file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #afjee-;h4htm or #afjee-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ f_/j_/e_/afjee_/afjee-;h_/#afjee-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ f_/j_/e_/afjee_/afjee-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through the ,posner ,memorial ,collection4 ,see http3_/_/posner4library4cmu4edu_/,posner _/books_/book4cgi8call#eec,k#if,s#aiaf ,,shakespeare ,,and ,,precious ,,stones by ,,george ,,frederick ,,kunz1 ,ph4,d41 ,a4,m41 ,d4,sc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,curious ,,lore ,,of ,,precious ,,stones ,being a description of their sentiments and folklore1 superstitions1 symbolism1 mysticism1 use in protection1 prevention1 religion and divination1 crystal gazing1 birth-stones1 lucky stones and talismans1 astral1 zodiacal1 and planetary4 ,,the ,,magic ,,of ,,jewels ,,and ,,charms ,magic jewels and electric gems2 meteorites or celestial stones2 stones of healing2 fabulous stones1 concretions and fossils2 snake stones and bezoars2 charms of ancient and modern times2 facts and fancies about precious stones4 ,,each3 ,profusely illustrated in color1 doubletone and line4 ,octavo4 ,handsome cloth binding1 gilt top1 in a box4 #f4jj net4 ,carriage charges extra4 ,,shakespeare ,,and ,,precious ,,stones ,treating of the known references to precious stones in ,shakespeare's works1 with comments as to the origin of his material1 the knowledge of the poet concerning precious stones and references as to where the precious stones of his time came from4 ,four illustrations4 ,square ,octavo4 ,decorated cloth4 #a4be net4 ,,mr4 ,,william ,,shakespeares ,,comedies1 ,,histories1 ,,tragedies ,published according to the ,true ,originall ,copies ,illustration3 ,,william ,,shakespeare ,engraved by ,martin ,droeshout for the ,first ,folio of #afbc1 wherein the plays were first assembled4 ,reproduced from a copy of this ,folio owned by the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,the original measures #g-a_/b x #ac in41 or #bj x #cc cm4 ,,london ,printed by ,isaac ,laggard1 and ,ed4 ,blount4 #afbc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,shakespeare ,,and ,,precious ,,stones ,treating of ,the ,known ,references of ,precious ,stones in ,shakespeare's ,works1 with ,comments as to the ,origin of ,his ,material1 the ,knowledge of the ,poet ,concerning ,precious ,stones1 and ,references as to ,where the ,precious ,stones of ,his ,time ,came from ,the ,author ,,george ,,frederick ,,kunz ,,ph4,d41 ,sc4,d41 ,a4,m4 ,honorary ,president of the ,shakespeare ,garden ,committee of ,new ,york ,city2 ,vice ,president of the ,permanent ,shakespeare ,birthday ,committee of the ,city of ,new ,york2 ,member of the ,executive ,committee of the ,new ,york ,city ,tercentenary ,celebration2 ,member of the ,mayor's ,shakespeare ,celebration ,committee of ,new ,york4 ,with ,illustrations ,philadelphia ,london ,imprinted ,by ,j4,b4 ,lippincott ,company ,at the ,washington ,square ,press ,upon the ,tercentenary of ,shakespeare #aiaf ,,to ,,ruby1 ,,my ,,daughter1 ,,whose ,,mother1 ,,sophia ,,handforth ,,was ,,born ,,in ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,shakespeare1 ,,and ,,to ,,ruby',s ,,daughter1 ,,gretel1 7,,the ,,pearl71 ,,this ,,volume ,,is ,,lovingly ,,dedicated ,,foreword ,as no writer has made a more beautiful and telling use of precious stones in his verse than did ,shakespeare1 the author believed that if these references could be gathered together for comparison and for quotation1 and if this were done from authentic and early editions of the great dramatist-poet's works1 it would give the literary and historical student a better understanding as to what gems were used in ,shakespeare's time1 and in what terms he referred to them4 ,this has been done here1 and comparisons are made with the precious stones of the present time1 showing what mines were known and gems were worn in ,shakespeare's day1 and also something of those that were not known then1 but are known at this time4 ,the reader is also provided with a few important data serving to show what could have been the sources of the poet's knowledge regarding precious stones and whence were derived those which he may have seen or of which he may have heard4 ,as in this period the beauty of a jewel depended as much1 or more1 upon the elaborate setting as upon the purity and brilliancy of the gems1 the author has given some information regarding the leading goldsmith-jewellers1 both ,english and ,french1 of ,shakespeare's age4 ,thus the reader will find1 besides the very full references to the poet's words and clear directions as to where all the passages can be located in the ,first ,folio of #afbc1 much material that will stimulate an interest in the subject and promote further independent research4 ,the author wishes to express his thanks to ,dr4 ,appleton ,morgan1 ,president of the ,shakespeare ,society of ,new ,york2 ,miss ,h4,c4 ,bartlett1 the ,shakespearean bibliophile2 the ,new ,york ,public ,library and ,h4,m4 ,leydenberg1 assistant there2 ,gardner ,c4 ,teall2 ,frederic ,w4 ,erb1 assistant librarian of ,columbia ,university2 the ,council of the ,grolier ,club1 ,miss ,ruth ,s4 ,granniss1 librarian of the ,club1 and ,vechten ,waring1 all of ,new ,york ,city4 ,g4,f4,k4 ,,new ,,york ,april1 #aiaf ,,contents ,,shakespeare ,,and ,,precious ,,stones ,,precious ,,stones ,,mentioned ,,in ,,the ,,plays ,,of ,,shakespeare ,,precious ,,stones ,,mentioned ,,in ,,the ,,poems ,,of ,,shakespeare ,,illustrations ,,william ,,shakespeare 7,,engraved ,,by ,,martin ,,droeshout7 ,frontispiece ,,five ,,of ,,the ,,six ,,authentic ,,shakespeare ,,signatures ,,diamond ,,cutter',s ,,shop1 ,,eighteenth ,,century ,,from ,a ,,portrait ,,of ,,queen ,,elizabeth ,,printer',s ,,mark ,,of ,,richard ,,field ,,shakespeare ,,and ,,precious ,,stones ,so wide is the range of the immortal verse of ,shakespeare1 and so many and various are the subjects he touched upon and adorned with the magic beauty of his poetic imagery1 that it will be of great interest to refer to the allusions to gems and precious stones in his plays and poems4 ,these allusions are all given in the latter part of this volume4 ,what can we learn from them of ,shakespeare's knowledge of the source1 quality1 and use of these precious stones8 ,the great favor that pearls enjoyed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is1 as we see1 reflected by the frequency with which he speaks of them1 and the different passages reveal in several instances a knowledge of the ancient tales of their formation and principal source4 ,thus1 in ,troilus and ,cressida 7,act i1 sc4 #a7 he writes3 ,her bed is ,india2 there she lies1 a pearl2 and ,pliny's tales of the pearl's origin from dew are glanced at indirectly when he says3 ,the liquid drops of tears that you have shed ,shall come again1 transform'd to orient pearl4 ,richard ,,iii1 ,act iv1 sc4 #d4 ,first ,folio1 ,histories1 p4 #aih1 col4 ,a1 line #ag4 ,this is undoubtedly the reason for the comparison between pearls and tears1 leading to the ,german proverb1 ,perlen bedeuten ,traenen 7,pearls mean tears71 which was then taken to signify that pearls portended tears1 instead of that they were the offspring of drops of liquid4 ,the world-famed pearl of ,cleopatra1 which she drank after dissolving it1 so as to win her wager with ,antony that she would entertain him with a banquet costing a certain immense sum of money1 is not even noticed1 however1 in ,shakespeare's ,antony and ,cleopatra4 ,in the poet's time pearls were not only worn as jewels1 but were extensively used in embroidering rich garments and upholstery and for the adornment of harnesses4 ,to this ,shakespeare alludes in the following passages3 ,the intertissued robe of gold and pearl4 ,henry ,v1 ,act iv1 sc4 #a4 ,first ,folio1 ,histories1 p4 #he 7page number repeated71 col4 ,b1 line #ac4 ,their harness studded all with gold and pearl4 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,introd41 sc4 #b4 ,comedies1 p4 #bji1 col4 ,b1 line #cc4 ,fine linen1 ,turkey cushions boss'd with pearl4 ,ibid41 ,act ii1 sc4 #a4 ,comedies1 p4 #bag1 col4 ,b1 line #cb4 ,laced with silver1 set with pearls4 ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing1 ,act iii1 sc4 #d4 ,comedies1 p4 #aab1 col4 ,b1 line #fe4 ,moreover1 we have a simile which might almost make us suppose that ,shakespeare knew something of the details of the pearl fisheries1 when the oysters are piled up on shore and allowed to decompose1 so as to render it easier to get at the pearls1 for he makes one of his characters say1 speaking of an honest man in a poor dwelling1 that he was like a pearl in your foul oyster4 7,as ,you ,like ,it1 ,act v1 sc4 #d47 ,in the strange transformation told of in ,ariel's song1 the bones of the drowned man have been turned to coral1 and his eyes to pearls 7,tempest1 ,act i1 sc4 #b74 ,the strange and sometimes morbid attraction of opposites finds expression in a queer old ,english proverbial saying given in the ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona3 ,black men are pearls in beauteous ladies' eyes4 ,the likeness to drops of dew appears where we read of the dew that it was ,decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass 7,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act i1 sc4 #a71 and a little later in the same play we read the following injunction3 ,i most go seek some dewdrops here ,and hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear4 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a4 ,first ,folio1 ,comedies1 p4 #adh1 col4 ,a1 line #ch4 ,and later still we have the lines3 ,that same dew1 which sometime on the buds ,was wont to swell like round and orient pearls4 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act iv1 sc4 #a4 ,comedies1 p4 #aeg1 col4 ,b1 line #aj4 ,the pearl as a simile for great and transcendent value1 perhaps suggested by the ,pearl of ,great ,price of the ,gospel1 is used of ,helen of ,greece in the lines 7,troilus and ,cressida1 ,act ii1 sc4 #b73 ,she is a pearl ,whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships4 ,at end of ,histories1 page unnumbered 7p4 #eif of facsimile71 ,col4 ,a1 line #ai4 ,this being an allusion to the ,greek fleet sent out under ,agamemnon and ,menelaus to bring back the truant wife from ,troy4 ,the idea of a supremely valuable pearl is also apparent in the lines embraced in ,othello's last words before his self-immolation as an expiation of the murder of ,desdemona1 where he says of himself3#a ,whose hand ,like the base ,indian1 threw a pearl away ,richer than all his tribe4 ,othello1 ,act v1 sc4 #b4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cch1 col4 ,b1 line #ec4 ,footnote #a3 ,for a ,venetian tale that may have suggested these lines to ,shakespeare1 see the present writer's ,the ,magic of ,jewels and ,charms1 ,philadelphia and ,london1 #aiae1 p4 #cic4 ,the text of the ,first ,folio gives ,iudean1 instead of ,indian4 ,although the term ,orient pearl is that used by ,shakespeare1 and undoubtedly many of the older pearls of his day were really of ,cinghalese or ,persian origin1 the principal source of supply was then the ,panama fishery discovered by the ,spaniards about a century earlier and actively exploited by them4#b ,however1 through the old inventories made by experts familiar with the real sources of precious stones and pearls--though not always correctly with those of the latter--the term ,orient pearl came in time to denote one of fine hue1 so that the orient of a pearl is still spoken of as signifying a sheen of the first quality4 ,footnote #b3 ,on the pearls brought to ,europe from both ,north and ,south ,america in ,shakespeare's time1 see the writer's ,gems and ,precious ,stones of ,north ,america1 ,new ,york1 #ahij1 pp4 #bdj-beg2 #b;d4 ed41 #ahib4 ,many fine pearls of the fresh-water variety1 not the marine pearls1 were found in the ,scotch rivers4 ,it was these that are mentioned as having been obtained by ,julius ,caesar to ornament a buckler which he dedicated to the shrine of the ,temple of ,venus ,genetrix4 ,it was also this type of pearl that was so eagerly sought by the late ,queen ,victoria when she visited ,scotland4 ,many of these pearls exist in old1 especially in ecclesiastical jewelry1 and several are in the ,ashburnham missal now in the ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan library4#c ,footnote #c3 ,see ,the ,book of the ,pearl1 by ,george ,frederick ,kunz and ,charles ,hugh ,stevenson1 ,new ,york1 #aijh1 colored plate opposite p4 #af4 ,of the glowing ruby ,shakespeare seems to have known little1 since he uses its name only in the conventional way to signify a bright or choice shade of red4 ,in ,measure for ,measure 7,act ii1 sc4 #d7 the impression of keen whips produced ruby streaks on the skin2 even more materialistic is the nose all o'er embellished with rubies1 carbuncles and sapphires 7,comedy of ,errors1 ,act iii1 sc4 #b74 ,the common employment of the designation carbuncle for a precious stone and also for a boil was usual from ancient times4 ,at least1 we might gather from this passage that the poet was aware of the distinction between ruby and carbuncle 7pyrope garnet74 ,rubies as fairy favors is a dainty mention in the fairy drama ,midsummer ,night's ,dream 7,act ii1 sc4 #a74 ,caesar's wounds ope their ruby lips 7,julius ,caesar1 ,act iii1 sc4 #a74 ,macbeth speaks of the natural ruby of your cheeks1 in addressing his wife at the apparition of ,banquo's ghost2 with her this is unchanged1 while with him terror or remorse has blanched it 7,macbeth1 ,act iii1 sc4 #d74 ,lastly1 the term ruby lips1 so often used by poets1 is employed by ,shakespeare with consummate art in ,cymbeline 7,act ii1 sc4 #b7 where he writes3 ,but kiss2 one kiss6 ,rubies unparagon'd1 ,how dearly they do't4 ,first ,folio1 ,tragedies1 p4 #cgf1 col4 ,b1 line #ah4 ,the rubies of the poet's time were frequently ruby spinels1 or the so-called balas rubies from ,badakshan1 in ,afghan ,turkestan4 ,the most noted one in the ,england of that period was probably the one said to have been given to ,edward the ,black ,prince by ,pedro the ,cruel of ,castile1 after the battle of ,najera1 in #acfg1 and now the most prized adornment of the ,english ,crown1 excepting the great historic diamond1 the ,koh-i-nur4 ,the immense ,star of ,south ,africa1 weighing #eca metric carats1 five times the weight of the ,koh-i-nur1 is intrinsically worth much more1 but lacks the manifold dramatic and historic associations of its ,indian sister4 ,strange to say1 the beautiful sapphire is only twice named by ,shakespeare1 once as an adjunct to the pearl in embroidery 7,merry ,wives of ,windsor1 ,act v1 sc4 #e74 ,the single mention of chrysolite is much more impressive3 ,if heaven would make me such another world1 ,of one entire and perfect chrysolite6 ,othello1 ,act v1 sc4 #b4 ,tragedies1 p4 #ccg1 col4 ,a1 line #e4 ,chrysolite 7peridot1 or olivine7 was regarded in ,shakespeare's time and earlier as of exceptional rarity4 ,the fine peridots of the ,chapel of the ,three ,kings in ,cologne ,cathedral were believed to be emeralds of extraordinary size and were once valued at #ae1jjj1jjj1 although they are really worth barely #ajj1jjj2 some of them are more than an inch in diameter4 ,whence they came is uncertain1 but it is probable that they were brought from the ,east at some time during the ,crusades4 ,indeed the origin of the fine peridots of the ,middle ,ages is shrouded in mystery2 they are1 however1 believed to have been found in one or more of the islands in the ,red ,sea4 ,in our day a number of specimens have been discovered on the small island of ,st4 ,john in that sea2 the deposit here is a jealously-guarded monopoly of the ,egyptian ,government4 ,peridots have also been found at ,spyrget ,island1 in the ,arabian ,gulf4 ,the most remarkable source of gem-material of this stone is meteoric1 a few gems weighing as much as a carat each having been cut out of some yellowish-green peridot obtained by the writer from the meteoric iron of ,glorieta ,mountain1 ,new ,mexico4 ,that a turquoise1 presumably set in a ring1 was given to ,shylock by ,leah before their marriage1 perhaps at their betrothal1 is all that ,shakespeare has found occasion to write of this pretty stone1 one of the earliest used for adornment in the world's history1 as the great mines of ,nishapur1 in ,persia1 and those of the ,sinai ,peninsula were worked at a very early time1 the latter by the ,egyptians as far back as #djjj ,b4,c4 ,with the opal1 the poet has seized upon its most characteristic quality1 its changeableness of hue1 where he says in ,twelfth ,night 7,act ii1 sc4 #d73 ,thy mind is a very opal4 ,a luminous ring is poetically described in one of ,shakespeare's earliest plays1 ,titus ,andronicus1 written in or about #aeij4 ,the lines referring to the ring are highly expressive4 ,after the murder of ,bassianus1 ,martius searches in the depths of a dark pit for the dead body1 and suddenly cries out to his companion ,quintus that he has discovered the bloody corpse4 ,as the interior of the pit is pitch dark1 ,quintus can scarcely believe what he hears1 and he asks ,martius how the latter could possibly see what he has described4 ,the answer is given in the following lines3 ,upon his bloody finger he doth wear ,a precious ring1 that lightens all the hole1 ,which1 like a taper in some monument1 ,doth shine upon the dead man's earthy cheeks1 ,and shows the ragged entrails of the pit4 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,act ii1 sc4 #c4 ,first ,folio1 ,tragedies1 p4 #ch1 col4 ,b1 lines #ec-eg4 ,this certainly was suggested by the common belief in naturally luminous stones1 a belief partly due to a superstitious explanation of the ruddy brilliancy of rubies and garnets as resulting from a hidden fire in the stone1 and partly1 perhaps1 to the occasional observation of the phenomena of phosphorescence or fluorescence in certain precious stones4 ,it will have been seen that the text of ,shakespeare's plays gives no evidence tending to show any greater familiarity with precious stones than could be gathered from the poetry of his day1 and from his intercourse with classical scholars1 such as ,francis ,bacon1 ,ben ,jonson1 and others of those who formed the unique assemblage wont to meet together at the old ,mermaid ,tavern in ,london4 ,that a diamond could cost #bjjj ducats 7#ejjj71 a very large sum in ,shakespeare's time1 is noted in one of his earliest plays1 the ,merchant of ,venice 7,act iii1 sc4 #a71 and the following injunction emphasizes the great value of a fine diamond3 ,set this diamond safe ,in golden palaces1 as it becomes4 ,i ,henry ,,vi1 ,act v1 sc4 #c4 ,histories1 p4 #aaf1 col4 ,b1 line #ed4 ,in ,pericles we read 7,act iii1 sc4 #b73 ,the diamonds of a most praised water ,do appear1 to make the world twice rich4 ,third ,folio1 #affd1 p4 #g1 col4 ,b1 line #ch2 separate pagination4 ,in ,shakespeare's time but few of the world's great diamonds were in ,europe1 though two1 at least1 were in his native country4 ,all of them must have been of ,east ,indian origin1 as this was before the discovery of the ,brazilian mines 7#agbh74 ,in #aedg1 ,henry ,,viii of ,england bought of the ,fuggers of ,augsburg--the great money-lending bankers and jewel setters1 or royal pawnbrokers1 who generally sold or forced some jewels upon those who obtained a loan--the jewel of ,charles the ,bold1 called the ,three ,brethren1 from three large balas-rubies with which it was set2 the central ornament was a great pointed diamond2 of its weight nothing is known4 ,this jewel was lost by ,duke ,charles on the field of ,granson1 ,march #b1 #adgf1 where it was secured by the ,swiss victors2 it was eventually bought by the ,fuggers4 ,the other fine ,english diamond was that known as the ,sancy1 weighing #ec-c_/d carats 7#ee4bc metric carats71 acquired by ,james ,i from ,nicholas ,harley de ,sancy1 in #afjd1 for #ejj1jjj crowns4 ,this is also stated to have belonged to ,charles the ,bold4 ,in #afeg it was redeemed by ,cardinal ,mazarin1 after having been pledged for a loan by ,queen ,henrietta ,maria1 and at ,mazarin's death1 in #affa1 was bequeathed1 with his other diamonds1 to the ,french ,crown4 ,after passing through many vicissitudes1 it has recently come into the possession of ,baron ,astor of ,hever 7,william ,waldorf ,astor74 ,there is a possibility that the ,florentine diamond of #acc-bb_/cb carats 7#acg4bg metric carats7 was already owned by the grand-ducal house of ,tuscany before ,shakespeare's death1 but the earliest notice of it appears to be that given by ,fermental1 a ,french traveller1 who saw it in ,florence in #afcj4 ,the other great diamonds of former days are of more recent date4 ,the ,regent of #acf-g_/h carats 7#adj4fd metric carats71 found in ,india about #agjj1 was acquired by the ,duke of ,orleans in #agag2 the ,orloff 7#aid-c_/d old carats #aii4gc metric carats7 was bought by ,prince ,orloff for ,catherine ,,ii1 in #agge1 for #a1djj1jjj ,dutch florins1 or about #efj1jjj4 ,the famous ,koh-i-nur1 weighing #ahf-a_/af carats 7#aia4a metric carats7 in its old cutting1 came to ,europe1 as a gift to ,queen ,victoria from the ,east ,india ,company1 only in #ahej2 although1 if it be the same as the great diamond taken by ,humayun1 son of ,baber1 at the battle of ,paniput1 ,april #ba1 #aebf1 its history dates back at least to #acjd1 when ,sultan ,ala-ed-,din took it from the ,sultan of ,malva1 whose family had already owned it for generations4 ,as fresh-colored lips are likened to rubies1 so it is said of a bright eye1 that it would emulate the diamond 7,merry ,wives of ,windsor1 ,act iii1 sc4 #c74 ,bright eyes are also compared to rock-crystal1 and the setting of other gems within a bordering of crystals is evidently alluded to in the following lines from ,love's ,labour's ,lost 7,act ii1 sc4 #a73 ,methought all his senses were lock'd in his eyes ,as jewels in crystal4 ,first ,folio1 ,comedies1 p4 #abh1 col4 ,a1 line #g4 ,we have in ,richard ,,ii 7,act i1 sc4 #b7 the terms fair and crystal applied to a clear sky1 and in ,romeo and ,juliet 7,act i1 sc4 #b7 the word is used to denote superlative excellence1 where a lady's love is to be weighed against her rival on crystal scales4 ,rock-crystal was much more highly valued in the ,england of ,elizabeth and of ,james ,i than it is to-day1 and was freely used as an adjunct to more precious material1 and still was employed to some extent in the adornment of book-covers1 although this usage1 so common in mediaeval times1 was fast passing away4 ,in ,shakespeare's poems1 ,venus and ,adonis 7#aeic7 and ,lucrece 7#aeid71 as well as in his ,sonnets 7#afji71 in the ,lover's ,complaint and in the almost certainly spurious ,passionate ,pilgrim1 containing two sonnets and three poems from ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 and which has been included in most collections of his works1 there are perhaps relatively more frequent mentions of precious stones than in the plays1 a few of them being of special interest4 ,where we have twice ruby lips 7and once coral lips7 in the plays1 the poems speak thrice of coral lips or a coral mouth2#d a belt has coral clasps 7,passionate ,pilgrim1 l4 #cff74 ,this belt bears also amber studs1 and in the ,lover's ,complaint1 l4 #cg1 are favours of amber1 and also of crystal1 and of beaded jet4 ,footnote #d3 ,venus and ,adonis1 l4 #edb2 ,lucrece1 l4 #dbj2 ,sonnet cxxx1 l4 #b4 ,coming to the really precious stones1 sapphire finds a single mention1 also in the ,lover's ,complaint1 l4 #bae1 where it is termed heaven-hued4 ,the same poem says of the diamond that it was beautiful and hard 7l4 #baa71 thus symbolizing a heartless beauty4 ,more interesting are the following lines regarding the emerald 7#bac1 #bad73 ,the deep-green emerald1 in whose fresh regard ,weak sights their sickly radiance do amend4 ,this proves the poet's familiarity with the idea that gazing on an emerald benefited weak sight1 an idea expressed as far back as #cjj ,b4,c4 by ,theophrastus1 a pupil of ,aristotle1 and repeated by the ,roman ,pliny in #ge ,a4,d4 ,the ,lover's ,complaint furnishes another pretty line 7#aih7 contrasting the different beauties of rubies and pearls3 ,of paled pearls and rubies red as blood4 ,in ,venus and ,adonis1 honey-tongued ,shakespeare writes of a ruby-colored portal4 ,pearls are noted six times1 usually as similes for tears1 and tears are likened to pearls in glass 7,venus and ,adonis1 l4 #ihj74 ,a tender line is that in the ,passionate ,pilgrim 7hardly from ,shakespeare's hand1 however73 ,bright orient pearl1 alack1 too timely shaded4 ,more varied are the allusions to rock-crystal or crystal1 as the poet calls it4 ,in one place 7,venus and ,adonis1 l4 #dia7 there are crystal tears1 and these form a crystal tide that flows down the cheeks and drops in the bosom 7,idem1 l4 #ieg74 ,on the other hand1 the eyes are likened to this stone1 as in crystal eyne 7,venus and ,adonis1 l4 #fcc71 or crystal eyes 7,sonnet xlvi1 l4 #f74 ,there are also crystal favours1#e a crystal gate1#f and crystal walls1#g the two characteristics of brilliancy and transparency suggesting these uses of the term4 ,footnote #e3 ,lover's ,complaint1 l4 #cg4 ,footnote #f3 ,idem1 l4 #bhf4 ,footnote #g3 ,lucrece1 l4 #abea4 ,the emeralds of ,shakespeare's age had been brought from ,peru by the ,spaniards and had originally come from ,colombian mines1 such as those at ,muzo1 which are still worked in our day4 ,the location of some of the early deposits here appears to have been lost sight of since the ,spanish ,conquest4 ,the emeralds of ,greek and ,roman times1 and of the ,middle ,ages1 came from ,mount ,zabara 7,gebel ,zabara71 near the ,red ,sea coast1 east of ,assuan1 where traces of the old workings were found in #ahag2 these mines were reopened by order of ,mehemet ,ali1 and were worked for a brief period by ,mons4 ,f4 ,cailliaud4 ,there can be no doubt that ,shakespeare must have seen many fine jewels and glittering gems in pageants and processions during his residence in ,london4 ,on certain special occasions the players were summoned to assist at royal functions1 provision being made by the royal treasury for rich materials to be used in making special doublets and mantles for wear on these occasions4 ,it has been suggested that the rich jewelling of many of the court portraits by ,holbein and others must have impressed the poet by their wealth of color spread before his eyes2 but it is nowise sure that he ever had special opportunity to closely examine such portraits1 the smaller details of which may not have interested him greatly4 ,while it is not unlikely that some of the royal or noble ladies who attended the performances of ,shakespeare's plays1 while he was connected with the ,globe ,theatre1 wore brilliant jewels1 it is improbable that they were bedecked with the most valuable of their gems4 ,the danger of being waylaid and robbed was much greater in those days than it is to-day1 and it was probably only within palace or castle doors1 or at some great ,state function1 that the costliest jewels were worn4 ,hence nothing distantly approaching the rather excessive splendor of a ,new ,york or ,london opera night could ever have dazzled the poet-actor's eyes4 ,in the case of plays acted before the court1 however1 the royal and noble ladies1 undoubtedly1 wore many of their finest jewels1 as did also the sovereign and courtiers4 ,still1 preoccupied as ,shakespeare must have been with the presentation1 or representation of the dramatic performance1 he probably had little time or inclination to devote especial attention to these jewels4 ,no museum collections1 properly so called1 existed in ,shakespeare's day1 from which he could have acquired any closer knowledge of precious stones or gems1 although the conception of a great modern museum of art and science found expression in the ,new ,atlantis of his great contemporary1 ,lord ,bacon4 ,the modest beginnings of the ,royal ,society of ,london1 founded in #affb1 cannot be traced back beyond #afde4 ,the ,french ,academy of ,sciences1 founded in #afff1 was preceded by earlier informal meetings of ,french scientists1 to which allusion is even made by ,lord ,bacon1 who died in #afbf4 ,the ,berlin ,academy came much later1 in #agjj1 and the ,st4 ,petersburg ,academy was first established in #agbe by ,catherine ,i1 widow of ,peter the ,great4 ,one society1 the ,academia ,secretorum ,naturae of ,naples1 goes back to #aefj1 and the ,accademia dei ,lincei of ,prince ,federico ,cesi was founded at ,rome in #afjc4 ,but of these ,shakespeare could have known little or nothing4 ,that the poet knew1 more or less vaguely1 of ,america as a source of precious stones1 as were the ,indies1 comes out in the farcical lines from ,the ,comedy of ,errors 7,act iii1 sc4 #b71 when one of the ,dromios1 in locating the various lands of the world on parts of his mistress's body1 to the query of ,antipholus3 ,where ,america1 the ,indies8 replies3 ,oh1 sir1 upon her nose1 all o'er embellished with rubies1 carbuncles1 sapphires4 ,this is the only mention of ,america in the plays4 ,a coincidence having its own significance is that ,april #bc1 the day of ,shakespeare's death and also his birthday1 was the day dedicated to ,st4 ,george1 the patron saint of ,merry ,england4 ,the war-cry of ,england is given several times by ,shakespeare1 as1 for example3 ,cry1 ,god for ,harry1 ,england and ,saint ,george6 ,henry ,v1 ,act iii1 sc4 #a4 ,first ,folio1 ,histories1 p4 #gg1 col4 ,b1 line #ea4 ,god and ,saint ,george6 ,richmond and ,victory6 ,richard ,,iii1 ,act v1 sc4 #c4 ,first ,folio1 ,histories1 p4 #bjc1 col4 ,a1 line #ca4 ,and in ,i ,henry ,,vi 7,act i1 sc4 #a7 we read3 ,bonfires in ,france forthwith ,i am to make1 ,to keep our great ,saint ,george's feast withal4 ,first ,folio1 ,histories1 p4 #ig1 col4 ,b1 line #ig4 ,we find no trace in ,shakespeare's works of any belief in the many quaint and curious superstitions current in his day regarding the talismanic or curative virtues of precious stones4 ,this is quite in keeping with the thoroughly sane outlook upon life that constituted the strong foundation of his incomparable mind4 ,not but that1 like every true poet1 the sense of mystery1 and even the vague impression of the existence of occult powers1 of the ,unknowable in ,nature1 was strongly developed1 but this is always in a broad and earnest spirit1 far removed from all petty superstition4 ,margaret of ,anjou1 wife of ,henry ,,vi1 sacrificed her heart and diamond jewel1 as a symbol of her sorrow and her love1 when a tempest beat back the ship that was bearing her from the continent to the ,english coast4 ,her act1 as described in the following verses1 seems almost an attempt to propitiate the storm 7,,ii ,henry ,,vi1 ,act iii1 sc4 #b73 ,when from thy shore the tempest beat us back1 ,i stood upon the hatches in the storm1 ,and when the dusky sky began to rob ,my earnest-gaping sight of thy land's view1 ,i took a costly jewel from my neck1 ,a heart it was1 bound in with diamonds1 ,and threw it towards thy land3 the sea received it1 ,and so ,i wish'd thy body might my heart4 ,first ,folio1 ,histories1 p4 #acd1 col4 ,a1 lines #da-dh4 ,the idea of the sacredness of a ring as a love-token is voiced by ,portia in ,shakespeare's ,merchant of ,venice where she says 7,act v1 sc4 #a73 ,i gave my love a ring and made him swear ,never to part with it2 and here he stands2 ,i dare be sworn for him he would not leave it ,nor pluck it from his finger1 for the wealth ,that the world masters4 ,first ,folio1 ,comedies1 p4 #ahc1 col4 ,b1 lines #ab-af4 ,the nearest approach to a sentimental characterization of precious stones is to be found in ,a ,lover's ,complaint1 lines #bjd-bag4 ,although we have already noted most of them separately1 it may be well to give the entire passage here consecutively3 ,and1 lo1 behold these talents of their hair1 ,with twisted metal amorously impleach'd1 ,i have received from many a several fair1 ,their kind acceptance weepingly beseech'd ,with the annexions of fair gems enrich'd1 ,and deep-brain'd sonnets that did amplify ,each stone's dear nature1 worth and quality4 ,the diamond1--why1 'twas beautiful and hard1 ,whereto his invised#h properties did tend2 ,the deep-green emerald1 in whose fresh regard ,weak sights their sickly radiance do amend2 ,the heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend ,with objects manifold3 each several stone1 ,with wit well blazon'd1 smiled or made some moan4 ,footnote #h3 ,rare word1 only known in this passage4 ,century ,dictionary gives invisible1 unseen1 uninspected1 noting that some commentators suggest inspected1 tried1 investigated4 ,had ,shakespeare felt much interest in the lore of gems1 he had before him most of the then available material in a book of which he seems to have made some use4#i ,this was an ,english rendering of the ,de ,proprietatibus ,rerum of ,bartholomaeus ,anglicus 7fl4 ca4 #acej71 by ,stephan ,batman1 or ,bateman 7d4 #aehg71 an ,english divine and poet1 who in the later years of his life was chaplain and librarian to the famous ,archbishop ,parker1 and thus had free access to the latter's fine library4 ,his rendering1 published in #aehb1 bears the following quaint title3 ,batman uppon ,bartholome his ,book ,de ,proprietatibus ,rerum2 it was published in #aehb1 and appears to have been widely read in ,england among those still interested in the learning of the scholastic period4 ,a much earlier ,english version1 made by ,john of ,trevisa in #acif1 was published by ,wynkyn de ,worde in #adie1 and is considered to be the finest production of his press4#aj ,footnote #i3 ,see ,h4,r4,d4 ,anders1 ,shakespeare's ,books1 ,berlin1 #aijd1 pp4 #bch-bdh1 and the ,new ,shakespeare ,soc4 ,trans41 #ahgg-gi1 pp4 #dcf sqq4 ,footnote #aj3 ,in the author's library is a fourteenth century ,,ms4 of the ,de ,proprietatibus ,rerum1 which belonged to the ,carthusian ,monastery of the ,holy ,trinity1 at ,dijon4 ,a rarely noted source for some of ,shakespeare's knowledge regarding curious customs has been sought in the rambling treatise on heraldry written by ,gerard ,legh and issued1 in #aefd1 under the title3 ,accedens of ,armorie 7approximately1 ,introduction to ,heraldry74 ,this is cast in the form of a dialogue between ,gerard the ,herehaught 7,herold7 and the ,caligat ,knight1 the latter term designating an inferior kind of knight with no claim to nobility2 indeed1 an old writer renders it a souldior on foot4 ,the writer manages to weave in much material slightly or not at all connected with his main theme4 ,legh was the son of a ,fleet ,street draper4 ,he seems to have studied a variety of subjects and gathered together many scraps of curious information4 ,he died of the plague1 ,october #ac1 #aefc4 ,his book went through several editions during ,shakespeare's lifetime4 ,following the first edition of #aefb came successive ones in #aegf1 #aeia1 #aeig1 and one bearing the imprint of ,j4 ,jaggard in #afaf4 ,the author is believed to have been intentionally obscure in his treatment of heraldic questions lest he might earn the ill-will of the ,college of ,arms by violating certain of their privileges4 ,while both ,shakespeare and his great contemporary ,cervantes died on ,april #bc of the year #afaf1 it strangely happens that ,cervantes had been dead ten days when ,shakespeare expired4 ,this apparent paradox is due to the fact that while in ,spain the ,gregorian calendar had already been introduced1 the ,old ,style1 or ,julian reckoning1 was still used in ,england2 indeed1 it was not totally abandoned until #ageb1 in the reign of ,george ,,ii1 #agj years after the first use of the ,gregorian reckoning on the ,continent4 ,in the seventeenth century the error to be corrected amounted to ten days1 so that ,shakespeare's death1 under the ,new ,style1 occurred on ,may #c1 while ,cervantes died on ,april #ac of the ,old ,style4 ,in commemoration of the ,tercentenary of ,shakespeare's death1 the ,shakespearean scholar1 ,miss ,h4,c4 ,bartlett1 prepared for the ,new ,york ,public ,library an exhibition of ,shakespearean books1 including all the early editions of the quartos2 the various editions of the folios2 the works of contemporaneous authors whom ,shakespeare had consulted2 and also the early works that mention ,shakespeare1 or cite from his plays or poems1 including ,greene's ,groat's ,worth of ,wit1 published in #aeib by ,henry ,chettle and containing the earliest printed allusion to ,shakespeare under the name of ,shake-scene4 ,one of the contemporary books containing citations from ,shakespeare's works1 shown at the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 is ,the ,woman ,hater1 by ,francis ,beaumont 78#aehe-afae or #afaf71 printed in #afjg4aa ,the citation1 from ,hamlet1 ,act i1 sc4 #e1ab is apropos of the disappearance of a fish head4 ,it is put into the mouths of two of the characters1 as follows3 ,lazarello4 ,speak1 ,i am bound to hear4 ,count4 ,so art thou to revenge when thou shalt hear4 ,footnote #aa3 ,the ,woman ,hater1 as it hath beene lately acted by the children of ,paules1 ,london1 printed and to be sold by ,john ,hodgers in ,paules ,church-yard1 #afjg4 ,footnote #ab3 ,first ,folio1 p4 #beg1 col4 ,b1 lines #ae1 #af4 ,in the spacious hall of the beautiful ,hispanic ,museum in ,new ,york ,city there has recently been displayed1 in commemoration of the tercentenary of ,cervantes's death1 an exceptionally fine collection of editions of his works and of rare plates illustrating episodes from them4 ,notable among the books was a first edition of his earliest published poems1 four redondillas1 a copla and an elegy1 on the death1 ,october #c1 #aefh1 of ,elizabeth de ,valois1 third wife of ,philip ,,ii1 and sister of ,charles ,,ix of ,france4#ac ,dark rumors were afloat for some time that she had been poisoned by order of her husband4 ,among the other treasures in the ,hispanic ,museum exhibition was the earliest imprint of ,cervantes's masterpiece1 the immortal ,don ,quixote4 ,this was printed in ,madrid1 in #afje1 by ,juan de la ,cuesta4 ,footnote #ac3 ,the compilation containing these poems is entitled3 ,hystoria y relacio verdadera de la enfermedad felicissimo transito y sumptuosas exequias funebres de la ,serenissima ,reyna de ,espana ,isabel de ,valoys nuestra ,senora1 ,madrid1 #aefi4 ,the opening lines of ,cervantes are3 ,a quien yra mi doloroso canto ,o en cuya oreja sonara su acento8 7,to whom will my sad song go1 and in whose ears will its accents sound87 ,a rather attractive bit of verse1 purporting to have been written by ,shakespeare and dedicated to the woman who became his wife in #aehb1 when he was but eighteen years old 7she was eight years his senior71 alludes in its third stanza to the orient list of gems1 diamond1 topaz1 amethyst1 emerald1 and ruby4 ,this little poem1 with its play upon the lady-love's name1 can find a place here1 although many readers are already familiar with it4 ,,to ,,the ,,idol ,,of ,,mine ,,eyes ,,and ,,the ,,delight ,,of ,,mine ,,heart1 ,,anne ,,hathaway ,would ye be taught1 ye feathered throng1 ,with love's sweet notes to grace your song1 ,to pierce the heart with thrilling lay1 ,listen to mine ,anne ,hathaway6 ,she hath a way to sing so clear1 ,phoebus might wond'ring stop to hear2 ,to melt the sad1 make blithe the gay1 ,and nature charm1 ,anne hath a way3 ,she hath a way1 ,anne ,hathaway1 ,to breathe delight ,anne hath a way4 ,when envy's breath and rancorous tooth ,do soil and bite fair worth and truth1 ,and merit to distress betray1 ,to soothe the heart ,anne hath a way2 ,she hath a way to chase despair1 ,to heal all grief1 to cure all care1 ,turn foulest night to fairest day3 ,thou know'st1 fond heart1 ,anne hath a way1 ,she hath a way1 ,anne ,hathaway1 ,to make grief bliss ,anne hath a way4 ,talk not of gems1 the orient list1 ,the diamond1 topaz1 amethyst1 ,the emerald mild1 the ruby gay2 ,talk of my gem1 ,anne ,hathaway6 ,she hath a way1 with her bright eye1 ,their various lustre to defy1 ,the jewel she and the foil they1 ,so sweet to look ,anne hath a way4 ,she hath a way1 ,anne ,hathaway1 ,to make grief bliss ,anne hath a way4 ,but were it to my fancy given ,to rate her charms1 ,i'd call them ,heaven2 ,for though a mortal made of clay1 ,angels must love ,anne ,hathaway4 ,she hath a way so to control ,to rupture the imprisoned soul1 ,and sweetest ,heaven on earth display1 ,that to be ,heaven ,anne hath a way6 ,she hath a way1 ,anne ,hathaway1 ,to be ,heaven's self ,anne hath a way4 ,this little poem is by ,charles ,dibdin 7#agdh-ahad71 the writer of about #abjj sea-songs1 at one time great favorites with sailors4 ,it appeared1 in #agib1 in his long-forgotten novel1 ,hannah ,hewit1 or the ,female ,crusoe1 and ,sir ,sidney ,lee conjectures that it may have been composed on the occasion of the ,stratford jubilee of #agfi1 in the organization of which ,dibdin aided the great actor1 ,david ,garrick4 ,in the ,poems of ,places1 ,new ,york1 #ahgg1 edited by ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow1 this poem is assigned to ,shakespeare on the strength of a persistent popular error4#ad ,in his ,life ,dibdin says3 ,my songs have been the solace of sailors in their long voyages1 in storms1 in battle2 and they have been quoted in mutinies to the restoration of order and discipline4 ,it has been asserted that they brought more men into the navy than all the press gangs could do4 ,footnote #ad3 ,sir ,sidney ,lee1 ,a ,life of ,shakespeare1 new edition1 ,london1 #aiae1 p4 #bf1 note4 ,the poem has sometimes been attributed to ,edmund ,falconer 7#ahad-ahgi71 an actor and dramatist1 born in ,dublin1 and whose real name was ,edmund ,o',rourke4 ,however1 his poem entitled ,anne ,hathaway1 ,a ,traditionary ,ballad sung to a ,day ,dreamer by the ,mummers of ,shottery ,brook1#ae falls far below the lines we have quoted in poetic quality1 as may be seen from the opening stanza 7the best71 which runs as follows3 ,no beard on thy chin1 but a fire in thine eye1 ,with lustiest ,manhood's in passion to vie1 ,a stripling in form1 with a tongue that can make ,the oldest folks listen1 maids sweethearts forsake1 ,hie over the fields at the first blush of ,may1 ,and give thy boy's heart unto ,anne ,hathaway4 ,footnote #ae3 ,edmund ,falconer1 ,memories1 the ,bequest of my ,boyhood1 ,london1 #ahfc1 pp4 #ad-bb4 ,in none of the allusions to precious stones made by ,shakespeare is there any indication that he had in mind any of the ,biblical passages treating of gems4 ,the most notable of these are the enumeration of the twelve stones in ,aaron's breast-plate 7,exodus xxviii1 #ag-bj2 xxxix1 #aj-ac71 the list of the foundation stones and gates of the ,new ,jerusalem given by ,john in ,revelation 7xxi1 #ai-ba71 and the description of the ,tyrian king's covering in ,ezekiel 7xxviii1 #acj74 ,had the poet given any particular attention to these texts we could scarcely fail to note the fact4 ,other ,bible mentions1 such as those elsewhere made by ,ezekiel 7xxvii1 #af1 #bb71 regarding the trade of ,tyre1 the agates 7and coral7 from ,syria1 and the precious stones brought by the ,arabian or ,syrian merchants of ,sheba and ,raamah1 are too much generalized to invite any special notice4 ,the same may be said of most of the remaining brief allusions4 ,we might rather expect that where the color or brilliancy of a precious stone is used as a simile this might strike a poet's fancy and perhaps find direct expression in his own words4 ,the light of the ,new ,jerusalem is likened to a jasper stone1 clear as crystal 7,rev4 xxi1 #aa71 and in ,exodus 7xxiv1 #aj7 the sapphire stone is said to be as it were the body of heaven in its clearness4 ,however1 that ,shakespeare wrote of the heaven-hued sapphire 7,lover's ,complaint1 l4 #bae7 has no necessary connection with this1 as the celestial hue of the beautiful sapphire is spoken of time and again by many of the older writers4 ,,five ,,of ,,the ,,six ,,authentic ,,shakespeare ,,signatures ,illustration3 ,signature on the purchase deed of ,shakespeare's house in ,blackfriars dated ,march #aj1 #afac4 ,in the ,guildhall1 ,london ,illustration3 ,signatures on the three pages of ,shakespeare's will executed ,march #be1 #afaf4 ,original in ,somerset ,house1 ,london ,illustration3 ,signature attached to the deed mortgaging the house in ,blackfriars1 dated ,march #aa1 #afac4 ,in the ,british ,museum ,it should be borne in mind that the great ,english translation of the ,bible1 popularly called ,king ,james' ,bible1 was published only after ,shakespeare had completed his last play in #afaa4 ,before that time1 dating from ,tyndale's version of #aebe1 and in great measure based on it1 a number of ,english translations had appeared1 the most authoritative in ,shakspeare's time being perhaps the ,bishops' ,bible1 printed under the patronage of ,queen ,elizabeth in #aefh1 and edited by the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,the ,geneva ,bible of #aefj1 the first entire ,bible in ,english in which the division into chapters and verses was carried out1 had1 however1 the widest dissemination in ,shakespeare's time1 and a careful study of passages in his works referable to ,biblical texts appears to prove that this version was the one with which he was most familiar4 ,his plays testify to his close knowledge of the ,scriptures1 although no writer is less fettered by purely doctrinal considerations4 ,the ,geneva ,bible went through no less than sixty editions in ,queen ,elizabeth's reign1 and even after the issue of the ,authorized ,version in #afaa it competed successfully with this for a time4 ,that ,shakespeare may have seen ,philemon ,holland's 7#aeeb-afcg7 excellent translation of ,pliny is nowise unlikely4 ,a notable passage in his ,othello seems in any case to indicate that it was suggested by ,pliny's words 7,bk4 ,,ii1 chap4 #ig1 in ,holland's version73 ,and the sea ,pontus evermore floweth and runneth out into ,propontic1 but the sea never retireth backe againe within ,pontus4 ,othello replies thus to ,iago's conjecture that he may change his mind 7,act iii1 sc4 #c73 ,never1 ,iago4 ,like to the ,pontic sea1 ,whose icy current and compulsive course ,ne'er feels retiring ebb1 but keeps due on ,to the ,propontic and the ,hellespont1 ,even so my bloody thoughts1 with violent pace1 ,shall ne'er look back1 ne'er ebb to humble love4 ,first ,folio1 ,tragedies1 p4 #cbf1 col4 ,b1 lines #cd-ci4 ,there is1 however1 no trace of any familiarity on ,shakespeare's part with the precious stone lore of the ,roman encyclopaedist1 either from the ,latin text of his great ,historia ,naturalis1 or from the translation published by ,holland in #afja4 ,this translator1 who ,englished many of the chief ,latin and ,greek authors1 ,suetonius1 ,livy1 ,ammianus ,marcellinus1 ,plutarch's ,morals and other works1 was pronounced by ,fuller1 in his ,worthies1 to be translator general in his age1 adding that these books alone of his turning into ,english will make a country gentleman a competent library4 ,for his ,ammianus ,marcellinus the ,council of ,coventry1 his place of residence1 paid him ,l#d1 and ,l#e for a translation of ,camden's ,britannia--small sums1 indeed1 for so much labor1 but not so unreasonable when we think that a half-century later the immortal ,milton got but ,l#e for his ,paradise ,lost4 ,he was a ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 where he had studied and graduated2 later he studied medicine1 receiving a degree of ,m4,d41 not from ,oxford or ,cambridge1 however1 but either from a ,scottish or foreign university4 ,although ,solinus1 writing in the third century ,a4,d41 relies mainly upon ,pliny for his information on precious stones1 still he here and there gives evidence of a more critical spirit1 as when he says of the rock-crystal that the theory according to which it was frozen and hardened water was necessarily incorrect1 for it was to be found in such mild climates as ,alabanda in ,asia and the island of ,cyprus4#af ,this is the more notable that the wholly incorrect view persisted into the sixteenth century1 so learned a writer as ,lord ,bacon 7d4 #afbf7 restating it in his last work1 ,sylva ,sylvarum4 ,footnote #af3 ,collectanea rerum memorabilium1 ,cap4 #ae4 ,one of the most curious gem-treatises1 especially as a source of early sixteenth-century beliefs in the magic properties of precious stones1 the ,speculum ,lapidum of ,camillo ,leonardo1 published in ,venice1 #aejb1 probably never came under ,shakespeare's eye4 ,indeed1 even in ,italy it seems to have been so neglected that ,ludovico ,dolci ventured to publish a literal ,italian version of the ,latin original as his own work in #aefe4 ,the ,english ,mirror of ,stones1 issued in #agej1 is frankly stated to be a translation of the ,latin original bearing the same name4#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,noted in the present writer's ,the ,curious ,lore of ,precious ,stones1 ,philadelphia and ,london1 #aiac1 p4 #ah4 ,in ,marlowe's 7#aefd-aeic7 ,hero and ,leander1 almost certainly written before ,shakespeare's ,venus and ,adonis 7#aeic71 although not published until #aeih1 five years after ,marlowe's death1 pearl tears and the sparkling diamond are used much in the same way as by ,shakespeare1 as appears in the following verses3 ,forth from those two translucent cisterns brake ,a stream of liquid pearl1 which down her face ,made milk-white paths4 ,lines #bif-bih4 ,why should you worship her6 her you surpass ,as much as sparkling diamonds flaring glass4 ,lines #bac1bad4 ,there is a curious parallelism between a passage in ,troilus and ,cressida1 #afji1 and one in ,marlowe's ,dr4 ,faustus1 #aehh4 ,marlowe wrote 7sc4 #ad1 l4 #hc73 ,was this the face that launched a thousand ships ,and burnt the topless towers of ,ilium8 ,this is followed very closely by ,shakespeare1 with the substitution of pearl for face4 ,she ,helen is a pearl1 ,whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships4 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,act ii1 sc4 #b1 l4 #hb4 ,first ,folio1 at end of ,histories1 unnumbered page 7#eif of facsimile71 col4 ,a1 line #ai4 ,the greatest of the world's poets lived in a period midway between the highest development of ,renaissance civilization and the foundation of our modern civilization1 and he was thus at once heir to the rich treasures of a glorious past1 and endowed with a poetic1 or we might say a prophetic insight that makes his works appeal as closely to the readers of to-day as to those of his own time4 ,in the four leading ,european nations of the age--,italy1 despite her high rank in art1 still lacked national unity--four sovereigns of marked though widely diverse character and attainments reigned for a considerable part of ,shakespeare's life4 ,of the ,virgin ,queen we scarcely need to write4 ,the ,england of her day1 and of later days1 would not have been what it was and what it became1 without the aid of her mingled shrewdness and prudence4 ,faults she had and shortcomings1 but1 granted the almost overpowering difficulties she had to face1 both at home and abroad1 it is doubtful whether a more decided1 a more straight-forward policy would have been as successful as the somewhat devious one she pursued4 ,her chief rival1 ,philip ,,ii 7#aeef-aeih71 as much averse as ,elizabeth herself to energetic action1 even more fond of procrastination1 lacked her relative religious and political tolerance1 and left ,spain weaker than he had found it4 ,and still his tenacity1 his devotion to the cause he believed to be that of heaven1 his consistency1 and even the gloomy seriousness of his life1 testify to a strong soul1 though a thoroughly unlovable one4 ,the reign of the eccentric ,rudolph ,,ii1 ,emperor of ,germany 7#aegf-afab71 whose imperial residence was at ,prague1 covers the greater part of ,shakespeare's life4 ,in spite of many failings and mistakes1 this monarch did much to foster the study of the arts and sciences of his age1 so far as he was able to understand them4 ,that he was for a time the dupe of adventurers and alchemists1 such as the half-visionary ,john ,dee and the altogether unscrupulous ,edward ,kelley1 was no unusual experience in those days1 when the dividing line between true science and charlatanism was too indistinctly marked to be easily discernible4 ,the greatest of all the sovereigns of ,shakespeare's time was ,henry ,,iv of ,france1 unquestionably the greatest of ,french kings1 despite the fact that the primacy has often been accorded to the ,roi ,soleil1 ,louis ,,xiv4 ,the powerful and ductile personality that was able to put an end to the destructive religious wars of ,france and to lay a firm foundation for the strongly-centralized power of a later time1 a foundation which the great statesman ,richelieu broadened and deepened1 deserves all the credit that should be given to those who conquer the first apparently insurmountable difficulties in the realization of a great aim4 ,how brief was the reign of most of the popes of this time is shown by the fact that no less than ten of them were at one time or other ,shakespeare's contemporaries1 although the duration of his life was but fifty-two years4 ,of these probably the most noteworthy was ,gregory ,,xiii 7#aegb-aehe71 in whose reign occurred the fearful ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 ,august #bd1 #aegb1 and the reform of the calendar from that known as the ,julian to the new style named the ,gregorian ,calendar in honor of this pope4 ,in the ,east1 just coming into closer commercial intercourse with ,europe1 the long reign of the greatest of the ,mogul emperors1 ,jelal-ed-din ,akbar 7#aeef-afje71 began two years before the accession of ,elizabeth and lasted two years after her death4 ,probably no ,oriental sovereign1 certainly no ,indian sovereign1 ranks higher than ,akbar1 who was at once a great statesman1 an able organizer1 and singularly tolerant in religion4 ,in ,persia1 one of the most marked rulers of this land1 ,abbas the ,great1 began to reign in #aehd and died in #afbh4 ,in no period was jewelry worn more ornately1 or with greater display1 we might almost say ostentation1 than in the age of ,shakespeare4 ,as a rule1 in this period the precious stones were less considered than the elaborate goldsmith work in which they were placed4 ,they were the adjuncts1 rather than the principal glory of the jewel4 ,the court jeweller of ,james ,,vi of ,scotland and of this monarch after his accession to the ,english throne1 as ,james ,i1 was ,george ,heriot 7ca4 #aefc-afbd71 born in ,edinburgh1 the son of a member of the company of goldsmiths in that city4 ,as the ,scotch goldsmiths cumulated the profession of money-lending with that of goldsmithing1 they were usually persons of considerable account among the citizens4 ,heriot became a member of the company in #aehh1 the year of the ,spanish ,armada4 ,despite the rather straitened circumstances of the ,scottish court1 considerable amounts were expended for jewels1 especially as the queen1 ,anne of ,denmark1 was very fond of display4 ,the nobility also1 such of them at least as possessed the means1 were inclined to deck themselves out with brilliant jewels and splendid ornaments of massive gold4 ,heriot's appointment as goldsmith to the queen dates from #aeig2 soon after this he was made jeweller and goldsmith to the king4 ,he followed the court to ,london in #afjc1 when ,king ,james succeeded to ,elizabeth1 and at the time of his death1 ,february #ab1 #afbd1 had amassed the sum of ,l#ej1jjj by his profitable connection with the court1 and had also acquired lands and houses at ,rochampton1 in ,surrey1 and ,st4 ,martin's-in-the-,fields1 ,london4 ,his residuary estate1 which amounted to ,l#bc1fbe 7#aah1abe71 he entrusted to the provosts1 bailiffs1 ministers1 and ordinary town-council of ,edinburgh for the erection of an institution to be called ,heriot's ,hospital1 where a number of poor freemen's sons of the town should be educated4#ah ,this foundation still exists1 and the excellent management of those who have had to do with the endowment is shown by the fact that the income it now produces equals the whole sum of the original bequest4 ,footnote #ah3 ,william ,hone1 ,the ,every-,day ,book1 ,london1 #ahch1 vol4 ii1 cols4 #gdh1 #gdi4 ,this great ,scotch goldsmith fashioned a number of splendid rings for the queen4 ,an old account furnished by ,heriot lists them as follows3#ai ,a ring with a heart and serpent1 all set about with diamonds2 ,a ring with a single diamond1 set in a heart betwixt two hands2 ,a great ring in the form of a perssed hand and a perssed eye1 all sett with diamonds2 ,one great ring1 in forme of a frog1 all set with diamonds1 price two-hundreth poundis2 ,a ring of a burning heart set with diamondis2 ,a ring in the forme af a scallope shell1 set with a table diamond1 and opening on the head2 ,a ring of a love trophe set with diamondis2 ,two rings1 lyke black flowers1 with a table diamond in each2 ,a daissie ring sett with a table diamond2 ,a ryng sett all over with diamondis1 made in fashion of a lizard1 #abj l42 ,a ring set with #i diamonds1 and opening on the head with the ,king's picture in that4 ,footnote #ai3 ,william ,hone1 ,every-,day ,book1 ,london1 #ahch1 vol4 ii1 cols4 #gdi1 #gej4 ,heriot also lists a ring delivered about #afjg to ,margaret ,hartsyde1 one of the royal household1 describing it as sett all about with diamondis1 and a table diamond on the head2 that is1 in the bezel4 ,he states that he had been given to understand that this was by direction of ,her ,majesty4 ,his precaution in making this note appears to have been fully justified1 for this ,margaret ,hartsyde was tried in ,edinburgh1 ,may #ca1 #afjh1 on the charge of having purloined a pearl belonging to the queen and valued at ,l#aaj4 ,her excuse was that she had taken this and other pearls to adorn dolls for the amusement of the royal children1 and that she did not expect the queen would ask for them4 ,as1 however1 it was brought out in the trial that she had cleverly disguised some of the pearls she had taken1 and had offered to sell them to the queen1 she was condemned to imprisonment in ,blackness ,castle until the payment of a fine of ,l#djj1 and to confinement in ,orkney during the remainder of her life4 ,eleven years later1 however1 the king's advocate produced a letter of rehabilitation and restitution of ,margaret ,hartsyde to her fame4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,every-,day ,book1 loc4 cit4 ,in ,shakespeare's day the goldsmiths were also jewellers and gem dealers1 and often money-lenders as well4 ,the settings of the finest precious stones were at that time generally of gold1 rarely of silver4 ,platinum1 the metal that now enjoys the greatest furore for diamond settings1 was then unknown in ,europe2 it was first brought to ,europe in #agce1 from ,south ,america1 having been found in the alluvial deposits of the river ,pinto1 in the district of ,choco1 now forming part of the ,united ,states of ,colombia4 ,the ,spaniards had named it platina1 from its resemblance to plata1 silver4 ,the chief source in our time is ,russia1 the richest deposits being those discovered in #ahbe1 on the ,iss1 a tributary of the ,tura1 in the ,urals4 ,other valuable deposits are in the district of ,nizhni-,tagilsk4 ,platinum also occurs in ,brazil1 ,california1 and ,british ,columbia1 associated with gold1 as well as in ,borneo1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,australia1 and in ,new ,zealand4 ,its use in gem-mountings began about #ahgj1 and from #ahhj onward it has become more and more favored1 until now it has almost entirely superseded gold in the finest jewelry1 especially for diamond settings4 ,long before the metal was known and used in ,europe1 ornamental use of it was made in ,south ,america1 in the district we have mentioned1 the material not being fused1 but simply forged out of the nuggets found in the deposits4 ,that but few fine diamonds were in ,europe when ,shakespeare wrote has already been noted2 indeed1 the annual importation from ,india1 then the only source1 can hardly have exceeded #ajj1jjj on an average1 while at the present day the value of the diamonds from the great ,african mines imported into ,europe and ,america amounts to from #dj1jjj1jjj to #fj1jjj1jjj each year4 ,in ,king ,james's reign1 besides ,heriot1 ,william ,herrick 7brother of ,nicolas7 and ,john ,spilman were appointed jewellers to the king1 queen1 and prince1 the annual emoluments being ,l#ej annually4 ,it is stated that ,herrick furnished jewels worth ,l#cf1jjj to ,queen ,anne of ,denmark4 ,such of her many jewels as were to be found when she died are said to have been left to her son1 later ,charles ,i1 and none to her daughter ,elizabeth1 later ,queen of ,bohemia and ancestress of many of the sovereigns of ,europe1 as well as of the present reigning house in ,england4 ,unfortunately for her heir1 a great part of the jewels had been embezzled1 and could not be recovered1 although models of many had been carefully preserved by ,william ,herrick1 who swore that the originals had been delivered to the queen4 ,less notable jewellers of ,king ,james's day were ,philip ,jacobson1 ,arnold ,lulls1 ,john ,acton1 and ,john ,williams4 ,one of them1 ,arnold ,lulls1 has left a fine set of contemporary drawings representing jewels of the epoch2 these are now to be seen in the ,victoria and ,albert ,museum1 ,london4 ,as an instance of the value of some of the jewels of his design1 it is recorded that the sum of ,l#aeej was paid for a diamond jewel with pearl pendants and two dozen buttons1 furnished to the king to be bestowed upon the queen at the christening of the ,princess ,mary in #afje4ba ,illustration3 ,diamond cutter's shop1 eighteenth century1 in which the diamond-cutting mill is operated by man-power4 ,published in the ,universal ,magazine of ,knowledge and ,pleasure1 by ,john ,hinton1 ,england1 ,july1 #agdi ,footnote #ba3 ,h4 ,clifford ,smith1 ,jewellery1 ,london1 #aijh1 p4 #cjb4 ,while the jeweller's art in ,england was still under the influence of foreign goldsmiths in ,elizabeth's time1 it had to a considerable extent emancipated itself from foreign control in the latter part of her reign and in that of her successor4 ,in addition to ,george ,heriot1 whom we have just noticed1 several others are well worthy of mention1 such as ,dericke ,anthony1 ,affabel ,partridge1 ,peter ,trender1 and ,nicolas ,herrick1#bb the father of the poet ,robert ,herrick1 who makes many a telling use of the colors and charm of precious stones and pearls in his dainty poems4 ,to these must be added ,sir ,john ,spilman1 of ,german birth1 who made many jewels at the royal command4 ,footnote #bb3 ,h4 ,clifford ,smith1 ,jewellery1 ,london1 #aijh1 pp4 #bai1 #bbj1 #cja4 ,we should remember that for the cutting of precious stones steam-power was not then available1 man-power being employed4 ,a large turning wheel was pushed around by a man holding a bar extending from it4 ,the motion of this large wheel was transmitted to other smaller ones4 ,the number of revolutions per minute hardly exceeded a few hundred1 while in modern times a speed of from #bjjj to #bejj revolutions per minute is attained4 ,the diamond cutting industry was largely in the hands of ,jews in ,lisbon4 ,the gem-cutting processes were not greatly modified for many years after ,shakespeare's death1 so that a representation of the wheel and mill used in #agej gives a fairly good general idea of the modus operandi4 ,the large wooden wheel1 whose axis is the second pillar within the frame1 is bent1 and makes an elbow under the wheel to receive the impulsion of a bar that serves instead of a turn-handle4 ,on the right side of the frame1 where the boy stands1 is the turn-handle which sets the wheel in motion by means of the elbow of its axis4 ,so that if the wooden wheel be twenty times larger than the iron one1 a hundred turns of the larger wheel will cause a thousand revolutions of the smaller one4 ,the method of holding the diamond in place over the iron wheel1 when in motion1 so that it presses upon the latter and is polished thereby1 is shown in the lower right-hand corner of the plate4 ,the ,german traveller1 ,paul ,hentzner1 who visited ,england in #aeih1 toward the end of ,elizabeth's life1 describes her jewelling in the following words3 ,the ,queen had in her ears two pearls with very rich drops2 she wore false hair and that red2 upon her head she had a small crown2 her bosom was uncovered1 and she had on a necklace of exceedingly fine jewels4 ,she was dressed in white silk1 bordered with pearls of the size of beans1 and over it a mantle of black silk shot with silver threads2 her train was very long4 ,instead of a chain1 she had an oblong collar of gold and jewels4 ,illustration3 ,,from ,a ,,portrait ,,of ,,queen ,,elizabeth ,in the possession of his ,grace the ,duke of ,devonshire1 ,k4,g41 ,hardwick ,hall4 ,the queen has jewels in her hair1 a pearl eardrop1 and two necklaces1 one fitting closely to the neck1 the other falling over the breast4 ,the stiff brocade skirt is embroidered with a wonderful array of aquatic birds and animals4 ,on the left1 the cushion of the chair of state is embroidered with the queen's monogram4 ,surmounting the chair is a crystal ball4 ,the original canvas measures #ij x #ff inches4 ,in addition to this display the traveller tells us that the queen's right hand was fairly sparkling with jewelled rings4 ,aside from his portrayal of jewels in his numerous portraits1 ,holbein ranked as the master designer of jewels in his day4 ,many of the finest of these designs have been preserved for us and can be seen in the ,british ,museum1 to which they were bequeathed by ,sir ,hans ,sloane in #agec4 ,there are #agi separate pieces1 usually pen-and-ink sketches4 ,the execution of the jewels from these designs is believed to have been mainly done by ,hans of ,antwerp1 known as ,hans ,anwarpe1 a friend of ,holbein1 who settled in ,london in #aead1 and was appointed goldsmith to ,king ,henry ,,viii1 for whom he produced many jewels for ,new ,year's gifts4#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,h4 ,clifford ,smith1 ,jewellery1 ,london #aijh1 pp4 #baa1 #bac4 ,in judging of the jewels figured in portraits we must remember that the artist has often modified them to bring them into greater harmony with their immediate surroundings4 ,this1 in some cases1 may lead him to make of a somewhat inartistically designed jewel a beautifully proportioned one4 ,again1 he may be led to exaggerate the size of the precious stones or pearls1 and to intensify or deepen their colors4 ,a recent instance regards a portrait of the former queen of ,spain by one of the foremost ,spanish artists of our day4 ,the royal lady was depicted wearing an enormous pearl2 however1 the artist informed the author that the real pearl was much smaller than the painted one1 but that1 in portraying it1 a better decorative effect was obtained by increasing its size4 ,whether ,holbein 7#adig-aedc71 with his ,dutch exactness of portrayal1 was led into any similar exaggerations we can never tell1 as little as we can know anything definite regarding the true size of the jewels shown in the portraits by the ,italian ,zucchero 7#aebi-aeff71 the ,fleming ,lucas de ,heere 7#aebd-aehd71 or by any other of the portrait painters of ,elizabeth's time4 ,in a very modest way the addition of gilded scarf-pins1 brooches1 chains1 etc41 not owned by the sitters1 was not uncommonly practised thirty or forty years ago1 when colored tintypes were popular4 ,these were painted on the photographs1 much to the gratification of those who ordered them for distribution among their friends4 ,the court-jewellers of ,france in ,shakespeare's day rivalled1 though they did not excel1 those of ,england4 ,among them a prominent place belongs to ,francois ,dujardin 7or ,desjardin71 goldsmith of ,charles ,,ix 7#aefj-aegd7 and ,henri ,,iii 7#aegd-aehi74 ,when a verification and an inventory of the ,french ,crown ,jewels were made on ,august #a1 #aegd1 after the death of ,charles ,,ix1 the expert examination was entrusted to ,francois ,dujardin1 who is termed orfebvre et lapidaire du ,roy4 ,the goldsmith's art was passed down from father to son in this family3 a second ,f4 ,dujardin 7b4 ca4 #aefe7 mounted the parures made for ,elizabeth of ,austria1 daughter of ,henri ,,iv and ,maria de' ,medici4 ,in the reign of ,henri ,,iv and the succeeding regency of ,maria de' ,medici1 ,josse de ,langerac1 received as master goldsmith in #aeid1 and the brothers ,rogier1 are noted as leading goldsmiths who1 besides executing many fine jewels1 frequently made loans of money to the ,queen ,regent1 and seem to have experienced great difficulty in securing full payment4 ,corneille ,rogier set the jewels worn at her marriage by ,anne d',autriche1 wife of ,louis ,,xiii4 ,two brothers1 each bearing the name ,pierre ,courtois1 are also noted in old records4 ,one of them1 at the time of his death1 in #afaa1 occupied two apartments with two shops in the ,louvre2 the shop of the other had the sign ,aux ,trois ,roys1 probably referring to the ,three ,kings of the ,east1 the ,magi of the ,gospel1 very appropriate patrons for goldsmiths4#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,germain ,bapst1 ,histoire des ,joyaux de la ,couronne de ,france1 ,paris1 #ahhi1 pp4 #age1 #agf1 #cjj1 #cjd4 ,thierry ,badouer1 a ,german goldsmith-jeweller1 received from the ,french court1 in #aegb1 an order for #bej1jjj crowns' worth of jewels to be distributed as gifts at the approaching marriage of ,henri de ,navarre with ,marguerite de ,valois4 ,he faithfully executed his part of the task and brought the jewels with him to ,paris1 but before he had been able to deliver them to the ,royal ,treasury they were stolen from him during the confusion of the ,st4 ,bartholomew ,massacre4 ,eventually1 in the reign of ,henri ,,iv1 his widow was partly reimbursed for the loss1 receiving one-quarter of the amount of her claim4#be ,after the ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 and as a result of it1 many ,protestants and ,catholics left ,france for ,hanau1 ,germany1 where to this day they carry on the jeweller's art2 and from this beginning ,hanau became a jeweller's centre4 ,footnote #be3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bhi4 ,the best reproduction of the ,first ,folio of #afbc is the photographic facsimile1 made in #aijb1 of the copy formerly owned by the ,duke of ,devonshire and now in the possession of ,henry ,e4 ,huntington1 of ,new ,york4#bf ,the original ,folio1 prepared by the managers of ,shakespeare's company1 ,john ,heminge and ,henry ,condell1 bears the imprint of ,isaac ,jaggard and ,edward ,blount1 the printing house being conducted by ,william ,jaggard and his son ,isaac4 ,it is believed that an edition of five hundred copies was issued1 at one pound per copy4 ,that the publication was essentially a commercial venture1 although it may also have been a labor of love for some of the editors1 is brought out clearly and quaintly in the preface addressed to ,the great ,variety of ,readers1 and signed by ,heminge and ,condell4 ,this reads that the book was printed at the charges of ,w4 ,jaggard1 ,ed4 ,blount1 ,i4 ,southweeke1 and ,w4 ,apsley1 #afbc4 ,the following passage from the preface is well worth quoting1 its spirit is so delightfully modern3 ,the fate of all ,bookes depends upon your capacities1 and not of your heads alone1 but of your purses4 ,well6 ,it is now publique1 you wil stand for your priviledges1 wee know3 to read1 and censure4#bg ,do so1 but buy it first4 ,that doth best commend a ,booke the ,stationer sales4 ,then1 how odde soever your braines be1 or your wisdomes1 make your license the same and spare not4444 ,but whatever you do1 ,buy4 ,censure will not drive a ,trade1 nor make the ,jacke go4 ,footnote #bf3 ,shakespeares ,comedies1 ,histories1 ,tragedies1 being a reproduction in facsimile of the ,first ,folio ,edition of #afbc1 from the ,chatsworth copy in the possession of the ,duke of ,devonshire1 ,k4,g41 with introduction and censure of copies by ,sidney ,lee4 ,oxford1 ,clarendon ,press1 #aijb1 ,,xxxv #ijh pp4 ,edition limited to #ajjj numbered and signed copies4 ,footnote #bg3 ,judge4 ,the chief credit for bringing together the materials for the ,first ,folio1 in #afbc1 is believed to be due to ,william ,jaggard4 ,some ten years earlier he had acquired the printing-privileges of certain of the quartos4 ,edward ,blount1 whose name appears as publisher on the title page with that of ,isaac ,jaggard1 was merely a stationer1 so that the actual printing was solely under the charge of the latter1 who seems1 at this time1 to have been entrusted with this department of the business4 ,however1 ,blount's services may have been valuable since he had better literary taste than the ,jaggards possessed4 ,in spite of certain evident faults of proportion1 the portrait of ,shakespeare engraved by ,martin ,droeshout for the title page of the #afbc ,folio bears internal evidence of being a fairly good likeness1 for the face possesses a marked individuality4 ,there is a belief that it was taken from the so-called ,flower portrait1 now in the ,shakespeare ,memorial ,gallery at ,stratford-upon-,avon1 and which is conjectured to have been painted in #afji1 at least during ,shakespeare's lifetime1 possibly by another ,martin ,droeshout1 a ,fleming1 uncle of the engraver of the same name4 ,this portrait was discovered1 painted on a panel at ,peckham ,rye1 bearing the inscription ,will ,shakespearen1 #afji4 ,that it should be the original from which the ,droeshout engraving was taken has been doubted1 since it appears rather to resemble later states of the plate than earlier ones4 ,while ,ben ,jonson1 who had seen ,shakespeare so often1 may have been partly moved to bestow undue praise upon the ,folio portrait1 in the lines he furnished the publishers to be placed immediately facing it1 by his wish to say a good word for their publication1 he would scarcely have made use of such superlative terms had he not considered it to be at least a fairly good likeness4 ,jonson's lines have been so often printed that few are unacquainted with them1 but as illustrating the above remarks they can be repeated here1 in the old spelling and form of the ,first ,folio3 ,,to ,,the ,,reader4 ,this ,figure1 that thou here seest put1 ,it was for gentle ,shakespeare cut2 ,wherein the ,graver has a strife ,with ,nature1 to out-doo the life3 ,o1 could he but have drawne his wit ,as well in brasse1 as he hath hit ,his face2 the ,print would then surpasse ,all1 that was ever write in brasse4 ,but1 since he cannot1 ,reader1 looke ,not on his ,picture1 but his ,booke4 ,b4,i4 ,a most attractive and instructive exhibition of reproductions of the portraits of ,shakespeare1 or supposedly of him1 was shown at the rooms of the ,grolier ,club1 ,april #f-bi1 #aiaf4 ,the catalogue#bh embraces #dcf numbers1 illustrating all the principal types4 ,the exhibition also comprised the principal editions of the poet's plays1 from the ,first ,folio of #afbc to the great ,variorum ,edition by ,dr4 ,furness1 begun in #ahga4 ,footnote #bh3 ,catalogue of an exhibition illustrative of the text of ,shakespeare's plays1 as published in edited editions1 together with a large collection of engraved portraits of the poet4 ,new ,york1 ,the ,grolier ,club1 ,april #f-bi1 #aiaf1 vi#aad pp4 ,for the ,tercentenary of ,shakespeare's birth1 celebrated in ,april1 #ahfd1 a special commemorative medal was struck in ,england1 designed by ,mr4 ,j4 ,moore4 ,the obverse shows a profile head of the poet1 in the modelling of which the artist seems to have been chiefly influenced by the ,stratford bust4 ,this fundamental type he has not unskilfully combined with that of the ,droeshout print in the ,first ,folio1 the dome-like forehead being evidently suggested by the latter4 ,the nose is more accentuated than in the bust1 and the mouth1 though still small1 is somewhat firmer4 ,toward the edge of the field are disposed the titles of his various works1 as though radiating from the head1 and in the exergue is his signature1 framed by a half-garland over which extends a mace4 ,the tribute offered to ,shakespeare by the ,muses1 figured on the reverse1 is a rather stiff and conventional composition4#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,w4 ,sharp ,ogden1 ,shakspere's ,portraits3 painted1 graven1 and medallic1 in ,the ,british ,numismatic ,journal1 and ,proceedings of ,the ,british ,numismatic ,society1 #aiaj1 ,london1 #aiaa1 pp4 #adc-aih2 see p4 #ahi4 ,for those who may wish to see the original form of the passages regarding precious stones in the text of the ,first ,folio1 of #afbc1 the page and column references have been given here4 ,in this text the three sections into which the plays have been divided1 ,comedies1 ,histories1 and ,tragedies1 are separately paged2 moreover1 the pagination offers a number of irregularities4 ,troilus and ,cressida1 added at the end of the ,histories1 has page numbers on a couple of leaves neither connected with what precedes nor with what follows1 the remainder of the pages bearing no figures2 furthermore1 there are several obvious1 though unimportant1 misprints4 ,pericles1 first issued in ,folio1 in the ,third ,folio1 of #affd1 is therein separately paged1 as are the other of the plays attributed to ,shakespeare printed therein1 in continuation of the series of the ,first and ,second ,folios4 ,this play had1 however1 previously appeared six times in quarto in the years #afji1 #afaa1 #afai1 #afcj1 #afce and #afci4 ,,precious ,,stones ,,mentioned ,,in ,,the ,,plays ,,of ,,shakespeare ,,precious ,,stones ,,mentioned ,,in ,,the ,,plays ,,of ,,shakespeare ,,diamond ,i see how thine eye would emulate the diamond4 ,merry ,wives of ,windsor1 ,act iii1 sc4 #c1 l4 #ei4 ,comedies1 p4 #eh #ej1 col4 ,a1 line #ca4 ,,diamond ,give me the ring of mine you had at dinner1 ,or1 for my diamond1 the chain you promised4 ,comedy of ,errors1 ,act iv1 sc1 #c4 l4 #gj4 ,comedies1 p4 #id1 col4 ,b1 lines #fa1 #fb4 ,,diamond ,sir1 ,i must have that diamond from you4-- ,there1 take it4 ,comedy of ,errors1 ,act v1 sc4 #a1 l4 #cia4 ,comedies1 p4 #ii1 col4 ,b1 line #eh4 ,,diamond ,a lady walled about with diamonds6 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,act v1 sc4 #b1 l4 #c4 ,comedies1 p4 #acg1 col4 ,a1 line #f4 ,,diamond ,a diamond gone1 cost me two thousand ducats in ,frankfort6 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,act iii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #hg4 ,comedies1 p4 #agc1 col4 ,a1 line #fb4 ,,diamond ,set this diamond safe ,in golden palaces1 as it becomes4 ,henry ,,vi1 ,pt4 ,i1 ,act v1 sc4 #c1 l4 #afi4 ,histories1 p4 #aaf1 col4 ,b1 line #ed4 ,,diamond ,a heart it was1 bound in with diamonds4 ,henry ,,vi1 ,pt1 ,,ii1 ,act iii1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ajg4 ,histories1 p4 #acd1 col4 ,a1 line #df4 ,,diamond ,not deck'd with diamonds and ,indian stones1 ,nor to be seen4 ,henry ,,vi1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 ,act iii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #fc4 ,histories1 p4 #aeh1 col4 ,b1 line #be4 ,,diamond ,one day he gives us diamonds1 next day stones4 ,timon of ,athens1 ,act iii1 sc4 #f1 l4 #aca4 ,tragedies1 p4 #hi1 col4 ,b1 line #ef4 ,,diamond ,this diamond he greets your wife withal4 ,macbeth1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #ae4 ,tragedies1 p4 #acf1 col4 ,a1 line ,,ii4 ,,diamond ,which parted thence1 ,as pearls from diamonds dropp'd4 ,king ,lear1 ,act iv1 sc4 #c1 l4 #bd4 ,omitted in ,first ,folio4 ,,diamond ,this diamond was my mother's2 take it1 heart2 ,but keep it till you woo another wife4 ,cymbeline1 ,act ,i1 sc4 #a1 l4 #aab4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cgj1 col4 ,a1 line #de4 ,,diamond ,she went before others ,i have seen1 as that diamond of yours outlustres many ,i have beheld4 ,cymbeline1 ,act i1 sc4 #d1 l4 #gh4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cgb1 col4 ,a1 line #ec4 ,,diamond ,i have not seen the most precious diamond that is1 nor you the lady4 ,cymbeline1 ,act i1 sc4 #d1 l4 #ha4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cgb1 col4 ,a1 line #ee4 ,,diamond ,i shall but lend my diamond till your return4 ,cymbeline1 ,act4 i1 sc4 #d1 l4 #aec4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cgb1 col4 ,b1 line #ei4 ,,diamond ,my ten thousand ducats are yours2 so is your diamond too4 ,cymbeline1 ,act i1 sc4 #d1 l4 #afc4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cgc1 col4 ,a1 line #a4 ,,diamond ,it must be married ,to that your diamond4 ,cymbeline1 ,act ii1 sc4 #d1 l4 #ih4 ,tragedies1 p4 #chi #cgi1 col4 ,a1 lines #db1 #dc4 ,,diamond ,that diamond upon your finger1 say1 ,how came it yours8 ,cymbeline1 ,act v1 sc4 #e1 l4 #acg4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cif1 col4 ,a1 line #ea4 ,,diamond ,to me he seems like diamond to glass4 ,pericles1 ,act ii1 sc4 #c1 l4 #cf4 ,third ,folio1 #affd1 p4 #g1 col4 ,b1 line #ch2 separate pagination4 ,,diamond ,you shall1 like diamonds1 sit about his crown4 ,pericles1 ,act ii1 sc4 #d1 l4 #ec4 ,third ,folio1 #affd1 p4 #h1 col4 ,b1 line #db4 ,,diamond ,the diamonds of a most praised water ,do appear1 to make the world twice rich4 ,pericles1 ,act iii1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ajb4 ,third ,folio1 #affd1 p4 #aa1 col4 ,b1 line #ac4 ,,ruby ,the impression of keen whips ,i'ld wear as rubies4 ,measure for ,measure1 ,act ii1 sc4 #d1 l4 #aja4 ,comedies1 p4 #fi1 col4 ,b1 line #fc4 ,,ruby ,her nose1 all o'er embellished with rubies1 carbuncles1 sapphires4 ,comedy of ,errors1 ,act iii1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ach4 ,comedies1 p4 #ib1 col4 ,a1 line #di4 ,,ruby ,those be rubies1 fairy favors4 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #ab4 ,comedies1 p4 #adh1 col4 ,a1 line #ce4 ,,ruby ,over thy wounds now do ,i prophesy1--,which1 like dumb mouths1 do ope their ruby lips4 ,julius ,caaesar1 ,act iii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #bfj4 ,tragedies1 p4 #abj1 col4 ,b1 lines #cd1 #ce4 ,,ruby ,and keep the natural ruby of your cheeks1 ,when mine is blanch'd with fear4 ,macbeth1 ,act iii1 sc4 #d1 l4 #aae4 ,tragedies1 p4 #adb1 col4 ,b1 line #ag4 ,,ruby ,but kiss2 one kiss6 ,rubies unparagon'd1 ,how dearly they do't6 ,cymbeline1 ,act ii1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ag4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cgf1 col4 ,b1 line #ah4 ,,sapphire ,like sapphire1 pearl and rich embroidery4 ,merry ,wives of ,windsor1 ,act v1 sc4 #e1 l4 #ge4 ,comedies1 p4 #ea1 col4 ,a1 line #ff 7last74 ,,sapphire ,her nose1 all o'er embellished with rubies1 carbuncles1 sapphires4 ,comedy of ,errors1 ,act iii1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ach4 ,comedies1 p4 #ib1 col4 ,a1 line #di4 ,,chrysolite ,if heaven would make me such another world ,of one entire and perfect chrysolite4 ,othello1 ,act v1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ade4 ,tragedies1 p4 #ccg1 col4 ,a1 line #e4 ,,turquoise ,it was my turquoise2 ,i had it of ,leah when ,i was a bachelor4 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,act iii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #abf4 ,comedies1 p4 #agc1 col4 ,b1 line #cb4 ,,opal ,for thy mind is a very opal4 ,twelfth ,night1 ,act ii1 sc4 #d1 l4 #gg4 ,comedies1 p4 #bfb1 col4 ,b1 line #de4 ,,agate 7,,cameo7 ,an agate very vilely cut4 ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing1 ,act iii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #fe4 ,comedies1 p4 #aaj1 col4 ,a1 line #be4 ,,agate 7,,cameo7 ,his heart like an agate with your print impress'd4 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #bcf4 ,comedies1 p4 #abg1 col4 ,b1 line #fb 7last74 ,,agate 7,,cameo7 ,i was never manned with an agate till now4 ,,ii ,henry ,,iv1 ,act i1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ai4 ,histories1 p4 #gf1 col4 ,b1 line #aj4 ,,agate 7,,cameo7 ,agate-ring1 pirke-stocking1 caddis-garter1 smooth-tongue4 ,i ,henry ,,iv1 ,act ii1 sc4 #d1 l4 #gh4 ,histories1 p4 #ef1 col4 ,a1 line #ec4 ,,agate 7,,cameo7 ,in shape no bigger than an agate-stone ,on the forefinger of an alderman4 ,romeo and ,juliet1 ,act i1 sc4 #d1 l4 #ee4 ,tragedies1 p4 #eg1 col4 ,a1 lines #bj1 #ba4 ,,amber ,her amber hair for foul hath amber quoted4 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,act iv1 sc4 #c1 l4 #hg4 ,comedies1 p4 #acc1 col4 ,a1 line #eb4 ,,amber ,with amber bracelets1 beads1 and all this knavery4 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,act iv1 sc4 #c1 l4 #eh4 ,comedies1 p4 #bbc1 col4 ,b1 line #fb4 ,,amber ,their eyes purging thick amber and plum-tree gum4 ,hamlet1 ,act ii1 sc4 #b1 l4 #bja4 ,tragedies1 p4 #bfa1 col4 ,b1 line #db4 ,,coral ,of his bones are coral made4 ,the ,tempest1 ,act i1 sc4 #b1 l4 #cig4 ,comedies1 p4 #e1 col4 ,a1 line #ed4 ,,coral ,i saw her coral lips to move4 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,act i1 sc4 #a1 l4 #agi4 ,comedies1 p4#baa1 col4 ,b1 line #eg4 ,,jet ,there is more difference between thy flesh and hers than between jet and ivory4 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,act iii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #db4 ,comedies1 p4 #agc1 col4 ,a1 line #ah4 ,,jet ,what color is my gown of8--,black1 forsooth3 coal-black as jet4 ,,ii ,henry ,,vi1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #aab4 ,histories1 p4 #abf1 col4 ,b1 line #fa4 ,,jet ,two proper palfreys1 black as jet1 ,to hale thy vengeful waggon swift away4 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,act v1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ej4 ,tragedies1 p4 #di1 col4 ,b1 line #g4 ,,carbuncle ,her nose1 all o'er embellished with rubies1 carbuncles1 sapphires4 ,comedy of ,errors1 ,act iii1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ach4 ,comedies1 p4 #ib1 col4 ,a1 line #di4 ,,carbuncle ,a carbuncle entire1 as big as thou art1 ,were not so rich a jewel4 ,coriolanus1 ,act i1 sc4 #d1 l4 #ee4 ,tragedies1 p4 #e1 col4 ,b1 line #g4 ,,carbuncles ,o'er sized with coagulate gore1 ,with eyes like carbuncles4 ,hamlet1 ,act ii1 sc4 ii1 l4 #dhe4 ,tragedies1 p4 #bfc1 col4 ,b1 line #ej4 ,,carbuncle ,were it carbuncled ,like holy ,phoebus' car4 ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,act iv1 sc4 #h1 l4 #bh4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cfj1 col4 ,b1 line #eg4 ,,carbuncle ,had it been a carbuncle ,of ,phoebus' wheel4 ,cymbeline1 ,act v1 sc4 #e1 l4 #ahi4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cif1 col4 ,b1 line #da4 ,,emerald ,in emerald tufts1 flowers purple1 blue1 and white4 ,merry ,wives of ,windsor1 ,act v1 sc4 #e1 l4 #gd4 ,comedies1 p4 #ea1 col4 ,a1 line #fe4 ,,pearls ,full fathom five thy father lies2 ,of his bones are coral made2 ,those are pearls that were his eyes4 ,tempest1 ,act i1 sc4 #b1 l4 #cih4 ,comedies1 p4 #e1 col4 ,a1 lines #ea-cc4 ,,pearls ,she is mine own1 ,and ,i as rich in having such a jewel ,as twenty seas1 if all their sand were pearl4 ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,act ii1 sc4 #d1 l4 #agj4 ,comedies1 p4 #bf1 col4 ,b1 lines #cd-cf4 ,,pearls ,a sea of melting pearl1 which some call tears4 ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,act iii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #bbd4 ,comedies1 p4 #cj1 col4 ,b1 line #b4 ,,pearls ,but pearls are fair2 and the old saying is1 ,black men are pearls in beauteous ladies' eyes ',tis true2 such pearls as put out ladies' eyes4 ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,act v1 sc4 #b1 l4 #aa4 ,comedies1 p4 #cf1 col4 ,b1 lines #aj-ab4 ,,pearls ,like sapphire1 pearl and rich embroidery ,buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee4 ,merry ,wives of ,windsor1 ,act v1 sc4 #e1 l4 #ge4 ,comedies1 p4 #ea1 col4 ,a1 lines #fe1 #ff 7last74 ,,pearls ,laced with silver1 set with pearls ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing1 ,act iii1 sc4 #d1 l4 #bj4 ,comedies1 p4 #aab1 col4 ,b1 line #fe4 ,,pearls ,fire enough for a flint1 pearl enough for a swine4 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,act iv1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ia4 ,comedies1 p4 #acb1 col4 ,a1 line #aa4 ,,pearls ,this and these pearls to me sent ,longaville4 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,act v1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ec4 ,comedies1 p4 #acg1 col4 ,a1 line #ei4 ,,pearls ,will you have me1 or your pearl again8 ,neither of either4 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,act v1 sc4 #b1 l4 #deh4 ,comedies1 p4 #adj1 col4 ,b1 line #eh4 ,,pearls ,decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass4 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act i1 sc4 #a1 l4 #baa4 ,comedies1 p4 #adg1 col4 ,a1 line #f4 ,,pearls ,i must go seek some dewdrops here ,and hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear4 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #ae4 ,comedies1 p4 #adh1 col4 ,a1 line #ch4 ,,pearls ,that same dew1 which sometime in the buds ,was wont to swell like round and orient pearls4 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act iv1 sc4 #a1 l4 #eg4 ,comedies1 p4 #aeg1 col4 ,b1 lines #i1 #aj4 ,,pearls ,rich honesty dwells like a miser1 sir1 in a poor house2 as your pearl in your foul oyster4 ,as ,you ,like ,it1 ,act v1 sc4 #d1 l4 #fc4 ,comedies1 p4 #bjf1 col4 ,a1 line #ab4 ,,pearls ,their harness studded all with gold and pearl4 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,introd41 sc4 #b1 l4 #dd4 ,comedies1 p4 #bji1 col4 ,b1 line #cc4 ,,pearls ,fine linen1 ,turkey cushions boss'd with pearls ,valance of ,venice gold4 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #cee4 ,comedies1 p4 #bag1 col4 ,b1 line #cb4 ,,pearls ,why1 sir1 what 'cerns it you if ,i wear pearl and gold8 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,act v1 sc4 #a1 l4 #gg4 ,comedies1 p4 #bbg1 col ,a1 line #bb4 ,,pearls ,this pearl she gave me1 ,i do feel't and see't4 ,twelfth ,night1 ,act iv1 sc4 #c1 l4 #b4 ,comedies1 p4 #bga1 col4 ,b1 line #fa4 ,,pearls ,draws those heaven-moving pearls from his poor eyes4 ,king ,john1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #afi4 ,histories1 p4 #d1 col4 ,b1 line #ee4 ,,pearls ,our chains and our jewels4-- ,your brooches1 pearls and ouches4 ,,ii ,henry ,,iv1 ,act ii1 sc4 #d1 l4 #ec4 ,histories1 p4 #hb1 col4 ,b1 line #bh4 ,,pearls ,the crown imperial1 ,the intertissued robe of gold and pearl4 ,henry ,v1 ,act iv1 sc4 #a1 l4 #bgi4 ,histories1 p4 #he 7bis1 number repeated71 col4 ,b1 line #ac4 ,,pearls ,wedges of gold1 great anchors1 heaps of pearl1 ,inestimable stones1 unvalued jewels4 ,richard ,,iii1 ,act i1 sc4 #d1 l4 #bf4 ,histories1 p4 #ahj1 col4 ,a1 line #ab4 ,,pearls ,the liquid drops of tears that you have shed ,shall come again1 transform'd to orient pearl4 ,richard ,,iii1 ,act iv1 sc4 #d1 l4 #cbb4 ,histories1 p4 #aih1 col4 ,a1 lines #af1 #ag4 ,,pearls ,her bed is ,india2 there she lies1 a pearl4 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,act i1 sc4 #a1 l4 #ajc4 ,at end of ,histories1 page irregularly numbered #gi1 col4 ,a1 line #h4 ,p4 #ehi of facsimile4 ,,pearls ,she is a pearl ,whose price hath launch'd above a thousand ships4 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,act ii1 sc4 #b1 l4 #ha4 ,unnumbered page1 #eif of facsimile1 col4 ,a1 line #ai4 ,,pearls ,i will be bright1 and shine in pearl and gold4 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l1 #ai4 ,tragedies1 p4 #ce1 col4 ,b1 line #cj4 ,,pearls ,this is the pearl that pleased your empress' eye4 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,act v1 sc4 #a1 l4 #db4 ,tragedies1 p4 #dh1 col4 ,a1 line #ba4 ,,pearls ,i see thee compass'd with thy kingdom's pearl4 ,macbeth1 ,act v1 sc4 #h1 l4 #ef4 ,tragedies1 p4 #aea1 col4 ,b1 line #cb4 ,,pearls ,hamlet1 this pearl is thine4 ,hamlet1 ,act v1 sc4 #b1 l4 #bic4 ,tragedies1 p4 #bha1 col4 ,a1 line #ae4 ,,pearls ,what guests were in her eyes2 which parted thence1 ,as pearls from diamonds dropp'd4 ,lear1 ,act iv1 sc4 #c1 l4 #bd4 ,omitted in ,first ,folio4 ,,pearls ,like the base ,indian1#cj threw a pearl away ,richer than all his tribe4 ,othello1 ,act v1 sc4 #b1 l4 #cdg4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cch1 col4 ,b1 line #ec4 ,footnote #cj3 ,iudean in text4 ,,pearls ,he kiss'd1--the last of many doubled kisses1-- ,this orient pearl4 ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,act i1 sc4 #e1 l4 #da4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cdd1 col4 ,b1 lines #bb1 #bc4 ,,pearls ,i'll set thee in a shower of gold1 and hail ,rich pearls upon thee4 ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,act ii1 sc4 #e1 l4 #df4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cdh1 col4 ,b1 lines #aj1 #aa4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,did hold his eyes lock'd in her crystal looks4 ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,act ii1 sc4 #d1 l4 #hi4 ,comedies1 p4 #bf1 col4 ,a1 line #ag4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,methough all his senses were lock'd in his eye ,as jewels in crystal for some prince to buy4 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #bdc4 ,comedies1 p4 #abh1 col4 ,a1 lines #f1 #g4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,one1 her hairs were gold1 crystal the other's eyes4 ,idem1 ,act iv1 sc4 #c1 l4 #adb4 ,comedies1 p4 #acc1 line #df4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,to what1 my love1 shall ,i compare thine eye8 ,crystal is muddy4 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,act iii1 sc4 #b1 l4 #aci4 ,comedies1 p4 #aed1 col4 ,a1 line #ed4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,with these crystal beads heaven shall be bribed ,to do him justice4 ,king ,john1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #aga4 ,histories1 p4 #d1 col4 ,b1 lines #eg1 #eh4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,the more fair and crystal is the sky1 ,the uglier seem the clouds that in it fly4 ,richard ,,ii1 ,act i1 sc4 #a1 l4 #da4 ,histories1 p4 #bc1 col4 ,a1 line #da 7last74 ,,rock-,,crystal ,go1 clear thy crystals4 ,henry ,v1 ,act ii1 sc4 #c1 l4 #ef4 ,histories1 p4 #ge1 col4 ,b1 line #fe4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,comets1 importing change of times and states1 ,brandish your crystal tresses in the sky4 ,i ,henry ,,vi1 ,act i1 sc4 #a1 l4 #c4 ,histories1 p4 #if1 col4 ,a1 lines #b1 #c4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,but in that crystal scales let there be weigh'd ,your lady's love against some other maid4 ,romeo and ,juliet1 ,act i1 sc4 #b1 l4 #aja4 ,tragedies1 p4 #ee1 col4 ,b1 lines #ea1 #eb4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,thy crystal window ope2 look out4 ,cymbeline1 ,act v1 sc4 #d1 l4 #ha4 ,tragedies1 p4 #cid1 col4 ,a1 line #ab4 ,the following table is arranged according to the frequency of precious stone mentions4 ,the plays rank as follows3 ,first#ca ,probably ,published ,written #afbc4 #afji4 ,cymbeline #aj 7diamond #g1 ruby #a1 carbuncle #a1 rock-crystal #a74 #aeih4 #aeia4 ,love's ,labour's #h ,lost 7pearl #c1 rock-crystal #b1 diamond #a1 amber #a agate #a74 #afjj4 #aeig4 ,merry ,wives ,of #e of 7pearl #a1 diamond #b1 ,windsor emerald #a1 sapphire #a74 #afbc4 #aeia4 ,comedy of #e ,errors 7diamond #b1 ruby #a1 sapphire #a1 carbuncle #a74 #afjj4 #aeie4 ,midsummer #e ,night's ,dream 7pearl #c1 ruby #a1 rock-crystal #a74 #afbc4 #aeif4 ,taming of the #e ,shrew 7pearl #c1 amber #a1 coral #a74 #afbc4 #aeia4 ,two ,gentlemen of #d ,verona 7pearl #c1 rock-crystal #a74 #aeid4 #aeic4 ,titus #c ,andronicus 7pearl #b1 jet #a74 #afjc4 #afjb4 ,hamlet #c 7pearl1 amber1 carbuncle74 #afbc4 #afjf4 ,macbeth #c 7diamond1 ruby1 pearl74 #afji4 #afjg4 ,pericles #c 7all diamond74 #afbc4 #afjh4 ,antony and #c ,cleopatra 7pearl #b1 carbuncle #a74 #aeig4 #aeia4 ,romeo and #b ,juliet 7rock-crystal1 agate74 #afbc4 #aeib4 ,i ,henry ,,vi #b 7diamond and rock-crystal74 #afbc4 #aeib4 ,,ii ,henry ,,vi #b 7diamond and jet74 #aeig4 #aeib-c4 ,richard ,,iii #b 7both pearl74 #afjj4 #aeid4 ,merchant of #b ,venice 7turquoise1 jet74 #afbc4 #aeid4 ,king ,john #b 7pearl1 rock-crystal74 #afbc4 #aeig4 ,,ii ,henry ,,iv #b 7pearl1 agate74 #afjj4 #aeih4 ,henry ,v #b 7pearl1 crystal74 #afjj4 #aeii4 ,much ,ado ,about #b ,nothing 7pearl1 agate74 #afbc4 #aeii4 ,twelfth ,night #b 7pearl1 opal74 #afji4 #afjc4 ,troilus and #b ,cressida 7both pearl74 #afbb4 #afjd4 ,othello #b 7pearl1 chrysolite74 #afjh4 #afjf4 ,lear #b 7pearl1 diamond74 #afbc4 #afaa4 ,tempest #b 7pearl1 coral74 #afbc4 #aeib4 ,,iii ,henry ,,vi #a 7diamond74 #aeig4 #aeic4 ,richard ,,ii #a 7rock-crystal74 #aeih4 #aeig4 ,i ,henry ,,iv #a 7agate74 #afbc4 #aeii4 ,as ,you ,like ,it #a 7pearl74 #afbc4 #afja4 ,julius ,caesar #a 7ruby74 #afbc4 #afjd4 ,measure for #a ,measure 7ruby74 #afbc4 #afjg4 ,timon of ,athens #a 7diamond74 #afbc4 #afjh4 ,coriolanus #a 7carbuncle74 ,footnote #ca3 ,data of first publication contributed by ,miss ,henrietta ,c4 ,bartlett4 ,,precious ,,stones ,,mentioned ,,in ,,the ,,poems ,,of ,,shakespeare ,,precious ,,mentioned ,,in ,,poems ,,of ,,shakespeare4 ,,diamond ,the diamond--why 'twas beautiful and hard4 ,lover's ,complaint1 l4 #baa4 ,,sapphire ,the heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend ,with objects manifold4 ,idem1 l4 #bae4 ,,pearls ,her tears began to turn their tide1 ,being prison'd in her eye like pearls in glass4 ,venus and ,adonis1 l4 #ihj4 ,g1 verso1 l4 #a1 #b4 ,,pearls ,and wiped the brinish pearl from her bright eyes4 ,lucrece1 l4 #abac4 ,i #b1 l4 #b4 ,,pearls ,those round clear pearls of his1 that move thy pity1 ,are balls of quenchless fire to burn thy city4 ,idem1 l4 #aeec4 ,l4 #b1 verso1 l4 #f1 #g4 ,,pearls ,of paled pearls and rubies red as blood4 ,lover's ,complaint1 l4 #aih4 ,,pearls ,ah6 but those tears are pearls which thy love sheds4 ,sonnet ,,xxxiv1 l4 #ac4 ,c #d1 l4 #ac4 ,,pearls ,bright orient pearl1 alack1 too timely shaded6 ,passionate ,pilgrim1 l4 #acc4 ,b #d1 l4 #c4 ,,opal ,the heaven-hued sapphire and the opal blend ,with objects manifold4 ,lover's ,complaint1 l4 #bae4 ,,ruby ,once more the ruby-colour'd portal open'd4 ,venus and ,adonis1 l4 #dea4 ,d ii1 verso1 l4 #a4 ,,ruby ,of paled pearls and rubies red as blood4 ,lover's ,complaint1 l4 #aih4 ,,emerald ,the deep-green emerald1 in whose fresh regard ,weak sights their sickly radiance do amend4 ,idem1 l4 #bac4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,but hers through which the crystal tears gave light1 ,shone like the moon in water seen by night4 ,venus and ,adonis1 l4 #dia4 ,d iii1 l4 #af1 #ag4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,nor thy soft hands1 sweet lips1 and crystal eyne4 ,venus and ,adonis1 l4 #fcc4 ,e ii1 l4 #ae4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,the crystal tide that from her two cheeks fair ,in the sweet channel of her bosom dropt4 ,idem1 l4 #ieg4 ,g1 l4 #c1 #d4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,her eyes seen in the tears1 tears in her eye2 ,both crystals1 where they view'd each other's sorrow4 ,idem1 l4 #ifb1 #ifc4 ,g1 l4 #h1 #i4 ,,rock-,,crystals ,through crystal walls each little mote will peep4 ,lucrece1 l4 #abea4 ,i #b1 verso1 l4 #ai4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,a closet never pierced with crystal eyes4 ,sonnet ,,xlvi1 l4 #f4 ,d #b1 verso1 l4 #f4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,favours from a maund#cb she drew ,of amber1 crystal1 and of beaded jet4 ,lover's ,complaint1 l4 #cg4 ,footnote #cb3 ,basket1 or hamper4 ,,rock-,,crystal ,who glazed with crystal gate the glowing roses4 ,lover's ,complaint1 l4 #bhf4 ,,amber ,with coral clasps and amber studs4 ,passionate ,pilgrim1 l4 #cff4 ,d #d1 verso1 l4 #b4 ,,amber ,favours from a maund she drew ,of amber1 crystal1 and of beaded jet4 ,lover's ,complaint1 l4 #cg4 ,,jet as above4 ,,coral ,that sweet coral mouth ,whose precious taste her thirsty lips well knew4 ,venus and ,adonis1 l4 #edb4 ,d iv1 l4 #bj1 #ba4 ,,coral ,her alabaster skin1 ,her coral lips1 her snow white dimpled chin4 ,lucrece1 l4 #dbj4 ,d #c1 l4 #g4 ,,coral ,like ivory conduits coral cisterns filling4 ,idem1 l4 #abcd4 ,i #b1 verso1 l4 #b4 ,,coral ,coral is far more red than her lips' red4 ,sonnet ,,cxxx1 l4 #b4 ,h #d1a4 #b4 ,,coral ,a belt of straw and ivy buds4 ,with coral clasps and amber studs4 ,passionate ,pilgrim1 #a4 #cff4 ,d #d1 verso1 l4 #a1 #b4cc ,footnote #cc3 ,references are here given to the original editions of ,venus and ,adonis1 #aeic 7unique copy in the ,malone ,collection in the ,bodleian ,library1 ,oxford72 ,lucrece1 #aeid2 ,passionate ,pilgrim1 #aeii1 and ,sonnets1 #afji4 ,as there is no continuous pagination1 the letters and numbers refer to the page signatures and to the line of the page4 ,while it cannot be regarded as certain that whenever ,shakespeare writes of jewels or of rings he means those in which precious stones were set1 several of the passages more or less clearly indicate this1 and we therefore present here the more characteristic of the lines in question3 ,a ,death's face in a ring4 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,act v1 sc4 #b1 l4 #faf4 ,comedies1 p4 #adb1 col4 ,a1 line #cf4 ,the dearest ring in ,venice will ,i give you4 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,act iv1 sc4 #a1 l4 #dce4 ,comedies1 p4 #aha1 col4 ,b1 line #bg4 ,diana4 ,o behold this ring ,whose high respect and rich validity ,did lack a parallel2 yet for all that ,he gave it to a commoner of the camp1 ,if ,i be one4 ,count4 ,he blushes1 and 'tis it3 ,of six preceding ancestors1 that gem1 ,conferr'd by testament to the sequent issue1 ,hath it been owned and worn4 ,all's ,well ,that ,ends ,well1 ,act v1 sc4 #c1 l4 #aia-aih4 ,comedies1 p4 #bec1 col4 ,a1 lines #a-h4 ,my daughter6 ,o my ducats6 ,o my daughter6 ,fled with a ,christian6 ,o my ,christian ducats6 ,justice6 the law6 my ducats and my daughter6 ,a sealed bag1 two sealed bags of ducats1 ,of double ducats1 stolen from me by my daughter6 ,and jewels1 two stones1 two rich and precious stones1 ,stolen by my daughter6 ,justice6 find the girl2 ,she hath the stones upon her1 and the ducats4 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,act ii1 sc4 #h1 l4 #ae-bb4 ,comedies1 p4 #aga1 col4 ,b1 lines #bc-cj4 ,i would my daughter were dead at my foot1 and the jewels in her ear6 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,act iii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #ib4 ,comedies1 p4 #agc1 col4 ,b1 lines #a1 #b4 ,sweet are the uses of adversity1 ,which1 like the toad1 ugly and venomous1 ,wears yet a precious jewel in his head4 ,as ,you ,like ,it1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #ac-ae4 ,comedies1 p4 #aij1 col4 ,a1 lines #aj-ab4 ,win her with gifts1 if she respect not words3 ,dumb jewels often in their silent kind ,more than quick words do move a woman's mind4 ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,act iii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #hi-ia4 ,comedies1 p4 #bi1 col4 ,a1 lines #fc-fe4 ,i frown the while2 and perchance wind up my watch1 or play with my--some rich jewel4 ,twelfth ,night1 ,act ii1 sc4 #e1 l4 #fd-ff4 ,comedies1 p4 #bfc1 col4 ,b1 lines #cb1 #cc4 ,a jewel in a ten-times-barr'd-up chest ,is a bold spirit in a loyal breast4 ,king ,richard ,,ii1 ,act i1 sc4 #a1 l4 #ahj1 #aha4 ,histories1 p4 #bd1 col4 ,b1 lines #bh1 #bi4 ,this royal throne of ,kings1 this scepter'd isle1 ,this earth of majesty1 this seat of ,mars1 ,this other ,eden1 demi-paradise1 ,this fortress built by ,nature for herself ,against infection and the hand of war1 ,this happy breed of men1 this little world1 ,this precious stone set in the silver sea1 ,which serves it in the office of a wall ,or as a moat defensive to a house1 ,against the envy of less happier lands1 ,this blessed plot1 this earth1 this realm1 this ,england4 ,king ,richard ,,ii1 ,act ii1 sc4 #a1 l4 #dj-df4 ,histories1 p4 #bh1 col4 ,b1 lines #ag-bc4 ,in argument and proof of which contract1 ,bear her this jewel1 pledge of my affection4 ,i ,henry ,,vi1 ,act v1 sc4 #b1 l4 #df1 #dg4 ,histories1 p4 #aae1 col4 ,a1 lines #h1 #i4 ,it seems she hangs upon the cheek of night1 ,like a rich jewel in an ,ethiop's ear2 ,beauty too rich for use1 for earth too dear4 ,romeo and ,juliet1 ,act i1 sc4 #e1 l4 #dg-di4 ,tragedies1 p4 #eg1 col4 ,b1 lines #ei-fa4 ,but chiefly to take thence from her dead finger ,a precious ring1 a ring that ,i must use ,in dear employment4 ,romeo and ,juliet1 ,act v1 sc4 #c1 l4 #cj-cb4 ,tragedies1 p4 #ge1 col4 ,a1 lines #cd-cf4 ,a striking proof that ,shakespeare had no fear of tautology when he wished to strengthen the impression of a word by constant reiteration is given in the ,merchant of ,venice 7,act v1 sc4 #b71 whence we have already quoted a few lines4 ,the passage concerns the disposal by ,bassanio of a ring he had received from ,portia1 and he answers her thus in the ,first ,folio text3#cd ,bassanio4 ,sweet ,portia1 ,if you did know to whom ,i gave the ,ring1 ,if you did know for whom ,i gave the ,ring1 ,and would conceive for what ,i gave the ,ring1 ,and how unwillingly ,i left the ,ring1 ,when naught would be accepted but the ,ring1 ,you would abate the strength of your displeasure4 ,portia4 ,if you had knowne the virtue of the ,ring1 ,or halfe her worthinesse that gave the ,ring1 ,or your owne honour to contains the ,ring1 ,you would not then have parted with the ,ring4 ,footnote #cd3 ,first ,folio1 ,comedies1 p4 #ahc1 col4 ,b1 lines #cf-df4 ,it was probably more than a coincidence that ,shakespeare's first printed book1 ,venus and ,adonis1 was published1 in #aeic1 by a fellow-townsman1 ,richard ,field1 who had come up to ,london from ,stratford when a mere boy4 ,undoubtedly1 when ,shakespeare met him in the bustle of city life1 the common memories of their quieter native town served at once as an introduction and as a link between them4 ,field also published ,shakespeare's ,lucrece in the year #aeid4 ,he had been a freeman of the ,stationers' ,company from ,february #f1 #aehg1 and died either in the year the ,first ,folio was issued1 or in the succeeding year1 #afbd4 ,illustration3 ,printer's mark of ,richard ,field1 as shown on the title-page of the first edition of ,shakespeare's ,venus and ,adonis1 #aeic1 the unique copy of which is in the ,bodleian ,library1 ,oxford4 ,a hand emerging from a cloud upholds the ,anchor of ,hope1 about which are twined two laurel branches4