- ,atomic weight #aie4gd ,number weight #cedf_/ah #aig ,it may be noted that the connecting rod is made up of exactly sixteen atoms of occultum1 and that sixteen such atoms contain #hfd ultimate atoms1 the exact member of atoms in titanium4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,occultum was observed by us in #ahie1 and1 finding that it was so light1 and so simple in its composition1 we thought that it might be helium1 of which we were unable1 at the time1 to obtain a sample4 ,when1 however1 helium itself came under observation in #aijg1 it proved to be quite different from the object before observed1 so we dubbed the unrecognised object ,occultum1 until orthodox science shall find it and label it in proper fashion4 ,,occultum 7,plate ,,vi1 #a74 ,we here meet the tetrahedron for the first time1 with each angle occupied by a six-atomed group1 the atoms arranged as on the end triangles of a prism4 ,this form recurs very often1 and was noted1 last month1 as seen in copper 7,plate ,,vi1 #c72 it revolves with extreme rapidity around its longitudinal axis1 and looks like a pencil sharpened at both ends1 or a cigar tapering at both ends2 we habitually spoke of it as the cigar4 ,it appears to be strongly coherent1 for1 as will be seen below1 its six atoms remain attached to each other as meta-compounds and even when divided into two triplets as hyper-compounds1 they revolve round each other4 ,above the tetrahedron is a balloon-shaped figure1 apparently drawn into shape by the attraction of the tetrahedron4 ,the body below the tetrahedron looks like a coil of rope1 and contains fifteen atoms2 they are arranged on a slanting disk in a flat ring1 and the force goes in at the top of one atom1 and out of the bottom of it into the top of the next1 and so on1 making a closed circuit4 ,the two little spheres1 each containing a triplet1 are like fill-up paragraphs to a compositor--they seem to be kept standing and popped in where wanted4 ,the sphere marked x is a proto-compound1 the balloon when set free4 ,as was noted under gold 7p4 #da71 sixteen occultum bodies1 re-arranged1 make up the connecting rod in gold3-- ,,occultum3 ,tetrahedron #bd ,balloon #i ,triplets #f ,rope-circle #ae ---- ,total #ed ---- ,atomic weight ,not known ,number weight #ed_/ah #c ,,dissociation ,,of ,,atoms4 ,before proceeding to the study of other chemical atoms1 as to their general internal arrangements1 it is desirable to follow out1 in those already shown1 the way in which these atoms break up into simpler forms1 yielding successively what we have called proto-1 meta-1 and hyper-compounds4 ,it is naturally easier to follow these in the simpler atoms than in the more complex1 and if the earlier dissociations are shown1 the latter can be more readily and more intelligibly described4 ,the first thing that happens on removing a gaseous atom from its hole 7see pp4 #ba to #bc7 or encircling wall1 is that the contained bodies are set free1 and1 evidently released from tremendous pressure1 assume spherical or ovoid forms1 the atoms within each re-arranging themselves1 more or less1 within the new hole or wall4 ,the figures are1 of course1 three-dimensional1 and often remind one of crystals2 tetrahedral1 octagonal1 and other like forms being of constant occurrence4 ,in the diagrams of the proto-compounds1 the constituent atoms are shown by dots4 ,in the diagrams of the meta-compounds the dot becomes a heart1 in order to show the resultants of the lines of force4 ,in the diagrams of the hyper-compounds the same plan is followed4 ,the letters a1 b1 c1 c41 enable the student to follow the breaking up of each group through its successive stages4 ,,hydrogen 7,plate ,v1 #a74 ,illustration ,the six bodies contained in the gaseous atom instantaneously re-arrange themselves within two spheres2 the two linear triplets unite with one triangular triplet1 holding to each other relative positions which1 if connected by three right lines1 would form a triangle with a triplet at each angle2 the remaining three triangular triplets similarly arrange themselves in the second sphere4 ,these form the proto-compounds of hydrogen4 ,in the dissociation of these1 each group breaks up into two1 the two linear triplets joining each other and setting free their triangular comrade1 while two of the triangular triplets similarly remain together1 casting out the third1 so that hydrogen yields four meta-compounds4 ,in the hyper-condition1 the connexion between the double triplets is broken1 and they become four independent groups1 two like ix1 in the hyper-types 7p4 #be71 and two remaining linear1 but rearranging their internal relations2 the two remaining groups break up into two pairs and a unit4 ,the final dissociation sets all the atoms free4 ,,occultum 7,plate ,,vi1 #a74 ,illustration ,on the first dissociation of the component parts of occultum1 the tetrahedron separates as a whole1 with its four cigars1 flattening itself out within its hole1 a2 two cigars are positive and two negative1 marked respectively a and a'4 ,the rope becomes a ring within a sphere1 b1 and the two bodies d d1 which are loose in the gaseous atom1 come within this ring4 ,the balloon becomes a sphere4 ,on further dissociation1 the cigars go off independently1 showing two types1 and these again each divide into triplets1 as meta-compounds4 ,b1 on the meta-level1 casts out the two d bodies1 which become independent triplets1 and the rope breaks into two1 a close ring of seven atoms and a double cross of eight4 ,these subdivide again to form hyper-compounds1 the ring yielding a quintet and a pair1 and the double cross separating into its two parts4 ,the balloon1 c1 becomes much divided1 the cohesion of its parts being slight2 it forms two triplets1 a pair and a unit1 and these set free1 on further dissociation1 no less than five separate atoms and two duads4 ,the two triplets of d each cast out an atom on dissociation1 and form two pairs and two units4 ,,sodium 7,plate ,,vi1 #b74 ,it is convenient to consider sodium next1 because it is the basic pattern on which not only copper1 silver and gold are formed1 but also chlorine1 bromine and iodine4 ,illustration ,when sodium is set free from its gaseous condition1 it divides up into thirty-one bodies--twenty-four separate funnels1 four bodies derived from the two central globes1 and three from the connecting rod4 ,the funnels become spheres1 and each contains four enclosed spheres1 with more or less complicated contents4 ,each central globe yields a sextet and a quartet1 and the rod sets free two quartets and a peculiarly formed sextet4 ,when the proto-compounds are dissociated1 the funnel-sphere sets free3 7#a7 the contents of a1 rearranged into two groups of four within a common sphere2 the sphere yields four duads as hyper-compounds2 7#b7 the contents of b1 which unite themselves into a quartet1 yielding two duads as hyper-compounds2 and 7#c7 the contents of the two spheres1 c1 which maintain their separation as meta-compounds1 and become entirely independent1 the atoms within the sphere revolving round each other1 but the spheres ceasing their revolution round a common axis1 and going off in different directions4 ,the atoms break off from each other1 and gyrate in independent solitude as hyper-compounds4 ,thus each funnel yields finally ten hyper-bodies4 ,the part of the central globe1 marked d1 with its six atoms1 whirling round a common centre1 becomes two triplets1 at the meta-stage1 preparing for the complete separation of these as hyper-bodies4 ,the second part of the same globe1 marked e1 a whirling cross1 with an atom at each point1 becomes a quartet in the meta-state1 in which three atoms revolve round a fourth1 and in the hyper-state this central atom is set free1 leaving a triplet and a unit4 ,each of the two bodies marked f1 liberated from the connecting rod1 shows four atoms whirling round a common centre1 exactly resembling e in appearance2 but there must be some difference of inner relations1 for1 in the meta-state1 they re-arrange themselves as two pairs1 and divide into two as hyper-bodies4 ,the body marked g is a four-sided pyramid1 with two closely joined atoms at its apex2 these still cling to each in mutual revolution as a meta-body1 encircled by a ring of four1 and this leads to a further dissociation into three pairs on the hyper-level4 ,,chlorine 7,plate ,v1 #b74 ,illustration ,the description of the funnel of sodium applies to that of chlorine1 until we come to the body nearest the mouth1 the sphere containing three additional bodies2 this remains within the funnel in the first dissociation1 so that again we have twenty-four separate funnels as proto-compounds2 the central globes are the same as in sodium1 and yield the same four bodies2 the connecting rod sets free five bodies1 of which two are the same2 we have thus thirty-three separate bodies as the result of the dissociation of chlorine into its proto-compounds4 ,as all the compounds which are in sodium break up in the same way into meta- and hyper-compounds1 we need not repeat the process here4 ,we have only to consider the new meta- and hyper-compounds of the highest sphere within the funnel1 and the two triplets and one quintet from the connecting rod4 ,the additional body within the proto-funnel is of a very simple character1 three contained triangles within the flattened sphere4 ,on release from the funnel1 on the meta-level1 the atoms rearrange themselves in a whirling set of three triplets1 and these break off from each other as hyper-compounds4 ,the two triplets from the connecting rod1 also1 are of the simplest character and need not delay us4 ,the five-atomed body1 a four-sided pyramid as a proto-compound1 becomes a ring whirling round a centre on the meta1 and two pairs with a unit on the hyper4 ,,bromine 7,plate ,v1 #c74 ,three additional bodies appear at the top of the funnel1 which otherwise repeats that of chlorine4 ,the connecting rod is the same and may be disregarded4 ,the central globes become more complex4 ,the additions are1 however1 of very easy types1 and hence are readily dealt with4 ,each of the three similar ovoid bodies contains two triplets--each a triangle and a quintet--a four-sided pyramid4 ,these are the same1 as may be seen in the connecting rod of chlorine1 and we need not repeat them4 ,only the globe remains4 ,this does not break up as a proto-compound but is merely set free1 a and the #b bs whirling in a plane vertical to the paper and the two smaller bodies1 cc1 whirling on a plane at right angles to the other4 ,these two disengage themselves1 forming a quartet as a meta-compound1 while a makes a whirling cross and bb a single sextet2 these further dissociate themselves into four pairs and two triplets4 ,,iodine 7,plate ,v1 #d74 ,illustration ,iodine has nothing new to give us1 except five similar ovoid bodies at the top of each funnel1 and two quartets instead of two pairs in the central globe4 ,the ovoid bodies become spheres when the funnels are thrown off1 and a crystalline form is indicated within the sphere4 ,the atoms are arranged in two tetrahedra with a common apex1 and the relationship is maintained in the meta-body1 a septet4 ,the latter breaks up into two triplets and a unit on the hyper-level4 ,in the central globes1 the a of bromine is repeated twice instead of the pairs in cc4 ,,copper 7,plate ,,vi1 #c74 ,we have already disposed of occultum1 on this plate1 and of sodium1 which lies at the root of both groups4 ,copper1 we now find1 is also very largely off our hands1 as the funnel provides us with only two new types--two spheres--each containing five atoms in a new arrangement1 and the triangular body at the mouth with its ten atoms4 ,this triangular body1 with an increased number of atoms1 reappears in various other chemical elements4 ,the central globes are different from any we have had before1 in their internal arrangement1 but the constituents are familiar2 there are two contained spheres with four atoms each1 the a in the globe of bromine 7see above7 and #b cigars4 ,the cigars may be followed under occultum 7see above74 ,the connecting rod is as in chlorine1 bromine and iodine4 ,the atoms in the bodies a and b are curiously arranged4 ,a consists of two square-based pyramids turned so as to meet at their apices1 and breaks up into two quartet rings and a duad4 ,b is again two four-sided pyramids1 but the bases are in contact and set at right angles to each other2 the second apex is not seen1 as it is directly below the first4 ,the pyramids separate as meta-bodies1 and the atoms assume the peculiar arrangement indicated and then break up into four pairs and two units on the hyper level4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iv4 ,,silver 7,plate ,,vi1 #d and ,ag below74 ,silver presents us with only two new bodies1 and even these are only new by slight additions to old models4 ,the triangular shaped body at the apex of the funnel1 containing #ba atoms1 is intermediate between the similar bodies in copper and iron4 ,as a proto-element it becomes three triangles1 joined at their apices1 in fact a tetrahedron in which no atoms are distributed on the fourth face4 ,the faces separate on the meta level and give three seven-atomed figures1 and each of these breaks up into two triplets and a unit4 ,the central globe only differs from that of bromine by the addition of one atom1 which gives the familiar four-sided pyramid with a square base as in chlorine 7see p4 #df74 ,,gold 7,plate ,,vii and ,au below74 ,illustration ,the disintegration of gold first yields forty-seven bodies on the proto-level2 the twenty-four funnels separate1 and the central globes which hold each twelve together set free their six contained globes 7c1 d71 thirty bodies being thus liberated4 ,the sixteen bodies on the central inclined planes1 marked b1 break away1 their central globe1 with its four contained globes1 remaining unchanged4 ,but this condition does not last4 ,the motion of the funnels changes and thus the funnels cease to exist and their contents are set free1 each funnel thus liberating nine independent bodies2 the sixteen b separate into two each2 the four a liberate five each2 the two c set free thirteen each2 the four d finally liberate two each3 #cjb proto elements in all4 ,the funnel is almost that of iodine1 re-arranged4 ,four of the first ring in the iodine funnel are replaced by the triangular body1 which becomes a four-sided pyramid with an occupied base4 ,the second ring of three ovoids in iodine becomes four in gold1 but the internal arrangement of each ovoid is the same4 ,the next two spheres in the iodine funnel coalesce into one sphere1 with similar contents1 in the gold funnel4 ,the fifth in iodine is slightly rearranged to form the fourth in descent in gold1 and the remaining two are the same4 ,b has been broken up under occultum 7p4 #fbh7 and can be followed there4 ,the sixteen rings set free from the four a1 after gyrating round the central body1 now become a sphere1 break up1 as in occultum 7see p4 #dd7 into a meta seven-atomed ring and an eight-atomed double cross1 and so on to the hyper level4 ,the sphere with its two contained bodies breaks up into eight triangles on the meta level1 and each of these1 on the hyper1 into a duad and a unit4 ,the twelve septets of c assume the form of prisms as in iodine 7see p4 #dh7 and pursue the same course1 while its central body1 a four-sided pyramid with its six attendants1 divides on the meta level into six duads1 revolving round a ring with a central atom as in chlorine 7p4 #dg71 the duads going off independently on the hyper-level and the ring breaking up as in chlorine4 ,the cigar tetrahedron of d follows its course as in occultum1 and the other sets free two quartets and two triplets on the meta level1 yielding six duads and two units as hyper compounds4 ,it will be seen that1 complex as gold is1 it is composed of constituents already familiar1 and has iodine and occultum as its nearest allies4 ,,ii ,,and ,i,ia4--,,the ,,tetrahedral ,,groups4 ,,ii4--,this group consists of beryllium 7glucinum71 calcium1 strontium and barium1 all diatomic1 paramagnetic and positive4 ,the corresponding group consists of oxygen1 chromium1 molybdenum1 wolfram 7tungsten7 and uranium1 with a blank disk between wolfram and uranium3 these are diatomic1 paramagnetic1 and negative4 ,we have not examined barium1 wolfram1 or uranium4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,beryllium 7,plate ,,iii1 #b1 and ,plate ,,viii1 #a74 ,in the tetrahedron four funnels are found1 the mouth of each funnel opening on one of its faces4 ,the funnels radiate from a central globe1 and each funnel contains four ovoids each with ten atoms within it arranged in three spheres4 ,in the accompanying diagrams one funnel with its four ovoids is shown and a single ovoid with its three spheres1 containing severally three1 four1 and three atoms1 is seen at the left-hand corner of the plate 7#g a74 ,the members of this group are alike in arrangement1 differing only in the increased complexity of the bodies contained in the funnels4 ,beryllium1 it will be observed1 is very simple1 whereas calcium and strontium are complicated4 ,,beryllium3 #d funnels of #dj atoms #afj ,central globe #d ---- ,total #afd ---- ,atomic weight #i4ja ,number weight #afd_/ah #i4aa ,,calcium 7,plate ,,viii1 #b7 shows in each funnel three contained spheres1 of which the central one has within it seven ovoids identical with those of beryllium1 and the spheres above and below it contain each five ovoids 7#g b7 in which the three contained spheres have1 respectively1 two1 five1 and two atoms4 ,the central globe is double1 globe within globe1 and is divided into eight segments1 radiating from the centre like an orange2 the internal part of the segment belonging to the inner globe has a triangular body within it1 containing four atoms 7#g c71 and the external part1 belonging to the encircling globe1 shows the familiar cigar 7#g d74 ,in this way #gbj atoms are packed into the simple beryllium type4 ,,calcium3 #d funnels of #afj atoms #fdj ,central globe #hj ---- ,total #gbj ---- ,atomic weight #ci4gd ,number weight #gbj_/ah #dj4jj ,,strontium 7,plate ,,viii1 #c7 shows a still further complication within the funnels1 no less than eight spheres being found within each4 ,each of the highest pair contains four subsidiary spheres1 with five1 seven1 seven1 five atoms1 respectively 7#g e1 g1 f74 ,the g groups are identical with those in gold1 but difference of pressure makes the containing body spherical instead of ovoid2 similar groups are seen in the top ring of the iodine funnel1 where also the hole is ovoid in form4 ,the second pair of spheres contains ten ovoids 7#g b7 identical with those of calcium4 ,the third pair contains fourteen ovoids 7#g a7 identical with those of beryllium1 while the fourth pair repeats the second1 with the ovoids re-arranged4 ,the internal divisions of the double sphere of the central globe are the same as in calcium1 but the contents differ4 ,the cigars in the external segments are replaced by seven-atomed ovoids 7#g h7--the iodine ovoids--and the external segments contain five-atomed triangles 7#g i74 ,thus #a1efh atoms have been packed into the beryllium type1 and our wonder is again aroused by the ingenuity with which a type is preserved while it is adapted to new conditions4 ,,strontium3 #d funnels of #cfh atoms #adgb ,central globe #if ---- ,total #aefh ---- ,atomic weight #hf4ie ,number weight #aefh_/ah #hg4aa ,the corresponding group1 headed by oxygen--oxygen1 chromium1 molybdenum1 wolfram and uranium--offers us another problem in its first member4 ,,oxygen 7,plate ,,viii1 #d74 ,this was examined by us in #ahie1 and the description may be reproduced here with a much improved diagram of its very peculiar constitution4 ,the gaseous atom is an ovoid body1 within which a spirally-coiled snake-like body revolves at a high velocity1 five brilliant points of light shining on the coils4 ,the appearance given in the former diagram will be obtained by placing the five septets on one side on the top of those on the other1 so that the ten become in appearance five1 and thus doubling the whole1 the doubling point leaving eleven duads on each side4 ,the composition is1 however1 much better seen by flattening out the whole4 ,on the proto level the two snakes separate and are clearly seen4 ,,oxygen3 ,positive snake #ee spheres of #b atoms #e disks of #g atoms #ade ,negative snake #ade ---- ,total #bij ---- ,atomic weight #ae4hg ,number weight #bij_/ah #af4aa ,,chromium 7,plate ,,viii1 #e7 reverts to the ancestral type1 the tetrahedron2 the funnel is widened by the arrangement of its contents1 three spheres forming its first ring1 as compared with the units in beryllium and calcium1 and the pairs in strontium and molybdenum4 ,two of these spheres are identical in their contents--two quintets 7#g f71 a quintet 7#g j71 and two quintets 7#g e71 e and f being to each other as object and image4 ,the remaining sphere 7#g b7 is identical with the highest in the calcium funnel4 ,the remaining two spheres1 one below the other1 are identical with the corresponding two spheres in calcium4 ,the central globe1 as regards its external segments1 is again identical with that of calcium1 but in the internal segments a six-atomed triangle 7#g k7 is substituted for the calcium four-atomed one 7#g e74 ,,chromium3 #d funnels of #baj atoms #hdj ,central globe #if ----- ,total #icf ----- ,atomic weight #ea4gd ,number weight #icf_/ah #eb4jj ,,molybdenum 7,plate ,,viii1 #f7 very closely resembles strontium1 differing from it only in the composition of the highest pair of spheres in the funnels and in the presence of a little sphere1 containing two atoms only1 in the middle of the central globe4 ,the topmost spheres contain no less than eight subsidiary spheres within each2 the highest of these 7#g e7 has four atoms in it2 the next three have four1 seven and four 7#g e g e71 respectively2 the next three are all septets 7#g g71 and the last has four--making in all for these two spheres #hh atoms1 as against the #dh in corresponding spheres of strontium1 making a difference of #afj in the four funnels4 ,,molybdenum3 #d funnels of #djh atoms #afcb ,central globe #ih ----- ,total #agcj ----- ,atomic weight #ie4bf ,number weight #agcj_/ah #if4aa ,,ii a4--,this group contains magnesium1 zinc1 cadmium1 and mercury1 with an empty disk between cadmium and mercury2 we did not examine mercury4 ,all are diatomic1 diamagnetic and positive2 the corresponding group consists of sulphur1 selenium and tellurium1 also all diatomic and diamagnetic1 but negative4 ,the same characteristics of four funnels opening on the faces of a tetrahedron are found in all1 but magnesium and sulphur have no central globe1 and in cadmium and tellurium the globe has become a cross4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,magnesium 7,plate ,,ix1 #a7 introduces us to a new arrangement3 each group of three ovoids forms a ring1 and the three rings are within a funnel2 at first glance1 there are three bodies in the funnel2 on examination each of these is seen to consist of three1 with other bodies1 spheres1 again within them4 ,apart from this1 the composition is simple enough1 all the ovoids being alike1 and composed of a triplet1 a septet and a duad4 ,,magnesium3 #d funnels of #ajh atoms #dcb ,atomic weight #bd4ah ,number weight #dcb_/ah #bd4jj ,,zinc 7,plate ,,ix1 #b7 also brings a new device3 the funnel is of the same type as that of magnesium1 while septets are substituted for the triplets1 and #cf additional atoms are thus slipped in4 ,then we see four spikes1 alternating with the funnels and pointing to the angles1 each adding #add atoms to the total4 ,the spikes show the ten-atomed triangle1 already met with in other metals1 three very regular pillars1 each with six spheres1 containing two1 three1 four1 four1 three1 two atoms1 respectively4 ,the supporting spheres are on the model of the central globe1 but contain more atoms4 ,funnels and spikes alike radiate from a simple central globe1 in which five contained spheres are arranged crosswise1 preparing for the fully developed cross of cadmium4 ,the ends of the cross touch the bottoms of the funnels4 ,,zinc3 #d funnels of #add atoms #egf #d spikes of #add atoms #egf ,central globe #ah ----- ,total #aagj ----- ,atomic weight #fd4ia ,number weight #aagj_/ah #fe4jj ,,cadmium 7,plate ,,ix1 #c7 has an increased complexity of funnels2 the diagram shows one of the three similar segments which lie within the funnels as cylinders2 each of these contains four spheres1 three pillars and three ovoids1 like the spike of zinc turned upside down1 and the zinc ten-atomed triangle changed into three ten-atomed ovoids4 ,the centre-piece is a new form1 though prefigured in the central globe of zinc4 ,,cadmium3 #c segments of #afd atoms #dib #d funnels of #dib atoms #aifh ,central body #dh ----- ,total #bjaf ----- ,atomic weight #aaa4fj ,number weight #bjaf_/ah #aab4jj ,the corresponding negative group is headed by ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,,sulphur 7,plate ,x1 #a71 which1 like magnesium1 has no central globe1 and consists simply of the zinc funnels1 much less compressed than zinc but the same in composition4 ,,sulphur3 #d funnels of #add atoms #egf ,atomic weight #ca4hb ,number weight #egf_/ah #cb4jj ,,selenium 7,plate ,x1 #b7 is distinguished by the exquisite peculiarity1 already noticed1 of a quivering star1 floating across the mouth of each funnel1 and dancing violently when a ray of light falls upon it4 ,it is known that the conductivity of selenium varies with the intensity of the light falling upon it1 and it may be that the star is in some way connected with its conductivity4 ,it will be seen that the star is a very complicated body1 and in each of its six points the two five-atomed spheres revolve round the seven-atomed cone4 ,the bodies in the funnels resemble those in magnesium1 but a reversed image of the top one is interposed between itself and the small duad1 and each pair has its own enclosure4 ,the central globe is the same as that of zinc4 ,,selenium3 #d funnels of #aih atoms #gib #d stars of #aec atoms #fab ,central globe #ah ----- ,total #adbb ----- ,atomic weight #gh4eh ,number weight #adbb_/ah #gi4jj ,,tellurium 7,plate ,x1 #c71 it will be seen1 closely resembles cadmium1 and has three cylindrical segments--of which one is figured--making up the funnel4 ,the contained bodies in the pillars run three1 four1 five1 four1 three1 two1 instead of starting with two2 and a quartet replaces a duad in the globes above4 ,the central cross only differs from that of cadmium in having a seven-atomed instead of a four-atomed centre4 ,so close a similarity is striking4 ,,tellurium3 #c segments of #aha atoms #edc #d funnels of #edc atoms #bagb ,central body #ea ----- ,total #bbbc ----- ,atomic weight #abf4fd ,number weight #bbbc_/ah #abc4ej 99 99 99 99 99 ,v4 ,we must now consider the ways in which the members of the tetrahedral groups break up1 and as we proceed with this study we shall find how continual are the repetitions1 and how ,nature1 with a limited number of fundamental methods1 creates by varied combinations her infinite variety of forms4 ,,beryllium 7,plate ,,iii1 #b1 and ,,viii1 #a74 ,illustration ,beryllium offers us four similar funnels and a central globe1 and the proto-elements consist of these five bodies1 set free4 ,the funnel1 released from pressure1 assumes a spherical form1 with its four ovoids spinning within it1 and the central globe remains a sphere1 containing a whirling cross4 ,on the meta level1 the ovoids are set free1 and two from each funnel are seen to be positive1 two negative--sixteen bodies in all1 plus the cross1 in which the resultant force-lines are changed1 preparatory to its breaking into two duads on the hyper level4 ,on that level1 the decades disintegrate into two triplets and a quartet1 the positive with the depressions inward1 the negative with the depressions outward4 ,,calcium 7,plate ,,viii1 #b74 ,the funnels1 as usual1 assume a spherical form on the proto level1 and show1 in each case1 three spheres containing ovoids4 ,these spheres1 still on the proto level1 break free from their containing funnel1 as in the case of gold 7p4 #di71 twelve bodies being thus liberated1 while the central globe breaks up into eight segments1 each of which becomes globular1 and contains within it a cigar and a somewhat heart-shaped body4 ,four spheres1 each containing seven ten-atomed ovoids1 are identical with those in beryllium1 and can be followed in its diagram4 ,eight spheres1 each containing five nine-atomed ovoids of a different type1 set free1 on the meta level1 eighty duads--forty positive and forty negative--and forty quintets1 which are identical with those in chlorine4 ,on the hyper level1 the duads become single atoms1 within a sphere1 and the central atom from the quintet is also set free1 one hundred and twenty in all4 ,the remaining four atoms of the quintet divide into two duads4 ,the central globe1 dividing into eight1 becomes eight six-atomed spheres on the meta1 the cigar behaving as usual1 four cigars being positive and four negative1 and becoming dissociated into triplets2 the four atoms within the heart-shaped body appear as a tetrahedron1 remain together on the meta level1 and break up into duads on the hyper4 ,,strontium 7,,plate ,,viii1 #c74 ,the third member of this group repeats the a groups of beryllium and the b groups of calcium1 and they dissociate into the bodies already described under these respectively4 ,the two upper globes in each funnel repeat each other1 but each globe contains four smaller spheres showing three varieties of forms4 ,the two marked g1 which are repeated in the central globe as h1 are seven-atomed1 and appear as spheres or ovoids according to pressure4 ,they are figured on p4 #dh1 under iodine2 e and f are related as object and image1 and we have already seen them in copper 7pp4 #ch and #dh72 in each case1 as in copper1 they unite into a ten-atomed figure2 on the meta level the pair of fours form a ring1 and the remaining two atoms form a duad2 i1 which repeats f1 makes a ring with the fifth in the centre1 as in the five-atomed b of calcium1 as shown above4 ,there is1 thus1 nothing new in strontium1 but only repetitions of forms already studied4 ,,oxygen 7,,plate ,,viii1 #d74 ,illustration ,the disintegration of oxygen as given in #ahie may be repeated here1 and the better presentation given on p4 #ed renders it easier to follow the process4 ,on the proto level the two snakes divide2 the brilliant disks are seven-atomed1 but are differently arranged1 the positive snake having the atoms arranged as in the iodine ovoids1 whereas the negative snake has them arranged as in a capital ,h4 ,the snakes show the same extraordinary activity on the proto level as on the gaseous1 twisting and writhing1 darting and coiling4 ,the body of the snake is of two-atomed beads1 positive and negative4 ,on the meta level the snakes break into ten fragments1 each consisting of a disk1 with six beads on one side and five on the other1 remaining as lively as the original snake4 ,they shiver into their constituent disks1 and beads on the hyper level1 there yielding the ten disks1 five positive and five negative1 and the #aaj beads1 fifty-five positive and fifty-five negative4 ,,chromium 7,,plate ,,viii1 #e74 ,when we go on to chromium and molybdenum1 we return to our familiar funnels and central globes1 and the secondary spheres within the funnels--quickly set free1 as before1 on the proto level--give us no new combinations in their contained spheres and ovoids4 ,the a of beryllium1 the b of calcium and strontium1 and d of calcium1 the e and f of strontium1 are all there2 j in chromium is the same as the central sphere in the b ovoid4 ,in the central globe1 k1 is a pair of triangles as in hydrogen1 consisting of only six atoms1 which on the meta level revolve round each other1 and break up into two duads and two units on the hyper4 ,,molybdenum 7,,plate ,,viii1 #f74 ,molybdenum presents us with only two new forms1 and these are merely four-atomed tetrahedra1 occurring in pairs as object and image4 ,all the other bodies have already been analysed4 ,,ii a4--,we come now to the second great tetrahedral group1 which though very much complicated1 is yet1 for the most part1 a repetition of familiar forms4 ,,magnesium 7,,plate ,,ix1 #a74 ,illustration ,we are still among tetrahedra1 so have to do with four funnels1 but each funnel contains three rings1 and each ring three ovoids2 on the proto level a triple dissociation takes place1 for the funnels let free the rings as large spheres1 in each of which rotate three twelve-atomed ovoids1 and then the ovoids break loose from the spheres1 and themselves become spherical1 so that we have finally thirty-six proto compounds from the tetrahedron4 ,on the meta level the contained bodies1 a triplet1 ,mg a1 a septet1 ,mg b1 and a duad1 ,mg c1 are set free from each globe1 thus yielding one hundred and eight meta compounds4 ,on the hyper level the triplet becomes a duad and a unit2 the duad becomes two units2 and the septet a triplet and a quartet4 ,,zinc 7,,plate ,,ix1 #b74 ,we can leave aside the funnel1 for the only difference between it and the magnesium funnel is the substitution of a second septet for the triplet1 and the septet is already shown in the magnesium diagram4 ,we have1 therefore1 only to consider the spikes1 pointing to the angles of the enclosing tetrahedron1 and the central globe4 ,these are set free on the proto level and the spikes immediately release their contents1 yielding thus thirty-two separate bodies4 ,the triangular arrangement at the top of the spike is the same as occurs in copper 7b on p4 #dh71 and can be there followed4 ,one of the three similar pillars is shown in the accompanying diagram under ,zn a4 ,the compressed long oval becomes a globe1 with six bodies revolving within it in a rather peculiar way3 the quartets turn round each other in the middle2 the triplets revolve round them in a slanting ellipse2 the duads do the same on an ellipse slanting at an angle with the first1 somewhat as in gold 7a and b1 p4 #dj74 ,the spheres within the globes at the base of the spikes1 ,zn b1 behave as a cross--the cross is a favourite device in the ,,ii a groups4 ,finally1 the central globe1 ,zn c1 follows the same cruciform line of disintegration4 ,,cadmium 7,plate ,,ix1 #c74 ,illustration ,cadmium follows very closely on the lines of zinc2 the pillars of the zinc spike are reproduced in the rings of the cadmium funnel2 the globes are also the globes of cadmium2 so neither of these needs attention4 ,we have only to consider the three ten-atomed ovoids1 which are substituted for the one ten-atomed triangle of zinc1 and the central cross4 ,the ovoids become spheres 7,cd a1 b71 the contained bodies revolving within them1 a whirling on a diameter of the sphere1 cutting it in halves1 as it were1 and b whirling round it at right angles2 the cross also becomes a sphere 7,cd c71 but the cruciform type is maintained within it by the relative positions of the contained spheres in their revolution4 ,the subsequent stages are shown in the diagram4 ,,sulphur 7,plate ,,xi1 #a74 ,sulphur has nothing new1 but shows only the funnels already figured in magnesium1 with the substitution of a second septet for the triplet1 as in zinc4 ,,selenium 7,plate ,x1 #b74 ,illustration ,the funnel of selenium is a re-arrangement of the twelve-atomed ovoids of magnesium and the ten-atomed ovoids of cadmium4 ,the funnels1 on disintegrating1 set free twelve groups1 each containing nine spheres4 ,on the meta level the ten-atomed bodies are set free1 and the twelve-atomed divide into duads and decads1 thus yielding seventy-two decads and thirty-six duads2 the duads1 however1 at once recombine into hexads1 thus giving only twelve meta elements1 or eighty-four in all from the funnels4 ,the central globe holds together on the proto level1 but yields five meta elements4 ,the star also at first remains a unit on the proto level1 and then shoots off into seven bodies1 the centre keeping together1 and the six points becoming spheres1 within which the two cones1 base to base1 whirl in the centre1 and the globes circle round them4 ,on the meta level all the thirty bodies contained in the star separate from each other1 and go on their independent ways4 ,selenium offers a beautiful example of the combination of simple elements into a most exquisite whole4 ,,tellurium 7,plate ,x1 #c74 ,tellurium very closely resembles cadmium1 and they are1 therefore placed on the same diagram4 ,the pillars are the same as in chlorine and its congeners1 with a duad added at the base4 ,the ten-atomed ovoid is the same as in cadmium and follows the same course in breaking up4 ,it would be interesting to know why this duad remains as a duad in selenium and breaks up into a septad and triad in the other members of the group4 ,it may be due to the greater pressure to which it is subjected in selenium1 or there may be some other reason4 ,the cross in tellurium is identical with that in cadmium1 except that the centre is seven-atomed instead of four-atomed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vi4 ,,iii ,,and ,i,i,ia4--,,the ,,cube ,,groups4 ,we have here four groups to consider1 all the members of which are triads1 and have six funnels1 opening on the six faces of a cube4 ,,iii4--,boron1 scandium and yttrium were examined2 they are all triatomic1 paramagnetic1 and positive4 ,the corresponding group consists of nitrogen1 vanadium and niobium2 they are triatomic1 paramagnetic1 and negative4 ,we have not examined the remaining members of these groups4 ,in these two groups nitrogen dominates1 and in order to make the comparison easy the nitrogen elements are figured on both ,plate ,,xi and ,plate ,,xii4 ,it will be seen that scandium and yttrium1 of the positive group1 differ only in details from vanadium and niobium1 of the negative group2 the ground-plan on which they are built is the same4 ,we noted a similar close resemblance between the positive strontium and the negative molybdenum4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,boron 7,plate ,,iii1 #d1 and ,plate ,,xi1 #a74 ,we have here the simplest form of the cube2 the funnels contain only five bodies--four six-atomed ovoids and one six-atomed cigar4 ,the central globe has but four five-atomed spheres4 ,it is as simple in relation to its congeners as is beryllium to its group-members4 ,,boron3 #f funnels of #cj atoms #ahj ,central globe #bj ---- ,total #bjj ---- ,atomic weight #aj4hf ,number weight #bjj_/ah #aa4aa ,,scandium 7,plate ,,xi1 #b74 ,for the first time we meet funnels of different types1 ,a and ,b1 three of each kind2 ,a appear to be positive and ,b negative1 but this must be stated with reserve4 ,in ,a the boron funnel is reproduced1 the cigar having risen above its companion ovoids2 but the most important matter to note in respect to this funnel is our introduction to the body marked a #aaj4 ,this body was observed by us first in nitrogen1 in #ahie1 and we gave it the name of the nitrogen balloon1 for in nitrogen it takes the balloon form1 which it also often assumes in other gaseous elements4 ,here it appears as a sphere--the form always assumed on the proto level--and it will be seen1 on reference to the detailed diagram #d a1 to be a complicated body1 consisting of six fourteen-atomed globes arranged round a long ovoid containing spheres with three1 four1 six1 six1 four1 three1 atoms respectively4 ,it will be observed that this balloon appears in every member of these two groups1 except boron4 ,the ,b funnel runs largely to triads1 c and b1 b 7see #d b7 having not only a triadic arrangement of spheres within its contained globes1 but each sphere has also a triplet of atoms4 ,in c 7see #d c7 there is a triadic arrangement of spheres1 but each contains duads4 ,b is completed by a five-atomed sphere at the top of the funnel4 ,it should be noted that a1 b and c all are constituents of nitrogen4 ,the central globe repeats that of boron1 with an additional four-atomed sphere in the middle4 ,,scandium3 #c funnels 7,a7 of #adj atoms #dbj #c 7,b7 of #aaf #cdh ,centre globe #bd ---- ,total #gib ---- ,atomic weight #dc4gh ,number weight #gib_/ah #dd4jj ,,yttrium 7,plate ,,xi1 #c74 ,here we have a quite new arrangement of bodies within the funnel--the funnel being of one type only4 ,two cigars whirl on their own axes in the centre near the top1 while four eight-atomed globes 7see #d e7 chase each other in a circle round them1 spinning madly on their own axes--this axial spinning seems constant in all contained bodies--all the time4 ,lower down in the funnel1 a similar arrangement is seen1 with a globe 7see #d d7--a nitrogen element--replacing the cigars1 and six-atomed ovoids replacing the globes4 ,the nitrogen balloon occupies the third place in the funnel1 now showing its usual shape in combination1 while the b globe 7see #d b7 of scandium takes on a lengthened form below it4 ,the central globe presents us with two tetrahedra1 recalling one of the combinations in gold 7see ,plate ,,vii d71 and differing from that only by the substitution of two quartets for the two triplets in gold4 ,one funnel of yttrium contains exactly the same number of atoms as is contained in a gaseous atom of nitrogen4 ,further1 a1 b1 and d are all nitrogen elements4 ,we put on record these facts1 without trying to draw any conclusions from them4 ,some day1 we--or others--may find out their significance1 and trace through them obscure relations4 ,,yttrium3 #f funnels of #bfa atoms #aeff ,central globe #dj ---- ,total #afjf ---- ,atomic weight #hh4cd ,number weight #afjf_/ah #hi4bb ,the corresponding negative group1 of nitrogen1 vanadium and niobium1 is rendered particularly interesting by the fact that it is headed by nitrogen1 which--like the air1 of which it forms so large a part--pervades so many of the bodies we are studying4 ,what is there in nitrogen which renders it so inert as to conveniently dilute the fiery oxygen and make it breathable1 while it is so extraordinarily active in some of its compounds that it enters into the most powerful explosives8 ,some chemist of the future1 perhaps1 will find the secret in the arrangement of its constituent parts1 which we are able only to describe4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,nitrogen 7,plate ,,xii1 #a7 does not assume the cubical form of its relatives1 but is in shape like an egg4 ,referring again to our #ahie investigations1 ,i quote from them4 ,the balloon-shaped body 7see #d a7 floats in the middle of the egg1 containing six small spheres in two horizontal rows1 and a long ovoid in the midst2 this balloon-shaped body is positive1 and is drawn down towards the negative body b 7see #d b7 with its seven contained spheres1 each of which has nine atoms within it--three triads4 ,four spheres are seen1 in addition to the two larger bodies2 two of these 7see #d d71 each containing five smaller globes1 are positive1 and two 7see #d c7 containing four smaller globes1 are negative4 ,,nitrogen3 ,balloon #aaj ,oval #fc #b bodies of #bj atoms #dj #b #bd #dh ---- ,total #bfa ---- ,atomic weight #ad4ja ,number weight #bfa_/ah #ad4ej ,,vanadium 7,plate ,,xii1 #b7 closely follows scandium1 having two types of funnels4 ,funnel ,a only differs from that of scandium by having a globe 7see #d d7 inserted in the ring of four ovoids2 funnel ,b has a six-atomed1 instead of a five-atomed globe at the top1 and slips a third globe containing twenty atoms 7see #d d7 between the two identical with those of scandium 7see #d c74 ,the central globe has seven atoms in its middle body instead of four4 ,in this way does vanadium succeed in overtopping scandium by #abf atoms4 ,,vanadium3 #c funnels 7,a7 of #afj atoms #dhj #c 7,b7 #acg #daa ,central globe #bg ---- ,total #iah ---- ,atomic weight #ej4hd ,number weight #iah_/ah #ea4jj ,,niobium 7,plate ,,xii1 #c7 is as closely related to yttrium as is vanadium to scandium4 ,the little globes that scamper round the cigars contain twelve atoms instead of eight 7see #d e74 ,the rest of the funnel is the same4 ,in the central globe both the tetrahedra have cigars1 and a central nine-atomed globe spins round in the centre 7see #d f71 seventeen atoms being thus added4 ,,niobium3 #f funnels of #bgg atoms #affb ,central globe #eg ---- ,total #agai ---- ,atomic weight #ic4be ,number weight #agai_/ah #ie4ej ,,iii a4--,aluminium1 gallium and indium were examined from this group4 ,they are triatomic1 diamagnetic1 and positive4 ,the corresponding group contains phosphorus1 arsenic and antimony3 bismuth also belongs to it1 but was not examined2 they are triatomic1 diamagnetic and negative4 ,they have no central globes4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,aluminium 7,plate ,,xiii1 #a71 the head of the group1 is1 as usual1 simple4 ,there are six similar funnels1 each containing eight ovoids1 below which is a globe4 ,,aluminium3 #f funnels of #ha atoms #dhf ,atomic weight #bf4ia ,number weight #dhf_/ah #bg4jj ,,gallium 7,plate ,,xiii1 #b7 has two segments in every funnel2 in the segment to the left a cigar balances a globe1 equally six-atomed1 in that of the right1 and the globes to right and left are four-atomed as against three-atomed4 ,in the next row1 the smaller contained globes have six atoms as against four1 and the cones have respectively seven and five4 ,by these little additions the left-hand funnel boasts one hundred and twelve atoms as against ninety-eight4 ,,gallium3 ,left segment #aab atoms ,right segment #ih #baj #f funnels of #baj atoms #abfj ---- ,atomic weight #fi4ej ,number weight #abfj_/ah #gj4jj ,,indium 7,plate ,,xiii1 #c7 repeats the segments of gallium exactly1 save in the substitution of a sixteen-atomed body for the seven-atomed cone of the left-hand segment1 and a fourteen-atomed body for the five-atomed corresponding one in gallium4 ,but each funnel now has three segments instead of two2 three funnels out of the six contain two segments of type ,a and one of type ,b2 the remaining three contain two of type ,b1 and one of type ,a4 ,,indium3 ,segment ,a #aba atoms ,segment ,b #ajg #c funnels of #b ,a and #a ,b 7#bdb #ajg #c7 #ajdg #c #b ,b and #a ,a 7#bad #aba #c7 #ajje ---- ,total #bjeb ---- ,atomic weight #aad4je ,number weight #bjeb_/ah #aad4jj ,the corresponding negative group1 phosphorus1 arsenic1 and antimony1 run on very similar lines to those we have just examined4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,phosphorus 7,plate ,,xiv1 #a7 offers us a very curious arrangement of atoms1 which will give some new forms in breaking up4 ,two segments are in each funnel1 in fact the only two of group ,,iii a which do not show this arrangement1 or a modification thereof1 are aluminium and arsenic4 ,,phosphorus3 ,left segment #ej atoms ,right segment #dc -- #ic #f funnels of #ic atoms #eeh ,atomic weight #cj4gg ,number weight #eeh_/ah #ca4jj ,,arsenic 7,plate ,,xiv1 #b7 resembles aluminium in having eight internal sub-divisions in a funnel1 and the ovoids which form the top ring are identical1 save for a minute difference that in aluminium the ovoids stand the reverse way from those in arsenic4 ,it will be noted that in the former the top and bottom triangles of atoms have the apices upwards1 and the middle one has its apex downwards4 ,in arsenic1 the top and bottom ones point downwards1 and the middle one upwards4 ,arsenic inserts sixteen spheres between the ovoids and globe shown in aluminium1 and thus adds no less than one hundred and forty-four atoms to each funnel4 ,,arsenic3 #f funnels of #bbe atoms #acej ,atomic weight #gd4de ,number weight #acej_/ah #ge4jj ,,antimony 7,plate ,,xiv1 #c7 is a close copy of indium1 and the arrangement of types ,a and ,b in the funnels is identical4 ,in the middle rings of both ,a and ,b a triplet is substituted for a unit at the centre of the larger globe4 ,in the lowest body of type ,a the cigar has vanished1 and is represented by a seven-atomed crystalline form4 ,,antimony3 ,segment ,a #abh atoms ,segment ,b #aac atoms #c funnels of #b ,a and #a ,b 7#bef #aacc7 #aajg #c #b ,b and #a ,a 7#bbf #abhc7 #ajef ---- ,total #bafc ---- ,atomic weight #aai4cd ,number weight #abj4af 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vii4 ,,boron 7,plate ,,iii1 #d1 and ,plate ,,xi1 #a74 ,illustration ,the disintegration of boron is very simple3 the funnels are set free and assume the spherical form1 showing a central cigar and four globes each containing two triplets4 ,the central globe is also set free with its four quintets1 and breaks at once in two4 ,on the meta level the cigar breaks up as usual1 and the triplets separate4 ,on the hyper level1 the cigar follows its usual course1 and the triplets become duads and units4 ,the globe forms two quintets on the meta level1 and these are resolved into triplets and duads4 ,,scandium 7,plate ,,xi1 #b74 ,in funnel ,a the cigar and the ovoids behave as in boron1 but the balloon1 a #aaj 7,,xi1 #d71 escapes from the funnel as it changes to a sphere1 and holds together on the proto level2 on the meta1 it yields six globes each containing seven duads1 and these are all set free as duads on the hyper level2 the ovoid is also set free on the meta level becoming a sphere1 and on the hyper level liberates its contained bodies1 as two triplets1 two quartets and two sextets4 ,in funnel ,b there is a quintet1 that behaves like those in the globe of boron1 on escaping from the funnel1 in which the bodies remain on the proto level1 with the exception of b #fc1 which escapes4 ,on the meta level1 c 7,plate ,,xi1 #d71 c assumes a tetrahedral form with six atoms at each point1 and these hold together as sextets on the hyper level4 ,at the meta stage1 b 7,plate ,,xi1 #d b7 sets free seven nine-atomed bodies1 which become free triplets on the hyper4 ,the central globe shows a cross at its centre1 with the four quintets whirling round it1 on the proto level4 ,on the meta1 the quintets are set free1 and follow the boron type1 while the cross becomes a quartet on the meta level1 and two duads on the hyper4 ,,yttrium 7,plate ,,xi1 #c74 ,illustration ,in yttrium1 on the proto level1 a #aaj and b #fc both escape from the funnel1 and behave as in scandium4 ,the ovoids and cigars1 set free on the meta level1 behave as in boron4 ,the central globe breaks up as in gold 7pp4 #di and #ej71 four quartets being set free instead of two quartets and two triplets4 ,we have only to consider e #h and d #bj 7,plate ,,xi1 #d74 ,e #h is a tetrahedral arrangement of duads on the meta level1 set free as duads on the hyper4 ,d #bj is an arrangement of pairs of duads at the angles of a square-based pyramid on the meta1 and again free duads on the hyper4 ,,nitrogen 7,plate ,,xii1 #a74 ,nitrogen has nothing new to show us1 all its constituents having appeared in scandium and yttrium4 ,,vanadium 7,plate ,,xii1 #b74 ,the ,a funnel of vanadium repeats the ,a funnel of scandium1 with the addition of d #bj1 already studied4 ,in the ,b funnel scandium ,b is repeated1 with an addition of d #bj and a sextet for a quintet2 the sextet is the c of the nitrogen balloon4 ,the central globe follows boron1 save that it has a septet for its centre2 this was figured in iodine 7p4 #dh74 ,,niobium 7,plate ,,xii1 #c74 ,niobium only differs from yttrium by the introduction of triplets for duads in e2 on the meta level we have therefore triplets1 and on the hyper each triplet yields a duad and a unit4 ,the only other difference is in the central globe4 ,the tetrahedra separate as usual1 but liberate eight cigars instead of four with four quartets2 the central body is simple1 becoming three triads at the angles of a triangle on the meta level1 and three duads and three units on the hyper4 ,,aluminium 7,plate ,,xiii1 #a74 ,illustration ,the funnels let go the globes1 but the eight ovoids remain within them1 so that seven bodies are let loose on the proto level4 ,when the ovoids are set free at the meta stage they become spherical and a nine-atomed body is produced1 which breaks up into triangles on the hyper level4 ,the globe becomes a cross at the meta stage1 with one atom from the duads at each arm in addition to its own1 and these form four duads on the hyper1 and a unit from the centre4 ,,gallium 7,plate ,,xiii1 #b74 ,in gallium the funnel disappears on the proto level1 setting free its two contained segments1 each of which forms a cylinder1 thus yielding twelve bodies on the proto level4 ,on the meta1 the three upper globes in each left-hand segment are set free1 and soon vanish1 each liberating a cigar and two septets1 the quartet and triad uniting4 ,on the hyper the quartet yields two duads but the triangle persists4 ,the second set of bodies divide on the meta level1 forming a sextet and a cross with a duad at each arm2 these on the hyper level divide into two triangles1 four duads and a unit4 ,the seven-atomed cone becomes two triangles united by a single atom1 and on the meta level these form a ring round the unit2 on the hyper they form three duads and a unit4 ,in the right-hand segment1 the same policy is followed1 the four triads becoming two sextets1 while the central body adds a third to the number4 ,the second ring has a quartet instead of the sextet1 but otherwise breaks up as does that of the left2 the quintet at the base follows that of boron4 ,,indium 7,plate ,,xiii1 #c74 ,the complication of three segments of different types in each funnel does not affect the process of breaking up1 and indium needs little attention4 ,a is exactly the same as the left-hand funnel of gallium1 save for the substitution of a globe containing the familiar cigar and two square-based pyramids4 ,b is the same as the right-hand funnel of gallium1 except that its lowest body consists of two square-based pyramids and a tetrahedron4 ,all these are familiar4 ,,phosphorus 7,plate ,,xiv1 #a74 ,illustration ,the atoms in the six similar spheres in the segments of the phosphorus funnel are arranged on the eight angles of a cube1 and the central one is attached to all of them4 ,on the meta level five of the nine atoms hold together and place themselves on the angles of a square-based pyramid2 the remaining four set themselves on the angle of a tetrahedron4 ,they yield1 on the hyper level1 two triads1 a duad1 and a unit4 ,the remaining bodies are simple and familiar4 ,,arsenic 7,plate ,,xiv1 #b74 ,arsenic shows the same ovoids and globe as have already been broken up in aluminium 7see ante72 the remaining sixteen spheres form nine-atomed bodies on the meta level1 all similar to those of aluminium1 thus yielding twelve positive and twelve negative2 the globe also yields a nine-atomed body1 twenty-five bodies of nine4 ,,antimony 7,plate ,,xiv1 #c74 ,antimony follows closely in the track of gallium and indium1 the upper ring of spheres being identical4 ,in the second ring1 a triplet is substituted for the unit1 and this apparently throws the cross out of gear1 and we have a new eleven-atomed figure1 which breaks up into a triplet and two quartets on the hyper level4 ,the lowest seven-atomed sphere of the three at the base is the same as we met with in copper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,viii4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,octahedral ,,groups4 ,these groups are at the turns of the spiral in ,sir ,william ,crookes' lemniscates 7see p4 #bh74 ,on the one side is carbon1 with below it titanium and zirconium2 on the other silicon1 with germanium and tin4 ,the characteristic form is an octahedron1 rounded at the angles and a little depressed between the faces in consequence of the rounding2 in fact1 we did not1 at first1 recognize it as an octahedron1 and we called it the corded bale1 the nearest likeness that struck us4 ,the members of the group are all tetrads1 and have eight funnels1 opening on the eight faces of the octahedron4 ,the first group is paramagnetic and positive2 the corresponding one is diamagnetic and negative4 ,the two groups are not closely allied in composition1 though both titanium and tin have in common the five intersecting tetrahedra at their respective centres4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,carbon 7,plate ,,iii1 #e1 and ,,xv1 #a7 gives us the fundamental octahedral form1 which becomes so masked in titanium and zirconium4 ,as before said 7p4 #cj71 the protrusion of the arms in these suggests the old ,rosicrucian symbol of the cross and rose1 but they show at their ends the eight carbon funnels with their characteristic contents1 and thus justify their relationship4 ,the funnels are in pairs1 one of each pair showing three cigars1 and having as its fellow a funnel in which the middle cigar is truncated1 thus loosing one atom4 ,each cigar has a leaf-like body at its base1 and in the centre of the octahedron is a globe containing four atoms1 each within its own wall2 these lie on the dividing lines of the faces1 and each holds a pair of the funnels together4 ,it seems as though this atom had been economically taken from the cigar to form a link4 ,this will be more clearly seen when we come to separate the parts from each other4 ,it will be noticed that the atoms in the leaves at the base vary in arrangement1 being alternately in a line and in a triangle4 left #bg ,,carbon3 ,one pair of funnels right #bb centre #a -- #ed #d pairs of funnels of #ed atoms #baf ,atomic weight #aa4ia ,number weight #baf_/ah #ab4jj ,,titanium 7,plate ,,iii1 #f1 and ,,xv1 #b7 has a complete carbon atom distributed over the ends of its four arms1 a pair of funnels with their linking atom being seen in each4 ,then1 in each arm1 comes the elaborate body shown as #c c1 with its eighty-eight atoms4 ,a ring of twelve ovoids 7#c d7 each holding within itself fourteen atoms1 distributed among three contained globes--two quartets and a sextet--is a new device for crowding in material4 ,lastly comes the central body 7#d e7 of five intersecting tetrahedra1 with a cigar at each of their twenty points--of which only fifteen can be shown in the diagram--and a ring of seven atoms round an eighth1 that forms the minute centre of the whole4 ,into this elaborate body one hundred and twenty-eight atoms are built4 ,,titanium3 ,one carbon atom #baf #d c of #hh atoms #ceb #ab d of #ad #afh ,central globe #abh ---- ,total #hfd ---- ,atomic weight #dg4gd ,number weight #hfd_/ah #dh4jj ,,zirconium 7,plate ,,xv1 #c7 has exactly the same outline as titanium1 the carbon atom is similarly distributed1 and the central body is identical4 ,only in #e c and d do we find a difference on comparing them with #d c and d4 ,the c ovoid in zirconium shows no less than fifteen secondary globes within the five contained in the ovoid1 and these1 in turn1 contain altogether sixty-nine smaller spheres1 with two hundred and twelve atoms within them1 arranged in pairs1 triplets1 quartets1 quintets1 a sextet and septets4 ,finally1 the ovoids of the ring are also made more elaborate1 showing thirty-six atoms instead of fourteen4 ,in this way the clever builders have piled up in zirconium no less than #afbd atoms4 ,,zirconium3 ,one ,carbon atom #baf #d c of #bab atoms #hdh #ab d of #cf #dcb ,central globe #abh ---- ,total #afbd ---- ,atomic weight #hi4he ,number weight #ij4bb ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,silicon 7,plate ,,xvi1 #a7 is at the head of the group which corresponds to carbon on the opposite turn of the lemniscate4 ,it has the usual eight funnels1 containing four ovoids in a circle1 and a truncated cigar but no central body of any kind4 ,all the funnels are alike4 ,,silicon3 #h funnels of #fe atoms #ebj ,atomic weight #bh4ah ,number weight #ebj_/ah #bh4hh ,,germanium 7,plate ,,xvi1 #b7 shows the eight funnels1 containing each four segments 7,,xvi1 #d71 within which are three ovoids and a cigar4 ,in this case the funnels radiate from a central globe1 formed of two intersecting tetrahedra1 with cigars at each point enclosing a four-atomed globe4 ,,germanium3 #h funnels of #aef atoms #abdh ,central globe #eb ---- ,total #acjj ---- ,atomic weight #ga4ic ,number weight #acjj_/ah #gb4bb ,,tin 7,plate ,,xvi1 #c7 repeats the funnel of germanium1 and the central globe we met with in titanium1 of five intersecting tetrahedra1 carrying twenty cigars2 the latter1 however1 omits the eight-atomed centre of the globe that was found in titanium1 and hence has one hundred and twenty atoms therein instead of one hundred and twenty-eight4 ,tin1 to make room for the necessary increase of atoms1 adopts the system of spikes1 which we met with in zinc 7see ,plate ,,ix1 #b72 these spikes1 like the funnels1 radiate from the central globe1 but are only six in number4 ,the twenty-one-atomed cone at the head of the spike we have already seen in silver1 and we shall again find it in iridium and platinum2 the pillars are new in detail though not in principle1 the contained globes yielding a series of a triplet1 quintet1 sextet1 septet1 sextet1 quintet1 triplet4 ,,tin3 #h funnels of #aef atoms #abdh #f spikes of #abf #gef ,central globe #abj ---- ,total #babd ---- ,atomic weight #aah4aj ,number weight #babd_/ah #aah4jj ,v4--,,the ,,bars ,,groups4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,here1 for the first time1 we find ourselves a little at issue with the accepted system of chemistry4 ,fluorine stands at the head of a group--called the inter-periodic--whereof the remaining members are 7see ,crookes' table1 p4 #bh71 manganese1 iron1 cobalt1 nickel2 ruthenium1 rhodium1 palladium2 osmium1 iridium1 platinum4 ,if we take all these as group ,v1 we find that fluorine and manganese are violently forced into company with which they have hardly any points of relationship1 and that they intrude into an otherwise very harmonious group of closely similar composition4 ,moreover1 manganese reproduces the characteristic lithium spike and not the bars of those into whose company it is thrust1 and it is thus allied with lithium1 with which indeed it is almost identical4 ,but lithium is placed by ,crookes at the head of a group1 the other members of which are potassium1 rubidium and csium 7the last not examined74 ,following these identities of composition1 ,i think it is better to remove manganese and fluorine from their incongruous companions and place them with lithium and its allies as ,v a1 the ,spike ,groups1 marking1 by the identity of number1 similarities of arrangement which exist1 and by the separation the differences of composition4 ,it is worth while noting what ,sir ,william ,crookes1 in his ,genesis of the ,elements1 remarks on the relations of the interperiodic group with its neighbours4 ,he says3 ,these bodies are interperiodic because their atomic weights exclude them from the small periods into which the other elements fall1 and because their chemical relations with some members of the neighbouring groups show that they are probably interperiodic in the sense of being in transition stages4 ,group ,v in every case shows fourteen bars radiating from a centre as shown in iron1 ,plate ,,iv1 #a4 ,while the form remains unchanged throughout1 the increase of weight is gained by adding to the number of atoms contained in a bar4 ,the group is made up1 not of single chemical elements1 as in all other cases1 but of sub-groups1 each containing three elements1 and the relations within each sub-group are very close2 moreover the weights only differ by two atoms per bar1 making a weight difference of twenty-eight in the whole4 ,thus we have per bar3-- ,iron #gb ,palladium #acf ,nickel #gd ,osmium #bde ,cobalt #gf ,iridium #bdg ,ruthenium #acb ,platinum ,a #bdi ,rhodium #acd ,platinum ,b #beg ,it will be noticed 7,plate ,,xvii1 #c1 #d1 #e17 that each bar has two sections1 and that the three lower sections in iron1 cobalt and nickel are identical2 in the upper sections1 iron has a cone of twenty-eight atoms1 while cobalt and nickel have each three ovoids1 and of these the middle ones alone differ1 and that only in their upper globes1 this globe being four-atomed in cobalt and six-atomed in nickel4 ,the long ovoids within each bar revolve round the central axis of the bar1 remaining parallel with it1 while each spins on its own axis2 the iron cone spins round as though impaled on the axis4 #ad bars of #gb atoms #ajjh ,atomic weight #ee4dg ,number weight #ajjh_/ah #ef4jj ,,iron 7,plate ,,iv1 #a1 and ,,xvii1 #c73 #ad bars of #gd atoms #ajcf ,atomic weight #eg4gj ,number weight #ajcf_/ah #eg4ee ,,cobalt 7,plate ,,xvii1 #d73 #ad bars of #gf atoms #ajfd ,atomic weight #eh4cj ,number weight #ajfd_/ah #ei4aa ,,nickel 7,plate ,,xvii1 #d73 7,the weight of cobalt1 as given in ,erdmann's ,lehrbuch1 is #eh4ee1 but ,messrs4 ,parker and ,sexton1 in ,nature1 ,august #a1 #aijg1 give the weight1 as the result of their experiments1 as #eg4g47 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,the next sub-group1 ruthenium1 rhodium1 and palladium1 has nothing to detain us4 ,it will be observed that each bar contains eight segments1 instead of the six of cobalt and nickel2 that ruthenium and palladium have the same number of atoms in their upper ovoids1 although in ruthenium a triplet and quartet represent the septet of palladium2 and that in ruthenium and rhodium the lower ovoids are identical1 though one has the order3 sixteen1 fourteen1 sixteen1 fourteen2 and the other3 fourteen1 sixteen1 fourteen1 sixteen4 ,one constantly asks oneself3 ,what is the significance of these minute changes8 ,further investigators will probably discover the answer4 #ad bars of #acb atoms #ahdh ,atomic weight #ajj4ia ,number weight #ahdh_/ah #ajb4ff ,,ruthenium 7,plate ,,xviii1 #a73 #ad bars of #acd atoms #ahgf ,atomic weight #ajb4bc ,number weight #ahgf_/ah #ajd4bb ,,rhodium 7,plate ,,xvii1 #b73 #ad bars of #acf atoms #aijd ,atomic weight #aje4gd ,number weight #aijd_/ah #aje4gg ,,palladium 7,,xviii1 #c73 ,the third sub-group1 osmium1 iridium and platinum1 is1 of course1 more complicated in its composition1 but its builders succeed in preserving the bar form1 gaining the necessary increase by a multiplication of contained spheres within the ovoids4 ,osmium has one peculiarity3 the ovoid marked a 7,,xviii1 #d7 takes the place of axis in the upper half of the bar1 and the three ovoids1 marked b1 revolve round it4 ,in the lower half1 the four ovoids1 c1 revolve round the central axis4 ,in platinum1 we have marked two forms as platinum ,a and platinum ,b1 the latter having two four-atomed spheres 7,,xviii1 #f b7 in the place of the two triplets marked a4 ,it may well be that what we have called platinum ,b is not a variety of platinum1 but a new element1 the addition of two atoms in a bar being exactly that which separates the other elements within each of the sub-groups4 ,it will be noticed that the four lower sections of the bars are identical in all the members of this sub-group1 each ovoid containing thirty atoms4 ,the upper ring of ovoids in iridium and platinum ,a are also identical1 but for the substitution1 in platinum ,a1 of a quartet for a triplet in the second and third ovoids2 their cones are identical1 containing twenty-one atoms1 like those of silver and tin4 #ad bars of #bde atoms #cdcj ,atomic weight #ahi4ee ,number weight #cdcj_/ah #aij4ee ,,osmium 7,plate ,,xviii1 #d73 #ad bars of #bdg atoms #cdeh ,atomic weight #aia4aa ,number weight #cdeh_/ah #aib4aa ,,iridium 7,plate ,,xviii1 #e73 #ad bars of #bdi atoms #cdhf ,atomic weight #aic4ff ,number weight #cdhf_/ah #aic4cd ,,platinum ,a 7,plate ,,xviii1 #f a73 #ad bars of #bea atoms #cead ,atomic weight ------ ,number weight #cead_/ah #aie4bb ,,platinum ,b 7,plate ,,xviii1 #f b73 ,v a4--,,the ,,spike ,,groups4 ,i place within this group lithium1 potassium1 rubidium1 fluorine1 and manganese1 because of their similarity in internal composition4 ,manganese has fourteen spikes1 arranged as in the iron group1 but radiating from a central globe4 ,potassium has nine1 rubidium has sixteen1 in both cases radiating from a central globe4 ,lithium 7,plate ,,iv1 #b7 and fluorine 7,plate ,,iv1 #c7 are the two types which dominate the group1 lithium supplying the spike which is reproduced in all of them1 and fluorine the nitrogen balloon which appears in all save lithium4 ,it will be seen that the natural affinities are strongly marked4 ,they are all monads and paramagnetic2 lithium1 potassium and rubidium are positive1 while fluorine and manganese are negative4 ,we seem thus to have a pair1 corresponding with each other1 as in other cases1 and the interperiodic group is left interperiodic and congruous within itself4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,lithium 7,plate ,,iv1 #b and ,plate ,,xix1 #a7 is a striking and beautiful form1 with its upright cone1 or spike1 its eight radiating petals 7x7 at the base of the cone1 and the plate-like support in the centre of which is a globe1 on which the spike rests4 ,the spike revolves swiftly on its axis1 carrying the petals with it2 the plate revolves equally swiftly in the opposite direction4 ,within the spike are two globes and a long ovoid2 the spheres within the globe revolve as a cross2 within the ovoid are four spheres containing atoms arranged on tetrahedra1 and a central sphere with an axis of three atoms surrounded by a spinning wheel of six4 ,,lithium3 ,spike of #fc atoms #fc #h petals of #f atoms #dh ,central globe of #af atoms #af ---- ,total #abg ---- ,atomic weight #f4ih ,number weight #abg_/ah #g4je ,,potassium 7,plate ,,xix1 #b7 consists of nine radiating lithium spikes1 but has not petals2 its central globe contains one hundred and thirty-four atoms1 consisting of the nitrogen balloon1 encircled by six four-atomed spheres4 ,,potassium3 #i bars of #fc atoms #efg ,central globe #acd ---- ,total #gja ---- ,atomic weight #ch4id ,number weight #gja_/ah #ch4he 7,the weight1 as determined by ,richards ,nature1 ,july #ah1 #aijg is #ci4aad47 ,,rubidium3 7,plate ,,xix1 #c7 adds an ovoid1 containing three spheres--two triplets and a sextet--to the lithium spike1 of which it has sixteen1 and its central globe is composed of three balloons4 ,,rubidium3 #af spikes of #ge atoms #abjj ,central globe #ccj ---- ,total #aecj ---- ,atomic weight #hd4he ,number weight #aecj_/ah #he4jj ,the corresponding negative group consists only of fluorine and manganese1 so far as our investigations have gone4 ,,fluorine 7,plate ,,iv1 #c1 and ,plate ,,xvii1 #a7 is a most peculiar looking object like a projectile1 and gives one the impression of being ready to shoot off on the smallest provocation4 ,the eight spikes1 reversed funnels1 coming to a point1 are probably responsible for this warlike appearance4 ,the remainder of the body is occupied by two balloons4 ,,fluorine3 #h spikes of #ae atoms #abj #b balloons #bbj ---- ,total #cdj ---- ,atomic weight #ah4ij ,number weight #cdj_/ah #ah4hh ,,manganese 7,plate ,,xvii1 #b7 has fourteen spikes radiating from a central balloon4 ,,manganese3 #ad spikes of #fc atoms #hhb ,central balloon #aaj ---- ,total #iib ---- ,atomic weight #ed4eg ,number weight #iib_/ah #ee4aa 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ix4 ,we have now to consider the breaking up of the octahedral groups1 and more and more1 as we proceed1 do we find that the most complicated arrangements are reducible to simple elements which are already familiar4 ,,carbon 7,plate ,,iii1 #e1 and ,,xv1 #a74 ,illustration ,carbon is the typical octahedron1 and a clear understanding of this will enable us to follow easily the constitution and disintegration of the various members of these groups4 ,its appearance as a chemical atom is shown on ,plate ,,iii1 and see ,,xv1 #a4 ,on the proto level the chemical atom breaks up into four segments1 each consisting of a pair of funnels connected by a single atom2 this is the proto element which appears at the end of each arm of the cross in titanium and zirconium4 ,on the meta level the five six-atomed cigars show two neutral combinations1 and the truncated cigar of five atoms is also neutral2 the leaves yield two forms of triplet1 five different types being thus yielded by each pair of funnels1 exclusive of the linking atom4 ,the hyper level has triplets1 duads and units4 ,,titanium 7,plate ,,iii1 #f1 and ,,xv1 #b1 #c74 ,illustration ,on the proto level1 the cross breaks up completely1 setting free the pairs of funnels with the linking atom 7a and b71 as in carbon1 the four bodies marked c1 the twelve marked d1 and the central globe marked e4 ,the latter breaks up again1 setting free its five intersecting cigar-bearing tetrahedra1 which follow their usual course 7see ,occultum1 p4 #dd74 ,the eight-atomed body in the centre makes a ring of seven atoms round a central one1 like that in occultum 7see p4 #dd1 diagram ,b71 from which it only differs in having the central atom1 and breaks up similarly1 setting the central atom free4 ,the ovoid c sets free its four contained globes1 and the ovoid d sets free the three within it4 ,thus sixty-one proto elements are yielded by titanium4 ,on the meta level1 c 7titanium #c7 breaks up into star-like and cruciform bodies2 the component parts of these are easily followed2 on the hyper level1 of the four forms of triplets one behaves as in carbon1 and the others are shown1 a1 b and f2 the cruciform quintet yields a triplet and a duad1 c and d2 the tetrahedra yield two triplets g and h1 and two units2 the septet1 a triplet k and a quartet j4 ,on the meta level1 the bodies from d behave like their equivalents in sodium1 each d shows two quartets and a sextet1 breaking up1 on the hyper level1 into four duads and two triads4 ,,zirconium 7,plate ,,xv1 #b1 #e74 ,zirconium reproduces in its c the four forms that we have already followed in the corresponding c of titanium1 and as these are set free on the proto level1 and follow the same course on the meta and hyper levels1 we need not repeat them4 ,the central globe of zirconium c sets free its nine contained bodies2 eight of these are similar and are figured in the diagram2 it will be observed that the central body is the truncated cigar of carbon2 their behaviour on the meta and hyper levels is easily followed there4 ,the central sphere is also figured2 the cigar follows its usual course1 and its companions unite into a sextet and an octet4 ,the d ovoid liberates five bodies1 four of which we have already seen in titanium1 as the crosses and sextet of sodium1 and which are figured under titanium2 the four quartets within the larger globe also follow a sodium model1 and are given again4 ,,silicon 7,plate ,,xvi1 #a74 ,illustration ,in silicon1 the ovoids are set free from the funnels on the proto level1 and the truncated cigar1 playing the part of a leaf1 is also liberated4 ,this1 and the four cigars1 which escape from their ovoids1 pass along their usual course4 ,the quintet and quartet remain together1 and form a nine-atomed body on the meta level1 yielding a sextet and a triplet on the hyper4 ,,germanium 7,plate ,,xvi1 #b1 #d74 ,the central globe1 with its two cigar-bearing tetrahedra1 need not delay us2 the tetrahedra are set free and follow the occultum disintegration1 and the central four atoms is the sodium cross that we had in titanium4 ,the ovoids 7,,xvi1 #d7 are liberated on the proto level1 and the cigar1 as usual1 bursts its way through and goes along its accustomed path4 ,the others remain linked on the meta level1 and break up into two triangles and a quintet on the hyper4 ,,tin 7,plate ,,xvi1 #c1 #d74 ,here we have only the spike to consider1 as the funnels are the same as in germanium1 and the central globe is that of titanium1 omitting the eight atomed centre4 ,the cone of the spike we have had in silver 7see p4 #gbi1 ,may71 and it is set free on the proto level4 ,the spike1 as in zinc1 becomes a large sphere1 with the single septet in the centre1 the remaining six bodies circling round it on differing planes4 ,they break up as shown4 7,tin is ,sn47 ,,iron 7,plate ,,iv1 ,i1 and ,,xvii1 #c74 ,illustration ,we have already dealt with the affinities of this peculiar group1 and we shall see1 in the disintegration1 even more clearly1 the close relationships which exist according to the classification which we here follow4 ,the fourteen bars of iron break asunder on the proto level1 and each sets free its contents--a cone and three ovoids1 which as usual1 become spheres4 ,the twenty-eight-atomed cone becomes a four-sided figure1 and the ovoids show crystalline contents4 ,they break up1 on the meta level as shown in the diagram1 and are all reduced to triplets and duads on the hyper level4 ,,cobalt 7,plate ,,xvii1 #d74 ,the ovoids in cobalt are identical with those of iron2 the higher ovoids1 which replace the cone of iron1 show persistently the crystalline forms so noticeable throughout this group4 ,,nickel 7,plate ,,xvii1 #e74 ,the two additional atoms in a bar1 which alone separate nickel from cobalt1 are seen in the upper sphere of the central ovoid4 ,,ruthenium 7,plate ,,xviii1 #a74 ,the lower ovoids in ruthenium are identical in composition1 with those of iron1 cobalt and nickel and may be studied under ,iron4 ,the upper ones only differ by the addition of a triplet4 ,,rhodium 7,plate ,,xviii1 #b74 ,rhodium has a septet1 which is to be seen in the c of titanium 7see k in the titanium diagram7 and differs only in this from its group4 ,,palladium 7,plate ,,xviii1 #c74 ,in palladium this septet appears as the upper sphere in every ovoid of the upper ring4 ,,osmium 7,plate ,,xviii1 #d74 ,we have here no new constituents2 the ovoids are set free on the proto level and the contained globes on the meta1 all being of familiar forms4 ,the cigars1 as usual1 break free on the proto level1 and leave their ovoid with only four contained spheres1 which unite into two nine-atomed bodies as in silicon 7see above74 ,,iridium 7,plate ,,xviii1 #e47 ,the twenty-one-atomed cone of silver here reappears1 and its proceedings may be followed under that metal 7see diagram1 p4 #gbi1 ,may74 ,the remaining bodies call for no remark4 ,,platinum 7,plate ,,xviii1 #f74 ,again the silver cone is with us4 ,the remaining bodies are set free on the proto level1 and their contained spheres on the meta4 ,,lithium 7,plate ,,iv1 #b1 and ,,xix1 #a74 ,illustration ,here we have some new combinations1 which recur persistently in its allies4 ,the bodies a1 in ,plate ,,xix1 #a1 are at the top and bottom of the ellipse2 they come to right and left of it in the proto state1 and each makes a twelve-atomed body on the meta level4 ,the five bodies within the ellipse1 three monads and two sextets1 show two which we have had before3 d1 which behaves like the quintet and quartet in silicon1 after their junction1 and b1 which we have had in iron4 ,the two bodies c are a variant of the square-based pyramid1 one atom at the apex1 and two at each of the other angles4 ,the globe1 e1 is a new form1 the four tetrahedra of the proto level making a single twelve-atomed one on the meta4 ,the body a splits up into triplets on the hyper2 b and d follow their iron and silicon models2 c yields four duads and a unit2 e breaks into four quartets4 ,,potassium 7,plate ,,xix1 #b74 ,potassium repeats the lithium spike2 the central globe shows the nitrogen balloon1 which we already know1 and which is surrounded on the proto level with six tetrahedra1 which are set free on the meta and behave as in cobalt4 ,hence we have nothing new4 ,,rubidium 7,plate ,,xix1 #c74 ,again the lithium spike1 modified slightly by the introduction of an ovoid1 in place of the top sphere2 the forms here are somewhat unusual1 and the triangles of the sextet revolve round each other on the meta level2 all the triads break up on the hyper level into duads and units4 ,,fluorine 7,plate ,,iv1 #c1 and ,plate ,,xvii1 #a74 ,the reversed funnels of fluorine split asunder on the proto level1 and are set free1 the balloons also floating off independently4 ,the funnels1 as usual1 become spheres1 and on the meta level set free their contained bodies1 three quartets and a triplet from each of the eight4 ,the balloons disintegrate in the usual way4 ,,manganese 7,plate ,,xvii1 #b74 ,manganese offers us nothing new1 being composed of lithium spikes and nitrogen balloons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x4 ,,vi4--,,the ,,star ,,groups4 ,we have now reached the last of the groups as arranged on ,sir ,william ,crookes' lemniscates1 that forming the neutral column2 it is headed by helium1 which is sui generis4 ,the remainder are in the form of a flat star 7see ,plate ,,iv1 #d71 with a centre formed of five intersecting and cigar-bearing tetrahedra1 and six radiating arms4 ,ten of these have been observed1 five pairs in which the second member differs but slightly from the first2 they are3 ,neon1 ,meta-neon2 ,argon1 ,metargon2 ,krypton1 ,meta-krypton2 ,xenon1 ,meta-xenon2 ,kalon1 ,meta-kalon2 the last pair and the meta forms are not yet discovered by chemists4 ,these all show the presence of a periodic law2 taking an arm of the star in each of the five pairs1 we find the number of atoms to be as follows 3-- #dj #ii #bbd #cfc #dhi #dg #ajf #bca #cgj #dif ,it will be observed that the meta form in each case shows seven more atoms than its fellow4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,helium 7,plate ,,iii1 #e1 and ,plate ,,xx1 #a7 shows two cigar-bearing tetrahedra1 and two hydrogen triangles1 the tetrahedra revolving round an egg-shaped central body1 and the triangles spinning on their own axes while performing a similar revolution4 ,the whole has an attractively airy appearance1 as of a fairy element4 ,,helium3 ,two tetrahedra of #bd atoms #dh ,two triangles of #i atoms #ah ,central egg #f ---- ,total #gb ---- ,atomic weight #c4id ,number weight #gb_/ah #d4jj ,,neon 7,plate ,,xx1 #b and #f7 has six arms of the pattern shown in #b1 radiating from the central globe4 ,,neon3 ,six arms of #dj atoms #bdj ,central tetrahedra #abj ---- ,total #cfj ---- ,atomic weight #ai4ij ,number weight #cfj_/ah #bj4jj ,,meta-,,neon 7,plate ,,xx1 #c and #f7 differs from its comrade by the insertion of an additional atom in each of the groups included in the second body within its arm1 and substituting a seven-atomed group for one of the triplets in neon4 ,,meta-,,neon3 ,six arms of #dg atoms #bhb ,central tetrahedra #abj ---- ,total #djb ---- ,atomic weight ---- ,number weight #djb_/ah #bb4cc ,,argon 7,plate ,,xx1 #d1 #f and #g7 shows within its arms the b #fc which we met in nitrogen1 yttrium1 vanadium and niobium1 but not the balloon1 which we shall find with it in krypton and its congeners4 ,,argon3 ,six arms of #ii atoms #eid ,central tetrahedra #abj ---- ,total #gad ---- ,atomic weight #ci4fj ,number weight #gad_/ah #ci4ff ,,metargon 7,plate ,,xx1 #e1 #f and #g7 again shows only an additional seven atoms in each arm4 ,,metargon3 ,six arms of #ajf atoms #fcf ,central tetrahedra #abj ---- ,total #gef ---- ,atomic weight ---- ,number weight #gef_/ah #db ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,krypton 7,plate ,,xxi1 #a and #d1 and ,plate ,,xx1 #f and #g7 contains the nitrogen balloon1 elongated by its juxtaposition to b #fc4 ,the central tetrahedra appear as usual4 ,,krypton3 ,six arms of #bbd atoms #acdd ,central tetrahedra #abj ----- ,total #adfd ----- ,atomic weight #ha4bj ,number weight #adfd_/ah #ha4cc ,,meta-,,krypton differs only from krypton by the substitution of z for y in each arm of the star4 ,,meta-,,krypton3 ,six arms of #bca atoms #achf ,central tetrahedra #abj ----- ,total #aejf ----- ,atomic weight ----- ,number weight #aejf_/ah #hc4ff ,,xenon 7,plate ,,xxi1 #b and #d1 and ,plate ,,xx1 #f and #g7 has a peculiarity shared only by kalon1 that x and y are asymmetrical1 the centre of one having three atoms and the centre of the other two4 ,is this done in order to preserve the difference of seven from its comrade8 ,,xenon3 ,six arms of #cfc atoms #bagh ,central tetrahedra #abj ----- ,total #bbih ----- ,atomic weight #abg4aj ,number weight #bbih_/ah #abg4ff ,,meta-,,xenon differs from xenon only by the substitution of two z's for x and y4 ,,meta-,,xenon3 ,six arms of #cgj atoms #bbbj ,central tetrahedra #abj ----- ,total #bcdj ----- ,atomic weight ----- ,number weight #bcdj_/ah #acj ,,kalon 7,plate ,,xxi1 #c and #d1 and ,plate ,,xx1 #f and #g7 has a curious cone1 possessing a kind of tail which we have not observed elsewhere2 x and y show the same asymmetry as in xenon4 ,,kalon3 ,six arms of #dhi atoms #bicd ,central tetrahedra #abj ---- ,total #cjed ---- ,atomic weight ---- ,number weight #cjed_/ah #afi4ff ,,meta-,,kalon again substitutes two z's for x and y4 ,,meta-,,kalon3 ,six arms of #dif atoms #bigf ,central tetrahedra #abj ---- ,total #cjif ---- ,atomic weight ---- ,number weight #cjif_/ah #agb ,only a few atoms of kalon and meta-kalon have been found in the air of a fair-sized room4 ,it does not seem worth while to break up these elements1 for their component parts are so familiar4 ,the complicated groups--a #aaj1 b #fc and c #abj--;have all been fully dealt with in preceding pages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there remains now only radium1 of the elements which we have1 so far1 examined1 and that will be now described and will bring to an end this series of observations4 ,a piece of close and detailed work of this kind1 although necessarily imperfect1 will have its value in the future1 when science along its own lines shall have confirmed these researches4 ,it will have been observed that our weights1 obtained by counting1 are almost invariably slightly in excess of the orthodox ones3 it is interesting that in the latest report of the ,international ,commission 7,november #ac1 #aijg71 printed in the ,proceedings of the ,chemical ,society of ,london1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #cc1 and issued on ,january #be1 #aijh1 the weight of hydrogen is now taken at #a4jjh instead of at #a4 ,this would slightly raise all the orthodox weights2 thus aluminium rises from #bf4ia to #bg4a1 antimony from #aai4cd to #abj4b1 and so on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xi4 ,,radium4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,radium has the form of a tetrahedron1 and it is in the tetrahedral groups 7see article ,,iv7 that we shall find its nearest congeners2 calcium1 strontium1 chromium1 molybdenum resemble it most closely in general internal arrangements1 with additions from zinc and cadmium4 ,radium has a complex central sphere 7,plate ,,xxii71 extraordinarily vivid and living2 the whirling motion is so rapid that continued accurate observation is very difficult2 the sphere is more closely compacted than the centre-piece in other elements1 and is much larger in proportion to the funnels and spikes than is the case with the elements above named2 reference to ,plate ,,viii will show that in these the funnels are much larger than the centres1 whereas in radium the diameter of the sphere and the length of the funnel or spike are about equal4 ,its heart consists of a globe containing seven atoms1 which assume on the proto level the prismatic form shown in cadmium1 magnesium and selenium4 ,this globe is the centre of two crosses1 the arms of which show respectively three-atomed and two-atomed groups4 ,round this sphere are arranged1 as on radii1 twenty-four segments1 each containing five bodies--four quintets and a septet--and six loose atoms1 which float horizontally across the mouth of the segment2 the whole sphere has thus a kind of surface of atoms4 ,on the proto level these six atoms in each segment gather together and form a cigar4 ,in the rush of the streams presently to be described one of these atoms is occasionally torn away1 but is generally1 if not always1 replaced by the capture of another which is flung into the vacated space4 ,each of the four funnels opens1 as usual1 on one face of the tetrahedron1 and they resemble the funnels of strontium and molybdenum but contain three pillars instead of four 7,plate ,,xxiii74 ,they stand within the funnel as though at the angles of a triangle1 not side by side4 ,the contained bodies1 though numerous1 contain forms which are all familiar4 ,the spikes alternate with the funnels1 and point to the angles of the tetrahedron as in zinc and cadmium2 each spike contains three lithium spikes 7see ,plate ,,xix7 with a ten-atomed cone or cap at the top1 floating above the three 7,plate ,,xxiv74 ,the petals or cigars of lithium exist in the central globe in the floating atoms1 and the four-atomed groups which form the lithium plate may be seen in the funnels1 so that the whole of lithium appears in radium4 ,so much for its composition4 ,but a very peculiar result1 so far unobserved elsewhere1 arises from the extraordinarily rapid whirling of the central sphere4 ,a kind of vortex is formed1 and there is a constant and powerful indraught through the funnels4 ,by this1 particles are drawn in from without1 and these are swept round with the sphere1 their temperature becoming much raised1 and they are then violently shot out through the spikes4 ,it is these jets which occasionally sweep away an atom from the surface of the sphere4 ,these particles may be atoms1 or they may be bodies from any of the etheric levels2 in some cases these bodies break up and form new combinations4 ,in fact lithium seems like a kind of vortex of creative activity1 drawing in1 breaking up1 recombining1 shooting forth--a most extraordinary element4 ,,radium3 #d funnels of #fah atoms #bdgb #d spikes of #aii atoms #gif ,central sphere #hai ---- ,total #djhg ---- ,atomic weight ---- ,number weight #djhg_/ah #bbg4je ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,appendix4 ,,the ,,ther ,,of ,,space4 ,much discussion has taken place1 especially between physicists and chemists1 over the nature of the substances with which all space must1 according to scientific hypothesis1 be filled4 ,one side contends that it is infinitely thinner than the thinnest gas1 absolutely frictionless and without weight2 the other asserts that it is denser than the densest solid4 ,in this substance the ultimate atoms of matter are thought to float1 like motes in a sunbeam1 and light1 heat and electricity are supposed to be its vibrations4 ,theosophical investigators1 using methods not at the disposal of physical science1 have found that this hypothesis includes under one head two entirely different and widely separated sets of phenomena4 ,they have been able to deal with states of matter higher than the gaseous and have observed that it is by means of vibrations of this finer matter that light1 heat and electricity manifest themselves to us4 ,seeing that matter in these higher states thus performs the functions attributed to the ether of science1 they have 7perhaps unadvisedly7 called these states etheric1 and have thus left themselves without a convenient name for that substance which fulfils the other part of the scientific requirements4 ,let us for the moment name this substance koilon1 since it fills what we are in the habit of calling empty space4 ,what mlaprakrti1 or mother-matter1 is to the inconceivable totality of universes1 koilon is to our particular universe--not to our solar system merely but to the vast unit which includes all visible suns4 ,between koilon and mlaprakrti there must be various stages1 but we have at present no direct means of estimating their number or of knowing anything whatever about them4 ,in an ancient occult treatise1 however1 we read of a colorless spiritual fluid which exists everywhere and forms the first foundation on which our solar system is built4 ,outside the latter1 it is found in its pristine purity only between the stars suns of the universe4444 ,as its substance is of a different kind from that known on earth1 the inhabitants of the latter1 seeing through it1 believe1 in their illusion and ignorance1 that it is empty space4 ,there is not one finger's breadth of void space in the whole boundless universe4#ba ,the mother-substance is said1 in this treatise1 to produce this ther of space as its seventh grade of density1 and all objective suns are said to have this for their substance4 ,to any power of sight which we can bring to bear upon it1 this koilon appears to be homogeneous1 though it is probably nothing of the kind1 since homogeneity can belong to the mother-substance alone4 ,it is out of all proportion denser than any other substance known to us1 infinitely denser--if we may be pardoned the expression2 so much denser that it seems to belong to another type1 or order1 of density4 ,but now comes the startling part of the investigation3 we might expect matter to be a densification of this koilon2 it is nothing of the kind4 ,matter is not koilon1 but the absence of koilon1 and at first sight1 matter and space appear to have changed places1 and emptiness has become solidity1 solidity has become emptiness4 ,to help us to understand this clearly let us examine the ultimate atom of the physical plane 7see pp4 #ba-bc74 ,it is composed of ten rings or wires1 which lie side by side1 but never touch one another4 ,if one of these wires be taken away from the atom1 and be1 as it were1 untwisted from its peculiar spiral shape and laid out on a flat surface1 it will be seen that it is a complete circle--a tightly twisted endless coil4 ,this coil is itself a spiral containing #afhj turns2 it can be unwound1 and it will then make a much larger circle4 ,this process of unwinding may be again performed1 and a still bigger circle obtained1 and this can be repeated till the seven sets of spirill are all unwound1 and we have a huge circle of the tiniest imaginable dots1 like pearls threaded on an invisible string4 ,these dots are so inconceivably small that many millions of them are needed to make one ultimate physical atom1 and while the exact number is not readily ascertainable1 several different lines of calculation agree in indicating it as closely approximate to the almost inconceivable total of fourteen thousand millions4 ,where figures are so huge1 direct counting is obviously impossible1 but fortunately the different parts of the atom are sufficiently alike to enable us to make an estimate in which the margin of error is not likely to be very great4 ,the atom consists of ten wires1 which divide themselves naturally into two groups--the three which are thicker and more prominent1 and the seven thinner ones which correspond to the colors and planets4 ,these latter appear to be identical in constitution though the forces flowing through them must differ1 since each responds most readily to its own special set of vibrations4 ,by actual counting it has been discovered that the numbers of coils or spirill of the first order in each wire is #afhj2 and the proportion of the different orders of spirill to one another is equal in all cases that have been examined1 and correspond with the number of dots in the ultimate spirill of the lowest order4 ,the ordinary sevenfold rule works quite accurately with the thinner coils1 but there is a very curious variation with regard to the set of three4 ,as may be seen from the drawings1 these are obviously thicker and more prominent1 and this increase of size is produced by an augmentation 7so slight as to be barely perceptible7 in the proportion to one another of the different orders of spirill and in the number of dots in the lowest4 ,this augmentation1 amounting at present to not more than 4#jjegadbh of the whole of each case1 suggests the unexpected possibility that this portion of the atom may be somehow actually undergoing a change--may in fact be in process of growth1 as there is reason to suppose that these three thicker spirals originally resembled the others4 ,since observation shows us that each physical atom is represented by forty-nine astral atoms1 each astral atom by forty-nine mental atoms1 and each mental atom by forty-nine of those on the buddhic plane1 we have here evidently several terms of a regular progressive series1 and the natural presumption is that the series continues where we are no longer able to observe it4 ,further probability is lent to this assumption by the remarkable fact that--if we assume one dot to be what corresponds to an atom on the seventh or highest of our planes 7as is suggested in ,the ,ancient ,wisdom1 p4 #db7 and then suppose the law of multiplication to begin its operation1 so that #di dots shall form the atom of the next or sixth plane1 #bdja that of the fifth1 and so on--we find that the number indicated for the physical atom 7#dif7 corresponds almost exactly with the calculation based upon the actual counting of the coils4 ,indeed1 it seems probable that but for the slight growth of the three thicker wires of the atom the correspondence would have been perfect4 ,it must be noted that a physical atom cannot be directly broken up into astral atoms4 ,if the unit of force which whirls those millions of dots into the complicated shape of a physical atom be pressed back by an effort of will over the threshold of the astral plane1 the atom disappears instantly1 for the dots are released4 ,but the same unit of force1 working now upon a higher level1 expresses itself not through one astral atom1 but through a group of #di4 ,if the process of pressing back the unit of force is repeated1 so that it energises upon the mental plane1 we find the group there enlarged to the number of #bdja of those higher atoms4 ,upon the buddhic plane the number of atoms formed by the same amount of force is very much greater still--probably the cube of #di instead of the square1 though they have not been actually counted4 ,therefore one physical atom is not composed of forty-nine astral or #bdja mental atoms1 but corresponds to them1 in the sense that the force which manifests through it would show itself on those higher planes by energising respectively those numbers of atoms4 ,the dots1 or beads1 seem to be the constituents of all matter of which we1 at present1 know anything2 astral1 mental and buddhic atoms are built of them1 so we may fairly regard them as fundamental units1 the basis of matter4 ,these units are all alike1 spherical and absolutely simple in construction4 ,though they are the basis of all matter1 they are not themselves matter2 they are not blocks but bubbles4 ,they do not resemble bubbles floating in the air1 which consist of a thin film of water separating the air within them from the air outside1 so that the film has both an outer and an inner surface4 ,their analogy is rather with the bubbles that we see rising in water1 before they reach the surface1 bubbles which may be said to have only one surface--that of the water which is pushed back by the contained air4 ,just as such bubbles are not water1 but are precisely the spots from which water is absent1 so these units are not koilon1 but the absence of koilon--the only spots where it is not--specks of nothingness floating in it1 so to speak1 for the interior of these space-bubbles is an absolute void to the highest power of vision that we can turn upon them4 ,that is the startling1 well-nigh incredible1 fact4 ,matter is nothingness1 the space obtained by pressing back an infinitely dense substance2 ,fohat digs holes in space of a verity1 and the holes are the airy nothingnesses1 the bubbles1 of which solid universes are built4 ,what are they1 then1 these bubbles1 or rather1 what is their content1 the force which can blow bubbles in a substance of infinite density8 ,the ancients called that force the ,breath1 a graphic symbol1 which seems to imply that they who used it had seen the kosmic process1 had seen the ,,logos when ,he breathed into the waters of space1 and made the bubbles which build universes4 ,scientists may call this ,force by what names they will--names are nothing2 to us1 ,theosophists1 it is the ,breath of the ,,logos1 we know not whether of the ,,logos of this solar system or of a yet mightier ,being2 the latter would seem the more likely1 since in the above-quoted occult treatise all visible suns are said to have this as their substance4 ,the ,breath of the ,,logos1 then1 is the force which fills these spaces2 ,his the force which holds them open against the tremendous pressure of the koilon2 they are full of ,his ,life1 of ,himself1 and everything we call matter1 on however high or low a plane1 is instinct with divinity2 these units of force1 of life1 the bricks with which ,he builds ,his universe1 are ,his very life scattered through space2 truly is it written3 ,i established this universe with a portion of myself4 ,and when ,he draws in ,his breath1 the waters of space will close in again1 and the universe will have disappeared4 ,it is only a breath4 ,the outbreathing which makes these bubbles is quite distinct from1 and long antecedent to1 the three outpourings1 or ,life-,waves1 so familiar to the theosophical student4 ,the first ,life-,wave catches up these bubbles1 and whirls them into the various arrangements which we call the atoms of the several planes1 and aggregates them into the molecules1 and on the physical plane into the chemical elements4 ,the worlds are built out of these voids1 these emptinesses1 which seem to us nothing but are divine force4 ,it is matter made from the privation of matter4 ,how true were ,h4,p4,b4's statements in ,the ,secret ,doctrine3 ,matter is nothing but an aggregation of atomic forces 7iii1 #cih72 ,buddha taught that the primitive substance is eternal and unchangeable4 ,its vehicle is the pure luminous ther1 the boundless infinite space1 not a void1 resulting from the absence of all forms1 but on the contrary1 the foundation of all forms 7iii1 #djb74 ,how vividly1 how unmistakably this knowledge brings home to us the great doctrine of ,my1 the transitoriness and unreality of earthly things1 the utterly deceptive nature of appearances6 ,when the candidate for initiation sees 7not merely believes1 remember1 but actually sees7 that what has always before seemed to him empty space is in reality a solid mass of inconceivable density1 and that the matter which has appeared to be the one tangible and certain basis of things is not only by comparison tenuous as gossamer 7the web spun by ,father-,mother71 but is actually composed of emptiness and nothingness--is itself the very negation of matter--then for the first time he thoroughly appreciates the valuelessness of the physical senses as guides to the truth4 ,yet even more clearly still stands out the glorious certainty of the immanence of the ,divine2 not only is everything ensouled by the ,,logos1 but even its visible manifestation is literally part of ,him1 is built of ,his very substance1 so that ,matter as well as ,spirit becomes sacred to the student who really understands4 ,the koilon in which all these bubbles are formed undoubtedly represents a part1 and perhaps the principal part1 of what science describes as the luminiferous ther4 ,whether it is actually the bearer of the vibrations of light and heat through interplanetary space is as yet undetermined4 ,it is certain that these vibrations impinge upon and are perceptible to our bodily senses only through the etheric matter of the physical plane4 ,but this by no means proves that they are conveyed through space in the same manner1 for we know very little of the extent to which the physical etheric matter exists in interplanetary and interstellar space1 though the examination of meteoric matter and kosmic dust shows that at least some of it is scattered there4 ,the scientific theory is that the ther has some quality which enables it to transmit at a certain definite velocity transverse waves of all lengths and intensities--that velocity being what is commonly called the speed of light1 #aij1jjj miles per second4 ,quite probably this may be true of koilon1 and if so it must also be capable of communicating those waves to bubbles or aggregations of bubbles1 and before the light can reach our eyes there must be a downward transference from plane to plane similar to that taking place when a thought awakens emotion or causes action4 ,in a recent pamphlet on ,the ,density of ther1 ,sir ,oliver ,lodge remarks3-- ,just as the ratio of mass to volume is small in the case of a solar system or a nebula or a cobweb1 ,i have been driven to think that the observed mechanical density of matter is probably an excessively small fraction of the total density of the substance or ther contained in the space which it thus partially occupies--the substance of which it may hypothetically be held to be composed4 ,thus1 for instance1 consider a mass of platinum1 and assume that its atoms are composed of electrons1 or of some structures not wholly dissimilar3 the space which these bodies actually fill1 as compared with the whole space which in a sense they 'occupy1' is comparable to one ten-millionth of the whole1 even inside each atom2 and the fraction is still smaller if it refers to the visible mass4 ,so that a kind of minimum estimate of therial density1 on this basis1 would be something like ten thousand million times that of platinum4 ,and further on he adds that this density may well turn out to be fifty thousand million times that of platinum4 ,the densest matter known1 he says1 is trivial and gossamer-like compared with the unmodified ther in the same space4 ,incredible as this seems to our ordinary ideas1 it is undoubtedly an understatement rather than an exaggeration of the true proportion as observed in the case of koilon4 ,we shall understand how this can be so if we remember that koilon seems absolutely homogeneous and solid even when examined by a power of magnification which makes physical atoms appear in size and arrangement like cottages scattered over a lonely moor1 and when we further add to this the recollection that the bubbles of which these atoms in turn are composed are themselves what may be not inaptly called fragments of nothingness4 ,in the same pamphlet ,sir ,oliver ,lodge makes a very striking estimate of the intrinsic energy of the ther4 ,he says3 ,the total output of a million-kilowatt power station for thirty million years exists permanently1 and at present inaccessibly in every cubic millimetre of space4 ,here again he is probably underestimating the stupendous truth4 ,it may naturally be asked how1 if all this be so1 it is possible that we can move about freely in a solid ten thousand million times denser1 as ,sir ,oliver ,lodge says1 than platinum4 ,the obvious answer is that1 where densities differ sufficiently1 they can move through each other with perfect freedom2 water or air can pass through cloth2 air can pass through water2 an astral form passes unconsciously through a physical wall1 or through an ordinary human body2 many of us have seen an astral form walk through a physical1 neither being conscious of the passage2 it does not matter whether we say that a ghost has passed through a wall1 or a wall has passed through a ghost4 ,a gnome passes freely through a rock1 and walks about within the earth1 as comfortably as we walk about in the air4 ,a deeper answer is that consciousness can recognize only consciousness1 that since we are of the nature of the ,,logos we can sense only those things which are also of ,his nature4 ,these bubbles are ,his essence1 ,his life1 and1 therefore1 we1 who also are part of ,him1 can see the matter which is built of his substance1 for all forms are but manifestations of ,him4 ,the koilon is to us non-manifestation1 because we have not unfolded powers which enable us to cognise it1 and it may be the manifestation of a loftier order of ,,logoi1 utterly beyond our ken4 ,as none of our investigators can raise his consciousness to the highest plane of our universe1 the di-tattva plane1 it may be of interest to explain how it is possible for them to see what may very probably be the atom of that plane4 ,that this may be understood it is essential to remember that the power of magnification by means of which these experiments are conducted is quite apart from the faculty of functioning upon one or other of the planes4 ,the latter is the result of a slow and gradual unfoldment of the ,self1 while the former is merely a special development of one of the many powers latent in man4 ,all the planes are round us here1 just as much as any other point in space1 and if a man sharpens his sight until he can see their tiniest atoms he can make a study of them1 even though he may as yet be far from the level necessary to enable him to understand and function upon the higher planes as a whole1 or to come into touch with the glorious ,intelligences who gather those atoms into vehicles for ,themselves4 ,a partial analogy may be found in the position of the astronomer with regard to the stellar universe1 or let us say the ,milky ,way4 ,he can observe its constituent parts and learn a good deal about them along various lines1 but it is absolutely impossible for him to see it as a whole from outside1 or to form any certain conception of its true shape1 and to know what it really is4 ,suppose that the universe is1 as many of the ancients thought1 some inconceivably vast ,being1 it is utterly impossible for us1 here in the midst of it1 to know what that ,being is or is doing1 for that would mean raising ourselves to a height comparable with ,his2 but we may make extensive and detailed examination of such particles of ,his body as happen to be within our reach1 for that means only the patient use of powers and machinery already at our command4 ,let it not be supposed that1 in thus unfolding a little more of the wonders of ,divine ,truth by pushing our investigations to the very farthest point at present possible to us1 we in any way alter or modify all that has been written in theosophical books of the shape and constitution of the physical atom1 and of the wonderful and orderly arrangements by which it is grouped into the various chemical molecules2 all this remains entirely unaffected4 ,nor is any change introduced as regards the three outpourings from the ,,logos1 and the marvellous facility with which the matter of the various planes is by them moulded into forms for the service of the evolving life4 ,but if we wish to have a right view of the realities underlying manifestation in this universe1 we must to a considerable extent reverse the ordinary conception as to what this matter essentially is4 ,instead of thinking of its ultimate constituents as solid specks floating in a void1 we must realise that it is the apparent void itself which is solid1 and that the specks are but bubbles on it4 ,that fact once grasped1 all the rest remains as before4 ,the relative position of what we have hitherto called matter and force is still for us the same as ever2 it is only that1 on closer examination1 both of these conceptions prove to be variants of force1 the one ensouling combinations of the other1 and the real matter1 koilon1 is seen to be something which has hitherto been altogether outside our scheme of thought4 ,in view of this marvellous distribution of ,himself in space1 the familiar concept of the sacrifice of the ,,logos takes on a new depth and splendour2 this is ,his dying in matter1 ,his perpetual sacrifice1 and it may be the very glory of the ,,logos that ,he can sacrifice ,himself to the uttermost by thus permeating and making ,himself one with that portion of koilon which ,he chooses as the field of ,his universe4 ,what koilon is1 what its origin1 whether it is itself changed by the ,divine ,breath which is poured into it--does ,dark ,space thus become ,bright ,space at the beginning of a manifestation8--these are questions to which we cannot at present even indicate answers4 ,perchance an intelligent study of the great ,scriptures of the world may yield replies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes #a ,see footnote in next ,chapter4 #b ,the drawings of the elements were done by two ,theosophical artists1 ,herr ,hecker and ,mrs4 ,kirby1 whom we sincerely thank2 the diagrams1 showing the details of the construction of each element1 we owe to the most painstaking labour of ,mr4 ,jinarjadsa1 without whose aid it would have been impossible for us to have presented clearly and definitely the complicated arrangements by which the chemical elements are built up4 ,we have also to thank him for a number of most useful notes1 implying much careful research1 which are incorporated in the present series1 and without which we could not have written these papers4 #c ,the atomic sub-plane4 #d ,the astral plane4 #e ,known to ,theosophists as ,fohat1 the force of which all the physical plane forces--electricities--are differentiations4 #f ,when ,fohat digs holes in space4 #g ,the first life-wave1 the work of the third ,logos4 #h ,a my1 truly4 #i ,by a certain action of the will1 known to students1 it is possible to make such a space by pressing back and walling off the matter of space4 #aj ,again the astral world4 #aa ,each spirilla is animated by the life-force of a plane1 and four are at present normally active1 one for each round4 ,their activity in an individual may be prematurely forced by yoga practice4 #ab ,the ten numbers of the sun4 ,these are called ,dis--in reality space--the forces spread in space1 three of which are contained in the ,sun's ,atman1 or seventh principle1 and seven are the rays shot out by the ,sun4 ,the atom is a sun in miniature in its own universe of the inconceivably minute4 ,each of the seven whorls is connected with one of the ,planetary ,logoi1 so that each ,planetary ,logos has a direct influence playing on the very matter of which all things are constructed4 ,it may be supposed that the three1 conveying electricity1 a differentiation of ,fohat1 are related to the ,solar ,logoi4 #ac ,the action of electricity opens up ground of large extent1 and cannot be dealt with here4 ,does it act on the atoms themselves1 or on molecules1 or sometimes on one and sometimes on the other8 ,in soft iron1 for instance1 are the internal arrangements of the chemical atom forcibly distorted1 and do they elastically return to their original relations when released8 and in steel is the distortion permanent8 ,in all the diagrams the heart-shaped body1 exaggerated to show the depression caused by the inflow and the point caused by the outflow1 is a single atom4 #ad ,these sub-planes are familiar to the ,theosophist as gaseous1 etheric1 super-etheric1 sub-atomic1 atomic2 or as ,gas1 ,ether #d1 ,ether #c1 ,ether #b1 ,ether #a4 #ae ,it must be remembered that the diagrams represent three-dimensional objects1 and the atoms are not all on a plane1 necessarily4 #af ,that is1 the surrounding magnetic fields strike on each other4 #ag ,the fifth member of this group was not sought for4 #ah ,this1 with references which appear later 7pp4 #cb1 #cc1 #ej1 etc471 relates to articles which appeared in the ,theosophist1 #aijh4 #ai ,since writing the above ,i have noticed1 in the ,london1 ,edinburgh and ,dublin ,philosophical ,magazine and ,journal of ,science1 conducted by ,dr4 ,john ,joly and ,mr4 ,william ,francis1 in an article entitled ,evolution and ,devolution of the ,elements1 the statement that it is probable that in the nebulous state of matter there are four substances1 the first two being unknown upon earth1 the third being hydrogen and the fourth 444 helium4 ,it also seems probable that 444 hydrogen1 the two unknown elements1 and helium are the four original elements from which all the other elements form4 ,to distinguish them from the others we will term them protons4 ,this is suggestive as regards hydrogen1 but does not help us with regard to oxygen and nitrogen4 #bj ,theosophists call them ,nature-,spirits1 and often use the medival term ,elementals4 ,beings concerned with the elements truly are they1 even with chemical elements4 #ba ,quoted in ,the ,secret ,doctrine4 ,h4,p4 ,blavatsky1 i1 #cji4